bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single-molecule analysis of CD9 dynamics and partitioning reveals multiple modes of interaction in the tetraspanin web
Authors: Espenel Cedric , Margeat Emmanuel , Dosset Patrice , Arduise Cécile , Le Grimellec Christian , Royer Catherine A. , Boucheix Claude , Rubinstein Eric , Milhiet Pierre-Emmanuel
Published: August 2008

Tetraspanins regulate cell migration, sperm–egg fusion, and viral infection. Through interactions with one another and other cell surface proteins, tetraspanins form a network of molecular interactions called the tetraspanin web. In this study, we use single-molecule fluorescence microscopy to dissect dynamics and partitioning of the tetraspanin CD9. We show that lateral mobility of CD9 in the plasma membrane is regulated by at least two modes of interaction that each exhibit specific dynamics. The majority of CD9 molecules display Brownian behavior but can be transiently confined to an interaction platform that is in permanent exchange with the rest of the membrane. These platforms, which are enriched in CD9 and its binding partners, are constant in shape and localization. Two CD9 molecules undergoing Brownian trajectories can also codiffuse, revealing extra platform interactions. CD9 mobility and partitioning are both dependent on its palmitoylation and plasma membrane cholesterol. Our data show the high dynamic of interactions in the tetraspanin web and further indicate that the tetraspanin web is distinct from raft microdomains.
Inference of structure in subdivided populations at low levels of genetic differentiation—the correlated allele frequencies model revisited
Authors: Guillot Gilles
Published: August 2008

Motivation: This article considers the problem of estimating population genetic subdivision from multilocus genotype data. A model is considered to make use of genotypes and possibly of spatial coordinates of sampled individuals. A particular attention is paid to the case of low genetic differentiation with the help of a previously described Bayesian clustering model where allele frequencies are assumed to be a priori correlated. Under this model, various problems of inference are considered, in particular the common and difficult, but still unaddressed, situation where the number of populations is unknown.

Results: A Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm and a new post-processing scheme are proposed. It is shown that they significantly improve the accuracy of previously existing algorithms in terms of estimated number of populations and estimated population membership. This is illustrated numerically with data simulated from the prior-likelihood model used in inference and also with data simulated from a Wright–Fisher model. Improvements are also illustrated on a real dataset of eighty-eight wolverines (Gulo gulo) genotyped at 10 microsatellites loci. The interest of the solutions presented here are not specific to any clustering model and are hence relevant to many settings in populations genetics where weakly differentiated populations are assumed or sought.

Availability: The improvements implemented will be made available in version 3.0.0 of the R package Geneland. Informations on how to get and use the software are available from http://folk.uio.no/gillesg/Geneland.html.

Supplementary information:  http://folk.uio.no/gillesg/CFM/SuppMat.pdf

Contact:  gilles.guillot@bio.uio.no
HLA‐DQB1*02 Dose Effect on RIA Anti‐tissue Transglutaminase Autoantibody Levels and Clinicopathological Expressivity of Celiac Disease
Authors: Nenna Raffaella , Mora Barbara , Megiorni Francesca , Mazzilli Maria Cristina , Magliocca Fabio Massimo , Tiberti Claudio , Bonamico Margherita
Published: August 2008

Objectives:

Celiac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy caused by gluten ingestion in genetically susceptible individuals. Anti‐transglutaminase autoantibody (tTGAb) assay is useful to detect candidates undergoing intestinal biopsy. Our aim was to investigate whether the DQB1*02 allele could influence tTGAb titers and the clinicopathological expressivity of the disease.

Methods:

A total of 124 patients with celiac disease, tested for RIA tTGAb at diagnosis, were typed for HLA‐DRB1, ‐DQA1, and ‐DQB1 genes and divided according to the number of DQB1*02 alleles: group 1, homozygous; group 2, heterozygous; group 3, negative.

Results:

The mean of tTGAb indexes was significantly higher in group 1 patients than in group 2 (P < 0.02) and group 3 patients (P < 0.01). Patients with at least 1 DQB1*02 allele showed more often a typical CD and diffuse histological lesions than did patients in the other groups.

Conclusions:

The study demonstrates that tTGAb titers are HLA‐DQB1*02 dose dependent, with significantly higher levels in homozygous individuals. Moreover, individuals with at least 1 HLA‐DQB1*02 allele tend to have a more expressed clinical and histological form of celiac disease.
Development of free-energy-based models for chaperonin containing TCP-1 mediated folding of actin
Authors: Altschuler Gabriel M , Willison Keith R
Published: August 2008

A free-energy-based approach is used to describe the mechanism through which chaperonin-containing TCP-1 (CCT) folds the filament-forming cytoskeletal protein actin, which is one of its primary substrates. The experimental observations on the actin folding and unfolding pathways are collated and then re-examined from this perspective, allowing us to determine the position of the CCT intervention on the actin free-energy folding landscape. The essential role for CCT in actin folding is to provide a free-energy contribution from its ATP cycle, which drives actin to fold from a stable, trapped intermediate I3, to a less stable but now productive folding intermediate I2. We develop two hypothetical mechanisms for actin folding founded upon concepts established for the bacterial type I chaperonin GroEL and extend them to the much more complex CCT system of eukaryotes. A new model is presented in which CCT facilitates free-energy transfer through direct coupling of the nucleotide hydrolysis cycle to the phases of actin substrate maturation.
Triclinic modification of di-n-butylbis(2-hydroxybenzoato-κ
2
O
1,O
1′)tin(IV)
Authors: Reisi Reza , Misran Misni , Lo Kong Mun , Ng Seik Weng
Published: August 2008

The Sn atom in the title compound, [Sn(C4H9)2(C7H5O3)2], is chelated by the carboxylate groups of 2-hydroxybenzoate liagnds, and exists in a six-coordinate skew-trapezoidal bipyramidal coordination geometry [C—Sn—C = 140.1 (3)°].
2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperidinium pentachlorobenzenethiolate
Authors: Baranowska Katarzyna , Piwowarska Natalia
Published: August 2008

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C9H20N+·C6Cl5S−, two cation–anion pairs are linked by N—H...S hydrogen bonds to produce a cyclic aggregate of R
4
2(8) type. The dimers are interconnected via π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distance = 3.851(2) Å] and weak C—H...Cl hydrogen-bonding interactions.
trans-Aqua(4,7-diazadecane-1,10-diamine-κ4
N)fluoridochromium(III) bis(perchlorate) monohydrate
Authors: Choi Jong-Ha , Lee Uk
Published: August 2008

In the title compound, [CrF(C8H20N4)(H2O)](ClO4)2·H2O, the Cr atom is in a slightly distorted octahedral environment, coordinated by four N atoms of the 4,7-diazadecane-1,10-diamine ligand, one water molecule and an F atom trans to water. The five-membered chelate ring is in a gauche form, while the two six-membered chelate rings are in chair conformations. The crystal structure is stabilized by several hydrogen bonds.
3-[(R)-3,3-Dichloro-2-hydroxypropyl]-8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-1H-isochromen-1-one
Authors: Huang Hua-Rong , Fang Yan-Xiong , Du Zhi-Yun , Zhang Kun , Lin Yong-Cheng
Published: August 2008

The title compound, C13H12Cl2O5, is an isocoumarin compound which has been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of actinomycete Streptomyces sp. (V4) from the South China Sea. There are intra- and intermolecular hydrogen bonds and halogen bonds [Cl...Cl = 3.434 (2) Å; C—Cl...Cl = 121.6°]. The intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains along the b axis.
The Google generation: the information behaviour of the researcher of the future
Authors: Rowlands Ian , Nicholas David , Williams Peter , Huntington Paul , Fieldhouse Maggie , Gunter Barrie , Withey Richard , Jamali Hamid R. , Dobrowolski Tom , Tenopir Carol
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This article is an edited version of a report commissioned by the British Library and JISC to identify how the specialist researchers of the future (those born after 1993) are likely to access and interact with digital resources in five to ten years' time. The purpose is to investigate the impact of digital transition on the information behaviour of the Google Generation and to guide library and information services to anticipate and react to any new or emerging behaviours in the most effective way.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was virtually longitudinal and is based on a number of extensive reviews of related literature, survey data mining and a deep log analysis of a British Library and a JISC web site intended for younger people.

Findings

The study shows that much of the impact of ICTs on the young has been overestimated. The study claims that although young people demonstrate an apparent ease and familiarity with computers, they rely heavily on search engines, view rather than read and do not possess the critical and analytical skills to assess the information that they find on the web.

Originality/value

The paper reports on a study that overturns the common assumption that the “Google generation” is the most web‐literate.
UK scholarly e‐book usage: a landmark survey
Authors: Nicholas David , Rowlands Ian , Clark David , Huntington Paul , Jamali Hamid R. , Ollé Candela
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This JISC funded UK National E‐Books Observatory study is a benchmarking survey of e‐book usage and perceptions in more than 120 participating universities. The paper aims to present the results that investigated: use of e‐books in general (methods of obtaining e‐books, reasons for using, viewing/reading behaviour in connection with e‐books); use of e‐books provided by the library; use of JISC collection texts (use and awareness); use of the library and print material in general.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on an online survey which was conducted between 18 January and 1 March 2008, over which period 22,437 full or partial responses were received.

Findings

The study shows that e‐book penetration is very strong (61.8 per cent of all students are already using them in connection with their scholarly work, as teachers or students), so the e‐book revolution has already happened but clearly it has some way to go.

Originality/value

The paper presents the results of the biggest survey of its kind ever conducted, which represents a huge advance in one's knowledge of e‐book use on a national scale.
Look before you leap
Authors: Chua Alton Y.K. , Goh Dion H.
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to examine a flagging but yet‐to‐be abandoned knowledge management (KM) project at a healthcare organisation in Asia through a case study approach.

Design/methodology/approach

Semi‐structured interviews with a variety of stakeholders familiar with the project were conducted. Additionally, archival data in the form of email correspondences, presentation materials and web sites were collected to triangulate against the responses given by the interviewees.

Findings

The findings which are validated against a theoretical KM failure framework afford a nuanced perspective of how the failure factors identified in the framework were germane to the case.

Practical implications

By exposing these factors, administrators and managers in the healthcare industry who intend to implement KM projects can be better informed of the risks involved. For researchers, this paper serves as a call for a greater inquiry into KM projects in the healthcare industry that are facing impending failures.

Originality/value

This paper reveals that KM project failure is a reality with which administrators, managers and researchers have to reckon.
Web search efficacy: definition and implementation
Authors: Mansourian Yazdan
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to report a number of factors that are perceived by web users as influential elements in their search procedure. The paper introduces a new conceptual measure called “web search efficacy” (hereafter WSE) to evaluate the performance of searches mainly based on users' perceptions.

Design/methodology/approach

A rich dataset of a wider study was inductively re‐explored to identify different categories that are perceived influential by web users on the final outcome of their searches. A selective review of the literature was carried out to discover to what extent previous research supports the findings of the current study.

Findings

The analysis of the dataset led to the identification of five categories of influential factors. Within each group different factors have been recognized. Accordingly, the concept of WSE has been introduced. The five “Ss” which determine WSE are searcher's performance, search tool's performance, search strategy, search topic, and search situation.

Research limitations/implications

The research body is scattered in different areas and it is difficult to carry out a comprehensive review. The WSE table, which is derived from the empirical data and was supported by previous research, can be employed for further research in various groups of web users.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to the area of information seeking on the web by providing researchers with a new conceptual framework to evaluate the efficiency of each search session and identify the underlying factors on the final outcome of web searching.
E‐learning: a nutrition and HIV/AIDS information tool
Authors: Steyn Leonie , Cronjé Johannes C. , Bothma Theo J.D.
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to examine how e‐learning can add value to a postgraduate distance learning course using a combination of media for teaching and learning in the field of nutrition and HIV and AIDS.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were gathered through the survey method using questionnaires, group discussions and interviews. Descriptive quantitative statistics supported by qualitative techniques were used to gather data.

Findings

Findings from this research indicate that implementing e‐learning as a mode of teaching and learning (provided that it is properly implemented and presented) can add value to an outcomes‐based, distance learning course. E‐learning provides: support for a paper‐based, distance learning course in nutrition and HIV and AIDS; students with access to information and knowledge about the basic concepts of nutrition and HIV and AIDS; an alternative and interactive learning experience while encouraging self‐directed explorative knowledge formation; and a means to develop critical thinking skills and methods of communication needed for independent, lifelong learning.

Practical implications

The selected instructional media can be applied successfully to adult and distance learning in the field of HIV and AIDS as well as nutrition.

Originality/value

The paper shares findings on the integration of e‐learning into a HIV and AIDS nutrition course (for non‐medical students), offered in an African context through open distance learning and demonstrates how the course addresses student profile and limited resources.
Competitive intelligence: construct exploration, validation and equivalence
Authors: Saayman Andrea , Pienaar Jaco , de Pelsmacker Patrick , Viviers Wilma , Cuyvers Ludo , Muller Marie‐Luce , Jegers Marc
Published: August 2008

Purpose

Little empirical research has been conducted on competitive intelligence (CI). This paper aims to contribute to the quantitative strand of the CI literature by exploring and validating the theoretical constructs of the CI process.

Design/methodology/approach

Data from 601 questionnaires filled out by South African and Flemish exporters were subjected to exploratory factor analysis and construct equivalence analysis between the sub‐samples.

Findings

The results showed that the CI process consists of three constructs, while the context in which CI takes place consists of four constructs. This agrees to some extent with the literature. When verifying the constructs for both cultures it was found that all but one CI context construct can be viewed as equivalent in both groups. Bias analysis identified one item in the questionnaire that was biased. Via regression analysis it was also indicated that the context in which CI takes place influences the CI process to a large extent. The research identified size as an important influencing factor in a business' CI process.

Practical implications

Businesses involved in CI should take note that an improvement in their formal infrastructure, employee involvement and internal information processes could enhance their CI capability.

Originality/value

This paper contributes towards the formalising of the constructs of competitive intelligence.
Characterization of thermal barrier coated various aerospace alloys
Authors: Pirge Gursev
Published: August 2008

Purpose

Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are widely used in gas turbine engines because they allow higher operating temperatures due to their thermal insulation effect. The aim of this paper is to explain the effect of the substrate (base metal) on the performance of TBCs applied to various nickel‐based superalloys and stainless steels.

Design/methodology/approach

Specimens were prepared by applying atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Six TBC‐coated samples were prepared. Three of the substrates were stainless steel and the rest were nickel‐based superalloys. Characterization effort included thermal exposure, microhardness testing, optical metallography and image analysis.

Findings

Microhardness test results showed that extended periods in high‐temperature environments affected the coating morphology, which was measured by changes in the microhardness values. At the end of the long periods in the furnace, microhardness values increased, which might be a sign that modulus of the coating increased. These changes in the microhardness might be due to the sintering effect and morphological changes that occurred in the coating. Effects of thermal exposure to the coatings were also visible in the micrographs in the form of fully open cracks. Development of larger cracks was life‐threatening for the ceramic coating.

Originality/value

It was shown for the first time that, in the above‐mentioned crack growth and spallation stages, stainless steel and superalloy substrates showed considerably different performances. Microhardness test results of coatings on different substrates were considerably dissimilar, which was a sign that the coating morphology was affected during thermal exposure.
Influence of harsh environmental conditions on CFRP‐aluminum single lap joints
Authors: Breziner Luis , Hutapea Parsaoran
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to investigate the influence of harsh environmental conditions on the fundamental failure mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP)‐aluminum single lap single‐bolted joints under tensile loading.

Design/methodology/approach

CFRP‐aluminum single lap joints were aged under extremely hot (60°C), hot and humid (60°C, 95%RH), and freezing cold (−51°C) environments and tensile‐tested to measure the joint stiffness and ultimate tensile strength (UTS). Finite element studies were performed to design the experiments.

Findings

For all composite stacking sequences studied, it was found that hot and humid conditions reduced UTS of the joint by as much as 29 percent. Hot‐humid and freezing conditions also decreased UTS with the exception of the twill 2 × 2 laminate, which slightly increased UTS by 3.7 percent under freezing conditions. The opposite effect was observed for stiffness, where hot‐humid conditions increased the modulus of elasticity in the axial direction.

Practical implications

The results of the study can be used to design hybrid structures comprising CFRP composites and aluminum single lap single‐bolted joints. For example, such joints are found in the fuselage of aircraft and more recently in critical components such as wing boxes and nacelles.

Originality/value

Even though there is much information about temperature and moisture effects on composites materials and the mechanics of hybrid joints, the analysis of environmental condition for hybrid joints, specifically for CFRP‐aluminum bolted joints, is vaguely documented. The paper shows the experimental results for single lap single‐hole bolted joints that have been aged to three different environmental conditions: extreme hot, hot and humid, and extreme cold.
A single heavy load airdrop and its effect on a reversible flight control system
Authors: Raissi Kamran , Mani Mahmoud , Sabzehparvar Mehdi , Ghaffari Hooyar
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate the addition of airdrop capability to a commuter aircraft and its consequences on the reversible flight control system.

Design/methodology/approach

Airdrop was modeled to include its effect on aerodynamics and flight control system. A mathematical model was also developed for the reversible longitudinal flight control system of a regional commuter aircraft using the available geometry, mass property and kinematics. The model was incorporated into a general multi‐body dynamics code and validated using existing manufacturer's data which included recorded data from flight. The airdrop simulation results showed that the flight control system is affected in two steps. In the first step, the movement of the load required a forward force by the pilot. In this step, the elevator power was a key factor and had to be increased to allow the pilot to keep the aircraft in trim position during the airdrop. In the second step, a sudden forward shift of centre of gravity required an abrupt change in the direction of applied force. The maximum allowable force and control column movement had to be checked. In the case under study, they did not impose any difficulty.

Findings

The result showed that a special consideration had to be taken into account when an aircraft with reversible flight control system was to be used for airdrop mission.

Originality/value

This paper investigates the behaviour of a reversible flight control system during airdrop operation through analysis and simulation.
Recuperated gas turbine aeroengines. Part III: engine concepts for reduced emissions, lower fuel consumption, and noise abatement
Authors: McDonald Colin F. , Massardo Aristide F. , Rodgers Colin , Stone Aubrey
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This paper seeks to evaluate the potential of heat exchanged aeroengines for future Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), helicopter, and aircraft propulsion, with emphasis placed on reduced emissions, lower fuel burn, and less noise.

Design/methodology/approach

Aeroengine performance analyses were carried out covering a wide range of parameters for more complex thermodynamic cycles. This led to the identification of major component features and the establishing of preconceptual aeroengine layout concepts for various types of recuperated and ICR variants.

Findings

Novel aeroengine architectures were identified for heat exchanged turboshaft, turboprop, and turbofan variants covering a wide range of applications. While conceptual in nature, the results of the analyses and design studies generally concluded that heat exchanged engines represent a viable solution to meet demanding defence and commercial aeropropulsion needs in the 2015‐2020 timeframe, but they would require extensive development.

Research limitations/implications

As highlighted in Parts I and II, early development work was focused on the use of recuperation, but this is only practical with compressor pressure ratios up to about 10. For today's aeroengines with pressure ratios up to about 50, improvement in SFC can only be realised by incorporating intercooling and recuperation. The new aeroengine concepts presented are clearly in an embryonic stage, but these should enable gas turbine and heat exchanger specialists to advance the technology by conducting more in‐depth analytical and design studies to establish higher efficiency and “greener” gas turbine aviation propulsion systems.

Originality/value

It is recognised that meeting future environmental and economic requirements will have a profound effect on aeroengine design and operation, and near‐term efforts will be focused on improving conventional simple‐cycle engines. This paper has addressed the longer‐term potential of heat exchanged aeroengines and has discussed novel design concepts. A deployment strategy, aimed at gaining confidence with emphasis placed on assuring engine reliability, has been suggested, with the initial development and flight worthiness test of a small recuperated turboprop engine for UAVs, followed by a larger recuperated turboshaft engine for a military helicopter, and then advancement to a larger and far more complex ICR turbofan engine.
AB levitator and electricity storage
Authors: Bolonkin Alexander
Published: August 2008

Purpose

This paper aims to suggest a new revolutionary method and installation for flight on Earth and into outer space.

Design/methodology/approach

Methods of electromagnetic physics are used for research and the theory of levitation vehicles is developed and its possibilities researched.

Findings

It was found that levitation devices and electricity storage make a jump in aviation, space, storage and transfer energy and many branches of industry.

Practical implications

Many projects were calculated using different versions of the offered AB engine: a small device for levitation‐flight of a human (including flight from Earth to outer space), fly VTOL car (track), big VTOL aircraft, suspended low‐altitude stationary satellite, powerful Space Shuttle‐like booster for travel to the Moon and Mars without spending energy (spent energy is replenished in braking when the ship returns from another planet to its point of origin), using AB‐devices in military, in sea‐going ships (submarines), in energy industry (for example, as small storage of electric energy) and so on. The vehicles equipped with AB propulsion can take flight for days and cover distances of 10,000s of kilometers at hypersonic or extra‐atmosphere space speeds.

Originality/value

The paper promises a new revolutionary method of flight on Earth and into outer space.
Development of a smart wing
Authors: Hutapea Parsaoran , Kim Jinho , Guion Andrew , Hanna Charlie , Heulitt Noah
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to develop an actuation system utilizing smart materials such as shape memory alloys (SMA) to control the position of an aircraft's flaps.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed smart wing consisted of SMA springs that were fixed at one end to the wing box toward the leading edge of the airfoil. The other end of each spring was attached tangentially to a rotating cylinder fixed to the flap. The springs were arranged in an upper and a lower layer to cause rotation of the flap in both the upward and downward directions. The spring actuators were controlled by the introduction of heat resulting from the applied current. A prototype of the smart wing was developed and tested to demonstrate the design concept.

Findings

A prototype of a smart actuation system for controlling the flaps of an aircraft was successfully developed. Through the experimental and theoretical analyses conducted, the design was validated and showed strong potential for future application.

Practical implications

The proposed concept can be applied to other aircraft systems such as ailerons, slats, rudders and elevators.

Originality/value

The prototype of a smart wing is unique. It utilizes smart materials for aircraft flap actuation. The concept can be applied on ailerons, slats, rudders and elevators.
The properties of ZnFe2O4 as an anticorrosion pigment dependent upon the structure of initial Fe2O3
Authors: Kalendová A. , Veselý D.
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize anticorrosion pigments ZnFe2O4 from diverse raw materials of various shapes and size of primary particles.

Design/methodology/approach

Anticorrosion pigments were synthesized through a high‐temperature process during a solid phase. Zinc ferrites were prepared from hematite (α‐Fe2O3), goethite (α‐FeO.OH), magnetite (Fe3O4), and specularite (Fe2O3) entering into reaction with zinc oxide at temperatures ranging from 600 up to 1,100°C. The nature of the initial raw material, primarily the shape of its particles, affects the shape of the particles of the synthesized zinc ferrite. The formulated zinc ferrites had a rod‐shape, lamellar, and/or isometric shape. The shape of the particles of synthesized zinc ferrites was studied with regard to its effects on the mechanical and corrosion resistance of organic coatings. The obtained pigments were characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. The synthesized anticorrosion pigments were used to prepare epoxy coatings and water‐borne styrene‐acrylate coatings that were subjected to post‐application tests for physical‐mechanical properties and anticorrosion properties.

Findings

The shape of the particles was identified in the synthesized pigments. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed the degree of precipitation and lattice parameters. All of the synthesized pigments had good anticorrosion efficiency in an epoxy and in styrene‐acrylate coatings. Compared with a commercially used anticorrosion pigment, their protective power in coatings was demonstrably stronger.

Practical implications

The synthesized pigments can be used conveniently in coatings protecting metal bases against corrosion.

Originality/value

The synthesis of zinc ferrites with different particle shapes for applications in anticorrosion coatings provides a new way of protecting metals against corrosion. Of benefit is the fact that the synthesized pigments do not contain any environmentally harmful substances.
An explanation of the “grey system” analysis methodology for the evaluation of inert anode materials
Authors: Yuchun Li , Hanwei He , Tao Zhou , Fang Zhang , Hongmei Wang , Liubin Song
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider the use and application of the “grey system” modelling methodology for the prediction and characterisation of inert anodes used in the aluminium electrolysis industry.

Design/methodology/approach

Cermet was very interesting potential material for developing inert anodes, which was composed of ceramic phase (NiFe2O4) and metal/alloy phase (nickel‐iron‐copper).

Findings

Differential thermal analysis showed that newly fabricated cermet had good performance. The calcination temperature was very important for evaluating material properties, so was obtained in order to build the forecast grey model.

Originality/value

Through calculation the GM(1,1) model was proved to be accurate in predicting technical parameters, and able to pinpoint precisely the properties of cermet materials.
Quantitative relationships between the structure of some thiol compounds and their inhibition efficiencies
Authors: Yurt A. , Mihrican Y.
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the inhibition effect of 2‐aminoethane thiol hydrochloride, 2‐cystamine dihydrochloride, 2,3‐dimercapto‐1‐propanol, 1,2‐ethanedithiol, and the synergistic effect of these compounds with halide ions (Cl−, Br−, I−) and with some metal cations (Co2 + , Ni2 + , Cu2 + , Zn2 + ).

Design/methodology/approach

The inhibiting effect of the studied thiols on the corrosion of carbon steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution were investigated using potentiodynamic polarisation, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarisation methods.

Findings

The inhibition action of thiols depends mainly on the type of the heteroatom present in the inhibitor molecule. The increase in inhibition efficiencies with increase in inhibitor concentration revealed that the studied compounds were adsorbed onto steel surfaces and the adsorption mechanism obeyed the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Polarisation curves indicated that thiols containing both N and S atoms in their structure behaved as mixed type inhibitors, while thiols containing only an S atom in their structure acted essentially as anodic inhibitors. The increase in the inhibition efficiencies of thiols with the addition of halide ions indicates that halides play important role in the adsorption process. The synergistic effect of the studied metal cations could be explained by the adsorption of complex ions formed from thiol molecules and metal cations.

Originality/value

This paper provides useful information about the relationship between inhibition efficiencies and the structures of thiols and clarifies the mechanism of the synergistic effects of some halides and some metal cations.
An investigation of the effects of inorganic inhibitors on the corrosion rate of aluminum alloy using electrochemical noise measurements and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
Authors: Ghassem Mahjani Mohammad , Sabzali Mohammad , Jafarian Majid , Neshati Jaber
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of inorganic inhibitors on the corrosion rate of aluminum alloy using the electrochemical noise (EN) analysis and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques.

Design/methodology/approach

EN and EIS measurements were employed to study the corrosion behavior of aluminum alloy in Na2SO4(0.50 M)/NaCl(0.20 M) solution in presence of inorganic inhibitors. The time‐series noise patterns were transformed into the frequency domain using fast Fourier transformation, and then their power spectrum densities (PSDs) at specified frequencies were determined and compared with the EIS and polarization results.

Findings

The EN, EIS and polarization results were in agreement. The inhibitive effect of the anions decreased in the order: CrO42−>Cr2O72−>NO3−>WO42−>MoO42−>NO2−. The results showed that the slope of PSD of the current (i.e. the “roll off”) was less where inhibition efficiency was greater. The spectral noise impedance and the modulus of the impedance recorded using impedance spectroscopy showed good agreement.

Originality/value

This paper provides useful information relative to corrosion inhibition efficiency of the sodium and potassium salts using EN analysis technique.
Inhibition of carbon steel corrosion by 4‐vinylbenzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride in HCl solution
Authors: Nahlé Ayssar , Abu‐Abdoun Ideisan , Abdel‐Rahman Ibrahim
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study electrochemically and by weight loss experiments the effect of 4‐vinylbenzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1.0 M HCl solution, which will serve researchers in the field of corrosion.

Design/methodology/approach

Electrochemical and weight loss measurements were carried out on carbon steel specimens in 1.0 M HCl and in 1.0 M HCl containing various concentrations (1.0 × 10−7 to 1.0 × 10−4 M) of the laboratory synthesized 4‐vinylbenzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride at temperatures ranging from 303 to 343 K.

Findings

4‐vinylbenzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride was found to be a highly efficient inhibitor for carbon steel in 1.0 M HCl solution, reaching about 99 per cent at the concentration of 1 × 10−4 M at room temperature and about 96 per cent at 303 K, a concentration and temperature considered to be very moderate. The percentage of inhibition in the presence of this inhibitor was decreased with temperature which indicates that physical adsorption was the predominant inhibition mechanism because the quantity of adsorbed inhibitor decreases with increasing temperature.

Practical implications

This inhibitor could have application in industries, where hydrochloric acid solutions at elevated temperatures are used to remove scale and salts from steel surfaces, such as acid cleaning of tankage and pipeline, and may render dismantling unnecessary.

Originality/value

This paper is intended to be added to the family of phosphonium salt corrosion inhibitors which are highly efficient and can be employed in the area of corrosion prevention and control.
Marketing of halal meat in the United Kingdom
Authors: Ahmed Allam
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore a number of marketing issues, such as consumer buyer behaviour and distribution channels, in relation to buying halal meat (HM) from local shops versus supermarkets in the UK.

Design/methodology/approach

A consumer survey (300 participants) and observation of three local halal shops and a Morrisons supermarket were successfully undertaken in London, Brighton and Edinburgh.

Findings

The majority of UK Muslims do not trust big supermarkets when buying HM. They will only trust a Muslim selling halal products in their local shops. Most respondents did not know that supermarkets in their local area sold HM.

Research limitations/implications

In order to increase the sales of HM ranges, supermarkets need to improve their marketing efforts, for example by advertising in Islamic newspapers, mosques and other relevant sources. Supermarkets need to stock other complementary halal products to get a mass response from this market segment, as well as enhancing/improving their services, for example, there should be sales people who are able to advise customers on particular halal products.

Originality/value

The study reveals that the majority of UK Muslims are at odds with most UK shoppers and increasingly prefer to shop at small shops, rather than big supermarkets. The paper helps to emphasise the major issues that frame the current state of marketing HM in the UK; contributes to a better understanding of such an important customer sector; and raises the necessary commitment to restructuring HM business activities in the UK and Europe.
Future chocolate market growth in four EU countries
Authors: Monotti Chiara
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to gain better insights into the conventional and organic/fair trade (O and/or FT) future chocolate market in four EU countries: Italy, the UK, France and Germany.

Design/methodology/approach

Delphi method was used to investigate several characteristics, actors and marketing mix components which will drive the conventional and organic/fair trade chocolate market in the future by presenting two rounds of questionnaires to experts of the chocolate market.

Findings

The findings identify the most influential actors, product attributes, promotion and distribution channels and characteristics of the chocolate market in both sectors. They reveal that they will have more of a positive effect on the O and/or FT sector than on the conventional one, since the first will grow faster than the second.

Research limitations/implications

Despite low expert participation, participants belong to some of the most important companies/organisations in the sector in terms of market share.

Practical implications

The paper has important implications for stakeholders in the cocoa‐chocolate chain in terms of developing their business strategies in the future; they will need to concentrate upon consumer preferences and marketing mix elements which will have more appeal.

Originality/value

The value of the paper lies in joining together opinions of experts coming from different chain levels (industry, research and consultancy) in an attempt to forecast the chocolate market characteristics and the consumer behaviour of the future.
Performance evaluation in a matrix organization: a case study (Part One)
Authors: Appelbaum Steven H. , Nadeau David , Cyr Michael
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine and ultimately suggest the most effective method with which to evaluate employees operating within a matrix organization. The paper aims to demonstrate the tools, corporate participation and acceptance levels required in order to ensure employee and manager “buy in” and implementation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper consists of a comprehensive review of literature demonstrating functional areas within matrix organization as well as employee evaluation methods within various organizations. It is presented in three sections, defining a matrix organization, demonstrating effective evaluation methods and strategies, and finally showing how the two should work together. Critical incidents are interspersed throughout the article in order to demonstrate how the research compares to the methods employed by a leading aviation engineering firm.

Findings

Ineffective evaluation methods within matrix organizations can lead to lower employee morale as well as an ambiguous understanding of employee roles within such an organization. Employee and management buy in and support of an evaluation system and its goals are crucial to the success of the program. The multi‐rater system appeared to be most effective.

Practical implications

Several tools exist to help employers effectively evaluate their employees in a constructive and effective manner. Among them are clear job description and corporate structure, followed by a review of performance by both functional and project managers. Additionally, peer evaluations can prove to be constructive and contribute positively to the development of the employee. This paper can be a practical aid for managers in matrix organization that need to successfully and constructively evaluate employees, but are having difficulty doing so in an effective method..

Originality/value

Given the limited research with respect to evaluations within a matrix structure, this paper demonstrates an understanding of a subject that has not been adequately explored. The paper demonstrated in “real time” the critical synthesis for PA and the matrix organization – an absence noted in the literature.
The re‐branding of management development as leadership development – and its dangers
Authors: Rees W. David , Porter Christine
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the re‐branding of much management education and development under the heading of leadership and to identify the dangers this may bring particularly if it results in key management skills being neglected.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use their extensive background in management education and development in the UK and abroad to consider the implications of the increasing emphasis on leadership as opposed to management education and development. Recent trends are identified as is both the distinction between and overlap between the terms leadership and management. Relevant literature is examined and the potential dangers of the re‐branding process identified

Findings

Increasing use is being made of the term leadership. Whilst there is considerable overlap between the concepts of leadership and management, the market appeal to providers and users of qualification and short course programmes implies that leadership is a higher level of organisational activity than management. This may be an unrealistic view of organisational activity and ignores the concept of strategic management. However, it may create a market pressure for people to aspire to be leaders rather than managers. Four specific potential dangers are identified. These are the lack of emphasis on the need to match people to situations, a failure to distinguish between process and task leadership, the general lack of obvious pathways for people to become leaders rather than managers and neglect of the development of critical managerial skills. Whilst much useful work may take place under the title leadership there is also the overall danger that some of the activity is superficial and even counter‐productive.

Originality/value

The paper is a timely and necessary counter‐balance to the bandwagon effect of the use of the term “leadership” in the generic area of management education and development. It encourages readers to examine carefully what is covered under leadership activities and the extent to which these meet real as opposed to status needs.
Business ethics – Part One: Does it matter?
Authors: Holme Charles
Published: August 2008

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview for senior managers of the strategic importance of ethical values in organisations working in the profit‐making and not‐for‐profit sectors.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines the principles involved and contrasts them with examples of unethical behaviour in the news at present. The paper presents the practical application of ethical business values through case studies from different organisations where ethical values are part of a positive strategy to achieve competitive advantage. There is an analysis of the case against and for ethical values, a discussion of how business ethics can be part of an organisation's strategy, the evidence that non‐executive directors and others may find of ethical behaviour in business decisions, a discussion of ethics in an international context and a short checklist of questions to provide readers with a guide to the “ethical health” of the organisation.

Findings

The arguments in favour of defining ethical values within business are persuasive.

Practical implications

There are examples from experience together with clear guidance about how to manage ethical values in business. Readers could start with the ethical health checklist of questions, decide how their ethical values statement, if any, compares with the examples in the papers, conduct an audit of an existing ethical strategy to identify if their values statement is being translated into behaviours throughout the organization, and test the impact of the ethical values strategy on the competitive position of the business.

Originality/value

The paper is educational and therefore provides value to senior managers and directors in a concise but comprehensive overview of the topic that is of current concern in the business world. It points to practical actions they can take in this respect. It could be a thought starter to managers discussing the topic at an away day for example, or for strategic leaders to discuss how to use ethical values to develop a competitive position.
Talent acquisition due diligence leading to high employee engagement: case of Motorola India MDB
Authors: Srivastava Pallavi , Bhatnagar Jyotsna
Published: August 2008

Purpose

With talent management becoming an area of growing concern, there is a need for practicing due diligence in their talent acquisition strategy. To meet the demands for talent with a specific skill set in a given timeline, the organizations are adopting innovative recruitment practices to find the correct skill sets and competencies. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of these practices and also to investigate talent acquisition and its relationship to levels of employee engagement.

Design/methodology/approach

The investigation is carried out with the aid of a case study on Motorola India‐ Mobile Devices Business.

Findings

By reflecting recruitment and culture need fit, an environment is created at the workplace where employees feel more passionate about their work and exhibit the behaviours that organizations need to drive better results.

Research limitations/implications

This is a qualitative study which could be further enriched by empirically measuring person‐organization fit and its impact on the level of engagement.

Practical implications

It is suggested that organizations should make efforts to build effective, practical and holistic talent strategies that are not only able to attract talent but also address employee engagement and the retention of key skills thus boosting the productivity and business performance. During talent acquisition, due diligence is required in assessing the person‐organization fit and providing an enabling work environment to keep the talent anchored to the organization.

Originality/value

The paper highlights the impact of due diligence in talent acquisition, which is the most crucial problem faced by the organizations in the present times, by means of a case study.