bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unexpected high prevalence of 1‐month depression in a small Brazilian community: the Bambuí Study
Authors: Vorcaro C. M. R. , Lima e Costa M. F. F. , Barreto S. M. , Uchoa E.
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To determine the prevalence of depression in a community with 15 000 inhabitants in Brazil (Bambuí).

Method:  The Composite International Diagnostic Interview was applied in a random sample of 1041 residents aged 18+ years.

Results:
 The ICD‐10 1‐month, 1‐year and lifetime prevalences of depression were 8.2% (95% CI:6.5–9.8), 10.0% (95% CI:8.2–11.8) and 15.6% (95% CI:13.4–17.8), respectively. Kappa coefficients comparing ICD‐10 and DSM‐III‐R diagnoses were high (0.73–0.79). Female sex (OR=2.4; 95% CI:1.3–4.2), age 45–59 years (OR=3.5; 95% CI:1.7–7.2) and 60 years (OR=4.0; 95% CI:1.9–8.5) and being out of work (OR=2.1; 95% CI:1.2–3.6) were independently and positively associated with 1‐month depression.

Conclusion:  The 1‐month prevalence of depression was higher than that observed in similar studies in developed and developing countries. Depression may be a major unidentified disease of people living in small communities of Brazil and other developing countries, especially among older women.
Differences in substance abuse patterns: multiple drug abuse alone versus schizophrenia with multiple drug abuse
Authors: Lammertink M. , Löhrer F. , Kaiser R. , Hambrecht M. , Pukrop R.
Published: August 2010

Objective:  To compare the lifetime consumption patterns of patients with schizophrenia and multiple substance abuse and multiple substance abusers without schizophrenia.

Method:  Two hundred and thirty in‐patients of a specialized rehabilitation facility for young drug abusers were assessed with regard to their lifetime consumption patterns of 16 different classes of psychoactive drugs. While 110 patients had no diagnosis of a schizophrenic disorder, 120 patients had a comorbidity of multiple substance abuse and schizophrenia.

Results:  Comorbid patients reported a higher lifetime consumption of hallucinogens, whereas multiple substance abusers without schizophrenia showed a higher lifetime consumption rate of cocaine.

Conclusion:  The differences found in lifetime consumption patterns between comorbid patients and substance abusers without psychotic disorder do not support the so‐called self‐medication hypothesis. Instead, the differences in lifetime consumption of certain drugs might be a result of lower social competence and standing in schizophrenic patients and lower ability to procure certain illicit drugs.
Needs‐based cognitive‐behavioural family intervention for carers of patients suffering from schizophrenia: 12‐month follow‐up
Authors: Sellwood W. , Barrowclough C. , Tarrier N. , Quinn J. , Mainwaring J. , Lewis S.
Published: August 2010

Objective: To examine longer‐term effectiveness of a needs‐based family intervention for carers and out‐patients suffering from schizophrenia.

Method: Seventy‐nine unselected patient–carer pairs were recruited from a geographical area and allocated randomly to one of two conditions. One group received needs‐based cognitive‐behavioural family intervention in combination with general family support plus the standard care. The control group received the general family support and standard care only.

Results: Analysis was carried out on an intention‐to‐treat basis. There was a significant advantage for family intervention, in terms of relapse (37% relapsed compared to 72%, NNT=3) and on other clinical measures. Treatment group and medication compliance were significant and independent predictors of relapse. There was a significant reduction in carer needs in the intervention group.

Conclusion: Family intervention directed at carers' needs within a standard mental health service can produce benefits for patients beyond the term of intervention.
Complaints of stress in young soldiers strongly predispose to psychiatric morbidity and mortality: Danish national cohort study with 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Hageman I. , Pinborg A. , Andersen H. S.
Published: August 2010

Objective:  Serving military can be regarded as exposure to a moderate enforced stressor independent of other vulnerability factors. The aims of this study were i) to explore psychiatric morbidity and mortality during 10 years of follow‐up in a cohort of healthy adolescent Danish conscripts and ii) to investigate whether stress‐related disorders precede other psychiatric disorders.

Method:  Controlled national cohort study on all psychiatric hospital contacts in young men referred to the Military Psychiatric Department (MPD) with 10 years of follow‐up.

Results:  During the follow‐up period, 24% of conscripts seen at the MPD were diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder compared with 4% in the control cohort. Almost all diagnostic categories were over‐represented but especially psychotic disorders. Mortality was substantially increased. Of subjects initially diagnosed with stress‐related disorders at the MPD, 20% later on developed psychopathology.

Conclusion:  Young healthy men complaining of mental distress following a stressor are strongly disposed to psychiatric morbidity and mortality. The study suggests that stress‐related disorders often precede more severe psychopathology.
Premorbid adjustment, symptom development and quality of life in first episode psychosis: a systematic review and critical reappraisal
Authors: MacBeth A. , Gumley A.
Published: August 2010

Objective: To systematically review the relationship of premorbid adjustment to symptomatology in first episode psychosis (FEP), taking into account the influence of duration of untreated psychosis (DUP).

Method: Electronic databases were searched to identify relevant studies.

Results: A variety of approaches to the reporting of premorbid adjustment were identified. There was no significant association between premorbid adjustment and DUP, supporting the proposition that they are independent constructs. The effect of premorbid adjustment upon positive symptomatology was negligible. Premorbid adjustment had a modest effect upon negative symptoms and quality of life, increasing over duration of follow‐up.

Conclusion: Premorbid adjustment remains a valid construct in the study of FEP. Both premorbid adjustment and DUP confer independent effects on aspects of symptomatology in FEP. Results for premorbid adjustment are similar to previous findings in more chronic samples. The potential for conceptualizing premorbid functioning by developmental, academic/social and typological approaches is currently underexploited.
Bilateral intravesical ureterocele associated with unilateral partial duplication of the ureter and other anomalies: proposal of a new variant to the classification of ureterocles based on a perinatal autopsy, review of the literature and embryology
Authors: JAIMAN SUNIL , ULHØJ BENEDICTE P.
Published: August 2010

Jaiman S, Ulhøj BP. Bilateral intravesical ureterocele associated with unilateral partial duplication of the ureter and other anomalies: proposal of a new variant to the classification of ureterocles based on a perinatal autopsy, review of the literature and embryology. APMIS 2010; 118: 809–14.

The aims of this study were to demonstrate a case of bilateral intravesical ureterocele associated with megacystis and mega‐ureters, unilateral partial duplication of the ureter and unilateral segmental renal dysplasia of the upper pole and an accessory spleen and to propose an addition of the new variant to the classification of ureteroceles. A perinatal necropsy was conducted on the 21‐week fetus by employing the Rokitansky procedure with evisceration performed in blocks. The autopsy revealed the aforementioned abnormalities without cardiac or neural anomalies. The amniocentesis report was normal. Ureterocele is a saccular expansion of the distal ureter. It is most commonly observed in females and children and usually affects the upper moiety of a complete pyeloureteral duplication. Four types of ureteroceles are described: (A) ureterocele with single ureter (10%); (B) ureterocele with total duplication and intravesical development (10%); (C) ureterocele with total duplication and extravesical development (62%); and (D) ureterocele with ectopic ureter (3%). One case in a new born with bilateral intravesical ureterocele associated with hydrouretero‐nephrosis and hyperechogenic spots in kidneys has been reported, but bilateral intravesical ureterocele with unilateral incomplete pyeloureteral duplication has never been described in the literature.
Serum levels of interleukin‐10 and tumour necrosis factor‐α in chronic periodontitis
Authors: Passoja Anna , Puijola Ilkka , Knuuttila Matti , Niemelä Onni , Karttunen Riitta , Raunio Taina , Tervonen Tellervo
Published: August 2010

Passoja A, Puijola I, Knuuttila M, Niemelä O, Karttunen R, Raunio T, Tervonen T. Serum levels of interleukin‐10 and tumour necrosis factor‐α in chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 881–887. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01602.x

Aims: To investigate, using a cross‐sectional study design, whether the extent of periodontal inflammation associates with the serum levels of cytokine interleukin (IL)‐10 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and their ratio.

Material and Methods: The study group consisted of 61 subjects with chronic periodontitis and 30 control subjects with minimally inflamed periodontal tissues. Probing pocket depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and periodontal attachment level (AL) were measured. The serum IL‐10 (pg/ml) and TNF‐α (U/l) levels were analysed using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. After categorization of the subjects, associations between serum IL‐10 and TNF‐α levels and the extent of periodontal inflammation were studied using linear regression models adjusted for age, gender, body mass index and smoking.

Results: A negative, partly dose‐dependent association existed between the extent of BOP, PD4 mm and AL4 mm and serum IL‐10 level. The subjects in the periodontitis group presented significantly higher serum TNF‐α levels and their TNF‐α/IL‐10 ratio was approximately threefold when compared with the ratio in the control group.

Conclusions: The significantly higher serum TNF‐α/IL‐10 ratio in the subjects with chronic periodontitis when compared with the ratio in the controls is indicative of a stronger systemic pro‐inflammatory state in chronic periodontitis.
Don’t forget other causes of wheeze. ABPA in a boy with asthma. A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Schwerk Nicolaus , Rochwalsky Ulrich , Brinkmann Folke , Hansen Gesine
Published: August 2010

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a rare pulmonary disorder caused by hypersensitivity to Aspergillus fumigatus. The prevalence is estimated to be about 1–2% in adult patients with asthma and 2–15% in patients with cystic fibrosis. In paediatric patients with asthma, only single case reports on ABPA exist. We report on a 13‐year‐old boy with allergic asthma complicated by ABPA. Despite the presentation of typical clinical symptoms, it took 6 years before he was diagnosed. The clinical course improved rapidly after ABPA therapy was started, and 12 months after diagnosis, the boy is still free of symptoms. Clinical symptoms of ABPA may be unspecific making a rapid diagnosis difficult in some cases.

Conclusion:  A delay in diagnosis and treatment increases the risk for irreversible lung damage. Once bronchiectasis has developed, the outcome is unfavourable. Thus, ABPA has to be considered in patients whose asthma remains uncontrolled despite adequate therapy.
Prevalence and distribution of congenital abnormalities in Turkey: Differences between the prenatal and postnatal periods
Authors: Oztarhan Kazim , Gedikbasi Ali , Yildirim Dogukan , Arslan Oguz , Adal Erdal , Kavuncuoglu Sultan , Ozbek Sibel , Ceylan Yavuz
Published: August 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of cases associated with congenital abnormalities during the following three periods: pregnancy, birth, and the neonatal period. This was a retrospective study of cases between 2002 and 2006. All abnormal pregnancies, elective terminations of pregnancies, stillbirths, and births with congenital abnormalities managed in the Neonatology Unit were classified based on the above distribution scheme. During the 5‐year study period, 1906 cases with congenital abnormalities were recruited, as follows: 640 prenatally detected and terminated cases, with most abnormalities related to the central nervous system, chromosomes, and urogenital system (56.7%, 12.7%, and 8.9%, respectively); 712 neonates with congenital abnormalities (congenital heart disease [49.2%], central nervous system abnormalities [14.7%], and urogenital system abnormalities [12.9%]); and hospital stillbirths, of which 34.2% had malformations (220 prenatal cases [34.4%] had multiple abnormalities, whereas 188 liveborn cases [26.4%] had multiple abnormalities). The congenital abnormalities rate between 2002 and 2006 was 2.07%. Systematic screening for fetal anomalies is the primary means for identification of affected pregnancies.
Are abdominal wall defects and external genitalia anomalies randomly expressed in some families?
Authors: Wonkam Ambroise , Extermann Philipe , Birraux Jacques , Fokstuen Siv
Published: August 2010

Familial cases of isolated abdominal wall defects with variable expressivity in more than one generation have rarely been observed. We report four affected individuals within a small three‐generation family with either variable non‐syndromic abdominal wall defects or external genital anomalies. We discuss the possible transmission of non‐syndromic abdominal wall defects. It could be hypothesized that similar developmental defects may result in anomalies like hypospadias in males or developmental anomalies of the labia minora or labia majora in females.
Clinical challenges in the management of a prenatally diagnosed cloacal malformation
Authors: Khuja Mehtap , Nouri Aria , Wilczyński Jan , Dzieniecka Monika , Grzesiak Mariusz , Podciechowski Lech , Finke Daria , Majos Agata , Stefańczyk Ludomir , Nowakowska Dorota
Published: August 2010

Cloacal dysgenesis sequence is a severe malformation of the primitive cloaca and is characterized by a phallus‐like structure, smooth perineum and the absence of genitourinary and anal orifices. It is usually accompanied by oligohydramnios, kidney dysplasia, and pulmonary hypoplasia. We present a case of a 29‐year‐old woman who was referred at 26 weeks of gestation due to an enlarged fetal abdominal circumference. Investigations revealed the presence of fetal ascites, intrapelvic cysts, calcified meconium, severe oligohydramnios and a 46XX karyotype. Fetal abdominal parecentesis performed on several occasions failed to reduce intra‐abdominal pressure. To our knowledge this case represents the first variation of cloacal dysgenesis sequence to contain three dysmorphic structures along with the common findings of this anomaly.
Two percent topical phenytoin sodium solution in treating pyoderma gangrenosum: a cohort study
Authors: Fonseka Hewa Fonsekage Sanjeewani , Ekanayake Sandeepa Madhujith Bandara , Dissanayake Manel
Published: August 2010

Oral phenytoin is an extensively used medicine for the treatment of convulsive disorders. Topical phenytoin has also been used for various types of ulcers. To determine the effectiveness of 2% topical phenytoin sodium solution in treating recalcitrant pyoderma gangrenosum. Six patients with treatment‐resistant pyoderma gangrenosum who attended to Dermatology Unit/Ward were taken to the study and applied topical 2% phenytoin sodium solution to the wounds alone with other systemic therapy. Response to the treatment was assessed weekly. Three patients had idiopathic PG and other three had secondary diseases. At the end of the 4th week four patients showed complete resolution of the ulcers whereas other two patients showed the partial resolution. No adverse effects were noted. Phenytoin sodium 2% solution is beneficial for pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) with various etiologies. It enhanced the healing of the ulcer especially when the patient has treatment resistant disease.
Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Erectile Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Jia-Li , Wang Hai-Gang , Gao Hai-Qing , Zhai Guang-Xi , Chang Ping , Chen Yu-Guo
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common disorder noted for affecting quality of life. Several studies have reported the influence of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) polymorphisms on ED susceptibility. However, results of association studies with individually low statistical power are conflicting.

Aim

Our study aimed to carry out a meta-analysis estimating the association between eNOS variants and the risk of ED.

Methods

Studies regarding the association between eNOS polymorphisms and ED were searched in Medline and Embase databases. The relevant studies that met the inclusion criteria were eligible for the analysis.

Main Outcome Measures

Five genetic models and a generalized odds ratio (ORG) were used to estimate the association between eNOS G894T and variable number of 27-bp tandem repeats in intron 4 (4 VNTR) and the risk of ED.

Results

Nine articles were included in our meta-analysis. Overall, significant association between the 894T variant and an increased risk of ED was derived for all genetic contrasts except for the recessive model (allele contrast: OR=1.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.03–2.60). The meta-analysis based on the ORG also produced significant results: ORG =1.64, 95% CI: 1.03–2.61. Significant heterogeneity and publication bias were detected. The cumulative meta-analysis showed the OR increased from 2003 to 2009 and then declined in 2010. Instability in the relative change of OR was observed. Regarding 4 VNTR and its association with ED, the overall analysis showed a lack of significant association (OR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.72–1.28). No evidence for heterogeneity among studies was observed. Subgroup analysis by ethnicity and recruitment strategy also yielded nonsignificant results.

Conclusion

The result supports that G894T variant is associated with an increase in the risk of ED. No evidence for a significant association between 4VNTR and ED is observed. The results of the present meta-analysis should be interpreted with caution. Further confirmation in large and well-designed studies is needed.
Time Course of Recovery of Erectile Function After Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: Does Anyone Recover After 2 Years?
Authors: Rabbani Farhang , Schiff Jeffrey , Piecuch Michael , Yunis Luis Herran , Eastham James A. , Scardino Peter T. , Mulhall John P.
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Given the paucity of literature on the time course of recovery of erectile function (EF) after radical prostatectomy (RP), many publications have led patients and clinicians to believe that erections are unlikely to recover beyond 2 years after RP.

Aims

We sought to determine the time course of recovery of EF beyond 2 years after bilateral nerve sparing (BNS) RP and to determine factors predictive of continued improved recovery beyond 2 years.

Methods

EF was assessed prospectively on a 5-point scale: (i) full erections; (ii) diminished erections routinely sufficient for intercourse; (iii) partial erections occasionally satisfactory for intercourse; (iv) partial erections unsatisfactory for intercourse; and (v) no erections. From 01/1999 to 01/2007, 136 preoperatively potent (levels 1–2) men who underwent BNS RP without prior treatment and who had not recovered consistently functional erections (levels 1–2) at 24 months had further follow-up regarding EF. Median follow-up after the 2-year visit was 36.0 months.

Main Outcome Measures

Recovery of improved erections at a later date: recovery of EF level 1–2 in those with level 3 EF at 2 years and recovery of EF level 1–3 in those with level 4–5 EF at 2 years.

Results

The actuarial rates of further improved recovery of EF to level 1–2 in those with level 3 EF at 2 years and to level 1–3 in those with level 4–5 EF at 2 years were 8%, 20%, and 23% at 3, 4, and 5 years postoperatively, and 5%, 17%, and 21% at 3, 4, and 5 years postoperatively, respectively. Younger age was predictive of greater likelihood of recovery beyond 2 years.

Conclusion

There is continued improvement in EF beyond 2 years after BNS RP. Discussion of this prolonged time course of recovery may allow patients to have a more realistic expectation.
Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Placement in Men with Peyronie’s Disease and Drug-resistant Erectile Dysfunction: A Single-Center Study
Authors: Levine Laurence A. , Benson Jonas , Hoover Christopher
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Erectile dysfunction (ED) frequently accompanies Peyronie’s disease (PD) and changes the therapeutic approach.

Aim

To evaluate a single-center experience with inflatable penile prostheses (IPP) in men with medication refractory ED and PD.

Methods

Ninety men underwent placement of an IPP with straightening maneuvers as necessary to address their deformity and ED.

Main Outcome Measures

Preoperative assessment included International Index of Erectile Function-erectile function domain (IIEF-EF) and duplex ultrasound to confirm ED and measure erect deformity. Postoperative assessment included a modified Erectile Dysfunction Index of Treatment Satisfaction (EDITS) questionnaire, as well as office visits at 1, 6, and every 12 months thereafter.

Results

Complete chart review was performed with mean follow-up of 49 months. Mean preoperative IIEF-EF score was 11. Full rigidity was not obtained in any patient during duplex ultrasound. Mean curvature at maximum erection was 53°. There were seven mechanical failures requiring device replacement, two revision surgeries for pump or reservoir malposition, one infected device, and two corporoplasties for distal tunica erosion. Postoperative office assessment revealed a functionally straight (i.e., <20°) erect penis and a properly positioned as well as operational device in all patients. The modified EDITS questionnaire was returned by 56 (62%). Overall, 84% of patients were satisfied with their outcome, yet only 73% were satisfied with their straightness. Patient perceived postoperative curvature correction stabilized quickly and was complete by 3 months in 84% of patients. Satisfaction with ease of inflation, deflation, and concealability was 84%, 71%, and 91%, respectively. Coital activity was reported by 91% of men in this group.

Conclusion

In men with PD and ED, IPP placement allowed reliable and satisfactory coitus for the great majority of men. Mechanical failure was 7%. Men with PD undergoing IPP placement should be counseled regarding potential penile length loss and residual curvature, neither of which appeared to interfere with coitus but may reduce satisfaction.
Measuring Women’s Satisfaction with Treatment for Sexual Dysfunction: Development and Initial Validation of the Women’s Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (WITS-9)
Authors: Corty Eric W. , Althof Stanley E. , Wieder Miki
Published: August 2010

Aim

To develop a brief, psychometrically sound, measure of satisfaction with treatment for female sexual arousal disorder.

Method

In Phase 1, women in focus groups generated items measuring satisfaction with treatment for arousal disorder. In Phase 2, expert clinicians/researchers and women with self-reported female sexual arousal disorder (FSAD) assessed the content validity of the items. In Phase 3, women enrolled in a double-blind treatment trial for female sexual dysfunction completed the Women’s Inventory of Treatment Satisfaction (WITS) and the Female Sexual Function Inventory (FSFI) to provide reliability and validity information.

Main Outcome Measures

WITS and FSFI.

Results

In Phase 2, 36 items demonstrated adequate content validity. In Phase 3, 20 items correlated with symptom improvement on the FSFI arousal subscale. Factor analysis sorted these items into three dimensions: initiation/receptivity satisfaction, treatment satisfaction, and perceived partner satisfaction. The three items with the highest loadings on each factor formed the WITS-9. Internal consistency (α) reliability coefficients for the total WITS-9 score and the three subscale scores were 0.92, 0.93, 0.92, and 0.79, respectively. Correlations of WITS-9 scores with the FSFI change scores for subgroups with different sexual dysfunctions offer construct validity support that the WITS-9 measures treatment satisfaction for women with a variety of sexual dysfunctions.

Conclusions

The WITS-9 is a brief, psychometrically sound scale that is useful for assessing treatment satisfaction in women with sexual dysfunctions. While the WITS-9 is promising, further work needs to be done to obtain reliability and validity information in additional samples.
Penile Sclerosing Lipogranulomas and Disfigurement from Use of “1Super Extenze” Among Laotian Immigrants
Authors: Manny Ted , Pettus Joseph , Hemal Ashok , Marks Malcolm , Mirzazadeh Majid
Published: August 2010

Introduction

Subcutaneous penile injection of various oils for penile augmentation has been described among men in Laos. We have now treated three Laotian immigrants with penile disfigurement secondary to sclerosing lipogranulomas, also known as paraffinoma, induced by injection of a mineral oil compound marketed as “1Super Extenze,” which they purchased in the United States.

Aim

This series describes the clinical course and management of complications associated with the use of “1Super Extenze” in three Laotian men.

Methods

Surgeons excised all grossly affected tissue and performed reconstruction using skin grafting, Z-plasty, and tissue advancement, respectively. Tissue from the penile shaft of each patient and a local lymph node in one patient was examined microscopically. Mass spectroscopy was performed on an aliquot of “1Super Extenze.”

Main Outcome Measures

Urinary function, sexual function, and cosmesis of the three reported cases, chemical composition of “1Super Extenze,” and microscopic analysis of penile and regional lymphatic tissue.

Results

Short-term cosmetic and functional outcomes were acceptable after surgical intervention. Histologic findings consistent with sclerosing lipogranulomas were seen in specimens from affected subcutaneous and lymphatic tissue. “1Super Extenze” proved to be composed of mineral oil with tocopherol acetate (vitamin E).

Conclusion

Injection of “1Super Extenze” into the penile shaft results in sclerosing lipogranulomas, which can cause severe sexual and urinary complications. Surgical resection of all grossly involved tissue with appropriate reconstruction can mitigate these problems. This series supports previous recommendations in the literature that men should avoid the use of non-medical foreign bodies and fillers as means of penile augmentation.
Single‐stage procedure in management of uncomplicated acute sigmoid volvulus without colonic lavage
Authors: El‐labban Gouda M. , Saber Aly
Published: August 2010

Aim: The management of sigmoid volvulus remains controversial. We aimed to evaluate the postoperative outcome of patients with acute non‐complicated sigmoid volvulus managed with resection and anastomosis without preoperative colonic lavage.

Methods: From January 2007 to December 2009, 40 patients with uncomplicated sigmoid volvulus underwent bowel decompression, resection and anastomosis without preoperative mechanical colonic preparation.

Results: A total of 40 patients underwent the procedure, one patient developed anastomotic leak. Wound infection was reported in three patients, one death was a result of respiratory failure.

Conclusion: Surgical management of sigmoid volvulus in one step without preoperative colonic lavage is a safe procedure and is recommended for acute cases.
A scaleworm's setal snorkel
Authors: Pernet Bruno
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Setae of the first segment of the marine annelid Sthenelais berkeleyi (family Sigalionidae) are arranged in the shape of an antero‐dorsally directed tube. When the worm is in resting position buried in sediment, this setal tube projects slightly from the sediment surface. A current of water is drawn into it by cilia on the parapodia of the first segment. The water is then diverted to a pair of lateral spaces between the body wall and elytra, moved posteriorly in these spaces along the length of the body by segmental cilia, and eventually exits posteriorly or ventrally. This flow permits the worm to respire while remaining buried and immobile for long periods of time, waiting for prey to move over the sediment near it. Setae of the first segment are probably used as snorkels in some other infaunal sigalionids as well.
Cuticular ultrastructure in some marine oligochaetes (Tubificidae)
Authors: Gustavsson Lena M. , Erséus Christer
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The ultrastructure of the thin, non‐cellular cuticle is described for 6 marine oligochaetes, representing 3 of the subfamilies (Phallodrilinae, Limnodriloidinae, and Rhyacodrilinae) of the Tubificidae. The main components of the cuticle in these 6 species, as in most other oligochaetes examined, are: (1) a fiber zone closest to the epidermis, consisting of collagen fibers embedded in a matrix, (2) an epicuticle, which is a continuation of the matrix outside the fiber zone, and (3) epicuticular projections, which are membrane‐bound bodies covering the outer surface of the epicuticle. The projections are probably formed by the microvilli that penetrate the cuticle from the epidermal cells below, but this was confirmed only in the studied limnodriloidines. Three of the species examined, Duridrilus turdus, Olavius vacuus, and Heterodrilus paucifascis, lack microvilli. The morphology of the components in the cuticle differs between the studied species. The collagen fibers may form an “orthogonal grid” (i.e., layers of parallel fibers perpendicular to the layers immediately above and below), or they may form parallel layers, or be irregularly scattered. The number of dense layers in the epicuticle, as well as the shape and internal structure of the epicuticular projections, also vary. All these characters might be useful in future phylogenetic analyses to achieve better hypotheses of relationships within oligochaetes as well as to other groups.
The adoral sense organ in protobranch bivalves (Mollusca): comparative fine structure with special reference toNucula nucleus
Authors: Schaefer Kurt
Published: August 2010

Abstract.The adoral sense organ in bivalve molluscs is a paired ridge of specialized epithelium positioned laterally at the base of the labial palps near the mouth opening, clearly distinguishable from the surrounding epithelia. Six species of the protobranch order Nuculoida, and one species of Solemyoida, were investigated by light microscopy concerning presence, gross anatomy, and innervation of the adoral sense organ. The organ was described in detail forNucula nucleusandN. nitidosaby transmission electron microscopy; in these two species, the organ was characterized as a pseudostratified epithelial thickening with specialized cells bearing a specialized microvillar border and a basal matrix with a lamellar layer. Three types of bipolar primary receptor cells were recognized and these were reconstructed forN. nucleus.Most of the receptor cells had 2 cilia orientated parallel to the cell surface; in addition, there were 2 types of supporting cells and 1 type of basal cell. The surrounding epithelial cells were narrow with short microvilli and lacked cilia. The homology of the organ within protobranch bivalves was suggested by a character‐complex of (1) position, (2) dimension of the epithelium, (3) innervation, (4) pseudostratified construction, (5) dimension of the specialized microvillar border, (6) thickening of the basal matrix, and (7) presence of specialized cell types such as receptor cells. Despite the estimated high number of protobranch species there is only scant information available on the adoral sense organ from 24 species of 8 genera. Structures and receptor types that are similar to those found in the adoral sense organ are widespread in molluscs and other invertebrate groups; this may indicate a plesiomorphy of these characters rather than an apomorphy for the protobranch clade. Therefore, the adoral sense organ may be of minor phylogenetic value above the level of protobranch orders.
Mating and the inferred function of the genital system of the nudibranch, Aeolidiella glauca (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Aeolidioidea)
Authors: Haase Martin , Karlsson Anna
Published: August 2010

Abstract. We describe the genital system of the aeolid nudibranch gastropod Aeolidiella glauca as a basis for our ongoing analysis of the mating system of this hermaphroditic species. In addition we give a short account of its mating behavior. A. glauca has an androdiaulic genital system with a proximally situated semiserial seminal receptacle. There is no bursa copulatrix. After fertilization, eggs pass through six glands, i.e., the capsule gland and the female gland mass which is comprised of five histologically differentiated parts. The prostate is a long, glandular tube. The everted, unarmed penis is very large and bears a series of 3–4 hook‐shaped lobes consisting only of a simple, ciliated epithelium on its ventral side. Their function is unknown. After courtship, which involves moving in circles followed by resting in a head‐to‐head position, reciprocally touching each other with the tentacles, the slugs glide into a position where the everted genital atria are in contact. The huge penes are protruded simultaneously shortly after this contact occurs. Each animal strokes its partner's back with the penis and deposits a spermatophore of undetermined shape onto the partner's notum. Sperm enter the recipient through histolysis. How the sperm find their way to the seminal receptacle is not known.
Phylogenetic analysis of the Sphaeriidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) based on partial mitochondrial 16s rDNA gene sequences
Authors: Cooley Louanne R. , Foighil Diarmaid Ó
Published: August 2010

Abstract. We have constructed molecular phylogenetic trees for members of the Sphaeriidae in order to test proposed generic level relationships, and to reconstruct the evolutionary pattern of parental care, in this exclusively freshwater family of heterodont bivalves. An ∼480 nucleotide fragment of the mitochondrial large ribosomal subunit (16s rDNA) was sequenced for 4 corbiculid outgroups in addition to 19 sphaeriid ingroup taxa. Ingroup species were obtained from North and South America, Europe, and Australasia and included representatives of the main sphaeriid genera. Our analyses support four primary conclusions: 1) the Sphaeriinae are robustly monophyletic with respect to Eupera platensis; 2) the genus Pisidium is paraphyletic and P. sterkianum is sister to the 17 other sphaeriine taxa in our dataset; 3) synchronous brooding is the ancestral reproductive pattern in the Sphaeriinae; 4) the sequential brooders form a clade in which Musculium taxa are monophyletic and nested among lineages of Sphueriunz. Our gene trees reveal an evolutionary progression in parental care complexity from the relatively simple pattern in the Euperinae, to the origin of brood sacs and of extraoogonial embryonic nutrition in the common ancestor of the Sphaeriinae, and ultimately to the development of sequential brooding in Sphaerium/Musculium taxa.
Abundance and clonal replication in the tropical corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma
Authors: Chadwick‐Furman Nanette E. , Spiegel Michael
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The corallimorpharian Rhodactis rhodostoma appears to be an opportunistic species capable of rapidly monopolizing patches of unoccupied shallow substrate on tropical reefs. On a fringing coral reef at Eilat, Israel, northern Red Sea, we examined patterns of abundance and clonal replication in R. rhodostoma in order to understand the modes and rates of spread of polyps across the reef flat. Polyps were abundant on the inner reef flat (maximum 1510 polyps m−2 and 69% cover), rare on the outer reef flat, and completely absent on the outer reef slope at >3 m depth. Individuals cloned throughout the year via 3 distinct modes: longitudinal fission, inverse budding, and marginal budding. Marginal budding is a replicative mode not previously described. Cloning mode varied significantly with polyp size. Approximately 9% of polyps cloned each month, leading to a clonal doubling time of about 1 year. The rate of cloning varied seasonally and depended on day length and seawater temperature, except for a brief reduction in cloning during midsummer when polyps spawned gametes. Polyps of R. rhodostoma appear to have replicated extensively following a catastrophic low‐tide disturbance in 1970, and have become an alternate dominant to stony corals on parts of the reef flat.
Effects of temperature on the development and survival of Nanomia bijuga (Hydrozoa, Siphonophora)
Authors: Sherlock Rob E. , Robison Bruce H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The effects of temperature on the development of marine invertebrates have been studied primarily in benthic species. For this study, gametes were collected from Nanomia bijuga, a mesopelagic siphonophore, and were self‐crossed. Fertilized eggs kept at 8 and 12°C developed more slowly at the lower temperature. Developing stages were preserved after 2, 4, 6, and 9 days of development for comparative analysis with SEM. Concurrent experiments compared survival. Eggs collected from two additional colonies were placed in four temperature treatments: 4, 8, 12, and 18°C. The young developed normally in all treatments, but survived longer at lower temperatures. Young of N. bijuga will develop to siphonulae possessing tentacles, nematocysts, and a functional gastrozooid without being fed. Nonetheless, it is likely that food constraints, rather than temperature, limited survival in this study.
Reproduction, spawning, and development of 5 ophiuroids from Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Selvakumaraswamy Paulina , Byrne Maria
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Reproduction and development in 5 brittle stars: Ophiactis resiliens, Ophionereis fasciata, Ophiothrix caespitosa, Ophiothrix spongicola, and Ophionereis schayeri were investigated in a series of laboratory spawning and fertilization trials. Ophiactis resiliens spawned in 90% of trials, both spontaneously (in response to disturbance) and after temperature and light shock. Ophiothrix caespitosa and Ophiothrix spongicola spawned in 100% of trials, largely due to spontaneous gamete release. In contrast, Ophionereis fasciata and Ophionereis schayeri spawned in only 32% and 50% of trials respectively, and only in response to temperature and light shock. All 5 species required an aggregation of males and females for spawning and fertilization. The breeding periods of each species, estimated from the spawning trials, are reported. Eggs of Ophiactis resiliens, Ophionereis fasciata, Ophiothrix caespitosa, and Ophiothrix spongicola were 83 μm, 99 μm, 105 μm, and 128 μm in diameter, respectively, and all underwent planktotrophic development through an ophiopluteus. Eggs of Ophionereis schayeri were 241 μm in diameter and underwent lecithotrophic development through an armless bilateral larva that secondarily transformed into a radial vitellaria. The two Ophionereis species, with differing modes of development, provide an ideal opportunity to examine life‐history evolution within a clade; however, these species were the most difficult to spawn. Ophiactis resiliens and the two Ophiothrix species spawned readily when they were visually mature at collection, and are thus useful species for developmental studies.
Planeticovorticella finleyi n.g., n.sp. (Peritrichia, Vorticellidae), a planktonic ciliate with a polymorphic life cycle
Authors: Clamp John C. , Coats D. Wayne
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Free‐swimming trophonts of a sessiline peritrich ciliate were discovered in plankton samples from the Rhode River, Maryland, and main‐stem Chesapeake Bay. Cultures revealed that the species comprises both free trophonts that swim with their peristomial cilia and sessile trophonts that attach to substrates with a contractile, helically‐twisted talk. Trophonts with a short, rigid stalk or no definite stalk also were seen in culture. Binary fission of free‐swimming trophonts usually produced a pair of trophonts attached scopula to scopula by a short, rigid stalk. These persisted for some time as distinctive, spinning doublets before their stalks broke and they separated. Binary fission of free‐swimming trophonts also yielded trophont‐telotroch pairs that stayed together for only a short time. Telotrochs from these pairs were presumably the source of attached trophonts. Conjugation occurred in both free and attached trophonts. Formation of microconjugants involved at least 2 successive divisions of a trophont. Possession of a helically‐twisted, contractile stalk placed the peritrich in the family Vorticellidae, but its unique combination of life‐cycle stages marks it as a new genus and species, Planeticovorticella, finleyi The morphology and life cycle of P. finleyi raise questions about the present classification of sessiline peritrichs and suggest that it may be at least partly artificial. Stalkless planktonic peritrichs that swim with their oral cilia as do trophonts of P. finleyi may have evolved from sessile ancestors by an alteration in the life cycle that created unstable clusters of trophonts on a single parental stalk. Free‐swimming trophonts would originate from breakup of these clusters.
Reproduction and development of three symbiotic scale worms (Polychaeta: Polynoidae)
Authors: Pernet Bruno
Published: August 2010

Abstract. The reproduction and development of symbiotic polynoid polychaetes in the genus Arctonoe were examined with light and electron microscopy. Around San Juan Island, Washington, the 3 described Arctonoe spp. have very similar reproductive periods and ontogenies. Free‐spawned eggs 80 μm in diameter fuse with sperm and develop into planktonic, feeding larvae that bear a prototroch, but no metatroch or food groove cilia. Larvae begin feeding only after the development of episphere ciliary bands and an oral brush, consistent with the hypothesis that these structures are involved in particle capture and handling. Metamorphosis occurs in the laboratory in the absence of hosts after 6–12 weeks of feeding and growth. Juveniles begin feeding using the pharyngeal jaws several days after metamorphosis is complete. In the laboratory, worms reach sexual maturity 4–6 months after metamorphosis. The long planktonic larval period of Arctonoe spp. probably leads to high dispersal, suggesting that geographic differentiation in host preferences is unlikely except over large spatial scales. Naive juveniles of Arctonoe spp. can now be obtained from laboratory cultures to test the hypothesis that genetically based host preferences are important in determining host‐use patterns in these symbionts.
Ultrastructure of oesophageal appendages (“peptonephridia”) in enchytraeids (Annelida: Clitellata)
Authors: Schmelz Rüdiger M. , Westheide Wilfried
Published: August 2010

Abstract.Although the oesophageal appendages in the four enchytraeidsEnchytrueus crypticus, Fredericia strinta, Buchholzia appendiculata, andAchaetasp. are quite different from one another in shape and position, their histology and ultrastructure are basically the same. These are intestinal appendages, the lumina of which distally end blind and proximally open into the oesophagus. Almost all of the few cells in their single‐layered epithelium have a microvillous, cilia‐free border at the apex, facing towards the lumen, and basally comprise an extremely extensive labyrinth. The presence of the latter, composed of very thin cell processes, and of numerous mitochondria identifies the organs as energy‐producing and ‐consuming, transport‐active structures. Their possible function as a food‐moistening organ or osmoregulatory organ is discussed, and they are compared with other intestinal appendages in enchytraeids and other oligochaetes.
Photobehavior of the harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus californicus and the fine structure of its nauplius eye
Authors: Martin Gary G. , Speekmann Christa , Beidler Siriporn
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Members of Tigriopus californicus, an harpacticoid copepod, live in small, shallow tidepools in the upper spray zone where they cannot avoid the full effect of visible and ultra‐ violet (UV) radiation. Field experiments using ambient light show that individuals of T. californicus aggregate in areas of lower radiation at midday, yet have no preference at dawn and dusk. In lab experiments, individuals of T. californicus show no preference between areas exposed only to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) or shade, but aggregate in the shaded portion of a tank when exposed to UV‐B. Light detection in T. californicus is presumably by the nauplius eye, which is described at the histological and ultrastructural levels. Microvilli of the photosensitive rhabdomere are regularly packed at noon, dusk, and midnight. Processes suggesting rhabdomere synthesis, including vesicles and tubules binding to the base of microvilli, are observed at these times. At dawn, the rhabdomere shows areas of degeneration and coated pits and multivesicular bodies are common at the base of the microvilli. Comparison with previous studies show a wide variety of nauplius eye complexity in copepods.
Ultrastructure and development of forked and capillary setae in the polychaetes Orbinia bioreti and Orbinia latreillii (Annelida: Orbiniidae)
Authors: Hausam Bilke , Bartolomaeus Thomas
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Recent investigations into chaetogenesis of certain types of annelid setae provide important results for unravelling the phylogenetic relationships within several taxa of poly‐chaetous annelids. This paper presents data on ultrastructure and development of 2 types of orbiniid setae. The analysis of the crenulate capillaries in Orbinia latreillii reveals a formation process which clearly differs from the development of Equisetum‐like setae of lingulid bra‐chiopods. For the investigation of forked setae, which up to now have been neglected in the discussion on the phylogenetic significance of annelid setae, notopodial setal sacs of O. latreillii and O. bioreti were studied by light‐ and electron microscopy. In the setal sacs, stages of forked setae are restricted to a dorsocaudal pouch, which represents the site of setal formation. The 2 diverging, stout tines of the fork bear spines on their inner margins, each of which is preformed by a single microvillus. After retraction of the microvilli, a characteristic pattern of the setal canals inside of the spines remains. The present study belongs to a series of comparative studies into chaetogenesis of forked setae. These special setae are also found in other orbiniid taxa as well as some paraonids, scalibregmatids, and nephtyids. Ultrastructural investigations into the development of these forked setae might suggest homology.
Functional respiratory anatomy of a deep‐sea orbiniid polychaete from the Brine Pool NR‐1 in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hourdez Stéphane , Frederick Lee‐Ann , Schernecke Andrea , Fisher Charles R.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. An undescribed species of Orbiniidae (Annelida; Polychaeta) is found in large numbers associated with communities of the mussel, Bathymodiolus childressi at hydrocarbon seeps on the Louisiana slope (Gulf of Mexico). Their microhabitat is often hypoxic and sulfidic, which poses serious respiratory challenges for an aerobic metazoan. They display several anatomical features that are quite unusual for this family, which likely allow them to live in their food‐rich, but oxygen‐limited, habitat. The anterior gills are hypertrophied whereas the posterior gills are not. These anterior gills provide the worms with a large gill surface area (≤9.9 cm2/g wet weight), which represents 90–95% of the total gill surface area. The gills contain two blood vessels: a central blood vessel, delimited by a coelomic epithelium, and an intra‐epidermal vessel. The diffusion distance between this latter and the environment is only 3 μ‐m in the anterior gills, which facilitates gas diffusion. Only the anterior gills are ciliated, which may also facilitate gas exchange across this respiratory surface. The gill cells also contain numerous mitochondria and other electron‐dense organelles that might be involved in sulfide detoxification.