bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties improvement and fire hazard reduction of expandable graphite microencapsulated in rigid polyurethane foams
Authors: Cheng Jia‐Ji , Qu Wen‐Juan , Sun Shao‐Hua
Published: February 2018

Nowadays, reducing the fire hazard and improving the mechanical strength of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) at the same time are important research direction in the fields of safety materials. Expandable graphite (EG) is an effective flame retardant for RPUF, but would destroy the compatibility of the matrix. In this article, EG is capsuled by melamine cyanurate (MCA) and then microencapsulated expandable graphite (MCEG) is obtained, which is added into RPUF. The mechanical properties of composites were evaluated by compressive strength test, torsion strength test and shear stress test. The fire characteristics including smoke and heat production of RPUF composites were studied using cone calorimeter test. And the thermal decomposition and flammable properties were further evaluated using thermogravimetric analysis and limiting oxygen index. The results show that the mechanical properties of RPUF containing MCEG are similar with RPUF and better than RPUF containing EG. Furthermore, MCA cover would impede expanding of EG, which weakens the protective and insulation effects of expanding layer. Therefore, the composites containing MCEG decompose faster and produce more smoke than the composites containing EG. However, MCA and EG have the synergistic enhancing effect on the flame retardant property of composite. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E1006–E1014, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Toward a universal quantum QSPR operator
Authors: Carbó‐Dorca Ramon
Published: February 2018

This article presents a discussion about the formalism, which might be associated to a general Quantum quantitative structure–properties relations operator, appearing in a Boltzmann‐like exponential form, which is based in turn on the definition of the concept of thermal voltage, applied to thermally scaled electronic density functions. Three practical numerical examples are presented, corresponding to the calculation of the polarization angle in assorted chiral molecules, the estimation of fish toxicity for perchlorobenzene within the set of chlorobenzenes and a typical quantum QSAR study on the popular Cramer steroid set.
Kidney function and use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs among elderly people: a cross-sectional study on potential hazards for an at risk population
Authors: Modig Sara , Elmståhl Sölve
Published: February 2018

Background Renal elimination normally decreases with age. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) carry a risk of additional kidney damage. Objective The aims of this study were to assess the prevalence of NSAIDs in the elderly (aged ≥ 65) population in Sweden, explore reasons for any possible differences in the level of use and assess their kidney functions. Setting Data were obtained from the cohort study Good Aging in Skåne, Sweden. Patients aged 65 or more were included. Methods Medication lists were collected as well as variables such as cognition and education levels. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated from creatinine and cystatin C. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were used. Main outcome measure: NSAID use among the general elderly population. Results A total of 1798 patients were included. Approximately six percent (n = 105) of the people in the study group were using NSAIDs and of those 82 (78%) bought NSAIDs over the counter (OTC). 42% of those buying NSAIDs OTC showed an estimated glomerular filtration rate below 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Education level did not affect the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, nor did age. NSAIDs were more commonly used than other recommended analgesics. Conclusion Many people are unaware of the risks associated with the use of NSAIDs. The findings imply that the frailest elderly use NSAIDs to the same extent as the younger elderly do. It is important that information about safety of these drugs be communicated to both patients and healthcare professionals.
Ferromanganese nodules of freshwater reservoirs of Ol’khon Island (Baikal) and the Kulunda Plain (West Siberia)
Authors: Strakhovenko V.D. , Shkol’nik S.I. , Danilenko I.V.
Published: February 2018

Morphology and mineralogical and geochemical compositions of freshwater ferromanganese nodules of Ol’khon Island (Sasa Formation) and Kulunda Plain (Lake Porozhnee) were studied. The study has shown rhythmic structures of the nodules, formed by macro- and microlayers with mineralized microflora. The layers are composed of either crystalline Mn mineral phases and finely dispersed Fe phases (Lake Porozhnee) or, on the contrary, crystalline goethite and X-ray amorphous Mn phases (Ol’khon Island). Separation of Mn and Fe mineral phases in the nodules proceeded during their formation and diagenesis. The freshwater nodules show both high (Lake Porozhnee) and low (Ol’khon Island) Mn/Fe ratios. The predominance of Fe phase in the Ol’khon nodules accounts for their high contents of REE, including Ce. The Porozhnee nodules grew, most likely, more rapidly, which is reflected in their low REE contents and Ce anomaly. The examined chemical and mineral compositions, textures, and structures of the nodules testify to the low-temperature hydrothermal source of their ore substance.
Geochemistry of ground ice, saline groundwater, and brines in the cryoartesian basins of the northeastern Siberian Platform
Authors: Alekseeva L.P. , Alekseev S.V.
Published: February 2018

We present results of a comprehensive study of ground ice, saline waters, and brines in the cryoartesian basins of the northeastern Siberian Platform. The composition of major geochemical types of ground ice is considered. The specifics of the hydrogeochemical zonation of the cryoartesian basins are the regional distribution of chloride saline waters and brines. Study of stable isotopes (18O, D, 37Cl, 81Br, and 87Sr/86Sr) led us to the conclusion that the chloride brines resulted either from the leaching of halogen rocks or from the metamorphism of bittern connate water. The drainage brine reserves (hydromineral resources) of the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe in the Olenek cryoartesian basin are assessed.
Noise predictions for a supersonic business jet using advanced take-off procedures
Authors: Berton J. J. , Jones S. M. , Seidel J. A. , Huff D. L.
Published: February 2018

Supersonic civil aircraft present a unique noise certification challenge. High specific thrust required for supersonic cruise results in high engine exhaust velocity and high levels of jet noise during take-off. Aerodynamics of thin, low-aspect-ratio wings equipped with relatively simple flap systems deepen the challenge. Advanced noise reduction procedures have been proposed for supersonic aircraft. These procedures promise to reduce certification noise levels, but they may require departures from normal reference procedures defined in noise regulations. The subject of this article is a take-off performance and noise assessment of a notional supersonic business jet. Analytical models of an airframe and a supersonic engine derived from a contemporary subsonic turbofan core are developed. These models are used to predict take-off trajectories and certification noise levels. Results indicate advanced take-off procedures are helpful in reducing noise along lateral sidelines.
Effect of Cerebral Perfusion Pressure on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Thiara Sonny , Griesdale Donald E. , Henderson William R. , Sekhon Mypinder S.
Published: February 2018

Background:Increased cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)>70 mmHg has been associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since this reported association, significant changes in ventilation strategies and fluid management have been accepted as routine critical care. Recently, individualized perfusion targets using autoregulation monitoring suggest CPP titration>70 mmHg. Given these clinical advances, the association between ARDS and increased CPP requires further delineation.Objective:To determine the association between ARDS and increased CPP after TBI.Methods:We conducted a single-center historical cohort study investigating the association of increased CPP and ARDS after TBI. We collected demographic data and physiologic data for CPP, intracranial pressure, mechanical ventilation, cumulative fluid balance and delta/driving pressure (ΔP). We collected outcomes measures pertaining to duration of ventilation, intensive care unit admission length, hospitalization length and 6-month neurological outcome.Results:In total, 113 patients with severe TBI and multimodal neuromonitoring were included. In total, 16 patients (14%) developed ARDS according to the Berlin definition. There was no difference in the mean CPP during the first 7 days of admission between patients who developed ARDS (74 mmHg SD 18 vs. 73 mmHg SD 18,p=0.86) versus those who did not. Patients who developed ARDS had a higher ΔP (15 mmHg [5] vs. 12 mmHg [4],p=0.016) and lower lung compliance (35 ml/cmH2O [10] vs. 49 ml/cmH2O [18],p=0.024) versus those who did not.Conclusion:We did not observe an association between increased CPP and ARDS. Patients with ARDS had higher ΔP and lower lung compliance.
Setting Targets for Emergency Preparedness for a Jurisdiction’s Whole Health Care System: The Approach Taken by New York City’s Department of Health and Mental Hygiene
Authors: Pruitt Dennis Darrin , Gunay Erkan
Published: February 2018

There is little existing in the literature that provides a definition of readiness for a jurisdiction’s whole health care system. As defining readiness at the system level has proven to be challenging, an approach that provides a framework for planning and measuring health care readiness with broad utility is needed. The New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) devised the Readiness Target Project. Nine areas or dimensions of readiness emerged from this work. Through focus groups and feedback from hospital stakeholders DOHMH developed a matrix of readiness areas outlining current state, target state, gaps, and recommendations to achieve readiness. The matrix is in use as a systematic approach to discover and close gaps in the readiness of the whole health care system and to provide that system a locally valid framework to drive continuous improvement. This paper describes a framework for planning and determining the status of health care readiness at the system level for the jurisdiction. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:759-764))
Hospital-Onset MRSA Bacteremia Rates Are Significantly Correlated With Sociodemographic Factors: A Step Toward Risk Adjustment
Authors: Freeman Joshua T. , Blakiston Matthew R. , Anderson Deverick J.
Published: February 2018

The correlations between census-derived sociodemographic variables and hospital-onset methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia (HO-MRSAB) rates were examined at the US state level. On multivariable analysis, only percent African American remained statistically significant. This finding highlights an important disparity and suggests that risk adjustment is needed when comparing HO-MRSAB rates among US states.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2018;39:479–481
FINITELY STABLE ADDITIVE BASES
Authors: FERREIRA L. A.
Published: February 2018

An additive basis $A$ is finitely stable when the order of $A$ is equal to the order of $A\cup F$ for all finite subsets $F\subseteq \mathbb{N}$. We give a sufficient condition for an additive basis to be finitely stable. In particular, we prove that $\mathbb{N}^{2}$ is finitely stable.
Les Québécois perçoivent-ils le français montréalais comme une variete topolectale distincte ? Résultats d’une analyse perceptuelle exploratoire
Authors: Remysen Wim
Published: February 2018

Given its status as the social, economic, and cultural center of Quebec, the metropolitan area of Montreal plays a rather important role with respect to the sociolinguistic dynamics of the province as a whole. For instance, certain changes that have affected Quebec French over time are believed to have appeared in Montreal before having spread to other regions of the province. Such a scenario entails that Quebeckers perceive certain linguistic features as being part of Montreal French — sometimes without even being aware of it — and that these dialect markers take on social values that are prone to their further diffusion. This article aims to look further into this hypothesis by presenting the results of an exploratory dialect identification task. The perceptual test is part of a research program whose scope is to study the distribution of nasal vowels in Montreal French in general and that of the nasal vowel /ã/ in particular.
Hybridité et variation dans les SMS : Le corpus Texto4Science et l’oralité en français montréalais
Authors: Blondeau Hélène , Tremblay Mireille , Drouin Patrick
Published: February 2018

This article presents an analysis of a Montreal French corpus of text messages and considers the link between text messaging, and both spoken and written language. This corpus is part of a larger corpus of text messages sent by mobile phone (Texto4-Science). Our study focuses on two morphosyntactic variables for which an important sociostylistic variation has been reported in Montreal French: the alternation between the strong pronounsnous/nous autres ‘we/us’ (as non clitics), and between the subject cliticson/nous ‘we’. Their comparison in the text messages corpus and in spoken corpora shows that while text messages tend to approximate spoken language, they are not a perfect reflection of it. Generally, the hybridity of text messages can be conceived in the following manner: text messages obey a double standard (spoken and orthographic) and allow for occasional transgressions (formal markers associated with the written language and nonstandard spelling reflecting the spoken language).
Investigating clitic doubling in Laurentian French: An experimental approach
Authors: Chapman Cassandra
Published: February 2018

Clitic doubling (CD) is a syntactic construction characterized by a clitic in the inflectional domain doubling a Determiner Phrase (DP) in the canonical object position. CD has been argued to occur in several Romance languages including Spanish (Jaeggli 1982, Hurtado 1984, Suñer 1988, Uriagereka 1995, among many others) and Romanian (Dobrovie-Sorin 1990). This phenomenon has also been well documented in Modern Greek (Philippaki-Warburton et al. 2004, Anagnostopoulou 2006, Tsakali 2008). For example, consider the following direct object CD constructions from Modern Greek (la), Romanian (lb), and Spanish (lc). We see that the DP in object position (sister to V) is doubled by a matching clitic in the inflectional domain.
À chacun son tour: analyse comparative des styles conversationnels des néerlandophones et des francophones de Belgique dans des débats télévisés
Authors: Tobback Els
Published: February 2018

Cet article propose une analyse comparée des styles conversationnels des néerlandophones et des francophones de Belgique tels qu'ils se présentent dans déux debats télévisés comparables diffusés sur les deux chaînes de télévision publiques beiges (l'une néerlandophone, l'autre francophone). L'étude des marqueurs discursifs fonctionnant comme «ouvreurs» ainsi que I'étude de la gestion des tours de parole, et notamment des chevauchements, font apparaître un style plus pondéré pour les néerlandophones et aussi plus hésitant et plus consensuel que le style francophone, les données pour le français confirmant ainsi ce qui a déjà été observé pour le style conversationnel des locuteurs franàais (de France).
Truncation to Subminimal Words in Early French
Authors: Demuth Katherine , Johnson Mark
Published: February 2018

It has commonly been proposed that there is a stage in development where children’s early productions are binary feet, or minimal words. However, the present study of a French-speaking child (1;1–1;8) finds an extended period where both CVC and disyllabic target words are truncated to CV after initially being produced as reduplicated CiVCiV forms. That is, the child appears to regress, failing to produce disyllabic forms that could be produced earlier. This article proposes an explanation for this apparent regression in terms of segmental-prosodic constraint interaction, where the child’s limited segmental inventory, in conjunction with the high frequency of CV lexical items in everyday French, conspire to yield subminimal truncations as “optimal” at this stage in development. These findings provide support for a growing body of literature showing the importance of both constraint interaction and frequency effects in early production, arguing for a more probabilistic approach to theories of language learning.
Lexical Suffixes and the Position of Proto-Wakashan within the Northwest Coast Linguistic Area
Authors: Fortescue Michael
Published: February 2018

It is argued that the numerous “restrictive” lexical suffixes typifying the Wakashan languages today actually represent the result of influence from neighbouring Salishan languages. The evidence for this lies in their fluctuating status as lexical head or dependent within Wakashan as opposed to their typological normalcy in Salishan (where they simply modify the stem, the lexical head). A historical framework is suggested that would explain this and a number of other divergences from typological expectations in Wakashan, namely a development from an earlier SOV (dependent-head) stage to VSO order under areal influence. From this perspective, the “governing” suffixes of the Wakashan languages (with no counterpart in Salishan) are in the expected order vis-à-vis dependent stems. This has a bearing on the contribution to the Northwest Coast areal mix made by individual languages in — or moving into — the area in prehistoric times.
Deictic Features of Demonstratives: A Typological Survey with Special Reference to the Miao Group
Authors: Gerner Matthias
Published: February 2018

This article is centred on the concept of the deictic feature embedded in demonstratives. A principled taxonomy of deictic features attested cross-linguistically is proposed, with the aim of being as comprehensive as possible. The list of deictic features previously identified is greatly expanded to include 15 features, with which 52 deictic values are associated. The morphological strategies for encoding deictic features in demonstratives are also examined. Three techniques are identified: (i) isolating; (ii) agglutinative or serial; and (iii) inflectional encoding. A number of the deictic features discussed in this article, along with their morphological realization strategies, are illustrated with data from the Miao Group of languages, spoken in the People’s Republic of China.
A Level Playing-Field: Perceptibility and Inflection in English Compounds
Authors: Kirchner Robert , Nicoladis Elena
Published: February 2018

To explain why English compounds generally avoid internal inflectional suffixation (e.g., key-chain rather than keys-chain), linguists have often invoked the Level Ordering Hypothesis, that is, that particular types of morphology, in this case inflectional suffixation, are derivationally ordered after compounding. However, a broad range of counter-examples and conceptual objections to Level Ordering have emerged. We propose an alternative account, based on the observation that certain English inflectional suffixes are more perceptible than others (-ing > -s > -ed), and that these suffixes are less crucial to lexical access and recovery of meaning than corresponding root-final segments. This proposal was tested in perception and production experiments. In the perception experiment, compounds with a nonsense word as modifier (e.g., dacks van, dacked van) were auditorily presented to native English speakers, who were asked to spell what they heard. The participants omitted significantly more -ed than -s or -ing. In the production experiment, native English speakers read these compounds. The speakers dropped significantly more -ed than -s or -ing. Furthermore, they dropped more of these sounds when they were spelled as affixes than as part of the root (e.g., dacked van vs. dact van). These results suggest that English speakers’ avoidance or inclusion of inflection in compounds is based not on Level Ordering but on perceptibility, as well as the status of the consonant as an affix. We further present a formal analysis capturing these factors in terms of Steriade’s Licensing-by-Cue proposal.
Morphologie gabaritique et apophonie dans un langage secret féminin (taqjmit) en berbère tachelhit
Authors: Lahrouchi Mohamed , Ségéral Philippe
Published: February 2018

This paper presents original data from Taqjmit, a secret language in Tashelhiyt Berber which is used by women in Southern Morocco. The main principle underlying word formation in this secret language can be stated as follows:to disguise a word, say it twice in one word. It is proposed that only root consonants are kept in the disguised forms, that the repetition isstrictinsofar as any element in the disguised form is uttered only twice, and that the way the repetition is performed (gemination and reduplication) results from the use of a fixed-shape template, containing a derivational site of the form CV. As for vowel melody, which is invariant, it follows a uniform apophonic path, found in many languages (including Tashelhiyt Berber), and used here without any grammatical motivation.
Individual variation in English flaps and taps: A case of categorical phonetics
Authors: Derrick Donald , Gick Bryan
Published: February 2018

Abstarct

This article questions the view that phonetics governs exclusively gradient phenomena. Experimental data from an ultrasound study of English flap allophones show unconditioned categorical variation in the production of everyday words. Individual variation is discussed as an essential area of empirical investigation in uncovering emergent categorical properties of language.
Transitive be perfect : An experimental study of Canadian English
Authors: Yerastov Yuri
Published: February 2018

This article investigates exemplars of the transitivebeperfect in Canadian English, such asI am done dinnerandI am finished my homework. I report on an experimental study of acceptability judgments of this construction, given by speakers of Canadian English primarily recruited from the Calgary area. I claim that the construction [be doneNP] is characterized by preference for the animacy of the subject, preference for definiteness of the direct object, open-endedness of the direct object slot, and limited variability of the participle. I conclude that [be doneNP] is a partially schematic construction that is close to a “prefab”.
Native dialect effects in non-native production: Cuban and Peninsular learners of English
Authors: Marinescu Irina
Published: February 2018

This study investigates how learners with distinct native dialects, Cuban (CS) and Peninsular Spanish (PS), produce the English vowels æ, Λ, a/. Experiment 1 compares the native vowels along several acoustic parameters to determine the extent of the cross-dialectal differences, and Experiment 2 assesses the differences in L2 production of the same speakers who are also advanced learners of English. More fronted and shorter vowels are predicted for PS versus CS. As such, L2 /æ, A, a/ are expected to be more fronted in the interlanguage of PS learners as compared to CS learners. Dialect-specific patterns of assimilation are highlighted. PS learners produce æ, Λ, a/ with good spectral differences but with no duration differences whereas for CS learners /Λ, a/ overlap spectrally but are realized with different durations. Differences found in L2 production are caused by the conjoint effect of the native dialect, the input, and the learning experience.
Fragments, ellipsis, and PF-repair: New evidence from Indonesian
Authors: Sato Yosuke
Published: February 2018

Merchant (2004) proposes that a fragmentary response like the one in (1b) to the question in (1a) is derived from its full-fledged sentential counterpart in (1c).

(1) a.

Who did she see?

b.

[DPJohn]

c.

[TPShe saw John] (Merchant 2004:673)
Harmonic Scales as Faithfulness
Authors: Howe Darin , Pulleyblank Douglas
Published: February 2018

Optimality Theory predicts that harmonic scales can be encoded in grammar in one of two ways: either as markedeness hierarchies or else as faithfulness hierarchies. Although most current researchers assume that harmony is encoded as markedness, many investigators have argued that some harmonic relations are better captured as faithfulness hierarchies that prevent the deletion or insertion of less harmonic elements. We demonstrate that at least two perceptually-motivated harmonic scales — notably relative vowel height as well as consonant glottalisation — need to be encoded in the grammar as faithfulness hierarchies which require that more harmonic elements, which are also more perceptible, are more faithfully adhered to. Ourharmony-as-faithfulnessanalysis captures the fact that the same elements which undergo deletion also undergo insertion.
Descriptive relative clauses in Austro-Bavarian German
Authors: Wiltschko Martina
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the syntactic and semantic properties of descriptive relative clauses, a type of relative clause discussed in the literature on Chinese. It is argued that descriptive relative clauses are found in the dialect of Upper Austria, a version of Bavarian German. In particular this dialect has a set of reduced definite articles that are used for discourse referents that are intrinsically uniquely identifiable, as a matter of world knowledge. As such, they cannot be restricted by a relative clause, where restriction is taken to exclude alternatives. Such DPs can, however, be modified by descriptive relative clauses. I propose that descriptive relative clauses attach to NP while restrictive relative clauses attach tonP. Thus, the article contributes to determining whether there are different relative clauses associated with different layers of projections in the nominal domain.
Palatalization and “strongi” across Inuit dialects
Authors: Compton Richard , Dresher B. Elan
Published: February 2018

Inuit dialects with palatalization all distinguish between “strongi” and “weaki”: instances of surface [i] that cause palatalization and those that do not, respectively. All dialects that have completely lost this contrast also lack palatalization. Why are there no /i, a, u/ dialects in which all instances of surface [i] trigger palatalization? We propose that this typological gap can be explained using a contrastivist analysis whereby only contrastive features can be phonologically active, palatalization is triggered by [coronal], and contrastive features are assigned in an order placing [low] and [labial] ahead of [coronal]. In a three-vowel inventory only [low] and [labial] are contrastive, while in the four-vowel inventory [coronal] must also be contrastive to distinguish strong and weaki.It follows from these assumptions that [i] can trigger palatalization only if it is in contrast with a fourth vowel.
Turning the Tide in Acadian Nova Scotia: How Heritage Tourism is Changing Language Practices and Representations of Language
Authors: Boudreau Annette , White Chantal
Published: February 2018

Drawn from ethnographic data collected in a small coastal village on Cape Breton Island, where tourism-related industries are emerging in response to the deep sea fishing crisis that hit the area in the early 1980s, this analysis focusses on the effects of tourism on linguistic practices and representations. It is argued that these effects are not without consequence on the way French-speakers in the region (re)construct their identity.

Increased contact with outsiders leads to two seemingly contradictory tendencies: differentiation and standardization. These two strategies exert a marked influence on the social structure of the Acadian community. In this particular case, speakers must constantly negotiate an equilibrium between the desire to assert their specificity through discriminating traits that showcase their linguistic as well as cultural differences, on the one hand, and their need to communicate with a broader audience, on the other, the latter entailing a certain degree of linguistic standardization. This analysis focusses on how these speakers manage to perform this balancing act between differentiation and standardization.
Contrast and Phonological Activity in Manchu Vowel Systems
Authors: Dresher B. Elan , Zhang Xi
Published: February 2018

In the Manchu languages, contrast plays an important role in the patterning of vowel systems. Contrastive feature values are phonologically active, triggering rules of Advanced Tongue Root (ATR) and labial harmony, whereas redundant feature values are phonologically inert. To determine which feature values are contrastive in any given segment, it is necessary to establish an ordering of features. This ordering, or contrastive hierarchy, determines the relative contrastive scope of each feature. Our analysis of the Written Manchu contrastive hierarchy is supported by synchronic and diachronic evidence from Spoken Manchu and Xibe, where a realignment of vowel contrasts results in new patterns of phonological activity. We show that our analysis is consistent with the observed typology of ATR and labial harmony systems. We argue that the concept of phonological contrast does not reduce to a phonetic function, nor is it perceptually based. The relationship between contrast and underspecification is considered, and it is shown that constraint-based theories (such as Optimality Theory) do not constitute alternatives to the theory of contrast proposed here.
Linguistic Anthropology in Canada: Some Personal Reflections
Authors: Darnell Regna
Published: February 2018

Linguistic anthropology can be understood as attention to the use and communicative context of language across cultures and societies. The legacy of linguistic anthropology for both of its constituent disciplines resides in qualitative research methods and the attention paid to the particular words of particular speakers. Linguistic anthropologists have also modelled ethical ways of doing collaborative research. Canadian linguistic anthropology has been pragmatic and closely tied to the maintenance and revitalization of First Nations (Native Canadian) languages. Issues of language are inseparable from those of community and larger social processes: this can be seen in the context of traditional Algonquian languages in the Prairies as well as in the adaptation of English to First Nations purposes. The latter is a reaction to the imposition of residential schooling that alienated students from their culture, their community, and their language, and escalated language loss. Current research on life-history narratives indicates that nomadic legacies of subsistence hunting are still present in the decision-making strategies of contemporary Algonquian peoples in southern Ontario.
Investigating St. John’s English: Real- and Apparent-time Perspectives
Authors: Hollett Pauline
Published: February 2018

The Canadian English vowel system is undergoing a shift, and the dialect of English spoken in St John’s, Newfoundland—which for demographic and geographic reasons has remained autonomous from North American varieties—is being affected by this change. Incorporating both real-time and apparent-time data, the findings show a process of communal and generational change. The front lax vowel lowering and/or retraction that characterize Canadian Shift appear to be active in St. John’s English. Consistent with the late adoption model of language change, older speakers show ongoing changes from their early 20s through to middle age. Moreover, the older female cohort seems to lead in the adoption of supralocal Canadian English forms, and this both in apparent time and in real time. This challenges the idea that younger generations are the sole or primary locus of language change. While innovative forms are typically associated with younger speakers, this study shows that they can also be adopted, accelerated, and advanced by older speakers.
Noozornyooz?: The Complex Construction of Canadian Identity
Authors: Clarke Sandra
Published: February 2018

We examine the diffusion of a phonological feature, namely the deletion of palatal glides in words such asnews, tune, duke, andstudent. Within Canada, the conservative glided and innovative glideless pronunciations are no longer viewed as carrying, respectively, British versus American affiliation. One observes a steep generational decline in glide usage, with older, and especially upper-middle-class, females, resisting this change. This contrasts with broadcast media, where the overall glide usage rate is high: national media adopt the glided variant to a greater degree than their local counterparts; moreover, male media personnel display more glide retention than females. Both variants index different social meanings: the glided variant is associated with cultural erudition but is nevertheless not the formal target for all groups. Thus, the two variants hold different appeal for different segments of the population, and both are viewed as a prestige target within the same speech community.
Movement Chains at the Interfaces
Authors: Di Sciullo Anna Maria , Isac Daniela
Published: February 2018

We argue that Agree is an asymmetric relation. According to Asymmetric Agree, ifxAgrees withy, then the features ofymust be properly included in the features ofx. If the links of a chain created by movement are related by Agree, this correctly predicts the properties of syntactic movement chains. And if the links of a chain created by movement are subject to the Proper Inclusion Condition, that accounts for the (un)availability of extraction out of a moved XP. The following distinctions interact with Asymmetric Agree: whether movement is A or A-bar, whether or not the constituent extracted out of the moved phrase is selected by the head of that phrase, and whether movement is overt or covert. Syntactic movement is feature-structure preserving, in that the Proper Inclusion Condition applies to sets of features in a particular configuration.
Parsing in the Minimalist Program: On SOV Languages and Relativization
Authors: Fong Sandiway
Published: February 2018

I examine computational issues in the processing of SOV languages in the probe-goal theory of the Minimalist Program. A theory that minimizes search, such as the probe-goal theory, provides a strong linguistic basis for the investigation of efficient parsing architecture. For parsing, two main design challenges are presented: (i) how to limit search while incrementally recovering structure from input without the benefit of a pre-determined lexical array, and (ii) how to come up with a system that not only correctly resolves parsing ambiguities, but does so with mechanisms that are architecturally justified. I take as the starting point an existing probe-goal parser with features that allow it to compute syntactic representation without recourse to derivation history search. I extend this parser to handle pre-nominal relative clauses of the sort found in SOV languages. I provide a unified computational account of facts on possessor (and non-possessor) relativization and processing preferences in Turkish, Japanese, and Korean.
Generic predicates and interest-relativity
Authors: Mcconnell-Ginet Sally
Published: February 2018

“Simple generics” with bare plural subjects (e.g.,dogs bark) predicate of a kind a property that the kind “inherits” from its individual members. But what does that inheritance amount to if it is not, likemost dogs bark, based on how many individuals have the property. My conclusion: there is no determinate account of which (fundamentally individual-level) properties can be truly predicated of a kind: generics are not quantificational, and language users’ interests guide judgments on their truth-conditions. At the same time, even “canonical” predications of ordinary predicates of ordinary individuals are not so straightforward as they might appear. Generic claims about social groups show the indeterminacy of truth conditions for simple generics and the relation to stereotypes and sometimes conflicting interests.
Verse to prose: a literary fashion
Authors: Holdaway R. G. C.
Published: February 2018

This article attempts to consider various aspects of the change from verse to prose romances and various linguistic problems related to the rendering of verse into prose.

In France towards the end of the Middle Ages, especially during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, prose became the pre-eminent medium for works of narrative fiction, and many of the verse narratives of the previous centuries were rewritten to conform to this change in taste and form. Georges Doutrepont lists some 55 epic poems and some 18 adventure romances that were revised in this manner, and it would be unwise to regard his catalogue as complete. Although Doutrepont analyzes a few of these “mises-en-prose,” his analyses are largely concerned with the appearance of the manuscripts, their dates, and the over-all expansion or condensation of the narratives.
The field situation in Oregon: 1964
Authors: Pierce Joe E.
Published: February 2018

In a recent paper Melville Jacobs outlined briefly the history of linguistic research in connection with indigenous languages of Oregon. In this paper I will not repeat what has already been said, but rather attempt to describe the field situation in Oregon at the present time as accurately and completely as possible.

In May 1963 I began a survey of the indigenous languages still spoken in Oregon and the data presented below were derived from this survey. The purpose of the study was to determine the number of possible informants still using each of the native languages and the level of competence of each speaker in so far as this could be determined without actually doing linguistic field-work at the time. This information was a necessary prerequisite to the organization of a programme of research designed to salvage as much of the remaining languages in the area as possible.
Extinction of American Indian languages before and after contact periods
Authors: Voegelin C. F. , Voegelin F. M.
Published: February 2018

We begin with an unanswerable question: was there more than trivial linguistic extinction before contact periods with Europeans? There is no question about the extinction of many languages after the contact periods. On landing at Plymouth, the Pilgrims, in Paul Radin’s grim view, first fell upon their knees and then upon the necks of the Indians. After King Philip’s War, many of the coastal tribes removed themselves to live with interior Algonquian tribes. There are some Algonquian Indians still living along the New England coast, as at Martha’s Vineyard and Old Town, Maine; but except for a few older Penobscot, all speak English. Some Algonquians found along the middle Atlantic coast withdrew over the Appalachians, and now speak Shawnee and Delaware in Oklahoma. But Iroquois speakers remain in New York State; some have recently settled in Brooklyn, where they specialize in the construction of tall buildings without fear of height; others remain in the Carolinas (Cherokee). And some Muskogean speakers remain in Florida (Seminoles). But most aboriginal languages of the Atlantic coast are extinct, just as most languages of the California coast became extinct, while languages in the valleys and mountains and deserts of California continued to be spoken.
Linguistic means for anthropological ends on the Northwest Coast
Authors: Suttles W.
Published: February 2018

Serious anthropological work on the Northwest Coast of North America began with Boas in 1886, and through Boas’s influence a knowledge of the Northwest Coast became a part of the professional equipment of the whole generation of anthropologists that followed him. Native cultures of the Northwest Coast became famous for their colour and drama and provided wonderful material for the refuting of easy generalizations about “primitive” peoples, about their mythology, art, social organization, and economy. Northwest Coast examples continue to appear in the most recent textbooks.
A phonemic interpretation of the g/γ isogloss in Great Russian
Authors: Leed Richard L.
Published: February 2018

A bundle of isoglosses running from the northwest Leningrad area southeast through Moscow divides the Great Russian area into North Great Russian (NGR) and South Great Russian (SGR). The three principal differences between these two areas are said to be: (1) the voiced velar stop [g] in NGR corresponds to the voiced velar fricative [γ] in SGR; (2) NGR has a distinction between /o/ and /a/ in unstressed position whereas SGR does not; and (3) the third person verb ending has a plain (nonpalatalized) /t/ in NGR but not in SGR. This paper deals with the analysis and interpretation of the first of these isoglosses.
Asyllabic residues in Russian
Authors: Saunders R.
Published: February 2018

In the process of defining the phonological syllable as a unit which may or may not correspond to the phonetic and phonemic definitions of the syllable, a few of what seem to be basic assumptions regarding the nature of syllables have been overridden, the result in Russian and Czech being the accumulation of some residual segments, which are neither syllables nor members of any syllables. These residual segments are called “isolated consonantal microsegments.”

In this paper, we would like to examine one particular definition of the phonological syllable with regard to four criteria for the syllable outlined by Greenberg with particular attention to the fate of the isolated consonantal microsegments (ICM’s).
The linguistic usage of‘palatal’ and its derivatives
Authors: De Armond Richard C.
Published: February 2018

In a recent article I attempted to establish a more concise definition both of palatalized consonants and of palatal consonants. The process of defining the latter involved the elucidation of the distinction between lamino-palatal and centro-palatal consonants.

There is still some confusion about the meanings and uses of the derivatives of the term palatal. The term is derived from palate, and it refers in compound forms to a consonant, the point of articulation of which is on the hard palate. From the form palatal the verb palatalize is derived; this causes some confusion, since it refers to two different events, i.e., it has two formal meanings in the same way that nationalize has at least two formal meanings. In one sense the latter means “to make national in character” and in a second sense “to make into a nation,” among other meanings. Although Webster’s only recognizes one definition of palatalize it is possible to establish a twofold definition for it analogous to nationalize.
Sentence morphemes in English
Authors: Klatte William F.
Published: February 2018

The Aim of this paper is to define a form class of English (the sentence morpheme) and to try to determine whether or not this form class may be incorporated into the traditional linguistic system of English. Various criteria—phonological, morphological and syntactic—will be applied to establish the formal characteristics of this class.

The forms considered here deserve serious treatment by any school of linguistics that claims to give priority to the spoken language, since quite a large proportion of colloquial speech consists of just such forms. Apart from any consideration of their linguistic marginality, they are surely important if only because of their frequency in English speech.
Observations sur une forme progressive en canadien-français
Authors: Léon Pierre R. , James Eric F. , Sévigny Georges
Published: February 2018

Dans les parlers franco-canadiens du nord de l’Ontario, comme en français populaire ou dans certains français régionaux, on trouve une forme verbale progressive périphrastique qui se construit à l’aide de la particule après [apre] + infinitif. Elle correspond au français commun en train de ou à la forme progressive anglaise. Ainsi pourrait-on traduire “il est après chanter” par he is singing et elle est après faire la vaisselle par she is doing the dishes.
Quelques réflexions sur des themes issus de la racine Indo-Européenne *d(e/o)y
Authors: Tiffou Étienne
Published: February 2018

Nous nous Proposons d’étudier au cours de cet article deux des multiples problèmes posés par la racine indo-européenne *d(e/o)y. Nous envisagerons d’expliquer tout d’abord les formes anormales des accusatifs dyām, Zῆv et diem. Cet effort nous permettra peut-être d’éclairer l’évolution phonétique des diphtongues indo-européennes à premier élément long. La deuxième partie de cet article sera consacrée à dīvī, l’ancien génitif du mot deus. L’étude de cette forme est, en effet, susceptible selon nous de jeter une lumière intéressante sur la marque du génitif singulier des thématiques latins. Nous avons considéré dans l’un et l’autre cas que la racine *d(e/o)y était féconde pour donner des mots dans la langue liturgique qui résiste, comme on le sait, particulièrement bien aux tendances de normalisation d’une langue donnée. Aussi est-on en droit de considérer la plupart des dérivés de cette racine comme un champ d’expérience privilégié pour le linguiste et pour le philologue.
Sibilant loss in Northern Greek
Authors: Newton B. E.
Published: February 2018

Words which in southern Greek dialects contain [azis], [úsis], and other sequences of stressed vowel + sibilant + [i] + sibilant, appear widely in the north with [áys], [úys] etc., and the phenomenon constitutes a major crux in modern Greek phonology. Although the problem has been widely discussed, no really satisfactory solution based on attested processes has been offered. It is the purpose of this paper to review the data, criticize existing treatments, and offer a new proposal.
Synchronic grammars’, reconstruction, and the selection problem
Authors: Creore J. A.
Published: February 2018

There are in principle infinitely many descriptions to fit the data of language, whether synchronic or diachronic. Although in practice one is seldom confronted with more than a few alternatives within any one descriptive system, the difficulty of choosing between these alternatives in a principled way has been well recognized since Chao. Two sorts of criteria have traditionally been and continue to be invoked more or less explicitly, criteria which may be subsumed under the headings of simplicity and naturalness. Historical linguists have long had to cope with certain sets of data for which neither type of criterion could dictate unique solutions. There is now a growing list of similar dilemmas in generative descriptions. The present paper presents a case where non-unique generative and reconstructional accounts
Opacity and recoverability in phonology
Authors: Kaye Jonathan Derek
Published: February 2018

In a recent paper Kiparsky 1971 has proposed the notion of rule opacity to account for certain phenomena which eluded explanation under earlier formulations utilizing such concepts as feeding and bleeding. While I feel that Kiparsky’s proposal is basically sound, there are a few minor problems associated with the concept of rule opacity as postulated by Kiparsky. I will deal with these problems in this paper.
‘Philosophical’ grammar in John Wilkins’s ‘Essay’
Authors: Salmon Vivian
Published: February 2018

Recent studies of John Wilkins, author ofAn essay towards a real character, and a philosophical language(1668) have examined aspects of his life and work which illustrate the modernity of his attitudes, both as a theologian, sympathetic to the ecumenical ideals of seventeenth-century reformers like John Amos Comenius (DeMott 1955, 1958), and as an amateur scientist enthusiastically engaged in forwarding the interests of natural philosophy in his involvement with the Royal Society. His linguistic work has, accordingly, been examined for its relevance to seventeenth-century thought and for evidence of its modernity; described by a twentieth-century scientist as “impressive” and as “a prodigious piece of work” (Andrade 1936:6, 7), theEssayhas been highly praised for its classification of reality (Vickery 1953:326, 342) and for its insight into phonetics and semantics (Linsky 1966:60). It has also, incidentally, been examined for the evidence it offers on seventeenth-century pronunciation (Dobson 1968).