bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Long‐term impact of neonatal inflammation on demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system
Authors: Bénardais Karelle , Gudi Viktoria , Gai Lijie , Neßler Jasmin , Singh Vikramjeet , Prajeeth Chittappen K. , Skripuletz Thomas , Stangel Martin
Published: June 2014

Perinatal inflammation causes immediate changes of the blood‐brain barrier (BBB) and thus may have different consequences in adult life including an impact on neurological diseases such as demyelinating disorders. In order to determine if such a perinatal insult affects the course of demyelination in adulthood as “second hit,” we simulated perinatal bacterial inflammation by systemic administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to either pregnant mice or newborn animals. Demyelination was later induced in adult animals by cuprizone [bis(cyclohexylidenehydrazide)], which causes oligodendrocyte death with subsequent demyelination accompanied by strong microgliosis and astrogliosis. A single LPS injection at embryonic day 13.5 did not have an impact on demyelination in adulthood. In contrast, serial postnatal LPS injections (P0‐P8) caused an early delay of myelin removal in the corpus callosum, which was paralleled by reduced numbers of activated microglia. During remyelination, postnatal LPS treatment enhanced early remyelination with a concomitant increase of mature oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, the postnatal LPS challenge impacts the phenotype of microglia since an elevated mRNA expression of microglia related genes such as TREM 2, CD11b, TNF‐α, TGF‐β1, HGF, FGF‐2, and IGF‐1 was found in these preconditioned mice during early demyelination. These data demonstrate that postnatal inflammation has long‐lasting effects on microglia functions and modifies the course of demyelination and remyelination in adulthood. GLIA 2014;62:1659–1670
Molecular targeting of TRF2 suppresses the growth and tumorigenesis of glioblastoma stem cells
Authors: Bai Yun , Lathia Justin D. , Zhang Peisu , Flavahan William , Rich Jeremy N. , Mattson Mark P.
Published: June 2014

Glioblastoma is the most prevalent primary brain tumor and is essentially universally fatal within 2 years of diagnosis. Glioblastomas contain cellular hierarchies with self‐renewing glioblastoma stem cells (GSCs) that are often resistant to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. GSCs express high amounts of repressor element 1 silencing transcription factor (REST), which may contribute to their resistance to standard therapies. Telomere repeat‐binding factor 2 (TRF2) stablizes telomeres and REST to maintain self‐renewal of neural stem cells and tumor cells. Here we show viral vector‐mediated delivery of shRNAs targeting TRF2 mRNA depletes TRF2 and REST from GSCs isolated from patient specimens. As a result, GSC proliferation is reduced and the level of proteins normally expressed by postmitotic neurons (L1CAM and β3‐tubulin) is increased, suggesting that loss of TRF2 engages a cell differentiation program in the GSCs. Depletion of TRF2 also sensitizes GSCs to temozolomide, a DNA‐alkylating agent currently used to treat glioblastoma. Targeting TRF2 significantly increased the survival of mice bearing GSC xenografts. These findings reveal a role for TRF2 in the maintenance of REST‐associated proliferation and chemotherapy resistance of GSCs, suggesting that TRF2 is a potential therapeutic target for glioblastoma. GLIA 2014;62:1687–1698
A Brain‐wide association study of DISC1 genetic variants reveals a relationship with the structure and functional connectivity of the precuneus in schizophrenia
Authors: Gong Xiaohong , Lu Wenlian , Kendrick Keith M. , Pu Weidan , Wang Chu , Jin Li , Lu Guangmin , Liu Zhening , Liu Haihong , Feng Jianfeng
Published: June 2014

The Disrupted in Schizophrenia Gene 1 (DISC1) plays a role in both neural signaling and development and is associated with schizophrenia, although its links to altered brain structure and function in this disorder are not fully established. Here we have used structural and functional MRI to investigate links with six DISC1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). We employed a brain‐wide association analysis (BWAS) together with a Jacknife internal validation approach in 46 schizophrenia patients and 24 matched healthy control subjects. Results from structural MRI showed significant associations between all six DISC1 variants and gray matter volume in the precuneus, post‐central gyrus and middle cingulate gyrus. Associations with specific SNPs were found for rs2738880 in the left precuneus and right post‐central gyrus, and rs1535530 in the right precuneus and middle cingulate gyrus. Using regions showing structural associations as seeds a resting‐state functional connectivity analysis revealed significant associations between all 6 SNPS and connectivity between the right precuneus and inferior frontal gyrus. The connection between the right precuneus and inferior frontal gyrus was also specifically associated with rs821617. Importantly schizophrenia patients showed positive correlations between the six DISC‐1 SNPs associated gray matter volume in the left precuneus and right post‐central gyrus and negative symptom severity. No correlations with illness duration were found. Our results provide the first evidence suggesting a key role for structural and functional connectivity associations between DISC1 polymorphisms and the precuneus in schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 35:5414–5430, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A mechanistic in vitro study of the microgalvanic degradation of secondary phase particles in magnesium alloys
Authors: Walter R. , Kannan M. Bobby
Published: June 2014

The aim of this work was to understand the effect of microgalvanic degradation on secondary phase particles in magnesium alloys under in vitro condition. Pure magnesium and Mg17Al12 (β‐phase) were galvanically coupled in simulated body fluid and the degradation behavior was studied using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The galvanic coupling produced a phosphate/carbonate layer on the β‐phase, which initially increased the degradation resistance. However, the deposited phosphate/carbonate layer rapidly degraded once the galvanic coupling was removed, and β‐phase exhibited similar degradation resistance to that of pure magnesium. A phenomenological model has been presented, demonstrating the galvanic coupling effect. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 990–1000, 2015.
Biointegration of corneal macroporous membranes based on poly(ethyl acrylate) copolymers in an experimental animal model
Authors: Alió del Barrio Jorge L. , Chiesa Massimo , Gallego Ferrer Gloria , Garagorri Nerea , Briz Nerea , Fernandez‐Delgado Jorge , Sancho‐Tello Valls Maria , Botella Carmen Carda , García‐Tuñón Ignacio , Bataille Laurent , Rodriguez Alejandra , Arnalich‐Montiel Francisco , Gómez Ribelles Jose L. , Antolinos‐Turpín Carmen M. , Gómez‐Tejedor Jose A. , Alió Jorge L. , De Miguel Maria P.
Published: June 2014

Currently available keratoprosthesis models (nonbiological corneal substitutes) have a less than 75% graft survival rate at 2 years. We aimed at developing a model for keratoprosthesis based on the use of poly(ethyl acrylate) (PEA)‐based copolymers, extracellular matrix‐protein coating and colonization with adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells. Human adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (h‐ADASC) colonization efficiency of seven PEA‐based copolymers in combination with four extracellular matrix coatings were evaluated in vitro. Then, macroporous membranes composed of the optimal PEA subtypes and coating proteins were implanted inside rabbit cornea. After a 3‐month follow‐up, the animals were euthanized, and the clinical and histological biointegration of the implanted material were assessed. h‐ADASC adhered and survived when cultured in all PEA‐based macroporous membranes. The addition of high hydrophilicity to PEA membranes decreased h‐ADASC colonization in vitro. PEA‐based copolymer containing 10% hydroxyethyl acrylate (PEA‐HEA10) or 10% acrylic acid (PEA‐AAc10) monomeric units showed the best cellular colonization rates. Collagen plus keratan sulfate‐coated polymers demonstrated enhanced cellular colonization respect to fibronectin, collagen, or uncoated PEAs. In vivo implantation of membranes resulted in an extrusion rate of 72% for PEA, 50% for PEA‐AAc10, but remarkably of 0% for PEA‐HEA10. h‐ADASC survival was demonstrated in all the membranes after 3 months follow‐up. A slight reduction in the extrusion rate of h‐ADASC colonized materials was observed. No significant differences between the groups with and without h‐ADASC were detected respect to transparency or neovascularization. We propose PEA with low hydroxylation as a scaffold for the anchoring ring of future keratoprosthesis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1106–1118, 2015.
Extracellular matrix elasticity and topography: Material‐based cues that affect cell function via conserved mechanisms
Authors: Janson Isaac A. , Putnam Andrew J.
Published: June 2014

Chemical, mechanical, and topographic extracellular matrix (ECM) cues have been extensively studied for their influence on cell behavior. These ECM cues alter cell adhesion, cell shape, and cell migration and activate signal transduction pathways to influence gene expression, proliferation, and differentiation. ECM elasticity and topography, in particular, have emerged as material properties of intense focus based on strong evidence these physical cues can partially dictate stem cell differentiation. Cells generate forces to pull on their adhesive contacts, and these tractional forces appear to be a common element of cells' responses to both elasticity and topography. This review focuses on recently published work that links ECM topography and mechanics and their influence on differentiation and other cell behaviors. We also highlight signaling pathways typically implicated in mechanotransduction that are (or may be) shared by cells subjected to topographic cues. Finally, we conclude with a brief discussion of the potential implications of these commonalities for cell based therapies and biomaterial design. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1246–1258, 2015.
A novel pH‐responsive interpolyelectrolyte hydrogel complex for the oral delivery of levodopa. Part II: Characterization and formulation of an IPEC‐based tablet matrix
Authors: Ngwuluka Ndidi C. , Choonara Yahya E. , Kumar Pradeep , du Toit Lisa C. , Khan Riaz A. , Pillay Viness
Published: June 2014

This study was undertaken in order to apply a synthesized interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) of polymethacrylate and carboxymethylcellulose as a controlled release oral tablet matrix for the delivery of the model neuroactive drug levodopa. The IPEC (synthesized in Part I of this work) was characterized by techniques such as Fourier Transform Infra‐Red (FTIR) spectroscopy, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Advanced DSC (ADSC), and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The tablet matrices were formulated and characterized for their drug delivery properties and in vitro drug release. FTIR confirmed the interaction between the two polymers. The IPEC composite generated tablet matrices with a hardness ranging from 19.152–27.590 N/mm and a matrix resilience ranging between 42 and 46%. An IPEC of polymethacrylate and carboxymethylcellulose was indeed an improvement on the inherent properties of the native polymers providing a biomaterial with the ability to release poorly soluble drugs such as levodopa at a constant rate over a prolonged period of time. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1085–1094, 2015.
A novel pH‐responsive interpolyelectrolyte hydrogel complex for the oral delivery of levodopa. Part I. IPEC modeling and synthesis
Authors: Ngwuluka Ndidi C. , Choonara Yahya E. , Kumar Pradeep , du Toit Lisa C. , Khan Riaz A. , Pillay Viness
Published: June 2014

This study was undertaken to synthesize an interpolyelectrolyte complex (IPEC) of polymethacrylate (E100) and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) to form a polymeric hydrogel material for application in specialized oral drug delivery of sensitive levodopa. Computational modeling was employed to proffer insight into the interactions between the polymers. In addition, the reactional profile of NaCMC and polymethacrylate was elucidated using molecular mechanics energy relationships (MMER) and molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) by exploring the spatial disposition of NaCMC and E100 with respect to each other. Computational modeling revealed that the formation of the IPEC was due to strong ionic associations, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophilic interactions. The computational results corroborated well with the experimental and the analytical data. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1077–1084, 2015.
How can bioactive glasses be useful in ocular surgery?
Authors: Baino Francesco
Published: June 2014

In the last few decades, the introduction of bioactive glasses (BGs), a special class of bioceramics that are able to bond to living tissues stimulating new tissue growth, has improved both treatment procedures via reconstructive surgery and the quality of life of rehabilitated patients in orthopedics and dentistry. While BGs have been extensively investigated for applications in these two surgical fields, there has been relatively little research on their use in other medical areas. Glass has been used for centuries to produce external refractive lenses and the intraocular implantation of small glass disks to correct visual deficiencies has been documented since the mid 1700s. Moreover, some evidences reported in the recent literature seem to demonstrate that the success of three specific types of ophthalmic devices, that is, synthetic grafts for eye orbit bone repair, orbital implants replacing the whole ocular globe and keratoprostheses (artificial cornea), could significantly benefit by the use of BG. A prospective view as well as a state‐of‐the‐art review on this topic are currently lacking in the literature. The present article aims to give a comprehensive picture of the BG‐based implants that have been developed in the context of ocular surgery; the strengths and shortcomings of the existing devices are outlined in order to provide useful stimuli for future research. Promising research directions are also proposed, emphasizing the added values that BGs could carry in ophthalmology in the light of recent findings in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 1259–1275, 2015.
Wear of nanofilled dental composites at varying filler concentrations
Authors: Lawson Nathaniel C. , Burgess John O.
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of nanofiller concentration on the mechanisms of wear of a dental composite. Nanofilled composites were fabricated with a bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate polymer and 40 nm SiO2 filler particles at three filler loads (25, 50, and 65 wt %). The elastic modulus, flexural strength, and hardness of the composites and the unfilled resin were measured. The materials (n = 8) were tested in the modified wear testing device at 50,000, 100,000, and 200,000 cycles with 20N force at 1 Hz. A 33% glycerine lubricant and stainless steel antagonist were used. The worn composite and antagonist surfaces were analyzed with noncontact profilometry and SEM. The volumetric wear data indicated that there are significant differences between filler concentrations and cycles (p < 0.05). A trend was noted that increasing filler content beyond 25% decreased the wear resistance of the composites. Increasing filler content increased hardness and modulus and increased flexural strength up to 50% fill. SEM evaluation of the worn specimens indicated that the resin and 25% filled materials exhibited cracking and failed by fatigue and the 50 and 65% filled materials exhibited microcutting and failed by abrasive wear. Based on the results of this study, composite manufacturers are recommended to use a filler concentration between 25 and 50% when using nanosized filler particles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 424–429, 2015.
The effect and safety of polylactic acid and adipose‐derived stromal vascular fraction cell as an injectable bulking agent in urologic field: A 24‐week follow‐up study
Authors: Lee Seong Ho , Ko Kyungtae , Choo Min Soo , Lee Won Ki , Jeong Hyun Cheol , Cho Sung Tae , Kim Sung Yong , Kim Hayoung , Kang Won Hwa , Kim Gun Poong , Yang Dae Yul
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres and adipose‐derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) cells have appropriate properties as an injectable bulking agent in urologic field. Forty male Sprague–Dawley rats (2‐week‐old) were randomized into two groups. A total of 0.05 mL of PLA microsphere suspension and 0.05 mL of PLA microsphere suspension mixed with PKH26‐labeled SVF cells were injected into bladder wall in group I and group II, respectively. At 2, 8, 16, and 24 weeks of PLA microspheres injection, the volumes of implants were measured and bladder tissues including implants were analyzed and compared grossly and histologically between groups. The distant organs were examined histologically to determine migration of PLA microspheres. At 24 weeks of implantation, 65–70% of injected volume was maintained and there was no significant difference between groups. In histological analyses, injected PLA microspheres were localized in muscular layer of bladder without infiltration into adjacent layer. From 8 to 16 weeks of injection, hybrid tissues contained collagen and actin were observed between PLA microspheres and these findings were more clear in group II. PHK26‐labeled SVF cells were identified by fluorescence microscopy at all time points. There was no migration of PLA microspheres to other organs and no abnormality in weight gain and hematologic values. These results suggest the possibility of PLA microspheres as a potentially useful bulking agent in urologic field. And further investigation is needed to know synergic effect of SVF cells. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 440–447, 2015.
The (PrS/HGF‐pDNA) multilayer films for gene‐eluting stent coating: Gene‐protecting, anticoagulation, antibacterial properties, and in vivo antirestenosis evaluation
Authors: Chang Hao , Ren Ke‐feng , Zhang He , Wang Jin‐lei , Wang Bai‐liang , Ji Jian
Published: June 2014

Vascular gene‐eluting stents (GES) is a promising strategy for treatment of cardiovascular disease. Very recently, we have proved that the (protamine sulfate/plasmid DNA encoding hepatocyte growth factor) (PrS/HGF‐pDNA) multilayer can serve as a powerful tool for enhancing competitiveness of endothelial cell over smooth muscle cell, which opens perspectives for the regulation of intercellular competitiveness in the field of interventional therapy. However, before the gene multilayer films could be used in vascular stents for real clinical application, the preservation of gene bioactivity during the industrial sterilization and the hemocompatibility of film should be taken into account. Actually, both are long been ignored issues in the field of gene coating for GES. In this study, we demonstrate that the (PrS/HGF‐pDNA) multilayer film exhibits the good gene‐protecting abilities, which is confirmed by using the industrial sterilizations (gamma irradiation and ethylene oxide) and a routine storage condition (dry state at 4°C for 30 days). Furthermore, hemocompatible measurements (such as platelet adhesion and whole blood coagulation) and antibacterial assays (bacteria adhesion and growth inhibition) indicate the good anticoagulation and antibacterial properties of the (PrS/HGF‐pDNA) multilayer film. The in vivo preliminary data of angiography and histological analysis suggest that the (PrS/HGF‐pDNA) multilayer coated stent can reduce the in‐stent restenosis. This work reveals that the (PrS/HGF‐pDNA) multilayer film could be a promising candidate as coating for GES, which is of great potential in future clinic application. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 430–439, 2015.
Bone tissue engineering with a collagen–hydroxyapatite scaffold and culture expanded bone marrow stromal cells
Authors: Villa Max M. , Wang Liping , Huang Jianping , Rowe David W. , Wei Mei
Published: June 2014

Osteoprogenitor cells combined with supportive biomaterials represent a promising approach to advance the standard of care for bone grafting procedures. However, this approach faces challenges, including inconsistent bone formation, cell survival in the implant, and appropriate biomaterial degradation. We have developed a collagen–hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffold that supports consistent osteogenesis by donor‐derived osteoprogenitors, and is more easily degraded than a pure ceramic scaffold. Herein, the material properties are characterized as well as cell attachment, viability, and progenitor distribution in vitro. Furthermore, we examined the biological performance in vivo in a critical‐size mouse calvarial defect. To aid in the evaluation of the in‐house collagen–HA scaffold, the in vivo performance was compared with a commercial collagen–HA scaffold (Healos®, Depuy). The in‐house collagen–HA scaffold supported consistent bone formation by predominantly donor‐derived osteoblasts, nearly completely filling a 3.5 mm calvarial defect with bone in all samples (n = 5) after 3 weeks of implantation. In terms of bone formation and donor cell retention at 3 weeks postimplantation, no statistical difference was found between the in‐house and commercial scaffold following quantitative histomorphometry. The collagen–HA scaffold presented here is an open and well‐defined platform that supports robust bone formation and should facilitate the further development of collagen–hydroxyapatite biomaterials for bone tissue engineering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 243–253, 2015.
Examination of national lymph node evaluation practices for adult extremity soft tissue sarcoma
Authors: Sherman Karen L. , Kinnier Christine V. , Farina Domenico A. , Wayne Jeffrey D. , Laskin William B. , Agulnik Mark , Attar Samer , Hayes John P. , Peabody Terrance , Bilimoria Karl Y.
Published: June 2014

Background and Objectives

Lymph node evaluation recommendations for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (ESTS) are absent from national guidelines. Our objectives were (1) to assess rates and predictors of nodal evaluation, and (2) to assess rates and predictors of nodal metastases.

Methods

ESTS patients from the National Cancer Data Base (2000–2009) were assessed, and regression models were used to identify factors associated with nodal evaluation and metastases.

Results

Of 27,536 ESTS patients, 1,924 (7%) underwent nodal evaluation, and of these, 290 (15%) had nodal metastases. Nodal evaluation was most frequently performed for rhabdomyosarcoma (15.6%), angiosarcoma (10.0%), clear cell sarcoma (39.3%), epithelioid sarcoma (28.1%), and synovial sarcoma (9.3%). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with nodal evaluation included histologic subtype, tumor size, and grade. Nodal metastasis rates were highest among patients with rhabdomyosarcoma (32.1%), angiosarcoma (24.1%), clear cell sarcoma (27.7%), and epithelioid sarcoma (31.8%). On multivariable analysis, factors associated with nodal metastases included histologic subtype, tumor size, and grade.

Conclusions

Nodal evaluation rates are highest among certain expected subtypes but are generally low. However, nodal metastasis rates for many histologic subtypes in patients selected for lymph node evaluation may be higher than previously reported. Multi‐institutional studies should address nodal evaluation for ESTS. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 110:682–688. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Graphene‐sensitized microporous membrane/solvent microextraction for the preconcentration of cinnamic acid derivatives in Rhizoma Typhonii
Authors: Xing Rongrong , Hu Shuang , Chen Xuan , Bai Xiaohong
Published: June 2014

A novel graphene‐sensitized microporous membrane/solvent microextraction method named microporous membrane/graphene/solvent synergistic microextraction, coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography and UV detection, was developed and introduced for the extraction and determination of three cinnamic acid derivatives in Rhizoma Typhonii. Several factors affecting performance were investigated and optimized, including the types of graphene and extraction solvent, concentration of graphene dispersed in octanol, sample phase pH, ionic strength, stirring rate, extraction time, extraction temperature, and sample volume. Under optimized conditions, the enrichment factors of cinnamic acid derivatives ranged from 75 to 269. Good linearities were obtained from 0.01 to 10 μg/mL for all analytes with regression coefficients between 0.9927 and 0.9994. The limits of quantification were <1 ng/mL, and satisfactory recoveries (99–104%) and precision (1.1–10.8%) were also achieved. The synergistic microextraction mechanism based on graphene sensitization was analyzed and described. The experimental results showed that the method was simple, sensitive, practical, and effective for the preconcentration and determination of cinnamic acid derivatives in Rhizoma Typhonii.
Effects of laser treatment on the expression of cytosolic proteins in the synovium of patients with osteoarthritis
Authors: Barabás Klára , Bakos József , Zeitler Zsuzsanna , Bálint Géza , Nagy Erzsébet , Lakatos Tamás , Kékesi Adrienna Katalin , Gáspár Lajos , Szekanecz Zoltán
Published: June 2014

Background and Objective

Low level laser therapy (LLLT) has been developed for non‐invasive treatment of joint diseases. We have previously shown that LLLT influenced synovial protein expression in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of laser irradiation on osteoarthritic (OA) synovial protein expression.

Study Design/Materials and methods

The synovial membrane samples removed from the knees of 6 OA patients were irradiated ex vivo using near infrared diode laser (807–811 nm; 25 J/cm2). An untreated sample taken from the same patient served as control. Synovial protein separation and identification were performed by two‐dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, respectively.

Results

Eleven proteins showing altered expression due to laser irradiation were identified. There were three patients whose tissue samples demonstrated a significant increase (P < 0.05) in mitochondrial heat shock 60 kD protein 1 variant 1. The expression of the other proteins (calpain small subunit 1, tubulin alpha‐1C and beta 2, vimentin variant 3, annexin A1, annexin A5, cofilin 1, transgelin, and collagen type VI alpha 2 chain precursor) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) compared to the control samples.

Conclusions

A single diode laser irradiation of the synovial samples of patients with osteoarthritis can statistically significantly alter the expression of some proteins in vitro. These findings provide some more evidence for biological efficacy of LLLT treatment, used for osteoarthritis. Lasers Surg. Med. 46:644–649, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A single‐cell imaging screen reveals multiple effects of secreted small molecules on bacteria
Authors: Salje Jeanne
Published: June 2014

Bacteria cells exist in close proximity to other cells of both the same and different species. Bacteria secrete a large number of different chemical species, and the local concentrations of these compounds at the surfaces of nearby cells may reach very high levels. It is fascinating to imagine how individual cells might sense and respond to the complex mix of signals at their surface. However, it is difficult to measure exactly what the local environmental composition looks like, or what the effects of individual compounds on nearby cells are. Here, an electron microscopy imaging screen was designed that would detect morphological changes induced by secreted small molecules. This differs from conventional approaches by detecting structural changes in individual cells rather than gene expression or growth rate changes at the population level. For example, one of the changes detected here was an increase in outer membrane vesicle production, which does not necessarily correspond to a change in gene expression. This initial study focussed on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Burkholderia dolosa, and revealed an intriguing range of effects of secreted small molecules on cells both within and between species.
The pathogenesis of Pisa syndrome in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Castrioto Anna , Piscicelli Céline , Pérennou Dominic , Krack Paul , Debû Bettina
Published: June 2014

Postural abnormalities such as postural deviations affect nearly all patients with advanced Parkinson's disease and represent an important source of disability. Although their existence has long been known, their management remains a challenge as they respond poorly to medication, brain surgery, or physiotherapy. Improving management strategies will require better understanding of the mechanisms underlying such postural deformities.

In this review on the pathophysiology of Pisa syndrome, we examine the data supporting the central and peripheral hypotheses that attempt to explain these lateral trunk deviations. Although the pathophysiology is very probably multifactorial, the bulk of the data supports central, rather than peripheral, hypotheses. The central hypotheses that are best supported by both animal studies and clinical data include asymmetry of basal ganglia output and abnormalities in the central integration of sensory information. Further studies are needed to elucidate the pathophysiology underlying Pisa syndrome. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Multiple system atrophy: Prognostic indicators of survival
Authors: Figueroa Juan J. , Singer Wolfgang , Parsaik Ajay , Benarroch Eduardo E. , Ahlskog J. Eric , Fealey Robert D. , Parisi Joseph E. , Sandroni Paola , Mandrekar Jay , Iodice Valeria , Low Phillip A. , Bower James H.
Published: June 2014

Neurological and autonomic presentation in multiple system atrophy (MSA) may predict early mortality. Quantification of early autonomic failure as a mortality predictor is lacking. Early neurological and autonomic clinical features were retrospectively reviewed in 49 MSA cases (median age at onset, 56.1 years; 16 women) confirmed by autopsy at Mayo Clinic. When available, the 10‐point composite autonomic severity score derived from the autonomic reflex screen provided quantification of the degree of autonomic failure and thermoregulatory sweat test quantitated body surface anhidrosis. Symptoms at onset were autonomic in 50%, parkinsonian in 30%, and cerebellar in 20% of cases. Survival (median [95% confidence interval]) was 8.6 [6.7‐10.2] years. Survival was shorter in patients with early laboratory evidence of generalized (composite autonomic severity score ≥ 6) autonomic failure (7.0 [3.9‐9.8] vs. 9.8 [4.6‐13.8] years; P = 0.036), and early requirement of bladder catheterization (7.3 [3.1‐10.2] vs. 13.7 [8.5‐14.9] years; P = 0.003) compared with those without these clinical features. On Cox proportional analysis, prognostic indicators of shorter survival were older age at onset (hazard ratio [95% confidence interval], 1.04 [1.01‐1.08]; P = 0.03), early requirement of bladder catheterization (7.9 [1.88‐38.63]; P = 0.004), and early generalized (composite autonomic severity score ≥ 6) autonomic failure (2.8 [1.01‐9.26]; P = 0.047). Gender, phenotype, and early development of gait instability, aid‐requiring ambulation, orthostatic symptoms, neurogenic bladder, or significant anhidrosis (thermoregulatory sweat test ≥ 40%) were not indicators of shorter survival. Our data suggest that early development of severe generalized autonomic failure more than triples the risk of shorter survival in patients with MSA. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Changes in motor cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham's chorea
Authors: Khedr Eman M. , Ahmed Mohamed A. , Ali Anwar M. , Badry Reda , Rothwell John C.
Published: June 2014

Background and Purpose

The neurophysiological characteristics of motor cortex have been well characterized in patients with Huntington's disease. We present the first data on cortical excitability in patients with Sydenham's chorea.

Methods

Motor cortex excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation in 16 patients in the early clinical stages of Sydenham's chorea and in 17 age‐ and sex‐matched control subjects. Investigations included resting and active motor threshold, motor evoked potential, input–output curves, contralateral silent period, and transcallosal inhibition.

Results

Resting and active motor threshold were significantly higher and motor evoked potentials were significantly smaller in patients in comparison with controls. The input–output curves were shallower in both hemispheres of patients with chorea compared with controls. No significant differences were seen in silent period or transcallosal inhibition duration.

Conclusion

Sydenham's chorea is characterized by reduced excitability of corticospinal output similar to that observed in Huntington's disease. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Extra‐nigral pathological conditions are common in Parkinson's disease with freezing of gait: An in vivo positron emission tomography study
Authors: Bohnen Nicolaas I. , Frey Kirk A. , Studenski Stephanie , Kotagal Vikas , Koeppe Robert A. , Constantine Gregory M. , Scott Peter J.H. , Albin Roger L. , Müller Martijn L.T.M.
Published: June 2014

Cholinergic denervation has been associated with falls and slower gait speed and β‐amyloid deposition with greater severity of axial motor impairments in Parkinson disease (PD). However, little is known about the association between the presence of extra‐nigral pathological conditions and freezing of gait (FoG). Patients with PD (n = 143; age, 65.5 ± 7.4 years, Hoehn and Yahr stage, 2.4 ± 0.6; Montreal Cognitive Assessment score, 25.9 ± 2.6) underwent [11C]methyl‐4‐piperidinyl propionate acetylcholinesterase and [11C]dihydrotetrabenazine dopaminergic PET imaging, and clinical, including FoG, assessment in the dopaminergic “off” state. A subset of subjects (n = 61) underwent [11C]Pittsburgh compound‐B β‐amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Normative data were used to dichotomize abnormal β‐amyloid uptake or cholinergic deficits. Freezing of gait was present in 20 patients (14.0%). Freezers had longer duration of disease (P = 0.009), more severe motor disease (P < 0.0001), and lower striatal dopaminergic activity (P = 0.013) compared with non‐freezers. Freezing of gait was more common in patients with diminished neocortical cholinergic innervation (23.9%, χ2 = 5.56, P = 0.018), but not in the thalamic cholinergic denervation group (17.4%, χ2 = 0.26, P = 0.61). Subgroup analysis showed higher frequency of FoG with increased neocortical β‐amyloid deposition (30.4%, Fisher Exact test: P = 0.032). Frequency of FoG was lowest with absence of both pathological conditions (4.8%), intermediate in subjects with single extra‐nigral pathological condition (14.3%), and highest with combined neocortical cholinopathy and amyloidopathy (41.7%; Cochran‐Armitage trend test, Z = 2.63, P = 0.015). Within the group of freezers, 90% had at least one of the two extra‐nigral pathological conditions studied. Extra‐nigral pathological conditions, in particular the combined presence of cortical cholinopathy and amyloidopathy, are common in PD with FoG and may contribute to its pathophysiology. © 2014 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Effects of changes in muscle activation level and spine and hip posture on erector spinae fiber orientation
Authors: Harriss Alexandra B. , Brown Stephen H.M.
Published: June 2014

Introduction: During lumbar flexion, the fiber orientation of the lumbar erector spinae (LES) muscle becomes oriented more along the spine compressive axis. It is unknown how changes in LES activation effect fiber orientation. Methods: Ultrasound images of LES were collected during 2 sets of experimental conditions: (1) varying levels of LES activation while lying prone; and (2) varying spine and hip angles while seated. Electromyographic activity and lumbar spine and hip angles were also recorded. Results: As LES activation increased, increases in fiber orientation (signifying increased orientation along the posterior shear axis) were found (P < 0.001). Compared with the relaxed sitting posture, decreases in fiber orientation were found with full spine flexion and combined spine and hip flexion (P < 0.001), but there were no changes with full hip flexion alone. Conclusions: Activation magnitude and spine posture both affect LES fiber orientation, thus modifying its ability to protect the spine against anterior shear forces. Muscle Nerve 51: 426–433, 2015
Impact of denervation‐induced muscle atrophy on housekeeping gene expression in mice
Authors: Nakao Reiko , Yamamoto Saori , Yasumoto Yuki , Kadota Koji , Oishi Katsutaka
Published: June 2014

Introduction: Immobilization induced by experimental denervation leads to rapid and progressive alterations in structural and biochemical properties of skeletal muscle. Real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) is a popular method of elucidating the molecular mechanisms involved in muscle atrophy. Identification of suitable reference genes that are not affected by experimental conditions is a critical step in accurate normalization of real‐time RT‐PCR. Methods: We investigated the impact of denervation‐induced muscle atrophy for 2 weeks on the expression of common housekeeping genes. Results: Denervation differentially affected the expression levels of these genes. RefFinder software identified TATA box binding protein (Tbp) as the most stable gene and showed that the stability of glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (Gapdh) and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (Hprt) genes was low, even though they are widely used for normalization. Conclusions: The appropriate reference gene for normalization of genes of interest in denervated muscle is Tbp. Muscle Nerve 51: 276–281, 2015
Parallel integration of aligned carbon strings in polymer composite: Dielectrophoretic preparation, finite element simulation, and electrical characterization
Authors: Sandsaunet Marit U. , Knaapila Matti , Tavares Luciana , Kjelstrup‐Hansen Jakob , Helgesen Geir
Published: June 2014

We report on dielectrophoretic alignment of carbon black particles into radially arranged string‐like assemblies in oligourethane mixtures followed by photopolymerization. Using finite element modelling and optical microscopy we find significant difference in field distributions depending on the substrate beneath aligned films. On glass, the field is concentrated between the electrode tips leading to string‐like assemblies between the tips. On oxide covered silicon, the field is distributed along the electrode circumference leading to more distributed fractal assemblies. Using comprehensive dc resistance measurements and ac‐impedance spectroscopy we show that the resistance of the strings varies from 120 kΩ to 5 MΩ with a mean of 1.03 MΩ. Strings on oxide covered silicon show significantly higher resistances than the strings on glass. We also demonstrate the effect of aging and an increase in resistance through elongating aligned strings. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1866–1874, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Enhanced coating properties of Ni‐La‐ferrites/epoxy resin nanocomposites
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Hussein Mahmoud A. , Abu‐Zied Bahaa M. , Hermas Abou‐Elhagag A.
Published: June 2014

Coating properties of new Ni‐La‐ferrites/epoxy resin nanocomposites has been achieved using modified epoxy resin with Ni‐La‐ferrite nanoparticles in the form of NiLaFeO4/epoxy nanocomposites using electrochemical impedance and sorption of water measurements. Simple solution method with ultrasonic assistance was used in the preparation of the new nanocomposites in situ while epoxy resin was prepared. The new materials were characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The nanocrystalline NiLaFeO4 showed a good distribution and high compatibility forming strong interfacial adhesion within the epoxy matrix. Furthermore, it had ability to facilitate thermal degradation of the epoxy resin nanocomposite due to its catalytic effect. Temperatures at 10, 25, 50% weight loss and the normalized solid residue left at 500°C (NR500) were measured. The presence of nanocrystalline NiLaFeO4 stabilized the char residue obtained at 500°C in the resulting composites. The Ni‐La‐ferrite nanoparticles decreased water sorption (WS) of the epoxy. The 5% and 10%‐ Ni‐La‐ferrites/epoxy nanocomposites showed least amount of WS among the epoxy composites. The 5 and 10% Ni‐La‐ferrite nanoparticles contents enhanced significantly the barrier behavior of the epoxy as coating of stainless steel. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1875–1883, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of urushiol‐titanium chelate polymer/multiwall carbon nanotubes composite honeycomb films with chemical resistance by breath figures
Authors: Huang C.M. , Zhang M. , Wang D.H. , Bai W.B. , Hu B.H. , Xu Y.L. , Lin J.H.
Published: June 2014

Urushiol‐titanium chelate polymer (UTP), the reaction product of urushiol with titanium compound, has been used as a heavy anti‐corrosive coating in chemical industries in China. UTP could not be made into regular honeycomb‐porous film just using breath figures, whereas that could be done with the incorporation of hydroxylated multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). MWCNT showed significant influences on the formation of highly ordered microporous films. The preparation conditions also affected the honeycomb structure of films and then exhibited different morphologies. The results measured from energy dispersive X‐ray spectra showed that the content of oxygen around the hole of UTP/MWCNT microporous film was higher than that on the wall of the hole. Moreover, UTP/MWCNT microporous film had excellent acid, alkali, and organic solvent resistance properties. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1884–1890, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation of tricalcium phosphate–calcium alginate composite flat sheet membranes and their application for protein release
Authors: Li Sidi , Kan Bohong , Zhao Kongyin , Ren Tong , Lin Beibei , Wei Junfu , Chen Tian
Published: June 2014

Tricalcium phosphate–calcium alginate (TCP–CA) composite flat sheet membranes with the thickness of 150–200 μm were prepared by Ca2+ crosslinking of TCP and sodium alginate (SA) aqueous solution. The composite flat sheet membranes were characterized by SEM, FTIR, DSC and BET method. The mechanical properties of the membranes were tested with a tensile testing machine in wet form. Hemoglobin (HB) was immobilized in the following four matrices (1) HB was adsorbed onto the TCP powders directly, (2) HB and SA dissolved together, and then crosslinked by CaCl2, (3) HB was pre‐adsorbed onto TCP powders, and then mixed with SA aqueous solution, finally crosslinked by CaCl2, (4) HB and TCP powders were individually dispersed in the SA aqueous solution and then crosslinked by CaCl2. The release behaviors of the four materials were investigated in phosphate buffer (pH = 6.86), Tris‐HCl solution (pH = 7.4) and NaCl solution (0.9 wt%). SEM observation showed that the TCP particles were well embedded and homogeneously distributed in the alginate matrix. DSC and FTIR indicated that there were additional interactions between the TCP and the polymer. TCP can improve the mechanical properties of CA membranes and the swelling ratio of TCP–CA membrane in NaCl solution decreased with the increase of TCP content. The sustained release behaviors of matrix 3 were shown in PBS, Tris‐HCl and NaCl solutions. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1899–1906, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and characterization of Chitosan and PLGA‐based scaffolds for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Endogan Tanir Tugba , Hasirci Vasif , Hasirci Nesrin
Published: June 2014

Three dimensional (3D) biodegradable porous scaffolds play a crucial role in bone tissue repair. In this study, four types of 3D polymer/hydroxyapatite (HAp) composite scaffolds were prepared by freeze drying technique in order to mimic the organic/inorganic nature of the bone. Chitosan (CH) and poly(lactic acid‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) were used as the polymeric part and HAp as the inorganic component. Properties of the resultant scaffolds, such as morphology, porosity, degradation, water uptake, mechanical and thermal stabilities were examined. 3D scaffolds having interconnected macroporous structure and 77–89% porosity were produced. The pore diameters were in the range of 6 and 200 µm. PLGA and HAp containing scaffolds had the highest compressive modulus. PLGA maintained the strength by decreasing water uptake but increased the degradation rate. Scaffolds seeded with SaOs‐2 osteoblast cells showed that all scaffolds were capable of encouraging cell adhesion and proliferation. The presence of HAp particles caused an increase in cell number on CH‐HAp scaffolds compared to CH scaffolds, while cell number decreased when PLGA was incorporated in the structure. CH‐PLGA scaffolds showed highest cell number on days 7 and 14 compared to others. Based on the properties such as interconnected porosity, high mechanical strength, and in vitro cell proliferation, blend scaffolds have the potential to be applied in hard tissue treatments. POLYM. COMPOS., 36:1917–1930, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Rigid chain ribbon‐like metallopolymers
Authors: Carella Antonio , Borbone Fabio , Roviello Giuseppina , Caruso Ugo , Ferone Claudio , Ricciotti Laura , Pirozzi Beniamino , Persico Paola , Schieroni Alberto Giacometti , Roviello Antonio
Published: June 2014

A set of new copolymers is here reported in which the repeating units are connected each other through Cu(II) metal centers. The coordination link is based on the bis‐chelating properties of salicylaldiminate groups of two different monomers. Due to their chemical structure, the two monomers afford, respectively, flexible and rigid repeating units in the metallocopolymers constitution upon coordination to copper centers. All the copolymers were soluble and easily processable. As shown by XRD analysis, rigid units' rich copolymers adopt a ribbon‐like structure in solid state in which highly planar strands of polymer stack thanks to π−π interactions, similarly to the polymer composed exclusively by rigid units. This behavior can be justified assuming the existence of a partial block character in copolymer constitution where long sequences of rigid units are alternated to sequences of flexible units. This assumption is supported also by DSC and UV–Vis analysis. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2014, 52, 2412–2421
Real time laser interference microscopy for bar‐spread polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blends
Authors: Haq Ehtsham Ul , Toolan Daniel T. W. , Emerson Jillian A. , Epps Thomas H. , Howse Jonathan R. , Dunbar Alan D. F. , Ebbens Stephen J.
Published: June 2014

We demonstrate that real‐time laser interference microscopy can be used to directly observe the dynamics of film formation and phase separation processes for a bar‐spread polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) blend. The ability to dynamically image laser interference patterns allows compete drying curves and polymer content to be determined throughout the film formation process. The polymer content at which phase separation structure first is observed in the interference micrograph sequence is in good agreement with calculated spinodal curves. Morphology evolution proceeds from phase separation onward via coarsening and coalescence to arrive at the final domain structure. In comparison, spin coating the same polymer blend results in structure evolution being quenched further from equilibrium due to the faster drying rate. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2014, 52, 985–992