bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary sodium chloride intake independently predicts the degree of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis in healthy humans consuming a net acid-producing diet
Authors: Frassetto Lynda A. , Morris R. Curtis , Sebastian Anthony
Published: May 2007

We previously demonstrated that typical American net acid-producing diets predict a low-grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to the diet net acid load as indexed by the steady-state renal net acid excretion rate (NAE). We now investigate whether a sodium (Na) chloride (Cl) containing diet likewise associates with a low-grade metabolic acidosis of severity proportional to the sodium chloride content of the diet as indexed by the steady-state Na and Cl excretion rates. In the steady-state preintervention periods of our previously reported studies comprising 77 healthy subjects, we averaged in each subject three to six values of blood hydrogen ion concentration ([H]b), plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]p), the partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Pco2), the urinary excretion rates of Na, Cl, NAE, and renal function as measured by creatinine clearance (CrCl), and performed multivariate analyses. Dietary Cl strongly correlated positively with dietary Na ( P < 0.001) and was an independent negative predictor of [HCO3−]p after adjustment for diet net acid load, Pco2and CrCl, and positive and negative predictors, respectively, of [H]b and [HCO3−]p after adjustment for diet acid load and Pco2. These data provide the first evidence that, in healthy humans, the diet loads of NaCl and net acid independently predict systemic acid-base status, with increasing degrees of low-grade hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis as the loads increase. Assuming a causal relationship, over their respective ranges of variation, NaCl has ∼50–100% of the acidosis-producing effect of the diet net acid load.
Mushroom Body Volume Is Related to Social Aggression and Ovary Development in the Paperwasp Polistes instabilis
Authors: Molina Yamile , O’Donnell Sean
Published: May 2007

The mushroom bodies (MB) are a complex neuropil in insect brains that have been implicated in higher-order information processing such as sensory integration and various types of learning and memory. Eusocial insects are excellent models to test functional neural plasticity in the MB because genetically related nest mates differ in task performance, environmental experience and social interactions. Previous research on eusocial insects shows that experience-dependent changes in brain anatomy (i.e., enlarged MB calyces) are positively correlated with task performance and social interactions. In this study, we quantified relationships of task performance and social and reproductive dominance with MB volume in Polistes instabilis, a primitively eusocial paper wasp. We used experimental removals of dominant workers to induce changes in aggressive behavior and foraging by workers. Ovary development and social dominance were positively associated with the volume of the MB calyces relative to the region containing the Kenyon cell bodies. In contrast to highly eusocial insect workers, foraging behavior was not positively correlated with MB calycal volume. We conclude that mushroom body volume is more strongly associated with dominance rank than with foraging behavior in Polistes instabilis.
Brain Natriuretic Peptide Reverses the Effects of Myocardial Stunning in Rabbit Myocardium
Authors: Anyadike Chukwuma , Scholz Peter M. , Zhang Qihang , Katz Elizabeth , Weiss Harvey R.
Published: May 2007

We tested the hypothesis that brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) would decrease the effects of myocardial stunning in rabbit hearts. We also examined the mechanisms responsible for these effects. In two groups of anesthetized open-chest rabbits, myocardial stunning was produced by 2 15-min occlusions of the left anterior descending artery separated by 15 min of reperfusion. The treatment group had BNP (10–3 mol/l) topically applied to the stunned area. Hemodynamic and functional parameters were measured. Coronary flow and O2 extraction were used to determine myocardial O2 consumption. In separate animals, we measured the function of isolated control and simulated ischemia (95% N2/5% CO2, 15 min)-reperfusion ventricular myocytes with BNP or C-type natriuretic peptide (10–8–10–7 mol/l) followed by KT5823 (10–6 mol/l, cyclic GMP protein kinase inhibitor). In the in vivo control group, baseline delay to contraction was 47 ± 4 ms and after stunning it increased to 71 ± 10 ms. In the treatment group, baseline delay to contraction was 40 ± 7 ms, and after stunning and BNP it did not significantly increase (43 ± 6 ms). Neither stunning nor BNP administration affected regional O2 consumption. In control myocytes, BNP (10–7 mol/l) decreased the percent shortening from 6.7 ± 0.4 to 4.5 ± 0.2%; after KT5823 administration, the percent shortening increased to 5.4 ± 0.5%. In ischemia-reperfusion myocytes, BNP (10–7 mol/l) decreased the percent shortening less from 5.0 ± 0.5 to 3.8 ± 0.2%; KT5823 administration did not increase the percent shortening (3.8 ± 0.2%). BNP similarly and significantly increased cyclic GMP levels in control and stunned myocytes. The data illustrated that BNP administration reversed the effects of stunning and its mechanism may be independent of the cyclic GMP protein kinase.
The French “Petit Oui”: The Maastricht Treaty and the French Voting Agenda
Authors: Lewis-Beck Michael S. , Morey Daniel S.
Published: May 2007

Despite expectations of a landslide, the French public barely approved the Maastricht Treaty in 1992. Traditional explanations for the surprise outcome that rely on socioeconomic conditions, partisanship, regional characteristics, and domestic issues are inadequate. Analysis based largely on the French National Election Study of 1995 shows that the voters were largely concerned with foreign policy. Citizens who were friendly to Germany and supportive of the European Union greatly favored the treaty. French nationalists and those possessed of strong anti-immigrant sentiment were vehemently against it. These disparate views, united in their concern about the sovereignty of France, dominated the Maastricht vote and appear to have persisted in the European Union Constitutional referendum of 2005.
Filtering of Spatial Bias and Noise Inputs by Spatially Structured Neural Networks
Authors: Masuda Naoki , Okada Masato , Aihara Kazuyuki
Published: May 2007

With spatially organized neural networks, we examined how bias and noise inputs with spatial structure result in different network states such as bumps, localized oscillations, global oscillations, and localized synchronous firing that may be relevant to, for example, orientation selectivity. To this end, we used networks of McCulloch-Pitts neurons, which allow theoretical predictions, and verified the obtained results with numerical simulations. Spatial inputs, no matter whether they are bias inputs or shared noise inputs, affect only firing activities with resonant spatial frequency. The component of noise that is independent for different neurons increases the linearity of the neural system and gives rise to less spatial mode mixing and less bistability of population activities.
American Indians Abroad: The Mythical Travels of Mrs. Penobscot and King Hendrick
Authors: Vaughan Alden T.
Published: May 2007

Why have two portraits ostensibly of American Indians visiting England—a Penobscot woman circa 1605 and a Mohawk sachem circa 1740—been so frequently reprinted with misleading captions, when the woman, though anonymous, was in fact English and the man, often confused with an earlier Mohawk leader, never went abroad? Here are the answers.
EARLY OBSERVATIONS OF ROTOR CLOUDS BY ANDRIJA MOHOROVIČIĆ
Authors: Grubišić Vanda , Orlić Mirko
Published: May 2007

This article delivers a short history of the early quantitative documentation of a rotor-type circulation in the bora-type flow on the northern Adriatic by Andrija Mohorovičić, an all-around geophysicist and the father of Croatian geophysical research who is widely known as the discoverer of discontinuity between the Earth's crust and mantle. This historical work presents an overview of Mohorovičić's research technique and rotor-related contributions, together with a short account of other observations of rotors contemporary to Mohorovičić as well as those from the 1920s and 1930s, considered to be seminal work on the subject on atmospheric rotors to date. In the year that marks the 150th anniversary of Mohorovičićs birth, his early meteorological observations remain germane for atmospheric rotor research, which is currently experiencing a renaissance with the Terrain-Induced Rotor Experiment (T-REX), a recently completed international field campaign and an ongoing research effort focused on atmospheric terrain-induced rotors.
Multinationals' Political Activities on Climate Change
Authors: Kolk Ans , Pinkse Jonatan
Published: May 2007

This article explores the international dimensions of multinationals' corporate political activities, focusing on an international issue—climate change—being implemented differently in a range of countries. Analyzing data from Financial Times Global 500 firms, it examines the influence on types and process of multinationals' political strategies, reckoning with institutional contexts and issue saliency. Findings show that the type of political activities can be characterized as an information strategy to influence policy makers toward market-based solutions, not so much withholding action on emission reduction. Moreover, multinationals pursue self-regulation, targeting a broad range of political actors. The process of political strategy is mostly one of collective action. International differences particularly surface in the type of political actors aimed at, with U.S. and Australian firms focusing more on nongovernment actors (voluntary programs) than European and Japanese firms. Influencing home-country (not host-country) governments is the main component of international political strategy on climate change.
From National Champions to Global Players? Lobbying by Network Operators During the WTO's Basic Telecommunication Negotiations
Authors: Woll Cornelia
Published: May 2007

Observers generally assume that firms which engage in lobbying know what they want. Business—government relations and especially the corporate political activities of network operators during the basic telecommunication negotiations of the World Trade Organization present a slightly different picture. European monopoly providers benefited from the old international regime and initially ignored trade discussions in their sector. In the course of negotiations, however, they became part of a three-level game, which obliged them to consider national, European, and multilateral objectives simultaneously. In the course of these complex negotiations, their preferences evolved. Because governments advanced independently on the liberalization project, companies adapted their policy stances from reluctance to support for the negotiations. This article thus cautions against treatments of lobbying that consider preferences as exogenously given.
Genetically Modified Crops and Nuisance: Exploring the Role of Precaution in Private Law
Authors: Craik Neil , Culver Keith , Siebrasse Norman
Published: May 2007

This article critically considers calls for the precautionary principle to inform judicial decision making in a private law context in light of the Hoffman litigation, where it is alleged that the potential for genetic contamination from genetically modified (GM) crops causes an unreasonable interference with the rights of organic farmers to use and enjoy their lands, giving rise to an actionable nuisance. Applying the precautionary principle in this context would likely privilege non-GM land uses over GM uses, given the latter's uncertain environmental impacts. Through a comparison of the institutional characteristics and respective roles of public and private regulation, the authors argue that the private law context, which lacks democratic accountability and has a limited ability to address complex scientific issues, is poorly suited to apply the diffuse, policy-based risk allocation considerations raised by the precautionary principle.
Reasonable Foreseeability and Liability in Relation to Genetically Modified Organisms
Authors: Khoury Lara , Smyth Stuart
Published: May 2007

This article examines problems that may arise when addressing liability resulting from the genetic modification of microbes, animals, and plants. More specifically, it evaluates how uncertainties relating to the outcomes of these biotechnological innovations affect—or may affect—the courts' application of the reasonable foreseeability requirement and, hence, liability under the tort of negligence. The article also examines how concern expressed by society about injuries feared to result from these genetically modified products could have an impact on the way the courts assess reasonable foreseeability in this area.
Hoffman v. Monsanto: Courts, Class Actions, and Perceptions of the Problem of GM Drift
Authors: McLeod-Kilmurray Heather
Published: May 2007

Hoffman v. Monsanto raises questions about the civil litigation system. Are courts appropriate institutions, and are class actions the appropriate procedure, for resolving disputes about genetically modified organisms (GMOs)? After addressing the institutional question, this article focuses on procedure. Although class actions are designed to empower group litigation, environmental class actions are rarely permitted. This is partly because their claims for private law actions seeking monetary compensation cause courts to focus on individual aspects of the problem, and the collective harm caused by widespread environmental effects is overlooked. Because most environmental lawsuits are prohibitively complex and expensive for individuals to litigate, this results in a denial of justice. It also prevents courts from playing their institutional role in the struggle to craft appropriate legal responses to GMOs. Greater focus on the role of groups and the collective nature of environmental harms would lead to different approaches to interpreting class action procedure.
Coexistence or Conflict? A European Perspective on GMOs and the Problem of Liability
Authors: Rodgers Christopher P.
Published: May 2007

In March 2004, the U.K. government announced its intention to grant limited authorization for the growing of commercial genetically modified (GM) crops. This article reviews the potential liabilities that may arise from GM cropping, for environmental damage and for economic losses claimed by non-GM producers. It considers the application of the European Community (EC) Environmental Liability Directive of 2004 to genetically modified organisms (GMO) releases, and the proposed statutory scheme for the coexistence of GM and non-GM agriculture in England and Wales. It also examines the application of the common law of nuisance to the release of GMOs and considers the relevant case law of the English courts. Although there will be a residual role for liability at common law following the establishment of a statutory coexistence scheme, the article highlights a number of formidable problems facing attempts to establish claims for liability arising from GMO releases at common law.
The globalization of journalism online
Authors: Thurman Neil
Published: May 2007

Some British news websites are attracting larger audiences than their American competitors in US regional and national markets. At the British news websites studied, Americans made up an average of 36 per cent of the total audience with up to another 39 per cent of readers from countries other than the USA. Visibility on portals like the Drudge Report and on indexes such as Google News brings considerable international traffic but is partly dependent on particular genres of story and fast publication times. Few news websites are willing to disclose breakdowns of their large numbers of international readers fearing a negative reaction from domestic advertisers. Some see little value in international readers — some of whom read 3 to 4 times fewer pages than their domestic counterparts. Others are actively selling advertising targeted at their international audience and even claiming their presence is beginning to change their news agenda.
A Qualitative Study of a Nutrition Working Group
Authors: Greene Geoffrey W. , Nebeling Linda C. , Greaney Mary L. , Lindsay Ana C. , Hardwick Cary K. , Toobert Deborah J. , Resnicow Ken , Williams Geoffrey C. , Elliot Diane L. , Goldman Sher Tamara , McGregor Holly A. , Domas Andrea , DeFrancesco Carol A. , Peterson Karen E.
Published: May 2007

The Behavioral Change Consortium (BCC) Nutrition Workgroup (NWG) is a multidisciplinary collaboration of representatives from BCC sites and federal agencies. Its mission is to improve measurement of dietary variables. This article presents findings from a qualitative study of perceived effectiveness of the workgroup collaboration. Twelve in-depth interviews were conducted and examined for common themes using the constant comparison method. Themes contributing to perceived effectiveness included: funding and additional resources; invested, committed, and collegial members; strong leadership, clearly articulated goals, and regular communication. Influences seen as reducing effectiveness were: distance, disparate nature of the studies, limited time, and problems associated with starting collaboration after the primary studies had begun data collection. NWG members felt that the workgroup would continue to be successful; however, there were concerns about responsibility for writing and authorship of manuscripts and the need for continued funding to ensure full participation and productivity.
Inhibition of hydrogen uptake in Escherichia coli by expressing the hydrogenase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystissp. PCC 6803
Authors: Maeda Toshinari , Vardar Gönül , Self William T , Wood Thomas K
Published: May 2007

Background

Molecular hydrogen is an environmentally-clean fuel and the reversible (bi-directional) hydrogenase of the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 as well as the native Escherichia coli hydrogenase 3 hold great promise for hydrogen generation. These enzymes perform the simple reaction 2H+ + 2e- ↔ H2 (g).

Results

Hydrogen yields were enhanced up to 41-fold by cloning the bidirectional hydrogenase (encoded by hoxEFUYH) from the cyanobacterium into E. coli. Using an optimized medium, E. coli cells expressing hoxEFUYH also produced twice as much hydrogen as the well-studied Enterobacter aerogenes HU-101, and hydrogen gas bubbles are clearly visible from the cultures. Overexpression of HoxU alone (small diaphorase subunit) accounts for 43% of the additional hydrogen produced by HoxEFUYH. In addition, hydrogen production in E. coli mutants with defects in the native formate hydrogenlyase system show that the cyanobacterial hydrogenase depends on both the native E. coli hydrogenase 3 as well as on its maturation proteins. Hydrogen absorption by cells expressing hoxEFUYH was up to 10 times lower than cells which lack the cloned cyanobacterial hydrogenase; hence, the enhanced hydrogen production in the presence of hoxEFUYH is due to inhibition of hydrogen uptake activity in E. coli. Hydrogen uptake by cells expressing hoxEFUYH was suppressed in three wild-type strains and in two hycE mutants but not in a double mutant defective in hydrogenase 1 and hydrogenase 2; hence, the active cyanobacterial locus suppresses hydrogen uptake by hydrogenase 1 and hydrogenase 2 but not by hydrogenase 3. Differential gene expression indicated that overexpression of HoxEFUYH does not alter expression of the native E. coli hydrogenase system; instead, biofilm-related genes are differentially regulated by expression of the cyanobacterial enzymes which resulted in 2-fold elevated biofilm formation. This appears to be the first enhanced hydrogen production by cloning a cyanobacterial enzyme into a heterologous host.

Conclusion

Enhanced hydrogen production in E. coli cells expressing the cyanobacterial HoxEFUYH is by inhibiting hydrogen uptake of both hydrogenase 1 and hydrogenase 2.
Zfrp8, theDrosophilaortholog ofPDCD2,functions in lymph gland development and controls cell proliferation
Authors: Minakhina Svetlana , Druzhinina Marina , Steward Ruth
Published: May 2007

We have identified a new gene, Zfrp8, as being essential for hematopoiesis in Drosophila. Zfrp8 (Zinc finger protein RP-8) is the Drosophila ortholog of the PDCD2 (programmed cell death 2) protein of unknown function, and is highly conserved in all eukaryotes. Zfrp8mutants present a developmental delay, lethality during larval and pupal stages and hyperplasia of the hematopoietic organ, the lymph gland. This overgrowth results from an increase in proliferation of undifferentiated hemocytes throughout development and is accompanied by abnormal differentiation of hemocytes. Furthermore, the subcellular distribution ofγ-Tubulin and Cyclin B is affected. Consistent with this, the phenotype of the lymph gland of Zfpr8 heterozygous mutants is dominantly enhanced by the l(1)dd4 gene encoding Dgrip91, which is involved in anchoring γ-Tubulin to the centrosome. The overgrowth phenotype is also enhanced by a mutation in Cdc27, which encodes a component of the anaphase-promoting complex (APC) that regulates the degradation of cyclins. No evidence for an apoptotic function of Zfrp8 was found. Based on the phenotype, genetic interactions and subcellular localization of Zfrp8, we propose that the protein is involved in the regulation of cell proliferation from embryonic stages onward, through the function of the centrosome, and regulates the level and localization of cell-cycle components. The overproliferation of cells in the lymph gland results in abnormal hemocyte differentiation.
Intermediary metabolism of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus during short-term salinity exposure
Authors: Bystriansky J. S. , Frick N. T. , Ballantyne J. S.
Published: May 2007

The migration of Arctic char Salvelinus alpinus from freshwater to seawater requires a substantial reorganization of the osmoregulatory tissues to regulate plasma ion levels. These modifications have an inherent metabolic cost, which must be met through the upregulation of intermediary metabolism. Arctic char intermediary metabolism was monitored during the initial 96 h of seawater acclimation through measurement of key enzymes in gill, liver, red and white muscle as well as tissue and blood free amino acid (FAA) levels, and plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acid content. In general, seawater exposure stimulated large changes in amino acid metabolism, but no change in lipid or carbohydrate metabolism. White muscle FAA content increased significantly following seawater exposure, with levels of essential FAAs doubling after 96 h. Similar increases were seen in the plasma, suggesting a rapid mobilization of FAAs to the circulation. These changes were accompanied by significant increases in the activities of enzymes involved in amino acid metabolism in the gill, liver, red and white muscle, suggesting seawater-acclimated fish have an enhanced capacity for energy production from amino acids. Increased energy requirements were evident in the gill of seawater-acclimated char, as citrate synthase activity increased significantly. The results of this study suggest a rapid upregulation of amino acid metabolism may be critical for the successful acclimation of Arctic char to seawater.
A New Method for Thin Silver Coating Reaction Using Ag2O and Polyethylene Glycol 400
Authors: Tanemura Kiyoshi , Koike Takanobu , Komatsu Shigeki , Goto Shin-ichi , Nishida Yoko , Suzuki Tsuneo , Horaguchi Takaaki
Published: May 2007

A new method for thin silver coating reactions using Ag2O and polyethylene glycol 400, an environmentally benign solvent, was devised. The reactions were investigated using 1H NMR, IR, UV–vis, SEM, and XPS measurements.
Parametric estimation for linear stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion
Authors: Rao B. L. S. Prakasa
Published: May 2007

We investigate the asymptotic properties of the maximum likelihood estimator and Bayes estimator of the drift parameter for stochastic processes satisfying linear stochastic differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motion. We obtain a Bernstein-von Mises type theorem also for such a class of processes.
Lawyers' use of humor as persuasion
Authors: Hobbs Pamela
Published: May 2007

Legal humor is a topic of perennial appeal, and has long been a prolific source of books, articles, and scholarly commentaries which are avidly consumed by popular and professional audiences alike. However, although a number of scholars have analyzed the use of humor in judicial opinions, there is no comparable body of scholarly examinations of lawyers' use of humor in their role as legal advocates. This omission is significant, because in the American legal system, humor and wordplay serve as highly-valued evidence of forensic skill which is deemed appropriate for display both within and outside of the courtroom. Accordingly, this paper attempts to fill the gap in the existing literature by examining attorneys' use of humor as persuasive advocacy in two widely divergent settings, informal court-mandated mediation and oral argument before the United States Supreme Court. In these data, the attorneys use humor aggressively to ridicule the plaintiffs' claims, depicting them as laughable and unworthy of serious consideration, while placing themselves at the center of a comic performance which allows them to display their linguistic skills. These data thus demonstrate that humor can be a potent weapon in an attorney's arsenal.
Zur Geschichte des Generischen Maskulinums: Sprachwissenschaftliche, sprachphilosophische und psychologische Aspekte im historischen Diskurs / On the history of the generic use of the masculine gender: Linguistic, philosophical, and psychological aspects in historical discourse.
Authors: Irmen Lisa , Steiger Vera
Published: May 2007

The present paper traces the development of the generic masculine as a linguistic convention focusing on its origin and use in German. Examining theories of grammatical gender from ancient times to the 20th century reveals that the generic use of the masculine cannot be regarded as a merely formal feature of language but as an expression of zeitgeist as well as contemporary social and cultural conditions. Historically, the convention of the masculine as a generic gender goes along with the idea of a semantic relation between gender and sex as well as the notion of the masculine gender being more worthy than the feminine. The findings at hand not only illustrate the increasing sexualisation of the grammatical gender concept over the centuries but also point to the dissenting voices that were raised against this trend. How the convention was implemented and to what extent it lead to problems of ambiguous reference will be outlined by focusing mainly on legal language and terminology. In this area the question of whether generic expressions refer to men or women or to both sexes has always had particular relevance.
Was ist ein Attribut? / What is an attribute?
Authors: Fuhrhop Nanna , Thieroff Rolf
Published: May 2007

In this paper, the term ‘attribute’ will be discussed with regard to the entire system of German. Attributes are not only modifiers of nouns, but also of adjectives (
Language Dynamics and Linguistic Diversity in Anthropological. Perspective Florenz, 5.-7. Juli 2003 / Language dynamics and linguistic diversity in anthropological perspective. Symposium in Florence, 5-7 July 2003
Authors: Holzer Jacqueline
Published: May 2007

Der „XV. International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences“ vereinte unter dem Tagungstitel „Humankind / Nature Interaction: Past, Present and Future“ in der heutigen anthropologischen und ethnologischen Forschung relevante Themenbereiche wie z. B. „Primatology and Human Evolution“, „Genetics Technologies and their Anthropological Implications“, „Food and Health“, „Ethnic Identities and Ethnic Interactions“, „Forest Management, Climate Change and The Future of Mankind“, „Urban Anthropology“, „Aggression and Collective Violence: Ethnic and Ideological Conflict and Human Rights“. In den Hauptveranstaltungen präsentierten die jeweiligen Vorsitzenden die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der sogenannten „pre-sessions,“ die vom 5. bis 7. Juli stattfanden, und machten diese einem breiteren Publikum bekannt.
Nietzsche über Strafe
Authors: Bung Jochen
Published: May 2007

Die wissenschaftliche Auseinandersetzung mit Nietzsche ist leicht und schwer zugleich, und zwar aus ungefähr demselben Grund. Die fragmentarische, aphoristische Gestalt des Werks macht eine systematische Arbeit ohne Stichwortverzeichnis nahezu unmöglich. Über einen solchen Index kann man sich aber auch in schnellem Zugriff auf die thematisch relevanten Passagen ohne weiteres diejenigen Stellen heraussortieren, die einem gerade ins Konzept passen. Nietzsche hat sich zu vielen Themen geäußert und zu fast jedem Thema sehr widersprüchliche Auskünfte gegeben. Die Konsistenz einer Gedankenfolge über längere Passagen zu pflegen, war ihm jedenfalls keine Herzensangelegenheit. Radikale Kritik am Wahrheitsanspruch führte ihn zum Perspektivismus. Dabei liegt der performative Widerspruch dieser Haltung derart auf der Hand, dass man es allein schon deswegen unterlässt, ihn als Einwand geltend zu machen. Die bemerkenswerte Kreativität und Sprunghaftigkeit seines Denkens hat dazu geführt, dass Nietzsche unter dem nicht immer schmeichelhaften Prädikat des „originellen” Philosophen rubriziert wird. Unnötigerweise sind die Argumentationen zudem häufig durchzogen von teilweise schwer erträglichen Selbststilisierungen.
Die inchoate offences im englischen Strafrecht
Authors: Brockhaus Matthias
Published: May 2007

A. Einleitung

Die Harmonisierungsbestrebungen der Europäischen Union auf dem Gebiet des Wirtschafts- und Verwaltungsstrafrechts führen zwangsläufig zu einer größeren Beachtung und Befassung mit den Grundlagen und Strukturen ausländischer Rechtsordnungen. Insbesondere dem angloamerikanischen Rechtssystem wird von der bis heute stark national orientierten deutschen Strafrechtswissenschaft Theoriefeindlichkeit und eine fehlende Dogmatisierung vorgeworfen, die mit dem hohen Standard deutscher Strafrechtsdogmatik nicht Schritt halten kann. Entsprechend blieb eine Fokussierung auf Rechtsinstitute des Allgemeinen Teils ausländischer Strafrechtsordnungen im allgemeinen Bewusstsein der deutschen Strafrechtswissenschaft weitestgehend aus. Ein Umdenken ist mittlerweile jedoch erkennbar.
Study on the (HI)
m
(H2O)
n
Clusters by Photofragment Translational Spectroscopy and Ab-Initio Calculation
Authors: Bi Weibin , Xu Xiling , Huang Jiangou , Xiao Daoqing , Tang Zichao , Zhu Qihe
Published: May 2007

The photodissociation of the clusters (HI)
m
(H2O)
n
in the supersonic molecular beam has been investigated at 281.73 nm and 280.99 nm by photofragment translational spectroscopy (PTS). The translational energy distributions of the photofragment I*(2
P
1/2) show that the photodissociated species is mainly HI(H2O)
n
(n ≥ 4) clusters. In addition, the structures and the relative stability of (HI)
m
, (H2O)
n
and (HI)
m
(H2O)
n
(m = 1 ∼ 4, n = 1 ∼ 6) clusters have been obtained by ab initio calculation (the Density Functional Theory). The conclusion of the theoretical analysis is agreeable with the experimental results. So these results indicate that PTS combining theoretical calculation can be used as a new, indirect way to judge the composition of the clusters which are easy to be dissociated and difficult to be detected by mass spectroscopy.
Controlling the Properties of Manganese-Zinc Ferrites by Substituting In3+ and Al3+ Ions
Authors: Thakur Atul , Mathur Preeti , Singh M.
Published: May 2007

The effect of substitution of In3+ and Al3+ ions on the electrical and magnetic properties of Mn-Zn ferrites has been investigated. The substitution of In3+ ions for Fe3+ ions resulted in an increase of lattice parameter, owing to the larger size of In3+ ions, whereas lattice parameter was found to decrease on substituting Al3+ ions in place of the Fe3+ ions, owing to the smaller size of Al3+ ions. The dc resistivity was found to increase with the substitution of In3+ and Al3+ ions in the Mn-Zn ferrite system. The improvement in the dc resistivity has been observed at the expense of deterioration in the magnetic properties of Al3+ substituted Mn-Zn ferrites. A significant reduction in the values of initial permeability, saturation magnetization and Curie temperature was observed with successive increase of Al3+ ions. The saturation magnetization and initial permeability were found to increase with incorporation of In3+ ions. A marked increase in the value of initial permeability was found for the Mn0.4Zn0.6In0.5Fe1.5O4 ferrite. Curie temperature was found to decrease with an increase of In3+ ion concentration. These changes in the properties are explained on the basis of their magnetic interactions, a modified cation distribution and various models.
Nitrogen removal in a two-stage, re-circulating waste stabilisation pond system
Authors: Baskaran K. , Farago L.
Published: May 2007

Waste stabilisation ponds are used widely in Australia and other parts of the world for treating wastewater from domestic and a wide range of industrial sources. It remains a popular form of treatment for wastewater for many small rural towns. The development of a two-stage, re-circulating waste stabilisation pond incorporating algal-bacterial biofilm represents a new approach to increasing the functioning biomass within the water column to improve treatment efficiency. This new approach will be a more viable and economical option for most of the existing waste stabilisation ponds to achieve significant nitrogen removal than converting them to another form of biological nutrient removal processes. A laboratory-scale, two-stage, re-circulating system incorporating “Bio-Tube” plastic modules as attached growth medium has been tested using synthetic wastewater. It has been proven that nitrification–denitrification was the primary mechanism for nitrogen removal in such a system operated under complete mix conditions. During the experimental period, average removal efficiencies of 90–95% of ammonia nitrogen and 65–85% of total nitrogen removal were achieved with influent COD of 600 mg/L and total nitrogen of 70 mg/L.
The potential for facilitating spring discharge from continental climate waste stabilisation ponds by carry-over of treated wastewater: concepts and experimental findings
Authors: Whalley C. , Pak L.N. , Heaven S.
Published: May 2007

The research investigated some factors influencing the rate of stabilisation of wastewater in the spring period in continental climate waste stabilisation ponds, and in particular the potential for bringing forward the discharge date by optimising storage capacity and dilution. Experiments using pilot and model-scale ponds were set up in Almaty, Kazakhstan. These simulated operating regimes for a facultative and storage/maturation pond system subject to ice cover from late November until late March. Two pilot-scale facultative ponds were operated at hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 20 and 30 days, with surface loading rates of 100 and 67 kg BOD ha−1 day−1. Effluent from the 20-day HRT facultative pond was then fed to two pilot-scale storage/maturation ponds which had been partially emptied and allowed to refill over the winter period with no removal of effluent. The paper discusses the results of the experiments with respect to selection of an operating regime to make treated wastewater available early in the spring. Preliminary results indicate that there may be potential for alternative operating protocols designed to maximise their performance and economic potential.
Dose-Response—A Challenge for Allelopathy?
Authors: Belz Regina G. , Hurle Karl , Duke Stephen O.
Published: May 2007

The response of an organism to a chemical depends, among other things, on the dose. Nonlinear dose-response relationships occur across a broad range of research fields, and are a well established tool to describe the basic mechanisms of phytotoxicity. The responses of plants to allelochemicals as biosynthesized phytotoxins, relate as well to nonlinearity and, thus, allelopathic effects can be adequately quantified by nonlinear mathematical modeling. The current paper applies the concept of nonlinearity to assorted aspects of allelopathy within several bioassays and reveals their analysis by nonlinear regression models. Procedures for a valid comparison of effective doses between different allelopathic interactions are presented for both, inhibitory and stimulatory effects. The dose-response applications measure and compare the responses produced by pure allelochemicals [scopoletin (7-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2 H-1-benzopyran-2-one); DIBOA (2,4-dihydroxy-2 H-1,4-benzoxaxin-3(4 H)-one); BOA (benzoxazolin-2(3 H)-one); MBOA (6-methoxy-benzoxazolin-2(3 H)-one)], involved in allelopathy of grain crops, to demonstrate how some general principles of dose responses also relate to allelopathy. Hereupon, dose-response applications with living donor plants demonstrate the validity of these principles for density-dependent phytotoxicity of allelochemicals produced and released by living plants ( Avena sativa L., Secale cereale L., Triticum L. spp.), and reveal the use of such experiments for initial considerations about basic principles of allelopathy. Results confirm that nonlinearity applies to allelopathy, and the study of allelopathic effects in dose-response experiments allows for new and challenging insights into allelopathic interactions.
Modeling the Effect of Density-Dependent Chemical Interference upon Seed Germination
Authors: Sinkkonen Aki
Published: May 2007

A mathematical model is presented to estimate the effects of phytochemicals on seed germination. According to the model, phytochemicals tend to prevent germination at low seed densities. The model predicts that at high seed densities they may increase the probability of seed germination and the number of germinating seeds. Hence, the effects are reminiscent of the density-dependent effects of allelochemicals on plant growth, but the involved variables are germination probability and seedling number. The results imply that it should be possible to bypass inhibitory effects of allelopathy in certain agricultural practices and to increase the efficiency of nature conservation in several plant communities.
Implementation of Card: Curve-Fitting Allelochemical Response Data
Authors: Li Liu De , An Min
Published: May 2007

Bioassay techniques are essential methods used to study the effects of allelochemicals on plant processes. It is often observed that the biological processes are stimulated at low allelochemical concentrations and inhibited as the concentrations increase. Liu et al., (2003) developed a simple model to fit this type of allelochemical response data. Based on the model, CARD (curve fitting allelochemical response data) was developed as a Windows based program that can be used to fit a stimulation-inhibition response data. An example of using CARD is given.
Whole-Range Assessment: A Simple Method for Analysing Allelopathic Dose-Response Data
Authors: An Min , Pratley J. E. , Haig T. , Liu D.L.
Published: May 2007

Based on the typical biological responses of an organism to allelochemicals (hormesis), concepts of whole-range assessment and inhibition index were developed for improved analysis of allelopathic data. Examples of their application are presented using data drawn from the literature. The method is concise and comprehensive, and makes data grouping and multiple comparisons simple, logical, and possible. It improves data interpretation, enhances research outcomes, and is a statistically efficient summary of the plant response profiles.
Citation Environment of Angewandte Chemie
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Leydesdorff Loet , Marx Werner
Published: May 2007

Recently, aggregated journal-journal citation networks were made accessible from the perspective of each journal included in the Science Citation Index (see http://www. leydesdorff. net/jcr05). The local matrices can be used to inspect the relevant citation environment
of a journal using statistical analysis and visualization techniques from social network analysis. The inspection gives an answer to the question what the local impact of this and other journals in the environment is. In this study the citation environment of Angewandte Chemie was analyzed.
Angewandte Chemie is one of the leading chemistry journals in the world. Its environment was compared with that of the Journal of the American Chemical Society. The results of the environment analyses give a detailed insight into the field-embeddedness of Angewandte Chemie.
The impacts of the German and international editions of this journal are compared.
Structure description tools
Authors: Salembier Philippe , Benitez Ana B.
Published: May 2007

This article provides an overview of the tools specified by the MPEG‐7 standard for describing the structure of multimedia content. In particular, it focuses on tools that represent segments resulting from a spatial and/or temporal partitioning of multimedia content. The segments are described in terms of their decomposition and the general relations among them as well as attributes or features of segments. Decomposition efficiently represents segment hierarchies and can be used to create tables of contents or indexes. More general graph representations are handled by the various standard spatial and temporal relations. A segment can be described by a large number of features ranging from those targeting the life cycle of the content (e.g., creation and usage) to those addressing signal characteristics such as audio, color, shape, or motion properties.
MPEG‐7 in practice: Analysis of a television news retrieval application
Authors: Fatemi Nastaran
Published: May 2007

This article provides an overview of our experiments in using MPEG‐7 in a television news retrieval application. Our study is based on a survey of professional users in the Télévision Suisse Romande (TSR) television news production environment. We present here two main issues. First, we describe the way the generic and voluminous MPEG‐7 Schema can be exploited in the context of a specific application domain. Second, we discuss the problem of how to search MPEG‐7 descriptions, which are detailed and complex by nature, via a high‐level user‐oriented retrieval model.
TV‐Anytime Phase 1 and MPEG‐7
Authors: Evain Jean‐Pierre , Martínez José M.
Published: May 2007

Personal video recorders have the capability to change the media delivery industry fundamentally, and in this context, many believe the real international age of personal digital recorders (PDRs) will arrive with the use of “open” systems. The world reached an important milestone with the publication of the TV‐Anytime Phase 1 specifications for unidirectional broadcast and metadata services over bidirectional networks. TV‐Anytime is a worldwide prestandardization body; this article gives an overview of the main features of TV‐Anytime's metadata specification and its relationship to MPEG‐7 and provides insight into ways two organizations concerned with standards work together. Phase 2 has since been completed and TV‐Anytime has been adopted by various international standards organizations dealing with telecommunications and is now in the implementation phase.
Oxydation von Ascorbinsäure mit Seleniger Säure
Authors: Deshmukh G. S. , Bapat M. G.
Published: May 2007

2 Moll. Ascorbinsäure werden unter den gegebenen Versuchsbedingungen von 1 Mol. Seleniger Säure quantitativ zu Dehydroascorbinsäure oxydiert. Durch jodometrische Rücktitration der nicht umgesetzten Selenigen Säure und bzw. oder gravimetrische Bestimmung des Niederschlags des metallischen Selens kann diese Redox‐Reaktion vorteilhaft zur Schnellbestimmung von Ascorbinsäure benützt werden.
Synthese und Fluorescenz‐verhalten chinolinsubstituierter 1.3.5‐Triphenyl‐pyrazoline
Authors: Neunhoeffer Otto , Ulrich Henri
Published: May 2007

Die drei p‐ständig chinolyl‐(2)‐substituierten 1.3.5‐Triphenyl‐Δ2‐pyrazoline wurden synthetisiert. Aus ihrem Fluorescenzverhalten wurde eine neue Erkenntnis über die Emission von Resonanzystemen gewonnen. Im Verlaufe der Synthesen wurde eine Anzahl bisher unbekannter Derivate des 2‐Phenyl‐chinolins dargestellt. Bei der alkalischen Kondensation von Isatin mit 1.4‐Diacetyl‐benzol wurde neben der entsprechenden Cinchoninsäure das 1.4‐Bis‐[4‐carboxy‐chinolyl‐(2)]‐benzol erhalten, das bei der Decarboxylierung 1.4‐Di‐[chinolyl‐(2)]‐benzol ergab.
Über ionare, magnetisch dekompensierte Molekelverbindungen
Authors: Kainer Helmuth , Überle Adolf
Published: May 2007

Es wird über magnetische und optische Untersuchungen an Molekelverbindungen von Chinonen und aromatischen Diaminen berichtet. Die mit der magnetischen Waage gefundenen Susceptibilitäten stimmen mit den Ergebnissen, zu denen die Messung der paramagnetischen Resonanz geführt hatte, überein. Die 1:1‐Verbindung aus Tetramethyl‐p‐phenylendiamin und Tetrabrom‐o‐chinon zeigt 40% des Paramagnetismus, der sich für den Grenzfall einer völlig ionaren Struktur A⊖D⊕ mit magnetischer Dekompensation von 2 Elektronen berechnet. Die Absorptionsspektren werden im Lichte der Theorie von R. S. Mulliken erörtert.
Über die vier geometrischen Isomeren des 2.4‐Hexadienols‐(1)
Authors: Butenandt Adolf , Hecker Erich , Zachau Hans Georg
Published: May 2007

Darstellungsweise und Eigenschaften der vier geometrischen Isomeren des 2.4‐Hexadienols‐(1) werden beschrieben. Der Vergleich spektrophotometrischer Daten gestattet eine eindeutige sterische Zuordnung der dargestellten Alkohole und ihrer Derivate.
Über einen anomalen Verlauf der Hydraminspaltung
Authors: Bodendorf Kurt , Ziegler Wolfgang
Published: May 2007

Die Hydraminspaltung von Antipyrinanalogen des Ephedrins, des Pseudoephedrins, des Norephedrins und von Antipyryl‐dimethylamino‐äthanol verläuft unter Platzwechsel des Sauerstoffs anomal. Aus den Analogen des Ephedrins, des Pseudoephedrins und des Norephedrins entsteht dabei statt Antipyryl‐äthyl‐keton Acetonylantipyrin.
Farbreaktionen auf ungesättigte Carbonylverbindungen III2)
Authors: Hünig Siegfried , Utermann Jasper
Published: May 2007

Azobenzol‐hydrazinsulfonsäure‐(4) und p‐Amino‐dimethylanilin werden mit einigen Terpenoidaldehyden und ‐ketonen umgesetzt und die Spektren der entstehenden Farbstofflösungen diskutiert. Die beiden Reagenzien eignen sich sowohl zur Identifizierung als auch zur photometrischen Bestimmung von ungesättigten Carbonylverbindungen.
Die Friedel‐Craftssche und die Mannich‐Reaktion mit 3.5‐Dioxo‐1.2‐diphenyl‐pyrazolidin
Authors: Logemann Willy , Lauria Franco , Zamboni Valentino
Published: May 2007

Es wird über die Darstellung von Derivaten des 3.5‐Dioxo‐1.2‐diphenyl‐pyrazolidins berichtet, die am C‐Atom 4 eine Seitenkette mit einer Carbonylgruppe aufweisen. Die Konstitution einiger dieser Verbindungen auf Grund der IR‐Spektren wird diskutiert. Sodann werden Derivate dargestellt, die am C‐Atom 4 eine Seitenkette mit einer NH2‐Gruppe tragen. Ihr Verhalten gegen Säure und ihre Reaktionsweise mit Oxymethansulfon‐ bzw. Oxymethansulfinsäure wird beschrieben. Weiterhin wird die Antipermeabilitätsaktivität, ein Maß für die antiarthritische Wirkung, im “Phenolrot”‐Test gemessen.
Asymmetrische Cycloheptan‐Derivate
Authors: Grewe Rudolf , Bokranz Arthur , Herberg Hans‐Werner
Published: May 2007

Die primäre Oxygruppe des Chinaalkohols läßt sich über den Tosylester gegen eine primäre Aminogruppe austauschen. Das gebildete Chino‐methylamin (X) gibt mit Salpetriger Säure unter Ringerweiterung das optisch aktive 3.4.5‐Trioxy‐cycloheptanon XII bzw. XIII.
Konstitution und Lichtabsorption, VIII. Mitteil.: Darstellung und Lichtabsorption von Dimethyl‐polyenen
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Mannhardt Heinz‐Jürgen
Published: May 2007

Es werden Synthesen von Dimethyl‐polyenen mit 8, 9 und 10 konjugierten Doppelbindungen beschrieben. Die spektralen Verhältnisse werden diskutiert.