bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the use Baby Walkers on Toddler Locomotor Skills in Singapore
Authors: TAN Jernice Sing Yee , NONIS Karen P.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Many studies have associated the use of baby walkers with rudimentary movement delays while studies on its influence on fundamental motor skills are limited. This study investigated the fundamental locomotor skills of 14 baby walker users (BWU, M Age = 49 months) with the Test of Gross Motor Development-2 (TGMD-2, Ulrich, 2000). The results showed significant differences in running and sliding. Further, that delayed rudimentary motor skills associated with the use of baby walkers do not continue into fundamental movement phase.
許多報吿顯示曾使用嬰見學走路扶車會影響下肢大肌肉運動能力。但針對兒童成長階段的資料卻有限。本報吿選用了第二代大肌肉運動能力測試工具(TGMD-2)探討十四位曾使用嬰兒學走路扶車的兒童(約4歲)。研究發現曾使用嬰兒學走路扶車的兒童在跑步和滑走有明顯的差異。但卻對他們的整體下肢大肌肉運動能力沒影響。這顯示曾使用嬰兒學走路扶車對大肌肉運動能力的負面影響不會連續到兒童成長階段。
Effects of Middle School Physical Education Curriculum on Student Attitudes
Authors: David BARNEY David , Joe DEUTSCH Joe
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

Middle school physical education can serve as an important tool in shaping students opinions and behaviors regarding lifelong physical activity. The curriculum in middle school physical education is one component that can positively or negatively affect a students’ attitude toward physical activity throughout their life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the middle school physical education curriculum and its effect on middle school students' attitudes and perceptions towards their physical education class. It was found that middle school students do like the curriculum they participate in, mainly consisting of team sports.

中學體育在塑造學生的觀點和行為，可能擔當一個關於終身體育活動的重要工具。中學體育課程能夠正面地或間接地影響學生對體育活動的態度，以及他們日常生活行為的一個組分。本項研究的目的將調查中學體育課程及它的作用，如何影響中學生的日常行為及對體育的態度。結果中學生整體上喜歡體育課程，尤其是隊際體育項目。
Body Fat and Somatotype among Malaysian School Netball Players by Playing Performance
Authors: SOH K. G. , SOH K. L. , O. F. Mohd Sofian , ONG S. L. , O. O.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This research was to detennine the anthropometric profile among Under-18 year old Malaysian School Sports Council (MSSM) netball players. The anthropometric measures taken were height, body mass, body fat, and somatotype. It also investigated the differences in the anthropometric profile by playing performance. The subjects were all the 150 netball players who represented their states in the Under-18 MSSM Netball Competition in 2006・ They were divided into three categories by their playing performance - good, medium and fair. The body fat was measured using the skinfold method, and the somatotype using the Heath and Carter Somatotyping method. A significant difference was found in height by playing performance, with f-value of f(2, 147)=4.82, (p<.01). However, there were no significat differences in body mass, body fat and somatotype. The mean parameter values were height (164.79 ± 6.40 cm), body mass (58.76 ± 922 kg), body fat (1223+3.49%) and somatotype (3.29±0.99-3.52±1.48-2.69±1.18). The best players were the tallest, heaviest and had the highest body fat. They also had meso-endomorphic bodies while the lesser players were endo-mesomorphic.

此研究是測定馬來西亞體育學校理事會18歲以下投球球員的外型人體測量。人體測量度是以球員的高度、體質量、體脂和體型分類來判斷。藉此從表現狀況調查外型人體測量的差別。150名受試者都是代表各州參加2006年18歲以下馬來西亞體育學校理事會投球賽的球員，把她們的比賽表現分為三組--優良、中等和一般。研究運用測量皮膚表層的方法來固定體脂與Health-Carter人體測量方法測定體型調查。依據比賽的表現，發現球員的高度有顯著的差別(2, 147)=4.82, (p<.01)。可是，體質量、體脂和體型分類卻沒有明顯的差異。調查結果顯示各平均參數如下：高度(164.79 ± 6.40 cm)，體質量(58.76 ± 9.22 kg)，體脂(12.23±3.49%)和體型分類(3.29+0.99-3.52± 1.48-2.69± 1.18)。最優秀的球員身材較高大，擁有較高的體脂，她們多具有中胚層-內胚層體型而少數的球員是屬內胚層-中胚層體型。
Perceived Motivators and Constraints among Regular Players of Pick-Up Basketball Games
Authors: WANG Jianyu , LIU Wenhao , BIAN Wei , TAN Jiangong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
The purpose of this study was to examine perceived motivators and constraints among regular players of pick-up basketball games. Sixty-five basketball players were invited to participate in the study. The instrument assessing participants’ perceived motivators and constraints of participating in pick-up basketball games was adapted from the works on leisure motivators and constraints. Results indicated that the primary motivators for the players playing pick-up basketball games were having fun (77.9%), improving physical fitness (55.9%), becoming fit (52.9%), and improving basketball skills (41.2%). The major constraints the players perceived were lack of leisure time (55.9%), lack of basketball courts (45.6%), hard to find friends to play with (17.6%), and too much work (16.2%). The findings of the study may imply that in order to promote physical activity policy-makers should help create better physical environments such as the access to the basketball courts. Additionally, physical education professionals must help young people develop motor skills to enjoy the activity.
本文旨在揭示經常參加籃球運動群體的動機與障礙。六十五位經常參加籃球運動的人士應邀參加本研究。結果顯示經常參加籃球運動主要的動機包括有興趣(77。9%) 、提高體能(55。9%) 、改進健康 (52。1%) 、提高籃球技術 (41。2%) 。主要障礙包括缺少休閒時間(55。9%) 、缺乏場地 (45。6%) ，難以找到朋友一起參與 (17。6%) 、太多工作 (16。2%) 。本研究結果表明為了更好促進大眾體育鍛煉﹐決策者須考慮改善體育鍛煉的環境，同時體育專業人士應幫助青少年發展運動技能。
Comparison on the Effect of Doing Exercise, Listening to Music and Taking Quiet Rest on Mood Changes
Authors: TSANG Eric C.K.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study compared the effect of doing exercise, listening to music and taking quiet rest on mood changes. Three hundred and thirty seven secondary school students participated in this study. They were randomly assigned to three groups: (a) aerobic exercise group; (b) light instrumental music group; and (c) quiet rest group. All participants were administered with the Profile Of Mood State (POMS; Grove & Prapavessis, 1992) before and after the thirty minutes activity. It was found that both doing exercise and listening to music were effective in resulting a mood change by lowering the negative mood state. Participants after doing exercise reported a significant increase in positive mood. Conversely, participants after taking a quiet rest reported an increase in negative mood. It was concluded that doing exercise was most effective to achieve a positive mood change, yet, for those non-exercisers, listening to music could also induce positive psychological changes.

此研究是比較進行運動，聆聽音樂，及靜坐，對情緒的影響。三百三十七位参與測試的中學生，隨機分為三組，(a) 帶氧運動組，(b) 聆聽輕音樂組，及 (c)靜坐組。實驗進行三十分鐘，各参加者在實驗前及後都以Profile Of Mood State(POMS; Grove & Prapavessis, 1992) 作答，以探討他們的情緒變化；研究顯示進行運動及聆聽音樂，都能有效降低負面情緒，而進行運動者在正面情緒方面，更有明顯提升; 反而，靜坐組顯示在實驗後負面情緒有明顯上升，此研究作出結論，進行運動對改善情緒最為有效，但聆聽音樂對非運動愛好者，亦能改善心理狀况。
Survey Study of the Use of Nutritional Supplements in Taiwan Elite Athletes
Authors: CAI Zong Yan , HSU Ku Fu , LIN Yi An , HSU Cheng Chen , TSENG Yu Wa , SU Borcherng , HSU Mei Chich
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

The purpose of this study was to understand the current usage of nutritional supplements in Taiwan elite athletes. This study adopting purposive sampling, we surveyed 105 male and 80 female athletes across sports selected for doping control at the National Athletic Games during year 2007 in Taiwan to understand the athletes’ use of nutritional supplements 14 days prior to the games. Categories of nutritional supplements include vitamin/mineral supplements, amino acid supplements, instant energy supplements, healthcare foods, and drinks. The results indicated 88.1% of the athletes have used nutritional supplements. The usage rates for different categories of nutritional supplements were vitamin/mineral supplements (48.1%), drinks (45.9%), healthcare foods (39.5%), amino acid supplements (31.9%), and instant energy supplements (24.9%). Female athletes had a higher tendency to use vitamin/mineral supplements (55.0% vs. 42.9%) and healthcare foods (47.5% vs. 33.3%) compared to male athletes. Among the sports, weightlifters/bodybuilders and swimmers have all used nutritional supplements (100%), especially the use of creatine for the weightlifters/bodybuilders (69.7%) and multivitamin (76.2%) for the swimmers. In addition, the most consumed types in different categories of nutritional supplements were multivitamins (37.3%) for vitamin/ mineral supplements, creatine (26.5%) for amino acid supplements, chocolate (15.1%) for instant energy supplements, Cordymax Cs-4 Capsules (16.2%) for healthcare foods, and sports drinks (42.4%) for drinks. In conclusion, the results on the current use of nutritional supplements for Taiwan elite athletes could act as a reference to coaches, athletes and sports organizations.

本研究目的在於了解台灣優秀選手使用營養增補劑的現況。本研究採立意抽樣，我們調查了2007年全國運動會(全運會) 期間，105 名男性以及 80 名女性需接受運動禁藥抽檢之選手，以了解其比賽前14天使用營養增補劑的情形。營養增補劑種類包括：維生素/礦物質、胺基酸補給品、即時能量補給品、保健食品，以及飲料類。本研究結果顯示88.1%的運動員有使用營養增補劑。不同種類的營養增補劑中，選手使用率分別為維生素/礦物質 (48.1%)；飲料 (45.9%)；保健食品 (39.5%)；胺基酸補給品 (31.9%)；即時能量補給品 (24.9%)。相較於男性選手，女性選手在維生素/礦物質 (55.0% vs. 42.9%) 與保健食品 (47.5% vs. 33.3%) 的使用率有較高的趨勢。在所有的運動項目中，舉重/健美以及游泳選手營養增補劑的使用率為100%，特別是舉重/健美選手對肌酸 (69.7%)，以及游泳選手對綜合維生素 (76.2%)有較高的使用率。此外，不同種類的營養增補劑中，選手最常使用的分別為維生素/礦物質之綜合維生素 (37.3%)；胺基酸補給品之肌酸 (26.5%)；即時能量補給品之巧克力 (15.1%)；保健食品類之動能食物膠囊 (16.2%)；飲料類之運動飲料 (42.4%)。本研究對台灣優秀選手使用增補劑的現況之結果可作為教練、選手以及各級運動團體之參考。
Agility and Leg Power Comparison between University Indoor and Beach Volleyball Players
Authors: SOH Kim Geok , Yusof Aminuddin bin , SOH Kim Lam , Omar Fauzee Mohd. Sofian , MOH Hiong Kwong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.

This study sought to compare the agility and leg power between indoor and beach volleyball players in Malaysia, and to investigate the differences for the above variables within gender. The subjects were 25 Malaysian players (6 for beach volleyball and 19 for indoor volleyball) who represented Malaysia in the ASEAN University Games in August 2008 in Kuala Lumpur. The SEMO agility test and Vertical Jump test were used to measure agility and leg power, respectively. The data were analysed descriptively, and the T-test used to establish significant differences between the players. Overall, there was a significant difference in agility between the indoor and beach players (f=7.60, p<0.01), where the beach volleyball players were reported to be more agile. In addition, a significant difference was also reported for leg power between male indoor and beach volleyball players (f=1.47, p>0.24) – the beach players being stronger in term of leg power. There was a similar superiority in agility by the female beach players. The only superiority of the indoor over beach players was by the males in agility.

本研究旨在比較大學排球隊員，與沙灘排球員的身體靈敏度，以及腿部肌肉力量。邀請了25位代表馬來西亞出席世界大學生運動會的球員參與本研究，結果顯示：沙排球員的靈敏度整體較佳，男沙排球員的腿部爆發力則較強。
Differences in Race and Gender of 6th Grade Science Students' Endocrine System Test Scores
Authors: PEDESCLEAUX Jonell , MARTINEZ Wanda , TAN Jiangong , McClAIN Janet
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
This quantitative study measured endocrine system pre- and post-test scores of 77 sixth grade science students at a Midwestern middle school. Results indicated higher post-test science scores and differences in scores by race. It was concluded that middle school students differ in their level of understanding of life science information.
用定量研究的方法對美國中西部77名六年級科學科中學生的成績，進行先期測試和事後測試。測試結果顯示：事後測試的分值較高，而且種族之間分值差異較大。由此推斷，中學生在理解生命科學資訊水準上存有一定差異。
Physical Education under the New Curriculum Reform in Hong Kong: Current Political Situation of School Physical Education
Authors: SAM Ka Lam , CHU Steven Sing Wa , SMITH Andrew Ward
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.
Physical education in Hong Kong has gone through considerable changes over the past 50 years. Still, the pace and the status were relatively slower and lower compared with other subjects. The 1990s saw a gradual shift from sport-oriented to health-focused sports culture. This shift was chiefly highlighted when physical education became one of the eight key learning areas in the millennium year education reform. This article summarizes the major changes over the past 50 years of school physical education in Hong Kong, and anticipates the positioning of the future physical education.
香港的體育在過去的五十年經歷了相當大的變化。不過，變化的步伐相比其他科目還是較慢，其地位也相對較低。從九十年代的競技運動面向逐漸轉向較注重健康的體育文化。這種轉變，促使體育在千禧年的教育改革之中成為了八大學習領域之一。本文總結這五十年來的香港體育的轉變情況，並為體育教育的未來定位作一展望。
Development of Sports Science in China
Authors: FU Frank , YANG Xirang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Sports Science is a relatively new discipline which utilizes a multi-disciplinary approach to formulate its subject matter. Prior to 1949, the emphasis in the People's Republic of China (PRC) was more on the organization of sports e.g. in the organization of sports competitions and participation in the Olympics. The emphasis on producing world class athletes in the PRC has focused on the need to integrate the theories in sports science with the practical implications on the sports field. The paper intends to give a brief description of the development of sports science in the PRC during the past 40 years.
Exercise Training and Growth Hormone
Authors: LO Cho Yim
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The present paper attempts to discuss the relationship between the Growth Hormone and exercise intensity. Growth Hormone causes growth, enhances fat utilization and glycogen deposition, decreases use of glucose, etc. The high intensity training physical training may increase the release of Growth Hormone.本文章嘗試探討生長激素與運動訓練的關係。生長激素能促進人體生長、增加蛋白質的合成、和減低糖原的消耗。在高運動強度的訓練時，人體分泌生長激素會增加，此增長也有利蛋白質的合成。
A Nutrition Analysis of Barstow College Students in USA
Authors: JIANG Zhenying
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the intake of calories and nutrients in the daily diet of students enrolled at Barstow College. The present analysis indicates that the majority of Barstow College students (male and female) have insufficient intake of complex carbohydrates and fiber, and too much intake of sugar. Inadequate intake of vitamins and minerals is also a common problem facing most of the students.本文旨在分析美國加州巴士度大學學生進食的營養，調查結果顯示大部份男女生都普遍缺乏進食適量的碳水化合物及纖維質類食物，而偏向進食高糖份食物，導致出現缺乏足夠維他命和礦物質的情況。
Sport Management Competency: A Literature Review
Authors: LAM Toh Kian
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Every year, millions of dollars have been spent on a booming industry called sport. An increase in the demand for management personnel in the sport related settings is therefore foreseeable. However, research in sport management competency is still very scarce locally. This review not only aims at presenting some of the related findings but more importantly, tries to foment some interests in conducting this area of study locally.隨著運動事業的蓬勃發展，運動管理人員需求的增加也是必然的。然而在本地，有關運動管理技能的研究幾乎是少之又少；本文獻探討的目的不僅爲提供一些相關的研究結果而已，最重要的還是希望能夠喚起大家以本地爲對象，多多進行這方面的研究。
Important Developments of Leisure Education in American Public Schools: What Can We Learn From Them?
Authors: TOH Kian Lam
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.The notion of leisure education can trace its roots far back to Ancient Greece. The aim of leisure education is not to increase the number of subjects offered by the schools, but rather to infuse the values of leisure into the existing subjects. The objective is to guide the students in making good use of their leisure, which in fact is one of the secondary school curriculum aims. Besides presenting some of the important developments of leisure education in American public schools, this paper also highlights some of the reasons why leisure education fails in the United States. These problems are relevant to us especially if we want to make leisure education in Hong Kong a reality one day.休閒教育的起源可追溯到古希臘時代。休閒教育的目的不在於增加學校的科目，而是將休閒的價値溶入目前學校既有的科目中，引導學生善用閒暇時間，這也正是香港的教育目標之一。美國學校的休閒教育可說是失敗的。本文首先提出休閒教育在美國的一些重要發展，然後舉出一些造成他們失敗的可能原因，若是有朝一日休閒教育在本港萌芽，那麼我們就不得不重視這些我們也可能面對的問題。
Disabled Sports: Hong Kong & International Perspective
Authors: NG Patrick
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Disability covers a wide spectrum of groups including physical, visual, hearing, intellectual and psychiatric. In this article physical disability is the core for description. Disabled sports are therefore deliberated basing on the history and achievement of the Hong Kong Sports Association for the Physically Disabled (SAP) in the last 3 decades and the involvement and impact of international federations, namely the FESPIC (Far East & South Pacific) Federation and the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) on SAP.「傷殘人士」的含義很廣泛，包括體障、視障、失聰、智障、精神病患等。本文旨在探討傷殘人士體育運動的發展，並以香港傷殘人士體育協會過去三十年的歷史及成績為骨幹，展示遠南運動聯會及國際傷殘奧委會在其發展中的影響。
Perceptions of Recreation Quality in Hong Kong
Authors: DEGRAAF Don , CHAN Patrick P. C.
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.Due to the developed economics during the last few decades, increasing demand for leisure services in Hong Kong cannot be denied. The main purpose of this study was to understand the perceptions of quality on service providers from the respective participants. Six participating settings (two public, two non-profit and two commercial) were invited to participate in this study. A total of 350 respondents completed the SERQUAL instrument (either English or Chinese). The findings indicated that participants’ perception of the recreation quality (five dimensions - reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy and tangibles) in commercial setting was better than public or non-profit organization. It is important for us to identify a number of keys to pursue excellence and meet the changing needs.隨著過去數十年的經濟發展，香港人對於康體服務的素求亦不斷增加。本研究之主要目的是探討本地參加者對康體服務之印象。總共有六個機構(包括兩個公營、兩個非牟利及兩個商業被邀請參予這研究；總共有三百五十位參加者回應英文或中文版之SERQUAL問卷。研究結果顯示商業機構所提供之康體服務質素的評分較高，研究結果亦加深我們確定追求卓越之服務質素，與時並進之要素。
8th Busan FESPIC Games: The Preparation, Participation, Achievement and Evaluation of the Hong Kong, China Delegation
Authors: NG Patrick , WONG Alison , LUI Pega , LEE Karen , CHAN Phoebe , CHOW Anyetty
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in English; abstract also in Chinese.This paper outlines a brief history of the FESPIC (Far East & South Pacific) Games and Hong Kong's involvement since 1975. It does not only present a comprehensive report on the preparation, participation and achievement of the Hong Kong, China Delegation in the 8th Busan FESPIC Games, but also skeletons the important facets in writing a report on overseas competition. "Ecstasy and agony" of the delegation are also highlighted with conclusion and recommendations for reference in future Games.本文鈎劃遠東及南太洋區傷殘人士運動會(簡稱「遠南運動會」)簡史及香港自1975年起的積極參與。文中描述香港傷殘運動員代表隊如何準備第八屆遠南運動會、參賽情況、成績表現等。文章內容可用作撰寫參加海外賽事報吿佳模。代表隊的"喜與悲"在總結及建議欄內可窺全貎，並可作日後參賽備忘。
Interaction of the Governmental Structures, Local Self-government and the Population in the Context of a Pandemic
Authors:   Tikhoretsk branch  of the Kuban State University, Kuznetsova Irina Vasilyevna
Published: March 2021

Today, the COVID-19 pandemic is a challenge that will allow us to test how effective the system of state and municipal administration in Russia is, and whether it is able to ensure a full-fledged dialogue between local self-government, civil society and the state. The subject of the research is the peculiarities of interaction between state authorities, local self-government and the population in modern realities. The purpose of the paper is to determine the most efficient and prospective forms of interaction be-tween different levels of authorities with citizens, to promote methods of their updating. It is revealed that the redistribution of powers between state and municipal authorities is often not supported by ap-propriate resources. The analysis of statistics on citizens’ appeals in the municipality of Tikhoretsky district showed a change in the structure of prob-lems of interest to the population in 2019–2020, the development of interactive forms of interaction of the governmental structures. As a result, the authors propose ways to update the forms of interaction between public administration, local self-government and the population, in particular through the introduction of new communication channels, remote formats of work, the transition of municipal management from “administration” to “management”.
¿Indios amigos o pobladores criollos? Las solicitudes de tierras de los Maicá en Buenos Aires a principios de 1860s
Authors: Pedrotta Victoria , Lanteri Sol
Published: March 2021

Examinamos las solicitudes de tierras a título individual efectuadas por el cacique Juan Maicá, su hijo Mariano Maicá y su lenguaraz Antonio Medina durante 1861, en plena revisión liberal post-rosista hacia finales del período de enfrentamiento entre el Estado de Buenos Aires y la Confederación hasta 1862. Partimos de la importancia de considerar la relación entre armas, tierras y política en la frontera, especialmente en esta coyuntura bélica e institucional. Como intentaremos demostrar mediante el contraste de fuentes inéditas y editadas complementarias, el caso que analizamos de forma original permite destacar la capacidad de agencia indígena y el accionar de sus líderes étnicos en torno a la gestión de la tierra frente al Estado en construcción y la sociedad criolla, el conocimiento y la utilización de los marcos normativos en su provecho y el rol de intermediario del sargento Juan Cornell. Consideramos además algunos puntos en común con solicitudes indígenas de tierras en otros sectores de la frontera bonaerense.
Flexibilización y feminización de la mano de obra en la fase agraria de la citricultura de Uruguay
Authors: Cardeillac Gulla Joaquín , Krapovickas Julieta , Rodríguez Lezica Lorena , Migliaro González Alicia Isabel , Carámbula Pareja Matías
Published: March 2021

En Uruguay, desde comienzos del siglo XXI, junto al crecimiento de los complejos agroindustriales de exportación asistimos a cambios en la organización del trabajo y en las formas de contratación del personal. Este trabajo analiza, mediante datos provenientes de estadísticas oficiales, el incremento de la mano de obra femenina en la fase agraria de la citricultura, haciendo hincapié en los procesos de jornalerización. Por otro lado, mediante el uso de herramientas cualitativas, da cuenta del sentido otorgado por actores empresariales al proceso de feminización de la mano de obra e incremento de la intermediación laboral.
Update on Psi Chi's Response to COVID-19
Authors: Harris O'Brien Deborah , Zlokovich Martha S.
Published: March 2021

When Psi Chi Journal Editor Dr. Debi Brannan approached us with an invitation to write about Psi Chi’s response to the coronavirus pandemic, we were pleased to share with Journal readers. Just as the past 12 months have not been “business as usual” for any of our members, neither has it been for Psi Chi’s staff or Board of Directors. None of us expected to face a global pandemic, sudden massive economic stress, societal reckoning on racial justice, or political turmoil—much less all of these in the same year. Even so, the 14 staff members, nine Board members from universities across the United States, our Journal Editor and five associate editors, as well as committee chairs and members around the globe have worked tirelessly to support Psi Chi’s members in the moment, as well as to ensure the viability of our Society into the future.
Methodological problems in developing a unified theory of the firm
Authors: SUBTSEL'NAYA Tat'yana A.
Published: March 2021

Subject. The article addresses the transformations in the field of modern economic science. They have led to a number of changes in theoretical approaches to company analysis, which need to update the research methodology and revise the existing theories of the firm.
Objectives. The aim of the study is to identify and analyze methodological difficulties, preventing the formation of a single theory, on the basis of existing approaches to understanding the nature of the firm.
Methods. The study employs general scientific methods of cognition, like the inductive and deductive method, the method of scientific abstraction, methods of comparison and analogy, the historical method.
Results. The paper reviews and systematizes the main theories of the firm. The review demonstrates that the firm is a complex structure. It is difficult to perform a meaningful analysis within one theory.
Conclusions. The modern theories of the firm partly reflect the demands of the economic science and practice regarding the definition of the essence of the firm, its main objectives and social functions, however, there have been no trends in integrating the theories and creating a unified theory of the firm.
Improving the use of Instagram promotion tools as a way to solve small business problems
Authors: SOKOLENKO Yanina Yu.
Published: March 2021

Subject. Instagram is one of the most promising social platforms for business promotion. It enables to publish and consume visual content that is perceived faster than text by users, and, therefore, to use promotional tools as a solution to problems faced by small businesses.
Objectives. The study aims at comprehensive research on improving the use of Instagram promotion tools as a way to solve small business problems, and formulation of recommendations.
Methods. The study rests on methods of logical analysis, induction and deduction, comparison and generalization.
Results. I consider the features and benefits of using Instagram, the role of this social networking service from a commercial standpoint. The paper presents recommendations that can be used by small businesses for their promotion. Furthermore, it shows how to support the social network in the context of the pandemic, which provoked a crisis of small and medium-sized businesses.
Conclusions. The offered recommendations can be considered by small businesses as a practical application, which will eventually increase the efficiency of their activities.
التنبؤ بسرعة دوران النقود في العراق لغاية 2030 باستخدام نماذج ARIMA ))
Authors: Neema Sameer Fakhri , Salih Chnin M.
Published: March 2021

أن التغيرات في سرعة دوران النقود ذو اهمية كبيرة لصانع السياسة والقرارات الاقتصادية بغية بلوغ مستويات الدخل الملائمة ، ولكن التجارب التطبيقية تؤكد أن العلاقة بين الارصدة النقدية وتدفق الانفاق أو المدفوعات الكلية هي علاقة غير مستقرة عبر الزمن ، اذ أن التدفق الانفاقي يمكن له ان يتغير بشكل كبير مع بقاء عرض النقد دون تغيير ، وقد يحصل العكس ، لذلك استهدفت الدراسة التنبؤ بمسار سرعة دوران النقود لغاية عام 2030 وبأستخدم طريقة (ARIMA) في الاقتصاد العراقي ، وقد توصلت الدراسة الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات وكان اهمها عدم استقرارية سرعة دوران النقود تعود على ان تغيرات الانفاق الحكومي بسبب تغيرات الايرادات النفطية جعلت من عرض النقد متغير داخلي عبر الهيمنة النفطية – المالية على الاساس النقدي ، الامر الذي جعل من السلطات النقدية غير قادرة على تحديد مسار تغيرات سرعة دوران النقود بحدود معينة طيلة مدة البحث ، وأختتمت الدراسة بمجموعة من التوصيات كان أبرزها ولغرض التقدير الدقيق لمسار سرعة دوران النقود من قبل السلطات النقدية مراقبة سياسة التعقيم عند فائض الحساب الجاري ومتابعة عائد الاصدار النقدي عند عجز الحساب الجاري ، للحد من ضغوطات السياسة المالية تجاه البنك المركزي مما قد يفضي الى نتائج غير مرغوبة على صعيد رسم السياسة النقدية هذا فضلاً عن أن استقرار سرعة دوران النقود يعتبر ذو أهمية عند تقييم فاعلية أدوات السياسة النقدية لما لذلك الهدف من أهمية في بناء العلاقة السببية للعمق المالي في الناتج المحلي الاجمالي .
Necropolitical changes and repressive strategies on an Amazonian capitalistic frontier: Xambioá town, Tocantins, Brazil
Authors: De Abreu e Souza Rafael
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes material changes undergone by the town of Xambioá, Tocantins State, Northern Brazil in a time of State terrorism. It argues that such changes were the product of the necropolitical approach materialized by a repressive system implemented and guided by the Brazilian Dictatorship along the lines of doctrines of national security. It focuses on the interaction between the town and the actions of repression undertaken against an Amazonian armed movement, the 1970s Araguaia Guerrilla, by which the Communist Party of Brazil aimed to bring down the military through a massive peasant uprising. For this urban archaeology of State terrorism, this work uses remote sensing, spatial syntax, and urban morphology, unveiling the material ruptures and terrorscapes that made up a new ontology established in the Bico do Papagaio region to instil fear, in order to control and silence residents.
ADMINISTRATIVE DECISIONS WITH POTENTIAL LEGAL CONSEQUENCES AS OBJECT OF DISPUTE IN THE STATE ADMINISTRATIVE COURT
Authors: Putra Muhammad Amin
Published: March 2021

Since the enactment of Law No. 30 of 2014 concerning Government Administration, there have been many dynamics of changes in judicial practice in state administrative courts, especially in relation to the object of dispute. One of them is regarding Decisions with Potential Legal Consequences as regulated in Article 87 of the Government Administration Law. The problems that arise are related to the accountability of officials, and also to the declarative decisions and constitutive decisions that are regulated in Article 54 of the Government Administration Law. In this paper it is found that officials who issue declarative decisions are not necessarily free from administrative responsibility and the validity of their decisions is determined by the validity of constitutive decisions (as decisions that have the potential to have legal consequences) on which the declarative decisions are issued. This paper uses a normative-legal research method, namely using secondary data in the form of primary and secondary sources of law, both applicable laws and related literatures.
A family of norms with applications in quantum information theory
Authors: Johnston Nathaniel , Kribs David W.
Published: March 2021

We consider the problem of computing the family of operator norms recently introduced. We develop a family of semidefinite programs that can be used to exactly compute them in small dimensions and bound them in general. Some theoretical consequences follow from the duality theory of semidefinite programming, including a new constructive proof that for all r there are non-positive partial transpose Werner states that are r-undistillable. Several examples are considered via a MATLAB implementation of the semidefinite program, including the case of Werner states and randomly generated states via the Bures measure, and approximate distributions of the norms are provided. We extend these norms to arbitrary convex mapping cones and explore their implications with positive partial transpose states.
Bound on genuine multipartite correlations from the principle of information causality
Authors: Xiang Yang , Ren Wei
Published: March 2021

Quantum mechanics is not the unique no-signaling theory which is endowed with stronger-than-classical correlations, and there exists a broad class of no-signaling theories allowing even stronger-than-quantum correlations. The principle of information causality has been suggested to distinguish quantum theory from these nonphysical theories, together with an elegant information-theoretic proof of the quantum bound of two-particle correlations. In this work, we extend this to genuine $N$-particle correlations that cannot be reduced to mixtures of states in which a smaller number of particles are entangled. We first express Svetlichny's inequality in terms of multipartite no-signaling boxes, then prove that the strongest genuine multipartite correlations lead to the maximal violation of information causality. The maximal genuine multipartite correlations under the constraint of information causality is found to be equal to the quantum mechanical bound. This result consolidates information causality as a physical principle defining the possible correlations allowed by nature, and provides intriguing insights into the limits of genuine multipartite correlations in quantum theory.
Security analysis of the time-coding quantum key distribution protocols
Authors: Debuisschert Thierry , Fossier Simon
Published: March 2021

We report the security analysis of time-coding quantum key distribution protocols. The protocols make use of coherent single-photon pulses. The key is encoded in the photon time-detection. The use of coherent superposition of states allows to detect eavesdropping of the key. We give a mathematical model of a first protocol from which we derive a second, simpler, protocol. We derive the security analysis of both protocols and find that the secure rates can be similar to those obtained with the BB84 protocol. We then calculate the secure distance for those protocols over standard fibre links. When using low-noise superconducting single photon detectors, secure distances over 200 km can be foreseen. Finally, we analyse the consequences of photon-number splitting attacks when faint pulses are used instead of single photon pulses. A decoy states technique can be used to prevent such attacks.
Quantum adiabatic algorithms, small gaps, and different paths
Authors: Farhi Edward , Goldstone Jeffrey , Gosset David , Gutmann Sam , Meyer Harvey B. , Shor Peter
Published: March 2021

We construct a set of instances of 3SAT which are not solved efficiently using the simplest quantum adiabatic algorithm. These instances are obtained by picking random clauses all consistent with two disparate planted solutions and then penalizing one of them with a single additional clause. We argue that by randomly modifying the beginning Hamiltonian, one obtains (with substantial probability) an adiabatic path that removes this difficulty. This suggests that the quantum adiabatic algorithm should in general be run on each instance with many different random paths leading to the problem Hamiltonian. We do not know whether this trick will help for a random instance of 3SAT (as opposed to an instance from the particular set we consider), especially if the instance has an exponential number of disparate assignments that violate few clauses. We use a continuous imaginary time Quantum Monte Carlo algorithm in a novel way to numerically investigate the ground state as well as the first excited state of our system. Our arguments are supplemented by Quantum Monte Carlo data from simulations with up to 150 spins.
HQC with the AC setup associated with topological defects
Authors: Bakke Knut , Furtado Cláudio
Published: March 2021

In this work, we propose a new formulation allowing to realize the holonomic quantum computation with neutral particles with a permanent magnetic dipole moments interacting with an external electric field in the presence of a topological defect. We show that both the interaction of the electric field with the magnetic dipole moment and the presence of topological defect generate independent contributions to the geometric quantum phases which can be used to describe any arbitrary rotation on the magnetic dipole moment without using the adiabatic approximation.
Metrics on unitary matrices and their application to quantifying the degree of non-commutativity between unitary matrices
Authors: Chau H.F.
Published: March 2021

By studying the minimum resources required to perform a unitary transformation, families of metrics and pseudo-metrics on unitary matrices that are closely related to a recently reported quantum speed limit by the author are found. Interestingly, this family of metrics can be naturally converted into useful indicators of the degree of non-commutativity between two unitary matrices.
Recovery in quantum error correction for general noise without measurement
Authors: Li Chi-Kwong , Nakahara Mikio , Poon Yiu-Tung , Sze Nung-Sing , Tomita Hiroyuki
Published: March 2021

It is known that one can do quantum error correction without syndrome measurement, which is often done in operator quantum error correction (OQEC). However, the physical realization could be challenging, especially when the recovery process involves high-rank projection operators and a superoperator. We use operator theory to improve OQEC so that the implementation can always be done by unitary gates followed by a partial trace operation. Examples are given to show that our error correction scheme outperforms the existing ones in various scenarios.
Limitation for linear maps in a class for detection and quantification of bipartite nonclassical correlation
Authors: SaiToh Akira , Rahimi Roabeh , Nakahara Mikio
Published: March 2021

Eigenvalue-preserving-but-not-completely-eigenvalue-preserving (EnCE) maps were previously introduced for the purpose of detection and quantification of nonclassical correlation, employing the paradigm where nonvanishing quantum discord implies the existence of nonclassical correlation. It is known that only the matrix transposition is nontrivial among Hermiticity-preserving (HP) linear EnCE maps when we use the changes in the eigenvalues of a density matrix due to a partial map for the purpose. In this paper, we prove that this is true even among not-necessarily HP (nnHP) linear EnCE maps. The proof utilizes a conventional theorem on linear preservers. This result imposes a strong limitation on the linear maps and promotes the importance of nonlinear maps.
Non-demolition dispersive measurement of a superconducting qubit with a microstrip SQUID amplifier
Authors: Berman G.P. , Kamenev D.I. , Kinion D. , Tsifrinovich V.I.
Published: March 2021

We have studied the possibility of a single-shot non-demolition measurement of a superconducting qubit using a microstrip SQUID amplifier (MSA). The Johnson noise generated by all resistors in the MSA is taken into consideration. We show that a single-shot non-demolition measurement is possible with six photons in the measurement resonator.
Three-Dimensional Hydrazone-Functionalized Covalent Organic Frameworks as pH-Triggered Rotary Switches
Authors: Zhao Wenjuan , Yu Chengyang , Chen Fengqian , Guan Xinyu , Li Hui , Tang Bin , Valtchev Valentin , Yan Yushan , Qiu Shilun , Fang Qianrong
Published: March 2021

The property expansion of three-dimensional (3D) functionalized covalent organic frameworks (COFs) is important for developing their potential applications. Herein, we report the first case of 3D hydrazone-decorated COFs as pH-triggered molecular switches, and explore their application in the stimuli-responsive drug delivery system. These functionalized COFs with hydrazone groups on the channel walls were obtained via a multi-component bottom-up synthesis strategy. They exhibit a reversible E/Z isomerization at various pH values, confirmed by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and proton conduction. Remarkably, after loading cytarabine (Ara-C) as a model drug molecule, these pH-responsive COFs showed an excellent and intelligent sustained-release effect with an almost 4-fold increase in the Ara-C release at pH = 4.8 than at pH = 7.4, which will effectively improve drug-targeting and reduce drug side effects. Thus, these results open a way toward designing 3D stimuli-responsive functionalized COF materials and promote their potential application as drug carriers in the field of disease treatment.
Tailoring Conjugated Covalent Organic Frameworks in Lieb lattice towards Efficient Photocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Yu Hongde , Wang Dong
Published: March 2021

Photocatalytic water splitting is a promising solution to sustainable hydrogen production. Recently, conjugated covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with highly designable skeleton and inherent pores have emerged as promising photocatalysts for water splitting. However, structure-property relationships in COFs have not been established and the rational design of COFs with suitable electronic properties and chemical structures for water splitting is challenging. In this work, we proposed a facile strategy that is based on tailoring donor (D) and acceptor (A) building blocks of COFs in Lieb lattice, to achieve visible light absorption, prompt exciton dissociation, and metal-free hydrogen evolution. We constructed eight fully conjugated D-A COFs with a pyrene donor node and different acceptor edges linked by C=C and demonstrated that as compared to the D-D COF, D-A design not only shifted optical absorption to the visible and near-infrared region, but also modified band alignment to trigger overall water splitting. Moreover, the charge-transfer excitation in D-A COFs produced space-separated electrons and holes, and the exciton binding energy was substantially reduced due to increased dielectric screening in D-A COFs. Further, we found that the overpotential for hydrogen evolution reaction was suppressed by introducing hydrogen bond interactions in the hydrogen adsorption intermediate to enable metal-free catalysis. Finally, we attained five D-A COFs capable of visible-light-driven hydrogen production in neutral solution without the load of metal co-catalysts. These findings highlight a new route to design COF-photocatalysts and offer tremendous opportunities for regulating COFs towards efficient photocatalytic water splitting and other chemical transformations.
Through-Space Electronic Conjugation Enhances Co-Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 to CO by a Molecular Cr Complex
Authors: Hooe Shelby L. , Moreno Juan , Reid Amelia , Cook Emma , Machan Charles
Published: March 2021

The electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 represents an appealing method for converting renewable energy sources into value-added chemical feedstocks. Here, we report a co-electrocatalytic system for the reduction of CO2 to CO comprised of a molecular Cr complex, Cr(tbudhbpy)Cl(H2O) 1, where 6,6′-di(3,5-di-tert-butyl- 2-phenolate)-2,2′-bipyridine = [tbudhbpy]2- and dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide (DBTD) as a redox mediator which achieves high activity (1.51-2.84 x 105 s–1) and quantitative selectivity. Under aprotic or protic conditions, DBTD produces a co-electrocatalytic response with 1 by coordinating trans to the site of CO2 binding and mediating electron transfer from the electrode with quantitative efficiency for CO. This assembly is in part reliant on through-space electronic conjugation between the π frameworks of DBTD and the bpy fragment of the catalyst ligand, with important contributions from dispersion interactions and weak sulfone coordination to Cr. Experimental and computational results suggest that this interaction stabilizes a key intermediate in a new aprotic catalytic pathway and lowers the rate-determining transition state under protic conditions. To the best of our knowledge through-space electronic conjugation has not been explored in molecular electrocatalytic systems.
The Effectiveness Of Murottal Al-Qur'an Therapy And Virtual Reality To Reduce Pain Intensity In Post Operating Patients
Authors: Fadholi Kirnawan , Mustofa Akhmad
Published: March 2021

Pain management in postoperative patients so far in the Shofa Room of PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital in Temanggung is still limited to pharmacotherapy in the form of 1 gram injection metamizole or 30mg ketorolac injection and the provision of deep breath therapy. Giving this therapy is not optimal in dealing with patient pain. Therefore other therapies need to be given for example non-pharmacology, one of them is a combination of murottal Al-Qur'an therapy and virtual reality when the pharmacotherapy reaction is finished and the complementary therapy has never been done in the room. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a combination of Murottal Al-Qur'an therapy and virtual reality on pain intensity in postoperative patients. The research design used in this study was quasi-experimental with a pre-posttest with a control group design approach. The subjects of this study were 32 post-operative patients at PKU Muhammadiyah Temanggung Hospital. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The instrument used in obtaining data is the Numeric Rating Scale. The results showed that: 1) there were differences in the average pretest and posttest intensity of postoperative pain in the intervention group with a p-value of 0,000; 2) there is a difference in the average pretest and posttest intensity of postoperative pain in the control group with a p-value of 0.003; and 3) there is a significant difference in the decrease in intensity of postoperative pain in the intervention group and the control group with a p-value of 0.009 where the experimental group showed a decrease in intensity more effectively than the control group. The results of this study indicate that the combination of Murottal Al-Qur'an therapy and virtual reality is effective in reducing pain intensity in postoperative patients.
THE QUALITY OF THE INFORMATION FIELD OF DOCTORS AS A CONDITION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THEIR DECISIONS
Authors: A.S Nerobeev , O.V. Brovtsev , E.A. Abrosimov
Published: March 2021

A multicenter study was conducted on the basis of medi-cal organizations in the Ivanovsk and Vladimir regions in order to study the quality of the information field of doc-tors of different specialities and assess its impact on the effectiveness of medical decisions. 400 cases of care were studied and a survey of 400 doctors was conducted. The study showed that the narrowing of the professional in-formation field of most doctors (78,0%) and the low dy-namics of its expansion. The low quality of the infor-mation field of doctors is noteworthy - its limitation is mainly regulatory sources and low innovation compo-nent. This makes it necessary, in the context of the in-creasing volume of information flows, the training of in-formation assistants of doctors - "information managers."
Hidden Strength in Historic Buildings
Authors: Friedman Donald , Abdelfatah Mona
Published: March 2021

Most historic buildings include structural materials and systems that are in some way obsolete. This can range from materials no longer available (ﬁrst-growth >mber) to those no longer considered safe in modern codes for new use (cast-iron columns). There is a large class of buildings that contain systems that are no longer used but are safe in use; because these systems are not used in new buildings, they are not discussed in current code.

This paper reviews three obsolete structural systems that have a history of good performance and that have more capacity than ordinary modern analysis would suggest. First, terra-coDa >le arch ﬂoors are known to be strong themselves for their expected (gravity) loading, but can also, through pseudo-composite ac>on, strengthen the wrought-iron or steel beams suppor>ng them. Second, draped-mesh (catenary) ﬂoors have a load capacity deﬁned by their reinforcing, but have shown to be s>ﬀer than expected because of mul>ple load paths within the slabs. Finally, the heavy masonry curtain walls typical used with steel-frame buildings before 1920 provide alternate load paths, addi>onal s>ﬀness, and addi>onal capacity for lateral loads. The presence of these systems can mean that historic buildings are stronger than we think.