bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Management Controversy at Point Reyes
Authors: Watt Laura Alice , Lowenthal David
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter presents the case study of the Point Reyes National Seashore (PRNS), which was embroiled in a controversy in 2012. The issue was not the usual industry-versus-nature debate: on the one hand, national environmental organizations sought official designation of a marine wilderness; on the other, oyster farm operators and local foods advocates insisted that their historic operation was doing no harm and should be allowed to continue. This case example reveals a great deal about parks management in the United States. As the chapter shows, such controversies highlight much larger questions about what parks are for, what they are meant to protect and provide to the public, and how to make choices between competing uses or management priorities for park resources.
Parks as (Potential) Wilderness
Authors: Watt Laura Alice , Lowenthal David
Published: September 2017

This chapter recounts the application of wilderness ideals to the Point Reyes landscape in the 1970s, which further defined the landscape and exacerbated the tension between preservation and use at the Seashore. The first is an August 1976 resolution identifying Point Reyes as a possible location for reintroduction of tule elk. It was then followed by the designation of a wilderness area across roughly one-third of the peninsula. These two pieces of legislation emphasizing the wild characteristics of Point Reyes were soon followed by a third congressional act, in 1978, creating a leasing mechanism for the working ranches to continue operating past the original terms of their reservations of use. Together, these three laws framed PRNS as a landscape where Congress had given deliberate sanction to both its wilder aspects and the continuity of agriculture.
Remaking the Landscape
Authors: Watt Laura Alice , Lowenthal David
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows how, in the early years of the seashore, the NPS failed to recognize, let alone maintain, many historic buildings and culturally important sites, reflecting broader national trends at the time concerning what “counts” as worth preserving. Since the Seashore's beginnings, roughly half of its built landscape has been demolished by the NPS, and even as a wider array of structures and categories of significance gradually gained importance with the preservation movement, the continuity of historic uses of the land is still often overlooked or downplayed. Through policy decisions, management choices, and the slow but steady attrition of ranchers, the working landscape has diminished over time, from twenty-five operating ranches on the Point at the time of park's establishment, to only eleven now—and, perhaps most importantly, with decreasing local input into management.
Reassertion of the Park Ideal
Authors: Watt Laura Alice , Lowenthal David
Published: September 2017

This chapter chronicles how the PRNS has continued to steer management toward the national park ideal of scenic wild-yet-managed nature, despite giving more attention to cultural resources, as well as making official statements about the value of the area's ranching history. This can particularly be seen playing out in the Seashore's natural resource projects and plans since 1995. Moreover, these efforts to create a more wild and natural landscape have often come at the expense of the working ranches. This trend is most clearly reflected in the reintroduction of tule elk to Point Reyes, which have spread onto the pastoral zone and are now threatening the long-term viability of several historic ranches. The NPS's lack of action to counter the effects of free-ranging elk on ranch operations seems based in idealizations of both wilderness and wild animals as requiring hands-off management.
Epilogue
Authors: Watt Laura Alice , Lowenthal David
Published: September 2017

This epilogue tracks the more recent developments in the land use versus land preservation debate, including further controversies surrounding Point Reyes. A new lawsuit was filed against the NPS in Point Reyes, with demands that the ongoing ranch management planning process be suspended until the thirty-six-year-old PRNS General Management Plan can finally be updated with studies of the environmental impacts of grazing. Elsewhere in the United States, the chapter covers the aftermath of an armed standoff at Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. However, the chapter goes on to outline more hopeful changes across the country, such as the fact that more and more people are beginning to compromise on “what a park is for.”
From 1989, or European Music and the Modernist Unconscious
Authors: Brodsky Seth
Published: September 2017

What happened to musical modernism? When did it end? Did it end? This unorthodox Lacanian account of European New Music focuses on the unlikely year 1989, when New Music hardly takes center stage. Instead one finds Rostropovich playing Bach at Checkpoint Charlie; or Bernstein changing “Joy” to “Freedom” in Beethoven's Ninth; or David Hasselhoff lip-synching “Looking for Freedom” to thousands on New Year's Eve. But if such spectacles claim to master their historical moment, New Music unconsciously takes the role of analyst. In so doing, it restages earlier scenes of modernism. As world politics witnesses a turning away from the possibility of revolution, musical modernism revolves in place, performing century-old tasks of losing, failing, and beginning again, in preparation for a revolution to come.
Introduction
Authors: Brodsky Seth
Published: September 2017

As the title suggests, this is book about a year; about European music; about psychoanalysis; and about modernism. This introductory chapter discusses each of these themes in turn. It also explains Lacan notion of automaton as a companion of what he called tyche. Both are derived from the Aristotelian formulation of cause, and serve as causality's formal remainders. If automaton involves a “spontaneous” repetition of the signifier, something iterable, something that by definition can be repeated, tyche designates the “chance” repetition of what cannot be repeated: something that lies “beyond the automaton.” An overview of the three parts of the book and its chapters are also provided.
Drei Phantasiestücke (1)
Authors: Brodsky Seth
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers three of 1989's most spectacular musical scenes. These are also, arguably, three of its most fantastical and ideologically freighted: Leonard Bernstein's doctored performance of Beethoven's Ninth on Christmas Day (Freude replaced with Freiheit), Mstislav Rostropovich's impromptu recital of Johann Sebastian Bach at a newly opened Checkpoint Charlie in November, and David Hasselhoff's sublimely goofy lip-sync of his hit song “Looking for Freedom” from a crane at the Brandenburg Gate on New Year's Eve. These performances can be used to construct and analyze some of the historical moment's more robust cultural fantasies as they implicate music. Fantasy is also their often elusive common ground.
Drei Phantasiestücke (2)
Authors: Brodsky Seth
Published: September 2017

This chapter returns to the three of musical scenes discussed in Chapter 1 and asks what happens if these three liberation scenes at the Wall are read anamorphically? If we angle their transgressive foreground to reveal the constructedness of the “scenic armature” against which they unfolded? For instance, the battered, palimpsest-ed patch of the Wall behind Rostropovich can be read not only as the panorama for his performance, but as a necessary antagonist. It is precisely the Wall, in all its candy-colored gimcrack vulgarity, that props up Bach the eternal. The relationship is perfectly reflexive: Bach and Wall are re-encoded as antagonists in the very execution of the scene itself.
Repetition (3)
Authors: Brodsky Seth
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the question of what the “analytic modernist” would look like. We might begin to answer on a formal level, deriving the schema itself by turning the master's discourse two clockwise quarter turns. The schema is suggestive: the modernist, as a split subject, and modernity as its Real object always about to be, are transposed from the unconscious “into the open.” Modernity retains its status as a Real object, and also as the surplus precipitated by an aesthetic knowledge and know-how inscribed in the symbolic other. Hence, modernity remains the tychic left over constantly being reproduced by the symbolic's automaton, its signifying insistence. However, this model misses two essential characteristics. The first involves the constitutional desire of our mythical modernist: to be the analyst, to assume a position of agency in the analytic endeavor. The second missed characteristic is the status of modernity.
Music & New Music (2)
Authors: Brodsky Seth
Published: September 2017

This chapter returns to the book's own present, but drags fi-de-siècle Vienna with it, exploring a network of “Mahler pieces” from 1989. The network emerges partly out of unrelated, stylistically disparate works, some of which explicitly cite or allude to the composer, others of which stage Mahlerian scenes or tropes. But the bulk of the network is the result of deliberate effort—European cultural institutions commissioning composers to fantasize on their behalf, to produce collective scenes in which “Mahler” serves as a musical representative of “Europe.” Unsurprisingly, the composers respond in the negative—not with scenes, but with their dismantling; not with representations, but their travesty, ruin, or residue. The remainder of the chapter stumbles into the book's central repression: the presence of Theodor Adorno, whose 1960 monograph on Mahler is taken as an uncanny guide to these later works. The book ends with an extended consideration of Adorno's place in a Lacanian account of European musical modernism.
The Letter Collection of the Emperor Julian
Authors: Elm Susanna
Published: September 2017

The letters of the emperor Julian have received surprisingly little scholarly attention in their own right, given that this is one of the, if not the most comprehensive extant collection of letters by a ruling Roman emperor. His original collection may have been made by Libanius, among others, but it has undergone significant reshaping at the hands of modern critical editors, for whom issues of authenticity and biography played a prominent role in their presentation of the collection. Libanius suggests that publishing Julian’s letters shortly after his demise may not have been a wise move, and yet they did enjoy a wide circulation.
The Letter Collection of Gregory of Nazianzus
Authors: Storin Bradley K.
Published: September 2017

In Ep. 53, Gregory notes that the purpose of his self-made epistolary collection is to aid his grandnephew Nicobulus in pursuing eloquence. In Ep. 52, he describes the collection as consisting of Basil’s letters followed by his own. By keeping these two insights at the forefront, we can posit estimations at the original contents of the collection and then account for why Gregory developed this collection. In short, the collection highlights Gregory’s mastery of paideia and his authority within elite culture while allowing this grandnephew to participate in that culture by association with him. This chapter will attend to the collection’s organizational logic, the social situation that it addresses, and the way that critical editions of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries have distorted both.
The Letter Collection of Synesius of Cyrene
Authors: Rivera David Maldonado
Published: September 2017

With its 156 letters Synesius’s collection is modest in size when compared with other late antique collections, and there is no doubt that the extant letters are only a fraction of the letters that Synesius wrote in the course of his lifetime. As usual, the letters are not ordered chronologically, but key proposographical dossiers are easily identified. Among the forty recipients addressed in the collection, pride of place goes to Synesius’s brother Evoptius, who received a total of forty-one. An anonymous compiler – perhaps his brother Evoptius or another figure close to Synesius – seems to have organized and published Synesius’s letters along with his other works during the second half of the fifth century or early in the sixth century. The traditional stance on Synesius’s epistolary collection characterizes it as a chaotic assemblage, but the existence of thematic currents such as legal concerns, the responsibilities of the nobility, and epistolary style) can be traced.
The Letter Collection of Augustine of Hippo
Authors: Ebbeler Jennifer V.
Published: September 2017

Augustine may have acted as epistolographer-collector by beginning the process of publishing letters, or there is evidence that he kept his archives under tight control. It is, however, clear that an editor-collector—perhaps Possidius or some other admirer—exerted influence over the shape of the collection by formalizing a relatively small collection of Augustine’s letters that would circulate widely in the sixth-century. Later editors had more to add. Medieval scribes, early modern philologists, and modern scholars all discovered and continue to discover new Augustinian letters that get added to an ever-developing collection. The development of Augustine’s collection was —and continued to be into the twentieth century— a gradual process of accretion.
The Letter Collection of Paulinus of Nola
Authors: Trout Dennis
Published: September 2017

Unlike many of his contemporaries, Paulinus made no effort to copy, edit, and organize his much-admired letters, but, at some point, readers and admirers began to build collections of his letters. Unfortunately, the late antique steps that led to the creation of the medieval representatives of this process cannot be retrieved, but, by all indications, late antique and early medieval collectors had organized Paulinus’s letters according to recipient. The current standard edition of Paulinus’s letters, however, divide his works between those written in prose and those composed in verse. The labeling of the two standard volumes of Paulinus’s opera as epistulae and carmina is clearly problematic, and the very fact that Paulinus’s ideas and themes habitually disregard the boundary between verse and prose poses serious challenges to the conceptual division implied by any such taxonomy.
The Letter Collection of Avitus of Vienne
Authors: Mccarthy Brendan
Published: September 2017

Avitus of Vienne was one of the leading Gallo-Roman aristocrats in the Burgundian kingdom and his letter collection reflects a network of correspondents that included Gallic bishops, Burgundian kings, and the Eastern Roman emperor. Avitus’s collection survives in only 3 manuscripts, but it works effectively to portray him as a learned inheritor of the classical literary traditions of the past and a mediator between the Roman past and the Burgundian present.
Papal Letters and Letter Collections
Authors: Neil Bronwen
Published: September 2017

Several significant papal letter collections have been preserved from Late Antiquity: the largest are those of Popes Leo I and Gregory I, but other, lesser-known yet sizeable collections have survived from Innocent I, Gelasius I, and Pelagius I. This chapter will analyze the common themes of these collections; the ways in which the authors and collators sought to enhance the bishop of Rome's authority; the rationale(s) behind selection processes, and changing preservation practices in the Roman scrinium from the fourth to sixth centuries.
Introduction
Authors: Simmons Lizbet
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter begins with a description of the new public school at the Orleans Parish Prison, opened by the criminal sheriff in New Orleans, Louisiana, in 2002. Dubbed by locals as “the Prison School”, the school enrolled a group of African American boys who had previously been removed from regular public schools, most for nonviolent disciplinary offenses. The students were taught by inexperienced and uncredentialed teachers, and were surveilled and disciplined by the sheriff's deputies. The chapter then sets out the book's purpose, which is to examine the educational and correctional experiences of locals who protested the establishment of the school, as well as the experiences of two Prison School students. At the core of this book is an overarching concern about the ways in which urban youths are burdened by the long arm of the criminal justice system.
Public Schools in a Punitive Era
Authors: Simmons Lizbet
Published: September 2017

This chapter first charts the complex dynamics that have pushed students from school and pulled them toward the criminal justice system, setting up the terms of a black prison diaspora that are maintained throughout the book. It then argues that harsh school disciplinary policies, emerging from the punishing culture of the War on Crime era, curtail youth academic achievement and accelerate incarceration risk in the African American community. It describes how the concentrated effect of punishment has a destabilizing effect on the African American community and the American democratic project as a whole, while benefiting larger social, political, and economic strategies in a neoliberal and postindustrial context.
The “At-Risk Youth Industry”
Authors: Simmons Lizbet
Published: September 2017

This chapter explains how and why public schools and prisons have collaborated in the War on Crime era. It shows that the punitive shift in education catalyzes youth correctional vulnerability while serving larger social and political needs. Specifically, it documents the powerful influences of market forces in shaping school security expansion and what has been called the “at-risk youth industry.” As public schools have employed a correctional approach to education, they have established students' initial approach to correctional custody. In demonstrating how youths experience punitive schooling within the correctional spectrum of the at-risk youth industry, nationally and in New Orleans, the chapter revisits and revises current theories of the school-to-prison pipeline.
Movies and Memorials
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

This chapter defines the serious Hollywood war film of the post-Vietnam era within industry, genre, visual style, and reception history. These movies engage seriously with historical fact from the point of view of the individual soldier and veteran and reflect their makers’ sense of moral urgency. Several of these films have sparked larger national conversations about specific American wars. The various discourses and practices of authenticity undergirding these films are discussed. The capacity of young men to read ostensibly anti-war films as celebrations of war is noted. The four overlapping cycles of serious war film production after Vietnam are outlined: films about Vietnam made between 1978 and 1989, four films about US military involvements in the Middle East in the 1990s, the long-lived World War II cycle begun in the late 1990s, and the twenty-first-century cycle of combat films about ongoing American wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Soundtracks and Scores
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the large-scale narrative and musical patterns of serious Hollywood combat films made after Vietnam. Two larger narrative shapes are identified: two-part forms (such as training camp followed by battlefield) and alternating action-reflection forms. Then, the overall shape and content of combat film musical scores are described in a comparative context. Four strategies for the use of music in war films are described: films with very little music of any sort, films which alternate between scored and unscored scenes (Saving Private Ryan), music-laden films with music noticeably present much of the time (Born on the Fourth of July), and films with almost continuous music. The frequently blurry distinctions between sound effects and music, the role of popular music (Full Metal Jacket), the importance of diegetic silence, the ambiguous authorship of some film scores (Apocalypse Now, The Hurt Locker), and the shifting nature of the soundtrack mix are also considered.
Soldiers’ Talk
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

Serious Hollywood war films moderate the dialogue norms of the action/adventure genre, opting for a reserved sort of male speech that is moderate in tone and delivery. Aggressive talk is typically used as an element of contrast to suggest characters are inexperienced, undisciplined, untrustworthy, or overaggressive. The masculinity of American soldiers in these films is thereby shaped for a mixed gender and generational audience, as evidenced by comparison of films with their sources and draft scripts. The foul-mouthed and confrontational drill instructor (especially in Full Metal Jacket) stands outside this norm. War film dialogue regularly draws from authentic military speech. Poems (“The Rifleman’s Creed) and sayings (the Vietnam expressions “don’t mean nothin’” and “sorry ’bout that”) resound across the genre, connecting these films to each other and to actual military culture. Some such sayings also function as refrains within given films (the African American soldiers who dap each other in Hamburger Hill).
Unmetered
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

Post-Vietnam Hollywood combat filmmakers set aside the most common musical trope of earlier war movies: the military march. Instead, new musical tropes were developed, initially in the 1980s Vietnam cycle. A particularly unstable musical register, here called veil music, uses musical texture rather than melody or meter to expresses a range of equivocal combat states, most related to the foreignness of the battlefield for the American soldiers at the center of these films. In the Vietnam cycle, veil music is connected to moments of moral liminality, when surprising acts of violence might be done. Examples from Platoon and Full Metal Jacket are discussed. Veil music in war films set in the Middle East often characterize the Arab other by way of untranslated singing voices, putting exotic musical tropes to rather generalized uses characterizing the foreign other. Examples from The Hurt Locker, Black Hawk Down, and Three Kings are analyzed.
Metered
Authors: Decker Todd
Published: September 2017

Having set aside the military march, serious post-Vietnam war films have explored other strongly metrical musics. Three World War II films have turned to triple-meter, or waltz-time, themes. Band of Brothers and Flags of Our Fathers alike use tuneful waltz-time music to support a sentimental transgenerational agenda linking fathers and sons. The Thin Red Line supports the philosophical ruminations of soldiers with a group of triple-meter melodies that create a zone of quiet reflection. Twenty-first-century war films use beat-driven music to excite the audience physically and also to characterize new sorts of soldierly action—such as work at a computer—as exciting combat action. Beat-driven combat film scores for Black Hawk Down, United 93, and Green Zone are compared. Finally, an extended combat sequence from The Thin Red Line scored to a stately ostinato musical cue is considered as an extreme case of music taking the place of diegetic sound.
Music after the Fall
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2017

By the start of the 21st century many of the foundations of postwar culture had disappeared: Europe had been rebuilt and, as the EU, had become one of the world’s largest economies; the United States’ claim to global dominance was threatened; and the postwar social democratic consensus was being replaced by market-led neoliberalism. Most importantly of all, the Cold War was over, and the World Wide Web had been born. Music After The Fall considers contemporary musical composition against this changed backdrop, placing it in the context of globalization, digitization, and new media. Drawing on theories from the other arts, in particular art and architecture, it expands the definition of Western art music to include forms of composition, experimental music, sound art, and crossover work from across the spectrum, inside and beyond the concert hall. Each chapter considers a wide range of composers, performers, works, and institutions are considered critically to build up a broad and rich picture of the new music ecosystem, from North American string quartets to Lebanese improvisers, from South American electroacoustic studios to pianos in the Australian outback. A new approach to the study of contemporary music is developed that relies less on taxonomies of style and technique, and more on the comparison of different responses to common themes, among them permission, fluidity, excess, and loss.
Mobility
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2017

Globalization has increased opportunities for international exchange and cooperation, as well as exploitation and conflict. This chapter approaches the contemporary music ecosystem through the concept of mobility–of ideas, sounds, and musicians–around the world. It considers cultural hybridity as exemplified by the Silk Road Ensemble, transnational embodiment in composer-performers from Tarek Atoui to Pamela Z, the role of institutions and funding bodies in shaping global flows, the meaning of Western music outside the West, networked music created for the Internet, and varieties of cultural opacity and relatedness expressed in music by Liza Lim and Michael Finnissy.
Recovery
Authors: Rutherford-Johnson Tim
Published: September 2017

Beginning with the historical rupture created by the fall of the Berlin Wall, this chapter considers the presence of the past in contemporary music. Looking first at the situation of composers in the recently erased GDR, it moves outwards to consider modes of nostalgia, reflection, and defiance in music from across the former Soviet Union, and then modes of musical restoration and recomposition in music from Thomas Adès to Isabel Mundry, and finally in forms of postproduction in music by Bernhard Lang and others. Considering, last of all, two major works by Chaya Czernowin the chapter concludes with a summation of the whole book within a theory of afterness; that is, a reconsideration of figure and ground as sequential, rather than simultaneous.
Fitting In or Fabulously Smart?
Authors: Pomerantz Shauna , Raby Rebecca
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we explore tensions in smart girls’ lives by focusing on how girls and boys negotiate gender and peer culture. While girls are deemed to be the new dominant sex in education and beyond, we offer stories that illustrate the strategies girls used in order to negotiate their smart identities. We explore the challenges of a smart girl identity in relation to popularity, sexual desirability, fitting in, and standing out. We also explore the strategic negotiations of girls in contrast to boys, who used different tactics to manage their academic success.
Sexism and the Smart Girl
Authors: Pomerantz Shauna , Raby Rebecca
Published: September 2017

In this chapter, we explore the tension between girls’ assumptions of gender equality and the sexism they (or we) identified. When girls did not see sexism in their lives, it sometimes created tensions, which were in turn interpreted as personal problems that they needed to solve alone. We also juxtapose the stories girls told about their perceptions of gender dynamics in the school to those of boys, who offered a very different perspective. While girls often felt that boys were favored by teachers – allowed to joke around, play the class clown, and derail lessons on a dime – many boys expressed feelings of gender discrimination around assumptions that they were automatic troublemakers.
A Deeper Look at Class and “Race”
Authors: Pomerantz Shauna , Raby Rebecca
Published: September 2017

In Chapter Five we focus on other contextualizing features of smart girls’ lives: intersections of class and ‘race’. Class emerged as a powerful force. On the one hand, it was a source of advantage and judgment between students, and thus a tool that some girls used to bolster their privilege and exclude others. But on the other hand, the deep effects of class were also something that was hidden and simplified. Similarly, ‘race’ emerged as a central feature in definitions of academic success, particularly in relation to the stereotype of the ‘smart Asian’. The girls in our study with Asian backgrounds lamented their pigeonholing as automatically good at math and laughed off these racist stereotypes as “just joking around,” yet such assumptions reproduce a narrow idea that being too smart is not only anti-social, but also the mark of a cultural outsider.
Interpreting the Internet
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2017

This book provides the first in-depth exploration of how Latin American feminist and queer activists have interpreted the internet, from its inception in the region through the explosion of social media. They have done so to support their counterpublics: the diverse and dynamic arenas in which they develop their identities, build their communities, and hone their strategies for social change. This region boasts a long history of gender- and sexuality-based counterpublic construction, supported by a range of alternative media. Since the 1990s, aided by a global network of women and men dedicated to establishing an accessible internet, activists have translated the internet into their own vernacular. Through an analysis of original research based on over 125 interviews and online evidence spanning fifteen years, this book advances three interrelated arguments. First, it supports the sociomaterial thesis that, as with all technologies, the internet is influenced by the social contexts in which it is embedded. But this influence changes over time and place. Second, the internet in itself offers no guarantee of social or political transformation. Instead, this book’s third argument is that the internet’s potential depends on the consciousness and creativity with which activists translate it into their own contexts, through adopting, sharing, and wielding it. In Latin America, feminist and queer counterpublic organizations have taken advantage of all three layers of the internet – physical, logical, and content – to extend and enrich their communities. And, led by their “keystone species” of early adopting, technologically savvy members, they have transformed applications from distribution lists to blogs in order to reflect their values.
Weaving the “Invisible Web”
Authors: Friedman Elisabeth Jay
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how architects of more recent Latin American counterpublics – particularly feminist, women’s, and queer organizations in Argentina, Mexico, and Brazil – have integrated the internet to support their goals of inclusion, community-building, and strategizing for social change. It focuses on the early experiences with the internet to capture that time of experimentation, exultation, and confusion, but also incorporates the advent of social media. Activists have struggled to confront how class, ethnic and racial inequalities, as well as workloads, are exacerbated by a new technology. Nevertheless, they have linked chains of access across their own digital divides; built community on the basis of low-cost services; and made an impact on national and international politics using a range of applications.
Paradoxes of Green
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This innovative multidisciplinary study considers the concept of green from multiple perspectives—aesthetic, architectural, environmental, political, and social—in the Kingdom of Bahrain, where green has a long and deep history of appearing cooling, productive, and prosperous—a radical contrast to the hot and hostile desert. Although green is often celebrated in cities as a counter to gray urban environments, green has not always been good for cities. Similarly, manifestation of the color green in arid urban environments is often in direct conflict with the practice of green from an environmental point of view. This paradox is at the heart of the book. In arid environments such as Bahrain, the contradiction becomes extreme and even unsustainable. Based on long-term ethnographic fieldwork, the book explores the landscapes of Bahrain, where green represents a plethora of implicit human values and exists in dialectical tension with other culturally and environmentally significant colors and hues. Explicit in this book is the argument that concepts of color and object are mutually defining and thus a discussion about green becomes a discussion about the creation of space and place.
Introduction
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter discusses the urbanism of landscape in Bahrain, specifically relating to the social, technical, and political infrastructures required to construct and maintain landscape in the desert environment. Bahrain's aridity and political and social complexities contribute to its insatiable compulsion for urban greenery. Bahrain's appetite for green is illustrative of an obsession for urban greenery that pervades cities around the world and is simply at an extreme in this particular location. Greenery is also synonymous with the date palms in Bahrain, almost always understood by native Bahrainis to mean the gray-green shades of the groves and other agriculture. The chapter addresses changes in perception and meaning of greenery that is now taking place in Bahrain.
Green Scenery
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the complex interplay between the research methods—the aerial view and the walk—that informed so much of this analysis. It also discusses some of the challenges encountered in the field research, as the complexities of the cultural conditions in Bahrain had added to the complexities of gathering information. As the literature on the urbanism of landscape was so thin for Bahrain, it became clear that the broad range of data needed for this research project could be obtained only from a long-term period of ethnographic fieldwork. The result was a multilayered ethnography based on seemingly disparate interviews and casual encounters, walking, photography, formal analysis of built projects, and some archival research.
Brightening Green
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyses newer and brighter hues of green. The gray-greens of the date palms, often considered old-fashioned, are being replaced by brighter hues of green as symbols of progress or of changing hegemonies. The chapter describes different conditions in Bahrain and the region with changing values of green. For one, advertisements often show more greenery than a project can deliver. Residents' testimonies indicate that a major value of any development comes from the greenness that provides contrast to the indigenous desert landscape. The Bahrain Gardening Club reflects an enduring interest in all things green and beautiful, and the organizers of the Riffa Views Bahrain International Garden Show have sponsored an annual garden design competition among Bahraini schools called The Riffa Views Eden Challenge.
The Whiteness of Green
Authors: Doherty Gareth
Published: September 2017

This chapter turns to the color white and its relationship with green. White is understood as the summation of all colors, rather than the absence of it. When designing with green, the charisma of the color needs to be guarded and well understood: the values need to be acknowledged, not just of green, but of its countless shades and hues. The chapter calls for a greater social component to design and for an awareness of color in the urban fabric, including not just green but other colors too. Ultimately, it aims to investigate the infrastructural and cultural milieu within which green landscape is embedded in the city-state of Bahrain. It shows that landscape, when perceived through color, reveals aspects of relationships previously hidden.
Community
Authors: Heller Michael C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines discourses of community as well as contradictory discourses of isolation that arose within the lofts. While references to community involvement were quite common, the symbolic boundaries that defined and demarcated loft communities were often described in highly divergent ways. The chapter begins with a survey of several scholarly models for conceptualizing collectivity before proceeding to outline four boundary discourses that were referenced most frequently by loft artists—discourses of pay, play, place, and race. Although conceiving of the lofts as a community provides certain beliefs, it concludes by attempting to reframe the period in terms of network- and scene-based theoretical approaches, arguing that each model offers potential insights.
Archive
Authors: Heller Michael C.
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at the various challenges—both conceptual and methodological—that private archives pose to historical research. This observation is no mere esoteric exercise; many musician archivists explicitly situate their work as an intervention into historiographical processes—an intervention that mirrors the musician-run ethos of the lofts themselves. The chapter is divided into three sections that correspond to different storage media in the collection: audio tape, paper, and human memory. Each of these media carries particular affordances and limitations, and they converse with each other in interesting ways. Drawing from literature of the recent “archival turn” in the humanities, the chapter argues that engaging with these affordances is essential to understanding the role of the archive as a generative force in the writing of history.
What is LGBTQ Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)?
Authors: Messinger Adam M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter synthesizes research on the nature of LGBTQ IPV, including the tactics comprising and the prevalence of each form of IPV (psychological, physical, and sexual IPV, along with intimate-partner homicide), its directionality (i.e., how common it is that one or both partners in a relationship uses IPV tactics, as well as how motivations like self-defense color the so-called mutual-battering debate), where and when it occurs, and outcomes for victims. Where possible, estimates within LGBTQ populations are broken down by sexual orientation, gender identity, trans*-cisgender identity, race and ethnicity, age, and nationality. Comparisons are likewise drawn between sexual minority and heterosexual victims as well as between trans* and cisgender victims. Given that methodological differences have the potential to substantially impact results, an effort is made to largely make apples-to-apples comparisons between similar studies (such as by comparing studies using the same IPV lifetime victimization time frame), and IPV frequency findings are divided into those emerging from probability versus non-probability sampled studies. Quantitative data in this chapter, as well as throughout the book, is leaned on for population estimates, which is then repeatedly contextualized with high-detail qualitative data. The chapter concludes with implications for future policy, practice, and research.
How Can we Improve Nongovernmental Responses?
Authors: Messinger Adam M.
Published: September 2017

Chapters 5 and 6 shine a spotlight on the help-giving resources (HGRs) used by LGBTQ IPV victims, which can provide much-needed assistance in coping with and escaping abuse. This chapter focuses in particular on those HGRs that are not exclusively employees of or departments within governments: friends, family, neighbors, religious organizations, support groups, mental and medical healthcare providers, and IPV victim organizations (such as telephone hotlines, shelters, and multiservice IPV agencies). This chapter examines which of these HGR types are most likely to be sought out for help by LGBTQ IPV victims, as well as how helpful they are perceived to be. From there, the chapter delves into detailed research on each nongovernmental HGR type, highlighting both successes and challenges resulting from serving LGBTQ IPV victims. Recurring themes include the potential damage inflicted on victims by HGRs that do not show respect for victimization experiences and LGBTQ identities, as well as the consequences of asking LGBTQ victims to utilize resources originally designed for HC IPV victims (with service advertising, victim screening, service content, provider training, and victim referrals at times erroneously treating IPV as a one-size-fits-all phenomenon). The chapter concludes with implications for future policy, practice, and research.
How Can we Improve Government Responses?
Authors: Messinger Adam M.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores government-based responses to LGBTQ IPV. The chapter begins by discussing the impact of laws on the abilities of LGBTQ IPV victims to seek help, such as laws governing the right to be LGBTQ, the right to marry, and the right to adopt children. With this as context, the chapter turns to two key government-based help-giving resources (HGRs)—law enforcement and courts—detailing specific strengths and shortcomings in how each of them addresses LGBTQ IPV. The chapter then looks at prevention and intervention efforts regarding LGBTQ IPV, with a particular eye toward challenges in applying resources designed for heterosexual-cisgender people to LGBTQ populations. The chapter concludes with implications for future policy, practice, and research.
Conclusions
Authors: Messinger Adam M.
Published: September 2017

This concluding chapter reviews key findings from this book, from the astounding prevalence of LGBTQ IPV and its damaging outcomes to the myths and pressures that have rendered LGBTQ IPV largely invisible throughout the world and to the heavy price that victims pay for this invisibility. Ultimately, a call to action is made for policymakers, practitioners, researchers, survivors, and their allies. By building on the lessons offered in this book, it is hoped that one day we can make the invisible visible and end LGBTQ IPV.
“Informational Goulash”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

Over three decades, there have been several investigations of Romero’s murder that have uncovered significant information but never led to a trial. In 1980, Judge Atilio Ramirez Amaya attended the autopsy and started gathering evidence but the police who normally assisted were entirely absent, and three days later an assassination attempt caused Ramirez Amaya to flee. Later that year, authorities raided an estate called Finca San Luis, arrested several extremists, including Roberto D’Aubuisson, and seized documents showing death squad operations, including a datebook called the Saravia Diary that contained a page titled Operation Piña that is thought to describe Romero’s murder. In the next few years, the U.S. embassy developed an insider military source who claimed to have attended a planning meeting for Romero’s assassination. In 1987, the getaway driver for the operation, Amado Garay, testified before Salvadoran judge and implicated Roberto D’Aubuisson and Alvaro Saravia in the plot.
“The Door of History”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

Using trial testimony about Romero’s last Sunday homily in 1980, this chapter gives a history of the Catholic Church in El Salvador and Romero’s life culminating in his three years as archbishop. The Church underwent an overhaul during the 1960s, leading many priests and bishops in Latin America to follow Liberation Theology, the belief that rather than providing charity to the poor, they should focus on the systemic causes of inequality. Romero was viewed by many Salvadoran clergy as conservative when he became archbishop in 1977 but the death squad murder of his friend Rutilio Grande, a Jesuit follower of Liberation Theology, pushed Romero to more openly denounce those responsible for the inequality and repression. The day before his murder, Romero, in his Sunday homily, called on soldiers to “stop the repression” by disobeying the orders of their commanders.
“A Bed to Drop Dead In”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the filing of the legal case against Alvaro Saravia as well as several unnamed “Doe” defendants, designations intended to be filled with the identities of death squad financiers with connections to the United States. The chapter presents the documentation and evidence that describes the alleged funding of the death squads, including the Saravia Diary and a U.S. embassy cable about a group called the “Miami Six”. It transitions to a discussion of how, as a full-scale civil war raged, many of the Salvadoran oligarchs teamed up with Roberto D’Aubuisson to create the ARENA political party while the U.S. administration of Ronald Reagan greatly increased economic assistance to the Salvadoran military responsible for so much of the repression.
“We Don’t Have a Clue What the Hell Is Going On”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the contradictory information the legal team receives from the Department of Homeland Security and other sources concerning the whereabouts of the defendant, Alvaro Saravia, including information that he could be in Central America or in the United States. As team speculates that they could be receiving misleading data, the chapter describes an episode in the 1980s when Roberto D’Aubuisson and others fabricated a witness statement by someone nicknamed Pedro Lobo that the leftist guerrillas killed Archbishop Romero. The team meets in Miami with a key investigator who tries to develop leads not only on the financiers but also a Nicaraguan man, Ricardo Lao, who allegedly received money from Roberto D’Aubuisson to arrange Romero’s murder.
“There Must Have Been a Thousand Romeros”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

The chapter describes the legal team’s last trip to El Salvador before trial, during which they interview a witness who describes Archbishop Romero as a military target. The team prepares for trial by securing the testimony of several witnesses from El Salvador and the United States who can describe the overwhelming importance of Romero’s life and the profound loss of his death, which helped precipitate the start of the civil war. The team also speaks with a new contact, Gordon Ellison, who worked in the 1980s with the head of the Salvadoran Special Investigative Unit and accompanied officials on the original search for the getaway driver, Amado Garay. As trial approaches, the legal team decides to ask Garay to testify live at the trial.
“Of a Magnitude That Is Hardly Describable”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes the trial in Fresno, California against Alvaro Saravia, in which several Salvadoran witnesses testify about their experiences with Archbishop Romero, including the investigating judge Atilio Ramirez Amaya and the getaway driver, Amado Garay. Despite the evidence collected during the investigation, the team decided not to bring any others into the case as defendant, which means that the trial focuses on Saravia’s responsibility and the impact of Romero’s death. After five days of testimony, the judge holds Saravia liable for Romero’s murder, calls Roberto D’Aubuisson the mastermind of the operation and orders Saravia to pay $10 million in damages.
“The Fleas Always Stick to the Skinniest Dog”
Authors: Eisenbrandt Matt
Published: September 2017

This chapter chronicles the surprising post-trial revelations by Alvaro Saravia, who comes out of hiding to give an interview to a Miami newspaper. Saravia then contacts the legal team, starting a months-long dialogue that eventually leads to a sit-down meeting with two members of the team in Honduras. The legal team refuses to negotiate with Saravia unless he reveals everything he knows about those responsible for the Romero assassination and the financing of Roberto D’Aubuisson’s death squad, and although the meeting ends without an agreement, Saravia does make some interesting disclosures.