bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward Understanding in Postmodern Interview Analysis: Interpreting the Contradictory Remarks of a Research Participant
Authors: Power Elaine M.
Published: June 2004

How is the qualitative research analyst to understand apparently contradictory remarks made by a research participant? Although social scientists in the positivist tradition rely on methods such as triangulation to find “truth,” interpretive social scientists listen beyond, between, and underneath participants’ words to understand the social conditions that produce apparent contradictions in their accounts. In this article, the author presents a case study of making sense of a research participant’s contradictory comments, using a theoretical framework to understand the participant’s “logic of practice.” Through interpretive listening and reflexivity during the data analysis, she came to understand the participant’s contradictory remarks in a way that illuminated the contradictions, as well as a significant process in the participant’s life at the time: the transformation from carefree daughter to responsible mother. Such an interpretive analysis does not produce “truth” as positivist social scientists require but offers instead the satisfaction of understanding.
To What Extent Do the Characteristics of the Object of Evaluation Influence the Choice of Epistemological Framework? The Case of Universal Newborn Hearing Screening
Authors: Young Alys , Tattersall Helen , Uus Kai , Bamford John , McCracken Wendy
Published: June 2004

In this article, the authors explore the role that characteristics and circumstances attendant on the object of an evaluation might play in the choice of epistemological framework underpinning research design. They consider examples from the consumer-focused evaluation of the introduction of universal newborn hearing screening in England. In particular, they look at how screen-and program-specific issues exerted influence at the levels of epistemology and method, arguing that these choices are not simply a product of values and questions that underpinned one kind of approach to knowledge production in comparison with another.
Making Sense of Traumatic Experiences: Telling Your Life With Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Medved Maria I. , Brockmeier Jens
Published: June 2004

The discourse of individuals with fragile X syndrome has been described as fragmented, tangential, and associatively connected, resulting in autobiographical narratives that are incoherent and difficult to understand. In this article, the authors discuss the case of an adolescent female with moderate mental retardation due to fragile X syndrome. The analysis of her autobiographical stories, rather than being primarily reflective of cognitive impoverishment, reveals a different—narrative—mode of thought. The authors present and examine some of her narratives in terms of their specific functions: communication, coherence, exploration, distancing, and evaluation. Their findings suggest that narrative analysis can be an important complement to traditional neuropsychological assessment.
The Dyspnea-Anxiety-Dyspnea Cycle—COPD Patients’ Stories of Breathlessness: “It’s Scary /When you Can’t Breathe”
Authors: Bailey Patricia Hill
Published: June 2004

Dyspnea, the major symptom associated with acute exacerbation events of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is a subjective experience. Extensive research has been done on the pathophysiology and affective components of dyspnea; however, the precise physical mechanism of breathlessness remains elusive. One purpose of this narrative research was to explore the affective component of dyspnea/anxiety as described by patients living with COPD characterized by acute illness events. Ten patient-family units participated in interviews during an acute episode of the patient’s lung disease. They described their understanding of acute dyspnea as an experience inextricably related to anxiety and emotional functioning. Their stories suggest that given the absence of clear objective measures of illness severity, patient-reported anxiety might provide an important marker during acute exacerbation events. Health care providers need to recognize anxiety as an important and potentially measurable sign of invisible dyspnea for end-stage patients with COPD in acute respiratory distress.
Palliative Care, Care for Life: A Study of the Specificity of Residential Palliative Care
Authors: Cannaerts Nancy , de Casterlé Bernadette Dierckx , Grypdonck Mieke
Published: June 2004

In this study, the authors describe the concept of palliative care as applied in a palliative care unit. They conducted in-depth interviews with 8 patients, 9 relatives, and 24 caregivers from two residential palliative care units. Observation of the care and of team meetings and analysis of patient records provided additional data. Palliative care involves a specific concept of care, the central focus of which is life. This is realized by two strategies. The first is to create space to live by diverting attention from the sick body, moving the illness into the background. The second is to fill the space as meaningfully as possible, so that patients can enjoy life even in the face of death. The quality of the caregiving process in palliative care is determined by a range of conditions and processes that reflect its complexity.
The Practical Utility of Importance Measures in Assessing the Relative Importance of Work-Related Perceptions and Organizational Characteristics on Work-Related Outcomes
Authors: Baltes Boris B. , Parker Christopher P. , Young Lindsey M. , Huff Joseph W. , Altmann Robert
Published: June 2004

The utility of dominance analysis and other importance indices is the subject of much debate in determining the relative importance of predictors in multiple regression. The goal in conducting this research was to bring an applied perspective to this issue by comparing the conclusions one would draw regarding predictors’ relative importance, when using various indices of importance with real-world data sets. The overall results indicate that researchers would reach only minor differences in their conclusions when using dominance analysis or other importance indices as compared to simply examining the traditional standardized beta weights or squared semipartial correlations. The lack of differences in conclusions drawn is particularly apparent when comparing the rank ordering of the predictor importance produced by the different indices.
Importance of Personality and Job-Specific Affect for Predicting Job Attitudes and Withdrawal Behavior
Authors: Lebreton James M. , Binning John F. , Adorno Anthony J. , Melcher Kathleen M.
Published: June 2004

This study explores the relative importance of trait-based personality constructs and a state-based job-specific affect construct for predicting job attitudes and withdrawal behaviors of incumbent customer service call center representatives (N = 150). Results based on three traditional indices of importance (i.e., squared correlation coefficients, squared standardized regression coefficients, and the product measure) yielded conclusions that were often inconsistent or ambiguous. In contrast, results based on two newer statistics (i.e., dominance and epsilon) were readily interpretable and virtually identical to one another. Overall, emotional stability and job-specific affect emerged as important predictors of various withdrawal criteria, relative to other personality variables.
A Monte Carlo Comparison of Relative Importance Methodologies
Authors: Lebreton James M. , Ployhart Robert E. , Ladd Robert T.
Published: June 2004

This article reports the results of a Monte Carlo simulation comparing four different indices of relative importance (squared correlation, squared beta, product measure, epsilon) to a relatively new method called dominance analysis. Conceptually and empirically, dominance analysis represents an improvement over traditional indices of relative importance. Eight experimental factors were manipulated in the simulations: mean and standard deviation of validity for each predictor, mean and standard deviation of collinearity for two sets of predictors, number of predictors, and presence of simple structure. Of these factors, the number of predictors and the mean collinearity were most strongly related to discrepancies among the rank orders computed using the different importance methods. Across all experimental conditions, the epsilon statistic demonstrated the greatest convergence and beta weights and correlation coefficients the greatest divergence with dominance.
Factors Affecting Relative Weights: The Influence of Sampling and Measurement Error
Authors: Johnson Jeff W.
Published: June 2004

Relative weights are used to interpret a regression equation when the researcher is interested in the relative importance of the predictor variables. Like other statistics, relative weights are influenced by sampling and measurement error. To assess the influence of sampling error, a bootstrapping approach to computing confidence intervals around relative weights is described. To assess the influence of measurement error, a Monte Carlo study was conducted in which relative weights were computed before and after correcting correlation matrices for unreliability. The influence of measurement error was generally small but can be substantial in some cases. Correcting for unreliability tended to make the biggest difference when criterion correlations were small, predictor reliabilities were low, and the number of predictors was large.
History and Use of Relative Importance Indices in Organizational Research
Authors: Johnson Jeff W. , Lebreton James M.
Published: June 2004

The search for a meaningful index of the relative importance of predictors in multiple regression has been going on for years. This type of index is often desired when the explanatory aspects of regression analysis are of interest. The authors define relative importance as the proportionate contribution each predictor makes to R2, considering both the unique contribution of each predictor by itself and its incremental contribution when combined with the other predictors. The purposes of this article are to introduce the concept of relative importance to an audience of researchers in organizational behavior and industrial/organizational psychology and to update previous reviews of relative importance indices. To this end, the authors briefly review the history of research on predictor importance in multiple regression and evaluate alternative measures of relative importance. Dominance analysis and relative weights appear to be the most successful measures of relative importance currently available. The authors conclude by discussing how importance indices can be used in organizational research.
Beyond Global Measures of Relative Importance: Some Insights from Dominance Analysis
Authors: Budescu David V. , Azen Razia
Published: June 2004

The five articles in this special issue of Organizational Research Methods focus on various measures of global importance that rank and scale all p predictors in a multiple regression equation and compare their relative merits using a variety of real and simulated data sets. In this commentary, the authors describe several special features of dominance analysis that allow researchers to study more specific and narrowly focused aspects of relative importance. These analyses offer new insights into the pattern of importance that are not provided by any of the global measures of importance.
Microstructural analysis and crystallographic characterisation of plasma oxynitrided Ti–6Al–4V
Authors: Bacci T. , Borgioli F. , Galvanetto E. , Tesi B.
Published: June 2004

Combined glow discharge oxidising and nitriding treatments allow the production on Ti–6Al–4V of modified surface layers with enhanced hardness properties compared with a traditional ion nitriding process. The treatment atmosphere has a marked influence on the properties of these hardened layers: as the oxygen concentration increases, thicker diffusion layers, characterised by greater hardness values and smoother gradients, are obtained. In the present paper the effects of treatment atmosphere and duration on the glow discharge oxynitriding of Ti–6Al–4V specimens are evaluated, by performing tests at 1173 K with oxygen concentration varied in the range 0–21 vol.-% and for treatment durations in the range 0·5–8 h. The modified layers produced consist of an outer compound layer and an inner diffusion layer. The compound layer consists of nitrides, oxides, and oxynitrides of titanium and, in some cases, of alloy element oxides too. With increasing oxygen concentration and/or time, the compound layer develops a stratified structure and its adhesion to the substrate becomes poor; this fact can be attributed to the high content of titanium oxide, TiO2, in the layer. In the diffusion layer α-Ti crystals, rich in interstitial atoms, are present. The diffusion layers in the oxynitrided specimens are thicker and show higher hardness (up to 1300 HK) and smoother gradients than those produced by a traditional ion nitriding process under the same treatment conditions. Case depths of comparable thickness (around 45 μm) can be obtained by performing an 8 h nitriding treatment or a 2 h oxynitriding treatment with 6 vol.-%O2. Moreover, α-Ti lattice parameters a, c were evaluated as a function of the experimental conditions; the values of these parameters can be correlated with changes in hardness values.
Degradation study of black cobalt coating
Authors: Barrera C.E. , Lara V.H. , Viveros G.T. , González M.I.
Published: June 2004

Black cobalt coatings were electrodeposited on 304 stainless steel substrates. In order to study the thermal stability of the films, they were subjected to several cycles of heating in air at a fixed temperature of 400°C. The phase compositions of fresh samples and of heat treated films were identified using X-ray diffraction. Values of solar absorptance were calculated from the measured reflectance values before and after heat treatment. The studies revealed that the fresh samples of black cobalt were composed of (002) reflection phase (5–727 JCPDS), which suggests that the cobalt grows epitaxially along the [002] direction of the γ002 phase of the substrate. The high absorptance of fresh samples and their deep black appearance can be explained in terms of the multiple reflection model, owing to the intrinsic absorption and roughness of the surface. This has a direct bearing on the electrodeposition method, because it is also possible to prepare cobalt with metallic appearance. The thermal oxidation behaviour and morphological changes of the black cobalt were identified as the main causes of the elevated temperature degradation of the coatings.
Novel Double Layer Hydroxyapatite (HA)/Ti Coating for Biocompatibility Improvement of Metallic Implants
Authors: Fathi M.H. , Salehi M. , Saatchi A. , Mortazavi V. , Moosavi S.B.
Published: June 2004

A novel double layer composite coating composed of a hydroxyapatite (HA) top layer and a single Ti under layer on 316L stainless steel was formed using plasma spraying and physical vapour deposition processes, respectively. Structural characterisation techniques, including XRD, SEM, and EDX, were used to investigate the microstructure, morphology, and crystallinity of the coating. Corrosion behaviour of the coated specimens, as an indication of biocompatability, was also evaluated. Electrochemical potentiodynamic tests were performed in physiological solutions. The results indicate that the double layer HA/Ti coating on 316L stainless steel has a positive effect on the corrosion resistance. The decrease in corrosion current density was significant for these coated specimens and was much lower than the values obtained for uncoated and single HA coated specimens. These results have been compared with the results of the corrosion behaviour of HA coated and uncoated commercially pure Ti and Co–Cr alloys.
Surface hardening of high carbon steel by plasma focus nitriding
Authors: Borthakur T.K. , Sahu A. , Mohanty S.R. , Nayak B.B. , Acharya B.S.
Published: June 2004

Energetic nitrogen ions from a plasma focus device were utilised for the first time to nitride high carbon steel specimens. The results of X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and microhardness measurements of structure, surface morphology, and hardness are reported.
The Beinn Alligin rock avalanche, NW Scotland: cosmogenic 10Be dating, interpretation and significance
Authors: Ballantyne Colin K. , Stone J. O.
Published: June 2004

A tongue of very coarse rockslide debris that extends 1.25km downvalley below Beinn Alligin in NW Scotland has been variously interpreted as a glacier-cored rock glacier, landslide debris redistributed by glacier ice or an excess-runout landslide. Exposure dating with cosmogenic 10Be demonstrates that the the debris mass was emplaced at 3950±320 yr BP, and therefore was not associated with glacier ice. Calculations based on frictional considerations imply that the feature is an excess-runout rock avalanche (sturzstrom) deposit. The morphological characteristics of the deposit appear consistent with movement by grainflow or fragmental flow. Failure is inferred to reflect time-dependent paraglacial stress release and consequent propagation of an internal joint network, but may have been triggered by seismic activity. The late-Holocene age of failure implies persistence of the eŒects of paraglacial stress release over a time-scale of several millennia.
Borobudur monument (Java, Indonesia) stood by a natural lake: chronostratigraphic evidence and historical implications
Authors: Murwanto H. , Gunnell Y. , Suharsono S. , Sutikno S. , Lavigne F.
Published: June 2004

The ninth-century world-heritage Buddhist monument of Borobudur (Java, Indonesia) stands above the floor of a dried-out palaeolake, but it remains uncertain as to whether it was ever constructed on a lake shore. Here we reveal through new chronological and palaeoenvironmental data on the extant sediment record of the area that Borobudur intentionally stood by an existing lake. For the first time, evidence of this conjunction validates quite literally the debated cosmological interpretation of the edifice as an aquatic lotus symbol upon which Buddha is seated. The fluctuating life history of the lake spanned at least 20 000 years.
Science and Technology Integration for Increased Human Potential and Societal Outcomes
Authors: ROCO MIHAIL C.
Published: June 2004

Abstract:Unifying science based on the material unity of nature at the nanoscale provides a new foundation for knowledge, innovation, and integration of technology. Revolutionary and synergistic advances at the interfaces between previously separated fields of science, engineering and areas of relevance are ready to create nano‐bio‐info‐cogno (NBIC) transforming tools. Developments in systems approach, mathematics, and computation in conjunction with NBIC allow us to understand the natural world and scientific research as closely coupled, complex, hierarchical entities. At this unique moment of scientific and technical achievement, improvement of human performance at individual and group levels, as well as development of suitable revolutionary products, becomes possible and these are primary goals for converging new technologies. NBIC addresses long‐term advances in key areas of human activity, including working, learning, aging, group interaction, organizations, and human evolution (Roco and Bainbridge, 2003). Fundamentally new tools, technologies, and products will be integrated into individual and social human architecture. This introductory chapter of the Annals outlines research and education trends, funding activities, and the potential of development of revolutionary products and services.
Bio‐Inspired Nano‐Sensor‐Enhanced CNN Visual Computer
Authors: POROD WOLFGANG , WERBLIN FRANK , CHUA LEON O. , ROSKA TAMÁS , RODRIGUEZ‐VÁZQUEZ ÁNGEL , ROSKA BOTOND , FAY PATRICK , BERNSTEIN GARY H. , HUANG YIH‐FANG , CSURGAY ÁRPÁD I.
Published: June 2004

Abstract:Nanotechnology opens new ways to utilize recent discoveries in biological image processing by translating the underlying functional concepts into the design of CNN (cellular neural/nonlinear network)‐based systems incorporating nanoelectronic devices. There is a natural intersection joining studies of retinal processing, spatio‐temporal nonlinear dynamics embodied in CNN, and the possibility of miniaturizing the technology through nanotechnology. This intersection serves as the springboard for our multidisciplinary project. Biological feature and motion detectors map directly into the spatio‐temporal dynamics of CNN for target recognition, image stabilization, and tracking. The neural interactions underlying color processing will drive the development of nanoscale multispectral sensor arrays for image fusion. Implementing such nanoscale sensors on a CNN platform will allow the implementation of device feedback control, a hallmark of biological sensory systems. These biologically inspired CNN subroutines are incorporated into the new world of analog‐and‐logic algorithms and software, containing also many other active‐wave computing mechanisms, including nature‐inspired (physics and chemistry) as well as PDE‐based sophisticated spatio‐temporal algorithms. Our goal is to design and develop several miniature prototype devices for target detection, navigation, tracking, and robotics. This paper presents an example illustrating the synergies emerging from the convergence of nanotechnology, biotechnology, and information and cognitive science.
Object‐Oriented Design Tools for Supramolecular Devices and Biomedical Nanotechnology
Authors: LEE STEPHEN C. , BHALERAO KHAUSTAUB , FERRARI MAURO
Published: June 2004

Abstract: Nanotechnology provides multifunctional agents for in vivo use that increasingly blur the distinction between pharmaceuticals and medical devices. Realization of such therapeutic nanodevices requires multidisciplinary effort that is difficult for individual device developers to sustain, and identification of appropriate collaborations outside ones own field can itself be challenging. Further, as in vivo nanodevices become increasingly complex, their design will increasingly demand systems level thinking. System engineering tools such as object‐oriented analysis, object‐oriented design (OOA/D) and unified modeling language (UML) are applicable to nanodevices built from biological components, help logically manage the knowledge needed to design them, and help identify useful collaborative relationships for device designers. We demonstrate the utility of these systems engineering tools by reverse engineering an existing molecular device (the bacmid molecular cloning system) using them, and illustrate how object‐oriented approaches identify fungible components (objects) in nanodevices in a way that facilitates design of families of related devices, rather than single inventions. We also explore the utility of object‐oriented approaches for design of another class of therapeutic nanodevices, vaccines. While they are useful for design of current nanodevices, the power of systems design tools for biomedical nanotechnology will become increasingly apparent as the complexity and sophistication of in vivo nanosystems increases. The nested, hierarchical nature of object‐oriented approaches allows treatment of devices as objects in higher‐order structures, and so will facilitate concatenation of multiple devices into higher‐order, higher‐function nanosystems.
Accelerated Mammary Gland Development during Pregnancy and Delayed Postlactational Involution in Vitamin D3 Receptor Null Mice
Authors: Zinser Glendon M. , Welsh JoEllen
Published: June 2004

The vitamin D receptor (VDR) is present in mammary gland, and VDR ablation is associated with accelerated glandular development during puberty. VDR is a nuclear receptor whose ligand, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25-(OH)2D] is generated after metabolic activation of vitamin D by specific vitamin D hydroxylases. In these studies, we demonstrate that both the VDR and the vitamin D 1-α hydroxylase (CYP27B1), which produces 1,25-(OH)2D are present in mammary gland and dynamically regulated during pregnancy, lactation, and involution. Furthermore, we show that mice lacking VDR exhibit accelerated lobuloalveolar development and premature casein expression during pregnancy and delayed postlactational involution compared with mice with functional VDR. The delay in mammary gland regression after weaning of VDR knockout mice is associated with impaired apoptosis as demonstrated by reductions in terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine nick-end labeling staining, caspase-3 activation and Bax induction. Under the conditions used in this study, VDR ablation was not associated with hypocalcemia, suggesting that altered mammary gland development in the absence of the VDR is not related to disturbances in calcium homeostasis. Furthermore, in the setting of normocalcemia, VDR ablation does not affect milk protein or calcium content. These studies suggest that the VDR contributes to mammary cell turnover during the reproductive cycle, and its effects may be mediated via both endocrine and autocrine signaling pathways. Unlike many mammary regulatory factors that exert transient, stage-specific effects, VDR signaling impacts on mammary gland biology during all phases of the reproductive cycle.
Frictional resistance characteristics of a capsule inside the intestine for microendoscope design
Authors: Baek N-K , Sung I-H , Kim D-E
Published: June 2004

The design of the capsule body for a self-proplled endoscope is important from the frictional resistance point of view. The motivation of this work was to gain a better understanding of the effect of capsule shape on the frictional resistance of the capsule inside a small intestine. Special experimental set-ups were built to investigate the frictional resistance of the capsule and the viscoelastic deformation characteristics of the small intestine specimen of a pig. Tests were performed with capsules of various shapes and dimensions. Experimental data showed that a smooth cylindrical capsule geometry resulted in the least frictional resistance due to the shape and relatively small surface area. Also, it was found that the variation of frictional resistance of the capsule was closely related to the local change in the viscoelastic property of the intestine due to the heterogeneity of the internal structure of the intestine.
Prognosis Using an Isotonic Prediction Technique
Authors: Ryu Young U. , Chandrasekaran R. , Jacob Varghese
Published: June 2004

Outcome prediction based on historical data has been of practical and theoretical interest in many disciplines. A common type of outcome prediction is binary or discrete outcome prediction, as found in medical diagnosis and firm bankruptcy prediction. The prediction problem studied in this paper is outcome time prediction, or prognosis. Prognosis in medicine refers to a prediction of probable outcome of a disease for a patient. Patient data used as the basis for disease prognosis are usually censored because some of the patients have not experienced the outcome of the disease at the time of prognosis. A mathematical-programming approach, called isotonic prediction, is developed for the purpose of such prognosis tasks. The proposed technique is different from well-known statistical survival analysis methods, such as Kaplan-Meier product-limit estimation and Cox's regression, in that it predicts individual patients' survival time frame. Two medical applications are presented to show the applicability of the proposed isotonic prediction technique.
A Multi-Exchange Heuristic for the Single-Source Capacitated Facility Location Problem
Authors: Ahuja R. K. , Orlin J. B. , Pallottino S. , Scaparra M. P. , Scutellà M. G.
Published: June 2004

We present a very large-scale neighborhood (VLSN) search algorithm for the capacitated facility location problem with single-source constraints. The neighborhood structures are induced by customer multi-exchanges and by facility moves. We consider both traditional single-customer multi-exchanges, detected on a suitably defined customer improvement graph, and more innovative multicustomer multi-exchanges, detected on a facility improvement graph dynamically built through the use of a greedy scheme. Computational results for some benchmark instances are reported that demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach for solving large-scale problems. A further test on real data involving an Italian factory is also presented.
Warehouse-Retailer Network Design Problem
Authors: Teo Chung-Piaw , Shu Jia
Published: June 2004

In this paper, we study the distribution network design problem integrating transportation and infinite horizon multiechelon inventory cost function. We consider the trade-off between inventory cost, direct shipment cost, and facility location cost in such a system. The problem is to determine how many warehouses to set up, where to locate them, how to serve the retailers using these warehouses, and to determine the optimal inventory policies for the warehouses and retailers. The objective is to minimize the total multiechelon inventory, transportation, and facility location costs. To the best of our knowledge, none of the papers in the area of distribution network design has explicitly addressed the issues of the 2-echelon inventory cost function arising from coordination of replenishment activities between the warehouses and the retailers. We structure this problem as a set-partitioning integer-programming model and solve it using column generation. The pricing subproblem that arises from the column generation algorithm gives rise to a new class of the submodular function minimization problem. We show that this pricing subproblem can be solved in O(nlog n) time, where n is the number of retailers. Computational results show that the moderate size distribution network design problem can be solved efficiently via this approach.
Sequence Independent Lifting for Mixed-Integer Programming
Authors: Atamtürk Alper
Published: June 2004

We show that superadditive lifting functions lead to sequence independent lifting of inequalities for general mixed-integer programming. As an application, we note that mixed-integer rounding (MIR) may be viewed as sequence independent lifting. Consequently, we obtain facet conditions for MIR inequalities for mixed-integer knapsacks.
Inventory Control in Directed Networks: A Note on Linear Costs
Authors: Janakiraman Ganesh , Muckstadt John A.
Published: June 2004

We consider periodic review inventory control problems in directed networks, primary examples of which are distribution systems and assembly systems. External demand could occur at each node. When inventory is insufficient to meet requirements at a node, a portion of this demand is backordered and the remaining is lost. External demands, as well as lead times for inventory purchase, assembly, and transportation, are stochastic. In each period, linear sales revenues and the following costs, all linear, are charged at each node: (a) inventory purchase/assembly/transfer cost to receive inventory, (b) holding cost, (c) backorder cost, and (d) lost sales cost. When the objective function of interest is a discounted sum of profits over a finite planning horizon, it is shown that the sales prices and the inventory purchase/assembly/transfer cost parameters can be assumed to be zero without loss of generality. The result is proved for every realization of demands and lead times. Some extensions to these results are discussed. During this process, we also generalize the concept of echelon inventories to directed networks.
Stakeholder Theory and “The Corporate Objective Revisited”
Authors: Freeman R. Edward , Wicks Andrew C. , Parmar Bidhan
Published: June 2004

Stakeholder theory begins with the assumption that values are necessarily and explicitly a part of doing business. It asks managers to articulate the shared sense of the value they create, and what brings its core stakeholders together. It also pushes managers to be clear about how they want to do business, specifically what kinds of relationships they want and need to create with their stakeholders to deliver on their purpose. This paper offers a response to Sundaram and Inkpen's article “The Corporate Objective Revisited” by clarifying misconceptions about stakeholder theory and concluding that truth and freedom are best served by seeing business and ethics as connected.
The Mixed Effects of Inconsistency on Experimentation in Organizations
Authors: Lee Fiona , Edmondson Amy C. , Thomke Stefan , Worline Monica
Published: June 2004

This paper examines how the inconsistency of organizational conditions affects people's willingness to engage in experimentation, a behavior integral to innovation. Because failures are inevitable in the experimentation process, we argue that conditions giving rise to psychological safety reduce fear of failure and promote experimentation. Based on this reasoning, we suggest that inconsistent organizational conditions—when some support experimentation and others do not—inhibit experimentation behaviors. An exploratory study in the field, followed by a laboratory experiment, found that individuals under high evaluative pressure were less likely to experiment when normative values and instrumental rewards were inconsistent in supporting experimentation. In contrast, individuals under low evaluative pressure responded to inconsistent conditions with increased experimentation. Our results suggest that evaluative pressure fundamentally alters an individual's experience of and response to uncertainty and that understanding experimentation behavior requires examining effects of multiple organizational conditions in combination.
Delayed Salicylate Toxicity at 35 Hours Without Early Manifestations Following a Single Salicylate Ingestion
Authors: Rivera Wilfredo , Kleinschmidt Kurt C , Velez Larissa I , Shepherd Greene , Keyes Daniel C
Published: June 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To report a case of delayed toxicity following a single ingestion of aspirin, where the initial concentrations were nearly undetectable and the patient was completely asymptomatic for the first 35 hours.

CASE SUMMARY:

A 14-year-old white female was evaluated after a single ingestion of 120 tablets of aspirin 81 mg/tablet hours before arrival to the emergency department. She denied nausea, abdominal pain, tinnitus, or shortness of breath. She received one dose of activated charcoal. The first salicylate concentration (4 h after ingestion) was 1 mg/dL. At 35 hours, the patient became symptomatic (dizziness, tinnitus, epigastric discomfort). Her salicylate concentration at that time was 46 mg/dL. A second dose of activated charcoal was administered, and intravenous bicarbonate with potassium was started as a continuous infusion for 30 hours.

DISCUSSION:

While delayed salicylate toxicity is well reported in the literature, no report was found regarding concentrations increasing to toxicity 35 hours after ingestion. The delayed aspirin absorption may be due to salicylate-induced pylorospasm or the formation of pharmacobezoars.

CONCLUSIONS:

In cases with known salicylate ingestion, it is important to follow salicylate concentrations every 4 hours until they are steadily decreasing according to a 4-hour half-life and the patient shows no symptoms of salicylate intoxication.
The utility of a broader conceptualization of organizational identification: Which aspects really matter?
Authors: Van Dick Rolf , Wagner Ulrich , Stellmacher Jost , Christ Oliver
Published: June 2004

Predictions of social identity and self‐categorization theories about the relevance of social identification in organizational contexts are presented. We propose that different foci of identification (e.g. with own career, team, organization, occupation) as well as different dimensions of organizational identification (cognitive, affective, evaluative, and behavioural) can be separated. Furthermore, these different aspects of organizational identification are assumed to be differentially associated with work‐related attitudes and behaviours. Predictions are first tested in a questionnaire study of 515 German school teachers. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that dimensions and foci can indeed be differentiated. In addition, results indicate that different aspects correlate differentially with different criteria. The results are cross‐validated in two samples of 233 German school teachers and 358 bank accountants, respectively.
The Four I's of Police Leadership: A Case Study Heuristic
Authors: Murphy Steven A. , Drodge Edward N.
Published: June 2004

In this paper we attempt to shed light on police leadership by telling the story of leadership at a particular Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) detachment. The case study is based upon interviews with 28 police officers and participant observations at the case site. The framework provided by transformational leadership theory proved meaningful in describing police leadership within a convenient heuristic comprised of four I's: individualised consideration, idealised influence, inspirational motivation, and intellectual stimulation. We concluded that transformational leaders have particular relational strengths that serve to elevate levels of commitment, work satisfaction, and motivation. The paper also points out that transformational leaders turn constraints into opportunities in the pursuit of their shared vision.

The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police.
‘Polibation’ Revisited: Policing, Probation and Prolific Offender Projects
Authors: Mawby Rob C. , Worrall Anne
Published: June 2004

The emergence of Prolific Offender Projects (POPs) in England and Wales has been facilitated by the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act's emphasis on multi-agency working. The successful establishment of POPs is predicated upon professionals from different, sometimes mutually suspicious, agencies working effectively together in possibly sceptical surroundings. In this paper, drawing principally on our recent experience of evaluating the Stoke-on-Trent POP, we examine some of the organisational implications of establishing POPs. This includes consideration of the development of a ‘polibation’ ethos within the project team, analysis of project location, and the need to establish the value of the project. We conclude that POPs do challenge organisational cultures but that the case for the existence of a ‘polibation’ officer is, as yet, unproven. We also conclude that effective communication and line management, together with establishing credibility through action, are essential to fostering understanding of these projects within their operating environment.
Effectiveness of Conflict Management Training for Traffic Police Officers in Hong Kong
Authors: Lau Esther Y. Y. , Li Eddie K. W. , Mak Christine W. Y. , Chung Indie C. P.
Published: June 2004

By the nature of the job, police officers are required to deal with conflicts frequently in work-related situations and, unquestionably, training of conflict management would benefit the work of policing. This study attempts to examine the effectiveness of a conflict management training (CMT) programme designed by the Psychological Services Group (PSG) for traffic police officers in Hong Kong, which used a train-the-trainer Model. Twenty-one officers trained by police clinical psychologists (PCP) were the primary level (PL) participants. They served as trainers for 211 fellow officers, constituting the secondary level (SL) participants. The training highlighted three major components: (1) heightening awareness of emotional reactions and CM approaches; (2) strengthening communication skills; and (3) enhancing anger management and emotional regulation. Outcome of the training was assessed using multi-measures, on which significant improvements were found using paired-sample t-tests, except for one measure of supervisors' ratings. Three-month and six-month follow-up assessments demonstrated maintenance of the training effects on self-efficacy. Findings of this study show that psychological knowledge can be utilised in law enforcement operations.
Susceptibility of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to Cefepime versus Ceftazidime in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Robinson Christine A. , Kuhn Robert J. , Craigmyle Lois J. , Anstead Michael I. , Kanga Jamshed F.
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. To compare the susceptibility of respiratory cultures of Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from patients with cystic fibrosis to cefepime versus ceftazidime. The pattern of cumulative resistance of P. aeruginosa to cefepime in patients who had received at least one treatment course of cefepime between two sputum cultures was also characterized.

Design. Prospective consecutive data collection.

Setting. University‐affiliated cystic fibrosis clinic and medical center.

Patients. Eighty patients with cystic fibrosis who had at least one sputum culture positive for P. aeruginosa with reported microbiologic susceptibilities to cefepime and ceftazidime.

Intervention. Patient data was collected and analyzed.

Measurements and Main Results. Two hundred and thirty‐one P. aeruginosa isolates were collected over 6 months. A total of 16.4% and 8.7% of the isolates were nonsusceptible to cefepime and ceftazidime, respectively (p=0.01). In eight patients who had not received cefepime before the study period, nonsusceptibility was 11.8% and 27.2% before and after exposure to cefepime, respectively.

Conclusions. Susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates in patients with cystic fibrosis was lower with cefepime than with ceftazidime. Follow‐up surveillance to determine changes in susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates to cefepime is warranted.
Implementation and Evaluation of Guidelines for Use of Enoxaparin as Deep Vein Thrombosis Prophylaxis after Major Trauma
Authors: Devlin John W. , Tyburski James G. , Moed Berton
Published: June 2004

Although enoxaparin is more efficacious than many other deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prevention strategies after trauma, its routine use in trauma patients at low risk for venous thrombosis is unlikely to be cost‐effective and may be deleterious if risk factors for bleeding are present. By way of consensus of opinion of trauma surgeons and pharmacists, enoxaparin DVT prophylaxis guidelines were developed, implemented, and evaluated. Fifty patients with major orthopedic or spinal trauma were followed throughout hospitalization. Enoxaparin use and frequency of DVT, pulmonary embolism (PE), thrombocytopenia, and enoxaparin‐related major bleeding (overt bleeding associated with a hemoglobin decrease ≥ 2 g/dl, need for ≥ 2 units of packed red blood cells, or need for surgery) were recorded. All pharmacist interventions pertaining to enoxaparin prophylaxis were collected. Average patient age was 45.6 ± 19.5 years, average Injury Severity Score was 19.0 ± 11.2, and average length of hospitalization was 14.3 ± 10.0 days. Most injuries were related to motor vehicles (52%) and falls (30%). Sites of injury were femur or tibia (52%), pelvis or acetabulum (32%), hip (20%), and spinal cord (12%). Two‐thirds (72%) of patients received enoxaparin during part of their hospital stay (on average, for 53% of the duration of hospitalization). Sequential compression devices and vena caval filters were used in 86% and 10% of patients, respectively. Duplex‐proven DVT occurred in two patients, and angiography‐proven PE developed in one patient. Enoxaparin‐related major bleeding and thrombocytopenia occurred in three and one patient(s), respectively. Pharmacists recommended enoxaparin initiation in nine (18%) patients and discontinuation of the agent in seven (14%) patients (one for bleeding; six for lack of indication). Most recommendations (78%) were accepted. Data from the 50 patients in this study showed fewer thrombotic complications but more bleeding than the frequencies found in controlled studies. It is unclear whether the large number of days that patients did not receive enoxaparin was due to fears of enoxaparin‐related bleeding or other factors.
Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin: Tolerability and Toxicity
Authors: Goram Adrian L. , Richmond Perry L.
Published: June 2004

We evaluated the tolerability and toxicity attributed to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PL‐DOX) in women with recurrent or refractory ovarian cancer, and reviewed procedures to prevent or treat toxicity induced by the agent. Medical records of 13 women who received PL‐DOX between October 1997 and December 2000 were reviewed. Patients 1–8 received PL‐DOX once it was added to the hospital formulary in 1997. Patients 9–13 received it after medical staff education. Data on premedications, number of cycles, dosage, length of infusion, tolerability, side effects, and indicators for response were collected. The median number of cycles and cumulative dose/patient of PL‐DOX were higher (6 and 420 mg) in the second group than in the first group (2 and 240 mg). Patient factors such as duration of disease and number of chemotherapy cycles influenced tolerability. One patient experienced a life‐threatening adverse reaction within minutes of receiving the first dose. Treatment was discontinued, and she was resuscitated successfully. Other dose‐ or treatment‐limiting complications (neutropenia, stomatitis, plantar‐palmar erythrodysesthesia) were documented. Toxicity management consisted of dosage reduction or treatment delay; treatment often was discontinued. Patients with recent disease tolerated more cycles of PL‐DOX when given early in recurrence compared with heavily pretreated women with long‐standing disease. Tolerability was not necessarily indicative of response. The agent is simple to administer, but its tolerability and lack of uniform toxicity management remain concerns.
Effect of Age on International Normalized Ratio at the Time of Major Bleeding in Patients Treated with Warfarin
Authors: Wittkowsky Ann K. , Whitely Kelly S. , Devine Emily Beth , Nutescu Edith
Published: June 2004

Study Objectives. Because the risk of major bleeding associated with warfarin increases with increasing international normalized ratio (INR) as well as with advanced age, we evaluated the association between age and INR in patients with major bleeding events related to anticoagulation with warfarin.

Design. Retrospective record review.

Setting. Two university‐affiliated anticoagulation clinics.

Patients. Sixty‐six patients (mean age 61.2 yrs, range 21–90 yrs) receiving warfarin therapy who experienced major bleeding, defined as bleeding requiring hospitalization, during a 20‐month index period.

Measurements and Main Results. In patients aged 65 years or older, the mean INR at the time of a major bleeding event was significantly lower than that in patients younger than 65 years (INR 3.1 vs 4.2, respectively; p=0.01). For every 1‐year increase in age, mean INR at the time of a major bleeding event decreased by 0.03 (p=0.02).

Conclusion. Patients aged 65 years or older experience warfarin‐related major bleeding events at a mean INR 1.1 units lower (95% confidence interval −1.9 to −0.27) than patients younger than 65 years. Older patients may require more aggressive management of overanticoagulation to minimize the risk of major bleeding.