bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remembering for empire: The war with Tripoli and the battle of Derna in US memory
Authors: Covey Eric
Published: January 2016

In 2004, the Smithsonian debuted “The Price of Freedom: Americans at War,” a permanent exhibition at the National Museum of American History in Washington DC. The exhibit occasioned strong criticism for its privatization of public memory and glorification of militarism. What has gone unexamined, however, is the curious absence of the 1801–1805 War with Tripoli from the exhibit. This war has long been invoked as an important lesson in US exceptionalism. The assault and short occupation of the coastal town of Derna by US-led forces in 1805 holds particular significance and commemorations of the battle during the twentieth century were important in the formation of attitudes that informed US approaches to empire before, during, and after the Cold War.
Comparative efficacy of fixed-dose combinations of long-acting muscarinic antagonists and long-acting β2-agonists: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Schlueter Max , Gonzalez-Rojas N , Baldwin Michael , Groenke Lars , Voss Florian , Reason Tim
Published: January 2016

Background:

A number of long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA)/long-acting β2-agonist (LABA) fixed-dose combinations (FDCs) for treatment of moderate-to-very severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have recently become available, but none have been directly compared in head-to-head randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The purpose of this study was to assess the relative clinical benefit of all currently available LAMA/LABA FDCs using a Bayesian network meta-analysis (NMA).

Methods:

A systematic literature review identified RCTs investigating the efficacy, safety and quality of life associated with licensed LAMA/LABA FDCs for the treatment of moderate-to-very severe COPD. RCTs were screened for inclusion in the NMA using prespecified eligibility criteria. Data were extracted for outcomes of interest, including change in trough forced expiratory volume in 1 second (tFEV1) from baseline, St. George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) percentage of responders, Transition Dyspnea Index (TDI) percentage of responders, change in SGRQ score from baseline, change in TDI focal score from baseline, moderate-to-severe exacerbations, all-cause discontinuation, and discontinuation due to adverse events.

Results:

Following screening, a total of 27 trials from 26 publications with 30,361 subjects were eligible for inclusion in the NMA. Nonsignificant results were seen in most analyses comparing efficacy, exacerbations and discontinuation rates of included LAMA/LABA FDCs (i.e. aclidinium/formoterol 400/12 µg, glycopyrronium/indacaterol 110/50 µg, tiotropium + olodaterol 5/5 µg, umeclidinium/vilanterol 62.5/25 µg). Meta-regression controlling for post-bronchodilator percentage of tFEV1 predicted at baseline as well as meta-regression adjusting for concomitant use of inhaled corticosteroids at baseline was performed to assess the magnitude of effect modification and produced similar results as observed in the base case analysis.

Conclusion:

All LAMA/LABA FDCs were found to have similar efficacy and safety. Definitive assessment of the relative efficacy of different treatments can only be performed through direct comparison in head-to-head RCTs. In the absence of such data, this indirect comparison may be of value in clinical and health economic decision-making.
The role of NIV in chronic hypercapnic COPD following an acute exacerbation: the importance of patient selection?
Authors: Duiverman Marieke L. , Windisch Wolfram , Storre Jan H. , Wijkstra Peter J.
Published: January 2016

Recently, clear benefits have been shown from long-term noninvasive ventilation (NIV) in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure. In our opinion, these benefits are confirmed and nocturnal NIV using sufficiently high inspiratory pressures should be considered in COPD patients with chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure in stable disease, preferably combined with pulmonary rehabilitation. In contrast, clear benefits from (continuing) NIV at home after an exacerbation in patients who remain hypercapnic have not been shown. In this review we will discuss the results of five trials investigating the use of home nocturnal NIV in patients with prolonged hypercapnia after a COPD exacerbation with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure. Although some uncontrolled trials might have shown some benefits of this therapy, the largest randomized controlled trial did not show benefits in terms of hospital readmission or death. However, further studies are necessary to select the patients that optimally benefit, select the right moment to initiate home NIV, select the optimal ventilatory settings, and to choose optimal follow up programmes. Furthermore, there is insufficient knowledge about the optimal ventilatory settings in the post-exacerbation period. Finally, we are not well informed about exact reasons for readmission in patients on NIV, the course of the exacerbation and the treatment instituted. A careful follow up might probably be necessary to prevent deterioration on NIV early.
White Coat Adherence in Pediatric Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Who Use Insulin Pumps
Authors: Driscoll Kimberly A. , Wang Yuxia , Bennett Johnson Suzanne , Lynch Rebecca , Stephens Haley , Willbur Katelyn , Gill Elizabeth , Wright Nancy , Deeb Larry C.
Published: January 2016

Background:

The purpose was to assess the occurrence of white coat adherence, defined as an increase in adherence to treatment regimens prior to a clinic appointment, in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D) who use insulin pumps.

Methods:

Blood glucose monitoring (BGM) data, carbohydrate inputs, and insulin boluses delivered were downloaded from the insulin pumps of children and adolescents, aged 7-19 years with T1D, at 2 consecutive routine diabetes clinic visits. Linear mixed models were used to analyze patterns of BGM, carbohydrate inputs, and insulin boluses delivered in patients who had ≥28 days of data stored in their insulin pumps.

Results:

In general, younger children engaged in more frequent BGM, carbohydrate inputs, and insulin boluses delivered than older children and adolescents. White coat adherence occurred with frequency of BGM, carbohydrate inputs, and insulin boluses delivered, but only in younger children.

Conclusions:

Diabetes care providers need to be aware that white coat adherence may occur, particularly in young children. Providers routinely download meter and insulin pump data for the 1- to 2-week period before the clinic visit. For patients exhibiting white coat adherence, their data will overestimate the patient’s actual adherence.
Toward a Safer and Cleaner Way
Authors: Apple Michael
Published: January 2016

Organizations must evaluate their infection control plans in a holistic and inclusive manner to continue reducing healthcare-associated infection (HAI) rates, including giving consideration to the manner of collecting and disposing of patient waste. Manual washing of bedpans and other containers poses a risk of spreading infection via caregivers, the environment, and the still-contaminated bedpan. Several alternative disposal methods are available and have been tested in some countries for decades, including options such as bedpan washer–disinfector machines, macerator machines, and disposable bedpans. This article reviews methods and issues related to human waste disposal in healthcare settings. Healthcare organizations must evaluate the options thoroughly and then consistently implement the option most in line with its goals and culture.
Design to Improve Visibility
Authors: Hadi Khatereh , Zimring Craig
Published: January 2016

Objective:

This study analyzes 10 intensive care units (ICUs) to understand the associations between design features of space layout and nurse-to-patient visibility parameters.

Background:

Previous studies have explored how different hospital units vary in their visibility relations and how such varied visibility relations result in different nurse behaviors toward patients. However, more limited research has examined the specific design attributes of the layouts that determine the varied visibility relations in the unit. Changes in size, geometry, or other attributes of design elements in nursing units, which might affect patient observation opportunities, require more research.

Methods:

This article reviews the literature to indicate evidence for the impact of hospital unit design on nurse/patient visibility relations and to identify design parameters shown to affect visibility. It further focuses on 10 ICUs to investigate how different layouts diverge regarding their visibility relations using a set of metrics developed by other researchers. Shape geometry and corridor width, as two selected design features, are compared.

Results:

Corridor width and shape characteristics of ICUs are positively correlated with visibility. Results suggest that floor plans, which are repeatedly broken down into smaller convex (higher convex fragmentation values), or units, which have longer distances between their rooms or between their two opposite ends (longer relative grid distances), might have lower visibility levels across the unit. The findings of this study also suggest that wider corridors positively affect visibility of patient rooms.

Conclusion:

Changes in overall shape configuration and corridor width of nursing units may have important effects on patient observation and monitoring opportunities.
Can Hospital Form Trigger Fear Response?
Authors: Pati Debajyoti , O’Boyle Michael , Hou Jiancheng , Nanda Upali , Ghamari Hessam
Published: January 2016

Objective:

To examine whether exposure to curve versus sharp contours in the built healthcare setting produces systematic and identifiable patterns of amygdala activation and behavioral response in healthy adults.

Background:

Recent studies in cognitive neuroscience suggest that humans prefer objects with a curved contour compared with objects that have pointed features and a sharp-angled contour. An implicit perception of threat represented by sharp objects, in humans, was hypothesized to explain this bias.

Method:

The study adopted a within-subject experimental design, where 36 subjects (representing three age-groups and both sexes) were exposed to a randomized order of 312 real-life images (objects, interiors, exteriors, landscape, and a set of control images). Amygdala activation was simultaneously captured using functional magnetic resonance imaging technology. Subjects’ preference (like/dislike) data were also collected while in the scanner. Data were collected in 2013.

Results:

In case of images depicting landscape and healthcare objects, brain scans show significant higher amygdala activation associated with sharp contours. However, in relation to images depicting hospital interiors and exterior envelops, brain scans show significant higher amygdala activation associated with curve contours. These activations pertain to exposure during the precognitive stages of the subjects’ perception.

Conclusion:

Hospital forms do have systematic impact on fear response during precognitive stages of human perception. Whether this first impression colors the subsequent experience of an actual patient with real illness or injury is unknown.
Space Syntax Analysis
Authors: Sadek Ahmed Hassem , Shepley Mardelle McCuskey
Published: January 2016

Aim:

This article reviews and addresses various spatial measures that provide and facilitate accurate descriptions of different layout typologies with particular focus on healthcare facilities.

Background:

Evidence-based design is a field of study that emphasizes the importance of using credible data in order to influence the design process. It addresses whether/how the design and operation of buildings support positive health outcomes through a growing collection of solutions informed by research and practical knowledge. In order to acquire this knowledge, we must consider the environment in a very precise and measurable way, which can then be investigated quantitatively with regard to various human behaviors and cognitive processes.

Topical Headings:

Space Syntax theory and methods are concerned with understanding how spaces are arranged and connected to one another. It provides quantitative measures of individual spaces and of the entire layout, thereby achieving great accuracy. Space Syntax researchers have used graph theory to define spatial measures and have produced computer tools to quantify the relational properties of spaces and to provide numerical and display values for each. Moreover, they have developed more precise tools that can be embedded within basic Space Syntax concepts in order to augment the credibility of the acquired data.

Conclusion:

The study elaborates on the effectiveness of Space Syntax and its newly developed measures for the field of healthcare facility design and research. We present a comprehensive model that brings together these measures with their correlated behavioral and perceptual consequences, thereby providing a point of departure for further investigation and exploration.
When Will the Trickle-Down Effect of Abusive Supervision Be Alleviated? The Moderating Roles of Power Distance and Traditional Cultures
Authors: Hon Alice H. Y. , Lu Lin
Published: January 2016

The trickle-down model of abusive supervision points out that the negative effect of abusive supervisory behaviors will be imitated by the subordinates and transmits along the organizational hierarchy. An important question arises herein as when and how this negative effect will be stopped or alleviated. In this study, we examine the positive relationship between abusive supervisory behavior and abusive subordinate behavior and the negative relationship between subordinates’ abusive behavior and service performance in teams from hospitality industry. Moreover, we posit that two team-level cultural values (power distance and traditional values) moderate the trickle-down effect of abusive supervision. Data were obtained from 266 supervisor–subordinate dyads in the hotel industry in China. The hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) results revealed that (1) abusive supervision positively predicts abusive subordinate behavior, (2) abusive subordinate behavior negatively predicts service performance, and (3) both traditional and power distance values mitigate the negative effects of abusive supervision in the supervisor–subordinate relationship. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
Living with heart failure: Perspectives of patients from Singapore
Authors: Malhotra Chetna , Cheng Sim Wong Genevieve , Tan Boon Cheng , Ng Clarice Shu Hwa , Lee Neo Chia , Lau Cindy Suck Lan , Sim David Kheng Leng , Finkelstein Eric Andrew
Published: January 2016

Introduction:

Heart failure is a progressive and often incurable condition associated with a poor quality of life. The aim of this study was to understand the experiences and preferences regarding care, communication and decision-making among patients living with heart failure in Singapore.

Methods:

Five focus groups were conducted with 27 patients that had heart failure. The focus groups were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was used for analyzing transcripts.

Results:

Six themes representing the experiences of patients with heart failure were identified. These were: 1) physical and psychological symptoms; 2) financial concerns; 3) uncertainty and lack of knowledge about disease; 4) difficulties in navigating the healthcare system; 5) end-of-life care concerns; and 6) fear of burdening family.

Conclusion:

The study highlights that health care services for patients with heart failure need to address the multifaceted impacts of the disease on patient’s lives. A focus on the provision of comprehensive health care services at the primary care level, training of health care providers in communication skills, involving patients and their families in decision making, and discussions about end-of-life care preferences and goals of care may help to improve care for patients with heart failure.
Endoscopic management of patients with post‐surgical leaks involving the gastrointestinal tract: A large case series
Authors: Manta Raffaele , Caruso Angelo , Cellini Carlo , Sica Mariano , Zullo Angelo , Mirante Vincenzo Giorgio , Bertani Helga , Frazzoni Marzio , Mutignani Massimiliano , Galloro Giuseppe , Conigliaro Rita
Published: January 2016

Background

Post‐surgical anastomotic leaks often require a re‐intervention, are associated with a definite morbidity and mortality, and with relevant costs. We described a large series of patients with different post‐surgical leaks involving the gastrointestinal tract managed with endoscopy as initial approach.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected cases with anastomotic leaks managed with different endoscopic approaches (with surgical or radiological drainage when needed) in two endoscopic centres during 5 years. Interventions included: (1) over‐the‐scope clip (OTSC) positioning; (2) placement of a covered self‐expanding metal stent (SEMS); (3) fibrin glue injection (Tissucol); and (4) endo‐sponge application, according to both the endoscopic feature and patient’s status.

Results

A total of 76 patients underwent endoscopic treatment for a leak either in the upper (47 cases) or lower (29 cases) gastrointestinal tract, and the approach was successful in 39 (83%) and 22 (75.9%) patients, respectively, accounting for an overall 80.3% success rate. Leak closure was achieved in 84.9% and 78.3% of patients managed by using a single or a combination of endoscopic devices. Overall, leak closure failed in 15 (19.7%) patients, and the surgical approach was successful in all 14 patients who underwent re‐intervention, whilst one patient died due to sepsis at 7 days.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that an endoscopic approach, with surgical or radiological drainage when needed, is successful and safe in the majority of patients with anastomotic gastrointestinal leaks. Therefore, an endoscopic treatment could be attempted before resorting to more invasive, costly and risky re‐intervention.
Antileishmanial Activities of Greek Juniper (Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb.) Against Leishmania major Promastigotes
Authors: Moein Mahmoodreza , Hatam Gholamreza , Taghavi-Moghadam Razieh , Zarshenas Mohammad M.
Published: January 2016

Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-butanol fractions of Greek juniper ( Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb. from the family Cupressaceae) were evaluated for antileishmanial activities against Leishmania major promastigotes compared to meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime). In vitro toxicity assay was performed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide and microplate ELISA reader. Extracts were prepared in ethanol/dimethyl sulfoxide (80/20) at 10 to 0.62 mg/mL. The standard was prepared in phosphate-buffered saline at 500 to 15.62 mg/mL. Both leaf and fruit extracts and related fractions showed strong inhibitory effects against promastigotes, significantly different from that of the standard. The leaf extract and the respective petroleum ether fraction showed maximum effectiveness compared to other fractions and also fruit extract and fractions (IC90 = 1.89 ± 0.03 and 0.90 ± 0.03 mg/mL, respectively). Regarding the potent activities of nonpolar fractions of Greek juniper leaf extract, these fractions can be suggested for further investigation.
Shoulder Arthroscopy Does Not Adequately Visualize Pathology of the Long Head of Biceps Tendon
Authors: Saithna Adnan , Longo Alison , Leiter Jeff , Old Jason , MacDonald Peter M.
Published: January 2016

Background:

Pulling the long head of the biceps tendon into the joint at arthroscopy is a common method for evaluation of tendinopathic lesions. However, the rate of missed diagnoses when using this technique is reported to be as high as 30% to 50%.

Hypothesis:

Tendon excursion achieved using a standard arthroscopic probe does not allow adequate visualization of extra-articular sites of predilection of tendinopathy.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Seven forequarter amputation cadaveric specimens were evaluated. The biceps tendon was tagged to mark the intra-articular length and the maximum excursions achieved using a probe and a grasper in both beach-chair and lateral positions. Statistical analyses were performed using analysis of variance to compare means.

Results:

The mean intra-articular and extra-articular lengths of the tendons were 23.9 and 82.3 mm, respectively. The length of tendon that could be visualized by pulling it into the joint with a probe through the anterior midglenoid portal was not significantly different when using either lateral decubitus (mean ± SD, 29.9 ± 3.89 mm; 95% CI, 25.7-34 mm) or beach-chair positions (32.7 ± 4.23 mm; 95% CI, 28.6-36.8 mm). The maximum length of the overall tendon visualized in any specimen using a standard technique was 37 mm. Although there was a trend to greater excursion using a grasper through the same portal, this was not statistically significant. However, using a grasper through the anterosuperior portal gave a significantly greater mean excursion than any other technique (46.7 ± 4.31 mm; 95% CI, 42.6-50.8 mm), but this still failed to allow evaluation of Denard zone C.

Conclusion:

Pulling the tendon into the joint with a probe via an anterior portal does not allow visualization of distal sites of predilection of pathology. Surgeons should be aware that this technique is inadequate and can result in missed diagnoses.

Clinical Relevance:

This study demonstrates that glenohumeral arthroscopy does not allow visualization of common areas of pathology of the long head of the biceps tendon.
“Oil and Water”? Latino-white Relations and Symbolic Integration in a Changing California
Authors: Muro Jazmín A.
Published: January 2016

Existing research on race relations between racial/ethnic groups in the United States highlights how personal contact can lead to increased harmony or conflict between groups and may reduce intergroup prejudice. This study engages this literature and draws from more than 20 months of ethnography and 66 interviews in a Spanish/English dual-language school in Los Angeles to qualitatively examine Latino-white relations in diverse settings. Interactions between Latino and white adults of varying class statuses are characterized by politeness and civility, yet parents segregate within the school and rarely form meaningful cross-racial relationships that transcend the campus. Despite regular interpersonal contact, a shared goal of bilingualism, and shared class status for some, divisions between Latino and white parents persist, and interactions between them are characterized by what the author terms symbolic integration. Symbolic integration refers to polite, but surface-level, interactions between racial/ethnic groups that are enjoyable, voluntary, and additive. This type of integration nuances our understanding of race relations and elucidates how sustained regular contact and the absence of negative racial stereotypes do not ensure lessened racial stratification between racial/ethnic groups.
Discrimination against Queer Women in the U.S. Workforce
Authors: Mishel Emma
Published: January 2016

The author reports on the first study to use an audit method to ascertain whether discrimination occurs against queer women (relative to straight women) when they apply to jobs in the United States. A field experiment was conducted in which a pair of fictitious women’s résumés were sent to apply to more than 800 administrative jobs from online job databases advertised by employers across four states. One woman’s résumé was randomly assigned leadership experience at a lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) student organization to signal queer identity, while the other résumé, a control, was assigned experience at another progressive student organization. Results reveal that the women with the LGBT indicator on their résumés were discriminated against compared with the other women, receiving about 30 percent fewer callbacks.
Status and Interaction
Authors: Skvoretz John , Fararo Thomas J.
Published: January 2016

Status inequality is a matter both of the distribution of persons to status positions (men and women, highly educated and poorly educated, young and old) and of the value of those positions relative to one another. The authors’ work focuses on the second issue. The authors propose a stochastic model for how status value can be measured on a ratio scale from data on how occupancy of macro-status positions influences the micro-status orderings of actors that arise in task groups. The model is tested on three available data sets by estimating parameters and assessing goodness of fit.
Teacher Talk and Perceived Teacher Effectiveness: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Nápoles Jessica
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the perceptions of teachers, ensemble members, and outside observers when evaluating the effectiveness of rehearsals conducted with reduced amounts of verbal instruction. Preservice teachers led choral rehearsals employing Archibeque’s “rule of seven,” wherein instructions were delivered in seven words or fewer. Immediately following the teaching session, participants responded to the question: “What was your perception of this assignment and what did you notice about teaching effectiveness?” Outside observers responded to the same prompt. Findings indicated that choral members preferred rehearsals with reduced verbal instruction because they were able to perform more, with fewer interruptions. The preservice teachers favored the opportunity to organize their thoughts and focus instruction, but they expressed frustration with feeling stifled in leading rehearsal. The outside observers approved of the rehearsal pacing but were concerned by the lack of specificity in instruction and feedback.
CARMA1- and MyD88-dependent activation of Jun/ATF-type AP-1 complexes is a hallmark of ABC diffuse large B-cell lymphomas
Authors: Juilland Mélanie , Gonzalez Montserrat , Erdmann Tabea , Banz Yara , Jevnikar Zala , Hailfinger Stephan , Tzankov Alexandar , Grau Michael , Lenz Georg , Novak Urban , Thome Margot
Published: January 2016

Key Points

AP-1 complexes of the Jun/ATF type promote growth of ABC DLBCL cell lines. High expression of ATF3 is a hallmark of samples from patients with non-GC/ABC DLBCL.
Early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ETP-ALL/LBL) in adolescents and adults: a high-risk subtype
Authors: Jain Nitin , Lamb Audrey V. , O’Brien Susan , Ravandi Farhad , Konopleva Marina , Jabbour Elias , Zuo Zhuang , Jorgensen Jeffrey , Lin Pei , Pierce Sherry , Thomas Deborah , Rytting Michael , Borthakur Gautam , Kadia Tapan , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Khoury Joseph D.
Published: January 2016

Key Points

Adult patients with ETP-ALL/LBL have poor long-term outcomes. Novel therapies are urgently needed for adult patients with ETP-ALL/LBL.
PET-CT for staging and early response: results from the Response-Adapted Therapy in Advanced Hodgkin Lymphoma study
Authors: Barrington Sally F. , Kirkwood Amy A. , Franceschetto Antonella , Fulham Michael J. , Roberts Thomas H. , Almquist Helén , Brun Eva , Hjorthaug Karin , Viney Zaid N. , Pike Lucy C. , Federico Massimo , Luminari Stefano , Radford John , Trotman Judith , Fosså Alexander , Berkahn Leanne , Molin Daniel , D’Amore Francesco , Sinclair Donald A. , Smith Paul , O’Doherty Michael J. , Stevens Lindsey , Johnson Peter W.
Published: January 2016

Key Points

PET-CT is the modern standard for staging Hodgkin lymphoma and can replace contrast enhanced CT in the vast majority of cases. Agreement between expert and local readers is sufficient for the Deauville criteria to assess response in clinical trials and the community.
Src family kinase expression and subcellular localization in macrophages: implications for their role in CSF-1-induced macrophage migration
Authors: Dwyer Amy R , Mouchemore Kellie A , Steer James H , Sunderland Andrew J , Sampaio Natalia G , Greenland Eloise L , Joyce David A , Pixley Fiona J
Published: January 2016

A major role of colony-stimulating factor-1 is to stimulate the differentiation of mononuclear phagocytic lineage cells into adherent, motile, mature macrophages. The colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor transduces colony-stimulating factor-1 signaling, and we have shown previously that phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase p110δ is a critical mediator of colony-stimulating factor-1–stimulated motility through the colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor pY721 motif. Src family kinases are also implicated in the regulation of macrophage motility and in colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor signaling, although functional redundancy of the multiple SFKs expressed in macrophages makes it challenging to delineate their specific functions. We report a comprehensive analysis of individual Src family kinase expression in macrophage cell lines and primary macrophages and demonstrate colony-stimulating factor-1–induced changes in Src family kinase subcellular localization, which provides clues to their distinct and redundant functions in macrophages. Moreover, expression of individual Src family kinases is both species specific and dependent on colony-stimulating factor-1–induced macrophage differentiation. Hck associated with the activated colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor, whereas Lyn associated with the receptor in a constitutive manner. Consistent with this, inhibitor studies revealed that Src family kinases were important for both colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor activation and colony-stimulating factor-1–induced macrophage spreading, motility, and invasion. Distinct colony-stimulating factor-1–induced changes in the subcellular localization of individual SFKs suggest specific roles for these Src family kinases in the macrophage response to colony-stimulating factor-1.
Flagellar pocket restructuring through theLeishmanialife cycle involves a discrete flagellum attachment zone
Authors: Wheeler Richard J , Sunter Jack D , Gull Keith
Published: January 2016

Leishmania promastigote parasites have a flagellum which protrudes from the flagellar pocket at the cell anterior, yet, surprisingly, have homologs of many flagellum attachment zone (FAZ) proteins: proteins used in the related Trypanosoma species to laterally attach the flagellum to the cell body from the flagellar pocket to the cell posterior. Here, we use seven Leishmania mexicana cell lines expressing eYFP fusions of FAZ protein homologs to show that the Leishmania flagellar pocket includes a FAZ structure. Electron tomography reveals a precisely defined 3D organisation for both flagellar pocket and FAZ, with striking similarities to T. brucei. Expression of two T. brucei FAZ proteins in L. mexicana shows that T. brucei FAZ proteins can assemble into the Leishmania FAZ structure. Leishmania therefore have a previously unrecognised FAZ structure, which we show undergoes major structural reorganisation in the transition from the promastigote (sandfly vector) to amastigote (in mammalian macrophages). Morphogenesis of the Leishmania flagellar pocket, a structure important for pathogenicity, is therefore intimately associated with a FAZ; a finding with implications for understanding shape changes involving component modules during evolution.
Spectral sensitivity, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution and their implications for conspecific signalling in cleaner shrimp
Authors: Caves Eleanor M. , Frank Tamara M. , Johnsen Sönke
Published: January 2016

Cleaner shrimp (Decapoda) regularly interact with conspecifics and client reef fish, both of which appear colourful and finely-patterned to human observers. However, whether cleaner shrimp can perceive the colour patterns of conspecifics and clients is unknown, because cleaner shrimp visual capabilities are unstudied. We quantified spectral sensitivity and temporal resolution using electroretinography (ERG), and spatial resolution using both morphological (inter-ommatidial angle) and behavioural (optomotor) methods in three cleaner shrimp species: Lysmata amboinensis, Ancylomenes pedersoni, and Urocaridella antonbruunii. In all three species, we found strong evidence for only a single spectral sensitivity peak of (mean±s.e.m.) 518±5 nm, 518±2 nm, and 533±3 nm, respectively. Temporal resolution in dark-adapted eyes was 39±1.3 Hz, 36±0.6 Hz, and 34± 1.3 Hz. Spatial resolution was 9.9±0.3°, 8.3±0.1°, and 11±0.5°, respectively, which is low compared with other compound eyes of similar size. Assuming monochromacy, we present approximations of cleaner shrimp perception of both conspecifics and clients, and show that cleaner shrimp visual capabilities are sufficient to detect the outlines of large stimuli, but not to detect the colour patterns of conspecifics or clients, even over short distances. Thus, conspecific viewers have likely not played a role in the evolution of cleaner shrimp appearance; rather, further studies should investigate whether cleaner shrimp colour patterns have evolved to be viewed by client reef fish, many of which possess tri- and tetra-chromatic colour vision and relatively high spatial acuity.
The importance of thermal history: costs and benefits of heat exposure in a tropical, rocky shore oyster
Authors: Giomi Folco , Mandaglio Concetta , Ganmanee Monthon , Han Guo-Dong , Dong Yun-Wei , Williams Gray A. , Sarà Gianluca
Published: January 2016

Although thermal performance is widely recognized to be pivotal in determining species' distributions, assessment of this performance is often based on laboratory acclimated individuals, neglecting their proximate thermal history. The thermal history of a species sums the evolutionary history and, importantly, the thermal events recently experienced by individuals, including short-term acclimation to environmental variations. Thermal history is perhaps of greatest importance for species inhabiting thermally challenging environments and therefore assumed to be living close to their thermal limits, such as in the tropics. To test the importance of thermal history the responses of the tropical oyster, Isognomon nucleus, to short term differences in thermal environments were investigated. Critical and lethal temperatures and oxygen consumption were improved in oysters which previously experienced elevated air temperatures and were associated with an enhanced heat shock response, indicating that recent thermal history affects physiological performance as well as inducing short-term acclimation to acute conditions. These responses were, however, associated with trades offs in feeding activity, with oysters which experienced elevated temperatures showing reduced energy gain. Recent thermal history, therefore, seems to rapidly invoke physiological mechanisms which enhance survival to short-term thermal challenge but also longer-term climatic changes and consequently need to be incorporated into assessments of species' thermal performances.
Winter metabolic depression does not change arterial baroreflex control of heart rate in the tegu lizard (Salvator merianae)
Authors: Zena Lucas A. , Dantonio Valter , Gargaglioni Luciane H. , Andrade Denis V. , Abe Augusto S. , Bícego Kênia C.
Published: January 2016

Baroreflex regulation of blood pressure (BP) is important for maintaining appropriate tissue perfusion. Although temperature affects heart rate (fH) reflex regulation in some reptiles and toads, no data are available on the influence of temperature-independent metabolic states on baroreflex. The South American tegu lizard Salvator merianae exhibits a clear seasonal cycle of activity decreasing fH along with winter metabolic downregulation, independent of body temperature. Through pharmacological interventions (phenylephrine and sodium nitroprusside), the baroreflex control of fH was studied at ∼25°C in spring-summer and winter-acclimated tegus.

In winter lizards, resting and minimum fH were lower than in spring-summer animals (respectively, 13.3±0.82 vs 10.3±0.81 and 11.2±0.65 vs 7.97±0.88 beats.min−1), while no acclimation differences occurred in resting BP (5.14±0.38 vs 5.06±0.56 kPa), baroreflex gain (94.3±10.7 vs 138.7±30.3 %.kPa−1) and rate-pressure product (an index of myocardial activity). Vagal tone exceeded the sympathetic tone of fH especially in the winter group. Therefore, despite the lower fH, winter acclimation does not diminish the fH baroreflex responses nor rate-pressure product possibly because of increased stroke volume that may arise due to heart hypertrophy. Independent of acclimation, fH responded more to hypotension than to hypertension. This should imply that tegus, which have no pressure separation within the single heart ventricle, must have other protection mechanisms against pulmonary hypertension or oedema, presumably through lymphatic drainage and/or vagal vasoconstriction of pulmonary artery. Such a predominant fH reflex response to hypothension, previously observed in anurans, crocodilians and mammals, may be a common feature of tetrapods.
Wavelength discrimination in the hummingbird hawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum
Authors: Telles Francismeire J. , Kelber Almut , Rodríguez-Gironés Miguel A.
Published: January 2016

Despite the strong relationship between insect vision and the spectral properties of flowers, the visual system has been studied in detail only in few insect pollinator species. For instance, wavelength discrimination thresholds have been determined in two species only: the honeybee (Apis mellifera) and the butterfly Papilio xuthus. Here, we present the wavelength discrimination thresholds (Δλ) for the hawkmoth Macroglossum stellatarum. We compare the data with those found for the honeybee, the butterfly P. xuthus and the predictions of a colour discrimination model. After training moths to feed from a rewarded disk illuminated with a monochromatic light, we tested them in a dual choice situation, in which they had to choose between the light of the training wavelength and a novel unrewarded wavelength. To characterise the Δλ function, we decreased the difference between wavelengths in subsequent tests. We also varied the light intensity to test its effect on the discrimination capacity. In agreement with the predictions of the model, we found two expected minima of discrimination where photoreceptor sensitivities overlap, as well as a minor third unpredicted minimum around the peak of the blue photoreceptor. M. stellatarum is capable to discriminate lights with a wavelength difference of 1 to 2 nm. These discrimination minima are similar to those found for the tetrachromatic P. xuthus, and are better than those of the honeybee. The moth is also capable to use achromatic information to discriminate between lights of long wavelengths.
Private information alone can trigger trapping of ant colonies in local feeding optima
Authors: Czaczkes Tomer J. , Salmane Anete K. , Klampfleuthner Felicia A. M. , Heinze Jürgen
Published: January 2016

Ant colonies are famous for using trail pheromones to make collective decisions. Trail pheromone systems are characterised by positive feedback, which results in rapid decision making. However, in an iconic experiment ants were shown to become ‘trapped’ in exploiting a poor food source, if it was discovered earlier. This has conventionally been explained by the established pheromone trail becoming too strong for new trails to compete. However, many social insects have a well-developed memory, and private information often overrules conflicting social information. Thus, route memory could also explain this collective ‘trapping’ effect. Here we disentangle the effects of social and private information in two ‘trapping’ experiments; one in which ants are presented a good and poor food source, and one in which ants are presented a long and short path to the same food source. We find that private information is sufficient to trigger trapping in selecting the poorer of two food sources, and may be sufficient to cause it altogether. Memories did not trigger trapping in the shortest path experiment, likely as sufficiently detailed memories did not form. The fact that collective decisions can be triggered by private information alone may require other collective patterns previously attributed solely to social information use to be reconsidered.
Activity-dependence of spreading depression in the locust CNS
Authors: Spong Kristin E. , Mazzetti Tom R. , Robertson R. Meldrum
Published: January 2016

Spreading depression (SD) is associated with large changes in extracellular ion concentrations and can be induced by impairing mechanisms of K+ ion homeostasis. We tested activity-dependence of SD in the locust model of ouabain-induced SD in the metathoracic ganglion. Wind-activation of thoracic circuitry resulted in small increases of K+ concentration that took 5-10 s to be cleared from the extracellular space. In the presence of the Na+/K+-ATPase inhibitor ouabain, wind stimulation every 30 s halved the latency to the first SD event and increased its duration. Wind stimulation was able to trigger the first event suggesting that local activity could determine the origin of successive SD events. Perfusion with zero-calcium saline blocked neural activity in the ganglion and prevented the occurrence of ouabain-induced SD. We conclude that ouabain-induced SD in the locust CNS is strongly dependent on the existing level of neural activity.
Sex-specific nutrient use and preferential allocation of resources to a sexually selected trait in Hyalella amphipods
Authors: Goos Jared M. , Cothran Rickey D. , Jeyasingh Punidan D.
Published: January 2016

Although sexually dimorphic traits are often well studied, we know little about sex-specific resource use strategies that should underlie such dimorphism. We measured sex-specific responses in acquisition and assimilation of two fundamental resources, carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) in juvenile and mature Hyalella amphipods given low and high supplies of inorganic phosphate, analogous to oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions, respectively. Additionally, we quantified allocation of resources to sexual traits in males. Dual radiotracer (14C and 33P) assays revealed substantial age- and sex-specific differences in acquisition and assimilation. Furthermore, a phenotypic manipulation experiment revealed that amphipods fed low-P food allocated more C to all traits than those fed high-P food. Importantly, we found that amphipods preferentially allocated more C to the development of a sexually selected trait (the posterior gnathopod), compared to a serially homologous trait (the fifth pereopod) not under sexual selection. Substantial differences in how the sexes use fundamental resources, and the impact of altered nutrient supply on such differences illuminate sexual dimorphism at the lowest level of biological organization. Such information will be important in understanding how sex- and age-specific life history demands influence nutrient processing in a biosphere characterized by rapidly changing alterations to biogeochemical cycles.
Water deprivation increases maternal corticosterone levels and enhances offspring growth in the snake Vipera aspis
Authors: Dupoué Andréaz , Angelier Frédéric , Brischoux François , DeNardo Dale F. , Trouvé Colette , Parenteau Charline , Lourdais Olivier
Published: January 2016

Circulating glucocorticoids (GCs) levels may increase as a result of reproductive effort or in response to unpredictable events. However, the GCs secretion can vary with the availability of vital trophic resources such as energy. While water represents another critical resource, the impact of water deprivation on GCs secretion during reproduction has not yet been thoroughly investigated. Here, we examined the effects of water deprivation on plasma corticosterone (CORT) concentrations of female aspic vipers (Vipera aspis), and we determined the impacts of water deprivation on offspring traits. We exposed both pregnant and non-reproductive females to a 20-day water deprivation and compared their pre- and post-deprivation CORT levels to those of control females. At the end of the treatment, only water-deprived pregnant females showed a significant increase in CORT levels. In pregnant females, changes in baseline CORT level were correlated to changes in female hydration state. Changes in baseline CORT levels were also negatively influenced by maternal reproductive effort in pregnant control females, while such relationship was not apparent in pregnant water-deprived females. Finally, we found that offspring from water-deprived females had higher growth rates than offspring from control females. Offspring growth was also positively correlated to changes in both maternal osmolality and baseline CORT levels. Together, our results suggest that dehydration increases maternal CORT levels which may subsequently influence offspring development. Further long-term field studies are therefore required to assess whether there is an adaptive significance of this response.
Reconfiguration of the immune system network during food limitation in the caterpillarManduca sexta
Authors: Adamo Shelley A. , Davies Gillian , Easy Russell , Kovalko Ilya , Turnbull Kurtis F.
Published: January 2016

Dwindling resources might be expected to induce a gradual decline in immune function. However, food limitation has complex and seemingly paradoxical effects on the immune system. Examining these changes from an immune system network perspective may help illuminate the purpose of these fluctuations. We found that food limitation lowered long-term (i.e. lipid) and short-term (i.e. sugars) energy stores in the caterpillar Manduca sexta. Food limitation also: altered immune gene expression, changed the activity of key immune enzymes, depressed the concentration of a major antioxidant (glutathione), reduced resistance to oxidative stress, reduced resistance to bacteria (Gram positive and negative bacteria) but appeared to have less effect on resistance to a fungus. These results provide evidence that food limitation led to a restructuring of the immune system network. In severely food-limited caterpillars, some immune functions were enhanced. As resources dwindled within the caterpillar, the immune response shifted its emphasis away from inducible immune defenses (i.e. those responses that are activated during an immune challenge) and increased emphasis on constitutive defenses (i.e. immune components that are produced consistently). We also found changes suggesting that the activation threshold for some immune responses (e.g. phenoloxidase) was lowered. Changes in the configuration of the immune system network will lead to different immunological strengths and vulnerabilities for the organism.