bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic Policies in Expanding Frontiers of Food Security among Cassava-based Farmers in Cross River State, Nigeria
Authors: Edet Agbachom Emmanuel , Melvin Amalu , Amata Uzoikwe , Ettah Otu , Michael Ubi Godwin
Published: November 2019

The research was carried out to identify the possible constraints and development of strategic policies in expanding and improving cassava production and processing amongst cassava value chain actors in Cross River State, Nigeria. Data generated from the research the 150 cassava producers and processors (cassava value chain actors) through the use of well- define structured interview schedule was collated. The Multistage sampling procedure was adopted in selection of farmer respondents. The multivariate analytical technique was used in analyzing generated data employing the statistical application software of Genstat version 12. The eigen value, percentage variations and loading values contributing to low cassava output were used in achieving the objectives. The results showed that the major constraints to cassava production and processing were agronomic, technical/institutional and financial constraints. The major policy strategies should include a global, national, regional and community strategies all geared towards the evolution of industry analysis for improving cassava productivity in the study area through the development of the traditional farming systems, making good planting material accessible to farmers and on time and at lowest possible prices; the provision of credit facilities to the resource poor cassava –based farmers in the area with no collateral; the establishment of cassava product based cottage industries in the area for cassava value chain development; provision of adequate cassava processing equipment and the formation of cassava farmers’ multipurpose cooperative societies to enhance farmers’ access to benefit from world bank assisted programmes; have free access to basic information and production facilities. The study, therefore, recommended that cassava product based cottage industries be established in the study area in order to encourage both producers and processors in the value addition chain. This will also provide employment and likewise encourage the restive youths in the region to venture into agriculture as a business for economic returns, growth and development of the area. The identified constraints with the higher loading values for each of the principal multivariate should be strengthened using appropriate development strategies/policies to ensure food security and increased farm income for cassava – based farmers in the region.
Effect of Weather and Accumulated Weather Parameters on Yield of Finger Millet Grown in Different Planting Geometry, Methods of Establishment and Nutrient Sources
Authors: Hebbal Narayan , Ramachandrappa B. K. , . Mudalagiriyappa
Published: November 2019

Environment is a basic and fundamental factor determining the growth of plants. Amount and distribution of rainfall is the key variable influencing crop productivity in rainfed farming. Maximum heat units of 1386 growing degree days, rainfall (577 mm), rainy days (33), PET (456 mm), SSH (677 hrs.), day length (1474 hrs.), photo thermal units (16921) and helio thermal units (7372) were recorded during 2015 compared to growing season 2016 with growing degree days (GDD) (1266), rainfall (102 mm), rainy days (9), PET (382 mm), SSH (701 hrs.), day length (1474 hrs.), photo thermal units (15136) and helio thermal units (8163). Increased cumulative SSH and helio thermal units during 2016 was mainly due to clear weather condition and higher maximum and minimum temperature at crop growing period. Higher grain yield, straw yield, heat, photo thermal and helio thermal use efficiency (3638 and 2443 kg ha -1, 2.62, 0.22 and 0.49 during 2015, 1.93, 0.16 and 0.30 during 2016, respectively) was recorded in transplanting with recommended spacing along with application of RDF (50:40:37.5 NPK, ha-1) + FYM 7.5 t ha-1 compared to other treatment combinations.
Attitudes, Knowledge and Practice of Herbal Remedy Use among the Population Visiting Pharmacies and Health Care Providers in Alexandria, Egypt: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Fathy Hoda , El-Hawy Raghda , Hassan Raghda
Published: November 2019

Aims: To show the levels of awareness, attitude, practices and socioeconomic factors related to consuming herbal products among Alexandrian citizen visiting pharmacies. The findings of this study are meant also to show the practices and beliefs of healthcare providers regarding using herbal remedies in treatment, including advising patients, reporting adverse effects and possessing knowledge about specific herb-drug interactions.

Study Design:  people visiting pharmacies as well as pharmacists in their pharmacies and physicians in their clinics were invited to complete a questionnaire about their knowledge and personal experience in the consumption of herbal remedy. Anonymity was guaranteed. Questionnaire consists of three parts: demographic data, personal experience and a part concerning health care providers.

Place and Duration of Study: Study area is the city of Alexandria, Egypt from the 1st July through September 2018.

Methodology: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study that used a self-administered, questionnaire from 213 participants (153+ 60 health care providers HCPs).

Results: Almost half the respondents preferred to be treated with herbs because they believed that herbs are safe. But they are not the proper choice to cure chronic diseases. Only 25% of herb users recorded suffering from side effects. The most common source of information about herbs was via internet, followed by family and friends, television and other types of media. Herbal remedies were purchased mainly from outlets other than pharmacies. The willingness to buy such products was not affected by participants’ education level or their monthly income. The public didn’t feel it’s important to mention any herbal remedy they consume to their physician; similarly HCPs did not ask them. Generally, it was shown that HCPs have inadequate knowledge about herbs.

Conclusion: The prevalence of herb usage is moderate among the Alexandrian population. And it is imperative to educate HCPs about the benefits, risks and interactions of herbal supplements.
Ceruloplasmin and Alkaline Phosphatase Levels in Preterm Delivery
Authors: Kondhalkar A. , More K. , Kumar S.
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Preterm birth (PTB) is a major determinant of neonatal mortality and morbidity. Preterm babies are prone to serious illness or death during the neonatal period. PTB is one of the unresolved problems in clinical obstetrics and one of the greatest threats to the developing fetus, there is need to determine predictive biomarker for preterm delivery. Therefore present study aimed to assess serum levels of ceruloplasmin and Alkaline phosphatase in preterm and full-term delivery.

Materials and Methods: The present study includes total 80 subjects that comprise forty women presenting with preterm onset of labor followed by delivery and forty women who delivered at term served as controls. Blood Samples from the subjects were obtained for ceruloplasmin and Alkaline phosphatase estimation, when patient was in labor. Serum ceruloplasmin and alkaline phosphatase measured spectrophotometrically. Serum ceruloplasmin was estimated by Herbert A Ravin and Henry et al. method. Serum alkaline phosphatase was estimated by Kinetic p-NPP method.

Results: Serum ceruloplasmin levels were significantly increased (P<0.001) in preterm delivery as compared to full term delivery. Alkaline phosphatase levels are significantly increased in preterm delivery (p<0.001) as compared to full term delivery.

Conclusion: Our study showed that elevated levels of ceruloplasmin and alkaline phosphatase may be associated with preterm delivery in asymptomatic pregnant women. The elevated ALP may be due to mild chronic subclinical infection which may be responsible for preterm delivery. Ceruloplasmin is acute phase reactant, increased due to an antioxidant defence mechanism against oxidative stress.
Estimation by Inverse Approach of a Transmissivity Field over the Entire Continental Terminal Aquifer of Abidjan
Authors: Kouassi Kouamé Auguste , Kouassi Francis Williams , Mangoua Oi Mangoua Jules , Ackerer Philippe , Douagui Gountôh Aristide , Savane Issiaka
Published: November 2019

Hydraulic characterization of aquifer systems is important for the development of exploitation scenarios and groundwater management strategies. Especially in lithologically heterogeneous aquifers, local scale variations in transmissivity (T) may not be neglected. Field scale transmissivity values are usually derived from pumping tests, but in most cases their number and availability are rather limited. Thus, direct measurement of transmissivity over an entire aquifer is expensive and technically almost impossible. In such situations, inverse hydrodynamic modelling is the appropriate solution. In this article, the real transmissivity field of the aquifer of the Continental Terminal of Abidjan is investigated by a multi-scale parametrization that allows to bypass the problem of scale change and to determine this hydrodynamic parameter over the entire aquifer. This hydrogeological modelling of the Continental Terminal aquifer identified a structure of 153 nodes in size as the closest structure to that of the Continental Terminal aquifer. The transmissivity field associated with this optimal size, ranging from 5.4.10-5 to 1 m2s-1, has been compared with values published in other studies in Africa and the world.  These identified values are plausible and have a good overall structure. The success of this modeling is strongly linked to the quantity, quality and spatial distribution of authentic informations on the parameters sought.
Antimicrobial Activity of Methanolic, Aqueous and Partially Purified Protein of Young and Matured Leaves of Guiera senegalensis (Moshi Medicine)
Authors: Jiyil M. K. , Mafuyai C. E. , Shago M. I. , Inuwa H. M.
Published: November 2019

Background: Microorganisms have evolved defence mechanisms against antimicrobial agents and have become resistant to some antibiotics.

Aim of the Study: This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of methanol as well as that of the aqueous and partially purified protein of   young and matured leaves of Guiera senegalensis.

Study Duration: This study was conducted on 30th January, 2015 at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ahmadu  Bello University Zaria, Nigeria.

Methodology: Antimicrobial activity was determined using disc diffusion and broth dilution techniques, Gel chromatography techniques were used to fractionate the crude protein.

Results: The Test isolates were Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Candida albicans. All the extracts were sensitive to most of the isolates except Candida albican (fungus).

The crude and partially purified proteins were active against the Gram positive bacteria. The maximum zone of inhibition (42.00±1.00 mm) was observed in the methanol extract of a young leaf against Staphylococcus aureus at 100 mg/ml. The methanol extracts exhibited minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at a range of 6.25 mg/ml and 12.5 mg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) at 12.5 mg/ml and 25 mg/ml. The young leaf was more active than the matured leaf. Quantitative phytochemicals showed high amounts of saponins (26.20% and 19.66%) in matured and young leaves respectively.

Conclusion: This research justifies the traditional claim of Guiera senegalensis leaves for therapeutic purposes. The leaves can be used to remedy diseases caused by bacterial agents.
Rapid stromal remodeling by short‐term VEGFR2 inhibition increases chemotherapy delivery in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Steins Anne , Klaassen Remy , Jacobs Igor , Schabel Matthias C. , van Lier Monique G. J. T. B. , Ebbing Eva A. , Hectors Stefanie J. , Tas Sander W. , Maracle Chrissta X. , Punt Cornelis J. A. , Siebes Maria , Bergman Jacques J. G. H. M. , Medema Jan Paul , Wilmink Johanna W. , Mathot Ron A. A. , Strijkers Gustav J. , Bijlsma Maarten F. , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M.
Published: November 2019

Anti‐angiogenic agents combined with chemotherapy is an important strategy for the treatment of solid tumors. However, survival benefit is limited, urging the improvement of combination therapies. We aimed to clarify the effects of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) targeting on hemodynamic function and penetration of drugs in esophagogastric adenocarcinoma (EAC). Patient‐derived xenograft (PDX) models of EAC were subjected to long‐term and short‐term treatment with anti‐VEGFR2 therapy followed by chemotherapy injection or multi‐agent dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE‐) MRI and vascular casting. Long‐term anti‐VEGFR2‐treated tumors showed a relatively lower flow and vessel density resulting in reduced chemotherapy uptake. On the contrary, short‐term VEGFR2 targeting resulted in relatively higher flow, rapid vasodilation, and improved chemotherapy delivery. Assessment of the extracellular matrix (ECM) revealed that short‐term anti‐angiogenic treatment drastically remodels the tumor stroma by inducing nitric oxide synthesis and hyaluronan degradation, thereby dilating the vasculature and improving intratumoral chemotherapy delivery. These previously unrecognized beneficial effects could not be maintained by long‐term VEGFR2 inhibition. As the identified mechanisms are targetable, they offer direct options to enhance the treatment efficacy of anti‐angiogenic therapy combined with chemotherapy in EAC patients.
Multiple interaction nodes define the postreplication repair response to UV‐induced DNA damage that is defective in melanomas and correlated with UV signature mutation load
Authors: Pavey Sandra , Pinder Alex , Fernando Winnie , D’Arcy Nicholas , Matigian Nicholas , Skalamera Dubravka , Lê Cao Kim‐Anh , Loo‐Oey Dorothy , Hill Michelle M. , Stark Mitchell , Kimlin Michael , Burgess Andrew , Cloonan Nicole , Sturm Richard A. , Gabrielli Brian
Published: November 2019

Ultraviolet radiation‐induced DNA mutations are a primary environmental driver of melanoma. The reason for this very high level of unrepaired DNA lesions leading to these mutations is still poorly understood. The primary DNA repair mechanism for UV‐induced lesions, that is, the nucleotide excision repair pathway, appears intact in most melanomas. We have previously reported a postreplication repair mechanism that is commonly defective in melanoma cell lines. Here we have used a genome‐wide approach to identify the components of this postreplication repair mechanism. We have used differential transcript polysome loading to identify transcripts that are associated with UV response, and then functionally assessed these to identify novel components of this repair and cell cycle checkpoint network. We have identified multiple interaction nodes, including global genomic nucleotide excision repair and homologous recombination repair, and previously unexpected MASTL pathway, as components of the response. Finally, we have used bioinformatics to assess the contribution of dysregulated expression of these pathways to the UV signature mutation load of a large melanoma cohort. We show that dysregulation of the pathway, especially the DNA damage repair components, are significant contributors to UV mutation load, and that dysregulation of the MASTL pathway appears to be a significant contributor to high UV signature mutation load.
Podiatry Intervention Versus Usual General Practitioner Care for Symptomatic Radiographic Osteoarthritis of the First Metatarsophalangeal Joint: A Randomized Clinical Feasibility Study
Authors: Paterson Kade L. , Hinman Rana S. , Metcalf Ben R. , Campbell Penny K. , Menz Hylton B. , Hunter David J. , Bennell Kim L.
Published: November 2019

Objective

To determine the feasibility of a clinical trial comparing a podiatry intervention to usual general practitioner (GP) care for people with first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint osteoarthritis (OA).

Methods

A 2‐arm, participant‐ and assessor‐blinded, randomized feasibility study was conducted over 12 weeks. Participants were age >40 years and had pain and radiographic OA in the first MTP joint. Participants in the podiatry group had 3 visits and received foot orthoses, exercise, manual therapy, and advice. Participants in the GP group had 1 visit and received medication advice/prescription and the same advice as the podiatry group. Primary outcomes were measures of feasibility (recruitment, attendance, and retention rates; percentage of prescribed exercise sessions completed; orthoses wear hours/day; treatment fidelity). Secondary outcomes included self‐reported pain, function, satisfaction, adherence, adverse events, and dropouts.

Results

A total of 236 people were screened, and 30 (13%) were included. All except 1 participant in the podiatry group attended the required clinical visits, and retention rates were 93% (podiatry group) and 80% (GP group). Participants completed 66% of the exercise sessions and wore orthoses for an average of 6.3 hours/day. Adherence to medication use was 5.3 on an 11‐point numeric rating scale. Both treatment approaches improved pain and function by clinically important differences at 12 weeks.

Conclusion

A clinical trial comparing a podiatry intervention to usual GP care for people with first MTP joint OA is feasible. Given the improvements in pain and function observed, a larger appropriately powered clinical trial is warranted to evaluate the superiority of one treatment approach over the other.
Model to Determine the Cost‐Effectiveness of Screening Psoriasis Patients for Psoriatic Arthritis
Authors: Iragorri Nicolas , Hazlewood Glen , Manns Braden , Bojke Laura , Spackman Eldon ,   the Early Detection to Improve Outcome in People With Undiagnosed Psoriatic Arthritis Study Group
Published: November 2019

Objective

Screening psoriasis patients for psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is intended to identify patients at earlier stages of the disease. Early treatment is expected to slow disease progression and delay the need for biologic therapy. Our objective was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of screening for PsA in patients with psoriasis in Canada.

Methods

A Markov model was built to estimate the costs and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) of screening tools for PsA in psoriasis patients. The screening tools included the Toronto Psoriatic Arthritis Screen, Psoriasis Epidemiology Screening Tool, Psoriatic Arthritis Screening and Evaluation, and Early Psoriatic Arthritis Screening Questionnaire (EARP) questionnaires. States of health were defined by disability levels as measured by the Health Assessment Questionnaire. State transitions were modeled based on annual disease progression. Incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios and incremental net monetary benefits were estimated. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken to account for parameter uncertainty and to test model assumptions.

Results

Screening was cost‐effective compared to no screening. The EARP tool had the lowest total cost ($2,000 per patient per year saved compared to no screening) and the highest total QALYs (additional 0.18 per patient compared to no screening). The results were most sensitive to test accuracy and the efficacy of disease‐modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). No screening was cost‐effective (at $50,000 per QALY) relative to screening when DMARDs failed to slow disease progression.

Conclusion

If early therapy with DMARDs delays biologic treatment, implementing screening in patients with psoriasis in Canada is expected to represent a cost savings of $220 million per year and improve the quality of life.
Construction of Halofunctionalized Indenes via a Cascade Prins‐Nazarov Cyclization Promoted by Dual Roles of BX3
Authors: Sultana Sabera , Lee Yong Rok
Published: November 2019

Halofunctionalization of various unactivated arylalkynes to the corresponding 1H‐indenes in the presence of a particular class of carboxaldehydes and boron trihalides (BX3, X=F, Cl, Br, I) is described. A diverse array of halofunctionalized indenes substituted with a heterocycle has been synthesized regioselectively with BX3 as a promotor for the carbocyclization and a source of X− for halogenation. This reaction proceeds via a formal halogenative [4+1] cycloaddition between arylalkynes and carboxaldehydes promoted by boron trihalides to generate halofunctionalized indenes. The usefulness of the halofunctionalized indenes was demonstrated by their conversion to other derivatives via coupling, nucleophilic substitution, and oxidation.

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Genome duplication effects on functional traits and fitness are genetic context and species dependent: studies of synthetic polyploid Fragaria
Authors: Wei Na , Du Zhaokui , Liston Aaron , Ashman Tia‐Lynn
Published: November 2019

Premise

Divergence in functional traits and adaptive responses to environmental change underlies the ecological advantage of polyploid plants in the wild. While established polyploids may benefit from combined outcomes of genome doubling, hybridization, and polyploidy‐enabled adaptive evolution, whether genome doubling alone can drive ecological divergence or whether the outcome is genetically variable remains less clear.

Methods

Using synthetic, colchicine‐induced, autotetraploid (4x) plants derived from self‐pollinated diploid (2x) seeds, and their colchicine‐treated but unconverted diploid (2x.nc) full sibs from two diploid wild strawberry taxa (Fragaria vesca subsp. vesca and F. vesca subsp. bracteata), we examined the effects of genome doubling on functional traits, heat stress tolerance, and fitness components across taxa and maternal families (i.e., genetic families) within taxa.

Results

Comparisons between 2x and 2x.nc plants indicated a negligible effect of colchicine treatment on functional traits. Genome doubling increased stomatal length and decreased stomatal density, specific leaf area, and leaf vein density, recapitulating patterns observed in wild polyploid Fragaria. Trichome density, heat stress tolerance, and relative growth rate were not significantly affected by genome doubling. Although clonal reproduction was reduced in response to genome doubling, this effect was strongly genetic‐family dependent.

Conclusions

The results suggest that genome doubling during incipient speciation alone can generate ecological divergence and variation among genetic lineages. This response potentially allows for rapid short‐term evolutionary adaptation and fuels genomic diversity and independent origins of polyploidy.
Chemoselektive, modulare Diversifikation polyhalogenierter Arylfluorosulfate (ArOSO2F), ermöglicht durch ein luftstabiles PdI‐Dimer
Authors: Mendel Marvin , Kalvet Indrek , Hupperich Daniel , Magnin Guillaume , Schoenebeck Franziska
Published: November 2019

Seit 2014 ist das Interesse an Arylfluorosulfaten (ArOSO2F) sowie deren Einsatz in leistungsstarken Anwendungen kontinuierlich gewachsen. In diesem Zusammenhang wird die Leistungsfähigkeit von ArOSO2F stark vom Substitutionsmuster des Arens abhängen, das letztlich die Gesamtfunktion als Arzneimittelkandidat, Material oder Biolinker diktiert. Diese Zuschrift zeigt die modulare, substratunabhängige und vollständig vorhersagbare, selektive Funktionalisierung polysubstituierter Arene mit C‐OSO2F‐, C‐Br‐ und C‐Cl‐Funktionalitäten, die es ermöglicht, das Aren in Gegenwart von OSO2F oder unter Verwendung von OSO2F als Triflat‐Ersatz zu diversifizieren. Sequenzielle und dreifach‐selektive Arylierungen und Alkylierungen wurden innerhalb von Minuten bei Raumtemperatur mit einem einzigen und luftstabilen PdI‐Dimer realisiert.
Temperature‐Directed Micellar Morphological Transformation Using CABC‐Block Copolymers and Its Applications in Encapsulation and Hidden Segment
Authors: Zheng Jie , Chen Chen , Goto Atsushi
Published: November 2019

A temperature‐directed micellar morphological transformation was developed using CABC multi‐block copolymers with a hydrophobic block A, a hydrophilic block B, and a thermally responsive block C with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST). The micellar structure was switched from a star (below LCST) to a flower (above LCST). The transition temperature was tunable in a wide range (11–90 °C) by varying the C monomer composition. The large difference in the loading capacity between the star and flower enabled efficient encapsulation and controlled release of external molecules. Unlike conventional systems, the present star‐to‐flower transformation keeps micellar structures and hence does not liberate polymers but only external molecules selectively. Another application is a hidden functional segment. A functional segment is hidden (shielded) below the LCST and exposed to interact with external molecules or surfaces above the LCST.
Green synthesis of catalytic Zinc Oxide nano‐flowers and their bacterial infection therapy
Authors: Ullah Sadeeq , Ahmad Aftab , Ri HyonIl , Khan Arif Ullah , Khan Usman Ali , Yuan Qipeng
Published: November 2019

Herein, Zinc Oxide nanoflowers (ZnONFs) with low cost, non‐hazardous and renewable phytochemicals from plant (Thlaspi arvense) extract were synthesized via facile method under controlled optimized experimental conditions. The as‐fabricated Zinc Oxide nanoflowers were comprehensively characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, and Energy dispersive spectroscopy techniques. The bio‐fabricated Zinc Oxide nanoflowers performed an admirable potential activity against Gram‐negative bacterium (Escherichia coli) and significantly inhibited its growth, due to an intracellular generation of reactive‐oxygen‐species. The photocatalytic performances of as bio‐synthesized Zinc Oxide nanoflowers were also tested by reducing 4‐nitrophenol and methylene blue. The superior photocatalytic activities of Zinc Oxide nanoflowers are attributed to the high surface area, efficient photogenerated electron and hole separation owing to the capped plant moieties. The as‐synthesized Zinc Oxide nanoflowers by green method exhibited a significant antibacterial activity and efficient photocatalytic performances. This synthetic strategy will open a new window for the fabrication of nanomaterial with effective removal of wastewater contaminants and pathogens.
KCC‐1 aminopropyl‐functionalized supported on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles as a novel magnetic nanocatalyst for the green and efficient synthesis of sulfonamide derivatives
Authors: Azizi Sajjad , Shadjou Nasrin , Hasanzadeh Mohammad
Published: November 2019

A new magnetic nanocatalyst (Fe3O4@KCC‐1‐npr‐NH2) was synthesized directly through the reaction of Fe3O4@KCC‐1 with (3‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane (APTES) using a hydrothermal protocol. Prepared nanocomposite was used as a magnetically reusable nanocatalyst for an efficient synthesis of a broad range of sulfonamide derivatives in water as a green solvent at room temperature and the products are collected by filtration with excellent yields (85–97%). The nanocatalyst could be remarkably recovered and reused after ten times without any significant decrease in activity. This mild and simple synthesis method offers some advantages including short reaction time, high yield and simple work‐up procedure.
Conservation management of common dolphins: Lessons learned from the North‐East Atlantic
Authors: Murphy Sinéad , Evans Peter G.H. , Pinn Eunice , Pierce Graham J.
Published: November 2019

The short‐beaked common dolphin is one of the most numerous cetacean species in the North‐East Atlantic and plays a key functional role within the ecosystem as a top predator. However, in 2013, its conservation status for the European Marine Atlantic, under Article 17 of the Habitats Directive, was assessed as ‘Unfavourable‐Inadequate’. Of key concern for this species is fishery bycatch, with pollution also being an issue. There are, however, major knowledge gaps concerning the extent of the effects of such pressures on the species.

Implementation of national observer bycatch programmes and bycatch mitigation measures under EC Regulation 812/2004 has been important. The responsibility for this is currently being transferred to the EU fisheries Data Collection Framework and Technical Measures Framework, the potential advantages and disadvantages of which are discussed. Collection of data and samples through national stranding schemes in some countries has enabled assessments of life‐history parameters, dietary requirements, and the effects of stressors such as pollutants.

Nevertheless, in order to improve the conservation status of the North‐East Atlantic population, a number of key actions are still required. These include the implementation of a species action plan, finalization of a management framework procedure for bycatch, and coordination between member states of monitoring programmes. It is important that there is monitoring of the state of the common dolphin population in the North‐East Atlantic management unit through regular surveys spanning the range of the management unit, as well as continued assessment of the independent and interactive effects of multiple stressors. Above all, conservation status would be improved through application and enforcement of existing legislation in European waters.

This paper provides a summary of the current state of our knowledge of common dolphins in the North‐East Atlantic along with recommendations for conservation management that may also be relevant to the species in the Mediterranean Sea.
Psychological distance in consumer psychology: Consequences and antecedents
Authors: Maglio Sam J.
Published: November 2019

Wherever consumers envision faraway locations, remember the past, predict the future, consider the perspective of others, or entertain remote possibilities, their minds extrapolate beyond what lies in front of them to something psychologically distant. Conjuring and considering that which is psychologically distant thus lies at the heart of how most people spend a substantial portion of their lives. As integrated here, seeing something as psychologically distant causes people to think about and act on it in systematically different ways than the same thing seen as psychologically close. Recent advances in these consequences suggest that the effects of psychological distance on consumer decision‐making continue to grow increasingly nuanced. Consumer outcomes thus at times benefit from seeing things as near and, at other times, benefit from seeing things as far. Accordingly, this review thereafter summarizes the antecedents that lead people to see things as psychologically distant or psychologically close. It closes in considering how future considerations might expand the conceptualization and application of psychological distance.
Self‐control: Information, priorities, and resources
Authors: Laran Juliano
Published: November 2019

People routinely encounter situations in which they have to decide between following their long‐term interests and seeking short‐term pleasure. An act of self‐control occurs when people follow their long‐term interests (e.g., eat healthy food, save money), whereas an act of indulgence occurs when people seek short‐term pleasure (e.g., eat tasty but unhealthy food, spend a lot of money). Avoiding the temptation of short‐term pleasures is often difficult, and sometimes indulgence can lead to harmful outcomes. For this reason, research has understandably focused on uncovering the many factors that can facilitate or undermine self‐control. However, making sense of this voluminous output is difficult without an organizing framework. This article provides such a framework, which organizes previous findings around three psychological processes: information activation and inhibition, priority setting, and responses to resource availability. The article concludes with a discussion of research ideas in areas that will be especially relevant moving forward.
Summative and Formative Style Anatomy Practical Examinations: Do They Have Impact on Students’ Performance and Drive for Learning?
Authors: Mogali Sreenivasulu Reddy , Rotgans Jerome I. , Rosby Lucy , Ferenczi Michael Alan , Low Beer Naomi
Published: November 2019

Anatomical knowledge is commonly assessed by practical examinations that are often administered in summative format. The format of anatomy practical examination was changed at the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine in Singapore from summative (graded; must pass) to formative (ungraded; no pass/fail) in academic year (AY) 2017–2018. Both assessment formats were undertaken online, but the formative mode used a team‐based learning activity comprising individual and team assessments. This gave an unique opportunity to investigate: (1) the impact of two different online assessment formats on student performance in practical examination; (2) the impact of new formative practical examination on students’ performance in summative examinations; and (3) students’ opinions of these two practical examination formats. The class of 2021 perceptions was obtained as they experienced both formats. A retrospective cohort study was also conducted to analyze the Year 2 students’ performance in anatomy practical and year‐end summative examinations of cohorts AY 2015–2016, AY 2016–2017 (summative format), and AY 2017–2018 (formative format). There were no significant differences in students’ performance between two practical examination formats. The cohort who experienced the formative format, performed significantly better in summative examinations (mean ± SD: 82.32 ± 10.22%) compared with the cohort who experienced the summative format (73.77 ± 11.09%) (P < 0.001). Students highlighted positive features of the formative practical examination, including team reinforcement of learning, instant feedback, and enhanced learning. These findings indicate that students continue to study for anatomy practical examination without the need for external drivers. The team‐based learning style practical examination enhances students’ performance in summative examinations.
Second‐derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric assay of dapagliflozin: Application to stability study and pharmaceutical preparation
Authors: Omar Mahmoud A. , Abdel Hamid Mohamed A. , Batakoushy Hany A. , Ahmed Hytham M.
Published: November 2019

A highly accurate, simple and sensitive spectrofluorimetric analytical method for dapagliflozin (DGF) quantitation was developed. The proposed method was successively applied to DGF analysis in both its pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. This method was developed to investigate DGF stability in its degradation products, as laid out in International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) rules. Kinetics of alkaline degradation of DGF was also calculated. The half‐life time (t1/2) of the reaction was 75.32 min. An alkaline degradation pathway was described. The present study involved measurement of the second‐derivative synchronous fluorescence intensity of DGF at Δλ = 30 nm. Peak amplitude was measured at 322 nm. Linear range of the calibration curve was 0.1–1.0 μg ml−1. Lower detection and quantitation limits were 0.023 and 0.071 μg ml−1, respectively, and indicated good sensitivity of the proposed method. Mean per cent recovery was 99.78 ± 1.78%. The proposed analytical approach was successfully applied to DGF in the quality control laboratory and would be suitable as a stability‐indicating assay.
Simultaneous quantification of five biogenic amines based on LC–MS/MS and its application in honeybee venom from different subspecies
Authors: Zhang Wenwen , Wang Xinran , Yang Shupeng , Niu Qingsheng , Wu Liming , Li Yi , Zhou Jinhui
Published: November 2019

The use of honeybee venom in traditional medicine is increasing due to its unexpected beneficial effects in the treatment of diseases. In this study, a simple and environmentally friendly sample preparation procedure was developed to quantify five biogenic amines—histamine, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, dopamine, adrenaline, and noradrenaline—in honeybee venom using high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The instrument and sample preparation method were optimized to achieve stable, sensitive, and accurate quantification of the five biogenic amines. The peak purities of five biogenic amines in bee venom were examined using a diode array detector to ensure that endogenous impurities will not interfere with biogenic amines during the chromatographic separation procedure. The correlation coefficient of each compound was higher than 0.998 in the range of 0.5–1000 ng/mL. The limits of detection and quantification of the developed method ranged between 0.09 and 0.17, and 0.3 and 0.59 μg/g, respectively. The average recoveries of spiked biogenic amines with different concentrations were higher than 70.95%, and the intra‐ and intermediate‐day precisions were lower than 7.51% and 10.17%, respectively. The carry‐over between each injection and the stability of the target analytes were also evaluated to ensure the effectiveness of this method. The data obtained are presented in various formats, including boxplot, heat map, and principal component analysis diagram, to visualize the differences in the biogenic amine contents of the honeybee venoms from different subspecies. This method hopes to provide the opportunity to distinguish the bee venom produced by different subspecies.
Functional and structural changes in the visual pathway in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Carcelén‐Gadea María , Quintanilla‐Bordás Carlos , Gracia‐García Alicia , García‐Villanueva Carolina , Jannone‐Pedro Nicolás , Álvarez‐Sánchez Lourdes , Vilaplana‐Domínguez Laura , Blanco‐Hernández Trinidad , Pons‐Amate José Miguel , Cervelló‐Donderis Angeles
Published: November 2019

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a heterogeneous disease with an unpredictable course. Visual pathway is a target of the disease and may reflect mechanisms that lead to disability. Structural and functional changes in the visual pathway may be studied by noninvasive techniques such as optical coherence tomography (OCT), visual evoked potentials (VEP), or B‐mode transorbital sonography (TOS).

Objectives

The aim is to assess changes in the visual pathway in eyes of MS patients with and without a history of optic neuritis over a 3‐year period and to explore their relationship with disability.

Materials and Methods

In total, 112 eyes from 56 patients with relapsing MS were recruited: 29 with, and 83 without a history of ON (hON and nhON, respectively). Several parameters were measured by OCT, VEP, and TOS. Baseline measurements were also compared to 29 healthy controls. At 36 months, measurements were repeated in all eyes.

Results

At baseline, all tests showed significant differences in optic nerve structure and function in both patient cohorts in all the parameters studied, suggestive of more impairment of the visual pathway among the hON cohort. OCT showed significant differences between healthy controls and the nhON cohort. At 36 months, the nhON cohort showed significant changes by OCT, VEP, and TOS suggestive of further visual pathway impairment. OCT measurements also correlated with baseline EDSS among the nhON cohort.

Conclusions

OCT is the most suitable technique and outperforms VEP and TOS to detect subclinical damage in the visual pathway. It discriminated MS patients from healthy controls and showed a progressive decline in optic nerve thickness over time among these patients.
Advances in IKBKE as a potential target for cancer therapy
Authors: Yin Min , Wang Xin , Lu Jie
Published: November 2019

IKBKE (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa‐B kinase subunit epsilon), a member of the nonclassical IKK family, plays an important role in the regulation of inflammatory reactions, activation and proliferation of immune cells, and metabolic diseases. Recent studies have demonstrated that IKBKE plays a crucial regulatory role in malignant tumor development. In recent years, IKBKE, an important oncoprotein in several kinds of tumors, has been widely found to regulate a variety of cytokines and signaling pathways. IKBKE promotes the growth, proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of various cancers. This paper makes a detailed review that focuses on the recent discoveries of IKBKE in the malignant tumors, and puts forward that IKBKE is becoming an important therapeutic target for clinical treatment, which has been more and more realized.
Extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue in the oromaxillofacial head and neck region: A retrospective analysis of 105 patients
Authors: Zhang Tian , Wu Yunteng , Ju Houyu , Meng Jian , Guo Wei , Ren Guoxin
Published: November 2019

Background

Extranodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma) in the oromaxillofacial head and neck region is rare, with limited data available. This retrospective study explored the clinical features, stage, treatment, and prognosis of this disease.

Methods

Overall, 105 patients with MALT lymphomas in the oromaxillofacial head and neck region were included in this retrospective analysis. SPSS 22.0 software package was used for data analysis and a two‐tailed P value of ≤.05 was considered statistically significant. Primary endpoints of the study were the complete response (CR) rate, overall survival (OS), and progression‐free survival (PFS).

Results

About 52% of the patients had long‐term xerostomia, autoimmune diseases, or chronic parotitis and 81% had diseases involving the large salivary glands. Ann Arbor staging of the patients was as follows: stages I/II, 73 patients and stages III/IV, 32 patients. In the 97 patients followed up, CR rate after initial treatment was 80%. Tumor progression was observed in 12 patients and 14 patients died. There was a significant difference between the rate of CR in localized (87%) and disseminated (67%) lymphoma patients (P = .02). The 5‐ and 10‐year PFS of the localized lymphoma patients were both 91%, whereas those of the disseminated lymphoma patients were 83% and 65%, respectively (P = .03). The 5‐year PFS rates of the chemotherapy and non‐chemotherapy groups in the disseminated lymphoma patients were 85% and 73% (P = .04). Meanwhile, the 5‐year PFS rates of the rituximab and non‐rituximab groups in the disseminated lymphoma patients were 100% and 70% (P = .03). In multivariate analysis, MALT Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MALT‐IPI) was an independent prognostic factor affecting OS, whereas Ann Arbor staging affected PFS.

Conclusions

This study suggests that the outcome after initial treatment of MALT lymphomas in the oromaxillofacial head and neck region is satisfactory and that this disease progresses slowly. The CR rate and PFS of localized lymphoma patients are better than those of disseminated lymphoma patients. Systemic treatment (chemotherapy or rituximab) may improve PFS in disseminated disease patients. MALT‐IPI and Ann Arbor staging are independent prognostic factors.
The effect of disgust on preference for structure: Evidence for a double‐sided response
Authors: Donato Carmela , Miceli Gaetano
Published: November 2019

The literature on emotions converges on the idea that people cope with the undesired effects of disgust through an immediate response of avoidance aimed to the physical and psychological rejection of any contamination threat. However, previous research does not consider what happens after this immediate response. We investigate the dual response to disgust and propose that disgust generates an immediate preference for structure, but also an opposite, subsequent tendency to prefer unstructured stimuli. Our reasoning is based on the mobilization‐minimization theory, which suggests opposed reactions to negative emotions. We demonstrate that, while immediate reactions to disgust imply preference for structured logos, after the disgust‐eliciting stimulus is eliminated from the environment, people show higher preference for visually unstructured logos. The study of the dual response to disgust offers novel insights to consumer behavior, decision‐making, and emotion literature, showing that a typically avoidance‐triggering emotion, that is, disgust, can then lead to opposite effects in terms of preference for structure.
Cancer‐associated fibroblasts promote malignancy of gastric cancer cells via Nodal signalling
Authors: Pang Tao , Yin Xiaoyi , Luo Tianhang , Lu Zhengmao , Nie Mingming , Yin Kai , Xue Xuchao
Published: November 2019

The roles of cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in progression of gastric cancer (GC) are far from well illustration. Here, we show that CAFs can trigger the proliferation and decrease the doxorubicin (Dox) sensitivity of GC cells via secretion of Nodal, one embryonic morphogen that can promote malignancy of various cancers. The neutralization antibody of Nodal can attenuate CAFs‐induced cell proliferation. Further, CAFs can activate the Smad2/3 signal, which further increase the phosphorylation and nuclear localization of Akt, in GC cells. While anti‐Nodal can abolish the CAFs‐induced activation of Smad2/3/Akt signals. Further, both inhibitors of Smad2/3 and Akt can attenuate CAFs‐induced proliferation of GC cells. All these data suggest that CAFs can increase the malignancy of GC cells via Nodal‐induced activation of Smad2/3/Akt signals. It indicates that CAFs/Nodal signals might be a potential new target of clinical interventions for GC patients.

Significance of the study

The roles about CAFs in progression of GC are not well illustrated. Our present study reveals that CAFs can increase the proliferation and decrease the Dox sensitivity of GC cells via secretion of Nodal. The secreted Nodal further activated Samd2/3/Akt signals to trigger the GC progression. It suggests that targeted inhibition CAFs/Nodal might be a potential approach for GC therapy.
Effect of L‐cysteine on the rheology and baking quality of doughs formulated with flour from five contrasting Canada spring wheat cultivars
Authors: Tozatti Patricia , Fleitas María Constanza , Briggs Connie , Hucl Pierre , Chibbar Ravindra N. , Nickerson Michael T.
Published: November 2019

Background and Objectives

Wheat grain quality parameters are influenced by the composition of gluten proteins. To overcome wheat grain quality limitations, dough improvers such as reducing agents can be added to reduce mixing time and improve dough extensibility. The overall objective of this research was to examine the effect of L‐cysteine (L‐cys) concentration on the rheology and baking quality of doughs prepared using five western Canadian spring wheat cultivars.

Findings

The addition of L‐cys resulted in a significant (p < .05) decrease in dough strength and handling properties, where stronger gluten strength wheats were less affected by addition and had improved dough handling properties, loaf volume, and softer crumb structure.

Conclusions

The addition of L‐cys to wheat flours reduced mixing time up to 47%, increased loaf volume (up to 9%), and elasticity of the products, those characteristics are desired to increase the efficiency of the automated processes for bread products.

Significance and novelty

The optimization of time versus quality of bread is crucial for the industry. Therefore, reducing agents can be used in stronger wheat cultivars as means to improve efficiency of production (i.e., lower mixing time) and result in equal or higher quality bread loaf (i.e., loaf volume).