bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Attenuation in Colon Carcinoma Cells in Response to Butyrate
Authors: Daroqui Maria C. , Augenlicht Leonard H.
Published: September 2010

The short-chain fatty acid sodium butyrate (NaB), produced in the colonic lumen, induces cell cycle arrest, differentiation, and/or apoptosis in colorectal carcinoma cells in vitro, establishing a potential role for NaB in colon cancer prevention. We have previously shown that butyrate decreases cyclin D1 and c-myc expression, each essential for intestinal tumor development, by transcriptional attenuation. Here, we determined that butyrate-induced transcriptional attenuation of the cyclin D1 and c-myc genes in SW837 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells occurs at ∼100 nucleotides downstream of the transcription start site, with a similar positioning in Caco-2 cells. A concomitant decrease in RNA polymerase II occupancy at the 5′ end of each gene was observed. Because transcriptional regulation is associated with chromatin remodeling, we investigated by chromatin immunoprecipitation whether the histone deacetylase inhibitory activity of butyrate altered chromatin structure at the attenuated loci. Although the distributions of histone H3 trimethylated on K4 and K36 along the cyclin D1 and c-myc genes were consistent with current models, butyrate induced only modest decreases in these modifications, with a similar effect on acetylated H3 and a modest increase in histone H3 trimethylated on K27. Finally, transcriptome analysis using novel microarrays showed that butyrate-induced attenuation is widespread throughout the genome, likely independent of transcriptional initiation. We identified 42 loci potentially paused by butyrate and showed that the transcription patterns are gene specific. The biological functions of these loci encompass a number of effects of butyrate on the physiology of intestinal epithelial cells. Cancer Prev Res; 3(10); 1292–302. ©2010 AACR.
Group X Secretory Phospholipase A
2
Negatively Regulates ABCA1 and ABCG1 Expression and Cholesterol Efflux in Macrophages
Authors: Shridas Preetha , Bailey William M. , Gizard Florence , Oslund Rob C. , Gelb Michael H. , Bruemmer Dennis , Webb Nancy R.
Published: September 2010

Objective—

GX sPLA
2
potently hydrolyzes plasma membranes to generate lysophospholipids and free fatty acids; it has been implicated in inflammatory diseases, including atherosclerosis. To identify a novel role for group X (GX) secretory phospholipase A
2
(sPLA
2
) in modulating ATP binding casette transporter A1 (ABCA1) and ATP binding casette transporter G1 (ABCG1) expression and, therefore, macrophage cholesterol efflux.

Methods and Results—

The overexpression or exogenous addition of GX sPLA
2
significantly reduced ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression in J774 macrophage-like cells, whereas GX sPLA
2
deficiency in mouse peritoneal macrophages was associated with enhanced expression. Altered ABC transporter expression led to reduced cholesterol efflux in GX sPLA
2
-overexpressing J774 cells and increased efflux in GX sPLA
2
-deficient mouse peritoneal macrophages. Gene regulation was dependent on GX sPLA
2
catalytic activity, mimicked by arachidonic acid and abrogated when liver X receptor (LXR)α/β expression was suppressed, and partially reversed by the LXR agonist T0901317. Reporter assays indicated that GX sPLA
2
suppresses the ability of LXR to transactivate its promoters through a mechanism involving the C-terminal portion of LXR spanning the ligand-binding domain.

Conclusion—

GX sPLA
2
modulates gene expression in macrophages by generating lipolytic products that suppress LXR activation. GX sPLA
2
may play a previously unrecognized role in atherosclerotic lipid accumulation by negatively regulating the genes critical for cellular cholesterol efflux.
Effects of benzyl isothiocyanate on the reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on Glycine max and Capsicum annuum
Authors: Masler Edward P. , Zasada Inga A. , Sardanelli Sandra , Rogers Stephen T. , Halbrendt John M.
Published: September 2010

Reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on either Capsicum annuum or Glycine max was suppressed when infective second-stage juveniles (J2) were exposed to 0.03 mM benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC) for 2 h prior to inoculation of the host. Infectivity as rated by a gall index was significantly reduced on both G. max and C. annuum. In C. annuum, nematode egg masses were recovered from 48% of the plants inoculated with BITC-treated J2 compared with 98% for the controls, and egg mass scores were reduced. Egg mass production was reduced in C. annuum by 69% and mean total eggs/plant was reduced by 97% in G. max. When plants were inoculated with treated J2, two measures of plant health, root weight and shoot weight, were reduced in C. annuum but not in G. max. However, root and shoot weights were not correlated with egg production for either host plant, irrespective of treatment. There were strong interactions between egg production, as measured by mean total eggs/plant (G. max) or mean total eggs/egg mass (C. annuum), and hatching of J2 from eggs obtained from all combinations of plant host and J2 treatment. Hatch of J2 from eggs obtained from G. max was significantly lower when plants had been inoculated with BITC-treated J2 than when plants had been inoculated with control J2. Such effects were not observed with C. annuum. BITC may have important residual consequences on the progeny of M. incognita not directly exposed to the chemical.
Concentration of β-ecydisone (20E) in susceptible and resistant accessions of Pfaffia glomerata infected with Meloidogyne incognita and histological characterisation of resistance
Authors: Gomes Ana Cristina M.M. , Nicole Michel , Mattos Jean Kleber , Pereira Sarazete Izidia Vaz , Pereira Paulo , Silva Dijalma B. , Vieira Roberto , De Capdeville Guy , Moita Antônio W. , Carneiro Regina M.D.G.
Published: September 2010

Pfaffia glomerata is a medicinal plant widely distributed in Brazil, which is considered the world's greatest supplier of P. glomerata roots. Among active ingredients contained in this plant, the steroid β-ecydisone (20E) is the most important compound extracted from roots. This steroid presents therapeutic properties for the treatment of diabetes and haemorrhoids, besides having bioenergy, tonic and aphrodisiac effects. The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. is a major limiting factor in root production. Recent studies showed resistance of accessions of P. glomerata to Meloidogyne incognita. The aims of this work were: i) to correlate the concentration of 20E with resistance and susceptibility of P. glomerata accessions to M. incognita in inoculated and non-inoculated plants; ii) to study the effect of the parasitism of M. incognita on the concentration of the steroid 20E in the roots; and iii) to clarify resistance mechanisms by comparing the response of a highly resistant UFV with a highly susceptible accession (Farm) to nematode infection. The concentration of 20E in the healthy susceptible Farm accession was significantly higher than in the healthy resistant UFV accession, showing that the resistance mechanism was not related to 20E concentrations. Plants of the Farm accession infected with M. incognita showed higher levels of 20E than the non-infected control. A positive and significant Pearson correlation coefficient was observed between 20E concentrations and gall indexes. Resistance of UFV to the root-knot nematode M. incognita was associated with unidentified factors that limited nematode penetration or emigration of second-stage juveniles and with post-penetration responses, including the hypersensitive response. Giant cells were sometimes found in the resistant cultivar, but displayed a highly vacuolated and degraded cytoplasm with thinner cell walls than those induced in the susceptible accession. Microscope observations under UV light showed a strong autofluorescence, suggesting that phenolic compounds may be involved in ginseng UFV resistance.
New and known species of Enoplolaimus (Enoplida: Thoracostomopsidae) from the Sea of Japan
Authors: Fadeeva Natalia P. , Zograf Julia K.
Published: September 2010

Two new thoracostomopsid species, Enoplolaimus pectinatus sp. n., E. patrokli sp. n., and one known species, E. medius, from the Sea of Japan, are described and illustrated with the aid of LM and LSM pictures. Enoplolaimus pectinatus sp. n. belongs to a group of species lacking a preanal supplementary organ and differs from the other species in this group by the shape of the spicules and the gubernaculum, which has a plate-like triangular crura provided with a comb of 14 denticles. Enoplolaimus patrokli sp. n. is characterised by the straight spicules and also differs from other species by the shape of the gubernaculum which has a plate-like cuneus with a dorsal, V-like, thickening and a small proximal dorsal process. Additional information is provided for E. medius on the basis of confocal microscopy. The structure of the head and spicules of E. medius is described. A pictorial key for the genus Enoplolaimus is proposed.
Superoxide dismutase isoelectric focusing patterns as a tool to differentiate pathotypes of Globodera spp.
Authors: Molinari Sergio , Greco Nicola , Zouhar Miloslav
Published: September 2010

Isoelectric focusing was used to separate proteins from cyst extracts of potato cyst nematode (PCN) populations. In a first set of assays, cyst extracts from standard populations of Globodera rostochiensis pathotypes Ro1, Ro2, Ro3, Ro2/3, Ro4, and Ro5, and G. pallida pathotypes Pa2 and Pa3, were loaded on isoelectric focusing gels. Gels were stained for superoxide dismutase (SOD), esterase, and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase (GPI). Twelve bands of SOD activity were detected, six (B1-B6) migrating towards the basic zone and the other six (A1-A6) migrating towards the acidic zone, starting from the loading point. A cluster analysis was carried out based on a data matrix that reported the presence or absence of SOD bands on the isozyme electrophoresis patterns (IEPs). Globodera spp. were clearly distinguished and, within G. rostochiensis, Ro2 and Ro4 shared a high level of similarity, respectively, with Ro3 and Ro5; moreover, Ro1 could be clearly distinguished from Ro2/3 and Ro4/5. Globodera pallida Pa2 and Pa3 also shared a high level of similarity. In contrast, esterase and GPI IEPs did not discriminate among G. rostochiensis standard pathotypes. Subsequently, 14 field populations of G. rostochiensis, five from Italy and nine from Venezuela, and three field populations of G. pallida, two from Italy and one from Chile, were assayed to obtain SOD IEPs. Italian populations had previously been identified at pathotype level by bioassays according to the generally accepted international test using different resistant potato cultivars and clones. The cluster analysis carried out on the SOD IEPs of all the populations tested formed four distinct groups within G. rostochiensis and only one within G. pallida. Pathotype identification of Globodera populations by SOD IEPs was not able to discriminate between bioassay standard couples Ro2/Ro3, Ro4/Ro5 and Pa2/Pa3. Therefore, three groups were assigned to Ro1, Ro2/3 and Ro4/5, and a fourth group to Pa2/Pa3. Four Venezuelan populations, not identified at pathotype level by bioassays, formed a distinct fifth group. By means of the method described herein, four additional unknown Venezuelan populations could be assigned to Ro1 group and one to Ro2/Ro3 group; one G. pallida population from Chile was assigned to Pa2/Pa3 group.
Marine nematode taxonomy in the age of DNA: the present and future of molecular tools to assess their biodiversity
Authors: da Silva Neyvan Renato Rodrigues , da Silva Maria Cristina , Fonseca Genevois Verônica , Esteves André Morgado , Ley Paul De , Decraemer Wilfrida , Rieger Tania Tassinari , dos Santos Correia Maria Tereza
Published: September 2010

Molecular taxonomy is one of the most promising yet challenging fields of biology. Molecular markers such as nuclear and mitochondrial genes are being used in a variety of studies surveying marine nematode taxa. Sequences from more than 600 species have been deposited to date in online databases. These barcode sequences are assigned to 150 nominal species from 104 genera. There are 41 species assigned to Enoplea and 109 species to Chromadorea. Morphology-based surveys are greatly limited by processing speed, while barcoding approaches for nematodes are hampered by difficulties in matching sequence data with morphology-based taxonomy. DNA barcoding is a promising approach because some genes contain variable regions that are useful to discriminate species boundaries, discover cryptic species, quantify biodiversity and analyse phylogeny. We advocate a combination of several approaches in studies of molecular taxonomy, DNA barcoding and conventional taxonomy as a necessary step to enhance the knowledge of biodiversity of marine nematodes.
Ethnic Diversity as a Multilevel Construct
Authors: Brodbeck Felix C. , Guillaume Yves R. F. , Lee Nick J.
Published: September 2010

The authors present a model of the multilevel effects of diversity on individual learning performance in work groups. For ethnically diverse work groups, the model predicts that group diversity elicits either positive or negative effects on individual learning performance, depending on whether a focal individual’s ethnic dissimilarity from other group members is high or low. By further considering the societal status of an individual’s ethnic origin within society (Anglo versus non-Anglo for our U.K. context), the authors hypothesize that the model’s predictions hold more strongly for non-Anglo group members than for Anglo group members. We test this model with data from 412 individuals working on a 24-week business simulation in 87 four- to seven-person groups with varying degrees of ethnic diversity. Two of the three hypotheses derived from the model received full support and one hypothesis received partial support. Implications for theory development, methods, and practice in applied group diversity research are discussed.
Stateless Fair Admission Control
Authors: Yang Jui-Pin
Published: September 2010

The heavily loaded flows usually occupy more bandwidth than that of the lightly loaded flows under congested traffic conditions. Without effective bandwidth management mechanisms, malicious users may violate congestion control principles in order to get maximum bandwidth. Therefore, how to provide fair bandwidth sharing with low implementation complexity is a critical issue for high-speed networks. An active queue management mechanism, stateless fair admission control (SFAC), is proposed in this paper, which can provide good fairness on bandwidth allocation. Furthermore, the SFAC does not have to maintain per-flow state in each router. The main idea of the SFAC is that two admission thresholds can optimally change according to traffic variations. By comparing the admission thresholds with the hit number of each arrival packet, the SFAC is able to guarantee fair buffer occupancy for each flow. The SFAC employs a single first in, first out buffer, so that it can provide fair bandwidth sharing. In a word, the SFAC is completely stateless, so it possesses the great advantage of being easy to implement. Computer simulations concluded that the SFAC is capable of providing good fair bandwidth sharing under a range of traffic conditions.
Hardware-based simple, fast and accurate measurement of power system frequency using a hybrid system
Authors: Yazıcı İrfan , Ozdemir Ayhan
Published: September 2010

All digital methods developed for frequency measurement suffer from one or more factors such as superimposed noise, non-linear static characteristics, high-order harmonics and slow response because of complex computations. The measurement speed of conventional analogue methods is constant and depends on the input signal frequency. Additionally, as a result of deviated and/or spurious zero-crossings caused by the DC component, noise and high-order harmonics in the AC waveform, it is hard to attain the desired accuracy with conventional analogue methods. In this study, a phase-locked loop and microcontroller-based hybrid frequency measurement method developed by the modification of conventional zero-crossing is presented. The input signal, with harmonics and noise, and the frequency can be measured in a fast and accurate way with the proposed method, whose real-time application is extremely simple; this is demonstrated in a comparable manner to the studies in the literature. The measurement method presented in this study is fast, cheap, reliable, accurate and suitable for real-time applications.
Unpacking Social Hypersensitivity: Vulnerability to the Absence of Positive Feedback
Authors: Cikara Mina , Girgus Joan S.
Published: September 2010

Navigating social life requires accurately calibrated sensitivity to external feedback, thus extreme sensitivity to external feedback may be maladaptive. Using a daily diary design, the authors investigated whether the relationship between social hypersensitivity and daily events predicted level, lability, and reactivity of both self-esteem and affect. Relative to their less sensitive peers, socially hypersensitive people exhibited lower levels of self-esteem and greater negative affect and experienced greater fluctuations in self-esteem and negative affect. Although most people were negatively reactive to the presence of negative feedback, socially hypersensitive people were negatively reactive to the absence of positive feedback as well. The authors argue that reactivity to the absence of positive feedback is a fundamental, heretofore untested aspect of what makes social hypersensitivity a pernicious orientation.
It Takes One to Tango: The Effects of Dyads’ Epistemic Motivation Composition in Negotiation
Authors: Ten Velden Femke S. , Beersma Bianca , De Dreu Carsten K. W.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the effects of epistemic motivation composition in negotiation. Results from Experiment 1 revealed that dyads in which at least one member had high epistemic motivation (measured by personal need for structure) reached higher joint outcomes than dyads in which both members had low epistemic motivation. In Experiment 2, epistemic motivation was manipulated and negotiators were provided with full information or incomplete information about their counterpart’s preferences. Two competing sets of hypotheses were developed and tested. Negotiation behavior was coded, and mediation analysis established that the presence of one negotiator with high epistemic motivation helped negotiators overcome information insufficiency and benefited the dyad as a whole because of increased information search rather than heuristic trial and error. Theoretical implications are discussed.
Work-Family Conflict, Enrichment, and Balance under “Levels” and “Episodes” Approaches
Authors: Maertz Carl P. , Boyar Scott L.
Published: September 2010

In this review, the authors differentiate work—family (WF) research that conceptualizes and measures conflict as a consolidated level versus as a conflict event or episode. They critique the “levels” literature in the areas of conflict, enrichment, and balance. They next review the WF “episodes” literature for the first time. They then introduce a framework that clarifies definitional inconsistencies and integrates the key constructs in the WF literature in a new way. This framework proposes that an employee’s mental conceptualizations relevant to WF roles can be discrepant with actual role enactment or with another mental conceptualization. These discrepancies form one’s level of WF balance or imbalance. The authors recommend that researchers adopt WF balance as the central levels construct, which changes primarily through the occurrence of WF conflict episodes and WF enrichment episodes. They finally discuss research and practical implications of this framework.
Young adults’ narratives of relational development with stepfathers
Authors: Kinniburgh-White Ruth , Cartwright Claire , Seymour Fred
Published: September 2010

Young adults (N = 25) who grew up in stepfamilies in New Zealand took part in narrative interviews on relationships development with their stepfathers. Initially interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis that indicated the importance of perceptions of the stepfather’s personal qualities; warmth and support; discipline issues; and perceptions of his impact on the family. In addition, a narrative analysis examined five types of stories, which ranged from Continuous Positive Regard to Continuous Struggle. Positive stepfather—stepchild relationships were characterized by stepfather warmth and support, and stepchild acceptance. Boundary-related discipline issues underlay many stepfather—stepchild difficulties. Implications for stepfather roles, stepfamily parental alliance, and relationships with stepchildren are discussed.
Measuring relationship maintenance behaviors: Critique and development of the revised relationship maintenance behavior scale
Authors: Stafford Laura
Published: September 2010

The most frequently utilized measures of relational maintenance (i.e., the five-factor relational maintenance strategies measure, or RMSM, and the revised seven-factor RMSM) suffer from fundamental measurement flaws. Therefore, this article describes a series of studies designed to identify weaknesses in these measures and offer an improvement — the Relational Maintenance Behavior Measure (RMBM). When sound item-construction practices are followed, neither prior RMSM is viable. However, the factor structure of the RMBM is stable across three samples. The RMBM and the five-factor RMSM were examined in association with the relational characteristics of satisfaction, liking, commitment, and love. It is argued that the RMBM is a psychometrically superior measure of the original maintenance dimensions identified in earlier research.
Knowledge and Skill Requirements for Marketing Jobs in the 21st Century
Authors: Pefanis Schlee Regina , Harich Katrin R.
Published: September 2010

This study examines the skills and conceptual knowledge that employers require for marketing positions at different levels ranging from entry- or lower-level jobs to middle- and senior-level positions. The data for this research are based on a content analysis of 500 marketing jobs posted on Monster.com for Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, and Seattle. There were notable differences between the skills and conceptual knowledge required for entry-, lower-, middle-, and upper-level marketing jobs. Technical skills appear to be much more important at all levels than what was documented in earlier research. This study discusses the implications of these research findings for the professional school pedagogical model of marketing education.
The limits of ‘neoliberal natures’: Debating green neoliberalism
Authors: Bakker Karen
Published: September 2010

This paper presents a meta-analysis of recent critiques of geographical scholarship on ‘neoliberal natures’. The analysis juxtaposes distinct (and at times divergent) conceptualizations of neoliberalism — as political doctrine, as economic project, as regulatory practice, or as process of governmentalization — and also of nature — as primary commodity, as resource, as ecosystem service, or as socio-natural assemblage. Strategies for developing a more systematic account of the variegation of neoliberal natures are discussed, with the goal of provoking scholars of neoliberal natures to reflect upon their core conceptual and methodological commitments, while contributing to broader debates over neoliberalism and the ‘nature of nature’.
The Mediterranean alternative
Authors: Giaccaria Paolo , Minca Claudio
Published: September 2010

This paper is a critical review of Italian and French Mediterranean studies from a postcolonial and geographical perspective. It claims that the relationship between contemporary Mediterranean geographies and mainstream European modernities has been overlooked by the Mediterraneanist literature, a literature from which geography has been surprisingly absent. We hope to begin addressing this gap, rethinking the Mediterranean as a postcolonial sea. In its real and metaphorical ‘liquidity’, the Mediterranean represents a fertile ground for the exploration of ‘other spaces’, capable of recovering the ambiguities and plurality of voices that make it a source of inspiration for experiencing ‘alternative modernities’.
Cognitive Characteristics of Treatment-Resistant Children With Reading Disabilities: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Dukleth Johnson Deanne Emilie , Lee Swanson H.
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to compare the cognitive performance of 11-to 14-year-old children with reading disabilities as a function of high (>85 reading standard score) and low (<85 reading standard score) response to intervention. Students were divided into high responders, low responders, and nonresponders after 3 years of instruction and compared on phonological, rapid naming, temporal, and executive processing measures. Although children designated as responders were statistically comparable with nonresponders at Year 1, significant differences in favor of high responders emerged on measures of phonological awareness, rapid naming, and temporal processing when compared with the other groups. All groups yielded below normal performance on measures of phonological awareness, planning, and verbal working memory. Overall the findings suggest that low responders and nonresponders suffer multiple deficits beyond the phonological system.
Reliability and Validity Evidence of the Chinese Piers-Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale Scores Among Taiwanese Children
Authors: Flahive Mon-hsin Wang , Chuang Ying-Chih , Li Chien-Mo
Published: September 2010

The Piers—Harris Children’s Self-Concept Scale—Second Edition (Piers—Harris 2) was designed to measure self-concept among children and adolescents. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the scores of the Chinese version of the Piers—Harris 2 (Chinese Piers—Harris). The Chinese Piers—Harris 2 was administered to 243 Taiwanese students in Grades 1 to 4. The results of factor analysis indicated a six-factor promax solution was the most appropriate solution for the Chinese Piers—Harris 2. The results also revealed acceptable internal consistency and test score stability of the Chinese Piers—Harris 2 scores. In addition, the scores of the Chinese Piers—Harris 2 had significant correlations with the scores of the Elementary School Children’s Self-Concept Scale and the Behavioral and Emotional Rating Scale. Overall, the findings indicate that the Chinese Piers—Harris 2 scores have good psychometric properties for a sample of Taiwanese children.
Social, Local, and Situated: Recent Findings About the Effectiveness of Older Men’s Informal Learning in Community Contexts
Authors: Golding Barry Goanna
Published: September 2010

The informal learning that older (age 50+) men experience in Australia has been the subject of a suite of recent, intensive, mixed methods research projects in community-based voluntary organizations. The purpose of the research was to examine where men are learning in these contexts beyond work and formal education rather than to assume and problematize older men as nonlearners. This article draws together strands of completed field research to suggest that learning is effective for older men in community settings when it is social, local, practical, situated, and in groups, particularly for older, sometimes isolated men who have experienced a range of setbacks in life. While older Australian men tend to be missing from adult and community education (ACE) providers, they are able to informally share hands-on skills from their work lives with other men of all ages, with a range of important benefits to their own well-being, the well-being of other men, and the well-being of their communities. Some future areas for comparative international research are identified.
Breastfeeding Throughout Legal Separation: Women’s Experiences of the Australian Family Law System
Authors: Sweet Linda
Published: September 2010

In 2006, the Australian Government introduced the Family Law Amendment (Shared Parental Responsibility) Act 2006 (Cth), which put in place a legal presumption of shared parental responsibility for children after separation and which emphasizes “equal-time” parenting arrangements regardless of the child’s age. A qualitative approach was taken to investigate breastfeeding women’s experiences of the implementation of the act and its impact on their ability to maintain breastfeeding. Fifteen women responded to questions related to their breastfeeding and their engagement with the family law system. Interviews were audio recorded and transcribed, and data were then analyzed thematically. These women experienced inconsistent advice from all facets of legal services, including opinions about the inappropriateness of breastfeeding for infants over 6 months of age. Breastfeeding was considered only as nutrition, without recognition of its immunological and cognitive benefits and the security and comfort it provides. Many participant women felt that they had been persuaded against discussing breastfeeding in the legal system, resulting in a sense of disempowerment.
Expanding Experiential Opportunities Through Patient Care Services
Authors: Soltis Denise , Flowers Schwanda K.
Published: September 2010

A new set of standards, ACPE Standards 2007, adopted by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE), required all pharmacy programs to include introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) to represent 5% of the curriculum and advance pharmacy practice experiences (APPEs) to represent 25% of the curriculum. This required many pharmacy programs to revise their curriculum to meet these requirements. The challenge of satisfying the increased accreditation requirements along with the increased number of new pharmacy programs in the United States has resulted in increased competition for experiential sites. Drake University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences and the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS) College of Pharmacy utilized innovative immunization services to help meet the ACPE Standards 2007. Drake utilized P2 and P3 students who were trained to give immunizations in an IPPE patient care elective in order to help experiential sites in their immunization efforts. Senior pharmacy students at UAMS were involved in expanding APPE opportunities by developing immunization clinics and providing immunizations at their experiential sites. Both pharmacy programs were successful in expanding experiential opportunities by focusing on immunizations. Students, preceptors, and patients all benefit from utilizing student pharmacist at experiential sites to provide patient care services.
Language and the (Im)possibilities of Articulating Spirituality
Authors: Bruce Anne , Sheilds Laurene , Molzahn Anita
Published: September 2010

Despite growing interest in spiritual matters throughout society, definitions and descriptions of spirituality seem incomplete or otherwise unsatisfactory. In this article, the authors consider the possibility that such incompleteness is perhaps necessary and welcomed in addressing spirituality. In particular, they investigate the challenges of using metaphor and metonymic approaches to “languaging” spirituality. By exploring these figures of speech they hope to diversify how nurses articulate deeply personal and perhaps enigmatic human phenomena such as spirituality. Metaphoric language uses everyday structures to help make sense of complex, emotional, and abstract experience. Whereas metaphor creates substitutive relationships between things and provides insights into conceptualizing spirituality, metonymy and metonymic writing establish relationships of contiguity. Whereas metaphor functions to represent and facilitates understanding and feelings about spirituality, metonymy disrupts while opening possibilities of moving beyond binary thinking. Attending to language and its various ontological assumptions opens diverse and potentially more inclusive possibilities.
Professional Caregivers’ Perceptions of Providing Information to Parents of Children With Cancer
Authors: Ringnér Anders , Jansson Lilian , Graneheim Ulla H.
Published: September 2010

Information has been described as a critical part of the care for parents of children with cancer, but not much is known about how caregivers makes decisions about informing parents. This study aims to illuminate professional caregivers’ perceptions of providing information to parents of children with cancer. Twenty caregivers at a Swedish pediatric oncology ward participated in four focus group interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and subjected to qualitative content analysis. Two themes were found: Matching the amount of information to the parents’ needs concerned situations where the amount of information provided according to the caregivers’ assessment is deemed too small, appropriate, or too large. Navigating through a vague structure dealt with a disrupted setting, unclear responsibilities within the team, difficult timing, unintelligible information, and underused tools for communication. Implications for intervention development are discussed.
A Multidisciplinary Approach to Determine Heparin Dosing in Pediatric Vascular Devices
Authors: Marshall Charlotta , Boldt-MacDonald Kathrina , McLenon Richard , Rennie Elizabeth , Faraon May , Conoff Sandra , Lesnek Jennifer , Becker Cristie , Chu Roland
Published: September 2010

In the health care community, nurses are important agents of change and vehicles for improvements in clinical practice and policy. Pediatric nurses empowered with the tools of evidence-based practice and clinical expertise collaborated in 2007 with other health care professionals to make changes in clinical practice for pediatric patients with vascular access devices (VADs). Nurses recognized that there was a need for a change in the heparinization policy for children with short- and long-term VADs. Data were methodically collected over a 1-year period on 500 VAD. Data collection demonstrated a range of VAD volumes that did not exceed 2 mL. The group analysis of the results gave support for changes in the volumes needed for heparinization. Establishment of appropriate heparin dosing based on scientific data led to a decrease in heparin used to maintain pediatric VAD patency and aided in lowering the risk of side effects in patients.
A Glimpse Into the Lives of 3 Children
Authors: Wilson Karla , Mazhar Wajeeha , Rojas-Cooley Teresa , De Rosa Veronica , Van Cleve Lois
Published: September 2010

Three stories of children with advanced cancer are presented in this article. The goal was to ascertain what these children were experiencing and thinking as well as what interventions were helpful. Interviews used open-ended questions as well as the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, Symptom Management Record, the Body Outline, Child Depression Inventory, Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory, Common Toxicity Criteria, Lansky’s Play Performance Scale, and Spirituality quality of life (QOL) and provided an opportunity for the children to describe their symptoms and QOL. The findings illustrated that the child’s social, psychological, and spiritual concerns are important for nurses to address along with the child’s physical needs.
A Narrative Review Summarizing the State of the Evidence on the Health-Related Quality of Life Among Childhood Cancer Survivors
Authors: Cantrell Mary Ann
Published: September 2010

This narrative review summarizes the state of the evidence about the phenomenon of health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among survivors of childhood cancer. A major strength of the state of the evidence on the HRQOL among survivors of childhood cancer is the availability and quality of the data generated from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study (CCSS). Findings from most studies find comparable levels of HRQOL among survivors and constructed cohort samples; however, a poorer level of HRQOL exists among female survivors. Factors that predict a lower or poorer level of HRQOL among survivors include age at diagnosis, age attained, time since diagnosis, socioeconomic status (education level, household income, and employment status), physical role functioning, and health insurance. Those survivors who received cranial radiation, especially survivors of central nervous system tumors, are at an increased risk for poorer HRQOL and long-term negative effects.
Do Social Networks Push Families Toward or Away From Youth Mental Health Services?: A National Study of Families in Child Welfare
Authors: Martinez Jonathan I. , Lau Anna S.
Published: September 2010

Social support networks may encourage or dissuade help-seeking for youth behavior problems in ways that contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in mental health services. The authors examined how parental social network characteristics were related to the use of mental health services in a diverse sample of families in contact with Child Welfare. Data from 1,519 families of White ( n = 812), African American ( n = 418), and Latino ( n = 289) origin were drawn from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. Data were collected prospectively after the initiation of a Child Welfare investigation for alleged maltreatment. Results revealed that parental perceptions of support were negatively associated with service use across racial/ethnic groups, and this association was explained by better subsequent mental health status enjoyed by children of parents with stronger social support. Moderator analyses suggested that larger social networks were associated with a decreased use of services among Whites and more highly educated families.
Value Predispositions, Mass Media, and Attitudes Toward Nanotechnology: The Interplay of Public and Experts
Authors: Ho Shirley S. , Scheufele Dietram A. , Corley Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2010

This study examines the factors influencing public and experts’ attitudes toward nanotechnology. Compared with the experts, the public judged nanotechnology as having greater risks and lesser benefits, and indicated less support for federal funding of nanotechnology. Experts used trust in scientists while public used religious beliefs as heuristic cues to make risk judgments. Although deference to scientific authority, science media use, and trust in scientists shaped perceived benefits in both groups, these heuristic cues influenced public perceptions to a larger extent than experts’ perceptions. Experts used relatively less cues to form decision about funding support for nanotechnology as compared with the public.
On Generalized Magneto-thermoelastic Rayleigh Waves in a Granular Medium Under the Influence of a Gravity Field and Initial Stress
Authors: Abd-Alla A.M. , Abo-Dahab S.M. , Hammad H.A. , Mahmoud S.R.
Published: September 2010

In this paper, the influence of magnetic field, gravity field and initial stress on Rayleigh waves propagation in a granular medium under incremental thermal stresses and relaxation times is studied. The frequency equation of Rayleigh waves is obtained in the form of a determinant containing a term involving the coefficient of friction of a granular medium. Some special cases are obtained from this study. Analytically, from the results obtained, one may illustrate that the effect of relaxation times, gravity field, initial stress and magnetic field on Rayleigh wave velocity are very pronounced. It is found that the frequency equation of Rayleigh waves changes with respect to this friction. When the medium is an orthotropic and the magnetic field and friction coefficient vanish, the derived frequency equation reduces to that obtained by Abd-Alla and Ahmed. Relevant results from previous investigations are deduced as special cases of this study.
Can you tell me something about yourself?
Authors: Scheeren Anke M. , Begeer Sander , Banerjee Robin , Meerum Terwogt Mark , Koot Hans M.
Published: September 2010

The self-presentation skills of children and adolescents with high-functioning autistic spectrum disorder (HFASD) and typically developing (TD) controls were compared, in response to both hypothetical and real life situations. In both situations, 26 HFASD and 26 TD participants were prompted to describe themselves twice, first in a baseline condition, and later in a goal-directed condition where specific information was given about the preferences and demands of the audience. Confirming and extending previous research, both TD and HFASD participants exhibited a tendency to be more positive when describing themselves in a goal-directed condition. However, HFASD participants were less strategic than TD participants in responding to the information they were given about the audience preferences and demands. Possible explanations and implications of the results are discussed.
Judgements of self-understanding in Vo adolescents with Asperger syndrome
Authors: Dritschel Barbara , Wisely Mary , Goddard Lorna , Robinson Sally , Howlin Pat
Published: September 2010

Previous research has demonstrated that adults with high functioning autism (HFA)/Asperger syndrome (AS) judge others as having as much knowledge about their inner mental states as they do. The current study examined whether this pattern also applies to adolescents with HFA/AS because typically developing adolescents, in contrast to younger children, regard themselves as experts on their own inner states. Twenty-two adolescents with HFA/AS and 22 controls judged how much they versus a comparison person knew about 6 aspects of their inner states. In contrast to typically developing adolescents, those with HFA/AS judged the comparison person as having more knowledge about themselves than they did. This study suggests that adolescents with HFA/AS have more pronounced difficulties with this aspect of self-knowledge than do adults with this condition. The implications of this deficit for social functioning are discussed.
Self-conceptualisation in autism
Authors: Farley Adam , López Beatriz , Saunders Guy
Published: September 2010

This study aimed to extend Lee and Hobson’s (1998) findings regarding self-conceptualisation in autism by using a more verbally able sample. The study also investigated the ability to conceptualise self through other. Sixteen typically developing and sixteen adolescents with ASD matched for chronological and verbal mental age were administered a modified version of Damon and Hart’s (1988) self-as-subject interview, which also required participants to conceptualise themselves from another’s perspective. Self-conceptualisation ability was similar between groups across the categories of distinctiveness and continuity, but reduced in the ASD group under the category of agency. Participants with ASD were, however, less able to conceptualise themselves from another’s perspective. These results are discussed in relation to second-person processes and narrative abilities.
Utilisation of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation in blunt thoracic trauma
Authors: Scarborough John E , Vaslef Steven N
Published: September 2010

Blunt thoracic trauma patients are at high risk of mortality when conventional mechanical ventilation fails to sustain respiratory function.We provide an overview of high-frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) as a potential rescue therapy for such patients.Although few studies have examined the utilisation of HFOV specifically for blunt thoracic trauma, available evidence indicates that this ventilatory strategy may be beneficial when instituted relative early in the management of patients with severe pulmonary contusion or blunt thoracic trauma with superimposed acute respiratory distress syndrome.
The carer’s world: An interactive reusable learning object
Authors: Pulman Andy , Todres Les , Galvin Kathleen
Published: September 2010

Visual and interactive environments offer unique opportunities for emotive and immersive experiences related to health. Examples concerning Alzheimer’s include the film Ex memoria, documentaries like Malcolm and Barbara: Love’s farewell and the Remember us virtual exhibit within Second life. In 2006, the School of Health and Social Care (HSC) began experimenting with integrating the methods and themes of Lifeworld with Hypertext narrative into an educational resource. This process led to the development of a reusable learning object — The carer’s world — designed to give users greater knowledge about, and insight into, the challenges of caring for people with Alzheimer’s. This article describes the context, processes and influences of its creation and a discussion of how this type of development might increase knowledge and understanding around the issues of a carer’s world and also provide a tool for embedding into the higher educational health curriculum.
Subclinical Zinc Deficiency in Alzheimer’s Disease and Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Brewer George J. , Kanzer Steve H. , Zimmerman Earl A. , Molho Eric S. , Celmins Dzintra F. , Heckman Susan M. , Dick Robert
Published: September 2010

To evaluate zinc status in Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease, 29 patients with Alzheimer’s disease, 30 patients with Parkinson’s disease, and 29 age- and sex-matched controls were studied. All patients and controls were older than age 50, and all zinc and copper supplements were prohibited beginning 30 days prior to study. Patients were diagnosed by standard criteria. Blood zinc and urine zinc were measured. Urine zinc was measured in a casual specimen, standardized for dilution by reference to creatinine content. Results showed a significantly lower blood zinc in patients with Alzheimer’s and patients with Parkinson’s than in controls. Urine zinc excretion, normalized to urine creatinine excretion, was not significantly different in either patient group compared to controls. These patients are probably zinc deficient because of nutritional inadequacy.
Power, Politics, and the Making of Shanghai
Authors: Arkaraprasertkul Non
Published: September 2010

How and why contemporary Shanghai has taken the form it has over the last thirty years and its role in the ‘‘New’’ Shanghai through the underlying top—down governance and planning process? Answering this question, rather than taking solely the historical path in documenting the process of development, this article represents an attempt to make sense of the process of development through the underlying forces that shaped and reshaped the physical forms of the city. Particularly, this article looks at distinctive spatial forms and social and political formations associated with Shanghai before, under, and after the Mao Zedong. By weaving planning history with critical analysis of Chinese sociopolitics, this article chronologically traces the formative history of Shanghai’s unique urbanism, building on existing literature and provides a wide coverage of the episodic accounts of Shanghai’s planning history. When the role of individuals in the making of Shanghai becomes obvious especially after the reform in the early 1980s, this article pays attention to their roles in the development of Shanghai and the ‘‘power and politics’’ they represented, which fostered the resurrection of the city.
Oral Thrush to Candidemia: A Morbid Outcome
Authors: Gautam Hitender , Kaur Ravinder , Goyal Ritu , Bhalla Preena , Dewan Richa
Published: September 2010

A 35-year-old female living with AIDS presented with oral thrush 3 months after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). On investigation, it was found to be due to Candida albicans. She was started on fluconazole. After 4 months on ART, she presented with fever. Blood culture was performed. After 4 days, she expired due to septic shock. Two days after her death, C albicans strain was isolated from the blood culture which was similar to the C albicans strain (by DNA fingerprinting) isolated from oral thrush. Both strains of C albicans were found to be resistant to fluconazole by broth microdilution method. A high index of suspicion in high-risk patients along with early and aggressive management of the patient with antigen detection would go a long way in the management of these patients. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis need to be re-evaluated, keeping in mind the increasing emergence of resistance to azoles and its effect on morbidity outcome.