bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first mobile photon-counting detector CT: the human images and technical performance study
Authors: Park Su-Jin , Park Junyoung , Kim Doil , Lee Duhgoon , Lee Chang-Lae , Bechwati Ibrahim , Wu Dufan , Gupta Rajiv , Jung Jinwook
Published: March 2023

Objective. The purpose of this study is to assess its human images and its unique capabilities such as the ‘on demand’ higher spatial resolution and multi-spectral imaging of photon-counting-detector (PCD)-CT. Approach. In this study, the FDA 510(k) cleared mobile PCD-CT (OmniTom Elite) was used. To this end, we imaged internationally certified CT phantoms and a human cadaver head to evaluate the feasibility of high resolution (HR) and multi-energy imaging. We also demonstrate the performance of PCD-CT via first-in-human imaging by scanning three human volunteers. Main results. At the 5 mm slice thickness, routinely used in diagnostic head CT, the first human PCD-CT images were diagnostically equivalent to the EID-CT scanner. The HR acquisition mode of PCD-CT achieved a resolution of 11 line-pairs (lp)/cm as compared to 7 lp cm−1 using the same kernel (posterior fossa-kernel) in the standard acquisition mode of EID-CT. For the quantitative multi-energy CT performance, the measured CT numbers in virtual mono-energetic images (VMI) of iodine inserts in the Gammex Multi-Energy CT phantom (model 1492, Sun Nuclear Corporation, USA) matched the manufacturer reference values with mean percent error of 3.25%. Multi-energy decomposition with PCD-CT demonstrated the separation and quantification of iodine, calcium, and water. Significance. PCD-CT can achieve multi-resolution acquisition modes without physically changing the CT detector. It can provide superior spatial resolution compared with the standard acquisition mode the conventional mobile EID-CT. Quantitative spectral capability of PCD-CT can provide accurate, simultaneous multi-energy images for material decomposition and VMI generation using a single exposure.
Wetting ridges on slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces
Authors: Tran Hong-Huy , Lee Daeyeon , Riassetto David
Published: March 2023

Slippery liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) show remarkable liquid repellency, making them useful for many coating applications. The outstanding repellency of SLIPS comes from a lubricant layer stabilized within and at the surface of a porous template. The stability of this lubricant layer is key for SLIPS to exhibit their unique functionality. The lubricant layer, however, is depleted over time, causing degradation of liquid repellency. The formation of wetting ridges surrounding liquid droplets on the surface of SLIPS is one of the primary sources of lubricant depletion. Here, we present the fundamental understanding and characteristics of wetting ridges and highlight the latest developments that enable the detailed investigation and suppression of wetting ridge formation on SLIPS. In addition, we offer our perspectives on new and exciting directions for SLIPS.
Focused polarization ellipse field singularities: interaction of spin-orbital angular momentum and the formation of optical Möbius strips
Authors: Pal Sushanta Kumar , Somers Lavi , Singh Rakesh Kumar , Senthilkumaran P , Arie Ady
Published: March 2023

We study here the intensity distribution and formation of optical polarization Möbius strips by tightly focusing of C-point singularity beams. These beams are characterized by a central circular polarization point (C-point) surrounded by a spatially varying elliptic polarization. Under tight focusing conditions, the different polarization components of the beam interfere and exhibit clear difference between left-handed and right handed input beams. The transverse polarization distribution at the focal plane is similar to the input distribution for left-handed lemon beam, but exhibits 180° rotation for right handed lemon beam. Moreover, the longitudinal polarization component exhibits spiral phase distribution, owing to spin-orbit angular momentum conversion at the focal plane, with opposite winding directions for the left-handed and right-handed input beams. We show that the shape of the resulting Möbius strip is determined by the helicity of the C-point and by the polarization singularity index, which is the contour integral of polarization ellipse angle around the singularity. It is found that inverting the helicity leads to 180° rotation in the focal plane intensity distribution, accompanied by handedness inversion for the polarization ellipses. The number of separatrices in the input polarization distribution is equivalent to the number of twist points of the Möbius strip in the focal plane, as well as to the number of intensity zeros in the z-component of the focused field. These phenomena are observed for beams with a bright C-point, but also for dark C-point, in which the electric field is zero at the center of the beam.
Dimensional crossover in driving-rate induced criticality on the hysteresis-loop of disordered ferromagnetic systems
Authors: Spasojević Djordje , Mijatović Svetislav , Janićević Sanja
Published: March 2023

We study the effect of finite driving rate on the nonequilibrium hysteresis-loop criticality with the systems’ nonequilateral geometry constraints allowing the dimensional crossover from three-dimensional to two-dimensional disordered ferromagnetic systems . For each system’s thickness, the disorder is fixed above the critical line for adiabatic driving, such that the emergent critical behaviors are solely attributed to the increased driving rates of the external field.We demonstrate it by computing the pertaining magnetizations and coercive fields, changes in avalanche distributions and shapes, and correlation functions of spin-flip events where the pace of the field increments are varied in a broad range. Our results reveal that the driving field rate profoundly affects system evolution attaining three distinct regimes of the induced criticality at the proper thickness-dependent rate values. In particular, these regimes are characterized by the occurrence of non-spanning avalanches (slow driving), the first appearance of spanning avalanches (intermediate regime), and being overwhelmed by system-spanning avalanches (fast driving regime) for a given thickness. Our results will bring some critical insights to the theoretical and experimental studies on the field-driven nonequilateral systems both for conceptual reasons and the versatility of their applications..
A sluggish random walk with subdiffusive spread
Authors: Zodage Aniket , Allen Rosalind J , Evans Martin R , Majumdar Satya N
Published: March 2023

We study a one-dimensional sluggish random walk with space-dependent transition probabilities between nearest-neighbour lattice sites. Motivated by trap models of slow dynamics, we consider a model in which the trap depth increases logarithmically with distance from the origin. This leads to a random walk which has symmetric transition probabilities that decrease with distance

|

k

|

from the origin as

1

/

|

k

|

for large

|

k

|

. We show that the typical position after time t scales as

t

1

/

3

with a nontrivial scaling function for the position distribution which has a trough (a cusp singularity) at the origin. Therefore an effective central bias away from the origin emerges even though the transition probabilities are symmetric. We also compute the survival probability of the walker in the presence of a sink at the origin and show that it decays as

t

−
1

/

3

at late times. Furthermore we compute the distribution of the maximum position, M(t), to the right of the origin up to time t, and show that it has a nontrivial scaling function. Finally we provide a generalisation of this model where the transition probabilities decay as

1

/

|

k

|

α

with α > 0.
Remote linkage of record-breaking U.S. Tornado outbreaks to the tropical cyclone in western North Pacific in December 2021
Authors: Jiang Ning , Liu Boqi , Zhu Congwen , Chen Yanying
Published: March 2023

The frequency of tornadoes usually peaks during spring to summer rather than winter in climatology. However, the United States (U.S.) experienced more than 200 tornadoes in December 2021, which broke the historical record and caused 87 fatalities. Historically, the frequency of tornadoes in December tends to increase under El Niño conditions. Our results show that the monthly large-scale weather regime conducive to these record-breaking tornado outbreaks under a La Niña condition is closely associated with Typhoon Nyatoh in the western North Pacific. As the tropical cyclone (TC) recurved into the mid-latitudes, its interaction with the extratropical flows has caused distortions in the Asian jet stream and the dramatic development of anomalous anticyclone west of the dateline, which in turn strongly regulated the response of the monthly atmospheric teleconnection to La Niña forcing. Accurate forecasts of the monthly mean circulation for December 2021 first appeared in the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts sub-seasonal to seasonal forecasts from 29 November, with a forecast skill closely related to that of Typhoon Nyatoh. Given most studies on the warm seasons with frequent tornadoes, the present results advance our understanding of the TC effect on the monthly atmospheric response to El Niño-Southern Oscillation forcing and its linkage to the tornado occurrence during boreal winter.
The generalized Giambelli formula and polynomial KP and CKP tau-functions
Authors: Kac Victor , van de Leur Johan
Published: March 2023

The first part of the paper is devoted to two descriptions of all polynomial tau-functions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili (KP) hierarchy: by a generalized Jacobi-Trudi formula, and a generalized Giambelli formula. We use the latter formula in the second part to obtain all polynomial tau-functions of the CKP hierarchy and its n-reductions. In particular, for

n
=
3

we find all polynomial tau-functions of the Kaup-Kupershmidt hierarchy.
Supercurrent and electromotive force generations by the Berry connection from many-body wave functions
Authors: Koizumi Hiroyasu
Published: March 2023

The velocity field composed of the electromagnetic field vector potential and the Berry connection from many-body wave functions explains supercurrent generation, Faraday’s law for the electromotive force (EMF) generation, and other EMF generations whose origins are not electromagnetism. An example calculation for the EMF from the Berry connection is performed using a model for the cuprate superconductivity.
Implementing quantum Fourier transform using three qubits
Authors: Yachi Mouhcine , Hab-arrih Radouan , Jellal Ahmed
Published: March 2023

Using the circulant symmetry of a Hamiltonian describing three qubits, we realize the quantum Fourier transform. This symmetry allows us to construct a set of eigenvectors independently on the magnitude of physical parameters involved in the Hamiltonian and as a result the entanglement will be maintained. The realization will be leaned on trapped ions and the gate implementation requires an adiabatic transition from each spin product state to Fourier modes. The fidelity was numerically calculated and the results show important values. Finally, we discuss the acceleration of the gate by using the counter-driving field.
A closure for the master equation starting from the dynamic cavity method
Authors: Aurell Erik , Machado Perez David , Mulet Roberto
Published: March 2023

We consider classical spin systems evolving in continuous time with interactions given by a locally tree-like graph. Several approximate analysis methods have earlier been reported based on the idea of Belief Propagation / cavity method. We introduce a new such method which can be derived in a more systematic manner using the theory of Random Point Processes. Within this approach, the master equation governing the system’s dynamics is closed via a set of differential equations for the auxiliary cavity probabilities. The numerical results improve on the earlier versions of the closure on several important classes of problems. We re-visit here the cases of the Ising ferromagnet and the Viana–Bray spin-glass model.
Constraining Weil–Petersson volumes by universal random matrix correlations in low-dimensional quantum gravity
Authors: Weber Torsten , Haneder Fabian , Richter Klaus , Urbina Juan Diego
Published: March 2023

Based on the discovery of the duality between Jackiw–Teitelboim quantum gravity and a double-scaled matrix ensemble by Saad, Shenker and Stanford in 2019, we show how consistency between the two theories in the universal random matrix theory (RMT) limit imposes a set of constraints on the volumes of moduli spaces of Riemannian manifolds. These volumes are given in terms of polynomial functions, the Weil–Petersson (WP) volumes, solving a celebrated nonlinear recursion formula that is notoriously difficult to analyse. Since our results implylinearrelations between the coefficients of the WP volumes, they therefore provide both a stringent test for their symbolic calculation and a possible way of simplifying their construction. In this way, we propose a long-term program to improve the understanding of mathematically hard aspects concerning moduli spaces of hyperbolic manifolds by using universal RMT results as input.
Comparison of methods for turbulence Doppler frequency shift calculation in Doppler reflectometer
Authors: ZHONG Xiaoming , ZOU Xiaolan , ZHOU Chu , LIU Adi , ZHUANG Ge , FENG Xi , ZHANG Jin , JI Jiaxu , FAN Hongrui , LIU Shen , WANG Shifan , GAO Liutian , SHI Wenxiang , LAN Tao , LI Hong , XIE Jinlin , MAO Wenzhe , LIU Zixi , LIU Wandong
Published: March 2023

The Doppler reflectometer (DR), a powerful diagnostic for the plasma perpendicular velocity (u
⊥) and turbulence measurement, has been widely used in various fusion devices. Many efforts have been put into extracting the Doppler shift from the DR signal. There are several commonly used methods for Doppler shift extraction, such as the phase derivative, the center of gravity, and symmetric fitting (SFIT). However, the strong zero-order reflection component around 0 kHz may interfere with the calculation of the Doppler shift. To avoid the influence of the zero-frequency peak, the asymmetric fitting (AFIT) method was designed to calculate the Doppler shift. Nevertheless, the AFIT method may lead to an unacceptable error when the Doppler shift is relatively small compared to the half width at half maximum (HWHM). Therefore, an improved method, which can remove the zero-frequency peak and fit the remaining Doppler peak with a Gaussian function, is devised to extract the Doppler shift. This method can still work reliably whether the HWHM is larger than the Doppler shift or not.
Effects of anode material on the evolution of anode plasma and characteristics of intense electron beam diode
Authors: HUA Ye , WU Ping , WAN Hong , BAI Shuxin , GONG Jinyu , ZHU Meng , BAI Xianchen , ZHANG Guangshuai
Published: March 2023

In this paper, three kinds of materials including graphite, titanium (Ti) and molybdenum (Mo) are used as anodes to figure out the influence factors of anode material on the characteristics of the intense electron beam diode. The results show that the characteristics of diode are mainly determined by the cathode plasma motion under a 15 mm diode gap, in which the typical electron beam parameters are 280 kV, 3.5 kA. When the diode gap is reduced to 5 mm, the voltage of the electron beam reduces to about 200 kV, and its current increases to more than 8.2 kA. It is calculated that the surface temperatures of Ti and Mo anodes are higher than their melting points. The diode plasma luminescence images show that Ti and Mo anodes produce plasmas soon after the bombardment of electron beams. Ti and Mo lines are respectively found in the plasma composition of Ti and Mo anode diodes. Surface melting traces are also observed on Ti and Mo anodes by comparing the micromorphologies before and after bombardment of the electron beam. These results suggest that the time of anode plasma generation is closely related to the anode material. Compared with graphite, metal Ti and Mo anodes are more likely to produce large amounts of plasma due to their more significant temperature rise effect. According to the moment that anode plasma begins to generate, the average expansion velocities of cathode and anode plasma are estimated by fitting the improved space-charge limited flow model. This reveals that generation and motion of the anode plasma significantly affect the characteristics of intense electron beam diode.
Divisibility conditions on the order of the reductions of algebraic numbers
Authors: Sgobba Pietro
Published: March 2023

Let

K
K

be a number field, and let

G
G

be a finitely generated subgroup of

K
×

K^\times

. Without relying on the Generalized Riemann Hypothesis we prove an asymptotic formula for the number of primes

p

\mathfrak p

of

K
K

such that the order of

(
G
mod

p

)

(G\bmod \mathfrak p)

is divisible by a fixed integer. We also provide a rational expression for the natural density of this set. Furthermore, we study the primes

p

\mathfrak p

for which the order is

k
k

-free, and those for which the order has a prescribed

ℓ
\ell

-adic valuation for finitely many primes

ℓ
\ell

. An additional condition on the Frobenius conjugacy class of

p

\mathfrak p

may be considered. In order to establish these results, we prove an unconditional version of the Chebotarev density theorem for Kummer extensions of number fields.
Bounded/periodic solutions for a class of scalar delay differential equations
Authors: Ai Shangbing
Published: March 2023

In this paper we use upper and lower solutions, the monotone iterative method, and the Schauder fixed point theorem to establish a new result on the existence of bounded/periodic solutions over

R

\mathbb R

for a class of scalar delay differential equations of the form
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartFraction d u Over d t EndFraction equals f left-parenthesis t comma u left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis comma u left-parenthesis t minus r 1 right-parenthesis comma midline-horizontal-ellipsis comma u left-parenthesis t minus r Subscript m Baseline right-parenthesis right-parenthesis">

d
u

d
t

=
f
(
t
,
u
(
t
)
,
u
(
t
−

r
1

)
,
⋯
,
u
(
t
−

r
m

)
)

\begin{equation*} \frac {du}{dt}=f(t,u(t), u(t-r_1), \cdots , u(t-r_m)) \end{equation*}

with constant delays, where

f
f

satisfies a one-sided Lipschitz condition on the state variables

u
(
t
)

u(t)

,

u
(
t
−

r
1

)

u(t-r_1)

, …,

u
(
t
−

r
m

)

u(t-r_m)

. Applications of this result to some population models are given.
Skew and sphere fibrations
Authors: Harrison Michael
Published: March 2023

A great sphere fibration is a sphere bundle with total space

S
n

S^n

and fibers which are great

k
k

-spheres. Given a smooth great sphere fibration, the central projection to any tangent hyperplane yields a nondegenerate fibration of

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

by pairwise skew, affine copies of

R

k

\mathbb {R}^k

(though not all nondegenerate fibrations can arise in this way). Here we study the topology and geometry of nondegenerate fibrations, we show that every nondegenerate fibration satisfies a notion of Continuity at Infinity, and we prove several classification results. These results allow us to determine, in certain dimensions, precisely which nondegenerate fibrations correspond to great sphere fibrations via the central projection. We use this correspondence to reprove a number of recent results about sphere fibrations in the simpler, more explicit setting of nondegenerate fibrations. For example, we show that every germ of a nondegenerate fibration extends to a global fibration, and we study the relationship between nondegenerate line fibrations and contact structures in odd-dimensional Euclidean space. We conclude with a number of partial results, in hopes that the continued study of nondegenerate fibrations, together with their correspondence with sphere fibrations, will yield new insights towards the unsolved classification problems for sphere fibrations.
Remodeling of E-cadherin subcellular localization during cell dissemination
Authors: Cabrera Alejandra J. H. , Gumbiner Barry M. , Kwon Young V.
Published: March 2023

Our study elucidates the role of E-cadherin (E-cad) in cell invasion during dissemination of transformed cells from the intestine. E-cad is a new component of invasive protrusions resembling invadopodia observed in cancer cells. Notably, E-cad controls the invasiveness of transformed cells by recruiting cortactin to invasive protrusions.
The Optimal Use of Fines and Imprisonment Revisited
Authors: D'Antoni Massimo , Friehe Tim , Tabbach Avraham
Published: March 2023

We study the optimal use of fines and imprisonment when wealth varies across individuals and may be observable or not. When wealth is observable, the optimal total sanction includes the maximum fine and either zero or maximum imprisonment. Imprisonment often complements the fine, therefore the total sanction increases with wealth. However, with unobservable wealth, total sanctions must weakly decrease with wealth to satisfy incentive compatibility constraints. The total sanction for low-wealth individuals may include maximum imprisonment, while high-wealth individuals may face no imprisonment and often less than maximum fines. The inability to observe wealth aligns policy prescriptions with actual enforcement policy and lowers social welfare.
Systematically missing data in causally interpretable meta-analysis
Authors: Steingrimsson Jon A , Barker David H , Bie Ruofan , Dahabreh Issa J
Published: March 2023

Causally interpretable meta-analysis combines information from a collection of randomized controlled trials to estimate treatment effects in a target population in which experimentation may not be possible but from which covariate information can be obtained. In such analyses, a key practical challenge is the presence of systematically missing data when some trials have collected data on one or more baseline covariates, but other trials have not, such that the covariate information is missing for all participants in the latter. In this article, we provide identification results for potential (counterfactual) outcome means and average treatment effects in the target population when covariate data are systematically missing from some of the trials in the meta-analysis. We propose three estimators for the average treatment effect in the target population, examine their asymptotic properties, and show that they have good finite-sample performance in simulation studies. We use the estimators to analyze data from two large lung cancer screening trials and target population data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). To accommodate the complex survey design of the NHANES, we modify the methods to incorporate survey sampling weights and allow for clustering.
Multiple hyperkeratotic papules on the dorsal feet and lower legs
Authors: Wang Xiaopo
Published: March 2023

An 87-year-old Chinese man presented with a 5-year history of multiple scaly, reddish-brown hyperkeratotic papules 1–5 mm in diameter on the dorsal feet and lower legs. Dermoscopic examination under polarized light displayed an erythematous-brownish background and white scales. A biopsy specimen demonstrated hyperkeratosis, focal epidermal atrophy, slight perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate and pigment incontinence in the superficial dermis.
Functional network reconfiguration supporting memory-guided attention
Authors: Isenburg Kylie , Morin Thomas M , Rosen Maya L , Somers David C , Stern Chantal E
Published: March 2023

Studies have identified several brain regions whose activations facilitate attentional deployment via long-term memories. We analyzed task-based functional connectivity at the network and node-specific level to characterize large-scale communication between brain regions underlying long-term memory guided attention. We predicted default mode, cognitive control, and dorsal attention subnetworks would contribute differentially to long-term memory guided attention, such that network-level connectivity would shift based on attentional demands, requiring contribution of memory-specific nodes within default mode and cognitive control subnetworks. We expected that these nodes would increase connectivity with one another and with dorsal attention subnetworks during long-term memory guided attention. Additionally, we hypothesized connectivity between cognitive control and dorsal attention subnetworks facilitating external attentional demands. Our results identified both network-based and node-specific interactions that facilitate different components of LTM-guided attention, suggesting a crucial role across the posterior precuneus and restrosplenial cortex, acting independently from the divisions of default mode and cognitive control subnetworks. We found a gradient of precuneus connectivity, with dorsal precuneus connecting to cognitive control and dorsal attention regions, and ventral precuneus connecting across all subnetworks. Additionally, retrosplenial cortex showed increased connectivity across subnetworks. We suggest that connectivity from dorsal posterior midline regions is critical for the integration of external information with internal memory that facilitates long-term memory guided attention.
Generalization of cognitive maps across space and time
Authors: Sherrill Katherine R , Molitor Robert J , Karagoz Ata B , Atyam Manasa , Mack Michael L , Preston Alison R
Published: March 2023

Prominent theories posit that associative memory structures, known as cognitive maps, support flexible generalization of knowledge across cognitive domains. Here, we evince a representational account of cognitive map flexibility by quantifying how spatial knowledge formed one day was used predictively in a temporal sequence task 24 hours later, biasing both behavior and neural response. Participants learned novel object locations in distinct virtual environments. After learning, hippocampus and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) represented a cognitive map, wherein neural patterns became more similar for same-environment objects and more discriminable for different-environment objects. Twenty-four hours later, participants rated their preference for objects from spatial learning; objects were presented in sequential triplets from either the same or different environments. We found that preference response times were slower when participants transitioned between same- and different-environment triplets. Furthermore, hippocampal spatial map coherence tracked behavioral slowing at the implicit sequence transitions. At transitions, predictive reinstatement of virtual environments decreased in anterior parahippocampal cortex. In the absence of such predictive reinstatement after sequence transitions, hippocampus and vmPFC responses increased, accompanied by hippocampal-vmPFC functional decoupling that predicted individuals’ behavioral slowing after a transition. Collectively, these findings reveal how expectations derived from spatial experience generalize to support temporal prediction.
Identifying autism spectrum disorder using edge-centric functional connectivity
Authors: Sun Ang , Wang Jiaojian , Zhang Junran
Published: March 2023

Brain network analysis is an effective method to seek abnormalities in functional interactions for brain disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Traditional studies of brain networks focus on the node-centric functional connectivity (nFC), ignoring interactions of edges to miss much information that facilitates diagnostic decisions. In this study, we present a protocol based on an edge-centric functional connectivity (eFC) approach, which significantly improves classification performance by utilizing the co-fluctuations information between the edges of brain regions compared with nFC to build the classification mode for ASD using the multi-site dataset Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange I (ABIDE I). Our model results show that even using the traditional machine-learning classifier support vector machine (SVM) on the challenging ABIDE I dataset, relatively high performance is achieved: 96.41% of accuracy, 98.30% of sensitivity, and 94.25% of specificity. These promising results suggest that the eFC can be used to build a reliable machine-learning framework to diagnose mental disorders such as ASD and promote identifications of stable and effective biomarkers. This study provides an essential complementary perspective for understanding the neural mechanisms of ASD and may facilitate future investigations on early diagnosis of neuropsychiatric disorders.
COVID-19 and food insecurity in Africa: A review of the emerging empirical evidence
Authors: Jr. Tabe-Ojong Martin Paul , Nshakira-Rukundo Emmanuel , Haile Gebrekidan Bisrat
Published: March 2023

The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) risks rolling back many of the efforts and global successes recorded in reducing poverty and food insecurity. We undertake a systematic search and review of the growing microeconomic literature on the association between COVID-19 and food insecurity in Africa, discussing its implications for food policy and research. Furthermore, we review the various coping strategies households employ to build resilience to COVID-19. The evidence indicates that COVID-19 is associated with an increase in food insecurity both ex-ante and ex-durante. Given the covariate nature of COVID-19 and associated control mechanisms, current evidence is short of providing clear causal learning. We provide some potential interesting areas where future efforts can be geared to improve learning on the relationship between COVID-19, food insecurity, and building resilience to shocks.
Externally oriented thinking style increases primary health care use in adolescence
Authors: Kekkonen Virve , Kraav Siiri-Liisi , Hintikka Jukka , Kivimäki Petri , Kaarre Outi , Tolmunen Tommi
Published: March 2023

Background

Alexithymia has been related to adult health care use. We investigated the association between alexithymia and the utilization of primary health care services by adolescents and young adults.

Methods

The participants (n = 751, aged 13–18 years) in this 5-year follow-up study were assessed with the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and its three subscales, difficulty identifying feelings (DIF), difficulty describing feelings (DDF) and externally oriented thinking (EOT), and the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Primary health care data were gathered from health care centre registers in 2005–10. Generalized linear models and mediation analyses were used.

Results

An increase in the TAS-20 total score correlated with a higher number of primary health care and emergency care visits, but in multivariate general linear models, TAS-20 total scores were no longer significant. Younger age, female gender and an increase in the baseline EOT score are associated with a higher number of both primary health care and emergency room visits. In females, a smaller change in the EOT score from baseline to follow-up was associated with a higher number of primary health care visits. In mediation analyses, EOT had a direct effect on a higher number of primary health care and emergency room visits, whereas the BDI score mediated the incremental effect of DIF and DDF on visit numbers.

Conclusions

The results suggest that an EOT style independently increases health care use by adolescents, whereas the effects of difficulties identifying and describing feelings on health care use are mediated by symptoms of depression.
Identification of two vibration regimes of underwater fibre optic cables by distributed acoustic sensing
Authors: Mata Flores D , Mercerat E D , Ampuero J P , Rivet D , Sladen A
Published: March 2023

Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) enables data acquisition for underwater Earth Science with unprecedented spatial resolution. Submarine fibre optic cables traverse sea bottom features that can lead to suspended or decoupled cable portions, and are exposed to the ocean dynamics and to high rates of marine erosion or sediment deposition, which may induce temporal variations of the cable’s mechanical coupling to the ocean floor. Although these spatio-temporal fluctuations of the mechanical coupling affect the quality of the data recorded by DAS, and determine whether a cable section is useful or not for geophysical purposes, the detection of unsuitable cable portions has not been investigated in detail. Here, we report on DAS observations of two distinct vibration regimes of seafloor fibre optic cables: a high-frequency (>2 Hz) regime we associate to cable segments pinned between seafloor features, and a low-frequency (<1 Hz) regime we associate to suspended cable sections. While the low-frequency oscillations are driven by deep ocean currents, the high-frequency oscillations are triggered by the passage of earthquake seismic waves. Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition, we demonstrate that high-frequency oscillations excite normal modes comparable to those of a finite 1-D wave propagation structure. We further identify trapped waves propagating along cable portions featuring high-frequency oscillations. Their wave speed is consistent with that of longitudinal waves propagating across the steel armouring of the cable. The DAS data on cable sections featuring such cable waves are dominated by highly monochromatic noise. Our results suggest that the spatio-temporal evolution of the mechanical coupling between fibre optic cables exposed to the ocean dynamics and the seafloor can be monitored through the combined analysis of the two vibration regimes presented here, which provides a DAS-based method to identify underwater cable sections unsuitable for the analysis of seismic waves.
SOX7 deficiency causes ventricular septal defects through its effects on endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition and the expression of Wnt4 and Bmp2
Authors: Hernández-García Andrés , Pendleton Katherine E , Kim Sangbae , Li Yumei , Kim Bum J , Zaveri Hitisha P , Jordan Valerie K , Berry Aliska M , Ljungberg M Cecilia , Chen Rui , Lanz Rainer B , Scott Daryl A
Published: March 2023

SOX7 is a transcription factor-encoding gene located in a region on chromosome 8p23.1 that is recurrently deleted in individuals with ventricular septal defects (VSDs). We have previously shown that Sox7−/− embryos die of heart failure around E11.5. Here, we demonstrate that these embryos have hypocellular endocardial cushions with severely reduced numbers of mesenchymal cells. Ablation of Sox7 in the endocardium also resulted in hypocellular endocardial cushions, and we observed VSDs in rare E15.5 Sox7flox/−;Tie2-Cre and Sox7flox/flox;Tie2-Cre embryos that survived to E15.5. In atrioventricular explant studies, we showed that SOX7 deficiency leads to a severe reduction in endocardial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). RNA-seq studies performed on E9.5 Sox7−/− heart tubes revealed severely reduced Wnt4 transcript levels. Wnt4 is expressed in the endocardium and promotes EndMT by acting in a paracrine manner to increase the expression of Bmp2 in the myocardium. Both WNT4 and BMP2 have been previously implicated in the development of VSDs in individuals with 46,XX sex reversal with dysgenesis of kidney, adrenals and lungs (SERKAL) syndrome and in individuals with short stature, facial dysmorphism and skeletal anomalies with or without cardiac anomalies 1 (SSFSC1) syndrome, respectively. We now show that Sox7 and Wnt4 interact genetically in the development of VSDs through their additive effects on endocardial cushion development with Sox7+/−;Wnt4+/− double heterozygous embryos having hypocellular endocardial cushions and perimembranous and muscular VSDs not seen in their Sox7+/− and Wnt4+/− littermates. These results provide additional evidence that SOX7, WNT4 and BMP2 function in the same pathway during mammalian septal development and that their deficiency can contribute to the development of VSDs in humans.
Water harvesting through fog collectors: a review of conceptual, experimental and operational aspects
Authors: Verbrugghe Nathalie , Khan Ahmed Z
Published: March 2023

In water-scarce regions where fog is abundant, the population can rely on this resource to obtain fresh water. The potential to harvest fog is confirmed by Large Fog Collector projects worldwide, which are reviewed. Mostly maintenance issues due to environmental and complex social factors compromise the sustainability of such projects. The researchers endeavour to resolve these issues by developing enhanced materials, while others use biomimetic design, hence creating innovative collectors. The objective of this paper is to survey and review the state of the art and develop a framework of different types of innovative fog collectors, including conceptual, experimental and operational aspects.
Psychiatric Illness and Substance Abuse: Unaddressed Factors in Burn Injury
Authors: Won Paul , Stoycos Sarah , Johnson Maxwell , Gillenwater T Justin , Yenikomshian Haig A
Published: March 2023

Patients with psychiatric illness and substance use comorbidities have high rates of burn injuries and experience prolonged hospital admissions. This retrospective chart review characterizes this marginalized population’s inpatient burn care and examines post-discharge outcomes compared to burn patients without psychiatric or substance use comorbidities treated at our center. Patients admitted to a single burn center from January 1, 2018 to June 1, 2022 were included. Patient demographics, history of psychiatric disorders, treatment course, and post-discharge outcomes were collected. A total of 1660 patients were included in this study, of which 91 (6%) patients were diagnosed for psychiatric comorbidity and/or substance use comorbidity on admission for burn care. In this cohort of 91 patients with psychiatric and/or substance use comorbidities, the majority of patients were undomiciled (66%) and male (67%). In this cohort, 66 (72%) patients reported recent history or had positive urine toxicology results for illicit substances on admission. In this cohort, a total of 25 (28%) patients had psychiatric comorbidity at the time of burn injury or admission and 69 (76%) patients received inpatient psychiatric care, with 31 (46%) patients requiring psychiatric holds. After discharge, the readmission rate within 1 year of patients with psychiatric and/or substance use comorbidity was over four times greater than that of patients without psychiatric and/or substance use comorbidity. The most common causes of readmission were subsequent mental health crisis (40%) and inability to perform burn care (32%). Our study presents strategies to improve burn care for this marginalized and high-risk population.
An unwelcome guest: two cases of colonic metastatic lobular breast cancer
Authors: Naresh Divya , Othman Bushra , Wei Matthew Yuan-Kun , An Vinna
Published: March 2023

Metastatic spread of invasive lobular breast cancer is rare. It can have a delayed and varied presentation that can mimic other bowel pathologies, such as colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease, making its diagnosis difficult. In this study, we present two patients who required colonic resection due to malignant obstruction caused by metastatic invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast.
Jude The Obscure: The Letter of Jude and The Enochic Heritage
Authors: Scott James M
Published: March 2023

The use of 1 Enoch in the letter of Jude extends to more than a single explicit citation in vv. 14–15. Jude also contains a series of allusions to 1 Enoch, including several important ones that have previously gone unnoticed. The purpose of this essay is to explore why the author of Jude chose to emphasize Enoch and the Enochic tradition in such a prominent way in his letter. Our thesis is that the author of Jude emphasized Enoch not only because, for him and his community, the Enochic tradition was absolutely foundational to their understanding of both the Lord Jesus Christ and eschatological salvation, but also because the same Enochic tradition was under strong attack by the false teachers whom Jude denounces in the letter. The essay aims to show that 1 Enoch is much more foundational to the interpretation of Jude than previously suspected.
Isaiah 36–39: Life and Death in The House of God
Authors: Goswell Gregory
Published: March 2023

Isa. 39:7–8 is the last of a series of texts in Isaiah 36–9 that share common themes and concerns and, therefore, illuminate each other (cf. 37:37–8; 38:22). In particular, these interconnected texts assist the interpretation of Hezekiah’s final enigmatic comments in 39:8. Following the account of the death of Sennacherib at the hands of his sons, a number of resonances are uncovered in the ensuing narrative about the fate of Hezekiah, which also has implications for the future of his sons. Sennacherib cannot keep himself alive, even while worshipping in the house of his patron god and in the company of his sons (37:37–8). By contrast, Hezekiah anticipates that after his reprieve from death, he and his sons will be found worshipping in the house of yHWH (38:20, 22). Finally, it is forecast that, precipitated by their father’s actions, some of the sons of Hezekiah due to castration and exile will be excluded from the worship of the house of yHWH (39:7), but Hezekiah expresses relief that this will not be his fate, instead he will continue to enjoy God-given ‘peace’ and divine ‘faithfulness’ through participation in the temple cult (39:8).
Grain Boundary Plane Measurement Using Transmission Electron Microscopy Automated Crystallographic Orientation Mapping for Atom Probe Tomography Specimens
Authors: Hartshorne Matthew , Leff Asher , Vetterick Gregory , Hopkins Emily M , Taheri Mitra L
Published: March 2023

Grain boundaries are critical in determining the properties of materials, including mechanical stability, conductivity, and corrosion resistance. The specific properties of materials depend not only on the misorientation of the crystals, the three most commonly characterized parameters, but also on the angle of the grain boundary plane between the two crystals, the final two parameters in the five-parameter macroscopic description of the grain boundary. The method presented here allows for the direct measurement of all five parameters of the grain boundary in a transmission electron microscopy specimen of various morphologies. This is especially applicable to atom probe specimens, where only a single-tilt axis is generally available, allowing the crystallographic description to be matched to the detailed chemical data available in the atom probe tomography. This method provides a platform for efficient grain boundary analysis in unique samples, saving operator time and allowing for ease of acquisition and interpretation in comparison with traditional electron diffraction methods.
Abell 1201: detection of an ultramassive black hole in a strong gravitational lens
Authors: Nightingale J W , Smith Russell J , He Qiuhan , O’Riordan Conor M , Kegerreis Jacob A , Amvrosiadis Aristeidis , Edge Alastair C , Etherington Amy , Hayes Richard G , Kelly Ash , Lucey John R , Massey Richard J
Published: March 2023

Supermassive black holes (SMBHs) are a key catalyst of galaxy formation and evolution, leading to an observed correlation between SMBH mass MBH and host galaxy velocity dispersion σe. Outside the local Universe, measurements of MBH are usually only possible for SMBHs in an active state: limiting sample size and introducing selection biases. Gravitational lensing makes it possible to measure the mass of non-active SMBHs. We present models of the $z$ = 0.169 galaxy-scale strong lens Abell 1201. A cD galaxy in a galaxy cluster, it has sufficient ‘external shear’ that a magnified image of a $z$ = 0.451 background galaxy is projected just ∼1 kpc from the galaxy centre. Using multiband Hubble Space Telescope imaging and the lens modelling software PYAUTOLENS, we reconstruct the distribution of mass along this line of sight. Bayesian model comparison favours a point mass with MBH = 3.27 ± 2.12 × 1010 M⊙ (3σ confidence limit); an ultramassive black hole. One model gives a comparable Bayesian evidence without an SMBH; however, we argue this model is nonphysical given its base assumptions. This model still provides an upper limit of MBH ≤ 5.3 × 1010 M⊙, because an SMBH above this mass deforms the lensed image ∼1 kpc from Abell 1201’s centre. This builds on previous work using central images to place upper limits on MBH, but is the first to also place a lower limit and without a central image being observed. The success of this method suggests that surveys during the next decade could measure thousands more SMBH masses, and any redshift evolution of the MBH−σe relation. Results are available at https://github.com/Jammy2211/autolens_abell_1201.
Halo mass function in scale invariant models
Authors: Gavas Swati , Bagla Jasjeet , Khandai Nishikanta , Kulkarni Girish
Published: March 2023

Sheth–Tormen mass function has been widely used to quantify the abundance of dark matter haloes. It is a significant improvement over the Press–Schechter mass function as it uses ellipsoidal collapse in place of spherical collapse. Both of these mass functions can be written in a form that is universal, i.e. independent of cosmology and power spectrum when scaled in suitable variables. However, cosmological simulations have shown that this universality is approximate. In this paper, we investigate the power spectrum dependence of halo mass function through a suite of dark-matter-only N-body simulations of seven power-law models in an Einstein–de Sitter cosmology. This choice of cosmology and a power-law power spectrum ensures the self-similar evolution of dark matter distribution, allowing us to isolate the power spectrum dependence of mass function. We find that the mass function shows a clear non-universality. We present fits for the parameters of the Sheth–Tormen mass function for a range of power-law power spectrum indices. We find a mild evolution in the overall shape of the mass function with the epoch. Finally, we extend our result to LCDM cosmology. We show that the Sheth–Tormen mass function with parameter values derived from a matched power-law Einstein–de Sitter cosmology provides a better fit to the LCDM mass function than the standard Sheth–Tormen mass function. Our results indicate that an improved analytical theory is required to provide better fits to the mass function.
Evaluation of mpox vaccine dose-sparing strategies
Authors: Dimitrov Dobromir , Adamson Blythe , Matrajt Laura
Published: March 2023

The spring–summer 2022 mpox outbreak had over 50,000 cases globally, most of them in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). In response to vaccine shortages, several countries implemented dose-sparing vaccination strategies, stretching a full-dose vaccine vial into up to five fractional-dose vaccines. Recent studies have found mixed results regarding the effectiveness of the mpox vaccine, raising the question of the utility of dose-sparing strategies. We used an age- and risk-stratified mathematical model of an urban MSM population in the United States with ∼12% high-risk MSM to evaluate potential benefits from implementing dose-sparing vaccination strategies in which a full dose is divided into 3.5 fractional doses. We found that results strongly depend on the fractional-dose vaccine effectiveness (VE) and vaccine supply. With very limited vaccines available, enough to protect with a full dose approximately one-third of the high-risk population, dose-sparing strategies are more beneficial provided that fractional doses preserved at least 40% of full-dose effectiveness (34% absolute VE), projecting 13% (34% VE) to 70% (68% absolute VE) fewer infections than full-dose strategies. In contrast, if vaccine supply is enough to cover the majority of the high-risk population, dose-sparing strategies can be outperformed by full-dose strategies. Scenarios in which fractional dosing was 34% efficacious resulted in almost three times more infections than full dosing. Our analysis suggests that when mpox vaccine supply is limited and fractional-dose vaccination retains moderate effectiveness, there are meaningful health benefits from providing a smaller dose to a larger number of people in the high-risk population. These findings should inform the public-health response to future mpox outbreaks.