bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Non-Pauper Insane: Private, Voluntary and State Concerns
Authors: Mauger Alice
Published: December 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the developments leading up to the admission of paying patients to private, voluntary and district asylums. Focusing primarily on the reports of Ireland’s lunacy inspectors, the national press and the emerging psychiatric community, it is concerned with the debates aired at national level on how best to accommodate different social groups. It examines proposals for the establishment of separate accommodation for paying patients, negative press coverage of private asylums and the abuses identified by the lunacy inspectors, the growing social importance of Ireland’s four voluntary asylums and the implications of the eventual reception of paying patients in the district asylum system. Ultimately, this chapter argues that in the absence of a single effective solution, the result was a patchwork of public, voluntary and private accommodation, each the outcome of a set of shared convictions as to how, why and by whom the non-pauper insane should be treated.
Respect and Respectability: The Treatment and Expectations of Fee-Paying Patients
Authors: Mauger Alice
Published: December 2017

This chapter focuses on the experiences and impressions of paying patients in nine selected asylums, exploring their care and treatment primarily in the 1890s. It suggests that social status and class identity heavily influenced patients’ expectations of care. In district asylums, paying patients were particularly anxious to affirm their social standing in order to distance themselves from the pauper patients with whom they were forced to share lodgings. This, coupled with the social and political upheaval in Ireland, led to the kind of class, religious and political divisions between patients that were largely absent in the voluntary and private asylums, where the payment of higher maintenance fees translated into more ‘class-appropriate’ accommodation and treatment. Asylum doctors’ expectations of paying patients were equally informed by class and status. While wealthier patients expected to be treated with ‘respect’, their carers anticipated certain standards of ‘respectable’ behaviour in return and asylum doctors frequently commented on patients’ violent behaviour, manners, dress and appearance. These considerations were influenced by not only the doctrines of moral therapy but also the physician’s own understanding of class identity and social status. Yet, staff’s attempts to maintain a sense of social decorum in even the most expensive asylums were often frustrated by patients’ violence and ‘inappropriate’ behaviour.
Transvaginal Hybrid NOTES Cholecystectomy: A Single‐Centre Long‐Term Experience on Sexual Function
Authors: Pohlen U. , Feller A. , Holmer C.
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy is an alternative approach to the traditional laparoscopic technique. Despite increasing data regarding clinical outcomes following transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy, there is still a lack of long‐term results, particularly with regard to sexual function. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate long‐term outcome of a series of transvaginal hybrid cholecystectomy.

Patients and methods

Female patients with symptomatic cholecystolithiasis who underwent transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy were retrospectively analysed regarding clinical and surgical outcome parameters. Furthermore, all patients received a 17‐question survey postoperative with questions about sexual intercourse, the domains satisfaction and pain of the German Female Sexual Function Index.

Results

Overall, 47 of 80 patients were included in the study with a completed survey responses (return rate 58.6%), with a mean age of 48 years, mean body mass index of 29 and mean operative time of 47 min. The median follow‐up was 40 months. There were no intra‐ or postoperative complications and no conversion to a laparoscopic or open approach. No significant differences were found for postoperative sexual function (painful intercourse, inability to achieve orgasm), although sexual intercourse was less frequent postoperatively (p = 0.022). Forty‐four patients (93.7%) were satisfied with the aesthetic and the overall postoperative result, and 40 patients (85.1%) would recommend the applied surgical technique to friends and family.

Conclusion

The findings show that transvaginal hybrid NOTES cholecystectomy is a safe procedure for female patients, particularly with regard to sexual function.
Intravenous Infusion of Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Reduces Erectile Dysfunction Following Cavernous Nerve Injury in Rats
Authors: Matsuda Yohei , Sasaki Masanori , Kataoka-Sasaki Yuko , Takayanagi Akio , Kobayashi Ko , Oka Shinichi , Nakazaki Masahito , Masumori Naoya , Kocsis Jeffery D. , Honmou Osamu
Published: December 2017

Introduction

Intravenous preload (delivered before cavernous nerve [CN] injury) of bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can prevent or decrease postoperative erectile dysfunction (J Sex Med 2015;12:1713–1721). In the present study, the potential therapeutic effects of intravenously administered MSCs on postoperative erectile dysfunction were evaluated in a rat model of CN injury.

Methods

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized into 2 groups after electric CN injury. Intravenous infusion of bone marrow–derived MSCs (1.0 × 106 cells in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium 1 mL) or vehicle (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium 1 mL) was performed 3 hours after electrocautery-induced CN injury.

Main Outcome Measures

To assess erectile function, we measured intracavernous pressure at 4 weeks after MSC or vehicle infusion. Histologic examinations were performed to investigate neuronal innervation and inhibition of smooth muscle atrophy. Green fluorescent protein–positive bone marrow–derived MSCs were used for cell tracking. To investigate mRNA expression levels of neurotrophins in the major pelvic ganglia (MPGs), quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed.

Results

The decrease of intracavernous pressure corrected for arterial pressure and area under the curve of intracavernous pressure in the bone marrow–derived MSC group was significantly lower than that in the vehicle group at 4 weeks after infusion (P < .05). Retrograde neuronal tracing indicated that the MSC group had a larger number of FluoroGold-positive neurons in the MPGs compared with the vehicle group. The ratio of smooth muscle to collagen in the MSC group was significantly higher than in the vehicle group. Green fluorescent protein–positive bone marrow–derived MSCs were detected in the MPGs and injured CNs using confocal microscopy, indicating homing of cells to the MPGs and injured CNs. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor expression levels in the MPGs were significantly higher in the MSC group than in the vehicle group (P < .01).

Conclusion

Intravenous infusion of bone marrow–derived MSCs after CN injury might have therapeutic efficacy in experimental erectile dysfunction.
Avaliação biomecânica de diferentes métodos de fixação tibial na reconstrução do ligamento anterolateral em ossos suínos
Authors: Costa Rogério Nascimento , Nadal Rubens Rosso , Saggin Paulo Renato Fernandes , Lopes Junior Osmar Valadão , Spinelli Leandro de Freitas , Israel Charles Leonardo
Published: December 2017

Objetivo Avaliar a força de resistência à tração de diferentes métodos de fixação tibial na reconstrução do ligamento anterolateral (LAL). Além disso, comparar os mecanismos de falha da fixação tibial dessa reconstrução em joelhos suínos.

Métodos Foram usados 40 membros recém-congelados de suínos, divididos em quatro grupos de dez espécimes, conforme as técnicas de fixação tibial usadas. No grupo A, a fixação tibial do enxerto tendíneo foi feita por meio de uma âncora e seu fio transpassou o enxerto. No grupo B, a fixação tibial foi feita por meio de parafuso de interferência metálico em túnel ósseo único. No grupo C, a fixação tibial incluiu uma âncora associada à sutura de ponto sobre o tendão (sem a presença de fio que transpassasse o tendão) e, no grupo D, foram usados dois túneis ósseos confluentes associados a um parafuso de interferência em um dos túneis.

Resultados A força média menos elevada (70,56 N) ocorreu no grupo A e a mais elevada (244,85 N), no grupo B; as médias dos outros dois grupos variaram entre 171,68N (grupo C) e 149,43 N (Grupo D). Considerando-se a margem de erro fixada (5%), foi observada diferença significativa entre os grupos (p < 0,001).

Conclusão A fixação com parafuso de interferência em túnel ósseo único apresentou a maior força de resistência à tração dentre as técnicas avaliadas.
LIBERAL EDUCATION AND THE POSSIBILITY OF VALUATIONAL PROGRESS
Authors: Callard Agnes
Published: December 2017

This essay discusses two ways in which an agent can make progress with respect to value: self-cultivation and aspiration. The self-cultivator becomes a more coherent version of the person she was before, acquiring beliefs or desires or habits or skills that serve her antecedent valuational condition. The aspirant, by contrast, acquires new values. The existence of aspiration is under pressure from those who would assimilate it either to self-cultivation, or to a change in value that is done to a person rather than a change that is her own work. I show that those two options cannot be exhaustive by discussing liberal arts education; it is, I argue, paradigmatically aspirational.
TRUST, TRADE, AND MORAL PROGRESS: HOW MARKET EXCHANGE PROMOTES TRUSTWORTHINESS
Authors: Anomaly Jonathan
Published: December 2017

Trust is important for a variety of social relationships. Trust facilitates trade, which increases prosperity and induces us to interact with people of different backgrounds on terms that benefit all parties. Trade promotes trustworthiness, which enables us to form meaningful as well as mutually beneficial relationships. In what follows, I argue that when we erect institutions that enhance trust and reward people who are worthy of trust, we create the conditions for a certain kind of moral progress.
Production of monolayer-rich gold-decorated 2H–WS2 nanosheets by defect engineering
Authors: Dunklin Jeremy R. , Lafargue Paul , Higgins Thomas M. , Forcherio Gregory T. , Benamara Mourad , McEvoy Niall , Roper D. Keith , Coleman Jonathan N. , Vaynzof Yana , Backes Claudia
Published: December 2017

Chemical functionalization of low-dimensional nanostructures has evolved as powerful tool to tailor the materials’ properties on demand. For two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides, functionalization strategies are mostly limited to the metallic 1T-polytype with only few examples showing a successful derivatization of the semiconducting 2H-polytype. Here, we describe that liquid-exfoliated WS2 undergoes a spontaneous redox reaction with AuCl3. We propose that thiol groups at edges and defects sites reduce the AuCl3 to Au0 and are in turn oxidized to disulfides. As a result of the reaction, Au nanoparticles nucleate predominantly at edges with tuneable nanoparticle size and density. The drastic changes in nanosheet mass obtained after high loading with Au nanoparticles can be exploited to enrich the dispersions in laterally large, monolayered nanosheets by simple centrifugation. The optical properties (for example photoluminescence) of the monolayers remain pristine, while the electrocatalytic activity towards the hydrogen evolution reaction is significantly improved.
Bringing attention to metal (un)availability in encapsulated catalysts
Authors: Habibi A. H. , Hayes R. E. , Semagina N.
Published: December 2017

The encapsulation method significantly affects the shell porosity, the availability of active sites and the catalytic behavior of Pd@SiO2 materials in methane combustion.
Untapped potential for debonding on demand: the wonderful world of azo-compounds
Authors: Mutlu Hatice , Geiselhart Christina M. , Barner-Kowollik Christopher
Published: December 2017

We highlight and explore recent advances in the design of debonding on demand soft matter materials based on the azo-motif.
Ultrathin molybdenum disulfide/carbon nitride nanosheets with abundant active sites for enhanced hydrogen evolution
Authors: Qian Xingyue , Ding Junfei , Zhang Jianli , Zhang Yue , Wang Yining , Kan Erjun , Wang Xin , Zhu Junwu
Published: December 2017

The molybdenum disulfide/carbon nitride (MoS2/C3N4-3) nanosheets with ultrathin thickness present superior catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reaction for water splitting.
Cascaded photo-potential in a carbon dot-hematite system driving overall water splitting under visible light
Authors: Liu Chang'an , Fu Yijun , Xia Yujian , Zhu Cheng , Hu Lulu , Zhang Kai , Wu Haihua , Huang Hui , Liu Yang , Xie Tengfeng , Zhong Jun , Kang Zhenhui
Published: December 2017

The hematite based photocatalyst exhibits overall water splitting under visible light without any external bias or scavenger.
Fabrication of high-performance graphene nanoplatelet-based transparent electrodes via self-interlayer-exfoliation control
Authors: Oh Jong Sik , Oh Ji Soo , Sung Da In , Yeom Geun Young
Published: December 2017

Graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) have attracted considerable attention due to their high yield and fabrication route that is scalable to enable graphene production.
Ugi multicomponent reaction to prepare peptide–peptoid hybrid structures with diverse chemical functionalities
Authors: Hartweg Manuel , Edwards-Gayle Charlotte J. C. , Radvar Elham , Collis Dominic , Reza Mehedi , Kaupp Michael , Steinkoenig Jan , Ruokolainen Janne , Rambo Robert , Barner-Kowollik Christopher , Hamley Ian W. , Azevedo Helena S. , Becer C. Remzi
Published: December 2017

Sequence defined peptide–peptoid hybrids create new opportunities for self-assembled nano-structures.
Copper-catalyzed three-component phosphorylation–peroxidation of alkenes
Authors: Chen Yan , Chen Yuanjin , Lu Shenglin , Li Zhiping
Published: December 2017

A copper-catalyzed three-component phosphorylation–peroxidation of alkenes with P(O)–H compounds and TBHP has been developed.
Solvent exchange in preformed photocatalyst-donor precursor complexes determines efficiency
Authors: Kiefer Laura M. , Kubarych Kevin J.
Published: December 2017

Ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy reveals that solvent exchange reaches a maximum at ideal composition for photocatalytic reduction of CO2.
Extraction of nickel from NiFe-LDH into Ni2P@NiFe hydroxide as a bifunctional electrocatalyst for efficient overall water splitting
Authors: Zhang Fang-Shuai , Wang Jia-Wei , Luo Jun , Liu Rui-Rui , Zhang Zhi-Ming , He Chun-Ting , Lu Tong-Bu
Published: December 2017

Ni2P@FePOx has been synthesized via extraction and selective phosphorization of nickel in NiFe-LDH, and then conversed to a new heterostructure of Ni2P@NiFe hydroxide (P-NiFe) during water splitting. P-NiFe can act as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for overall water splitting.
Hydrodynamic interactions in DNA thermophoresis
Authors: Ly Aboubakry , Würger Alois
Published: December 2017

Hydrodynamic interactions result in molecular-weight dependence of DNA thermophoresis and strong specific-ion effects.
Formation of 3D graphene–Ni foam heterostructures with enhanced performance and durability for bipolar plates in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell
Authors: Sim Yeoseon , Kwak Jinsung , Kim Se-Yang , Jo Yongsu , Kim Seunghyun , Kim Sung Youb , Kim Ji Hyun , Lee Chi-Seung , Jo Jang Ho , Kwon Soon-Yong
Published: December 2017

A simple and robust strategy to form uniform 3D graphene on Ni foam is developed to improve the performance and the durability of bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells.
Integrative solar absorbers for highly efficient solar steam generation
Authors: Lin Xiaofeng , Chen Jiayao , Yuan Zhongke , Yang Meijia , Chen Guojian , Yu Dingshan , Zhang Mingqiu , Hong Wei , Chen Xudong
Published: December 2017

Carbonized melamine foams are used for highly efficient solar steam generation, exhibiting ultrahigh evaporation rates and energy conversion efficiency.
Self-assembled pearl-bracelet-like CoSe2–SnSe2/CNT hollow architecture as highly efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Yu Bo , Qi Fei , Zheng Binjie , Hou Wenqiang , Zhang Wanli , Li Yanrong , Chen Yuanfu
Published: December 2017

Self-assembled pearl-bracelet-like CoSe2–SnSe2/CNT hollow architecture was constructed using the hollow CoSe2–SnSe2 nanoboxes chained by the highly conductive and flexible CNT.
A three-dimensional graphene framework-enabled high-performance stretchable asymmetric supercapacitor
Authors: Li Ke , Huang Yanshan , Liu Jingjing , Sarfraz Mansoor , Agboola Phillips O. , Shakir Imran , Xu Yuxi
Published: December 2017

Three-dimensional graphene frameworks enable the development of stretchable asymmetric supercapacitors with a record high energy density of 77.8 W h kg−1, and also excellent stretchability and superior cycling stability.
Forest-like NiCoP@Cu3P supported on copper foam as a bifunctional catalyst for efficient water splitting
Authors: Ma Xingxing , Chang Yaqing , Zhang Zhe , Tang Jilin
Published: December 2017

We first fabricated NiCoP@Cu3P on Cu-foam with high-performance for both the HER and OER.
Efficient removal of aerosol oil-mists using superoleophobic filters
Authors: Wei Xin , Chen Feng , Wang Hongxia , Zhou Hua , Ji Zhongli , Lin Tong
Published: December 2017

Superoleophobic treatment can considerably improve the oil mist filtration performance of glass fibre nonwoven filters.
Enhancing proton conductivity in a metal–organic framework at T > 80 °C by an anchoring strategy
Authors: Nguyen My V. , Lo Tien H. N. , Luu Loc C. , Nguyen Hue T. T. , Tu Thach N.
Published: December 2017

A new Zr(iv)-based metal–organic framework, termed VNU-23 [Zr6O8(H2O)8(H2SNDC)4], where H2SNDC2− = 4,8-disulfonaphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylate, was synthesized. Subsequently, the anchoring strategy was employed to dock histamine into VNU-23 to enhance the proton conductivity at 95 °C and 85% relative humidity.
Composite film with anisotropically enhanced optical nonlinearity for a pulse-width tunable fiber laser
Authors: Ma Zhijun , Zhang Hang , Hu Zhongliang , Gan Jiulin , Yang Changsheng , Luo Zhichao , Qiao Tian , Peng Mingying , Dong Guoping , Yang Zhongmin , Wise Frank W. , Qiu Jianrong
Published: December 2017

Macroscopically aligned GNRs in films generate anisotropically enhanced optical nonlinearity and help in constructing a pulse-width-tunable fiber laser.
The Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP™©) – Innovation, Dissemination and Implementation
Authors: Martin-Harris Bonnie , Humphries Kate , (Focht) Garand Kendrea L.
Published: December 2017

The Modified Barium Swallow Impairment Profile (MBSImP™©) is a standardized method for the assessment of swallowing physiology from videofluoroscopic imaging used by teams of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) and radiologists during modified barium swallowing studies (MBSS). The approach is grounded in research and motivated by patient need toward minimizing wide variation in clinical practice and equivocal swallowing assessment findings when attempting to compare assessment results across the continuum of care and between clinical settings. Various methods of scoring are used, which are dependent upon the nature and purpose of the clinical or research question. The MBSImP™© initiated with an National Institute of Health [NIH] supported study has been field tested for 13 years. The standardized method aims to enhance the validity and reliability of swallowing metrics, improve transparency and reproducibility of clinical and research MBSS practices, as well as to optimize patient safety, comfort, expectations, and outcomes. The physiologic study of swallowing impairment using the MBSImP™© has become a program of research that strategically includes a data science initiative using a global registry of quality, safety and outcome metrics.
Facial expression recognition using intra‐class variation reduced features and manifold regularisation dictionary pair learning
Authors: Xie Siyue , Hu Haifeng , Yin Ziyu
Published: December 2017

A novel framework, named intra‐class variation reduced features‐based manifold regularisation dictionary pair learning model, is presented for solving facial expression recognition (FER) tasks. Since a query face and its corresponding image with intra‐class variations (e.g. identity and illumination) are similar in appearance, the authors generate intra‐class variation reduced features (IVRF) from the difference between a query face image and its corresponding estimated image of each expression class. IVRF can reduce negative influence from the intra‐class variations and make their model robust to intra‐class variations. Furthermore, a manifold regularisation term is incorporated into the dictionary pair learning model, which leads to a smoothly varying sparse representation. Their model fully takes advantage of the geometrical structure of data, which benefits the FER task. The experimental results on two public databases verify the effectiveness and superiority of their method and indicate its promising capability in expression discrimination.
Adaptive image segmentation method based on the fuzzy c‐means with spatial information
Authors: Zheng Jia , Zhang Dinghua , Huang Kuidong , Sun Yuanxi
Published: December 2017

This study presents an adaptive image segmentation method based on the fuzzy c‐means with spatial information (FCM_S). First, the advantages of the local FCM_S over the global FCM_S and its segmentation characteristics are introduced, on the basis of which, the accumulated local FCM_S is proposed to classify each pixel in an image by using information from different local windows that contain them. The local window size is calculated automatically, and the classification results of all pixels are stored together in the accumulated result. The grey levels of the background and the object pixels in the accumulated image, which is converted from the accumulated result, are distributed around 0 and the maximal grey level. Thus, it can be segmented by the grey level where the change rate of the count of object pixels reaches the minimum. Experiments are performed on 16 images from the Weizmann's database, as well as two real‐world and four synthetic images. The results validated that the proposed method can segment images with inhomogeneity well and can gain better area overlap measure when compared with some new segmentation methods. Moreover, the proposed method is parameterless.
Revealing the traces of histogram equalisation in digital images
Authors: Akhtar Zeeshan , Khan Ekram
Published: December 2017

The popular histogram equalisation (HE) technique, which was developed to improve the image contrast, sometimes may also be misused to hide intensity variations in tampered images with ill intention. The authors investigate how existing image forensic techniques may fail to detect HE operation in highly compressed and low‐resolution images. They then propose an algorithm to detect whether a given image (either uncompressed or JPEG compressed) has undergone the HE process or not. It is based on the frequency domain analysis of image histogram and exploits the difference in DC and AC coefficients in histogram's discrete Fourier transform. It can detect HE operation even if the image is saved in JPEG format after the equalisation, where most the existing algorithms fail. The extensive computer simulations over large dataset show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Évaluation et amélioration de la qualité des pâtes traditionnelles de dattes, produits du terroir des oasis
Authors: Harrak Hasnaâ , Hamouda Allal , Nadi Mounir
Published: December 2017

Les oasis des pays phœnicicoles sont réputées pour le savoir-faire ingénieux des femmes en matière de transformation des dattes en différents produits : pâte, jus, poudre, etc. Cependant, la transmission de ce savoir-faire traditionnel connaît une nette régression et la valorisation des produits à base de dattes reste insuffisante. Ce travail a pour objectif d'évaluer et d'améliorer le procédé traditionnel de préparation des pâtes de dattes « Tassabount » et « Toummit » des oasis de Tata au Maroc. Des critères physico-chimiques et hygiéniques de ces pâtes ont été évalués et un procédé amélioré a été appliqué pour la préparation de la pâte de dattes des variétés Bouittob et Bousthammi noire. La pâte obtenue a été caractérisée du point de vue physico-chimique, sensoriel, microbiologique et aptitude à la conservation. Selon les courbes de sorption, les pâtes traditionnelles ont montré un comportement peu hygroscopique permettant d'assurer une bonne stabilité microbienne. Toutefois, ce comportement engendre une désorption de l'eau au cours du stockage, entraînant un durcissement rapide. On a également enregistré une qualité hygiénique insuffisante de ces pâtes, due au non-respect des bonnes pratiques d'hygiène et de fabrication. La pâte préparée selon le procédé amélioré a présenté une qualité très satisfaisante. Le temps et la température de conservation ont eu un effet significatif sur les propriétés physico-chimiques, sensorielles et microbiologiques de la pâte. Un conditionnement et des conditions de stockage appropriés de cette pâte sont proposés.
Edge-spin-derived magnetism in few-layer MoS2 nanomeshes
Authors: Kondo G. , Yokoyama N. , Yamada S. , Hashimoto Y. , Ohata C. , Katsumoto S. , Haruyama J.
Published: December 2017

Magnetism arising from edge spins is highly interesting, particularly in 2D atomically thin materials in which the influence of edges becomes more significant. Among such materials, molybdenum disulfide (MoS2; one of the transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) family) is attracting significant attention. The causes for magnetism observed in the TMD family, including in MoS2, have been discussed by considering various aspects, such as pure zigzag atomic-structure edges, grain boundaries, and vacancies. Here, we report the observation of ferromagnetism (FM) in few-layer MoS2 nanomeshes (NMs; honeycomb-like array of hexagonal nanopores with low-contamination and low-defect pore edges), which have been created by a specific non-lithographic method. We confirm robust FM arising from pore edges in oxygen(O)-terminated MoS2-NMs at room temperature, while it disappears in hydrogen(H)-terminated samples. The observed high-sensitivity of FM to NM structures and critical annealing temperatures suggest a possibility that the Mo-atom dangling bond in pore edge is a dominant factor for the FM.
Soft-information flipping approach in multi-head multi-track BPMR systems
Authors: Warisarn C. , Busyatras W. , Myint L. M. M.
Published: December 2017

Inter-track interference is one of the most severe impairments in bit-patterned media recording system. This impairment can be effectively handled by a modulation code and a multi-head array jointly processing multiple tracks; however, such a modulation constraint has never been utilized to improve the soft-information. Therefore, this paper proposes the utilization of modulation codes with an encoded constraint defined by the criteria for soft-information flipping during a three-track data detection process. Moreover, we also investigate the optimal offset position of readheads to provide the most improvement in system performance. The simulation results indicate that the proposed systems with and without position jitter are significantly superior to uncoded systems.
Ferromagnetic resonance of Ni wires fabricated on ferroelectric LiNbO3 substrate for studying magnetic anisotropy induced by the heterojunction
Authors: Yamaguchi Akinobu , Nakao Akiko , Ohkochi Takuo , Yasui Akira , Kinoshita Toyohiko , Utsumi Yuichi , Saiki Tsunemasa , Yamada Keisuke
Published: December 2017

The electrical ferromagnetic resonance of micro-scale Ni wires with magnetic anisotropy induced by the heterojunction between the Ni layer and ferroelectric single crystalline LiNbO3 substrate was demonstrated by using rectifying effect. The two resonance modes were observed in the Ni wire aligned parallel to the applied magnetic field in plane. The lower resonance frequency mode is considered to correspond to the normal resonance mode with domain resonance, while the higher resonance mode is attributed to the mode which is contributed by the heterojunction between the Ni layer and LiNbO3 substrate. Our results manifest that the rectifying electrical detections are very useful for understating and evaluating the magnetic properties induced by the heterojunction.
Efficient adaptive pseudo-symplectic numerical integration techniques for Landau-Lifshitz dynamics
Authors: d’Aquino M. , Capuano F. , Coppola G. , Serpico C. , Mayergoyz I. D.
Published: December 2017

Numerical time integration schemes for Landau-Lifshitz magnetization dynamics are considered. Such dynamics preserves the magnetization amplitude and, in the absence of dissipation, also implies the conservation of the free energy. This property is generally lost when time discretization is performed for the numerical solution. In this work, explicit numerical schemes based on Runge-Kutta methods are introduced. The schemes are termed pseudo-symplectic in that they are accurate to order p, but preserve magnetization amplitude and free energy to order q > p. An effective strategy for adaptive time-stepping control is discussed for schemes of this class. Numerical tests against analytical solutions for the simulation of fast precessional dynamics are performed in order to point out the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Local long-distance spin transport in single layer graphene spin filter
Authors: Demirci Erdem , Dadashbaba Mostafa , Kurt Huseyin
Published: December 2017

Spin transport through single layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition has been measured in the local measurement configuration using aluminum oxide tunnel barriers and Co electrodes. Unlike the case of non-local measurements we report positive magnetoresistance for graphene channels as long as 10 microns at room temperature. Our analysis shows that the spin diffusion length in graphene is 14 ±4 microns at room temperature, bringing us a step closer to spintronic applications based on graphene spin filters.
Permeability estimations and frictional flow features passing through porous media comprised of structured microbeads
Authors: Shin C.
Published: December 2017

Permeability estimation has been extensively researched in diverse fields; however, methods that suitably consider varying geometries and changes within the flow region, for example, hydraulic fracture closing for several years, are yet to be developed. Therefore, in the present study a new permeability estimation method is presented based on the generalized Darcy’s friction flow relation, in particular, by examining frictional flow parameters and characteristics of their variations. For this examination, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of simple hydraulic fractures filled with five layers of structured microbeads and accompanied by geometry changes and flow transitions are performed. Consequently, it was checked whether the main structures and shapes of each flow path are preserved, even for geometry variations within porous media. However, the scarcity and discontinuity of streamlines increase dramatically in the transient- and turbulent-flow regions. The quantitative and analytic examinations of the frictional flow features were also performed. Accordingly, the modified frictional flow parameters were successfully presented as similarity parameters of porous flows. In conclusion, the generalized Darcy’s friction flow relation and friction equivalent permeability (FEP) equation were both modified using the similarity parameters. For verification, the FEP values of the other aperture models were estimated and then it was checked whether they agreed well with the original permeability values. Ultimately, the proposed and verified method is expected to efficiently estimate permeability variations in porous media with changing geometric factors and flow regions, including such instances as hydraulic fracture closings.
Maternal gestational weight gain during pregnancy: prioritising the conversation
Authors: Walker Ruth , Mazza Danielle , Blumfield Michelle , Bennett Christie , Truby Helen
Published: December 2017

Pregnancy is a critical stage of life requiring urgent attention when taking a lifespan approach to obesity prevention. Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) is highly predictive of overweight and obesity later in life for women and their offspring. This discussion describes the challenges faced by health professionals (general practitioners, midwives, allied health) in primary care in Australia when addressing GWG, presents evidence that supports re-prioritising GWG and highlights strategies that can be used to address GWG. The revised National Health and Medical Research Council antenatal care guidelines (to be formally released in early 2018) indicate it will be the responsibility of health professionals in antenatal care to initiate conversations about GWG with women. Women are open to discussing this sensitive topic and health professionals in primary care have an opportunity to be proactive in addressing barriers that have hindered conversations about GWG in the past so that women are supported to manage their weight during pregnancy.
Advertising addictions
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines the policy role of advertising, marketing, and the media in corporate strategy. This area was shown by our network analysis to be central to corporate networks at the EU level. We examine the extent to which the advertising, marketing, and media industries co-operate with addiction-related industries in their lobbying and related political strategies; how addiction-related industries engage in debate and strategic action in relation to questions of advertising, marketing, and media; and how corporations engage with the news media to protect their interests. In the course of this, we examine case studies of the World Federation of Advertisers, MediaSmart, and the Advertising Education Forum amongst other lobby groups.
Conclusions
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan
Published: December 2017

This book suggests the need to rethink our understanding corporate power in relation to public health. The most important finding has been the sheer variety and extent of corporate engagements in policy-related activities. This challenges those approaches that focus narrowly on the (downstream) policy process at the expense of the wider context. It also challenges definitions of lobbying that confine the activity to face-to-face or direct contact with officials. The chapter reviews our arguments about social movements from above and below and the nature of the erosion of civil society by corporate strategy. The latter part of the chapter examines prescriptions for public health, including the need to adopt a whole-government strategy cognisant of multiple corporate voices, engage firmly with corporations to reverse the trend towards partnership governance, and go much further with transparency reforms in government and the corporate works, civil society, and science.
The role and significance of masterclasses in creative learning
Authors: Hanken Ingrid Maria
Published: December 2017

Masterclasses have a prominent place in the education of future musicians within the western classical music tradition. This chapter gives an overview of research on teaching and learning in masterclasses with a focus on how they might benefit the students, as well as how master teachers and students can optimize learning and teaching outcomes. The merits of various types and formats of masterclass and styles of interaction are discussed, as are the challenges faced by master teachers and student performers. One section of the chapter is devoted to the possible benefits for students in the audience, benefits which might be contested by the students themselves. Drawing on theories of learning by observation and of peer learning and assessment, the chapter argues that there is significant learning potential for the audience as well. It concludes by considering some implications for practice of the roles that the conservatoire, the master teacher and the principal instrumental or singing teacher can respectively play in helping both the student performing and students in the audience to get the most out of masterclasses.
Insight
Authors: Doğantan-Dack Mine
Published: December 2017

This Insight emphasizes an aspect of being a classical musician that has become particularly challenging in our contemporary culture: namely, the development of a personal artistic voice, the most vital aspect of which is the cultivation of expressive freedom. Mine Doğantan-Dack notes that the two areas that provided her with the tools needed to develop a critical approach were philosophy and music theory.
Insight
Authors: Lopez-Real Carlos
Published: December 2017

Carlos Lopez-Real explores his own ‘pathway to creative performance’ in holistic terms, considering issues to do with identity, ‘constantly evolving practice’, shifts of focus in his artistic journey, and various types of uncertainty along the way. In particular, he contemplates his various roles and activities as improviser, composer, performer and educator, along with his individual artistic voice and a further artistic voice embedded within a collective of musicians, a community of practice.
Insight
Authors: Reid Helen
Published: December 2017

In considering the experiences that shaped her life as a musician and as a pianist, Helen Reid describes and assesses the implications of an injury that she suffered which nearly ended her career before it had begun. Despite the physical and emotional hardships that she endured, she no longer views this period as entirely negative: instead, she sees it as a positive experience that enabled her to grow as a person, musician and teacher.
Insight
Authors: van Els Susanne
Published: December 2017

The creative process extends in Susanne van Els’s Insight from the act of making music right through to aspects of programming and CD production. It articulates an exciting symbiotic relationship between these distinct activities, each feeding the other, and firmly dispels any myth of performance and production mindsets being mutually exclusive.
The Nitrogen Balancing Act: Tracking the Environmental Performance of Food Production
Authors: McLellan Eileen L , Cassman Kenneth G , Eagle Alison J , Woodbury Peter B , Sela Shai , Tonitto Christina , Marjerison Rebecca D , van Es Harold M
Published: December 2017

Farmers, food supply-chain entities, and policymakers need a simple but robust indicator to demonstrate progress toward reducing nitrogen pollution associated with food production. We show that nitrogen balance—the difference between nitrogen inputs and nitrogen outputs in an agricultural production system—is a robust measure of nitrogen losses that is simple to calculate, easily understood, and based on readily available farm data. Nitrogen balance provides farmers with a means of demonstrating to an increasingly concerned public that they are succeeding in reducing nitrogen losses while also improving the overall sustainability of their farming operation. Likewise, supply-chain companies and policymakers can use nitrogen balance to track progress toward sustainability goals. We describe the value of nitrogen balance in translating environmental targets into actionable goals for farmers and illustrate the potential roles of science, policy, and agricultural support networks in helping farmers achieve them.
A Comparative Imperial Capital
Authors: Song Weijie
Published: December 2017

This chapter considers how Lin Yutang, Princess Der Ling, and Victor Segalen envision their indigenous and exoticist urbanscape of Beijing, viewed from near and afar—a universalist construction, an Orientalist self-exhibition, and an “aesthetics of diversity.” By presenting pleasant rather than painful, harmonious rather than contradictory images of an everyday and imperial capital, Lin Yutang describes Beijing as an ideal, mythical, metaphorical, and semiotic city, a cultural code surviving barbarism, looting, conquest, and turbulence in modern times. Princess Der Ling, First Lady-in-Waiting to the Empress Dowager Cixi, articulates the inner voices in “the Great Within,” and the fierce confrontations and subtle negotiations between Manchu imperial politics and Western thought/technology inside the Forbidden City. Obsessed with pure difference and disparity, Victor Segalen, a French writer and ethnographer, creates a fictional, mythical, and treacherous city underneath the Imperial Forbidden City, to incarnate his exoticist ideal in the twilight of the Manchu Empire. A comparative and transcultural image of Beijing showcases the pleasures and pitfalls of collecting local knowledge and presenting Orientalist and Cosmopolitan visions of an ancient captial.
A Displaced City and Postmemory
Authors: Song Weijie
Published: December 2017

This chapter examines how Sinophone writers from PRC, Taiwan, and Hong Kong compose their Beijing narratives to articulate their anxiety and desire, frustrated and fluid subjectivities. Liang Shiqiu a Beijing native, Taipei dweller, literary guru, and sophisticated connoisseur of fine cuisine, writes about Beijing cuisine to evoke emotional affiliation, gastronomic nostalgia, and imagined reunion. Both originally from Taiwan, Lin Haiyin romanticizes her memory of the south side of Beijing from an innocent girl’s perspective, while Zhong Lihe sharply criticizes the inferior and filthy life of Beijing’s social underclass and paints a bleak urban picture in his disillusioning discovery of the old capital during the Chinese Civil War. Hong Kong émigré writer Jin Yong intertwines literary topography and martial-arts fantasy, inscribes post-loyalist attachments and detachments onto the city, and suggests a hybrid and flexible identity, formed in the chivalric gestures of intervening in core political urban settings and fleeing to the margins and frontiers. In the shadow of World Wars and Cold War, a dislocated and relocated Beijing appears in the border-crossing diasporic writing and Sinophone postmemory.
Beijing and Beyond
Authors: Song Weijie
Published: December 2017

This chapter situates Beijing in a larger context of modern Chinese urban literature, and charts the trajectories of affective mapping of major cities in the Chinese-speaking world against the great backdrop of the downfall of the (Manchu) Empire, the rise of modern nation-state, the 1949 great divide, and the formation of Cold war and globalizing world. The main issues are modern urban awareness, historical consciousness, individual/collective memories, and nationalist perceptions regarding the old and new capital, Beijing; the semicolonial metropolis and socialist Shanghai and its remnants; the traumatized and aloof Nanjing; the abandoned capital, Xi’an; Taipei under Japanese colonial rule and the subsequent Nationalist Party’s dominance; and Hong Kong from a British Crown Colony to a Special Administrative Region of China. Urban experiences, emotional vicissitudes, and literary topography continue to provide illustrating and illuminating methods of mapping Sinophone cities.
Penal Optimism
Authors: Webster Cheryl Marie , Doob Anthony N.
Published: December 2017

Until the early 1970s, the United States and Canada both had relatively stable imprisonment rates. This paper uses Canada’s continued stability in its rate of incarceration since this period to develop two intertwined explanations for the growth in US imprisonment between 1973 and 2010. First, using data on the relative size of the growth in imprisonment of the individual states, it presents findings that suggest that increased imprisonment was intimately linked to underlying social values. For instance, those states with the largest increases in incarceration were, in terms of the values of their citizens, least “Canadian-like.” In addition, high imprisonment states tended to have values favoring social exclusion. Second, we argue that the United States has consistently demonstrated penal optimism—that is, a strong faith in the ability of the criminal justice system to reduce crime. Prior to the mid-1970s, it was broadly believed that the recourse to prison through a rehabilitation model whereby offenders were treated or “cured” could reduce crime. Starting in the mid-1970s, the focus of optimism changed such that crime was now seen as being able to be controlled through the deterrent and incapacitative effects of high imprisonment. In contrast, from the mid-nineteenth century onwards, Canada has never been optimistic that the criminal justice system—through any mechanism—could have a substantial impact on crime rates. By extension, imprisonment was seen as a necessary evil to be minimized as much as possible.
How Exceptional Is the History of Violence and Criminal Justice in the United States? Variation across Time and Space as the Keys to Understanding Homicide and Punitiveness
Authors: Roth Randolph
Published: December 2017

This chapter contends that American exceptionalism is a far more complex issue than it initially appears. Which nations are exceptional? When, and in what ways? Once the question of exceptionalism is asked over a long span of time, its answer is almost always fluid and complicated. Hence, the chapter turns to comparative historical research in isolating the most important causes of incidents like homicide and punitive penal policies, by showing that those causes recur again and again in the presence of certain phenomena. It asserts that history shows that the relationship between crime and punitiveness is far from simple.
Comparing Serious Violent Crime in the United States and England and Wales
Authors: Gallo Zelia , Lacey Nicola , Soskice David
Published: December 2017

This chapter shows how reasonably valid comparative data for violent crime in the United States and England and Wales can be derived. Comparative analysis of violent crime is hampered by a lack of reliable statistics, even between relatively similar countries, with doubts about existing studies suggesting that further comparative data are needed. Violent crime presents particular problems of variation in offense definition and recording practices. However, the data for the United States and England and Wales can be derived for the narrower category of serious violent crime. The chapter shows broadly that the incidence of serious violent crime per capita is between three and seven times as high in the United States as in England and Wales. This parallels the comparative data on homicide; existing comparisons with Canada and New Zealand lend further weight to the claim that levels of serious violence in the United States are distinctively high.
20 Years Later
Authors: Shalley Christina E. , Litchfield Robert C. , Gilson Lucy L.
Published: December 2017

We review major findings relating the organizational context to team creativity, using Amabile and colleagues’ (1996) framework for assessing the work environment for creativity as a guide. We find that research addressing the organizational context remains relatively concentrated in a few areas, particularly resources and work group support, and that other areas such as autonomy and certain organizational impediments have received only sparse attention. We offer researchers both a primer on the more and less studied areas of organizational context for team creativity and suggest some expansion of the work environment framework. Specifically, we suggest the addition of social networks, based on current trends in the organizational creativity literature.