bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fibrinogensubstitution mit Haemocomplettan HS
Authors: Schopen G. , Bonik K. , Rosenkranz G.
Published: June 2018

Im Rahmen einer Anwendungsbeobachtung an 51 Patienten wurden die Indikationen, Dosierung, Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit des Fibrinogen-Konzentrats Haemocomplettan HS 1 g/2 g dokumentiert und ausgewertet. Hauptindikationen sind Fibrinogenmangelzustände bei Blutungen, schweren Leberschäden, Verbrauchskoagulopathien, Hyperfibrinolysen sowie bei Asparaginase-Therapie. Die Patienten erhielten meist 2-6 g Fibrinogen, bei schweren Leberschäden lag die Dosierung mit durchschnittlich 12,5 g wesentlich höher als bei den anderen Indikationen. Haemocomplettan HS wurde meist in Kombination mit anderen Gerinnungspräparaten, vor allem mit AT-Ill-Konzentrat, verabreicht. Substituiert wurde bei einem durchschnittlichen Ausgangsspiegel von etwa 80 mg/dl; durch die Substitution stieg der Fibrinogenspiegel median auf knapp 200 mg/dl. Auch die anderen erfaßten Laborparameter normalisierten sich. 82,4% der behandelnden Ärzte sahen Haemocomplettan HS allein oder in Kombination mit anderen Gerinnungspräparaten als wirksames Therapeutikum bei der Behandlung von Fibrinogenmangelzuständen an. Bestehende Blutungen konnten bei 88,9% der Patienten gestoppt werden. Nebenwirkungen bei der Therapie mit Haemocomplettan HS wurden nicht beobachtet.
Molekularbiologische Grundlagen und Diagnostik der Hämophilie B
Authors: Watzke H. H.
Published: June 2018

Die Hämophilie B beruht auf einer verminderten plasmatischen Gerinnungsaktivität von Faktor IX. Dieser Defekt ist entweder durch eine verminderte Produktion von Faktor IX bedingt oder geht auf ein funktionell defektes oder auch instabiles Faktor-lX-Protein zurück. Aus klinischer Sicht ist die Hämophilie B eine Erkrankung mit einem unterschiedlichen Ausprägungsmuster, wobei die Schwere der durch den Faktor-IX-Defekt hervorgerufenen Blutungsneigung eng mit der Faktor-IX-Aktivität korreliert. Die genetische Basis dieser Erkrankung sind Mutationen im Faktor-IX-Gen. Bisher konnte der genetische Defekt bei mehr als 800 verschiedenen Patienten auf Genniveau geklärt werden. Das hat sehr wesentlich zu einem vertieften Verständnis der genetischen Ursachen der Hämophilie B geführt und den Einblick in die Struktur-Funktions-Beziehungen des FIX-Moleküls ermöglicht. Darüber hinaus wurde die pränatale Diagnostik der Hämophilie B und die Diagnostik ihres Carrierstatus entscheidend verbessert.
Fibrinogen-Varianten: Biochemie, Molekularbiologie und Diagnostik
Authors: Henschen Agnes
Published: June 2018

Das humane Fibrinogen hat ein Molekulargewicht von 340 kD und eine Struktur, die mit (Aα, Bβ, γ)2 beschrieben werden kann. Es ist ein außerordentlich heterogenes Protein, da zahlreiche Bereiche des Moleküls während oder nach der Biosynthese modifiziert werden, die Modifikationen gewöhnlich unvollständig sind und in einzelnen Molekülen unterschiedlich kombiniert sein können. Die bis jetzt bekannten Modifikationen sind: alternative Prozessierung bei der Synthese, Phosphorylierung, Sulfatierung, Hydroxylierung, Oxidierung, Amid-AmmoniakVerlust, Glykosylierung, proteolytischer Abbau und genetischer Polymorphismus. Hieraus kann berechnet werden, daß das Fibrinogen in mehr als einer Million nichtidentischer Formen im Blut jedes Menschen vorhanden ist. Bei einigen Modifikationen ist eine Beziehung zu Erkrankungen bekannt. Zusätzliche Modifikationen entstehen durch Mutationen und führen zu Dysfibrinogenämien, die schon bei mehr als 80 Familien in ihrer Struktur aufgeklärt wurden.
Molekularbiologische Grundlagen und Diagnostik der hereditären Defekte von Antithrombin III, Protein C und Protein S
Authors: Witt Irene
Published: June 2018

Die enormen Fortschritte in der Molekularbiologie in den letzten Jahren ermöglichten sowohl die Aufklärung der Nukleotidsequenzen der Gene für Antithrombin III (AT III), Protein C (PROC) und Protein S (PROS) als auch die Identifizierung zahlreicher Mutationen bei hereditären Defekten dieser wichtigen Inhibitoren des plasmatischen Gerinnungssystems. Da die Gene für AT III (13,8 kb) und PROC (11,2 kb) nicht groß und relativ leicht zu analysieren sind, gibt es bereits umfangreiche »databases« der Mutationen (50, 73). Für AT III sind 79 und für RPOC 160 unterschiedliche Mutationen beschrieben.

Sowohl beim AT-Ill-Mangel als auch beim Protein-C-Mangel hat die Mutationsaufklärung neue Erkenntnisse über die Struktur-Funktions-Beziehung der Proteine gebracht. Beim Protein-C-Mangel steht die klinische Relevanz der DNA- Analyse im Vordergrund, da die Diagnostik des Protein-C-Mangels auf der Proteinebene nicht immer zuverlässig möglich ist.

Das Protein-S-Gen ist für die Analytik schwer zugänglich, da es groß ist (80 kb) und außerdem ein Pseudogen existiert. Es sind schon zahlreiche Mutationen bei Patienten mit Protein-S-Mangel identifiziert worden. Eine Database ist bisher nicht publiziert. Die klinische Notwendigkeit zur Mutationsaufklärung besteht ebenso wie beim Protein-C-Mangel. Es ist zu erwarten, daß zukünftig die Identifizierung von Mutationen auch beim Protein-S-Mangel beschleunigt vorangeht.
Sudden and Persistent Bradycardia: An Unexpected Indicator of Pin-Site Extradural Hematoma in a Pediatric Patient
Authors: Nandi Roneeta , Redhu Shruti , Patir Rana , Dash Hari Hara
Published: June 2018

Depressed skull fracture and extradural hematoma are infrequent complications of skull pin fixation in children undergoing craniotomy. Neurosurgeons are often alerted about these complications by intraoperative brain swelling or postoperative neurological deterioration. We describe the development of pin-site extradural hematoma in a child on whom Mayfield skull clamp was applied during posterior fossa tumor excision. Sudden and persistent bradycardia observed by the anesthesiologist served as the sole warning sign. Such an on-table indicator of pin-site extradural hematoma has not been described earlier. The anesthesiologist must maintain vigilance and effective communication with surgical colleagues to ensure early detection and timely management of these pin-site complications.
Cell-Based Therapies in Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
Authors: Mohan Anita , Morrison Shane , Tran Duy , Mardini Samir , Vyas Krishna
Published: June 2018

Background Dendritic cells (DCs) are bone marrow-derived, professional antigen-presenting cells with tolerogenic function. The ability of DCs to regulate alloantigen-specific T cell responses and to promote tolerance has aligned them ideally for a role in vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA). In this study, we summarize the current evidence for DC therapies for tolerance induction to alleviate the requirement for chronic immunosuppression.

Method A comprehensive and structured review of manuscripts published on VCA was performed using the MEDLINE and PubMed databases. All eligible studies published from the year 2000 to 2017 were included in the final results.

Result Nineteen original preclinical and clinical studies that employed cell therapy for VCA were included in this review. In vivo DC therapy was found to direct the alloimmune response toward either transplant rejection or tolerance in VCA models. While injection of mature DCs rapidly increases T-cell activity in humans and promotes transplant rejection, the injection of immature DCs acts as an immunosuppressant and inhibits T-cell activity. In addition to immature DCs, mesenchymal stem cells were also found to have a positive effect on allotransplantation of solid organs and bone marrow via cytokine expression which decreases the alloreactive effector lymphocytes and increases CD4+/CD25+/FoxP3 Tregs. Despite the promising findings, the efficacy of cell-based therapies varies greatly across studies, partly due to different methods of cell isolation and purification techniques, source, route and timing of administration, and combination immunosuppressive therapy.

Conclusion Additional research is needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of DC and other cell-based therapeutic measures in human allotransplant recipients. Future direction will focus on the development of novel methods to reduce immunosuppression and develop more individualized management, as well as the clinical application of basic research in the mechanisms of immunologic tolerance.
Diabetes und Mundgesundheit
Authors: Kessler Diana
Published: June 2018

Diabetes und Parodontitis sind chronische Erkrankungen mit hoher Prävalenz. Dabei ist es nicht nur so, dass der Diabetes einen Einfluss auf die Gesundheit des Zahnhalteapparates (des Parodonts) hat. Die Zusammenhänge sind nämlich bidirektional. Die Parodontitis, eine durch orale Bakterien verursachte entzündliche Erkrankung, wirkt sich auch auf die Blutzuckerspiegel des Diabetikers aus und erhöht sogar das Risiko für diabetes-assoziierte Folgeerkrankungen. Um beide Erkrankungen erfolgreich zu behandeln, müssen wir über die medizinischen Fachgrenzen hinaus zusammenarbeiten.
Correction to: Motivations and Mental Models Associated with Smallholder Farmers’ Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology: Evidence from Use of Quality Seed Potato in Kenya
Authors: Okello Julius , Zhou Yuan , Barker Ian , Schulte-Geldermann Elmar
Published: June 2018

The article ‘Motivations and Mental Models Associated with Smallholder Farmers’ Adoption of Improved Agricultural Technology: Evidence from Use of Quality Seed Potato in Kenya’ written by Julius Okello, Yuan Zhou, Ian Barker and Elmar Schulte-Geldermann, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal (currently SpringerLink) on 5 June 2018 without open access.
On the Cauchy problem for Weyl-geometric scalar-tensor theories of gravity
Authors: Avalos R. , Lobo I. P. , Sanomiya T. , Romero C.
Published: June 2018

In this paper, we analyze the well-posedness of the initial value formulation for particular kinds of geometric scalar-tensor theories of gravity, which are based on a Weyl integrable space-time. We will show that, within a frame-invariant interpretation for the theory, the Cauchy problem in a vacuum is well-posed. We will analyze the global in space problem, and, furthermore, we will show that geometric uniqueness holds for the solutions. We make contact with Brans-Dicke theory, and by analyzing the similarities with such models, we highlight how some of our results can be translated to this well-known context, where not all of these problems have been previously addressed.
Real-time waveform modulator based on dispersion engineering of magnetic surface plasmons
Authors: Wang Zhuoluo , Wang Jiafu , Wang Xin , Yang Jie , Zhao Yaodong , Zhang Jieqiu , Ma Hua , Qu Shaobo
Published: June 2018

With the aim to further reduce insertion loss, we propose the design of a real-time waveform modulator by engineering the dispersion of magnetic surface plasmons (MSPs). The magnetic fields of MSPs are strongly localized, which is different from conventional electric surface plasmons (ESPs). Since there are no magnetic media in the design, the transmission loss of MSPs resulting from dielectric loss is lower than that of ESPs. Therefore, a waveform modulator with lower insertion loss can be realized. As an example, we demonstrate a real-time waveform modulator operating in the X band. Both the simulation and experiment prove that the waveform modulator is broadband and high-efficiency. The design method can also be applied to the design of a true-time delayer, a real-time Fourier transformer, a true-time compressor, and so on.
A 0.18-μm CMOS high-data-rate true random bit generator through ΔΣ modulation of chaotic jerk circuit signals
Authors: Wannaboon Chatchai , Tachibana Masayoshi , San-Um Wimol
Published: June 2018

A full-custom design of chaos-based True Random-Bit Generator (TRBG) implemented on a 0.18-μm CMOS technology is presented with unique composition of three major components, i.e., (i) chaotic jerk oscillator, (ii) ΔΣ modulator, and (iii) simple pre/post-processing. A chaotic jerk oscillator is a deterministic source of randomness that potentially offers robust and highly random chaotic signals and exhibits a distinctive property of smoothly balanced-to-unbalanced alternation of double-scroll attractors. The continuous-time 2nd-order ΔΣ modulator is introduced as a mixed-signal interface in order to increase a resolution of random bit sequences while no extra clock is required. The ΔΣ modulator is constructed mainly by a folded-cascode amplifier with sufficient gain and phase margin of 64 dB and 83°, respectively, and a high-speed comparator with a time constant of 2.7 ns. An uncomplicated structure of shift-registers is realized as a post-processing process. The bit sequence of the proposed TRBG successfully passes all statistical tests of NIST SP800–22 test suite, and the ultimate output bit rate is 50 Mbps. The physical layout of a chip area is 212.8 × 177.11 μm and the DC power dissipation is 1.32mW using a 1.8-V single supply voltage. This paper therefore offers a potential alternative to a fully embedded cryptographic module in ASIC applications.
Grain boundary diffusion of magnetron sputter coated heavy rare earth elements in sintered Nd-Fe-B magnet
Authors: Wu Binghui , Zhang Qingke , Li Weidong , Ding Xuefeng , Yang Lijing , Ghafar Wattoo Abdul , Zhang Lijiao , Mao Shoudong , Song Zhenlun
Published: June 2018

The diffusion of Tb or Dy heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) coated on sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets by a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering and its influences on microstructure, magnetic properties and electrochemical properties of the magnets were investigated. The results reveal that the HREE diffuses into the magnet and substitutes some of the Nd to form a (Nd1-x,HREEx)2Fe14B shell. The HREE concentration along the direction perpendicular to the sputtered coating surface shows a dual-trend distribution, which was considered to be induced by a fast diffusion in the grain boundary phase and a slow diffusion in the grain phase. The diffusion of DC magnetron sputtered metallic Tb or Dy shows higher efficiency of HREE consumption and greater gain of the coercivity compared with diffusion sources prepared by some other coating methods or consisted of HREE compounds. The coercivity increases from 14.6 kOe for a 5 mm thick original specimen to 24.0 kOe and 19.5 kOe for the Tb and Dy diffused specimens when the coating thickness on a double surface of the specimen is about 12.0 μm. The HREE-diffused magnets also show better corrosion resistance.

At the request of the authors, this article is being retracted effective 8 July 2019.
Coherent synchrotron radiation monitor for microbunching instability in XFEL
Authors: Ko Jun Ho , Kim Gyujin , Kim Changbum , Kang Heung-Sik , Ko In Soo
Published: June 2018

The microbunching instability is an important issue in an X-ray Free Electron Laser (XFEL). The intensity of the Free Electron Laser (FEL) can be reduced significantly by the microbunching instability so that the laser heater is widely used to reduce it. In the X-ray Free Electron Laser of the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory (PAL-XFEL), to directly monitor the microbunching instability, a visible charge coupled device camera was included into the coherent radiation monitor which uses a pyroelectric detector. It enabled us to measure the microbunching instability more clearly and optimize the FEL lasing in the PAL-XFEL.
Landau damping of dust acoustic waves in a nonthermal plasma
Authors: Hadi Fazli , Ata-ur-Rahman
Published: June 2018

By employing the kinetic theory, the linear dispersion relation and Landau damping rate of dust-acoustic waves (DAWs) in a nonthermal dusty plasma are presented. The real frequency and the Landau damping rate of the mode are calculated by using the Cairns distribution function. It is demonstrated that by changing the spectral index α (index involved in the Cairns distribution), significant changes occur in the damping rate of the DAWs. In the limit α→0, the non-Maxwellian function approaches to the classic Maxwellian distribution and hence the DAWs reduce to Maxwellian results. A detailed examination of the various relevant plasma parameters on the real frequency and damping rate of DAWs is conducted.
Enhanced directional acoustic sensing with phononic crystal cavity resonance
Authors: Jiang Tianxi , He Qingbo , Peng Zhi-Ke
Published: June 2018

This letter reports a phononic crystal (PnC) cavity resonance device to realize an enhanced directional acoustic sensing. The acoustic cavity in the PnC device is designed with a line defect produced by replacing a line array from a perfect PnC. The line-defect PnC will make a defect band related to the cavity resonance within the perfect PnC band gap range. The design enhances the input sound wave at the resonance frequency of the acoustic cavity under the normal incidence, which produces an enhanced direction-sensitive response. The proposed device shows desirable directional acoustic sensing property, and the sensing frequency can be decreased by enlarging the effective refractive index of the acoustic cavity. The PnC cavity resonance devices present broad application prospects in weak signal detection and sound source localization.
Control system-plasma synchronization and naturally occurring edge localized modes in a tokamak
Authors: Chapman S. C. , Lang P. T. , Dendy R. O. , Giannone L. , Watkins N. W. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: June 2018

Edge Localised Modes (ELMs) naturally occur in tokamak plasmas in high confinement mode. We find in ASDEX Upgrade that the plasma can transition into a state in which the control system field coil currents, required to continually stabilize the plasma, continually oscillate with the plasma edge position and total MHD energy. These synchronous oscillations are one-to-one correlated with the occurrence of natural ELMs; the ELMs all occur when the control system coil current is around a specific phase. This suggests a phase synchronous state in which nonlinear feedback between plasma and control system is intrinsic to natural ELMing, and in which the occurrence time of a natural ELM is conditional on the phase of the control system field coil current.
Mechanism of Ag sulfurization resistance improvement by alloying solutes in Ag-based alloy films
Authors: Chen Y. H. , Lin E. J. , Liao C. H. , Liu C. Y.
Published: June 2018

The Ag sulfurization resistance of the pure Ag film and four Ag-based alloy films was evaluated by the reflectance decay after the Ag sulfurization test. Among all Ag-based alloy films, the In alloying solute in the Ag-In alloy film shows the best resistance to the Ag sulfurization. Using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis, the chemical state of the alloying solutes in the Ag-based alloy films was examined. It is found that, with being alloyed in the Ag matrix phase, the 3d5/2 core-level peak positions of the alloying solutes (In, Sn, and Pd) shift toward the lower binding energy region, which is defined as a negative chemical shift. The chemical shifts of In, Sn, and Pd alloying solutes are –0.31 eV, –0.23 eV, and –0.2 eV, respectively. The absolute value of the negative chemical shift represents the tendency of Ag atoms losing valence electrons to the alloying solutes. As the Ag atoms lose valence electrons to the alloying solutes, the Ag atoms have a less tendency to provide the valence electrons to form covalent bonding with S atoms, which suppresses the Ag sulfurization reaction (2Ag + S → Ag2S). Therefore, the larger the absolute value of the negative chemical shift, the higher is the reflectance decay (lesser Ag sulfurization resistance).
On the forced flow around a rigid flapping foil
Authors: Mandujano F. , Málaga C.
Published: June 2018

The two dimensional incompressible viscous flow past a flapping rigid foil immersed in a uniform stream is studied using a lattice-Boltzmann model. When the foil’s center of mass is fixed in space, numerical results reproduce the transition from the von Kármán (vKm) to the inverted von Kármán wake [T. Schnipper, A. Andersen, and T. Bohr, “Vortex wakes of a flapping foil,” J. Fluid Mech. 633, 411 (2009) and A. Das, R. K. Shukla, and R. N. Govardhan, “Existence of a sharp transition in the peak propulsive efficiency of a low pitching foil,” J. Fluid Mech. 800, 307 (2016)]. Beyond the inverted vKm transition, the foil was released. The numerical results show that the hydrodynamic forces on the flapper are oscillatory functions of time with amplitudes and mean values that scale with the square of the Strouhal number, defined with either the flapping amplitude or the flapper length that decays an order of magnitude when the foil is freed to swim. Upstream swimming consisted of a uniform horizontal motion and a vertical heaving. The swimming speed showed a linear dependence on the Strouhal number, defined with the amplitude of oscillation of the foil tip. As a consequence, thrust generated by the free flapper is related to the square of the swimming speed for moderate Reynolds numbers.
Accelerating molecular discovery through data and physical sciences: Applications to peptide-membrane interactions
Authors: Cipcigan Flaviu , Carrieri Anna Paola , Pyzer-Knapp Edward O. , Krishna Ritesh , Hsiao Ya-Wen , Winn Martyn , Ryadnov Maxim G. , Edge Colin , Martyna Glenn , Crain Jason
Published: June 2018

Simulation and data analysis have evolved into powerful methods for discovering and understanding molecular modes of action and designing new compounds to exploit these modes. The combination provides a strong impetus to create and exploit new tools and techniques at the interfaces between physics, biology, and data science as a pathway to new scientific insight and accelerated discovery. In this context, we explore the rational design of novel antimicrobial peptides (short protein sequences exhibiting broad activity against multiple species of bacteria). We show how datasets can be harvested to reveal features which inform new design concepts. We introduce new analysis and visualization tools: a graphical representation of the k-mer spectrum as a fundamental property encoded in antimicrobial peptide databases and a data-driven representation to illustrate membrane binding and permeation of helical peptides.
Acoustic response in a one-dimensional layered pseudo-Hermitian metamaterial containing defects
Authors: Psiachos D. , Sigalas M. M.
Published: June 2018

Using transfer-matrix methods, we investigate the response of a multilayered metamaterial system containing defects to an incident acoustic plane wave at normal or oblique incidence. The transmission response is composed of pass-bands with oscillatory behaviour, separated by band gaps, and covers a wide frequency range. The presence of gain and loss in the layers leads to the emergence of symmetry breaking and re-entrant phases. In the general case, a system containing defects will display a more general property, pseudo-Hermiticity (PH), of which PT systems are a subset. In the PH-symmetric phase, unidirectional responses of the reflection, accomplished by reversing the parity P, can be found, but the response sometimes deviates from the predictions of simple scattering theory which call for a pseudo-unitarity relation relating the transmission and the two directions of reflections to hold. The converse of reversing the parity and reversing the time operator T in a spatially asymmetric system within the PH-symmetric regime can lead to different transmissions: a pass-band versus a stop-band. As regions of stable PH-symmetric pass-band transmission oscillations occur over a wide spectral range, there is a large flexibility in system parameters such as layer thicknesses, for leading to the desired unidirectional traits. In addition, we find that while defects in general lead to a near or complete loss of PH symmetry at all frequencies, they can be exploited to produce highly sensitive responses, making such systems good candidates for sensor applications.
Size analysis of sub-resolution objects by Kerr microscopy
Authors: Soldatov I. V. , Jiang W. , te Velthuis S. G. E. , Hoffmann A. , Schäfer R.
Published: June 2018

A Kerr microscopy method for the quantitative measurement of the size of magnetic objects that are smaller than the resolution limit is proposed. It can be applied to domain walls, bubble domains, and magnetic skyrmion-bubble hybrid microstructures. The method is based on the integral contrast, determined by proper line scans across the object, which turns out to be independent of the resolution of the microscope after normalization to the maximum domain contrast.
Influence of an upper layer liquid on the phenomena and cavity formation associated with the entry of solid spheres into a stratified two-layer system of immiscible liquids
Authors: Tan Benedict C.-W. , Thomas Peter J.
Published: June 2018

New phenomena not previously documented in the available literature have been experimentally observed subsequent to the entry of falling steel spheres into a stratified system of a shallow layer of sunflower oil above a deep pool of water. Further experiments on similar sphere entries into sunflower oil demonstrated that these phenomena arose mainly as a result of the interaction between the surface of the spheres and the sunflower oil. It should be noted that the sunflower oil layer in the aforementioned two-layer system was relatively very thin compared to the dimensions of the spheres. Therefore, the experiments showed the substantial influence both the upper layer liquid and the surface conditions of the solid body could potentially have on the phenomena and cavity dynamics that arise as a result of solid entries into stratified two-layer systems of immiscible liquids.
Analytical re-examination of the submerged laminar jet’s velocity evolution
Authors: Kashi Barak , Weinberg Elad , Haustein Herman D.
Published: June 2018

Understanding laminar submerged jet flight is important to many transport processes, although existing theory is insufficient within the most relevant near-nozzle region defined by the effective distance x′/(D·Re) < 0.05. A linearized convection diffusion momentum equation is employed to derive an approximate flow description within the jet core, for all archetypal issuing profiles. This is validated in the core region near the nozzle by numerical simulations and experimental measurements, and it provides novel insights and adaptation of the far-field (self-similar) Schlichting jet solution. It is employed here to reveal the detailed contour of each profile’s potential core and allows its differentiation from a new “boundary core” concept—the region unaffected by the change of the jet-edge shear transition from pipe flow to free-jet. This new concept reveals the minimal distance at which self-similarity can begin to exist, thereby analytically determining the virtual origin required to bring the existing far-field solution nearest to the nozzle. Thus, profile evolution and jet width become predictable within the near-nozzle region for all issuing profiles. As an alternative to the lengthy full prediction, current analysis also facilitates analytical rederivation of physically based parameters for two existing correlations describing the full uniform profile evolution and the centerline velocity decay for all other issuing profiles.
500 MHz resonant photodetector for high-quantum-efficiency, low-noise homodyne measurement
Authors: Serikawa Takahiro , Furusawa Akira
Published: June 2018

We design and demonstrate a resonant-type differential photodetector for a low-noise quantum homodyne measurement at 500 MHz optical sideband with 17 MHz of bandwidth. By using a microwave monolithic amplifier and a discrete voltage buffer circuit, a low-noise voltage amplifier is realized and applied to our detector. 12 dB of signal-to-noise ratio of the shot noise to the electric noise is obtained with 5 mW of a continuous-wave local oscillator. We analyze the frequency response and the noise characteristics of a resonant photodetector, and the theoretical model agrees with the shot noise measurement.
Camouflage thermotics: A cavity without disturbing heat signatures outside
Authors: Xu Liujun , Wang Ruizhe , Huang Jiping
Published: June 2018

Cloaks can protect objects without disturbing heat signatures outside cloaks, and hence, objects are invisible to outside detection. However, cloaks themselves are visible to inside detection because they possess different heat signatures from the outside. This fact limits applications. Here, we solve this problem in thermotics by developing a different theory and then propose the scheme of thermal supercavity, a cavity without disturbing heat signatures outside. We investigate different supercavities with various shapes in two or three dimensions and validate the desired effects by simulations and experiments. We further design the scheme of super-invisibility which makes the cavity itself also invisible to inside detection. Moreover, our scheme simplifies the complicated parameters of non-circle shaped cloaks, which requires only two natural materials with a simple layer structure. Our work is useful for achieving new kinds of thermal devices, including thermal camouflage and designing similar supercavities in magnetostatics, electrostatics, particle diffusion, etc.
Decoding entangled transitions: Polyamorphism and stressed rigidity
Authors: Yildirim Can , Raty Jean-Yves , Micoulaut Matthieu
Published: June 2018

There is much to learn from simulation studies of polyamorphism achieved for systems with different bonding environments. Chalcogenide glasses such as Ge–Se glasses undergo an elastic phase transition involving important changes in network connectivity. Stimulated by recent developments of topological constraint theory, we show that the concept of rigidity can be extended to a broader range of thermodynamic conditions including densified glasses. After having validated our structural first principles molecular dynamics models with experimental data over a broad pressure range for GeSe4, we show that the onset of polyamorphism is strongly related to the constraint density measuring the degree of rigidity of the network backbone, while voids and cavities in the structure collapse at very small pressures. This leads to the identification that the progressive onset of higher coordinated species typical of high pressure phases is responsible for the onset of stressed rigidity, although the constraint analysis also indicates progressive stiffening of bonding angles. Results are compared to stoichiometric and stressed rigid GeSe2 and to isostatic As2Se3 and then generalized to other compositions in the Ge–Se binary under pressure.
Mixed quantum/classical theory for rotationally and vibrationally inelastic scattering of open-shell molecules and its application to the NH(X3Σ−) + He collisional system
Authors: Semenov Alexander
Published: June 2018

We developed the mixed quantum/classical theory (MQCT) for rotationally and vibrationally inelastic scattering of a diatomic molecule in a 2S+1Σ electronic state with a closed-shell atom. In this approach, the rotational (and vibrational) fine-structure states of the molecule are treated quantum-mechanically, whereas the relative motion of collisional partners is treated classically. This theory is benchmarked against full quantum (close-coupling) calculations for the NH(X3Σ−) + He system. Good agreement is found in all cases, and MQCT reproduces all main features of energy dependence of the cross section, except narrow scattering resonances at very low energies. Our method recovers propensity rules that govern values of close-coupling cross sections. Particularly, MQCT correctly predicts that the magnitudes of F-conserving transitions are significantly larger than those of F-changing ones. This new development makes MQCT a viable candidate for obtaining fine-structure resolved rotational rate coefficients at higher temperatures and for complex polyatomic systems where the standard full quantum treatment is computationally infeasible.
Spatiotemporal information preservation in turbulent vapor plumes
Authors: Kennedy Eamonn , Shakya Pratistha , Ozmen Mustafa , Rose Christopher , Rosenstein Jacob K.
Published: June 2018

Monitoring of airborne chemicals is essential for public safety and environmental applications, but the complex nature of stochastic airflow limits the accuracy of data acquired from chemical sensors, including the identity, concentration, and location of a chemical source. Here, we explore the limits on information retrieval in a turbulent environment using temporally modulated vapor plumes. By exploiting the physical and statistical properties of turbulent flow, we demonstrate higher classification rates (≥20 Hz) at lower chemical error rates (≤0.1%) than prior reports. Physical constraints on vapor sensing are explored, including finite spatial sampling, large path distances (≥3 m), dilute concentrations (≤1 ppb), dynamic wind velocities (V = 0–5 m/s), cross winds, and occluded airflows. Our results highlight the fact that as turbulence increases, smaller structures can be embedded in an air flow, which increases measurement variance, but also makes each plume more quickly and accurately identifiable. For a given wind velocity, there exists a modulation rate which optimizes the rate of preserved information. This raises interesting possibilities for the identification of optimally preserved patterns in a turbulent environment.
Rheology of the λ transition in liquid sulfur: Insights from arsenic sulfide liquids
Authors: Zhu Weidi , Lockhart Mark J. , Aitken Bruce G. , Sen Sabyasachi
Published: June 2018

The frequency dependence of the storage and loss shear moduli and viscosity of AsxS100−x glass-forming liquids (x = 5, 10, 15, 40) are obtained over a frequency range covering nearly 15 orders of magnitude using parallel plate rheometry. The S-rich (x ≤ 15) liquids are characterized by a ring-to-chain structural transition near Tλ ∼ 120 °C, and their rheological behavior below Tλ strongly resembles that of long-chain and entangled polymers as well as that recently speculated for liquid sulfur above its λ transition. These AsxS100−x liquids are characterized by the coexistence of a slow and a fast relaxation process with similar activation energy. Both processes are coupled to viscosity, but differ in time scale by several orders in magnitude and are assigned, respectively, to the reptation and the Rouse dynamics of the Sn chains in these liquids. Such complex polymer-like rheological behavior disappears in the As40S60 liquid, characterized by corner-shared AsS3/2 pyramids, where a single average shear relaxation time typical of simple liquids instead emerges.
Magnetic angular position sensor enabled by spin-orbit torque
Authors: Luo Ziyan , Xu Yanjun , Yang Yumeng , Wu Yihong
Published: June 2018

We propose a simple scheme for magnetic angular position sensor based on current-induced spin-orbit torque effect. A full range detection of 360° is realized with a pair of Hall crosses made of heavy metal/ferromagnet heterostructures. The current axes of the two Hall crosses are aligned orthogonal to each other, such that when both devices are subject to a rotational in-plane magnetic field, the differential Hall voltage due to current pulses of opposite polarity exhibits a sine and cosine angular dependence on the field direction, respectively. The field rotational angle is then calculated from the sine and cosine output signals via the arctan2 function. A linear correspondence between the calculated and actual field angle is obtained in the field range of 500–2000 Oe, with an average angle error of 0.38°–0.65°.
Corrigendum to: Metallophytes on Zn-Pb mineralised soils and mining wastes in Broken Hill, NSW, Australia
Authors: Paul Adrian L. D. , Erskine Peter D. , van der Ent Antony
Published: June 2018

The wastes of metalliferous mining activities produce a substrate that is generally unfavourable for normal plant establishment and growth. However, metallophytes have evolved to grow in hostile environments that are rich in metals. They possess key properties that commend them for revegetation of mines and metal-contaminated sites. This field survey aimed to identify native metallophytes occurring on minerals wastes and mineralised outcrops in Broken Hill (New South Wales, Australia). Foliar concentrations of minerals were very high compared with non-mineralised soils but within the range expected for plants in such environments. Neither hyperaccumulators nor obligate metallophytes have been found, but they may be present on isolated mineralised outcrops in the wider Broken Hill area; however, a range of facultative metallophytes was identified in this study. These species could be introduced onto mining leases if establishment protocols for such species were developed.
Drosophila
model of myosin myopathy rescued by overexpression of a TRIM-protein family member
Authors: Dahl-Halvarsson Martin , Olive Montse , Pokrzywa Malgorzata , Ejeskär Katarina , Palmer Ruth H. , Uv Anne Elisabeth , Tajsharghi Homa
Published: June 2018

Significance

The majority of mutations residing within the rod domain of myosin have been associated with skeletal myopathy with or without cardiomyopathy. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the variation in clinical and pathological phenotypes of myopathies associated with the
MYH7
mutation are still poorly understood. We used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome engineering to develop a fly model for Laing distal myopathy to investigate the pathological mechanisms of the recurrent L1729del
MYH7
mutation. This study unveils structural and functional phenotypes associated with this mutation in skeletal and heart muscles, and identifies a mechanism that alleviates the pathological phenotype, suggesting that E3-ligase modifier gene activity may reduce or enhance the impact of this myosin mutation in patients.
Sex-chromosome dosage effects on gene expression in humans
Authors: Raznahan Armin , Parikshak Neelroop N. , Chandran Vijay , Blumenthal Jonathan D. , Clasen Liv S. , Alexander-Bloch Aaron F. , Zinn Andrew R. , Wangsa Danny , Wise Jasen , Murphy Declan G. M. , Bolton Patrick F. , Ried Thomas , Ross Judith , Giedd Jay N. , Geschwind Daniel H.
Published: June 2018

Significance

Sex-chromosome dosage (SCD) effects on human gene expression are central to the biology of sex differences and sex-chromosome aneuploidy syndromes but are challenging to study given the cosegregation of SCD and gonadal status. We address this obstacle by systematically modeling SCD effects on genome-wide expression data from a large and rare cohort of individuals with diverse SCDs (XO, XX, XXX, XXXX, XY, XXY, XYY, XXYY, and XXXXY). Our findings update current models of sex-chromosome biology by (
i
) pinpointing a core set of X- and Y-linked genes with obligate SCD sensitivity, (
ii
) discovering several noncanonical modes of X-chromosome dosage compensation, and (
iii
) dissecting complex regulatory effects of X-chromosome dosage on large autosomal gene networks with key roles in cellular functioning.
Gentamicin inducesLAMB3nonsense mutation readthrough and restores functional laminin 332 in junctional epidermolysis bullosa
Authors: Lincoln Vadim , Cogan Jon , Hou Yingping , Hirsch Michaela , Hao Michelle , Alexeev Vitali , De Luca Michele , De Rosa Laura , Bauer Johann W. , Woodley David T. , Chen Mei
Published: June 2018

Significance

Premature termination codons (PTCs) generated by nonsense mutations produce abnormal, short, or diminished proteins. Eighty-three percent of patients with Herlitz junctional epidermolysis bullosa (H-JEB), an inherited, incurable skin disease, harbor nonsense mutation(s) in genes encoding a structural protein (laminin 332) responsible for skin adherence. Gentamicin, a common antibiotic, was shown to induce readthrough of PTCs in various disease models. Using in vitro assays and 3D skin models, we found that H-JEB cells harboring nonsense mutations exposed to gentamicin produce full-length structural protein, deposit it correctly between skin layers, and exhibit reversal of other H-JEB–associated cellular abnormalities. Our findings indicate that gentamicin may present an immediate therapy for this otherwise fatal disease and other skin disorders caused by nonsense mutations.
Catalytic iron-carbene intermediate revealed in a cytochrome
c
carbene transferase
Authors: Lewis Russell D. , Garcia-Borràs Marc , Chalkley Matthew J. , Buller Andrew R. , Houk K. N. , Kan S. B. Jennifer , Arnold Frances H.
Published: June 2018

Significance

Here, we capture and study a reactive iron porphyrin carbene (IPC) intermediate in the heme binding pocket of an engineered cytochrome
c
protein. IPCs have never before been directly characterized in a protein, although they are thought to be the key catalytic intermediate common to an array of abiological but synthetically useful carbene transfer reactions catalyzed by wild-type and engineered heme proteins. Our work provides insight into how a “carbene transferase” acquired its new-to-nature function as well as how it facilitates efficient and selective transfer of the carbene to a second substrate. Knowledge gained by studying this versatile intermediate provides a foundation for studying the mechanisms of carbene transfer reactions and will facilitate the engineering of carbene transfer enzymes.
Enrichment of extracellular vesicles from human synovial fluid using size exclusion chromatography
Authors: Foers Andrew D. , Chatfield Simon , Dagley Laura F. , Scicluna Benjamin J. , Webb Andrew I. , Cheng Lesley , Hill Andrew F. , Wicks Ian P. , Pang Ken C.
Published: June 2018

As a complex biological fluid, human synovial fluid (SF) presents challenges for extracellular vesicle (EV) enrichment using standard methods. In this study of human SF, a size exclusion chromatography (SEC)‐based method of EV enrichment is shown to deplete contaminants that remain after standard ultracentrifugation‐based enrichment methods. Specifically, considerable levels of serum albumin, the high‐density lipoprotein marker, apolipoprotein A‐I, fibronectin and other extracellular proteins and debris are present in EVs prepared by differential ultracentrifugation. While the addition of a sucrose density gradient purification step improved purification quality, some contamination remained. In contrast, using a SEC‐based approach, SF EVs were efficiently separated from serum albumin, apolipoprotein A‐I and additional contaminating proteins that co‐purified with high‐speed centrifugation. Finally, using high‐resolution mass spectrometry analysis, we found that residual contaminants which remain after SEC, such as fibronectin and other extracellular proteins, can be successfully depleted by proteinase K. Taken together, our results highlight the limitations of ultracentrifugation‐based methods of EV isolation from complex biological fluids and suggest that SEC can be used to obtain higher purity EV samples. In this way, SEC‐based methods are likely to be useful for identifying EV‐enriched components and improving understanding of EV function in disease.
Muñoz, José Esteban
Authors: Ramos Iván A.
Published: June 2018

The late José Esteban Muñoz’s body of work provides readers and scholars of Latina/o literary scholarship a vast scope that centers the work of performance as the tactic minoritarian subjects engage against a racist and homophobic public sphere. Throughout his writings, Muñoz sought to reveal a trajectory for minoritarian subjects from the realization of difference through disidentification through the search for what he called a “brown commons.” His oeuvre bridges the divides between Latina/o and queer studies, and offers an expansive methodological approach for both fields.
Border and la frontera in the US–Mexico Borderlands
Authors: Arrizón Alicia
Published: June 2018

In the U.S.–Mexico context, the concepts of the border, borderlands, and la frontera represent their ongoing complex geopolitical, cultural, and historical relations. With the signing of the Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty in 1848 and the Gadsden Purchase in 1853, the Mexican and U.S. governments established the southern border of the United States. The border is the international boundary line between the two countries, and the borderlands are the zones neighboring both sides of that boundary. It is a place where the First and Third Worlds collide daily, creating borderlands that amount to collective spaces of transcultural/transnational encounters. The concept of la frontera represents a counter-narrative of the term “frontier,” which became synonymous with American expansionism, or the westward expansion of the United States as proclaimed by Frederick Jackson Turner in 1883. The Spanish term “frontera,” as used in this framework, presupposes a knowledge production ranging from the implications of land annexation to the geopolitical and cultural processes of borderland sites. While the borders mark the place where adjacent jurisdictions, communities, and nation-states meet, it has also been a hotly contested subject—literally and figuratively speaking—inciting extreme emotional reactions that fuel negative stereotypes about immigrants, ethnic discrimination, and xenophobia. Immigration has become one of the most salient sociopolitical issues discussed on the national level. Unfortunately, it is debated mainly outside of the historical context because the histories embedded in its borderlands can contribute enormously to inform current political debates about immigration in the United States. Border crossers coming from south of the border are often portrayed by U.S. politicians as the most unwelcome and undesirable (yet necessary) immigrants. As the national discussion on immigration reform continues and the alleged ills of the U.S.–Mexico border dominate the political discourse and the media, expressive art and print culture must continue to form novel epistemologies of borders and counter unsubstantiated alternative facts propagated by anti-immigrant groups. To that end, it is important to consider the border's literature and imagine the borderlands as the fruitful heterogeneous site of an imagined and creative homeland: Aztlán.
The Fireside Poets
Authors: Johnston Paul
Published: June 2018

The terms “Fireside Poets” or “Schoolroom Poets” are used to designate a group of five poets—William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, John Greenleaf Whittier, Oliver Wendell Holmes, and James Russell Lowell—who were popular in America in the latter half of the 19th century. Their poetry was read both around household firesides, often aloud by a mother or father to the gathered family, and in schoolrooms, where they inculcated wisdom and morals and patriotic feeling in America’s young. While they continued to be taught in K-12 classrooms well into the 20th century, they lost their standing first with critics and then with college and university professors with the coming of modernism in the early decades of the 20th century. Despite scattered attempts to restore both their critical reputations and their place in the curriculum, they continue to have only a marginal place in the minds of those most familiar with poetry. The Postmodern/New Historicist challenges to modernism find little of interest in them—Belknap’s A New Literary History of America (2009), for instance barely mentions them—while the neo-Victorian turn toward socially conscious literature, which might be expected to retrieve them, has so far paid them little mind, though some attention has recently been given to their environmental and Native American themes. But this marginalization may more reflect the marginalization of poetry as a whole in American society at large than a true estimate of their worth to common readers. While young students no longer read Longfellow’s Evangeline or Bryant’s “The Chambered Nautilus,” these poets may yet form the vanguard of a restoration of the enjoyment of poetry in America.