bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Domestic Territories and the Little Humans: Understanding the Animation of Domesticity
Authors: Brighenti Andrea Mubi , Kärrholm Mattias
Published: October 2017

Domesticity is a complex, multifaceted phenomenon. In this piece, we approach it from the point of view of a general theory of territories. To do so, we attempt to tackle simultaneously the ecological and spiritual dimensions of home by attending the expressive dimension of domesticity. We emphasize that the expressiveness of home inherently includes the register of the familiar as well as that of the unfamiliar (Freud’s unheimlich). The constant negotiations between these two registers can be appreciated as carried out at the limits of control. To highlight this fact, we focus on the case of the “little humans,” miniature humanoid creatures well attested in traditional mythologies and folk tales across different civilizations. Drawing from anthropological and ethnographic literature, yet with a leading interest in social–spatial theorizing, we seek to untangle the relations between humans and the little humans—these “elusive others” living with us—in order to clarify the deep meanings ingrained in domestic territories.
Undesirable effects of threatening climate change information: A cross-cultural study
Authors: Uhl Isabella , Klackl Johannes , Hansen Nina , Jonas Eva
Published: October 2017

Why is the fight against climate change so challenging? Research suggests that climate change information may trigger symbolic defense strategies such as derogative outgroup behaviors (e.g., ethnocentrism) instead of direct attempts to address the problem itself (e.g., proenvironmental behavior). Ingroup affirmation may help decrease symbolic responses. We conducted a 2 (Affirmation: ingroup vs. no affirmation) × 2 (Message: threat vs. control) × 2 (Nation: Austria vs. Argentina) experiment ( N = 243) to assess responses to climate change information (direct and symbolic) in participants from individualist and collectivist cultures. Participants responded with higher levels of ethnocentrism and a lower intention to engage in proenvironmental behavior after reading climate change information. This effect was significant in Austria. Using ingroup affirmation as an intervention tended to foster rather than reduce ethnocentrism. Thus, across cultures people resolve climate change threat in symbolic ways rather than by trying to address the problem itself.
Reification and passivity in the face of climate change
Authors: Browne Paul Leduc
Published: October 2017

Why do so many people remain so passive in the face of today’s massive, looming economic, political, and ecological crises, such as climate change? Despite some notable rhetorical and regulatory examples, attempts to stem climate change have, as a rule, not come to frame the activities of most citizens. The inability to confront the imperative of social transformation today is a complex, manifold problem. At root, it has to do with fundamental systemic features of a global social system that we all contribute to reproducing in our everyday lives. While these features do not preclude political engagement, innovation, and action, they do undermine the bases of movements towards truly systemic transformation. This article focuses on one such feature, reification, as a social-structural foundation of passivity that impedes the social innovations required to tackle the climate crisis.
Security through numbers? Experimentally assessing the impact of numerical arguments in security communication
Authors: Baele Stephane J , Coan Travis G , Sterck Olivier C
Published: October 2017

Numerical arguments are increasingly present in security communication and are widely assumed to possess a distinct capacity to make an argument convincing, thereby contributing to the dynamics of securitization. Yet, does the inclusion of numbers really enhance the strength of rhetorical attempts to convince an audience that something or someone is a security problem? We examine this question by developing an experimental design that connects cognitive theories of information processing with theories of security and risk communication. Contrary to a widely shared view, our results suggest that numbers do not have a direct, unambiguous, or unconditional impact on the strength of security rhetoric. Quantitative information only enhances direct attempts to securitize issues under very specific circumstances and, even in these cases, has ambiguous effects. Factors such as the legitimacy of the individual who makes the argument may play an important role in determining the impact of numbers in security communication.
Newspaper apps for tablets and smartphones in different media systems: A comparative analysis
Authors: Nozal Cantarero Teresa , González-Neira Ana , Valentini Elena
Published: October 2017

This article proposes a comparative analysis of the newspaper apps developed for tablets and smartphones within different media systems. It studies the multimediality, interactivity and commercialization models adopted by newspaper publishers and journalists for these apps. The theoretical framework embraces two main topics: the media system models, starting from Hallin and Mancini’s proposal, and the characteristics of the media systems, particularly in the countries selected for this sample, focusing on the digital and mobile media scenario. In order to collect comparable data from a common source, we have selected indicators from Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2016. The total number of app versions analysed came to 148 (81 for smartphones and 67 for tablets) from 20 newspapers in 10 different countries. One conclusion is that newspapers’ commitment to the tablet and smartphone, in general, tends to be conservative and far from independent of pre-existing print and web-based media. This article shows how media systems have become more complex in the digital scenario, in which apps are an important, but not exclusive, aspect. So, it is necessary to take into account trends in news globalization and ‘convergent journalism’. Finally, this research confirms that crossplatform management and multichannel strategies are still weak, which has consequences for the innovation of app editions.
The potential of cognitive think-aloud protocols for educational action-research
Authors: Cowan John
Published: October 2017

This article presents the case for the use of the ‘think-aloud protocol’ by teachers who engage in action-research as a source of constructive information about their students’ cognitive learning processes. This method calls upon learners to talk their thoughts out aloud, during engagement in some learning activity regarding which the researching teachers seek insight to inform them to plan enhancement of the learning and teaching process. The case for ‘think-aloud’ reporting of particular learning activities is supported by a review of relevant literature. Accounts of diverse experiences in various discipline areas using modified versions of think-aloud protocols in action-researching are presented, with reports of their transformative outcomes. Reasoned reservations regarding the reliability of uncorroborated sources of retrospective data about students’ learning are advanced. Refined methodologies are outlined together with general guidelines, for those minded to explore their value in their own contexts.
The pursuit of standardization in domestic violence social work: A multiple case study of how the idea of using risk assessment tools is manifested and processed in the Swedish social services
Authors: Skillmark Mikael , Agevall Gross Lotta , Kjellgren Cecilia , Denvall Verner
Published: October 2017

This multiple case study examines how the idea of using risk assessment tools is manifested and processed in Swedish social services. Based on the analysis of interviews with different stakeholders and of organizational documents in two social service organizations, we investigate the actors who control local risk assessment practices. The findings illustrate that a relatively small group of social workers in the organizations have been able to forward their claims and decide how risk assessment work should be carried out without much intrusion from local managers or politicians. The findings also validate other studies that found that increased standardization can strengthen social workers’ ability to perform their professional task rather than lead to de-professionalization. This article ends with a discussion of what risk assessment practices might mean for domestic violence victims.
The Role of Religious Politics in the Dismissal of Lowell Mason from the Boston Public Schools in 1845
Authors: Miller David Michael
Published: October 2017

This study investigates the role of religious politics in the dismissal of Mason in 1845. Related questions are (a) How volatile an issue was religious sectarianism during the early days of music in the Boston schools? (b) What were the religious backgrounds and convictions of the School Committee members responsible for dismissing Lowell Mason in relation to those of Mason himself? and (c) Does evidence support religious controversy as playing a significant role in Mason’s dismissal? Members of the Committee on Music, a subcommittee of the Boston School Committee, gave cryptic reasons for Mason’s dismissal, reasons that have left modern researchers to little more than conjecture. One of the accusations against Mason, both in a journal a year earlier, and from a member of the Committee on Music, suggests that he had hired assistants with an eye to religious favoritism. Researchers have regarded that accusation as probably insignificant. However, further study of Boston’s volatile religious climate, and the spiritual convictions of Mason and those who rejected him, point to religious animosities as a substantial factor impacting his departure from the schools.
The Cognitive Orientation to Daily Occupational Performance Approach and Transfer: A Scoping Review
Authors: Houldin Adina , McEwen Sara E. , Howell Mackenzie W. , Polatajko Helene J.
Published: October 2017

Transferring learning from therapy to everyday life skills is a necessary step for successful therapy outcomes, yet rarely addressed and achieved. However, a cognitive approach to skill acquisition, and the Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance (CO-OP), explicitly identifies transfer as an objective and incorporates elements into the intervention to support transfer. A scoping review was undertaken to explore the nature and extent of the research regarding CO-OP and transfer. An online search of 10 databases was conducted to identify and examine research studies reporting on CO-OP and transfer. The search yielded 25 documents that addressed CO-OP and transfer. The studies used a variety of approaches to evaluate transfer; all reported transfer on at least one and, in many cases, multiple transfer outcome variables. The CO-OP literature addresses transfer across a variety of populations and settings using a variety of approaches. Further work is required to establish a common approach to examining transfer in the CO-OP literature and the literature in general.
Effects of Training Intensity on Locomotor Performance in Individuals With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Brazg Gabrielle , Fahey Meghan , Holleran Carey L. , Connolly Mark , Woodward Jane , Hennessy Patrick W. , Schmit Brian D. , Hornby T. George
Published: October 2017

Background. Many physical interventions can improve locomotor function in individuals with motor incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI), although the training parameters that maximize recovery are not clear. Previous studies in individuals with other neurologic injuries suggest the intensity of locomotor training (LT) may positively influence walking outcomes. However, the effects of intensity during training of individuals with iSCI have not been tested. Objective. The purpose of this pilot, blinded-assessor randomized trial was to evaluate the effects of LT intensity on walking outcomes in individuals with iSCI. Methods. Using a crossover design, ambulatory participants with iSCI >1 year duration performed either high- or low-intensity LT for ≤20 sessions over 4 to 6 weeks. Four weeks following completion, the training interventions were alternated. Targeted intensities focused on achieving specific ranges of heart rate (HR) or ratings of perceived exertion (RPE), with intensity manipulated by increasing speeds or applying loads. Results. Significantly greater increases in peak treadmill speeds (0.18 vs 0.02 m/s) and secondary measures of metabolic function and overground speed were observed following high- versus low-intensity training, with no effects of intervention order. Moderate to high correlations were observed between differences in walking speed or distances and differences in HRs or RPEs during high- versus low-intensity training. Conclusion. This pilot study provides the first evidence that the intensity of stepping practice may be an important determinant of LT outcomes in individuals with iSCI. Whether such training is feasible in larger patient populations and contributes to improved locomotor outcomes deserves further consideration.
Methodology for targeting analysis for minimal response
Authors: Fox W. P. , Hansberger J.
Published: October 2017

Target planning is done by our military. The purpose of this article is to describe a possible methodology based upon military parameters to measure the adequacy of a set of potential targets. The goal is to select targets that do not cause any unacceptable military escalation. A hybrid analytical hierarchy process-technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (AHP-TOPSIS) approach is used to obtain target priorities and target values. The target values become one of the independent variables in the binary logistics regression model. Using sample unclassified baseline data, a binary logistics regression model is built and analyzed as a predictive tool. The model is used as a predictive tool with future target data to measure the probability of an escalation. Sensitivity and specificity are used to determine appropriate probability values for red line analysis.
Profile of modeling and simulation research published in the Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation
Authors: Mustafee Navonil , Katsaliaki Korina , Le Forsonney Thibaut , Diallio Saikou
Published: October 2017

The Journal of Defense Modeling and Simulation (JDMS) publishes peer-reviewed articles in modeling and simulation (M&S) in the application area of military and defense. We profile literature published in JDMS from 2012 to 2016. Over 150 contributed and special issue papers appeared in a total of 20 issues of the journal during this period. Our analysis includes the contribution of the authors and their respective universities/departments using measures such as total papers published, count of unique authors in an institution, and authors with the most number of publications; it recognizes the geographical diversity of the authors’ affiliations by presenting country-specific data. The analysis takes into account the contribution made by researchers, practitioners and military personnel and their relative seniority. We identify the most cited papers and present an aggregate analysis of contribution by research field. We also identify the top funding sources that are acknowledged by the authors. Our findings show the predominance of US in research related to defense M&S. This includes the US-based affiliation of a significant proportion of JDMS authors and the concentration of US-specific bodies that fund defense-related research.
LearningPad Conundrum: The Perils of Using Third-Party Software and Student Privacy
Authors: O’Brien Jason , Roller Sarah , Lampley Sandra
Published: October 2017

This case focuses on the potential problems associated with sharing personally identifiable information (PII) when students are required to use third-party software. Specifically, third-grade students were required to complete LearningPad1 activities as a component of their homework grade in math, spelling, and language arts. As students completed activities, their class rank, total number of correct responses, and total time on task were displayed for all students in the class to see. The administration had to make a decision as to whether the use of LearningPad software and the displaying of student data were violations of student privacy laws.
Cultivating Innovation in an Age of Accountability: Tech-Savvy Leadership
Authors: Sterrett William L. , Richardson Jayson W.
Published: October 2017

District and school leaders are uniquely poised to serve as collaborative, innovative leaders. However, the context of current challenges often detracts from implementation efforts. This case describes how district leadership works collaboratively with school administrators through targeted efforts related to professional development, articulation strategies, and identifying challenges and opportunities. Cultivating innovation requires a realization of likely dissonance as competing priorities, such as accountability pressure or leadership turnover, can distract from planned initiatives. Realistic decision-making processes are vital in ensuring collaborative leadership and reflection while embracing change efforts.
Training a terrain traversability classifier for a planetary rover through simulation
Authors: Hewitt Robert A , Ellery Alex , de Ruiter Anton
Published: October 2017

A classifier training methodology is presented for Kapvik, a micro-rover prototype. A simulated light detection and ranging scan is divided into a grid, with each cell having a variety of characteristics (such as number of points, point variance and mean height) which act as inputs to classification algorithms. The training step avoids the need for time-consuming and error-prone manual classification through the use of a simulation that provides training inputs and target outputs. This simulation generates various terrains that could be encountered by a planetary rover, including untraversable ones, in a random fashion. A sensor model for a three-dimensional light detection and ranging is used with ray tracing to generate realistic noisy three-dimensional point clouds where all points that belong to untraversable terrain are labelled explicitly. A neural network classifier and its training algorithm are presented, and the results of its output as well as other popular classifiers show high accuracy on test data sets after training. The network is then tested on outdoor data to confirm it can accurately classify real-world light detection and ranging data. The results show the network is able to identify terrain correctly, falsely classifying just 4.74% of untraversable terrain.
Testing of the mechatronic robotic system of the differential lock control on a truck
Authors: Kučera Pavel , Píštěk Václav
Published: October 2017

This article deals with testing the algorithm developed for autonomous control lock of the differential in a truck. Hardware for hardware in the loop testing of robotic systems or automotive systems is used and the proposed control algorithm was implemented into it. The system was applied to a vehicle with 8 × 8 drive and control algorithm evaluates input sensor values to set robotic console control. It is an actuator which consists of electrovalve, pneumatic cylinder, console, special dog clutch and feedback limit switch. This robotic console is used to lock the truck differentials. Verification of the correct algorithm operation was performed by manoeuvres and the response of the whole system was monitored. The aim was to get the reaction times of this mechatronic robotic system and evaluate them.
Prevalence of depression and its associated factors in patients post-coronary artery bypass graft surgery
Authors: Hweidi Issa M , Gharaibeh Besher A , Al-Obeisat Salwa M , Al-Smadi Ahmed M
Published: October 2017

This research aimed to determine the depression level and its correlation experienced by post-coronary artery bypass graft patients after being discharged from cardiac intensive care units. A cross-sectional design was employed for assessing variables. The Self-rating Depression Scale, as proposed by Zung, was used by the researchers on a convenience sample of Jordanian patients ( N = 143) who were approached soon after their discharge from the targeted units. The results suggested that the level of depression among Jordanian patients was relatively high ( M = 62.7, SD = 5.6). Moreover, depression was significantly higher among female, unmarried and unemployed patients. Patients who received their information about coronary artery bypass graft surgery from nurses had a lower level of depression. Age, length of stay in the cardiac intensive care unit and hospital type significantly predicted the level of depression. The research concluded that the post-coronary artery bypass graft patients who experienced an early onset depression required more attention to highlight the importance of supportive interventions.
Revisiting the empirical model ‘Phases in the junior-to-senior transition of Swedish ice hockey players’: External validation through focus groups and interviews
Authors: Pehrson Sebastian , Stambulova Natalia B , Olsson Kasper
Published: October 2017

In this study, we continue to explore the junior-to-senior transition process in Swedish ice hockey by validating the empirical model ‘Phases in the junior-to-senior transition of Swedish ice hockey players’ created in our previous study.1 More specifically, we collected opinions and critical reflections of 15 senior professional players and expert coaches about the empirical model as a whole and about the content of each junior-to-senior transition phase and then converted the original empirical model into its validated version. Professional ice hockey players and first league coaches formed three focus groups, while three senior coaches were interviewed individually. All were encouraged to critically reflect on the empirical model. The data from all sources were analysed following guidelines of the thematic (deductive) analysis complemented by quantitative measurements of the participants’ agreement with the content of the empirical model. Results supported the sequence and designations of the junior-to-senior transition phases (i.e. preparation, orientation, adaptation and stabilization), as well as duration of the junior-to-senior transition (i.e. up to four seasons) outlined by the empirical model. We were also able to validate the psychological content (perceived demands, resources, barriers, coping strategies and outcomes) of each transitional phase. Accordingly, five themes were reformulated, 17 new themes were added and some themes were re-ordered during the conversion of the original empirical model into the validated model. To improve the readability of the validated model (from the bottom to the top), we also re-ordered sub-categories describing the psychological content of each junior-to-senior transition phase. We conclude by discussing the validated model in relation to theoretical frameworks and previous research and providing some methodology, future research and practice-oriented reflections addressed to researchers, coaches and sport psychology practitioners.
Adequacy and security analysis of interdependent electric and gas networks
Authors: Antenucci Andrea , Sansavini Giovanni
Published: October 2017

In this article, adequacy and security assessments on the coupled operations of the electric and gas networks are performed. Extreme operating conditions and fault of components are considered as events that can impact the interdependent systems. The electric and gas networks are represented by an event-based direct current power flow model and by a transient one-dimensional mass flow model, respectively. Furthermore, the automations and safety strategies enforced by transmission system operators are represented within an original modelling approach. A quantitative analysis is performed with reference to the simplified energy infrastructures of Great Britain. Results highlight the contingencies which can jeopardize security and identify the components that are prone to fail and induce large gas pressure instabilities and loss of supply, and the locations in the gas grid that are susceptible to pressure violation. Moreover, a simulated 30% increase of the peak gas demand in 2015 is a limit for safe operations of the gas network, but the coupled systems are robust enough to avoid the spread of a cascading failure across networks. These results allow preventing critical operating conditions induced by the interaction between networks and can guide safety-based decisions on system reinforcements and the development of mitigating actions.
Extended-release oral capsule of carbidopa–levodopa in Parkinson disease
Authors: Margolesky Jason , Singer Carlos
Published: October 2017

Motor fluctuations complicate the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease receiving levodopa. Extended-release carbidopa–levodopa has a pharmacokinetic profile that provides a more continuous levodopa serum concentration. Patients taking this formulation can expect longer duration of action and fewer doses per day, similar clinical improvement when compared to other levodopa formulations, and with a theoretically lower risk of developing motor fluctuations. Several studies, including three randomized control trials provide evidence for the efficacy, safety and tolerability of extended release carbidopa–levodopa in patients with both early and advanced Parkinson’s disease are reviewed here. Also provided is guidance for dosing of and conversion to extended release carbidopa–levodopa as well as a discussion of its place in the clinical practice.
The benefit of full disclosure
Authors: Wax Amy , Coletti Kimberlee K. , Ogaz Joseph W.
Published: October 2017

Disclosure of sexual orientation in the workplace is a communication exchange wherein an individual reveals his/her sexual orientation to coworkers, to one extent or another. Although there have been a number of empirical studies on disclosure in the workplace, the literature has never been systematically reviewed. The current study meta-analyzed 24 primary studies in order to elucidate the relationship between workplace sexual orientation disclosure and individual, relational, and organizational correlates. Results indicated that disclosure is most strongly related to organizational climate, suggesting that the organization has a substantial impact on individual disclosure decisions.
Educational podcasts: A genre analysis
Authors: Drew Christopher
Published: October 2017

Academic attention to educational podcasts has grown significantly in recent years. However, to date, the concept of genres in podcasting is yet to gain scholarly attention. By examining genres emergent from a corpus of educational podcasts available online, this paper introduces the value of genre analysis to educational podcast research. It proposes three genres, named ‘The Quick Burst’, ‘The Narrative’ and ‘The Chat Show’. The three genres show both the versatility of podcasting for education and how genre analysis could introduce new ideas to the educational podcasting literature, including ideas about supporting deep learning in e-learning environments.
Addressing Pediatric Obesity in Clinic
Authors: Pujalte George G. A. , Ahanogbe Isabella , Thurston McKennan J. , White Richard O. , Roche-Green Alva
Published: October 2017

There is an epidemic of pediatric obesity in the United States. In most cases, there is an excess in the amount of calories consumed, compared with the amount of calories expended. Numerous body systems are affected by pediatric obesity, with complications varying between boys and girls. Behavioral, genetic, and environmental factors affect the ability of children to avoid becoming obese. Primary care physicians should screen for obesity in children as much as possible. Associated risk factors for obesity should be uncovered. Methods of preventing obesity should be discussed routinely with children and their families. Healthy dietary habits are key, and so are family-oriented interventions, such as eating together at dinnertime. One hour of moderate to vigorous activity daily is recommended for children and adolescents. While pediatric bariatric surgery is an option, there are also numerous nonpharmacological and pharmacological measures available as management for pediatric obesity. Family-based approaches, such as reducing screen time, have been very successful. Non–weight-bearing exercises also help children and adolescents expend calories without causing injury to themselves. Family availability, activity preference, and developmental levels should all be considerations when managing pediatric obesity. Motivational interviewing may also be helpful, especially when customized for each specific patient and family. Clinicians will play an increasing role in terms of identifying, treating, and preventing pediatric obesity; measures that can be done in the clinic should be considered more and more.
Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of decolorized Moringa oleifera Lam leaf flour
Authors: da S. Alves A. , B. Teixeira E. M. , C. Oliveira G. , Arantes-Pereira L. , Oliveira C. C. , L. Costa L.
Published: October 2017

Background

Maringa oleifera leaves are rich in antioxidant substances; however, when lyophilized leaves were used in flour form in meat products, they presented no antioxidant effect and even accelerated the oxidation process of the product. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of chlorophyll extraction on the physicochemical composition and antioxidant activity of Moringa leaves.

Methods

Moringa leaves were dried and ground in order to obtain uniform flour. A treatment using chlorophyll extraction (decolorized) was tested versus a control treatment (non-decolorized) for proximate composition, instrumental color, and antioxidant activity using ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test.

Results

Higher crude fiber, ash, and protein contents were observed for decolorized flour (19.41 and 38.13%, 11.87 and 14.02%, and 28.81 and 31.33%, respectively) when compared to those for the control. Chlorophyll extraction significantly affected (p < 0.05) the instrumental color of the leaves flour. The half maximal effective concentration (EC50) of both decolorized and control flour was 3.74 and 4.30 mg/L, respectively. The equivalent of antioxidant per gram of non-decolorized leaves was higher than that observed for the decolorized leaves (0.36 and 0.32 g/g DPPH, respectively). The antioxidant activity (AA%) of the extract from non-decolorized leaves was higher in the concentrations of 5 and 2.5 mg/0.1 mL, while the decolorized leaves was higher in the extract concentration 5 and 2 mg/0.1 ml.

Conclusion

The decolorization process affected the chemical composition and color of Moringa oleifera leaves flours however did not improve its antioxidant activity.
Clinical Utility of CLIA-Grade AR-V7 Testing in Patients With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Markowski Mark C. , Silberstein John L. , Eshleman James R. , Eisenberger Mario A. , Luo Jun , Antonarakis Emmanuel S.
Published: October 2017

Purpose

A splice variant of the androgen receptor, AR-V7, confers resistance to AR-targeted therapies (ATTs) but not taxane chemotherapies in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Since August 2015, a clinical-grade assay to detect AR-V7 messenger RNA expression in circulating tumors cells (CTCs) has been available to providers through a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments–certified laboratory at Johns Hopkins University.

Methods

We contacted ordering providers of the first 150 consecutive tests by using a questionnaire-based survey to determine how the results of AR-V7 testing were used to influence clinical practice.

Results

In all, 142 (95%) of 150 questionnaires were completed by 38 providers from 29 sites across the United States and Canada. AR-V7 test results were reported either as CTC– (28%), CTC+/AR-V7– (30%), or CTC+/AR-V7+ (42%). Prevalence of AR-V7 detection increased with prior exposure to ATTs (abiraterone and enzalutamide naïve, 22%; after abiraterone or enzalutamide, 35%; after abiraterone and enzalutamide, 43%). Overall, management was affected by AR-V7 testing in 53% of the patients and even more often with CTC+/AR-V7+ results. AR-V7+ patients were commonly switched from ATT to taxane chemotherapy (43%) or were offered a clinical trial (43%); management remained unchanged in only 14% of these patients. Overall, patients who had a change in management on the basis of AR-V7 testing were significantly more likely to achieve a physician-reported 50% decline in prostate-specific antigen response on next-line therapy than those who did not change treatment (54% v 31%; P = .015).

Conclusion

Providers used AR-V7 testing to influence clinical decision making more often than not. Physicians reported that men with AR-V7+ results had the most treatment changes, and such men were preferentially managed with taxane therapy or offered a clinical trial, which may have improved outcomes.
Liquidity Constraints, Fiscal Externalities and Optimal Tuition Subsidies
Authors: Lawson Nicholas
Published: October 2017

A large literature focuses on two important rationales for government subsidies to college students: positive fiscal externalities from a larger tax base, and liquidity constraints. This paper provides a first attempt to gauge the relative importance of these mechanisms. I use US data in combination with two modeling approaches: calibration of a simple structural model of human capital accumulation, and a ”sufficient statistics” approach. The resulting optimal subsidies are larger than median public tuition by about $3,000 per year. This finding is driven by fiscal externalities; optimal tuition subsidy policy is not sensitive to the extent of liquidity constraints. (JEL H52, H75, I22, I23, I28)
Power to Choose? An Analysis of Consumer Inertia in the Residential Electricity Market
Authors: Hortaçsu Ali , Madanizadeh Seyed Ali , Puller Steven L.
Published: October 2017

Many jurisdictions around the world have deregulated utilities and opened retail markets to competition. However, inertial decision making can diminish consumer benefits of retail competition. Using household-level data from the Texas residential electricity market, we document evidence of consumer inertia. We estimate an econometric model of retail choice to measure two sources of inertia: search frictions/inattention and a brand advantage that consumers afford the incumbent. We find that households rarely search for alternative retailers, and when they do search, households attach a brand advantage to the incumbent. Counterfactual experiments show that low-cost information interventions can notably increase consumer surplus. (JEL D12, D83, L81, L94, L98, M31)
Does Money Matter in the Long Run? Effects of School Spending on Educational Attainment
Authors: Hyman Joshua
Published: October 2017

This paper measures the effect of increased primary school spending on students' college enrollment and completion. Using student-level panel administrative data, I exploit variation in the school funding formula imposed by Michigan's 1994 school finance reform, Proposal A. Students exposed to $1,000 (10 percent) more spending were 3 percentage points (7 percent) more likely to enroll in college and 2.3 percentage points (11 percent) more likely to earn a postsecondary degree. The effects were concentrated among districts that were urban and suburban, lower poverty, and higher achieving at baseline. Districts targeted the marginal dollar toward schools serving less-poor populations within the district. (JEL H75, I21, I22, I28)
Follow-Up and Functional Outcomes of Pediatric Patients with Gunshot Wounds to the Extremities
Authors: Karkenny Alexa J. , Morris Jonathan , Hamm A. , Maguire Kathleen , Toro Jose B. , Stone, Melvin E. , Fornari Eric D. , Schulz Jacob F.
Published: October 2017

Background: There is a limited amount of data on the long-term function and quality of life of children who sustain gunshot injuries to the extremity. Many complications, such as physeal arrest and limb-length discrepancy, take months or years to manifest. The purpose of this study is to characterize clinical features and long-term outcomes of pediatric patients with firearm injuries to the extremities.

Methods: A retrospective review of the trauma registry at an urban Level 1 trauma center was performed in which 27 patients ranging in age from 14 to 18 years old who were admitted between January 2011 and March 2014 for management of extremity firearm injuries were identified. Demographic data, injuries, Injury Severity Score (ISS), and hospital course were obtained through chart review. Patients who were followed up after the review commenced completed the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Childhood Trauma Screening Questionnaire (CTSQ).

Results: Twenty-seven pediatric patients with an average age of 17 years (SD ± 0.94 years) were identified with 33 gunshot wounds (GSWs): 7 upper extremity and 26 lower extremity. Seventeen patients sustained at least one fracture, with a total of 20 fractures. Six (30%) of the fractures were treated operatively. Peripheral nerve injury (N = 4) was the most common complication. There were no cases of infection, compartment syndrome, vascular injury, physeal fracture, growth disturbance, or angular deformities. The mean length of follow-up was 132 days (N = 18, range: 2 days to 2.95 years). The mean SF-36 Physical Component Summary (PCS) and Mental Component Summary (MCS) scores were 48.7 (N = 3, range: 44.0 to 56.2) and 58.2 (N = 3, range: 51.3 to 62.2), respectively. The mean CTSQ score was 4.67 (N = 3, range: 4 to 5).

Conclusion: Pediatric patients with extremity GSWs reported below-average physical health and above average mental health relative to SF-36 age and gender-controlled national norms. CTSQ scores were not predictive of future post-traumatic stress disorder. Outpatient follow-up for pediatric GSW is a concern because most complications, including deformity and limb-length discrepancy, occur months to years after the injury.
Predictors of the Need for Secondary Surgery Following In Situ Pinning for Slipped Capital‐Femoral Epiphysis
Authors: Fornari Eric D. , Sylvia Stephen M. , Molho David A. , Moloney Christine M. , Schulz Jacob F.
Published: October 2017

Background: Previous studies have investigated the longterm outcomes of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) treatment but have not fully elucidated the specific underlying risk factors for the need for secondary surgery. The purpose of this study was to examine a series of patients treated for SCFE at a single institution to identify risk factors for the need for secondary procedures following in situ pinning.

Methods: The medical records of 87 patients (125 hips) ranging in age from 9 to 16 years who underwent in situ pinning for SCFE between 2008 and 2013 were retrospectively evaluated. Patients with less than 1 year of follow-up were excluded. Demographic information, slip classification, and slip severity were determined. Secondary procedures were defined as hardware removal, femoral osteotomy, or total hip arthroplasty. Both individual hips and individual patients were analyzed to determine the risk of requiring a secondary procedure.

Results: A total of 46 patients (65 hips) with average follow-up of 28 months (range: 12 to 78 months) met inclusion criteria. In total, 18 hips (28%) required a secondary procedure, including femoral osteotomy (4) and hardware removal (14). There were no cases of total hip arthroplasty. There was a significantly higher risk of requiring secondary procedures in female hips (HR = 4.91, 95% CI = 1.48-16.3, p = 0.01). There were no significant differences related to age, BMI, race, hip pain, slip classification, Southwick angle, slip grade, or tri-radiate cartilage status. Similarly, analysis of individual patients showed a significantly higher proportion of secondary procedures in female patients (p = 0.002).

Conclusion: Female sex was the only factor associated with a higher risk for secondary surgery following in situ pinning with a 4.9 time higher rate for secondary procedures compared to males. Slip classification and slip severity were not found to be associated with the need for secondary surgery. This data helps predict surgical outcomes following SCFE treatment with in situ pinning.
Montefiore Comprehensive Model of Care for Elderly Patients with Hip Fractures
Authors: Roe John , Merwin Sara , Cavaluzzi Paul , Horn Wanda
Published: October 2017

Background: Hip fractures are highly prevalent in the geriatric population, accounting for significant morbidity, mortality, and health-care associated costs. Geriatrics hip fracture comanagement is a systems-based approach to optimize care of these patients, prevent further decompensation, and reduce costs associated with the inpatient stay and consequent sequelae. This study examines preliminary results after implementation of orthopaedic and geriatrics hip fracture comanagement at our large, urban, single center academic medical center.

Methods: This is a program evaluation comparing a novel multidisciplinary service with usual care in 120 consecutive, operatively managed hip fracture patients, aged 65 years or over, in 2011. Patients with pathologic fractures, multiple injury trauma, or requiring a monitored unit were excluded. Groups were compared for age, sex, revised cardiac risk index (RCRI), presence of delirium, and admission disposition. Outcome measures included time to surgery, perioperative complications, in-hospital mortality, length of stay (LOS), and 30 day readmission. Institutional Review Board approval was obtained prior to the implementation of this initiative.

Results: Mean age, sex, admission disposition, RCRI score, time to surgery, perioperative complications, in-hospital mortality, and 30 day readmission did not differ between the two groups. In the comanagement cohort, there was a significant increase of delirium diagnosis (3.8% versus 22%, p = 0.007) and a reduced length of stay (7.1 versus 4.9 days, p = 0.008).

Conclusions: The results from this preliminary programmatic implementation suggest that orthopaedic-geriatrics comanage-ment reduced LOS by 2 days. Complications, readmissions, and in-hospital deaths were similar. There were higher rates of delirium noted in the comanagement group, which we attribute to increased surveillance, detection, and documentation and similar to rates seen in comparable programs. Our investigation supports the experience in other centers in which a systems-based program with well-defined principles and protocols improves processes and outcomes for a common condition in a high-risk population.
Επιλεκτική Αλαλία στο Σχολείο. Σχέσεις και Αντιλήψεις στο Εκπαιδευτικό Πλαίσιο: Μία Μελέτη Περίπτωσης.
Authors: Mokaiti Fani , Rekalidou Galini , Karousou Alexandra
Published: October 2017

Selective mutism is an anxiety disorder which prevents a child from speaking in specific social situations, while (s)he has the ability to do so. Children with selective mutism face important difficulties at school, as they lag behind in important expressive and social skills, facing great difficulties in the establishment of social relationships both with their teachers and with peers. Selective mutism, also, poses serious challenges for their educators who have to support and integrate these children in the educational process. The purpose of this qualitative research was to study, within the Greek educational context, various parameters that jointly shape the social and pedagogical relationships and interactions of an eleven-year-old child with selective mutism. For the purposes of this case-study, data were collected by means of (a) a sociometric test aimed to measure the popularity of this particular student, (b) two questionnaires aimed at collecting data on his verbal communication in varying social contexts, namely: a teacher report questionnaire, the “School Speech Questionnaire” (SSQ), as well as a parent report questionnaire, the “Selective Mutism Questionnaire” (SMQ), (c) semi-structured interviews with both the child’s caregivers and teachers, concerning his social interactions and participation in the educational process, as well as their personal views, strategies, difficulties and needs, and d) a direct non-participant observation of the child during the school breaks. Overall, the picture that emerges is that of a silent, reserved and ignored child at school, whose teachers feel that they do not have the appropriate knowledge and training to respond to his specific needs and to support him. Outside the educational context, he appears to be a typically developing child, maintaining verbal interactions with both his family and friends. Overall, this research shows various aspects of the life of a child with selective mutism highlighting the need for studying systematically the school life of children with selective mutism, especially in the Greek context, for fostering the relevant knowledge and skills of the educators, as well as for developing particular guidelines, strategies and tools that would help them support those children.
An overview of the cutaneous porphyrias
Authors: Dawe Robert
Published: October 2017

This is an overview of the cutaneous porphyrias. It is a narrative review based on the published literature and my personal experience; it is not based on a formal systematic search of the literature. The cutaneous porphyrias are a diverse group of conditions due to inherited or acquired enzyme defects in the porphyrin–haem biosynthetic pathway. All the cutaneous porphyrias can have (either as a consequence of the porphyria or as part of the cause of the porphyria) involvement of other organs as well as the skin. The single commonest cutaneous porphyria in most parts of the world is acquired porphyria cutanea tarda, which is usually due to chronic liver disease and liver iron overload. The next most common cutaneous porphyria, erythropoietic protoporphyria, is an inherited disorder in which the accumulation of bile-excreted protoporphyrin can cause gallstones and, rarely, liver disease. Some of the porphyrias that cause blistering (usually bullae) and fragility (clinically and histologically identical to porphyria cutanea tarda) can also be associated with acute neurovisceral porphyria attacks, particularly variegate porphyria and hereditary coproporphyria. Management of porphyria cutanea tarda mainly consists of visible-light photoprotection measures while awaiting the effects of treating the underlying liver disease (if possible) and treatments to reduce serum iron and porphyrin levels. In erythropoietic protoporphyria, the underlying cause can be resolved only with a bone marrow transplant (which is rarely justifiable in this condition), so management consists particularly of visible-light photoprotection and, in some countries, narrowband ultraviolet B phototherapy. Afamelanotide is a promising and newly available treatment for erythropoietic protoporphyria and has been approved in Europe since 2014.