bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CONJUGATE TREATMENT OF LEACHATE FROM LANDFILL AND SEWAGE IN DOMESTIC STABILIZATION PONDS
Authors: Leite Valderi Duarte , De Sousa José Tavares , Lopes Wilton Silva , De Oliveira Elaine Gurjão , Campos Andrezza Raphaella , De Oliveira Alinne Gurjão
Published: May 2017

In Brazil, the per capita generation of municipal solid waste is approximately 0.80kg.hab-1.day-1, which implies daily production of 156 tons, whereas on average 50% of this quantity of waste is composed mainly of putrescible organic material that will contribute to the leachate generation process directly influencing the qualitative and quantitative aspects. Landfill leachate basically originates from the percolation process of different types of water and is considered a wastewater to cause in significant environmental impact on the environment, given in possession of high concentration of ammonia nitrogen, organic matter difficult to biodegradation, metals heavy and xenobiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a series of stabilization ponds, the treatment process conjugate of landfill leachate fresh more domestic sewage in the proportion of 1 plus 99% (volume percent), respectively. The experimental system consisted of four stabilization ponds in series, being a facultative pond, followed by three maturation ponds. The applied surface charge (λs) the series of stabilization ponds was 320 kgDBO5 . ha-1.day-1 with hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 17 days for the series. The average removal efficiency of BOD5 and ammonia was 69 and 86% respectively, while removing coliform efficiency always in the 99.9% threshold during the monitoring period was 220 days. Overall it can be concluded that treatment conjugate landfill leachate and sewage in stabilization ponds, in northeastern Brazil, is emerging as a promising technological alternative, given the comfortable area availability in northeastern Brazil, conditions climate favorable and the ponds system present low ratio cost / benefit when compared to other waste treatment systems of this nature.
ANALYSIS OF DRINKING WATER CONSUMPTION AND LOSS. THE CASE OF WATER SUPPLY NETWORKS WITH LOW LEVEL COUNTING (BISKRA - ALGERIA)
Authors: Masmoudi Rachid , Kettab Ahmed , Brémond Bernard
Published: May 2017

Demand for drinking domestic water is continuously increasing specially in urban centres which experience high demographic expansion. The decrease of water losses in water supply networks can help preserve such a rare resource. Low number of water meters and intermittent supply make it difficult to quantify the leaking volumes of water. This article presents an analysis of the consumption for drinking water based on an extrapolation from a sample of consumers on whom data are available. Comparison of the volumes of water produced allows a determination of the losses in the water supply system. This analysis is completed by measurements of night flows. The results obtained may be relied on for an evaluation of the needs for drinking water in the South of Algeria, and for future regional development. The study indicates a high rate of water losses in the distribution network, reaching about 40%, and over-consumption due to an insufficient number of water meters and discontinuous supply. It is recommended that water meters come into general use and defective parts of the network are rehabilitated. We will try then to make the necessary recommendations in order to better functioning of the water supply systems in Algeria.
EVALUATION OF SCENARIOS OF AIR POLLUTANTS EMISSIONS BY THE AIRPORT EXPANSION AND ASSOCIATED INFRASTRUCTURE - CASE STUDY OF THE EXTENSION OF VIRACOPOS AIRPORT AT CAMPINAS, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL
Authors: Coelho Lucia Helena Gomes , Akamine Meire Maki , Ribeiro Raquel Gentil Batista , De Paiva Junior Humberto
Published: May 2017

The development of the airport segment faces environmental externalities especially related to the increase in emissions of Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) from combustion of fossil fuels by the aircraft engine, by the machinery for the maintenance of the planes and also by the vehicles used for passengers connections (private cars, taxicabs or public transportation system). In this scope, the current work presents the case study of the expansion of the Viracopos International Airport at Campinas – São Paulo, Brazil. To evaluate that, the methodology of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was implemented to estimate the emissions of GHGs by aircraft for the years 2008 (before expansion), 2012 (current picture) and 2016 (future scenario) observing the changes in demand for passengers and cargo transportation. To evaluate the emissions from the vehicles it was used the AIMSUN microsimulation software to estimate emissions in the years 2012 and to simulate sensitivity scenarios for the year 2016. It was found that the inventory of CO2 emissions for both types of transports considered for Viracopos airport showed similar orders of magnitude, what can be inferred about the equivalent contribution of these two modes on emissions of GHGs for the study area. These results may serve as a basis for establishing emission management plans of air pollutants by the competent organizations and to propose more targeted and effective measures to reduce the GHG emissions by these sources.
THE CITY OF ADDIS ABABA FROM ‘FOREST CITY’ TO ‘URBAN HEAT ISLAND’: AN ANALYSIS OF URBAN GREEN SPACE DYNAMICS USING REMOTE SENSING AND GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Authors: Abebe Mathias Tesfaye , Megento Tebarek Lika
Published: May 2017

The unprecedented rate of urban growth in developing countries causes various problems such as deficiency in public infrastructure services, lack of green spaces and inadequate service provisions. This study applies GIS tools and remote sensing techniques to assess the effects of urban development on urban green space in Ethiopia’s capital. Spatial and non-spatial datasets were collected from different organizations and processed using GIS tools and remote sensing techniques for land use/ land cover classification and analysis. The analysis demonstrated shrinking of urban green spaces- plantations, forestland, grassland and cultivated land (at annual rates of 5.9%, 3.3%, 5.4% and 3.7 % respectively) by 82.1%, 62.1%, 78.8 and 65.8 % respectively during the past three decades (1986-2015) whereas built-up and transport areas increased at annual rate of 5.7% and 1.3% and consumed 419% and 47% of the city’s total area respectively.
PREDICTIVE MODELLING OF TRAFFIC FLOWFLOW IN AKURE, NIGERIA: UNSIGNALIZED INTERSECTIONS IN FOCUS
Authors: Owolabi Adebayo Oladipo , Oyedepo Olugbenga Joseph , Okoko Enobong Etim
Published: May 2017

Unsignalized intersections namely two-way stop-controlled intersection (TWSC) and all-way stop-controlled intersection (AWSC) are widely used in Akure. Five intersections consisting of three Tee and two Cross that were critical to traffic flow in the study area were selected for study. Data on geometric features were collected using odometer, while traffic parameters were captured and metered using cine camera placed at a vantage point from the road section during peak and off-peak periods on week days. Traffic flows at the intersections were expressed as functions of traffic characteristics and geometric features of the approaches; while the effect of distances of intersections before and after the intersections studied were also incorporated as a correction factors in the models. The models were developed using multiple linear regression technique with the aid of SPSS software and validated with empirical data other than those used for model calibration. Adjusted R2 values of 0.881 and 0.882 were obtained for Tee and Cross intersections respectively for peak period, while 0.938 and 0.940 respectively were obtained for the off-peak period. These indicate that the flow models are very robust in replicating the observed data. The predictive models have the potential to accurately estimate traffic flow at intersections in the study area and other cities of the world with similar traffic conditions.
The regaining of public spaces to enhance the historic urban landscape
Authors: Bolici Roberto , Gambaro Matteo , Giordano Cristiana
Published: May 2017

Open spaces in the urban landscapes suffer from deterioration caused by man that leads to two major outcomes: on one side they are abandoned because of newer contemporary needs, on the other hand they tend to be “cannibalized” in the attempt to satisfy our society. This has caused a progressive retraction of urban open spaces that have become residual spaces with no shape and no name.
This course of crisis has damaged the identity of places and this is more acute in historic urban landscapes that are recognised as cultural heritage and world heritage. The historic urban landscape approach suggested by UNESCO recognises public spaces’ importance for society and promotes the acknowledgement of public spaces and their dynamism aiming to the integration of preservation, social development and economic targets.
To understand how “historic urban landscapes” are taking care of their public spaces, a few Management Plans of UNESCO’s World Heritage cities have been compared. Only Italian UNESCO sites with an “urban complex” characterisation have been considered, this means a limited part of a city with homogenous characteristics from a spatial, historic and cultural point of view. We have focused our attention on the specific interventions for the management of open spaces, in order to identify the major targets and their executive tools, projects and actions.
In the light of the above-mentioned analyses, we propose some strategies to fight the decline of public spaces (streets, squares, gardens, etc.) and to enhance these spaces with great attention, trying to improve their fruition and comfort according to their historic and cultural values.
The need to identify design strategies to enhance public spaces within the historic urban landscape is included in the research and test activities carried out in the UNESCO site of Mantova and Sabbioneta. This site is an excellent area of applicability because of its urban shape, molded in years by the Gonzaga family. Together with the UNESCO Mantova e Sabbioneta office, we have involved citizens in the requalification design to activate regaining process and test the applicability of our analyses in the city of Mantova, a very articulated and complex reality, starting from the fruition of its places and according to its morphological, environmental, cultural and perceptive aspects.
The void and the memory. Ludovico Quaroni’s competition project for the Tobacco Manufacturing and the Navile Park in Bologna (1984). An urban figurative regeneration
Authors: Sintini Matteo
Published: May 2017

The Ludovico Quaroni's competition winner project for the urban park of the Tobacco Manufacturing and the Navile dockyard, although unrealised, still represents a sort of conclusive point of the search path (he died in 1987) of one of the most prominent characters of the Italian architectural scene – and not only - of the 20th century. Furthermore, the high number of contenders to the competition’s first stage (139) made the contest itself an extraordinary occasion of rethinking an important part of the city of Bologna, a somewhat hybrid part located on the verge of town historic centre and its first expansion and offered the chance of challenge for the mostly Italian architects. The Quaroni’s group was composed by many others architects including important authors of the reconstruction projects of Bologna in the years following World War II; their proposal aimed at bringing order in a non-connected urban context filled with many fragments of historical memories of the site. The process of spaces redefinition, as in the beginning projects of the architect’s career, is conducted with the tools of the “design” (as used by Manfredo Tafuri, 1964), as an instrument of territorial and urban areas re-composition, undertook through the conservation of trails, overlapped by a new system of episodes, keeping the idea of fragments, responding to the competition requirements. In fact, the project balances the new parts in strict relation with the pre-existing elements of the historic town centre, considering the tangible and material dimensions of the city. Such a new system is governed by a clear scheme of structured elements based on the project of void, provided with a clear formal image, whose final outcome is a figurative regeneration. In this idea and formal organism Quaroni developing many of his design principles, gives a personal interpretation to the contemporary issue of regeneration empowered by those reflections that had just entered in the much wider debate in the mid-eighties, about conservation and sustainability of historic centres and the natural environment. Notably, this issue is dealt with in a cultural environment such as the one of Bologna, a city that gave much to the debate on conservation of old towns (see the Cervellati plan); a discussion founding the Italian experience of the 20th century and particularly of its second half. From this point of view, the contribution of architects from Bologna at Quaroni’s project has therefore probably accounted for the special sensibility shown by the project on those matters. After giving up on Quaroni’s plan Aldo Rossi was chosen by the Municipality to develop the project; his ideas confirm, although with different outcomes, an approach based on the value of the conservation of memory and the use of clear forms as means of urban regeneration.
Designing the city from public space. A contribution to (re)think the urbanistic role of public space in the contemporary enlarged city
Authors: Coelho Rodrigo
Published: May 2017

Considering the tendency for expansion, diversification and fragmentation of the present city´s urban spaces, and considering that in the last decades public space lost much of the formal and functional attributes that it held in the past (in the historical city), the main problem that we currently face as architects and planners, seems to be how to articulate and (re) build (new) public places that materialise, in a qualified manner, the collective experience (the new ways of living, social interaction and displacement) of the “newer parts” of the city, and that simultaneously incorporate attributes that transform them into memorable and perennial spaces - landmarks of the city that is to come.
The recent practical and theoretical outputs contradictorily appear to demonstrate a relative devaluation of the structuring role of public space, especially in those less consolidated parts of the city. Regarding the architectonic and urbanistic practice, we conclude that, in a time of mediatisation of architecture (in particular by the enhancement of the image and of iconographic values), the construction of the city and the materialisation of public space expresses, in many cases, generic and epidermal responses with visible consequences in terms of urban structure and perception of the city. Regarding the theoretic outputs, the insights also do not appear, in general, to contribute towards a theoretical framework committed to a consistent practical knowledge, or the resolution of the key issues and challenges that the city faces today.
Taking into account these considerations, and starting with a brief diagnosis that will focus on the major “weaknesses or controversies” that we identify in the theoretical discourse on the city and on public space, this paper will seek to focus on the importance of the urbanistic vocation of public space by identifying three main issues or key purposes to think and retrieve the public space project in the contemporary city. The three key purposes that will help us to recognize the strategic importance of public space in the contemporary European “enlarged city”, and that will be analysed by using a case study, are:
- The public space as an ordering element of “new urban expansion”;
- The public space as a factor of reconstruction of the “city without a plan”;
- The public space as a (re)structuring element of the “metropolitan city”.
The over-familiar landscape that escapes to the absent-minded gaze
Authors: Mareggi Marco
Published: May 2017

Public spaces constitute a relevant part of the landscape of the ordinary city. According to the European Landscape Convention, studies and designs of public spaces, in particular of open spaces, should appropriately focus on the different users who inhabit it and recognise themselves in these spaces. In this sense, close to the traditional studies on morphological characteristics, urban materials and equipment, it is useful to explore the performances of public spaces in innovative ways. This article proposes to come back to emphasise and highlight daily life, still today forgotten as a relevant component of a good design and planning of public spaces. It underlines the importance of the gaze on the everyday and ordinary for urbanism, through some introductory experiences of designed urban spaces and some concepts, such as ‘practices’ and ‘way of uses’. Moreover, it offers a review of different lines of studies on public life and other research interested in daily urban practices. Among these, the article focuses on rhythm and chronographic analysis, which describe practices of use, urban populations and their rhythms of presence within places. In conclusion are presented some opportunities that an adoption of the proposed approaches to everyday could bring to a better management, maintenance and planning of public spaces.
Public Space, Infrastructure, Landscape: an interdisciplinary matrix for urban spatial continuity
Authors: Brandão Ana Luísa , Brandão Pedro
Published: May 2017

Spatial growth of cities corresponded to new theoretical and practical knowledge capacities with new kinds of urban infrastructures, new services organisation and new construction methods, of XIX and most of XX century’s industrial space production. The decline of those capacities and a “crisis” of modern models, followed by the still on-going post-industrial transition process of the past 50 years are translated in many different forms of spatial, social, economic and cultural organisation and diversity of emerging urban contexts. Contemporary processes seem to carry difficulties in understanding and conducting urban transformation in such diverse and changing context. What strategic elements can be used to interpret and act in such contexts?
In this paper we intend to show an interdisciplinary perspective of public space as part of strategic and theoretical principles recognised by several fields of urban knowledge and practice: we include the spatial continuity of the Commons in those structuring principles, as a notion of urban “publicness”. These new perspectives require a perception of public space that goes beyond traditional city references, to other peripheral or scattered urban areas, but maintaining its fundamental structuring role, as systemic and interactive reference for complex urban environments. Through a study on the specific case of the South Bank of Lisbon Metropolitan Area, we present a conceptual operative matrix, based on the hypothesis of strategic interaction between urban systems, aiming for its structuring potential for spatial continuity – public space, infrastructure and landscape.
Outputs of this study aim at a contribution to a more flexible and interactive structuring approach to urban design and planning, focused on interdisciplinary perspectives of public space production.
Urban Oasis: an integrated water shelter and city-scape beacon
Authors: Masterman Victoria , Heritage-Brand Lauren
Published: May 2017

Urban densification and a global shift towards the creation of walkable neighbourhoods have generated demand for more sustainable transport models and supporting infrastructure. Transforming streetscapes from car dominated spaces to places for people. A review of public space allocation in streets demonstrates the need to re-prioritise and re-organise streets to provide improved infrastructure to meet present and future demands on transport corridors.
This paper proposes the creation of, an integrated design solution in the form of an urban 'Oasis' that provides a network of on street facilities for cyclists and pedestrians. Planning the network of ‘Oasis’ is informed by the principal of Link and Place creating a visual balance between vehicles and other street users while promoting sustainable ideologies. The 'Oasis' presents itself as a multi-purpose drink station, bus shelter, public seating area, bike rack, public art piece and environmental education tool that, at its core functionality, captures, stores and purifies rainwater so that commuters can park, rest and access water after a walk or ride to the station.
The paper explores available technologies and a range of modular adaptable designs to suit various urban landscapes. An integrated network of ‘Oasis’ transforms the street combining furniture combining cycling and pedestrian facilities, comfort and user friendliness, in a unique and attractive form. The development of the Oasis, draws on a range of fields including urban planning and design, landscape architecture, natural resource management, urban water engineering, digital communications and technologies and the visual arts.
This research demonstrates the potential flow-on benefits of the Oasis including improved road safety, increased patronage on public transport, increase in cycling, improved natural resource education and management, improved sense of place and foster community building.
The public realm as a generator of urban design
Authors: Richards Peter
Published: May 2017

For me, urban design at its heart is a positive activity that has a primary objective to contribute a public benefit. This is principally achieved by designing a network of public spaces – the public realm – that form the setting for individuals and communities to live their lives efficiently, safely, purposefully, meaningfully and memorably. The public realm consists of typical urban elements of streets, lanes, plazas, parks and environmental areas of different scales and purposes. These elements of public space are combined to create distinctive and unique places that invite use and activity. Underscoring this is the view that the primary user of public space is the pedestrian and the primary transport mode walking, cycling, and public transport. The car remains important but less so than the other modes.
With this approach, an essential requirement of the private realm of buildings is to form the public realm by positively defining public space, for it can’t exist without the physical form of the buildings, and landscapes. The mix and location of land-uses in close proximity activate the public realm, so people can readily access the uses needed for daily life, and are invited to do so due to the quality of the urban setting.
Urban Visions. Beyond the Ideal City | Report from the Habitat III Village, Pop-up Public Space
Authors: Bravo Luisa , Guaralda Mirko
Published: May 2017

‘Urban Visions. Beyond the Ideal City’ was an event held at Habitat III, the United Nations conference on Housing and Sustainable Urban Development, in Ecuador, included in a series of meetings and events at the Pop-up Public Space, Habitat III Village, in Parque El Ejido in Quito. On 26th October 2016, we presented two research projects aiming at community engagement on issues related to the future of the urban environment:
-    the "InstaBooth", a telephone booth-inspired portable structure developed at the Urban Informatics Lab of the Queensland University of Technology - http://www.urbaninformatics.net/projects/instabooth/ - which uses tangible and hybrid interaction such as multi-touch screens and media façades to facilitate face-to-face and digitally mediated discussions;
-    the cinematography competition "Urban Visions. Beyond the Ideal City", promoted by City Space Architecture - http://www.cityspacearchitecture.org/?p=urban-visions-beyond-the-ideal-city - which is the first film competition in the Italian context involving film-makers at a professional level on topics related to cities and urbanity.
Active cluster replacement algorithm as a tool to assess bifurcation early-warning signs for von Karman equations
Authors: Gromov Vasilii A. , Voronin Igor M. , Gatylo Vladislav R. , Prokopalo Evgenii T.
Published: May 2017

The paper deals with a novel algorithm used to improve identification quality of clusters generated by predictive clustering algorithm as a tool to identify states preceding to bifurcations for a system governed by von Karman equations. To construct bifurcation precursors, solutions (of the equations) observed on bifurcation paths are clustered; centers of the clusters constitute a set of bifurcation precursors. To decrease identification error rate, quality of each precursor is assessed with the employment of an additional, validation set. The paper concerns with two approaches to this procedure; the first one employs a single number to assess identification value of a cluster in order to delete those with low identification values. The second approach uses proposed knowledge extraction procedure to ascertain rules of replacement of the precursors chosen by the algorithm (active) by more efficient one. A wide-ranging simulation reveals that the best variant (provided that the Wishart clustering algorithm is utilized) is the replacement of the active cluster in conjunction local normalization of data. The optimal parameters values for both algorithms, arriving at essentially decreased identification errors.
Disinfection Byproduct Occurrence at Large Water Systems After Stage 2 DBPR
Authors: Seidel Chad J. , Samson Carleigh C. , Bartrand Timothy , Ergul Ayhan , Summers R. Scott
Published: May 2017

Disinfection byproducts (DBPs), including total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and the sum of five haloacetic acids (HAA5) are regulated by the US Environmental Protection Agency Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule (DBPR). This study compiled DBP and related water quality parameter data for 395 public drinking water systems serving populations greater than 100,000 across 44 US states from 1980 to early 2015. Assessing DBP occurrence data from two years before (2010–2012) and after (2012–2014) Stage 2 DBPR implementation shows improved capture of higher DBP exposure locations within water distribution systems due to the initial distribution system evaluation. After Stage 2 DBPR implementation, TTHM and HAA5 concentrations have mean values of 30.5 µg/L and 19.6 µg/L and 95th percentile values of 71.2 µg/L and 46.5 µg/L, respectively. Comparing this data set with the 1997–1998 Information Collection Rule data set suggests a 20 µg/L reduction in average TTHM occurrence for the highest 5% of systems nationally from 1997–1998 to 2010–2014.
Coefficients for Estimating Landscape Area on Single‐Family Residential Lots
Authors: Lewis Alan C. , Khedun C. Prakash , Kaiser Ronald A.
Published: May 2017

Overwatering residential lawns and landscapes is a ubiquitous problem. One method to determine overwatering is by developing individual residential irrigation budgets. The process for developing these budgets begins with determining the size of the irrigated landscape. This article establishes a relationship between measured landscape area and appraised floor area for single‐family lots. Official lot and floor area data were obtained from appraisal district records and related to landscape area for each corresponding lot derived using geographical information systems and orthoimagery. The average proportions of landscape area to lot area were generalized into a bivariate table of coefficients. Landscape area calculated using these coefficients was compared to values computed using approaches published in past literature. The findings of this study suggest that the coefficients offer a new and convenient, empirically based approach for estimating landscape area on single‐family lots.
Is the Arsenic Rule Affordable?
Authors: Gingerich Daniel B. , Sengupta Aditi , Barnett Mark O.
Published: May 2017

This article compares different methods—viz., the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) current expenditure margin affordability method, its proposed incremental burden method, and other methods based on below‐median household income thresholds—that are primarily used to assess affordability of the Arsenic Rule. The authors use the original cost estimates from 2000 and actual cost data reported in 2010 to analyze the affordability of the USEPA's revised Arsenic Rule. We find the Arsenic Rule is affordable for all systems only under the current expenditure margin method; according to all other methods, between 24 and 83% of small US community water systems examined had unaffordable arsenic removal. Analyzing the USEPA's 2010 Arsenic Removal Demonstration Project, zero to 22 of the 40 systems (0–55%) have unaffordable arsenic removal treatment. Further, we find that affordability methods based on a 25th percentile income (with criteria to identify economically disadvantaged communities) most closely match the purpose of drinking water affordability.
Mediekritikkens røde pille: En introduktion til Jean Baudrillards ”The Precession of Simulacra”
Authors: Munk Timme Bisgaard
Published: May 2017

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Multimodal representations of gender in young children's popular culture
Authors: Lindstrand Fredrik , Insulander Eva , Selander Staffan
Published: May 2017

This article poses questions regarding learning and representation in relation to young children's popular culture. Focusing on gender, the article builds on multimodal, social semiotic analyses of two different media texts related to a specific brand and shows how gender and gender differences are represented multimodally in separate media contexts and in the interplay between different media. The results show that most of the semiotic resources employed in the different texts contribute in congruent ways to the representation of girls as either different from or inferior to boys. At the same time, however, excerpts from an encounter with a young girl who engages with characters from the brand in her role play are used as an example of how children actively make meaning and find strategies that subvert the repressive ideologies manifested in their everyday popular culture.
“If you don’t act, you are not going to get anything”: Professional identity and gender equality in Greek and Cypriot media organisations
Authors: Gazi Angeliki , Dimitrakopoulou Dimitra
Published: May 2017

The research here focuses on the relationship between women and media organisations in Greece and Cyprus. Our aim is to study the professional identity of women in the context of media organisations as well as the progress toward gender equality in Greek and Cypriot media organisations compared to the rest of Europe. Greece and, to a greater extent, Cyprus are societies in which the preservation and reproduction of the structure of the family constitutes the primary mechanism for socialization and professional accomplishment, much more than in other countries of central and northern Europe. The reported results are part of a more broadly focused EIGE Report entitled “Advancing gender equality in decision-making in media organizations,” which reviews the implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action (BPfA) in Member States. The BPfA, in turn, introduces the first indicators for measuring the progress of gender equality for women in the media. The media sectors both in Greece and Cyprus continue to be male-dominated. Women occupy only a small percentage of decision-making posts in media organisations. Moreover, there is a significant lack of gender-related policies and monitoring mechanisms in the media organisations and the countries themselves.
Byron's disorientatios; The Giaour, for example
Authors: Bode Christoph
Published: May 2017

This article examines the representation of ‘the Orient’ and the dichotomy between ‘East’ and ‘West’ in Byron’s first ‘Turkish Tale’, The Giaour (1813). It argues that Byron’s poem offers a more complex understanding of these relationships than has often been recognised by readings rooted to a greater extent in theoretical constructions of orientalism than in close attention to the narrative of The Giaour, its paratexts, and its engagement with contemporary historical events. Conversely, through a reading of the poem focused on these aspects, the article hopes to make clear that Byron stages not a simplistic dichotomy between ‘East’ and ‘West’, but rather the inevitable instability of borders and cultural identities.
Des flambeaux et des silhouettes
Authors: Gagnon Alex
Published: May 2017

Les débats sur la sécurité et l’insécurité liées à la peur du crime, qui marquent depuis les années 1990 nos sociétés contemporaines, ne sont pas, comme on le pense parfois, un phénomène propre à la fin du XXe siècle ; ils réactualisent en fait, à leur manière, des peurs déjà vieilles et des crises médiatiques qui, depuis le premier tiers du XIXe siècle, secouent périodiquement les grandes villes occidentales. Si le cas français est aujourd’hui assez bien étudié, les déclinaisons bas-canadiennes du phénomène, en revanche, demeurent largement moins connues. Elles ont pourtant existé, et ce dès les années 1820 et 1830, au moment même où l’insécurité urbaine devant le crime suscite, dans une ville comme Paris, les premières paniques collectives alimentées par une presse en plein essor. À partir d’une plongée dans les journaux de l’époque, cet article analyse les intermittences du sentiment d’insécurité qui s’empare, à l’époque où elle connaît une expansion démographique et économique sans précédent, de la ville de Québec, dont les nuits tranquilles, semble-t-il, deviennent parfois dangereuses.
Expliquer la « crise » entre l’ue et l’oaci sur la réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre dans l’aviation internationale
Authors: Compagnon Daniel
Published: May 2017

Les dispositions de la directive 2008 de l’Union européenne (ue) intégrant l’aviation internationale à son système de droits d’émission deco2ont suscité une large protestation à l’Organisation de l’aviation civile internationale (oaci). La vive tension entre l’ueet ses partenaires (notamment les pays émergents) a déstabilisé une organisation habituée au consensus. « Crise » toutefois relative : depuis lors, le débat sur les mesures de marché à l’oaciparaît plus constructif tandis que le travail parallèle sur les standards deco2pour les avions a été peu affecté. Le différend fut surmonté après l’isolement de l’ueà l’Assemblée de l’oacide 2013 et la suspension partielle de la directive. Basé sur des entretiens et des documents de première main1, cet article analyse les raisons de ce conflit, selon trois grilles théoriques, pour mettre en évidence la force du référentiel sectoriel de l’aérien.
Vitamin D Deficiency, Its Role in Health and Disease, and Current Supplementation Recommendations
Authors: Pfotenhauer Kim M. , Shubrook Jay H.
Published: May 2017

Vitamin D deficiency has been identified as a common metabolic/endocrine abnormality. Despite known dietary sources of vitamin D and the role of sunlight in its production, much of the US population may have inadequate levels of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Deficiency of vitamin D can be caused by a variety of health conditions, but studies on the effects of vitamin D supplements have had mixed results. This evidence-based clinical review discusses what is currently known about vitamin D and what areas need further research to clarify its role in health and disease.
Exploring Teachers' Role Identity among Iranian EFL Teachers: A Narrative-based Research
Authors: Sahragard Rahman , Sadeghi Moslem
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to explore the concept of role identity among Iranian English language teachers. Narrative inquiry was adopted as an approach of the study. Twenty-one Iranian English language teachers from three educational contexts (university, school, and institute) were interviewed and provided their written narratives. Then, the collected data were analyzed through thematic analysis and credibility and trustworthiness of the data were ensured through data triangulation and coding agreement. Results of the study revealed that Iranian EFL teachers conceptualized their role identity from multi-dimensional perspectives, including managerial, professional, and socio-cultural perspectives. The findings also showed that thirteen sub- role identities were explored and emerged under three main themes of role identity for Iranian EFL teachers. The three main themes included teachers’ role identity as manager, professional, and acculturator and the thirteen sub-role identities consisted of ‘knowledge transmitter, trader, juggler, interaction supervisor, promoter, arbiter, entertainer, pundit, collaborator, learner, social panacea, cultural adapter, and tutelage-provider’. The results of the current study can be useful for policy makers, teacher educators, and evaluators to have a better judgment and make appropriate decisions about teachers. Finally, the limitation of the study along with suggestion for the further research were also discussed.
English and Arabic Inscriptions in the Linguistic Landscape of Yemen: A Multilingual Writing Approach
Authors: A. H. Al-Athwary Anwar
Published: May 2017

The present paper investigates the multilingual written texts of the signboards in the public space of Yemen. It attempts to apply Reh's (2004) typology of multilingual writing. Reh introduces four strategies of multilingualism: duplicating, fragmentary, overlapping, and complementary. They refer to the arrangement of information in the inscriptions of multilingual signs in a given linguistic landscape (LL). To achieve this purpose, a data corpus of 755 multilingual signs in the LL of Yemen has been used, the majority of which are bilingual in Arabic and English. The analysis showed that all four strategies of duplicating, fragmentary, overlapping, and complementary multilingual writings were generally employed in Sana'a's LL. While overlapping and complementary multilingualism were totally absent in the top-down signs, duplicating and fragmentary multilingualism had much higher frequency over overlapping and complementary ones in bottom-up signs. Keeping in mind that speech community in Yemen is monolingual in Arabic, the absence or low frequency of overlapping, and complementary signs in both top-down and bottom-up levels can be explained by the fact that these two types of texts presuppose multilingual readers since knowledge of all the languages involved is necessary to understand the whole message. The model of writing mimicry system proposed by Sutherland (2015) is also examined. Writing mimicry system was found to be a salient feature of the public space of Yemen performing some specific functions; it is only used for advertising and promotional purposes rather than expressing the identity of ethnolinguistic minorities. The study also revealed that Sana'a multilingual LL is characterized by the use of Arabicised English, glocalisation and multifunctional signs, all of which are employed to serve a general purpose of promoting, and advertising commodities and showing modernity and success. Standard Arabic appears on almost all of both top-down and bottom-up signs. The scarce use of Yemeni Arabic is indicative of the notion of Arab nationalism. Linguistic nationalism refers to the communicative and symbolic functions of Standard Arabic in articulating national identity in the LL of Yemen.
Reconstructing the Past as a Means of Rationalizing the Present: A Study of Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of The Day (1989)
Authors: Fathi Helaly Khalaf Mohamed
Published: May 2017

The postwar world period was riddled with rapid changes at the different levels. Many people felt they were not able to come to terms with such ongoing changes and had to find a way to coexist with the status-quo. Postmodernism looks upon man as a social being that should learn how to adapt himself to whatever situation by whatever means available. Ishiguro’s novels are written in an expanded humanistic tradition. They are stories dealing with human relationship. They are narratives centering on the working of consciousness and the unconsciousness of the human mind. Ishiguro is concerned with reworking of the past from a late twentieth century perspective. The purpose of this study is to trace the postmodern aspects in The Remains of The Day through the life and character of Stevens and his relationships with the people that he has lived with. Stevens struggles to come to term with his present through telling stories and anecdotes of his past life. The novel depicts the role that memories can play in reconstructing the past events so that the present can be meaningful in some way from a postmodern standpoint. As a postwar British individual, the protagonist of the novel tries to practice suppression over his emotions at the personal level as well as the professional level to construct a new identity. Stevens appears torn between memories of the past and the representation of the present. He is suffering from an identity crisis and striving to create a meaningful present for himself. As a postmodern man, Stevens has to struggle at different levels. He is leading a life riddled with inconsistencies and contradictions. He can’t feel at home with the surrounding world as he is always busy trying to achieve some perfection that is not attainable in a world riddled with conflicts and struggle.
Expressing Gratitude in an EFL Context: The Case of Jordanian Learners
Authors: Al-Momani Husam , Jaradat Abdullah , Al-Khawaldeh Nisreen , Bani-Khair Baker
Published: May 2017

This study contributes to the existing literature on interlanguage pragmatics by investigating intermediate Jordanian English Foreign Language (EFL) learners’ gratitude speech act realization compared to that of native American English speakers. The study considered both aspects of pragmatic competence including pragmalinguistic knowledge (i.e., the use of gratitude strategies) and sociopragmatic knowledge (i.e., the influence of contextual variables). A discourse completion task (DCT) was employed to elicit data from 60 participants divided into two groups: 30 native speakers of American English, and 30 Jordanian EFL learners. Findings revealed that while Jordanian EFL  learners and American English native speakers have access to the same gratitude strategies, both groups differed in  the order preference of the used strategies and their frequency of use. Furthermore, the two groups showed different patterns in responding to contextual variables (i.e., social power and size of imposition), an indication that different cultural values govern the speech norms of each group. The study concludes with some pedagogical implications that could be implemented in the EFL classroom.
The Effect of the Explicit Instruction of Formulaic Sequences in Pre-Writing Vocabulary Activities on Foreign Language Writing
Authors: Abdel Salam El-Dakhs Dina , Tasneem Prue Tanecia , Ijaz Attia
Published: May 2017

The present study investigates the effect of the explicit instruction of formulaic sequences in pre-writing vocabulary activities on foreign language writing. To this end, a total of 81 Saudi pre-intermediate learners of English as a foreign language participated in a 10-week study of a pretest/posttest design. In every 2-hour session of a total of 10 sessions, the participants were required to read a news story and then re-write it individually without looking back at the original story. During the treatment period, the participants received different pre-writing vocabulary practice. One group, consisting of 44 students, practiced individual words in the news stories while the remaining 37 students studied formulaic sequences in the new stories before re-writing the stories in their own language. Analyzing the students’ writing showed that the explicit instruction of formulaic sequences led to an increased use of the sequences in students’ writing. The results also partially supported a positive influence for the explicit instruction of formulaic sequences on the learners’ lexical choices and overall writing quality. The practice provided on formulaic sequences in the study did not, however, result in any significant improvement in the learners’ use of formulaic sequences in autonomous story re-writing. Relevant pedagogical implications are proposed.
A Study of Selected Works of Iranian Female Novelists Based on Elaine Showalter’s Gynocriticism
Authors: Eyvazi Mojgan , Momen Mohsen , Poorkaramali Homa
Published: May 2017

Iranian literature, like other literary works throughout the world, follows the social issues in society and attempt to depict them. One of such issues is portraying women position in the society. The present study focuses on three different novels by Iranian  female writers to show three stages of female writing development in them based on Elain Showalter’s theory of gynocriticism: Feminine stage which is represented through concepts like home, immovability, consumption, reading, house chores, dependence and past, feminist stage dealing with concepts like mobility, production, independence and future, and female stage that presents a new awareness of women consciousness. The chosen works are: Hangover Dawn (1995) by Fataneh Haj Sejed Javadi that portrays the tragic life of a woman who insisted on marrying a person who is not a suitable match for her. The author has shown the pains that this woman has to suffer because of her wrong choice in patriarchal society. The next novel is titled Don’t Worry (2008) by Mahsa Moheb Ali which deals with the life of an addicted girl named Shadi. She is the main character whose life is corrupted by family issues. Shadi wanders throughout the streets to find drug  and ironically herself.  My Bird (2002) by Fariba Vafi shows the life of an anonymous married woman who is stuck in her matrimonial life. The woman is neglected and cheated by her own husband. However, gradually she can come to a realization of her own self as a woman and redefines her own role. Having analyzed these three stories, it can be said that these three chosen novels match Showalter’s model of female writing development. It can be concluded that Hangover Dawn follows the first stage – feminine stage - Don’t Worry follows the second stage – feminist stage – and My Bird follows the third stage – female stage – that Showalter has proposed.
The Effect of Culture Type on the Length of Persian Proverbs Compared to their English Equivalents
Authors: Mohammadian Amir
Published: May 2017

The interrelation of culture and language is to the extent that many classifications of culture are based on linguistic factors. In this article, high and low context cultures division is assessed on English and Persian as they belong to different cultural types. Forty Persian proverbs are contrasted with their equivalents in English to investigate whether there is a difference in the number of word forms used in each. In order to avoid linguistic differences which are effective in enumerating word forms, the second lines in linguistic glosses provided for Persian proverbs including a one to one correspondence of each word in English are used to count word forms. Results show that 70 percent of the Persian proverbs in the data are longer than their English counterparts. This shows that relative length of proverbs can be a distinguishing factor reflecting cultural types. The results not only confirm the applicability of this cultural division in the field of proverbs, but also a matter of tendency rather than a dichotomy in belonging to a high or low context culture is proposed. At the end, there are suggestions for further relevant investigations.