bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
We Hold These Truths at Fifty: John Courtney Murray's Contested Legacy
Authors: Quinn John F.
Published: July 2012

John Courtney Murray's landmark work, We Hold These Truths , was conceived and brought into being by the editors of Sheed & Ward, who were anxious to bring Murray's ideas to a broad cross-section of America. When the book first appeared, it was hailed by political conservatives such as William F. Buckley who were pleased by its defense of natural law principles and limited government. By the time of Murray's death in 1967, however, he was generally seen as a liberal, and remembered for his role in drafting the Second Vatican Council's Declaration on Religious Liberty and for the part that many thought he had played in John F. Kennedy's presidential campaign. At this time, some theologians tried to draw on We Hold These Truths in support of liberal causes such as the legalization of abortion. In recent years, the book has been reprinted and has continued to attract notice from Catholic scholars. It now has many critics on the Left and the Right as well as staunch defenders. Neoconservatives such as George Weigel are especially keen proponents, noting the book's opposition to secularism and statism at home and totalitarianism abroad.
Infinitesimal rotations of isometric minimal immersions between spheres
Authors: Toth Gabor
Published: July 2012

A fundamental problem posed by DoCarmo and Wallach is to give lower bounds for the codimension of isometric minimal immersions between round spheres. For a given domain dimension and degree, the moduli space of such immersions is a compact convex body in a representation space for a Lie group of isometries acting transitively on the domain. Infinitesimal isometric deformations of these minimal immersions give rise to a linear contraction on the moduli, and the eigenvalues of the contraction are related to the Casimir eigenvalues on the irreducible components of the ambient representation space. The study of these eigenvalues leads to new sharp lower bounds for the codimension of the immersions and gives an insight to the subtleties of the boundary of the moduli.
Dwork cohomology, de Rham cohomology, and hypergeometric functions
Authors: Adolphson Alan , Sperber Steven
Published: July 2012

In the 1960s, Dwork developed a p -adic cohomology theory of de Rham type for varieties over finite fields, based on a trace formula for the action of a Frobenius operator on certain spaces of p -analytic functions. One can consider a purely algebraic analogue of Dwork's theory for varieties over a field of characteristic zero and ask what is the connection between this theory and ordinary de Rham cohomology. Katz showed that Dwork cohomology coincides with the primitive part of de Rham cohomology for smooth projective hypersurfaces, but the exact relationship for varieties of higher codimension has been an open question. In this article, we settle the case of smooth, affine, complete intersections.
Metric Spaces with Linear Extensions Preserving Lipschitz Condition
Authors: Brudnyi Yuri , Brudnyi Alexander
Published: July 2012

We study a new bi-Lipschitz invariant λ( M ) of a metric space M ; its finiteness means that Lipschitz functions on an arbitrary subset of M can be linearly extended to functions on M whose Lipschitz constants are expanded by a factor controlled by λ( M ). We prove that λ( M ) is finite for several important classes of metric spaces. These include metric trees of arbitrary cardinality, groups of polynomial growth, Gromov-hyperbolic groups, certain classes of Riemannian manifolds of bounded geometry and the finite direct sums of arbitrary combinations of these objects. On the other hand we construct an example of a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold M of bounded geometry for which λ( M ) = ∞.
The Round Table: Bearing The Grail
Authors: Hoffman Donald L.
Published: July 2012

The attempt to reconstruct the legendary appearance of Valerie Lagorio as a Grail bearer in a Met production of Parsifal leads to a reconsideration of gender and the meaning of the Grail in Wagner’s opera. This reconsideration finds a fairly powerful feminist subtest undermining much of Wagner’s overtly masculinist ideology and concludes with a consideration of Parsifal’s shift from was to wo . In this shift in the definition of the Grail from a thing to a person, one finds a model that is reflected in the career of the archetypal Grail bearer, Valerie Lagorio. (DLH)
The Death of Isabella Della Volpe: Four Eyewitness Accounts of a Postmortem Caesarean Section in 1545
Authors: Park Katharine
Published: July 2012

This article provides a transcription and translation of four notarized declarations describing the events surrounding a postmortem caesarean section performed in 1545 in Vercelli, a small city in the Duchy of Savoy. After her death in the late stages of pregnancy, Isabella della Volpe's body was opened and her fetus excised by a local barber, aided by a surgeon and a midwife. The article argues that the postmortem caesarean section was a well-known and widely accepted procedure and that it might be motivated by financial and legal as well as religious concerns; not only was it important to baptize the child for its salvation, but the fate of the mother's dowry, as in this case, might depend on whether she died with or without living issue.
Variety in Genres and Styles: Trends in Modern German-language Children's Literature
Authors: Kümmerling-Meibauer Bettina
Published: July 2012

German-language literature for children has bequeathed some classic characters to the world, including Heidi and Struwwelpeter. In recent years, with the awarding of the Hans Christian Andersen medal to German-speaking picturebook artists on four occasions and the success of Cornelia Funke's novels, German literature for children has enjoyed increasing international acclaim, argues Bettina Kümmerling-Meibauer in this comprehensive survey article
Roberto Innocenti: HCA Illustrator Medallist 2008
Authors: Myers Lindsay
Published: July 2012

Winner of the Hans Christian Andersen Medal for illustration in 2008, Roberto Innocenti is a favourite with children and adults worldwide. His wonderfully meticulous, painterly and often sumptuous illustrations to classic and more recent texts use a richly detailed visual language to tell the story in a different way, realising the magical world of the book, while opening the imagination of the reader
‘Never Again’: International Children’s Genocide Literature
Authors: Fry Leanna
Published: July 2012

Genocides are an ever-present and troubling part of modern history, and in the last century, ‘ethnic cleansing’ has occurred throughout the world in countries like Turkey, Ukraine, China and Sudan. Even children’s literature tackles the issue, and Leanna Fry here introduces a range of recent books on this painful topic for children and young adults
Let’s Share the Dream: Stories for Children in Angola
Authors: Ondjaki Ondjaki
Published: July 2012

Ondjaki shares a brief history of Angolan children’s literature along with his place in that literary and historic landscape, the basis for his speech given at the IBBY 31st World Congress held in Denmark in September, 2008.
Edgar Valter: Estonia’s Master of Art and Imagination in Picture Books
Authors: Müürsepp Mare
Published: July 2012

Illustrator and author Edgar Valter created stories and characters that have become household names in Estonian children’s culture. Here we have a glimpse of his life, his work, and his legacy.
Cicero, De finibus 5.86: Back to the Codices
Authors: Fortenbaugh William W
Published: July 2012

All editors from the mid-nineteenth century to the present day have deemed De finibus 5.86 corrupt. In particular, they have transposed the words ut ait Theophrastus, and done so without good reason. Left in place, the words recall a turning point in a Theophrastean dialogue (On Happiness) similar to that in which they occur in Cicero's De finibus.
Deinon Eribremetas : The Sound and Sense of Aeschylus in Aristophanes' Frogs
Authors: Scharffenberger Elizabeth Watson
Published: July 2012

This paper examines key elements in Frogs' "sound-portrait" of Aeschylus: 1) the aural impressions created by the character Aeschylus and 2) the sounds of the lyric passages that parody songs in Aeschylus' tragedies (i.e., Frogs 814–829 and 1265–1294). Among other points, it argues that Aristophanes' Aeschylus would have aurally evoked the comic stereotype of demagogues, as exemplified by the Paphlagonian in Knights. Its conclusion is that the sound-portrait of Aeschylus is one of several factors that helps make Frogs a sophisticated "interrogative" comedy that pointedly complicates its own political vision.
Framing and Reframing in Invasion Biology
Authors: Keulartz Jozef , van der Weele Cor
Published: July 2012

In this essay, we focus on metaphors in invasion biology. The emergence of this discipline went hand in hand with heated debates on the so-called exotic species issue. The dualistic stalemate in which these debates have resulted—with only two extreme positions, nativism on the one hand and cosmopolitanism on the other—is at least partly connected to the dominance of loaded political metaphors. To break up this dichotomy to create space for fruitful debate, we will explore various metaphorical frames of ecological thinking and their implications for invasion biology. We will deconstruct the nativism–cosmopolitanism dichotomy by identifying various management practices, in each of which the native species issue is shaped differently.
Distinguishing True and False Prophets: The Protective Wisdom of the Didache
Authors: Milavec Aaron
Published: July 2012

The Didache leaves the impression that the community had more to be feared from wayward prophets than to receive from true ones. After investigating the internal logic of the text, this paper concludes that prophets were principally cherished for their ability to offer spontaneous and inspiring eucharistic prayers; yet, such prayers were not allowed to supplant the canonical prayers whereby the community took charge of its weekly Eucharist. In like fashion, the training offered by prophets was to be honorably received if and only if it supported and built upon the community standards detailed in the Didache . Prophets could freely act out the radical demands of their own calling. If they presumed to require these standards for householders, however, they were to be rebuffed. In brief, the framers of the Didache fully expected to maintain the "way of life" revealed by the Father as the ultimate standard of perfection.
Ossa Loquuntur !: Sur une impression caribéenne
Authors: Bruyère Vincent
Published: July 2012

Cet article se propose d'interroger l'invention historiographique de l'écrivain martiniquais Patrick Chamoiseau dans sa relation rhétorique et poétique à la passion archéologique du toucher et de sa déliaison en autant de vestiges du contact que Jacques Derrida a identifié à partir de la signature du corpus freudien à un « mal d'archive ».
La Chair du Chef-d'œuvre inconnu
Authors: Valazza Nicolas
Published: July 2012

À partir de la phénoménologie de la chair de Merleau-Ponty, l'on montre comment « le chef-d'œuvre inconnu » de Frenhofer – le peintre inventé par Balzac – qui apparaît comme une « muraille de peinture » sous laquelle une figure est oblitérée, est le fruit d'un travail de la chair où le désir du peintre s'est superposé à son regard.
The Work of Art in the Age of Global Consumption: Agnès Varda's Les Glaneurs et la glaneuse
Authors: Cruickshank Ruth
Published: July 2012

Identifying intersections with Benjamin's 1936 essay, this article considers the motif of the work of art in Varda's recent cinécriture. Analysing Varda's juxtaposition of gleaners motivated by need, ethics and aesthetics, it demonstrates how the self-reflexive filmmaker-gleaner invites questions about marginalization, waste and the critical potential of the work of art in the age of global consumption.
Fantasizing Contact: The Freudian Object
Authors: Ffrench Patrick
Published: July 2012

The initial theoretical fantasy of an unmediated relation to objects is confronted here with the progressive devaluation of the object in Freudian psychoanalysis, where the ego appears as sovereign and relations to objects vicissitudes of a self-relation. However other moments in Freud's work hint at 'breaches' in narcissism, and the possibility of a determinative originary exposure.
Revisiting Saint Domingue: Toussaint L'Ouverture and the Haitian Revolution in the French Colonial Debates of the Late Nineteenth Century (1870–1900)
Authors: Aliano David
Published: July 2012

Cet article examine des oeuvres françaises sur la révolution haïtienne écrits pendant la Troisième République (1870–1900). A cette époque, plus de 70 ans après la perte de Saint-Domingue, les auteurs en question ont récrit et ont reformulé l'histoire de la révolution et celle de son chef, Toussaint L'Ouverture. Dans un climat chargé d'appels de nouvelles conquêtes appuyés sur le développement dans la culture européenne d'un discours scientifique sur le concept de race, ces auteurs ont utilisé cette histoire pour avancer leurs positions idéologiques. Ils ont avancé un nouveau programme colonial à base de l'exemple de Saint-Domingue soit en avançant les idées positivistes soit en combattant la politique racialiste du jour. Tous ces auteurs partageaient des suppositions importantes à propos des concepts de race, de civilisation, et d'héritage colonial. Ces suppositions nous ouvrent une fenêtre sur les pensées et les croyances de la Troisième République.
The Thirty-Third Victim: Representations of Seung Hui Cho in the Aftermath of the “Virginia Tech Massacre”
Authors: Jones Kathleen W.
Published: July 2012

I was not there, on April 16, 2008, to participate in the memorial services that marked the first anniversary of the shootings at Virginia Tech. This is my university, but I was away for the year and was spared the impact of returning to the classroom immediately after the tragedy, the anxiety of coping with students who in losing friends and teachers also lost that sense of security and personal invulnerability that envelops the young. I was also not there on April 16, 2007, the day of the events that now “brand” Virginia Tech as much as its football team and funky Hokie Bird mascot. Like the rest of the nation I watched the story unfold on television and called friends and colleagues, anxious to know of their safety. It has been unsettling to be both intimately connected yet also removed from the “massacre,” the “tragedy at Virginia Tech.” I write this essay in an effort to come to terms personally with what happened at my school and as a historian who studies the lives of young people, their experiences, and the impact that youths have had in the past. I believe that how we have memorialized April 16 and how we constructed an identity for the youth who shot so many will shape the public consequences of that day and the history that is written about campus violence. Here, then, is a look at the thirty-third victim, at representations of Seung Hui Cho in the year after. I find Cho in the memorials to those who died on April 16 and also in media accounts that traced the story during its first year of life. News narratives, as Carolyn Kitch writes in her study of the media after the September 11 attacks on the Pentagon and the World Trade Center, create a framework that allow journalists and audiences alike to “assign lasting meaning to the event.”The Cho of the memorials and the media went through many incarnations during the months from April 16, 2007 to April 16, 2008. There were false starts and identities that disappeared almost as quickly as they arose, until a consensus erased Cho and his suicide from the narrative and replaced him with mental illness and the problem of access to care.
The Girl Guide Movement and Imperial Internationalism During the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Alexander Kristine
Published: July 2012

While most histories of Guiding and Scouting have focused on single national contexts, this article takes a broader approach by discussing the early history of the Guide movement in England, Canada and India. It asks how the Girl Guide movement’s ideology and programs were affected by the imperialism and internationalism that characterized the 1920s and 1930s. The effects of imperial internationalism, the paper argues, were felt at the discursive level (through an emphasis on imperial and international sisterhood), on the organizational level (through bureaucratic changes leading to the formation of the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts), in international gatherings, and in publications, personal correspondence, radio and cinema. However, Guiding’s varied attempts to create an egalitarian and interracial imagined community were limited by a number of factors, including economic constraints, Anglocentrism and a persistent belief in racial hierarchies.
Forgotten Expedition into Guinea, West Africa, 1815–17: an Editor's Comments
Authors: Mouser Bruce L.
Published: July 2012

Late in 1818 Major William Gray (Royal African Corps) and Staff Surgeon (Captain) Duncan Dochard (RAC) launched a mission of discovery along the Gambia River, intending to determine the source of the Niger River and follow its course to the point that it flowed into an inland sea or emptied into an ocean. That expedition consisted of no fewer than 62 military personnel, 31 formally appointed civilians, and likely an equal number of unofficial Africans who had taken advantage from a large and well-armed entourage for security along the path. That expedition, which lasted for more than two years, was moderately successful, but it failed in its larger objectives. It returned to the coast eventually without even reaching Timbuktu. Its leaders produced a monograph, published in 1825, that confirmed many observations made earlier by Mungo Park.

The Gray/Dochard expedition, while admirable in its efforts and intent, was not the first, however, to make this particular attempt. Indeed, planning for this expeditionary cycle began in London during the summer of 1815, and was part of a larger government-sponsored plan to trace the course of the Niger, clarify the circumstances of the death of Mungo Park, and perhaps return his remains and personal property to the coast. The expedition's planners also hoped to resolve suggestions that the Niger might drain into an inland lake, might evaporate in the desert, or might join with the Nile, Congo, or another river before reaching Africa's coast. No less important was a concern in 1815 that the end of warfare on the European continent would bring a resurgence of French commercial and imperial interests.
Situating Phenomenology: Husserl's Acceptance of the Contextual Powers that Be
Authors: Lamb Andrew W
Published: July 2012

Many philosophers interpret Edmund Husserl as relying upon his phenomenological epoché to escape contextual powers so as to recover a contextually unconditioned "constituting" consciousness. I show, however, that in both Ideas I and Cartesian Meditations Husserl relies upon the epoché for something more modest, though important: studying the immanent "reaches" of experience—experience providing, among other things, intuitive disclosures that ultimately legitimate all "science." For this study, experience is to be taken as it exists, even if contextually conditioned. The epoché thus supports a study of experiential immanence—a study definitive of phenomenology—compatible with contextual conditioning.
Metaphysics H 6 and the Problem of Unity
Authors: Kim Hye-Kyung
Published: July 2012

What Aristotle's main concern is in Metaphysics H 6 has long puzzled commentators. In this paper I argued for a novel, deflationary interpretation of that chapter: Aristotle's main concern is to argue for the causeless unity of the definitions of form and of composite substance. The problem he is grappling with arises from a combination of (a) speaking about the parts of form and the parts of composite substances, and (b) the principle that parts of a whole need a unifying cause in order to be one and not many. If both form and composite particulars need a unifying cause, form cannot be primary substance, and composite substances, as composites of form and matter, cannot be true unities, but must be mere heaps of material parts which need a third unifying cause. Aristotle argues that although (a) and (b) seemingly threaten his theory of substance with incoherence, the problem can be easily solved if the unity of definitions of form and of composite substance are properly seen as causeless. In the course of clarifying and defending this reading of H6, a number of alternative interpretations are exposed and criticized.
The Building Resiliency and Vocational Excellence (BRAVE) Program: A Violence-Prevention and Role Model Program for Young, African American Males
Authors: Griffin James P
Published: July 2012

Abstract: There are sharp disparities between non-Hispanic Whites and African Americans in mortality and years of potential life lost for numerous health-related conditions, including HIV/AIDS. The Building Resiliency and Vocational Excellence (BRAVE) Program is an intervention using Resiliency Networking designed for use with African American young men to help offset these disparities. Resiliency Networking incorporates coaching, career planning, and re-definition of gender roles to help young men develop a sense of purpose and future and to manage their lifestyles effectively. In addition to fostering a strong link with an older mentor, the program fosters healthy peer-to-peer relationships. The paper reports on preliminary use of the intervention and recommends future applications.
Using Contextual Issues among African Americans and Latinos in Orange County, California to Inform a Community Response
Authors: Watson Mary M
Published: July 2012

This is one of two papers in this volume to report on the result of the Care System Assessment Demonstration (CSAD) Project conducted in Orange County, California. Latino and African American residents of Orange County who were aware of being HIV positive but who were not in care were targeted for this assessment. The basic questions were: Why are these people not in care? and What can we do to get them into care? The project used selected Rapid Assessment, Response, and Evaluation (RARE) methods (described in chapter 5) to retrieve information from HIV-positive Latinos and African Americans both in and out of care, cultural experts, service providers, and administrators to find the answers. Latinos and African Americans who were out of care responded in the most similar ways, of all the groups of respondents.
Principles of Health Care Reform: An African-American Perspective
Authors: Conyers John
Published: July 2012

To protect the interests of underserved Americans, fair and rational health care reform must embrace 10 principles. These include universal and comprehensive coverage; mandatory cost containment; equity; freedom to change jobs or to relocate; high quality; reduced paperwork; primary care; help for the underserved; consumer-oriented care; and fair financing.
Both Sides Now: Reflections on the Israel/Palestine Conflict
Authors: Habib Jasmin
Published: July 2012

This article emerges as a personal reflection on Israel/Palestine. It shifts the focus from the naturalized discourse about Israel and Palestine—two different peoples and two different places—to account for a culturally-shared experience of place. It argues that the Oslo Peace Accords were flawed precisely because they were part a process of disintegrating the very integrated—if inequitable—nature of Israeli and Palestinian society. Recognizing the humanitarian consequences of the escalating violence and militarized nature of the conflict, it argues against the terms of forced separation that have been imposed on these communities to date.
The Role of Ordinary People in Democratization
Authors: Welzel Christian , Inglehart Ronald
Published: July 2012

Students of democracy increasingly emphasize the fact that democracy implies government by the people, not mere "electoral democracy" in which elites hold elections but the citizens have little real influence on their actions. Genuinely "effective democracy" does not simply result from elite cost-benefit calculations. It emerges when ordinary people acquire resources and values that enable them to put effective pressures on elites\-\- a process that we term "human empowerment." "Self-expression values" reflect a syndrome of interpersonal trust, tolerance and political activism that plays a crucial role in the emergence and survival of democracy. When people have relatively ample economic and cognitive resources, and move from emphasizing survival values toward emphasizing self-expression values, they become most effective in the struggle to obtain democratic institutions.
Waking Sleeping Beauty: The Premarital Pelvic Exam and Heterosexuality during the Cold War
Authors: Lewis Carolyn Herbst
Published: July 2012

Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, physicians writing for American medical journals created a vision of female heterosexual health that linked vaginal orgasm with marital stability and community security. This article focuses on how physicians sought to ensure healthy female heterosexuality through the use of state-mandated premarital consultations. Physicians repeatedly asserted that by monitoring a woman's response to penetration during a premarital pelvic exam, they could anticipate her ability to experience vaginal orgasm during intercourse. A sexually fulfilling relationship, physicians explained, was the foundation of marital stability. These marriages would then serve as the building blocks of a morally, and therefore politically, secure nation during the early decades of the Cold War.
Sandak and Godparent in Midrash and Medieval Practice
Authors: Newman Hillel
Published: July 2012

"The guest who holds the baby at a Jewish circumcision ceremony is popularly known as a sandak, commonly translated as "godfather." Both the word and the custom are seen by some to reflect the influence of Christian baptism on Jewish practice. The term was common among Jews of medieval Europe, especially in Ashkenaz, but its earliest appearance seems to be in Midrash tehillim (Shoher tov). The word is allegedly found in a Palestinian targum, but this targumic tradition can be shown to be a medieval invention. The same is true of other quasi-midrashic traditions found in medieval Pentateuch commentaries. It also appears in some versions of a legend concerning the birth of R. Ishmael son of Elisha the High Priest, where it may be a secondary gloss. Lexicographers have generally suggested that the word derives either from Greek syndikos (meaning advocate) or synteknos (a godfather or co-father). The former is, however, semantically inappropriate, and while the second is to be preferred, a close reading of Midrash tehillim in light of all textual evidence shows that it too is problematic. Analysis of all witnesses shows that in its most original form, the passage in Midrash tehillim referred not to the title of a functionary at the circumcision ceremony, but to the manner in which the baby was cradled on his or her lap. The word appears originally to have represented Greek sandux (as found in the lexicon of Hesychius), meaning a chest or box. "
Is Stereotypical Coverage of African-American Athletes as "Dead as Disco"?: An Analysis of NFL Quarterbacks in the Pages of Sports Illustrated
Authors: Byrd Jennifer , Utsler Max
Published: July 2012

Racial stereotypes in magazine sports writing appear to be fading. A content analysis of Sports Illustrated coverage of six white and six African-American NFL quarterbacks during the 2002, 2003 and 2004 seasons found no difference in the way the athletes' intelligence was described and only slight differences in physical descriptions. Unlike similar research from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s, this study found the coverage was less stereotyped than it had been in previous decades.
Who's Got Game?: Exposure to Sports and Entertainment Media and Social Physique Anxiety in Division I Female Athletes
Authors: Bissell Kimberly L. , Porterfield Katie Hines
Published: July 2012

This study compared college female athletes' exposure to two types of media—sport and entertainment--and looked for possible associations with social physique anxiety an affective trait that could be present in women who have eating disorder tendencies. Our survey of Division I female athletes yielded very inconsistent patterns with regard to the type of media that is more likely to be related to higher levels of physique anxiety Participants who were frequent consumers of general entertainment media scored higher on the social physique anxiety scale than those who spent less time with entertainment media. Results across sport were inconsistent, yet athletes across sport had fairly high degrees of physique anxiety regardless of the amount of time they spent competing or practicing their sport and exercising. These findings and others are explored.
We Know the Name; Do They Know the Game?: "Celebrity" Articles about the 1924 and 1932 World Series
Authors: Carvalho John , Hawkins Loren
Published: July 2012

Sports broadcasts feature celebrities and athletes, to attract viewers. But this practice was prevalent even in the early print-dominated days of sports journalism. This paper reviews articles written by sports-related and celebrity non-journalists and published in three newspapers concerning the 1924 and 1932 World Series. The paper demonstrates that this practice was widespread, in print form, during the 1924 Series. By 1932, relating to economic realities as much as newspaper policy, it was much less popular.
Debating Ethical Expertise
Authors: Steinkamp Norbert L. , Gordijn Bert , ten Have Henk A. M. J.
Published: July 2012

This paper explores the relevance of the debate about ethical expertise for the practice of clinical ethics. We present definitions, explain three theories of ethical expertise, and identify arguments that have been brought up to either support the concept of ethical expertise or call it into question. Finally, we discuss four theses: the debate is relevant for the practice of clinical ethics in that it (1) improves and specifies clinical ethicists' perception of their expertise; (2) contributes to improving the perception of moral competence of non-ethicists; (3) gives insight into complementary styles of argumentation of ethicists and non-ethicists; and (4) contributes to the awareness of the problem of profession-building of (clinical) ethicists.
Reflections on Unethical Experiments and the Beginnings of Bioethics in the United States
Authors: Katz Jay
Published: July 2012

The author offers personal reflections on the development of research ethics in the United States, primarily during the 1960s. He explores the efforts of the pioneers in the field of human experimentation ethics to raise and discuss issues such as the value conflict between the acquisition of knowledge and respect for the autonomy of research subjects and the crucial importance of disclosure in the informed consent process.
Judaism, Justice, and Access to Health Care
Authors: Mackler Aaron L.
Published: July 2012

This paper develops the traditional Jewish understanding of justice ( tzedakah ) and support for the needy, especially as related to the provision of medical care. After an examination of justice in the Hebrew Bible, the values and institutions of tzedakah in Rabbinic Judaism are explored, with a focus on legal codes and enforceable obligations. A standard of societal responsibility to provide for the basic needs of all, with a special obligation to save lives, emerges. A Jewish view of justice in access to health care is developed on the basis of this general standard, as well as explicit discussion in legal sources. Society is responsible for the securing of access to all health care needed by any individual. Elucidation of this standard of need and corresponding societal obligations, and the significance of the Jewish model for the contemporary United States, are considered.
Regulatory Models for Human Embryo Cloning: The Free Market, Professional Guidelines, and Government Restrictions
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: July 2012

Both experimental and therapeutic uses of the new reproductive technologies have been governed not by the medical ideology of the best interests of patients and their children, but by the market ideology of profit maximization under the guise of "reproductive liberty." Government in our constitutional, democratic society has the authority and obligation to make and enforce reasonable regulations to manage the new reproductive market in order to protect the interests of the public, prospective parents, and their future children. The "cloning" debate provides a useful opportunity to compare and contrast the competing regulatory models of the free market, professional guidelines, and government restrictions.
A Polemic on Principles: Reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol
Authors: Weisbard Alan J.
Published: July 2012

The Pittsburgh protocol relies heavily on traditional moral distinctions, particularly the principle of double effect, to justify "managing" the dying process of a prospective organ donor in order to yield viable organs for transplantation. These traditional moral distinctions can be useful, particularly in casuistic or case-specific moral analysis, but their invocation here is unpersuasive, and potentially dangerous. The protocol relies on elaborate apologetics to avoid a candid confrontation with the moral challenge it poses—society's willingness to bring about the death of one patient (in isolation and with potential discomfort) in order to benefit another patient. Not only will this protocol fail to solve the problem it purports to address, it threatens to undermine the delicate social accommodations by which we distinguish the living from the dead, permissible "allowings to die" from impermissible killings, and those from whom organs may be removed from those whose bodies must remain inviolate.
Brain Death, Religious Freedom, and Public Policy: New Jersey's Landmark Legislative Initiative
Authors: Olick Robert S.
Published: July 2012

"Whole brain death" (neurological death) is well-established as a legal standard of death across the country. Recently, New Jersey became the first state to enact a statute recognizing a personal religious exemption (a conscience clause) protecting the rights of those who object to neurological death. The Act also mandates adoption through the regulatory process of uniform and up-to-date clinical criteria for determining neurological death.
Ethics, Public Policy, and Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research
Authors: Childress James F.
Published: July 2012

This article focuses on the deliberations of the National Institutes of Health Human Fetal Tissue Transplantation Research Panel in 1988. It explores various arguments for and against the use of fetal tissue for transplantation research, following elective abortion, and for and against the use of federal funds for such research. After examining the relevance of various positions on the moral status of the fetus and the morality of abortion, the article critically examines charges that such research, especially with federal funds, would involve complicity in the moral evil of abortion, would legitimate abortion practices, and would provide incentives for abortions. Finally, it considers whether the donation model is appropriate for the transfer of human fetal tissue and whether the woman who chooses to have an abortion is the appropriate donor of the tissue.
Policy Issues in a Non-Heart-Beating Donor Protocol
Authors: Robertson John A.
Published: July 2012

The Pittsburgh protocol is ethically and legally acceptable as written, but more research is needed to determine if it can be implemented in ways that will observe the procedures that make it ethically acceptable. If so, its desirability as public policy will depend on the number of organs it is likely to generate and its effects on public attitudes toward organ donation generally. In the final analysis, the controversial aspects of this protocol concern symbolic issues about respect for the dead and near dead, rather than substantive concerns that real patient interests will be harmed.
Shading the Truth in Seeking Informed Consent for Research Purposes
Authors: Bok Sissela
Published: July 2012

I want to argue for two propositions. First, I suggest that what some researchers may take to be a simple trade-off between minor violations of the truth for the sake of access to far greater truths represents a profound miscalculation with far-reaching and cumulative reverberations. Second, I submit that today's research environment, as demanding, competitive, and sometimes bewildering as it is, offers genuine scope for what Murdoch calls truth-seeking, for imagining and questioning, and for relating to facts through both truth and truthfulness; but that, in so doing, it presents hard choices with respect to methods, and, in turn, to personal integrity—not only in particular research projects but also with respect to that fragile research environment in its own right.
Reflections on the Usefulness of Embryo Cloning
Authors: Jones Howard W.
Published: July 2012

Questions are raised about the potential of embryo cloning, or blastomere separation, both to increase the rate of pregnancy following in vitro fertilization and to provide sufficient material for preimplantation genetic diagnosis. Nevertheless, it is concluded that research on blastomere separation in the human should continue.
Bioethics at the National Institutes of Health
Authors: Wichman Alison , Carter Michele A.
Published: July 2012

The National Institutes of Health is the largest biomedical research institution in the world. It has become one of the world's most highly respected research centers in part because of its efforts over the years to provide the research community with leadership in both the ethical and scientific parameters of research involving humans. As its 113th birthday approaches at the turn of the century, its great legacy is providing an environment to stimulate and nourish the diversity and creativity of ideas, and thereby enable science to progress. This research must continue to be guided and tempered by consistent and critical federally-supported ethical analyses.
Resolving Conflicts Among Principles: Ranking, Balancing, and Specifying
Authors: Veatch Robert M.
Published: July 2012

While much attention has been given to the use of principles in biomedical ethics and increasing attention is given to alternative theoretical approaches, relatively little attention has been devoted to the critical task of how one resolves conflicts among competing principles. After summarizing the system of principles and some problems in conceptualizing the principles, several strategies for reconciling conflicts among principles are examined including the use of single-principle theories (pure libertarianism, pure utilitarianism, and pure Hippocratism), balancing theories, conflicting appeals theories, and lexical ordering. Then a mixed strategy is proposed in which consequentialist principles are balanced between themselves as are nonconsequentialist principles, after which the result of balancing the nonconsequentialist principles is lexically ranked over the result of balancing the consequentialist ones. Finally, strategies involving specifying and rule generation are discussed concluding that most current specification and rule-generating theories must involve some degree of lexical ordering of principles.
Patients' Rights in Japan: Progress and Resistance
Authors: Morikawa Isao
Published: July 2012

The discussion of patients' rights in Japan began in 1968 when a surgeon was accused of violating a potential organ donor's right to life by arbitrarily employing brain-based criteria in the determination of his death. A proliferation of documents that articulate and endorse patients' rights occurred in the 1980s and early 1990s. The doctrine of informed consent, which has been a central aspect of the movement toward patients' rights, is increasingly recognized in Japan, although importance rarely has been attached to the element of the patient's "appreciation" of the information disclosed by the physician, much less to the "voluntariness" of the patient's decision. Nevertheless, recent court decisions indicate progress both in the acceptance and the understanding of the doctrine in Japan.
Development of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center Policy for the Care of Terminally Ill Patients Who May Become Organ Donors after Death Following the Removal of Life Support
Authors: DeVita Michael A. , Snyder James V.
Published: July 2012

In the mid 1980s it was apparent that the need for organ donors exceeded those willing to donate. Some University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) physicians initiated discussion of possible new organ donor categories including individuals pronounced dead by traditional cardiac criteria. However, they reached no conclusion and dropped the discussion. In the late 1980s and the early 1990s, four cases arose in which dying patients or their families requested organ donation following the elective removal of mechanical ventilation. Controversy surrounding these cases precipitated open discussion of the use of organ donors pronounced dead on the basis of cardiac criteria. Prolonged deliberations by many committees in the absence of precedent ultimately resulted in what is, to our knowledge, the country's first policy for organ donation following elective removal of life support. The policy is intricate and conservative. Care was taken to include as many interested parties as possible in an effort to achieve representative and broad based support. This paper describes the development of the UPMC policy on non-heart-beating organ donation.
Thematic proto-roles and argument selection
Authors: Dowty David
Published: July 2012

As a novel attack on the perennially vexing questions of the theoretical status of thematic roles and the inventory of possible roles, this paper defends a strategy of basing accounts of roles on more unified domains of linguistic data than have been used in the past to motivate roles, addressing in particular the problem of ARGUMENT SELECTION (principles determining which roles are associated with which grammatical relations). It is concluded that the best theory for describing this domain is not a traditional system of discrete roles (Agent, Patient, Source, etc.) but a theory in which the only roles are two cluster-concepts called P ROTO -A GENT and P ROTO -P ATIENT , each characterized by a set of verbal entailments: an argument of a verb may bear either of the two proto-roles (or both) to varying degrees, according to the number of entailments of each kind the verb gives it. Both fine-grained and coarse-grained classes of verbal arguments (corresponding to traditional thematic roles and other classes as well) follow automatically, as do desired 'role hierarchies'. By examining occurrences of the 'same' verb with different argument configurations—e.g. two forms of psych predicates and object-oblique alternations as in the familiar spray/load class—it can also be argued that proto-roles act as defaults in the learning of lexical meanings. Are proto-role categories manifested elsewhere in language or as cognitive categories? If so, they might be a means of making grammar acquisition easier for the child, they might explain certain other typological and acquisitional observations, and they may lead to an account of contrasts between unaccusative and unergative intransitive verbs that does not rely on deriving unaccusatives from underlying direct objects.
Um infixation and prefixation in Toba Batak
Authors: Crowhurst Megan J.
Published: July 2012

This report examines the behavior of a morpheme um in Toba Batak (Malayo-Polynesian) which alternates as a prefix or an infix, and argues that the observed variation is conditioned by constraints on consonant clusters. Thus, Toba Batak shows that segmental factors may crucially influence the linear position of affixes, in contrast with a wealth of cases cited in the prosodic morphology literature in support of claims that the distributional properties of morphemes are often conditioned by prosodic structure. In addition, evidence from several sources on Toba Batak suggest that um in this language has been migrating from infixed to prefixed positions over time, and that taken as a whole, the stages involved in this change are linguistically coherent. This pattern of shift has interesting implications for typology and for theories of language evolution.
Quatrain form in English folk verse
Authors: Hayes Bruce P. , MacEachern Margaret
Published: July 2012

Quatrains in English folk verse are governed by laws that regulate the patterns of truncation (nonfilling of metrical positions) at the ends of lines. Each truncation pattern (we claim 26) is adhered to consistently through multiple stanzas and defines a verse type. Our descriptive goal is to account for why these and only these truncation patterns exist. Our crucial hypothesis is that the function of truncated lines is to render SALIENT certain layers in the natural constituency of the quatrain: the line, the couplet, or the quatrain as a whole. All three cannot be rendered salient at once, so the saliency constraints conflict. Each saliency constraint also conflicts with metrical constraints, which require that metrical positions be filled with appropriate syllables and stresses. The twenty-six well-formed quatrain types each represent a particular prioritization of the conflicting constraints. We formalize this in optimality theory (Prince & Smolensky 1993): the inventory of types is derived as the factorial typology of our constraint set; namely, the set of outputs of all grammars obtained by freely ranking the violable constraints. We also account for differing text frequencies in our data corpus by assigning each constraint a range of possible strengths, and from this develop an optimality-theoretic account of gradient well-formedness judgments.
Grammatical constructions and linguistic generalizations: The What's X doing Y? construction
Authors: Paul Kay , Charles J. Fillmore
Published: July 2012

Our goal is to present, by means of the detailed analysis of a single grammatical problem, some of the principal commitments and mechanisms of a grammatical theory that assigns a central role to the notion of GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTION . To adopt a constructional approach is to undertake a commitment in principle to account for the entirety of each language. This means that the relatively general patterns of the language, such as the one licensing the ordering of a finite auxiliary verb before its subject in English, often known as SAI, and the highly idiomatic patterns, like kick the bucket , stand on an equal footing as data for which the grammar must account. An explicit grammar that covers the full range of constructions must represent all constructions, of whatever degree of generality or idiomaticity, in a common notation and must provide an explicit account of how each sentence of a language is licensed by a subset of the leaves of the inheritance hierarchy of constructions which constitutes the grammar of that language. Language-internal generalizations are captured by inheritance relations among constructions. Cross-language generalizations are captured by the architecture of the representation system and by the sharing of abstract constructions across languages. The particular grammatical phenomenon used here to introduce construction grammar (CG) is the construction that licenses the surprising syntactic and semantic features of a sentence like What are they doing resuscitating constructions?