bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of antigenic epitopes in a surface protein antigen of Streptococcus mutans in humans
Authors: Matsushita K , Nisizawa T , Nagaoka S , Kawagoe M , Koga T
Published: January 2020

The reactivities of antibodies in human serum and saliva to a cell surface protein antigen (PAc) of Streptococcus mutans and synthetic peptides covering the PAc molecule were examined. Both an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blotting (immunoblotting) showed that all the serum samples from five adult subjects harboring serotype c S. mutans in their oral cavity reacted with recombinant PAc (rPAc). On the other hand, the serum from a 4-month-old infant did not react with rPAc in ELISA. The immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies in saliva samples from the five adult subjects reacted with rPAc. However, in saliva samples from these subjects, the titers of IgA antibody to rPAc did not correlate with the titers of serum antibody to the antigen. To map continuous antigenic epitopes in the PAc molecule, we synthesized 153 decapeptides covering the entire mature PAc molecule, 121 overlapping decapeptides covering the alanine-rich repeating region (A-region) of the PAc molecule, and 21 overlapping decapeptides covering the middle region (residues 824 to 853) according to multiple pin-coupled peptide synthesis technology. Of 153 decapeptides covering the mature PAc, 27 decapeptides showed a strong reaction with the antibodies in serum from the adult subjects. The epitope-scanning patterns in the serum samples from these subjects were also very similar to each other. The antigenic epitope patterns in the saliva resembled those in the serum. However, the ELISA titers of salivary IgA antibodies to these decapeptides differed from the titers of the serum antibody. Of the 121 overlapping decapeptides covering the A-region, 27 decapeptides showed a positive reaction with the antibodies in serum from the adult subjects. All of these 27 decapeptides had either one or two of the five common sequences YQAXL, NADAKA, VQKAN, NNAKNA, and IKKRNA. Six decapeptides of the 21 overlapping decapeptides covering the middle region reacted strongly with the serum antibodies from a high PAc responder, and each of the six decapeptides had one of the two common sequences KVTKEKP and VKPTAPTK. These epitopes might therefore be relevant to the humoral responses against the PAc protein during natural infection with S. mutans in humans.
Surface hydrophobicity enhances corticosterone incorporation in Candida albicans
Authors: Braun P C
Published: January 2020

Increased intracellular incorporation of [3H]corticosterone in Candida albicans was dependent on cell surface hydrophobicity. C. albicans strains were grown in culture conditions that induced surface hydrophobicity, and cell wall conditions were evaluated with a polystyrene microsphere assay. Germ tubes, which exhibited the greatest cell surface hydrophobicity, incorporated seven times more radiolabel than the hydrophilic yeast forms. Hydrophobic yeasts contained four times more [3H]corticosterone than their polar counterparts. Hydrophobic yeasts incubated for 48 h on nutrient agar containing corticosterone showed reduced colony size compared with controls. These results demonstrate that environmental factors which augment cell wall hydrophobicity in C. albicans can increase the incorporation of corticosterone, which may influence the metabolic activities in this organism.
Protection of Mice Against Vaccinia Virus by Bacterial Infection and Sustained Stimulation with Specific Bacterial Antigens
Authors: Allen Emma G. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2020

In these experiments, mice which have a strong delayed-type hypersensitivity to mycobacteria were found, when elicited with old tuberculin, to be more resistant to intravenous vaccinia virus challenge than controls. This was manifest as protection from killing when large amounts of virus were injected, or as significantly less tail swelling and damage as well as lower titers of infectious virus when a lesser inoculum was used. Preliminary experiments indicate that animals sensitized with
Staphylococcus aureus
and elicited with phage lysate of staphylococcus are also more resistant to vaccinia infection.
Effect of Cortisone Administration on Experimental Nocardiosis
Authors: Mishra S. K. , Sandhu R. S. , Randhawa H. S. , Damodaran V. N. , Abraham S.
Published: January 2020

Effect of cortisone administration on the pathogenicity of
Nocardia asteroides, N. caviae
, and
N. brasiliensis
for white mice has been investigated by using the intravenous route of inoculation. The observations indicated that the susceptibility of white mice to nocardiosis was enhanced by cortisone. Test strains of the three species of
Nocardia
caused a higher and more rapid mortality, as well as more extensive lesions, in the cortisone-treated than in the normal mice. The mean lethal dose (LD
50
) values of
N. asteroides
and
N. caviae
for the cortisonetreated group were found to be seven and eight times lower than their respective values for the normal group.
N. asteroides
and
N. caviae
were more virulent than
N. brasiliensis
, the LD
50
of
N. brasiliensis
for cortisone-treated mice being 30 and 26 times higher than that of the former two species, respectively.
N. brasiliensis
also differed from the other two species in its inability to infect the brain. In the untreated animals,
N. asteroides
and
N. caviae
showed a tendency to form conglomerate growth, in contrast to formation of freely dispersed growth in the lesions of cortisone-treated animals.
Antigens of
Streptococcus sanguis
Authors: Rosan Burton
Published: January 2020

An antigenic analysis of the alpha-hemolytic streptococci isolated from dental plaque was performed by use of antisera against a strain of
Streptococcus sanguis
(M-5) which was isolated from dental plaque. Immunoelectrophoretic and Ouchterlony tests of Rantz and Randall extracts of 45 strains gave positive reactions with the M-5 antisera. These strains represented 60% of the strains tested. The number of antigens which could be identified in these extracts varied from one to five and were designated
a
to
e
. The
a
antigen was found in 36 of the strains tested, including reference strains of
S. sanguis
and the group H streptococci. The strains reacting with the M-5 antisera were divided into two majors types: type I consisted of 23 strains in which the
a
antigen was found alone or with one or more of the
c, d
, and
e
antigens; type II consisted of 13 strains in which both the
a
and
b
antigens were found with or without one or more of the
c, d
, and
e
antigens. The remaining strains contained, either singly or in combination, the
b, c, d
, and
e
antigens but not the
a
antigen. Biochemical tests of representatives of each serotype and reference strains indicated that strains reacting with M-5 antisera were
S. sanguis
. These findings suggest that
S. sanguis
strains share common physiological and serological properties.
Growth of
Cryptococcus neoformans
Within Human Macrophages
In Vitro
Authors: Diamond Richard D. , Bennett John E.
Published: January 2020

Macrophages cultured from human peripheral blood monocytes were infected with
Cryptococcus neoformans
in vitro. Although
C. neoformans
were actively ingested, there was no detectable intracellular killing by macrophages. Over 2 days or more, intracellular fungi grew more rapidly than a corresponding inoculum of extracellular cryptococci growing in tissue culture medium containing human serum. Macrophages were induced to develop into cells which appeared to be activated by morphological and phagocytic criteria. However, these activated cells did not acquire an ability to kill or inhibit intracellular growth of
C. neoformans
. There were no detectable differences between macrophages from normal subjects and those from cryptococcosis patients.
Guinea Pig Herpes-Like Virus Infection I. Antibody Response and Virus Persistence in Guinea Pigs After Experimental Infection
Authors: Lam K. M. , Hsiung G. D.
Published: January 2020

Guinea pigs, experimentally infected with guinea pig herpes-like virus produced antibodies which were detectable by indirect hemagglutination (IHA), complement-fixation (CF), and neutralization tests. The IHA test appeared to be a more sensitive method than the CF or neutralization test for determining antibody response in guinea pigs immediately after infection, but the IHA method was not suitable for the detection of antibody in animals receiving small doses of virus. Antibody titers obtained by CF tests were generally higher than those obtained by the neutralization test, and they followed the same time course when individual animals were studied serially. Intracardiac inoculation produced the best antibody response in guinea pigs when compared with other routes of infection. Guinea pigs infected by the intraperitoneal, intranasal, or oral route showed rising antibody titers but the levels were low. Infectious virus was isolated from and persisted in all inoculated animals in the presence of antibody regardless of the route of inoculation. Recovery of infectious virus required cultivation or cocultivation of tissue cells containing virus. The administration of antilymphocyte sera delayed the appearance of IHA antibody but had no effect on antibodies determined by the CF- and neutralization tests.
Guinea Pig Herpes-Like Virus Infections II. Antibody Response and Virus Persistence in Mice and Rabbits
Authors: Lam K. M. , Hsiung G. D.
Published: January 2020

Mice inoculated with guinea pig herpes-like virus produced minimal, if any, antibody response, and no virus was isolated from the inoculated animals 64 days after administration. The antibody response in rabbits inoculated with the same virus was prompt and reached a high level within 14 to 29 days regardless of the site of inoculation. Long-term persistence of viremia was observed only in intravenously inoculated rabbits; a brief period of viremia was observed in intraperitoneally inoculated rabbits, but no viremia was obtained in rabbits inoculated by the subcutaneous route. Maternal antibody was transferred readily to offspring; however, transference of infectious virus from mother to offspring was demonstrable in only one of 75 fetuses tested.
Photodynamic Inactivation with Proflavine: Quantitative Comparison with Iodo-Deoxyuridine
Authors: Varnell Emily D. , Kaufman Herbert E.
Published: January 2020

Photodynamic inactivation utilizing proflavine and light was quantitatively compared with the therapeutic antiviral effect of iodo-deoxyuridine in experimental herpetic keratitis in the rabbit. This rabbit model, which has been shown to be highly predictive for antiviral therapy in man, indicates that the photodynamic effect, though definite, is minimal.
Immunocyte Response to Experimental Mumps Virus Infection in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Genco R. J. , Flanagan T. D. , Emmings F. G.
Published: January 2020

Nineteen rhesus monkeys were inoculated with mumps virus by retrograde ductal instillation into the parotid gland. Evidence of infection was obtained in all instances. Virus was isolated from buccal swabbings and parotid biopsies for 1 week after inoculation. A vigorous serum-neutralizing antibody response occurred within 3 weeks, and there was marked monocytic infiltration of the parotid stroma. The monocytic infiltrate comprised as much as 60% of the total gland volume 1 week after infection. The predominant inflammatory cells were non-immunoglobulin-containing mononuclear cells resembling lymphocytes. Plasma cells containing immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgA, IgM, and IgE increased in numbers in the gland after infection, the greatest increase occurring in IgG-containing cells. Neutralizing antibodies and interferon were found in extracts prepared from the infected glands. Neutralizing activity was highest in samples taken 3 weeks after infection but was detectable in samples taken as soon as 36 to 48 h after infection. Interferon activity was detected in significant amounts 36 to 48 h after infection. Challenge of previously infected animals resulted in an increase in the monocytic infiltrate as well as an increase in numbers of immunoglobulin-containing plasma cells. However, reinfection did not occur as evidenced by the inability to culture shed virus after challenge. This model should be useful for in vivo study of biochemical mediators which evoke inflammatory cell infiltration and which may be significant both in protection and in tissue damage.
Immunoglobulins of the Middle Ear Fluid in Acute Otitis Media: Relationship to Serum Immunoglobulin Concentrations and Bacterial Cultures
Authors: Howie Virgil M. , Ploussard John H. , Sloyer John L. , Johnston Richard B.
Published: January 2020

Immunoglobulin concentrations were studied in 255 specimens of middle ear fluid (MEF) from 165 episodes of acute otitis media in children. There were significant amounts of all three major immunoglobulins (Ig) in MEF, the mean concentration of IgA being 39 mg/100 ml, of IgM 63 mg/100 ml, and of IgG 383 mg/100 ml. Secretory component was present in all 10 MEF specimens in which it was sought. In patients over 9 months of age, there was a decreased likelihood of isolating pathogenic bacteria from MEF if the patient had higher concentrations of IgA in MEF than in simultaneously obtained serum. IgA concentrations were greater in MEF than in serum in almost half the patients, and the mean MEF-serum ratio for IgA was 1.38. Thus, it would appear that in this disorder MEF represents primarily a secretory response to inflammation rather than a transudate.
Humoral and Cellular Response in Humans After Immunization with Influenza Vaccine
Authors: Ruben Frederick L. , Jackson George G. , Gotoff Samuel P.
Published: January 2020

The peripheral blood lymphocyte response and hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers were measured in nine adults before and after immunization with a killed split influenza virus vaccine. Cord blood lymphocytes were tested with the influenza antigen to exclude a nonspecific mitogenic effect. All of the subjects demonstrated preexisting antibody titers and antigen recognition by lymphocytes prior to immunization. The in vitro lymphocyte response after vaccination parallels the humoral antibody response to influenza antigen.
Immunity to Chlamydial Infections of the Eye V. Passive Transfer of Antitrachoma Antibodies to Owl Monkeys
Authors: Orenstein Neil S. , Mull J. Dennis , Thompson Sumner E.
Published: January 2020

Previous studies have shown that owl monkeys which have had a trachoma agent infection were subsequently highly resistant to challenge by both homologous and heterologous organisms. In the present study, passive transfer of owl monkey serum containing antitrachoma antibody from immune monkeys did not protect recipient monkeys from infectious challenge with homologous trachoma. Antibody was not detectable in eye secretions of the recipient monkeys until the intensity of infection was waning, suggesting but not proving that local antibody synthesis rather than simple transudation of serum antibody occurs.
Endotoxin-Altering Activity in Serum of Developing Chicken Embryo: Lack of Correlation with Embryonic Susceptibility to Injected Endotoxin
Authors: Von Eschen Kenneth B. , Rudbach Jon A. , Milner Kelsey C.
Published: January 2020

Development in chicken embryos of increased resistance to lethal effects of endo-toxin could not be quantitatively accounted for by increased endotoxin-inactivating capacity of their sera.
Lack of Specific Inhibition of Vaccinia Plaque Formation by Bacteriophage Lambda Products
Authors: Brown Arnold , Cohen Stanley N.
Published: January 2020

Unsuccessful efforts to confirm the production of a specific antiviral agent (phagicin) by bacteriophage λ are reported.
Relationship Between Tuberculin Hypersensitivity and Cellular Immunity to Infection in Mice Vaccinated with Viable Attenuated Mycobacterial Cells or with Mycobacterial Ribonucleic Acid Preparations
Authors: Neiburger Rochelle G. , Youmans Guy P. , Youmans Anne S.
Published: January 2020

The migration inhibition technique has been used to study delayed hypersensitivity in vitro by using peritoneal exudate cells and splenic lymphocytes from mice vaccinated with viable cells of the attenuated H37Ra strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
and from mice vaccinated with ribonucleic acid (myc RNA) preparations obtained from viable mycobacterial cells of the same strain. Inhibition of macrophage migration was noted when purified protein derivative (PPD) or viable H37Ra cells were added to peritoneal exudate cells obtained from mice immunized with viable H37Ra cells and not from mice immunized with myc RNA. Splenic lymphocyte cultures were exposed to the same antigens in vitro. Filtered supernatant fluids from these lymphocyte cultures, when added to peritoneal exudate cells obtained from nonimmunized mice, inhibited migration only when they were obtained from lymphocytes which came from mice immunized with viable H37Ra cells. Injection of PPD intravenously into vaccinated mice resulted in inhibitory supernatant fluids from splenic lymphocyte cultures only when the lymphocytes came from mice immunized with viable H37Ra cells. However, intravenous injection of either viable H37Ra cells or of myc RNA preparations into mice vaccinated with myc RNA occasionally produced inhibitory supernatant fluids when lymphocytes were obtained from these mice. On the other hand, mice vaccinated with myc RNA or viable H37Ra cell preparations were consistently and equally protected against intravenous challenge with the virulent H37Rv strain. Thus, although some evidence was obtained for a delayed type hypersensitivity in mice vaccinated with H37Ra cells or with myc RNA to ribosomal proteins or other proteins associated with the RNA preparation, no evidence of tuberculin hypersensitivity could be detected in any mice vaccinated with the myc RNA. These results argue against a role for tuberculin hypersensitivity in immunity to tuberculous infection.
Effect of Polycations, Polyanions, and Neuraminidase on the Infectivity of Trachoma-Inclusion Conjunctivitis and Lymphogranuloma Venereum Organisms in HeLa Cells: Sialic Acid Residues as Possible Receptors for Trachoma-Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Authors: Kuo Cho-Chou , Wang San-Pin , Grayston J. Thomas
Published: January 2020

The infectivity of trachoma-inclusion conjunctivitis (TRIC) organisms (TW-5) was enhanced by pretreatment of HeLa cell monolayers before inoculation with diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-dextran (30 μg/ml) and poly-l-lysine (10 μg/ml) and inhibited by dextran sulphate (250 μg/ml), fetuin (4%), ovomucoid (5%),
N
-acetyl neuraminic acid (0.5%), and
Cholera vibrio
neuraminidase (100 U/ml). The infectivity of lymphogranuloma venereum organisms (434) was not affected by DEAE-dextran, fetuin, and neuraminidase, was slightly inhibited by poly-l-lysine, and was inhibited by dextran-sulphate, ovomucoid, and
N
-acetyl neuraminic acid. The study suggested that sialic acid residues on the cell surface may be specific receptors for TRIC organisms. The receptors for TRIC organisms (TW-5 and TW-3) could be specifically blocked with inactivated (56 C for 30 min) TRIC organisms at the ratio of one live to 100 inactivated TRIC organisms, but not by inactivated lymphogranuloma venereum (434) or influenza virus (A
2
/Jap 305).
Selective Destruction of Skin Permeability Activity in Cholera Toxin: Effect of Acid on Cholera Enterotoxin
Authors: Bhattacharjee Apurba K. , Mosley Wiley H.
Published: January 2020

The effect of treatment of purified cholera enterotoxin with acid at pH 2.0 for 1 h followed by neutralization of the acid on the biological activity of the toxin has been studied. It was found that the material loses 85 to 96% of its skin permeability activity and this loss is neither reversed nor increased after 28 days of storage at 5 to 10 C. Other biological properties such as diarrheagenic activity, lipolysis-stimulating activity, and the lethal dose for mice remain unaffected by acid treatment. These observations indicate that the skin permeability activity is more sensitive to relatively minor changes in molecular structure than are the diarrheal, lipolytic, and mouse lethality activities.
Immune Response to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
in Rats
Authors: Lefford M. J. , McGregor D. D. , Mackaness G. B.
Published: January 2020

After intravenous injection into rats, both the attenuated strain R1Rv and the virulent strain H37Rv of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
grow in the liver and spleen. However, the infected rats mount a specific immune response with great rapidity, giving a false impression of natural resistance to the tubercle bacillus. Adoptive immunity to tuberculosis was achieved by transferring thoracic duct cells from immunized donors to normal syngeneic recipients. The transferred immunity was vested in a population of lymphocytes uncontaminated with macrophages. The adoptive immunity was effectively expressed against both attenuated and virulent tubercle bacilli, and it was shown to be immunologically specific. Lymphocytes which conferred immunity to tuberculosis were not protective against
Listeria monocytogenes
infection, and vice versa. Immunity could not be transferred with either normal thoracic duct lymphocytes (TDL), heat-killed sensitized TDL, or serum from specifically immunized donors. The ability of TDL from BCG-immunized donors to confer immunity was maintained at an unimpaired level for at least 3 months after immunization.
Cell-Mediated Immune Response in Cattle to
Mycoplasma mycoides
var.
mycoides
Authors: Roberts D. H. , Windsor R. S. , Masiga W. N. , Kariavu Catherine G.
Published: January 2020

The cell-mediated immune response of cattle to
Mycoplasma mycoides
var.
mycoides
was studied. Sensitized lymphocytes in blood leukocyte preparations showed a significant degree of antigen-induced transformation, judged by the uptake of tritiated thymidine. The increase in tritiated thymidine uptake in sensitized lymphocytes in the presence of
M. mycoides
membrane antigen varied from 2- to 13-fold compared with the controls, and this increase in activity was observed from 3 days after artificial infection. Inhibition of leukocyte migration by
M. mycoides
membrane antigen commenced between 17 and 30 days after infection, and preliminary observations indicate that this test correlated with the intradermal allergic test.
M. mycoides
-induced unresponsiveness was demonstrated 23 and 30 days after infection. Unresponsiveness, in that the lymphocytes did not respond to phytohemagglutinin, was very marked in two of three animals and partial in the third animal, whereas the humoral antibody response did not appear to be affected. Antigen-induced transformation was demonstrated in only two out of six cattle vaccinated two months previously with
M. mycoides
T
1
broth culture vaccine, and óne animal only gave a doubtful intradermal allergic reaction. A further six cattle vaccinated 15 months previously were negative to both the leukocyte migration inhibition test and the intradermal allergic test.
Separation of Serum Bactericidal and Opsonizing Activities for
Haemophilus influenzae
Type b
Authors: Newman Simon L. , Waldo Bryson , Johnston Richard B.
Published: January 2020

When assay conditions permitted bacterial growth, immune serum had no bactericidal activity for
Haemophilus influenzae
but promoted rapid phagocytic killing of this organism by human leukocytes.
Immunity Against Parainfluenza-3 Virus in Cattle: Anti-Neuraminidase Activity in Serum and Nasal Secretion
Authors: Morein B. , Höglund S. , Bergman R.
Published: January 2020

The antigenicity of two parainfluenza=3 virus strains, a “neuraminidasestrong” and a “neuraminidase-weak,” was compared. For both strains the amount of hemagglutinin units was equal. The antibody responses to neuraminidase and hemagglutinin were measured on samples of serum and nasal secretion and were found to be similar, irrespective of the strain used for immunization. Anti-neuraminidase activity was demonstrated in the gel phase of nasal secretion of immunized cattle. Immunglobulin A was found attached to the peplomers of inhibited virus by immuno-electron microscopy.
Myelin-Specific Autoantibodies Associated with Central Nervous System Demyelination in Canine Distemper Virus Infection
Authors: Krakowka Steven , McCullough Bruce , Koestner Adalbert , Olsen Richard
Published: January 2020

Sera from dogs with spontaneously occurring and experimentally produced canine distemper virus-associated demyelinating encephalitis were examined for antibodies to central nervous system myelin by the complement fixation and indirect immunofluorescent methods. Complement-fixing immunoglobulin M antibodies and non-complement-fixing immunoglobulin G antibodies were found in 97% of the spontaneous cases. In comparison, only 28% of control sera contained these antibodies; furthermore, mean antibody titers in the control groups were significantly lower (
P
< 0.005) when compared to the distemper group. Complement-fixing antimyelin antibodies were also demonstrated in gnotobiotic dogs with experimentally induced distemper virus-associated demyelination. The antibody response could be correlated with clinicopathological features of the disease produced. Results of this study indicate that demyelination in canine distemper may proceed by immune mechanisms.
An Ultrastructural Analysis of
Nocardia
During Experimental Infections in Mice
Authors: Beaman Blaine L.
Published: January 2020

Several strains of
Nocardia
that varied from virulent to avirulent were injected intraperitoneally into young mice. Histological and ultrastructural analysis of the resultant infections revealed that the bacteria and the lesions they induced were different depending upon the strain of organism used. Further, the morphological and tinctorial characteristics of the bacteria grown in vitro changes during growth in vivo. These observations strongly suggested that chemical and physical alterations occurred in the cell envelope of the
Nocardia
when grown in mice. Electron microscopy confirmed that significant structural modification occurred, especially in the cell envelope, when the nocardial cells established themselves within the host tissue. It was shown that the least virulent strain exhibited the most dramatic changes whereas the most virulent organism appeared to be affected the least.
Analogy of
Mycobacterium marinum
Disease to
Mycobacterium leprae
Infection in Footpads of Mice
Authors: Ng Herman , Jacobsen Peter L. , Levy Louis
Published: January 2020

Because it appeared likely that the disease process that follows inoculation of footpads of mice with
Mycobacterium marinum
might serve as a useful model of mouse footpad infection with
M. leprae
for immunological studies. an attempt was made to establish an analogy between the two processes. As a second objective, the adequacy of measurements of mouse footpad thickness as an index of the total number of
M. marinum
and of the number of viable
M. marinum
was determined. The evolution of
M. marinum
disease in the footpads of BALB/c mice was observed, and the influences of mouse age and sex and of inoculum size were measured. Mice were challenged with
M. marinum
in one footpad at several intervals after inoculation of the contralateral hind footpad with the same organism. In all of these experiments, mouse footpad thickness was noted to parallel multiplication of
M. marinum
during the phase of increasing footpad swelling. Cessation of bacterial multiplication was noted to occur just before maximal swelling had been achieved, and was followed by rapid loss of viable
M. marinum.
The total number of organisms and mouse footpad thickness decreased only slowly and incompletely. Analogy between
M. marinum
disease and
M. leprae
infection of the mouse footpad was established by the self-limited nature of both processes, and by similar patterns of protection against homologous and heterologous challenge conferred by the two processes.
Filamentous Capsulated Streptococci from the Human Respiratory Tract III. Immunochemical Studies of the Cross-Reactivity Between the Cell Wall Antigens of a Filamentous Streptococcus and of Pneumococcus
Authors: Karakawa Walter W. , Kane Judith A. , Austrian Robert
Published: January 2020

A cell wall-associated polysaccharide has been isolated from a noncapsulated mutant, 89R50, of the alpha-hemolytic filamentous streptococcus of provisional capsular type 89. Chemical analysis of the polysaccharide indicates that it consists of galactosamine, glucosamine, glucose, and phosphorus. Immunological cross-reactivity was observed between the streptococcal cell wall antigen and antibody to the cell wall-like capsular polysaccharide of pneumococcus. This cross-reactivity appears attributable to similarities in the teichoic acid moieties rather than in the mucopeptide moieties of the two polymers. No chemical or immunological differences were observed in the cell wall carbohydrate of the noncapsulated streptococcus, 89R50, and that of its capsulated progenitor. It is suggested that antibody to this cell wall polysaccharide might serve as a basis for grouping other filamentous strains of streptococci of diverse capsular types, the cell wall antigens of which show similar cross-reactivity with that of pneumococcus.
Group B Arbovirus Structural and Nonstructural Antigens II. Purification of Saint Louis Encephalitis Virus Intracellular Antigens
Authors: Qureshi Ateef A. , Trent Dennis W.
Published: January 2020

Three serologically distinct antigens were identified in homogenates of Saint Louis encephalitis (SLE) virus-infected cells after Brij-58 solubilization and diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography. These antigens were designated as antigen I, II, and III. Immunodiffusion analyses showed that all antigen peaks which eluted from the DEAE-cellulose column contained the intracellular major envelope protein, antigen I. This protein was the only viral antigen which eluted at 0.125 M KCl in DEAE-cellulose column peak C. Optical density peak D, which eluted at 0.2 M KCl, contained both antigens I and III. Antigen III was purified from this column fraction approximately 200-fold by organic solvent extraction and chromatography on hydroxylapatite and Sepharose 6B. Purified antigen III had a molecular weight of 80,000 to 85,000 and contained only one antigenic determinant as judged by immunodiffusion analysis.
Influences of Dietary and Environmental Stress on Microbial Populations in the Murine Gastrointestinal Tract
Authors: Tannock Gerald W. , Savage Dwayne C.
Published: January 2020

Aerobic and anaerobic cultural techniques and histological methods were used in a study of the effects of environmental and dietary stress on the indigenous microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of mice. Mice previously inoculated with
Salmonella typhimurium
were examined in a similar manner. Three strains of mice (CD-1, Ha/ICr, and C57BL) were used. Control animals previously inoculated with
S. typhimurium
had low population levels of
Salmonella
bacteria in the small and large bowel. Mice previously inoculated with
Salmonella
and then deprived of food, water, and bedding for 48 h harbored high population levels of these bacteria in their small and large bowels. Coliforms increased in numbers in the large bowel of stressed mice inoculated with
Salmonella
and in the jejunum-ileum and cecum of stressed mice not previously inoculated with
Salmonella
. Control mice had high population levels of lactobacilli inhabiting the keratinized squamous epithelium of the stomach. Stressed mice showed dramatic reductions in these populations of lactobacilli. Populations of fusiform-shaped bacteria associated with the mucosal epithelium of the cecum and colon in control mice were reduced in stressed mice as determined by microscope examination of histological sections. Total anaerobic counts were similar, however, in both stressed and control animals. Environmental and dietary stress markedly alter the gastrointestinal microbiota in mice. Therefore, such stressful conditions profoundly affect the factors that regulate the localization and population levels of microorganisms in the stomach and intestines.
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome: Potentiation by Immunosuppression in Mice; Toxin-Mediated Exfoliation in a Healthy Adult
Authors: Wiley Bill B. , Allman Samuel , Rogolsky Marvin , Norden Carl W. , Glasgow Lowell A.
Published: January 2020

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, associated with exfoliative toxin produced by phage group II
Staphylococcus aureus
, has recently been reported in an adult receiving immunosuppressive therapy. To determine the effect of immunosuppression on the development of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, experimental animals were treated with prednisolone, azathioprine, or a combination of both drugs utilizing the clinical isolate from the adult with scalded skin syndrome. The mean lethal dose and mean exfoliating dose were identical and were 6,000-fold lower in animals receiving both drugs or azathioprine alone. The isolate was not more virulent and did not produce more toxin than other group II phage-type strains. Furthermore, immunosuppressive therapy failed to enhance the susceptibility of experimental animals to a purified preparation of toxin. Finally, purified exfoliative toxin was demonstrated to produce erythema, Nikolsky's sign, bullous formation, and flaking desquamation in a normal human adult. The results demonstrated the enhanced susceptibility of experimental animals receiving immunosuppressive therapy to the development of the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome. They further showed that human adults are susceptible to the action of exfoliative toxin and suggested that, in the host with compromised defense mechanisms, toxin-producing strains may invade and initiate infection resulting in toxin production and exfoliation.
Assessment of Germ Tube Dispersion Activity of Serum from Experimental Candidiasis: a New Procedure for Serodiagnosis
Authors: Katsura Yoshimoto , Uesaka Ichiro
Published: January 2020

Germ tubes of
Candida albicans
and
C. stellatoidea
clump in normal serum but disperse in serum from animals infected with either species of
Candida.
A new procedure for the assessment of grades of germ tube dispersion activity of serum is presented; this procedure is to count the number of freely dispersed germ tubes in test serum into which a definite number of yeast-type
C. albicans
has been inoculated. The relationship between the serum activity and macroscopic lesions caused by candidal infection is observed, indicating the possibility of applying the phenomenon to the serodiagnosis of deep-seated candidiasis. The specificity and sensitivity of the test are also examined.
Purification, Composition, and Serological Characterization of Histoplasmin—H and M Antigens
Authors: Bradley Georgia , Pine Leo , Reeves Michael W. , Moss C. Wayne
Published: January 2020

To obtain purified H and M antigens suitable as primary standards in the serological diagnosis of histoplasmosis by agar gel double-diffusion tests, H and M reactive components of histoplasmin were fractionated by column chromatography by using Sephadex G-100, Sephadex G-200, and diethylaminoethyl cellulose. Six fractions from diethylaminoethyl cellulose were reactive in agar gel double-diffusion, complement fixation, and capillary precipitin tests. When examined by electrophoresis on acrylamide gel, one M antigen (fraction 2, molecular weight greater than 200,000) and two H antigens (fractions 5 and 6, molecular weight greater than 200,000) each gave essentially a single protein band. In agar gel double-diffusion and complement fixation tests with sera from patients with proven cases of histoplasmosis, blastomycosis, or coccidioidomycosis, these two fractions of H antigen and the one of M antigen reacted only with sera from proven or suspect cases of histoplasmosis and showed reactivity with those sera known to contain only the anti-H or anti-M antibody, respectively. Fraction 2 (M antigen) and fractions 5 and 6 (H antigens) had carbohydrate-to-protein ratios of 1.60, 0.77 and 0.78, respectively. Both antigens contained galactose, glucose, mannose, and hexosamine, with mannose being the predominant sugar. Fraction 2 was characterized by a high proline and glucose content, whereas fractions 5 and 6 contained higher concentrations of galactose, mannose, glycine, and alanine. Each of these products appeared to separate into two active fractions, one of a molecular weight greater than 200,000 and one of a molecular weight less than 35,000. The M antigen component of fraction 2 was still characterized by a high proline content, whereas the H antigen components of fractions 5 and 6 had a high content of glutamic acid, serine, glycine, and proline.
Evidence that Neurons Harbor Latent Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Cook M. L. , Bastone V. B. , Stevens J. G.
Published: January 2020

The cell type(s) harboring latent herpes simplex virus in the spinal ganglia of mice was investigated. Taken together, results from immunofluorescence, electron microscopic, autoradiographic, and in situ nucleic acid hybridization methods suggest strongly that, in mice, latent virus is maintained in neurons.
BCG Antibody Profiles in Tuberculoid and Lepromatous Leprosy
Authors: Axelsen Nils Holger , Harboe Morten , Closs Otto , Godal Tore
Published: January 2020

In sera from 12 patients with polar tuberculoid leprosy, 12 with subpolar tuberculoid leprosy, and 16 with lepromatous leprosy were demonstrated a total number of 125 anti-BCG precipitins by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. Up to 14 different precipitins were found in individual sera, and the complexity in antibody response was higher than previously realized. The specificity of 69% of the antibodies was defined, and these antibodies were titrated in three arbitrary titer units. A highly significant difference (
P
< 0.002) was found in antibody response between the tuberculoid and the lepromatous group. Due to simplicity, sensitivity, and high resolution, the method used is a promising tool for providing exact data to be used as guidelines for purification of important individual mycobacterial antigens. The need for reference antisera is emphasized.
Methylprednisolone Protection Against Endotoxin in Lead-Sensitized Mice
Authors: Marecki Nelda M.
Published: January 2020

Lead-sensitized BALB/c male mice are protected against
Escherichia coli
endotoxin by the intraperitoneal administration of 6α-methylprednisolone. This protection is dependent on time of administration of the methylprednisolone.
Immunological Responses to
Candida albicans
I. Mouse-Thigh Lesion as a Model for Experimental Candidiasis
Authors: Pearsall Nancy N. , Lagunoff David
Published: January 2020

A mouse-thigh lesion model for experimental candidiasis is described. A standard inoculum of 5 × 10
8
yeast cells of
Candida albicans
, injected into the thigh muscle of C57BL/Ks mice, produced an easily measured thigh lesion that was self-limiting by 4 to 6 weeks, permitting a study of immunological responses to the infection. Examination of the histopathology of the lesion reveals that the cellular infiltrate is predominately granulocytic, and gives little evidence for an active, specific, cell-mediated immune response.
Specificity and Evolutionary Divergence of the Antigenic Structure of the Polypeptide Chain Elongation Factors
Authors: Gordon Julian , Schweiger Manfred , Krisko Istvan , Williams Curtis A.
Published: January 2020

Antisera have been prepared against two electrophoretically homogeneous “polypeptide chain elongation factors,” T and G, from
Escherichia coli
. Inactivation and precipitation tests showed that these two fractions were antigenically distinct with no cross-reaction. The immune inactivation curve of G factor from
E. coli
was distinguishable from that of G factor from
Pseudomonas fluorescens
. Mammalian factors were not inhibited by antibody directed against the
E. coli
T and G factors. By Ouchterlony diffusion tests, the antisera also detected significant antigenic variability among different bacterial species. It is concluded that the factors have undergone considerable evolutionary divergence in their antigenic structure.
Suppression of Reticuloendothelial Function in the Rat with Cyclophosphamide
Authors: Sharbaugh Robert J. , Grogan James B.
Published: January 2020

Effects of cyclophosphamide immunosuppressive therapy upon reticuloendothelial function in the rat have been studied. Numerous side effects including leukopenia, hematuria, diarrhea, hemorrhagic cystitis, and petechial hemorrhage in the lungs and the small bowel were observed. Studies utilizing
32
P-labeled bacteria revealed no change in the ability of the liver, spleen, lungs, or kidneys to ingest
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
. Utilization of labeled
Staphylococcus aureus
revealed an impairment of splenic uptake in animals receiving the maximal dose of 100 mg/kg. However, the liver, lungs, and kidneys were not affected. Although no generalized defect in the ingestive powers of these organs was observed, the ability of the lungs and kidneys from treated animals to kill ingested bacteria was significantly impaired. Regardless of the bacterium employed, the lungs and kidneys revealed a decrease in bactericidal ability with increasing drug dosages. Neither the liver nor the spleen from treated animals exhibited any decrease in bactericidal effect. Possible causes of this reduction in the bactericidal ability of alveolar and renal tissue following immunosuppression with cyclophosphamide are discussed.
Transfer of Infectious Drug Resistance in Microbially Defined Mice
Authors: Reed Norman D. , Sieckmann Donna G. , Georgi Carl E.
Published: January 2020

Germ-free mice were intentionally associated with drug-resistant donor strains of
Escherichia coli
known to carry
R
factors and with drug-sensitive recipient strains. In vivo transfer of R factors was observed in all experiments, involving five different donor-recipient combinations. The number of converted recipients varied, depending upon the donor-recipient combination, but in all cases it was restricted by limiting numbers of either recipient or donor strains in the digestive tract of the microbially defined mice. Converted recipients were detected in fecal material as early as 5.5 hr after mice were associated with donor and recipient bacteria. Donors, recipients, and converted recipients were detectable in the stomach, small intestine, cecum, and large intestine of the microbially defined mice and their suckling young.
Glucose-induced Crypticity Toward Succinate Metabolism in
Saccharomyces lactis
Authors: MacQuillan Anthony M.
Published: January 2020

Saccharomyces lactis
grown on glucose adapted very slowly to growth on succinate. This initial inability of glucose-grown cells to grow on succinate was paralleled by their inability to oxidize succinate. The possibility that repression by glucose of respiratory chain components was responsible for these observations was examined. Glucose-grown cells were able to respire glucose, ethyl alcohol, and lactate and were able to initiate growth on ethyl alcohol as rapidly as succinate-grown cells. Respiratory enzyme levels were essentially the same in cells grown on succinate or on glucose. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that glucose-grown cells possessed a full complement of cytochrome bands. Since by these criteria glucose-grown
S. lactis
appears to possess a competent respiratory system, the penetration of succinate-
2,3
-
14
C
into succinate- and glucose-grown cells was examined directly. Glucose-grown cells exhibited a strong permeability barrier to succinate. Comparison of glucose oxidation by
S. lactis
and by
S. cerevisiae
suggests that the crypticity to succinate does not depend upon a strong Crabtree effect in
S. lactis
.
Kinetics of Adsorption of Colicin CA42-E2 and Reversal of its Bactericidal Activity
Authors: Reynolds B. L. , Reeves P. R.
Published: January 2020

The kinetics of killing of
Escherichia coli
K-12 by colicin CA42-E2 have been studied, and the data were used to estimate the adsorption constant of this colicin under various environmental conditions. Evidence was obtained suggesting that the adsorption of colicin occurred in two stages; the earlier stage was reversible and did not lead to the death of the cell, the latter stage was irreversible and bactericidal. Cells which had adsorbed a lethal quantity of colicin could be rescued for a short time by inactivating the adsorbed colicin with trypsin. However, when the metabolic activity of the cells was totally arrested the lethal effect of adsorbed colicin was subject to trypsin reversal over long periods of time.
Temperature-Sensitive Conjugation-Defective F Factor in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Walker E. M. , Pittard J.
Published: January 2020

A mutant strain of
Escherichia coli
K-12 which is unable to transfer genetic material at 42 C has been isolated. Although transfer is inhibited at this temperature, the formation of specific pairs is unaffected. This strain and its derivatives also show an altered sensitivity to certain ribonucleic acid-containing male specific phages at 42 C. Both phenotypic changes are reversed when a derepressed fi
+
R factor is present in the same cell and a revertant which has regained both activities has been obtained. The nature of the temperature-sensitive defect and its effect on the conjugation process are discussed.
Accumulation of Sulfite by a Sulfate-Using Revertant of
Salmonella pullorum
Authors: Kline Bruce C. , Schoenhard Delbert E.
Published: January 2020

Sulfate-utilizing revertants of a cysteine auxotroph of
Salmonella pullorum
have been found that cause an accumulation in growth medium of a sulfur compound more oxidized than sulfide. The sulfur compound was presumptively identified as sulfite by the formation of a colored complex in the presence of basic fuchsin and formaldehyde, oxidation to sulfate by peroxide, and acid-volatility. The acid-volatile material was identified as sulfite by formation of an
S
-sulfonyl derivative of 5,5′-dithio-bis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) which was chromatographically and electrophoretically identical to an authentic
S
-sulfonyl derivative. The presence of sulfate in minimal medium is required for sulfite accumulation, and both cysteine and selenate inhibit the accumulation. No evidence was obtained to indicate that a reduced sulfur compound was the precursor of the accumulated sulfite.
Environmental Control of Glycogen and Lipid Content of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Authors: Antoine A. D. , Tepper B. S.
Published: January 2020

Nitrogen-limited cultures of the R
1
R
v
strain of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
accumulate both glycogen and lipid as endogenous reserves. The carbon source in the medium regulates the extent of the storage material accumulation.
Reaction of
Vibrio cholerae
and Choleragenic Toxin in Ileal Loop of Laboratory Animals
Authors: Basu S. , Pickett M. J.
Published: January 2020

Accumulation of fluid in the ligated ileal loop upon injection of cholera vibrios or choleragenic toxin seems to be a generalized phenomenon in laboratory animals.
In Vitro Hemolytic Characteristic of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
: Its Close Correlation with Human Pathogenicity
Authors: Miyamoto Yasushi , Kato Teiji , Obara Yasushi , Akiyama Shoichi , Takizawa Kinjiro , Yamai Shiro
Published: January 2020

An in vitro hemolytic characteristic of
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
is closely correlated with human pathogenicity.