bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sacred Forests and the Global Challenge of Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: Juhé-Beaulaton Dominique
Published: June 2010

In southern Benin and Togo, sacred forests are often the only remaining patches of forest vegetation, but are threatened with destruction because of the growing demand for arable land and the effects of cultural change. In this paper, I outline broad historical and cultural changes since Europeans first arrived in this area and identify the different stakeholders involved directly or indirectly in the management of these forests. In recent years, new policies for the conservation of sacred sites have been drawn up at international meetings, and these have stimulated scientific research into the conservation potential of sacred forests in Benin and Togo. These, in turn, have influenced the actions of non-government organizations in the area and led to the establishment of national environmental and cultural policies. On the local level, these events have contributed to changes in the management of sacred sites and in the cultural practices of the local political and religious leaders who control them. Problems of succession and decreasing respect for religious sanctions have reduced the power of the traditional leaders, with negative impacts on the status of the sacred forests. One solution proposed by the national forest authorities is to ‘restore’ these forest patches by tree planting. Ecotourism is also seen as a new way to conserve their biodiversity. Policies such as officially sponsored tree planting, the clarification of the legal status of the forests, and the expansion of local economic opportunities will necessarily strengthen the role of the state in these rural areas, and at the same time cause traditional leaders to renegotiate both their status and their forest management practices.
Is Humanity King to Creation? The Thought of Vladimir Solov'ev in the Light of Ecological Crisis
Authors: Smith Oliver Luke
Published: June 2010

The Russian philosopher, poet and mystic Vladimir Solov'ev (1853-1900), the father of the sophiological movement in Russian thought, remains a little known figure in the West. This article considers Solov'ev’s credentials as an environmentalist before his time and develops a number of strands of his biblical theology from an ecological perspective. It goes on to explore his envisioning of the ‘kingship’ of humanity in God’s creation, which he understood as the ideal relationship between humanity and the world, and to unravel the complexities of his thought on the ‘coming’ of the Kingdom of God. The article suggests that Solov'ev has much to offer theologians and religious people in the articulation, and application, of an ecological theology of creation.
Is the Womb Barren? A Located Study of Spiritual Tourism in Sedona, Arizona, and Its Possible Effects on Eco-consciousness
Authors: Coats Curtis
Published: June 2010

Ancient people considered Sedona, Arizona, the womb of Earth. This is only part of the story of Sedona that has made it a spiritual tourist destination. Some estimate that well over one million New Age pilgrim-tourists travel there annually to experience the vortices, or energy spots, in the Earth’s womb.

These visitors will find different spiritual practitioners in Sedona, but they will find at least one common thread. The red rocks of Sedona hold great mystical power – a power that is explained with an eclectic mix of New Age metaphysics and modern science. Using field data from in-depth interviews, text analysis and participant observation, I will detail the content and contours of the scientific-spiritual worldview embedded in Sedona’s landscape and embodied by its pilgrim-tourists. Also, I will address possibilities for eco-consciousness embodied in the lived experience of this worldview.
Volume 2 Peer Reviewers
Authors: Witt Joseph
Published: June 2010

Volume 2 Peer Reviewers
The Fruit of Knowledge and the Bodies of the Gods
Authors: Wright Robin M.
Published: June 2010

This article focuses on the sacrificial acts of divinities and other primal beings whose bodies became cultivated and wild plants; and plants as forms of gifts and other types of exchange from the deities to humanity among the Baniwa peoples of the Northwest Amazon. I seek to extend Viveiros de Castro’s ideas on Amerindian ‘perspectivism’ (1996, 2002) to evaluate their ‘fit’ to Baniwa spiritual ethnobotany. Initially, I see a major difference between the perspectivism and agentivity of animal and fish-people, which is very common amongst all Arawak and Tukanoan-speaking peoples, and the plants which derive more often from a divinity that has been sacrificed, dismembered, transformed, and divided up into many distinct plants. The predator-prey relation between animals and humans is secondary when compared to sacrifice and gifting relations between plants and humans, which seem to have more to do with the development of chiefly and priestly societies.
Editors' Introduction
Authors: Wright Robin M. , Taylor Bron
Published: June 2010

Introduces the articles included in this Special Issue on "The Religious Lives of Amazonian Plants"
Response to James A. Nash, ‘The Bible vs. Biodiversity: The Case against Moral Argument from Scripture’.
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia
Published: June 2010

This response to Nash’s paper, while appreciating his legitimate concerns, argues for the following. First with respect to hermeneutics, he counters the literal use of scripture to support biodiversity in ecclesial statements with literal examples of negative ethical practice. Both are hardly warrant for the total exclusion of scripture from moral arguments. Secondly, his own preference for the active appropriation of theological traditions is rooted in a history of interpretation of scripture. Thirdly, in his desire to be inclusive of ecological and scientific literature, it is not always clear which authority, if any, is setting the criteria for moral reasonableness. Fourthly, his sharp distinction between wilderness and pastoralia may not be as problematic as he believes to be the case.
The Manyness of God
Authors: McDaniel Jay
Published: June 2010

James Nash shows that Christianity is an evolving religious tradition capable of growing into a more mature, scientifically informed, and ecologically sensitive outlook on life. Christian theologians can help advance this evolution by critiquing problematic aspects of the biblical heritage and by exploring new ways of understanding the heart of Christian doctrine: namely the idea that God is love. Process theology offers a way of understanding divine love which can help Christians and others appreciate its relevance to biodiversity and the creativity of evolution. It proposes that divine love is not an act of manipulating events in the world, but rather of receiving and appreciating manifold forms of life, each of which have intrinsic value and each of which contribute to the greater whole of divine beauty. This perspective enables Christians – and others influenced by Whitehead – to recognize that a healthy life is biophilic in nature: welcoming not hiding from diversity, both ecological and divine.
Review Essay
Authors: McCorristine Shane
Published: June 2010

William J. Smyth, Map-making, Landscapes and Memory: A Geography of Colonial and Early Modern Ireland, c. 1530–1750 (Cork: Cork University Press, 2006), xxiii+584 pp., $80.00, ISBN: 978-0-2680-1781-1.

Catherine E. Rigby, Topographies of the Sacred: Poetics of Place in European Romanticism (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2004), xv+323 pp., $24.50, ISBN: 978-0-8139-2275-1.

David Brown, God and Enchantment of Place: Reclaiming Human Experience,/i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), vi+436 pp., $50.00, ISBN: 978-0-1992-8876-2.

Ronald L. Grimes, Rite out of Place: Ritual, Media, and the Arts (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), xi+199 pp., $109.99, ISBN: 978-0-1953- 0144-1.
Guest Editor's Introduction
Authors: Sands Robert R.
Published: June 2010

N/A
Peer Reviewers-Volume 3
Authors: Witt Joseph D.
Published: June 2010

All who have performed peer reviews for volume 3.
The Spiritual is Political
Authors: Mallory Chaone
Published: June 2010

Here I analyze expressions of spirituality in radical activism, especially the women’s and transgender direct action forest defense movement in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, to explore questions related to ecofeminism, politics, spirituality, and the charge of essentialism. I utilize theoretical writings critical and supportive of ecofeminist spiritualities, juxtaposed with the experiences of ecoactivists drawn from interviews and activist writings. I elaborate how Forest Defenders engage in earth-based ritual and spiritual practice as part of their efforts to protect old-growth ecosystems, at times invoking feminine and/or maternal representations of nature. Because of this, many academic schools, e.g. rationalism and postmodernism, repudiate these spiritualities, and ecofeminism altogether, on the grounds that it promulgates an ‘essential’ link between women and nature, and is apolitical. Since, contrary to these assumptions, women’s forest defense clearly aims to alter the terrain of the political, I ask whether there is an unrecognized politics to the accusation that activist ecofeminist spiritualities are ‘essentialist’ that serves to marginalize ecofeminism as a discourse, politics, philosophy, and movement.
Dueling over Dualism
Authors: Ferré Frederick
Published: June 2010

Stewart Goetz and Charles Taliaferro in Naturalism (2008), and Chet Raymo in When God is Gone Everything is Holy (2008), take opposite views on the virtues of dualism, particularly regarding the immaterial soul and the material body. Goetz and Taliaferro hit hard at the implausibility of strict naturalism’s reduction of mind to brain, sharply criticizing broad naturalism’s difficulties with free, normative, value-led, personal action. If the choice is between the immaterial soul and naturalist denials and reductions, they defend dualism. Chet Raymo, as a scientist, loves nature and empirical method too much to accept the need for any other realm or way of knowing. If the choice is between modest intellectual integrity and dogmatic obscurantism, he rejects dualism. I reply that these are false choices: Whitehead’s mental and physical ‘duality’ in his bipolar cosmology trumps the need for ‘dualism’ without requiring denial of effective mentality and free personal action.
Dissociation, Relatedness, and ‘Cohesive Harmony’
Authors: Butt David Grimston , Moore Alison Rotha , Henderson-Brooks Caroline , Haliburn Joan , Meares Russell
Published: June 2010

While cohesive devices do not in themselves, or in their aggregate, correspond to the degree of coherence in a text, the measure of “cohesive harmony” developed by Hasan (1984) does constitute an index of the ‘textness’ of extended discourse, including interactive exchanges. A team of functional linguists and psychiatrists investigated the discourse correlates of techniques in the Conversational Model of Psychotherapy (following Meares, 1993, 2005). As one dimension of this investigation, the "fragmented" discourse of dissociating patients was analysed for cohesive harmony. This analysis provided a basis for discriminating degrees of fragmentation in the discourse of patients interacting with therapists, and results help explain the paradoxical combination of disaggregation and fusion in the way such patients construe their experience. Additionally, the method provides new forms of evidence of coherence and consensus between therapist and patient, indices of progress which might otherwise be ‘lost’ or argued on an intuitive basis alone. Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (Eds.). (1985). Language, context, and text: Aspects of language in a social semiotic perspective. Deakin University: Deakin University Press. Hasan, R. (1984). Coherence and Cohesive Harmony. In J. Flood (Ed.), Understanding Reading Comprehension: Cognition, language, and the structure of prose (pp. 181-219). Newark, Delaware: International Reading Association. Meares, R. (1993). The Metaphor of Play: Disruption and Restoration in the Borderline Experience. Northvale, NJ: Aronson. Meares, R. (2005). The Metaphor of Play: Origin and Breakdown of Personal Being (3rd, revised ed.). London: Routledge.
Nascent and Mature Semiotic Systems
Authors: Martinec Radan
Published: June 2010

The article presents a theory of nascent and mature semiotic systems. Mature systems have evolved naturally over long periods of time and feature systematic and natural realization relationships between meanings and forms. Nascent systems are constructed by a semiotician from complex communicative phenomena while following the principles of systematic and natural realization relationships adopted from mature systems. A system for gestures that co-occur with speech is discussed as an example of mature systems and a system of new media design is outlined to exemplify nascent systems. The two systems are compared and it is demonstrated that both are based on the same principles. The nascent system of new media design is conceptualized as a connotative semiotic, as opposed to the system of gestures, which is denotative. Criteria are developed as a guide for constructing nascent systems.
Spirit, Mission and Transnational Influence
Authors: Asamoah-Gyadu J Kwabena
Published: June 2010

This article examines the transnational significance and impact of the Church of the Embassy of the Blessed Kingdom of God for all nations (Embassy of God), a Nigerian-led Pentecostal church based in Kyiv, Ukraine. It shows that the church’s uniqueness lies both in its huge following and in the fact that the majority of its members are white Eastern European. In this sense, it represents a “negative instance” of current trends within African-led migrant churches, where membership is pre- dominantly African. The church’s popularity is explained in terms of its Pentecostal spirituality, which satisfies the spiritual hunger fostered by socialism in Eastern Europe and challenges the staid religiosity of older denominations such as the Eastern Orthodox Church. Its deliberate pursuit of a transnational agenda is evident in the extensive foreign engagements of its leader, Sunday Adelaja, its international media ministry, the growing network of pastors attached to its ministry and its global missionary vision.
African Pentecostalism in Diaspora
Authors: Kalu Ogbu
Published: June 2010

This article is an attempt to survey the field of African immigrant Christianity so as to put the specifically Pentecostal factor in proper perspective. It points to where scholars have been, are and should be going, and who are the chief conversation partners. It examines the various discourses, arguing that reverse flow is broader than a description of Africans doing mission in the northern globe; it is better grasped from a global missiological perspective. African immigrant Christianity is beyond the religious performances of suffering communities in Europe; the discourses on modernity and globalization are useful but harbour internal contradictions; and the profiles of mega churches are not adequate representations. We are confronted with complex matters about religious experiences and expressions catalyzed by the complex patterns of African migration and the changing character of the destinations. The question to be raised is: what is the Pentecostal dimension?
Implant-Retained Mandibular Bar-Supported Overlay Dentures: A Finite Element Stress Analysis of Four Different Bar Heights
Authors: Rismanchian Mansoor , Dakhilalian Mansour , Bajoghli Farshad , Ghasemi Ehsan , Sadr-Eshkevari Pooyan
Published: June 2010

Proper stress distribution on dental implants is necessary in bar-retained implant overlay dentures. We aimed to comparatively assess this stress distribution according to different bar heights using finite element models. A three-dimensional (3D) computer model of mandible with 2 implants (ITI, 4.1 mm diameter and 12 mm length) in canine areas and an overlying implant-supported bar-retained overlay denture were simulated with 0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-mm bar heights using ABAQUS software. A vertical force was applied to the left first molar and gradually increased from 0 to 50 N. The resultant stress distribution was evaluated. Bars of 1 and 2 mm in height transferred the least stress to the implants (3.882 and 3.896 MPa, respectively). The 0-mm height of the bar connection transferred the highest stress value (4.277 MPa). The amount of stress transferred by 3-mm heights of the bar connection was greater than that of 1- and 2-mm bar connections and smaller than that of 0-mm bar connection (4.165 kgN). This 3D finite element analysis study suggested that the use of Dolder bar attachment with 1- and 2-mm heights could be associated with appropriate stress distribution for implant-retained overlay dentures.
Mineralized Tissue Formation Associated With 2 Different Dental Implant Designs: Histomorphometric Analyses Performed in Dogs
Authors: Olate Sergio , de Miranda Chaves Netto Henrique Duque , Klüppel Leandro Eduardo , Mazzonetto Renato , de Albergaria-Barbosa Jose Ricardo
Published: June 2010

The clinical success of dental implants might be associated with such factors as installation technique, implant shape, size, material, and screw threads. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze mineralized tissue formation on the screw threads of conical and cylindrical dental implants. This study includes 7 beagle dogs that had the lower premolars extracted. Three months after bone and soft tissue repair, 2 different designs of dental implants (1 conical and 1 cylindrical) were installed in each hemimandible using a nonsubmerged technique. Both implants when installed had different shape and thread, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy. Six weeks after implant installation, animals were killed and submitted to histomorphometric analysis. Cervical, middle, and apical areas were analyzed. Statistical analysis was carried out using Student t test at a significance level of P < .05. Statistically significant differences were not found between the conical and cylindrical implants. The conical implants presented fewer threads, a smaller area, and more bone formation when compared with the cylindrical ones, without significant differences (P  =  .1226). The highest values concerning bone formation were observed for the cervical area (P  =  .4005), and the lowest for the apical area (P  =  .1899); however, no statistically significant difference was observed. In conclusion, no statistically significant difference was observed in thread bone formation between the cylindrical and conical implant designs when placed using the nonsubmerged technique.
Implant Periapical Lesions: Etiology and Treatment Options
Authors: Romanos Georgios E , Froum Stuart , Costa-Martins Silvia , Meitner Sean , Tarnow Dennis P
Published: June 2010

Implant failures due to apical pathology are conditions that have not been extensively studied nor reported in the literature. The implant periapical lesion (IPAL) has different symptoms, and several etiologies have been proposed in the literature. This article reviews cases of IPAL reported in peer-reviewed journals and presents possible treatment options. Analysis of the data collected was performed based on diagnosis, cause of extraction of the natural tooth, location, period of implant placement, implant surface, and treatment approach. Even the data presented in this review are based on few reported cases the etiology of these lesions seems to be multifactorial or with an unknown origin. Contamination of the implant surface, bone overheating during surgery, excessive torquing of the implant, poor bone quality, perforation or thinning of the cortical bone, premature or excessive load over the fixture, fracture of the bone inside the hollow portion of the hollow implant, and an implant placement in an infected maxillary sinus have been discussed. In general, areas around endodontically compromised teeth should be carefully analyzed prior to implant placement to prevent implant failures.
Bioglass Associated With Leukocyte-Poor Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Rabbit Maxillary Sinus: Histomorphometric, Densitometric, and Fractal Analysis
Authors: Trindade-Suedam Ivy Kiemle , de Morais Juliana Aparecida Najarro Dearo , Faeda Rafael Silveira , Leite Fábio Renato Manzolli , Tosoni Guilherme Monteiro , Neto Carlos Benatti , Marcantonio Elcio , Scaf Gulnara
Published: June 2010

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of autogenous bone graft (AB) and bioglass (BG) associated or not with leukocyte-poor platelet-rich plasma (LP-PRP) in the rabbit maxillary sinus (MS) by histomorphometric and radiographic analysis. Twenty rabbits divided into 2 groups (G1, G2) were submitted to sinus lift surgery. In G1, 10 MS were grafted with AB and 10 MS were grafted with BG. In G2, 10 MS were grafted with AB + LP-PRP and 10 MS were grafted with BG + LP-PRP. After 90 days, the animals were killed and specimens were obtained, x-rayed, and submitted to histomorphometric, radiographic bone density (RD) and fractal dimension analysis. Radiographic bone density mean values (SD), expressed as aluminum equivalent in mm, of AB, BG, AB + LP-PRP, and BG + LP-PRP groups were 1.79 (0.31), 2.04 (0.39), 1.61 (0.28), and 1.53 (0.30), respectively. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were observed between BG and AB, and BG + PRP and BG. Fractal dimension mean values were 1.48 (0.04), 1.35 (0.08), 1.44 (0.04), and 1.44 (0.06), respectively. Significant differences were observed between BG and AB, and AB + LP-PRP and BG. Mean values for the percentage of bone inside MS were 63.30 (8.60), 52.65 (10.41), 55.25 (7.01), and 51.07 (10.25), respectively. No differences were found. No correlations were observed among percentage of bone, RD and FD. Histological analysis showed that MS treated with AB presented mature and new bone formation. The other groups showed minor bone formation. Within the limitations of this study, the results indicated that at a 90-day time end point, AB yielded better results than AB + LP-PRP, BG, and BG + LP-PRP and should be considered the primary material for MS augmentation.
Evaluation of the Effect of Ozonated Plant Oils on the Quality of Osseointegration of Dental Implants Under the Influence of Cyclosporin A: An In Vivo Study
Authors: El Hadary Amany A. , Yassin Hala H. , Mekhemer Sameh T. , Holmes Julian C. , Grootveld Martin
Published: June 2010

Immunosuppressive agents have been recognized as factors that induce changes and modifications in bone metabolism. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of ozonated plant extracts (herein termed ozonated oil) under the influence of Cyclosporin A (CsA) on osseointegration. A total of 20 dental implants were placed in 20 rabbit tibiae assigned to Group A or B. CsA was injected at an immunosuppressive dose in Groups A and B as a single-dose treatment. At the day of surgery, Group A received a single topical ozonated oil treatment (0.55 mL) around dental implants; Group B, the control group, received no ozonated oil. Animals were sacrificed after 8 weeks. Radiographs were obtained at implant surgery and on the day of sacrifice. Bone quality was compared between the 2 groups. Radiographically, osseointegration was microscopically evaluated using scanning electron and light microscopies. In ozonated Group A specimens, light microscopic examination demonstrated evidence of more organized mature bone compared with Group B. Within the limits of this study, the results suggest that short-term administration of CsA, when administered with topical ozonated oil, may influence bone density and the quality of dental implant osseointegration. Therefore, topically applied ozonated oil may influence bone density and the quality of osseointegration around dental implants.
Fresh-Frozen Bone Allografts in Maxillary Ridge Augmentation: Histologic Analysis
Authors: Contar Cintia Mussi Milani , Sarot João Rodrigo , da Costa Maite Barroso , Bordini Jayme , de Lima Antonio Adilson Soares , Alanis Luciana Reis Azevedo , Trevilatto Paula Cristina , Machado Maria Ângela Naval
Published: June 2010

Bone allograft has become an alternative to autogenous bone due to its decreased operative trauma and the almost unlimited supply of reconstructive material. The aim of the present study was to histologically evaluate the suitability of fresh-frozen bone graft (test group) used in maxillary ridge augmentation, comparing it to autogenous bone (native maxilla: control group). During the re-entry procedures, 9 months after the fresh-frozen allogeneic bone blocks were placed in the atrophic maxillary ridges, bone cores were removed with a trephine bur from test and control treatments in the same patient. Routine histologic processing using hematoxylin and eosin and Picrosirius staining was performed. Mature and immature collagen area and density analysis were carried out for both groups under polarization. The results of Student’s t test for paired samples (P > .05) showed no statistically significant difference in mature and immature collagen area or density percentage between test and control groups. Histologically similar bone formation patterns were observed in both groups. We concluded that fresh-frozen bone allograft is a biologically acceptable alternative for augmentation of the deficient alveolar ridge, showing a similar collagen pattern to that of autogenous bone.
Managing Farming Systems for Nitrate Control: A Research Review from Management Systems Evaluation Areas
Authors: Power J.F. , Wiese Richard , Flowerday Dale
Published: June 2010

The U.S. Department of Agriculture funded the Management Systems Evaluation Area (MSEA) research project in 1990 to evaluate effectiveness of present farming systems in controlling nitrate N in water resources and to develop improved technologies for farming systems. This paper summarizes published research results of a five‐year effort. Most research is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of farming system components (fertilizer, tillage, water control, cropping systems, and soil and weather variability). The research results show that current soil nitrate tests reliably predict fertilizer N needed to control environmental and economic risks for crop production. A corn (Zea mays L.)–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation usually controls risk better than continuous corn, but both may result in unacceptable nitrate leaching. Reduced tillage, especially ridge‐till, is better than clean tillage in reducing risk. Tile drainage controls nitrate in ground water, but discharge may increase nitrate in surface waters. Sprinkler irrigation systems provide better water control than furrow irrigation because quantity and spatial variability of applied water is reduced. Present farming systems have two major deficiencies: (i) entire fields are managed uniformly, ignoring inherent soil variability within a field; and (ii) N fertilizer rates and many field practices are selected assuming normal weather for the coming season. Both deficiencies can contribute to nitrate leaching in parts of most fields.
Hurricane‐Loaded Soil: Effects on Nitric Oxide Emissions from Soil
Authors: Tabachow Ross M. , Peirce J. Jeffrey , Essiger Christian
Published: June 2010

The nitric oxide (NO) flux from eastern North Carolina soils subjected to flooding from hurricanes were studied in laboratory experiments. Three sites along the Neuse River basin in eastern North Carolina that sustained different intensities of flooding in September 1999 from Hurricane Floyd were examined. Hurricane Floyd impacted the Neuse River basin by inducing flooding that damaged and disabled hog (Sus scrofa) lagoons and municipal wastewater treatment plants. Between approximately 53 and 325 million liters (14 and 86 million gallons) of untreated hog waste and between approximately 5.7 and 34.4 billion liters (1.5 and 9.1 billion gallons) of untreated municipal wastewater are projected to have entered the Neuse River basin, increasing the concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and total solids. Phosphorus and total solids are projected to have increased 3.2 and 199.2 mg/L, respectively. Total N was projected to have increased by 9.8 mg/L, which is posited to have increased the NO flux from flooded soils for months after the hurricane. Nitric oxide emissions from soil can adversely affect ozone levels in the lower troposphere. Minimization of NO flux from soil is advantageous, protecting air quality as well as conserving valued nitrogen fertilizers. Hurricane‐loaded soils were found to produce more than 30 times greater NO emissions than nonflooded soils with NO fluxes ranging from 0.1 to 102.5 ng N/(m2 s).
Amelioration of Nickel Phytotoxicity in Muck and Mineral Soils
Authors: Kukier Urszula , Chaney Rufus L.
Published: June 2010

In situ remediation (phytostabilization) is a cost‐effective solution for restoring the productivity of metal‐contaminated soils and protection of food chains. A pot experiment with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.), and redbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) was conducted to test the ability of limestone and hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) to ameliorate Ni phytotoxicity in two soils contaminated by particulate emissions from a nickel refinery. Quarry muck (Terric Haplohemist; 72% organic matter) contained 2210 mg kg−1 of total Ni. The mineral soil, Welland silt loam (Typic Epiaquoll), was more contaminated (2930 mg Ni kg−1). Both soils were very strongly acidic, allowing the soil Ni to be soluble and phytotoxic. Nickel phytotoxicity of the untreated muck soil was not very pronounced and could be easily confused with symptoms of Mn deficiency that occurred in this soil even with Mn fertilization. Severe nickel phytotoxicity of the untreated mineral soil prevented any growth of redbeet, the most sensitive crop; even wheat, a relatively Ni‐resistant species, was severely damaged. White banding indicative of Ni phytotoxicity was present on oat and wheat leaves grown on the acidic mineral soil. Soil Ni extracted with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and 0.01 M Sr(NO3)2 was indicative of the ameliorative effect of amendments and correlated well with Ni concentrations in plant shoots. Making soils calcareous was an effective treatment to reduce plant‐available Ni and remediate Ni phytotoxicity of these soils to all crops tested. The ameliorative effect of HFO was crop‐specific and much less pronounced.
Fractionation of Copper, Nickel, and Zinc in Metal‐Spiked Sewage Sludge
Authors: McLaren R. G. , Clucas L. M.
Published: June 2010

The enrichment or spiking of sewage sludge with heavy metals for experimental purposes is a fairly widely used, although sometimes controversial, technique. A study was undertaken, using a sequential fractionation scheme, to assess the degree of incorporation of Cu, Ni, and Zn into sewage sludge samples spiked with these metals and incubated for 6 mo. For all three metals, substantial proportions of the metals were incorporated into the sludge matrix, particularly as evidenced by their occurrence in the oxide‐bound, organic‐bound, and residual fractions. In particular, for Cu very little of the added copper remained in the sludge supernatant solution after 6 mo of incubation and, apart from at the highest level of Cu addition, there was very little difference in the fractional distribution of Cu between the Cu‐spiked and non‐Cu‐spiked sludges. For Ni and Zn, however, although there was substantial incorporation of these metals into the sludge, the higher levels of Ni and Zn addition resulted in greater proportions of the metals in the most soluble fractions (soluble, exchangeable, specifically sorbed) compared with nonspiked sludges. The fractionation data for Ni also showed that large additions of Cu and Zn can affect the fractional distribution of Ni in the sludge. The drying of sewage sludge prior to analysis was shown to increase metal solubility in the sludge samples, and the potential implications of this finding for the prediction of sludge metal bioavailability are discussed.
A Stochastic Empirical Model for Regional Heavy‐Metal Balances in Agroecosystems
Authors: Keller A. , von Steiger B. , van der Zee S.E.A.T.M. , Schulin R.
Published: June 2010

Mass flux balancing provides essential information for preventive strategies against heavy‐metal accumulation in agricultural soils that may result from atmospheric deposition and application of fertilizers and pesticides. In this paper we present the empirical stochastic balance model, PROTERRA‐S, that estimates heavy‐metal and phosphorus accumulation in agricultural soils on the regional level. The basic units of these balances are land use systems defined by livestock production and cultivated crops. The model is designed to use available databases, such as regional agricultural statistics and soil information systems. In a case study, we assessed the phosphorus, cadmium, and zinc balances for the Sundgau region, Switzerland. The regional P requirements of crops were mainly supplied by animal manure (56%) and commercial fertilizers (40%). Net cadmium fluxes of the land use systems ranged from 1.0 g ha−1 yr−1 (dairy and mixed farm types) to 17.8 g ha−1 yr−1 (animal husbandry systems), whereas the regional net cadmium flux was only 1.4 g ha−1 yr−1 The regional net zinc flux was 605 g ha−1 yr−1 The smallest net zinc flux of 101 g ha−1 yr−1 was found for an arable farm type, whereas for animal husbandry systems fluxes up to 39.8 kg ha−1 yr−1 were estimated. Comparison of model results with reported metal balances of experimental farms shows that identification of agricultural land with high risks of heavy‐metal accumulation benefits from stratification of heavy‐metal balances according to land use systems while accounting for their P fertilization plans. Consequently, the model may support sustainable management of heavy‐metal cycles in agricultural soils.
Biogeochemistry of a Treeline Watershed, Northwestern Alaska
Authors: Stottlemyer Robert
Published: June 2010

Since 1950, mean annual temperatures in northwestern Alaska have increased. Change in forest floor and soil temperature or moisture could alter N mineralization rates, production of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and organic nitrogen (DON), and their export to the aquatic ecosystem. In 1990, we began study of nutrient cycles in the 800‐ha Asik watershed, located at treeline in the Noatak National Preserve, northwestern Alaska. This paper summarizes relationships between topographic aspect, soil temperature and moisture, inorganic and organic N pools, C pools, CO2 efflux, growing season net N mineralization rates, and stream water chemistry. Forest floor (O2) C/N ratios, C pools, temperature, and moisture were greater on south aspects. More rapid melt of the soil active layer (zone of annual freeze–thaw) and permafrost accounted for the higher moisture. The O2 C and N content were correlated with moisture, inorganic N pools, CO2 efflux, and inversely with temperature. Inorganic N pools were correlated with temperature and CO2 efflux. Net N mineralization rates were positive in early summer, and correlated with O2 moisture, temperature, and C and N pools. Net nitrification rates were inversely correlated with moisture, total C and N. The CO2 efflux increased with temperature and moisture, and was greater on south aspects. Stream ion concentrations declined and DOC increased with discharge. Stream inorganic nitrogen (DIN) output exceeded input by 70%. Alpine stream water nitrate (NO−3) and DOC concentrations indicated substantial contributions to the watershed DIN and DOC budgets.
Differential Effects of Surface and Peat Fire on Soil Constituents in a Degraded Wetland of the Northern Florida Everglades
Authors: Smith Stephen M. , Newman Susan , Garrett Patrick B. , Leeds Jennifer A.
Published: June 2010

The effects of surface (aboveground) and peat (belowground) fire on a number of soil constituents were examined within a hydrologically altered marsh in the northern Florida Everglades. Peat fire resulted in losses of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), and organic phosphorus (Po), while inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and total calcium (TCa) concentrations increased. In addition, peat fire led to a more pronounced vertical gradient in constituent concentrations between upper and lower soil layers. Surface fire also affected soil constituents, but impacts were small relative to peat fire. The effects of physical versus chemical processes during burning were assessed using ratios of constituent to TCa concentrations. This measure indicated that increases in the levels of total phosphorus (TP) in peat‐burned areas were due primarily to the physical reduction of soil, while decreases in TN and TC were the result of volatilization. Increases in concentrations of Pifractions arose from both chemically and physically mediated processes. In an ecological context, the observed soil transformations may encourage the growth of invasive plant species, such as southern narrow‐leaved cattail (Typha domingensisPers.), which exhibits high growth rates in response to increased P availability.
Organochlorine Compounds in a Brazilian Watershed with Sugarcane and Intense Sediment Redistribution
Authors: Sparovek Gerd , Anisimova Marina A. , Kolb Marit , Bahadir Müfit , Wehage Hubert , Schnug Ewald
Published: June 2010

Until 1985 persistent organochlorine compounds such as aldrin [(1α,4α,4aβ,5α,8α,8aβ)‐1,2,3,4,10,10‐hexachloro‐1,4,4a,5,8,8a‐hexahydro‐1,4:5,8‐dimethanonaphthalene] and heptachlor (1,4,5,6,7,8,8‐heptachloro‐3a,4,7,7a‐tetrahydro‐4,7‐methano‐1H‐indene) were recommended and used as insecticides on a large scale in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) cropping in Brazil. The environmental impact of these applications was not investigated in the past neither prior to nor after their restriction of use in Brazil. In a case study conducted during 1999, organochlorine insecticides were investigated in soils, colluviums, submerged sediments, and organisms in a watershed located in a traditional sugarcane‐growing region in the southeastern region of Brazil. The results indicated that past applications of organochlorine insecticides (prior to 1985) do not represent an environmental threat at the present time. Most insecticides applied in the past were not detected or were present only in amounts that were below the detection limit. The organochlorine compounds lindane [(1α,2α,3β,4α,5α,6β)‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexachlorocyclohexane] and heptachlor that remained on the market after 1985 for purposes other than for soil application were still detectable in significant amounts in soils, sediments, and soil organisms (heptachlor in form of the epoxide metabolites). This may suggest that these residues were originated from applications after 1985. These compounds showed a capacity for accumulation in sediments and soil organisms. The enrichment ratio from soils to sediments was 2 to 3 times and from soils to organisms up to 20 times.
Evaluation of the Phosphorus Index in Watersheds at the Regional Scale
Authors: Birr A. S. , Mulla D. J.
Published: June 2010

Agricultural losses of phosphorus (P) in runoff are a primary cause of eutrophication in many freshwater systems. A modified version of the P Index originally developed jointly by the USDA (Agricultural Research Service [ARS], Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service [CSREES], and Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS]) was used to prioritize P loss vulnerability at the regional scale from 60 watersheds located within Minnesota using readily available data related to the transport and sources of P. This modified version of the P Index was created for a regionally based analysis of the index. Validation of the P Index rating was conducted using long‐term water quality monitoring data consisting of total P concentrations collected from watersheds and lakes. The modified version of the P Index produced a strong correlation between P Index rating and total P stream monitoring data in watersheds (r2 = 0.70) excluding the Red River Basin. An equally strong relationship was observed between P Index rating and lake water quality (r2 = 0.68) using the modified P Index. The P Index ratings for the Red River Basin showed good correlation with observed total P stream monitoring data (r2 = 0.51); however, the P Index ratings were smaller than in other basins. The results of this study suggest that, with certain limitations, the P Index can be used at the regional scale to prioritize P loss vulnerability using state and national databases. Regional P Index ratings represent the average risk for agricultural land within the entire watershed.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Chlorobenzene Degradation in Aqueous Samples Using Advanced Oxidation Processes
Authors: Dilmeghani Mine , Zahir K. Omar
Published: June 2010

Degradation of chlorobenzene using various photoinduced oxidation processes such as direct ultraviolet light–induced photolysis (UV), UV–H2O2, UV–O3, and UV–H2O2–O3 was investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Kinetics and mechanisms of the degradation process were studied using high performance liquid chromatorgraphy (HPLC) and gas chromatorgraphy–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). In all cases, loss of chlorobenzene followed first‐order kinetics. For UV‐induced degradation of chlorobenzene, the observed pseudo first‐order rate constant, kobs, ranged from 1.8 × 10−4 s−1 under anaerobic conditions to 6.4 × 10−4 s−1 for oxygen‐saturated solution. Among the four systems studied, under identical conditions, the degradation rates for UV–H2O2 and UV–H2O2–O3 were very similar and were an order of magnitude higher than the one observed for UV. For the UV–H2O2 system, the observed pseudo first‐order rate constant varied linearly with [H2O2] and followed the rate expression , where kOH is the observed second‐order rate constant for the reaction of OH radical with cholorbenzene. A plot of kobs vs. [H2O2] gave a value of 0.17 ± 0.02 M−1 s−1 for kOH Both HPLC and GC–MS studies showed that depending upon the time of photolysis and the advanced oxidation processes (AOP) method employed, various intermediates were formed during the degradation process. For the UV process, these intermediates were identified as phenol, biphenyl, chlorobiphenyl isomers, and benzaldehyde. For the other three systems, chlorophenol, and various isomers of chlorobiphenyl and dichlorobiphenyl, were observed as the intermediates. The initial pH of the solution decreased from 5.8 to 3.5, showing the release of chlorine from cholobenzene. The HPLC results also showed that at longer times, the subsequent degradation of the intermediates also took place. Carbon dioxide and water are suspected to be the likely end products. Mechanistic schemes for the formation of such intermediates are proposed.
Persistence of Estrogenic Hormones in Agricultural Soils: I. 17β‐Estradiol and Estrone
Authors: Colucci Michael S. , Bork Henry , Topp Edward
Published: June 2010

The persistence and pathways of dissipation of 17β‐estradiol and estrone in soil were established in laboratory microcosm incubations. [4‐14C]‐17β‐Estradiol dissipation and mineralization rates were determined over a range of temperatures and moistures, and this compound was rapidly removed in soil conditions typical of a temperate growing season. 17β‐Estradiol was oxidized to estrone in both autoclaved and nonsterile loam, silt loam, and sandy loam soils, suggesting an abiological transformation. In contrast, estrone was stable in autoclaved soil, suggesting that its removal was microbially mediated. Both [4‐14C]‐17β‐estradiol and [4‐14C]‐estrone formed non‐extractable residues, and soil‐bound residues were only slowly mineralized, suggesting that their bioavailability was low. Determination of total estrogenicity in soil extracts by means of a recombinant yeast assay indicated that there were no other estrogenic compounds produced during 17β‐estradiol dissipation, and that total estrogenicity was rapidly dissipated below the detection limit. We suggest that environmental studies evaluating the movement and persistence of estrogenic hormones from animal wastes should include estrone in their analyses.
Phytosiderophores Influence on Cadmium Mobilization and Uptake by Wheat and Barley Plants
Authors: Shenker M. , Fan T.W.‐M. , Crowley D.E.
Published: June 2010

A constant anthropogenic release of cadmium to the environment has resulted in a continuous buildup of Cd in soils. Uptake and accumulation of Cd in plant tissue and in grains may lead to food chain transfer to humans. Application of synthetic chelates was suggested to increase metal mobilization and facilitate phytoextraction as a means for the remediation of metal‐polluted soils. However, most of the chelate‐extracted metal may be leached rather than mobilized to plant roots. In contrast to the synthetic chelates added to soils, plant‐produced chelators called phytosiderophores (PS) are excreted directly to the rhizosphere. Previous studies have shown that PS facilitate uptake of Zn and Fe by graminaceous plants. In this study, a two‐step PS mediation of Cd uptake was hypothesized: (i) extraction and chelation in the soil solution, and (ii) delivery of the chelated Cd to the uptake system of the plant. We examined Cd extraction by PS, the synthetic chelate HEDTA [N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐ethylenediamine‐triacetic acid], and a fungal siderophore rhizoferrin from solid‐phase Cd phosphate at pH 7.3 with and without Fe competition in the presence of Ca and Mg as additional competing metals. While rhizoferrin did not extract Cd, PS and HEDTA did extract Cd even in the presence of Fe. Yet, uptake of Cd by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) plants was not significantly influenced by Fe stress, but instead was controlled primarily by Cd2+ activity in solution. These results suggest that even though Cd may be mobilized by PS, there is no significant uptake of the Cd–PS complex by the plant roots.
Soil Organic Carbon Pools and Sequestration Rates in Reclaimed Minesoils in Ohio
Authors: Akala V. A. , Lal R.
Published: June 2010

A chronosequence of reclaimed minelands under two land uses was studied to determine the potential of minesoil reclamation to sequester carbon (C). Effects of four treatments, consisting of pasture and forest with and without topsoil application, were assessed on temporal changes in soil C pool. The control sites were a 70‐yr‐old marginal agricultural land under pasture and a 65‐yr‐old reclaimed forest land. The soil organic carbon (SOC) pool of pasture treatment with topsoil application increased from 9.2 to 55.4 Mg ha−1 after 25 yr for the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth and from 7.8 to 37.8 Mg ha−1 for the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth. The rate of SOC sequestration in the pasture treatment ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth, and from 0.4 to 1.9 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth over the 25‐yr period. The SOC pool of forest treatment with topsoil application increased from 14 to 48.4 Mg ha−1 in 21 yr for the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth, and from 8.4 to 14.5 Mg ha−1 for the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth. The rate of SOC sequestration in the forest treatment ranged from 0.7 to 2.3 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth and from 0.3 to 0.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth over the 21‐yr period. The pasture and forest treatments without topsoil application were a minimum of 30 yr old and hence, the SOC pools were almost constant ranging between 60 and 70 Mg ha−1 for the 0‐ to 15‐cm depth and 30 and 40 Mg ha−1 for the 15‐ to 30‐cm depth.