bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of communication and swallowing post-laryngectomy: a telerehabilitation trial
Authors: Ward Elizabeth , Crombie Jane , Trickey Megan , Hill Anne , Theodoros Deborah , Russell Trevor
Published: July 2009

Ten laryngectomy patients were assessed using a purpose-designed, multimedia videoconferencing system incorporating a freestanding, self-focusing camera. Swallowing, stoma and communication status were assessed simultaneously by a remote clinician and face-to-face, by a second clinician at the patient's site. The remote trial took place over a distance of approximately 1700 km using a commercial 3G phone network. A satisfaction questionnaire was also completed. There was excellent agreement between the two assessing clinicians. Image quality obtained via the freestanding camera was rated as lower than direct observation, but it was sufficient to assess the stoma and status of the voice prosthesis. During the trial, occasional difficulties with audio delays and image distortion were experienced, although these were manageable. Both patient and clinician satisfaction with remote assessment was high. The results provide further evidence to support the use of telerehabilitation for evaluating the speech and swallowing status of laryngectomy patients following discharge from acute care.
Copy-Number Variation Genotyping of GSTT1 and GSTM1 Gene Deletions by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Rose-Zerilli Matthew J , Barton Sheila J , Henderson A John , Shaheen Seif O , Holloway John W
Published: July 2009

Background: Structural variation in the human genome is increasingly recognized as being highly prevalent and having relevance to common human diseases. Array-based comparative genome-hybridization technology can be used to determine copy-number variation (CNV) across entire genomes, and quantitative PCR (qPCR) can be used to validate de novo variation or assays of common CNV in disease-association studies. Analysis of large qPCR data sets can be complicated and time-consuming, however.

Methods: We describe qPCR assays for GSTM1 (glutathione S-transferase mu 1) and GSTT1 (glutathione S-transferase theta 1) gene deletions that can genotype up to 192 samples in duplicate 5-μL reaction volumes in <2 h on the ABI Prism 7900HT Sequence Detection System. To streamline data handling and analysis of these CNVs by qPCR, we developed a novel interactive, macro-driven Microsoft Excel® spreadsheet. As proof of principle, we used our software to analyze CNV data for 1478 DNA samples from a family-based cohort.

Results: With only 8 ng of DNA template, we assigned CNV genotypes (i.e., 2, 1, or 0 copies) to either 96% (GSTM1) or 91% (GSTT1) of all DNA samples in a single round of PCR amplification. Genotyping accuracy, as ascertained by familial inheritance, was >99.5%, and independent genotype assignments with replicate real-time PCR runs were 100% concordant.

Conclusions: The genotyping assay for GSTM1 and GSTT1 gene deletion is suitable for large genetic epidemiologic studies and is a highly effective analysis system that is readily adaptable to analysis of other CNVs. .
A Study on Rutting Prediction of the Asphalt Pavement for Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks
Authors: Cong Ling , Yang Jun , Zhu Haoran , Cui Juan
Published: July 2009

This paper establishes a finite element method (FEM) model to predict rutting development of a double-layered pavement system with stone mastic asphalt as its upper layer and mastic asphalt as its bottom layer, which is widely used in orthotropic steel bridge paving. In addition, it presents the influence of pavement thickness and overloading on rutting occurring in the pavement of an orthotropic steel bridge. The results show that the MA layer contributes to an overwhelming majority of permanent deformation; furthermore, within a certain range, rutting depth increases rapidly with the rise of pavement thickness. Finally, a circular road tracking test was conducted to verify the FEM prediction. The comparison between test results and FEM results shows that the model is accurate. The results of this study can be used as reference for the design of pavement on steel decks.
A note on coincidence isometries of modules in Euclidean space
Authors: Huck Christian
Published: July 2009

It is shown that the coincidence isometries of certain modules in Euclidean n-space can be decomposed into a product of at most n coincidence reflections defined by non-zero module elements. This generalizes previous results obtained for lattices to situations that are relevant in quasicrystallography.
Structural systematics in antimony tris(xanthates): Sb(S2COR)3
Authors: Brown Joseph K. , Arman Hadi D. , Poplaukhin Pavel V. , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: July 2009

Crystallography shows the hexagonal form of Sb(S2COEt)3 to have three-fold symmetry in which the antimony atom is chelated by asymmetrically coordinating xanthate ligands, Sb—S = 2.5204(8) and 3.0603(11) Å. The lone pair of electrons projects out of the triangular face defined by the three weakly coordinating sulfur atoms. The crystal structure comprises layers that stack in an ... ABAB ... fashion in contrast to the previously determined trigonal form. A similar coordination geometry is found in the structure of Sb(S2CO—nPr)3. Molecules aggregate into a supramolecular helical chain via secondary Sb ... S interactions. Crystal data for C9H15O3S6Sb, hexagonal, P63, a = 14.642(4), c = 4.6674(10) Å, V = 866.6(4) Å3, Z = 2, R = 0.021; C12H21O3S6Sb, monoclinic, P21/c, a = 14.671(5), b = 8.898(3), c = 17.185(6) Åb = 111.288(4)°, V = 2090.3(12) Å3, Z = 4, R = 0.042. An analysis of all available Sb(S2COR)3 structures shows the adoption of molecules with C
3 or C

s
symmetry. In the case of the latter, well defined intermolecular Sb ... S contacts lead to supramolecular double chains. For the structures with C
3 symmetry, supramolecular aggregation patterns are more varied and less dependent on Sb ... S contacts.
Histological changes of the liver and metabolic correlates in ewes with pregnancy toxemia
Authors: Cal L. , Borteiro C. , Benech A. , Rodas E. , Abreu M.N. , Cruz J. C. , González Montaña J. R.
Published: July 2009

The histological changes of the liver in ewes with pregnancy toxemia were characterized. Ten ewes were fed on grass ad libitum, and another ten were starved from day 130 of pregnancy for up to four days. Liver puncture biopsies were performed at days 70, 100, 130, and 140 of pregnancy, and at day 45 in postpartum. Seric hydroxybutyrate (HB), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), aspartate aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase were dosed. Histological preparations revealed similar incidence and intensity of mild liver steatosis in both groups at day 130. Starved ewes become toxemic (as indicated by HB), and at day 140 exhibited more severe injury in a higher proportion (9/9 vs. 4/10; P<0.01). Almost all of them (7/9) had large amounts of small lipid droplets in almost every hepatocyte over the whole liver acinus, and higher NEFA values. At day 45 in postpartum, both groups had mild steatotic changes as initially. A positive correlation between severity of liver damage seric and only aspartate aminotransferase was observed at day 140 in starved animals (P<0.05). This enzyme could be used to assess liver damage, but not alkaline phosphatase. All samples with degeneration corresponded to the microvesicular type. A short starvation period during late pregnancy in ewes produced reversible liver degeneration.
Comparação entre método bioquímico e reação em cadeia de polimerase para identificação de Lactobacillus spp., isolados de aves
Authors: Barros M.R. , Andreatti Filho R.L. , Oliveira D.E. , Lima E.T. , Crocci A.J.
Published: July 2009

Lactobacilos foram isolados do inglúvio e cecos de reprodutoras pesadas e caracterizados como Gram-positivo, catalase negativo, produtores de gás em glicose e não produtores de H2S em triple sugar iron e pela fermentação de carboidratos. Utilizaram-se os iniciadores: Lac 1/23-10C para detecção de Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gasseri, L. helveticus e L. jensenii; Lac 2/LU-1' para L. acidophilus; Fer 3/Fer 4 para L. fermentum; Reu 1/Reu 2 para L. reuteri e Sal 1 e Sal 2 para L. salivarius. L. reuteri e L. salivarius foram identificados pela reação em cadeia de polimerase (PCR) e pelo teste bioquímico, enquanto L. acidophilus, L. fermentum e Lactobacillus sp. somente pelo teste bioquímico. Os resultados obtidos na PCR foram mais precisos quando comparados aos obtidos com o método bioquímico, que demonstrou ser subjetivo devido às variações na fermentação de carboidratos, principalmente na diferenciação entre L. fermentum e L. reuteri.
Doença crônica da valva mitral em cães: avaliação clínica funcional e mensuração ecocardiográfica da valva mitral
Authors: Muzzi R.A.L. , Muzzi L.A.L. , Araújo R.B. , Lázaro D.A.
Published: July 2009

Foram descritos os achados do exame físico em cães com degeneração mixomatosa crônica da valva mitral e mensurado o comprimento e a espessura das cúspides da valva mitral pelo exame ecocardiográfico. Utilizaram-se 81 cães de diferentes raças de pequeno a médio porte, com idade de 11,12± 2,51 anos e peso de 6,24kg± 3,19, dos quais 20 eram clinicamente normais (grupo-controle) e 61 apresentavam evidências clínicas de cardiopatia. Os animais foram distribuídos em três classes distintas segundo a insuficiência cardíaca congestiva (grupos I, II e III), de acordo com os dados do histórico e dos sinais clínicos apresentados. Ao exame ecocardiográfico, avaliaram-se as medidas das cúspides da valva mitral, que não apresentaram diferença entre os cães do grupo I e II, embora estivessem anormais se comparadas às dos cães do grupo-controle. Nos animais do grupo III, as medidas das valvas avaliadas foram maiores que as dos cães dos grupos I e II. Foram observados nódulos com formato arredondado e, nos cães do grupo III, as cúspides estavam bastante alongadas e espessadas.
Uso de morfina, xilazina e meloxicam para o controle da dor pós-operatória em cadelas submetidas à ovariossalpingo-histerectomia
Authors: Pereira D.A. , Marques J.A.
Published: July 2009

Foram realizados estudos empregando-se analgésicos por via epidural e subcutânea em cadelas de diferentes raças e idades, submetidas à castração mediante celiotomia. Vinte animais foram tranquilizados e anestesiados com tiletamina-zolazepam, e aleatoriamente distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=5), de acordo com o fármaco e a via de administração. Os do grupo morfina (GM) foram submetidos à anestesia epidural no espaço lombossacro, com morfina (0,1mg/kg) associada ao cloreto de sódio a 0,9%. Aos do grupo xilazina (GX), foram administrados xilazina (0,2mg/kg) e cloreto de sódio a 0,9%. Os do grupo meloxicam (GME) receberam 0,2mg/kg do anti-inflamatório meloxicam associado ao cloreto de sódio a 0,9%, injetado pela via subcutânea. Os do grupo-controle (CG) receberam apenas cloreto de sódio a 0,9%. O volume final para as injeções epidurais foi padronizado para 0,3mL/kg. A mensuração inicial da concentração de cortisol plasmático, do ritmo cardíaco, da frequência respiratória e os parâmetros comportamentais foram registrados imediatamente antes do procedimento cirúrgico (M1). Registros adicionais foram apresentados às 2, 6, 12 e 24 horas após o procedimento cirúrgico (M2, M3, M4 e M5, respectivamente). As variáveis comportamentais foram avaliadas por meio de sinais clínicos e seus respectivos escores. Em GX foram observadas depressão respiratória, bradicardia e concentração de cortisol mais alta do que o registrado no GM. A analgesia obtida pelo meloxicam foi considerada ineficiente. É possível concluir que a morfina, via epidural, promoveu menor incidência de efeitos colaterais e melhor analgesia e bem-estar animal.
Caracterização da mitocôndria isolada de fígado de tilápia-do-nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) e alterações da bioenergética mitocondrial causadas pela exposição herbicida oxifluorfena
Authors: Peixoto F.P. , Santos D.L. , Vilela S. , Fontaínhas-Fernandes A.
Published: July 2009

Descreve-se um método de isolamento de mitocôndrias acopladas de tilápia-do-nilo Oreochromis niloticus, isoladas de células hepáticas de peixes adultos. As mitocôndrias estavam metabolicamente ativas, sendo capazes de realizarem fosforilação oxidativa, de acordo com os valores do quociente de controle respiratório. Os valores de controle respiratório obtidos com malato/piruvato (complexo I) e com succinato (complexo II) foram de 5,8±0,8 e 3,38±0,4, respectivamente. O potencial de membrana exibiu o valor de 197±4mV, quer se utilizasse malato/piruvato ou succinato como substrato. O procedimento de isolamento de mitocôndrias de O. niloticus permite o estudo do efeito de xenobióticos na bioenergética mitocondrial, tendo sido avaliada a ação da oxifluorfena (0,6mgL-1) na bioenergética mitocondrial. Os resultados demonstram que o tratamento com oxifluorfena influencia a capacidade fosforilativa dos peixes, interferindo na sua carga energética, o que poderá levar à sua morte.
Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para produção de leite de vacas da raça Holandesa via regressão aleatória
Authors: Dorneles C.K.P. , Cobuci J.A. , Rorato P.R.N. , Weber T. , Lopes J.S. , Oliveira H.N.
Published: July 2009

Foram utilizados 21.702 registros de produção de leite no dia do controle de 2.429 vacas primíparas da raça Holandesa, filhas de 233 touros, coletados em 33 rebanhos do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, para estimar parâmetros genéticos para produção de leite no dia do controle. O modelo de regressão aleatória ajustado aos controles leiteiros entre o sexto e o 305º dia de lactação incluiu o efeito de rebanho-ano-mês do controle, idade da vaca no parto e os parâmetros do polinômio de Legendre de ordem quatro, para modelar a curva média da produção de leite da população e parâmetros do mesmo polinômio, para modelar os efeitos aleatórios genético-aditivo e de ambiente permanente. As variâncias genéticas e de ambiente permanente para produção de leite no dia do controle variaram, respectivamente, de 2,38 a 3,14 e de 7,55 a 10,35. As estimativas de herdabilidade aumentaram gradativamente do início (0,14) para o final do período de lactação (0,20), indicando ser uma característica de moderada herdabilidade. As correlações genéticas entre as produções de leite de diferentes estágios leiteiros variaram de 0,33 a 0,99 e foram maiores entre os controles adjacentes. As correlações de ambiente permanente seguiram a mesma tendência das correlações genéticas. O modelo de regressão aleatória com polinômio de Legendre de ordem quatro pode ser considerado como uma boa ferramenta para estimação de parâmetros genéticos para a produção de leite ao longo da lactação.
Degradabilidade ruminal e digestibilidade intestinal da proteína de capim-elefante com três idades de corte
Authors: Soares J.P.G. , Deresz F. , Arcury P.B. , Salman A.K.D. , Oliveira A.D. , Verneque R.S. , Berchielli T.T.
Published: July 2009

Determinaram-se a degradabilidade potencial (DP) e a digestibilidade intestinal da proteína não degradada no rúmen (DIPNDR) do capim-elefante em diferentes idades de rebrote (30, 45 e 60 dias) e comparou-se a técnica do saco de náilon móvel (in situ) com o método de três estádios (in vitro). Para tanto, utilizaram-se seis novilhos mestiços canulados no rúmen e duodeno alimentados exclusivamente com capim-elefante picado. O ensaio de degradabilidade foi realizado com amostras do capim incubadas no rúmen por 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 e 120h. A digestibilidade intestinal foi determinada utilizando-se os resíduos de incubação por 24 horas. Na técnica in situ os resíduos em sacos de náilon foram colocados no duodeno e recuperados nas fezes. No método in vitro, os resíduos foram submetidos à digestão com HCl-pepsina-pancreatina. Em amostras de capim com idades de 30, 45 e 60 dias foram observados valores de DP da proteína de 87,5; 87,8 e 83,8%, respectivamente. A DIPNDR variou com a idade do capim e foi semelhante entre os métodos in situ e in vitro somente para o capim com 60 dias. O método in situ apresentou estimativa de digestibilidade intestinal mais coerente com as mudanças na composição química do capim-elefante decorrentes do envelhecimento.
Desempenho produtivo de ovinos em confinamento alimentados com diferentes dietas
Authors: Parente H.N. , Machado T.M.M. , Carvalho F.C. , Garcia R. , Rogério M.C.P. , Barros N.N.N. , Zanine A.M.
Published: July 2009

Avaliaram-se o desempenho produtivo e a viabilidade econômica da utilização de diferentes dietas na terminação de ovinos. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos machos inteiros com sete meses de idade e peso vivo inicial de 25kg. O experimento teve duração de 60 dias, sendo que os animais tiveram sete dias de adaptação às dietas e 53 para o período de pesagens, coletas das sobras e dietas oferecidas. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições: milho + soja + feno de Tifton 85 (DR); milho + soja + caju + feno de Tifton 850 (DC); milho + soja + maracujá + feno de Tifton 85 (DM); milho desintegrado com palha e sabugo (MDPS) + feno de leucena + feno de Tifton 85 (DL). Observou-se efeito do tratamento (P<0,05) sobre consumo de matéria seca (CMS), consumo de proteína bruta (CPB) e consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (CFDN). Os ganhos médios diários de peso, em gramas, foram 171,60, 218,80, 217,20, 187,00 para os tratamentos DR, DC, DM e DL, respectivamente. Registrou-se menor CMS, CPB e CFDN para o tratamento DL. Não foi observada influência das dietas sobre o rendimento de carcaça quente e fria. A análise econômica revelou valores de benefício líquido de R$-20,40; R$44,77; R$31,41; 39,10 e taxa de retorno de -12,4%; 31,8%; 20,6%; 32,8% para os tratamentos DR, DC, DM e DL, respectivamente.
Morfometria da mucosa duodenal em frangos de corte submetidos à temperatura ambiente cíclica elevada
Authors: Marchini C.F.P. , Silva P.L. , Nascimento M.R.B.M. , Beletti M.E. , Guimarães E.C. , Soares H.L.
Published: July 2009

Os efeitos da temperatura ambiente cíclica elevada sobre a morfometria da mucosa duodenal e o peso corporal em frangos de corte foram avaliados. Setenta pintos de corte, machos, foram alojados em gaiolas e distribuídos em dois grupos. Um grupo foi submetido diariamente, durante uma hora, à temperatura ambiente cíclica elevada do primeiro até o 42º dia de idade (ambiente ST); e outro foi mantido em conforto térmico (ambiente TN). Cinco frangos de cada grupo foram sacrificados, semanalmente, por deslocamento cervical para mensuração da altura de vilosidades (VI), profundidade das criptas (CR) e relação vilo/cripta (VI/CR) duodenal. Dez aves de cada grupo foram pesadas semanalmente em balança digital. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 7x2 (sete idades: um, sete, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias, e dois ambientes: ST e TN). Os ambientes foram comparados pelo teste de Fisher (P<0,05), e, para avaliar o efeito da idade, foi realizada análise de regressão polinomial. As aves do ambiente ST apresentaram menores VI aos 14 e 21 dias, menor CR aos 28 dias e menor VI/CR aos 21 dias de idade do que as aves do ambiente TN. A temperatura ambiente cíclica elevada teve efeito danoso sobre a estrutura da mucosa duodenal de frangos de corte até a quarta semana de idade e sobre o peso corporal ao final do ciclo produtivo.
Ácaros associados ao cafeeiro (Coffea spp.) no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Parte I. Mesostigmata
Authors: Mineiro Jeferson Luiz de Carvalho , Raga Adalton , Sato Mario Eidi , Lofego Antonio Carlos
Published: July 2009

Este trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um levantamento das espécies de ácaros pertencentes à ordem Mesostigmata em Coffea spp. em diferentes localidades do estado de São Paulo. Folhas e ramos de cafeeiros (Coffea spp.) foram coletados em 27 municípios do estado de São Paulo e em diferentes épocas do ano. Todos os ácaros encontrados foram montados em lâminas de microscopia, em meio de Hoyer. A identificação dos ácaros foi feita até o nível específico quando possível. Foram identificadas 39 espécies de ácaros pertencentes às famílias Ameroseiidae, Ascidae, Laelapidae, Macrochelidae, Parasitidae, Phytoseiidae e a um grupo que ainda está sem uma família definida, Africoseius sp.
Anuros do cerrado da Estação Ecológica e da Floresta Estadual de Assis, sudeste do Brasil
Authors: Ribeiro-Júnior José Wagner , Bertoluci Jaime
Published: July 2009

O cerrado brasileiro é um dos 25 "hotspots" da Terra, áreas caracterizadas pela concentração de espécies endêmicas e por experimentar excepcional perda de hábitat. São conhecidas cerca de 150 espécies de anfíbios no Cerrado brasileiro, e aproximadamente 28% dessas espécies são endêmicas. Trabalhos com comunidades de anuros do cerrado ainda são escassos, e a forte pressão antrópica, o alto grau de endemismo e o declínio de populações de anuros registrados nesse bioma reforçam a importância de estudos relacionados à anurofauna. O presente trabalho apresenta um inventário de espécies de anuros em duas unidades de conservação no cerrado da cidade de Assis, sudoeste do Estado de São Paulo: Estação Ecológica de Assis e Floresta Estadual de Assis. Durante o estudo, foram registradas 23 espécies distribuídas em 13 gêneros e seis famílias. A fauna de anuros do cerrado de Assis é fortemente dominada pelas famílias Hylidae (oito espécies) e Leptodactylidae (seis espécies), um padrão comumente encontrado em localidades da região Neotropical. A riqueza de espécies e a representatividade das famílias foram similares às encontradas em outras áreas de cerrado do Brasil e de formações vegetais antropizadas com perda de área florestal e aumento de áreas abertas. A taxocenose de anuros da localidade de estudo é composta por espécies amplamente distribuídas em ambientes abertos do complexo Cerrado-Caatinga-Chaco.
Anting behaviour with millipedes by the dendrocolaptid bird Xiphocolaptes albicollis in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Sazima Ivan
Published: July 2009

Several bird species practice anting. While anting a bird holds an ant or other arthropod that produces toxic or irritating secretions and rubs it on the plumage. Here I describe the White-collared Woodcreeper (Xiphocolaptes albicollis) rubbing its body with millipedes of the orders Spirostreptida and Polydesmida while foraging among banana stumps or at bromeliad clumps in southeastern Brazil. On three occasions I recorded the bird holding a millipede in the bill and rubbing it against its chest, belly, and wings. From time to time the millipede was "chewed", and hammered against the substratum and then rubbed on the plumage again. After a while the millipede was ingested or dropped. Bromeliads harbour a rich fauna that includes mosquitoes, ticks, spiders, and snakes, and some of them may be potential hazards to birds that forage among the accumulated plant debris. The toxic secretions of millipedes may act as a deterrent against some of these hazardous animals, and the woodcreeper's behaviour also reduces the noxiousness of a toxic prey before ingestion.
O sistema carótico do encéfalo do Cebus apella sp., Linnaeus, 1766
Authors: Ferreira Jussara Rocha , Prada Irvênia Luiza de Santis
Published: July 2009

Estudamos em trinta espécimes do primata Cebus apella sp. (Linnaeus, 1766) o sistema carótico do encéfalo em animais coletados dentro dos parâmetros internacionais de bioética e bem estar animal. O material teve o sistema arterial perfundido (água a 40 °C), injetado com látex corado (Neoprene 450, Dupont® do Brasil e Sulvinil® Corante, Glassurit), fixado em solução aquosa de Formaldeído (10%) dissecado sob lupa (RASOR - II - 20) para sistematização dos vasos. O sistema carotico é composto pela porção intracraniana e intradural dos seguimentos dependentes das artérias carótidas internas esquerda e direita, as artérias carótidas do encéfalo (ace) e seus ramos de divisões látero-mediais e ântero-mediais: as artérias cerebrais médias acm e rostrais (acr), comunicantes caudais e artérias corioídeas Está interligado, através das artérias comunicantes caudais, ao sistema vértebro-basilar (100%). A ace termina trifurcando-se (50%), ou bifurcando-se (50%) em arranjos vasculares que envolvem as acm e acr, acc e artéria corioídea. A acm é o ramo mais estável deste circuito e a acr após vascularizar os bulbos olfatórios (93,3%) anastomosa-se com a artéria contralateral formando a artéria inter-hemisférica que conecta rostralmente os leitos sanguíneos do circuito arterial da base do encéfalo. Pode-se considerar que o Cebus apella sp. depende de duas fontes de suprimento para o encéfalo: os sistemas basilar e carotídico, isto indica um grau elevado de maturidade evolutiva. A ausência de anomalias demonstra neste primata estabilidade evolutiva.
Effect of cold fronts on the benthic macrofauna of exposed sandy beaches with contrasting morphodynamics
Authors: Alves Eliana dos Santos , Pezzuto Paulo Ricardo
Published: July 2009

The aim of this study was to determine the short-term environmental changes caused by the simultaneous passage of a high energy event on two sandy beaches with different morphodynamic states and their influence on the richness, abundance and distribution of the benthic macrofauna. Two microtidal exposed sandy beaches with contrasting morphodynamics were simultaneously sampled before, during and after the passage of two cold fronts in Santa Catarina. The reflective beach showed a higher susceptibility to the increase in wave energy produced by the passage of cold fronts and was characterized by rapid and intense erosive processes in addition to a capacity for rapid restoration of the beach profile. As regards the dissipative beach, erosive processes operated more slowly and progressively, and it was characterized further by a reduced capacity for the recovery of its sub-aerial profile. Although the intensity of the environmental changes was distinct as between the morphodynamic extremes, changes in the composition, richness and abundance of macrobenthos induced by cold fronts were not evident for either of the beaches studied. On the other hand, alterations in the distribution pattern of the macrofauna were observed on the two beaches and were related to variations in sea level, position of the swash zone and moisture gradient, suggesting that short-term accommodations in the spatial structure of the macrobenthos occur in response to changes in environmental conditions in accordance with the temporal dynamics characteristic of each morphodynamic state.
Feeding strategy of the night shark (Carcharhinus signatus) and scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini) near seamounts off northeastern Brazil
Authors: Vaske Júnior Teodoro , Vooren Carolus Maria , Lessa Rosangela Paula
Published: July 2009

A total of 425 stomachs of night shark (Carcharhinus signatus), and 98 stomachs of scalloped hammerhead shark (Sphyrna lewini), from longline and surface gillneters near seamounts off northeastern Brazil, were analysed between 1992 and 1999. Both predators prey upon reef and benthopelagic fishes, migrant cephalopods and deep water crustaceans, showing similar feeding niches (Schoener Index T=0.75). The great prey richness of the diets may reflect the fact that the marine food web for these species is very extensive in this region. Due to the concentration for feeding of both predators in the seamounts, intense fisheries should be monitored to avoid localised depletions.
Hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary - Brazil: pre jetty conditions
Authors: Siegle Eduardo , Schettini Carlos A. F. , Klein Antonio H. F. , Toldo Jr. Elírio E.
Published: July 2009

Estuarine hydrodynamics is a key factor in the definition of the filtering capacity of an estuary and results from the interaction of the processes that control the inlet morphodynamics and those that are acting in the mixing of the water in the estuary. The hydrodynamics and suspended sediment transport in the Camboriú estuary were assessed by two field campaigns conducted in 1998 that covered both neap and spring tide conditions. The period measured represents the estuarine hydrodynamics and sediment transport prior to the construction of the jetty in 2003 and provides important background information for the Camboriú estuary. Each field campaign covered two complete tidal cycles with hourly measurements of currents, salinity, suspended sediment concentration and water level. Results show that the Camboriú estuary is partially mixed with the vertical structure varying as a function of the tidal range and tidal phase. The dynamic estuarine structure can be balanced between the stabilizing effects generated by the vertical density gradient, which produces buoyancy and stratification flows, and the turbulent effects generated by the vertical velocity gradient that generates vertical mixing. The main sediment source for the water column are the bottom sediments, periodically resuspended by the tidal currents. The advective salt and suspended sediment transport was different between neap and spring tides, being more complex at spring tide. The river discharge term was important under both tidal conditions. The tidal correlation term was also important, being dominant in the suspended sediment transport during the spring tide. The gravitational circulation and Stokes drift played a secondary role in the estuarine transport processes.
Degradation of IRS1 leads to impaired glucose uptake in adipose tissue of the type 2 diabetes mouse model TALLYHO/Jng
Authors: Wang Yun , Nishina Patsy M , Naggert Jürgen K
Published: July 2009

The TALLYHO/Jng (TH) mouse strain is a polygenic model for type 2 diabetes (T2D) characterized by moderate obesity, impaired glucose tolerance and uptake, insulin resistance, and hyperinsulinemia. The goal of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the reduced glucose uptake and insulin resistance in the adipose tissue of this model. The translocation and localization of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the adipocyte plasma membrane were impaired in TH mice compared to control C57BL6/J (B6) mice. These defects were associated with decreased GLUT4 protein, reduced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity, and alterations in the phosphorylation status of insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1). Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2, which can phosphorylate IRS1 on Ser307, was significantly higher in TH mice compared with B6 controls. IRS1 protein but not mRNA levels was found to be lower in TH mice than controls. Immunoprecipitation with anti-ubiquitin and western blot analysis of IRS1 protein revealed increased total IRS1 ubiquitination in adipose tissue of TH mice. Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1, known to promote IRS1 ubiquitination and subsequent degradation, was found at significantly higher levels in TH mice compared with B6. Immunohistochemistry showed that IRS1 colocalized with the 20S proteasome in proteasomal structures in TH adipocytes, supporting the notion that IRS1 is actively degraded. Our findings suggest that increased IRS1 degradation and subsequent impaired GLUT4 mobilization play a role in the reduced glucose uptake in insulin resistant TH mice. Since low-IRS1 levels are often observed in human T2D, the TH mouse is an attractive model to investigate mechanisms of insulin resistance and explore new treatments.
Leptin receptor is expressed in thymus medulla and leptin protects against thymic remodeling during endotoxemia-induced thymus involution
Authors: Gruver Amanda L , Ventevogel Melissa S , Sempowski Gregory D
Published: July 2009

Leptin deficiency in mice results in chronic thymic atrophy, suppressed cell-mediated immunity, and decreased numbers of total lymphocytes, suggesting a key role for the metabolic hormone leptin in regulating thymopoiesis and overall immune homeostasis. Unfortunately, the thymus is highly susceptible to stress-induced acute involution. Prolonged thymus atrophy in stress situations can contribute to peripheral T cell deficiency or inhibit immune reconstitution. Little is known, however, about specific roles for leptin signaling in the thymus or the underlying mechanisms driving thymic involution or thymic recovery after acute stress. We report here that leptin receptor expression is restricted in thymus to medullary epithelial cells. Using a model of endotoxemia-induced acute thymic involution and recovery, we have demonstrated a role for supraphysiologic leptin in protection of thymic epithelial cells (TECs). We also present data in support of our hypothesis that leptin treatment decreases in vivo endotoxemia-induced apoptosis of double positive thymocytes and promotes proliferation of double negative thymocytes through a leptin receptor isoform b-specific mechanism. Furthermore, our studies have revealed that leptin treatment increases thymic expression of interleukin-7, an important soluble thymocyte growth factor produced by medullary TECs. Taken together, these studies support an intrathymic role for the metabolic hormone leptin in maintaining healthy thymic epithelium and promoting thymopoiesis, which is revealed when thymus homeostasis is perturbed by endotoxemia.
Thermal technology scales in future waste management strategies
Authors: Castillo-Castillo A. , Leach M. , Yassin L. , Lettieri P. , Simons S. , Ryu C. , Swithenbank J. , Sharifi V. N.
Published: July 2009

Cities demand a large proportion of energy supplies while exporting significant amounts of municipal solid waste (MSW). Landfill regulations, self-sufficiency and proximity principles have induced shifts in waste management techniques. Historically, energy security, best use of resources, renewable energy use and climate change mitigation have not been leveraged in waste management strategies. This study examines emerging treatment technologies that could make a contribution in the aforementioned areas and have the potential for working at smaller scales in urban locations. The energy efficiency and environmental and economic performance of two thermal treatment technologies are presented, thus elucidating their potential role in urban strategies in the light of rising energy prices, decarbonisation of the economy, taxation and full use of incentives. The study illustrates that considering the full life cycle, beyond waste management, will enable more strategic technology utilisation. Improvements in viability over time according to evolving regulations are assessed, demonstrating how possible contributions to renewable heat and power can enhance profitability. Combustion technology is analysed for a medium-scale configuration, processing 100 kilotonnes per annum (ktpa) using a steam turbine for heat and power generation, and a large-scale 250 ktpa configuration. Fluidised bed gasification is analysed at the small scale (50 ktpa) and medium scale (100 ktpa) using a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) for heat and power generation. One key aspect is the evaluation of the processing of waste into a predominantly renewable fuel capable of running a gas and steam turbine while rendering a significant proportion of residues reusable. Emission profiles and mass and energy balances are presented quantitatively. A discounted cash flow of material and energy outputs incorporating the effect of incentives across deployment scenarios is presented. Furthermore, key technical and policy pre-conditions are discussed.
Golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia (Linnaeus, 1766) in the Taquara Municipal Natural Park (Duque de Caxias, RJ): a southern extension of the known range
Authors: Burity Carlos Henrique Freitas , Cruz Leandro Duarte , Luz Daniel Eduardo , Santos Durval Silva , Campos Devylson Costa , Rocha Vera Lúcia , Conceição Nelson Barroso , Pissinatti Alcides
Published: July 2009

No abstract
Black-tufted-ear marmoset Callithrix penicillata (Primates: Callitrichidae) following the army ant Labidus praedator (Formicidae: Ecitoninae) in the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, Brazil
Authors: Melo Jr. Tadeu Artur , Zara Fernando José
Published: July 2009

No abstract
A comparison of nanoparticle and fine particle uptake by Daphnia magna
Authors: Rosenkranz Philipp , Chaudhry Qasim , Stone Vicki , Fernandes Teresa F.
Published: July 2009

The use of nanoparticles in various applications is steadily on the rise, with use in a range of applications, including printer toner, sunscreen, medical imaging, and enhanced drug delivery. While research on human effects via, for example, inhalation is relatively well developed, the environmental assessment of nanoparticles is in its infancy. In the present study, we assessed the uptake and quantitative accumulation, as well as the depuration, of a model nanoparticle, a 20-nm fluorescent carboxylated polystyrene bead, in the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia magna and compared it to a larger, 1,000-nm particle. Using confocal microscopy, rapid accumulation in the gastrointestinal tract was observed within an hour of exposure to both particle sizes in both adults and neonates. Fluorescence could also be observed in the oil storage droplets, suggesting that both particle sizes have crossed the gut's epithelial barrier. Quantification of fluorescence of both sizes of particles showed that although uptake of the 20-nm particles was lower in terms of mass it was equal to or greater than 1,000-nm particle uptake when expressed as surface area or particle number. Depuration was relatively rapid for the 1,000-nm beads, decreasing by more than 90% over 4 h. In contrast, depuration of the 20-nm beads was less extensive, reaching 40% over 4 h. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed uptake of 1,000-nm beads, but uptake of 20-nm beads was inconclusive since similar-sized inclusions could be observed in control treatments.
Reproductive effects and bioaccumulation of chlordane in Daphnia magna
Authors: Manar Rachid , Bessi Hlima , Vasseur Paule
Published: July 2009

Acute and chronic toxicity of high-grade chlordane (98%) and bioaccumulation were investigated in Daphnia magna at water soluble concentrations obtained without cosolvent. The measured effective concentrations immobilizing 50% of the microcrustacea (95% confidence interval) were 22.6 (19.7-26.1) μg/L at 24 h and 13.4 (11.3-15.8) μg/L at 48 h. This indicated an increase of chlordane toxicity with time of exposure as confirmed in chronic studies. After 21 d of exposure, significant effects on survival were recorded at a chlordane concentration greater than 2.9 μg/L, whereas reproduction (number of offspring per adult, brood size) and length of adults decreased at 0.7 μg/L or more in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. The production of male offspring and developmental abnormalities, consisting of underdeveloped second antennae and shell spines in live neonates, were recorded. The chlordane concentration tested with no significant adverse effect (NOEC) on reproduction of daphnids after 21 d compared with controls was 0.18 μg/L. The bioaccumulation factor of chlordane by daphnids exposed at a level of concentration close to the 21-d NOEC reached 10,600, wet weight, and 244,000, dry weight, after 40 d. The trans-chlordane bioaccumulated to a greater extent than the cis isomer in daphnids, whereas the cis isomer was predominant in the test medium. The results suggest a crucial role of the invertebrates in transfer of chlordane in aquatic food webs and can be used to derive a freshwater guideline for environmental protection accounting for bioaccumulation.
Effect of Well Variables on the Performance of Chemical, Jet, and RCT Tubing Cutters
Authors: Jurgens M. S.
Published: July 2009

An analysis of 72 workover tubing cuts made was completed to determine the effect of well variables on the cutting performance of chemical, jet, and radial cutting torch (RCT) tubing cutters.

Performance data indicated that cutting success was only 65, 50, and 77% for the chemical, jet, and RCT cutters, respectively. While it was found that some cutting failures could be attributed to specific causes, such as heavy paraffin in the well, improper detonation, low-pressure tool leaks, exceeding tool pressure limits, and improper tool gas ventilation, other failures did not have any apparent cause. Therefore, the data was analyzed against specific well variables to look for trends to determine other possible failure causes.

The most significant results indicated that chemical cutter success in CaBr2 completions fluids was significantly reduced. For comparison, cuts in bromide fluids accounted for 71% of the total number of failed cuts but only comprised 32% of the total attempted cuts. Based on this data, along with examining the chemical reaction between the acid in the chemical cutter, bromine trifluoride, and the other completion fluids, it is believed that the chemical cutter acid reacts more efficiently with bromide completion fluids, therefore, limiting the amount of acid available to sever the pipe.

Additionally, it was concluded that placing the pipe in tension significantly increased cutting performance. No other significant correlations were found to other well variables.
Sewer infiltration/inflow: long-term monitoring based on diurnal variation of pollutant mass flux
Authors: Bareš V. , Stránský D. , Sýkora P.
Published: July 2009

The paper deals with a method for quantification of infiltrating groundwater based on the variation of diurnal pollutant load and continuous water quality and quantity monitoring. Although the method gives us the potential to separate particular components of wastewater hygrograph, several aspects of the method should be discussed. Therefore, the paper investigates the cost-effectiveness, the relevance of pollutant load from surface waters (groundwater) and the influence of measurement time step. These aspects were studied in an experimental catchment of Prague sewer system, Czech Republic, within a three-month period. The results indicate high contribution of parasitic waters on night minimal discharge. Taking into account the uncertainty of the results and time-consuming maintenance of the sensor, the principal advantages of the method are evaluated. The study introduces a promising potential of the discussed measuring concept for quantification of groundwater infiltrating into the sewer system. It is shown that the conventional approach is sufficient and cost-effective even in those catchments, where significant contribution of foul sewage in night minima would have been assumed.
Alternative manifestations of actor responses to urban flooding: case studies from Bradford and Glasgow
Authors: Cashman A. C.
Published: July 2009

Flooding processes are complex and can occur throughout urban areas sometimes with devastating consequences. Traditionally flood risks have been managed through a combination of structural defence measures, warnings and emergency measures. More recently they have included development controls and land zoning policies. When such measures fail, individuals, authorities and the economy have to cope with the consequences. There is a growing realization that the resilience of individuals and institutions to floods and the risks from flooding need to be addressed. In the past few years there has been what some have referred to as a paradigm shift in the way responses to flooding are being conceptualized and the way this affects actors and actions. Based on fieldwork including interviews this paper presents two examples of actor and institutional responses to flooding events from the cities of Bradford and Glasgow in the United Kingdom.
In-sewer sedimentation associated with active flow control
Authors: Williams K. J. , Tait S. J. , Ashley R. M.
Published: July 2009

Active flow control using automated gates and weirs aims to utilise available dispersed storage within sewer systems to alleviate the severity and frequency of localised flooding incidents. Whilst a previous study has demonstrated its potential, a key operational concern before implementation was sedimentation. An experimental programme was designed to investigate the sediment deposition created when using a flow control device. Tests were also undertaken to examine the potential for rapid gate opening to flush away any resulting deposits. In catchments dominated by fine material in suspension, the use of an active flow control device can result in a uniformly thick deposit upstream of the gate. Rapid gate opening results in deposited material eroding in large sections starting at the gate and moving in an upstream direction. Granular sediment forms a series of discrete bedforms which are fairly uniform regardless of the flow conditions and a larger deposit further upstream. The potential for flushing granular deposits is limited and modification of the operation of the gate has shown little potential for increasing the effectiveness. Therefore, active flow control using a single downstream gate may only be suitable in systems with fine material moving in suspension during dry weather flow and not where there is significant granular sediment.
Metals pollution tracing in the sewerage network using the diffusive gradients in thin films technique
Authors: Thomas P.
Published: July 2009

Diffusive Gradients in Thin-films (DGT) is a quantitative, passive monitoring technique that can be used to measure concentrations of trace species in situ in solutions. Its potential for tracing metals pollution in the sewer system has been investigated by placing the DGT devices into sewage pumping stations and into manholes, to measure the concentration of certain metals in the catchment of a sewage treatment works with a known metals problem. In addition the methodology and procedure of using the DGT technique in sewers was investigated. Parameters such as temperature and pH were measured to ensure they were within the limits required by the DGT devices, and the optimum deployment time was examined. It was found that although the results given by the DGT technique could not be considered to be fully quantitative, they could be used to identify locations that were showing an excess concentration of metals, and hence trace pollution back to its source. The DGT technique is ‘user friendly’ and requires no complicated equipment for deployment or collection, and minimal training for use. It is thought that this is the first time that the DGT technique has been used in situ in sewers for metals pollution tracing.
Modeling highway runoff pollutant levels using a data driven model
Authors: Opher T. , Ostfeld A. , Friedler E.
Published: July 2009

Pollutants accumulated on road pavement during dry periods are washed off the surface with runoff water during rainfall events, presenting a potentially hazardous non-point source of pollution. Estimation of pollutant loads in these runoff waters is required for developing mitigation and management strategies, yet the numerous factors involved and their complex interconnected influences make straightforward assessment almost impossible. Data driven models (DDMs) have lately been used in water and environmental research and have shown very good prediction ability. The proposed methodology of a coupled MT-GA model provides an effective, accurate and easily calibrated predictive model for EMC of highway runoff pollutants. The models were trained and verified using a comprehensive data set of runoff events monitored in various highways in California, USA. EMCs of Cr, Pb, Zn, TOC and TSS were modeled, using different combinations of explanatory variables. The models' prediction ability in terms of correlation between predicted and actual values of both training and verification data was mostly higher than previously reported values. PbTotal was modeled with an outcome of R2 of 0.95 on training data and 0.43 on verification data. The developed model for TOC achieved R2 values of 0.91 and 0.49 on training and verification data respectively.