bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF RUN-OFF PREVENTION AND LEACHING WATER ON A SALINE SOIL
Authors: Sandoval Fred M. , Carlson C. W. , Mickelson R. H. , Benz Leo
Published: March 2010

A 4-year study was conducted on the effects of precipitation management on salt movement and spring wheat yields on an imperfectly drained saline silt loam in the northern Red River Valley of North Dakota. Partial leaching by artificially applied water at the beginning of the experiment was compared to leaching benefits by impounded precipitation. Average monthly water table fluctuated from 2 to 11 feet with rainfall and was usually lowest in late winter or spring and highest during the summer. Average yearly precipitation is 20 inches.Impounded precipitation was found effective in partially desalinizing the soil. Summer rain was more effective than winter precipitation. Wheat yields were inversely related to soil salinity with the highest correlation coefficients occurring on springtime data for the 6- to 16-inch depth.
MINERALOGICAL COMPOSITION OF SOME GREY WOODED SOILS DEVELOPED FROM GLACIAL TILL
Authors: Pawluk S.
Published: March 2010

Grey Wooded profiles representing five soil series developed on glacial till in Alberta were studied. The clay mineral fraction in these soils was found to contain montmorillonite, illite, kaolinite and quartz. Authigenic chlorite and "mixed layer" structures were present in the soil sola. Examination of the fine sand fraction revealed the presence of quartz, potash-feldspars and soda-calcic feldspars in the light (sp. gr. < 2.70) mineral fraction with biotite, muscovite, chlorite and highly weathered amphiboles and pyroxenes comprising the intermediate (sp. gr. 2.70–2.96) mineral fraction. The heavy (sp. gr. > 2.96) mineral fraction contained primarily iron oxides, amphiboles, garnets and pyroxenes with a wide variety of other minerals in relatively low quantities.The mineralogical data presented suggest variations in weathering in the sola of the soils studied, despite their similar morphological features. Active and exchange acidity showed little relationship to the degree of mineral weathering. Weathering appeared to be more severe in horizons where acid conditions result from the presence of exchangeable hydrogen rather than where similar acid conditions result from exchangeable aluminium. The mineralogical study was found to be exceedingly valuable in distinguishing between morphologically similar materials of different lithology.
USE OF SOIL CORES IN SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Toogood J. A.
Published: March 2010

The value of soil cores in soil classification was examined by a statistical study of the physical properties of five soil types, using 3 × 3-inch soil cores. Analyses of variance when five replicates were used showed that field capacity differences of about 5 per cent could be detected throughout the solum of these soils. Distinctions in volume weight and total porosity were readily made, significance differences (P = 0.95) being about 0.1 gram per cubic centimetre and 4 per cent respectively. Tension plate measurements were precise enough to show significant differences between some of the soils in the Ah horizon but between none in the Bt horizon. Hydraulic conductivity measurements seemed to be of little value as no differences in the five soils could be demonstrated statistically. The results obtained indicate that routine tests of this kind by soil surveyors would yield some useful information and assist in the classification of soils.
NOTE ON A SEMI-AUTOMATIC DISPENSER FOR WATER IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: Mack Alex R. , Sanderson R. Bruce
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON CALCULATING PER CENT MOISTURE WITH A DESK CALCULATOR
Authors: Read D. W. L. , Reynolds R. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
A NUTRITIONAL DISORDER IN BARLEY SEEDLINGS GROWN ON AN ALKALI SOLONETZ SOIL
Authors: Cairns R. R. , Milne R. A. , Bowser W. E.
Published: March 2010

Surface samples of an Alkali Solonetz and a Solod soil that occur in intimate association in the field were compared in the greenhouse from a productivity standpoint.A nutritional disorder developed in the crops grown on the Alkali Solonetz and the disorder was diagnosed as a nitrogen deficiency. This deficiency was so severe that the Alkali Solonetz soil was incapable of sustaining the growth of barley seedlings. The application of nitrate to the soil allowed for the production of repeated seedling crops at a level comparable with that of the untreated Solod. During 4 weeks' incubation the Alkali Solonetz released only 13 p.p.m. NO3-N as compared with 46 p.p.m. in the Solod.
EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS ON YIELD, WATER-USE EFFICIENCY AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF OATS AND ALFALFA GROWN AT TWO FERTILITY LEVELS
Authors: Bourget S. J. , Carson R. B.
Published: March 2010

Yields of oats and alfalfa grown in two soils in the greenhouse, with and without fertilizer, usually decreased with increasing moisture stress obtained by depleting the available moisture to 75, 50, 25 and nearly 0 per cent.An application of 6-20-20 fertilizer for oats and of 0-20-20 for alfalfa at the rate of 1000 pounds per acre gave a marked increase in crops yield and it resulted in a more efficient use of water by the crops than was obtained without fertilizer, although the total amount of water used was greater with than without fertilizer. The water-use efficiency values for oats usually increased with decreasing available water whereas those for alfalfa were less consistent.The composition in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium of the plant tissues did not vary greatly. However, the phosphorus content of oats grain decreased with increasing soil moisture stress unless fertilizer was added, indicating that soil phosphorus became less available for oats at high moisture stress.
SOME MOISTURE RELATIONS IN A SOLONETZIC SOIL COMPLEX
Authors: Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

Field study of some of the moisture conditions in a Duagh-Malmo Solonetzic soil complex revealed that the depth of soil drying was closely related to the degree of solodization. Data pertaining to the wilting point and field capacity of the soil did not reveal any reason for the differences in the field productivity and water distribution for these soils. Barley seedlings grown on surface samples of the Solonetz member exhibited a nutritional disorder. The addition of sodium sulphate, the predominant readily soluble salt in the lime-salt horizon of this soil, overcame the nutritional disorder, reduced water uptake, and increased productivity. The addition of up to 20 milliequivalents of sodium per 100 grams of soil did not create a wilting condition, even when the moisture level was allowed to fall to the measured wilting point. It is suggested that a nutritional problem may have a significant bearing on water utilization by plants grown on these soils.
ARSENIC ACCUMULATION IN ANNAPOLIS VALLEY ORCHARD SOILS
Authors: Bishop R. F. , Chisholm D.
Published: March 2010

Use of arsenicals for insect control has resulted in an appreciable accumulation of arsenic in the surface soil of Annapolis Valley apple orchards. Levels of total arsenic in 25 representative orchards ranged from 9.8 to 124.4 p.p.m., whereas the content of comparable samples taken in non-orchard land ranged from a trace to 7.9 p.p.m. In some orchards the arsenic accumulation is of sufficient magnitude to be detrimental to the growth of such arsenic sensitive crops as peas and beans.
FIXATION OF POTASSIUM IN SOME CANADIAN SOILS
Authors: MacLean A. J.
Published: March 2010

From 16 to 71 per cent of the potassium added to surface samples of 11 Canadian soils was fixed upon wetting and drying into a form not extracted with 1 N neutral ammonium acetate. Fixation in several of the samples increased regularly with increase in their clay content. Samples exhibiting higher or lower fixing capacity than expected on the basis of clay content, usually had correspondingly low or high degrees of K-saturation. Considerable fixed potassium was removed by H-resin or by continuous leaching with 0.01 N HCl, and the rate of release by the latter was particularly high in Podzol samples.Liming of four of the acid samples, to raise the pH to about the neutral point, increased K-fixation slightly. Usually potassium in solution was lower in the limed than in the corresponding unlimed samples.Potassium from chloride and carbonate salts was fixed in similar amounts and there was no different effect of the anions on per cent K-saturation and [Formula: see text] ratio. The concentrations of potassium, and calcium plus magnesium in solution were higher, however, in the KCl- than in the K2CO3-treated samples.
COMPARISON OF AN ACID AND AN ALKALINE EXTRACTING SOLUTION FOR MEASURING AVAILABLE PHOSPHORUS IN ALBERTA SOILS
Authors: Robertson J. A.
Published: March 2010

Two extracting solutions, 0.03 NH4F + 0.03 N H2SO4 and 0.5 M NaHCO3, were used to extract available phosphorus from 79 Alberta soils. Of these soils, 23 had a pH above 7.0 and 18 contained free CaCO3. A barley test crop was grown in the greenhouse on these soils with and without added phosphorus fertilizer.The amounts of available phosphorus extracted by the NH4F + H2SO4 solution were highly correlated with the amounts extracted by the NaHCO3. The NaHCO3 solution extracted about 40 per cent as much phosphorus as the NH4F + H2SO4.The available phosphorus levels determined by both methods were highly correlated with barley growth in the greenhouse. The correlation coefficient for per cent yield and available phosphorus by the NaHCO3 method was slightly higher than that for per cent yield and available phosphorus by the NH4F + H2SO4 method. However when the check yield (yield of the treatment not receiving phosphorus fertilizer) was used as the measure of plant growth, the correlation between yield and available phosphorus was the same for both methods.
RATE OF SOIL DRAINAGE FOLLOWING AN IRRIGATION.: IV. EFFECTS OF CONSUMPTIVE USE AND SOIL DEPTH ON UPPER LIMIT OF AVAILABLE MOISTURE
Authors: Wilcox J. C.
Published: March 2010

As previously reported, four plots varying in soil texture were irrigated, covered, and sampled periodically to determine rates of soil drainage. Four parallel plots in forage crops were irrigated and likewise sampled periodically. In this paper, the moisture values thus obtained were used as a basis for determining the effects of soil depth and rate of consumptive use on the upper limit of available moisture. The application of different rates of consumptive use to the soil moisture curves from the covered plots showed that as the rate of consumptive use increased, the upper limit increased somewhat and the best interval after irrigating to estimate the upper limit decreased markedly. In both the covered and cropped plots the best interval for sampling increased with depth. This was attributed primarily to lower rates of consumptive use with greater depth. It is recommended that, for accuracy, the upper limit be estimated under those soil and consumptive use conditions to which it is to be applied.
EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE TENSIONS ON GROWTH OF WHEAT
Authors: Lehane J. J. , Staple W. J.
Published: March 2010

Greenhouse experiments in which wheat was grown on a limited amount of soil moisture showed that crops subjected to moisture stress at an early stage of growth yielded well on all soils tested, but that crops with moisture stress late in the season yielded poorly on loam soils. Late stress was less damaging on clay because high soil moisture tension in this soil resulted in better distribution of moisture use during the critical period.Crops grown under early stress used less moisture, but were equally as efficient in grain production as those grown under optimum conditions. Crops with moisture shortage during heading and filling were inefficient in moisture use.Similar variations in moisture efficiency caused by seasonal trends in available moisture supply have been observed under field conditions. For example, good yields of wheat were produced with a minimum of rainfall in Saskatchewan in 1958 when a shortage of moisture in May and June was followed by more favorable conditions in July.
NOTE ON CARBON-BONDED SULPHUR IN SOIL
Authors: DeLong W. A. , Lowe L. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A SAMPLER FOR TAKING SOIL CORES FOR THE GREENHOUSE AND LABORATORY
Authors: Krogman K. K. , Anderson D. T.
Published: March 2010

not available
SOME EFFECTS OF MOISTURE AND TEMPERATURE ON TRANSFORMATION OF MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATE IN SOIL
Authors: Hinman W. C. , Beaton J. D. , Read D. W. L.
Published: March 2010

Pre-weighed monocalcium phosphate pellets, containing about 15 milligrams of P, were placed in 200 grams of soil and stored for 2 weeks at four moisture tensions and three temperatures. Pellet residues were then removed and the amount of phosphorus remaining was determined. Small cores containing pellet residues and the surrounding soil contacted by fertilizer solution were removed for determination of water-soluble and total inorganic P. Phosphate phases present at the granule sites and the surrounding soil were identified by their optical properties.The mean amount of phosphorus remaining at the granule sites was 20.2 per cent. Although both moisture tension and temperature significantly affected the quantity of phosphorus retained, no consistent trend was apparent. Residues remaining at the site of application were found to be mixtures of anhydrous and dihydrated dicalcium phosphate, with the latter predominating. Moisture tension and temperature did not greatly alter the proportion of the two phases.Periodic precipitates or Liesegang rings of dicalcium phosphate were formed in the soil surrounding monocalcium phosphate pellets. Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate was the predominant phase. The proportion of dihydrated to anhydrous dicalcium phosphate increased as the temperature decreased and as the moisture tension increased.Water-soluble P increased significantly with increased moisture tension and was significantly greater at 5 °C. than at either 16 or 27 °C. The mean of all treatments was 5.6 per cent. Increased amounts of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate in the surrounding soil seemed to be responsible for the increase in water solubility.Between 89.5 and 99.2 per cent of the added phosphorus was recovered in the water and acid extracts of soil cores containing about 1.4 cm.3 of soil.
PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE BY ALFALFA AS INFLUENCED BY PHOSPHATE SOURCE AND MOISTURE
Authors: Beaton J. D. , Read D. W. L. , Hinman W. C.
Published: March 2010

The effect of phosphate source and soil moisture during the initial soil-fertilizer reaction period on subsequent phosphorus uptake by alfalfa was investigated in a growth chamber. Phosphate-treated soils with moisture adjusted to four different tensions were stored at approximately 18 °C. for 10 weeks. Following this storage interval phosphorus uptake by alfalfa was measured using a short-term technique.Phosphorus content and phosphorus uptake by both tops and roots increased significantly when water-soluble materials such as ammonium polyphosphate, monoammonium and monocalcium phosphate were applied. Less soluble sources, i.e., hydroxyapatite and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, were much less effective. Calcium metaphosphate produced intermediate results.Moisture content of the soil during the reaction period did not greatly alter subsequent P uptake. The water-soluble sources of phosphorus were affected to the greatest degree.Uptake of P was significantly correlated with the amount of P extracted by NaHCO3 from the treated soils. The highest degree of correlation occurred with ammonium polyphosphate treated soil. A significant negative correlation occurred with calcium metaphosphate. With the exception of the 0.8 bar treatment, moisture tension had little influence on the correlation of P uptake with NaHCO3 extractable-P.
THE CLAY MINERALS IN SOME BRITISH COLUMBIA SUBSOILS
Authors: Clark J. S. , Brydon J. E. , Hortie H. J.
Published: March 2010

X-ray diffraction analysis was used to identify the clay minerals present in fourteen subsoil samples that were selected to represent some more important clay-bearing deposits in British Columbia. The clay mineralogy of the subsoils varied considerably but montmorillonitic clay minerals tended to predominate in the water-laid deposits of the south and illite in the soil parent materials of the Interior Plains region of the northeastern part of the Province.
NOTE ON A CONE-TYPE DISPENSER FOR APPLYING FERTILIZER ON SMALL GRAIN PLOTS
Authors: Sherrell C. G. , Sheard R. W. , Matthews B. C.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON THE EFFECT OF SHIFTING TEMPERATURES ON NITRIFICATION IN A LOAM SOIL
Authors: Chandra Purna
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A PIPETTING ASSEMBLY FOR THE MECHANICAL ANALYSIS OF SOILS
Authors: Clark J. S. , Green A. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
GYPSUM AS AN AMELIORATING AGENT FOR SOLONETZIC SOILS IN ALBERTA
Authors: Graveland D. N. , Toogood J. A.
Published: March 2010

The application of gypsum to a number of Alberta solonetzic soils in laboratory studies resulted in significant physical and chemical improvements in all soils except those with very high exchangeable sodium percentages. Data obtained in threshold concentration studies indicate that gypsum is effective as an amendment for the amelioration of solonetzic soils only if the exchangeable sodium does not exceed 20–25 per cent of the total exchange capacity, assuming that the effective solubility of gypsum in the field is about one-half that of its saturated concentration.
STATUS OF ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS IN SOME ALBERTA SOILS
Authors: Dormaar J. F. , Webster G. R.
Published: March 2010

Two medium-textured profiles, widely separated geographically, were selected at virgin sites within each of the six soil zones of Alberta. Samples from the different horizons were analysed for pH, organic carbon, organic nitrogen, and non-sulphate sulphur. Total organic phosphorus values were obtained by two acid-alkaline extraction procedures (8, 10). The values obtained by the Kaila-Virtanen method (8) were used for the correlation and ratio calculations.The total organic phosphorus content decreased with increasing depth in all profiles. The values for the surface horizons of soils sampled from the Brown, Dark Brown, Thin Black, Black, Dark Grey, and Grey Wooded soil zones were 172, 247, 479, 625, 415, and 500 p.p.m., respectively. In terms of percentage organic phosphorus of total phosphorus, these figures were 34, 36, 47, 51, 42, and 38 per cent, respectively. This trend was found for both methods.The methods were similar in their ability to extract organic phosphorus. However, there was a tendency for the Mehta et al. method (10) to extract more than the Kaila-Virtanen procedure from the surface horizon of the soils from the Thin Black, Black, Dark Grey, and Grey Wooded soil zones. It is further concluded that, for the soils under study, organic phosphorus formed an integral part of the organic matter.
MINERALIZATION OF SOIL ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE EFFECT OF LIME
Authors: Halstead R. L. , Lapensee J. M. , Ivarson K. C.
Published: March 2010

In a laboratory experiment, liming resulted in an average decline of 3.6 per cent in the total organic phosphorus content of incubated surface samples of seven acid soils from eastern Canada. Increases of 2.6 and 5.1 per cent in 1N H2SO4- and 4N HCl-soluble inorganic phosphorus, respectively, and a decrease of 46.4 per cent in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus (pH 8.5) provided further evidence of mineralization of organic phosphorus following liming. There was some evidence, however, that the differences in NaHCO3-soluble organic phosphorus following liming were due only in part to mineralization, since Ca(OH)2 added to a soil just prior to extraction with NaHCO3 had a repressive effect on the solubility of the organic phosphorus compounds.Some mineralization of organic phosphorus occurred when unlimed samples were incubated in the laboratory for 9 months.Marked increases in microbiological activity, as indicated by increased numbers of microorganisms, and increased CO2 and NO3-nitrogen production, were associated with lower values for extractable organic phosphorus following liming. Partial sterilization of samples with toluene lowered biological activity in the unlimed and limed samples. Toluene was found, however, to have a positive effect on release of phosphorus from organic form.
RELEASE AND FIXATION OF POTASSIUM IN DIFFERENT SIZE FRACTIONS OF SOME CANADIAN SOILS AS RELATED TO THEIR MINERALOGY
Authors: MacLean A. J. , Brydon J. E.
Published: March 2010

The average amount of non-exchangeable potassium removed by H-resin and boiling 1 N HNO3 from the clay in eleven Canadian soils was about twice that in the fine silt, about four times that in the medium silt, and about eleven times that in the coarse silt and sand. Continuous leaching with 0.01 N HCl also removed four times as much potassium from the clay as from the medium silt. The amounts released were usually less from the clay of four Podzols than from the clays of a Brown Chernozemic, a Brown Podzolic, a Brown Forest, and three Dark Grey Gleysolic soils.The percentage of total potassium released from K-bearing minerals by the above procedures was usually in the following order: feldspar < illite < muscovite < biotite.Although fixation of added potassium against extraction with ammonium acetate usually decreased with increasing particle-size, there was considerable fixation in the fine and medium silts. The clays of two Dark Grey Gleysolic and a Brown Forest soil fixed the highest amounts of potassium.Differences in the release and fixation of potassium were not related to the contents of feldspar, illite, vermiculite and mixed-layer minerals in the clays, nor to the amounts of feldspar and mica in the non-clay fractions.
SALT ACCUMULATION IN A GLACIAL TILL SOIL IN THE PRESENCE OF SALINE GROUNDWATER AT SHALLOW DEPTHS
Authors: Schaik J. C. van , Milne R. A.
Published: March 2010

Considerable salt accumulation occurred in a grass-covered soil in southern Alberta where the saline groundwater was maintained at a depth of 3 feet. The SAR values of the saturation extract increased significantly under grass, and indications are that this increase was mainly due to precipitation of calcium. A fallow soil did not show a significant salt accumulation above the water table.It is suggested that a leaching program is necessary to maintain low salinity where shallow water tables are present and shallow tile drains are used.
INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT DEPTHS OF PLOWING ON THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF A CLAY SOIL AT GUYENNE, QUEBEC
Authors: Lessard J. R. , Hamilton H. A. , Levesque M. , Bourget S. J.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was initiated in 1955 to study the effect of plowing to depths of 6, 12 and 24 inches on the physical properties of a Guyenne clay soil. A 4-year crop rotation was established. Soil core samples were taken in 1957, 1959 and 1960 and determinations of bulk density and porosities were made. The soil particle-size distribution was determined for all tillage treatments in 1960.Plowing to a depth of 24 inches resulted in higher bulk density and lower non-capifiary porosity values in the surface 6-inch soil layer of soil than the 6- and 12-inch plowing. The 18- to 24-inch soil layer was less packed than the corresponding undisturbed layers at the same depth, as a result of deep tillage. The clay content of the 0- to 6-inch layer of soil was also increased by 24-inch plowing. Year-to-year data showed the importance of seasonal climatic conditions on the soil physical properties.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF POLYSACCHARIDES TO SOIL AGGREGATION
Authors: Acton C. J. , Rennie D. A. , Paul E. A.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted on two soil types to determine whether variations in level of aggregation, induced by adding wheat straw were accompanied by significant changes in the polysaccharide content of the soils.The addition of finely ground wheat straw to the soils, followed by varying periods of incubation, markedly improved the level of aggregation in both soils. Where nitrogen was added together with the straw, the percentage of aggregates > 0.5 and 0.1 mm. diameter was reduced significantly as compared to the straw treatment alone. The data indicate that maximal structural improvement due to straw additions can only be attained where N is maintained at a relatively low level.The level of aggregation of the variously treated soils was shown to be approximately 35 per cent dependent on the 'microbial gum’ content of the soil samples. This low level of correlation was due m part to the tact that the maximum level of aggregation was attained at a different sampling period than maximum accumulation of 'microbial gum’. Also, appreciable contents of polysaccharides were found in the humin and humic acid as well as the fulvic acid fractions of the soil organic matter. It is concluded that level of aggregation is a function, not only of the microbial gum content of the soil, but also of the carbohydrate carbon content of the numic acid-humin fraction.
EFFECT OF SOLUBLE SALTS ON PLANT RESPONSE TO AND ABSORPTION OF PHOSPHORUS
Authors: Ferguson W. S. , Hedlin R. A.
Published: March 2010

Fertilizer experiments indicated that much higher plant response to phosphorus occurred on moderately saline than on non-saline soil. Soil analyses showed that this difference could not be explained by the amount of sodium bicarbonate extractable phosphorus contained in these two soils.Greenhouse experiments with artificially salinized soil indicated that the uptake of phosphorus by barley plants was related to the salt concentration in the soil. Phosphorus absorption increased with increasing salt concentration, reached a maximum when the saturation soil extract measured approximately 6 millimhos, and then declined with further increases in salt concentration. This relationship was similar for fertilized and unfertilized plants. However, the increase in phosphorus absorption was much greater when phosphorus fertilizer was applied.The same relationship between salt concentration and phosphorus absorption was obtained with increasing NaCl concentration in liquid cultures. Maximum phosphorus absorption by barley occurred when the solution contained between 0.05 and 0.10 molar NaCl This relationship is attributed to the effect of salts on the physiology of the plant rather than the effect of salts on phosphorus solubility.
THE INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE, NITROGEN FERTILIZATION, AND TEMPERATURE ON QUALITY AND AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THATCHER WHEAT
Authors: Sosulski F. W. , Paul E. A. , Hutcheon W. L.
Published: March 2010

The protein content of Thatcher wheat grown in the growth chamber was increased by reduced water supply, nitrogen fertilization, and higher air temperatures. Soil moisture conditions had a greater influence on protein content at higher temperatures, while the largest responses to nitrogen fertilization were obtained at the medium moisture level. Changes in sedimentation value and mixing time were associated with protein content except for plants grown at 62°F. Apparently the low temperature had an adverse effect on gluten quality.The relative distribution of 9 amino acids was significantly correlated with changes in grain protein content. Only 6 amino acids gave similar high correlations with flour protein content and sedimentation value. These differences are explained on the basis of changes in the morphology of the wheat grain and the proportion of flour proteins.
THE EVALUATION OF THE RESIDUAL EFFECT OF FERTILIZER IN LONG-TERM FERTILITY PLOTS: I. POTASSIUM
Authors: MacLean A. A. , Doyle J. J.
Published: March 2010

Residual effects of long-term annual applications of fertilizer potassium on the potassium status of an acid sandy loam Podzol were investigated, in a greenhouse experiment. Potassium accumulated in the surface soil in a form readily available to plants.On plots with higher cation exchange capacities, resulting from manurial treatments, there was no evidence to indicate leaching below 15 inches. On plots where cation exchange capacity was not increased by treatment, a higher percentage potassium saturation at greater depths indicates that leaching of potassium had occurred to a depth of 21 inches. An increased concentration of nitric acid-soluble potassium at greater depths suggests that some of the leached potassium has been converted to the non-exchangeable form.Accumulation in the surface soil was sufficient to supply most of the potassium requirement of ladino clover under conditions of intensive cropping. The results suggest that exchangeable and nitric acid-soluble potassium are reliable criteria of available potassium.
THE RELATION OF SOIL TEST VALUES TO FERTILIZER RESPONSE BY THE POTATO: II. NITRATE PRODUCTION AND NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER REQUIREMENTS
Authors: MacKay D. C. , MacEachern C. R. , Bishop R. F.
Published: March 2010

Bray's modified Mitscherlich equation was utilized to determine the relationship of potato yields (expressed as percentages of the maximum) to soil nitrate production and to rates of nitrogen fertilization at 18 locations over a 3-year period. A closer relationship was obtained using fresh soil samples than using those air-dried for 6 months.The influence of various factors on absolute tuber yields (bushel/acre) was also assessed by analysis of variance. Highly significant effects were obtained for "rates of nitrogen" and for "soil test values" but not for the interaction of these two factors. The polynomial response curves derived from the analysis of variance showed that maximum yields were approached at a rate of 200 pounds/acre of applied N, whether soil nitrate production values were low, medium or high. Tuber yields were also influenced by “soil series" and the amount of N fertilizer required for maximum yield was greater for some series than for others.
EFFECTS OF POTASSIUM AND CHLORINE ON THE PRODUCTION OF TOBACCO SEEDLINGS
Authors: Elliot J. M. , Back M. Elizabeth
Published: March 2010

In a tobacco greenhouse experiment, potassium was applied to the muck layer at 3.32, 6.64, 9.96, 13.28, and 16.60 pounds, with and without 3 pounds of chlorine, per 900 square feet. A check treatment received no potassium or chlorine. Greatest total dry weight per plot and highest rate of survival of seedlings in the field was obtained with the 3.32-pound rate of potassium with or without chlorine; dry weight of tops, height of plant, leaf area, and total dry weight per plot tended to decrease with each increment of potassium above 3.32 pounds. High levels of applied potassium increased soluble salts in the muck to a level which retarded plant growth. Apparently the muck was capable of releasing large amounts of potassium for plant growth as more potassium was taken up by the plants than was supplied by the 3.32-pound rate. Chlorine in the fertilizer increased the total ash and potassium content of the seedlings but tended to decrease the nitrogen. Potassium and chlorine had no effect on the weight of roots and relative turgidity of the plants.
CHARACTERISTICS OF ORGANIC MATTER IN DEGRADING CHERNOZEMIC SURFACE SOILS
Authors: Sawyer C. D. , Pawluk S.
Published: March 2010

Humic acids, polysaccharides, and polyuronides were extracted from samples representative of the organic and mineral A horizons of two Dark Grey Wooded soils. These organic fractions were characterized in order to determine the alterations, if any, which may be evident in some of the organic constituents present at varying depths in the organic and mineral A horizons as a result of progressive podzolic degradation.Humic acid content in the organic fraction was found to decrease with depth in the mineral A horizon. Methoxyl content of the purified humic acids averaged 0.26 me./g. and decreased with depth while the total acidity (phenolic and carboxyl acidity) averaged 7.6 me./g. and increased with depth. Nitrogen content of the purified humic acids averaged 2.6 per cent and was relatively constant throughout the organic and mineral A horizons. The humic acid content of the undecomposed and semi-decomposed organic debris was found to be only slightly lower than that of the Ah horizon. This was probably at least partially due to hydrolyses of organic matter during the harsh extraction of humic acids with warm 1.0 N NaOH.Total polysaccharide and polyuronide content of these soils decreased rapidly with depth; however, this decrease paralleled the decrease in total organic carbon content.
CROP RESPONSE TO LIME AND FERTILIZER SUPERIMPOSED ON DIFFERENT TILLAGE TREATMENTS FOR A VIRGIN GREY WOODED SOIL
Authors: Hamilton Herman A. , Lessard J. R.
Published: March 2010

A virgin Grey Wooded soil was subjected to different tillage treatments receiving various rates of nitrogen, phosphorus and lime. In a 5-year rotation of oats followed by 4 years of hay, oat forage yields with 24-inch plowing appeared to be less than those obtained with shallower tillage treatments, but the subsequent first- and second-year hay yields were substantially higher. Nitrogen and phosphorus significantly increased oat forage yields irrespective of tillage treatment. Increases in first-year hay yields due to residual phosphorus were highly significant with 12-inch and 24-inch plowing. Second-year hay yields were significantly increased by residual phosphorus on all tillage treatments with increases being in the order 12-inch plowing and disking greater than 6-inch and 24-inch plowing. Irrespective of tillage treatment, lowest hay yields were obtained in the first year of harvest. Despite the greater saturation of the sub-surface soil with bases, lime significantly increased hay yields on plots plowed to 24 inches. Whereas the legume component of the hay mixture was initially high on plots plowed to 24 inches, in the succeeding years the percentage decreased considerably. On the other hand, legume percentage, which was initially low, increased for plots that were disked or plowed to 6 inches. Plowing to a depth of 12 inches appeared to be the most satisfactory procedure in maintaining the best hay yields with a high percentage of legumes.
THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON THE Sr90 CONTENT OF CROPS
Authors: Evans E. J. , Dekker A. J.
Published: March 2010

Three soils were used in greenhouse experiments to determine the effect of KCl and K2CO3 on the Sr90 concentration in oats, alfalfa, and timothy. In addition soils were moist incubated to determine the effects of similar potassium treatments on water soluble Sr90, calcium, and potassium.The general trend of results found in the greenhouse experiments was that increasing levels of added potassium caused decreases in calcium, magnesium, and Sr90 contents and increases in potassium contents of the crops. The decreases of Sr90 were frequently greater when potassium was applied as the carbonate compared with its addition as the chloride. There were some exceptions to these trends. For instance, Sr90 concentrations in oat grain increased with the addition of KCl to two of the soils. Increases in Sr90 content were also found for timothy grown in one of the soils when KCl was applied.The greater apparent effectiveness of K2CO3 in reducing Sr90 content of crops compared with the addition of the chloride is explained in part by the results of incubation experiments, where KCl caused increases in water soluble Sr90 whereas K2CO3 caused either smaller increases or decreases.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN IN THREE SOILS AS INDUCED BY FREEZING AND DRYING
Authors: Mack A. R.
Published: March 2010

Rapid freezing and short-term drying effected marked changes in the biological activity of a Calcareous Black and a Brown Forest soil and only minor changes in a Solodized Solonetz soil which had a lower organic carbon and total nitrogen content. Freezing increased the initial rate of organic matter decomposition but further studies, with the Brown Forest soil only, showed that freezing did not affect the total amount decomposed over an extended incubation period; drying, however, increased the total amount decomposed throughout the incubation period. Freezing all soils decreased the number of viable fungi, whereas drying had no marked effect on the number of either fungi or bacteria. Freezing markedly increased the mineralization of nitrogen in the two higher organic matter soils whereas short-time drying did not. The influence of freezing on mineralization was reflected by a greater uptake of nitrogen by millet in one of the soils.
EVALUATION OF METHODS FOR DETERMINATION OF EXCHANGE ACIDITY IN SOILS
Authors: Pawluk S. , Carson J. A.
Published: March 2010

The triethanolamine — BaCl2 (pH 8.1), 1N NH4C2H3O2 (pH 7 and 4.8), 1N Ba(C2H3O2)2 (pH 7) and unbuffered 1N KCl methods for evaluating total exchange acidity in soils were compared. The general order of extracting ability was found to be triethanolamine — BaCl2 (pH 8.1 > 1N NH4C2H3O2 (pH 7) = 1N Ba(C2H3O2)2 (pH 7) > 1N KCl for kaolinite clays and organic matter where variations in results were largely attributable to the exchange acidity held by charges from pH-dependent exchange sites. Although less pronounced, the general order of extracting ability for montmorillonites, where most of the exchange acidity is held by charges from permanent exchange sites, was found to be triethanolamine — BaCl2 pH 8.1) > 1N KCl > 1N NH4C2H3O2 (pH 7) = 1N Ba(C2H3O2)2 (pH 7). Only the triethanolamine-BaCl2 method gave substantially higher results for illite clays.All solutions, with the exception of 1N NH4C2H3O2 (pH 4.8), removed only small portions of exchangeable aluminium from the materials studied although equivalent amounts of hydrogen were released. The 1N NH4C2H3O2 (pH 4.8) method was the best technique tested for removal of exchangeable aluminium although its suitability remains somewhat doubtful.Variations in the quantitative amounts of exchange acidity found by different methods in some common Alberta soils can be explained by inferences made from the results obtained for the standard samples of known competition.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF WATER-SOLUBLE CATIONS TO FIELD SEPARATIONS OF CHERNOZEMIC AND SOLONETZIC SOILS
Authors: Ballantyne A. K. , Clayton J. S.
Published: March 2010

It is suggested that cations present in extracts of water-saturated soil samples can be used to complement and substantiate the field classification of soils into the Solonetzic and Chernozemic Orders by the Canadian system, and that an evaluation of these cations together with pH can be used as substantiating criteria at the sub-group level.Two hundred and ninety-one profiles, sampled by the Saskatchewan Soil Survey during the 1959–61 seasons, have been separated into high, medium and low sodium profiles and on this basis correlated with the field classification. Most of the high sodium soils were in the Solonetzic Order, and the medium and low sodium in the Chernozemic Order.The proposed laboratory criteria gave over 80 per cent agreement with the field classification at the order level. This percentage was obtained from a range of 97 per cent for the Orthic Chernozem to 63 per cent for the Solonetz profile. The agreement at the lower level varied from 95 per cent for the Rego Chernozem to 38 for the Solonetz.
NITROGEN MINERALIZATION IN SOLONETZIC SOIL SAMPLES AND SOME INFLUENCING FACTORS
Authors: Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted on samples of an alkali Solonetz and a Solodic soil that occur in close proximity in the field to determine if factors other than the quantity of nitrogen might be responsible for the difference in the ability of the two soils to provide nitrogen to crops. The effect of altering the C/N ratio, heating, and the addition of nitrogenous compounds on nitrogen mineralization and CO2 evolution from A horizon samples was studied.Added sucrose stimulated the evolution of CO3 in the alkali Solonetz samples but added ammonium sulphate had no appreciable effect on the evolution of CO2. Heat caused a direct release of ammonium-nitrogen even from air-dry samples, and preheating caused a marked increase in ammonification during subsequent incubation. Both ammonification and nitrification took place quite effectively in samples of the alkali Solonetz soil to which a relatively simple organic nitrogen compound was added.The factor limiting nitrogen mineralization in alkali Solonetz soil appears to be the lack of readily decomposable organic nitrogen compounds.
INTERACTION OF PHOSPHATES WITH FERRIC ORGANIC COMPLEXES
Authors: Weir C. C. , Soper R. J.
Published: March 2010

Humic acid extracts of soil organic matter had the capacity to complex ferric ions. Methylation studies indicated that non-carboxylic hydroxyl groups present in humic acid are involved in holding iron above pH 4.7.The (humic acid-iron) complex was able to hold phosphate ions against an anion resin. The amount of phosphate held depended on the pH and on the type of resin. It was also found that although the phosphate associated with the (humic acid-iron) complex was nearly all exchangeable with radioactive P32, only a portion of this phosphate was available for plant use.
NOTE ON THE USE OF SOILS FOR THE DISPOSAL OF SODIUM WASTES FROM CANNERIES
Authors: Bhuiya Z. H. , Webber L. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
NOTE ON A NEW ORGANIC SOIL SAMPLER
Authors: Tourchot R. , Jasmin J. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
INVESTIGATION OF SOME FACTORS IMPORTANT IN DIFFERENTIAL CROP RESPONSE TO DIAMMONIUM AND MONOCALCIUM PHOSPHATES
Authors: Hamilton Herman A. , Lathwell D. J.
Published: March 2010

Under greenhouse conditions, potential oat yields with diammonium phosphate (DP) and monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) were compared when increasing rates of P2O5 were used. Oat yields were similar for the two phosphatic sources when mixed with the soil. With band placement of MCP at 400 lb P2O5 per acre, the highest yield of oats was realized. This yield was not significantly greater than that obtained when 800 lb P2O5 per acre as DP was mixed with the soil; but was significantly greater than that obtained when MCP at 800 lb P2O5 per acre was mixed with the soil. By banding DP at 400 lb P2O5 per acre, the yields for each of two successive oat crops were no better than those obtained when 50 lb P2O5 as DP was mixed with the soil. On the other hand, for an alfalfa crop succeeding oats, DP banded at 400 lb P2O5 per acre resulted in yields which were not significantly different from the maximum yield obtained by mixing DP with the soil. Irrespective of phosphate source, there were decreased amounts of exchangeable ammonium in soil after 2 weeks of crop growth, with increasing rates of P2O5. With DP as a source of nitrogen and phosphorus, the exchangeable ammonium in soil at the end of 4 and 6½ weeks was significantly greater than the amounts found with the use of MCP + (NH4)2SO4. There were no significant differences between MCP and its soil reaction product relative to oat yields obtained with band placement; but when mixed with the soil, the MCP-soil reaction products resulted in significantly greater yields. In the case of DP, and MCP + (NH4)2SO4, their soil reaction products gave similar yields to those obtained with the pure materials irrespective of method of placement.
DECLINE OF WHEAT YIELDS AND DEPLETION OF SOME NUTRIENTS ON A LOAM SOIL DURING A 36-YEAR PERIOD
Authors: Lehane J. J. , Warder F. G. , Staple W. J.
Published: March 2010

Wheat was grown in outdoor tanks 15 in. in diameter and 5 ft deep for a period of 36 years. The results show the extent that two crop rotations and two levels of available water influenced the yield and nutrient depletion of a loam soil. The average yield of wheat receiving added water was nearly twice that of crops receiving rainfall only, and the yields of crops receiving added water were eventually limited by the lack of available plant nutrients.There was no marked difference in the organic carbon and nitrogen content or the pH of the different treatments. There was a high accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in the lower depths of the soil in a fallow-wheat rotation receiving rainfall only. Significant differences were found in bicarbonate soluble phosphorus at nearly all depths between the different treatments. Summerfallowing apparently maintained the soluble phosphorus at a higher level. The soluble phosphorus content of the soil from the added water treatment at the end of the 36-year period was lower than that considered sufficient for maximum yields.
A LONG-TERM FIELD EXPERIMENT WITH COMMERCIAL FERTILIZERS AND MANURE: III. FERTILITY LEVELS, CROP YIELDS, AND NUTRIENT LEVELS IN CORN, OATS, AND CLOVER
Authors: Bishop R. F. , MacEachern C. R. , Jackson L. P. , MacLeod L. B.
Published: March 2010

Changes in adsorbed plus easily acid-soluble phosphorus in soil were generally proportional to the amounts of phosphorus applied.All treatments were applied in the corn year and the phosphorus content of fertilizers was reflected in the per cent total phosphorus in tissue samples of corn and the succeeding oat and clover crops. Application of fertilizers containing increasing percentages of potassium consistently increased the per cent total potassium in com and oats but not in clover. However application rates of manure were invariably reflected in the percentages of total phosphorus and potassium in all crops. With 20 tons of manure corn, oats, and clover contained 0.33, 0.28, and 0.27% phosphorus and 2.51, 1.92, and 1.42% potassium.Application of fertilizers with increasing percentages of nitrogen did not produce significant yield differences in any of the crops. However, use of fertilizers containing increasing percentages of phosphorus or potassium resulted in significantly increased corn yields. All crop yields were significantly higher with 20 tons of manure than with 1000 lb of 4-8-8 fertilizer. With this rate of manure corn produced 3.18 tons of dry matter, oats approximately 52 bu, and hay 2 tons of dry matter per acre.
COMPARISON OF PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING EXCHANGE PROPERTIES AND AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM IN SOME EASTERN CANADIAN ORGANIC SOILS
Authors: MacLean A. J. , Halstead R. L. , Mack A. R. , Jasmin J. J.
Published: March 2010

Determination of the cation-exchange capacity of 17 organic soils by the ammonium acetate method or by measurement of H replaced from HCl-treated samples by neutral 1 N NH4OAc, 1 N and 0.5 N Ba(OAc)2, and 0.5 N KOAc gave results which were closely related. The magnitude of the values varied with procedure, however, and 1 N Ba(OAc)2 gave the highest results.In a greenhouse experiment, the average uptake of potassium and of phosphorus by plants was higher at a soil temperature of 75° F than at 57° F. Percentage uptake of potassium by the plants was significantly correlated with the following criteria of potassium supply in the soils: exchangeable K, water-soluble K, [Formula: see text] and per cent K saturation. The corresponding percentage uptake of phosphorus was significantly correlated with the amounts of phosphorus extracted from the soils with 0.03 N NH4F + 0.1 N HCl, 0.5 N HOAc, water, and 0.5 M NaHCO3. The results indicated that water might serve as a suitable extractant of both potassium and phosphorus.
AN EXAMINATION OF THE HUMIC ACIDS OF SPHAGNUM PEAT
Authors: Smith D. G. , Lorimer J. W.
Published: March 2010

Humic acid fractions were prepared by the repeated extraction of Sphagnum peat with dilute sodium hydroxide. The infrared spectra of the initial fractions were typical of humic acids. Spectra of the later fractions were indicative of an aromatic structure similar to that of lignin. The content of methoxyl groups, which had remained constant through the earlier fractions, increased rapidly in the later fractions. Changes in the intrinsic viscosity of the fractions in aqueous alkali and salt solutions paralleled those observed in the infrared spectra and methoxyl group content. The results show that humic acids of similar composition and increasing molecular weight were extracted initially, and that low molecular weight material resembling lignin predominated towards the end of the extraction. The presence of lignin was confirmed by alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation of a peat residue. Dilute sodium pyrophosphate extracted humic acids which were similar in all respects to the first fraction obtained by extraction with dilute sodium hydroxide.