bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Habitat suitability mapping of the black coral Leiopathes glaberrima to support conservation of vulnerable marine ecosystems
Authors: Lauria V. , Massi D. , Fiorentino F. , Milisenda G. , Cillari T.
Published: August 2021

The black coral Leiopathes glaberrima is an important habitat forming species that supports benthic biodiversity. Due to its high sensitivity to fishing activities, it has been classified as indicator of Vulnerable Marine Ecosystems (VMEs). However, the information on its habitat selection and large-scale spatial distribution in the Mediterranean Sea is poor. In this study a thorough literature review on the occurrence of L. glaberrima across the Mediterranean Sea was undertaken. Predictive modelling was carried out to produce the first continuous map of L. glaberrima suitable habitat in the central sector of the Mediterranean Sea. MaxEnt modeling was used to predict L. glaberrima probability of presence as a function of seven environmental predictors (bathymetry, slope, aspect North–South and East–West, kinetic energy due to currents at the seabed, seabed habitat types and sea bottom temperature). Our results show that bathymetry, slope and aspect are the most important factors driving L. glaberrima spatial distribution, while in less extent the other environmental variables. This study adds relevant information on the spatial distribution of vulnerable deep water corals in relation to the environmental factors in the Mediterranean Sea. It provides an important background for marine spatial planning especially for prioritizing areas for the conservation of VMEs.
A tree of leaves: Phylogeny and historical biogeography of the leaf insects (Phasmatodea: Phylliidae)
Authors: Bank Sarah , Cumming Royce T. , Li Yunchang , Henze Katharina , Le Tirant Stéphane , Bradler Sven
Published: August 2021

The insect order Phasmatodea is known for large slender insects masquerading as twigs or bark. In contrast to these so-called stick insects, the subordinated clade of leaf insects (Phylliidae) are dorso-ventrally flattened and therefore resemble leaves in a unique way. Here we show that the origin of extant leaf insects lies in the Australasian/Pacific region with subsequent dispersal westwards to mainland Asia and colonisation of most Southeast Asian landmasses. We further hypothesise that the clade originated in the Early Eocene after the emergence of angiosperm-dominated rainforests. The genusPhylliumto which most of the ~100 described species pertain is recovered as paraphyletic and its three non-nominate subgenera are recovered as distinct, monophyletic groups and are consequently elevated to genus rank. This first phylogeny covering all major phylliid groups provides the basis for future studies on their taxonomy and a framework to unveil more of their cryptic and underestimated diversity.
Sulfonium ion-promoted traceless Schmidt reaction of alkyl azides
Authors: Ardiansah Bayu , Tanimoto Hiroki , Tomohiro Takenori , Morimoto Tsumoru , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: August 2021

Schmidt reaction by sulfonium ions is described. The bond scission reaction through 1,2-migration was achieved without any trace of the activators. The one-pot substitution reactions were also demonstrated.
Battery cost forecasting: a review of methods and results with an outlook to 2050
Authors: Mauler Lukas , Duffner Fabian , Zeier Wolfgang G. , Leker Jens
Published: August 2021

This review analyzes 53 publications that forecast battery cost and provides transparency on methodological and technological details.
In vitro assay for single-cell characterization of impaired deformability in red blood cells under recurrent episodes of hypoxia
Authors: Qiang Yuhao , Liu Jia , Dao Ming , Du E.
Published: August 2021

In vitro single-cell testing of mechanical degradation of red blood cells (RBCs) after undergoing hypoxia fatigue cycles in the microfluidic device, mimicking cyclic oxygen tension variations RBCs experience during in vivo blood circulation.
Controlled self-assembly of block copolymers in printed sub-20 nm cross-bar structures
Authors: Park Tae Wan , Kang Young Lim , Byun Myunghwan , Hong Suck Won , Ahn Yong-Sik , Lee Junghoon , Park Woon Ik
Published: August 2021

Combined nanopatterning method consisting of nanotransfer printing process and directed self-assembly of block copolymers to generate complex and unusual oxide/metal hybrid pattern geometries.
Correction: Sunlight assisted degradation of a pollutant dye in water by a WO3@g-C3N4 nanocomposite catalyst
Authors: Borthakur Sukanya , Basyach Purashri , Kalita Lisamoni , Sonowal Karanika , Tiwari Amritanjali , Chetia Pubali , Saikia Lakshi
Published: August 2021

Correction for ‘Sunlight assisted degradation of a pollutant dye in water by a WO3@g-C3N4 nanocomposite catalyst’ by Sukanya Borthakur et al., New J. Chem., 2020, 44, 2947–2960, DOI: 10.1039/C9NJ05142B.
Are cachexia-associated tumors transmitTERS of ER stress?
Authors: Yamagata Ana Sayuri , Freire Paula Paccielli
Published: August 2021

Cancer cachexia is associated with deficient response to chemotherapy. On the other hand, the tumors of cachectic patients remarkably express more chemokines and have higher immune infiltration. For immunogenicity, a strong induction of the unfolded protein response (UPR) is necessary. UPR followed by cell surface exposure of calreticulin on the dying tumor cell is essential for its engulfment by macrophages and dendritic cells. However, some tumor cells upon endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can release factors that induce ER stress to other cells, in the so-called transmissible ER stress (TERS). The cells that received TERS produce more interleukin 6 (IL-6) and chemokines and acquire resistance to subsequent ER stress, nutrient deprivation, and genotoxic stress. Since ER stress enhances the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs), we suggest they can mediate TERS. It was found that ER stressed cachexia-inducing tumor cells transmit factors that trigger ER stress in other cells. Therefore, considering the role of EVs in cancer cachexia, the release of exosomes can possibly play a role in the process of blunting the immunogenicity of the cachexia-associated tumors. We propose that TERS can cause an inflammatory and immunosuppressive phenotype in cachexia-inducing tumors.
L’Atlas du Muscle : une banque d’images de biopsies musculaires
Authors: Romero Norma B. , Cadot Bruno
Published: August 2021

L’analyse des biopsies musculaires constitue un outil essentiel dans le domaine de la recherche et pour le diagnostic. La biopsie musculaire est régulièrement utilisée dans le diagnostic et l’évaluation de nombreuses maladies neuromusculaires survenant chez l’enfant ou chez l’adulte, ainsi que dans l’étude des modèles animaux correspondants. Nous décrivons ici l’Atlas du Muscle, une banque d’images de biopsies musculaires saines et pathologiques, dont les objectifs sont de documenter les données morphologiques d’une myopathie donnée bien caractérisée, de faciliter le diagnostic des différentes myopathies, et de fournir du matériel pour des approches faisant appel à l’intelligence artificielle (IA).
La prise en charge des neuropathies inflammatoires et dysimmunitaires à l’épreuve du confinement
Authors: Plançon Jean-Philippe
Published: August 2021

La pandémie de COVID-19 et ses conséquences, notamment en termes d’accès aux soins, a bouleversé les schémas de prise en charge des maladies rares et complexes. Les neuropathies périphériques inflammatoires et dysimmunitaires (NIPD) ne font pas exception. L’association qui représente les patients concernés en France par ces pathologies a réalisé une enquête pour mesurer l’impact du confinement sur leurs problématiques de santé à titre individuel.
Auroral zone over the last 3000 years
Authors: Kataoka Ryuho , Nakano Shin’ya
Published: August 2021

We investigated the global shape of the auroral zone over the last 3000 years using paleomagnetism CALS models. A similar method of apex latitude as proposed by Oguti (1993) [J Geophys Res98(A7): 11649–11655; J Geomag Geoelectr45, 231–242] was adopted to draw the auroral zone. The Oguti method is examined using 50-year data from ground-based magnetometers located at high latitudes, using International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) models. The equatorward auroral limit during magnetic storms was also examined using more than 20 years of data from the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites. The reconstructed auroral zone and the equatorward auroral limit were compared with the historical auroral witness records for 1200 AD and 1800 AD. We concluded that the 12th and 18th centuries were excellent periods for Japan and the United Kingdom, respectively, to observe auroras over the last 3000 years.
The Use of Same-Day Hearing Aid Fitting with Telehealth Follow-up Care: A Case Study of a Veteran Presenting with Tinnitus and Auditory Processing Disorder Symptoms
Authors: Jedlicka David P.
Published: August 2021

Providing same-day hearing aid fitting appointments to patients being seen in an audiology clinic for an audiometric evaluation may help decrease clinic wait times and reduce the need for future in-person appointments. Prior to 2020, the Veterans Administration (VA) Healthcare System did not allow hearing aid manufacturers to provide functional demonstration (demo) hearing aids to VA audiology clinics. Due to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19) pandemic, this rule was changed to minimize the number of required in-person VA audiology appointments. The audiology clinic at the Pittsburgh VA Healthcare System developed a hearing aid fitting protocol using demo hearing aids to provide same-day hearing aid fitting appointments. This case study pertains to a female Veteran who presented to the clinic with complaints of decreased hearing and bothersome tinnitus. The patient completed a comprehensive audiometric evaluation, auditory processing disorder screening, hearing aid evaluation, and hearing aid fitting in the clinic. All follow-up appointments were scheduled to be completed via telehealth. The initial findings in this case study indicate that same-day hearing aid fittings can be successful for some patients. Future telehealth follow-up appointments will determine this patient's level of success using hearing aid–related outcome measures.
Troubleshooting Cochlear Implant Processors via Tele-Audiology
Authors: Boss Benjamin
Published: August 2021

This case study examines the methods used to troubleshoot a cochlear implant processor via video visit with a nonagenarian (90+ years old) with a bimodal cochlear implant system. This article will discuss the evaluation and management as well as which specific issues could be addressed virtually and how they were resolved. Examples will be provided about how to virtually connect with the patient and how to best facilitate communication during a video visit. Additionally, this article will examine the captioning apps and other hearing assistive technology available for smartphones that can provide further assistance during a cell phone call along with their benefits and limitations.
Evaluation and Management of Misophonia Using a Hybrid Telecare Approach: A Case Report
Authors: Zitelli Lori
Published: August 2021

Decreased sound tolerance (DST) is a negative reaction to environmental sounds and is estimated to affect 3.5% of the population. This case report presents the evaluation and management of an adult female with severe, longstanding misophonia. Her evaluation included comprehensive audiometric testing (including uncomfortable loudness levels) and a detailed assessment of the impact of DST on her life. She enrolled in tinnitus retraining therapy and began receiving treatment aiming to facilitate habituation of bothersome environmental sounds. This case was complicated by the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and a telemedicine hybrid approach was employed to increase access to audiologic care. Using this structure, some appointments occurred in person in the clinic and others occurred via a telemedicine video visit format. Telemedicine video visits facilitated in-depth discussions, afforded the opportunity to answer questions, and provided the option of cloud-based remote programming of on-ear devices. Future care will continue to employ a hybrid approach.
Training wicked scientists for a world of wicked problems
Authors: Kawa Nicholas C. , Arceño Mark Anthony , Goeckner Ryan , Hunter Chelsea E. , Rhue Steven J. , Scaggs Shane A. , Biwer Matthew E. , Downey Sean S. , Field Julie S. , Gremillion Kristen , McCorriston Joy , Willow Anna , Newton Elizabeth , Moritz Mark
Published: August 2021

Humanity faces a number of wicked problems, from global climate change and the coronavirus pandemic to systemic racism and widening economic inequality. Since such complex and dynamic problems are plagued by disagreement among stakeholders over their nature and cause, they are notoriously difficult to solve. This commentary argues that if humanity truly aspires to address the grand challenges of today and tomorrow, then graduate education must be redesigned. It is no longer sufficient to train students only to be experts in their respective fields. They also must hone the interpersonal and professional skills that allow them to collaborate successfully within diverse teams of researchers and other stakeholders. Here the conceptual framework of wicked science is proposed, including what a graduate program in wicked science would achieve and why such training matters both to researchers and the communities where they work. If humanity hopes to effectively tackle the world’s wicked problems, then it is time to train a generation of wicked scientists.
X-ray Free Electron Laser can help examine materials found inside planet
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: August 2021

By combining complementary X-ray scattering measurements taken with the very bright free electron laser, carbon can be studied at extreme pressures and temperatures.
Wong–Zakai approximations of the non-autonomous stochastic FitzHugh–Nagumo system on RN in higher regular spaces
Authors: Zhao Wenqiang
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we consider the Wong–Zakai approximations of a non-autonomous stochastic FitzHugh–Nagumo system driven by a multiplicative white noise with an arbitrary intensity. The convergence of solutions of the path-wise deterministic system to that of the corresponding stochastic system is established in higher regular spaces by means of a new iteration technique and an optimal multiplier at different stages. Furthermore, we prove that the random attractor of the path-wise deterministic system converges to that of the non-autonomous stochastic FitzHugh–Nagumo system in higher regular spaces when the size of approximation vanishes, with much looser conditions on the nonlinearity.
Determination of dimensionless figure of merit in time and frequency domains
Authors: Hasegawa Yasuhiro , Takeuchi Mai
Published: August 2021

We propose an impedance spectroscopy (IS)-based model to determine the dimensionless figure of merit (zT) of a commercialized BiTe-based thermoelectric module in the time and frequency domains. In this method, the transient response of the resistance is measured for different current ranges and an apparent current dependence of the measured resistance is observed in the steady state. We successfully explain the experimental results using the model wherein the dependence is caused by the heat balance between the Peltier heat and Joule heat. In addition, a necessary condition of the balance is required to reproduce the experimental value of zT theoretically. Furthermore, we experimentally determined zT using the measured resistance in the time domain and we applied the IS-based model in the frequency domain for comparison. In the time and frequency domains, we obtained zT = 0.842 ± 0.006 and 0.834 ± 0.001, respectively, by applying the appropriate current for neglecting the influence of the Joule heat; a negligible difference was obtained in the results, as verified via temperature dependent estimation. Through this method and the corresponding analysis, we achieved a comprehensive understanding on how to measure zT and the associated error in the measurement, accurately and precisely, during the experiment. We conclude that zT can be determined precisely in the time domain within several minutes using the proposed method that applies an appropriate current across identical thermoelectric modules and elements.
Efficient model for electronic transport in high energy-density matter
Authors: Stanton Liam G. , Murillo Michael S.
Published: August 2021

A wide-ranging effective Boltzmann approach, originally intended for ionic transport, is applied to the computation of electronic transport coefficients without modification. Comparisons with datasets that resulted from a recent transport coefficient workshop and molecular dynamics simulations are made. While this model contains correlation information through its effective potential and strong scattering through its use of cross sections, it misses details of attractive, possibly quantum, interactions; comparisons with that dataset reveal the relative importance of these physics inputs. Through comparisons of data for electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, temperature relaxation, and stopping power (including a new formula for the energy split due to alpha stopping), we find that the sensitivity to the missing physics is minor and often negligible. Thus, we have a single transport model that self-consistently provides all ionic and electronic transport properties in a form with negligible computational cost.
Mechanism of material removal through transient and selective laser absorption into excited electrons in fused silica
Authors: Yoshizaki Reina , Ito Yusuke , Yoshitake Shunya , Wei Chaoran , Shibata Akihiro , Nagasawa Ikuo , Nagato Keisuke , Sugita Naohiko
Published: August 2021

Transient and selective laser (TSL) processing is a method used for the rapid fabrication of transparent materials. In this method, electrons in glass are excited by an ultrashort-pulse laser. This electron-excited region selectively absorbs a long-pulse laser with low intensity, resulting in microfabrication. However, the mechanism of material removal during TSL processing is not completely understood. In this study, we measured the threshold of TSL processing in synthetic fused silica to investigate the details of the processing mechanism. The measurement revealed that the processing threshold was represented by the relationship between the intensity of the long-pulse laser and the electron density excited by the femtosecond laser. The calculations indicated that the absorption in synthetic fused silica was mainly due to linear absorption of the long-pulse laser into the excited electrons and that a simple threshold model can be used to explain the material removal volume. The revealed controlling factor from the identified threshold function will allow the shapes to be controlled during TSL processing.
Exceptional points of degeneracy in traveling wave tubes
Authors: Figotin Alexander
Published: August 2021

The traveling wave tube (TWT) is a powerful vacuum electronic device used to amplify radio-frequency signals with numerous applications, including radar, television, and telephone satellite communications. TWT design in a nutshell comprises a pencil-like electron beam (e-beam) in vacuum interacting with a guiding slow-wave structure (SWS). In our studies here, the e-beam is represented by one-dimensional electron flow and SWS is represented by a transmission line (TL). The interaction between the e-beam and the TL is modeled by an analytic theory that generalizes the well-known Pierce model by taking into account the so-called space-charge effects, particularly electron-to-electron repulsion (debunching). Many important aspects of the analytic theory of TWTs have been already analyzed in our monograph on the subject. The focus of the studies here is on degeneracies of the TWT dispersion relations, particularly on exceptional points of degeneracy and their applications. The term exceptional point of degeneracy (EPD) refers to the property of the relevant matrix to have a nontrivial Jordan block structure. Using special parameterization, particularly suited to chosen EPD, we derive exact formulas for the relevant Jordan basis, including the eigenvectors and the so-called root vector associated with the Jordan block. Based on these studies, we develop a constructive approach to sensing of small signals.
Field-angle-dependent multi-frequency electron spin resonance spectroscopy in submillimeter wave range based on thermal detection
Authors: Takahashi Hideyuki , Sakurai Takahiro , Ohmichi Eiji , Ohta Hitoshi
Published: August 2021

We report the thermally detected electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy in the frequency range of millimeter and submillimeter waves. Under high vacuum conditions, a cantilever-shaped device detects ESR absorption of a mounted sample as a temperature difference in its beam direction. Despite the simple experimental setup, the spin sensitivity of the order of 1012 spins/G was achieved at 10 K. The developed sample stage is small enough to be used in a 10 T split-pair superconducting magnet with a bore of 25 mm, enabling precise field-angle-dependent ESR measurements at multi-frequencies above 500 GHz. We demonstrate its usefulness by studying the field-angle dependence of the excitation energy of the dimer triplet state in the Shastry–Sutherland magnet SrCu2(BO3)2.
Bright soliton dynamics for seventh degree nonlinear systems with higher-order dispersion
Authors: Guo Yunsong , Cheng Quan , Okacha Yahia , Ahmed Karmand Abdulla , Wang Ying , Wang Wei
Published: August 2021

In this study, we investigate the typical systems modeled by the (3 + 1)-dimensional as well as (1 + 1)-dimensional Schrödinger equations incorporating third-order dispersion effects, higher-order scattering effects, and cubic–fifth–seventh degree nonlinear interactions. We use the F-expansion method and the self-similar method to solve the higher-order Schrödinger equation for one-dimensional and three-dimensional settings, respectively, identifying typical bright soliton solutions under appropriate system settings. The bright soliton features are demonstrated analytically in regions around the soliton peak region. Pictorial bright soliton features are demonstrated for the three-dimensional setting as well as one-dimensional setting. Our work shows the applicability of the theoretical treatment utilized in studying bright soliton dynamics for systems with third-order dispersion and seventh degree nonlinearity.
Role of density gradients on miscible Rayleigh–Taylor fingers in porous media
Authors: Pramanik Satyajit , Mishra Manoranjan
Published: August 2021

We investigate the effect of density gradients on miscible Rayleigh–Taylor fingers in homogeneous porous media using two families of concentration-dependent density profiles: (a) monotonic and (b) nonmonotonic. The first family consists of linear, quadratic, and cubic functions of the solute concentration, while the latter is described as a quadratic function of the solute concentration such that the density maximum (minimum) appears in time as diffusion relaxes the concentration gradient. With the help of these simple models, we are able to address one of the most puzzling questions about the fingering instabilities with nonmonotonic density profiles. Using linear stability analysis and nonlinear simulations, we show that density gradients play a pivotal role in controlling instability.
Dichroism and birefringence optical atomic magnetometer with or without self-generated light squeezing
Authors: Zhang Xichang , Jin Shenchao , Qu Weizhi , Xiao Yanhong
Published: August 2021

An atomic magnetometer detects atomic responses to the magnetic field, and its sensitivity is ultimately limited by quantum noise fluctuations. For magnetometers based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation (NMOR), the possible concurrent generation of light squeezing due to polarization self-rotation complicates the optimization for magnetometer sensitivity. Here, we study NMOR magnetometers with frequency-modulated light in a paraffin coated 87Rb vapor cell in the low and high power regimes corresponding to situations with and without light squeezing, respectively, with detection observables being different Stokes components reflecting the magnetic-field-induced atomic circular dichroism or birefringence. We found that the overall best sensitivity is achieved in the low power regime when there is no light squeezing and for circular dichroism measurement. We provide a general insight on parameter optimization and the choice of detection observables, from the delicate trade-off between the atomic responses and the noises including the technical and quantum optical noises. Our results could have practical significance in optical atomic magnetometry.
Molecular vibrational polariton: Its dynamics and potentials in novel
chemistry and quantum technology
Authors: Xiang Bo , Xiong Wei
Published: August 2021

Molecular vibrational polaritons, a hybridized quasiparticle formed by the strong coupling between molecular vibrational modes and photon cavity modes, have attracted tremendous attention in the chemical physics community due to their peculiar influence on chemical reactions. At the same time, the half-photon half-matter characteristics of polaritons make them suitable to possess properties from both sides and lead to new features that are useful for photonic and quantum technology applications. To eventually use polaritons for chemical and quantum applications, it is critical to understand their dynamics. Due to the intrinsic time scale of cavity modes and molecular vibrational modes in condensed phases, polaritons can experience dynamics on ultrafast time scales, e.g., relaxation from polaritons to dark modes. Thus, ultrafast vibrational spectroscopy becomes an ideal tool to investigate such dynamics. In this Perspective, we give an overview of recent ultrafast spectroscopic works by our group and others in the field. These recent works show that molecular vibrational polaritons can have distinct dynamics from its pure molecular counterparts, such as intermolecular vibrational energy transfer and hot vibrational dynamics. We then discuss some current challenges and future opportunities, such as the possible use of ultrafast vibrational dynamics, to understand cavity-modified reactions and routes to develop molecular vibrational polaritons as new room temperature quantum platforms.
Accurate modeling and characterization of photothermal forces in optomechanics
Authors: Primo André G. , Kersul Cauê M. , Benevides Rodrigo , Carvalho Natália C. , Ménard Michaël , Frateschi Newton C. , de Assis Pierre-Louis , Wiederhecker Gustavo S. , Mayer Alegre Thiago P.
Published: August 2021

Photothermal effects have been pointed out as prominent sources of forces in optomechanical systems, competing with the standard radiation pressure interactions. In this article, we derive a novel and accurate model for the prediction of photothermal forces and establish how some previous proposals can be complemented to yield precise results. As a proof-of-concept, we perform numerical and experimental tests on GaAs microdisk cavities and obtain striking agreement with our framework, revealing the importance of considering surface photothermal forces and the effects of multiple thermal modes in microphotonic devices.
On multistability near the boundary of generalized synchronization in unidirectionally coupled chaotic systems
Authors: Moskalenko Olga I. , Koronovskii Alexey A. , Selskii Anton O. , Evstifeev Evgeniy V.
Published: August 2021

Multistability in the intermittent generalized synchronization regime in unidirectionally coupled chaotic systems has been found. To study such a phenomenon, the method for revealing the existence of multistable states in interacting systems being the modification of an auxiliary system approach has been proposed. The efficiency of the method has been testified using the examples of unidirectionally coupled logistic maps and Rössler systems being in the intermittent generalized synchronization regime. The quantitative characteristic of multistability has been introduced into consideration.
Challenges and transformative opportunities in superconductor vortex physics
Authors: Eley Serena , Glatz Andreas , Willa Roland
Published: August 2021

In superconductors, the motion of vortices introduces unwanted dissipation that is disruptive to applications. Fortunately, material defects can immobilize vortices, acting as vortex pinning centers, which engenders dramatic improvements in superconductor material properties and device operation. This has motivated decades of research into developing methods of tailoring the disorder landscape in superconductors to increase the strength of vortex pinning. Yet, efficacious materials engineering still eludes us. The electromagnetic properties of real (disordered) superconducting materials cannot yet be reliably predicted, such that designing superconductors for applications remains a largely inefficient process of trial and error. This is ultimately due to large gaps in our knowledge of vortex dynamics: the field is challenged by the extremely complex interplay between vortex elasticity, vortex–vortex interactions, and material disorder. In this Perspective, we review obstacles and recent successes in understanding and controlling vortex dynamics in superconducting materials and devices. We further identify major open questions and discuss opportunities for transformative research in the field. This includes improving our understanding of vortex creep, determining and reaching the ceiling for the critical current, advanced microscopy to garner accurate structure–property relationships, frontiers in predictive simulations and the benefits of artificial intelligence, as well as controlling and exploiting vortices in quantum information applications.
Study on higher-energy emission observed locally around V-pits on InGaN/GaN quantum wells grown on moderate-temperature GaN
Authors: Kurai Satoshi , Gao Junji , Makio Ryoga , Hayashi Naoya , Yuasa Shota , Yamamoto Ryutaro , Okada Narihito , Tadatomo Kazuyuki , Yamada Yoichi
Published: August 2021

We investigated the origin of the multi-peak higher-energy (HE) emission observed in the local photoluminescence (PL) spectra of InGaN/GaN quantum wells (QWs) grown on moderate-temperature-grown GaN (MT-GaN) layers and evaluated the relationship among the energy difference between the HE emission and InGaN/GaN single QW (SQW) emission corresponding to the potential barrier height and the V-pit diameter. The distribution of HE emissions and dark spots suggested the formation of so-called potential barriers around dislocations in the InGaN SQWs on the MT-GaN layers. Multiple HE emissions were observed in the local PL spectra acquired from the InGaN SQWs on the MT-GaN layers as well in the case of InGaN multiple QW on MT-GaN previously reported. This observation suggested that the origin of multi-peak HE emissions is an in-plane variation in In composition and/or well thickness. The energy difference between InGaN emission from c-plane QW and HE emission from V-pit facet increased as the MT-GaN layer thickness or V-pit diameter increased. The origin of both the multiple HE emissions and the increase in the energy difference with V-pit diameter in InGaN/GaN SQW on MT-GaN was probably the diffusion of group III atoms between different facets of the InGaN SQWs in sub-micrometer scale V-pits.
Size-resolved spatial distribution analysis of aerosols with or without the utilization of a novel aerosol containment device in dental settings
Authors: Esteban Florez Fernando Luis , Thibodeau Tyler , Oni Toluwanimi , Floyd Evan , Khajotia Sharukh S. , Cai Changjie
Published: August 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has imposed unprecedented occupational challenges for healthcare professionals. In dentistry, handheld instruments such as air and electric handpieces, ultrasonic scalers, and air/water syringes are capable of generating aerosols, droplets, and splatter, thereby exposing dental professionals to airborne contaminants such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The objective of the present study was to determine the spatial distribution of aerosols by size (0.30 to 20.00 μm) and the efficacy of a novel aerosol containment device (ACD) in a large operatory room with 12 dental chairs. Real-time portable laser aerosol spectrometers were used to measure the size-resolved number concentration of aerosols generated by a collision nebulizer. Results reported demonstrate that aerosol number concentrations significantly decreased as a function of distance with or without the utilization of the ACD. The ACD was able to efficiently decrease (up to 8.56-fold) the number and size distribution of particles in a large dental clinic. The novel device demonstrated higher efficiency for particles shown to contain the highest levels of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in Chinese hospitals, thereby showing great promise to potentially decrease the spreading of nosocomial pathogens in dental settings.
Vibronic coupling in energy transfer dynamics and two-dimensional electronic–vibrational spectra
Authors: Arsenault Eric A. , Schile Addison J. , Limmer David T. , Fleming Graham R.
Published: August 2021

We introduce a heterodimer model in which multiple mechanisms of vibronic coupling and their impact on energy transfer can be explicitly studied. We consider vibronic coupling that arises through either Franck–Condon activity in which each site in the heterodimer has a local electron–phonon coupling or Herzberg–Teller activity in which the transition dipole moment coupling the sites has an explicit vibrational mode-dependence. We have computed two-dimensional electronic–vibrational (2DEV) spectra for this model while varying the magnitude of these two effects and find that 2DEV spectra contain static and dynamic signatures of both types of vibronic coupling. Franck–Condon activity emerges through a change in the observed excitonic structure, while Herzberg–Teller activity is evident in the appearance of significant side-band transitions that mimic the lower-energy excitonic structure. A comparison of quantum beating patterns obtained from analysis of the simulated 2DEV spectra shows that this technique can report on the mechanism of energy transfer, elucidating a means of experimentally determining the role of specific vibronic coupling mechanisms in such processes.
Noise-induced dynamical regimes in a system of globally coupled excitable units
Authors: Klinshov V. V. , Kirillov S. Yu. , Nekorkin V. I. , Wolfrum M.
Published: August 2021

We study the interplay of global attractive coupling and individual noise in a system of identical active rotators in the excitable regime. Performing a numerical bifurcation analysis of the nonlocal nonlinear Fokker–Planck equation for the thermodynamic limit, we identify a complex bifurcation scenario with regions of different dynamical regimes, including collective oscillations and coexistence of states with different levels of activity. In systems of finite size, this leads to additional dynamical features, such as collective excitability of different types and noise-induced switching and bursting. Moreover, we show how characteristic quantities such as macroscopic and microscopic variability of interspike intervals can depend in a non-monotonous way on the noise level.
Characteristic mode analysis of resistor-loaded frequency selective surfaces: Theoretical research and experimental verification
Authors: Zha Dace , Dong Jianxiong , Si Kaixuan , Cao Zhaowang , Li Rui , He Fan , Miao Ling , Bie Shaowei , Jiang Jianjun
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the modal behaviors and the frequency properties of resistor-loaded frequency selective surfaces have been systematically studied based on the periodic moment method and characteristic mode analysis. Through the observation of the phase curves of the reflection coefficients, we found that as the resistance value increases, the resonant frequency gradually moves toward higher frequencies. By calculating and analyzing the modal currents and the modal reflection coefficients of each mode, we know that the phenomenon is caused by higher-order modes. In order to reduce the influence of higher-order modes on the resonant frequency, a method of using more load resistors is proposed. To verify the proposed method, an absorber with high absorptivity is designed and measured. The measurement shows that the absorptivity of the designed absorber is more than −18dB in the range of 1.92–3.99GHz. The experiment proves that the proposed loading method can be used to flexibly regularize the equivalent impedance of the lossy frequency selective surface without worrying about the negative effects of load resistors in the design of a circuit analog absorber.
Cluster many-body expansion: A many-body expansion of the electron correlation energy about a cluster mean field reference
Authors: Abraham Vibin , Mayhall Nicholas J.
Published: August 2021

The many-body expansion (MBE) is an efficient tool that has a long history of use for calculating interaction energies, binding energies, lattice energies, and so on. In the past, applications of MBE to correlation energy have been unfeasible for large systems, but recent improvements to computing resources have sparked renewed interest in capturing the correlation energy using the generalized nth order Bethe–Goldstone equation. In this work, we extend this approach, originally proposed for a Slater determinant, to a tensor product state (TPS) based wavefunction. By partitioning the active space into smaller orbital clusters, our approach starts from a cluster mean field reference TPS configuration and includes the correlation contribution of the excited TPSs using the MBE. This method, named cluster MBE (cMBE), improves the convergence of MBE at lower orders compared to directly doing a block-based MBE from a RHF reference. We present numerical results for strongly correlated systems, such as the one- and two-dimensional Hubbard models and the chromium dimer. The performance of the cMBE method is also tested by partitioning the extended π space of several large π-conjugated systems, including a graphene nano-sheet with a very large active space of 114 electrons in 114 orbitals, which would require 1066 determinants for the exact FCI solution.
Stochastic approach for assessing the predictability of chaotic time series using reservoir computing
Authors: Khovanov I. A.
Published: August 2021

The applicability of machine learning for predicting chaotic dynamics relies heavily upon the data used in the training stage. Chaotic time series obtained by numerically solving ordinary differential equations embed a complicated noise of the applied numerical scheme. Such a dependence of the solution on the numeric scheme leads to an inadequate representation of the real chaotic system. A stochastic approach for generating training time series and characterizing their predictability is suggested to address this problem. The approach is applied for analyzing two chaotic systems with known properties, the Lorenz system and the Anishchenko–Astakhov generator. Additionally, the approach is extended to critically assess a reservoir computing model used for chaotic time series prediction. Limitations of reservoir computing for surrogate modeling of chaotic systems are highlighted.
Diarsine- vs diphosphine-protected Au13 clusters: Effect of subtle geometric differences on optical property and electronic structure
Authors: Shichibu Yukatsu , Zhang Fan , Chen Yuxiang , Konishi Masafumi , Tanaka Susumu , Imoto Hiroaki , Naka Kensuke , Konishi Katsuaki
Published: August 2021

In the design of ligand-protected metal clusters, the choice of protecting ligands is a critical factor because they can profoundly affect the nuclearity, geometry, and electronic structures to afford a diverse range of cluster compounds. Here, we report the synthesis of two novel diarsine-protected Au13 clusters ([Au13L5Cl2]3+, L = diarsine) and compare these clusters with diphosphine analogs in terms of the core geometry and optical properties. In the crystal structure, the cluster bearing C3-bridged diarsines {[Au13(dpap)5Cl2]3+, 3} had an apparently identical icosahedral Au13 core to [Au13(dppe)5Cl2]3+ (1) with C2-bridged diphosphines, but slight structural differences associated with the bridging unit of the ligands were found. Despite similar icosahedral Au13 cores 1 and 3, their absorption and photoluminescence profiles were evidently different. Theoretical calculations revealed that the subtle deformation of the Au13 icosahedron, rather than the coordinating atoms (As or P), notably influences the electronic structure to cause the difference in the absorption profiles.
Diamond anvil cell with boron-doped diamond heater for high-pressure synthesis and in situ transport measurements
Authors: Matsumoto Ryo , Yamamoto Sayaka , Adachi Shintaro , Sakai Takeshi , Irifune Tetsuo , Takano Yoshihiko
Published: August 2021

Temperature and pressure are essential parameters in the synthesis, evaluation, and application of functional materials. This study proposes the addition of a heating function to a high-pressure diamond anvil cell (DAC) with in situ measurement probes. The proposed DAC allows for simultaneous control of temperature and pressure within the sample space and can be used to synthesize functional materials under extreme conditions. The various components, namely, the heater, thermometer, and measurement probes, were fabricated with a boron-doped diamond epitaxial film and could be repeatedly used. The developed DAC was used to conduct the high-pressure annealing of a La(O,F)BiS2 single crystal and the high-pressure synthesis of EuFBiS2 superconductors. The proposed technique shows promise for further exploration of superconductors to broaden the research field.
A local over-thermal fault evaluation method for C5F10O insulated power equipment based on DWT and BP neural network optimized by GA
Authors: Fu Yuwei , Li Xingdi , Wu Wenjun
Published: August 2021

Due to the growing problem of global warming, C5F10O is promising to replace SF6 as an insulation medium in power equipment because of its low global warming potential and excellent insulation performance and thus has a wide application prospect in the electrical engineering field. Local over-thermal fault is one of the most severe faults in power equipment and has a close relationship with the characteristic decomposition components (CDCs). This paper is devoted to proposing an evaluation method for local over-thermal fault by analyzing CDCs. The discrete wavelet transformation method was adopted to recognize CDC (CF2, CF2CF2, COCF2, and CFCF3) from their variation curves, and the fault feature vector was extracted based on the analysis of frequency band energy. The back propaganda neural network optimized by the genetic algorithm was employed to evaluate the severity of local over-thermal fault with a high accuracy. This work can lay a theoretical basis for local over-thermal fault evaluation based on CDCs in environmentally friendly power equipment.
Inertia
Authors: Camp Charles W. , Clement John J.
Published: August 2021

This unit begins with a pre-quiz to start students reflecting about why it is hard to increase or decrease the speed of an object.
Dentition can predict maturity in young Merino sheep
Authors: Bell Amy M. , Dominik Sonja , Elks Duncan , Acton Graham , Smith Jen
Published: August 2021

Context A unique population of Merino sheep recorded for a range of production and reproduction traits presented an opportunity to calculate sire variation in dentition which may indicate maturity and influence marketing and selection decisions. A change in the definition of ‘lamb’ in the Australian sheep industry warranted an investigation of the relationship between production, reproduction and dentition. Aims To assess the variation in timing of dentition changes in Merino sheep and determine whether there are associations with key production and reproduction traits. Methods A population of 2150 pedigree-recorded Merino sheep were studied to analyse the sire variation in progeny for a range of dentition changes and production and reproduction traits. Dentition phenotypes included the age animals started to lose the deciduous lamb teeth, the age when one permanent incisor was in wear and the amount of time between these two events. Production records included bodyweight, fat and muscle traits. Reproduction records from the female progeny included the outcome of pregnancy scanning after the first joining opportunity. Sire variation for the age dentition changed was analysed. The effect of progeny age at hogget categorisation on production and reproduction was analysed. Key results Progeny that were heavier, fatter and with higher muscle measurements matured earlier. Female progeny were more likely to be pregnant if classed as hoggets earlier in life. Conclusions Dentition records provided useful indicators of maturity in Merino sheep in this study and can be used to inform decisions regarding the timing of marketing options and the likelihood of success when assessing female progeny for suitability to join at ~18 months of age. Implications Merino sires can exhibit a wide range of variation with respect to the age at which their progeny will mature, as indicated by their dentition. If animals are heavier at an earlier age, they are more likely to mature earlier, which has to be considered when planning nutritional requirements for growing out young male progeny, and females could be more successful as young breeders. Dentition is a useful tool to indicate maturity in young Merino sheep.
Spatial accessibility of anthropogenic fire ignition sources of grassland fire in northeast China
Authors: Zhang Zhengxiang , Li Jianjie , Yu Shan , Zhao Jianjun
Published: August 2021

Fires can have an enormous impact on grassland systems, affecting their ecology as well as their economic productivity. As most grassland fires are caused by human activities, understanding the relationship between anthropogenic activities that cause fires and where fire ignitions occur is essential in determining where grassland fires pose the greatest risk. Any potential model to predict the spatial distribution and intensity of anthropogenic activities that cause grassland fire ignition needs to take into account the size of residential areas, roads and area of land that is cultivated. The spatial accessibility of human activities that cause grassland fire ignitions was predicted by the model to represent the ability of human driving factors that influence the occurrence of grassland fire ignitions. An index of spatial accessibility of anthropogenic fire ignition sources was overlapped with artificially generated neural networks. Within the index, five categories were created to adequately assess the level of ignition risk to grassland fires: extremely low, low, medium, high and extremely high. The percentages of actual fires in each ignition risk zone from low to high were 2.94%, 18.82%, 20.01%, 22.35% and 35.88%. This methodology provides new insight into how human factors affect the occurrence of wildland fire.
The symbolic role of the underground world among Middle Paleolithic Neanderthals
Authors: Pitarch Martí Africa , Zilhão João , d’Errico Francesco , Cantalejo-Duarte Pedro , Domínguez-Bella Salvador , Fullola Josep M. , Weniger Gerd C. , Ramos-Muñoz José
Published: August 2021

Significance

The emergence of symbolic behavior in our genus is a controversial issue. The dating of paintings in three caves from the Iberian Peninsula supports the view that Neanderthals developed a form of cave art more than 20,000 years before the emergence of anatomical modernity in Europe. In this study, we confirm that the paintings on a large speleothem from one of these sites, Cueva de Ardales, were human made, and we show that the pigments do not come from the outcrops of colorant material known inside the cave. Variations in the composition of the paint correspond to differences in the age of the paintings, supporting the hypothesis that Neanderthals used the speleothems symbolically over an extended time span.