bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of a Coaxial-Like Sensor for Impedance Spectroscopy Measurements of Selected Low-Conductivity Liquids
Authors: Szypłowska Agnieszka , Nakonieczna Anna , Wilczek Andrzej , Paszkowski Bartosz , Solecki Grzegorz , Skierucha Wojciech
Published: September 2013

The paper presents a coaxial-like sensor operating in the 20 Hz–2 MHz frequency range used to determine the electrical properties of selected liquids of low electrical conductivity. Examined materials included low-concentrated aqueous solutions of potassium chloride, sodium chloride and trisodium citrate, which are common food additives. Impedance spectra of the measurement cell filled with particular liquids were obtained and analyzed using the electrical equivalent circuit approach. The values of physical quantities and parameters describing the equivalent circuit components, including a constant phase element, were calculated for each sample. The applied sensor was also calibrated for electrical conductivity measurements up to 8 mS/m. The constant phase element parameters differed among the studied solutions and concentrations. This may provide a basis for a detection method of small amounts of compounds, such as food additives in low-concentrated aqueous solutions. To demonstrate the potential of the presented method, samples of purchased mineral water and a flavored drink containing various additives were tested.
Fray Antonio de Remesal (h. 1575 - después de 1627)
Authors: Valcárcel Martínez Simón
Published: October 2013

La vie et les écrits de Fray Antonio de Remesal, premier spécialiste de l'oeuvre de Las Casas. Idéologie, conception et pratique de l'histoire, aptitudes littéraires.
Poder y religión : la familia Alvarez de Vega y el convento de la Limpia Concepción de Guatemala, siglo XVII
Authors: Ciudad Suárez Milagros
Published: October 2013

Analyse d'un procès dans le Guatemala du XVIIe siècle. Tableau de la condition féminine, de la vie conventuelle et des rapports entre pouvoir et religion dans la société coloniale.
PROMOTING SOCIALLY RESPONSIBLE BUSINESS AT ENTERPRISE LEVEL: THEORETICAL APPROACH
Authors: Valackienė Asta , Micevičienė Diana
Published: October 2013

The paper highlights theoretical construct of the new methodological approach presenting the interaction between the corporate social responsibility and the performance of the sustainable enterprise, through the introduction of the methodological framework of the diagnosis of corporate social responsibility motivations at the level of a firm seeking to sustain. Acting without knowing all (or at least enough) the answers may mean that we purposely shift our focus to those areas where possible solutions do not emerge. However, entrepreneurship as a phenomenon entailing risk and high levels in daily activities is an engine by profit-seeking motives. It shows the complexity of the scientific research object that brings meaningful input into the analysis of the promotion of socially responsible business. This paper aims at discussing and presenting critical reviews of enterprise's commitment to corporate social responsibility with emphasis on methodological positions in its promotion. This implicates a shift from the pure stakeholder perspective of maximizing profits thought introduction of enterprise – level interventions in promoting socially responsible business.
La psychanalyse et la question de la fin
Authors: Beaume Nicole
Published: October 2013

Son lien à l’inconscient intemporel imprime à la cure analytique une durée dont le terme est difficile à négocier pour le patient, mais aussi pour l’analyste. Pour le patient et son analyste, la perspective de leur propre mort doit être à l’horizon du lien transférentiel qui s’est formé au cours de la cure, mais doit aussi s’y défaire afin qu’apparaisse la condition anthropologique, et pas seulement fantasmatique des deux partenaires. L’homme est un vivant mortel, et la mort intervient en tiers dans l’interlocution transférentielle illusoirement illimitée.
Abortions in sheep associated with Arcobacter skirrowii infection
Authors: Bath Gareth F. , Leask Rhoda , Pettey Kenneth P. , Coetzee Debra J.
Published: September 2013

The history, circumstances, clinical signs, post mortem lesions, morbidity, mortality and laboratory findings are described in an abortion storm in sheep that occurred in Mpumalanga, South Africa, associated with infection with Arcobacter skirrowii. Altogether, about 200 Suffolk Down ewes lost 60 lambs in late pregnancy or at term. Although only three foetuses were submitted for investigation, two had signs consistent with a diagnosis of A. skirrowii infection and the organism was isolated from the placentas of both specimens. No abortions had occurred in previous years, or have subsequently. There were no animal introductions prior to the outbreak that could have indicated a source of infection. One stillborn lamb submitted subsequently had lesions consistent with dystocia, and the history and circumstantial evidence indicated that dystocia had been a factor in several more losses. No ewes or rams had shown signs of diarrhoea or other diseases associated with A. skirrowii infection. Twenty-two faecal, preputial and vaginal swab specimens taken from six rams and 13 ewes after the abortion event were all negative for A. skirrowii. This is the first report of abortions in sheep associated with A. skirrowiiin South Africa. Because the genus Arcobacter is similar to Campylobacter, it is possible that infection has gone unrecognised in the past. Veterinarians and laboratories should take note and include this genus in the list of potential abortifacient organisms. The possible role of Arcobacter species in other diseases like enteritis and mastitis, as well as the potential role as a zoonosis, must be borne in mind.
Men are from Mars, women are from Venus: Exploring gender differences in personality in the South African context
Authors: Laher Sumaya , Croxford Sarah
Published: October 2013

Orientation: Gender differences in personality have been explored in American and European contexts, but African and specifically South African research in the area is lacking.Research purpose: This study investigated whether there were gender differences in personality and what this might mean for a South African organisational context where personality assessments are frequently employed for decision-making.Motivation: Personality  tests  are  widely  used  in  many  fields,  including  the  industrial, organisational and research fields. Due to the impact that these tests have, it is essential that these tests are used in a fair and unbiased manner.Research design, approach and method: A cross-sectional, non-experimental design was used. A questionnaire consisting of demographic information and the NEO-PI-R was administered to a non-probability, convenience sample of 425 South African university students. The data was examined using ANOVAs and ANCOVAs.Main findings: Significant gender differences were found on Neuroticism, Anxiety, Vulnerability, Depression, Self-consciousness, Extraversion, Warmth, Activity, Assertiveness, Positive emotions, Aesthetics, Feelings, Ideas, Agreeableness, Compliance, Tender-mindedness, Altruism, Modesty, Straightforwardness, Trust, Conscientiousness, Order, Achievement striving and Self-discipline. Practical/managerial implications: The findings indicate differences between men and women are systematic and largely innate and therefore need to be acknowledged when personality tests are used in decision-making. Personality tests also need to be employed constructively to further team-building and diversity.Contribution/value-add: This study adds to the body of research in South Africa on gender as well as on how the NEO personality scales manifest in different race groups.
QTL analysis of soybean oil content under 17 environments
Authors: Qi Zhaoming , Han Xue , Hou Meng , Xin Dawei , Wang Zhongyu , Zhu Rongsheng , Hu Zhenbang , Jiang Hongwei , Li Candong , Liu Chunyan , Hu Guohua , Chen Qingshan
Published: October 2013

Qi, Z., Han, X., Hou, M., Xin, D., Wang, Z., Zhu, R., Hu, Z., Jiang, H., Li, C., Liu, C., Hu, G. and Chen, Q. 2014. QTL analysis of soybean oil content under 17 environments. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 245–261. Soybean oil content is a key trait driver of successful soybean quality. Due to its complex nature, less stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) are known. The goal of this study was to identify important and stable QTL affecting soybean oil content using recombination inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross between Charleston and Dongnong594. The plant materials were planted in three environments across 9 yr in China. The genetic effects were then partitioned into additive main effects (A), epistatic main effects (AA) and their environment interaction effects (AE and AAE) by using composite interval mapping, multiple interval mapping and composite interval mapping in a mixed linear model. Fifty-six QTL were identified on 15 of 20 soybean chromosomes excluding LG C1, D2, E, M and O by composite interval mapping and multiple interval mapping methods. Seven oil content QTL detected on LG A1, 1 on LG A2, 5 on LG B1, 4 on LG B2, 8 on LG C2, 11 on LG D1a, 2 on LG D1b, 4 on LG F, 5 on LG G, 2 on LG H, 1 on LG I, 1 on LG J, 1 on LG K, 2 on LG L and 2 on LG N. Eight QTL showed a good stability across 17 environments. The additive main-effect QTL contributed more phenotypic variation than the epistasis and environmental interaction. This indicated that it is feasible to improve soybean oil content by marker-assisted selection.
Likelihood of aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage in patients with normal unenhanced CT, CSF xanthochromia on spectrophotometry and negative CT angiography
Authors: Rana AK , Turner HE , Deans KA
Published: October 2013

Background: Patients with suspected subarachnoid haemorrhage, a normal noncontrast computed tomography (CT) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evidence of haemoglobin breakdown products often undergo CT angiography (CTA). If this is normal, then invasive catheter angiography may be offered. In current clinical practice, haemoglobin breakdown products are detected by spectrophotometry rather than visible xanthochromia, and CTA is performed on multidetector scanners. The aim of this study was to determine if such patients should still have a catheter angiography, given the associated risks.

Methods: Patients positive for CSF spectrophotometry (n=26) were retrospectively identified from the clinical biochemistry information system and imaging data from the electronic radiology records were reviewed. Discharge letters were consulted to relate the biochemistry and radiology results to the final diagnosis.

Results: 15 patients with CT angiography were found. Nine patients had normal CT angiography. No causative aneurysms had been missed. One patient had small, coincidental aneurysms missed on initial reading of the CTA.

Conclusion: The likelihood of a clinically significant aneurysm in a patient who is CT negative, lumbar puncture positive and CTA negative is low. Double reporting of negative CT angiograms may be advisable.
Naphthalene SOA: redox activity and naphthoquinone gas–particle partitioning
Authors: McWhinney R. D. , Zhou S. , Abbatt J. P. D.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Chamber secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from low-NOx photooxidation of naphthalene by hydroxyl radical was examined with respect to its redox cycling behaviour using the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay. Naphthalene SOA was highly redox-active, consuming DTT at an average rate of 118 ± 14 pmol per minute per μg of SOA material. Measured particle-phase masses of the major previously identified redox active products, 1,2- and 1,4-naphthoquinone, accounted for only 21 ± 3% of the observed redox cycling activity. The redox-active 5-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone was identified as a new minor product of naphthalene oxidation, and including this species in redox activity predictions increased the predicted DTT reactivity to 30 ± 5% of observations. These results suggest that there are substantial unidentified redox-active SOA constituents beyond the small quinones that may be important toxic components of these particles. A gas-to-SOA particle partitioning coefficient was calculated to be (7.0 ± 2.5) × 10−4 m3 μg−1 for 1,4-naphthoquinone at 25 °C. This value suggests that under typical warm conditions, 1,4-naphthoquinone is unlikely to contribute strongly to redox behaviour of ambient particles, although further work is needed to determine the potential impact under conditions such as low temperatures where partitioning to the particle is more favourable. Also, higher order oxidation products that likely account for a substantial fraction of the redox cycling capability of the naphthalene SOA are likely to partition much more strongly to the particle phase.
Contact freezing: a review of experimental studies
Authors: Ladino Moreno L. A. , Stetzer O. , Lohmann U.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. This manuscript compiles both theoretical and experimental information on contact freezing with the aim to better understand this potentially important but still not well quantified heterogeneous freezing mode. There is no complete theory that describes contact freezing and how the energy barrier has to be overcome to nucleate an ice crystal by contact freezing. Experiments on contact freezing conducted using the cold plate technique indicate that it can initiate ice formation at warmer temperatures than immersion freezing. Additionally, a qualitative difference in the freezing temperatures between contact and immersion freezing has been found using different instrumentation and different ice nuclei. There is a lack of data on collision rates in most of the reported data, which inhibits a quantitative calculation of the freezing efficiencies. Thus, new or modified instrumentation to study contact nucleation in the laboratory and in the field are needed to identify the conditions at which contact nucleation could occur in the atmosphere. Important questions concerning contact freezing and its potential role for ice cloud formation and climate are also summarized.
Validation of XCO2 derived from SWIR spectra of GOSAT TANSO-FTS with aircraft measurement data
Authors: Inoue M. , Morino I. , Uchino O. , Miyamoto Y. , Yoshida Y. , Yokota T. , Machida T. , Sawa Y. , Matsueda H. , Sweeney C. , Tans P. P. , Andrews A. E. , Biraud S. C. , Tanaka T. , Kawakami S. , Patra P. K.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. Column-averaged dry air mole fractions of carbon dioxide (XCO2) retrieved from Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) Short-Wavelength InfraRed (SWIR) observations were validated with aircraft measurements by the Comprehensive Observation Network for TRace gases by AIrLiner (CONTRAIL) project, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the US Department of Energy (DOE), the National Institute for Environmental Studies (NIES), the HIAPER Pole-to-Pole Observations (HIPPO) program, and the GOSAT validation aircraft observation campaign over Japan. To calculate XCO2 based on aircraft measurements (aircraft-based XCO2), tower measurements and model outputs were used for additional information near the surface and above the tropopause, respectively. Before validation, we investigated the impacts of GOSAT SWIR column averaging kernels (CAKs) and the shape of a priori profiles on the aircraft-based XCO2 calculation. The differences between aircraft-based XCO2 with and without the application of GOSAT CAK were evaluated to be less than ±0.4 ppm at most, and less than ±0.1 ppm on average. Therefore, we concluded that the GOSAT CAK produces only a minor effect on the aircraft-based XCO2 calculation in terms of the overall uncertainty of GOSAT XCO2. We compared GOSAT data retrieved within ±2 or ±5° latitude/longitude boxes centered at each aircraft measurement site to aircraft-based data measured on a GOSAT overpass day. The results indicated that GOSAT XCO2 over land regions agreed with aircraft-based XCO2, except that the former is biased by −0.68 ppm (−0.99 ppm) with a standard deviation of 2.56 ppm (2.51 ppm), whereas the averages of the differences between the GOSAT XCO2 over ocean and the aircraft-based XCO2 were −1.82 ppm (−2.27 ppm) with a standard deviation of 1.04 ppm (1.79 ppm) for ±2° (±5°) boxes.
Modulational instability and rogue waves in finite water depth
Authors: Fernandez L. , Onorato M. , Monbaliu J. , Toffoli A.
Published: October 2013

Abstract. The mechanism of side band perturbations to a uniform wave train is known to produce modulational instability and in deep water conditions it is accepted as a plausible cause for rogue wave formation. In a condition of finite water depth, however, the interaction with the sea floor generates a wave-induced current that subtracts energy from the wave field and consequently attenuates this instability mechanism. As a result, a plane wave remains stable under the influence of collinear side bands for relative water depths kh ≤ 1.36 (where k represents the wavenumber of the plane wave and h the water depth), but it can still destabilise due to oblique perturbations. Using direct numerical simulations of the Euler equations, it is here demonstrated that oblique side bands are capable of triggering modulational instability and eventually leading to the formation of rogue waves also for kh ≤ 1.36. Results, nonetheless, indicates that modulational instability cannot sustain a substantial wave growth for kh < 0.8.
Computing the Edge-Neighbour-Scattering Number of Graphs
Authors: Wei Zongtian , Qi Nannan , Yue Xiaokui
Published: October 2013

A set of edges X is subverted from a graph G by removing the closed neighbourhood N[X] from G. We denote the survival subgraph by G=X. An edge-subversion strategy X is called an edge-cut strategy of G if G=X is disconnected, a single vertex, or empty. The edge-neighbour-scattering number of a graph G is defined as ENS(G) = max{ω(G/X)-|X| : X is an edge-cut strategy of G}, where w(G=X) is the number of components of G=X. This parameter can be used to measure the vulnerability of networks when some edges are failed, especially spy networks and virus-infected networks. In this paper, we prove that the problem of computing the edge-neighbour-scattering number of a graph is NP-complete and give some upper and lower bounds for this parameter.
Ionic Liquids for the Synthesis and Stabilization of Metal Nanoparticles
Authors: Janiak Christoph
Published: October 2013

The synthesis and stabilization of metal nanoparticles (M-NPs) from metals, metal salts, metal complexes and metal carbonyls in ionic liquids (ILs) is reviewed. The electrostatic and steric properties of ionic liquids allow for the stabilization of M-NPs without the need of additional stabilizers, surfactants or capping ligands. The synthesis of M-NPs in ILs can be carried out by chemical or electroreduction, thermolysis and photochemical methods including decomposition by microwave or sono-/ultrasound irradiation. Gas-phase syntheses can use sputtering, plasma/glow-discharge electrolysis and physical vapor deposition or electron beam and γ-irradiation. Metal carbonyl precursors Mx(CO)y contain the metal atoms already in the zero-valent oxidation state needed for M-NPs so that no extra reducing agent is necessary. Microwave-induced thermal decomposition of precursors in ILs is a rapid and energy-saving access to M-NPs because of the significant absorption efficiency of ILs for microwave energy due to their ionic charge, high polarity and high dielectric constant. M-NP=IL dispersions can be applied in catalytic reactions, e. g., in C-C coupling or hydrogenation catalysis.
Conceptualising the Clientelistic Party: The Case Study of the Czech Republic
Authors: Klíma Michal
Published: October 2013

It is clear from political science literature that political parties are not static entities. Similar to other political institutions, they tend to transform with time, in response to changes in their surrounding environment. If the economic, social, cultural and political parameters in society are to substantially change, it is possible to deduce a change in the role of a political party and its organisational structure. The transition from totalitarian to democratic societies in Central, and partially in Eastern Europe, presents a process so unique that one may legitimately question if this has not resulted in a serious modification of the catch-all party type. In the region of Central Europe, Czechoslovakia – and after 1993 the Czech Republic – presents a special case, where during political and economic transformation next to general features, specific factors were also enforced, which eventually influenced the set-up and formation of parties in their early stages. It is left to consideration and further scrutiny to decide whether the unrepeatable environment of the Czech-Moravian melting pot, has not cultivated the clientelistic form of political party.
From Štúr to Parasites: Thematic Adaptation of the Far Right in Slovak Parliamentary Elections
Authors: Kluknavská Alena
Published: October 2013

The paper analyzes the far right People’s Party Our Slovakia (ĽSNS) in 2006, 2010 and 2012 Slovak parliamentary elections. The main questions that the paper seeks to answer are 1) whether and how has the party changed its main themes during the periods before elections, 2) what the party’s position toward the Roma minority has been, and 3) how the thematic adaptation has affected electoral results of the party. The paper analyzes the changing position of the party toward the Roma minority in the context of three electoral periods and it links the party’s electoral results with the occurrence of so-called Roma settlements in the areas, where the party gained a significant share of the vote. We found that during the 2006 elections the party mostly emphasized the need for the renaissance of the (Slovak) nation and the reflection of its roots and national historical figures. In both the 2010 and 2012 elections the party for the most part sharply criticized the Roma minority and the mainstream political parties. We argue that this change was reflected in the party’s electoral gain. Since 2010 the party has changed its focus to an active campaign against Roma and electoral results of the party have improved. In 2006 ĽSNS gained the most votes in areas where the local appeal of its leaders emphasizing the nationalistic themes was the largest and in both 2010 and 2012 the party gained the most votes in regions with the highest occurrence of Roma settlements. We also identified all four features that according to Mudde (2000) characterize far right parties in the electoral themes emphasized by ĽSNS.
Urothelial Tumors of the Urinary Bladder in Young Patients: A Clinicopathologic Study of 59 Cases
Authors: Stanton Melissa L. , Xiao Li , Czerniak Bogdan A. , Guo Charles C.
Published: September 2013

Context.—Urothelial tumors are rare in young patients. Because of their rarity, the natural history of the disease in young patients remains poorly understood.

Objective.—To understand the pathologic and clinical features of urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder in young patients.

Design.—We identified 59 young patients with urothelial tumors of the urinary bladder treated at our institution and analyzed the tumors' pathologic features and the patients' clinical outcomes.

Results.—All patients were 30 years or younger, with a mean age of 23.5 years (range, 4–30). Thirty-eight patients (64%) were male, and 21 (36%) were female. Most tumors were noninvasive, papillary urothelial tumors (49 of 59; 83%), including papillary urothelial neoplasms of low malignant potential (7 of 49; 14%), low-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (38 of 49; 78%), and high-grade papillary urothelial carcinomas (4 of 49; 8%). Only a few (n = 10) of the urothelial tumors were invasive, invading the lamina propria (n = 5; 50%), muscularis propria (n = 4; 40%), or perivesical soft tissue (n = 1; 10%). Clinical follow-up information was available for 41 patients (69%), with a mean follow-up time of 77 months. Of 31 patients with noninvasive papillary urothelial tumors, only 1 patient (3%) later developed an invasive urothelial carcinoma and died of the disease, and 30 of these patients (97%) were alive at the end of follow-up, although 10 (32%) had local tumor recurrences. In the 10 patients with invasive urothelial carcinomas, 3 patients (30%) died of the disease and 5 others (50%) were alive with metastases (the other 2 [20%] were alive with no recurrence).

Conclusion.—Urothelial tumors in young patients are mostly noninvasive, papillary carcinomas and have an excellent prognosis; however, a small subset of patients may present with high-grade invasive urothelial carcinomas that result in poor clinical outcomes.
The Relative Role of Safety and Productivity in Canadian Ergonomists’ Professional Practices
Authors: Theberge Nancy , Neumann W. Patrick
Published: October 2013

Definitions of ergonomics reference its application to both productivity and well-being. Discussions in the ergonomics literature consider the correspondence between these goals in ergonomic practice and make the case for a robust conception that advances the twin agendas of safety and productivity, contrary to the dominant understanding that ergonomics is primarily concerned with safety.

This article examines the professional practices as reported from a sample of 21 ergonomists from across Canada with a combined experience of 296 years. The analysis aims to understand the reported intersection of safety and productivity in the ergonomists’ work and the broader conditions that structure this negotiation.

Results provide strong support for the view that ergonomics is primarily associated with safety. This is evident in the structural location of ergonomics within health and safety units of workplaces and in ergonomists’ reports that the main focus of their work is safety concerns. A minority of study participants indicated that they addressed productivity concerns in their work, either as secondary or primary outcomes of ergonomic applications. In either instance, efforts to highlight the contribution of ergonomics to production did not significantly disrupt the dominant safety-oriented perception of the field. Financial considerations were major determinants of whether recommendations were accepted and implemented.

The argument for the more robust vision of ergonomics advanced within the profession reflects an effort to overcome the organizational divide between safety and productivity by stressing that, in effective ergonomics applications, safety and productivity are joined in the production process and ergonomists have a main role to play in advancing both agendas. The analysis provided here has identified significant challenges to the adoption of this position. An irony of the dominant understanding of ergonomics as oriented to safety is that this provides the main basis for its growing presence in workplaces but also limits its applications.
Does Industrial Relations Research Support Policy?
Authors: Rohlfer Sylvia
Published: October 2013

This article reviews the English-speaking literature on Spanish and German industrial relations published in the top 10 journals in this field between 2000 and 2010. The analysis contributes to the ongoing debate about the relevance of industrial relations by establishing the state of the art in research on Spain in comparison to Germany. Following this assessment we then ask whether existing research on Spain is well situated to orient policymakers. The consequences of either normative or normative-free research have largely been overlooked; our discussion expands on two contrasting positions: suggesting a move away from ideology in research (Mitchell, 2001) or recommending normative assumptions as a necessary precondition (Frege, 2007) in the context of Spain.

Our findings reveal a greater convergence in research regarding its restricted multidisciplinary character, its focus on the international level and a strong emphasis on empirical, quantitative work with analysis conducted at various levels. At the same time, some path dependency continues to exist, particularly concerning the active participants in research and the subjects for investigation. The results point to deficiencies in research on Spanish industrial relations.

We conclude by advocating an openly stated, normative base in industrial relations research to guide policymakers in Spain. While an evidence-based approach in policy making is desirable, normative choices are highly consequential and should feature in research in order to avoid a “democratic shock” in Spain.
Making of Western Indology: Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the East India Company. By Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher
Authors: Trautmann Thomas R.
Published: September 2013

The Making of Western Indology: Henry Thomas Colebrooke and the East India Company. By Rosane Rocher and Ludo Rocher. Royal Asiatic Society Books. London: Routledge, 2012. Pp. xv + 238, 5 plates. $145.
Tablettes mathématiques de la collection Hilprecht. By Christine Proust with the assistance of Manfred Krebernik and Joachim Oelsner
Authors: Nemet-Nejat Karen
Published: September 2013

Tablettes mathématiques de la collection Hilprecht. By Christine Proust with the assistance of Manfred Krebernik and Joachim Oelsner. Texte und Materialien der Hilprecht Collection, vol. 8. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2008. Pp. ix + 166, plates, CD-ROM. €74.
Horsemen of Israel: Horses and Chariotry in Monarchic Israel (Ninth-Eighth Centuries B.C.E.). By Deborah O’Daniel Cantrell
Authors: Dunham Sally
Published: September 2013

The Horsemen of Israel: Horses and Chariotry in Monarchic Israel (Ninth-Eighth Centuries B.C.E.). By Deborah O’Daniel Cantrell. History, Archaeology, and Culture of the Levant, vol. 1. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 2011. Pp. xii + 150, illus. $39.50.
“Persia beyond the Oxus.” Edited by M. Rahim Shayegan. Bulletin of the Asia Institute
Authors: Jamison Stephanie W.
Published: September 2013

“Persia beyond the Oxus.” Edited by M. Rahim Shayegan. Bulletin of the Asia Institute 21 (n.s.) (2007 [2012]): 147–96.
Prevalence of nonmusculoskeletal versus musculoskeletal cases in a chiropractic student clinic
Authors: Hodges Bruce R. , Cambron Jerrilyn A. , Klein Rachel M. , Madigan Dana M.
Published: October 2013

Objective

We sought to identify the percentage of nonmusculoskeletal and musculoskeletal conditions treated by interns in the National University of Health Sciences (NUHS) Student Clinic compared to chiropractic and allopathic health care professionals.

Methods

The information gathered was taken from the charts of patients treated in the fall trimester, dated September 12, 2011 through December 9, 2011. The data collected included ICD-9 codes for the conditions treated, the number of patient visits, age, and gender, and was evaluated using Microsoft Excel.

Results

Over half of the 113 eligible patients were women with a mean patient age of 28 years, an average of three treated diagnoses, and a mean of seven treatments. Those treated only for musculoskeletal conditions totaled 52% of the patients; 48% of the patients were treated for nonmusculoskeletal conditions, or musculoskeletal plus nonmusculoskeletal conditions.

Conclusion

The NUHS Student Clinic interns are treating a greater percentage of nonmusculoskeletal conditions and a lesser percentage of musculoskeletal conditions than practicing chiropractic physicians. The student interns also treat a lesser percentage of nonmusculoskeletal and a greater percentage of musculoskeletal conditions than allopathic practitioners. This comparison would suggest that NUHS is nearing its institutional goal of training its student interns as primary care practitioners.
Microwave‐assisted Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Coquerel Yoann , Colacino Evelina , Rodriguez Jean , Martinez Jean , Lamaty Frédéric
Published: October 2013

Microwave‐assisted organic synthesis (MAOS) is now recognized as an extremely powerful technology. Dielectric heating, i.e., heating by microwave irradiation, dramatically differs from conductive heating because it involves core heating by direct interaction of reactants and/or solvents with the microwave electromagnetic field. As a result, elevated reaction temperatures can be reached in minutes or even seconds, which usually translates in cleaner and faster reactions. Recently, the technology has successfully been applied to stereoselective organic synthesis. The authors' opinion is that MAOS will soon become the primary choice for thermal activation of organic processes and, as the authors' experienced, will undoubtedly facilitate the discovery of new stereoselective reactions.
Asymmetric Aldol Reactions in the Total Syntheses of Natural Products
Authors: Hosokawa Seijiro
Published: October 2013

The use of aldol reactions is widespread in natural product syntheses. In this chapter, the development of asymmetric aldol reactions and the application to the syntheses of natural products are discussed. Manipulation of the aldol adduct, as important in the natural product synthesis as the aldol reaction itself, is also revealed.
Organocatalytic Conjugate Addition in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Quintard Adrien , Alexakis Alexandre
Published: October 2013

Conjugate addition is a privileged method in organic synthesis allowing for the formation of new CC bonds, molecules that can serve as valuable synthons for total synthesis. It is highly attractive thanks to the presence of at least one functional group on the Michael partners, a group that can be easily derivatized. In this field, organocatalyzed reactions have recently changed the way of thinking about synthetic approaches, notably, as soon as carbonyl groups are involved. As a result, numerous applications of organocatalytic Michael additions in natural product synthesis have emerged in the last few years.
Stereoselective Cycloaddition Reactions
Authors: Lee Tae‐Kyung , Ahn Jung‐Mo
Published: October 2013

Cycloaddition is a member of pericyclic reactions in which reactive components possessing conjugated π‐electrons (e.g., diene/dienophile, 1,3‐dipole/dipolarophile, and ketene/imine) transform into cyclic molecules. These reactions proceed in a concerted mechanism with a high degree of regio‐ and stereoselectivity. Thus, they have been widely used for the construction of cyclic skeletons of numerous natural products and pharmacologically active molecules. Based on the π‐electron systems of reactants, they can be further classified into [4 + 2], [3 + 2], and [2 + 2] cycloadditions that produce six‐, five‐, and four‐membered rings, respectively. On the other hand, whereas natural products and designed synthetic molecules may offer a starting point in drug development, improvement of their structures and properties is frequently needed to optimize their biological efficacy. To this end, solid‐phase synthesis is a powerful tool for generating a large number of compounds with synthetic convenience and many solid‐phase cycloaddition reactions have been reported to date. This review, in particular, summarizes stereoselective cycloaddition reactions and their solid‐phase versions carried out on polymer supports for the synthesis of natural products and their analogs, focusing on the reactions that were employed as key steps.
Sigmatropic Rearrangements in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Seashore‐Ludlow Brinton , Somfai Peter
Published: October 2013

A rearrangement reaction in which a carbon–heteroatom bond migrates to form a new carbon–carbon bond is a powerful tool in organic synthesis. Rearrangement reactions have been widely used as key steps in the synthesis of complex organic structures. In this chapter, the [1,2]‐ and [2,3]‐rearrangements of ylides, the [2,3]‐Wittig and the aza‐[2,3]‐Wittig rearrangements, and the [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement are discussed, including some mechanistic aspects followed by some pertinent examples of their application in stereoselective synthesis.
Sulfur Dioxide: A Powerful Tool for the Stereoselective Construction ofCCBonds
Authors: Vogel Pierre , Markovic Dean , Turks Māris
Published: October 2013

For a long time, the use of sulfur dioxide in organic chemistry was limited to the synthesis of simple bulk materials such as sulfinate salts and sulfones. Conjugate bases of sulfones are carbon nucleophiles that can be used to construct CC single bonds and stereoselective CC double bonds. Sulfones can also be employed as electrophiles, for instance, in the stereo‐ and enantioselective α‐aminoalkylations of carbonyl compounds. α,β‐Unsaturated sulfones are excellent acceptors in asymmetric Michael additions. They are also good dienophiles. Sulfones and readily available sulfonyl chlorides are good electrophilic partners in desulfinylative CC cross‐coupling reactions catalyzed by transition metals, including iron. Sulfur dioxide undergoes reversible cheletropic additions with 1,3‐dienes and irreversible metallo‐ene reactions with allylmetals. Conditions have been found realizing the endergonic H‐ene reactions of SO2with alkenes. This permits the one‐pot synthesis of polyfunctional sulfinates, sulfones, and sulfonamides starting from alkenes. At a low temperature, the hetero‐Diels‐Alder additions of SO2generate unstable sultines that can be used as electrophiles in the stereoselective construction of CC bonds between electron‐rich alkenes and 1,3‐dienes. The reaction cascade permits the one‐pot construction of stereotriads and stereotetrads that can be used subsequently in two successive aldol reactions that give, in short ways (double chain elongation), long‐chain polyketide and polypropionate antibiotics.
Transition MetalCHActivation: Application to Stereoselective Synthesis of Natural Products and Drugs
Authors: Jean Mickaël , van de Weghe Pierre
Published: October 2013

The development of transition metal reactions involving CH bond cleavage/CC bond formation is currently one of the most powerful, straightforward methods for the synthesis of complex molecules. During the last decade, this strategy has been employed for stereoselective CC bond formation and has been involved in the total synthesis of natural products and drugs. This chapter aims to provide a critical survey of some of the most significant achievements toward this goal.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation ofCOandCNBonds in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Andrushko Natalia , Andrushko Vasyl
Published: October 2013

Asymmetric hydrogenation is the simplest way of creating new chiral centers, and the technology is continuing to be an industrial flagship for chiral synthesis. In particular, stereoselective hydrogenation of ketones and imines are of a great importance as it is providing an efficient access to the optically active alcohols and amines.

This chapter is focused on a practical approach to homogeneous hydrogenations of CO and CN bonds to provide a variety of valuable, biologically active compounds and natural products under mild reaction conditions with high enantio‐ and diastereoselectivity and excellent atom economy. Asymmetric hydrogenation is a highly application‐oriented method, and therefore, examples of industrial applications of the relevant technologies are appropriately illustrated throughout the text.
Asymmetric Protonation of Carbanions and Polar Double Bonds: Application to Total Syntheses
Authors: Poisson Thomas , Kobayashi Shū
Published: October 2013

This chapter covers asymmetric protonation methodologies and their applications to total synthesis of bioactive and natural products. The asymmetric protonation of carbanions, α‐stabilized carbanions (metal and silicon enolates), as well as asymmetric protonation of polar double bonds (ketenes and Michael acceptors) are disclosed. A strong emphasis is placed on their synthetic applications toward total synthesis of natural and pharmacologically active products. The aim of this chapter is to summarize what has been done in the field and to highlight the asymmetric protonation as a useful synthetic tool.
Organocatalytic Reduction in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Kortmann Felix , Minnaard Adriaan
Published: October 2013

The synthesis of chiral, enantiopure molecules plays an important role in modern chemistry, as stereocenters are omnipresent in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Therefore, is it important to have versatile and reliable methods to introduce stereocenters during the synthesis.

An upcoming, powerful way to construct stereocenters is asymmetric organocatalytic reduction. A given prochiral double bond is selectively reduced to give one of the two enantiomers or diastereomers in excess. As substrates, the functional groups containing CN, CO, or CC double bonds come into consideration. These can appear both in linear molecules (e.g., ketones) and in heteroaromatics like pyridine.

Catalysis takes place by activation of either the substrate or the reducing agent, thereby also transferring the chiral information. Hydrazine, silanes, and Hantzsch esters are herein the most frequently used reducing agents.
Transition‐Metal–Catalyzed Stereoselective Oxidations in Drug and Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Scarso Alessandro , Strukul Giorgio
Published: October 2013

This chapter covers the recent literature dealing with the synthesis of both natural products and drugs whose synthesis has been developed through stereoselective oxidation steps mediated by chiral metal catalysts. In particular, asymmetric epoxidation, dihydroxylation, Baeyer‐Villiger, and secondary alcohol oxidative kinetic resolution are described. For the different target molecules, a brief discussion of the pharmacological properties is given, and for selected examples, a typical experimental procedure for the synthesis and isolation is reported.
Biocatalytic Asymmetric Oxidations in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Schallmey Anett , Domínguez de María Pablo , Bracco Paula
Published: October 2013

Enzyme‐catalyzed oxidations represent a versatile approach for the production of optically active building blocks and natural products. Moreover, enzymatic reaction conditions are often mild and with high atom economy, thus, enabling the basis for future environmentally friendly chemistry. As a result, several biocatalytic oxidative processes have already been implemented on an industrial scale as well, clearly showing that modern biocatalysis can compete economically with other chemical‐based processes. This chapter thoroughly describes the different types of oxidative enzymes that can be found in nature, namely, dehydrogenases, oxygenases, oxidases, and peroxidases, with emphasis on their mechanism and occurrence. Furthermore, several outstanding examples of biocatalytic applications of these enzymes are given—either by means of recombinant whole cells or isolated enzymes—involving the production of different drugs and natural products in which a catalytic step is catalyzed by these oxidative enzymes.
Ether Transfer Methodology: Application to the Synthesis of Polyketide Natural Products
Authors: Stefan Eric , Taylor Richard E.
Published: October 2013

This chapter comprises two major components that sequentially describe existing methods pertinent to the stereoselective formation of 1,3‐
syn
‐diol functionality and the development of a new approach to 1,3‐
syn
‐diol monoethers and diethers through electrophilic activation of homoallylic alkoxymethyl ethers. The ability to quench a key chloromethyl ether intermediate with various nucleophiles highlights the versatility of the ether transfer method. The process provides selective access to either diol‐monoethers or diethers, and it describes an opportunity to convert acyclic stereochemically rich fragments into highly functionalized pyran systems. This fundamentally new method was successfully applied to the synthesis of several complex polyketides including the synthesis of isotactic polyethers, the C7–C17 fragment of swinholide A, the C3–C17 fragment of phorboxazole A, and the neopeltolide macrolactone.
NMRSpectroscopy in Drug and Natural Product Analysis
Authors: Witkowski Stanisław , Wawer Iwona
Published: October 2013

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has grown into an indispensable tool for structure determination of new compounds and chemical analysis of natural products. This technique has found a wide range of applications from the characterization of synthetic products to the study of molecular structures of biological systems. This method is often used for studying structures and conformations, as well as for analyzing molecular interactions and motions. Although most NMR experiments are performed on liquid samples, solid‐state NMR is also rapidly growing as a powerful method for studying organic solids.

The goal of this chapter is to show the utility of NMR spectroscopy for the study of low molecular structures in solution and its application as a tool for a routine analysis. Some solid‐state NMR studies are also included. Our interest will focus mostly on bioactive compounds, such as drugs and pharmaceutical formulations, and potential drugs, as well as on natural products, such as small‐molecular‐weight secondary metabolites produced by plants. A vital problem for chemists remains chiral discrimination, which can be assessed using NMR spectroscopy.
Determination of Enantiomeric Purity and Absolute Configuration byNMRSpectroscopy
Authors: Wenzel Thomas J.
Published: October 2013

Common and widely studied chiral reagents that are used to determine enantiomeric purity and assign the absolute configuration of particular classes of compounds using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy are described. These include chiral derivatizing agents, chiral solvating agents, cavity compounds, metal complexes, and liquid crystals.
Crystallization‐Based Separation of Enantiomers
Authors: Wang Yaling , Chen Alex
Published: October 2013

Crystallization has been used widely from bench top to manufacturing scale for the separation and purification of enantiomers. Provided in this chapter are 1) an overview of various crystallization processes used for enantiomer separation and purification, 2) detailed discussions on two main‐stream processes—chiral separation through diastereomeric salts formation and chiral purification by crystallization, as well as 3) a brief review of chiral resolution by preferential crystallization. The two mainstream crystallization processes are reviewed from fundamental concepts to experimental steps taken to develop a robust process. Representative industrial examples of chiral resolution through diastereomeric salt formation are also discussed.
Enzymatic Dynamic Kinetic Resolution in Stereoselective Synthesis
Authors: Rebolledo Francisca , González‐Sabín, Javier , Gotor Vicente
Published: October 2013

The chemoenzymatic dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) protocol combines the enzyme‐catalyzed resolution of a racemic substrate with the
in situ
racemization of the less reactive enantiomer, thus, producing optically active products in up to quantitative yield. This is of great interest for the pharmaceutical industry because by using this methodology, some of the serious drawbacks associated with drug production can be solved. Enzymatic DKRs are environmentally friendly processes that could help reduce cost and waste. The first and principal section of this chapter addresses the usefulness of hydrolases (particularly lipases) for the DKR of alcohols, diols, amines, and esters. In the following sections, DKRs with other enzymes such as haloalcohol dehalogenase, dehydrogenases, transaminases, and Baeyer‐Villiger monooxygenases are considered.
The Psymberin Story—Biological Properties and Approaches towards Total and Analogue Syntheses
Authors: Bielitza Max , Pietruszka Jörg
Published: October 2013

Psymberin is a marine natural product which has attracted a great deal of interest since its isolation: While the highly cytotoxic compound was detected early on as an ingredient in a marine sponge, it took over a decade and 600 additional samples for the structure to eventually be assigned. In the last eight years fascinating synthetic and biosynthetic investigations have led to a more detailed understanding as well as a new starting point for structure–activity studies towards new antitumor compounds. The Review gives an in‐depth insight into the progress in the field of the marine polyketide psymberin and demonstrates how organic synthesis is influencing neighboring scientific subjects.