bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of self-management in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease: A qualitative exploration
Authors: De Jesus Hilarious , Ooms Ann , Norton Christine , Dibley Lesley , Croft Nicholas
Published: August 2019

Background: Self-management programs in pediatric chronic conditions, such as asthma and diabetes were effective in improving health-related outcomes. Similarly, self-management in the context of adult in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) safely reduced healthcare costs. Nevertheless, evidence on self-management in pediatric IBD is scant. This study aims to explore self-management in pediatric IBD by exploring the childhood experience of IBD and how it is understood by the participants.Methods: Using a constructivist grounded theory approach, seven participants aged 8-17 years old were recruited in a tertiary metropolitan pediatric IBD center. Semi-structured interviews using topic guides and optional draw-and-write methods were used for data collection. Multi-level coding and constant comparison methods were utilised during data analysis.Results: The pediatric IBD self-management theory described the phenomenon of self-management through the relationship of categories that emerged from the study. Self-management starts off as a parent-dominant process that progressed to a more autonomous form with increasing disease experience. The experience was described as filled with struggles and a developing sense of control in managing these struggles. Autonomous self-management developed from the interaction of information, insight and integration. Enablers and deterrents were the contextual factors that influenced the development of self-management.Conclusions: Establishing identity both as a psychosocial developmental task and a disease-specific task is the core of self-management in childhood IBD. Future self-management programs should explore the role of structures around the child (family, school and healthcare systems) and the implementation of a proactive philosophy of involving children in managing their condition.
Impact of International Law on the EU Customs Union
Authors: Rogmann Achim
Published: August 2019

Impact of International Law on the EU Customs Union

This contribution examines the various international instruments, in both hard and soft law, that have been established by international organisations such as the WTO and WCO and scrutinises how they have been implemented into EU legislation governing the EU Customs Union, thus demonstrating the substantial influence of international instruments on the Customs Union. As the relevant international instruments affect not only the traditional elements of European customs law, but also the EU’s entire export control regime and the framework of the internal market, this contribution demonstrates, moreover, how the Customs Union functions in a globalised world.
Multiclass Multipesticide Residue Analysis in Fish Matrix by a Modified QuEChERS Method Using Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometric Determination
Authors: Mandal Swagata , Poi Rajlakshmi , Bhattacharyya Sudip , Ansary Inul , Roy Subrata Datta , Hazra Dipak Kumar , Karmakar Rajib
Published: August 2019

Background: Pesticide residue in fish is a global food safety concern. However, very few validated methods are available targeting simultaneous analysis of multiple classes of pesticides. Objective: The aim of this study was to validate a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe workflow–based method for the quantitative determination of multiclass pesticides in fish matrix using GC-MS determination. Method: The sample was extracted with acetonitrile, and the cleanup method involved dispersive solid-phase extraction with C-18 sorbent, which effectively scavenged the coextracted matrix components and removed those from the extract. The data on recovery and precision of the method satisfied the criteria of SANTE/11813/2017 guidelines. Average recoveries of pesticides were in the range of 80–120% with precision RSDs ≤20%. The LOD and LOQ were in the ranges of 0.001–0.029 and 0.005–0.125 µg/mL, respectively, for all pesticides. The expanded uncertainty was in the range of 14–20%, based on the single-laboratory validation data (coverage factor, k = 2, confidence level, 95%). Conclusions: The validation data prove that the method is convenient and acceptable for the routine analysis of multiclass pesticide residues in fish matrices for regulatory compliance. Highlights: The study achieves multiresidue analysis of pesticides in fish matrix with MS-based confirmation. The method combines the advantages of nontarget analysis based on National Institute of Standards and Technology library matching in full scan mode with selected-ion monitoring–based sensitivity.
HPLC-UV Estimation of Folic Acid in Fortified Rice and Wheat Flour using Enzymatic Extraction and Immunoaffinity Chromatography Enrichment: An Interlaboratory Validation Study
Authors: Mahato Ansuman , Vyas Samir , Chatterjee Niladri Sekhar
Published: August 2019

Background: In India, fortification of cereals with folic acid has been voluntary for many years. However, The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India’s recent Fortification of Foods Regulations (2018) has prompted us to develop and validate a simple analytical method for estimation of folic acid in fortified cereals. Objective: The aim was to develop and validate a simple and rugged HPLC–UV method for quantitative analysis of folic acid in fortified rice and wheat flour. Methods: The enzymatic sample extract was diluted with phosphate buffer, centrifuged, filtered, and then passed slowly through an immunoaffinity cartridge for cleanup. Folic acid in the sample extract was retained by the cartridge and subsequently eluted with 30% acetonitrile [+0.2% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)]. The elute was collected and analyzed by HPLC–UV at 280 nm. The chromatographic separation of folic acid was achieved on an Agilent Poroshell SB-C18 column (3.0 × 100 mm, 2.7 µm) with 0.1% TFA in methanol as mobile phase. Results: The linearity range of the vitamin was established in the concentration range of 50–800 µg/L, and the regression coefficient was more than 0.999. The LOQ was 5 µg/L. The average spike recovery values of folic acid in rice and wheat flour samples were 90.9 and 80.5%, respectively. The method was subjected to an interlaboratory validation; eight accredited food testing laboratories across India participated in it and resulted in satisfactory z-scores for the reported results. Conclusions: The method will be useful in regulatory compliance testing of folic acid in fortified cereals and processed products. Highlights: A sensitive analysis method is reported for estimation of folic acid in fortified rice and wheat flour. The scope, selectivity, repeatability, and reproducibility of the method establishes it as fit for regulatory compliance check purposes.
Investigation of performance gains on a sailplane with morphing wing trailing edge
Authors: Lendraitis Martynas
Published: August 2019

Increasing the performance of a modern sailplane is challenging. Most of the known valid approaches have already been applied in practice. Morphing technology, which could allow to adapt to various flight stages is yet to be applied. An investigation of possible flight performance benefits of such technology is carried out here. Using a genetic algorithm, a morphing trailing edge flap for airfoil HQ-17 is formed for -4° and +12° flap deflections. The performance is evaluated and compared with a regular flap, which shows that for the HQ-17 airfoil, drag could be reduced by up to 36% in comparison with regular flap. To show the advantage of morphing flaps, a hypothetical sailplane wing is modeled and evaluated with morphing and conventional flaps using non-linear LLT method. Results show that incorporation of a morphing flap could extend the flight envelope and increase the L/D ratio by 2-5% trough the full flight speed range.
Trends in Mortality From Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection, 1984–2016: An Autopsy-Based Study
Authors: Nizami Sobia , Morales Cameron , Hu Kelly , Holzman Robert , Rapkiewicz Amy
Published: August 2019

Context.—

With increasing use and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, deaths from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)–defining conditions have decreased.

Objective.—

To examine trends in the cause of death of HIV-infected patients who underwent autopsy at a major New York City hospital from 1984 to 2016, a period including the major epochs of the AIDS epidemic.

Design.—

Retrospective review of autopsy records and charts with modeling of trends by logistic regression using polynomial models.

Results.—

We identified 252 autopsies in adult patients with AIDS (by 1982 definition) or HIV infection. Prior to widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy, in 1984–1995, on average 13 autopsies per year were done. Post–highly active antiretroviral therapy, the average number of autopsies declined to 4.5 per year. The fitted mean age at death was 35 years in 1984 and increased curvilinearly to 46 years (95% CI, 43–49) in 2016 (P < .001). By regression analysis, mean CD4+ T-cell count increased from 6 in 1992 to 64 in 2016 (P = .01). The proportion of AIDS-defining opportunistic infections decreased, from 79% in 1984–1987 to 41% in 2008–2011 and 29% in 2012–2016 (P = .04). The frequency of nonopportunistic infections, however, increased from 37% in 1984–1987 to 73% in 2008–2011 and 57% in 2012–2016 (P = .001). The frequency of AIDS-defining and other malignancies did not change significantly during the study period. The prevalence of atherosclerosis at autopsy rose dramatically, from 21% in 1988–1991 to 54% in 2008–2011 (P < .001).

Conclusions.—

Despite limitations of autopsy studies, many trends in the evolution of the HIV/AIDS epidemic are readily discernable.
Cuestionar la práctica investigativa: experiencias colaborativas en dos regiones en México
Authors: Lara Millán Gloria , Muñoz Sánchez Práxedes
Published: August 2019

En este artículo se analizan algunas de las dificultades que en la práctica de  investigación se han identificado en dos espacios rurales en los estados de Oaxaca y Tabasco en México, y se exponen los múltiples desafíos que el investigador debe afrontar, especialmente en relación con los conceptos de colaboración e intervención durante el trabajo que realiza. Si bien este se basa en tareas específicas de indagación y colaboración, suele haber acciones de desarrollo ajenas al entorno comunitario, que incluso no son clara o conscientemente percibidas por los actores protagonistas. Es así que el objetivo de esta presentación es reflexionar sobre la práctica investigativa colaborativa, exponiendo los aciertos y desaciertos del proceso. El concepto de intervención social se asocia con el de investigación colaborativa, en tanto que ambos pretenden poner en el centro de la participación a los sujetos, sin embargo es necesario delimitar las implicaciones de cada uno de estos conceptos en los casos estudiados. En este texto se describen aspectos teóricos y metodológicos acerca de la intervención social y la investigación colaborativa con enfoque en derechos humanos, y se reflexiona en torno al proceso de acompañamiento y las decisiones que se adoptan durante la investigación, así como acerca de la experiencia del diálogo con los colectivos con los que se colabora para construir conocimiento.This work analyzes some difficulties found in the practice of collaborative research in rural areas in Mexico, each with its historical peculiarities and passed through the application of public policies or economic policies. The researcher's activist participation has multiple advantages in that it applies development concepts outside the community environment that are sometimes not reflected by the protagonist actors. The objective of the text is to reflect on the collaborative research practice, exposing the successes and failures of the process and the challenges to overcome. As part of the research experience, the concept of social intervention is discussed, which is associated with collaborative research, in the center of participation is understood by the subjects. In this text are described the concepts and methodological aspects raised by the specialists in the subject of social intervention, then associate it with collaborative research with a human rights approach. The two collaborative research experiences focussed are described, and we reflect on the accompaniment process and the reflections on the decisions regarding the objectives, methodology and results, as well as the experience of the dialogue with the collectives with the collaboration for knowledge.
El principio de igualdad en los 30 años de historia de la mujer en las fuerzas armadas
Authors: Fuente Fernández Javier de la
Published: August 2019

La incorporación de la mujer en las Fuerzas Armadas españolas ha sido uno de los acontecimientos más relevantes que se han dado en la historia del país. Esto ha originado un desarrollo normativo al objeto de regular la situación del personal femenino en estas unidades ya que, hasta hace treinta años, esta profesión era realizada únicamente por hombres. La sucesión de leyes ha facilitado la incorporación de un gran número de mujeres. Todo se ha desarrollado al objeto de alcanzar una igualdad efectiva. Esto ha permitido que, España se sitúe como un país referente en la OTAN en este contexto.The integration of women in the Spanish Armed Forces has been one of the most important events that have taken place in our recent history. This has led to the legal development of the professional status of women in these units, run only by men until thirty years ago. The succession of laws has facilitated the incorporation of a large number of women. Everything has been developed in order to achieve effective equality. This has allowed Spain to be a reference country in NATO.
La inestabilidad económica y financiera en el ámbito de la seguridad nacional
Authors: Gálvez Bravo Rafael
Published: August 2019

La economía es un elemento fundamental en nuestras vidas; independientemente del conocimiento académico que tengamos de ella, todo el mundo tiene conocimientos básicos sobre la misma para manejarnos en nuestra vida cotidiana. A pesar de ser un tema del que todos podemos hablar, es una gran desconocida puesto que hasta los más expertos en la materia no han podido pronosticar la crisis de la última década (y eso que es un hecho constatado que la economía se mueve por ciclos). La economía es un factor clave para la Seguridad Nacional y consiguientemente para los Servicios de Inteligencia del Estado, aunque debe incluirse dentro de esta responsabilidad a todos los agentes económicos, públicos y privados; de esta manera se puede confirmar el dicho que «la unión hace la fuerza».The economy is a fundamental element in our lives; regardless of the academic knowledge we have of it, everyone has basic knowledge on this fact to manage in our daily lives. Despite being an issue that we can all talk about, it is a great unknown because even the most experts in the field have not been able to predict the crisis of the last decade (and that is a fact that the economy moves through cycles). The economy is a fundamental factor for national security and consequently for state intelligence services, although all economic, public and private actors must be included within this responsibility; in this way one can confirm the saying that «the union makes the force».
Elementos de la prescripción de la infracción tributaria
Authors: Pérez Jordá Iván
Published: August 2019

El presente artículo se analiza detenidamente la prescripción de la responsabilidad dimanante de la infracción tributaria así como algunos de los requisitos necesarios para la prescripción de la responsabilidad infractora, en concreto, la consumación del hecho tipificado como infracción, la inacción administrativa y, de modo general y no pormenorizado, el transcurso del plazo previsto normativamente.This paper analyses thoroughly the tax infringement prescription as well as some of the necessary requirements for the responsibility offender prescription, in concrete, the consummation of the infringement fact, the administrative inaction and, in general, when the statutory waiting period expired.
L’émergence du néo-continentalisme dans la politique du Canada à l’égard des Amériques
Authors: Deslongchamps Hugo L.
Published: August 2019

Cette étude porte sur la contestation de l’internationalisme et l’émergence du néo-continentalisme dans la politique du Canada à l’égard des Amériques. Nous démontrons que la formulation de la stratégie des Amériques du gouvernement de Stephen Harper est restée assez proche de la tradition internationaliste du Canada. Cependant, le néo-continentalisme, expression extérieure du néoconservatisme canadien, a façonné la mise en oeuvre de la stratégie des Amériques. L’influence du néo-continentalisme transparaît dans le rôle du Canada en matière de promotion de la démocratie, d’intégration économique et de sécurité.
Spatio-temporal patterns of the oceanic conditions and nearshore marine community in the Mid-Atlantic Bight (New Jersey, USA)
Authors: Levesque Juan C
Published: August 2019

Oceanic environmental conditions influence, shape, and control the geographical range, spatial distribution, abundance, and size composition of marine fauna. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, depth, and sediment type influence select fish life-history characteristics and community structure. Marine communities are vulnerable to major changes in environmental conditions, but the response and severity depends on various biological or ecological factors, such as resilience to stress or adaptation. Researchers around the world have predicted and documented numerous alterations in fish communities caused by ongoing significant physicochemical shifts associated with natural and potentially unnatural sources, but published studies describing the historical conditions are lacking for most regions around the world, including the coastal waters off New Jersey. Given the need to understand these processes, a multifaceted investigation was undertaken to describe, evaluate, and compare the oceanic conditions and nearshore marine fauna community off New Jersey during 1988 through 2015. Findings showed the oceanic conditions varied over time and space. Mean surface water temperature increased significantly about 0.6°C per decade, mean salinity decreased about 1.3 psu per decade, and dissolved oxygen increased 0.09 mg/l per decade. Over 20.4 million fish and invertebrates (1,338.3 mt) representing 214 (water temperature preference classified) species (not including unidentified species) were collected within 15 strata (areas: 12−26) off the coast of New Jersey from 1988 to 2015. Three marine fauna water temperature preference groups (coldwater-adapted, warmwater-adapted, and subtropic-adapted) were identified in the study area. The main coldwater-adapted species collected were longfin squid (Loligo pealei) (n = 2,225,975), Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) (n = 544,032), and little skate (Leucoraja erinacea) (n = 316,356), while Atlantic butterfish (Peprilus triacanthus) (n = 2,873,138), scup (Stenotomus chrysops) (n = 1,318,569), and northern searobin (Prionotus carolinus) (n = 503,230) represented the warmwater-adapted group. Bay anchovy (Anchoa mitchilli) (n = 9,227,960), striped anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus) (n = 245,214), and Atlantic moonfish (Vomer setapinnis) (n = 38,691) denoted the subtropic-adapted group. Subtropic-adapted species were the most abundant and coldwater-adapted were the least abundant water temperature preference group. The estimated abundance of coldwater-adapted species declined, warmwater-adapted species slightly increased, and subtropic-adapted species decreased with time, which suggest the environmental conditions are influencing and thereby shifting the marine community.
The positive predictive value of genetic screening tests
Authors: Hagenkord Jill , Funke Birgit , Qian Emily , Hegde Madhuri , Jacobs Kevin B , Ferber Matthew , Lebo Matthew , Buchanan Adam H , Bick David
Published: August 2019

As the cost of DNA sequencing continues to fall, more individuals are opting to undergo genomic testing in the absence of a clinical indication. Testing asymptomatic individuals for unsuspected conditions is not new to the medical and public health communities. However, the application of screening principles to inherited diseases with unknown prevalence in an unselected (low-risk) test population raises unique challenges. This paper examines the effect of disease prevalence on the positive predictive value of a test result. Many inherited conditions have very low prevalence in an unselected population, which increases the probability that some likely pathogenic variants may be false positives. In situations where the adverse impact of a false positive result is significant, laboratories should address this issue by either increasing the interpretive specificity of the test, performing a clinical confirmatory test to establish the presence of disease, or restricting the test to a population with increased disease prevalence. Here, we review the statistical concepts relevant to screening tests, apply these concepts to genetic disease screening, create a model to estimate prevalence and positive predictive value, and provide a framework for further discussion.
Situations and Syntactic Structures
Authors: Ramchand Gillian Catriona
Published: August 2019

A new theory of the syntax-semantics interface that relies on hierarchical orderings in language, with the English auxiliary system as its empirical ground.

Research in syntax has found that there is a hierarchical ordering of projections within the verb phrase across languages (although researchers differ with respect to how fine grained they assume the hierarchy to be). In Situations and Syntactic Structures, Gillian Ramchand explores the hierarchy of the verb phrase from a semantic perspective, attempting to derive it from semantically sorted zones in the compositional semantics. The empirical ground is the auxiliary ordering found in the grammar of English. The “situation” in the title refers to the semanticists' notion of eventuality that is the central element of the ontology of the formal semantics of verbal meaning. Ramchand discusses the semantic notion of situations in relation to the hierarchical ordering evidenced in syntactic structures and tries to bridge semantic and syntactic ontologies. She proposes and formalizes a new theory of semantic zones, and presents an explicitly semantic and morphological analysis of all the auxiliary constructions of English that derive their rigid order of composition without recourse to lexical item–specific ordering statements.
The Importance of Small Decisions
Authors: O'Brien Michael J. , Bentley R. Alexander , Brock William A.
Published: August 2019

How people make decisions in an era of too much information and fake news.

Humans originally evolved in a world of few choices. Prehistoric, preindustrial, and predigital eras required fewer decisions than today's all-access, always-on world of too much information. Economists have largely discarded the idea that agents act rationally and the market follows suit. It seems that no matter how small or innocuous a decision might seem, there's almost no way to guess the effect it might have. The authors of The Importance of Small Decisions view decisions and their outcomes from a different perspective: as key elements in the evolution of culture. In this trailblazing book, they examine different kinds of decisions and map the outcomes, both short- and long-term. Drawing on this, they introduce a map of social behavior that captures the essential elements of human decision-making.

The authors look at the New England Patriots' decision in 2000 to draft an underachieving college quarterback named Tom Brady; they consider Warren Buffett's investment strategy; and they chart the “dancing landscape” of a college applicant's decision-making environment. Finally, they show that decisions can be ranked according to transparency of choice and social influence. When fake news seems indistinguishable from real news and when the internet offers a cacophony of voices, they warn, we can't afford to crowdsource our decisions.
Celestial Calculations
Authors: Lawrence J. L.
Published: August 2019

How to predict and calculate the positions of stars, planets, the sun, the moon, and satellites using a personal computer and high school mathematics.

Our knowledge of the universe is expanding rapidly, as space probes launched decades ago begin to send information back to earth. There has never been a better time to learn about how planets, stars, and satellites move through the heavens. This book is for amateur astronomers who want to move beyond pictures of constellations in star guides and solve the mysteries of a starry night. It is a book for readers who have wondered, for example, where Saturn will appear in the night sky, when the sun will rise and set, or how long the space station will be over their location. In Celestial Calculations, J. L. Lawrence shows readers how to find the answers to these and other astronomy questions with only a personal computer and high school math. Using an easy-to-follow step-by-step approach, Lawrence explains what calculations are required, why they are needed, and how they all fit together.

Lawrence begins with basic principles: unit of measure conversions, time conversions, and coordinate systems. He combines these concepts into a computer program that can calculate the location of a star, and uses the same methods for predicting the locations of the sun, moon, and planets. He then shows how to use these methods for locating the many satellites we have sent into orbit. Finally, he describes a variety of resources and tools available to the amateur astronomer, including star charts and astronomical tables. Diagrams illustrate the major concepts, and computer programs that implement the algorithms are included. Photographs of actual celestial objects accompany the text, and interesting astronomical facts are interspersed throughout.

Source code (in Python 3, JAVA, and Visual Basic) and executables for all the programs and examples presented in the book are available for download at https://CelestialCalculations.github.io.
A Father
Authors: Lacan Sibylle
Published: August 2019

The daughter of French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan tries to make sense of her relationship with her father.

“When I was born, my father was already no longer there.” Sibylle Lacan's memoir of her father, the influential French psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, is told through fragmentary, elliptical episodes, and describes a figure who had defined himself to her as much by his absence as by his presence. Sibylle was the second daughter and unhappy last child of Lacan's first marriage: the fruit of despair (“some will say of desire, but I do not believe them”). Lacan abandoned his old family for a new one: a new partner, Sylvia Bataille (the wife of Georges Bataille), and another daughter, born a few months after Sibylle. For years, this daughter, Judith, was the only publicly recognized child of Lacan—even if, due to French law, she lacked his name.

In one sense, then, A Father presents the voice of one who, while bearing his name, had been erased. If Jacques Lacan had described the word as a “presence made of absence,” Sibylle Lacan here turns to the language of the memoir as a means of piecing together the presence of a man who had entered her life in absence, and in his passing, finished in it. In its interplay of absence, naming, and the despair engendered by both, A Father ultimately poses an essential question: what is a father? This first-person account offers both a riposte and a complement to the concept (and the name) of the father as Lacan had defined him in his work, and raises difficult issues about the influence biography can have on theory—and vice versa—and the sometimes yawning divide that can open up between theory and the lives we lead.
All Data Are Local
Authors: Loukissas Yanni Alexander
Published: August 2019

How to analyze data settings rather than data sets, acknowledging the meaning-making power of the local.

In our data-driven society, it is too easy to assume the transparency of data. Instead, Yanni Loukissas argues in All Data Are Local, we should approach data sets with an awareness that data are created by humans and their dutiful machines, at a time, in a place, with the instruments at hand, for audiences that are conditioned to receive them. The term data set implies something discrete, complete, and portable, but it is none of those things. Examining a series of data sources important for understanding the state of public life in the United States—Harvard's Arnold Arboretum, the Digital Public Library of America, UCLA's Television News Archive, and the real estate marketplace Zillow—Loukissas shows us how to analyze data settings rather than data sets.

Loukissas sets out six principles: all data are local; data have complex attachments to place; data are collected from heterogeneous sources; data and algorithms are inextricably entangled; interfaces recontextualize data; and data are indexes to local knowledge. He then provides a set of practical guidelines to follow. To make his argument, Loukissas employs a combination of qualitative research on data cultures and exploratory data visualizations. Rebutting the “myth of digital universalism,” Loukissas reminds us of the meaning-making power of the local.
The Technology Fallacy
Authors: Kane Gerald C. , Nguyen Phillips Anh , Copulsky Jonathan R. , Andrus Garth R.
Published: August 2019

Why an organization's response to digital disruption should focus on people and processes and not necessarily on technology.

Digital technologies are disrupting organizations of every size and shape, leaving managers scrambling to find a technology fix that will help their organizations compete. This book offers managers and business leaders a guide for surviving digital disruptions—but it is not a book about technology. It is about the organizational changes required to harness the power of technology. The authors argue that digital disruption is primarily about people and that effective digital transformation involves changes to organizational dynamics and how work gets done. A focus only on selecting and implementing the right digital technologies is not likely to lead to success. The best way to respond to digital disruption is by changing the company culture to be more agile, risk tolerant, and experimental.

The authors draw on four years of research, conducted in partnership with MIT Sloan Management Review and Deloitte, surveying more than 16,000 people and conducting interviews with managers at such companies as Walmart, Google, and Salesforce. They introduce the concept of digital maturity—the ability to take advantage of opportunities offered by the new technology—and address the specifics of digital transformation, including cultivating a digital environment, enabling intentional collaboration, and fostering an experimental mindset. Every organization needs to understand its “digital DNA” in order to stop “doing digital” and start “being digital.”

Digital disruption won't end anytime soon; the average worker will probably experience numerous waves of disruption during the course of a career. The insights offered by The Technology Fallacy will hold true through them all.

A book in the Management on the Cutting Edge series, published in cooperation with MIT Sloan Management Review.
Computational Thinking
Authors: Denning Peter J. , Tedre Matti
Published: August 2019

An introduction to computational thinking that traces a genealogy beginning centuries before the digital computer.

A few decades into the digital era, scientists discovered that thinking in terms of computation made possible an entirely new way of organizing scientific investigation; eventually, every field had a computational branch: computational physics, computational biology, computational sociology. More recently, “computational thinking” has become part of the K–12 curriculum. But what is computational thinking? This volume in the MIT Press Essential Knowledge series offers an accessible overview, tracing a genealogy that begins centuries before digital computers and portraying computational thinking as pioneers of computing have described it.

The authors explain that computational thinking (CT) is not a set of concepts for programming; it is a way of thinking that is honed through practice: the mental skills for designing computations to do jobs for us, and for explaining and interpreting the world as a complex of information processes. Mathematically trained experts (known as “computers”) who performed complex calculations as teams engaged in CT long before electronic computers. The authors identify six dimensions of today's highly developed CT—methods, machines, computing education, software engineering, computational science, and design—and cover each in a chapter. Along the way, they debunk inflated claims for CT and computation while making clear the power of CT in all its complexity and multiplicity.
Who Wins in a Digital World?
Authors: MIT Sloan Management Review
Published: August 2019

How organizations can adapt to a constantly changing business environment by being flexible but focused, embracing change, and moving fast.

In the new digital world, the unknowns are never-ending. Our ability to embrace the demands of change has become a prerequisite for success. It's not easy. We don't work the way we did last year. Next year, it will all change again. If an organization doesn't embrace the realities of change, it will be under siege from those that do. Who Wins in a Digital World explains how organizations can adapt to a constantly changing business environment by being flexible but focused, embracing change in all its messiness, and moving fast.

In articles that originally appeared in MIT Sloan Management Review, experts from business and academia discuss digital adaptability, explaining how both organizations and individuals need the ability to excel in what their roles will become as technology and their competitive ecosystem evolve. They highlight strategies and mindsets that can foster change, including boldness in the face of digitization, a focus on collaboration, and an artificial intelligence game plan. And they explore the need for speed, with one contributor declaring: “Implement first, ask questions later (or not at all).”

Once an organization accepts the fact that technological change is ongoing and inevitable, it becomes more about opportunity and less about challenge. This book shows that change can be stimulating, exhilarating, and something to be welcomed.

Contributors Stephen J. Andriole, Jacques Bughin, Thomas H. Davenport, Nathan Furr, Lynn J. Good, David Kiron, Edward E. Lawler III, Vikram Mahidhar, Paul Michelman, Jeanne Ross, Paul J. H. Schoemaker, Andrew Shipilov, Charles Sull, Donald Sull, Philip E. Tetlock, Stefano Turconi, Nicolas van Zeebroeck, Peter Weill, Thomas Williams, Stephanie L. Woerner, Christopher G. Worley, James Yoder
Against Nature
Authors: Daston Lorraine
Published: August 2019

A pithy work of philosophical anthropology that explores why humans find moral orders in natural orders.

Why have human beings, in many different cultures and epochs, looked to nature as a source of norms for human behavior? From ancient India and ancient Greece, medieval France and Enlightenment America, up to the latest controversies over gay marriage and cloning, natural orders have been enlisted to illustrate and buttress moral orders. Revolutionaries and reactionaries alike have appealed to nature to shore up their causes. No amount of philosophical argument or political critique deters the persistent and pervasive temptation to conflate the “is” of natural orders with the “ought” of moral orders.

In this short, pithy work of philosophical anthropology, Lorraine Daston asks why we continually seek moral orders in natural orders, despite so much good counsel to the contrary. She outlines three specific forms of natural order in the Western philosophical tradition—specific natures, local natures, and universal natural laws—and describes how each of these three natural orders has been used to define and oppose a distinctive form of the unnatural. She argues that each of these forms of the unnatural triggers equally distinctive emotions: horror, terror, and wonder.

Daston proposes that human reason practiced in human bodies should command the attention of philosophers, who have traditionally yearned for a transcendent reason, valid for all species, all epochs, even all planets.
The Art of Causal Conjecture
Authors: Shafer Glenn
Published: August 2019

In The Art of Causal Conjecture, Glenn Shafer lays out a new mathematical and philosophical foundation for probability and uses it to explain concepts of causality used in statistics, artificial intelligence, and philosophy.

The various disciplines that use causal reasoning differ in the relative weight they put on security and precision of knowledge as opposed to timeliness of action. The natural and social sciences seek high levels of certainty in the identification of causes and high levels of precision in the measurement of their effects. The practical sciences—medicine, business, engineering, and artificial intelligence—must act on causal conjectures based on more limited knowledge. Shafer's understanding of causality contributes to both of these uses of causal reasoning. His language for causal explanation can guide statistical investigation in the natural and social sciences, and it can also be used to formulate assumptions of causal uniformity needed for decision making in the practical sciences.

Causal ideas permeate the use of probability and statistics in all branches of industry, commerce, government, and science. The Art of Causal Conjecture shows that causal ideas can be equally important in theory. It does not challenge the maxim that causation cannot be proven from statistics alone, but by bringing causal ideas into the foundations of probability, it allows causal conjectures to be more clearly quantified, debated, and confronted by statistical evidence.
Artificial Intelligence in Perspective
Authors: Bobrow Daniel G.
Published: August 2019

This major collection of short essays reviews the scope and progress of research in artificial intelligence over the past two decades. Seminal and most-cited papers from the journal Artificial Intelligence are revisited by the authors who describe how their research has been developed, both by themselves and by others, since the journals first publication. The twenty-eight papers span a wide variety of domains, including truth maintainance systems and qualitative process theory, chemical structure analysis, diagnosis of faulty circuits, and understanding visual scenes; they also span a broad range of methodologies, from AI's mathematical foundations to systems architecture. The volume is dedicated to Allen Newell and concludes with a section of fourteen essays devoted to a retrospective on the strength and vision of his work.

Sections/Contributors Artificial Intelligence in Perspective, D. G. Bobrow • Foundations, J. McCarthy, R. C. Moore, A. Newell, N. J. Nilsson, J. Gordon and E. H. Shortliffe, J. Pearl, A. K. Mackworth and E. C. Freuder, J. de Kleer • Vision, H. G. Barrow and J. M. Tenenbaum, B. K. P. Horn and B. Schunck, K. Ikeuchi, T. Kanade • Qualitative Reasoning, J. de Kleer, K. D. Forbus, B. J. Kuipers, Y. Iwasake and H. A Simon • Diagnosis, R. Davis, M. R. Genesereth, P. Szolovits and S. G. Pauker, R. Davis, B. G. Buchanan and E. H. Shortliffe, W. J. Clancey • Architectures, J. S. Aikins, B. Hayes-Roth, M. J. Stefik et al • Systems, R. E. Fikes and N. J. Nilsson, E. A Feigenbaum and B. G. Buchanan, J. McDermott. Allen Newell. H. A. Simon, M. J. Stefik and S. W. Smoliar, M. A. Arbib, D. C. Dennett, Purves, R. C. Schank and M. Y. Jona, P. S. Rosenbloom and J. E. Laird, P. E. Agre.

Bradford Books imprint
Cheating
Authors: Consalvo Mia
Published: August 2019

A cultural history of digital gameplay that investigates a wide range of player behavior, including cheating, and its relationship to the game industry.

The widely varying experiences of players of digital games challenge the notions that there is only one correct way to play a game. Some players routinely use cheat codes, consult strategy guides, or buy and sell in-game accounts, while others consider any or all of these practices off limits. Meanwhile, the game industry works to constrain certain readings or activities and promote certain ways of playing. In Cheating, Mia Consalvo investigates how players choose to play games, and what happens when they can't always play the way they'd like. She explores a broad range of player behavior, including cheating (alone and in groups), examines the varying ways that players and industry define cheating, describes how the game industry itself has helped systematize cheating, and studies online cheating in context in an online ethnography of Final Fantasy XI. She develops the concept of "gaming capital" as a key way to understand individuals' interaction with games, information about games, the game industry, and other players.

Consalvo provides a cultural history of cheating in videogames, looking at how the packaging and selling of such cheat-enablers as cheat books, GameSharks, and mod chips created a cheat industry. She investigates how players themselves define cheating and how their playing choices can be understood, with particular attention to online cheating. Finally, she examines the growth of the peripheral game industries that produce information about games rather than actual games. Digital games are spaces for play and experimentation; the way we use and think about digital games, Consalvo argues, is crucially important and reflects ethical choices in gameplay and elsewhere.
The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages
Authors: Winskel Glynn
Published: August 2019

The Formal Semantics of Programming Languages provides the basic mathematical techniques necessary for those who are beginning a study of the semantics and logics of programming languages. These techniques will allow students to invent, formalize, and justify rules with which to reason about a variety of programming languages. Although the treatment is elementary, several of the topics covered are drawn from recent research, including the vital area of concurency. The book contains many exercises ranging from simple to miniprojects.Starting with basic set theory, structural operational semantics is introduced as a way to define the meaning of programming languages along with associated proof techniques. Denotational and axiomatic semantics are illustrated on a simple language of while-programs, and fall proofs are given of the equivalence of the operational and denotational semantics and soundness and relative completeness of the axiomatic semantics. A proof of Godel's incompleteness theorem, which emphasizes the impossibility of achieving a fully complete axiomatic semantics, is included. It is supported by an appendix providing an introduction to the theory of computability based on while-programs. Following a presentation of domain theory, the semantics and methods of proof for several functional languages are treated. The simplest language is that of recursion equations with both call-by-value and call-by-name evaluation. This work is extended to lan guages with higher and recursive types, including a treatment of the eager and lazy lambda-calculi. Throughout, the relationship between denotational and operational semantics is stressed, and the proofs of the correspondence between the operation and denotational semantics are provided. The treatment of recursive types - one of the more advanced parts of the book - relies on the use of information systems to represent domains. The book concludes with a chapter on parallel programming languages, accompanied by a discussion of methods for specifying and verifying nondeterministic and parallel programs.
High Performance Fortran Handbook
Authors: Koelbel Charles H. , Loveman David , Schreiber Robert S. , Steele Guy L. , Zosel Mary
Published: August 2019

High Performance Fortran (HPF) is a set of extensions to Fortran expressing parallel execution at a relatively high level. For the thousands of scientists, engineers, and others who wish to take advantage of the power of both vector and parallel supercomputers, five of the principal authors of HPF have teamed up here to write a tutorial for the language. There is an increasing need for a common parallel Fortran that can serve as a programming interface with the new parallel machines that are appearing on the market. While HPF does not solve all the problems of parallel programming, it does provide a portable, high-level expression for data- parallel algorithms that brings the convenience of sequential Fortran a step closer to today's complex parallel machines.
Information, Mechanism and Meaning
Authors: MacKay Donald M.
Published: August 2019

A collection of selected papers written by the information theorist and "brain physicist," most of which were presented to various scientific conferences in the 1950s and 1960s. Most of this collection concerns MacKay's abiding preoccupation with information as represented and utilized in the brain and exchanged between human beings, rather than as formalized in logical patterns of elementary propositions.
Visual Analogy
Authors: Stafford Barbara Maria
Published: August 2019

A groundbreaking book exploring the discovery of sameness in otherness.

Recuperating a topic once central to philosophy, theology, rhetoric, and aesthetics, this groundbreaking book explores the discovery of sameness in otherness. Analogy poses an intriguingly ancient and modern conundrum. How, in the face of cultural diversity, can a unique someone or something be perceived as like what it is not? This book is for anyone puzzled by why today, as Barbara Maria Stafford claims, "we possess no language for talking about resemblance, only an exaggerated awareness of difference." Well-designed images, Stafford argues, reveal the mind's intuitive leaps to connect known with unknown experience.

The first of four wide-ranging chapters paints a challenging overview of several pressing contemporary issues. Cloning, legal controversies about social inequity, identity politics, electronic copying, and the mimicry of virtual reality expose the need for a nuanced theory of similitude. The second examines the historical tug-of-war between analogy and allegory, or disanalogy. Stafford provocatively suggests that, since the Romantic Era, we have been living in polarizingly allegorical times. The third roots this divisiveness within the momentous shift from a magical universe, modeled on sexual bonds, to an engineered world built of discrete automated units. Finally, recent developments in computational brain research notwithstanding, major phenomenological questions about memory, emotion, intelligence, and awareness beckon. In the fourth chapter, Stafford intervenes in the consciousness debates to propose a humanistic cognitive science with bridging/analogy at its artful core.
Visual Space Perception
Authors: Hershenson Maurice
Published: August 2019

This primer provides an overview of the principles of space perception in a handbook format that will appeal to researchers as well as students.

A renewed interest in the study of vision has attracted scholars from such diverse fields as neuroscience, computer science, mathematics, physics, and philosophy. At the same time, the development of imaging devices and popularization of stereoscopic effects has increased student interest in vision. Both groups require more depth than is available in undergraduate texts and more breadth than is usually available in handbooks.

This primer provides an overview of the principles of space perception in a handbook format that will appeal to researchers as well as students. Topics covered include geometrical and distal-proximal relationships, spatial localization, stereopsis, cyclopean perception, stimulus inadequacy, pictorial cues, perceived size and shape, Gibsonian psychophysics, lateral motion, motion in depth, perceived object motion, and motion detection.

Bradford Books imprint