bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Warm winters lead to increased reproductive effort, but lower reproductive success: Hidden costs of climate warming in a threatened bird
Authors: Barve Sahas , Bakley Tori D , Tringali Angela , Fitzpatrick John W , Bowman Reed
Published: October 2024

Climate warming is affecting the phenology and life history of animals around the world. In birds, although warm winters have been shown to advance breeding dates and affect reproductive success in a diverse range of taxa, few studies document whether changes in breeding phenology are associated with variability in reproductive effort by breeders. We leveraged a 37-year dataset on the demography of Aphelocoma coerulescens (Florida Scrub-Jay) to investigate not only whether winter weather affects scrub-jay phenology and reproductive success, but also whether winter weather affects overall reproductive effort. Scrub-jays bred early but fledged fewer offspring in springs following warm winters. Surprisingly, this reduced reproductive success came at the expense of increased reproductive effort (number of nests built, number of eggs laid, and length of the breeding period across all attempts) by the breeders. Given the well-known trade-off between reproductive effort and survival, we highlight an important but typically unrecognized cost of climate warming on birds, as revealed by a long-term study of a large, well-protected population.
Salvaging a Teenage Wasteland
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

Recovery high schools have become a key setting supporting the adolescent recovery process over the last fifty years. This book provides the first major historical account of the recovery high school movement from its beginnings in the alternative schools of the 1970s that overlapped with the first adolescent substance use treatment programs. Our understanding of recovery high schools has evolved along with our understanding of addiction and recovery. This work explores the development of the earliest programs in South Carolina, Texas, Maryland, and Minnesota, which served as roots for later growth. The author interviewed dozens of pioneers, including early administrators, teachers, and students, and reviewed hundreds of historical artifacts to trace the creation and expansion of recovery high schools. The story that emerged was closely connected to some of the major events of the times, from the counterculture movement of the 1960s to the Drug War and advent of adolescent treatment in the 1970s to the anti-drug campaigns of the 1980s, such as Just Say No. Cultural touchstones such as Woodstock, school desegregation, high school drug raids, and fear of cults and teenage drug use figured prominently in the creation of recovery high schools, all in an effort to create sober school spaces for teenagers. The programs that evolved are now one of the major components of addressing adolescent mental health and substance use issues.
Carrying the Message
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides background of the counterculture movement and its association with youth drug use and explains the evolution of alcohol/drug services in Charleston, South Carolina. Sid Jordan completed a postdoctoral fellowship in San Francisco, encountering the youth drug culture. He worked with diverse clientele as part of a community mental health program and was later hired to develop mental health services in Charleston, where he met D. Ceth Mason, a native South Carolinian and a person in long-term recovery. The text explores how Mason had built an infrastructure for treating both White and Black citizens in a segregated state. Shirley Beckett, a librarian in a Black school, was one of the first people Jordan hired to get trained in substance use counseling. Jordan, Mason, Beckett, and other key stakeholders assured youth substance use programs would be included in a new public family health center, which paved the way for a recovery high school.
Spontaneous Generation
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The first alternative peer group (APG) started in the Palmer Episcopal Church when the rector, Father Charles Wyatt-Brown, asked Bob Meehan to begin meeting with teenagers there. Meehan was trying to get sober, and Father Charlie believed Meehan’s struggles might help young people decide to avoid drug use themselves. The group became known as the Palmer Drug Abuse Program (PDAP), and a local schoolteacher, John Cates, had begun attending gatherings there. Cates started a GED school in his apartment in 1976, and he marketed it to PDAP members, making it the first independent recovery school program. After a few months, PDAP took over the GED school. Other GED schools would open at PDAP satellite programs, but they had closed by 1980, after Cates and Meehan resigned in the wake of negative publicity from the media.
A Lighthouse District
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The main people involved in starting the first recovery high school run by a school district included the Montgomery County, Maryland, police chief, Robert di Grazia; the superintendent, Charles Bernardo; the director of alternative programs, Richard Towers; and a teacher, Brian Berthiaume. The background for each person is described, focusing on salient experiences. All four had moved from the northeastern United States, and their careers intertwined in 1978 when drug use in local schools prompted the police to start arresting students at school. Each brought progressive ideas into their jobs, leading Towers to call Montgomery a “Lighthouse District.” This was evidenced by Berthiaume, who had run an alternative program called the Other Way. Inspired by Meher Baba, the same spiritual master who had influenced rock star Pete Townshend, Berthiaume wanted to create a drug-free school environment, and the police raids would give him that opportunity.
Crackdown
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

Teenage drug use had rapidly increased across the nation during the 1970s, and this was evident in Montgomery County, Maryland, a suburb of Washington, DC. In the fall of 1978, the county police raided local high schools over the course of the fall semester, arresting over three hundred students for possession or use of drugs. This chapter provides the background and daily account of those raids, including a brief history of the county and its schools. By the end of November, the crackdown had drawn the attention of national media. The raids created protests from the students, and eventually parents demanded a program from the school board that would address the district’s drug problem.
“The Greatest Show in Rockville”
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

After three months of drug raids in the Montgomery County public schools, parents and students were demanding that the school district respond. The Board of Education had visited Brian Berthiaume’s Other Way therapeutic school, and Berthiaume proposed a similar program that would be more narrowly focused on drugs. The politics driving the board vote were intense, occurring in an election year in which the balance of power had shifted. The new board voted to end superintendent Charles Bernardo’s contract on the same day the police department fired Robert di Grazia—two of the main figures in the drug raid saga. During a raucous board meeting featuring a debate over a Black culture course and a gallery filled with followers of Meher Baba, the board approved a pilot program that would be the first recovery high school run by a school district.
Evaluation
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

After two years, the Phoenix School was evaluated by two groups, and the findings were mixed. The Montgomery County Department of Educational Accountability produced an internal report in February 1981 that profiled twelve students. A second evaluation by the Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation was released in December 1981, and its sample included ten Phoenix students and a matched sample of nine similar students not at Phoenix. Limited as they may have been, the data were negative enough to cause concern, essentially showing students were still using drugs. In response, the Phoenix Parents Advisory Committee compiled a report of supportive letters from over fifty students, parents, and staff. Their report was so positive, the board renewed the Phoenix budget and also received a request from the superintendent to expand the program with a second campus.
Phoenix II
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The demand for the Phoenix School had grown, but space and philosophy limited its enrollment. Brian Berthiaume had long felt Phoenix needed another site, and, in June 1982, the superintendent had gone on the record in support of expanding the program. Sally Eller, a middle school special education teacher, was hired to run the second campus, which opened in Gaithersburg in January 1983. This chapter provides Eller’s background and explains how she helped give the Phoenix II program its own distinct culture, including the creation of a drug education class, outdoor experiential activities, required abstinence, and mutual aid meeting attendance. In 1989, Phoenix II moved into a new site built by MCPS construction trades students, an event commemorated with a letter from First Lady Nancy Reagan. The chapter culminates with a description of the annual Thanksgiving gratitude celebration.
Sparks
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The burgeoning drug war, the Just Say No campaign, media pieces on the Phoenix schools, and efforts to promote Phoenix I and II did not translate into rapid expansion of other recovery high schools. This chapter explores other high schools focused on substance use that opened during the 1980s. In the four years following the start of Phoenix II in January 1983, recovery high schools opened in Texas, Missouri, and Washington state. Each, however, was an isolated case, and the growth resembled kindling sparks rather than a massive movement. The chapter describes some of those schools and notes that while their seeds of influence can be seen in schools that came later, none, including the Phoenix schools, were closely associated with the expansion of recovery high schools that occurred in the late 1990s and early 2000s.
Peers Enjoying a Sober Education
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

This chapter profiles early students at Holos, including their experiences in treatment and the therapeutic communities where they lived. The evolution of the school, its daily routines, and its nonprofit organization are explored. The school prioritized accessibility and inclusivity, hoping to have a diverse enrollment, which led to them never charging tuition, and building an advisory board that would not only help with funding, but also with identifying students from diverse sources. The board included representatives from city government, the juvenile court, and Black Educators of the Twin Cities. Anticipating Holos would have multiple programs besides the school, the first students were asked to change the name of the school. They eventually agreed upon Peers Enjoying a Sober Education (P.E.A.S.E.) Academy, in part because its acronym resembled peace, which was what they experienced at the school.
Epilogue
Authors: Finch Andrew J.
Published: October 2024

The focus of the book is on the origin of the recovery high school movement. This epilogue, though, explores what happened to the recovery high schools profiled in the book. While Freedom Road in South Carolina and the PDAD GED School in Texas did not have long histories, the two Phoenix schools in Maryland, and Sobriety High and P.E.A.S.E. Academy in Minnesota lasted for decades—P.E.A.S.E. Academy is still operating today. The six schools described in this book are the ones that sparked and launched the recovery high school movement, and this chapter provides an account of their fate.
An Ancient Grammar of Animation and Technē
Authors: De Groot Jean
Published: October 2024

This paper provides a descriptive grammar of imitation (mimēsis), especially imitation of living things, in antiquity. I first survey ancient philosophical notions of what constitutes life. Then, fundamental aspects of mimēsis are distingushed—similarity, iteration, duplication, and participation. Analysis of Plato’s Forms (R. E. Allen and David Sedley) and Aristotle’s On Memory and Recollection show that Plato and Aristotle had already charted the philosophical mistakes connected with understanding iteration and imitation. Their analyses are relevant to our own understanding of imitation. The aim of the paper is to understand the level of conviction (pistis) an ancient viewer had that the crafted images of living things they saw were alive. The thesis of the paper is that the human viewer (theatēs) is the one who ‘animates’ mechanical imitations by his cognitional participation in a theatrical display. Story is central to the viewer’s participation. Conviction on the viewer’s part was nevertheless incomplete. They did not take mechanized figures as living. The uncanny was likely one attraction of mechanized figures of living things and miniature theatre in antiquity.
Strange Loops
Authors: Roby Courtney
Published: October 2024

Hero of Alexandria’s Automata describes the design and construction of theatrical automata. These elaborate devices could be mechanically programmed to perform a variety of activities, including rolling around the floor on any of several predetermined paths, sparking a group of dancing figurines to life, or even presenting a multiscene play with changing backdrops and puppet actors. Hero presents his automata as mechanical systems shaped by an iterative dynamic between craftsman and machine: the craftsman begins with a plan for the automaton, but the automaton’s own material complications ‘reprogramme’ the plan in various ways throughout the construction process. These ancient automata are driven by stubbornly material, mechanical components, and yet the iterative process of designing and fitting the automaton to play out its ‘programme’ turns out to resemble the day-to-day work of constructing algorithms like those that guide modern automated systems more than the cleanly finished products might suggest. In this paper, I explore the material complications of Hero’s automata, the extent to which his automata aim for realism, and the ways in which Hero’s instructions to a reader-builder appeal to the kind of looped ‘respecification’ modern algorithms require as their designs are gradually refined by the complications of the world in which they operate.
From ‘Dolls’ to Puppets
Authors: Muratov Maya
Published: October 2024

Although Moses Finley referred to ancient pottery as ‘the curse of archaeology’ because of the ‘indestructability of pots’, clay is not considered a durable medium, well suited for production of movable objects. However, terracotta figurines with articulated body parts represent a class common all over the Greek and Roman world during all periods. As the movable objects made from metal, wood, and other perishable materials have not survived, articulated clay figurines abound. This paper discusses two categories of objects. The first group of articulated figurines, often referred to as ‘dolls’, most commonly found in sanctuaries and graves, always sports articulated legs (and, occasionally, arms). Invariably, there is a perforation on the head for suspension—a state that ensures that the figurines could move as if on their own while dangling. In order for the objects in the second category to be set in motion, direct involvement of humans is required; they do not require suspension and usually have one or more body parts that could be moved by pulling a string. The paper investigates not only technological aspects of the different kinds of the string-pulling mechanisms; by drawing iconographic comparisons from other types of objects, it also explores the importance and possible significance of motion in a variety of contexts.
Manufacturing Movement in Aristotle’s Motion of Animals
Authors: Webster Colin
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines a well-known, but misunderstood, simile in On the Motion of Animals, in which Aristotle compares the sinews and bones of the body to the ‘twisted cords’ and wooden parts of an automaton and a device called ‘the little wagon’ (τὸ ἁμάξιον). Much of the confusion has emerged because scholars assume that Aristotle, like we moderns, attributes animal motions to the contraction of muscles, which pulls the bones. This, however, is incorrect. Aristotle thinks that animal motion is driven by the natural elasticity of tendons and sinews, which are clustered around the joints. Acknowledging this fact supports a second argument, namely, that scholars have misidentified the devices to which Aristotle refers, insofar as they have characterized the little wagon as a child’s pushcart and the automaton as a counterweight-driven theatrical device. This chapter argues that Aristotle is instead describing mechanisms powered by hysplenx torsion springs, which were invented only a few decades prior. Hysplenx springs were made from twisted animal sinews, which were wound around a wooden ‘arm’. When the tightened spring was released, it would forcefully push the arm, which could be used to power starting gates, catapults, or automata of various configurations. This chapter suggests that in On the Motion of Animals Aristotle is explaining how sinews function in the body by examining how contemporary craftspeople use sinews to produce motion in their machines. It thereby outlines the complicated and recursive relationship between anatomy, physiology, and technical devices in this text.
Technolarynges in Classical Antiquity
Authors: Gerolemou Maria
Published: October 2024

This chapter explores the realm of artificial voice and speech as indicators of animacy, highlighting the intricate challenges posed by technological reproduction in contrast to natural voice and speech in antiquity. While the latter is inherently tied to the biological apparatus of lungs, larynx, and other organs found exclusively in humans and animals, the replication of voice and speech through technology necessitates the simulation of a body environment, be it human or animal. However, technological reproduction tends to focus solely on mimicking the physical aspects of voice and articulation, overlooking the complexity of rational speech. Unlike mere vocalization, rational speech encompasses the nuanced functions of signification and subjectivity, characteristics intrinsic to humans and gods. Interestingly, non-technical sources depict talking machines capable of rational speech, attributing their believability to the application of pneumatic principles and tools. This juxtaposition underscores the divergence between technological replication and the rich, multifaceted nature of rational speech, shedding light on the intricate interplay between artificial and natural forms of communication in antiquity.
Speaking Doors
Authors: Wessels Antje
Published: October 2024

In ancient cultures, inanimate things are often considered to be living beings with their own will and personality. This applies specifically to doors. Doors are able to structure and restructure (existing) spaces, such as, for example, the boundaries between the public and the private spheres, and they succeed in (temporarily) linking spaces, while at the same time emphasizing the differences between these spaces. Unlike bridges and windows, doors signal their potential to permit access to what otherwise would be closed, and they can demonstrate rejection by being closed or even locked. Doors ‘speak’. In ancient literature, they do so not only in a metaphorical, but also in a literal sense. They are presented as speakers with a human voice, and sometimes even as human beings who are able to reflect on their own history. This paper explores the material aspects of doors and their parts (such as bars, hinges, and the like). To what extent do the material features of a door have an impact on the conceptualization of doors and their ability to have a voice?
Dead or Alive? Giving Life to Bronze
Authors: Mattusch Carol C.
Published: October 2024

To produce a bronze statue, clay, wax, and bronze are modelled and literally poured into being, transformed by means of wax from solid to liquid and back again to solid. The metamorphosis of materials is the essence of the process; the finished product can make a statue seem to be a living being. Inlaid stone eyes, copper lips, silver fingernails, gave life to the metal, as did light moving across a polished bronze body. Ancient testimonia reveal a fascination with the lifelike appearance of bronzes. Odysseus sees in the palace of Alkinoos ‘golden youths (χρύςειοι κοῡροι), holding in their hands blazing torches, and standing on the strong-compounded bases, to shed a gleam through the house by night, and to shine on the banqueters’ (Homer Odyssey 7.100–102). In Rome, Lucretius scorned his contemporaries who had ‘golden images of boys (aurea simulacra) holding flaming torches in their right hands to light banquets that last into the night’ (De rerum natura 2.24–26.15). There are also reports of statues actually coming alive: at Olympia, a boxer who was defeated by Theagenes of Thasos beat up the victor’s statue every night, until eventually the statue fell on him and killed him. The man’s sons sued the statue for murder, and the Thasians threw the statue in the sea, whereupon their crops failed. The oracle of Apollo at Delphi made them recover the statue: fishermen recovered it, the statue was reinstated, and all was well (Pausanias 6.11.5–9).
Trains and Boats and Planes
Authors: Ruffel Isabel A.
Published: October 2024

Processions involving ships are a feature of a number of festivals, not least the Athenian Anthesteria (or Dionysia) and Panathenaea, and the Dionysia at Smyrna. It is only a short step to have such ships progress from direct haulage to have the ships’ motion be mediated mechanically. This chapter considers the evidence for such mechanical ships at the Panathenaea, their relationship to the traditional methods of locomotion of such devices, to the wider role of mechanical devices (including alleged automata) in other festival contexts, and to attested forms of naval machinery in a non-festive context. It will consider on the one hand the likely technological solutions to puzzles posed by enigmatic testimonia, not least drawing a ship up the Panathenaic Way, and on the other the motivation for technical animation of ships in these contexts.
The Importance of the Construct
Authors: Bur Tatiana
Published: October 2024

Objects were technologically animated in a variety of religious contexts in the Graeco-Roman world—in procession, temples, theatrical performance, divinatory settings, for example. This chapter focuses on the issue of viewership, probing the relationship between the divine, the object, the human worshipper, and human technician. It explores the examples of rotating wheels displayed or used in temples known largely from pneumatic texts, a pair of epigrams that describe technologically animated votives, and considers the perspective of the mechanician through use of Hero of Alexandria’s On Automata. Far from suggesting that a blind naivety on the ancient audience’s behalf rendered these animated technologies ‘magical’, the chapter argues for a nuanced understanding of how visible, technical elements of construction were key to the success of the animation, and thus to the religious effectiveness of the objects.
Introduction
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The Introduction sets the perspective for the book by starting from the assumption that social life is defined by collective struggles. Such struggles, it argues, are about exclusion, exploitation, and elimination. These processes originate from the global dynamics of neoliberalism, global capitalism, and settler colonialism. To transcend a Western-centred or Europe-centred sociological reasoning, it argues in favour of a relational perspective that takes seriously the relations of the West and the Rest by considering a historical perspective of the intrinsic relation. In reminding of the almost forgotten idea of social closure, it argues that a fundamentally new theoretical approach to it allows for analysing and explaining these processes. It discusses the critical aspects of such an approach, clarifies its methodological relational perspective, and outlines the argument of the book.
Beyond Max Weber
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

This chapter consolidates the results of the discussion on Weber’s conceptual and empirical approach. It summarizes the merits of Weber’s work while also paving the way for a new theory of social closure that necessarily must extend beyond Weber’s ideas. The chapter contends that to address social closure struggles—manifestations of asymmetric social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination—a new approach must reject Weber’s methodological individualism. Instead, this chapter argues in favour of a relational perspective and suggests the development of new concepts of group action, power, and life chances for closure theory.
The Explanatory Logic of Social Closure
Authors: Mackert Jürgen
Published: October 2024

The chapter summarizes the advantages of a new explanatory approach to social closure, emphasizing its relational character. It explains how the social mechanisms of denial of access and intervention into community closure operate within social relations of exclusion, exploitation, and elimination. The chapter highlights, again, how the same mechanisms function consistently across different contexts but result in varied outcomes. It also argues that determining which strategy and which resource of power is dominant at any given time is always an empirical question, not one that follows a derivative logic. Additionally, the chapter explains that the new approach is meant to analyse in detail dynamics and processes that help to understand the strategies of the excluders, exploiters, and eliminators, while noting that analysis of counterstrategies within these relations lies beyond the scope of this book.
Introduction
Authors: Humphreys Adam R. C. , Suganami Hidemi
Published: October 2024

Causal inquiry, when properly understood, has a vital role to play in the study of world politics, yet in the discipline of International Relations (IR), important aspects of causal inquiry are widely misunderstood. As outlined in this Introduction, Causal Inquiry in International Relations aims to: (i) demonstrate and rectify some deeply entrenched misunderstandings about causation, causal inference, and causal explanation, among other closely related subjects; (ii) provide a more adequate account of the basic logic of causal inquiry that underlies all causal research, irrespective of the particular methods applied; and (iii) enhance collective understanding of the contribution that causal inquiry can make to empirically rich and critically aware scholarship about world politics and highlight some of the challenges that are likely to arise, even in high-quality work, when conducting causal inquiries in IR.
Introduction
Authors: Page Edward C.
Published: October 2024

In order to test Max Weber’s approach to the development of bureaucracy one needs a workable definition of its main characteristics. Four main features are the structural differentiation, monocracy, professionalism, and formalism of officialdom. Weber’s approach further suggests that bureaucratization is a long-term development trend, that it is revolutionary and is the tool of the powerful in maintaining their ‘dominion’. These arguments will be developed in an examination of six territories (Hungary, England, Spain, Germany, France, and Sweden) in five different time periods (the ninth, twelfth, fifteenth, and eighteenth centuries and the period from the mid-twentieth to the early twenty-first century). The analysis will look not only at the higher administrative levels, termed ‘secretariat officialdom’, but also at ‘territorial’ and (especially neglected) ‘service’ officialdom.
Twelfth-century feudal officialdom
Authors: Page Edward C.
Published: October 2024

Government in the twelfth century is often described as ‘feudal’, albeit this is a controversial term. It does point to the fragmentation of political authority among a variety of different ‘lordships’ within a territory. Alongside this fragmentation, the period witnesses significant elaboration of forms of administrative organization consistent with Weber’s argument, above all in the elaboration of forms of service officialdom. In this period, it is possible to detect a strengthening power of royal government especially through the development of forms of territorial government with powers of supervision over other regional and local forms of administration. Yet this was not a move towards bureaucratization through creating monocratic forms of administration. The role of territorial officialdom was concerned with supervising and giving account rather than establishing command and direction.
Growing intensity in the fifteenth century
Authors: Page Edward C.
Published: October 2024

Using the notion of growing governmental ‘intensity’, referring to a more visible presence of government among communities, a growing integration between wider area and local forms of government, as well as a growing popular involvement in governmental institutions, this chapter examines levels of professionalism and organizational differentiation in later medieval government, more marked in service officialdom such as municipal government, as well as the tendency for ‘bureaucratic’ features, including above all organizational differentiation and professionalization, to develop more strongly the greater the remoteness of officials from the main source of authority,. The notion that these developments can be characterized as ‘centralization’, still less a product of state-led reforms, can be challenged.
Blackstone's Magistrates' Court Handbook 2024
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This book provides a complete practical guide by incorporating full references to the Magistrates' Court Sentencing Guidelines. It covers all the key aspects of magistrates' court practice and focuses on the areas most likely to arise at short notice that require an instant response from the advocate. It looks at offences most frequently experienced at court, such as assault, public order, dishonesty, drugs, weapons, driving, criminal damage, and sexual offences. The book includes tables, flow-charts, and a clear system of icons that aid comprehension and speedy navigation. Cross-referencing to Blackstone's Criminal Practice 2024 provides an easy access to in-depth commentary.
Case Management
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter cites Crim PR 3.16(5), which provides that at the first hearing the court will require the defendant to give their name and date of birth. Crim PR 24.15(2) provides that where the court imposes a custodial sentence the court will require the defendant to provide their nationality. It explains that Crim PR have no application in relation to civil proceedings in the magistrates’ court and the Civil Procedure Rules do not apply either. The chapter reviews rule 3A of the Magistrates’ Courts Rules 1981, which provides the court with case management powers identical to those enjoyed in relation to criminal cases. Crim PR 1 and 3 deal with the overriding objective and case management powers.
Commencing Proceedings: Time Limits
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses summary-only proceedings that must be started within six months of the criminality complained of under section 127 Magistrates’ Courts Act 1980. If there is a dispute as to whether the proceedings have been commenced within the time limit, their validity must be proved by the Crown to the criminal standard. The six-month time limit does not apply to allegations of criminal damage of whatever value as they are either-way offences that may only be tried summarily. The chapter recounts the case of Candlish v DPP [2022], which indicates that an egregious delay in charging may amount to an abuse of process. It reviews offences that can be tried summarily and are exempt from the six-month time bar.
Identification Evidence
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter references Flynn and St John [2008] EWCA Crim 970 on the protections necessary when there is evidence of voice recognition. If the quality of the recording is good and the length sufficient, such evidence may be admitted with appropriate warnings. In Facebook identification cases, reference should be made to R v Alexander and McGill [2012] EWCA Crim 2768. The chapter reviews the guidance laid down in R v Turnbull (1976) 63 Cr App R 132, noting how recognition may be more reliable than identification of a stranger. It cites a few examples taken over the whole spectrum of criminal activity, which illustrate what the effects upon the maintenance of law and order would be if any law were enacted that no person could be convicted on evidence of visual identification alone.
Misbehaviour at Court
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the jurisdiction of the magistrates’ court that deals with any person who insults the justice or justices and any witness before or officer of the court or any solicitor or counsel having business in the court or who interrupts the proceedings of the court. The court may order any officer of the court to take the offender into custody and detain him until the rising of the court. A magistrates’ court may at any time revoke an order of committal and order a discharge. The chapter notes that there is no power to adjourn and the matter must be dealt with before the end of the court day. It reviews a few cases that cannot be handled adequately by a suitable apology.
Witnesses, Issue of Summons, or Warrant
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of witnesses, issues of summons, or warrants. The court may commit any person refusing without excuse to be sworn, give evidence, or produce a document to custody until the expiration of a period not exceeding a month or a fine. Additionally, the power to compel the production of documents relates only to material evidence, which should not be used to compel the production of documents just for cross-examination purposes. The chapter also discusses the alternative approach concerned with the Crown Court's responsibilities in line with paragraph 3.5 of the Code of Practice issued under the Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996.
Sentencing
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the sentencing options available in relation to young offenders appearing in adult court. Any case that needs a greater sentence must be remitted to the youth court. The chapter details the relevant victim surcharge in line with the time of the offence. It then discusses the adult court's obligation to make a referral order in circumstances where the order must be made in the youth court. The court also has ancillary powers that correlate to orders binding over a parent or guardian to take proper care of the youth and ancillary orders such as disqualification from driving, endorsement of a driving licence, and to pay compensation and costs.
Animal Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides an overview of the offences correlated with animal cruelty. The Animal Welfare Act 2006 provide for offences in relation to unnecessary suffering, mutilation, docking of dogs’ tails, administration of poisons, and fighting. A person commits an offence if he does not take such steps as are reasonable in all the circumstances to ensure that the needs of an animal for which he is responsible are met. The chapter details sentencing in relation to animal cruelty, which includes a six-month limitation period for summary offences that can be disapplied in some circumstances. It also considers several other provisions and sentencing under the Dangerous Dogs Act 1991.
Breach Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the provisions that address breach offences. Several provisions under the Sentencing Act 2020 provide the conditions and extent of breaching offences. The chapter then elaborates on the offence and offence of breaching a criminal behaviour order, restraining order, protective order, sexual harm prevention order (SHPO), domestic violence protection orders, and notification requirements. It also overviews several other breaches such as a Modern Slavery Act protection order and a female genital mutilation protection order. The court should refer to the sentencing approach in the Sentencing Council’s guideline for breach of a criminal behaviour order to determine culpability and harm while simultaneously determining an appropriate sentence bearing in mind the maximum penalty for the offence.
Communication Network Offences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter details the offences concerned with communication networks and has been reworked to include the Online Safety Act 2023. A person is guilty of improper use of a public electronic communications network if they sent a message that is grossly offensive or obscene or caused any such messages to be sent. The question of whether something is offensive is determined by reference to whether or not reasonable persons would find the message grossly offensive under the standards of an open and just multiracial society. The chapter explains the prohibition of sending certain articles by post under the Postal Services Act 2000. It also details the provisions under Malicious Communications Act 1988 and section 33 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015.
Offences against the Person
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the offences against the person. It includes common assault under section 39 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988, assaulting an emergency worker under the Sentencing Act 2020, ABH and GBH under the Offences Against the Person Act 1861, along with offences such as controlling or coercive behaviour and strangulation under the Serious Crime Act 2015 and child neglect under the Children and Young Persons Act 1933. Defences to assault are included at the start of the chapter.
Confiscation
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter describes the provision on confiscation orders under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002. A magistrates’ court has no power to make a confiscation order, but can retain jurisdiction initially and then commit for sentence post-conviction. A magistrates’ court may commit an offender to the Crown Court for the purposes of activating the confiscation regime under the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002, even where a discharge is considered the proper sentence.
Custodial Sentences
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter looks at the provision on custodial sentences under the Sentencing Act 2020. The court must not pass a custodial sentence unless it is of the opinion that the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it, was so serious that neither a fine alone nor a community sentence can be justified for the offence. The Sentencing Council’s definitive guideline on the imposition of community and custodial sentences sets out four questions for consideration. Has the custody threshold been passed? Is it unavoidable that a sentence of imprisonment be imposed? What is the shortest term commensurate with the seriousness of the offence? Can the sentence be suspended? The custodial sentence must be for the shortest term (not exceeding the permitted maximum) that in the opinion of the court is commensurate with the seriousness of the offence, or the combination of the offence and one or more offences associated with it. The chapter then looks at the minima and maxima sentences.
Detention in Young Offender Institution
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter discusses the provision on detention in Young Offender Institution (YOI). The general requirements for the imposition of a custodial sentence must be met; a minimum sentence of 21 days must be imposed. A suspended sentence order may also be imposed. In case of breach of YOI licence, a new application for legal aid may be made under section 14(b) of the Legal Aid Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012. Section 256C of the Criminal Justice Act 2003 provides that ‘if it is proved to the satisfaction of the court that the offender has failed to comply with requirements under section 256B(6) (the supervision requirements), the court may order the offender to be detained, in prison or such youth detention accommodation as the Secretary of State may determine, for such period, not exceeding 30 days, as the court may specify’. The court may also ‘order the offender to pay a fine not exceeding level 3 on the standard scale’. If returned to custody, the offender serves the whole of the period involved and the supervision period is reduced by the time served.
Newton Hearings
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains the provision on Newton hearings. The rule in R v Newton (1982) 77 Cr App R 13 indicates that an offender will be sentenced on the prosecution’s version of the facts unless the defence make clear that they are pleading on an alternative basis. In that situation, the Crown must prove its version of the facts by admissible evidence to the criminal standard of proof. The purpose of a Newton hearing is to establish the factual basis for sentence in a case where there is a factual dispute and that dispute is material to sentence. A material difference in relation to sentence is not restricted to whether or not a different category within the sentencing guidelines is going to be selected. In the magistrates’ and youth court, it was not proper for the trial of one defendant and a Newton in relation to the other to take place at the same time.
Sentencing Guidelines
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter explains the sentencing guidelines under section 59 of the Sentencing Act 2020. Every court must, in sentencing an offender, follow any sentencing guidelines which are relevant to the offender’s case, and must, in exercising any other function relating to the sentencing of offenders, follow any sentencing guidelines which are relevant to the exercise of the function, unless the court is satisfied that it would be contrary to the interests of justice to do so. The guidelines are structured in a series of steps. These include determining the offence category; starting point and category range; considering any factors which indicate a reduction, such as assistance to the prosecution; reduction for guilty pleas; the totality principle; and compensation and other ancillary orders. The Sentencing Council has published general sentencing guidelines for offences with no individual guidelines and expanded definitions of aggravating and mitigating factors. The chapter then looks at specific considerations, such as failure to appear, mental disorders, and the issue of prevalence.
Victim Surcharge Order
Authors: Dalton Bartholomew , Liggins Caroline
Published: October 2024

This chapter examines the provision on victim surcharge orders. In any case relating to an offence committed on or after 1 October 2012, the court must impose a surcharge order in accordance with the tables provided in the chapter. The amounts increase depending on the date of the offence. The higher figures do not apply where a court deals with a person for a single offence committed before the date shown or more than one offence, at least one of which was committed before the date shown. If any one offence was committed as a youth then the youth court figures apply. The charge may be ignored or reduced if the offender would not be able to pay both the surcharge and compensation. If the offender would not be able to pay both a surcharge and a fine, the surcharge takes precedence and the fine should be reduced.
Recent Advances in Ubiquitin Signals Regulating Plant Membrane Trafficking
Authors: Hasegawa Yoko , Luo Yongming , Sato Takeo
Published: October 2024

Ubiquitination is a reversible post-translational modification involving the attachment of ubiquitin, a 76-amino acid protein conserved among eukaryotes. The protein ‘ubiquitin’ was named after it was found to be ubiquitously expressed in cells. Ubiquitination was first identified as a post-translational modification that mediates energy-consuming protein degradation by the proteasome. After half a century, the manifold functions of ubiquitin are widely recognized to play key roles in diverse molecular pathways and physiological processes. Compared to humans, the number of enzymes related to ubiquitination is almost twice as high in plant species, such as Arabidopsis and rice, suggesting that this modification plays a critical role in many aspects of plant physiology including development and environmental stress responses. Here, we summarize and discuss recent knowledge of ubiquitination focusing on the regulation of membrane trafficking in plants. Ubiquitination of plasma membrane-localized proteins often leads to endocytosis and vacuolar targeting. In addition to cargo proteins, ubiquitination of membrane trafficking regulators regulates the morphodynamics of the endomembrane system. Thus, throughout this review, we focus on the physiological responses regulated by ubiquitination and their underlying mechanisms to clarify what is already known and what would be interesting to investigate in the future.
Plasma membrane and cytoplasmic compartmentalization: A dynamic structural framework required for pollen tube tip growth
Authors: Fritz Carolin , Reimann Theresa Maria , Adler Jeremy , Knab Johanna , Schulmeister Sylwia , Kriechbaum Choy , Müller Sabine , Parmryd Ingela , Kost Benedikt
Published: October 2024

Rapid, unidirectional pollen tube tip growth is essential for fertilization and widely employed as a model of polar cell expansion, a process crucial for plant morphogenesis. Different proteins and lipids with key functions in the control of polar cell expansion are associated with distinct domains of the plasma membrane (PM) at the pollen tube tip. These domains need to be dynamically maintained during tip growth, which depends on massive secretory and endocytic membrane trafficking. Very little is currently known about the molecular and cellular mechanisms responsible for the compartmentalization of the pollen tube PM. To provide a reliable structural framework for the further characterization of these mechanisms, an integrated quantitative map was compiled of the relative positions in normally growing Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) pollen tubes of PM domains (i) enriched in key signaling proteins or lipids, (ii) displaying high membrane order, or (iii) in contact with cytoplasmic structures playing important roles in apical membrane trafficking. Previously identified secretory and endocytic PM domains were also included in this map. Internalization of regulatory proteins or lipids associated with PM regions overlapping with the lateral endocytic domain was assessed based on brefeldin A treatment. These analyses revealed remarkable aspects of the structural organization of tobacco pollen tube tips, which (i) enhance our understanding of cellular and regulatory processes underlying tip growth and (ii) highlight important areas of future research.