bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recommended Vaccines for Adolescent Patients
Authors: Bennett Gregory H. , Leite Kelly
Published: February 2014

Vaccination is a safe and effective tool in the prevention of serious and deadly infectious diseases. The vaccinations delivered at routine adolescent visits are an integral part of preventing infection, as well as reducing school absenteeism as a result of illness. Current recommendations by the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices include vaccinating during a single visit at age 11 or 12 years against pathogens including Neisseria meningitidis, which has been shown to cause invasive meningococcal infections; Bordetella pertussis, which has been shown to cause pertussis (whooping cough); and human papillomavirus, which has been shown to cause cervical cancer and genital warts. Additionally, annual influenza vaccination is recommended for adolescents without contraindications to the vaccine. In the present article, the authors summarize current recommendations for adolescent vaccines and their formulations, the infections that they prevent, contraindications to administration, vaccination rates, and the most commonly reported adverse events.
Growth of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells on size-controllable nanopyramid arrays
Authors: Miao Cao , Honda Yoshio , Yamaguchi Masahito , Amano Hiroshi
Published: February 2014

Regularly distributed nanopyramid arrays with a highly uniform size were grown by selective-area growth. The nanopyramid size could be tuned by varying the growth time. Two emission peaks were observed from multiple quantum wells grown on the nanopyramids. The longer-wavelength peak originated from the apexes of pyramids with threefold symmetry. High-density stacking faults observed at these triangular apexes might be responsible for the higher indium incorporation. The formation of embedded voids inside the pyramids was explained by the different growth rates at the edge and center of the mask window caused by the low diffusion length.
Decrease in southeastern Australian water availability linked to ongoing Hadley cell expansion
Authors: Post David A. , Timbal Bertrand , Chiew Francis H. S. , Hendon Harry H. , Nguyen Hahn , Moran Rae
Published: February 2014

Southeastern Australia experienced the worst drought of the instrumental record from 1997 to 2009, which was broken by Australia's wettest 2 year period on record (2010/2011). This drought was primarily a cool season (April to October) phenomenon. In contrast, the breaking of the drought was a warm season (November to March) phenomenon. This reduction in winter rainfall along with an absence of very wet months led to a greater reduction in streamflow across the region than would be anticipated based on the 12% reduction in mean annual rainfall alone. The results presented in this article have linked the extent, duration, and severity of this drought to the ongoing observed expansion of the Southern Hemisphere Hadley cell at a rate of 0.5°/decade. This expansion has intensified the subtropical ridge over southern Australia, pushing cool season midlatitude storm tracks further south, leading to a reduction in winter rainfall and runoff across the region.
Triggering of repeating earthquakes in central California
Authors: Wu Chunquan , Gomberg Joan , Ben‐Naim Eli , Johnson Paul
Published: February 2014

Dynamic stresses carried by transient seismic waves have been found capable of triggering earthquakes instantly in various tectonic settings. Delayed triggering may be even more common, but the mechanisms are not well understood. Catalogs of repeating earthquakes, earthquakes that recur repeatedly at the same location, provide ideal data sets to test the effects of transient dynamic perturbations on the timing of earthquake occurrence. Here we employ a catalog of 165 families containing ~2500 total repeating earthquakes to test whether dynamic perturbations from local, regional, and teleseismic earthquakes change recurrence intervals. The distance to the earthquake generating the perturbing waves is a proxy for the relative potential contributions of static and dynamic deformations, because static deformations decay more rapidly with distance. Clear changes followed the nearby 2004 Mw6 Parkfield earthquake, so we study only repeaters prior to its origin time. We apply a Monte Carlo approach to compare the observed number of shortened recurrence intervals following dynamic perturbations with the distribution of this number estimated for randomized perturbation times. We examine the comparison for a series of dynamic stress peak amplitude and distance thresholds. The results suggest a weak correlation between dynamic perturbations in excess of ~20 kPa and shortened recurrence intervals, for both nearby and remote perturbations.
Ionization of metastable nitrogen and oxygen atoms by electron impact: Relevance to auroral emissions
Authors: Pandya Siddharth H. , Joshipura K. N.
Published: February 2014

Total cross sections are theoretically evaluated for electron impact ionization of initially metastable states of nitrogen as well as oxygen atoms, known to play roles in auroral emissions observed in the Earth's polar regions as also in the cometary coma and airglows. If the long‐lived N(2P), N(2D), O(1S), and O(1D) metastable species get ionized in their interactions with energetic electrons, then they would not contribute to auroral emission. Therefore, we investigate electron ionization of the said metastable species by calculating relevant total cross sections. Our quantum mechanical calculations are based on projected approximate ionization contribution in the total inelastic cross sections. In all the four targets, the resulting cross sections are fairly large, indicating the importance of the electron ionization process.
Flame Challenge Science Communication Contest
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: February 2014

What is color? That is the question for this year's Flame Challenge, an international contest started by actor Alan Alda that asks scientists to communicate complex science in a way that would educate and spark the interest of an 11‐year‐old.
Mantle compression affects seismic wave propagation
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: February 2014

To try to understand the direction of motion of the Earth's mantle, which lies hidden beneath tens of kilometers of crust, researchers have relied on the property of seismic anisotropy. When seismic shear waves pass through some types of materials, known as anisotropic materials, the speed of the wave can vary depending on the direction in which it is moving. Traditionally, scientists have assumed that the direction in which waves move more quickly aligns with the direction of mantle motion. For subduction zones, however, this general rule seemed to break down—a discrepancy exists between numerical model simulations and observed seismic data.
Tuning the Polarizability in Donor Polymers with a Thiophenesaccharin Unit for Organic Photovoltaic Applications
Authors: Xu Tao , Lu Luyao , Zheng Tianyue , Szarko Jodi M. , Schneider Alexander , Chen Lin X. , Yu Luping
Published: February 2014

This paper describes the synthesis of low bandgap copolymers incorporating an artificial sweetener derivative, N‐alkyl, 3‐oxothieno[3,4‐d]isothiazole 1,1‐dioxide (TID). This new TID unit is identical to the well‐known thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6‐dione (TPD) unit except that one carbonyl has been replaced by a sulfonyl group. Semi‐empirical calculations on the local dipole moment change between ground and excited states (Δμge) in the repeating units of the new polymer indicate that the replacement of the carbonyl by a sulfonyl group leads to larger Δμge values. The resulting polymers exhibit a diminished power‐conversion efficiency (PCE) compared to a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells with PC71BM as an acceptor, which extends the correlation between PCE and Δμge of single repeating units in p‐type polymers to a new regime. Detailed studies show that the strongly electron‐withdrawing sulfonyl group is detrimental to charge separation in alternating copolymers containing a TID unit.
White blood cell recovery after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation predicts clinical outcome
Authors: Kim Haesook T. , Frederick David , Armand Philippe , Andler Emily , Kao Grace , Cutler Corey , Koreth John , Alyea Edwin P. , Antin Joseph H. , Soiffer Robert J. , Ritz Jerome , Ho Vincent T.
Published: February 2014

To determine whether outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) could be estimated by using peripheral white blood cell count (WBC) as a metric that integrates several aspects of HCT recovery, we conducted a retrospective study of 1,109 adult patients who underwent first allogeneic HCT from 2003 through 2009. WBC at 1–3 months after HCT was categorized as low (<2), normal (2–10), and high (>10 × 109 cells/L). Overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were lower for patients with low or high WBC at 1–3 months after HCT (P < 0.0001). We developed a predictive three‐group risk model based on the pattern of WBC recovery early after HCT. Five‐year OS was 47, 30, and 15% (P < 0.0001) and 5‐year PFS was 39, 22, and 14% for patients in the three different risk groups (P < 0.0001). The pattern of WBC recovery early after HCT provides prognostic information for relapse, nonrelapse mortality, progression‐free survival, and overall survival. A scoring system based on the trajectory of the WBC in the first 3 months after HCT can effectively stratify patients into three groups with different PFS and OS. If validated, this system could be useful in the clinical management of patients after HCT, and to stratify patients enrolled on HCT clinical trials. Am. J. Hematol. 89:591–597, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Botulinum toxin‐a treatment reduces human mechanical pain sensitivity and mechanotransduction
Authors: Paterson Kathryn , Lolignier Stéphane , Wood John N. , McMahon Stephen B. , Bennett David L. H.
Published: February 2014

The mechanisms underlying the analgesic effects of botulinum toxin serotype A (BoNT‐A) are not well understood. We have tested the hypothesis that BoNT‐A can block nociceptor transduction. Intradermal administration of BoNT‐A to healthy volunteers produced a marked and specific decrease in noxious mechanical pain sensitivity, whereas sensitivity to low‐threshold mechanical and thermal stimuli was unchanged. BoNT‐A did not affect cutaneous innervation. In cultured rodent primary sensory neurons, BoNT‐A decreased the proportion of neurons expressing slowly adapting mechanically gated currents linked to mechanical pain transduction. Inhibition of mechanotransduction provides a novel locus of action of BoNT‐A, further understanding of which may extend its use as an analgesic agent. Ann Neurol 2014;75:591–596
Polydopamine hydrophilic modification of polypropylene separator for lithium ion battery
Authors: Wang Dan , Zhao Zhongling , Yu Lina , Zhang Kejin , Na Hui , Ying Shanqiang , Xu Dechao , Zhang Guo
Published: February 2014

The modified polypropylene (PP) separators with self‐polymerization of dopamine on the surfaces are prepared by a simple solution‐immersion method to improve the interfacial hydrophilic and discharge performance. The contact angle test and the liquid electrolyte uptake capacity test results show that the wettability and the electrolyte‐retention ability of polydopamine‐modified separator are improved significantly. The robust and thin polydopamine layer on the surface also enhances thermal performance and tensile strength of the modified PP separator certified by DSC and tensile strength tests. The ionic conductivity of the modified PP separator is up to 3.08 mS·cm−1, ∼2.5 times of the bare separator. Good discharge capacity retention and C‐rate discharge performance are demonstrated by a 2025 coin half‐cell with the liquid electrolyte‐soaked polydopamine modified PP separator sandwiched between lithium metal anode and LiFePO4 cathode. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40543.
Fixed‐Structure ℋ∞ Controller Design for Systems with Polytopic Uncertainty: An LMI Solution
Authors: Sadeghzadeh Arash
Published: February 2014

This note provides a new method for fixed‐structure H∞ controller design for discrete‐time single input single output (SISO) systems with polytopic uncertainty. New conditions are derived based on the concept of robust strict positive realness (SPRness) of an uncertain polynomial with respect to a parameter‐dependent polynomial. The quality of this approximation depends on this SPR‐maker. A procedure is proposed for choosing the parameter‐dependent SPR‐maker that guarantees the improvement of the performance for the designed controller in comparison with the traditional approaches employed fixed SPR‐makers. The proposed conditions are given in terms of solutions to a set of linear matrix inequalities. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by comparing with the existing results.
Flux balancing of light and nutrients in a biofilm photobioreactor for maximizing photosynthetic productivity
Authors: Murphy Thomas E. , Berberoglu Halil
Published: February 2014

This article reports a combined experimental and numerical study on the efficient operation of Porous Substrate Bioreactors. A comprehensive model integrating light transport, mass transport, and algal growth kinetics was used to understand the productivity of photosynthetic biofilms in response to delivery rates of photons and nutrients. The reactor under consideration was an evaporation driven Porous Substrate Bioreactor (PSBR) cultivating the cyanobacteria Anabaena variabilis as a biofilm on a porous substrate which delivers water and nutrients to the cells. In an unoptimized experimental case, this reactor was operated with a photosynthetic efficiency of 2.3%, competitive with conventional photobioreactors. Moreover, through a scaling analysis, the location at which the phosphate delivery rate decreased the growth rate to half of its uninhibited value was predicted as a function of microorganism and bioreactor properties. The numerical model along with the flux balancing techniques presented herein can serve as tools for designing and selecting operating parameters of biofilm based cultivation systems for maximum productivity. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:348–359, 2014
Optimization of culture media for large‐scale lutein production by heterotrophic Chlorella vulgaris
Authors: Jeon Jin Young , Kwon Ji‐Sue , Kang Soon Tae , Kim Bo‐Ra , Jung Yuchul , Han Jae Gap , Park Joon Hyun , Hwang Jae Kwan
Published: February 2014

Lutein is a carotenoid with a purported role in protecting eyes from oxidative stress, particularly the high‐energy photons of blue light. Statistical optimization was performed to growth media that supports a higher production of lutein by heterotrophically cultivated Chlorella vulgaris. The effect of media composition of C. vulgaris on lutein was examined using fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD). The results indicated that the presence of magnesium sulfate, EDTA‐2Na, and trace metal solution significantly affected lutein production. The optimum concentrations for lutein production were found to be 0.34 g/L, 0.06 g/L, and 0.4 mL/L for MgSO4·7H2O, EDTA‐2Na, and trace metal solution, respectively. These values were validated using a 5‐L jar fermenter. Lutein concentration was increased by almost 80% (139.64 ± 12.88 mg/L to 252.75 ± 12.92 mg/L) after 4 days. Moreover, the lutein concentration was not reduced as the cultivation was scaled up to 25,000 L (260.55 ± 3.23 mg/L) and 240,000 L (263.13 ± 2.72 mg/L). These observations suggest C. vulgaris as a potential lutein source. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:736–743, 2014
A Narrative Enquiry of Experienced Family Carers of People with Dementia Volunteering in a Carer Supporter Programme
Authors: Brooks Alice , Farquharson Lorna , Burnell Karen , Charlesworth Georgina
Published: February 2014

Whilst positive and negative aspects of general volunteering have been noted in the literature, little is known about the experience of volunteering to provide peer support to carers of people with dementia. The present study explored the impact of participating in a carer supporter programme in the context of previous caring experiences. Eight carer supporters, who had participated in the programme for at least 5 months, took part in semi‐structured interviews to elicit rich, extended narratives of their experiences. Narrative analysis of the interview transcripts covered structural, thematic and wider socio‐cultural components. The results indicated that most carer supporters naturally reflected on the positive impact of having shared experiences with the newer carers. Emotional and practical gains from participating in the programme were highlighted, as well as a greater sense of connection with others, extending to a wider social and organisational network. However, carer supporters also reflected on the negative emotions that could be evoked. The findings of the study indicate that the carer supporter role has potential to facilitate new roles, activities and social identities, but participation needs to be considered in relation to potentially stressful transitional points throughout the caring career. Role definition issues also need further consideration. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Piezo2 expression in corneal afferent neurons
Authors: Bron Romke , Wood Rhiannon J. , Brock James A. , Ivanusic Jason J.
Published: February 2014

Recently, a novel class of mechanically sensitive channels has been identified and have been called Piezo channels. In this study, we explored Piezo channel expression in sensory neurons supplying the guinea pig corneal epithelium, which have well‐defined modalities in this species. We hypothesized that a proportion of corneal afferent neurons express Piezo2, and that these neurons are neurochemically distinct from corneal polymodal nociceptors or cold‐sensing neurons. We used a combination of retrograde tracing to identify corneal afferent neurons and double label in situ hybridization and/or immunohistochemistry to determine their molecular and/or neurochemical profile. We found that Piezo2 expression occurs in ∼26% of trigeminal ganglion neurons and 30% of corneal afferent neurons. Piezo2 corneal afferent neurons are almost exclusively non‐calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP)‐immunoreactive (‐IR), medium‐ to large‐sized neurons that are NF200‐IR, suggesting they are not corneal polymodal nociceptors. There was no coexpression of Piezo2 and transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8) transcripts in any corneal afferent neurons, further suggesting that Piezo2 is not expressed in corneal cold‐sensing neurons. We also noted that TRPM8‐IR or CGRP‐IR corneal afferent neurons are almost entirely small and lack NF200‐IR. Piezo2 expression occurs in a neurochemically distinct subpopulation of corneal afferent neurons that are not polymodal nociceptors or cold‐sensing neurons, and is likely confined to a subpopulation of pure mechano‐nociceptors in the cornea. This provides the first evidence in an in vivo system that Piezo2 is a strong candidate for a channel that transduces noxious mechanical stimuli. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:2967–2979, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Emergence of sensory structures in the developing epidermis in sepia officinalis and other coleoid cephalopods
Authors: Buresi Auxane , Croll Roger P. , Tiozzo Stefano , Bonnaud Laure , Baratte Sébastien
Published: February 2014

Embryonic cuttlefish can first respond to a variety of sensory stimuli during early development in the egg capsule. To examine the neural basis of this ability, we investigated the emergence of sensory structures within the developing epidermis. We show that the skin facing the outer environment (not the skin lining the mantle cavity, for example) is derived from embryonic domains expressing the Sepia officinalis ortholog of pax3/7, a gene involved in epidermis specification in vertebrates. On the head, they are confined to discrete brachial regions referred to as “arm pillars” that expand and cover Sof‐pax3/7‐negative head ectodermal tissues. As revealed by the expression of the S. officinalis ortholog of elav1, an early marker of neural differentiation, the olfactory organs first differentiate at about stage 16 within Sof‐pax3/7‐negative ectodermal regions before they are covered by the definitive Sof‐pax3/7‐positive outer epithelium. In contrast, the eight mechanosensory lateral lines running over the head surface and the numerous other putative sensory cells in the epidermis, differentiate in the Sof‐pax3/7‐positive tissues at stages ∼24–25, after they have extended over the entire outer surfaces of the head and arms. Locations and morphologies of the various sensory cells in the olfactory organs and skin were examined using antibodies against acetylated tubulin during the development of S. officinalis and were compared with those in hatchlings of two other cephalopod species. The early differentiation of olfactory structures and the peculiar development of the epidermis with its sensory cells provide new perspectives for comparisons of developmental processes among molluscs. J. Comp. Neurol. 522:3004–3019, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of omeprazole and ritonavir on absorption and elimination of the hepatitis C virus NS5A inhibitor GSK2336805 in healthy adults
Authors: Adkison Kimberly K. , Jones Lori S. , Lou Yu , Gan Jianjun , Wilfret David A.
Published: February 2014

This Phase I, randomized, open‐label study evaluated the gastric pH‐altering effects of omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, and the CYP3A enzyme/P‐glycoprotein (Pgp)‐inhibitory effects of ritonavir, an HIV protease inhibitor, on the pharmacokinetics and safety of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) non‐structural protein 5A (NS5A) inhibitor GSK2336805 in healthy male and female subjects. Co‐administration of GSK2336805 60 mg with omeprazole decreased GSK2336805 plasma AUC(0–∞) by 10% and Cmax by 18%; no marked effect was observed on t½. Co‐administration of GSK2336805 30 mg with ritonavir increased GSK2336805 plasma AUC(0–∞) by 52%, Cmax by 43%, and t½ by 40%; CL/F was decreased by 34%. All adverse events were minor in intensity. The gastric acid‐suppressive effect of omeprazole had minimal impact on the extent and rate of GSK2336805 absorption in vivo; therefore, GSK2336805 may be co‐administered with omeprazole without concern about lower GSK2336805 exposures and compromised antiviral efficacy. The modest increases in AUC and Cmax following co‐administration of GSK2336805 plus ritonavir suggest that GSK2336805 when given concomitantly with a single CYP3A/Pgp inhibiting drug will not likely require dose adjustment. Final dose recommendation will be based on GSK2336805 efficacy and safety profiles from Phase III trials in HCV‐infected patients.
Evaluation of potential for pharmacokinetic interaction between mometasone furoate and formoterol fumarate after oral inhalation from a fixed‐dose combination metered‐dose inhaler device
Authors: Kosoglou Teddy , Hubbell James , Johnson‐Levonas Amy O. , Yunan Mona , Kantesaria Bhavna S. , Cutler David L.
Published: February 2014

A fixed‐dose combination (FDC) containing mometasone furoate (MF) and formoterol fumarate (F) in a pressurized metered dose inhaler (MDI) is approved for asthma and is being developed for COPD. This randomized, open‐label, 4‐period crossover study compared single‐dose pharmacokinetics of MF 800 µg; F 20 µg; MF 800 µg + F 20 µg coadministered (MF + F); and MF 800 µg/F 20 µg (MF/F) FDC in healthy subjects. MF, F, and MF + F were administered from single‐ingredient MDI devices. MF and formoterol plasma samples were obtained predose and up to 48 hours post dose for estimation of AUC0–tf (primary endpoint) and Cmax. Treatments were deemed comparable if the 90% CIs for the geometric mean ratios (GMRs) fell within 70–143%. MF AUC0–tf was comparable following treatment with MF + F versus MF (GMR 98%; 90% CI 85–113%) and MF/F versus MF + F (GMR 95%; 90% CI 82–109%). Similarly, formoterol AUC0‐tf was comparable following treatment with MF + F versus F (GMR 98%; 90% CI 77–124%) and MF/F versus MF + F (GMR 108%; 90% CI 85–136%). The 90% CIs for MF and formoterol Cmax fell within the prespecified comparability bounds for all comparisons. Systemic exposures to MF and formoterol were similar following treatment with the FDC MDI device versus individual or concomitant use of single‐ingredient MDI devices.
Graphical processing unit‐based parallelization of the Open Shortest Path First and Border Gateway Protocol routing protocols
Authors: Dundjerski Dejan , Tomašević Milo
Published: February 2014

Exponentially growing number of devices on Internet incurs an ever‐increasing load on the network routers in executing network protocols. Parallel processing has recently become an unavoidable means to scale up the router performance. The research effort elaborated in this paper is focused on exploiting the modern trends of general‐purpose computing on graphics processing unit computing in speeding up the execution of network protocols. An additional benefit is off‐loading the CPU, which can now be fully dedicated to the packet processing and forwarding. To this end, the Shortest Path First algorithm in the Open Shortest Path First protocol and the choice of the best routes in the Border Gateway Protocol are parallelized for efficient execution on Compute Unified Device Architecture platform. An evaluation study was conducted on three different graphics processing units with representative network workload for a varying number of routes and devices. The obtained speedup results confirmed the viability and cost‐effectiveness of such an approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk evaluation of diabetes mellitus by relation of chaotic globals to HRV
Authors: De Souza Naiara Maria , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos M. , Garner David M.
Published: February 2014

This study's aim is to analyze heart rate dynamics in subjects with diabetes by measures of heart rate variability (HRV). The correlation of chaotic global parameters in the two cohorts is able to assess the probability of cardiac failure and other dynamical diseases. Adults (46) were divided into two equal groups. The autonomic evaluation consisted of measuring HRV for 30 min in supine position in absence of any physical, sensory, or pharmacological stimuli. Chaotic global parameters are able to statistically determine which series of electrocardiograph interpeak intervals in short time‐series are diabetic and which are not. The chaotic forward parameter that applies all three parameters is suggested to be the most appropriate and robust algorithm. This was decided after tests for normality; followed by one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA1); (P < 0.09) and Kruskal–Wallis technique (P < 0.03). Principal component analysis implied two components represent 99.8% of total variance. Therefore, diabetes is a disease which reduces the chaotic response and, as such may be termed a dynamical condition such as are cardiac arrest, asthma, and epilepsy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity 20: 84–92, 2015
Diagnostic value of HMGB1 immunostaining on cell blocks from residual liquid‐based gynecologic cytology specimens
Authors: Yu Li , Duan Chao , He Mian , Yang Zheng , Chen Guidong , Shi Huijuan , Yang Shicong , Wang Liantang , Chen Shangwu
Published: February 2014

Aberrant expression of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is associated with tumor development and progression. The current study was conducted to evaluate the significance of HMGB1 immunostaining on cell block (CB) preparations in the diagnosis of neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of the cervix. The CBs were prepared from 157 residual liquid‐based gynecologic cytology specimens which were collected from women whose cervical lesions had been confirmed by histopathology. The expression of HMGB1 and p16INK4A (p16) was visualized by immunocytochemistry on the CB preparations, and the association of their expression patterns was correlated with the severity of cervical lesions. HeLa cells were used as positive control. HMGB1 expression was observed in dysplastic and neoplastic cells and increased along with the progression of cervical neoplasia. The rates of positive staining for HMGB1 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN‐1), CIN‐2, CIN‐3, and invasive squamous cell carcinomas (ISCCs) were 69.4, 96.9, 100.0, and 100.0%, respectively. The differences between positive rates of patients with chronic cervicitis and various CINs as well as ISCCs were significant (P < 0.005). The differences in positive staining rates between each two CIN groups, and differences between CIN‐1/2 and ISCCs, were also significant (P < 0.005). The expression pattern of HMGB1 was generally correlated with that of p16 (P < 0.001). HMGB1 staining was observed in some p16‐negative specimens. HMGB1 immunostaining on a CB from gynecologic cytology specimens is potentially valuable for the screening of cervical lesions in cases with questionable cytology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:802–808. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The diagnostic approach to fine‐needle aspiration of malignant lymphoma: Using cytomorphology and immunocytochemistry with cell transfer method
Authors: Oh Eun Ji , Hong Soon Won , Jeong Hyeong‐Jae , Yoon Sun Och
Published: February 2014

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is generally considered to be the screening tool for lymphoproliferative lesions. The differential and decisive diagnosis, however, of malignant lymphoma from benign reactive hyperplasia by FNA cytology is sometimes challenging. The diagnostic features compatible with lymphoma as opposed to reactive hyperplasia in FNA cytology were investigated with 31 cases of lymphoma and 31 cases of reactive hyperplasia, and immunocytochemistry with cell transfer method was additionally applied to FNA cytology. The predominance of large lymphocytes, the clustering of large lymphocytes, the presence of markedly large and/or highly pleomorphic cells, the presence of apoptotic and/or necrotic cell debris were considered characteristics of lymphomas, whereas the predominance of small lymphocytes and the presence of histiocytes were considered characteristics of reactive hyperplasia. Using these cytomorphologic characteristics, the diagnostic accuracy for malignant lymphoma in FNA cytology had a sensitivity of 80.6% and a specificity of 100%. By cell transfer method, one of Papanicolaou‐stained slides could be used in immunocytochemistry for several markers. Using such methods, sensitivity of FNA cytology for lymphoma was upgraded to 100%, and decisive diagnoses of diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, Burkitt lymphoma, low grade B‐cell lymphoma, T‐ or NK‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), or Hodgkin lymphoma was possible. Differential diagnosis of malignant lymphoma from reactive hyperplasia, and decisive diagnoses of high, and low grade B‐cell NHL, T‐ or NK‐cell NHL, and HL could be possible by FNA cytology with cytomorphology in conjunction with immunocytochemistry using cell transfer method. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:671–679. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Calcareous concretions and psammoma bodies in sputum smears: Do these similar structures have different clinical significance?
Authors: Martínez‐Girón Rafael , Martínez‐Torre Santiago , Tamargo‐Peláez María Luisa , López‐Cabanilles María Dolores , Torre‐Bayón Concepción
Published: February 2014

Different noncellular elements, such as round concentric calcified laminated structures, may be found in sputum smears. If these structures appear isolated on the background of the smear, the term usually used to describe them is “calcareous concretions” (CC). On the contrary, when the structures are part of epithelial cell groups or small tissue fragments, the term used to describe them is “Psammoma bodies” (PB). The aim of this work is to establish the relationship between these structures and pulmonary disease, especially lung carcinoma, by searching for the presence of CC and/or PB in sputum smears. Our study has taken as a basis 16.716 sputum smears from 696 patients obtained during a 7‐year period (2003–2009). After reviewing them, it was found that from the total, 66 cases (0.39%) contained round calcified structures, 57 of them (0.34%) corresponding to CC, and the remaining 9 ones (0.05%) corresponding to PB. From these 57 CC cases, 56 corresponded to benign entities, and only one was found with lung carcinoma. On the other hand, from the 9 PB cases all of them (100%) were related to lung adenocarcinoma. We conclude that, even having a similar morphological structure, these aforementioned calcified structures we have observed in sputum smears have different and relevant clinical significance. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:759–765. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Temporal and tissue‐specific disruption of LINC complexes in vivo
Authors: Razafsky David , Hodzic Didier
Published: February 2014

Migration and anchorage of nuclei within developing and adult tissues rely on Linkers of the Nucleoskeleton to the Cytoskeleton (LINC complexes). These macromolecular assemblies span the nuclear envelope and physically couple chromatin and nuclear lamina to cytoplasmic cytoskeletal networks. LINC complexes assemble within the perinuclear space through direct interactions between the respective evolutionary‐conserved SUN and KASH domains of Sun proteins, which reside within the inner nuclear membrane, and Nesprins, which reside within the outer nuclear membrane. Here, we describe and validate a dominant‐negative transgenic strategy allowing for the disruption of endogenous SUN/KASH interactions through the inducible expression of a recombinant KASH domain. Our approach, which is based on the Cre/Lox system, allows for the targeted disruption of LINC complexes in a wide array of mouse tissues or specific cell types thereof and bypasses the perinatal lethality and potential cell nonautonomous effects of current mouse models based on germline inactivation of genes encoding Sun proteins and Nesprins. For these reasons, this mouse model provides a useful tool to evaluate the physiological relevance of LINC complexes integrity during development and homeostasis in a wide array of mammalian tissues. genesis 52:359–365, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Branching out: Origins of the sea urchin larval skeleton in development and evolution
Authors: McIntyre Daniel C. , Lyons Deirdre C. , Martik Megan , McClay David R.
Published: February 2014

It is a challenge to understand how the information encoded in DNA is used to build a three‐dimensional structure. To explore how this works the assembly of a relatively simple skeleton has been examined at multiple control levels. The skeleton of the sea urchin embryo consists of a number of calcite rods produced by 64 skeletogenic cells. The ectoderm supplies spatial cues for patterning, essentially telling the skeletogenic cells where to position themselves and providing the factors for skeletal growth. Here, we describe the information known about how this works. First the ectoderm must be patterned so that the signaling cues are released from precise positions. The skeletogenic cells respond by initiating skeletogenesis immediately beneath two regions (one on the right and the other on the left side). Growth of the skeletal rods requires additional signaling from defined ectodermal locations, and the skeletogenic cells respond to produce a membrane‐bound template in which the calcite crystal grows. Important in this process are three signals, fibroblast growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and Wnt5. Each is necessary for explicit tasks in skeleton production. genesis 52:173–185. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Specification and positioning of the anterior neuroectoderm in deuterostome embryos
Authors: Range Ryan
Published: February 2014

The molecular mechanisms used by deuterostome embryos (vertebrates, urochordates, cephalochordates, hemichordates, and echinoderms) to specify and then position the anterior neuroectoderm (ANE) along the anterior–posterior axis are incompletely understood. Studies in several deuterostome embryos suggest that the ANE is initially specified by an early, broad regulatory state. Then, a posterior‐to‐anterior wave of respecification restricts this broad ANE potential to the anterior pole. In vertebrates, sea urchins and hemichordates a posterior–anterior gradient of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays an essential and conserved role in this process. Recent data collected from the basal deuterostome sea urchin embryo suggests that positioning the ANE to the anterior pole involves more than the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, instead relying on the integration of information from the Wnt/β‐catenin, Wnt/JNK, and Wnt/PKC pathways. Moreover, comparison of functional and expression data from the ambulacrarians, invertebrate chordates, and vertebrates strongly suggests that this Wnt network might be an ANE positioning mechanism shared by all deuterostomes. genesis 52:222–234. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prevalence and clinical impact of QRS duration in patients with low‐flow/low‐gradient aortic stenosis due to left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Sebag Frédéric A. , Lellouche Nicolas , Chaachoui Najia , Dubois‐Rande Jean‐Luc , Gueret Pascal , Monin Jean‐Luc
Published: February 2014

Aims

To evaluate the prognostic impact of QRS width in patients with low‐flow/low‐gradient aortic stenosis (LF/LGAS).

Methods and results

Among 88 consecutive patients referred to our institution for LF/LGAS from September 1994 to March 2007, baseline demographic, clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic data were collected. This population was divided into two groups according to baseline QRS duration (cut‐off QRS ≥130 ms). Follow‐up data, including electrocardiographic evolution and overall mortality, were analysed. The mean follow‐up duration was 3.1 (2.2–6.2) years. In the whole group, 67 patients underwent surgical aortic valve replacement. Forty‐nine patients (56%) had a QRS duration ≥130 ms. Among operated patients, there was no significant change in QRS duration between baseline and latest follow‐up (126 ± 26 ms vs. 131 ± 25 ms; P = 0.82). In addition, wider QRS was a strong independent predictor of overall mortality (hazard ratio 2.20, 95% confidence interval 1.15–4.24; P = 0.027).

Conclusion

Significant intraventricular conduction disturbances are common in patients with LF/LGAS and do not recover after aortic valve replacement. QRS duration is strongly associated with mortality in this selected population.
The Informativeness of Trades and Quotes in the FTSE 100 Index Futures Market
Authors: Frijns Bart , Tse Yiuman
Published: February 2014

This study examines the informativeness of trades and quotes in the FTSE 100 index futures market. Using a tick time model, we decompose the innovation in the efficient price into a trade‐induced and a quote‐induced part. For the extensive time period from 2001 to 2011, we find that trades are highly informative, explaining about 80% of the innovation in the efficient price. Large trades are more informative than smaller trades. We observe a noticeable upward trend in the contribution of trades, but also notice large drops in price informativeness around the recent global financial crisis and the European debt crisis. These drops could be attributed to noise trading during volatile periods. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 35:105–126, 2015
Winning Big but Feeling no Better? The Effect of Lottery Prizes on Physical and Mental Health
Authors: Apouey Benedicte , Clark Andrew E.
Published: February 2014

We use British panel data to determine the exogenous impact of income on a number of individual health outcomes: general health status, mental health, physical health problems, and health behaviours (drinking and smoking). Lottery winnings allow us to make causal statements regarding the effect of income on health, as the amount won by winners is largely exogenous. Positive income shocks have no significant effect on self‐assessed overall health, but a significant positive effect on mental health. This result seems paradoxical on two levels. First, there is a well‐known gradient in health status in cross‐sectional data, and second, general health should partly reflect mental health, so that we may expect both variables to move in the same direction. We propose a solution to the first apparent paradox by underlining the endogeneity of income. For the second, we show that lottery winnings are also associated with more smoking and social drinking. General health will reflect both mental health and the effect of these behaviours and so may not improve following a positive income shock. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional dissociation of adult‐born neurons along the dorsoventral axis of the dentate gyrus
Authors: Wu Melody V. , Hen René
Published: February 2014

Adult‐born granule cells in the mammalian dentate gyrus have long been implicated in hippocampal dependent spatial learning and behavioral effects of chronic antidepressant treatment. Although recent anatomical and functional evidence indicates a dissociation of the dorsal and ventral regions of the hippocampus, it is not known if adult neurogenesis within each region specifically contributes to distinct functions or whether adult‐born cells along the entire dorsoventral axis are required for these behaviors. We examined the role of distinct subpopulations of adult‐born hippocampal granule cells in learning‐ and anxiety‐related behaviors using low‐dose focal x‐irradiation directed specifically to the dorsal or ventral dentate gyrus. Our findings indicate a functional dissociation between adult‐born neurons along the longitudinal axis of the dentate gyrus wherein new neurons in the dorsal dentate gyrus are required for timely acquisition of contextual discrimination while immature neurons in the ventral dentate gyrus are necessary for anxiolytic/antidepressant‐related effects of fluoxetine. Interestingly, when contexts are presented with altered temporal cues, or fluoxetine is administered alongside chronic glucocorticoid treatment, this dissociation is abrogated such that adult‐born neurons across the entire dorsoventral extent of the dentate gyrus appear to contribute to these behaviors. Our results suggest that individual subpopulations of adult‐born hippocampal neurons may be sufficient to mediate distinct behaviors in certain conditions, but are required to act in concert in more challenging situations. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An evaluation of the effects of access duration on preference assessment outcomes
Authors: Jones Brooke A. , Dozier Claudia L. , Neidert Pamela L.
Published: February 2014

We evaluated the extent to which access duration during stimulus preference assessments affects preschool‐age children's preferences for leisure items. Results demonstrated that rankings for highly preferred items remained similar across both short‐ and long‐access durations; however, overall preference hierarchies remained more similar across administrations of long‐access‐duration assessments than short‐access‐duration assessments.
Osteoporosis Medication Use After Hip Fracture in U.S. Patients Between 2002 and 2011
Authors: Solomon Daniel H , Johnston Stephen S , Boytsov Natalie N , McMorrow Donna , Lane Joseph M , Krohn Kelly D
Published: February 2014

Hip fractures are common, morbid, costly, and associated with subsequent fractures. Historically, postfracture osteoporosis medication use rates have been poor, but have not been recently examined in a large-scale study. We conducted a retrospective, observational cohort study based on U.S. administrative insurance claims data for beneficiaries with commercial or Medicare supplemental health insurance. Eligible participants were hospitalized for hip fracture between January 1, 2002, and December 31, 2011, and aged 50 years or older at admission. The outcome of interest was osteoporosis medication use within 12 months after discharge. Patients were censored after 12 months, loss to follow-up, or a medical claim for cancer or Paget's disease, whichever event occurred first. During the study period, 96,887 beneficiaries met the inclusion criteria; they had a mean age of 80 years and 70% were female. A total of 34,389 (35.5%) patients were censored before reaching 12 months of follow-up. The Kaplan-Meier estimated probability of osteoporosis medication use within 12 months after discharge was 28.5%. The rates declined significantly from 40.2% in 2002, to 20.5% in 2011 (p for trend <0.001). In multivariable Cox proportional hazards models, a number of patient characteristics were associated with reduced likelihood of osteoporosis medication use, including older age and male gender. However, the predictor most strongly and most positively associated with osteoporosis medication use after fracture was osteoporosis medication use before the fracture (hazard ratio = 7.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.23–7.69). Most patients suffering a hip fracture do not use osteoporosis medication in the subsequent year and treatment rates have worsened. © 2014 Eli Lilly and Company. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Continuous Improvement Through Collaboration, Social Learning, and Knowledge Management
Authors: Muras Andrew , Hovell John
Published: February 2014

The world of work is changing. We're starting to discover how collaboration, social learning, and knowledge management can not only help businesses learn and perform better, but also provide insight and new ways of improving processes. Rather than shying away from these techniques, consider how you can integrate them with your ongoing process improvement initiatives.
Synthesis of 2,5‐Diketopiperazine Derivatives Using 2‐Isocyanophenyl 4‐Methylbenzoate as a Fragrant Convertible Isocyanide
Authors: Ji Fei , Yi Wen‐Bin , Cai Chun
Published: February 2014

A new protocol in which 2‐isocyanophenyl 4‐methylbenzoate is used as a convertible isocyanide for Ugi/deprotection + activation/cyclization synthesis of 2,5‐diketopiperazine derivatives has been developed. This operational simple procedure displays good functional group tolerance and avoids treatment of typically known offensive isocyanides.
Preventing sexual attacks in healthcare facilities: Risk management considerations
Authors: Banja John D.
Published: February 2014

Reports or allegations of sexual attacks in healthcare facilities are extremely upsetting and sometimes not given the attention they deserve. In June 2011, the United States Government Accountability Office (GAO) issued a remarkable report on sexual attacks occurring in Veterans Affairs (VA) health facilities that not only raised awareness of the magnitude of the problem but that detailed numerous system weaknesses in VA facilities that might have enabled such attacks. This article discusses some of the GAO's findings as well as other instances of sexual attacks, such as occurred in the criminal prosecution of Paul Serdula, a former health professional who might have sexually assaulted hundreds of women. Some of Serdula's victims have subsequently sued in civil court, charging Serdula's employers with lack of supervision and raising the possibility of serial sexual attacks such as his evolving into large‐scale patient safety disasters. This article will review certain ethical and legal considerations bearing on the liability of healthcare facilities in which sexual attacks are alleged to have occurred. Following a discussion of how two courts have used the legal construct of “foreseeability” in determining a healthcare facility's liability when an employee is charged with sexual assault, the article will conclude with a host of patient safety recommendations aimed at discouraging or deterring the occurrence of sexual attacks.