bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concentration of microalgae for the production of Nori and related food products Concentración de microalgas para la producción de Nori y productos derivados
Authors: Rakow A.L.
Published: March 2007

A foodstuff has been developed which can be used as an alternative to the traditional macroalgal food products known as Nori, Wakame and Yokan, in Japan. The incorporation of Spirulina microalgae in the Yokan substitution distinguishes it from the traditional Japanese product. Spirulina in the Nori -like form offers advantages over the traditional products that include purity control (the traditional product is harvested from the sea and subject to the vagaries of environmental pollution), flexibility, and cost for comparable nutritional content. In addition, the Spirulina has a distinctive, appealing colour which sets it apart from traditional Nori. Most Spirulina production facilities consist of large outdoor reactors that are faced with the removal of large quantities of water to recover cell mass because of the very dilute concentrations present. A concentration method involving the radial migration of Spirulina across the streamlines of laminar flow fits nicely into the niche between the reactor concentration and the concentration required for the aforementioned products. This report presents recent developments for the improvement of the concentration technology which include a theoretical driven design of branched fluid particle separators.
Effects of pregrinding and extrusion on quality of corn tortilla flour Efectos de la premolienda y la extrusión sobre la calidad de harina de maíz para tortillas
Authors: del Valle F.R. , Loo H. , Arce M.A. , Clason D. , Sánchez-Lucero M.
Published: March 2007

The effects of stone and pin milling (with and without subsequent extrusion) on quality parameters of tortilla flour were studied and quantified with the aid of a laboratory extruder. The viscoamylograms of selected flour samples were also determined. Results revealed that tortilla flour of good quality could be obtained by stone milling (with or without subsequent extrusion) but not pin milling, even with subsequent extrusion. Although the stone milled samples reflected adequate flour quality parameters, their viscoamylograms were different in many respects from that of a commercial tortilla flour sample which resembled the viscoamylogram of raw flour.
Sorbate destruction and non-enzymatic browning in model aqueous systems Destruccion de sorbatos y pardeamiento no enzimático en sistemas modelo acuosos
Authors: Campos C.A. , Alzamora S.M. , Gerschenson L.N.
Published: March 2007

The effect of system composition on sorbate destruction and sensory damage due to non-enzy matic browning was studied in aqueous model systems with a water activity ( aw) of 0.91 and a pH of 5.0-6.0. The rate constants of sorbate destruction could be described by first order kinetics and those from non-enzymatic browning by zero order kinetics. Both reactions were found to be related not only to temperature and pH but also to the humectants (NaCl, glycerol) used to depress aw. A higher preservative retention and a smaller amount of browning was produced by the use of a mixture of 35.0 g/kg of NaCl and 220.0 g/kg of glycerol as a humectant instead of one of them alone, citric acid instead of phosphoric acid as the acidifying agent, and glass flasks instead of polyethylene containers. The non-enzymatic browning reactions were greatly influenced by sorbic acid destruction. The inclusion of glycine was responsible for the enhanced sorbate destruc tion and browning development.
Oligosacáridos bifidogénicos
Authors: Rupérez P.
Published: March 2007

Oligosaccharides are new functional food ingredients whose production and use are increasing rapidly. Many of them possess beneficial effects for consumer health because they are noncario genic, low in calories, and bifidogenic, that is, they promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon. Major uses of oligosaccharides are in drinks, milk-based infant formulas, confectionery and bakery products, yogurts and dairy desserts. The types of bifidogenic oligosaccharides currently commercialized as food ingredients, as well as their obtention, properties, applications and future trends in the manufacture of new products are described in this article.
Detección inmunoquímica de la adulteración de chorizo de cerdo con proteínas de soja
Authors: González-Córdova A.F. , Calderón de la Barca A.M. , Cota M. , Vallejo-Córdoba B.
Published: March 2007

Rabbit polyclonal antisera were produced against soy flour proteins extracted with 0.5 M NaCl solution and purified by affinity chromatography to detect adulteration in pork chorizo (sausage) with an enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay (ELISA). To detect adulteration the following saline extracts were prepared: 100% pork and 100% soy chorizo and mixtures of these two pro ducts (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60, 30:70, 20:80, 10:90), and extracts of two commercial chorizos labeled as pork. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) showed that the salt solution was the most suitable for protein extraction compared to water and a 1% SDS solution. The commercial chorizos did not have the characteristic electrophoretic pattern for pork chorizos. The antibodies were specific for soy and its products, as there was no response to other vegetable and animal proteins by gel immunodiffusion assay or ELISA. The standard curve obtained with the ELISA results of the chorizo mixtures gave a correlation coefficient of r2 = 0.988. The two commercial chorizo values resulted in a 32 and 40% soy substitution. Total time for ELISA was optimized to 4 h, and 2 h if the plates were previously activated with the antigen. Variation coefficients of ELISA readings for replicates of the same extract in one plate and variation of different assays on different days were 2.3 and 8% respectively.
Efecto del uso combinado de la Pronasa E y de un extracto fúngico (Mucor racemosus forma sphaerosporus) en la maduración de embutidos crudos curados / Effect of the combined use of Pronase E and a fungal extract (Mucor racemosus forma sphaerosporus) on the ripening of dry fermented sausages
Authors: Bruna J.M. , Fernández M. , Hierro E. , de la Hoz L. , Ordóñez J.A.
Published: March 2007

The effect of the addition of 600 units of Pronase E/kg of sausage mixture and/or a fungal extract ( Mucor racemosus forma sphaerosporus) at two different concentrations (1.75 and 17.5 mg protein/kg sausage mixture) on dry fermented sausages was evaluated. The only addition of protease to sau sages led to an increase in the content of free amino acids and biogenic amines. When the protease and the fungal extract were added together at high concentration (17.5 mg protein/kg sausage mix ture), a decrease in the free amino acid content and a slight increase in the ammonia content were observed, together with a clear increase in the concentration of several volatile compounds, such as 2- and 3-methylbutanal, 2-methylpropanal and 2- and 3-methyl-1-butanol. The addition of the fungal extract only at high concentration (17.5 mg protein/kg sausage mixture) or the combined protease and fungal extract at low concentration (1.75 mg protein/kg sausage mixture), produced slight physi cochemical modifications compared with the corresponding controls. All sausages with Pronase E showed a clear modification of texture, with a marked decrease of hardness, adhesiveness, springi ness, cohesiveness, gumminess, chewiness, cutting force and cutting work. Sensory analysis of the different batches of sausages showed that the combined addition of Pronase E (600 units/kg of sau sage mixture) and the Mucor racemosus forma sphaerosporus extract at high concentration (17.5 mg protein/kg of sausage mixture) improved the odor, taste, texture and, in consequence, the global acceptability in relation to the control batch.
Effect of temperature and gas composition on the shelf-life of dehydrated apricots / Efecto de la temperatura y composición de la atmósfera sobre la vida útil de albaricoques deshidratados
Authors: Simal S. , Sánchez E.S. , Benedito J. , Rosselló Carmen
Published: March 2007

Dehydrated apricots were stored under different conditions of temperature (14, 21, 28 and 35 °C), gas composition (100% CO2, 80% N2-20%CO2 and air) and packaging material (glass and film with an oxygen transmission rate of 14.39 ± 0.88 mL/m2/day). The most representative physical and chemi cal characteristics ( L*, a*, b*, texture, water activity, sugars, moisture and SO, contents) regarding the shelf-life of dehydrated apricots were evaluated during storage. Storage temperature showed a sig nificant influence on L*, sucrose content ( p > 99%), b* ( p > 95%) and SO, content ( p > 99.9%). The rate of decrease of SO, content and L* was well described by a first order kinetic. The influence of gas composition was important to both L* and a* ( p > 95%) and SO, content ( p > 99.9%). Principal compo nent analysis showed that the first two components accounted for 100% of the total variance. The first principal component which included L*, a*, b* and SO, content accounted for 75.3% of the vari ance. Sucrose, fructose and glucose contents were chiefly involved in the second principal compo nent.
Determinación de la presencia y el origen del fenómeno modori en surimi de cinco especies de pescado del Golfo de México / Determination of the modori phenomenon and its origin in surimi of five fish species from the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Ramos-Martínez E. , Morales-González O.G. , Ramírez J.A. , García-Carreño F.L. , Montejano-Gaitán J.G.
Published: March 2007

Modori is a phenomenon which occurs in fish gels only when they are incubated at 50-70 °C, and which induces a decrease in their mechanical properties. Modori has been associated with endogenous proteases, varying among fish species. Surimis were obtained from Atlantic croaker ( Micropogon undulatus) , barred grunt ( Conodon nobilis) , sole ( Cyclopsetta chittendeni) , northern kingfish ( Menticirrhus saxatilis) and striped searobin ( Prionotus evolans). The effect of gel incubation time on shear stress and shear strain at failure, soluble peptides and electrophoretic pattern was studied. Incubation times at 60 °C, of 0, 20 or 40 min were assayed. The modori phenomenon induced a significant decrease (25-50%) in the mechanical properties of the five species studied. This phenomenon was associated with the presence of active proteases at 60 °C, determined as an increase in concentration of soluble pep tides depending on the time of incubation. Proteases were partially characterized employing serine- and cysteine-protease inhibitors. The studies with SDS-PAGE showed that myosin is the main substrate of the proteases. Actin was not hydrolyzed. The employment of specific inhibitors showed that both serine- and cysteine-proteases were associated with the modori phenomenon in the species studied.
Developing Home Care Products and Services for New and Existing Referral Sources
Authors: Schulmerich Susan Craig
Published: March 2007

Identifying the many benefits of home care to referral sources becomes an invitation for creative thinking and problem solving for agency senior management and the home care staff that work at intake points. Active participation by home care personnel in the development of strategies to meet the referral source's patient care objectives and fiscal goals is the cornerstone of a mutually beneficial relationship.
The occupational therapy home assessment: The home as a therapeutic environment
Authors: Rogers Joan C.
Published: March 2007

This article defines the environment's potential to "support competence, provide appropriate stimulation, and promote safety" by using examples and case data. The author fosters a great appreciation of the home as a medium for enhancing functional independence. This information is of vital importance to the home care professional who relates to the geriatric patient in the home setting.
Nutritional management of the pulmonary patient at home
Authors: O'Connor Kelly A.
Published: March 2007

This article is a necessary resource for all team members caring for the chronic pulmonary patient. A component that is often overlooked in the treatment of the COPD patient is nutritional management. The author presents background information regard ing nutritional complications, effects of malnutrition, and special needs of the COPD patient. She then provides practical and easy suggestions for providing nutritional care to a home COPD patient.
Depression in the medically ill homebound patient
Authors: Thobaben Marshelle
Published: March 2007

A large proportion of home health care patients are elderly persons who have serious medical problems. Psychiatric conditions such as depression and adjustment disorders often occur and are confused with dementia. Successful treatment is available, but only if the problem is diagnosed appropriately and promptly. The article guides the professional toward that end.
Wound and skin care in the hospice setting
Authors: Dolinger Robin Domenick , Conwill L. Jill
Published: March 2007

The prevention of needless suffering is one goal the whole hospice team strives toward. This article addresses skin care focusing on the assessment, pathophysiology, documen tation, interventions, and on the plan of care. The information is helpful for all professionals who provide care in the home setting.
HIV nursing management in the home health care setting
Authors: Clark Jan
Published: March 2007

Health care professionals have the responsibility to be up-to-date in regard to informa tion about the HIV/AIDS disease process and the care of PWAs. As PWAs spend most of their time outside the acute-care setting and as acute-care facility (ACF) stays have decreased in length, the accountability of the home health care professional is increasingly significant. The author's focus is nursing management, as the disease is nursing intensive. However, the information presented is directly applicable to all home health care professionals. The author describes the continuum of HIV disease in both medical and nursing models. This directly applicable information will facilitate the home health professional's efforts to minimize ACF admissions for PWAs, to maximize the quality of community-based services available, and to promote the development of a case-management system to assist PWAs.
Psychosocial concerns of HIV-infected individuals
Authors: Brant Leslie
Published: March 2007

The multiplicity and complexity of the psychosocial challenges faced by persons who are HIV positive or have AIDS are enormous. Consequently, the home health care providers caring for these individuals must attempt to meet complex patient care needs in a creative and effective manner. This article is an overview of the challenges faced by these patients, their families and significant others, and home health care providers. Insight and interventions are suggested, which not only provide the reader with practical information to implement but also suggest other areas for investigation.
Training home health aides to work with persons with AIDS
Authors: Bohmann Pamela , Fraser Marcy A.
Published: March 2007

The authors of this article present a grass-roots approach to the instruction of home health care aides in caring for PWAs. Much of the information presented could be applied to other care providers as well. The goal of the educational process, which advocates facilitating the learning process rather than lecturing, is to better prepare the aides to care for their patients with AIDS. Early emphasis is placed on breaking down barriers to the topic. The curriculum includes "AIDS 101," which begins a determina tion of the home care provider's level of knowledge and comfort as to the disease. Immunologic principles are presented in a simple manner. Infection-control procedures are taught and rational fears are dealt with openly. Symptom management is taught by paralleling the care of the PWA with that of patients with other, more familiar diagnoses. Finally, the issue of caregiver isolation is addressed.
Women with AIDS
Authors: Dumas Linda
Published: March 2007

Women are a rapidly growing percentage of this nation's population of persons with AIDS (PWAs). This article presents not only an excellent clinical review of system specific symptomatic issues and their corresponding interventions but also the special challenges faced by the women with AIDS. A poignant case study is utilized to present this information that is so essential to all home health care providers.
Social work intervention with stroke patients and their families
Authors: Gill Gail M.
Published: March 2007

Social work services in home care are provided to improve or maintain the social, emo tional, functional, and physical health status of the patient. Gill explains that the patient who has experienced a cerebrovascular accident (CVA) must receive an interdisciplinary team approach to care, and the social worker is a valuable member of this team. A case study points out the goals and effects of a well-thought-out and well-implemented plan of care.
Diabetes mellitus in home health care as it relates to the diabetic foot
Authors: Gruarin Beverly J.
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the causative physiology of foot problems in the diabetic and discusses preventative measures. In addition to teaching foot care to prevent problems, the home health care staff is often the first to recognize the symptoms of complications. This article provides information to assist the caregiver to do both.
Diabetes in children
Authors: Yeager Terri
Published: March 2007

This informative article gives statistics, basic clinical symptoms, and resources available for caregivers facing the very difficult task of managing diabetes in children.
Chemically dependent home health care nurses are too impaired to practice
Authors: Thobaben Marshelle , Anderson Linda
Published: March 2007

Home health care staff members are not immune from the increasing problem of drug addiction. This article suggests guidelines that an agency can use in developing a pro gram that helps an addicted staff member seek treatment. The article includes informa tion on symptoms, a discussion of job performance problems, and considerations for early intervention.
The challenge of skin and wound care in the home setting
Authors: Friebel Lynn M.
Published: March 2007

Skin and wound care in the home care setting has become a critical issue. The shortened hospital stay and the home being increasingly utilized for the care of adults over age 65 and the terminally ill make it even more critical that home health care professionals keep abreast of the new protocols and procedures necessary to treat patients. This article is an excellent vehicle to that end. Included are several tables and guidelines for wound dress ings. This article is a reading must.
The use of topical corticosteroids
Authors: McPherson Mazy Lynn
Published: March 2007

The topical corticosteroids are an extremely useful group of drugs in the treatment of various dermatologic conditions. Counseling and guidance from the home health care provider is imperative for maximum positive outcome. This article informs the reader of the most current information, including tables of relative potency and bases.
Nutrition: Its role in wound healing
Authors: Schultz Tricia
Published: March 2007

Nutritional deficits may contribute to poor wound healing, decreased immunocompe tence, and increased susceptibility to infection. Malnutrition has been shown to influ ence the lack of healing of existing wounds and is a factor in the development of pressure sores. This article is packed with practical information for the home health care provider, including tables on the most current data available.
Accident prevention and risk communication in environmental protection: a sociopsychological perspective
Authors: Fietkau Hans-Joachim
Published: March 2007

The prevention and management of environmentally damaging accidents has become an important responsibility of industry and government. One of the ways to help prevent and cope with industrial accidents is to encourage risk communication. Risk communication should take place not only between the firm and the public with which it deals, but also among the firm's employees. This discussion examines the technical and subjective aspects of various risk analysis and communication approaches, emphasizing the need to pay much greater attention to the sociopsychological dimension of risk behavior in in dustrial workplaces. It offers a number of practical guidelines for successful accident prevention and risk management.
The political dynamics of the new environmentalism
Authors: McGrew Anthony
Published: March 2007

The 1980s have witnessed a rejuvenation of environmental politics within all advanced industrial societies. Some analyses suggest that this merely re flects the underlying business cycle, as the problems associated with growth rather than recession come to dominate the political agenda. However, there is considerable evidence to suggest that environmentalism is likely to remain a permanent feature of the politics of advanced industrial societies in the 1990s. This is because the new environmentalism is nurtured by the decline of tradi tional class-based politics and the emergence of new political cleavages within Western societies. Moreover, the deepening of processes of social change in industrial societies, combined with a sensitivity of governments to the eco nomic and welfare consequences of environmental crises and the globalization of environmental issues have transformed the political dynamics of environ mentalism. This transformation will present major challenges to business and industry in the 1990s which will demand genuine responses.
Enantiodromia and crisis management: a Jungian perspective
Authors: Morin Estelle M.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, using Carl G. Jung's psychological theory of types, we propose that the process of enantiodromia hinders decision-making in crisis manage ment. This process produces a double reversal in the decisions and actions made by individuals: first, good and usual strategies are pushed to absurdity and second, archaic strategies, loaded with unconscious material, are substi tuted for the efficient and common ones. Providing a number of key defini tions in analytical psychology, we explain the nature and the effects of enan tiodromia with the help of diverse case analyses, and we propose several possibilities for managing the negative side of this process.
A comparison of the Conners' Parent & Teacher Rating Scales, the ADD-H Comprehensive Teacher's Rating Scale, and the Child Behavior Checklist in the clinical diagnosis of ADHD
Authors: Forbes G.B.
Published: March 2007

Effectiveness of popular rating scales in the identification of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) was studied in a homogenous group of 145 teacher- and/or physician-referred 1st through 6th grade children with suspected ADHD.
Problems in the Evaluation of Training Health Personnel
Authors: Figa-Talamanca Irene
Published: March 2007

The place of evaluation in the several phases of training programs is presented as an on-going educational process. The framework specifies the sources and methodes of data collection on: (1) the improvement in trainee performance, (2) the relevance of the program to the community; (3) the involvement of appropriate groups in planning; (4) the planning process itself; (5) the utilization and diffusion of evaluative feedback; and (6) the consequences of the training activity for the sponsoring organization and consumer.
Balanced Incomplete Block Design: Description, Case Study, and Implications for Practice
Authors: Campbell Bruce F. , Sengupta Sohini , Santos Cielo , Lorig Kate R.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the use of balanced incomplete block design for process evaluation and presents a case study of its use. This technique produces a weighted ranking of program elements, showing the relative importance of each element and allowing comparison of process and content elements. The article presents a case study in which the technique was used to evaluate the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program. Participants and lay course leaders were asked to rank 13 course elements for their helpfulness. The most valued element, sharing or unstructured interactions among participants, was not an explicitly planned part of the intervention. Some of the elements least valued (nutrition, use of community resources, and medication use) are elements most emphasized by the health care system and by patient education. We found that balanced incomplete block design was easy to administer and tally. The results could be readily applied to program redesign and to needs assessment.
A High-Performance FFT Algorithm for Vector Supercomputers
Authors: Bailey David H.
Published: March 2007

Many traditional algorithms for computing the fast Fourier transform (FFT) on conventional computers are unacceptable for advanced vector and parallel computers because they involve nonunit, power-of-two memory strides. This paper presents a practical technique for computing the FFT that avoids all such strides and ap pears to be near-optimal for a variety of current vector and parallel computers. Performance results of a pro gram based on this technique are presented. Notable among these results is that a Fortran implementation of this algorithm on the CRAY-2 runs up to 77% faster than Cray's assembly-coded library routine.
Large-Scale Computing in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Ewing Richard E.
Published: March 2007

Operator-splitting techniques are applied to the nonlinear coupled systems of partial differential equations used to model multiphase or multicomponent flows in porous media. Convection is treated by time-stepping along the characteristics of the associated pure convection problem, and diffusion is modeled via Petrov-Galerkin finite element techniques. Accurate approximations of the fluid velocities needed in the modified method of characteristic time-stepping are obtained by mixed finite element methods. Substructuring techniques are used to develop self-adaptive local grid-refinement enhance ments to the operator-splitting methods described above. Aspects of large-scale computation will be emphasized.
Parallel Processing a Three-Dimensional Free-Lagrange Code: a Case History
Authors: Mandell David A. , Trease Harold E.
Published: March 2007

A three-dimensional, time-dependent free-Lagrange hy drodynamics code has been multitasked and autotasked on a CRAY X-MP/416. The multitasking was done by using the Los Alamos Multitasking Control Library, which is a superset of the CRAY multitasking library. Autotasking is done by using constructs which are only comment cards if the source code is not run through a preprocessor. The three-dimensional algorithm has pre sented a number of problems that simpler algorithms, such as those for one-dimensional hydrodynamics, did not exhibit. Problems in converting the serial code, orig inally written for a CRAY-1, to a multitasking code are discussed. Autotasking of a rewritten version of the code is discussed. Timing results for subroutines and hot spots in the serial code are presented and suggestions for additional tools and debugging aids are given. Theo retical speedup results obtained from Amdahl's law and actual speedup results obtained on a dedicated machine are presented. Suggestions for designing large parallel codes are given.
Toward a General Model for Evaluating the Relative Performance of Computer Systems
Authors: Van-Catledge Frederic A.
Published: March 2007

Current models for evaluating the relative performance of computer systems are shown to be special cases of a more general formulation. Using this new model, mini- supercomputers and massively parallel machines are compared to selected supercomputer configurations. These results indicate that multiprocessor supercom puters offer performance superior to that of any of the alternatives currently available.
Supercomputer Throughput Benchmarks for the Cray-1s aNd Cyber 205 With Estimates for Class Vii Supercomputers
Authors: McNamara Brendan
Published: March 2007

A large set of codes is used to construct various throughput models of the overall performance of any supercomputer system. The model is described with re sults from runs on CRAY-1S and Cyber 205 Class VI su percomputers. A unique reference throughput is estab lished on a CRAY-1S with precise vector performance and CPU utilization. The sensitivity of the modeling to variations in the code mix is discussed. The performance of multiprocessor, parallel supercomputers is estimated.
Queuing Model Analysis of the Fujitsu Vp2000 With Dual Scalar Architecture
Authors: Ishiguro Misako
Published: March 2007

A queuing model analysis is given for the performance evaluation of a dual scalar processor (DSP), which is composed of two scalar units and one vector unit. The performance evaluation is for three different processor models with equivalent hardware capacity: homoge neous DSP (DSP1), heterogeneous DSP (DSP2), and multiprocessor (MP), with particular attention given to the case of short vector lengths. It is found that the performance of DSP1 is preferable to that of MP for most actual workloads, and in particular for the work load of the Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute. The effect of the dual scalar capacity, that is, of attach ing a secondary scalar unit, is also investigated. It is shown that the throughput of DSP1 is about 1.8 times that of the uniprocessor, for a vectorization ratio of 90%.
Use of Level 3 Blas in Lu Factorization in a Multiprocessing Environment On Three Vector Multiprocessors: the Alliant Fx/80, the Cray-2, and the Ibm 3090 Vf
Authors: Daydé M.J. , Duff I.S.
Published: March 2007

We study various implementations of block Gaussian elimination on full matrices and examine their perfor mance on three parallel computers, the Alliant FX/80, the CRAY-2, and the IBM 3090-400/VF. These imple mentations are expressed in terms of Level 3 BLAS matrix-matrix kernels. We consider the use of parallel Level 3 BLAS kernels and compare the parallelism ob tained within the computational kernels with that ob tained when parallelizing over the kernels. We show that the use of parallel Level 3 BLAS allows portability without sacrifice of efficiency, even in a parallel envi ronment, and that high speeds can be obtained if tuned versions of the kernels are available.
The Case for Critical Thinking in Volume Food Management
Authors: Pepper Michael R.
Published: March 2007

This paper deals with the growing awareness of the need to have students develop thinking skills. Emphasis is on the instructional goals of a course in volume food management and the teaching methodology used to encourage critical thinking. The specific teaching strategy of one instructor is related to the student's development of critical thought skills. With common knowledge as a base, the course is designed to actively develop one's intelligence and the ability to analyze and evaluate complex issues and situations in career or job-related courses and in everyday life experiences.
Contemporary Problems in Hotel and Restaurant Law- Innkeeper's Lien
Authors: Alberto Louis M.
Published: March 2007

The following represents important legal facts designed to give innkeeper/managers a better understanding of how to deal with a guest who (for one reason or another) fails to pay his or her bill. The Innkeeper Lien Option should be used only as a last resort, however, it is a viable and important legal right that can be used effectively when required.
The Incident as a Technique for Teaching Undergraduates in Hospitality Management and Food Administration
Authors: Wright Phillip C.
Published: March 2007

The use of case incidents has been found to be an effective tool for teaching business concepts to senior hospitality students. With proper classroom manage ment, the case incident can be useful in two ways—as an introduction to a specific topic or theme and as a "real world" example to illustrate previously presented material.

Case incidents can be written in a variety of formats including narrative, dialogue, first and third person. This diversity and their brevity, makes them an ideal vehicle for developing the group work and presentation skills necessary for longer, more detailed case study analysis.
Hospitality and Tou Rism Education in Korea
Authors: Chon Kye-Sung , Shin Hyun-Ju
Published: March 2007

In light of current trends toward a global economy and "internationalization"of the hospitality and tourism industry, it is highly important for HRI educators to have a better understanding of the field of hospitality and tourism education in other countries. This paper examines the hospitality and tourism industry of Korea and the country's hospitality and tourism education. The tourism growth strategy employed by the Korean government and the current trends in hospitality and tourism education in the country are reviewed.
Industry Retention/Attrition of Hospitality Graduates
Authors: Pavesic David V. , Brymer Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The study surveyed 442 graduates of the years 1983 through 1987 from 11 four- year hospitality programs dispersed across the United States to ascertain the rate of industry retention and attrition. Graduates were asked to rate the effectiveness of theiracademic training, satisfaction with their hospitality careers, and to assess their industry experience to date. The affect of named factors on job stability and career satisfaction is explored. Frequency distributions and cross tabulations of responses are included. Report contains many of the unedited responses to questions that provided students an opportunity to "send a message" to hospitality educators and industry practitioners.
Making the Transition From Single-Unit To Multi-Unit Fast-Service Management: What Are the Requisite Skills and Educational Needs?
Authors: Mone Mark A. , Umbreit W. Terry
Published: March 2007

In this research the requisite functional skills and training needs of multi-unit fast service managers are examined. Responses from 164 multi-unit managers are analyzed, and the results indicate that there are additional skills, beyond those required at the single-unit level, necessary to operate effectively at the multi-unit level. Implications for managers and educators are discussed.
Self-Management in Hospitality Organizations: a Conceptual Analysis
Authors: Crawford-Welch Simon
Published: March 2007

The concept of self-management and its potential for controlling behavior organization costs is discussed within the context of hospitality organizations. A model of the self-management process is offered and relationships proposed between (a) the nature of the service encounter and self-management, (b) control and self-management, and (c) employee selection and self-management. Several hypotheses are evolved concerning the above relationships.
Serving 2,500 Guests a Sit-Down Dinner in 19 Minutes Without a Kitchen
Authors: Foucar-Szocki Reginald
Published: March 2007

Student catering projects occur on a regularbasis at most Hotel and Restaurant Management Programs in North America. The purpose of this paper is to describe a fundraising venture between a Hotel and Restaurant Management Program and a not-for-profit organization, the Scouts. The request was to cater a dinner for 2,500 guests with a guarantee of $12,500 for the Hotel and Restaurant Management Program. Throughout the article the author will share insights into certain decision- making along with recommendations for future events.
Career Planning and Development in the Hospitality Industry: the Four Seasons Experience
Authors: Pallett William J.
Published: March 2007

Over the past two years, FourSeasons Hotels has assisted more than 2, 000 of its employees in their personal career planning. Employees at every level, from housekeepers and secretaries up to senior management, have gone through the program, and we are continuing to promote it vigorously.

The idea that companies should support employees in their career planning is arelativelynewone. Traditionally, developmentplans forindividualemployees have been handed down from above. Today, however, organizations need to take a more active role in encouraging individual career planning.

Certainly, at Four Seasons, we found that our employees were increasingly demanding such assistance. At the same time, we recognized that we could reap tremendous benefits from providing it.

At Four Seasons, we conduct regular employee attitude surveys. These surveys consistently indicate that we enjoy a very high loyalty rating—among the highest of any company in any industry. At the same time, they point to emerging concerns that need to be addressed. By 1986 it had become clear that employees wanted more help in planning their careers, and more information about the opportunities that might be available to them in the future.

We saw, however, that career planning could be much more than just an employee benefit. It would also benefit Four Seasons. Through career planning:

• Employees would be able to make betterinformedcareerdecisions about the opportunities that became available to them.

• Employees would become more realistic about their career prospects.

• Employees would become much more articulate in describing their strengths, interests, goals and developmental requirements. This would result in valuable input for management development and succession planning purposes.
Introducing the Relativity To Traditional Importance-Performance Analysis
Authors: Mount Daniel J.
Published: March 2007

The ability to identify critical operating issues has been a challenge for service organizations. Many approaches have utilized the combination of importance and performance scores. These approaches typically involve a direct question on the importance of, and performance on, various service attributes. The results are then separated into various classifications. There has been some debate about whether consumers can accurately indicate what is important in their evaluation of a service organization. Research in this area suggests using correlation or regression to identify relative importance of attributes. This research introduces the concept of relative importance to the traditional importance-performance analysis. Importance- performance classifications using both methods are discussed.
Work Values of Chinese Hotel Managers
Authors: Mok Connie , Pine Ray , Pizam Abraham
Published: March 2007

The research presented in this article is an examination of the work values and leadership preferences of Chinese hotel managers in Hong Kong. Work values were measured by a self-administered questionnaire based on Hofstede's (1980) Values Survey Module. One hundred and twenty questionnaires were returned by ethnic Chinese hotel managers working in Hong Kong. The findings indicate that Chinese hotel managers in Hong Kong highly value good working relationships with superiors and peers, as well as high monetary rewards. The same respondents did not put great emphasis on quality of life or quality of the external community. The preferred leadership style of the study's respondents was mostly paternalistic, while the majority of them worked under autocratic superiors.
Employee Theft and Efficacy of Certain Control Procedures in Commercial Food Service Operations
Authors: Ghiselli Richard , Ismail Joseph A.
Published: March 2007

Estimates suggest that theft is responsible for one third of business failures and may be quite prevalent in food service. This study examined employee deviance and theft in food service operations and, in a limited number of settings, the efficacy of certain managerial policies and procedures in reducing or preventing the incidence of theft. Results indicate that older employees were less likely to participate in theft-related activities. Also, employ ees were more likely to engage in unacceptable activities that were more likely to be within the context of their job and where more of an opportunity was perceived. In most cases the respondents believed they were less involved than other employees. The amount reported to be stolen by employees was more than twice that estimated by managers. Some of the poli cies and procedures designed to control and safeguard the assets offood service operations do not appear to have the desired effect.
Toxicity of Pyrolysis Gases From Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Kosola Kay L.
Published: March 2007

Various samples of cellulose insulation were evaluated for relative toxicity of pyrolysis gases, using the toxicity screening test method developed at the University of San Francisco. The samples included un treated cellulose insulation and insulation treated with various levels of boric acid, 5-mol borax, and mixtures of boric acid and 5-mol borax. Relative toxicity appeared to decrease with increasing content of fire retar dant additive, but the change was not significant at the lower additive levels.
The Use of Boron Products in Cellulose Insulation
Authors: Sprague Robert W. , Shen Kelvin K.
Published: March 2007

The various aspects of the use of boron products in cellulose insulation are discussed.
California Insulation Quality Standards
Authors: Hillier Ray
Published: March 2007

The status of thermal insulation quality standards for the State of California is discussed.
The Sage Difference
Authors: Patton Michael Quinn
Published: March 2007

Editor's Note: At the AEA meeting in New Orleans in October 1988, the contributions of Sara Miller McCune and Sage Publications were recognized with the presentation of a special Lifetime Contributions Award. AEA's recognition was for the extraordinary contributions Sara, with Sage, has made to the field of evaluation. Her acceptance remarks are presented here, prefaced by a personal recognition by Michael Quinn Patton, 1988 President of AEA.
The Effect of Nonrespondents on a Self-Administered Mail Survey
Authors: Krushat Wm. Mark , Molnar John I.
Published: March 2007

The views and opinions expressed here are the authors' and do not represent those of the Office of Inspector General, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services or any other component of the Federal Government.
Where Politics and Evaluation Research Meet
Authors: Weiss Carol H.
Published: March 2007

TRACES are what evaluators left behind—discoveries, records, tracks—which made marks on the profession of program evaluation. Published here are excerpts from our past (e.g., articles, passages from books, speeches) that show where we have been or affected where we are g(r)o(w)ing. Suggestions for inclusion should be sent to the Editor, along with rationale for their import. Photocopies of the original printed versions are preferred with full bibliographic information. Copying rights will be secured by the Editor.
Action Research in the Smaller Firm— An Exemplar
Authors: Barry Bernard , Webb Terry
Published: March 2007

This paper was presented to a two-day conference entitled "Action Research in Management" held by The Association of Teachers of Management at the Anglian Regional Management Centre, Danbury, May 1975.
Racism and Regionalism in Welsh Soccer
Authors: Burley Mark , Fleming Scott
Published: March 2007

Studies of sport and ethnicity have often identified racism(s) as central to the sport and leisure experiences of people from minority ethnic groups,2 though inter disciplinary social science approaches to enhancing the understanding of this important (and topical) area of study have been infrequent. In this paper the links between sociology, economics, history and geography are explored in an attempt to deconstruct and analyse the experiences that Afro/Caribbean soccer players have of 'personal' racist abuse whilst playing in Wales. Qualitative empirical data indicate that there are perceived regional variations in the nature of racist abuse, with the 'Valleys' region singled out as a common source of intense hostility from spectators and players. These data provide the basis for a consideration of the theoretical perspective that relates familiarity with minority ethnic groups to tolerance of them; and indicates that such a perspective is a small part of a more complex phenomenon.
Policy Evaluation and Learning
Authors: Van der Knaap Peter
Published: March 2007

But what experience and history teach us is this, that nations and governments have never learned anything from history. (G. W. F. Hegel, 1837, cited in Feyerabend 1978)

Contemporary literature on policy evaluation challenges the 'traditional', rational-objectivist model of policy evaluation. Instead, an argumentative- subjectivist approach is forwarded, conceiving of policy-making as an ongoing dialogue, in which both governmental and societal actors contest their views on policy issues by exchanging arguments. It is argued that, through constructive argumentation, policy actors, networks or advocacy coalitions may arrive at moral judgements on policy issues and, hopefully, at 'better' policies and ways of delivering those policies. The paradigm shift from the rational-objectivist model to the argumentative-subjectivist approach has implications for the way policy evaluation is studied as a means of institutionalized policy-oriented learning; the searching process of improving and perfecting public policy and its underlying normative assumptions through the detection and correction of perceived imperfections. Policy- oriented learning can be studied from a cybernetic control, a cognitive development and a social-constructivist perspective. Within policy-oriented argumentation and negotiation—the discursive processes that constitute the roots of policy-oriented learning—there may (still) be a need for methodologically sound assessments of the cost-effectiveness or 'quality' of policy measures. Accepting this premise, we advance an integrated learning strategy, in which the 'traditional', rational-objectivist role of evaluating institutions may well serve to complement more argumentative-oriented perspectives.
Speeches and Adress
Authors: Stake Robert , Fitz-Gibbon Carol
Published: March 2007

Speeches and Addresses is an occasional feature, not in article format, in which presentations at conferences and other public gatherings are seen as likely to be of interest to a wider audience. Sometimes these speeches and addresses will undoubtedly be contentious, in which case responses and counter-arguments are to be expected and are welcome. Contributions to this section are intented to make accessible relevant material for academic, policy-making and practitioner audiences.
Psychiatric Perspectives in Africa. Part II: The Traditional Viewpoint
Authors: Copin Ellen , Bibeau Ciles
Published: March 2007

In an earlier review in this journal ( Corin and Murphy, October 1979) the African psychiatric picture was presented from the Western viewpoint. However, symptom configurations and etiological considerations pointed to the importance of locating the clinical pictures within their cultural context, and the present paper therefore attempts to offer an overview of what is known about the ways traditional African societies name, classify, explain, and treat mental disorders. It will explore how the pertinent beliefs and practices form a genuine and original psychiatric system, although one which is undergoing transformation during the present process of cultural change on the continent.
The Psychobiology of Trance
Authors: Simons Ronald C. , Ervin Frank R. , Prince Raymond H.
Published: March 2007

In place of our usual overview, in this issue we include two papers describing a detailed study of the drum and dance induced trances of participants in the Thaipusam festival, in Kuala Lumpur in 1984. This study developed out of a conference entitled "Shamans and Endorphins" held in Montreal in October 1980 (see TPRR, 21(1984) :119- 122 for a review of the proceedings). Although field conditions pre vented adequate exploration of the hypothesis that endorphins are involved in the analgesia observed during Thaipusam trances, it was felt that the findings are of sufficient interest to warrant publication here. It is hoped that the view presented, namely that drum and dance induced trances represent a specific mode of functioning of the central nervous system, will stimulate further empirical studies of the biology of trance.