bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scylla’s lament in the Ciris and the Latin literary tradition
Authors: Augoustakis Antony
Published: October 2020

In this chapter, Scylla’s lament in the Ciris and its complex intertextual links with other poems of the Augustan and imperial periods are considered. The hypothesis is advanced that, if this poem is an intentionally anachronistic Roman fake in a post-Virgilian or post-Ovidian world, it establishes a dialogue with contemporary Neronian or Flavian poetry by remaining relevant in an imperial, rather than a Republican, landscape as a poem to which poets allude. It can be argued that the Ciris-poet wrote in the imperial period after Ovid, and was part of a general revival of neoteric epyllion under the empire; compare Persius in his first satire or Lucan’s lost Orpheus. The poet of the Ciris should not be dismissed as an inferior composer because fashions change over time; note that Ovid, Lucan, and Statius are now thought of as canonical alongside Virgil, an unimaginable notion a century or so ago.
Liberal Nationalism’s Precarious Prospects
Authors: Walker Neil
Published: October 2020

This chapter pays tribute to the concerns that animate Sadurski’s work by examining one of the more intractable sets of reasons why liberty—and liberalism—demand eternal vigilance. The immediate political context of the liberal regime is typically the sovereign nation state. Equally, the immediate political context of the illiberal regime is also the sovereign nation state. This is no coincidence. Liberalism and illiberalism alike identify sovereignty and nationalism as important enabling conditions, and there is sufficient overlap in the manner in which and the consequences with which enabling operates in these ostensibly contrasting regimes that there is inevitable seepage from one to the other. Illiberalism, then, should be considered as the shadow and temptation of liberalism, as much as a reaction against it. The chapter assesses and compares the apparently rising prospects of populist illiberalism today in both Central and Western European states, keeping that close relationship in mind.
Silver Risk, Silver Exports, and Sovereign Debt in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Schiltz Michael
Published: October 2020

Whereas in the traditional view, bimetallism has been considered innately flawed, and the worldwide adoption of the gold standard, for that reason, inevitable, this chapter finds traces of evidence of the opposite course of events. Building on a revisionist strand in the literature, it describes that, for the period 1871‒90, contemporaries viewed silver as an essential ingredient of the international monetary order. They had, therefore, no immediate reason to question its credibility in the denomination of a country’s sovereign debt; instead, they considered the likeliness that a country would be able to continue to service its debts more or less independently of the denomination of these debts; and they were preoocupied by the question of whether currency risk should be taken by the issuing country or investors. Silver’s credibility eroded gradually, for instance through adding premia to bond issues; only in the 1890s was its credibility lost.
‘On an Even Keel’
Authors: Schiltz Michael
Published: October 2020

Drawing on descriptive evidence from journalistic outlets in nineteenth-century Shanghai, this chapter reconstructs the debate on how fluctuations in the silver price could be accommodated in bill finance. It is demonstrated that this was effectuated by means of the ‘even keel’, a management strategy arguably pioneered by the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (HSBC). Concretely, amounts of bills bought were matched by amounts of bills sold; bankers used ‘swap’ operations (i.e., they simultaneously purchased and sold bills in one currency for bills in another currency for the same quantity, in order to offset them) in order to eliminate exchange rate risk. This is shown quantitatively by means of flow-of-funds data of the Yokohama Specie Bank. The chapter concludes with several admonitions for existing macro-historical research.
The Disruptive Power of RCTs
Authors: Morduch Jonathan
Published: October 2020

Two very different kinds of RCTs are used by economists, although they often get lumped together. The first kind is evaluative, used to assess whether a policy or intervention worked or not. Critics worry that privileging these RCTs over other evaluation methods can narrow knowledge. The second kind of RCT is exploratory, asking how behavior, institutions, and markets react to changing prices, contracts, and other economic features. By disrupting status quo economic conditions through experimental design, these exploratory RCTs open new questions for empirical micro-economics in ways that other methods cannot. One can be ambivalent about putting evaluative RCTs on a pedestal while also encouraging exploratory RCTs. Examples from RCTs of insurance, microcredit, and digital money illustrate the arguments.
Ethics of RCTs
Authors: Abramowicz Michel , Szafarz Ariane
Published: October 2020

Equipoise is defined by Freedman (1987: 141) as a “state of genuine uncertainty on the part of the clinical investigator regarding the comparative therapeutic merits of each arm in a trial.” This principle is grounded in the ethical motivation that any ex-ante preference for a given option would undermine the interests of those who are offered another. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in development economics disregard the equipoise requirement by typically disadvantaging the control group. This chapter investigates how the equipoise principle is formalized in the medical literature and discusses whether and how it should be taken into consideration by economists. It argues that equipoise is especially relevant when double (or even single) blindness is excluded and when the control group includes already vulnerable individuals. More generally, this chapter advocates for developing a vibrant ethics conversation on the design and fairness of RCTs in social sciences.
Epilogue: Randomization and Social Policy Evaluation Revisited
Authors: Heckman James J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines the case for randomized controlled trials in economics. It revisits the author’s previous paper “Randomization and Social Policy Evaluation” and updates its message. The chapter presents a brief summary of the history of randomization in economics. It identifies two waves of enthusiasm for the method as “Two Awakenings” because of the near-religious zeal associated with each wave. The First Wave substantially contributed to the development of microeconometrics because of the awed nature of the experimental evidence. The Second Wave has improved experimental designs to avoid some of the technical statistical issues identified by econometricians in the wake of the First Wave. However, the deep conceptual issues about parameters estimated, and the economic interpretation and the policy relevance of the experimental results have not been addressed in the Second Wave.
Leadership in a Male World
Authors: Emmott Bill
Published: October 2020

In hitherto male-dominated societies, it is hard for female managers to become accepted. Three role models in very different fields show however that it can be done even in Japanese organizations. Kono Naho is the youngest main board member in the e-commerce giant Rakuten and the only female, and recently showed too how she can combine motherhood and management. Higuchi Hiroe is an executive chef running a group of restaurants on the Ise peninsula and cooked for the G7 leaders in 2016; a mother of two sons, she and her husband both started off as chefs but her husband stood aside for her. Terada Chiyono heads a removals firm that has one-quarter of the Japanese house removals market, up from 3 per cent when I first interviewed her in 1986, and has become one of the Kansai region’s most well-known business leaders. All show how a clear vision and sense of purpose, and careful but firm communication, are vital if women are to succeed as leaders.
Starting Something New
Authors: Emmott Bill
Published: October 2020

Japanese organizations typically remain not just male-dominated but also organized in male ways. An attractive alternative for women is therefore to start up their own organizations, whether for-profit or non-profit. The Japan Women’s Leadership Initiative takes a group of wannabe social entrepreneurs to Boston, Massachusetts every year to give training and mentorship in how to start and grow a social enterprise. Hayashi Chiaki took her career through marketing and journalism before co-founding her own digital design business, Loftwork, with its affiliate Fabcafes. Mitarai Tamako worked for McKinsey and then the government of Bhutan before moving to the disaster-struck region of Tohoku in 2011 to start up a business with local women making very high-priced and high quality sweaters, with a model reminiscent of the Italian fashion firm Brunello Cuccinelli. Nakamura Noriko, a former TV journalist, set up a babysitting and nanny agency, Poppins, for which one of the fastest growing business lines is providing short-notice childcare for companies and government agencies.
Making a Political Impact
Authors: Emmott Bill
Published: October 2020

In many countries women have made more rapid advances in politics than in other fields, but not in Japan where family dynasties and conservative party rules have slowed their progress. However in the Governor of Tokyo, Koike Yuriko, and the Mayor of Yokohama, Hayashi Fumiko, are two women who have bucked the trend and are providing inspiration for younger generations. Koike-san came from a successful background in journalism while Hayashi-san was a rare businesswoman in her generation of the 1970s and 1980s, reaching leadership positions in several auto sales firms. Political journalism provided Kuniya Hiroko with her means of making an impact, holding politicians to account on her long-running show on the public broadcaster, NHK, Close Up Gendai.
Representing Japan, Defending Human Rights
Authors: Emmott Bill
Published: October 2020

When Miyoshi Mari joined the Japanese Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 1980 as a trainee diplomat she was the only female recruit out of twenty-eight; in 2016, the ministry recruited ten females and eighteen males. So recruitment is not yet equal but there will in future be a much larger number of potential female ambassadors to follow in Miyoshi-san’s footsteps. She was motivated to become a diplomat by an interest in peace and reconciliation, which similarly drew Osa Yukie to study and then become active in international human rights issues. Osa-san has studied indigenous minorities including Japan’s own Ainu but more recently has specialized in the issues of war crimes and genocide.
Thomas Aquinas on How the Soul Moves the Body
Authors: Cory David
Published: October 2020

It is uncontroversial that Thomas Aquinas has a hylomorphic account of both living and non-living beings. Yet some of his views about living beings, and especially his view that souls (including animal and plant souls) are movers of their bodies, seem to depart from his account of soul as a substantial form, taking a step in the direction of dualism. In this paper, I will (1) propose a new reading of what Aquinas means in calling the soul the mover of the body, and (2) distinguish the causal contribution of souls from that of inanimate substantial form on the one hand and from the action of spiritual substances on the other. The key to my interpretation will be a close analysis of vital motions as self-motions, which is the basis for Aquinas’s attributing a mover role to the soul in the first place.
Thomas of Sutton’s Intellectualist Doctrine of the Will’s Self-Motion
Authors: Szlachta Michael
Published: October 2020

Thomas Aquinas famously draws a distinction between a potency in the will to the specification of its act and a potency in the will to the exercise of its act. He also thinks that the will is moved to the specification of its act by the good apprehended by reason and to the exercise of its act by itself. Although Aquinas’s distinction has many attractive features, his explanation of how the will moves itself to the exercise of its act (namely, by moving reason) is not adequate; it does not really explain how the will’s potency to the exercise of its act is actualized. I argue that, by distinguishing between three modes of self-motion, effective, accidental, and consecutive, and two types of potency, essential and accidental, the early Oxford Thomist Thomas of Sutton (ca. 1250–1315) presents a plausible development of Aquinas’s distinction that addresses this problem; the will, by willing some end, actualizes its accidental potency to willing some means to that end, thereby moving itself consecutively. Although I think that Sutton does give us the means to clear up some of the confusion surrounding Aquinas’s view on the will, I also motivate some doubts about whether he really succeeds in preserving what makes Aquinas’s distinction so attractive in the first place.
Designing Organization Design
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo
Published: October 2020

As a topic, organization design is poorly understood. While it is featured in most management textbooks as a chapter dedicated to organizational structures, it is unclear whether organization design is a one-off event or an ongoing process. Thus, it has traditionally been understood to be the same as an organizational configuration, with neat lines of communication and distribution of responsibilities, following pre-set typologies. However, what can be said to constitute organizational structure in this first half of the 21st century? The extraordinary growth of digital communications, the decreasing relevance of hierarchical bureaucracies, and the general demise of command-and-control have all but decimated the traditional notion of organizational structure. In this book it is argued that organization design needs a theoretical revamping. Using a mix of design and social sciences theories and concepts, the new approach is divided into three parts: design logics, design processes, and design leadership. A generic definition of organization design logics is offered, as a set of beliefs shared by managers and entrepreneurs in given sectors of the economy about the way organizations should be designed. Five logics and three types of designing processes are put forward. Logics: (1) the identity logic, (2) the normative logic, (3) the service logic, (4) the logic of effectual reasoning, (5) the logic of interactive structure. Processes: (1) intended design, (2) emergent design, (3) perceived design. For the leadership part, a model of leaderful organization design(ing) is proposed, with the following distinguishing features: (a) practice-based, (b) guided by values of democratic participation, (c) places meaning-making and meaning-taking at the centre of organizational life, (d) driven by design logics, which can be adopted and adapted to suit different internal and external environments.
Introduction
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo
Published: October 2020

The Introduction deals with four issues which summarize the aims and the reach of the book. First, the realization that organizations dominate our socioeconomic landscape, with their influence and their impact on the environmental, ethical, and social issues of our age, extending to our everyday lives. Second, it focuses on the widespread dissatisfaction with the way organizations are governed and managed, the lowering of moral standards, and the increase in the toxicity of most organizational environments. Third, it suggests that the prevalent theoretical paradigm of contingency and configuration not only seems to have reached a total impasse in terms of further academic development but, more importantly, it has not succeeded in creating organizations that fulfill the needs and ambitions of ordinary people. Fourth, it proposes that design, design theory, and design culture have much to offer to organization design and should indeed constitute the basis for the new, badly needed paradigm.
The Logic of Identity and the Normative Logic
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo
Published: October 2020

Attention is focused on the instrumental uses of identity, that is, how identity affects perceptions of organization design and how it can be instrumental in changing organization designs. The concept of identity orientation is highlighted, given the crucial role it plays in the linking between the identity logic and the normative logic. In many ways, identity is also normative because, once established, it sets the standards of behaviour. Given the intimate relationship between the two logics, they are dealt with in the same chapter. The normative logic is inspired by the principle of ethics from design theory, but for purposes of organization design it finds translation in stakeholder theory, which holds that (1) enterprises have a moral duty to ensure the welfare of all their stakeholders, not only that of stockholders; (2) by acting in a socially responsible manner toward all their stakeholders, firms can enhance their performance and gain business advantage
The Service Logic and the Logic of Effectual Reasoning
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo
Published: October 2020

The service logic has important integrative potential, bringing together not only the economic and commercial concerns of organizational design but also a significant part of its normative considerations. Given that service co-creation implies mutual dependence and reciprocal exchange, the service-centred view of the organization gets drawn directly into the ethical behaviour of the actors involved. Moreover, service integrates also the logic of ‘effectuation’, a concept put forward to explain entrepreneurial action in terms of the processes of creation and development of firms. However, most managers reason in terms of a logic of planning or causation, leading most organizations to be dominated by a traditional, finance-biased mind-set rather than an entrepreneurial one. This chapter highlights that in order to excel at service design, which entails cooperation, networking, and meaning-making, managers should be taught to think primarily as entrepreneurs and only secondarily as financial managers
The Logic of Interactive Structure
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo
Published: October 2020

This chapter builds on the discussions in Chapter 4 about the bridging between organization design (design as a noun) and organization designing (design as a verb). Based on the key precepts of Giddens’ (1984) social theory, it is argued that the traditional notion of organizational structure can be split into the concepts of structure and structuration and that while ‘structure’ is relatively stable, ‘structuration’ is ever changing. This allows us to talk of ‘interactive structure’ as a type of structure that changes with interaction and where the emphasis is on the monitoring of interactions between human and non-human actors, by means of multiple types of traces. Thus, rather than controlling people, with interactive structure, organizations are better able to deal with the disconnect between the formal and the informal sides of organization and take full advantage of the organizational capital to be found in one of the key characteristics of informal organization, i.e. improvisation.
Counterfactuals and Closeness
Authors: Noordhof Paul
Published: October 2020

The semantics for counterfactuals builds on Lewis’ theory and similarity weighting, with two principal aims. The first of these is to resist those who argue that appeal to counterfactuals in the analysis of causation is circular because their semantics must appeal to causal facts (specifically, in the similarity weighting for worlds). The second of these is to secure the semantics for counterfactuals for a possible account of causal non-symmetry in terms of counterfactual non-symmetry. As a result, weight is rightly placed upon perfect match as an important aspect of similarity although this is moderated to deal an indeterministic version of Fine’s Future Similarity Objection. A more precise understanding of the role of approximate match is developed appealing to a type of probabilistic independence.
Causal Circumstances
Authors: Noordhof Paul
Published: October 2020

The proposed analysis of causation has two immediate consequences regarding causal relata. The first is that the analysis will be satisfied by both an element in some causal circumstances for an effect and also by the causal circumstances taken in toto for that event, sometimes called the total cause of the effect. The second is that the analysis does not distinguish between elements in the causal circumstances, characterizing some as causes, others as enabling conditions, to take one alternative. These consequences are defended against those inclined to reject them or propose supplementation to the analysis. The idea of causes as contra-normal conditions either derives from certain biases at work in our attributions of causes or can be the basis for a pragmatic explanation of why we favour elements in causal circumstances as causes over others. It is a mistake to take contra-normality to be part of the nature of causation.
Negative Causation and the Relationality of Causation
Authors: Noordhof Paul
Published: October 2020

Negative causation and dispositions as mutual manifestation partners don’t threaten the relationality of causation. Separating the supervenience of truth on being from explanation and the distinctive relevance of truth-makers enables us to avoid arguments from parsimony against positive causal surrogates drawing upon the idea of truth-maker necessitation. If truth-maker necessitation were the proper characterization of how to explain the truth of all statements, and negative causal statements in particular, then a fact of totality, or the essentiality of properties of the world, would be the most parsimonious explanation of their truth albeit at the expense of identifying something that conveys their distinctive subject matter. Within the recommended framework, the existence of true negative causal statements provided motivation for recognizing the existence of positive causal surrogates as part of the explanation of their truth. The truth of negative causal statements is the basis for an argument against the truth-making picture.
Agency, Intervention, and the Past
Authors: Noordhof Paul
Published: October 2020

Although agency theories of causation are unsuccessful, they draw on two plausible contributions to the analysis of causation: a characterization of agent non-symmetry in terms of effective means and an insight into nature of the similarity weighting for counterfactuals. A development of evidential decision theory provides the most immediately plausible way of understanding agency asymmetry. However, a problem with the proposed development reveals the importance of causal thinking—captured in causal decision theory—in characterizing when an action fails to be the most effective means to a certain end. Non-reductive interventionist approaches to causation are unnecessary because the recommended similarity weighting captures the appropriate notion of intervention. The recommended approach to causal non-symmetry can explain the fact that, metaphysically necessarily, causes usually precede their effect because temporal direction is preponderant causal direction. The non-symmetry of agency is related to two de facto asymmetries relating to knowledge and intervention.
The Ontology of Chance
Authors: Noordhof Paul
Published: October 2020

Just as laws are variably realized so are objective chances: in the patterns identified by the best system analysis and in propensities. Theories of chance face two significant problems: the problem of undermining that is alleged to afflict Humean accounts of chance and, second, the relationship of chance to frequencies and, thus, to successful action. Although some propensity accounts can avoid undermining, they do so at the expense of the second relationship. More concessive propensity theories make some headway with regard to the second problem but start to suffer from the first problem. The perceived advantage for agents in conforming their beliefs to chances, understood as propensities, is rooted in the same mistake about induction identified in Chapter 14. So the successful treatment of chance does not tell in favour of one theory of the laws that support them than another.
Introduction
Authors: Massey Drew
Published: October 2020

The chapter introduces the general perspective from which I consider the music of Thomas Adès from the beginning of his career up until The Exterminating Angel. Broadly speaking, I frame a consideration of his work as a dialectic, but also synthesis, of a variety of different themes in music of the late twentieth and early twenty-first century. In particular, I orient the reader by briefly considering Adorno’s notion of a Musique Informelle, alongside a theory of cultural production for the twenty-first century known as “metamodernism.” While neither one of these frames of reference totally captures the dynamics of the music that I seek to explore in the chapters that follow, they provide a useful point of departure for considering why Adès’s music has attracted the attention that it has.
The Song Inside Your Mind
Authors: Massey Drew
Published: October 2020

Adès’s second opera, The Tempest (2003), has been celebrated for many reasons. In the public imagination it has solidified comparisons between Adès and Benjamin Britten (the composer of one of the other most well-known Shakespeare operas of the last hundred years, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, 1960). The Tempest also established Adès as a leading presence in contemporary opera. My goal in this essay is to explore how two interrelated concerns—the expressive possibilities of moving from one medium to another and the interpenetration of different subjectivities with one another—show one way of thinking about The Tempest which is emblematic of several recurrent aspects Adès’s sensibility. The Tempest, as the largest work he completed in the decade after his initial flush of success in the 1990s, demonstrates the longevity of his quest for what he calls “new objects” which transcend their medium and engender singular subjective experiences.
The Great Beyond
Authors: Massey Drew
Published: October 2020

In the decade ending in 2016, Adès has gravitated toward larger-scale works including Tevot (2007), Totentanz (2013), and The Exterminating Angel (2016). The increasingly cosmic ambition of these works reflects a more “philosophical” footing for Adès’s largest works. Despite the heterogeneity of these pieces, each of these works carefully balances its subjective and objective dimensions. Each of them features a different primary means of musical signification: Tevot operates largely through the use and development of autonomous musical material, Totentanz relies heavily on stylistic allusion and the pre-existing musical technique of limited aleatory, and The Exterminating Angel is a combination of both strategies. Taken as a whole, what emerges from these pieces when viewed in this light is the way in which Adès increasingly uses musical styles and materials to engender subjective experiences which point to truths outside of the objectively observable—his own kind of great beyond.
ELLIOTT CARTER (1908–2012)Of Challenge and of Love (1994)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers Elliott Carter’s Of Challenge and of Love. This substantial and impressive cycle shows stylistic consistency in its uncompromising atonality and rhythmic complexity, but it is an immensely satisfying vehicle for a singer and pianist of exceptional skill, stamina, and musicianship. Vocal writing is, by turn, gritty and muscular, exuberant and lyrical. Piano parts are dramatic and often texturally intricate, but there are plenty of ‘windows’ to allow the voice to come through. Carter is fond of the device of ‘metric modulation’ and there are several examples here. He obviously relishes the mathematical and proportional aspects of rhythm, and frequently ties notes across beats, promoting elasticity and freedom. The music is also enlivened by pungent, accented passages.
PETER CHILD (b. 1953)Emily Dickinson Songs (1998)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes seven miniatures created by Peter Child. These songs are written in an accessibly ‘neo-tonal’ idiom. Here, lean, nimble, relatively undemanding vocal lines are supported, and often driven, by highly characterful piano parts which convey much of the detail of the textual images. The piece forms a nicely balanced whole, its hypnotic slow movements contrasted by more animated rhythmical settings. The first four songs muse, fleetingly, on various features of the natural world (both animate and inanimate), but the last two plumb more deeply beneath the surface. The final setting is particularly affecting in its ambivalent soul-searching. The composer has a distinctive way of concluding each song with a pithy musical comment, sometimes leaving a question hovering in the air.
ROSS EDWARDS (b. 1943)The Hermit of Green Light (1979)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores The Hermit of Green Light by Ross Edwards. Here, Edwards shows acute awareness of the incisive quality and enviable consistency of timbre of the counter-tenor voice type. The four songs are fluent and full of contrast, yet unfailingly elegant and economical in structure. Piano writing is invitingly idiomatic, with clear textures that should allow the singer to pick out helpful pitch cues. Whole-tone scales are a dominant feature, and time signatures fluctuate continually amid some rhythmic complexities. The piece is eminently practicable, however, and the score is a model of clarity. Vocal range is extremely well judged, and concentrates on the most penetrating area of the voice. There are just a few long-held notes, and these do not need to be sustained beyond the point of comfort or tonal security. Dynamics are subtly moulded to suit the sound quality and vocal gestures of authentically rendered baroque music—the cornerstone of the counter-tenor’s repertoire.
ADAM GORB (b. 1958)Wedding Breakfast (1993)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter describes Wedding Breakfast, a brief dramatic scena by Adam Gorb which can function as a comedic party piece. As a wickedly apt but always respectful and affectionate tribute to Igor Stravinsky, Wedding Breakfast parodies brilliantly the musical and verbal characteristics of Stravinsky’s cantata Les Noces (1923). Here, Gorb has concocted a text of Russian-sounding gibberish which, ingeniously, makes no sense at all. The throaty vowels and guttural consonants of authentic Russian pronunciation can perhaps be exaggerated for added effect. The singer’s role is that of the bride on the morning after the nuptial celebrations featured in the Stravinsky work. The composer imagines her somewhat the worse for wear after her wedding night—even a little inebriated.
LOU HARRISON (1917–2003)May Rain (1941)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter considers May Rain, a miniature by Lou Harrison, one of the great pioneers of American music. This is an ideal introduction to an ‘advanced’ or ‘experimental’ idiom that poses few musical problems. It bears witness to the composer's passionate interest and knowledge of Indonesian gamelan music, and makes a haunting, poetic impression with its unforced simplicity and keen aural judgement. The compass is restricted to less than an octave, and both piano and voice oscillate frequently between major and minor thirds. Towards the centre of the piece there is a gradual crescendo reaching forte on the word ‘roots’ which then fades to piano. This is followed by a quiet final paragraph, which eventually dies away on a held low F sharp (‘shoot’).
KAREL HUSA (1921–2016)Twelve Moravian Songs (1957)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter presents folk songs from Czech-born composer and conductor Karel Husa. These folk songs demonstrate Husa’s unfailing sensitivity and expertise when confronted by a modest canvas. The twelve songs provide plenty of contrast in mood and style, despite the overall simplicity of the vocal lines. The composer states that he has barely altered the original melodies, and certain idiomatic inflections are reflected in the judicious use of grace notes. Here, the composer skilfully blends traditional and modern elements. With such plain, exposed lines, often in mid-voice, purity of tone is essential to convey the words clearly. Piano parts are, however, more elaborate, transforming the pieces into high-quality ‘art songs’.
JOHN McLEOD (b. 1934)Peacocks With a Hundred Eyes (1984)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses Peacocks with a Hundred Eyes by John McLeod. Written for counter-tenor, this cycle skilfully exploits the distinctive timbre of that voice. Here, McLeod manages to create an intriguing and distinctive amalgam of baroque and contemporary gestures, including double-dotted Purcellian rhythms, graceful curling melismas, and glissandos. The composer furthermore has the happy idea of intertwining the texts, and this works splendidly, providing a balanced and satisfyingly cogent structure. Percy Bysshe Shelley's familiar poem (‘Music, When Soft Voices Die’) is split into four, each two-line fragment followed by a Christina Rossetti setting, which is expanded by piano solo passages, and it all ends in buoyant mood with the well-loved ‘A Birthday’. Unifying features include repeats of pitch sequences, often as haunting refrains. The cycle runs continuously, and its richly contrasting material and imaginative sweep sustain interest throughout.
NICHOLAS MAW (1935–2009)The Voice of Love (1966)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter takes a look at Nicholas Maw’s The Voice of Love. It illustrates how this cycle rewards the careful study needed to master its difficulties, and represents the composer in his most compelling form. Such sumptuous vocal lines could seem to encourage a stream of warm, unvaried tone, but the eight movements give the singer the opportunity to display the widest possible range of mood, timbre, and character. In addition, Peter Porter's resonant texts are taken from a series of seventeenth-century love letters. The vocal writing is rich and powerful, and shows the influence of the Second Viennese School. Phrases are of a length to strengthen and exercise the voice.
THIERRY PÉCOU (b. 1965)Mammal Dreams (1996)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter examines Mammal Dreams by Thierry Pécou. The powerful, darkly erotic text is by the Canadian musician and poet A. K. Coope. The chapter shows that the musical idiom is immediately seductive and fascinating, vibrant and full of contrast. The piano part teems with scurrying flourishes and translucent textures, including some distinctive pulsating repetitions. Colourful washes of sound seem almost orchestral in concept. All is acutely heard, with voice and piano complementing each other perfectly. In solo piano passages, trills are used to great effect: harmonies are extended by tingling oscillations of the top line, creating a feeling of suppressed sensuality.
MEL POWELL (1923–1998)Haiku Settings (1960)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores the work of Mel Powell through a set of miniatures which showcase his polished, distinctive writing. Beautifully presented, the score is a facsimile of the composer's bold, attractive manuscript, with some pleasingly appropriate line drawings. The settings of classic Japanese haiku, in English translation, are arranged in four groups, comprising three, two, four, and two poems respectively. Each one consists of three lines, containing seventeen syllables, in the formation 5–7–5. Two of the poems are written by the great master of haiku, Matsuo Basho (1644–94), two by his pupils, and the rest by later followers of the art and their protégés.
JOHN RITCHIE (1921–2014)Four Zhivago Songs (1977)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter explores some New Zealand music from John Ritchie. Compact and tightly structured, this cycle is a model of its kind. It carries a powerfully evocative atmosphere with touching simplicity and directness. Ritchie has a gift for creating distinctive, repeated motifs that stay indelibly in the mind. He writes expertly for the voice, with arching lines in practicable spans, stretching over a wide range without strain. Vocal lines are so finely chiselled that pitches can be plotted with jewel-like precision, with time to gauge each interval cleanly in relation to the piano. The music maintains a natural fluency through changes of tempo and mood, from confiding intimacy and bitter reflection to emotional outpourings.
SCOTT WHEELER (b. 1952)Serenata (1993)
Authors: Manning Jane
Published: October 2020

This chapter discusses Scott Wheeler’s Serenata. Originally scored for tenor and guitar, this is a highly accessible, exceptionally attractive cycle of five songs. Here Wheeler sets these fine poems with exemplary care, believing that if the text was treated meticulously, the expression would take care of itself. Wheeler now admits to having moved on from this stance, obeying a personal inclination towards romanticism, and a need to give rein to spontaneous emotion. The result, however, is a thoroughly expert, vivid piece of vocal writing, which gives the singer every chance to display their technical and interpretative talents. Wheeler allows the voice to warm up gradually through the cycle; the highest and most demanding phrases occur in the last two songs.
Hittite Texts and Greek Religion
Authors: Rutherford Ian
Published: October 2020

There has been a lot of interest in recent decades in the question of whether ancient Greek religion was influenced by the religions of the Ancient Near East. This book examines the relationship between Greek religion and the religious system of the Hittites, as we know it from cuneiform texts perserved in the Hittite archives. The question seems worth exploring partly because the Hittite texts are such a rich source for religion, documenting religious practices of many cultures Anatolia in the Late Bronze Age (e.g. the Luwians), and partly because the Hittites are known to have been in contact with Mycenaean Greece, known to them as Ahhiyawa. Greek religion of the 1st millennium BC may also show influence from Hittite religion, either inheriting it from Mycenaean religon or borrowing it from the successor cultures of Anatolia. The book is divided into three parts: Part 1 (chapters 1-4) is introductory, setting out the evidence and a methodological paradigm for using comparative data (chapter 4). Part 2 (chapters 5-8) look at cases where there may have been contact or influence: contact in the Late Bronze (chapter 5), the case of scapegoat rituals (chapter 6), Cybele (chapter 7) and the Kumarbi-Cycle (chapter 8). Part 3 looks at some key aspects of religion shared by both religious systems: the pantheon (chapter 9), rituals of war (chapter 10), festivals (chapter 11) and animal sacrifice (chapter 12).
Generations of Gods and the South-East
Authors: Rutherford Ian
Published: October 2020

The subject of Chapter 7 is a second key area of contact, the NE corner of the Mediterranean comprising Cilicia, the Levant and Cyprus. This had long been an area of intense East-West contact, perhaps primarily mercantile in nature. This is the most likely route by which the so-called Kingship in Heaven Cycle of myths reached Greece, if it did, perhaps bringing with associated ideas about categories of celestial and chthonian gods. Paradoxically, although these myths are best preserved in Hittite translations or adaptations discovered in the archives of Boğaz-Köy, it is more likely than not that the lender culture was in this case Ugarit or some other state in NW Syria. The orthodox view that the main period of contact was the 8th century BC could be right (though our ideas about this are changing in the light of new discoveries from Tell Tayinat and other sites). However, such links were probably already established in the LBA and they could be even earlier than that.
The Origin of the Mystery
Authors: Rivas Jesús A.
Published: October 2020

This chapter traces the paleo-history of South America to tackle evolutionary questions about anacondas. Going back in history 150 million years ago, the current continents of South America and Africa were joined in a single mega-continent that also included current Australia and Antarctic. In the northern part of this continent (current South America and Africa) was a large river that started roughly where the current Congo River starts and drained the continent out of what is currently western Ecuador. Approximately 110 million years ago, South America separated from Africa and drifted west. The continent was drained by the paleo-Amazon. As South America drifted west, it collided with the Nazca plate in the eastern Pacific. As the two landmasses moved against each other, the Nazca plate subsided under South America, pushing up the western border of the latter, giving rise to the Andes. The creation of the Andes would result in the eventual closing of the drainage of the paleo-Amazon into the Pacific Ocean. The chapter looks at the significance of this paleo-history to the evolution of anacondas. It seems like the conditions in the paleo-history of the continent of constant flooding were not all that different from the conditions that anacondas encounter currently in the llanos.
Multifocal Pain as a Predictor of Pain Outcomes in Military Veterans with Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain: A Secondary Data Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bushey Michael A , Ang Dennis , Wu Jingwei , Outcalt Samantha D , Krebs Erin E , Yu Zhangsheng , Bair Matthew J
Published: October 2020

Objective

We aimed to examine 1) the relationship between multifocal pain and clinical characteristics, including demographics, pain outcomes, somatic symptoms, health-related quality of life, depression, and anxiety, and 2) whether multifocal pain was independently associated with treatment response.

Methods

We conducted a secondary data analysis on veterans with chronic pain enrolled in the Evaluation of Stepped Care for Chronic Pain (ESCAPE) trial with complete data at 9 months (n = 222). We examined baseline relationships and used multivariable linear regression to examine whether multifocal pain was independently associated with outcomes that included Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Interference scale and Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) scores between baseline and 9 months.

Results

The sample had a mean BPI Interference score of 5.3 ± 2.2 and a mean GCPS score of 65.6 ± 13.7, 55% had significant depression (Patient Health Questionnaire 9-item depression scale [PHQ-9] score of ≥10), and 42% had significant anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale [GAD-7] score of ≥10). Veterans reporting three or more pain sites (the “more diffuse pain” group) had significantly less improvement on GCPS (b = 4.6, standard error [SE] = 2.3, P = 0.045), BPI Interference (b = 1.0, SE = 0.2, P = 0.0011), and health-related quality of life (Short-Form 36-item scale, Physical Component Summary) (b = 4.1, SE = 1.0, P < 0.0001) than did veterans reporting fewer than three pain sites (the “less diffuse pain” group). More diffuse pain was not associated with changes in PHQ-9 or GAD-7 scores.

Conclusions

Multifocal pain predicted worse pain outcomes between baseline and 9 months in veterans enrolled in a trial for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Cardiovascular mortality and cardiovascular event rates in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases in the CARdiovascular in rheuMAtology (CARMA) prospective study—results at 5 years of follow-up
Authors: Martín-Martínez María A , Castañeda Santos , Sánchez-Alonso Fernando , García-Gómez Carmen , González-Juanatey Carlos , Sánchez-Costa Jesús T , Belmonte-López María A , Tornero-Molina Jesús , Santos-Rey José , Sánchez González Carmen O , Quesada Estefanía , Moreno-Gil María P , Cobo-Ibáñez Tatiana , Pinto-Tasnde José A , Babío-Herráez Jesús , Bonilla Gema , Juan-Mas Antonio , Manero-Ruiz Francisco J , Romera-Baurés Montserrat , Bachiller-Corral Javier , Chamizo-Carmona Eugenio , Uriarte-Ecenarro Mirem , Barbadillo Carmen , Fernández-Carballido Cristina , Aurrecoechea Elena , Möller-Parrera Ingrid , Llorca Javier , González-Gay Miguel A ,   for the CARMA Project Collaborative Group
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To determine cardiovascular (CV) mortality and incidence of the first CV event (CVE) in patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases (CIRD) after 5 years of follow-up.

Methods

This is an analysis of the CARdiovascular in rheMAatology (CARMA) study after 5 years of follow-up. It includes patients with RA (n = 775), AS (n = 738) and PsA (n = 721), and individuals without CIRD (n = 677) attending outpatient rheumatology clinics from 67 public hospitals in Spain. Descriptive analyses were performed for the CV mortality at 5 years. The Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) function at 5 years was calculated to determine the expected risk of CV mortality. Poisson models were used to estimate the incidence rates of the first CVE. Hazard ratios of the risk factors involved in the development of the first CVE were evaluated using the Weibull proportional hazard model.

Results

Overall, 2382 subjects completed the follow-up visit at 5 years. Fifteen patients died due to CVE. CV deaths observed in the CIRD cohort were lower than that predicted by SCORE risk charts. The highest incidence rate of CVE [7.39 cases per 1000 person-years (95% CI 4.63, 11.18)] was found in PsA patients. However, after adjusting for age, sex and CV risk factors, AS was the inflammatory disease more commonly associated with CVE at 5 years [hazard ratio 4.60 (P =0.02)], compared with those without CIRD.

Conclusions

Cardiovascular mortality in patients with CIRD at 5 years of follow-up is lower than estimated. Patients with AS have a higher risk of developing a first CVE after 5 years of follow-up.
Severe muscle damage with myofiber necrosis and macrophage infiltrates characterize anti-Mi2 positive dermatomyositis
Authors: Fornaro Marco , Girolamo Francesco , Cavagna Lorenzo , Franceschini Franco , Giannini Margherita , Amati Angela , Lia Anna , Tampoia Marilina , D’Abbicco Dario , Maggi Lorenzo , Fredi Micaela , Zanframundo Giovanni , Moschetti Liala , Coladonato Laura , Iannone Florenzo
Published: October 2020

Objective

The aim of our study was to investigate clinical and histopathological findings in adult DM patients positive for anti-Mi2 (anti-Mi2+) antibodies compared with DM patients negative for anti-Mi2 (anti-Mi2–).

Methods

Clinical data of adult DM patients, who fulfilled EULAR/ACR 2017 classification criteria, were gathered from electronic medical records of three tertiary Rheumatology Units. Histopathological study was carried out on 12 anti-Mi2+ and 14 anti-Mi2– muscle biopsies performed for diagnostic purpose. Nine biopsies from immune mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) patients were used as control group.

Results

Twenty-two anti-Mi2+ DM [90.9% female, mean age 56.5 (15.7) years] were compared with 69 anti-Mi2– DM patients [71% female, mean age 52.4 (17) years]. Anti-Mi2+ patients presented higher levels of serum muscle enzymes than anti-Mi2– patients [median (IQR) creatine-kinase fold increment: 16 (7–37)vs 3.5 (1–9.9), P <0.001] before treatment initiation. Moreover, a trend towards less pulmonary involvement was detected in anti-Mi2+ DM (9.1% vs 30.4%, P =0.05), without any case of rapidly progressive interstitial lung disease. At muscle histology, anti-Mi2+ patients showed more necrotic/degenerative fibres than anti-Mi2– patients [mean 5.3% (5) vs 0.8% (1), P <0.01], but similar to IMNM [5.9% (6), P >0.05]. In addition, the endomysial macrophage score was similar between anti-Mi2+ and IMNM patients [mean 1.2 (0.9) vs 1.3 (0.5), P >0.05], whereas lower macrophage infiltration was found in anti-Mi2– DM [mean 0.4 (0.5), <0.01].

Conclusions

Anti-Mi2+ patients represent a specific DM subset with high muscle damage. Histological hallmarks were a higher prevalence of myofiber necrosis, endomysial involvement and macrophage infiltrates at muscle biopsy.