bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effet therapeutique et effet sur la fonction cortico-surrénale du fluocortine-butylester dans l’eczéma de l’enfant
Authors: Favrod-Coune E. , Sizonenko P.C. , Paunier L. , Varonier H. , Hunziker N.
Published: October 2009

A new topical corticosteroid: fluocortin-butylester, was employed in 11 eczematous children (atopic and seborrhoeic dermatitis), with a good clinical result. These topical applications involve no significant risk of interference with the pituitary-adrenal function.
Chimiothérapie locale du mycosis fongoïde
Authors: Touraine R. , Revuz J.
Published: October 2009

Topical mechlorethamine has been used in the treatment of mycosis fungoides for 20 years. The local use of other cytotoxic drugs has shown no advantages over mechlorethamine. A 0.02% solution (10 mg mechlorethamine in 50 ml of water) is mainly used due to its therapeutic efficacy with few side effects as compared with more concentrated solutions. Topical mechlorethamine is used daily at the beginning of the treatment until all lesions have cleared. Intralesional injections, are sometimes necessary. Weekly or twice-weekly applications are advisable as maintenance treatment. Long-standing remission have been obtained using that protocol of treatment. Side effects are pigmentation, local irritation and true sensitization (contact dermatitis). Only the latter makes it impossible to resume the treatment. Although sensitization to mechlorethamine has been used in the treatment of mycosis fungoides as a local immunotherapy, its efficacy is poor in that way as compared with its usual utilization. Attempts to desensitize patients to mechlorethamine have given poor results. The induction of a specific tolerance to mechlorethamine by intravenous injection prior to local application seems to be more promising. Results, however, are preliminary.
Klinik, Statistik und Risikofaktoren des malignen Melanoms
Authors: Storck H.
Published: October 2009

The prognosis for malignant melanoma is dependent on the stage of the disease, sex, size respectively depth of penetration, structure (lentigo maligna melanoma, superficial spreading melanoma, nodular melanoma), location and age of the patient when the disease begins. The method of conventional treatment (X-ray then excision, excision then X-ray, X-ray alone, excision alone) is not important. The decisive factor is early diagnosis (histology) and early treatment (total excision of the tumor). The value of additional immunotherapy and chemotherapy in cases diagnosed early cannot yet be judged. Melanoma is rarer among colored races than among whites, and the frequency of the disease among Caucasians increases as one approaches the equator. Morbidity and mortality are rising throughout the world. The influence of factors such as trauma and sunlight is disputed.
Pathogenetic Factors in Urticaria in Children
Authors: Bonifazi E. , Meneghini C.L. , Ceci A.
Published: October 2009

Results of a study in 62 patients with urticaria and 30 controls, all under 12 years of age, are reported. The study involved history taking and assays of immunoglobulins A, G, M, D, E, of complement fractions C3c and C4 and estimation of Cl esterase inactivator activity in the plasma. Acute urticaria is more frequent than chronic urticaria in children, especially in subjects with atopic diathesis; papular urticaria (or strophulus infantum) is particularly frequent in children under 6 years of age and in the male. Assays of plasma immunoglobulins demonstrated selective deficiency of IgA in two and significant reduction of this immunoglobulin in a further three cases. The mean levels of IgE proved normal in chronic urticaria, raised in acute urticaria, and very high in papular urticaria. Complement assays demonstrated, in one case, a reduction of C3c below 60 mg/100 ml, persisting after the disappearance of urticaria.
HL-A Antigens in Pustular Psoriasis
Authors: Zachariae H. , Petersen Overgaard , Nielsen Kissmeyer , Lamm L.
Published: October 2009

HL-A typing was performed on 97 patients with pustular psoriasis. HLA-B27 was found increased for the combined three subgroups: localized psoriasis of palms and soles, acrodermatitis continua and generalized pustular psoriasis, who were associated with a high incidence of arthritis. These subgroups have this in common with Reiter’s disease indicating a link between the entities. In persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis an increased incidence of HLA-Bw35 was found. HLA-B13, HLA-B17 and HLA-Bw37 which are found markedly increased in psoriasis vulgaris were in acrodermatitis continua, generalized pustular psoriasis and persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis either absent or not increased as compared with the control population. 7 of 30 patients with localized psoriasis of palms and soles had one of these antigens. Our findings confirm that psoriasis vulgaris and pustular psoriasis as such, seem to be different aetiological entities. Some patients with localized psoriasis of palms and soles may be true psoriatics which besides their psoriasis have a tendency to develop a pustular reaction in their palms and soles similar to persistent palmo-plantar pustulosis.
Rundkopfspermien
Authors: Anton-Lamprecht I.
Published: October 2009

The light microscopic diagnosis of round-headed spermatozoa is shown to comprise different pathomorphogenetic types that are only distinguishable by electron microscopy. Two types are described, one of them corresponding to the type that was initially characterized by Schirren and Holstein by its globular nucleus and its lack of the acrosomal cap; the other one, with normally shaped nucleus and acrosome in an enlarged headpiece, reveals signs of a primary maturing inhibition.
Kutane Leishmaniose: autochthoner Fall in der Schweiz
Authors: Mazzi R.
Published: October 2009

Different kinds of Phlebotomus, which are responsible for the infectiousness of cutaneous leishmaniasis, have been identified at different places in Europe. The pathogenic agent, Leishmania tropica, essentially linked to climatic circumstances, seems slowly to gain ground north of the Mediterranean Sea. The chance of having an autochthonous case in Ticino (Southern Switzerland) is existing. A treatment with Rifampicin has been successful.
Topical Steroid Depression of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Psoriasis vulgaris
Authors: Rabinowitz Israel N. , Watson William , Farber Eugene M.
Published: October 2009

Significant suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis has been found in patients hospitalized with psoriasis vulgaris and receiving topical fluorinated steroid therapy. Depression of thyroid function and involvement of autoimmune processes is also suggested by the data.
Relationship of Subepidermal Immune Complex to Renal Deposits in the (NZB × W) F1 Mouse
Authors: Pertschuk Louis P. , Szabo Katarina , Rainford Evelyn
Published: October 2009

In an attempt to correlate the presence of subepidermal and renal glomerular deposits in murine lupus, skin and kidney tissue from 67 (NZB × W)F1 mice was examined by direct immunofluorescence and the results tabulated. Between 36 and 43 weeks of age, deposits in both locations were detected in only 50.5% of the mice, and between 44 and 52 weeks, in only 79.0%. The titer of antibody to DNA did not correlate with the presence of subepidermal deposits even though DNA was demonstrated at the epidermal-dermal interface. It is concluded that the absence of immunoglobulin in the subepidermis does not preclude the presence of renal deposits, and it is hazardous to attempt to predict underlying glomerular deposition by performing immunofluorescence examination of skin in murine lupus.
Herpes zoster in a 7-Month-Old Baby
Authors: Vanneste E. , de Bersaques J.
Published: October 2009

Description of a case of zoster in a baby of 7 months. The mother suffered from varicella during the 5th month of pregnancy.
Über die perkutane Resorption yon Quecksilber aus quecksilberhaltigen Therapeutika
Authors: Schuppli R. , Seiler H. , Niggli H. , Hoffmann K.
Published: October 2009

The percutaneous resorption of mercury (mercuric phenylborate, mercuric oxycianide and white precipitate ointment) has been investigated in 25 patients by measuring the urinary excretion of mercury. No significantly raised values were found after application of mercury on large areas of the body over several days. Only in one patient with a disturbed renal function was there an increase in the excreted mercury. The question is discussed how far one is allowed to draw conclusions on percutaneous resorption of mercury on the basis of the urinary excretion.
Genetic Association Analysis between TDP-43 Polymorphisms and Alzheimer’s Disease in a Japanese Population
Authors: Shibata Nobuto , Ohnuma Tohru , Baba Hajime , Arai Heii
Published: October 2009

Background/Aims: A recent paper reported that the TAR-DNA binding protein (TDP-43) is the disease protein in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar dementia with ubiquitin-positive inclusions. In addition, it has been shown that TDP-43 may play a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study aims to investigate whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the TDP-43 gene are associated with AD. Methods: Eight SNPs, genotyped using TaqMan technology, were analyzed using a case-control study design including a haplotype analysis. Furthermore, an analysis of the cases divided according to apolipoprotein E (APO E) status was also carried out. Our case-control dataset consists of 181 AD patients and 130 age-matched controls. Results: Although none of the SNPs showed statistically significant association, we identified an association between a specific haplotype (G-A-A-G) of the TDP-43 gene and risk for AD. We could not confirm any synergetic association between the SNPs and APO E in our AD patients. Despite the relatively small sample size, our results indicate a possible genetic association between TDP- 43 and AD. Conclusion: Further genetic studies are needed to clarify the relationship between the TDP-43 gene and AD.
Immunofluorescent Studies of Dermatomyositis
Authors: Winkelmann R.K. , Jordon R.E. , de Moragas J.M.
Published: October 2009

Indirect immunofluorescent studies on the sera of 21 patients with dermatomyositis and direct immunofluorescent studies of 13 biopsy specimens were carried out. Findings indicate the possibility of improper diagnosis if immunofluorescence is used as the principal diagnostic medium for dermatomyositis.
Mitteilungen – Communications Entwicklungstendenzen der Zürcher Dermatologie in den letzten 20 Jahren
Authors: Storck H. , Eichenberger-de Beer H. , Baumann P.
Published: October 2009

A statistical survey of the various dermatoses of the years 1950, 1960 and 1970 was undertaken to elicit possible chances in the number of patients of each dermatosis. 5 groups of dermatoses were compared, namely allergies, infectious dermatoses, malignomas, dermatoses due to circulatory disturbances and dermatoses with an unknown aetiology. The statistical survey showed that the allergies increased by 35.6% more than the population of canton Zurich, infectious dermatoses decreased by 36.1%, malignomes increased by 29.1%, also the group of circulatory disturbances by 40.1%. The group of dermatoses of unknown pathogenesis increased by 57.7%.
Ethnic Differences in Natural Melanoproteins
Authors: Wassermann H.P.
Published: October 2009

Elemental analyses of natural melanoprotein extracted from the pooled hair of many individuals from each of 4 ethnic groups are presented. The differences found, especially in metal-content, cannot be explained at present. In view of other morphological differences reported, it is considered that these differences are probably also genetically determined.
Electroglottogram-Based Estimation of Vocal Economy: ‘Quasi-Output-Cost Ratio’
Authors: Laukkanen Anne-Maria , Mäki Elinita , Leppänen Kirsti
Published: October 2009

Impact stress (IS) has been regarded as the main loading factor in voice production. To quantify the cost of voice production, an output-cost ratio (OCR) was proposed, which concerns acoustic output (pressure P) in relation to IS: OCR = 20 log Psup/P₀ – 20 log IS/IS₀ [1,2]. IS is difficult to measure directly in humans. However, it has been found to correlate with closed quotient (CQ, closed time/period length) measured by electroglottogram (CQEGG) [3]. The present study proposes a noninvasive estimate of OCR, the quasi-output-cost ratio (QOCR): (sound pressure level (SPL)/CQEGG) × (period length (T)/T₀). T₀ is set at 0.005 for females and 0.01 for males, corresponding to the respective period lengths of the mean F₀ in female and male speech (i.e. 200 and 100 Hz). QOCR was tested for 62 healthy females (23 teachers, 18 university students with voice training and 21 without). The teachers had a higher QOCR than the students in loud speech, but QOCR did not correlate with symptoms of vocal fatigue after a vocal loading test. QOCR seems to be a promising tool to quantify vocal loading but naturally not vocal loadedness.
Dynamics of platelet mobilisation into lungs in response to 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) in mice
Authors: Yu Zhiqian , Ohba Mami , Nakamura Masanori , Sasano Takashi , Ono Masao , Sugawara Shunji , Endo Yasuo
Published: October 2009

In experimental animals, the lung rapidly removes intravenously injected 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT), but the mechanism underlying this pulmonary 5HT removal (P-5HT-R) and the responsible cells remains unclear. 5HT reportedly induces rapid pulmonary platelet accumulation (P-PLT-A). Here, we examined the relationship between P-5HT-R and P-PLT-A in mice by comparing the platelet count in the blood with the endogenous 5HT in the tissues (a marker for platelets because the 5HT is largely contained within platelets). 5HT levels in murine blood and tissues were also examined after intravenous injection of 5HT. The data revealed that: (i) 5HT injection (at ≥ 0.04 μmol/kg) induced a transient P-PLT-A (occurring within 6 seconds), (ii) platelets rapidly took up injected 5HT, (iii) the P-5HT-R was saturated following injection of 5HT at 1 μmol/kg, (iv) ketanserin (5HT2-receptor antagonist) strongly inhibited P-PLT-A, (v) under fluoxetine (5HT-uptake inhibitor), 5HT levels at 6 seconds after 5HT injection were markedly higher in blood, but significantly lower in lung (versus fluoxetine-untreated mice), (vi) P-5HT-R was barely detectable in mutant mice with platelets lacking dense bodies, and was much reduced in platelet-depleted mice, (vii) 5HT injected intravenously at 10 μmol/kg had a half-life in the lung of < 20 seconds, and (viii) unlike 5HT, injected histamine was largely excreted by the kidney. These results demonstrate that platelets rapidly translocate into the lung upon stimulation of 5HT2 receptors, take up 5HT (and possibly swiftly metabolise it), and then return to the circulation. Hence, pulmonary platelet accumulation plays an important role in pulmonary 5HT removal in mice.
Role of Toll-like receptors, NOD-like receptors and RIG-I-like receptors in endothelial cells and systemic infections
Authors: Eitel Julia , Meixenberger Karolin , Suttorp Norbert , Opitz Bastian
Published: October 2009

Bacteraemia and viraemia are characterised by pathogens entering the bloodstream. Endothelial cells are among the first cells coming into contact with the microbes and also some endogenous molecules which are released by tissue damage. As part of the innate immune system, endothelial cells respond to these contacts by producing inflammatory mediators and expressing surface molecules. The initial sensing of microbial and endogenous danger-associated molecules is mediated by so-called pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs can be classified in different protein families such as the Toll-like receptors, the NODlike receptors and the RIG-I-like receptors. By activating inflammatory gene transcription and posttranslational processing, PRRs control the immediate innate immune reaction and also the subsequent adaptive immune response. Here we describe the current knowledge of extra-and intracellular PRRs in endothelial cells and their potential role in sepsis and vascular diseases.
A new oral antiplatelet agent with potent antithrombotic properties: Comparison of DZ-697b with clopidogrel in a randomised phase I study
Authors: Zafar Urooj , Ibáñez Borja , Choi Brian , Vorchheimer David , Piñero Antonio , Jin Xiaoping , Sharma Raman , Badimon Juan
Published: October 2009

DZ-697b is a new orally active antiplatelet agent that inhibits collagen and ristocetin-mediated platelet activation. It does not require meta-bolisation to generate its active compound and has a safer profile than clopidogrel in pre-clinical studies. We compared the antithrombotic effects and bleeding time prolongations of three DZ-697b doses with clopidogrel 300 mg. In a four-treatment, three-period, crossover-design, 20 healthy subjects (31 ± 7 years, 85% males) were randomised to single oral doses of DZ-697b (60, 120 and 360 mg), and clopidogrel (300 mg) (n=15 in each treatment with crossing-over). Antithrombotic effects were assessed by measuring six-hour post-dose changes from baseline in thrombus size in the Badimon chamber and platelet adhesion using Diamed Impact-R platelet function assay. Bleeding times were also measured pre-dose and at six hours post-dose. DZ-697b caused dose-dependent reductions in thrombus size at both high- and low-shear rates (mean reductions at 60, 120 and 360 mg doses of: 13.0%, 18.7%, 26.4% and 11.4%, 12.7%, 22.1% respectively, p<0.05 for all). Effect of clopidogrel (reductions of 18.7% and 11.0% respectively, p<0.05 for both) was closest to DZ-697b 120 mg. Reductions in platelet adhesion were also dose-dependent. Bleeding time ratio from baseline were shorter with DZ-697b versus clopidogrel (1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 versus 1.9, p<0.05 for all). The oral agent DZ-697b shows potent, dose-dependent, antithrombotic effects that are comparable to 300 mg clopidogrel at the 120 mg dose. Despite having equal or greater anti-platelet potency than 300 mg clopidogrel, bleeding time prolongations are significantly shorter with DZ-697b.
Artificial Analog Neural Network: Conceptual and Technical Considerations
Authors: Stearns Phillip
Published: October 2009

How is our notion of sound art shaped by the current technological landscape, and what is the role of science and technology in the pursuit of new multidisciplinary works? The author meditates on the topics of sound art, sonification, interactivity and network sciences in order to contextualize the Artificial Analog Neural Network (AANN) project.
Determinants of Mental Health Stigma Among Pharmacy Students in Australia, Belgium, Estonia, Finland, India and Latvia
Authors: Bell J.S. , Aaltonen S.E. , Airaksinen M.S. , Volmer D. , Gharat M.S. , Muceniece R. , Vitola A. , Foulon V. , Desplenter F.A. , Chen T.F.
Published: October 2009

Background: Healthcare professionals commonly exhibit negative attitudes toward people with mental disorders. Few international studies have sought to investigate the determinants of stigma.

Objective: To conduct an international comparison of pharmacy students’ stigma towards people with schizophrenia, and to determine whether stigma is consistently associated with stereotypical attributes of people with schizophrenia.

Method: Students ( n = 649) at eight universities in Australia, Belgium, India, Finland, Estonia and Latvia completed a seven-item Social Distance Scale (SDS) and six items related to stereotypical attributes of people with schizophrenia.

Results: Mean SDS scores were 19.65 (± 3.97) in Australia, 19.61 (± 2.92) in Belgium, 18.75 (± 3.57) in India, 18.05 (± 3.12) in Finland, and 20.90 (± 4.04) in Estonia and Latvia. Unpredictability was most strongly associated with having a high social distance in Australia (β = —1.285), the perception that people will never recover in India (β = — 0.881), dangerousness in Finland (β = —1.473) and the perception of being difficult to talk to in Estonia and Latvia (β = —2.076). Unpredictability was associated with lower social distance in Belgium (β = 0.839).

Conclusion: The extent to which students held stigmatizing attitudes was similar in each country, however, the determinants of stigma were different. Pharmacy education may need to be tailored to address the determinants of stigma in each country.
Inhibition of Enzymatic Degradation of Adhesive-Dentin Interfaces
Authors: De Munck J. , Van den Steen P.E. , Mine A. , Van Landuyt K.L. , Poitevin A. , Opdenakker G. , Van Meerbeek B.
Published: October 2009

Adhesive procedures activate dentin-associated matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), and so iatrogenically initiate bond degradation. We hypothesized that adding MMP inhibitors to adhesive primers may prevent this endogenous enzymatic degradation, thereby improving bond durability. A non-specific MMP inhibitor (chlorhexidine) and a MMP-2/9-specific inhibitor (SB-3CT) were admixed to the primers of an etch & rinse and a self-etch adhesive, both considered as gold-standard adhesives within their respective categories. For dentin powder exposed to the adhesives under clinical application conditions, gelatin zymography revealed the release of MMP-2 (not of MMP-9) by the etch & rinse adhesive, while no release of enzymes could be detected for the mild self-etch adhesive, most likely because of its limited dentin demineralization effect. The built-in MMP inhibitors appeared effective in reducing bond degradation only for the etch & rinse adhesive, and not for the self-etch adhesive. Water sorption of adhesive interfaces most likely remains the principal mechanism of bond degradation, while endogenous enzymes appear to contribute to bond degradation of only etch & rinse adhesives.
MAP Kinase Phosphatase-1 Protects against Inflammatory Bone Loss
Authors: Sartori R. , Li F. , Kirkwood K.L.
Published: October 2009

The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase phosphatase (MKP) family plays an important function in regulating the pro-inflammatory cytokines by deactivating MAP kinases. MKP-1 is essential for the dephosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase that regulates expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β. We hypothesized that MKP-1 regulates inflammatory bone loss in experimental periodontitis. Wild-type and Mkp-1−/− mice received A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS injection in the palatal region or PBS control 3 times/wk for 30 days. Mice were killed, and maxillae were assessed by microcomputed tomography, histological analysis, and TRAP staining for measurement of bone loss, extent of inflammation, and degree of osteoclastogenesis. Results indicated that, in LPS-injected Mkp-1−/− mice, significantly greater bone loss occurred with more inflammatory infiltrate and a significant increase in osteoclastogenesis compared with Mkp-1−/− control sites or either wild-type group. Analysis of these data indicates that MKP-1 plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory bone loss.
Urban Structure and Polycentrism: Towards a Redefinition of the Sub-centre Concept
Authors: Roca Cladera Josep , Marmolejo Duarte Carlos R. , Moix Montserrat
Published: October 2009

This paper seeks to extend the definition of a sub-centre beyond the usual definition as a place with significantly larger employment density that has an effect on the overall employment density of the nearby locations. Together with the previous conditions, it is suggested that it is necessary to include another which represents a structural element of an urban sub-system within the metropolitan configuration—that is, a place with intense spatial interaction with its hinterland. Therefore, a metropolitan area can be seen as one comprising urban sub-systems characterised by greater or lesser polycentrism. In this paper, a ‘bottom—up’ methodology based on commuter flows is proposed in order to detect metropolitan sub-centres. Using empirical data from the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona, the proposed methodology is tested, comparing its results with those of other commonly used methodologies (cut-offs, parametric and non-parametric models). The results suggest that the proposed methodology permits optimising the sub-centre delimitation process.
Explaining Tenancy Sustainment Rates in British Social Rented Housing: The Roles of Management, Vulnerability and Choice
Authors: Pawson Hal , Munro Moira
Published: October 2009

High rates of tenancy turnover in social rented housing have increasingly been identified as problematic both in the UK and elsewhere. High turnover has been variously associated with management failings, individual vulnerability or (absence of) tenant choice. Drawing on original research into ‘prematurely terminated’ tenancies in Glasgow, we investigate explanatory factors associated with tenancy sustainment rates. In doing so, we interrogate the (managerialist) rationale which positions such residential mobility as potentially ‘excessive’ and therefore ‘problematic’. The empirical findings demonstrate evidence for all three posited explanations for high tenancy turnover but also suggest that some tenants vacating their homes after only a short time may be making a positive choice. They also emphasise that, in seeking to reduce early tenancy termination, social landlords should recognise the importance of improving mainstream housing management services and the condition of the housing stock, as well as attempting to address individual vulnerability through targeted support.
Understanding Area-based Regeneration: The New Deal for Communities Programme in England
Authors: Lawless Paul , Foden Michael , Wilson Ian , Beatty Christina
Published: October 2009

The New Deal for Communities (NDC) programme is an ambitious English area-based initiative which aims, over 10 years, to transform 39 deprived neighbourhoods in relation to six outcomes: crime, education, health, worklessness, housing and the community. Data indicate modest programme-wide change against benchmarks. Evidence is used to examine the validity of the programme’s four design parameters: a 10-year horizon is necessary to achieve change; holistic regeneration can help to achieve cross-outcome change; working with other agencies and having other overlapping ABIs helps change; and, having the community at the heart of the initiative enhances outcomes. Findings in relation to these design features have wider applicability across area regeneration policy.
French versus Canadian Tourism: Response to the Disabled
Authors: Freeman Ina , Selmi Noureddine
Published: October 2009

Both France and Canada rank as highly developed tourist destinations. This study compares the underexplored area of the needs of tourists who are disabled in France ( n = 25) and Canada ( n = 24). The authors examine Canada’s and France’s accommodation to both domestic and international tourists who have disabilities, giving the study a unique perspective in comparing and contrasting results to the same questions across similar populations in two countries. The results indicate that neither country’s tourism industry has developed an effective policy to accommodate tourists who have disabilities indicated by significant barriers existing that exclude segments of the disabled population. This article takes the words of those with disabilities to recommend steps necessary to improve the tourism opportunities with this population.
The Factor Structure of Tourist Satisfaction at Sun and Sand Destinations
Authors: Alegre Joaquín , Garau Jaume
Published: October 2009

Using European tourists to sun and sand destinations, this article analyzes the factor structure of tourist satisfaction. The factors that define tourist services can be classified into three types: those factors that increase tourist satisfaction, those that only prevent the tourist from feeling dissatisfied, and those factors that can work both ways. Placing attributes of the sun and sand product on the proposed three groups should allow destinations to identify key drivers of satisfaction. To do this, two methods have been used: the importance grid and the penalty—reward analysis. The penalty—reward analysis appears to be more appropriate, allowing for the identification of the three-factor structure.
Racism, Parent Support, and Math-Based Career Interests, Efficacy, and Outcome Expectations Among African American Adolescents
Authors: Alliman-Brissett Annette E. , Turner Sherri L.
Published: October 2009

Using an extended model of social cognitive career theory, this study investigated ways in which African American middle school adolescents perceive racism and the associations among various aspects of perceptions of racism, other background factors, and math-based career interests, efficacy, and outcome expectations. Results indicated that African American adolescents clearly delineated among various types of interpersonal and institutional racism. Results also showed that various types of perceived racism were negatively associated with math efficacy and outcome expectations but positively associated with math and science interests. Greater interests in math were negatively related to poor academic performance, which in turn was negatively related to lack of peer support. Math outcome expectations was positively related to math efficacy and parent support. Adolescents who had lower academic performance also received greater parental support. The authors suggest that perceptions of racism be included as a factor in studies that examine the development of math/science interests among African American middle school adolescents.
Technological Peripheralization
Authors: Batteau Allen W.
Published: October 2009

Technological gaps in large-scale systems, whether ancient empires or the modern world system, are millenia old and are usually viewed in terms of variable rates of innovation and diffusion. When overlaid with large-scale, tightly coupled systems, such as air transport, pharmaceutical regimes, power grids, industrial supply chains, or food supply networks, these mismatches frequently have adverse consequences for the performance of the system. This article suggests that these gaps are a consequence of the network topologies that produce innovation, and more importantly that the dynamics of these networks progressively amplify the gaps. The dark side of technological acceleration (the geometric growth in technological performance) in core regions is an expanding gap between core and periphery, creating a unique class of hazards outside the core.
Explaining Hwang-Gate: South Korean Identity Politics between Bionationalism and Globalization
Authors: Gottweis Herbert , Kim Byoungsoo
Published: October 2009

This article explores the scientific fraud case of the South Korean stem cell scientist Woo-Suk Hwang, which represents a struggle over political identity. The South Korean state supported Hwang’s research hoping to establish Korean scientific-technological leadership in biotechnology, but it combined this globalization strategy with an identity politics built around the Korean people. The emerging bionationalism exceeded traditional ethnic nationalism insofar as the traditional ethnicity marker of ‘‘blood’’ was displaced by biologically scientifically grounded notions such as the stem cell or the oocyte. These new biological markers defined national identity and embedded the transformative potential of modern biomedicine to be put into the service of Korean bodies and the nation’s economic future. Bionationalistic mobilization became hegemonic in South Korea in 2000 and undermined the democratic process, giving rise to violations against core principles of good governance. This bionationalistic narrative was challenged by an attempt to define political identity through the ideas of political citizenship, liberal democracy, and participation. The South Korean government has terminated its bionationalistic mobilization, but the struggles over Hwang and Korean identity linger.
Introduction: Violence and Memory
Authors: Bell Duncan
Published: October 2009

Memory is a defining feature of the human condition. But the vectors and social dynamics of memory, the linkages between the individual and the collective, and the roles that traces of the past play in constituting identities and in shaping political life are complex, varied and contested. So too are the ethical demands that memory makes on us. What is clear, though, is that violence — its grim modalities, its diffuse consequences, its representation and comprehension — must stand at the centre of any understanding of memory and politics. The articles in forum explore some of the intersections between memory, politics and violence. In this introduction I set the scene for them, examining some of the relevant issues at stake and outlining some of the key positions in the scholarly literature.
Reading Sources and Reading Spaces in Honduras
Authors: Adkins Denice
Published: October 2009

Though literacy is often presented as a universal and monolithic achievement, it is in fact context-dependent, and largely dependent upon the kinds of texts available in a particular community. This paper presents an observer’s study of reading in Honduras, focusing particularly on the availability of reading materials and spaces dedicated to reading and literacy practices. Environments studied included bookstores, libraries, schools, and Internet cafés, as well as streets and shops. Reading books was observed to be relatively uncommon and primarily done in an educational context. Other reading materials, including newspapers, magazines, and text messages, were far more commonly used and far better integrated into the Honduran society. My observations suggest that libraries could play an important supporting role in Honduras’ efforts to establish universal literacy.
Our Space: professional development for new graduates and professionals in Australia
Authors: Bradley Fiona , Dalby Alyson , Spencer Andrew
Published: October 2009

This paper explores the changing work environment in libraries and information management and the impact on new professionals and new graduates. New graduates need to have their own support networks and targeted professional development to successfully navigate job and sector changes and to gain transferable skills. The development and structure of a targeted professional development event, the New Librarians’ Symposium, is discussed. This successful event, held in Australia biennially, could be considered a model of targeted professional development for other professional associations and groups.
“Their Days are Spent in Gambling and Loafing, Pimping for Prostitutes, and Picking Pockets”: Male Juvenile Delinquents on Lagos Island, 1920s-1960s
Authors: Heap Simon
Published: October 2009

In recent times, Lagos Island has been hit by a cyclical crescendo of juvenile crime perpetrated by “Area Boys,” jobless youths who deal in robbery, extortion, and blackmail. Such deviant behavior has historical roots back to colonial times, when youths labeled “ alkali boys,” “ boma boys,” and “ cowboys” roamed the heart of the capital of Britain’s colony of Nigeria between the 1920s and 1960s. Examining the various types of juvenile delinquents on Lagos Island, this article explores the urban experience of criminally minded youths through explorations of street-life, vagrancy, criminality, and public reactions.
Effect of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction and Meniscectomy on Length of Career in National Football League Athletes
Authors: Brophy Robert H. , Gill Corey S. , Lyman Stephen , Barnes Ronnie P. , Rodeo Scott A. , Warren Russell F.
Published: October 2009

Background

Meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are common in college football athletes. The effect of meniscectomy and/or ACL surgery on the length of an athlete’s career in the National Football League (NFL) has not been well examined.

Hypothesis

Athletes with a history of meniscectomy or ACL surgery before the NFL combine have a shorter career than matched controls.

Study Design

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods

A database containing the injury history and career NFL statistics of athletes from 1987–2000 was used to match athletes with a history of meniscectomy and/or ACL surgery, and no other surgery or major injury, to controls without previous surgeries. Athletes were matched by position, year drafted, round drafted, and additional injury history.

Results

Fifty-four athletes with a history of meniscectomy, 29 with a history of ACL reconstruction, and 11 with a history of both were identified and matched with controls. Isolated meniscectomy reduced the length of career in years (5.6 vs 7.0; P = .03) and games played (62 vs 85; P = .02). Isolated ACL surgery did not significantly reduce the length of career in years or games played. Comparing the athletes with meniscectomy or ACL reconstruction to athletes with combined ACL reconstruction and meniscectomy, a history of both surgeries, resulted in a shorter career in games started (7.9 vs 35.1; P <.01), games played (41 vs 63; P = .07), and years (4.0 vs 5.8; P = .08) than a history of either surgery alone.

Conclusion

A history of meniscectomy, but not ACL reconstruction, shortens the expected career of a professional football player. A combination of ACL reconstruction and meniscectomy may be more detrimental to an athlete’s durability than either surgery alone. Further research is warranted to better understand how these injuries and surgeries affect an athlete’s career and what can be done to improve the long-term outcome after treatment.
Recommendations and Treatment Outcomes for Patellofemoral Articular Cartilage Defects with Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Pascual-Garrido Cecilia , Slabaugh Mark A. , L'Heureux Daniel R. , Friel Nicole A. , Cole Brian J.
Published: October 2009

Background

Reported results of autologous chondrocyte implantation for chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint have been encouraging when combined with realignment procedures.

Purpose

The objective of this study was to examine the clinical results of a patient cohort undergoing autologous chondrocyte implantation of the patellofemoral joint and elucidate characteristics associated with successful implantation.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

The cohort included 62 patients who underwent autologous chondrocyte implantation of the PF joint. The mean defect size was 4.2 cm2 (61.6). The average age was 31.8 years (range, 15.8-49.4), and the average follow-up was 4 years (range, 2-7). Outcomes were assessed via clinical assessment and established outcome scales, including the Lysholm, International Knee Documentation Committee, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Scale (KOOS; includes the 5 categories of Pain, Symptoms, Activities of Daily Living, Sport, and Quality of Life), Tegner, Cincinnati, and Short Form-12.

Results

Mean improvement in the preoperative to postoperative scores was significant for the Lysholm (37-63, P<.001), International Knee Documentation Committee (31-57, P<.001), KOOS Pain (48-71, P<.001), KOOS Symptoms (51-70, P <.001), KOOS Activities of Daily Living (60-80, P <.001), KOOS Sport (25-42, P <.001), KOOS Quality of Life (24-49, P <.001), Short Form-12 Physical (38-41, P<.05), Cincinnati (43-63, P <.005), and Tegner (4-6, P <.05), but not for the Short Form-12 Mental. There was no statistical difference between outcomes in patients with a history of a previous failed cartilage procedure compared with those patients without a prior cartilage procedure (P > 05). Patients undergoing anteromedialization tended toward better outcomes than those without realignment. Forty-four percent of patients needed a subsequent procedure. There were 4 clinical failures (7.7%), which were defined as progression to arthroplasty or conversion to osteochondral allograft transplantation.

Conclusion

Autologous chondrocyte implantation is a viable treatment option for chondral defects of the patellofemoral joint. Combined autologous chondrocyte implantation with anteromedialization improves outcomes more than autologous chondrocyte implantation alone. Patients with failed prior cartilage procedures can also expect sustained and clinically meaningful improvement.
Treatment of Full-Thickness Chondral Defects with Hyalograft C in the Knee
Authors: Nehrer Stefan , Dorotka Ronald , Domayer Stephan , Stelzeneder David , Kotz Rainer
Published: October 2009

Background

Tissue engineering has become available for cartilage repair in clinical practice.

Hypothesis

The treatment of full-thickness chondral defects in the knee with a hyaluronan-based scaffold seeded with autolo-gous chondrocytes provides stable improvement of clinical outcome up to 7 years.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

Fifty-three patients with deep osteochondral defects in the knee were treated with Hyalograft C. The mean age at implantation was 32 6 12 years, the mean defect size was 4.4 6 1.9 cm2, and the mean body mass index was 24.5 6 3.8 kg/m2. Implantations were performed with miniarthrotomy or arthroscopy. The primary indications for implantation with Hyalograft C included young patients with a stable joint, normal knee alignment, and isolated chondral defects with otherwise healthy adjacent cartilage. The secondary indications were patients who did not meet the primary indication criteria or were salvage procedures. Forty-two patients with primary indications and 11 patients with secondary indications were evaluated. Outcome was evaluated with the International Cartilage Repair Society and International Knee Documentation Committee scales, the Lysholm score, the modified Cincinnati score, and with Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Statistical analysis consisted of bivariate correlation analysis and unpaired, 2-tailed t tests.

Results

A highly significant increase (P<001) in all knee scores was found in patients treated for the primary indications. Nine of 11 secondary indication cases underwent total knee arthroplasty due to persisting pain between 2 and 5 years after implantation. Graft failure occurred in 3 of 42 patients with primary indication between 6 months and 5 years after implantation. Kaplan-Meier survival demonstrated significantly different chances for survival between primary and secondary outcome and between simple, complex, and salvage cases, respectively (P <.001).

Conclusion

Hyalograft C autograft provides clinical improvement in healthy young patients with single cartilage defects. Less complicated surgery and lower morbidity are considered advantages of the technique. The results of treatment with Hyalograft C as a salvage procedure or in patients with osteoarthritis are poor.
Detecting Water Accumulation in Honeycomb Sandwich Structures by Optical-fiber-based Distributed Temperature Measurement
Authors: Minakuchi Shu , Tsukamoto Haruka , Takeda Nobuo
Published: October 2009

Water accumulation in honeycomb sandwich structures is a perceived problem for aircraft operators since it significantly degrades the structural integrity. The authors developed a fiber-optic-based technique to detect water accumulation in large-scale aircraft honeycomb sandwich structures. An optical-fiber network was formed in the adhesive layer and a Brillouin-based sensing system with high spatial resolution (specifically, pre-pump pulse Brillouin optical time domain analysis (PPP-BOTDA)) was utilized to detect the non-uniform internal temperature distribution during cooling in aircraft ascent. First, the temperature change during the ascent was investigated to evaluate the feasibility of the proposed technique. A verification test was then conducted using a Nomex honeycomb sandwich panel. The non-uniform temperature induced by water accumulation was detected from the peak-frequency distributions and the width of the Brillouin gain spectrum, which is the output of the PPP-BOTDA. The spectrum width, which represents the temperature non-uniformity within the spatial resolution of the PPP-BOTDA, could indicate the presence of smaller water accumulations compared to the peak frequency, which represents the temperature averaged over the spatial resolution, thus confirming the importance of evaluating the spectrum width. The developed system is quite useful for continuously monitoring large-scale aircraft sandwich structures.
Design and Control of Hybrid-type Three-pole Active Magnetic Bearings Using Redundant Coordinates
Authors: Park Sang-Hyun , Lee Chong-Won
Published: October 2009

Recently, the design of active magnetic bearings (AMBs) for miniaturized industrial applications puts much emphasis on small size and low-power consumption as well as low-cost system production. In this paper, a novel hybrid type three-pole AMB system is proposed, which is divided into two bearing parts: a three-pole radial AMB and an axial permanent magnet bearing. The radial AMB consists of three active main poles with three coil windings, three sub-poles with radial permanent magnets, generating bias flux, and three Hall diodes, measuring the rotor position. The permanent magnet bearing is made of two facing axially polarized ring-type permanent magnets for passive stability in the axial and angular motion. Compared with the conventional four- or eight-pole AMB, the hybrid three-pole AMB system reduces the power consumption with fewer power amplifiers and is suitable for smaller-sized AMBs. The primary problem in modeling and control of the three-pole AMB in the conventional Cartesian coordinates is the strong coupling in magnetic flux generated by three main and sub-poles. Consequently, the system becomes strongly nonlinear with respect to control inputs as well as states. To resolve this difficulty in treating the strong nonlinearity in the conventional Cartesian coordinates, we introduce the redundant coordinates along with three-pole configuration for modeling and design of controller. Based on the redundant coordinates, three identical decoupled proportional—derivative controllers can be applied, which is very simple compared with previous nonlinear control algorithms developed for three-pole AMBs. Experiments are also carried out with a prototype AMB system to validate the proposed design and control concept based on the redundant coordinates.
Influence of the Quality of Food, Service, and Physical Environment on Customer Satisfaction and Behavioral Intention in Quick-Casual Restaurants: Moderating Role of Perceived Price
Authors: Ryu Kisang , Han Heesup
Published: October 2009

This study examined the relationships between three determinants of quality dimensions (predictors: food, service, and physical environment), price (moderator), and satisfaction and behavioral intention (criterion) in quick-casual restaurants. Despite the importance of foodservice quality, academics and managers know relatively little about how the combined effects of quality (food, service, and physical environment) elicit customer satisfaction which, in turn, affects behavioral intention. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis with interactions showed that quality of food, service, and physical environment were all significant determinants of customer satisfaction. In addition, perceived price acted as a moderator in the satisfaction formation process. Finally, the results indicated that customer satisfaction is indeed a significant predictor of behavioral intention. The findings may provide restaurateurs with a guideline for enhancing customer satisfaction and behavioral intention level.