bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Explorer les formations comodales en langues
Authors: Othman Sophie
Published: January 2022

Cet article s'attache à faire un point sur ce que la comodalité peut apporter aux formations en langues et à esquisser quelques lignes directrices essentielles à son succès. En décrivant les spécificités des formations comodales, il insiste sur quelques points-clés : primauté de la réflexion didactique et pédagogique ; définition des modalités de scénarisation, d'encadrement et d'évaluation ; planification rigoureuse permettant, avant tout, de favoriser l'interaction apprenant/enseignant ou entre pairs. Il est nécessaire de réussir à gérer simultanément les deux modes présentiel et distanciel, de favoriser l'interaction et la collaboration entre les participants, d'équilibrer les activités d'apprentissage et d'optimiser le recours aux ressources et aux supports prévus. Quelques scénarios mis en œuvre dans divers contextes serviront d'exemples.
Building Resilient Voices
Authors: Eakins Sheldon Lewis , Adams David A. , Falaise Josue B.
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses social-emotional learning (SEL) in urban schools and the impact of these interventions on student academic achievement, behavior, self-efficacy, and instances of stress and depression. Utilizing Critical Race Theory (CRT) and the White-Savior Industrial Complex, the authors provide a conceptual framework for developing a culturally responsive SEL program for urban youth. Because the teaching demographics in the United States consisting of over 80% white educators, the authors discuss the importance of implementing SEL practices that specifically address racism at the individual and institutional levels.
Building a Conceptual Framework for Culturally Inclusive Collaboration for Urban Practitioners
Authors: Williams York
Published: January 2022

Special education teacher preparation is one of the most critical areas of teacher preparation in higher education. The field is even more complicated depending on the environment in which it takes shape given urban, high-needs, suburban, and rural school communities. Equally important in today's teacher preparation paradigm is supplying pre-service teachers with the pedagogical skills necessary to meet the needs of their 21st century learners, especially those students from culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) backgrounds and who attend urban schools. This chapter attempts to construct a practitioner friendly framework to examine inextricable linkages between teacher preparation and the role higher education institutions play in providing pre-service special education teachers the requisite skills necessary to become successful urban educators/practitioners. Teacher preparation programs can better support new teacher retention through CRT and family diversity training.
Teaching Up
Authors: Atkins Celeste
Published: January 2022

In the current political climate, racial, gender, and sexual differences are controversial topics, particularly on college campuses. This illuminates the need for increased focus on these issues in college classes. Although the literature on teaching about privilege is small, it is dominated by the voices of White faculty and almost completely focuses on racial issues. Marginalized faculty are rarely heard in this literature for our intersectional understanding of teaching about oppression and inequality. This chapter explores how female faculty (who also identify as working-class, queer, or as racial minorities) experience teaching about privilege. It builds an understanding of issues surrounding teaching about inequity from an intersectional perspective and moves the focus beyond tenure-track faculty. It expands an understanding of the experiences of faculty within the classroom and provides ways to support marginalized faculty in their teaching. Although the faculty interviewed here are sociologists, there are broad implications for teaching across disciplines.
Critical Theory in Research
Authors: Tshabangu Icarbord , Ba' Stefano , Madondo Silas Memory
Published: January 2022

Based on critical theory, this chapter focuses on the first generation of Frankfurt School (mainly to authors such as T.W. Adorno, M. Horkheimer, and W. Benjamin). For discussing methodology in research, these authors are considered more representative than the younger generation (e.g., Habermas and Honneth) mainly because of the renewed interest in the direct critique of society and because of the failure of the younger generation to produce empirical research. The proponents of critical theory establish connections between theory and practice, in the sense that the social content of research must have human dignity at its centre. The difference between method-led and content-led research is discussed and considered central for this kind of approach to empirical research. Feminist research methodologies and critical race methodology are considered as closely associated with critical theory. These different approaches have developed autonomously from critical theory and are not directly related to it. However, feminist research methodologies and critical race methodology are expounded here because of their similarities to the critical theory of the Frankfurt School aimed at providing an emancipatory approach to empirical research.
Where Our Paths Crossed
Authors: López Minda Morren , Saunders Jane M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents the case of two Latina teachers who worked with Latinx and emerging bilingual students. Their funds of identity are analyzed, and the professional development program is described, including ways it influenced the teachers' ideological clarity and sense of agency. While their experiences were different in many ways, Summer and Ximena's paths crossed through their shared experiences in the professional development program, and they became vocal advocates for language as resource and language as right perspectives in education. This chapter demonstrates the potential in professional development for teachers working with emerging bilinguals and immigrants, how teachers can move towards advocacy work and leadership by examining their own journeys and funds of identity.
Mentoring African American Women at Historically Black Colleges/Universities
Authors: Thomas Tammara Petrill , Maultsby Michelle Lee
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes how a considerable milestone for new faculty entering academia has been awarding tenure by the institution of higher education. This is often referred to as the Academy. Tenure-track faculty working towards tenure spend several years honing their craft in the areas of teaching, research, and service. Senior colleagues assume the lead in determining activities, and others who are considered authorities and leaders in the chosen field of scholarship. While HBCUs have provided an enormous source of support for African-American women who are tenure-track faculty, they continue to be underrepresented in the academy and are adversely impacted by the tenure process. Barriers that impede the tenure process of African-American women faculty include societal biases, stereotypes, systemic oppression, and lack of mentorship. This chapter seeks to provide awareness, discuss unique challenges specific to African American women faculty, and existing strategies to negotiating the tenure and promotion processes.
The Threat of Downward Assimilation Among Young African Immigrants in U.S. Schools
Authors: Harushimana Immaculee , Awokoya Janet
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents research implications geared toward preventing the downward assimilation trend prevailing among young African immigrants in US public schools. Secondary data from three qualitative studies of integration and adaptation processes of African-born immigrant youth in urban school settings helped identify signs of downward assimilation, especially among males. Salient signs of this trend include low academic achievement, gang inclination, and defiance towards authority. Four major theories—segmented assimilation, socio-ecological theory, intersectionality, and critical race theory—served as framework for the analysis of the risk factors that may lead young African immigrants to follow the downward assimilation path. The analysis reveals the need for intervention measures at the federal, state, and school levels to reduce the vulnerability of non-predominant minority youth in US school settings and the moral responsibility of school authorities to ensure their welfare. Recommended preventive measures include (1) educating immigrant families and school communities; (2) encouraging collaboration and dialogue between African community organizations, school administration, and policymakers purported at creating a favorable school climate for the marginalized African immigrant youth; (3) increasing intervention measures, such as school-community mediation and political representation.
Mapping Mindset and Academic Success Among Black Men at a Predominantly White Institution
Authors: Travers Christopher S.
Published: January 2022

Based on a larger research project, this chapter highlights findings from an exploratory study investigating the link between mindset and academic success among Black college men. Drawing on a self-reported survey instrument designed by the researcher, a regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between academic mindset (i.e., growth, fixed) and college grade point average (GPA), controlling for high school GPA and parents' education level. While the final model from a hierarchical linear regression (N = 34) indicates that high school GPA, parents' education level, and mindset accounted for 31% of the variance in Black males' college GPA, mindset did not significantly predict college GPA above and beyond Black males' precollege academic ability and parents' education level. Practical considerations for research and practice are discussed.
Life Context Model, Intersectionality, and Black Feminist Epistemology
Authors: Carrim Nasima Mohamed Hoosen , Senne Yvonne
Published: January 2022

This chapter focuses on the life context model and the intersectionality and Black feminist epistemologies. Using two studies conducted in a South African context, it examines how these three theories can be employed to explore the challenges that a Black female manager in South Africa faces. The chapter also briefly outlines the underpinnings of the theories and gives an overview of the South African context that pertains to Indian and African women. The authors provide insights from the studies they have carried out and outline the similarities and differences outline the similarities and differences between the three theoretical approaches which they identified based on their research. The results obtained indicate that the use of these three theoretical approaches and the subsequent analysis of the data gathered can be a powerful method for reaching an understanding of contexts. Some recommendations are made regarding using the relevant theoretical approaches.
Critical Examination of Tokenism and Demands of Organizational Citizenship Behavior Among Faculty Women of Color
Authors: Price-Williams Shelley , Maätita Florence
Published: January 2022

Women of color in academia are a double minority who face extreme challenges in attaining tenure and promotion. Common challenges faculty of color experience encompass characterization of inferiority, expectations of work products that are often undefined or beyond that of peers, exposure to tokenism, and denial of access to power or authority. Faculty of color are often excessively recruited or assigned to institutional committees and projects because of their minority membership, and are also frequently sought out by students and peers of color for mentoring. These forms of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) often go unnoticed and can be undervalued in promotional proceedings. This chapter critically examines how women of color in academia experience tokenism and how this manifests through unrealistic demands and undervalue of organizational citizenship behavior.
The Malaysian Educational Landscape Since COVID-19
Authors: Muniandy Rajantheran , Mutty Bharathi , S. Kandasamy Silllalee
Published: January 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has induced many revisions in the Malaysian education system, and it is imperative to investigate the consequences of these changes on the major stakeholders: the students, educators, parents/guardians, and the administrators. The current qualitative study was conducted to accumulate the challenges faced by these major stakeholders at the tertiary level, which were scrutinized further to determine their effects on Malaysian society. The research revealed that the participants experienced negative and positive results in various aspects like teaching and learning, finance, physical and mental health, as well as cognitive maturity, according to their respective roles in their tertiary establishments. While concerns such as the negative perceptions towards OTL by the stakeholders could be resolved internally by refocusing their mindset, the major ones like the void between the upper and lower socio-economic classes created by the digital divide could only be solved by the joined efforts of the Malaysian government and other non-governmental organizations.
Challenges of Participating in Online Education/Distance Learning Amidst the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Tanvir , Nishu Nishana Afrin , Jahan Nusrat , Saadia Halimatus , Ela Mahfuza Zaman , Moshrur-Ul-Alam Quazi , Hossain Mohammed Zaber
Published: January 2022

This study was designed to explore the challenges of participating in online education/distance learning (OE/DL) of students and teachers of secondary, higher secondary, and tertiary educational institutions in Bangladesh. Administering both web-based e-questionnaire and self-administered questionnaire, data were collected from 2,473 students and teachers. Findings from analysis of variance and t-test indicated disagreements among students and teachers regarding the challenges of OE/DL, with some exceptions, such as learning difficulties, willingness of government, and frequent load shedding. The outcome of exploratory factor analysis suggested a two-factor solution—‘pedagogical-technical challenges' and ‘financial challenges'—explaining around 50% variance regarding OE/DL. The overall results indicated that for an inclusive and quality OE/DL in Bangladesh, the improvement in technical infrastructure and pedagogical contents and resolving financial struggle are highly recommended to make OE/DL more effective and minimize the impact of a pandemic on the education sector.
Australia's Bilateral and Multilateral Partnership With South Asian Nations
Authors: Saha Sreeparna
Published: January 2022

This chapter aims to investigate the potential cooperation between Australia and the SAARC nations to facilitate generation and distribution of energy to better manage this sector and fulfil their commitments towards climate change conditions. As carbon emissions from non-renewables severely threatened the climate conditions, an effective transition to renewable resources is essential. In the Paris Agreement, Australia and SAARC nations committed to reduce their individual carbon emissions. But the SAARC lag in their commitments as they fail to unleash renewables and rely on fossil fuel. Australia leads in renewables, and SAARC provides a large market for it to relate services and technologies and improve energy efficiency and competitiveness. This chapter investigates the opportunities for strategic collaboration between these nations; challenges of energy trading, energy security, inefficient institutions, volatile prices and investment flows, collaborative capacity generation and distribution; and analyses comparative advantages for the countries to have mutually beneficial agreements to meet UNSDGs of affordable clean energy and climate action.
India and Australia's New Education Policy
Authors: Goswami Manisha
Published: January 2022

Nepal, Bangladesh, and Indian education sectors suffer from limited foreign collaborations; less research orientation; redundant and obsolete curricula; and less relevance of courses with job opportunities available. Especially in the case of India, few initiatives were taken to improve quality of education. India adopted new education policy that opened the doors to strategic collaboration with international universities, as India has begun to concentrate on vocational education and training for the first time. This research examines the scope and restrictions of institutional partnerships between India, other SAARC nations, and Australian higher education institutions. This study is based on the analysis of data presented in the different case studies like Rajasthan Royals and Deakin Australian Universities, IIT Bombay and Monash Australian, Indian Academy of Science and Innovation Research (AcSIR) and RMIT Australian University.
Strategic Partnership of Bangladesh With Australia to Protect From Possible Debt Trap and Diseconomies of Scale of One-Belt One-Road
Authors: Ahmed S. Jobayear
Published: January 2022

Bangladesh is a developing nation that is about to complete its Golden Jubilee partnership by 2022 with Australia, a country that has been supporting Bangladesh through aid, assistance, grant, loan, trade, scholarship, etc. Recently, the regional and global superpower China has increased its influence in the Indian Ocean region both through its military and through the OBOR or BRI where it has also shown interest to work with Bangladesh in both fronts. Bangladesh is a very small country but strategically very important, with access to the Indian Ocean. Therefore, it is important to check whether the OBOR initiatives put any negative impact on the neighboring SAARC nations and partner states. The study therefore attempted to identify the potential diseconomies of scale and the solutions Australia-Bangladesh relations might offer.
Medical, Pharmaceutical, and Healthcare Trade Relationships Between Australia and South Asian Nations
Authors: Okasha Ahmad A. , Zabalawi Eman
Published: January 2022

The global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic shocked the whole world. It had a disastrous impact on the economies and the healthcare systems of South Asian countries. Australia was able to minimize the COVID-19 impact by imposing a strict lockdown. The healthcare system and the healthcare industry in Australia are advanced and provide high quality pharmaceutical products and healthcare services. Australia has a lot to offer to South Asian countries in public health programs, quality of healthcare, complementary medicine products, clinical data management and development, and drug developments. Healthcare systems in South Asian countries vary significantly. Australia can play a significant role in developing the healthcare systems of South Asia. For instance, Australia can provide the traditional medicine sectors in South Asian countries with scientifically effective complementary medicines. Improving healthcare bilateral investment and the trade relationship between South Asia countries and Australia is a win/win partnership for SAARC nations post pandemic.
A Fog-Based Threat Detection for Telemetry Smart Medical Devices Using a Real-Time and Lightweight Incremental Learning Method
Authors: Selamat Ali , Hameed Shilan S. , Abdul Latiff Liza , A. Razak Shukor , Krejcar Ondrej , Penhaker Marek
Published: January 2022

Smart telemetry medical devices do not have sufficient security measures, making them weak against different attacks. Machine learning (ML) has been broadly used for cyber-attack detection via on-gadgets and on-chip embedded models, which need to be held along with the medical devices, but with limited ability to perform heavy computations. The authors propose a real-time and lightweight fog computing-based threat detection using telemetry sensors data and their network traffic in NetFlow. The proposed method saves memory to a great extent as it does not require retraining. It is based on an incremental form of Hoeffding Tree Naïve Bayes Adaptive (HTNBA) and Incremental K-Nearest Neighbors (IKNN) algorithm. Furthermore, it matches the nature of sensor data which increases in seconds. Experimental results showed that the proposed model could detect different attacks against medical sensors with high accuracy (»100%), small memory usage (<50 MB), and low detection time in a few seconds.
Neuroscience and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Uden Lorna , Guan Shijie
Published: January 2022

AI can even outperform humans in many tasks such as winning games like Go and poker as well as engaging in creative endeavours in writing novels and music. Despite this, it is still a long way from building artificial human intelligence. Current AIs are only designed to excel in their intended functions and cannot generate knowledge to new tasks and situations. For AI to achieve artificial human intelligence requires us to study and understand the human brain. Neuroscience is the study of the anatomy and physiology of the human brain. It provides us interesting insights into how the brain works to develop better AI systems. Conversely, better AI systems can help drive neuroscience forward and further unlock the secrets of the brain. Neuroscience and AI are closely related. The synergy of the two will benefit each other. Besides the benefits of neuroscience for AI research, neuroscience also has important implications for machine learning. This chapter discusses the implications of neuroscience for general artificial intelligence and the benefits of AI for neuroscience research.
Model Optimisation Techniques for Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Nazir Sajid , Patel Shushma , Patel Dilip
Published: January 2022

Deep neural networks provide good results for computer vision tasks. This has been possible due to a renewed interest in neural networks, availability of large-scale labelled training data, virtually unlimited processing and storage on cloud platforms and high-performance clusters. A convolutional neural network (CNN) is one such architecture better suited for image classification. An important factor for a better CNN performance, besides the data quality, is the choice of hyperparameters, which define the model itself. The model or hyperparameter optimisation involves selecting the best configuration of hyperparameters but is challenging because the set of hyperparameters are different for each type of machine learning algorithm. Thus, it requires a lot of computational time and resources to determine a better performing machine learning model. Therefore, the process has a lot of research interest, and currently a transition to a fully automated process is also underway. This chapter provides a survey of the CNN model optimisation techniques proposed in the literature.
Advanced Portfolio Management in Big Data Environments With Machine Learning and Advanced Analytical Techniques
Authors: Klepac Goran , Mršić Leo , Kopal Robert
Published: January 2022

The chapter will propose a novel approach that combines the traditional machine learning approach in churn management and customer satisfaction evaluation, which unite traditional machine learning approach and expert-based approach, which leans on event-based management. The core of the proposed framework is hybrid fuzzy expert system, which can contain a variety of data mining predictive models responsible for some specific areas as additions to traditional rule blocks. It can also include social network analysis metrics based on linguistic variables and incorporated within rule blocks. The chapter will introduce how revealed patterns can be applied for continual portfolio management improvement. The proposed solution unites advanced analytical techniques with the decision-making process within a holistic self-learning framework.
Inspection of Power Line Insulators
Authors: Gonçalves Rogério Sales , Agostini Guilherme Salomão , Bianchi Reinaldo A. C. , Homma Rafael Zimmermann , Sudbrack Daniel Edgardo Tio , Trautmann Paulo Victor , Clasen Bruno Cordeiro
Published: January 2022

Insulators are power transmission line components responsible for two key tasks: the first one is to support the mechanical stress originated by the weight of the cables and devices, and the second one is to avoid electrical dissipation from the cables to the tower structure. Even though the shape and material of the insulator is made in such a way as to avoid the conduction of electrical current on its surface, if some types of dirty accumulates excessively, the insulator can still conduct an electric arc to the tower, causing damage to the power grid. This chapter first presents the state-of-the-art power line insulator cleaning methods and the techniques used to identify insulators that require cleaning. Then, this chapter describes an algorithm that makes use of machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision technics, which can be used embedded in an unmanned aerial vehicle, to support the energy company in the assessment of the levels of dirt on the insulators. Finally, experimental results are presented showing the challenges and the open problems.
Evaluating Cybersecurity Strategies in Africa
Authors: Lebogang Violet , Tabona Oteng , Maupong Thabiso
Published: January 2022

An increasing number of people around the globe are becoming more reliant on information communications technology and digital infrastructure for seamless access to information, communication, and efficient service delivery. Nonetheless, this interconnectivity creates vulnerabilities and interdependencies which need to be managed at a national level. As such, securing the cyberspace is therefore an essential requirement for allowing the economic and social development of a nation and its people to fully benefit from the digital transformation. Securing the cyber space at a national level is a shared responsibility which requires a harmonised action for prevention, preparation, response, and incident recovery on the part of government authorities, the private sector, and civil society. This chapter evaluates national cybersecurity strategies of five African countries including Botswana, Rwanda, Mauritius, Ghana, and Nigeria using the national cybersecurity strategy guide as drafted by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) alongside other stakeholders.
Effects of Botswana Cultural Values on Information Security
Authors: Maupong Thabiso , Lebogang Violet , Tabona Oteng
Published: January 2022

National culture has been proven to have an adverse impact on the quality of information security in a country. It influences the perceived norms, behaviours, and attitudes associated with cybersecurity like setting strong password adherence to privacy policies, training, and educational programs. To thaw the existing information security culture, its shortcomings must be identified and communicated, after which new cultural beliefs can be instilled through change management. This chapter aims to examine the effects of Botswana's cultural values on information security culture. Botswana is chosen as it is one of the fast-developing countries.
Cybersecurity Capabilities in Developing Nations and Its Impact on Global Security
Authors: Yathiraju Nikhitha , Jakka Geethamanikanta , Parisa Sunil Kumar , Oni Oludotun
Published: January 2022

Cybersecurity refers to the organizational practices followed by the different multinational companies to defend their computers, servers, mobile devices, and networks from malicious attacks. This data exploitation is usually done by accessing, changing, or destroying sensitive information or hacking the data for money extortion. It applies to systems and mechanisms aimed at stopping unauthorized entry, bugs, and cybercriminal threats to devices, networks, and records. It does not matter how many technologies are emerging to make our life easy; humans are the main vulnerability in every sector. In this chapter, the authors discussed social engineering techniques: how we are being attacked by unknown threats with simple manipulative actions.
Teacher Online ELT Experiences in a Rural Primary School in China During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Liang Di , Cao Xingtan
Published: January 2022

This study adopts narrative inquiry to report five English teachers' online teaching experiences in a rural primary school in China during the COVID-19 pandemic. From a sociocultural theoretical perspective, this study shows how the participating teachers navigated the transition in instructional mode and developed familiarity with online teaching over time. Using thematic analysis, the findings of this study reveal that the teachers showed anxiety toward online teaching, that they formed a virtual community of practice, that they incorporated lived experiences into online teaching, and that they called for professional development centered on online teaching and spoke to the changing needs for English teaching in the post-COVID era. Implications are provided regarding how the teachers could transfer face-to-face ELT to an online setting and how they could be better supported professionally by the school and their colleagues.
Teacher Practices Towards Providing Interaction During Online Education in K-8 Settings
Authors: Kara Gizem , Dilek Melis , Kaban Aysegul Liman
Published: January 2022

The purpose of the present study is to investigate what kind of practices teachers implement to offer interaction opportunities in online education in terms of learner-learner interaction, learner-instructor interaction, and learner-content interaction. The study has been carried out with 55 English teachers who have had online lessons during the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused the closure of schools at every level until an unknown time. To collect data, a survey was implemented to English teachers who are teaching at K-8 levels and the results of the survey are analyzed quantitatively. The study has found that learner-learner interaction strategies are less implemented by the teachers in comparison to learner-content and learner-instructor interaction practices. Creating a positive learning environment is a building block for teachers to motivate learners in an online classroom setting.
Influence of Positive Student-Teacher Interaction on the Meaning-Making Process in Virtual Learning
Authors: Reyes-Torres Agustin , García-Perera Ana
Published: January 2022

This chapter presents a study in a COVID virtual learning environment that focuses on the crucial role that teachers play to engage and to guide students to become meaning makers. To this end, the authors make use of the Pedagogy of Multiliteracies in the English Primary class to establish a positive students-teacher relationship as a determining factor to enhance the learning process. Qualitative research was conducted so as to explore to what extent these factors influence the meaning-making process. The findings are presented and elaborated upon in this chapter. The researchers worked with three different groups of students in a public school in Valencia (Spain) before and during the lockdown enforced by COVID-19. The analysis of the data obtained reveals that academic achievement and students' engagement are influenced by the quality of the student-teacher relationship and the teacher's role as a mediator of knowledge.
Engendering WTC in Online Learning Spaces
Authors: Yarwood Amelia , Bennett Phillip A.
Published: January 2022

Since 2020, language learning environments have had to swiftly transition from traditional face-to-face learning to remote learning contexts. This chapter interrogates factors related to students' willingness to communicate (WTC) in online-mediated discussions in a Japanese university classroom. Using a self-determination theory framework to conduct a thematic analysis of data collected from focus group discussions and the written reflections of English L2 learners (N=19), three main factors were found to contribute to a lack of WTC. Two of the three are unique to online learning: disruptive environmental factors and a thwarting of relatedness between classmates. The third factor, a perceived lack of communicative ability, although not unique to online learning, was amplified by the online environment. In order to address these factors, which contribute to a lack of WTC, a number of teaching interventions aimed at fostering communicative online classrooms are introduced.
Language Teachers' Health
Authors: Pardo-Ballester Cristina
Published: January 2022

This chapter documents language teachers' emotions and wellbeing from the emergency online transition in Spring 2020 due to the Covid-19 pandemic to the end of Spring 2021. It also looks at how language teachers within the United States perceive the future of teaching languages. 175 educators responded to an anonymous online survey composed of various types of items such as multiple-choice, binary format, selection of multiple answers, and open-ended. Cronbach's alpha was .717 for 114 items and sub items. Descriptive statistics and repeated measures t-tests were computed to investigate teaching strategies and psychological consequences during the Covid-19 pandemic. The goals of this chapter are twofold: (1) to identify emotions and wellbeing issues that may be affecting language faculties and their success at their United States institutions and (2) to offer general recommendations to high-level administrators that draw upon language teachers' perceptions and factors that hinder L2 development in language programs.
From Anatomic Lab to Operating Theatre
Authors: Guizzardi Giulia , Di Somma Alberto , Torales Jorge , Roldan Pedro , Varriano Federico , Hoyos Jhon , Ferres Abel , Topczewski Thomaz E. , Mosteiro Alejandra , Torne Ramon , Gonzalez Sanchez Jose Juan , Enseñat Joaquim , Prats-Galino Alberto
Published: January 2022

The neurosurgical practice is always evolving, achieving new technologies and new techniques every day. From the beginning in the anatomic laboratory, the neurosurgeon could visualize on specimens all the structures and all the areas of the brain. When facing a lesion, the treatment must be carefully planned, and all the information collected by each study and investigation performed must be organized and summarized. This complex work of planning will make the surgery much more efficient, and every technology will perform its precise role. Moreover, the patient management is multidisciplinary and requires a precise teamwork: the follow-up usually is a lifelong course. When a case finishes, it's time for the neurosurgeon to go back to the anatomical lab and start again to study the possible perspectives for the next case.
Mangement of a 3D Visualization Program From Radiological Images in Neuroradiology
Authors: Tabernero-Rico Roberto Domingo , Pozo-González Sonia-Francisca , Prats-Galino Alberto
Published: January 2022

The latest technological advances in postprocessing of images have made possible the generation of three-dimensional (3D) models from 2D radiological images. The use of these models in PDF file allows interaction, providing useful visualization tools and management that facilitate the work and understanding of the anatomical region of the study area. All this is possible from a personal computer without the requirement of a professional workstation. In this chapter, the authors present the characteristics of 3D PDF software with anatomical models of the skull base. Therefore, through the management and development of these new educational contents, introduced as complementary didactic material for the study of anatomy in complex regions, the ability to understand is improved and learning is expedited. This is very important not only in the field of teaching but also in other applications, such as clinical practice and the scientific field, since it allows the use of these contents without the need to compromise patient safety.
Computational Study of In-Vivo CT-Based FEM Application in Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Barua Ranjit , Datta Sudipto , Banerjee Debasish
Published: January 2022

At present, computational methods are highly utilized by modern healthcare science. This modern technology gradually solves the complex area of healthcare science, and therefore, the upcoming treatments become more effective. Presently, in bone tissue engineering, the mechanism and different features of bone tissue are being discussed. The finite element method (FEM) gave the extra threshold to the study of bone tissue engineering. FEM method is basically a computer method of structural or mechanical stress investigation advanced in mechanics. The development of upgraded features of FEM applied with the help of the CT (computed tomography) model has enlightened a new hope in the study of biomedical and tissue engineering. The healthcare staff is provided with useful data by CT-based FEM which helps in taking further steps in medical treatment. The motive of this study is to show the improvement in the use of FEM in bone biomechanics in the last few years and also to help the medical specialists for improving the modern treatment and upcoming growth of new bone fracture fixation design.
How Does AI Make Libraries Smart?
Authors: Nie Bing , Wang Ting , Lund Brady Daniel , Chen Fengping
Published: January 2022

In the past two decades, the rapid development of information technology has been widely used in individuals' daily lives, leading to a sea change. As a city at the forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) technology in China, Hangzhou first applied the technology to public library services to relieve the shortage of reference and circulation service resources caused by a large number of regular patrons. This chapter first introduced the application model of AI in various libraries worldwide, then focused on its application in a public library in China, a developing country. This chapter may shed light on the application of AI in other libraries in developing countries.
Digital Information Literacy Among the Faculty of Applied Science Students at a Private University in Malawi
Authors: Malanga Donald Flywell , Jorosi Boemo N. , Chigona Wallace
Published: January 2022

This chapter reports on the study that aimed to assess the digital information literacy (DIL) skills among second-year students at the Faculty of Applied Science, University of Livingstonia in Malawi. About 132 students were sampled randomly to participate in the survey questionnaire. The study found that although students were aware of different types of digital information sources, they experienced challenges when it came to actual usage. The sampled students showed a deficiency of skills in basic ICTs, use of online databases, search techniques, web retrieval tools, and evaluating digital information. With respect to the ethical use of digital information, the study noted that while students acknowledged the importance of citation and referencing, they demonstrated ignorance on such citation and reference styles and the use of citation and reference management software tools. It also emerged from the study that ICT infrastructure, time limitation, and lack of interest affected student participation in DIL courses. The chapter potentially contributes to policy and practice.
Role of Medical/Health Librarians in Promoting the Use of Medical Library Resources and Services
Authors: Ikolo Violet E.
Published: January 2022

Doctors and other health workers are in constant need of quality and timely information. To this end, medical/health librarians have critical roles to play. Their major duty is to advance access to available health information resources and services. However, reports abound of low library usage due to inadequate awareness of the availability of most of the information sources and services in medical libraries. Considering the need for the effective delivery of medical library services, the aim of this chapter was to highlight new roles and duties of medical/health librarians. It also discussed some of the skills that are needed by medical/health librarians. The chapter concludes that medical/health librarians must be engaged in newer roles and duties to be able to provide value-added services that will promote awareness and improve medical library use.
Innate and Adaptive Immunity to Transfused Allogeneic RBCs in Mice Requires MyD88
Authors: Soldatenko Arielle , Hoyt Laura R , Xu Lan , Calabro Samuele , Lewis Steven M , Gallman Antonia E , Hudson Krystalyn E , Stowell Sean R , Luckey Chance J , Zimring James C , Liu Dong , Santhanakrishnan Manjula , Hendrickson Jeanne E , Eisenbarth Stephanie C
Published: January 2022

RBC transfusion therapy is essential for the treatment of anemia. A serious complication of transfusion is the development of non-ABO alloantibodies to polymorphic RBC Ags; yet, mechanisms of alloantibody formation remain unclear. Storage of mouse RBCs before transfusion increases RBC immunogenicity through an unknown mechanism. We previously reported that sterile, stored mouse RBCs activate splenic dendritic cells (DCs), which are required for alloimmunization. Here we transfused mice with allogeneic RBCs to test whether stored RBCs activate pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on recipient DCs to induce adaptive immunity. TLRs are a class of PRRs that regulate DC activation, which signal through two adapter molecules: MyD88 and TRIF. We show that the inflammatory cytokine response, DC activation and migration, and the subsequent alloantibody response to transfused RBCs require MyD88 but not TRIF, suggesting that a restricted set of PRRs are responsible for sensing RBCs and triggering alloimmunization.
The Kinetics of COVID-19 Vaccine Response in a Community-Vaccinated Population
Authors: Tu Michael K , Chiang Samantha H , Bender Richard A , Wong David T W , Strom Charles M
Published: January 2022

We used a noninvasive electrochemical quantitative assay for IgG Abs to SARS-CoV-2 S1 Ag in saliva to investigate the kinetics of Ab response in a community-based population that had received either the Pfizer or Moderna mRNA-based vaccine. Samples were received from a total of 97 individuals, including a subset of 42 individuals who collected samples twice weekly for 3 mo or longer. In all, >840 samples were collected and analyzed. In all individuals, salivary SARS-CoV-2 S1 IgG Ab levels rose sharply in the 2-wk period after their second vaccination, with peak Ab levels seen at 10–20 d after vaccination. We observed that 20%, 10%, and 2.4% of individuals providing serial samples had a 90%, 95%, and 99% drop, respectively, from peak levels during the duration of monitoring, and in two patients, Abs fell to prevaccination levels (5%). The use of noninvasive quantitative salivary Ab measurement can allow widespread, cost-effective monitoring of vaccine response.
Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Chetambath Ravindran
Published: January 2022

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a well-established treatment modality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This is intended to improve exercise tolerance and activity-related dyspnea. PR also improves health-related quality of life. There is increasing evidence for similar effects of PR in people with other chronic respiratory diseases such as interstitial lung diseases and bronchiectasis. This review discusses the evidence for PR in chronic respiratory diseases, outlines the essential components of PR in this population, and highlights special considerations for exercise training in people with different diseases. Possible future directions for PR research are explored.
Prevalence for Plantar Fasciitis of Neural Origin in Community-Dwelling Adults
Authors: Thakar Hetakshi Dhananjay , Samson Akhil , Palekar Tushar J.
Published: January 2022

Introduction:

Plantar fasciitis (PF) is one of the most common causes of heel pain in adults. Common causes of PF include prolonged standing, obesity, flat foot, and nerve entrapment. PF caused due to nerve entrapment is often left unnoticed when making a diagnosis or management for PF. Lateral and medial plantar nerves are the common nerves to get entrapped causing pain and tingling in the foot ultimately leading to PF.

Aims:

This study aimed to come up with the prevalence of PF of neural origin in community-dwelling adults.

Settings and Design:

A cross-sectional study was conducted on fifty patients with PF attending Department of Physiotherapy, Dr. D. Y. Patil College of Physiotherapy, Pimpri, Pune, over a 6 months period.

Subjects and Methods:

Patients were assessed based on their symptoms and whether they meet the criteria for diagnosing the condition as PF. Assessment for classifying PF of neural origin was done using Standard Neurodynamic Testing for Plantar nerves branch of tibial nerve.

Statistical Analysis Used:

Descriptive statistics was presented as frequency percentage.

Results:

The prevalence of neural origin PF among fifty patients was 54%. Forty-eight percent of them were females and 6% were males.

Conclusion:

This study concludes that the burden of PF of Neural Origin is more in Community Dwelling Adults yet goes undiagnosed due to the tendency of following a set battery of physical examination by physiotherapists which does not include neurodynamic tests.
Acute Diabetic Complications and Implications of Glycated Hemoglobin Levels (HbA1c) in the Emergency Department – Experience from a Tertiary Care Centre of South India
Authors: Dhanapal Sudhakar Geratala , Chandy Gina Maryann , Joseph Joshua Vijay , Rajaram Ramgopal Roshan , Madhiyazhagan Mamta , Prabhakar Abhilash Kundavaram Paul
Published: January 2022

ABSTRACT

Background:

Uncontrolled diabetes leads to acute and chronic complications, both of which present to the emergency department (ED). Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) reflects glycemic history. This study was done to determine the correlation between acute diabetic complications and implications of HbA1c levels in ED.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a prospective observational study between May 2019 and April 2020. Data was collected in a standard datasheet and analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences for Windows.

Results:

Our study included a total of 382 (0.5%) patients, among which 56% were male patients. Mean age was 57.9 (standard deviation ± 14.9) years. Based on their hemodynamic stability, majority (n = 291) were triaged as priority one. Acute diabetic complications included hypoglycemia-62% (238/382), diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) - 26% (98/382) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state - 12% (46/382). Most common presenting complaints were unresponsiveness (49.7%) followed by breathing difficulty (31.6%) and fever (24.6%). Random blood sugar level at presentation was <70 mg/Dl in majority (62.3%) of them. Common precipitating factors were poor food intake (51%), infection (30%) and drug noncompliance (29.5%). Three-fourth of the study population was previously diagnosed to have diabetes mellitus and HbA1c >7 was seen in 227 (59%) patients. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed DKA (adjusted odds ratio [OR]: 5.2;95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.39–19.41; P = 0.014), noncompliance to medications (adjusted OR: 3.9; 95% CI: 1.4–10.76; P = 0.009) and poor oral intake (adjusted OR: 0.3; 95% CI: 0.14–0.59; P = 0.001) as independent predictors to have a HbA1c level >7. Approximately half (51.2%) the study population required admission while one patient died in the ED during resuscitation.

Conclusion:

Elderly male population were most commonly involved. Unresponsiveness was the most common presenting complain and hypoglycemia was the most common presenting clinical feature. Majority of the acute diabetic complications were precipitated by poor food intake, infection and noncompliance to medications. Hospital admission was warranted in majority of the study population. HbA1c in the ED is a useful parameter that would help plan further medication at discharge.