bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die schweregradorientierte Therapie der Spondylodiszitis – eine prospektive Betrachtung anhand von elektronisch basierten Behandlungspfaden
Authors: Homagk Nadine , Jarmuzek Tina , Hofmann Gunther , Homagk Lars
Published: October 2017

Anerkannte Behandlungsmethoden der Spondylodiszitis sind Ruhigstellung und systemische Antibiose. Allerdings ist die Datenlage für spezifische und weiterführende Behandlungsempfehlungen sehr heterogen. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist die Therapieoptimierung der Spondylodiszitis anhand einer behandlungspfadorientierten Schweregradeinteilung im Konsens mit aktuellen Empfehlungen. Vom 1. 10. 1998 bis zum 31. 12. 2013 erfolgte die Etablierung einer Schweregradeinteilung mit spezifischen Therapieoptionen. Im Verlauf erfolgte die Anpassung der Schweregradeinteilung und die Entwicklung eines elektronisch basierten Behandlungspfads. Die schweregradorientierte Therapie der Spondylodiszitis anhand von elektronisch basierten Behandlungspfaden wurde prospektiv vom 01. 01. 2012 bis 31. 12. 2013 evaluiert. Insgesamt wurden 296 Fälle eingeschlossen. Bei einer stetig steigenden Fallzahl, zeigt sich auch ein zunehmendes Alter der Patienten bei Diagnosestellung mit einem Durchschnitt von 67,3 Jahren. Bei 34,3% dieser Patienten entwickelte sich die Spondylodiszitis spontan, und 68,6% der Patienten haben bis zu unserer Diagnosestellung keine Vorbehandlung erhalten. Im Rahmen der spezifischen Behandlung sank die Schmerzintensität von 6,0 auf 3,1 NRS (Numeric Rating Scale). Die Entzündungswerte fielen ebenfalls (CRP von 119,2 auf 46,7 mg/dl). Im Betrachtungszeitraum betrug die Zeit vom Symptombeginn bis zur operativen Versorgung 65,6 Tage und hat sich nicht wesentlich reduziert. Dennoch konnte die Zeit von der Aufnahme bis zur operativen Versorgung auf unter 3 Tage reduziert werden. Die Einteilung der Patienten in die 3 Schweregrade des Spondylodiscitis Severity Code (SSC) richtet sich nach dem SponDT „Spondylodiscitis Diagnosis and Treatment“, der bildmorphologisch beschriebenen knöchernen Wirbeldestruktion und dem aktuellen neurologischen Status und kann in einem elektronischen Behandlungspfad abgebildet werden. Dadurch lässt sich die Behandlung unter ökonomischer Ressourcennutzung optimieren und ihre sichere Dokumentation ist gewährleistet.
Ring-averaged ion velocity distribution function probe for laboratory magnetized plasma experiment
Authors: Kawamori Eiichirou , Chen Jinting , Lin Chiahsuan , Lee Zongmau
Published: October 2017

Ring-averaged velocity distribution function of ions at a fixed guiding center position is a fundamental quantity in the gyrokinetic plasma physics. We have developed a diagnostic tool for the ring averaged velocity distribution function of ions for laboratory plasma experiments, which is named as the ring-averaged ion distribution function probe (RIDFP). The RIDFP is a set of ion collectors for different velocities. It is designed to be immersed in magnetized plasmas and achieves momentum selection of incoming ions by the selection of the ion Larmor radii. To nullify the influence of the sheath potential surrounding the RIDFP on the orbits of the incoming ions, the electrostatic potential of the RIDFP body is automatically adjusted to coincide with the space potential of the target plasma with the use of an emissive probe and a voltage follower. The developed RIDFP successfully measured the equilibrium ring-averaged velocity distribution function of a laboratory magnetized plasma, which was in accordance with the Maxwellian distribution having an ion temperature of 0.2 eV.
Modeling and characterization of the low frequency noise behavior for amorphous InGaZnO thin film transistors in the subthreshold region
Authors: Cai Minxi , Yao Ruohe
Published: October 2017

An analytical model of the low-frequency noise (LFN) for amorphous InGaZnO (a-IGZO) thin film transistors (TFTs) in the subthreshold region is developed. For a-IGZO TFTs, relations between the device noise and the subgap defects are characterized based on the dominant multiple trapping and release (MTR) mechanism. The LFN is considered to be contributed from trapping/detrapping of carriers both into the border traps and the subgap density of states (DOS). It is revealed that the LFN behavior of a-IGZO TFTs in the subthreshold region is significantly influenced by the distribution of tail states, where MTR process prevails. The 1/f α (with α < 1) spectrum of the drain current noise is also related to the characteristic temperature of the tail states. The new method is introduced to calculate the LFN of devices by extracting the LFN-related DOS parameters from the current-voltage characteristics.
Evaluation of stator core loss of high speed motor by using thermography camera
Authors: Sato Takeru , Enokizono Masato
Published: October 2017

In order to design a high-efficiency motor, the iron loss that is generated in the motor should be reduced. The iron loss of the motor is generated in a stator core that is produced with an electrical steel sheet. The iron loss characteristics of the stator core and the electrical steel sheet are agreed due to a building factor. To evaluate the iron loss of the motor, the iron loss of the stator core should be measured more accurately. Thus, we proposed the method of the iron loss evaluation of the stator core by using a stator model core. This stator model core has been applied to the surface mounted permanent magnet (PM) motors without windings. By rotate the permanent magnet rotor, the rotating magnetic field is generated in the stator core like a motor under driving. To evaluate the iron loss of the stator model core, the iron loss of the stator core can be evaluated. Also, the iron loss can be calculated by a temperature gradient. When the temperature gradient is measured by using thermography camera, the iron loss of entire stator core can be evaluated as the iron loss distribution. In this paper, the usefulness of the iron loss evaluation method by using the stator model core is shown by the simulation with FEM and the heat measurement with thermography camera.
Complexiton solutions to soliton equations by the Hirota method
Authors: Zhou Yuan , Ma Wen-Xiu
Published: October 2017

We apply the Hirota direct method to construct complexiton solutions (complexitons). The key is to use Hirota bilinear forms. We prove that taking pairs of conjugate wave variables in the 2N-soliton solutions generates N-complexion solutions. The general theory is used to construct multi-complexion solutions to the Korteweg–de Vries equation.
In-situ synchrotron x-ray studies of the microstructure and stability of In2O3 epitaxial films
Authors: Highland M. J. , Hruszkewycz S. O. , Fong D. D. , Thompson Carol , Fuoss P. H. , Calvo-Almazan I. , Maddali S. , Ulvestad A. , Nazaretski E. , Huang X. , Yan H. , Chu Y. S. , Zhou H. , Baldo P. M. , Eastman J. A.
Published: October 2017

We report on the synthesis, stability, and local structure of In2O3 thin films grown via rf-magnetron sputtering and characterized by in-situ x-ray scattering and focused x-ray nanodiffraction. We find that In2O3 deposited onto (0 0 1)-oriented single crystal yttria-stabilized zirconia substrates adopts a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode at a temperature of 850 °C, resulting in epitaxial, truncated square pyramids with (1 1 1) side walls. We find that at this temperature, the pyramids evaporate unless they are stabilized by a low flux of In2O3 from the magnetron source. We also find that the internal lattice structure of one such pyramid is made up of differently strained volumes, revealing local structural heterogeneity that may impact the properties of In2O3 nanostructures and films.
The probability density function of energy loss for an electron by bremsstrahlung radiation in a thickness of a target
Authors: Kia Mohammad Reza
Published: October 2017

The probability density function (PDF) of energy loss for an electron by bremsstrahlung radiation in a thickness of a target is obtained by solving the collision term of the Boltzmann equation for the Bethe–Heitler differential cross section. It is demonstrated that the values of the energy loss for an electron by bremsstrahlung radiation will be important in order to calculate the total energy loss when the amount of screening from the atomic electrons becomes important. In this case, a stochastic equation based on the electron energy and the target properties is derived to calculate the energy loss of an electron by bremsstrahlung radiation in a thickness of a target. The results obtained from this analysis are in good agreement with the experimental data and the folding theory for the PDFs of total energy loss for an electron at a certain depth of a target reported in the literature.
Oxygen-induced giant grain growth in Ag films
Authors: Birnbaum A. J. , Thompson C. V. , Steuben J. C. , Iliopoulos A. P. , Michopoulos J. G.
Published: October 2017

Thin film crystallites typically exhibit normal or abnormal growth with maximum grain size limited by energetic and geometric constraints. Although epitaxial methods have been used to produce large single crystal regions, they impose limitations that preclude some compelling applications. The generation of giant grain thin film materials has broad implications for fundamental property analysis and applications. This work details the production of giant grains in Ag films (2.5 μm-thick), ranging in size from ≈50 μm to 1 mm, on silicon nitride films upon silicon substrates. The presence of oxygen during film deposition plays a critical role in controlling grain size and orientation.
Analysis of the Hermite spectrum in plasma turbulence
Authors: White R. L. , Hazeltine R. D.
Published: October 2017

The properties of the Hermite spectrum associated with the linear drift-kinetic equation—as used in studies of gyrokinetic turbulence—are examined. A rigorous uniform asymptotic expression is derived for the steady-state spectrum with a Lenard-Bernstein collision operator. It is found that the spectrum is partitioned into three regions whose boundaries are determined by the ratio of the collision frequency ν to the parallel transit frequency kvth. In the regime of small Hermite index, n, with n ≲ (ν/kvth)2/3, collisions play no role, and the free energy decays like n−1/2 due to phase mixing. In the previously unexplored large-n regime, n≥(ν/kvth)2, collisions are dominant, and the decay of the free energy spectrum is extremely steep, falling off like (n/e)−n. Most of the free energy is dissipated in the intermediate regime, (ν/kvth)2/3 ≲ n≪(ν/kvth)2, where the asymptotic spectrum is in close agreement with the exponentially decaying “continuization” estimate. Our analysis shows that collisions act as a singular perturbation, giving rise to the intermediate regime, where collisions are significantly altering the spectrum well inside the general large-n asymptotic region.
Intrinsic point defects in inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 from first-principles prediction
Authors: Li Yifan , Zhang Chenhui , Zhang Xixiang , Huang Dan , Shen Qian , Cheng Yingchun , Huang Wei
Published: October 2017

Cubic inorganic perovskite CsPbI3 is a direct bandgap semiconductor, which is promising for optoelectronic applications, such as solar cells, light emitting diodes, and lasers. The intrinsic defects in semiconductors play crucial roles in determining carrier conductivity, the efficiency of carrier recombination, and so on. However, the thermodynamic stability and intrinsic defect physics are still unclear for cubic CsPbI3. By using the first-principles calculations, we study the thermodynamic process and find out that the window for CsPbI3 growth is quite narrow and the concentration of Cs is important for cubic CsPbI3 growth. Under Pb-rich conditions, VPb and VI can pin the Fermi energy in the middle of the bandgap, which results in a low carrier concentration. Under Pb-poor conditions, VPb is the dominant defect and the material has a high concentration of hole carriers with a long lifetime. Our present work gives an insight view of the defect physics of cubic CsPbI3 and will be beneficial for optoelectronic applications based on cubic CsPbI3 and other analogous inorganic perovskites.
External control of the synchronization dynamics of two inductively coupled glow discharge plasma sources
Authors: Chaubey Neeraj , Mukherjee S. , Sen A.
Published: October 2017

An experimental investigation of the influence of an external periodic forcing on the synchronization dynamics of two inductively coupled plasma sources is reported. The driven response of the coupled system is found to have a rich structure in the parameter space of the frequency and the amplitude of the external driver. In particular, there is a strong impact on the nature of the phase-flip transitions between anti-phase and in-phase synchronized states of the system and the frequency bifurcation structure of the collective states. The external driver provides a convenient tool for accessing various collective states of the system and controlling the collective dynamics of the two coupled systems through a proper choice of its frequency and amplitude. Our experimental results are qualitatively supported by numerical simulation results from a theoretical model of two environmentally coupled van der Pol equations, one of which is also driven externally.
Hardware for dynamic quantum computing
Authors: Ryan Colm A. , Johnson Blake R. , Ristè Diego , Donovan Brian , Ohki Thomas A.
Published: October 2017

We describe the hardware, gateware, and software developed at Raytheon BBN Technologies for dynamic quantum information processing experiments on superconducting qubits. In dynamic experiments, real-time qubit state information is fed back or fed forward within a fraction of the qubits’ coherence time to dynamically change the implemented sequence. The hardware presented here covers both control and readout of superconducting qubits. For readout, we created a custom signal processing gateware and software stack on commercial hardware to convert pulses in a heterodyne receiver into qubit state assignments with minimal latency, alongside data taking capability. For control, we developed custom hardware with gateware and software for pulse sequencing and steering information distribution that is capable of arbitrary control flow in a fraction of superconducting qubit coherence times. Both readout and control platforms make extensive use of field programmable gate arrays to enable tailored qubit control systems in a reconfigurable fabric suitable for iterative development.
Mapping of external cavity modes for a laser diode subject to phase-conjugate feedback
Authors: Weicker Lionel , Uy Chi-Hak , Wolfersberger Delphine , Sciamanna Marc
Published: October 2017

We numerically investigate the dynamics of a semiconductor laser subject to phase-conjugate optical feedback. We explore the effects of the laser model and feedback parameters for the generation of time-periodic oscillations of the output power at harmonics of the external cavity frequency, i.e., dynamical solutions that have been named external cavity modes. We point out that both the experimentally tunable and other parameters have an influence on the frequency of such dynamics. Since the delay has to exist, it is not the relevant parameter as we show that the feedback rate fixes the frequency of the periodic self-pulsations. The interaction length of the crystal and the ratio between carrier and photon lifetimes tend to filter out high frequencies as they increase. Finally, the linewidth enhancement factor unlocks high frequencies as it increases. We conclude by providing a situation which leads to periodic solutions with higher frequencies using a set of realistic values of parameters.
The Dutch translation of the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) 2007 dictionary
Authors: Boot Peter , Zijlstra Hanna , Geenen Rinie
Published: October 2017

The words we use in everyday language reveal our thoughts, feelings, personality, and motivations. Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC) is a software program to analyse text by counting words in 66 psychologically meaningful categories that are catalogued in a dictionary of words. This article presents the Dutch translation of the dictionary that is part of the LIWC 2007 version. It describes and explains the LIWC instrument and it compares the Dutch and English dictionaries on a corpus of parallel texts. The Dutch and English dictionaries were shown to give similar results in both languages, except for a small number of word categories. Correlations between word counts in the two languages were high to very high, while effect sizes of the differences between word counts were low to medium. The LIWC 2007 categories can now be used to analyse Dutch language texts.
The multilingual experience
Authors: Woll Nina
Published: October 2017

Of the numerous factors affecting language development,a particular role has been assigned to Metalinguistic Awareness (MLA) as a major constituent of the cognitive development of experienced language learners, while being itself a key to accelerated language learning (e.g.,Jessner, 2008). The present study explores the relationship between multilingual usage and MLA in French-speaking Quebeckers (n = 66) with different language backgrounds who start to learn German after English in a formal setting. ‘Multilingual experience’ was operationalized by the frequency and the diversity of foreign language use across 10 different contexts of use. A reflexive dimension of MLA was assessed by means of the THAM-3 (Pinto & El Euch, 2015), and complemented by think-aloud protocols produced during a multilingual translation task, which reflected an applied dimension of MLA. Multiple regression analyses suggest that both frequency and diversity of non-native language use in specifically literacy-based activities predicted the applied dimension of MLA.
Lipid metabolic perturbation is an early-onset phenotype in adult spinster mutants: a Drosophila model for lysosomal storage disorders
Authors: Hebbar Sarita , Khandelwal Avinash , Jayashree R. , Hindle Samantha J. , Chiang Yin Ning , Yew Joanne Y. , Sweeney Sean T. , Schwudke Dominik
Published: October 2017

Intracellular accumulation of lipids and swollen dysfunctional lysosomes are linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage disorders (LSD). Detailed characterization of lipid metabolic changes in relation to the onset and progression of neurodegeneration is currently missing. We systematically analyzed lipid perturbations in spinster (spin) mutants, a Drosophila model of LSD-like neurodegeneration. Our results highlight an imbalance in brain ceramide and sphingosine in the early stages of neurodegeneration, preceding the accumulation of endomembranous structures, manifestation of altered behavior, and buildup of lipofuscin. Manipulating levels of ceramidase and altering these lipids in spin mutants allowed us to conclude that ceramide homeostasis is the driving force in disease progression and is integral to spin function in the adult nervous system. We identified 29 novel physical interaction partners of Spin and focused on the lipid carrier protein, Lipophorin (Lpp). A subset of Lpp and Spin colocalize in the brain and within organs specialized for lipid metabolism (fat bodies and oenocytes). Reduced Lpp protein was observed in spin mutant tissues. Finally, increased levels of lipid metabolites produced by oenocytes in spin mutants allude to a functional interaction between Spin and Lpp, underscoring the systemic nature of lipid perturbation in LSD.
The Precautionary Saving Model
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: October 2017

The chapter removes the assumption of quadratic utility and examines situations in which consumers respond to income risk by increasing current saving to protect against future shocks to income. This motive for saving is called precautionary saving, and it provides an explanation for some of the empirical findings in the literature, such as the observation that people with more volatile incomes tend to save more than individuals with more stable income patterns. Moreover, it can also explain the excess sensitivity of consumption to expected income changes. Indeed, a model with precautionary saving produces a good many predictions similar to those of the model with liquidity constraints.
The Buffer Stock Model
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: October 2017

We analyze models that combine precautionary saving and liquidity constraints to provide a unified, more realistic treatment of intertemporal decisions. We start off with a simple three-period model to illustrate how the expectation of future borrowing constraints can induce precautionary saving even in scenarios in which marginal utility is linear. A more general model that allows liquidity constraints and precautionary saving to interact fully is the buffer stock model, of which there are two versions. One, developed by Deaton (1991), emphasizes the possibility that a prudent and impatient consumer may face credit constraints. The other, by Carroll (1997), features the same type of consumer but allows for the possibility of income falling to zero and so generating a natural borrowing constraint.
The Response of Consumption to Anticipated Changes in Income
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: October 2017

The intertemporal models studied so far postulate that people use savings in order to smooth income fluctuations, and that unless there are liquidity constraints, consumption responds little if at all to changes in income that were expected. When this major theoretical prediction is violated, researchers conclude that consumption is excessively sensitive to anticipated income changes. In this chapter we review some of the empirical approaches researchers have taken to estimate the response of consumption to anticipated income changes. We point out that empirically it is very hard to identify situations in which income changes in a predictable way. But even if the empirical difficulties can be surmounted, there are many plausible explanations for the rejection of the implications of the theoretical models, including liquidity constraints, non-separability between consumption and leisure, home production, the persistence of habits, aggregation bias, and the durability of goods.
The Response of Consumption to Income Risk
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: October 2017

Tests of the importance of precautionary saving follow several research strategies. One aims to find a variable (or set of variables) that can approximate the variance of the growth rate of consumption. A second strategy seeks to estimate a reduced form for the level of consumption and wealth with proxies for income risk. A third approach simulates the path of consumption and wealth in models with precautionary saving, matching simulations with the observed distribution of wealth and consumption. Other studies provide indirect evidence for or against the precautionary saving hypothesis. Finally, some papers test the null hypothesis of the precautionary saving model (or more generally, self-insurance), in which risks can only be insured via private savings, against specific alternatives in which researchers make the source of market incompleteness explicit (positing, for instance, that it is due to private information).
Lifetime Uncertainty
Authors: Jappelli Tullio , Pistaferri Luigi
Published: October 2017

Lifetime uncertainty represents an additional risk that affects intertemporal choice, because consumers may live longer than expected and run the risk of exhausting the resources accumulated for retirement. Lifetime uncertainty introduces an incentive to consume earlier in life because consumers discount future utility at a higher rate. Second, since in each period there is some positive probability that the consumer will not survive to the next period, the terminal condition on wealth corresponds effectively to a liquidity constraint. Third, with lifetime uncertainty, the decumulation of wealth by the elderly is slower than predicted by the life-cycle model. Finally, the model with lifetime uncertainty generates transfers of wealth across generations even without an express bequest motive, through what we can term involuntary or accidental bequests. The chapter highlights the necessity of accounting for lifetime uncertainty when interpreting empirical age-wealth profiles estimated from microeconomic data.
CLIFinder: identification of LINE-1 chimeric transcripts in RNA-seq data
Authors: Pinson Marie-Elisa , Pogorelcnik Romain , Court Franck , Arnaud Philippe , Vaurs-Barrière Catherine
Published: October 2017

L1 Chimeric Transcripts (LCTs) are initiated by repeated LINE-1 element antisense promoters and include the L1 5′UTR sequence in antisense orientation followed by the adjacent genomic region. LCTs have been characterized mainly using bioinformatics approaches to query dbEST. To take advantage of NGS data to unravel the transcriptome composition, we developed Chimeric LIne Finder (CLIFinder), a new bioinformatics tool. Using stranded paired-end RNA-seq data, we demonstrated that CLIFinder can identify genome-wide transcribed chimera sequences corresponding to potential LCTs. Moreover, CLIFinder can be adapted to study transcription from other repeat types.

Availability and implementation

The code is available at: https://github.com/GReD-Clermont/CLIFinder; and for Galaxy users, it is directly accessible in the tool shed at: https://toolshed.g2.bx.psu.edu/view/clifinder/clifinder/.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
mORCA: sailing bioinformatics world with mobile devices
Authors: Díaz-del-Pino Sergio , Falgueras Juan , Perez-Wohlfeil Esteban , Trelles Oswaldo
Published: October 2017

Motivation

Nearly 10 years have passed since the first mobile apps appeared. Given the fact that bioinformatics is a web-based world and that mobile devices are endowed with web-browsers, it seemed natural that bioinformatics would transit from personal computers to mobile devices but nothing could be further from the truth. The transition demands new paradigms, designs and novel implementations.

Results

Throughout an in-depth analysis of requirements of existing bioinformatics applications we designed and deployed an easy-to-use web-based lightweight mobile client. Such client is able to browse, select, compose automatically interface parameters, invoke services and monitor the execution of Web Services using the service's metadata stored in catalogs or repositories.

Availability and implementation

mORCA is available at http://bitlab-es.com/morca/app as a web-app. It is also available in the App store by Apple and Play Store by Google. The software will be available for at least 2 years.

Supplementary information

Source code, final web-app, training material and documentation is available at http://bitlab-es.com/morca
Introduction
Authors: Tesón Fernando R. , Vossen Bas van der
Published: October 2017

We introduce general concepts of just war theory and describe different kinds of war: national self-defense, collective self-defense, and humanitarian intervention. After laying down the conditions for the justification of humanitarian intervention, we highlight some of our differences. We conclude with an outline of the international law of use of force and some jurisprudential themes that bear on the current humanitarian intervention debate.
Humanitarian Intervention as Defense of Persons
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: October 2017

This chapter lays the foundation of the argument for part I. It starts by rejecting the distinction between offensive and defensive wars. All justified wars are wars in defense of persons. Humanitarian intervention, therefore, has the same rationale as national self-defense. Humanitarian intervention is defined as a war to defend persons attacked in their territory by their own government or other political group. The chapter also locates war as part of a coercion continuum, and claims that the justification of coercion depends crucially on the principle of proportionality. This means that coercion to remedy rights violations will be justified if it incurs an acceptable cost. Because war is an extreme form of coercion, it will be justified only when the predictable costs are morally unacceptable.
Intervention and Revolution
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: October 2017

The chapter rejects the widely held belief that revolution to end tyranny is considerably more permissive than foreign intervention to end tyranny. It argues for the equivalence thesis: the just cause for both is exactly the same—ending tyranny. The reason why often revolution will be permissible while foreign intervention will not is that the latter is likely to be disproportionate. But by the same token, it is possible that intervention will be justified while revolution will not be. The chapter examines and rejects a central argument against the equivalence thesis: political self-determination. It concludes that the notion of self-determination has fatal conceptual and moral flaws, and thus cannot sustain the putative moral difference between intervention and revolution.
Proportionality in Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: October 2017

The chapter examines the traditional requirement that a humanitarian war must be proportionate to be justified. It distinguishes proportionality from necessity and, further, narrow from wide proportionality. The chapter discusses the concept of culpable threat, which is particularly important in humanitarian intervention, as there is no such thing as a non-culpable tyrant. It then introduces a distinction between collateral proportionality and supervening proportionality. The first one is the harm done to bystanders in the battle. The second one is the more remote harm done to bystanders after the war has ended. The distinction determines different degrees of blameworthiness for commanders who start a war that ends badly. Finally, the chapter analyzes the relationship between knowledge and permissibility of action.
A Presumption Against Intervention
Authors: Vossen Bas van der
Published: October 2017

This introductory chapter offers an outline of the argument I develop in this part of the book. It identifies the morality of intervention as something that should strike a balance between two kinds of threats to people’s rights and safety: threats from within and threats from without a society. Striking this balance, I argue, means accepting a presumption against intervention. Finally, this presumption is contrasted with its main rival, the interventionist view defended by Tesón and others.
Between Internal and External Threats
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: October 2017

How should we think about the morality of intervention? Since the morality of intervention is about striking a balance between internal and external threats to people’s rights and safety, a theory of intervention must take into account the nature and imperfections of our world, military capabilities, and the state system. This rules out certain alternative—more abstract or “idealized”—ways of thinking about these questions.
The Success Condition
Authors: Tesón Fernando R.
Published: October 2017

The success condition for intervention is part of the standard theory of just war. However, in both theory and practice, few people take the condition sufficiently seriously. The success condition holds that justified wars must have a good enough chance of succeeding. This chapter defends the condition on both theoretical and intuitive grounds, explains both the notions of success and of probability that this condition must assume, and defends the success condition against an important objection.
From Memory as Archive to Remembering as Conversation
Authors: Brockmeier Jens
Published: October 2017

This chapter is concerned with changes in the understanding of remembering and forgetting. It pays particular attention to the emergence of alternative visions that challenge the traditional archival model of memory and offers new ways to conceive of mnemonic practices as cultural practices. Starting with a discussion of archival models in contemporary scientific memory research, it then examines new models of memory that aim to capture what archival models tend to ignore: the social, societal, and cultural dynamic of human remembering. In this way, the focus shifts to postarchival memory models that have emerged in clinical disciplines, the social sciences, and the humanities. The chapter concludes by discussing one approach to remembering and forgetting that conceives of them as inherently social practices—as practices that, it is suggested, should be understood after the model of conversation rather than the archival model of individual retrieval.
Rethinking Function, Self, and Culture in “Difficult” Autobiographical Memories
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Reavey Paula
Published: October 2017

The sociocultural model of autobiographical memory focuses on the narrative or storied nature of autobiographical memories and the role of adult–child interactions in scaffolding these stories. Work in discursive psychology extends this interactional focus and demonstrates the action orientation of jointly constructed narratives. However, in this work, there is hitherto little differentiation made among types of autobiographical narratives. Memories of “difficult” or “painful” events, such as sexual violence, neglect, physical injury, and “traumatic” experiences, present particular challenges in terms of narrative organization, interaction, and agency. Speakers must demonstrate responsibility in how they recruit one another into such narratives. Where there is a power asymmetry, this can involve a collaborative “managed accessibility” for memories of particularly distressing details. This chapter provides a conceptual scheme for approaching “vital memories” of these sorts and discusses the importance of their temporal and affective organization within experience.
Real Sex Films
Authors: Tulloch John , Middleweek Belinda
Published: October 2017

Within the domain of film studies, the recent surge in films depicting graphic and high-impact sex and sexualized violence has been variously classified under the terms transgressive, brutal, provocative, real sex, and extreme cinema. These classifications, however, tend to underplay the films’ sociohistorical contexts and reflexive struggle for meaning. We argue that the similarities and differences between these real or simulated sex films are determined and mediated within geographical space and historical time. But every film book has its own personal historical starting point: in our case, this is the coming together as intertexts of the real sex film Intimacy with a major academic text, The Transformation of Intimacy, and as authorial agents of a television and documentary film producer and a media academic. This book argues that the meanings we attach to “real sex” cinema are discursively constructed not only by academic experts but by filmmakers, performers, audiences, and film reviewers. Debates about the meaning of real sex cinema are best understood in dialogue, and for the first time in interdisciplinary studies, we foster “mutual understanding” and “critical extension” among new risk sociology, feminist mapping theory, feminist film studies, and film reviewers, while also embracing film/media studies concepts of production, social audiences and spectators, genre, narrative, authorship, and stars. Above all, this is an interdisciplinary book, which engages with, supports, critiques, and extends each of these professional fields of discourse, each with its own schema of filmic understanding.
Conclusion
Authors: Tulloch John , Middleweek Belinda
Published: October 2017

This book has provided a new reading of the transformation of intimacy that can be found in real sex films using an interdisciplinary perspective drawing on new risk sociology; feminist critical geography; and literary and film studies concepts such as structure of feeling, narrative, genre, stardom, social audience, spectatorship, and mise en scène. In this pursuit the book has incorporated a bricoleur methodology of social audience and textual analysis and devised a “soft ethnography” to explore the different authorial signatures on a filmic text. By viewing real sex cinema through a variety of theoretical, empirical, sociohistorical, and reflexive lenses, it has suggested ways that readers can bring to the cinematic experience their own search for a mutual understanding of ideas and perspectives and yet also, like our social audience groups in their discussions with one another, a sense of critical extension as well.
Prioritizing Mission with a Mission-Protected Hybrid
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter describes how state legislatures could create a legal form of organization to brand trustworthy social enterprises. It identifies the two key components of such an organizational form, and explains how to implement them. It asserts that to brand adopting entities as trustworthy social enterprises, statutes must mandate that they prioritize social good. This will distinguish adopting entities from traditional for-profits and nonprofits, and enable reliable enforcement by identifying their primary objective. The chapter also argues that an effective legal form must contain multiple layers of enforcement. Along with adaptations of familiar disclosure requirements and litigation rights, it proposes a provocative new enforcement tool. If a social enterprise sheds the new form prematurely, or fails to meet its requirements, a percentage of its assets would be directed to a charity. Accepting the diversion of organizational assets to a mission-driven counterpart powerfully signals entrepreneurs’ and investors’ commitment.
Evaluating the Current Menu of Legal Forms for Social Enterprise
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter shows why legal forms recently developed to house social enterprise, such as the benefit corporation, leave social mission vulnerable to unilateral termination. Benefit corporation statutes grant shareholders unfettered discretion to discard social mission at any time. L3C statutes grant the same autonomy to entrepreneurs. In either case, the entity’s social mission can be shed without penalty, so adopting the form provides little reassurance of entrepreneurs’ and investors’ commitments. The chapter traces this weakness in part to the statutes’ inadequate mandate that adopting entities “do both” profit-making and social good generation. Without guidance to organizational leaders on how much of each objective to produce and which to prioritize when they conflict, entrepreneurs and investors do not know what to expect. This first generation of social enterprise law achieved an important expressive victory, but it represents only a first step towards creating a legal regime that helps them to flourish.
Social Enterprise Exits
Authors: Reiser Dana Brakman , Dean Steven A.
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores how social enterprise law can shape social enterprise exits, whether by sale, dissolution, or bankruptcy. It explains that the threat of exit looms large over social enterprises, their founders, and their investors. It then draws on lessons from unlikely sources—venture capital, public company mergers and acquisitions, and small business finance—to design contract terms and corporate governance provisions that can prevent exit from threatening a venture’s social mission. The chapter argues that even in the context of exit by dissolution, contract, and governance can be deployed to preserve a firm’s chosen balance of finance and social mission. It cautions social entrepreneurs and investors, however, that the utility of these tools wanes if a venture becomes insolvent. Whether in a formal bankruptcy proceeding or a more informal dissolution, if assets are insufficient to meet a social enterprise’s financial obligations, creditors’ interests become paramount.
Dead Camp
Authors: Deutscher Penelope
Published: October 2017

This chapter asks how Simone de Beauvoir’s work is now read from the perspective of feminist theory that postdated her. It focuses on readings of Beauvoir introduced by Judith Butler, Wendy Brown, and Elizabeth Wilson. It considers Beauvoir’s work from the perspective of innovations such as the sex–gender distinction and its subsequent critique, the Nietzschean critique of resentment, feminism of embodiment, and new materialist feminisms. Since a new series of questions has emerged with which to approach the status of biology in Beauvoir’s work, I argue for a productive reading of Beauvoir, giving new attention to some of the distinctive ways in which she sees biology and embodiment as expressive. It is to look in new ways for and at excessive reserves in this well-known text.
The Question of the Subject and the Matter of Violence
Authors: Bergoffen Debra
Published: October 2017

Negotiating the distance between Simone de Beauvoir and Luce Irigaray reveals that, despite their diverse starting points and philosophical commitments, they arrive at similar conclusions regarding the issue of violence against woman. Beauvoir’s existential–phenomenological account of the embodied vicissitudes of freedom and Irigaray’s psychoanalytic account of the bodied drives that structure human symbolic existence reveal that so long as women are signified as woman, the second sex (Beauvoir) and the power of masculine symbolic to silence all other articulations the human endures (Irigaray), men can and will imagine they are immune from the vulnerabilities of the human condition. Understanding the abuse of women throughout the ages and across the globe marks it as a symptom of the flight from vulnerability, identifies the high stakes of this flight, and directs us to develop strategies of resistance that, by resignifying the meaning of vulnerability, gets at the roots of the violence.
Beauvoir, Irigaray, and Philosophy
Authors: Olkowski Dorothea E.
Published: October 2017

Luce Irigaray’s view of her relationship to Beauvoir’s work is that “there are important differences between our positions.” This should not be surprising given that these two philosophers belong to different even if overlapping philosophical eras. Beauvoir is identified primarily with phenomenological–existentialism and Irigaray with psychoanalysis and linguistics. This essay takes up those differences from an ontological and epistemological point of view suggested by a number of feminist philosophers but not fully examined in the work of Beauvoir and Irigaray. This includes Beauvoir’s rejection of dualist thinking produced by the binary logic of the Law of Excluded Middle, and Irigaray’s critique of formal logic based on her psychoanalytic perspective. Beginning with Beauvoir and moving from there to Irigaray, the essay takes up the question of the ontological and epistemological structures utilized by each of these two feminist philosophers with an eye to their subsequent ethical implications.
Conclusion
Authors: Choi Mihwa
Published: October 2017

Each of the competing social imaginaries held differing visions of how society ought to be constructed, and where a particular individual desired to be situated within that imagined world. In a world where ritual occupied one of the core elements constituting the social and political fabric of society, death rituals served, not only as a means of effectively displaying existing power relations, but also as a tool for practitioners to construct power and status through its performance. Through debates concerning imperial rituals, scholar-officials were able to limit the monarchical power to a certain extent during Renzong’s era. Amid ebbs and flows of shift in political power within factions among scholar-officials, continuing legal disputes on the performance of proper death rituals in turn fostered a revival of Confucianism.
Two Notions of Modularity
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: October 2017

This chapter examines the nature of modularity of language from two perspectives: as an input system, in Fodor’s sense, with mechanisms dedicated to parsing sentence structure; and as a “central” system, dedicated to grammatical representations and computations yielding structural descriptions for both input and output systems. Arguments against the first and in favor of the second perspective are developed. The postulation of the language module as a central system appears to be immune to some of Fodor’s criticisms of central systems as holistic and dedicated to belief fixation. If the approach outlined here is on the right track, considerable rethinking of the nature and use of language is in order.
The Modularity of Sentence Processing Reconsidered
Authors: Ferreira Fernanda , Nye James
Published: October 2017

Today, the modular view of sentence processing is unpopular, but the arguments against modularity are not as strong as this apparent consensus would suggest. Almost all experimental investigations of modularity have focused on properties pertaining to information encapsulation, and most of those studies have evaluated just one specific modular architecture. A review of these studies of sentence comprehension suggests that the evidence against information encapsulation is really evidence against that one architecture only, and a whole range of other possible modular architectures remain untested. Although psycholinguistic work has largely ignored the modularity claims relating to shallow outputs, new findings from studies to test “good enough” language processing suggest that the output of the language processing module can be characterized as shallow or minimal. Perhaps, then, the modularity hypothesis was prematurely rejected. Evidence for shallow outputs provides intriguing new support for the idea that sentence processing is indeed modular.
Fodor and the Innateness of All (Basic) Concepts
Authors: Piattelli-Palmarini Massimo
Published: October 2017

This chapter reviews Fodor’s contribution to the epic Chomsky-Piaget Royaumont debate. The issue that was under discussion was a familiar one, namely, what psychological processes underlie concept learning. Piaget thought concept learning involved the formation and confirmation of hypotheses that a learner generates through the construction and organization of stimuli gathered from the environment, and modifying them when they proved to be inconsistent. However, Fodor pointed out a fundamental flaw in this theory: it is silent about the origin of the concepts used in generating the hypotheses. Fodor argued that in order for these hypotheses to be tested, let alone generated, they needed to have been readily available to the learner, suggesting that all primitive concepts are innate, and that concept acquisition relies on the process of triggering these concepts that are innately available to the learner, and not through construction by means of progressive guesses and trial-and-error.
The Immediacy of Conceptual Processing
Authors: Potter Mary C.
Published: October 2017

Understanding requires thought, and thought requires memory, both short-term memory for the ongoing thinking process and longer-term memories that constitute one’s relevant knowledge. In a variety of studies the chapter shows that conceptual knowledge comes into play faster than standard models of long-term memory retrieval suppose and reflects a larger immediate capacity than models of short-term or working memory have suggested. It proposes a new form of memory termed conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) to account for the speed and appropriateness with which our prior knowledge shapes current perception and thought. When we identify a new stimulus, not only its concept but also other associated information in long-term memory is immediately activated, allowing new conceptual structures to be formed that relate the new information to relevant knowledge. Activated information that does not become structured is quickly forgotten and may never become conscious.