bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of age of parents Lysiphlebus delhiensis (Subba Rao and Sharma) (Hym., Aphidiidae) during copulation on progeny production and offspring sex ratio
Authors: Srivastava M. , Singh R.
Published: August 2009

The total progeny yielded by the female Lysiphlebus delhiensis parasitising third instar nymphs of the aphid Melanaphis sacchari on Zea mays decreased with parental aging mainly because of reduced female survival. The offspring sex ratio (proportion of males) favoured the females when the parents were younger (sex ratio = 0.4), but favoured male (sex ratio = 0.55) when the parents were older (96–108 h old). The parental age, particularly female age, has important consequences for progeny production, their survival and offspring sex ratio.
Control of European corn borer in sweet corn by Trichogramma brassicae Bezd. (Hym., Trichogrammatidae)
Authors: Burgio G. , Maini S.
Published: August 2009

The biological control effectiveness of the indigenous egg parasitoid Trichogramma brassicae Bezd, reared continuously on Ostrinia nubilalis (Hb.) (ECB) eggs, was tested against ECB in sweet corn in 1991 (2 ha release plot) and 1992 (3.5 ha release plot). T. brassicae was reared for three‐four generations on the factidious host Ephestia kuehniella Zell. and then released on the crop; a 0.5 ha plot situated at 300–400m from the test plots was used as control in both years. Four releases, each totalling 250–300 000 individuals, were made the first year and three at the same rate per ha the second. ECB adult emergence was monitored using traps baited with sex pheromone and phenylacetaldehyde food attractant. The parasitoid activity was monitored via sentinel egg masses following each release. The parasitization rates of the sentinel egg masses was always higher in the release plot vs. control. The parasitization of natural egg masses sampled in both years before harvest was: 12.5 and 10.86% in control as against 87.5 and 68.58% in T. brassicae plots in the respective years. ECB damage was calculated on crop ear samples. The rate (%) of sentinel egg mass predation by wild predators showed no significant difference between control and release plots for both years. The low level of ECB damage to crop ears evinced the good search capacity, parasitization and control effectiveness of T. brassicae.
Susceptibility of neem to attack by the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shir. (Isopt., Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Delate K. M. , Grace J. K.
Published: August 2009

The neem tree, Azadirachta indica, is a source of natural compounds with potent insecticidal, feeding deterrent and insect growth regulator activity. However, little information is available on the effects of these natural products on termites. We assessed the effects of mulches made from ground neem branches and roots on survival of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and compared termite feeding and survival on neem wood and bark to that on susceptible Pseudotsuga menziesii wood. Termite survival was fairly low in both P. menziesii heartwood and neem mulches over the 14 day test period, and did not differ significantly among those treatments. However, termites exposed to either P. menziesii wood, neem wood, or neem bark for 4 weeks fed significantly less on neem wood and bark. Feeding on neem bark caused significant termite mortality (56.4%) in comparison to that induced by feeding on neem wood (27.1%) or P. menziesii wood (12.5%). Thus, although neem is not entirely resistant to termite attack, the antifeedant properties of its wood and bark and the toxicity of neem bark support the use of neem trees for arboriculture in areas where termites are a problem.
The dynamics of the adult population of pear psylla, Cacopsylla pyri L. (Hom., Psyllidae) in the region of Magnesia (Greece)
Authors: Stratopoulou E. T. , Kapatos E. T.
Published: August 2009

During the years 1991/92, the dynamics of the adult population of Cacopsylla pyri L. was studied in Greece (region of Magnesia). At regular intervals during the year, estimates were obtained of the size of the population of males and females, percentage gravid females, sex ratio, number of eggs per gravid female and daily rate of oviposition. The adult population of pear psylla was sampled in such a way that estimates can be directly related quantitatively with simultaneous estimates of the immature stages. During most of the year females were more abundant than males except during the period of high adult emergence and the period of diapause when sex ratio remained close to 1:1.

During the infestation period (February‐October) a large proportion of the females contained mature eggs except during the period of high emergence of new females when, briefly, the proportion of mature females in the total female population was low. The mean number of mature eggs per gravid female changed considerably during the same period (February‐October). It was very high during late winter, spring and autumn and low during summer suggesting that ovarian development is depressed during summer, which may be due to high temperatures. Consequently, the daily rate of oviposition was high during spring and autumn and low during summer. During late winter (February‐March) the daily rate of oviposition was low, although the females contained a high number of mature eggs suggesting that ovarian development and rate of oviposition are not equally affected by weather conditions.
Application of discriminant analysis to electrical penetration graphs of the aphid Sitobion avenae feeding on resistant and susceptible wheat
Authors: Caillaud C. M. , Di Pietro J. P. , Chaubet B. , Pierre J. S.
Published: August 2009

The stylet penetration activities of Sitobion avenae F. were followed with an electronic method (DC‐EPG) on resistant and susceptible wheat genotypes. Discriminant analysis was therefore applied to data evaluated on each electrical penetration graphs obtained (EPGs). The variables which mostly explained the resistance‐susceptibility status of the wheat genotypes appeared to be related to the ingestion sap event (as represented by pattern E2), either to the time preceding first occurrence of a sap ingestion event or to the total time spent by the aphid ingesting sap from the sieve elements of the phloem. On the basis of their stylet penetration activities, individuals were separated into three blocks. The first one was made up the individuals tested on susceptible or slightly resistant wheat (‘susceptible block’). The second one contained the individuals tested on two resistant genotypes (‘resistant block l’) and the third one regrouped the individuals tested on another resistant genotype (‘resistant block 2’). These results are discussed in relation to the possible mechanisms of wheat resistance to S. avenae.
Importance of generalist epigeal predator species in a cereal field: predation on baits
Authors: Tolonen T.
Published: August 2009

An experiment was carried out using bait cards to assess the contribution of different polyphagous predators in a wheat field to degree of predation.

Activity abundancy of predators was measured by pitfall trapping. In June the most abundant carabids were Bembidion guttula, B. properans and Clivina fossor, later Pterostichus melanarius and Trechus discus. Staphylinids and spiders were most abundant in July. The total number of predators increased towards the end of the season.

Predatory pressure was assessed using Drosophila melanogaster pupae as bait on small bait cards placed on the soil twice a week from 4/6–6/8. At the beginning of the experiment, predation was lower than later. Degree of predation varied between plots within every two‐week period. According to the model obtained, Amara sp. contributed to predation 9/7–7/8. Bembidion guttula contributed to predation in every period, B. properans 4–14/6. Clivina fossor contributed to predation from the middle of June to the beginning of August, as did Trechus discus. Staphylinids contributed to predation 18–27/6 and 23/7–7/8 and spiders 18/6–19/7. Patrobus atrorufus and Synuchus nivalis contributed to predation 23/7–7/8, although not many were caught in the traps.
Comparative susceptibility of chironomid larvae (Dipt., Chironomidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis with special reference to altered susceptibility due to food difference
Authors: Kondo S. , Ohba M. , Ishii T.
Published: August 2009

Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis exhibited larvicidal activities, with varying degrees, against detritusfeeding larvae of the six species belonging to the subfamily Chironominae (Dipt., Chironomidae): Chironomus kiiensis, Chironomus yoshimatsui, Dicrotendipes pelochloris, Glyptotendipes tokunagai, Paratanytarsus sp., and Stictochironomus akizukii. Of these, the most susceptible were C. kiiensis, C. yoshimatsui, and Paratanytarsus sp.; in these species a high/rapid mortality (70–100%) occurred within 2 days at a bacterial concentration of 17 μg/ml. The least susceptible was S. akizukii. The degree of difference in susceptibility ranged from 10 to 1000 times among the six species.

There was a marked difference in susceptibility between two larval populations of a euryphagous species, Pentapedilum tigrinum, when reared on different foods prior to treatment; the larvae reared on aquatic plant tissue were 100 times more susceptible than the larvae fed on detritus.
Sensitivity of grapevine phenological stages to larvae of European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff. (Lep., Tortricidae)
Authors: Gabel B. , Roehrich R.
Published: August 2009

This study compares the sensitivity of different phenological stages of grapevine cultivars to infestation by larvae of the European grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana Den. et Schiff.

The fructiferous organs of six cultivars: Cabernet Franc, Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, Sauvignon, Semillon and Müller Thurgau were infested at 5–10 days intervals from the beginning of the vegetative period, with a constant number of newly hatched L. botrana larvae (five per organ). After the larvae reached the fifth instar, the fructiferous organs were cut and each grape analysed according to the damage. Each organ was classified into one of three groups: I — no damage; II — traces of probing activity and III — traces of feeding activity.

At the beginning of the vegetative period (stages D and E) the percentage of fructiferous organs with traces of feeding activity is relatively low (20–35% dependent on cultivar). From stage F onwards the number of bunches with traces of feeding activity progressively increases, reaching a maximum at stage H (78–93%). In all cultivars tested a period was clearly observed when the fructiferous organs were significantly (ANOVA procedure, P< 0.0001) unsuitable for infestation by freshly hatched larvae, and this corresponded to phenological stages I and J (8–35% of bunches with traces of feeding activity). The phenological stages following stage until harvest were again suitable for development of the larvae (50–95% of bunches in the group III), but with greater individual alter variability than observed for stages from F to H.
An example of numerical response of the carabid beetle, Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz (Col., Carabidae), to the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae)
Authors: Kamata N. , Igarashi Y.
Published: August 2009

The carabid beetle, Calosoma maximowiczi, is a conspicuous predator of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella. The beech caterpillar population gradually increased in all study plots from the time our research began and a severe defoliation was found in 1990. Seasonal and annual change in beetle abundance was investigated in the beech forests where this defoliation was observed. Adult carabids appeared from late July to mid‐August when larvae of the caterpillar were full grown, and their abundance showed a strong relationship with the caterpillar density. Though carabid larvae are usually scarce in forests, they were abundant the year that catches of adult beetles were heavy.
Using degree‐days model to determine the optimum spray timing for the codling moth Cydia pomonella (L.) (Lep., Olethreutidae)
Authors: Ahmad T. R. , Ali M. A. , Hamad B. Sh.
Published: August 2009

Successful spraying against Cydia pomonella (L.), the main pome fruits pest in Iraq orchards, depends on correct timing, which was determined by the degree‐days model or at intervals of 100 ° 10 degree‐days after the biofix. Sprays are most effective against the newly hatched larvae before entry into the fruits. The optimum timing with laresban treatments was determined to be at 200 degree‐days after the biofix or after an average degree‐days accumulation of 195 DD (SD = 59) and 298 DD (SD = 67) when daily degree‐days calculated by the method of the sine‐wave.
Life table of Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) and its analysis
Authors: Hui Ye , Zhimo Zhao
Published: August 2009

A life table was developed for the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), on the basis of two consecutive years of field research in Kunming, China. Based on the analysis of the life table, intraspecific larval competition, pine resin, parasitoids, predators and the other unknown factors composed the main factors affecting insect mortality. Among them the intraspecific larval competition contributed to highly proportional mortality of the population, approximately 39.85%, and was supposed to be a major factor determining productivity of the insect. The second highest proportional mortality, around 20.59%, was attributed to pine resin. The percentage of unknown mortality was 13.37%, in which temperature and humidity as well as forest hygiene were involved. For different stages the larval mortality of 52.38% was the highest compared with others, and therefore played the greatest role in the population mortality process. The mortality rate for the adult, egg and pupa was 15.5%, 5.8% and 2.7%, respectively. The generation mortality rate of 78.24% indicated a increasing population in Kunming over the study years
The comparative effectiveness of chemical traps, and fir, spruce and larch billets, for the estimations of pine weevil (Hylobius abietis L.) (Col., Curculionidae) density indices
Authors: Wilson W. L. , Day K. R.
Published: August 2009

The pine weevil (Hylobius abietis) is attracted to damaged conifer species by the release of the volatiles apinene and ethanol. Recent attention has focused on the effectiveness of these volatiles in attracting the weevils to chemical traps. This study, in reforested clearfell areas, found that chemical traps were less effective than three species of conifer billet traps. In plantations of Douglas fir and Japanese larch, where these species were also used as billet traps, the comparative effectiveness of Sitka spruce billets was always greater. It is concluded that there is still a significant role for billet traps in studies of weevil activity and densities.
The impact of Medetera dendrobaena Kowarz (Dipt., Dolichopodidae) on bark beetles
Authors: Nicolai V.
Published: August 2009

Many natural enemies of bark beetles have been studied in central Europe. However, little is known about the impact that these natural enemies might have on developing bark beetle populations in the field. The larvae of Medetera dendrobaena are known to be important natural predators of bark beetles, especially in virgin forests. In the laboratory, bark beetles (Pityogenes chalcographus (Col., Scolytidae)) were reared to produce larvae which were then fed as a food resource to the M. dendrobaena. Eggs of the M. dendrobaena could be placed in newly infested standardized wooden pieces. The time as well as the densities could be varied under constant laboratory conditions. Infested wooden pieces without eggs of M. dendrobaena were used as controls. Only if the eggs of the M. dendrobaena were placed in newly infested wooden pieces up to 48 h, a high mortality of the developing bark beetles could be proven. The mortality of the bark beetles was density dependent. The higher the density of the bark beetles per wooden piece, the more larvae of bark beetles were killed through a larvae of M. dendrobaena per day.

In the field similar results were observed. Here, up to 100 M. dendrobaena emerged per m2 of spruce bark infested with bark beetles. The adults of the M. dendrobaena are present from May up to the first periods of frost on the trunks of trees. Throughout the whole summer, the females of M. dendrobaena are able to lay eggs in newly infested trunks very soon after an infestation of bark beetles. This corresponds well with the results from the laboratory investigations.
Entomopathogenicity of Beauveria bassiana toward flea beetles, Phyllotreta cruciferae Goeze (Col., Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Miranpuri G. S. , Khachatourians G. G.
Published: August 2009

A series of bioassays were conducted on flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae using various strains/isolates of Beauveria bassiana. Flea beetles were sprayed with a conidiospore suspension of 108 spores/ml in different experiments. Fungus‐treated and water‐treated beetles were placed in groups of 10–50 insects in various bioassay containers including cups, jars, and cages and maintained on a fresh supply of host plant. Insect mortality was monitored daily. The LT50 values found in B. bassiana ranged from a low of 1.9 for DAOM 210569 to a high of 16.6 for ATCC 44860. In addition to this, the results of 6 experiments of two most stable and highly sporulating strains of B. bassiana GK 2016 and SG 8702 in our laboratory showed a variation in their LT50 values 4.3 ± 1.7 and 2.8 ± 1.6 days, respectively. The mortality data was supported by examination of mummified cadavers. In different experiments 50–90% of the cadavers showed fungal mummification within 7 days depending upon the isolate tested. The results indicated that some strains of B. bassiana are pathogenic toward the flea beetle.
Effet d'une ceinture de diffuseurs à attractif sexuel sur la distribution des captures de mâles, des accouplements de femelles attachées et de l'attaque de Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. en vignoble
Authors: Charmillot P.‐J. , Pasquier D. , Alipaz N. J. , Neumann U.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Effect of pheromone dispensers placed as a belt on the distribution of male catches, tethered female matings and damage of Lobesia botrana Den. & Schiff. in vineyards: In a vineyard in the Lake Geneva Region, BASF ampulla dispensers containing pheromone of grape vine moth L. botrana, were hung exclusively along a 10 ha rectangle. Pheromone traps were distributed 50 m of one another, inside and outside of the belt of dispensers. Virgin females were tethered throughout the vineyard. During both flight periods, male catches and tethered female matings inside the belt of dispensers were reduced by more than 90% in comparaison with the outside. First generation damage was 12.4% outside and 3.9% inside. Reduction of damage was as important in the center of the trial as in the vicinity of the dispensers; in average 68.5%. This trial shows that mating disruption techniques could eventually be conducted by distributing a high density of dispensers along the edge, and by adding a large spaced grid of dispensers inside vineyards.

Dans un grand coleau de vignc du Bassin lémanique, des diffuscurs de BASF contenant de l'attractif à eudémis L. botrana, sont distribués exclusivement sur le pourtour d'une surface de 10 ha. Des pièges sexuels sont répartis à 50 m les uns des autres, à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur du périmètre formé par les diffuseurs et des femelles vierges d'eudémis sont attachées dans ce dispositif.

Durant les deux périodes de vol. les captures de mâles aux pièces sexuels et les accouplements chez les femelles attachées a l'intérieur de la ceinture de diffuseurs sont réduits de plus de 90% par rapport à l'extérieur. En première génératio, l'attaque moyenne est de 12,4% à l'exterieur de la ceinture de diffuseurs et de 3,9% à l'intérieur. La réduction d'attaque est aussi importante au centre de l'essai que dans les zones proches des diffuseurs; elle atteint en moyenne 68,5%.

Cet essai indique que la lutte par confusion pourrait éventuellement être réalisée en distribuant une forte densité de diffuseurs sur les bordures du vignoble et en ajoutant un réseau très espacé à l'intérieur.
Food bait enhancement of fruit mimics to attract Mediterranean fruit fly females
Authors: Katsoyannos B. I. , Hendrichs J.
Published: August 2009

In field experiments conducted in a citrus orchard in Chios, Greece, we compared, by direct observations, the response of the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) (Dipt. Tephritidae) to citrus fruits and leaves and to fruit and leaf mimics (plastic, 7 cm diam. hollow yellow spheres and 10 × 15 cm yellow rectangles resp.), with and without 10 droplets of Nulure, a proteinaceous food lure. We found that on orange trees yellow spheres provided with Nulure were the most attractive to both sexes, and attracted more females than males. They were about three times more attractive to females than those without lure and about seven times more attractive than ripening orange fruit. We also found that prepunctured hollow yellow spheres containing an aqueous solution of 9% Nulure and 3% borax were five times more attractive to females than the same sphere without Nulure when hung on food‐poor mandarin trees but only slightly more attractive when hung on food‐rich fig trees.

Our findings suggest that combining food odor and visual stimuli can considerably enhance the attractiveness of fruit models to C. capitata. Such a prepunctured fruit mimic, further enhanced by the addition of host odors, can probably find important applications for medfly management and control and for collecting eggs from wild medfly females to estimate egg fertility in programs involving the release of sterile males.
Larvae of Phthorimaea operculella (Zell.) as affected by various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Salama H. S. , Ragaei M. , Sabbour M.
Published: August 2009

The potential activity of 65 strains of the biopesticide Bacillus thuringiensis was evaluated against the first instar larvae of the potato tuber moth Phthorimaea operculella. The larvae of this insect pest showed to be susceptible to some varieties kurstaki, thuringiensis, tolworthi, galleriae, kenyae and aizawai. Data on the LC50 and potencies of the highly active varieties (causing larval death of 80% or more) indicate that var. galleriae was the most potent. The LC50, for other varieties, ranged between 28.83–101 μg/ml. The different larval instars of P. operculella were affected by B. thuringiensis var. galleriae HD‐234 in varying degrees, showing a gradual increase of LC50 with the increase of larval age.
Larval development variation and adult emergence in the chestnut weevil Curculio elephas Gyllenhal (Col., Curculionidae)
Authors: Menu F. , Debouzie D.
Published: August 2009

The chestnut weevil Curculio elephas is an important pest of the European chestnut Castanea sativa. Our results show that, in the Rhône region, most larvae leave chestnuts from October to early December and immediately burrow into the soil where they overwinter. On average, 95% of larvae leave the fruit after the chestnut has fallen. Adult emergence occurs the following summer‐fall, from mid‐August to early October. Weevils burrowing in November (cohort 2) usually emerge later than those burrowing in October (cohort 1). Whatever the cohort, some larvae extend diapause over several winters but frequency of prolonged diapause is greater in cohort 2. Because of great emergence variability and prolonged larval diapause, efficient chemical controls may be costly and damaging to the environment. Conversely, collecting chestnuts under trees combined with biological control with pathogenic fungi may drastically decrease the population density of this pest without ecological damage.
Recapture of dispersing bark beetle Ips typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae) in pheromone‐baited traps: regression models
Authors: Zolubas P. , Byers J. A.
Published: August 2009

Parent (re‐emerged) spruce bark beetles (Ips typographus L., Col.; Scolytidae) beginning a second host‐seeking flight were collected in pheromone‐baited traps. These beetles were marked with fluorescent powder of different colors and released from a point source (9–16 June 1989) within a spruce, Picea abies L., forest (Jurbarkas forest district, Lithuania). Some of the marked beetles were recaptured with pheromone‐baited traps in two experiments: (1) traps at 10 m and (2) traps 30, 60, 90, and 120m distances from the release point. Of 5920 and 5030 beetles that took flight in the two experiments, average recapture rates were 5.64±1.17% (± SEM) on traps at 10 m distance, and 1.62 ± 0.21, 0.88 ± 0.23, 0.27 ± 0.08, and 0.03 ± 0.03% on traps at the respective distances from 30 to 120 m. Parameters of several regression models were fitted with the Simplex algorithm (SYSTAT statistical software) to recapture data. The best fitting models were those of power, and an exponential form. A discussion of the biological meaning of certain coefficients in the equations is presented with regard to bark beetle dispersal.
The effect of adult nutrition on the fecundity and longevity of the olive moth Prays oleae (Bern.)
Authors: McEwen P. K. , Liber H.
Published: August 2009

Mixed sex pairs of adult olive moths (Prays oleae Bern.) were given different diets in the laboratory and subsequent longevity and fecundity were recorded. Insects given a diet consisting of a 70% sucrose solution lived longer than those given a mixture of sugar, yeast autolysate and water in the ratios 4:7: 10, which in turn lived longer than those with access to water only. Due to their increased longevity, insects in the sugar treatment were able to produce more eggs in their lifetimes than those with access to water only. Mean daily oviposition rate was unaffected by diet.

In the field, in comparison with fruits from untreated trees, more moth eggs were found on fruits taken from olive trees (Olea europea L.) that had been sprayed with sugar solutions, but this effect disappeared 3 weeks after spraying.
Sublethal effects of Avermectin B1, β‐Exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis and Diflubenzuron against cotton leafworm (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: El‐Ghar G. E. S. Abo , Radwan H. S. A. , El‐Bermawy Z. A. , Zidan L. T. M.
Published: August 2009

Thuringiensin (β‐exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis), abamectin (avermectin B1) and diflubenzuron were tested against susceptible and field strains of cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Fourth‐instar larvae were fed for 3 days on leaves treated with sublethal concentrations of each compound, and surviving larvae were allowed to complete their life on untreated leaves until pupation. Larval mortality was low until 5 days after initial treatment indicating slow activity for all tested compounds. Latent effects were observed in most treatments following larval transfer to untreated leaves. The field strain appeared to be more affected in most cases by all tested compounds than the susceptible strain. All compounds, especially abamectin, resulted in a pronounced decrease of pupation in both susceptible (16–26%) and field (9.4–36.0%) strains compared with the control (78.7 and 70.8%, respectively). Also, the mean weight of pupae was significantly decreased, especially in the field strain, as a result of abamectin and thuringiensin treatments compared to that in the control. Emergence of adults in the susceptible strain was highly affected by all treatments compared to that in the control. Furthermore, fecundity of moths in the field strain was highly reduced, especially in thuringiensin (65.3–89.0%) and abamectin (57.6–87.4%) treatments compared with that of control.
Ecological analyses of Nitidulidae: seasonal occurrence, host choice and habitat preference
Authors: Blackmer J. L. , Phelan P. L.
Published: August 2009

Temporal, chemical and spatial separation of nitidulid beetles (Coleoptera) were examined with baited traps over two seasons (1989 and 1990) in temperate North America. In both years, Stelidota geminata (Say), Carpophilus lugubris Murray, Glischrochilus fasciatus (Olivier) and Glkischrochilus quadrisignatus (Say) comprised 95–99% of all nitidulid beetles collected. These species were collected in greatest numbers in July, except for C. lugubris, which was collected in high numbers in July and late September in 1990. Peaks in trap catch were preceded, in most cases, by high percentages of gravid females. Carpophilus hemipterus (L.) was the only nitidulid species that showed a significant preference for Candida krusei‐inoculated fruit and vegetable baits over aseptic baits in 1989. For three of the four dominant species, the response to baits was broad: C. lugubris was the only species that exhibited a specialized response to one substrate over the entire trapping period in both years. G. quadrisignatus showed a seasonal or local specialization to maize baits in the spring of 1989 and at two of the three locations in the spring of 1990. There was a clear division in habitat preference for the dominant species: C. lugubris and G. quadrisignatus occurred almost exclusively in agricultural settings, whereas G. fasciatus occurred predominantly in woodlots. Numbers of S. geminata fluctuated seasonally, showing a preference for woodlots early and late in the season and a preference for agricultural settings throughout most of the summer. Less common nitidulid species also displayed habitat preferences. Although the Nitidulidae have had a longer association with climax communities than with ruderal communities, the diversity of nitidulid beetles was similar in the two habitat types. This may be because many of the resources these beetles use for food and oviposition sites in climax communities are ephemeral and closely related to the resources that they use in ruderal communities (i.e. wild versus domesticated strawberries, wild versus domesticated cherries and hawthorn fruit versus apple).
Preliminary observations on the trunk attacks by Tomicus piniperda (L.) (Col., Scolytidae) on Yunnan pine in Kunming, China
Authors: Hui Ye , Longshu Li
Published: August 2009

Mass attack by the pine shoot beetle, Tomicus piniperda (L.), on the trunks of living trees was a main cause of Yunnan pine forest damages in Kunming, China, from the 1970s to 1990s. The present study, based on analysis of egg galleries, proposed that mass attack was initiated with the establishment of a few primary invaders and intensified as the partners followed. The attacking beetles increased with time in the first part of a mass attack. Dispersion of the population on the trunk surface was started from the positions the primary invaders colonized and spread to nearby locations. The population was mainly distributed in the upper and middle of trunk, but revealed the highest density in the middle.
Effect of sesame (Sesamum indicum L) on nest development of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hym., Formicidae)
Authors: Bueno O. C. , Hebling M. J. A. , Silva O. A. , Matenhauer A. M. C.
Published: August 2009

The present study showed a strong deleterious effect on leaf‐cutting ant Atta sexdens rubropilosa nests supplied exclusively with sesame (Sesamum indicum) leaves in the laboratory. Sesame leaves were initially attractive to workers and later became antifeedant. Eucaliptus alba and Hibiscus rosu‐sinensis leaves were used as control.
Inhibitory effect of thuringiensin and abamectin on digestive enzymes and non‐specific esterases of Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lep., Noctuidae) larvae
Authors: El‐Ghar G. E. S. Abo , Radwan H. S. A. , El‐Bermawy Z. A. , Zidan L. T. M.
Published: August 2009

The effect of abamectin (Avermectin B1) and thuringiensin (β‐exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis) on the main digestive enzymes and non‐specific esterases in Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) larvae was determined. The fifth‐instar larvae were allowed to feed for only 24 h on leaves treated with sublethal concentrations of each compound, i.e. 5, 20 and 200 ppm through three successive generations, respectively. In enzyme assays, at F1‐generation, abamectin (5 ppm) caused a remarkable decrease in invertase, amylase and trehalase activities by 81, 76 and 54%, respectively, compared to those recorded in the control larvae at day 3 after treatment. The body weights of larvae fed on abamectin‐treated leaves (5 ppm), generally decreased continuously during feeding periods; this decrease was directly proportional to the lower enzymatic activity. At F3‐generation, abamectin (200 ppm) reduced amylase activity by 21 and 46% at 2‐and 3‐day feeding periods, respectively.

Thuringiensin, at F1‐generation (5 ppm), also caused a pronounced decrease in digestive enzyme activities, especially amylase and invertase, at which maximum inhibition, about 77 and 76%, respectively, was reached 3 days after treatment. Feeding at concentration of 200 ppm (F3‐generation) also reduced amylase and trehalase activities by 53% after 2 days of treatment. In addition, abamectin at 5 ppm caused a reduction in the activities of both α‐esterases and β‐esterases by 28.30% and 58.66%, after 1‐day feeding on leaves treated with 5 ppm (F1‐generation) and 200 ppm (F3‐generation), respectively. The inhibitory effect of thuringiensin on the enzymatic activities of both α‐esterases and β‐esterases seemed to be less than that caused by abamectin.
Tall oil: enhancement of neem and azadirachtin toxicity to the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hübner (Lep., Noctuidae)
Authors: Xie Y. S. , Isman M. B.
Published: August 2009

Potentiation of the insecticidal activity of neem and its active principle, azadirachtin, by depitched tall oil was examined in experiments with the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hübner. Contact toxicity of both neem and azadirachtin to P. saucia was enhanced more than 2 fold when formulated in combination with depitched tall oil, compared to that with the insecticides alone. Nutritional analyses of fourth instar larvae following topical application of neem or azadirachtin in combination with depitched tall oil demonstrated stronger inhibition in larval growth, diet consumption, and dietary utilization than when the test materials were administered alone. These results suggest that the oil enhances the bioavailability of azadirachtin to target tissues or receptors in the insect. Depitched tall oil also enhanced the antifeedant effect and residual action of neem and azadirachtin on cabbage plants to P. saucia larvae.
Ecological pest management (EPM): general approaches
Authors: Tshernyshev W. B.
Published: August 2009

Ecological pest management (EPM) uses many elements of integrated pest management (IPM) but it is based on keeping and supporting the natural stability of the agro‐ecosystem and suppressing pest outbreaks at the very beginning when the pest population density is still low. The stability of the agro‐ecosystem and high biodiversity may be achieved by certain combinations of different crops and lands with natural complexes of plants. If naturally beneficial insects cannot suppress the growth of the pest population density, artificially reared enemies of this pest should be used. The release in spring of artificially reared insects which eat weeds is supposed to be especially useful because these insects may also be a good food base for many predators and parasites. The biological method is supposed to be more effective when the density of the pest population is still low. The usage of chemical pesticides should be brought to a stop because they always decrease the ecosystem stability. EPM is proposed to replace IPM in future.
Patch time allocation and resource exploitation in aphid primary parasitoids and hyperparasitoids searching simultaneously within aphid colonies
Authors: Völkl W. , Kranz P. , Weisser W. , Hübner G.
Published: August 2009

The foraging behaviour of the aphidiid wasps Lysiphlebus cardui and Aphidius funebris was analysed when a single hyperparasitoid female (Alloxysta brevis, Alloxysta victrix or Dendrocerus carpenteri) was searching simultaneously in the same aphid colony. Patch residence times and oviposition numbers of L. cardui and A. funebris searching in colonies with hyperparasitoids were not significantly different from those for aphidiid females searching in colonies without hyperparasitoids. Furthermore, the oviposition rate after the first contact with a hyperparasitoid female did not differ significantly from the control, both in L. cardui and A. funebris. We conclude that the presence of hyperparasitoid females does not directly influence the foraging behaviour of the aphidiid females.
Ant (Hym., Formicidae) mosaic stability in Bahian cocoa plantations: implications for management
Authors: De Medeiros M. A. , Fowler H. G. , Bueno O. C.
Published: August 2009

Mapping and collection of ants in cocoa trees in a 1 ha plot in the south of Bahia, Brazil, revealed three dominant species of the ant mosaic: Wasmannia auropunctata, Ectatomma tuberculatum and Azteca chartifex spiriti. A. chartifex demonstrated a larger influence in the cocoa plantation due to its spatial and temporal (1 y) stability in the same cocoa trees, and its capacity for territorial expansion. The management of A. chartifex for controlling insect pests of cocoa is strongly recommended. Considerations of temporal permanence of mosaic dominant ants should be a necessary criteria for ant management in tropical tree crops.
Effects of constant and alternating temperatures on Trichogramma galloi Zucchi (Hym., Trichogrammatidae) biology. I. Development and thermal requirements
Authors: Cônsoli F. L. , Parra J. R. P.
Published: August 2009

This work was carried out in order to study the effects of constant and alternating temperatures on the development and thermal requirements of Trichogramma galloi, the most common egg parasitoid of the sugarcane borer in Brazil. T. galloi developmental time was shorter when reared at alternating temperatures. The emergence rate of T. galloi decreased at constant 18°C, and the sexual ratio was affected only at 32°C. T. galloi degree‐days and threshold temperatures were similar when estimated using constant or alternating temperatures.

Effects des temperatures constantes et alternées sur la biologie de Trichogramma galloi Zucci (Hym., Trichogrammatidae). I. Devellopment et exigences thermiques

Ce travail a été réalisé pour étudier les effects des temperatures constantes et alternées sur le devellopment et les exigences thermiques de Trichogramma galloi, le plus commum parasitoïde oophage de la pyrale de la canne à sucre au Brésil. La durée de development la moins longue a été observé quand T. galloi a été élévé dans les temperatures alternées. Les taux d'emergence ont diminués dans la temperatures constante de 18°C, et sex‐ratio a été affecté seulement a 32°C. Pour T. galloi les dègrés/jour et les seuils thermiques ont été pareilles quand estimés avec l'utilisation des temperatures constantes ou alternées.
Potential use of pathogenic fungi in baits to control the Formosan subterranean termite (Isopt., Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Delate K. M. , Grace J. K. , Tome C. H. M.
Published: August 2009

A laboratory choice test was developed to assess the efficacy and acceptability of sporulating strains of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin to foraging Formosan subterranean termites, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Filter paper disks were saturated with agar media and inoculated with either B. bassiana strain 787 or 3041, or M. anisopliae strain 346, 472 or 2162. Filter papers containing eight‐day‐old cultures were rolled into cylinders with the sporulating culture on the inside of the cylinder, and placed in one of two plastic jars, connected by a glass tube. Termites were placed in the other jar (refugia), and allowed to forage throughout both jars. This apparatus simulates the use of a fungal bait for subterranean termite control in the field. Termites did not avoid contact with the fungal baits, and fed upon the agar‐treated filter papers. Exposure to M. anisopliae strains 346 and 2162 resulted in rapid termite mortality while exposure to the B. bassiana strains caused slower, but escalating, mortality. Efficacy of the fungi was not affected by the degree of sterility of the termite tunnelling medium. Living cultures of entomopathogenic fungi hold promise for further development as baits for subterranean termite control.
Biologie und Parasitoidenkomplex der EichenminiermotteTischeria ekebladella(Bjerkander, 1795) (Lep., Tischeriidae) in Norddeutschland
Authors: Jordan T.
Published: August 2009

Abstract:Life history and parasitoid community of the oak‐leaf‐mining mothTischeria ekebladella(Bjerkander, 1795) (Lep., Tischeriidae) in Northern Germany: The life history and parasitoid community of the oak‐leaf‐mining moth,Tischeria ekebladella, a pest of oak plantations in southern and eastern Europe, were studied in Northern Germany. Moths emerge in June, and eggs and larvae can be found from June onwards. The larvae form whitish‐yellow‐coloured blotch mines in oak leaves and feed until the beginning of November. They hibernate in a silken, cocoon‐like hibernaculum within the mine. Mine density was low throughout the study area, i.e. most sites showed less than 1% attack of leaves of pedunculate oak(Quercus robur).Two ichneumonids,Diadegma anurum(Campopleginae) andScambus annulatus(Pimplinae), and 10 chalcidoid‐wasp species (Eulophidae), were reared from host mines:Chrysocharis nautius(Entedontinae), a parasitoid ofTischeriaspecies in Europe, and some common leaf‐miner parasitoids, such as the polyphagous speciesPnigalio agraules, Pnigalio longulus(Eulophinae),Cirrospilus diallusandCirrospilus lyncus(Elachertinae).

Lebenszyklus und Parasitoidenkomplex der EichenminiermotteTischeria ekebladella.einem Forstschüdling in Eichenanpflanzungen in Süd‐ und Osteuropa. warden in Schleswig‐Holstein untersucht. Die Imagines schlüpfen im Frühjahr, Eier und Larven können von Juni an gefunden werden. Die Larven minieren in weißlich gelb gefärbten Blasenminen bis Anfang November in den Eichenblättern. Sie überwintern als Altlarve in einem linsenförmigen Hibernaculum in der Blattmine. Die Minendichte war im Untersuchungsgebiet niedrig, an den meisten Sammelplätzen waren weniger als 1 % der Stieleichenblätter befallen. Zwei Schlupfwespenarten,Diadegma anurum(Campopleginae) undScambus annulatus(Pimplinae) sowie 10 Erzwespenarten (Eulophidae) wurden aus den Wirtsminen gezüchtet, darunterChrysocharis nautius(Entedontinae), einem Parasitoiden verschiedener in Europa heimischerTischeriaArten, sowie polyphage Miniererparasitoiden, wiePnigalio agraules, Pnigalio longulus(Eulophinae),Cirrospilus diallusundCirrospilus lyncus(Elachertinae).
Impact des insectes sur les potentialités de régénération des Chênes (Quercus spp.) en France. I. Mise en évidence d'une action méconnue des curculionides phyllophages sur les organes reproducteurs avant la fécondation
Authors: Rougon C. , Roques A. , Rougon D. , Levieux J.
Published: August 2009

Abstract: Impact of insects on the regeneration potential of oaks in France. I. Action of phyllophagus Curculionidae (Coleoptera) on female flowers prior to fecundation: Insect damage to female flowers of Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. and Q. robur L. was surveyed in situ from 1989 to 1993 on isolated oaks as well as on forest trees in the central part of France. Depending on the year, 200 to 1000 flowers located 2–12 m high were selected and continuous observations of damage development were made from bud‐burst to fecundation. Thirteen weevil species (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), previously known only as defoliators, were noticed to attack buds, flowers or peduncles prior to flower fecundation. The most significant damage was caused by Polydrusus cervinus L., Strophosoma capitatum De Geer, Brachyderes incanus L., Phyllobius piri (L.) and Coeliodes ilicis (Bed.). Details of the biology of these species and the damage caused are given.

L'étude de l'impact des insectes sur le développement in situ des fleurs femelles de 2 chênes communs Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. et Q. robur L. a été conduite entre 1989 et 1993 dans le Centre de la France sur des arbres isolés et sur des individus poussant en forêt. On a suivi, selon les années, l'évolution de 200 à 1000 fleurs situées entre 2 et 12 m de hauteur. Les observations ont porté sur la période allant de l'éclosion des bourgeons floraux à la fécondation. 13 espèces de Curculionides (Coléoptères) dont l'impact sur les fleurs femelles n'avait pas été signalé sont particulièrement nuisibles. Cinq d'entre elles jouent en rôle important: Polydrusus cervinus L., Strophosoma capitatum De Geer, Brachyderes incanus L., Phyllobius piri (L.) et Coeliodes ilicis (Bed.). Divers points de leur biologie sont précisés et leurs dégâts sont décrits.
The impact of spiders on aphid populations in a strip‐managed apple orchard
Authors: Wyss E. , Niggli U. , Nentwig W.
Published: August 2009

Aphids and their predators were studied in an apple orchard near Berne, Switzerland. To augment the density of the predators of aphids weed strips were sown in tramlines and along the border parallel to the first and the last row of trees in one half of the orchard (the other half served as control) in April 1992. Weekly visual observations, monthly beating‐tray samples, branch samples in winter, and assessment of the density of spider webs and their trapping efficiency on randomly chosen trees were carried out in 1993. During 1993, significant differences in the number of aphids, aphidophagous insects, and spiders were observed on the apple trees within both the strip‐managed area and the control area. The impact on aphids by the aphidophagous insects was important during the flowering time of weeds in spring and summer. In autumn, however, spiders (i.e. Araniella spp.) were the dominant predators of aphids on the trees; during this time of the year they were more abundant within the strip‐managed area of the orchard. With a higher density of webs, spiders significantly reduced the number of aphids able to return from their summer host plants. Consequently, less hatching aphids were found on branch samples of the strip‐managed area compared to the control area. The effects of the weed strips on spiders and aphidophagous insects, and the resulting impact of predation on the aphids are discussed.
Influence of heteropteran predators (Het., Anthocoridae, Miridae) on larval populations of hawthorn psyllids (Hom., Psyllidae)
Authors: Novak H. , Achtziger R.
Published: August 2009

The relationship between hawthorn psyllids and their main natural enemies was studied in Upper Frankonia (Bavaria, Germany) for 4 years. Throughout this period, the most abundant psyllid species were Cacopsylla melanoneura and C. peregrina (Psyllidae) which passed through their larval periods on the hawthorn in spring. Only a few individuals of Cacopsylla crataegi were recorded, with a seasonal occurrence of the larval instars of this species in the summer months. Psyllid larvae were observed to be heavily attacked by a multitude of arthropod predators and psyllid densities on branches where predators had been excluded were significantly higher than on branches with predators present. The heteropterans Anthocoris nemorum, A. nemoralis (Anthocoridae) and Atractotomus mali (Miridae) were considered to be the most important natural enemies of hawthorn psyllids; they regularly reached high densities on hawthorn shrubs and showed a close synchronization with the development of psyllid larvae in each year. All three species exhibited a positive numerical relationship with the abundance of psyllid larvae with A. nemoralis and A. mali exploiting this food resource more effectively than A. nemorum, which is known to be a very polyphagous species. Despite high predation pressure on psyllid larvae, it is concluded that these heteropteran predators are not able to prevent outbreaks of psyllids under favourable climatic conditions as their numerical response to growing psyllid densities occurs with a distinct time delay.