bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mark of Vermilion
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

As we have seen in the previous chapter, it has long been evident that Tibetan historical traditions concerning the first millennium of the common era contain much in the way of self-contradiction, factual inaccuracy, legend, and sheer fancy. While contemporary academic historians of Tibet have generally felt it their charge to get at the facts of the matter to the extent possible, it has sometimes not been sufficiently considered that the apparent inaccuracies, legends, and fancies are among the facts of the matter. Tibetan historians without doubt often published legends, where we would prefer to find truth according to our own lights; but our task is not solely to pick away at what they wrote, for the legends themselves, above and beyond the questions that may be raised concerning the literal veracity of their affirmations and denials, were proposed and became authoritative in response to genuinely obtaining states of affairs in the communities in which they were elaborated. In short, the Tibetanist must strive to illuminate not only Tibetan history, but Tibetan historiography as well.
The Purificatory Gem and Its Cleansing
Authors: Kapstein Matthew T
Published: November 2023

When we first entertain the notion of Buddhist apocrypha, it may seem that the questions to be addressed are entirely straightforward ones: which Buddhist texts are to be considered apocryphal? what are their sources? how are they regarded within the Buddhist world? Indeed, it seems that such terms as “canon” and “apocrypha” have well-established and clearly defined positions within the field of contemporary Buddhist studies, and that as students of Buddhism we know just what it is of which we speak whenever we employ these terms.
The Dream of Enlightenment and the Nightmare of Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Charles Brockden Brown’s Gothic romances draw much of their interest and power from their settings in the unstable political landscapes of eighteenth-century Europe and North America. How is it possible, then, that readers for so long have ignored or accepted as mere Gothic mechanics the colonial disturbances and anxieties so fundamental to his narratives? Behind this rhetorical question is another, more profound one: how have Americans managed to ignore the inherently colonial and imperial character of eighteenth-century American society, even as they 26 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism have criticized vigorously the colonialism of other nations in this same period? There is no simple answer to this question, but at least one compelling answer is that many Americans have been willfully deceived by political, social, and cultural rhetoric that has disguised U.S. colonialism while exposing and condemning its practice by other nations.
Edgar Allan Poe s Imperial Fantasy and the American Frontier
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Poe’s fictional representations of racialized “savages” as threatening figures, often associated by Poe with mass murder and mob rule, are not only evidence of his identity as a southern regionalist. Poe’s rhetorical uses of non-European peoples should also be interpreted in relation to late eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Imperialism and the discursive practices employed by the imperial powers to rationalize their subjugation and, in many cases, destruction of native peoples. In making this argument, I do not wish to distract scholars from the important work of reinterpreting Poe’s writings in relation to the ideology of the antebellum southern slavocracy. We must never forget that slavery is an instance of the fundamental violence of colonialism: the conscious effort to take from others their very means of survival. Southern slavery and westward expansion in the United States have often been treated differently from the colonial institutions of other nations, because the former are assumed to be acts of “internal colonization.
The View from Rock Writing Bluff The Nick Black Elk Narratives and U.S. Cultural Imperialism
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

The history of the Lakota Hehaka Sapa’s, or Nicholas Black Elk’s, reception, celebrity, and complex mythologization by Native American and Euro-American cultures represents effectively the possibilities and limitations of the colonized subject responding to U.S. Imperialism in the modern period. The different and often contradictory ways in 218 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism which the Black Elk narratives represent Lakota culture and its relation to Euro-American culture do not fit conventional theoretical models either for assimilation to the dominant, colonizing society or for an ethnic or cultural traditionalism (or “nativism”) that resists the constant pressures for assimilation and colonial subjugation. The Black Elk narratives represent the Lakota male subject struggling to adapt his social and religious views to changing colonial circumstances in ways that were neither strictly pragmatic nor idealistic, neither thoroughly co-opted by ideology nor free of neocolonial inflections.
Opening the Gate to the Other America The Afro-Caribbean Politics of Hurston’s Mules and Men and Tell My Horse
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Zora Neale Hurston’s criticism of racial and gender hierarchies in the United States and in our foreign policies toward other nations, especially in the Caribbean, offers another variation on the cultural response to U.S. Imperialism. Unlike W. E. B. Du Bois, Hurston does not consistently and dogmatically condemn U.S. intervention in the economic, political, and social spheres of other nations, even though she clearly connects domestic racism and sexism with neoimperialist foreign policies, especially those directed at Third World countries. Also unlike Du Bois, Hurston does not romanticize modern or historical Africa, even though she argues consistently for the recognition of how African cultural influences 254 literary culture and U.S. Imperialism have contributed significantly to the artistic, intellectual, and social achievements of African-Americans.
After America
Authors: Rowe John Carlos
Published: November 2023

Wallace Stevens understands that “America” begins in the imagination and that its geopolitical reality has always been an effect of the words it speaks. Stevens’s substitution of Crispin, the bumbling poet, for such military and political colonizers as Columbus, Cortes, and Pizarro can be read in the two different ways relevant to my study of literature’s relation to U.S. Imperialism in the modern period. On the one hand, Crispin’s America is a “world elsewhere,” in which the borders between the United States, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America, for example, are transgressed and their different cultural traditions meet. In such a poetic space where the “Maya sonneteers/Of the Caribbean ampitheatre” may sing along with Candide, “the Aztec almanacs,” “dark Brazilians in their cafes,” and Carolina farmers, the equation of “America” with the United States appears distinctly provincial and false.1
Theater and the Devil’s Teats
Authors: O’connell Michael
Published: November 2023

In 1583, seven years after the first public theater was built in London, Philip Stubbes colorfully declared that all stage plays are “sucked out of the Devills teates, to nourish us in ydolatry heathenrie and sinne.” A few months earlier Stephen Gosson, in his second attack on the stage, compared playgoing with the eating of meat sacrificed to idols, a practice against which St. Paul had cautioned the Corinthians. “If we be carefull that no pollution of idoles enter by the mouth into our bodies,” Gosson warned, “how dilligent, how circumspect, how wary ought we to be, that no corruption of idols, enter by the pas sage of our eyes & eares into the soule?” When, three decades later, Ben Jon son made his Puritan Zeal-of-the-Land Busy call the puppets of Bartholomew Fair a Dagon, “that idol, that heathenish idol . . . a beam in the eye, in the eye of the brethren . . . such as are your stage-players, rhymers, and morris dancers,” he reproduced the actual language of those who, finding theater religiously abhorrent, insisted on its idolatrous character. Again and again Elizabethan and Jacobean antitheatrical writers hurl the charge of idolatry against the stage. As late as 1633 William Prynne worried in Histrio-Mastix, his thousand-page attack on theater, that if stage plays had propagated idolatry in the past, “they may likewise resuscitate, and foment it now.”
God’s Body and Incarnational Drama
Authors: O’connell Michael
Published: November 2023

In my opening chapter I presented the charge of “idolatry” leveled by the opponents of the emerging public theaters as a strange one, requiring explanation. The strangeness derives from the perspective of subsequent cultural understanding, in which theater is understood as a secular institution, having an ideological dimension surely, but aesthetic and recreational in its purposes. From the perspective I have sketched in the last chapter—that of a long and potent tradition of the visual image understood as conveying an incarnated sense of the divine and of the attack on that tradition by the logocentrism of the Reformation—that strangeness diminishes. Media are notoriously inseparable from the ideological messages they convey, and early-modern theater was not only visual and iconic but tied to a two-century history of religious use. The attacks upon the beginnings of the public theater and its fate in 1642 make amply clear that the stage was not viewed solely as a neutral cultural institution, purely secular and aesthetic. To an influential part of the intellectual elite it was an antagonist of and competitor with the progressive religious culture. To the most vocal and articulate of that elite it appeared aligned with the religiously atavistic, dangerously so, and able to appeal to sensibilities that properly should have atrophied in the reform of religion.
Library Automation in Transitional Societies
Authors: Mellon Foundation Andrew W
Published: November 2023

This is a collection of papers from a 1997 conference that attempted to assess the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation's efforts to modernize Eastern European libraries after the fall of communism. Looking primarily at Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, and Slovakia, the international panel of contributors cover library automation, library policy, and management strategy.
Library Automation
Authors: Manikowski Adam
Published: November 2023

I think that-while keeping our sense of proportions-in the case of the assistance The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation provided for the provoking and accelerating of the processes of automation at the big research libraries in Poland, we are dealing with the same type of phenomenon. The more than 15 million dollars given to Polish libraries during the last eight years represents a level of support that has never before been provided, apart from state support. One could discuss whether the progress of the supported projects is satisfactory or whether all the funds have been used in the most economical manner, but one has to confess that there would be very little to discuss if, in fact, this assistance had not been provided at all. Under the circumstances, one thing may be taken for granted namely, that after a few years the Mellon Foundation support completely changed the way of life of a major portion of Polish research libraries.
The Changes in the Functions of University Libraries and of Educational Policy in Poland after 1989
Authors: Zamorski Krzysztof
Published: November 2023

The objectives of the national educational policy, and the changes that it is bringing about, have an immediate impact on libraries, which are one of the bases of scholarship and higher education. The assessments made in this chapter are those of a director of a library-to be sure, the oldest library, and one of the largest, in Poland-who will, at some point, again be only a library patron.
The Retrospective Conversion of the Catalog in the Library of the American Studies Center, Warsaw University
Authors: Paluszkiewicz Ewa
Published: November 2023

The American Studies Center (ASC) at Warsaw University was founded in 1975 as the result of an exchange agreement signed by Warsaw University and Indiana University (in Bloomington). It was one of the first Eastern European centers established for the study of American culture and politics.
A Retrospective Conversion
Authors: Gomba Olga
Published: November 2023

The establishment of the Universitas of Debrecen-the association of five Hungarian institutions of higher education-required some way of unifying the libraries of the member institutions. The most important step toward this end was automation-the introduction of the Voyager integrated library system.
The Implementation of an Automated System at the University Library in Bratislava, Slovakia
Authors: Řepišová Zuzana
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the process of implementation for an automated system in a large scientific library. It does not cover all the details but, rather, focuses on the crucial processes of analysis, data conversion, the database setup, and the gradual introduction of the system into the library’s operations. Library automation is a complex matter and this chapter describes the range of activities that one system librarian was involved in.
Integrating Internet Resources into the Library Catalog
Authors: Gyüre Péter
Published: November 2023

In the late 1980s, providing remote access to O PACs was the only way library systems used the Internet. Today, WWW services are considered by many to be equivalent to the Internet, and earlier solutions, like the telnet interface to databases, seem outdated. How could libraries, in competition with Internet content services, preserve the dominance that they had previously achieved with their on-line catalogs? One way is to catalog publicly available Internet services in the library catalog, and to provide library users with this information.
The Krakow Project
Authors: Dobrzyńska-Lankosz Ewa
Published: November 2023

The Mellon Foundation began its Polish program at the beginning of 1990. Its first library grants were made to individual libraries (for example, the Jagiellonian Library in Krakow). Many other libraries felt that they had a good chance of receiving support from the foundation. Thus, many grant applications, often several from one university center, were submitted by Polish institutions. Subsequently, the foundation decided that it was more effective to consider joint applications from groups of libraries. This insistence by the Mellon Foundation that libraries apply for grants in a consortia! setting stimulated the great academic centers not only to pool their efforts in preparing applications, but also to design joint implementations of the projects.
The Kansho Persecution An Examination of Mount Hiei’s Destruction of Otani Honganji
Authors: Nasu Kusano Kenshi Translated By Eisho
Published: November 2023

In the first year of Choroku (1457), Rennyo was appointed the eighth abbot of Honganji, succeeding Zonnyo (1396-1457), who passed away in the same year. It is well known that Rennyo, eager to revitalize Jodoshinshu, had begun proselytizing activities, especially in the southern part of Omi Province, immediately after his succession to the abbot’s office. However, it is also well known that his activities temporarily came to a standstill with the destruction of the Otani Honganji, known as the Kansho Persecution (Kansho no honan), led by the Tendai militia-priests of Mount Hiei (Hieizan shuto) in the sixth year of Kansho, or 1468.
Rennyo’s Position in Modern Shin Buddhist Studies: Soga Ryojin’s Reinterpretation
Authors: Hara Kaku Takeshi
Published: November 2023

Rennyo’s impact on the religious ideas and institutional organization of Shin Buddhism was not limited to the turbulent medieval period in which he lived, but continued on through the modern period. This chapter will focus on how Rennyo was viewed within the Higashi Honganji Otani denomination of Jodoshinshū in the modern period through one of its most eminent twentieth-century thinkers, Soga Ryojin (1875-1971).
Primal Vow and Its Contextualization: Rennyo’s Legacy, and Some Tasks for Our Times
Authors: Habito Ruben L F
Published: November 2023

At a symposium at Harvard University Otani Koshin, current leader of the NishiHonganji branch of Jodoshinshi1 (Shinshu), described a vital task of the followers of Pure Land Buddhism, in his Opening Address, entitled “Shin Buddhism and Christianity: Textual and Contextual Translation”: Pure Land Buddhism traditionally emphasizes the way of life in each era. That is to say, the teaching of Amida Buddha’s Primal Vow must be translated into the emerging context of each new age....Even in Japan at present, the concrete expressions of Buddhist truth, such as the Primal Vow, Pure Land, and shiniin, need to be translated and adapted to the contemporary context.
The Bardo Of The Experiencing Of Reality
Authors: Evans-Wentz Donald S , Lopez Donald S
Published: November 2023

But even though the Primary Clear Light be not recognized, the Clear Light of the second Bardo being recognized, Libera tion will be attained. If not liberated even by that, then that called the third Bardo or the Chiinyid Bardo dawneth.
The Process Of Rebirth
Authors: Evans-Wentz Donald S , Lopez Donald S
Published: November 2023

Instructions to the Officiant]: Again, if through great weak ness in devotions and lack of familiarity one be not able to understand, illusion may overcome one, and one will wander to the doors of wombs.
Religion and the Continent Al Congress 1774-1789
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

How did the constitutional framers envision the role of religion in American public life? Did they think that the government had the right to advance or support religion and religious activities? Or did they believe that the two realms should remain forever separate? Throughout American history, scholars, Supreme Court justices, and members of the American public have debated these questions. The debate continues to have significance in the present day, especially in regard to public schools, government aid to sectarian education, and the use of public property for religious symbols. In this book, Derek Hamilton Davis offers the first comprehensive examination of the role of religion in the proceedings, theories, ideas, and goals of the Continental Congress. Those who argue that the United States was founded as a "Christian Nation" have made much of the religiosity of the founders, particularly as it was manifested in the ritual invocations of a clearly Christian God as well as in the adoption of practices such as government-sanctioned days of fasting and thanksgiving, prayers and preaching before legislative bodies, and the appointments of chaplains to the Army. Davis looks at the fifteen-year experience of the Continental Congress (1774-1789) and arrives at a contrary conclusion: namely, that the revolutionaries did not seek to entrench religion in the federal state. Congress's religious activities, he shows, expressed a genuine but often unreflective popular piety. Indeed, the whole point of the revolution was to distinguish society, the people in its sovereign majesty, from its government. A religious people would jealously guard its own sovereignty and the sovereignty of God by preventing republican rulers from pretending to any authority over religion. The idea that a modern nation could be premised on expressly theological foundations, Davis argues, was utterly antithetical to the thinking of most revolutionaries.
The Political Status of Religion in the Founding Era
Authors: Davis Derek H
Published: November 2023

In 1902 historian Sanford Cobb called religious liberty the “great gift of America to civilization and the world.” The religious liberty he referred to was built upon the unique principle of the disestablishment of religion by civil authority, adopted first in America as a political principle in the 1630s in Rhode Island, a tiny colony founded by the able and imaginative Roger Williams. In Rhode Island, no churches received financial support from government; they were all maintained only by voluntary, private contributions. Citizens could attend churches of their own choice, without fear of governmental reprisal. These practices were in stark contrast to the traditional European pattern adopted in nearby Massachusetts Bay, where all citizens not only were obligated to attend the established Puritan churches but were taxed for their support as well. The disestablishment principle was subsequently adopted in the colonies of Pennsylvania and Delaware and by 1833 had been embraced by all of the states.
Little Christmas Candles
Authors: Acevedo S R de
Published: November 2023

The light of this little candlevSpeaks to us with clarity Of that story so sublime Brought to us at Christmas time.
The Christmas Spirit Tree
Authors: Anda Diane de
Published: November 2023

Friday afternoon trilled with the high-pitched sounds of children rushing out of Ninth Avenue Elementary School into the beginning of Christmas vacation. Children stood in wiggling rows, weaving into their big yellow buses with shiny red and green Christmas projects tucked under their arms and into backpacks empty of their usual books and binders.
A Cold Night
Authors: Paredes América
Published: November 2023

The boy was playing on the floor, close to the tub full of glowing charcoal. Because the lip of the tub was hot, he sat tilted sideways, a buttock against the lower part, the rest of him leaning away, propped on one hand. With his other hand he played. He was a quiet, skinny little boy; his arms and legs looked like the limbs of those mechanical Mickey Mouses sold in the ten-cent stores: black, straight and very thin.
The Night before Christmas
Authors: Rivera Tomás
Published: November 2023

Christmas Eve was approaching and the barrage of commercials, music and Christmas cheer over the radio and the blare of announcements over the loudspeakers on top of the stationwagon advertising movies at the Teatro Ideal resounded and seemed to draw it closer. It was three days before Christmas when Dofia Marfa decided to buy something for her children. This was the first time she would buy them toys.
Santa Clo* to La Cuchilla
Authors: Alfaro Abelardo Díaz
Published: November 2023

Peyo Merce’s school was the one which had a red flag out in front waving from a bamboo pole. The school was made up of two large halls made by a long room divider. In one of those two halls a new instructor was teaching: Mister Johnny Rosas.
La Nochehuena: The Best of Nights
Authors: Yglesias Jose
Published: November 2023

Nochebuena. I have never been able to find out how Christmas Eve came to be named this by Spaniards, but in Ybor City, the Latin section of Tampa, it was truly a good night. Indeed, it was the best of nights. Why this was so is difficult to explain. After all, there were other occasions that should have been more exciting for me and my cousins and the other kids on the block-children’s day at the State Fair, outings to the beach in summer, the times the Ringling Bros. Circus came to town, the training games of the Cincinnati Reds.
A Brand New Memory
Authors: ñoz Elias Miguel Mu
Published: November 2023

This holiday season the Princess is in the mood for sounds. She’ll be listening to rock, hip-hop, Latino pop, and salsa. Yeah, she wants all kinds of music, the whole spectrum. That’s the advantage of being a Nineties-kind-of-person, you have a lot to choose from: Sixties rock classics, Seventies pop oldies, Eighties New Wave, Nineties New Age and Alternative Rock. And then there’s all that excellent Rockero stuff, bands from Mexico, Spain, Argentina. Cool. And also fab movie soundtracks. And what about rap? She loves some rap mixes! Too bad she has to play that music low; her parents hate it.
The Roots Of Spiritual Stories
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

The brothers Grimm thought of fairy tales as remnants of ancient faith expressed in poetry. Through all the revisions of their collections of tales, their preface always begins with a description of gleaning, a biblical image recalling the command that the poor are not to be prevented from gathering the remnants that survive the harvest or the storm, nor the grain that has grown unnoticed by the hedgerow or the roadside. The brothers, and especially Wilhelm, who continually revised the tales over a period of forty years, found those untouched grains of wheat still surviving on the margins of religious and poetic consciousness in traditional figures of speech, common superstitions, and, above all, in old stories.
Cinderella
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

A story is told of her, that when she was bathing an eagle snatched one of her sandals from the hands of her female attendant and carried it to Memphis; the eagle soaring over the head of the pharaoh, who was administering justice at the time, let the sandal fall into his lap. The king, struck with the shape of the sandal, and the singularity of the incident, sent over the country to discover the woman to whom it belonged. She was found in the city of Naucratis, and brought to the king and made his wife. At her death she was honored with the above-mentioned tomb.
Snow White
Authors: Murphy G Ronald
Published: November 2023

In one of the several German versions of the story which they describe, a king and queen are riding along in a sleigh, and as the queen tries to peel an apple she accidentally cuts her finger, causing blood to spill on the snow. In others, it is a count and a countess in the sleigh. The countess makes a wish for a baby girl as white as the snow piles, as red as three pools of blood which they pass, and as black as three ravens who fly overhead. In still another version, the queen drives Snow White into the forest, has the carriage stop, and suggests that Snow White get out to pick a bouquet of red roses; as the girl is gathering them the carriage quickly drives off, abandoning Snow White in the woods.
Modernism and Prayer in the Twenties
Authors: Ostrander Rick
Published: November 2023

In 1926, Harry Emerson Fosdick returned to the subject of petitionary prayer in his book Adventurous Religion. His discussion of the subject, however, must have surprised some of the traditional faithful who had enjoyed The Meaning of Prayer. As we have seen, when Fosdick discussed level three prayer in The Meaning of Prayer (requests for changes in the natural order), he maintained that such prayer in the external world was still legitimate and answers were possible. “God is free,” he had asserted, “so far as the mere possibilities are concerned, to answer any petition whatsoever No man can draw a clear boundary, saying, ‘Within this we may expect God to use his laws in answer to our prayers, and without we may look for nothing of the kind.’ ”
Victim Reactions to Gang Extortion
Authors: Chin Ko-lin
Published: November 2023

Chinese businesspeople are often characterized by journalists as powerless victims frightened into silence by ruthless Chinatown gangs (Howe and Pak, 1972; Penn, 1980; Kerber and Gentile, 1982; Louttit, 1982). According to media accounts, many Chinese merchants are so often exploited by gangs that the merchants see themselves as hapless victims, and the majority not only comply with gang demands but also seem disinclined to report such demands to the police. Even those who do reach out to the police are assumed to be reluctant to testify in court out of fear of gang vengeance. Since most business owners remain silent about the crimes committed against them, it is assumed that in Chinese communities gang extortion is not only pervasive but also grudgingly tolerated.

Police claim rather defensively that Chinese immigrants are unwilling to report crimes to authorities (U.S. Senate, 1992). The police believe that a substantial number of Chinese are robbed in the subways by non-Chinese, but few com plaints about these incidents reach the police. Law enforcement officials theorize that Chinese are targeted by robbers because the Chinese ethnic group has a reputation for being generally compliant and unlikely to contact authorities.
Gang Violence
Authors: Chin Ko-lin
Published: November 2023

Chinese gangs have a reputation for violence (Daly, 1983; Dannen, 1992). Since the mid-1970s, violence has often erupted in the Chinese communities in North America. In 1977, for instance, five people were killed and eleven were wounded when three assailants opened fire on customers inside a Chinese restaurant in San Francisco’s Chinatown (Ludlow, 1987). In 1982, masked gunmen shot dead three young Chinese and seriously wounded seven others in a bar in New York City’s Chinatown (Blumenthal, 1982). Similar incidents have occurred in Seattle (Em ery, 1990), Boston (Butterfield, 1991), Vancouver (Gould, 1988; Dubro, 1992), and Toronto (Kessel and Hum, 1991; Lavigne, 1991; Moloney, 1991). Most of these incidents were reported to be related to Chinese gangs, and in some, innocent bystanders were wounded or killed. Law enforcement authorities believe that the emergence of Vietnamese and Fujianese gangs, drastic shifts in political alliances among Chinese community organizations, rapid but destabilizing economic expansion in Chinese communities, and the involvement of Chinese gangs in heroin trafficking and in the smuggling of aliens have created an escalation in gang violence over the past few years (U.S. Senate, 1992).
The Poetics of Whiteness
Authors: Erkkila Betsy
Published: November 2023

In his now classic study Charles Baudelaire: A Lyric Poet in the Era of High Capitalism, Walter Benjamin observes: “In I’art pour I’art the poet for the first time faces language the way the buyer faces the commodity on the open market. He has lost his familiarity with the process of its production to a particularly high degree” (105). In this chapter, I want to look at the concept of the aesthetic as a production within rather than outside of history. Focusing in particular on the poetry and poetics of Edgar Allan Poe, I want to connect what Poe called the “poem written solely for the poem’s sake” (Works, 14:272) and the emergence of aestheticism more generally with the social, political, and specifically racial struggles of his time and ours.
Black, White, and Gold
Authors: Weissberg Liliane
Published: November 2023

Ben Sawyer Boulevard, S.C. 703, connects the mainland with Sullivan’s Island, one of several islands located east of the city of Charleston. It is a small stretch of land, a narrow sandbar really, named after a sea captain who made it his home in the late seventeenth century. Now Sullivan’s Island boasts a major east-west route, Middle Street, as well as a brief extension of route 703 to the Isle of Palms to the northeast. A number of narrower streets lead to vacation homes facing the intercoastal waterway or the Atlantic Ocean. Toward the Isle of Palms, slightly newer homes appear, built by wealthier vacationers (figure 5.1). The western end, bordering Charleston Harbor, offers a slightly denser street pattern and suburbanized housing for year-round residents. The town hall is located here, and Fort Moultrie, a fortification that had served Charleston Harbor until the end of World War II (figure 5.2).
Presence of Mind
Authors: Barrett Lindon
Published: November 2023

The misadventures that constitute Edgar Allan Poe’s Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym end with, what seems to Poe’s mind, the most horrible and unthinkable of misadventures, encountering a “body of savages . . . [who] appeared to be the most wicked hypocritical, vindictive, bloodthirsty, and altogether fiendish race of men upon the face of the globe” (CW, 1:201). In landscapes, in seascapes, as well as in human anatomies, the closing details of the narrative contrast images of blackness and whiteness, marking out a world of irreconcilable divisions fixed ultimately as the clash of peoples and civilizations. These closing images and sentiments affirm that issues of race, as much as or more than any other issue, are integral to the narrative. In Playing in the Dark, Toni Morrison discusses these closing images in elaborating a figurative “darkness from which our early literature seemed unable to extricate itself, suggest[ing] the complex and contradictory [racial] situation in which American writers found themselves” (33). Morrison believes that no early U.S. writer is more important to this situation than Poe, a comment that is rare in a critical conversation around Poe that seems, at best, circumspect concerning race and, at worst, disingenuous.
Development-in-Continuity as a Sense of Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

Of the four senses of tradition, the literal sense bears the closest resemblance to an ancient sense of scripture. It is like its ancient scriptural counterpart in a number of ways. The literal sense of tradition assigns the highest value to an ostensible meaning in the interpretive practice of the believing com munity. It is not inclined to look further than tradition’s authoritative meaning in its search for divine truth, for in it the Christian desire for the oneness and steadfastness of Christ’s redemptive message has been satisfied. The literal sense of tradition appreciates the literal meaning of faith and practice that permeates the ecclesial community in the present moment as a unity and that binds the tradition from present to past in a settled continuity. And it stays close to the “letter,” whose fixed properties are reflected in the interpretive stance that this sensibility offers.
Discerning the Senses of Tradition
Authors: Thiel John E
Published: November 2023

The senses of tradition might be understood as a taxonomy of Catholic belief, doctrine, and practice. This understanding is possible because each sense of tradition presents a traditional type distinguishable from the other three by its particular traits-the measure of its authority, its stability in the tradition, its capacity for development, its ability to garner the faithful allegiance of local communities or of the whole Church, its balancing of the values of constancy and renewal. Taxonomies of tradition have appeared more lately in Christian history. Within the settled and homogeneous authority of medieval tradition, a taxonomy of belief, doctrine, and practice was unnecessary. Medieval propagators of tradition distinguished only disjunctively between its uniform orthodoxy and heretical pretenders to it. The Christian practice of presenting tradition taxonomically is a response to the pluralism of the post medieval world―that is, to the crisis and controversy occasioned by this pluralism’s threat to ecclesial unity. A taxonomy of tradition attempts to negotiate this pluralism by showing where the unity of the Church truly lies and how this unity stands within its own diversity of beliefs, doctrines, and practices, as well as within the even wider diversity of time and place, the conditions of historicity in which tradition moves.
Anthology and Polysemy in Classical Midrash
Authors: Stern David
Published: November 2023

No feature of midrash has drawn more attention from modern readers than its proclivity for multiple interpretation. The claim that biblical verses can be read in more than one way seems to be a virtual axiom underlying ancient Rabbinic exegesis, encoded in the oft-quoted Talmudic dictum, mikra ehad yotsei lekamah te’amim, “one verse may have several meanings” (just as, the same passage continues, “no two verses hold the same meaning”). Even if the precise meaning of this statement has not always been absolutely clear, its applicability seems to have been inscribed in nearly all surviving midrashic collections insofar as they regularly record multiple interpretations. Indeed, no editorial feature of midrashic literature seems to be more consistent than the use of davar aher, “another opinion,” as a superscription for still another interpretation.
The Prayerbook (Siddur) as an Anthology of Judaism
Authors: Tabory Joseph
Published: November 2023

The prayerbook, or siddur, is certainly one of the most popular books among Jews. If a member of the people of the book owns only one Jewish book, itis most likely to be a siddur rather than a Bible. The siddur is perhaps the most explicit example of an anthology in Judaism and may arguably be considered not just an anthology of prayers but an anthology of Judaism -for the Jewish prayerbook is a veritable museum of the Jewish people. It contains passages from almost all periods of Jewish history, from the Bible to the Holocaust and the establishment of the State of Israel, and mementos from many of the lands in which Jews lived. In addition to its importance as a book of prayer, it may also serve as an anthology of Jewish literature, as it contains representatives from almost all branches of this literature. In addition to the prayers themselves and the extensive poetic selections that serve as prayer, one can find in the prayerbook passages from the Bible, tannaitic and amoraic literature, selections from mystical and devotional literature, philosophical statements such as the creed that begins “I Believe,” together with historical literature such as Megillat antiochus. One might say that if one were required to choose one Jewish book to take to the proverbial desert island, it would be hard to find a better choice than the prayerbook, an anthology of all of Jewish life and literature.
Midrash Rabbah and the Medieval Collector Mentality
Authors: Bregman Marc
Published: November 2023

Midrash Rabbah is one of the most popular and best-known works of midrashic literature. This is particularly true in the English-speaking world, where the Soncino translation1-sometimes titled simply “The Midrash”2-may be found on the shelves of nearly every library that includes Jewish books. It is therefore surprising how little has been written about when, where, and why this important collection of midrashic works came together as a literary anthology, despite the extensive research that has been published on the history of Rabbinic literature.
Gender and the Anthological Tradition in Modern Yiddish Poetry
Authors: Hellerstein Kathryn
Published: November 2023

In 1928 Ezra Korman (1888-1959), a teacher and literary critic living in Detroit, published a volume of Yiddish poems by women, entitled Yidishe dikhterins: antologye [Yiddish Women Poets: Anthology]. Clothbound, lavishly illustrated, replete with introductions, notes, and bibliographies, this book collected poems by seventy women who published between 1586 and 1927. The earliest figures represented in Korman’s anthology wrote popular devotional poetry in Krakow and Prague. The post-Haskalah poets in the late nineteenth century wrote on national and social themes, using metaphorically the images and conventions of devotional literature. The modern poets of 1910 to 1930 composed lyrics in America and in the Soviet Union, under the influences of socialism and cosmopolitan modernism. From the evidence of Korman’s collection, a reader might conclude that in 1928 women poets occupied an acknowledged and significant place in Yiddish literature and that there existed unambiguously a tradition of women writing poems in Yiddish. In fact, Korman’s anthology sets out to argue the case for such a tradition. But he was shouting into the wind.
Anthologizing the Vernacular: Collections of Yiddish Literature in English Translation
Authors: Shandler Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The cultural value that Jews have long invested in translation and their attraction to what David Stem terms the “anthological habit” converge in anthologies of Yiddish literature in translation. While these collections bear traits in common with other anthologies in the Jewish library, they are distinguished by the association of Yiddish with vemacularity, especially with the particulars of Ashkenazic vernacular speech and culture as they took shape within a variety of multilingual Diaspora milieus. Anthologies of modem Yiddish literature translated into English (the largest corpus of Yiddish belles lettres rendered in a non-Jewish language) seek to present the unique achievement of this modem secular literature to new audiences-not only to non-Jews and non-Ashkenazim, but to the growing number of descendants of Yiddish speakers who no longer speak or read Yiddish and who have a very different sense of Jewish linguistic and cultural vemacularity than did their recent forebears. For this reason, these collections are of interest not only as literary works of translation and canonization, but also as agents of cultural transmission.
The Pleasure of Discernment
Authors: Thysell Carol
Published: November 2023

In this innovative study, Carol Thysell provides an in-depth examination of Marguerite de Navarre's Heptameron. While this collection of tales is traditionally considered to be secular in nature, Thysell argues that Marguerite de Navarre used it as a vehicle for a constructive theological programme.
Metaphor and the Sonnet
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

Word choice and the poetic line, images of comparison such as simile and metaphor, are among the primary elements that go into making a poem. They are the smaller structural components from which larger ones are constructed. To see how this works, we will now consider a verse form—that is, the overall organization of a poem—watching how smaller units fit into its larger organization. This is especially vivid in the role of metaphor in the construction of a sonnet; that is, the way the sonnet form can make use of metaphor to build its structure.
Gender and Poetic Voice
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

The question of poetic voice offers a special invitation to consider gender and its poetic roles: in what ways do women speak, in poetry, as women? To what extent do they project a feminine view-point? But gender may potentially affect almost every element of poetry. Are there particular kinds of imagery that women, or men, might introduce? Is a male stance implicit in (some) traditional verse forms? Would a woman writing in these forms then alter them? If poetic conventions make up a literary tradition, what access do women have to it? Is there a women’s tradition of poetry? Are there specific figures, or self-representations, especially associated with women (or with men)? May there even be some sort of gendering embedded in language, in its grammatical orders or usages or constructions?
Poetic Rhythm: Meter
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

With poetic rhythm, we have come to a topic that is in some sense the very heart of the matter of poetry. Yet, it can be a mistake to begin a discussion of poetry with meter. The full weight of the importance of the rhythm of the words in poetry can only be felt if you already have some experience with poetry. Otherwise, counting out the accents and the syllables seems at best mechanical, at worst meaningless. But to people immersed in poetry, the sounds of the words, in their rhythms and repetitions, are perhaps the fundamental poetic experience.
Incomplete Figures and the Art of Reading
Authors: Wolosky Shira
Published: November 2023

Rhetorical tropes involving word orders and juxtapositions, and also images of comparison such as simile and metaphor, are figures whose various terms are in some sense contained, or designated, within the language of the text. The word order of chiasmus is read out through the line. The comparative terms of simile or metaphor are each proposed within the image’s structure. X is like y in some way that names both, and indicates their connection. There are, however, structures of figuration or of representation in which the terms of the figural structure exceed the text, falling outside it in various ways. Such structures include what are often referred to as symbols, although they also implicate allegory, allusions, verse forms, voices, and other contextual and intertextual (i.e., interliterary and interlinguistic) relationships, as well as certain kinds of ambiguity. I propose calling structures that point beyond the terms immediately given in a text (as in the case of symbols) incomplete figures.
Augustin Marlorat And Nicolas Colladon
Authors: Backus Irena
Published: November 2023

Marlorat is a little-studied figure; the fullest account of his life is still to be found in Eugene and Emile Haag’s La France Protestante. Born at Bar-le-Duc in 1506, he was orphaned at the age of eight and placed in an Augustinian monastery, where he took his vows in 1524. He acquired a good knowledge of the Fathers and of scholastic theology and was soon famous as preacher. He converted to the Reformation while he was prior at Bourges and was called to preach the new doctrines at Bourges, Poitiers, and Angers. Fleeing persecution, he went first to Geneva, then to Lausanne, where he was put in charge of the parish of Crissier in 1549. Ten years later, when he was pastor at Vevey, he was called back by the Genevan consistory and sent to Paris. In 1560, he presided over the provincial synod of Dieppe while pastor at Rouen and attended the colloquy of Poissy. He died in the same year, a victim of the Roman Catholic authorities, who ordered his hanging in front of the church of Notre-Dame at Rauen on 30 October 1561.
The Esoteric Ambience of the American Renaissance
Authors: Versluis Arthur
Published: November 2023

There is a European witticism to the effect that America is where European traditions go when they die. Of course the actual relationship between European esoteric traditions and American esotericism is much more complex and reciprocal. One could as easily say that America is where European traditions go to be reborn, for this more accurately expresses the movement back and forth from Europe and England to the United States, and from North America back to Europe and England. Such a movement is precisely what we find when we survey the history of Western esotericism in the United States during the mid-nineteenth century: it is quite closely intertwined with the history of European and English esotericism. As always, however, this history is rarely if ever one of social movements so much as of remarkable individuals.
Introduction
Authors: Fenn Richard K
Published: November 2023

It Would Take A Full-Length essay merely to review the literature on the topic of secularization; it is not only large and complex but controversial and of varied quality. The time has come for a thorough rethinking of the topic. In this book I am simply pro posing that such a reconsideration focus merely on one aspect of secularization: the individual’s experience of time. I will argue that secularization exposes the individual to the experience of the passage of time without the benefits of institutions that claim a certain transcendence over time itself. Whether it is in the experience or expression of grief and mourning or in the many contexts in which individuals are required to wait, individuals in secularized societies have less social protection from the burdens and force of time. Life increasingly becomes simply a matter of time.
Time Will Tell
Authors: Fenn Richard K
Published: November 2023

For The Mystic, As for The Primitive, the world is only partly disenchanted. There is always a hint of a time before time: the primordial period that underlies all later calculations and pas sages. The process of enchantment thus begins when one takes a particular experience out of the flux of everyday life in order to give it sacred meaning. Perhaps it was a moment in which insight dawned or a discovery was made; any experience of peculiar and lasting intensity can become momentous.

To enshrine time in this way is an antidote, based on magical thinking, to the prospect of losing time once and for all. That is why some dates may “live in infamy” while others have a happier place in the canon of memory, but they all succeed in making an event of the past into a continuing and present reality: a time long gone that one nonetheless experiences in the present. Many individuals remember not only the date on which John Kennedy was shot, but also what they were doing on that day and where they were doing it. Others remember with equal clarity other dates: Pearl Harbor and D-Day or the day that Martin Luther King was assassinated.