bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of Cadmium Tolerance and Detoxification in Two Ornamental Plants
Authors: Jia Yongxia , Yue Peixi , Li Keheng , Xie Yihui , Li Ting , Pu Yulin , Xu Xiaoxun , Wang Guiyin , Zhang Shirong , Li Yun , Luo Xian
Published: July 2023

Cadmium (Cd) is an important environmental heavy metal and one of the main soil pollutants in southwest China and even the Yangtze River Basin because of its toxicity to plants and humans. To clarify the potential of Euryops pectinatus L. and Gardenia jasminoides J. and the mechanism they use to remediate Cd-contaminated soil, a soil pot experiment with 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg kg−1 of Cd was used to investigate the accumulation characteristics, subcellular distribution, chemical forms, and the antioxidative defense systems of the two ornamental plants. When the concentration of Cd was below 40 mg kg−1, it promoted the growth of E. pectinatus shoots, and the tolerance index (TI) was >1. However, 20–40 mg kg−1 Cd significantly inhibited the growth of G. jasminoides, and the TI was <1. The shoots of both varieties accumulated more Cd than the roots, and the E. pectinatus shoots accumulated more Cd (1.45 mg plant−1) than those of G. jasminoides (0.71 mg plant−1). The Cd in E. pectinatus and G. jasminoides was primarily distributed in the soluble fraction (52.83–68.97%) and cell walls (44.62–54.98%), respectively. Higher proportions of Cd bound to NaCl and acetic acid (HAc) in E. pectinatus (55.32–73.44%) than in G. jasminoides (42.94–61.58%), while the inorganic and water-soluble proportions of Cd bound in the opposite manner. E. pectinatus maintained high activities of antioxidant enzymes under Cd treatments, and its levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and relative electrical conductivity (REC) were comparable to those of the control. Nonetheless, G. jasminoides had low levels of activity of antioxidant enzymes, but its levels of MDA and REC were significantly higher than those of the control under the 20–40 mg kg−1 Cd treatment. Therefore, both types of plants have a strong ability to tolerate and accumulate Cd, which makes them suitable for the remediation of Cd-polluted soil. However, E. pectinatus is more effective at remediating Cd and tolerant to it than G. jasminoides. These plants utilize different mechanisms to detoxify Cd.
Melatonin Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Endometritis by Inhibiting the Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome through Autophagy
Authors: Gao Yujin , Li Yina , Wang Jiamian , Zhang Xijun , Yao Dan , Ding Xuanpan , Zhao Xingxu , Zhang Yong
Published: July 2023

Bovine endometritis is characterized by reduced milk production and high rates of infertility. Prior research has indicated that melatonin may possess anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can counteract the progression of inflammatory diseases. In this research, we attempted to elucidate the protective effects of melatonin on LPS-induced endometritis. The results obtained from enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that melatonin effectively reduced the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in an LPS-induced bovine endometrial epithelial cell line (BEND cells). Furthermore, western blotting demonstrated that melatonin treatment reduced the expression levels of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome-related proteins, including NLRP3, activated caspase-1, and cleaved IL-1β. Importantly, we further demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effect of melatonin on BEND cells was related to autophagy by western blotting. Moreover, we used western blotting to detect autophagy-related proteins, MitoSOX to detect mitochondrial reactive oxygen species production (mtROS), and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay to detect mitochondrial membrane potential. The administration of melatonin demonstrated a significant enhancement in autophagy within BEND cells, leading to the effective elimination of impaired mitochondria. This process resulted in a reduction in the generation of reactive oxygen species within the mitochondria, restoration of mitochondrial membrane potential, and inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, in a mouse model of LPS-induced endometritis, melatonin treatment repressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines by ELISA and qRT-PCR, alleviated pathological changes by hematoxylin–eosin staining (H&E), and inhibited myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. In conclusion, our study showed that melatonin inhibited the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in BEND cells through autophagy, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for bovine endometritis.
Genomic Prediction and Genome-Wide Association Study for Boar Taint Compounds
Authors: Faggion Sara , Boschi Elena , Veroneze Renata , Carnier Paolo , Bonfatti Valentina
Published: July 2023

With a perspective future ban on surgical castration in Europe, selecting pigs with reduced ability to accumulate boar taint (BT) compounds (androstenone, indole, skatole) in their tissues seems a promising strategy. BT compound concentrations were quantified in the adipose tissue of 1075 boars genotyped at 29,844 SNPs. Traditional and SNP-based breeding values were estimated using pedigree-based BLUP (PBLUP) and genomic BLUP (GBLUP), respectively. Heritabilities for BT compounds were moderate (0.30–0.52). The accuracies of GBLUP and PBLUP were significantly different for androstenone (0.58 and 0.36, respectively), but comparable for indole and skatole (~0.43 and ~0.47, respectively). Several SNP windows, each explaining a small percentage of the variance of BT compound concentrations, were identified in a genome-wide association study (GWAS). A total of 18 candidate genes previously associated with BT (MX1), reproduction traits (TCF21, NME5, PTGFR, KCNQ1, UMODL1), and fat metabolism (CTSD, SYT8, TNNI2, CD81, EGR1, GIPC2, MIGA1, NEGR1, CCSER1, MTMR2, LPL, ERFE) were identified in the post-GWAS analysis. The large number of genes related to fat metabolism might be explained by the relationship between sexual steroid levels and fat deposition and be partially ascribed to the pig line investigated, which is selected for ham quality and not for lean growth.
Evaluation of Actual Ventilation Rates and Efficiency in Research-Scale Pig Houses Based on Ventilation Configurations
Authors: Lee Se-yeon , Choi Lak-yeong , Park Jinseon , Daniel Kehinde Favour , Hong Se-woon , Kwon Kyeongseok , Hwang Okhwa
Published: July 2023

Accurate ventilation control is crucial for maintaining a healthy and productive environment in research-specialized pig facilities. This study aimed to evaluate actual ventilation rates and ventilation efficiency by investigating different inlet and exhaust configurations. The research was conducted in two pig rooms, namely pig room A and pig room B, in the absence of animals and workers to focus solely on evaluating the ventilation system’s performance. Actual ventilation rates were measured using hood-type anemometers, and the local air change per hour was analyzed at various measurement points via tracer gas decay experiments. The results demonstrated that specific inlet and exhaust combinations, such as side inlet/chimney outlet and ceiling inlet/side outlet, exhibited higher ventilation rates. However, the measured ventilation rates were much lower than the manufacturer’s specifications. The side exhaust fan closer to the pig activity space demonstrated better ventilation effectiveness for the animals than the chimney exhaust fan. Additionally, the ceiling inlet exhibited superior air distribution and uniformity. Lower ventilation rates and higher infiltration ratios resulted in reduced ventilation efficiency, with the difference between pig and worker activity spaces being pronounced. This study emphasizes the importance of selecting optimal inlet and exhaust configurations to achieve efficient ventilation and create a healthy environment for both pigs and workers.
Platelet- Rich Plasma Treatment Supported by Ultrasound Detection of Septa in Recurrent Canine Aural Hematoma: A Case Series
Authors: Palagiano Paola , Graziano Lisa , Scarabello Walter , Berni Priscilla , Andreoli Valentina , Grolli Stefano
Published: July 2023

Aural hematoma is a common pathological condition in veterinary practice with a high incidence rate in dogs. Drainage, corticosteroid injections, and surgical approaches represent the common treatments in these clinical cases. However, surgery leaves visible signs and is usually correlated with recurrence, scars, and deformation of the treated pinna. For this reason, more effective and less invasive methods have been proposed over the years. Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) is one of the most promising options due to its pro-regenerative properties and capability to modulate the inflammatory state. The present work reports 12 cases of canine aural hematoma treated with PRP. The PRP treatment was combined with an ultrasound evaluation of the pinna to detect and treat all involved septa. The results show that relatively large volumes (2 mL) of PRP associated with an ultrasound guide are safe and efficacious in the treatment of canine aural hematoma requiring a maximum of two infiltrations, both in acute and chronic conditions. All the patients recovered their normal ear thickness (compared with the controlateral one) without relapses, averaging 38.5 days from their first treatment (10–90 days; SD: 24.7). The key role of PRP combined with a tailored diagnosis process carried out by the veterinarian, which included using an ultrasound system and the proper bandage, suggests that this approach may represent a valid alternative to surgery and corticosteroids.
Bioaccumulation and Depletion of the Antibiotic Sulfadiazine 14C in Lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus)
Authors: Evangelista Patrícia Alexandre , Lourenço Felipe Machado de Oliveira , Chakma Darmin , Shaha Chironjit Kumar , Konate Almamy , Pimpinato Rodrigo Floriano , Louvandini Helder , Tornisielo Valdemar Luiz
Published: July 2023

Antibiotics are present in the environment, primarily due to their release through wastewater treatment plants, agricultural practices, and improper disposal of unused medications. In the environment, these drugs can be bioaccumulated by organisms and transferred along the food chain. This is a problem when considering the consumption of fish meat. In the United States, legislation stipulates that the maximum residue limit for sulfadiazine (SDZ) should not exceed 100 μg kg−1. Lambari fishes have potential economic importance in aquaculture, as they are relatively easy to breed and can be raised in small-scale operations. Finally, studying the biology and ecology of lambari could provide valuable information about freshwater ecosystems and their inhabitants. The current work aimed to measure the bioaccumulation and depletion of the antibiotic SDZ 14C in lambari (Astyanax bimaculatus). For this purpose, the tests were divided into two stages; seven days of exposure and seven days of depletion, where one fish was randomly selected and sampled every day. In the exposure phase, the fish were fed the medicated feed three times a day at a concentration of 2.5 mg·g−1. The control fish were fed uncontaminated feed. For the depletion phase, the remaining lambari were transferred to clean tanks and fed uncontaminated feed three times a day. The fish samples were burned in the Oxidizer and the reading of radioactivity was performed in a liquid scintillation spectrometer. It is worth noting that on day 7 and day 14, the water in the aquariums was filtered through filter paper to collect the metabolic excrement. SDZ concentrations increased over the days and accumulation occurred in the fish, with day seven presenting the maximum accumulation value of 91.7 ng·g−1 due to feeding uptake. After the depletion phase on day 13, the value found was 0.83 ng·g−1. The bioconcentration factor calculated was 20 L·kg−1. After the bioaccumulation period, the concentrations of SDZ in the water and excreta were 4.5 µg·L−1 and 363.5 ng·g−1, respectively. In the depletion period, the concentrations in the water and excreta were 0.01 µg·L−1 and 5.96 ng·g−1, respectively. These results imply that there was little SDZ bioaccumulation in the fish, but that it was distributed in larger amounts in the water. This is due to the physicochemical properties of the molecule with the low Log P value. Regarding the maximum residue limit, the value was below the established value. This study contributes to understanding SDZ dynamics in an aquatic species native to Brazil.
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) and CD163 Resistance Polymorphic Markers: What Is the Scenario in Naturally Infected Pig Livestock in Central Italy?
Authors: Torricelli Martina , Fratto Anna , Ciullo Marcella , Sebastiani Carla , Arcangeli Chiara , Felici Andrea , Giovannini Samira , Sarti Francesca Maria , Sensi Marco , Biagetti Massimo
Published: July 2023

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) caused by the PRRS virus affects farmed pigs worldwide, causing direct and indirect losses. The most severe manifestations of PRRS infection are observed in piglets and pregnant sows. The clinical outcome of the infection depends on the PRRSV strain’s virulence, the pregnancy state of the female, environmental factors, the presence of protective antibodies due to previous infections, and the host’s genetic susceptibility. The latter aspect was investigated in this study, in particular, evaluating the most significant polymorphisms (SNPs) of the CD163 gene in slaughtered pigs reared in Central Italy. Total RNAs were extracted from 377 swine samples and subjected to RT-PCR targeted to the CD163 gene, followed by sequencing analysis. Contextually, the viral RNA was detected by RT-qPCR in order to phenotypically categorize animals into infected and not infected. In particular, 36 haplotypes were found, and their frequencies ranged from 0.13% to 35.15%. There were 62 resulting genotypes, three of which were associated with a putative resistance to the disease. Both the haplotypes and genotypes were inferred by PHASE v.2.1 software. To the best of our knowledge, this type of investigation was conducted for the first time on pig livestock distributed in different regions of Central Italy. Thus, the obtained findings may be considered very important since they add useful information about swine genetic background in relation to PRRS infection, from the perspective of adopting Marker-Assisted Selection (MAS) as a possible and alternative strategy to control this still widespread disease.
Fecal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Pet and Stray Cats
Authors: Ratti Gabriele , Facchin Alessia , Stranieri Angelica , Giordano Alessia , Paltrinieri Saverio , Scarpa Paola , Maragno Deborah , Gazzonis Alessia , Penati Martina , Luzzago Camilla , Dall’Ara Paola , Lauzi Stefania
Published: July 2023

Dogs have been reported as potential carriers of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, but the role of cats has been poorly studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence and the risk factors associated with the fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli) in pet and stray cats. Fecal samples were collected between 2020 and 2022 from healthy and unhealthy cats and screened for ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli using selective media. The presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli was confirmed by phenotypic and molecular methods. The evaluation of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) was performed on positive isolates. Host and hospitalization data were analyzed to identify risk factors. A total of 97 cats’ samples were collected, and ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli were detected in 6/97 (6.2%), supported by the detection of blaCTX-M (100%), blaTEM (83.3%), and blaSHV (16.7%) genes and the overexpression of chromosomal ampC (1%). All E. coli isolates were categorized as multidrug-resistant. Unhealthy status and previous antibiotic therapy were significantly associated with ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli fecal carriage. Our results suggest that cats may be carriers of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, highlighting the need for antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine and an antimicrobial-resistance surveillance program focusing on companion animals, including stray cats.
Effects of Florfenicol on nirS-Type Denitrification Community Structure of Sediments in an Aquatic Microcosm Model
Authors: Zhang Tengyue , Sun Junying , Peng Jinju , Ding Yuexia , Li Yang , Ma Haotian , Yu Mengbo , Ma Yi
Published: July 2023

Florfenicol is one of the most widely used antibiotics in aquaculture and veterinary clinics because of its low side effects and strong bactericidal effect. A total of 45~60% of florfenicol is not absorbed by the animal body and accumulates in the aquatic environment through a variety of pathways, which affects denitrification. Indoor aquatic microcosm models were constructed and sediment samples were collected at different florfenicol concentrations (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 mg/L) on days 0, 7, 30, and 60 to extract the microbial genome DNA and determine the water properties. qPCR and amplicon sequencing were used to study the dynamic changes in the nirS gene and nirS-type denitrification community structure, diversity, and abundance, respectively. The results showed that high florfenicol stress influenced the sediment’s physicochemical properties, reducing conductivity, alkaline dissolved nitrogen, and organic matter content. In addition, the abundance of nirS, a functional denitrification gene, increased obviously with increased florfenicol concentrations but decreased the diversity of nirS-type denitrification microorganisms. Proteobacteria was the dominant denitrifying phylum in the sediment. Our study provides a scientific basis for the rational use of florfenicol in aquaculture to maintain a healthy and stable microecological environment and also provides a preliminary understanding of the response characteristics of water denitrifying microorganisms to florfenicol exposure.
A Qualitative Study on the Implementation of the National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance in Singapore
Authors: Chua Alvin Qijia , Verma Monica , Villanueva Sharon Yvette Angelina , Roxas Evalyn , Hsu Li Yang , Legido-Quigley Helena
Published: July 2023

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat that affects humans, animals, and the environment across the One Health spectrum. Singapore launched its own National Strategic Action Plan (NSAP) on AMR in 2017 with the aim of tackling the growing threat of AMR in Singapore through coordinated approaches. However, little is known about the implementation of the NSAP. In this study, we analysed the implementation of the NSAP with guidance from an AMR governance framework. We conducted in-depth interviews with 20 participants across the One Health spectrum. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Overall, the implementation of activities against AMR was more advanced with respect to human health compared to other sectors such as (1) AMR and antimicrobial use (AMU) surveillance systems in hospitals; (2) the hospital antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) service and legislation to optimise AMU; (3) the national children and adults vaccination programme for IPC; (4) multiple avenues for education and awareness for both professionals and public; and (5) extensive research and collaboration networks with many sources of funding. Areas that were lacking presented problems including (1) an incomplete surveillance system for AMR and AMU across all sectors; (2) the need for better AMS and legislation in some sectors; (3) insufficient innovation in education for sustained behavioural modification; and (4) the need for more open research collaborations and the translation of research into policy outcomes. Improvements in these areas will enhance the overall implementation of the NSAP through a more holistic One Health approach.
New Preventive Strategy against Oral Biofilm Formation in Caries-Active Children: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Parga Ana , Balboa Sabela , Otero-Casal Paz , Otero Ana
Published: July 2023

Quorum quenching (QQ) is the inhibition of bacterial communication, i.e., quorum sensing (QS). QS is a key mechanism in regulating biofilm formation and phenotype in complex bacterial communities, such as those found within cariogenic biofilms. Whereas QQ approaches were shown to effectively reduce biomass, knowledge of their impact on the taxonomic composition of oral polymicrobial biofilms remains scarce. Here, we investigate the effect of the QQ lactonase Aii20J on biomass production and taxonomical composition of biofilms. We collected supragingival plaque samples from 10 caries-free and 10 caries-active children and cultured them to generate in vitro biofilms. We describe significant biomass reductions upon Aii20J exposure, as assessed by crystal violet assays. Taxonomical profiling using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing revealed no significant changes in bacterial composition at the genus level. Interestingly, at the species level Aii20J-treatment increased the abundance of Streptococcus cristatus and Streptococcus salivarius. Both S. cristatus and S. salivarius express pH-buffering enzymes (arginine deiminase and urease, respectively) that catalyze ammonia production, thereby potentially raising local pH and counteracting the biofilm’s cariogenic potential. Within the limitations of the study, our findings provide evidence of the biofilm-modulating ability of QQ and offer novel insights into alternative strategies to restore homeostasis within dysbiotic ecosystems.
Ameliorative Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei L14 on Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Rats
Authors: Zeng Zhu , Yang Yi , Zhong Xinxin , Dai Fangyin , Chen Shangwu , Tong Xiaoling
Published: July 2023

Bioprospecting of more novel probiotic strains has attained continuous interest. This study aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of Lactobacillus paracasei strain L14, an isolate from a traditional Chinese dairy product, on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats. Preventive supplementation of strain L14 showed excellent anti-diabetic effects on high-fat diet/low-dose streptozotocin (HFD/STZ)-induced T2DM rats. It significantly reduced hyperglycemia, protected pancreatic β-cell and liver function, and ameliorated oxidative stress while considerably improving dyslipidemia and inflammation. Furthermore, the strain modulated the gut microbiota to alleviate gut dysbiosis. Interestingly, most of these biochemical parameters could even restore to normal levels by the intervention of strain L14. The whole-genome sequencing of L14 was performed to provide a critical molecular basis for its probiotic activities. Genes related to antioxidant systems and other beneficial microbial metabolites like exopolysaccharides (EPS) biosynthesis were found. This study demonstrates that probiotic L. paracasei L14 has good potential for applications in functional food and pharmaceutical industries.
Voluntary Exercise-Mediated Protection in TNBS-Induced Rat Colitis: The Involvement of NETosis and Prdx Antioxidants
Authors: Almási Nikoletta , Török Szilvia , Al-awar Amin , Veszelka Médea , Király László , Börzsei Denise , Szabó Renáta , Varga Csaba
Published: July 2023

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are autoimmune disorders of the gut. It is increasingly clear that voluntary exercise (VE) may exert protection against IBDs, but the exact background mechanism needs to be elucidated. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible role of NETosis and the antioxidant peroxiredoxin (Prdx) enzyme family in VE-induced protection. Wistar Han rats were randomly divided into two groups: sedentary (SED) and VE. After the 6-week voluntary wheel running, animals were treated with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (TNBS) as a model of colitis. Here, we found that VE significantly decreased inflammation and ulceration of the colon in the VE TNBS group compared with SED TNBS. We also found that VE significantly decreased the expression of protein arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) and myeloperoxidase (MPO), and markedly reduced citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) compared with SED TNBS. Furthermore, VE caused a significant increase in the levels of Prdx6 in the control and TNBS groups. Taken together, we found that a prior 6-week VE effectively reduces inflammation in TNBS-induced colitis, and we suggest that the protective effect of VE may be mediated via the inhibition of NETosis and upregulation of Prdx6 antioxidant.
Mechanical Properties and Microscopic Study of Steel Slag–Fly Ash-Solidified Loess under Alkaline Conditions
Authors: Li Haojie , Tang Xianxi , Zhang Xujun , Li Mingze
Published: July 2023

To address the geological hazard posed by unstable loess slopes prone to collapse and landslides, a high-strength geopolymer cementing material was developed utilizing green steel slag–fly ash as its primary constituent and activated through the application of sodium silicate alkalinity. The mechanical properties and microstructure changes of loess under varying dosages of steel slag–fly ash geopolymers and curing age were investigated through a series of tests, including unconfined compressive strength, direct shear, disintegration, electron microscope scanning, and X-ray diffraction. The findings indicate that the incorporation of geopolymers can significantly enhance the internal friction angle, cohesion, and unconfined compressive strength of loess, while mitigating the disintegration quantity and rate of stabilized soil. When 20% geopolymer is mixed into the solidified soil and cured for 28 days, the resulting solidified soil exhibits an internal friction angle of 31.12°, a cohesion of 81.09 kPa, and an unconfined compressive strength of 570.86 kPa. These values are 1.62 times, 1.76 times, and 3.36 times higher than those of loess, respectively. Moreover, the solidified soil shows minimal disintegration within 1800 s, with only 1.97% disintegration. The curing age of solidified soil has a significant impact on its curing effect. Enhancing the curing time can considerably enhance the mechanical properties of solidified soil. When the geopolymer content is 20% and the curing time is extended to 28 days, the internal friction angle, cohesion, and unconfined compressive strength increase by approximately 0.23 times, 0.48 times, and 1.61 times, respectively, compared to a curing time of 7 days. By analyzing SEM and XRD, it was found that the hydration of steel slag–fly ash geopolymer produces C-S-H and C-A-S-H cementing materials, which effectively fill the gaps between soil particles and enhance the mechanical properties of solidified soil. The research findings can serve as a theoretical foundation for the consolidation of loess subgrade utilizing steel slag–fly ash geopolymer.
The Number of Ethylene Oxide Groups of Sulphate-Based Surfactants Influences the Cytotoxicity of Mixed Micelles to an Amphibian Cell Line
Authors: Topliceanu Sebastian , Almeida Monica , Oliveira Miguel , Cogălniceanu Dan , Lopes Isabel
Published: July 2023

Sodium lauryl ether sulphate (SLEnS) is an anionic surfactant that is widely used in many fields, such as cosmetics and detergents, among others. This study evaluated the influence of the number of ethylene oxide (EO) units, present in the head group of SLEnS, on its cytotoxicity to the A6 cell line of Xenopus laevis using MTT and resazurin assays. The A6 cell line was exposed for 48 h to six SLEnS variants: SLE0S, SLE1S, SLE4S, SLE11S, SLE30S, and SLE50S (subscript values correspond to the number of EO units). Overall, the six variants impaired the A6 cells’ viability at low concentrations for the MTT assay, with the median lethal concentrations (LC50,48h) ranging between 0.398 and 0.554 mg/L and for the resazurin assay between 0.557 and 0.969 mg/L. Further, the obtained results indicate SLEnS variants with fewer EO units to be the most cytotoxic in the resazurin assay; although a similar cytotoxicity pattern was observed with the MTT assay, a significant association between the number of EO units and the values of LC50 was not found. This result highlights the usefulness of in vitro assays with A6 cell lines as a first screening tool for assessing the structure–toxicity relationship of this type of surfactant, also providing a baseline for the development of environmentally friendlier chemical compounds while still maintaining their efficiency.
Numerical Study on the Influence of Coupling Beam Modeling on Structural Accelerations during High-Speed Train Crossings
Authors: Bettinelli Lara , Stollwitzer Andreas , Fink Josef
Published: July 2023

The applied mechanical modeling of train and bridge structures is essential in accurately predicting structural vibrations caused by high-speed trains, particularly for the often design-relevant structural accelerations. Considering the interaction effects between the train, the superstructure, and the supporting structure yields more realistic and lower acceleration results compared to simplistic reference models disregarding interaction dynamics. The research presented in this article focuses on modeling single-span girder bridges with a ballasted superstructure as coupling beams. In this approach, the bridge is represented as two vertically coupled beams, with one representing the track (rails and sleepers) and the other representing the supporting structure. Their connection incorporates the stiffness and damping properties of the ballasted superstructure, reproducing its load distribution capacity. A numerical study encompassing a wide range of bridge parameters is conducted, focusing on the calculation of maximum structural accelerations. The results from modeling the bridge as a coupling beam model are compared to those from a simply supported Bernoulli–Euler beam. The excitation is applied as either a moving load or a multi-body model of an Austrian Railjet to evaluate the interdependencies of interaction effects between the vehicle and track and between the track and bridge structure. The comprehensive analysis considers varying bridge span, fundamental bending frequency, mass distribution, structural damping, and coupling stiffness and damping properties to identify correlations with the achievable acceleration reduction using the coupling beam model. Compared to the reference model, the coupling beam model can significantly reduce structural acceleration by up to 80%. Reduction levels primarily depend on the coupling stiffness and critical train speed relative to the bridge’s fundamental frequency, with higher fundamental frequency bridges benefiting the most. These findings provide valuable insights for future structure-specific recommendations for adopting the coupling beam and multi-body train models.
Thermal Effusivity Tester (TET)—A New Device to Determine Thermal Effusivity of Textiles
Authors: Abu-Rous Mohammad , Schürz-Peschka Susanne , Sobhee Rajivdrsingh Kishore , Innerlohinger Jo-Ann , Lughofer Josef , Milacher Walter
Published: July 2023

Thermal effusivity tester (TET) is a new device to measure the thermal conductivity and the thermal effusivity (heat dissipation) of textiles under a defined compression, developed at the R&D department of Lenzing AG (Austria). The device performance was tested by comparing its results with results from commercially available devices Alambeta, TCi Thermal Conductivity Analyzer and Kawabata KES-f thermal module. The fabrics tested were typical knit and weave constructions made of different fiber types, including cotton, wood-based cellulosics and polyester. For most of the fabrics, thermal effusivity results show wide agreement among TET, Alambeta and TCi, and strong positive correlation (r > 0.82) with heat flow (Qmax) as obtained from KES. Deviations were observed for some thicker and more resilient fabrics, most probably caused by the differences in the pressure applied by the devices on the fabric surface. The results show that TET offers a reliable and experimentally flexible approach to assessing thermal effusivity on textile structures and emphasizing the role of the dimensional change induced by the measurement conditions on the measured thermal effusivity and conductivity.
Cargo Terminal Intelligent-Scheduling Strategies Based on Improved Bee Colony Algorithms
Authors: Wang Haiquan , Su Menghao , Xu Xiaobin , Haasis Hans-Dietrich , Zhao Ran , Wen Shengjun , Wang Yan
Published: July 2023

Due to the rapid increase in cargoes and postal transport volumes in smart transportation systems, an efficient automated multidimensional terminal with autonomous elevating transfer vehicles (ETVs) should be established, and an effective cooperative scheduling strategy for vehicles needs to be designed for improving cargo handling efficiency. In this paper, as one of the most effective artificial intelligence technologies, the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC), which possesses a strong global optimization ability and fewer parameters, is firstly introduced to simultaneously manage the autonomous ETVs and assign the corresponding entrances and exits. Moreover, as ABC has the disadvantage of slow convergence rate, a novel full-dimensional search strategy with parallelization (PfdABC) and a random multidimensional search strategy (RmdABC) are incorporated in the framework of ABC to increase the convergence speed. After being evaluated on benchmark functions, it is applied to solve the combinatorial optimization problem with multiple tasks and multiple entrances and exits in the terminal. The simulations show that the proposed algorithms can achieve a much more desired performance than the traditional artificial bee colony algorithm in terms of balancing the exploitation and exploration abilities, especially when dealing with the cooperative control and scheduling problems.
Research on a Coal Seam Gas Content Prediction Method Based on an Improved Extreme Learning Machine
Authors: Tian Shuicheng , Ma Lei , Li Hongxia , Tian Fangyuan , Mao Junrui
Published: July 2023

With the rapid advancement of artificial neural network (ANN) algorithms, many researchers have applied these methods to mine gas prediction and achieved numerous research achievements. It is of great significance to study methods that can accurately predict the gas content for the prevention of gas disasters in mining areas. In order to enhance the accuracy, stability, and generalization capability of the gas content prediction model, the GASA-KELM prediction model was established using the GASA algorithm to improve the KELM initial parameter assignment method, and the prediction model based on BPNN and SVM was established under the same conditions. The experimental results show that the GASA-BPNN model failed to achieve the desired outcome within 800 iterations. On the other hand, the GASA-SVM and GASA-KELM models accomplished the goal in significantly fewer iterations, taking only 673 and 487 iterations, respectively. Moreover, the overall average relative errors of the cross-validated gas content predictions were 15.74%, 13.85%, and 9.87% for the three models, respectively. Furthermore, the total average variance of the test set was 3.99, 2.76, and 2.05 for the GASA-BPNN, GASA-SVM, and GASA-KELM models, respectively. As a result, compared with other ANN models, the GASA-KELM model demonstrates higher accuracy, stronger prediction stability, and generalization ability in the practical application. This novel model provides a basis for accurately predicting gas content and proposing effective regional gas management measures.
An Improved Lightweight Dense Pedestrian Detection Algorithm
Authors: Li Mingjing , Chen Shuang , Sun Cong , Fang Shu , Han Jinye , Wang Xiaoli , Yun Haijiao
Published: July 2023

Due to the limited memory and computing resources in the real application of target detection, the method is challenging to implement on mobile and embedded devices. In order to achieve the balance between detection accuracy and speed in pedestrian-intensive scenes, an improved lightweight dense pedestrian detection algorithm GS-YOLOv5 (GhostNet GSConv- SIoU) is proposed in this paper. In the Backbone section, GhostNet is used to replace the original CSPDarknet53 network structure, reducing the number of parameters and computation. The CBL module is replaced with GSConv in the Head section, and the CSP module is replaced with VoV-GSCSP. The SloU loss function is used to replace the original IoU loss function to improve the prediction box overlap problem in dense scenes. The model parameters are reduced by 40% and the calculation amount is reduced by 64% without losing the average accuracy, and the detection accuracy is improved by 0.5%. The experimental results show that the GS-YOLOv5 can detect pedestrians more effectively under limited hardware conditions to cope with dense pedestrian scenes, and it is suitable for the online real-time detection of pedestrians.
Spatial Attention Mechanism and Cascade Feature Extraction in a U-Net Model for Enhancing Breast Tumor Segmentation
Authors: Zarbakhsh Payam
Published: July 2023

In the field of medical imaging, the accurate segmentation of breast tumors is a critical task for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer. To address the challenges posed by fuzzy boundaries, vague tumor shapes, variation in tumor size, and illumination variation, we propose a new approach that combines a U-Net model with a spatial attention mechanism. Our method utilizes a cascade feature extraction technique to enhance the subtle features of breast tumors, thereby improving segmentation accuracy. In addition, our model incorporates a spatial attention mechanism to enable the network to focus on important regions of the image while suppressing irrelevant areas. This combination of techniques leads to significant improvements in segmentation accuracy, particularly in challenging cases where tumors have fuzzy boundaries or vague shapes. We evaluate our suggested technique on the Mini-MIAS dataset and demonstrate state-of-the-art performance, surpassing existing methods in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Specifically, our method achieves an overall accuracy of 91%, a sensitivity of 91%, and a specificity of 93%, demonstrating its effectiveness in accurately identifying breast tumors.
Analysis of Distinguishable Security between the One-Time Password Extraction Function Family and Random Function Family
Authors: Kim Hyunki , Yi Okyeon
Published: July 2023

A one-time password is a security system that uses a password that is only used once for authentication, and it is commonly used in multi-factor authentication systems. The process of generating an OTP is very similar to generating pseudorandom sequences in cryptography. However, since only a part of the bit string is used in OTP, an algorithm is needed to extract that part. In addition, the OTP process also includes converting the value of the bit string value into decimal form for human perception. This paper focuses on analyzing the extraction function, which is the step before the hexadecimal is reprocessed into the decimal form. We analyze a function family, which includes functions used in the process of extracting a bit string in terms of distinguishable security. As a result, we conclude that the OTP extraction function family is vulnerable in terms of distinguishable security compared to the random function family.
Maximum Correntropy Square-Root Cubature Kalman Filter with State Estimation for Distributed Drive Electric Vehicles
Authors: Ge Pingshu , Zhang Ce , Zhang Tao , Guo Lie , Xiang Qingyang
Published: July 2023

For nonlinear systems, both the cubature Kalman filter (CKF) and square-root cubature Kalman filter (SCKF) can get good estimation performance under Gaussian noise. However, the actual driving environment noise mostly has non-Gaussian properties, leading to a significant reduction in robustness and accuracy for distributed vehicle state estimation. To address such problems, this paper uses the square-root cubature Kalman filter with the maximum correlation entropy criterion (MCSRCKF), establishing a seven degrees of freedom (7-DOF) nonlinear distributed vehicle dynamics model for accurately estimating longitudinal vehicle speed, lateral vehicle speed, yaw rate, and wheel rotation angular velocity using low-cost sensor signals. The co-simulation verification is verified by the CarSim/Simulink platform under double-lane change and serpentine conditions. Experimental results show that the MCSRCKF has high accuracy and enhanced robustness for distributed drive vehicle state estimation problems in real non-Gaussian noise environments.
Evaluating a Kinematic Data Glove with Pressure Sensors to Automatically Differentiate Free Motion from Product Manipulation
Authors: Roda-Sales Alba , Sancho-Bru Joaquín L. , Vergara Margarita
Published: July 2023

When studying hand kinematics, it is key to differentiate between free motion and manipulation. This differentiation can be achieved using pressure sensors or through visual analysis in the absence of sensors. Certain data gloves, such as the CyberGlove II, allow recording hand kinematics with good accuracy when properly calibrated. Other gloves, such as the Virtual Motion Glove 30 (VMG30), are also equipped with pressure sensors to detect object contact. The aim of this study is to perform a technical validation to evaluate the feasibility of using virtual reality gloves with pressure sensors such as the VMG30 for hand kinematics characterization during product manipulation, testing its accuracy for motion recording when compared with CyberGlove as well as its ability to differentiate between free motion and manipulation using its pressure sensors in comparison to visual analysis. Firstly, both data gloves were calibrated using a specific protocol developed by the research group. Then, the active ranges of motion of 16 hand joints angles were recorded in three participants using both gloves and compared using repeated measures ANOVAs. The detection capability of pressure sensors was compared to visual analysis in two participants while performing six tasks involving product manipulation. The results revealed that kinematic data recordings from the VMG30 were less accurate than those from the CyberGlove. Furthermore, the pressure sensors did not provide additional precision with respect to the visual analysis technique. In fact, several pressure sensors were rarely activated, and the distribution of pressure sensors within the glove was questioned. Current available gloves such as the VMG30 would require design improvements to fit the requirements for kinematics characterization during product manipulation. The pressure sensors should have higher sensitivity, the pressure sensor’s location should comprise the palm, glove fit should be improved, and its overall stiffness should be reduced.
Effect of Multifunctional Adjuvants on Physical and Chemical Features of Spray Liquid and Efficacy in Sugar Beet
Authors: Idziak Robert , Sobczak Angelika , Waligóra Hubert , Szulc Piotr , Majchrzak Leszek
Published: July 2023

In the period 2017–2019, field experiments were conducted at the Research and Education Center Gorzyń, unit Złotniki (52°486′ N; 16°819′ E), Poznan University of Life Sciences, at the Luvisols, under natural weather conditions, to evaluate the effect of multifunctional methylated seed oil (EXP 1, 2, and 3) and standard adjuvants (AtB and S) on the efficacy of mixtures phenmedipham + ethofumesate and metamitron applied in full (PEM 1) and reduced rates (PEM 2) in sugar beet. Field studies were carried out and three applications of herbicides were administrated subsequent to the emergence of weeds (BBCH 11–12). PEM applied at reduced rates with EXP was more effective than after AtB and S adjuvants. They enabled the attainment of high and consistent efficacy of herbicides (with EXP—96–97%, AtB—97%, S—95%, compared to PEM 1—93%, and PEM 2—82%), irrespective of varying weather conditions during, and subsequent to, their application. The sugar beet root yield from herbicide treatments after tested adjuvants was higher than from the untreated control and after application of reduced rates of herbicides without adjuvants.
Accuracy of Extraoral Digital Impressions with Multi-Unit Implants
Authors: Sampaio-Fernandes Manuel António , Pinto Ricardo , Almeida Paulo Rocha , Sampaio-Fernandes Maria Margarida , Marques Duarte , Figueiral Maria Helena
Published: July 2023

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the accuracy of impressions made using two different silicones and corresponding stone casts in full-arch implant rehabilitation, using two laboratory scanners. A master model with six dental implants was created, scanned with a 12-megapixel scanner and used as digital master model. Ten implant impressions were obtained via two silicone impressions systems—Coltene® and Zhermack®—using the open-tray technique and poured gypsum. Two extraoral scanning systems (S600 ARTI Zirkonzhan® and Identica T500 Medit®) were used to scan the impressions and stone casts. Best-fit superimpositions were conducted between the master model and the virtual models obtained. A significance level of p < 0.05 was considered. The accuracy of the Medit® scanner was 82.26 [53.18; 111.34] µm for Coltene® silicone and 87.43 [72.00; 102.86] µm for Zhermack® silicone, and the accuracy of the Zirkonzhan® scanner was 69.90 [62.37; 77.43] µm for Coltene® silicone and 80.67 [65.77; 95.57] µm for Zhermack® silicone, without significant differences between scanners. When comparing the two silicones, no significant differences were found for the Medit® (p = 0.112) or Zirkonzhan® scanners (p = 0.162). The Zhermack® scanner showed better accuracy than the corresponding stone casts in the two scanners, Medit® (p = 0.019) and Zirkonzahn® (p = 0.002). The extraoral digitalization of impressions in edentulous dental arches with six implants proves to be a valid technique.
Integrating Interactive Detection of Code Smells into Scrum: Feasibility, Benefits, and Challenges
Authors: Albuquerque Danyllo , Guimarães Everton , Perkusich Mirko , Almeida Hyggo , Perkusich Angelo
Published: July 2023

(Context) Code smells indicate poor coding practices or design flaws, suggesting deeper software quality issues. While addressing code smells promptly improves software quality, traditional detection techniques often fail in continuous detection during software development. (Problem Statement) More recently, Interactive Detection (ID) technique has been proposed, enabling the detection of code smells continuously. Although the use of this technique by developers and organizations is promising, there are no practical recommendations for its use in the context of software development. (Goal) The objective of this study was to propose and evaluate the integration of ID into the widely adopted Scrum framework for agile software development. (Method) To achieve this objective, we utilized a mixed-method approach that combined a comprehensive literature review and expert knowledge to propose the integration. Furthermore, we conducted a focus group and a controlled experiment involving software development activities to evaluate this integration. (Results) The findings revealed that this integration significantly benefitted software development, such as early detection of code smells, increased effectiveness in code smell detection, and improved code quality. These findings shed light on the potential benefits of adopting this integration, offering valuable insights for developers and researchers. (Conclusions) This research emphasized the importance of continuous code smell detection as an integral part of agile development and opened avenues for further research in code quality management within agile methodologies.