bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La carrera de Derecho en Ecuador: Análisis de los planes de estudio en el 2018
Authors: Padilla Rina Pazos , Espín Jorge Fabara
Published: September 2019

Se dice que en el Ecuador, así como en varios países de América Latina, las carreras de Derecho tienen un corte positivista, con ausencia de aprendizaje práctico y capacidades críticas, analíticas e interpretativas, así como poca relación con las ciencias sociales y otros campos del conocimiento. No obstante, en el Ecuador la reforma legal de 2010, que instauró un examen en el último año de formación para la evaluación de las carreras, junto a las exigencias del cambio de paradigma constitucional del 2008 en favor de una organización del sistema jurídico, de aplicación directa de derechos constitucionales, debería suponer una nueva dirección que supere el positivismo en su enseñanza superior. Este artículo propone un análisis de los planes de estudio de las carreras de Derecho del Ecuador, según las denominaciones de las asignaturas que los componen, para intentar identificar a qué modelo de educación jurídica responden, así como su núcleo. En términos metodológicos, se seguirá la propuesta del historiador del derecho Robert W. Gordon como marco de referencia para la ubicación de los resultados del análisis del plan de estudios y sobre la cual se generan conclusiones y reflexiones.
La enseñanza del derecho orientada al desarrollo de la creatividad
Authors: Camilloni Alicia
Published: September 2019

El trabajo explora la reflexión de distintas disciplinas sobre la creatividad, para responder a la pregunta sobre las relaciones entre esta y el Derecho, principalmente en la educación jurídica, y en segundo lugar, en la práctica del Derecho. Se sostiene que el proceso formativo del abogado puede generar abogados creativos, característica necesaria ante los desafíos que enfrenta la sociedad y la profesión en el futuro inmediato. El enemigo de la creatividad es el temor. Esto es lo que debe ser desterrado de la enseñanza. El clima de la clase y el clima de la institución deben ser positivos y estimulantes. El profesor debería asumir la responsabilidad de mostrar el valor de la imaginación, la curiosidad y el conocimiento en el proceso de la creación y la práctica del Derecho.
DIVERSIDADE DE MACROINVERTEBRADOS BENTÔNICOS NA AVALIAÇÃO DO USO DO SOLO E QUALIDADE AMBIENTAL DA BACIA DO GUABIROBA, GUARAPUAVA, PR, BRASIL
Authors: Negrão Glauco Nonose , Cunha Márcia Cristina
Published: September 2019

Comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos representam elementos importantes na análise da estrutura e funcionamento de ecossistemas aquáticos, sendo utilizados na avaliação ambiental e monitoramento biológico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar qualitativa e quantitativamente a macrofauna bentônica na bacia do Rio Guabiroba, área de manancial de abastecimento do município de Guarapuava, PR; avaliar sua integridade ambiental por meio da relação entre parâmetros físico-químicos e atributos funcionais da comunidade, em córregos com diferentes formas de uso e ocupação do solo. Foram coletados 1.248 macroinvertebrados aquáticos e semiaquáticos pertencentes a 34 táxons entre junho de 2016 a maio de 2017. As maiores riquezas taxonômicas e número absoluto foram observadas na primeira unidade amostral com 26 famílias e 451 indivíduos; e menor riqueza na segunda unidade amostral com 20 famílias e 395 indivíduos. A abundância e o número de táxons foi influenciada pelo pH, menor ocorrência de sólidos dissolvidos, menor condutividade e fracamente influenciada pela temperatura da água. A distribuição, estrutura e composição da comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos na Bacia do rio Guabiroba, bem como seus parâmetros físicos químicos, foram influenciadas pelo uso da terra das unidades amostrais e sazonalidade climática. A referida bacia encontra-se em estado aceitável de qualidade ambiental. É evidente a diversidade taxonômica entre as unidades amostrais, evidenciando a relação direta com seu entorno ecológico e a necessidade de adaptações dos valores de tolerância para determinadas famílias e criação de parâmetros regionais.
Migração haitiana e apatridia na República Dominicana: intersecções entre racismo e colonialidade
Authors: Silva Karine De Souza , Amorim Luísa Milioli de
Published: September 2019

O objetivo deste artigo é atestar que a generalização do status de apátrida na República Dominicana é um dos resultados da exploração colonial que teve a raça como elemento estruturante e que, por sua vez, provocou a formação de uma discursividade de repulsa ao povo haitiano. Esta abordagem é inédita porque se utiliza das epistemologias decoloniais para constatar que o complexo labirinto jurídico que motivou a desnacionalização de cidadãos outrora dominicanos, e que tem negado o direito à nacionalidade para muitos outros, faz parte de um amplo panorama histórico de abjeção contra haitianos que é respaldada por uma ideologia anti-haitiana fundada na discriminação racial contra as populações da diáspora africana. Nesse sentido, confirma-se que as relações hierarquizadas de raça introduzidas e estruturadas desde a colonização seguem operando na atualidade, com novas vestimentas.
Constitucionalismo democrático: entre as teorias populares do constitucionalismo e um novo aporte do papel das cortes na democracia
Authors: Dantas Ingrid Cunha , Fernandes Bernardo Gonçalves
Published: September 2019

O presente artigo busca analisar a teoria desenvolvida pelos autores da escola de Yale, Robert Post e Reva Siegel, denominada Constitucionalismo Democrático. A teoria pretende ir na contramão dos estudos juriscêntricos e normativos predominantes na academia norte-americana, para desenvolver um aporte “positivo”, ou seja, como de fato é, da interação entre constitucionalismo e democracia, compreendendo o fluxo dialógico que envolve o processo de legitimação da constituição. Neste, o desacordo não apenas é bem-vindo, como é constitutivo de tal legitimidade, não ameaçando o constitucionalismo como pretendem algumas teorias normativas. A análise desenvolvida neste trabalho, mais do que um esforço direcionado à academia do direito, contribui para uma melhor apreensão da democracia e do constitucionalismo brasileiros, uma vez que, de forma semelhante à realidade constitucional norte-americana, também temos a preponderância de entendimentos juriscêntricos precursores de uma identificação (equivocada) entre supremacia judicial e supremacia da constituição, a qual é evidenciada na postura protagonista e solipsista dominante no Judiciário nacional.
Jacques Rancière e a política dos direitos dos animais: a estética da subjetividade jurídica e a politização do social
Authors: Almeida Leonardo Monteiro Crespo de
Published: September 2019

O objetivo deste artigo reside em trazer para o âmbito da filosofia política de Jacques Rancière as dificuldades associadas com a animalidade no direito, normalmente concebidas por meio das discussões referentes aos direitos dos animais. Em vez de se deter nas implicações especificamente jurídicas desses direitos, da extensão que possuem ou mesmo de sua fundamentação, o artigo, ao recorrer a uma leitura muito particular da filosofia de Rancière, pretende apontar as condições que permitem ou obstruem a representatividade dos animais no campo jurídico. Para tanto, a pesquisa desenvolvida situa a maneira como os sujeitos jurídicos são construídos por meio da formulação de demandas em meio a um espaço social que não lhes reconhecem como vozes a serem ouvidas, ou seja, contestam as narrativas que impedem o reconhecimento institucional de suas vozes. Certas narrativas consensualmente estabelecidas dificultam, senão impedem, que os animais apareçam perante o direito como entes cujas vidas possuem valor e consideração. Uma das questões apontadas é que, apesar da existência e da produção cada vez mais ampla de normas jurídicas comprometidas com a proteção dos animais, estas podem estar vinculadas a imperativos econômicos, excluindo determinadas espécies do seu âmbito de proteção e incidência. O artigo, por fim, salienta a importância de se manter em aberto questionamentos referentes a novas formas de juridicidade que levem em consideração, para além do cálculo de benefícios/custos e dos pressupostos antropocêntricos, o sofrimento e a condição precária dos entes não humanos.
Editorial
Authors: Editorial Equipe
Published: September 2019

Editorial
Tectonic Triggers for Postsubduction Magmatic-Hydrothermal Gold Metallogeny in the Late Cenozoic Anatolian Metallogenic Trend, Turkey
Authors: Rabayrol Fabien , Hart Craig J.R. , Creaser Robert A.
Published: September 2019

The newly defined, 1,500-km-long, late Cenozoic Anatolian metallogenic trend of Turkey is the central segment of the western Tethyan metallogenic belt and formed after the closure of the southern Neotethys Ocean. Mineral deposit discoveries along this trend show that the Oligocene to Miocene igneous units are highly prospective for gold-rich porphyry- and epithermal-style mineralization (~27 Moz) but that copper endowment is poor. However, the temporal and spatial constraints on late Cenozoic gold districts and isolated prospects and their tectonic affinity are poorly known, despite recent efforts. We herein provide new U-Pb and Re-Os age data and field observations from Miocene gold prospects and deposits throughout the Anatolian trend, which we interpret together with previously published age data in the region. We define nine new porphyry and epithermal districts: Simav, İzmir, Uşak, Bodrum, Konya, Aksaray, Kayseri, Tunceli, and Ağri. Gold-rich porphyry and epithermal systems peaked at (1) 25 to 17 Ma in eastern Anatolia, (2) 21 to 9 Ma in western Anatolia, and (3) 10 to 3 Ma in central Anatolia. The westward migration of porphyry and epithermal mineralization from eastern to central Anatolia is interpreted to reflect slab break-off propagation and gap opening after the onset of the Arabian continental collision. Conversely, the southwestward migration of the magmatic front and associated mineralization in western Anatolia resulted from the acceleration of the Aegean slab rollback and subsequent lateral tearing (15–8 Ma). Thus, the bulk of gold mineralization formed in response to the slab segmentation and thermal events at 25 and 15 Ma.
Human Resource Training to Enhance Intellectual Capital in the Public Sector: A proposal of a Training Evaluation Model
Authors: Iannone Barbara
Published: September 2019

The evaluation of Human Resources (HR) training, particularly in Public Administration (PA), has been the focus of studies and in-depth analysis for several decades. This paper proposes an additional model of evaluating HR training in Public Administration. The improvement of performances in PA is indeed an HR issue. Therefore, it is necessary to plan and invest in HR training, as a key component of empowering the employees’ knowledge, skills and abilities, with the intention of enhancing the intellectual capital of the organization, adding value to the PA. Another contributing point of this research is the assessment of training HR on intangible aspects, such as the reputation of the PA. Lastly, it is essential to build and to adopt an optimal process of evaluation of HR training to measure the return on investments in terms of tangible and intangible assets.
Optimisation of Multi-Response Surface Parameters of the Roving Twist Factor and Spinning Back Zone Draft
Authors: Cui Hong , Shi Chen
Published: September 2019

In order to obtain the optimal collocation of two important technological parameters in the spinning process, the multi-response surface method was used to optimise the experimental results. Through the orthogonal design of the two factors and four levels of factor encoding, 16 groups of orthogonal experiments were designed; the experimental results were fit using the curve fitting toolbox of Matlab; a regression equation of yarn quality indicators, and in addition to a three-dimensional surface chart, an optimal scheme of the roving twist factor and spinning drafting for a roving twist factor of 110 were established; a spinning back draft of 1.5 was obtained based on experimental results of the response surface analysis and variance regression analysis. Experiments on the optimal scheme were carried out to verify the practicability of the results obtained by this method. The results show that application of the multiple response surface method to the optimisation of process parameters is of practical significance. This method can be applied for the optimisation of other process parameters.
Determination of a Comfort Class for Protective Clothing Based on Ergonomic Tests
Authors: Bartkowiak Grażyna , Greszta Agnieszka
Published: September 2019

In addition to compliance with requirements concerning specific protective properties, protective clothing should also provide a sense of comfort to the user. No clearly identified evaluation criteria for the ergonomic properties of protective clothing is currently available. Methods applied do not allow for quantitative assessment of protective garments that enables to compare the various types of clothing. A new methodology of testing and ergonomic evaluation of protective clothing based on comparative studies of protective clothing versus reference clothing was developed herein. The use of reference garments enable a quantitative ergonomic assessment of protective clothing by placing it in an appropriate comfort class. Ergonomic studies in accordance with the methodology developed were carried out on two types of protective clothing, i.e. protective clothing for firefighters and clothing that protects against chemical agents. Based on these studies, the protective clothing was assigned to an appropriate comfort class.
Removal of Azo Dye Acid Red 27 from Aqueous Solutions Using Classical and Modified Fenton Reagent with Zero-Valent Iron
Authors: Kliś Simona , Thomas Maciej , Barbusiński Krzysztof , Gołombek Klaudiusz , Krzemiński Łukasz , Chyc Marek
Published: September 2019

The article compares the classic Fenton reagent (Fe2+/H2O2) with its modification with zero-valent iron (ZVI/H2O2) to remove azo dye Acid Red 27 from aqueous solutions at a concentration of 100 mg/L. For both methods, the most favorable parameter values ​​were determined at which visual discoloration of the solutions tested was obtained (for Fe2+/H2O2:pH 3.5, H2O2=60 mg/L, Fe2+/H2O2=0.3, t=15 min, and for ZVI/H2O2: pH 3, H2O2=40 mg/L, ZVI=80 mg/L, t=15 min). Under these conditions, the COD value was reduced by 71.5% and 69.2% for the classic Fenton and its modification, respectively. A reduction in toxicity was also obtained for Vibrio fischeri bacteria to below 25% by using the Microtox test. ZVI digestion at acidic pH for 10 minutes allowed to shorten the reaction time by about four times - from 15 to 4 minutes. BET analysis showed that the specific surface area increases with the digestion time, which significantly accelerates the reaction. The visual discoloration of aqueous solutions was obtained, and the final COD values ​​were very small, ranging from 49-53 mg O2/L. According to the Vibrio fischeri toxicity classification test for water samples, all solutions of dyes tested can be considered as non-toxic (toxicity value <25%). In the study presented, results of decreasing the COD value and concentration of the dye in the ZVI/H2O2 method obtained are slightly worse compared to the Fe2+/H2O2 method. However, taking the decolorisation time as a criterion, a four times faster decolorisation time was obtained in the ZVI/H2O2 method, compared to the Fe2+/H2O2 method.
Die „Hobbit“-Trilogie. Bezüge zur Alltagswelt und Orientierungsvorlage
Authors: Paus-Hasebrink Ingrid
Published: September 2019

Wie stellen Zuschauer_innen von Fantasy-Filmen Bezüge zu ihrem Alltag her und in welcher Weise dienen diese ihnen auch zur Orientierung? Ausgehend von theoretischen Überlegungen zur Rolle von populärkulturellen Angeboten im Alltag der Nutzer_innen geht der Beitrag dieser Frage am Beispiel der „Hobbit“-Trilogie im Rahmen des World Hobbit Project nach. Auf Basis einer Teilauswertung der Antworten von österreichischen und deutschen Befragten auf offene Fragen wurden die Daten mit Blick auf die persönliche Relevanz der Filme für ihre Rezipient_innen mittels einer qualitativen Analyse untersucht. Dabei ließen sich zahlreiche Alltagsbezüge zu den „Hobbit“-Filmen identifizieren; die Nutzer_innen ziehen sie auch als Orientierungsvorlagen und Vorbilder heran, wie sich etwa am Beispiel der Flüchtlingsbewegungen im Jahr 2015 deutlich zeigte.
Challenges of Conservation and Sustainable Management of African Rosewood (Pterocarpuserinaceus) in West Africa
Authors: Kossi Adjonou , Towanou Houetchegnon , Habou Rabiou , Kossi Novinyo Segla , Komla Elikplim Abotsi , Benziwa Nathalie Johnson , Pyoabalo Alaba , Christine A.I. Nougbodé Ouinsavi , Akossiwoa Marie-Luce Quashie , Adzo Dzifa Kokutse , Ali Mahamane , Kouami Kokou
Published: September 2019

Pterocarpus erinaceus is an endemic and threatened plant species in arid and semiarid zones of West Africa and is highly exploited for timber, animal feeding, and various medicinal uses. The species is currently native to the Guinean forest-savannah mosaic ecoregion and reported from Senegal to Cameroon. The values of the main characteristics of the P. erinaceus forest stands (density, average diameter, average height and average stem height) vary significantly (P < 10−3) from the Guinean zone to the Sahelian zone. It has high technological performance and can be classified as heavy and very hard wood with a density of the order of 0.80 ± 0.07 g/cm3 and an average hardness of 12 ± 3.7 g/cm3. The species is the subject of large-scale international traffic between West Africa and Asia, which is by far the greatest threat to the species. The various uses induce repeated mutilation and increase pressures on the species resulting in a significant reduction in its natural populations. In response to this situation, measures are proposed, including large-scale plant production strategies, the definition of minimum felling diameters, policy measures, etc., to meet the restoration needs of natural stands of P. erinaceus and the fight against climate change.
Die Entwicklung der Wissenschaftslehre und die Entstehung der Theorie des Bildes in der ersten Fassung von 1804
Authors: Ferrer Diogo ,   Editions Rodopi
Published: September 2019

Four points are discussed in this paper. 1: A long lasting issue in the WL. This point tries to show that the WL in its different versions contains a demonstration of incompleteness as a necessary condition of human consciousness and forms of knowledge. The necessary form of the system of human experience is conditioned by the impossibility of a purely conceptual explanation of human knowing. 2.1: From the Grundlage to the Nova methodo. This point explains the main errors in the exposition of the Grundlage der gesamten Wissenschaftslehre, which led to the conception of the WL Nova methodo. 2.2: From the Nova methodo to the Exposition of 1801/1802. The main changes in the exposition of the WL 1801/1802 are discussed in the light of the new philosophical challenges from 1799 onwards. 2.3: The emergence of the Image theory in the first WL of 1804 is addressed in the last point. In accordance with the point 1 above, it is finally shown that Fichte’s Theory of image is both a transformed critical and transcendental philosophy, and an answer to questions raised in the preceding development of the WL.
Adorno and Phenomenology
Authors: Hodge Joanna ,   DePaul University
Published: September 2019

Adorno develops critiques in parallel of the phenomenologies of G. W. F. Hegel and of Edmund Husserl. While respecting their differences, he rehearses conjoined objections to their accounts of philosophy, and of progress, of history, and of nature. Critical of Hegel’s idealist dialectics, and of Husserl’s transcendental idealism, Adorno also in his readings of their texts reveals a textual materiality of their philosophical enquiries, which provides material evidence in support of his critique. This essay seeks to reveal the dynamic of this process, and show certain parallels with results supplied in the phenomenological enquiries of Michel Henry, and in the deconstructions of Jacques Derrida. If an epoch may still be captured in the concept, then the negative dialectical conceptuality developed by Adorno must capture a condition common to that epoch, and, in part, shared by other such thinkers.
Creating the ACRL research agenda for scholarly communication: A move towards more equitable, open systems
Authors: Shorish Yasmeen , Hall Nathan
Published: September 2019

ACRL considers the transition to more open and equitable systems of scholarship to be a core part of its Plan for Excellence. To meet this ambitious goal, the association’s Research and Scholarly Environment Committee (ReSEC) designs projects and work to meet a series of objectives. In the past, ACRL has seen the development of a research agenda as one way to successfully engage the community in its strategic efforts. Research agendas review an area of engagement, highlight work currently underway, and identify areas that require additional research to move the field forward.
C&RL Spotlight
Authors: Kaspar Wendi
Published: September 2019

It seems like the discourse on the value of the MLS surfaces in a very periodic way in the profession, either in the scholarly literature or less formal venues and day-to-day interactions. Certainly, it is not uncommon to hear from peers in other departments or from university administrators that they are surprised that practicing librarians, even those with faculty status, are not required to have a PhD. Studies and surveys are rampant through the library literature that explore the perceived value of the master’s in library science (or library studies, librarianship, information sciences, etc.) within different contexts, kinds of institutions, and positions.
Internet Reviews
Authors: Roberts Joni R. , Drost Carol A.
Published: September 2019

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryNational Coalition for the HomelessVictorian Illustrated Shakespeare Archive
The interaction of verprolin WIRE with the adapter proteins family intersectin
Authors: Kropyvko S. V. , Rynditch A. V.
Published: September 2019

Aim. WIRE is a scafold protein that regulates actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and the formation of actin enriched membrane processes responsible for invasion and migration. ITSN1 and ITSN2 are representatives of the family of intersectins who participate in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton, as well as in other processes, such as endo/enzocytosis, cellular signal transduction, etc. As these proteins participate in the same processes, we checked their interaction with each other. Methods. Protein-protein interactions were identified using the GST pull-down method. Results. We showed that the SH3 domains of ITSN1 and ITSN2 interact with WIRE, and found that while WIRE is in a complex with endogenous actin. Conclusions. ITSN1 and ITSN2 interact with WIRE, which is located in a complex with endogenous actin. Keywords: WIRE, ITSN1 and ITSN2, actin.
Callus formation and organogenesis in tissue culture Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv.
Authors: Konvalyuk I. I. , Mozhylevs’ka L. P. , Kunakh V. A.
Published: September 2019

Aim. The aim of the work was to determine the optimal conditions for induction and proliferation of tissue culture obtained from D. antarctica plants from various localities of the Maritime Antarctica. Methods. Tissue and organ culture techniques. Results. The media В5 supplemented with 2 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,1 mg/l BAP, В5 supplemented with 10 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,2 mg/l BAP and МС, supplemented with 5 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,1 mg/l Kin were optimal for callus induction from different types of explants. The media with a reduced concentrations of auxins and cytokinins were the most effective for maintenance of continuous tissue culture compared to the media for callus induction: B5 + 2 mg/l 2,4-D mg/l + 0,1 mg/l BAP and MC + 1 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/l Kin. Tissues from shoot growth point and leaf explants of genotypes DAR12a and G/D12-2a on medium B5 with 2 mg/l 2,4-D + 0.1 mg/l BAP and B5 with 10 mg/l 2,4-D + 0,2 mg/l BAP demonstrated the ability to spontaneous organogenesis and formed separate shoots. Conclusions. Conditions have been determined for the induction and proliferation of tissue culture from leaf, root, and shoot growth point explants of D. antarctica. The frequency of callus formation depended on the mineral composition of medium, ratios and concentrations of growth regulators, type of explant, and genotype of a donor-plant. As a result of spontaneous organogenesis, regenerated plants were obtained, conditions for their rooting in vitro were elaborated. The proposed methods for induction and proliferation tissue culture of D. antarctica in vitro can be used to produce the plant material useful for a various investigations. Keywords: Deschampsia antarctica E. Desv., tissue culture, organogenesis in vitro, frequency of callogenesis.
Optimization of the fusion protein rhIL7-BAPmut renaturation process from the Escherichia coli inclusion bodies and its practical application
Authors: Usenko M. O. , Okunev O. V. , Bentsionova K. I. , Gorbatiuk O. B. , Irodov D. M. , Koval’chuk M. V. , Kordium V. A.
Published: September 2019

Aim. The aim of our work was to optimize the renaturation method of the rhIL7-BAPmut fusion protein based on recombinant human interleukin-7 (rhIL7) and bacterial alkaline phosphatase with enhanced catalytic properties (BAPmut) for its obtaining in functionally active form. Methods. The cells of E. coli strain BL21(DE3) were transformed with pET24-IL7-BAPmut plasmid vector. Protein synthesis was induced by autoinduction protocol. Immobilized-metal affinity chromatography (IMAС) and slow dilution methods were applied for rhIL7-BAPmut fusion protein renaturation from bacterial inclusion bodies in vitro. Results. Combination of IMAС method and slow dilution at the presence of arginine, GSH/ GSSG and Mg2+ ions provided obtaining of rhIL7-BAPmut in pure and active form. Bifunctional activity of rhIL7-BAPmut after refolding is confirmed immunochemically by binding with specific antibodies. Conclusions. It was shown that application of rhIL7-BAPmut allows to reduce the time of the screening of immune combinatory libraries of variable genes of IgG and does not require specific primary and secondary antibodies. The rhIL7-BAPmut fusion protein also can be used for qualitative and quantitative analysis of IL-7 receptors.Keywords: IL-7, BAPmut, inclusion bodies, renaturation.
HCN channel-mediated neuromodulation can control action potential velocity and fidelity in central axons
Authors: Byczkowicz Niklas , Eshra Abdelmoneim , Montanaro Jacqueline , Trevisiol Andrea , Hirrlinger Johannes , Kole Maarten HP , Shigemoto Ryuichi , Hallermann Stefan
Published: September 2019

Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels control electrical rhythmicity and excitability in the heart and brain, but the function of HCN channels at the subcellular level in axons remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the action potential conduction velocity in both myelinated and unmyelinated central axons can be bidirectionally modulated by a HCN channel blocker, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and neuromodulators. Recordings from mouse cerebellar mossy fiber boutons show that HCN channels ensure reliable high-frequency firing and are strongly modulated by cAMP (EC50 40 µM; estimated endogenous cAMP concentration 13 µM). In addition, immunogold-electron microscopy revealed HCN2 as the dominating subunit in cerebellar mossy fibers. Computational modeling indicated that HCN2 channels control conduction velocity primarily by altering the resting membrane potential and are associated with significant metabolic costs. These results suggest that the cAMP-HCN pathway provides neuromodulators with an opportunity to finely tune energy consumption and temporal delays across axons in the brain.
Remote control of microtubule plus-end dynamics and function from the minus-end
Authors: Chen Xiuzhen , Widmer Lukas A , Stangier Marcel M , Steinmetz Michel O , Stelling Jörg , Barral Yves
Published: September 2019

In eukaryotes, the organization and function of the microtubule cytoskeleton depend on the allocation of different roles to individual microtubules. For example, many asymmetrically dividing cells differentially specify microtubule behavior at old and new centrosomes. Here we show that yeast spindle pole bodies (SPBs, yeast centrosomes) differentially control the plus-end dynamics and cargoes of their astral microtubules, remotely from the minus-end. The old SPB recruits the kinesin motor protein Kip2, which then translocates to the plus-end of the emanating microtubules, promotes their extension and delivers dynein into the bud. Kip2 recruitment at the SPB depends on Bub2 and Bfa1, and phosphorylation of cytoplasmic Kip2 prevents random lattice binding. Releasing Kip2 of its control by SPBs equalizes its distribution, the length of microtubules and dynein distribution between the mother cell and its bud. These observations reveal that microtubule organizing centers use minus to plus-end directed remote control to individualize microtubule function.
Caracterización clínica de la leptospirosis grave en un hospital de alta complejidad de Cali, Colombia, 2010-2016
Authors: Cedano Jorge , Rodríguez Sarita , Kujundzic Winy , Arana Juan Sebastián , Pacheco Robinson , Rosso Fernando
Published: September 2019

Introducción. La leptospirosis es una infección bacteriana endémica en Colombia. Su curso clínico puede ser variable y, en ocasiones, fatal. Hay pocos estudios en el país sobre los casos graves de esta enfermedad.Objetivo. Describir las características demográficas y clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de leptospirosis grave hospitalizados en salas generales o atendidos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un hospital de cuarto nivel. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo de los pacientes adultos y niños con diagnóstico serológico de leptospirosis entre el 2010 y el 2016.Resultados. Se analizaron las historias clínicas de 87 pacientes, 74 % de los cuales correspondía a hombres y, el 84 %, a mayores de 18 años. El 35 % tenía alguna comorbilidad y la hipertensión arterial sistémica (16 %) y la diabetes mellitus (9 %) fueron las más comunes. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: fiebre, náuseas, astenia, mialgias, artralgias y dolor abdominal. El 34 % requirió atención en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, con una mediana de estancia de 5 días. El 61 % requirió hospitalización en sala general, con una mediana de estancia de 6 días. Todos los casos recibieron tratamiento antibiótico con ceftriaxona o doxiciclina. La tasa de letalidad fue del 1,1 % (n=1).Conclusiones. La infección por Leptospira spp. tiene el riesgo de diagnosticarse de manera tardía por su presentación clínica inespecífica, lo que implica considerar un gran número de diagnósticos diferenciales. La atención temprana de los pacientes con cuadros graves de esta enfermedad en la unidad de cuidados intensivos, puede evitar una mayor incidencia de complicaciones y disminuir la mortalidad.
Caracterización de los pacientes con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina en un hospital militar de alta complejidad
Authors: Nader Natalie , Medina Ramón Iván , Pescador Luz Ángela , Mantilla Barbarita María , Bravo Juan Sebastián , Gómez Carlos Hernando
Published: September 2019

Introducción. En las Fuerzas Militares de Colombia, cerca de 500.000 de sus miembros asisten a consulta en los establecimientos sanitarios militares. En esta población, Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina (SAMR) se ha convertido en un agente patógeno de gran incidencia.Objetivo. Caracterizar los pacientes con diagnóstico de bacteriemia por SAMR en el Hospital Militar Central entre el 2012 y el 2015.Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional descriptivo de revisión retrospectiva de historias clínicas de pacientes mayores de 18 años, hospitalizados y con hemocultivos positivos para S. aureus resistente a la meticilina. Para la identificación de los pacientes se empleó el sistema Whonet, version 5.6.Resultados. De los 177 cultivos positivos para S. aureus, el 24,8 % (n=44) correspondió a SAMR, con mayor prevalencia en pacientes militares activos (n=20m 45,4 %). Se observó una frecuencia similar para la bacteriemia por SAMR adquirida en la comunidad y la adquirida en el hospital, siendo más frecuente (n=37, 84 %) el fenotipo de la comunidad en ambos grupos. El principal foco infeccioso fueron los tejidos blandos, seguidos por el tejido pulmonar. Se presentaron mayores tasas de complicaciones (61%, n=13) en la bacteriemia adquirida en el hospital; 34,9 % (n=15),de los pacientes tuvieron una estancia hospitalaria prolongada atribuible a las complicaciones desencadenadas por la bacteriemia.Conclusiones. La población más afectada por SAMR fueron los pacientes militares activos (n=20, 45,4 %), con una frecuencia similar de la bacteriemia adquirida en la comunidad (n=18, 43,2 %) y la adquirida en el hospital (n=25, 56,8 %), y el principal foco infeccioso fueron los tejidos blandos. Dados estos resultados, es necesario adelantar estudios para establecer la prevalencia de infecciones por SAMR en la piel.
Design, synthesis and antimicrobial activities of novel 1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione derivatives containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole group
Authors: Yan Jinghua , Si Weijie , Hu Haoran , Zhao Xu , Chen Min , Wang Xiaobin
Published: September 2019

A series of novel 1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione derivatives containing a 1,3,4-thiadiazole group was designed and synthesized. The structures of all the compounds were well characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometer, and further confirmed by the X-ray diffraction analysis of 8d. The antimicrobial activities of all the target compounds against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, X. oryzae pv. oryzae, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium graminearum were evaluated. The in vitro antimicrobial bioassays indicated that some title compounds exhibited noteworthy antimicrobial effects against the above strains. Notably, the compound N-(5-(ethylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)-2-(5-methyl-6-thioxo-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-3-yl)acetamide (8a) displayed obvious antibacterial effects against X. oryzae pv. oryzicola and X. oryzae pv. oryzae at 100 μg/mL with the inhibition rates of 30% and 56%, respectively, which was better than the commercial bactericide thiodiazole-copper. In addition, the anti-R. solani EC50 value of 8a was 33.70 μg/mL, which was more effective than that of the commercial fungicide hymexazol (67.10 μg/mL). It was found that the substitutes in the 1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione and the 1,3,4-thiadiazole rings played a vital role in the antimicrobial activities of the title compounds. More active title compounds against phytopathogenic microorganisms might be obtained via further structural modification.
Sensitive and rapid detection of Ortleppascaris sinensis (Nematoda: Ascaridoidea) by loop-mediated isothermal amplification
Authors: Zhao Jinhong , Xu Wei , Tu Genjun , Zhou Yongkang , Wu Xiaobing
Published: September 2019

Ortleppascaris sinensis is the dominant nematode species infecting the gastrointestinal tract of the captive Chinese alligator, a critically endangered species. Gastrointestinal nematode infection may cause a loss of appetite, growth, a development disorder, and even mortality in alligators, especially young ones. This research first establishment a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay in rapidly identifying O. sinensis, upon the basis of the complete internal transcribed spacers (ITS) gene. Eight sets of primers were designed for recognition of the unique conserved ITS gene sequences, and one set was selected to be the most suitable primer for rapid detection. The specific as well as the sensitive features of the most appropriate primer in LAMP reactions for O. sinensis, and feces specimens of Chinese alligators suffering from O. sinensis were determined. Turbidity monitoring and Te Visual Reagent methods were used for determining negative and positive consequences. According to this study, amplification and visualization of the target DNA could be realized through two detection approaches during 50 min at 65 °C isothermal temperature. The sensitivity of LAMP was a detecting limitation of 3.46 pg/µl DNA. No cross-reactions were found between O. sinensis and any other of the nine heterologous nematode parasites, which shows the outstanding specific features of the primers. The LAMP assay could also perform a detection of target DNA of O. sinensis in the feces samples of Chinese alligators. This LAMP assay is useful for directly detecting O. sinensis in the Chinese alligator breeding centers, particularly due to its rapidity, simplicity and low cost.
Identification of Flap endonuclease 1 as a potential core gene in hepatocellular carcinoma by integrated bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Li Chuanfei , Qin Feng , Hong Hao , Tang Hui , Jiang Xiaoling , Yang Shuangyan , Mei Zhechuan , Zhou Di
Published: September 2019

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common yet deadly form of malignant cancer. However, the specific mechanisms involved in HCC diagnosis have not yet fully elucidated. Herein, we screened four publically available Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) expression profiles (GSE14520, GSE29721, GSE45267 and GSE60502), and used them to identify 409 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 142 and 267 up- and down-regulated genes, respectively. The DAVID database was used to look for functionally enriched pathways among DEGs, and the STRING database and Cytoscape platform were used to generate a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network for these DEGs. The cytoHubba plug-in was utilized to detect 185 hub genes, and three key clustering modules were constructed with the MCODE plug-in. Gene functional enrichment analyses of these three key clustering modules were further performed, and nine core genes including BIRC5, DLGAP5, DTL, FEN1, KIAA0101, KIF4A, MCM2, MKI67, and RFC4, were identified in the most critical cluster. Subsequently, the hierarchical clustering and expression of core genes in TCGA liver cancer tissues were analyzed using the UCSC Cancer Genomics Browser, and whether elevated core gene expression was linked to a poor prognosis in HCC patients was assessed using the GEPIA database. The PPI of the nine core genes revealed an interaction between FEN1, MCM2, RFC4, and BIRC5. Furthermore, the expression of FEN1 was positively correlated with that of three other core genes in TCGA liver cancer tissues. FEN1 expression in HCC and other tumor types was assessed with the FIREBROWSE and ONCOMINE databases, and results were verified in HCC samples and hepatoma cells. FEN1 levels were also positively correlated with tumor size, distant metastasis and vascular invasion. In conclusion, we identified nine core genes associated with HCC development, offering novel insight into HCC progression. In particular, the aberrantly elevated FEN1 may represent a potential biomarker for HCC diagnosis and treatment.
Responses of weed community, soil nutrients, and microbes to different weed management practices in a fallow field in Northern China
Authors: Gu Xian , Cen Yu , Guo Liyue , Li Caihong , Yuan Han , Xu Ziwen , Jiang Gaoming
Published: September 2019

The long-term use of herbicides to remove weeds in fallow croplands can impair soil biodiversity, affect the quality of agricultural products, and threaten human health. Consequently, the identification of methods that can effectively limit the weed seed bank and maintain fallow soil fertility without causing soil pollution for the next planting is a critical task. In this study, four weeding treatments were established based on different degrees of disturbance to the topsoil: natural fallow (N), physical clearance (C), deep tillage (D), and sprayed herbicide (H). The changes in the soil weed seed banks, soil nutrients, and soil microbial biomass were carefully investigated. During the fallow period, the C treatment decreased the annual and biennial weed seed bank by 34% against pretreatment, whereas the H treatment did not effectively reduce the weed seed bank. The D treatment had positive effects on the soil fertility, increasing the available nitrogen 108% over that found in the N soil. In addition, a pre-winter deep tillage interfered with the rhizome propagation of perennial weeds. The total biomass of soil bacterial, fungal, and actinomycete in H treatment was the lowest among the four treatments. The biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the N treatment was respectively 42%, 35%, and 91%, higher than that in the C, D, and H treatments. An ecological weeding strategy was proposed based on our findings, which called for exhausting seed banks, blocking seed transmission, and taking advantage of natural opportunities to prevent weed growth for fallow lands. This study could provide a theoretical basis for weed management in fallow fields and organic farming systems.
Seaweed Flour Fortification to the Preference Level of Milk Chocolate Bar
Authors: Stefani Selvia , Pratama Rusky Intan , Rostini Iis , Afrianto Eddy
Published: September 2019

Chocolate is product that made by cocoa powder as main ingredient. Chocolate contains sugar and fat that can cause diabetes and constipation. In order to serve good taste of chocolate, it also required to make chocolate that good for health. One of the best ways to produce healthier chocolate was the addition of seaweed which contain a lot of fiber. The purpose of this research was to found out the best percentage of seaweed flour in milk chocolate bar preferred by panelists based on organoleptic and chemical test. The research was carried out at the Fisheries Product Processing Laboratory, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, and Rumansia Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of animal husbandry, Universitas Padjadjaran, from March to April 2019. The research method used was an experimental composed of 4 treatments and 20 panelists a repeat. Included treatment was the addition of seaweed flour by 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% based on the amount of chocolate bar. Observations were made on the level of preference which included appearance, aroma, texture and taste by trained panelists, test of water content and dietary fiber content. The results showed that mik chocolate bar with 5% oddition  of seaweed flour was which was most preferred by panelists with an average score of appearance, aroma, texture and taste are 7.00; 7.00; 6.10 and 6.20. Chemical test results of water content is 2.10%, and fiber content is 8.65%.
Exploring Gender Issues and Challenges Faced by Women Bank Employees in Work and Family of Sylhet City, Bangladesh
Authors: Pia Modhumita Bhattachirjee , Chowdhury Mitu , Kundu Indrajit , Deb Eshita , Akter Khadija
Published: September 2019

The study was conducted to evaluate the gender related issues and challenges of women bank employees both in work and with family in Sylhet city in Bangladesh. Data were collected through structured questionnaire from 120 respondent’s sampled using simple random sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics through SPSS software and ranked the challenges using Garrett ranking method. In case of work, problems regarding management of overtime periods were ranked as first where average Garrett score was 64.87 and the majority (36.7%) of the respondents strongly agreed while (10.8%) strongly disagreed with this problem. The lowest average Garrett score was 77.88 for sexual harassment and majority (49.2%) strongly disagreed while (2.5%) strongly agreed with this problem. On contrary, the highest problem in family was long working hours which had an average Garrett score of 57.26 and majority (50.0%) strongly agreed along with (5.8%) of respondents disagreed with this problem. The lowest problem was pressure from family to leave the job which occupied 75.50 average Garrett score and (49.2%) of respondents strongly disagreed whereas (3.3%) strongly agreed with this problem. Besides, they faced other problems like lack of leave facilities, lack of hygienic toilet facilities, problems in balancing family and job and problems of child rearing. It can be concluded that the challenges they faced in working place were less than they encountered in family. It is recommended that several coping strategies must be implemented by authority and government such as developing day care facilities in every branch of banks which might ensure better childcare and reduce the tension of working mothers, adequate maternity leaves in different private banks, area based job posting and limit long working hours by enacting protective laws in order to ensure their proper development.
Explanatory Notes – General
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Brierley James D. , Lee Anne , van Eycken Elisabeth
Published: September 2019

The chapter provides an overview of the five general rules of the TNM system. The importance of accurate identification and hence proper classification of cases and tumours has been raised so as to apply appropriate treatments and assessment methods. Examples for each classification as well as other descriptors are enumerated to aid in decision making. As the absence of a primary tumor is also possible, other descriptors have a corresponding coding. Histopathological grading following the WHO recommendation is also presented.
Frequently Asked Questions
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Brierley James D. , Lee Anne , van Eycken Elisabeth
Published: September 2019

Concise answers to general questions on AJCC and UICC classifications, date of implementation, positive cytology, synchronous tumours, number of lymph nodes, classification of brain tumours, and sentinel tumours, among others, are given in this chapter.
Segmentation errors and intertest reliability in automated and manually traced hippocampal volumes
Authors: Brinkmann Benjamin H. , Guragain Hari , Kenney‐Jung Daniel , Mandrekar Jay , Watson Robert E. , Welker Kirk M. , Britton Jeffrey W. , Witte Robert J.
Published: September 2019

Objective

To rigorously compare automated atlas‐based and manual tracing hippocampal segmentation for accuracy, repeatability, and clinical acceptability given a relevant range of imaging abnormalities in clinical epilepsy.

Methods

Forty‐nine patients with hippocampal asymmetry were identified from our institutional radiology database, including two patients with significant anatomic deformations. Manual hippocampal tracing was performed by experienced technologists on 3T MPRAGE images, measuring hippocampal volume up to the tectal plate, excluding the hippocampal tail. The same images were processed using NeuroQuant and FreeSurfer software. Ten subjects underwent repeated manual hippocampal tracings by two additional technologists blinded to previous results to evaluate consistency. Ten patients with two clinical MRI studies had volume measurements repeated using NeuroQuant and FreeSurfer.

Results

FreeSurfer raw volumes were significantly lower than NeuroQuant (P < 0.001, right and left), and hippocampal asymmetry estimates were lower for both automatic methods than manual tracing (P < 0.0001). Differences remained significant after scaling volumes to age, gender, and scanner matched normative percentiles. Volume reproducibility was fair (0.4–0.59) for manual tracing, and excellent (>0.75) for both automated methods. Asymmetry index reproducibility was excellent (>0.75) for manual tracing and FreeSurfer segmentation and fair (0.4–0.59) for NeuroQuant segmentation. Both automatic segmentation methods failed on the two cases with anatomic deformations. Segmentation errors were visually identified in 25 NeuroQuant and 27 FreeSurfer segmentations, and nine (18%) NeuroQuant and six (12%) FreeSurfer errors were judged clinically significant.

Interpretation

Automated hippocampal volumes are more reproducible than hand‐traced hippocampal volumes. However, these methods fail in some cases, and significant segmentation errors can occur.