bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RESPONSE TO RESPIRATORY RESISTANCE
Authors: Moore Richmond L. , Binger Carl A. L.
Published: June 2004

1. A study has been made of the effects of resistance to respiration in the inspiratory and expiratory phases.

2. Resistance to inspiration caused an increase in respiratory rate, a decrease in tidal air, and in most instances a severe limitation of the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation. Anoxemia and acidosis accompanied these changes.

3. When resistance was removed the respiratory rate continued to be rapid, but the tidal air and minute volume increased. As a result of this there was a fall in pCO2, a rise in pH, and in some cases a complete disappearance of anoxemia.

3. Resistance to expiration slowed the respiratory rate and produced a constant decrease in the minute volume of pulmonary ventilation. Anoxemia and carbon dioxide retention occurred, but were less pronounced than in the inspiratory experiments. Release of resistance to expiration resulted in a return of all functions to their normal, or approximately normal, levels.

4. A difference in the gross pulmonary pathology found at autopsy in these two types of experiments has been described, and an attempt has been made to correlate changes in function with changes in structure.

5. No direct evidence has been supplied for the liability to fatigue of the respiratory center.
A FURTHER STUDY OF BLOOD REACTION AND BLOOD GASES IN PNEUMONIA
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Hastings A. Baird , Sendroy Julius
Published: June 2004

Estimation of the blood reaction and of blood gases in a series of nineteen individuals suffering from pneumonia failed to reveal a condition of acidosis occurring at any time during the disease. The results of this study are corroborative of a previous one, to which reference has been made.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L.
Published: June 2004

Botulinus bacilli yield a maltase and a lipase, which retain their hydrolytic activity independent of the presence of the formed bacterial cell. The maltase is an endocellular substance, while the lipase is extracellular. The lipase, when separated from the anaerobic bacillus, does not seem to be affected by exposure to air.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The carbohydrases (maltase, lactase, sucrase, raffinase, amylase) and lipase (tributyrinase) of the Welch bacillus retain their hydrolytic activities in sterile solutions of the bacterial cells. The demonstration of the carbohydrases and detection of their hexose products constitute experimental proof that Welch bacilli attack complex carbohydrates by way of a preliminary hydrolysis.

The result of experiments on the oxidation of the enzymes show that the inhibitory effect of air upon the initiation of growth of the living Welch bacillus does not include a comparable effect upon the activity of its hydrolyzing enzymes.
VARICELLA IN MONKEYS
Authors: Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

The eosin-staining nuclear inclusions found in the monkeys' testicles inoculated with emulsified tissue of human chicken-pox lesions are specifically associated with the virus of varicella.
THE INFLUENCE OF OVARIECTOMY ON THE SPONTANEOUS OCCURRENCE OF MAMMARY CARCINOMAS IN MICE
Authors: Cori Carl F.
Published: June 2004

1. Castration of female mice between 15 and 22 days of age entirely prevented the occurrence of spontaneous adenocarcinoma of the breast, while the non-breeding control mice of the same strain showed a tumor incidence of 78.5 per cent. 3 of the spayed animals developed a spontaneous spindle cell sarcoma. This indicates that the influence of the ovary on the development of breast carcinomas is a specific one, since ovariectomy does not lead to a resistance against other types of spontaneous tumors.

2. Castration between 2 and 6 months of age led to a marked reduction of the tumor incidence, but did not entirely prevent the occurrence of mammary tumors.

3. It is concluded that the spontaneous mammary carcinoma of the mouse is due to a hereditary organ disposition, which remains latent in the absence of ovarian function, but which becomes manifest when a certain amount of ovarian hormone, corresponding to 5 to 30 estrus cycles, has acted on the breast tissue.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING GROWTH REQUIREMENTS OF HEMOPHILIC BACILLI
Authors: Valentine Francis C. O. , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

1. 19 strains of non-hemolytic hemophilic bacilli were studied. 17 required the addition of V and X growth accessory factors to their media, 2 required the addition of only V.

2. Of 15 strains of hemolytic hemophilic bacilli examined, 10 were found to require the addition of only V to their media, 3 the addition of V and X in the form of yeast extract and hematin, and 2 the addition of accessory growth factors in the form of blood.

3. In media to which neither V nor X had been added true symbiosis was found to occur on growing B. hemoglobinophilus canis, requiring the addition of X, with B. parainfluenzæ, requiring the addition of V, or with hemolytic strains of bacilli, requiring the addition of only V.
IMMUNOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A TYPICAL (S-PRODUCING) AND A DEGRADED (NON-S-PRODUCING) STRAIN OF TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCUS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PROTECTIVE ANTIBODIES
Authors: Gaspari Emidio L. , Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

The loss of the specialized function of S production by Type II pneumococcus was accompanied by a loss of the antigenic properties involved in both active and passive protection of mice. Absorption of Type II serum with S-producing pneumococci removed all the protective antibodies, as well as the type-specific agglutinins and S precipitins. The same absorption treatment of the serum by non-S-producing pneumococci failed entirely to remove the type-specific antibodies and did not affect the protective value of the serum. Absorption with bacteria-free culture fluids containing the reactive carbohydrate removed the protective antibodies as completely as absorption with the whole bacterial cells of type-specific strains. The results taken as a whole indicate that the antibodies involved in the usual protection of mice against Type II pneumococci are closely related, if not identical, to the specific anticarbohydrate precipitin.
FACTORS INVOLVED IN THE INFECTION OF MICE AFTER VACCINATION WITH TYPE II PNEUMOCOCCI
Authors: Neill James M. , Gaspari Emidio L.
Published: June 2004

A group of mice was vaccinated against Type II pneumoccci and subsequently tested for immunity against different numbers of the live bacteria. The immunity tests were conducted within two zones of dosage. In the first zone where the doses were kept within reasonable limits (10–6 to 10–3 cc. of culture), the number of invading bacteria was without influence and the occurrence of infections was determined by the previous immunity response of the individual. In the second zone of dosage (where passive protection also fails), these relations were reversed, and invasion by overwhelming numbers of the bacteria invariably produced infection regardless of the previous immunity response of the individual.

These results present an extreme example of the importance of the immunity response of the individual as a factor always concerned in the effectiveness of vaccination.
STUDIES ON PATHOGENIC B. COLI FROM BOVINE SOURCES
Authors: Smith Theobald , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The relatively young bouillon filtrates, 24 and 48 hours old, of certain strains of B. coli obtained directly from the ileum of scouring calves, were highly toxic for calves about 1 month old, as well as for older calves and cows when given into a vein. The symptoms, of panting followed by dyspneic and jerky respiration, indicate some at first obstructive action upon the alveolar and endothelial cells, followed by a greater permeability and eventual filling up of the air spaces with a serous, fibrinous, and hemorrhagic exudate. Similar effects are produced in other organs, such as liver and kidneys, if the toxin reaches them or is formed there by multiplying bacteria. There are no immediate or remote effects resembling those on calves following the intraperitoneal or the intracardiac injection of B. coli filtrates into guinea pigs even when the dose represents many multiples, per body weight, of the dangerous or even fatal calf dose.

The administration of the filtrate subcutaneously is without visible effect. Similarly, feeding large numbers of living bacilli produced no manifest disturbances.

In support of the hypothesis of a genetic relation between the group of B. coli and of paratyphoid, a similar but less severe effect was produced in a calf by the intravenous injection of a bouillon filtrate of a paratyphoid strain.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji
Published: June 2004

Thrombus formation has been studied in normal rabbits with an experimental method of establishing extracorporeal circulation. In the normal animal circulation in the extracorporeal loop usually ceases in from 6 to 10 minutes, or at most, in very large and vigorous animals, in 25 minutes.1 Cessation of the circulation is due most frequently to obstruction of the venous cannula (sometimes of the arterial cannula) by a mass of white thrombi and secondary fibrin formation around it. The site of the clot is determined somewhat by the swiftness of the blood stream.

In the collodion tube red mural thrombi are obtainable as a rule. They are flat and present a wide base resting on tiny white thrombi. After the complete obstruction of the circulation, the blood in the apparatus clots very rapidly. When the obstruction occurs very quickly either in the arterial or venous cannula, or when the blood stream is very slow, the clotting in the loop may occur before platelets are laid down in large numbers or before the formation of the white thrombi is evident.

Mixed thrombi are found in the jugular vein, and have their inception in the white thrombi, in the cannula or from the injured intima. They extend in the direction of the blood flow.
STUDIES ON PATHOGENIC B. COLI FROM BOVINE SOURCES
Authors: Smith Theobald , Bryant Gladys
Published: June 2004

On agar plates certain strains of B. coli from the ileum of calves suffering from diarrhea or scours promptly mutate and give rise to forms which have lost capsular substance, whose virulence has been greatly reduced, and which have gained very greatly in agglutinability and in being taken up by leucocytes. The original characters are not regained in cultures kept in the cold after development, nor in rapid transfers in bouillon, nor in passages through the peritoneal cavity of guinea pigs. Filtrates of 48 hour bouillon cultures contain as much toxin in the (b) as in the (a) form indicating no loss in this function.
STUDIES ON PATHOGENIC B. COLI FROM BOVINE SOURCES
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The interrelations between bacterial toxins, bacterial capsular (mucoid, viscid) substance, and certain normal protective factors in the guinea pig are studied with the aid of bacterial mutants and immune serum, and the results formulated in an hypothesis.
STUDIES ON PATHOGENIC B. COLI FROM BOVINE SOURCES
Authors: Smith Dorothea E.
Published: June 2004

1. The soluble specific substance obtained from a capsulated strain of B. coli is not identical with any specific substance heretofore described. It is a carbohydrate, composed of 80 per cent of hexose, probably partly of dextro- and partly of levorotatory sugar, since the rotation of the hydrolysate is low. Glucuronic acid is probably present in the molecule.

2. Crude "residue" or specific substance obtained from the uncapsulated mutant was about 100 times less active with homologous serum than similar material from the capsulated strain. This supports the view that capsular substance and soluble specific substance are the same. In cases where there is a well marked capsule, the specific substance is probably produced in greater amount and located peripherally.

3. Capsular substance is probably significant for virulence when functioning as a morphological capsule. It is present in filtrates of young culture only in very small amounts.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE SERUM SENSITIZATION OF ACID-FAST BACTERIA
Authors: Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H.
Published: June 2004

Serum sensitization of the acid-fast bacteria causes two definite and directly observable changes in the bacterial surface:

1. A change from a surface readily wet by oil to a surface more readily wet by aqueous salt solution than by oil. This change is observed by microscopic examination of the bacteria in a saline-oil interface; thus detected, the surface alteration is said to constitute a "positive interface reaction."

2. An increased cohesiveness of the sensitized bacteria. This may be detected either by centrifuging the bacteria and then shaking up the sediment (resuspension reaction), or by observation of the clumps in the saline-oil interface.

The interface reaction is serologically specific and confirms the existence of qualitative differences among acid-fast bacteria.

The interface reaction parallels the binding of agglutinins as detected by the resuspension reaction, but not agglutination as ordinarily tested for. The interface reaction is less sensitive,—i.e., gives lower titers—than the resuspension reaction in about the average ratio of 1:3. The interface reaction in most instances runs approximately parallel to the complement fixation reaction; under at least one set of conditions, however, the interface reaction is correlated with the binding of agglutinin but not with the complement fixation reaction. How much of the bacterial surface must be covered with agglutinin in order to produce agglutination varies greatly with the bacterial strain used.

The bacterial surfaces are modified by treatment with fresh normal sera in a manner quantitatively less but qualitatively not observably different from the effects of immune sera.

Heating normal human, sheep, goat, or rabbit sera for 30 minutes at 56°C. has usually diminished but not abolished their effect on the bacterial surface. Similar inactivation of guinea pig sera left them without detectable effect on the bacterial surface.

The agglutination prezone is shown to be due to interference by excess colloidal material with the collisions of the bacteria prerequisite to clumping. The prezone maybe abolished by centrifugation and resuspension of the sediment.

Antibodies may be partially dissociated from the sensitized bacteria by alkali, with return of the bacterial surface toward its normal, unsensitized condition.

A carbohydrate yielding on hydrolysis a positive pentose test has been detected in the specific alcohol extracts of acid-fast bacteria studied by Furth and Aronson.27 The tentative suggestion is made that the alcohol-soluble antigens of acid-fast microorganisms may be conjugated lipins owing their specificity to carbohydrate haptenes.

Protective antipneumococcus globulins after heat denaturation have shown behavior in the saline-tricaprylin interface indistinguishable from that of maximally sensitized acid-fast bacteria. This strengthens the evidence suggesting that sensitized bacteria are coated with denatured globulin.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji
Published: June 2004

1. Effects of anticoagulants, heparin and hirudin, on extracorporeal thrombosis were studied in thirty-three experiments by means of the extracorporeal vascular loop. In spite of adequate single doses of the anticoagulants white thrombi are formed and obstruction to flow may follow in the course of time, but the formation of red thrombi is markedly retarded.

2. The new method throws some light on the mechanics of thrombosis. The influences of foreign surfaces, of irregularities on the surface of the vessels, of whirlpools and of eddying motion of the blood current and of slowing and of stagnation with consequent prolonged contact with foreign surfaces are demonstrated, and these are analyzed in respect to the laying down of platelets and leucocytes.

3. The structure of white thrombi formed after anticoagulant injection is almost identical with that described by Welch. In one respect, however, the present results appear to differ from his: the formation of fibrin is postponed and retarded, and hence the collections of platelets are deposited in greater amount.
IMMUNIZATION EXPERIMENTS WITH LECITHIN
Authors: Levene P. A. , Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

In testing several egg lecithin preparations prepared by ourselves it was found that they did not react in complement fixation tests with immune sera made by injections with commercial egg lecithin Merck. With the flocculation method two of the preparations reacted only faintly. Also the brain lecithin and hydrolecithin gave no distinct reactions.

The immunization experiments of Sachs and Klopstock could easily be confirmed when commercial egg lecithin Merck was used for the injections. Immunizations with brain lecithin and hydrolecithin yielded no active sera. With an egg lecithin (No. 1) prepared by us the results were not satisfactory though a great number of injections was made. Only one serum gave reactions of medium strength by complement fixation and in flocculation tests with emulsions of Merck lecithin. It did not react however with the lecithin preparation No. 1 itself. In this respect the results resemble to a certain degree those of Sachs and Klopstock with their lecithin Bohringer immune serum. While the reactions of Merck lecithin were slightly diminished by the removal of cholesterol) addition of cholesterol to the lecithin No. 1 had no marked effect on the complement fixation tests, even when a larger amount was added than that present in the Merck preparation. The cholesterol content of this lecithin therefore does not suffice to account for the difference in the results. It is noteworthy that our lecithin immune serum No. 967 gave complement fixation with emulsions of cholesterol although this substance was not present in the injected material.

There are several plausible explanations for our results. According to one, the production of antibodies for lecithin would depend on certain physicochemical conditions of the emulsion injected or upon the presence of auxiliary substances in the lecithin preparation (cf. Sachs and Klopstock). Another possibility is that the active agent inducing the formation of antibodies is not lecithin itself but some other substance present in the active lecithin preparations. With regard to the latter assumption it may be mentioned that we obtained definite immunization effects from several injections of quantities as little as 0.2 mg. of purified preparations of Forssman's heterogcnetic haptene mixed with pig serum.2

To decide between the alternative explanations, further studies are necessary.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Moise Theodore S. , Smith Arthur H.
Published: June 2004

The effects of the ingestion of diets containing different concentrations of protein on the remaining kidney in adult white rats after a unilateral nephrectomy has been studied.

In the animals on the high protein diet (85 per cent casein), actual glomerular and tubular lesions were observed in the kidneys of animals maintained for 90, 120 and 150 days after nephrectomy.

In the animals on the standard ration, 18 per cent casein, no significant renal lesions were observed within the experimental period.

Spontaneous focal lesions in the kidneys of rats maintained on Sherman's diets "A" and "B" were inconspicuous at the age of 350 days but became progressively more frequent and were commonly observed after 500 days. The animals on the high protein and standard rations were all under 350 days old at the completion of the experiment.

It is suggested that the age factor is of importance in that young animals may have greater powers of adaptation in withstanding the injurious effect of high protein rations.

The animals on the high protein ration excreted definitely larger quantities of protein in the urine, and showed a higher incidence of casts in periods roughly corresponding to those in which anatomic lesions were observed than did the rats on the standard diet.
CELL RESPIRATION STUDIES
Authors: Wilbur Blake C. , Daland Geneva A. , Cohen John
Published: June 2004

A description is given of a closed space respiration apparatus which can be used to determine the amount of gas used or liberated by living blood or tissue cells, or chemical substances. Continuous observations can be made and repeated measurements recorded without interrupting the vital processes or destroying the cells.

Studies of the oxygen consumption by whole blood in normal individuals and in patients with leucocytosis and myelogenous leucemia, as well as by white cells suspended in plasma, will be reported in subsequent papers.
EFFECT OF A FILTERABLE VIRUS (VIRUS III) ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Rivers Thomas M.
Published: June 2004

A study of a malignant disease in rabbits has been made with reference to the presence or absence of a filterable virus, Virus III, in the tumor. The results are analyzed from the standpoint of certain characteristic features of the tumor process in order to determine any differences in degrees of malignancy.

It was found that a more severe disease developed in the series in which the virus-bearing tumor was used than in the series in which the tumor was free of the virus, although the differences were not very marked and were not entirely constant.

The influence of Virus III as a factor affecting malignancy has been discussed from the standpoint of its possible effect upon (α) the tumor cells and (b) the host reaction. It has been suggested that the greater malignancy of the pathological process usually induced by the virus-bearing tumor is attributable to a change in the response of the host to the tumor, which change is of the nature of a decreased resistance associated with the reaction of the host to the virus infection.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE INABILITY TO TRANSMIT A RABBIT NEOPLASM BY CELL-FREE MATERIALS
Authors: Pearce Louise , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

It has not been possible to propagate a malignant neoplasm of the rabbit with cell-free filtrates, or desiccated tumor tissue or by the use of fluid media kept in contact with tumor tissue. These findings confirm the results of previous experiments carried out with early generations of the tumor.

The existence of an agent distinct from the tumor cell which could initiate growth has not been demonstrated.

The experiments bring out an essential biological difference between this mammalian neoplasm which is considered to be of epithelial origin and certain filtrable tumors of fowls which have been classified as sarcomata.
ON A SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF THE CHOLERA VIBRIO
Authors: Landsteiner K. , Levine Philip
Published: June 2004

The investigations described show that it is possible to extract specific substances from V. choleræ by means of hot dilute alcohol. This result cannot be attributed to the presence of bacilli in the extracts as would follow from the statements made by Prausnitz in his criticism of the work of Levaditi.

The original extract contains protein and exhibits antigenic properties. From this preparation an almost protein-free product was obtained. It was fully active in the precipitin test but had lost almost completely the antigenic activity. Accordingly the latter preparation belongs to the class of substances described by Zinsser as residue antigens and studied chemically by Avery and Heidelberger. The fact that the immune sera resulting from the injections of the crude extracts acted upon the non-immunizing precipitable substance indicates that in the crude extract there is present an antigenic complex consisting of protein and the specific substance.

Regarding its chemical nature it follows from the foregoing that the precipitable but non-immunizing substance is not a protein. On hydrolysis it yielded a considerable quantity of sugar although less than that given for the specific carbohydrates of pneumococci and B. friedlænderi. The product contains nitrogen and phosphorus and on hydrolysis a substance of acid character separates from the solution. Accordingly the substance prepared would appear to have either a rather intricate structure or to be a complex carbohydrate, similar to those described by Avery and Heidelberger, but still containing impurities. This issue can probably be decided by further studies.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Fleming William L.
Published: June 2004

Tetanolysin and tetanospasmin possess in common the immunological properties of the group of "antitoxinogens." Both of them are contained in undeteriorated culture fluids of the tetanus bacillus, but each of them represents a distinct and separate antigenic substance. Experimental data illustrating points of difference in their properties are presented in this paper.
AGGLUTINATION BY PRECIPITIN
Authors: Jones F. S.
Published: June 2004

Serum (antigen) when heated at a temperature sufficient to cause definite clouding reacts more intensely with a specific precipitin than a portion of the unheated serum or samples heated at lower temperatures. The phenomenon is explained on the basis that coagulated protein in suspension is covered with undenatured antigen and the addition of precipitin causes agglutination of the coagulated protein. Similar phenomena are obtained when bacteria or collodion particles are mixed with diluted serum (antigen) and precipitin added; the particles or bacteria agglutinate and increase the visibility of the reaction.

Further, it is shown that collodion particles sensitized with cow serum or crystallized egg albumin and subsequently washed until the washing fluid no longer contains the antigenic substance will agglutinate when small quantities of specific precipitin are added. Bacteria sensitized with cow serum and subsequently washed until cow serum no longer remains in the washing solution agglutinate when cow antiserum at fairly low concentration is added. It was not possible to show that bacteria soaked in crystallized egg albumin and subsequently washed retained on their surfaces sufficient undenatured egg albumin to react to crystallized egg albumin precipitin.
ENLARGEMENT OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN EXPERIMENTAL UREMIA
Authors: MacKay Eaton M. , MacKay Lois Lockard
Published: June 2004

The production of an experimental uremia in the albino rat by removal of both kidneys is followed by hypertrophy of the adrenal glands. In the case of male rats 90 days of age this adrenal enlargement amounted to 65 per cent and in the case of female rats 180 days of age 47 per cent.

The increase in the size of the whole gland is due entirely to hypertrophy of the cortex. This increase in the volume of cortical tissue amounted to approximately 40 per cent for males and 61 per cent for females and was due in large part to an increase in the size of the cells.

The content of water and material soluble in fat solvents was higher in the uremic than the control glands. However after subtraction of such storage materials a true hypertrophy of the cortex still remained. It amounted to 21 per cent.

Histologically the stainable fat had a more irregular distribution and was present in lesser amount in the adrenals from the uremic animals. The capillaries of the medulla and reticular cortex were distended. The nuclei of both the cortical and medullary cells were swollen and stained faintly.
EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND BLOOD PRESSURE IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Dominguez R.
Published: June 2004

1. Van Leersum's range for the normal blood pressure in the rabbit, as recorded by his method, is confirmed.

2. Van Leersum's conclusion concerning the influence of a liver diet on the blood pressure of the rabbit is not substantiated by his data, since the fluctuations of blood pressure he obtained do not surpass his own recorded figures for normal animals.

3. Fluctuations of systolic blood pressure beyond the "normal" range are not necessary for the production of experimental atherosclerosis of the aorta in rabbits. Inversely, egg yolk feeding experiments in rabbits in which atherosclerosis of varying degree, even extreme, is obtained, are not accompanied by an elevation of blood pressure outside the "normal" range.

4. The fluctuations of blood pressure observed during experimental atherosclerosis do not simulate the condition of essential hypertension in man.
STUDIES ON STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGE
Authors: Shwartzman Gregory
Published: June 2004

1. The "sludge" phage obtained by Clark and Clark answers all requirements for pronouncing it identical with the classical bacteriophage.

2. The "sludge" phage failed to produce lysis in any of the 102 human pathogenic streptococci tested.

3. Numerous attempts to induce regeneration of various lytic principles by human streptococci resulted in failure.

4. It was possible, however, to "train" erysipelas streptococci to regenerate a lytic principle active against 76 per cent of strains of this group.

5. The erysipelas phage showed remarkable specificity.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

The spontaneous appearance of a second paratyphoid infection in a guinea pig population during the endemic stage of an earlier epidemic is reported. A comparative study of the gross pathology of the two infections indicated a difference in the loci of development of the respective organisms in the animal host. The two types were readily differentiated by direct agglutination with specific immune serums. From its agglutinative affinities the second organism was judged to be an aertrycke type of B. paratyphi.
VARIATIONS IN THE SCOURS TYPE OF BACILLUS COLI FROM THE STANDPOINT OF BACTERIOPHAGIC ACTION
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

1. A lytic agent was not demonstrable in culture filtrates of either the parent or variant type of the scours organism.

2. The parent type was resistant to the action of a "weak" bacteriophage, obtained from the animal host, while the variant type was susceptible.

3. Exposure of the variant type to the scours bacteriophage was attended by agglutination of the cells, marked swelling, and an alteration of the contents prior to lysis.

4. The manifestations of variation which regularly occur on agar plate cultures of the scours organism do not appear to be the result of bacteriophagic stimulation.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Christie Ronald V.
Published: June 2004

1. Experimental evidence is furnished to show that in normal animals the rectal temperature can be elevated by the passage of high frequency currents.

2. During life the intraabdominal and intrathoracic temperatures can be increased only slightly above the rectal temperature.

3. The lung temperature in the anesthetized dog normally lies 0.3–0.4°C. below the rectal temperature. During the passage of diathermy currents of strengths equivalent to those used in therapy this relationship is reversed—the lung temperature exceeding the rectal temperature by about the same value.

4. Immediately after death, the temperature rises abruptly in the deep tissues between the electrodes.

5. For the measurement of deep temperature special thermocouples have been devised. Their method of preparation and mode of use are described.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF DIATHERMY
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Christie Ronald V.
Published: June 2004

1. A method of measuring intravascular temperatures in anesthetized dogs has been described.

2. The temperature in the abdominal aorta is uniform throughout, and varies only with the systemic temperature.

3. The temperature in the inferior vena cava rises as the thermo-couple approaches the heart, reaching its maximum at about the level of the hepatic veins. Between the hepatic veins and the right chambers of the heart there is no further elevation in venous temperature.

4. The temperature of the right heart blood normally exceeds that of the left heart blood by 0.05–0.2°C.

5. During the application of high frequency currents to the thorax, this relationship is reversed.

6. This indicates that the lungs are being heated but that the blood passing through the pulmonary vessels is removing the heat at approximately the rate of production.
THE RÔLE OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM IN IMMUNITY
Authors: Jungeblut C. W.
Published: June 2004

1. The minimum amount of diphtheria toxin which killed normal mice of from 24 to 30 gm. in weight upon intravenous injection, was found to be between 75 and 100 times the M.F.D. for the guinea pig. When given intraperitoneally, the fatal dose for mice was as high as 200 M.F.D.

2. There was no significant difference in the lethal action of diphtheria toxin for normal mice and mice in which an elimination of the reticulo-endothelial system had been attempted by means of blocking injections of India ink, or splenectomy, or a combination of both operations.

3. Attempts to infect normal mice and mice treated as described with large doses of a highly virulent diphtheria strain were unsuccessful with both groups of animals.
THE OXYGEN CONTENT OF THE VENOUS BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

There is a rapid fall in the oxygen content of the venous blood of the dog after upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction. This increased deoxidation is probably due to a combination of several factors.

There is much evidence to suggest that active reducing bodies are present in the blood.
A STUDY OF THE HERING-BREUER REFLEX
Authors: Moore Richmond L.
Published: June 2004

1. Cutting one vagus nerve, while recording the pulmonary ventilation of each lung separately, has no unique effect on the ventilation of the denervated lung. Both lungs respond to unilateral vagotomy by an equivalent slowing and deepening of respiratory movement.

2. When the bronchus to one lung is blocked the first effect is a slowing and deepening of the respiratory movements recorded by the opposite lung. As oxygen want develops these movements become rapid and shallow.

3. With a combination of these two conditions, i.e., when the bronchus to one lung is blocked and its vagus nerve is severed, the pulmonary ventilation recorded by the opposite lung exhibits the same changes as may result from unilateral vagotomy alone, unaccompanied by occlusion of the bronchus.

4. From these facts it may be concluded that the slowing and deepening of breathing which follows unilateral vagotomy does not depend for its occurrence upon the passage of air in and out of the bronchus of the lung whose vagus nerve has been sectioned.

5. The slowing of respirations after occlusion of the bronchus to one lung and section of the corresponding vagus nerve still occurs even though the phrenic nerve on the same side has been divided. This indicates that the slowing of respirations following unilateral vagotomy does not depend on the movements of the diaphragm on the side of vagal section.

6. When the pulmonary artery to one lung has been ligated and the vagus nerve on the same side cut, the response of the other lung is the same as has been described, namely, its respiratory movements become slower and deeper. This is taken as evidence that the results of unilateral vagotomy are not dependent upon an intact pulmonary circulation.

7. The general conclusions from these experiments are that the slowing and deepening of respirations following unilateral vagotomy do not depend upon: (a) Passage of air in and out of the trachea. (b) Expansion and collapse of the lung. (c) Existence of a normal pulmonary circulation in the vagotomized lung. (d) Normal fluctuations in alveolar carbon dioxide tension, (e) Contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm on the side of vagotomy.

8. The slowing and deepening of respirations, alluded to, may be presumed to indicate that a normal reflex (the Hering-Breuer reflex) has been interrupted. Since this interruption occurs in spite of all the conditions enumerated under Paragraph 7, we must conclude that none of these conditions is essential to the existence of this reflex.
THE MECHANISM OF THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
Authors: Abramson Harold A.
Published: June 2004

Observations on the behavior of a frog leucocyte in vivo have led to the conclusion that an adhesive force of at least 10–5 dynes may be offered by one pseudopod. This adhesive force, of one pseudopod, is of the order of magnitude sufficient to cause leucocyte arrest previous to emigration through the capillary wall.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Pritchett Ida W.
Published: June 2004

Thirteen batches of mice from nine different sources were tested for the presence of mouse typhoid bacilli. Individuals from nine of the groups were found to be infected with the B. enteritidis type, four with the paratyphoid B, one with both, and one with neither type. With two exceptions, smooth type colonies alone were found. These results are in conformity with similar observations as reported by others and confirm the general belief that smooth colony types of paratyphoid-enteritidis bacilli prevail throughout the various stages of rodent typhoid infection.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar
Published: June 2004

The experiments described in this paper are part of a larger number which we have been carrying out for the past 2 years. Although they have not entirely fulfilled their purpose, which was to explain the so called "mutation," "dissociation," "Umwandlung," "transformation" process, they have served to formulate a helpful working hypothesis.

Certain difficulties inherent in this kind of study must be recognized. One is that colony formation is a property associated with growth on solid media and any procedure involving the use of fluid media introduces a change which is relatively uncontrolled. Another is that mucoid and rough colony forms are not the only variant types encountered; at best, they may be considered as being the most frequent. Finally, it is apparent to us that the findings reported in this paper with respect to enteritidis organisms do not correspond with those of other species of organisms, especially of the respiratory group which we have studied (1, b). Possibly, however, they apply generally to the typhoid, paratyphoid-enteritidis species.

To summarize, it may be stated that the transformation process in the mouse typhoid enteritidis group is an easily reversible one, controlled in part, at least, by three factors, any of which may conceivably operate under natural conditions: (1) temperature, which, influences the appearance of mucoid forms; (2) fluidity of culture media, which tends to favor rough variants; and (3) bacteriophage, which stimulates the appearance of both variants. Since by manipulating these factors the transformation process may be incited at will in either direction, it is probably not genetic in nature.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar
Published: June 2004

1. During early stages of multiplication, single cells from smooth-, mucoid-, and rough-susceptible and variant colonies show no differences in morphology or growth rate.

2. Cells from 18 to 24 hour single cell cultures of these various colony types possess similar oxygen absorption and cataphoretic migratory rates. In staining property, the cells from mucoid colonies appear larger, and those from rough colonies smaller, than the typical cells from smooth-susceptible colonies.

3. Cells from bacteriophage-resistant colonies differ from those of bacteriophage-susceptible colonies in their ability to multiply luxuriantly in the presence of bacteriophage, and in their tendency to flocculate in acid solutions at pH 3.8 to 4.1, as well as in their low degree of virulence.

4. Cells from smooth bacteriophage-susceptible colonies in contact with bacteriophage under conditions where multiplication is restrained may be altered so as to resemble the cells from the bacteriophage-resistant colonies.

5. These facts furnish evidence that bacteriophage adheres to the surface of the bacterial cell and that the various cell changes and colony alterations are of an environmental rather than genetic nature.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF SPREAD OF B. ENTERITIDIS MOUSE TYPHOID INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T. , Burn Caspar
Published: June 2004

1. Single cell mouse strains of B. enteritidis from smooth-susceptible colonies were, under the various conditions tested, of the same high degree of virulence. 2 year old cultures, strains obtained both in interepidemic and epidemic periods, and "reverted" strains from variant colonies showed the same degree of pathogenicity.

2. Single cell strains from variant smooth, mucoid,and rough phage-resistant colonies were definitely less virulent than the usual smooth-susceptible strains. The loss of virulence in each instance resulted apparently from contact with bacteriophage which rendered the individual cells incapable of multiplication in the animal tissues.

3. A reduction of virulence was induced experimentally when washed cultures of the highly pathogenic smooth-susceptible cells were exposed to bacteriophage and thus rendered incapable of multiplication in the inoculated animals.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Sugg John Y. , Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Diphtheria bacilli possess a heat-labile, endocellular maltase, which retains its activity in sterile solutions of the intracellular substances which are liberated by physical disintegration of the bacterial cells. The proof of the maltase activity and the detection of the hexose products constitute experimental evidence that the living diphtheria bacillus attacks maltose by way of a preliminary hydrolysis.
STUDIES ON THE RELATION BETWEEN TUMOR SUSCEPTIBILITY AND HEREDITY
Authors: Lynch Clara J.
Published: June 2004

Evidence has previously been submitted in favor of the theory that susceptibility to spontaneous tumors of various types is inherited. The question arose whether susceptibility to tumors induced by tar could be shown to be hereditary by experimenting with the same strains of mice which had already been shown to differ significantly in respect to their spontaneous tumor rates.

Two strains of mice were selected for observation. One strain, the Bagg albinos, has a low rate of mammary gland tumors but a higher rate of spontaneous lung tumors. The other strain, No. 1194, agouti, has a higher rate of mammary gland tumors but a lower rate of tumors of the lung. A previous test showed no difference in the percentages of skin tumors which arose after tar painting.

It has already been shown that the difference in the lung tumor rates is mathematically significant. When the two stocks are treated with tar by applying the irritant, not in the same spot, but on different areas successively, the percentage of lung tumors is increased in each stock, Text-fig. 11. The rate of the Bagg albinos increased from 37.04 to 85 per cent, that of Strain 1194 from 6.73 to 22 per cent. But a difference between them is still maintained, and this difference also is significant mathematically.

When the two strains are crossed and the offspring subjected to the tar treatment, the latter give a high percentage of lung tumors—79 per cent in 28 individuals—about the same as the parental high tumor strain. When the F1 sons are backcrossed to the original

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stocks, the cross to the high tumor strain maintains the high tumor rate, 81 per cent in 37 mice, while in the cross to the low tumor strain the percentage drops to 39 per cent in 38 mice. This result indicates that susceptibility to tar-induced tumors in the lung is hereditary. The number of factors concerned has not yet been ascertained. Possibly one or more of them is dominant.

In general, the conception that susceptibility to pulmonary tumors is hereditary seems to be upheld by the fact that the two strains of mice described differ conspicuously in respect to spontaneous tumor rates under ordinary laboratory conditions; the strains differ also under experimental conditions, as described in this report; and when crossed, their offspring by suitable backcrosses, will again show significant differences.
STUDIES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXTRACORPOREAL THROMBOSIS
Authors: Shionoya Takuji
Published: June 2004

The effects of environmental temperature on thrombosis in circulating blood were tested in the extracorporeal loop by the method previously described. Cold (7° to 15°C.) about the collodion tube retards the clotting of circulating blood. Obstruction of the arterial cannula occurs after from 15 to 25 minutes. Heat (40° and 55°C.) tends to hasten clotting; obstruction by red clot takes place after from 4 to 6 minutes and from 2 to 4 minutes, respectively. In the latter case no characteristic thrombus structure may be seen. These results were what might be expected. The formation of white thrombi occurs even under the influence of cold, and they continue to form and grow as long as the circulation continues.

When the carotid artery is partially occluded and the blood stream slowed, after the injection of the anticoagulant, the blood has a tendency to form red thrombi on the foreign surface of the vascular loop. The thrombi are deposited chiefly in the arterial half of the apparatus, especially at the bottom of the arterial end of the collodion tube, just as in the case of Aschoff's sand experiments. In spite of incoagulability of heparinized blood, red clots, with interwoven fibrin bands, are found. Also very tiny white thrombi may form in other parts of the collodion tube.

The effect of complete obstruction of the carotid artery and jugular vein on thrombus formation was studied after the use of anticoagulant. When the carotid artery is obstructed the formation of white thrombi is negligible and sedimentation of erythrocytes and deposition of fibrin appear throughout the apparatus; then the blood, at a standstill, clots very slowly.

When the jugular vein is obstructed, dislodgment of platelet thrombi probably results from the pulsating movement, and sedimentation of erythrocytes follows, forming mixed thrombi. The dislodged white thrombi tend to gather in the bottom of the tubes of the widest caliber, especially in the collodion tube.
THE MECHANISM OF THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS
Authors: Abramson Harold A.
Published: June 2004

1. The velocity of cataphoretic migration of blood cells in plasma and serum is proportional to the potential drop applied.

2. The cataphoretic velocity of red cells, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, small lymphocytes, and large lymphocytes is described for serum and plasma.

3. The relation between the electrokinetic potential of white blood cells and the differences of potential probably existing in injured tissues are correlated quantitatively.

4. This correlation suggests that migration of leucocytes to a point of injury is, in part, dependent upon the electromotive forces at play in the tissues.
LOCAL SPECIFIC THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMOCOCCAL MENINGITIS
Authors: Stewart Fred W.
Published: June 2004

1. In experimental Type I pneumococcal meningitis of dogs central cord involvement is common after the 2nd day of the disease.

2. These central cord lesions may progress toward extensive suppurative myelitis.

3. Abscesses are infrequent; they arise either as direct perivascular extensions of the meningeal disease or at the site of infected purpuric lesions.

4. In prolonged untreated meningitis of reinfected animals, nothing resembling the disappearance of exudate following crisis in pneumonia occurs. The tendency is toward organization.

5. Late lesions are characterized by the marked development of a perivascular clasmatocytic apparatus, similar to, but more extensive than that hitherto reported in experimental herpetic encephalitis.