bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunohistochemistry of the monkey retina with a monoclonal antibody against subunit V of cytochrome c oxidase
Authors: Isashiki Yasushi , Nakagawa Masanori , Higuchi Itsuro
Published: May 2009

Abstract A monoclonal antibody against subunit V of cytochrome c oxidase was newly prepared from purified bovine heart muscle enzyme. This antibody showed cross‐reactivity against the bovine and the human cytochrome c oxidase on Western blot. Cytochrome c oxidase in paraffin embedded sections of monkey retinas and optic nerves was examined immunohistochemically using the monoclonal antibody. The inner segment of cone and rod photoreceptors, the inner nuclear layer and the inner plexiform layer showed marked reactivities. The optic nerve fiber axons also showed high reactivities, with more in the unmyelinated fibers peripheral to the lamina cribrosa. These immunohistochemical results using the antibody are mostly agreeable with previously reported histochemical localization of cytochrome c oxidase activity in the retina, but there were some noticeable differences in the plexiform layers.
Acute optic neuritis with normal visual acuity
Authors: Frederiksen J. L. , Larsson H. B. W. , Ottovay E. , Stigsby B. , Olesen J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract In a prospective study of hitherto 70 patients with acute optic neuritis (ON), 18 patients aged 15–49 years (12 women, 6 men) were diagnosed as having very subtle form of ON (bilateral in 4 patients), characterized by normal visual acuity. However, their symptoms were sudden functional visual disturbances, most frequently blurred vision accompanied by pain in or around the affected eye(s). In 5 patients, the ON was a manifestation of clinically definite multiple sclerosis (MS); the remaining 13 patients had monosymptomatic ON. The duration of visual symptoms ranged from 2 to 28 days (median 7 days) at the time of examination. Although 18 patients had a normal visual acuity, i.e. 6/6 c.c. (Snellen's notation) or better, extensive studies of the visual functions (using sensitive supplementary tests) revealed various abormalities, primarily various visual field defects, abnormal contrast sensitivity, abnormal VEP and colour vision deficiencies (often of blue‐yellow type). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain revealed demyelinating lesions in 10 of the 13 patients with monosymptomatic ON, and in all 5 patients with definite MS. The extended disease spectrum gives reason to hypothesixe that ON may occur more frequently than previously reported, and that the described subtle form of ON could be an unnotified precocious manifestation of the demyelinating disease.
Medulloepithelioma of the ciliary body
Authors: Hausmann N. , Stefani F. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Neuroepithelial tumors of the ciliary body occur more seldom than retinoblastoma. The congenital form is called medulloepithelioma, the adult‐acquired adenoma or adenocarcinoma. Medulloepitheliomas consist of organoid epithelial structures developing anteriorly along surfaces such as the iris. The authors report on a congenital type unusually growing not only anteriorly along the lens, but also posteriorly along the retina's surface causing retinal detachment.
The probability of having glaucoma at different IOP levels
Authors: Davanger Martin , Ringvold Amund , Blika Sigmund
Published: May 2009

Abstract The probability of having glaucoma is indicated by the quotient (number of eyes with glaucoma)/(number of eyes in the total population). This quotient was calculated for each value of IOP. The number of eyes at each IOP value was taken from IOP frequency distribution curves for glaucomatous and normal eyes, calculated from values obtained by a population survey. By plotting the probability of having glaucoma vs IOP, a sigmoid curve was obtained. The curve indicates that while the glaucoma probability is near zero at IOP = 18 mmHg, it is 0.5 at 27–28 mmHg, and the probability approaches 1, i.e. certainty, at an IOP around 35 mmHg. The frequency distribution of the tolerance limit of IOP was calculated by derivation of this curve. The distribution of IOP tolerance limit was close to a normal distribution with average = 27.9 mmHg and standard deviation = 3.2 mmHg.
Influence of glucose, fructose and aldose reductase inhibition on retinal sorbitol metabolism
Authors: Naeser Peter , Brolin Sven E.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The sorbitol shunt has been studied in bovine retinal tissue at incubation times from 1 to 24 h. It was shown that an elevated glucose concentration (22 mM) of the medium was accompanied by a slight increase in sorbitol content already after 3 h. At longer incubation times, but lower glucose concentration (11.1 mM) there was a similar increase. Addition of an aldose reductase (AR) inhibitor prevented the sorbitol increase. Addition of fructose to the medium significantly increased the sorbitol accumulation above the effet seen with glucose alone and this effect was not influenced by the AR inhibitor. Thus the sorbitol concentration in the retina may be increased after a short incubation time and further enhanced by the presence of fructose.
Corneal alkali burn in the rabbit
Authors: Kubota Miyuki , Fagerholm Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract Healing following a standardized central corneal alkali wound was studied morphologically in New Zealand white rabbits up to one year after the initial wound. Clinical examination, light and transmission electron microscopy was performed. The study was focused on how permanent scar tissue formed. Following the penetrating alkali injury, all cells (epithelium, keratocytes and endothelium) in the wound area disappeared. The fibroblasts/keratocytes repopulated an extensively swollen central corneal stroma. Cells and extracellular matrix filled stromal lacunae in an irregular fashion and upon deswelling the lacunae remained as irregularities in the stroma, reducing the transparency. In the periphery of the wound repopulation occurred in a less swollen stroma and normal cytoarchitecture and transparency resumed. It appears that the degree of swelling decides the degree of scar tissue formation in the corneal stroma following alkali wound healing.
Superficial keratectomy with the 193 nm excimer laser:
Authors: Fitzsimmons Thomas D. , Fagerholm Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract Rough corneal surfaces may be smoothed by performing a superficial keratectomy with the 193 nm excimer laser. In order to smooth an irregular surface, a substance must be used during ablation to protect low corneal areas so that high spots are ablated preferentially. A simple, accurate, and reproducible method for modelling various corneal surface irregularities was developed. The technique uses the excimer laser to imprint the patterns of various metallic grids onto the stromal surface. The model was used to facilitate a comparison of three potential smoothing agents: 0.5% tetracaine, 2% hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, and a fluorescein‐containing hyaluronate preparation. Preliminary results indicate that tetracaine may be the most efficacious smoothing agent.
The brightness‐sense comparison in patients with optic nerve hypoplasia
Authors: Zeki Sabah M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The brightness‐sense has been assessed for a cohort of individuals with optic nerve hypoplasia, and for a group of normal subjects. It was found to be signficantly impaired in the worst eye as compared to the fellow eye in patients with asymmetrical bilateral optic nerve hypoplasia. No difference in brightness between the two eyes was perceived in two patients with segmental optic nerve hypoplasia. The brightness‐sense comparison test has not hitherto been applied to patients with optic nerve hypoplasia. The test is simple to use and provides an additional investigative tool for the clinician to detect optic nerve dysfunction.
Migration of rabbit corneal endothelial cells on vitreous strands
Authors: Medin Helge , Davanger Martin
Published: May 2009

Abstract Anterior vitreous synechia, sometimes seen as a complication after anterior segment surgery, has been mimicked in organ culture experiments. A specimen consisting of a cornea with a vitreous strand adhering to the posterior surface has been kept in culture medium for 6 and 12 days. Migration of corneal endothelial cells onto the surface of the vitreous strand started after 6 days, and the surface of the strand was partly or almost totally covered by corneal endothelium after 12 days. At this stage the cells were elongated and directed along the strand. In clinical situations a vitreous strand adhering to the cornea may exert traction on the retina. This traction may be caused by contraction of actin filaments in endothelial cells covering the strand. This experimental model may be used in attempts to modify the behaviour of the cells by pharmacological manipulation.
Unilateral naso‐orbital meningocele and bilateral congenital fistulae of the lacrimal passages
Authors: Akdemir Hidayet , Pasaog̈lu Aydin , Ekinciler Ö. Faruk , Selçuklu Ahmet , Karaküçük Sarper , Öktem I. Suat
Published: May 2009

Abstract Orbital meningocele is the protrusion of a sac containing cerebrospinal fluid into the orbit, through a defect called cranium bifidum. Although the occipital and frontal basis of the cranial cavity constitute the two most frequent localizations, this pathology may rarely be located in the naso‐orbital region. Other developmental anomalies of the eyes may accompany the anomalies of the bony orbit. The case described in the present paper had a right naso‐orbital meningocele associated with bilateral fistulae of the lacrimal passages which represents a very rare condition.
Vision and visual disability in the daily life of a representative population sample aged 82 years
Authors: Bergman Birgitta , Sjöstrand Johan
Published: May 2009

Abstract A representive population sample (n = 203) aged 82 years was studied to determine the prevalence of impaired vision and visual disability in a cohort previously investigated at the age of 70 years. Visual impairments and disabilities were generally most marked among the non‐ambulatory subjects. In the ambulatory group (n = 160) 54% had VA > 0.8 and 8% VA < 0.3. Near vision was also markedly better in this group. About 90% of the ambulatory cases could read J2 or better, read books and watch TV. Statistical analysis showed no sex difference with respect to visual ability for ambulatory subjects. Subjects with a wide range of distance VA were able to read J1 and J2, whereas only one ambulatory patient with J4 or worse had a distance VA above 0.3. To watch TV and manage most of the everyday activities a distance VA of 0.4–0.5 was required. To read newspapers and books a near vision of J2 was needed and for the telephone book J1 was needed. Improvements of near vision obtained by a change of own glasses were small. Hobby and household work proved less dependant on vision. The subjects showed a fairly realistic view of their visual capability, and distance VA was a valuable predictor of visual ability and disability. —
Spatial uncertainty in stereoacuity tests: Implications for clinical vision test design
Authors: Lindblom Bertil , Westheimer Gerald
Published: May 2009

Abstract In an attempt to design a new stereo vision test we found that the spatial uncertainty effect had substantial impact on the measured stereo acuity thresholds. This effect is present whenever there is uncertainty of where the critical information occurs in a visual target. We studied the spatial uncertainty effect for stereo acuity and for line length estimation. In addition, we determined the temporal uncertainty effect in a stereoacuity test. In foveal vision, uncertainty effects increased visual thresholds, sometimes dramatically. For example, for an uncertainty factor of 25 (i.e., the critical information occurred randomly in any of 25 positions) stereo thresholds increased more than four‐fold compared to those obtained without uncertainty. Although the uncertainty effect has been well described theoretically, we think that it is not always appreciated in the design of clinical or experimental visual tests. In tests aimed at determining visual thresholds, spatial and temporal uncertainty factors should be minimized.
Risk factor analysis for atrophic and exudative age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Vinding T. , Appleyard M. , Nyboe J. , Jensen G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract The relationship between age‐related macular degeneration and cardiovascular risk factors and certain life‐style factors, collected in the Copenhagen City Heart Study (1981–83), was studied by multiple logistic regression analysis. The ophthalmological study sample comprised 1000 randomly selected persons aged 60 to 80 years. Separate analyses were made for the atrophic and the exudative forms of age‐related macular degeneration. Among all the possible risk factors analysed, only three factors were significantly associated with macular degeneration. Age was associated with both atrophic and exudative macular degeneration (P<0.01). Among smokers who inhaled, the risk of atrophic maculopathy was 2.5 times higher than among non‐smokers (P<0.01), whereas the use of hypnotics increased the risk of exudative maculopathy by 3.4 times (P<0.01).
Exfoliation syndrome and heparin surface modified intraocular lenses
Authors: Zetterström Charlotta , Lundvall Anna , Olivestedt Göran
Published: May 2009

Abstract Either heparin surface modified (HSM) or regular polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) intraocular lenses (IOLs) were implanted after extracapsular cataract extraction in 40 human eyes with exfoliation syndrome in a double‐masked, randomized study. The patients were investigated preoperatively, and then 1 day, 1 week, 3, 6 and 12 months postoperatively. In eyes implanted with the HSM IOL, 26% had a fibrinoid reaction anterior to the IOL, while this complication was found in 50% of eyes implanted with the regular IOL. Pigment and cell deposits were more frequent on the regular IOLs than on the HSM lenses postoperatively. Posterior synechia formation between the iris and the implant or lens capsule was more common in the eyes with regular IOL compared to HSM IOL. No difference in visual acuity between the two groups was found either before or after surgery. The results suggest that in eyes with exfoliation syndrome, a heparin surface modified IOL reduces clinical complications associated with cataract surgery.
Keratoconus in the mentally retarded
Authors: Haugen Olav H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Among 212 institutionalized mentally retarded, there were 16 patients with keratoconus (7.5%). Eight of the keratoconus cases were unilateral. The possible role of eye rubbing as well as other etiological factors are discussed.
Vitreofoveal traction syndrome in the young
Authors: Sihota R. , Paul A. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Young patients with sub‐optimal visual acuity and no obvious ophthalmic pathology were found to complain of a ‘shadow’ or decreased brightness, with no metamorphopsia, at the point of regard, suggesting a pathology anterior to the neuroepithelium of the retina. Examination of fourteen such patients with a fundus contact lens revealed a focal vitreo‐foveal detachment in eleven patients. Nine patients had a white plaque attached to this detachment, with a corresponding visible loss of superfical retinal tissue in one case. One patient had minute lamellar holes bilaterally. We feel that tenuous attachments of the vitreous body to the fovea could exert traction on the vitreo‐retinal interface or shrinkage of a fibrocellular membrane on the inner foveal surface could lead to the observations made by us. The diagnosis of such lesions could be used to determine the cause of a sudden loss of vision in young patients, preventing the needless use of expensive and invasive investigations.
Bilateral optic atrophy in Kenny's syndrome
Authors: Fernández G. Rebolleda , Negrete F. J. Muñoz , Martín B. Garcia , Lozano C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract We present a 12‐year‐old girl with Kenny‐Caffey syndrome and bilateral optic atrophy. The results of testing in this patient and the ocular findings in the 25 previously reported cases with Kenny‐Caffey syndrome are reviewed. This is the first case with such an association in the literature to date.
Quantitative layer‐by‐layer perimetry adapted to the Humphrey Field Analyzer
Authors: Bek Toke
Published: May 2009

Abstract In this paper the practical applicability of a new design of quantitative layer‐by‐layer perimetry is confirmed by studying centre‐surround interaction produced by sustained surround stimulation in preliminary trials on four normal individuals. The results are discussed in relation to established laws for retinal light perception, and some practical aspects of the employed test design and the chosen test variables are discussed.
Scotopization and pseudoprotanomaly in blue‐yellow colour vision defects
Authors: Pinckers A. , Marré M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract With a routine clinical colour vision test battery we found scotopization in 32% of retinal diseases presenting with pseudoprotanomaly as sign of an acquired type III blue‐yellow colour vision defect. In blue‐yellow colour vision defects of retinal origin scotopization is a transient phenomenon, present in early stages of the disease, but it is not an obligatory finding. There is no evident relationship between visual acuity and scotopization.
Immunofluorescence localization of cystatins in human lacrimal gland and in the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat
Authors: Takahashi Masayo , Honda Yoshihito , Ogawa Kazuo , Barka Tibor
Published: May 2009

Abstract Cystatins are widely distributed natural inhibitors of cysteine proteinase. They occur both intra and extracellularly in various cells and tissue fluids including tears. Using an immunofluorescence technique with antibodies against rat cystatin S, an inhibitor of submandibular gland origin, cystatin‐like immunoreactive material was demonstrated in the acinar cells of the exorbital lacrimal gland of the rat. Administration of the cholinergic agonist carbachol caused a depletion of cystatin from the acinar cells. This depletion was followed by a partial restitution in 6–8 h. Administration of the β‐adrenergic agonist isoproterenol for 4 days, which caused a marked hypertrophy of the submandibular gland, had no effect on the structure, weight, or cystatin content of the exorbital lacrimal gland. After such treatment, however, single large cells with intense staining for cystatin were encountered. Cystatin‐like immunoreactive material was also demonstrated in human lacrimal gland using antibodies against human cystatin S. These data suggest the notion that tear cystatins are secreted by the lacrimal glands.
Topical anesthesia and adjustable sutures in strabismus surgery
Authors: Klyve Per , Nicolaissen Bjørn
Published: May 2009

Abstract Our experience with the use of topical anesthesia and adjustable sutures in a one‐stage operation for treatment of strabismus is discussed, and selected cases are presented. In addition to using the method in recession, we have also developed a method for using adjustable sutures in resection of muscles. We have also found the method useful in reoperations and in operations on paretic muscles.
Weighting according to location in computer‐assisted glaucoma visual field analysis
Authors: Åsman Peter , Heijl Anders
Published: May 2009

Abstract In recent years several aids for automated interpretation of visual field data have been suggested. We believed that incorporation of thorough knowledge of normal visual field variability would allow improvements in the performance of such aids since more attention would be paid to field results in areas with low physiological variability. Two visual field models for classification of fields in glaucoma based on comparisons of sensitivity values in the upper and lower hemifields and on analysis of test point clusters with diminished sensitivity were compared. Both models were constructed using logistic regression analysis in 101 normal eyes and 101 eyes with glaucoma. The first, more traditional model assumed Gaussian distributions of deviations from age‐corrected normal thresholds and constant variability across the field (non‐weighted model). The second model took into account empirically determined variability of pointwise threshold results and of cluster volumes in various visual field regions (weighted model). The two models were subsequently tested on an independent material of 163 normal eyes and 76 eyes with glaucoma. The weighted model gave significantly better classification of the fields in both materials. Accounting for physiological threshold variability can offer significant advantages in the construction of perimetric analysis aids for detection of glaucoma.
Phosphonoformate (foscarnet, PFA) versus trifluorthymidine in the treatment of keratitis dendritica in the human
Authors: Behrens‐Baumann W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract Twenty patients with dendritic keratitis were treated in a double‐blind analysis study with either phosphonoformate 3% or trifluorthymidine 1% drops. Nineteen cases were virologically confirmed. Follow‐up was performed until closure of the corneal lesion was registered and a pair comparison between both substances was made. Healing time was longer for phosphonoformate (7.16 days) than for trifluorthymidine (5.83 days). There was no significant difference between phosphonoformate and trifluorthymidine. One drug failure was registered in each series. No side effects were observed.
Recurrent choroidal detachment following timolol therapy in previously filtered eye
Authors: Geyer Orna , Neudorfer Meira , Lazar Moshe
Published: May 2009

Abstract A 64‐year‐old patient with open‐angle glaucoma was treated with timolol following two unsuccessful filtering procedures. While on timolol therapy, she deveolped three episodes of choroidal detachment, hypotony and shallow anterior chamber. These findings resolved upon cessation of timolol and reappeared on 3 occasions shortly after reinstitution of the beta blocker therapy.
Visual impairment in Nordic children
Authors: Riise R. , Flage T. , Hansen E. , Rosenberg T. , Rudanko S.‐L. , Viggosson G. , Warburg M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract.A Nordic study group of ophthalmologists, NORDSYN, has compiled data from registers in Denmark, Finland, Iceland and Norway of 2527 visually impaired children. Each record contains the following information: sex, year of birth, year of registration, classification of visual impairment, ocular diagnosis, systemic diagnosis, aetiology and evt. additional impairments. The ocular diagnoses were compiled into groups, and coding systems for aetiology and additional impairment were developed. The sex distribution revealed a dominance of males compared to the general population at the same age. Cases with non‐genetic aetiology showed — though to a lesser extent — the same relative preponderance of males. The diseases in males caused by x‐linked genetic factors do, therefore, not fully explain the sex distribution observed in the study. The national prevalences for registration of childhood blindness (WHO‐definition: best corrected visual acuity in the best eye less than 3/60 or visual field less than 10 degrees around fixation for the ages 0–15 years) are per 100 000 child‐population aged 0–15 years: Denmark 41, Finland 15, Iceland 19 and Norway 15. The differences are primarily presumed to be due to varying efficiency in registration. The proportion of visually impaired children with an additional mobility, hearing or mental impairment is between one‐third and one‐half of the national materials, thus indicating the need for interdisciplinary tracing of and care for the visually impaired child. This study documents the need of uniform routines for data classification of visually impaired children. The quality of the data in the present study calls for caution in the interpretation of the prevalence estimates. Incidence studies are being prepared to obtain information on whether the amount and causes of visual impairment in children with or without multiple impairments are changing.
Ferning test in Down's syndrome
Authors: Filipello M. , Scimone G. , Cascone G. , Zagami A. , Pantaleoni G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The tear film was evaluated by the ferning test. We tested tear film in right and left eye on 28 subjects (total 56 eyes), of whom 14 were affected by Down's syndrome, age range 18 to 35 years. The results obtained show that there exists an alteration of the tear ferning in subjects affected by Down's syndrome. We did not find any difference between the right or left eye in each individual. This anomaly could be responsible for frequent infectious pathologies found in the anterior eye segment in these subjects.
Congenital glaucoma resulting from a chromosomal translocation
Authors: Gustavson Karl‐Henrik , Berggren Lennart , Svedberg Björn , Törnquist Per
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A boy with congenital glaucoma, mental retardation and dysmorphic features is described. Chromosome analyses revealed two different, apparently balanced translocations; between the long arms of chromosomes 2 and 10 as well as between the long arms of chromosomes 8 and 12; 46,XY t(2;10)(q33;q26)pat, t(8;12) (q24;q21). The healthy father of the patient had the same balanced translocation between the long arms of chromosomes 2 and 10; 46,XY, t(2;10)(q33;q26).
The association between HLA B5 and ocular involvement in Behçet's disease in southern Turkey
Authors: Soylu Merih , Ersöz T. Reha , Erken Eren
Published: May 2009

Abstract HLA B5 plays an important role in the aetiology of Behçet's disease. The frequency of HLA B5 differs between racial groups and geographical regions. Ocular involvement, which could lead to serious complications, is a very important feature of Behçet's disease. Various racial groups having different genetic properties live in the Čukurova region, located in southern Turkey. To investigate the role of HLA B5 in Behçet's disease in Čukurova region, HLA B5 antigens were investigated by lymphocytotoxicity assay in 65 patients and 200 healthy controls. A significantly higher frequency was found in the patient group. Neither ocular involvement, nor the type of uveitis showed any correlation with HLA B5, but it was found that patients presenting with frequent ocular attacks had significantly higher HLA B5 positivity than the patients with rare attacks. This observation suggests that HLA B5 would be a negative factor in visual prognosis in Behçet's disease.
Changes in the soluble protein of the human vitreous in vitreoretinal disease
Authors: Sjöstrand Johan , Karlsson Jan‐Olof , Andersson Ann‐Katrin
Published: May 2009

Abstract Samples of the vitreous were analysed in order to identify changes of soluble proteins in vitreo‐retinal disease. The soluble proteins of the vitreous were separated on an anion exchange column (Mono‐Q). The degree of neutral proteolytic activity in vitreous body was also measured. The vitrous from cataract cases without vitreoretinal disease was characterized by its low content of soluble proteins equivalent to about 1% of that of serum. Albumin and transferrin were the major identified components and their concentrations were approximately 0.85 and 0.03 g/l, respectively. In cases with vitreoretinal disease the vitrous showed changes of total soluble protein and the appearance of additional protein peaks. In patients with PVR the albumin concentration in the vitreous was found to be three times higher as compared to the control group consisting of patients with cataract. Neutral proteolytic activity in the vitreous was relatively low in both normal and pathological vitreous.
The incidence of complications associated with retrobulbar injection of anaesthetic for ophthalmic surgery
Authors: Ruben Simon
Published: May 2009

Abstract A retrospective study of the incidence of complications associated with the use of retrobulbar injections was carried out on a sample of 1083 consecutive patients. The overall incidence of retrobulbar haemorrhage (1.3%) compared favourably with previous reports, but was found to be related to the experience of the surgeon. None of the more serious ocular complications of retrobulbar injection occurred in this sample. The relative safety of this technique is discussed.
Enterococcal endophthalmitis following cataract extraction, treated with ampicillin intravitreally
Authors: Ejdervik‐Lindblad Birgitta , Lindberg Marlene , Håkansson Else‐Britt
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of Enterococcal endophthalmitis developed following an extracapsular cataract extraction. The infection was successfully treated with intravenous and intravitreal ampicillin, but a secondary glaucoma led to a later enucleation. We report a case of postoperative endophthalmitis with an unusual etiology, which did not respond to common treatment.
Traumatic globe luxation
Authors: Zengin Nazmi , Karakurt Ahmet , Gültan Eser , Kural Gülcan
Published: May 2009

Abstract A case of globe luxation which followed a relatively slight trauma is presented. The luxation was accompanied by laceration of the conjunctiva in this case. After achieving reposition in the emergency room, the patient underwent a surgical exploration of extraocular muscles and conjunctival fornices where many eyelashes were removed. The clinical features and management of globe luxation is discussed, importance of surgical exploration is emphasized.
The effect of sodium cromoglycate eyedrops compared to the effect of terfenadine on acute symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
Authors: Leino Markku , Carlson Christer , Kilkku Olavi , Kumpulainen Tuula , Kyrönpalo‐Kauppinen Sinikka , Laaka Ville , Norio Matti , Valtola Jorma
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A multicentre, group comparative open study was carried out on 68 patients to compare the effects of 2% sodium cromoglycate eyedrops and an oral antihistamine, terfenadine, on acute symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. The study was continued for one week after the onset of acute symptoms. Both medications were equally efficient in reducing symptoms during the first hour of observation. During the one‐week follow‐up both medications reduced symptoms to a low level, and both medications were equally effective for allergic symptoms, except that terfenadine was more effective in reducing the watering of eyes.
A classification for dry eyes following comparison of tear thinning time with Schirmer tear test
Authors: Farrell J. , Grierson D. J. , Patel S. , Sturrock R. D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In a double‐blind study a non‐invasive method of examining the stability of the precorneal tear film was used to record tear thinning time on a population of 34 independently diagnosed dry eye patients. The results were compared with those for tear output, as inferred from the standard Schirmer tear test, and a correlation coefficient of 0.20 determined. The mean tear thinning time and Schirmer results for the population sample were 6.87 ± 2.97 sec, and 5.62 ± 5.69 mm wetting in 5 min, respectively. From a plot of tear thinning time against Schirmer a simple classification for dry eyes can be made. A Type A with normal tear stability and low output accounting for 14.70% of the dry eyes. A Type B with low tear stability and normal output, also accounting for 14.70% of the dry eyes. A Type C with low stability (less than 9.84 sec), and low output (less than 11.31 mm wetting in 5 min) accounting for 70.60% of the dry eyes.
Corneal epithelial healing under contact lenses
Authors: Mauger Thomas F. , Hill Richard M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. The rate of corneal epithelial healing was determined as a function of the oxygen level present at the tear‐cornea interface. Oxygen levels of 1.77, 2.3, 5.3, 8.55, 10.12, and 16.45% were created over the rabbit cornea with tarsorrhaphy and various contact lenses. Full depth epithelial defects of 4.5 mm diameter were created in 6 animals for each test condition with the fellow eye serving as a control and healing in air (21.09% oxygen). The defect (radius) was measured at 24‐h intervals until healing occurred. Statistically significant (p < 0.05, paired Student t‐test) delays in healing were found with oxygen levels of 8.55% and below. These delays were most profound over the initial 24 h. The healing rate with tarsorrhaphy, at the 1.77% oxygen level, over the first 24 h was 5.2 μm/h radius, only 15.2% of the paired control, 34.0 μm/h radius, healing in air (21.09% oxygen). Healing rates over the initial 24 h under contact lenses allowing 2.3, 5.3, 8.55, 10.12, and 16.45% oxygen were 6.1, 23.5, 26.5, 43.0, and 45.0 μm/h in radius, respectively.
Reactive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) by corneal endothelial cells
Authors: Zagórski Z. , Naumann G. O. H.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Results of experimental and histopathological studies of reactive production of extracellular matrix by corneal endothelial cells are summarized and evaluated. In anterior synechiae, epithelial ingrowth and a chronic corneal ulcer extracellular matrix was produced not only toward Descemet's membrane but also on the normally free endothelial cell surface. In some cases of anterior synechiae and cystic epithelial ingrowth, after partial separation of the new layer of extracellular matrix, recovery and regeneration of endothelial cells was possible. In diffuse epithelial invasion, extracellular matrix facilitated at the beginning the progression of epithelium over endothelium, putatively serving as a substrate; however, in longer‐standing invasions endothelial cells degenerated and died. Reactive production of extracellular matrix may represent a defensive mechanism of endothelium threatened by foreign cells, tissues or materials.
Amino acid incorporation in cell cultures from eyes with pseudo‐exfoliation material
Authors: Nicolaissen B. , Ringvold A. , Næss O.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Conjunctival tissue was removed from eyes with and without pseudo‐exfoliation material during cataract surgery. Cells derived from these samples were maintained in vitro. Confluent cultures were examined by transmission electron microscopy, and non‐confluent as well as confluent cultures were examined for their ability to incorporate 3H‐leucine and 3H‐proline into TCA‐precipitated material. Cells derived from both types of samples showed deposition of extracellular matrix, and a similar incorporation of the two amino acids. It is concluded that in vitro studies allow examination of basic metabolic patterns under varying conditions, and also a search for possible differences in such functions between tissues with and without production of pseudo‐exfoliation material.
Trends in cataract surgery in Milan (Italy) from 1956 to 1987
Authors: Miglior Stefano , Nicolosi Alfredo , Marighi Paola E. , Migliavacca Luca , Balestreri Cristiana , Troiano Pasquale , Miglior Mario , Orzalesi Nicola
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In order to test whether the mean age at cataract surgery has changed over the course of the last 30 years, a hospital series of 5443 patients undergoing cataract extraction between 1956 and 1987 is reviewed. All cases attended the same University Eye Clinic of Milan and most were resident in the same geographical area. Cases with macular or optic nerve diseases were excluded. Results show that mean age at cataract surgery progressively increased from 67.5 to 71.5 years (slope = + 0.096 years of age per year, p = 0.0001) as did visual acuity at surgery (patients with visual acuity levels ≥1/10 at time of cataract surgery rose from 3.2% to 47.9%). These results can be interpreted in terms of a change in age composition of the Italian population, improved access to health services for the elderly, and an improvement in surgical and rehabilitation techniques.
Results and evaluation of high volume intracapsular cataract surgery in Nepal
Authors: Hennig A. , Shrestha S. P. , Foster Allen
Published: May 2009

Abstract.One thousand intracapsular cataract extractions were performed by two ophthalmologists over a 57‐day period at Lahan Eye Hospital in Nepal. Ninety‐nine per cent of eyes had a visual acuity of less than 3/60 at surgery. Ninety‐eight per cent of eyes achieved a visual acuity of 3/60 or better with aphakic spherical correction at discharge, of which 69% had a visual acuity of 6/36 or better. In 314 eyes seen at 1‐month follow‐up, 88% achieved 6/18 or better with full aphakic correction. The surgical time averaged less than 10 min and the cost of disposables less than £1 per operation.
Arguments for a vascular glaucoma etiology
Authors: Sonnsjö B. , Krakau C. E. T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. A material of Open Angle Glaucoma (G) collected by an eye practitioner (B S) from 1980 to 1991 is analysed with special respect to the occurrence of disc haemorrhages (Hs) and retinal vein occlusions (VOs). There is a close association between Hs and VOs and G, which in all categories increases with increasing follow‐up time. Furthermore, the occurrence of mixed cases ‐ H in one eye and VO in the same or the other ‐ support the opinion that Hs, branch vein occlusions and central vein occlusions are manifestations of the same vascular disease, the difference between them being the size of the vessel affected. The well known morphological changes in the retinal veins of glaucomas and in central vein occlusions are endothelial proliferations causing progressive increase of flow resistance. Similar changes most probably also cause branch occlusions and disc haemorrhages. The vascular affection which obstructs the vessels with hindrance of the blood flow and impaired nutrition of neuronal tissue, might be the primary cause of glaucoma.
Perimetric point density and detection of glaucomatous visual field loss
Authors: Heijl Anders
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Eighty‐three patients with high risk ocular hypertension were followed between 9 and 120 months with computerized threshold perimetry every three months in a prospective clinical study. Twenty eyes developed definite glaucomatous visual field defects. Analysis of these cases showed that definite field loss was preceded by increased variability of measured threshold values. Already at this early stage up to the time when a definite diagnosis of field loss first could be made, was, in all eyes, the disturbed area large enough to cover several test locations in the standard test point pattern used during the study. The results indicate that test point density of standard central field automated threshold tests is entirely sufficient, and that early field loss is unlikely to be extremely focal in nature and able to escape detection between tested points. While early recognition of glaucomatous field loss obviously is facilitated by access to large amounts of threshold data, the current results imply that test point density is usually not a limiting factor, but that testing an eye twice using the same standard test point pattern might be as effective as if two interlocking grids were used.
Differences of retinal nerve fiber layer thickness between normal and glaucoma‐like optic disks (physiological cups) Matched by optic disk area
Authors: Peigne Guillaume , Schwartz Bernard , Takamoto Takenori
Published: May 2009

Abstract. We matched by disk area size 23 eyes of patients with glaucoma‐like disks (physiological cups) with normal ocular pressures and no visual field loss with 23 eyes of normal subjects. Using stereophotogrammetry we found a significant decrease in retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in the eyes with glaucoma‐like disks compared to the normal eyes (P=0.0081), especially in the nasal quadrant (18.1%). A similar significant decrease was noted in the neuroretinal rim area and a significant increase in cup volume, area, depth and slope for the total disk and its quadrants. The use of computerized image analysis also showed a significant increase in pallor area for glaucoma‐like disks compared to normal disks. Eyes with glaucoma‐like disks or physiological cups showed evidence of an optic neuropathy and may be manifesting the same damage to the optic nerve occurring in high pressure open angle glaucoma.
The effect of betaxolol and timolol on postoperative intraocular pressure
Authors: Vuori Marja‐Liisa , Ali‐Melkkilä Timo
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) elevation is a well documented phenomenon after cataract surgery. Many pharmacological agents have been used to prevent this complication. We conducted a randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study to evaluate the effect of topical betaxolol and timolol on postoperative IOP after extracapsular cataract extraction and intraocular lens implantation. One hundred and twenty patients were randomly divided into three groups. At the end of the operation, the patients were given one drop of 0.5% betaxolol, 0.5% timolol or placebo solution into the lower cul‐de‐sac of the operated eye. IOP was measured preoperatively and five and twenty‐four h postopratively. There was a significant rise in IOP in the placebo and betaxolol groups but not in the timolol group five h postoperatively. IOP was significantly higher in all groups twenty‐four h after the operation than preoperatively. Betaxolol did not have any significant effect on the postoperative IOP, but timolol was effective in preventing the early IOP rise. The differences in the antagonist effects of these drugs and the possible role of ß2‐receptors in mediating the aqueous humour flow are discussed.
Cataract surgery Computer‐based registration and analysis of data
Authors: Drolsum Liv , Davanger Martin , Haaskjold Erling
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Consecutive registration, rapid retrieval and relevant analysis of information about cataract patients were obtained by applying a data form. The form was designed to be used with a statistical computer program (SPSS/PC). Data describing cataract cases, operations and postoperative controls were recorded. The information is contained in 76 variables, each with up to 10 alternative answers. The main advantages are the opportunity for quality control and clinical research. As an example, an analysis of the pre‐ and postoperative visual acuity is presented. Originally, the material consisted of 969 eyes, and of these, 948 eyes were available for follow‐up. The postoperative corrected visual acuity was 5/5 or better in 57.2% of the eyes. In 80.4% of the eyes a visual acuity better than 5/10 was achieved. The main cause of postoperative visual acuity less than 5/8.5 was age‐related macular degeneration (115 eyes). This maculopathy was recognized preoperatively in 76 eyes.
Simultaneous occurrence of primary choroidal and cutaneous malignant melanoma and skin metastasis
Authors: Eide Nils , Foerster Arnold
Published: May 2009

Abstract. This case report describes the clinical and his‐topathological findings in a 65‐year‐old woman enucleated for a malignant choroidal melanoma. Simultaneously, an excision was performed of a cutaneous melanoma together with a satellite nodule presumed to be a metastasis from the cutaneous, superficial spreading melanoma. Six months later, chemotherapy for liver metastasis was given without effect. There were no signs of dysplastic nevus syndrome. A 39‐year‐old cousin, however, had been enucleated for a malignant choroidal melanoma. This sporadic case might suggest a common etiologic factor in the pathogenesis of multicentric melanomas.
Colour vision in diabetic patients after photocoagulation treatment
Authors: Mäntyjärvi Maija
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Colour vision of 60 diabetic patients (60 eyes) was studied after photocoagulation treatment in 1986–87. For the follow‐up study 5 years later in 1991–92, 32 of the patients were available. The ages of the patients in the follow‐up study varied from 28 to 64 years, the duration of diabetes from 19 to 35 years, the amount of laser spots from 200 to 3174, and the visual acuity from 0.4 to 1.0. As colour vision tests, the Standard Pseudoisochromatic Plates part 2, Lanthony Tritan Album, Farnsworth Panel D 15, and box III of the Farnsworth‐Munsell 100 hue test were used. Of the 32 eyes, 22 (68.8%) had the same results in the colour vision tests, 4 (12.5%) had better results, and 6 (18.8%) had worse results than 5 years earlier. Between Group 1 (colour vision the same or better than 5 years earlier, 26 eyes) and Group 2 (colour vision worse than earlier, 6 eyes) there was a significant difference in the age and in the level of the visual acuity of the patients. The changes in the lens, fundus or visual acuity during 5 years did not seem to have an effect in colour vision.
Human basic tear fluid osmolality
Authors: White Katherine M. , Benjamin William J. , Hill Richard M.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Osmolalities of 200 human tear prism fluid samples collected from two subjects were determined from their melting‐point temperatures with the Clifton Nanoliter Osmometer by calibration with 200 standard solution samples (290 mOsm/kg). Comparisons were made between tear fluid osmolalities obtained using a single‐sample simultaneous‐recalibration method: 1) for tear samples collected using finely‐drawn microcapillaries without biomicroscopy, vs secondly with biomicroscopic observation by illumination of only the sampling area on the inferior tear prism, the two collections separated by an interval of 10 min; and 2) for samples collected without biomicroscopy before, vs after a 10‐min interval. Tear fluid collection using a biomicroscope resulted in values that were significantly lower than those collected without (overall mean = 299.5 and 306.6 mOsm/kg, respectively; p <0.0001). The difference (7.1 mOsm/kg) may have resulted from mechanical, photic, and/or psychogenic reflex stimulation due to biomicroscopy, as the 10‐min interval had no osmotic effect on samples collected without biomicroscopy. Based on these results from two subjects, we suggest that relatively rapid, repetitive collections of human tear prism fluid can be made without significantly disturbing the osmotic outcome. However, physiological representation of basic human tear fluid is more accurate by avoidance of reflex‐inducing collection methods that were formerly considered unobtrusive. Basic human tear prism fluid is more hypertonic, by at least 7 mOsm/kg, than generally realized.
Immunoglobulins in granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I
Authors: Møller H. U. , Bojsen‐Møller M. , Schrøder H. D. , Nelson M. E. , Vegge T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract. Three patients with granular corneal dystrophy Groenouw type I underwent corneal grafting, and cryostat sections of the corneal buttons were examined immunohistochemically for immunoglobulins. Positive results were obtained for IgG, Kappa‐, and Lambda chains with immunofluorescence technique. The reactions were seen exclusively in the same localizations as the Masson trichrome positive deposits.
Hypertonic saline test for ophthalmic nerve impairment
Authors: Mandahl Agneta
Published: May 2009

Abstract. In order to compare the accuracy of methods for testing ocular surface sensitivity (e.g. function of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve) three different methods were compared in patients with unilateral acoustic neurinomas. The three methods 1) hypertonic (3%) saline in the conjunctival sac (apparently not previously described in the literature) 2) esthesiometer (Cochet & Bonnet) touching of the cornea, and 3) touching the cornea with a cotton wool wisp, was found to reveal reduced ocular surface sensitivity on the neurinoma side in 50% (hypertonic saline), 23% (esthesiometer) and 14% (cotton wool wisp) of cases, respectively. With McNemar's test for comparing test methods the 3% saline test proved significantly more sensitive than the cotton wool wisp test (p <0.05), but not significantly more sensitive than the esthesiometer test (p> 0.10). The advantage of the 3% saline test, apart from its high sensitivity, is that it does not require sterilization of any equipment as is the case for the esthesiometer nor, in contrast to the methods using corneal or conjunctival touch, does it require perfect visual control by means of a magnifying glass in order to be performed accurately, and it is not affected by visual stimuli. It should therefore be the preferred test of assymetry in ophthalmic nerve function.