bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Workshop of the World
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

This chapter describes the rapid growth of Chinese manufacturing since 1979 and its increasing share of global industrial output. It analyses the factors that have made the manufacturing sector so competitive internationally considering the role of wages and productivity, economies of scale and scope, the exchange rate, and government subsidies. The chapter highlights several characteristics of China’s manufactured exports including the significant role played by foreign firms, the high levels of import content (although this has been declining over time) and technological upgrading. These characteristics reflect the integration of China into a regional production network in East Asia. It concludes with a discussion of the ways in which China expansion has helped reduce the prices of manufactured goods and has affected the manufacturing production and exports of other countries.
The World’s Wallet?
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

China’s economic success has led to the accumulation of the world’s largest foreign exchange reserves. The chapter discusses the role played by Chinese sovereign wealth funds in reinvesting reserves abroad as well as the growth of foreign lending by the Chinese banks and the expansion of export credit, with particular attention to the activities of the China Development Bank and the China Exim Bank. Chinese aid has been particularly controversial with widely differing claims regarding the volume of aid that China gives. The chapter discusses the scale of aid and the key features of the way in which Chinese aid is organized. The chapter identifies the main drivers of Chinese financial flows distinguishing between the different types of financial flows. It concludes with a discussion of the wider implications of the growth of Chinese finance for development finance and the access of countries which have been marginalized by traditional lenders.
China’s Economic Expansion in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. It highlights the way in which these are sometimes combined in resources-for-infrastructure deals. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships including state and non-state actors on both the Chinese and African sides. The chapter then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in SSA. It also addresses questions of African agency and the interests of African actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations are then analysed econometrically.
China’s Economic Expansion in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

The chapter documents the growth of economic relations between China and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) focussing on trade, foreign direct investment, Chinese construction and engineering projects, loans, and aid. It shows the variety of different actors involved in these relationships including state and non-state actors on both the Chinese and Latin American sides. The chapter then discusses the role of strategic diplomatic, strategic economic, and commercial objectives in the growing Chinese involvement in LAC. It also addresses questions of Latin American agency and the interests of local actors in economic relations with China. The impact of political, strategic economic and commercial factors on different types of economic relations are then analysed econometrically.
China’s Economic Impacts on Latin America
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

The chapter considers three aspects of China’s economic impact on Latin American and Caribbean countries (LAC). It looks first at the direct and indirect effects of increased Chinese demand for commodities which benefitted a number of LAC economies in the short and medium term. China’s role in financing and building infrastructure in the region has been less significant than in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The impact on manufacturing has been of much greater concern with all the main countries in the region facing increased competition in the domestic market and those that had developed significant exports of manufactures also losing out in third markets. Three case studies of Brazil, Mexico and Chile illustrate different patterns of economic relations between China and Latin America.
A Comparative Perspective on China’s Involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Jenkins Rhys
Published: August 2022

The chapter brings together the findings of the previous two parts of the book to provide a systematic comparison of China’s economic involvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). It compares the history of relations between China and the two regions and the key actors involved. It shows that Chinese interests in economic engagement in SSA and LAC are broadly similar. However there are important economic, political, and institutional differences between the two regions which lead to important differences in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental impacts. However it is also important not to lose sight of the heterogeneity that exists within each region.
The Context of Illegitimacy
Authors: Gibson Kate
Published: August 2022

Chapter 1 explores the legal and economic background to illegitimacy, alongside the characteristics associated with it in the culture of long eighteenth-century England. The chapter examines the perception of illegitimate individuals in printed texts, including religious texts, ballads, newspapers, political debates, and close reading of thirty-eight novels, plays, and poetry collections. The chapter includes new analysis of canonical texts by Daniel Defoe and Mary Wollstonecraft, among others, and argues that child and adult illegitimate characters had a different narrative function to orphan and foundling characters, in contrast to previous arguments by literary scholars. The chapter argues that perceptions of genteel illegitimate characters underwent a significant shift over the period, in response to changing religious ideas about the heritability of sin and the valorization of sensibility and sympathy as virtues. Poor illegitimate characters, in contrast, remained associated with older associations of illegitimacy as causes of social disorder. This chapter sets out the framework of ideals that informed the everyday social interaction of illegitimate individuals and those around them.
Part 1: Edward Young in England
Authors: Bucknell Clare
Published: August 2022

This two-part chapter considers the case of Edward Young (1683–1765), poet and Fellow of All Souls. Young entered All Souls in 1708 and left twenty-two years later when he secured a Church living in the College’s gift. He divided his time between Oxford and literary London, writing poetry and plays with an eye to securing potential political and ecclesiastical patrons. He achieved international fame with his Night Thoughts (1742–5), a long blank-verse poem mourning three bereavements and arguing for the consolation of immortal life after death. In the first part this chapter, Clare Bucknell considers the changing fortunes of Young’s literary reputation – and in particular the reputation of the Night Thoughts – in Britain during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. She suggests that common knowledge of Young’s efforts to advance himself socially did much to colour readings of his work during the Victorian period, but that in the years around the Great War he became something of a focus for new, non-biographical approaches to poetry.
The Consequentializing Argument Against…Consequentializing?
Authors: Hurley Paul
Published: August 2022

Consequentializing involves both a strategy and conditions for its successful implementation. The strategy takes the features a target theory holds to be relevant to deontic evaluation of actions, and builds them into a counterpart ranking of outcomes. It succeeds if the result is 1) a substantive version of consequentialism that 2) yields the same deontic verdicts as the target theory. Consequentializers typically claim and their critics allow that all plausible alternative theories can be consequentialized. I demonstrate that even standard alternatives such as Aristotelian virtue ethics and Kantian ethics cannot be. The strategy either leaves out features relevant to deontic evaluation on such target theories, resulting in failure of deontic equivalence, or, if it is altered to include these features, fails to produce a substantive version of consequentialism. The consequentializing strategy thus demonstrates not that we are all consequentialists now, but why so many of us are not, that it is misguided to impose a consequentialist account of deontic evaluation upon alternative theories, that it is the commitment to a constraint on value rationales that distinguishes consequentialist theories, and that the plausibility of this distinctive constraint should be the focus of the debate going forward.
Other Schools and Authors
Authors: Jażdżewska Katarzyna
Published: August 2022

The chapter examines the use of the dialogue in a variety of intellectual environments other than the Academy and Peripatos. It discusses the dialogue in the Minor Socratic schools of the Megarians and Cyrenaics, in particular its use by Stilpo of Megara and Hegesias of Cyrene. Next sections are dedicated to the three major Hellenistic traditions—the Cynics, Stoics, and Epicureans—and trace their employment of dialogue (for instance, representation of mentors and colleagues in conversation, parodic dialogues, and incorporation of dialogized passages into paraenetic discourse). The dialogue format was also used by Timon of Phlius who had his teacher Pyrrho explain his skeptical philosophy and refute dogmatic philosophers and by the renowned Hellenistic scholar, poet, and polymath Eratosthenes of Cyrene. The last two sections are devoted to early imperial period dialogues by Philo of Alexandria and the Tablet of Cebes.
Introduction
Authors: Collins Philippa
Published: August 2022

This introductory chapter maps the main arguments and methodology of the work. The introduction begins by highlighting the variety of instances in which the human rights of workers and employees have been infringed upon by their employer. The central question that runs throughout the chapters is whether those rights are effectively and appropriately protected by the labour laws of England and Wales. An overview of the chapters will be given, as well as an explanation of the methodology underpinning the analysis offered, noting a focus upon the qualified rights of the European Convention on Human Rights and how they are protected against the employer’s managerial authority. The horizontal effect of human rights in disputes between private parties is the foundation of the evaluation of national labour law offered in the book. A brief account of this feature concludes the chapter.
The Role of Human Rights in Labour Law
Authors: Collins Philippa
Published: August 2022

This chapter investigates the role of human rights in the discipline of labour law. There are numerous benefits to introducing a human rights lens within the labour sphere, including the globally understood moral and legal force of fundamental rights, their universal and inalienable nature, and the strict scrutiny that should be applied wherever a right is interfered with. To integrate these benefits within a wider theory of labour law, one might consider an exclusive or a pluralist approach. Building a foundation for labour law based only upon human rights ideals may lead to several undesirable consequences, such as the relegation of any non-rights claims to a secondary status and a significant contraction of the realm of labour and employment laws when compared to current frameworks. Instead, a pluralist approach would place the protection of human rights amongst a range of other values and objectives that labour law can be considered to pursue, such as dignity, social justice, and democracy in the workplace. This chapter will also consider how the concepts, principles, and mechanisms employed to protect human rights at work must be sensitive to the context of employment relations, discarding irrelevant doctrines that have developed within international human rights cases and taking into account novel features such as the horizontal nature of disputes between workers and their employers.
The Existing Patchwork of Rights Protection
Authors: Collins Philippa
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides important context to the more detailed studies in the subsequent chapters. Many central pieces of labour law legislation provide protection for the human rights of workers against infringement by their employer. The chapter focuses on the Equality Act 2010, the Trade Union (Labour Relations) Consolidation Act 1992, and the Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998. These are not the only tools for ensuring that Convention rights are enforced between employers and employees. Various methods of horizontal effect—whereby human rights are given effect in horizontal relationships between private parties—are also possible under the Human Rights Act 1998. Statutory horizontality, which ensures that existing legislation is read in a manner compatible with the Convention, will be given specific attention given its relevance to areas of law that are dominated by statutory provisions such as labour law. At the end of this chapter, some of the difficulties of enforcing Convention rights through existing statutory mechanisms will be introduced. The Equality Act 2010 will be used as an example.
The Merits of Contractual Human Rights Protection
Authors: Collins Philippa
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on whether the possibility of contractual protection for the human rights of employees is desirable. There are several limitations that this approach would inherit from the existing common law principles, notably a narrow relational scope and very minimal damages. In addition, the threat that employers would seek to contradict or contract out of any implied obligation that provides rights protection must be tackled. The European Court of Human Rights is thorough in scrutinizing any attempt to waive one’s fundamental rights, whereas the domestic courts do not engage in any examination of the quality of the waiver. This chapter will also discuss a wider difficulty: the common law’s role in constructing and reinforcing the relationship of subordination between employer and employee. Thus far, there has been an absence of recognition that the employee’s exercise of their fundamental rights will make inroads into the employer’s realm of prerogative. Without this recognition, those rights will never be fully enforced at common law.
A Bill of Rights for Workers
Authors: Collins Philippa
Published: August 2022

The purpose of this chapter is to propose a piece of legislation that would render the Convention rights enforceable between workers and their employers. Detailed consideration is given to how the Bill of Rights should be framed, how questions of justification should be examined, and how the relational scope of the rights should be determined. Additional measures to encourage respect for human rights in the workplace, including pre-emptive duties to take rights into account, will also be put forward. How the domestic courts should consider the case law of the European Court of Human Rights will be discussed, suggesting an approach that is based upon the principles that flow from the Court’s decisions. Finally, the chapter proposes a role for fundamental social rights as an aid to the interpretation of the Bill’s provisions.
Conclusions and Implications
Authors: Timmermann Jens
Published: August 2022

The eighth and final chapter presents some conclusions and implications of the moral psychology presented in his book for Kant’s practical philosophy as a whole. There are five distinct topics: (i) the phenomenon of ‘normative silencing’, i.e. the idea that non-moral value can somehow be invalidated by moral judgement; (ii) the question of what happens when our natural, inevitable desire for happiness is frustrated by morality; (iii) the phenomenon of frailty, most prominently discussed in the 1793 Religion; (iv) the inadequacies of the language of ‘reasons’ for Kantian moral philosophy; and (v) the question whether Kant’s theory of practical reason as construed in this book deserves to be called a new ‘constitutivism’.
Spreading the word of god
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: August 2022

Languages have been disseminated and religions have been disseminated. These two dynamics are entwined in complex dynamics for which a uniform theoretical explanatory model is not available. Instead, this chapter explores four ways in which the language choices of religious leaders and their followers relate to mobility and connectivity, and which have directly or indirectly impacted the linguistic map of the world. They can be described and analysed under the headings, origin, mission, immigration, and pilgrimage. The association of major religions, that is, ‘book religions’ with a doctrine laid down in scriptures and the role of writing in the diffusion of languages are discussed on the basis of comparing present-day world maps of the distribution of religions and writing systems, for writing gives a vernacular a normative frame and thus language status, much like it gives a cult the status of a religion.
From cosmopolis to ethnopolis
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: August 2022

The past two centuries were marked by rapid urbanization. This chapter examines how migration to the city affects social formations and language-use patterns. In the age of industrialization cities were the social and geographic centre of the formation and diffusion of language standards which, enabling individuals to gain freedom of movement, helped to create new social bonds beyond kinship and neighbourhood. Today we are living through another social transformation driven by rapid demographic change, that is, ageing in and migration flows to the most affluent and advanced countries. A high degree of socio-economic, ethnic, religious and cultural diversity has become common in cities and towns across Europe and North America where an ethos of mixing in urban public life has become quite normal, which raises the question of how the language standards of modern society are affected.
Virtual contacts
Authors: Coulmas Florian
Published: August 2022

Computer mediated communication (CMC) has changed everyday life, including the ways we use language—which takes us back to where we began: algorithms. It is not the term that concerns us here but how we use what has been described as the ‘most potent tool that people have had at their disposal since the beginnings of human history’. Its applications are expanding by the day, and the changes brought about by digitalization based on it are manifold affecting us in unanticipated ways, including the nexus of language and mobility. Our focus in this chapter is on this relationship under conditions of the ever-increasing interconnectedness thanks to the algorithmic advances we have experienced over the last few decades. In order to understand the ongoing changes, it puts the medial development from small-scale orality to world-spanning CMC in historical context.
Comparative National Outsourcing Safeguards
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

This chapter inquires into the standards and guarantees that outsourced rules must heed in order to comply with the principles of good rulemaking in a similar manner to the traditional Legislature and Executive. The principles of good rulemaking selected are: transparency, a place in the hierarchy of rules, judicial review, representativeness, and efficiency or effectiveness. These principles of good rulemaking were inspired by the five principles of good governance that the European Commission developed in response to similar criticism as those which were met by autonomous public, private, and hybrid actors; namely, a perceived lack of political accountability. This chapter applies the second research hypothesis concerning the safeguarding of outsourced rules, attempting to develop a ‘law of rules’ with which all rules must comply, regardless of the entity that creates them.
World Anti-Doping Agency Case Study
Authors: Jenart Cedric
Published: August 2022

This chapter uses the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) as a non-traditional, hybrid rulemaking body that has received rulemaking powers from various national rulemakers through the techniques defined in this monograph. Its flexibility and global relevance make WADA the ideal case study with which to integrate the findings of the previous chapters. Chapter 6 therefore examines whether and how the countries researched implement WADA-made rules by outsourcing some of their own rulemaking powers. In the light of this, the chapter will also discuss whether rules are made by other autonomous national anti-doping actors (NADOs) in those countries. The case study addresses and integrates both research hypotheses in its analysis. It discusses which constitutional principles have limited the outsourcing of rulemaking powers to anti-doping actors in the countries researched and describes how these anti-doping actors have met the five principles of good rulemaking in their rules (i.e. transparency, an established position within the hierarchy of rules, judicial review, representativeness, and efficiency or effectiveness).
The Cognitive Unconscious in Everyday Life
Authors: Bargh John A.
Published: August 2022

The type of unconscious influences that matter in the everyday lives of everyday people are those of which they are unaware, whether or not they are aware of the events, people, and situations that trigger them. Research across multiple domains of psychology shows that our “free” choices, preferences, motives, and social behavior are all shaped by these unconscious operations. They arise from various sources, including (1) evolved primary motives for survival and safety, (2) early childhood experiences for which there is later no explicit memory; (3) carryover (priming) effects of experiences from one situation into the next; and (4) the transformational impact of our active goals on attention, preferences, and behavior. These effects have now been demonstrated in many real-life settings, including eating and health behavior, consumer purchasing, and teamwork and individual performance in the workplace, with unconscious effects in the field significantly stronger than those in the lab.
Implicit Social Cognition
Authors: Kurdi Benedek , Banaji Mahzarin R.
Published: August 2022

Research on implicit social cognition has produced myriad insights into the automatic operation of social attitudes (i.e., evaluation along a good–bad dimension) and stereotypes (beliefs about the specific traits and other attributes associated with social groups). This chapter offers a summary of significant issues that are settled and those that remain open. Following a brief historical overview, addressing (1) basic findings, including the magnitude of effects and demographic variation in implicit social attitudes and stereotypes; (2) the relationship of implicit social attitudes and stereotypes with other measures, including explicit measures and intergroup behavior; (3) the neural underpinnings of implicit social attitudes and stereotypes; (4) stability and change of implicit attitudes and stereotypes, including developmental stability, situational malleability, and change over long periods of time; and (5) ongoing work on aggregate-level analyses, the representational format of implicit attitudes and stereotypes, and the role of language in shaping implicit social cognition.
How to Tell Impactful Stories
Authors: O’Brien Soledad , Arce Rose
Published: August 2022

This chapter gives specific storytelling examples and demonstrates applicable frameworks for telling public health stories. Particular directives for telling impactful stories include using accessible language; making connections relevant to the audience or listeners; starting with small examples and building to paint a larger picture; discussing data in terms of narratives rather than numbers; emphasizing the value of the story’s message; repeating the story across audiences and platforms; putting public health professionals in front of the camera; and using storytelling as a force for change and as the tactic that it is. As a public health practitioner, the impact of good storytelling lies in the resonance of the message with the listener, which could lead to a spark that shifts one’s perspective or to inspiration to support public health initiatives. The goal of a good story is to push for change that is in the interest of better community health and safety.
“I do not look to heaven but at what God does here on Earth”
Authors: Michaelson Jay
Published: August 2022

Chapter 2 discusses Jacob Frank’s antinomianism: his rejection of traditional religion and its norms. Frank’s critique is neither Kabbalistic/Sabbatean nor nihilistic in nature but based on skepticism, theodicy, humanism, materialism, and a surprising universalism. For Frank, religious restrictions are ineffectual and thwart human flourishing. Joy and life, for Frank, are signs of the Divine, while mourning and self-abnegation are from the “side of death.” Since only the material is real, Frank has contempt for the strictures of traditional religion, which accomplish nothing and divide people against one another. Frank’s God rewards the transgressor, epitomized by Abraham, who breaks human laws to obey God. As he says in §1089 of ZSP, “I do not look to heaven for aid to come from there. I only look at what God does here on earth, in this world.”
“Everything that is of the spirit has to be turned into flesh”
Authors: Michaelson Jay
Published: August 2022

Materialism is the defining feature of Jacob Frank’s theology, discussed in chapter 3. Our world is entirely physical, populated by beings with magical powers, and is created not by God but by three flawed and evil demigods. Like contemporaneous forms of Western esotericism, Frank rereads Biblical text in material-magical terms, transforming Shaddai, normally a name for God, into a powerful, magical being, and regarding the Temple (and Częstochowa) as a quasi-technological power place. Yet our world is but one one-thousandth of the universe: behind a “curtain” lies a hidden, good, blessed world inhabited by immortal beings, chiefly the Big Brother, a kind of demigod in possession of the secrets of immortality. This theology is exemplified in Frank’s rereading of the biblical story of Jacob, who sought and sometimes obtained magical objects but ultimately was too afraid to complete his mission—which Jacob Frank will now do. And it is reflected in numerous tales of magical beings and power.
“To make a man in wholeness, stable and possessing eternal life”
Authors: Michaelson Jay
Published: August 2022

The Frankist quest, discussed in chapter 4, is to access the “world behind the curtain” and attain immortality. This journey, from baptism to Edom to Das—Frank’s term for his new religion, which may be understood as gnosis, the primary goal of Western esotericism—is a staged process involving secret keys, new clothes, rule over animals, mythical creatures drawn from Kabbalistic traditions, uniting with the Maiden, and finally passing through the “curtain” to meet the Big Brother. The quest is both heroic and tragic: Frank’s questing tales are chivalric and triumphalist, but his own mission has failed, which he blames on his followers. Chapter 4 engages with this material in the context of Leon Festinger’s classic study When Prophecy Fails and its subsequent critics. Preached by a failed leader in a borrowed castle in 1784, Frank’s myths promise power and immortality.
“With this deed we go to the naked thing”
Authors: Michaelson Jay
Published: August 2022

Frankism is perhaps most notorious for its alleged sexual libertinism, though the rumors of it far exceed the evidence. Chapter 5 presents the evidence that does exist and discusses the challenges in interpreting and theorizing Frankist sexual antinomianism. This included not only a libertine attitude toward sex and apparently rare, choreographed sexual ritual, but women taking leadership roles in the community and a conception, inherited from Sabbateanism, that the liberation of women and sexuality is part of the messianic age. Frank tropes this liberation as devotion to the Maiden—a syncretic, messianic figure who is a perennial, feminine incarnation of sensuality. Drawing on feminist and queer readings of religious texts, chapter 5 explores four meanings of sexual praxis in Frankism: sexuality as worldly ecstasy, the remasculinization of the Jewish hero, messianic enactment, and the liberation of the “feminine.” Religion’s subordination of material to spiritual, female to male, is ascribed by Frank to the demonic, while Frankist sexual practice offers a privatized and displaced messianic experience in opposition to it. Sexual liberation is a foretaste of the messianic age.
“The gods of the freemasons will have to do what those two have done”
Authors: Michaelson Jay
Published: August 2022

Chapter 7 situates Frankism in the context of eighteenth-century Western esotericism, the movement which, like Frank, sought the secret knowledge (gnosis/da‘at) of hidden realms or aspects of existence and which scandalously taught that traditional religion is but the surface atop magical and mythic truths it only half-understands. Mid-eighteenth-century Europe witnessed an explosion in initiatic secret societies clustered around esoteric and occult ideas, of which the Frankist sect at the time of Words of the Lord was one. Socially, it was closely connected to Masonic networks, which it exploited for political gain, and Frank was in direct contact with other Western esotericist figures and charlatans. And ideologically, ZSP’s theology is closer to Western esotericism than Kabbalah, syncretizing materialism, libertinism, folklore, and quasi-Enlightenment rationalism. The Frankist court resembles a secret society, and the teachings of ZSP resemble a Western esoteric theology, with equal parts tradition and modernity, rationalist critique and magical occultism.
At Death’s Door, 1772–1785
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses Mikhail Kutuzov’s service in the Crimea, the injury he suffered there in 1774, and its aftereffects. It also recounts events that took place while he was recovering. Russia and the Ottoman Empire turned to diplomatic negotiations in the spring of 1772, after two exhausting campaigns. The Ottomans were upset at the Russian expansion in the Crimea, where the new khan had signed a formal agreement at Karasu Bazaar, creating an independent Crimean state and establishing an alliance and eternal friendship between the Crimean khanate and the Russian Empire. The numerous Tatar tribal and religious leaders who had fled the peninsula for the safety of Istanbul, petitioned the Ottoman authorities to intervene in the Crimea.
“An Eagle from the Lofty Flock,” 1786–1789
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter explores the concept of light-moving combat infantry, which was developed in the seventeenth century but came to full fruition a century later. During the 1740s, Prussia and other German states experimented with recruiting gamekeepers and foresters for specialized units of jägers, or huntsmen, exploiting their familiarity and experience with true rifles, rather than smoothbore muskets. The chapter discusses Jean-Chrétien Fischer, who formed the Compagnie des Chasseurs, one of the first of the French light infantry units, in 1743. The chapter describes how the Seven Years’ War proved the worth of light infantry units, especially in North America, where they performed well amid the wooded and rugged terrain. It recounts how Mikhail Kutuzov assumed command of the Bug Jäger Corps, wherein his immediate task was to find soldiers suitable for the jäger service.
At the Court of the Sultan, 1794
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter recounts Mikhail Kutuzov’s approach to the Ottoman capital on October 3, 1793. Istanbul, perched at the very tip of Europe and gazing across at the shores of Asia, conveyed imperial grandeur like no other city, save for Rome, its long-standing rival. The chapter describes Istanbul’s location at the crossroads of commerce and cultures that blessed it as a cosmopolitan center for more than a millennium but also made it a target of conquests and imperial ambitions. The chapter details Kutuzov’s venture by boat into the Golden Horn and Bosporus, visiting various parts of Istanbul. Kutuzov paid courtesy visits to the ambassadors of the European powers, including Austrian internuncio Baron Peter Phillip von Herbert Rathkeal and British ambassador Sir Robert Ainsley, underscoring their countries’ importance to Russian interests.
Confronting Napoleon, 1805
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter traces Napoleon Bonaparte’s quick move to consolidate his power in France and to strengthen French positions in western Europe after seizing power in a coup in November 1799. It cites the Treaty of Lunéville, which ended the war between France and Austria in 1801 and extended the French frontiers to the Rhine River. The discovery of a royalist conspiracy against Napoleon led to the arrest of Louis-Antoine-Henri de Bourbon-Condé, a prince of the Bourbon royal house who resided in the neighboring Principality of Baden. The chapter highlights Russian efforts to challenge Napoleon. These were heartily welcomed in Britain, where Prime Minister William Pitt returned to office in the spring of 1804. The Russian emperor considered Mikhail Kutuzov to be the only Russian general who possessed sufficient practical experience, acute military judgment, and keen understanding of diplomatic subtleties.
The Fateful Year
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses Mikhail Kutuzov’s receipt of the news of Napoleon Bonaparte’s invasion. He heard of the invasion while he was still at his estate in northern Ukraine. Despite having more than a quarter million troops tied down in Spain, the French emperor drew upon the resources of his vast empire and raised close to 600,000 men for a new war in the east. The task of equipping, provisioning, and moving such a multitude was colossal, requiring patience, money, and organizational skill, all of which Napoleon amply possessed. The chapter recounts how Napoleon set out from the Saxon capital, Dresden, to join his army just as Kutuzov finalized the peace treaty with the Ottomans on May 28. Emperor Alexander had just 250,000 Russian soldiers to confront the Napoleonic juggernaut, and even these troops were scattered among three major armies and a handful of separate corps that had been mobilized.
The Chase
Authors: Mikaberidze Alexander
Published: August 2022

This chapter starts off with Mikhail Miloradovich’s urgent request for reinforcements from Kutuzov, who sent only several thousand cavalrymen. He refused to engage in the battle, which ended in a Russian victory but represented a missed opportunity to mangle the French army. It reviews Kutuzov’s “golden bridge” strategy, which may have been rational and sensible but was not heroic, glorious, or exciting. Even after receiving the czar’s letter denouncing Kutuzov’s retreat after the Battle of Maloyaroslavets and threatening to hold him personally responsible for any further setbacks, he remained determined to follow his strategy. The chapter talks about Kutuzov’s insistence on a parallel march, taking every means necessary to cause harm to the enemy. Kutuzov envisioned the flying detachments and advance guard relentlessly harassing Napoleon along the Old Smolensk road, while the main Russian army would maintain distance and proceed on a march parallel to the Grande Armée.
Singing the News of Death
Authors: McIlvenna Una
Published: August 2022

From the dawn of printing until the late nineteenth century, all over Europe the news of criminals and their brutal public executions was routinely put into song form and sold in the streets. But why would someone want to sing about such a macabre subject? Singing the News of Death explores the hugely popular phenomenon of execution ballads in Europe from the early modern period onwards, revealing how song was employed for centuries as a common means of informing society about the news of public executions. It examines how these ballads, usually cheaply printed and sold by itinerant peddlers, framed the news of crime and punishment, and how the unique features of song—rhythm, rhyme, and melody—presented information about criminals in a way that prose accounts could not. Based on a study of over a thousand ballads in English, French, German, Dutch, and Italian, from the sixteenth to the early twentieth centuries, Singing the News of Death reveals extraordinary continuities across time and space. While attention is paid to regional variations, the book demonstrates how popular and enduring the tradition of singing (often graphically violent) ballads about criminals was for centuries across Europe.
Book Eighteen, Svargarohana Parvan, The Book of Climbing to Heaven
Authors: Doniger Wendy
Published: August 2022

Yudhishthira reaches heaven and is dismayed to find his archenemy Duryodhana there. He visits hell and is dismayed to find his brothers and Draupadi there. When they tell him that his presence is like a cool wind that brings them comfort and relief from their pain, he resolves to stay there with them. But then the gods appear and tell him that his experience of hell is merely an illusion, and that everyone must visit both heaven and hell after death to use up their good and bad karma. (Yudhishthira’s brief sojourn in hell was necessary because he had once told a half-lie about the death of an enemy.) He agrees to return to heaven, where he becomes reconciled with Duryodhana by abandoning his vengeful pride. Finally, he discovers that all of them, allies and enemies, are incarnations of gods and anti-gods who had taken births on earth. Everyone then becomes the gods they always were. The Epilogue promises the fruits of hearing the Mahabharata.
Introduction
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the book’s larger arguments by drawing on the final grievance in the Declaration of Independence. The grievance charged that George III had provoked slave insurrections and Indian attacks on colonists and thus become a tyrant. But this grievance drew on long-standing British ideas about liberty and exclusion, not new American ones. This book gives an account of the British and imperial origins of the American patriots’ ideas about exclusion via an extended comparative history of Ireland, Scotland, and North America—and, in particular, of the Gaelic and Indian peoples who lived in those places. Rather than looking forward from the last grievance into an American future, the book looks back and around from that vantage point: back into the hundred preceding years of British history and around to other places in the British world tackling similar questions in different ways than the American revolutionaries did.
The Unlikely Alliance
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

In the seventeenth century, colonized people throughout the British Atlantic world sought to build relationships with the king in order to resist pressures on their lands and cultures. For their part, kings, who were anxious to tighten their control of far-flung empires, often reciprocated, seeing diversity as a way to enhance their power. This unlikely alliance was never without tension: Gaelic and Indigenous peoples cared about their own goals, not royal power, while kings had similarly self-interested motives. But this confluence of interests created the inclusive empire, a diverse yet authoritarian vision of empire. This reformed empire would go on to provoke the rise of exclusionary patriotism.
A Tender Father with Fouled Britches
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the Seven Years’ War, showing how the strains of war forced the contradictions of inclusive empire into view. Ultimately imperial officials pursued inclusive strategies as a means of control, something that became clear during the war as those officials lurched from inclusive to exclusionary strategies as the situation demanded. This vacillating conduct alienated many Gaelic and Indian people—except in Scotland, where the government’s decision to hand power back to entrenched provincial elites led to the mass recruitment of Highlanders for the British army. William Pitt managed to bring the war to a successful conclusion for Britain, but did so by abandoning the plans of reformers. The strategy worked in the short term but caused problems in the long.
Fit Instruments II
Authors: Fisher Samuel K.
Published: August 2022

This chapter discusses the imperial crisis of the 1760s and ’70s that culminated in the American Revolution. It argues that this crisis was ultimately a crisis of diversity, as defenders of the inclusive empire ranged themselves against a renewed exclusionary patriot movement in Ireland, Scotland, and America. In all three places, patriot groups who opposed the remodeled empire did so in part to oppose the drift toward inclusion. Each group considered itself part of a larger, transatlantic exclusionary patriot cause, taking alarm at the trend toward inclusion across the empire. These groups considered themselves true heirs of the Glorious Revolution, reviving the fit instruments argument and charging the empire with embracing the same policies that had unkinged James II. Americans who defined their common cause in opposition to a tyrannical king and his savage allies thus did not create new forms of exclusion but clung to older British ones.
Free Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: August 2022

Do we have free will? This book is an opinionated guide through a philosophical maze that leads to an answer. The main philosophical theories and arguments about free will are explained, and their pros and cons are explored. Topics discussed include the meaning of “free will,” connections between free will and moral responsibility, compatibilism and incompatibilism, determinism and indeterminism, decision-making, the ability to do otherwise than one did, philosophical skepticism about free will, and alleged challenges that some experiments in neuroscience pose to the existence of free will. The author’s own unique position on free will is explained in the final chapter.
Free Will
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: August 2022

At the heart of this chapter is a thought experiment about a goddess who wants there to be a person who will do a certain thing at a certain time thirty years in the future. She knows all the laws of nature of her universe and she knows everything that is going on in her universe at present. From her knowledge of these things, she deduces that if she builds a zygote in a certain way and implants it in a certain woman at a certain time, it will become a person, Ernie, who, thirty years later, does the deed she wants done. It is explained how someone might use this thought experiment in an argument against a conception of free will known as compatibilism and how compatibilists may respond with an argument of their own. The chapter sheds light on a long-standing debate between compatibilists and incompatibilists about free will. Compatibilism and incompatibilism are competing positions on whether free will is compatible with determinism; accordingly, determinism is explained in some detail.
Alternative Possibilities
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on the connection between doing something freely and being able to do otherwise than one did. According to the principle of alternative possibilities for free action, a person did something freely at a time only if, at that time, it was open to her or him to do something else instead. An attempted counterexample to this principle based on what is known as a Frankfurt-style story is explained and discussed, as are compatibilist and incompatibilist interpretations of the principle. The well-known Consequence Argument for incompatibilism is explained and evaluated, as is a distinction between not being forced to do something and being able to do otherwise. A related topic of discussion is whether not being forced to do something, rather than being able to do otherwise, is necessary for free action.
Free Will and Neuroscience
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: August 2022

The primary purpose of this chapter is to explain why readers should not be persuaded by either member of a pair of neuroscientific arguments for the nonexistence of free will while paying special attention to some relatively recent experiments. These recent experiments add to the body of evidence supporting the conclusion that both arguments make unwarranted empirical claims that are supposed to support skepticism about free will. The experimental design and findings of a variety of neuroscience experiments, including seminal experiments by Benjamin Libet from the 1980s, are explained and discussed. Issues addressed include the permissibility of generalizing from alleged findings about decisions to claims about all decisions made outside the laboratory, empirically identifying the times at which decisions are made, and doing the same for the times at which subjects are first conscious of a decision. A thought experiment by neuroscientist V. S. Ramachandran also is discussed, and a fatal flaw in the reasoning it involves is exposed.
China's New Red Guards
Authors: Blanchette Jude
Published: August 2022

China’s New Red Guards details two worrying trends in contemporary China that point to the revival of Maoism. First, an increasingly popular hard-edged form of nationalism that is reflexively anti-Western has taken root. The second is an unapologetic embrace of extreme authoritarianism that draws inspiration from the Maoist era. China’s assertive stance in the South China Sea and anti-Japanese rhetoric represents the former, and the massive crackdown on liberal thought since Xi Jinping assumed the presidency represents the latter. The result is plain to see: a more authoritarian and more militaristic China. The book goes further than this, though, arguing that what we’re seeing is a full-fledged Maoist revival. The book centers its story around a cast of nationalist intellectuals and activists who have helped unleash a wave of populist enthusiasm and nostalgia for the Great Helmsman’s policies. That, combined with Xi’s quick implementation of a range of authoritarian policies, suggests that the Maoist revival is neither epiphenomenal nor a passing fad. The ramifications, the book suggests, are clear: those in the West who have been predicting waves of democratization and liberalization are living in a dream world, blithely unaware of either the Communist Party’s commitment to authoritarianism or the degree of its residual veneration for the CCP’s founding leaders. In sum, this book demonstrates how ideologies can survive and prosper despite pervasive rumors of their demise.