bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salmonella serotypes, resistance patterns, and food vehicles of salmonellosis in southern Brazil between 2007 and 2012
Authors: Capalonga Roberta , Ramos Rosane Campanher , Both Jane Mari Correa , Soeiro Mara Lúcia Tiba , Longaray Solange Mendes , Haas Simone , Tondo Eduardo Cesar
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Previous studies have identified Salmonella as the main causative agent of foodborne diseases in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), southern Brazil, between 1997 and 2006. This study aimed to describe the Salmonella serotypes, antimicrobial patterns, and food vehicles of salmonellosis that occurred in RS between 2007 and 2012. Methodology: Information about Salmonella isolates and salmonellosis outbreaks registered in the official records of the Central Laboratory of RS (FEEPS/IPB-LACEN/RS) was analyzed. Results: Among the 163 isolates investigated, 138 (84.7%) were identified as S. Enteritidis. The second and third most frequent serovars identified were S. Schwarzengrund (5.5%) and S. Typhimurium (3.7%). Homemade mayonnaise was the food vehicle most frequently identified (17.39%), followed by pastry products (15.94%) and beef (12.32%). Antimicrobial resistance was analyzed; 12 drugs were tested. Higher percentages of resistance were observed to nitrofurantoin (94.2%) and nalidixic acid (89.1%). The resistance to these two drugs was verified in 80.43% of the isolates. Multi-resistance to three and five drugs was verified in four and two isolates, respectively. Conclusions: Comparing the results of the present study with results of previous reports, it was possible to conclude that S. Enteritidis and homemade mayonnaise are still the main serotype and food vehicle of salmonellosis in RS and that antimicrobial resistance has been increasing among S. Enteritidis responsible for foodborne outbreaks in southern Brazil.
Subclinical pulmonary pathogenic infection in camels slaughtered in Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Wareth Gamal , Murugaiyan Jayaseelan , Khater Dalia F , Moustafa Shawky Ahmed
Published: July 2014

Introduction: Camels migrate between the open boundaries of Sudan and Egypt either for grazing or for slaughtering. Bad hygiene and stress is often related to pulmonary diseases in camels. This study investigated whether camels slaughtered in Cairo carried pulmonary infections. Methodology: Five hundred lung tissues of slaughtered camels were examined and 100 samples suspected for pulmonary infection were subjected to microbial identification and histopathology. Results: A total of 70 lung tissues revealed 97 bacterial isolates of 8 species, including Staphylococcus aureus (37.14%), Escherichia coli (27.14%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (26.71%), Bacillus spp. (25.72%), Streptococcus pyogenes (10%), Corynebacterium spp. (8.85 %), Pasteurella spp. (2.85%), and Arcanobacterium pyogenes (1.4%). Some of these species were earlier reported to be associated with pulmonary infection. Histopathology revealed different types of pneumonia in 50% of the investigated lungs. Conclusions: A considerable number of apparently healthy camels carry pathogenic agents in their lower respiratory tracts. Immunosuppression and stressful conditions might influence these pathogens to induce respiratory diseases in camels. Thus, the infected camels might act as reservoir of these infections agents. If adequate care is not taken, this might be a threat to abattoir workers and may spread infections to humans.
Les femmes dans la création audiovisuelle et de spectacle vivant
Authors: Gouyon Marie
Published: July 2014

En 2011, les femmes représentent 29 % des auteurs de la sacd et reçoivent 24 % des droits versés. Une femme perçoit ainsi, en 2011, un revenu moyen inférieur de 24 % à celui d’un homme. Les écarts de droits versés entre femmes et hommes trouvent plusieurs éléments d’explication : les femmes participent à moins d’œuvres que les hommes, en particulier dans le cinéma, le théâtre et les arts de la rue. Elles n’exercent pas non plus les mêmes fonctions, et sont ainsi plus souvent auteurs de texte ou chorégraphes que réalisatrices ou compositrices. À discipline et fonction égales, les écarts de rémunération sont pratiquement inexistants dans la radio et la télévision, mais subsistent dans le cinéma et le spectacle vivant : ces écarts persistants peuvent être liés à d’autres facteurs comme, par exemple, une fréquentation des spectacles ou une programmation des œuvres moins importante, dans des lieux de représentation ou sur des canaux de diffusion différents et à des horaires moins favorables.
L'art du consommé
Authors: Charuty Giordana
Published: July 2014

Depuis la seconde moitié du XIXème siècle, les cures issues de la diffusion européenne du magnétisme et du spiritisme ont rompu avec les logiques classificatoires des qualités sensibles qui fondaient les affinités entre médecine et diététique. Pourtant, les récits de vie de médiums, formés en Italie dans les années 1950-70, révèlent l’existence d’un moment culinaire dans l’apprentissage de la fonction, qui déplace l’ancienne assimilation du médecin à un cuisinier.
Cuisiner l'objet
Authors: Loubeyre Jean-Baptiste
Published: July 2014

Face aux théories abstraites de la métapsychologie, le cuisinier propose « naïvement » une théorie de l’objet dans les raisons pratiques qui articulent les constructions de ses recettes et ses manières de faire. Le cuisinier construit un objet à incorporer, complexe, qui associe la plupart des dimensions que prend l’objet pour le psychisme. La cuisine apparaît pour la recherche comme un objet complémentariste, à l’interface entre transmission culturelle et étayage psychique.
D'Afrique en Amériques noires
Authors: Agier Michel
Published: July 2014

L’intention de ce texte est de confronter le métissage à son image : les échanges, contacts ou conflits sont les situations dans lesquelles de multiples personnes, objets, images ou valeurs de provenances diverses se transforment en permanence. Pratique sociale sans concept, le métissage est aussi une étiquette qui semble contredire la pratique elle-même. L’Amérique latine, où se développent et se « mobilisent » des identités culturelles et raciales dites noires, afro-américaines ou africaines-américaines, est le cadre de tensions particulièrement vives entre les affirmations identitaires et les métissages silencieux.
Late Onset of a Persistent, Deep Stromal Scarring After PRK and Corneal Cross-linking in a Patient With Forme Fruste Keratoconus
Authors: Güell Jose L. , Verdaguer Paula , Elies Daniel , Gris Oscar , Manero Felicidad
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:

To present a case of a late, deep stromal scar in a 22-year-old patient with forme fruste keratoconus who underwent combined corneal cross-linking and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

METHODS:

Topography-guided corneal cross-linking combined with corneal PRK (without complications) was performed in both eyes with a delay of 2 weeks between each eye.

RESULTS:

At the 5-month postoperative examination of the right eye, a localized corneal haze was circumscribed to the posterior deep stroma, signifying a decrease of visual acuity. However, this improved partially and temporarily when treated with topical corticoids during 2 years of follow-up and then reoccurred, affecting the corrected distance visual acuity.

CONCLUSIONS:

To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first documented, clinical case presenting a deep stromal affectation without endothelial decompensation and visual acuity affectation as a postoperative complication following topography-guided PRK and corneal cross-linking.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(4):286–288.]
Changes to Corneal Aberrations and Vision After PresbyLASIK Refractive Surgery Using the MEL 80 Platform
Authors: Gifford Paul , Kang Pauline , Swarbrick Helen , Versace Patrick
Published: July 2014

PURPOSE:

To investigate changes to corneal surface aberrations and vision between PresbyLASIK and LASIK for correction of presbyopia using the MEL 80 platform (Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany).

METHODS:

The retrospective data of 31 patients who underwent PresbyLASIK (the PresbyLASIK group) between January 2009 and November 2011 and 20 matched patients who underwent LASIK (the LASIK group) were analyzed for changes to refraction, corrected distance visual acuity, and corneal surface wavefront aberrations calculated over 4- and 6-mm pupils. Outcomes at the 3-month follow-up visit were compared to data collected immediately prior to surgery and between PresbyLASIK and LASIK correction. Associations between induced corneal aberrations and best spherical equivalent refraction were explored.

RESULTS:

PresbyLASIK and LASIK significantly reduced refractive error in both myopes and hyperopes. Residual refractive error was not significantly different between treatment groups, except for spherical equivalent refraction, which was significantly more myopic following LASIK treatment compared to PresbyLASIK in myopes. There was no significant difference in postoperative corrected distance visual acuity between groups. LASIK and PresbyLASIK induced positive spherical aberration in myopes and negative spherical aberration in hyperopes, with significant differences between treatments only apparent in myopes when analyzed over a 4-mm pupil (PresbyLASIK group: 0.07 ± 0.06
µ
m; LASIK group: 0.03 ± 0.04
µ
m,
P
< .05). In hyperopes, induced spherical aberration was more highly associated with refractive change after LASIK (
r
= 0.82,
P
< .05) than PresbyLASIK (
r
= 0.64,
P
< .001); instead PresbyLASIK led to a more consistent shift of approximately 0.3
µ
m independent of induced change to refraction.

CONCLUSIONS:

PresbyLASIK using the MEL 80 platform induced significant changes in spherical aberration in myopes and hyperopes. PresbyLASIK appears to offer an improved response over LASIK when correcting myopes due to an apparent increase in depth of focus resulting from changes in spherical aberration. For hyperopes, PresbyLASIK provides a more consistent spherical aberration effect independent of refractive change.

[
J Refract Surg.
2014;30(9):598–603.]
Le radici della semiologia gregoriana
Authors: Bernagiewicz Robert
Published: July 2014

It is generally accepted that Dom Eugène Cardine is the father of Gregorian semiology. However, his teaching is rarely associated directly with the liturgical and musical reforms that had been enacted at the Benedictine monastery in Solesmes at the turn of the twentieth century. This article outlines the important heritage that Dom Cardine inherited from his predecessors Dom Joseph Pothier and Dom André Mocquereau.
The Ordinary Repertory of Aquileia in the Context of its Neighboring Regions
Authors: Kiss Gábor
Published: July 2014

The paper gives an overview of the Ordinary chant repertory in Aquileian and other Italian sources. The author analyzes the sources from the point of view of the dissemination of their melodies. The analysis is directed mainly towards the question of whether the Ordinary repertory betrays the same cultural influence that (according to literature) is characteristic of the rest of the liturgical repertory of Aquileia.
Formulari processionali per il canto del vangelo Liber generationis
Authors: Vildera Anna
Published: July 2014

The singing of the Genealogy of Christ (Matt. 1,1–16) just after the end of Christmas first mass (missa in nocte) is sometimes associated with a processional chant (Hodie intacta, O mundi domina, and others). Tables in this article compare some melodies of both gospels (I-Pc E 1, 1170; F-Pn n.a. lat. 1535, GB-WO F.160, thirteenth c.; Missale Strigoniense, ante 1341; transcriptions by Joseph Pothier), and chants (HR-Zmk MR 72, thirteenth c.; A-KN 1010, A-KN 1013, F-Pn lat. 12044: twelfth c.; A-Gu 29, CH-E 611: fourteenth c.; SI-Lna 18, 1491), with references to their liturgical contexts.
Two Plainchant Offices for St Theodore Tyro: Variety in the Form and Style of Medieval Chant
Authors: Hiley David
Published: July 2014

Two plainchant offices (historiae) for St Theodore Tyro are known, one from Venice and one from Ottobeuren. They are strongly contrasted in their texts (prose, rhymed verse), form (arrangement in numerical modal order, or lacking such order) and melodic style (persistent use or otherwise of traditional turns of phrase). In each case the Venetian office is more conservative.
A Promising Direction towards Automatic Construction of Relevance Measures
Authors: Varn Lucianne , Neshatian Kourosh
Published: July 2014

A relevance measure is a measure over the space of features of a learning problem that quantifies the degree of relatedness of a single feature or a subset of features to a target variable. The measure can be used to both detect relevant features (when the target variable is the response variable) and detect redundant features (when the target variable is another input feature). Measuring relevance and redundancy is a central concept in feature selection. In this chapter, the authors show that there is a lack of generality in the features selected based on heuristic relevance measures. Through some counter-examples, the authors show that regardless of the type of heuristic measure and search strategy, heuristic methods cannot optimise the performance of all learning algorithms. They show how different measures may have different notions of relevance between features and how this could lead to not detecting important features in certain situations. The authors then propose a hyper-heuristic method that through an evolutionary process automatically generates an appropriate relevance measure for a given problem. The new approach can detect relevant features in difficult scenarios.
Discovery of Emergent Sorting Behavior using Swarm Intelligence and Grid-Enabled Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Kalles Dimitris , Kaporis Alexis , Mperoukli Vassiliki , Chatzinouskas Anthony
Published: July 2014

The authors in this chapter use simple local comparison and swap operators and demonstrate that their repeated application ends up in sorted sequences across a range of variants, most of which are also genetically evolved. They experimentally validate a square run-time behavior for emergent sorting, suggesting that not knowing in advance which direction to sort and allowing such direction to emerge imposes a n/logn penalty over conventional techniques. The authors validate the emergent sorting algorithms via genetically searching for the most favorable parameter configuration using a grid infrastructure.
Message-Oriented Middleware on the Cloud for Exchanging E-Health Data
Authors: Giacomelli Piero
Published: July 2014

Cloud infrastructure has been one of the latest technologies in the e-health sector. Despite many research studies focusing on the privacy of the e-health data stored on the cloud, the ways of exchanging e-health information between client and cloud have not yet been fully addressed. Moving from this initial consideration, in this chapter, the authors evaluate the possibility of using Message-Oriented Middleware (MOMS) for exchanging data between the cloud storage and the remote device used in telemedicine and remote monitoring software. The evaluation is done using a cloud testing environment and a low bandwidth connection modem and a simulation of 50 patients taking a 10 minutes 3Lead EGC test. Some possible future directions on this architecture are suggested as well as some possible improvements.
Susceptibility of Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) eggs to different life stages of three generalist predators
Authors: Abram P.K. , Doyon J. , Brodeur J. , Gariépy T. D. , Boivin G.
Published: July 2014

The invasive stink bug Halyomorpha halys Stål (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) has recently become established in Canada, but little information is available regarding the ability of natural enemies to attack this pest in its invaded range. We tested the capacity of several life stages of three generalist predators, Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), Coleomegilla maculata De Geer (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), and Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), to attack H. halys eggs. The relative susceptibility of H. halys eggs to predator attack was compared to P. maculiventris eggs. We found evidence for differential ability to consume H. halys and P. maculiventris eggs both among predator species and within species among life stages. The most H. halys eggs were consumed by late-instar C. carnea, while fewest were consumed by second-instar and adult C. maculata, and second-instar C. carnea. The susceptibility of H. halys eggs to predators was similar to that of P. maculiventris eggs, with only early-instar P. maculiventris nymphs consuming significantly less H. halys eggs than P. maculiventris eggs. Our results provide a baseline for further testing of generalist predators against H. halys and illustrate the potential importance of considering the breadth of ontogeny across which candidates are able to attack the invasive pest.
Coupled Pitch Links for Multiharmonic Isolation Using Fluidic Circuits
Authors: Scarborough III Lloyd H. , Rahn Christopher D. , Smith Edward C. , Koudela Kevin L.
Published: July 2014

Replacing stiff pitch links on rotorcraft with coupled fluidic devices has the potential to reduce the aerodynamic blade loads transmitted through the pitch links to the swashplate. Analytical models of two fluidic devices coupled with three different fluidic circuits are derived. These
passive fluidlastic systems are tuned, by varying the fluid inertances and capacitances of each fluidic circuit, to reduce the transmitted pitch-link loads. The different circuit designs result in transmitted pitch-link loads reduction at up to three main rotor harmonics. The simulation results
show loads reduction at the targeted out-of-phase and in-phase harmonics of up to 88% and 93%, respectively. Experimental validation of two of the fluidic circuits demonstrates loads reduction of up to 89% at the out-of-phase isolation frequencies and up to 81% at the in-phase isolation frequencies.
Spirituality in the workplace: An introductory overview
Authors: Fourie Madelein
Published: July 2014

The research was conducted from the perspective of public practical theology, which hasthe general purpose to gain a deeper understanding of the human in all facets of his orher everyday life. More specifically, practical theology wants to facilitate the experience of meaningfulness and sense outside the walls of the church for people to be able to answer existential questions. In this article, the focus was on the individual in the workplace and the meaning of work. Corporate interest in spirituality is not a fleeting tendency, but a basic movement embracing a new perspective on work in which the emphasis has shifted to the idea that work is meaningful. Organisations of the 21st century require that their employees bring their whole selves to the work − not only their physical presence and intellect, but also their spirituality. A growing number of employees are seeking more than mere financial gain in the workplace – the aim is gain in the form of inspirational and meaningful work. Sufficient proof exists that spirituality in the work place is responsible for creating a new organisational culture in which workers are more content and better achieving. In addition, employee motivation and experience of job satisfaction are enhanced. The result is an upward spiral for the benefit of the working individual and the workplace.Spiritualiteit in die werkplek: ’n Inleidende oorsig. Hierdie navorsing is vanuit ’n publieke prakties-teologiese perspektief onderneem. Dit beoog om ’n beter begrip van die mens in al sy of haar lewensfasette te verkry. Dit het ten doel om die ervaring van sin en betekenis buite die mure van die kerk te fasiliteer om mense sodoende in staat te stel om eksistensiële vrae te kan beantwoord. In hierdie artikel is die fokus spesifiek op die werkende individu en die betekenis wat aan werk geheg word, gerig. Korporatiewe belangstelling in werkplek-spiritualiteit is nie ’n vlietende tendens nie, maar ’n basiese beweging met ’n verskuifde perspektief, gerig op die betekenis van werk. Organisasies van die een-en- twintigste eeu vereis dat werknemers hulle totale self − fisies, intellektueel en ook spiritueel − na die werkplek bring. ’n Groeiende aantal werknemers is op soek na meer as slegs ekonomiese beloning − hulle verkies eerder beloning in die vorm van inspirerende en betekenisvolle werk. Daar is genoegsame bewys dat spiritualiteit in die werkplek vir die skep van ’n nuwe organisatoriese kultuur met gelukkiger en beter presterende werkers verantwoordelik is. Daarmee saam word werknemer-motivering en -betekenisvolheid van die werkservaring verhoog. Die resultaat is ’n opwaartse spiraal tot voordeel van die werkende individu asook van die werkplek.
Augustine on redemption in Genesis 1�3
Authors: Smither Edward L.
Published: July 2014

Many theologians, including those concerned with theology of mission, frame the dramaof God�s story and mission (missio Dei) through the three major acts of creation, fall andredemption. Others add that the new creation ought to be regarded as a fourth act. Althoughthis framework describes the entire biblical narrative, creation, fall and the hope of redemptionare, of course, quite present in the first three chapters of Genesis. In this article, I endeavouredto engage with the commentaries of the African church father Augustine of Hippo (354�430 CE) to grasp his thoughts on redemption in Genesis 1�3. In his Genesis works, Augustinewas primarily concerned with clarifying the doctrine of creation and, relatively speaking, hadfar less to say about redemption. That said, Augustine was, quite interested with Scripture�sstory of redemption in his magnum opus De Civitate Dei [City of God]. Thus, in this article, Iexplored two major questions: firstly, why did Augustine pay so little attention to redemptionin Genesis 1�3? Secondly, how did he articulate and relate redemption in these chapters? Itwas shown that whilst his primary focus was to articulate creation, his thoughts on redemptionwere probably limited some because of the insufficiency of his Old Latin Bible translation andperhaps because of other distractions in ministry. Furthermore, it was argued that Augustine�sdoctrine of redemption was a subset of his discussion on creation � specifically, that the secondAdam (Christ) brought new life to God�s image bearers affected by the fall of the first Adam.Intradisciplinary and/or interdisciplinary implications: My aim was to establish Augustine�sthoughts on redemption as a point of dialogue for theologians of mission endeavouring toclarify a theology of mission. As most mission theologians do not consult Augustine in theirwork and as most early Christian scholars do not read Augustine missionally, this studyoffered fresh insights for both groups of scholars.
Complication avoidance in transcallosal transforaminal approach to colloid cysts of the anterior third ventriclen: An analysis of 80 cases
Authors: Symss Nigel , Ramamurthi Ravi , Kapu Ravindranath , Rao Santhosh , Vasudevan Madabushi , Pande Anil , Cugati Goutham
Published: July 2014

Object: The objective of the present study is to analyze the complications and their avoidance in a series of 80 patients operated by transcallosal transforaminal approach to colloid cysts of the anterior third ventricle. Materials and Methods: The surgical outcome and complications of 80 patients operated by transcallosal transforaminal approach for colloid cysts in the anterior third ventricle was analyzed. A detailed pre- and post-operative neurological assessment was done in all patients. Neurocognitive assessment of corpus callosal function was done in the last 22 cases. CT scan of the brain was done in all patients, before and after surgery. Results: All patients underwent transcallosal transforaminal approach. Total excision of the lesion was achieved in 79 patients and subtotal in one. The complications encountered were postoperative seizures in six, acute hydrocephalus in four, venous cortical infarct in four, transient hemiparesis in four, transient memory impairment, especially for immediate recall in nine, mutism in one, subdural hematoma in one, meningitis in three, and tension pneumocephalus in one patient. There were two mortalities. There was no incidence of postoperative disconnection syndrome.
Conclusion: Colloid cyst is surgically curable. With good knowledge of the regional anatomy and meticulous microsurgical techniques, there is a low mortality and minimum morbidity, when compared to the natural history of the disease. With increasing experience, most of the complications are avoidable. The limited anterior callosotomy does not result in disconnection syndromes.
Pseudo-Tournament Matrices and Their Eigenvalues
Authors: Wang Chuanlong , Yong Xuerong
Published: July 2014

A tournament matrix and its corresponding directed graph both arise as a record of the outcomes of a round robin competition. Ann × ncomplex matrixAis calledh-pseudo-tournament if there exists a complex or real nonzero column vectorhsuch thatA+A* =hh* −I. This class of matrices is a generalisation of well-studied tournament-like matrices such ash-hypertournament matrices, generalised tournament matrices, tournament matrices, and elliptic matrices. We discuss the eigen-properties of anh-pseudo-tournament matrix, and obtain new results when the matrix specialises to one of these tournament-like matrices. Further, several results derived in previous articles prove to be corollaries of those reached here.
Huang, Chun-chieh 黃俊傑, ed.: The Study of East Asian Confucianism: Retrospect and Prospect (東亞儒學研究的回顧與展望)
Authors: ROŠKER Jana S.
Published: July 2014

Book review
Huang Chun-chieh: Humanism in East Asian Confucian Contexts
Authors: SERNELJ Tea
Published: July 2014

Book Review
Colonization of an empty island: how does a plant with a plastic gender system respond?
Authors: Philipp M. , Adsersen H.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Honckenya peploides is the most common plant species on the island of Surtsey. It arrived in 1967 and after a juvenile period of 4 years it produced seeds and has increased its number from below 100 to several millions. Most populations have the individuals distributed in a regular or random pattern, suggesting that intraspecific competition is important. H. peploides has a subdioecious reproductive system consisting of pistillate plants producing capsules, and staminate plants delivering pollen and some in addition are producing capsules and are denoted hermaphrodites. Populations at the south coast of Iceland had around fifty–fifty pistillate to staminate plants. At Surtsey we found more pistillate plants probably due to the higher water stress tolerance by pistillate plants. We also found a tendency to a higher frequency of hermaphrodite plants with a higher number of seeds per capsule compared to populations at the south coast of Iceland + Heimaey. We suggest that this is a reminiscence from the time right after the colonization of Surtsey where population size was small and the small generalist pollinators were not able to deposit sufficient pollen on pistillate plants causing the hermaphrodites to have an advantage by being able to set seed after selfing. The result of this initial advantage of the hermaphrodites in combination with the inheritance of the sexes can still be seen due to the longevity of the individuals. A generalized account of the colonization history of H. peploides is given.
Evaluation of carbon stocks in above- and below-ground biomass in Central Africa: case study of Lesio-louna tropical rainforest of Congo
Authors: Liu X. , Ekoungoulou R. , Loumeto J. J. , Ifo S. A. , Bocko Y. E. , Koula F. E.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The study was aimed to estimate the carbon stocks of above- and below-ground biomass in Lesio-louna forest of Congo. The methodology of allometric equations was used to measure the carbon stocks of Lesio-louna natural forest. We are based precisely on the model II which is also called non-destructive method or indirect method of measuring carbon stocks. While there has been use of parameters such as the DBH and wood density. The research was done with 22 circular plots each 1256 m2. In the 22 plots studied, 19 plots are in the gallery forest and three plots in the secondary forest. Also, 22 circular plots were distributed in 5 sites studies of Lesio-louna forest, including: Inkou forest island, Iboubikro, Ngoyili, Blue lake and Ngambali. So, there are two forest types (secondary forest and gallery forest) in this forest ecosystem. In the 5 sites studied, we made measurements on a total of 347 trees with 197 trees for the class of 10–30 cm diameter, 131 trees for the class of 30–60 cm diameter and 19 trees in the diameter class > 60 cm. The results show that in the whole forest, average carbon stock for the 22 plots of the study was 168.601 t C ha−1 for AGB, or 81% and 39.551 t C ha−1 for BGB, or 19%. The total carbon stocks in all the biomass was 3395.365 t C for AGB, which is 3.395365 × 10–6 Gt C and 909.689934 t C for BGB, which was 9.09689934 × 10–7 Gt C. In this forest, the carbon stock was more important in AGB compared to BGB with respectively 3395.365 t C against 909.689934 t C. Plot10 (AGB = 363.899 t C ha−1 and BGB = 85.516 t C ha−1) was the most dominant in terms of carbon quantification in Lesio-louna.
The role of the Amazon Basin moisture in the atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle: a Lagrangian analysis
Authors: Drumond A. , Marengo J. , Ambrizzi T. , Nieto R. , Moreira L. , Gimeno L.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We used a Lagrangian model (FLEXPART) together with the 1979–2012 ERA-Interim reanalysis data to investigate the role of the moisture in the Amazon Basin in the regional hydrological budget over the course of the year. FLEXPART computes budgets of evaporation minus precipitation by calculating changes in the specific humidity along forward and backward trajectories. The tropical Atlantic is the most important remote moisture source for the Amazon Basin. The tropical North Atlantic (NA) mainly contributed during the austral summer, while the contribution of the tropical South Atlantic (SA) prevailed for the remainder of the year. At the same time, the moisture contribution from the Amazon Basin itself is mainly for moisture supplying the southeastern South America. The 33-year temporal domain allowed the investigation of some aspects of the interannual variability of the moisture transport over the basin, such as the role of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Atlantic Meridional Mode (AMM) on the hydrological budget. During the peak of the Amazonian rainy season (from February to May, FMAM) the AMM is associated more with the interannual variations in the contribution from the tropical Atlantic sources, while the transport from the basin towards the subtropics responds more to the ENSO variability. The moisture contribution prevailed from the SA (NA) region in the years dominated by El Niño/positive AMM (La Niña/negative AMM) conditions. The transport from the Amazon towards the subtropics increased (reduced) during El Niño (La Niña) years.
Influence of meteorological conditions on aeolian processes along the Polish cliff coast
Authors: Hojan Marcin , Więcław Mirosław
Published: July 2014

This article presents aeolian landforms and meteorological parameters affecting aeolian processes on the south Baltic coastal cliffs of Poland. The analysis was conducted for two weather stations at different locations. The bluffs in the vicinity of the stations have similar geological structure, but differ in height. Velocity and direction of the wind, as well as precipitation, are of dominating importance. Dispelling the cliff starts at wind speeds of two–three ms-1. At this speed, the distance at which the material is transported is short and is only a few meters, while for the transport of fine sand and dust on the top of the bluff the wind speed must be over 10 ms-1. It was observed that such speeds of the wind or gust are characteristic of days with an average wind velocity of at least six ms-1. The number of days with potential deflation on the bluff is four times higher in the area of Ustka than in the Świnoujście region. On average, the bluff in Ustka can be dispersed by wind throughout 33 days in a year, while the one in Wolin in less than eight days. Erosive and accumulative eolian forms are small, their sizes are generally less than one meter, only with rhythmic swelling to the size of several meters.
Penal Populism, Deliberative Methods, and the Production of “Public Opinion” on Crime and Punishment
Authors: Turner Liz
Published: July 2014

This article draws upon insights from democratic and social theory to demonstrate that the findings of traditional opinion surveys exert an unjustified and unhealthy level of dominance in the contemporary political sphere. It reflects upon the plausibility that the expanded use of deliberative approaches to understanding public opinion might halt and begin to reverse the penal excesses generated by “penal populism.” It is argued that the findings from studies utilising deliberative methods struggle to have any significant impact on political decision making because proponents show an unwarranted epistemological deference, which means that survey-based approaches are able to retain their dominance over political conceptions of the so-called “reality” of public opinion. This is because deliberative methods are regarded and portrayed as producing findings which are less “real” than the findings generated by traditional survey-based research. Even the proponents of deliberative methods collude in this portrayal by invoking the notion of the “hypothetical public,” an “ontological red herring” which distracts from both the socially constructed nature of all representations of public opinion, and the unwarranted power which accrues to and flows from conventional methods.
Steps Toward a Zoology of Mind
Authors: Baeten Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

Over the past several decades there have been robust attempts at crafting descriptions of mind that overcome the legacy of Cartesianism. W. Teed Rockwell puts the body as a nexus of interlocking systems at the center of his account of cognition, effectively dissolving the tie of mind/brain and the problems that follow such an equation. Though Rockwell's project is promising, his phenomenological/Deweyan approach leads him to reject realism and, consequently, to reject an evolutionary role in cognition. On offer is a naturalistic account of mind that begins with the animal embedded in ecosystemic constitutional relations—a zoological account of mind.
Climatic potential productivity and an IRS-1CWiFS image in Natural Park Los Alcornocales. Relationship with the standing forest biomass
Authors: Cuevas J. M. , Gonzalez-Alonso F. , Roldan A. , Huesca M.
Published: July 2014

It is studied the use of the Map of Forest Potential Productivity of Spain as information in base to which classify an Indian IRS-1C WiFS satellite image in Los Alcornocales Natural Park (Andalucía, Spain), a large forest area covered by natural forests of Mediterranean broadleaved species, mainly cork oak (Quercus suber L.). Grouping the classes of climatic potential productivity of this map were obtained three macroclasses that resulted significantly different among them at the 99% confidence level for the visible and the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of theWiFS image. It was built a classifier using these macroclasses of climatic potential productivity as ground truth areas. By maximum likelihood supervised classification of the NDVI were obtained classes who resulted significantly different among them at the 90%confidence level for the basal area from the Second Spanish National Forest Inventory ground plots located in the park.
Forest structure and plant diversity in maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) stands in central Spain
Authors: Osorio L. F. , Bravo F. , Zaldivar P. , Pando V.
Published: July 2014

The relationship between forest structure and plant diversity in Mediterranean Maritime pine stands (Pinus pinaster Ait.) in the Iberian Range (Spain) was studied. Forty eight stands were sampled. In each, a circular plot (15 m radius) and a transect (25*1 m2) were established to estimate stand variables and record presence and abundance of vascular species respectively. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA), simple correlations and multiple stepwise linear regressions were used to explore the relationship between plant diversity and forest structure. Correlation between diversity measurements and stand variables is very weak, but significant correlations were found when evaluating each set of variables separately. Presence and cover of some species (for instance, Veronica arvensis L. or Micropyrum tenellum (L.) Link) is correlated with stand variables; however, determination coefficients found in step-by-step regression are not significant.
Relating landscape structure, environment and management to biodiversity indicators estimated from forest inventory data in Catalonia (NE Spain)
Authors: Torrás O. , Martín-Queller E. , Saura S.
Published: July 2014

There is an increasing need to develop efficient methods for characterising and monitoring forest biodiversity. A landscape scale approach and assessment can provide complementary and valuable information in this respect, by considering patterns and processes that operate at broad scales and influence different aspects of forest biodiversity. Here we analysed the relationships between six forest biodiversity indicators (related to the tree and shrub layers and estimated from a large set of field plots in the Third Spanish National Forest Inventory) and landscape structure, environmental and management variables at a 10 x 10 km scale in the region of Catalonia (NE Spain) through the variation partitioning method. The tree layer indicators were those most predictable from the set of explanatory variables considered, and up to a 77.2 % of total variation was explained for tree species richness. Landscape variables were much more relevant to explain biodiversity patterns than environmental and spatial factors, and landscape composition outperformed the predictive capacity of configuration metrics. Management had a weak but positive effect on the tree layer indicators, while the amount of early successional forest was negatively associated to the tree layer indicators but positively to those of the shrub stratum. Our results highlight the need to (1) concentrate field sampling efforts in those indicators that are less predictable from the landscape scale, such as those related to rare species with a high conservation value, and to (2) incorporate landscape structure variables for forest biodiversity assessments in the Mediterranean, where a landscape management approach may be particularly suited to allow the adaptation of forest biodiversity to the ongoing landscape dynamics related to broad-scale processes such as rural land abandonment or climate change.
Properties of Amaranth Flour With Functional Oat Products
Authors: Inglett George E. , Chen Diejun , Liu Sean
Published: July 2014

Amaranth flour (Salvia hispanica L.), gluten free and rich in essential amino acids, was composited with oat functional products containing ?-glucan known for lowering blood cholesterol and preventing heart disease. The objective of this research was to study the pasting and rheological properties of amaranth flour interacted with functional oat products using Rapid Visco Analyzer followed by an advanced rheometer. The initial peak viscosities of amaranth-Nutrim (oat bran hydrocolloids) and amaranth-OBC (oat bran concentrate) composites were increased with higher Nutrim and OBC contents. The final pasting viscosities of amaranth-OBC composites were increased significantly with higher OBC contents while amaranth-Nutrim composites showed colloidal gel properties similar to Nutrim. On other hand, amaranth interacted with oat bran concentrate displayed the highest rheological solid properties as elastic gels. Shear thinning properties were observed for all the interactions between amaranth flour and functional oat products. The improved water holding capacities were found for interacted compositions with Nutrim and oat bran concentrate compared to amaranth flour. These amaranth flour and oat products compositions demonstrated improved nutritional value and texture qualities for functional food applications.
Flowering, pollen production and insect visitation in two Aconitum species (Ranunculaceae)
Authors: Antoń Sebastian , Denisow Bożena , Milaniuk Karol
Published: July 2014

Flowering phenology, diurnal dynamics of blooming, insect visitation and pollen production in Aconitum lycoctonum L. and Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux were investigated in 2012–2013 in the Lublin area, SE Poland. Flowering of A. lycoctonum occurred in June/July, whereas A. carmichaelii bloomed in September/October. Both Aconitum species differed in terms of the diurnal pattern of flowering. The flowers of A. lycoctonum started opening at 5.00, whereas those of A. carmichaelii started blooming at 8.00 (GMT+2h). The species differed in the number of anthers per flower, the size of anthers, and the mass of pollen produced in anthers. As a result, the flowers of A. lycoctonum produced less pollen (mean = 1.0 mg per 10 flowers) than the flowers of A. carmichaelii (mean = 8.2 mg per 10 flowers). The estimated pollen yield was 0.2 g per m2 for A. lycoctonum and 1.6 g per m2 for A. carmichaelii. The flowers of both Aconitum species were foraged exclusively by bumblebees with the predominance of the long-tongued Bombus hortorum. Nectar was a more attractive floral reward than pollen. The propagation of Aconitum lycoctonum and A. carmichaelii in ornamental gardens may support the conservation of bumblebees whose populations are steadily declining.
Terrorism and the Stock Market: A Case Study for Turkey Using STR Models
Authors: Eruygur Ay , Omay Tolga
Published: July 2014

Several attempts have been made in the literature to analyze the detrimental effects of terrorist activities on the stock market. However, in neither of these studies the effects of terrorist activities on stock returns are investigated through employing nonlinear models in spite of the fact that most financial data is shown to exhibit nonlinear behaviour. This study, therefore, aims to contribute to this growing area of research by exploring the potential nonlinear effects of terrorist activities on stock returns by employing smooth transition regression (STR) models. Our results show that terrorism has a statistically significant negative effect on the stock index when the intensity of terrorist activities passes a certain threshold level. This negative effect continues for terrorist activities below this threshold level, but becomes statistically insignificant. This study by conducting the analysis within a nonlinear framework offers important insights into the investors who want to make portfolio diversification strategies against terrorism risk.
On the Stability of Nigeria's Import Demand: Do Endogenous Structural Breaks Matter?
Authors: Shuaibu Mohammed Isa , Fatai Basiru Oyeniran
Published: July 2014

In this paper, we reassess the traditional import demand function and an augmented version that includes volatility of external reserves and oil revenue inflows as explanatory variables. In each version, we examine the role of regime shifts on the stability of Nigeria's import demand function which has been ignored in previous studies. Our findings suggest the existence of a long-run relationship between import demand and its determinants. We also present evidence of one-way causality running from changes in relative prices, oil revenue inflows and volatility of international reserves to import demand in Nigeria. However, when structural breaks were introduced, bi-directional causality is observed; indicating the critical role of regime shifts in determining the stability of Nigeria's import demand. The results make a case for diversifying Nigeria's revenue inflows in a bid to dampen the effect of contemporaneous shocks that affect external reserve accumulation thereby weakening its import financing capacity.
De Rankin Inlet à Raglan, le développement minier et les communautés inuit
Authors: Rodon Thierry , Lévesque Francis , Blais Jonathan
Published: July 2014

Dans cet article, nous nous demandons si les communautés inuit canadiennes sont mieux outillées qu’elles ne l’étaient il y a un demi-siècle pour bénéficier du développement minier qui survient sur leur territoire. Après un bilan des relations qu’ont entretenues les Inuit avec l’industrie minière dans l’Inuit Nunangat entre 1957 et le début des années 2000, nous présentons les résultats d’une enquête menée dans les communautés de Salluit et Kangiqsujuaq au Nunavik en automne 2012 au sujet des impacts sociaux de la mine Raglan. Cette discussion nous permet de souligner qu’il reste beaucoup de travail à faire pour mieux comprendre les effets du développement minier sur les communautés inuit.
¿Coinciden las expectativas escolares de la familia y del profesorado acerca del alumnado de origen inmigrante?
Authors: Intxausti Nahia , Etxeberria Feli , Joaristi Luis
Published: July 2014

Esta investigación pretende conocer las expectativas de futuro de familias inmigrantes y profesorado sobre los estudiantes de Educación Primaria en la Comunidad Autónoma del País Vasco. El proceso de asentamiento de la primera generación de inmigrantes transnacionales en la última década pone de manifiesto la necesidad de seguir de cerca los procesos de incorporación de sus hijos/as en el nuevo país. Se han estudiado las expectativas de 302 familias inmigrantes y del profesorado tutor de sus hijos en referencia a logros académicos y profesionales, aprendizaje de lenguas y desarrollo de las relaciones sociales del alumnado. Se manifiesta que existe una relación directa entre las expectativas de las familias y el profesorado en logros académicos cuando se refiere a expectativas universitarias y de Educación Secundaria. Simultáneamente, se da una relación positiva directa entre las expectativas hacia el logro del euskera e inglés de familia y profesorado, siendo mayores las de las familias en el caso del euskera, y muy parecidas en el caso del inglés. Las expectativas respecto al nivel profesional, hacia el logro en castellano y lengua de origen así como hacia el desarrollo de las relaciones sociales no guardan una relación directa
Preparation ofN‐Boc‐3‐Methylpyrrole via Anionic Rearrangement
Authors: Graeff Daniel P. , Sims Noah J. , Savage Quentin R. , Jackson Richard K. , Jackson Amy C. , Lawson Danielle M. , Wixom Madelyn R. , Wood John L.
Published: August 2024

This chapter presents the procedure for the preparation of N‐Boc‐3‐methylpyrrole via Anionic Rearrangement. The pyrrole moiety is found in a wide range of chemical compounds including, but not limited to, natural products, therapeutics, polymers, and dyes. Moreover, these privileged heterocycles can participate in a number of useful carbon‐carbon bond‐forming reactions, thereby rendering them valuable synthetic intermediates. The chapter details the development of a two‐step synthesis of N‐Boc‐3‐ methylpyrrole. The synthesis proceeds through a Diels–Alder reaction between isoprene and the nitroso dienophile derived via oxidation with phenyliodine diacetate. The synthesis employs inexpensive and non‐toxic reagents and is anticipated to expand the use of this privileged heterocycle through broadened access.