bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Apple Rootstock on Hoplocampa testudinea (Klug) Host Choice and Larval Performance
Authors: Blatt Suzanne E.
Published: February 2025

Hoplocampa testudinea, the European Apple Sawfly, is an important pest in apple throughout Canada. Losses can be up to 80% in some areas. Adults of H. testudinea are active during the bloom period and larvae are contained with the developing fruitlet, creating a challenging management situation. Chemical treatments applied either pre- or post-bloom may not reduce the population sufficiently to prevent damage in the current year. H. testudinea has been shown to exhibit a preference for some apple cultivars over others in Europe and North America, offering a potential host-based option to reduce impact from this pest. In this study, we explored whether rootstock would impact H. testudinea development as demonstrated in cultivar. A selection of rootstocks from within ‘Honeycrisp’ and Modi® plantings located at the Kentville Research and Development Centre were selected and the following variables were studied: percentage of clusters with eggs and number of eggs oviposited during bloom, development of the larvae within the fruitlets, titratable acid firmness and soluble solids evaluated at two times during fruitlet development, and damage observed at harvest. Results showed that female H. testudinea did not oviposit significantly more on certain rootstocks over others, even though the percentage of apples showing damage at harvest was significant across rootstock for ‘Honeycrisp’. Percentage of fruitlets showing secondary damage and dropping from the tree was significant across rootstock with a ‘Honeycrisp’ scion in 2021. Secondary damage in this planting correlated with change in acidity. These results suggest that rootstock does not strongly affect H. testudinea performance.
Neural Network Models for Prostate Zones Segmentation in Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Fouladi Saman , Di Palma Luca , Darvizeh Fatemeh , Fazzini Deborah , Maiocchi Alessandro , Papa Sergio , Gianini Gabriele , Alì Marco
Published: February 2025

Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most common tumors diagnosed in men worldwide, with approximately 1.7 million new cases expected by 2030. Most cancerous lesions in PCa are located in the peripheral zone (PZ); therefore, accurate identification of the location of the lesion is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment. Zonal segmentation in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans is critical and plays a key role in pinpointing cancerous regions and treatment strategies. In this work, we report on the development of three advanced neural network-based models: one based on ensemble learning, one on Meta-Net, and one on YOLO-V8. They were tailored for the segmentation of the central gland (CG) and PZ using a small dataset of 90 MRI scans for training, 25 MRIs for validation, and 24 scans for testing. The ensemble learning method, combining U-Net-based models (Attention-Res-U-Net, Vanilla-Net, and V-Net), achieved an IoU of 79.3% and DSC of 88.4% for CG and an IoU of 54.5% and DSC of 70.5% for PZ on the test set. Meta-Net, used for the first time in segmentation, demonstrated an IoU of 78% and DSC of 88% for CG, while YOLO-V8 outperformed both models with an IoU of 80% and DSC of 89% for CG and an IoU of 58% and DSC of 73% for PZ.
A Microplane Model That Considers Dynamic Fatigue Damage and Its Applications in Concrete Infrastructure
Authors: Qin Changjin , Dong Xiaogang , Wu Biao , Cai Lidong , Wang Shaohua , Xia Qing
Published: February 2025

In significant infrastructure, it takes more than simple fatigue load capacity calibration to meet design and analysis requirements; more importantly, fatigue damage evolution and remaining life assessments should be undertaken. Therefore, this paper proposes a dynamic fatigue damage analysis method for concrete infrastructures based on an extended microplane model. This study extends the original microplane model to encompass steel fiber-reinforced concrete, fatigue, and dynamic analysis. In particular, the influence of the material rate-dependent effect (usually related to loading frequency) on the material’s properties is considered. The model’s validity is corroborated through benchmark tests and illustrative examples. Subsequently, the model is employed for the dynamic fatigue analysis of concrete members and concrete infrastructure, with a particular focus on the material rate-dependent effects and the influence of steel fiber on the fatigue behavior of concrete. It is demonstrated that incorporating steel fiber into concrete can markedly enhance its fatigue resistance, a phenomenon that can be reflected in the present model. Furthermore, accelerated fatigue experiments may overestimate the fatigue life of concrete materials. However, when conducting dynamic fatigue analysis of structures, incorporating rate-dependent materials may result in underestimating the fatigue damage experienced by concrete infrastructures. The model provides a helpful predictive tool for assessing progressive fatigue damage in concrete infrastructure under a complex range of loading scenarios, contributing to structural resilience and promoting sustainability.
Immunosuppressant-Induced Alteration of Gut Microbiota Causes Loss of Skeletal Muscle Mass: Evidence from Animal Experiments Using Mice and Observational Study on Humans
Authors: Tomizawa Mitsuru , Hori Shunta , Yoneda Tatsuo , Maesaka Fumisato , Onishi Sayuri , Shimizu Takuto , Onishi Kenta , Morizawa Yosuke , Gotoh Daisuke , Nakai Yasushi , Miyake Makito , Torimoto Kazumasa , Tanaka Nobumichi , Fujimoto Kiyohide
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: The number of older adults requiring a kidney transplant (KT) is increasing; hence, postoperative sarcopenia prevention is necessary. KT recipients require permanent oral immunosuppressants (ISs), and the gut microbiota (GM) plays a role in various systemic diseases. However, few studies have evaluated post-kidney transplantation frailty and the associations among ISs, GM, and muscle mass alterations. Therefore, we investigated the effects of ISs on GM and skeletal muscle mass in mice and human KT recipients. Methods: Mice were treated with six different ISs, and their skeletal muscle mass, GM diversity, and colonic mucosal function were assessed. Human KT recipients and donors were monitored before and after surgery for 1 year, and GM diversity was evaluated before and 1 month after surgery. Results: The abundance of Akkermansia, crypt depth, and mucin 2 expression were lower in tacrolimus- and prednisolone-treated mice. The psoas muscle volume changes at 1 month and 1 year after surgery were lower in KT recipients than in donors. Furthermore, the beta diversity was significantly different between the operative groups (p = 0.001), and the KT group showed the lowest Shannon index. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate potential links among ISs, GM, and muscle mass decline. Further investigation is required to improve therapeutic strategies and patient outcomes.
Comparison of Five Rehabilitation Interventions for Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Tollár József , Kóra Szilvia , Kós Petra , Vadászi Zoltán , Drotár István , Prukner Péter , Wersényi György , Haidegger Tamás , Vetrovsky Tomas , Hortobágyi Tibor
Published: February 2025

Background: Comparative efficacy of rehabilitation interventions in persons with acute ischemic stroke (PwS) is limited. This randomized trial assessed the immediate and lasting effects of five interventions on clinical and mobility outcomes in 75 PwS. Methods: Five days after stroke, 75 PwS were randomized into five groups: physical therapy (CON, standard care, once daily); walking with a soft robotic exoskeleton (ROB, once daily); agility exergaming once (EXE1, once daily) or twice daily (EXE2, twice daily); and combined EXE1+ROB in two daily sessions. Interventions were performed 5 days per week for 3 weeks. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, post-intervention, and after 5 weeks of detraining. Results: Modified Rankin Scale (primary outcome) and Barthel Index showed no changes. EXE1, EXE2, ROB, and EXE1+ROB outperformed standard care (CON) in five secondary outcomes (Berg balance scale, 10m walking speed, 6-min walk test with/without robot, standing balance), with effects sustained after 5 weeks. Dose effects (EXE1 vs. EXE2) were minimal, while EXE1+ROB showed additive effects in 6-min walk tests. Conclusions: These novel comparative data expand evidence-based options for therapists to design individualized rehabilitation plans for PwS. Further confirmation is needed.
Cryfibrinogen-Associated Glomerulonephritis and Monoclonal Gammopathy of Renal Significance—Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Terzolo Edoardo , Solfietti Laura , Ferro Michela , Barreca Antonella , Milan Massimo , Fenoglio Roberta , Sciascia Savino , Roccatello Dario
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Cryofibrinogenemia, characterized by plasma cryoprecipitation of fibrinogen and related proteins, is a rare and often under-recognized entity that can present with significant renal involvement. Methods: we describe a 66-year-old woman with progressive renal failure due to membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis driven by cryofibrinogen deposits. Her clinical course was marked by relapsing–remitting disease with limited response to high-dose corticosteroids but significant improvement following plasma exchange. Over seven years, she underwent three kidney biopsies, revealing progressive histopathological changes, including glomerular cryofibrinogen deposits and evolving chronicity. A detailed review of the literature identified 50 cases of cryofibrinogenemia, highlighting its association with monoclonal gammopathies, malignancies, and autoimmune diseases. Results: our case uniquely underscores the pathogenic interplay between cryofibrinogenemia and a monoclonal IgG-kappa paraprotein, which was found to directly stabilize fibrinogen and drive cryoprecipitation. This novel observation aligns cryofibrinogenemia with monoclonal gammopathy of renal significance, expanding the diagnostic and therapeutic landscape for this entity. Conclusions: this report also highlights the pivotal role of kidney biopsy with electron microscopy in diagnosing cryofibrinogen-associated renal disease, particularly when conventional biomarkers are insufficient. Moreover, our findings emphasize the therapeutic utility of plasmapheresis and the potential need for therapies aimed at eliminating the pathogenetic monoclonal antibody in managing refractory cases. Enhanced awareness and further research into this rare entity are essential for advancing patient care and outcomes.
Whole Exome Sequencing in Drug-Induced Angioedema Caused by Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: A Pilot Study in Five Patients
Authors: Mendoza-Alvarez Alejandro , Martinez-Tadeo Juan-Antonio , Perez-Rodríguez Eva , Barrios-Recio Javier , García-Robaina Jose-Carlos , Corrales Almudena , Marcelino-Rodríguez Itahisa , Lorenzo-Salazar Jose-Miguel , González-Montelongo Rafaela , Flores Carlos , Callero Ariel
Published: February 2025

Background and Objectives: One of the most common causes of drug-induced angioedema (AE-DI) is related to reduced bradykinin breakdown after the use of certain medications. This is the case for forms of AE-DI due to the use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi), which are used for the treatment of cardiovascular conditions. The causes of AE are not clear in these patients. Given the limited number of AE-ACEi genetic loci identified by genome-wide association studies, we opted to assess the utility of NGS of a panel of relevant genes to identify candidate genetic risk factors in severely affected patients. Methods: Five hypertensive patients from unrelated families with clinical AE-ACEi were included in the study. Whole-exome sequencing, variant calling, and annotation techniques were used. ANNOVAR v18.04.16 was used to annotate the variant calls. The resulting variants for each patient were assessed using the Hereditary Angioedema Database Annotation tool and Franklin genomic platform for variant prioritization and clinical impact interpretation. Results: The genetic variant rs6025 in the F5 gene was identified in all recruited samples, which has been associated with an increase in blood clotting in AE-ACEi patients. In two patients, a common synonymous genetic variant of the ACE gene was found (rs4343). Finally, we identified the ACE genetic variant rs142947404 in only one patient. This variant has not been assessed in AE-ACEi. Conclusions: More studies will be needed to clarify the genetics involved in AE-DI. In this way, we will be able to try to predict future episodes of angioedema due to the use of ACEi.
Sugammadex Safely Reduces Total Intubation Time in the Intensive Care Unit Following Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) at a Real-World Community Hospital
Authors: Lam Kimberly , Jackson Julia , Bourgeois Chelsey , Delgado Elina , Burmeister Melissa A.
Published: February 2025

Background/Objectives: Early extubation is crucial for enhancing recovery from coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Residual neuromuscular blockade (NMB) effects can hinder early extubation, potentially leading to reintubation, lung infection, and prolonged post-anesthesia stay. Sugammadex, a modified gamma-cyclodextrin, reverses the non-depolarizing NMB effects of the steroidal muscle relaxants rocuronium and vecuronium. The American Society of Anesthesiologists recommends sugammadex administration when patients achieve a train-of-four (TOF) ratio of 0.9 or greater and display stable renal function and hemodynamics. Previous studies show that sugammadex decreases extubation times, reduces postoperative complications, and enhances patient comfort. Methods: This single-center, retrospective cohort study evaluated the efficacy of sugammadex in achieving extubation within six hours of intensive care unit (ICU) arrival post-CABG, defined as fast-track extubation (FTE). Results: Here, we report that although the total time of intubation in the ICU following CABG did not drop to the six-hour benchmark, it was substantially reduced by the administration of sugammadex in accordance with an FTE protocol. Furthermore, the risks of adverse events (e.g., anaphylaxis, heart failure) and postoperative complications (e.g., acidemia, hypoxemia, tachypnea) were unaltered. Conclusions: The use of sugammadex could, thus, reduce costs associated with prolonged intubation time and related complications without increasing morbidity or mortality.
Preschool Children with High Reading Ability Show Inversion Sensitivity to Words in Environment: An Eye-Tracking Study
Authors: Li Yaowen , Zhao Jing , Chen Wangmei , Zhang Shaoxue , Zhang Wenjing , Wang Wei , Xu Limin , Li Shifeng , Xue Licheng
Published: February 2025

Words in environmental print are exposed to young children before formally learning to read, and attention to these words is linked to their reading ability. Inversion sensitivity, the ability to distinguish between upright and inverted words, is a pivotal milestone in reading development. To further explore the relationship between attention to words in environmental print and early reading development, we examined whether children with varying reading abilities differed in inversion sensitivity to these words. Participants included children with low (18, 8 males, 5.06 years) and high (19, 10 males, 5.00 years) reading levels. Using an eye-tracking technique, we compared children’s attention to upright and inverted words in environmental print and ordinary words during a free-viewing task. In terms of the percentage of fixation duration and fixation count, results showed that children with high reading abilities exhibited inversion sensitivity to words in environmental print, whereas children with low reading abilities did not. Unexpectedly, in terms of first fixation latency, children with low reading abilities showed inversion sensitivity to ordinary words, while children with high reading abilities did not. These findings suggest that inversion sensitivity to words in environmental print is closely linked to early reading ability.
Assessing the Test-Retest Reliability of MyotonPRO for Measuring Achilles Tendon Stiffness
Authors: Volesky Krystof , Novak Jan , Janek Michael , Katolicky Jakub , Tufano James J. , Steffl Michal , Courel-Ibáñez Javier , Vetrovsky Tomas
Published: February 2025

Objectives: This study evaluates the test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability of the MyotonPRO for measuring Achilles tendon stiffness at two standardized sites over various time frames and settings. Methods: Eight healthy participants underwent assessments by three raters over six visits. Tendon stiffness was measured at proximal (mid-portion) and distal (insertional) regions of the Achilles tendon at various time frames (10–15 s, 10–15 min, 24 h, and 14 days apart). Measurements included participant repositioning and two activity stimuli (daily living and sport). Reliability was calculated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), its 95% confidence interval, coefficient of variation, standard error of measurement, and minimal detectable change. Results: Short-term reliability (10–15 min) was excellent, with an ICC of 0.956 (0.929–0.974). Between days reliability (24 h) was good, with an ICC of 0.889 (0.802–0.938). Between weeks reliability (2 weeks) was good with an ICC of 0.886 (0.811–0.931). Short-term reliability with the simulation of activity of daily living was good, with an ICC of 0.917 (0.875–0.945). Short-term reliability with the simulation of sport was good with an ICC of 0.933 (0.891–0.96). Between days reliability with the simulation of sport was good, with an ICC of 0.920 (0.859–0.955). Conclusions: When used in a standardized position, the MyotonPRO demonstrates reliable repeated measurements of Achilles tendon stiffness. This protocol provides a foundation for clinical research and rehabilitation by clarifying expected reliability across minutes, days, and weeks, thus aiding clinicians and researchers in monitoring tendon adaptations and making evidence-based decisions.
Deepfake Media Forensics: Status and Future Challenges
Authors: Amerini Irene , Barni Mauro , Battiato Sebastiano , Bestagini Paolo , Boato Giulia , Bruni Vittoria , Caldelli Roberto , De Natale Francesco , De Nicola Rocco , Guarnera Luca , Mandelli Sara , Majid Taiba , Marcialis Gian Luca , Micheletto Marco , Montibeller Andrea , Orrù Giulia , Ortis Alessandro , Perazzo Pericle , Puglisi Giovanni , Purnekar Nischay , Salvi Davide , Tubaro Stefano , Villari Massimo , Vitulano Domenico
Published: February 2025

The rise of AI-generated synthetic media, or deepfakes, has introduced unprecedented opportunities and challenges across various fields, including entertainment, cybersecurity, and digital communication. Using advanced frameworks such as Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) and Diffusion Models (DMs), deepfakes are capable of producing highly realistic yet fabricated content, while these advancements enable creative and innovative applications, they also pose severe ethical, social, and security risks due to their potential misuse. The proliferation of deepfakes has triggered phenomena like “Impostor Bias”, a growing skepticism toward the authenticity of multimedia content, further complicating trust in digital interactions. This paper is mainly based on the description of a research project called FF4ALL (FF4ALL-Detection of Deep Fake Media and Life-Long Media Authentication) for the detection and authentication of deepfakes, focusing on areas such as forensic attribution, passive and active authentication, and detection in real-world scenarios. By exploring both the strengths and limitations of current methodologies, we highlight critical research gaps and propose directions for future advancements to ensure media integrity and trustworthiness in an era increasingly dominated by synthetic media.
Typical Diagnostic Reference Levels of Radiation Exposure on Neonates Under 1 kg in Mobile Chest Imaging in Incubators
Authors: Antonakos Ioannis , Patsioti Matina , Zachou Maria-Eleni , Christopoulos George , Efstathopoulos Efstathios P.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study is to determine the typical diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) of radiation exposure values for chest radiographs in neonates (<1 kg) in mobile imaging at a University Hospital in Greece and compare these values with the existing DRL values from the literature. Patient and dosimetry data, including age, sex, weight, tube voltage (kV), tube current (mA), exposure time (s), exposure index of a digital detector (S), and dose area product (DAP) were obtained from a total of 80 chest radiography examinations performed on neonates (<1 kg and <30 days old). All examinations were performed in a single X-ray system, and all data (demographic and dosimetry data) were collected from the PACS of the hospital. Typical radiation exposure values were determined as the median value of DAP and ESD distribution. Afterward, these typical values were compared with DRL values from other countries. Three radiologists reviewed the images to evaluate image quality for dose optimization in neonatal chest radiography. From all examinations, the mean value and standard deviation of DAP was 0.13 ± 0.11 dGy·cm2 (range: 0.01–0.46 dGy·cm2), and ESD was measured at 11.55 ± 4.96 μGy (range: 4.01–30.4 μGy). The typical values in terms of DAP and ESD were estimated to be 0.08 dGy·cm2 and 9.87 μGy, respectively. The results show that the DAP value decreases as the exposure index increases. This study’s typical values were lower than the DRLs reported in the literature because our population had lower weight and age. From the subjective evaluation of image quality, it was revealed that the vast majority of radiographs (over 80%) met the criteria for being diagnostic as they received an excellent rating in terms of noise levels, contrast, and sharpness. This study contributes to the recording of typical dose values in a sensitive and rare category of patients (neonates weighing <1 kg) as well as information on the image quality of chest X-rays that were performed in this group.
Constrained Nonlinear MPC with Rudder-Roll Stabilization for Integrated Path Following and Collision Avoidance in Underactuated Surface Vessels
Authors: Li Wei , Zhou Hanyun
Published: February 2025

This study develops a constrained nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) framework, integrating rudder roll stabilization to address coupled path-following and collision avoidance challenges for underactuated surface vessels (USVs). The compact state-space model integrates both navigational states and roll dynamics through augmentation, facilitating real-time optimization of the trade-off between safety margins for roll movements and path-following accuracy. Given that excessive roll movement during obstacle avoidance in the USV path following can readily lead to USV capsizing, the NMPC approach is employed to explicitly address multiple constraints, including obstacle avoidance constraint, roll movement safety, and control input rudder angle constraints, thereby achieving precise path following for the rudder-roll reduction control system. Different from traditional methods that adhere to a pre-planned obstacle avoidance path, the proposed NMPC approach formulates obstacle avoidance as a nonlinear inequality constraint, significantly enhancing the maneuverability of the USV during obstacle avoidance. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the stability and optimality of the rudder-roll reduction control system are analyzed. The advantages of the proposed algorithm are ultimately demonstrated through both theoretical analysis and simulation results.
Evaluation Method for Artificial Reefs Based on Multi-Object Tracking
Authors: Wu Zuli , Song Yifan , Cui Xuesen , Zhang Shengmao , Quan Weimin , Shi Yongchuang , Xiong Xinquan , Li Penglong
Published: February 2025

Artificial reefs (ARS) are structures placed in the ocean, and their posture and position affect the placement effect of the reef. Quantitative data on the reef posture and position can provide references for the creation of a favorable environment for marine organisms. This paper focuses on improving the quality assessment methods for the deployment of ARS in marine habitats. Based on the images of ARS detected by forward-looking sonar, a new method is proposed to determine the three-dimensional position and deployment effectiveness of the reefs, with the aim of obtaining more detailed information about the ARS to assist in evaluating the quality of their deployment. By constructing a multi-object tracking (MOT) dataset based on the Oculus sonar, the YOLOv8n-pose series model was used for object detection. Subsequently, the three-dimensional position and subsidence of ARS were evaluated using trajectories identified by the MOT algorithm. This paper compares various MOT algorithms and improves the BOTSORT algorithm by introducing the Hungarian algorithm and the Joseph form of the Kalman filter, significantly enhancing the accuracy of target tracking. The experimental results demonstrate that, within the framework of the YOLOv8n-pose model, the detection and association accuracy of the BOTSORT algorithm, which has been refined to address the characteristics of sonar images, has been further enhanced. Additionally, this paper proposes a mathematical modeling method for the assessment of ARS and their subsidence, providing important technical support and solutions for future marine ranch construction.
Machine Learning-Driven Prediction of Offshore Vessel Detention: The Role of Neural Networks in Port State Control
Authors: Boko Zlatko , Stanivuk Tatjana , Radanović Nenad , Skoko Ivica
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the application of different neural network (NN) models in assessing the risk of the detention of offshore vessels during port state control (PSC) inspections. The focus is on the use of different NN models (“nnet”, “mlp”, “neuralnet”, “rsnns”) to identify the main risk factors based on historical data on vessels and their inspections. The main objective of this research is to improve maritime safety and the efficiency of inspection procedures by applying techniques that can more accurately predict the probability of detention of the offshore vessels. These models make it possible to analyse complex patterns in the data, such as the relationships between the country of inspection, flag, memorandum, age, tonnage and previous deficiencies, and the risk of detention. Understanding these patterns is crucial for inspection teams’ proactive action as it helps direct resources to potentially high-risk vessels. Implementing these models into PSC processes helps to optimise resource allocation, reduce unnecessary costs, and increase the reliability of decision-making processes. NN models significantly help in recognising non-linear patterns and provide high accuracy in risk prediction. The study also includes a comparative analysis of the elements that determine the accuracy, sensitivity, and other performance aspects of the models to determine the most appropriate approach for practical implementation. The results emphasise the importance of applying artificial intelligence (AI) in various aspects of modern maritime safety management. This research opens up new opportunities for the development of intelligent support systems that not only increase safety but also improve the efficiency of inspection processes on a global scale.
Climate Variability and Fish Community Dynamics: Impacts of La Niña Events on the Continental Shelf of the Northern South China Sea
Authors: Liu Zikai , Li Jiajun , Zhang Junyi , Chen Zuozhi , Zhang Kui
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the impacts of climate variability, particularly La Niña events, on the fish community on the continental shelf of the northern South China Sea, a region highly sensitive to environmental fluctuations. Historical fishery survey data, collected from autumn 2019 to autumn 2022, were used to analyze changes in species composition, diversity indices, and community structure during La Niña and non-La Niña periods. The results show that La Niña significantly altered the fish community dynamics. During La Niña, cold-water conditions expanded the range of suitable habitats for cold-water species, leading to increased dominance of the Japanese scad (Decapterus maruadsi), with its index of relative importance (IRI) reaching 1795.9 and 1320.2 in autumn 2021 and 2022, respectively. In contrast, warm-water species experienced a reduction in suitable habitats. During La Niña, Margalef’s richness index (D’) peaked at 23.18 in autumn 2021 but decreased to 20.69 by spring 2022. The Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’) dropped from 2.597 during a non-La Niña period (spring 2020) to 2.406 during La Niña (spring 2022); similarly, Pielou’s evenness index fell from 0.4749 to 0.4396, indicating an increase in ecological imbalance. As La Niña conditions weakened, the fish community began to recover. By autumn 2022, D’ had risen to 22.73 and H’ to 2.573, reflecting a gradual return to fish community conditions before the La Niña event. Species distribution models incorporating key environmental variables (i.e., sea surface temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen) demonstrated that the habitat of D. maruadsi expanded significantly during La Niña and contracted during post-event periods. Our findings highlight the ecological sensitivity of fish communities to climate variability and underscore the importance of adaptive resource management strategies to mitigate the impacts of climate change on marine ecosystems. This research provides valuable insights for sustaining regional fishery resources under changing environmental conditions.
Research on LSTM-PPO Obstacle Avoidance Algorithm and Training Environment for Unmanned Surface Vehicles
Authors: Luo Wangbin , Wang Xiang , Han Fang , Zhou Zhiguo , Cai Junyu , Zeng Lin , Chen Hong , Chen Jiawei , Zhou Xuehua
Published: February 2025

The current unmanned surface vehicle (USV) intelligent obstacle avoidance algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning usually adopts the mass point model to train in an ideal environment. However, in actual navigation, due to the influence of the ship model and the water surface environment, the training set is triggered. The reward function does not match the actual situation, resulting in a poor obstacle avoidance effect. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a long and short memory network-proximal strategy optimization (LSTM-PPO) intelligent obstacle avoidance algorithm for non-particle models in non-ideal environments, and designs a corresponding deep reinforcement learning training environment. We integrate the motion characteristics of the unmanned boat and the influencing factors of the surface environment, based on the curiosity-driven set reward function, to improve its autonomous obstacle avoidance ability, combined with the LSTM network to identify and save obstacle information to improve the adaptability to the unknown environment; virtual simulation is performed in Unity. The engine builds a USV physical model and a refined water deep reinforcement learning training environment including a variety of obstacle models. The experimental results demonstrate that the LSTM-PPO algorithm exhibits an effective and rational obstacle avoidance effect, with a success rate of 86.7%, an average path length of 198.52 m, and a convergence time of 1.5 h. A comparison with the performance of three other deep reinforcement learning algorithms reveals that the LSTM-PPO algorithm exhibits a 21.5% reduction in average convergence time, an 18.5% reduction in average path length, and an approximately 20% enhancement in the success rate of obstacle avoidance in complex environments. These results indicate that the LSTM-PPO algorithm can effectively enhance the search efficiency and optimize the path planning in obstacle avoidance for unmanned boats, rendering it more rational.
A Twist in Yeast: New Perspectives for Studying TDP-43 Proteinopahies in S. cerevisiae
Authors: Stella Roberto , Bertoli Alessandro , Lopreiato Raffaele , Peggion Caterina
Published: February 2025

TAR DNA-binding protein 43 kDa (TDP-43) proteinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) characterized by the abnormal accumulation of the TDP-43 protein in neurons and glial cells. These proteinopathies are associated with several NDs, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and some forms of Alzheimer’s disease. Yeast models have proven valuable in ND research due to their simplicity, genetic tractability, and the conservation of many cellular processes shared with higher eukaryotes. For several decades, Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been used as a model organism to study the behavior and toxicity of TDP-43, facilitating the identification of genes and pathways that either exacerbate or mitigate its toxic effects. This review will discuss evidence showing that yeast models of TDP-43 exhibit defects in proteostasis, mitochondrial function, autophagy, and RNA metabolism, which are key features of TDP-43-related NDs. Additionally, we will explore how modulating proteins involved in these processes reduce TDP-43 toxicity, aiding in restoring normal TDP-43 function or preventing its pathological aggregation. These findings highlight potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of TDP-43-related diseases.
Comparison of Outcomes Between Functionally and Mechanically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty: Analysis of Parallelism to the Ground and Weight-Bearing Position of the Knee Using Hip-to-Calcaneus Radiographs
Authors: Yang Hongyeol , Park Chanjin , Cheon Jaehyeok , Hwang Jaeyeon , Seon Jongkeun
Published: February 2025

Background: The objective of this study was to compare the outcomes between patients undergoing mechanically aligned conventional total knee arthroplasty (MA-CTKA) and functionally aligned robotic-arm-assisted TKA (FA-RTKA). Methods: We reviewed a prospectively collected database of consecutive patients who underwent primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for knee osteoarthritis between June 2022 and May 2023. Patients were divided into two groups—MA-CTKA (n = 50) and FA-RTKA (n = 50)—based on the introduction of a robotic-arm-assisted system during the study period. The hip–knee–ankle (HKA) angle, joint line orientation angle (JLOA) relative to the floor, and weight-bearing line (WBL) ratio were evaluated using full-length standing hip-to-calcaneus radiographs to compare the conventional mechanical axis (MA) and the ground mechanical axis (GA) passing through the knee joint between the groups. Clinical outcomes were also compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in the postoperative HKA angle between the groups, due to discrepancies in the targeted alignment strategies (FA-RTKA: 2.0° vs. MA-CTKA: 0.5°; p = 0.001). The postoperative JLOA in the FA-RTKA group was more parallel to the floor, whereas the MA-CTKA group showed a downward angulation toward the lateral side (0.6° vs. −2.7°; p < 0.001). In the FA-RTKA group, the GA passed through a neutral position when accounting for the calcaneus, while the MA-CTKA group showed a more lateral GA position (48.8% vs. 53.8%; p = 0.001). No significant differences in clinical outcomes were shown between the FA-RTKA and MA-CTKA groups, with the FA-RTKA group demonstrating higher Forgotten Joint Scores and a greater range of motion (all p < 0.05). Conclusions: Functionally aligned TKA demonstrated improved joint line parallelism to the floor and more neutral weight-bearing alignment in the GA compared to mechanically aligned TKA. These findings indicate a more balanced load distribution across the knee, which may contribute to the superior clinical outcomes observed in the functionally aligned group.
Unveiling the Spatial Coupling Dynamics and Coordination Mechanisms Between Digital Inclusive Finance and Rural Industrial Integration Development
Authors: Shen Yun , Jing Yanxi , Liu Yiyue
Published: February 2025

This study examines the coupling coordination between digital inclusive finance (DIF) and rural industrial integration development (RIID) in China from 2011 to 2021, using panel data from 282 prefecture-level cities. By employing the coupling coordination model and entropy method, the research analyzes the spatiotemporal evolution and regional disparities of DIF and RIID. Key findings include the following: (1) The coupling coordination degree between DIF and RIID shows a consistent upward trend, transitioning from mild imbalance to primary coordination, though RIID lags behind DIF. (2) Significant regional disparities exist, with an “N-shaped” spatial distribution pattern from south to north, where eastern and northeastern regions exhibit higher coordination levels compared to central and western regions. (3) Regional differences are narrowing, driven primarily by inter-regional disparities, with strong spatial spillover effects observed in “high–high” and “low–low” agglomerations. (4) The overall spatial network tightness and stability have improved, with eastern regions playing a central role in the network, while northeastern and western regions remain relatively marginal. Policy recommendations include expanding DIF applications in rural industries, reducing regional disparities through resource allocation, promoting rural industrial integration in underdeveloped areas, and strengthening regional coordination to facilitate resource flow.
Measuring Intra-Urban Innovation Space from the Unit-Network Perspective: A Case Study of Guangzhou
Authors: Li Gang , Yuan Qifeng , Liu Xiao , Zhan Wei , Yang Shuya
Published: February 2025

Three spatial turns have occurred in innovation research, including focuses on regional, urban, and intra-urban scales. The primary focus of this study was to determine the spatial distribution of innovation and the innovation networks within urban areas based on a unit-network analytical framework. ArcGIS Pro was applied to identify innovation space units and to build a collaboration matrix among these units. Subsequently, Gephi 0.9.2 was used to analyse the networks. Guangzhou was used as a case study for empirical analysis, and the main conclusions are as follows. Guangzhou contains 53 innovation space units covering 495 grids and an area of 123.75 km2 (1.67% of the land area). The 53 innovation space units encompass 231,698 patents, accounting for 72.28% of the total patents in Guangzhou. The 53 innovation space units can be categorised into three levels—innovation agglomeration zones (IAZs), innovation agglomeration sub-zones (IASZs), and innovation agglomeration nodes (IANs)—which can be further classified into nine types. The spatial distribution of innovation and the innovation networks in Guangzhou form a core–periphery structure, with the Wushan–Shipai Science and Education Innovation Zone, Tianhe Centre–Yuexiu East CBD Zone, and Guangzhou Science Town Innovation Zone forming three poles at the core. The weighted degree centrality of the three poles ranked among the top 3 of the 53 innovation space units, and the link frequency between poles was among the top 3 in the 143 pairs of connections between the 53 innovation spatial units.
Regional Disparities and Driving Factors of Residential Carbon Emissions: An Empirical Analysis Based on Samples from 270 Cities in China
Authors: Xie Xiangjie , Wang Jing , Liu Mohan
Published: February 2025

Residential carbon emissions (RCEs) have become a major contributor to China’s overall carbon emission growth. A comprehensive analysis of the evolution characteristics of regional disparities in RCEs at the urban level, along with a thorough examination of the driving factors behind RCEs and the convergence, is crucial for achieving carbon reduction goals within regions. This study calculates the RCEs of 270 cities in China from 2011 to 2019 based on multiregional input–output tables and explores the regional differences and spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of RCEs using the Dagum Gini coefficient decomposition method and kernel density estimation. On this basis, we examine the driving factors of RCEs using an extended Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology (STIRPAT) econometric model and further analyze the convergence of RCEs by introducing a β-convergence model. The results are as follows: (1) The regional disparity of RCEs in China generally shows a wave-like declining trend, with the primary source of this disparity being the differences between city tiers. (2) Kernel density estimation shows that the greater the urban rank, the larger the regional disparity; the RCE distribution in third- and lower-tier cities is more concentrated. (3) Population density, population aging, and education level significantly exert a negative influence on RCEs, whereas economic development level, number of researchers, and number of private cars are positively correlated with RCEs. (4) Each urban agglomeration’s RCEs exhibits significant β-convergence, but the driving factors of RCEs and their convergence differ significantly across the urban agglomerations. This study provides targeted policy recommendations for China to achieve its emission reduction goals effectively. Each city cluster should tailor its approach to strengthen regional collaborative governance, optimize urban layouts, and promote low-carbon lifestyles in order to facilitate the convergence of RCEs and low-carbon transformation.
Research on Debris Characteristics and Wear Mechanism of Gear Material 18CrNiMo7-6 Used in Mining Reducer Under Dust-Contaminated Lubrication
Authors: Pang Xinyu , He Yixiang , Chen Xun , Zhao Jiapeng , Luo Xiting , Lv Kaibo
Published: February 2025

The lubrication of mining reducer is subjected to the contamination of coal rock dust, and this contamination has extremely serious influence on the wear life of reducers. This paper examines the effects of coal dust and rock dust contamination on the wear of mine gearboxes, especially the wear mechanisms and particle characteristics under lubrication conditions of coal dust and rock dust mixtures of different particle sizes and contents. In the paper, 18CrNiMo7-6 alloy steel was used as the reducer gear material to simulate the actual working conditions, and friction and wear tests were conducted by CFT-1 comprehensive tester to analyze the wear particle characteristics under different contamination conditions. In the experiment, 80-mesh and 200-mesh coal dust and silica particles were used (80-mesh pore size is about 180 μm; 200-mesh pore size is about 75 μm), and different mass fractions of contaminant mixtures were set. The results show that under 80-mesh coal dust contamination, punctate pits, scratches and green halos appeared on the surface of wear particles, and the corrosion and abrasive effects were enhanced when the concentration increased, while 200-mesh coal dust contamination was characterized by black pits and green halos, and the abrasive effect was not obvious. Silica contamination showed significant cutting effects with red oxide wear particles. The synergistic effect of the two contaminants accelerated the wear of the material, and the wear particles were characterized by delamination, flaking and black pits. The study shows that the concentration and type of contaminants have a significant effect on the wear performance of the reducer.
Study of Application of an Active Ultrasound by Use of Zn-Al-Mg-Ti-Based Solder on Selected Substrates
Authors: Koleňák Roman , Meluš Tomáš , Drapala Jaromír , Gogola Peter , Pašák Matej
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the potential application of Zn5Al1.5Mg1.5Ti active solder in ultrasonic soldering of Al2O3 ceramics and Cu substrates. The research explores the microstructural characteristics, phase composition, and mechanical properties of the solder and the resulting joints. Particular attention is given to the formation mechanisms of the solder–substrate bond and the role of ultrasound activation in enhancing wettability and bond strength. The study aimed to provide a deeper understanding of active soldering processes and their suitability for high-temperature applications. The findings contribute to advancing lead-free soldering technologies for electronic and structural applications.
Shear Band-Induced Internal Surface Structures in a Vitreloy Bulk Metallic Glass Deformed by High-Pressure Torsion
Authors: Kovács Zsolt , Arjmandabasi Talaye , Erdei Gábor , Schafler Erhard , Révész Ádám
Published: February 2025

In the present investigation, high stability Vitreloy Zr44Ti11Cu10Ni10Be25 bulk metallic glass has been subjected to severe shear deformation by high-pressure torsion for 0.1 revolutions under an applied pressure of 4 and 8 GPa. The fully glassy nature of the as-cast glass has been confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry. Deformation-induced surface features on an internal plane of the deformed disk-shaped specimens were studied in detail at the macroscopic level by optical reconstruction method and at microscopic scales by white-light optical profilometry. Shear and compressive strain components were measured based on surface changes and it was determined that compressive strain gradient with 0.2–0.4 strain change builds up toward the disk edge, while only part of the nominal shear deformation occurs in the disk interior. The effect of strain localization in the Vitreloy bulk metallic glasses has been quantified by a surface distortion model based on simple shear. The model was then validated experimentally by the reconstructed z-profiles.
Recent Developments in Catalytic Carbonyl Sulfur Hydrolysis
Authors: Liu Zongshe , Dong Yinjuan , Xu Chenghua , Chen Feng , Liu Wenzhu , Yang Yan , Guo Lingyu
Published: February 2025

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is the most abundant and longest-lasting organic reduced sulfur compound in the atmosphere. Removing it is a critical and challenging aspect in desulfurization technology in order to comply with global restrictions on harmful emissions. Catalytic hydrolysis refers to the process whereby COS reacts with water under the influence of a catalyst to generate carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide. Due to its high conversion rate, minimal side reactions, no hydrogen consumption, and mature technology, it has emerged as the most crucial COS removal method at present. Since its inception in the 1940s, research on the catalytic hydrolysis of COS has witnessed encouraging progress over the past several decades. This review summarizes recent advancements in this field. In this review, the evaluation metrics, influencing factors, and reaction mechanism for the COS hydrolysis reaction are briefly introduced. The recent advancements in COS hydrolysis catalysts in recent years are emphasized. Additionally, the existing challenges and potential solutions in this field are also proposed. Finally, the future development directions for this research area are envisioned. The purpose of this review is to offer a reference for the subsequent design and research of high-activity and high-stability hydrolysis catalysts.