bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Towards a Different Construction of Blackness: Black Immigrant Scholars on Racial Identity Development in the United States
Authors: Hernandez Kathy-Ann C. , Murray-Johnson Kayon K.
Published: September 2015

In this collaborative autoethnography, two immigrants interrogate their evolving self-definitions as Black women in the U.S. academy. Using a variety of data sources, they uncover several commonalities and differences in their experiences which have coalesced into a four-part model in their journey towards a different construction of Black identity: positioning themselves in the Black box, apprehending their outsider-within positionalilty, navigating the “us/them” to “we” switch, and integrating a different construction of Blackness while remaining true to their cultural/ethnic identity. In elaborating on these themes, they critique the journey towards apprehending minority identity status for people like them.
Using My ‘You Lie Moment’ to Theorize Persistent Resistance to Critical Multicultural Education
Authors: Marshall Patricia L
Published: September 2015

In this article I detail correspondences between a breach of decorum that occurred during a speech delivered by President Obama before a joint session of the United States Congress and an encounter between a teacher education student and me in a graduate-level multicultural education course. The encounter served as a powerful, albeit inadvertent, impetus to theorize the nature of persistent resistance to diversity and critical multicultural education in one teacher education unit.
GENETIC DIVERSITY AND POPULATION STRUCTURE OF MANDAR BESAR (Porphyrio porphyrio) iNHABITING JAVA WETLANDS
Authors: Subrata Sena Adi
Published: September 2015

Despite the occurrence of a massive agricultural landscape change in Java, very few reliable studies evaluate its genetic consequence for impacted wildlife species. This study reported the genetic diversity of the Mandar besar (Porphyrio porphyrio) in the modified landscape of Java as a backdrop for such an evaluation. Aim of this study was to estimate genetic diversity and genetic structure of the species. I collected eighty-eight blood samples from five a-priory populations (Demak, Jombor, Kendal, Pagak, and Nawan) and genotyped them at ten selected microsatellite loci to estimate allelic richness (R) and expected heterozygosity (He), fixation index (FST) and genetic clusters (K). DNA was isolated using a commercial kit (Invitrogen) and amplified using touch-down polymerase-chain-reaction technique. Allele length was estimated using an automatic sequencer. Pre-analysis showed that all selected loci have null alleles frequency less than 0.2, successful amplification rate more than 80%, no significant linkage between loci and no deviation from HWE. Further analysis employing GDA and FSTAT showed that Demak population has richest genetic diversity in term of R, meanwhile Jombor was the poorest population. Analysis of population structure employing FSTAT and STRUCTURE showed that the population was likely structured into four subpopulations, as showed by FST (0.085; P<0.05) and K=4 (ln probability -1725.2+3.92). This study might reveal that genetic diversity and population structure of Mandar besar in Java were still in common level as compared to other aquatic bird species.

Keywords :Swamphen, bird, richness, genetic, wetlands
THE FLAVONOIDS CONTENT IN LEAVES AND FRUITS OF PAPAYA (Carica papaya L.) VAR. CALIFORNIA AND VAR. GANDUL
Authors: Fajrin Arliana , Tunjung Woro Anindito Sri
Published: September 2015

Papaya has widely used as traditional medicine. Papaya leaves and fruits contain flavonoids that can be used as anti-bacterial, anti-fungal and anti-cancer. Flavonoid is one of secondary metabolite products. Flavonoids are ubiquitous in photosynthesis cells. Flavonoid content can be affected by enzyme which arranged from protein, meanwhile difference formation of gene can affect protein content. The aim of this research was to measure flavonoid content in leaves and fruits of genetical engineering papaya (var. California) and local papaya (var. Gandul). Leaf and fruit samples were dried to make powder. Samples were reflucted with HCl 4 N and extracted with Eter (three times). NaNO3 5 %, AlCl3 10 % and NaOH 1 M were added into samples then analyzed using spectrophotometer (á 454 nm) with quercetin as standard. Data analyzed using T test (p < 0,05). The result showed in California leaves has higher concentration of flavonoid (0,73% w/ w ± 0,05) than Gandul leaves (0,69% w/w ± 0,08). meanwhile California fruits significantly has lower flavonoid concentration (0,59% w/w ± 0,02) than gandul fruits (0,8% w/w ± 0,03). Difference of flavonoids content in leaf and fruit indicates genetic variation affect flavonoids translocation among organ. According to variety California fruits have lower concentration than it’s leaves, meanwhile in gandul variety fruits have higher concentration than leaves. In conclusion, difference of flavonoid content in California variety and gandul variety indicates different ability in flavonoids distribution among individual.

Keywords: flavonoids, Carica papaya L. var. California, Carica papaya L. var. Gandul, spectrophotometry
SPATIAL ANALYSIS ON PHYTOPLANKTON IN GREEN MUSSEL AQUACULTURE AREA, KAMAL MUARA, NORTH JAKARTA
Authors: Basir Abdul , Widiarti Riani , Wardhana Wisnu
Published: September 2015

Research on the spatial distribution of phytoplankton was held in the green mussel aquaculture area, Kamal Muara, North Jakarta. The research aimed to obtain the abundance and spatial distribution of phytoplankton and the influencing environmental parameters. The study was necessary to conduct in order to determine the useful or harmful phytoplankton groups in the location, which will affect the quality of green mussel for consumption.Thalasiossira and Chaetoceros from Bacillariophyceae, which will be harmful in a bloom condition, were the most abundantly found phytoplankton in the area. Based on distribution maps, the abundance of Bacillariophyceae and Dinophyceae were highest at stations near the mainland, whereas Cyanophyceae was at farther stations. Spearman’s correlation values indicated that the abundance of Bacillariophyceae was most influenced by pH, Dinophyceae by salinity, whereas Cyanophyceae was influenced by phosphate.

Keywords: Kamal Muara, phytoplankton, spatial distribution.
VARIABILITY AND INTRASPECIES CLASSIFICATION OF PUMKIN (Cucurbita moschata (Duch. ex Lam.) Duch. ex Poir.) BASED ON MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERS
Authors: _ Purnomo , Daryono Budi Setiadi , Sentori Maulidya Beta
Published: September 2015

Pumpkin (C. moschata) is minor cultivated plant has morphological variability, that is. important data illustrate the genetic variability. Morphological variation data of of pumpkin can be used for intraspecies classification and conservation. The relationship of cultivar groups of pumpkin also as important data for pumpkin cultivation. The objectives of this study are to determine variability and intraspecies classification of pumpkin in Yogyakarta and around area based on morphological characters. Cultivar accession are collected from Yogyakarta, and Kopeng also Salatiga central Java as operational taxonomic units (OTU’s). Character scoring based on IPGRI of pumpkin with soft modification. Morphological similarity is calculated based on presence and absence characters, and cluster analysis is conducted by UPGMA method to create dendrogram to determine morphological variability and intraspecies classification of pumpkin based on morphological similarity. The result study shows, that there are 3 fruit shapes, namely giant, globular, and oblong with lobes or not. Pumpkin also has yellow and orange colors fruit flesh. The taste of fruit flesh are sweet or not. Based on Dendrogram pumpkin is classified into 3 group cultivars: lowland group with standard fruit shape, highland with standard fruit shape, and giant cultivar groups. Morphological variability of pumpkin in Yogyakarta and around areas indicate on fruit shape, fruit size, fruit color, and taste of fruit flesh, with morphological similarity coefficient 0,55-0,88.

Keywords: C. moschata, cultivar, morphological variability, intraspecies classification, phenetic relationship.
DEVELOPMENT OF SPECIFIC PRIMERS FOR INTER SPECIES PHYLOGENY RELATIONSHIP ON Crocodilian sp
Authors: Jayanto Herdhanu , Daryono Budi Setiadi
Published: September 2015

Poaching, trafficking, and illegal product trading are classic activities which frequently faced by Crocodilian group. To overcome, laws need supporting methods for a decision of these all activities which threaten crocodile species. This will require species identification that associated to taxonomy classification. Crocodilian species are very similar in morphology. This may result to a false identification especially when working on incomplete specimen. Currently, twenty-four existing Crocodilian species are continuously revised to improve the precise placement and/or acceptance of certain species on Crocodilian classification. Herein we address this issue using Cytochrome-b. The idea was to obtain genus specific primer from Cytochrome-b and then tested the precision of the designed primers using bioinformatics tools’ Primer-BLAST and CLC sequence Viewer 6. The designed primers showed a highly specificity on species level. The phylogenetic tree constructed by is relatively precise compared to reported phylogenetic trees. These specific primers together with the genus specific primers may give valuable and important support for the effective and efficient identification of Crocodilian group.

Keywords: Crocodilian, illegal trading, Cytochrome-b , specific primer, bioinformatic
THE EFFECT OF RAMBUTAN (Nephelium lappaceum L.) PEEL EXTRACT ON LIPID PEROXIDATION IN LIVER OF OBESE RATS
Authors: Setyawati Arie , Dewi Arifia Kusuma , Atho’illah Mochammad Fitri , Lestari Umie , Lestari Sri Rahayu
Published: September 2015

Lipid accumulation is main cause of obesity which then may cause liver damage due to a high oxidative stress. The oxidative stress in cell can cause lipid peroxidation. This process can be prevented by giving the external antioxidants. Previous study reported that rambutan peel extract reduced mice body weight and several adipogenesis parameters in visceral lipid. The objective of this research was to study the effect of rambutan peel extract on lipid peroxidation and accumulation in the liver of obese rats. The research was arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD). The experimental animals used were male Wistar rat aged 13 weeks weighed 310-340 gram which grouped into 5 groups; each group was given 15mg/kgbw, 30mg/kgbw, 60mg/kgbw, distilled water (C+), or nothing (C-). The extract was given per oral once every two days. The observed parameter are MDA levels and PPAR. expression. At week 12th the animals were dissected, the liver were isolated and tested for Malondialdehyde (MDA) level using TBA and PPARã expression using Immunohistochemistry. Data was analyzed using One Way ANOVA. The results showed that rambutan peel extract in 15 and 30mg/kgbw significantly decrease MDA levels and not significantly down regulate the expression of PPAR..

Keywords: rambutan peel extract, lipid peroxidation, Malondialdehyde, PPAR..
EARLY STUDY: THE EFFECT OF TAURINE ON GROWTH OF GOURAMI (Osprhonemus goramy) AND TILAPIA (Oreochromis niloticus) JUVENILES
Authors: Widiastuti Endang Linirin , Kanedi M. , Nurcahyani Nuning
Published: September 2015

Taurine in diet affected increasing in body weight and length as well as survival rate of juveniles or adults of many marine fishes. It is explained that taurine presumably increased in their ability to tolerate the hypertonicity of seawater as well as to improve their metabolism which leaded to induce maturation. In order to elucidate the effect of taurine physiological universally in the fishes, early study was conducted on freshwater fishes namely gourami (Osprhonemus goramy) and tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The growth was determined by their body weight and morphological changes included the length and width of their body. The reproductive status was determined by measuring fish gonadosomatic indexes (GSI) (only for tilapias). Eight experimental groups were chosen consisted of two groups with commercial fish food with and without taurine and two groups with natural fish food (consisted of 50% Xanthosoma sagittifolium) with and without taurine. Amount of taurine given was 0.4 mg/fish/day. Complete randomized design with factorial 2x2 was applied to this study with 40 gourami juveniles (@ 7 grams in weight) and 40 tilapias (@ 50 grams in weight) were used for the experimental units. The study was conducted in 2 months. Analysis variances and LSD and/or t-test at 5% were used to determine the differences among experimental groups. The results indicated that taurine groups increased their body weight for 25-66% compared to the control (no taurine) as well as their body length and width (p< 0.05). Yet, the GSI of tilapias was not shown any significantly different. In this early study we indicated that taurine affected the growth in juvenile gourami and tilapia. However, further experiments related with physiological changes and reproductive status was still needed to complete the study.

Keywords: Taurine, gourami, tilapia, growth rate
BANANA LEAVES QUALITY OF Musa balbisiana Colla. AND Musa paradisiaca L. BASED ON ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE
Authors: _ Maryani , Pratiwi Puput
Published: September 2015

Indonesia is the main centre of banana biodiversity. Banana is preferred because of its high nutrient content and economical value. Besides, banana leaves, particularly from “Klutuk” banana (Musa balbisiana Colla.) is also well-known used as traditional wrapper of cakes and foods. The objective of this research was to know and to compare the anatomical structure of Musa balbisiana Colla. and Musa paradisiaca L. leaves, and their anatomical characters as quality indication of banana leaves used as cakes and foods wrapper. Cross sections of banana leaves were prepared using free hand section and paraffin embedding methods. Leaf clearing method was used to prepare upper and lower epidermal tissue slides. Parameters used were the arrangement of cells/tissues, length and width of vascular bundles, mesophyll thickness, the thickness of schlerenchyma tissue, the number of laticiferous and tanin cells, and stomata indexs. The data were analyzed using Analysis of Variance (Anova) continued by Duncan test at level 5%. The results showed that the anatomical structure of M.balbisiana Colla. and M. paradisiaca L. leaves consisted of epidermis, hypodermis, mesophyll, and vascular bundles. The supporting tissues were composed of sclerenchyma located at upper and lower side of vascular bundle. The number of cell layers composing upper and lower hypodermis; stomata number, stomata index, the length and width of stomata; the thickness of vascular bundles; the thickness of layers composing adaxial and abaxial mesophyll; the thickness of schlerenchyma layers and width of schlerenchyma tissue at vascular bundle as well as laticiferous and tannin cell were found differently between M. balbisiana Colla. and M. paradisiaca L. The values of meshophyll thickness, length and width of vascular bundle, the thickness of schlerenchyma tissue, the number of laticiferous cells and the number of tanin cells were higher for M. paradisiaca L than in M. balbisiana Colla. The smaller the thickness of schlerenchyma layers and the width of schlerenchyma tissue at vascular bundle as well as the less number of laticiferous and tannin cells were assumed to be correlated with the good quality of M. balbisiana Colla leaves as foods and cakes wrapper.

Keywords: anatomy, banana leaves, Musa balbisiana Colla., Musa paradisiaca L.
TESTOSTERONE AND CORTISOL LEVEL IN FECAL JAVA DEER (Cervus russa timorensis Mul. & Schl 1844) MALE IN CAPTIVITY BUNDER GUNUNG KIDUL YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Widiyanto Slamet , Fitria Laksmindra , Wijayanti Nastiti , Sarto Mulyati
Published: September 2015

Common reasons for monitoring hormone concentrations in domestic or wild animals, include breeding management, pregnancy diagnosis, stress assessment, and to diagnosed of endocrine illness. The research goal was to develop non invasive analytical techniques of hormone in Java deer (Cervus russa timorensis Mul. & Schl 1844). The non-invasive methods involve the collection of feces, urine, or even saliva in order to measure the metabolites hormones of interest. Samples obtained from either method are most often analyzed with radioimmunoassay (RIA) or enzyme immunoassay (EIA) technology. Both collection and assay methods have advantages and disadvantages. Choice of method depends on the tractability of the species or individual animal in question and the type of question that the data is expected to answer. We are researching basic questions regarding reproductive endocrinology of male Cervus russa timorensis Mul. & Schl 1844. Understanding C timorensis reproductive physiology will help us better address reproductive challenges in both captive and free-ranging populations. Fecal testosterone and cortisol concentrations were measured in captive male C timorensis. As much as five adult male deer were separated into separate cages. Fecal samples were collected in the morning and evening for 30 days. Sample processed through lyophilization stage, pulverization, solvent extraction with methanol and centrifugation to obtain the supernatant for EIA analysis. EIA test results indicated that content of both testosterone and cortisol could be detected, although the levels were still low. This data show that there is a metabolite in-activism in the fecal. With these results through fecal hormone measurement method (non-invasive) it is possible to be developed for observation and research on the reproductive status of the deer.

Keywords: Non-invasive, Testosterone, Cortisol, Java deer.
EFFICACY OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI Verticillium (=Lecanicillium) lecanii Zimm. (Hypocreales:Clavicipitaceae) TOWARD CONTROLLING Bemisiatabaci Genn (Hemiptera:Aleyrodidae) ON SOYBEAN
Authors: Rakhmad Rangga , Rahayu Sofia Ery , Prayogo Yusmani
Published: September 2015

Bemisiatabaci Genn is a primary soybean pest in Indonesia. This pest infests soybean leaves, causing direct damage in the form of wilting leaves and necrosis, and indirect damage by the formation of powdery mildew and viral infections which decreases soybean production. Pest control using pesticide has diminishing effectiveness and also causes collateral pollution, which necessitate an alternative method of controlling B. tabaci. One such method is the use of entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicilliumlecanii. This research aims to find the effect of conidia density of the entomophatogenic fungiVerticillium(=Lecanicillium) lecanii (Hypocreales:Clavicipitaceae) Zimm towards Bemisiatabaci Genn under field conditions. This research uses the split plot method, with two factors, six treatments, and three replications. The treatment was done by spraying L. lecanii 107conidia/ml or 109conidia/ml every week or two weeks on soybean leaves. The results showed that L. lecanii application significantly decreased B. tabaci population. Conidia density of 109conidia/ ml per week resulted the most significantly effective decreasing of B. tabaci population.

Keywords: Bemisiatabaci.Lecaniclilliumlecanii, Ethomopathogenic fungi, Soybean
BIOACTIVITIES OF MAHONI’S (Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq.) SEED ETHANOLIC EXTRACT ON THE PARASITEMIC LEVEL OF Plasmodium berghei IN MICE Mus musculus
Authors: Astuti Rr. Upiek Ngesti Wibawaning , Fathoni Imam , Rahayu Tanti , Prasetyo Ahmad Rizki
Published: September 2015

Bioactivities evaluation of mahoni’s seed ethanolic extract on the parasitemic level of Plasmodium berghei have conducted in Parasitology laboratory Universitas Gadjah Mada. Peter’s four days test (1970) was used in this research. There were 27 of mice and randomly was devided into 9 groups, 3 mice of each groups. There were 4 groups of controls: control with extract only, control with P. berghei infection only, control with P. berghei infection and chloroquin, and placebo. The other 5 groups of treated mice were mice treated with extract at the dose 5,75; 12.5; 25; 50; and100 mg/kg of body weight. Results showed that saponin and terpenoid were detected as bioactive compound. Mahoni’s seed extract at the dose 50 mg/kg of body weight gave the good effectivness in reducing the parasite up to 60% compare with control + chloroquin.

Keywords: Plasmodium berghei, Swietenia mahagoni, parasitemic level, mice
BIODIVERSITY AND ENZYME ACTIVITY OF INDIGENOUS CELLULOLYTIC AND AMYLOLYTIC BACTERIAS IN DECAYED MANGROVE STEM WASTE PRODUCT AT WAAI SEASHORE, AMBON ISLAND
Authors: Hastuti Utami Sri , Sangur Kristin , Khasanah Henny Nurul
Published: September 2015

Mangrove (Sonneratia spp.) could be found at Waai seashore, Ambon Island. The remainder of the mangrove stem will be decayed and become the waste product. Some indigenous bacteria species that live in the decayed mangrove stem waste product have cellulolytic and amylolytic characters. The objectives of this research were to: 1) identify and determine the cellulolytic bacteria species; 2) identify and determine the amylolytic bacteria spesies; 3) determine the cellulolytic bacteria species that have the highest cellulase activity; 4) determine the amylolytic bacteria species that have the highest amylase activity. This research was conduct at the Microbiology Laboratory-Biology Departement-State University of Malang, Microbiology Laboratory-Faculty of Medicine-Brawijaya University, Chemistry Laboratory-Muhammadiyah Malang University. Twenty five grams sample were ground and diluted in 225 ml nutrient broth to get 10-1 suspension. Then the suspension were diluted gradually until 10-10. The suspension were inoculated on nutrient agar medium 0.1 ml each, and incubated in 370C during 1x24 hours. Each bacteria colonies were isolated and determine to know which one were the cellulolytic and the amylolytic bacteria. The bacteria isolates were identify. Afterward the cellulase activity as well as the amylase activity were analyzed. The research results shows that: 1) there are 4 cellulolytic bacteria spesies, i.e: Micrococcus luteus, Bacillus pumilus, Planococcus citreus, and Bacillus cereus; 2) there are 4 amylolytic bacteria species, i.e: Bacillus firmus, Nitrobacter sp., Bacillus mycoides, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 3) Bacillus cereus has the highest cellulase activity; 4) Nitrobacter sp. has the highest amylase activity.

Keywords: biodiversity, cellulolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria, decayed mangrove stem waste product.
IDENTIFICATION OF ANTHRACHNOSE DISEASE ON STRAWBERRY FRUIT (Fragraria vesca L.) AND ITS CONTROL BY BETEL (Piper betle L.) LEAF EXTRACT
Authors: Kasiamdari Rina Sri , Sangadah Umi
Published: September 2015

In Indonesia, strawberry is one of fruits which has high economic values. The growth of strawberry has increased significantly, but its productivity is still low because of disease attack. Disease that attacks strawberry started from nursery to post harvest is anthracnose that can be caused by Colletotrichum spp. Control efforts of anthracnose disease up to now has been done with application of synthetic chemicals which are known to be hazardous to the environment and human health. Betel leaf (Piper betle L.) is natural plant that potentially used as phytofungicide. Essential oils on betel leaf extract is reported can decrease the growth of pathogenic fungi. The objectives of the research were to identify Colletotrichum spp. in strawberry fruit that showed anthracnose symptoms, to test the potency of betel leaf extract as phytofungicide, and to evaluate the effect of betel leaf extract in inhibiting infection and disease severity of Colletotrichum in strawberry. Samples were taken from strawberry nursery in Magelang, Indonesia. The disease symptoms were isolated on Potato Dextrose Agar, followed by identification of fungal colony and morphology by semi permanent slide preparation. Betel leaves were extracted with water to get a concentration of 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100%, respectively. An in vitro experiment was done to evaluate the inhibition rate of betel leaf extract to the growth of Colletotrichum spp. colony. An in vivo experiment was done by submersion of strawberry to betel leaf extract before (preventive method) and after antrachnose attack (curative method), then disease infection and disease severity were measured after 7 days. The result of the research showed that anthracnose disease in strawberry was caused by C. gloeosporioides (Penz.). Twenty percent of betel leaf extract in an in vitro test had potential as phytofungicide and concentration of 100% betel leaf extract was the best concentration to inhibit the growth of C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) colony by 70.26±0,61%. In an in vivo experiment, submersion of strawberry before pathogen infection (preventive) with 100% betel leaf extract decreased disease infection by 40% and disease severity by 16%, respectively. While treatment of submersion of strawberry after pathogen infection (curative) decreased disease infection by 33,4% and disease severity by 17%.

Keywords: strawberry, anthrachnose, disease, betel leaf
PLASMID FOR EXPRESSION OF APOPTIN IN Escherichia coli
Authors: . Suyatmi , Sholikah Tri Agusti , Pratama Yoga Mulia , Prasetyo Afiono Agung
Published: September 2015

The chicken anemia virus (CAV) Apoptin can induce apoptosis specifically in tumor cells and not in normal cells. Therefore, this shows a promising use for cancer gene therapy in the future. However, the mechanism of apoptin-induced apoptosis in tumor cells has not been well characterized. We tried to construct p-Ec-Apo (Apoptin expression plasmid for Escherichia coli) for further use, especially to explore the molecular aspect and therapeutically strategy of Apoptin. Aim of this study is to construct plasmid for expression of Apoptin in Escherichia coli. A complete open reading frame of the Apoptin gene of CAV/wild type was amplified by PCR. The PCR product was then purified from the agarose using QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit (Qiagen), subcloned into the respective sites of pETBlue-1 (Novagen). The molecular clone was transformed into Escherichia coli, purified, and sequenced. The nucleotide sequence was analyzed by CLC Main Workbench (CLC Bio). Results: The clone thus obtained, p-Ec-Apo, was successfully constructed.

Keywords: Apoptin, Escherichia coli
COMPARISON EFFECT OF GEL AND SPRAY AIR FRESHENER EXPOSURE ON DIAMETER OF SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES AND CONCENTRATION SPERM OF WHITE RATS (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: . Yuningtyaswari , Zulkhah Noor
Published: September 2015

Indoor air pollution is the fifth most common health risk to the environment (USEPA, 2011). Indoor air pollution among others came from deodorizer such as air freshener. Chemi­cals that can be found in the air freshener include: benzene, formaldehyde, limonene, even phthalate (Hanke, et al, 2006). Such compounds are generally harmful to the reproductive system by interfering with the endocrine system of the testes, the cells Leydig. Chemical composition varies depending on the form of air freshener or manufacturer. Air freshener also emits volatile organic compound (VOC) room deodorizer gel and liquid (spray) is widely used in society. Consumers are not aware of any risk to the health of the use of air freshener. Aim of this study was to compare the effect of gel and spray air freshener exposure to the diameter of the seminiferous tubules and sperm concentration in male Rattus norvegicus.
CORAL REEF CONDITION AND HARD CORAL (SCLERACTINIA) COMUNITY IN LOCAL MARINE CONSERVATION AREA, BENGKAYANG, WEST KALIMANTAN
Authors: Huda Miftahul , Hadisusanto Suwarno , Widyatmoko Encus
Published: September 2015

Coral reef ecosystem has diverse shape and stunning beauty. It has high value on both ecological and economical aspect it has productivity greater than other marine life. Local Marine Conservation Area, Bengkayang, West Kalimantan (Lemukutan island, Penata Besar island, Penata Kecil island, Seluas island, Rahdayan island) has a high potential on coastal and marine natural resources especially coral reefs ecosystem. The study was purposed to determine the condition coral reef ecosystem and the diversity of hard corals (Scleractinia). Samples have been taking from 5-7 meters depth in every point using Line Intercept Transect method (LIT). The observation result from the coral reef in Local Marine Conservation Area showed as the followings varies from bad to good (13.82 – 69.00%), but biotic components were found in each area that consist of sediment with percentage of 4.32-37.68% and the rock of 2.57- 38.22%. Hard coral community consists of 35 species including seven families. Genus Acropora as hard coral species is dominating the five islands. The damage of coral reefs that occurs in most of the study area is due to increased suspended material (sediments).

Keywords: Coral reefs, Scleractinia, Acropora, LIT, Local Marine Conservation Area, Bengkayang, West Kalimantan.
EFFECT OF SOIL pH ON THE ANTHOCYANIN LEVEL OF HORTENSIA (Hydrangea macrophylla)
Authors: Hariri Muhammad Rifqi , Yusuf Maulana Safril , Nurmamulyosari Lulut Dwi , Kharisma Anastya Eka
Published: September 2015

Anthocyanin is a natural pigment that can express red, blue, and purple color. It can be accumulated in leaves, thorn, tuber, fruit, flower, and seed. Hortensia (Hydrangea macrophylla) known as ‘Panca Warna’, is a plant that can express different sepal colour due to environmental factor such as soil pH. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of three different soil pH on the level of anthocyanin pigment in the sepal of Hortensia. This research was a descriptive quantitative which used randomized block design with nine replications. Seven kind of anthocyanin was measured using differential pH spectroscopy method and analyzed using One-Way ANOVA. The result revealed that the three different soil pH did not affect the anthocyanin level among the measured samples.

Keywords : soil pH, anthocyanin level, Hortensia (Hydrangea macrophylla)
CORRELATION BETWEEN WOOD DENSITY AND FIBER LENGTH WITH ESSENTIAL MACRO-NUTRIENTS ON BASE OF STEM OF Shorea leprosula and Shorea parvifolia
Authors: Maharani Rizki , Fernandes Andrian
Published: September 2015

S. leprosula and S. parvifolia are widely developed as source of high quality wood. The quality of wood could be affected by nutrient elements. It is important to measure the nutrients contained in tree stem including wood density and fiber length due to their influence in tree growth. This research aims to know correlation between wood density and fiber length with distribution of essential macro-nutrients; N, P and K on stem base of S. leprosula and S. parvifolia trees. Wood density measurement followed DIN 2135 standard method, fiber length measurement followed FPL method, and nutrient measurement used AAS method. Further, the observation data was analyzed using SPSS 16 software. Wood density and fiber length on stem bases of both of tree species tended to increase radially from section nearby the pith to section nearby the bark respectively. Wood density of S. leprosula ranged from 0.333-0.362 with 1.279-1.343 µm in fiber length, while wood density of S. parvifolia ranged from 0.285-0.346 with 1.497-1.805 µm in fiber length. Distribution of nutrient N, P and K of stem base from pith to bark also tended to increase. On S. leprosula, nutrient elements N, P, K had significant correlation with wood density and fiber length. On S parvifolia, nutrient elements N, P, K had a significant correlation with wood density. Meanwhile, nutrient elements N, P, K had a non significant correlation with fiber length.

Keywords : Shorea leprosula, Shorea parvifolia, base of the stem, wood quality distribution, nutrient distribution.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max L.) TREATED WITH SODIUM AZIDE
Authors: Dewi Kumala , . Sudjino
Published: September 2015

Soybean (Glycine max L.) is one of horticultural plants in Indonesia. The demand of soybean in Indonesia is about 2,2 million ton per year, however, the productivity of soybean is still relatively low. This research was aimed to induce mutation in soybean through an application of sodium azide. Soybean seed of “Argomulyo” variety was obtained from Reserach Station for Leguminosae and Tuberous plant in Malang. Seeds were soaked in sodium azide of 0 mM (control), 5 mM, 10 mM or 20 mM for 12 hours. The pH of sodium azide solution was adjusted to 3 by adding sulphuric acid. For each treatment 100 seeds (M1) were used . Seeds were washed under tap water , germinated and grown in a polybag containing soil and compost vertilizer (3 : 1, v/v). In each polybag 4 seeds were germinated. All plants were watered regularly every other day. Growth and development parameters observed were plant height, chlorophyll content, time to flowering, sillique number per plant, seed dry weight and total protein content. Data were analyzed by Analysis of Variant and followed by DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) at significant level of 5%. The results showed that sodium azide of 5 mM, 10 mM or 20 mM decreased the average of plant height 15 to 20% compared to control plants. Time to flowering, chlorophyll content, sillique number per plant, and seed dry weight were not affected by sodium azide. The average of total protein content in seeds of plant originated from seeds treated with sodium azide was 40% and this value is 5% higher compared to seeds of control plants. This seeds are potential to be further replanted and reselected for better characters.

Keywords: soybean (Glycine max L.), sodium azide, chlorophyll contenyt, total protein
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF METHANOL EXTRACT OF Sinularia, Sarcophyton, AND Lobophytum FROM TULAMBEN, BALI
Authors: Ruwaimana Monika , Sidharta Boy Rahardjo , Atmodjo Patricius Kianto
Published: September 2015

Softcoral has a potency as the new source of bioactive compound. This research aims to study antibacterial activity from several softcorals. Samples were identified as Sinularia, Sarcophyton and Lobophytum taken from Tulamben, Bali. Samples were extracted by maceration technique with methanol (70, 80, and 96%) and dried by rotary evaporation. Antibacterial activity of the extracts was tested by agar diffusion method to pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus,and Streptococcus pyogenes. Antibacterial activity results were: Sarcophytonshowed highest activity, followed by Lobophytum and Sinularia. The most inhibited bacterium was P. aeruginosa. Methanol 80 and 90% showed similar results, while 70% resulted below them. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Sarcophyton(96% methanol extract) to P. aeruginosa was 4% v/v.

Keywords: Softcoral, antibacterial, Sinularia, Sarcophyton,Lobophytum
Stakeholder assessment of comparative effectiveness research needs for Medicaid populations
Authors: Fischer Michael A , Allen-Coleman Cora , Farrell Stephen F , Schneeweiss Sebastian
Published: September 2015

Patients, providers and policy-makers rely heavily on comparative effectiveness research (CER) when making complex, real-world medical decisions. In particular, Medicaid providers and policy-makers face unique challenges in decision-making because their program cares for traditionally underserved populations, especially children, pregnant women and people with mental illness. Because these patient populations have generally been underrepresented in research discussions, CER questions for these groups may be understudied. To address this problem, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality commissioned our team to work with Medicaid Medical Directors and other stakeholders to identify relevant CER questions. Through an iterative process of topic identification and refinement, we developed relevant, feasible and actionable questions based on issues affecting Medicaid programs nationwide. We describe challenges and limitations and provide recommendations for future stakeholder engagement.
Revascularization options in stable coronary artery disease: it is not how to revascularize, it is whether and when to revascularize
Authors: Torosoff Mikhail T , Sidhu Mandeep S , Desai Karan P , Fein Steven A , Boden William E
Published: September 2015

Patients with acute coronary syndromes and severe multivessel or left main coronary artery disease have better outcomes when prompt revascularization is performed in addition to optimal medical therapy (OMT). However, in patients with stable ischemic heart disease, randomized strategy trials have revealed equipoise between initial strategies of OMT alone and OMT plus revascularization. Conducted in diverse stable ischemic heart disease patient populations and throughout the spectrum of atherosclerotic and ischemic burden, the RITA-2, MASS II, COURAGE, BARI 2D and FAME 2 trials demonstrate that OMT alone and OMT plus revascularization yield similar outcomes with respect to mortality and myocardial infarction. What remains unclear is whether there may be one or more subsets of patients with stable ischemic heart disease in whom revascularization may be associated with a reduction in mortality or myocardial infarction, which is to be addressed in the ongoing ISCHEMIA trial.
Atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease: focus on rivaroxaban
Authors: Barrios Vivencio , Górriz José Luis
Published: September 2015

Renal insufficiency increases the risk of stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation patients. Although vitamin K antagonists reduce the risk of stroke in patients with moderate renal dysfunction, this observation is less clear in patients with renal impairment. Moreover, the risk of bleeding with vitamin K antagonists increases as renal function worsens. Maintaining international normalized ratio values within therapeutic targets is more difficult in patients with renal dysfunction, and those agents may cause warfarin-related nephropathy and vascular calcification. Rivaroxaban is the only nonvitamin K oral anticoagulant with a dose specifically tested in patients with moderate renal insufficiency. Rivaroxaban is effective for the prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation patients with moderate renal dysfunction, with a lower risk of intracranial and fatal bleeding.
Progestin Therapy in Endometriosis
Authors: Gezer Altay , Oral Engin
Published: September 2015

Progestins are synthetic compounds that mimic the effects of progesteron. For over 50 years, oral progestins have been demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of endometriosis. They were reported to reduce or eliminate pain symptoms in approximately 90% of the patients. Progestins are available in many forms, including oral preparations, injections, subdermal implants and intrauterine systems. Continuous progestin use is an effective therapy for the treatment of painful symptoms associated with endometriosis but there had been no evidence of progestin use being superior to other types of treatment in endometriosis-related pain symptoms.
Fishing for Dog Food: Ethnographic and Ethnohistoric Insights on the Freshwater Reservoir in Northeastern North America
Authors: Lovis William A , Hart John P
Published: September 2015

A review of current research reveals multiple lines of evidence suggesting that no single freshwater reservoir offset (FRO) correction can be applied to accelerator mass spectrometer (AMS) ages obtained on carbonized food residue from cooking vessels. Systematically evaluating the regional presence, magnitude, and effects of a freshwater reservoir effect (FRE) is a demonstrably difficult analytic problem given the variation of ancient carbon reservoirs in both space and time within water bodies, and which should be performed in advance of AMS assays. In coastal and estuarine contexts,a prioripartitioning FRE from known marine reservoir effects (MRE) is also necessary to eliminate potential mixed effects. Likewise, any FRE varies based on the proportional mix of resources producing the residues and the ancient carbon uptake of those products. Processing techniques are a significant component of assessing potential FRE, and each pot/cooking vessel is therefore an independent context requiring analytic evaluation. In northeastern North America, there is little ethnohistoric/ethnographic evidence for fish boiling/stewing in ceramic cooking vessels; rather, fish were more often dried, smoked, or cooked for immediate consumption on open fires. Assays of fatty acids extracted from prehistoric vessel fabrics even on known fishing sites reveals no evidence for fish in the food mix. These observations suggest that the likelihoods of FRE in carbonized food residue in northeastern North America is therefore low, and that assays potentially suffering from FRO are minimal. In turn, this suggests that AMS ages from carbonized food residues are reliable unless analytically demonstrated otherwise for specific cases, and should take primacy over ages on other associated materials that have historically been employed for critical threshold chronological events.
Reconstruction of Prehistoric and Medieval Dietary Patterns in the Russian Far East: A Review of Current Data
Authors: Kuzmin Yaroslav V
Published: September 2015

An overview of current knowledge on the human paleodiet of the southern Russian Far East is presented. The earliest data are available for the Neolithic complexes of Primorye Province, dated to ~7000–5800 BP. For 10 humans from the coastal site of Boisman 2, a heavy reliance on marine fish and mammals (~70–80% of the total diet) has been established; this is similar to the Jomon and Chulmun complexes of Hokkaido Island and Korea. For two individuals from the inland site of Chertovy Vorota, a mixture of terrestrial and riverine (including anadromous species such as salmon, ~25% of the total diet) food resources is evident. In the Amur River basin, the diet of the Paleometal (i.e. Bronze/Early Iron Ages) population (dated to ~2500–1800 BP) was probably based on a mixture of C4 plants (millet, ~50–60% of the total diet), C3 plants, and terrestrial animals, while in the Middle Ages (~1500–300 BP) the contribution of C4 food was lower at ~20–25%. On Sakhalin Island, the maritime-oriented economy existed for a long time, at least since the Late Neolithic/Paleometal Age (dated to ~2500–1800 BP) and until the ethnographic time period (from the 17th–18th centuries AD onwards). Up to ~80–90% of the diet consisted of marine mammals and fish, and this is in accord with dietary patterns of the Epi-Jomon and Okhotsk cultural complexes on Hokkaido Island. Information on the paleodiet of the coastal populations of the Japan and Okhotsk Seas should be taken into account when calibration of 14C dates run on human bones from these regions is undertaken, because the predominant consumption of marine food caused a distortion of the true 14C age.
Late Neolithic Subsistence Strategy and Reservoir Effects in 14C Dating of Artifacts at the Pile-Dwelling Site Serteya II (NW Russia)
Authors: Kulkova M , Mazurkevich A , Dolbunova E , Regert M , Mazuy A , Nesterov E , Sinai M
Published: September 2015

Radiocarbon dating and research into offset correction for freshwater reservoir effect were conducted at the pile-dwelling site Serteya II, located in the Dvina-Lovat' basin (northwestern Russia). Cultural layers of this site are situated underwater, hence the unique state of preservation of material culture of the 3rd millennium cal BC. 14C dating of different organic materials [wood, hazelnut (Corylus avellana), and elk bones] from this site allows their ages to be correlated and 14C age offsets caused by freshwater reservoir effects (hardwater effects) in the dating of materials such as organic crust, pottery, bones, and lake sediments to be estimated. Consideration of the late Neolithic subsistence strategy underpinning the archaeological finds from this site and analysis of lipid components in ceramic vessels, as well as the determination of 14C activity of modern aquatic and terrestrial samples, allows us to calculate the local freshwater reservoir effect and 14C age offset for charred food crusts from different ceramic vessels more precisely.
Paleodiet, Radiocarbon Chronology, and the Possibility of Freshwater Reservoir Effect for Preobrazhenka 6 Burial Ground, Western Siberia: Preliminary Results
Authors: Marchenko Z V , Orlova L A , Panov V S , Zubova A V , Molodin V I , Pozdnyakova O A , Grishin A E , Uslamin E A
Published: September 2015

This article presents the results of radiocarbon dating and a chronology of the Preobrazhenka 6 site of the Odino culture (Baraba forest steppe, western Siberia). Currently available 14C data for the necropolis do not allow accurate determination of the presence or absence of reservoir effects, and as such, further research is needed. Accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating of paired samples of terrestrial faunal and fish remains from a Neolithic pit suggest the absence of a reservoir effect in fish bone collagen. Middle Bronze Age burials have therefore been estimated to date to the 23rd–20th centuries cal BC. Pits with fish remains are dated earlier than burials, to the 63rd–61st centuries cal BC. Stable isotope measurements of human bone collagen (high δ15N and low δ13C values) indicate diets based on C3 plants and fish. Apparently, the role of animal protein in the diet was not significant. Dental paleopathology analysis has confirmed the important role of wild plants in human diet. Neolithic fish bones are elevated in δ13C [–13.5‰, average mean (n = 4)]. They are significantly different from the associated values of fish from the Late Bronze Age settlement of Chicha 1 [–22.5‰, average mean (n = 10)], which is also located in the Baraba forest steppe. The difference in δ13C values in fish bones may be determined by the origin of the samples, being derived either from lakes or rivers.
Food for Thought: Re-Assessing Mesolithic Diets in the Iron Gates
Authors: Bonsall Clive , Cook Gordon , Pickard Catriona , McSweeney Kathleen , Sayle Kerry , Bartosiewicz László , Radovanović Ivana , Higham Thomas , Soficaru Andrei , Boroneanţ Adina
Published: September 2015

Stable isotope ratios of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur in human bone collagen are used routinely to aid in the reconstruction of ancient diets. Isotopic analysis of human remains from sites in the Iron Gates section of the Lower Danube Valley has led to conflicting interpretations of Mesolithic diets in this key region of southeast Europe. One view (Bonsall et al. 1997, 2004) is that diets were based mainly on riverine resources throughout the Mesolithic. A competing hypothesis (Nehlich et al. 2010) argues that Mesolithic diets were more varied with at least one Early Mesolithic site showing an emphasis on terrestrial resources, and riverine resources only becoming dominant in the Later Mesolithic. The present article revisits this issue, discussing the stable isotope data in relation to archaeozoological and radiocarbon evidence.