bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A nitrogen-doped mesoporous carbon containing an embedded network of carbon nanotubes as a highly efficient catalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Li Jin-Cheng , Zhao Shi-Yong , Hou Peng-Xiang , Fang Ruo-Pian , Liu Chang , Liang Ji , Luan Jian , Shan Xu-Yi , Cheng Hui-Ming
Published: October 2015

A Fe–N-doped mesoporous carbon embedded with a network of CNTs shows a 59 mV more positive onset potential than Pt/C.
Nanoscale direct mapping of localized and induced noise sources on conducting polymer films
Authors: Shekhar Shashank , Cho Duckhyung , Lee Hyungwoo , Cho Dong-guk , Hong Seunghun
Published: October 2015

Mapping of noise sources generated by external stimuli on conducting polymer films.
Dual stimuli-responsive oligo(ethylene glycol)-based microgels: insight into the role of internal structure in volume phase transitions and loading of magnetic nanoparticles to design stable thermoresponsive hybrid microgels
Authors: Boularas Mohamed , Deniau-Lejeune Elise , Alard Valérie , Tranchant Jean-François , Billon Laurent , Save Maud
Published: October 2015

Design of multi-responsive biocompatible P(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA-co-MAA) microgels and their hybrid magnetic couterparts.
Improved oxygen reduction activity on silver-modified LaMnO3–graphene via shortens the conduction path of adsorbed oxygen
Authors: Hu Jie , Shi Lina , Liu Qiunan , Huang Hao , Jiao Tifeng
Published: October 2015

Ag and LaMnO3 particles are homogeneously dispersed on graphene nanosheets and exhibit a special porous structure, which provide numerous reactive sites. The modification of silver provided a short path for oxygen diffusion than only using LaMnO3.
Nickel Schiff-base complexes immobilized on boehmite nanoparticles and their application in the oxidation of sulfides and oxidative coupling of thiols as novel and reusable nano organometal catalysts
Authors: Ghorbani-Choghamarani Arash , Tahmasbi Bahman , Arghand Fatemeh , Faryadi Sara
Published: October 2015

Ni-complex-boehmite was prepared in water at room temperature using commercially available materials and applied as an efficient nanocatalyst in the oxidation of sulfides and thiols.
MoDTC friction modifier additive degradation: Correlation between tribological performance and chemical changes
Authors: De Feo M. , Minfray C. , De Barros Bouchet M. I. , Thiebaut B. , Martin J. M.
Published: October 2015

To get a better understanding of how the MoDTC additive works at the molecular level, correlation between its chemical behaviour in a bulk oil during thermo-oxidative degradation and its ability to reduce friction has been investigated.
Targeted delivery of a novel peptide–docetaxel conjugate to MCF-7 cells through neuropilin-1 receptor: reduced toxicity and enhanced efficacy of docetaxel
Authors: Saha Abhijit , Mohapatra Saswat , Kurkute Prashant , Jana Batakrishna , Sarkar Jayita , Mondal Prasenjit , Ghosh Surajit
Published: October 2015

A novel peptide docetaxel conjugate selectively kills NRP-1 overexpressing breast cancer cells, enhances anticancer activity of docetaxel without affecting the NRP-1 negative cells.
Regulating the size and molecular weight of polymeric particles by 1,1-diphenylethene controlled soap-free emulsion polymerization
Authors: Fan Xinlong , Liu Yin , Jia Xiangkun , Wang Shenqiang , Li Chunmei , Zhang Baoliang , Zhang Hepeng , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: October 2015

Nanoparticles with various sizes and molecular weights were produced via altering the amount of the monomer and DPE in the SFEP.
Development of an efficient magnetically separable nanocatalyst: theoretical approach on the role of the ligand backbone on epoxidation capability
Authors: Adhikary Jaydeep , Datta Arnab , Dasgupta Sanchari , Chakraborty Aratrika , Menéndez M. Isabel , Chattopadhyay Tanmay
Published: October 2015

The epoxidation property of an asymmetric iron complex has been experimentally and theoretically verified. This catalyst further conjugated with dopamine modified Fe3O4to obtain magnetically separable nano-catalyst.
A multifunctional multi-walled carbon nanotubes/ceramic membrane composite filter for air purification
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhong Zhaoxiang , Low Ze-Xian , Yao Zhong
Published: October 2015

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are very small diameter fibers that have the potential to be integrated into filters to further increase particle capture efficiency.
Band structure engineering of multiple band degeneracy for enhanced thermoelectric power factors in MTe and MSe (M = Pb, Sn, Ge)
Authors: Ding Guangqian , Li Jie , Gao Guoying
Published: October 2015

The thermoelectric power factor (PF) can be improved by the band structure engineering of multiple band degeneracy.
Regioselective one-pot three component synthesis of chiral 2-iminoselenazolines under sonication
Authors: Chang Wong-Jin , Kulkarni Manohar V. , Sun Chung-Ming
Published: October 2015

A one-pot multi component reaction of selenoureas, which are in situ generated from l-amino esters and isoselenocyanates, with α-bromoketone under ultrasonication.
High refractive index and low-birefringence polyamides containing thiazole and naphthalene units
Authors: Javadi Ali , Najjar Zahra , Bahadori Saedeh , Vatanpour Vahid , Malek Ali , Abouzari-Lotf Ebrahim , Shockravi Abbas
Published: October 2015

Highly refractive and solution processable polyamides (PAs) were synthesized by the introduction of thiazole rings, naphthalene groups, and thioether linkages.
pH-Responsive nanovalves based on encapsulated halloysite for the controlled release of a corrosion inhibitor in epoxy coating
Authors: He Yi , Xu Wei , Tang Ran , Zhang Chunli , Yang Qiangbin
Published: October 2015

Halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) were applied as corrosion inhibitor (benzotriazole, BTA) hosts, which were encapsulated by using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and modified by (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES).
Ag-decorated ZnO nanorods prepared by photochemical deposition and their high selectivity to ethanol using conducting oxide electrodes
Authors: Suo Can , Gao Chaojun , Wu Xuyang , Zuo Yan , Wang Xinchang , Jia Jianfeng
Published: October 2015

A novel gas sensor structure consisting of LaNiO3 thin film electrodes and gas sensitive Ag nanoparticle-decorated ZnO nanorods is presented in this work.
New structural topologies in 4f-metal cluster chemistry from vertex-sharing butterfly units: {LnIII7} complexes exhibiting slow magnetization relaxation and ligand-centred emissions
Authors: Mazarakioti Eleni C. , Cunha-Silva Luís , Bekiari Vlasoula , Escuer Albert , Stamatatos Theocharis C.
Published: October 2015

The employment of N-salicylidene-o-aminophenol in 4f-metal chemistry has led to a family of {Ln7} clusters with a new core topology, SMM behavior and ligand-centered emissions.
Self-standing polymer-functionalized reduced graphene oxide papers obtained via a UV-process
Authors: Roppolo I. , Chiappone A. , Boggione L. , Castellino M. , Bejtka K. , Pirri C. F. , Sangermano M. , Chiolerio A.
Published: October 2015

The mechanical and electrical properties of novel polymer-grafted RGO papers, synthesized via a two-step UV-induced method, were studied.
Synthesis of open-shell ladder π-systems by catalytic C–H annulation of diarylacetylenes
Authors: Maekawa Takehisa , Ueno Hiroshi , Segawa Yasutomo , Haley Michael M. , Itami Kenichiro
Published: October 2015

A new open-shell ladder-shaped π-system has been synthesized.
Base-catalyzed synthesis of aryl amides from aryl azides and aldehydes
Authors: Xie Sheng , Zhang Yang , Ramström Olof , Yan Mingdi
Published: October 2015

Aryl amides are efficiently synthesized from the rearrangement of triazolines, which formed in the base-catalyzed azide–aldehyde cycloaddtion.
Leucine aminopeptidase may contribute to the intrinsic resistance of cancer cells toward cisplatin as revealed by an ultrasensitive fluorescent probe
Authors: Gong Qiuyu , Shi Wen , Li Lihong , Ma Huimin
Published: October 2015

Leucine aminopeptidase may contribute to the intrinsic resistance of cancer cells toward cisplatin as revealed by an ultrasensitive fluorescent probe.
Dynamics of the layer-by-layer assembly of a poly(acrylic acid)–lanthanide complex colloid and poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium)
Authors: Xu Jiali , Wang Zhiliang , Wen Lingang , Zhou Xianju , Xu Jian , Yang Shuguang
Published: October 2015

PAA–Ln complex particles and PDDA are assembled and fluorescent films are presented.
Pseudocapacitive slurry electrodes using redox-active quinone for high-performance flow capacitors: an atomic-level understanding of pore texture and capacitance enhancement
Authors: Yoon Hana , Kim Hyung-Jin , Yoo Jung Joon , Yoo Chung-Yul , Park Jun Hui , Lee Yeong A. , Cho Woo Kyung , Han Young-Kyu , Kim Dong Ha
Published: October 2015

We report a high-performance redox flow capacitor by using redox-active hydroquinone-based pseudocapacitive slurry electrodes.
Porous ternary TiO2/MnTiO3@C hybrid microspheres as anode materials with enhanced electrochemical performances
Authors: Guo Shimei , Liu Jiurong , Qiu Song , Liu Wei , Wang Yiran , Wu Nannan , Guo Jiang , Guo Zhanhu
Published: October 2015

Porous TiO2/MnTiO3@C microspherical composites as anode materials exhibited superior cycling and rate performances due to the synergism of TiO2, MnTiO3and carbon coating.
Ultra-low content of Pt modified CdS nanorods: one-pot synthesis and high photocatalytic activity for H2 production under visible light
Authors: Zhang Li , Fu Xianliang , Meng Sugang , Jiang Xiaoliang , Wang Jinghui , Chen Shifu
Published: October 2015

A simple and convenient one-pot solvothermal method was developed for the preparation of platinized CdS nanorods. It is more efficient than the conventional post-deposition methods to enhance the HER activity of CdS. The use of a noble metal co-catalyst can be significantly reduced by the route without unduly sacrificing the activity.
A [2,2]paracyclophane triarylamine-based hole-transporting material for high performance perovskite solar cells
Authors: Park Sungmin , Heo Jin Hyuck , Cheon Cheol Hong , Kim Heesuk , Im Sang Hyuk , Son Hae Jung
Published: October 2015

We report a new hole transporting material (HTM) based on [2,2]paracyclophane triarylamine. Due to its higher charge mobility compared with spiro-OMeTAD, the solar cell device incorporating the new HTM achieved a high photovoltaic performance with a PCE of 17.6%.
Theranostic CuS nanoparticles targeting folate receptors for PET image-guided photothermal therapy
Authors: Zhou Min , Song Shaoli , Zhao Jun , Tian Mei , Li Chun
Published: October 2015

Targeted FA–CuS NPs can significantly improve the tumor uptake; the integration of 64Cu into NPs with strong near-infrared absorption makes them suitable for PET imaging, and image-guided photothermal therapy; targeted FA–CuS NPs mediate a substantially greater therapeutic effect compared with photothermal therapy with non-targeted CuS NPs.
Multiferroic properties and magnetoelectric coupling in Fe/Co co-doped Bi3.25La0.75Ti3O12 ceramics
Authors: Ti Ruixia , Lu Xiaomei , He Ju , Huang Fengzhen , Wu Huarui , Mei Fang , Zhou Min , Li Yang , Xu Tingting , Zhu Jinsong
Published: October 2015

Good ferroelectricity, weak ferromagnetism and the sign of magnetoelectric coupling are obtained simultaneously in Bi3.25La0.75(Ti2.75Fe0.125Co0.125)O12 ceramics.
Nano molar detection of Cd(ii) ions by luminescent metallo-supramolecular polymer formation
Authors: Delwar Hossain Md. , Pandey Rakesh K. , Rana Utpal , Higuchi Masayoshi
Published: October 2015

A Cd(ii)-based metallo-supramolecular polymer was first synthesizedviathe 1 : 1 complexation of Cd(ii) ions with bis(1,10-phenanthroline) bearing a fluorine moiety as a spacer. Selective sensing of Cd(ii) ions by the luminescent polymer formation was successfully achieved with sensitivity down to 8 nM concentration.
A thermally stable and reversible microporous hydrogen-bonded organic framework: aggregation induced emission and metal ion-sensing properties
Authors: Zhou Hui , Ye Qun , Wu Xiangyang , Song Jing , Cho Ching Mui , Zong Yun , Tang Ben Zhong , Hor T. S. Andy , Yeow Edwin Kok Lee , Xu Jianwei
Published: October 2015

A hydrogen-bonded organic framework derived from a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane and an aggregation-induced emission luminogen tetraphenylethene derivative was reported.
Modified chain‐code‐based object recognition
Authors: Lee Daeha , Kim Soon‐Ja
Published: October 2015

Chain code, a data compression technique, has been widely used to encode the contour information of an object or gesture. Although this chain code is effective for data compression, it is impossible to avoid the duplication of borders. That is, even though they represent different objects, the encoding results can be made similar. The vector chain code (VCC), which contains the direction and distance information to solve the problems of the existing chain code is proposed. Also, the integrated VCC is composed of internal and external class‐based VCCs to support the encoding of objects that have multiple feature points. Experiments demonstrate that the proposed VCC achieves an improved recognition rate in comparison to that achieved by the existing chain code.
Enhancing internal parallelism of solid‐state drives while balancing write loads across dies
Authors: Winata Y. , Kim S. , Shin I.
Published: October 2015

To increase storage capacity and I/O bandwidth, modern solid‐state drives embed multiple NAND packages that consist of one or multiple dies in a parallel architecture. Each die can process NAND read/write/erase operations independently. A dynamic die binding method for write requests that is intended to exploit this parallel processing capability is proposed. This scheme stripes data to idle dies first, and unlike existing dynamic binding schemes, when idle dies are lacking it selects dies with the lowest accumulated write loads, thereby achieving wear levelling by ensuring long‐term write load balancing. Thus, it can prevent situations in which some dies are worn out more quickly than others. A performance evaluation demonstrates that our approach offers slightly better performance compared with an existing dynamic binding scheme and completely resolves the problem of imbalanced write loads.
Fabrication of p‐pad‐up GaN‐based thin‐film light‐emitting diodes with electroplated metallic substrates
Authors: Hu Xiao‐long , Liu Li , Wang Hong
Published: October 2015

A novel method has been developed to fabricate p‐pad‐up GaN‐based thin‐film light‐emitting diodes (TF‐LEDs) with electroplated metallic substrates. First, a Ni/Ag/Ni/Au mirror severed as p‐contact is totally covered by an insulating SiNx layer, which separates n‐contact from the p‐contact. Then, a copper layer connected with the n‐contact was electroplated to a thickness of about 120 μm as a metallic substrate for the light‐emitting diode epitaxial wafer. After removal of the original sapphire substrate with an excimer laser, the exposed GaN layers were selectively etched to the p‐contact. Finally, a Cr/Pt/Au multilayer was deposited onto the p‐contact to complete the whole p‐pad‐up TF‐LED structure. The p‐pad‐up TF‐LEDs exhibit superior electrical and optical properties at high driven current densities.
Design and development of a low‐cost biphasic charge‐balanced functional electric stimulator and its clinical validation
Authors: Shendkar Chandrashekhar , Lenka Prasanna K. , Biswas Abhishek , Kumar Ratnesh , Mahadevappa Manjunatha
Published: October 2015

Functional electric stimulators that produce near‐ideal, charge‐balanced biphasic stimulation waveforms with interphase delay are considered safer and more efficacious than conventional stimulators. An indigenously designed, low‐cost, portable FES device named InStim is developed. It features a charge‐balanced biphasic single channel. The authors present the complete design, mathematical analysis of the circuit and the clinical evaluation of the device. The developed circuit was tested on stroke patients affected by foot drop problems. It was tested both under laboratory conditions and in clinical settings. The key building blocks of this circuit are low dropout regulators, a DC–DC voltage booster and a single high‐power current source OP‐Amp with current‐limiting capabilities. This allows the device to deliver high‐voltage, constant current, biphasic pulses without the use of a bulky step‐up transformer. The advantages of the proposed design over the currently existing devices include improved safety features (zero DC current, current‐limiting mechanism and safe pulses), waveform morphology that causes less muscle fatigue, cost‐effectiveness and compact power‐efficient circuit design with minimal components. The device is also capable of producing appropriate ankle dorsiflexion in patients having foot drop problems of various Medical Research Council scale grades.
Surface and leaky waves of a planar dielectric waveguide with a diffraction grating
Authors: Kusaykin Oleksandr P. , Melezhik Peter N. , Poyedinchuk Anatolij E. , Provalov Sergey A. , Seleznyov Dmitrij G.
Published: October 2015

The eigenwave propagation problem is solved for a periodic waveguide composed of a planar dielectric waveguide and a reflecting diffraction grating. The technique the authors used is the spectral theory of open waveguide structures. The numerical data for the dependences of the propagation constants of surface and complex (leaky) eigenwaves are presented versus frequency and geometrical parameters of the periodic waveguide. In the frequency range of leaky eigenwaves, the angular‐frequency characteristics of the radiation directivity are experimentally studied. The experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach.
Alternative surface integral equation‐based characteristic mode analysis of dielectric resonator antennas
Authors: Chen Yikai
Published: October 2015

Dielectric resonator antennas are widely used in wireless communication systems. A theory of characteristic modes (CMs) for modal analysis of dielectric resonators is highly demanded. Although a few earlier studies had proposed CM theory for modelling scattering from dielectric bodies, the physical characteristics of these CMs and their eigenvalues are not as clear as that of those for conducting bodies. This study revisits the CM theory for dielectric resonators. Following the Poynting's theorem and the PMCHWT (Poggio, Miller, Chang, Harrington, Wu, and Tsai) equation, two generalised eigenvalue equations are formulated. The resultant eigenvalues possess clear physical meanings that are the same as those of perfectly electrically conducting problems. In addition, other possible CM formulations based on the PMCHWT equation are also discussed. Mathematical proofs are given in the Appendix to show how to formulate CM theory to physically describe the fundamental resonant modes of dielectric resonators. Numerical results are given to show the proposed CM formulations are effective in solving resonant frequencies and modal fields for dielectric resonators.
Performance optimisation of high‐gain antennas using partially reflective cavity resonance
Authors: Kim Dongho , Kwon Oh‐Jin , Pang Hee‐Suk , Kim Eun‐Hee
Published: October 2015

The authors propose a new method to optimise the geometry of partially reflective superstrates (PRSs) of resonant‐type antennas, which is suggested to enhance both antenna gain and bandwidth at the same time. Specifically, their approach is about finding optimum arrangement of unit cells printed on PRSs. To construct an optimised PRS, they introduce some defected cells that are not covered with ordinary metallic patterns. By determining optimised arrangement of the defected and ordinary cells, they show that they can further improve impedance matching and radiation bandwidths, total efficiency, and antenna gain all at once. They use a real‐value hybrid genetic algorithm for the optimisation. All experimental data show excellent agreement with predicted ones, which proves the validity of their approach.
The Behavior of IAPWS-95 from 250 to 300 K and Pressures up to 400 MPa: Evaluation Based on Recently Derived Property Data
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang , Thol Monika
Published: October 2015

Over the past several years, considerable scientific and technical interest has been focused on accurate thermodynamic properties of fluid water covering part of the subcooled (metastable) region and the stable liquid from the melting line up to about 300 K and pressures up to several hundred MPa. Between 2000 and 2010, experimental density data were published whose accuracy was not completely clear. The scientific standard equation of state for fluid water, the IAPWS-95 formulation, was developed on the basis of experimental data for thermodynamic properties that were available by 1995. In this work, it is examined how IAPWS-95 behaves with respect to the experimental data published after 1995. This investigation is carried out for temperatures from 250 to 300 K and pressures up to 400 MPa. The starting point is the assessment of the current data situation. This was mainly performed on the basis of data for the density, expansivity, compressibility, and isobaric heat capacity, which were derived in 2015 from very accurate speed-of-sound data. Apart from experimental data and these derived data, property values calculated from the recently published equation of state for this region of Holten et al. (2014) were also used. As a result, the unclear data situation could be clarified, and uncertainty values could be estimated for the investigated properties. In the region described above, detailed comparisons show that IAPWS-95 is able to represent the latest experimental data for the density, expansivity, compressibility, speed of sound, and isobaric heat capacity to within the uncertainties given in the release on IAPWS-95. Since the release does not contain uncertainty estimates for expansivities and compressibilities, the statement relates to the error propagation of the given uncertainty in density. Due to the lack of experimental data for the isobaric heat capacity for pressures above 100 MPa, no uncertainty estimates are given in the release for this pressure range. Results of the investigation of IAPWS-95 concerning its behavior with regard to the isobaric heat capacity in the high-pressure low-temperature region are also presented. Comparisons with very accurate speed-of-sound data published in 2012 showed that the uncertainty estimates of IAPWS-95 in speed of sound could be decreased for temperatures from 283 to 473 K and pressures up to 400 MPa.
Modeling of the charge-state separation at ITEP experimental facility for material science based on a Bernas ion source
Authors: Barminova H. Y. , Saratovskyh M. S.
Published: October 2015

The experiment automation system is supposed to be developed for experimental facility for material science at ITEP, based on a Bernas ion source. The program CAMFT is assumed to be involved into the program of the experiment automation. CAMFT is developed to simulate the intense charged particle bunch motion in the external magnetic fields with arbitrary geometry by means of the accurate solution of the particle motion equation. Program allows the consideration of the bunch intensity up to 1010 ppb. Preliminary calculations are performed at ITEP supercomputer. The results of the simulation of the beam pre-acceleration and following turn in magnetic field are presented for different initial conditions.
Bi-Sn alloy catalyst for simultaneous morphology and doping control of silicon nanowires in radial junction solar cells
Authors: Yu Zhongwei , Lu Jiawen , Qian Shengyi , Misra Soumyadeep , Yu Linwei , Xu Jun , Xu Ling , Wang Junzhuan , Shi Yi , Chen Kunji , Roca i Cabarrocas Pere
Published: October 2015

Low-melting point metals such as bismuth (Bi) and tin (Sn) are ideal choices for mediating a low temperature growth of silicon nanowires (SiNWs) for radial junction thin film solar cells. The incorporation of Bi catalyst atoms leads to sufficient n-type doping in the SiNWs core that exempts the use of hazardous dopant gases, while an easy morphology control with pure Bi catalyst has never been demonstrated so far. We here propose a Bi-Sn alloy catalyst strategy to achieve both a beneficial catalyst-doping and an ideal SiNW morphology control. In addition to a potential of further growth temperature reduction, we show that the alloy catalyst can remain quite stable during a vapor-liquid-solid growth, while providing still sufficient n-type catalyst-doping to the SiNWs. Radial junction solar cells constructed over the alloy-catalyzed SiNWs have demonstrated a strongly enhanced photocurrent generation, thanks to optimized nanowire morphology, and largely improved performance compared to the reference samples based on the pure Bi or Sn-catalyzed SiNWs.
Computational phase diagrams of noble gas hydrates under pressure
Authors: Teeratchanan Pattanasak , Hermann Andreas
Published: October 2015

We present results from a first-principles study on the stability of noble gas-water compounds in the pressure range 0-100 kbar. Filled-ice structures based on the host water networks ice-Ih, ice-Ic, ice-II, and C0 interacting with guest species He, Ne, and Ar are investigated, using density functional theory (DFT) with four different exchange-correlation functionals that include dispersion effects to various degrees: the non-local density-based optPBE-van der Waals (vdW) and rPW86-vdW2 functionals, the semi-empirical D2 atom pair correction, and the semi-local PBE functional. In the He-water system, the sequence of stable phases closely matches that seen in the hydrogen hydrates, a guest species of comparable size. In the Ne-water system, we predict a novel hydrate structure based on the C0 water network to be stable or at least competitive at relatively low pressure. In the Ar-water system, as expected, no filled-ice phases are stable; however, a partially occupied Ar-C0 hydrate structure is metastable with respect to the constituents. The ability of the different DFT functionals to describe the weak host-guest interactions is analysed and compared to coupled cluster results on gas phase systems.
Effect of plasma motion on tearing modes in cylindrical plasmas
Authors: Xu J. Q. , Peng X. D.
Published: October 2015

The effect of equilibrium plasma motion on the resistive m/n = 2/1 tearing mode (TM) in low β plasmas is investigated in cylindrical geometry (with m and n being poloidal and toroidal mode numbers). Without equilibrium plasma motion but with viscosity, the TM stability is mainly determined by the Reynolds number S and reaches maximum near S = 104, which is consistent with previous findings. The poloidal plasma rotation has stabilizing effect on TM; however, the rotation shear has destabilization effect in the low viscosity regime. The axial plasma motion has strong stabilizing effect on TM in the low viscosity regime for Prandtl number Pr < 1, while its shear has slight stabilizing effect with the decrease of growth rate less than 15%. When the axial velocity becomes large enough, the mode frequency tends to be independent of the Prandtl number. In the presence of parallel plasma motion, the growth rate is determined by the axial component at low parallel velocity, while determined by poloidal component at large parallel velocity. The parallel plasma motion drives the TM rotating in the opposite direction. It is shown that the equilibrium motion reduces the growth rate of TM by changing the phase difference and coupling coefficient between potential perturbation and magnetic flux perturbation (deviating from π/2), which results in a lower mode frequency. Compared to the role of velocity shear, the magnitude of plasma velocity itself at the m/n = 2/1 rational surface is dominant in determining the TM characteristics.
Multiple copies of orbital angular momentum states through second-harmonic generation in a two-dimensional periodically poled LiTaO3 crystal
Authors: Fang Xinyuan , Wei Dunzhao , Liu Dongmei , Zhong Weihao , Ni Rui , Chen Zhenhua , Hu Xiaopeng , Zhang Yong , Zhu S. N. , Xiao Min
Published: October 2015

We experimentally demonstrate multiple copies of optical orbital angular momentum (OAM) states through quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic (SH) generation in a 2D periodically poled LiTaO3 (PPLT) crystal. Since the QPM condition is satisfied by involving different reciprocal vectors in the 2D PPLT crystal, collinear and noncollinear SH beams carrying OAMs of l2 are simultaneously generated by the input fundamental beam with an OAM of l1. The OAM conservation law (i.e., l2 = 2l1) holds well in the experiment, which can tolerate certain phase-mismatch between the interacting waves. Our results provide an efficient way to obtain multiple copies of the wavelength-converted OAM states, which can be used to enhance the capacity in optical communications.
New surface order reconstruction induced by electric field application in a nanoconfined HAN cell with a topological defect
Authors: Wang Yongchao , Zhou Xuan , Ye Wenjiang , Zhang Zhidong
Published: October 2015

In accordance with the 2D Landau–de Gennes tensorial formalism, we investigated the influence of an applied electric field E parallel to the defect line on the position and structure of a nematic line defect with topological charge M = − 1/2 in a hybrid alignment nematic cell with different cell gaps d. A new type of surface order reconstruction occurs in the cell as E is increased. Regardless of d, two biaxial layers can be achieved near the top and bottom substrates of the cell with different E values. This process involves double eigenvalue exchange across the cell. However, the structural transition processes vary for different d values.
Suppression of transient enhanced diffusion in sub-micron patterned silicon template by dislocation loops formation
Authors: Hu Kuan-Kan , Chang Ruey-Dar , Woon Wei Yen
Published: October 2015

We investigate the evolution of two dimensional transient enhanced diffusion (TED) of phosphorus in sub-micron scale patterned silicon template. Samples doped with low dose phosphorus with and without high dose silicon self-implantation, were annealed for various durations. Dopant diffusion is probed with plane-view scanning capacitance microscopy. The measurement revealed two phases of TED. Significant suppression in the second phase TED is observed for samples with high dose self-implantation. Transmission electron microscopy suggests the suppressed TED is related to the evolution of end of range defect formed around ion implantation sidewalls.
Overlapping Habitat Use of Multiple Anadromous Fish Species in a Restricted Coastal Watershed
Authors: Smith M. Chad , Rulifson Roger A.
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this study was to document timing and habitat of alosines (Hickory Shad Alosa mediocris, American Shad A. sapidissima, Alewife A. pseudoharengus, and Blueback Herring A. aestivalis) and Striped Bass Morone saxatilis in the lower Tar River, a North Carolina coastal watershed partially restricted by an unused industrial dam. Alosines and Striped Bass are usually separated in time or space during spawning activity but occasionally overlap in some systems. Results show that both eggs and larvae of Hickory Shad and Striped Bass predominated catches, followed by American Shad. Alewife and Blueback Herring had negligible catches of eggs and larvae, but a separate study conducted 48 river kilometers downstream of the study area collected larvae of both species. Eggs and larvae of target species overlapped spatially and were most abundant in downstream tributaries, which seasonally reached hypoxic to anoxic conditions. The origins of spawning are unknown, but the collection of eggs suggests that these low‐velocity tributary habitats are used for spawning and are acceptable for survival, possibly even providing egg and larval refuge from predators. Eggs and larvae of target species, except Blueback Herring, were collected at the furthest upstream sampling location, which suggests that the dam was restricting upstream migration and habitat use. If the dam was to be removed or modified for fish passage, future studies could document how these species utilize and separate into the upstream habitats that once served as historical habitats for these species. Climate change and associated sea level rise, combined with habitat restriction from the dam, may affect how these species utilize the lower Tar River as time moves forward.
Length and Condition of Wild Chinook Salmon Smolts Influence Age at Maturity
Authors: Tattam Ian A. , Ruzycki James R. , McCormick Josh L. , Carmichael Richard W.
Published: October 2015

Anadromous Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha commonly mature at 3–5 years of age. Age at maturity is an important measure of population diversity, and has ecological importance. In the John Day River, a northeast Oregon tributary of the Columbia River, we tagged 24,240 wild Chinook Salmon smolts from 10 successive cohorts with passive integrated transponder tags and subsequently monitored their age at maturation. We used multinomial logistic regression and multimodel selection to assess the influence of biotic and abiotic factors on age at maturity. Smolt fork length, condition factor, and day of tagging all had significant associations with age at maturity. Conversely, we found no significant association between ocean conditions and age at maturity. The probability of age‐3 maturation increased concomitant with increased smolt length. In contrast, the probability of maturation at age‐5 was inversely related to smolt condition factor. Day of tagging had a significant effect, indicating that smolts tagged later in the spring had a higher probability of maturing at age 4 than age 3. Our data indicate that mean smolt size was greater when smolt abundance was lower, and larger smolts were ultimately associated with a younger age at maturity. For John Day Chinook Salmon, spawner escapements approaching or exceeding the stock–recruit replacement level appear to favor production of older Chinook Salmon.
Patterns of innovative outputs across climate zones: the geography of innovation
Authors: Coccia Mario
Published: October 2015

Technological innovation is a vital human activity that interacts with geographic factors and the natural environment. The purpose of the present study is to explain the relationship between climate zones and innovative outputs in order to detect factors that can spur technological change and, as a consequence, human development. The findings show that innovative outputs are high in geographical areas with temperate climate. In effect, warm temperate climates are an appropriate natural environment for humans that, by an evolutionary process of adaptation and learning, create complex societies, efficient institutions and communications systems. This socio-economic platform supports the efficient use of human capital and assets that induce inventions, innovations and their diffusion.
The Kierkegaardian Self
Authors: Bernier Mark
Published: October 2015

In chapter two Kierkegaard’s conception of the self is examined. He discusses this in three ways: as a synthesis, a task, and a relation. This examination provides the necessary groundwork for an analysis of despair, faith, and hope. The self as a synthesis refers to the divided nature of the self, where we are torn between two competing natures or factors, unable to bring them into harmony (these factors are explained in three ways: the infinite and finite, the possible and necessary, and the eternal and temporal). The self is also a task that has the task of becoming itself; the end is to secure a meaningful life through a unified identity. Finally, the self is a relation, which he refers to as spirit. This is what is most fundamentally the self, as the freedom to determine itself in the relation between the factors of the synthesis.
The Concept of Hope
Authors: Bernier Mark
Published: October 2015

This chapter reconstructs Kierkegaard’s view of hope, which he defines as an expectancy (watchfulness, openness) for the possibility of the good. There are three senses of the good that can be the object of hope: aesthetic, ethical, and spiritual (the afterlife, the eternal, relating to God). However, there are two forms of hope: mundane and authentic. Mundane hope looks to the good attainable in temporality (aesthetic or ethical), and is consistent with despair. Only authentic hope is inconsistent with despair. Hope, in this authentic sense, requires that we see the good in every possibility (no matter what our circumstances). A further condition of this hope is love: one can only hope for oneself if one hopes for the other, and continually sees the possibility of the good for the other; to give up on the other is to despair, to close oneself off from the possibility of the good.
Infinite Resignation
Authors: Bernier Mark
Published: October 2015

This chapter turns to the nature of Kierkegaardian faith. The analysis revolves primarily around Fear and Trembling, where we see the Kierkegaardian description of faith as a ‘double movement.’ Only the first part of this double movement is explored in this chapter, which is the movement of infinite resignation. The focus is on two figures: the tragic hero and the knight of infinite resignation. Both figures make a movement of resignation, which involves a total commitment to a mundane good, embracing a central task of the self so the meaning of one’s life depends upon this commitment. However, the knight realizes the impossibility for meaning to be ultimately secured in this fashion—the task is impossible—and nonetheless accepts this truth. Thus, one resigns infinitely to the loss of one’s highest mundane, worldly good. But in this, one is still reconciled to pain, and survives the loss.
Epilogue
Authors: Bernier Mark
Published: October 2015

That hope indeed plays a central role in Kierkegaard’s thought has been demonstrated with three primary conclusions: (1) despair can be characterized as an unwillingness to hope in an authentic way; (2) authentic hope constitutes the primary task of the self; and (3) faith is a willingness to hope, wherein the self secures a ground for the possibility of hope. We can perhaps summarize the overall point thus: that hope plays an important role in human flourishing (broadly construed along Kierkegaardian lines), since without hope the self cannot pursue its task of becoming itself. Furthermore, by drawing out Kierkegaard’s theory, we are able to place him in the larger tradition of Christian thought on hope.
Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I.
Published: October 2015

The book is the second part in a series which describes fluid dynamics. The book introduces asymptotic methods, and their applications to fluid dynamics. It first discusses the mathematical aspects of the asymptotic theory. This is followed by an exposition of the results of inviscid flow theory, starting with subsonic flows past thin aerofoils. This includes unsteady flow theory and the analysis of separated flows. The book then considers supersonic flow past a thin aerofoil, where the linear approximation leads to the Ackeret formula for the pressure. It also discusses the second-order Buzemann approximation, and the flow behaviour at large distances from the aerofoil. Then the properties of transonic and hypersonic flows are discussed in detail. The book concludes with a discussion of viscous low-Reynolds-number flows. Two classical problems of the low-Reynolds-number flow theory are considered: the flow past a sphere and the flow past a circular cylinder. In both cases the flow analysis leads to a difficulty, known as Stoke’s paradox. The book shows that this paradox can be resolved using the formalism of matched asymptotic expansions.
Asymptotic Problems of Subsonic Flow Theory
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I.
Published: October 2015

Chapter 2 is devoted to the thin aerofoil theory for subsonic flows. The chapter first assumes that the free-stream Mach number M∞ is close to zero, and use the Euler equations for an incompressible fluid to describe the flow past an aerofoil. If the aerofoil is thin, then explicit integral formulae can be deduced for the lift force and the pressure distribution on the surface of an arbitrary aerofoil. The chapter then shows that the theory can be easily generalized to subsonic flow with arbitrary M∞ < 1. This is achieved with the help of the so-called Prandtl–Glauert transformation. Chapter 2 also includes a discussion of unsteady flows past thin aerofoils, and the flows with separation. The Chapter concludes with Prandtl’s theory of the flow past a large aspect ratio wing.
Supersonic Flows Past Thin Aerofoils
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I.
Published: October 2015

Chapter 3 extends the thin aerofoil theory to supersonic flows. The chapter studies the flow using the full set of compressible Euler equations. Since the perturbations produced by a thin aerofoil are small, the Euler equations can be linearized and reduced to a wave equation. The solution of this equation gives a remarkably simple relationship between the slope of the aerofoil surface and the pressure, known as the Ackeret formula. The chapter then considers the second-order corrections. For this task, it is more convenient to use the equation for the velocity potential. While the second-order equations are more complicated, they also allow for an analytic solution. This gives an improved formula for pressure on the aerofoil surface, known as the Buzemann approximation. The chapter concludes with an analysis of a rather slow process of attenuation of the perturbations in the far field, and formation of the N-wave.
Low-Reynold-Number Flows
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I.
Published: October 2015

This chapter uses asymptotic analysis to study low-Reynolds-number viscous flows. It considers two classical problems of low-Reynolds-number flow theory: flow past a sphere and past a circular cylinder. When dealing with the sphere flow, the chapter shows that in the ‘inner region’ the Navier–Stoke’s equations reduce, in the leading order approximation, to Stoke’s equations. These have a solution satisfying the no-slip conditions on the sphere as well as the free-stream conditions. However, when extending the analysis to the second-order approximation, it is found that the second-order equations are incompatible with the corresponding boundary conditions. In order to resolve this difficulty, known as Stoke‘s paradox, one has to introduce a much larger ‘outer region’, where the Navier–Stoke’s equations reduce to the Oseen equations. The problem can then be resolved using the formalism of matched asymptotic expansions. Analysis of the flow past a circular cylinder is conducted in a similar manner.
Web-based Gene Pathogenicity Analysis (WGPA): a web platform to interpret gene pathogenicity from personal genome data
Authors: Diaz-Montana Juan J. , Rackham Owen J.L. , Diaz-Diaz Norberto , Petretto Enrico
Published: October 2015

Summary: As the volume of patient-specific genome sequences increases the focus of biomedical research is switching from the detection of disease-mutations to their interpretation. To this end a number of techniques have been developed that use mutation data collected within a population to predict whether individual genes are likely to be disease-causing or not. As both sequence data and associated analysis tools proliferate, it becomes increasingly difficult for the community to make sense of these data and their implications. Moreover, no single analysis tool is likely to capture all relevant genomic features that contribute to the gene’s pathogenicity. Here, we introduce Web-based Gene Pathogenicity Analysis (WGPA), a web-based tool to analyze genes impacted by mutations and rank them through the integration of existing prioritization tools, which assess different aspects of gene pathogenicity using population-level sequence data. Additionally, to explore the polygenic contribution of mutations to disease, WGPA implements gene set enrichment analysis to prioritize disease-causing genes and gene interaction networks, therefore providing a comprehensive annotation of personal genomes data in disease.

Availability and implementation: wgpa.systems-genetics.net

Contact:  enrico.petretto@duke-nus.edu.sg

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The Unfavorable Economics of Measuring the Returns to Advertising
*
Authors: Lewis Randall A. , Rao Justin M.
Published: October 2015

Twenty-five large field experiments with major U.S. retailers and brokerages, most reaching millions of customers and collectively representing $2.8 million in digital advertising expenditure, reveal that measuring the returns to advertising is difficult. The median confidence interval on return on investment is over 100 percentage points wide. Detailed sales data show that relative to the per capita cost of the advertising, individual-level sales are very volatile; a coefficient of variation of 10 is common. Hence, informative advertising experiments can easily require more than 10 million person-weeks, making experiments costly and potentially infeasible for many firms. Despite these unfavorable economics, randomized control trials represent progress by injecting new, unbiased information into the market. The inference challenges revealed in the field experiments also show that selection bias, due to the targeted nature of advertising, is a crippling concern for widely employed observational methods.
Risk, Returns, and Multinational Production
*
Authors: Fillat José L. , Garetto Stefania
Published: October 2015

This article starts by unveiling a strong empirical regularity: multinational corporations exhibit higher stock market returns and earning yields than nonmultinational firms. Within nonmultinationals, exporters exhibit higher earning yields and returns than firms selling only in their domestic market. To explain this pattern, we develop a real option value model where firms are heterogeneous in productivity and have to decide whether and how to sell in a foreign market where demand is risky. Selling abroad is a source of risk exposure to firms: following a negative shock, they are reluctant to exit the foreign market because they would forgo the sunk cost they paid to enter. Multinational firms are the most exposed because of the higher costs they have to pay to invest. The calibrated model is able to match both aggregate U.S. export and foreign direct investment data, and the observed cross-sectional differences in earning yields and returns.
Educating for the 21st-Century Health Care System: An Interdependent Framework of Basic, Clinical, and Systems Sciences
Authors: Gonzalo Jed D. , Haidet Paul , Papp Klara K. , Wolpaw Daniel R. , Moser Eileen , Wittenstein Robin D. , Wolpaw Terry
Published: October 2015

In the face of a fragmented and poorly performing health care delivery system, medical education in the United States is poised for disruption. Despite broad-based recommendations to better align physician training with societal needs, adaptive change has been slow. Traditionally, medical education has focused on the basic and clinical sciences, largely removed from the newer systems sciences such as population health, policy, financing, health care delivery, and teamwork. In this article, authors examine the current state of medical education with respect to systems sciences and propose a new framework for educating physicians in adapting to and practicing in systems-based environments. Specifically, the authors propose an educational shift from a two-pillar framework to a three-pillar framework where basic, clinical, and systems sciences are interdependent. In this new three-pillar framework, students not only learn the interconnectivity in the basic, clinical, and systems sciences but also uncover relevance and meaning in their education through authentic, value-added, and patient-centered roles as navigators within the health care system. Authors describe the Systems Navigation Curriculum, currently implemented for all students at the Penn State College of Medicine, as an example of this three-pillar educational model. Simple adjustments, such as including occasional systems topics in medical curriculum, will not foster graduates prepared to practice in the 21st-century health care system. Adequate preparation requires an explicit focus on the systems sciences as a vital and equal component of physician education.