bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Universal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Testing for Obstetric Inpatient Units Across the United States
Authors: Gilner Jennifer , Kansal Namita , Biggio Joseph R , Delaney Shani , Grotegut Chad A , Hardy Erica , Hirshberg Adi , Kachikis Alisa , LaCourse Sylvia M , Martin Jane , Metz Torri D , Miller Emily S , Norton Mary E , Sinkey Rachel , Sobhani Nasim C , Son Shannon L , Srinivas Sindhu , Tita Alan , Werner Erika F , Hughes Brenna L
Published: November 2021

Background

The purpose of this study was to estimate prevalence of asymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection among patients admitted to obstetric inpatient units throughout the United States as detected by universal screening. We sought to describe the relationship between obstetric inpatient asymptomatic infection rates and publicly available surrounding community infection rates.

Methods

A cross-sectional study in which medical centers reported rates of positive SARS-CoV-2 testing in asymptomatic pregnant and immediate postpartum patients over a 1–3-month time span in 2020. Publicly reported SARS-CoV-2 case rates from the relevant county and state for each center were collected from the COVID Act Now dashboard and the COVID Tracking Project for correlation analysis.

Results

Data were collected from 9 health centers, encompassing 18 hospitals. Participating health centers were located in Alabama, California, Illinois, Louisiana, New Jersey, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, and Washington State. Each hospital had an active policy for universal SARS-CoV-2 testing on obstetric inpatient units. A total of 10 147 SARS-CoV-2 tests were administered, of which 124 were positive (1.2%). Positivity rates varied by site, ranging from 0–3.2%. While SARS-CoV-2 infection rates were lower in asymptomatic obstetric inpatient groups than the surrounding communities, there was a positive correlation between positivity rates in obstetric inpatient units and their surrounding county (P=.003, r=.782) and state (P=.007, r=.708).

Conclusions

Given the correlation between community and obstetric inpatient rates, the necessity of SARS-CoV-2–related healthcare resource utilization in obstetric inpatient units may be best informed by surrounding community infection rates.
Culturable bacteria are more common than fungi in floral nectar and are more easily dispersed by thrips, a ubiquitous flower visitor
Authors: Vannette Rachel L , McMunn Marshall S , Hall Griffin W , Mueller Tobias G , Munkres Ivan , Perry Douglas
Published: November 2021

Variation in dispersal ability among taxa affects community assembly and biodiversity maintenance within metacommunities. Although fungi and bacteria frequently coexist, their relative dispersal abilities are poorly understood. Nectar-inhabiting microbial communities affect plant reproduction and pollinator behavior, and are excellent models for studying dispersal of bacteria and fungi in a metacommunity framework. Here, we assay dispersal ability of common nectar bacteria and fungi in an insect-based dispersal experiment. We then compare these results with the incidence and abundance of culturable flower-inhabiting bacteria and fungi within naturally occurring flowers across two coflowering communities in California across two flowering seasons. Our microbial dispersal experiment demonstrates that bacteria disperse via thrips among artificial habitat patches more readily than fungi. In the field, incidence and abundance of culturable bacteria and fungi were positively correlated, but bacteria were much more widespread. These patterns suggest shared dispersal routes or habitat requirements among culturable bacteria and fungi, but differences in dispersal or colonization frequency by thrips, common flower visitors. The finding that culturable bacteria are more common among nectar sampled here, in part due to superior thrips-mediated dispersal, may have relevance for microbial life history, community assembly of microbes, and plant–pollinator interactions.
Zeta Functions of Integral Nilpotent Quiver Representations
Authors: Lee Seungjai , Voll Christopher
Published: November 2021

We introduce and study multivariate zeta functions enumerating subrepresentations of integral quiver representations. For nilpotent such representations defined over number fields, we exhibit a homogeneity condition that we prove to be sufficient for local functional equations of the generic Euler factors of these zeta functions. This generalizes and unifies previous work on submodule zeta functions including, specifically, ideal zeta functions of nilpotent (Lie) rings and their graded analogues.
Pediatric Celiac Disease: A Review of Diagnostic Testing and Guideline Recommendations
Authors: Horton Rachel K , Hagen Catherine E , Snyder Melissa R
Published: November 2021

Background

The history of how our knowledge of celiac disease (CD) evolved points to its importance in children. Although it is now appreciated that CD can present at any age, it was originally thought to occur only in children and, if untreated, led to serious consequences.

Content

This review includes a brief discussion of small bowel physiology and the pathogenesis of CD. Next, the varied clinical presentations of CD in children are reviewed, including both gastrointestinal and nongastrointestinal manifestations and how these contribute to the difficulty in diagnosis. In addition, information on specific conditions that are associated with CD is presented, particularly as it applies to diagnostic testing of apparently asymptomatic children. The review will also focus on diagnostic testing available for CD and their general performance characteristics. The review will end with a comparison between published guidelines from the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition for diagnosis of pediatric CD. In particular, this review will focus on differences in the incorporation of serologic and genetic testing, and the role of biopsies in the pediatric population.

It is important for laboratorians to understand the evolution of diagnostic guidelines for pediatric CD and how serologic and genetic testing are being applied to and interpreted in this particular patient group.
Assessment of nutritional condition in crustaceans: a review of methodologies and guidelines for applying inexpensive and wide-ranging indices to the spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804) (Decapoda: Achelata: Palinuridae)
Authors: Lopeztegui-Castillo Alexander
Published: November 2021

The review explores the current diversity of methods used to determine the nutritional condition of crustaceans and to provide evidence that standardization is needed to make results comparable among the increasing number of studies in this field. The advantages and disadvantages of inexpensive and wide-ranging indices are discussed with respect to the blood refractive index (BRI) and the effectiveness of the total weight/carapace length relationship based on their application to the spiny lobster Panulirus argus (Latreille, 1804). Also reviewed are the environmental factors that impact metabolism based on the nutritional condition concept and the nutritional condition itself. Ocean acidification, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and noise have been the most studied factors impacting nutritional condition in crustaceans, usually under controlled (laboratory) conditions. Methodological aspect could be nevertheless one of the most important factors affecting nutritional condition estimations. More than twenty methods have been applied to determine nutritional variations in crustaceans, all then following different techniques, procedures, and instrumentation. These differences make results almost impossible to compare. BRI determined by a hand-held refractometer, usually inexpensive, is a good option to standardize studies so that the results from different species and different regions can be comparable; other methodologies could nevertheless be used in combination. Laboratory studies, which typically use few individuals that are exposed to extreme and usually non-natural conditions, show limited results. Emphasis should be placed on field studies that integrate the effects of several environmental factors.
Banking Happiness
Authors: Faraji-Rad Ali , Lee Leonard
Published: November 2021

Merely anticipating a future sad event motivates consumers to “accumulate happiness” in order to enhance their ability to cope with the anticipated sadness later—a phenomenon that we call banking happiness. To bank happiness, consumers not only choose positive stimuli over non-positive stimuli when given the choice, but even when such a choice does not exist, tend to recall more positive memories. Consumers bank happiness because of the lay theory that happiness is a resource that can be accumulated (i.e., banked) and consumed later. As a proactive mood-regulation strategy, banking happiness differs from reactive mood regulation: (a) the strength of consumers’ happiness-is-bankable lay belief predicts their tendency to bank happiness, but not their propensity to repair their negative moods after actually experiencing sadness; (b) consumers who are more future-oriented are more likely to bank happiness in the face of anticipated sadness, whereas those who are more present-oriented are more likely to regulate their negative mood when they actually experience sadness. Further, believing that happiness is bankable may increase consumers’ engagement with positive stimuli when anticipating sadness, possibly boosting the hedonic utility consumers obtain from the positive stimuli and helping them to build a stronger buffer against the negative stimuli.
Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: clustering redshifts – calibration of the weak lensing source redshift distributions with redMaGiC and BOSS/eBOSS
Authors: Gatti M , Giannini G , Bernstein G M , Alarcon A , Myles J , Amon A , Cawthon R , Troxel M , DeRose J , Everett S , Ross A J , Rykoff E S , Elvin-Poole J , Cordero J , Harrison I , Sanchez C , Prat J , Gruen D , Lin H , Crocce M , Rozo E , Abbott T M C , Aguena M , Allam S , Annis J , Avila S , Bacon D , Bertin E , Brooks D , Burke D L , Rosell A Carnero , Kind M Carrasco , Carretero J , Castander F J , Choi A , Conselice C , Costanzi M , Crocce M , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , Dawson K , Desai S , Diehl H T , Eckert K , Eifler T F , Evrard A E , Ferrero I , Flaugher B , Fosalba P , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Giannantonio T , Gruendl R A , Gschwend J , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , Hoyle B , Huterer D , James D J , Kuehn K , Kuropatkin N , Lahav O , Lima M , MacCrann N , Maia M A G , March M , Marshall J L , Melchior P , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Mohr J J , Morgan R , Ogando R L C , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Percival W J , Plazas A A , Rodriguez-Monroy M , Roodman A , Rossi G , Samuroff S , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Secco L F , Serrano S , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Smith M , Soares-Santos M , Suchyta E , Swanson M E C , Tarle G , Thomas D , To C , Varga T N , Weller J , Wilkinson R D ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: November 2021

We present the calibration of the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES Y3) weak lensing (WL) source galaxy redshift distributions n(z) from clustering measurements. In particular, we cross-correlate the WL source galaxies sample with redMaGiC galaxies (luminous red galaxies with secure photometric redshifts) and a spectroscopic sample from BOSS/eBOSS to estimate the redshift distribution of the DES sources sample. Two distinct methods for using the clustering statistics are described. The first uses the clustering information independently to estimate the mean redshift of the source galaxies within a redshift window, as done in the DES Y1 analysis. The second method establishes a likelihood of the clustering data as a function of n(z), which can be incorporated into schemes for generating samples of n(z) subject to combined clustering and photometric constraints. Both methods incorporate marginalization over various astrophysical systematics, including magnification and redshift-dependent galaxy-matter bias. We characterize the uncertainties of the methods in simulations; the first method recovers the mean z of tomographic bins to RMS (precision) of ∼0.014. Use of the second method is shown to vastly improve the accuracy of the shape of n(z) derived from photometric data. The two methods are then applied to the DES Y3 data.
Potential Explanations for Conflicting Findings on Abrupt Versus Gradual Smoking Cessation: A Population Study in England
Authors: Garnett Claire , Brown Jamie , Shahab Lion , Raupach Tobias , Lindson Nicola
Published: November 2021

Introduction

Observational and trial evidence conflict on the efficacy of two contrasting behavioral approaches to quitting smoking—gradual and abrupt. Observational data suggest an abrupt approach to quitting is superior to a gradual approach, whilst trials show no difference. One potential explanation is self-selection in observational data, whereby people can choose their quit approach, and those who find it harder to quit may be more likely to choose a gradual quit approach. This study aims to investigate potential explanations for these conflicting findings.

Aims and Methods

This study aims to investigate potential explanations for these conflicting findings. We used observational data from a nationally representative sample of adults in England from November 2006 to February 2020 who reported smoking and had made at least one quit attempt in the past year (n = 21 542). We used logistic regression models to assess the association between abrupt versus gradual quit attempts and quit success, adjusting for sociodemographic, smoking, and quit attempt characteristics.

Findings

Abrupt, versus gradual, attempts were associated with improved quit success in an unadjusted model (odds ratio = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.86 to 2.19). This association remained after adjusting for a broad range of relevant confounders (odds ratio = 1.75, 95% CI = 1.59 to 1.93).

Conclusions

Among a representative sample of adults who had smoked and made a quit attempt in the past year, there was evidence of an association between abrupt attempts and quit success before and after adjusting for relevant confounders. This suggests that the differences in quit success seen between abrupt and gradual quit attempt types are not completely driven by self-selection in observational data.

Implications

We investigated explanations for conflicting findings on the efficacy of gradual versus abrupt approaches to quitting smoking between trial and observational data. Despite adjusting observational data for sociodemographic, smoking, and quit attempt characteristics, an association between abrupt quitting and quit success remained. Therefore, differences in quit success were not completely driven by the self-selection of a gradual approach by people who found it especially difficult to quit or differences in the use of quitting aids. However, characteristics adjusted for were limited by the data available, and future research should continue to investigate the difference in findings across study types to inform cessation support.
The Power of Women in Gabriel García Márquez’s World
Authors: Celis-Salgado Nadia
Published: November 2021

A palette of vibrant and resilient female characters delineates García Márquez’s work. His heroines are the material and spiritual axis of families and communities whose survival depends on women’s most ordinary skills as much as on the supernatural expressions of their strength, fecundity, and knowledge. Yet echoing the tensions surrounding women and women’s power in Caribbean and Latin American cultures, most of García Márquez’s protagonists are primarily defined by their roles in the lives of the men they are intimately linked to. A complex hierarchy of women, and men, emerges from those intimate relationships. This article delves into García Márquez’s portrayal of women both to celebrate his powerful female protagonists and to explore the contradictions that the notions of gender, love, and sexuality embedded in his work impose on women’s bodies and subjectivities. Although many of his characters are fully desiring women reluctant to surrender their autonomy and their right to pleasure, those who openly defy social conventions or fail to subjugate their desires to the needs and initiatives of men are often faced by a variety of reprisals, ranging from isolation to magical disappearances and not excluding physical violence and death. Beyond the private negotiations of power, affective and sexual relations in García Márquez’s work speak of the intimate anchors of social (public) power. By grounding the reading of García Marquez’s women in studies of gender and sexuality in the Caribbean, this article also contributes to the analysis of two other major topics of his work, power and love.
Spain in the Making and Reception of García Márquez’s Works
Authors: Santana-Acuña Álvaro
Published: November 2021

Gabriel García Márquez is one of the most beloved and read writers of the last century in Spain. Yet his early literary works went almost unnoticed for more than a decade among Spanish publishers, critics, and readers. The success of One Hundred Years of Solitude and subsequent works transformed him into a popular bestselling writer and iconic figure in that country. Using little-known and new sources, including documents from contemporary reviews and readers’ reactions as well as the author’s archives, this article studies the reception of García Márquez’s works and his rise to stardom in Spain. Key to the successful response to his oeuvre were (1) the literary education of the author, which allowed him to develop a writing style with appeal to Spanish audiences; (2) the diffusion and consecration of the New Latin American Novel (aka Boom novel) during a crisis in Peninsular fiction; (3) the modernization of Spain’s book industry, which benefited the promotion of García Márquez’s works among the rising middle classes; and (4) the writer’s involvement in the country’s cultural and political affairs during its transition to and consolidation of democratic rule. The intersection of these threads resulted in the appropriation of García Márquez as a Spanish writer and his transformation into one of Spain’s cultural icons. This article builds on analytical tools developed by the fields of cultural sociology and the history of reading practices.
García Márquez’s Global Travel Writing beyond the Iron Curtain, 1955–1959
Authors: Siskind Mariano
Published: November 2021

From the foundation of Macondo to the successive arrivals of Melquíades, from countryside to modern cities, from exilic destinations to the global circuits of world literary stardom, and from Aracataca, Barranquilla, Sucre, Bogotá, and Cartagena to Rome, Paris, London, Caracas, New York, Barcelona, Mexico City, and beyond, travel, displacement, and dislocated conditions of literary production have always been at the center of García Márquez’s fiction and nonfiction, as both topics and constructive principles. This chapter analyzes García Márquez’s writing of travel during the second half of the 1950s, a period marked by the writer’s own experimental displacements. The essay focuses on the chronicles García Márquez wrote about his journeys to Czechoslovakia and Poland in 1955, and through the German Democratic Republic, the Soviet Union, and Hungary in 1957, including his visits to Auschwitz and Lenin’s and Stalin’s tombs. His travelogues were published in the Venezuelan magazine Momentos (1958) and the Colombian magazine Cromos (1959, under the title “90 días tras la cortina de hierro”), and they can be read as a laboratory before and against magical realism, before and against the emergence of the Latin Americanist cultural politics at the center of García Márquez’s literary and intellectual project.
Monstrous Innocence and Its Expression in García Márquez’s Tales
Authors: Friedman Mary Lusky
Published: November 2021

Vulnerable outsiders obsess García Márquez. Each of the three books of tales he published between 1962 and 1992 offers more than one telling of a newcomer’s reception in a community to which he does not belong. “La siesta del martes” and “Un día después del sábado,” in Los funerales de la mamá grande (1962); “Un señor muy viejo con unas alas enormes” and “El ahogado más hermoso del mundo,” in La increíble y triste historia de la cándida Eréndira y de su abuela desalmada (1972); and nearly all of the Doce cuentos peregrinos (1992) narrate the indignities, outright violence, and, occasionally, kindness with which new arrivals to a community are met. García Márquez’s “outsider” stories not only rehearse one of his most emblematic plot lines but also show his fascination with what this article calls “monstrous innocence.” Especially in his magical realist and later work, he conjoins the physically or morally grotesque with innocence, understood now as childlike vulnerability, now as the premodern “inexperience” of Caribbean folk beliefs. This article analyzes how, in the course of his career, García Márquez comes to relate the motifs of the vulnerable outsider and monstrous innocence. Drawing at times on García Márquez’s autobiography Vivir para contarla (2002) and detouring briefly to show how Cien años de soledad invests a whole community with monstrous innocence, the article concludes by showing that, in his final tales, García Márquez identifies in death itself the signal source of vulnerability and casts the artist as monstrous, his work as innocent.
Modernity and Its Ruins in Of Love and Other Demons
Authors: Segura-Rico Nereida
Published: November 2021

In Of Love and Other Demons (1994), García Márquez presents a tableau of daily life in the city of Cartagena de Indias in the eighteenth century with the opening paragraphs of the novel, situating the center of the action in the harbor and a ship with slaves that had arrived from Guinea. In order to depict the city and its inhabitants, the narrator adopts the point of view of a chronicler, positioning himself within the discourses of power of the metropolis in colonial Latin America. This article analyzes the subversion of those discourses of power that the narrative voice carries out from within, as it seemingly anchors the action in an identifiable space and time, only to dismantle the pretension of progress, historical or otherwise. The narrator-chronicler—an extension of the author-journalist in the introductory pages to the novel—intertwines competing philosophies and ideologies not through the all-encompassing view of magical realism but by laying bare the binary oppositions enacted by “the lettered city.” Having been born from the bones discovered in the crypt of the convent, the whole narrative becomes a memento mori, its development punctuated by instances of illness and demise, such as the corpses of the slaves afloat in the harbor, or the annihilation of reason, both literally and metaphorically, signified in a diagnosis of rabies. Thus, the novel cannot but be an extension of death, an ironic chronicling of a progress arrested by its material and moral ruins.
García Márquez and His Precursors
Authors: Parkinson Zamora Lois
Published: November 2021

This article is interested in writers and literary traditions that have influenced García Márquez, whether stylistically or structurally, culturally or historically, or all of these. The article pays attention to the author’s comments and his appropriations of specific precursors, especially as he acknowledges them in his autobiography Living to Tell the Tale (2002). It takes Jorge Luis Borges’s tack and suggests that the process of influence moves back as well as forward in time, that influence is reciprocal and precursors may be influenced by García Márquez as well as influencing him. Among the dozens of authors who both influence and are influenced by García Márquez are Faulkner, Kafka, Garcilaso de la Vega, and Spanish baroque poets and playwrights. The article also discusses the influence of his grandmother’s storytelling and the deeply embedded cultural influence of Catholicism in Colombia. By attending to García Márquez’s complex relation with his precursors, the article shows that one may justifiably speak of una tradición gabrielina.
Imagining the Afro-Caribbean in García Márquez’s Fiction
Authors: López-Mejía Adelaida
Published: November 2021

In a few early short stories, Gabriel García Márquez created minor characters described as “mulattos” or “negros”; the memorable character of Petra Cotes in Cien años de soledad (1967) is a “mulatta.” In El otoño del patriarca (1975), El amor en los tiempos de cólera (1985), El general en su laberinto (1989), and Del amor y otros demonios (1994), the Colombian-born author develops a more historical vision of the Caribbean as a culture inseparable from the lived experiences of descendants of the African slave trade. This article addresses the problematic construction of Afro-Caribbean subjectivity in García Márquez’s fiction, with particular attention to work published after Cien años de soledad. The 1972 short story “Eréndira” takes the story of a mulatta child-prostitute from a brief episode in Cien años and effectively hypersexualizes the Afro-Caribbean body. So, too, does El otoño del patriarca, with its frequent use of the epithet “burdel de negros” to refer to an imaginary Caribbean nation. The hypersexualization of Afro-Caribbean female characters permeates El amor en los tiempos del cólera. A psychologically dependent relationship between Simón Bolívar and his mixed-race valet in El general en su laberinto and then the “triumph” of a Spanish Renaissance poetic voice over childhood memories of African languages in Del amor y otros demonios provide the backdrop for the author’s final attempts to imagine Afro-Caribbean subjectivity in his fiction.
Disclosure, Discrimination, and Identity among
Working Professionals with Bipolar Disorder or Major
Depression
Authors: Elliott Marta , Reuter Jordan C.
Published: November 2021

This chapter presents the results of an analysis of in-depth interviews with a snowball sample of 45 people who identified as working professionals diagnosed with bipolar disorder or major depression. It explores three dimensions of their experience: disclosure versus concealment of their diagnosis on the job, exposure to discrimination in the workplace based on their mental illness diagnosis, and identity strategies they used to manage the status inconsistency between being a professional and having a mental illness diagnosis. The findings reveal how people learn to calculate when it is safe to disclose their diagnosis on the job, especially after experiencing discriminatory treatment such as being fired or demoted. They also indicate that applying for workplace modifications to accommodate symptoms of mental illness may be met with unprofessional and unsupportive reactions on the part of managers, Human Resources professionals, and coworkers, which could explain in part why so few participants in this sample sought them. When it comes to balancing inconsistent statuses, the findings demonstrate how people distance themselves from their mental illness identity in favor of the more prized status of working professional as a means of self-preservation. The chapter concludes with a call for sweeping changes in workplace culture to minimize fear and shame and maximize inclusion of people diagnosed with mental illness, allowing them to flourish in careers in which they may realize their full potential.
Vocational Rehabilitation and Employment
Outcomes
Authors: Balcazar Fabricio E. , Ramirez Norma
Published: November 2021

This chapter identifies some of the main barriers and available supports that allow students with disabilities to participate in vocational rehabilitation (VR) transition programs. VR is a US federal program that attempts (as one of its goals) to introduce students with disabilities to employment experiences while they are still in school. The program uses access to paid internships and vocational counseling among several other components as key mechanisms to pursue its objectives. The chapter describes how the program is introduced from a best-practices perspective and proposes a conceptual model that highlights the individual, organizational, and contextual factors affecting employment outcomes for youth with disabilities. It also introduces the concept of entrepreneurship as another way to support the transition of high school youth with disabilities and discuss the implications of VR programs and supports on the employment outcomes of youth with disabilities.
Critical Thinking on Disability and Development in
the Global South
Authors: Grech Shaun
Published: November 2021

The need to focus on disability in the Global South as an academic and practice endeavor has garnered some support in recent years, often backed by frequent references to a disability and poverty relationship, and a consequent need to link disability and international development. Indeed, calls for disability mainstreaming, disability targeting, and emerging discourse on disability-inclusive development (DID) have stepped up, accompanied by policy developments and declarations such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and the sustainable development goals (SDGS). Despite these shifts, disability remains marginalized in development research, policy, and programs. Overall, there is a lack of critical discussion on “disability and development,” and difficult questions, including those regarding the implications of development for disabled people, are often forsaken in favor of an approach that seeks to simplify and generalize. The result is that accounts on disability and development are not only partial and fragmented but also neocolonizing. Inspired by critical disability studies and decolonial theory, this chapter reflects critically on some of these concerns, addressing emerging issues that arise when Global North disability discourse and “development” confront complex and dynamic heterogeneous Southern spaces and disability.
The Long History of Feminist Legal Theory
Authors: Thomas Tracy A.
Published: November 2021

The conventional idea is that feminist legal theory began in the 1970s, in the second-wave feminist movement. However, the foundations of feminist legal theory were first conceptualized much earlier, in 1848, and developed over the next century and a half through distinct periods of thought. That development began with the establishment of the core theoretical precepts of gender and equality grounded in the comprehensive philosophy of the nineteenth-century’s first women’s rights movement ignited at Seneca Falls. Feminist legal theory was popularized and advanced by the political activism of the women’s suffrage movement, even as suffragists limited the feminist consensus to one based on women’s maternalism. Progressive feminism then expanded the theoretical framework of feminist theory in the early twentieth century, encapsulating ideas of global peace, market work, and sex rights of birth control. In the modern era, legal feminists gravitated back to pragmatic and concrete ideas of formal equality and the associated legalisms of equal rights and equal protection. Yet through each of these periods, the two common imperatives were to place women at the center of analysis and to recognize law as a fundamental agent of change.
Light Shows as Public, Vernacular Music Theory
Authors: Lucas Olivia R.
Published: November 2021

This chapter reads light shows as a form of public music theory, examining how the practice of concert lighting expresses a kind of vernacular musical analysis. Light shows are an essential component of the contemporary popular music concert experience, as they help direct the audience’s focus and turn concerts into immersive, multi-sensory experiences. Whether planned in advance or improvised, the work of creating these light shows involves activities essential to musical analysis: skillful listening and expert knowledge of style. Beyond the analytical labor that goes into their creation, some light shows additionally visualize analytical ideas about the music they accompany; examples demonstrate how light shows can help express musical parameters like timbre, form, rhythm, and contour. Such analytical light shows exhibit a kind of broadly accessible, public-facing music theory that need not rely on notation at any stage of production or reception.
Music and Baseball Talks at Cooperstown
Authors: Johnson Timothy A.
Published: November 2021

This chapter summarizes seven public music theory presentations at the National Baseball Hall of Fame in Cooperstown, New York. Topics include Charles Ives’s sketches and completed music about baseball and ballplayers, the popular song “Take Me Out to the Ball Game,” a seminar on historical and contemporary baseball music, Casey at the Bat for band and narrator, major league walk-up and entrance music, and branding ball clubs through music. The chapter describes ways to draw musical meaning from music analysis as a fulfilling way for music theorists to connect their work with public audiences through engagement with music from specific social and cultural contexts. These approaches involve both concert music and contemporary popular music and include music that illustrates or celebrates baseball situations as well as music heard at ballparks.
Forensic Translations of Music in Copyright Litigation
Authors: Leo Katherine M.
Published: November 2021

For nearly two centuries, musical expert witnesses and amicus curiae have played an essential role in federal copyright litigation, but one that is framed by cumulating legal regulations. This chapter takes an interdisciplinary approach to investigate the effect of such regulations on the available sources for forensic musical analysis and the contributions of contemporary experts to legal evaluations of alleged infringement. Because federal rules and judicial precedent have limited the questions to which experts may respond, their role in litigation might be understood as one of translation, rendering music as legal evidence. This situation has led to trends in both the techniques that experts apply and the issues they encounter. Although non-dispositive, these contributions have the potential to influence the outcome of each case and the development of public law surrounding music as intellectual property.
“Only Connect”
Authors: Burnham Scott
Published: November 2021

This chapter understands the fundamental task of a pre-concert lecture as one of connecting both with the music and with the audience, and doing so with the aim of encouraging more active listening. Techniques for effective pre-concert lectures include presenting the most salient aspects of the music, such as beginnings, endings, primary themes, and other notable features; deploying compelling metaphors to describe these features; making comparisons to other pieces of music for the purpose of profiling a piece’s individuality; and generally aspiring to achieve performative intensity through well-crafted rhetoric, physical gestures, and an ongoing infusion of one’s own passion for the music under consideration. The chapter is illustrated with several brief excerpts from the author’s own pre-concert lectures.
Music Theory Clubs and their Roles in School and Community
Authors: Beavers Jennifer
Published: November 2021

A Music Theory Club is an extra-curricular activity, found primarily in institutions of higher education, that provides mostly undergraduate students with exceptional experiences geared toward deepening their understanding of music. Because the membership of these clubs need not be limited to students majoring or minoring in music, or even to those who are enrolled in a music theory class, they may be considered examples of public music theory. Additionally, the members may choose to engage in community-based public music theory projects. In the following chapter, the author explores what a music theory club is, how it benefits students, faculty, and community alike, how to start one, and the types of activities a music theory club can be involved with.
Regulation
Authors: Benoît Cyril , Thiemann Matthias
Published: November 2021

This article reviews the literature on regulation in International Political Economy. It shows that during recent decades, the study of this topic gradually shifted from a positivist to a more sociologically-informed understanding of the formation, reproduction, and change of regulatory orders. This evolution, it is argued, was motivated by various attempts at locating the plural and often contingent appearances of power in these settings—including the (infra)structural power of firms, the structural mismatches between global and domestic regulations, and the manipulation of regulatory ideas and concepts. Research on financial regulation in the post-crisis era was instrumental in this turn.
Algorithmic Bias and Access to Opportunities
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: November 2021

The chapter discusses the problem of algorithmic bias in decision-making processes that determine access to opportunities, such as recidivism scores, college admission decisions, or loan scores. After describing the technical bases of algorithmic bias, it asks how to evaluate them, drawing on Iris Marion Young’s perspective of structural (in)justice. The focus is in particular on the risk of so-called ‘Matthew effects’, in which privileged individuals gain more advantages, while those who are already disadvantaged suffer further. Some proposed solutions are discussed, with an emphasis on the need to take a broad, interdisciplinary perspective rather than a purely technical perspective. The chapter also replies to the objection that private firms cannot be held responsible for addressing structural injustices and concludes by emphasizing the need for political and social action.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in 30-Day Mortality for Heart Failure and Pneumonia in the Veterans Health Administration Using Claims-based, Clinical, and Social Risk-adjustment Variables
Authors: Silva Gabriella C. , Jiang Lan , Gutman Roee , Wu Wen-Chih , Mor Vincent , Fine Michael J. , Kressin Nancy R. , Trivedi Amal N.
Published: November 2021

Background:

Prior studies have identified lower mortality in Black Veterans compared with White Veterans after hospitalization for common medical conditions, but these studies adjusted for comorbid conditions identified in administrative claims.

Objectives:

The objectives of this study were to compare mortality for non-Hispanic White (hereafter, “White”), non-Hispanic Black (hereafter, “Black”), and Hispanic Veterans hospitalized for heart failure (HF) and pneumonia and determine whether observed mortality differences varied according to whether claims-based comorbid conditions and/or clinical variables were included in risk-adjustment models.

Research Design:

This was an observational study.

Subjects:

The study cohort included 143,520 admissions for HF and 127,782 admissions for pneumonia for Veterans hospitalized in 132 Veterans Health Administration (VA) Medical Centers between January 2009 and September 2015.

Measures:

The primary independent variable was racial/ethnic group (ie, Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White), and the outcome was all-cause mortality 30 days following admission. To compare mortality by race/ethnicity, we used logistic regression models that included different combinations of claims-based, clinical, and sociodemographic variables. For each model, we estimated the average marginal effect (AME) for Black and Hispanic Veterans relative to White Veterans.

Results:

Among the 143,520 (127,782) hospitalizations for HF (pneumonia), the average patient age was 71.6 (70.9) years and 98.4% (97.1%) were male. The unadjusted 30-day mortality rates for HF (pneumonia) were 7.2% (11.0%) for White, 4.1% (10.4%) for Black and 8.4% (16.9%) for Hispanic Veterans. Relative to White Veterans, when only claims-based variables were used for risk adjustment, the AME (95% confidence interval) for the HF [pneumonia] cohort was −2.17 (−2.45, −1.89) [0.08 (−0.41, 0.58)] for Black Veterans and 1.32 (0.49, 2.15) [4.51 (3.65, 5.38)] for Hispanic Veterans. When clinical variables were incorporated in addition to claims-based ones, the AME, relative to White Veterans, for the HF [pneumonia] cohort was −1.57 (−1.88, −1.27) [−0.83 (−1.31, −0.36)] for Black Veterans and 1.50 (0.71, 2.30) [3.30 (2.49, 4.11)] for Hispanic Veterans.

Conclusions:

Compared with White Veterans, Black Veterans had lower mortality, and Hispanic Veterans had higher mortality for HF and pneumonia. The inclusion of clinical variables into risk-adjustment models impacted the magnitude of racial/ethnic differences in mortality following hospitalization. Future studies examining racial/ethnic disparities should consider including clinical variables for risk adjustment.
Intervention for English Learners With Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Roseberry-Mckibbin Celeste
Published: November 2021

There are increasing numbers of English learners (ELs) in American classrooms today. Some of them have developmental language disorder (DLD) and receive intervention in the school setting. It is ideal to provide intervention that supports bilingual development in both the first language (L1) and English. When providing therapy, speech–language pathologists can most benefit ELs with DLD by connecting therapy to the curriculum of the classroom, particularly focusing on Tier 2 academic classroom vocabulary. This article provides a scientifically-based description of how to teach English academic vocabulary most effectively to ELs with DLD. The article concludes with practical recommendations for methods and materials that can be used to support academic success for these students.
Speech–Language Pathology Graduate Students' Questioning Strategies for English Learners in a Simulation Environment
Authors: Peker Hilal , Rosa-Lugo Linda I.
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine TeachLivE simulation used by speech–language pathology graduate students (SLP GSs) to practice questioning strategies with English learners (ELs) at various language proficiency levels. Using a communities of practice theoretical framework, data were collected through an assignment in a core graduate-level course that focused on assessment/intervention of ELs with communication disorders. The SLP GSs were required to prepare leveled questions prior to a simulation experience, respond to a survey, modify questions, and apply leveled questions during the simulation. Their self-efficacy in questioning strategies before and after the simulation was quantitatively measured, and their lived experiences were examined in the qualitative part of the data analysis. Findings suggest that the SLP GSs demonstrated more confidence or self-efficacy in using leveled questions with advanced level ELs and needed further practice adjusting their questions for ELs across other language proficiency levels. Recommendations for using simulation to practice evidence-based strategies are provided.
Spontaneous brain activity alterations in thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy patients using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation: A resting-state fMRI study
Authors: Qi Chen-Xing , Wen Zhi , Huang Xin
Published: November 2021

Objectives

Previous studies demonstrated that thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO) patients were accompanied by cognitive decline. However, The exact neural mechanisms of cognitive decline in TAO patients remain unclear. Our study aimed to investigate the spontaneous brain activity alterations using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) method and their relationships with clinical features in TAO patients.

Materials and methods

In total, twenty-one patients with TAO (14 men and 7 women) and 21 healthy control (HC) subjects (14 men and 7 women) were enrolled in this study. The ALFF method was used to assess the spontaneous brain activity changes. Meanwhile, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to distinguish TAO group and HCs group. And Pearson correlation was performed to calculate the relationship between the observed mean ALFF values of the altered regions in patients with TAO and their clinical features.

Results

Compared with the HCs, TAO patients had significantly lower ALFF values in the right superior occipital gyrus (SOG) and bilateral precuneus (preCUN). In contrast, TAO patients showed higher ALFF values in the left cerebellum (CER) and left insula (INS).

Conclusion

our result highlighted that TAO patients showed altered intrinsic brain activities in the preCUN, left CER, left INS and right SOG, which might provide useful information for explaining neural mechanisms in patients with TAO.
Speech modifications in interactive speech: effects of age, sex and noise type
Authors: Tuomainen Outi , Taschenberger Linda , Rosen Stuart , Hazan Valerie
Published: November 2021

When attempting to maintain conversations in noisy communicative settings, talkers typically modify their speech to make themselves understood by the listener. In this study, we investigated the impact of background interference type and talker age on speech adaptations, vocal effort and communicative success. We measured speech acoustics (articulation rate, mid-frequency energy, fundamental frequency), vocal effort (correlation between mid-frequency energy and fundamental frequency) and task completion time in 114 participants aged 8–80 years carrying out an interactive problem-solving task in good and noisy listening conditions (quiet, non-speech noise, background speech). We found greater changes in fundamental frequency and mid-frequency energy in non-speech noise than in background speech and similar reductions in articulation rate in both. However, older participants (50+ years) increased vocal effort in both background interference types, whereas younger children (less than 13 years) increased vocal effort only in background speech. The presence of background interference did not lead to longer task completion times. These results suggest that when the background interference involves a higher cognitive load, as in the case of other speech of other talkers, children and older talkers need to exert more vocal effort to ensure successful communication. We discuss these findings within the communication effort framework.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Voice modulation: from origin and mechanism to social impact (Part II)’.
Effects of intrauterine exposure to hepatitis B virus in foetuses
Authors: Sirilert Sirinart , Tongsong Theera , Kumfu Sirinart , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: November 2021

Foetal response to hepatitis B viral infection is still unknown. The mechanisms of persistent infection that occurs more often in mother-to-child transmission than adult transmission are also unclear. Various aspects of the environmental factors that accelerate or inhibit infection and the cytokine responses are associated with the persistence of infection. Several studies showed that the cytokine poor immune response in immaturity causes the persistence of the infection. However, some reports suggested that a mature immune response was the cause of this persistent infection. This review comprehensively summarized the reports fromin vitro,in vivoas well as clinical reports regarding the responses of the foetuses of hepatitis B infected mothers to the micro-organism. The mechanism of more opportunities to be persistently infected via the mother-to-child transmission route is also summarized and discussed. Since there are limited clinical reports at this time, this review will provide evidence for future studies regarding the intrauterine infection mechanism and foetal response to hepatitis B virus to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for mother-to-child transmission. This understanding may lead to effective interventions to control mother-to-child hepatitis B infection in the future.