bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Plating Conditions on the Structure and Corrosion Resistance of the Ni-Mn Alloy
Authors: Wang Sen Lin , Yu Wei Wei
Published: March 2009

This paper reported the electrodeposition of the nickel manganese alloy coatings from a
sulphate bath using sodium citrate as complexing agent. The cyclic voltammetric experiments
showed that the alloy initiative codeposition potential was about –0.457 V (vs.SCE). The effect of
the plating conditions on the composition and the structure of the Ni-Mn were studied by energy
dispersive X-ray spectrum and X-ray diffractometer, respectively. As a result, with the increase of
the cathodic current density from 10 to 40 mA·cm-2, the manganese content of the deposit increased
from 4.4 at% to 10.3 at%, and then it slightly decreased. The phase structure of the coating was face
centered lattice (Fm3m) Ni-Mn solid solution. The corrosive polarization experiments indicated that
the deposit could work as sacrificial coating for carbon steel in 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution.
Microstructural Evaluation of High Oxidation Resistant CrAlSiN Hard Coating at Elevated Temperature in Air Atmosphere
Authors: Tien Shih Kang , Lin Chih Hsiung , Tsai Yan Zuo , Duh Jenq Gong
Published: March 2009

CrAlSiN hard coatings were fabricated on the Si substrate from metallurgical
Cr0.45Al0.45Si0.10 alloy target by reactive r.f. magnetron sputtering. The oxidation resistance of
CrAlSiN coatings was investigated after annealing at temperatures between 900 and 1100°C for 1 hr
in air. The phase identification and microstructure of CrAlSiN coatings after heat treatment were
analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The hardness of CrAlSiN coating after heat treatment at 900oC
for 1hr in air is slightly decreased from 30.2GPa to 28.3±1.3GPa, which was caused by the thin oxide
formation on the surface of the film. The microstructure of CrAlSiN coating after heat treatment at
1000oC from 1 hr analyzed by TEM revealed two types of layer feature, including the nanocrystalline
grain embedded in the Al-riched amorphous layer and reaction interface with relative high content of
Si.
Study on Anti-Corrosion Epoxy Resin Coating without Solvent
Authors: Huang Qi , Liang Zhi Jie , Xie Feng Kuan
Published: March 2009

The new paint of environment-friendly was fabricated that TDE-85 and other materials
incorporation into epoxy resin enhanced tenacity, strength, thermal stability, humidity resistance and
corrosion resistance due to its inherent flexibility. The paint’s viscosity is less 1000mPa·s in 25°C,
can spread directly. Result of the corrosion velocity test indicates the coating’s corrosion velocity in
3.5% salt-liquor less than 0.02 g/m2h. The bending and shearing strength of EW-200 buildup epoxy
resin is 649MPa and 57MPa in 25°C. The strength is stable after placing -30°Cfor 12h and 65°C for
12h. The scanning electro photomicrograph shows the type of failure breaking is a tough fracture.
Interfacial Reactions in Sn-xZn-Cu/Cu Couples during Soldering
Authors: Zhao Ning , Wang Jian Hui , Ma Hai Tao , Wang Lai
Published: March 2009

The microstructure evolution and the growth behavior of intermetallic compounds (IMCs)
at Sn-xZn-2Cu/Cu (x=6.5, 8.8, 10 and 12, wt%) interfaces during soldering were investigated. The
results indicate that planar Cu5Zn8 layer is formed at each interface of Sn-8.8Zn-2Cu/Cu, Sn-10Zn-
2Cu/Cu and Sn-12Zn-2Cu/Cu couples for all soldering time. However, for Sn-6.5Zn-2Cu/Cu couple,
it is Cu5Zn8 phase that formed at the interface within shorter soldering time (1 h and 4 h), but the
interfacial reaction products become a double layer structure of Cu6Sn5 phase (near Cu substrate) and
CuZn phase (near solder) for longer soldering time (25 h and 49 h). The thickness of IMC layers in all
couples increases exponentially with the soldering time. It is also found that for the same soldering
time, the thickness of IMC layers increases with increasing Zn content in the solder.
Friction and Wear Behavior of Plasma Sprayed Nanostructured and Conventional WC-Co Coatings under Water Environment
Authors: Zhao Xiao Qin , Chen Jian Min , Zhou Hui Di
Published: March 2009

Nanostructured and conventional WC-Co coatings were deposited on 1Cr18Ni9Ti
stainless steel substrate using an atmospheric plasma spraying facility. The friction and wear
behavior of the resulting cermet composite coatings in water environment was comparatively
investigated. It was found that the nanostructured and conventional WC-Co coatings had similar
friction coefficients under the same testing conditions. However, the nanostructured WC-Co coating
had better wear resistance than the conventional WC-Co coating as slid against both Si3N4 ball and
stainless steel ball. At the same time, the stainless steel or Si3N4 counterpart matched with the
nanostructured WC-Co coating had a much smaller wear rate as well, and as compared to rubbing
against the ceramic ball counterpart, the two types of coatings rubbing against the stainless steel ball
registered lower friction coefficients and wear rates.
Deposition of Bioactive Titania Layers on Non-Metallic Substrates under Ambient Conditions due to Hydrolysis of Titanium Oxysulfate Solution
Authors: Xiao Fan , Song Ren Guo , Osaka Akiyoshi
Published: March 2009

The paper presents a simple chemical treatment to provide various non-metallic substrates
such as polypropylene or polyethylene with in vitro bioactivity or ability to deposit apatite in SBF.
Anatase/rutile dual layers were deposited at low temperature on the substrates when they were soaked
in TiOSO4/H2O2 solution and aged in hot water: The dense bottom layer predominantly consisted of
rutile, while the upper layer consisted of loosely packed aggregation of anatase particles. The titania
deposition was the results of compromise among two conflicting processes: 1) hydrolysis of TiOSO4
to yield either soluble titania-H2O2 complexes or titania, and 2) dissolution of the titania layer under
the presence of H2O2. The dissolution-deposition equilibrium was found associated with pH of the
sulfate solution. Thus, proper pH value in the treating solution was the key factor to control the
formation of dense titania layers. The resulted titania layers were easily covered with fine apatite
particles when soaked in SBF supersaturated with its component ions.
Research on the Surface Treatment of Magnetic Powder in Bonded Nd8Fe80B6Co6 Alloy
Authors: Zhao Hao Feng , Wang Ling , Su Jun Yi
Published: March 2009

Nd, Ce and Pr in ER-magnets are very active and easy react with oxygen and other
oxidizing substance [1]. So this paper deals with the formation of some organic films on the
Nd8Fe80B6Co6 magnetic powders. Then the belt of the alloy was made in a melt-spun furnace and
then heat-treated at certain temperature. After that the magnetic powders were prepared by special
crashing techniques. Epoxy resin and titanate were chosen as coat materials. The test showed that
the epoxy-titanate coating material has the lowest weight increase in the exposure of oxidation
atmosphere. Effects of the coat materials on the properties of bonded alloy were also investigated.
The magnetic properties of the alloy with epoxy-titanate coating material were similar to one
without coat.
Corrosion Protection of A3 Steel with Zn-Al-Mg-RE Coating from Arc Spraying
Authors: Liu Yan , Chen Yong Xiong , Bai Jin Yuan , Zhu Zi Xin , Wei Shi Cheng , Liang Xiu Bing , Xu Bin Shi
Published: March 2009

Cored wires and high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) technologies have been applied to
produce Zn-Al-Mg-RE coating on A3 steels. The durability of coating in terms of corrosion
resistance is the focus of this paper. The detailed degradation mechanism has been investigated using
electrochemical-monitoring techniques supported by precise pre-test and post-test microscopical
examination using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD).
Zn-Al-Mg-RE coating shows a typical aspect of layered heterogeneous structure, the existing of
ZnAl2O4 and MgAl2O4 implies the good anti-corrosion feature. The polarization curves showed that
Zn-Al-Mg-RE coating exhibits passive behavior at 0.5h and 16h immersion, but at 600h, it begins to
dissolute. In contrast, the anti-corrosion performance isn’t cut down. The corrosion potential moves
to the noble direction step by step, along with the current density drops gradually. After corrosion, it
has been observed that the coating surface is jointed by flaky lamellar products and dense without
obvious defects and pores. It is postulated that with the addition of RE, the porosity of the coating is
reduced, meanwhile, the stability of the products layer can reinforce the self-sealing effect of the
coating distinctively.
Surface Modification and Properties of SiO2 Nano Porous Aerogels
Authors: Ni Xing Yuan , Li Yang , Zhang Zhi Hua , Shen Jun , Zhou Bin , Wu Guang Ming
Published: March 2009

Surface modification is a process in which Si-CH3 groups of trimethylchlorosilane
(TMCS) replace -OH groups on the inner surface of SiO2 aerogels, so the surface property of aerogels
has shown hydrophobic performance which could be changed back to hydrophilic by 450 heat
treatment. This aerogels with surface property controlled are prepared via sol-gel process with polyethoxydisiloxanes
(E-40) used as precursor, and have typical porous structures dried at ambient
pressure: high porosity (above 90 %), super specific surface area (about 1000 m2/g), low bulk density
(down to 3.03 kg/m3) and average pore size is about 20 nm. This paper presents adsorption mechanisms
in aerogels and illustrates that the adsorption capacity of aerogels is three or four times as much
as that of activated carbon fiber (ACF) and granule of activated carbon (GAC). So SiO2 aerogels are
potentially important to be used as absorbents being quite efficient to adsorb toxic substances.
Bio-Derived Bone Surface Modification with Biomimetic Thin Film Coatings to Improve Mesenchymal Stem Cells Adhesion and Spreading
Authors: Song Ke Dong , Wen Peng Fei , Liu Tian Qing
Published: March 2009

Initial attachment and spreading of the inoculated cells determines the long-time viability
of cells onto biomedical scaffolds designed for various orthopedic or other clinical applications. The
aim of this study was to investigate the influence of biomimetic thin film coating surfaces of
bio-derived bone scaffolds with collagen proteins and chitosan on bone marrow mesenchymal stem
cells interactions in order to improve cell adhesion, spreading and proliferation. These two merits
were used synthetically to generate apatite-based materials that can function as allograft bone grafts
in humans. In this study, the thin film coatings were operated by means of soaked, pre-frozen, and
freeze-dried step by step. All coatings were characterized using Raman spectra, inverted microscope,
atomic force microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. After that, the bio-derived bone
scaffolds with or without thin film coatings were used in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell culture
experiments to study cell adhesion, spreading, viability, proliferation and morphology. Then, the
biological morphologies of the fabricated cell-scaffold constructs were detected by scanning electron
microscope (SEM). The cell reactions were investigated concerning cell adhesion, migration,
spreading, and proliferation under inverted microscope and fluorescence microscopy. The results
showed that the bio-derived bone scaffold treated with thin film coatings by using rat-tail type I
collagen and chitosan improved the adhesion and spreading of mesenchymal stem cells in
comparison to the untreated one. Besides, cell viability and morphology were not affected by the
presence of either type of thin film coating. Still, the results assay revealed an increased proliferation
of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on both types of thin film coatings compared to coating with
non-coated controls.
Study on the Machining of Plasma-Sprayed Al2O3 Coatings by Ultrasonic Vibration Cutting
Authors: Liu Gui Min , Song Ya Ling , Ma Li Li , Wang Feng
Published: March 2009

Ultrasonic vibration cutting experiments have been carried out for the machining of the
plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings. The optimized value of V/Vc for the vibration cutting was obtained
by a series of tests. The comparing experiments of the ultrasonic vibration cutting and the traditional
cutting for the machining of the plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings by the cube nitride boride (CBN) and
YC09 (hard alloy) lathe tools have been executed. The results indicate that the valid cutting time for
the vibration cutting is 3-4 times longer than that for the traditional cutting, at the same time, the
surface roughness values of the coatings machined by the vibration cutting are less than that machined
by the traditional cutting. CBN and YC09 have been optimized as the candidates to machine the
Al2O3 coatings through a series of vibration cutting tests carried out on the lathe tools of CBN and
three hard alloys of YC09, YH3 and YGHT. The cutting parameters, such as V, aP and f, for the
vibration cutting of the Al2O3 coatings by CBN and YC09 were obtained through the orthogonal tests
and regression analysis. The obtained parameters have been utilized to machine the plasma-sprayed
Al2O3 coatings for validation, and the results indicate that the ultrasonic vibration cutting is a
competitive method to machine the plasma-sprayed Al2O3 coatings.
Appearance of Mechanical Zinc Coatings and Superficial Pore Sealing Treatment
Authors: Ding Jin Cheng , Zhao Zeng Dian , Lu Jie , Sun Yun Quan
Published: March 2009

By using SnSO4 water solution to activate global granular Zn powders of 325 screen mesh,
Zn-Sn composite coverage is formed under the action of mechanical impact of the tiny glass beads
and work pieces. During and after the formation of coating, acid water liquor will react with metal
basal body, and hydrogen gas is bound to emit from the pathway and form micro pores. In addition,
there are bond areas between the new and the primary coverage, which may lead to the emergence of
micro crack on the coating owing to such causes as too big or uneven impact during plating process,
little distortion of global granular zinc dust inside the plating coat, less tight coalescent of the zinc
dust flecks. These problems can be confirmed by SEM scanning coating surface and cross section
pictures of plating coat. In our study, methyl hydrogen silicone fluid, titanium isopropoxide and
benzinum are used as the basal components. This compound has such features as better osmosis for
micro pores and cracks formed in the process of dual coverage, strong adhesive force,
anti-contraction, high transparence and water proof property. The impact of titanium isopropoxide
dosage on the solidifying speed of methyl hydrogen silicone fluid, and that of mechanical plating zinc
coating on corrosion proof are studied. Through tests, the proper compound ratio is determined as
11:10:79 of methyl hydrogen silicone fluid to titanium isopropoxide to benzinum(90-120 Centigrade
degree). Experiments indicate that when the coating thickness is 0.2 micron, the emergence time of
white corrosion on the plating coat doubles, accordingly, that of red rust prolongs, this shows that the
anticorrosion of the coverage can be significantly improved through superficial pore sealing in zinc
plating coat.
Interacting of Screw Dislocation with Stiff Imperfect Interface
Authors: Ma Shi Xiang , Fan H. , Hu H.
Published: March 2009

There exist a few works concerning the soft imperfect interface characterized by the
discontinuity of displacements. Actually, there is another type of imperfect interface, namely the stiff
imperfect interface. In this work, the model of stiff imperfect interface is proposed. Then the
interaction of a screw dislocation with stiff imperfect interface is studied. The force acting on a screw
dislocation due to the presence of the stiff imperfect interface is formulated. The results show that the
interacting force varies between that for a rigid contact interface and that for an ideal contact interface.
Study on CMP Slurry and Technique of Silicon Dioxide Dielectric for ULSI
Authors: Tan Bai Mei , Yuan J.Y. , Niu X.H. , Shi H.L. , Liu Yu Ling , Cui Chun Xiang
Published: March 2009

SiO2 is a kind of widely used dielectric material in ULSI and its chemical mechanical
planarization (CMP) is one of the most difficult processes. In this paper, the CMP mechanism and
the effect of abrasive on SiO2 dielectric were analyzed; the different factors of affecting the CMP
were analyzed. A kind of organic alkali was chosen to act as the pH regulator and complexation
agent to enhance the chemical effect. The silica sol was selected as abrasive to realize no
contamination, low viscidity, proper hardness and easy to clean. The effect of different
concentration of abrasive on the removal rate and surface performance were studied. Further more
the influence of polishing slurry flow and surfactant on removal rate were analyzed. The final
planarization was realized.
Study on Brittle-Ductile Transition Mechanism of Ultra-Precision Turning of Single Crystal Silicon
Authors: Wang Ming Hai , Lu Ze Sheng
Published: March 2009

According to the size effect theory established on the concept of geometrically necessary
dislocations and results of nano-indentation experiments, a novel brittle-ductile mechanism of
ultra-precision turning of single crystal silicon is proposed. The accurate critical chip thickness is
firstly calculated on the basis of theoritical analysis. A macro-micro cutting model is created based on
the brittle-ductile transition mechanism. Finally, the results of study are testified through experiments.
Experimental Study of Mechanical Properties of Electroformed Nanocrystalline Ni-Mn Alloys
Authors: Yang Jian Ming , Zhu Di
Published: March 2009

In this paper, the measurements of microhardness and tensile properties are performed to
the electroformed Ni-Mn alloys which the mean grain size is near to or less than 100nm. It is
studied that the effect of average deposition current density on microhardness and tensile properties
of the alloys and the effect of post-electroforming annealing on microhardness of the alloys. The
results show that with the increment of average current density, microhardness and strength of the
alloys increase and elongation decreases because of the increment of Mn content and the decrement
of grain size of the alloys. Microhardness of the alloys are slightly improved after annealing.
Experimental Investigation on Cutting Force and Tool Wear of Carbide Tools in Ti6Al4V Turning
Authors: Wang Xiao Qin , Ai Xing , Zhao Jun , Li Tian Tian
Published: March 2009

This paper introduced the machinability and the state-of-art of Ti6Al4V machining.
Turning test with thee different tungsten carbide tool have be done at cutting speed 40, 80, 120, 160
m/min, the relationship between cutting force and cutting speed, cutting distance was analyzed, the
influence of working cutting edge angle on the tool wear and cutting force was investigated as well.
Finally, the tool wear and wear mechanics was analyzed.
The Molding Study of Polyimide Polishing Film
Authors: Xu Xiao Cun , Yuan Zhe Jun
Published: March 2009

The polyimide polishing film is a kind of soft polishing films with polyimide substrate and
abrasive cement. It isn't replaced by other grinding tool because of its acid resistance, alkali resistance,
water-resistance, oil resistance, heat-resistance et al. The paper focuses on ascertaining the minimal
substrate thickness of polishing film, selecting molding method and molding technology. Applying
the skim coating processes, and using a self-made, film making device, a lab-level, making process of
polyimide polishing film is developed, and the polyimide polishing films are made in a lab. Then,
study the polishing films form and analyze the molding performances with scanning electron
microscope, and get an effect rule of the consistency of polyamides adhesive and abrasive to
polyimide polishing films form and the appropriate consistency of polyamides adhesive finally.
Experimental Research on Aluminum Alloy Blade’s Surface Roughness of Integrate Rotor Based on Four-Axis High Speed Milling
Authors: Bu Guang Bin , Zhao Can , Zuo Dun Wen
Published: March 2009

It was carried out that a HSM test for aluminum alloy (2A70) rotor with carbide cutter. It was investigated and analyzed that the influence of different cutting speed and feed speed on the roughness of blade’s finished surface. The experiment showed that high quality surface was easy to obtain by increasing the cutting speed and decreasing the feed. But when the cutting speed crossed the critical value, increase in the cutting speed caused slight decrease in the surface roughness. The feed decreased to a very small value, the roughness increased a little. It was expected that best surface roughness and machining efficiency could be obtained by selecting the appropriate cutting speed and feed.
Study on Checking and Measurement of Double-Ball Bar for Thermal Error of CNC Machine Tools
Authors: Li Yong Xiang , Li Yu Yao , Cao Hong Tao , Jin Yong Qiao , Yang Jian Guo
Published: March 2009

Thermal errors of CNC machine tools was checked and measured by double-ball bar in
this paper. Mathematical model of measuring thermal error of machine tools by DBB on the
principle of its basic measurement was derived. Combining it with kinematics model of machine
tool, the identification law of error component parameters was established when thermal error was
checked and measured by DBB. Thus, all of the thermal error component would be separated from
the synthetical error. Finally, the entire analysis was provided to adjust machine tool and actualize
error compensation of machine tool through grasping main factors influencing the machining
precision of machine tool.
Detection of the Tool Wear Condition Based on the Computer Image Processing
Authors: Wang Ya Liang , Ji Shi Ming , Zhang Li , Jin Shou Song , Chen Yong
Published: March 2009

The tool wear detection system based on the image processing and computer vision has better study value and foreground. The paper brings forward the detection method of the tool wear condition, which solves the two main problems. Firstly, gets the high quality images by fuzzy restoration arithmetic. Because the cutting tool is always at the movement state during the cutting, the real-time collected sequence images by CCD sensor are blurred with noise. Then, obtains the character parameter uniformity Q2 by calculating gray co-occurrence matrix, which can distinguish the cutting tool is weared or not weared. The experimental results indicate that detection of the tool wear condition by computer image processing reach our aim.
Safety Prediction of High Speed Face Milling Cutter with Indexable Inserts
Authors: Jiang Bin , Zheng Min Li , Xu Fang , Li Ya Guang
Published: March 2009

Based on loads analysis and failure analysis for high speed face milling cutter with
indexable inserts, the failure criterion of cutter was propounded, and the finite element model of
cutter was established. By means of modal analysis and stress field analysis, the law of influence of
the structure and elements of cutter on the safety of cutter was acquired, high speed face milling
cutter for machining aluminum alloy was developed. According to ISO15641 international standard,
safety prediction of cutter and experiments were completed. The results indicate that rigidity failure
rotational speed is higher strength failure rotational speed of high speed face milling cutter,
connection strength between cutter body and screw bolt affects directly the safety rotational speed
of cutter. High speed face milling cutter for machining aluminum alloy possesses higher safety and
better dynamic milling performance as cutting speed is less than 2820m/min.
The Analysis on Movement of the Charged Particles in a Magnetic-Electrochemical Compound Polishing
Authors: Shi Li Min , Chen Yu Quan , Liu Er Liang
Published: March 2009

With widely using difficult-to-process materials, such as the stainless steel and SnSb alloy, the magnetic-electrochemical compound polishing process has been paid much more attention by some Japanese and Chinese researchers. In the paper, the math model of the movement of the charged particles in a magnetic field is established through the analysis of its movement process, using Coulomb laws and Lorentz force. The velocity equations and loci equations are concluded, and the movements of there typical particles are compared carefully and analyzed. Therefore, the function of the magnetic field is drawn. In the end, to verify the model, the magnetic- electrochemical compound polishing process were tested and the results were compared with those obtained from the model, the results showed the movement model was reasonable and the analyzing to function of magnetic field was correct.
A FEM and Experiment Study on High Speed Machining of Nickel-Based Superalloy GH4169
Authors: Zhang Dong Jin , Wang Chen , Liu Gang , Chen Ming
Published: March 2009

As a typical difficult-to-cut material, the nickel-based superalloy GH4169 has been used in
many kinds of aeronautical key structures and turbine components because of its high yield stress and
anti-fatigue performance even in high temperature. In this paper, finite element method (FEM) is
introduced to study the saw-tooth chip formation in detail. By the way of Lagrange approach,
adiabatic shear band (ASB) is simulated and the chip forming mechanism is interpreted by adiabatic
shearing theory via the comparison of two models, one of which has a failure criterion and another
not. The comprehensive comparison and analysis of chip morphology between simulation and
experiment are also presented in this paper.
Some Applications of Fractal Fracture Mechanics to Describe the Fatigue Behaviour of Materials
Authors: Carpinteri Andrea , Spagnoli Andrea , Vantadori Sabrina
Published: March 2009

As is well-known, fatigue limit, threshold stress intensity range and fatigue crack growth rate are influenced by the specimen or structure size. Limited information on size effect is available in the literature. In the present paper, by employing some concepts of fractal geometry, new definitions of fatigue limit, fracture energy and stress intensity factor, based on physical dimensions different from the classical ones, are discussed. Then, size-dependent laws for fatigue limit, threshold stress intensity range and fatigue crack growth rate are proposed. Some experimental results are examined in order to show how to apply such theoretical scaling laws.
R&D of Ray Tracing Simulation Software and Fabrication Technologies Based on VCAD (Volume-CAD) Concept for GRIN Lens
Authors: Itani Norihiko , Watanabe Y. , Lin W. , Uehara Y. , MORITA Shinya , Mishima T. , Ohmori Hitoshi , Makinouchi Akitake
Published: March 2009

We have been developing an intellectual manufacturing process applying IT (V-Cam
system fabrication processes) based on Volume-CAD (VCAD) system which can express internal
information of materials. This paper introduces the ultra-precision grinding, ray tracing (optical path)
simulation software ‘V-Opt’ and the measurement of actual optical functions in the development of
optical element taking gradient refractive index (GRIN) lens with functionally graded material
properties as a model. In finish ground GRIN lens using SD#8000 wheel, the P-V (Peek to Value) of
27.07 nm, surface roughness (Ra) of 1.83 nm is obtained. ‘V-Opt’ developed for GRIN lens have two
main functions; one is the visualizations of ray tracing and the other is the evaluation of spot diagram
and focal length.
Reliable Detection of Periodic Micro Structures on Open Surfaces
Authors: Härtig Frank , Krystek Michael Paul , Klein S.
Published: March 2009

The reliable determination of periodic micro structures on open surfaces as they exist on involute tooth flanks gain of increasing importance. They allow conclusions from the waviness of the gear surface to the wear and running noise in gears. With the aim of determining traceable wave structures, a method has been developed at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) in Braunschweig by which it is possible to model, realise and, especially, reliably evaluate wave-shaped structures on the flank surfaces of involute cylindrical gears.
Development of Ultra Precision Gear Measuring Instrument/UPGMI
Authors: Ogasawara Hiroomi , Maeda Noritsugu , Hayashi Teru
Published: March 2009

The object of this paper is to describe the process and current status of the development
project of an Ultra Precision Gear Measuring Instrument that guarantees a measurement accuracy
that falls into a submicron range. The angular indexing mechanism, which is the basis of its
measurement accuracy, consists of a purely mechanical system. The system is based on the concept
of accuracy feedback where its own deviation estimated from measurement results is fed back into
the finishing process. It consists of basic axes with minimum error causing factors in order to seek
the optimum accuracy that can be achieved by precision machinery. The measurement accuracy of
this measuring instrument has already reached the submicron range in its initial assembly state.
Analysis of Digitizing and Traditional Measuring System at Surface Measurement of Lids
Authors: Barisic Branimir , Rucki M. , Car Z.
Published: March 2009

The focus of this paper will be on comparison at the measurement of container lids between
Advanced TOpometric Optical Sensor - ATOS III SO (GOM mbH) and traditional coordinate
measuring machine CMM for the measurement of surfaces - Form Talysurf Series 2 (Taylor Hobson
Ltd). In the paper, two kinds of measuring methods (noncontact method at ATOS and contact method
at CMM Form Talysurf) and techniques will be made for comparison: digitizing measuring system
based on the triangulation principle and traditional measuring systems based on the collecting of
points from an object by touching it.
3D Topography for Drilled Surfaces
Authors: Varga Gyula , Dudas Illes
Published: March 2009

Nowadays more and more scientific papers deal with drilling. The drilling process has been
used for more than 5000 years and the development of conventional drills is more than 200 years old.
In recent years there have been limited changes to the drill design but considerable improvements
have been made in the selection of drill materials, drill coatings, flute design and cutting fluid guiding
methods.
The paper briefly describes the development of surface characterisation including its current 3D
capability. It shows how selected parameters can assist with drill process analysis and how this can be
supported through the introduction of the planned new ISO International Standard for 3D Surface
characterisation. The paper is supported by a sample drilling test to demonstrate the power of the
proposed analysis.
Study on the Phase Unwrapping Method with Colored Encoded Grating Pattern in 3-Dimension Profile Measurement
Authors: Li Bing , Jiang Zhuang De , Wang Xiao Qin
Published: March 2009

The phase-shifting method is widely used in 3-D profile measurement with optoelectronic
technology and phase unwrapping is an important link where in. The traditional methods are too
complex and have low efficiency. A novel method of evaluating absolute phase is presented in this
paper. The technique combined the grey code fringe with phase shifting technique and colored
encoded grating pattern. The order of the projecting fringes ) , ( y x n can be obtained from only one
distortional colored image. The procedure is relatively simple in experimental setup and algorithm. In
addition, the speed of measurement is faster than current phase unwrapping algorithm. The
experimental results have proved the validity of this method.
Machine Vision Based Tracking Control of a Ball-Beam System
Authors: Ho Chao Ching , Shih C.L.
Published: March 2009

The dynamic behavior of a ball-beam system is highly nonlinear and its characteristic is difficult to define. In this paper we present a new ball-beam balancing control system using machine vision to feedback the beam angle and ball position on the beam. Adaptive threshold based continuously mean shift vision tracking algorithm is applied to record the ball position and the beam angle with highly captured frame-rate. The proposed vision tracking algorithm is tolerant to lighting influence, highly computing efficiency and more robust than traditional template pattern matching or edge detection algorithm under non-ideal environment. The vision tracking performance is experimentally tested on a ball-beam benchmark system, where a PD controller is applied to control the motion of the ball to maintain balance. Experimental result shows that the beam angle measurement, ball tracking and balancing control of the vision feedback system are robust, accurate and highly efficient.
A Research on the Colorimetric Characterization of Digital Camera
Authors: Jia G.X. , Qu Xing Hua , Gong H. , Ye S.H.
Published: March 2009

This paper describes a method to characterizing the digital camera. The nonlinear
relationship between the RGB signals generated by a digital camera and original image CIEXYZ
values was obtained using the polynomial regression procedures. The reasonable structures of the
polynomial were found for two digital cameras. The better number of polynomial terms was 19,
yielding a modeling accuracy typically averaging 2.1~2.2 E ∆ units and maximally 9.5~10.9 E ∆
units. The experiments results showed that the polynomial regression could be used to characterize
commonly digital camera.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Bio-Sensor with Full Field Phase Detection
Authors: Lee Ju Yi , Chou T.K. , Shih H.C. , Hsu Cheng Chih
Published: March 2009

A full field phase detection system for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bio-sensor is presented. The phase difference variation between s and p polarization resulting from the SPR was detected by the polarization interferometry. In the polarization interferometry, the light reflected from the SPR sensor was divided into four phase quardrature parts by polarization components. By means of an algorithm similar to phase shifting interferometry, the phase distribution of SPR bio-sensor was obtained. We have successfully detected the phase difference variation with 0.07º resolution within 1×1 mm2 full field range. The corresponding detection limit of the refractive index change is about 1×10-7.
Development of a Flexible Temperature Sensor Array System
Authors: Yang Yao Joe , Chia B.T. , Chang D.R. , Liao H.H. , Shih Wen Ping , Chang F.Y. , Fan Kuang Chao
Published: March 2009

A flexible temperature sensor array and a scanning system are developed in this paper. A
16×16 temperature sensor array in a 25×20 mm2 area is fabricated on a flexible copper-PI substrate
using MEMS fabrication technology. Platinum is employed as the temperature sensing material,
which is often so called the resistance temperature detector (RTD). Copper patterns on both sides of
the flexible substrate serve as the row and column interconnects for scanning circuitry. In each
element of the temperature sensor array, the resistance of platinum, which is patterned by lift-off
process, can be measured by the scanning system.
Compact Displacement Measurement System Based on Microchip Nd:YAG Laser with Birefringence External Cavity
Authors: Tan Y. , Zhang S.
Published: March 2009

We demonstrate a method of displacement measurement based on Nd:YAG laser with
birefringence external cavity. The measurement system is composed of Nd:YAG laser, a wave plate
with phase retardation of 450 and an external feedback mirror. Due to the birefringence effect, the
external cavity modulates the laser output intensities in the two orthogonal directions with a phase
difference of 900, which is two times to that of the wave plate. Both the in-quadrature laser
intensities vary one period, when the external cavity length changes λ/2. These two channel laser
intensities with phase difference of 900 can be subdivided to λ/8 after 4-fold evaluation. The
movement direction of external mirror can be distinguished by the lead or lag between these two
channel signals. Our method can improve the resolution of displacement measurement 4 times that
of conventional optical feedback, and reach 133nm for a laser wavelength of 1.064µm.
Validated Uncertainty Evaluation for Self-Validating Sensor
Authors: Feng Zhi Gang , Wang Qi , Shida K.
Published: March 2009

This paper evaluates the validated uncertainty in SEVA sensor by integrating fault
detection, identification and reconstruction (FDIR) and reliability engineering. The impact of each
fault mode on measurement quality is evaluated quantitatively by using a priori sensor reliability
information to investigate the impact of incomplete fault coverage, FDIR and manual maintenance
intervention. Bayesian probabilistic approach and uncertainty calculus are employed to model the
impact of sensor validation on parameter uncertainty and to fuse the individual modes into a complete
sensor model. A simulation of SEVA pressure sensor example illustrates the concept and
conclusions.
Measurement of Strain Induced by Impact with Fiber Bragg Grating
Authors: Zhu Ping Yu , Liu D. , Lin Y.
Published: March 2009

After deriving the propagation formula of stress wave through incident bar, the measured
signals both in horizontal impact test and drop impact tests are investigated with novel fiber Bragg
grating sensors(FBGs). Especially those strain signals from FBGs which mounted on the surface of an
incident bar are studied. The signals in impactor and the FBGs embedded in the composite material
under similar test condition are compared. The dropping and impacting models have been setup. The
experiment data measured in a lab are analyzed both in time-domain and in frequency domain. Those
ultra-high frequency components in the above strain signals can not be obtained by current FBG
measurement system due to frequency limit of the demodulation system. Further study to improve the
frequency of demodulation system will be done in next step.
Lag Time and Working Frequency of FBG Strain Sensor
Authors: Sun Li , Li Hong Nan , Liang D.Z. , Fang J.
Published: March 2009

This paper investigates the lag time and the highest working frequency of Fiber Bragg
Grating strain sensor in which strain wave transfers to bare FBG by analyzing the transmit course of
the strain wave. The results show that the FBG strain sensor is applicable to the measurement of
low frequency vibration in engineering. As its application, FBG strain sensors are used in the shake
table test of offshore platform model and show good capability in measuring the dynamic strain of
vibration system with low frequency.
Development of Nanometrology for Nanoelectronics: Growth and Characterization of Transition Metal Monolayer Films on Silicon
Authors: Plusnin N.I. , Il'yashenko W.M. , Kitan S.A. , Krylov S.V.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents metrology of the growth and characterization of 3d metal monolayer films on silicon. EELS analysis of plasmon peaks during the layer-by-layer growth of Co films on Si(111) demonstrate that thickness measurement of the monolayer films is possible on base of spectra decomposition with interface and film plasmon peak extracting. Results of the resistivity measurement of Co films on Si(111) with different state of the surface correlate with growth mechanism of the films on AES data. AFM-pictures show replication of step surface relief versus the thickness demonstrating growth of the smooth Fe nanofilm on Si(100).
ESAD Shearing Deflectometry: A Primary Flatness Standard with Sub-Nanometer Uncertainty
Authors: Geckeler Ralf D.
Published: March 2009

To overcome the limitations of conventional interferometry, a technique has been
developed which allows the absolute topography measurement of near-plane and slightly curved
optical surfaces of arbitrary size with low measurement uncertainty. The Extended Shear Angle
Difference (ESAD) method combines deflectometric and shearing techniques in a unique way to
minimize measurement errors and to optimize measurand traceability. A device for the topography
measurement of optical surfaces up to 500 mm in diameter, achieving sub-nanometer repeatability,
reproducibility and uncertainty, was built at the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). The
ESAD method is optimally suited for creating a primary standard for straightness and flatness with
highest accuracy by which the three-flat test or liquid mirrors can be replaced as starting points of the
traceability chain in flatness measurement. In the following, the improved ESAD device which uses
optimized opto-mechanical components is presented. Central aspects of the proper design and use of
deflectometric systems are highlighted, including the optimal use of pentaprisms.
Analysis of Deformation and Stress Distribution of the Poly-Axial Pedicle Screw
Authors: Kim Sung Min , Yang I.C. , Kim D.K. , Bae Ha Suk
Published: March 2009

The effect of design features of an internal spinal fixator under loading is critical to
understanding of interaction between fixator and instrumented spine. In this study, we performed
finite element analysis for spinal pedicle screw installed in the lumbar spine. The purpose of this study
is to model and simulate the newly designed spinal pedicle screw. The deformation and stress of the
screw are analyzed for the tightening process and loading process simulating the condition when it is
installed in the human body as described in the ASTM F1717 procedure. We expected this study is to
derive reliable results for developing a new model by analysis of design variables and fatigue
behavior.
Simulation of Profiles of Normal Ordinate Distribution
Authors: Pawlus P. , Reizer Rafal , Dzierwa A.
Published: March 2009

The paper presents the review of various methods of isotropic and anisotropic random
surfaces of Gaussian ordinate distribution modeling. The procedure of digital simulation of
one-process profile using AR methods of various degrees is presented. We analysed also FFT
methods of generating random surface profiles of Gaussian ordinate distribution. The examples of
using methods mentioned above for the simulation of machined profiles are given.
Processing Speed Acceleration of an Intelligent Communication Instrument
Authors: Kikuchi Hiroto , Shen Hong , Iwasaki S.
Published: March 2009

This paper makes an attempt to improve the retrieving algorithm for an intelligent
communication instrument. The instrument is developed for visually impaired computer users, and it
converts texts displayed on a computer screen into audio messages to help them operate the computer.
The conversion is performed based on a user dictionary, and a retrieving algorithm is needed to search
the dictionary. In order to accelerate the retrieving speed, we adopt an index table when retrieving the
first two alphabets of a word in the dictionary. The time for retrieving words is measured in the
experiments. The experimental results reveal that the retrieving operations can be finished within an
acceptable time.
Enhancing Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steel 304 Using Laser Surface Treatment
Authors: Ghayad Ibrahim M. , Shoeib Madiha , Mattar Taha , Hussain Huda M.
Published: March 2009

Stainless steel AISI 304 was laser treated to enhance corrosion resistance and improve
surface properties. . This alloy has many applications in auto industry (car body,) as well as oil and
gas industry. Different conditions were applied in the laser surface treatment, namely: laser power
density, scan speed, distance between paths, medium gas (air, argon and nitrogen). After laser
treatment, the samples microstructures were investigated using optical microscope to examine
micro structural changes due to laser irradiation. Specimen surfaces were investigated using XRD,
SEM and EDAX before and after laser treatment to examine the surface composition changes
brought by laser irradiation.
Results showed that laser irradiation enhances the corrosion resistance of AISI 304 Stainless steel to
a large extent. Corrosion rates as low as 0.011 mpy for laser treated samples were obtained in
comparison to 0.952 mpy obtained for the untreated samples. Superior pitting corrosion resistance
was obtained under specific treatment conditions. The enhancement of corrosion resistance depends
on the laser irradiation conditions. The corrosion protection afforded by laser treatment is attributed
mainly to the grain refinement of the top surface layer. This layer is found to consist of nano-scale
grains.
Dynamic Stress Intensity Problem of SH-Wave by Double Linear Cracks near a Circular Hole
Authors: Li Hong Liang , Li Hong , Yang Yong
Published: March 2009

In mechanical engineering, circular hole is used widely in structure design. When the
structure is overloaded or the load is changed regularly, cracks emerge and spread. Based on the
former study of dynamic stress concentration problem of SH wave by a crack originating at a
circular hole edge, in this paper, the method of Green’s function is used to investigate the problem
of dynamic stress intensity problem of double linear cracks near a circular hole impacted by
incident SH-wave. The train of thought for this problem is that: Firstly, a Green’s function is
constructed for the problem, which is a fundamental solution of displacement field for an elastic
space possessing a circular hole and a linear crack while bearing out-of-plane harmonic line source
force at any point; Secondly, in terms of the solution of SH-wave’s scattering by an elastic space
with a circular hole and a linear crack, anti-plane stresses which are the same in quantity but
opposite in direction to those mentioned before, are loaded at the region where the second crack is
in existent actually, we called this process “crack-division”; Finally, the expressions of the
dynamic stress intensity factor(DSIF) of the cracks are given when the circular hole and double
linear crack exist at the same time. Then, by using the expressions, an example was provided to
show the effect of circular hole and cracks on the dynamic stress intensity factor of the cracks.
Numerical Investigation of Stress Singularities in Cracked Bimaterial Body
Authors: Náhlík Luboš , Šestáková Lucie , Hutař Pavel
Published: March 2009

Composite materials or generally materials with interfaces are nowadays used in many varied engineering applications. In comparison with classical engineering materials the existence of material interface causes locally different stress distribution, which can strongly influence behaviour of whole structure and can have an important influence on failure mechanisms of such materials. The paper presented is devoted to the investigation of stress singularity exponents of a crack growing in a bimaterial body perpendicularly to the interface and touching the material interface. Discrepancies between value of stress singularity exponent in the centre of bimaterial body and on the free surface were found. The assumptions of linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) and small scale yielding (SSY) are considered. For numerical calculations finite element analysis was used. Results obtained can contribute to a better understanding of failure of materials with interfaces.