bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What’s for dinner this time?: DNA authentication of “wild mushrooms” in food products sold in the USA
Authors: Cutler II W. Dalley , Bradshaw Alexander J. , Dentinger Bryn T.M.
Published: August 2021

Mushrooms have been consumed by humans for thousands of years, and while some have gastronomic and nutritional value, it has long been recognized that only select species of mushrooms are suitable for consumption. Adverse health effects of consuming poisonous mushrooms range from mild illness to death. Many valuable edible mushrooms are either impractical or unable to be grown commercially, requiring them to be harvested from the wild. In the U.S., products containing these wild-collected mushrooms are often sold with the nonspecific and undefined label “wild mushrooms,” although in some cases particular species are listed in the ingredients. However, the ambiguity of the definition of “wild mushrooms” in foods makes it impossible to know which species are involved or whether they are truly wild-collected or cultivated varieties. As a consequence, any individual adverse reactions to consuming the mushrooms in these products cannot be traced to the source due to the minimal regulations around the harvest and sale of wild mushrooms. For this study, we set out to shed light on what species of fungi are being sold as “wild mushrooms” using DNA metabarcoding to identify fungal contents of various food products acquired from locally sourced grocers and a large online retail site. Twenty-eight species of mushroom were identified across 16 food products, ranging from commonly cultivated species to wild species not represented in global DNA databases. Our results demonstrate that “wild mushroom” ingredients often consist entirely or in part of cultivated species such as the ubiquitous white and brown “button” mushrooms and portabella (Agaricus bisporus), oyster(Pleurotusspp.) and shiitake (Lentinula edodes). In other cases truly wild mushrooms were detected but they were not always consistent with the species on the label. More alarmingly, a few products with large distribution potential contained species whose edibility is at best dubious, and at worst potentially toxic.
Construyendo comunes para el derecho a la ciudad a través de la innovación social colectiva en la distribución y consumo: explorando un marco conceptual y el caso de Valencia
Authors: Belda-Miquel Sergio , Pellicer-Sifres Victoria , Boni Alejandra
Published: August 2021

En la actual crisis urbana, el nuevo municipalismo reclama la reconstrucción de comunes urbanos para avanzar en el derecho a la ciudad. Señala al respecto la importancia de los movimientos sociales y de la acción pública municipal para generar procesos de innovación social “desde abajo”. Sin embargo, no se ha explorado suficientemente la literatura sobre innovación social con miras a comprender la construcción de comunes urbanos. Por ello, este trabajo propone, a partir de la literatura sobre innovación social de base, un marco para explorar prácticas de generación de comunes desde la ciudadanía, así como políticas municipales que pueden articularse para apoyarlas. El marco se emplea para explorar, con métodos cualitativos, iniciativas en Valencia (Estado español), en los sectores agroalimentario y energético. Los resultados revelan el potencial y la diversidad de las iniciativas de generación de comunes urbanos para el derecho a la ciudad, así como tensiones y contradicciones que pueden emerger.
Percepción del (in)cumplimiento normativo en el subterráneo de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires
Authors: Beramendi Maite-Regina , Romero-Gianotti María de los Ángeles
Published: August 2021

En el subterráneo (metro) existen normas que regulan el comportamiento de las personas para que se genere una buena convivencia ciudadana. Las normas de convivencia y seguridad permiten alcanzar un equilibrio entre el control del comportamiento de las personas y el respeto por la libertad de los pasajeros. El incumplimiento normativo genera malestar y dificulta las dinámicas sociales. El objetivo del presente trabajo es indagar la percepción de (in)cumplimiento normativo y el malestar que genera la transgresión en el subterráneo de Buenos Aires. Se diseñó un cuestionario autoadministrado que se aplicó a 407 pasajeros. Los resultados indican que la percepción de transgresión normativa es alta, al igual que los niveles de malestar que vivencian los participantes por dicho incumplimiento. La inobservancia de las normas no se asociaría a una baja legitimidad de las mismas, sino a una dificultad en su cumplimiento y a patrones de comportamientos transgresores que están habitualizados y compartido
Hacia una agenda urbana del común: un estudio de caso de las reivindicaciones políticas de los comunes urbanos en Barcelona
Authors: Cámara-Menoyo Carlos , Vivas-Elias Josep , Ribera-Fumaz Ramón , León-Casero Jorge
Published: August 2021

A pesar de su popularidad entre los movimientos sociales urbanos y la multiplicidad de estudios académicos sobre ellos, los comunes urbanos continúan siendo un concepto ambiguo en el plano teórico y variado en el empírico, dificultando observar cómo su uso contribuye a la producción de una ciudad socialmente más justa. Este artículo explora la evolución de 28 comunes urbanos diversos en la Barcelona de principios de siglo XXI. Mediante un análisis transversal pretendemos reducir los desajustes entre la teoría de los comunes urbanos y las prácticas existentes. Como resultado principal identificamos la existencia y la tipología de una agenda para generar procesos de transformación social y urbana, así como sus limitaciones y potencialidades.
Norma y precio del suelo urbano en la ciudad de Bogotá
Authors: Araque Alex , Cantor Lina , Moreno Paloma
Published: August 2021

Este documento aborda la relación precios del suelo y norma urbana. El control urbano constituye el reconocimiento social en el territorio, las interacciones de las diversas clases sociales en la ocupación del suelo y su reflejo adecuado en los mercados. La teoría de la Renta Ofertada explica la configuración urbana a través de la demanda, la renta y los precios del suelo; la norma solo legitima la apropiación del excedente social. La convergencia norma y sociedad modula el precio del suelo urbano, dando fuerza a la norma. La estructura de rentas en Bogotá responde a los postulados de la Renta Ofertada en tanto lleva implícitas las desigualdades sociales y la baja capacidad de la administración de la ciudad para controlar las fuerzas del mercado. El resultado empírico señala que la norma no tiene efecto sobre los precios del suelo; es decir, el mercado domina la planificación de la ciudad
Redefinición territorial pos COVID-19: resiliencia frente a riesgos y desequilibrios en los modelos urbano-rurales
Authors: Salazar-Galán Sergio , Mascort-Albea Emilio , Sánchez-Fuentes Domingo
Published: August 2021

La presente Tribuna reflexiona sobre los efectos de la alteración de los ecosistemas y la biodiversidad en el incremento de problemáticas sanitarias y ambientales relacionadas, según evidencia la crisis mundial por la COVID-19. La generalización de modelos urbanos densamente poblados y en creciente expansión ha propiciado la contaminación ambiental, así como el incremento del riesgo frente a enfermedades e inundaciones. Igualmente, la industrialización de la cadena alimenticia ha favorecido la aparición de enfermedades como diabetes, así como de patógenos que provocan enfermedades infecciosas. Con la globalización, estas últimas se han transmitido rápidamente desde zonas rurales a poblaciones urbanas, en una acelerada expansión. Consecuentemente, se llama a una redefinición de las relaciones campo-ciudad en clave biorregional, y desde una aproximación socio-ecológica, para mantener y restaurar la estructura ecológica de soporte. Con ello se podría fortalecer la resiliencia territorial, a través de una configuración modular, flexible y policéntrica.
Unidad y coherencia en la interpretación constitucional: ¿Hacia un recurso de nulidad en materia constitucional?
Authors:   Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Rojo Leyton Ignacio
Published: August 2021

El artículo trata un asunto que afecta a la unidad y coherencia en la interpretación constitucional. En particular, analiza la reciente sentencia de la Corte Suprema (rol 1.824-2019), que autoriza el acceso a información contenida en correos electrónicos enviados entre funcionarios públicos del Servicio de Impuestos Internos. Este fallo contradice el criterio jurisprudencial uniforme del Tribunal Constitucional, que ha dictaminado que dichas comunicaciones están cubiertas por la garantía constitucional que protege la inviolabilidad de las comunicaciones privadas, de acuerdo con el artículo 19, número 5 de la Constitución. Con el fin de subsanar esa discrepancia interpretativa, se sugiere la creación de un recurso de nulidad en materia constitucional ante el Tribunal Constitucional. De esta manera, se garantizaría mejor la unidad y coherencia de la interpretación de la Constitución en el ordenamiento jurídico chileno
El fondo de infraestructura: Aciertos y dudas frente a su funcionamiento
Authors:   Ibarra & Asociados, Richaud Alexander Kliwadenko , Ugalde Silva Francisca ,   Ibarra & Asociados
Published: August 2021

En 2018, mediante Ley 21.082, se ordenó la creación de una sociedad anónima del Estado denominada Fondo de Infraestructura S. A. Esta empresa pública tiene por fin desarrollar inversión pública y privada en materia de infraestructura y, a diferencia de otros fondos existentes a nivel mundial, que se centran en el financiamiento, en nuestro país este también tiene asignadas tareas respecto de la construcción, ampliación, reparación, conservación, explotación y desarrollo de proyectos de infraestructura. Este trabajo expone sus características, posibles beneficios y dudas sin resolver relativas a la normativa que dio origen a esta empresa pública.
Particularidades del seguro de caución y de la modalidad de ejecución a primer requerimiento
Authors:   Philippi, Prietocarrizosa, Ferrero, DU & Uría, Jullian Valenzuela Pablo , Vargas Peña Ignacio ,   Morales & Besa
Published: August 2021

El objeto de este artículo es analizar los elementos distintivos del seguro de caución y de su modalidad de ejecución a primer requerimiento. Comenzamos por revisar el vínculo jurídico que se configura entre sus intervinientes, para luego repasar la aplicabilidad del proceso de liquidación de siniestros respecto de esta modalidad en particular. Con posterioridad, el análisis se aboca a describir las herramientas de defensa —y sus limitaciones— que la legislación franquea al asegurador frente al pago de la indemnización. Finalmente, examinamos las ventajas y desventajas que supone la contratación de este tipo de seguros ante otras alternativas presentes en la ley y mercado de seguros chileno.
Un problema no es sólo un problema. Posiciones, hermenéuticas y políticas públicas relativas a la salud de las abejas
Authors: Folguera Guillermo
Published: August 2021

En diferentes lugares del mundo se discute acerca de la salud de las abejas y sus posibles causas. Argentina, uno de los principales productores de miel del mundo, inevitablemente ubica a esta problemática en un lugar central. En este trabajo indagaremos los modos de conceptualizar el problema y las hermenéuticas que le subyacen a diferentes agentes respecto a la salud de las abejas en Argentina. Con este fin, se realizará un análisis del vínculo entre posiciones y hermenéuticas de apicultores, Bayer, científicos de las áreas de la Toxicología y Biología del Comportamiento y funcionarios de diferentes áreas de SENASA, órgano de control del Estado argentino. Entre las conclusiones principales se reconoce: i) el acercamiento de las posiciones y hermenéuticas del Estado argentino y Bayer propio de un escenario neoliberal, ii) el modo en el que la Toxicología (área de mayor injerencia en la problemática) minimiza los riesgos ambientales respecto a la Biología del Comportamiento y iii) los numerosos procesos de simplificación que se reconocen en la toma de decisiones de la política pública en Argentina en los últimos años.
El viaje del zorro al cielo y su tío el tigre: Texturas transculturales amerindias en dos repertorios de relatos mapuche del zorro
Authors: Moulian Tesmer Rodrigo
Published: August 2021

El artículo muestra los contenidos transculturales amerindios en dos repertorios de relatos mapuche del zorro. El primero de ellos corresponde al viaje del zorro al cielo, originario del área centro andina. El segundo es el del zorro y su tío el tigre procedente de las narrativas del Chaco. A través de un análisis narratológico, se destaca la recurrencia de los motivos que estructuran las tramas narrativas y dan forma a los relatos. Al respecto argumentamos que la representación del zorro como un personaje transgresor, común en las narrativas, expresa un problema general, por lo mismo, proclive a su simbolización transcultural. Las contradicciones en la conducta del zorro exponen las tensiones entre las necesidades básicas y los impulsos vitales del personaje y las normas culturales para la administración de las mismas, lo que constituye una experiencia común a la condición humana.
Familias transnacionales desde el sur. Testimonios de la globalización en Chile. Javiera Cienfuegos Illanes (coord.). Ediciones Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano
Authors: Julián Vejar Dasten
Published: August 2021

Reseña: Familias transnacionales desde el sur. Testimonios de la globalización en Chile. Javiera Cienfuegos Illanes (coord.). Ediciones Universidad Academia de Humanismo Cristiano
De la subordinación asalariada a la caridad neoliberal: análisis crítico de la ley de inclusión laboral de personas con discapacidad en Chile
Authors: Cea Madrid Juan Carlos
Published: August 2021

El presente artículo analiza la entrada en vigencia de la Ley Nº 21.015 “Incentiva la inclusión de personas con discapacidad al mundo laboral”. Esta normativa tiene por finalidad mejorar la empleabilidad de las personas con discapacidad en entornos laborales abiertos por medio de la reserva del 1% de la cuota de empleos en empresas con 100 o más trabajadores. Al respecto, se examinan las limitaciones de esta política de acceso al empleo para la promoción del derecho al trabajo y la configuración de sociedades más inclusivas. De acuerdo con un análisis crítico de la implementación de la iniciativa legal en el sector privado, se observan brechas salariales, etarias y de género en la incorporación y permanencia de las personas con discapacidad en el mercado de trabajo. Finalmente, se concluye que las estrategias de inserción laboral en el campo de la discapacidad no cuestionan las estructuras de poder en la sociedad capitalista y se integran a las bases del modelo neoliberal en el Chile contemporáneo.
La CUT y los clivajes sindicales en Chile. Entre la pretensión transformadora y la estrategia defensiva
Authors: Medel Sierralta Rodrigo
Published: August 2021

Este artículo plantea que, desde el retorno a la democracia en Chile, la Central Unitaria de Trabajadores (CUT) ha desempeñado un doble papel para el sindicalismo. Por una parte, ha buscado promover, con muy pocos recursos y poco éxito, una nueva legislación para el sector privado del sindicalismo y; por otro, ha defendido, con muchos recursos y éxito, la autonomía y los intereses del sector público. ¿Cómo ha impactado en las identidades y prácticas organizacionales de los sindicatos chilenos este doble papel jugado por la CUT desde el retorno a la democracia? Para responder esta pregunta, se propone el concepto de clivajes sindicales, el que describe una división que es, simultáneamente, estructural, ideológica y organizativa dentro del sindicalismo chileno. A partir de un análisis histórico, se describe cómo el mismo accionar de la CUT fue politizando la división estructural entre el sector público y el privado del sindicalismo, consolidando identidades colectivas en torno a dicha división. Luego, con un análisis cuantitativo de las redes de alianzas en huelgas laborales desde el 2010 hasta el 2019, se describe el comportamiento diferenciado de las principales federaciones según su pertenencia al sector público o privado. Los resultados muestran que las federaciones del sector público son las que encuentran mayor densidad de alianzas entre ellas, generando un clivaje claramente diferenciado del sindicalismo del sector privado, el que se encuentra aislado social y políticamente. Se resalta la importancia de considerar esta fractura dentro del sindicalismo chileno como un elemento altamente explicativo de las limitaciones y fortalezas en la capacidad política de la Central.
Community Knowledge and Perception on Climate Change and Drinking Water Supply in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya
Authors: Odwori Ernest Othieno
Published: August 2021

Nzoia River Basin is one of the regions in Kenya that is highly vulnerable to climate change. An understanding of community knowledge and perception on climate change and drinking water supply will provide strategic directions for national and county government policy, adaptation strategies and development of community-based guidelines on climate change. This study assessed community knowledge and perception on climate change and drinking water supply in Nzoia River Basin. A cross-sectional survey design was used. Three counties were randomly selected from the basin for study with Busia representing the lower catchment, Kakamega middle catchment and Trans Nzoia upper catchment. The study was carried out from May, 2017 to September, 2017. Multistage random sampling technique was used to select the 403 households administered with questionnaires. An observation checklist was used by the interviewers to collect household- and community-related information. The study results revealed that the community largely comes from low socio-economic background: only 24 % had post secondary education or higher, the majority were small scale farmers, housewives, casual workers and househelps (58 %), and only 25 % earned a monthly income above Ksh. 20,000 (equivalent to US $200). The majority of the participants 81 % had some knowledge about climate change but 19 % did not. On level of knowledge about climate change, 70% know a little/something about climate change, 21% know nothing about climate change and 9% know a lot about climate change. Majority of respondents, 76% receive climate change news from mass media (radio, newspaper and magazines, television); and 81 % point out that climate change will have public health risks in the community. The knowledge level about climate change in the basin was average. National and county governments should work with the sector stakeholders in the basin to improve community knowledge and perception regarding climate change, drinking water supply and health needs with proper content. The results of this study will go a long way in bridging the gap between policy formulation and building adaptive capacity to climate change in the basin.
Dynamics of the Reconstruction of Termite Mounts of the Genus Cubitermes in the Bondoe Savannah Forest, Central African Republic
Authors: Wango Solange Patricia , Josens Guy , Aba-Toumnou Lucie
Published: August 2021

The use of termite mounds as an alternative to chemical fertilizers has grown in tropical developing countries. Termite mounds also play an important role in ecology and these studies were conducted on dynamic of the reconstruction of termite mounds of the genus Cubitermes in the Bondoé savannah from Central African Republic (CAF). The focus on this particular group may be due to their abundance and conspicuous mounds, compared with the diffuse belowground nests inhabited by soldier less soil-feeding termites. The hypothesis of this work was that the termite mounds of Cubitermes (Cubitermes sankurensis and Cubitermes ugandensis) could be reconstructed after removal of hats, trunks at ground level or when termite mounds are dug up 10 cm below the ground. Five (5) experiments were set up to follow the dynamics of the reconstruction of termite mounds during the dry and rainy seasons. The results show that termite mounds with hats removed in one operation rebuild better the following year (25-30% in the rainy season, 50-60% in the dry season). When the removal was done at ground level, an average of 22.5% reconstruction was recorded in the rainy season and 25-30% reconstruction observed in the dry season after one year. Termite mounds dug 10 cm below the ground did not perform better. The removal of hats during the dry season is an option for the rational management of Cubitermes termite mounds in agriculture in CAR.
Effect of Different N Management on Improving N Efficiency in Rice- tarom Variety
Authors: Valinejad M. , Vaseghi S.
Published: August 2021

The chlorophyll meter (SPAD) and leaf colour chart (LCC) are simple, portable diagnostic tools that can measure the crop N status in situ in rice fields to determine the timing of N top dressingAn experiment was carried out in Rice Research Institute in Mazandaran, in 2019. A test material has been evaluated in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications. Tarom variety were grown under eight treatments at plant density of 25*25 cm. Eight treatments included a zero-N control, o splits, chlorophyll meter 35, 37, 40, LCC 4 and 5. Result showed that Both LCC and SPAD can be used to improve N management for rice. The optimal SPAD threshold for determining the timing of N-application was 35. LCC treatments indicated that N-management based on LCC shade 4 helped avoid over application of N. Critical value of LCC 4 was more beneficial in enhancing the growth and agronomic, physiologic and internal efficiency.  It is suggested that when N-management technology such as real time N-management (SPAD and LCC) were used, would avoid to over application of N fertilizer by rice farmers. The objective of this study is to determine critical threshold  SPAD and LCC value of  Tarom variety of rice(Oyiza Sativa L).
The Emergence of Emotional Intelligence and Self- Regulation in Early Years
Authors: Annu . , Singh C.K.
Published: August 2021

Early years are important for the emotional intelligence development and self-regulation of young children because of rapid brain development. Early years are time of pretending, blending fact and fiction and learning to think of world using language. There is specific attainment of mainly three components of emotional intelligence during early years of development such as expression, knowledge and regulation of emotions. They have abilities to express social and self-conscious emotions as well as recognize the emotions of other people. Self-regulation has a foundational role in promoting wellbeing across the lifespan, including physical, emotional, social, and economic health and educational achievement. Early harmonious, stimulated and enriched environment serve as driving force for the development of emotional intelligence and self-regulation skills in young children. The reactions and instructions of parents and teachers to emotions of young children are the main socialization tools that enhance the emotional intelligence and skills of self-regulation in young children.
Life Table of Rhodobium porosum on Rose Cultivars in Subsurface 'Ebb and Flow' Irrigation System
Authors: Avellar Guilherme S. , Campos Wellington G. , Carvalho Livia M. , Almeida Elka F. A. , Ribeiro Márcia N. O.
Published: August 2021

Fertilization is a limiting factor in plant development and indirectly affects the population density of phytophagous insects. This study tested the performance of the aphid Rhodobium porosum (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on three rose cultivars exposed to two nutrient solutions in subsurface 'ebb and flow' irrigation systems in greenhouse. The performance of R. porosum was determined by means of the life table and fertility. Both cultivar and fertilization affected many life history and population traits of the aphid. The lower insect fertility and survival were observed in the nutrient solution usually recommended for fruit-type vegetables and on the 'Tineke' rose cultivar, because this combination caused lower net reproductive rate R0 (0.52 female), finite rate of increase λ (0.9469 female/day), innate capacity to increase in number rm (-0.0516 female/female/day), as well as longer time interval between each generation T (16.62 days). The lowest performance of the R. porosum on 'Tineke' rose cultivated in the nutrient solution 1 suggests that this seems to be the best combination to reduce problems with aphid attack in soilless rose cultivation.
Efficacy of Methanolic and Aqueous Extracts of Thevetia peruviana (pers.) K. Schum on Growth of Phytophthora colocasiae Racib, Causal Agent of Taro Late Blight in Cameroon
Authors: Sale Charles Essome , Dooh Jules Patrice Ngoh , Heu Alain , Tueguem William Kuate , Nganti Dorothée Mvondo , Ngatsi Patrice Zemko , Chewachong Godwill , Ambang Zachee
Published: August 2021

This study aims to evaluate the antifungal activities of methanolic and aqueous extracts of Thevetia peruviana seeds on the in vitro growth of Phytophthora colocasiae. A randomized sample block design containing four treatments (T-: absolute control, AE, ME and Callomil Plus at the dose of 12.5 μL/ml) with three repetitions was used. Plant extracts were used at three concentrations: C1: 12.5 µl/ml; C2: 25 µl/ml and C3: 50 µl/ml. The study took place in the University of Yaoundé 1, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Plant Biology, Laboratory of Phytopathology and Crop Protection, and in the Institute of Agricultural Research for Development (IARD) of Yaoundé, Laboratory of Phytopathology, during the year 2019-2020.

Aqueous and methanolic extracts of T. peruviana were prepared and used at the concentrations of 12.5, 25 and 50 μL/ml. P. colocasiae was isolated from infected taro leaf cultivars "Macumba/Ibo coco" located in three different regions in Cameroon: West, Littoral and Centre. The different leaf explants of taro were put in V8 agar medium and maintained in pure culture. Mycelial fragments of P. colocasiae of about 0.8 cm in diameter were cut and placed in sterile Petri dishes containing Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) medium supplemented with different concentrations of plant extracts and incubated at 23±1°C for seven days for the evaluation of the radial growth. Methanolic and aqueous extracts have completely inhibited the growth of West and Littoral strains at 25 μL/mL while total inhibition of the pathogen was not obtained with strain of Centre region. The lowest inhibition was obtained with the strain of Centre region (85.1%) for aqueous extract and (70.95%) for methanolic extract compare to 100% for West and Littoral region at highest concentration. The aqueous extract at the concentration of 25 μL/ml totally inhibited the in vitro radial growth of some strains of P. colocasiae. This extract, active against P. colocasiae could be used as alternative to fungicides for the control of taro leaf blight. In other hand, the strain of Littoral region was most sensible to extracts than the others. This strain could be used to provide a genetic resource for future trials in natural conditions in greenhouse and in the field.
Assessment of Antibiotics Susceptibility Pattern of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci Isolated from Clinical Specimens in Port Harcourt
Authors: Ibeh F. O. , Wemedo S. A. , Akani N. P.
Published: August 2021

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of vancomycin resistance among Enterococcal species isolated from clinical specimens of patients attending two hospitals in Port Harcourt, Rivers State.

Study Design: The study employs statistical analysis of the data and interpretation.

Place and Duration of Study: Two hospitals which are Meridian hospital Port Harcourt and University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, located in the city of Port-Harcourt, Rivers State were used for this study. Specimen collection lasted for 3 weeks and the analysis was carried out daily and it lasted for six months.

Methodology: A total of one hundred and eighteen (118) urine and stool specimens (60 urine and 58 stool specimens) were collected from Fifty nine (59) patients for a period of three months from Meridian hospital and University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port-Harcourt, Rivers State. The specimens collected were grouped inpatients and outpatients and were subjected to standard microbiological procedures which include standard plate counts, identification, and sensitivity testing using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, Minimum inhibitory concentration and molecular identification of the isolates.

Results: A total of 48 enterococcal isolates were isolated from the different specimens (hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients) of urine and stool specimens. All Enterococcal isolates showed high level of resistance to Ceftazidime and Cefuroxime (100%) followed by cloxacillin (95.8%), augumentin (85.4%) and Ceftriaxone (75.0%). The isolates showed higher sensitive rates to Ofloxacin (95.5%), followed by Gentamicin (77.1%) and Vancomycin (39.6%). All Enterococal isolates from this study had a MAR index > 0.2. A total of the 48 Enterococci were isolated, the 23 (47.9%) isolates were identified as vancomyin resistant during this study were subjected to MIC (Minimum Inhibitory Concentration) for vancomycin as a confirmatory test. Of the 23 isolates, 12 isolates were vancomycin resistant with 11 isolates showing vancomycin MIC values of 8-16μg /ml (vancomycin intermediate).

Conclusion: Conclusively, this study revealed varying Antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the isolated bacteria. Treatment guidelines for use of antibiotics should be based on the hospital formulary and the sensitivity patterns is advocated. This should be reviewed occasionally to ensure rational use of antibiotics
Generalized Fibonacci Numbers with Indices in Arithmetic Progression and Sum of Their Squares: The Sum Formula ∑nk=0 xkW2mk+j
Authors: Soykan Y¨uksel
Published: August 2021

In this paper, closed forms of the sum formulas ∑n k=0 xkWmk 2 +j for generalized Fibonacci numbers are presented. As special cases, we give sum formulas of Fibonacci, Lucas, Pell, Pell-Lucas, Jacobsthal, Jacobsthal-Lucas numbers. We present the proofs to indicate how these formulas, in general, were discovered. Of course, all the listed formulas may be proved by induction, but that method of proof gives no clue about their discovery.
Occupational Stress among Nigerian Orthodontists and Orthodontic Residents: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Aikins Elfleda A. , Anosike Adaeze N. , Yemitan Tolulase Abosede
Published: July 2021

Background: The job of the orthodontist involves long working hours and interaction with each patient for many years before the conclusion of treatment thus orthodontists may experience peculiar levels of stress.  Occupational stress has been proven to have negative consequences and can result in not only burnout but also hypertension and even suicide. The aim of this study was to assess the areas of orthodontic practice that cause stress among orthodontists and orthodontic residents practicing in Nigeria as well as to evaluate various personal and practice characteristics that affect these reports of occupational stress.

Methods: Data was collected over a three-month period using an online self-administered modified version of the Occupational Stress Questionnaire which was sent through the Nigerian Association of Orthodontists WhatsApp group and to the personal emails of all members. Data was collated and analysed using SPSS version 21.

Results: A total of 69 (71% response rate) responses were received. Males and older orthodontists experienced higher levels of stress. Seven items had mean severity scores equal to or greater than 3.75 and were considered the most concerning stressors in orthodontic practice. These included “Lack of patient compliance with treatment instructions is painful” and “Treating a case with an unfavorable prognosis is disturbing”.

Conclusions: The most concerning stressors in orthodontic practice as perceived by Nigerian orthodontists and orthodontic residents are those related to time management and patient motivation.
Quality Attributes Comparison of Selected Brands of Rosuvastatin Calcium Tablets Marketed in the US and Bangladesh
Authors: Monisha Shahrin Tasnim , Ela Kamrun Nahar , Islam Rabeya , Ether Sadia Afruz , Rahman Fahad Imtiaz
Published: August 2021

Aims: This study investigated whether locally marketed rosuvastatin calcium tablets in Bangladesh have comparable physical and chemical attributes, including in vitro bioequivalence profiles, to the proprietary brand.

Methodology: Nine generic products (G1-G9) containing 10 mg of rosuvastatin calcium were compared to the proprietary brand Crestor® (R1) and an FDA approved generic rosuvastatin calcium tablet (R2). Weight variation, diameter, thickness, friability, drug content, disintegration time and dissolution profiles were tested according to United States Pharmacopeia (USP) guidelines. In vitro bioequivalence requirements were assessed by calculating difference (f1) and similarity (f2) factors.

Results: The generic products complied with the pharmacopeial requirements for weight variation, disintegration time and friability. All the tablets had drug ranging between 92%-105% and released more than 80% of rosuvastatin within first 15-30 minutes. However, for brands G5, G7 and G8 the f1 values were 15.7%, 15.82% and 25.21% respectively and their f2 values were 41.8, 41.6 and 32.6 respectively whereas for G9 the f2 value was 43.4. These brands have thus failed to meet in vitro bioequivalence requirements.

Conclusion: We conclude that few substandard generics of rosuvastatin calcium has somehow found its way to the market and further studies are required to ascertain their noncompliance.
Metabolomic Interactions: An Insight into Health and Disease
Authors: Mallu Maheswara Reddy , Anjum Shaik Mohammad , Katravulapalli Sai Sri Samyutha , Avuthu Sri Sai Priya , Gujjula Koteswara Reddy , Veeravilli Suryanarayana , Manne Anupama Ammulu
Published: August 2021

Over the past decade, metabolic engineering has emerged as an active and distinct discipline characterized by its over-arching emphasis on integration. In practice, metabolic engineering is the directed improvement of cellular properties through the application of modern genetic methods. The concept of metabolic regulations deals with the varied and innumerable metabolic pathways that are present in the human body. A combination of such metabolic reactions paves the way to the proper functioning of different physiological and biological processes. Dealing with the adversities of a disease, engineering of novel metabolic pathways showcases the potential of metabolic engineering and its application in the therapeutic treatment of diseases. A proper and deeper understanding of the metabolic functions in the human body can be known from simulated yeast models. This review gives a brief understanding about the interactions between the molecular set of metabolome and its complexity.
Doubling Time and Its Interpretation for COVID-19 Cases: A Comparative Study in Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation, Pune, Maharashtra, India
Authors: Aphale Parth , Patil Aditya Dilipkumar , Sharma Dharmendra B.
Published: August 2021

Background: COVID-19, also known as Novel Corona Virus, causes respiratory disorder in humans and has been declared as a global pandemic in the first quarter of the year 2020 by the World Health Organization. As this pandemic persists the second, third and fourth quarters had shown variation in COVID-19 cases. In the first quarter of the year 2021 again there seems to be a rise in cases of COVID-19. So, a comparative analysis from March 2020 – April 2021 of COVID-19 cases has been studied.

Methodology: An exponential statistical model was used to calculate the predicted value of COVID-19 using doubling time for a short duration. The cases of COVID-19 were predicted from 10th April 2021 to 10th June 2021 using doubling time and exponential regression method.

Results: The distribution of cases showed a curve-linear trend over the last one year. We explored various models like exponential, logarithmic (lo-linear), linear, quadratic, and generalized linear model (GLM) to fit into the observed distribution of cases. Since the distribution of cases was perfectly following a linear trend in each of the four segments, we applied a linear regression model to observed distribution and then predicted the anticipated no. of cases by extending this linear trend to a future period (120 day). With the help of the exponential statistical model, doubling time/rate based on prior 9 days, the predictions of up to 2.61 lakhs cases have been done by the end of June 2021.

Conclusion: This study will be useful for the Government of India and Maharashtra state-specific to Pimpri- Chinchwad Municipal Corporation (PCMC), Administrative Units, Frontline health workforce, researchers, and scientists. From this study it has been evident that during the pre-lockdown period, in the initial stages there seems to be rise in cases. While, during lockdown period it was observed that there was relatively decrease in the number of cases. After the government authorities imposed the unlock strategies the cases began to rise as compared to the lockdown period. Thus, it appears that only essential services should be open for the citizens of India and the state lockdown should be carried on for the next 3 months (April 2021 - June 2021).
Comparative Study of Serum Cystatin C and Serum Creatinine Level in Before and After Hemodialysis
Authors: Hawale Dattu , Ambad Ranjit , Bankar Nandkishor , Kotecha Raunak
Published: August 2021

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a pathophysiologic process characterised by a decrease in nephron number and function, which often leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Serum plasma cystatin C is a new test for determining kidney function. Its accuracy in determining the efficacy of haemodialysis in patients with end-stage renal disease has yet to be determined.

Serum cystatin C, which is formed at a constant rate by all nucleated cells and filtered freely by the glomerulus, is neither secreted nor reabsorbed, and is unaffected by non-renal influences.

Materials and Methods: This study was a comparative study, conducted in the nephrology Department at DMMC & SMHRC, Nagpur in collaboration with ABVRH and JNMC Wardha, Sawangi (Meghe) during September 2020 to March 2021. Total 25 patient (End stage renal disease) included for the present study, the age group 30-60 years with 17 male patients and 08 female patients.

Result: Serum creatinine concentration in the before hemodialysis with 8.72±3.00 and for the after hemodialysis 3.20±1.18(P < 0.0001). The serum cystatin C concentration in the before hemodialysis 5.50±2.09 and for the after hemodialysis 8.7±1.75(P < 0.0001). the process of hemodialysis leads to a significantly low in a serum creatinine concentration as compared to before hemodialysis. The serum cystatin C concentration significantly increase in the after hemodialysis patient as compared to before hemodialysis.

Conclusion: Hemodialysis adequacy cannot be determined using serum cystatin C. It does, however, serve as a surrogate marker of dialysis inadequacy, particularly when low flux membranes are used. Routine examination of serum cystatin C in hemodialysis patients will help in the monitoring of the patient's overall clinical condition.
A Review on Flax Seed: A Legume for Longevity
Authors: Patel Kinjal P. , Patel Shivkant , Dash Dillip Kumar , Balaraman Ramachandran , Maheshwari Rajesh A.
Published: August 2021

Flax seed, tiny packs of nutrients supply a wealth of health benefits. Dietary flaxseed has an amazing use in a different health conditions. Research evidences on the properties of dietary flaxseed have wide spread information. It has been found that the tiny, edible seeds of the flax plant, have gained superfood status because of its therapeutic values in preventing the diseases. From the past few years, there is growing evidences that the people have become more health conscious. Many trials have been conducted with the upgraded standards of control available in order to provide consistent information on its significance to the general community. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of the research that have reinforced the growth of flaxseed as a commodity with importance in the health and medicine fields. Flaxseed is emerging as a vital functional food element because of its rich contents of α- linolenic acid (ALA, omega-3 fatty acid), lignans, and fiber. Flax lignans have potential health benefits such as in reduction of cardiovascular disease, cancer, atherosclerosis, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, autoimmune and neurological disorders. The role of the Flax protein in the prevention and treatment of heart disease and in supporting the immune system has been proven. The present review focuses on the evidences of the potential health benefits of flaxseed through human and animals.  Its role in enhancing the longevity by alleviating the common health challenges like  hypertension, cancer and diabetes.
Melatonin as a Novel Supplement to COVID 19 Therapies
Authors: Bansode Madhu , Bansode Pankaj
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 disease continues its rampage on the human population all over the world. The pathogenesis mechanisms involve various inflammatory and altered immune responses and oxidative processes, leading to complications like cytokines storm and death in vulnerable cases. Therefore, in this review, we summarize current evidence on melatonin therapy for viral infections with focus on possible underlying mechanisms of melatonin actions. Since this pandemic crisis elapses time, researchers worldwide are busy trying new solutions to overcome the heavy toll of the COVID-19 illness morbidity and mortality. One such drug with growing recognition is melatonin. Melatonin is a well-known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant molecule which helps in promoting adaptive immunity. Melatonin improves sleep and anxiety and also can prevent fibrosis. It is a readily available over-the-counter medication that can be manufactured easily in bulk, hence inexpensive to a patient from a developing nation like India. It can be orally administered and has a wide margin of safety. This article reviews the various facets, merits, demerits, and rationale of the re-use use of molecule melatonin, which is yet to be recognized.
Study of Glutathione-s-transferase and Reduced Glutathione Receiving Chemotherapy
Authors: Ambad Ranjit S. , Nagtilak Suryakant , Jha Rakesh Kumar , Kaple Meghali
Published: August 2021

Cervical cancer is the third most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, and the fourth leading cause of death from cancer in women. Recent advances, such as the availability of broad scale genome data, articulated gene tag (EST) data bases, innovative sequence alignment techniques, and X-ray crystallography determination of three-dimensional structures, have significantly expanded our understanding of structure–function relationships in this important enzyme superfamily. Total 36 histologically confirmed patients, locally advanced FIGO stage  IIB–IIIB cervical cancer were enrolled. Based on the findings of our research, it can be concluded that improvements in GSH concentration during the treatment of locally advanced cervical cancer can have a major impact on the treatment response. In comparison to the lack of concentration changes in the blood serum of patients who have had no reaction to medication or who have had a reported relapse following treatment, GSH tends to be an effective   indicator.
Overview on Hormonal Replacement Therapy in Menopause
Authors: Alanazi Shaden Akram A. , Alatawi Atheer Mansour E. , Alhwaiti Atheer Salman A. , Alrashidi Aumniyat Saad A. , Alanazi Ghadah Ali R. , Alfaqiri Mei Khalid S. , Alenezi Rahaf Naif A. , Albalawi Wejdan Abdullah , Alharbi Layan Hussain J. , Alharbi Ghada Abdullah H.
Published: August 2021

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is defined as a therapy that could allow women to free themselves from the malediction of estrogen loss and conserve their femininity. The study aims to summarize the updated evidence regards types, indication, contraindication, and untoward effects of hormonal replacement therapy among menopausal women. There are several different drug classes comprising estrogens, progestogens, and estrogen + progestogen combinations. Estrogen is the primary active component of HRT, treating menopausal symptoms, particularly vasomotor symptoms. There are several adverse effects of hormone replacement therapy that manifest in many different ways depending on the route of administration, and whether that route has local or systemic effects. Further research is needed to study the risks of menopausal HRT and pharmacological studies are needed to lower these risks and make its use safer with less side effects.
Effect of Murivenna Ointment in the Management of Parikarthika (Acute Fissure in Ano) – A Pilot Study
Authors: Sreerag M. V. , Dhule Mukhund
Published: August 2021

Parikarthika (Fissure in ano) is one of the most painful condition which is occurring in the ano rectal region. Due to irregular food habits and modern life styles of peoples in the present era has also added to the increase in the rate of incidence of fissure in ano. The aim of the present pilot study was to assess the effectiveness of Murivenna ointment in the management of Parikarthika. This study was conducted in 22 patients diagnosed as acute fissure in ano. Patients Murivenna ointment was applied locally with digitally in fissure bed (Parikartika) of all 22 patients. All patients were advised to follow this twice daily after sitz bath for 4 weeks or till healing of fissure bed whichever is earlier. Adjuvant drug Triphalachurnam 5 gm orally at bedtime with lukewarm water was prescribed daily to all patients with constipation. There was significant relief in symptoms like pain in ano and bleeding per rectum in all patients after 30 days of treatment. The anal sphincter tonicity became normal in 21 patients (95.45%) after 30 days of treatment. Ulcer in ano was completely healed in 19 patients (86.36%) after 30 days of treatment. There was no reoccurrence in all patients after 30 days of follow up. The irritable symptoms like pain and bleeding per rectum were effectively relieved within 14 days of treatment in all patients. It is one of the effective treatments in the management of fissure in ano as it relieved the cardinal symptoms of fissure in ano such as cutting pain and burning pain.