bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes Mellitus and the Future of Therapy
Authors: Thomas Joseph Emmanuel , Foody JoAnne Micale
Published: June 2007

Diabetes mellitus is a complex disease with several metabolic abnormalities leading to varied, interconnected endothelial and vascular dysfunction and resulting in accelerated atherosclerosis. Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of mortality in patients with diabetes. Apart from traditional therapy for control of hyperglycemia and other associated comorbidities, various newer therapies are being investigated to fight atherosclerosis at a molecular level. In this review, the authors briefly describe the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus and the future of therapy.
Why Is Blood Pressure So Hard to Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes?
Authors: Kazuo Eguchi MD, PhD  , Pickering Thomas G. , Kario Kazuomi
Published: June 2007

Resistance to antihypertensive drugs is common in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes. This is unfortunate because hypertension is one of the most important risk factors for development of cardiovascular events, and the goal blood pressure level is set lower in diabetic subjects than in nondiabetic subjects. Previous outcome trials in diabetic subjects have mainly focused on end points such as microalbuminuria or the incidence of cardiovascular events rather than on reduction of blood pressure; some reports, however, have suggested mechanisms for the drug resistance. These include several clinical conditions known to be associated with difficulty in reducing blood pressure specifically in diabetes mellitus: change in the renin‐angiotensin system and chymase, volume overload, central sympathetic hyperactivity, sleep apnea, secondary hypertension, pseudoresistance (white coat hypertension), and poor compliance related to subclinical depression. In this review, the authors focus on the mechanisms of resistance to antihypertensive therapy (particularly for monotherapy with either angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II antagonists) in the treatment of diabetic hypertension.
Latent transforming growth factor binding protein 4 (LTBP‐4) is downregulated in human mammary adenocarcinomas in vitro and in vivo
Authors: MAUEL SUSANNE , KRUSE BIANCA , ETSCHMANN BENJAMIN , VON DER SCHULENBURG ANNABELLE GRÄFIN , SCHAERIG MONIKA , STÖVESAND KIRSTEN , WILCKEN BJÖRN , STERNER‐KOCK ANJA
Published: June 2007

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐ß) is able to inhibit proliferation of epithelial cells and is involved in the carcinogenesis of human mammary tumours. Three latent transforming growth factor‐ß binding proteins (LTBP‐1, ‐3 and ‐4) are involved in TGF‐ß function. The aim of the study was to analyze the expression profiles of TGF‐ß 1 and 2 and LTBP‐4 in human mammary carcinoma cell lines as well as in human mammary tumours. Expression analysis was performed at the transcription and protein level under in vivo and in vitro conditions. LTBP‐4 expression was quantitatively analysed in human carcinomas of the mammary gland and in healthy mammary tissues of the same patients. Downregulation of LTBP‐4 in all investigated human mammary tumours compared to normal tissues could be demonstrated. Results also revealed that protein levels of TGF‐ß 1 are downregulated and of TGF‐ß 2 are upregulated in human mammary carcinoma cell lines compared to primary (normal) human mammary epithelial cells. LTBP‐4 reduction in neoplasms leads to a possible decrease of TGF‐ß 1 extracellular deposition with reduced TGF‐ß 1 bioavailability. TGF‐ß 2 was upregulated, which indicates a possible compensatory mechanism. This study demonstrated a possible functional role of LTBP‐4 for TGF‐ß bioavailability with respect to carcinogenesis of human mammary tumours in vivo and in vitro.
LAMPs and ABH histo‐blood group antigens in granulation tissue
Authors: SARAFIAN VICTORIA S. , DIKOV DORIAN I.
Published: June 2007

Endothelial cells are major participants in angiogenic processes accompanying wound repair. The functions of ABH histo‐blood group antigens (HBGAs) and lysosome‐associated membrane proteins LAMP‐1 and LAMP‐2 in endothelial cells of granulation tissue are currently unkown. Here we hypothesize that HBGAs and LAMPs enrich the phenotypic characteristics of endothelial cells and might be implicated in the plasticity of granulation tissue. Immunohistochemistry revealed permanent expression of HBGAs in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells of all sprouting capillaries regardless of the organ examined. A modulation in both the localization and the intensity of the signal for LAMPs was observed. Interestingly, LAMP‐1 showed a more intensive staining compared to LAMP‐2. LAMP‐1 was found in the cytoplasm, as well as on plasma membranes of endothelial cells. We present the first comparative immunohistochemical study of the expression of HBGA and LAMPs in endothelial cells of granulation tissue. Novel evidence for modulating LAMP reactivity is reported. Our results suggest that both glycoconjugates might contribute to the process of neoangiogenesis and tissue remodeling in wound healing.
Extreme neutrophil granulocytosis in a patient with anaplastic large cell lymphoma of T‐cell lineage
Authors: ENGSIG FREDERIK NEESS , MØLLER MICHAEL BOE , HASSELBALCH HANS K. , MAHDI BASSAM , OBEL NIELS
Published: June 2007

We describe a 47‐year‐old male admitted with fever and extreme neutrophil granulocytosis (up to 80×109/L). All microbiology tests and test for autoimmune disease were negative. CT scan showed pulmonary infiltrates bilaterally, mediastinal lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. Conventional pathological examination of bone marrow and lymph node biopsies did not demonstrate malignant cells and inflammatory disease was suspected. The patient died of multiorgan failure 23 days after admission. Autopsy showed neutrophil infiltration of several organs. Immunohistochemistry and cytogenetics postmortem led to a diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) of T‐cell lineage. Involvement of peripheral blood with leukemoid reaction is a rare manifestation of ALCL. This case emphasizes the importance of immunophenotyping in unexplained extreme granulocytosis.
Non‐functioning mediastinal parathyroid adenoma with sarcoid‐like granulomatous lymphadenopathy
Authors: BAL AMANJIT , SACHDEVA MAN UPDESH SINGH , JOSHI KUSUM , BEHERA ARUNANSHU , ARORA SUNIL , GUPTA SACHIN
Published: June 2007

Non‐secretory parathyroid adenomas arising in an ectopic parathyroid gland are rare. We report a case of non‐functioning anterior mediastinal parathyroid adenoma associated with mediastinal lymphadenopathy caused by sarcoid‐like granulamatous inflammation.
Low frequency of BK virus in prostatic adenocarcinomas
Authors: LAU SEAN K. , LACEY SIMON F. , CHEN YUAN‐YUAN , CHEN WEN‐GANG , WEISS LAWRENCE M.
Published: June 2007

BK virus (BKV) exhibits many oncogenic properties and has been associated with a variety of tumors in humans. BKV has not been well studied in the context of prostate neoplasia; however, an association of BKV with prostatic adenocarcinoma has been suggested based on the detection of viral DNA sequences and expression of viral proteins in clinical samples. To further investigate the reported association of BKV with prostatic adenocarcinoma and the potential role of the virus in prostate tumorigenesis, 30 cases of adenocarcinoma of the prostate were analyzed for evidence of BKV infection by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In situ hybridization analysis detected BKV DNA in 2 of 30 (7%) prostatic adenocarcinomas, with positive signals focally identified in less than 1% of the neoplastic cells in both cases. However, none of the tumors evaluated demonstrated evidence of BKV large tumor antigen expression by immunohistochemistry. Among prostatic adenocarcinomas that showed no evidence of BKV infection, BKV DNA was focally observed in the adjacent non‐neoplastic prostate tissue in four cases by in situ hybridization in the absence of BKV large tumor antigen immunoreactivity. The findings of the present study indicate rare cases of prostatic adenocarcinoma may be associated with BKV infection. However, lack of localization of BKV to a large population of the neoplastic cells and absence of BKV large tumor antigen expression suggest that the virus does not play a role in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer.
Effect of an extract of the mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill on expression of adhesion molecules and production of reactive oxygen species in monocytes and granulocytes in human whole blood ex vivo
Authors: BERNARDSHAW SOOSAIPILLAI , LYBERG TORSTEIN , HETLAND GEIR , JOHNSON EGIL
Published: June 2007

We have reported that an extract of the edible officinal mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill (AbM) stimulates synthesis of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in human monocytes and vein endothelial cells in vitro and reduces the extent of lethal septicemia in mice with bacterial peritonitis. In the present study on human monocytes and granulocytes in whole blood ex vivo, we studied the dynamic changes of cell adhesion molecules (CD11b, CD62L) and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) after stimulation with AbM. The presence of AbM resulted in a similarly increased expression of CD11b in monocytes and granulocytes, although at a lower AbM concentration in monocytes (0.5%) than in granulocytes (2%). Furthermore, there was an AbM‐mediated decrease in CD62L expression mirroring the effect on CD11b expression regarding magnitude and dose response. The intracellular production of ROS increased slightly but significantly in granulocytes, but not in monocytes stimulated with AbM. The results suggested that the major effect of AbM on monocytes and granulocytes was the upregulation of CD11b expression, thereby increasing both the phagocytic potential and the ablility to induce diapedesis into inflammatory foci. The rich β‐glucan content of AbM could play a crucial role in this immune response.
Clinical outcome of pertussis in Sweden: association with pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis profiles and serotype
Authors: ADVANI ABDOLREZA , GUSTAFSSON LENNART , CARLSSON ROSE‐MARIE , DONNELLY DECLAN , HALLANDER HANS O.
Published: June 2007

In Sweden, acellular pertussis vaccines were introduced at 3, 5 and 12 months of age in 1996, after a 17‐year hiatus without pertussis vaccination. An intensified surveillance of pertussis was initiated in October 1997, including collection of clinical data as well as Bordetella pertussis isolates in culture or PCR‐confirmed cases of pertussis among children born from January 1996 to September 2004. We analysed the association of pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profile and serotype with severity of disease for all children followed during the first 7 years of the project. There were in all 927 children for whom both clinical information and strain characterisation data were available. 260 of these children were hospitalised during the pertussis episode. When duration of hospital stay was compared between children with different groups of strains, characterised by PFGE profile or serotype, there was a significantly higher proportion of children with long duration of hospital stay in the most frequent PFGE profile group (BpSR11) compared to the PFGE group of all other profiles (p=0.041). There was no statistically significant association between serotype and hospitalisation rate or duration of hospital stay, neither was there any statistically significant association between serotype or PFGE profile and duration of spasmodic cough or presence of complications.
Standardizing evaluation of sarcoma proliferation— higher Ki‐67 expression in the tumor periphery than the center
Authors: FERNEBRO JOSEFIN , ENGELLAU JACOB , PERSSON ANNETTE , RYDHOLM ANDERS , NILBERT MEF
Published: June 2007

Soft tissue sarcomas often present as large and histopathologically heterogenous tumors. Proliferation has repeatedly been identified as a prognostic factor and immunostaining for Ki‐67 represents the most commonly used proliferation marker. There is, however, a lack of consensus on how to evaluate Ki‐67 staining regarding optimal cut‐off levels, selection of tumor areas, and the number of tumor cells to evaluate. We assessed the impact of targeting peripheral versus central tumor areas using tissue microarray‐based staining for Ki‐67 throughout the tumor diameter in 25 leiomyosarcomas. In 18/25 tumors, Ki‐67 expression was higher in the tumor periphery. If 10% staining tumor nuclei was used as cut‐off and the maximal Ki‐67 staining section in the tumor periphery was considered, 21/25 tumors would have been classified as highly proliferative compared to 14/25 if the tumor center had been analyzed. Similar results were obtained also when higher cut‐off levels were used and if the mean expression rather than the maximal expression was considered and the differences were neither caused by necrosis nor by hypoxia (assessed as HIF‐1α expression). Our findings suggest that the determination of proliferation in soft tissue sarcomas should be standardized for clinical application of Ki‐67 as a prognostic marker.
Mercier ‐ homme du théâtre
Authors: Davies S. F.
Published: June 2007

Si Mercier n'est pas aujourd'hui un auteur tout à fait réhabilité, sa réhabilitation est bien en cours. Auteur de la deuxième moitik du 18° sièle, intime de nombreux philosophes célèbres, Mercier est un utile point de repère si l'on veut préciser le climat tant littéraire que philosophique de la fin de l'Ancien Régime. En tant qu'homme de lettres, Mercier juge nécessaire de se servir du théštre pour instruire son public, pour l'édifier. II tient è soumettre la scéne non seulement à des intentions moralisatrices, mais aussi à des intentions politiques. II existe, croyons‐nous, un cǒté totalitaire de sa dramaturgie qUi rappelle à certains égards le théàtre communiste contemporain. A tout prendre Mercier mérite toujours de retenir notre attention par l'accent qu'il a mis sur l'engagement social de l'écrivain et par sa participation enthou‐siaste à la cráation du drame, arme indispensable dans la lutte philosophique au siécle des 1umières.
Le Noeud de vipères ou Les destinations d'un récit
Authors: Prince Gerald
Published: June 2007

Roman mauriacien modèle, Le Noeud de vipères est aussi une étude sur les destinations d'un récit et sur leurs conséquences. Incapable de s'exprimer autrement que par l'écriture, Louis, le protagoniste, compose un texte qui prend tour à tour les allures d'un réquisitoire, d'une confession, d'une recherche. Mais tout en l'écrivant, le héros ne sait au juste à qui l'adresser et il change à plusieurs reprises de destinataire. Son discours ne va pas sans se nourrir de ce va‐et‐vient perpétuel entre différentes destinations possibles: he texte de lettre devient journal puis tend à prendre la forme d'une histoire, d'un simple récit. De plus, he ton adopté, les situations présentées, les détails rapportés varient selon le lecteur envisagé. Surtout, les hésitations de Louis quand à son destinataire illuminent le chemin qui mène à la conclusion du roman: désespérant de trouver un lecteur humain qui le comprenne, Louis finit par se rendre compte que Dieu seul peut dépasser les apparences et lire en lui la vérité. Mais Dieu lit au‐delà d'un texte, Dieu n'a pas besoin de texte. Louis peut s'arrêter d'écrire. II meurt. Mais c'est pour renaître: il a découvert le lecteur éternel.
SELBSTFINDUNG UND PARTNERFERNE*
Authors: Krusche Dietrich
Published: June 2007

Die »Vereinigungen« wurden bisher vor allem auf die »Bedeutung« der dann verarbeiteten Fulle der Motive untersucht. Dabei wurde Literaturwissenschaft zuweilen in Tiefenpsychologie und anthropologische Spekulation abgedrängt; die Deutungsergebnisse enviesen sich als so schwer vermittelbar wie systematisierbar.

Betrachtet man die beiden Texte unter dem Gesichtspunkt der binnenfiktionalen Kommunikationsverhältnisse, ergeben sich verhältnismäßig exakt beschreibbare Strukturen. Die Analyse dann der gestalterisch‐funktionalen Relation zwischen interfigureller Beziehungsstruktur einerseits und Binnenstruktur des zentralen Text‐subjekts andererseits ermöglicht Schlußfolgerungen hinsichtlich der dem Leser nahegelegten Problemerkenntnis und Bilanzierungsleistung.

In beiden Erzahlungen wird eine »Vereinigung« von Geschlechtspartnern dargestellt, die nur in der Trennung der Liebenden möglich ist, sich vollziehend im Znneren der jeweiligen weiblichen Hauptfigur. Das, wodurch die Trennung bewirkt wird, ist eine Spaltung der erotisch‐geschlechtlichen Bedürfnisse der Heldin. So zeigen beide Erzählungen ausgeprägt polare Strukturen, und zwar sowohl auf der Ebene intrasubjektiver als auch auf der Ebene interfigureller Abläufe. In beiden Bereichen des Textgeschehens bilden jeweils zwei männliche Figuren (neben dem eigentlichen Geliebten, dem Primärpartner der Heldin, jeweils noch eine Komplementärfigur) die Pole der Anschaulichkeit: Im Hinblick auf die zentralen Textsubjekte Claudine bzw. Veronika sind der Ehemann Claudines und der »Ministerialrat« bzw. Johannes und Demeter nicht nur Geschlechtspartner, sondern zugleich Konkretisationen der antinomischen Elemente geschlechtlicher Selbsterfahrung. Wie der Ehemann Claudines bzw. Johanna für das Prinzip der individuierten Liebe stehen, so stehen ihre Komplementärfiguren für die unpersonliche, die »tierische« und damit »allgemeine« Liebe. Diese Doppelung der Funktion der männlichen Partnerfiguren hat, wirkästhetisch gesehen, eine entscheidende Bedeutung: In dem Maße, in dem das zwischenmenschliche Geschehen zurücktritt hinter den seelisch‐geistigen Implikationen der gespaltenen Liebesbediirfnisse der Heldin, kommt diesem die Funktion bloßer Veranschaulichung jener zu; während aber eine Lösung des Konflikts auf der Ebene der intersubjektiven Beziehungen gestalterisch gar nicht anvisiert wird, erscheint eine Harmonisierung des Seelenzustands des zentralen Textsubjekts als durchaus möglich; eine »unio mystica«, sich vollziehend im Seelengrund der Heldin, deutet sich an.

Geschieht also die textliche Problemdefinition in der Dimension eines zwischenmenschlichen Konfliktfalls (eine Frau zwischen zwei ‐ in ihrer Verschiedenheit einander ergänzenden ‐ Männern), wird die Lösungsmöglichkeit in der Dimension subjektiver Innerlichkeit gespiegelt. Zu einem als sozial (kulturhistorisch) relevant aufgegriffenen Konfliktpotential wird dem Leser eine Bilanzierungsleistung nahegelegt, die sich als eine der »Virtualisierung durch Verinnerlichung« bestimmen läßt.
Luis Martin‐Santos and Juan Goytisolo: Irony and Satire in the Contemporary Spanish Novel
Authors: Anderson Reed
Published: June 2007

The two perhaps most innovative and influential novels in post‐Civil War Spain are essentially comic in tone. They must be seen in the context of the novels of the ‘50’s and early ‘60’s, but in order to really understand their radical import it is necessary to examine the nature of irony and satire and to discover precisely how these two artists employ them in their critical visions of 20th‐century Spanish culture. Tiempo de silencio is predominantly ironic, maintaining a subtle tension between the novel's tragic and pathetic subject matter and the comic effects of narrative language. This comic irony has its roots in Cervantes, but Martín‐Santos' satirical parodies on conventional literary styles clearly anticipate Goytisolo's more aggressive and concentrated attack on language itself. Unique to Conde Julián, however, is the sense of actual destruction that is achieved through its style ‐ an effect that has been associated with the magical powers of satirical poetry since the birth of comedy in ancient Greek phallic rituals. The comic response in art is always complex, and nowhere is the complexity more evident than in these two novels of post‐War Spain.
Volksmärchen und individuelles Schöpfertum Stilanalyse eines Märchens von János Tombácz
Authors: Horn Katalin
Published: June 2007

Bei den Stiluntersuchungen an Volksmärchen begegnet man heute zwei Problemen: erstens ist der Gegenstand der modernen Märchenforschung zum grössten Teil aus dem Leben verschwunden, zweitens stellt sich die Frage, ob die “Gattung Grimm” in der lebendigen Überlieferung überhaupt existiert hat. Vorliegender Aufsatz skizziert in seinem ersten Teil einige Probleme und Aufgaben der Märchenstilforschung. Im allgemeinen wird vor allem der Gattungsstil untersucht, meistens aufgrund von “Buchmärchen”. Die Erfahrungen der Persönlichkeitsforscher der Volks‐kunde widersprechen jedoch oft den Ergebnissen dieser Untersuchungen. Auf der anderen Seite stellt sich die berechtigte Frage, ob die von den Feldforschern zuverlässig aufgezeichneten lebendigen Märchen, die dem “Buchmärchen” widersprechen, nicht schon Zerfallsprodukte der mündlichen Überlieferung sind.

Da das Märchen die Literaturwissenschaft vor allem als Gattung interessiert, wird die stilistische Einzeluntersuchung vernachlässigt. Der zweite Teil'des Aufsatzes bringt die literarische Stilanalyse eines Märchens des hervorragenden ungarischen Erzählers J. Tombácz, dessen Stil mit dem “kanonisierten” Gattungsstil verglichen wird.
Passion and Aggression: The Meaning of Werther's Last Letter*
Authors: Saine Thomas P.
Published: June 2007

This paper is about “Werther and his Readers.” That includes contemporary readers of the novel, among them Johann Christian and Charlotte Kestner; it includes critics and scholars; and last but not least, it includes Lotte, the recipient of Werther's last letter, a letter which has been largely ignored in the criticism of Goethe's novel. I have taken a less positive view of Werther than most critics, by concentrating on Werther's asocial behavior, his aggressions, and on acts which can even be called “criminal.” This does not detract from Goethe's truly remarkable achievement in Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, it only adds another dimension. Instead of a novel of sentimentality, the novel becomes thereby a story of obsession and madness, a portrayal of the passions of illicit love. My discussion is based throughout on the first version of the novel published in 1774, which is, in some respects, artistically more successful than the revised version of 1787.
The Non‐ocularity of Racine's “Vision”
Authors: Barnett Richard L.
Published: June 2007

Contrary to the reiterations of long‐established critical stance, the Racinian tragic is the prescriptive resultant of a non‐transparent, polyvalent operation of fusion and depolarization, geared to produce and sustain an idiolect of measured distortion and a dialectic of disorientation. While metaphoricity is a central component of this poetic network, its patterns and sequences, encoded functions as both mechanism of unification and agent of disjunction and primary role as non‐literal “anti‐communicant” can be adequately decoded only within the context of their integral systematization. Thus, commonly‐practiced modes of restrictive metaphorical breakdown/interpretation almost necessarily engender faulty exegesis and textual disfiguration. As reaffirmation and exemplum of the foregoing premises, the present study proposes an examination of the manipulatory, quasisemiotic status of sensorial/non‐sensorial phenomena in Racine's tragedies, with due emphasis accorded to the delicate integration of this “sphere” of expression into the larger plexus of Racinian poetics.
Critical Play: A Reading of Roland Barthes
Authors: Tavor Eve
Published: June 2007

In his play‐texts, Barthes punctures the critical methods he uses even as he is using them. He hovers between meaning and silence, between coherent argument and absurdity, between conformity to bourgeois critical and ideological stereotypes and evasion of all conformity. “Jacob's Struggle with the Angel” and S/Z are adduced to show how the game works on the level of the Barthian text.

For Barthes, the play‐text was a subversion of bourgeois criticism and culture; a supposedly 'neutral third term' which enabled him to speak without 'borrowing from the bourgeoisie,' and without giving the bourgeoisie any idea or form with which to subvert his subversion; an expression and resolution of the problem of post‐ Marxist intellectuals who could unmask bourgeois culture, yet find no alternative to it within bourgeois society.

But the play‐text was also a re‐creation which enabled the critic to overcome his alienation from himself, from others and from 'dead' cultural materials. Fabricated by the writer out of extant cultural forms, the play‐text invites the reader to fabricate a meaning out of its discrete entities. Fabrication is not only a praxis which reappropriates cuItura1 forms; it was also an expression of what Barthes conceived to be man's anthropological essence: his ability to create meanings.
Nihilism and “tierische Transzendenz” in Gottfried Benn's Gehirne
Authors: Dierick Augustinus P.
Published: June 2007

As an Expressionist, Gottfried Benn sought to solve the dichotomy between an increasingly endangered self and a world ever more experienced as a source of suffering. He attempted to establish a utopia outside the world of science and technology, in what he called, in a reference to a statement by Thomas Mann, a “tierische Transzendenz.” The road towards this peculiar utopia is perhaps best traced in the Novellen cycle Gehirne (1916). In it, as in a kaleidoscope, Benn shows us various ways in which the self might attempt to establish itself, to find a stable point. These include an aggressive scientism, the assertion of bourgeois values, contact with others, and erotic experiences. The road ends in a submission to the Südkomplex, a chiffre intended to signify a complex of associations which allows the subject to regress into a primitive, pre‐logical, quasi‐vegetative existence, free from intellectual doubt and inquiry. This state is reached fully in “Der Geburtstag,” but remains nevertheless problematic, since, despite the elimination of the self, the description of the process of the loss of self is rendered in highly cerebral terms. The opposition between primitivism and intellect remains, since it is anchored in Benn's own personality.
Tomorrow was Christmas: A Pragmatic Examination of The Logic of Literature
Authors: Clayborough Arthur
Published: June 2007

Käte Hamburger's classic work Die Logik der Dichtung recognises in its overall perspective the pragmatic factors which distinguish literary from other texts. In its detailed arguments, however, there is a tendency to exaggerate the differences between ordinary language usage and uniquely literary features.

The article examines some of these arguments. Among other things, it suggests a relationship between collocations of the “Tomorrow was Christmas” type, erlebte Rede, and Auerbach's “multipersonal representation of consciousness,” and considers the logic of Käte Hamburgers's view of the preterite in fiction.
Diary Fiction
Authors: Abbott H. Porter
Published: June 2007

Given the recent and increasing attention which has been accorded the use of the diary in narrative, I have undertaken a survey of diary fiction, organized by the three principle areas ‐ mimetic, thematic, and temporal ‐ in which the diary strategy can create a distinct functional advantage. My framing argument is that diary fiction is best conceived not as genre but as fiction employing a particular narrative device. This allows us to demonstrate the flexibility of the device and the rich diversity of ends it has been made to serve.
Leo Naphta und sein Autor
Authors: Lehnert Herbert
Published: June 2007

Die Konzeption des Romans Der Zauberberg wird durch die Tagebücher 1918‐1921 neu beleuchtet. Während die Figur Settembrini schon in dem 1919 vorliegenden Manuskript ausgebildet war, wurde die Bildung der Figur Naphta von Thomas Manns Erfahrungen und Ansichten nach 1918 beeinfluβt. Naphta vertritt Ansichten, die Thomas Mann selbst probierte. Jedoch sol1 Naphta negativ verstanden werden. Thomas Mann bestätigte sich seinen Anschluβ an die angestammte Kultur durch Projektion von eigenen abgelegten Ideologien auf den Juden Naphta. Judentum empfand Thomas Mann als fremd, mit positivem oder negativem Akzent. Naphta ersetzt seine eigene Kultur mit intelligenten aber fremden Ideologien. Die Figur Naphta im Roman warnt vor linken, auch vor rechten, radikalen, kulturstörenden Ideologien. Das Projektionsverfahren ist literarisch, kann aber auch zu antisemitisch‐politischer Praxis degenerieren. Auch hier zeigt sich, daβ der Nationalsozialismus, wie Faschismen überhaupt, als irregeleitetes ästhetisches Phänomen angesprochen werden kann.
Review Article
Authors: Olsen Michel
Published: June 2007

≫Lecteur modélé≪, codes et structures
Description and Event in Narrative
Authors: Klaus Peter
Published: June 2007

Up to now theorists of the narrative have paid very little attention to description in narrative texts. They have made a practice of distinguishing within a text between narrative and descriptive passages, considering only the first as being of importance to the analysis of narrative. Owing to this, description has become one of the least elaborate topics within 'narratology'. This neglect is not one of the most felicitous effects of narratological analysis. For it can not be denied, I think, that the meaning of a text is transmitted to a great extent by description and that any part of a text, in order to convey meaning, must contain at least some description.

In this paper I will outline what place the concept of description may hold within narratology. I will do this on the base of a definition of narrative description in which I will distinguish between four elements : narrator, focalisator, subject and predicate. To emphasize the importance of description for the analysis of narrative, I will try particularly to relate the concepts of event and description with each other. As the basic pattern of an event, I will consider the substitution of a subject‐predicate combination for an opposite subject‐predicate combination. I will conclude that description is a concept that one cannot afford to neglect during the analysis of narrative.
Les Réseaux Thématiques des Récits courts d'André Pieyre de Mandiargues*
Authors: Godenne René
Published: June 2007

I1 s'agit de préciser les thkmes essentiels ‐ et leurs rapports entre eux ‐ d'une oeuvre placée sous le signe du fantastique et de I'trotisme: le rêve, les lieux privilégiés, les formes excessives du dCsir sexuel, le bestiaire, les couleurs afin de dégager ‐ sommairement: ce n'est qu'un premier aperçu‐les archkéypes d'un univers unique et tout à fait original.
Symbol und Allegorie. Ein literaturwissenschaftliches Begriffspaar?*
Authors: Sørensen Bengt Algot
Published: June 2007

Die Geschichte des Begriffspaares Symbol und Allegorie beginnt um 1800 mit Goethe, Schelling, Creuzer, Solger und Coleridge. Von grosser Wirkung waren die Definitionen und die Zusammenstellung dieser Begriffe durch Goethe, bei dem allerdings nicht, so wenig wie bei Coleridge, von einer gleichwertigen Polarität der beiden Begriffe die Rede sein kann. Auf bemerkenswerte Übereinstimmungen zwischen dem Inhalt des aufgewerteten Allegoriebegriffs bei Solger und Creuzer einerseits und bei neueren europäischen und amerikanischen Kritikern anderseits wird hingewiesen. Die europäische Geschichte des Begriffspaares im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert wird skizziert und abschliessend die Frage aufgeworfen, ob und wie aus den historisch entstandenen und historisch belasteten Begriffen des Symbols und der Allegorie anwendbare und allgemein anerkannte, systematische Begriffe der Literaturwissenschaft werden können?
Gulliver's Travels A Study in the Aesthetics of the roman à thèse
Authors: Jansen F. J. Billeskov
Published: June 2007

Gulliver's Travels is a novel in which the author's own convictions are perceived throughout, even when he employs irony. It is a roman à thèse ‐ a didactic novel with a thesis ‐ the structure of which can be viewed as a pattern of concentric circles that are mutually interrelated. At the hub of the novel we note Swift's incontrovertible antipathy toward human odours. Swift's aversion toward people is an idiosyncrasy that finds expression in the novel's various strata. When he imitates descriptive accounts of various bodies politic and depicts fictitious societies, he is an aggressive critic of technical progress. When he imitates fantastic narratives and tells of giant women, his Gulliver is repulsed by such women. And at the perimeter of the novel, where Swift parodies travel literature, he cannot resist an ironic caricature of the nautical minutiae with which that literature often was burdened.
La vie plurielle dans: Germinie Lacerteux
Authors: Pelckmans Paul
Published: June 2007

Lesallégeances scientistes des Goncourt n'empěchent pas leur pratique romanesque de déborder parfois les savoirs de leur époque. Biogrphie d'une servante hystériuqe, Germinie Lacterteux fait preuve d'une compréhension concréte des troubles psychiques quidépasses les psycholpathologies du XIXème siècle, voire la psychanalyse: lesGoncourt donnent à voir l'enracinement reltionnel de I'inconscient comme de l'instinct de mort au sein d'un monde où triomphent les liaisons dangereuses. Simultanément, quelques épisodes du roman percent à jour la dérobade sous‐jacente au partipris subjectiviste de la psychiatrie moderne.
Albert Camus and the Popular Tradition
Authors: Zepp Evelyn H.
Published: June 2007

This study proposes to explore the relationship between Camus and his fiction and the popular tradition of carnival and the grotesque (as presented by Mikhail Bakhtin). The analysis focuses first on the material principle ‐ the “debasement” of abstract concepts to the level of the body, of the concrete. In Camus, this principle most often takes the form of a fusion of body and environment. Secondly, the study analyzes the principle of ambivalence ‐ the presence of “poles” which function simultaneously rather than in opposition. This principle, which is the prerequisite for humor (a neglected side of Camus), appears in “two‐in‐one images,” in bi‐level space, and in the ritual process of crowning‐discrowning. The presence of this literary tradition in Camus gives his work the immediate impact of ritual, and makes a full understanding and appreciation of him impossible if its presence is ignored.
Marguerite Duras' Cinematic Production: Towards the “Acknowledged Murder of the Cinema”
Authors: Guers‐Villate Yvonne
Published: June 2007

Certain constant trends in Duras' career link her novelistic and cinematic production to make it deeply personal and original beyond the confines of specific genres. Her films are characterized by an emphasis upon the word rather than on the image and a strong anti‐realistic stance. Their development is briefly examined from Destroy, she said, her first one, to India‐Song, her acknowledged masterpiece, then to the voluntary deconstruction of cinematographic art that leads her from Le Camion to the predominantly dark screen of L'Homme atlantique. With this latest work to‐date shown in Paris in 1982, Duras seems to have come full circle having more or less retraced in her career as a cineast since 1968 the steps that had led her from mastery of structure and style to fragmentation and rejection of literary devices.
Musil's Moral and Aesthetic Principles
Authors: Genno Charles N.
Published: June 2007

This study investigates Musil's moral and aesthetic principles, primarily as revealed in several of his essays and in Der Munn ohne Eigenschaften. Musil is the enemy of everything that makes a pretense of being static. He feels that scientific observation has made the acceptance of old metaphysical and moral concepts impossible. Such scientific observation, he feels, applies to every idea and belief. In considering anything that lays claim to being true, one must realize that there is no yes without a no. Good and evil are functional values dependent of the context in which they are found, and no aesthetic perception has claim to absolute truth. Aesthetics and ethics have one major purpose in common: the uncovering of ever new images of the world and fresh possibilities for fruitful living.
Mythos und Utopie. Über die Vereinbarkeit des Unvereinbaren
Authors: Jørgensen Sven‐Aage
Published: June 2007

Der Aufsatz definiert Utopie und Mythos als Erzählungen mit deutlich erkennbaren sozialen Funktionen. Sie befriedigen teilweise ähnliche Bedürfnisse, wurden jedoch oft als in ihrer Art kontradiktorische Antworten auf Sinnfragen angesehen. Der ursprünglich oral tradierte Mythos wurde einem vorwissenschaftlichen Denken in Bildern, die zur Zeit des Humanismus entstandene Utopie einer in letzter Konsequenz jede Bildlichkeit transzendierenden Theorie zugeordnet. Es werden einige Thesen verschiedener wissenschaftlicher Disziplinen zum Wesen und zur Funktion der beiden Gattungen aufeinander bezogen und auf ihren hermeneutischen Wert hin geprüft. Das Ergebnis ist, daß sie keineswegs eindeutig bestimmten geschichtlichen Perioden zugehörig sind, daß die Utopie weder als bildlos noch der Mythos als irrational adäquat zu charakterisieren sind und daß den Gattungen trotz ihrer Übergänglichkeit eher komplementäre Funktionen zugewiesen werden können.
‘Eine bürgerliche Virginia’? Lessing's Emilia Galotti and the Development of the Bürgerliches Trauerspiel
Authors: McInnes E. O.
Published: June 2007

Lessing's preoccupation with a modern Virginia‐tragedy is governed by his theoretical notions of dramatic form and domestic tragedy. His imaginative realization of the play, however, is determined by an intuitive, probing awareness of the psychic and social exposure of the characters which is at odds with the basic assumptions of his dramatic theory and anticipates in important ways the development of a radical, socially critical drama.
Les derniers songes prémonitoires
Authors: Pelckmans Paul
Published: June 2007

Si le rêve a une histoire, tout donne à penser que le XVIIIème siècle marque là aussi une mutation capitale: pour autant que la Traumdeutung caractérise peut‐être l'onirisme moderne plutôt que l'homme éternel, c'est vers le déclin des Lumières qu'on s'attendrait à voir l'Autre Scène acquerir sa physionomie freudienne. II s'agira ici d'interroger dans cette perspective quelques curieux avatars du topos prémonitoire chez les derniers représentants de la tragédie classique et de l'épopée.
The Mill on the Sewer: Wilhelm Raabe's Pfister's Mill and the Present Relevance of Past Literature
Authors: Sammons Jeffrey L.
Published: June 2007

Much of the contemporary attention that has been given to Wilhelm Raabe's Pfisler's Mill (1884) has been owing to its apparently ecological theme of water pollution, but we should be careful not to modernize it too much or lose sight of its location in its own time. Pfister's Mill runs across the grain of the expectations commonly brought to the nineteenth‐century German novel. Far from being oblivious to the modern social environment, it is closely patterned on a real event, a crisis of modern industrialization. While Raabe does take an elegiac view of the lost values of the past, he acknowledges the urbanization that has been taking place well before the ruin of the mill and gives an unexpectedly positive evaluation of an optimistically modern spirit in the figures of Emmy Pfister and especially the strangely ironic polluting entrepreneur Asche. Raabe avoids trivial melodrama and sentimentality about the past as well as thoughtless acceptance of industrial development or of the impressive energies it releases in Asche. Interpretations that assume Raabe simply did not understand capitalism fail to grasp the open‐ended irony and balance of an internally dissonant novel that questions the reader rather than providing settled doctrine or ideological assurance.
Fictional Facts and Science in Defoe and Camus' Plague Year
Authors: Tavor Eve
Published: June 2007

The status and treatment of facts in fiction are important indices of a novel's “logic, reasonings, intuition and postulates.” In La Peste, there is “a language of facts as everyone can see them,” doubt attaches exclusively to the why of things, and concern is with man's reaction to the evil tyranny of the real. Rieux' belief in the possibility of accurate description and the impossibility of ultimate explanation is shared by absurd man and by early 20th century positivistic science. In the Journal, the factuality of recorded facts, the reliability of reported facts and the accuracy and authority of the narrative based on them, are constantly undermined. In the more sceptical spirit of 18th century science, HF's history tests the feasibility of making “faithful records of all the works of nature” and of deriving probable hypotheses for future action from “things experienced.”
Handlungsstrukturen der Tragödie
Authors: Breuer Rolf
Published: June 2007

Der erste Teil des Aufsatzes versucht eine Typologie der Tragödie auf der Basis inhaltlicher Merkmale, d.h. immer wiederkehrender Handlungsstrukturen. Grundlage der Typologie sind die sogenannte »Pragmatische Kommunikationstheorie« von Paul Watzlawick sowie begriffliche Differenzierungen der Handlungstheorie und Normenlogik. Es ergeben sich zwei Grundformen tragischer Handlungsstrukturen: einmal die Eskalationsstruktur, zum anderen die Widerspruchsstruktur. Der erste Typ betrifft in die Katastrophe eskalierende Handlungen als Vorgänge, bei denen der Rückkopplungs‐Charakter der Ursache‐Wirkungs‐Verkettung unterschätzt wird. Der zweite Typ betrifft Widersprüche zwischen den jeweiligen Zielen mehrerer Handlungen bzw. zwischen Mittel und Zweck einer Handlung.

Der zweite Teil des Aufsatzes unternimmt es, diesen theoretischen Ansatz interpretatorisch vorzuführen. Und zwar wird als Beispiel einer Eskalationstragödie Shakespeares Macbeth, als Beispiel einer Widerspruchstragödie. Kyds Spanish Tragedy herangezogen.
The Fairy‐Tale as Radical Perspective: Enlightenment as Barrier and Bridge to Civic Values in Goethe's Märchen
Authors: Morgan Peter
Published: June 2007

The “Märchen” begins with an image of a society which is fragmented, unproductive, dormant and unfulfilled. It ends with the image of a city functioning as the cultural, social and political hub of a united nation. The River dominates the story as a test of the society for which it is a barrier. The first stage of the taie is characterized by the aimless, misdirected and restricted access of the characters to the ‘Other Side.’ However the Gold of the Irrlichter sets into motion a process which leads to the second stage, the rallying together of all the characters in order to save the life of the Youth after his impulsive act of love. The central motif of social cohesion is built around this event. The Youth's life depends on the ability of the other characters to cooperate and work together as a whole for the good of the individual. The third, utopian stage merges the personal story of the individual (the Youth and the Beautiful Lily as archetypal lovers) with the social and political history of the four subterranean Kings, through the mediation and self‐sacrifice of the Green Snake.
Censorship and the Double Portrait of Disorder in Lemercier's La Démence de Charles VI
Authors: Cooper Barbara T.
Published: June 2007

This study uses recently discovered and previously unpublished censors' reports in an attempt to determine why Lemercier's tragedy, scheduled to premiere at the Théâtre de l'Odéon on 25 September 1820, was never allowed to be staged. An examination of the reports, of the text of La Démence de Charles VI, and of the fate of a contemporary piece on the same subject leads to a clearer understanding of the role of politics in the production and criticism of drama in France in the 1820s.
Picking Up Narrative Pieces in a Surrealist Prose Poem
Authors: Metzidakis Stamos
Published: June 2007

This study involves a problem of narrative discontinuity in a text from André Breton's prose poem collection, Poisson soluble. It is an analysis of how certain textual signifiers – seen from the perspective of certain repeated formal aspects – generate a series of morphophonemic paradigms which take on a peculiar narrative quality of their own for the reader attuned to repetition. The narration in question is located above and beyond the level of “ordinary” referentiality. Instead of meaning just what they do “normally” on the denotative and connotative planes, these signifiers create a kind of subliminal, and supplementary, narration which justifies the otherwise seemingly gratuitous details encountered in the later part of the poem.
Reading Formula Fiction: On Absorption and Identification
Authors: Sauerberg Lars Ole
Published: June 2007

Identification is often considered of major importance for the reading of entertainment literature. In this essay it is argued that it is necessary to determine the nature of entertainment as a particular function, not a text‐inherent element, before describing the nature of the text‐reader relationship. On the basis of formula fiction it is then suggested that the reader's absorption depends on the appeal made by the unique work as well as by the expectations of uniformity with which the work is approached. In this perspective identification seems to be an unstable element.
Unholy Families: The Oedipal Psychopathology off Four Expressionist Ich‐Dramen1
Authors: Sheppard Richard William
Published: June 2007

The psycho‐analytical theory of Jacques Lacan, combined with Vladimir Propp's theory of the folk‐tale, enables us to arrive at a more abstract, structural understanding of four key Expressionist Ich‐Dramen ‐ Kaiser's Von morgens bis mitternachts, Hasenclever's Der Sohn, Sorge's Der Bettler and Johst's Der Einsame ‐ which have, until now, been relatively impervious to exegesis. In Lacanian terms, all four plays can be read as multilevelled attempts to free the castrated “hero” from the power of the Father/Law which inevitably fail because of the subject's neurotic confusion of the signified with the signifier. Conversely, the tragic endings to which all four plays tend can be seen as the inevitable outcomes of the Lacanian “psychology of lack” and thus used as the basis of a critique of the fundamentals of that psychology.
Shelley's Dialogic Poetry: Julian and Maddalo
Authors: Kabitoglou E. Douka
Published: June 2007

Taking as its basic theoretical framework the emphasis given by German hermeneutics to the dialogic model of understanding – the “dialogue which we are”– and also Plato's use of the dialogue form as the fundamental device (textual, rhetorical, psychological, metaphysical) that informs his work, this paper looks into Shelley's employment of “dialogue,” both as a dialectical relation between mental functions, and particularly those of “reason” () and “imagination” (), and as a dramatic device in the writing of his poetry as well. The poem singled out for close reading in this context, as the one most closely “copying” the Platonic dialogues (structurally and thematically) is Julian and Maddalo, subtitled A Conversation. Julian is cast in the role of a Socrates to the Italian Maddalo's Sophist, while the third personage, the Maniac, is read as an embodiment of μανìα, erotic madness. Shelley's dialogic poem, unlike Plato's poetic dialogues, portrays the failure to integrate the erotic with the noetic, which leads to the final catastrophe. Yet, even a poem representing a communicative breakdown, can, by virtue of “poetry” lay claims to being a piece of “significant conversation.”