bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: “HiPen”, a New Dataset for Validating (S)QM/MM Free Energy Simulations
Authors: Kearns Fiona , Warrensford Luke , Boresch Stefan , Woodcock H.
Published: February 2019

Indirect (S)QM/MM free energy simulations (FES) are vital to efficiently incorporating sufficient sampling and accurate (QM) energetic evaluations when estimating free energies of practical/experimental interest. Connecting between levels of theory, i.e., calculating Δ A l o w → h i g h , remains to be the most challenging step within an indirect FES protocol. To improve calculations of Δ A l o w → h i g h , we must: (1) compare the performance of all FES methods currently available; and (2) compile and maintain datasets of Δ A l o w → h i g h calculated for a wide-variety of molecules so that future practitioners may replicate or improve upon the current state-of-the-art. Towards these two aims, we introduce a new dataset, “HiPen”, which tabulates Δ A g a s M M → 3 o b (the free energy associated with switching from an M M to an S C C − D F T B molecular description using the 3ob parameter set in gas phase), calculated for 22 drug-like small molecules. We compare the calculation of this value using free energy perturbation, Bennett’s acceptance ratio, Jarzynski’s equation, and Crooks’ equation. We also predict the reliability of each calculated Δ A g a s M M → 3 o b by evaluating several convergence criteria including sample size hysteresis, overlap statistics, and bias metric ( Π ). Within the total dataset, three distinct categories of molecules emerge: the “good” molecules, for which we can obtain converged Δ A g a s M M → 3 o b using Jarzynski’s equation; “bad” molecules which require Crooks’ equation to obtain a converged Δ A g a s M M → 3 o b ; and “ugly” molecules for which we cannot obtain reliably converged Δ A g a s M M → 3 o b with either Jarzynski’s or Crooks’ equations. We discuss, in depth, results from several example molecules in each of these categories and describe how dihedral discrepancies between levels of theory cause convergence failures even for these gas phase free energy simulations.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of a Novel Series of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole Derivatives as Potential Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitors
Authors: Deng Xinshan , Tan Xiaoyu , An Tiantian , Ma Qingqing , Jin Zhe , Wang Ce , Meng Qingguo , Hu Chun
Published: February 2019

Based on the analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) complexes with gefitinib with molecular docking, the scaffold-hopping strategy, combination of the active substructures, and structural optimization of EGFR inhibitors, a novel series of benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives was designed, synthesized, and evaluated for antitumor activity in human cancer cell lines and cellular toxicity against human normal cell lines using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) colorimetric assay and EGFR inhibitory activities in vitro. Some target compounds such as 2-(benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-3-yl)-N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)acetamide (D04) and 2-(benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazol-3-yl)-N-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetamide (D08) have shown significant antitumor activity against the EGFR high-expressed human cell line HeLa. All the target compounds showed hardly any antitumor activity against the EGFR low-expressed human cell line HepG2, and nearly no cellular toxicity against the human normal cell lines HL7702 and human umbilical vein endothelial cell lines (HUVEC). The inhibitory activities against EGFR kinase in vitro of the three target compounds were greatly consistent with the anti-proliferative activities. The preliminary structure–activity relationships of the target compounds were summarized. Conclusively, the novel benzo[4,5]imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole derivatives as novel potential EGFR inhibitors may be used as the potential lead compounds for the development of antitumor agents.
Optimization of the Extraction Process to Obtain a Colorant Ingredient from Leaves of Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens
Authors: Fernandes Filipa , Pereira Eliana , Prieto Miguel A. , Calhelha Ricardo C. , Ćirić Ana , Soković Marina , Simal-Gandara Jesus , Barros Lillian , Ferreira Isabel C. F. R.
Published: February 2019

Heat-Assisted Extraction (HAE) was used for the optimized production of an extract rich in anthocyanin compounds from Ocimum basilicum var. purpurascens leaves. The optimization was performed using the response surface methodology employing a central composite experimental design with five-levels for each of the assessed variables. The independent variables studied were the extraction time (t, 20–120 min), temperature (T, 25–85 °C), and solvent (S, 0–100% of ethanol, v/v). Anthocyanin compounds were analysed by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS and the extraction yields were used as response variables. Theoretical models were developed for the obtained experimental data, then the models were validated by a selected number of statistical tests, and finally, those models were used in the prediction and optimization steps. The optimal HAE conditions for the extraction of anthocyanin compounds were: t = 65.37 ± 3.62 min, T = 85.00 ± 1.17 °C and S = 62.50 ± 4.24%, and originated 114.74 ± 0.58 TA mg/g of extract. This study highlighted the red rubin basil leaves as a promising natural matrix to extract pigmented compounds, using green solvents and reduced extraction times. The extract rich in anthocyanins also showed antimicrobial and anti-proliferative properties against four human tumor cell lines, without any toxicity on a primary porcine liver cell line.
Evolution Mechanism of Photonically Sintered Nano-Silver Conductive Patterns
Authors: Meng Fanbo , Huang Jin
Published: February 2019

Flash sintering is the most promising sintering method because of its high speed and large area of effect. However, current flash sintering processes exhibit poor stability and the conductive pattern surface is highly susceptible to damage during this process. Therefore, a sintering parameter prediction system must be established to optimize sintering parameters for manufacturing. In this study, a photon-sintered nano-silver particle model is proposed for studying the sintering characteristics of metal nanoparticles. The temperature field of the sintering area is obtained using the heat transfer formula and the sintered neck state, and the conductive pattern density of the nano-silver particles are obtained by employing the fluid dynamics finite element method. The conductive pattern’s structural density and conductivity are determined using the electronic state density and potential distribution of the crystal structure. The sintering state is then predicted based on the sintering parameters. The simulation results are consistent with conductive patterns corresponding to different sintering degrees observed using an electron microscope. The results of this study provide reference sintering parameters for flash sintering with effective cost reduction.
Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles for Treating Joint Injury and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Li Jiao Jiao , Hosseini-Beheshti Elham , Grau Georges E. , Zreiqat Hala , Little Christopher B.
Published: February 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale particles secreted by almost all cell types to facilitate intercellular communication. Stem cell-derived EVs theoretically have the same biological functions as stem cells, but offer the advantages of small size, low immunogenicity, and removal of issues such as low cell survival and unpredictable long-term behaviour associated with direct cell transplantation. They have been an area of intense interest in regenerative medicine, due to the potential to harness their anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative effects to induce healing in a wide variety of tissues. However, the potential of using stem cell-derived EVs for treating joint injury and osteoarthritis has not yet been extensively explored. The pathogenesis of osteoarthritis, with or without prior joint injury, is not well understood, and there is a longstanding unmet clinical need to develop new treatments that provide a therapeutic effect in preventing or stopping joint degeneration, rather than merely relieving the symptoms of the disease. This review summarises the current evidence relating to stem cell-derived EVs in joint injury and osteoarthritis, providing a concise discussion of their characteristics, advantages, therapeutic effects, limitations and outlook in this exciting new area.
Effective Mn-Doping in AgInS2/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals for Dual Photoluminescent Peaks
Authors: Sakai Ryo , Onishi Hikaru , Ido Satomi , Furumi Seiichi
Published: February 2019

We developed the effective Mn-doping procedure for AgInS2(AIS)/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs) to exhibit dual photoluminescence (PL) peaks. Although the AIS/ZnS core/shell NCs showed solely a single PL peak at ~530 nm, incorporation of a small amount of Mn as a dopant within the AIS/ZnS NCs resulted in the simultaneous emergence of dual PL peaks at ~500 nm (green PL) arising from AIS/ZnS NCs and ~600 nm (orange PL) from the Mn dopants. Furthermore, we succeeded in significantly increasing the absolute PL quantum yield value of dual emissive AIS/ZnS NCs incorporated with Mn dopants from 10% to 34% after surface passivation with another ZnS shell for the formation of core/shell/shell structures.
Diversity and Functionality of Culturable Endophytic Bacterial Communities in Chickpea Plants
Authors: Brígido Clarisse , Singh Sakshi , Menéndez Esther , Tavares Maria , Glick Bernard , Félix Maria , Oliveira Solange , Carvalho Mário
Published: February 2019

The aims of this study were to isolate, identify and characterize culturable endophytic bacteria from chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) roots grown in different soils. In addition, the effects of rhizobial inoculation, soil and stress on the functionality of those culturable endophytic bacterial communities were also investigated. Phylogenetic analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the endophytic bacteria isolated in this work belong to the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria, with Enterobacter and Pseudomonas being the most frequently observed genera. Production of indoleacetic acid and ammonia were the most widespread plant growth-promoting features, while antifungal activity was relatively rare among the isolates. Despite the fact that the majority of bacterial endophytes were salt- and Mn-tolerant, the isolates obtained from soil with Mn toxicity were generally more Mn-tolerant than those obtained from the same soil amended with dolomitic limestone. Several associations between an isolate’s genus and specific plant growth-promoting mechanisms were observed. The data suggest that soil strongly impacts the Mn tolerance of endophytic bacterial communities present in chickpea roots while rhizobial inoculation induces significant changes in terms of isolates’ plant growth-promoting abilities. In addition, this study also revealed chickpea-associated endophytic bacteria that could be exploited as sources with potential application in agriculture.
Development of a UV Index Sensor-Based Portable Measurement Device with the EUVB Ratio of Natural Light
Authors: Park Dae-Hwan , Oh Seung-Taek , Lim Jae-Hyun
Published: February 2019

Ultraviolet (UV) rays are electromagnetic waves that account for about 5% of solar light, and when overexposed, they pose malevolent effects on human skin and health. However, with recent reports on the beneficial effects of some wavelength bands of UV rays, people’s interest in UV information has increased. This has resulted in requiring not just simple information, such as the amount of UV or UV index (UVI), but detailed UV information that directly affects health, such as EUVB (erythemally weighted UVB). However, calculating EUVB, which can be done by applying the erythemal weighted function on the intensity value in wavelength, requires specialized optical measurement devices, which cannot be easily accessed by the general public; furthermore, public institutions’ UV information services do not offer EUVB information for individuals. Therefore, the present study proposes a UVI sensor-based portable measurement device, with which the general public can have easy access to UV-related information. The proposed device comprises a UVI sensor that can measure the intensity of erythemal UV radiation, a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) module that supports communication, and a micro controller unit (MCU) for key operations. In addition, it applies the ratio of EUVB by month/time, resulting from the actual analysis of natural light to calculate the EUVB and provides the amount of UVI and EUVB to check if they meet conditions required for outdoor activities through the device and smartphone applications. The applicability of the proposed device was verified by the measurement performance comparison test with the standard device, a spectrometer (CAS 140 CT), which showed an average error of 0.045 for UVI and 0.0014 W/m2. The proposed device’s offering of UV-related information such as UVI and EUVB to the user is expected to prevent potential damage due to exposure to UV and to support healthy outdoor activities.
Assessment of Habitat Change Processes within theOti-Keran-Mandouri Network of Protected Areas in Togo (West Africa) from 1987 to 2013 Using Decision Tree Analysis
Authors: Polo-Akpisso Aniko , Wala Kpérkouma , Soulemane Ouattara , Foléga Fousseni , Akpagana Koffi , Tano Yao
Published: February 2019

Biodiversity conservation planning is highly important in the current context of global change. Biodiversity conservation can be achieved by understanding changes in land use at the landscape scale. Such understanding is needed to reverse the unprecedented pressure on natural resources that has been reported by many studies conducted on biodiversity conservation within the Oti-Keran-Mandouri protected areas. Land cover maps reflecting different dates (1987, 2000, and 2013) and depicting different management systems, with overall accuracy ranging from 73% to 79%, were analyzed to understand the processes that lead to habitat degradation within these protected areas. The nature of change, within a given land cover class, was determined by comparing land cover maps on different dates using a decision tree algorithm that compares the number of patches, their areas, and their perimeters at different time periods (T1 and T2). Specifically, two time-periods were considered for this analysis: 1987–2000 and 2000–2013. Croplands and settlements increased at an average of 108.13% and 5.45%, respectively, from 1987 to 2000. From 2000 to 2013, croplands gained from all other land categories and continued to increase at a rate of 11.77% per year, whereas forests and savannas decreased at an annual average rate by 5.79% and 2.32%, respectively. The dominant processes of habitat change from 1987 to 2000 were the creation of forests, dissection of savannas, attrition of wetlands, and creation of croplands. Meanwhile, from 2000 to 2013, there was attrition of forests, as well as attrition of savannas, dissection of wetlands, and aggregation of croplands. In general, from 1987 to 2013, natural habitats regressed and were replaced by croplands; forests, savannas, and wetlands decreased at an average annual percentage 5.74%, 3.94%, and 2.02%, respectively, whereas croplands increased at an average annual rate of 285.39% of their own area. Aggregation, attrition, dissection, and creation were the main habitat change processes identified for the overall period from 1987 to 2013. There was habitat loss in forests and savannas and habitat fragmentation in wetland due to attrition and dissection, respectively. Identifying and understanding habitat change processes would enable the taking of appropriate biodiversity conservation actions.
Gamification Risks to Enterprise Teamwork: Taxonomy, Management Strategies and Modalities of Application
Authors: Algashami Abdullah , Vuillier Laura , Alrobai Amen , Phalp Keith , Ali Raian
Published: February 2019

Gamification corresponds to the use of game elements to encourage certain attitudes and behaviours in a serious context. When applied to enterprise teamwork, gamification can lead to negative side-effects which compromise its benefits. For example, applying competitive elements such as leaderboard may lead to clustering amongst team members and encourage adverse work ethics such as intimidation and pressure. Despite the recognition of the problem in the literature, the research on concretising such gamification risks is scarce. There is also a lack of methods to identify gamification risks and their management strategies. In this paper, we conduct a multi-stage qualitative research and develop taxonomy of risks, risk factors and risk management strategies. We also identify the modalities of application of these strategies, including who should be involved and how. Finally, we provide a checklist to help the risk identification process as a first step towards a comprehensive method for eliciting and managing gamification risks to teamwork within enterprises.
INTERACTION OF THE KLAIPĖDA SEA PORT AND RAILWAY TRANSPORT
Authors: Burkovskis Raimondas , Palšaitis Ramūnas
Published: February 2019

This article offers the panoramic view to interoperability of sea and railway transport in Lithuania. Serious attention is being given to the cargo tlows forecasts, analysis of geographic, political, legal, economical, technical and other factors influencing the intensity of transit cargo flows and using the existing infrastructure capacities. Improvement and further development of technological and technical base of railways for the development of container transportation is identified. Optimization of tariffs (railway + port) will increase the competitiveness of corridor IX B for Iransit cargo and traffic flows.
RESEARCH OF BRAKING PECULIARITIES OF USED CARS
Authors: Mitunevičius Valentinas , Nagurnas Saulius
Published: February 2019

This paper briefly describes some analysis of a car braking process — the peculiarities of car wheel-to-road adhesion, the influence of distiibution of braking forces on car stability between front and rear axles.

The requirements of EU Directive 71/320/EEC to braking force coefficients of car front and rear axles are exposed.

Structural designs of braking systems are analyzed with respect to their meeting the EU standards.

Experimental measurements ofbraking force coefficients for some models of cars which are used in Lithuania, are presented with the analysis how these coefficients meet the EU standards.

The analysis of test results, suggestions for the ratio of braking forces of car front and rear axles are presented.
THE EVALUATION OF IMPLEMENTATION IMPACT OF CENTRALIZED TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEMS IN RAILWAYS
Authors: Magyla Tomas
Published: February 2019

In this article we propose to evaluate the utility of implementation of Centralized Traffic Control System EbiScreen using expert evaluations in indistinct numbers, in the form of trapezoid membership function, as we are confident in the advantages obtained using this evaluation method. The methodology of evaluating and weightng of criteria in a trapezoid membership form is proposed in this article together with the results of evaluation. The idea is to integrate the hierarchy of objectives with the multi-attribute weight vectors using the values obtained by the expert group in evaluation process. The additional weights for the attributes in the multi-attribute analysis are provided within the same scale, so that they can be combined to find the overall value of the evaluation. Methodological presentation is followed by the results of sample application in Lithuanian Railways where the object of evaluation was the EbiScreen Centralized Traffic Control System.
MODELLING OF INTERMODAL FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION NETWORK
Authors: Vasiliauskas Aidas Vasilis
Published: February 2019

It was realized long ago that one of the main factors for steady groowing economic of the country is a properly working transport system in which new enough means of cargo transportation, so called intermodal transportation takes not the last place. First of all it raises problems related with the development and optimization of proper infrastructure - the network of roads and terminals which aim to carry out intermodal transportation.

The article deals with one of possible ways of modelling the national intermodal freight transportation network.

The basis for such model is the investigation of freight traffic during which we identifY the routes for intermodal freight transportation (as well as places where such freight is shifted from one mode of transport to another), extend the existing statistic date base on modal transport carriages and start to develop a new data base on intermodal freight carriages. With the help of the last one we can go further in modelling national intermodal freight transportation network and determine the steps for creating such network. The main steps should include:

- the integration of the particular modal networks into a general intermodal network;

- the optimization of the network defining optimal routes between possible origin and destination points;

- the estimation of terminal operations to get a more detailed and optimal view of the national intermodal cargo transportation network.
ASSESSMENT OF STATISTICAL PROBABILITY OF THE TECHNOLOGICAL TRANSPORTATION PROCESS
Authors: Baublys Adolfas
Published: February 2019

In the course of freight transportation its technological process is influenced by lots of random factors. The classification of random factors in the whole hierarchical structure of the technological transportation process is presented together with the assessment of the dependence of separate random factors. Statistical information on freight and transport flows is renewed and replenished in the course of time. With the growth of information amount the cost of its storage increases as well. Therefore the relevant algorithms for obtaining required statistical assessment with the least statistical information are presented in the article. It is deduced that in the modelling of transport networks and freights as well as the flows of transport means in them, it is analytically proper to describe random factors by the non-parametric assessment.
THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE TECHNICAL EXPLOITATION OF AUTOMOBILES
Authors: Mickūnaitis Valentinas , Nagurnas Saulius
Published: February 2019

This article analyses the factors that considerably influence the efficiency of automobile technical exploitation.

It has been noted that automobile technical exploitation is basically determined by the following factors: the system and organizational level of automobile technical maintenance and repairs; the level of service basis; qualification of the staff; the level of stock and supply; the structure and age of automotive fleet and conditions of exploitation.

This article presents the analysis of the first factor. The factor is significant enough and does not involve big investments.

A theoretical analysis of the system of automobile technical maintenance and repair has been carried out. According to the nature of automobile technical maintenance and repairs two strategies are possible: the planned-preventive and the mixed type. Applying the first strategy the exact number of operations is being planned ahead, but the amount of work remains unknown. According to the second strategy the technical condition of an automobile has to be checked before starting technical maintenance and repair and only then the exact number of operations can be defined. The second strategy makes it possible to save spare parts, materials and time. This strategy, however, can be applied to the automobiles that are in good technical condition.

The analysis of automobile technical maintenance and repair organization has shown that in order to improve the efficiency of automobile technical maintenance and repair the laws of mass service theory should be applied.
DEVELOPMENT OF PIPE CRAWLING ROBOTS WITH VIBRATORY DRIVES AND INVESTIGATION OF THEIR KINEMATIC PARAMETERS
Authors: Mištinas Vyganta , Spruogis Bronislovas
Published: February 2019

In the article the classification of pipe crawling robots with vibratory drives is presented, their advantages and imperfections are reviewed. The schemes of the construction of a pipe crawling robot with a vibratory impulse drive and a pipe crawling robot with a vibratory pneumatic drive are discussed. The dynamic models of a robot with a vibratory impulse drive and of a robot with a vibratory pneumatic drive were developed and the equations of their movement were formed and written.
PIPELINE ROBOTS WITH ELASTIC ELEMENTS
Authors: Matuliauskas Arvydas , Spruogis Bronislovas
Published: February 2019

In the article constructions of the pipeline robots with elastic elements are reviewed and the scheme of new original construction is presented. The mathematical models of a robot with one-dimensional vibration exciter with two degrees of freedom were developed and the equations of movement were formed and written. The mathematical model of the pipeline robot with circular elements is formed and its motion equations are presented.
THE INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS OF AUTOMOTIVE ACTIVE SAFETY
Authors: Ivanov Valentin , Boutylin Vladimir
Published: February 2019

The subject of research is the idea of creation automobile systems of active safety basing on predictable use of potential possibilities of a wheel coupling with a road.

Together with the generally accepted dependencies between the tire grip µ wheel slip, s, it is expedient to use potential µ-s-curves which can be deduced, having applied some postulates of the friction theory to the process of wheel-road interaction. In the work the basic dependencies for qualitative estimation of the specified components are given.

As the result the concept of an intelligent system of active safety which is based on the control philosophy of predictable use of a tire grip is offered.
SIMULATION OF STEVEDORING WORK IN THE KLAIPEDA OIL TERMINAL
Authors: Pranevičius Henrikas , Makackas Dalius
Published: February 2019

The paper presents the approach of developing simulation models of stevedoring work in oil terminal using aggregate approach and simulation system ARENA. Aggregate approach permits to develop formal specification of simulated systems. Aggregate specification of the system is presented as a set of interacting piece-linear aggregates. Controlling sequences are used for formal description of each piece-linear aggregate. Transformation of aggregate formal specification to ARENA system operators permits to develop a simulation model. The developed model permits to evaluate characteristics of the Klaipeda oil terminal which are used both in queuing theory and analysing timing properties of real-time systems.
FORMULATION OF OPTIMAL INTERNATIONAL FREIGHT TRANSPORT OBJECTIVE
Authors: Jarašūnienė Aldona
Published: February 2019

To increase the attraction of Lithuania as a transit country striving to promote carriers' border crossing activities and facilitate customs clearance procedures as well as freight delivery to clients it is necessary to identity the main obstacles, to analyse them and to select adequate measures and means for their elimination.

Therefore, on the basis of the formulation of transport freight management objective, as well as basing on the assessment of indeterminacy of external impacts, it would be possible to deduce the main causes of idle time of transport means in customs, to estimate the dependence of service time in proportion to transport flow.
MODELS OF FREIGHT TRANSPORT SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Baublys Adolfas , Smičius Algimantas
Published: February 2019

The article analyses the following issues: I) Basicfactors determining Transport system development;2) Transport system services and their assessment; 3) Goods handling Transport system as a research object. The objective of goods handling Transport system development and improvement is to estabhsh a general goods handlmg Transport system of the country ensuring satisfaction of national needs for high quality Transport service in this field; 4) Models of Transport modes interaction; 5) Determinate models for main Transport network development; 6) Model of development of private freight road Transport.
THE RELIABILITY OF FORECASTS IN TRANSPORTATION
Authors: Mazūra Mindaugas , Fadina Olga
Published: February 2019

Major problems of forecasting the economic characteristics of transportation (i.e. the amount of freight and passengers carried, the turnover rate of freight and passengers, etc. in transportation as a whole and in particular areas using various transport facilities) are demonstrated. Methods for predicting the development of transportation based on multidimensional regression and correlation analysis and realizing mathematical models for choosing linear and nonlinear regression equations, more accurately approximating the empirical data, are presented.

The research conducted has demonstrated that the most reliable forecasts may be made when the methods of choosing the proper non-linear regression equation described in Section 2 of the present paper are used.
STRATEGIC PLANNING OF THE ROLLING STOCK IN TRANSPORTATION BY RAIL
Authors: Kaminskas Saulius
Published: February 2019

Planning the structure and volume of the rolling stock is a key factor of achieving maximum efficiency of transportation by rail as well as forecasting the demand for these it transport facilities. The demand for trains is a time — dependant variable which in each case should be determined by two main approaches. The first method allows us to determine quantitative parameters of rolling stock (i.e. kilometers logged, efficiency, turnover, etc.). The second is based on specially developed mathematical models relying on qualitative characteristics such as relative expenses, efficiency of the particular train, relative expenditure of resources, cost of the trains, etc.

Planning the volume of the rolling stock the determination of optimal service life of the trains plays an important role. The calculations involve repair costs, number of overhauls, current expenses and other operational characteristics.
MAKING UP AND RENOVATION OF TRAINS
Authors: Vaičiūnas Gediminas , Lingaitis Leonas Povilas
Published: February 2019

Major constituent parts of the railway system are rolling stock and various objects making its infrastructure. Their maintenance is rather expensive, while renovation requires large investments. The researchers all over the world are working hard to make these investments effective. To make a decision in economics its economic effect should be established first. Generally, the latter is expressed as the repay time of investment or the economic effect in the particular period of time specified according to the particular technical requirements. The repay time is usually calculated optimizing the choice of the particular elements (i.e. an.engine, gear-box, transmission, etc.) of the train. The optimization of the selection of the trains would require a comparative analysis of economic effects (expressed in monetary units at the particular time interval) of the alternative solutions available. If the target objects of the investments are well -known, the first approach described in the present paper may be used to determine the repay time of investment thus enabling us to check the effectiveness of a potential investment. If an object for the potential investment should be determined, implying that its major characteristics should be described, the second method based on increasing the economic effect may be applied.
INTEGRATIVE POTENTIAL OF CENTRAL EUROPEAN METROPOLISES WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON THE VISEGRAD COUNTRIES
Authors: Martin Šauer , Vilém Pařil , Milan Viturka
Published: February 2019

One of the characteristic phenomena associated with the current development of civilization is undoubtedly metropolisation. This article focuses on the strategically important problems of the metropolisation of the Central European area with an emphasis on the Visegrad countries. The introductory part is dedicated to the identification of Central European metropolises based on three components: population size, economic profile and investment attractiveness. Designated metropolises are then assessed from the point of view of integrative potential level, including economic interactivity, tourist attractiveness and transport connectivity. Based on the synthesis of these components, the most important axes of supranational importance were identified. It can be said that within the established network of metropolitan axes connecting eastern with western parts of the Central European region the Czech Republic is the best placed, followed by Poland. From a wider geopolitical outlook this network creates favourable conditions for the integration of the Visegrad countries, mainly driven by international trade.
On the Ubiquity and Stellar Luminosity Dependence of Exocometary CO Gas: Detection around M Dwarf TWA 7
Authors: Matrà L. , Öberg K. I. , Wilner D. J. , Olofsson J. , Bayo A.
Published: February 2019

Millimeter observations of CO gas in planetesimal belts show a high detection rate around A stars, but few detections for later type stars. We present the first CO detection in a planetesimal belt around an M star, TWA 7. The optically thin CO (J = 3–2) emission is colocated with previously identified dust emission from the belt, and the emission velocity structure is consistent with Keplerian rotation around the central star. The detected CO is not well shielded against photodissociation, and must thus be continuously replenished by gas release from exocomets within the belt. We analyze in detail the process of exocometary gas release and destruction around young M dwarfs and how this process compares to earlier type stars. Taking these differences into account, we find that CO generation through exocometary gas release naturally explains the increasing CO detection rates with stellar luminosity, mostly because the CO production rate from the collisional cascade is directly proportional to stellar luminosity. More luminous stars will therefore on average host more massive (and hence more easily detectable) exocometary CO disks, leading to the higher detection rates observed. The current CO detection rates are consistent with a ubiquitous release of exocometary gas in planetesimal belts, independent of spectral type.
Bar Fraction in Early- and Late-type Spirals
Authors: Lee Yun Hee , Ann Hong Bae , Park Myeong-Gu
Published: February 2019

Bar fractions depend on the properties of the host galaxies, which are closely related to the formation and evolution of bars. However, observational studies do not provide consistent results. We investigate the bar fraction and its dependence on the properties of the host galaxies by using three bar classification methods: visual inspection, an ellipse fitting method, and Fourier analysis. Our volume-limited sample consists of 1698 spiral galaxies brighter than M
r = −15.2 with z < 0.01 from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey/DR7 visually classified by Ann et al. We first compare the consistency of classification among the three methods. Automatic classifications detect visually determined, strongly barred galaxies with the concordance of 74% to 85%. However, they have some difficulty in identifying bars, in particular in bulge-dominated galaxies, which affects the distribution of bar fraction as a function of Hubble type. We obtain, for the same sample, different bar fractions of 63%, 48%, and 36% by visual inspection, ellipse fitting, and Fourier analysis, respectively. The difference is mainly due to how many weak bars are included. Moreover, we find a different dependence of bar fraction on Hubble type for strong versus weak bars: SBs are preponderant in early-type spirals, whereas SABs are in late-type spirals. This causes a contradictory dependence on host galaxy properties when different classification methods are used. We propose that strong bars and weak bars experience different processes for their formation, growth, and dissipation by interacting with different inner galactic structures of early-type and late-type spirals.
« La violation des droits de l’homme, une menace à la paix ? Une rétrospective de l’évolution de la qualification de menace à la paix en lien direct ou indirect avec la violation des droits de l’homme »
Authors: Dubuy Mélanie
Published: February 2019

La Charte des Nations Unies n’a pas fait du Conseil de sécurité un organe de protection des droits de l’homme. Il a eu pourtant de nombreuses occasions de s’occuper de cette question dans l’exercice de sa fonction de maintien de la paix. La période de la guerre froide était caractérisée par une attitude prudente du Conseil qui, freiné par le respect du domaine réservé des États, refusait de qualifier la violation des droits de l’homme par elle-même de menace à la paix. La question de la violation des droits de l’homme était considérée comme relevant des affaires intérieures des Etats et donc en dehors du champ d’action du Conseil de sécurité. L’entrée dans l’ère post-guerre froide correspond à un changement radical de méthodologie. La violation des droits de l’homme accompagnée du risque de provoquer un flux massif de réfugiés a permis la qualification de menace à la paix. Le Conseil a alors pu non seulement lier la violation des droits de l’homme à un risque de déstabilisation de la paix régionale ou internationale mais également selon une conception positive de la paix, fonder la qualification de menace sur la violation elle-même, indépendamment de ses effets. L’analyse de la pratique montre cependant qu’il ne parvient que rarement à labelliser ces violations de menace à la paix par elles-mêmes ou en appréhendant ces violations de manière décontextualisée en dehors de toute analyse sécuritaire stricte.
A 65-Year Follow-up of a Judet Prosthesis
Authors: Uriarte Iker , Casado-Verdugo Oscar L. , Larruscain José F.
Published: February 2019

The Judet polymethylmethacrylate hip hemiarthroplasty can be considered a major step in the development of the current total hip replacement. It was designed by the Judet brothers and first implanted in 1946. Although initial results were encouraging, the procedure was abandoned years later because of breakages and wear of the acrylic material. The authors present the case of an 85-year-old man in whom a Judet prosthesis was implanted 65 years ago after a traumatic injury of the left hip. He continued to work for 35 years after the arthroplasty and remained free of pain for an additional 5 years. The pain gradually intensified along with shortening of the left leg. The stem was removed in 2010 because it was protruding from the lateral aspect of the thigh, but no revision of the arthroplasty was performed because of the complexity of the surgery and the patient's age. At 65 years after the arthroplasty, the patient walked with a severe limp aided by 2 crutches and had a Harris Hip score of 30 points. Despite the eventual poor clinical outcome and the marked synovitis and bone loss present in the left hip, the authors believe this case deserves to be highlighted because of its longevity. This is the longest follow-up of a Judet prosthesis in the literature. To the authors' knowledge, just one other case of hip arthroplasty with such long follow-up has been reported. [
Orthopedics
. 2019; 42(3):e336–e338.]
Investigating Language-related Tasks in EFL Settings in Light of Tele-Collaboration Phenomenon and Sociocultural Theory
Authors: Al Khateeb Ahmed Abddulateef , Alshahrani Khalid Saeed
Published: February 2019

Understanding the criteria of telecollaborative tasks are essential to boost learners’ linguistic, communicative and intercultural competence. This research aims to identify the correlational effect of gender and region on the recognition of the concept of telecollaboration in the sociocultural context of Saudi Arabia. It also focuses on determining and assessing aspects of the criteria of telecollaborative tasks currently employed language learning settings. One hundred and fifty-five teachers of English as a foreign language (EFL) have randomly participated in this study. It was reported that gender and region have no effect on the practice of telecollaboration. The findings have shown that current language learning tasks match some aspects of the criteria of telecollaborative tasks, such as focusing on meaning, negotiation and being reflection-oriented. Finally, this research has contributed to the assessment of the current sittings of EFL settings and to identifying the extent to which current EFL classes meet telecollaboration requirements.
Integridad moral y estética de Los olvidados
Authors: Gubern Román
Published: February 2019

Aquí se reproduce el informe redactado para que la película Los olvidados fuera declarada “Memoria del mundo” por la UNESCO, enfatizando la denuncia sin complacencia que propone el film de una marginación social que no llega a ser redimida por el tradicional final feliz y da paso a una feroz representación de la violencia que acarrea. El informe identifica las fuentes culturales sobre las que se asienta la película, como la novela picaresca, el realismo literario e iconográfico de tradición española, así como la poética surrealista que le permite a Buñuel explorar los traumas inconscientes de los personajes detrás de las apariencias del realismo. La visión que elabora Los olvidados dista mucho pues de la versión optimista de la reeducación juvenil puesta en escena por el soviético Nikolai Ekk en Les Chemins de la vie (1931). Una reseña crítica permite evidenciar la importancia de los elogios que recibió la película detrás de las polémicas, justificando que se le proponga la calificación de “Memoria del mundo”.
D’un support à un autre : l’apport des photographies de Jean Laurent dans la mise en lumière des Pinturas Negras de Francisco de Goya
Authors: Cristini Corinne
Published: February 2019

Après un historique retraçant les étapes des Peintures Noires de Francisco de Goya, de leur support d’origine à leur transfert sur toile et leur exposition au Musée du Prado, l’accent est mis sur l’apport de la photographie dans la révélation de ces peintures et sur le rôle principal joué par le photographe Jean Laurent (1816-1886). Mettre en relation les photographies de Laurent représentant les peintures originales de Goya avec les peintures sur toile restaurées du Musée du Prado permet de souligner les modifications apportées à l’œuvre initiale. Cette étude suscite également une interrogation sur les limites de la technique photographique dans la divulgation de l’œuvre, et sur les problèmes entraînés par les changements de supports et de lieux.
De la caricature à la peinture
Authors: Heredia Martine
Published: February 2019

Al intentar entender la aparición de lo feo y lo excesivo en la pintura, es cuando se establece el vínculo con la caricatura. Estas dos formas de expresión se reúnen en el tratamiento del retrato, luego que la transgresión libera de la tiranía. Así que, ¿cómo resistir a la tentación de ilustrar metafóricamente ese descuartizar de lo Bello ante los Retratos imaginarios de Brigitte Bardot que Antonio Saura realizó en 1958? Después de cotejar los retratos y unas caricaturas de la actriz, se trata aquí de mostrar que el paralelo entre la caricatura y la pintura tiene sus límites. La pintura de Saura se sitúa más allá de la identificación y pues de la imitación ; el pintor aragonés se apodera del modelo como si fuera una materia prima, con lo cual el icono se convierte en matriz, transformándose en una estructura primaria, mediante un combate que reúne gesto y materia. Más allá de una mera voluntad expresiva, el artista deja atrás lo disforme para alcanzar lo informe.
Petrophysical characteristics of post-2000 significant conventional discovery wells in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin
Authors: Hu K , Chen Z , Issler D R
Published: February 2019

This study employs an integrated approach to derive reservoir parameters and provides an overview of petrophysical characteristics for post-2000 conventional discovered oil and gas accumulations in the Beaufort-Mackenzie Basin. The evaluated wells include Tuk
M-18, Kurk M-15, Paktoa C-60, Olivier H-01, Langley E-07 and K-30 (Langley field), Ellice I-48 and J-27 (Ellice field), Umiak N-05 and N-16 (Umiak field). Petrophysical models are developed for the evaluation of reservoir properties, including lithology, porosity, permeability and water saturation
using core-calibrated log data. Potential oil and gas zones are identified using specified porosity and water saturation
cut-off values (>10% porosity, <45% Sw).
Most of the log-identified petroleum zones in the ten wells occur primarily in the Paleogene Taglu and Aklak sequences in sandstone reservoirs of good porosity and permeability, or in shaly sandstone and siltstone reservoirs with fair to good porosity and permeability. However, major identified gas
zones in the Tuk gas field occur in sandstone of the Lower Cretaceous Kamik Formation. Good quality gas zones in the Tuk M-18 well occur in fine to mediumgrained sandstone with good porosity (21% on average), excellent permeability (mainly between 10 and 2000 mD), and high gas saturation
(90% on average), and with restricted flow test rates up to 860,000 cubic meter of natural gas per day. In the Paktoa C-60 well, the only significant discovery drilled in the Beaufort Sea since 1990, an oil zone is identified in unconsolidated fine to coarse-grained sandstone of the Taglu
Sequence. This zone has good reservoir properties with an average porosity of 25% and maximum permeability of 10 to 100 mD. This log interpretation is consistent with drill stem tests that recovered oil from this interval.
Laboratory Testing of Light-Duty Vehicle Electric Cooling Fan Assemblies for Airflow Performance
Authors:   Cooling Systems Standards Committee
Published: February 2019

This SAE recommended practice is intended for use in testing and evaluating the performance of light-duty automotive electric engine cooling fan assemblies. These Electric Cooling Fan (ECF) assemblies are purchased by light-duty truck and passenger car OEMs from suppliers. They are purchased as complete assemblies, consisting mainly of the fan(s), motor(s), and shroud (see Figure 1); this Recommended Practice will only consider such complete assemblies. Some purchased assemblies using brush-type motors may also include digital control devices such as power resistors or pulse width modulation (PWM) electronics or local interconnect network (LIN) for speed control. In the case of brushless motor technology, the controller is an integral part of the motor where it also performs the commutation process electronically. The performance measurement would include fan output in terms of airflow and pressure, and fan input electric power in terms of voltage and current. This information could then be used to calculate the efficiency of the assembly, including aerodynamic efficiency of the fan and shroud, and electrical efficiency of the motor. The electric power consumption could be used to estimate vehicle energy as it relates to electrical charging system sizing and fuel economy.

The test conditions in the procedure generally will not always match those of the installation for which cooling, electric energy consumption, and fuel consumption information is desired. The performance of a given fan depends on the installation details of the application, including the effects of system resistance and geometry of the grille, heat exchangers, and underhood geometry of the engine, other underhood components, and front end components. These details should be duplicated in the test setup, to the greatest extent possible, if accurate performance measurement is expected. Vehicle-level airflow performance will also be affected by the bumper profile and any other shape that would influence how the airflow enters the grille.