bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New housing association development and its potential to reduce concentrations of deprivation: An English case study
Authors: Crook Tony , Bibby Peter , Ferrari Ed , Monk Sarah , Tang Connie , Whitehead Christine
Published: November 2015

Social housing across Western Europe has become significantly more residualised as governments concentrate on helping vulnerable households. Many countries are trying to reduce the concentrations of deprivation by building for a wider range of households and tenures. In England this policy has two main strands: (1) including other tenures when regenerating areas originally built as mono-tenure social housing estates and (2) introducing social rented and low-cost homeownership into new private market developments through planning obligations. By examining where new social housing and low-cost home ownership homes have been built and who moves into them, this paper examines whether these policies achieve social mix and reduce spatial concentrations of deprivation. The evidence suggests that new housing association development has enabled some vulnerable households to live in areas which are not deprived, while some better-off households have moved into more deprived areas. But these trends have not been sufficient to stem increases in deprivation in the most deprived areas.
Revitalisation gone wrong: Mixed-income public housing redevelopment in Toronto’s Don Mount Court
Authors: August Martine
Published: November 2015

This article challenges the presumed benevolence of mixed-income public housing redevelopment, focusing on the first socially-mixed remake of public housing in Canada, at Toronto’s Don Mount Court (now called ‘Rivertowne’). Between 2002 and 2012 the community was demolished and replaced with a re-designed ‘New Urbanist’ landscape, including replacement of public housing (232 units) and 187 new condominium townhouses. While mixed redevelopment is premised on the hope that tenants will benefit from improved design and mixed-income interactions, this research finds that many residents were less satisfied with the quality of their housing, neighbourhood design, and social community post-redevelopment. Drawing on in-depth qualitative interviews and ethnographic participant observation, this article finds that tenant interviewees missed their older, more spacious homes in the former Don Mount, and were upset to find that positive community bonds were dismantled by relocation and redevelopment. Challenging the ‘myth of the benevolent middle class’ at the heart of social mix policy, many residents reported charged social relations in the new Rivertowne. In addition, the neo-traditional redesign of the community – intended to promote safety and inclusivity – had paradoxical impacts. Many tenants felt less safe than in their modernist-style public housing, and the mutual surveillance enabled by New Urbanist redesign fostered tense community relations. These findings serve as a strong caution for cities and public housing authorities considering mixed redevelopment, and call into question the wisdom of funding welfare state provisions with profits from real estate development.
Gender and job mobility among rural to urban temporary migrants in the Pearl River Delta in China
Authors: Li Zhen , Liang Zai
Published: November 2015

Previous studies have found that there is a female disadvantage among rural migrants in the urban labour market in China. It remains unclear whether migrant women also lag behind migrant men in job mobility, an important channel for rural migrants to improve their labour market outcomes. Using data from a large-scale survey conducted in the Pearl River Delta region, one of the most important migration destinations in China, we examine gender gaps in job mobility of rural migrants from 1979 to 2006. Focusing on job mobility, this paper sheds new light on the changing gender dynamics among rural migrants in China. Most of the model results lend support to our hypotheses concerning the gendered job mobility patterns of rural migrants. We find that migrant women are less likely to change jobs for work-related reasons and more likely to engage in family-centered job mobility. Results of fixed-effects models of monthly wage further reveal that the positive effect of work-centered job mobility on rural migrants’ wages is smaller for migrant women. We also find that marriage does not disadvantage migrant women more than men in either work centred or family centred job mobility, and that there is a declining trend of female disadvantage in family-centered job mobility, which all points to the transformative role migration plays for rural migrants.
Forging Greater Xi’an
Authors: Jaros Kyle A.
Published: November 2015

The trend of metropolitanization—rapid growth of the largest cities, horizontal sprawl, and pursuit of economic competitiveness—in China has attracted much attention from scholars. Whereas existing research generally portrays local governments as the key agents behind metropolitan-style development, this article emphasizes the active role higher-level governments play in shaping urban growth. I use the case of the Xi’an-Xianyang area in Shaanxi province to explore the political forces behind metropolitanization, tracing efforts since 2000 to build a larger, more integrated Greater Xi’an. I argue that provincial-level authorities in particular favor urban development that is focused on leading cities but crosses different jurisdictions, which helps them reap economic benefits from urban scale while limiting its political costs. Driving development from above is contentious, however, and requires significant clout on the part of provincial governments. In Xi’an, metropolitan growth has accelerated as Shaanxi has become economically and politically stronger, yet urban governance problems have persisted.
Regulatory Forum Opinion Piece*
Authors: Paranjpe Madhav G. , Denton Melissa D. , Vidmar Tom J. , Elbekai Reem H.
Published: November 2015

We recently conducted a retrospective analysis of data collected from 29 Tg.rasH2 carcinogenicity studies conducted at our facility to determine how successful was the strategy of choosing the high dose of the 26-week studies based on an estimated maximum tolerated dose (MTD). As a result of our publication, 2 counterviews were expressed. Both counterviews illustrate very valid points in their interpretation of our data. In this article, we would like to highlight clarifications based on several points and issues they have raised in their papers, namely, the dose-level selection, determining if MTD was exceeded in 26-week studies, and a discussion on the number of dose groups to be used in the studies.
Reminiscence triggers in community-dwelling older adults in Japan
Authors: Hanaoka Hideaki , Muraki Toshiaki , Ede Jacqueline , Yamane Shingo , Okamuara Hitoshi
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Visual and auditory cues have been highlighted as methods to trigger reminiscences; however, the basis of this practice remains unclear. Here we conducted a preliminary cross-sectional study to identify reminiscence cues and their scientific basis by investigating the relationship between reminiscences in elderly people and their reminiscence cues.

Method

The participants were 126 older adults aged 65 years or over. They were asked about the experiences of reminiscences in response to stimuli such as photographs, music, or smells. Data on the frequency and quality of reminiscences were collected. Geriatric depression scale and simple personality test for the elderly were assessed.

Results

A multiple regression analysis revealed that reminiscences tended to be more frequent in older and less sociable participants. Highly sociable participants with reminiscences in response to olfactory stimuli tended to have positive reminiscences, while participants with less sociability and past unresolved issues tended to have negative reminiscences.

Conclusion

To understand the process of reminiscence in an older person, it is important to consider the person’s age, personality characteristics, and past unresolved issues. In addition, olfactory stimuli may also evoke pleasant reminiscences.
Domesticity and Self-justification in the Writings of Samuel Kevan, Journeyman, Later Master Slater (1764–1829)
Authors: Morris Marilyn
Published: November 2015

Samuel Kevan’s mixture of spiritual journal, autobiography, and diary offers an intimate view of late Georgian laboring-class domesticity from the perspective of a Scot who migrated to London. While Kevan attempted to pattern his life after radical Presbyterian divines of the Restoration era in daily self-examination, the lack of a congenial religious community left him untethered. This essay attempts to make sense of his hints of an improper relationship with his granddaughter by examining the role that women played in his life. Kevan’s writings raise interpretive questions regarding the value of self-writings in determining typical experience and constructing historical models.
Radiographic Morphologic Characteristics of Bunionette Deformity
Authors: Shimobayashi Mikio , Tanaka Yasuhito , Taniguchi Akira , Kurokawa Hiroaki , Tomiwa Kiyonori , Higashiyama Ichiro
Published: November 2015

Background:

Bunionette deformity is characterized as head hypertrophy, lateral bowing, or splaying of the fifth metatarsal, or a combination of these deformities. Most previous studies have focused on the fourth and fifth metatarsals; few have analyzed the radiographic morphologic characteristics of the entire foot. The morphologic characteristics of the entire foot in cases of symptomatic bunionette deformity were analyzed with a radiographic image-mapping system.

Methods:

The system was used for the morphologic analysis of 112 feet with symptomatic deformity and 123 asymptomatic control feet. The mapping system includes 2-dimensional coordinates. We compared morphologies of both groups on the basis of simple models prepared from x and y coordinates of each reference point, calculated by using the mapping system and various angle measurements. We set cutoff values and categorized cases according to Fallat’s system. We evaluated the characteristics of each type and a new deformity type (type V) wherein no measurement exceeded the cutoff values.

Results:

The heads of the third, fourth, and fifth metatarsals were more laterally displaced, and the angles between the metatarsal axes were larger in the deformity group. Comparison of deformity types showed that the morphology of the fifth metatarsal might be only one cause of deformity. The intermetatarsal angles between the second and third metatarsals and between the third and fourth metatarsals were larger in deformity type II and type V feet than in control feet. Additionally, the intermetatarsal angles between the third and fourth metatarsals and between the fourth and fifth metatarsals were larger in deformity type III and type IV feet than in control feet.

Conclusion:

We believe it is necessary to not only focus on the fourth and fifth metatarsals, but also assess the morphologic characteristics of the entire foot in patients with a bunionette, including splaying of all the metatarsals and the forefoot width, when planning surgery.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, retrospective comparative study.
Leveraging Mindsets to Promote Academic Achievement
Authors: Rattan Aneeta , Savani Krishna , Chugh Dolly , Dweck Carol S.
Published: November 2015

The United States must improve its students’ educational achievement. Race, gender, and social class gaps persist, and, overall, U.S. students rank poorly among peers globally. Scientific research shows that students’ psychology—their “academic mindsets”—have a critical role in educational achievement. Yet policymakers have not taken full advantage of cost-effective and well-validated mindset interventions. In this article, we present two key academic mindsets. The first, a growth mindset, refers to the belief that intelligence can be developed over time. The second, a belonging mindset, refers to the belief that people like you belong in your school or in a given academic field. Extensive research shows that fostering these mindsets can improve students’ motivation; raise grades; and reduce racial, gender, and social class gaps. Of course, mindsets are not a panacea, but with proper implementation they can be an excellent point of entry. We show how policy at all levels (federal, state, and local) can leverage mindsets to lift the nation’s educational outcomes.
Causal Conceptions in Social Explanation and Moral Evaluation
Authors: Alicke Mark D. , Mandel David R. , Hilton Denis J. , Gerstenberg Tobias , Lagnado David A.
Published: November 2015

Understanding the causes of human behavior is essential for advancing one’s interests and for coordinating social relations. The scientific study of how people arrive at such understandings or explanations has unfolded in four distinguishable epochs in psychology, each characterized by a different metaphor that researchers have used to represent how people think as they attribute causality and blame to other individuals. The first epoch was guided by an “intuitive scientist” metaphor, which emphasized whether observers perceived behavior to be caused by the unique tendencies of the actor or by common reactions to the requirements of the situation. This metaphor was displaced in the second epoch by an “intuitive lawyer” depiction that focused on the need to hold people responsible for their misdeeds. The third epoch was dominated by theories of counterfactual thinking, which conveyed a “person as reconstructor” approach that emphasized the antecedents and consequences of imagining alternatives to events, especially harmful ones. With the current upsurge in moral psychology, the fourth epoch emphasizes the moral-evaluative aspect of causal judgment, reflected in a “person as moralist” metaphor. By tracing the progression from the person–environment distinction in early attribution theories to present concerns with moral judgment, our goal is to clarify how causal constructs have been used, how they relate to one another, and what unique attributional problems each addresses.
It’s Not “All in Your Head”
Authors: Soliman Tamer M. , Johnson Kathryn A. , Song Hyunjin
Published: November 2015

Theorists and researchers in the psychology of religion have often focused on the mind as the locus of religion. In this article, we suggest an embodied cognition perspective as a new dimension in studies of religion as a complement to previous research and theorizing. In contrast to the Cartesian view of the mind operating distinctly from the body, an embodied cognition framework posits religion as being grounded in an integrated and dynamic sensorimotor complex (which includes the brain). We review relevant but disparate literature in cognitive and social psychology to demonstrate that embodied cognition shapes the way that people represent the divine and other spiritual beings, guides people’s moral intuitions, and facilitates bonding within religious groups. Moreover, commitments to a religious worldview are sometimes manifested in the body. We suggest several promising future directions in the study of religion from an embodied cognition perspective.
Nature Contacts
Authors: Trau Deborah , Keenan Kimberly A. , Goforth Meggan , Large Vernon
Published: November 2015

Objective:

This study was designed to ascertain the amount of outdoor, indoor, and indirect nature contact exposures hospital employees have in a workweek.

Background:

Hospital employees have been found particularly vulnerable to work-related stress. Increasing the nature contact exposure for hospital employees can reduce perceived stress; stress-related health behaviors; and stress-related health outcomes from outdoor, indoor, and indirect exposures to nature.

Methods:

Staff on the fourth floor postsurgical unit of a large hospital ( N = 42) were ask to participate in an employee questionnaire “nature contact questionnaire”. This 16-item nature environment questionnaire measures the amount and types of nature contact exposures employees have during a workweek.

Results:

Majority of employees reported few, if any, nature contact exposures, specifically in the area of outdoor nature contacts with limited indoor and indirect contacts. These results indicated that employees on the fourth floor postsurgical floor have limited ability to reduce stress through nature contact exposures which could impact their perceived levels of work stress and stress-related behaviors and health outcomes.

Conclusions:

Nature contact exposures are both a relatively easy and an inexpensive way to improve employee stress. These findings indicate limitations to employees’ exposure to nature contacts. Healthcare environments would benefit from a concerted effort to provide increased outdoor, indoor, and indirect nature contact exposures for employees.
Automated segmentation of the canine corpus callosum for the measurement of diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Peterson David E , Chen Steven D , Calabrese Evan , White Leonard E , Provenzale James M
Published: November 2015

The goal of this study was to apply image registration-based automated segmentation methods to measure diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) metrics within the canine brain. Specifically, we hypothesized that this method could measure DTI metrics within the canine brain with greater reproducibility than with hand-drawn region of interest (ROI) methods.

We performed high-resolution post-mortem DTI imaging on two canine brains on a 7 T MR scanner. We designated the two brains as brain 1 and brain 2. We measured DTI metrics within the corpus callosum of brain 1 using a hand-drawn ROI method and an automated segmentation method in which ROIs from brain 2 were transformed into the space of brain 1. We repeated both methods in order to measure their reliability.

Mean differences between the two sets of hand-drawn ROIs ranged from 4% to 10%. Mean differences between the hand-drawn ROIs and the automated ROIs were less than 3%. The mean differences between the first and second automated ROIs were all less than 0.25%.

Our findings indicate that the image registration-based automated segmentation method was clearly the more reproducible method. These results provide the groundwork for using image registration-based automated segmentation methods to measure DTI metrics within the canine brain. Such methods will facilitate the study of white matter pathology in canine models of neurologic disease.
Reoperation for calcified aortic homograft after aortic root replacement
Authors: Gyoten Takayuki , Hirota Masanori , Yoshida Minoru , Kondo Taichi , Hoshino Joji , Isomura Tadashi
Published: November 2015

Background:

We report three cases undergoing reoperation with previous aortic homograft implantation due to structural valve deterioration.

Case:

For two cases with severe calcified aortic wall of the homograft and dehiscence of the aortic root, aortic root replacement was indicated. For the last case with less calcified aortic wall, aortic valve replacement was indicated via the aortotomy on the homograft, which required patch plasty for the defect of the stiff aortic wall.

Conclusion:

The distribution and extent of calcification of the aortic homograft would be the most important factor to determine operative procedures, contributing to successful outcomes.
How I treat relapsed classical Hodgkin lymphoma after autologous stem cell transplant
Authors: Alinari Lapo , Blum Kristie A.
Published: November 2015

Despite the success of standard front-line chemotherapy for classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL), a subset of these patients, particularly those with poor prognostic factors at diagnosis (including the presence of B symptoms, bulky disease, advanced stage, or extranodal disease), relapse. For those patients who relapse following autologous stem cell transplant (SCT), multiple treatment options are available, including single-agent chemotherapy, combination chemotherapy strategies, radiotherapy, the immunoconjugate brentuximab, checkpoint inhibitors nivolumab and pembrolizumab, lenalidomide, everolimus, or observation in selected patients. In patients with an available donor, allogeneic SCT may also be considered. With numerous treatment options available, we advocate for a tailored therapeutic approach for patients with relapsed cHL guided by patient-specific characteristics including age, comorbidities, sites of disease (nodal or organ), previous chemosensitivity, and goals of treatment (long-term disease control vs allogeneic SCT).
Neurological outcomes in children dead on hospital arrival
Authors: Goto Yoshikazu , Funada Akira , Nakatsu-Goto Yumiko
Published: November 2015

Introduction

Obtaining favorable neurological outcomes is extremely difficult in children transported to a hospital without a prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). However, the crucial prehospital factors affecting outcomes in this cohort remain unclear. We aimed to determine the prehospital factors for survival with favorable neurological outcomes (Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2 (CPC 1–2)) in children without a prehospital ROSC after OHCA.

Methods

Of 9093 OHCA children, 7332 children (age <18 years) without a prehospital ROSC after attempting resuscitation were eligible for enrollment. Data were obtained from a prospectively recorded Japanese national Utstein-style database from 2008 to 2012. The primary endpoint was 1-month CPC 1–2 after OHCA.

Results

The 1-month survival and 1-month CPC 1–2 rates were 6.92 % (n = 508) and 0.99 % (n = 73), respectively. The proportions of the following prehospital variables were significantly higher in the 1-month CPC 1–2 cohort than in the 1-month CPC 3–5 cohort: age (median, 3 years (interquartile range (IQR), 0–14) versus 1 year (IQR, 0–11), p <0.05), bystander-witnessed arrest (52/73 (71.2 %) versus 1830/7259 (25.2 %), p <0.001), initial ventricular fibrillation (VF)/pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) rhythm (28/73 (38.3 %) versus 241/7259 (3.3 %), p <0.001), presumed cardiac causes (42/73 (57.5 %) versus 2385/7259 (32.8 %), p <0.001), and actual shock delivery (25/73 (34.2 %) versus 314/7259 (4.3 %), p <0.0001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that 2 prehospital factors were associated with 1-month CPC 1–2: initial non-asystole rhythm (VF/pulseless VT: adjusted odds ratio ( aOR), 16.0; 95 % confidence interval (CI), 8.05–32.0; pulseless electrical activity (PEA): aOR, 5.19; 95 % CI, 2.77–9.82) and bystander-witnessed arrest (aOR, 3.22; 95 % CI, 1.84–5.79). The rate of 1-month CPC 1–2 in witnessed-arrest children with an initial VF/pulseless VT was significantly higher than that in those with other initial cardiac rhythms (15.6 % versus 2.3 % for PEA and 1.2 % for asystole, p for trend <0.001).

Conclusions

The crucial prehospital factors for 1-month survival with favorable neurological outcomes after OHCA were initial non-asystole rhythm and bystander-witnessed arrest in children transported to hospitals without a prehospital ROSC.
Strong convergence theorems for asymptotically nonexpansive nonself-mappings with applications
Authors: Guo Weiping , Abdou Afrah AN , Khan Liaqat A , Cho Yeol Je
Published: November 2015

In this paper, first, we introduce the condition (BP) which is weaker than the completely continuous mapping in Banach spaces. Second, we consider a simple iteration and prove some strong convergence theorems of the proposed iteration for an asymptotically nonexpansive nonself-mapping with the condition (BP). Finally, we give two examples to illustrate the main result in this paper. Our results improve and extend the corresponding results given by some authors.
Basophils are dispensable for the recovery of gross locomotion after spinal cord hemisection injury
Authors: Geurts Nathalie , Vangansewinkel Tim , Lemmens Stefanie , Nelissen Sofie , Geboes Lies , Schwartz Christian , Voehringer David , Hendrix Sven
Published: November 2015

Basophils are the smallest population of granulocytes found in the circulation. They have crucial and nonredundant roles in allergic disorders, in protection from parasite infections, in autoimmunity, and in the regulation of type 2 immunity. They share phenotypic and functional properties with mast cells, which exert substantial protective effects after traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, although they are considered one of the most proinflammatory cell types in the body. In contrast, the in vivo functions of basophils in central nervous system trauma are still obscure and not well studied. In this study, we show that by comparing spinal cord injury in wild type vs. basophil-deficient Mcpt8Cre transgenic mice, the locomotor recovery is not affected in mice depleted in basophils. In addition, no substantial differences were observed in the lesion size and in the astrocytic and macrophage/microglia reaction between both mouse strains. Hence, despite the multiple properties shared with mast cells, these data show, for the first time, to our knowledge, that basophils are dispensable for the functional recovery process after hemisection injury to the spinal cord in mice.
TLR9 is required for MAPK/NF-κB activation but does not cooperate with TLR2 or TLR6 to induce host resistance to Brucella abortus
Authors: Gomes Marco Túlio , Campos Priscila Carneiro , Pereira Guilherme de Sousa , Bartholomeu Daniella Castanheira , Splitter Gary , Oliveira Sergio Costa
Published: November 2015

Brucella abortus is a Gram-negative intracellular bacterial pathogen that causes a zoonosis of worldwide occurrence, leading to undulant fever in humans and abortion in domestic animals. B. abortus is recognized by several pattern-recognition receptors triggering pathways during the host innate immune response. Therefore, here, we determined the cooperative role of TLR9 with TLR2 or TLR6 receptors in sensing Brucella. Furthermore, we deciphered the host innate immune response against B. abortus or its DNA, emphasizing the role of TLR9-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathways in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. TLR9 is required for the initial host control of B. abortus, but this TLR was dispensable after 6 wk of infection. The susceptibility of TLR9−/−-infected animals to Brucella paralleled with lower levels of IFN-γ produced by mouse splenocytes stimulated with this pathogen compared with wild-type cells. However, no apparent cooperative interplay was observed between TLR2–TLR9 or TLR6–TLR9 receptors to control infection. Moreover, B. abortus or its DNA induced activation of MAPK/NF-κB pathways and production of IL-12 and TNF-α by macrophages partially dependent on TLR9 but completely dependent on MyD88. In addition, B. abortus-derived CpG oligonucleotides required TLR9 to promote IL-12 and TNF-α production by macrophages. By confocal microscopy, we demonstrated that TLR9 redistributed and colocalized with lysosomal-associated membrane protein-1 upon Brucella infection. Thus, B. abortus induced TLR9 traffic, leading to cell signaling activation and IL-12 and TNF-α production. Although TLR9 recognized Brucella CpG motifs, our results suggest a new pathway of B. abortus DNA-activating macrophages independent of TLR9.
Attribute-based analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar data
Authors: Allroggen Niklas , Tronicke Jens
Published: November 2015

Analysis of time-lapse ground-penetrating radar (GPR) data can provide information regarding subsurface hydrological processes, such as preferential flow. However, the analysis of time-lapse data is often limited by data quality; for example, for noisy input data, the interpretation of difference images is often difficult. Motivated by modern image-processing tools, we have developed two robust GPR attributes, which allow us to distinguish amplitude (contrast similarity) and time-shift (structural similarity) variations related to differences between individual time-lapse GPR data sets. We tested and evaluated our attributes using synthetic data of different complexity. Afterward, we applied them to a field data example, in which subsurface flow was induced by an artificial rainfall event. For all examples, we identified our structural similarity attribute to be a robust measure for highlighting time-lapse changes also in data with low signal-to-noise ratios. We determined that our new attribute-based workflow is a promising tool to analyze time-lapse GPR data, especially for imaging subsurface hydrological processes.
Viscosity in air-gun bubble modeling
Authors: King Jack
Published: November 2015

I have presented finite volume simulations of an air-gun bubble in which the compressible Navier-Stokes equations were solved numerically. These equations included viscosity. My simulation also applied the no-slip condition at the bubble surface. The effects of the viscous terms were small; however, the effect of the no-slip condition was significant, causing a reduction in the bubble rise rate of 18.1% and an increase in the collapse pressure of 17.9%. The no-slip condition caused boundary layers at the bubble surface and changes in the velocity structure throughout the bubble. The no-slip condition allowed the effect of skin-friction drag on the bubble to be captured, along with Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities at the surface, which caused a change in the shape of the bubble during collapse. The influence of the no-slip condition suggests that it is important and should be included in air-gun bubble models.
Infection and Cancer: The Case of Hepatitis B
Authors: Chan Stephen L. , Wong Vincent W.S. , Qin Shukui , Chan Henry L.Y.
Published: November 2015

Infection is a well-described cause of cancer in humans. Being one of the most common infections worldwide, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the leading cause of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), particularly in Asian countries. The etiological link between HBV and HCC provides an important opportunity for health care policy makers and clinicians to intervene with HBV infection to prevent cancer development and improve the outcomes of cancer. This review aims to use HBV as an example to illustrate the potential of tackling infection-related conditions to help improve cancer outcomes. This article is divided into four parts: In the first part, an overview is given on the epidemiologic data and risk factors of HCC development in patients with chronic hepatitis B. In the second part, recent progress on the anti-HBV strategies for preventing HCC is updated. In the third part, approaches to improve the outcomes of established HBV-related HCC are covered. These methods include surveillance strategies to identify asymptomatic HCC among patients with chronic HBV infection, and use of antiviral treatment to avoid HBV reactivation during treatment for HCC and reduce the recurrence of HCC after curative treatment. Finally, the status of the development of targeted drugs specifically for HBV-related HCC is discussed in the section on future development.
Oncologic Care and Pathology Resources in Africa: Survey and Recommendations
Authors: Nelson Ann M. , Milner Danny A. , Rebbeck Timothy R. , Iliyasu Yawale
Published: November 2015

The connection of a clinician who identifies a patient with signs and symptoms of malignancy to an oncologist who has the tools to treat a patient's cancer requires a diagnostic pathology laboratory to receive, process, and diagnose the tumor. Without an accurate classification, nothing is known of diagnosis, prognosis, or treatment by the clinical team, and most important, the patient is left scared, confused, and without hope. The vast majority of deaths from malignancies occur in sub-Saharan Africa primarily as a result of lack of public awareness of cancer and how it is diagnosed and treated in the setting of a severe lack of resources (physical and personnel) to actually diagnose tumors. To correct this massive health disparity, a plan of action is required across the continent of Africa to bring diagnostic medicine into the modern era and connect patients with the care they desperately need. We performed a survey of resources in Africa for tissue diagnosis of cancer and asked quantitative questions about tools, personnel, and utilization. We identified a strong correlation between pathology staffing and capacity to provide pathology services. On the basis of this survey and through a congress of concerned pathologists, we propose strategies that will catapult the continent into an era of high-quality pathology services with resultant improvement in cancer outcomes.
A Vision for Global Cancer Medicine: Pursuing the Equity of Chance
Authors: Binagwaho Agnes , Wagner Claire M. , Farmer Paul E.
Published: November 2015

At the turn of the century, some claimed that HIV/AIDS was a disease that could not be managed in low-income settings. It was argued that “poor people would not comply with treatment,” and that treatment was too expensive and too complicated to deliver. But over the past two decades, data on outcomes have thoroughly disproved this myth. Similar arguments have more recently been made about cancer treatment: chemotherapy was said to be too toxic and too costly and that it required administration expertise beyond that available in low-income settings. We argue that these claims are similarly rooted in ideology rather than evidence. Fortunately, such claims are starting to be refuted by a diverse set of global cancer partnerships around the world that are documenting progress and positive results. In this review article, we provide examples of programs that can give us reason to hope that the treatment playing field is being leveled such that birthplace does not determine survival prognosis. We believe that through strong collaborative efforts and solidarity, the equity of chance can be achieved for patients with cancer worldwide.
Tight coordination of aerial flight maneuvers and sonar call production in insectivorous bats
Authors: Falk Benjamin , Kasnadi Joseph , Moss Cynthia F.
Published: November 2015

Echolocating bats face the challenge of coordinating flight kinematics with the production of echolocation signals used to guide navigation. Previous studies of bat flight have focused on kinematics of fruit and nectar-feeding bats, often in wind tunnels with limited maneuvering, and without analysis of echolocation behavior. In this study, we engaged insectivorous big brown bats in a task requiring simultaneous turning and climbing flight, and used synchronized high-speed motion-tracking cameras and audio recordings to quantify the animals' coordination of wing kinematics and echolocation. Bats varied flight speed, turn rate, climb rate and wingbeat rate as they navigated around obstacles, and they adapted their sonar signals in patterning, duration and frequency in relation to the timing of flight maneuvers. We found that bats timed the emission of sonar calls with the upstroke phase of the wingbeat cycle in straight flight, and that this relationship changed when bats turned to navigate obstacles. We also characterized the unsteadiness of climbing and turning flight, as well as the relationship between speed and kinematic parameters. Adaptations in the bats' echolocation call frequency suggest changes in beam width and sonar field of view in relation to obstacles and flight behavior. By characterizing flight and sonar behaviors in an insectivorous bat species, we find evidence of exquisitely tight coordination of sensory and motor systems for obstacle navigation and insect capture.
The response of anosteocytic bone to controlled loading
Authors: Atkins Ayelet , Milgram Joshua , Weiner Steve , Shahar Ron
Published: November 2015

The bones of the skeleton of most advanced teleost fish do not contain osteocytes. Considering the pivotal role assigned to osteocytes in the process of modeling and remodeling (the adaptation of external and internal bone structure and morphology to external loads and the repair of areas with micro-damage accumulation, respectively) it is unclear how, and even whether, their skeleton can undergo modeling and remodeling. Here, we report on the results of a study of controlled loading of the anosteocytic opercula of tilapia (Oreochromis aureus). Using a variety of microscopy techniques we show that the bone of the anosteocytic tilapia actively adapts to applied loads, despite the complete absence of osteocytes. We show that in the directly loaded area, the response involves a combination of bone resorption and bone deposition; we interpret these results and the structure of the resultant bone tissue to mean that both modeling and remodeling are taking place in response to load. We further show that adjacent to the loaded area, new bone is deposited in an organized, layered manner, typical of a modeling process. The material stiffness of the newly deposited bone is higher than that of the bone which was present prior to loading. The absence of osteocytes requires another candidate cell for mechanosensing and coordinating the modeling process, with osteoblasts seeming the most likely candidates.
Methods and Phenomena of Single and Coupled Floor Vibrations — Measurements in Apartment and Office Buildings
Authors: Auersch Lutz , Said Samir
Published: November 2015

A survey of the phenomena and methods for floor vibrations is presented. Experimental results of floor vibrations are shown for many floors in six different buildings. The signals have been evaluated for waves and modes by simple procedures. General rules have been established between the material and the area of a specific floor, and its local eigenfrequency. The damping values of the floor vibrations have been found between D = 1 and 10 % where somewhat higher values have been measured for wooden floors, and a weak correlation with the eigenfrequency has been established. The velocities of bending waves propagating in a storey and the attenuation with distance in the building have been analysed. A considerable transfer of vibration from one room to far away parts of the building has been found in the studied buildings with concrete and wooden floors. An example building has been analysed for modes of coupled floor bays. The strong coupling of similar neighbouring floor bays would yield a wide band of global resonance frequencies. The measured wooden floor exhibits a weak coupling of the neighbouring floor bays and a narrower band of eigenfrequencies. A special method has been tested with the impulse measurements to estimate the coupled eigenmodes in presence of the high damping. From the ambient measurement, a low-frequency vibration mode has been detected which includes the vibration of the whole building and the soil. The coupling of floors to other floors and the whole building is an important phenomenon of structural dynamics which should be observed for the prediction of vibration due to internal and external sources.
Waves on the Water Surface — Mathematical Models — Part 1
Authors: Shakhin Victor M. , Shakhina Tatiana V.
Published: November 2015

The work presents new expressions related to wave energy density and flux based on Stokes and cnoidal waves theories. It shows that as progressive waves of finite amplitude propagate a compensatory reverse flow is formed within the bottom fluid layers. The existence of such flow was experimentally confirmed. Modified mathematical models for surface waves over a non-uniform bottom and of a free plane configuration are suggested. A method of calculating the wave transformation and the currents in the surf zone is proposed. Computations made over a wide range of variations in wave parameters are presented.
Waves on the Water Surface — Mathematical Models — Part 2
Authors: Shakhin Victor M. , Shakhina Tatiana V.
Published: November 2015

This is Part 2 of the paper titled: “Waves on water surface — mathematical models”. It deals with the wave transformation above a non-uniform bed surface, treating it as a linear as well as a nonlinear problem.
G-Links: a gene-centric link acquisition service
Authors: Oshita Kazuki , Tomita Masaru , Arakawa Kazuharu
Published: November 2015

With the availability of numerous curated databases, researchers are now able to efficiently use the multitude of biological data by integrating these resources via hyperlinks and cross-references. A large proportion of bioinformatics research tasks, however, may include labor-intensive tasks such as fetching, parsing, and merging datasets and functional annotations from distributed multi-domain databases. This data integration issue is one of the key challenges in bioinformatics. We aim to provide an identifier conversion and data aggregation system as a part of solution to solve this problem with a service named G-Links, 1) by gathering resource URI information from 130 databases and 30 web services in a gene-centric manner so that users can retrieve all available links about a given gene, 2) by providing RESTful API for easy retrieval of links including facet searching based on keywords and/or predicate types, and 3) by producing a variety of outputs as visual HTML page, tab-delimited text, and in Semantic Web formats such as Notation3 and RDF. G-Links as well as other relevant documentation are available at http://link.g-language.org/
Inventory and Shipment Policies for the Online Movie DVD Rental Industry
Authors: Jung Kyung Sung , Chung Casey , Niu Shun-Chen , Sriskandarajah Chelliah
Published: November 2015

The online movie rental industry in the United States has grown at a rapid pace during the past decade. Netflix and Blockbuster are two prime examples of companies that operate in this arena, each with a large subscriber base. These two companies employ two standard methods for movie delivery: streaming and DVD-by-mail services. Although the industry is clearly undergoing a transition into streaming service, a substantial fraction of subscribers continue to prefer the more traditional DVD-by-mail service. We will study the problem of how to efficiently manage DVD-by-mail service.

An essential task in solving our problem is a proper modeling of subscriber demand. We will therefore first develop a demand formulation based on data from Blockbuster. This formulation is then used to construct a nonlinear mathematical program for making the following decisions: (i) the initial order quantity of a new movie (DVD) title and (ii) the shipment size of the title for every period (i.e., day) after its release. By exploiting the structure of this mathematical program, we develop a heuristic algorithm based on a simple shipment policy. Through extensive computational experiments, we demonstrate that our algorithm provides optimal or close to optimal solutions for practically relevant problem instances. The proposed policy and solution are simple, easy to understand, and easily implementable in practice.
Connect, share, discuss: Using Twitter to enhance learning
Authors: Johns Andrea
Published: November 2015

It started with a tweet! Andrea Johns looks at how Twitter has become a valuable way of connecting, informing and supporting the workforce.
Maternal mental health: Everyone's Business
Authors: Bavetta Maria , Walker Melita
Published: November 2015

The Maternal Mental Health Alliance ‘Everyone's Business’ campaign aims to ensure women who experience perinatal mental health problems have access to the mental health care they and their families need during pregnancy and after birth.
Identifying birthmarks: How health visitors can support families. Part 1
Authors: coutts Lorna
Published: November 2015

Birthmarks are common during infancy and many develop within the first few weeks of life. To provide the best service and support to families it is vital that health visitors have current knowledge on the management of birthmarks to enable them to identify, educate, observe and record accurate details. This article will explore the different types of birthmarks, and treatments, causes, diagnosis and possible complications. It will provide health visitors with knowledge relating to birthmarks, to enable them to educate, manage and provide the necessary support to children and families.
Infant massage: The practice and evidence-base to support it
Authors: Cooke Alison
Published: November 2015

Parents across the globe have been massaging their babies for centuries. The popularity of infant massage in Western countries is a relatively recent phenomenon; the trend has probably developed due to the perceived health benefits. In some Eastern cultures, the practice of infant massage is passed on from one generation to the next. In Western cultures, it is more likely that new parents will attend a local baby massage class with an instructor. Whichever form the practice takes, it is important to know that there is no potential for harm to the baby. This article will consider the perceived benefits of infant massage, how to massage, the role of the health professional and whether we should be concerned about what products, if any, should be used for infant massage.
My year in health visiting: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Gould Louise
Published: November 2015

On completing her first year as a newly qualified health visitor and member of the JHV editorial board, Louise Gould reflects on how her confidence has grown and reveals some of her personal highlights.
A qualitative study analysing the journey towards an embedded approach to service user involvement
Authors: Potter Barbara , Murray Joy , Salmon Debra
Published: November 2015

Service user involvement in the design and delivery of education programmes for professionals is a key tenet of current policy. This study used a qualitative approach to explore the experiences of young mothers, students and academics who participated in an initiative that aimed to co-produce and deliver a teaching resource focusing on becoming a mother and receiving services. The findings from the focus group interviews suggested that involving service users in student learning can provide an opportunity for open and honest dialogue, where assumptions and stereotypes can be challenged and better understood. It can also encourage users who are often seen as ‘hard to reach’ to be more actively involved in shaping the development of professionals.
Preventing falls in the care home setting
Authors: Lee Amanda , Santy-Tomlinson Julie
Published: November 2015

As people get older, the risk of falling increases. Amanda Lee and Julie Santy-Tomlinson give an overview of related factors to consider and suggest that a multidisciplinary approach is key to preventing falls
Intergenerational work: putting the magic back into dementia care
Authors: Mendes Aysha
Published: November 2015

Intergenerational care involves bringing older people with dementia together with children for stimulating activities and mutual learning. As Aysha Mendes explains, the natural energy of children and the life experiences of older people can be a magical and healing combination
Get the ball rolling
Authors: Harries Judith
Published: November 2015

This is the second article in a series looking at common 3D shapes in our environment. It provides a range of activities to help children explore the properties of cylinders and spheres.
Getting hands dirty
Authors: Hewson Claire
Published: November 2015

Get their hands dirty by introducing some fun hands-on messy play activities, and help the children develop their physical skills in the process, such as hand-eye coordination and fine motor skills.