bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sjögren’s syndrome versus IgG4-related diseases – classification difficulties and treatment progress
Authors: Nowakowska-Płaza Anna , Falkowski Jacek
Published: November 2014

Zespół Sjögrena (ZS) jest przewlekłą chorobą autoimmunologiczną charakteryzującą się naciekami limfocytarnymi w gruczołach egzokrynnych, głównie ślinowych i łzowych, co doprowadza do upośledzenia ich funkcji. U części chorych występują objawy pozagruczołowe, m.in. przewlekłe zmęczenie, artralgia, zajęcie płuc, nerek, ośrodkowego czy obwodowego układu nerwowego. Ostatnie lata przyniosły zrozumienie niektórych mechanizmów patogenetycznych, dzięki czemu pojawiły się strategie terapeutyczne wpływające na aktywność komórek B. Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Reumatologiczne zaproponowało kryteria klasyfikacyjne ZS oparte na obiektywnych objawach. Choroby IgG4-zależne stanowią nową jednostkę nozologiczną. Trudności diagnostyczne spowodowane są podobieństwami ZS do choroby Mikulicza uznawanej za podtyp choroby IgG4-zależnej. Charakterystycznymi jej cechami jest występowanie zwiększonego stężenia immunoglobulin IgG4 oraz naciekanie narządów miąższowych przez komórki plazmatyczne. Niniejszy artykuł ma na celu przybliżenie klasyfikacji, patogenezy oraz metod terapeutycznych ZS i chorób IgG4-zależnych.
Airborne verification of CALIPSO products over the Amazon: a case study of daytime observations in a complex atmospheric scene
Authors: Marenco F. , Amiridis V. , Marinou E. , Tsekeri A. , Pelon J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A daytime underflight of CALIPSO with the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements was performed on 20 September 2012 in the Amazon region of Brazil, during the biomass burning season. The scene is dominated by a thin elevated layer (aerosol optical depth (AOD) 0.03 at 532 nm) and a moderately turbid boundary layer (AOD ~ 0.2 at 532 nm). The boundary layer is topped with small broken stratocumulus clouds. In this complex scene, a comparison of observations from the airborne and spaceborne lidars reveals a few discrepancies. The CALIPSO detection scheme tends to miss the elevated thin layer, and also shows several gaps (~ 30%) in the boundary layer. The small clouds are not correctly removed from the signals; this can cause the CALIPSO aerosol subtype to oscillate between smoke and polluted dust and may introduce distortion in the aerosol retrieval scheme. The magnitude of the average extinction coefficient estimated from CALIPSO Level 2 data in the boundary layer is as expected, when compared to the aircraft lidar and accounting for wavelength scaling. However, when the gaps in aerosol detection mentioned above are accounted for, we are left with an overall estimate of AOD for this particular scene that is of the order of two thirds of that determined with the airborne lidar.
Modelling the contribution of biogenic VOCs to new particle formation in the Jülich plant atmosphere chamber
Authors: Liao L. , Dal Maso M. , Mogensen D. , Roldin P. , Rusanen A. , Kerminen V.-M. , Mentel T. F. , Wildt J. , Kleist E. , Kiendler-Scharr A. , Tillmann R. , Ehn M. , Kulmala M. , Boy M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. We used the MALTE-BOX model including near-explicit air chemistry and detailed aerosol dynamics to study the mechanisms of observed new particle formation events in the Jülich Plant Atmosphere Chamber. The modelled and measured H2SO4 (sulfuric acid) concentrations agreed within a factor of two. The modelled total monoterpene concentration was in line with PTR-MS observations, and we provided the distributions of individual isomers of terpenes, when no measurements were available. The aerosol dynamic results supported the hypothesis that H2SO4 is one of the critical compounds in the nucleation process. However, compared to kinetic H2SO4 nucleation, nucleation involving OH oxidation products of monoterpenes showed a better agreement with the measurements, with R2 up to 0.97 between modelled and measured total particle number concentrations. The nucleation coefficient for kinetic H2SO4 nucleation was 2.1 × 10−11 cm3 s−1, while the organic nucleation coefficient was 9.0 × 10−14 cm3 s−1. We classified the VOC oxidation products into two sub-groups including extremely low-volatility organic compounds (ELVOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These ELVOCs and SVOCs contributed approximately equally to the particle volume production, whereas only ELVOCs made the smallest particles to grow in size. The model simulations revealed that the chamber walls constitute a major net sink of SVOCs on the first experiment day. However, the net wall SVOC uptake was gradually reduced because of SVOC desorption during the following days. Thus, in order to capture the observed temporal evolution of the particle number size distribution, the model needs to consider reversible gas-wall partitioning.
Cross-validation of IASI/MetOp derived tropospheric δD with TES and ground-based FTIR observations
Authors: Lacour J.-L. , Clarisse L. , Worden J. , Schneider M. , Barthlott S. , Hase F. , Risi C. , Clerbaux C. , Hurtmans D. , Coheur P.-F.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) flying on-board MetOpA and MetOpB is able to capture fine isotopic variations of the HDO to H2O ratio (δD) in the troposphere. Such observations at the high spatio temporal resolution of the sounder are of great interest to improve our understanding of the mechanisms controlling humidity in the troposphere. In this study we aim to empirically assess the validity of our error estimation previously evaluated theoretically. To achieve this, we compare IASI δD retrieved profiles with other available profiles of δD, from the TES infrared sounder onboard AURA and from three ground-based FTIR stations produced within the MUSICA project: the NDACC (Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Composition Change) sites Kiruna and Izana, and the TCCON site Karlsruhe, which in addition to near-infrared TCCON spectra also records mid-infrared spectra. We describe the achievable level of agreement between the different retrievals and show that these theoretical errors are in good agreement with empirical differences. The comparisons are made at different locations from tropical to Arctic latitudes, above sea and above land. Generally IASI and TES are similarly sensitive to δD in the free troposphere which allows to compare their measurements directly. At tropical latitudes where IASI's sensitivity is lower than that of TES, we show that the agreement improves when taking into account the sensitivity of IASI in the TES retrieval. For the comparison IASI-FTIR only direct comparisons are performed because of similar sensitivities. We identify a quasi negligible bias in the free troposphere (−3‰) between IASI retrieved δD with the TES one, which are bias corrected, but an important with the ground-based FTIR reaching −47‰. We also suggest that model-satellite observations comparisons could be optimized with IASI thanks to its high spatial and temporal sampling.
Vertical resolution dependence of gravity wave momentum flux simulated by an atmospheric general circulation model
Authors: Watanabe S. , Sato K. , Kawatani Y. , Takahashi M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The dependence of the gravity wave spectra of energy and momentum flux on the horizontal resolution and time step of atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) has been thoroughly investigated in the past. In contrast, much less attention has been given to the dependence of these gravity wave parameters on models' vertical resolutions. The present study demonstrates the dependence of gravity wave momentum flux in the stratosphere and mesosphere on the model's vertical resolution, which is evaluated using an AGCM with a horizontal resolution of about 0.56°. We performed a series of sensitivity test simulations changing only the model's vertical resolution above a height of 8 km, and found that inertial gravity waves with short vertical wavelengths simulated at higher vertical resolutions likely play an important role in determining the gravity wave momentum flux in the stratosphere and mesosphere.
Shallow groundwater thermal sensitivity to climate change and land cover disturbances: derivation of analytical expressions and implications for stream temperature projections
Authors: Kurylyk B. L. , MacQuarrie K. T. B. , Caissie D. , McKenzie J. M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Climate change is expected to increase stream temperatures, and the projected warming may alter the spatial extent of habitat for coldwater fish and other aquatic taxa. Recent studies have proposed that stream thermal sensitivities, derived from short term air temperature variations, can be employed to infer future stream warming due to long term climate change. However, this approach does not consider the potential for streambed heat fluxes to increase due to gradual warming of shallow groundwater. The temperature of shallow groundwater is particularly important for the thermal regimes of groundwater-dominated streams and rivers. Also, other recent stream temperature studies have investigated how land surface perturbations, such as wildfires or timber harvesting, can influence stream temperatures by changing surface heat fluxes, but these studies have typically not considered how these surface disturbances can also alter shallow groundwater temperatures and consequent streambed heat fluxes. In this study, several analytical solutions to the one-dimensional unsteady advection–diffusion equation for subsurface heat transport are employed to investigate the timing and magnitude of groundwater warming due to seasonal and long term variability in land surface temperatures. Novel groundwater thermal sensitivity formulae are proposed that accommodate different surface warming scenarios. The thermal sensitivity formulae demonstrate that shallow groundwater will warm in response to climate change and other surface perturbations, but the timing and magnitude of the warming depends on the rate of surface warming, subsurface thermal properties, aquifer depth, and groundwater velocity. The results also emphasize the difference between the thermal sensitivity of shallow groundwater to short term (e.g. seasonal) and long term (e.g. multi-decadal) land surface temperature variability, and thus demonstrate the limitations of using short term air and water temperature records to project future stream warming.
An Intelligent Spatial Proximity System Using Neurofuzzy Classifiers and Contextual Information
Authors: Barouni F. , Moulin B.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to reason with spatial proximity. The approach is based on contextual information and uses a neurofuzzy classifier to handle the uncertainty aspect of proximity. Neurofuzzy systems are a combination of neural networks and fuzzy systems and incorporate the advantages of both techniques. Although fuzzy systems are focused on knowledge representation, they do not allow the estimation of membership functions. Conversely, neuronal networks use powerful learning techniques but they are not able to explain how results are obtained. Neurofuzzy systems benefit from both techniques by using training data to generate membership functions and by using fuzzy rules to represent expert knowledge. Moreover, contextual information is collected from a knowledge base. The complete solution that we propose is integrated in a GIS, enhancing it with proximity reasoning. From an application perspective, the proposed approach was used in the telecommunication domain and particularly in fiber optic monitoring systems. In such systems, a user needs to qualify the distance between a fiber break and the surrounding objects of the environment to optimize the assignment of emergency crews. The neurofuzzy classifier has been used to compute the membership function parameters of the contextual information inputs using a training data set and fuzzy rules.
Forecasting Radiation Effects on Wildlife in Japan After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, Based on Limited Information of Post-Accident Early Stage in 2011
Authors: Saito M. U. , Doko T. , Koike F.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Due to the 11 March 2011 Tohoku earthquake, massive radioactive materials were released from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (Fukushima NPP). It is crucial to predict the regional distribution and magnitude of the effects on wildlife by radioactive materials. However, during the post-accident early stage in 2011, limited information on large-scale pollution and prediction maps was open to public. Hence, this paper aimed to provide (1) the pollution map covering areas within 300 km from the Fukushima NPP where the radiation intensity exceeded 0.5 μSv/h, (2) pollution maps which predicted air dose for the next 30 years after the accident, and (3) maps of areas where wildlife might be affected by radioactive isotopes by the Fukushima nuclear accident. First, the relative contributions of 131I, 134Cs, and 137Cs were estimated from time series observation data. Second, a 30-year prediction of the pollution was calculated based on the isotope half-lives. Third, the chronic radiation effects on vertebrates were estimated using the threshold dose rate proposed by Sazykina et al. (2009). We examined the chronic radiation effects on morbidity, reproduction, and longevity. The results indicated that radioactive materials could have affected vertebrate morbidity within a 350 km2 area in early April 2011; the threshold level was the median result of Sazykina et al. (2009) with bootstrapping. Based on the prediction, a 15.5 km2 region will remain affected after 30 years. These areas should be monitored to confirm the effects of radioactivity on wildlife.
Receiver Widelane Analysis and Its Effect on Precise Point Positioning
Authors: Elsobeiey M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Typically, differential carrier-phase-based methods have been used in positioning applications that require high accuracy. The main advantage of differential methods is solving the carrier-phase ambiguities and obtain millimetre-level accuracy carrier-phase measurements. Recent studies showed that it is possible to fix the un-differenced carrier-phase ambiguities into integers which is well-known as un-differenced carrier-phase ambiguity resolution. Unfortunately, the IGS neglects satellite hardware delay during satellite clock corrections estimation process. In case of differential methods, however, this will not affect the user as all common errors between the reference and rover receivers will be cancelled out by. Point positioning, on the other hand, will be affected by neglecting satellite hardware delays as those hardware delays will be lumped into the carrier-phase ambiguities destroying its integer nature. To solve this problem, satellite clock corrections must be estimated based on clock correction for each observable bases. The user, on the other hand, can form the ionosphere-free linear combination and divide and fix its two components, namely widelane and narrowlane. If both ambiguities are successfully fixed, few millimetres level of accuracy measurements are then obtained. In this paper, one month (December, 2013) of GPS data is used to study the receiver widelane bias, its behaviour over time, and receiver dependency are provided. It is shown that the receiver widelane bias is receiver dependent, stable over time for high-grade geodetic receivers. These results are expected to have a great impact on precise point positioning (PPP) conversion time and PPP carrierphase ambiguity resolution.
A geospatial time-aware web interface to deliver information about air pollution and exposure in a big city and its surroundings
Authors: Bogliolo M. P. , Contino G.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. A GIS-based web-mapping system is presented, aimed at providing specialists, stakeholders and population with a simple, while scientifically rigorous, way to obtain information about people exposure to air pollution in the city of Rome (Italy). It combines a geo-spatial visualization with easy access to time dimension and to quantitative information. The study is part of the EXPAH (Population Exposure to PAHs) LIFE+ EC Project, which goal is to identify and quantify children and elderly people exposure to PM2.5-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere of Rome, and to assess the impact on human health. The core of the system is a GIS, which database contains data and results of the project research activity. They include daily indoor and outdoor ground measurements and daily maps from simulation modeling of atmospheric PAHs and PM2.5 concentration for the period June 2011-May 2012, and daily and average exposure maps. Datasets have been published as time-enabled standard OGC Web Map Services (WMS). A set of web mapping applications query the web services to produce a set of interactive and time-aware thematic maps. Finding effective ways to communicate risk for human health, and environmental determinants for it, is a topical and challenging task: the web mapping system presented is a prototype of a possible model to disseminate scientific results on these items, providing a sight into impacts of air pollution on people living and working in a big city, and shipping information about the overall exposure, its spatial pattern and levels at specific locations.
An UAV scheduling and planning method for post-disaster survey
Authors: Li G. Q. , Zhou X. G. , Yin J. , Xiao Q. Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Annually, the extreme climate and special geological environments lead to frequent natural disasters, e.g., earthquakes, floods, etc. The disasters often bring serious casualties and enormous economic losses. Post-disaster surveying is very important for disaster relief and assessment. As the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) remote sensing with the advantage of high efficiency, high precision, high flexibility, and low cost, it is widely used in emergency surveying in recent years. As the UAVs used in emergency surveying cannot stop and wait for the happening of the disaster, when the disaster happens the UAVs usually are working at everywhere. In order to improve the emergency surveying efficiency, it is needed to track the UAVs and assign the emergency surveying task for each selected UAV. Therefore, a UAV tracking and scheduling method for post-disaster survey is presented in this paper. In this method, Global Positioning System (GPS), and GSM network are used to track the UAVs; an emergency tracking UAV information database is built in advance by registration, the database at least includes the following information, e.g., the ID of the UAVs, the communication number of the UAVs; when catastrophe happens, the real time location of all UAVs in the database will be gotten using emergency tracking method at first, then the traffic cost time for all UAVs to the disaster region will be calculated based on the UAVs’ the real time location and the road network using the nearest services analysis algorithm; the disaster region is subdivided to several emergency surveying regions based on DEM, area, and the population distribution map; the emergency surveying regions are assigned to the appropriated UAV according to shortest cost time rule. The UAVs tracking and scheduling prototype is implemented using SQLServer2008, ArcEnginge 10.1 SDK, Visual Studio 2010 C#, Android, SMS Modem, and Google Maps API.
Application of ECOC SVMS in Remote Sensing Image Classification
Authors: Yan Z. , Yang Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Image processing has been one of the efficient technologies for GIS data requisition. Support Vector Machines (SVMs) have peculiar advantages in handling problems with small sample sizes, nonlinearity, and high dimensionality. However, SVMs can only solve two-class problems while multi-class decision is impossible. Error correcting output coding (ECOC) SVMs enhance the ability of fault tolerance when solving multi-class classification problems, which makes ECOC SVMs suitable for remote sensing image classification. In this paper, the generalization ability of ECOC SVMs is discussed. ECOC SVMs with optimum coding matrices are selected by experiment, and applied to remote sensing image classification. Experimental results show that, compared with Conventional multi-class classification methods, less SVM sub-classifiers are needed for ECOC SVMs in remote sensing image classification, and the classification accuracy is also improved.
An exploratory spatial analysis of soil organic carbon distribution in Canadian eco-regions
Authors: Tan S.-Y. , Li J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. As the largest carbon reservoir in ecosystems, soil accounts for more than twice as much carbon storage as that of vegetation biomass or the atmosphere. This paper examines spatial patterns of soil organic carbon (SOC) in Canadian forest areas at an eco-region scale of analysis. The goal is to explore the relationship of SOC levels with various climatological variables, including temperature and precipitation. The first Canadian forest soil database published in 1997 by the Canada Forest Service was analyzed along with other long-term eco-climatic data (1961 to 1991) including precipitation, air temperature, slope, aspect, elevation, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from remote sensing imagery. In addition, the existing eco-region framework established by Environment Canada was evaluated for mapping SOC distribution. Exploratory spatial data analysis techniques, including spatial autocorrelation analysis, were employed to examine how forest SOC is spatially distributed in Canada. Correlation analysis and spatial regression modelling were applied to determine the dominant ecological factors influencing SOC patterns at the eco-region level. At the national scale, a spatial error regression model was developed to account for spatial dependency and to estimate SOC patterns based on ecological and ecosystem factors. Based on the significant variables derived from the spatial error model, a predictive SOC map in Canadian forest areas was generated. Although overall SOC distribution is influenced by climatic and topographic variables, distribution patterns are shown to differ significantly between eco-regions. These findings help to validate the eco-region classification framework for SOC zonation mapping in Canada.
The Early Detection of the Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Using Advanced Geospacial Technologies
Authors: Hu B. , Li J. , Wang J. , Hall B.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The objectives of this study were to exploit Light Detection And Ranging (LiDAR) and very high spatial resolution (VHR) data and their synergy with hyperspectral imagery in the early detection of the EAB presence in trees within urban areas and to develop a framework to combine information extracted from multiple data sources. To achieve these, an object-oriented framework was developed to combine information derived from available data sets to characterize ash trees. Within this framework, individual trees were first extracted and then classified into different species based on their spectral information derived from hyperspectral imagery, spatial information from VHR imagery, and for each ash tree its health state and EAB infestation stage were determined based on hyperspectral imagery. The developed framework and methods were demonstrated to be effective according to the results obtained on two study sites in the city of Toronto, Ontario Canada. The individual tree delineation method provided satisfactory results with an overall accuracy of 78 % and 19 % commission and 23 % omission errors when used on the combined very high-spatial resolution imagery and LiDAR data. In terms of the identification of ash trees, given sufficient representative training data, our classification model was able to predict tree species with above 75 % overall accuracy, and mis-classification occurred mainly between ash and maple trees. The hypothesis that a strong correlation exists between general tree stress and EAB infestation was confirmed. Vegetation indices sensitive to leaf chlorophyll content derived from hyperspectral imagery can be used to predict the EAB infestation levels for each ash tree.
Development of a Data Warehouse for Riverine and Coastal Flood Risk Management
Authors: McGrath H. , Stefanakis E. , Nastev M.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. In New Brunswick flooding occurs typically during the spring freshet, though, in recent years, midwinter thaws have led to flooding in January or February. Municipalities are therefore facing a pressing need to perform risk assessments in order to identify communities at risk of flooding. In addition to the identification of communities at risk, quantitative measures of potential structural damage and societal losses are necessary for these identified communities. Furthermore, tools which allow for analysis and processing of possible mitigation plans are needed. Natural Resources Canada is in the process of adapting Hazus-MH to respond to the need for risk management. This requires extensive data from a variety of municipal, provincial, and national agencies in order to provide valid estimates. The aim is to establish a data warehouse to store relevant flood prediction data which may be accessed thru Hazus. Additionally, this data warehouse will contain tools for On-Line Analytical Processing (OLAP) and knowledge discovery to quantitatively determine areas at risk and discover unexpected dependencies between datasets. The third application of the data warehouse is to provide data for online visualization capabilities: web-based thematic maps of Hazus results, historical flood visualizations, and mitigation tools; thus making flood hazard information and tools more accessible to emergency responders, planners, and residents. This paper represents the first step of the process: locating and collecting the appropriate datasets.
Capture All the URLs: First Steps in Web Archiving
Authors: Antracoli Alexis , Duckworth Steven , Silva Judith , Yarmey Kristen
Published: November 2014

As higher education embraces new technologies, university activities—including teaching, learning, and research—increasingly take place on university websites, on university-related social media pages, and elsewhere on the open Web. Despite perceptions that “once it’s on the Web, it’s there forever,” this dynamic digital content is highly vulnerable to degradation and loss. In order to preserve and provide enduring access to this complex body of university records, archivists and librarians must rise to the challenge of Web archiving. As digital archivists at our respective institutions, the authors introduce the concept of Web archiving and articulate its importance in higher education. We provide our institutions’ rationale for selecting subscription service Archive-It as a preservation tool, outline the progress of our institutional Web archiving initiatives, and share lessons learned, from unexpected stumbling blocks to strategies for raising funds and support from campus stakeholders.
Pennsylvania Public Libraries and the Great Flood of 1936: Dark Clouds and Silver Linings
Authors: Lear Bernadette A.
Published: November 2014

The Great Flood of 1936 damaged thousands of buildings, ruined millions of dollars’ worth of infrastructure and personal property, and left thousands of citizens homeless in Pennsylvania. Among affected institutions were 14 public libraries that lost books and records and/or sustained structural damage during the flood. This article recounts the experiences of the four libraries with the largest claims: the Cambria Library (Johnstown), the Annie Halenbake Ross Library (Lock Haven), Milton Public Library, and the James V. Brown Library (Williamsport). Lessons learned, unexpected opportunities to reshape collections and services, and advancement of professional knowledge about conservation of water-soaked materials are discussed. In addition, the article provides details about the Pennsylvania Library Association’s successful pursuit of state rehabilitation funds for affected libraries. Although the Great Flood of 1936 was an experience that no one would wish to repeat, it represents some silver linings in terms of public library history.
Weeding, Wine, and Cheese: Enticing Faculty to Cull a Collection
Authors: Koveleskie Judith Anne
Published: November 2014

Remodeling of a building and decreased shelf space motivated faculty and staff to complete a long overdue weeding project in a small university library. Librarians used social media, internal communication, and personal contact to motivate faculty. Every effort was made to reuse and recycle discarded materials. The result was a streamlined collection and a much improved learning space.
La escuela cubana como contexto para el correcto desarrollo de la percepción ambiental
Authors: Tserej Vázquez Olga Natalia , Febles Elejalde María Milagros
Published: November 2014

En Cuba la Psicología Ambiental es una disciplina nueva que promueve una visión histórica y cultural del hombre. La percepción es uno de los procesos definidos tendientes a la conformación de una conciencia ambiental. En dependencia de la percepción del ambiente se desarrolla la acción e interacción con su entorno. Es decir que con una adecuada interacción también se desarrolla una buena percepción de los elementos significativos del ambiente y se contribuye a la aparición de la conciencia ambiental, de la cual, la percepción es uno de los principales procesos. En esta importante transformación la escuela es una de las principales vías de formación de conocimientos, habilidades, hábitos y actitudes frente al entorno. Es por esto que el diagnóstico del grado de desarrollo de la percepción ambiental en estudiantes permite detectar las debilidades que poseen los programas de estudio en cuanto a dimensión ambiental y contribuye a proponer soluciones sobre la base de problemas concretos. Este estudio se apoya en diferentes investigaciones realizadas a estudiantes cubanos provenientes de diferentes niveles de enseñanza y provee un primer acercamiento a la dinámica del desarrollo de la percepción del ambiente en estos individuos. En las últimas investigaciones se utilizaron como indicadores de desarrollo de determinadas dimensiones del concepto de medio ambiente: material o artefactual, relacional, intrapersonal, comportamental, cognoscitiva, natural o ecológica y cultural. En sentido general, se reflejan diferentes investigaciones que demuestran que la escuela es el contexto idóneo para el trabajo de educación ambiental.
Aprender lengua o no aprender lengua. La adquisición de la competencia comunicativa en Educación Secundaria en un entorno altamente tecnológico. Un estudio desde Cataluña (España)
Authors: González Martínez Juan , Espuny Vidal Cinta , Gisbert Cervera Mercè
Published: November 2014

En los últimos tres años, España ha implementado un modelo educativo one-to-one, basado en una presencia constante y permanente de la tecnología en las aulas a lo largo de los últimos cursos de Educación Primaria o los primeros de Educación Secundaria. Sin embargo, todavía no hemos empezado a analizar los efectos de esos cambios. En ese contexto, el objetivo de este artículo es investigar que resultados de los estudiantes podemos esperar en este entorno tecnológico en la asignatura de Lengua Castellana y Literatura durante el 1.er curso de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria en Cataluña (España). Para ello, hemos diseñado una investigación quasi-experimental con un pretest y un postest de competencia comunicativa administrados al inicio y al final de un mismo curso académico, y hemos registrado las metodologías de enseñanza-aprendizaje utilizadas durante dicho curso. Los resultados nos ofrecen un panorama no muy alentador, pues el alumnado mejora poco su competencia comunicativa en español después de todo un curso. Todo ello nos lleva a dos conclusiones: la primera de ellas es la detección de un problema curricular, pues la mayoría de las actividades de enseñanza-aprendizaje no se orientan a la adquisición de la competencia comunicativa, sino a contenidos específicamente gramaticales o literarios; la segunda es acerca del uso de la tecnología, pues no esta no parece contribuir en exceso a mejorar esta destreza en su uso actual.
Inburgering en geestelijke bedienaren
Authors: Tijssen Marli
Published: November 2014

Integration of immigrant priests and clergymen. A special target group or just ordinary immigrants?

The integration policy of the Dutch government encourages the development of a society where members of ethnic minorities can fully realize their civil rights and can fulfill their social rights and duties. The same is true for priests and clergymen who come to the Netherlands on behalf of the ethnic minority groups that live in the Netherlands. They will have to be prepared for Dutch society and their role as clergymen within the Dutch secular nation. The specific integration programme that the government introduced in 2002 for this particular target group will end in 2014. During the last 12 years this programme has changed considerably as a result of developments in the social and political context that influenced the integration policy of the government. In this paper the considerations and policy changes towards integration in general and more specific towards the integration of immigrant priests and clergymen in the Netherlands are pointed out, together with the changes in the programme entailed by these policy changes.
Religieuze voorgangers tussen Schrift en recht
Authors: Smeets Kirsten , Sterkens Carl
Published: November 2014

Religious leaders between Scripture and the law: collision of the freedom of religion with the right to equality in the Netherlands

What freedom of speech do religious leaders have when their religious speech discriminates others? Freedom of religion and freedom of expression may collide with the right to equality (including the principle of non-discrimination). Religious plurality and social polarization in Dutch society induce conflict between these fundamental rights.

This article reviews two legal cases where an imam and a minister were accused of discrimination of homosexuals. From this jurisprudence the authors deduce three principles in judicial decisions weighing freedom of religion and freedom of speech against equality rights: interpretative reluctance, cautiousness and the position of the religious leader.
Gjenstand for saksbehandling og verdi som dokumentasjon – analyse av journalføringskriteriene i arkivforskriften
Authors: Nesland Trine
Published: November 2014

Artikkelen handler om hvordan journalføringskriteriene «gjenstand for saksbehandling» og «verdi som dokumentasjon» er ment å skulle forstås, basert på hvordan kriteriene er omtalt og definert i eksisterende teori og litteratur.Artikkelen viser at det ikke eksisterer en omforent forståelse av kriterienes innhold, det vil si at kriteriene er tillagt ulik betydning i ulike tekster. Det har tegnet seg et bilde av at de relativt få tekstene som faktisk inneholder beskrivelser av journalføringskriteriene og begrepene kriteriene er bygget opp av, i hovedsak nærmer seg kriteriene enten på en dialektisk-relasjonell eller på en semiotisk-relasjonell måte, hvilket gir to tilsynelatende ulike tolkningsresultater. Det foreligger med andre ord en viss tolkningsmotstrid, hvilket nødvendigvis innebærer at det fortsatt er vanskelig å svare entydig på spørsmålet om hvordan journalføringskriteriene er ment å skulle forstås, og samtidig gir grunn til kritikk av det etablerte systemet.
Forvaltnings- og arkivrutiner i historisk perspektiv — brudd eller sammenheng?
Authors: Vistdal Oskar
Published: November 2014

I denne fremstillingen redegjøres først for hovedtrekkene ved den dansk-norske sentraladministrasjons arkivrutiner i Rentekammeret og Danske kanselli 1660–1814 og i norske departementskontorer 1814–1940, først med fokus på Rentekammerets og Danske kansellis håndtering av korrespondanse og saksdokumenter, dernest på fremfinningsmetoder i arkivene i norske departementskontorer etter 1814. Til slutt betraktes utviklingen i den offentlige forvaltning og dens arkivrutiner fra 1660 til 1940 i lys av etterkrigstidens arkivale hamskifte.
Majoritets- og minoritetsperspektiv i arkivbevaring
Authors: Røsjø Ellen
Published: November 2014

Oslo byarkivs prosjekt Oslos multikulturelle arkiver ble gjennomført i 2004 - 2007. Jeg vil med dette prosjektet som utgangspunkt se på representasjon av minoriteter i arkivene. Fokus for undersøkelsen vil være spørsmålene i utlysningen til Norsk kulturråds satsing «Forskning om museer og arkiv», som ga støtte til prosjektet, om hvem og hva som representeres i arkivene og, til en viss grad, spørsmålet om hvem arkivene henvender seg til og hvordan. Jeg vil sammenlikne konkret det som finnes om minoritetsorganisasjoner i visse offentlige arkiver med enkelte av minoritetenes egne arkiv (privatarkiv) som vi har samlet inn i prosjektet Oslos multikulturelle arkiver og også ett arkiv i Opplandsarkivets prosjekt Arkivdokumentasjon av nyere innvandring til Oppland. Særlig aktuelle problemstillinger vil være: Hva dokumenterer henholdsvis de offentlige og de private arkivene? Hvilke stemmer kan man i disse offentlige arkivene finne fra nye minoriteter? Hvilket perspektiv har myndighetene på minoritetene? Hva dokumenterer de private arkivene om minoritetene?
Skoleprosjektet "Robert Levin, f.eks." i Oslo byarkiv
Authors: Røde Gro
Published: November 2014

Vi publiserer her ein artikkel som vart skriven i 2006 som ei oppsummering til ABM-utvikling av Oslo byarkivs arbeid med skoleprosjektet «Robert Levin f.eks.». Artikkelen behandlar erfaringar som framleis er viktige og aktuelle.
On long decays of electrons in the vicinity of the slot region observed by HEO3
Authors: Ripoll J.‐F. , Chen Y. , Fennell J. F. , Friedel R. H. W.
Published: November 2014

Long decay periods of electron counts, which follow abrupt rises and last from weeks to months, have been observed by the HEO3 spacecraft in the vicinity of the slot region between the years 1998 and 2007. During the most stable decay periods as selected, e‐folding timescales are extracted and statistically analyzed from observations as a function of L‐shell and electron energy. A challenge is to reproduce the observed timescales from simulations of pitch angle diffusion by three acting waves—the plasmaspheric hiss, lightning‐generated whistlers, and VLF transmitter waves. We perform full numerical simulations to accurately compute electron lifetimes. We choose to use the method and wave parameters proposed by Abel and Thorne in 1998 with the goal to assess whether they can reproduce lifetimes extracted from HEO observations. We show how hiss dominantly affect high energy electrons (E > 2 MeV) for L in [2, 3.5] and VLF transmitter waves control residency times of low energy electrons (<0.4 MeV) around L = 2. These interactions induce characteristic shapes of the lifetime profiles that will be discussed. We show how the wave amplitudes can be adjusted for the particular energy particles that are dominantly affected by one wave type only. Using these amplitudes, mean HEO lifetimes are reproduced within a factor 2 to 5. VLF occurrence rates and hiss amplitude turn out significantly higher than those proposed by Abel and Thorne. The wide energy response of the sensors complicates the analysis because it blurs the electron lifetime dependence on energy, increases the overall lifetimes, and reduces the differences between the different channel lifetimes. In particular, our simulations suggest the flux measured by an integrated energy sensor aboard HEO has a variable slope, i.e., a variable lifetime, during 10–20 days in our data, due to the faster decay of the low residency time particles while slower decaying particles control the steady decay. It can explain some of the multi‐slopes decays observed by HEO. HEO electron long decay timescales are also compared to the timescales previously observed from Solar Anomalous and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) and Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) with differences attributed to factors such as instrument characteristic and different satellite orbits.
First results on low‐latitude E and F region irregularities obtained using the Gadanki Ionospheric Radar Interferometer
Authors: Patra A. K. , Srinivasulu P. , Chaitanya P. Pavan , Rao M. Durga , Jayaraman A.
Published: November 2014

A 30 MHz radar has recently been established at Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E; 6.5°N magnetic latitude) to make unattended observations of the ionospheric field‐aligned irregularities (FAI). This radar, called the Gadanki Ionospheric Radar Interferometer (GIRI), has been designed to have scanning capability of 100° in the east‐west plane perpendicular to Earth's magnetic field and interferometry/imaging system to study drifts and spatial distribution of plasma irregularities at both large and small scales. In this paper, we present the first results on the E and F region FAI made using the scanning capability of the GIRI. Daytime observations of E region FAI show type 2 echoes with velocities predominantly upward northward (downward‐southward) at altitudes >100 km (<100 km) and westward (eastward) in the forenoon (afternoon) with signature of tidal wind field. F region irregularities show bottom‐type, bottomside and plume structures with close resemblance to those observed over the magnetic equator. Observations made with the east‐west scanning capability have been used to study the origin, evolution, and drift of the FAI for the first time from Gadanki. Eastward drifts are estimated to be 90–210 m s−1 during 20–24 LT. Upward velocity as large as 500 m s−1 has been observed in the initial phase of the plume structures. Intriguingly, downward velocity as large as 60 m s−1 has also been observed in the plumes, displaying descending pattern, observed in the early evening hours. These results are presented and discussed in the light of current understanding of low‐latitude plasma irregularities, and future prospects of GIRI are outlined.
F‐lacuna at cusp latitude and its associated TEC variation
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Gao , Zhang Bei‐Chen , Fang Han‐Xian , Liu Jun‐Ming , Zhang Qing‐He , Hu Hong‐Qiao , Liu Rui‐Yuan , Li Chong‐Yin
Published: November 2014

As a frequent phenomenon occurring during summer days in high‐latitude ionosphere, the F‐lacuna manifests itself as disappearance of F region ionogram traces. Based on the 7.5 min interval Digisonde ionograms recorded at Zhongshan station (69.4°S, 76.4°E geographic coordinates; 74.5°S, 96.0°E corrected geomagnetic coordinates), we present temporal characteristics of the F‐lacuna, as well as its correlation with geomagnetic activity, interplanetary magnetic field, and colocated TEC. Magnetic Local Time (MLT) distribution of the F‐lacuna occurrence exhibits a dawn‐dusk asymmetry. All types of F‐lacuna favor the dawn sector, mainly occurring at 08:00–11:00MLT for F1 and total lacuna, 6:00–8:00MLT for F2‐lacuna. The magnetic activity is found to have a strong positive correlation with the F2 and total lacuna. F2‐lacuna occurrence is favored by southward component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), and total lacuna by high values of either eastward or westward component. It is worth to mention that the F‐lacuna associates with the simultaneous total electron content (TEC) condition which has a positive correlation with F1‐lacuna occurrence, while a strong negative correlation with the F2 and total lacuna. The associated TEC variation may provide a significant evidence for interpreting the F‐lacuna phenomenon.
GRACE satellite observed hydrological controls on interannual and seasonal variability in surface greenness over mainland Australia
Authors: Yang Yuting , Long Di , Guan Huade , Scanlon Bridget R. , Simmons Craig T. , Jiang Lei , Xu Xiang
Published: November 2014

Water‐limited ecosystems, covering ~50% of the global land, are controlled primarily by hydrologic factors. Because climate change is predicted to markedly alter current hydroclimatic conditions later this century, a better hydrological indicator of ecosystem performance is warranted to improve understanding of hydrological controls on vegetation and to predict changes in the future. Here we show that the observed total water storage anomaly (TWSA) from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) can serve as this indicator. Using the Australian mainland as a case study, where ecosystems are generally water limited, we found that GRACE‐observed TWSA can explain changes in surface greenness (as measured by the normalized difference vegetation index, NDVI) both interannually and seasonally. In addition, we found that TWSA shows a significant decreasing trend during the millennium drought from 1997 through 2009 in the region. However, decline in annual mean NDVI during the same period was mainly driven by decline in annual minimum monthly NDVI, whereas annual maximum monthly NDVI remained relatively constant across biomes. This phenomenon reveals an intrinsic sensitivity of ecosystems to water availability that drought‐induced reductions in surface greenness are more likely expressed through its influence on vegetation during lower NDVI months, whereas ecosystem activities tend to recover to their maximum level during periods when the combined environmental conditions favor vegetation growth within a year despite the context of the prolonged drought.
Planet Moon: The Future of Astronaut Activity and Settlement
Authors: Thangavelu Madhu
Published: November 2014

Ceaseless demographic growth and the depletion of the Earth's natural resources make the colonisation of space an increasingly compelling prospect. Madhu Thangavelu, an expert in the design of complex space projects, including space stations and exploratory missions, and a professor in the Department of Astronautical Engineering at the University of Southern California (USC), explores the possibilities and extreme environmental challenges posed by human settlement of our closest planetary neighbour, the Moon.
Space is an Ecology for Living In
Authors: Armstrong Rachel
Published: November 2014

Current space exploration can be viewed as an augmentation of the activities of the 20th century, albeit with a greater emphasis on new technologies and privatisation. With the continuation of this trend, could outer space be in danger of becoming a vast territory exposed to the voracity of would‐be prospectors, manned by robots? Rachel Armstrong, Professor of Experimental Architecture at Newcastle University and guest‐editor of the April 2000 AD Space Architecture issue, advocates a much more far‐reaching biological definition of Space, driven by a concern for the natural environment, that emphasises its potential as an ecology for living in.
Enzymatische Halogenierung von Tryptophan im Gramm‐Maßstab
Authors: Frese Marcel , Sewald Norbert
Published: November 2014

Halogenierte Arene stellen wichtige Bausteine in Medizinalchemie und Agrochemie dar. Chemische elektrophile aromatische Halogenierungen verwenden elementare Halogene, während FAD‐abhängige Halogenasen lediglich Halogenidsalze und O2 bei Raumtemperatur in wässrigem Milieu für die regioselektive Halogenierung benötigen. Enzymatische Halogenierungen galten als ineffizient aufgrund der mangelnden Stabilität der Halogenasen, was die präparative Anwendung limitierte. Wir konnten zeigen, dass die Langzeitstabilität und damit die Effizienz der Tryptophan‐7‐Halogenase RebH signifikant durch die simultane Immobilisierung von RebH und allen Hilfsenzymen zur Cofaktorregenerierung erhöht werden kann. Durch die Verwendung von RebH‐combiCLEAs als multifunktioneller wiederverwendbarer Biokatalysator haben wir eine einfache Methode zur Halogenierung von Tryptophan und dessen Derivaten im Gramm‐Maßstab entwickelt, die vermutlich ebenso für andere FAD‐abhängige Halogenasen anwendbar ist.