bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is Brand Name Best? Brand name versus generic pharmaceuticals in clinical practice
Authors: Bakker Andrea
Published: February 2017

In the last few years some of the biggest ‘blockbuster drugs’, that is the drugs that make pharmaceutical companies billions of dollars, have lost their patents. This means that generic manufacturers are able to produce these medications at a fraction of the cost. But what really differentiates generics from brand name medications? This commentary will explore how differences in licensing affect drug efficacy and how the pharmaceutical landscape in Canada affects patient care. RÉSUMÉ Au cours des dernières années, les brevets de certains des plus grands « médicaments vedettes», c’est-à-dire des médicaments qui rapportent des milliards de dollars aux compagnies pharmaceutiques, sont arrivés à échéance. Cela signifie que les fabricants de médicaments génériques peuvent désormais produire ceux-ci à moindre coût. Mais qu’est-ce qui différencie véritablement les mé- dicaments génériques de ceux d’origine? Ce commentaire examinera comment les différences en ce qui a trait aux licences affectent l’efficacité des médicaments, et comment le panorama pharmaceutique au Canada affecte les soins de santé.
Choosing Wisely: Resource Stewardship Education in Canadian Medical Schools
Authors: Muntyanu Anastasiya , Jebanesan Danusha , Kuling Peter
Published: February 2017

AbstractResource stewardship has important implications in terms of healthcare costs as well as patient safety. Currently, there is limited formal teaching in the undergraduate curriculum in Canadian medical schools that addresses this topic. Recently, Choosing Wisely Canada has launched a student campaign to integrate Choosing Wisely concepts into the curriculum, hoping to challenge medical students into thinking about value-based healthcare and patient safety. This article intends to highlight need for resource stewardship education, including associated test costs and its impact on the healthcare system. The strategies currently being implemented at the University of Ottawa will also be discussed. RésuméL’intendance des ressources a d’importantes répercussions sur les coûts liés aux soins de santé, ainsi que sur la sécurité des patients. À l’heure actuelle, le curriculum de premier cycle des écoles de médecine canadiennes comporte peu d’enseignement formel à ce sujet. Récemment, Choisir avec soin (version francophone de « Choosing Wisely Canada ») a lancé une campagne étudiante pour intégrer les concepts de Choisir avec soin au curriculum, dans l’espoir d’encourager les étudiants en médecine à réfléchir aux soins de santé et à la sécurité des patients fondés sur la valeur. Cet article cherche à souligner l’importance de la formation sur l’intendance des ressources, incluant les coûts associés aux examens et leur impact sur le système de soins de santé. Les stratégies mises en œuvre à l’Université d’Ottawa à l’heure actuelle seront également présentées.
Study of the severity of stroke at the time of presentation in diabetic patients correlating with glycemic control
Authors: Patibandla Sivaji , Appikatla Tumbanatham , K. Jayasingh
Published: February 2017

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a well-recognized risk factor for stroke. The NIHSS (National institute of health stroke scale) is a tool used objectively to quantify the impairment caused by a stroke. However, the effect of glycemic control regardless of the presence of DM on the clinical picture of stroke and its impact on the severity is not fully investigated. There are numerous studies on microvascular complications but there are only a few studies on strokes in diabetics. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the impact of diabetes on the pattern and severity of stroke in our population.Methods: This is cross sectional observational study, carried at Mahatma Gandhi Medical College And Research Institute, Pondicherry, India from December 2014-15. Sixty patients who presented with features of stroke and satisfy inclusion criteria were enrolled in study. Stroke pattern was identified using CT scan and severity of stroke was assessed by NIHSS score. Statistical analysis was done by using chi-square test (p <0.005 = significant).Results: The mean age in patients was 61.683±12.97. The ratio of male to female was 2.1:1 showing male preponderance. With increase in HbA1c levels more number of cases were found to have severe stroke and it is statically significant (p = 0.0001) as per NIHSS score.Conclusions: In diabetic patients the severity of stroke is related to glycemic control. Higher the blood HbA1c level, more severe is the neurological impairment. Hence effective lowering of HbA1c level may reduce the occurrence of severe neurological impairment in diabetic patients. We suggest the need for routine monitoring of HbA1c level may be used as a measure for secondary prevention of stroke in diabetic patients.
К вопросу о целесообразности ГЧП в образовании
Authors: Завьялова Елена Борисовна
Published: February 2017

В условиях текущего кризиса основной задачей экономической политики государства становится поиск дополнительных источников финансирования для обеспечения первоочередных задач. С особой актуальностью этот вопрос встает при анализе сферы образования. В данной статье будут рассмотрены различные возможности взаимодействия государства и бизнеса, а также оценена целесообразность применения механизмов государственно-частного партнерства.
Derecho internacional y política de adaptación al cambio climático en Reino Unido
Authors: Araya Ahumada Gabriel
Published: February 2017

Este artículo describe la influencia que ha ejercido el derecho internacional desde las orientaciones provenientes del régimen internacional del cambio climático y la Unión Europea, en la gobernanza actual de la adaptación al cambio climático en el Reino Unido, especialmente en relación con la política del desarrollo sustentable.
El paisaje intermedio: entre lo urbano y lo rural. Una franja de transición
Authors: Neu Tomás
Published: February 2017

El paisaje intermedio es aquel suelo ubicado en las periferias de las ciudades que permanece vacío, no es urbano ni rural y debe ser intervenido para evitar que la informalidad y la fragmentación antecedan a lo ordenado y planificado. Este debe propiciar que el tejido urbano y social fluya sin que exista una discontinuidad desde las centralidades hacia la periferia urbana. Es un espacio que debe incorporarse siempre y cuando los gobiernos locales aseguren la adecuada prestación de servicios y equipamientos comunitarios.La resolución del paisaje intermedio busca la continuidad y transición jerárquica y armónica entre tejidos urbanos para resolver divergencias e inequidades, y anticipar oportunidades. Existen varios ejemplos de proyectos urbanos que han logrado enfrentar el indiscriminado crecimiento urbano en estas áreas consideradas como vacías, generando enclaves con positivas connotaciones dentro del paisaje natural, cultural y la tradición urbana, que aportan a la consolidación de la expansión de las ciudades de manera equilibrada.
Enhanced Lateral Bone Augmentation With a Perforated Resorbable Barrier Membrane
Authors: Carrion Julio A. , Wang Howard H. , Masselli Joseph , Iacono Vincent J.
Published: February 2017

Introduction: To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report to describe the use of a perforated resorbable barrier membrane (PRBM) to enhance lateral bone augmentation for implant site development.

Case Presentation: A 41‐year‐old female presented to the Advanced Specialty Education Program in Periodontics at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, for implant consultation regarding a missing maxillary right lateral incisor. The tooth had been lost as a result of trauma 10 years prior to presentation. Clinical examination and radiographs showed significant horizontal ridge deficiency (<5 mm) that supported a staged intervention. Horizontal bone augmentation was performed following guided bone regeneration principles using a mineralized mixed corticocancellous (70:30) allograft followed by a PRBM. A cone beam computed tomography scan was obtained before surgery and 8 months after treatment, from which volumetric width changes were quantified. A bone biopsy was obtained at the time of implant placement to measure new vital bone (NVB) formation, residual graft (RG) particles, and connective tissue (CT) formation. Dimensional width changes were assessed during reentry for implant placement. The lateral bone gain was 5.0 mm, clinically and radiographically. Histologically, the amount of NVB formation, RG particles, and CT infiltration was 38.1%, 38.9%, and 23.1%, respectively. Implant placement was uneventful, with no further need for bone augmentation.

Conclusions: Previous studies using similar techniques and regenerative materials have shown an average of 3.5 mm of horizontal bone augmentation. The use of a PRBM appeared to significantly enhance lateral bone augmentation. An ongoing clinical trial is underway to confirm these results.
On Fuzzy Rough Compactness
Authors: Shanthi Solomon Anita , Thillaigovindan Natesan , Poovizhi Rajamanickam
Published: February 2017

The notion of rough topological space has been well defined and studied by a number of researchers. Connectedness and compactness of fuzzy soft topological spaces have also been studied by some authors. In this paper we introduce the notion of compactness in fuzzy rough sets and establish some interesting theorems.
The Policy of Principals Regarding the Implementations of Library School in Bandung City
Authors: Arya Dian , Silvana Hana , - Damayanty
Published: February 2017

Primary and secondary level of education are essential elements for character building and success of younger generation in developing the nation. Education and learning at this level will very much determine how in the future and individual is able to play role and be competitive in the nation’s development. One of the important element in the strategy of educational learning in school which is often forgotten by decision makers of principals and library managers is the library. Library operation in schools and mandrassas with a policy that has high legitimacy, should be implemented immediately. How ever, what happened was the opposite. By reason of limited fund, time and energy, many schools choose not to implement the rule about library.Base on this issue, this research studied the policy of principals regarding the implementations of act No. 43 of 2007, Government Regulation No. 19 of 2005 and Ministry of National Education Regulations No. 25 of 2008. The research was conducted in 6 schools and the questionnaire was distributed to 6 principals and 12 library staff in Bandung city. The results showed that understanding of three regulations was in very good category with the score of 1157 out of 1230 for the principals.The same category also applied to the library staff with the score of 1613 out of 1800. This suggests that the principals had known about the organization of school library. Likewise, school librarian have also understood and were able to carry out their duties in accordance with the existing regulations related to the operation of school library.
Analysis of E-mail Transactions in Virtual Reference Services
Authors: Qomariyah Astutik Nur , Dwi Kusuma Rusdiyah Ciptaning
Published: February 2017

Today, the use of traditional reference desk in the academic libraries has been rarely used, thus expanding or even move to a virtual reference service. A minimum level of virtual reference services are provided in the academic library is currently in general is the electronic mail (e-mail). One of the academic library specifically provide virtual reference services via e-mail is a Petra Christian University (PCU) Library (ref-desk@petra.ac.id.). In such services librarians provide assistance to users in finding information and answer questions. This study aimed to analyze the transaction reference services virtually through e-mail at the PCU Library, with a view of the types of questions based on user background, the writing style of language communication interaction used based on user background, and cultural values are revealed behind the user in virtual reference services (e-mail). This study uses content analysis (content analysis) of the transcript e-mail received librarians of reference services began March 10 until June 16, 2015. The results showed that the types of questions asked in reference service virtual (e-mail) in the Library UK Petra include: specific search, access online resources, operation of online resources, policies and procedures for services, and library holdings with background the student (PCU and non-PCU), faculty, and librarians. Based on the background of users found that overall more types of questions asked in virtual reference services (e-mail) is a problem of access to online resources, and generally submitted by the students. Then, the writing style of the user's language in interaction reference service virtual (e-mail) tends to be formal, which includes the word greeting, the message will be delivered, and regards cover, either by the student (PCU and non-PCU), lecturer, or librarians. While cultural values that revealed the background behind the user in virtual reference services (e-mail) is obedience, courtesy and politeness users.
Information Retrieval Document Classified with K-Nearest Neighbor
Authors: Zaman Badruz , Purwanti Endah , Sukma Alifian
Published: February 2017

Along with the rapid advancement of technology development led to the amount of information available is also increasingly abundant. The aim of this study was to determine how the implementation of information retrieval system in the classification of the journal by using the cosine similarity and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN). The data used as many as 160 documents with categories such as Physical Sciences and Engineering, Life Science, Health Science, and Social Sciences and Humanities. Construction stage begins with the use of text mining processing, the weighting of each token by using the term frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF), calculate the degree of similarity of each document by using the cosine similarity and classification using k-Nearest Neighbor.Evaluation is done by using the testing documents as much as 20 documents, with a value of k = {37, 41, 43}. Evaluation system shows the level of success in classifying documents on the value of k = 43 with a value precision of 0501. System test results showed that 20 document testing used can be classified according to the actual category.
The Implementationof Reference Services on the Library of State Universities in Surabaya
Authors: Dharma Gumelar Satya , Dwi P Andri , Anggraini Dini , Fuadillah Risma , Irlando K. Rona , Rakhma P. Mega , Firda Meyrinda , Setiyawan Agus , Yusna Darista , Islahnia R. Nindhita , Ahmad Gani Aditya , Eko B. Septian
Published: February 2017

Layanan referensi perpustakaan merupakan layanan di perpustakaan yang secara langsung berhubungan dengan pembaca. Layanan referensi bertujuan untuk membantu para pengguna untuk merujuk ke sumber informasi yang dicari untuk kepentingan studi dan riset. Penelitian yang disusun dengan metode pendekatan deskriptif kuantitatif ini disusun dengan tujuan untuk  Untuk mengetahui implementasi layanan berdasarkan koleksi, layanan, sarana dan prasarana serta sumber daya manusia pada layanan referensi yang ada di perpustakaan perguruan tinggi negeri di Surabaya yaitu di perpustakaan Universitas Negeri Surabaya, Universitas Airlangga, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel, Universitas Pembangunan Nasional dan Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember. Selain ingin mengetahui implementasinya tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kendala yang ada pada masing-masing layanan referensi. Responden pada penelitian ini adalah pustakawan referensi perpustakaan perguruan tinggi negeri di Surabaya. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yakni dengan menggunakan cara wawancara dan mengamati obyek penelitian yang berupa layanan referensi di seluruh perpustakaan perguruan tinggi negeri di kota Surabaya. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan pada seluruh perpustakaan perguruan tinggi negeri di Surabaya yaitu sebagian besar dapat dikatakan masih rendah dalam pelayanan memberikan informasi melalui layanan referensi, dimana masih minimnya kegiatan yang diberikan pustakawan kepada pengguna, pengguna belum maksimal dalam memanfaatkan layanan bahkan koleksi pada layanan referensi. Karena pengguna lebih memilih mencari informasi elektronik melalui media online, sehingga berdampak tidak termanfaatkannya koleksi buku di layanan referensi, dimana fenomena tersebut menjadi kendala utama bagi layanan referensi perpustakaan perguruan tinggi negeri di Surabaya saat ini. Solusi yang dapat diambil untuk mengatasi permasalahan yang ada yaitu sebaiknya pihak perpustakaan menambahkan beberapa kegiatan layanan referensi seperti bimbingan pemustaka, bimbingan penelusuran dan juga mengadakan layanan e-referens untuk mengatasi pengguna yang lebih memilih sumber informasi dalam bentuk elektronik dibandingkan bentuk cetak.
Users’ Satisfaction in Using the Central Library of IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin
Authors: Hajiri Muhammad Isra
Published: February 2017

Library as one of the public services attempts to give the users satisfaction, especially in providing the documents and information. Users’ satisfaction is highly dependent on the quality of a product. Library product is the collection and service provided. The study aims to find out the users’ satisfaction toward the collection and the services of UPT of Library Center of IAIN Antasari Banjarmasin. The method used in the study was descriptive with quantitative approach. The sampling used Taro Yamane theory with the precision degree of 10. There were 99 respondents consist of 95 students, 4 lectures and staffs, and 1 person outside university. The result showed that the library users’ satisfaction on the completeness of collection in the central library of IAIN Antasari is in quite satisfied category since the average score is 3.22 which is on the interval scale of 2.62-3.42. Users’ satisfaction on the current collection is 3.25. Therefore, it can be concluded that the users’ satisfaction on the current collection is on the interval scale of 2.62-3.42 which is in the scale of quite satisfied. Library users’ satisfaction on the librarian service is quite satisfied since the average score of the respondent satisfaction is 3.43 which is in the interval scale of 3.43-4.23. The average score of users’ satisfaction on the service facility of the library is 3.53, so it can be concluded that the library users’ satisfaction on the service facility in the central library of IAIN Antasari is on the interval scale of 3.43-4.23 which is quite satisfied. The total average score of library users’ satisfaction on the collection and service in the central library of IAIN Antasari is 3.42 which is in the quite satisfied category.
Intra And Extra-Oral Photograph For Orthodontic Records
Authors: Goenharto Sianiwati
Published: February 2017

Orthodontic diagnosis and treatment plans are determined based of some analyzes that require data derived from direct examination, study models, x-rays and clinical photos. Currently the clinical photos both intra oral and extra oral are easily made. Unfortunately, not all clinicians are willing to make good documentation especially making photos, or making the inadequate ones. The purpose in this paper to reveal how to make good intra and extra-oral photos for orthodontic records as communication features between clinician and patients. Proper documentation is needed especially on orthodontic treatment that requires a relatively long period. There are at least 5 intra-oral photos that should be made: frontal photo, right and left buccal, upper and lower occlusal photos. Extra-oral photos are relatively easier made than intra-oral photos. The important thing is position of the patient and the clinician. Four extra-oral photos are face-frontal with lips relaxed and smiling, profile and 45o profile will provide the maximum information about the face, soft tissues, proportions and esthetic smile. All important details should be recorded. Photos before, during and after treatment can be compared to recognize the changes that have been achieved. Good orthodontic records includes intra and extra-oral photograph taking will minimize the misunderstandings between the dentist and the patients in orthodontic treatment.
Preservation, ancient manuscripts, knowledge management
Authors: Sukaesih Sukaesih , Winoto Yunus , Rusmana Agus , Kurniasih Nuning
Published: February 2017

Garut is one district in West Java province which has the potential of cultural heritage which is very interesting. One of the cultural heritage in Garut which is be the site of ancient manuscripts (manuscripts). Relating to the existence of ancient manuscripts in Garut regency of the many ancient texts only a small portion that has been recorded and stored in the museum, while most have not been registered again and was saved by members of the public. To keep this heritage alive and useful for future generations hence the need for awareness of all members of society and this is one of the efforts in building knowledge management. The main purpose of knowledge management is to encourage sustainability knowledge within an organization or society, so expected that knowledge will not stop the people who have the knowledge, but can be accessed and studied by others who need them. In this research method used is the method mix (mix method) with pengum-gathering techniques of data in the form of questionnaires, interviews, observation and through the study of literature. The results showed that of most members of the community that holds the codex in preserving ancient manuscripts which are still done simply by storing in a clean and dry at certain times to clean dust and dirt on the manuscript. Regarding the awareness of community members who have an ancient manuscript codex to report ownership to the government in general remains low, This is because of concerns that they have ancient manuscripts must be submitted to the government.
Aqueous Ethanol Fruit Extract of Xylopia aethiopica and Xylopic Acid Exhibit Anti-inflammatory Activity Through Inhibition of the Arachidonic Acid Pathway
Authors: Newman Osafo  , Robert P. Biney  , David D. Obiri
Published: February 2017

In the form of a decoction, X. aethiopica is traditionally employed in the treatment of bronchitis, asthma, arthritis and rheumatism in Ghana, Nigeria and Cameroon. This study establishes the inhibitory effect of X. aethiopica and its principal constituent, xylopic acid, on the arachidonic acid pathway of inflammation. Hydrogen sulphide is endogenously produced in mammalian tissues from the enzymatic activity of cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase on L-cysteine. Its involvement in the local and systemic inflammatory process has been documented in animal models. Recent studies have identified its activation of phospholipase A2 as the mechanism involved in its anti-inflammatory role. We henceforth conducted this study to investigate the inhibitory role of X. aethiopica and its principal constituent xylopic acid on hydrogen sulphide-induced inflammation and eventual effect on the activation of phospholipase A2. Sodium hydrogen sulphide (NaHS) was injected into the mouse hind paw and oedema was monitored for 60 min. Paws were examined by the histological method. X. aethiopica extract (30, 100, 300 mg kg-1) suppressed the mean maximal swelling attained at 15 min to 42.58±1.66%, 42.58±1.66% and 34.91±2.39%, respectively compared to the mean inflamed control response of 61.51±3.90%. The total paw swellings induced over the 1 h were also significantly suppressed by 31.82±5.28%, 36.19±6.01%, and 31.65±5.16%, respectively. The xylopic acid (10, 30, 100 mg kg-1) suppressed the mean maximal swelling attained at 15 min to 41.75±1.24%, 40.26±1.68% and 38.26±2.52%, respectively relative to the control response while the total paw swelling was significantly suppressed by 34.08±4.49%, 38.19±4.50% and 43.40±5.09% respectively relative to the inflamed control response. Histologically, there was a significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in cytoplasmic vacuolation, inflammation, cellular degeneration, loss of tissue organisation and necrotic tissues with administration of X. aethiopica extract and xylopic acid in the inflamed paws of the mice. This study establishes that X. aethiopica extract, and xylopic acid mediate their anti-inflammatory actions in part through inhibition of hydrogen sulphide-induced inflammation and subsequently has an inhibitory role on phospholipase A2 activation.
Screening of In Vitro Antidiabetic Activity of Herbal Formulation Meshashringi
Authors: Poshan Kumar Sahu  , Pushpa Prasad  , Amit Roy
Published: February 2017

Diabetes is diagnosis by hyperglycemia due to absolute or relative deficiency of insulin. Today’s lifestyle has been changed and sharp increase in the incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus has been perceived. The antidiabetic drugs reduce the gastrointestinal glucose production and absorption through the inhibition of carbohydrate digesting enzymes such as α- amylase and α-glucosidase. The present study was aimed to investigate in vitro antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Meshashringi formulation using enzyme inhibitory assays. The Meshashringi was evaluated against α-amylase, α-glucosidase and dipeptidyl peptidase-IV (DPP-IV). The Meshashringi revealed 50% inhibitory activity for α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV enzyme at 106.00 μg/ml, 124.91 μg/ml and 160.67 μg/ml, respectively. Consequently, the standard drug Acarbose exhibited 50% inhibitory activity for α-amylase, α-glucosidase and DPP-IV enzyme at 37.80 μg/ml, 65.06 μg/ml and 48.22 μg/ml, respectively. The Meshashringi formulation produces dose dependent antidiabetic activity.
CO2 EOR Simulation in Unconventional Liquid Reservoirs: An Eagle Ford Case Study
Authors: Phi Tuan , Schechter David
Published: February 2017

The purpose of this work is to perform an improved method to optimize different CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) processes in unconventional liquid reservoirs, particularly in the volatile oil region of the Eagle Ford shale. Previous simulation studies of CO2 EOR in the unconventional liquid reservoirs were not done in full field-scale and were not history matched before applying CO2 EOR to the model. Without history matching step, the simulation might generate misleading results in CO2 EOR studies. The dual-porosity, structured grid model in this paper will be history-matched with actual data collected from the field to ensure the results of CO2 EOR study to be meaningful. In addition, we are implementing the simulation in the dual-porosity mode to account for the presence of natural fractures which have been observed on Eagle Ford outcrop.

First, all data will be gathered from public sources. These data include production reports, outcrop map, natural fracture, hydraulic fracture, geology, rock, and fluid. Multiple grid sizes and number of refinements for hydraulic fractures will be tested to ensure the accuracy of the simulation is preserved yet speed up computational time. Several sensitivity analyses will be conducted to investigate which parameters from the matrix system and the natural fracture system would have a significant impact on the incremental oil recovery. These parameters will be adjusted scientifically in the process of history matching to capture the primary depletion. Then, this history-matched model will be used to apply multiple CO2 EOR studies.

The history matched model suggests that matrix porosity in the volatile oil region of Eagle Ford shale might be overestimated in many previous investigations. Also, the sensitivity analyses show that the natural fracture permeability perpendicular to the direction of the horizontal well has a significant impact on oil rates in numerical simulation. Among different CO2 EOR methods tested in this research, huff-n-puff yields the most promising outcome as compared to continuous injection and WAG (Water-alternating-gas) in both oil production and economic performance in the volatile oil region of the Eagle Ford shale. In some circumstances, continuous injection method might yield great utilization efficiency but it contains high possibility of negative incremental oil recovery at the end of EOR practice due to pressure loss during CO2 injection time, incomplete miscible process between CO2 and residual oil, and viscous fingering.
EOR in Tight Reservoirs, Technical and Economical Feasibility
Authors: Joslin K. , Ghedan S. G. , Abraham A. M. , Pathak V.
Published: February 2017

Field experience indicates that primary depletion of tight oil formations, using multistage fractured horizontal wells, commonly recovers only 5 to 10% of OOIP. The impact of various EOR techniques on recovering additional oil from these formations is still not fully understood. This paper investigates the applicability of feasible EOR methods and determines their technical and economic success over the natural depletion process under different well and fracture designs. Additionally, the study investigates the minimum reservoir permeability required for success.

To achieve the objectives, both black oil and compositional simulation models were generated for a Western Canadian tight reservoir containing volatile oil. In addition to primary, the EOR recovery processes that were considered include waterflooding, immiscible-N2 and miscible-CO2 gas flooding. Combinations of these techniques, coupled with the effects of various well and fracture design parameters were technically explored, and economically ranked using a comprehensive economic analysis. Furthermore, the optimal case of each process was subjected to sensitivity on matrix permeability to determine the minimum permeability at which these methods can be applicable.

In the EOR scenarios evaluated, the highest cumulative oil produced was associated with the closest well and fracture spacing, and longest fracture half length. With a larger well spacing (in the order of 400 m), the wells were found to be too far apart to offer any benefit from any EOR technique. Additionally, the capital expenditure of tight-oil projects is high and therefore greatly influences the economic success. Several scenarios yielded similar NPV values, however, the IRR performances and CAPEX requirements helped further evaluate and rank the scenarios.

For the reservoir model used, waterflood was found to be uneconomical at the initial permeability levels investigated (around 0.3 md) and required a minimum permeability threshold (1 mD) to become profitable. The primary recovery mechanisms in waterflooding are pressure maintenance and areal sweep, which were more pronounced in the N 2flood. This was the best recovery technique based on NPV. However, the best recovery technique based on oil recovery was the miscible-CO2 flood. It offered an increase in oil recovery factor from 11% to 23% over the best natural depletion case, which was a result of increased oil mobility by dissolution of CO2. At lower permeability values (down to 0.03 mD) immiscible-N2 flood became the most effective method via pressure maintenance within the drainage area. For even tighter reservoirs (under 0.03mD), natural depletion remained the best option for this reservoir.

This paper provides an elaborate workflow for evaluating and optimizing EOR techniques in tight oil formations through an integrated modeling approach. It helps to identify the most technically and economically proficient techniques under different levels of permeability, well spacing and fracture parameters.
Experimental Study and Modeling of Cryogenic Fracturing Treatment of Synthetic Rock Samples Using Liquid Nitrogen under Tri-Axial Stresses
Authors: Yao B. , Wang L. , Patterson T. , Kneafsey T. J. , Yin X. , Wu Y.
Published: February 2017

Cryogenic fracturing is a waterless stimulation technology that uses cryogenic fluids to fracture unconventional oil and gas reservoirs, which, to date, are rarely investigated and poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the efficacy and feasibility of cryogenic fracturing technology in enhancing the permeability of unconventional reservoir rock analogs. Laboratory cryogenic fracturing experiments and finite difference modeling are integrated to reveal the processes and mechanism of cryogenic fluids on creating fractures in synthetic rock samples.

The 8-inch cubic rock samples were initially prepared by embedding eight tiny thermocouples on their diagonals to the depth of 4 inches, so real-time temperature distribution in the samples can be monitored during the experiments. Confined with true tri-axial stresses, liquid nitrogen was injected into the borehole to crack the synthetic rock samples at low pressure (~15 psi) and reservoir temperature (~85 °C) via a tubing-casing type wellhead. Before and after the liquid nitrogen stimulation, acoustic measurements and pressure decay tests were carried out to evaluate the fracture generation and permeability enhancements of the rock samples. The experimental processes were modeled using TOUGH2-EGS by integrating the Mogi–Coulomb failure criterion into the fracture generation module.

Comparison of pre- and post-stimulation pressure decay curves showed significant permeability enhancements of the synthetic rock samples after liquid nitrogen stimulation. Delay of acoustic signal arrivals measured on rock faces indicated that multiple fractures have been created inside the rock samples. Temperature profiles recorded during the liquid nitrogen stimulation mapped the temperature distribution through the rock samples. Rock properties were measured and input into the modified TOUGH2-EGS model to simulate the experiments, the results from modeling successfully reproduced the experimental results, in terms of temperature profiles, a general fracture morphology, and pressure decay curves.

Cryogenic stimulation is proved to be capable of generating fractures and enhancing the matrix permeability in the near-wellbore area at low injection pressure. The controlling factors in affecting the cryogenic fracturing effect are captured by the modified finite difference model, providing a useful tool for design and predication of field-scale applications.
An Improved Practical Solution for Modeling Single Phase Multi-Fractured Horizontal Well Performance
Authors: Behmanesh H. , Anderson D. M. , Thompson J. M. , Nakaska D. W.
Published: February 2017

Analytical modeling of multi-fractured horizontal well performance can be overly complex and cumbersome due to the use of Laplace space and pseudo-time. State-of-the-art analytical solutions are typically developed using Laplace space, which is not easily understood and often requires numerical inversion. Pseudo-time (for gas reservoirs) is iterative and has demonstrated issues with accuracy, particularly in stress-sensitive reservoirs. In this work, we present a new, practical semi-analytical model which provides a direct time domain solution using the succession of steady-states method without the need for pseudo-time.

The well-reservoir description used in our approach is based on the enhanced fracture region model introduced by Stalgarova and Mattar (2012). It is a composite system consisting of a stimulated (inner) region connected to a fracture and adjacent to an unstimulated (outer) region. Wattenbarger's bounded linear flow solution (1998) is utilized to account for linear flow contributions from both regions, in succession. The proportion of flow through time from the inner and outer regions is determined using a transient productivity index during transient flow and using material balance during boundary-dominated flow.

The accuracy of the model is evaluated by comparing its results to an equivalent numerical model, encompassing a wide variety of tight oil and gas descriptions with varying reservoir properties and operating conditions. For all cases studied, this model achieves either the same consistency with numerical simulation results, in comparison to its Laplace space counterpart. This new model is also more accurate for gas reservoirs with pressure-dependent rock and fluid properties. The associated nonlinearities are handled using a modified productivity index during transient flow, which is a function of the average reservoir pressure within the region of influence. This average pressure is traditionally calculated using a material balance performed over the area of investigation through an iterative procedure. In order to avoid such a procedure, an explicit relationship has been developed which correlates the average reservoir pressure to the initial reservoir pressure and the bottomhole flowing pressure. This new technique provides a simple engineering workflow and an alternative to numerical simulation for modeling complex fracture networks.

To the authors knowledge, this is the first analytical model which does not require an iterative approach to obtain its solution during transient flow. Since it is solved in the time domain (unlike models in Laplace space), it can be more easily implemented in a spreadsheet application. It is also more accurate, requires less calculation effort and can be extended to accommodate additional complexities, such as multiphase flow.
Coupling of Wellbore and Surface Facilities Models with Reservoir Simulation to Optimize Recovery of Liquids from Shale Reservoirs
Authors: Fragoso Alfonso , Trick Mona , Harding Thomas , Selvan Karthik , Aguilera Roberto
Published: February 2017

The objective of this paper is to couple wellbore and surface production facilities models with reservoir simulation for a shale reservoir that contains dry gas, condensate and oil in separate containers. The goal of this integration is to improve liquid recoveries by dry gas injection and gas recycling.

Methods published up to now to investigate possible means of improving recovery from shales have concentrated on laboratory work and the reservoir itself, but have ignored the surface and wellbore production facilities. The coupling of these facilities in the simulation work is critical, particularly in cases involving condensate and oil reservoirs, gas injection and recycling operations. This is so because a change in pressure in the reservoir is reflected almost immediately in a change in pressure in the wellbore and in the surface installations.

The development presented in this paper considers multi-stage hydraulically fractured horizontal wells. Dry gas is injected into zones that contain condensate and oil. Gas stripped from the condensate production is re-injected in the condensate zone in a recycling operation.

The study leads to the conclusion that liquid recoveries can be maximized by utilizing continuous and huff and puff gas injection schemes. In general, huff and puff injection provides better results in terms of production and economics. Molecular diffusion is found to play a crucial role in continuous gas injection operations. Conversely, the effect of this phenomenon is negligible in huff and puff gas injection. This research demonstrates that proper design of wellbore and surface installations, including for example downhole pumps and compressors, is important as they play a critical role in the performance of production and injection operations, and in maximizing recovery of liquids from shale reservoirs.

The novelty of the methodology developed in this paper is the coupling of models that handle surface facilities, wellbores, numerical simulation including oil, condensate and dry gas reservoirs, gas injection and gas-condensate recycling operations. Essentially the shale containers, wellbore and surface facilities are ‘talking’ to each other continuously. To the best of our knowledge this integration for shales has not been published previously in the literature.
Clinical and Hematological Characteristics of Patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia under Present-Day Conditions: Results of the Russian Part of International Multi-Center Prospective EUTOS Population-Based CML Study
Authors: Lazareva Ol'ga Veniaminovna , Turkina A.G. , Chelysheva E.Yu. , Tishchenko I.A. , Galaiko M.A. , Senderova O.M. , Pepelyaeva V.M. , Meresii S.V. , Luchinin A.S. , Milyutina G.I. , Gavrilova L.V. , Avdeeva L.B. , Vinogradova1O O.Yu. , Kulikov S.M.
Published: February 2017

Background. Much attention has been paid to molecule-genetic diagnostics of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and its treatment using new highly effective methods of therapy. The baseline characteristics of patients at primary CML diagnosis are hardly discussed in literature. Aim. To provide clinical, hematological, molecular genetic and demographic characteristics of patients obtained at primary diagnosis of CML. Patients & Methods. Characteristics of CML patients are based on data gathered by the Russian Investigational Group for CML within the international project European Treatment and Outcome Study of CML in Europe (EUTOS, the European Treatment and Outcomes Study). The study included 197 patients with newly diagnosed CML in 6 regions of the Russian Federation (Mordovia, Kirov, Perm (2 sites), Bryansk, Irkutsk, and Chita) over the period from 2009 till 2012. Results. The study demonstrated that 94 % of CML cases were diagnosed in the chronic phase (CP) and 6 % of cases in the acceleration phase (AP) and the blast crisis phase (BC). In 40 % of patients there were no clinical symptoms, and CML was suspected only due to changes in the CBC test. Fatigue was the main subjective complaint presented by 77 % of patients in the CP and 100 % of patients with the AP and BC. Peripheral blood leukocytosis, left shift to immature myeloid cells and increased granulocytic lineage in bone marrow were typical for the patients. In all patients, the CML diagnosis was confirmed by cytogenetic or molecular tests. The social and demographic characteristics of CML patients and comorbidities at diagnosis were analyzed. Conclusion. Based on the results of the study, a modern «portrait of a CML patient» was obtained. The study demonstrated that cytogenetic and molecular methods allow to diagnose CML in most patients at early stages of the disease in the absence of clinical signs of progression. The data on comorbidities require a special attention while choosing a therapy considering its duration. Demographic and social characteristics of CML patients demonstrate that they are socially active, particularly interested in retaining the working capacity and quality of life.
Genetic Markers of Hereditary Thrombophilia and Risk of Thrombotic Complications in Patients with Polycythemia Vera
Authors: Shikhbabaeva Dzhariyat Ismailovna , Polushkina L.B. , Shuvaev V.A. , Martynkevich I.S. , Kapustin S.I. , Zamotina T.B. , Fominykh M.S. , Udal'eva V.U. , Zotova I.I. , Shmeleva V.M. , Smirnova O.A. , Voloshin S.V. , Bessmel'tsev S.S. , Chechetkin A.V. , Abdulkadyrov K.M.
Published: February 2017

Background. Thrombotic complications are one of the main problems of polycythemia vera (PV) treatment. They significantly impair the quality of life of these patients and may lead to the lethal outcome. A thrombotic event often precedes the diagnosis of this hematological disease. The pathogenesis of thrombosis in myeloproliferative neoplasms, PV, in particular, is a complex one. Prescription of antiaggregants in the absence of thrombosis and anticoagulants after a thrombotic event requires special attention and development of corresponding recommendations. The prescription of anticoagulants is impossible without taking into account the risks of hemorrhagic complications, which are also typical for myeloproliferative neoplasms. Aim. Assessment of the impact of hereditary thrombophilia genetic markers on the risk of thrombotic complications in patients with PV. Methods. The study examined 116 patients with PV, who were screened for markers of hereditary thrombophilia: factor V (G1691A, FV Leiden), prothrombin, methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), fibrinogen (F/), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PA/-1), and platelet fibrinogen receptor type ///A (GP///A). The incidence of these markers and their role in thrombosis in such patients was investigated. Results. The study provided data on the incidence of hereditary thrombophilia markers in patients with PV. Statistically significant differences in the incidence of these markers and homocysteine level were found between patients with thrombosis and without them. Conclusion. The information about the hereditary thrombophilia markers presence may be useful for the prescription of adequate antiaggregant and anticoagulant therapy for PV patients. Further research in this field is justified and it will probably demonstrate the relevance of hereditary thrombophilia markers as prognostic factors for thrombotic complications risk assessment.
FACTORS INFLUENCING EMPLOYEES TO COMMIT FRAUD IN WORKPLACE EMPIRICAL STUDY IN INDONESIAN HOSPITALS
Authors: Wicaksono Aditya Pandu , Urumsah Dekar
Published: February 2017

Fraud is a part of unethical behavior, which occurs around the world. It occurs because of some factors. This study aims to analyze the factors influencing fraud intention. This research use survey method by distribute questionnaire to respondent with convenience sampling to collect data. The questionnaires fill completely by 154 non-medical employees in some hospitals in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Smart PLS 2.0 is used to analyze the statistics. The result of the study indicates that organizational commitment and morality leadership have positive effect against fraud intention. Meanwhile, love of money, morality leadership, work environment, religious faith, and organizational culture has negative effect against fraud intention. This research provides the influence of financial and non-financial factors to fraud intention and results can be guideline to protect organization from unethical act.
Socio-psychological determinants for safe drinking water consumption behaviors: a multi-country review
Authors: Lilje Jonathan , Mosler Hans-Joachim
Published: February 2017

The effectiveness of household water treatment practices relies heavily on consumers' compliance. However, what is driving these behaviors from a health psychological perspective is not well understood. A review of studies on safe water collection, treatment, handling and storage practices was conducted to identify important socio-psychological determinants. The objectives are to show which determinants commonly explain safe water consumption practices and how well they do so, and to identify behavior- and population-specific determinants to be targeted in different contexts. The results of the review reveal that all the practices studied can be explained well, with a mean of 62% explained variance between performers and non-performers. Social norms, action knowledge, and perceived self-efficacy were shown to be the most common influential factors for safe water practices. Instrumental beliefs around costs and benefits as well as affective beliefs such as taste are important in a majority of cases but varied more strongly, both for different target behaviors and between specific settings and populations, and are thus to be evaluated from case to case. The review gives clear recommendations on which behavioral factors to address with priority and corresponding behavior change techniques to be made use of in contexts where formative research is not possible.