bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Brain Banking – Bioethical Implications
Authors:   PhD Student, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine Bucharest, Romania, Diaconescu Ioana ,   E-mail: diaconescuioanaa@gmail.com, Hostiuc Sorin ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine Bucharest, Romania, Curca George Cristian ,   Professor, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila Bucharest, Romania; E-mail: cgcurca@yahoo.com
Published: September 2021

"Novel biotechnologies like brain banking pose a challenge in neurodegenerative diseases research, being not only a step towards a better understanding for these diseases, but also from a bioethical point of view. Brain banks collect tissue for research purposes from deceased persons suffering from neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s or Alzheimes’s disease. In order to improve the quality in this research field, confidentiality and a detailed informed consent are aspects that should be emphasized. Moreover, given the fact that the brain collecting takes place during an autopsy, legal aspects also play an important role, hence a legal frame is also needed. The role of the deceased’s family should also be taken into account, especially when and how they can decide if the autopsy can be performed in the first place. The research participant should sign a detailed informed consent that must remain the research basis to which extent the collected data should be disclosed. Finally, only a framework of bioethical and legal norms can improve the quality of brain banking research. A comprehensive perspective for brain banking from obtaining, processing, and storage of brain material to bioethical and legal aspects should increase the scarce sapling of brain banking. "
Pharmacogenomics: Ethical Issues in Data Management
Authors:   “Mina Minovici” Institute of Legal Medicine, Bucharest, Romania, Diaconescu Ioana ,   E-mail: diaconescu_ioana94@yahoo.com, Hostiuc Sorin ,   Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Faculty of Dental Medicine Bucharest, Romania
Published: September 2021

"Pharmacogenomics uses a DNA sequence in order to create a “genetic map” that determines which drugs are the most efficient for a specific disease, in a particular patient. The needed information for developing personalized therapies needs, besides genetic data, various non-genetic factors might interfere with some mechanisms of drug action, and they should also be considered. The assumption that the genetic data is more important than any other type of non-genetic medical information may severely alter the reliability of pharmacogenomics. In order to decrease the risk for non-genetic factors to significantly alter the pharmacogenomics-related therapies, patients need to provide detailed information about them. This, however, is often not specifically sought upon by neither the patient (who sees this information as trivial when the physician interacts directly with her/his genes), nor the physician (who is often a genetics/ pharmacogenetics expert, who tends to see the genetic information as supreme). One of the main targets in data management is privacy. A lot of effort is needed to keep the data anonymous and creating a detailed informed consent to determine the patient to acknowledge the risks and the benefits of pharmacogenomics. However, proper management of data also includes obtaining all the relevant information to maximize beneficence, this being especially important in frontier techniques, such as pharmacogenomics. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main ethical issues in data management in pharmacogenomics, with an emphasis on the way the physician-patient relationship should be developed to maximize relevant data extraction and optimize its management. "
Fear of Death in Medical Students 1998-2019
Authors:   MD PhD, Institut Borja Bioetica-URL, Barcelona, Spain, Esquerda Montserrat ,   E-mail: mesquerda@ibb.url.edu, Parra Ana Isabel ,   Universitat de Lleida, Spain, Agustí Anna M. ,   Universitat de Lleida, Spain, Pifarre Josep ,   Universitat de Lleida, Spain
Published: September 2021

"Medical students are close in their daily work with the world of suffering and death, living with pain and loss, without having received in general any regulated preparation to face it. This lack of training is associated with a sociocultural context that avoids speaking or approaching death, making it difficult for the medical student and the professionals themselves to develop the concept of death, adequate coping strategies, talking about complex decision-making at the end of life, acceptance of limitations or more generally to palliative medicine. This fear of death can hinder ethical decision-making and end-of-life conversations. The aim of the study is to assess fear of death in a sample of medical students, from 1998 to 2019, the relationship between fear of death and age, gender, course, beliefs or experiences of death and assess the evolution of death during these 20 years. Method The study included 756 medical students, from the courses between 1998 and 2019, who were given Collet-Lester revised Scale of Fear of Death and a questionnaire of sociodemographic and biographical variables. Results The analysis of the variables surveyed indicates that medical students present an intermediate level of fear of death and the process of dying. Fear of death has increased in these decades; it also increases during medical courses. Conclusions With the results obtained, medical schools should include a more oriented a specific approach in death and suffering that allows the medical student to obtain greater knowledge and be trained in accompanying death and talking about death. "
Claims of Medical Malpractice in the Age of Information Technology
Authors:   Assistant professor, ", Hanganu Bianca ,   Grigore T. Popa",   University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania,   E-mail: bianca-hanganu@umfiasi.ro, Manoilescu Irina Smaranda ,   Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania, Ioan Beatrice Gabriela ,   Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Iasi, Romania
Published: September 2021

"Introduction. Medical practice is almost constantly bending to new technologies, and in recent years, the health care system has been increasingly dominated by advances in information technology. Its use offers many advantages, but it also has its own risks. Material and method. The authors conducted a literature review to see to what extent the accessibility and effective use of information technology, i.e. electronic health records (EHR) influence risk of malpractice. Results. The literature refers both to how EHR use can prevent malpractice claims, and how it can increase their number. Thus, EHR can prevent medical errors and associated complaints by: instant access to complete patient information (including laboratory and imaging results); improving communication between medical team members; reducing drug errors (e.g. drug interactions, allergic reactions); prompt request for further investigations. However, the misuse of EHR can create new problems: inadequate training with errors from implementation and accommodation; automatic or unexpected deletion of the recommended medication; the temptation to use the information obtained previously and the circumvention of the stage of obtaining a new medical history or the temptation to copy and paste the information from the previous consultations to the current consultation - which will lead to the perpetuation of errors and omissions from the previous consultations; increased risk of privacy and confidentiality breach. Likewise, certain facilities that these systems allow may be ambivalent, and may both reduce or increase the risk of complaints, depending on how they are used: communication between doctor and patient through messages, including updating prescriptions and reporting symptoms that require prompt evaluation but at the same time, delay in response may dissatisfy the patient. Conclusions. The implementation of EHR brings many advantages, both for the patient and for the medical staff in terms of accessing information, facilitating communication and carrying out treatment plans, but the medical staff must be constantly aware of the risks involved, especially related to their proper use. "
Addressing The Evidence Gap in Medication for Pregnant Women: The Need for More Solidarity?
Authors:   PhD student, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands, Hollestelle Marieke ,   E-mail: m.j.hollestelle-2@umcutrecht.nl, van der Graaf Rieke ,   University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands, Sturkenboom Miriam ,   University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands, van Delden Hans ,   University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
Published: September 2021

"Although the inclusion of pregnant women in clinical research has been widely promoted over the last decade, there is still a lack of evidence-based knowledge concerning risk and efficacy of medications used for obstetric and non-obstetric illnesses. It has been argued that solidarity is of key importance in changing the status quo for the group of rare disease patients, for whom, just like pregnant women, a poor evidence-base exists regarding treatments. Therefore, we explore the potential role of solidarity in changing the status quo in the field of pregnant women. By way of an in-depth analysis of the concept of solidarity developed by Barbara Prainsack and Alena Buyx, we assess the role of solidarity in the group of rare disease patients and apply the conditions for solidarity to the group of pregnant women. From this analysis, we derive three lessons for the group of pregnant women: 1) being able to self-organize can have a significant effect on the ability to demand change, 2) organizing and action can be triggered by commonalities, such as shared experiences 3) enabling change involves enacted commitments to accept a cost to assist others with whom one recognizes a similarity in a relevant respect. In this presentation, we argue that an active involvement of pregnant women described as an act of solidarity should be stimulated. With that, engagement and solidarity from other stakeholders involved are necessary to raise awareness about the shared experiences of pregnant women and to realize the infrastructure for active involvement. "
Medicalisation and the Treatment-Enhancement Distinction in the Ethical Debate on Gene Editing
Authors:   DPhil (PhD) Candidate, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, Johnson Tess ,   E-mail: tess.johnson@philosophy.ox.ac.uk
Published: September 2021

"Since the advent of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology, much bioethical effort has been devoted to prescribing the appropriate potential uses of gene editing in humans. Frequently in the literature, a normative distinction is drawn between “treatment” and “enhancement”. That is, gene editing may be morally acceptable or even morally required if used to cure a disease or genetic condition. For enhancement, however, it is morally unacceptable, having too weak a justification for the risks involved. In the context of this new technology, we all thus become vulnerable to a bias: medicalisation. There are clear non-medical benefits, as I show here, of using gene editing not for treatment, but for enhancement. Many individuals and governments will wish to pursue these benefits, but if we are ethically constrained by the current perceived force of the treatment-enhancement distinction, we may be prevented from legitimately doing so. We are faced with two options: firstly, to reject the distinction presented by many ethicists, and pursue gene editing for both treatment and enhancement purposes; secondly, to expand medical definitions and the scope of health care, to include the sort of benefits that we might wish were included under “treatment”. The first option, I argue, is to be preferred, but at least currently, faces much public resistance. Instead, we risk the second option becoming the norm, with the medicalisation of scores of non-medical characteristics drawing resources, causing anxiety, and burdening health care systems, because of stubborn adherence to an arbitrary distinction in the gene editing debate. "
Ethical Quarantine in the Globalized Age
Authors:   PhD, Kyoto University, Japan, Kodama Satoshi ,   E-mail: kodama.satoshi.4v@kyoto-u.ac.jp, Tanaka Miho ,   Japan Medical Association Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
Published: September 2021

"The outbreak of a new coronavirus disease (later named COVID-19) was first reported in China, and it then spread to other countries, including Asia and Europe. In a bid to contain the further spread of the disease, several government resorted to large-scale quarantine, notably in the city of Wuhan in China (more than 11 million people), a cruise ship of Yokohama in Japan (around 3,600 people), and several towns in Northern Italy (about 50,000 people altogether). While the WHO praised China for its attempt to stop the spread of the virus by quarantine, there were also many criticisms of such quarantine as it involved putting severe limitations on the liberties of individuals inside the cordon. In this presentation, we would like to enquire which conditions need to be met for the quarantine to be ethically justified. First, we will briefly discuss the definition of quarantine and similar terms, such as isolation and social distancing. Second, we will tease out the criteria for ethical quarantine by critically examining the literature on the ethics of quarantine, most of which are based on the experience of SARS and Ebola. Third and the last, we will put these criteria to test by applying them to the examples mentioned above of quarantine in China, Japan, and Italy. This kind of exercise is necessary for us to prepare for the next emergence of new infectious diseases. "
Shifting Responsibilitiesin Medicine 4.0 – A Project Report
Authors:   Master of Arts, Universität Bayreuth, Germany, Lindinger Georg ,   E-mail: georg.lindinger@uni-bayreuth.de, Schmietow Bettina ,   Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Germany
Published: September 2021

"In this contribution, we anticipate the results of the research project “Medicine 4.0 – the ethical basis of digitalization in healthcare” funded by the German Ministry of Health, which investigated the ethically relevant effects of digitalized medicine using mobile health (mhealth) and telemedicine as prime examples, with the final aim of deriving policy-relevant overarching recommendations. In an iterative interdisciplinary approach, we linked social science research with analytic research on the ethically relevant effects of these technologies, including on the doctor-patient relationship, the relationship between responsibility and solidarity in healthcare and on the autonomy of the individual. In both the ethical and social science research, a key focus concerned the identification and analysis of an apparent diversity of stakeholder values and perspectives. In mobile or mhealth, which we concentrate on for this presentation, technology developers, insurances, physicians and public health professionals as well as ‘patient-consumers’ need to be looked at and involved. Their outlook in turn may converge, but also be in tension or collide, e.g. regarding conditions for data access and use, liability in case of malfunction or misuse and the overall question of responsibilities in a context of shifting roles and role anticipations. The research combines ethical insight and expert stakeholder perspectives on the most pressing issues in this fast-moving field. Further, traditional issues such as informed consent, confidentiality and the role of individual autonomy, are in part redefined with the emerging role of automated or algorithmic decision-making. "
Ethics, Data and Information in Genome Sequencing in Newborns
Authors:   Professor, Campus Docent Sant Joan de Deu and Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, E-mail: dlorenzo@santjoandedeu.edu.es, Lorenzo David , Esquerda Montserrat ,   Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, Bofarull Margarita ,   Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, Palau Francesc ,   Saint John of God Hospital and Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, Ordoñez Jose Javier ,   Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, Cusi Victoria ,   Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, Cambra Francisco J. ,   Saint John of God Hospital and Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, Illa Marc ,   Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain, Carrera Joan ,   Borja Institute of Bioethics, Barcelona, Spain
Published: September 2021

"One of the current debates in Genetics is the genomic sequencing in newborns. Thanks to the genomic technologies, it is currently possible to detect diseases that a newborn may suffer in the short, medium or long term. Genomic tests pose some important ethical issues. Those issues can be classified in three different types: those regarding the object of the screening (genes that must be analyzed), those related to the information (how it must be managed) and those regarding justice questions (economic costs, population to be included in some screening programs). This study is based on a previous study whose aim was to present a general view of those three ethical problems. This study aims to focus on one of these three problems: the information. We think that how to manage the information on the results of a genomic sequencing in newborns is perhaps the most important ethical issue in this topic. Hence this work aims to address these questions regarding information on genomic sequencing: How the genomic screening has to be explained to the parents in order to get the informed consent? Should the physician give them all the data or only the information related to some genes about which he is sure that they will cause a disease? How the genomic information has to be managed? Can we keep this information once we have finished the screening of a newborn? Should we destroy it after the screening? Is it ethical that parents, without a prescription or medical control, can do on their own a genomic screening on their newborn child? "
Reading the Minds of Young People for Their Own Good – The Ethics of Digital Phenotyping for Mental Health in Schools
Authors:   Postdoctoral Researcher, University of Oxford, United Kingdom, Lyreskog David M. ,   E-mail: david.lyreskog@psych.ox.ac.uk, Pavarini Gabriela ,   University of Oxford, United Kingdom, Jacobs Edward ,   University of Oxford, United Kingdom, Bennett Vanessa ,   University of Oxford, United Kingdom, Singh Ilina ,   University of Oxford, United Kingdom
Published: September 2021

"Across the globe the phenomenon of digital phenotyping – the collection and analysis of digital data for mental health – is growing increasingly popular within the education sector. Schools enter collaborations with health care providers, often with the aim to support young people and to reduce the risk for severe mental health challenges, self-harm, and suicide. In developing technologies for these purposes, algorithms and artificial intelligence (broadly construed) could be utilized to provide as rich and accurate data as possible. The data can then be used to flag up at-risk individuals within the system. Despite the increasing interest in digital mental health tools in many educational systems, there has been remarkably little written about the ethical issues that accompany the emergence of digital phenotyping. Arguably more alarming is that almost no research has been conducted on the acceptability and ethics of these technologies in stakeholder populations: we have not asked young people about their values in this context. In this paper, we present results from a large quantitative study from the UK, showing what young people value and choose in scenarios involving digital phenotyping in schools. We highlight clear discrepancies between what young people value – and how they conceptualize those values – and how the literature describes the ethical implications of related technologies in schools. We argue that policymakers and ethicists urgently need to learn to recognize and respect the moral boundaries of young people. "
Right to Try and Physician Assisted Suicide: Similar or Different?
Authors:   ", Martani Andrea ,   PhD Student, Institute for Biomedical Ethics - University of Basel, Switzerland,   E-mail: andrea.martani@unibas.ch "
Published: September 2021

"In the last few years, the debate whether terminally ill patients should have access to experimental treatments without governmental supervision has intensified. The so-called “Right-to-Try” (RTT) doctrine has become popular especially in the United States, where the federal parliament passed a bill allowing such practices. As many other policies concerning patients’ autonomy in end-of-life circumstances, the appropriateness of RTT has often been challenged. In this context, some authors recently put forward the argument that states where it is allowed to request physician assisted suicide (PAS) should also necessarily recognize a RTT. In the authors’ own words: “if states can give a terminally ill patient the right to die using medications with 100% probability of being unsafe and ineffective against his/her disease [i.e. the substances used for PAS], they should also be able to grant terminally ill patients a right to try medications with less than 100% probability of being unsafe and ineffective [i.e. ET]”. In this contribution, I will question this argument by underlying three flaws in the authors’ comparison of RTT and PAS. First, there is a fundamental distinction in the nature of the choices between the two situations concerning the (un)certainty of their outcomes. Second, the number of actors (and their potential conflicting interests) involved in these two situations is different. Third, the authors’ understanding of the object of patients’ rights in PAS is partially incorrect. I will conclude by arguing that, although reasons might exist to support RTT, such comparison with PAS is not one of them. "
From Acute Events to Chronic Disease Conditions: An Integrated Model for Ethics Consultation Along the Continuum of Care
Authors:   Ph.D., Center for Clinical Ethics, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Insubria University, Varese, Italy, Nicoli Federico ,   Clinical Ethics Service, Domus Salutis Clinic, Teresa Camplani Foundation, Brescia, Italy E-mail: federico.nicoli82@gmail.com, Grossi Alessandra Agnese ,   Center for Clinical Ethics, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Insubria University, Varese, Italy, Testa Jacopo ,   Center for Clinical Ethics, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Insubria University, Varese, Italy; Infectious Diseases Unit, Busto Arsizio Hospital, ASST-Valleolona, Busto Arsizio, Varese, Italy, Gasparetto Alessandra ,   Center for Clinical Ethics, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Insubria University, Varese, Italy, Picozzi Mario ,   Center for Clinical Ethics, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Insubria University, Varese, Italy
Published: September 2021

"The Ethics Consultant (EC), where present, is called on to offer a resolution to ethical dilemmas at different times over the course of treatment. However, it is not yet clear under which particular circumstances the intervention of the EC should be requested when chronic diseases occur following an acute event. As part of the treatment of these evolutionary chronic conditions, the pathway is often complex and may involve multiple actors (i.e. departments, hospitals, and others). The role of the EC is often limited to a single department and to an isolated event. Therefore, there is frequently no possibility to take into consideration all of the options inherent to the entire continuum of care and of their consequences for the patient. From intensive care units, rehabilitation wards, long-term hospitalization, through to palliative care, the pathway presents important ethical-clinical questions for the patient, for the healthcare team, and for family members. For these reasons, our objective is to develop a model of consultation integrating the EC along the continuum of care. By analyzing a series of cases, we developed an integrated model of consultation allowing the EC to intervene at different subsequent stages of the process. Our findings suggest that this model is an effective means to allow the EC to provide support in relation to single events but also to coherently pursue – within a collaborative setting across different departments – a specific course of treatment which is respectful of clinical indications and of patients’ and caregivers’ preferences along the whole pathway. "
Covid-19, Media Reporting, and the Role of Bioethicists
Authors:   Center for Clinical Ethics, Biotechnology and Life Sciences Department, Insubria University, Varese, Italy, Nicoli Federico ,   Clinical Ethics Service, Domus Salutis Clinic, Teresa Camplani Foundation, Brescia, Italy,   E-mail: federico.nicoli82@gmail.com, Cummins Paul J. ,   Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA, Raho Joseph A. ,   UCLA Health Ethics Center, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, USA
Published: September 2021

"In the aftermath of the 2014 Ebola outbreak, media coverage was scrutinized for sensationalism, weakness in explaining scientific uncertainty, dehumanization of patients, and lack of contextualization. The current COVID-19 crisis presents an opportunity to assess whether the media learned its lesson. Results are mixed. Early reporting on the origin of COVID-19 in “wet markets” indicates that the media continues to do poorly with contextualization. On the other hand, stories on mortality and the infectiousness of COVID-19 indicate there has been improvement. The situation remains fluid as COVID-19 threatens to transform into a pandemic at the time of submission. Data from new countries may alter the reported rates of lethality and infectiousness, and media reporting on these changes may or may not be responsible. The explosion of social media, as a medium to promote reporting, could provide bioethicists a tool to direct the public to reliable stories and criticize inaccurate ones. Using a bioethics perspective, this poster will critically evaluate the quality of U.S. and Italian news media’s reporting on the evolving scientific understanding of COVID-19 and its contextualization. The presentation will employ QR technology to provide links to media coverage of COVID-19 from the U.S. and Italian news media. After critically appraising the quality of COVID-19 reporting, this poster will consider if bioethicists: 1) should provide comment to the media on pandemics; 2) should correct reporting for the public and 3) have a duty to publicly criticize sensationalism in the media. "
Ethical Challenges in Mandatory Vaccination Against Covid-19
Authors:   ", Radenkovic Miroslav ,   MD, PhD, Professor, Clinical Pharmacology Specialist and Subspecialist Bioethics MS, Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia E-mail: miroslav.radenkovic@med.bg.ac.rs "
Published: September 2021

"The current COVID-19 pandemic creates unique and unmatched challenges to healthcare system worldwide. For vulnerable hosts such as immunodeficient individuals, older people, and those with additional comorbidities, SARS-CoV-2 infection primary raises high risk of death outcome. The population should be protected from the further distribution of SARS-CoV-2 through contact distancing, the using of protective masks and other hygiene measures, but also through vaccination, since vaccinations are one of the most important primary prevention tools. Therefore, vaccine is anticipated to protect the vaccinated person from severe disease if infected by the specific pathogen the vaccine was targeted against. On 11th March 2020 the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID-19 as pandemic, yet in 2019, the vaccine hesitancy was named by the WHO as one of the top 10 threats to global health. Acceptance of the vaccine is critical to its success and with the rise of the anti-vaxxer movement; continuous increasing public awareness is needed without any delay. Mandatory vaccination, including for COVID-19, could be ethically justified if the threat to public health is serious, the confidence in efficacy and safety is high, the anticipated utility of mandatory vaccination is superior to the alternatives, but also if the penalties or charges for non-compliance are balanced. Besides, one can argue that vaccination isn’t just an individual preference, namely vaccination protects those who can’t be vaccinated. So, although vaccine mandates for adults may be legal, so far they have been applied restrictively to select groups, such as health care providers, but also in businesses that require in-person attendance, education-related sectors, or in long-distance travel businesses, rather widely enforced. As for the vaccination hesitancy, the results of majority of studies indicated vaccine safety, efficacy, protection duration, and potential side effects as the most important reasons for COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy. Apart from vaccine-specific concerns, reasons for vaccine hesitancy also included a need for more information, antivaccine attitudes or beliefs, and a lack of trust. Taking into account the need to keep the world population over the herd immunity threshold, a continuous action is going to be expected from public health authorities to maintain trust and reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. "
Informed Consent in Dentistry – When, Why and How
Authors:   Dept. of Pharmacology in Dentistry, School of Dental medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia, Roganović Jelena
Published: September 2021

"For dentists, as well as for other health care practitioners, it is mandatory to obtain informed consent from their patients, implying that a dialog has taken place and that patients understand the risks, benefits and alternatives to rendered treatments. Having in mind that majority of dental procedures are surgical in nature, leading to irreversible change to orofacial tissues and with the risk of unwanted side effects, well-documented informed consent process needs to be a basic norm in the dental practice. Clinical experience suggests that verbal discussion along with providing informed consent forms may not be enough and that patients response and understanding may improve by adding adjunctive materials like brochures or videos related to planned procedures. Many companies for implants and dental materials supply dental offices with the brochures and pamphlets, mostly for marketing purposes. Therefore, the use of these materials must be used with caution while objectively discussing other reasonable options. With the increasingly growing phenomenon of dental tourism, an important dentist-patient relationship ethical issues arise. Namely, issues regarding patient autonomy over practitioner choice, patient safety, and optimal care are under constant reconsideration while informed consent has to specify circumstances underlying treatment plan and posttreatment care. Currently, there is a paucity of information regarding informed consent in dentistry, and vital ethical issues associated with recent developments in dental practice need to be addressed in the near future. "
Derecho a la comunicación, periodismo e interés público: de la OC-5/85 a los problemas éticos actuales
Authors: Hessling Herrera Franco David
Published: September 2021

El presente artículo hace un recorrido por los orígenes de la libertad de expresión, su consagración como derecho humano y su vínculo con el derecho a la comunicación. A partir de ello se toman las interpretaciones de la doctrina del SIDH, signadas por la OC-5/85 de la Corte IDH, para hacer una triangulación analítica entre libertad de expresión, periodismo e interés público, a la luz de los flujos comunicacionales contemporáneos. En función de ese análisis se arriba a la conclusión de que se hace imprescindible una actualización doctrinaria en el SIDH, tanto como una reformulación de los deberes y coberturas jurídicas que circundan al ejercicio periodístico.
Know your campus: salient research potential of prostigmatic soil mite fauna (Acariformes: Prostigmata, Endeostigmata) within university campus area
Authors: Laniecki Ronald , Kaźmierski Andrzej , Mąkol Joanna , Laniecka Izabella , Magowski Wojciech
Published: September 2021

The study provides the list of soil mites from suborder Prostigmata in selected habitats of Morasko Campus of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań. Representatives of 21 families belonging to 58 genera and 139 species were found in 20 collected samples. One family, 11 genera and 26 species are new to the fauna of Poland and two species new to the fauna of Europe.
Biomechanical evaluation of two dorsal and two ventral stabilization techniques for atlantoaxial joint instability in toy-breed dogs
Authors: Progin Alexia , Voumard Benjamin , Friker Brian , Forterre Franck
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVE

To compare the biomechanical properties of atlantoaxial joints (AAJs) in canine vertebral column specimens stabilized with 4 techniques (dorsal wire, modified dorsal clamp, ventral transarticular pin, and augmented ventral transarticular pin fixation) after transection of the AAJ ligaments.

Sample

13 skull and cranial vertebral column segments from 13 cadaveric toy-breed dogs.

PROCEDURES

Vertebral column segments from the middle aspect of the skull to C5 were harvested and prepared; AAJ ligament and joint capsule integrity was preserved. The atlantooccipital joint and C2 to C5 vertebral column segments were fixed with 2 transarticular Kirschner wires each. The occipital bone and caudalmost aspect of each specimen were embedded in polymethylmethacrylate. Range of motion of the AAJ under shear loading conditions up to 15 N was determined for each specimen during the third of 3 loading cycles with intact ligaments, after ligament transection, and after stabilization with each technique in random order. For each specimen, a load-to-failure test was performed with the fixation type tested last.

RESULTS

All stabilization techniques except for dorsal clamp fixation were associated with significantly decreased AAJ range of motion, compared with results when ligaments were intact or transected. The AAJs with dorsal wire, ventral transarticular pin, and augmented ventral transarticular pin fixations had similar biomechanical properties.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

Dorsal wire, ventral transarticular pin, and augmented ventral transarticular pin fixation increased rigidity, compared with results for AAJs with intact ligaments and for AAJs with experimentally created instability. Additional studies are needed to assess long-term stability of AAJs stabilized with these techniques.
Comparison of urine fibrinogen and interleukin-6 concentrations between healthy dogs and dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria
Authors: Lepold Adam M. , Tesfamichael Dahlia H. , Hartmann Faye A. , Wiley Claire A. , Wood Michael W.
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVE

To compare urine concentrations of fibrinogen (uFIB) and interleukin-6 (uIL-6) between dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria and healthy dogs.

SAMPLE

Banked urine samples with negative aerobic culture results from 8 dogs with urolithiasis, 9 dogs with anatomic abnormalities of the lower portion of the urinary tract (LUT), 10 dogs with LUT neoplasia, and 21 healthy control dogs.

PROCEDURES

Urine creatinine concentration (uCrea) was determined by an automated biochemical analyzer, and uFIB and uIL-6 were determined by dog-specific ELISAs. The uFIB:uCrea and uIL-6:uCrea ratios were calculated for each sample to normalize intersample differences in urine concentration and were compared among the 4 experimental groups.

RESULTS

Median uFIB:uCrea ratios for dogs with urolithiasis (0.72; interquartile [25th to 75 percentile] range [IQR], 0.46 to 3.48) and LUT neoplasia (6.16; IQR, 3.89 to 12.75), but not for dogs with LUT anatomic abnormalities (0.48; IQR, 0.27 to 0.69), were significantly greater than that for control dogs (0.17; IQR, 0.07 to 0.39). Median uIL-6:uCrea ratios for dogs with urolithiasis (0.48; IQR, 0.18 to 1.61), LUT anatomic abnormalities (0.25; IQR, 0.17 to 0.33), and LUT neoplasia (0.25; IQR, 0.12 to 1.01) were significantly greater than that for control dogs (0.08; IQR, 0.06 to 0.11).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE

The uFIB and uIL-6 in dogs with risk factors for enterococcal bacteriuria were generally greater than corresponding values in control dogs. Further investigation is necessary to determine the role of fibrinogen in enterococcal colonization of the urinary tract of dogs.
Financialization and Welfare Surveillance: Regulating the Poor in Technological Times
Authors: Bielefeld Shelley , Harb Jenna , Henne Kathryn
Published: September 2021

In light of concerns that the technologies employed by the digital welfare state exacerbate inequality and oppression, this article considers contemporary shifts in the administration of social assistance. Specifically, it examines the surveillance of recipients of government income support focusing on marginalized peoples in two jurisdictions: social security recipients subject to the Cashless Debit Card (CDC) in Australia, many of whom are Indigenous, and persons under the purview of the Lebanon One Unified Inter-Organizational System for E-Cards (LOUISE) in Lebanon, many of whom are Syrian refugees. Taken together, the cases illuminate embedded ideologies and adverse experiences associated with the financialization of social assistance and the digitization of cash. Through a dual case study approach, this analysis draws out patterns as well as contextual distinctions to illustrate how technological changes reflect financialization trends and attempt neoliberal assimilation of social welfare recipients through intensive surveillance, albeit with disparate outcomes. After considering how these dynamics play out in each case, the article concludes by reflecting on the contradictions that emerge in relation to the promises of empowerment and individual responsibility through financialized logics and technologies.
МЕТОДИ ПЕРЕКЛАДУ ПІД ЧАС ВІДТВОРЕННЯ РОЗМОВНОЇ ЛЕКСИКИ ГЕРОЇВ АНГЛОМОВНИХ КІНОФІЛЬМІВ: ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ
Authors: ДОЛЖАНСЬКА Ольга , КУЛИНА Ольга
Published: September 2021

Кіномистецтво сьогодні є чи не найпопулярнішим видом мис- тецтва, а завдяки сучасним технічним досягненням ми маємо змогу дивитися фільми режисерів із різних країн. Тому проблема перекладу кінофільмів є завжди актуальною, адже кінопродукція, яка надходить до нашої країни, повинна отримати свого глядача. Оскільки більшість імпортних фільмів в українському кінопрокаті становить голлівудська продукція, їх переклад здійснюють пере- важно з англійської мови. У нашому дослідженні розглянуто особливості мов- но-структурної реалізації розмовного мовлення в англомовних кінострічках. Досліджено способи і засоби передавання елементів розмовного компонента в українському перекладі у фільмах «Джуманджі 2. Новий рівень» та «Дедпул 2». Розглянуто питання наявності українського відповідника англійській розмовній одиниці та адекватності її перекладу. Визначено лінгвістичний чинник, який впливає на межі перекладу, а саме: відмінність систем національних мов, що призводить до певних відмінностей між перекладеним текстом та оригіналом. Визначено вісім видів методу перекладу, а саме: дослівний, буквальний точний, семантичний, переклад-адаптація, комунікативний, вільний, ідіома- тичний. Досліджено класифікацію методів перекладу та визначено їхні риси та особливості. Здійснено статистичний аналіз та виявлено методи перекладу, якими найчастіше користується українська студія кінодубляжу. За результатами проведеного аналізу визначено, що під час перекладу розмовної лексики у фільмах перекладач намагався використати вільний, адап- таційний та ідіоматичний методи. Установлено, що стилістична обробка й адаптація кінотексту мають відбуватися з урахуванням реалій та традицій країни, мовою якою здійс- нено переклад. Визначено, що вид перекладу цілком залежить від технічних та фінансових можливостей як замовника, так і бюро перекладу, однак най- більш прийнятним для глядача вважається дублювання. При цьому перспек- тиву дослідження становить вивчення операційних навичок субтитрування, дубляжу та синхронного закадрового перекладу.
ШЕВЧЕНКОВА ПОЕЗІЯ В ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ ВАСИЛЯ ЩУРАТА
Authors: КАЛИНЧУК Алла
Published: September 2021

Сьогодні здобутки Василя Щурата (1871–1948) вивчено фрагментарно, а його праці про Шевченкову творчість досі залишаються належно не поціновані. Актуальність дослідження – необхідність усебічного осмислення вченим поезії митця, засвідчення його зв’язку з культурно-історич- ною школою вітчизняної науки. Мета роботи – дослідити рецепцію конкрет- них Шевченкових творів В. Щуратом. Реалізація поставленої мети передбачає використання у статті історико-порівняльного та філологічного методів. Новизна розвідки полягає у літературознавчому аналізі праць В. Щурата, який спробував інтерпретувати тематику і проблематику, мотивну, сюжетну й образну структуру окремих поезій митця та долучитися до наукового вивчення творів, започаткованого критиками в кінці ХІХ – на початку ХХ ст. Окрес- лено ґрунтовний розгляд ученим поем «Гайдамаки», «Тарасова ніч», «Іван Під- кова», що формували основи історіософської думки Шевченка. Наголошено, що докладне вивчення послань «Гоголю» й «І мертвим, і живим…» наштовх- нуло критика на оригінальне й нове їх прочитання. З’ясовано, що в контек- сті розгрому російською владою Кирило-Мефодіївського братства науковець обговорив поезії «Чернець» й «У Бога за дверми лежала сокира…» та спробу- вав розкрити творчий і психологічний стан Шевченка після арешту 1847 р. і під час заслання. Проаналізовано Щуратову класифікацію конкретних засо- бів інтертекстуальності в «Давидових псалмах» і «Подражаніях». Установ- лено, що дослідник вивчив ґенезу поезій «Подражаніє Едуарду Сові» та «Ой діброво – темний гаю!..», вказавши на їх прототексти. Уважаємо, що студії Василя Щурата розширювали горизонти опрацьовування поезій митця в пер- шій третині ХХ ст. і цілком вписуються в сучасне академічне шевченкознав- ство. У майбутньому результати дослідження будуть використані під час підготовки монографії про новітні напрями та проблеми розвитку науки про Шевченка в першій третині ХХ ст.
АНГЛОМОВНА КОМП’ЮТЕРНА ЛЕКСИКА У СТРУКТУРІ ПРОФЕСІЙНОГО ФРАНКОМОВНОГО КОМП’ЮТЕРНОГО ДИСКУРСУ
Authors: КОСОВИЧ Ольга , СОКОЛ Мар’яна
Published: September 2021

У статті йдеться про специфіку функціонування англізмів у франкомовному професійному комп’ютерному дискурсі з погляду тематичного підходу до явища комп’ютерного дискурсу. Матеріалом послужили науково-по- пулярні статті комп’ютерної тематики, опубліковані на франкомовних Інтер- нет-сайтах. Установлено, що англізми в структурі розглянутих статей, окрім функції номінації, можуть також виконувати різні експресивно-оцінні функції. Це можна пояснити тим, що інформування читачів про новинки комп’ютерної техніки й технологій тут часто поєднане з аналітичним оглядом наявних на ринку продуктів, доповнене авторськими рекомендаціями. Автори зазначають, що, крім номінації професійних понять, англомовні запозичення активно вико- ристовують в експресивних цілях, включають у реалізацію низку авторських інтенцій: привернути увагу читача, підвищити інформаційну насиченість кон- тексту, підкреслити якісні характеристики продукту й передати ставлення автора до описуваного продукту, актуалізувати асоціативний зв’язок пред- ставленого в статті продукту з англомовною культурою. У статті розглянуто функціональний аспект англомовної комп’ютерної лексики у структурі професійного франкомовного комп’ютерного дискурсу. В умовах сучасної антропоцентричної парадигми лінгвістичних досліджень зацікавлення викликають питання, пов’язані з роллю англізмів у підвищенні ефективності професійної комунікації, у реалізації авторських інтенцій, у під- вищенні семантичної ємності й компресії тексту. Автори наголошують на тому, що, незважаючи на той факт, що англізми комп’ютерної сфери у фран- цузькій мові вже піддавалися лінгвістичному опису, однак важливо продовжу- вати їх вивчення на свіжому матеріалі для отримання об’єктивних відомо- стей про їхню роль і динаміку функціонування у мові-рецепієнті з урахуванням специфіки різних за функційно-стильовою належністю текстів.
ДИСФЕМІЗМИ ЯК ЛЕКСИЧНІ ЗАСОБИ ВИРАЗНОСТІ МОВИ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ СУЧАСНОГО МОЛОДІЖНОГО АНГЛОМОВНОГО РОМАНУ)
Authors: КУЛЬЧИЦЬКА Олена
Published: September 2021

Статтю присвячено проблематиці дисфемізмів як засобів виразності мови в сучасному молодіжному англомовному романі The Host (С. Майєр), а також їх ідентифікації та класифікації в системі мови. Дисфе- мізми розглянуто з урахуванням як лінгвістичних (семантичних і прагматич- них), так і екстралінгвістичних чинників з увагою на психологічну та соціальну характеристику мовців. Авторка поділяє традиційне визначення дисфемізмів як слів чи виразів, протилежних за функціями до евфемізмів, свідоме викори- стання грубих, вульгарних, стилістично знижених, часто нецензурних слів та виразів із метою передачі різкої негативної оцінки або створення експресії в тих випадках, де є така необхідність, та підтримує й новаторський підхід до трактування дисфемізмів, не обмежений лексичною площиною як когнітив- ного процесу концептуалізації певної реалії та більшою мірою відповідний дис- курсивній діяльності процесу дисфемізації. Такий підхід є доповненням до тра- диційного та в сукупності дає змогу значно ширше описати явище дисфемії. Дисфемія трактується як прояв вербальної агресії, як можливий потен- ційно маніпулятивний мовний засіб. Негативний комунікативний намір мовця, негативні емоційні реакції адресата на дисфемістичні висловлювання та неузгодженість змісту висловлювання, характеру вербальної комунікації і психологічної й мовної особистості адресата визначено як основні мотиви, що спонукають мовця до використання дисфемізмів. Прояви вербальної агре- сії, виражені через дисфемію, призводять до виникнення конфліктів та/або їх ескалацій, суперечать соціально-прийнятій комунікативній поведінці. Із пси- хологічного погляду дисфемізми слід розглядати як показник внутрішніх кон- фліктів у психіці. У статті стверджено: для дисфемії характерною рисою є збереження денотата, тобто процес зміни відбувається в конотативному компоненті, коли денотат може бути негативним або нейтральним; за семантичною при- родою дисфемізми поділяються на усталені та контекстуально зумовлені, а семантичний зсув є тим лексико-семантичним способом, що веде до утворення дисфемізмів; оцінність є однією з підстав розгляду функціонування дисфеміз- мів як лексичних засобів виразності мови. Ці чинники показують належність дисфемізмів до пейоративного пласту лексики, адже майже завжди це є пейоративи з грубими емосемами. Прагматична функція дисфемізмів дає найбільш великий потенціал для ретельного розгляду й аналізу властивих їм прагмалінгвістичних та дискур- сивно-мовних функцій. Особливо цікавим є дослідження дисфемізмів із пози- цій психології особистості й культурології, що може допомогти розкрити прагматичну природу дисфемізмів і зробити внесок у наукове обґрунтування мотивів, які спонукають до вживання дисфемізмів у мові. Тож особливості функціонування дисфемізмів залишаються малорозкритими й потребують подальшого вивчення та вимагають детального аналізу.