bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How European consumers define the concept of traditional food: evidence from a survey in six countries
Authors: Vanhonacker Filiep , Verbeke Wim , Guerrero Luis , Claret Anna , Contel Michele , Scalvedi Luisa , Żakowska‐Biemans Sylwia , Gutkowska Krystyna , Sulmont‐Rossé Claire , Raude Jocelyn , Granli Britt Signe , Hersleth Margrethe
Published: July 2010

Within the European food market, traditional food products (TFP) represent a growing segment. Nonetheless, European consumers' definition and perception of TFP have not been thoroughly addressed thus far. The specific aim of this study was to provide an all‐embracing consumer definition of the concept of TFP that is comfortable for the largest possible majority of European food consumers. Cross‐sectional survey data were collected from representative consumer samples from Belgium, France, Italy, Norway, Poland, and Spain in November 2007, yielding a total sample of 4,828 participants. The study elaborates on country‐specific peculiarities and identifies consumer segments that differ in the emphasis they place in the conceptualization of TFP. The following definition emerged, A traditional food product is a product frequently consumed or associated to specific celebrations and/or seasons, transmitted from one generation to another, made in a specific way according to gastronomic heritage, naturally processed, and distinguished and known because of its sensory properties and associated to a certain local area, region or country. Cross‐European homogeneity was found in the elements to include in the definition, across and within‐country heterogeneity existed regarding the specific emphasis of particular elements. Four consumer segments were distinguished by whom TFP are predominantly defined as multiconcept, usual/familiar, authentic/typical, and inherited. The first segment displayed a very broad conceptualization, without a clear differentiation. For the latter three segments, particular elements dominated their conceptualization. Product positioning, marketing, and communication challenges for TFP facing these consumer segments are discussed. [EconLit citations: D12; M39; Q13]. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender differences in probable posttraumatic stress disorder among police responders to the 2001 World Trade Center terrorist attack
Authors: Bowler Rosemarie M. , Han Hui , Gocheva Vihra , Nakagawa Sanae , Alper Howard , DiGrande Laura , Cone James E.
Published: July 2010

Background

Police responders to the 2001 World Trade Center (WTC) disaster were previously reported to have an increased prevalence of probable posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Methods

Four thousand seventeen police responders (3,435 men and 582 women) were interviewed 2–3 years after 9/11/01 as part of the World Trade Center Health Registry. Demographic, occupational, and event‐specific risk factors were evaluated for probable PTSD, determined by DSM‐IV criteria using the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist (PCL).

Results

Overall prevalence of probable PTSD was 8.3% (women: 13.9%; men: 7.4%, P < 0.001). Risk factors for both genders included 9/11‐related injury and older age. For men, specific risk factors were: presence in WTC Towers on 9/11 and Hispanic ethnicity; and for women, witnessing horror and education less than a college degree.

Conclusions

Significantly higher prevalence of probable PTSD was found for female police responders. Although consistent with civilian populations, this finding contrasts with other studies of PTSD and WTC rescue and recovery workers, and police prior to 9/11. Am. J. Ind. Med. 53:1186–1196, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hedgehog signaling update
Authors: Cohen Jr. M. Michael
Published: July 2010

In vertebrate hedgehog signaling, hedgehog ligands are processed to become bilipidated and then multimerize, which allows them to leave the signaling cell via Dispatched 1 and become transported via glypicans and megalin to the responding cells. Hedgehog then interacts with a complex of Patched 1 and Cdo/Boc, which activates endocytic Smoothened to the cilium. Patched 1 regulates the activity of Smoothened (1) via Vitamin D3, which inhibits Smoothened in the absence of hedgehog ligand or (2) via oxysterols, which activate Smoothened in the presence of hedgehog ligand. Hedgehog ligands also interact with Hip1, Patched 2, and Gas1, which regulate the range as well as the level of hedgehog signaling. In vertebrates, Smoothened is shortened at its C‐terminal end and lacks most of the phosphorylation sites of importance inDrosophila. Cos2, also of importance inDrosophila, plays no role in mammalian transduction, nor do its homologs Kif7 and Kif27. The cilium may provide a function analogous to that of Cos2 by linking Smoothened to the modulation of Gli transcription factors. Disorders associated with the hedgehog signaling network follow, including nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, holoprosencephaly, Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome, Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, Pallister–Hall syndrome, Carpenter syndrome, and Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Palmoplantar keratoderma, pseudo‐ainhum, and universal atrichia: A new patient and review of the palmoplantar keratoderma‐congenital alopecia syndrome
Authors: Castori Marco , Valiante Michele , Ritelli Marco , Preziosi Nicoletta , Colombi Marina , Paradisi Mauro , Grammatico Paola
Published: July 2010

Palmoplantar keratoderma (PPK) may concur with congenital alopecia (CA) in various genodermatoses. We report on a 10‐year‐old girl with generalized atrichia and a severe form of PPK causing pseudo‐ainhum, sclerodactyly, and contractures, a phenotype not consistent with any well‐defined condition. Non‐specific additional findings comprised mild nail dystrophy and widespread keratosis pilaris including ulerythema ophryogenes. Direct sequencing of the GJB2 and LOR coding regions yielded normal results. A review identified two additional sporadic and four familial cases with PPK and CA. Comparison between familial cases suggested the existence of two genetically and phenotypically distinct types of PPK‐CA: (i) an autosomal dominant form (Stevanović type), a variable and benign phenotype without significant hand complications, and (ii) a more complex autosomal recessive variant (Wallis type) with contractures, sclerodactyly, and pseudo‐ainhum. Nuclear cataract may represent an additional although not constant finding in the Wallis type PPK‐CA. Further reports are required to test this preliminary conclusion. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Living with Gaucher disease: Emotional health, psychosocial needs and concerns of individuals with Gaucher disease
Authors: Packman Wendy , Crosbie Teresa Wilson , Behnken Monic , Eudy Kerry , Packman Seymour
Published: July 2010

Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common hereditary lysosomal storage disorder. Of the three variants of GD, type 1 accounts for 90% of cases. Patients with GD suffer from multiple medical symptoms and conditions. Clinical features of type 1 GD include hepatosplenomegaly; hematologic complications such as anemia and thrombocytopenia; and skeletal disease leading to avascular necrosis, osteopenia, and osteosclerosis. GD has unique features as a chronic illness: the disorder often presents with mild symptoms, and is frequently diagnosed in later childhood or adulthood. The treatment, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), is efficacious. However, that same effective treatment is intrusive, expensive, and requires that patients restructure their work and personal schedules. Since the age of presentation can be anywhere between infancy and the eighth decade, the diagnostic process can be prolonged and stressful. The success of ERT notwithstanding, GD patients show distinct psychological complications [Packman et al. (2006); J Inherit Metab Dis 29:99–105]. In the present study, we describe the concerns, needs, challenges and positive effects of GD from the patients' perspective using in depth interviews of 28 individual affected by GD. Five core themes emerge: (1) difficulty coping with the diagnosis; (2) impact of pain on work, career, and recreational activities; (3) insurance concerns; (4) psychological distress (e.g., mood changes and anxiety); and (5) positive effects—strengthened family and social relationships and positive outlook. Our results highlight and expand awareness of the psychological and social needs of GD patients. This study calls for a collaborative, multidisciplinary effort in treating these patients and their families. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Parent‐of‐origin effects for MSX1 in a Chilean population with nonsyndromic cleft lip/palate
Authors: Suazo José , Santos José Luis , Jara Lilian , Blanco Rafael
Published: July 2010

Based on association and sequencing studies, investigators have postulated muscle segment homeobox 1 (MSX1) as a strong candidate gene involved in the causation of nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCLP). Parent‐of‐origin effects have been suggested for some NSCLP candidate genes but not for MSX1. The aims of the present study were to test for allele/haplotype associations applying the transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) and the transmission asymmetry test (TAT) to evaluate the possible parent‐of‐origin effects of MSX1 in Chilean patients with NSCLP. We analyzed five SNPs (rs6446693/c.‐425G>T/c.‐35G>A/rs3775261/rs12532) located from 6.3 kb upstream to 3′ UTR in a sample of 150 unrelated NSCLP case–parent trios. Four haplotypes showed overtransmission from parents to affected progeny, but individual SNPs did not. Two haplotypes presented allele combination C‐G‐A‐G (P = 0.035) and two T‐G‐C‐A (P = 0.044) (SNP order rs6446693/c.‐35G>A/rs3775261/rs12532). The rs12532 A allele had a 2.08‐fold increase in the risk of NSCLP when inherited from the father (95% CI: 1.10–4.02; P = 0.025), but not from the mother. These results could indicate epigenetic control by imprinting in the role of MSX1 in NSCLP. Different authors have proposed that some genes that play a role in NSCLP depend on parental origin. Our findings and those previously reported by our group show that a variety of factors appears to be involved in the association between MSX1 and NSCLP. The full mechanism of MSX1 in the development of NSCLP has not been fully understood. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Femoral–facial syndrome: Prenatal diagnosis and clinical features. Report of three cases
Authors: Nowaczyk M.J.M. , Huggins M.J. , Fleming A. , Mohide P.T.
Published: July 2010

The objective of our article is to illustrate the earliest prenatal sonographic diagnosis of femoral–facial syndrome (FFS) and to illustrate the spectrum of clinical manifestations of this condition. We present serial sonographic evaluation with 3D evaluation in two fetuses diagnosed prenatally with FFS and the postnatal findings in three patients (one fetus following pregnancy interruption and two newborns one of whom was diagnosed prenatally) with FFS. The two patients with prenatally diagnosed FFS were found to have femoral shortening and characteristic facial features, one 12 weeks of gestation, and one at 15 weeks of gestation. The sonographic findings in the two prenatally diagnosed patients were confirmed after delivery. We also present a third patient who was diagnosed at delivery in whom the diagnosis was missed at a routine prenatal sonogram at 19 weeks of gestation. The patients reported herein expand the clinical spectrum of FFS. The utility of sonographic evaluation in diagnosis of the facial appearance and of the bony abnormalities in this condition is emphasized. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Co‐occurrence of Prader–Willi and Sotos syndromes
Authors: Okamoto Nobuhiko , Akimaru Noriko , Matsuda Keiko , Suzuki Yasuhiro , Shimojima Keiko , Yamamoto Toshiyuki
Published: July 2010

A patient with atypical phenotypes of Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) was subjected to investigate genomic copy numbers by microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization analysis. Severe developmental delay, relative macrocephaly, protruding forehead, cardiac anomalies, and hydronephrosis were atypical for PWS. Concurrent deletions of 15q11‐13 and 5q35 regions were revealed and identified as paternally derived. The sizes and locations of the two deletions were typical for both deletions. Although each deletion independently contributed to the clinical features, developmental disturbance was very severe, suggesting combined effects. This is the first report of co‐occurrence of PWS and STS. The co‐occurrence of two syndromes is likely incidental. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amphiphilic diblock copolymers poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)‐b‐(N‐phenylmaleimide) and poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)‐b‐(styrene) using the macroinitiator poly(HEMA)‐Cl by ATRP: Preparation, characterization, and thermal properties
Authors: Pizarro Guadalupe del C. , Marambio Oscar G. , Jeria‐Orell Manuel , Flores Mario E. , Rivas Bernabé L.
Published: July 2010

In recent years, much attention has been given to the development of specialty polymers from useful materials. In this context, amphiphilic block copolymers were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of N‐phenylmaleimide (N‐PhMI) or styrene using a poly(2‐hydroxyethylmethacrylate)‐Cl macroinitiator/CuBr/bipyridine initiating system. The macroinitiator P(HEMA)‐Cl was directly prepared in toluene by reverse ATRP using BPO/FeCl3 6 H2O/PPh3 as initiating system. The microstructure of the block copolymers were characterized using FTIR, 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR spectroscopic techniques and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The thermal behavior was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry (TG). The theoretical number average molecular weight (Mn,th) was calculated from the feed capacity. The microphotographs of the film's surfaces show that the film's top surfaces were generally smooth. The TDT of the block copolymer P(HEMA)80‐b‐P(N‐PhMI)20 and P(HEMA)90‐b‐P(St)10 of about 290°C was also lower than that found for the macroi′nitiator poly(HEMA)‐Cl. The block copolymers exhibited only one Tg before thermal decomposition, which could be attributed to the low molar content of the N‐PhMI or St blocks respectively. This result also indicates that the phase behavior of the copolymers is predominately determined by the HEMA block. The curves reveal that the polymers show phase transition behavior of amorphous polymers. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Analysis of the structure and mass transport properties of clay nanocomposites based on amorphous PET
Authors: Greco A. , Corcione C. Esposito , Strafella A. , Maffezzoli A.
Published: July 2010

The aim of this work is to characterize the rheological and permeability behavior of nanocomposites based on amorphous poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETg) and organically modified montmorillonites (omMMT), obtained by melt intercalation. The use of PETg instead of semicrystalline PET is believed to reduce the risks associated to organic modifier degradation during processing at high temperatures. X‐ray and transmission electron microscopy analysis performed on the PETg nanocomposites showed that processing for long time at temperatures lower than melting of semicrystalline PET allowed to obtain a partially intercalated structure with some degree of exfoliation. The rheological behavior of PETg nanocomposites was studied as a function of shear rate in a cone–plate rheometer in order to correlate the viscosity with the aggregation state of omMMT. A simple model accounting for an apparent increase of rheological units size, associated with the intercalation of PETg macromolecules into omMMT galleries, is proposed. The glass transition temperature, Tg, as a function of the volume fraction of omMMT content of the nanocomposite, was measured using differential scanning calorimetry. Finally, the water vapour permeability of PETg nanocomposites was correlated to the volume fraction of the impermeable inorganic part of the omMMT. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Studies on the thermal stability and degradation kinetics of Pd/PC nanocomposites
Authors: Onbattuvelli Valmikanathan P. , Rochefort Willie E. , Simonsen John , Park Seong‐Jin , German Randall M. , Atre Sundar V.
Published: July 2010

Effect of heating rate, Pd content, and synthesis method on the thermal stability of the ex situ and in situ Palladium/polycarbonate (Pd/PC) nanocomposites was investigated. TEM images revealed discrete Pd nanoclusters of about 5 and 15 nm sizes for 1 and 2 vol % ex situ nanocomposites, respectively. However, agglomerated Pd nanoclusters were noticed in the in situ samples, irrespective of the Pd content. The ex situ Pd/PC nanocomposites showed high onset temperature (Ti) for thermal degradation of PC than the in situ and pure PC samples. Pd content and heating rates were found to have a positive influence on the Ti and Tm (temperature at the maximum degradation rate occurs) of the Pd/PC nanocomposites. Thermal degradation of the PC was found to follow the first‐order kinetics in the Pd/PC nanocomposites. The activation energies associated with the degradation were determined by using the Kissinger method. These activation energies are used to construct the Master decomposition curve (MDC) and weight–time–temperature (α–t–T) plots that describe the time‐temperature dependence of the PC pyrolysis in the Pd/PC nanocomposites. These constructed α–t–T plots were validated with the data from isothermal measurements. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Effects of epoxy resin contents on the rheological properties of epoxy‐asphalt blends
Authors: Peiliang Cong , Jianying Yu , Shuanfa Chen
Published: July 2010

Epoxy‐asphalt and its mixture have been proposed for the long span orthotropic steel deck bridges because it shows excellent heat resistance, free from bleeding, low temperature cracking resistance, and aggregate scattering resistance. In this study, the effects of epoxy resin contents on rheological properties of epoxy‐asphalt binders were studied using dynamic shear rheometer. Experimental results indicated that the improvement of the viscoelastic performance of asphalt binder is noticeable at high temperatures, at which the elasticity is increased (higher G* and lower δ) for epoxy‐asphalt with increase in epoxy resin contents. The viscous behavior of the asphalt also increased when epoxy resin is added. Creep test results indicated that epoxy‐asphalt binder can not only resist deformation at elevated temperatures but recover satisfactorily from strain. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterization of alginate‐g‐vinyl sulfonic acid with a potassium peroxydiphosphate/thiourea system
Authors: Sand Arpit , Yadav Mithilesh , Behari Kunj
Published: July 2010

Alginate‐g‐vinyl sulfonic acid graft copolymer was synthesized through the graft copolymerization of vinyl sulfonic acid (VSA) onto alginate with an efficient system, i.e., potassium peroxydiphosphate (PDP)/thiourea in an aqueous medium. The effects of the concentration of thiourea, PDP, hydrogen ion, alginate, and VSA along with the time and temperature on the graft copolymerization were studied by the determination of the grafting parameters (grafting ratio, add‐on, conversion, grafting efficiency, and homopolymer). The synthesized graft copolymer was characterized by FTIR analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the alginate‐g‐vinyl sulfonic acid is thermally more stable than alginate. Water swelling capacity, metal ion sorption, flocculation, and resistance to biodegradability studies of synthesized graft copolymer have been performed with respect to the parent polymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Macroporous crosslinked hydrophobic/hydrophilic polystyrene/polyamide interpenetrating polymer network: Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption behaviors for quercetin from aqueous solution
Authors: Liao Wenwen , Gao Shuqin , Xie Xianglin , Xu Mancai
Published: July 2010

In the present study, a novel hydrophobic/hydrophilic polystyrene/polyamide interpenetrating polymer network (PS/PAM IPN) was synthesized and its molecular structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared ray (FT‐IR) spectrum, chemical analysis, swelling test, and N2 adsorption‐desorption experiment. The obtained PS/PAM IPN was employed as a polymeric adsorbent to adsorb quercetin from aqueous solution, and the adsorption thermodynamics were calculated according to thermodynamic equations. It was found that no chemical bond was formed between PS and PAM and PS/PAM IPN held characters of amphiphilic polymer network (APN). The adsorption isotherms could be well fitted by Freundlich isotherm, and the adsorption was shown to be an exothermic, spontaneous, and more ordered process. The total adsorption capacity from the column adsorption experiment was measured to be 8.6 mg/mL wet resin, and the adsorbed quercetin on PS/PAM IPN could be easily desorbed by 10% of hydrochloric acid‐ethanol. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Improvement of mechanical performance of epoxy resins filled with cobalt and chromium powders
Authors: El Homrany M. , Maaroufi A. , Benavente R. , Pereña J. M. , Pinto G. , Halim M.
Published: July 2010

Epoxy/ powder metal composites have interesting electrical properties, becoming conductors above the percolation threshold. To complete this study, mechanical investigations have been carried out to show the influence of the fillers on the mechanical performance of these composites. In this framework, different epoxy/metallic powders (Cobalt, Chromium) composites were prepared. Scanning Electron Microscopy showed that the dispersion of the metallic fillers in the matrix is almost homogeneous. The dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) measurements showed the dependence of the viscoelastic parameters with the frequency, temperature, nature, and content of fillers. The main relaxations observed are the primary α relaxation (associated to the glass transition, Tg) and a secondary β relaxation. A second DMTA run on the same samples showed a slight increase of the Tg. It clearly showed that the used metallic fillers improve the mechanical properties of the obtained composites. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Organic‐soluble chitosan/polyhydroxybutyrate ultrafine fibers as skin regeneration prepared by electrospinning
Authors: Ma Guiping , Yang Dongzhi , Wang Kemin , Han Jing , Ding Shumin , Song Guoqiang , Nie Jun
Published: July 2010

In the present contribution, the ultrafine fiber membranes of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and organic‐soluble chitosan(O‐CS) was prepared by electrospinning. The structure and thermal stability were studied by infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The surface properties of ultrafine fibers were estimated by contact angle measurements using water. The morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The cytotoxicity assessment with mouse fibroblast cells (L929) was also investigated. Cell culture results showed that it benefits promoting the cell attachment and proliferation. The results showed it could be as tissue engineering for skin regeneration. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
The N‐Arylamino Conjugation Effect in the Photochemistry of Fluorescent Protein Chromophores and Aminostilbenes
Authors: Huang Guan‐Jhih , Yang Jye‐Shane
Published: July 2010

To understand the nonradiative decay mechanism of fluorescent protein chromophores in solutions, a systematic comparison of a series of (Z)‐4‐(N‐arylamino)benzylidene‐2,3‐imidazolinones (ABDIs: 2P, 2PP, 2OM, and 2OMB) and the corresponding trans‐4‐(N‐arylamino)‐4′‐cyanostilbenes (ACSs: 1P, 1PP, 1OM, and 1OMB) was performed. We have previously shown that the parameter Φf+2 Φtc, in which Φf and Φtc are the quantum yields of fluorescence and trans→cis photoisomerization, respectively, is an effective probe for evaluating the contribution of twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) states in the excited decays of trans‐aminostilbenes, including the push–pull ACSs. One of the criteria for postulating the presence of a TICT state is Φf+2 Φtc≪1.0, because its formation is decoupled with the CC bond (τ) torsion pathway and its decay is generally nonradiative. Our results show that the same concept also applies to ABDIs 2 with the parameter Φf+2 ΦZE in which ΦZE is the quantum yield of Z→E photoisomerization. We conclude that the τ torsion rather than the CC bond (φ) torsion is responsible for the nonradiative decays of ABDIs 2 in aprotic solvents (hexane, THF, acetonitrile). The phenyl‐arylamino CN bond (ω) torsion that leads to a nonradiative TICT state is important only for 2OM in THF and acetonitrile. If the solvent is protic (methanol and 10–20 % H2O in THF), a new nonradiative decay channel is present for ABDIs 2, but not for ACSs 1. It is attributed to internal conversion (IC) induced by solvent (donor)–solute (acceptor) hydrogen‐bonding (HB) interactions. The possible HB modes and the concept of τ torsion‐coupled proton transfer are also discussed.
Facile and Efficient Reduction of Ketones in the Presence of Zinc Catalysts Modified by Phenol Ligands
Authors: Enthaler Stephan , Eckhardt Björn , Inoue Shigeyoshi , Irran Elisabeth , Driess Matthias
Published: July 2010

In the present study, the zinc‐catalyzed hydrosilylation of various ketones to give their corresponding alcohols has been examined in detail. Diethyl zinc that can be modified by easily accessible phenol ligands allows the efficient reduction of various aryl and alkyl ketones. By using a practical in situ catalyst, excellent turnover frequencies up to 1000 h−1 and a broad functional group tolerance were achieved.
Consumer eco‐innovation adoption: assessing attitudinal factors and perceived product characteristics
Authors: Jansson Johan
Published: July 2010

For business and environmental reasons, increased understanding of green consumer behavior is essential. This paper addresses consumer adoption and non‐adoption of a high involvement eco‐innovation (the alternative fuel vehicle, AFV). The purpose is to integrate two research streams to explore factors driving and hindering adoption. The factors are rooted in environmental psychology research and the diffusion of innovation literature. Survey results on Swedish car owners are reported. The results indicate that adopters and non‐adopters differ on norms, attitudes, novelty seeking and on how innovation attributes are perceived. Furthermore, the results show that the groups rank car attributes such as fuel consumption and carbon dioxide emissions differently. The main contribution of the paper is the integration of norms and attitudes together with consumer adoption factors in analyzing green consumer behavior in relation to a high involvement product. The implications for business and marketing strategy and for environmental policy are discussed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A Novel Sulfated Holostane Glycoside from Sea Cucumber Holothuria leucospilota
Authors: Han Hua , Zhang Wen , Yi Yang‐Hua , Liu Bao‐Shu , Pan Min‐Xiang , Wang Xiao‐Hua
Published: July 2010

A new sulfated holostane glycoside, leucospilotaside B (1), together with the two related structurally known compounds holothurin B2 (2) and holothurin B (3), was isolated from sea cucumber Holothuria leucospilota collected from the South China Sea. The structure of 1 was elucidated by spectral analysis (1H‐, 13C‐, and 2D‐NMR, ESI‐MS, and HR‐ESI‐MS) and chemical methods. The compounds 1–3 possess the same disaccharide moiety, but were different in the side chains of the triterpene aglycone. Compound 1 showed significant cytotoxicities against four human tumor cell lines, HL‐60, MOLT‐4, A‐549, and BEL‐7402.
The Chemical Constituents of Endophytic Fungus Trichoderma sp. MFF‐1
Authors: Li Guo‐Hong , Wang Xing‐Biao , Liu Fang‐Fang , Dang Li‐Zhi , Li Lei , Yang Zhong‐Shan , Xin Xiong , Zhang Ke‐Qin
Published: July 2010

A fungal strain named MFF‐1 was isolated from the flower of Pyrethrum cinerariifolium. Based on the sequence at the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, this strain was identified as a Trichoderma sp. Two new compounds, including a mitorubrin derivative and its potential biogenetic precursor, together with a known compound, were isolated from the cultures of the endophytic fungus. Their structures were established by spectroscopic methods and determined to be (3S*,6R*,7R*)‐3,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐7‐hydroxy‐7‐methyl‐8‐oxo‐3‐[(E)‐prop‐1‐enyl]‐1H‐isochromen‐6‐yl 2,4‐dihydroxy‐6‐methylbenzoate (1), named deacetylisowortmin, (E)‐2‐(hydroxymethyl)‐3‐(2‐hydroxypent‐3‐enyl)phenol (2), and wortmannin (3). All compounds were assayed for antimicrobial activity. Compound 3 showed activity against Candida albicans and Bacillus cereus.
1,2,3‐Thiadiazole Thioacetanilides. Part 2
Authors: Zhan Peng , Liu Xin‐Yong , Li Zhen‐Yu , Fang Zeng‐Jun , Pannecouque Christophe , De Clercq Erik
Published: July 2010

As part of our studies to discover new HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors, a series of 3,4‐dichlorophenyl substituted 1,2,3‐thiadiazole thioacetanilide (TTA=[(1,2,3‐thiadiazole‐5‐yl)sulfanyl]acetanilide) derivatives were synthesized, and in vitro anti‐HIV activity was evaluated. The results revealed that nearly half of the compounds show moderate‐to‐good inhibitory potency against HIV‐1. In particular, compound 7f is highly potent, with an EC50 value of 0.95±0.33 μM. The preliminary structure–activity relationship among the newly synthesized congeners is discussed.
Antimutagenic and Antioxidant Potentials of Teucrium ramosissimum Essential Oil
Authors: Sghaier Mohamed Ben , Boubaker Jihed , Neffati Aicha , Limem Ilef , Skandrani Ines , Bhouri Wissem , Bouhlel Ines , Kilani Soumaya , Chekir‐Ghedira Leila , Ghedira Kamel
Published: July 2010

The mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts of Teucrium ramosissimum were evaluated by the bacterial reverse mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, TA100, and TA1535, with and without exogenous metabolic activation (S9 fraction). The T. ramosissimum essential oil showed no mutagenic effect. In contrast, our results established that it possessed antimutagenic effects against sodium azide (SA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), and 4‐nitro‐o‐phenylenediamine (NOPD). The antioxidant capacity of the tested essential oil was evaluated using enzymatic, i.e., the xanthine/xanthine oxidase (X/XOD) assay, and nonenzymatic systems, i.e., the nitro‐blue tetrazolium (NBT)/riboflavin and the DPPH assays. A moderate free radical‐scavenging activity was observed towards DPPH. and O$\rm{{_{2}^{{^\cdot} -}}}$. In contrast, T. ramosissimum essential oil showed no effect for all the tested concentrations in the X/XOD assay.
Triterpenoid Alkaloids from Buxus microphylla
Authors: Yan Yu‐Xin , Chen Jian‐Chao , Sun Yun , Wang Yuan‐Yuan , Su Jia , Li Yan , Qiu Ming‐Hua
Published: July 2010

Two new triterpenoid alkaloids, buxmicrophyllines J and K (1 and 2, resp.), together with four analogues, 3–6, were isolated from the leaves and stems of Buxus microphylla. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by NMR and MS spectroscopic analyses. The partial assignments of the NMR spectra of 3 were also revised. Compounds 1 and 3–6 were evaluated for their growth inhibitory activity against human cell lines HL‐60, SMMC‐7721, A‐549, SK‐BR‐3, and PANC‐1. Compound 6 showed significant cytotoxicity against HL‐60, SK‐BR‐3, and PANC‐1 cell lines, with IC50 values of 6.46, 19.61, and 28.57 μM, respectively.
A New Quinolone and Other Constituents from the Fruits of Tetradium ruticarpum: Effects on Neutrophil Pro‐Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Wang Tzu‐Ying , Wu Jin‐Bin , Hwang Tsong‐Long , Kuo Yueh‐Hsiung , Chen Jih‐Jung
Published: July 2010

The fruit of Tetradium ruticarpum is widely used in healthcare products for the improvement of blood circulation, headache, abdominal pain, amenorrhea, chill limbs, migraine, and nausea. A new quinolone, 2‐[(6Z,9Z)‐pentadeca‐6,9‐dienyl]quinolin‐4(1H)‐one (1), has been isolated from the fruits of T. ruticarpum, together with eleven known compounds. The structure of the new compound was determined by NMR and MS analyses. Rutaecarpine (4), evodiamine (5), and skimmianine (7) exhibited inhibition (IC50≤20.9 μM) of O$\rm{{_{2}^{{^\cdot} -}}}$ generation by human neutrophils in response to N‐formyl‐L‐methionyl‐L‐leucyl‐L‐phenylalanine/cytochalasin B (fMLP/CB). In addition, 1, evocarpine (2), 4, 7, and evodol (8) inhibited fMLP/CB‐induced elastase release with IC50 values ≤14.4 μM.
Structure–Activity Relationship Studies on Derivatives of Eudesmanolides from Inula helenium as Toxicants against Aedes aegypti Larvae and Adults
Authors: Cantrell Charles L. , Pridgeon Julia W. , Fronczek Frank R. , Becnel James J.
Published: July 2010

An Aedes aegypti larval toxicity bioassay was performed on compounds representing many classes of natural compounds including polyacetylenes, phytosterols, flavonoids, sesquiterpenoids, and triterpenoids. Among these compounds, two eudesmanolides, alantolactone, and isoalantolactone showed larvicidal activities against Ae. aegypti and, therefore, were chosen for further structure–activity relationship study. In this study, structural modifications were performed on both alantolactone and isoalantolactone in an effort to understand the functional groups necessary for maintaining and/or increasing its activity, and to possibly lead to more effective insect‐control agents. All parent compounds and synthetic modification reaction products were evaluated for their toxic activities against Ae. aegypti larvae and adults. Structure modifications included epoxidations, reductions, catalytic hydrogenations, and Michael additions to the α,β‐unsaturated lactones. None of the synthetic isomers synthesized and screened against Ae. aegypti larvae were more active than isoalantolactone itself which had an LC50 value of 10.0 μg/ml. This was not the case for analogs of alantolactone for which many of the analogs had larvicidal activities ranging from 12.4 to 69.9 μg/ml. In general, activity trends observed from Ae. aegypti larval screening were not consistent with observations from adulticidal screening. The propylamine Michael addition analog of alantolactone was the most active adulticide synthesized with an LC50 value of 1.07 μg/mosquito. In addition, the crystal structures of both alantolactone and isoalantolactone were determined using CuKα radiation, which allowed their absolute configurations to be determined based on resonant scattering of the light atoms.
A Genetic Circuit System Based on Quorum Sensing Signaling for Directed Evolution of Quorum‐Quenching Enzymes
Authors: Kim Jin‐Hyun , Lee Sang‐Chul , Kyeong Hyun‐Ho , Kim Hak‐Sung
Published: July 2010

Quorum sensing is a cell–cell communication mechanism that is involved in the regulation of biological functions such as luminescence, virulence, and biofilm formation. Quorum‐quenching enzymes, which interrupt quorum‐sensing signaling through degradation of quorum‐sensing molecules, have emerged as a new approach to controlling and preventing bacterial virulence and pathogenesis. In an effort to develop quorum‐quenching enzymes with improved catalytic activities, a genetic circuit system based on acylhomoserine‐lactone (AHL)‐mediated quorum‐sensing signaling was constructed. The genetic circuit system was composed of lux‐R, lux‐I promoter, β‐lactamase, and β‐lactamase inhibitor, and designed to confer antibiotic resistance on host cells expressing an AHL‐degrading enzyme, thereby enabling rapid screening of quorum‐quenching enzymes. To demonstrate the utility of the genetic circuit system, we attempted the directed evolution of the AHL hydrolase from Bacillus sp. The genetic circuit system was shown to be effective in screening of quorum‐quenching enzymes with high catalytic efficiency. From these results it is expected that the genetic circuit system can be widely used for the isolation and directed evolution of quorum‐quenching enzymes with greater potential.
The importance of early anti‐social behaviour among men with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder in a specialist forensic psychiatry hospital unit in Denmark
Authors: Pedersen Liselotte , Rasmussen Kirsten , Elsass Peter , Hougaard Helle
Published: July 2010

Background People with a major mental disorder are at increased risk of committing crimes, especially violent crimes, compared with the general population. Sub‐groups have been identified based on age of onset of anti‐social or violent behaviour. Mentally disordered offenders with early onset anti‐social behaviour tend to have a lifelong pattern of it, but in a clinical setting, are they easily identifiable as a distinct sub‐group?

Aims Our main aim was to establish whether distinct groups of early and later onset offenders can be identified from the standard clinical record of men with schizophrenia spectrum disorders selected for hospital treatment after conviction for a serious crime, and to test the hypothesis that even in such a clinically selected group, early onset offending would be associated with subsequent persistent and versatile offending.

Methods A retrospective case file review of all 83 men with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder in a complete 2‐year discharge cohort from one specialist secure forensic hospital unit (2001–2002).

Results A sub‐group of patients with early onset anti‐social behaviour was confirmed. Prior to this specialist hospitalisation, this group had sustained significantly more criminal convictions and were more criminally versatile than their late onset peers.

Conclusions The recognition of clinically meaningful sub‐groups among hospitalised offender patients seems straightforward, and may be useful in the development of more specifically focused intervention and in making sense of more longer‐term outcomes. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological innovations for teaching chemistry – a neglected field in higher education?
Authors: Eilks Ingo , Bäumer Marcus , Byers Bill
Published: July 2010

Mit dem derzeitigen Wandel der Hochschullandschaft Europas sind neben Studienstrukturen, Curricula und Zielen auch die Unterrichtsmethoden der Hochschullehre neu zu hinterfragen. In diesem Rahmen war es Ziel des Projekts „Innovative Methods in University Chemistry Education“ des European Chemistry Thematic Network (ECTN‐4), mögliche Felder für methodische Innovationen in der Hochschullehre Chemie zu analysieren und Beispiele guter Praxis zu identifizieren. Es wird eine Legitimation für die Notwendigkeit von Veränderungen gegeben, aus der zehn mögliche Handlungsfelder abgeleitet werden.
Improved 2,4‐Diarylthiazole‐Based Antiprion Agents: Switching the Sense of the Amide Group at C5 Leads to an Increase in Potency
Authors: Thompson Mark J. , Louth Jennifer C. , Greenwood Gemma K. , Sorrell Fiona J. , Knight Sandra G. , Adams Nathan B. P. , Chen Beining
Published: July 2010

Amide derivatives of 2,4‐diarylthiazole‐5‐carboxylic acids were synthesised and tested for efficacy in a cell line model of prion disease. A number of compounds demonstrating antiprion activity were thereby identified from the screening libraries, showing improved potency and reproducibility of results relative to amide derivatives of the related 2,4‐diphenyl‐5‐aminothiazole, which have been documented previously. Thus, 'switching' the sense of the amide bond at thiazole C5 revealed a more promising lead series of potential prion disease therapeutics. Furthermore, 3,5‐diaryl‐1,2,4‐thiadiazoles isolated as by‐products during library synthesis provided a handful of additional examples possessing an antiprion effect, thereby augmenting the set of newly identified active compounds. Evaluation of binding to cellular prion protein (PrPC) showed only weak affinities at best, suggesting that the newly identified antiprion agents do not mediate their biological effect through direct interaction with PrPC.
Probing the Reactivity of ZnO and Au/ZnO Nanoparticles by Methanol Adsorption: A TPD and DRIFTS Study
Authors: Kähler Kevin , Holz Marie Christine , Rohe Markus , Strunk Jennifer , Muhler Martin
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of methanol on pure ZnO and Au‐decorated ZnO nanoparticles and its thermal decomposition monitored by temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) experiments and by diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), both applied under continuous flow conditions in fixed bed reactors, is reported. Two distinguishable methoxy species are formed during methanol adsorption on ZnO differing in the CO stretching bands. During the subsequent TPD experiments two different H2 peaks are observed, indicating the conversion of methoxy into formate species. By applying different heating rates, activation energies of 109 kJ mol−1 and 127 kJmol−1 for the selective oxidation of the two methoxy species are derived. Correspondingly, the methoxy decomposition results in two distinguishable formate species, which are identified by the asymmetric and symmetric OCO stretching bands on pure ZnO and Au/ZnO. Based on the decreased intensities of the OH bands during methanol adsorption, which are specific for the various ZnO single crystal surfaces, on the different reactivities of these surfaces, and on the formate FTIR bands observed on ZnO single crystal surfaces, the two methoxy and the corresponding formate species are identified to be adsorbed on the exposed less reactive non‐polar ZnO(${10\bar 10}$) surface and on the highly reactive polar ZnO(${000\bar 1}$) surface. The simultaneous formation of H2, CO, and CO2 at about 550–600 K during the TPD experiments indicate the decomposition of adsorbed formate species. The CO/CO2 ratio decreases with increasing Au loading, and a broad band due to electronic transitions from donor sites to the conduction band is observed in the DRIFT spectra for the Au‐decorated ZnO nanoparticles. Thus, the presence of the Au nanoparticles results in an enhanced reducibility of ZnO facilitating the generation of oxygen vacancies.
Exploring weight gain in year before treatment for binge eating disorder: A different context for interpreting limited weight losses in treatment studies
Authors: Blomquist Kerstin K. , Barnes Rachel D. , White Marney A. , Masheb Robin M. , Morgan Peter T. , Grilo Carlos M.
Published: July 2010

Objective:

To examine weight changes in obese patients with binge‐eating disorder (BED) during the year before seeking treatment and to explore correlates of weight changes.

Method:

Seventy‐eight consecutive, treatment‐seeking, obese BED patients were assessed with structured interviews and self‐report questionnaires.

Results:

Overall, participants reported a mean weight gain of 15.1 pounds during the 12 months before treatment. This overall weight gain comprised remarkable heterogeneity, ranging from a 30‐pound loss to a 53‐pound gain. The subgroup of participants who reported gaining weight (76% of sample) reported gaining an average of 22.2 pounds during the 12 months before treatment. Weight change was associated with significantly more frequent binge eating and overeating during breakfasts.

Discussion:

Treatment‐seeking obese patients with BED reported having gained substantial amounts of weight during the previous year. These findings provide an important context for interpreting the modest weight losses typically reported by treatment studies of BED. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2011
Evidence‐based policy or policy‐based evidence gathering? Biofuels, the EU and the 10% target
Authors: Sharman Amelia , Holmes John
Published: July 2010

The 2009 Renewable Energy Directive mandates EU member‐states' road transport fuel to comprise a minimum of 10% renewable content by 2020. This target is expected to be met predominantly from biofuels. However, scientific evidence is increasingly questioning the ability of biofuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions when factors such as indirect land‐use change are taken into consideration. This paper interrogates the 10% target, critically assessing its political motivations, use of scientific evidence and the actions of an individual policy entrepreneur who played a central role in its adoption. We find that the commitment of EU decision‐making bodies to internal guidelines on the use of expertise and the precautionary principle was questionable, despite the scientific uncertainty inherent in the biofuels debate. Imperatives located in the political space dominated scientific evidence and led to a process of ‘policy‐based evidence gathering’ to justify the policy choice of a 10% renewable energy/biofuels target. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Synthesis and Characterization of [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase Models with Bridging Moieties Containing (S, Se) and (S, Te)
Authors: Harb Mohammad K. , Görls Helmar , Sakamoto Taka , Felton Greg A. N. , Evans Dennis H. , Glass Richard S. , Lichtenberger Dennis L. , El‐khateeb Mohammad , Weigand Wolfgang
Published: July 2010

[FeFe]‐hydrogenase‐active‐site models containing larger chalcogens such as Se or Te have exhibited greater electron richness at the metal centers and smaller gas‐phase ionization energies and reorganization energies relative to molecules containing S atoms. Diiron complexes related to the much‐studied molecule [Fe2(μ‐SC3H6S)(CO)6] (1) have been prepared with one S atom replaced either by one Se atom to give [Fe2(μ‐SC3H6Se)(CO)6] (2) or by one Te atom to give [Fe2(μ‐SC3H6Te)(CO)6] (3). The molecules have been characterized by use of mass spectrometry and 13C{1H} NMR, 77Se{1H} NMR, IR, and photoelectron spectroscopic techniques along with structure determination with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, electrochemical measurements, and DFT calculations. He I photoelectron spectra and DFT computations of 2 and 3 show a lowering of ionization energies relative to those of the all‐sulfur complex 1, indicating increased electron richness at the metal centers that favors electrocatalytic reduction of protons from weak acids to produce H2. However, chalcogen substitution from S to Se or Te also causes an increase in the Fe–Fe bond length, which disfavors the formation of a carbonyl‐bridged “rotated” structure, as also shown by the photoelectron spectra and computations. This “rotated” structure is believed to be important in the mechanism of H2 production. As a consequence of the competing influences of increased electron richness at the metals with less favorable “rotated” structures, the catalytic efficiency of the Se and Te molecules 2 and 3 is found to be comparable to that of molecule 1.