bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of second primary tumors and outcomes in medulloblastoma by treatment modality: A Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results analysis
Authors: Nantavithya Chonnipa , Paulino Arnold C. , Liao Kaiping , McGovern Susan L. , Grosshans David R. , McAleer Mary F. , Woodhouse Kristina D. , Khatua Soumen , Chintagumpala Murali M. , Majd Nazanin K. , Yeboa Debra N.
Published: May 2020

Background

As treatment modalities for medulloblastoma have developed and overall survival (OS) has improved, there are relatively limited data on the impact of long‐term effects such as risk of second primary tumors (SPT). To address the knowledge gap, we analyzed factors associated with the risk of SPT and OS by treatment modality for medulloblastoma.

Methods

We queried the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐18 database for patients diagnosed with medulloblastoma in 1973‐2014. Patients were then grouped by age, gender, race, geographic region, histology, adjuvant treatment (no radiation [RT] and no chemotherapy [CT], RT and CT, RT alone, or CT alone), era of diagnosis (1973‐1994 or 1995‐2014), and survival time. Cumulative incidence, factors associated with SPT and OS were analyzed.

Results

Of 2271 patients, 146 developed SPT, of which 42 were benign. The incidence of SPT was 3.1% and 4.9% at 10 and 15 years, respectively. The incidence of SPT was 3.1% with RT + CT versus 3.7% with RT alone at 10 years. The most common site for an SPT was the central nervous system. Female gender (P = 0.01) and longer OS of ≥21 years (P < 0.01) were associated with higher risk of SPT. RT + CT led to better OS than RT only (66.1% and 61.4% vs 55.6% and 49.7% at 10 and 15 years) (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

Medulloblastoma patients have a relatively low risk of SPT at 10 years with treatment. Use of RT + CT led to better OS with no statistical difference in SPT compared with the RT alone.
Estimating thermal conductivity of frozen soils from air‐filled porosity
Authors: Tian Zhengchao , Ren Tusheng , Heitman Joshua L. , Horton Robert
Published: May 2020

Soil thermal conductivity (λ) is an important thermal property for environmental, agricultural, and engineering heat transfer applications. Existing λ models for frozen soils are complicated to use because they require estimates of both liquid water content and ice content. This study introduces a new approach to estimate λ of partially frozen soils from air‐filled porosity (na), which can be determined by using an oven‐drying method. A λ and na relationship was established based on measurements for 28 partially frozen soils. A strong exponential relationship between λ and na was found (with R2 of 0.82). Independent tests on 10 partially frozen soils showed that the exponential λ–na model produced reliable λ estimates with a RMSE of 0.319 W m−1 K−1, which was smaller than those of two widely used λ models for partially frozen soils. The λ–na model is easier to use than existing models, because it requires fewer parameters. Note that the λ‐na model ignores the effect of temperature on λ of frozen soils and is most applicable to soil at temperatures of at least −4 °C.
Chern-Simons supergravity on supergroup manifolds
Authors: Castellani L. , Cremonini C.A. , Grassi P.A.
Published: May 2020

Abstract

We construct N=1 d=3 AdS supergravity within the group manifold approach and compare it with Achucarro-Townsend Chern-Simons formulation of the same theory. We clarify the relation between the off-shell super gauge transformations of the Chern- Simons theory and the off-shell worldvolume supersymmetry transformations of the group manifold action. We formulate the Achucarro-Townsend model in a double supersymmetric action where the Chern-Simons theory with a supergroup gauge symmetry is constructed on a supergroup manifold. This framework is useful to establish a correspondence of degrees of freedom and auxiliary fields between the two descriptions of d=3 supergravity.
Method development of statistical modeling for the description of welding fume emissions in gas metal arc welding using transient process characteristics
Authors: Reisgen Uwe , Sharma Rahul , Christ Martin , Mann Samuel
Published: May 2020

In the past, most approaches to reduce welding fume emissions were primarily based on welding consumables, whereas in the context of the present work, a new concept with direct reference to the welding process technology is pursued. Many other measures to improve occupational health and safety, such as use of extended personal protective equipment (e.g., forced air ventilated helmets) and extraction systems, relate to the reduction of immissions of welding fumes already emitted. In comparison, the selection of optimized parameter settings in terms of gas metal arc welding (GMAW) provides a process-related possibility to reduce welding fume emissions without the need for additional equipment. In order to illustrate and quantify the functional interdependencies between process parameterization and the resulting fume emission generation, a model relationship is developed which is primarily based on empirical investigations. Via post-process analysis, certain features are extracted from the transient measurement data and correlated with the process-specific emission rates. With the help of the model, individual parameters can be iteratively set on the basis of representative process features. Besides parameter optimization with regard to emission-reduced processes, a forecast of the expected fume emission rate can be derived based on the selected settings. The methodology described and examined is applicable to different process spaces of GMAW or even other fume-emitting welding processes.
Investigation of electropolishing characteristics of tungsten in eco-friendly sodium hydroxide aqueous solution
Authors: Han Wei , Fang Feng-Zhou
Published: May 2020

In this study, an eco-friendly electrolyte for electropolishing tungsten and the minimum material removal depth on the electropolished tungsten surface are investigated using an electrochemical etching method. Using a concentrated acid electrolyte, the polarization curve and current density transient are observed. For a NaOH electrolyte, the effects of interelectrode gap and electrolyte concentration on electropolishing are investigated. The differences in electropolishing characteristics are compared among different electrolyte types. Microholes are etched on the electropolished tungsten surface to determine the minimum material removal depth on the tungsten surface. Experimental results indicate the color effect due to a change in the thickness of the oxide film on the tungsten surface after electropolishing with a concentrated acid electrolyte. The surface roughness decreases with the interelectrode gap width owing to the increased current density when using the NaOH electrolyte. However, the electropolishing effect is less prominent with a significantly smaller gap because the generated bubbles are unable to escape from the narrow working gap in time. A material removal depth of less than 10 nm is achieved on the tungsten surface in an area of diameter 300 µm, using the electrochemical etching method.
A Diverse Specialty: What Students Teach Us About Neurology and “Neurophobia”
Authors: Moore Fraser G. A.
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To explore what elective students learn about the specialty of Neurology.

Methods:

A prospective qualitative study using pre- and post-elective written questionnaires.

Results:

Analysis concentrated on three main themes: What did students learn about the specialty of Neurology? What would they change about their experience? Did their opinions change? Major findings were (i) pre- and post-elective the most frequent response for “what is the best thing about Neurology?” was the “process of localization” and (ii) post-elective students were less likely to cite the challenge or problem-solving aspect of Neurology as the best thing while more emphasized the importance of the physical exam and the variety of cases. (iii) Students were most surprised by the scope of neurological practice. (iv) They would diversify the setting of their elective to include less time spent in the emergency room and more time in clinic. (v) The perception of Neurology as a specialty in which patients have a poor prognosis was the opinion that changed the most.

Conclusions:

Showcasing the diversity of cases and careers in Neurology may be a useful strategy to increase interest in the specialty and reduce neurophobia. Lectures or small groups early in medical school should concentrate on clear examples of common neurological conditions and emphasize the role of general neurologists and subspecialists involved in patient care. Whenever possible students should rotate through different clinics and not concentrate exclusively on emergency room and in-patient cases.
Serial Hurricanes The 2017 Hurricane Public Health Responses: Case Studies Illustrating the Role of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Public Health Emergency Preparedness Program
Authors: Martinez DeAndrea , Landon Kelcie A. , McDermott Wesley , Roth Joseph , Schnall Amy Helene , Talbert Todd P. , Mainzer Hugh M.
Published: May 2020

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Division of State and Local Readiness (DSLR), Public Health Emergency Preparedness(PHEP) program funds 62 recipients to strengthen capability standards to prepare for and respond to public health emergencies. Recipients use these PHEP resources in addition to CDC’s administrative and scientific guidance to support preparedness and response program planning and requirements. It is expected that public health agencies develop and maintain comprehensive emergency preparedness and response plans in preparation for disasters such as hurricanes. The 2017 historic hurricane season highlighted how emergency planning and collaborative operational execution is important for public health agencies to effectively prepare for and respond to both the immediate and long-term population health consequences of these disasters. In 2017, the southeastern United States (US) and US Caribbean territories experienced 3 Category 4 or higher Atlantic hurricanes (Harvey, Irma, and Maria) within a 5-week period. This paper highlights selected case studies that illustrate the contributions and impact of jurisdictional emergency management planning and operational capacity supported by capability standards during the 2017 hurricane season. Although the magnitude of the 2017 hurricanes required public health officials to seek additional assistance, the following case studies describe the use of public health preparedness systems and recovery resources supported by the PHEP program.
Maximizing Bernoulli measures and dimension gaps for countable branched systems
Authors: BAKER SIMON , JURGA NATALIA
Published: May 2020

Kifer, Peres, and Weiss proved in [A dimension gap for continued fractions with independent digits. Israel J. Math.124 (2001), 61–76] that there exists $c_{0}>0$, such that $\dim \unicode[STIX]{x1D707}\leq 1-c_{0}$ for any probability measure $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$, which makes the digits of the continued fraction expansion independent and identically distributed random variables. In this paper we prove that amongst this class of measures, there exists one whose dimension is maximal. Our results also apply in the more general setting of countable branched systems.
The Three Graces of Leadership: Untangling the Relative Importance and the Mediating Mechanisms of Three Leadership Styles in Russia
Authors: Koveshnikov Alexei , Ehrnrooth Mats , Wechtler Heidi
Published: May 2020

Drawing on the job-demand resource theory, the article examines the relative importance and the complementarity of three widely practiced leadership styles – transformational, paternalistic, and authoritarian. It investigates how the three styles relate to followers’ work engagement amongst employees in Russian domestic organizations. It also theorizes and tests the mediating effects of three psychological mechanisms, namely self-efficacy, self-esteem, and job control, on the examined relationships. The findings show that all three leadership styles relate to followers’ work engagement positively. The relationship of transformational leadership is dominant and mediated by all three psychological mechanisms. The remaining two styles also make their unique contributions to followers’ work engagement. Whereas authoritarian leadership influences followers by enhancing their self-efficacy and self-esteem, paternalistic leadership operates more extrinsically by increasing followers’ job control. Surprisingly, our analyses found that the role of control variables such as gender, age, and hierarchical position were insignificant in predicting how the three leadership styles influence employee work engagement. The study is among the first to shed light on the relative importance of the three focal leadership styles, their differential influences and interrelations, and the different mechanisms through which they relate to followers’ work engagement.
THE VALLEY OF JUIGALPA, MAYALES RIVER SUBBASIN MICROREGION (CHONTALES, NICARAGUA) DATE LIST II
Authors: Donner Natalia R , Geurds Alexander
Published: May 2020

The material evidence of human presence in the Chontales region of central Nicaragua spans from 1420 ± 30 BP, or cal AD 554–670 (±2σ) through to the present, as was recently established (Donner and Geurds 2018). This cultural chronology, divided into three main periods, contrasts with the one previously proposed by (Gorin 1990), who defined six different phases from 500 BC through AD 1600. Here, we report on 11 new radiocarbon (14C) assays, introducing an update to the cultural sequence, consisting of two considerable changes, while also providing further overall strengthening. First, the earliest traces of human groups are now placed at 1645 ± 25 BP, or cal AD 263–536 (±2σ); second, five different periods are established for the research area. A recalibration of Gorin’s dates identified their consistency with the results reported here, supporting the new cultural chronology of central Nicaragua. Additionally, this study achieved the complete temporal characterization of Aguas Buenas, the largest pre-colonial archaeological site in Nicaragua.
Molecular characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from chronically colonised cystic fibrosis paediatric patients in Brazil
Authors: Rodrigues D. C. S. , Lima D. F. , Cohen R. W. F. , Marques E. A. , Leão R. S.
Published: May 2020

Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients has been associated with a more rapid decline in lung function, increased hospitalisation and mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clonal relationships among 116 MRSA isolates from 12 chronically colonised CF pediatric patients over a 6-year period in a Rio de Janeiro CF specialist centre. Isolates were characterised by antimicrobial resistance, SCCmec type, presence of Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) genes and grouped according to DNA macrorestriction profile by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and spa gene type. High resistance rates were detected for erythromycin (78%) and ciprofloxacin (50%) and SCCmec IV was the most common type (72.4%). Only 8.6% of isolates were PVL positive. High genetic diversity was evident by PFGE (39 pulsotypes) and of nine that were identified spa types, t002 (53.1%) and t539 (14.8%) were the most prevalent. We conclude that the observed homogeneity of spa types within patients over the study period demonstrates the persistence of such strain lineages throughout the course of chronic lung infection.
Public Works in the Spanish Empire: A Bridging Perspective
Authors: Lucena-Giraldo Manuel
Published: May 2020

Public works began, at least in the Spanish Empire, after the failure of Christopher Columbus’s governance in the Antilles. The foundation of cities in the Americas was a colonization strategy. Urban republics formed a network to support the kingdoms of the Indies for more than three centuries. Far beyond traditional and nationalistic explanations, it was precisely the ability to establish bridges – social, as well as material – that explains the resilience and durability of this network until 1825.
The Influence of Personality and Drinking Motives on College Student	Binge Drinking in the US and Portugal
Authors: Martin Jessica L. , Ferreira Joaquim Armando , Haase Richard F. , Martens Matthew P. , Coelho Mariana , Martins Jorge , Jome LaRae M. , Santos Eduardo R.
Published: May 2020

Abstract. The present study examined whether personality traits and drinking motives interact to predict binge drinking and alcohol-related problems in a cross-cultural sample of college students. Participants were undergraduate drinkers ( N = 904; 66% female) from universities in Portugal ( N = 391) and the US ( N = 513). Participants completed measures assessing neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, drinking motives, frequency of binge drinking, and the number of alcohol-related problems. A significant Country × Neuroticism × Conformity interaction was explained by differences between US and Portuguese samples. The effect of this interaction on alcohol- related problems was mediated by binge drinking. Findings suggest similarities and differences across cultures in the manner in which personality and drinking motives are associated with alcohol outcomes. Across cultures, neuroticism, extraversion, conscientiousness, and drinking motives are key factors to consider in the assessment, prevention, and treatment of alcohol use among college students.
Projected Impacts of Climate Change on Drought Patterns Over East Africa
Authors: Haile Gebremedhin Gebremeskel , Tang Qiuhong , Hosseini‐Moghari Seyed‐Mohammad , Liu Xingcai , Gebremicael T. G. , Leng Guoyong , Kebede Asfaw , Xu Ximeng , Yun Xiaobo
Published: May 2020

Investigation of the pressing impacts of climate change on drought is vital for sustainable societal and ecosystem functioning. The magnitude of how much the drought will change and the way how droughts would affect society and the environment are inadequately addressed over East Africa. This study aimed at assessing future drought changes using an ensemble of five Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) over East Africa. To this end, drought characteristics were investigated under the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5 in the near term (the 2020s; 2011–2040), midcentury (2050s; 2041–2070), and end of century (2080s; 2071–2,100). The changes of the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) were first compared, and the SPEI was used for measuring future droughts as it showed stronger changes due to its inclusion of temperature effects. Drought area in East Africa is likely to increase at the end of the 21st century by 16%, 36%, and 54% under RCP 2.6, 4.5, and 8.5, respectively, with the areas affected by extreme drought increasing more rapidly than severe and moderate droughts. Spatially, drought event, duration, frequency and intensity would increase in Sudan, Tanzania, Somalia, and South Sudan, but generally decrease in Kenya, Uganda, and Ethiopian highlands. Results also confirm that drought changes over East Africa follow the “dry gets drier and wet gets wetter” paradigm. The findings provide important guidance for improving identification of causes, minimizing the impacts and enhancing the resilience to droughts in East Africa.
Anomalous Propagation of Radio Waves from Distant ILS Localizers Due to Ionospheric Sporadic‐E
Authors: Sakai J. , Saito S. , Hosokawa K. , Tomizawa I.
Published: May 2020

The ionospheric sporadic‐E (Es) layer occasionally causes anomalous propagation (AP) of VHF radio waves to distant locations. This effect, EsAP, may cause interference to VHF radio operation above 100 MHz. Recent study showed that VHF air navigation signals from distant stations are frequently observed when Es occurs. The observed frequencies includes channels of VHF omnidirectional radio range (VOR) and instrument landing system localizer (ILS LOC). The study showed that EsAP signals can be very strong and frequently exceeded the allowable interference limit of navigation receivers. In this paper, we focus on EsAP on ILS LOC channels using the data obtained in the previous study. A series of extremely strong signals was observed on an ILS LOC frequency at Kure, Japan, on 15 May 2014 when an ionosphere sounder observed high‐density Es. The source of the signal was identified as an ILS LOC‐type direction aid (LDA) at Hualien, Taiwan. During the same period, several EsAP signals were observed on other ILS LOC channels, but their strengths were less significant. Analysis showed the causes of the strong signal from Hualien LDA: (1) the center of the narrow radio beam passed through the region very close to the receiver site; (2) the elevation angle of the propagation path was very close to that of the actual beam center. Statistics showed that there were several outstanding EsAP events of which source was Hualien LDA. This study suggests that if similar conditions exist, radio interference to ILS LOC receiver can happen on any ILS LOC channels.
Evaluation of the activity of a chemo-ablative, thermoresponsive hydrogel in a murine xenograft model of lung cancer
Authors: Rossi Seóna M. , Ryan Benedict K. , Kelly Helena M.
Published: May 2020

Background

Minimally invasive intratumoural administration of thermoresponsive hydrogels, that transition from liquid to gel in response to temperature, has been proposed as a potential treatment modality for solid tumours. The aim of this study was to assess the inherent cytotoxicity of a poloxamer-based thermoresponsive hydrogel in a murine xenograft model of lung cancer.

Methods

In vitro viability assessment was carried out in a lung cancer (A549) and non-cancerous (Balb/c 3T3 clone A31) cell line. Following intratumoural administration of saline or the thermoresponsive hydrogel to an A549 xenograft model in female Athymic Nude-Foxn1nu mice (n = 6/group), localisation was confirmed using IVIS imaging. Tumour volume was assessed using callipers measurements over 14 days. Blood serum was analysed for liver and kidney damage and ex vivo tissue samples were histologically assessed.

Results

The thermoresponsive hydrogel demonstrated a dose-dependent cancer cell-specific toxicity in vitro and was retained in situ for at least 14 days in the xenograft model. Tumour volume increase was statistically significantly lower than saline treated control at day 14 (n = 6, p = 0.0001), with no associated damage of hepatic or renal tissue observed.

Conclusions

Presented is a poloxamer-based thermoresponsive hydrogel, suitable for intratumoural administration and retention, which has demonstrated preliminary evidence of local tumour control, with minimal off-site toxicity.
Association between serum copper levels and prevalence of hyperuricemia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Jiang Ting , Xie Dongxing , Wu Jing , He Hongyi , Wang Haochen , Wang Ning , Zhu Zhenglei , Wang Yilun , Yang Tuo
Published: May 2020

Hyperuricemia has been recognized as a worldwide public health concern. This study was conducted to examine the association between serum copper (Cu) concentration and the prevalence of hyperuricemia in a middle-aged and elderly population. Serum Cu concentration was measured by Roche modular P800 using the PAESA method. Serum uric acid (UA) concentration was detected by a Beckman Coulter AU 5800. Presence of hyperuricemia was defined as serum UA ≥ 416 μmol/L for men and ≥360 μmol/L for women. The association between serum Cu concentration and the prevalence of hyperuricemia was evaluated by logistic regression. The prevalence of hyperuricemia was 17.6% (n = 6,212) in the present study. Relative to the lowest quintile, the age- and sex-adjusted odds ratios for hyperuricemia were 1.38 (95% CI: 1.12 to 1.70), 1.34 (95% CI: 1.07 to 1.66), and 1.53 (95% CI: 1.23 to 1.91) in the third, fourth, and fifth serum Cu concentration quintiles (P for trend < 0.001). Similar results were found both in men and women subgroups. None of the findings were materially altered after adjustment for additional potential confounders. In conclusion, in this population-based cross-sectional study, serum Cu concentration was positively associated with the prevalence of hyperuricemia.
Time-resolved 3D imaging of two-phase fluid flow inside a steel fuel injector using synchrotron X-ray tomography
Authors: Tekawade Aniket , Sforzo Brandon A. , Matusik Katarzyna E. , Fezzaa Kamel , Kastengren Alan L. , Powell Christopher F.
Published: May 2020

The multiphase flow inside a diesel injection nozzle is imaged using synchrotron X-rays from the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory. Through acquisitions performed at several viewing angles and subsequent tomographic reconstruction, in-situ 3D visualization is achieved for the first time inside a steel injector at engine-like operating conditions. The morphology of the internal flow reveals strong flow separation and vapor-filled cavities (cavitation), the degree of which correlates with the nozzle’s asymmetric inlet corner profile. Micron-scale surface features, which are artifacts of manufacturing, are shown to influence the morphology of the resulting liquid-gas interface. The data obtained at 0.1 ms time resolution exposes transient flow features and the flow development timescales are shown to be correlated with in-situ imaging of the fuel injector’s hydraulically-actuated valve (needle). As more than 98.5% of the X-ray photon flux is attenuated within the steel injector body itself, we are posed with a unique challenge for imaging the flow within. Time-resolved imaging under these low-light conditions is achieved by exploiting both the refractive and absorptive properties of X-ray photons. The data-processing strategy converted these images with a signal-to-noise ratio of ~ 10 into a meaningful dataset for understanding internal flow and cavitation in a nozzle of diameter 200 μm enclosed within 1–2 millimeters of steel.
Connexin43 and connexin50 channels exhibit different permeability to the second messenger inositol triphosphate
Authors: Valiunas Virginijus , White Thomas W.
Published: May 2020

Gap junction channels made of different connexins have distinct permeability to second messengers, which could affect many cell processes, including lens epithelial cell division. Here, we have compared the permeability of IP3 and Ca2+ through channels made from two connexins, Cx43 and Cx50, that are highly expressed in vertebrate lens epithelial cells. Solute transfer was measured while simultaneously monitoring junctional conductance via dual whole-cell/perforated patch clamp. HeLa cells expressing Cx43 or Cx50 were loaded with Fluo-8, and IP3 or Ca2+ were delivered via patch pipette to one cell of a pair, or to a monolayer while fluorescence intensity changes were recorded. Cx43 channels were permeable to IP3 and Ca2+. Conversely, Cx50 channels were impermeable to IP3, while exhibiting high permeation of Ca2+. Reduced Cx50 permeability to IP3 could play a role in regulating cell division and homeostasis in the lens.
Urine Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin (NGAL) for Prediction of Persistent AKI and Major Adverse Kidney Events
Authors: Lumlertgul Nuttha , Amprai Monpraween , Tachaboon Sasipha , Dinhuzen Janejira , Peerapornratana Sadudee , Kerr Stephen J , Srisawat Nattachai
Published: May 2020

We aimed to determine whether urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) can accurately predict persistent AKI, major adverse kidney events at 30 days (MAKE30) and 365 days (MAKE365) in hospitalized AKI patients. This is a retrospective study of adult patients who were admitted at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. We performed multivariable logistic regression for persistent AKI, MAKE30, and MAKE365. We developed equations for predicting MAKE30 and MAKE365 and divided the dataset into derivation and validation cohorts. uNGAL performance and predictive models were assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AROC). Among 1,322 patients with AKI, 76.9%, 45.1%, and 61.7% had persistent AKI, MAKE30, and MAKE365. The AROC were 0.75 (95% confidence interval[CI] 0.70–0.80), 0.66 (95%CI 0.61–0.71), and 0.64 (95%CI 0.59–0.70) for prediction of persistent AKI, MAKE30, and MAKE365 by uNGAL. The AROC in the validation dataset combining uNGAL with clinical covariates were 0.74 (95%CI 0.69–0.79) and 0.72 (95%CI 0.67–0.77) for MAKE30 and MAKE365. We demonstrated an association between uNGAL and persistent AKI, MAKE30, and MAKE365. Prediction models combining uNGAL can modestly predict MAKE30 and MAKE365. Therefore, uNGAL is a useful tool for improving AKI risk stratification.
Glossary of Terms Used in Molecular Toxicology
Authors: Templeton Douglas M , Schwenk Michael , Duffus John
Published: May 2020

This glossary expands upon the Comprehensive Glossary of Terms Used in Toxicology. Like its predecessor, it addresses the need for harmonized toxicology terminology, and has undergone a full, comprehensive and rigorous review by IUPAC Committees. It serves as the reference glossary for students and researchers studying the chemical and molecular biological bases of toxicology, and for those involved in chemicals legislation, regulation and risk assessment. Toxicology uses terminology from many disciplines that have been revolutionized by recent developments in molecular biology and biochemistry, and this glossary provides a compilation of definitions of molecular entities that impact on toxicology. Extensive Notes are included to provide context for many of the proteins and important genes defined, with disambiguation where entities are referred to by different names in the literature. We hope that this will be helpful to students and professionals alike.
P(NMe2)3 mediated cyclopropanation of α-methylene-β-lactams for rapid syntheses of spirocyclopropyl β-lactams
Authors: Luo Si-Qin , Liu Wei , Ruan Ban-Feng , Fan Shi-Lu , Zhu Hui-Xia , Tao Wei , Xiao Hua
Published: May 2020

A P(NMe2)3-promoted cyclopropanation of a C3-substituted α-methylene-β-lactam provides a rapid and user-friendly method to obtain pharmaceutically intriguing spirocyclopropyl β-lactams under mild reaction conditions.
Remote C–C bond formationviavisible light photoredox-catalyzed intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer
Authors: Chen Hui , Yu Shouyun
Published: May 2020

Visible light photoredox catalysis combined with intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) can serve as a unique tool for achieving remote C–C bond formation. Recent advances in photoredox-catalyzed remote C–C bond formation are summarized.
Controllable synthesis of ultrasmall Pd nanocatalysts templated by supramolecular coordination cages for highly efficient reductive dehalogenation
Authors: Jiang Wei-Ling , Shen Ji-Chuang , Peng Zhiyong , Wu Gui-Yuan , Yin Guang-Qiang , Shi Xueliang , Yang Hai-Bo
Published: May 2020

A simple and efficient supramolecular coordination cage (SCC) template-strategy is developed to synthesize Pd nanocatalysts with controllable size and size distribution for highly efficient reductive dehalogenation.
One-step processing of multilayers in organic solar cells
Authors: Shamieh Basel , Sarkar Tanmoy , Frey Gitti L.
Published: May 2020

A tri-layer is formed in one processing step by the spontaneous migration of additives from the active layer towards both electrodes. The self-generated interlayers reduce the barriers for charge collection and enhance the device performance.
Optimization of polarization behavior in (1 − x)BSBNT–xNN ceramics for pulsed power capacitors
Authors: Li Dongxu , Shen Zong-Yang , Li Zhipeng , Luo Wenqin , Song Fusheng , Wang Xingcai , Wang Zhumei , Li Yueming
Published: May 2020

A slim P–E loop with delayed early polarization saturation is more beneficial for enhancing energy storage performance.
Dihydroartemisinin initiates ferroptosis in glioblastoma through GPX4 inhibition
Authors: Yi Renxin , Wang Handong , Deng Chulei , Wang Xinyue , Yao Lei , Niu Wenhao , Fei Maoxing , Zhaba Wangdui
Published: May 2020

It has been demonstrated from previous studies about the killing effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) on glioblastoma, which involves multiple aspects: cytotoxicity, cell cycle arrest and invasion inhibition. DHA has the advantages of low cytotoxicity to normal cells, selective killing effect and low drug resistance, making it one of the popular anti-tumor research directions. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered form of cell death characterized by iron dependence and lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. In the present study, we found differences in the expression of transferrin receptors in normal human astrocytes (NHA) and glioblastoma cells (U87 and A172), which may be one of the mechanisms of DHA selective killing effect. Through the determination of ferroptosis-related protein expression, we found that the significant decrease of GPX4, accompanied by the constant expression of xCT and ACSL4, suggesting GPX4 was a pivotal target for DHA-activated ferroptosis in glioblastoma. Total and lipid ROS levels were increased and all these results could be reversed by the ferroptosis inhibitor, ferrostatin-1. These findings demonstrated ferroptosis would be a critical component of cell death caused by DHA and GPX4 was the main target. All these results provide a novel treatment direction to glioblastoma. The association between ferroptosis and polyamines is also discussed, which will provide new research directions for ferroptosis caused by DHA in glioblastoma.
Adipose stem cells in obesity: challenges and opportunities
Authors: Shin Sunhye , El-Sabbagh Asma S. , Lukas Brandon E. , Tanneberger Skylar J. , Jiang Yuwei
Published: May 2020

Adipose tissue, the storage of excessive energy in the body, secretes various proteins called adipokines, which connect the body’s nutritional status to the regulation of energy balance. Obesity triggers alterations of quantity and quality of various types of cells that reside in adipose tissue, including adipose stem cells (ASCs; referred to as adipose-derived stem/stromal cells in vitro). These alterations in the functionalities and properties of ASCs impair adipose tissue remodeling and adipose tissue function, which induces low-grade systemic inflammation, progressive insulin resistance, and other metabolic disorders. In contrast, the ability of ASCs to recruit new adipocytes when faced with caloric excess leads to healthy adipose tissue expansion, associated with lower amounts of inflammation, fibrosis, and insulin resistance. This review focuses on recent advances in our understanding of the identity of ASCs and their roles in adipose tissue development, homeostasis, expansion, and thermogenesis, and how these roles go awry in obesity. A better understanding of the biology of ASCs and their adipogenesis may lead to novel therapeutic targets for obesity and metabolic disease.
Dust evolution across the Horsehead nebula
Authors: Schirmer T. , Abergel A. , Verstraete L. , Ysard N. , Juvela M. , Jones A. P. , Habart E.
Published: May 2020

Context. Micro-physical processes on interstellar dust surfaces are tightly connected to dust properties (i.e. dust composition, size, and shape) and play a key role in numerous phenomena in the interstellar medium (ISM). The large disparity in physical conditions (i.e. density and gas temperature) in the ISM triggers an evolution of dust properties. The analysis of how dust evolves with the physical conditions is a stepping stone towards a more thorough understanding of interstellar dust.

Aims. We highlight dust evolution in the Horsehead nebula photon-dominated region.

Methods. We used Spitzer/IRAC (3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8 μm) and Spitzer/MIPS (24 μm) together with Herschel/PACS (70 and 160 μm) and Herschel/SPIRE (250, 350 and 500 μm) to map the spatial distribution of dust in the Horsehead nebula over the entire emission spectral range. We modelled dust emission and scattering using the THEMIS interstellar dust model together with the 3D radiative transfer code SOC.

Results. We find that the nano-grain dust-to-gas ratio in the irradiated outer part of the Horsehead is 6–10 times lower than in the diffuse ISM. The minimum size of these grains is 2–2.25 times larger than in the diffuse ISM, and the power-law exponent of their size distribution is 1.1–1.4 times lower than in the diffuse ISM. In the denser part of the Horsehead nebula, it is necessary to use evolved grains (i.e. aggregates, with or without an ice mantle).

Conclusions. It is not possible to explain the observations using grains from the diffuse medium. We therefore propose the following scenario to explain our results. In the outer part of the Horsehead nebula, all the nano-grain have not yet had time to re-form completely through photo-fragmentation of aggregates and the smallest of the nano-grain that are sensitive to the radiation field are photo-destroyed. In the inner part of the Horsehead nebula, grains most likely consist of multi-compositional mantled aggregates.
Collisional polarization of molecular ions: a signpost of ambipolar diffusion
Authors: Lankhaar Boy , Vlemmings Wouter
Published: May 2020

Magnetic fields play a role in the dynamics of many astrophysical processes, but they are hard to detect. In a partially ionized plasma, a magnetic field works directly on the ionized medium but not on the neutral medium, which gives rise to a velocity drift between them: ambipolar diffusion. This process is suggested to be important in the process of star formation, but has never been directly observed. We introduce a method that could be used to detect ambipolar diffusion and the magnetic field that gives rise to it, where we exploit the velocity drift between the charged and neutral medium. By using a representative classical model of the collision dynamics, we show that molecular ions partially align themselves when a velocity drift is present between the molecular ion and its main collision partner H2. We demonstrate that ambipolar diffusion potently aligns molecular ions in regions denser than their critical density. We include a model for HCO+ and show that collisional polarization could be detectable for the ambipolar drifts predicted by numerical simulations of the inner protostellar disk regions. The polarization vectors are aligned perpendicular to the magnetic field direction projected on the plane of the sky.
Sozialmedizin in Zeiten der Corona-Pandemie
Authors: Gostomzyk Johannes
Published: May 2020

Die gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen und Folgen der Coronavirus-Pandemie (Covid-19) sind
derzeit nicht vorhersagbar. Als Dauer der Pandemie wurde von Seiten des RKI ein
Zeitraum von bis zu 2 Jahren geschätzt. Aktuelle Lagebeurteilungen,
Prognosen und Bewertungen getroffener Maßnahmen müssen
ständig überprüft und angepasst werden und sollten auch
nützlich sein.
Teleophthalmopathologie mittels Whole Slide Imaging (WSI): klinisch-pathologische Korrelation auch ohne eigenes histologisches Labor
Authors: Auw-Hädrich Claudia , Jedynak Andreas , Reinhard Thomas , Döring Constanze , Lang Stefan J.
Published: May 2020

Die Telepathologie hat während der vergangenen beiden Dekaden aufgrund signifikanter Fortschritte im IT-Bereich ein enormes Wachstum erfahren und in der Ophthalmopathologie zur Einführung innovativer Lösungen für die Digitalbilderzeugung geführt. Das Digitalisieren ganzer Schnitte (Whole Slide Imaging, WSI), bei der herkömmliche Glasobjektträger vollständig gescannt werden, bietet eine Vielzahl von Anwendungsmöglichkeiten, darunter in der (konsiliarischen) Ferndiagnostik, beim Einholen von Zweitmeinungen sowie in (Fern-)Lehre, Forschung und Präsentation. Neben qualifiziertem und erfahrenem Personal war bislang auch eine vergleichsweise hochpreisige apparative Grundausstattung wesentliche Voraussetzung. Der Schwerpunkt Ophthalmopathologie an der Klinik für Augenheilkunde in Freiburg hat die Möglichkeit, eine de facto unbegrenzte Zahl von Anwendern und Konsilpartnern (auch in Übersee) orts-, geräte- und zeitunabhängig in die digitale Mikroskopie identischer Schnitte
einzubeziehen. Dies geschieht lediglich mithilfe des Internets. Dieses Vorgehen hat sich ausgezeichnet bewährt und erschließt nicht nur für eine korrekte Diagnosestellung (klinisch-pathologische Korrelation), sondern auch für die Aus- und Weiterbildung vollkommen neue Möglichkeiten. Auf die Anfertigung und Verteilung weiterer histologischer Schnitte neben dem eingescannten Schnitt kann z. B. bei kleinen Präparaten mit wenig Material ebenso verzichtet werden wie auf die Beschaffung von Mikroskopen für die Teilnehmer von Lehre und Fortbildung etwa bei fehlenden Mitteln oder ungeeigneter Infrastruktur. Bei der Datenübermittlung ist die Beachtung datenschutzrechtlicher Vorgaben unerlässlich.
Acquired von Willebrand Syndrome and Platelet Function Defects during Extracorporeal Life Support (Mechanical Circulatory Support)
Authors: Schlagenhauf Axel , Kalbhenn Johannes , Geisen Ulrich , Beyersdorf Friedhelm , Zieger Barbara
Published: May 2020

Patients with ventricular assist devices (VADs) and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) suffer from an increased risk for thromboembolic events as well as for hemorrhages. High shear stress in the mechanical device results in acquired von Willebrand syndrome (AVWS), characterized by a loss of high-molecular-weight multimers of von Willebrand factor (VWF) leading to an increased bleeding risk. Onset of AVWS occurs within hours, persists during the whole period of mechanical support, and subsides rapidly after explantation. Patients with the older HeartMate II exhibit more severe AVWS than those with the newer HeartMate III, thanks to lower shear stress in the latter. All ECMO and VAD patients exhibit thrombocytopathia and often thrombocytopenia which further increases the bleeding risk. Etiological models for AVWS are increased cleavage by the metalloproteinase ADAMSTS13, mechanical destruction of VWF, and shear-induced VWF binding to platelets. Platelet secretion defects may be caused by transient platelet activation leading to degranulation. AVWS can be diagnosed by detection of VWF multimers using gel-electrophoresis and functional assays of varying sensitivity (VWF ristocetin cofactor activity, VWF activity, VWF collagen binding). Platelet dysfunction is monitored using light transmission aggregometry and secretion defects are detectable using flow cytometry. Modest use of anticoagulants and a target-controlled therapy based on VWF parameters and other coagulation and platelet parameters are shown to be beneficial in this patient group. Persistent hemorrhages may be controlled with tranexamic acid and platelet concentrates. Prompt weaning from the device, when indicated, is the best therapeutic option to prevent recurrent bleeding.
A cadaveric study of anatomical variations of fissures and lobes of lung
Authors: Singh A K , Niranjan Richa
Published: May 2020

Background and aim: The anatomical variations of fissures and lobes of lungs have been described by many research workers on CT scans, whereas, there were fewer studies done on gross anatomical specimens. Materials and methods: In the present study, 30 embalmed cadavers have been dissected and lungs were examined for fissures and lobes. Results: Nine out of 30 left lungs showed incomplete oblique fissures. Eight out of 30 right lungs showed incomplete transverse fissure but oblique fissure was complete, and in two right lungs, incomplete oblique and transverse fissures were found. In one cadaver one accessory lobe and one accessory fissure was present, on right side. Comparative analysis of present work with data in literature suggest that different studies performed on radiological images reported greater prevalence of incomplete or absence of pulmonary fissures as compared to present cadaveric study. Therefore our findings with regard to fissures and lobes are different from many studies but are approximately similar to two. Conclusion: Variation of lung anatomy is important for cardio-thoracic surgeons, radiologists for interpreting x-rays, CT scans and MRI and also it is of academic interest to all medical persons.
Acute Improvement in Intraoperative EMG During Common Fibular Nerve Decompression in Patients with Symptomatic Diabetic Sensorimotor Peripheral Neuropathy: EMG and Clinical Attribute Interrelations
Authors: Yamasaki Dwayne S. , Nickerson D. Scott , Anderson James C.
Published: May 2020

Study Aims Electromyographic (EMG) recordings of the fibularis longus and tibialis anterior muscles were performed intraoperatively during nerve decompression (ND) of the common fibular nerve (CFN) in patients with symptomatic diabetic sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Patient demographics and clinical attributes were compared against changes in EMG after ND and analyzed for possible correlations.

Methods Intraoperative changes in CFN EMG were analyzed for correlations against sex, age, body mass index (BMI), hemoglobin A1c (A1c), and type and duration of diabetes.

Results Statistically significant changes were found between EMG changes and patient attributes, but no individual correlations were established. Significant EMG improvement was observed for both men and women (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.05, respectively), age groups (4th decade: p < 0.05; 5th decade: p < 0.05; 6th decade: p < 0.01; 7th decade: p < 0.005), diabetes duration (0–9 years: p = 0.002; 10–19 years: p = 0.002; 20–29 years: p = 0.03), and for type 1 and 2 diabetes (type 1: p < 0.005; type 2: p < 0.001). EMG improvement was greater in patients with the highest BMI levels (30–34.9: p = 0.014; 35–39.9: p = 0.013; > 39.9: p = 0.043), and highest A1c levels (> 6.4%; p < 0.0001).

Conclusion Although long-term clinical studies are needed, these results provide insight into which patients might benefit most from this surgery. These results also suggest that surgical ND can produce an acute improvement in nerve function for both men and women, for people with type 1 and 2 diabetes, and across a wide range of ages, BMI, A1c levels, and disease duration.
Teachers’ digital competence in using and analytically managing information in flipped learning (Competencia digital docente para el uso y gestión analítica informacional del aprendizaje invertido)
Authors: Pozo-Sánchez Santiago , López-Belmonte Jesús , Rodríguez-García Antonio-Manuel , López-Núñez Juan-Antonio
Published: May 2020

The use of flipped learning as a methodological approach entails the constant use of content management platforms. The interactions generated on these platforms yield big data, and managing and analysing these data facilitates the teachers’ decision-making to improve their educational actions. The objective of this study is to ascertain the influence of the teachers’ level of digital competence on the use of flipped learning and the management and analysis of big data. To do so, a descriptive, correlational quantitative method was used. A sample of 744 Spanish teachers was chosen to fill out a questionnaire. The results reveal that teachers have a medium level of digital competence, with Communication-collaboration and Information being the strongest areas. The use of flipped learning is rare, and the data management and analysis levels are deficient. Each area in digital competence bears a significant influence — albeit at different levels — on the use of flipped learning and the analytical management of educational data.