bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conversationally Implicating Lesbian and Gay Identity
Authors: Liang A C
Published: November 2023

An anecdote While S and her parents were sitting around the kitchen table, her mother reported that in a recent telephone conversation, S’s aunt had asked when S was going to get married. S’s mother said she had explained that S just hadn’t found the right person yet, to which her aunt had replied that not being married was easier anyway. In response to this story, S’s father remarked that if S found the right person, she didn’t have to rule out marriage. This conversation continued despite the fact that S, who, unbeknownst to her parents, is lesbian, said nothing to indicate her agreement or disagreement. In the absence of S’s protestations, S’s parents could retain their as sumptions regarding how a woman is defined in American culture. Had S elected to express her real feelings-for instance, if she had announced her intention to live with a woman or said that her definition of marriage was quite different from theirs she might have, minimally, aroused her parents’ embarrassment, or she might even have been thrown out of the house. But she chose not to speak, and they could define her sexual identity without feeling contradicted.
“She Sired Six Children”: Feminist Experiments with Linguistic Gender
Authors: Livia Anna
Published: November 2023

recurring theme for feminist novelists of the 1970s was the question of pronouns. Feminist theorist Elaine Morgan notes that if you use the pro noun he in a book about the history of man, “before you are halfway through the first chapter a mental image of this evolving creature begins to form in your mind. It will be a male image and he will be the hero of the story” (quoted in Spender 1980:151). Morgan comments that the use of he is “a simple matter of linguistic convenience” which, given the context, is clearly intended ironically, for the use of generic he is neither simple nor convenient. She goes on to remark that she longs to find a book that begins, “When the first ancestor of the human race descended from the trees, she had not yet developed the mighty brain that was to distinguish her so sharply from other species.” If the feminine pronoun in Morgan’s imaginary textbook produces a sense of shock, this reaction indicates that the reader has, despite the lack of overt markers of masculinity, nevertheless imagined a man. Thus the use of the generic he is no simple matter. Nor is it clear that linguistic convenience would cause one to choose the pronoun he to anaphorize man. This choice is more a matter of gender concord, since singular they is the pronoun of preference in informal speech (where convenience might be said to outweigh elegance) to anaphorize indefinite antecedents: Everyone loves their mother. Most theorists have rejected the substitution of the female pronoun for the male, believing that this would merely turn the problem around without solving it.
Constructing Opposition within Girls’ Games
Authors: Goodwin Marjorie Harness
Published: November 2023

Since their beginnings in the 1970s, studies of women’s language have proliferated stereotypes, positing deficit views of female interaction pat terns and supporting the notion that women’s “essential nature” is nonconfrontational and apolitical. These studies can be faulted on two counts: First, they neglected the diversity of ways of speaking in endogenous set tings where women live their lives; second, researchers assumed white middle-class American women’s speech to be the norm and found women’s speech deficient with respect to men’s speech (Foster 1995; Henley 1995; Kramarae 1990; Morgan, chapter 1, this volume). Many early studies viewed women as victims forced to act in weak, passive, irrational, ineffective ways. Looking largely at women in cross-sex interaction rather than in same-sex groups, this model ignored the complex ways women interact with one another, as well as the variety of codes from which they may select.

Cultural feminists’ alternative approaches celebrated the distinctiveness of women’s language and highlighted women’s supportive interactional styles (for literature reviews see Bing & Bergvall 1996; Freed 1995; Freeman & McElhinny 1995). Women’s cooperative talk with its “underlying esthetic or organizing principle of ‘harmony’ is emphasized in this model” (Kalcik 1975:6). Women complete each other’s turns, repeat or paraphrase each other’s contributions, and talk simultaneously but not in competition for the floor, preserving equal status and maintaining social closeness (Coates 1991; Falk 1980). According to Senta Troemel-Ploetz (1992:588), “equality among speakers” is achieved by mitigating orders and “toning down and camouflaging dominant speech acts.”
The Hot Group State of Mind: What Is It? Where Is It? Why Does It Matter?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

A hot group is a special state of mind. It’s not a name for some new kind of team or task force or committee. The hot group state of mind is task-obsessed and full of passion. It is always coupled with a distinctive way of behaving, a style that is intense, sharply focused, and full-bore. Any group can become a hot group-if it can get itself into that distinctive state of mind. A few groups currently called teams man¬age to do that, but the great majority don’t. Some task forces and other variously labeled groups also heat up, but most don’t. It is not the name, but that contagious single-mindedness, that all-out dedication to doing something important, that most distinguishes a hot group from all others.
Hot Groups and the Individual: What’s in It for Me? and What’s Not?
Authors: Lipman-Blumen Jean , Leavitt Harold.
Published: November 2023

Until now, we have insisted that individuals will no longer be kings and queens of the hill, no longer the only protoplasm from which to construct human organizations. In matters organizational, we have argued, the primacy of the individual is being seriously challenged by the rise of the small group. Here, somewhat paradoxically, we focus on the place of the individual in our new organizational world-the same individual we downplayed in earlier chapters.
Rational Democratic Deliberation Scope and Structure
Authors: Fleck Leonard M
Published: November 2023

The take-home message from the last chapter was that our theories of justice have their limits; some problems of health care justice are too complex, too ambiguous, or too open to reasonable but conflicting responses for any one theory to yield the clearly rationally dominant response. So we argued that this created space for an important role for rational democratic deliberation. We suggested—even if we failed to make the point with perfect clarity—that this was not democratic politics as usual; (i.e., interest group conflict mediated by a legislative body that sought to craft a policy satisfactory to the most powerful of those conflicting groups). That process typically has little to recommend it from a moral point of view.
Product Strategies, Work Force Skills, and “High-Involvement” Work Practices
Authors: Mason Geoff
Published: November 2023

In recent years, much attention has been given in industrialized nations to the potential efficiency gains for manufacturing enterprises of adopting new “leaner” production practices and more systematic approaches to product “quality management.” Common examples of the objectives pursued under these headings include faster turnover of stocks of components and work-in-progress; lower product reject rates; improved communications between design, engineering, and production departments; a reduction in the number of suppliers; and the imposition of higher quality standards on incoming raw materials and components. In many cases, this search for efficiency and product quality gains has been associated with changes in work organization designed to se cure higher levels of task flexibility among production workers and greater involvement of such workers in day-to-day decision making and performance improvements. Several recent studies suggest that “high involvement” work practices, such as the use of self-directed work teams, flexible job definitions, and employee problem-solving groups can contribute to enhanced productivity and/or profitability as long as they are accompanied by appropriate changes in work systems as a whole; for example, in shop floor layout, training levels, and pay-setting procedures (see Ichniowski et al., 1996, for an assessment of recent empirical studies of the links between innovative work practices and business performance).
The Changing Ethics of Death in the ICU
Authors: Mularski Richard A , Osborne Molly L
Published: November 2023

Technology drives bioethics when new treatments are used clinically before their ethical implications have been considered. The intensive care unit is a major arena where technology propels and focuses the ethics of death and dying. Many of the health care systems in the United States and elsewhere are faced with increasing demand for expensive health care services coupled with limited financial resources and competing societal needs.1 The following example illustrates some of the choices now available for managing death in the ICU: should an elderly patient who has metastatic cancer and has requested no heroic measures be intubated during an endoscopy procedure for an acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage? Which choice offers greater comfort? The analysis presented here will trace the major historical and contextual events that have influenced the ethics of dying in the practice of critical care medicine (Table 2–1).
Helping Families Prepare for and Cope with a Death in the ICU
Authors: Shannon Sarah E
Published: November 2023

Families play important roles in the critical care environment: they serve as familiar context for the patient, they are often called upon to act as surrogate decision makers, and families are recipients of care themselves. This chapter examines those three roles and suggests strategies to support families facing the transition from curative therapy goals to planning for a comfortable death.
Congestive Heart Failure
Authors: Sackner-Bernstein Jonathan
Published: November 2023

Congestive heart failure is caused by the inability of the heart to pump blood sufficiently to meet the body’s metabolic demands. Clinically, it manifests as symptoms of dyspnea and/or fatigue, and the natural history is one of gradual progression, leading to disability and death. There are many causes; ischemic heart disease dominates in the developed countries, although hypertension and valvular disease (including rheumatic heart disease) also lead to this syndrome.
Collective Bargaining Still Makes a Difference
Authors: Belzer Michael H
Published: November 2023

Trucking was once among the most heavily unionized industries in the United States. At the beginning of the 1970s, the Labor Department claimed local and intercity trucking was 80 to 100% organized, and scholars considered general freight to be “very close to 100 percent” unionized in local and long-haul freight.
Conversational Frameworks for the Accomplishment of Meaning in Aphasia
Authors: Goodwin Charles
Published: November 2023

Overwhelmingly, research on aphasia focuses on what particular disorders can tell us about how the brain organizes language. However, the problems visible as aphasia have an equally important social life. They shape possibilities for communication and patterns of human interaction in profound and powerful ways. Moreover, when analysis moves beyond the abilities of the isolated individual, we find that the activities of interlocutors, and more generally the organization of talk-in-interaction, provide crucial frameworks that enable someone with severe aphasia nonetheless to construct meaningful action within states of talk. Rather than focusing exclusively on what is distinctive about aphasia, such analysis will also shed light on general practices used by participants in conversation to build action and meaning in concert with each other.
Own Words
Authors: Anward Jan
Published: November 2023

As Harvey Sacks never tired of pointing out, ordinary conversation holds its own measure of poetic language, in the sense of Jakobson (1960). Of course, this is pleasing to our self-esteem as practicing conversationalists, for poetic talk, unlike normal talk, is regarded as a fine achievement, something laudable and hard to come by. However, we should actually be as pleased with our capacity to produce pedestrian “normal” talk. As more than thirty years of Conversation Analysis have shown, normal talk is as much of an achievement as is out-and-out poetic talk.
Introduction
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

Contrary to common belief, regular monthly menstruation became part of a woman’s life relatively recently in the historical presence of humans on earth. It is consequence of societal and cultural changes that cause distant evolutionary adaptations to conflict with the best interests for the health of the modern woman. It is reasonable to assume that at the dawn of the human epoch women menstruated rarely or not at all—it would have been extraordinary for a woman to menstruate regularly.
Conclusion
Authors: Coutinho Elsimar M , Segal Sheldon J
Published: November 2023

Recurrent menstruation is unnecessary and can be harmful to the health of women. It is a needless loss of blood.

Menstruation is responsible for aggravating an array of menstrual cycle–related medical disorders and is the cause of serious diseases such as premenstrual syndrome and endometriosis. Menstruation exacerbates anemia, which afflicts millions of women around the world. Long menstruation-free periods, such as occur during pregnancy and breast-feeding, alleviate menstrual cycle–related diseases. Freeing women of menstruation significantly reduces the risk of life-threatening disease such as ovarian and uterine (endometrial) cancers. The longer a woman is not menstruating, the greater the benefit. Freedom from menstruation can be achieved by the use of long-acting contraceptives or continuous use of the oral contraceptive pill. Under proper medical supervision, it can also be attained through natural means such as a conscientious regimen of rigorous physical exercise.

Except for anemia, which has been known since the time of Hippocrates, the most debilitating consequences of repeated menstruation were recognized only in the twentieth century. Premenstrual tension undoubtedly existed in the past, but its association with menstruation itself was not recognized. Women with PMS were often considered witches or mentally disturbed. Some of these unfortunate women were confined to insane asylums or even sentenced to be burned at the stake.
Sentencing and Punishment in The Netherlands
Authors: Tak Peter J
Published: November 2023

The Dutch criminal justice system has long been noted for its mildness, with reference usually made to Holland’s low imprisonment rate compared with those of other Western countries. In the early 1970s, the rate was around 20 per 100,000, but since then it has increased, at first gradually, but steeply since 1990. By 2000, Holland was incarcerating 90 per 100,000 of its inhabitants.
The Disassembly and Reassembly of U.S. Sentencing Practices
Authors: Reitz Kevin R
Published: November 2023

A process of recombination has been occurring in U.S. sentencing practices in the past three decades, in the sense that the foundational elements of punishment law and policy have undergone a kind of disassembly followed by a still-incomplete period of reassembly. In the important domain of the legal structures of punishment—the statutory and discretionary frameworks for sentencing decisions—the days are now gone in which every U.S. jurisdiction adhered to a similar approach. Since the mid-1970s, the United States has witnessed an unprecedented “sentencing reform movement” that has produced widespread and diverse structural experimentation among the nation’s sentencing systems. Also, in terms of the numbers and severity of criminal punishments imposed, almost everything about the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s has been dramatically different from the preceding decades of the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Beginning in the early 1970s, the United States set out on a course of “punishment expansionism” that has entailed ever increasing applications of all major forms of criminal sanctions. No resting place in the expansionist trend has yet appeared on the horizon. Finally, and in parallel with the upheavals in legal structure and systemic outputs, the theoretical fabric of U.S. sentencing had largely unraveled by the early 1970s and the process of finding new theoretical approaches has continued, without satisfactory completion, through the 1990s.
Comparative Perspectives on Sentencing Policy and Research
Authors: Frase Richard S
Published: November 2023

The chapters in this volume add to a rapidly growing English-language literature on sentencing laws and practices in Western countries and provide a rich source of data on the variety of approaches to common issues of sentencing policy faced by almost all modern nations. Although most of this literature is less than ten years old, it also provides instructive historical perspectives, revealing major changes that have occurred in several jurisdictions in just a few years.
Cooperation and Knowledge Creation
Authors: Michelis Giorgio De
Published: November 2023

Today there is general consensus on the idea that organizations cannot get and/or maintain effectiveness without continuous organizational changes allowing them to maintain their structural coupling with a highly turbulent, highly complex environment. However, the characterization of factors rendering an organization capable of getting and/or maintaining its effectiveness through organizational changes remains a controversial issue. This point is the most relevant one for those such as myself whose interest lies in designing effective computer-based support systems for cooperation among people working together.
Absorptive Capacity, Co-opetition, and Knowledge Creation: Samsung’s Leapfrogging in Semiconductors
Authors: Kim Linsu
Published: November 2023

Most, if not all, firms in developing countries are engrossed in activities to catch up with advanced countries. Even the majority of firms in advanced countries are en- gaged in catching up, as not all firms can be pioneers of novel breakthroughs even in these countries. Nonetheless, research on organizational knowledge creation and innovation is concentrated mainly in advanced countries and is focused mostly on the pioneering process (Dodgson, 1993; Nonaka and Takeuchi, 1995; Utterback, 1994; von Hippel, 1988).
Pocahontas: The Hostage Who Became Famous
Authors: Rountree Helen C
Published: November 2023

The one Native woman most Americans know about is Pocahontas: she was the Indian “princess” who saved the Jamestown Colony by rescuing John Smith and then married John Rolfe to maintain peace. She went to London and died prematurely on the way back home, after which her “warlike” people reverted to type. What a heroine—and what an Anglo-centered legend.
Planning vs. Opportunistic Adaptation
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

When Paul Allen and Bill Gates developed Microsoft’s first product, they did not do any market research or competitor analysis first. In December 1974 Allen visited his high school friend Gates, then a sophmore at Harvard. Allen spotted an issue of Popular Electronics featuring the Altair 8080 on the cover at a kiosk in Harvard Square. “I bought a copy, read it, and raced back to Bill’s dorm to talk to him,” Allen recalled. “I told Bill, ‘Well here’s our opportunity to do something with BASIC.” ‘ Allen and Gates did not write a business plan; they started working on a version of BASIC for the Altair right away. Gates writes that they “were like the characters in those Judy Garland and Mickey Rooney movies: “Let’s put on a show in the barn!” We thought there was no time to waste, and we set right to it.” Gates and Allen “didn’t sleep much and lost track of night and day” to complete their BASIC in four weeks.
Securing Resources
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

The meager endowments that make it virtually impossible for many entre preneurs to raise significant capital also make it difficult for them to attract customers, employees, suppliers, and other such resource providers. But whereas investors may be dispensable, these other sources of revenue and inputs are not. Securing these resource providers thus represents a critical problem for start-ups, which we will explore in this chapter.
Distinctive Qualities
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

The belief that entrepreneurs are special has widespread appeal, but we cannot easily specify their distinctive traits and skills. Folklore attributes many qualities to the entrepreneur-great energy, vision, leadership skills, and a never-say-die spirit, to name just a few. Some formal research on entrepreneurship, too, assumes individuals with distinctive traits and skills. At best, however, empirical studies provide weak support for the beliefs. As suggested in the sidebar “Profiling the Entrepreneur’s Person ality,” the studies have suffered from some basic methodological problems. First, many researchers have tried to identify a universal entrepreneurial personality. They have implicitly assumed that the owners of car dealer ships, self-employed accountants, and the founders of software companies share common traits that distinguish them from the population at large. This seems unlikely, given the wide variety of problems and tasks that these individuals face. A related problem derives from the arbitrary selection of traits. Researchers have studied whether entrepreneurs have “Type A” personalities or a high need for achievement, without specifying why these qualities matter.
VC-Backed Start-ups
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

Venture capital (VC)-backed start-ups have had a powerful influence in shaping popular beliefs (and formal research) about new ventures for several reasons. They have made significantly greater contributions than boot strapped ventures to certain high-technology fields such as semiconductors and genetic engineering. Their geographic concentration (notably in California and Massachusetts) raises intriguing questions for policymakers, economists, and sociologists. Researchers can more easily document their strategies and performance. They make more of a splash-the successful VC-backed start-up grows at a much faster rate than the average Inc. 500 company, going public or getting acquired in about five years, as opposed to the Inc. companies, which remain privately owned for an average of about eight years.
Critical Tasks
Authors: Bhide Amar V
Published: November 2023

Transforming a fledgling enterprise into a large and long-lived corporation requires entrepreneurs to adopt a strategic rather than an opportunistic approach. Drawing on the business strategy framework outlined in the previous chapter, I will discuss three tasks entrepreneurs must perform: To clarify the nature of the tasks required to transform a fledgling business, I will distinguish them from the challenges involved in starting a new venture and managing a large corporation. Audacious goals do not play an important role in starting a promising business. And, as we saw in Part I, the survival of such businesses depends more on effective adapttion to unexpected problems and opportunities than on the entrepreneur’s ability to formulate and implement a strategy. Long-term strategies do play an important role in the management of large corporations. But we will see that the process of formulating a strategy and its content is different in the transitional phase than it is after a firm becomes well established.
The Social Nation
Authors: Porter Brian
Published: November 2023

In 1863 the call for action was heeded. Aided by the atmosphere of reform in the tsarist empire during the early 1860s, patriotic activists in Warsaw began a campaign of public demonstrations on behalf of the Polish cause. Each time the Russians tried to suppress these protests, the movement only grew. For decades nationalists had claimed that only through “the deed” would Poland be made manifest, that only “national action” would advance them toward the promised land of peace, brother-hood, justice, and (not least) independence. Now the ultimate opportunity to act had arrived, and in early 1863 hundreds of thousands of Poles took up arms against the Russian occupation.
The Struggle for Survival
Authors: Porter Brian
Published: November 2023

The rhetoric of “science” and “work” allowed the positivists to shift attention away from the violence of 1863, but not without a price. Not only had they opened gaps through which hierarchy and authority could penetrate the discourse of patriotism, but by describing the nation as a “society” rather than a “cause,” by transforming Poland from a historical actor into an ethnolinguistic community subject to the laws of nature, they had called into question the bond between nation and state, between patriotism and the quest for independence. Most Poles, including most of the positivists, were still drawn to the famous lyric, “Poland has not yet died, as long as we still live,” but talk of the social organism and the struggle for survival raised the possibility that Poland might die.
What is TIAA-CREF?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

Like many other enduring philanthropic and public service concepts, the idea of TIAA-CREF germinated in the mind and fortune of Andrew Carnegie. In 1905, concerned about the poverty that seemed the common fate of retired teachers, he gave the then colossal sum of$10 million to fund the pensions of teachers at thirty universities. By 1918, it had become clear that the financial requirements for such a plan necessitated both teacher and employer participation and a larger financial organization. As a consequence, the Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (“TIAA’’) was incorporated and licensed as a New York life insurance company.
What is an Annuity?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

An annuity is a contract between two parties in which the first party, typically an insurance company, agrees, upon receipt of a specified dollar amount, to make periodic payments to a second party, typically one or two individuals, for an agreed upon period of time, starting either immediately or at some date in the future. The parties may define the stipulated period of time over which the payments will occur as (1) a definite number of years, (2) the lifetime of one or both of the individuals, or (3) a combination of (1) and (2). The recipient of the payments is defined as the annuitant. Like any other legally binding agreement, an annuity represents an irrevocable choice. Annuities exist outside of qualified plans. Generally, they are labeled tax-deferred annuities, and the investor buys one with posttax dollars. The annuitant has a number of payment options, including waiting until age 85 or talking a lump sum. Such a payment will produce income equal to the appreciation on the initial investment. The appreciation on the contract also enjoys a tax-free build-up, and only the growth is subject to tax.
How should you Allocate your TIAA-CREF Contributions?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

This question arises with the greatest frequency, and it ranks, as one would expect, as one of the most difficult to answer. We can only suggest general guidelines because your investment risk tolerance may differ from the next person’s. Also, investment choices should reflect one’s overall economic situation, and advertisements for online brokerage houses notwithstanding, not every form or method of investment suits every situation. In an age when most of us are at least aware of general movements in the market, if not actually participating in some way, most of us wish for a formula to provide the optimal investment mix for our particular situation. But investment management is an art, not a science, and there is no predetermined optimal solution or magic bullet.
When and How Should You Review Your Estate Plan? A Primer on Estate Planning
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

We debated where to put this chapter. Logic seemed to dictate that it be placed at the beginning of part V On the other hand, retirement planning and estate planning go hand in hand. When you think about it after you have read this chapter or in some meditative moment, you will realize that estate planning represents just another phase of financial planning and that type of long-term thinking forms one of the leitmotivs of this book. If we left this information to the end, we ran the risk that many readers would never make it that far or conclude, incorrectly, that they did not need to know what this chapter contains. Again, we cannot tell you what to do, but we can tell you the principal rules governing this area of the law and the options available to you as you work out an estate plan that suits your individual circumstances.
Who Should be Your Designated Beneficiaries? A Quick Review
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

This may appear an utterly redundant chapter, considering that we covered some of the issues earlier. Admittedly, you will find some overlap, but the designation of a beneficiary in the estate planning process differs from the general run-of-the-mill rules that we discussed before. We will undertake a more focused discussion because if you are estate planning, the choice of the DB can make a difference of potentially millions of dollars. These are distinctions that amount to a difference. The choice of your DBs, primary and contingent, also serves as the foundation of the estate plan, and you simply have to get it right.
A Quick Summary of Where We Have Been and Where We Are Going
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

To review, the basic steps that must be taken in your planning, if you are married with children, to pass your account down to the next generation are these: Do not annuitize your account, but elect the Minimum Distribution Option.
How Can You Reduce the Size of Your Taxable Estate?
Authors: Schloss Irving S , Abildsoe Deborah V
Published: November 2023

Having eschewed the yellow brick road in terms of the division of the estate between the marital share and the credit shelter trust, we need to look elsewhere to find techniques to reduce the size of your taxable estate. Again, this involves a profound mental and psychological switch. Up until now, you probably never thought that your net worth amounted to a hill of beans or that your estate planning would prove as challenging as it is turning out to be. But you have, through your own efforts, managed to accumulate wealth, and that means your estate planning can no longer stick to plain vanilla. Your estate planning needs more flavors, and you need to use more than the credit shelter trust and the estate tax exemption to minimize taxes. If you can make the transition from a person trying to make ends meet and having something left over for a reasonable level of comfort to someone who really owns something and needs to plan accordingly, you will readily appreciate that the dilemmas that you face compare favorably to the alternative of not having enough. For most of your life, you probably expected that the alternative would prove your lot, and now you must make the difficult adjustments to having more than you had expected.
Event Time Series Regression Analysis
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E
Published: November 2023

Chapters 6 and 7 introduced  Markov and phasic analysis, which help us understand the probabilistic and temporal relationships among individual events. As we have noted, these techniques preserve the nominal character of events. Stochastic modeling uses event types directly, while phasic analysis explores structures of phases that reflect the event types which constitute them. A different and quite useful approach considers the intensity or level of one or more characteristics over the course of the event sequence. For example, it would be useful to consider the degree to which actors external to an innovation were active in its development at various points in time. One way of measuring this would be to assess the number of interactions between the innovation team and external actors each month. This gives a measure of the intensity of external actor involvement, and the shape of this intensity curve over a period of three years would indicate when and how much external influence was occurring. A steady rise in this curve would indicate that external actors are more and more involved as time passes. On the other hand, cyclic patterns might suggest that external actors are involved only at certain key junctures. We might also gain some insights into the dynamics of external actor involvement by correlating the intensity curve with the curve of amount of positive and negative feedback each month. If increases in external involvement closely follow increases in negative feedback, then the nature of the key junctures would be clarified.
Event Time Series Nonlinear Dynamical Analysis
Authors: Poole Marshall Scott , Van de Ven Andrew H , Dooley Kevin , Holmes Michael E
Published: November 2023

In chapter 8 event time series were subjected to event time series regression analysis (ETSRA) to determine what type oflinear patterns existed in the temporal data. Recent advances in the theory and mathematics of nonlinear dynamical systems enable us to further distinguish between orderly, linear patterns of change and disorderly or random patterns of change. Specifically, we shall demonstrate that event time series that are classified as “random” according to the time series modeling techniques discussed in chapter 8 may in fact not be as random as we think. The methods of event time series nonlinear dynamical analysis (ETSNDA) will allow us to categorize time series data that would otherwise be classified as “random” into three different types of unpredictable behavior: chaos, colored noise, and white noise. Each of these patterns will be discussed in terms of their characteristics, how they manifest themselves in terms of statistical patterns, and what their implications are concerning social and organizational processes of change.
Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
Authors: Adams Harold P , Bachinski Vladimir , Norris John W
Published: November 2023

This book provides a comprehensive clinical review of the diagnosis and treatment of patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. The book includes chapters on the clinical features of transient ischemic attacks and ischemic stroke, risk factors, and evaluations. Additional chapters discuss causes of stroke including atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, non-atherosclerotic vasculopathies, and pro-thrombotic disorders. The causes of stroke in children and young adults are highlighted. The final section of the book includes chapters on therapies to prevent stroke, acute stroke treatment, general management of the patient with recurrent stroke, and rehabilitation. The volume is heavily referenced with an emphasis on recent publications so that the reader can pursue additional information about a topic. It also includes several tables and algorithms that should aid the clinician treating patients with cerebrovascular disease.
Approach to Painful Peripheral Neuropathies
Authors: Cornblath David R , Glass Jonathan D
Published: November 2023

The evaluation and treatment of painful peripheral neuropathy is one of the more common reasons for neurologic referral. Unfortunately, most clinicians are frustrated when dealing with these patients. In most cases, no etiologic diagnosis is forthcoming (so-called idiopathic painful sensory neuropathy, 1•2) and current treatments are only modestly successful. This chapter addresses the types of symptoms patients describe and their presumed pathophysiology, the differential diagnosis of painful peripheral neuropathy, and treatment strategies.
Entrapment Neuropathies
Authors: Freimer Miriam , Brushart Thomas M , Cornblath David R , Kissel John T
Published: November 2023

Entrapment neuropathies are compression injuries to a specific region(s) of a nerve predisposed by a narrow anatomic pathway, a fibroosseous tunnel, or a superficial course that provides little protection. The compression may be acute, intermittent, repetitive, or continuous. The course of the nerve predisposes to different types of injury, including interior pressure from the compromised space, exterior points of pressures such as occur at the elbow or fibular head, or directional changes causing angulation or stretching of the nerve. The ability to treat and determine prognosis depends on understanding the severity of the nerve injury and its potential reversibility.
Shaping the Enemy
Authors: McNeilly Mark
Published: November 2023

Therefore, those skilled in war bring the enemy to the field of battle and are not brought there by him. (Vl.2)

To achieve the nation’s objectives and defeat the enemy a leader must first make the opponent conform to his strategy, rules, and will. He must seize the advantage and make the enemy meet him at the time and place of his choosing. To master the enemy in this manner is what Sun Tzu means by “shaping.”

To shape your enemy one must first put together all that has been learned so far. A leader must know the situation.

And as water shapes its flow in accordance with the ground, so an army manages its victory in accordance with the situation of the enemy. (VI.28)

Then one must be able to deceive the enemy as to one’s plans.

Subtle and insubstantial, the expert leaves no trace; divinely mysterious, he is inaudible. Thus he is the master of his enemy’s fate. (Vl.9)
Character-based Leadership
Authors: McNeilly Mark
Published: November 2023

The principle that the leader is responsible for everything that happens under his command is a well-entrenched rule in am1ies throughout the world. This is as it should be, especially in Westem armies, in which the commander has the authority and responsibility to carry out his mission and to ask for support if the resources at hand are insufficient for the task. Finally, it is a tradition (indeed the duty) for a commander to resign if he believes the mission and/or strategy are incorrect or the goal unattainable. This responsibility for one’s command increases as the level of the command increases. Obviously, the decisions of commanders of armies, fleets, and air forces in battle will determine the fate of the nation.
Importance Of HIV Neurologic Complications To The Neurologist And Physician
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Neurologic complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are important to both neurologists and physicians for a variety of reasons. Perhaps the most significant is that neurologic complications are common. At least one-third of patients with advanced HIV disease will present with a neurologic complication, and even greater numbers of patients will have experienced one or more neurologic complication during their life with HIV disease. At autopsy, more than 80% of patients will have cerebral pathology, ranging from evidence of HIV encephalitis to opportunistic infections and lymphoma. At least half will have some evidence of a peripheral neuropathy.–These figures are evident in those countries where there is limited or no access to antiretroviral drugs as well as in those countries with full access to such drugs.
Introduction To HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Before the neurologic complications of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease are discussed, it is necessary first to review aspects of the biology of the virus in general, recognizing that it is a retrovirus and a member of the lentivirus family. In addition, the specific aspects of the molecular biology of HIV and the immunologic response to infection are critical to understanding the pathogenesis of the neurologic complications. Within this basic framework, the clinical features of systemic HIV disease and its complications are discussed, along with methods of diagnosis of HIV infection and treatment. Finally, the complications of treatment are detailed, with particular reference to how these impact on the neurologic manifestations of HIV infection.
Tuberculous Meningitis
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), in areas where tuberculosis (TB) is endemic, is a significant cause of a nonfocal deficit in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. Indeed, it may be more frequent than cryptococcal meningitis in some populations. Furthermore, there is still a significant mortality associated with the disease, which is considerably worsened if the diagnosis is delayed.
Uncommon Causes Of Nonfocal Brain Disorders In Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

In advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease the most common causes of predominantly diffuse neurologic impairment are acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) dementia complex (ADC) and cryptococcal meningitis. Conditions such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis and HIV headache, however, occur from time to time. CMV ncephalitis should be diagnosed early in order to increase the likelihood of recovery, and HIV headache may be associated with the early manifestations of ADC, which can easily be overlooked. The diffuse form of toxoplasmic encephalitis and herpes simplex encephalitis are included for completeness, although they are quite rare in clinical practice.
Primary central nervous System lymphoma and metastatic lymphoma
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Until recently, primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) was one of the most common causes of a focal brain lesion in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease. With the advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), this situation is becoming increasingly uncommon. This fundamental change in the epidemiologic characteristics of PCNSL, however, does not lessen its importance. In those parts of the world where access to HAART is limited or nonexistent, PCNSL is still an important cause of a focal brain lesion. In those parts of the world where HAART is available, PCNSL is still significant. If it occurs in a patient with suboptimal HIV viral load suppression, there is reason to believe that intensification of antiretroviral therapy, with consequent improvement in immune function, may be beneficial. In addition, the decision to use chemotherapy for PCNSL patients has changed, with some patients probably deriving benefit from a modified regimen. Finally, as a consequence of the increasing role of chemotherapy, the place of radiotherapy is under review. For all these reasons, the clinician involved with the care of HIV patients must know and understand PCNSL.
Uncommon Causes Of Predominantly Focal Cerebral Complications In Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Although it is true that the most common causes of focal brain disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are toxoplasmosis, primary central nervous system lymphoma, and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, there are several other less common yet important entities. Most have pleomorphic presentations leading to both focal and nonfocal disease. Indeed, all the complications discussed in this chapter more often cause diffuse, nonfocal disorders except herpes simplex, Kaposi’s sarcoma, cerebral hemorrhage, and primary brain tumors. In these cases, the focal presentations are discussed in detail here and the nonfocal aspects are discussed in other chapters. All of these disorders are important because diagnosis has become easier with the development of a variety of molecular techniques and because many respond to therapy.
Peripheral Nerve Involvement In Early And Moderately Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Brew Bruce James
Published: November 2023

Peripheral nerve disease in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection most often occurs when there is significant immunodeficiency, but there are several important syndromes that can occur earlier, ranging from involvement at the time of seroconversion to inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies.
Pathology and Natural History of Cholangiocarcinoma and Gallbladder Carcinoma
Authors: Rashid Asif , Ahrendt Steven A
Published: November 2023

Malignant tumors of the bile ducts and gallbladder are uncommon neoplasms. The bile ducts and gallbladder give rise to a wide variety of histopathological types of cancers, with adenocarcinoma being the most common type.1,2 Bile duct cancers and gallbladder cancers differ in incidence, gender distribution, clinical features, association with lithiasis and other risk factors, frequency of histological types, and treatment. For example, gallbladder cancers are two to three times more common in women than in men, but no gender difference is present for bile duct cancer.
Memory and Amnesia
Authors: Markowitsch Hans J
Published: November 2023

Memory is the glue that holds together our thoughts, impressions, and experiences. Without it, past and future would lose their meaning and self-awareness would be lost as well. In the 1950s the case description of H. M. by Scoville and Milner alerted scientists all over the world to the fact that certain circumscribed brain lesions within the limbic system may destroy the ability to form new memories, while leaving other intellectual functions untouched. The following two case reports are intended to display the symptoms of memory disturbance that may arise after bilateral damage to limbic structures.
Neural Substrates of Psychiatric Syndromes
Authors: Post Robert M
Published: November 2023

It is perhaps premature (but tempting) to write a chapter on the neural substrates of the various major psychiatric syndromes. In contrast to most neurological syndromes, wherein a medical history and physical examination usually lead to the diagnosis of a structural lesion that can be confirmed at autopsy (and more recently by a variety of imaging techniques), the psychiatric syndromes are by definition “functional” and, therefore, without fixed “organic lesions.” Nonetheless, there is a longstanding interest in uncovering the neurobiological bases of these syndromes. The purpose of this chapter is to review the emerging information on the anatomical distribution of dysfunction in some of these syndromes and to see how this neuroanatomy fits the principles that are covered in the other chapters of this book. The goal is not to show that psychiatric diseases are based on fixed lesions but, instead, to show that they are associated with patterns of dysfunction that have neuroanatomical substrates and specificities (Fig. 9-1).
Complexity Science Models of Organizational Change and Innovation
Authors: Dooley Kevin J
Published: November 2023

Complexity science is a term used to describe a broad and diverse group of concepts, models, and metaphors pertaining to the systemic and dynamic properties of living systems (Gell-Mann, 1994; Holland, 1995; Jantsch, 1980; Maturana and Varela, 1992; Prigogine and Stengers, 1984). Complexity science has its roots in general systems theory but also takes into account the basic principles and characteristics of living systems, such as self-renewal, construction of order from energy, self-organization, coevolution with the environment, nonlinearity, emergence, and the idiosyncratic desires, norms, preferences, and realities of humans (Lewin, 1992; Waldrop, 1992; Anderson, 1999; Guastello, 2002). Complexity science is broad and generic enough to encompass both positivist and constructivist viewpoints (Stacey, 1999) and provides a rich background for conceptual and theoretical development for both qualitative and quantitative researchers.