bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STOPPERS, TRANSPORT STIRRUP JARS AND WINE TRANSPORT, 1450–1150bc
Authors: Van Damme Trevor
Published: September 2019

This paper examines Late Bronze Age chipped ceramic and stone discs known most commonly as stoppers. Stoppers are distinguished from other classes of archaeological finds, including pierced discs and lids. Although it has long been known that stoppers could play a role in sealing ceramic vessels, recent scholarship has preferred to see them as multifunctional. For this article, 158 stoppers and 100 spout apertures from transport stirrup jar spouts found in secure Late Bronze Age III contexts have been studied. The results demonstrate a strong correlation in the apertures of transport stirrup jar spouts and the maximum diameter of stoppers that points to a meaningful relationship between the two. As the primary transport container of the Late Bronze Age, transport stirrup jars required careful sealing in order to allow their contents to transit without spilling or spoiling. There were many possible sealing configurations, however, and indeed this paper demonstrates some support for independent Mycenaean and Minoan traditions. A comparison with sealing traditions throughout the eastern Mediterranean reveals that the stopper method of sealing endured or reoccurred for thousands of years for the storage and transport of a specific commodity – wine. I conclude with the case study of stopper distributions at ancient Eleon, Boeotia, in order to show that a contextualised study of stoppers and stoppering activities in domestic structures has much to contribute to the study of social processes and domestic consumption practices.
Physiological assessment of non–target site restistance in multiple-resistant junglerice (Echinochloa colona)
Authors: Rouse Christopher E. , Roma-Burgos Nilda , Barbosa Martins Bianca Assis
Published: September 2019

Herbicide-resistant Echinochloa species are among the most problematic weeds in agricultural crops globally. Recurring herbicide selection pressure in the absence of diverse management practices has resulted in greater than 20% of sampled Echinochloa populations from rice (Oryza sativa L.) fields demonstrating multiple resistance to herbicides in Arkansas, USA. We assessed the resistance profile and potential mechanisms of resistance in a multiple herbicide–resistant junglerice [Echinochloa colona (L.) Link] (ECO-R) population. Whole-plant and laboratory bioassays were conducted to identify the potential mechanisms of non–target site resistance in this population. ECO-R was highly resistant to propanil (>37,800 g ha−1) and quinclorac (>17,920 g ha−1) and had elevated tolerance to cyhalofop (R/S = 1.9) and glufosinate (R/S = 1.2) compared to the susceptible standard. The addition of glufosinate (590 g ha−1) to cyhalofop (314 g ha−1), propanil (4,500 g ha−1), or quinclorac (560 g ha−1) controlled ECO-R 100%. However, cyhalofop applied with propanil (48% control) or quinclorac (15% control) was antagonistic. The application of the known metabolic enzyme inhibitors malathion, carbaryl, and piperonyl butoxide increased control of ECO-R with propanil (>75%) but not with other herbicides. Neither absorption nor translocation of [14C]cyhalofop or propanil was different between ECO-R and ECO-S. [14C]Quinclorac absorption was also similar between ECO-R and ECO-S; however, translocation of quinclorac into tissues above the treated leaf of ECO-R was >20% higher than that in ECO-S. The abundance of metabolites was higher (∼10%) in the treated leaves of ECO-R than in ECO-S beginning 48 h after treatment. The activity of β-cyanoalanine synthase, which detoxifies hydrogen cyanide, was not different between ECO-R and ECO-S following quinclorac treatment. Resistance to propanil was due to herbicide detoxification by metabolic enzymes. Resistance to quinclorac was due to a detoxification mechanism yet to be understood. The reduction in sensitivity to cyhalofop and glufosinate might be a secondary effect of the mechanisms conferring high resistance to propanil and quinclorac.
CAR exosomes derived from effector CAR-T cells have potent antitumour effects and low toxicity
Authors: Fu Wenyan , Lei Changhai , Liu Shuowu , Cui Yingshu , Wang Chuqi , Qian Kewen , Li Tian , Shen Yafeng , Fan Xiaoyan , Lin Fangxing , Ding Min , Pan Mingzhu , Ye Xuting , Yang Yongji , Hu Shi
Published: September 2019

Genetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are rapidly emerging a promising new treatment for haematological and non-haematological malignancies. CAR-T therapy can induce rapid and durable clinical responses but is associated with unique acute toxicities. Moreover, CAR-T cells are vulnerable to immunosuppressive mechanisms. Here, we report that CAR-T cells release extracellular vesicles, mostly in the form of exosomes that carry CAR on their surface. The CAR-containing exosomes express a high level of cytotoxic molecules and inhibit tumour growth. Compared with CAR-T cells, CAR exosomes do not express Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD1), and their antitumour effect cannot be weakened by recombinant PD-L1 treatment. In a preclinical in vivo model of cytokine release syndrome, the administration of CAR exosomes is relatively safe compared with CAR-T therapy. This study supports the use of exosomes as biomimetic nanovesicles that may be useful in future therapeutic approaches against tumours.
Origins of stereoselectivity in uncatalyzed and ZnBr2-catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions of a chiral sulfinylquinone
Authors: Chow Ka Ho , Krenske Elizabeth H.
Published: September 2019

DFT calculations show how a chiral sulfinyl group differentiates the diastereotopic faces of an adjacent CC bond in quinone Diels–Alder reactions.
A facile and regioselective multicomponent synthesis of chiral aryl-1,2-mercaptoamines in water followed by monoamine oxidase (MAO-N) enzymatic resolution
Authors: Lauder Kate , Masci Domiziana , Toscani Anita , Al Mekdad Aya , Black Gary W. , Brown Nicola L. , Turner Nicholas J. , Luisi Renzo , Castagnolo Daniele
Published: September 2019

A microwave assisted multicomponent protocol on water allows the regioselective synthesis of chiral aryl-1,2-mercaptoamines. The enzymatic resolution of the racemates leads to enantioenriched products.
Ideal isotropic auxetic networks from random networks
Authors: Reid Daniel R , Pashine Nidhi , Bowen Alec S , Nagel Sidney R , de Pablo Juan J
Published: September 2019

We design and create isotropically auxetic networks with Poisson's ratio close to −1 in experiments. To achieve this, we selectively prune bonds from disordered networks, and then optimize the properties of individual bonds and nodes.
Curved block copolymer nanodiscs: structure transformations in cylindrical nanopores using the nonsolvent-assisted template wetting method
Authors: Lin Yu-Liang , Cheng Ming-Hsiang , Chang Chun-Wei , Chu Chien-Wei , Liu Chih-Ting , Chen Jiun-Tai
Published: September 2019

In this work, we study the structure transformations of cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane (PS31k-b-PDMS14.5k) confined in cylindrical nanopores.
Electrocoagulation-H2O2-dimethicone combined system for COD reduction and phosphate removal of sewage wastewater
Authors: Cruz Kathlia D. , Madrid Carl Jefferson M.
Published: September 2019

Sewage wastewater contains large volume of pollutants and its discharge pose a serious environmental problem due to possible ground water contamination. This could be treated by electrocoagulation (EC) because of its proven effectiveness in treating different pollutants from various industries, however, this technology is not yet fully optimized. Process enhancements through chemical dosing were investigated in this study wherein electrocoagulation H2O2 dimethicone combined treatment was considered for the reduction of COD and removal of phosphate from an actual sewage wastewater source. Varying concentration of H2O2 and dimethicone was considered and it was found that at 1% H2O2 and 1% dimethicone, the phosphate removal of an EC system was improved from 83.06% to 100%. Likewise, the COD reduction increased from 68.25% to 82.89% after an hour of electrolysis time. Furthermore, using this blend, it reduced the settling time, minimized the electrode consumption and reduced froth height. Thus, the efficiency of the EC process improved using these additives.
Performance of Global Climate Model (GCMs) for Wind Data Analysis
Authors: Foyhirun Chutipat , Kongkitkul Duangrudee K. , Ekkawatpanit Chaiwat
Published: September 2019

The surface wind speed is an important climate variable for study of ocean wave energy and coastal erosion. The wind speed and wave height variations are caused by global warming. In the future, climate change impacts on changes of direction and wind speed which affect on wave height and wave period. The global climate model (GCMs) were developed by various institutions so each GCM has different GCM output. Then, the aim of this study is to evaluation the performance of GCMs for wind speed analysis in the area of Gulf of Thailand and Andaman Sea. In this study, the daily wind speed data was analyzed with a total of 15 GCMs and daily wind speed data of NCEP-NCAR was used as observation data to compare with wind speed data from GCMs over the period 1986-2005 (20 years). Moreover, the wind speed data was evaluated by efficiency coefficient which are root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE). It was found tht MRI-CGCM3, GFDL-ESM2M, IPSL-CM5A-LR, and IPSL-CM5A-MR are consistent with the most of observation data from NCEP-NCAR.
Accelerated Creep Life Assessment of In-Service Power Plant Components
Authors: Aldajah Saud Hamad , Mazedul Kabir Mohammad , Al-Haik Mohammad Y.
Published: September 2019

Structural metals used in plant components are subject to aging from a combination of fatigue, creep, and corrosion. Exposure to elevated temperatures promotes creep. Aged metals lose toughness, or the ability to absorb energy at stress above the yield point and cannot endure an occasional high load without fracturing. Creep is one of the most critical factors for determining the structural integrity of components. The main objective of the current study is to assess the remaining creep life of various 20-year old power plant engineering components such as the high temperature fasteners. Due to time constraints, the approach followed in this study was to utilize the accelerated high temperature creep testing in addition to Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis to assess the remaining life of 4 different samples. The accelerated high temperature creep tests were conducted at a stress level of 61 MPa and at a temperature of 1000°C for samples Sample 1 (original), Sample 2, Sample 3 and Sample 4; these samples were collected from different parts of the power plant. SEM analysis was carried out for all the samples. The results of the accelerated high temperature tests were compared to similar materials’ theoretical creep data using Larson Miller curve. The Larson Miller actual creep lives of the tested samples were much higher than the experimental ones, which suggest that the samples are critically aged. SEM analysis on the other hand, showed that all samples have high percentage of creep voids
NSCLC mit EGFR-Treibermutationen
Authors: Arnheim Katharina
Published: September 2019

Mit Erlotinib/Ramucirumab hat sich eine neue Option in der Erstlinientherapie des fortgeschrittenen EGFR-mutierten nicht-kleinzelligen Lungenkarzinoms (NSCLC) bewährt: In der Phase-III-Studie RELAY reduzierte die Kombination das Progressionsrisiko im Vergleich zu Erlotinib mono um 40 %.
Personalausfallkonzept zum Nachweis von
Ausnahmetatbeständen
Authors: Leydecker Julia , Kutscher Jan
Published: September 2019

Seit 1. Januar 2019 gelten die Pflegepersonaluntergrenzen, die die
Patientenversorgung sicherer machen und für Transparenz in der Schichtbesetzung
sorgen sollen. Doch wie ist mit kurzfristigen Krankheitsausfällen im Sinne der
PpUGV umzugehen? Hier ein Lösungsvorschlag.
Anomalous plasma acceleration in colliding high-power laser-produced plasmas
Authors: Morita T. , Nagashima K. , Edamoto M. , Tomita K. , Sano T. , Itadani Y. , Kumar R. , Ota M. , Egashira S. , Yamazaki R. , Tanaka S. J. , Tomita S. , Tomiya S. , Toda H. , Miyata I. , Kakuchi S. , Sei S. , Ishizaka N. , Matsukiyo S. , Kuramitsu Y. , Ohira Y. , Hoshino M. , Sakawa Y.
Published: September 2019

We developed an experimental platform for studying magnetic reconnection in an external magnetic field with simultaneous measurements of plasma imaging, flow velocity, and magnetic-field variation. Here, we investigate the stagnation and acceleration in counterstreaming plasmas generated by high-power laser beams. A plasma flow perpendicular to the initial flow directions is measured by laser Thomson scattering. The flow is, interestingly, accelerated toward the high-density region, which is opposite to the direction of the acceleration by pressure gradients. This acceleration is possibly interpreted by the interaction of two magnetic field loops initially generated by the Biermann battery effect, resulting in a magnetic reconnection forming a single field loop and additional acceleration by a magnetic tension force.
Intense-field interaction regime with weak laser pulses and localized plasmonic enhancement: Reference-free demonstration by 3rd- and 5th-order infrared spectroscopies
Authors: Mackin Robert T. , Cohn Bar , Chuntonov Lev , Rubtsov Igor V.
Published: September 2019

In bulk materials, intense field interaction is accompanied by undesired nonresonant processes. Plasmonic nanostructures localize enhanced fields exclusively in their vicinity. We report a 4-fold vibrational population inversion between all the excited and the ground states in the molecular monolayer on the surface of gold nanoantennas. Excited population assessment relies on a novel reference-sample-free evaluation of the field enhancement with 5th- and 3rd-order nonlinear infrared spectroscopies and on quantitative modeling of coherent excitation dynamics. This study opens opportunities for precise population control utilizing population inversion for vibrational transitions using weak fields.
Theory meets experiment for unravelling the C1s X-ray photoelectron spectra of pyridine, 2-fluoropyridine, and 2,6-difluoropyridine
Authors: Mendolicchio Marco , Baiardi Alberto , Fronzoni Giovanna , Stener Mauro , Grazioli Cesare , de Simone Monica , Barone Vincenzo
Published: September 2019

High resolution X-ray photoelectron spectra of a series of substituted pyridines (pyridine, 2-fluoropyridine, and 2,6-difluoropyridine) have been recorded and rationalized by means of a quantum mechanical approach based on the density functional theory including vibronic effects at the Franck-Condon level. The significant chemical shifts of the C1s binding energies induced by fluorine atoms are reproduced quantitatively by our computational model, as well as the vibrational fine structure and the band shapes. Nonsymmetric normal modes play an important role due to the core-hole localization in the presence of equivalent carbon atoms in pyridine and 2,6-difluoropyridine.
African trypanosomes expressing multiple VSGs are rapidly eliminated by the host immune system
Authors: Aresta-Branco Francisco , Sanches-Vaz Margarida , Bento Fabio , Rodrigues João A. , Figueiredo Luisa M.
Published: September 2019

Trypanosoma brucei
parasites successfully evade the host immune system by periodically switching the dense coat of variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) at the cell surface. Each parasite expresses
VSGs
in a monoallelic fashion that is tightly regulated. The consequences of exposing multiple VSGs during an infection, in terms of antibody response and disease severity, remain unknown. In this study, we overexpressed a high-mobility group box protein, TDP1, which was sufficient to open the chromatin of silent
VSG
expression sites, to disrupt
VSG
monoallelic expression, and to generate viable and healthy parasites with a mixed VSG coat. Mice infected with these parasites mounted a multi-VSG antibody response, which rapidly reduced parasitemia. Consequently, we observed prolonged survival in which nearly 90% of the mice survived a 30-d period of infection with undetectable parasitemia. Immunodeficient RAG2 knock-out mice were unable to control infection with TDP1-overexpressing parasites, showing that the adaptive immune response is critical to reducing disease severity. This study shows that simultaneous exposure of multiple VSGs is highly detrimental to the parasite, even at the very early stages of infection, suggesting that drugs that disrupt VSG monoallelic expression could be used to treat trypanosomiasis.
Agendamelding
Authors: Minooie Milad
Published: September 2019

The present study tests the agendamelding theory, which posits that public agenda is the result of a process whereby audiences “meld” agendas from various media along with their personal agenda to form a coherent picture of society. To that end, the contributions of the traditional media agenda, the social media agenda, and the personal agenda of Iranian audiences to their public agenda are independently measured and compared against values predicted by theory. The findings indicate a strong social media agenda-setting effect in Iran (ρ = .83,p < .05) and a weak, non-significant traditional media agenda-setting effect (ρ = .28,p = .48). On average, actual contributions closely mirror values predicted by theory, suggesting that agendamelding is a viable theory for studying the audience-media relationship.
Scientific arguments in policy-making
Authors: Andone Corina , Hernández José Alfonso Lomeli
Published: September 2019

This paper focuses on the use of scientific insights for
justifying decisions in policy-making. Because in policy-making the politician
argues for a future course of action by pointing at its positive consequences,
the burden of proof should concern not only the scientific arguments, but also
the pragmatic arguments. We show how the political justificatory process takes
place that combines the two argument types, and we propose criteria for
assessing the quality of the justifications. Based on our theoretical findings,
we provide a case-study analysis of the Paris Agreement on climate change in
which we demonstrate how the politicians attempt to meet their burden of proof
imposed by pragmatic and scientific argumentation.
The reference corpus matters
Authors: Geluso Joe , Hirch Roz
Published: September 2019

This study investigates the effect that reference corpora of different registers have on the content of keyword
lists. The study focusses on two target corpora and the keyword lists generated for each when using three distinct reference
corpora. The two target corpora consist of published research by faculty at two PhD-granting programs in applied linguistics in
North America. The reference corpora comprise published research in applied linguistics, newspaper and magazine articles, and
fiction texts, respectively. The findings suggest that while common keywords representing each target corpus emerge regardless of
the reference corpus used in the analysis, there are also substantial differences. Primarily, using a reference corpus of the same
sub-register as the target corpus better highlights content unique to each target corpus while using a reference corpus of a
different register better uncovers words that reflect the register that the target corpora represent. Implications for conducting
keyword analysis are discussed.
The reduction number and degree bound of projective subschemes
Authors: Cường Đoàn , Kwak Sijong
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we prove the degree upper bound of projective subschemes in terms of the reduction number and show that the maximal cases are only arithmetically Cohen–Macaulay with linear resolutions. Furthermore, it can be shown that there are only two types of reduced, irreducible projective varieties with almost maximal degree. We also give the possible explicit Betti tables for almost maximal cases. In addition, interesting examples are provided to understand our main results.
Characterization of nonlinear Besov spaces
Authors: Liu Chong , Prömel David , Teichmann Josef
Published: September 2019

The canonical generalizations of two classical norms on Besov spaces are shown to be equivalent even in the case of nonlinear Besov spaces, that is, function spaces consisting of functions taking values in a metric space and equipped with some Besov-type topology. The proofs are based on atomic decomposition techniques and metric embeddings. Additionally, we provide embedding results showing how nonlinear Besov spaces embed in nonlinearpp-variation spaces, and vice versa. We emphasize that we assume neither the unconditional martingale difference property of the involved spaces nor their separability.
The phosphatase inhibitor Sds23 regulates cell division symmetry in fission yeast
Authors: Schutt Katherine L. , Moseley James B.
Published: September 2019

Animal and fungal cells divide through the assembly, anchoring, and constriction of a contractile actomyosin ring (CAR) during cytokinesis. The timing and position of the CAR must be tightly controlled to prevent defects in cell division, but many of the underlying signaling events remain unknown. The conserved heterotrimeric protein phosphatase PP2A controls the timing of events in mitosis, and upstream pathways including Greatwall–Ensa regulate PP2A activity. A role for PP2A in CAR regulation has been less clear, although loss of PP2A in yeast causes defects in cytokinesis. Here, we report that Sds23, an inhibitor of PP2A family protein phosphatases, promotes the symmetric division of fission yeast cells through spatial control of cytokinesis. We found that sds23∆ cells divide asymmetrically due to misplaced CAR assembly, followed by sliding of the CAR away from its assembly site. These mutant cells exhibit delayed recruitment of putative CAR anchoring proteins including the glucan synthase Bgs1. Our observations likely reflect a broader role for regulation of PP2A in cell polarity and cytokinesis because sds23∆ phenotypes were exacerbated when combined with mutations in the fission yeast Ensa homologue, Igo1. These results identify the PP2A regulatory network as a critical component in the signaling pathways coordinating cytokinesis.
Adam Smith: Moral and Political Philosophy
Authors: Smith Craig
Published: September 2019

Adam Smith (1723–1790) has become known as the father of economics. His reputation as the author of the Wealth of Nations has eclipsed his contributions to other areas of philosophy. Smith was Professor of Moral Philosophy at the University of Glasgow and a key figure in the Scottish Enlightenment. His Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759) was well-regarded at the time but faded from the philosophical canon in the 19th century and has only recently been subject to a revival of interest among philosophers. Smith’s thought was dismissed as moral psychology or as proto-utilitarian political economy until a revival in interest stemming largely from the publication of a critical edition of his works in the 1970s. Recent years have seen a renaissance in interest in Smith among moral philosophers. This has been accompanied by the first serious analysis of Smith’s thinking on rhetoric and the philosophy of science. This bibliography focuses on Smith’s moral and political philosophy. There is a very large literature on the technical details his economic theory and his contribution to the history of that discipline, but that will be mentioned here only when illuminating for discussions of his moral and political thinking.
Descriptive Grammar
Authors: de Reuse Willem
Published: September 2019

For purposes of space, this bibliography excludes works focusing only on descriptive phonology, although, strictly speaking, unlike phonetics, descriptive phonology is part of the grammar of a language. See also the article “Morphology,” since much of the American descriptivist tradition focused on morphological problems, as well as “Endangered Languages,” and “Language Documentation,” since much of the present-day interest in descriptive grammar has to do with the documentation and description of endangered languages. There are recurring terminological issues regarding “descriptive grammar.” For language teachers who are less interested in linguistics, the term “descriptive grammar” is contrasted with “prescriptive grammar.” A descriptive grammar simply describes the actual grammatical facts, whereas a prescriptive grammar tells the learner which grammatical constructions should be used; in other words, it suggests some value judgments (see the article “Linguistic Prescriptivism.” Linguists who are not language teachers might prefer the term “reference grammar” over “prescriptive grammar,” since reference grammars tend to be descriptive, albeit sometimes with prescriptive advice. Other terms preferred over “prescriptive grammar” are “pedagogical grammar” or “teaching grammar,” both of which are intended as less comprehensive aids to the less linguistically sophisticated language learner. More relevant to linguistics are the oppositions between “descriptive,” “formal,” and “functional” grammars, and, more recently, between “descriptive linguistics” and “documentary linguistics,” both of which are important enough to warrant their own sections in this bibliography.
AIDS in Film and Television
Authors: Hart Kylo-Patrick R.
Published: September 2019

Representations of AIDS in film and television have differed throughout the world. Accordingly, this article focuses primarily on such representations in North America, with a particular emphasis on US media offerings and occasional references to related examples from other English-speaking countries. In the early 1980s, what eventually became known as AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) was initially labeled GRID (gay-related immune deficiency). As a result, the earliest representations of AIDS in television news programs focused almost exclusively on gay men, and shortly thereafter intravenous drug users, as “guilty villains” in the emergent AIDS crisis, with a visual emphasis on emaciated individuals covered with Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions. By 1985, independent films and documentaries pertaining to AIDS started to emerge, along with the NBC network’s first made-for-television movie about AIDS, An Early Frost. In 1987, AIDS began entering the plots of various prime-time television series. Most of these offerings continued to perpetuate understandings of AIDS as a gay disease, even into the early 1990s. As the decade of the 1980s gave way to the 1990s, the phenomenon of AIDS was increasingly being regarded as two distinct yet interrelated epidemics: HIV and AIDS. Some film and television offerings began shifting their focus away from gay men and intravenous drug users with AIDS toward children with AIDS and healthy individuals with “at-risk bodies” that required ongoing protection. In 1993, Hollywood’s first all-star movie about AIDS, Philadelphia, flipped the script by foregrounding Kaposi’s sarcoma lesions to generate substantial compassion, rather than cultural contempt, for a gay man with AIDS. The film’s contents, viewed by a wider general public than preceding works, effectively challenged AIDS discrimination. During the first half of the 1990s, a small number of noteworthy AIDS metaphor movies were made and released, and self-representation in AIDS documentaries became more common. In large part due to the availability of lifesaving antiretrovirals, which resulted in a cultural shift from large numbers of individuals dying from AIDS to large numbers living with HIV, representations of HIV/AIDS in film and television decreased substantially during the second half of the 1990s and throughout the first decade of the new millennium. Since then, there has been a growing representational interest in exploring the early history of AIDS, in offerings such as How to Survive a Plague (2012), Dallas Buyers Club (2013), and The Normal Heart (2014).
Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Hudson Kerry , Morgan Robert E.
Published: September 2019

The field of entrepreneurship is fundamentally concerned with opportunity-seeking behavior. Entrepreneurship is a process involving the identification of business opportunities, evaluation of the payoff from such opportunities, and investment of resources in the exploration and exploitation of opportunities that have the potential to create value. This process is most often attributed to the activities of individuals or small teams forming new business ventures, with established firms more often associated with the advantage-seeking approach emphasized in strategic management. However, the entrepreneurial process may occur within new, small, or large firms. The study of entrepreneurial firms thus includes three domains. First, independent entrepreneurship, considering the formation and early growth of new business ventures. Second, corporate venturing, where established firms internally develop new business ventures and/or provide resources and support to independent entrepreneurs. Third, strategic entrepreneurship, concerning the integration of entrepreneurial opportunity-seeking and strategic advantage-seeking approaches in the formulation and implementation of business strategy. A fourth domain also considers the context in which entrepreneurial firms operate, examining the environmental conditions that facilitate or inhibit opportunity-seeking behavior and the impact of entrepreneurial firms on economic development. This article aims to synthesize the current body of literature on entrepreneurial firms with reference to these three organizational contexts and the environmental contingencies of entrepreneurial firms. General resources are presented first, including textbooks most suitable for introductory reading or undergraduate study and the leading journals publishing peer-reviewed original research. Key topics in each research domain are then discussed, with notable empirical studies and review articles provided for further reading. Future research streams are also suggested.
Urban Meteorology and Climatology
Authors: Brazel Anthony J.
Published: September 2019

Urban areas tend to form their own weather and climate that significantly relates to effects of buildings, paved surfaces and materials, the water landscape, and emissions of waste heat and pollution into the atmosphere by industry, transportation systems, and human metabolism. A city gives rise to regional and local urban heat islands, altered river flows, changes in precipitation and humidity, elevated pollution levels, and altered airflow within, over, and across the built landscape. A myriad of microenvironments and microclimates exist across a metropolitan region as a result. These differences are important for a number of reasons, among them the fact that populations are increasingly moving to and living in cities, and the fact that there are several impacts of these changes that affect communities, businesses, urban planning, transportation systems, public health, energy and water use, security, and emergency responses. It is well known that cities have altered the atmosphere, producing changes in air temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind flow, sunshine, and pollution levels. A first formal study is Luke Howard’s The Climate of London. Since the 19th century, several developments led to modern-day practices and applications by urban meteorologists and climatologists. These are outlined in a seminal book Urban Climates and include four periods: (a) prior to 1930, pioneering climatographies of selected cities and weather elements, (b) 1930–1965, growth of micro- and local climatology, (c) 1965–2000, rapid increase in research with links to meteorology and physically based models, and (d) in the 21st century, the maturing of urban meteorology and climatology into a predictive science is occurring. This selective article cites literature on various areas of urban meteorology and climatology. The books, reports, and articles that are listed, with some exceptions, are recent ones. The maturing phase has created an enormous literature from many related disciplines focusing on urban weather and climate. Not every aspect is covered in detail, but books and references will lead to uncovering the vast literature related to this subject. Although it is a selective bibliography, certainly further in-depth searches, it is hoped, can be made by the reader.
Time to Approach Similarity
Authors: Webber Joseph J , Huppert Herbert E
Published: September 2019

In a recent article, Ball and Huppert (J. Fluid Mech., 874, 2019) introduced a novel method for ascertaining the characteristic timescale over which the similarity solution to a given time-dependent nonlinear differential equation converges to the actual solution, obtained by numerical integration, starting from given initial conditions. In this article, we apply this method to a range of different partial differential equations describing propagating gravity currents of fixed volume as well as modifying the techniques to apply to situations for which convergence to the numerical solution is oscillatory, as appropriate for gravity currents propagating at large Reynolds numbers. We investigate properties of convergence in all of these cases, including how different initial geometries affect the rate at which the two solutions agree. It is noted that geometries where the flow is no longer unidirectional take longer to converge. A method of time-shifting the similarity solution is introduced to improve the accuracy of the approximation given by the similarity solution, and also provide an upper bound on the percentage disagreement over all time.
Toward Cultural Competency in Health Care: A Scoping Review of the Diversity and Inclusion Education Literature
Authors: Brottman Melissa R. , Char Douglas M. , Hattori Robin A. , Heeb Rachel , Taff Steven D.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To explore best practices for increasing cultural competency and reducing health disparities, the authors conducted a scoping review of the existing literature.

Method

The review was guided by 2 questions: (1) Are health care professionals and medical students learning about implicit bias, health disparities, advocacy, and the needs of diverse patient populations? (2) What educational strategies are being used to increase student and educator cultural competency? In August 2016 and July 2018, the authors searched 10 databases (including Ovid MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus) and MedEdPORTAL, respectively, using keywords related to multiple health professions and cultural competency or diversity and inclusion education and training. Publications from 2005 to August 2016 were included. Results were screened using a 2-phase process (title and abstract review followed by full-text review) to determine if articles met the inclusion or exclusion criteria.

Results

The search identified 89 articles that specifically related to cultural competency or diversity and inclusion education and training within health care. Interventions ranged from single-day workshops to a 10-year curriculum. Eleven educational strategies used to teach cultural competency and about health disparities were identified. Many studies recommended using multiple educational strategies to develop knowledge, awareness, attitudes, and skills. Less than half of the studies reported favorable outcomes. Multiple studies highlighted the difficulty of implementing curricula without trained and knowledgeable faculty.

Conclusions

For the field to progress in supporting a culturally diverse patient population, comprehensive training of trainers, longitudinal evaluations of interventions, and the identification and establishment of best practices will be imperative.
Improvements in Grip and Pinch Strength and Patient-reported Outcomes After Anterior Cervical Discectomy and Fusion
Authors: Yoo Joon S. , Ahn Junyoung , Mayo Benjamin C. , Bohl Daniel D. , Ahn Junho , Hrynewycz Nadia M. , Brundage Thomas S. , Park Daniel D. , Colman Matthew W. , Phillips Frank M. , Singh Kern
Published: September 2019

Study Design:

Prospective.

Objective:

To evaluate improvements in grip and pinch strength in patients with or without myelopathy and determine patient factors that are predictive of continued postoperative grip strength weakness.

Summary of Background Data:

The degree to which cervical myelopathy can diminish upper extremity muscle strength has not been objectively characterized. Few studies have investigated the association between the expected improvements in patient-reported outcomes (PROs) and strength in grip and pinch after anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF).

Methods:

Patients were asked to perform grip and pinch strength tests both preoperatively and at 6-month follow-up. Patients were also administered PRO surveys, which included Neck Disability Index, Short-Form-12 physical composite score and mental composite score, and Visual Analog Scale neck and arm pain scores. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to determine optimum cutoff values of preoperative patient factors to predict postoperative dominant handgrip weakness after ACDF.

Results:

Patients with radiculopathy demonstrated a significantly greater improvement in Visual Analog Scale arm pain compared with patients with myelopathy. The ROC curve analysis determined the optimum cutoff for preoperative dominant handgrip strength to be 22 kgf. This value demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.89 and a specificity of 0.62. The area under the ROC curve value was 0.71 (95% confidence interval, 0.55–0.88), indicating fair prognostic accuracy of the cutoff for postoperative dominant handgrip weakness.

Conclusions:

In this prospective, observational study, postoperative increase in grip and pinch strength demonstrated an association with improvement of pain and disability of the neck and overall quality of health regardless of the presence of cervical myelopathy. Preoperative grip strength weakness was found to be predictive of postoperative grip strength deficiency after ACDF. Our investigation suggests the recovery of hand function may be correlated with improvement of PROs after ACDF.
Nivolumab-induced Adrenal Insufficiency in Patients With Renal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Suzuki Kotaro , Terakawa Tomoaki , Furukawa Junya , Harada Kenichi , Hinata Nobuyuki , Nakano Yuzo , Fujisawa Masato
Published: September 2019

Adrenal insufficiency is an extremely rare event in patients treated nivolumab, an anti-programmed death-1 (PD-1) monoclonal antibody, and its detailed clinical characteristics remain unclear. The objective was to elucidate the clinical features of adrenal insufficiency related to nivolumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). A total of 49 consecutive patients with mRCC or unresectable renal cell carcinoma were treated with nivolumab at Kobe University Hospital between December 2016 and August 2018. Adrenal insufficiency occurred in 5 (10.2%) of these patients. We retrospectively collected the data of these 5 patients, including their clinical characteristics, clinical and laboratory findings of adrenal insufficiency, and the clinical outcome of nivolumab treatment. All cases were diagnosed with secondary adrenal insufficiency due to isolated hyposecretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone. Eosinophilia at the onset of symptoms was observed in 4 patients. No patients showed signs of hypophysitis on brain magnetic resonance imaging and the secretion of other pituitary hormones were normal in all cases. The conditions of all patients were improved by hydrocortisone replacement therapy at a physiological dose. Notably, all 5 patients showed a partial response to nivolumab and remained stable after the cessation of nivolumab. In conclusion, we described, for the first time, a case series of nivolumab-induced adrenal insufficiency in patients with mRCC. Our findings may be useful for the accurate diagnosis and the prompt treatment of this condition. In addition, there is a possibility that adrenal insufficiency may be associated with a favorable response to nivolumab in patients with mRCC.
A Pharmaceutical Dispensing–based Index of Mortality Risk From Long-term Conditions Performed as well as Hospital Record–based Indices
Authors: Stanley James , Doughty Robert N. , Sarfati Diana
Published: September 2019

Objective:

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a mortality risk index from multimorbidity using pharmaceutical dispensing data.

Design:

The P3 (Pharmaceutical Prescribing Profile) mortality risk index was created (development n=2,331,645) using pharmaceutical dispensing records for the last 12 months for long-term conditions. β coefficients from a Cox proportional hazards model for mortality provided component scores for 30 medication categories. Index validity was tested (validation n=1,000,166) for risk of mortality and overnight hospitalization over 1 year, and predictive ability calculated for the P3 index relative to the hospital admission–based Charlson and M3 indices (all models adjusted for age/sex).

Setting:

This study was carried out in the setting of routine health data sources for the New Zealand adult general population, for an index date of January 1, 2012.

Results:

The P3 index performed equivalently to Charlson for 1-year mortality risk [c-statistics=0.920 and 0.921, respectively; difference=−0.001; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.004, 0.001]; P3 outperformed Charlson for overnight hospitalization risk (c-statistics=0.712 and 0.682; difference=0.029; 95% CI: 0.028, 0.031). Adding P3 to a model already containing the M3 index led to only marginal improvement for mortality (difference inc-statistics=0.004; 95% CI: 0.002, 0.005) but some improvement for hospitalization risk (difference inc-statistics=0.020; 95% CI: 0.018, 0.021).

Conclusions:

The P3 index provides an appropriate alternative to measures like the Charlson and M3 index when analysts only have access to pharmaceutical dispensing data for determining multimorbidity. The P3 index had a performance advantage over Charlson when analyzing risk for overnight hospital admissions.
Enhancing rehabilitation and functional recovery after brain and spinal cord trauma with electrical neuromodulation
Authors: Hofer Anna-Sophie , Schwab Martin E.
Published: September 2019

Purpose of review

This review discusses recent advances in the rehabilitation of motor deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) using neuromodulatory techniques.

Recent findings

Neurorehabilitation is currently the only treatment option for long-term improvement of motor functions that can be offered to patients with TBI or SCI. Major advances have been made in recent years in both preclinical and clinical rehabilitation. Activity-dependent plasticity of neuronal connections and circuits is considered key for successful recovery of motor functions, and great therapeutic potential is attributed to the combination of high-intensity training with electrical neuromodulation. First clinical case reports have demonstrated that repetitive training enabled or enhanced by electrical spinal cord stimulation can yield substantial improvements in motor function. Described achievements include regaining of overground walking capacity, independent standing and stepping, and improved pinch strength that recovered even years after injury.

Promising treatment options have emerged from research in recent years using neurostimulation to enable or enhance intense training. However, characterizing long-term benefits and side-effects in clinical trials and identifying patient subsets who can benefit are crucial. Regaining lost motor function remains challenging.
Social spider webs harbour largely consistent bacterial communities across broad spatial scales
Authors: Keiser Carl N. , Hammer Tobin J. , Pruitt Jonathan N.
Published: September 2019

Social animals that live in domiciles constructed from biomaterials may facilitate microbial growth. Spider webs are one of the most conspicuous biomaterials in nature, yet almost nothing is known about the potential for webs to harbour microbes, even in social spiders that live in dense, long-term aggregations. Here, we tested whether the dominant bacteria present in social spider webs vary across sampling localities and whether the more permanent retreat web harbours compositionally distinct microbes from the more ephemeral capture webs in the desert social spider,
Stegodyphus dumicola
. We also sampled spider cuticles and prey items in a subset of colonies. We found that spider colonies across large spatial scales harboured similar web-associated bacterial communities. We also found substantial overlap in bacterial community composition between spider cuticle, prey and web samples. These data suggest that social spider webs can harbour characteristic microbial communities and potentially facilitate microbial transmission among individuals, and this study serves as the first step towards understanding the microbial ecology of these peculiar animal societies.
Do bevacizumab solutions interact with silicone or polyurethane catheters during an infusion through implantable venous access ports?
Authors: Tokhadzé Nicolas , Chennell Philip , Cueff Régis , Sautou Valérie
Published: September 2019

This work aims to evaluate the possible impact of interactions between bevacizumab solutions and an implantable port equipped with a silicone or a polyurethane catheter after infusion through a complete infusion set-up in simulated use conditions. Physico-chemical and structural stability of bevacizumab solution was assessed by visual examination, subvisible particles counting, dynamic light scattering, size exclusion chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. Mechanical properties of the catheters were evaluated by measuring Shore A hardness, strain at break, strain at stress and Young's modulus. The physico-chemical surface state of the catheters was assessed by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and by water contact angle measurement. The analysis of the bevacizumab solution did not highlight any signs of instability or loss of active substance. Mechanical properties of both materials remained unchanged after the infusion. During material analysis, a decrease in water contact angle observed after infusion and was more pronounced for polyurethane catheters than for silicone, possibly due to bevacizumab adsorption or possible leachable extraction from the materials. Surface modifications were also noted at SEM. This study did not highlight any modifications that could alter the quality of the bevacizumab infusion, nor of the infusion catheter in polyurethane or silicone, despite a modification of surface hydrophilicity. Even if after a single infusion, implantable ports remained safe to use, they aim to be used for several infusion of various drugs during their lifetime, and further studies are needed to assess the impact of repeated infusions.