bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Shaping of the Face Space in Early Infancy: Becoming a Native Face Processor
Authors: Slater Alan , Quinn Paul C. , Kelly David J. , Lee Kang , Longmore Christopher A. , McDonald Paula R. , Pascalis Olivier
Published: November 2010

Abstract— Face perception remains one of the most intensively researched areas in psychology and allied disciplines, and there has been much debate regarding the early origins and experiential determinants of face processing. This article reviews studies, the majority of which have appeared in the past decade, that discuss possible mechanisms underlying face perception at birth and document the prominent role of experience in shaping infants’ face‐processing abilities. In the first months of life, infants develop a preference for female and own‐race faces and become better able to recognize and categorize own‐race and own‐species faces. This perceptual narrowing and shaping of the “face space” forms a foundation for later face expertise in childhood and adulthood and testifies to the remarkable plasticity of the developing visual system.
Relationships of Total Adiponectin and Molecular Weight Fractions of Adiponectin With Free Testosterone in African Men and Premenopausal Women
Authors: Cui Jie , Wu XiangDong , Andrel Jocelyn , Falkner Bonita
Published: November 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).

Adiponectin, a protein secreted by adipose tissue, has anti‐inflammatory, antithrombogenic, and antidiabetogenic effects. Lower plasma adiponectin levels are present in diabetes, obesity, and the metabolic syndrome. Adiponectin levels are higher in women compared with men. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between total adiponectin, or the molecular weight fractions of adiponectin, and testosterone levels in African American men and premenopausal women. A sample (N=48) of men and premenopausal women was selected based on high and low serum‐free testosterone level. All patients had data on blood pressure, metabolic risk factors, and sex hormone levels. Stored plasma samples were assayed for total adiponectin. Molecular weight fractions of adiponectin were separated by gel electrophoresis and quantified by Western blot. Data analysis compared adiponectin (total and fractions) levels with androgen status in both sexes. Among men with high testosterone levels, all fractions of adiponectin were significantly lower than those in men with low testosterone (P<.05). In women with high testosterone, total adiponectin (P=.02) and all fractions of molecular weight adiponectin (P<.05) were lower compared with those in women with low testosterone. Plasma adiponectin levels are lower in both men and premenopausal women with relatively higher testosterone levels. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:957–963. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemical, Environmental, and Trauma Exposures and Corresponding Health Symptoms Among Iraqi American Women
Authors: Nassar‐McMillan Sylvia C. , Jamil Hikmet , Lambert Richard G.
Published: November 2010

Central nervous system disorders such as fibromyalgia (FM) and chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome (CFIDS) have been recognized for decades but remain misunderstood by researchers and practitioners, belying clear etiological definition, diagnoses, and treatment. The aftermath of the Gulf War brought with it a phenomenon of symptoms characterizing such dysfunctions. This trend shifted the typical profiles of FM and CFIDS, which in the past included higher prevalence among women, and people increasing with age, to a primarily military‐aged, male population. The present study examines, through logistic regression, exposure to chemical and environmental toxins and psychological traumas as risk factors for FM‐ and CFIDS‐related health symptoms. Chemical exposure emerged as a statistically significant risk factor. Implications for research and practice are presented.
Parasitic infections
Authors: KESTELYN P , CLAERHOUT I
Published: November 2010

Purpose ‐ To familiarize the audience with the clinical characteristics of Acanthamoeba infection not only in the advanced stages, but also in the early period. ‐ To emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for a favourable outcome ‐ To discuss diagnostic and therapeutic strategies ‐ To describe associated complications and their treatment

Methods The course will incorporate the recent literature and make abundant use of case reports and slitlamp images from the authors' personal database.

Conclusion Early recognition of acanthamoeba keratitis and prompt and effective treatment often results in healing with excellent visual function.
Fungal infections
Authors: GICQUEL JJ
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Anatomical overview of the ophthalmic anaesthesia
Authors: HARGITAI ZS
Published: November 2010

As the opening presentation of the ophthalmolgiacal anaesthesia course the thorough review of the anatomy of the orbit is discussed. It includes the bone structure, capsula of Tenon, the blood vessels and finally the nerves. With the knowledge of these the best method of anaesthesia of the different kinds of ophthalmological operations can be planned and applied. This way reducing the number of complications while improving patient satisfaction.
Pharmacological overview of the ophthalmic anaesthesia
Authors: FISCHER E
Published: November 2010

Purpose Review of the chemical properties, differences between the effectiveness of the ophthalmological used local anaesthetics. Historical overview from 1860, year of the isolation of cocaine, to date.

Methods Didactic and substantive summary of the literature.

Results Specification of the basicity, lipophilicity, physicochemical properties, and the advantages, and disadvantages of adding adrenalin in different concentrations. Local anaesthetics also have adverse effects. All stimulate central nervous system, therefore it is very important to have a proper anamnesis, especially information about drug hypersensitivity from the patient.

Conclusion Interventions must be carried out in the view of drug interactions, with personalized choice of drugs and dose.
Currently used anaesthesiological techniques with some practical advice
Authors: SZIGETI A
Published: November 2010

An ideal anaesthetic method ensures optimal conditions to the surgical proceed, is painless, provides painlessness even through the hole perioperative time, forgoes to every stress reaction (both patient's and surgeon's), and has no side‐effects. At the moment there is no anaesthetic method which fulfills these terms exquisitely. When choosing anaesthesia it is important to consider the patient's aspects too, not to apply the most well‐known or familiar method, but the one which matches best to the concrete operative technique and is most close to the above conditions. In ophthalmology the applied anaesthetic methods take aim at not only analgesia but also akinesia, and at certain kinds of operations has to achieve hypotony and cutting off autonomic reflexes. In this lecture we would like to give a fully comprehensive review of anaesthetic methods used in ophthalmology currently.
How to identify retinal tears?
Authors: BERROD JP
Published: November 2010

Purpose Locating the retinal tear(s) in rhegmatogenous retinal detachment witout PVR is the first step of a successful treatment. The purpose of the course is to present the different techniques and rules to examine the retina in order to detect and locate all the tears.

Methods We emphasised the 3 Lincoff's rules that permit concentration of the efforts to a small area of the periphery to identify the breaks. More than one break is present in 50% of eyes. Hence, there is a need to inspect the rest of the fundus including areas of attached retina.

Results In the evaluation, one needs to stress the importance of good binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy with scleral depression or direct ophthalmocopy with slitlamp and 3 mirror contact lens. Vitrectomy can be indicated in certain cases of failure to detect breaks. In the presence of severe PVR the surgery would involve thorough cleaning of the entire retina, hence it may not be so important to identify all breaks preoperatively.

Conclusion A minimal rate of postoperative failure for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment can only be achieved if a maximal preoperative search for the retinal breaks has been performed.
How to prevent proliferative retinopathy?
Authors: CHIQUET C
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
How to improve retinal cell recovery?
Authors: TADAYONI R
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
How to prevent postoperative complications?
Authors: CREUZOT C
Published: November 2010

Purpose Retinal detachment can lead to early and delayed post‐operative complications. The purpose of the course is to present the different complications following retinal detachment surgery with their appropriate treatments.

Methods The postoperative complications will be divided according to the presentation of the patient (ie inflamed, painful eye or white painless eye) with or without visual loss.Then, IOP measurement and the results from slit lamp and fundus exam will provide us with the main signs useful for diagnosis.

Results With a painful red eye, the main severe diagnoses will be the different causes of increased IOP and endophthalmitis. The main cause of increased ocular pressure is related to the internal tamponade used during surgery (gas or silicone). However, the diagnosis of massive passage of silicone in the anterior chamber should be difficult. Hyphema or cataract due to gas should prevent us from a good fundus examination.

Conclusion This course will mainly focus on the different early and more delayed complications after retinal detachment surgery and will try to give some rules to decrease this risk.
Technique and role of biopsies in intraocular tumours
Authors: DAMATO BE , COUPLAND SE
Published: November 2010

Purpose To discuss the roles of various forms of biopsy of intraocular tumours, to describe the techniques and to highlight the main pitfalls and complications.

Methods Intraocular tumours can be sampled by exo‐ or endo‐biopsy. Exo‐biopsy can consist of excisional biopsy (e.g., iridocyclectomy), trans‐scleral incisional biopsy, or trans‐scleral fine‐needle aspiration biopsy. Endo‐biopsy comprises vitreous biopsy and retinal or choroidal biopsy performed with a fine needle or vitreous cutter. In rare cases, enucleation is the most pragmatic method of establishing the diagnosis, especially if the eye is blind and painful.

Results For many years, biopsy was performed mostly for diagnostic purposes the main reasons being to distinguish melanoma from metastasis and lymphoma from various forms of uveitis. Recently, prognostic biopsy has become more popular, the objective being to determine whether or not a uveal melanoma is likely to be life‐threatening. Biopsy can profoundly influence the management of an individual patient but requires special expertise both in the operating theatre and in the laboratory. There are many possible complications, which include endophthalmitis, extraocular seeding of tumour, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, cataract, haemorrhage, inconclusive result, and mis‐diagnosis.

Conclusion Biopsy of intraocular tumours is invaluable in the management of selected patients, but requires special expertise to ensure that good results are obtained without causing complications.
Diagnostic techniques for adnexal tumours
Authors: SEREGARD S
Published: November 2010

Purpose To outline clinical features and diagnostic techniques available for ocular adnexal tumours

Methods Review of pertinent literature and personal unpublished data.

Results Ocular adnexal tumours include a wide range of beningn and malignant neoplasms, some of which may be systemic. A correct pre‐operative diagnosis is imperative for appropriate management of these tumours. In most cases a combination of distinct clinical features, pertinent review of the patient's history and the judicial use of salient diagnostic techniques, like exfolitaion cytology and punch biopsies will provide the clinician with an approach to manage these lesions.

Conclusion The wide range of ocular adnexal tumours may cause significant clinical confusion. Recognition of distinct clinical features and judicial use of auxiliary diagnostic techniques will in most cases provide the clinician with a correct pre‐operative diagnosis.
Pathophysiology and classification of uveitis
Authors: DICK AD
Published: November 2010

Purpose This talk will overview the pathophysiology of non‐infectious uveitis in relation to recent SUN (standardised uveitis nomenclature) disease classification.

Methods The experimental and translational human evidence of autoimmunity and activation of immunity will be discussed. In addition the talk will highlight the pathways and mechanisms of tissue damage that results in sight‐threatening disease.

Results Traditionally, despite active immune regulatory mechanisms operative within the ocular environment, inflammation still occurs. Activated antigen and non‐antigen specific T cells are generated in uveitis. The interplay with innate immunity and in particular cells of myeloid lineage both systemically and within the local environment dictate the severity and extent of pathology we observe.

Conclusion The understanding of immune responses during the uveitis open many avenues to potential novel immunotherapies that not only suppress inflammation but attempt to redress immune balance, tolerance and local homeostasis within ocular tissues.
Symptoms and signs of anterior uveitis
Authors: TUGAL‐TUTKUN I
Published: November 2010

Purpose Based on the anatomic classification of uveitis, iritis and iridocyclitis are classified as anterior uveitis.

Methods Symptoms and signs of anterior uveitis will be presented

Results Patients with acute anterior uveitis typically present with red eyes, photophobia, ocular pain, and sometimes visual blurring. In chronic anterior uveitis, onset is usually insidious and patients may be asymptomatic until the development of complications. Ciliary injection, endothelial dusting or fine keratic precipitates (KPs), cells and flare in the anterior chamber with or without hypopyon formation or fibrinous exudate are the typical findings of alternating unilateral acute nongranulomatous anterior uveitis which is most commonly seen in association with HLA‐B27 antigen and spondyloarthropaties. Medium‐size KPs or large mutton‐fat KPs, chronic flare, Koeppe and Busacca nodules of the iris, peripheral anterior synechiae and broad‐based posterior synechiae are the typical findings of granulomatous anterior uveitis which is often chronic. Viral anterior uveitis is characterized by unilateral recurrent episodes of anterior uveitis characterized by endotheliitis, elevated intraocular pressure, and patchy or sectoral iris atrophy. JIA‐associated anterior uveitis is typically a bilateral nongranulomatous chronic anterior uveitis often complicated by band keratopathy, seclusion of the pupil, and cataract.

Conclusion Symptoms and signs in anterior uveitis vary depending on the acute or chronic, ganulomatous or nongranulomatous nature of the disease. Specific anterior uveitic entities are characterized by a distinct constellation of ocular signs.
Symptoms and signs of posterior uveitis
Authors: KHAIRALLAH M , KAHLOUN R
Published: November 2010

Purpose Posterior uveitis (PU) is an important anatomic form of uveitis in which the primary site of inflammation is the choroid or retina, with or without subsequent vitreous involvement.

Methods Review of symptoms and signs of PU.

Results The onset of PU can be sudden or less frequently insidious. Most common ocular symptoms include blurred vision, loss of vision, and floaters. Some patients with PU may have no symptoms, especially if inflammatory process is asymmetric. PU is usually associated with vitritis that can vary from mild to severe. Vitritis should be graded according to standardized grading systems. Other vitreous changes may include vitreous strands, vitreous hemorrhage, vitreous traction, and posterior vitreous detachment. Retinal and/or choroidal inflammation can be focal, multifocal, or more diffuse. It is important to distinguish between active and inactive chorioretinal disease. Retinal vasculitis can occur in the setting of several PU entities. It can involve retinal veins or arteries. It appears as focal, multifocal, or diffuse vascular cuffing or sheathing. Other retinal vasculitic changes include retinal hemorrhages, retinal vascular occlusion, retinal/optic disc neovascularization, and aneurysms. Maculopathy is common patients with PU. It may result from direct inflammatory infiltration, macular edema, serous retinal detachment, retinal ischemia, epiretinal membrane, or macular hole. Optic nerve involvement that can occur in association with PU include optic disc hyperemia/edema, optic neuritis, neuroretinitis, optic disc exudate, and optic disc granuloma.

Conclusion Clinical examination is a key step in the diagnostic approach to PU. Clinician should be aware of the array of ocular symptoms of signs and their importance in orienting the differential diagnosis.
Laboratory work‐up and specialized investigations
Authors: PLEYER U
Published: November 2010

Based on the anatomical involvement of the eye intraocular inflammation is classified into anterior, intermediate, posterior and panuveitis. All subtypes of uveitis are potentially related to infectious and noninfectious etiologies. This presentation will assist the participants in accurately diagnosing uveitis in a step latter approach including physical and laboratory investigations. In addition, a tailored approach based on confounding clinical observations with specialized investigations will help to further differentiate clinical entities. In cases of suspected intraocular infections the option of intraocular fluid evaluation for antibody testing and polymerase chain testing against the causative agent will be presented. Taken together, this part of the course will provide a rational decision‐making strategy for diagnosis of patients with uveitis.
Imaging: techniques and indications
Authors: HERBORT CP
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Main anterior entities 1: non‐granulomatous
Authors: NERI P
Published: November 2010

Purpose To describe the clinical course, the laboratory work‐up and the treatment of different types of anterior non‐granulomatous uveitis.

Methods The current literature is reviewed and the experience of a tertiary referral centre is reported.

Results The lecture describes the most typical subsets of non‐granulomatous uveitis. Most part of the talk is dedicated to the most common form of non‐granulomatous anterior uveitis: the acute anterior uveitis (AAU), which is very often associated with the HLA‐B27 allele. This antigen is also typically associated with the spondyloarthropathies, which are inflammatory joint diseases of the vertebral column. The correct interpretation of the clinical pattern can drive the decision towards the right therapeutic strategy. Other uveitis entities are described also.

Conclusion Non‐granulomatous uveitis is one of the most important ocular inflammations. It is mandatory to pay attention to the clinical findings and to the laboratory work‐up, in order to achieve a good therapeutic approach.
Technical principles of optical coherence tomography and basic differences among time‐domain, spectral‐domain and swept‐source OCT
Authors: WYLEGALA E
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Important factors determining reliability and reproducibility of OCT scans: advantages and disadvantages of commercially available OCT devices
Authors: JANISZEWSKA D
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Lamellar and penetrating keratoplasties
Authors: WYLEGALA E
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Corneal dystrophies and hereditary anterior eye segment disorders: anterior eye segment photo, clinical details, TD OCT, SD OCT and SS OCT scans, diagnosis and conclusion
Authors: NOWINSKA A
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Cataract, refractive and glaucoma surgery: anterior eye segment photo, clinical details, TD OCT, SD OCT and SS OCT scans, diagnosis and conclusion
Authors: JANISZEWSKA D
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Ocular injuries
Authors: NOWINSKA A
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Anatomy & Etiology
Authors: DETORAKIS E
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Periocular cosmesis & facial dynamic procedures
Authors: TRAKO N
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Retinophotographs to assess the grade of diabetic retinopathy
Authors: MASSIN P
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
Indocyanine green: to improve our knowledge in uveitis and macular degeneration
Authors: DE SMET M
Published: November 2010

Abstract not provided
English scientific writing made easy
Authors: DAMATO BE
Published: November 2010

Purpose The publication of scientific results may be delayed or abandoned because the authors are unable to write English adequately. The aims of this presentation are to highlight some of the most common grammatical errors and how these might be avoided.

Methods Scientific writing is widely regarded as an art, but can equally be considered as a skill, which can be gained by following some simple rules.

Results By following simple protocols, it should be possible to write a scientific article in English more easily.

Conclusion The aspiring scientific author should invest time learning basic rules so as to publish research results more efficiently.
Communicating numerical results correctly
Authors: KIVELÄ T
Published: November 2010

Purpose To highlight some pearls and pitfalls in reporting numerical data related to the eye with special reference to the instructions of the EVER Journal, Acta Ophthalmologica.

Methods Personal experience of the author as a writer, reviewer and editorial board member is used to highlight common issues specific for reporting statistics. The rules and the reasoning behind them are explained using abundant real life examples.

Results Statistics and mathematical analyses applied should be described in the methods section, but the software used need not be referenced unless it is specific for the test used. The following rules regarding reporting are highly recommended: 1. Report proportions if the number of subjects is smaller than 10; percentages in integers if the number of subjects is less than 100; if the number of subjects is larger, one decimal place can be given but is seldom necessary. 2. Report summary statistics of normally distributed variables as mean with standard deviation; other variables as medium with range. 3. Use parametric and nonparametric statistical tests accordingly. 4. Give exact p‐values (e.g. p=0.034); if p‐value is less than 0.001, report p<0.001. 5. Give 95% confidence intervals for main findings. 6. Mention the statistical test used with the p‐value (e.g. p=0.015, paired t‐test) if multiple methods are used.

Conclusion Efficient reporting and analysis of data related to the eye is not difficult as long as one is aware of the basic rules. Putting them into action helps to ensure that the conclusions the readers draw from your study are proper.
Internet tools for writing better
Authors: DAMATO BE
Published: November 2010

Purpose Many sources of information are freely available on the Internet to help authors write English more fluently.

Methods This presentation will highlight useful online sources of information for aspiring scientific authors.

Results The number of websites on English grammar is growing from year to year. These should be of great value to scientific authors.

Conclusion Time invested in visiting websites on grammar and scientific writing should expedite the publication of research.
Eyelid splitting and extirpation of hair follicles for treatment of trichiasis
Authors: ROSNER M
Published: November 2010

Purpose To review the background for developing the surgical technique of eyelid splitting and extirpation of hair follicles for treatment of acquired trichiasis, to demonstrate the technique, and to highlight its indications, advantages and complications.

Methods Personal experience is used to demonstrate the technique, its indications, advantages and complications. This includes the follow‐up data of 12 eyelids of 8 consecutive patients who were treated by splitting the eyelid margin using radiosurgical technique and others where the splitting of the lid margin was performed using CO2 laser or Colorado needle. This was followed by extirpation of the hair follicles of the trichiatic eyelashes using surgical microscope.

Results Complete recovery of the trichiatic eyelashes at the site of the treatment occurred in most eyelids. There were no complications during or after healing of the surgical wound during the follow‐up period.

Conclusion Eyelid splitting and extirpation of hair follicles provides a simple and relatively rapid modification of the surgical treatment for acquired trichiasis, with good functional results.
Glass beads implantation in the scleral cavity during evisceration
Authors: ROSEN N
Published: November 2010

Purpose To review the background for developing the surgical modification of glass bead implantation in the scleral cavity during evisceration, to demonstrate the technique, and to highlight its indications, advantages and complications.

Methods Personal experience is used to demonstrate the technique, its indications, advantages and complications. This includes the follow‐up data of 17 patients who underwent evisceration with glass bead implantation during 1993‐1996 and our experience from 164 eviscerations performed in our eye institute during the last 14 years.

Results All patients achieved good cosmetic results with relatively good motility of the prosthesis. Complications included transient chemosis at the early postoperative period; three patients had local dehiscence of the wound, two patients developed a cyst in the socket and one patient was afflicted with thinning of the conjunctiva over the surgical wound.

Conclusion The use of glass beads to fill the scleral cavity during evisceration has the advantage of an excellent fit in accordance with the scleral cavity volume, as well as ease of treatment in case of extrusion. The prosthesis movement is good because of its engagement with the scleral bulges caused by the glass beads.
Cryo‐assisted anterior approach for surgery of retro‐ocular orbital tumours
Authors: ROSEN N , ROSNER M
Published: November 2010

Purpose The aim of this course is to share our experience with transconjunctival or transcutaneous anterior orbitotomy using surgical microscope and cryoextraction approach for surgery of retroocular orbital tumors.

Methods Data regarding the used of this anterior surgical approach to retro‐ocular orbital tumors was collected from our case series of 103 patients who, over 16 years, were operated on for retroocular orbital tumors and from a newer case series of 24 patients who, over the last 5 years were operated on for orbital cavernous hemangioma.

Results A cryo‐assisted, minimally invasive, anterior approach was employed in most patients. During more than 20 years lateral orbitotomy was needed only in 3 patients. The operations with anterior approach lasted 57.9 + 15.0 minutes. In none there was need for transformation into lateral orbitotomy and there were no intra‐operative complications. No post operative deterioration of visual acuity was evident.

Conclusion In contrast to other reports on treatment of orbital lesions, in our experience, surgery of most solid tumors and of many other cystic or infiltrative lesions can be achieved via an anterior, cryo‐assisted approach, and thus with minimal trauma to the orbit. This approach warrants more favorable consideration as it can yield successful results even in cases with large or deeply located tumors. In most cases it obviates the need for extra‐ocular muscle disinsersion and lateral or transcranial orbitotomies with bone flaps.
Main anterior entities 2: granulomatous
Authors: WILLERMAIN F
Published: November 2010

Purpose During uveitis, inflammatory cells and epitheloid cells can aggregates on the corneal endothelium forming keratic precipitates (KPs).

Methods On slit lamp examination, KP’s can have different forms and locations. Once they are large with a mutton fat appearance, uveitis will be classified as granulomatous.

Results Granulomatous uveitis is a heterogeneous group of disease with anterior, intermediate and panuveitis. Granulomatous uveitis can be due to several infectious and non infectious causes, but masquerade syndromes and idiopathic cases must also been ruled out.

Conclusion This course will first describe the main clinical characteristics of those different entities. A standard work‐up procedure will then be proposed.
Infectious posterior uveitis
Authors: MARKOMICHELAKIS N
Published: November 2010

Several infectious agents (parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses) can invade the eye and lead to ocular inflammation. Infectious causes should always be considered and ruled out in all patients with posterior uveitis. Toxoplasma gondii is by far the most common cause of infectious posterior uveitis in all ages, while Toxocara canis infects typically children. Onchocerciasis and other parasitic diseases may also cause posterior uveitis, more commonly in developing countries. Nowadays, old bacterial diseases, tuberculosis and syphilis, emerged as common causes of posterior uveitis. Bartonella henselae and Borrelia burgdorferi are other bacteria that can also cause posterior uveitis. Fungal posterior uveitis usually occurs in immunosuppressed patients or in intravenous drug users. Herpes viruses (HSV, VZV, CMV) are also associated with infectious retinitis, in immunocompromised as well as immunocompetent patients, with quite destructive clinical course. Recently, more viruses (such as West Nile virus, Rift valley fever, dengue fever, and chikungunya) have been recognized as etiologic factors of posterior infectious uveitis. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is of high importance for the successful treatment and visual outcome of infectious uveitis. Techniques and methods, such PCR and detection of specific antibodies in the intraocular fluids (Goldmann‐Witmer coefficient), play a key role towards the detection of the pathogen of posterior infectious uveitis.
Complications of uveitis and their management
Authors: DE SMET M
Published: November 2010

Visual recovery in uveitis is hampered all too often by the onset of complications arising from the frequent recurrent episodes of inflammation. These may progress despite good control. The most frequent causes of vision loss related to uveitis are cataracts, cystoid macular edema, and glaucoma. It is important to understand the need for early recognition, appropriate and timely management as well as the treatment alternatives for these entities depending on the severity of the condition.
A new defined and serum‐free technique to obtain stratified oral mucosal epithelium for corneal surface reconstruction
Authors: LAINE J , ILMARINEN T , UUSITALO‐JUUTI K , NUMMINEN J , SUURONEN R , UUSITALO H , SKOTTMAN H
Published: November 2010

Purpose Corneal epithelial reconstruction by using cultivated oral mucosal epithelial transplantation (COMET) technique is a viable treatment option for severe ocular surface disorders. So far this has been based on utilization of xenogenic/allogenic components such as 3T3 mouse feeder cells, serum or amniotic membrane. In this study, we present a new defined and serum‐free method to obtain oral mucosal epithelium for COMET.

Methods Epithelial cells of oral mucosal biopsies were isolated and seeded on collagen IV inserts in a defined progenitor cell targeted (PCT) medium. After 90% confluency the medium was switched to a defined non‐PCT medium, and differentiation was induced by increased calcium concentration and airlifting for 6 days. No serum was added to the cultures. The integrity of the epithelium was measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) before embedding in paraffin. 5 μm sections were studied for histology and immunohistochemical markers for epithelial keratins (K), cell proliferation and cell adhesion.

Results The cultivated oral epithelial cells formed a stratified tissue of 4 to 15 cell layers. The cell sheets showed normal keratin expression profiles and were positive for K15 and p63, indicating the presence of putative progenitor cells. The cultivated epithelium also exhibited excellent TEER values, high integrity and ZO1 expression.

Conclusion We have developed a novel method to produce tight multi‐layered epithelium with proliferative potential for COMET under defined, serum‐free conditions, potentially suitable for clinical applications.
Keratocyte‐mediated establishment of lamellar structure in corneal development
Authors: YOUNG RD , PINALI C , PNG K , BUSHBY AJ , MEEK KM , KNUPP C , QUANTOCK AJ
Published: November 2010

Purpose Mechanisms by which presumptive keratocytes in the developing cornea engineer the 3‐dimensional lamellar matrix of the transparent stroma remain unknown. We used Volume Scanning Electron Microscopy to observe lamella formation in embryonic avian cornea in order to understand better corneal stromal biosynthesis, transparency and repair.

Methods Corneas were obtained from chick embryos at E10 and E14, when a loose structure of collagen fibril bundles condenses into the lamellar organisation of the mature stroma. Aldehyde‐fixed corneas were contrast‐enhanced in osmium ferricyanide and tannic acid and embedded in Durcupan resin. Toluidine blue‐stained sections were used to locate suitable sites, subsequently examined in unstained ultrathin sections in a Jeol 1010 transmission electron microscope. The polished faces of the resin blocks were then imaged using a BSE detector in a Quanta 3D FEG FIB/SEM via an alternate slice‐and‐view protocol. 50nm slicing was performed with a focused gallium ion beam and image series were collected over 18h. Image stacks were processed using ImageJ software.

Results Transmission and volume scanning electron microscopy reveal complex compartmentalisation of developing chick corneal stroma. Keratocyte filopodia extend many microns from cells into the extracellular space. These invest collagen fibrils, with varying orientations, and persist as the stroma condenses, appearing to orchestrate the spatial and directional organisation of the component lamellae.

Conclusion Volume SEM reveals in 3D the complex cellular morphology of prospective keratocytes in developing chick cornea with extensive filopodia, which presumably channel and direct collagen fibril bundles into an emergent lamellar architecture.
The effect of several growth factors on keratocytes during the stromal wound repair in vitro
Authors: GALLEGO P , IBARES‐FRIAS L , MARTINEZ‐GARCIA C , CANTALAPIEDRA R , MERAYO‐LLOVES J
Published: November 2010

Purpose To determine the effect of different growth factors during corneal stromal wound repair in vitro.

Methods The effect of TGF‐β, FGFb and PDGF‐BB on proliferation, migration and differentiation was evaluated in human corneal keratocytes cultures. The same type of wound was performed in all cultures. After making wounds, keratocytes were cultured in different culture media: Dulbecco´s modified Eagle´s medium (DMEM/F12) or DMEM/F12 supplemented with TGF‐β, FGFb, PDGF‐BB or fetal bovine serum (FBS). Cultures were fixed after 4, 10 and 15 days, and then we studied the proliferation, differentiation and migration

Results In serum‐free cultures, migration and cell proliferation rates were very low and the wounds closed after 15 days. These cells kept keratocyte morphology. The FBS addition produced fibroblast differentiation and the wounds were completely closed after 4 days. With this medium we observed the fastest rate of proliferation and cell migration of the study. TGF‐β treatment induced cell differentiation to myofibroblasts decreasing the rate of migration and cell proliferation so that the closure of the wound was very slow; 15 days after wounds performed these were not closed. Cell proliferation and migration were enhanced by FGFb and PDGF‐BB, for this reason the wounds were closed in 10 days. However both processes in PDGF‐BB supplemented cultures were more striking. Keratocytes morphology was maintained.

Conclusion The effect of each growth factor signaling on keratocytes in vitro was involved in different events of wound repair, although the mixture of them in FBS improved the actions.
The lens barrier: ultrastructural evidence
Authors: VAN MARLE J , VRENSEN G
Published: November 2010

Purpose Studies on cortical 1 and nuclear 2 cataracts suggest that the human lens consists of two compartments differentially susceptible to ageing. Biochemical studies support this view and show that the lens can be divided into a metabolically active cortex and a metabolically inert nucleus. We investigated the presence of gap junctions (GJ), square arrays (SA) and the cholesterol content of the fiber membranes in the axial poles of clear human lenses.

Methods Small pieces with known localization were prepared for freeze fracture. Filipin was used as cholesterol probe.

Results We find that the outermost posterior fibres are thin (<1 µm), the amount of cholesterol in their membranes high but with a normal membrane architecture with IMPs and GJs. This aspect changes abruptly at a depth of approx. 0.2 mm. There the amount of cholesterol in the membranes increases steeply, the amount of IMPs drops and the GJs become degenerate. On 1 or 2 fibres, at the border of this change in membrane architecture, SAs are found. SAs are absent everywhere else. Anterior in the lens the same phenomena are observed, however, deeper (0.5mm). This is probably related to thicker fibres (>4 µm).

Conclusion A high cholesterol content limits water permeability of membranes and it inhibits the function of carriers and transporters. Degenerate GJs will reduce solute flux from superficial fibres to deeper fibres. So it is concluded that the centre of the lens (ca 65% of the total lens volume) is effectively sealed. This supports the existence of a physiological barrier in the lens as proposed by Truscott2 . 1)Vrensen GFJM 2009 A Ophthalmol 87:602‐610. 2)Truscott RJW 2000 Ophthalmic Res 32: 185–194.
Intercapillary bridging cells in mouse retina
Authors: MENDES‐JORGE L , LLOMBART C , RAMOS D , LOPEZ‐LUPPO M , NACHER V , NAVARRO M , CARRETERO A , RUBERTE J
Published: November 2010

Purpose Intervascular bridges are fibrous strands that connect neighbouring capillaries. Approximately 0.5% of intervascular bridges in mouse retina present an associated cell. These bridging cells have been described in several tissues; however their identity and functions remain controversial.

Methods C57BL/6/6‐SJL and CD1 mice retinas were used. Whole‐mount formalin‐fixed retinas were studied by means of immunohistochemistry and cytochemistry. Isolation of retinal vasculature was achieved by trypsin/pepsin digest technique.

Results PAS reaction and the immunolabelling with anti‐collagen IV and laminin antibodies revealed that bridging cells were completely surrounded by a basement membrane, connecting two or more neighbouring capillaries. These cells were PECAM‐1 negative, a marker of endothelial cells, but strongly tomato lectin positive, a marker shared by endothelial cells and pericytes. Phalloidin, that binds specifically F‐actin highly abundant in pericytes, marked also bridging cells. As expected, bridging cells were negative for GFAP and F4‐80, a neuroglial and macrophagic marker, respectively. Interestingly, bridging cells expressed the connexin 43 gap junction protein.

Conclusion Our results suggest that intercapillary bridging cells are modified pericytes, since they are sourrounded by a basement membrane and express some of pericyte markers. Moreover, retina vasculature lacks innervation. Gap junctions allow ions to move between cells and thus, efficiently provide electrical signal passage through them. Intercapillary bridging cells constitutively expressed the gap junction connexin 43 protein, and this could represent a new way for simultaneous stimulation of different retinal vascular territories.
Protein kinase C (PKC) circadian expression during the day In C57bl6/j mice and mice lacking photosensitive cells (Rd10)
Authors: VICENTE TEJEDOR J , GóMEZ‐VICENTE V , RAMíREZ L , GERMAíN F , DE LA VILLA P
Published: November 2010

Purpose To study the mechanisms regulating specific protein expression throughout the circadian cycle in the mouse retina. In mammals, circadian rhythms are synchronized to light‐dark cycles via a photic input from the eyes. It is now clear that, besides rods and cones, a third class of photoreceptor exists in the mammalian retina: ipRGCs. These are known to regulate circadian entrainment and other non‐visual responses to light. A way of regulating PKC activity is compartmentalization inside retinal cells, which allows phosphorylation of its targets. Though this change of location is light dependent, it is unknown whether the sole presence of ipRGCs is sufficient to regulate it

Methods Retinal sections from mice sacrificed at different times of day (ZT0,6,12,18) were immunostained for PKC. Immunoreactivity was analyzed in the soma and the axon terminal of PKC positive cells. The expression and sub‐cellular localization of PKC was studied by Western blotting of plasma membrane and cytosolic fractions, from retinas of mice containing all photoreceptors (C57) and mice lacking rods and cones (rd10). Furthermore, the expression pattern of the Na‐K‐2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) was also tested, since NKCC1 could have a role in the regulation of PKC function

Results The use of different mouse models has allowed us to investigate the contribution of different photoreceptor types to the to αPKC circadian regulation. Light induces αPKC expression and transport to the membrane compartment and this effect is mediated by both, classical photoreceptors and ipRGCs

Conclusion ipRGCs, as well as classical photoreceptors, mediate changes in retinal protein expression throughout the circadian cycle
Adaptive optics imaging in hereditary macular diseases
Authors: NAKASHIMA K , AUDO I , SARDA V , MOHAND‐SAID S , SAHEL JA , PAQUES M
Published: November 2010

Purpose This research aimed at exploring and characterizing differences in vivo between healthy and pathology retinas, hereditary macular diseases at the microscopic scale using a compact adaptive optics (AO) retinal camera and high resolution OCT.

Methods Seven RP patients, Cone‐rod dystrophies (3), Stargardt diseases (5), Occult macular dystrophies (4) and indeterminate macular dystrophies (4) had undergone en face retinal imaging by AO camera “rtx1” (Imagine Eyes, France). AO images were taken at the eccentricities from 0 deg to 6 deg temporal and nasal from fovea. Each patient was examined using high resolution spectral domain (SD)‐OCT and infrared SLO (Spectralis OCT).

Results Cellular‐resolution images could be obtained in most cases. In inherited retinal dystrophies, AO helped to better evaluate losses of cone cells across the retina. Other microstructures, slightly larger in size than cones, were also visible in several pathological retinas. Hereditary macular disease cases showed loss of cone mosaics. Some of these cases, there were patchy areas of increased reflectance. In Cone rod dystrophy and some other cases, the RPE mosaic was visible where cone had disappeared.

Conclusion Cellular‐resolution images could be obtained in most cases. In inherited retinal dystrophies, AO helped to better evaluate losses of cone cells across the retina. Other microstructures, slightly larger in size than cones, were also visible in several pathological retinas. Hereditary macular disease cases showed loss of cone mosaics. Some of these cases, there were patchy areas of increased reflectance. In Cone rod dystrophy and some other cases, the RPE mosaic was visible where cone had disappeared.
AO imaging of acute macular diseases
Authors: PAQUES M , GOCHO‐NAKASHIMA K , SAHEL JA
Published: November 2010

Purpose To show clinical cases of acute macular diseases and their follow‐up by adaptive optics flood imaging.

Methods Cases of acute retinal ischemia, of acute macular neuroretinopathy, of photic injury and of poppers‐related retinopathy have been observed by a prototypic adaptive optics flood imaging (ImagineEye corporation). Images from follow‐up examinations have been registered in order to obtain retinal monitoring at the single photoreceptor level. Iamges were compared to high resolution OCT scans.

Results Precise extension and progression/regression of lesions could be documented in all cases. Acute macular neuroretinopathy showed residual cones persisting within an area devoid of any detectable cone. Minute progression and regression of lesions could be documented. Acute ischemia of the inner retina due to central retinal vein occlusion resulted in focal masking of the cone mosaic. The cone mosaic reappeared during follow‐up. Photic injury showed no changes over a 1 year follow‐up. Images of poppers‐related retinopathy showed partial improvement over time.

Conclusion Adaptive optics flood imaging allows documentation of the extension and progression of acute maculopathies of various origins.
Neurogenic potential in Vsx2 (Chx10)+ human prenatal retinal progenitor cultures
Authors: PINILLA I , WRIGHT LS , CLERMONT JM , MEYER JS , WALLACE KA , CAPOWSKI EE , GARCIA‐MARTIN E , IDOIPE M , GAMM DM
Published: November 2010

Purpose To examine a proliferating Vsx2+ progenitor population in primary human prenatal retinal cultures and to determine the neurogenic potential of these cells.

Methods Retinal progenitor cells from human prenatal eyes from 60 to 125 days were cultured as neurospheres in serum‐free medium with mitogens. Cells were prepared for ICC immunostained for markers of neural and retinal proliferation and differentiation, and compared to cryosections from aged‐matched whole eyes.

Results Vsx2+ proliferating cells were present in primary neurosphere cultures derived from human prenatal retina. The cells retained multiple characteristics of retinal progenitor cells found in situ, including Ki67, Sox2, nestin and Notch expression. Upon withdrawal of mitogens, there was an increase in Ascl1+ which co‐localized with retinal progenitor markers. Treatment with the Notch inhibitor, DAPT, increased Ascl1 expression and PKCα (+) cells, but did not alter the % of recoverin (+) cells. After 1 month in culture, very few cells expressed either Vsx2 or Ascl1, and DAPT treatment no longer demonstrated an effect on neuronal differentiation.

Conclusion Under serum‐free conditions, a population of Vsx2+ late retinal progenitor cells can be identified and propagated for a limited time in vitro. The presence of Vsx2 in retinal progenitor cells correlated with maintenance of neurogenic potential. DAPT‐induced enhancement of neural differentiation did not occur following loss of Vsx2 expression in long‐term cultures. Thus, Vsx2 is useful for identifying proliferative progenitor cells with neurogenic potential in human prenatal retina cultures.