bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Land Reclamation in the Longue Durée
Authors: Dixon Marion W.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 details how land reclamation became a commodity frontier in the longue durée, over a long period of time during which the point and purpose of reclamation changed slowly and unevenly but distinctly. There are two pillars of this type of frontier, one that long proceeded the capitalist mode of production and one that is unique to historical capitalism. The first pillar is of the state incentivizing private entities or individual men to reclaim the land. The second pillar is of the grantee transforming the land so that it is suitable for the extraction and/or production and sale of commodities that brings a return on investment. This chapter shows that during the development and growth of a capitalist world system, since the late medieval period, the type of land brought into the circuit of capital through reclamation continually expanded—from coastal and riverine lands to hilltops to drylands.
Biosecurity and the Ending of Frontiers?
Authors: Dixon Marion W.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 8 shows how the third frontier in modern Egypt—the desert frontier—is part of a broader process of biosecuratization, of more clearly delineating zones of production to protect them from agricultural pests and other threats to production. Threats to commercial agriculture and to public health have multiplied as globally transmitted pathogens grow and become more virulent. In response, there have been two constitutive movements: the spread of industrial agriculture from the Northern temperate zone to Southern regions on a worldwide scale, and the movement of industrial horticulture (fruits and vegetables) and industrial poultry from existing agricultural lands into the expanding desert frontier in Egypt. The argument is that the corporate agri-food system in Egypt grew and consolidated through emergent and recurrent zoonotic and plant diseases. This argument is substantiated by detailing the organization and on-farm practice of industrial horticulture and industrial poultry in the desert frontier.
Conclusion
Authors: Dixon Marion W.
Published: August 2023

Chapter 9 begins with the promise of arid lands for feeding the world that was voiced in the wake of the food-energy-financial crisis of 2007–2009. The book’s thesis is re-stated of the importance of reclaimed, arid lands for the development of a corporate agri-food system in Egypt. More generally, land reclamation is significant world-historically as a set of practices commensurate with capital formation and development in land. A longue durée analysis highlights the role of this type of commodity frontier in historical capitalism. Lastly, the concluding chapter reviews key developments concerning the corporate agri-food system following the time period covered in this book, since the beginning of the Sisi administration in 2014. Highlighted are mega projects in the desert frontier, the Grand Renaissance Dam in Ethiopia, industrial food growth, the COVID-19 pandemic, the latest on food subsidies and the Right to Food article in the 2014 constitution, and mounting sovereign debts.
Epilogue
Authors: Dixon Marion W.
Published: August 2023

While finishing this book, world food prices began to rise, first gradually in 2021 and then rapidly in the beginning of 2022 when Russia invaded Ukraine. This epilogue offers a preliminary analysis of the 2021-2022 food price shock—the third in just fifteen years. Outlined are the conjunctural forces behind the shock—the invasion and war, COVID-19, extreme weather events, among others—and the structural weaknesses of the corporate food regime, including especially the diversion of grains for animal feed and agrofuels. Both conjunctural forces and structural weaknesses help explain this latest crisis. The preliminary argument is that this ongoing crisis—what some are calling a polycrisis—signals more clearly a protracted and uneven retreat from corporate globalization.
The Rise and Fall of the People's Parties
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

The decline of the centre-left and centre-right people’s parties is arguably the most poignant feature of the crisis of democracy in Western Europe today. To understand why, this book explores the striking parallels between the life of democracy and that of the people’s parties over the course of the past century. It offers a transnational window on the history of democracy since 1918 by weaving together three epochs which are often studied apart: democracy’s troubled history in the Interwar era; the trente glorieuses after the Second World War; and the period since the 1970s. The book shows that democracy was only stabilized and legitimized when people’s parties emerged that managed to balance between facilitating popular participation from below, bridging divisions between social groups, and practising the politics of compromise. Ideas for such parties existed already in the first decades of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, Socialist and Catholic mass parties failed to transform into people’s parties, which was essential for the crisis (and breakdown) of democracy in the Interwar era. This was a traumatic experience which contributed to the unexpected stabilization of democracy after 1945 as party leaders transformed their organizations into broad-based people’s parties that embraced compromise and responsibility. However, this stability did not last, and paradoxically their transformation also harboured the seeds of democracy’s more recent problems. Over the past decades, people’s parties have struggled to connect to an individualizing society while having become increasingly absorbed by their governing responsibilities.
Introduction The People’s Parties and Democracy in Past and Present
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

The end of the Cold War came with great optimism about the future of democracy. However, today, little of this optimism has remained. Democracy is believed to be in a deep crisis. In Western Europe, the decline of what this book calls the people’s parties is a poignant feature of this crisis. This introductory chapter introduces the concept of the people’s party and explains why adopting its perspective can help us to explain the twisted pathways of democracy throughout the last century. The term has a long history and has been used in different ways, but in the way it is adopted in this study it can help us to understand how the fortunes of democracy and the people’s parties were closely related, and can help to explain the growing uniformity of political regimes across Western Europe over the course of the century. The introduction closes by assessing alternative explanations for the twisted turns of democracy in historiography and by providing an outline of the book.
The End of the War
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

The end of the First World War was a major watershed in the history of democracy. Universal (male) suffrage and responsibility of governments before parliament became the norm. But it was a particular form of democracy which emerged out of the War: party democracy. In contrast to the situation before 1914, the leaders of the confessional and Socialist mass parties across Europe had now at their disposal enormous powers. They not only won elections, but the institutional reforms of the postwar era also explicitly empowered them in the organization of elections, in parliamentary orders and the formation of government. Democracy thus took shape in the form of what contemporaries called a ‘party-state’. However, the legacies of the pre-war era ensured that this empowerment of parties also harboured major risks and challenges. A strong anti-party political culture was not suddenly erased. But at least as important was the fact that the Socialist and Catholic mass parties were rooted in a tradition of anti-system opposition and built their identities on the representation of single groups alone. As this chapter shows, these legacies together with the fact that democracy took shape in the form of a party-state greatly complicated the stabilization of democracy and the transformation of mass parties into people’s parties.
Blueprints of the People’s Party and the Challenge of Polarization in the 1920s
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

In the late 1910s and early 1920s, the Socialist and Catholic mass parties confirmed their growing power and support at the ballot boot. Some political observers warned that their pivotal position in the political system required a rethinking of the purpose of these parties, with more emphasis on compromise, the general interest, and the common good. This was also the message that was articulated by a few pioneers of the people’s party ideal inside party ranks. They argued that the institutional reforms of the postwar era required internal party reform. This chapter traces their efforts to fight political polarization and violence by advocating the virtues of compromise and a larger and more broad support base in the 1920s. This included the writing and actions of people like Luigi Sturzo in Italy, Hjalmar Branting in Sweden, and Adam Stegerwald, and Wilhelm Sollmann in Germany. However, their efforts were ultimately largely in vain, as they were both resisted by the rank and file and by party elites who feared the electoral and political costs of such moderation and instead spent their resources on further building mass organizations. This fed into the growing polarization and instability of the time.
Rethinking Party Politics after the War
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

The end of the War opened enormous possibilities for political and social reform. At the time, many radical and revolutionary solutions were on offer. However, by the end of the 1940s, it was the more moderate people’s party model of democracy which reigned supreme, ideologically, electorally, and institutionally. This chapter shows why this was the case, looking at all these three aspects where the ideal of the people’s party that had been articulated before now made its definite breakthrough. Of course, the defeat of Nazism and fascism as well as the coming of the Cold War delegitimized radical political alternatives. But the breakthrough of the people’s party was also an endogenous process, in which political leaders analysed the problems of Interwar democracy and reformed democracy accordingly. They translated their ideas into internal party reforms, but also in the constitutions of France, Italy, and Germany. The ideal of the people’s party also transpired in all kinds of social partnerships which actively managed social and political relations to foster badly needed social peace and political stability.
The Christian Democrat Decade
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

Christian democracy was the most successful political formula of postwar Europe. It was also the clearest example of the ideal of the people’s party brought into practice across the Western halve of the continent. This chapter turns to its success and explores why Christian Democracy played such a vital role in the stabilization of democracy that occurred from the late 1940s onwards. Christian Democrats managed to unite the three components of the people’s party inside their movements. They had a large social base covering city and countryside, peasants, workers, middle-classes, and landowners as well as men and women. This laid the basis for continued government responsibility, a task they took up with fervour. And after some initial reluctance they also invested heavily in their own party organization, which should be able to reach out to broad social groups. By the end of the 1950s, the Christian Democrat conception of the people’s party was a model for others to emulate. This was most obviously the case in France, where De Gaulle returned to power and the previously intransigent Gaullist movement transformed into a people’s party.
Socialists from Class to People’s Parties
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

While the previous chapter traced the pioneering efforts of Christian Democrats to translate the ideal of the people’s party into political practice, this chapter turns to their Socialist counterparts. Over the course of the 1950s, they ever more clearly turned away from the mass and class party model and endorsed the model of the people’s party instead. Before they arrived at this conclusion, however, many Socialist parties went through a crisis of identity, in which both their ideological assumptions and their model of mass organization were showing signs of strain. The chapter traces how the model of the people’s party that reached beyond their working-class base and endorsed government responsibilities came to serve as a compass during this crisis and how, just as with the Christian Democrats before, their motivation to give postwar democracy a solid and broad base was essential in their thinking.
The Challenge of 1968 and the Aim to Reaffirm the Primacy of the People’s Parties
Authors: Corduwener Pepijn
Published: August 2023

This chapter traces the response of party leaders to the challenges that 1968 (and all it stood for in the years that followed) posed to how the people’s parties organized and represented. The postwar economic boom had given rise to increasingly fluid, affluent, secular, and individualized societies. While the people’s parties claimed credit for this boom, it also undermined the social bases of their own support. It became increasingly difficult to represent people politically on a structural basis. Moreover, the various social movements that came out of the 1968 protests asked for new forms of political participation. As this chapter shows, the leaders of the people’s parties struggled to react to these trends and to accommodate these demands. While they ultimately paid tribute rhetorically to many of the themes of the social movements, they did not fundamentally adapt their organizations so that these could connect to changing forms of participation and relate to changing demographics and social structures of societies in the 1970s. They most of all chose to re-emphasize the characteristics of the people’s party model and its alleged superiority over other understandings of democracy.
Varieties of non-interrogative subordinatewh-clauses
Authors: Jędrzejowski Łukasz , Umbach Carla
Published: August 2023

In the introductory chapter we provide an overview over non-interrogative (and subordinate) uses of wh-clauses introduced by manner, temporal, and locative expressions—English how, when, and where. We focus, in particular, on wh-clauses in which the meaning of the wh-word appears to deviate from its standard meaning. These include subordinate manner wh-clauses that have a declarative-like meaning as well as locative wh-clauses expressing kinds, and headed relatives that serve as recognitional cues, to name just a few. While regular interrogative embedding has been widely studied in recent years, less is known about the circumstances under which non-interrogative (subordinate) wh-clauses are licensed. We point towards striking cross-linguistic variations setting the stage for the individual studies presented in the chapters to follow.
Depictive manner complements
Authors: Umbach Carla , Hinterwimmer Stefan , Ebert Cornelia
Published: August 2023

Complement clauses introduced by manner wh-words like English how and German wie exhibit, next to their regular manner reading, a declarative-like reading called depictive in this chapter. For both German and English, speakers attest that depictive readings are not fully equivalent to declarative that/dass clauses because they include a pictorial meaning component inviting recipients to imagine scenes depicting the complement's content. The chapter proposes a semantic analysis according to which manner wh-words uniformly denote manners, which we reconstruct via similarity. The depictive reading is traced back to the high syntactic position of the wh-word, which is the reason why manner modification affects the situation/event token instead of its type and the content of the complement is understood as being wrapped in a "cloud" of similar situations. The pictorial add-on is explained by assuming that similarity clouds serve as cues for the addressee to think of ways picturing the complement's content—ways it could have been. This interpretation establishes a link to the use of manner wh-words as quotation markers.
Perceptive evidentialwie-clauses in German
Authors: Hinterhölzl Roland
Published: August 2023

The chapter is concerned with investigating the formal properties and the semantic interpretation of non-manner wie-clauses in German. The properties of these clauses, analysed as perceptive evidential relatives, will be compared to pseudo-relatives in Italian and a common analysis of them is proposed. The core insight of the proposal is that perceptive evidential wie-clauses in German and Italian are depictive relatives that not only express an aspectual relation between the matrix event and the embedded event but indicate that the matrix subject has direct (perceptual) evidence for the described event by way of witnessing (or having witnessed) a concrete scene of the embedded event. The crucial ingredient of this account is the role that the reference situation (introduced by Tense) plays in referring to the witnessed scene.
Asking about the reason for an effect, and some consequences for the analysis ofwh-interrogatives
Authors: Tovena Lucia M.
Published: August 2023

This chapter aims to contribute to the discussion on reason questions by looking at the specific case of interrogatives with the wh-item comment (‘how’) in French in this type of interpretation. The restriction of the domain of wh-expressions of reason is addressed, and the question of what a reason is, is approached by taking into account the relational nature of this notion. The proposed relation of ‘enabling’ between a reason and the prejacent - the proposition that captures the situation described by the sentence - is formalised as holding between propositions in a partition on the set of possible worlds defined on the speaker’s expectations. The comment question conveys the speaker’s surprise and allows her to seek a reason with which to potentially update her expectations. The effect of the reason results in the inclusion of at least one world compatible with the prejacent, into the cell corresponding to the speaker’s expectations. Semantic consequences of the syntactic claims in the literature according to which reason wh-expressions are base generated in the CP layer are also examined. We explore a way to capture the specificity of reason-comment questions while preserving their interpretation as operator-variable dependencies, common to wh-questions within a semantic theory of interrogatives as denoting sets of propositions.
‘Why’ without asking in Romanian
Authors: Caponigro Ivano , Fălăuş Anamaria
Published: August 2023

This chapter offers the first description and semantic analysis for a previously unexplored kind of non-interrogative wh-clause, namely free relative clauses introduced by de ce ‘why’ in Romanian (why-FRs). We argue that the semantic contribution of the adjunct wh-expression de ce is identical to that of complex reason-PPs (‘for the reason’ …) and provide the corresponding compositional semantics as well as its implications for the meaning switch from de ce in interrogative clauses to de ce in a why-FR in Romanian. We also briefly discuss the behaviour of de ce in other non-interrogative wh-constructions in Romanian and consider the challenges raised by the attempt to develop a unified analysis of de ce across wh-clauses. These findings in Romanian show that the unacceptability of why-FRs in most other Indo-European languages cannot be an absolute ban, suggesting that the syntax/semantic interface must allow for language variation in this area.
Introduction
Authors: de Boer Nik
Published: August 2023

The introduction sets out the main issues discussed in the book and provides an outline of the argument. It explains why the national constitutional courts’ review of European law is of such significance and why it raises a democratic problem. In addition, the introduction shows how the tension between democratic legitimacy and the role of constitutional courts in the EU context is an underexplored topic. A significant body of EU constitutional scholarship puts the national constitutional courts’ review of European law in a positive light, the idea being that the national constitutional courts’ EU-related case law can benefit the EU’s legitimacy. The book challenges this scholarship for being too court-centred. The book instead systematically explores the tension between democratic legitimacy and the role of constitutional courts and enquires whether it is not more democratically legitimate to leave decisions on issues of major constitutional importance for the EU to political institutions.
Judicial Review and Democratic Legitimacy
Authors: de Boer Nik
Published: August 2023

Chapter 2 serves as the starting point for assessing the democratically legitimate role of national constitutional courts within the EU and discusses the ongoing debate on the democratic legitimacy of judicial review within the domestic context. The chapter analyses the chief normative problems with judicial review and critically discusses the main positions in the field. Building on Habermas’ democratic theory, the chapter offers an account of the conditions under which judicial review can be considered democratically legitimate. In particular, the chapter points out that empirically informed comparative institutional assessments of legislatures and constitutional courts are pivotal to fully understand the legitimacy of judicial review.
Conclusion
Authors: de Boer Nik
Published: August 2023

The conclusion discusses the book’s main findings. First, it recaps the book’s main theoretical argument on the democratic legitimacy of the national constitutional courts’ review of European law. Secondly, it draws two key conclusions from the case study. On the one hand, the GFCC’s rulings on European integration raise several democratic problems. That is essentially the case because the Court has adopted a contested understanding of democracy according to which democracy is tied to the nation-state. On the other hand, the GFCC strengthened the position of the German parliament in EU affairs, which countered executive dominance. Such more limited review, focused on the relationship between the executive and national parliaments, promotes democratic politics instead of constraining it. Thirdly, the study suggests that more deferential and weak review by constitutional courts would be more democratically legitimate and help promote, rather than limit, democratic deliberation on constitutional questions relating to European integration.
Physics at the microscale
Authors: Tabeling Patrick
Published: August 2023

The chapter is about the physics of miniaturization, in natural, MEMS(microelectromechanical systems) and microfluidic systems. Several entities of different sizes, from the molecule, to the cell, are presented. A description of basic physical laws, starting with intermolecular forces, including Van der Waals and electrostatic forces is given. The definitions of the three main domains of fluidics at small scales (sub nanofluidic, nanofluidics, microfluidics and millifluidics) are discussed. Then, we switch to scaling laws, a fundamental concept in the physics of small scale fluidics. We start with Kleiber law, discussing its numerous consequences, concerning animal running of animals, such as tyranosaurus or mouse, or lifespans from the pygmee shrew to the elephant. Then, we discuss various facets of miniaturization, that are currently harnessed in the MEMS field, leading the realisation of valuable devices, thermal, mechanical or electrical.
Hydrodynamics of microfluidics 1: channels
Authors: Tabeling Patrick
Published: August 2023

This concerns the hydrodynamics of small systems, without free interface, i.e. with rigid boundaries. The foundations of the governing equations are discussed: the notion of fluid particle, introduced by GK Batchelor, the case of nanofluidics and sub-nanofluidics, the mean free path in gases. Then the notion of slippage at walls are presented for the cases of liquids and gases. Sections are devoted to the notions of hydrodynamic resistances and capaticances. Finally, inertial microfluidics, i.e. microfluidics or millifluidics at moderate Reynolds numbers, is presented.
Transport in microfluidics
Authors: Tabeling Patrick
Published: August 2023

The chapter develops descriptions of transport phenomena in microfluidics, including matter, solutes, and thermal fluxes. Basics on transport phenomena are given: diffusion equation, statiscial interpretation, normal and anomalous diffusion processes, dispersion phenomena. Particular attention is brought to micromixing: diffusive mixing, chaotic mixing. A review of major micromixers is given. Other transport phenomena are presented: across interfaces (extracation and purification), separation leading to chromatography, which is explained in some detail. Finally, a chapter dedicated to thermal transfers is presented, with a discussion of the effect of miniaturisation, basic laws, governing equations, evaporation of microdroplets. A number of examples are discussed, such as heat transfer along a channel. Finally, applications to thermal cooling, in particular in microprocessors, areshown.
An introduction to microfabrication
Authors: Tabeling Patrick
Published: August 2023

The chapter offers an introduction to microfabrication techniques. Photolithography is presented. Techniques dedicated to hard materials, such as wet and plasma etching, sputtering, bonding, electron beam lithography. Direct writing and 3D printing are shown. Soft lithography, and in particular those using PDMS (PolyDimethylSiloxane) is presented, with applications to valving, pumping, leading to Large Scale Integration Systems. Paper microfluidics is discussed, along with recent technological approaches, such as photosensitive hydrogels, NOA technology, microcontact printing or flow lithography.
Relativism about Truth Itself
Authors: Wright Crispin
Published: August 2023

The setting of relativistic ideas about truth in the general style of semantic-theoretic apparatus pioneered by Lewis, Kaplan, and others has persuaded many that they should at least be taken seriously as competition in the space of explanatory linguistic theory, a type of view which, properly formulated, may offer an at least coherent—and indeed, in the view of some, a superior—account of certain salient linguistic data manifest in, for example, discourse about epistemic modals, knowledge, and about matters of taste and value—and may also offer the prospect of a coherent regimentation of the Aristotelian ‘Open Future’ (along with, perhaps, the Dummettian ‘anti-real’ past). This chapter enters a reminder of certain underlying, more purely philosophical issues about alethic relativism—about its metaphysical coherence, its metasemantic obligations, and about the apparent limitations of the kind of local linguistic evidence which contemporary proponents have adduced in its favour—of which there is a risk that its apparent rehabilitation in rigorous semantic dress may encourage neglect.
Introduction
Authors: Goodrich Peter
Published: August 2023

Judicial insertion of images, of photographs, film clips, CCTV footage, emojis, and pictures of diverse kinds and composition into judgements makes novel use of the visual in the reasoning and rulings of law. Using a database of several hundred pictures inserted into judicial decisions from around the common law world and in various doctrinal domains, the introduction tracks the shift from the diagrammatic to the figurative, from maps to pictures, and spells out the difference between looking and reading, the distinct ambulation of the eye in viewing compared to the linear axis of scanning a text. The haptic and sensible qualities of the ocular introduce distinctive aesthetic and affective, specular and spectacular dimensions to the sensible relay of legal rules.
Maps, Diagrams, Schemata
Authors: Goodrich Peter
Published: August 2023

Maps establish jurisdiction and link text to territory and terror. In optical terms the map resembles text in its linear form, and together with graphic schemata, tables, and logical charts, the cartographic is the first generally acceptable mode of visual insertion into legal texts. The aesthetic and sensible dimensions of the map have tended to be overlooked by jurists in favour of the presupposed transparency and denotative reference to the real that is surveyed and charted. With new technologies, however, and Google Earth satellite pictures in particular, the map becomes increasingly sensible and affective as a representation in pictorial form of an absent yet legally pertinent space. Moving from diagrammatology to judicial colouring of maps, the importance of the material and pictorial aspects of the judicial atlas are adumbrated.
Surplusage
Authors: Goodrich Peter
Published: August 2023

The emergent use of images in legal judgements is initially that of providing a reality effect and so legitimating the veracity of decision. What is seen brings with it the certum of visibilization, and the particularity of the specific case. As Roland Barthes observed, the reality effect is excessive, its function is simply to generate the appearance of the real and nothing more. Using the classical legal concept of surplusage ex abundantia or excess out of abundance, this chapter treats the plethora of images as symptomatic. The logical irrelevance of the inserted depictions is their relevance, the clue to their representation of the affect and force of judicial decision.
Extispicious Depictures
Authors: Goodrich Peter
Published: August 2023

Where the evidential image is looked at as a sign and proof of a specific event, the extispicious image is an opening into a proliferation of imaginal and symbolic connections. Extispicy is divinatory and relational and thus forms the visual equivalent of textual hermeneutics in that it links the image in lateral and figurative fashion to the plenitude of ocular and optical contexts and associations of the matter depicted. Matter becomes matterphorical and mobile in the encounter between viewer and viewed. The imaginal relay of the sensible opens into the diverse signifying chains, levels, and conceptual configurations that constitute the optical columbarium of law in relation to its interconnections with the materiality from which it draws its legitimacy and the disciplines that explicate its meanings.
Retinal Justice
Authors: Goodrich Peter
Published: August 2023

The augmenting corpus of judicially inserted images reviewed indicates a remediation of law that requires extended scrutiny of figurative visual apparitions in judgements. This chapter addresses the normative force of pictures in precedents and develops a methodology of viewing. The protocols of retinal justice compose aesthetic and deliberative criteria for critical viewing and affective analysis of imagery that will always escape the text and its scriptural hermeneutic. Questions of colour, shape, pattern, design, sound, and movement interrupt the textual relay of rules and generate distinctive modes of viewing and reasoning from and in the lateral dimensions of the judicial eye.
Introduction
Authors: Davison Sarah
Published: August 2023

In Beyond Good and Evil (1886), Friedrich Nietzsche lamented the loss of authentic identity in a modern culture over-endowed with a historical sense, where the costumes, attitudes, and poses of the past could be borrowed and discarded at the drop of a hat. He forecast that modern subjects would only find the realm where they too could be original as parodists of history. He was absolutely right so far as the next generation of writers were concerned. The Introduction acknowledges the high seriousness of modernist writing but argues that this has concealed the extent to which modernist experimentation was driven by an irrepressible will to parody. It provides an overview of the chapters that follow, summarizing the central role of parody in the rise of modernism all the way from Ezra Pound’s earliest poems to Imagism and Vorticism, in little magazines, Dada, The Waste Land, and Ulysses, and then in post-1922 texts that self-consciously present themselves as the culminating products of parodies of literary history, namely Orlando, Between the Acts, Mister Bosphorus and the Muses, The Apes of God, and Finnegans Wake.
Parody
Authors: Davison Sarah
Published: August 2023

Chapter 1 provides a historical overview of parody as it has been practised and theorized from Aristotle to the present day. It revels in the pleasures of the most canonical examples of literary parody, including celebrated works by authors such as Henry Fielding, Lawrence Sterne, Jane Austen, Lord Byron, Lewis Carroll, and Max Beerbohm. It introduces models and concepts that are relevant to the study of modernist texts, exploring how parody has been conceptualized by practising authors and critics as well as by theorists invested in Russian formalism, poststructuralism, deconstruction, modernism, and postmodernism, notably Mikhail Bakhtin, Julia Kristeva, Fredric Jameson, Malcolm Bradbury, Linda Hutcheon, and Ihab Hassan. It pays close attention to the distinctions they make between parody and related modes, such as pastiche, burlesque, travesty, stylization, metafiction, and/or intertextuality. In doing so, it shows the remarkable breadth of parody’s remit and scope, as well as its innermost workings. The history it delineates reveals the fluctuating reputation of parody over time, explaining why parody in modernism has been largely overlooked. The chapter concludes with a literature survey that focuses particularly on parody in the works of James Joyce, one of the few modernist writers whose use of parody is well recognized.
Pasticherie
Authors: Davison Sarah
Published: August 2023

Ezra Pound began his career as a poet by earnestly imitating the great poets he considered to be his masters, resulting in some truly terrible poetry that was full of faux archaism. Chapter 2 tells the story of Pound’s evolution as a poet from the poor pastiche of his college verses and of A Lume Spento (1908) up to and including Canzoni (1911), a series of exercises in historical styles that also form a self-conscious record of Pound’s own progress as an imitator who aspires to produce poetry that is original and, above all, contemporary.
A ‘Bawd of Parodies’
Authors: Davison Sarah
Published: August 2023

James Joyce was quick to realize that realist fiction could only avoid being a ‘parody of life’ so long as the style in which it was written exposed the falsity of literary conventions. The solution he hit upon was to become ‘a bawd of parodies’, that is a bard whose works were promiscuously parodic. Chapter 6 explores Joyce’s evolution as a parodist from his earliest writings up to and including the ‘Cyclops’, ‘Nausicaa’, and ‘Oxen of the Sun’ episodes of Ulysses, accounting for the ways in which his parodic practices intensified precisely to highlight and potentially overcome the problem that style always intervenes in mimesis by compromising the truthfulness of historical narratives. It examines the genesis of ‘Oxen of the Sun’ in granular detail, showing how knowledge of the literary and linguistic sources that Joyce used to stage the historical development of the English language and its literatures can complicate and enrich our understanding of the most difficult episode of Ulysses.
Local government financial strategies amidst austerity, centralization, and risk
Authors: Pike Andy
Published: August 2023

Pursuing austerity following the 2008 crash, the UK government introduced unprecedented expenditure reductions and its localism and local financial self-sufficiency agenda. These national policies aimed to reduce local government’s dependence upon grants from the UK government and encourage local municipal entrepreneurship and innovation. Combined with rising local service demand, this UK government strategy intensified pressures on local statecrafters to close funding gaps by making savings and finding new income sources. Amidst fiscal stress and uncertainty, local government financial strategies moved unevenly towards more active and strategic risk management, challenging depictions of ‘councillors at the casino’ as partial explanations. Local statecrafters were forced to change their expenditure and income generation strategies. National governance and regulation of local financial resilience, sustainability, and failure are being tested as more local governments in England are pushed to brink of unbalanced budgets. Looking beyond the peaks of high-profile and novel activities and providing the hitherto missing overview across England since 2010, a differentiated landscape of local statecraft engagements with financialization is revealed, comprising vanguard, intermediate, and long-tail approaches amongst local governments.
In-area and out-of-area statecraft
Authors: Pike Andy
Published: August 2023

Engaging commercial, sometimes international, financiers and their more spatially open and mobile worldviews, more locally rooted statecrafters in municipal finance in England have established new geographical relationships and arrangements. This local statecraft realm forges a new distinction between in-area and out-of-area. Given their founding local purposes, national governance of local government activities addresses their powers and responsibilities within their local boundaries. New and differentiated financial strategies and arrangements emerged in-area across England since 2010 including more active asset management covering land, property, and infrastructure as well as extension or initiation of commercialization activities in wholly or jointly owned businesses. Intensifying fiscal pressures forced local statecrafters to extend activities beyond their local areas. While long-standing in geographically dispersed local government pension fund investments and other limited activities, new and differentiated out-of-area strategies and arrangements involve shared management and service collaborations, local pooling of business rates revenues, investment strategies involving commercial properties and other projects, and commercial activity extension outside their territories. Underpinned by local statehood, this new local statecraft within and beyond local administrative jurisdictions in England since 2010 extends and forges new relations, rewiring and rescaling objectives, incentives, autonomies, and accountabilities. The UK government, professional and sector bodies, and commentators are concerned about what these activities mean for local government’s purpose, financial resilience, and sustainability.
Conclusions
Authors: Pike Andy
Published: August 2023

Since 2010, the UK government reduced funding for local governments in England, introduced local financial self-sufficiency, and encouraged innovation and risk-taking as well as retained centralized control and inhibited behaviours deemed too risky and speculative. Local statecrafters were compelled to prioritize savings and income generation to balance budgets and maintain local service provision. Looking beyond high-profile financial innovations, Financialization and Local Statecraft revealed and explained the wider and differentiated landscape across local government in England since 2010. Framed by local statehood, local statecraft explained how local statecrafters act in realms, including financial strategies and risks, external advice, borrowing and debt management, and in and out-of-area activities. Local governments following vanguard, intermediate, and long-tail approaches with varying engagements with the relations and process of financialization were explained by local government types and sizes, capacities and capabilities, risk appetite, openness to commercial finance, and economic and financial conditions. While financialization is limited within the overall landscape in England since 2010, its relations and UK government policy are rewiring and rescaling local statecraft and relocating risks and uncertainties onto local government and the wider local state. Local government financial sustainability and resilience risk being undermined by national policy and the wider extension and intensification of its engagements with financialization. Fundamental questions of local political economy are raised: what is local government for and how should it be funded? Strengthened accountability of local statecraft in financialization can counter local governance depoliticization and post-democracy.
Olive Moore’s Queer Ecology
Authors: Shackleton David
Published: August 2023

Chapter 3 addresses Olive Moore’s novel Spleen (1930), in which the main character Ruth is thrown into crisis by her pregnancy and struggles against a conception of ‘nature’ that dictates that her role as a woman is to be a mother. Instead, she cultivates a ‘queer environmentalism’ that rejects reproductive futurism, and includes her attempt to counteract the pollution that she encounters in London. The novel, tightly focalized around Ruth, does not provide a comprehensive representation of London’s changing climate. Nevertheless, the very limitations of its representation—the partial glimpses it affords of fume-filled alleys and bedraggled hunger marchers—point towards wider historical transformations: of a fossil fuel industry that led to starvation for many of its workers, and that drove climate change on a planetary scale. Reading the novel in the context of early twentieth-century environmental movements, highlighting its literary impressionism, and drawing on more recent queer theory, this chapter argues that Spleen should be recognized as a subversive work of Anthropocene modernism. Like other works of modernist queer ecology, it is driven by a queer utopianism. By offering anticipatory illuminations of a queer environmental politics and activism that is not yet here, these works can reshape the present and inspire new structures of environmental care and concern.
Virginia Woolf and the Pageant of History
Authors: Shackleton David
Published: August 2023

Chapter 4 argues that Virginia Woolf’s fiction provides a model for rethinking agency in the Anthropocene. Drawing attention to her abiding interest in the way that history is written, this chapter compares To the Lighthouse (1927) to the experimental historiography of the Annales school. Woolf and the Annalistes shared a distaste for ‘great men’ conceptions of history, and both turned to different scales and types of time to displace emphasis from individuals and events. Yet whereas the Annalistes rejected narrative as unsuitable for history on medium and long timescales, Woolf experimented with quasi-plots to convey a sense of history as composed of multiple processes unfolding at different speeds and on different scales. The chapter then turns to Between the Acts (1940), in which Woolf uses the affordances of drama to explore the relationship between human and natural history at a time of historical crisis. Throughout, Woolf’s fiction achieves what might be called a ‘feminist scale critique’: her narrative experiments with scale unsettle familiar conceptions of human agency, and displace ‘great men’ from the centre of history and fiction. Her representations of agency contrast markedly with those of H. G. Wells, and might be redeployed to counteract recent masculinist strains of Anthropocene discourse.
Jean Rhys’s Plantation Modernism
Authors: Shackleton David
Published: August 2023

Chapter 5 reads Jean Rhys’s Voyage in the Dark (1934) in light of Simon Lewis and Mark Maslin’s account of the Anthropocene, which dates the epoch as starting at the time of the ‘Columbian Exchange’ of biotas following the colonization of the Americas. On the surface, Rhys’s novel seems ill-equipped to register the environmental transformations that are now deemed to characterize the Anthropocene. However, this chapter argues that by rendering Anna’s states of distraction through an innovative narrative form, Rhys’s novel opens up a historical counter-narrative in which the Caribbean plantation system and its brutal regimes of labour are seen to have underpinned modernity. Having read Anna’s states of distraction in the context of attempts to mitigate ‘wasted time’ on Caribbean plantations through the imposition of time-discipline and the use of hurricane insurance, the chapter suggests that recognizing the importance of the Caribbean plantation system necessitates a rethinking of literary history and the scope of Anthropocene modernism.
Conclusion
Authors: Shackleton David
Published: August 2023

Channelling a critical counter-mood from the previous chapter, the book concludes by calling for a modernist world-ecology. In response to recent calls for ‘weak theory’ to be used to generate a strong field of modernism, this conclusion argues that environmental approaches to modernism are better served by using unfashionably ‘strong theory’. Specifically, it appeals to the Warwick Research Collective’s theory of world-literature as a means of scaling-up environmental approaches to modernism. It is not just a question of how certain writers represent (or fail to represent) environmental transformations that occur on a planetary scale, but also of comparing how writers from different locations in the world register that crisis. By virtue of their concerns with time and history that make them so adept at rendering different experiences of modernity, works of modernist world-literature promise to enrich the understanding of the environmental crisis supplied by the ‘Capitalocene’ and the ‘Plantationocene’, in what would constitute a distinctively modernist world-ecology. Reading works of modernist world-literature can thereby open better ways of being in the world, and better possibilities of political action.
Introduction
Authors: Wells Colin
Published: August 2023

It considers the principles and history of staying proceedings for abuse of process. Describing the kinds of conduct giving rise to a stay with a discrete ‘interests of justice’ test applied to two categories of abuse of process. Examining the stages in the justice process when a stay may be granted. Describing the jurisdiction to stay for abuse and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR). The rationales for staying proceedings based on nebulous tests: ‘public confidence’, ‘sense of justice’, and ‘rule of law’. It has an historical sketch of the growth in applications to stay and permanency of the same. Examining Abuse of Process in the common law jurisdictions of Canada, New Zealand, and Australia.
Pre-Charge and Investigation
Authors: Wells Colin
Published: August 2023

It examines the power to stay criminal proceedings as an abuse of process to remedy an abuse of executive power, which can occur during the investigative stage of a criminal case. Considering the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), its Codes of Practice and the consequences of their breach, the role of the defence adviser, types of abuse of process that can occur at the police station including the overriding of client privilege and breach of promise situations. Examining protected communications between defence advisers and suspects under Article 6(3)(c) of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) (an accused’s right to legal assistance) and Article 8 ECHR (right to privacy) in conjunction with restricted common law legal professional privilege and Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) and