bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les conseillers généraux du Pas-de-Calais de 1871 à 1914
Authors: Renoncourt Régis
Published: March 2016

Bien que le mandat de conseiller général soit beaucoup plus stable que celui de député et moins dépendant des événements nationaux, le Conseil Général du Pas-de-Calais n'en est pas moins un bon observatoire de l'évolution de l'opinion d'un département qui garde de fortes sympathies pour le bonapartisme après la chute de l'Empire et qui se laisse gagner progressivement par la République, en deux décennies. Si cette évolution est surtout le fait des populations rurales, on assiste, après 1890, dans les cantons miniers et, dans une moindre mesure, les quelques cantons urbains que compte le Pas-de-Calais, à une montée du courant socialiste qui reste cependant très minoritaire au sein de l'assemblée départementale. Centré sur cette évolution en deux temps, l'article en analyse les conséquences sur la structure socio-professionnelle du Conseil Général, et sur les caractéristiques d'âge et d'ancienneté que présentent les élus cantonaux.
Aux origines de la C.F.T.C., à Halluin : le Sillon et la Jeune République
Authors: Saint-Venant Léon , Singer Madeleine
Published: March 2016

Les militants chrétiens d'Halluin participent dès 1902 au mouvement du Sillon fondé par Marc Sangnier. Deux ans plus tard, l'un d'eux organise une «Union ouvrière syndicale de l'industrie textile halluinoise» qui sera représentée au congrès constitutif de la C.F.T.C. en 1919. Bon nombre de ces militants participent aux réunions et rencontres départementales de la Jeune République : l'un d'eux, Joseph Declercq en est le secrétaire pour le Nord de 1919 à 1927. Ces militants ne limitent pas leur action au syndicalisme, mais fondent à Halluin plusieurs coopératives. Quant à la Maison des syndicats libres, elle permet diverses activités : musique, couture, art dramatique, cinéma. L'article se termine par deux biographies qui montrent l'influence de Marc Sangnier sur ces ouvriers chrétiens.
Le contrôle du trafic fluvial : la Meuse, des origines à 1600.
Authors: Suttor Marc
Published: March 2016

Le contrôle du trafic mosan par les détenteurs de pouvoirs s'opère de manière très nette, dès les XIIIe-XIVe siècles, grâce aux châteaux et fortifications urbaines, ou encore aux ponts. Toutefois, le rôle stratégique du fleuve s'affirme croissant au XVe et davantage au XVIe siècle. En matière économique, l'étape obligatoire, fixée aux débarcadères, a pour but essentiel d'assurer l'approvisionnement des villes en produits de première nécessité. En outre, c'est là l'endroit où l'on perçoit le tonlieu de transit.

Les seigneurs et les princes empêchent les communications sur la rivière ou en défendent la traversée, les milices urbaines installent un blocus lors d'un siège, pour des raisons aussi bien militaires qu'économiques. Des charges fiscales trop lourdes peuvent aussi nuire au trafic.

Il existe, à l'inverse, de nombreuses dispositions qui visent à faciliter et à encourager les échanges, comme le conduit, certains traités ou accords et encore les exemptions de tonlieux.

Ces quelques notes illustrent l'importance portée au contrôle de la Meuse.
L'organisation et l'enregistrement des messageries du duc de Bourgogne dans les années 1420.
Authors: Kanao Takemi
Published: March 2016

Organisatie en inschrijving van de boodschappers van de Hertog van Bourgondië in de jaren 1420.

De boodschappersdienst van Filips de Goede, hertog van Bourgondië, was het werk van verschillende lage medewerkers. Het voornaamste korps bestond uit twaalf bereden boodschappers uit zijn stal maar daarnaast voerden ook gemeentelijke boodschappers en andere knechten van het hof opdrachten uit voor de hertog en zijn raadgevers. En aile zendingen werden op dezelfde manier ingeschreven in het rekeningenboek van de algemene ontvangers. De hertog gaf de voorkeur aan en soepel systeem dat hij kon aanpassen aan de veranderende omstandigheden in de Nederlanden in de jaren 1420.
Les institutions de marché. Le regard d'un économiste.
Authors: Salais Robert
Published: March 2016

The Market Institutions : The Views of an Economist.

Confronted with the development of an abstract market axiomatics, this paper offers a plea in favour of an apprehension of the diversity of real-life markets and their institutions and of the integration, within the economic analysis, of the multiple modalities of economic action. Hence would follow, as suggested by the reading of the contributions to the Symposium, a necessary caution in the use of normative models, a refusal to oppose State and Market (to the benefit of a survey of the variety of the possible States and worlds), a closer attention to the coordination covenants (on labour, product quality, expectations from the State...) which shape the development paths of economies and markets. Here lie the stakes of any research cooperation between historians and economists.
Corporations et liberté de fabrication en Espagne au XVIIIe siècle.
Authors: Torras Jaume
Published: March 2016

L'étude des transformations provoquées par la croissance du XVIIIe siècle dans une petite ville textile en Catalogne permet de retracer comment on en est venu à bout, localement, de la fragmentation propre à l'organisation corporative du travail pour atteindre un haut degré d'intégration bien avant la législation réformiste des années 1780 et 1790. Les conclusions soulignent le besoin d'étudier les processus de «dé-régulation» qui ont marqué l'avènement du marché capitaliste sur la base de l'enquête locale plutôt qu'à travers la législation générale pour rendre compte des décalages que l'on y observe ainsi que des différences dans l'attitude des entrepreneurs vis-à-vis de l'Etat.
Négociants, fabricants et institutions économiques au Portugal au début du XIXe siècle.
Authors: Halpern Pereira M.
Published: March 2016

Face aux conflits qui déchiraient les milieux commercial et industriel depuis un demi-siècle, le premier Etat libéral fut amené à adopter une attitude de compromis avec les institutions mercantilistes et corporatives, bien que leur critique et l'éloge de la libre concurrence fussent dominants au niveau du discours parlementaire. En fait, on assistait, vers 1820, au dernier acte des conflits institutionnels et sociaux d'Ancien Régime. L'absence d'une réforme institutionnelle amena les instances du pouvoir libéral à s'y mêler au lieu d'y mettre une fin. Trois systèmes de privilèges continuèrent ainsi à exister côte à côte, privilèges des marchands et des fabricants (ceux-ci remaniés et élargis dans la loi de 1809), privilèges des corporations, privilèges du corps commercial anglais confortés par le traité de 1810. Ils constituaient un ensemble qui avait acquis une réelle logique fonctionnelle.
Quelques remarques à propos de l'institutionnalisation du marché du travail industriel dans l'Italie unifiée (1860-1914).
Authors: Dewerpe Alain
Published: March 2016

Bien que l'Italie du demi-siècle qui va de l'unification à la Première Guerre mondiale se soit explicitement représentée elle-même comme relevant d'une pure logique libérale et marchande, elle a constitué un réseau dense, et à différentes échelles, d'outils de gestion, formels et informels, institutionnalisés ou non, visant à organiser, directement ou indirectement, le marché du travail et le rapport salarial naissant. Ce faisant, elle a pu retravailler des conventions et des règles anciennes, remodelées dans le monde libéral nouveau, ou en créer de nouvelles, inventant des formes d'organisation ou en adaptant d'autres des pratiques venues du reste de l'Europe. Malgré l'absence de centre, et encore moins d'hypertrophie du centre, propre, par exemple, à la France, un réseau conventionnel et réglementaire, porté par des formes spécifiques de sociabilité, des réseaux d'individus, des stratégies locales, s'est articulé au marché et a accompagné l'industrialisation de la péninsule tout en faisant l'objet d'un débat ininterrompu entre les divers agents, débat qui a nourri les stratégies complexes que ces derniers ont pu mettre en œuvre.
Pouvoirs, hiérarchies sociales et choix entrepreneuriaux : Bari du XVIe au XIXe siècle.
Authors: Salvemini Biagio
Published: March 2016

Macht, sociale hierarchie en de keuze van de ondernemer : Bari van de XVIe tot de XIXe eeuw.

De instellingen die zowel sociale stratificatie als idiomen bepalen hebben ook invloed op de keuzen en stratégie van de ondernemers. Dat is het geval in Bari, een landbouwstad met uitzicht op de Adriatische zee. In de haven vinden belangrijke goederenstromen hun weg : afgewerkte produkten, graan en olieoverschotten, die van de XVIe tot de XIXe eeuw de welvaart van de handelaars verzekeren en soms hun ondergang veroorzaken, wegens het grote risiko.

Op het einde van de zestiende en in het begin van de zeventiende eeuw is de scheepvaart in Venetiaanse handen. Dan ontstaan een aantal naties, elk met zijn eigen symbolen, privilegies en sociale samenstelling. Als de naties verdreven worden, wordt de stad aristokratischer en de handel is in de handen van de praticiers, terwijl er ook handel van zeelieden bestaat. In de tweede helft van de XVIIIe eeuw beheersen die de hele stad terwijl de instellingen hun greep op de maatschappij schijnen te verliezen. In de XIXe eeuw verandert alles met de invoering van nieuwe regels om deel te nemen de macht en met het uiteen- vallen van het hierarchisch gildesysteem. Dat draagt bij tot een verhoging van het sociale stauut van de handelaars. Handel en scheepvaart worden opnieuw gescheiden. De lokale instellingen geraken zo in de handen van de vertegen- woordigers van de ekonomie, ten nadele van de uit de burgerlijke maatschappij gegroeide hierarchie.
The aminoindanol core as a key scaffold in bifunctional organocatalysts
Authors: G. Sonsona Isaac , Marqués-López Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P
Published: March 2016

The 1,2-aminoindanol scaffold has been found to be very efficient, enhancing the enantioselectivity when present in organocatalysts. This may be explained by its ability to induce a bifunctional activation of the substrates involved in the reaction. Thus, it is easy to find hydrogen-bonding organocatalysts ((thio)ureas, squaramides, quinolinium thioamide, etc.) in the literature containing this favored structural core. They have been successfully employed in reactions such as Friedel–Crafts alkylation, Michael addition, Diels–Alder and aza-Henry reactions. However, the 1,2-aminoindanol core incorporated into proline derivatives has been scarcely explored. Herein, the most representative and illustrative examples are compiled and this review will be mainly focused on the cases where the aminoindanol moiety confers bifunctionality to the organocatalysts.
X-RAY IRRADIATION OF H2O + CO ICE MIXTURES WITH SYNCHROTRON LIGHT
Authors: Jiménez-Escobar A. , Chen Y.-J. , Ciaravella A. , Huang C.-H. , Micela G. , Cecchi-Pestellini C.
Published: March 2016

We irradiated a (4:1) mixture of water and carbon monoxide with soft X-rays of energies up to 1.2 keV. The experiments were performed using the spherical grating monochromator beamline at National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan. Both monochromatic (300 and 900 eV) and broader energy fluxes (250–1200 eV) were employed. During the irradiation, the H2O + CO mixture was ionized, excited, and fragmented, producing a number of reactive species. The composition of the ice has been monitored throughout both the irradiation and warm-up phases. We identified several products, which can be related through a plausible chemical reaction scheme. Such chemistry is initiated by the injection of energetic photoelectrons that produce multiple ionization events generating a secondary electron cascade. The results have been discussed in light of a model for protoplanetary disks around young solar-type stars.
THE TWO MOLECULAR CLOUDS IN RCW 38: EVIDENCE FOR THE FORMATION OF THE YOUNGEST SUPER STAR CLUSTER IN THE MILKY WAY TRIGGERED BY CLOUD–CLOUD COLLISION
Authors: Fukui Y. , Torii K. , Ohama A. , Hasegawa K. , Hattori Y. , Sano H. , Ohashi S. , Fujii K. , Kuwahara S. , Mizuno N. , Dawson J. R. , Yamamoto H. , Tachihara K. , Okuda T. , Onishi T. , Mizuno A.
Published: March 2016

We present distributions of two molecular clouds having velocities of 2 and 14 km s−1 toward RCW 38, the youngest super star cluster in the Milky Way, in the 12CO J = 1–0 and 3–2 and 13CO J = 1–0 transitions. The two clouds are likely physically associated with the cluster as verified by the high intensity ratio of the J = 3–2 emission to the J = 1–0 emission, the bridging feature connecting the two clouds in velocity, and their morphological correspondence with the infrared dust emission. The velocity difference is too large for the clouds to be gravitationally bound. We frame a hypothesis that the two clouds are colliding with each other by chance to trigger formation of the ∼20 O stars that are localized within ∼0.5 pc of the cluster center in the 2 km s−1 cloud. We suggest that the collision is currently continuing toward part of the 2 km s−1 cloud where the bridging feature is localized. This is the third super star cluster alongside Westerlund 2 and NGC 3603 where cloud–cloud collision has triggered the cluster formation. RCW 38 is the youngest super star cluster in the Milky Way, holding a possible sign of on-going O star formation, and is a promising site where we may be able to witness the moment of O star formation.
THE REFINED SHOCK VELOCITY OF THE X-RAY FILAMENTS IN THE RCW 86 NORTHEAST RIM
Authors: Yamaguchi Hiroya , Katsuda Satoru , Castro Daniel , Williams Brian J. , Lopez Laura A. , Slane Patrick O. , Smith Randall K. , Petre Robert
Published: March 2016

A precise measurement of shock velocities is crucial for constraining the mechanism and efficiency of cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration at supernova remnant (SNR) shock fronts. The northeastern rim of the SNR RCW 86 is thought to be a particularly efficient CR acceleration site, owing to the recent result in which an extremely high shock velocity of ∼6000 km s−1 was claimed. Here, we revisit the same SNR rim with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, 11 years after the first observation. This longer baseline than previously available allows us to determine a more accurate proper motion of the nonthermal X-ray filament, revealing a much lower velocity of 3000 ± 340 km s−1 (and even slower at a brighter region). Although the value has dropped to one-half of that from the previous X-ray measurement, it is still higher than the mean velocity of the Hα filaments in this region (∼1200 km s−1). This discrepancy implies that the filaments bright in nonthermal X-rays and Hα emission trace different velocity components, and thus a CR pressure constrained by combining the X-ray kinematics and the Hα spectroscopy can easily be overestimated. We also measure the proper motion of the thermal X-ray filament immediately to the south of the nonthermal one. The inferred velocity (720 ± 360 km s−1) is significantly lower than that of the nonthermal filament, suggesting the presence of denser ambient material, possibly a wall formed by a wind from the progenitor, which has drastically slowed down the shock.
NightLife: A cheap, robust, LED based light trap for collecting aquatic insects in remote areas
Authors: Price Benjamin , Baker Ed
Published: March 2016

There are approximately one hundred thousand aquatic insect species currently known to science and this figure is likely a significant underestimation. The ecology of aquatic insect groups has been studied due to their role as bioindicators of water quality and in the case of Diptera, their role as vectors of disease. Light trapping targets emergent adults, using mercury vapour bulbs or actinic fluorescent tubes, however these light sources are unsuitable for sampling remote regions due to their power requirements, which limit their mobility. Most insects studied have three types of photoreceptors corresponding to UV, blue and green light.

We describe the NightLife: a cheap, robust, portable, LED based light source which targets insect trichromatic vision, is capable of autonomous operation and is powered by a single AA battery. Field trials show that the NightLife is capable of collecting sufficient samples of 12 insect orders, including all aquatic orders commonly collected by traditional light trapping and compares favourably with actinic fluorescent tubes and white LEDs. Future development in LED technology will likely result in LEDs replacing traditional light sources for collecting insects more widely.
FabLabs
Authors: Lhoste Évelyne , Barbier Marc
Published: March 2016

Nous replaçons le mouvement de création de nombreux fablabs dans une perspective socio-historique en revenant sur la gestation du modèle inventé au MIT et sur sa réplication en France. Partant, nous restituons les cadres et les méthodes d’une étude de terrain conduite au moment de l’expansion des fablabs français en 2013. En limitant notre enquête aux fablabs ouverts au public, nous en distinguons deux catégories. Nous analysons les activités d’intermédiation en leur sein ainsi que le travail d’institutionnalisation réalisé par leurs fondateurs. À l’aune d’une analyse comparée de ces deux types de Tiers-Lieux, nous interprétons les fablabs comme une forme d’expérimentation collective et distribuée de l’innovation ouverte qui doit beaucoup aux trajectoires des fondateurs et à leur stratégie de « soft hacking » des institutions.
Biochemical response to physical exercise in show-jumping horses
Authors: Gundasheva D.
Published: March 2016

The information on the biochemical response of horses submitted to physical exercise by jumping over obstacles is limited and controversial. The purpose of the present study was to monitor the change in activity of muscle enzymes creatine kinase (CK), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), as well as the serum concentrations of triacylglycerols, cholesterol and creatinine in performance horses. Correlations between study parameters were also estimated. Six healthy Hanoverian geldings were submitted to physical exercise similar to a competition consisting of jumping over barriers over four consecutive days. The applied exercise induced increases of biochemical parameters CK, AST, ALT, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol and creatinine within the reference ranges. The changes in these parameters reflected the changes in skeletal muscle and kidney functions as well as alterations in the type of used energy. Negative correlations were established between CK and ALT at 2 hours, and between triacylglycerols and total cholesterol during the entire period of the study. Also, a positive association was established between СK and AST at 24 hours and between total cholesterol and creatinine before exercise, and at 0 and 2 hours post-exercise. The data from the present study could be utilised as guidelines for prevention and early detection of metabolic disturbances in show jumping horses.
Postural changes and their effects in elite riders when actively influencing the horse versus sitting passively at trot
Authors: Engell M.T. , Clayton H.M. , Egenvall A. , Weishaupt M.A. , Roepstorff L.
Published: March 2016

The objectives were to compare sagittal plane posture of the pelvis, trunk and head of elite dressage riders when they ride actively to train the horse versus sitting passively and following the horses’ movements at trot, and to evaluate the effects of these changes in rider posture on load distribution on the horse’s back. Synchronised motion capture and saddle mat data of seven elite dressage riders were used to measure minimal and maximal angles and range of motion (ROM) for the pelvic, trunk and head segments, the angle between pelvis and trunk segments, phase-shift between pitching motions of pelvis and trunk, and pelvic translation relative to the saddle. Non-parametric statistical tests compared variables between the two rider postures. In the passive rider posture the pelvis, trunk and head showed two pitching cycles per stride. Maximal posterior and anterior pelvic rotation occurred, respectively, early and late in the horse’s diagonal stance phase. Compared with pelvic movements, trunk movements were slightly delayed and head movements were out-of-phase. In the active rider posture the pelvis and trunk pitched further posteriorly throughout the stride. Most of the riders showed similar sagittal plane movements of the axial body segments but with some notable individual variations.
Effect of exercise on gastric health in field retrievers
Authors: Davis M.S. , Willard M.D. , Day M.J. , McCann J. , Payton M. E. , Cummings S.L.
Published: March 2016

Exercise-induced gastrointestinal disease (EIGD) has been reported in all domestic athletes. In dogs and humans, EIGD is most commonly associated with ultra-endurance racing sled dogs and marathon/triathlon competitors, respectively, suggesting that the syndrome is specifically a function of prolonged exercise. However, EIGD is also common in horses that exercise for brief periods, and more recently, EIGD has been identified in Labrador retrievers that perform off-leash explosive detection patrols. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that EIGD could be induced in retrievers performing competition-style retrieves. Gastric endoscopy and histopathological examination of gastric biopsies were performed on 10 healthy retrievers before and 24 h after a series of multi-set retrieves totalling over 5 km. Although the exercise challenge resulted in a small but statistically significant increase in gastric endoscopy severity score, it did not result in a higher prevalence of clinically-significant gastric disease or changes in gastric histopathology. We conclude that competitive retrieving is unlikely to induce clinically-significant gastric disease in healthy dogs.
Effects of AquamatsTm on the Water Quality and Periphyton Growth in Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Fry Ponds
Authors: Weerasooriya A.C. , Yi Yang
Published: March 2016

Attempts were made to assess the effects of an artificial substrate named AquaMatsTm on periphyton growth and water quality in Nile tilapia fly ponds, located at the Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand. The experiments were conducted in twelve. 330 m3 ponds with randomized complete block design using sex reversed all-male Nile tilapia fry between 1.58-1.73 g in size. The stocking density was 30.3 fish m-2 in all the ponds. There were four treatments with three replicates each: (a) Non-feeding without AquaMatsTm, (b) Feeding without AquaMatsTm (c) Non-feeding with AquaMatsTm; (d) Feeding with AquaMatsTm. Sixty-two periphyton species were identified on AquaMatsTm, among which 14 species belonged to Cyanophyta (blue green algae); one to Xanthophyta, 17 to Chlorophyta (green algae), 28 to Bacillariophyta (diatoms) and, two to Euglenophyta (euglenoids). Bacillariophyta were the dominant group with the largest number of species, followed by Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta, Euglenophyta and Xanthophyta, towards the end of the experiment. Total fouling solids increased towards the end of the culture period, whilst chlorophyll-a concentration on AquaMatsTm decreased drastically towards the end of the experiment. At the end of the experimental period it was observed that AquaMatsTm were fully covered with thick mud in all experimental ponds, indicating that it attracted the mud particles from the water column. Periphyton growth suppressed due to the deposition of mud particles on AquaMatsTm and it appears that AquaMatsTm cannot be used effectively in earthen ponds with Nile tilapia fry to enhance periphyton growth. The results revealed that the AquaMatsTm had no significant effect on water quality, both in feeding and non-feeding treatments (P>0.05).
Alcohol-induced headaches: Evidence for a central mechanism?
Authors: Panconesi Alessandro
Published: March 2016

Alcoholic drinks (ADs) have been reported as a migraine trigger in about one-third of the migraine patients in retrospective studies. Some studies found that ADs trigger also other primary headaches. The studies concerning the role of ADs in triggering various types of primary headaches published after the International Headache Society classification criteria of 1988 were reviewed, and the pathophysiological mechanisms were discussed. Many studies show that ADs are a trigger of migraine without aura (MO), migraine with aura (MA), cluster headache (CH), and tension-type headache (TH). While data on MO and CH are well delineated, those in MA and TH are discordant. There are sparse reports that ADs are also triggers of less frequent types of primary headache such as familial hemiplegic migraine, hemicrania continua, and paroxysmal hemicrania. However, in some countries, the occurrence of alcohol as headache trigger is negligible, perhaps determined by alcohol habits. The frequency estimates vary widely based on the study approach and population. In fact, prospective studies report a limited importance of ADs as migraine trigger. If ADs are capable of triggering practically all primary headaches, they should act at a common pathogenetic level. The mechanisms of alcohol-provoking headache were discussed in relationship to the principal pathogenetic theories of primary headaches. The conclusion was that vasodilatation is hardly compatible with ADs trigger activity of all primary headaches and a common pathogenetic mechanism at cortical, or more likely at subcortical/brainstem, level is more plausible.
Odorless inhalant toxic encephalopathy in developing countries household: Gas geyser syndrome
Authors: Mehta Anish , Mahale Rohan , John Aju Abraham , Abbas Masoom Mirza , Javali Mahendra , Acharya Purushottam , Rangasetty Srinivasa
Published: March 2016

Background: Liquefied petroleum gas geysers are used very frequently for heating water in developing countries such as India. However, these gas geysers emit various toxic gases; one among them is colorless, odorless carbon monoxide (CO). In the past few years, there were reports of unexplained loss of consciousness in the bathroom. However, the exact cause for these episodes has been recognized as toxic encephalopathy due to toxic gases inhalation mainly CO. Objective: To analyze the clinical profile and outcome of patients brought with loss of consciousness in the bathroom while bathing using gas geyser. Materials and Methods: Case records of patients with the diagnosis of gas geyser syndrome from 2013 to 2015 were retrieved and analyzed. Twenty-four cases were identified and included in the study. This was a retrospective, descriptive study. Results: Twenty-four patients were brought to our Emergency Department with loss of consciousness in the bathroom while bathing. Twenty-one cases had loss of consciousness during bathing and recovered spontaneously. Two cases were found dead in the bathroom and were brought to the Department of Forensic Medicine for postmortem. One case was brought in deep altered state of consciousness and succumbed to illness within 1 week.Conclusion: Awareness regarding CO intoxication due to usage of ill-fitted, ill-ventilated gas geyser is necessary as they are entirely preventable conditions.
Pin-site epidural hematoma: A catastrophic complication of cranial fixation in a child
Authors: Krishnan Prasad , Kumar Soumen Kanti , Kartikueyan Rajaraman , Patel Sachinkumar Maheshbhai
Published: March 2016

Cranial fixation with pins is a routine adjunct in neurosurgery and is usually considered safe. A rarely reported complication is skull fracture at the pin site and consequent epidural hematoma. Usually, these are picked up only postoperatively and rarely, intraoperatively if there is unexplained “brain bulge” in which case the operation should be terminated and urgent imaging has to be done. We describe such a complication that occurred while operating on a 12-year-old child with a posterior fossa tumor and review the available literature dealing with such events.
Homology of the Fermat Tower and Universal Measures for Jacobi Sums
Authors: Otsubo Noriyuki
Published: March 2016

We give a precise description of the homology group of the Fermat curve as a cyclic module over a group ring. As an application, we prove the freeness of the profinite homology of the Fermat tower. This allows us to define measures, an equivalent of Anderson’s adelic beta functions, in a manner similar to Ihara’s definition of ℓ-adic universal power series for Jacobi sums. We give a simple proof of the interpolation property using a motivic decomposition of the Fermat curve.
DESCOLA, Philippe. La composition des mondes: entretiens avec Pierre Charbonnier. Paris: Flammarion, 2014. 381 p.
Authors: Segata Jean
Published: March 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2015v17n2p149

Philippe Descola tem sido apontado como um dos mais importantes antropólogos dos últimos anos. De suas pesquisas resultou o aparecimento de diversos trabalhos que se dispõem à discussão, à evidência ou à apresentação de sua obra. Esse é o caso de La composition des mondes, fruto de entrevistas com o jovem filósofo Pierre Charbonnier, chargé de recherche no Institut Marcel Mauss da École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS). Charbonnier tem se dedicado ao estudo das noções de natureza, ecologia e ambiente na antropologia, o que faz da obra de Philippe Descola uma de suas interlocuções privilegiadas, como aquela que acontece em seu outro recente trabalho, intitulado La fin d’un grand partage: nature et société, de Durkheim à Descola (publicado em 2015, pela CNRS Édition – Paris).
Antropologia e Não Modernidade: até que a ciência as separe
Authors: Da Silva e Sá Guilherme José
Published: March 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2015v17n2p31

O artigo propõe uma crítica sobre a forma como a ideia de simetria tem sido acionada pela produção em antropologia da ciência brasileira. Seus vínculos promovem associações à terminologia da ANT que pouco representam esforços efetivos de implementação do projeto proposto por Bruno Latour (1994). A partir dessa análise são sugeridas bases para um protocolo de estudos antropológicos sobre as ciências que considerem a especificidade do estatuto da (não) modernidade no Brasil.
A noção de ontologias múltiplas e suas consequências políticas
Authors: Souza Iara Maria de Almeida
Published: March 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2015v17n2p49

É possível observar hoje nas ciências sociais um interesse crescente pela ontologia. Se boa parte da agenda clássica da disciplina estava situada no campo da epistemologia, centrada na noção de representação; a agenda atual em grande medida se define por uma preocupação em entender não visões de mundo, mas as realidades ou os mundos em que estamos imersos. Segundo Marres, a virada ontológica nesta disciplina compreende níveis distintos de reflexão. No primeiro nível, ontologia se refere à explicitação dos pressupostos metateóricos acerca de quais entidades constituem a realidade e quais são as relações entre elas. Em outro nível se situam os autores cuja abordagem é rotulada por Marres de ontologia empírica, ou seja, que a pensam como fenômeno empírico ou acontecimento. Procura-se explorar neste nível as associações por meio das quais diferentes entidades vêm a ser no mundo e a própria realidade é vista como múltipla e fluida. A proposta deste artigo é discutir mais detidamente este segundo nível da ontologia, em especial a noção de ontologia múltipla formulada por Mol, explicitando sua compreensão das consequências políticas desta abordagem.
Domesticando o Humano: para uma antropologia moral da proteção animal
Authors: Lewgoy Bernardo , Sordi Caetano , Pinto Leandra Oliveira
Published: March 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2015v17n2p75

Este artigo examina o campo da proteção animal em Porto Alegre (RS) desde um ponto de vista antropológico e etnográfico. Compreendemos que as contemporâneas iniciativas de resgate, adoção e proteção de animais de companhia em situação de risco e abandono, levadas a cabo por organizações não governamentais e múltiplas redes voluntárias, revelam a emergência de novas sensibilidades e moralidades para com os animais não humanos em  contextos “pós-domésticos” (Bulliet 2005), reconfigurando as fronteiras entre o público e o privado, a esfera da intimidade e das políticas públicas. Por fim, concluímos que o exercício de domesticação contido nestas iniciativas é uma via de mão dupla: por um lado, tenta-se disciplinar e higienizar o espaço público e a conduta dos acolhedores de animais; por outro, busca-se educar os seres humanos para o convívio com membros não humanos das famílias, tornando-os responsáveis (em sentido moral, psicológico e legal) pelas suas novas famílias multiespecíficas.
Simetrização, Hibridismo e Agência na Antropologia
Authors: Theophilos Rifiotis Theophilos Rifiotis , Segata Jean , Saez Oscar Calavia
Published: March 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-8034.2015v17n2p6

O presente dossiê, intitulado Simetrização, Hibridismo e Agência na Antropologia, tem o objetivo de difundir os resultados das duas primeiras edições do Seminário Mapeando Controvérsias Contemporâneas, organizadas pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Antropologia do Ciberespaço (GrupCiber) do Programa de Pós-graduação de Antropologia Social da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, em 2013 e 2014, com apoio da CAPES, PPGAS/UFSC e da Direção do Centro de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas/UFSC. A terceira edição, “Ciência, Biotecnologia e Cibercultura”, tem lugar em novembro de 2015 com apoio do CNPq, CAPES, FAPESC e do PPGAS/UFSC. Na primeira edição, o tema do Seminário foi “Humanos e Não Humanos na Antropologia” e na segunda, o tema é aquele que dá nome a este dossiê. Somadas, as duas primeiras edições do seminário reuniram uma amostra significativa de pesquisadores de diversas instituições do Brasil e do exterior, como UFMG, UnB, Museu Nacional/UFRJ, UFRGS, UFRN, UFSC e Université de Nanterre – Paris X.
Testosterone and cortisol patterns and the effects of electro-ejaculation and copulation in Awassi rams
Authors: Alomar Mazen , Soukouti Ahmad , Alzoabi Mohee Alden , Zarkawi Moutaz
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The effects of month, electro-ejaculation (EE) and copulation process on testosterone and cortisol levels were investigated in Syrian Awassi rams. Jugular blood samples were collected from 10 rams at weekly intervals for 1 year. During the breeding and non-breeding season, samples were collected 60 min before EE and copulation as well as 0 (at the time of ejaculation), 20 and 60 min after EE and copulation. Low testosterone levels were detected from October to February (4.58–5.06 nmol L−1), while high levels were noted from May to September (8.01–11.40 nmol L−1) with significant differences among months (P < 0.001). In contrast, cortisol levels were low from March to October (0.63–2.27 nmol L−1) and the highest level was recorded in December (11.30 nmol L−1) with a significant month effect (P < 0.001). Cortisol reached its maximum concentration in the electrically stimulated rams 20 min post electro-ejaculation with no significant difference between the two seasons at this end time point. Means of testosterone levels differed between the breeding and the non-breeding season for electro-ejaculated rams. An increase in testosterone level was observed after 60 min of copulation process in the non-breeding, while no differences were noted for this hormone over the four time periods during the breeding season. Cortisol levels rose significantly in non-breeding season at 0 and 20 min after copulation (P < 0.001). In conclusion, Syrian Awassi rams displayed a clear seasonality of testosterone and cortisol. Cortisol levels indicate an acute stress response to EE treatment. Females have an effect on testosterone and cortisol levels in Syrian Awassi rams only during the non-breeding season.
Semi-annual oscillation (SAO) of the nighttime ionospheric D region as detected through ground-based VLF receivers
Authors: Silber Israel , Price Colin , Rodger Craig J.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Earth's middle and upper atmosphere exhibits several dominant large-scale oscillations in many measured parameters. One of these oscillations is the semi-annual oscillation (SAO). The SAO can be detected in the ionospheric total electron content (TEC), the ionospheric transition height, the wind regime in the mesosphere–lower thermosphere (MLT), and in the MLT temperatures. In addition, as we report for the first time in this study, the SAO is among the most dominant oscillations in nighttime very low frequency (VLF) narrowband (NB) subionospheric measurements. As VLF signals are reflected off the ionospheric D region (at altitudes of  ∼  65 and  ∼  85 km, during the day and night, respectively), this implies that the upper part of the D region is experiencing this oscillation as well, through changes in the dominating electron or ion densities, or by changes in the electron collision frequency, recombination rates, and attachment rates, all of which could be driven by oscillatory MLT temperature changes. We conclude that the main source of the SAO in the nighttime D region is NOx molecule transport from the lower levels of the thermosphere, resulting in enhanced ionization and the creation of free electrons in the nighttime D region, thus modulating the SAO signature in VLF NB measurements. While the cause for the observed SAO is still a subject of debate, this oscillation should be taken into account when modeling the D region in general and VLF wave propagation in particular.
Molecular corridors and parameterizations of volatility in the chemical evolution of organic aerosols
Authors: Li Ying , Pöschl Ulrich , Shiraiwa Manabu
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The formation and aging of organic aerosols (OA) proceed through multiple steps of chemical reaction and mass transport in the gas and particle phases, which is challenging for the interpretation of field measurements and laboratory experiments as well as accurate representation of OA evolution in atmospheric aerosol models. Based on data from over 30 000 compounds, we show that organic compounds with a wide variety of functional groups fall into molecular corridors, characterized by a tight inverse correlation between molar mass and volatility. We developed parameterizations to predict the saturation mass concentration of organic compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur from the elemental composition that can be measured by soft-ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry. Field measurement data from new particle formation events, biomass burning, cloud/fog processing, and indoor environments were mapped into molecular corridors to characterize the chemical nature of the observed OA components. We found that less-oxidized indoor OA are constrained to a corridor of low molar mass and high volatility, whereas highly oxygenated compounds in atmospheric water extend to high molar mass and low volatility. Among the nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds identified in atmospheric aerosols, amines tend to exhibit low molar mass and high volatility, whereas organonitrates and organosulfates follow high O : C corridors extending to high molar mass and low volatility. We suggest that the consideration of molar mass and molecular corridors can help to constrain volatility and particle-phase state in the modeling of OA particularly for nitrogen- and sulfur-containing compounds.
Observing atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) from space: validation and intercomparison of six retrievals from four satellites (OMI, GOME2A, GOME2B, OMPS) with SEAC4RS aircraft observations over the Southeast US
Authors: Zhu Lei , Jacob Daniel J. , Kim Patrick  S. , Fisher Jenny A. , Yu Karen , Travis Katherine  R. , Mickley Loretta  J. , Yantosca Robert  M. , Sulprizio Melissa  P. , De Smedt Isabelle , Gonzalez Abad Gonzalo , Chance Kelly , Li Can , Ferrare Richard , Fried Alan , Hair Johnathan  W. , Hanisco Thomsa  F. , Richter Dirk , Scarino Amy Jo , Walega James , Weibring Petter , Wolfe Glenn  M.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Formaldehyde (HCHO) column data from satellites are widely used as a proxy for emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), but validation of the data has been extremely limited. Here we use highly accurate HCHO aircraft observations from the NASA SEAC4RS campaign over the Southeast US in August–September 2013 to validate and intercompare six operational and research retrievals of HCHO columns from four different satellite instruments (OMI, GOME2A, GOME2B and OMPS) and three different research groups. The GEOS-Chem chemical transport model provides a common intercomparison platform. We find that all retrievals capture the HCHO maximum over Arkansas and Louisiana, reflecting high emissions of biogenic isoprene, and are consistent in their spatial variability over the Southeast US (r = 0.4–0.8 on a 0.5° × 0.5° grid) as well as their day-to-day variability (r = 0.5–0.8). However, all satellite retrievals are biased low in the mean by 20–51 %, which would lead to corresponding bias in estimates of isoprene emissions from the satellite data. The smallest bias is for OMI-BIRA, which has the highest corrected slant columns and the lowest scattering weights in its air mass factor (AMF) calculation. Correcting the assumed HCHO vertical profiles (shape factors) used in the AMF calculation would further reduce the bias in the OMI-BIRA data. We conclude that current satellite HCHO data provide a reliable proxy for isoprene emission variability but with a low mean bias due both to the corrected slant columns and the scattering weights used in the retrievals.
Size distribution of particle-associated polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their implications for health
Authors: Lyu Yan , Xu Tingting , Li Xiang , Cheng Tiantao , Yang Xin , Sun Xiaomin , Chen Jianmin
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In order to better understand the size distribution of particle-associated PBDEs and their deposition pattern in the human respiratory tract, we carried out a 1-year campaign during 2012–2013 for the measurement of size-resolved particles at the urban site of Shanghai. The results showed that particulate PBDEs exhibited a bimodal distribution with a mode peak in the accumulation particle size range and the second mode peak in the coarse particle size ranges. As the number of bromine atoms in the molecule increases, accumulation-mode peak intensity increased while coarse-mode peak intensity decreased. This change was consistent with the variation of PBDEs' subcooled vapor pressure. Absorption and adsorption processes dominated the distribution of PBDEs among the different size particles. The evaluated deposition flux of Σ13 PBDEs was 26.8 pg h−1, in which coarse particles contributed most PBDEs in head and tracheobronchial regions, while fine-mode particles contributed major PBDEs in the alveoli region. In association with the fact that fine particles can penetrate deeper into the respiratory system, fine-particle-bound highly brominated PBDEs can be inhaled more deeply into human lungs and cause a greater risk to human health.
Long-term validation of ESA operational retrieval (version 6.0) of MIPAS Envisat vertical profiles of methane, nitrous oxide, CFC11, and CFC12 using balloon-borne observations and trajectory matching
Authors: Engel Andreas , Bönisch Harald , Schwarzenberger Tim , Haase Hans-Peter , Grunow Katja , Abalichin Jana , Sala Stephan
Published: March 2016

Abstract. MIPAS-Envisat is a satellite-borne sensor which measured vertical profiles of a wide range of trace gases from 2002 to 2012 using IR emission spectroscopy. We present geophysical validation of the MIPAS-Envisat operational retrieval (version 6.0) of N2O, CH4, CFC-12, and CFC-11 by the European Space Agency (ESA). The geophysical validation data are derived from measurements of samples collected by a cryogenic whole air sampler flown to altitudes of up to 34 km by means of large scientific balloons. In order to increase the number of coincidences between the satellite and the balloon observations, we applied a trajectory matching technique. The results are presented for different time periods due to a change in the spectroscopic resolution of MIPAS in early 2005. Retrieval results for N2O, CH4, and CFC-12 show partly good agreement for some altitude regions, which differs for the periods with different spectroscopic resolution. The more recent low spectroscopic resolution data above 20 km altitude show agreement with the combined uncertainties, while there is a tendency of the earlier high spectral resolution data set to underestimate these species above 25 km. The earlier high spectral resolution data show a significant overestimation of the mixing ratios for N2O, CH4, and CFC-12 below 20 km. These differences need to be considered when using these data. The CFC-11 results from the operation retrieval version 6.0 cannot be recommended for scientific studies due to a systematic overestimation of the CFC-11 mixing ratios at all altitudes.
Variability in terrigenous sediment supply offshore of the Río de la Plata (Uruguay) recording the continental climatic history over the past 1200 years
Authors: Perez Laura , García-Rodríguez Felipe , Hanebuth Till J. J.
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The continental shelf adjacent to the Río de la Plata (RdlP) exhibits extremely complex hydrographic and ecological characteristics which are of great socioeconomic importance. Since the long-term environmental variations related to the atmospheric (wind fields), hydrologic (freshwater plume), and oceanographic (currents and fronts) regimes are little known, the aim of this study is to reconstruct the changes in the terrigenous input into the inner continental shelf during the late Holocene period (associated with the RdlP sediment discharge) and to unravel the climatic forcing mechanisms behind them. To achieve this, we retrieved a 10 m long sediment core from the RdlP mud depocenter at 57 m water depth (GeoB 13813-4). The radiocarbon age control indicated an extremely high sedimentation rate of 0.8 cm per year, encompassing the past 1200 years (AD 750–2000). We used element ratios (Ti  / Ca, Fe / Ca, Ti / Al, Fe / K) as regional proxies for the fluvial input signal and the variations in relative abundance of salinity-indicative diatom groups (freshwater versus marine-brackish) to assess the variability in terrigenous freshwater and sediment discharges. Ti / Ca, Fe / Ca, Ti /  Al, Fe /  K and the freshwater diatom group showed the lowest values between AD 850 and 1300, while the highest values occurred between AD 1300 and 1850. The variations in the sedimentary record can be attributed to the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA) and the Little Ice Age (LIA), both of which had a significant impact on rainfall and wind patterns over the region. During the MCA, a weakening of the South American summer monsoon system (SAMS) and the South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), could explain the lowest element ratios (indicative of a lower terrigenous input) and a marine-dominated diatom record, both indicative of a reduced RdlP freshwater plume. In contrast, during the LIA, a strengthening of SAMS and SACZ may have led to an expansion of the RdlP river plume to the far north, as indicated by higher element ratios and a marked freshwater diatom signal. Furthermore, a possible multidecadal oscillation probably associated with Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) since AD 1300 reflects the variability in both the SAMS and SACZ systems.