bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design/construction integration: issues and illustrative prototype
Authors: KARTAM NABIL A.
Published: January 2010

The architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry is epitomized by a wide range of project business lines, different project scopes, unique client requirements, and a rapidly changing automation technology. This current scenario requires a constant transfer of project data among the various professionals representing different specializations, project phases and interests. The implementation of improved computer techniques such as object‐oriented programming and CAD reduces fragmentation and enhances the efficiency of integrating project data through all stages of generation, sharing, maintaining, and updating. This reduced fragmentation will assist in bridging the gaps between and within the project phases, thereby increasing the competitiveness of the AEC industry. This paper presents different issues related to the existing fragmentation in the AEC industry and the challenges and approaches to achieve a meaningful and smooth integration. The paper describes the development of ODCSI—an object‐oriented design/construction system for integrating CAD and construction software applications. The system architecture captures design data in an object‐oriented project model and acts as an intelligent CAD interface. In the hierarchy of object‐oriented classes and subclasses, the design data are inherited; hence all functional, geometrical, structural, construction management, and construction engineering functions are shared across class boundaries. These design data are used as the input to various computer‐based construction software applications, hence providing seamless project integration.
Neural network model for contractors' prequalification for local authority projects
Authors: KHOSROWSHAHI FARZAD
Published: January 2010

The way in which clients or their consultants undertake to select firms to tender for a given project is a highly complex process and can be very problematic. This is also true for public authorities as, for them, ‘compulsory competitive tendering’ is a relatively new concept. Despite its importance, contractors' prequalification is often based on heuristic techniques combining experience, judgement and intuition of the decision makers. This, primarily, stems from the fact that prequalification is not an exact science. For any project, the right choice of the contractor is one of the most important decisions that the client has to make. Therefore, it is envisaged that the development of an effective decision‐support model for contractor prequalification can yield significant benefits to the client. By implication, such a model can also be of considerable use to contractors: a model of this nature is an effective marketing tool for contractors to enhance their chances of success to obtain new work. To this end, this work offers a decision‐support model that predicts whether or not a contractor should be selected for tendering projects. The focus is on local authorities because, in the absence of a viable universal selection system, there are significant variations in the way they conduct prequalification. The model is based on the use of artificial neural networks (ANN) and uses data relating to 42 local authorities (clients). With the aid of a questionnaire and a scaling system, the prequalification attributes that are considered to be important by clients are identified. The survey indicates significant variations in the level of importance given to different attributes. Statistical methods are adopted to generate additional data representing disqualified instances. Following a preprocessing exercise, the data form the basis of the input and output layers for training the neural‐net model. An independent set of data is subjected to a similar preprocessing for testing the model. Tests reveal that the model has a highly satisfactory predictive accuracy and that the ANN technique is a viable tool for the prediction of success or failure of the contractor to qualify to tender for local authority projects.
Tracing the African Project Failure Syndrome: the significance of ‘ubuntu’
Authors: RWELAMILA P.D. , TALUKHABA A.A. , NGOWI A.B.
Published: January 2010

The lack of ‘ubuntu’ (African group solidarity) between project stakeholders in the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) public building sector has been surrounded by controversy and strongly held opinions. The work reported in this paper attempts to indicate some salient issues affecting the relationships between project stakeholders. The Botswana public building sector is used as a main case study and follow‐up studies are carried out involving another eight SADC countries. The paper addresses two propositions. First, that the lack of ‘ubuntu’ between project stakeholders is primarily due to an inappropriate project organizational structure. Second, that a default traditional construction procurement system (TCPS), provides a poor relationship management system. Information is obtained on the research areas through questionnaires to construction firm executives, contract managers, site managers, trade foremen and skilled tradespersons on the dominant procurement system used in Botswana. Furthermore, senior technical officers of Public Works Ministries of another eight SADC countries are interviewed as a follow‐up to the Botswana study. The primary conclusion to be drawn is that the building procurement system purported to be in use in the SADC public building sector differs significantly from that recommended in the theory, resulting in poor relationships between project stakeholders. This is primarily due to the use of inappropriate building procurement systems. In general, the TCPS in the SADC public building sector is used as a ‘default system’. This has led to a situation where project management is a ‘fire fighting’ activity, where group solidarity between project stakeholders is out of reach. Salient steps are proposed with a proviso that the SADC public building sector should establish appropriate methods of selecting building procurement systems as a prerequisite in formulating appropriate project organizational structures which will bring the spirit of real co‐operation between project stakeholders towards project success.
A new generation software for construction scheduling and management
Authors: KARIM ASIM , ADELI HOJJAT
Published: January 2010

The authors were motivated to overcome some of the limitations and shortcomings of the existing software systems for management of construction projects. The result is a new generation software system for CONstruction Scheduling, Cost Optimization, and Change Order Management, which is called CONSCOM. CONSCOM uses the recently patented Neural Dynamics model of Adeli and Park as its computational engine for construction cost optimization and advanced software engineering and object‐oriented programming techniques such as framework and pattern. This paper presents some of its recent and innovative capabilities and features. CONSCOM includes an Integrated Management Environment (IME) as its user interface for the effective control and management of construction projects. An example of a highway construction project is presented to demonstrate the unique modelling capabilities of CONSCOM that cannot be modelled by Critical Path Method (CPM) or CPM‐like networks.
Determinants of performance of UK universities in Built Environment and Town and Country Planning research
Authors: LANSLEY P.R.
Published: January 2010

After providing a brief review of the 1996 Research Assessment Exercise (RAE) of UK universities in the subject areas of Built Environment and Town and Country Planning, four measures are developed to represent the range of activities considered by the exercise. These have simple and strong relationships with the grades awarded to the universities. The findings suggest that the assessment method was broad and robust and that good grades were achieved through quite different activity profiles. Issues are raised about the general level of research activity and the small and static number of international‐level departments in the UK.
Graphically based LP modelling for linear scheduling analysis: the POLO system
Authors: HUANG RONG‐YAU , HALPIN DANIEL W.
Published: January 2010

The traditional network scheduling methods such as the Critical Path Method (CPM), Programme Evaluation Review Technique (PERT), and bar charting are typically not effective for the planning of linear construction projects. Linear scheduling methods, on the other hand, model the progress of repetitive activities in sloping lines and are more effective for linear modelling and analysis. Nonetheless, their use in the construction industry has so far been very limited. Among other reasons for this is the unfamiliarity of construction personnel with these techniques, which plays a major role in hampering their application. This paper introduces a graphically based approach to assist in the linear programming (LP) modelling of linear scheduling analysis. The Planning & Optimization for Linear Operations (POLO) system provides a graphic LP modelling environment in which model formulation can be easily accomplished in a graphic and interactive fashion. Thus, the application of linear scheduling methods can be facilitated. The Isle of Palms Connector Bridge project in Mount Pleasant, South Carolina is used to demonstrate the use of the system.
A computer environment to support the strategic decision‐making process in construction firms
Authors: ALARCÓN L.F. , BASTIAS A.
Published: January 2010

A computer environment to support the strategic decision‐making process in construction firms is presented. The system implements modelling concepts originally developed to evaluate project execution strategies, extending and generalizing the modelling methodology to a broader range of strategic decisions. An application to a construction firm's strategic planning is used in this paper to illustrate the modelling process. The computer system is designed to help the users in building a conceptual model for the decision problem, this model is a simplified structure of the variables and interactions that influence the decisions being analysed, including internal as well as external factors. An analytical model is then designed to predict the impact of these strategies, integrating expert knowledge and assessments of the strategic planning team into a mathematical model. The mathematical component uses concepts of cross‐impact analysis and probabilistic inference to capture uncertainties and interactions among project variables. The system provides multiple analysis capabilities, including sensitivity analysis, selected outcome prediction, isolated or combined effect of strategies and changes in performance due to changes in the external environment. The system allows management to test different combinations of long‐term strategies and predict expected sales, market share or other measures of performance.
Safety behaviour and safety management: its influence on the attitudes of workers in the UK construction industry
Authors: LANGFORD D. , ROWLINSON S. , SAWACHA E.
Published: January 2010

This paper identifies the critical factors that influence the attitudes of construction workers towards safe behaviour on construction sites. It studies these attitudes by using a research model that links three themes: safety management implementation strategies, attitudes of workers about safety and behavioural factors displayed by construction workers. This model is used to frame the responses of 126 directly employed construction workers in 10 companies. Some 56 variables were identified as having a potential influence upon attitudes to safety. The initial data analysis found that 12 technical factors significantly correlated to the development of strong positive attitudes towards safety management. Second‐order analysis, using factor analysis, isolated five variables that had a major influence on safety attitudes. The five factors were: organizing for safety supervision and equipment management, industry norms and culture, attitudes to risk taking and management behaviour.
Rethinking construction: the Generic Design and Construction Process Protocol
Authors: KAGIOGLOU MICHAIL , COOPER RACHEL , AOUAD GHASSAN , SEXTON MARTIN
Published: January 2010

The complexity of construction projects and the fragmentation of the construction industry undertaking those projects has effectively resulted in linear, uncoordinated and highly variable project processes in the UK construction sector. Research undertaken at the University of Salford resulted in the development of an improved project process, the Process Protocol, which considers the whole lifecycle of a construction project whilst integrating its participants under a common framework. The Process Protocol identifies the various phases of a construction project with particular emphasis on what is described in the manufacturing industry as the ‘fuzzy front end’. The participants in the process are described in terms of the activities that need to be undertaken in order to achieve a successful project and process execution. In addition, the decision‐making mechanisms, from a client perspective, are illustrated and the foundations for a learning organization/industry are facilitated within a consistent Process Protocol.
Competitive pressures on middle‐market contractors in the UK
Authors: STUMPF IAN
Published: January 2010

Medium‐sized regional building contractors in the UK are exhibiting poorer performance in the 1980s and the 1990s and are less likely to survive than their larger or smaller counterparts. The market structure of contracting appears to be changing, putting pressure on these intermediate firms. Evidence drawn from the Department of the Environment (DoE) statistical series shows industry composition is changing, in particular the gradual decline over time of the middle market. An analysis of company accounts for a sample of approximately 200 contractors shows that medium‐sized firms are also displaying inferior business ratios. Possible explanations are offered, including barriers to entry, such as capitalization, economies of scale (pecuniary and market), along with changes in construction demand.
Structuring information on residential building: a model of preference
Authors: AL‐MOMANI AYMAN H.
Published: January 2010

The purpose of this paper is to describe the methodological problems involved in planning and designing housing programmes and to discuss the cognitive structure and context of residential housing through a comprehensive questionnaire that examined various aspects of the housing environment. In the last two decades, Jordan has established several housing programmes consisting of multistory buildings for the limited income group. Such new programmes yield conflicts and face cultural constraints that need to be understood and resolved. Based on 400 mailed survey questionnaires, the major focus of the study has been the determination of the needs and preferences of the clients in housing and suggesting responses that are empathetic and consistent with their lifestyles, values and family patterns. The key to establishing a successful housing sector appears to be the ability of developers to adequately identify these issues. Several factors of cognitive structure were attained: space and the high cost of housing are the key considerations from a client's point of view; the interior design of buildings is below expectations; and outdoor space and materials used for the exterior are also important factors in determining a preference for some housing features. Other factors such as exterior appearance, functionality, kitchen size, type of community and neighbourhood, housing proximity to community facilities, and heating systems must also receive adequate consideration. Another important implication is that individuals within the same income and educational level may not necessarily share the same assumptions with regard to their needs and aspirations. Therefore, a clearly defined strategy will help designers and managers in a young expanding sector to establish various and high quality housing programmes; hence, the better the image, the more able it is to attract customers. The findings identify some of the barriers that could limit the acceptance of new housing features, and offer insights into how such features could be effectively explained and linked to the wants and needs of clients. Therefore, programme managers and developers must understand the sources of competitive advantage in the housing sector; this can make the difference in gaining and retaining customers. The customer's perception is a complex construct, and there are significant interrelations between housing design and human behaviour of which we are almost completely ignorant.
Some empirical observations of service quality in construction
Authors: LOVE P.E.D. , SMITH J. , TRELOAR G.J. , LI H.
Published: January 2010

Architectural and engineering firms (design firms) have eschewed implementing quality assurance (QA) and other subsequent aspects of quality such as continuous improvement. Their reluctance to embrace QA has been found to be a contributing factor in the production of poor quality contract documentation. Missing, conflicting and erroneous information contained within contract documentation are major sources of rework and customer dissatisfaction in construction projects. If design firms are to significantly improve the quality of the service they provide, they should implement ISO 9000 quality management and assurance standards. By implementing such standards, it is suggested that design firms will be able to contribute more effectively to the value adding process in the construction supply chain. It is argued that the service offered by design firms should be viewed as a key component of value that drives its success. Therefore, because rework is a major source of dissatisfaction in projects, a case study was used to determine how its occurrence inhibited value creation and thus the quality of service provided. From the case study findings, the need for design firms to implement ISO 9000 quality management and assurance standards so as to improve their service quality is discussed.
Effects of overtime work and additional resources on project cost and quality
Authors: LI H. , LOVE P.E.D. , DREW D.S.
Published: January 2010

Delays are an endemic feature of the construction industry. Typically, when a delay occurs in a project, the project manager often expedites progress through activity‐crashing with respect to available float and time‐cost relationships. An accelerated schedule is thus obtained either by prescribing overtime working hours or by procuring additional resources or a combination of both. However, excessively prolonged overtime work can generate quality problems, such as rework, and additional resources. With this in mind, there is a need for a model to assist project managers with understanding the complex nature of attaining a trade‐off between overtime working and the procurement of additional resources. Thus, using system dynamics modelling, the effects of prolonged overtime work on project cost and quality are examined. To overcome project delays, several options representing various combinations of prescribing over‐time work and injecting additional resources are analysed. Utility theory is then applied to determine the most appropriate solution for mitigating project delays. The modelling approach offered in this paper should be particularly useful for large projects and for projects on confined sites where potential cost savings and improved quality standards are likely to be the most significant.
Forecasting construction materials suppliers' financial turnover
Authors: NICHOLAS J. , HOLT G.D. , MIHSEIN M.
Published: January 2010

Through the credit they furnish, materials suppliers provide a form of working capital for most construction contractors. This paper considers the implications of this for crediting organizations (i.e. suppliers). It is shown that a supplier's financial turnover movement (or lack of it) can be modelled and predicted with some accuracy by considering a number of characteristics of their credit control department. The models are developed from analysis of data obtained from a survey of 55 UK materials suppliers' credit control and debt collection procedures. The statistical technique of multivariate‐discriminant analysis (MDA) is used. Predictive accuracy of the models is tested on an independent, hold‐out sample of 10 suppliers' characteristics. It is found that ‘risk‐taking’ suppliers who protect themselves from bad debt by using insurance; suppliers who employ a third‐party organization to evaluate potential debtors' creditworthiness; and suppliers who service only one construction trade with materials, achieve significantly greater financial growth than those suppliers who do not exhibit these characteristics.
SPICE: a business process diagnostics tool for construction projects
Authors: SARSHAR M. , HAIGH R. , FINNEMORE M. , AOUAD G. , BARRETT P. , BALDRY D. , SEXTON M.
Published: January 2010

The construction sector is under growing pressure to increase productivity and improve quality, most notably in reports by Latham (1994, Constructing the Team, HMSO, London) and Egan (1998, Rethinking Construction, HMSO, London). A major problem for construction companies is the lack of project predictability. One method of increasing predictability and delivering increased customer value is through the systematic management of construction processes. However, the industry has no methodological mechanism to assess process capability and prioritise process improvements. Standardized Process Improvement for Construction Enterprises (SPICE) is a research project that is attempting to develop a stepwise process improvement framework for the construction industry, utilizing experience from the software industry, and in particular the Capability Maturity Model (CMM), which has resulted in significant productivity improvements in the software industry. This paper introduces SPICE concepts and presents the results from two case studies conducted on design and build projects. These studies have provided further in‐sight into the relevance and accuracy of the framework, as well as its value for the construction sector.
Creation of a new design management system based on process optimization and proactive strategy
Authors: LAHDENPERÄ PERTH , TANHUANPÄÄ VELIPEKKA
Published: January 2010

There are numerous designers involved in building design, and the various parties need information from each other as a basis for their design decisions. The design co‐ordinator cannot be an expert on all information needs of every design discipline. The various designers, again, focus on their current work only, and neglect the planning of forthcoming design activities. This results in a lack of information, guess‐work, idling and delays in the self‐steering process. The end result is extensive redesign and problems in the construction stage. This article describes a design management system developed to minimize these problems. The system includes operational systematics to be followed by all the actors involved in the design process. Another part of the solution is a reference model on typical information needs by different designers in various stages and tasks of the design process. The system was developed as part of two actual building design processes.
The conditioning effect of objective decision‐making on the client's capital proposal
Authors: WOODHEAD ROY M. , MALE STEVEN P.
Published: January 2010

This paper explains how the capital proposals of large experienced clients of the UK construction industry are influenced by paradigms and perspectives. It shows how those involved in the decision‐to‐build process react to stimuli caused by a need to demonstrate objective decision‐making. The paper is taken from a 5‐year PhD study undertaken by the first author, which investigated the origins of the decision to build undertaken by leading clients. The clients sampled had a total annual construction budget of between £700 million and £1000 million in the year that data were collected. The product of the research was an explanation of what happens in the pre‐project stage, why it happens, and why it will change in the future. The significance of its conclusions is that any system designed to model or improve decision‐making in the pre‐project stage must be capable of adaptation and modification as influences and considerations shift. Moreover, the need to justify decisions as ‘objective’ empowers paradigms and perspectives that act as conditioning influences on the people making or shaping proposals. The paper concludes by showing that an understanding of the role played by paradigms and perspectives could allow management to ‘rethink construction’ and meet the challenges put forward by Sir John Egan (The Egan Report: Rethinking Construction, DETR, 1998).
A decision support system specification for out‐turn cost and cost escalation in the heavy engineering industry
Authors: DAWOOD NASHWAN N. , BATES WILLIAM
Published: January 2010

The heavy civil engineering industry (railways, sewage treatment, chemical and pharmaceutical facilities, oil and gas facilities, etc.) is one of the major contributors to the British economy and generally involves a high level of investment. Clients in this industry are demanding accurate cost estimate, proper analysis of out‐turn cost and cost escalation and a high quality risk analysis throughout the construction processes. Current practice in the industry has suggested that there is a lack of structured methodologies and systematic cost escalation approach to achieve an appropriate cost analysis at the outset of projects and throughout the construction processes. In this context the prime objective of this research work is to develop a structured cost escalation methodology for improving estimating management and control in the heavy engineering industry construction processes. The methodology is composed of a forecasting model to predict cost indices of major items in industry and a risk knowledge base model for identifying and quantifying causes of cost escalations. This paper, as part of the research, reviews and discusses a knowledge‐based model for applying a cost escalation factor. The cost escalation factor is made up of market variation, a risk element and a component for bias. A knowledge elicitation strategy was employed to obtain the required knowledge for the model. The strategy included questionnaires, interviews and workshops and deliverables came in the form of influences and their effect on project cost escalation. From these deliverables, the concepts of a decision support model and system specification for applying cost escalation to base estimates is proposed.
Identification of optimal size resources for a repetitive housing construction
Authors: DHANASEKAR M.
Published: January 2010

Deployment of optimal size of resources is a key issue in repetitive construction projects. This paper describes a simulation model based on queuing theory for the resource scheduling of a real repetitive housing project involving 320 dwelling units constructed in East Delhi, India. The optimal size of resources, defined as the minimum size required to keep the project duration a minimum, has been identified from the results of a series of sensitivity analyses in which the size of the resources was varied one at a time. The duration of the project, the period of utilization of the resources, and the queue length of activities waiting for service are also reported in this paper. It has been shown that reduction in size of resources is achievable without increasing the duration of the project and queue length of activities. Increase in the size of some specialised crews is also proved advantageous.
Human dimensions in modelling prices of building projects
Authors: FELLOWS RICHARD , LIU ANITA M.M.
Published: January 2010

This paper supplements and extends consideration of quantitative models with application to building (costs and) prices by examining human elements inherent in modelling. In considering the concepts of modelling, attention is focused on the recently developed sociology of science, which questions the traditional perspective of total separation of a reality from the observer—the ‘objective’ basis of scientific positivism. It is argued that human activities are fundamental in, and inseparable from, reality and so, they are integral in modelling. The aim of modelling should be to enhance understanding and knowledge rather than to secure inert objectivity. Application to modelling of prices of building projects investigates how prices are formulated, which prices are commonly modelled and the impact of the decision‐makers involved. It is concluded that new models are required, perhaps developed through methodological pluralism, which identify people‐oriented variables and assumptions explicitly. Further, the models should be stochastic and with sound bases in theories of economics and human behaviour to ensure that users are aware of the major variabilities in the processes modelled and so, by realistically informing, promote better decision making.
Improving the performance of Earned Value Analysis as a construction project management tool
Authors: HOWES RODNEY
Published: January 2010

Earned Value Analysis (EVA) is an accepted theoretical technique advocated for the control of projects. This paper attempts to refine and improve the performance of traditional EVA by the introduction of a hybrid methodology based on work packages and logical time analysis entitled Work Package Methodology (WPM). The proposed WPM provides the means to periodically update project cost and time performance by restricting EVA calculations to individual work packages. These are then subjected to a logical time analysis to determine the predicted project cost and time to completion. A comparative analysis between WPM and EVA is then undertaken using adapted test data derived from knowledge of previous projects to identify the reasons for variation in the results obtained from both methods. The evaluation of the test results indicates that when the Cost Performance Index (CPI) and the Schedule Performance Index (SPI) are well above or below unity then, especially in the early stages of the project, traditionally applied EVA predictions can be un‐realiable and require further investigation and evaluation. WPM provides a vehicle for judging the performance of EVA by applying an alternative logical time and cost utilizing work sequence and construction methods. The predictive performance of EVA is refined by these means.
Measuring the costs and benefits of information technology in construction
Authors: FLANAGAN ROGER , MARSH LAURENCE
Published: January 2010

Information technology (IT) has been widely applied across many economic sectors in order to increase competitiveness and reduce costs. This paper identifies that uptake of IT within construction is low. It is argued that significant barriers preventing construction organizations from investing in IT include uncertainty concerning the identification and measurement of benefits associated with applications. In particular, it is argued that difficulties in quantifying benefits associated with improved information availability and decision making prevent effective IT cost/benefit analysis. Existing approaches to evaluating IT within construction are reviewed. A framework is presented which identifies metrics by which IT impacts both management and operational processes within construction in order to deliver value. An evaluation methodology tailored to one specific IT application, high‐density bar coding in maintenance management, is presented to illustrate the quantification of both the costs and benefits of applying IT.
Technological gatekeepers: the management of trade literature by design offices
Authors: EMMITT STEPHEN
Published: January 2010

Communication of information from manufacturer to design office is important in raising specifiers' awareness of new building products and product improvements. Efficacy of this process will influence the uptake of innovations, yet the small amount of published research suggests that professionals operate managerial systems, both to limit the volume and to control the quality of this information, in an attempt to ensure its relevance to specifiers in their offices. The research reported here looked at the reasons for filtering information coming into the office and the mechanisms used to achieve these objectives. Interviews with partners of architectural practices and their receptionists, together with views from a number of trade representatives helped to identify and illustrate a number of issues concerning the relationship between manufacturers and designers. Combined, the interviews provide a valuable insight on an area largely neglected by researchers, yet a vital part of the specification process.
An Eastern perspective on partnering
Authors: LIU ANITA M.M. , FELLOWS RICHARD
Published: January 2010

Researchers have written extensively on the partnering approach in project procurement. Some emphasize it as a process, i.e. how it works in terms of the project structure, signing of agreements, etc., and others emphasize the nature of the partnering culture dimensions, i.e. how it works in terms of operating in trust and harmony. It is postulated that the Confucian concept of self‐cultivation is central to the development of the values of trust and harmony. Western perspectives on the partnering culture are relatively abundant in writing; the intention of this paper is to complement existing literature with an Eastern perspective to develop a behavioural model of partnering. This paper examines the partnering dimensions and postulates that an understanding of (1) the Eastern concept of self and self‐cultivation, and (2) the central role of goal setting at strategic and project levels will enhance goal attainment in partnering.
Construction procurement routes: re‐defining the contours of construction procurement
Authors: TOOKEY JOHN E. , MURRAY MICHAEL , HARDCASTLE CLIFF , LANGFORD DAVID
Published: January 2010

Today there are a number of different types of procurement routes available for clients to choose from. Each different type of procurement (traditional, design and build, management, etc.) has its own proponents and inherent strengths and weaknesses. Selection of optimal procurement systems is difficult, because even experienced clients cannot know all the potential benefits or risks for each system. Procurement is, therefore, a succession of ‘calculated risks’. Industry and academia have focussed research on reducing procurement risk through better procurement‐system selection methods. Current research considers procurement as a set of rationalistic decisions within a closed environment, aiming to produce generic, prescriptive rules for clients and advisers to use to select the ‘best’ procurement route for their project. This paper seeks to identify whether prescriptive procurement guidance was adhered to on a set of case study projects. It was found that clients usually selected appropriate procurement systems, and where an inappropriate system was selected, alterations were made in contract form to incorporate aspects of the ‘best’ procurement route.
Client drivers for construction projects: implications for standardization
Authors: GIBB ALISTAIR G.F. , ISACK FRANK
Published: January 2010

This paper presents the results from interviews of 59 senior personnel from major construction clients. There are two main themes: client drivers for construction projects and their implications for standardization of processes and components. The client sample is described and reasons for procuring construction projects are established along with the extent of their involvement in the construction process and hence their ability to influence the outcomes. Their views on value for money, preconceptions of standardization and their opinion on its future potential are explored. Many clients recognize the need to involve constructors and manufacturers early, although fewer actually achieve this. Misconceptions about standardization exist, but many clients are recognizing the benefits possible from standardization. However, very few actually measure benefits and so are unable to truly evaluate success. There is a future for increased standardization, but only if the industry recognizes the unique aspects of each client and responds positively to meet those needs.
Stream methods of construction work organization: an introduction to the problem
Authors: HEJDUCKI ZDZISŁAW , MROZOWICZ JULIUSZ
Published: January 2010

This paper presents and describes basic properties of construction work organization methods which use time couplings. In addition, fundamental methods of construction work organization, which enable the scheduling and synchronization of construction works and take into account several constraints encountered in practice, are also discussed.
Scheduling system for repetitive unit construction using line‐of‐balance technology
Authors: ARDITI DAVID , TOKDEMIR ONUR B. , SUH KANGSUK
Published: January 2010

Although line‐of‐balance (LOB) scheduling can be superior to bar charts and networks in repetitive‐unit construction, there are indications that its use is not widespread. In this study, the major limitations of the existing LOB methodology are identified and then eliminated by developing a computer program called repetitive unit scheduling system (RUSS). An effective algorithm that facilitates the implementation of LOB scheduling is developed. A tool that handles logical and strategic limitations caused by the particular characteristics of repetitive activities is provided. A learning model is developed and incorporated into LOB calculations. The program is designed to optimize resource allocation by using multiples of the natural rhythm of activities. An optimum crew size that guarantees maximum productivity in an activity is used throughout the LOB calculations to achieve cost‐optimized schedules. Non‐linear and discrete activities are incorporated into the LOB calculations. RUSS displays the LOB diagram of every individual path in the unit network. It is believed that a system such as RUSS will make the LOB method more appealing to contractors of repetitive projects.
Neurofuzzy modelling of construction projects' duration II: application
Authors: BOUSSABAINE A.H.
Published: January 2010

The first paper of this two‐paper series has developed an understanding of neurofuzzy concept modelling techniques. This second paper demonstrates the power and versatility of neurofuzzy methods when applied to the determination of construction project duration. The paper explains data selection and preprocessing, the modelling process and optimization of developed models. The paper also presents and discusses the results generated by the developed model.
ISO 9000 certification of Singapore construction enterprises: its costs and benefits and its role in the development of the industry
Authors: OFORI GEORGE , GANG GU
Published: January 2010

The construction management literature discusses the benefits which companies derive from having their operations certified to the ISO 9000 series of quality management systems (QMS). In Singapore, quality has been a topical issue in the construction industry for the past decade. ISO 9000 certification, which has been a major part of the construction quality development programme, is now mandatory for large construction contracting and consultancy organizations wishing to register to undertake public‐sector projects. This paper reports on a study on the role which ISO 9000 implementation plays in the quality development of Singapore's construction industry by ascertaining the perceptions, objectives, motivations and experiences (including benefits and problems) relating to quality in general, and to ISO 9000 certification and implementation in particular. A questionnaire‐based survey of large construction companies was conducted. It was found that construction firms benefit from QMS certification, and face no significant problems with it. Recommendations are made for enhancing the benefits of ISO 9000 and ensuring that it has a positive long‐term impact on the development of Singapore's construction industry.
Forecasting UK construction plant sales
Authors: EDWARDS D.J. , NICHOLAS J. , SHARP R.
Published: January 2010

To sustain competitiveness, construction plant manufacturers must be able to accurately forecast market sales and moreover, their anticipated percentage of those sales. This paper addresses the former of these forecasts through the development of a multivariate time series model. Specifically, an autoregressive moving average (ARMA) time series model (otherwise known as the Box‐Jenkins approach) is constructed using economic data relating to a 15‐year period (1985–99). It is identified that population (millions); housing completions total (millions), total building repair and maintenance (billions Euro at 1998 prices, where 1 Euro = £0.6776) and gross domestic product (millions at market prices) are able to accurately predict plant sales. The performance statistics show the derived time series model to be very accurate in modelling the dependent variable [mean absolute deviation (MAD) = −87.04 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 1404.05]. By observing economic interactions and influences on sales, it is envisaged that the manufacturer can adjust their production output to match demand. Based upon the model produced, a forecast of machine sales for year 2000 is made and indicates that sales numbers look set to reduce to 15 482 units. The paper concludes with direction for future research work that will aim to model machine park, the influence of grey machines and individual plant items.
William of Sen to Bob the Builder: non‐cognate cultural perceptions of constructors
Authors: MOORE DAVID R.
Published: January 2010

An examination from an historical perspective of the stereotype applied to constructors, with an emphasis on the contemporary stereotype of constructors within the UK construction industry, indicates that constructor stereotypes have become increasingly negative. Over the same period, the stereotype of architects has become increasingly positive and the status of architects has increased, whereas that of constructors has decreased. Possible factors in the development of such a situation are considered, as is the possibility of moving the constructor's negative stereotype to a more positive position through an awareness of the effects of the Bob the Builder cartoon character. There is evidence that Bob has become a hero to the current generation of pre‐school children, with the consequence that this generation is more receptive to the possibility of constructors exhibiting behaviour which can be characterized in positive terms. Little evidence exists of the UK industry's reaction to this situation.
Modelling the magnitude of plant downtime: a tool for improving plant operations management
Authors: EDWARDS DAVID J. , YISA SILAS
Published: January 2010

Utilization of off‐highway vehicles forms an essential part of UK industry's efforts to augment the productivity of plant operations and reduce production costs. However, uninterrupted utilization of plant and equipment is requisite to reaping the maximum benefit of mechanization; one particular problem being plant breakdown duration and its impact upon process productivity. Predicting the duration of plant downtime would enable plant managers to develop suitable contingency plans to reduce the impact of downtime. This paper presents a stochastic mathematical modelling methodology (more specifically, probability density function of random numbers) which predicts the probable magnitude of ‘the next’ breakdown, in terms of duration for tracked hydraulic excavators. A random sample of 33 machines was obtained from opencast mining contractors, containing 1070 observations of machine breakdown duration. Utilization of the random numbers technique will engender improved maintenance practice by providing a practical methodology for planning, scheduling and controlling future plant resource requirements. The paper concludes with direction for future research which aims to: extend the model's application to cover other industrial settings and plant items; to predict the time at which breakdown will occur (vis‐à‐vis the duration of breakdown); and apply the random numbers modelling to individual machine compartments.
Multi‐criteria selection or lowest price? Investigation of UK construction clients' tender evaluation preferences
Authors: WONG CHEE H. , HOLT GARY D. , HARRIS PHIL
Published: January 2010

The ‘lowest‐price wins’ philosophy has been a consistent theme of contractor selection over the years. To comprehensively elucidate this selection preference and compare it with the use of a multi‐criteria selection (MCS) approach in the tenderer evaluation process, this paper investigates MCS tender price selection preferences. That is, project‐specific criteria (PSC) and lowest‐price wins selection practices of UK construction clients, in both building and civil engineering works at in detail via results of the empirical survey. The investigation provides further insight into the evaluation of contractors' attributes (i.e. PSC). Levels of importance assigned (LIA) for each criterion were analysed (i.e. quantitative analysis of the differences in opinions and, variance amongst the respondents) in a multivariate statistical method. Importance attached by construction clients to the ‘lowest‐price wins’ philosophy is also presented. Contrast was made between the MCS approach and the ‘lowest‐price wins’ option amongst the surveyed construction clients. It was found that increased awareness of the use of PSC prevailed amongst the survey construction clients. This indicated that cost has to be tempered with the evaluation of PSC and the attempt of construction clients searching for a new evaluation paradigm (i.e. adoption of MCS approach rather than basing on the lowest‐price wins alone).
Effect of professional socialization on quantity surveyors' ethical perceptions in Hong Kong
Authors: LINDA FAN C.N. , CHRISTABEL HO M.H. , NG VINCENT
Published: January 2010

This paper proposes conducting extensive cross‐profession comparison regarding perceptions of various professionals towards professional ethics as the first step in professional ethics inquiry. The authors argue that concepts and perceptions of professional ethics result from the prolonged professional socialization process during both college/university and industry training. Differences in professional ethics conceptions both within and between professions can be ascribed to differences in training. For college/university training these differences may lie in varying professional course contents and arrangements, diverse educational professional development (CPD) courses offered by various professional institutions, codes of conduct drafted by professional institutions and corporations, personal work experience may account for these differences. However, this pluralist explanation of these differences is not the end of the inquiry, but rather explicitly points to the difficulty of resolving the conceptual array in professional ethics inquiry.