bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Professional Education in Drug Use and Abuse
Authors: Slaven Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

The attitudes and knowledge of 230 elementary and secondary school teachers were measured before and after a fifteen-week course in substance abuse education. A pretest/post-test, experimental/control group research design was employed to measure changes in both attitudes and knowledge as a result of the training. Also explored were teachers' attitudes toward substance abuse and their relationship to one's degree of dogmatism. In evaluating the effectiveness of the teacher training program in substance abuse education, the major impact was on teachers' knowledge of drugs. While a statistically significant change in both knowledge and attitudes occurred from pretest to post-test, it was difficult to draw strong conclusions regarding attitude change.
Time and Self-Identity in Later Life
Authors: Hulbert Ryan J. , Lens Willy
Published: May 2005

Addressing questions raised by Kastenbaum concerning varied everyday experiences of psychological time, an attempt is made to provide a framework through which such experiences can be interpreted. Raynor's concept of time-linked sources of self-identity is elaborated to include intergenerational-linked and timeless sources of self-identity in the quest to feel good about oneself. Case examples of how eight elderly individuals viewed their futures are used in illustrating how a meaningful sense of self-identity is part of an integration of experiences over time.
A Return to Infancy: Old Age and the Second Childhood in History
Authors: Covey Herbert C.
Published: May 2005

Throughout Western history scholars and writers have characterized old age as a period of a second childhood and childish behavior. The second childhood stereotype has endured and finds expression in numerous works of literature, in a variety of historical contexts including ancient through contemporary times. Explanations for this stereotype were linked to the humoral theory of aging, the perceived and actual dependency of older people for care, dementia, and other ties between childhood and old age. The second childhood was also interpreted as a stage of life where the lifecycle returned to its beginning. The stereotype, while predominantly viewed as negative, may also be viewed in a positive light and underscores the duality and ambiguity that characterized the way older people have been viewed in Western history. The stereotype, while enduring, may have been more prevalent during certain periods, such as those periods when older people were devalued. Cultural representations and more importantly interpretations have also varied within historical context.
Health Care Needs of the Rural Elderly
Authors: Palmore Erdman
Published: May 2005

Statistics from the National Center for Health Statistics show that rural elders have greater health needs than urban elders, but receive less care. The barriers to adequate health care among rural elders include ignorance and denial, a tendency to use lay rather than professional treatment, financial and transportation difficulties, and the resistance of medical personnel to adequate care. Professionals can be more effective if they are aware of these special problems.
The Meaning of the Future for the Oldest Old
Authors: Nilsson Margareta , Sarvimäki Anneli , Ekman Sirkka-Liisa
Published: May 2005

The aim of the study was to highlight the oldest old people's view of their future from a perspective of philosophy of life. Data was collected by means of life story interviews with 15 persons. The analysis was performed by utilizing a phenomenological hermeneutic method and the interpretation was guided by the conceptual framework of philosophy of life as designated by Jeffner (1988). The following themes emerged: future seen as everyday life; future-oriented values; and thoughts about life and death. The oldest old were found to view their future in ways that ranged from a tangible positive approach via a wait-and-see policy to a negative approach. Their perception of their future implied two different time perspectives, their immediate future and a more long-term perspective of the future. Furthermore, the future was experienced on three different levels, the individual level, the intergenerational level, and the metaphysical level.
Affiliations of Computer Self-Efficacy and Attitudes with Need for Learning Computer Skills
Authors: Zhang Yixin , Espinoza Sue
Published: May 2005

This study investigated relationships concerning computer efficacy, attitudes toward computers, and need for learning computer skills. A total of 296 undergraduate students from a regional state university participated in this study in 1996. Three research questions were measured by Attitudes toward Computer Technologies and Confidence and Desired Knowledge with Computer Technologies. Statistical analyses consisted of simultaneous multiple regression, ANOVA and Tukey's HSD. ANOVA revealed that students from computer classes had more need for learning computing skills than students from a non-computer class. Multiple regression revealed that attitudes toward computers, and computer self-efficacy, were significant predictors of the need for learning computing skills between two groups of students, although students from computer classes demanded a higher level of computing skills than those from a non-computer class.
Growing up and Growing Old: The Politics of Age Exclusion
Authors: Johnson Gregory , Kamara J. Lawrence
Published: May 2005

The young and the old are inherently vulnerable to the workings of power in a society dominated by the middle-aged. This situation is an outcome of the gradual exclusion of the two ends of the life cycle from productive roles, despite their increasing biological capacities. Consequences of age-based exclusion include economic discrimination, age stereo-typing, and territorial segregation.
Public Interest Report No. 8: An Agenda for Activism
Authors: Butler Robert N.
Published: May 2005

To survive, the people and the institutions of a society, sometimes must work hand in hand. However, when the people's needs are constantly ignored, nothing short of action will solve the problems. The elderly are urged to actively become more involved in political, legal, community, and other social problems which affect their daily lives. An “Agenda for Activism” is presented, encompassing many areas of life.
Understanding the Organizational Nature of Student Persistence: Empirically-Based Recommendations for Practice
Authors: Berger Joseph B.
Published: May 2005

This article builds on the assumption that colleges and universities are organizations and subsequently that the organizational perspective provides important insights for improving retention on college and university campuses. A review of existing organizational studies of undergraduate persistence serves as the basis for ten empirically-based recommendations for practice that are designed to help campus leaders improve the effectiveness of retention efforts on campus.
Renal Failure and Heroin Addiction: A Management Paradigm
Authors: Ouren Jan , Charuvastra V. Charles
Published: May 2005

Long-term treatment of renal failure in heroin addicts necessitates concurrent treatment of their drug addiction. A management paradigm is proposed to facilitate health care delivery to these patients. A unique case history illustrates the value of methadone maintenance while the patient undergoes necessary renal care—including dialysis and transplantation.
Can One Teacher Help?
Authors: Strumpf Milton
Published: May 2005

There is a powerful inducement for the teacher to channel the problem of drug addiction to the administrators, to the school nurse, and finally to the police. The easiest thing to do is to evade the whole, complex question and let the “experts” handle it; but, the teacher can't ignore it because the prime responsibility of the teacher is the student. More important than the English lesson in literature, or writing, is the boy and girl in class who looks to the teacher for advice, help, and even friendship. My article deals with this relationship. That it failed was a tragedy, but in the attempt I learned that I must always have time to listen, and to share the experiences of my students. Perhaps, what the teacher considers an interruption of a lesson or trivial social interchange may be of profound importance to the adolescent.
The Relationship of Social Support and Economic Self-Sufficiency to Substance Abuse Outcomes in a Long-Term Recovery Program for Women
Authors: Gregoire Thomas K. , Snively Carol A.
Published: May 2005

A growing literature suggests that women experience chemical dependency in a very different manner than men. Their needs in treatment may also vary. In particular, women with low incomes face greater economic hardship, and may be more subject to the influence of social support in maintaining recovery. Despite evidence for the relationship of both employment and social support in substance abuse treatment outcomes, many programs are reducing services and lengths of stay. The authors explored outcomes for fifty-nine women who attended long-term substance abuse treatment in a womens' facility that emphasized employment and economic self-sufficiency. Reductions in substance use were associated with an increase in economic autonomy. Improvement in other life domains was positively associated with measures of economic self-sufficiency. Women living in drug-free social environments had higher rates of abstinence and better overall functioning. At least among women who participated in our study, economic outcomes, substance use, and general functioning went hand-in-hand. Eliminating services such as employment assistance may, while reducing cost, also negatively impact outcomes among the most vulnerable clientele.
Dimensions and Progression in the Interaction between Bilingual/Monolingual Caregivers and Bilingual Demented Immigrants: Analysis of Video-Recorded Morning Care Sessions in Institutions Coded by Means of the Erikson Theory of “Eight Stages of Man”
Authors: Ekman Sirkka-Liisa , Norberg Astrid , Wahlin Tarja-Brita Robins , Winblad Bengt
Published: May 2005

Seven demented Finnish immigrants were video-recorded during morning care together with bilingual and monolingual Swedish-speaking caregivers. A phenomenological-hermeneutic analysis of the video-recordings inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy was performed. The structural analysis was made by means of the Erikson theory of “eight stages of man.” A statistical analysis was done in order to study dimensions and progression of interaction and compare the communication seen in relation to how caregivers supported the patients' integrity.
Effects of Functional Decline on Quality of Life among the Japanese Elderly
Authors: Asakawa Tatsuto , Koyano Wataru , Ando Takatoshi , Shibata Hiroshi
Published: May 2005

The effects of functional decline upon social networks, life satisfaction, and depression were observed and statistically tested in a longitudinal prospective design. Subjects were 692 Japanese elderly, aged sixty-five years or older, with high functional capacity at baseline. During a two-year period of follow-up, 12.3 percent of the subjects experienced functional decline. Repeated-measure analyses of covariance with statistical tests for simple main effects revealed that changes in the criterion variables significantly differed along with changes in functional health status when the effects of age, gender, and socioeconomic status were controlled. The subjects who experienced functional decline showed a larger decrease in the number of relatives, friends, and neighbors having frequent contacts, a larger decline in life satisfaction, and a larger increase in depression than those without functional decline. The results seem to confirm further the importance of functional health status as a prerequisite for higher quality of life in old age.
Color Vision Deficits and Rorschach Performance in Aged Persons
Authors: Hayslip Bert , McBride Patricia A. , Lowman Rodney L. , Aronson Harriet J.
Published: May 2005

Forty-two community residing older adults ( M age = 69.28) (32 color normal, 10 color deficient) were administered the Rorschach and measures of both verbal and nonverbal intelligence in order to explore the effect of color vision deficiencies on affective responsivity. Among the sample of older persons screened for both visual and auditory acuity, when controls for intelligence and numbers of responses were made, greater affective constriction was found in the protocols of color vision deficient persons, relative to color normal individuals. These data suggest that Rorschach indicators of affective constriction may be biased in the case of individuals who have experienced color vision decrements. Consequently, first screening for color vision decrements when assessing older persons' personality dynamics may be desirable.
Functional Fitness May be Related to Life Satisfaction in Older Japanese Adults
Authors: Chang Milan , Kim Hunkyung , Shigematsu Ryosuke , Nho Hosung , Tanaka Kiyoji , Nishijima Takahiko
Published: May 2005

The relationship between functional fitness status and life satisfaction was assessed in older Japanese people from the perspective of quality of life (QOL). A total of 123 older men and women ( M = 74.3 years, SD = 5.4) participated in the study. The questionnaire contained 21 questions covering eight structural factors pertaining to the feelings of life satisfaction in older people. The functional fitness test consisted of nine items representing the following five areas of fitness: muscular strength, agility, coordination, balance, and flexibility. The analysis revealed no overall correlation between the total fitness and the total life satisfaction scores, but some of the life satisfaction factors were significantly related to some functional fitness items ( P < .01). The results suggest it is important for older people to maintain their functional fitness in order to manage a high quality of life.
A Cross-Cultural Field Study of Drug Rehabilitation Methodologies in Sweden and the United States
Authors: Mann Robert D. , Wingard Joseph
Published: May 2005

Residential treatment centers for a variety of psychological problems have proliferated in the United States and in several countries throughout the world. Cross-cultural comparisons of such therapeutic communities afford the opportunity to examine theoretical systems and methods employed by agencies functioning within societies with a variety of sociopolitical histories and attitudes. The purpose of this study is to compare and contrast selected drug rehabilitation methodologies currently employed in Sweden with an American methodology that is exemplified by Synanon. The type of institutions reviewed is restricted to residential therapeutic communities.
Age-Related Changes in the Likelihood of Major Contributions
Authors: Mumford Michael D. , Olsen Kimberly A. , James Lawrence R.
Published: May 2005

This article is concerned with the influence of age and research support on the frequency of technical innovation and economic growth. Based on the observations of Mumford and Gustafson, the authors argue that major contributions are derived from the creation of new understandings brought about by the integration and reorganization of existing understandings [1]. It is also argued that the creation of new understandings is most likely to occur in the earlier phases of people's careers when capable individuals are placed in an environment that will support innovative efforts. To examine these hypotheses and their broader economic implications, data were obtained from government sources describing the percentage of the population between the ages of twenty-five and forty-four, and between the ages of forty-five and sixty-four, as well as the percentage of the gross national product devoted to research and development efforts, the percentage of individual patents awarded, and deviations from long-term trends in the gross national product. These data were then analyzed in a time series analysis covering the period from 1929 to 1984. The results indicated that research support and age influenced the number of patents awarded which, in turn, influenced deviations in the gross national product. On the basis of these observations and the underlying theory, the authors conclude that substantially greater attention should be given to the development and maintenance of creative potential.
School Dropout and Injecting Drug Use in a National Sample of White Non-Hispanic American Adults
Authors: Obot Isidore Silas , Anthony James C.
Published: May 2005

In this study we sought to extend our previous finding of an association between school dropout and injecting drug use (IDU) among African Americans by testing the association in a sample of White non-Hispanic Americans. A nationally representative sample of White non-Hispanic Americans age eighteen years and older was drawn from public use data files of the 1995–1996 National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse (NHSDA). Adults with a self-report history of IDU were identified, and were matched to non-IDU adults in the same neighborhoods of residence. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the association between dropping out of high school and the occurrence of IDU. White non-Hispanic American high school dropouts were more likely than high school graduates to have injected a drug at least once. The findings of this research on non-Hispanic Whites are generally consistent with our earlier evidence on the association between educational status and a history of IDU among African-American adults. School dropout prevention programs may merit attention in an overall strategy of preventing injecting drug use and HIV/AIDS.
Issues Relating to the Usage and Conceptualization of Mental Health Constructs Employed by Gerontologists
Authors: Stones M. J. , Kozma A.
Published: May 2005

A major intention of the article was to delineate and clarify issues related to the usage and conceptualization of mental health constructs commonly utilized by gerontologists. Conclusions were drawn to the effect that (a) meanings of mental health constructs cluster differently depending on the type of analysis employed, (b) happiness may be considered the most apposite representative of the array of mental health constructs employed by gerontologists, (c) happiness has been conceptualized either as containing current affect and dispositional components or current affect components only, (d) contemporary models of happiness favour neither the expansionist nor contractionist positions as a means of attaining happiness and, (e) questions as to the relative contributions to happiness of the affective and dispositional components represents an important problem for future research. A final intention of the article was to provide a speculative reconceptualization of the happiness construct.
Management of Marked Liver Enzyme Increase during Clozapine Treatment: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Erdogan Ayten , Kocabasoglu Nese , Yalug Irem , Ozbay Gulsen , Senturk Hakan
Published: May 2005

Objective:

Clozapine-induced hepatotoxicity is not infrequent and usually transient. It mostly causes asymptomatic elevation of liver transaminases. “Elevation in liver enzymes to what extent should preclude further treatment?” or “Is only a dose-reduction sufficient?” are questions yet to be answered. The present article uses a case report to discuss the treatment alternatives when liver enzymes reach three times the upper normal limits during the clozapine therapy.

Methods:

In the following case report, the authors describe a 27-year-old male patient diagnosed with schizophrenia, resistant to different atypical and typical antipsychotics. Based on the pathological findings of our patient and a review of the literature, the author summarizes the reasons for the liver enzymes increase and treatment alternatives during clozapine treatment.

Results:

Substantial improvement was achieved with clozapine therapy. Increase in liver enzymes at the beginning of the clozapine treatment was successfully managed with a multidisciplinary approach: the treatment was initially withdrawn, afterwards restarted, and carefully continued.

Conclusion:

The authors demonstrate that clozapine may be cautiously continued in selected patients who showed marked psychiatric improvement with clozapine in the face of liver enzyme elevation.
Content Analysis of Teenaged Interviews for Designing Drug Programs
Authors: Bell Edward V.
Published: May 2005

The paper discusses the recommendations for drug educational-informational programs communicated by teenaged interviewees to teenaged and adult interviewers. The subjects were teenagers residing in East, Central and West Harlem. The research design in this study was based upon a content analysis of data obtained from youth by teenaged and adult interviewers. A pool of 298 tapes of interviews was gathered. The data collected, along with the youngster's own prescription concerning prevention of abuse was used as the basis for the development of program recommendations for youth in this age group.
Recruiting Minority Students into Special Education Doctoral Programs: A Survey of Students' Knowledge of Higher Education
Authors: Tam Kai Yung (Brian) , Rousseau Marilyn K.
Published: May 2005

To ascertain possible reasons why few minority students apply for admission to doctoral programs in special education, and to determine the extent of their knowledge of higher education, a questionnaire was given to minority students in a master's degree special education program at an urban university. Finances, family responsibilities, intellectual challenge, and self-confidence are among the variables that affect the pursuit of doctoral study for many minority students. Nevertheless, many minority students set their career goals no higher than the master's degree level. They do not understand the culture and mores of academe or the requirements for tenure and promotion, and do not perceive themselves as potential college professors. Based on the results of this study, strategies for recruiting minority students into doctoral programs and for their retention are recommended.
Training Teachers for Drug Abuse Prevention: A Humanistic Approach
Authors: Safford Philip L. , Deighan William P. , Corder Lynn K. , Miller Wilbur S.
Published: May 2005

Based on recognition of the apparent inadequacy of didactic methods in drug abuse education, a staff development model was planned and implemented which sought to bring about the personal involvement of both teachers and students. Drug use and abuse were seen within the context of personal needs, values and decision-making, implying the need for a personalized and affectively-oriented approach. In order both to provide continuity for students and to create a “ripple effect,” successive school levels were involved in in-service training and curriculum development. Thus, two major components were brought to bear: the concept of a school cluster and the concept of training trainers. Program evaluation suggests that program goals are being realized.
An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Supplemental Instruction: The Problem of Selection Bias and Limited Dependent Variables
Authors: Bowles Tyler J. , Jones Jason
Published: May 2005

Single equation regression models have been used rather extensively to test the effectiveness of Supplemental Instruction (SI). This approach, however, fails to account for the possibility that SI attendance and the outcome of SI attendance are jointly determined endogenous variables. Moreover, the standard approach fails to account for the fact that these two endogenous variables are categorical. This article presents and applies a simultaneous equation, limited dependent variable model of SI effectiveness. Our analysis suggests that results from applying this type of model may differ markedly from the traditional statistical models applied in SI research. Specifically, our results suggest that students with below average academic ability are more likely to attend SI and that common measures of student ability included in single equation models fail to adequately control for this characteristic. Therefore, single equation OLS models may underestimate SI effectiveness.
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Perceived Stressfulness of Several Life Events
Authors: Sands James D. , Parker John
Published: May 2005

Adults from different age groups (18–24, 30–40, and 65–86) were tested to determine if they differ in their perception of certain stressful life events. Twenty adults from each age group were asked to rate a series of events according to their perceived relative stressfulness; included were events thought to be particularly salient for elderly adults. Amster and Krauss' list of events and Holmes and Rahe's procedure for quantifying stress were used. Group differences were not found for the elderly salient events; however it was found that elderly adults perceive death-related events as less stressful than do younger adults.
Age, Anxiety, and Self-Reported Health
Authors: Mc Crae Robert R. , Bartone Paul T. , Costa Paul T.
Published: May 2005

A sample of 472 normal males ranging in age from twenty-five to eighty-two was divided into anxious and adjusted groups on the basis of a cluster analysis of the Cattell 16PF test, and compared for scores on a self-report measure of health. While the anxious men reported more symptoms than the adjusted in the young and middle age groups, there was no difference in the old group. Although anxiety was found to be unrelated to health as evaluated by physicians' examinations, the anxious men indeed reported more health problems in eight major areas of health concern than was warranted by their actual physical health status. This relation also did not hold in the old group. Anxious men seemed to be more vigilant about their health in young and middle age groups, but not in the old group. This was interpreted as a defensive denial of symptoms in the old anxious group; for a person with trait anxiety, anxiety about approaching death and increasing health problems is just too much to bear, and he resorts to denying symptoms in an effort to diminish his anxiety.
Geriatric Sexuality Breakdown Syndrome
Authors: Kaas Merrie Jean
Published: May 2005

This paper focuses on the relationship between the social environment and the older individual. By utilizing the Social Breakdown Syndrome [1, 2] as a basis for examining this relationship, the author has proposed a cycle of events, the Geriatric Sexuality Breakdown Syndrome, in which an older individual is initially predisposed to diminished sexual activity to the end point of self-identification as non-sexual. Suggestions for interrupting this breakdown syndrome are given.
Family Risk and Resiliency Factors, Substance Use, and the Drug Resistance Process in Adolescence
Authors: Moon Dreama G. , Jackson Kristina M. , Hecht Michael L.
Published: May 2005

Recent approaches to drug prevention have emphasized risk and resiliency factors. Two models have been developed to explain these factors, one which posits that separate elements make up each set and the other which posits that a single factor can be either a risk or a resiliency factor depending on, for example, if it is present (resiliency) or absent (risk). This study tested these models and attempted to compare the effects of risk and resiliency across gender and ethnicity. Results support the model in which risk and resiliency are discrete sets of factors and demonstrate that overall resiliency factors play a larger role than risk factors in substance use and drug resistance processes. However, gender proved to be an important moderator of these effects. For adolescent males, resiliency has an indirect effect on overall substance use through age of first use, while risk has a direct effect on overall substance use. For adolescent females, resiliency has a direct effect on overall substance use and risk has an indirect effect through age of first use. This indicates that while early interventions are important for both genders, resiliency factors must be dealt with before initiation of substance use for males. Findings did not differ substantially across ethnicity, although the small African-American sample size may have limited power to detect differences.
Levinson's Model as a Predictor of the Adult Development of Policemen
Authors: Fagan M. Michael , Ayers Kenneth
Published: May 2005

In the early 1970s Levinson and his associates completed a landmark study of adult development Based on the interviewing and testing of forty men, Levinson proposed a comprehensive model of adult growth. Although his sample contained men of diverse occupational groups, it did not include policemen or other workers who faced physical danger in their job. We interviewed twenty-three male policemen and found that, in general, the policeman's lives corresponded to Levinson's theory. Participants experienced a series of psychosocial stages, including some stressful transitional periods, but the nature of these stages was similar to Levinson's model for some age periods (e.g., Age 30 Transition), and not for others (e.g., Midlife Transition).
Artificial Tutoring Systems: What Computers Can and Can't Know
Authors: Frick Theodore W.
Published: May 2005

After more than four decades, development of artificially intelligent tutoring systems has been constrained by two interrelated problems: knowledge representation and natural language understanding. G. S. Maccia's epistemology of intelligent natural systems implies that computer systems will need to develop qualitative intelligence before these problems can be solved. Recent research on how human nervous systems develop provides evidence for the significance of qualitative intelligence. Qualitative intelligence is required for understanding of culturally bound meanings of signs used in communication among intelligent natural systems. S. I. Greenspan provides neurological and clinical evidence that emotion and sensation are vital to the growth of mind—capabilities that computer systems do not currently possess. Therefore, we must view computers in education as media through which a multitude of teachers can convey their messages. This does not mean that the role of classroom teachers is diminished. Teachers and students can be empowered by these additional learning resources.
Medical Decision-Making around the Time of Death of Cognitively Impaired Nursing Home Residents: A Pilot Study
Authors: Cohen-Mansfield Jiska , Lipson Steven
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to describe the end-of-life process in the nursing home for three groups of cognitively–impaired nursing home residents: those who died with a medical decision-making process prior to death; those who died without such a decision-making process; and those who had a status–change event and a medical decision-making process, and did not die prior to data collection. Residents had experienced a medical status–change event within the 24 hours prior to data collection, and were unable to make their own decisions due to cognitive impairment. Data on the decision-making process during the event, including the type of event, the considerations used in making the decisions, and who was involved in making these decisions were collected from the residents' charts and through interviews with their physicians or nurse practitioners. When there was no decision-making process immediately prior to death, a decision-making process was usually reported to have occurred previously, with most decisions calling either for comfort care or limitation of care. When comparing those events leading to death with other status–change events, those who died were more likely to have suffered from troubled breathing than those who remained alive. Hospitalization was used only among those who survived, whereas diagnostic tests and comfort care were used more often with those who died. Those who died had more treatments considered and chosen than did those who remained alive. For half of those who died, physicians felt that they would have preferred less treatment for themselves if they were in the place of the decedents. The results represent preliminary data concerning decision-making processes surrounding death of the cognitively–impaired in the nursing home. Additional research is needed to elucidate the trends uncovered in this study.
“Don't Tread on Me”: Ethological Perspectives on Institutionalization
Authors: Senn Bruce J. , Steiner Joseph R.
Published: May 2005

The concept of dignity is developed from an etiological perspective. Special attention is given to innate, phylogenetically programmed behavior, the role of releasers, the importance of rituals, and the fact that “management problems” in institutions are often cries for dignity. Observations of geriatric patients admitted to a nursing home are given, but it is believed that the generalizations apply equally well to institutionalization in other settings such as residential centers for young people, correctional facilities, or mental hospitals.
System-Assigned Strategies and CBI
Authors: Allen Brockenbrough S. , Merrill M. David
Published: May 2005

Presents a theoretical framework for designing computer-based systems that guide students in the selection of learning strategies. Reviews the relationship between learning strategies and instructional strategies. Compares theories for determining when system-assigned learning strategies will promote acquisition of knowledge and skills. Discusses task-relevant aptitude as a factor in the assignment of learning strategies. Describes advantages of learning strategies as stimuli to effective cognitive processing; postulated benefits include improved relevance of processing to performance measures, and increased working memory. Outlines potential applications of system-assigned learning strategies in the design of computer-based instructional systems.
Marijuana as a Socio-Political Issue: Attitudes of Officials in a Selected Community
Authors: Steckler Allan
Published: May 2005

The inability of health educators to alter students marijuana using behavior is attributed to a lack of recognition of certain political, social, and cultural factors. It was hypothesized that officials responsible for making and enforcing current marijuana laws would perceive users as unconventional, political radicals, and subversives. Also hypothesized was that officials would support the present harsh marijuana laws. These hypotheses were not substantiated by the data collected from 84 community officials.
The New Science of Learning: Active Learning, Metacognition, and Transfer of Knowledge in E-Learning Applications
Authors: Huffaker David A. , Calvert Sandra L.
Published: May 2005

This article examines the key concepts of active learning, metacognition, and transfer of knowledge, as put forth by the National Research Council's approach to the new science of learning, in relation to ways that E-Learning applications might improve learning both inside and outside the classroom. Several initiatives are highlighted to illustrate innovative ways to improve E-Learning by linking these three concepts to four fundamental characteristics: 1) using engaging production features to motivate children to learn; 2) teaching children to construct their own learning paths with information; 3) encouraging collaborations that facilitate both cognitive and social aspects of learning; and 4) using story-telling and entertainment features to foster learning outside the classroom. Stealth education, in which children are actively engaged in a seamless entertaining learning application, is considered as a viable way for E-Learning to improve children's academic and social successes.
When Do They Learn? A Study of Drug Awareness in Children in a Rural Elementary School
Authors: Freeman Janice K. , Freeman William H.
Published: May 2005

The “awareness” of drugs among rural elementary school students was studied with a word-association test of drug slang and words with no drug connotations given to students randomly selected from each of the six grades. The first grades were conscious primarily of alcohol. The significant rise in drug-related responses came between the third and fourth grades, while the biggest shift to non-alcohol drug responses came between the fourth and fifth grades. The study suggests that rural students are not immune to the influence of the drug culture. Curriculum planners should determine when the local students develop an awareness of drugs.
The African-American Grandmother in Autobiographical Works by Frederick Douglass, Langston Hughes, and Maya Angelou
Authors: Hill-Lubin Mildred A.
Published: May 2005

Using the autobiographies of Frederick Douglass, Langston Hughes, and Maya Angelou, this article demonstrates that the portrait of the African-American grandmother is one of action, involvement, hope, and dignity. In examining the works, we observe her functioning in three areas: as the preserver and most tenacious survivor of the African extended family; second, as repository and distributor of the family history, wisdom, and black lore; this role places her at the foundation of the Black, oral and written, literary and creative traditions; and third, as the retainer and transmitter of values and ideals that support and enhance her humanity, her family, and her community. This function emphasizes her spirituality. It is suggested that the grandmother, having played an important role in the growth, development, and artistic flowering of the autobiographer, can become a model and source of empowerment for future generations.
Precautionary Street Crossing by Elderly Pedestrians
Authors: Harrell W. Andrew
Published: May 2005

Street crossing behavior of pedestrians was observed under varying roadway conditions and traffic volumes. The extent to which pedestrians checked for oncoming traffic before crossing signal controlled intersections on a dangerous downtown street was observed. Contrary to the stereotypical portrayal of older pedestrians as being less cognizant of the traffic environment, pedestrians in this study over the age of fifty years were the most cautious. Older pedestrians were also more cautious under the most potentially hazardous crossing conditions: when roadways were snow- or ice-covered and when traffic volumes were low or moderate, allowing vehicles to move rapidly through intersections.
The Effects of a Confidant and a Peer Group on the Well-Being of Single Elders
Authors: Gupta Vasudha , Korte Charles
Published: May 2005

A study of 100 elderly people was carried out to compare the predictions of well-being derived from the confidant model with those derived from the Weiss model. The confidant model predicts that the most important feature of a person's social network for the well-being of that person is whether or not the person has a confidant. The Weiss model states that different persons are needed to fulfill the different needs of the person and in particular that a confidant is important to the need for intimacy and emotional security while a peer group of social friends is needed to fulfill sociability and identity needs. The two models were evaluated by comparing the relative influence of the confidant variable with the peer group variable on subject's well-being. Regression analysis was carried out on the well-being measure using as predictor variables the confidant variable, peer group variable, age, health, and financial status. The confidant and peer group variables were of equal importance to well-being, thus confirming the Weiss model.
Medical Care and Compliance among the Elderly after Hospitalization
Authors: Brand Frederick N. , Smith Richard T.
Published: May 2005

One hundred and fourteen chronically-ill patients six months after discharge from a general hospital revealed a high readmission rate (34.2%), a high utilization of hospital services, out-patient clinics, and family practitioners reflecting the problem of chronically-ill old people. The study of compliance with physician's recommendations showed that 42.1% of all patients interviewed did not comply with one or more recommendations. The reasons for not complying with the orders were related to the deficiencies of community health and social agencies, the patient's attitude or understanding of the instructions, the cost of drugs, and other factors. The lack of compliance was associated with marital status, education, income, and severity of disease.
Group Progress of Community Elderly as Measured by Tape Recordings, Group Tempo and Group Evaluation
Authors: Weiner Marcella Bakur , Weinstock Comilda S.
Published: May 2005

Community based geriatric outpatients (N:67) were involved in a 12-session group resocialization program conducted at a municipal hospital. Meetings were taped and records kept on all group interactions. Short-term behavioral changes in quality of group participation and evaluation of the group experience by the members are reported. Comparison is made between the two experimental groups led by a trained group leader who used group intervention techniques and two “talk” groups in which the leader played a non-intervention role. Results indicate that experimental group members showed changes toward more active problem-solving approaches over time and maintained a lively group tempo. “Talk” group members remained fixed at one level evidencing little change along with a depressed tempo during group sessions.
Analysis and Management of Geriatric Anxiety
Authors: Sallis James F. , Lichstein Kenneth L.
Published: May 2005

In this essay, the prevalence, negative health implications, and clinical management of geriatric anxiety are reviewed. Despite disproportionately high rates of anxiety amongst the elderly, little research effort has been directed at this problem. An interactive model of geriatric anxiety is proposed, whereby physical disease and anxiety processes enter into reciprocal stimulation as a function of 1) diminished capacity to withstand stress, and 2) hypervigilance of stress symptomatology. To date, pharmacotherapy has been virtually the sole approach to managing geriatric anxiety, although special hazards accrue to the elderly when anxiolytics are used. Potentially useful psychological treatments including relaxation, cognitive restructuring, activity structuring, and prevention are outlined. It is concluded that the potential human and financial rewards of increased understanding and control of geriatric anxiety are substantial.
Symbolizing as a Constructive Activity in a Computer Microworld
Authors: Steffe Leslie P. , Olive John
Published: May 2005

In the design of computer microworlds as media for children's mathematical action, our basic and guiding principle was to create possible actions children could use to enact their mental operations. These possible actions open pathways for children's mathematical activity that coemerge in the activity. We illustrate this coemergence through a constructivist teaching episode with two children working with the computer microworld TIMA: Bars. During this episode, in which the children took turns to partition a bar into fourths and thirds recursively, the symbolic nature of their partitioning operations became apparent. The children developed their own drawings and numeral systems to further symbolize their symbolic mental operations. The symbolic nature of the children's partitioning operations was crucial in their establishment of more conventional mathematical symbols.
Duration of Stay and other Aspects of Nursing Home Use
Authors: Vicente Leticia , Wiley James A. , Carrington R. Allen
Published: May 2005

In 1965, the Human Population Laboratory (California State Department of Health Services) conducted a survey of the non-institutionalized population of Alameda County. Subsequent checking of death records disclosed that 521 survey participants aged fifty-five years or over in 1965 had died by January, 1975. A follow-up in 1977–78 of nursing home experience among these decedents revealed that about two-fifths of those for whom information could be obtained (N = 455) had entered a nursing home at least once in the nine-year follow-up period. Further inquiry located 158 cases whose experience of institutionalization before their death could be reconstructed. Among these cases, only 22 per cent ever returned home or transferred to a residential facility after being institutionalized. Most persons died after the first admission, at the nursing home itself or at an acute care hospital to which they had been transferred shortly before death. Among the cases whose experience of institutionalization could be reconstructed, five out of ten spent less than three months, and six out of ten spent less than six months, as patients in nursing home(s). However, nearly 30 per cent of the 158 cases with reconstructed histories accumulated patient-days exceeding a year.
Is Coca Paste Currently a Drug of Abuse among High School Students?
Authors: Huba George J. , Alkin Marilyn S. , Bentler Peter M.
Published: May 2005

During the spring of 1980 we included items about the use of coca paste in an ongoing longitudinal study of high school students in greater Los Angeles. Of 228 eleventh and twelfth grade males, four (1.8%) claimed to have used coca paste in the previous six months. Of 460 eleventh and twelfth grade females, five (1.1%) reported using coca paste during the six month period. We examine the usage rates in relationship to those for other drugs like liquor, marijuana, PCP, and cocaine. We also studied the relationship of the knowledge of coca paste, having friends who use the drug, and attitudes about the substance to other forms of drug use.
Client Perceptions of Two Antagonist Programs
Authors: Capone Thomas A. , Brahen Leonard S. , DeJulio Phil , Kalin Martin , Linden Scott , Marin Morisa
Published: May 2005

This paper reports the results of a questionnaire administered to participants in an antagonist drug outpatient clinic and an antagonist drug work-release program. The aim of the study was to obtain an awareness of the degree of acceptance of the program by actual participants and any possible modifications that could be made.

The questionnaire explored the reactions and responses of the participants in the program in areas that included: likes and dislikes of the program, drug treatment, counseling, recommendations of the participants. In addition, work-release inmates were asked about various components of the program including: work-release rules, demerit system, security, strip down, work, money system, weekend furloughs, attitude of the officers, attitude of the staff, treatment programs and food. The authors draw conclusions, and make recommendations relative to the programs.
Parental Influences on Substance Use: Gender Differences and Stage Theory
Authors: Fisher Dennis G. , MacKinnon David P. , Anglin M. Douglas , Thompson John P.
Published: May 2005

The relationship between perceived parental drug use and offspring drug use was investigated. The subjects, 106 UCLA undergraduates, were evenly divided between psychoactive mushroom users and nonusers who completed a questionnaire regarding social and subjective aspects of drug use, including parental drug use. The data were analyzed using modern psychometric scaling techniques, including multidimensional unfolding and principal component analysis of qualitative variables (PRINQUAL). These techniques are advocated as preferable to discriminant analysis when variables, such as perceived parental use of different drugs, are highly correlated. Men's use of drugs was relatively independent of perceived parental drug use while women's use of drugs was strongly related to perceived parental usage. Guttman scaling and PRINQUAL analysis of the types of drugs indicate that the use of cocaine has changed since Kandel and Faust suggested the stage theory of adolescent drug use and that cocaine use has developed patterns similar to marijuana use.