bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Menopause accelerates biological aging
Authors: Levine Morgan E. , Lu Ake T. , Chen Brian H. , Hernandez Dena G. , Singleton Andrew B. , Ferrucci Luigi , Bandinelli Stefania , Salfati Elias , Manson JoAnn E. , Quach Austin , Kusters Cynthia D. J. , Kuh Diana , Wong Andrew , Teschendorff Andrew E. , Widschwendter Martin , Ritz Beate R. , Absher Devin , Assimes Themistocles L. , Horvath Steve
Published: July 2016

Significance

Within an evolutionary framework, aging and reproduction are intrinsically linked. Although both laboratory and epidemiological studies have observed associations between the timing of reproductive senescence and longevity, it is not yet known whether differences in the age of menopause are reflected in biomarkers of aging. Using our recently developed biomarker of aging, the “epigenetic clock,” we examined whether age at menopause is associated with epigenetic age of blood, saliva, and buccal epithelium. This is a definitive study that shows an association between age of menopause and biological aging (measured using the epigenetic clock). Our results also indicate menopause may accelerate the epigenetic aging process in blood and that age at menopause and epigenetic age acceleration share a common genetic signature.
On the origin and evolutionary consequences of gene body DNA methylation
Authors: Bewick Adam J. , Ji Lexiang , Niederhuth Chad E. , Willing Eva-Maria , Hofmeister Brigitte T. , Shi Xiuling , Wang Li , Lu Zefu , Rohr Nicholas A. , Hartwig Benjamin , Kiefer Christiane , Deal Roger B. , Schmutz Jeremy , Grimwood Jane , Stroud Hume , Jacobsen Steven E. , Schneeberger Korbinian , Zhang Xiaoyu , Schmitz Robert J.
Published: July 2016

Significance

DNA methylation in plants is found at CG, CHG, and CHH sequence contexts. In plants, CG DNA methylation is enriched in the transcribed regions of many constitutively expressed genes (gene body methylation; gbM) and shows correlations with several chromatin modifications. Contrary to other types of DNA methylation, the evolution and function of gbM are largely unknown. Here we show two independent concomitant losses of the DNA methyltransferase CHROMOMETHYLASE 3 (CMT3) and gbM without the predicted disruption of transcription and of modifications to chromatin. This result suggests that CMT3 is required for the establishment of gbM in actively transcribed genes, and that gbM is dispensable for normal transcription as well as for the composition and modification of plant chromatin.
Chromosomal landscape of UV damage formation and repair at single-nucleotide resolution
Authors: Mao Peng , Smerdon Michael J. , Roberts Steven A. , Wyrick John J.
Published: July 2016

Significance

UV-induced DNA lesions are an important contributor to melanomas and other skin cancers. To understand how UV damage leads to cancer-associated mutations, it is important to know how the chromosomal landscape influences initial UV damage formation and repair. We have developed a UV damage mapping procedure to precisely map UV damage throughout the genome. We used this method to map the genome-wide distribution of UV lesions in yeast, a model eukaryote. We found that UV damage is not uniformly distributed, but that damage formation is significantly modulated in a predictable way by nucleosomes and DNA-bound transcription factors. Additionally, genome-wide analysis of removal of UV lesions indicates that repair is significantly inhibited near the center of strongly positioned nucleosomes.
Computational investigation of cold denaturation in the Trp-cage miniprotein
Authors: Kim Sang Beom , Palmer Jeremy C. , Debenedetti Pablo G.
Published: July 2016

Significance

The ubiquity of cold denaturation in globular proteins has broad implications for developing preservation strategies for biological materials and understanding the evolution of freeze-tolerant organisms. Because cold denaturation conditions typically lie below water’s freezing point, direct experimental investigation of this phenomenon is often frustrated by ice formation in the surrounding solvent. Coarse-grained lattice and off-lattice models have provided significant insight into protein cold denaturation, but they lack the structural resolution to fully elucidate the molecular mechanism involved in this process. We perform extensive replica exchange molecular dynamics simulations (324 μs total) to conduct a fully atomistic computational study of cold unfolding of an α-helical protein.
The enigma of the apparent disappearance of Eurasian highly pathogenic H5 clade 2.3.4.4 influenza A viruses in North American waterfowl
Authors: Krauss Scott , Stallknecht David E. , Slemons Richard D. , Bowman Andrew S. , Poulson Rebecca L. , Nolting Jacqueline M. , Knowles James P. , Webster Robert G.
Published: July 2016

Significance

The role of wild aquatic birds in perpetuating highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is unresolved. We examined whether the subtype H5 clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIV that devastated the US poultry industry in 2015 is perpetuated in wild aquatic birds. Virologic surveillance in 2014/15 and over the previous 43 y failed to detect HPAIVs in wild aquatic birds before or after the poultry outbreak, supporting the premise that there are unresolved mechanisms preventing wild aquatic birds from perpetuating HPAIVs. The significance of these findings is that timely and efficient strategies used to successfully prevent and eradicate HPAIVs infecting poultry, without the use of vaccines, appear to complement natural biological mechanisms in disrupting the perpetuation and possible spread of HPAIVs by wild aquatic birds.
Tunable electrical resistivity of oxygen-deficient zinc oxide thin films
Authors: Wang Y. , Peng Z. J. , Wang Q. , Fu X. L.
Published: July 2016

Oxygen-deficient zinc oxide thin films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering with a sintered zinc oxide ceramic target under an atmosphere of manipulated sputtering gas pressure (SGP). Under the designed deposition conditions, all the prepared films were of hexagonal würtzite structure with c-axis as the preferential growth orientation. With increasing SGP, the film thickness, deposition rate, grain size and atomic ratio of O to Zn in the films initially increased and then decreased. Interestingly, when the SGP was low, the main defects in the films were oxygen vacancies; when it was high, the dominant defects were interstitial zinc; but when it was in a moderate value, the film composition might be relatively close to the stoichiometric ZnO, possessing the least number of defects. As a result, the electrical resistivity of the films first increased and then dropped down as the SGP increased.
The Boltzmann equation for dilute gases
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

The Boltzmann equation, which is the first and best known kinetic equation, describes the dynamics of classical dilute gases. For its derivation, the motion of the atoms and molecules is separated in free streaming and binary collisions. Notably, the kinetic equation that is obtained turns out to be irreversible despite the use of concepts of classical reversible mechanics. The origin of the irreversibility, quantified by the H-theorem, is explained and justified. The irreversibility manifests in that after a few collisions, the gases reach local thermal equilibrium described by Maxwellian distributions. For long times, it is shown that the system evolves via hydrodynamic equations and the transport coefficients, viscosity, and thermal conductivity, are computed in terms of the collision properties. The Boltzmann equation is extended to describe dense gases and granular media. Finally, the concepts presented in the chapter are used to explain the cooling of particles in the expanding universe.
Numerical and semianalytical methods
Authors: Soto Rodrigo
Published: July 2016

Kinetic equations become extremely complex when models become realistic for several effects taking place simultaneously. It is hopeless trying to find analytic solutions and numerical methods should therefore be devised to solve them. This chapter presents numerical methods appropriate for kinetic theory. First, the moment method is described, where the kinetic equations are transformed into coupled partial differential equations, which can be solved using standard tools. The method is exemplified by the Grad method for the Boltzmann equation. Second, the stochastic methods are presented, where particles sample the distribution function and are advanced in time so as to reproduce the evolution of the distribution function. Special methods are given to reproduce the streaming motion, particle collisions (classical and quantum), Brownian motion, and long-range interactions.
The New Faces of Eldercare
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2016

Chapter 2 opens with a description of the growing role of female migrant labor in the provision of home eldercare assistance and then proceeds to explore how this labor force became available. In particular, the chapter explores how different actors—such as sending and receiving countries, supranational organizations such as the IMF and the World Bank, and regional ones such as the European Union—participate in generating, managing, and sustaining migration flows from the Global South to the Global North. Through this analysis the chapter describes global trends that have contributed to the creation of a new division of reproductive labor, to the growth of Global Care Chains, and to the “feminization” of migration processes.
The Italian Case
Authors: Degiuli Francesca
Published: July 2016

This chapter explores how global and regional macroprocesses become embedded in the local reality of one specific country, in this case Italy, generating new realities, new jobs, and new economic and social relations. Specifically, the chapter looks at how the feminization of migration generated through political and economic transformations both in sending and receiving countries came to intersect with the growing need for short and long-term eldercare in Italy, a need generated not only by demographic processes but also by cultural, social, and economic transformations. In addition, the chapter explores the role that migration policies, both at the regional and national level, play in creating a segmented, gendered, and racialized labor force.
Brainwashing and “Cultic Mind Control”
Authors: Lewis James R.
Published: July 2016

Unable to comprehend the appeal of New Religious Movements, many observers concluded that the leaders of such groups has discovered a special form of social control which enabled them to recruit their followers in non-ordinary ways, and, more particularly, to short-circuit their rational, questioning minds by keeping them locked in special trance states. A handful of professionals, mostly psychologists and psychiatrists with sentiments for the anti-cult movement, attempted to provide scientific grounding for this notion of cultic brainwashing/mind control, in part by referring back to studies of Korean War POWs who had been ‘brainwashed’ by their captors. This chapter revisits anti-cultism’s implicit ideological assumptions and the empirical studies indicating that conversions to contemporary new religions result from garden-variety sociological and psychological factors rather than from esoteric ‘mind control’ techniques.
Conversion
Authors: Chryssides George D.
Published: July 2016

The chapter explores explanations for conversion to new religious movements (NRMs). Rather than sudden episodic conversion, joining an NRM can be attributed to self-discovery, following a schism, or pursuing a special interest within a religious organisation. There are definite patterns of conversion in NRMs, and notably a disproportion of Jews who join. It is argued that key factors include availability for the requisite lifestyle, and the gaining of “compensators” that the NRM offers. A further factor is offering religious experience and a forum in which to discuss it. The author explores the role of the Internet in conversion, arguing that it accounts the rise of “invented religions”, but otherwise has limited bearing on gaining new members. Finally, the religions themselves undergo change as new converts espouse them.
New Religions and Science
Authors: Rapport Jeremy
Published: July 2016

This chapter overviews some of the major theories and ideas about the mixing of science and religion among new religions, as well the cultural context for the development of one prominent example of a new religion movement that uses science in its discourse. Illustrating these ideas is a case study of American metaphysical religions, which demonstrates the central role of seemingly scientific epistemological claims in legitimizing new religions. Finally, I suggest that because the role of science in new religions is removed from the actual practice of science among professional scientists, that the centrality of science in establishing epistemological legitimacy is unlikely to change.
Millennialism
Authors: Mayer Jean-François
Published: July 2016

This chapter starts by offering a brief overview of the concept of millennialism, with its Christian roots and its extension to a more generic use. Applying the concept to new religious movements, a section of the chapter takes the example of the Millennium ‘73 event in Houston in order to draw some observations on aspects of interaction between new religious movements and millennial themes: selective use of Biblical themes, aspirations to change the world, general rather than specific views of the future, mobilizing function of millennial hopes, changes in the intensity and nature of millenarian aspirations. The third and final part of the chapter lists the various shades of millennialism among new religious movements, derived from different religious environments.
Late Modern Shamanism in a Norwegian Context
Authors: Fonneland Trude
Published: July 2016

Neoshamanism was established in the US in the late 1960s and came gradually to constitute a key part of the worldwide New Age market. In contemporary society, the words shaman and shamanism have become part of everyday language and thousands of popular as well as academic texts have been written about the subject. This article discusses the emergence and development of contemporary shamanism in Norway. It focuses on how political and cultural differences affect religious ecologies, highlighting that what was established in the United States is only one part of the whole picture. The article ventures between the worlds of the local and the global, and analyzes the religious innovations that occur when a global culture of neoshamanism interacts with a specific local culture.
As It Was in the Beginning
Authors: Bromley David G.
Published: July 2016

The study of new religions in the making (NRMs) is particularly valuable to the study of religion as it offers a window into the process by which religious organizations develop. This chapter draws on insights in the rich set of case studies of NRMs and on the organizational startup literature to fashion a prolegomenon to a theory of the first generation development of NRMs. The basic premise is that all new organizations encounter similar developmental challenges. The objective is to identify factors that influence alternative levels of development and developmental trajectories during the first generation. The process is described in terms of three non-linear, sequential developmental moments: initial discovery, public sphere entry, and expansion/consolidation.
Anglican Aesthetics
Authors: Stevenson Kenneth
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on the applied aesthetics of Anglican worship. As a seventeenth-century development, with definitive roots in the sixteenth-century Reformation, as well as in the Western Catholic tradition, Anglican aesthetics is a complex interaction of all sorts of factors, theological, cultural, and historical, which at times make it appear contradictory, even dysfunctional. Beginning with the particular case study of the opening Eucharist of the 2008 Lambeth Conference, the chapter goes on to show how Anglican identity in worship has from its very beginnings been constantly evolving and responding to new contextual challenges. After discussing the importance of church music and hymnody and charting its development through the centuries, it moves on to describe the architectural shape of the liturgy which has also evolved along with changing patterns of worship. It concludes by suggesting that it will continue to evolve into the future in as yet uncharted ways.
Considering Hermeneutics, Method, and Cultural Diversity in Anglican and Episcopal Contexts
Authors: Grau Marion
Published: July 2016

The history and continuing presence of British colonialism are inseparable from the past and present shape of the Anglican world. This has meant the spreading of a localized, specific form of Reformation Christianity in domains of the former British Empire, and the negotiation of how its local theology would interact with the multitude of local languages, cultures, and socio-religious practices. The reality of geopolitical, religio-cultural contextualities continues to challenge the resources of Anglicanism. This chapter explores some of the hermeneutics, methods, and varieties of cultural diversity involved in incarnating different varieties of Anglicanism. It argues that the work of moving beyond ‘civilizational confinement’ involves a theological hermeneutics that honours multiple layers of identity and culture, and necessitates the difficult work of restoring and transforming relationships.
‘Anglicanism’ before the Reformation
Authors: Kaye Bruce
Published: July 2016

The long tradition of Christianity in England is tied in with the emergence of the idea of an English nation. The early church historian Bede played a key role in establishing this idea and describes its early emergence. The continuity of this tradition is illustrated by the work of Alfred the Great, Archbishop Lanfranc, and Sir John Fortescue. Particular emphasis is placed on the doctrine of the royal supremacy and the continuity of the relationships between church and state both before and after the reformation. This broad tradition and its relations with the papacy provides the background to the Tudor Reformation.
Establishment
Authors: Davie Grace
Published: July 2016

This chapter has three sections. The first is historical and reviews the sequence of events that lies behind the present state of the establishment of the Church of England. The second is contextual and considers the factors that must be taken into account in order to understand the religious situation in modern Britain. The notion of ‘vicarious religion’ is central to this discussion. The third section deals with the place of an established church in a society which is both increasingly secular and increasingly diverse. Throughout, the emphasis lies on creative thinking about the role of establishment in a modern democracy, paying careful attention to the advantages of a ‘weak’ established church. A final paragraph introduces a global perspective, specifically the Anglican Communion.
The Bible
Authors: West Gerald
Published: July 2016

From the time of the Reformation, the Bible has always been among the primary sources for Anglicanism. Through a close study of biblical hermeneutics, this chapter reflects on how ‘scripture’ has been located among the other primary sources, tradition, and reason, at various stages and in different places within Anglican history. The chapter then goes on to argue that context ought to be considered a fourth primary source for Anglicanism. Drawing on postcolonial Anglican biblical interpretation and the experience of various stages of imperial expansion, particularly from a Southern African Anglican context, the chapter analyses how context reconfigures the other three primary sources.
Mission
Authors: Ross Cathy
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses Anglican practice of and engagement in mission, concluding with some suggested future trajectories. The Five Marks of Mission are considered in some detail along with other contextual trends such as the church growth movement, mission-shaped church and Fresh Expressions of church which have been influential throughout parts of the Anglican Communion. The theology of missio Dei is discussed along with the importance of contextualization for mission. Migration and migrant churches are described as a mission issue along with their impact on the growth of local churches as well as its influence on the shape of World Christianity. The chapter concludes with reflections on the role and place of Anglicanism within the world church.
Race, Spirituality, and Reconciliation
Authors: Battle Michael
Published: July 2016

Despite the struggles of defining an Anglican Communion, there is much to celebrate in terms of how dynamic and relevant Anglicanism can be. For example, through Archbishop Desmond Tutu and his theology of ‘Ubuntu’, the Anglican Church provided an important platform from which to demonstrate deeper communal identity. Sages like Tutu demonstrate what it will take, not only for the church but also for nation states, to have a future. Christian identity should no longer lead to culture wars and incommensurate identities. For Anglicans, the future of the church lies in her ability to be catholic—building the capacity to contain diverse worldviews and still flourish. Herein lies the best of Anglican aptitude, namely—spirituality as habitual recollection of the presence of God in the midst of diverse relationships. Through such spirituality, Tutu’s Anglican ecclesiology not only helps the church but also provides the precedent for how nation states will practise reconciliation.
Raghunātha Śiromaṇi and the Examination of the Truth about the Categories
Authors: Williams Michael
Published: July 2016

Raghunātha Śiromaṇi, one of the leading philosophers of the “new reason” (Navya-Nyāya) flourished in Navadvipa in Bengal at the turn of the 16th century. Coming from humble beginnings, his work on epistemology and metaphysics came to dominate North Indian philosophical thought in the 16th and 17th centuries. In this article, I examine Raghunātha’s controversial arguments about metaphysics. In his Examination of the Truth about the Categories, Raghunātha sweeps aside many of the hallowed doctrines of classical Hindu metaphysics. Reducing space and time to God and doing away with atomic theory, Raghunātha goes on to introduce eight new categories to his metaphysical system. In doing so, Raghunātha discusses central issues in the philosophy of mathematics, property and causality. His arguments about metaphysics came to influence some of the greatest philosophers of India’s early modern period.
Black Women, Criminal Justice, and Violence
Authors: Gross Kali N.
Published: July 2016

This essay offers a concise overview of black women’s experiences with early criminal justice, beginning with the colonial period and ending in the early twentieth century. It also identifies aspects of the historiography on black women and crime that merit greater scholarly attention. Historians have examined race and violence, particularly interracial violence, but should also explore intraracial violence in relation to gender, crime, and criminal justice. In an attempt to address some of these gaps, this chapter provides an overview of the incarceration of black women in the United States and explores intraracial intimate partner violence through a late nineteenth-century Philadelphia case. In doing so, it especially examines the conduct and motives of the black woman at the center of the crime.
A Historical Perspective on Crime Fiction in Mexico During the Middle Decades of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Piccato Pablo
Published: July 2016

Detective and murder stories emerged and had their moment of greatest popularity in Mexico in the 1940s and 1950s. Although this genre has been neglected in scholarship, this essay argues that it catered to a growing number of readers and authors eager to make sense of a Mexican reality seen as closely connected with the rest of the world. This article surveys this production during the middle decades of the twentieth century and argues that, despite great differences in their styles and themes, these narratives illustrate the critical engagement of Mexican readers with the state, particularly in relation to its inability to provide justice through police and judicial investigations. Better than any other cultural text or field of knowledge, this literature, along with the police news in newspapers, laid out the coordinates that readers in Mexico’s rapidly expanding urban centers had to follow in order to navigate that complex life-world.
Crime and Policing in Wartime
Authors: Emsley Clive
Published: July 2016

War affects combatant societies and societies trampled over by warring armies and smashed by their munitions in a variety of ways. This chapter draws out some of these effects with respect to crime and criminal offending in European societies since the mid-eighteenth century and explores how that offending was investigated and suppressed. It focuses on three principal areas: first, the kinds and extent of offenses committed by soldiers and sailors during war and its immediate aftermath; second, the ways in which the exigencies and pressures of, and the opportunities provided by, war have prompted criminal activity among civilians; and third, the kinds of police that have existed and been specifically developed to deal with military offending.
Long-Term Trends in Crime
Authors: Aebi Marcelo F. , Linde Antonia
Published: July 2016

This chapter introduces the available research on long-term crime trends and shows the major role that cross-national comparisons have played since the nineteenth century, revealing that the first researchers were fully aware of such comparisons’ pitfalls. Since then, most research has focused on homicide trends—often used as a proxy for trends in all violent crime—in industrialized Western nations, because data are not widely available for other regions of the world and other types of offenses. Problems related to finding appropriate crime measures and valid denominators for the absolute numbers provided by such measures are also investigated, as are the risks of chronocentrism, parochialism, and causationism. Finally, it cautions that explaining the decrease in Western industrialized countries’ interpersonal violence since the late Middle Ages through the effect of a civilizing process requires overlooking the genocides, mass killings, and war crimes committed in these countries and their former colonies.
Police–Public Relations
Authors: Johansen Anja
Published: July 2016

Over the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the meaning of “public-oriented policing” has changed, with great variations between countries. This essay critically analyzes the dichotomy that has often been established between police–public relations in Anglo-American contexts as the model of public-oriented “democratic policing” and police–public relations in continental Europe. Using examples from Britain, the United States, France, and Germany, this essay argues that interpretations by historians and police scholars of the nature of police–public relations have been fundamentally influenced by the political regime they served, and that the positive appreciation among scholars for the principles behind the Anglo-American ideal of police–public relations has often been accepted uncritically. Examples from France and Germany open wider questions about the impact of democratization on police–public relations, the effects of locally organized police on even-handed and responsive policing, and the influence of militarized policing on violence in police–public relations.
Crime News and the Press
Authors: Wood John Carter
Published: July 2016

This essay examines crime news between the late eighteenth and mid-twentieth centuries, focusing on the newspaper press in Great Britain. It lays out trends in crime and media historiography; describes the main press discourses about “crime,” “criminals,” and “criminal justice”; identifies the key agents who created crime news; and considers the press’s role in “moral panics.” Showing that the press has been a dominant source of crime information from the late eighteenth century and that crime reporting has constituted a substantial proportion of newspaper content, it argues that crime news has consistently offered a distorted view of crime, with the greatest attention being given to those crimes that least frequently appear in official statistics; this inaccuracy can reveal distinctive fears and attitudes in particular historical contexts. Moreover, “human interest” reporting, while often sensationalist, has sometimes contained quasi-political social critiques cast in a more digestible language for a general readership.
The Athenian Reconciliation Agreement of 403 bce and its Legacy for Greek City-States in the Classical and Hellenistic Ages
Authors: Joyce Christopher
Published: July 2016

This chapter surveys amnesty agreements throughout the Greek world in the Classical and Hellenistic ages and argues that in many the principle of political forgiveness was both important and necessary when reconciling communities in the aftermath of civil conflict. The most successful amnesties were those which made use of the law and prohibited the revisiting of old grievances which led to or stemmed from a period of internal strife. Where and when exceptions were made to this rule they normally had to be spelled out in the terms of a treaty. The methods by which individual cities put this principle into effect varied widely, but the most famous and enduring example, the Athenian amnesty of 403 BCE, illustrates that a community could only successfully reconcile if its citizens were willing to forgo vindictive instincts which otherwise would have destabilised it. Robust procedures were put in place to restrain vengeance and protect the rights of individuals.
Mathew D. McCubbins, Roger G. Noll, and Barry R. Weingast, “Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control”
Authors: Gailmard Sean
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines the perspective introduced by Mathew McCubbins, Roger Noll, and Barry Weingast (collectively called “McNollgast”) to explain the origins and effects of the administrative procedures employed by public bureaucracies in the formulation and implementation of public policy. Founded on concepts of positive political theory, this perspective essentially argues that Congress is quite effective at influencing bureaucratic agencies to pursue policies in its own interests, a theory known as “Congressional dominance.” The chapter reviews and contextualizes McNollgast’s seminal arguments, paying particular attention to their 1987 paper “Administrative Procedures as Instruments of Political Control.” It summarizes the content of the paper and discusses the nature of its originality, as well as the reasons for its importance. Finally, it analyses the paper’s key premises that lead McNollgast to interpret administrative procedures as devices to enhance political control.
Herbert A. Simon,
Authors: Mintrom Michael
Published: July 2016

InAdministrative Behavior, Herbert Simon proposed a science of administration where organizational decisions represent the primary units of analysis. In constructing a conceptual framework to guide that science, Simon drew heavily on insights from cognitive psychology. Since its publication in 1947,Administrative Behaviorhas inspired researchers investigating institutional and organizational practices across many settings. Here, consideration is given to the impact ofAdministrative Behaviorin public policy and public administration. Four legacies are highlighted. They are: scholarship on incrementalism in policy-making, scholarship on agenda setting, scholarship on choice architecture, and scholarship on expertise and learning organizations. Continuous improvements in information technology and its application, combined with increasing citizen demands for more effective and efficient government, suggest ideas introduced inAdministrative Behaviorwill continue to influence theory and practice in policy design and public management for years to come.
Paul A. Sabatier, “An Advocacy Coalition Framework of Policy Change and the Role of Policy-Oriented Learning Therein”
Authors: Cairney Paul
Published: July 2016

This chapter focuses on the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), a highly influential approach to public policy that has been adopted in the United States and many other developed countries. The ACF first emerged in the 1990s, seeking to produce a general theory of policy-making based on the idea that people engage in politics to translate their beliefs, rather than their simple material interests, into action. In addition to representing an approach to the study of contemporary public policy, the ACF offers a set of ideas about how scientific enquiry should be conducted. The chapter examines how the ACF’s proponents, especially Paul Sabatier, have influenced the discussion of public policy as a discipline and a branch of science. After providing a summary of the ACF and its ideas, the discussion turns to its expansion and revision and how it has shaped thinking and research on public policy.
Michel Crozier,
Authors: Bezes Philippe
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines Michel Crozier’sThe Bureaucratic Phenomenon, an in-depth study of public administration in France in which he challenged the view that overemphasizes the formal and rational organizational structure of bureaucracy. Crozier developed a relational theory of power and a systematic program that explored bureaucracy as an “organizational system.” The chapter considers the ways in whichThe Bureaucratic Phenomenonrepresents a classic in public policy and administration and other disciplines such as sociology, organization theory, and political science. It also discusses the evolution of citations from the first half of the 1980s andThe Bureaucratic Phenomenon’s increasing prominence in research in the fields of organization and management studies. Finally, it analyzes Crozier’s intellectual background, his central arguments inThe Bureaucratic Phenomenon, and the book’s contribution to contemporary research on bureaucracy.
Theodore J. Lowi,
Authors: Holyoke Tom
Published: July 2016

This chapter examines Theodore J. Lowi’sThe End of Liberalism,which issued dire warnings about the growing scope of government power and assumed responsibility in the United States as well as the dominance of interest groups over public policy-making. Lowi tackles the delegation of policy-making authority to the executive branch, the abdication of Congressional responsibility, and the erosion of representative government responsive to the popular will. The chapter assesses the book’s impact on political science and public policy scholarship, by considering how it brought together public policy and interest group politics. It then turns to Lowi’s views about interest group pluralism and how liberal politicians harnessed pluralist theory to replace elected representation with interest groups as proxies for citizen participation. Finally, the chapter analyzes the influence of Lowi’s book on public administration and the rule of law.
Albert O. Hirschman,
Authors: Dowding Keith
Published: July 2016

This chapter discusses Albert Hirschman’sExit, Voice and Loyalty, a classic known for its relatively simple argument that has found many applications in fields ranging from personal relationships and workplace relations to emigration, political parties, and more importantly, public policy. Published in 1970, the book argues how exit and voice can be used by consumers of a product or service to let producers know their satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with that good. This chapter first examines the influence ofExit, Voice and Loyaltyin various fields before turning to some criticisms and extensions of Hirschman’s framework. It then assesses how exit and voice relate to loyalty and social investment as well as the evidence for Hirschman’s claim of the exit–voice trade-off. Finally, it analyses evidence on the efficiency of different exit mechanisms.
International Capital Flows
Authors: Schularick Moritz
Published: July 2016

This chapter tracks the volume and distribution of international investment since the mid-nineteenth century. The first part presents quantitative evidence on the volume of capital flows since the early nineteenth century. The second section focuses on the golden age of global capital mobility and the determinants of capital flows and sovereign risk during the first era of financial globalization in the late nineteenth century The third section deals with the experience of the twentieth century. The last part discusses, from the perspective of economic history, the economic effects of capital flows, in particular the role of capital flows in economic development and the link between capital flows and financial crises.
Monetary Systems
Authors: Redish Angela
Published: July 2016

This chapter presents the evolution of Western monetary systems from the bimetallic standards of medieval Europe through the gold standard and Bretton Woods eras to today’s fiat money regimes. The chapter notes that issues of revenue creation enabled by the monopoly over money issue—through debasement and/or inflation—runs through this history, as does the significance of the credibility of the money issuer. An additional theme in the chapter is the role of changing technology of money issue, from the hammered coins of the medieval period, to the milled coins of the early modern period, through paper money issues to cryptocurrencies.
Introduction
Authors: Smuts Malcolm
Published: July 2016

After a brief survey of the evolution of interdisciplinary historical work on the English Renaissance since the 1980s, this introduction comments upon the material covered by the collection and how individual chapters reflect recent and current historiographical trends. The decline of older master narratives of Elizabethan and early Stuart history is examined, along with the emergence of increasingly complex views of politics, religion, society and culture during the period. Particular attention is paid to issues and methodologies that cross traditional disciplinary boundaries. It is argued that rather than providing scholars of literature with a stable framework of established facts and interpretations, historical research is best appreciated as an ongoing enterprise that can stimulate and inform literary analysis by suggesting fresh questions and furnishing insights and information that complement the work of close reading.
Rhetorical Training in the Elizabethan Grammar School
Authors: Mack Peter
Published: July 2016

This chapter considers in detail the aspects of rhetoric taught in Elizabethan grammar schools. Pupils were shown the use of rhetorical ideas in practice when teachers pointed out rhetorical features in set texts from Latin literature. While the texts studied in grammar school— Erasmus’De conscribendis epistolisandDe copia, Aphthonius’ Progymnasmata—did not provide a comprehensive account of the whole of rhetorical theory, they gave a great deal of practical help on issues of style, amplification and decorum, on ways of approaching an audience, and on components of larger texts such as narratives, descriptions, comparisons, maxims and examples. They provided some help with argument and a flexible approach to disposition.
Roman History, Essex, and Late Elizabethan Political Culture
Authors: Kewes Paulina
Published: July 2016

Roman history had a shaping influence on early modern political culture. In the historiography, the focus has been typically on court-centred uses of Roman historians, principally Tacitus, or else on Shakespeare. By contrast, this chapter explores how late Elizabethan print publications representing a variety of non-dramatic genres deployed Roman history to sway educated classes beyond the confines of the political elite. More precisely, it considers the role ofromanitasin polemical writings responding to the rise and fall of the earl of Essex, the period’s most controversial political figure. The three instances described in the chapter—Romes Monarchie(1596), Clement Edmondes’sObservations upon . . . Caesars commentaries(1600), and William Fulbecke’sHistoricall Collection(1601)—show how ancient Rome could be appropriated and utilized by authors with different political agendas wishing to appeal to a broad range of publics.
David Hume, Richard Verstegan, and the Battle for Britain
Authors: Williamson Arthur
Published: July 2016

This chapter considers the debate about Anglo-Scottish union that accompanied James VI’s accession to the southern Crown. Through an analysis of David Hume of Godscroft’sDe Unione insulae Britannicaeand Richard Verstegan’sA Restitution of decayed intelligence, both published on 1605, it argues that the prospective union was far more politically fraught and intellectually significant than commonly recognized. Unionists like Hume urged ethnic erasure through the forging of a common British identity within an integrated British state. Brito-Sceptics like Verstegan stressed ethnic difference to the point of adopting Tacitean racial vocabularies. Precocious historical linguistics underlay each side. Each carried at its center a competing religious agenda. These matrices provide a frame for understanding the contemporary writings of such figures as Richard Hooker, William Camden, and William Shakespeare.
Art and Architecture in Provincial England
Authors: Tittler Robert
Published: July 2016

This chapter considers the contrasting visual and architectural elements which Shakespeare will have experienced both in his native Stratford and in his frequent travels elsewhere throughout the realm. Two important corrections must be made to the canonical and time-honoured assumption that Shakeapeare’s London was the centre for artistic and architectural production, the hub from which ideas about visual culture entered England and then radiated outwards to the rest of the realm. First, our notions of English ‘art’ and ‘architecture’ must be adjusted in this era to accommodate the role of vernacular painting and building carried out throughout the realm by native-English craftsmen working in traditional modes of design and production. And second, we must acknowledge that, far from being the arid cultural wastelands, provincial towns and cities throughout the realm served as active centres of both painting and building.
War, Soldiers, and High Politics under Elizabeth I
Authors: Trim D. J. B.
Published: July 2016

Recent scholarship has paid little attention to the ways in which royal policies might potentially be modified or challenged by those entrusted with their implementation, especially during wartime. Yet Shakespeare’s drama emerged in an era of war, in which soldiers shaped policy to an unusual degree, and Shakespeare and contemporary dramatists were deeply interested in the participation of soldiers in high politics. This paper explores that interest. It focuses on the efforts of Sir John Norreys to re-cast Elizabeth I’s aid to the Dutch Revolt into an explicitly Calvinist, anti-Catholic war (1578–86), and Sir Francis Vere’s achievement of unique authority and influence, in both England and the Netherlands, as a result of his being trusted by both the English and Dutch governments to command troops and promote their policies to their allies.
Right-Handers Speak with the Left Hemisphere, Left-Handers with the Right
Authors: Harris Lauren Julius
Published: July 2016

In 1865 Paul Broca stated, “we speak with the left hemisphere.” In many accounts of Broca’s work, he was referring to right-handers and meant that left-handers speak with the right hemisphere—what I call the “reversal hypothesis.” They go on to note his error in light of current evidence that the majority of left-handers speak with the left. Eling (1984) called such accounts misrepresentations, arguing that Broca’s analysis of the relation between cerebral control for speech and handedness was more compatible with current evidence. He suggested that our better understanding of the relation might have come sooner “had the original papers been properly read” (p. 159). Who, then, originated the “reversal hypothesis,” when and how did it rise to become a neuropsychological “rule,” when and how did it fall, and did Broca ever correct the record or change his mind? These questions and more are addressed in this chapter.
When Music Unfolds into Image
Authors: Barrière Jean-Baptiste , Barrière Aleksi
Published: July 2016

The authors reflect on their own experience of developing a specific form of multimedia live performance: the visual concert. The various video projects they realized for works by Finnish composer Kaija Saariaho serve as examples illustrating a more general aesthetic question: what can video art bring to music within the concert ritual? Answers are suggested first in a general assessment of the scientific (perception and cognition research) and cultural roots and parameters of cross-media art forms, and second in an analysis of the contemporary technological tools that allow the visual concert to move beyond the antiquated paradigms of synesthesia, synchronization, or aleatory autonomy of juxtaposed media, and thus to meet the challenges of contemporary music. These mostly unexplored links between new musical techniques and video art open new opportunities that expand the listener’s experience of music and suggest a practice that can become an art form of its own.
Sound, Image, Dance, and Space in Intermedial Theatre
Authors: Meyer Petra Maria
Published: July 2016

The chapter focuses philosophically on theatre as one of the acoustic spaces for staging in which sound design acquires an ever higher status in an advanced technical intermedia interplay. Theatre-dramaturgy is transformed into intermedial dramaturgy. The author notes a fundamental “acoustic turn” in theatre, which locates compositional processes within new audiovisual interplays. “ICH2 Intermedial Dance Performance for Planetaria” (2005–2006)—a cutting-edge hybrid form of theatre using advanced digital technologies—is discussed. The performance combines expressive body movements, 360° interactive motion graphics, and sound. In this way “ICH²” is a unique piece of the emerging genre called digital theatre, in which technology enables alterable and immersive stage settings and a new acoustic space. The author explores Merleau Ponty’s conception of embodiment, Lacan’s conception of the “imaginary turn,” and aesthetic innovations in the domain of scenography, thus reflecting historical, theoretical, aesthetical, and practical aspects.
Body Soundscape
Authors: Pitozzi Enrico
Published: July 2016

Starting from an interdisciplinary perspective of methodological integration of the concepts of body and sound in the contemporary dance scene, this chapter addresses the general aesthetic notion ofsonorous body. Through a survey of some key practices and pieces by Wayne McGregor, Ginette Laurin, Angelin Preljocaj, Cindy Van Acker and others, the author analyzes the audiovisual dimension of these works, developed with digital technologies and in a collaboration of choreographers with electronic musician and sound artists such as Scanner, Kasper T. Toeplitz, Granular Synthesis, and Mika Vainio. This audiovisual tension, defined as the sonorous body, can be read through two interpretations. In the first, thesound is a body, which means the electronic sound of the scene is an acoustic material. In the second, the body is a sound, which means the body of the dancers produces the soundscape of a scene.