bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invited Review: Oxidation of Biological Systems: Oxidative Stress Phenomena, Antioxidants, Redox Reactions, and Methods for Their Quantification
Authors: Kohen Ron , Nyska Abraham
Published: January 2003

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and other radicals are involved in a variety of biological phenomena, such as mutation, carcinogenesis, degenerative and other diseases, inflammation, aging, and development. ROS are well recognized for playing a dual role as deleterious and beneficial species. The objectives of this review are to describe oxidative stress phenomena, terminology, definitions, and basic chemical characteristics of the species involved; examine the biological targets susceptible to oxidation and the defense mechanisms of the organism against these reactive metabolites; and analyze methodologies, including immunohistochemical markers, used in toxicological pathology in the visualization of oxidative stress phenomena. Direct detection of ROS and other free radicals is difficult, because these molecules are short-lived and highly reactive in a nonspecific manner. Ongoing oxidative damage is, thus, generally analyzed by measurement of secondary products including derivatives of amino acids, nuclei acids, and lipid peroxidation. Attention has been focused on electrochemical methods based on voltammetry measurements for evaluating the total reducing power of biological fluids and tissues. This approach can function as a tool to assess the antioxidant-reducing profile of a biological site and follow changes in pathological situations. This review thus includes different topics essential for understanding oxidative stress phenomena and provides tools for those intending to conduct study and research in this field.
Diet and Kidney Diseases in Rats
Authors: Rao Ghanta N.
Published: January 2003

Diet-associated kidney diseases of rats includes nephropathy in both sexes and nephrocalcinosi s in females. High protein content of diets appears to be the major cause for severe nephropathy and changing the source of protein to one such as soy protein, restricting caloric intake, or modifying the diet to decrease protein consumption could decrease the severity of nephropathy. The NTP-2000 diet with lower protein content than most diets decreases the severity of nephropathy and increases the survival of Fischer 344 rats without substantial changes in growth patterns and body weights. Nephrocalcinosis, characterized by mineralization of renal tubules at the corticomedullary junction, has been reported in young and adult female rats of most strains and stocks suggesting a major contribution of female sex hormones to the development of this lesion. Calcium (Ca), phosphorou s (P), magnesium (Mg), and chloride (Cl) imbalances, especially a Ca:P ratio of less than 1.0 in diet, are considered to be associated with this lesion. Most commercial diets commonly used for toxicology studies have a Ca:P molar ratio of less than 1.0. Increasing the Ca:P molar ratio to more than 1.0 and closer to 1.3 in the AIN-93 purified diet and NTP-2000 nonpurified diet prevents the development of this lesion. Genetics will predispos e rats to some diseases and environmental factors will influence the severity of these diseases. Diet is one of the most important environmental factors. Diets balanced for nutrients without excesses could markedly improve the health of rats used in chronic studies leading to substantial increases in survival and thereby accomplish the objective of chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies.
Characteristics of the Spectrum of Proliferative Lesions Observed in the Kidney and Urinary Bladder of Fischer 344 Rats and B6C3F1 Mice
Authors: Wolf Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2003

Many rodent renal and bladder carcinogens rely upon epigenetic mechanisms of carcinogenesis; such mechanisms are likely to influence the spectrum of urinary tract tumors observed in control and treated animals. This is reflected in several features of chemically induced rodent urinary tract neoplasms, including a low overall tumor incidence, an increased prevalence of urinary tract tumors in rats compared to mice and males compared to females, the tendency for epithelial tumors to predominate over nonepithelial types, and demonstrated links to chronic progressive nephropathy and urolithiasis. Such tendencies are also characteristic of spontaneous urinary tract tumors in rodents. Data to support these observations can be derived from large historical databases such as the Toxicology Data Management System, maintained by National Toxicology Program.
Comparative Pathology of Proliferative Lesions of the Urinary Bladder
Authors: Cohen Samuel M.
Published: January 2003

Bladder neoplasia in humans consists of 2 diseases, a low-grade papillary tumor that does not invade or metastasize, and a high-grade lesion that usually invades and metastasizes. Bladder carcinogenesis in rats is most like the low-grade, papillary tumor, although it eventually does progress and invade. In the mouse, models are available that mimic each of these disease processes. Preneoplastic lesions in humans and rodents include various types of hyperplasia, proliferative cystitis, and dysplasia. These preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions arise throughout the urothelium, from the renal pelvis to the urethra, although most commonly in the bladder. Rarely, benign and malignant mesenchymal lesions occur in rats and mice, with a unique submucosal mesenchymal lesion present in some strains of mice. In addition, eosinophilic and clear inclusions in the superfi cial layer of urothelium in mice, which do not appear to be associated with toxicity or carcinogenesis, have been reported. An approach to evaluation of carcinogenic mechanisms involved in the urothelium is presented. It focuses on distinguishing between DNA reactive carcinogens vs those that act by increasing cell proliferation. Although rodent model s do not precisely mimic the human disease, they have provided useful model s for furthering our understanding of the carcinogenic process in the urothelium as it pertains to human diseases.
Renal Papillary Necrosis
Authors: Brix Amy E.
Published: January 2003

Renal papillary necrosis (RPN) is a signifi cant problem in human beings, especially in England and in Australia where it has been reported to account for 15% to 20% of patients needing renal transplants. Many compounds, including aspirin, phenacetin, phenylbutazone , indomethacin, mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, fenoprofin, naproxen, and ibuprofen have been linked to renal papillary necrosis in human beings. Although the exact mechanism of RPN is unknown, there are several theories that have good scientifi c evidence behind them. Study of RPN in animals as models for the disease in human beings is limited by several factors, including anatomical differences between human beings and most animal species as well as technical diffi culties in studying the renal papilla.
The Effect of Chronic Progressive Nephropathy on the Incidence of Renal Tubule Cell Neoplasms in Control Male F344 Rats
Authors: Seely John C. , Haseman Joseph K. , Nyska Abraham , Wolf Douglas C. , Everitt Jeffrey I. , Hailey James R.
Published: January 2003

Chronic progressive nephropathy (CPN) is the most frequently diagnosed lesion in the rat kidney. It has many component s including degeneration and regeneration of renal tubule (RT) epithelium, glomerular lesions and interstitial inflammation and fi brosis. The incidence and severity of CPN is strain, age, and sex dependent and may be altered by a number of factors including exposure to xenobiotics. In National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2-year bioassays, xenobiotic-associated increased severity (exacerbation) of CPN often occurs in association with a marginal increased incidence of renal tubule cell neoplasms (RTCN). The relationship between CPN and RTCN development has not been defi nitively determined. The present study evaluated the association between severity of CPN and the occurrence of RTCN in control male F344 rats. A slight but statistically signifi cant increase in CPN severity was present in those animals with RTCN compared to aged-matched controls without RTCN. Although these data suggest there is a positive correlation between CPN and RTCN, cause and effect were not determined. This marginal association suggests that the number of RTCNs that may develop secondary to chemically exacerbated nephropathy would be few.
Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies of Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride and p-Cresidine in the p53 Heterozygous Mouse Model
Authors: Petruska Janet M. , Frank Doyle W. , Freeman Gary B. , Evans Ellen W. , Macdonald James S.
Published: January 2003

The carcinogenic potential of chlorpromazine hydrochloride, a psychotropic agent, was assessed in the p53 heterozygou s mouse assay. In a 4-week dose range fi nding study in p53 wild-type mice, doses of 20, 40, 60, and 80 mg/kg were poorly tolerated becaus e of mortality secondary to the severe sedative and hypotensive effects of chlorpromazine. Based on 40% mortality at a dose of 20 mg/kg in the dose-range fi nding study, a high dose of 10 mg/kg was chosen for the 26-week carcinogenicity study in p53 heterozygous mice. Doses of 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg chlorpromazin e hydrochloride were well tolerated in the 26-week study. The administration of chlorpromazine hydrochloride at dose levels up to and including 10 mg/kg to p53 heterozygous and wild-type mice did not result in a dose-related increase in tumor incidence or in the type of tumors seen in comparison to controls. Findings related to the administration of chlorpromazine in the 26-week study were limited to minimal uterine and ovarian atrophy in p53 wild-type mice dosed with 10 mg/kg chlorpromazine hydrochloride. However, p53 heterozygous mice administered 400 mg/kg p-cresidine, a genotoxic carcinogen commonly used as a positive control for this model, developed urinary bladder tumors. Administration of p-cresidine also resulted in a regenerative anemia, splenic and hepatic hemosiderosis, renal findings, and ovarian and uterine atrophy. This study demonstrated that chlorpromazine hydrochloride, at the doses tolerated, was not carcinogenic in the p53 heterozygou s mouse assay.
FasL Deficiency Enhances the Development of Tumors in p53+/- Mice
Authors: Embree-Ku Michelle , Boekelheide Kim
Published: January 2003

In the multistep process of tumor development, several events occur to transform cells from normal to malignant. Although p53 is one of the most commonly mutated genes in a wide variety of tumors, how other genes interact with p53 to transform cells is only just beginning to be understood. To study the effects of the interaction of the Fas system with p53 in tumor progression and development, mice with a targeted disruption of the p53 tumor supressor gene and a mutation in Fas ligand were bred. Organ weights, life expectancy, and tumor and tissue histology were assessed. Although spleen weights were drastically increased in FasL-/- p53-/- mice, the FasL deficiency had no effect on life expectancy or the tumor spectrum of homozygous p53-deficient mice. The FasL deficiency reduced the median time to death from 12.1 months in FasL+/+ p53+ /- mice to 9.6 months in FasL-/- p53 +/- mice, and led to a shift in tumor spectrum from predominantly sarcomas (63%) when FasL was present to a large number of lymphomas (76%) in FasL-/- p53+/- mice. Given the reduced life span and increased incidence of lymphoma in FasL -/- p53+/- mice, these mice could be useful in carcinogenicity testing, particularly for understanding mechanisms of compounds that are nongenotoxic.
Methylmercury Poisoning in Common Marmosets—MRI Findings and Peripheral Nerve Lesions
Authors: Eto Komyo , Yasutake Akira , Korogi Yukunori , Akima Michio , Shimozeki Toshie , Tokunaga Hidehiro , Kuwana Takashi , Kaneko Yosuke
Published: January 2003

Common marmosets were used as model animals for methylmercury (MeHg) poisoning. Six marmosets were given MeHg of 5 ppm Hg in drinking water. The animals were divided into 3 groups of 2 each. The first group was examined for acute symptomatic MeHg poisoning. They were given MeHg for 70 and 90 days, respectively, to manifest severe symptoms. The second group was sacrificed after 38 days of MeHg exposure, when they had acute-subclinical MeHg poisoning. The third group of animals was exposed for 21 days, and then observed for 2.5 years without MeHg exposure. One of them showed typical symptoms of MeHg poisoning after MeHg exposure had ended, but the other one showed only slight symptoms without ataxia. This experiment demonstrated that MeHg causes pathological changes in neural tissues including the peripheral nerves in common marmosets. Furthermore, common marmosets were found to show MeHg-induced pathological changes similar to those in humans in the cerebrum and cerebellum.
Suggested Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for the Preparation of Electron Microscopy Samples for Toxicology/Pathology Studies in a GLP Environment
Authors: Dykstra Michael J. , Mann Peter C. , Elwell Michael R. , Ching Shelley V.
Published: January 2003

We provide a set of Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) for preparing samples for electron microscopic evaluation that allow storage of samples in the primary fixative for at least 17 years without noticeable degradation, do not compromise the ability to prepare the same samples for standard light microscopic evaluation, and provide tips for orientation of samples that may be necessary for evaluation. Guidelines for proper sample size, buffer composition, and fluid concentration s during processing are given. The impact of these procedures on specimen quality, ability to produce truly comparable samples for drug development studies, and ways to minimize time spent by technicians preparing these samples during necropsies is evaluated. Although many laboratories routinely employ most of these techniques, this compilation will facilitate the simultaneou s light and electron microscopic preparation by the pathologist of comparable specimens that can be stored long-term at 4°C in McDowell's and Trump's 4F:1G fixative (4F:1G).
Isolated Hemoperfused Slaughterhouse Livers as a Valid Model to Study Hepatotoxicity
Authors: Grosse-Siestrup Christian , Pfeffer Jeanette , Unger Volker , Nagel Stefan , Witt Christian , Fischer Axel , Groneberg David A.
Published: January 2003

Different models of isolated and perfused livers and precision cut liver slices have been developed for studies on liver toxicology the past years. As most of these models were limited by nonphysiologi c settings, a new model of normothermic hemoperfused isolated porcine slaughterhous e livers to examine hepatotoxicity was established encompassing the advantages of slaughterhouse organs to reduce animal experiments and autologous blood as an optimal perfusate. As model compound, the analgesic substance diclofenac was used and the effects of this drug on organ function parameters were compared to an untreated control group. Using an amount of 2,000 ml, the organs were perfused over 180 minutes, metabolically controlled via a dialysis and oxygenation system and various hematological and hepatic parameters were examined. In contrast to the untreated control organs, significant differences were found in the diclofenac group for parameters such as lactate, creatinine, ALT, bicarbonate, or bile flow. In summary, the presently established model of isolated hemoperfused slaughterhouse livers displays a useful new approach to assess hepatotoxicity of different substances on the organ level. As a major economic advantage in comparison to setups using laboratory animals, the new model can be run with blood and organs obtained from slaughterhouse animals.
The Employment of German Scientists in Australia after World War II
Authors: Jones Evan
Published: January 2003

Soon after the end of World War II the Australian Government brought scientists of defeated Germany to Australia. They were to work in government institutions and private industry to contribute their expertise to improving Australian science and to improving Australia's industrial efficiency. The Allied powers occupying Germany were engaged in a scramble to appropriate German expertise for the next phase of the arms race. The Australian Employment of Scientific and Technical Enemy Aliens Scheme (ESTEA) instead channeled its personnel to basic science and industrial research. The personnel were part human reparations, part invited experts. This curious scheme offers insight into attitudes towards industrial regeneration in a previous era, and the importance of context in shaping attempts to alter existing scientific and industrial cultures.
South Korean Media Industry in the 1990s and the Economic Crisis
Authors: Shim Doobo
Published: January 2003

This paper examines the changes in the Korean media industry with reference to the Korean economic crisis in the 1990s as Korean big business, or chaebol, previously unconcerned with the media industry, expanded into that sector.Given the conventional close relationship between the state and big business in Korean economic development, this new business strategy had implications for state policy.
Diffusion of R&D within the Australian Wine Industry
Authors: Aylward David K.
Published: January 2003

The Australian wine industry's popular image as a leader in R&D can indeed be substantiated. Its oenological and viticultural innovation and technical expertise have set new international benchmarks. The coordination of this R&D has ensured that the industry remains at the leading edge. However, the findings of this paper also substantiate concerns that this R&D is concentrated in what appears to be a South Australian R&D 'epicentre'. Regions and wine operators not connected to this epicentre can be disadvantaged. This paper examines the diffusion of R&D to regional operators and suggests mechanisms for improvement of the current structure.
The Evolution of the Digital Computation Industry
Authors: Jackson Mark , Mandeville Tom , Potts Jason
Published: January 2003

All industries are based upon a core of knowledge. Economic evolution is the growth of this knowledge as an experimental and path-dependent process involving markets, firms, finance, entrepreneurship, and often substantial uncertainty. In the set of industries associated with information technology, the core of knowledge is programmable digital computation (PDC). In this paper, we outline the origins and development of PDC, and in particular the path from the mainframe industry to the PC. We tell this story in order to highlight a number of salient features about the relationship between competition and evolution. First, the predominant form of competition was not focused about competitive pricing in existing markets, but rather for the creation of new markets and therefore monopoly positions. Second, as the IBM story demonstrates, this involved leveraging competencies between markets, often deliberately destroying a market in order to create a new one. Third, as the hacker tradition illustrates, much of the entrepreneurial development of the industry came from the users, due to their close conception of the technological possibilities and opportunities. Fourth, we highlight the overarching importance of the setting of standards (by fiat, by self-organization, or by monopoly) and the role this has in reducing uncertainty. We offer some policy and management lessons based upon this analysis.
Solving problems: young children exploring the rules of the game
Authors: Hope Gill
Published: January 2003

This article is not a review of the problem‐solving literature but instead explores the idea of children developing problem‐solving tactics as learning to applying the ‘rules of the game’, based on Wittgenstein's concept of ‘language games’. The kind of learning under discussion here is not learning of facts. I will not be discussing how we learn to recite the two times table but, rather, the dawning of understanding of what those facts mean: when a child realizes that the two times table divides up the whole universe into sets of either odds or evens. The necessity of accepting the rules of the game in order to perceive relevancy in determining problem‐solutions was illustrated by Donaldson's (1992) work with small children. The existence of general rules, and hence generic problem‐solving skills, is discussed and a model for problem‐solving is suggested. The article concludes with some observations on the role of rule‐breaking in discovery and invention. Examples are taken from the author's observations of young children in English classrooms.
Identity and the environment
Authors: Jones Verity
Published: January 2003

Teaching the origins and development of a common heritage in a multicultural society is a challenge for all teachers throughout the UK. What this article offers is an opportunity for teachers to think through links between the curriculum and issues of citizenship, encouraging children to develop a multi‐sited and multicultural identity. Visiting a botanical garden and discussing how children labelled themselves and others gives an example of how this can be put into practice in the classroom.
Annexin 1 localisation in tissue eosinophils as detected by electron microscopy
Authors: Oliani Sonia M. , Damazo Amilcar S. , Perretti Mauro
Published: January 2003

Background: Human and rodent leukocytes express high levels of the glucocorticoid‐inducible protein annexin 1 (ANXA1) (previously referred to as lipocortin 1). Neutrophils and monocytes have abundant ANXA1 levels.

Aim: We have investigated, for the first time, ANXA1 ultrastructural expression in rat eosinophils and compared it with that of extravasated neutrophils. The effect of inflammation (carrageenin peritonitis) was also monitored.

Methods: Electron microscopy was used to define the sub‐cellular localisation of ANXA1 in rat eosinophils and neutrophils extravasated in the mesenteric tissue. A pair of antibodies raised against the ANXA1 N‐terminus (i.e. able to recognise intact ANXA1, termed LCPS1) or the whole protein (termed LCS3) was used to perform the ultrastructural analysis.

Results: The majority of ANXA1 was localised in the eosinophil cytosol (~60%) and nucleus (30‐40%), whereas a small percentage was found on the plasma membrane (< 10%). Within the cytosol, the protein was equally distributed in the matrix and in the granules, including those containing the typical crystalloid. The two anti‐ANXA1 antibodies gave similar results, with the exception that LCPS1 gave a lower degree of immunoreactivity in the plasma membrane. Inflammation (i.e. carrageenin injection) produced a modest increase in eosinophil‐associated ANXA1 reactivity (significant only in the cytoplasm compartment). Extravasated neutrophils, used for comparative purposes, displayed a much higher degree of immunoreactivity for the protein.

Conclusion: We describe for the first time ANXA1 distribution in rat eosinophil by ultrastructural analysis, and report a different protein mobilisation from extravasated neutrophils, at least in this acute model of peritonitis.
Induced sputum is a reproducible method to assess airway inflammation in asthma
Authors: Bacci Elena , Cianchetti Silvana , Carnevali Stefano , Bartoli Maria Laura , Dente Federico L. , Di Franco Antonella , Giannini Daniele , Vagaggini Barbara , Paggiaro Pier Luigi
Published: January 2003

To evaluate the reproducibility of induced sputum analysis, and to estimate the sample size required to obtained reliable results, sputum was induced by hypertonic saline inhalation in 29 asthmatic subjects on two different days. The whole sample method was used for analysis, and inflammatory cells were counted on cytospin slides. Reproducibility, expressed by intra‐class correlation coefficients, was good for macrophages (+0.80), neutrophils (+0.85), and eosinophils (+0.87), but not for lymphocytes (+0.15). Detectable differences were 5.5% for macrophages, 0.6% for lymphocytes, 5.2% for neutrophils, and 3.0% for eosinophils. We conclude that analysis of induced sputum is a reproducible method to study airway inflammation in asthma. Sample sizes greater than ours give little improvement in the detectable difference of eosinophil percentages.
Effects of methotrexate upon inflammatory parameters induced by carrageenan in the mouse model of pleurisy
Authors: Dalmarco Eduardo Monguilhott , Fröde Tânia Silvia , Medeiros Yara Santos
Published: January 2003

Background: The model of pleurisy induced by carrageenan exhibits a biphasic response (4 and 48 h) and permits the quantification of exudate, cell migration and certain enzymes such as myeloperoxidase (MPO) and adenosine‐deaminase (ADA) that are markers of activated leukocytes.

Aims: The present study evaluates whether there exists, in the pleurisy model, a significant inhibition of ADA and MPO enzymes, leukocyte kinetics and other markers of inflammation [nitric oxide (NO) levels, exudation] caused by methotrexate treatment by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) route.

Methods: The pleurisy was induced by carrageenan (1%) in mice, and the parameters were analyzed 4 and 48 h after.

Results: After the induction of inflammation (4 h), methotrexate (20 mg/kg, i.p., 24 h before pleurisy induction) inhibited the leukocyte infiltration
(p < 0.05),
NO levels and MPO activity (p < 0.01), but not ADA activity and fluid leakage (p > 0.05). Regarding the second phase of pleurisy (48 h), methotrexate (40 mg/kg, i.p., 0.5 h before pleurisy induction) inhibited the leukocyte infiltration (p < 0.05), fluid leakage, NO levels (p < 0.01),
and ADA and MPO activity (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: These findings support the evidence that the acute administration of methotrexate has an important systemic anti‐inflammatory activity in the studied inflammatory model. This effect was due to a significant inhibition on both neutrophil and mononuclear cells, being less marked in relation to exudation 48 h after. In relation to the enzymes studied and to NO levels, the findings support the evidence that methotrexate inhibits both enzymes (MPO and ADA) from leukocytes at the site of injury, thus reflecting the activation of both neutrophils and lymphocytes, respectively. Furthermore, the inhibiting effect on NO in both phases of pleurisy induced by carrageenan (4 and 48 h) indicates that methotrexate acts on constitutive and/or inducible NO synthases by means of different cells of the pleural cavity.
Effect of soluble interleukin‐6 receptor α and interleukin‐6 secreted by polymorphonuclear leukocytes on tumor necrosis factor‐α expression and its production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Jablonska E.
Published: January 2003

Background: It has recently been shown that soluble interleukin‐6 receptor (sIL‐6R) alone or complexed with interleukin (IL)‐6, besides their regulatory role in a wide variety of both normal and abnormal biologic reactions mediated by IL‐6, could be an effective stimulator of the cell function.

Aims: The key question of the present study is whether the sIL‐6Rα or sIL‐6R with IL‐6 released by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) can influence cytokine secretion such as tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which together with PMN develop the inflammatory and immune response of a host.

Methods: Cells were isolated from heparinized whole blood of healthy persons. The PMN were cultured for 1 h at
37°C in 5% CO2. After incubation, the culture supernatant of PMN was removed and was added to PBMC. The PBMC were cultured for 1 h at 37°C in the same conditions. In the culture supernatants and lysates of PMN, we examined the concentrations of sIL‐6R by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). TNF‐α was measured at both protein and mRNA levels. Protein levels were determined by ELISA. To examine TNF‐α mRNA expression, we isolated mRNA from PBMC after culture, using TRIZOL Reagent. The quantity of mRNA TNF‐α was determined by the Quantikine mRNA assay.

Results and conclusion: The results obtained revealed that sIL‐6R with IL‐6 secreted by PMN may play a regulatory role in the immune response by modulating the TNF‐α expression and its production by PBMC. This may have a significant influence on an early phase of the inflammation and other reactions mediated by TNF‐α.
Expression of a splice variant of the platelet‐activating factor receptor transcript 2 in various human cancer cell lines
Authors: Youlyouz Ibtissam , Magnoux Emmanuelle , Guglielmi Laurence , Denizot Yves
Published: January 2003

Platelet‐activating factor receptor (PAF‐R) transcripts were analysed by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction in five human cancer cell lines derived from the breast (BT20, SKBR3 and T47D cells), the pancreas (Miapaca cells) and the bladder (5637 cells) in order to confirm the existence of a splice variant of the PAF‐R transcript 2. After cloning and sequencing, we confirmed its existence in all cell lines. It consisted of the PAF‐R transcript 2 lengthening with 82 nucleotides from the 3′ end of exon 1 of the PAF‐R gene. The role of this elongated form of the tissue‐type PAF‐R transcript in cell physiology remains to be elucidated.
A Guideline for the Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST)
Authors: Judson Ian , Leahy Michael , Whelan Jeremy , Lorigan Paul , Verrill Mark , Grimer Robert , Robinson Martin
Published: January 2003

Gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) is the commonest mesenchymal tumour to affect the gastrointestinal tract. Appropriate management requires accurate diagnosis and the skills of a multidisciplinary team. Surgery is the only curative treatment option and should be performed whenever feasible, by experienced personnel. For patients with advanced unresectable or metastatic disease, the receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib offers effective therapy and can provide effective palliation for the majority of patients with this disease. The background to this recent development and a guideline for the management of GIST is proposed.
Route ROI: the hard news highway
Authors: Hunt Robin
Published: January 2003

The ex‐editor of Guardian Unlimited, considers the current position of newspaper Web sites. Points to the success of the old trusted brands. Agrees they cost a lot but believes newspapers have little choice but to continue to invest in them, they are becoming a fixed cost. Considers the rise and challenge of weblogs, or blogs – link‐driven sites each with a mixture of links, commentary, and personal data, comments and essays and poems.
MPs: cyber‐men or cyber‐shy?
Authors: Halstead Gary
Published: January 2003

A study was conducted shortly after the 2001 general election to ascertain whether those elected to the House of Commons were keeping pace with their constituents by embracing the use of cyber‐technology. This was achieved by researching what percentage of MPs from the “Big three” parties had an e‐mail address and/or Web site, the degree of interactivity on politicians’ Web sites and the features offered on the sites. Interviews were also carried out to gauge the opinions held by MPs on cyber‐democracy and interactivity. The findings showed that the Liberal Democrat party has embraced the potential of the digital technology to an extent that shames the party of government and the official opposition. Labour and the Tories have a long distance to travel to catch up with the Lib Dems. They run the risk of becoming an irrelevance in an online world.
Corrosion of stainless steels in chlorine dioxide solution
Authors: Singh A.K. , Singh G.
Published: January 2003

Until recently, chlorine used to be an important chemical in bleaching process in paper industry, but as a result of environmental concerns, it is being replaced by chlorine dioxide. However, chlorine dioxide is more corrosive in certain conditions. Plant personnel, therefore need to better understand the reactions taking place in the changed media and search for more resistant materials. It is with this in mind that the present work was undertaken. The paper reports the electrochemical polarisation measurements performed on stainless steels 316L, 317L, 2205 and 254SMO in chlorine dioxide solutions to observe localised corrosion. The results have been analysed with reference to Pourbaix diagrams, taking into account the various chemical species present in the bleach solutions. Conclusions drawn from electrochemical tests have been compared with those from long‐term laboratory and plant tests. Materials options are proposed on the optimal choice of materials for bleach plants, in a context of probable corrosion performance, capital cost and mechanical strength.
Modelling of the effect of operational parameters and concentration of some corrosion inhibitors on the corrosion of carbon steel
Authors: Mosayebi Behrouz , Kazemeini Mohammad , Badakhshan Amir , Safekordi Aliakbar
Published: January 2003

Several corrosion inhibitors, such as, HEDP, sodium molybdate and zinc ions, were added to an aqueous corrosive media containing different concentrations chloride ions, and the corrosion rates (CRs) of carbon steel were measured at various temperatures. It was shown that, in the presence of more than 1,200 ppm of chloride ions, and temperatures greater than or equal to 42.5°C, the combination of HEDP, molybdate and zinc could not control the corrosion in a cooling water system. Then four different models were designed to represent the CR of carbon steel in presence of various corrosive parameters.
A database of vegetarian foods
Authors: Reid Rachel Louise , Hackett Allan
Published: January 2003

The recent food scares combined with the wide body of literature suggesting improved health status of vegetarians has apparently fuelled the growth in the number of vegetarians and semi/demi vegetarians. This expansion has been met by a considerable growth in the vegetarian convenience food market. A database of vegetarian convenience foods has been created which shows that there is a large and increasing number of vegetarian convenience foods available which show great within‐product ranges in terms of nutritional composition. The database indicates that vegetarian convenience foods are often high in fat and saturates and their consumption would not assist in meeting current dietary targets.
Determinants of organisational creativity: a literature review
Authors: Andriopoulos Constantine
Published: January 2003

In today’s competitive business environment, global competition forces companies to perpetually seek ways of improving their products/services. Organisations increasingly aspire to become more creative and capitalise on the benefits of creativity, and perceive the development of conditions that encourage creativity within their working environment as a long‐term process rather than a quick fix to their current problems. While the capability of an organisation to become more creative must start at the level of the individual, individual creativity in itself is not enough. A vital, often ignored component of creativity is the creativity that occurs at the organisational level. This paper reviews writings in an attempt to clearly identify the factors that influence organisational creativity and hence that need to be taken into consideration when managing creativity in organisational settings. The literature review summarises five key factors that affect organisational creativity, namely organisational climate, leadership style, organisational culture, resources and skills and the structure and systems of an organisation.
Demythifying flexibility
Authors: Sushil
Published: January 2003

Owing to the multidimensionality of the concept of flexibility, it is at times misunderstood and misinterpreted and many myths are created. This paper attempts to demythify the concept of flexibility in terms of what it is and what is it not.
Small firm internationalisation: an investigative survey and future research directions
Authors: Fillis Ian
Published: January 2003

Surveys the literature on internationalisation research and identifies a number of theoretical and practical inadequacies in terms of current theory’s ability in describing behaviour of the smaller firm. A range of internationalisation theories are discussed, from their historical provenance in economic trade theory to the more recent developments concerning the impact of technology and networking. It is concluded that the majority of frameworks fail to readily explain smaller firm internationalisation behaviour. A number of implications and recommendations are presented, including the promotion of the belief that the emerging marketing and entrepreneurship paradigm provides additional understanding of smaller firm internationalisation, where creativity and innovative behaviour can act as a competitive advantage over firms with larger resources at their disposal. This then acts as a catalyst for internationalisation development.
Enterprise and accountability: striking a balance
Authors: Spira Laura F.
Published: January 2003

Explores the relationship between enterprise and accountability within the context of the UK corporate governance debate over the last decade. The development of the corporation, through the concept of limited liability and the consequent separation of ownership and control, enabled entrepreneurial activity to flourish within a framework of corporate accountability defined by company law and accounting and audit practice. Financial scandals during the 1980s highlighted the apparent inadequacies of this framework to meet the demands of the current business environment, leading to a series of policy recommendations relating to corporate governance. These recommendations were initially based on a central concern with accountability and control but it has been argued that this focus potentially inhibits enterprise: more recent pronouncements have emphasised broad principles rather than detailed prescription in an attempt to correct this balance. This shift in emphasis is traced and it is suggested there is sparse evidence to support the contention that accountability hinders enterprise.
Hans and Charles Renold: entrepreneurs in the introduction of scientific management techniques in Britain
Authors: Boyns Trevor
Published: January 2003

Using the case study of Hans Renold Ltd, examines a particular form of entrepreneurial activity, namely the introduction of new management techniques. This company was chosen for study because it has long been accepted as having been the first company in Britain to introduce scientific management along Taylorist lines. The paper specifically examines the roles of Hans Renold and his son, Charles, in the adoption of the new management techniques. Utilising the detailed archives of the company, we find evidence to suggest that both were important, though in different ways, and in doing so we throw light on the development of management practice within an important pioneering company, on the specific problems faced, and how they were overcome.
Developing personal responsibility and leadership traits in all your employees: part 2 – optimally shaping and harmonizing focus, will and capability
Authors: Smith Peter A.C. , Sharma Meenakshi
Published: January 2003

Proposes that to optimize enterprise performance and longevity organizations must develop and sustain appropriate traits of personal responsibility and leadership in all employees. Contends that this is feasible and describes how it can be accomplished. Part 1 of this paper dealt with shaping and harmonizing the high‐performance drivers and appeared in Management Decision, Vol. 40 No. 8. Part 2 now deals with optimally shaping and harmonizing focus, will and capability.
The Godfather theory of management: an exercise in power and control
Authors: Scarnati James T.
Published: January 2003

The Godfather theory of management is a power and control model of leadership. Explains a process whereby leaders can move a dysfunctional and subversive organization into the realm of a quality organization. Although the theme of the article is based on the Godfather series of motion pictures, the reality of the management style focuses on principles of organizational behaviour. The author continually stresses that Godfather Management is transitional management and cannot sustain itself over an extended period of time. Provides a model to assist leaders in the retention, the selection, and the elimination of individuals within either the organizational structure or the leadership team. Discusses a systematic method for new leaders to initially assess the organizational culture and to make the changes necessary for long‐term success.
Strategic risk analysis – a field version
Authors: Emblemsvåg Jan , Endre Kjølstad Lars
Published: January 2003

Most people agree that preparing for the future is necessary to excel, but doing it effectively is difficult. All risk analyses offer some foresight, but tools based on classic probabilistic calculus open for deception through apparent accuracy in some situations because ambiguity and fuzziness is largely ignored. We believe this is particularly a problem in strategic settings as it may lead to less informed decision making. We also believe that strategic risk analysis can hardly be performed well without matching risk management actions to the organization’s characteristics. We therefore present a new approach towards strategic risk analysis that remedies the two aforementioned problems. The purpose is to analyze strategic risks in a meaningful and practical way, yet capable of handling the broader scope of strategic risk. The approach is illustrated by a case.
The control of pensions: a brief history and possibilities for the future
Authors: Hannah Richard L.
Published: January 2003

Institutional history is important in the context of understanding the control of pension systems. This history has both theoretical and practical value for developing policy choices at the micro and macro levels. The central theme is that we can raise the quality of thought about options for the future if we better understand the past. The paper synthesizes previous work, and draws upon archive research and unpublished case studies by the author.
Human resource accounting: a historical perspective and future implications
Authors: Flamholtz Eric G. , Bullen Maria L. , Hua Wei
Published: January 2003

The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview and history of human resource accounting (HRA) with the objective of promoting both continued academic research and organizational applications. The history of HRA illustrates how academic research can generate improvement in management systems. The paper defines HRA and suggests implications of measuring human capital for financial reporting and managerial uses. Recent Swedish‐based HRA applications with respect to measuring human assets and intellectual capital, including the Skandia Navigator, illustrate how intellectual history and developments in business schools can influence business history.
The role of economics and industrial relations in the development of the field of personnel/human resource management
Authors: Kaufman Bruce E.
Published: January 2003

This paper surveys the contribution of economics and industrial relations (E/IR) to the development of the field of personnel/human resource management (P/HRM). A brief review of existing accounts of the evolution of the field reveals that they give little mention to the role of E/IR. A re‐examination of the early years of P/HRM suggests, however, that this is a serious omission. It is demonstrated, for example, that E/IR was in fact the principal disciplinary base for research and teaching in P/HRM in US universities into the 1940s and that for the first two decades of the field’s existence the most influential and authoritative academic‐based writers came from the ranks of economists and economics‐trained IR scholars. After describing the reasons for this close relationship, The centrifugal forces that caused a gradual split between E/IR and P/HRM are described. This split had roots in the 1920s, became increasingly visible in the 1950s and beyond, and by the late 1980s had reached a point where the two subject areas had little intellectual or organizational interaction. The paper ends with a brief review of recent developments that herald a modest rapprochement between E/IR and P/HRM.
Chester Barnard’s “executive” and the knowledge‐based firm
Authors: Gehani R. Ray
Published: January 2003

Chester Barnard’s 1938 bookThe Functions of the Executiveis re‐examined in the context of the emerging knowledge‐based dynamic theory of the firm. The key constructs and the underlying principles for Barnard’s functions of the “executive” and organization as a cooperative open‐system are reassessed for the evolving knowledge‐driven firm competing in the twenty‐first century global economy. Surprisingly, after more than six decades, Barnard’s cooperative “executive,” well‐versed in the logical‐rational and the non‐logical‐intuitive decision‐making processes, still seems quite competent to effectively lead the knowledge‐driven e‐business enterprise evolving in the twenty‐first century. The Barnardian “executive,” however, must evolve by acquiring and integrating the newly available knowledge‐related technologies and other adaptive competencies to help develop new drivers of global competitiveness.
Managing a riot: Chester Barnard and social unrest
Authors: Hoopes James
Published: January 2003

This paper examines a key event in the life of Chester Barnard, a “riot of the unemployed” in Trenton, New Jersey in 1935 when Barnard was director of the state Emergency Relief Administration. In a later influential lecture at Harvard, Barnard used the incident to support the ideas of the Harvard human relations group that recognition and dignity were more powerful motivators than money and fear. Contemporary newspaper accounts show that the rioters were motivated more strongly by monetary concerns than Barnard admitted. Barnard was misled by the ideology of the Harvard human relations group to underestimate the importance of power and money, an underestimation that may still be important today, given his continuing influence. That a man of Barnard’s integrity was misled by his ideology is grounds for us in our time to maintain some humility as to the extent of our managerial knowledge.
Supplementing the normal hospital diet with fortified and unfortified snacks
Authors: Fabian Michelle
Published: January 2003

This paper sets out to describe a patient feeding intervention designed by a trust dietitian and a contract catering dietitian. Recent findings have indicated that many hospital patients are admitted to hospital in a malnourished state and that a greater percentage are discharged in a malnourished state. Clearly there is inadequate consumption of energy and protein by many hospital patients. The reasons are numerous but the outcome is disheartening. Something must be done to improve the consumption of food in hospitals. During the trial several simple incidents arose which challenged our intervention. This paper provides a simple method of increasing energy and protein intake and practical information regarding the challenges of this trial.
The impact of sensory factors on beef purchase and consumption
Authors: McIlveen Heather , Buchanan Julie
Published: January 2003

This preliminary study investigated the factors which influence consumer choice of beef. A questionnaire and sensory evaluation considered the level of importance which consumers attached to the sensory (intrinsic) properties of beef, as compared to extrinsic factors. It was found that consumers use sensory properties to predict safety, freshness and overall eating quality but they can also misinterpret the quality cues. Expectations play a prominent role in evaluating beef quality and sensory evaluation revealed that when consumers were made aware of the beef cut, fat content and place of purchase, they altered their overall assessment of quality to conform with their expectations. It was concluded that consumers utilise a combination of sensory properties and other extrinsic factors to predict and assess beef quality. The particular combination used, however, appears to vary considerably from one consumer to another and with the particular use occasion.