bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of long‐range order to predict unfolding rates of two‐state proteins
Authors: Harihar B. , Selvaraj S.
Published: November 2010

Predicting the experimental unfolding rates of two‐state proteins and models describing the unfolding rates of these proteins is quite limited because of the complexity present in the unfolding mechanism and the lack of experimental unfolding data compared with folding data. In this work, 25 two‐state proteins characterized by Maxwell et al. (Protein Sci 2005;14:602–616) using a consensus set of experimental conditions were taken, and the parameter long‐range order (LRO) derived from their three‐dimensional structures were related with their experimental unfolding rates ln(ku). From the total data set of 30 proteins used by Maxwell et al. (Protein Sci 2005;14:602–616), five slow‐unfolding proteins with very low unfolding rates were considered to be outliers and were not included in our data set. Except all‐beta structural class, LRO of both the all‐alpha and mixed‐class proteins showed a strong inverse correlation of r = −0.99 and −0.88, respectively, with experimental ln(ku). LRO shows a correlation of −0.62 with experimental ln(ku) for all‐beta proteins. For predicting the unfolding rates, a simple statistical method has been used and linear regression equations were developed for individual structural classes of proteins using LRO, and the results obtained showed a better agreement with experimental results. Proteins 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An ab initio‐based approach to the adsorption behavior of In on InAs wetting layer grown on GaAs(001) substrate
Authors: Ogasawara Kosuke , Akiyama Toru , Nakamura Kohji , Ito Tomonori
Published: November 2010

The reconstructions and adsorption‐desorption behavior of In adatom on InAs wetting layer grown on GaAs(001) substrate are investigated on the basis of first‐principles pseudopotential calculations. The surface phase diagrams, which are obtained by comparing the adsorption energy with gas‐phase chemical potential, demonstrate that the entity of InAs/GaAs interface crucially affects the relative stability between α2(2×4) and β2(2×4) structures which appear under growth conditions. Exploring the adsorption sites for an In adatom on β2(2×4) also reveals that a large number of adsorption sites on InAs wetting layer emerge due to the InAs/GaAs interface as well as the lattice constraint from GaAs substrate. Furthermore, the calculated energy barrier for the migration of In adatom on InAs wetting layer (0.4 eV) is found to be much lower than that on InAs(001) surface (0.8 eV). These results obtained imply that both the lattice constraint and the InAs/GaAs interface are crucial to understand the growth processes of InAs on the wetting layer. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical gain of multi‐stacked InAs quantum dots grown on InP(311)B substrate by strain‐compensation technique
Authors: Takata Ayami , Akahane Kouichi , Yamamoto Naokatsu , Okada Yoshitaka
Published: November 2010

We used a strain‐compensation technique to fabricate multi‐stacked InAs quantum dot (QD) structures on InP(311)B substrates. We stacked 60 layers of InAs QDs without degrading the crystal quality and achieved a structure with a total QD density of 4.9 × 1012 cm‐2. Then dependence of optical gain on the number of QD layers stacked was investigated, using variable stripe‐length (VSL) method. The optical gain increased with increase in the number of QD layers. We obtained an optical gain of 49.7 cm‐1 when 60 QD layers were stacked. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AlN based microgenerators for powering implantable sensor devices
Authors: Bludau O. , Röhlig C.‐C. , Knöbber F. , Kirste L. , Sah R. E. , Driad R. , Pletschen W. , Lebedev V. , Cimalla V.
Published: November 2010

In this work we report on microstructures made of AlN for the use as piezoelectric microgenerators in energy harvesting applications. Experimental results on the mechanical and piezoelectrical properties of sputtered AlN thin films deposited on Si(001) substrates as well as results on vibrometry of fabricated microcantilevers are presented. It is shown that due to the constant d33 piezo coefficients of > 5 pm/V, AlN films are well suited for the integration in cantilever structures for powering of low‐consumption sensor networks (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Proximate composition of milk from free‐ranging mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei)
Authors: Whittier Christopher A. , Milligan Lauren A. , Nutter Felicia B. , Cranfield Michael R. , Power Michael L.
Published: November 2010

Published data on milk composition for nonhuman primates, especially great apes, are lacking. Milk composition data are important for understanding the physiology and evolution of mammalian milk production, as well as the nutritional requirements of infants. For many primate species these data have added relevance because of the need to hand raise infants orphaned by poaching or separated from their mothers in captivity. The proximate composition (dry matter (DM), protein, fat, sugar) of free‐ranging mountain gorilla (MG) (Gorilla beringei beringei) milk was characterized from samples (N = 10) collected opportunistically during field procedures. The mean values for mid‐lactation (1–50 months) milk samples from healthy MGs (N = 7) were: 10.7% DM, 1.9% fat, 1.4% crude protein, 6.8% sugar, and 0.53 kcal/g. These results are lower in fat and total energy than most other Hominidae, including humans. One early‐lactation sample was high in protein content while the composition of two samples from gorillas with poor health and suspected poor milk quality both deviated from the normal, mid‐lactation pattern. This survey adds to the data available for primate milk composition and suggests that wild MG infants normally consume milk that is lower in fat and total energy than human milk. Zoo Biol 30:308–317, 2011.  © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Article Commentary: Cancún Must Take us towards a Global Climate Deal
Authors: Hedegaard Connie
Published: November 2010

The Cancún climate conference must lead to significant steps in international negotiations towards an ambitious and legally binding global climate agreement. In Copenhagen last year, the political will to compromise was not strong enough to reach a deal. Since not a lot of good news has come out of key capitals, expectations for Cancún need to be realistic. The European Union (EU) wants a balanced package of agreements that captures the progress made so far and lays the basis for a global deal as soon as possible.
Intellectual Property for Mystics? Considerations on Protecting Traditional Wisdom Systems
Authors: Trottier Rosanne
Published: November 2010

Efforts to protect, if not revitalize, intangible cultural heritage in its traditional communities, cannot succeed without due attention to issues of ownership—cultural, environmental, intellectual, economic … “intellectual property” categories in a wisdom system such as that of the Baul of Bengal show that Traditional Knowledge, Customary Law and Traditional Cultural Expressions are inseparable “property,” and that “ownership” should be understood on traditional terms. Within such an integrated continuum, knowledge itself is not limited to it modern meaning.

Is it possible to bring about a true and equitable dialogue between radically antagonistic intellectual property universes—the modern one driven by profit, and traditional ones rooted in complex systems of multiple values?

The death of a wise old one is the loss of a whole library

—L. S. Senghor
Stranger in a Not-So-Strange Land: Teaching and Living the Gilded Age and Progressive Era in Turkey
Authors: Johnson Russell L.
Published: November 2010

Images of Turkey in the United States during the Gilded Age were generally not flattering. For the most part, Turks appeared in Gilded Age serious journals and popular press as “blood-thirsty,” “savages,” and “the most brutal outcasts of the human race,” who were merely “camping in Europe” – albeit for five hundred years – but not a part of it. A “pitiable imbecility” was said to characterize the Ottoman Empire, with the Turks having shown an “utter incapacity for just, enlightened, progressive government.” Looking at Turkey in 1877, an American army officer concluded that in order “to reform Turkey” it would be necessary first “to abolish the Turks.” At the 1893 Chicago World's Columbian Exposition, according to historians Gail Bederman and Robert Rydell, the location of the Turkish village on the Midway clearly placed Turkey among the “barbarous” nations of the world; at the Turkish village, as Bederman puts it, “unmanly, dark-skinned men cajoled customers to shed their manly restraint and savor their countrywomen's sensuous dancing.” Even Mark Twain quipped that “I wish Europe would let Russia annihilate Turkey a little – not much, but enough to make it difficult to find the place again without a divining-rod or a diving-bell.”
Gender and Theatrical Realism: The Problem of Clyde Fitch
Authors: Sehat David
Published: November 2010

Clyde Fitch was the most famous playwright of the early twentieth century, but today no one studies him. The disconnect between his fame in his lifetime and his obscurity after death points to a major historiographical problem, a problem that began in Fitch's own day. Fitch's numerous contemporary critics, many of whom were early proponents of theatrical realism, criticized his plays as effeminate, bound by the narrow conventions of the legitimate theater that relied on women as its predominant patrons. By contrast, realism, as the critics under-stood it, was masculine, bringing the gritty reality of what contemporary commentators regarded as the real world to the stage. Criticizing Fitch's feminine dramatic sensibilities became a way of prodding him toward a strained realism in his own plays. Fitch's story illustrates the close connection of realism to the gendered hierarchy that became an unconscious element in the determination of literary value. In dismissing Fitch as worthy of scholarly attention, current theatrical historians have followed Fitch's contemporary critics. Even as they have eviscerated the gendered standards of the early twentieth century, present-day scholars have retained the critical judgments and the generic categories that the gendered standards produced.
Citizenship and Military Service in Italian-American Relations, 1901-1918
Authors: Gürsel Bahar
Published: November 2010

Conflicts over citizenship and military service became a central issue in Italian-American relations in the early twentieth century. The United States and Italy founded their concepts of citizenship on two different bases,jus soliandjus sanguinis. As a consequence of this difference and the swelling number of Italian immigrants naturalized in America, the two governments' policies about naturalization and military service collided until 1918. The Italian government's policy put Italian Americans' loyalty to the United States in jeopardy, especially for men who wished to return to Italy for business or educational purposes. Thus, the study of Italian Americans' experiences in the context of the policies of both countries illustrates a key aspect of the relationship between the United States and Italy, both in terms of social experience and public policy.
World Conquerors or a Dying People? Racial Theory, Regional Anxiety, and the Brahmin Anglo-Saxonists
Authors: Adams Bluford
Published: November 2010

This essay focuses on an influential group of New England patrician intellectuals, including Henry Cabot Lodge, James K. Hosmer, and John Fiske. It argues that the New England backgrounds of these men informed their thinking about race, distinguishing them from their Anglo-Saxonist colleagues from other regions. Specifically, the Anglo-Saxonist triumphalism of the Brahmins was undercut by their anxieties about the fate of their race in New England, where they faced a number of daunting challenges. The result was the unique mixture of power and impotence, arrogance and despair, expansionism and defensiveness that distinguishes the Brahmins from other Anglo-Saxonists. The internal contradictions of the Brahmins are particularly evident in their commentary on immigration, an area where, because of their prestige and political influence, they wielded an outsize influence over federal policy.
They Vote Only for the Spoils: Massachusetts Reformers, Suffrage Restriction, and the 1884 Civil Service Law
Authors: Miller Edward H.
Published: November 2010

This essay examines why Richard Henry Dana III and other Boston reformers supported the Massachusetts civil service law of 1884, an even stronger measure than the federal Pendleton Act of 1883. Historians have uncovered two purposes behind civil service reform. First, reform limited the “spoils system” and curtailed the power of political parties. Second, reform increased efficiency in government. This essay argues that restricting the suffrage of Irish laborers was another purpose. Therefore, the essay runs counter to prevailing historical opinion by demonstrating that support for suffrage restriction remained an undercurrent in the 1880s, even after the failure of the Tilden Commission to implement property qualifications in New York City in the late 1870s. This exploration of a neglected topic also reminds urban historians of the deep ethnic conflict that gripped Boston in the 1880s and of the crucial role of patronage and bossism in Boston and other cities, a reality that historians since the 1980s have tended to downplay.
The Age of Reform: A Defense of Richard Hofstadter Fifty Years On
Authors: Johnston Robert D.
Published: November 2010

When we attend academic history conferences, it has become common to hold sessions honoring important books of the moment. This makes considerable sense, as authors get to engage with thoughtful critics in a process that, we hope, advances the discipline.

What, then, might be the point of holding a session in honor of a book published long ago—indeed, one as ancient as fifty years old? The minimalist reason might be that we are historians, and so we naturally look to the past for interest and inspiration. That would make sense, except that historians, ironically more than scholars in related disciplines, tend to cannibalize their predecessors. Sociologists, of course, still actively engage Weber, Durkheim and Marx, and even—looking to the American midcentury— Richard Hofstadter's Columbia University colleagues, C. Wright Mills and Robert Merton.
Joseph E. Davies: The Wisconsin Idea and the Origins of the Federal Trade Commission
Authors: MacLean Elizabeth Kimball
Published: November 2010

In response to an enormous growth of trusts in the late nineteenth century, demands for reform among a wide spectrum of interest groups culminated in the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1915. Playing an influential, though little-recognized role in framing this legislation was Wisconsin progressive Democrat Joseph E. Davies. As Commissioner of Corporations, Davies served in a unique, dual capacity as both politician and regulator, giving him access to President Woodrow Wilson and influence on the antitrust legislation. Davies used his position to promote a vision of administrative regulation based on the nationally recognized “Wisconsin Idea.” In so doing, he intensified conflicts among Wilson's policy advisers that, in turn, had a critical impact on the antitrust legislation and on the potential effectiveness of the first commission. In the long run, however, Davies' approach to regulatory policy, based on the Wisconsin Idea, would become standard operating procedure for successful regulatory commissions of the twentieth century.
“Some of Us Who Deal with the Social Fabric”: Jane Addams Blends Peace and Social Justice, 1907–1919
Authors: Sklar Kathryn Kish
Published: November 2010

Have you ever wondered about the origin of the phrase: “If you want peace, work for justice?” I recently saw it on a bumper sticker that attributed the slogan to Pope Paul VI, and if you go to the Vatican sites for his annual peace messages between 1967 and 1969, you will find the general sentiment there. But the origin of the idea that peace requires social justice – not just the absence of warfare – is much older. In the twentieth century United States this idea originated in Jane Addams' book,Newer Ideals of Peace, published in 1907.
Peter Speek and Migratory Labor: An Estonian Revolutionary Finds the Real America
Authors: Woirol Greg
Published: November 2010

Peter Alexander Speek arrived in the United States in the fall of 1908 at the age of 35, “having in my pocket only 4c and knowing hardly more English words.” A leader of revolutionary activities against Russian rule in his native Estonia, Speek came to the U.S. a committed socialist intent on developing worker awareness and leading the class struggle. After two years in New York, Speek traveled to the West Coast, entered the graduate program i n economics at the University of Wisconsin, and worked two years as an investigator for the United States Commission on Industrial Relations (CIR). During his time with the CIR, Speek traveled widely across the United States, “visiting labor camps, cheap city lodging houses, gatherings of hoboes and tramps in so-called ‘jungles’, interviewing employers and various public agencies.” Speek wrote dozens of reports during these investigations that served as the foundation for official CIR policy recommendations and for a series of popular press articles on current migratory conditions. In doing this work, Speek became a recognized authority on migratory labor issues. Reference to Speek's reports can be found in studies of early-twentieth-century migratory labor conditions, but a specific evaluation of Speek and of his contributions has not been written. Speek's work for the CIR is of interest because of its subject matter and its comprehensive coverage. Speek's work is also of interest because it was during this period that Speek rejected his revolutionary socialism and became a structural reformer, accepting the basic U.S. economic and political system and working to improve the details of its institutions.
Silenced Sisters: Dewey's Disciples in a Conservative New South, 1900-1940
Authors: Allen Louise Anderson
Published: November 2010

This story of Dewey's disciples in the New South presents two major themes rarely seen in current literature about the South or about the Progressive Era: the influence of educational philosopher John Dewey in the region and the struggles of his disciples—the southern women educators who were major influential forces in reshaping the area's educational systems. These themes come together to produce an unusual and instructive story about these female leaders of southern educational reform during the Progressive Era. In an attempt to correct what educational historian Clarence Karier calls an “inexcusable omission,” this paper showcases two women who were not silenced during their leadership tenure but have since become so, by time and by the masculine interpretation of educational history.
Thoughts on Periodizing the Gilded Age: Capital Accumulation, Society, and Politics, 1873-1898
Authors: Schneirov Richard
Published: November 2010

There was once a time in the not too recent past when scholarly discussion and debate over periodization was central to the task of writing and thinking about the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. Scholars such as Richard Hofstadter, Robert Wiebe, and Samuel P. Hays applied versions of modernization theory to the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries to produce what came to be known as the “organizational synthesis.” A competing periodization centered on the rise of the large business corporation appeared in works by Martin Sklar, James Weinstein, and James Livingston. Since the 1970s, however, the new social and cultural history has introduced a multitude of new fields and perspectives. By the 1980s, the perceived fragmentation of history had generated an appeal for “synthesis.” In 1986 Thomas Bender called for new and intelligible narrative plots that would transcend “recent scholarship with its intensive specialization, fragmentation, and preoccupation with groups.” Yet, since then, occasional attempts to synthesize have been stillborn, and for the Gilded Age as well as for the Progressive Era the search for synthesis seems to have reached a cul-de-sac with no exit in sight.
“Big Jim” Parker and the Assassination of William McKinley: Patriotism, Nativism, Anarchism, and the Struggle for African American Citizenship
Authors: Kachun Mitch
Published: November 2010

On September 6, 1901, at the Buffalo Pan-American Exposition, Leon Czolgosz, the son of immigrants and an avowed anarchist, shot President William McKinley. As McKinley clung to life for several days before succumbing, praise was heaped upon James B. “Big Jim” Parker, an African American Exposition employee who was credited with saving McKinley's life by subduing and disarming Czolgosz. By the time of Czolgosz's execution, government officials and the mainstream press were characterizing Parker as a glory-seeker who had played no role in capturing Czolgosz. African American spokespersons vigorously defended Parker, contrasting the brave, patriotic black hero with the treacherous foreign radical whose murderous act struck symbolically at the heart of the nation. These black commentators constructed a framework for understanding the assassination as a cultural critique of an American society that was paying the price for its acquiescence to extralegal violence against blacks. At the same time, black spokespersons used the assassination to create a narrative in support of African Americans’ claims to American citizenship and national belonging.
Bridging Borders, Brokering Divides: Confronting the Limits of Cultural Assimilation
Authors: Getz Lynne M. , Raftery Judith R. , Tamura Eileen H.
Published: November 2010

The three essays in this forum examine the ways in which individuals have sought to reconcile sociocultural differences between those at the fringes of American society and those at the center. Two concepts embody this effort. One is the bridge concept—the idea that those with dual identities would serve as links between the two sociocultural worlds. The other concept, that of the cultural broker, refers to someone who actively seeks to mediate the differences between the two groups. The essays in this cluster use the two concepts to analyze the ways in which individuals in three disparate places—the American West (California), a U.S. colony across the Pacific (the Philippines), and the American Southwest (New Mexico)—served as bridges and brokers in their efforts to negotiate the imbalance of power between dominant and subordinate groups.
Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging of Living Cells
Authors: Berquand Alexandre , Roduit Charles , Kasas Sandor , Holloschi Andreas , Ponce Leslie , Hafner Mathias
Published: November 2010

Over the last two decades, Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) has emerged as the tool of choice to image living organisms in a near-physiological environment. Whereas fluorescence microscopy techniques allow labeling and tracking of components inside cells and the observation of dynamic processes, AFM is mainly a surface technique that can be operated on a wide range of substrates including biological samples. AFM enables extraction of topographical, mechanical and chemical information from these samples.
Atomic Force Microscopy of Biomaterials, Mica, and the Origins of Life
Authors: Hansma Helen Greenwood , Oroudjev Emin
Published: November 2010

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) began as an art as well as a science, and in many ways it continues to be an art and a science. Despite the existence of new, better, faster, bigger (or smaller!) atomic force microscopes (AFMs), some of the of the fundamental challenges remain—probe tips, sample dirt, and moving beyond leading-edge results obtained with one biological system to obtain leading-edge results with a related system.
Dude, You Are Speaking Romulan
Authors: Reddy Christopher M.
Published: November 2010

During the height of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill disaster, I joined a group of engineers and other scientists to discuss the evidence for an oil plume, at least 22 miles long and about a mile wide, floating 3000 feet beneath the surface of the Gulf of Mexico.

As the chemist in the group, I wondered aloud about how we could exploit the aqueous solubilities of the petroleum hydrocarbons, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes to understand plume formation. I suspected the key to knowledge lay in the plume's chemical properties.
Comment on “AGU Statement: Investigation of Scientists and Officials in L'Aquila, Italy, Is Unfounded”
Authors: Wasserburg G. J.
Published: November 2010

In regard to the recent statement by AGU defending our Italian colleagues' statement on earthquake predictions (Eos, 91(28), 248, 13 July 2010), it is my view that there is something more positive that AGU might do than just defend our colleagues. The fundamental problem is that we cannot, with any reasonable certainty, predict earthquakes. This problem applies to many other areas as well. It follows that any statements scientists make should be moderated by that simple fact.
AGU Members Visit Capitol Hill to Promote Earth and Space Sciences
Authors: Chell kaitlin
Published: November 2010

Climate change, earthquake preparedness, rare earth elements, hydraulic fracking, and America's global competitiveness in science are among the science topics in policy headlines today. For legislators to create good policy on these and other topics related to the Earth and space sciences, they need access to good science, which is why AGU encourages its members to participate in Congressional Visits Days.

On 21–22 September, 55 Earth and space scientists from 24 states brought their expertise to the U.S. Congress, in Washington, D.C., for the third annual Geosciences Congressional Visits Day (Geo‐CVD). AGU partnered with four other geosciences societies to bring a large scientific presence to Capitol Hill.
Obama Boosts Science Education During White House Student Fair
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2010

With the East Room of the White House flush with Nobel laureates and government officials, including freshly sworn‐in U.S. National Science Foundation director Subra Suresh, President Barack Obama honored dozens of students who participated in a White House science fair on 18 October. The fair—many of whose participants have won other science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) competitions—is part of a series of events that culminated 23–24 October in the USA Science and Engineering Festival on the National Mall in Washington, D.C., and at 50 satellite events around the country.

“We welcome championship sports teams to the White House to celebrate their victories,” Obama said, noting that the Los Angeles Lakers basketball team, New Orleans Saints football team, and others have been to the White House. “I thought we ought to do the same thing for the winners of science fair and robotic contests and math competitions, because often we don't give these victories the attention that they deserve. When you win first place at a science fair, nobody is rushing the field or dumping Gatorade over your head [in celebration].”
Environmental Protection Agency releases strategic plan
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: November 2010

Five grand strategic goals are the centerpiece of a strategic plan released on 30 September by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The plan for fiscal years 2011–2015 outlines goals including taking action on climate change and improving air quality, protecting America's waters, cleaning up communities and advancing sustainable development, ensuring the safety of chemicals and preventing pollution, and enforcing environmental laws.

“We will continue to affirm the core values of science, transparency, and the rule of law in addressing these priorities. These are the most urgent issues we must confront through 2015,” EPA administrator Lisa Jackson wrote in the plan. For more information, visit http://www.epa.gov/ocfo/plan/ 2015/ FY2011_2015_EPA_Strategic_Plan.pdf.
Improved Understanding of the Earth System and Its Implications: Earth System Science 2010: Global Change, Climate and People: Edinburgh, United Kingdom, 10–13 May 2010
Authors: Cornell Sarah , Downy Catherine
Published: November 2010

More than 200 people avoided the persistent ash cloud from Eyjafjallajökull volcano and met in the United Kingdom for Earth System Science 2010 (see http://earthsystemscience2010.org for more on the proceedings). This was the first Open Science Conference of the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme's Analysis, Integration and Modeling of the Earth System (AIMES) project. It was convened by Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST), a U.K. Natural Environment Research Council—funded research program with close strategic links with the international activities of AIMES. This connection meant that QUEST's established Anglophone and European research community was greatly expanded, with conference contributors from Brazil, Japan, India, and China.
New AGU Mass Media Fellow Initiated College Science Communication Course
Authors: Weiss Peter
Published: November 2010

Marissa Weiss, this year's AGU Mass Media Fellow, feels so strongly about communicating science that she and a fellow graduate student started a course on the subject. Three years ago, she and the other student in the biogeochemistry and environmental biocomplexity program at Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., developed—with the aid of mentors—a semester‐long science communication class.

The course has since become a regular offering at Cornell, where Weiss defended her dissertation in ecology this past August. A soil ecologist, Weiss showed in her thesis research that nitrogen pollution can cause slowing of soil decomposition because of a declining abundance of microbes that break the soil down.
THEMIS observations of a secondary magnetic island within the Hall electromagnetic field region at the magnetopause
Authors: Teh W.‐L. , Eriksson S. , Sonnerup B. U. Ö. , Ergun R. , Angelopoulos V. , Glassmeier K.‐H. , McFadden J. P. , Bonnell J. W.
Published: November 2010

We present THEMIS observations of a small‐scale secondary magnetic island within the Hall electromagnetic field region at the dayside magnetopause. The reconnecting magnetic fields are nearly symmetric and anti‐parallel, whereas the ion plasma density is ∼8 times higher in the magnetosheath than in the magnetosphere. In the event, the Hall magnetic and electric fields are asymmetric and stronger on the magnetospheric side of the magnetopause. The small‐scale magnetic island was immersed in the out‐of‐plane Hall magnetic field on the magnetosheath side. We derive a map of the cross section of the magnetic island by use of magnetohydrostatic Grad‐Shafranov reconstruction under the force‐free assumption. The reconstruction shows a right‐handed magnetic island with a length of ∼200 km and a width of ∼100 km.
Sensitivity of cloud droplet formation to the numerical treatment of the particle mixing state
Authors: Anttila Tatu
Published: November 2010

The importance of the particle mixing state and hygroscopicity to cloud droplet activation was investigated using an adiabatic cloud parcel model. The particle mixing state was described in terms of the hygroscopic growth properties. Various aerosol types were considered, and the input parameters describing the particle size distribution and water uptake properties were taken from the field measurement data reported in the literature. A series of sensitivity studies were conducted where the treatment of the particle mixing state was simplified as compared to the reference model configuration that resolved particle populations both as a function of the size and hygroscopicity. The results show that describing the hygroscopicity and mixing state of an aerosol population by a single parameter induced differences of up to 12% compared to the reference case in the cloud droplet concentrations (CDNCs) in marine and continental background areas. In urban and rural environments where particles display a high degree of external mixing, the relative differences in CDNC were up to 35% if the particles were assumed to be internally mixed. It was also found that a computationally efficient and relatively accurate approach is to treat less and more hygroscopic particles separately using mean properties of each population. In this case, the relative differences in CDNC were generally below 20%. The model calculations also suggest that the mixing state of a particle distribution is reflected in the size‐resolved activation efficiency (fraction of particles activated into cloud droplets versus particle dry diameter).
Secondary formation of water‐soluble organic acids and α‐dicarbonyls and their contributions to total carbon and water‐soluble organic carbon: Photochemical aging of organic aerosols in the Arctic spring
Authors: Kawamura Kimitaka , Kasukabe Hideki , Barrie Leonard A.
Published: November 2010

Water‐soluble dicarboxylic acids (C2‐C12), ketocarboxylic acids (C2‐C6, C9), and α‐dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) were determined in the Arctic aerosols collected in winter to early summer, as well as aerosol total carbon (TC) and water‐soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Concentrations of TC and WSOC gradually decreased from late February to early June with a peak in spring, indicating a photochemical formation of water‐soluble organic aerosols at a polar sunrise. We found that total (C2‐C11) diacids (7–84 ng m−3) increased at polar sunrise by a factor of 4 and then decreased toward summer. Their contributions to TC (average 4.0%) peaked in early April and mid‐May. The contribution of total diacids to WSOC was on average 7.1%. It gradually increased from February (5%) to a maximum in April (12.7%) with a second peak in mid‐May (10.4%). Although oxalic acid (C2) is the dominant diacid until April, its predominance was replaced by succinic acid (C4) after polar sunrise. This may indicate that photochemical production of C2 was overwhelmed by its degradation when solar radiation was intensified and the atmospheric transport of its precursors from midlatitudes to the Arctic was ended in May. Interestingly, the contributions of azelaic (C9) and ω‐oxobutanoic acids to WSOC increased in early summer possibly due to an enhanced emission of biogenic unsaturated fatty acids from the ocean followed by photochemical oxidation in the atmosphere. An enhanced contribution of diacids to TC and WSOC at polar sunrise may significantly alter the hygroscopic properties of organic aerosols in the Arctic.
Connecting Carbon Capture with Oceanic Biomass Production
Authors: Wang Chen
Published: November 2010

The climate change believed by anthropogenic emission is not isolated but tightly coupled with other issues including biodiversity loss and ocean acidification etc., and in order to prevent the potential serious impacts, both political and technological methods are being tried for greenhouse mitigation. Dimming the income sunlight by some “geoengineering” approaches currently seem ruinously expensive and technically difficult, and would not prevent the increase of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in atmosphere and ocean acidification, so capturing carbon to reduce the environmental concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) and promoting renewable energy development for the reduction of using fossil fuels are very necessary. Biofuels derived from natural and agricultural biomass could be deployed for power production and existing transportation needs. The current economics are more favorable for conversion of edible biomass into biofuels, which could spend plenty of freshwater and farmlands, compete with food supply, and create a “carbon debt” with local ecosystem destruction by deforestation to expand biofuel-crop production. So it is vital to develop processes for converting non-edible feedstock such as lignocellulose and microalgae into biofuels.Compared with lignocellulose, microalgae have higher growth rates, don’t need plenteous freshwater for irrigating, and can grow in the conditions that are not favorable for terrestrial biomass growth. The current limitation of microalgal biofuels is the microalgae cultivation cost, and to compensate the high cost of microalgal biofuels, three suggestions are propounded here. (i) Using ships as the platforms of cultivating microalgae, producing biofuels, and transporting feedstock and products on a large scale on subtropical oligotrophic oceans, where the ocean’s least productive waters are formed with compared peaceful surface condition and poor marine communities. (ii) Operating different kinds of oceanic biomass productions for high-value products to compensate the cost of microalgal biofuels. Different kinds of microalgae and macroalgae (seaweeds) could be cultivated for biofuels, chemicals, healthy food, and feed for breeding economic marine species to satisfy the accelerating demands for seafood supply and simultaneously mitigate the fast decline of wild stocks. (iii) Constituting financial subsidies to make CO2 as the feedstock of microalgae cultivation for free, and exact quantifying the carbon captured in biomass products and the CO2 reduction that these products would provide by displacing natural and nonrenewable carbon resources, to take part in the international carbon-credit trading markets and sell the offsets. In a word, this article mainly talks about trying to find a way that connect CO2 capture with renewable energy development, and partially combat against deforestation, loss of biodiversity, shortage of food, and decline of marine lives etc., if possible.
Do customer orientation and job resourcefulness moderate the impact of interrole conflicts on frontline employees’ performance?
Authors: Yavas Ugur , Karatepe Osman M , Babakus Emin
Published: November 2010

The study reported in this article examines the nature of relationships among interrole conflicts and frontline service employees’ in-role and extra-role performances in the hospitality sector. A related objective of the study is to uncover whether these relationships are moderated by two personality traits (customer orientation (CO) and job resourcefulness). Frontline employees of several hotels throughout the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus serve as the study setting. Results of the study reveal that interrole conflicts are significantly related to frontline employees’ in-role and extra-role performances. Furthermore, results indicate that both CO and job resourcefulness moderate the relationships among interrole conflicts and employees’ in-role and extra-role performances. Implications of the results are discussed and avenues for future research are offered.
Head – Body Ratio as a Visual Cue for Stature in People and Sculptural Art
Authors: Mather George
Published: November 2010

Body size is crucial for determining the outcome of competition for resources and mates. Many species use acoustic cues to measure caller body size. Vision is the pre-eminent sense for humans, but visual depth cues are of limited utility in judgments of absolute body size. The reliability of internal body proportion as a potential cue to stature was assessed with a large sample of anthropometric data, and the ratio of head height to body height (HBR) was found to be highly correlated with stature. A psychophysical experiment was carried out to investigate whether the cue actually influences stature judgments. Participants were shown pairs of photographs of human figures in which HBR had been manipulated systematically, and asked to select the figure that appeared taller. Results showed that figures with a relatively small HBR were consistently perceived as taller than figures with a relatively large HBR. Many classical statues such as Michelangelo's David depart from the classical proportions defined in Leonardo's Vitruvian Man. A supplementary experiment showed that perceived stature in classical statues also depends on HBR. Michelangelo's David was created with the HBR of a man 165 cm (5 ft 5 in) tall.
Growth temperature and phenotypic plasticity in twoDrosophilasibling species: probable adaptive changes in flight capacities
Authors: Pétavy G. , Morin J. P. , Moreteau B. , David J. R.
Published: November 2010

In the sibling speciesDrosophila melanogasterandD. simulans, growth and development at constant temperatures, from 12 to 30 °C, resulted in extensive variations of adult size and flight parameters with significant differences between species. Changes in body weight, thorax length and wing length were nonlinear, with maximum values of each trait at lower temperatures forD. simulansthan for its sibling species. By contrast, the wing/thorax ratio and the wing loading varied monotonically with growth temperature. These traits were negatively correlated, the wing/thorax ratio decreasing with growth temperature while the wing loading increased. Wing/thorax ratio, which is easier to measure, thus appears as a convenient predictor of wing loading. During tethered flight at the same ambient temperature, the wingbeat frequency changed linearly as a function of the wing moment of inertia. More interestingly, the beat rate was strongly correlated with the increase of wing loading at growth temperature above 13 °C. The likely adaptive significance of these morphometrical changes for flight efficiency is discussed.
Deposition of Lignin, Suberin and Callose in Relation to the Restriction of Infection by Botrytis cinerea in Ghost Spots of Tomato Fruits
Authors: Leeuw G. T. N. De
Published: November 2010

The defence reaction of young tomato fruits to infection by B. cinerea appeared to consist of necrosis and collapse of epidermal cells followed by a high cambial activity of the underlying parenchymatous cells. Shortly after infection, deposits of callose and suberin were detected along the walls of cells bordering the necrotic area, possibly restricting fungal invasion. Lignification of cell walls could not be demonstrated. The majority of ghost spots tested failed to yield B. cinerea. The germ tubes may actually die after penetration, due to desiccation.

Die Abwehrreaktion junger Tomatenfrüchte gegen B. cinerea besteht aus einer Nekrose und einem Zusammenbruch epidermaler Zellen, gefolgt von einer hohen Kambialaktivität der unterliegenden parenchymatischen Zellen. Kurz nach der Infektion wurden Ablagerungen von Kallose und Suberin an den an der nekrotischen Fläche grenzenden Zellwänden nachgewiesen, was wahrscheinlich die Invasion in das gesunde Gewebe vermindert. Lignifikation von Zellwänden konnte nicht festgestellt werden. B. cinerea konnte fast nicht aus „ghost spots” isoliert werden. Die Keimschläuche können nach der Infizierung aufgrund von Austrocknen tatsächlich absterben.
Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita and Macrophomina phaseolina in a Root‐Rot Disease Complex of French Bean
Authors: Al‐Hazmi Ahmad S.
Published: November 2010

Effects of Meloidogyne incognita and Macrophomina phaseolina on root‐rot of two cultivars of French bean were examined in a greenhouse experiment. Severity of Macrophomina root‐rot increased by 54.5, 94.6, and 9.6% when both pathogens were introduced simultaneously, the nematode first by 2 weeks, and the fungus first by 2 weeks, respectively. Nematode infection and reproduction was adversely affected when the fungus was introduced first. Cultivar “Harvester” was more tolerant to both pathogens and less susceptible to the nematode than “Romano Italian”.

In einem Gewächshausversuch wurden die Auswirkungen von Meloidogyne incognita und Macrophomina phaseolina auf die Wurzelfäule von zwei Gartenbohnensorten untersucht. Die Schwere der Macrophomina‐ Wurzelfäule erhöhte sich um 54,5, 94,6 und 9,6% wenn beide Pathogene gleichzeitig, der Nematode zuerst für 2 Wochen, beziehungsweise der Pilz zuerst für 2 Wochen, eingesetzt wurden. Die Nematodeninfektion und ‐reproduktion wurde gegenteilig beeinfluβt, nachdem der Pilz zuerst eingesetzt wurde. Die Sorte “Harvester” war gegenüber beiden Pathogenen toleranter und weniger anfällig gegenüber dem Nematoden als die Sorte “Romano Italian”.
Dedifferenzierung der Appressorien von Botrytis cinerea Pers. unter Bildung von Mikrokonidien — Relation zur Resistenz von Lycopersicon spp. gegen B. cinerea
Authors: Urbasch I.
Published: November 2010

Dedifferentiation of the appressoria of Botrytis cinerea Pers. by formation of microconidia — Relation to resistance of Lycopersicon spp. to B. cinerea

The dedifferentiation of the appressoria of Botrytis cinerea Pers. by formation of microconidia on cultivated and wild tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, L. hirsutum, L. glandulosum, L. peruvianum) and on artificial surfaces (cover‐glasses) was investigated.

The dedifferentiation proceeded by production of microconidia directly on the appressoria or by terminally and laterally outgrowing hyphae and their subsequent formation of microconidia.

After inoculation of Lycopersicon spp. with B. cinerea the intensity of the appressoria dedifferentiation was directly and positively correlated with the degree of resistance of the plants. The appressoria lost their function and the infection process at the site of interaction was interrupted. Microconidia thus formed were not capable of germination and infection under the present conditions.

The dedifferentiation of the appressoria on cover‐glasses was induced by nutritional defiency or complete lack of nutrients. The intensity and rapidity of the dedifferentiation process was modified under the influence of exogenous factors (humidity, temperature, light, concentration of oxygen).

It is discussed in how far the induction of the appressoria dedifferentiation in B. cinerea on resistant Lycopersicon spp. is likewise caused by low concentrations of nutrients on or in the plants.

Die Dedifferenzierung der Appressorien von Botrytis cinerea Pers. unter Bildung von Mikrokonidien auf Kultur‐ und Wildtomatenpflanzen (Lycopersicon esculentum, L. hirsutum, L. glandulosum, L. peruvianum) und an künstlichen Oberflächen (Deckgläsern) wurde untersucht.

Die Dedifferenzierung erfolgte durch Mikrokonidienproduktion direkt an den Appressorien oder durch terminales und laterales Auswachsen von Hyphen mit anschließender Mikrokonidienbildung.

Nach Inokulation der Lycopersicon spp. mit B. cinerea war die Intensität der Appressorien‐Dedifferenzierung direkt positiv mit dem Resistenzgrad der Pflanzen korreliert. Die Appressorien wurden durch die Dedifferenzierung funktionslos und der Infektionsprozeß am Interaktionsort unterbrochen. Die entstandenen Mikrokonidien waren unter den gegebenen Bedingungen nicht keimund infektionsfähig.

Die Dedifferenzierung der an Deckgläsern angelegten Appressorien wurde durch Nährstoffmangel oder vollständigen Nährstoffentzug ausgelöst. Die Intensität und Geschwindigkeit des Dedifferenzierungsprozesses wurde unter Einfluß exogener Faktoren (Luftfeuchtigkeit, Temperatur, Licht, Sauerstoffkonzentration) modifiziert.

Inwieweit die Induktion der Appressorien‐Dedifferenzierung von B. cinerea auf resistenten Lycopersicon spp. ebenfalls durch geringe Konzentrationen an Nährstoffen auf und in den Pflanzen bedingt ist, wird diskutiert.
Serotype III of Cowpea Severe Mosaic Virus in Peru
Authors: Fribourg C. E. , Koenig R.
Published: November 2010

An isometric virus with particles c. 25 nm in diameter was isolated from cowpea plants grown in the Peruvian jungle. In serological agar gel double diffusion tests the virus was indistinguishable from serotype III of cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV). Unlike other serotypes of CPSMV it infected several solanaceous plants.

Aus Kulturen von Vigna unguiculata (Kundebohne) aus der peruvianischen Urwaldregion wurde ein isometrisches Virus mit einem Partikeldurchmesser von etwa 25 nm isoliert, das im serologischen Agargeldoppeldiffusionstest nicht vom Serotyp III des cowpea severe mosaic virus (CPSMV) zu unterscheiden war. Im Gegensatz zu anderen Serotypen des CPSMV infizierte es verschiedene Solanaceen.
Genome‐wide search and functional identification of transcription factors in the mycorrhizal fungus Tuber melanosporum
Authors: Montanini Barbara , Levati Elisabetta , Bolchi Angelo , Kohler Annegret , Morin Emmanuelle , Tisserant Emilie , Martin Francis , Ottonello Simone
Published: November 2010

Featured paper: See also the Editorial by Martin