bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘UC-T3 Somaclone’: Celery Germplasm Resistant to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii., race 2
Authors: Heath-Pagliuso S. , Pullman J. , Rappaport L.
Published: September 2022

A major problem facing the celery grower is a lack of resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii, race 2 (FOA2) in many of the commonly grown celery cultivars. One approach to alleviate this deficiency is to use cell culture for inducing new genetic variation. ‘UC-T3 Somaclone’ is an inbred celery line obtained from a cell-suspension culture of the highly susceptible ‘Tall-Utah 5270R’, Apium graveolens L. In field trials, progeny of this selection consistently out-perform the parental line with respect to FOA2 resistance (Heath-Pagliuso et al., 1988).
The Challenge of Commercial Production Cost Accounting in Nursery Management—A Practical Exercise
Authors: McClelland M. T. , Smith M. A. L.
Published: September 2022

Determining the cost of producing individual plants is one of the most essential, yet difficult, responsibilities of a nursery manager (Dinter, 1988; Taylor et al., 1986). An abundance of interacting and unpredictable variables exert enormous influence on the cost of production. Despite the complexity of the task, controlling production through accurate cost accounting is imperative to establish long-range business plans, evaluate and compare alternative production methods, and ultimately increase profits (Anderson and Raiborn, 1977; Davidson and Mecklenburg, 1981; Furuta, 1978; Pappas and Brigham, 1979).
Expert Systems: Advanced Artificial Intelligence Concepts for Integrated Crop Management
Authors: Sullivan G. H. , Ooms W. J. , Wilcox G. E.
Published: September 2022

The current problems centering upon profitability in agriculture have generated increased pressure for production diversification and management efficiency (USDA, 1987). Expanding market opportunities and relatively high gross economic returns have made horticultural enterprises a primary focus of farm production diversification initiatives nationwide. However, the economic success of such diversification initiatives often has been jeopardized by failure of producers to comprehensively evaluate the integrated requirements for capital, equipment, labor, and management resources in the decisionmaking process (Sullivan et al., 1988b).
Cell Size of Seedling Containers Influences Early Vine Growth and Yield of Transplanted Watermelon
Authors: Hall Melvin R.
Published: September 2022

Dry weight of watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai] transplants grown in flats containing 39.5-cm3 cells were three times greater than when grown in 18.8-cm3 cells. Early vine growth was more advanced from transplanted than from direct-seeded plants and from transplants grown in the larger cells. Also, late and total tonnage yields were higher with transplanted than direct-seeded vines and with 39.5 rather than 18.8 cm3 cells for ‘Charleston Gray’, but not ‘Crimson Sweet’ transplanted watermelons. Cell size did not influence number of fruits, but more fruits were produced with transplanted than direct-seeded vines of both cultivars.
Acidifying Agents, Uptake, and Physiological Activity of Gibberellin A3 in Citrus
Authors: Greenberg J. , Goldschmidt E. E.
Published: September 2022

Acidification of treatment solutions from pH 7 to 4, with either citrate-phosphate (CP) buffer or with dimethylglutaric acid–NaOH (DMG) buffer, increased [14C]GA3 uptake by ‘Marsh’ grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macf.) peel. Acidification was effective also when wax was removed with organic solvents and under low and high relative humidity. The GA3-induced delay of coloration of ‘Minneola’ (Citrus paradisi × C. reticulata Blanco) tangelo and ‘Ortanique’ (C. sinensis × C. reticulata) was increased similarly by acidification with either buffer. Acidification with either buffer permitted the use of lower GA3 concentrations than those required to obtain the same physiological effect with neutral solutions. Acidification also delayed fruit senescence in field trials with ‘Clementine’ (Citrus reticulata Blanco) tangerines sprayed with 5 ppm GA3 + 0.1% H3PO4. Uptake of [14C]GA3 progressively increased by reducing pH from 7 to 3. With [3H]GA4, acidification improved the uptake only in the range of pH 8 to 5. This difference seems to be related to the more lipophilic nature of GA4.
Ethylene Production and Wound Healing in Sweet Potato Roots
Authors: St. Amand P. C. , Randle W. M.
Published: September 2022

Cured storage roots of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. cv. Centennial] were wounded and recured for 12 days with or without 2,5-norbornadiene, AOA, or CoCl2 treatments. Ethylene production, wound lignification, and wound periderm formation were measured 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days after wounding. Ethylene production preceded wound lignification and wound periderm formation by 24 to 48 hr, respectively. Blocking ethylene action with 2,5-norbornadiene increased ethylene production, blocked wound periderm formation for up to 12 days, and strongly suppressed and delayed lignification. Blocking ethylene synthesis with AOA or CoCl2 decreased ethylene production to 10% of the control. Lignification and wound periderm formation were also suppressed and initiation delayed. These results suggest that ethylene is involved in lignification and periderm formation in wounded sweet potato roots. Chemical names used: bicyclo[2.2.l]hepta-2,5-diene (2,5-norbornadiene); (aminooxy) acetic acid (AOA).
Cut Flower Vaselife is Little-affected by Lipoxygenase Inhibitors
Authors: Peary James S. , Prince Timothy A.
Published: September 2022

A survey of seven known lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors showed that 0.1 mm DHN in a vase solution extended ‘Royalty’ rose vaselife by 2.5 days. Phenidone (PHE) did not enhance rose vaselife. Subsequent experiments showed no effect or a decrease in vaselife from both PHE and DHN application on roses, gladioli, and carnations. Sugar source and pH of the solution did not influence the effectiveness of the inhibitors on carnations. Carnations previously held without water for 24 hr showed only a minor increase in vaselife (2.6 days) from application of a vase solution containing 0.1 mm PHE. The commercial usefulness of LOX inhibitors in floral preservatives is therefore questionable. Chemical names used: 1-phenyl-3-pyrazolidone (phenidone); 1,5-dihydroxy-naphthalene (DHN).
Cold Acclimation of Asparagus Seedlings Subjected to Low Temperatures or Water Stress
Authors: Burrows Rhoda L. , Waters Luther , Markhart Albert H.
Published: September 2022

Three- to 4-month-old seedlings of an improved selection of Asparagus officinalis L. cv. Mary Washington were artificially hardened and crowns subjected to controlled freezing tests. Two low-temperature acclimation regimes were used. The first was 3C for 0, 1, or 2 weeks before freezing at 0, −5, or − 10C; the second, 3C for 0, 1.5, or 3 weeks, followed by freezing at 0, −2.5, −4.5, −6.5, or −8.5C. Regrowth tests showed that hardiness increased with 2 and 3 weeks of acclimation, with tolerance to −5 and −6.5C, respectively. Water-stressed seedlings (relative water content at 57%) withstood exposure to −5C, but not to −6.5C; rehydrated crowns and well-watered controls were hardy to −3.5C.
Improved Micropropagation of Begonia × hiemalis by Maintaining Donor Plants in Long-day Conditions
Authors: Simmonds J. A. , Nelson S. D.
Published: September 2022

The effect of donor plant photoperiod on subsequent in vitro adventitious bud production of Begonia × hiemalis (Fotsch) cv. Schwabenland Pink was monitored by sampling petiole explants from plants maintained in either short- (8 hr, SD) or long-day (16 hr, LD) photoperiods. Adventitious bud production on SD and LD explants was similar for the first 28 days of treatment. A subsequent loss of regenerative capacity occurred in SD explants and was associated with the changing physiological status of the donor plant. Maintaining donor plants in LD increased bud production and extended the time during which the donor plants could be used effectively in commercial micropropagation programs.
Use of a Portable Pumping and Filtering Unit for On-farm Plastic Mulch–Drip Irrigation Demonstrations
Authors: Lamont W. J.
Published: September 2022

One of the primary missions of the Agricultural Extension Service in each state is to reach agricultural producers with new technology. One of the best educational resources available to accomplish this mission is the on-farm demonstration program. Demonstrations provide a vital link between the researchers and the agricultural producers. The use of the portable pumping and filtering unit in an extension on-farm demonstration provides growers with the opportunity to observe plastic-mulch–drip-irrigation technology and also allows extension specialists to provide valuable training to county extension personnel.
Estimation of Seed Traces in Grape Berries by Inhibition of Luciferase Activity
Authors: Perl M. , Lavi U. , Spiegel Roy P.
Published: September 2022

In examining the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesizing system in seeds, an inhibitory effect of seeds on luciferase activity was detected (4). This study describes possible use of the luciferin-luciferase system for a better definition of the amount of seed traces in grape berries. With growing consumer preference for seedless table grapes and raisins, breeding of stenospermocarpic grape cultivars is of great interest. Stenospermocarpic grapes yield considerably larger seedless berries than parthenocarpic ones, but also often possess seedcoats that develop into hard, stony tissue (2). An objective definition of the amount of seed rudiments would be of considerable value in breeding for seedlessness and in assessing environmental or plant growth regulator effects.
Priming sh2 Sweet Corn Seed for Improved Emergence
Authors: Gerber John M. , Caplan Larry A.
Published: September 2022

The mutant endosperm gene in corn (Zea mays L.), shrunken-2 (sh2), is associated with poor seedling emergence in cold soils (Churchill and Andrew, 1984). Although poor emergence has been attributed to a variety of factors, it is known that cold injury during imbibition is usually more severe in seeds that have a low moisture content at planting (Simon and Wiebe, 1975). Seeds of crops that have been partially hydrated at a warm temperature (primed) before low-temperature treatment have shown improved emergence. A high initial moisture content partially protects corn seed from the detrimental effects of cold imbibition (Cal and Obendorf, 1972). No published information is available on the response of sh2 genotypes to pretreatment by seed priming.
In-transit Neem Insecticide Treatment of Rooted Chrysanthemum Cuttings Controls Leafminer
Authors: Sanderson Kenneth C. , Oetting Ronald D. , Smith Durward A.
Published: September 2022

Environmental concerns and disadvantages of synthetic insecticides have stimulated interest in natural chemicals derived from plants for insect control. Extracts from seeds of the neem tree (Azidirachta indica A. Juss) have attracted attention as an insecticide not only because of its broad spectrum action, but also because it has demonstrated uncommon safety to man and warm-blooded animals and the environment (Henkes, 1986). Furthermore, neem extract has been reported to act systemically to effectively control serpentine leafminer (Liromyza trifolii Burgess), a serious pest on ornamentals and vegetables due mainly to pesticide resistance (Larew et al., 1984; Lindquist et al., 1986; Stein and Parrella, 1985; Webb et al., 1983). Larew et al. (1984) demonstrated that neem soil drenches provided systemic control of L. trifolii for up to 3 weeks. Lindquist et al. (1986) investigated the use of neem insecticide (Margosan-O) as a preshipping crop treatment by soaking bare root cuttings in neem solutions. Their 2- to 4-hr soaks (3.0% Margosan-O) effectively controlled leafminers for 4 weeks. The objective of this study was to determine if a simple in-transit application method could provide control of serpentine leafminers on chrysanthemum.
Bird Damage to Apples in the Mid-Hudson Valley of New York
Authors: Tobin M. E. , Dolbeer R. A. , Woronecki P. P.
Published: September 2022

A study was conducted during 1986 and 1987 to evaluate the nature, extent, and severity of bird depredations on ripening apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) in the mid-Hudson Valley of New York. During the first year of the study, information was solicited through cooperative extension fruit agents, in fruit-grower newsletters, and at fruit-grower meetings. In addition, growers were questioned and bird damage was looked for during the course of other projects in orchards. Whenever damage was found, the owner or manager was interviewed, the planting was inspected, and the overall percentage of crop damaged (<1%, 1% to 10%, >10%) was recorded.
‘Simone’ Grape
Authors: Reynolds A. G. , Denby L. G. , Bouthillier M. J.
Published: September 2022

A consistent desire for a uniquely flavored seedless table grape has prompted the release of ‘Simone’. Unlike its sister seedling ‘Sovereign Coronation’ (Denby, 1977), ‘Simone’ possesses a very mild labruscana flavor character. It is a blue, seedless, midseason table grape that matures at Summerland in late September.
Heterosis for Vegetative Growth in Indeterminate Lima Beans
Authors: Schoneweis Susan , Erickson H. T.
Published: September 2022

Vegetative yield of F1 hybrid lima beans (Phaseolus lunatus L.) involving tropical × temperate climate accessions exceeded the high parent by > 100% in some cases. This hybrid vigor might be exploited in warm climates where the species is perennial by resorting to asexual propagation of rooted cuttings. Vigorous root systems of cuttings developed within 10 days at temperatures as high as 33C.
Polyploids of Camellia through Culture of Somatic Embryos
Authors: Kato Michiyo
Published: September 2022

Somatic embryos of camellia (Camellia japonica L.) were differentiated from single cells of hypocotyl explants placed on Murashige and Skoog medium containing GA3. When these somatic embryos were treated with 0.1% colchicine for 1 week, secondary polyploid embryos formed on the hypocotyl of primary embryos. On MS + GA3 medium, polyploid embryos proliferated in a similar manner during subsequent subcultures. These polyploid embryos developed into plantlets that exhibited autopolyploid morphological characteristics.
Hand-held Powered Turfgrass Mower for Small Containers
Authors: Schmidt Richard E. , Shepherd Frederick M. , Goatley James M.
Published: September 2022

A hand-held electric-powered disk grinder, with a rotation frequency of 12,500 rpm, was modified as a rotary turf mower designed for rapid clipping collection with minimal disturbance of the root zone of turfgrass grown in small containers. The mower housing and discharge tube were constructed from PVC pipe. Beveled edges of a tempered steel blade generated sufficient air flow inside the mower housing when the blade was rotated rapidly to transport clippings through the discharge tube into a catcher. The friction-held catcher, constructed from PVC pipe that could be rapidly attached and removed from the exhaust tube, was capped with a fine mesh aluminum wire screen that permitted air flow exhaust. Mowing surface guides of heavy gauge wire were used to obtain uniform mowing heights. Mowing small containers with the hand-held power mower reduced operational time 62%, when compared to hand-operated clippers.
OPS: A Computer Program for Estimating Optimum Plot Size for Field Research
Authors: Durner Edward F.
Published: September 2022

The number of replicates (sample size) and the size of replicates (plot size) are important considerations in the design of plant science experiments. Sample size has recently been addressed by several authors (Snedecor and Cochran, 1980; Trout and Marini, 1984). Plot size is also important since smaller plots allow greater replication in a given area, but larger plots often have lower variances and are thus more statistically desirable.
Anthesis and Abscission of Blue Jade Vine Flowers Treated with Ethephon and AOA
Authors: Furutani Sheldon C. , Johnston Edward , Nagao Mike
Published: September 2022

The blue jade vine (BJV) (Strongylodon macrobotrys Gray.) is a popular ornamental in the tropics because of its spectacular floral display. In Hawaii, the BJV is a perennial and flowers sequentially from October to January. The flowers usually abscise 1 to 2 days after anthesis. We evaluated effects of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and aminooxyacetic acid (AOA), an inhibitor of ethylene synthesis, on BJV flower abscission.
Response of Anthurium and Weeds to Four Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: DeFrank Joseph , Easton-Smith Virginia A. , Higaki Tadashi , Imamura Joanne S.
Published: September 2022

Anthurium (Anthurium andraeanum Andre) production in Hawaii is an important industry with a total sales value in 1986 of $10 million (Davis, 1986). Previous reports identify several herbicides that can be safely used in anthurium production (Higaki, 1974; Kasasian, 1961). Currently, diuron is the only standard herbicide used in commercial anthurium production in Hawaii and is used in preemergence and early postemergence spray applications (recommended rates 0.3 to 0.6 kg·ha−1). The objective of this research was to evaluate commercially available herbicides that could expand the weed control spectrum beyond diuron without reducing flower quality and yield.
UGA 1-MS Male-sterile Eggplant Germplasm
Authors: Phatak Sharad C. , Jaworski Casimir A.
Published: September 2022

Nuclear male-sterile mutants may occur regularly in self-pollinated crops (Frankel and Galum, 1977). Male sterility has been reported in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) (Chauhan, 1984; Jasmin, 1954; Nuttall, 1963). Heterosis in eggplant was discussed by Sambandum (1962). Most intercultivar crosses of eggplant express hybrid vigor and improved characteristics of economic importance, particularly yield (Sambandum, 1962). UGA 1-MS is released as a germplasm source for male sterility, a trait that should facilitate the development of commercial hybrids (Driscoll, 1985).
The Contradictions in Horticulture as We Enter the Last Decade of the 20th Century Presidential Address1
Authors: Larson Roy A.
Published: September 2022

Once upon a time, in a far-off land, a member of the genus Gallus was walking through a forest populated with trees of the genus Quercus. Suddenly, something fell and struck this creature on the head. The creature was quite cowardly—you might even call it “chicken”—and it began to run and cry, “The sky is falling, the sky is falling, and I must tell the king”. On the way to the palace, she encountered other feathered members, whose names are really inappropriate to use in a sophisticated presidential address—names such as Henny Penny, Cocky Locky, Goosey Loosey, and Turkey Lurkey—and she told them the news and they joined her in her rush to see the king. They then met a rather devious character, who said he would show them a short-cut to the palace, but he really intended to have a sumptuous dinner of low-cholesterol, low-protein poultry products. Chicken Little forever remained a pessimist and never again went into the oak forest without an umbrella.
Role of Horticulture in the Economy of Developing Nations: A Global Overview
Authors: Hopper David W.
Published: September 2022

Ladies and gentlemen. It is a great pleasure and honor for me to open today's proceedings of your distinguished society. I am, however, somewhat intimidated by the task of addressing the many interests that are represented in the audience. There are as many different types of scientific and commercial expertise in your society as there are fruits and vegetables in my local grocery store! And, thanks in part to the efforts of the Members of your society, shopping in its produce department is increasingly interesting, if somewhat bewildering. One never knows whether to be adventuresome or to stick with those products for which long experience has proved a clear guide. Usually, of course, one does both.
Paclobutrazol and Urea-phosphate Increase Rooting and Survival of Peach ‘Maravilha’ Softwood Cuttings
Authors: Wiesman Z. , Riov J. , Epstein E.
Published: September 2022

Paclobutrazol treatment combined with IBA and urea-phosphate significantly enhanced the rooting of softwood peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) ‘Maravilha’ cuttings. Application of paclobutrazol to the mother plants 8 months before removal of cuttings was more effective than application directly to the cuttings. The survival rates of rooted cuttings obtained from paclobutrazol-treated plants were significantly higher than those obtained from untreated plants. Chemical names used: 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), β-[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-1,2,4-tria-zole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Rootstocks Influence Mineral Nutrition of ‘Montmorency’ Sour Cherry
Authors: Hanson Eric J. , Perry Ronald L.
Published: September 2022

The influence of two rootstocks on leaf nutrient concentrations of ‘Montmorency’ sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) was studied at two locations for 4 years. Trees on Mazzard (Prunus avium L.) rootstocks were generally higher in leaf K, Ca, B, N, and Mn concentrations, but lower in leaf Mg than trees on Mahaleb (Prunus mahaleb L.) rootstocks. Differences due to rootstocks did not appear to be related to crop load or tree vigor.
Influence of Supplemental Irrigation on Development of Potatoes in the Tropics
Authors: Marutani M. , Cruz F.
Published: September 2022

An experiment was conducted under tropical conditions in Guam to determine the influence of supplemental irrigation on plant development and tuber yield of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Red Pontiac). Three levels of trickle irrigation were compared with nonirrigated plots. Soil moisture levels of irrigated plots were maintained at soil tensions of 10, 40, and 70 kPa. Frequent irrigation promoted rapid canopy development. In contrast, canopy development of nonirrigated plants was reduced. Supplemental irrigation did not influence the date of tuber initiation. The heavily irrigated plots had reduced yields primarily due to outbreak of root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) and soft rot bacteria (Erwinia spp.).
Germination Response of Tepary and Navy Beans to Sodium Chloride and Temperature
Authors: Goertz Steven H. , Coons Janice M.
Published: September 2022

White and brown accessions of tepary bean (Phaseolus acutifolius Gray var. latifolius) and navy bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ‘Fleetwood’) were germinated at 0.0, −0.5, −1.0, −1.5, −2.0, and −2.5 MPa of NaCl at 25 or 35C for 9 days. Differences in germination percentages and rates between the two species were significant, especially at the higher salt concentrations. At 25C and salinities greater than or equal to − 2.0 MPa, tepary accessions had significantly higher percentage germination and germination rates than navy. At 35C this difference was noted at −1.5 MPa. The fresh weights of root plus hypocotyl appeared lower than controls at even the lowest concentration of salinity (− 0.5 MPa), suggesting that seeds germinated with NaCl did not produce vigorous seedlings. Of the three beans tested, the two tepary beans were more tolerant to NaCl than the navy bean, with the white tepary being most tolerant.
Response of Sweet Corn to Nitrogen Source and Rate on Histosols
Authors: Sanchez C. A. , Nagata R. T. , Guzman V. L.
Published: September 2022

Studies were conducted during five cropping periods to evaluate the response of sweet corn (Zea mays L.) to N fertilizer source and rate on Histosols. Ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate were top-dressed at four rates (0, 20, 40, and 60 kg N/ha) to sweet corn plots at the 15-leaf (V15) stage. Nitrogen-15-depleted materials were used to assess the recovery of fertilizer N applied to these soils. From 13% to 62% of the N applied was accounted for in the aboveground plant (stover and ears). Recoveries of fertilizer N in the marketable ears ranged from 9% to 37%. The addition of N increased sweet corn yields in four of the five experiments, regardless of N source. Fertilizer N did not improve sweet corn yield in one experiment, but resulted in significant increases in sweet corn ear quality. These results suggest that under most conditions sweet corn yields on Histosols are maximized between 40 and 60 kg N/ha applied just before tasseling.
Tomato Root Development Affected by Traveling Trickle Irrigation Rate
Authors: Sanders D. C. , Howell T. A. , Hile M. M. S. , Hodges L. , Phene C. J.
Published: September 2022

Root length densities (cm·cm−3) of ‘VF145-B7879’ and ‘UC-82B’ tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were determined at three depths and four locations across the planting bed for traveling trickle irrigation treatments applied at 35%, 70%, and 105% of evapotranspiration (ET). Cultivars did not differ in root length densities or in their effect on soil moisture levels. Root length density and soil moisture decreased with soil depth. Although soil moisture was greater in the furrows, the zones of highest root concentration were between the rows of plants and along the edge of the beds. Greater root length density was found in the 35% ET than in the 70% or 105% ET irrigation rate. Chemical names used: 2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide (napropamide); S-propyl butylethylthiocarbamate (pebulate).
Control of Water and Nutrients Using a Porous Tube: A Method for Growing Plants in Space
Authors: Dreschel Thomas W. , Sager John C.
Published: September 2022

A plant nutrient delivery system that uses a microporous, hydrophilic tube was developed with potential application for crop production in the microgravity of space. The tube contains a nutrient solution and delivers it to the roots. Pumps attached to the tubing create a very small suction that holds the solution within the tube. This system was used to grow wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Yecora Rojo) for 107 days in a controlled environment at suctions of 0.40, 1.48, or 2.58 kPa. The water absorbed through the pores of the tube by baby diaper sections decreased as suction increased. Correspondingly, final plant biomass, seed number, and spikelet number also tended to decrease as suction increased. The reduced yield at higher suction suggests that the plants experienced water stress, although all suctions were below those typical of soils at field capacity.
Breaking Corm Dormancy and Accelerated Flowering of Gladiolus with Methyl Disulfide
Authors: Hosoki Takashi , Kubara Takehito
Published: September 2022

The dormant period of corms in spring-flowering gladiolus (Gladiolus × tubergenii ‘Charm’) was shortened with a 4-hour treatment of methyl disulfide (MeS2), one of the volatiles from garlic. Flowering rate of the treated corms with or without 15 days of storage at 30C was greatly enhanced compared with untreated control corms. In plants from 4-hour MeS2-treated corms, flower quality, as measured by flower stalk length, flower inflorescence length, floret number, and leaf number, was acceptable for December and January markets. The most beneficial effect by 4-hr MeS2 treatment was an increase in cut flowers on the second shoots, which did not flower on control corms. The relationship between accelerated sprouting by MeS2 treatment and rapid increase in respiration was also discussed.
Herbicide Effects on Kentucky Bluegrass Rooting
Authors: Reicher Z. J. , Christians N. E.
Published: September 2022

A series of studies was conducted during 2 years with various environmental and management conditions to investigate the effect of herbicides on rooting of Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.). Benefin at 2.2 and 3.4 kg·ha−1, pendimethalin at 1.7 and 3.4 kg·ha−1, and DCPA at 11.8 and 16.8 kg·ha−1 inhibited rooting when tillers were grown in tubes in a greenhouse. Inhibition was greater in the upper 14 cm of the profile than deeper down. Prodiamine at 0.6 and 1.1 kg·ha−1 consistently reduced clipping weights and verdure. However, none of the treatments inhibited rooting in the field in the two years of the study. Chemical names used: N-butyl-N-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzenamine (benefin); dimethyl 2,3,5,6-tetrachIoro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylate (DCPA); (±)-2-[4-[(6-chloro-2-benzoxazolyl)oxy]-phen-oxy]propanoic acid (fenoxaprop); N-(1-ethylpropyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrobenzenamine (pendimethalin); N3,N3-di-n-propyl-2,4-dinitro-6-(triflouromethyl)-m-phenylenediamine (prodiamine).
Sensory Differences between Bananas Ripened Without and With Ethylene
Authors: Scriven Frances M. , Gek Choo Ong , Wills Ron B. H.
Published: September 2022

A descriptive analysis panel used the terms fruitiness, greenness, and softness to score the flesh of bananas (Musa ×paradisiaca L.) ripened either with ethylene or allowed to ripen naturally to the same skin color. Fruit that ripened naturally were considered more fruity, less green, and softer than ethylene-treated fruit.
Reduction of Ethylenethiourea Residues in Canned Spinach
Authors: Gonzalez A. R. , Davis D. R. , Elkins E. R. , Kim E. S.
Published: September 2022

Field-grown spinach (Spinacea oleraceae L.) sprayed with ethylenebisdi-thiocarbamate fungicides was washed to reduce the carbamate residue ethylenethiourea (ETU) in canned spinach. The spinach was washed with water, water + sodium hypochlorite, detergents, or detergents + sodium hypochlorite. After washing, the spinach was canned and evaluated for ETU residue and quality. ETU residue was 63 ppm in non-washed carbamate field-treated spinach, 6.9 ppm in water-washed samples, and only 0.1 ppm in washing treatments containing detergents. Washing treatments had little effect on the quality of the canned spinach; only titratable acidity was reduced significantly.
Reduction of Chilling Injury in Zucchini Squash by Temperature Management
Authors: Kramer George F. , Yi Wang Chien
Published: September 2022

Prestorage temperature conditioning of zucchini squash (Cucurbita pepo L. cv. Ambassador) at 10 or 15C was effective in delaying the onset of chilling injury (surface pitting) during storage at 2.5 or 5.0C. Intermittent warming in cycles of 2 days of chilling followed by 1 day at 20C was also effective in minimizing surface pitting. One-half of the preconditioned squash stored at 5C still was marketable 16 days after harvest, as compared to only 8 days for the chilled control. Due to its simplicity, temperature preconditioning may have potential to become a commercially important technique for extending the shelf life of zucchini squash.
Fertilization Termination Influences Postharvest Performance of Pot Chrysanthemum
Authors: Nell Terril A. , Barrett James E. , Leonard Ria T.
Published: September 2022

Interior longevity of chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev.) increased 9 to 16 days on plants maintained at a mean maximum PAR level of 500 μmol·s−1·m−2 compared to plants shifted to 100 μmol·s−1·m−2 7 weeks after the start of inductive photoperiods. Termination of fertilization 7 weeks after initiation of inductive photoperiods increased interior longevity 7 days at PAR levels of 100 and 300 μmol·s−1·m−2 compared to plants where fertilization was continued until flowering. Plant quality and interior longevity were higher at a simulated shipping temperature of 4C than at 16 or 24C. Shipping duration had little effect on longevity at 4 and 16C, but decreased longevity 7 days when duration was extended from 2 to 7 days at 24C. Termination of fertilization 3 weeks before flowering increased longevity from 6 to 10 days at all simulated shipping temperatures and durations.
Potassium Nutrition of Deciduous Fruits
Authors: Forshey C. G.
Published: September 2022

Leaf symptoms of K deficiency in grapes were described as early as 1894, but this nutritional disorder was not identified in deciduous fruits until 1928. It is the most common nutritional problem of grapes and all other deciduous fruits require K fertilization under certain soil conditions. Potassium deficiency is frequent on light, sandy soils low in K, on heavy soils with a high fixing power, and on calcareous soils. On susceptible soils, it is often associated with heavy production.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: Childers Norman F. , Whitaker Thomas W. , Blackwell Cecil
Published: September 2022

For several years the Executive Committee and members of ASHS have discussed the movement of housing developments and industry on to our best agricultural land and how this trend can be slowed or stopped. We have watched this development in New Jersey for many years and, as you know, we are in an area about as densely populated as any place in the world. Developers and industry want the fertile relatively level agricultural land and will pay a premium for it because of its good drainage, fertile top soil and relatively low cost of shifting and leveling the soil.
Some Effects and Potential Uses of Ethrel on Ornamental Crops1
Authors: Shanks James B.
Published: September 2022

Ethrel, a mixture of 2-chl-oroethanephosphonic acid and related compounds, has shown activity in dwarfing, inducing abscission, stimulating lateral or basal branching, and increasing the number of branches formed following topping. Examples of these effects on several flower crops are presented. Ethrel was shown to be absorbed and translocated by leaves, roots, or cut stems. Some of these effects were long-lasting in treated plants and of particular interest was the increase in number of branches formed when applied in conjunction with the chemical pinching agents.
Inhibition of Sprouting in Sweetpotatoes by Treatment with CIPC
Authors: Kushman L. J.
Published: September 2022

After harvest, sweetpotato roots are usually cured for about a week at 85°F with high relative humidity before storage at 55° to 60°. If the curing period exceeds a week, or the storage temperature after curing cannot be kept as low as 60°, sprouts grow and often become excessively long. In most storages, sprout growth is difficult to control in the top part of storage rooms where heat and moisture tend to accumulate. Consequently, sprouts often must be removed by hand during preparation for marketing and this labor increases the cost of grading.
Growth and Development of the Garden Center Industry in the United States1
Authors: Davidson Harold , Snell Dennis A.
Published: September 2022

In recent years there has been a constant increased demand for ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers, garden equipment, and related supplies. The demand was generated by large increases in suburban populations, increased disposable incomes, and more leisure time. These factors have helped create an estimated 81 million home gardeners caring for over 5 million acres of home lawns and gardens. These facts have caused some researchers and tradesmen to proclaim gardening as America's number one hobby.
About Our Cover
Authors: Eigsti . J.
Published: September 2022

The seedless triploid hybrid watermelon is still relatively new to Horticulture. The seedless watermelon became a potential reality when it was learned that colchicine could be used to convert diploid strains into reproducible tetraploids for purposes of production (2). For the early beginning we must go back to 1889 (3), when B. Pernice of Palermo, Sicily, published unmistakable evidence that colchicine causes metaphasic-arrest among actively mitotic cells (10).
Tropical Production Of Vegetable Crops
Authors: Knott J. E.
Published: September 2022

The Philippines have available more complete meteorological data than do many other tropical countries. Thus, the situation there can serve as a basis for the discussion of the aerial environment of the tropics and the way in which the environment influences the growing of vegetables.
Use of Controlled Environment for Vegetable Production in Desert Regions of the World
Authors: Jensen Merle H. , Teran R. Marco Antonio
Published: September 2022

Many of the world's desert areas remain uninhabited but could be made productive, even attractive for settlement, if certain necessities were present. One such necessity is food. If crops are to be grown, water for irrigation and an environment conducive to good crop production are needed. Water is not available in most desert regions and must be provided together with the required power to pump this water from wells and into the area of crop production. The daily temperatures in most desert areas are adequate for crop production during most months of the year, but such hazards as sandstorms and insect invasions often make them undesirable for vegetable production; and providing water for irrigation is expensive. Experiments now are being conducted by the Universities of Arizona and Sonora in the growing of vegetables in controlled-environment, air-inflated greenhouses. The experimental unit is located in Puerto Penasco, Sonora, Mexico, on the east coast of the Gulf of California. The following are procedures and results obtained to date from tests which have been in progress since October 1968 (Fig. 1, 2).
Effect of Source and Rate of N and Mg on Nutrient Levels in Highbush Blueberry Leaves and Fruit1
Authors: Bishop R. F. , Townsend L. R. , Craig D. L.
Published: September 2022

In a field experiment with the cultivar ‘Bluecrop’, N and K levels in leaves and fruit increased but Ca levels decreased as rate of (NH4)2SO4, urea, or NH4NO3 increased. There were no differences due to source of N. In a 3-year period application of a total of 5.07 oz/bush of MgSO4·7H2O had no effect on Mg levels in leaves or fruit.
Control of Chocolate Spot in Potato Tubers by Foliar Spray with 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid
Authors: Kamal A. L. , Marroush M.
Published: September 2022

Incidence of chocolate spot, known also as internal brown spot, in tubers of the ‘Arran Banner’ cultivar can reach as high as 60% (Fig. 1). This cultivar is widely grown in the Beqa'a plain of Lebanon for its high yield and good storage life. Other cultivars grown elsewhere in potato producing areas of the world are also seriously damaged by this physiological disease. Control in ‘Arran Banner’ in Lebanon was obtained by foliar sprays with 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon)4 using rates ranging from 200-600 ppm (Table 1).
Bruising and Rupture Characteristics of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples Treated with Succinic Acid-2,2-Dimethylhydrazide1,2,3
Authors: Tukey Loren D.
Published: September 2022

Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied at 0, 500, 1000, or 1500 ppm to ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees as an early season, or late summer application. Bruising was evaluated using both the pendulum impact and the quasi-static tests. The latter method was also used to evaluate rupture resistance. Fruits were examined at harvest and after several months in storage. In general, results confirmed that SADH does not affect the resistance of fruit in this cultivar to bruising and rupture injury either at harvest or after several months in storage.
Breeding Blueberries for Low-Chilling Requirement1
Authors: Sharpe R. H. , Sherman W. B.
Published: September 2022

The true blueberries of the genus Vaccinium L., subgenus Cyanococcus Kl, as described by Camp (4), are predominantly a North American group, although some Asiatic species are included. More distantly related groups are found on the Pacific coast, such as V.ovatum Pursh, and in tropical America, Africa and other areas of the world. Additional Vaccinium relatives include the sugenera Polycodium Raf., the deerberries, and Batodendron Nutt, the Farkleberry or Tree or Winter-huckleberry, and the genus Gaylussacia H.B.K., the huckleberries.
Growth Retardation and Yield Reduction in Corn by a Nonionic Surfactant1,2
Authors: Robbins M. LeRon , Calhoun Charles R.
Published: September 2022

Aqua-Gro (50% polyoxyethylene ester, 50% polyoxyethylene ether), a nonionic commercial surfactant, retarded growth and reduced yield of Zea mays L. ‘Golden Bantam’ and ‘XL-367’ when a 1,000 ppm aqueous solution was applied to the foliage. There was seemingly no toxic effect on Pisum sativum L., Cucumis melo L., or Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.
Vaccinium Clones Resistant to Phytophthora cinnamomi1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Mircetich S. M. , Scott D. H.
Published: September 2022

Two clones of Vaccinium showed high field-resistance to Phytophthora cinnamomi and remained unaffected during 3 years of observation in naturally infested soil: Me-US 32, a productive, cultivated highbush selection (V. australe), and a selection from the wild of the diploid species (V. atrococcum). However, the clone, E-22 selection of V. australe, growing in adjacent row to the resistant clones was severely damaged by the pathogen. Phytophthora cinnamomi was readily isolated from soil surrounding both resistant and susceptible clones.
Effect of In-Package Environment on Keeping Quality of Fruits and Vegetables1
Authors: Hardenburg Robert E.
Published: September 2022

Fresh fruits and vegetables differ from processed produce in one important respect: They remain living organisms until consumed or cooked. As living tissues, they continue to respire, and to lose water in transpiration; they are subject to attack by microorganisms and to chemical and physiological changes. All contribute to gradual deterioration after harvest. Any handling procedure, including consumer packaging, should aim at retarding these processes without killing cells or damaging quality. Most important, only high quality produce should be packaged because packaging cannot improve initial quality (Fig. 1).
Freeze Injury to Fruit Spurs of the Apple1
Authors: Simons Roy K.
Published: September 2022

Fruit spurs of apple trees on which the pedicels remained after harvest were injured by winter freeze, as illustrated by photomicrographs and by gross morphology. The fruiting spurs from which the pedicel had abscised contained a normal periderm. In the samples where the pedicel remained, extreme damage to the xylem tissue was evident.
Fruit Rot Resistance in Strawberry Cultivars Adapted to the Pacific Northwest1
Authors: Barritt B. H. , Torre Louis , Schwartze C. D.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-five strawberry cultivars and advanced selections were ranked according to their field susceptibility to fruit rot caused primarily by Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. it was apparent that the resistant cultivars, ‘Shuksan’, ‘WSU 1140’ and ‘WSU 1142% derived their resistance from ‘Columbia’ and ‘Molalla’. Among the most susceptible cultivars were ‘Cheam’, ‘Cambridge Vigour’, ‘Northwest’ and ‘Marshall’. There was no apparent relationship between the incidence of fruit rot and yielding ability although 3 cultivars, ‘Shuksan’, ‘WSU 1140’ and ‘WSU 1142’, combined fruit rot resistance with high yields.
Organic Gardening, Is it the Answer?
Authors: Routley Douglas G.
Published: September 2022

A little gentle persuasion was needed to convince plant breeder Elwyn M. Meader that his name should finally be bestowed on one of his many introductions. “You know” he said in his deliberate Yankee way, “most people get things named for them posthumously, and 1 f eel pretty good today.” However, he did agree that “Meader” might be an acceptable name for his blueberry selection, designated until now as N. H. #6.
Staminate: Pistillate Flower Ratio Best Suited to the Production of Gynoecious Hybrid Cucumbers for Machine Harvest.1
Authors: Connor Lawrence J. , Martin E. C.
Published: September 2022

Pickling cucumber yields and dollar value returns per acre were highest in isolated plots which produced 26% and 33% staminate flowers during the first 15 days of flowering. This flowering pattern was obtained by planting a seed blend of 90% gynoecious hybrid and 10% monoecious cultivar. Honey bees provided necessary pollination activity. Commercial gynoecious hybrids tested exceeded the desirable staminate: pistillate flower ratio without the necessity of blending seed of a monoecious cultivar. The proportion of staminate flowers increased with plant age.
Testing Vigor of Beans Following Unfavorable Storage Conditions1
Authors: Roos Eric E. , Manalo J. R.
Published: September 2022

Garden bean seeds stored under high temperature (32.2°C) and relative humidity (90%) for periods up to 15 weeks showed a drop in germination after 9 weeks with the standard laboratory germination test while a recently developed vigor test for beans (Epicotyl wt measurement) showed a loss in vigor after only 3 weeks of storage. We conclude that this new testing procedure can be used to measure loss of vigor in bean seed stored under unfavorable conditions before a loss of viability is detected by the standard germination test.
Physiology and Mode of Action of Ethylene
Authors: Burg Stanley P. , Apelbaum Akiva , Eisinger William , Kang Bin Goo
Published: September 2022

The main evidence for a single mechanism of ethylene action is the observation that nearly all responses to the gas have the same dose response curve (8), suggesting a single type of receptor molecule. If so, the case is similar to that of phytochrome where one biochemical change produces a multitude of secondary changes resulting in a variety of physiological responses depending upon the tissue involved. We have chosen to use the etiolated pea seedling to investigate the primary and secondary actions of the gas because all parts of this plant have been extensively studied and are highly responsive to ethylene. When this seedling is exposed to ethylene stem growth slows, the hook tightens, the subapex swells and nutates horizontally, root growth slows and the zone of elongation swells, root hairs form, lateral root formation is inhibited, and the root tip bends plageotropically. The causes of these changes are to be found in the effects of ethylene on cell division, cell expansion, and auxin transport.
Apple Abscission
Authors: Edgerton L. J.
Published: September 2022

A horticulturist assigned this topic 30 years ago would start with a brief review of the nature of the abscission zone in the ripening apple fruit, and then spend the remainder of the time telling about research and experience on ways to delay the abscission process. The principal concern of that era was the loss frequently experienced by growers from preharvest drop of ripening fruits of ‘McIntosh’, ‘Delicious’ and several other cultivars. Anatomical studies of the apple pedicel and abscission zone by MacDaniels (18) contributed to an understanding of the abscission process, and orchard studies on nutrition and production led to practices by which growers could reduce their losses during the harvesting period. Then the research by Gardner et al. (13) with growth regulators paved the way for the effective control of harvest drop through the foliar application of a spray solution containing an auxin such as a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Many other growth regulators have been added to the list and are being used in special situations or for specific cultivars. These include 2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)propionic acid (fenoprop) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T) and the growth retardant, succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH).
Inheritance of Seedling Resistance to Clubroot in Brassica Oleracea L.1
Authors: Vriesenga J. D. , Honma S.
Published: September 2022

A clubroot susceptible (MSU 705) and resistant line (MSU 134) of Brassica oleracea were crossed and the parents, F1 and F2 were tested for resistance. Three distinct phenotypic classes were observed in the F2 with increasing susceptibility found with advancing age, culminating in mature plant susceptibility for all plants. F1 and F2 segregation suggest a 2-gene system with resistance controlled by an incomplete dominant and a recessive gene.
Gas Space Porosity of Citrus Roots1
Authors: Luxmoore R. J. , Stolzy L. H. , Joseph H. , DeWolfe T. A.
Published: September 2022

The vol of gas spaces per unit root vol (porosity) was measured for 4 citrus rootstock cultivars grown in sand culture for 100 days under greenhouse conditions. Rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) had a porosity of 7.2% which was significantly less than sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) at 10.9% and ‘Troyer’ citrange (Poncirus trifoliata L. Raf. × C. sinensis) at 9.4%. Trifoliate orange (P. trifoliata) had a mean porosity of 9.8% with more variability than the other cultivars. ‘Troyer’ citrange roots sampled from trees grown in solution culture had a porosity of 13.2% and this is significantly higher than for roots grown in sand culture. Characterization of root porosity is one important factor in assessing the significance of internal plant aeration.