bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracellular adenosine 5′‐triphosphate, adenosine 5′‐diphosphate, and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate detection by short‐end injection capillary electrophoresis using methylcellulose as the effective electroosmostic flow suppressor
Authors: Zinellu Angelo , Sotgia Salvatore , Pasciu Valeria , Madeddu Manuela , Leoni Giovanni Giuseppe , Naitana Salvatore , Deiana Luca , Carru Ciriaco
Published: June 2008

We present a new rapid CE method to measure adenine nucleotides adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP), adenosine 5′‐diphosphate (ADP), and adenosine 5′‐monophosphate (AMP) in cells. The short‐end injection mode allows a decrease in the analysis time by injecting samples at the outlet end of a silica capillary closest to the detection window, reducing the migration distance. Moreover, the use of methylcellulose (MC) as run buffer additive to suppress EOF permits to further reduce the migration times of analytes. Thus, when a capillary with an effective length of 10.2 cm was used with a 60 mmol/L sodium acetate buffer pH 3.80 in the presence of 0.01% of MC, the migration time of analytes were 1.35 min for ATP, 1.85 min for ADP, and 4.64 min for AMP. These conditions gave a good reproducibility for intra‐ and interassay (CV <4 and 8%, respectively) and all the procedure demonstrated an excellent analytical recovery (from 98.3 to 99 %). The method suitability was proved both on red blood cells and in spermatozoa. We compared our proposed method to a spectrophotometric assay, by measuring ATP levels in 40 spermatozoa samples. The obtained data were analyzed by the Passing and Bablok regression and Bland–Altman test.
The linkage between velocity patterns and sediment entrainment in a forced‐pool and riffle unit
Authors: Thompson D. M. , Wohl E. E.
Published: June 2008

A field‐based project was initiated in order to characterize velocities and sediment entrainment in a forced‐pool and riffle sequence. Three‐dimensional velocities and turbulence intensities were measured with an acoustic Doppler velocimeter at 222 different points at three similar flows that averaged approximately 4·35 m3 s−1 within a large pool–riffle unit on North Saint Vrain Creek, Colorado. Sediment‐sorting patterns were observed with the introduction of 500 tracer particles painted according to initial seeding location. Tracer particles moved sporadically during a 113 day period in response to the annual snowmelt peak flow, which reached a maximum level of 14·8 m3 s−1. Velocity data indicate high instantaneous velocities and turbulence levels in the centre of pools. Patterns of sediment deposition support the notion that stream competence is higher in the pool than the downstream riffle. Flow convergence around a large channel constriction appears to play a major role in multiple processes that include helical flow development and sediment routing, and backwater development with low velocities and turbulence levels above the constriction that may locally limit sediment supply. Jet flow, flow separation, vortex scour and turbulence generation enhance scour in the centre of pools. Ultimately, multiple processes appear to play some role in maintenance of this forced pool and the associated riffle. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal piecewise linear radial compression function for Laplacian source
Authors: Perić Zoran H. , Jovanović Aleksandra Ž.
Published: June 2008

In order to achieve a quantisation technique that has low implementation complexity and performance arbitrarily close to that of Laplacian source optimal vector quantisation, a model of optimal geometric piecewise uniform cubic lattice vector quantiser will be proposed. It will be shown that the presented design procedure is not only much easier for realisation than the procedure of optimal vector quantiser design, but also gives the signal to quantisation noise ratio which in some cases differs from that of the optimal vector quantisation for 0.05 dB and less. It will also be demonstrated that the optimal geometric piecewise uniform vector quantiser model can be described with the optimal piecewise linear radial compression function. Further, since the optimal geometric piecewise uniform lattice vector quantisation in the case of large enough subregions number has performances identical to those of optimal vector quantisation, the optimal nonlinear radial compression function for Laplacian source will also be derived. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mining lakes as groundwater‐dominated hydrological systems: assessment of the water balance of Mining Lake Plessa 117 (Lusatia, Germany) using stable isotopes
Authors: Hofmann Hilmar , Knöller Kay , Lessmann Dieter
Published: June 2008

In the present study, the stable isotopes δ18O and δ2H were used for assessment of the water balance in a heterogeneously structured catchment area in the Lusatian Lignite Mining District, in particular, for estimation of the annual groundwater inflow and outflow (IGW and OGW) of Mining Lake Plessa 117. The application of stable isotopes was possible since the water exchange in the catchment area had reached steady‐state conditions after the abandonment of mining activities in 1968 and the filling of the voids and aquifers by re‐rising groundwater in the years thereafter. Diverging slopes of the Evaporation Line and the Global Meteoric Water Line manifested as evaporation from the lake catchment area. The calculated isotope water balance was compared with the commonly used surface water balance, which is unable to differentiate between IGW and OGW, and with a local groundwater model. The groundwater model calculated an IGW of about 811 000 m3 yr−1 and an OGW close to zero, whereas the isotope water balance showed fluxes of about 914 000 and 140 000 m3 yr−1, respectively. Considering the contribution of the groundwater inflow to the total annual input into the lake (ΔIT) and the mean residence time (τ), where the groundwater model and the isotope water balance calculated 42 and 47% for ΔIT and 4·3 and 3·9 years for τ, respectively, it was shown that both water balance calculation methods led to comparable results despite the differences in IGW and OGW. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution of snow accumulation on the Svartisen ice cap, Norway, assessed by a model of orographic precipitation
Authors: Schuler T. V. , Crochet P. , Hock R. , Jackson M. , Barstad I. , Jóhannesson T.
Published: June 2008

We apply a linear model of orographic precipitation (LT model) to estimate snow accumulation on the western Svartisen ice cap (220 km2) in northern Norway. This model combines 3D airflow dynamics with simple parameterizations of cloud physics. The model is forced by large‐scale atmospheric input variables taken from the ECMWF Re‐analysis (ERA‐40) of the European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF), and the model parameters are kept constant for the entire simulation period, after optimization. The domain covers a 120 × 125 km area surrounding the ice cap. The model is run using a 1‐km resolution digital elevation model, and 6‐h time steps over the period from 1958 to 2002. Precipitation data from surrounding meteorological stations and winter glacier mass balance measurements on several glaciers within the region are used to evaluate the model results. Precipitation obtained from the LT model agrees well with observations from precipitation gauges and there is also fair agreement between model results and specific winter mass balance observations on the ice cap if these are corrected for winter rain. The LT model reproduces well the spatial pattern of winter accumulation across the ice cap as well as the area‐averaged winter mass balances of several other glaciers in the region. This indicates that it is a useful tool in providing high‐resolution, deterministic estimates of precipitation in complex terrain as required for distributed hydrological and/or glacier mass balance modelling of unmeasured areas. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Smoothed minima baseflow separation tool for perennial and intermittent streams
Authors: Aksoy Hafzullah , Unal Necati Erdem , Pektas Ali Osman
Published: June 2008

The United Kingdom Institute of Hydrology (UKIH) smoothed minima baseflow separation method originally developed for the daily flow data of perennial streams and adopted for intermittent streams is presented. The adopted method (AdUKIH) is the generalized version of the UKIH and hence applicable not only to intermittent streams but also to perennial streams. The AdUKIH method is applied on three daily streamflow gauging stations from the European part of Turkey, the Thrace region. The AdUKIH enables one to change the parameter 0·9 in the UKIH method and also introduces different block sizes, which is limited to five days in the original UKIH method. The AdUKIH method is considered a useful tool in helping practitioners and researchers to separate continuous baseflow from the daily flow in perennial and intermittent streams. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monetary policy in an estimated open‐economy model with imperfect pass‐through
Authors: Lindé Jesper , Nessén Marianne , Söderström Ulf
Published: June 2008

We develop a structural model of a small open economy with gradual exchange rate pass‐through and endogenous inertia in inflation and output. We then estimate the model by matching the implied impulse responses with those obtained from a VAR model estimated on Swedish data. Although our model is highly stylized it captures very well the responses of output, domestic and imported inflation, the interest rate, and the real exchange rate. However, in order to account for the observed persistence in the real exchange rate and the large deviations from uncovered interest parity (UIP), we need a large and volatile premium on foreign exchange. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Neurofeedback fMRI‐mediated learning and consolidation of regional brain activation during motor imagery
Authors: Yoo Seung‐Schik , Lee Jong‐Hwan , O'Leary Heather , Panych Lawrence P. , Jolesz Ferenc A.
Published: June 2008

We report the long‐term effect of real‐time functional MRI (rtfMRI) training on voluntary regulation of the level of activation from a hand motor area. During the performance of a motor imagery task of a right hand, blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent (BOLD) signal originating from a primary motor area was presented back to the subject in real‐time. Demographically‐matched individuals also received the same procedure without valid feedback information. Followed by the initial rtfMRI sessions, both groups underwent 2‐week long, daily‐practice of the task. Off‐line data analysis revealed that the individuals in the experimental group were able to increase the level of BOLD signal from the regulatory target to a greater degree compared with the control group. Furthermore, the learned level of activation was maintained after the 2‐week period, with the recruitment of additional neural circuitries such as the hippocampus and the limbo‐thalamo‐cortical pathway. The activation obtained from the control group, in the absence of proper feedback, was indifferent across the training conditions. The level of BOLD activity from the target regulatory region was positively correlated with a self evaluative score within the experimental group, while the majority of control subjects had difficulty adopting a strategy to attain the desired level of functional regulation. Our results suggest that rtfMRI helped individuals learn how to increase region‐specific cortical activity associated with a motor imagery task, and the level of increased activation in motor areas was consolidated after the 2‐week self‐practice period, with the involvement of neural circuitries implicated in motor skill learning. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 69–78, 2008
Independent vector analysis (IVA) for group fMRI processing of subcortical area
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hwan , Lee Te‐Won , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Yoo Seung‐Schik
Published: June 2008

During functional MRI (fMRI) studies, blood oxygenation‐level dependent (BOLD) signal associated with neuronal activity acquired from multiple individuals are subject to the derivation of group‐averaged brain activation patterns. Unlike other cortical areas, subcortical areas such as the thalamus and basal ganglia often manifest smaller, biphasic BOLD signal that are aberrant from signals originating from cortices. Independent component analysis (ICA) can offer session/individual specific brain activation maps without a priori assumptions regarding the timing or pattern of the signal responses. The small activation loci within the subcortical areas are sparsely distributed among the subjects, and a conventional group processing method based on the general linear model (GLM) or ICA may fail to characterize the activation loci. In this article, we present an independent vector analysis (IVA) to overcome these limitations by offering an analysis of additional dependent components (compared to the ICA‐based method) that are assigned for use in the automated grouping of dependent (i.e., similar) activation patterns across subjects. The proposed IVA algorithm was applied to simulated data, and its utility was confirmed from real fMRI data employing a trial‐based hand motor task. A GLM and the group ICA of the fMRI toolbox (GIFT) were also applied for comparison. From the analysis of activation patterns within subcortical areas, in which the hemodynamic responses (HRs) often deviate from a canonical, model‐driven HR, IVA detected task‐related activation loci that were not detected through GLM and GIFT. IVA may offer a unique advantage for inferring group activation originating from subcortical areas. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 29–41, 2008
Composite MR contrast agents for conditional cell‐labeling
Authors: Marzelli Matthew , Fischer Krisztina , Kim Young Beom , Mulkern Robert V. , Yoo Seung‐Schik , Park HyunWook , Cho Zang‐Hee
Published: June 2008

Gadolinium‐chelates (Gd‐DTPA) and superparamagnetic particles of iron oxide (SPIO) are two commonly used MR contrast agents that exhibit inherently different relaxation properties. These two agents have been used to label cells ex‐vivo to generate signal contrast with respect to background tissue when introduced to a tissue‐of‐interest. Assuming minimal mutual interaction between these two agents, we were motivated to investigate the creation of composite relaxation properties by mixing the two in aqueous solutions for conditioning cell labeling. Concentration‐dependent relaxivity coefficients were first obtained from each contrast agent, independently, in saline solution at 3 Tesla. These coefficients were then used to predict both the R1 and R2 relaxation rates of a composite contrast agent using a linear model combining the effects of both contrast media. The predicted relaxation rates were experimentally confirmed from 25 composite solutions (combinations of SPIO‐concentration ranging from 0 to 1 μg/mL and Gd‐DTPA‐concentration ranging from 0 to 0.20 mM). We show that the combination of SPIO and Gd‐DTPA in an aqueous solution exhibits unique and predictable relaxivity properties that are unattainable via the individual use of either agent. The method may be applied to create “user‐tunable” contrast conditions for the visualization of magnetically labeled cells in the context of cell replacement therapy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 79–84, 2008
System harmonisation: a framework for applied regional irrigation business planning
Authors: Khan Shahbaz , Malano Hector M. , Davidson Brian
Published: June 2008

Irrigation and environmental sustainability in irrigated catchments have, to date, been managed as two competing enterprises under separate and divergent control. There is an increasing quest and support for a “harmonised” business approach to sustainable use of land and water resources to achieve enduring business partnerships in the water management. The “system harmonisation” approach seeks to identify business opportunities for irrigators to become an integral part of an expanding environmental services industry and in so doing support a truly sustainable and diversified irrigation business environment The system harmonisation framework involves an all‐encompassing approach that combines research and business principles to achieve productive and environmental improvements at the catchment level. The framework involves five feasibility steps including three research components and a business analysis component leading to the formation of regional irrigation business partnerships (RIBPs). The system harmonisation process establishes the base physical, economic and social position of the region, identifies the key biophysical, economic, social, environmental or institutional pressure points in the system and the system constraints. Changes in these key pressure points need to be assessed and acted upon, in a comprehensive and systematic way, to enhance the multifunctional productivity of irrigation systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salinity–sodicity relationships of the Kalipatnam drainage pilot area, Godavari Western Delta, India
Authors: Sreenivas Ch. , Reddy Ch. Konda
Published: June 2008

The present study was conducted to characterize the nature of salinity, to understand the relationship between pH, EC, Ca, SAR and ESP and to develop leaching curves for the Kalipatnam drainage pilot area, India. Soils are saline sodic. A relation was developed between the ECe and EC5 for routine soil analysis. A negative correlation was observed between pH and salinity. A regression equation was developed between SAR and ECe of the soils. Variations in soluble Ca2+ ion concentrations between soils were negatively related to soil pH and positively related to soil salinity. A negative relation was observed between organic carbon and ESP. Gapon's coefficient for these soils is 0.031 with a negative intercept of −0.499.

Water requirements for leaching of saline soils of the Kalipatnam drainage pilot area were estimated. An irrigation depth of 30 cm leached about 50% of salts only in clay and sandy loam soils. The plateau after 50% salt reduction can be attributed to a shallow water table (40 cm only). Empirical equations are not useful for these soil conditions for predicting desalinization pattern. Leaching curves developed based on Y and DW/DS, where Y = ECf − ECeq/ECi − ECeq will give better estimates than other relations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serving families who have served: providing family therapy and support in interdisciplinary polytrauma rehabilitation
Authors: Collins Rose C. , Kennedy Maureen C.
Published: June 2008

Severe polytraumatic injuries sustained in combat operations require intensive rehabilitation and often result in complex, long‐term disabilities. Understandably, these significant injuries have a substantial emotional impact on families. In this article, the authors discuss the importance of a family‐centered care philosophy, the interdisciplinary team approach, the therapeutic milieu, and two family‐systems treatments (medical family therapy and ambiguous loss theory). A case example illustrates the key processes of psychological support and therapy when treating polytrauma patients and their families. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 64:1–11, 2008.
Developmental potential for morphogenesis in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Kaneko Kunihiko , Sato Katsuhiko , Michiue Tatsuo , Okabayashi Koji , Ohnuma Kiyoshi , Danno Hiroki , Asashima Makoto
Published: June 2008

Development is a complex process that involves differentiation into a variety of cell types. In spite of its complexity, the macroscopic pattern and cell types are robust to environmental and developmental perturbations. Even in vitro far from normal developmental conditions, ten normal tissues have been generated from Xenopus animal caps by successive treatment with activin and retinoic acid (RA). To describe both normal development and in vitro organogenesis, we introduce developmental potential following the pioneering study by Waddington. This potential value represents changeability of a cellular state, which decreases toward a local minimum through development. The attraction to a particular cell type through development is described as a process to decrease the potential value to its local minimum. By choosing an explicit potential form as a function of the concentrations of treated activin and RA, the concentration dependence of in vitro organogenesis is reproduced. The potential landscape is shown to have several local minima, each of which represents a stable cell type. This potential also explains why the induction of given tissues requires more treatment of activin at later stages. The consequences of the developmental potential hypothesis encompass the robustness of each tissue generation, the loss of competence through development, and the order of tissues in induction by tissues, which we have confirmed experimentally for in vitro organogenesis. The developmental potential hypothesis for a global description of early development is crucial to understanding the robustness of morphogenesis and explains the achievement of in vitro organogenesis using few molecules as well. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 310B:492–503, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Placing soil‐genesis and transport processes into a landscape context: A multiscale terrain‐analysis approach
Authors: Möller Markus , Volk Martin , Friedrich Klaus , Lymburner Leo
Published: June 2008

Landforms and landscape context are of particular importance in understanding the processes of soil genesis and soil formation in the spatial domain. Consequently, many approaches for soil generation are based on classifications of commonly available digital elevation models (DEM). However, their application is often restricted by the lack of transferability to other, more heterogeneous, landscapes. Part of the problem is the lack of broadly accepted definitions of topographic location based on landscape context. These issues arise because of: (1) the scale dependencies of landscape pattern and processes, (2) different DEM qualities, and (3) different expert perceptions. To address these problems, we suggest a hierarchical terrain‐classification procedure for defining landscape context. The classification algorithm described in this paper handles object detection and classification separately. Landscape objects are defined at multiple scales using a region‐based segmentation algorithm which allows each object to be placed into a hierarchical landscape context. The classification is carried out using the terrain attribute mass‐balance index across a range of scales. Soil genesis and transport processes at established field sites were used to guide the classification process. The method was tested in Saxony‐Anhalt (Germany), an area that contains heterogeneous land surfaces and soil substrates. The resulting maps represent adaptation degrees between classifications and 191 semantically identified random samples. The map with the best adaptation has an overall accuracy of 89%.
From marl to rock powder: On the history of soil fertility management by rock materials
Authors: Winiwarter Verena , Blum Winfried E. H.
Published: June 2008

The ancient practice of marling and the recent application of rock powder to soils are interventions into the orogenic energy budget of soils. Both are slow‐release, long‐term fertilizers or better, soil conditioners. Marls and their uses are reviewed by a study of knowledge and practices from the 1st century AD to the 1800s, for rock powders, a review of the recent theoretical and experimental literature is presented. Under pre‐industrial conditions, paucity of energy prevented the wide‐spread use of such materials, today they are marketed as by‐product of industrial operations. For marls and rock powders alike, their positive effect depends to a large extent on the soil matrix to which the minerals are applied, on the cultivar, and the specific type of applied material. Drawing parallels between the two materials, we suggest that the long‐term experience with marls could be used to study the effects of rock powders, as duration of experiments with these is most often too limited to allow conclusions.
Attempt of a flux‐based evaluation of field capacity
Authors: Zacharias Steffen , Bohne Klaus
Published: June 2008

Field capacity is one of the most frequently used soil parameters. According to the original definition, the field capacity is a site‐specific parameter, which is closely connected to soil water flux. Many of the existing procedures for field‐capacity estimation neglect its flux‐based character. In this study, a method and selected results are presented. This allows a better reflection of the unsteady behavior of unsaturated water flow in estimating field capacity. Based on the velocity of the relative internal drainage, a threshold value is defined (field‐capacity threshold) which enables a flux‐based estimation of the field‐capacity value. Furthermore, the direct consideration of the drainage time allows the soil water contents to be estimated for defined internal drainage durations.
Silicon fractions in Histosols and Gleysols of a temperate grassland site
Authors: Höhn Axel , Sommer Michael , Kaczorek Danuta , Schalitz Gisbert , Breuer Jörn
Published: June 2008

The importance of silicon (Si) in nutrition is currently being recognized by its beneficial effects on many crops. Therefore, it is important to determine the soil Si status and to examine different extractants for testing plant‐available Si. Little information is available about the Si status of Histosols and Corg‐rich Gleysols in temperate climate. This study was undertaken (1) to characterize different Si pools in Corg‐rich groundwater soils of an experimental site and (2) to study the influences of small‐scale variability on element distribution. At the experimental site, the thickness of the Corg‐rich layer ranges between 4 and 5 dm overlying fine‐sandy fluvial sediments. Four extractants were evaluated: 0.01 M CaCl2, 0.5 M acetic acid, 0.1 M sodium pyrophosphate, and 0.1 M Tiron (C6H4Na2O8S2 · H2O). Further, total element content was determined following HNO3/HF digestion. Calcium chloride–soluble Si shows no significant relations to other parameters analyzed. On the basis of published data, the soils investigated could be classified as Si‐deficient. The Si fraction extracted with acetic acid displays relations to Corg content of the soil and a weak correlation to CaCl2‐soluble Si, indicating that both solutions extract overlapping but not the same fractions. Sodium pyrophosphate extracts mainly organo‐mineral Fe and Al complexes in the soils studied, which is reflected in a highly positive correlation to Corg. Pyrophosphate‐soluble Si showed a negative relationship to Corg, which means a closer relation of this Si fraction to mineral matter than to Corg. The Tiron solution extracted most Si of all extractants, but this amounts only 1% of the total Si content. Taking into account the element‐specific relationship between pyrophosphate and Tiron‐extractable Fe, Al, and Si, it can be concluded that Tiron dissolves mainly the opaline silica present in Histosols and Corg‐rich Gleysols. The distribution of Corg and ash content shows clear spatial trend at the experimental site, which is correlated to pyrophosphate‐extractable as well as total Si. This small‐scale variability of soil parameters itself is related to a distinct microrelief.
Soil respiration across scales: The importance of a model–data integration framework for data interpretation
Authors: Reichstein Markus , Beer Christian
Published: June 2008

Soil respiration represents the second largest CO2 flux of the terrestrial biosphere and amounts 10 times higher than the current rate of fossil‐fuel combustion. Thus, even a small change in soil respiration could significantly intensify—or mitigate—current atmospheric increases of CO2, with potential feedbacks to climate change. Consequently, to understand future dynamics of the earth system, it is mandatory to precisely understand the response of soil respiration to changing environmental factors. Among those changing factors, temperature is the one with clearest and most certain future trend. The relationship of soil respiration to environmental factors and particular temperature has been tackled at a variety of scales—from laboratory via field to global scale, with each of the approaches having its particular problems, where results from different scales are sometimes contradictory. Here, we give an overview of modeling approaches to soil respiration, discuss the dependencies of soil respiration on various environmental factors, and summarize the most important pitfalls to consider when analyzing soil respiration at the respective scale. We then introduce a model–data synthesis framework that should be able to reconcile and finally integrate apparently contradictory results from the various scales.
Accumulation of cadmium in growing peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) seedlings—Its effect on lipid peroxidation and on the antioxidative enzymes catalase and guaiacol peroxidase
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Mehta Urmil J. , Hazra Sulekha
Published: June 2008

In plants exposed to high metal concentrations, mechanisms to counteract the oxidative burst are crucial for its survival. To investigate the temporal sequence of physiological reactions of peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) to cadmium exposure, seeds were cultured in increasing concentrations of CdCl2, ranging from 50 to 300 μM. Germination frequency was scored, and the distributions of Cd in root, stem, and leaves were determined after 2 and 4 weeks of culture. Lipid peroxidation and activities of antioxidative enzymes including catalase (CAT; EC 1.11.1.6) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX; EC 1.11.1.7) were estimated in these three parts of the plant. Germination of seedlings was not affected, but the growth of seedlings was severely suppressed with increasing concentrations of CdCl2 and incubation period. Pattern of Cd distribution in the three organs varied with concentration and period of exposure to Cd. Increased lipid peroxidation was detected in all parts of the developing seedlings with increasing metal accumulation. Catalase and guaiacol peroxidase activity varied in the three parts of the seedlings with concentration of Cd and incubation period. Guaiacol peroxidase activity appears to be more active in scavenging the reactive oxygen species in developing peanut seedlings. The results of the present experiment demonstrate the advantages of a tissue‐culture model system in studying the complex network of interactions of various factors in stress tolerance.
Soil‐microbial response to sugarcane filter cake and biogenic waste compost
Authors: Rasul Ghulam , Khan Khalid S. , Müller Torsten , Joergensen Rainer Georg
Published: June 2008

An incubation experiment was carried out to examine the N‐immobilizing effect of sugarcane filter cake (C : N = 12.4) and to prove whether mixing it with compost (C : N = 10.5) has any synergistic effects on C and N mineralization after incorporation into the soil. Approximately 19% of the compost‐C added and 37% of the filter cake–C were evolved as CO2, assuming that the amendments had no effects on the decomposition of soil organic C. However, only 28% of the added filter cake was lost according to the total‐C and δ13C values. Filter cake and compost contained initially significant concentrations of inorganic N, which was nearly completely immobilized between day 7 and 14 of the incubation in most cases. After day 14, N remineralization occurred at an average rate of 0.73 µg N (g soil)–1 d–1 in most amendment treatments, paralleling the N mineralization rate of the nonamended control without significant difference. No significant net N mineralization from the amendment N occurred in any of the amendment treatments in comparison to the control. The addition of compost and filter cake resulted in a linear increase in microbial biomass C with increasing amounts of C added. This increase was not affected by differences in substrate quality, especially the three times larger content of K2SO4‐extractable organic C in the sugarcane filter cake. In most amendment treatments, microbial biomass C and biomass N increased until the end of the incubation. No synergistic effects could be observed in the mixture treatments of compost and sugarcane filter cake.
Influence of surface‐applied poultry manure on topsoil and subsoil acidity and salinity: A leaching column study
Authors: Haynes Richard J. , Judge Angus
Published: June 2008

It has been suggested that surface applications of animal manure can ameliorate both top and subsoil acidity. For that reason, the effects of surface incorporation (0–5 cm) of a high rate of poultry manure to an acid soil on pH and exchangeable and soluble Al in the top‐ and subsoil were investigated in a leaching column study. During the experimental period of 108 d, columns received a total of 875 mm with leaching events occurring after 9, 37, 58, and 86 d. Incorporation of poultry manure into the surface 5 cm resulted in a large rise in pH measured in both 1M KCl and in soil solution. This liming effect was attributed primarily to the substantial CaCO3 content of poultry manure. In the 15–45 cm layer, pHKCl was not significantly different between poultry manure and control treatments but surprisingly, soil‐solution pH was substantially less in the poultry‐manure treatments. Exchangeable Al was significantly less in poultry manure than in control in all soil layers although the effect was most marked in the 0–5 cm layer. However, although concentrations and activities of monomeric Al (Almono), and the proportion of total Al present as Almono, in soil solution were lower under poultry manure than in control in the 0–5 cm layer, the reverse was, in fact, the case in lower soil horizons. This was attributed to a soluble‐salt effect, originating from the large cation content of poultry manure, displacing exchangeable Al3+ and H+ back into soil solution. Indeed, electrical conductivity and concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+ in soil solution were substantially higher in the poultry‐manure than in the control treatments at all soil depths. Poultry‐manure applications also resulted in substantial increases in the concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, Na+, Almono, NH$ _4^+ $, and NO$ _3^- $ in leachates, particularly at the fourth leaching. It was concluded that although surface application of poultry manure can raise soil pH in the topsoil, increases in soluble‐salt concentrations in soil solution can greatly modify this effect in the subsoil.
Raman spectrum of vanadium pentoxide from density‐functional perturbation theory
Authors: Zhou Bo , He Deyan
Published: June 2008

We present ab initio calculation within the framework of the density‐functional theory (DFT) on band structure and vibrational properties of bulk V2O5. The structure of V2O5 comes from optimization of the experimental data with lattice parameters fixed. The band structure of the optimized structure has been calculated, and the result fits the experimental data very well and also gives similar results as those calculated by other methods. The phonon eigenwavenumbers of the Γ‐ point of V2O5 bulk have been calculated ab initio in density‐functional perturbation theory (DFPT). The calculated vibrational wavenumbers are in good agreement with observed infrared and Raman wavenumbers, and the predictive full phonon dispersion of bulk V2O5 has also been obtained. Further we calculated the Raman spectrum of vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) powder sample using the obtained Raman susceptibility. Calculated and measured intensities show overall good agreement. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Raman depth profiling on polished cross‐sections: the mapping of oxalates used in protective treatment of carbonatic substrate
Authors: Conti C. , Fustella G. , Colombo C. , Realini M. , Zerbi G.
Published: June 2008

We present the first depth profiling on a polished cross‐section carried out by micro‐Raman spectroscopy aimed at investigating the penetration depth of an inorganic protective material (ammonium oxalate) applied on carbonatic surfaces (ancient plaster) and to detect the distribution of mineralogical phases inside the material. The reason for such a Rapid Communication is the importance of our study for the field of conservation, in which at present the treatment with oxalates is a hot issue. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of high‐pressure‐induced phase transition in nanocrystalline perovskite (LaSr)(MnFe)O3by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Dilawar Nita , Chandra Usha , Parthasarathy G. , Bandyopadhyay A. K.
Published: June 2008

We report here high‐pressure‐induced phase transitions observed in nanocrystalline perovskite La0.8Sr0.2Mn0.8Fe0.1957Fe0.01O3 as a function of pressure up to 9.2 GPa at room temperature by Raman spectroscopy. The nanocrystalline sample, synthesized by the sol–gel technique showed crystallite sizes of ∼140 Å. The peaks originated as a consequence of the nano size of the sample as well as the Fe doping, reported for the first time in these manganites, could be identified and seem to be affected strongly by the application of pressure. Phonon softening observed in MnO6 octahedra indicated structural instabilities with pressure and could be correlated to the Mössbauer parameter–quadrupole splitting. The results tally very well with those of high‐pressure Mössbauer spectroscopy and electrical resistivity measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ultrafast dynamics in Cu(I)bisdiimine complexes from resonance Raman intensities
Authors: Lind Samuel J. , Gordon Keith C. , Waterland Mark R.
Published: June 2008

Resonance Raman intensity analysis is used to examine the excited‐state dynamics in the Franck‐Condon region of the metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (MLCT) states of a series of [Cu(I)(L)2]+ complexes where L = 2,2′‐bipyridyl (bpy), 1,10‐phenanthroline (phen) and 2,9‐dimethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (dmp). Large displacements are observed along phenanthroline ring‐breathing modes (ν117 and ν119 modes) and a methyl distortion mode (ν83) for [Cu(I)(dmp)2]+. Ring‐breathing modes also dominate the [Cu(I)(phen)2]+ and [Cu(I)(bpy)2]+ spectra. The enhancement patterns indicate that the dynamics in the Franck‐Condon region occur almost exclusively along ligand modes, with very little motion involving distortion of the copper coordination sphere. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Merged and separate band profiles arising from resonantly coupled vibrational modes of liquid mixtures: theoretical study
Authors: Torii Hajime , Osada Yoshinori , Iwami Maki
Published: June 2008

Vibrational band profiles of equimolar liquid mixtures in the presence of intermolecular resonant vibrational coupling according to the transition dipole coupling (TDC) mechanism are studied by performing calculations on a model liquid system. It is shown that the bands of the two species in the mixture merge into a single band as the extent of resonance (closeness of the wavenumber positions as compared with the magnitude of the coupling) between the vibrations of the two species becomes greater and the bandwidth becomes larger. In the separate‐band case, intensity redistribution is seen in the isotropic Raman spectra because of the intermolecular vibrational coupling. The merged/separate behavior of the band profiles observed for isotopic mixtures of liquid formamide is reasonably reproduced by the calculations on the model liquid with the values of parameters in realistic ranges. Ab initio molecular orbital (MO) calculations on a linearly hydrogen‐bonded cluster of formamide are also carried out to support the discussion. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Composition of total, neutral and phospholipids in wild and farmed tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) in the Brazilian Amazon area
Authors: Almeida Neiva Maria , Visentainer Jesuí Vergílio , Franco Maria Regina Bueno
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Fishing is a traditional extractive activity in the Amazonian region, representing an important factor in the economy of the area. The wet and dry cycles cause extreme changes in the chemical composition of the water. This study aimed to investigate the fatty acid composition of the total lipid (TL), neutral lipid (NL) and phospholipid (PL) fractions of the dorsal muscle, orbital cavity and abdominal cavity fat of farmed and wild tambaqui in the Amazon area captured in different seasons.

RESULTS: Fatty acids were analyzed by high‐resolution gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty‐one fatty6 acids were detected in the TL, 67 in the NL and 58 in the PL. The main fatty acids found in the TL, NL and PL of farmed and wild fish were oleic, palmitic, stearic and linoleic acids. Higher levels of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids were observed in PL compared with NL. No distinctions in the quantity of these fractions between dorsal muscle and orbital cavity were found.

CONCLUSION: The season had a significant influence on TL and fatty acid composition. Fish caught in the wild are considered superior for consumption. The seasonal characteristics of the Amazon influenced the composition of fatty acid composition in the species. Fish captured during the dry season showed a higher percentage of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Highly automated and fast determination of raffinose family oligosaccharides in Lupinus seeds using pressurized liquid extraction and high‐performance anion‐exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
Authors: Bansleben David , Schellenberg Ingo , Wolff Anne‐Christin
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Taking into account several requirements for the determination of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) from Lupinus seeds—e.g., conducting plant breeding projects or food product development—a reasonable combination of efficient automated sample preparation and reliable analysis need to be developed and validated.

RESULTS: In this regard pressurized liquid extraction was applied to extract the RFOs from ground and defatted lupin flour. Compared to many other publications, no further pretreatment, such as protein precipitation, was necessary to obtain satisfactory results applying ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection. The oligosaccharide content for the examined Lupinus albus samples were in the range 5.19–9.25 g kg−1 and for Lupinus angustifolius RFOs 3.49–4.75 g kg−1. Stachyose has always been the main component followed by raffinose and verbascose.

CONCLUSION: The developed sample preparation and analytical method is suited to quantify raffinose, stachyose, verbascose and the disaccharide sucrose and, owing to a high degree of automation for sample preparation and relatively short analysis times by pretty peak separation, particularly high sample numbers can be accomplished. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of replacement of lactose with partially hydrolysed rice syrup on small intestine development in weaned pigs from 7 to 21 days
Authors: Kang Ping , Yin Yu‐Long , Ruan Zhen , Pan Jie , Hu Qing , Deng Ze‐Yuan , Xiong Hua , Xie Ming‐Yong
Published: June 2008

BACKGROUND: Feeding pigs with manufactured liquid diets has led to an increase in weaning weights compared with pigs receiving pelleted dry feed. Several alternative dietary ingredients are utilised in manufactured liquid diets other than by‐products of the dairy industry, especially as sources of carbohydrates. Postnatal gut development is important not only for protecting the neonate from enteric pathogens but also for digestion and the absorption of nutrients for growth. The present experiment was designed to study the effect of partially hydrolysed rice syrup as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets on the development of the small intestine in weaned pigs from 7 to 21 days.

RESULTS: The replacement of lactose with partially hydrolysed rice syrup did not affect ileal and duodenal (P > 0.1) disaccharidase activity on day 14 or duodenal sucrase activity on day 21 but increased jejunal disaccharidase activity on day 14 and decreased small intestinal disaccharidase activity on day 21 (P < 0.05). The replacement did not affect alkaline phosphatase activity, the mucosal protein/DNA ratio or intestinal morphological measurements on either day 14 or day 21.

CONCLUSION: These results suggest that partially hydrolysed rice syrup could be used as a replacement for lactose in manufactured liquid diets for neonatal pigs. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Trauma exposure and the drug endangered child
Authors: Sprang Ginny , Staton‐Tindall Michele , Clark James
Published: June 2008

This study examines the differences in trauma exposure and the response to those events between drug endangered children (DEC) and non‐drug endangered children involved in the child welfare system. This data represents the experiences of 1,127 children randomly selected from the state's child protective service database and represents 20% of all open cases during 2005–2006. Archival data were analyzed to determine the presence of exposure using DSM‐IV‐TR posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Criterion A1, and whether or not the child's response to exposure met PTSD Criterion A2. Results reveal high rates of trauma exposure in the DEC group and indicate that trauma exposure and trauma response did significantly vary across groups. Implications for the assessment and treatment of child welfare‐involved children are drawn.
Pilot study on prolonged exposure of Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder due to mixed traumatic events
Authors: Asukai Nozomu , Saito Azusa , Tsuruta Nobuko , Ogami Ritsuko , Kishimoto Junji
Published: June 2008

This pilot study investigated the feasibility of Prolonged Exposure (PE) treatment for Japanese patients with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to mixed traumatic events. Among 12 participants in this study, 9 women and 1 man completed between 9 and 15 weekly individual PE sessions; 2 female participants dropped out in early sessions. Among completers, the authors identified a significant reduction of symptom severity scores from pretreatment to posttreatment in terms of PTSD and depression on therapist‐rated and self‐rated measurements. Symptom levels remained low in 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up assessments. Our findings suggest that PE is feasible and can be accepted for PTSD patients not only in Western countries, but also for those in Japan.
Assessing the psychometric properties of the world assumptions scale
Authors: Kaler Matthew E. , Frazier Patricia A. , Anders Samantha L. , Tashiro Ty , Tomich Patricia , Tennen Howard , Park Crystal
Published: June 2008

The notion that traumatic events shatter survivors' fundamental assumptions about the world has been accepted as a truism in the trauma literature, although tests of this hypothesis provide a somewhat mixed picture. Because this research has relied heavily on the World Assumptions Scale (WAS), it is unclear whether these inconsistent results are due to problems with assumptive world theory, improper tests of the theory, or problems with the WAS. Data were gathered from 742 undergraduate students at four universities to assess the psychometric properties of the WAS. Findings suggest several shortcomings of the WAS, including temporal instability, and mixed evidence regarding construct validity. Implications for trauma research are discussed.