bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Upregulated Autophagy in Sertoli Cells of Ethanol-Treated Rats Is Associated with Induction of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Androgen Receptor Suppression and Germ Cell Apoptosis
Authors: Horibe Akio , Eid Nabil , Ito Yuko , Hamaoka Hitomi , Tanaka Yoshihisa , Kondo Yoichi
Published: May 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the autophagic response of Sertoli cells (SCs) to acute ethanol toxicity using in vivo and in vitro models. Adult Wistar rats were intraperitoneally injected with either 5 g/kg ethanol or phosphate-buffered saline (for the control group) and sacrificed 0, 3, 6 and 24 h after injection. Compared to the control group, enhanced germ cell apoptosis was observed in the ethanol-treated rats (ETRs) in association with upregulation of iNOS and reduced expression of androgen receptor protein levels in SCs, which were resistant to apoptosis. Meanwhile, autophagy was upregulated in ETR SCs (peaking at 24 h) compared to the control group, as evidenced by transcription factor EB (TFEB) nuclear translocation, enhanced expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3-II (LC3-II), lysosome-associated membrane protein-2 (LAMP-2), pan cathepsin protein levels and reduced expression of p62. This upregulation of SC autophagy was confirmed ultrastructurally by enhanced formation of autophagic vacuoles and by immunofluorescent double labelling of autophagosomal and lysosomal markers. Study of cultured SCs confirmed enhanced autophagic response to ethanol toxicity, which was cytoprotective based on decreased viability of SCs upon blocking autophagy with 3-methyladenine (3-MA). The results highlighted the molecular mechanisms of prosurvival autophagy in ETR SCs for the first time, and may have significant implications for male fertility.
Biomaterials and Tissue Biomechanics: A Match Made in Heaven?
Authors: Zadpoor Amir A.
Published: May 2017

Biomaterials and tissue biomechanics have been traditionally separate areas of research with relatively little overlap in terms of methodological approaches. Recent advances in both fields on the one hand and developments in fabrication techniques and design approaches on the other have prepared the ground for joint research efforts by both communities. Additive manufacturing and rational design are examples of the revolutionary fabrication techniques and design methodologies that could facilitate more intimate collaboration between biomaterial scientists and biomechanists. This editorial article highlights the various ways in which the research on tissue biomechanics and biomaterials are related to each other and could benefit from each other’s results and methodologies.
Magnetocaloric Properties of Mn1.1Fe0.9P0.5As0.5−xGex (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1) Compounds
Authors: Wlodarczyk Patryk , Hawelek Lukasz , Kowalczyk Maciej , Kaminska Malgorzata , Polak Marcin , Hudecki Andrzej , Kolano-Burian Aleksandra
Published: May 2017

Intermetallic compounds with the overall formula Mn1.1Fe0.9P0.5As0.5-xGex (x varies from 0 to 0.1) were investigated in order to study their magnetocaloric effect by monitoring the adiabatic temperature change, magnetic entropy change and their relation to structural parameters. It was found that the maximum of magnetocaloric effect was achieved for x = 0.02. Adiabatic temperature change for consolidated powder was equal to 2.75 K for the magnetic field change ΔB = 1.7 T for the sample with x = 0.02. For the pure non-doped sample, this parameter is much lower: ΔTad = 1.7 K @ ΔB = 1.7 T. This result was correlated with the change of structural parameters such as lattice constants and the unit cell volume.
Investigation of Au/Si Eutectic Wafer Bonding for MEMS Accelerometers
Authors: Li Dongling , Shang Zhengguo , She Yin , Wen Zhiyu
Published: May 2017

Au/Si eutectic bonding is considered to BE a promising technology for creating 3D structures and hermetic packaging in micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) devices. However, it suffers from the problems of a non-uniform bonding interface and complex processes for the interconnection of metal wires. This paper presents a novel Au/Si eutectic wafer bonding structure and an implementation method for MEMS accelerometer packaging. The related processing parameters influencing the Au/Si eutectic bonding quality were widely investigated. It was found that a high temperature of 400 °C with a low heating/cooling rate of 5 °C/min is crucial for successful Au/Si eutectic bonding. High contact force is beneficial for bonding uniformity, but the bonding strength and bonding yield decrease when the contact force increases from 3000 to 5000 N due to the metal squeezing out of the interface. The application of TiW as an adhesion layer on a glass substrate, compared with a commonly used Cr or Ti layer, significantly improves the bonding quality. The bonding strength is higher than 50 MPa, and the bonding yield is above 90% for the presented Au/Si eutectic bonding. Furthermore, the wafer-level vacuum packaging of the MEMS accelerometer was achieved based on Au/Si eutectic bonding and anodic bonding with one process. Testing results show a nonlinearity of 0.91% and a sensitivity of 1.06 V/g for the MEMS accelerometer. This Au/Si eutectic bonding process can be applied to the development of reliable, low-temperature, low-cost fabrication and hermetic packaging for MEMS devices.
The Effect of Diet on the Survival of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Rysz Jacek , Franczyk Beata , Ciałkowska-Rysz Aleksandra , Gluba-Brzózka Anna
Published: May 2017

The prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) is high and it is gradually increasing. Individuals with CKD should introduce appropriate measures to hamper the progression of kidney function deterioration as well as prevent the development or progression of CKD-related diseases. A kidney-friendly diet may help to protect kidneys from further damage. Patients with kidney damage should limit the intake of certain foods to reduce the accumulation of unexcreted metabolic products and also to protect against hypertension, proteinuria and other heart and bone health problems. Despite the fact that the influence of certain types of nutrients has been widely studied in relation to kidney function and overall health in CKD patients, there are few studies on the impact of a specific diet on their survival. Animal studies demonstrated prolonged survival of rats with CKD fed with protein-restricted diets. In humans, the results of studies are conflicting. Some of them indicate slowing down of the progression of kidney disease and reduction in proteinuria, but other underline significant worsening of patients’ nutritional state, which can be dangerous. A recent systemic study revealed that a healthy diet comprising many fruits and vegetables, fish, legumes, whole grains, and fibers and also the cutting down on red meat, sodium, and refined sugar intake was associated with lower mortality in people with kidney disease. The aim of this paper is to review the results of studies concerning the impact of diet on the survival of CKD patients.
Unprocessed Meat Consumption and Incident Cardiovascular Diseases in Korean Adults: The Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (KoGES)
Authors: Park Kyong , Son Jakyung , Jang Jiyoung , Kang Ryungwoo , Chung Hye-Kyung , Lee Kyong , Lee Seung-Min , Lim Hyunjung , Shin Min-Jeong
Published: May 2017

Meat consumption has been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in Western societies; however, epidemiological data are limited on the Korean population. Therefore, we examined the associations between unprocessed meat consumption and CVD incidence in Korea. Data were derived from the Ansung-Ansan cohort (2001–2012), including 9370 adults (40–69 years) without CVD or cancer at baseline. Total unprocessed meat consumption was estimated as the sum of unprocessed red meat (beef, pork, and organ meat) and poultry consumption. In the fully adjusted Cox regression model, the relative risks of CVD across increasing quintiles of total unprocessed meat intake were 1.0 (reference), 0.72 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.55, 0.95), 0.57 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.78), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.51, 0.95), and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.48, 0.97), but no significant linear trend was detected (p for trend = 0.14). Frequent poultry consumption was significantly associated with a decreased CVD risk; this association showed a dose-response relationship (p for trend = 0.04). This study showed that a moderate intake of total unprocessed meat was inversely associated with CVD risk. A significant inverse association between poultry consumption and incident CVD was observed in Korean adults, requiring further confirmation in other populations.
Changes in the Sodium Content of Australian Processed Foods between 1980 and 2013 Using Analytical Data
Authors: Zganiacz Felicity , Wills Ron , Mukhopadhyay Soumi , Arcot Jayashree , Greenfield Heather
Published: May 2017

The objective of this study was to obtain analytical data on the sodium content of a range of processed foods and compare the levels obtained with their label claims and with published data of the same or equivalent processed foods in the 1980s and 1990s to investigate the extent of any change in sodium content in relation to reformulation targets. The sodium contents of 130 Australian processed foods were obtained by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) analysis and compared with previously published data. The sodium content between 1980 and 2013 across all products and by each product category were compared. There was a significant overall sodium reduction of 23%, 181 mg/100 g (p <0.001, 95% CI (Confidence Interval), 90 to 272 mg/100 g), in Australian processed foods since 1980, with a 12% (83 mg/100 g) reduction over the last 18 years. The sodium content of convenience foods (p < 0.001, 95% CI, 94 to 291 mg/100 g) and snack foods (p = 0.017, 95% CI, 44 to 398 mg/100 g) had declined significantly since 1980. Meanwhile, the sodium contents of processed meats (p = 0.655, 95% CI, −121 to 190) and bread and other bakery products (p = 0.115, 95% CI, −22 to 192) had decreased, though not significantly. Conversely, the sodium content of cheese (p = 0.781, 95% CI, −484 to 369 mg/100 g) had increased but also not significantly. Of the 130 products analysed, 62% met Australian reformulation targets. Sodium contents of the processed foods and the overall changes in comparison with previous data indicate a decrease over the 33 years period and suggest that the Australian recommended reformulation targets have been effective. Further sodium reduction of processed foods is still required and continuous monitoring of the reduction of sodium levels in processed foods is needed.
Attenuation of Drought Stress in Brassica Seedlings with Exogenous Application of Ca2+ and H2O2
Authors: Khan Akram , Anwar Yasir , Hasan Md. , Iqbal Aqib , Ali Muhammad , Alharby Hesham , Hakeem Khalid , Hasanuzzaman Mirza
Published: May 2017

Drought is one of the most common abiotic stresses, affecting the growth and productivity of crop plants globally, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Different strategies are used to mitigate the impact of drought among crop plants. Exogenous application of different substances are known to decrease the effects of various abiotic stresses, including drought stress. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Ca2+ and H2O2 in developing drought stress tolerance in Brassica napus “Bulbul-98” seedlings. Brassica napus “Bulbul-98” seedlings were exposed to 5, 10 and 15 mM Ca2+ and 2, 5 and 10 μM H2O2 concentrations twice at an interval of two days for up to 20 days after germination. Drought stress decreased relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content and increased proline, H2O2, soluble protein and electrolyte leakage in Brassica seedlings. Exogenous Ca2+ (5, 10,15 mM) and H2O2 (2, 5, 10 μM) supplementations, during drought stress induction, showed a significant increase in RWC by 5.4%, 18.06%, 26.2% and 6.87%, 13.9%, 18.3% respectively. Similarly, with the exogenous application of Ca2+ (5, 10, 15 mM) and H2O2 (2, 5, 10 μM), chlorophyll content was increased by 15.03%, 22.2%, and 28.4%, and 9.6%, 23.3%, and 27.5% respectively. It was confirmed that the seedlings under drought stress that were supplemented with Ca2+ and H2O2 recovered from water content reduction and chlorosis, and were able to grow normally.
Synthesis, Characterization and Application of Four Novel Electrochromic Materials Employing Nitrotriphenylamine Unit as the Acceptor and Different Thiophene Derivatives as the Donor
Authors: Li Shuai , Liu Guoliang , Ju Xiuping , Zhang Yan , Zhao Jinsheng
Published: May 2017

In this study, four novel donor–acceptor systems, 4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin -5-yl)-N-(4-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline (NETPA), 4- (4-methoxythiophen-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-methoxythiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-nitrophenyl)aniline (NMOTPA), 4-(4-methylthiophen-2-yl)-N-(4-(4-methylthiophen-2-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-nitrophenyl) aniline (NMTPA) and 4-nitro-N,N-bis(4-(thiophen-2-yl)phenyl)aniline (NTTPA), were successfully synthesized by Stille coupling reaction and electropolymerized to obtain highly stable conducting polymers, PNETPA, PNMOTPA, PNMTPA and PNTTPA, respectively. The polymers were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV), step profiling and UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. The band gaps (Eg values) were 1.34, 1.59, 2.26, and 2.34 eV, for PNETPA, PNMOTPA, PNMTPA and PNTTPA, respectively. In addition, electrochromic switching showed that all polymers exhibit outstanding optical contrasts, high coloration efficiencies and fast switching speeds in the near-infrared region (NIR). These properties make the polymers suitable materials for electrochromic applications in NIR region.
Evaluation of Amphiphilic Peptide Modified Antisense Morpholino Oligonucleotides In Vitro and in Dystrophic mdx Mice
Authors: Wang Mingxing , Wu Bo , Lu Peijuan , Shah Sapana , Tucker Jason , Bollinger Lauren , Lu Qilong
Published: May 2017

A series of amphiphilic peptides modified PMO (Pt-PMO) were prepared, and their antisense effect and toxicity were evaluated both in vitro and in mdx mice. The results showed that the exon-skipping performance of Pt-PMO are relative to the structure of the conjugated peptide: the Pt3/Pt4 composed of six/seven arginines and one myristoylation modified PMO showed more efficacy and with less toxicity as compared to others, confirming that appropriate hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) and cationic sequence numbers play a crucial role in improving cell uptake and corresponding exon-skipping efficiency. This was observed particularly in enhanced delivery efficiency of PMO comparable to B-PMO in vitro, while 6-fold improved exon-skipping was achieved against naked PMO in vivo. The multi-PMO modified Pt8-PMO also showed improved exon-skipping both in vitro and in vivo, though there is lower efficiency in systemic delivery as compared to Pt4-PMO. These data suggest that with optimization of peptide in component, charge density has clear potential for exploration towards achieving higher efficiency of antisense oligonucleotide systemic delivery, and thus is more applicable for clinical application.
Estimation and Analysis of Spatiotemporal Dynamics of the Net Primary Productivity Integrating Efficiency Model with Process Model in Karst Area
Authors: Zhang Rui , Zhou Yi , Luo Hongxia , Wang Futao , Wang Shixin
Published: May 2017

Estimates of regional net primary productivity (NPP) are useful in modeling regional and global carbon cycles, especially in karst areas. This work developed a new method to study NPP characteristics and changes in Chongqing, a typical karst area. To estimate NPP accurately, the model which integrated an ecosystem process model (CEVSA) with a light use efficiency model (GLOPEM) called GLOPEM-CEVSA was applied. The fraction of photosynthetically active radiation (fPAR) was derived from remote sensing data inversion based on moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer atmospheric and land products. Validation analyses showed that the PAR and NPP values, which were simulated by the model, matched the observed data well. The values of other relevant NPP models, as well as the MOD17A3 NPP products (NPP MOD17), were compared. In terms of spatial distribution, NPP decreased from northeast to southwest in the Chongqing region. The annual average NPP in the study area was approximately 534 gC/m2a (Std. = 175.53) from 2001 to 2011, with obvious seasonal variation characteristics. The NPP from April to October accounted for 80.1% of the annual NPP, while that from June to August accounted for 43.2%. NPP changed with the fraction of absorbed PAR, and NPP was also significantly correlated to precipitation and temperature at monthly temporal scales, and showed stronger sensitivity to interannual variation in temperature.
Sparsity Adaptive Matching Pursuit Detection Algorithm Based on Compressed Sensing for Radar Signals
Authors: Wei Yanbo , Lu Zhizhong , Yuan Gannan , Fang Zhao , Huang Yu
Published: May 2017

In this paper, the application of the emerging compressed sensing (CS) theory and the geometric characteristics of the targets in radar images are investigated. Currently, the signal detection algorithms based on the CS theory require knowing the prior knowledge of the sparsity of target signals. However, in practice, it is often impossible to know the sparsity in advance. To solve this problem, a novel sparsity adaptive matching pursuit (SAMP) detection algorithm is proposed. This algorithm executes the detection task by updating the support set and gradually increasing the sparsity to approximate the original signal. To verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, the data collected in 2010 at Pingtan, which located on the coast of the East China Sea, were applied. Experiment results illustrate that the proposed method adaptively completes the detection task without knowing the signal sparsity, and the similar detection performance is close to the matching pursuit (MP) and orthogonal matching pursuit (OMP) detection algorithms.
The Energy Rebound Effect for the Construction Industry: Empirical Evidence from China
Authors: Du Qiang , Li Yi , Bai Libiao
Published: May 2017

As the largest energy consumer and carbon emitter, China has made substantial efforts to improve energy efficiency to save energy, while the energy rebound effect mitigates its effectiveness. This paper is based on the logical relationship among capital input, technical change, economic growth, and energy consumption, adapting an alternative estimation model to estimate the energy rebound effect for the construction industry in China. Empirical results reveal that the average energy rebound effect for the construction industry in China was about 59.5% during the period of 1990–2014. It is indicated that the energy rebound effect does exist in China’s construction industry and it presents a fluctuating declining trend. This indicates that approximately half of the potential energy saving by technical change is achieved. It could be concluded that proper energy pricing reforms and energy taxes should be implemented to promote sustainable development in the construction industry for China’s government.
A Comparison between Spatial Econometric Models and Random Forest for Modeling Fire Occurrence
Authors: Song Chao , Kwan Mei-Po , Song Weiguo , Zhu Jiping
Published: May 2017

Fire occurrence, which is examined in terms of fire density (number of fire/km2) in this paper, has a close correlation with multiple spatiotemporal factors that include environmental, physical, and other socioeconomic predictors. Spatial autocorrelation exists widely and should be considered seriously for modeling the occurrence of fire in urban areas. Therefore, spatial econometric models (SE) were employed for modeling fire occurrence accordingly. Moreover, Random Forest (RF), which can manage the nonlinear correlation between predictors and shows steady predictive ability, was adopted. The performance of RF and SE models is discussed. Based on historical fire records of Hefei City as a case study in China, the results indicate that SE models have better predictive ability and among which the spatial autocorrelation model (SAC) is the best. Road density influences fire occurrence the most for SAC, while network distance to fire stations is the most important predictor for RF; they are selected in both models. Semivariograms are employed to explore their abilities to explain the spatial structure of fire occurrence, and the result shows that SAC works much better than RF. We give a further explanation for the generation of residuals between fire density and the common predictors in both models. Therefore, decision makers can make use of our conclusions to manage fire safety at the city scale.
Lateralized Functions in the Dog Brain
Authors: Siniscalchi Marcello , D’Ingeo Serenella , Quaranta Angelo
Published: May 2017

Understanding the complementary specialisation of the canine brain has been the subject of increasing scientific study over the last 10 years, chiefly due to the impact of cerebral lateralization on dog behaviour. In particular, behavioural asymmetries, which directly reflect different activation of the two sides of the dog brain, have been reported at different functional levels, including motor and sensory. The goal of this review is not only to provide a clear scenario of the experiments carried out over the last decade but also to highlight the relationships between dogs’ lateralization, cognitive style and behavioural reactivity, which represent crucial aspect relevant for canine welfare.
Evaluation of Ochratoxin Recognition by Peptides Using Explicit Solvent Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Thyparambil Aby A. , Bazin Ingrid , Guiseppi-Elie Anthony
Published: May 2017

Biosensing platforms based on peptide recognition provide a cost-effective and stable alternative to antibody-based capture and discrimination of ochratoxin-A (OTA) vs. ochratoxin-B (OTB) in monitoring bioassays. Attempts to engineer peptides with improved recognition efficacy require thorough structural and thermodynamic characterization of the binding-competent conformations. Classical molecular dynamics (MD) approaches alone do not provide a thorough assessment of a peptide’s recognition efficacy. In this study, in-solution binding properties of four different peptides, a hexamer (SNLHPK), an octamer (CSIVEDGK), NFO4 (VYMNRKYYKCCK), and a 13-mer (GPAGIDGPAGIRC), which were previously generated for OTA-specific recognition, were evaluated using an advanced MD simulation approach involving accelerated configurational search and predictive modeling. Peptide configurations relevant to ochratoxin binding were initially generated using biased exchange metadynamics and the dynamic properties associated with the in-solution peptide–ochratoxin binding were derived from Markov State Models. Among the various peptides, NFO4 shows superior in-solution OTA sensing and also shows superior selectivity for OTA vs. OTB due to the lower penalty associated with solvating its bound complex. Advanced MD approaches provide structural and energetic insights critical to the hapten-specific recognition to aid the engineering of peptides with better sensing efficacies.
HIV-Enhancing and HIV-Inhibiting Properties of Cationic Peptides and Proteins
Authors: Cole Alexander , Cole Amy
Published: May 2017

Cationic antimicrobial peptides and proteins have historically been ascribed roles in innate immunity that infer killing of microbial and viral pathogens and protection of the host. In the context of sexually transmitted HIV-1, we take an unconventional approach that questions this paradigm. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many of the cationic polypeptides present in the human genital or anorectal mucosa, or human semen, are capable of enhancing HIV-1 infection, often in addition to other reported roles as viral inhibitors. We explore how the in vivo environment may select for or against the HIV-enhancing aspects of these cationic polypeptides by focusing on biological relevance. We stress that the distinction between enhancing and inhibiting HIV-1 infection is not mutually exclusive to specific classes of cationic polypeptides. Understanding how virally enhancing peptides and proteins act to promote sexual transmission of HIV-1 would be important for the design of topical microbicides, mucosal vaccines, and other preventative measures.
Estimation of Instantaneous Peak Flow Using Machine-Learning Models and Empirical Formula in Peninsular Spain
Authors: Jimeno-Sáez Patricia , Senent-Aparicio Javier , Pérez-Sánchez Julio , Pulido-Velazquez David , Cecilia José
Published: May 2017

The design of hydraulic structures and flood risk management is often based on instantaneous peak flow (IPF). However, available flow time series with high temporal resolution are scarce and of limited length. A correct estimation of the IPF is crucial to reducing the consequences derived from flash floods, especially in Mediterranean countries. In this study, empirical methods to estimate the IPF based on maximum mean daily flow (MMDF), artificial neural networks (ANN), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) have been compared. These methods have been applied in 14 different streamflow gauge stations covering the diversity of flashiness conditions found in Peninsular Spain. Root-mean-square error (RMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) have been used as evaluation criteria. The results show that: (1) the Fuller equation and its regionalization is more accurate and has lower error compared with other empirical methods; and (2) ANFIS has demonstrated a superior ability to estimate IPF compared to any empirical formula.
L'industrie textile à Reims. Une reconversion
Authors: Taquet de Caffarelli Évelyne
Published: May 2017

In the nineteenth and the early twentieth centuries, as late as World War II, Reims was a predominantly textile town.

Specialising in the manufacture of wool and of flannel materials, the town knew prosperity, which reached its height in 1878. Beginning with competition and strikes, and aggravated by World War I, the slump, which was inseparable from the difficulties of the whole French textile industry, had severe and lasting effects at Reims. It was from 1950 to 1964 that the last phase of deterioration in the wool industry at Reims made itself felt, bringing about the closure of twenty-four premises.

Reims then found herself compelled to create new industrial sectors in order to employ a large labour force, made available by the closure of her mills, and to put right the state of crisis which threatened her very existence and future. The industrial changes have had many consequences for the town herself ; the reconversion has taken place more particularly within the compass of industrial decentralization.

In spite of the slump and the reconversion, the textile industry has not entirely disappeared from Reims, but it has had to adapt itself to a new situation and has consequently undergone profound upheavals. It employs about three thousand wage-earners.

There remain a cloth mill, a spinning mill and a dye-works and a few small workshops. Ready-to-wear manufacturing has developed, and an important hosiery industry has been created. The labour is female, mobile and insufficiently skilled.

Thus the textile industry will appear from now onwards a commonplace activity in a large town rather than the sequal of a rich heritage.
Le Tiers-Monde vu par les publicités touristiques : une image géographique mystifiante
Authors: Cazes Georges
Published: May 2017

The image of the Third World through tourist adverts : a mystifying geographical image.

Beyond its mere commercial function, the advert builds up and conveys a significant vision of the world, perceived through the cultural patterns of the customers who have been selected. In this study, we assume that the messages delivered by the big international tourist organisations (tour-operators, air companies, national tourist boards) reflect -deliberately or unconsciously -a prevailing view of the Third World. The content analysis of the adverts (text and picture), their logical and ideological structure reveal a process of appropriation and domination, which ignores, in a systematic and revealing way, the social and political realities of the Third World.
Développement touristique et groupes de pression en Sicile
Authors: Ciaccio Candida
Published: May 2017

Malgré des conditions apparemment favorables, la Sicile a un très grand retard en matière de développement touristique (dernière place en Italie). Ce retard s'explique en grande partie par les résistances des industriels (grands complexes pétrochimiques de la côte orientale) implantés depuis le début des années soixante, et plus encore de la mafia, qui redoutait la transformation des structures économiques et des mentalités. Longtemps cantonnée au tourisme de luxe et aux résidences secondaires, la Sicile s'est ouverte, depuis 1968, au tourisme de masse.
Le tourisme sur le littoral égéen de la Turquie : l'exemple de la presqu'île de Bodrum
Authors: Cetinsoy Melik
Published: May 2017

Le tourisme a transformé, depuis 1967, la presqu'île de Bodrum.

Routes goudronnées et services d'autocar ont facilité le désenclavement. Deux types de tourisme coexistent actuellement : un tourisme artisanal aux mains des autochtones et qui a transformé les conditions de vie d'agriculteurs, de pêcheurs, d'artisans et de commerçants ; un tourisme industriel, aux mains d'entrepreneurs d'Ankara. La crise économique et le conflit chypriote risquent d'avoir des conséquences funestes.
Les investissements des Etats-Unis au Canada
Authors: George Pierre
Published: May 2017

American investments in Canada.

Since the First world war and more particularly since 1940, the United States have heavily invested in the Canadian industry : the total amount of investments reached 30 billion dollars at the beginning of the 1970s, as much as the American investments in Europe. While setting up the biggest and the most modern enterprises, the United states run almost entirely some key-sectors of industry : car rubber and electricity. These investments have increased economic change in Canada but they have also aroused complaints about the economic and cultural alienation resulting from an industry which is too much dependent on the United states only. The Canadian government, aware of the dangers has decided to set a limit to foreign investments in some sectors (uranium, energy) and to try to attract European capital to counterbalance the influence of their overpowerful neighbour.
La pénétration du grand capitalisme dans l'agriculture des Etats-Unis, le corporate farming
Authors: Dorel Gérard
Published: May 2017

L'élément actuellement le plus original de l'Agriculture des Etats-Unis est la multiplication, depuis quelques années, des grandes sociétés agricoles, mettant en valeur des milliers ou des dizaines de milliers d'hectares. Souvent mal connues, ces sociétés sont parfois d'émanation purement agricole (ex. Brewer), parfois liées au monde industriel (Boeing) ou aux conglomérats (Tenneco). Elles se sont assurées une place de premier plan dans les secteurs les plus rentables de l'agriculture, en particulier l'élevage (bovins et, plus encore, volailles) et les cultures végétales spéculatives (ex. la laitue dans tout le Sud-Ouest). Ce phénomène est lié à de nombreuses motivations : profits élevés, spéculation foncière, subventions gouvernementales, échappatoires fiscaux. Ces grandes sociétés agricoles ressemblent de plus en plus aux entreprises industrielles car elles disposent de capitaux abondants, bénéficient d'une organisation et d'une gestion remarquables, et contrôlent la vente de leurs produits.
Note sur les communications de masse dans l'espace mexicain : dix ans d'élargissement
Authors: Bataillon Claude
Published: May 2017

Notes on mass communication in the Meccican space : a ten years' development.

Wide phenomena of derealization have affected local cultures for some fifteen years : some elements of the cultures have spread on a national and international scale and they have become the image of "mexicanity" .

In order to avoid the private sector having hold on all the means of communications, the government subsidizes the press, controls many local papers, buys a television channel.

The mexican publishing business is good, but the circulation figures of the papers grow at a lesser rate than the population figure. On the other hand, radio broadcasting is tremendously successful (30% of homes in 1960, 74% in 1970) because of the low price of transistor radios. It's the same with television.
L'industrialisation de l'Etat de Mexico : influence d'une métropole sur le développement industriel d'un espace périphérique
Authors: Vanneph Alain
Published: May 2017

L'état de Mexico se trouve au coeur de la région la plus industrialisée du Mexique. Les différentes étapes de 1' industrialisation s'y sont succédées : artisanat rural fidèle aux traditions précolombiennes ; petites entreprises marginales ; industries modernes -lourdes ou légères -sur les limites du District Fédéral ; zones industrielles nouvelles en rapport avec les efforts de déconcentration du coeur de l'agglomération de Mexico et où s'installent les firmes multinationales .
Les aspects modernes de la géographie politique
Authors: Claval Paul
Published: May 2017

Modern aspects of political geography.

Political geography raises the problem of the relationship between space and power. It played an important part at the beginning of the century but it has declined since, because of the abuses of geopolitics in the fascist countries. Thanks to the renewal of political science, the revival of political geography has been conspicuous during the last twenty years.

Nowadays, the emphasis is put on the birth of power and its structure in different societies. A great part is devoted to space appropriation by the institutions and the role of mental images in the decision-making process.

Torn between marxist and behaviourist trends, political geography shows that space is not neutral anyway. It shares with the other social sciences the quest for equality and justice.
Idéologie politique et pensée géographique en Union Soviétique
Authors: Hooson David J. M.
Published: May 2017

The impact of political ideology on Soviet geographical thought

— seemingly simple — has actually been highly complicated and even perverse. Some paradoxes : a) Soviet practice and philosophy are now as close to there pre 1917 traditions as are those of any National School, b) A the end of the Stalin period of total planning and ideological control, Soviet geography has become largely a physical science only weakly attuned to planning goals.. c) The "revolution" of the last decade or two, which has made Soviet geography more obviously "Marxist", was influenced most by a work which was labelled anti-Marxist by the geographical "establishment", d) The "ecological" and problem-oriented cast of present Soviet geography owes at least as much to world movements and to long-term Russian traditions as to Soviet ideology per se.
Réflexions sur des questions de géographie politique et administrative
Authors: George Pierre
Published: May 2017

Political and administrative geography .-Administrative geography has been reinforced by the declining conception of the region in French geography. The two main points of interest are : the study of borders where conflicts between differences take place and the study of administrative divisions. These divisions change with time. Thus, in France, the old historical provinces only survive as cultural units but any frustration on the economic level conjures up provincialism ; the "départements" now seem to be too narrow units and the "developing regions", in spite of their being artificial -have forged new communal links within a few years. Thus, every administrative division of space corresponds to a particular policy and to the technology of a particular period. Can the geographers take part in this production of new space structures or must their role be limited to the analysis of structures which others have set up ?
La révolution tranquille dans le contrôle de l'utilisation du sol urbain aux Etats Unis
Authors: Dingemans Dennys
Published: May 2017

The quiet revolution in urban land use control.

Since the beginning of the 1970s, unobstrusive but fundamental changes have taken place in urban land use control. It's a change from the traditional pattern, already used by Burgess in 1925 and based on a gradual increase of population in urban districts, followed by a growing dilapidation, leading to renovation.

Three changes are taking place : a direct control of suburban growth by the towns inorder to prevent overcrowding ; the spredding associations of landowners in order to preserve and protect the environment ; urban plans being altered in order to set a limit to the population growth previously contemplated.

These initiatives are part of the tendency to socialize the decisionmaking process concerning land use. The part played by the landowners" associations is becoming more and more important.
La géographie, procès sans sujet
Authors: Pailhé Joël
Published: May 2017

Geography, a process without a subject.

Geography has been for a long time the only one among social sciences not to take into account philosophical concepts, theoretical assumptions and quantitative methods. The new geography is different and research work in the field of quantitative geography also contains remarks of an epistemological nature. Mathematics have become necessary but the desire to create a "mathematical geography" reflects an ideological bias and means shunning the internal contradictions of geography.

The object of geography -which is dependent on other social sciences -is to study the differentiation of social space. Geography is a region of the "continent of history", which means that history does not explain geography but, on the contrary, geography must be approached through history.

Geography has often hesitated between temporary situations (need for the latest figures !) and permanent structures. It seems more sensible to put the emphasis on the spatial processes, that is to say, the mechanisms of change, and to devise a theory about changes from one space structure to another .

Man is not the subject of geography for only groups or masses are important. Geography is shaped by the masses because they are not its subject but its engine within the production of social relations.
Centre de décision et localisations industrielles : l'exemple de l'Europe occidentale
Authors: Reynaud Alain
Published: May 2017

La carte des centres de décision de l'Europe occidentale (établie à partir du chiffre d'affaires des 767 premières entreprises ayant leur siège social dans telle ou telle ville) met en valeur le phénomène de concentra¬ tion spatiale de la décision.

Une grande opposition existe entre des pays à centre de décision quasi unique (France avec Paris, Grande-Bretagne avec Londres) et des pays à centres de décision multiples (Pays-Bas, Suisse et surtout Allemagne). Alors que Paris contrôle 91% du chiffre d'affaires des 126 plus grandes entreprises françaises, Dusseldorf, Hambourg, Francfort, Essen et Cologne, réunies, ne concentrent que 51% du chiffre d'affaires des 166 plus grandes entreprises allemandes.

Les principales conséquences de cette situation sont : la dissociation grandissante entre la production et la décision ; les difficultés provoquées à l'échelle régionale par la fermeture d'usines à la suite de décisions prises ailleurs.
Les nouveaux sites industriels en Belgique
Authors: Mérenne-Schoumaker Bernadette
Published: May 2017

Formule nouvelle située à la rencontre de l'aménagement du territoire et du développement régional, les zones et les parcs industriels ont influencé profondément la répartition des nouvelles implantations sur le territoire belge. Une étude critique de la localisation et de l'occupation de ces nouveaux sites permet de dresser un bilan des changements récents intervenus dans la géographie industrielle de la Belgique. FA le permet aussi de proposer des modifications en vue d'une répartition plus équilibrée des terrains et d'une utilisation plus rationnelle du sol.
Plates-formes continentales, eaux néritiques et provinces halieutiques
Authors: Carré François
Published: May 2017

The author emphasizes that 98% of the world fish catches come from the ocean fringes, the continental shelf, the upper part of the slope and the neritic waters, because these are the biologically fertile and technically workable areas, chiefly by bottom trawling. Yet, great variations appear in the productivity of the fishing grounds as in the fishing operations, which induce the author, with references to physical, technical and economic factors, to particularize six fishing provinces, the specific features of which are then brought up : Penearctic and Antarctic province, North temperate province with a prevailing distant water fishery, Northern temperate province with inshore and middle water fisheries, Southern temperate province, penetropical and tropical upwelling province, equatorial and tropical province without permanent upwelling.
La crise du port de pêche industriel de Lorient-Kéroman
Authors: Cornec Danielle
Published: May 2017

The industrial fishing-harbour of Lorient-Keroman in crisis. -At Lorient, changes have been completed in 1975 to adapt the harbour to industrial fishing. This was made necessary because of the sea-bed being worked out in the Bay of Biscay. But this seems to be a failure since there is a crisis of the industrial harbour. The reasons for it are many : unsatisfactory équipement ; boats unfit for fishing in the North ; weakness of commercial networks.

External reasons have also played a part : no possible extension of the harbour because the surrounding land belongs to the French Navy ; beginning of the overall economic crisis.

But the main reason lies in the refusal of the professionals to commit themselves to industrial development : low investment in equipment and refusal of any kind of association between fishermen and f ishomongers . It has been easier to change the techniques than the mentalities of those who are supposed to use them.
Pêche et aménagement du territoire au Danemark : "l'opération Hanstholm" (N.O. du Jutland)
Authors: Corlay Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2017

Le "projet Hanstholm" est élaboré vers 1960 dans le cadre de la politique d'aménagement du territoire et d'ouverture des pêches danoises vers la Mer du Nord.

Ce nouveau pôle de développement régional doit reposer sur l'activité halieutique et vise à intégrer étroitement les fonctions portuaires, industrielles et urbaines.

Le port artificiel est construit en 1967 et sa croissance rapide (20% par an) le place à l'heure actuelle parmi les cinq grands ports de pêche danois dépassant les 100.000 t. de production.

La ville nouvelle, née du Schéma Directeur de 1966, totalise en 1974 3.300 ha ; elle offre deux zones industrielles, où les trois-quarts des emplois sont affectés aux industries du poisson, et une gamme de services suffisamment élaborés pour satisfaire les besoins locaux.

"L'opération Hanstholm" n'a pas résolu tous les problèmes d'une région en crise, mais elle a été génératrice de mutations socio-économiques. Née dans l'euphorie des années 60, "belle époque" de la pêche industrielle, elle ressent durement les effets de la crise actuelle des pêches maritimes. La ténacité et l'esprit d'initiative des responsables locaux et nationaux seront-ils suffisants pour gagner le pari d'en faire le grand centre d'activité du Nord-Ouest jutlandais ?
Exploitation de l'espace et désertification en zone sahélienne
Authors: Bernus Edmond
Published: May 2017

Par une exploitation diffuse du milieu, en tenant compte des variations de ses potentialités en eau et en fourrage dans le temps comme dans 1' espace, l'éleveur nomade sait éviter les surcharges durables. Depuis l'arrivée du colonisateur, la zone sahélienne a connu une intensification pastorale continue. La progression vers le nord de l'agriculture extensive sous pluie concourt aussi à cette intensification de l'exploitation de l'espace. La politique d'hydraulique pastorale, la création de centres administratifs et l'implantation de nouveaux marchés ont provoqué des concentrations humaines et animales jusque là inconnues et créé des pôles de désertification autour de tous les centres et le long des principales routes.
Les avancées pionnières du tourisme international dans le Tiers-Monde : réflexions sur un système décisionnel multinational en cours de constitution
Authors: Cazes Georges
Published: May 2017

Le terme de "pionnier" renvoie, dans le domaine du tourisme, aux clientèles, aux entreprises et aux manifestations spatiales. Le caractère récent du tourisme en Afrique noire, en Amérique latine et en Asie, la brutalité des taux de croissance, la fréquence des échecs, les difficultés d'intégration au milieu local, permettent de parler de tourisme pionnier. Les pays du Tiers-Monde jouent volontiers la carte du tourisme, dont ils espèrent des retombées positives, surtout économiques. Mais ils abandonnent le plus souvent l'organisation des fronts pionniers à des entreprises étrangères et ils favorisent ainsi la multinationalisation du secteur touristique commercial.
Étude du paysage et (ou ?) analyse écologique
Authors: Wieber Jean-Claude
Published: May 2017

Landscape can be defined as a sign of an acting strenght system ; in that acception, the study can be compared with ecological analysis. But landscape is also a more or less obvious discerned object and a sight studied for itself. In this case, the aim of the research is not to get an aesthetic evaluation but a descriptive instrument to study how objects provide pictures and how «visible landscape» form a complex and continuous networks of seing-seen relations in topographical space.
Qu'est-ce que la Géographie physique ?
Authors: Reynaud Alain , Coque Roger , Durand-Dastès François , Enjalbert Henri , Joly Fernand , Kretz Jean-Louis
Published: May 2017

What is physical geography ?

These interviews were made for a movie. Five french physical geographers give their point of view on the following issues : the unity of physical geography, the position and the part of geomorphology, the position and the part of laboratory technics, the applied physical geography, the position of physical geography in the university and in geography itself. The ideas are different, because they reflect current disputes, and the answers are sometimes unexpected.
Réflexions sur la colinéarité
Authors: Brunet-Le Rouzic Lucienne
Published: May 2017

On a analyse le mécanisme des relations réciproques entre trois variables en répondant à deux questions : les corrélations respectives de deux variables avec une troisième étant connues, quelles sont les valeurs que peut prendre la corrélation entre ces deux variables ? Comment varient les coefficients de corrélation multiple et de corrélation partielle en fonction de ces valeurs ? Les résultats de cette analyse permettent de mieux saisir les effets de la colinéarité et donc les critères éventuels d'une colinéarité excessive.
Réflexions sur la notion d'intégration appliquée à l'aménagement touristique
Authors: Cazes Georges
Published: May 2017

Some reflexions about integration ideas applied to touristic planning. The integration idea is frequently used in the sphere of touristic planning. But it works in very different meanings, sometimes contradictory ones : the ideological and cultural meaning, the administrative and juridical sense, the technical and functional acceptation or the spatial point of view. The purpose is to integrate collective mentalities, proceedings, activities or pieces of areas. These four aims are often identical.