bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caffeine consumption and self-assessed stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children
Authors: Richards Gareth , Smith Andrew
Published: October 2015

Previous research suggests that effects of caffeine on behaviour are positive unless one is investigating sensitive groups or ingestion of large amounts. Children are a potentially sensitive subgroup, and especially so considering the high levels of caffeine currently found in energy drinks. The present study used data from the Cornish Academies Project to investigate associations between caffeine (both its total consumption, and that derived separately from energy drinks, cola, tea, and coffee) and single-item measures of stress, anxiety, and depression, in a large cohort of secondary school children from the South West of England. After adjusting for additional dietary, demographic, and lifestyle covariates, positive associations between total weekly caffeine intake and anxiety and depression remained significant, and the effects differed between males and females. Initially, effects were also observed in relation to caffeine consumed specifically from coffee. However, coffee was found to be the major contributor to high overall caffeine intake, providing explanation as to why effects relating to this source were also apparent. Findings from the current study increase our knowledge regarding associations between caffeine intake and stress, anxiety, and depression in secondary school children, though the cross-sectional nature of the research made it impossible to infer causality.
Unknown Risks
Authors: Blaisdell Laura L. , Gutheil Caitlin , Hootsmans Norbert A. M. , Han Paul K. J.
Published: October 2015

Objective. This qualitative study of a select sample of vaccine-hesitant parents (VHPs) explores perceived and constructed personal judgments about the risks and uncertainties associated with vaccines and vaccine-preventable diseases (VPDs) and how these subjective risk judgments influence parents’ decisions about childhood vaccination. Methods. The study employed semistructured focus group interviews with 42 VHPs to elicit parents’ perceptions and thought processes regarding the risks associated with vaccination and nonvaccination, the sources of these perceptions, and their approach to decision making about vaccination for their children. Results. VHPs engage in various reasoning processes and tend to perceive risks of vaccination as greater than the risks of VPDs. At the same time, VHPs engage in other reasoning processes that lead them to perceive ambiguity in information about the harms of vaccination—citing concerns about the missing, conflicting, changing, or otherwise unreliable nature of information. Conclusions. VHPs’ refusal of vaccination may reflect their aversion to both the risk and ambiguity they perceive to be associated with vaccination. Mitigating this vaccine hesitancy likely requires reconstructing the risks and ambiguities associated with vaccination—a challenging task that requires providing parents with meaningful evidence-based information on the known risks of vaccination versus VPDs and explicitly acknowledging the risks that remain truly unknown.
Aging in the Canine Kidney
Authors: Cianciolo R. E. , Benali S. L. , Aresu L.
Published: October 2015

Given the irreversible nature of nephron loss, aging of the kidney is of special interest to diagnostic and toxicologic pathologists. There are many similarities among histologic lesions in aged human and canine kidneys, including increased frequency of glomerulosclerosis, interstitial fibrosis, and tubular atrophy. Unfortunately, there are few studies in which renal tissue from aged healthy dogs was adequately examined with advanced diagnostics—namely, transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence—so age-associated changes in canine podocytes and glomerular basement membranes are poorly characterized. An age-associated decrease in the glomerular filtration rate in humans and dogs (specifically small breed dogs) has been documented. Although lesions in aged rats and mice differ somewhat from those of aged dogs and humans, the knowledge gained from rodent models is still vital to elucidating the pathogenesis of age-associated renal disease. Many novel molecules implicated in renal aging have been identified through genetically modified rodent models and transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of human kidneys. These molecules represent intriguing therapeutic targets and diagnostic biomarkers. Likewise, influencing critical pathways of cellular aging, such as telomere shortening, cellular senescence, and autophagy, could improve renal function in the elderly.
Ecological classification and mapping for landscape management and science
Authors: Cullum Carola , Rogers Kevin H. , Brierley Gary , Witkowski Ed T.F.
Published: October 2015

There is growing demand for biogeographical landscape classifications and ecological maps that describe patterns of spatially co-varying biotic and abiotic ecosystem components. This demand is fuelled by increasing data availability and processing capacity, by institutional practices of land and water resource management and planning and by the growth of transdisciplinary science that requires the development of a shared conceptual framework through which to view landscape character and behaviour. Despite the widespread use of ecological maps, and the extent to which they have become embedded in institutional practice, policy and law, no standard approach to ecosystem mapping has emerged, such that there are many valid ways of mapping the same landscape. Consensus is possible only when there is agreement on the spatial entities to be mapped. We propose a way of defining such entities and identifying them in any given landscape. Landscapes are conceived in terms of a conceptual biophysical template that constrains a wide range of ecological processes at various hierarchical levels. The template is conceived as comprising co-evolved associations of soils, vegetation, topography and hydrology that form a dynamic mosaic characteristic of a particular topographic, climatic and geological context that is continually being shaped by many perturbations. We synthesise themes from vegetation, soil and river sciences, using hierarchy theory to frame a perspective that facilitates the definition of mappable landscape entities at three hierarchical levels of organisation. These entities are conceived as archetypal structural-functional units, with form and process linked in conceptual models that underpin each archetype. We describe how our approach has been used to map ecological entities in Kruger National Park, South Africa, showing how the proposed framework integrates key system components, providing transparent foundations for transdisciplinary approaches to landscape management and science.
Oral Glutamine in Preventing Treatment‐Related Mucositis in Adult Patients With Cancer
Authors: Sayles Caitlin , Hickerson Stephen C. , Bhat Raksha R. , Hall Jacob , Garey Kevin W. , Trivedi Meghana V.
Published: October 2015

Background: Breakdown of the mucosal barrier resulting in mucositis is a common adverse event in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and radiation. Many studies have evaluated the use of oral glutamine to prevent mucositis in these settings, but current guidelines make no recommendations with regard to its use. Our objective was to systematically review the evidence for the use of oral glutamine in preventing mucositis in adult patients with cancer undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiation. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of English‐language literature was done via MEDLINE using the search terms glutamine, cancer, and mucositis or esophagitis or stomatitis. Fifteen studies conducted in adult patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation comparing single‐agent oral glutamine with control were identified. Results: Oral glutamine was shown to be effective in 11 of the 15 studies included in the systematic review. It significantly reduced the incidence of grade 2, 3, or 4 mucositis and/or reduced weight loss as well as the duration, time of onset, and/or maximum grade of mucositis. The most common dosing regimen was 30 g/d in 3 divided doses, with other regimens ranging from 7.5–24 g/d. Rates of nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and anorexia were similar in the glutamine and control groups. Conclusion: In summary, the favorable efficacy and low toxicity of oral glutamine observed in clinical trials we reviewed provide a strong rationale for large randomized placebo‐controlled studies to further evaluate its efficacy in preventing mucositis in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and/or radiation.
Exploration on compatibilizing effect of nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactants on mechanical, morphological, and chemical properties of high-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene/cellulose biocomposites
Authors: Sudari AK , Shamsuri AA , Zainudin ES , Tahir PM
Published: October 2015

Three types of surfactants, specifically cationic, anionic, and nonionic, at different weight percentages were added into high-density polyethylene/low-density polyethylene/cellulose (HDPE/LDPE/cellulose) biocomposites via melt mixing. The cationic and anionic surfactants which are hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HTAB) and sodium stearate (SS), respectively, were added from 4 to 20 wt%, whereas the nonionic surfactant which is sorbitan monostearate (SM) was added from 1 to 5 wt%. The mechanical testing results exhibited that the addition of HTAB increased tensile strength and tensile modulus, while SS deteriorated mechanical properties, while SM increased impact strength and tensile extension of the biocomposites. Based on the mechanical properties results, optimum weight percentages of HTAB and SM were 12 wt% and 4 wt%, respectively. The scanning electron microscopic micrographs displayed that the amount of cellulose fillers pullout decreased with the addition of HTAB, followed by SM, but it increased with SS. Fourier transform infrared spectra, X-ray diffractometer patterns, thermogravimetric analysis results, and differential scanning calorimetry thermograms have confirmed the presence of physical interactions only with the addition of HTAB and SM. Based on the results, compatibilizing effect was found in HTAB, whereas SM has not showed compatibilizing effect but instead plasticizing effect. However, neither compatibilizing nor plasticizing effect was exhibited by SS.
Classification identification and modification of the pitch curve with nondifferentiable points for N-lobed noncircular gear
Authors: Zhang Xin , Fan Shouwen
Published: October 2015

A novel method for the design of discretionary N-lobed pitch curve and intermittent N-lobed pitch curve is presented. And a general formulation for classification identification model of the pitch curve with nondifferentiable points for N-lobed noncircular gear ( N-LNG) is proposed. The formulation is based on the differentiable principle. In particular, the steepest rotation modification model and method of the pitch curve with discontinuous points for any type of N-LNG are established by resorting to fundamentals of the calculus of variations. The modification model can be calculated via the Euler–Lagrange equation, and its conjugate pitch curves which contain outer contact and inner contact can be obtained in general by using the principle of noncircular gear meshing. This identification and modification model and method are implemented in several numerical examples, and simulation results demonstrate that the pitch curve with nondifferentiable points for N-LNG can be effectively identified and modified.
Unions and the organising turn: Reflections after 20 years of Organising Works
Authors: Heery Edmund
Published: October 2015

The launch of Organising Works 20 years ago was a key event, not just in the history of Australian trade unions but on a global scale. It marked the beginning of what might be termed the ‘organising turn’, a shift across the international trade union movement towards the greater prioritisation of union organising. This article reviews the 20-year experience of the turn, reflecting upon three of its core attributes. The first is the origin of much activity at the apex of the official trade union movement and the consequences that flow from this point of origin. The second is the emphasis on diversity, with a particular priority in recent times in trying to organise low-wage migrant workers in precarious employment. The final attribute can be labelled ‘neo-syndicalism’. This term refers to a switch towards the ‘internal’ renewal of trade unions and in this regard can be counterposed to attempts at revitalisation that focus on rebuilding relations with government and employers. The article concludes by arguing that organising can and must remain central to union strategy for renewal in Australia and beyond.
Increasing Writing Self-Efficacy of Adult Learners
Authors: Plakhotnik Maria S. , Rocco Tonette S.
Published: October 2015

To help graduate students with academic writing, a college of education at a large university implemented a new service, Writing Support Circles. Based on the results of the first series of this service, we changed its design. The purpose of this article is to share how changes in the design affected these adult learners’ writing self-efficacy and workshop satisfaction.
The Impact of Known Criminals on the Proportion and Seriousness of Intimate Partner Violence Incidents
Authors: Ouellet Frédéric , Paré Paul-Philippe , Boivin Rémi , Leclerc Chloé
Published: October 2015

This study examines a hypothesis that has not received adequate scrutiny: that an important proportion of intimate partner violence (IPV) incidents, particularly those that are more serious, involve generalist offenders known to the police. Many criminological theories and empirical studies suggest that offenders are often generalists, yet few IPV studies consider this hypothesis. Based on a sample of 52,149 IPV incidents recorded by police, we found that 31% of IPV incidents involved suspects only with criminal records for non-IPV criminality, 9% involved victims only with criminal records for non-IPV criminality, and 14% involved both suspects and victims with criminal records for non-IPV criminality. Thus, 45% of IPV offenders and 23% of IPV victims had criminal records for non-IPV criminality. Multilevel regression analyses reveal that controlling for prior IPV incidents, community context, and other individual and couple variables, IPV offenders with criminal records are 16% more likely to be involved in more serious incidents, and victims of IPV with criminal records are 17% more likely to be involved in more serious incidents. In addition, IPV incidents for which both suspects and victims had criminal records were 46% more likely to be more serious incidents. These results suggest that generalist criminals known by police have an important impact on the proportion of IPV incidents, particularly the more serious ones.
Amina, Dreaming Beyond the Walls
Authors: Pulido Cristina
Published: October 2015

Amina is a female Moroccan prison inmate who has participated in Dialogic Literary Gatherings (DLGs) in a prison in Catalonia for 2 years. As a woman and without basic studies, she encountered many obstacles that led her into social exclusion, drug addiction, and involvement in the activities that in turn led to her incarceration. Sharing ideas with her fellow inmates about the works of Kafka and Brecht has had a significant impact on her own thoughts, allowing her to reconstruct her past and anticipate a new, hopeful future. This biography describes the transformative elements that empowered Amina to recreate her history through the literary interpretations she shared in DLG. The biography also highlights Amina’s new challenges and dreams, such as pursuing secondary education during her incarceration and going to college once she leaves prison.
“Yoga Was My Saving Grace”
Authors: Kinser Patricia , Masho Saba
Published: October 2015

BACKGROUND: Approximately 20% of women in the United States practice prenatal yoga, but there is a paucity of information about the experience of these women. OBJECTIVE: This study examines women’s experiences participating in community-based prenatal yoga. METHOD: A qualitative descriptive exploratory design used focus groups with a convenience sample of pregnant and postpartum women ( n = 14) who engaged in prenatal yoga within the previous 6 months. Content analysis was employed to identify key themes and subthemes. RESULTS: Three themes arose: (a) stress and depressive symptoms commonly instigate women’s interest in prenatal yoga, (b) prenatal yoga is perceived to be psychologically and physically beneficial, and (c) prenatal yoga is perceived as more beneficial than other group classes. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnant women with stress and depressive symptoms may be drawn to prenatal yoga for the psychological and physical benefits. It is imperative that health care providers and researchers focus on these needs, particularly when designing prevention and intervention strategies with this population.
A Clinical Translation of the Article Titled “Evidence for the Implementation of the Early Start Denver Model for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder”
Authors: Shannon Robin Adair
Published: October 2015

The purpose of this article is to offer a clinical translation of a literature review titled “Evidence for the Implementation of the Early Start Denver Model for Young Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder” by Ryberg (2015). The literature review was conducted to determine the strength of the research evidence regarding the effectiveness of the Early Start Denver Model in improving cognitive, language, and behavioral functioning of children with autism spectrum disorder. In an effort to narrow the gap between evidence and practice, this clinical translation will discuss the components of the literature review in terms of its rationale for and objectives, methods, results, and implications for evidence-based nursing practice.
Emotional Strategies of Police and Their Varying Consequences for Burnout
Authors: Schaible Lonnie M. , Six Michelle
Published: October 2015

It has been widely noted that policing is a stressful occupation, leading to a host of adverse outcomes. Many have posited that, in part, this can be explained by the emotional demands imposed on officers as a consequence of their unique role, organization, and culture. Consistent with this premise, a number of studies have found support for the notion that emotive dissonance is particularly likely to contribute to burnout. However, no studies have previously assessed how the complex emotional demands and strategies exercised within policing produce benefits and consequences for officers. Specifically, how do requirements to express coercion or apologize influence officer burnout? How do requirements to express or suppress positive or negative emotion influence burnout? And, do these effects vary depending upon whether greater surface or deep acting is required? The present study suggests that while some aspects of emotive dissonance may be negatively consequential, other emotional demands and strategies used by officers may have advantages. Specifically, while coercion in particular seems to increase depersonalization, both surface acting and attempts to deeply experience required positive emotions actually serve to decrease burnout among officers. The implications of these findings for theory, research, and the prevention of burnout among police are discussed.
Keys to success in Social Media Marketing (SMM) – Prospects for the German airline industry
Authors: Knoblich Stephan , Martin Andrew , Nash Robert , Stansbie Paul
Published: October 2015

The continuous growth and economic contribution of Germany’s commercial aviation industry are directly linked to the implementation of new marketing practices. Especially in light of challenging market conditions and fierce competition within a highly segmented industry, new marketing paradigms assist airlines to overcome difficulties in order to promote their brands, products and services more effectively and in a circulated manner. In this regard, Social Media Marketing provides German airlines with a powerful set of marketing tools and multiple platforms to digitally gather, communicate, collaborate and share content with its customers. Despite a growing public awareness, an extensive review of current and relevant literature revealed that consumer perceptions on German airline organisations’ Social Media practices have not been examined. This paper aims to address this.
Predicted diesel ignitability index based on the molecular structures of hydrocarbons
Authors: Ogawa Hideyuki , Nishimoto Hideyuki , Morita Akihiro , Shibata Gen
Published: October 2015

A predicted ignitability index for diesel combustion (the predicted diesel ignitability index) has been established with multiple regression analysis of parameters related to the bond structures in hydrocarbons as explanatory variables and the cetane numbers as a response variable. There were 116 hydrocarbons with known cetane numbers and molecular structures used for the calculations. The numbers of carbon atoms for the seven categories— CM (carbon in a main-chain), CSL (carbon in a side-chain longer than five atoms), C1 A (carbon in a single-benzene ring), C2 A (carbon in a double-benzene ring), CNA (carbon in a naphtheno-benzene ring), C1 N (carbon in a single-saturated six-membered ring), and C2 N (carbon in a double-saturated six-membered ring)—were included. The predicted diesel ignitability index was expressed with these seven parameters in the following equation [Formula: see text] The equation of the predicted diesel ignitability index comprises one-dimensional mono-nominal formulas for each molecular structure variable, suggesting the quantitative influence of the variable on the ignitability. There is good correlation between the predicted diesel ignitability index and the cetane number, showing the coefficient of determination with an R2 of 0.82. The simulation was validated with the ignition delays of 31 blends of hydrocarbons and gas to liquid in a diesel engine. The predicted diesel ignitability index showed better correlations with the measured ignition delays than the cetane number at all three intake oxygen concentrations examined here. Especially, at a low intake oxygen concentration, there was significant scattering between the cetane number and the ignition delay for low cetane number fuels, where the predicted diesel ignitability index showed much smaller scattering.
Moments of homecoming among people with advanced dementia disease in a residential care facility
Authors: Norberg Astrid , Ternestedt Britt-Marie , Lundman Berit
Published: October 2015

This study concerns moments of homecoming among people with advanced dementia disease living in a residential care facility. Our main finding from participant observations with nine residents was that the residents showed moments of homecoming, i.e. they alternated between verbal and/or nonverbal expressions of feeling at home and of not feeling at home. If care providers understand that they can help people with advanced dementia disease experience moments of homecoming, they can focus on aspects of care that can promote these experiences.
Influence of the towline material: Steel or high-modulus polyethylene on towing gear design and tug deck fittings
Authors: Carral Luis , Fraguela José Ángel , De Troya José , Álvarez-Feal Carlos
Published: October 2015

The traction force or bollard pull and specific function of a tugboat determine the size of its towing gear and deck fittings. These dimensions must enable the tug to carry out a manoeuvre safely. This article considers proposals made in the implementing regulations for calculating the length and diameter of the towline. It analyses the possibility of using high-modulus polyethylene fibre and the way it would affect the design of the towing gear and deck fittings, including the fairleads and bits. It would be useful if regulations provided further guidance on towline length for port tugs. The final part of this study analyses the solutions informed by a sample of 51 port tugs, the majority of which are escort tugs.
Modulating Workload for Air Traffic Controllers during Airport Ground Operations
Authors: Chua Zarrin , Causse Mickaël , Cousy Mathieu , Andre Fabien
Published: October 2015

Evaluating future technology concepts for air traffic control ground operations requires exploration of work scenarios of differing complexities, i.e. scenarios that create more or less taskload for air traffic controllers. While the link between traffic load and workload has been well-characterized in the literature and is often the only complexity variable applied to validation studies, there are other operational events that can augment controller workload. Through a series of interviews and on-site observations of professional and student air traffic controllers, we defined seven general operational events that can be applied to all airport ground operations. We discuss the development of two scenarios of different workloads (average and hard) and their validation with air traffic controllers.
An Evaluation of Latency in the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter Helmet Mounted Display
Authors: Jenkins Joseph C. , Havig Paul R.
Published: October 2015

The current study investigated the impact of latency on pilot performance when conducting night operational tasks in the F-35 helmet-mounted display (HMD) with use of Distributed Aperture Sensor (DAS) video. The type of latency investigated was event latency, the latency associated with the transit time of information captured at the DAS sensor on the aircraft to the display of the information to the last pixel settled on the HMD. Four night tasks and six levels of event latency were used in an F-35 full mission simulator (FMS) to assess the impact on pilot performance. Limited to the tasks investigated, the results of the current study show that the impact of event latency in the HMD on pilot performance is task dependent. Where pilot performance was impacted (aerial refuel, high-gain task), the precise level of DAS latency causing the degradation in task performance occurred at the 167ms latency level. Since latency conditions above 100ms but below 167ms were not investigated, the impact of event latency within this range cannot be determined from the current results. More research exploring different types of high-gain versus low-gain tasks is needed to expand upon the results of the current study and to better define the limits of event latency in a HMD.
Supporting The Development Of Empirically Driven Human Systems Integration Guidelines For System Requirements
Authors: Stelzer Emily M. , Kopald Hunter , Stanley Raymond M. , Gawron Valerie
Published: October 2015

The Federal Aviation Administration’s vision for the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) includes the implementation of advanced automation capabilities to deliver operational benefits. As these new systems have been deployed, some inefficiencies in the systems engineering process have been noted and attributed to the failure to adequately consider human systems integration in the engineering process (GAO, 2010). Human systems integration can be improved through the definition of quantitative requirements, which ensure that systems are designed effectively and validated fully prior to implementation. This paper provides an overview of a process used to define quantitative guidelines for human systems integration and the application of that process to a set of guidelines for supporting the perception of visual and auditory displays.
Situation Awareness Issues in Unmanned Aircraft Systems Accidents and Incidents
Authors: Joslin Robert E.
Published: October 2015

This study examined environmental situation awareness issues associated with accidents and incidents involving civil and public use unmanned aircraft systems operating in the National Airspace System. The data were derived from an information synthesis of archival publically available reports from the FAA Preliminary Reports of Unmanned Aircraft System Accidents and Incidents database, as recorded in the Aviation Safety Information and Analysis Sharing system. Some type of environmental situation awareness was an issue in 13 of the 274 accident and incidents examined, with navigation situation awareness as the most prevalent issue followed by lesser frequencies of weather, terrain, and altitude situation awareness related events. The identification of the types of environmental situation awareness issues associated with accidents and incidents provided insights for consideration when developing technology and training for unmanned aircraft systems.
Exploring Performance Differences Between UAS Sense-and-Avoid Displays
Authors: Pack Jessica S. , Draper Mark H. , Darrah Sara J. , Squire Mark P. , Cooks Andrea
Published: October 2015

The desire for Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) to routinely access manned airspace has grown substantially due to the proliferation of UAS and their associated applications. A key challenge to safely integrating UAS into the National Airspace System (NAS) is providing a reliable means for UAS to sense and avoid (SAA) other aircraft. The US Air Force is addressing this challenge through the Common Airborne Sense and Avoid (C-ABSAA) program. C-ABSAA is developing a sophisticated SAA capability that will be integrated onboard larger UAS. This paper summarizes key human factors efforts to develop a SAA traffic display with the appropriate level of information needed to aid the pilot in successfully maintaining self-separation and collision avoidance from other aircraft. The present study examined performance differences between candidate SAA displays as well as the most efficient manner to communicate recommended maneuvers. Fifteen Class 3-5 UAS military pilots compared five stand-alone SAA displays across two weather constraint levels (no weather, weather). Results indicated that the Banding Display tended to be most effective in aiding pilot performance during a SAA situation, with faster response times, less change in response time between weather conditions, no collision avoidance alert violations, and favorable subjective feedback. Implications of these findings on determining the acceptable level of information needed on a SAA display to aid pilot performance are discussed.
Analysis of Elderly Human-Robot Team Trust Models
Authors: Ishak Danielle , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: October 2015

This proceeding evaluates three existing models of human-robot trust by means of a macroergonomic framework to find strengths, weaknesses, areas for improvement, and suggestions for future research. The models of human-robot trust that are evaluated are Transparency, Feedback and Emotion Theory. These current models from the literature are examined individually, and strengths and limitations are identified when viewed from a sociotechnical macroergonomic view. A case example of an existing home-health robot, Willow Garage’s PR2 robot, was then used to demonstrate the overlaps and gaps between the models’ ability to represent human-robot trust. The analysis found that all of the models had some limitations and relative advantages when compared to a holistic approach of building trust in a human robot relationship through a sociotechnical system. Implications, limitations, and further research are also discussed.
Cognitive Alignment with Performance Targeted Training Intervention Model
Authors: Kennedy Quinn , Nesbitt Peter , Alt Jon , Fricker Ron
Published: October 2015

We propose that the use of two simple behavioral measures, in conjunction with neurophysiological measures, can be used to create a training intervention that has the potential to provide: (1) real-time notification as to when a training intervention is needed and (2) real-time information as to the type of training intervention that should be employed. The Cognitive Alignment with Performance Targeted Training Intervention Model (CAPTTIM) determines if a trainee’s cognitive state is aligned or misaligned with actual performance. When misalignment occurs, it indicates that a training intervention is needed. Neurophysiological markers, as captured by eyetracking and electroencephalography (EEG), can assist in determining why misalignment between cognitive state and performance occurred, leading to more effective and targeted training intervention. Because all measures are captured continuously in real time, this model has the potential to increase training efficiency and effectiveness in a variety of training domains. The model is illustrated with two case studies.
Mapping Spatial Uncertainty in Prediction
Authors: Herdener Nathan , Wickens Christopher D. , Clegg Benjamin A. , Smith C. A. P.
Published: October 2015

Past research in a range of domains has suggested that individuals tend to underestimate the contribution of random factors in predicting the future and therefore have difficulties understanding variance. This study explored understanding of central tendency versus understanding of underlying variance in a novel spatial task. Participants were required to predict the most likely outcome of an object’s somewhat uncertain movement, as well as estimate its probability of it being present at a number of potential locations. Our findings indicate that individuals became adept at predicting the target location, but they were relatively insensitive to the change variability in the underlying distribution and vastly overestimated the likelihood of samples around the mean. Additionally, there appeared to be no strong relationship between performance on prediction of the mean and performance on estimation of the likelihood. These findings highlight the need for interventions to improve human understanding of variability in order to facilitate prediction in real-world settings.
Interfaces for dismounted soldiers
Authors: Oron-Gilad Tal , Parmet Yisrael , Benor Daniel
Published: October 2015

In military operations, most of the communication is handled by audio and visual devices. Less common is the use of tactile interfaces. Experiments in the dome simulator provide a controlled way to examine soldiers’ display devices within their context of use. Participants are immersed in a virtual hostile environment and utilize a display device conveying video feed from unmanned systems and alerts while having also to attend to their immediate environment. This type of situation allows examining higher workloads and task demands and it is in such conditions that it was hypothesized that the addition of tactile alerts will be beneficial. Results of an experiment conducted on 22 reserve soldier participants reveal that there are advantages to the use of the combined visual+tactile alert interface. However, they also raise concerns as to the ability of soldiers to attend to a display device and to their immediate environment at the same time and call for further research on the utilization of tactile alerts.
Supporting Industrial Uptake of Cognitive Work Analysis
Authors: Bodin Ida , Krupenia Stas
Published: October 2015

As part of a broader industrial project, the first two stages of a Cognitive Work Analysis (CWA, Work Domain Analysis [WDA] and Control Task Analysis [ConTA]) were completed for Long Haul Commercial Road Transport. To support the potential uptake of CWA by different stakeholders within the industrial organization, parts of the ConTA Contextual Activity Template (CAT) were truncated. The goal of the current, exploratory study, was to identify which stakeholders within the industrial organization could benefit from using the WDA or CAT for either their Strategic (Research) or Product (Development) planning, and over what time horizon. We observed differences in the perceived usefulness of the WDA and the CAT between the different stakeholders. Innovative solutions to the issues raised should significantly enhance the industrial use of Cognitive Work Analysis.
Highlights from WORK
Authors: Bazley Conne , Vink Peter , Jacobs Karen , Vink Peter
Published: October 2015

The Environmental Design Technical Group (EDTG) is concerned with the relationship between human behavior and the designed environment. The objective is to foster and encourage the integration of ergonomic principles into the design of environments. In 2015/2016, a ‘special issue’ of WORK: A Journal of Prevention, Assessment and Rehabilitation will be dedicated to Environmental Design and consists of papers on built environments, (i.e. offices, healthcare buildings), and vehicle interiors, (i.e. car and aircrafts). The effects of surroundings around humans on humans are studied. This panel will highlight several of these papers and feature several of the authors. Topics and discussions will include the relationship between the interior environment, human performance, and comfort, thus leading to guidelines requirements or suggestions for environmental design improvement. Additionally, the co-editors will discuss the responsibilities and process of preparing the articles for a Special Issue on Environmental Design.
New ways of work
Authors: Robertson Michelle M. , Bazley Conne , Albin Tom , Hedge Alan , Vink Peter
Published: October 2015

New ways of work are rapidly changing globally wherein employees can work anywhere at any time. Virtual teams and telework are a common alternative worksite where employees are typically using a computer and mobile device to conduct their work. Satellite office workspaces are prevalent with workers are having sharing desks, or hoteling. With mobile technologies, employees have the flexibility to move around the work environment and conduct computing work tasks any place, at any time. These new workspaces ideally support communication, have a character of place, are comfortable, fulfilling, and secure. They stimulate and encourage the creativity and innovation of individuals and teams whilst performing intensive computing tasks and ensure their safety, health and well-being. Knowing how to use these new, flexible workspaces effectively is also critical for employee safety and performance. This panel discusses several issues regarding new ways of working for and with employees who intensively use computer technology and mobile devices. Panelists will present different viewpoints and perspectives on how the field of ergonomics, human computer interaction and training needs proactive consideration in designing workspaces for support of new ways of working with information computer technologies and mobile devices.
Designing for Children
Authors: Berg Rice Valerie J. , Brickman Dennis , Lueder Rani , Smith-Jackson Tonya , Vredenburgh Alison , Zackowitz Ilene
Published: October 2015

Human Factors and Ergonomics (HF/E) research, projects, expert witness cases, and product designs that target children and their caretakers require a unique set of knowledge and skills. Panelists will describe some of their professional child-focused practices and explain how their education and experiential backgrounds prepared them for this work. In cases where traditional HF/E training was not sufficient, panelists will describe how they met this challenge. The discussion between panelists and attendees will focus on suggestions for preparing HF/E professionals for working with this target market.
Human Factors and Ergonomics Standards
Authors: Fox Robert , Sommerich Carolyn M. , Green Paul A. , Albin Thomas J. , Poston Alan M. , Gardner-Bonneau Daryle , Parsons Ken
Published: October 2015

Have you ever wondered about HF/E standards – what they address, how to access them, how they are developed, and how they can help you in your job or research? Given the enhanced HFES focus on getting research into practice and how the desire for achieving that goal could affect the author instructions for HFES publications, this is a critical topic for both researchers and practitioners.

Join us in this informative panel discussion to learn the answers to these and other questions about the world of HF/E standards activities. The panelists, representing the spectrum of HF/E standards involvement, will discuss the different standards development activities and the bodies that produce standards. Also discussed will be the unique challenges of standards work, including working with international colleagues, understanding and identifying stakeholders for standards works, and translating research and data into usable methods and information for practitioners. The discussion will conclude with information about how attendees can get involved in standards work.
Development and Evaluation of a Health Information Technology Dashboard of Quality Indicators
Authors: Schall Mark C. , Chen Howard , Pennathur Priyadarshini R. , Cullen Laura
Published: October 2015

The objective of this work was to design and evaluate a health information technology (HIT) dashboard that presents evidence-based quality indicators for the purpose of evaluating patient risk in a hospital care setting. A focus group of nurse managers, physicians, and hospital quality professionals was conducted to identify design criteria for the HIT dashboard. The dashboard was developed from dynamic process data from a medical surgical unit in a Midwestern, academic hospital using human factors principles. Heuristic and system usability evaluations were performed to assess the HIT dashboard’s functionality and usability. Evaluation results suggest that the HIT dashboard was considered “good” by evaluators (following System Usability Scale criteria), with five suggested changes being recommended by 40% or more of the heuristic evaluators. This work provides a preliminary model for the development of future HIT dashboards intended to communicate patient risk information to hospital care staff.
Effects of Experience, Withdrawal Speed and Monitor Size on Colonoscopists’ visual detection of polyps
Authors: Siah Kewin. T. , Yang X. Jessie , Yoshida Naohisa , Ogiso Kiyoshi , Hölttä-Otto Katja , Naito Yuji
Published: October 2015

This paper examined the effects of experience, withdrawal speed and monitor size on colonoscopists’ visual detection of polyps during colonoscopy. Five novice and five expert colonoscopists participated in a simulation experiment, where they viewed colonoscopy videos and indicated the presence or absence of polyps. Hit rate and false alarm rate of polyp detection were calculated and analyzed. The results showed that expert colonoscopists had superior visual detection skills in terms of hit rate. An increase of withdrawal speed significantly reduced the hit rate for both novice and expert colonoscopists.
Employing Decision-Centered Design to Develop Decision Support for Colorectal Cancer Screening (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Militello Laura , Borders Morgan , Sushereba Christen , DiIulio Julie , Doebbeling Bradely , Imperiale Thomas , Saleem Jason
Published: October 2015

This paper describes a project employing decision-centered design to develop a decision support application called the Screening & Surveillance App (SSA) to aid primary care providers in tracking and managing colorectal cancer (CRC) screening for their patients. This paper details the path from cognitive task analysis (CTA) to a decision support application. We conducted ethnographic observations and CTA interviews to identify common elements of clinical workflow across health systems and articulate decision requirements. We describe three design iterations that emerged over the course of CTA and software development. Findings from a beta test evaluating the SSA suggest that it saves time, increases accuracy in responding to CRC-related patient-specific questions, and is perceived to reduce workflow as compared to participants’ current electronic health records (EHR). Usability and usefulness ratings for the SSA as measured by the Health ITUES were above 4 on a 5-point scale where 5 was most positive.
Identifying Option Awareness Requirements for Public Health Crisis Decision Making
Authors: Pfaff Mark S.
Published: October 2015

This paper presents the results of a series of task analyses with decision makers responsible for managing public health crises. The goal was to uncover cognitive requirements for achieving option awareness, in addition to situation awareness, in complex and emergent decision-making scenarios. Five expert decision makers in multiple roles related to public health were interviewed to elicit knowledge requirements relating to emerging public health crises. Analysis revealed patterns of responses showing that in addition to the known necessity of high situation awareness in handling complex events, additional forms of awareness about the relative desirability of options affect the decision making of experts. The results have implications for the design of systems supporting decision making under high complexity and uncertainty, as well as for training to accelerate the growth of novices into expert decision makers.
Sepsis Alert Presentation
Authors: Miller Kristen E. , Capan Muge , Wu Pan , Jackson Eric V. , Arnold Ryan C.
Published: October 2015

The Value Institute at Christiana Care Health System is developing and evaluating a framework to optimize alert design for clinical decision support (CDS) to target sepsis, the most impactful disease process to our system. Our multifaceted approach takes into account technological, organizational, and provider factors that influence how providers interact with alerts throughout the hospitalization process when appropriate clinical care can change the trajectory of a patient with a systemic infection. Effective presentation of the alert, including how and what is displayed, may help providers extract information quickly, offering better cognitive support during busy patient encounters. Our simulated usability evaluation, using real clinical scenarios, investigates how clinicians detect sepsis and respond to CDS based on the way the information is presented visually. Usability testing is designed to better understand the decision-making process analyzing varied designs that utilize various levels of visual presentations to promote situational awareness and measure diagnosis- and treatment- related variables.
Field-Based Human Factors in Home and Community Settings
Authors: Holden Richard J. , Valdez Rupa S. , Hundt Ann Schoofs , Marquard Jenna , Montague Enid , Nathan-Roberts Dan , Or Calvin , Zayas-Cabán Teresa
Published: October 2015

Studies of complex health and healthcare phenomena such as transitions of care, chronic disease management, or care coordination, often require field work spanning people, time, and place. The scope of such field work often includes patients and their families and settings such as the home and community. Human factors researchers are identifying the challenges associated with conducting such work and are developing practical strategies. This panel gathers human factors experts to address the question: What are the challenges to and strategies for conducting human factors field research on health and healthcare with multiple individuals including patients, over longer periods of time, and across settings including the (patient) home and community? Panelists answer this question by describing their personal experiences with multiple studies and provide vignettes for grounding an interactive panelist-audience discussion.