bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbially Mediated Aerobic and Anaerobic Degradation of Acrylamide in a Western United States Irrigation Canal
Authors: K.Labahn Stephanie , C. Fisher Jenny , A. Robleto Eduardo , H. Young Michael , P. Moser Duane
Published: August 2010

Acrylamide (AMD), a neurotoxin and suspected carcinogen, is present at concentrations of up to 0.05% in linear anionic polyacrylamide, which is under evaluation as a temporary sealant in unlined irrigation canal systems across the United States. We examined the microbially mediated degradation of AMD and diversity of AMD‐degrading microbial physiotypes in the Rocky Ford Highline Canal, Colorado to better constrain the potential fate of AMD in a canal environment. Microorganisms able to use AMD (500 mg L−1) as a sole nitrogen source were relatively abundant (2.3 × 103 to 9.4 × 103 cells mL−1 in water and 4.2 × 103 to 2.3 × 105 cells g−1 in sediment). Only sediment samples contained microorganisms able to use AMD as a sole carbon source. Acrylamide (up to 100 mg L−1) was efficiently removed from amended canal water and sediment slurries under aerobic conditions, but no AMD degradation was observed in abiotic controls. Anaerobic degradation of AMD by nitrate‐, sulfate‐, and iron‐reducing microorganisms was also tested, with nitrate reducers affecting the highest amounts of AMD removal (70.3–85%) after 60 d. All representatives (n = 15) from a collection of 256 AMD‐degrading microbial isolates from Rocky Ford Highline Canal were closely related to well characterized environmental bacteria capable of facultative nitrate respiration. Our results demonstrate that natural microbial populations within this canal are capable of AMD degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and that this degradation is performed by naturally abundant bacteria likely to be present in other freshwater irrigation canals or similar lotic habitats.
Prediction of Groundwater Contamination with Multivariate Regression and Probabilistic Capture Zones
Authors: Lim Jeong‐Won , Bae Gwang‐Ok , Kaown Dugin , Lee Kang‐Kun
Published: August 2010

Probabilistic capture zones are combined with a regression model and used as buffer zones around wells for Tobit regression analysis to predict contaminant concentration of groundwater in an agricultural region. A backward transport equation, which is a mathematical model based on the physical processes of solute transport, is used to delineate probabilistic capture zones. The probabilistic capture zone defines the area where contaminant discharge can have a direct influence, with pertinent probability, on the quality of groundwater pumped from a well. Tobit regression analysis is used to find the relationship between independent regression variables and a dependent variable, which is contaminant concentration in this study. The capture zone and the regression are combined into a model, and its applicability for prediction of nitrate concentration is tested in a small agricultural basin in Chuncheon, Korea, which is occupied mainly by vegetation fields, orchards, and small barns. Three cases of Model 1, Model 2, and Model 3 are compared in which buffer zones are circles, capture zones with probability over 0.1, and capture zones divided into sections with different probabilities, respectively. The resulting regression model describes nitrate concentration in terms of selected independent variables. When the concentrations are calculated with the model, the best fit with the observed concentrations was in Model 3. This result supports the applicability of the method proposed in this study to prediction of contaminant concentration of groundwater.
Model Evaluation of Potential Impacts of On‐Site Wastewater Systems on Phosphorus in Turkey Creek Watershed
Authors: Geza Mengistu , McCray John E. , Murray Kyle E.
Published: August 2010

Nutrient loading to surface water systems has traditionally been associated with agricultural sources. Sources such as on‐site wastewater systems (OWS) may be of concern especially in rural, nonagricultural watersheds. The impact of various point and nonpoint sources including OWS in Turkey Creek Watershed was evaluated using the Watershed Analysis Risk Management Framework, which was calibrated using 10 yr of observed stream flow and total P concentrations. Doubling the population in the watershed or OWS septic tank effluent P concentration increased mean stream total P concentration by a factor of 1.05. Converting all the OWS to a conventional sewer system with a removal efficiency of 93% at the wastewater treatment plant increased the mean total P concentration at the watershed outlet by a factor of 1.26. Reducing the soil adsorption capacity by 50% increased the mean stream total P concentration by a factor of 3.2. Doubling the initial P concentration increased the mean stream total P concentration by a factor of 1.96. Stream flow and sediment transport also substantially affected stream P concentration. The results suggest that OWS contribution to stream P in this watershed is minimal compared with other factors within the simulated time frame of 10 yr.
Soil Nitrous Oxide Emissions Following Band‐Incorporation of Fertilizer Nitrogen and Swine Manure
Authors: Chantigny Martin H. , Rochette Philippe , Angers Denis A. , Bittman Shabtai , Buckley Katherine , Massé Daniel , Bélanger Gilles , Eriksen‐Hamel Nikita , Gasser Marc‐Olivier
Published: August 2010

Treatment of liquid swine manure (LSM) offers opportunities to improve manure nutrient management. However, N2O fluxes and cumulative emissions resulting from application of treated LSM are not well documented. Nitrous oxide emissions were monitored following band‐incorporation of 100 kg N ha−1 of either mineral fertilizer, raw LSM, or four pretreated LSMs (anaerobic digestion; anaerobic digestion + flocculation; filtration; decantation) at the four‐leaf stage of corn (Zea mays L.). In a clay soil, a larger proportion of applied N was lost as N2O with the mineral fertilizer (average of 6.6%) than with LSMs (3.1–5.0%), whereas in a loam soil, the proportion of applied N lost as N2O was lower with the mineral fertilizer (average of 0.4%) than with LSMs (1.2–2.4%). Emissions were related to soil NO3 intensity in the clay soil, whereas they were related to water‐extractable organic C in the loam soil. This suggests that N2O production was N limited in the clay soil and C limited in the loam soil, and would explain the interaction found between N sources and soil type. The large N2O emission coefficients measured in many treatments, and the contradicting responses among N sources depending on soil type, indicate that (i) the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) default value (1%) may seriously underestimate N2O emissions from fine‐textured soils where fertilizer N and manure are band‐incorporated, and (ii) site‐specific factors, such as drainage conditions and soil properties (e.g., texture, organic matter content), have a differential influence on emissions depending on N source.
Phosphorus Forms and Chemistry in the Soil Profile under Long‐Term Conservation Tillage: A Phosphorus‐31 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study
Authors: Cade‐Menun Barbara J. , Carter Martin R. , James Dean C. , Liu Corey W.
Published: August 2010

In many regions, conservation tillage has replaced conventional tilling practices to reduce soil erosion, improve water conservation, and increase soil organic matter. However, tillage can have marked effects on soil properties, specifically nutrient redistribution or stratification in the soil profile. The objective of this research was to examine soil phosphorus (P) forms and concentrations in a long‐term study comparing conservation tillage (direct drilling, “No Till”) and conventional tillage (moldboard plowing to 20 cm depth, “Till”) established on a fine sandy loam (Orthic Humo‐Ferric Podzol) in Prince Edward Island, Canada. No significant differences in total carbon (C), total nitrogen (N), total P, or total organic P concentrations were detected between the tillage systems at any depth in the 0‐ to 60‐cm depth range analyzed. However, analysis with phosphorus‐31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed differences in P forms in the plow layer. In particular, the concentration of orthophosphate was significantly higher under No Till than Till at 5 to 10 cm, but the reverse was true at 10 to 20 cm. Mehlich 3–extractable P was also significantly higher in No Till at 5 to 10 cm and significantly higher in Till at 20 to 30 cm. This P stratification appears to be caused by a lack of mixing of applied fertilizer in No Till because the same trends were observed for pH and Mehlich 3–extractable Ca (significantly higher in the Till treatment at 20 to 30 cm), reflecting mixing of applied lime. The P saturation ratio was significantly higher under No Till at 0 to 5 cm and exceeded the recommended limits, suggesting that P stratification under No Till had increased the potential for P loss in runoff from these sites.
Miscanthus and Switchgrass Production in Central Illinois: Impacts on Hydrology and Inorganic Nitrogen Leaching
Authors: McIsaac Gregory F. , David Mark B. , Mitchell Corey A.
Published: August 2010

Biomass crops are being promoted as environmentally favorable alternatives to fossil fuels or ethanol production from maize (Zea mays L.), particularly across the Corn Belt of the United States. However, there are few if any empirical studies on inorganic N leaching losses from perennial grasses that are harvested on an annual basis, nor has there been empirical evaluation of the hydrologic consequences of perennial cropping systems. Here we report on the results of 4 yr of field measurements of soil moisture and inorganic N leaching from a conventional maize–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] system and two unfertilized perennial grasses harvested in winter for biomass: Miscanthus × giganteus and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum cv. Cave‐in‐Rock). All crops were grown on fertile Mollisols in east‐central Illinois. Inorganic N leaching was measured with ion exchange resin lysimeters placed 50 cm below the soil surface. Maize–soybean nitrate leaching averaged 40.4 kg N ha−1 yr−1, whereas switchgrass and Miscanthus had values of 1.4 and 3.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1, respectively. Soil moisture monitoring (to a depth of 90 cm) indicated that both perennial grasses dried the soil out earlier in the growing season compared with maize–soybean. Later in the growing season, soil moisture under switchgrass tended to be greater than maize–soybean or Miscanthus, whereas the soil under Miscanthus was consistently drier than under maize–soybean. Water budget calculations indicated that evapotranspiration from Miscanthus was about 104 mm yr−1 greater than under maize–soybean, which could reduce annual drainage water flows by 32% in central Illinois. Drainage water is a primary source of surface water flows in the region, and the impact of extensive Miscanthus production on surface water supplies and aquatic ecosystems deserves further investigation.
Estimating Dissolved Reactive Phosphorus Concentration in Surface Runoff Water from Major Ontario Soils
Authors: Wang Y. T. , Zhang T. Q. , Hu Q. C. , Tan C. S. , Halloran I. P. O' , Drury C. F. , Reid D. K. , Ma B L. , Ball‐Coelho B. , Lauzon J. D. , Reynolds W. D. , Welacky T.
Published: August 2010

Phosphorus (P) loss from agricultural land in surface runoff can contribute to eutrophication of surface water. This study was conducted to evaluate a range of environmental and agronomic soil P tests as indicators of potential soil surface runoff dissolved reactive P (DRP) losses from Ontario soils. The soil samples (0‐ to 20‐cm depth) were collected from six soil series in Ontario, with 10 sites each to provide a wide range of soil test P (STP) values. Rainfall simulation studies were conducted following the USEPA National P Research Project protocol. The average DRP concentration (DRP30) in runoff water collected over 30 min after the start of runoff increased (p < 0.001) in either a linear or curvilinear manner with increases in levels of various STPs and estimates of degree of soil P saturation (DPS). Among the 16 measurements of STPs and DPSs assessed, DPSM3‐2 (Mehlich‐3 P/[Mehlich‐3 Al + Fe]) (r2 = 0.90), DPSM3‐3 (Mehlich‐3 P/Mehlich‐3 Al) (r2 = 0.89), and water‐extractable P (WEP) (r2 = 0.89) had the strongest overall relationship with runoff DRP30 across all six soil series. The DPSM3‐2 and DPSM3‐3 were equally accurate in predicting runoff DRP30 loss. However, DPSM3‐3 was preferred as its prediction of DRP30 was soil pH insensitive and simpler in analytical procedure, if a DPS approach is adopted.
Modeling of Phosphorus Loads in Sugarcane in a Low‐Relief Landscape Using Ontology‐based Simulation
Authors: Kwon Ho‐Young , Grunwald Sabine , Beck Howard W. , Jung Yunchul , Daroub Samira H. , Lang Timothy A. , Morgan Kelly T.
Published: August 2010

Water flow and P dynamics in a low‐relief landscape manipulated by extensive canal and ditch drainage systems were modeled utilizing an ontology‐based simulation model. In the model, soil water flux and processes between three soil inorganic P pools (labile, active, and stable) and organic P are represented as database objects. And user‐defined relationships among objects are used to automatically generate computer code (Java) for running the simulation of discharge and P loads. Our objectives were to develop ontology‐based descriptions of soil P dynamics within sugarcane‐ (Saccharum officinarumL.) grown farm basins of the Everglades Agricultural Area (EAA) and to calibrate and validate such processes with water quality monitoring data collected at one farm basin (1244 ha). In the calibration phase (water year [WY] 99–00), observed discharge totaled 11,114 m3ha−1and dissolved P 0.23 kg P ha−1; and in the validation phase (WY 02–03), discharge was 10,397 m3ha−1and dissolved P 0.11 kg P ha−1During WY 99–00 the root mean square error (RMSE) for monthly discharge was 188 m3ha−1and for monthly dissolved P 0.0077 kg P ha−1; whereas during WY 02–03 the RMSE for monthly discharge was 195 m3ha−1and monthly dissolved P 0.0022 kg P ha−1These results were confirmed by Nash–Sutcliffe Coefficient of 0.69 (calibration) and 0.81 (validation) comparing measured and simulated P loads. The good model performance suggests that our model has promise to simulate P dynamics, which may be useful as a management tool to reduce P loads in other similar low‐relief areas.
Nitrogen Source Effects on Nitrous Oxide Emissions from Irrigated No‐Till Corn
Authors: Halvorson Ardell D. , Del Grosso Stephen J. , Alluvione Francesco
Published: August 2010

Nitrogen fertilization is essential for optimizing crop yields; however, it may potentially increase nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. The study objective was to assess the ability of commercially available enhanced‐efficiency N fertilizers to reduce N2O emissions following their application in comparison with conventional dry granular urea and liquid urea‐ammonium nitrate (UAN) fertilizers in an irrigated no‐till (NT) corn (Zea mays L.) production system. Four enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers were evaluated: two polymer‐coated urea products (ESN and Duration III) and two fertilizers containing nitrification and urease inhibitors (SuperU and UAN+AgrotainPlus). Nitrous oxide fluxes were measured during two growing seasons using static, vented chambers and a gas chromatograph analyzer. Enhanced‐efficiency fertilizers significantly reduced growing‐season N2O‐N emissions in comparison with urea, including UAN. SuperU and UAN+AgrotainPlus had significantly lower N2O‐N emissions than UAN. Compared with urea, SuperU reduced N2O‐N emissions 48%, ESN 34%, Duration III 31%, UAN 27%, and UAN+AgrotainPlus 53% averaged over 2 yr. Compared with UAN, UAN+AgrotainPlus reduced N2O emissions 35% and SuperU 29% averaged over 2 yr. The N2O‐N loss as a percentage of N applied was 0.3% for urea, with all other N sources having significantly lower losses. Grain production was not reduced by the use of alternative N sources. This work shows that enhanced‐efficiency N fertilizers can potentially reduce N2O‐N emissions without affecting yields from irrigated NT corn systems in the semiarid central Great Plains.
The Value of Information in Regulation
Authors: Magesan Arvind , Turner Matthew A
Published: August 2010

This paper considers the problem of an imperfectly informed regulator constrained in his choice of environmental regulation by the political opposition of those affected by the policy. We compare the value of two types of information to the regulator: the social cost of pollution and the profitability of firms present in the economy. We find that in environments where small increases in the losses to regulated firms greatly affect the regulator's ability to implement the policy, it is most valuable to learn the types of firms whereas it is most valuable to learn the social cost of pollution when small increases in losses are relatively ineffectual.
Social participation through the eyes of people with aphasia
Authors: Dalemans Ruth J. P. , de Witte Luc , Wade Derick , van den Heuvel Wim
Published: August 2010

Background: Little is known about the way people with aphasia perceive their social participation and its influencing factors.

Aims: To explore how people with aphasia perceive participation in society and to investigate influencing factors.

Methods & Procedures: In this qualitative study thirteen persons with aphasia and twelve central caregivers kept a pre‐structured diary over two weeks, followed by a semi‐structured interview. Diaries and interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed by two researchers independently using codes, categories and central themes inductively. Plausibility of the analyses was discussed several times with a third independent senior‐researcher. In a focus group interview, the results were discussed with the participants.

Outcomes & Results: The number of social activities and the character of these activities are not as important as the perceived engagement in the social activities for the participants. People with aphasia feel isolated but want to feel engaged. They feel burdensome to others and wish to function in an ordinary way. Extracting information from conversations is difficult but they want to know what is going on. Often they are not able to work and they wish to contribute to the community in other ways. Although they often feel stigmatized, they wish to be respected. Often they do not reach that goal. Perceived factors influencing engagement in social participation can be divided into personal, social and environmental factors. The following personal factors are reported: motivation, physical and psychological condition and communication skills. The social factors are: the role of the central caregiver and the characteristics of the communication partner(s), namely willingness, skills and knowledge. The environmental factors refer to quietness and familiarity of the place in which the person with aphasia live.

Conclusions: Social participation is a theoretical concept that people with aphasia do not use. Instead, people speak in terms of engagement, involvement, having a feeling of belonging. People with aphasia describe the degree of engagement in activities in social life domains (i.e. the quality of activities) as more important than the quantity of performing activities.
Reconciling the perspective of practitioner and service user: findings from The Aphasia in Scotland study
Authors: Law James , Huby Guro , Irving Anne‐Marie , Pringle Ann‐Marie , Conochie Douglas , Haworth Catherine , Burston Amanda
Published: August 2010

Background: It is widely accepted that service users should be actively involved in new service developments, but there remain issues about how best to consult with them and how to reconcile their views with those of service providers.

Aims: This paper uses data from The Aphasia in Scotland study, set up by NHS Quality Improvement Scotland to identify the direction of the development of services for people with aphasia in Scotland. It examines the views both of those who provide and of those who receive those services.

Methods & Procedures: The study integrated findings from a questionnaire to all speech and language therapists treating people with aphasia across Scotland with findings from focus groups with service users and aphasia practitioners.

Outcomes & Results: Three themes were identified: (1) public and professional awareness of the impact of aphasia on the individual and their family; (2) current service provision and gaps in services; and (3) directions for the future development of services and barriers to change. Although the impact of aphasia is well recognized amongst most professionals (that is, not just speech and language therapists), considerable concern was expressed about the level of knowledge amongst professionals who do not specialize in stroke care and about public awareness of aphasia. Service providers indicated a shift in the model of service delivery of which the service users were largely unaware. Although the majority of speech and language therapists spend most of their time providing one‐to‐one therapy, and this is valued by service users, there is undoubtedly an emerging shift towards a focus on broader social function and the inclusion of the person with aphasia in supportive social networks. This creates tensions because of the existing pressure for individualized models of delivery. Concern was expressed by practitioners, although not echoed by patients, about the transition from the acute sector to primary care. Practitioners also expressed concern about the introduction of more recent services like NHS 24 and e‐health initiatives, which rely on means of communication that may be particularly challenging for people with aphasia.

Conclusions & Implications: The findings from this study indicate that although there are clearly common perspectives, the views of people with aphasia about services do not necessarily coincide with those of service providers. This is an important consideration when initiating consultation and highlights the need for clarity on the part of practitioners in identifying the aims and objectives of their ervices as far as people with aphasia are concerned.
Speech disorders in neurofibromatosis type 1: a sample survey
Authors: Cosyns Marjan , Vandeweghe Lies , Mortier Geert , Janssens Sandra , Van Borsel John
Published: August 2010

Background: Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is an autosomal‐dominant neurocutaneous disorder with an estimated prevalence of two to three cases per 10 000 population. While the physical characteristics have been well documented, speech disorders have not been fully characterized in NF1 patients.

Aims: This study serves as a pilot to identify key issues in the speech of NF1 patients. In particular, the aim is to explore further the occurrence and nature of problems associated with speech as perceived by the patients themselves.

Methods & Procedures: A questionnaire was sent to 149 patients with NF1 registered at the Department of Genetics, Ghent University Hospital. The questionnaire inquired about articulation, hearing, breathing, voice, resonance and fluency. Sixty individuals ranging in age from 4.5 to 61.3 years returned completed questionnaires and these served as the database for the study. The results of this sample survey were compared with data of the normal population.

Outcomes & Results: About two‐thirds of participants experienced at least one speech or speech‐related problem of any type. Compared with the normal population, the NF1 group indicated more articulation difficulties, hearing impairment, abnormalities in loudness, and stuttering.

Conclusion: The results indicate that speech difficulties are an area of interest in the NF1 population. Further research to elucidate these findings is needed.
Self‐esteem of adolescents with specific language impairment as they move from compulsory education
Authors: Lindsay Geoff , Dockrell Julie , Palikara Olympia
Published: August 2010

Background: Children with specific language impairment (SLI) are at risk of low self‐esteem during their school years. However, there is a lack of evidence of the self‐esteem of young people with a history of SLI during adolescence, as they transfer from compulsory schooling to post‐compulsory education, employment or training.

Aims: To examine the self‐esteem of young people with a history of SLI at the transition from compulsory education (16 years) to the first year of post‐compulsory education, employment and training (17 years) in England.

Methods & Procedures: A total of 54 young people identified as having SLI at 8 years were followed up at 16 and at 17 years. The young people completed two measures of self‐esteem: the Self‐perception Profile for Adolescents (16 years) and the Self‐perception Profile for College Students (17 years). Assessments of language, literacy and non‐verbal ability were also conducted.

Outcomes & Results: Perceptions of scholastic competence were significantly lower than the norm at 16 years; the female students also had lower self‐esteem in the social and physical appearance domains and global self‐worth. However, at 17 years there were no significant differences from the norm for these self‐esteem domains. There was evidence of stability within self‐esteem domains over this period but also an improvement in self‐perceptions of scholastic and job competence, physical appearance and athletic competence, and also global self‐worth, but not the three social domains. Non‐verbal cognitive ability was not correlated with any measures of self‐esteem, at 16 or 17 years. Language and literacy ability, especially spelling, were correlated with scholastic and job competence at 16 years but only spelling correlated at 17 years.

Conclusions & Implications: This study has provided evidence for improvements in self‐esteem for young people with SLI after they leave school and enter the world of non‐compulsory education (typically at a college), employment and training. The study has also indicated the importance of addressing self‐esteem as a multi‐dimensional construct and the consequent necessity to use instruments that assess different domains of self‐esteem.
Study of acute encephalitis syndrome in children
Authors: Khinchi YR , Kumar A , Yadav S
Published: August 2010

Objective: To determine the profile and outcome of children admitted with Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) and to find out the prevalence of Japanese Encephalitis (JE) IgM antibodies positive cases among these patients with their case fatality rate (CFR). Materials and methods: Study consist of retrospective analysis of hospital records of children up to 15 years of age admitted with diagnosis of AES in pediatric wards of College of Medical Sciences-Teaching Hospital, Bharatpur from January 2007 to December 2008. Results: During two years, 61 patients of AES were admitted. Male and female patients were 33 and 28 respectively. Meningitis accounted for 29 and encephalitis for 32 patients. JE IgM seropositive cases contributed for 18% of all AES cases. Case fatality for JE was 16.6%. Conclusions: Japanese Encephalitis is endemic in catchment area of the hospital. JE has significant morbidity and mortality which can be prevented by immunization and mortality can be reduced if supportive interventions are provided in time. Key words: AES; JE; CFR. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3596 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 7-13
Formation of median nerve by three roots: A case report
Authors: Satyanarayana N , Reddy CK , Sunitha P , Jayasri N , Nitin V , Praveen G , Guha R , Datta AK , Shaik MM
Published: August 2010

During routine dissection of an adult male cadaver in the Department of Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Bharatpur, Nepal, the right median nerve was found to be formed by three roots. The finding was noted after thorough and meticulous dissection of the upper limbs of both sides (axilla, arm, forearm and palm). Out of the three roots forming the anomalous median nerve, two were from lateral cord and one from medial cord of brachial plexus. However, the distribution of the anomalous median nerve was normal in arm, forearm and palm. The arterial pattern in the arm (axillary and brachial arteries) was also normal. Key words: Cadaver; median nerve; brachial plexus DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3602 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 47-50
Pleomorphic adenoma of the upper lip: A case report
Authors: Shrestha A , Reddy NS , Ganguly SN
Published: August 2010

This case report describes a rare and unusual lesion found in 27 year old female, which was diagnosed as pleomorphic adenoma of the minor salivary glands in the upper lip. The tumor was a circumscribed, large firm mass, about 5 cm in diameter, almost obstructing the nasal vestibule and characterized by slow growth. Complete excision was performed and the histopathological analysis showed pleomorphic adenoma. The tumor did not recur. A brief review of the relevant literature is also presented. Keywords: Pleomorphic adenoma; minor salivary gland tumors; nasal vestibule DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i1.3603 Journal of College of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol. 6, No. 1, 51-53
Norwegian scabies- A case report
Authors: Kedia Sima Kumari , Mathur Mahesh
Published: August 2010

Norwegian scabies is a rare form of a common ectoparasitic infestation of skin. Case report is of importance for the general practicerners point of view and for the information of preventive and social health workers. Key words: Norwegian scabies; ectoparisite. DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i2.3617 Journal of college of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol.6, No-2, 47-49
Management of Rhinophyma on the basis of different excision procedures
Authors: Biswari Gaurav , Gupta Pragati , Das Dilip
Published: August 2010

The aim is to get better cosmetic results after the excision of rhinophyma because there are various procedures to excise rhinophyma in which Electrocautery is the most convenient and can be performed under local anaesthesia also. Key words: Rhinophyma; electrocautery; anaesthesia DOI: 10.3126/jcmsn.v6i2.3618 Journal of college of Medical Sciences-Nepal, 2010, Vol.6, No-2, 50-55
In Defense of Gibbs and the Traditional Definition of the Entropy of Distinguishable Particles
Authors: Nagle John F.
Published: August 2010

The traditional Gibbs’ calculation of the entropy of distinguishable classical particles that leads to Gibbs Paradox has been criticized recently. This criticism, if valid, would require a substantially different definition of entropy in general. However, the traditional definition of entropy works quite well in situations where the distinguishability of classical particles is taken seriously while a suggested replacement definition fails.
Principles and Materials Aspects of Direct Alkaline Alcohol Fuel Cells
Authors: Yu Eileen Hao , Krewer Ulrike , Scott Keith
Published: August 2010

Direct alkaline alcohol fuel cells (DAAFCs) have attracted increasing interest over the past decade because of their favourable reaction kinetics in alkaline media, higher energy densities achievable and the easy handling of the liquid fuels. In this review, principles and mechanisms of DAAFCs in alcohol oxidation and oxygen reduction are discussed. Despite the high energy densities available during the oxidation of polycarbon alcohols they are difficult to oxidise. Apart from methanol, the complete oxidation of other polycarbon alcohols to CO2 has not been achieved with current catalysts. Different types of catalysts, from conventional precious metal catalyst of Pt and Pt alloys to other lower cost Pd, Au and Ag metal catalysts are compared. Non precious metal catalysts, and lanthanum, strontium oxides and perovskite-type oxides are also discussed. Membranes like the ones used as polymer electrolytes and developed for DAAFCs are reviewed. Unlike conventional proton exchange membrane fuel cells, anion exchange membranes are used in present DAAFCs. Fuel cell performance with DAAFCs using different alcohols, catalysts and membranes, as well as operating parameters are summarised. In order to improve the power output of the DAAFCs, further developments in catalysts, membrane materials and fuel cell systems are essential.
Coronavirus Genomics and Bioinformatics Analysis
Authors: Woo Patrick C. Y. , Huang Yi , Lau Susanna K. P. , Yuen Kwok-Yung
Published: August 2010

The drastic increase in the number of coronaviruses discovered and coronavirus genomes being sequenced have given us an unprecedented opportunity to perform genomics and bioinformatics analysis on this family of viruses. Coronaviruses possess the largest genomes (26.4 to 31.7 kb) among all known RNA viruses, with G + C contents varying from 32% to 43%. Variable numbers of small ORFs are present between the various conserved genes (ORF1ab, spike, envelope, membrane and nucleocapsid) and downstream to nucleocapsid gene in different coronavirus lineages. Phylogenetically, three genera, Alphacoronavirus, Betacoronavirus and Gammacoronavirus, with Betacoronavirus consisting of subgroups A, B, C and D, exist. A fourth genus, Deltacoronavirus, which includes bulbul coronavirus HKU11, thrush coronavirus HKU12 and munia coronavirus HKU13, is emerging. Molecular clock analysis using various gene loci revealed that the time of most recent common ancestor of human/civet SARS related coronavirus to be 1999-2002, with estimated substitution rate of 4´10-4 to 2´10-2 substitutions per site per year. Recombination in coronaviruses was most notable between different strains of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), between different strains of infectious bronchitis virus, between MHV and bovine coronavirus, between feline coronavirus (FCoV) type I and canine coronavirus generating FCoV type II, and between the three genotypes of human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1). Codon usage bias in coronaviruses were observed, with HCoV-HKU1 showing the most extreme bias, and cytosine deamination and selection of CpG suppressed clones are the two major independent biological forces that shape such codon usage bias in coronaviruses.
Linkages among life‐history components through time: Carryover effects on the demography of a short‐lived polycarpic plant
Authors: Aragón Cristina F. , Méndez Marcos , Escudero Adrián
Published: August 2010

• Premise of the study: Current reproduction in polycarpic plants may be affected by a wide variety of factors, including carryover or “historical” effects derived from environments experienced early in life and from previous investments in organ preformation or other life functions, such as growth or reproduction. Historical effects as determinants of plant reproductive success in a specific season have received considerably less attention than events during the current reproductive episode, especially for short‐lived plants.

• Methods: We used structural equation modeling to assess direct and indirect relations between past reproduction and both subsequent reproduction and growth in Helianthemum squamatum, a short‐lived polycarpic plant. Additionally, we explored the effects of current reproduction on future survival (binomial variable) by using logistic regression.

• Key results: Historical effects derived from previous growth positively affected current reproduction, suggesting the existence of a reproductive hierarchy in the population, in which some individuals are consistently better growers and seeders. The lack of effects of current reproduction on future reproduction, together with the existence of a negative effect on future survival, suggests that to invest maximally in reproduction at the expense of a short life span may be the optimal strategy for H. squamatum, a species inhabiting very unpredictable ecosystems.

• Conclusions: Historical effects derived from past investments in growth or reproduction may have important consequences for current plant performance and may play an essential role in shaping life histories.
Changes in snowmelt date and summer precipitation affect the flowering phenology of Erythronium grandiflorum (glacier lily; Liliaceae)
Authors: Lambert Allison M. , Miller‐Rushing Abraham J. , Inouye David W.
Published: August 2010

• Premise of the study: Climate change has affected species worldwide, including alterations in phenology, migration patterns, distribution, and survival. Because Erythronium grandiflorum is an early‐season bloomer, alterations in its phenology may have serious implications for many North American Rocky Mountain communities, including changes in resource availability for pollinators and herbivores.

• Methods: We investigated whether changes in the snowmelt date, summer temperature, and summer precipitation have altered the timing and abundance of flowering in E. grandiflorum by collecting long‐term data on floral abundance from 1975–2008 in a series of 2 × 2 m plots at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL) in Gothic, Colorado in the United States.

• Key results: Snowmelt date and mean summer temperature were negatively correlated. Over the 30‐yr study, the snowmelt date advanced by 4.14 d/decade, and mean summer temperature increased by 0.38°C/decade. Summer precipitation was variable, showing no change. The first, peak, and last flowering dates of E. grandiflorum advanced an average of 3.2 d/decade. Furthermore, earlier snowmelt and greater summer precipitation in the previous year led to earlier flowering in E. grandiflorum. There was no change in flowering abundance in this species, indicating it may be controlled by a complex set of abiotic and biotic variables.

• Conclusions: Our study indicates that snowmelt is arriving earlier at the RMBL, which has caused earlier flowering in E. grandiflorum. Because alterations in phenology can disrupt important ecological interactions, information on potential phenological shifts in species that interact with E. grandiflorum is essential in determining the net effect of climate‐driven alterations in phenology.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF COOPERATION OF INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Ginevičius Romualdas
Published: August 2010

Cooperation is a strategy of an enterprise, seeking to retain its market share. The cooperation means the establishment of long‐term relations of production between economically and legally independent enterprises. The measurement of the level of cooperation achieved plays an important part in this process because it helps to determine the effect of cooperation on the efficiency of commercial activities of an enterprise, as well as the extent of cooperation influence, the conditions required for effective cooperation of enterprises, etc. In the present investigation, the analysis of the cooperation influence on the competitiveness of an enterprise is made, based on the suggested formula for determining the level of the cooperation achieved by enterprises. The analysis performed shows that this influence is not strong, implying that the appropriate organisational forms of cooperation have not been found yet. Cooperation mainly affects the profitability of an enterprise. The analysis of cooperation in the area of production shows that cooperation in production, and the development of new technologies and new products is most important for achieving enterprise profitability. The number of partners also has a great influence on cooperation effectiveness. Santrauka Kooperacija yra vienas iš imones strategines elgsenos būdu siekiant išlikti rinkoje. Tai nuolatiniu il‐galaikiu gamybiniu ryšiu nustatymas tarp ūkiškai ir teisiškai savarankišku imoniu. Svarbus vaidmuo kooperacijoje tenka jos pasiekto lygio matavimui, nes be to neimanoma nagrineti jos poveikio imoniu komercines veiklos efektyvumui, nustatyti šio poveikio ribu, efektyvios kooperacijos salygu ir pan. Re‐miantis pasiūlyta imoniu kooperacijos pasiekto lygio nustatymo formule, atlikta kooperacijos poveikio imones konkurencines veiklos rezultatams analize parode, kad jis nera stiprus, vadinasi, dar nerastos tinkamos organizacines jos formos. Kooperacija daro didžiausia itaka imones turto pelningumui. Ga‐mybos funkciju kooperavimo analize parode, kad labiausiai imoniu turto pelninguma veikia gamybos bei nauju technologiju ir produkto išvystymo kooperavimas. Didele itaka kooperacijos efektyvumui taip pat turi partneriu skaičius.
Les politiques d'insertion
Authors: Mauger Gérard
Published: August 2010

Résumé Dans le cadre de la « nouvelle » pensée étatique qui s’élabore au tournant des années 1970-1980, « l’insertion » apparaît comme le label qui désigne les réponses étatiques successives au chômage des jeunes et à « la nouvelle pauvreté » (« l’exclusion »). Cette ébauche d’une histoire sociale de l’insertion tente de mettre en évidence les implications multiples de ces nouveaux modes d’encadrement du non-emploi, dont « la logique du projet » constitue aujourd’hui la clé de voûte, de montrer comment ils ont progressivement substitué la figure de « l’inemployable » à celle du chômeur. Elle passe par l’analyse du travail collectif qui a été nécessaire pour faire de l’insertion un « problème officiel », une catégorie de la pensée étatique qui s’impose au monde politique, syndical, patronal, médiatique et scientifique. Dans cette perspective, il s’agit de montrer ce que les dispositifs d’insertion successifs doivent, en particulier, aux conflits internes au champ politique et aux différentes catégories de « professionnels de l’insertion », c’est-à-dire aussi de mettre en évidence les enjeux inséparablement politiques, professionnels et éthiques, liés à l’insertion. Il apparaît ainsi que ces politiques « à visées réparatrices » et leurs transformations successives ont concouru à aggraver le mal qu’elles prétendaient combattre en contribuant à la déstabilisation du modèle salarial.
L'impensé d'une réforme pénitentiaire
Authors: Lechien Marie-Hélène
Published: August 2010

Résumé Une réforme récente réorganise les soins en prison, améliorant la prise en charge de la santé des détenus. Son application met en évidence l’écart entre un dispositif de réforme « sur le papier » et un dispositif de réforme « à l’épreuve du terrain ». Elle suscite de nombreux conflits entre personnels pénitentiaires et nouveaux personnels hospitaliers, placés en situation de concurrence pour la définition du mode légitime de traitement de la population pénale. Ces conflits, aujourd’hui pacifiés mais ponctuellement réactivés, sont saisis à travers les tensions entre infirmières et surveillants, catégories professionnelles les plus exposées au face à face avec les détenus et placées au bas de leur hiérarchie respective. Redoublées par le genre des acteurs, ces tensions permettent d’analyser les enjeux de l’humanisation relative de l’univers pénitentiaire et de ses contradictions. Les surveillants, placés du côté de la sécurité, peinent à défendre leur dignité professionnelle et la part d’humanité contrainte de leur travail. Part potentiellement réduite par les transformations du monde carcéral, l’amélioration des conditions d’existence des détenus étant déléguée à des intervenants extérieurs, comme les soignants hospitaliers, au moment même où les agents pénitentiaires sont incités à s’investir dans la « réinsertion ». En prison, les infirmières consacrent une part importante de leur travail à l’écoute, au « relationnel » et à l’éducation pour la santé, tâches valorisées dans la définition officielle de leur profession mais peu reconnues dans la nomenclature d’évaluation des actes hospitaliers. Ainsi, surveillants et infirmières sont confrontés à la même dévaluation des savoir-faire « relationnels » activés dans le traitement de populations stigmatisées, dont l’illégitimité morale et sociale rejaillit sur leur position. Enfin, les tensions donnent à voir des opérations ordinaires d’imputation et de délégation de la violence du monde carcéral, violence qui redouble celle des destins sociaux des détenus, « contamine » l’ensemble des agents et contraint à la coopération.
Faites qu'ils (s'en) sortent...
Authors: Soutrenon Emmanuel
Published: August 2010

Résumé Depuis la fin des années 1970, la RATP (Régie autonome des transports parisiens) a mis en place des équipes spécialisées dans la lutte contre la présence de sans-abri sur son réseau. Comme leurs collègues du « Recueil social » (créé en 1977), les agents de « RATP Assistance » (créé en 1996) sont mandatés par l’entreprise pour contacter les sans-abri dans les stations et les acheminer vers diverses institutions d’accueil ou d’hébergement, à Paris ou en banlieue ; ils contribuent ce faisant à la « mise en flux » d’une population jugée indésirable. Selon les autorités de la RATP, leur mandat se situe à la croisée de deux logiques : une « logique d’entreprise » (réclamant de « faire sortir » les sans-abri du métro) et une « logique humanitaire » (appelant à « les aider à s’en sortir »). L’analyse de deux interventions réalisées par des agents de RATP Assistance – l’une presque « sans histoire », l’autre beaucoup plus problématique – conduit à réviser cette conception, en faisant ressortir l’asymétrie des positions caractéristique de la situation de traitement ainsi que la diversité et la variabilité des intérêts (ceux de l’entreprise, des sans-abri et des intervenants) impliqués dans cette situation.
Un échange de services paradoxal
Authors: Le Strat Claire
Published: August 2010

Résumé Quelles sont les relations entre usagers et professionnels dans les services publics chargés d’appliquer au quotidien les politiques d’action sociale ? Comment, en particulier, rendre compte de ce paradoxe relevé au terme d’une observation menée dans un service social polyvalent parisien : la confrontation entre la détresse de demandeurs et l’impuissance pratique de l’assistante sociale d’accueil qui les reçoit, se dénoue par les remerciements des uns et la conviction de l’autre de les avoir aidés ? Après avoir rappelé les conditions sociales et professionnelles qui concourent à l’inefficacité relative des entretiens d’accueil, l’analyse restitue les profits symboliques que procure à cette assistante sociale « à l’ancienne » l’exercice de son travail, vécu comme « vocation », et où beaucoup des dispositions constitutives de ses différentes identités sociales trouvent à s’affirmer (au double sens du terme). L’analyse explore par ailleurs les différents usages que les demandeurs peuvent faire de cette relation, y compris dans le malentendu. L’étude monographique décrit ainsi un échange paradoxal à l’œuvre dans une relation structurée par la domination et des violences symboliques croisées.
Mission impossible
Authors: Masclet Olivier
Published: August 2010

Résumé La fréquentation du club de jeunes, situé dans un grand ensemble de la banlieue parisienne, dont le public se compose d’adolescents d’origine maghrébine, dépend de leur proximité spatiale avec les animateurs (eux-mêmes originaires des familles algériennes et marocaines de la cité) et de leur appartenance à des cercles étroits d’interconnaissance. Leurs rapports aux loisirs diffèrent en fonction de leur trajectoire scolaire : une césure apparaît après la classe de troisième entre ceux qui, orientés vers les bacs (dévalués), continuent de fréquenter le club, et ceux qui, orientés vers les BEP et d’ores et déjà promis à « la galère », peuvent, moins que les lycéens et les étudiants, s’inscrire dans la « culture adolescente ». Les collégiens sont les plus nombreux car les moins divisés par leur scolarité. Ils privilégient les loisirs qui valorisent la chance (comme la « tournante » au ping-pong) et le goût du risque, tentant de perpétuer ainsi « l’égalité » entre eux à un tournant de leur scolarité. L’enquête met ainsi en évidence les effets de la prolongation des scolarités sur l’encadrement des adolescents des classes populaires, en montrant les processus multiples par lesquels les écarts engendrés par les destins scolaires sont – provisoirement – contenus.