bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inquiring into the Gaps of Campylobacter Surveillance Methods
Authors: Magana Maria , Chatzipanagiotou Stylianos , Burriel Angeliki R. , Ioannidis Anastasios
Published: July 2017

Campylobacter is one of the most common pathogen-related causes of diarrheal illnesses globally and has been recognized as a significant factor of human disease for more than three decades. Molecular typing techniques and their combinations have allowed for species identification among members of the Campylobacter genus with good resolution, but the same tools usually fail to proceed to subtyping of closely related species due to high sequence similarity. This problem is exacerbated by the demanding conditions for isolation and detection from the human, animal or water samples as well as due to the difficulties during laboratory maintenance and long-term storage of the isolates. In an effort to define the ideal typing tool, we underline the strengths and limitations of the typing methodologies currently used to map the broad epidemiologic profile of campylobacteriosis in public health and outbreak investigations. The application of both the old and the new molecular typing tools is discussed and an indirect comparison is presented among the preferred techniques used in current research methodology
Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the Littoral Zone of a Chinese Reservoir
Authors: Yang Meng , Grace John , Geng Xuemeng , Guan Lei , Zhang Yamian , Lei Jialin , Lu Cai , Lei Guangchun
Published: July 2017

The continuous increase in the number of reservoirs globally has raised important questions about the environmental impact of their greenhouse gases emissions. In particular, the littoral zone may be a hotspot for production of greenhouse gases. We investigated the spatiotemporal variation of CO2 flux at the littoral zone of a Chinese reservoir along a wet-to-dry transect from permanently flooded land, seasonally flooded land to non-flooded dry land, using the static dark chamber technique. The mean total CO2 emission was 346 mg m−2 h−1 and the rate varied significantly by water levels, months and time of day. The spatiotemporal variation of flux was highly correlated with biomass, temperature and water level. Flooding could play a positive role in carbon balance if water recession occurs at the time when carbon gains associated with plant growth overcomes the carbon loss of ecosystem. The overall carbon balance was analysed using cumulative greenhouse gases fluxes and biomass, bringing the data of the present study alongside previously published, simultaneously measured CH4 and N2O fluxes. For the growing season, 12.8 g C m−2 was absorbed by the littoral zone. Taking CH4 and N2O into the calculation showed that permanently flooded sites were a source of greenhouse gases, rather than a sink. Our study emphasises how water level fluctuation influenced CO2, CH4 and N2O in different ways, which greatly affected the spatiotemporal variation and emission rate of greenhouse gases from the littoral zone.
Vascular development in very young conifer seedlings: Theoretical hydraulic capacities and potential resistance to embolism
Authors: Miller Megan L. , Johnson Daniel M.
Published: July 2017

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:

Conifers have the highest rates of mortality during their first year, often attributed to water stress; yet, this tree life stage is the least studied in terms of hydraulic properties. Previous work has revealed correlations between xylem anatomy to both hydraulic transport capacity and resistance to hydraulic dysfunction. In this study, we compared xylem anatomical and plant functional traits of Pseudotsuga menziesii, Larix occidentalis, and Pinus ponderosa seedlings over the first 10 wk of growth to evaluate potential maximum hydraulic capabilities and resistance to drought‐induced embolism. We hypothesized that, based on key functional traits of the xylem, predicted xylem embolism resistance of the species will reflect their previously determined drought tolerances with L. occidentalis, P. menziesii, and P. ponderosa in order of least to most embolism‐resistant xylem.

METHODS:

Xylem and pit anatomical characteristics and additional hydraulic‐related functional traits were compared at five times during the first 10 wk of growth using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM).

KEY RESULTS:

Based on thickness to span ratio, torus to pit aperture overlap, and torus thickness, primary xylem appeared to be not only more hydraulically conductive but also less embolism‐resistant than secondary xylem. By week 10, P. menziesii was predicted to have the most embolism‐resistant xylem followed by P. ponderosa and L. occidentalis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Theoretical measurements suggest that hydraulic transport capacities and vulnerability to embolism varied for each species over the first 10 wk of growth; thus, the timing of germination and onset of limited soil moisture is critical for growth and survival of seedlings.
First Large-scale Herbig–Haro Jet Driven by a Proto-brown Dwarf
Authors: Riaz B. , Briceño C. , Whelan E. T. , Heathcote S.
Published: July 2017

We report the discovery of a new Herbig–Haro jet, HH 1165, in SOAR narrow-band imaging of the vicinity of the σ Orionis cluster. HH 1165 shows a spectacular extended and collimated spatial structure, with a projected length of 0.26 pc, a bent C-shaped morphology, multiple knots, and fragmented bow shocks at the apparent ends of the flow. The Hα image shows a bright halo with a clumpy distribution of material seen around the driving source, and curved reflection nebulosity tracing the outflow cavities. The driving source of HH 1165 is a Class I proto-brown dwarf, Mayrit 1701117 (M1701117), with a total (dust+gas) mass of ∼36 M
Jup and a bolometric luminosity of ∼0.1 L
⊙. High-resolution VLT/UVES spectra of M1701117 show a wealth of emission lines indicative of strong outflow and accretion activity. SOAR/Goodman low-resolution spectra along the jet axis show an asymmetrical morphology for HH 1165. We find a puzzling picture wherein the northwest part exhibits a classical HH jet running into a pre-dominantly neutral medium, while the southern part resembles an externally irradiated jet. The C-shaped bending in HH 1165 may be produced by the combined effects from the massive stars in the ionization front to the east, the σ Orionis core to the west, and the close proximity to the B2-type star HR 1950. HH 1165 shows all of the signatures to be considered as a scaled-down version of parsec-length HH jets, and can be termed as the first sub-stellar analog of a protostellar HH jet system.
iPTF16fnl: A Faint and Fast Tidal Disruption Event in an E+A Galaxy
Authors: Blagorodnova N. , Gezari S. , Hung T. , Kulkarni S. R. , Cenko S. B. , Pasham D. R. , Yan L. , Arcavi I. , Ben-Ami S. , Bue B. D. , Cantwell T. , Cao Y. , Castro-Tirado A. J. , Fender R. , Fremling C. , Gal-Yam A. , Ho A. Y. Q. , Horesh A. , Hosseinzadeh G. , Kasliwal M. M. , Kong A. K. H. , Laher R. R. , Leloudas G. , Lunnan R. , Masci F. J. , Mooley K. , Neill J. D. , Nugent P. , Powell M. , Valeev A. F. , Vreeswijk P. M. , Walters R. , Wozniak P.
Published: July 2017

We present ground-based and Swift observations of iPTF16fnl, a likely tidal disruption event (TDE) discovered by the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) survey at 66.6 Mpc. The light curve of the object peaked at an absolute mag

. The maximum bolometric luminosity (from optical and UV) was

erg s−1, an order of magnitude fainter than any other optical TDE discovered so far. The luminosity in the first 60 days is consistent with an exponential decay, with

, where t
0 = 57631.0 (MJD) and

days. The X-ray shows a marginal detection at

erg s−1 (Swift X-ray Telescope). No radio counterpart was detected down to 3σ, providing upper limits for monochromatic radio luminosities of

erg s−1 and

erg s−1 (Very Large Array, 6.1 and 22 GHz). The blackbody temperature, obtained from combined Swift UV and optical photometry, shows a constant value of 19,000 K. The transient spectrum at peak is characterized by broad He ii and Hα emission lines, with FWHMs of about 14,000 km s−1 and 10,000 km s−1, respectively. He i lines are also detected at λλ 5875 and 6678. The spectrum of the host is dominated by strong Balmer absorption lines, which are consistent with a post-starburst (E+A) galaxy with an age of ∼650 Myr and solar metallicity. The characteristics of iPTF16fnl make it an outlier on both luminosity and decay timescales, as compared to other optically selected TDEs. The discovery of such a faint optical event suggests a higher rate of tidal disruptions, as low-luminosity events may have gone unnoticed in previous searches.
MHOs toward HMOs: A Search for Molecular Hydrogen Emission-Line Objects toward High-mass Outflows
Authors: Wolf-Chase Grace , Arvidsson Kim , Smutko Michael
Published: July 2017

We present the results of a narrow-band near-infrared imaging survey for Molecular Hydrogen emission-line Objects (MHOs) toward 26 regions containing high-mass protostellar candidates and massive molecular outflows. We have detected a total of 236 MHOs, 156 of which are new detections, in 22 out of the 26 regions. We use H2 2.12 μm/H2 2.25 μm flux ratios, together with morphology, to separate the signatures of fluorescence associated with photo-dissociation regions (PDRs) from shocks associated with outflows in order to identify the MHOs. PDRs have typical low flux ratios of ∼1.5–3, while the vast majority of MHOs display flux ratios typical of C-type shocks (∼6–20). A few MHOs exhibit flux ratios consistent with expected values for J-type shocks (∼3–4), but these are located in regions that may be contaminated with fluorescent emission. Some previously reported MHOs have low flux ratios, and are likely parts of PDRs rather than shocks indicative of outflows. We identify a total of 36 outflows across the 22 target regions where MHOs were detected. In over half these regions, MHO arrangements and fluorescent structures trace features present in CO outflow maps, suggesting that the CO emission traces a combination of dynamical effects, which may include gas entrained in expanding PDRs as well as bipolar outflows. Where possible, we link MHO complexes to distinct outflows and identify candidate driving sources.
Gravitational Waves from Stellar Black Hole Binaries and the Impact on Nearby Sun-like Stars
Authors: Lopes Ilídio , Silk Joseph
Published: July 2017

We investigate the impact of resonant gravitational waves on quadrupole acoustic modes of Sun-like stars located nearby stellar black hole binary systems (such as GW150914 and GW151226). We find that the stimulation of the low-overtone modes by gravitational radiation can lead to sizeable photometric amplitude variations, much larger than the predictions for amplitudes driven by turbulent convection, which in turn are consistent with the photometric amplitudes observed in most Sun-like stars. For accurate stellar evolution models, using up-to-date stellar physics, we predict photometric amplitude variations of 1–103 ppm for a solar mass star located at a distance between 1 au and 10 au from the black hole binary and belonging to the same multi-star system. The observation of such a phenomenon will be within the reach of the Plato mission because the telescope will observe several portions of the Milky Way, many of which are regions of high stellar density with a substantial mixed population of Sun-like stars and black hole binaries.
The Star Formation Histories of Disk Galaxies: The Live, the Dead, and the Undead
Authors: Oemler Augustus , Abramson Louis E. , Gladders Michael D. , Dressler Alan , Poggianti Bianca M. , Vulcani Benedetta
Published: July 2017

We reexamine the properties of local galaxy populations using published surveys of star formation, structure, and gas content. After recalibrating star formation measures, we are able to reliably measure specific star formation rates well below that of the so-called “main sequence” of star formation versus mass. We find an unexpectedly large population of quiescent galaxies with star formation rates intermediate between the main sequence and passive populations and with disproportionately high star formation rates. We demonstrate that a tight main sequence is a natural outcome of most histories of star formation and has little astrophysical significance but that the quiescent population requires additional astrophysics to explain its properties. Using a simple model for disk evolution based on the observed dependence of star formation on gas content in local galaxies, and assuming simple histories of cold gas inflow, we show that the evolution of galaxies away from the main sequence can be attributed to the depletion of gas due to star formation after a cutoff of gas inflow. The quiescent population is composed of galaxies in which the density of disk gas has fallen below a threshold for star formation probably set by disk stability. The evolution of galaxies beyond the quiescent state to gas exhaustion and the end of star formation requires another process, probably wind-driven mass loss. The environmental dependence of the three galaxy populations is consistent with recent numerical modeling, which indicates that cold gas inflows into galaxies are truncated at earlier epochs in denser environments.
Radiative Heating in the Kinetic Mode of AGN Feedback
Authors: Xie Fu-Guo , Yuan Feng , Ho Luis C.
Published: July 2017

AGN feedback is now widely believed to play a crucial role in the co-evolution between the central black hole and its host galaxy. Two feedback modes have been identified, namely the radiative and kinetic modes, which correspond to the luminous AGNs and low-luminosity AGNs (LLAGNs), respectively. In this paper, we investigate the radiative heating in the kinetic mode. This process is potentially important because (1) the radiation power of LLAGNs is higher than the jet power over a wide parameter range, (2) the spectral energy distribution of LLAGNs is such that the radiative heating is more effective compared to that of luminous AGNs with the same luminosity, and (3) most of the time in the lifecycle of an AGN is spent in the LLAGNs phase. In this paper, adopting the characteristic broadband spectral energy distributions of LLAGNs, we calculate the value of “Compton temperature” (

), which determines the radiative heating by Compton scattering. We find that

, depending on the spectrum of individual LLAGNs and at which distance from the black hole we evaluate the heating. We also compare this heating process with other radiative heating and cooling processes such as photoionization/recombination. Our result can be used for an accurate calculation of the radiative heating in the study of AGN feedback.
High-mass Starless Clumps in the Inner Galactic Plane: The Sample and Dust Properties
Authors: Yuan 袁敬 Jinghua 华 , Wu 吴月 Yuefang 芳 , Ellingsen Simon P. , II Neal J. Evans , Henkel Christian , Wang 王 Ke 科 , Liu 刘洪 Hong-Li 礼 , Liu 刘 Tie 铁 , Li 李金 Jin-Zeng 增 , Zavagno Annie
Published: July 2017

We report a sample of 463 high-mass starless clump (HMSC) candidates within

and

. This sample has been singled out from 10,861 ATLASGAL clumps. None of these sources are associated with any known star-forming activities collected in SIMBAD and young stellar objects identified using color-based criteria. We also make sure that the HMSC candidates have neither point sources at 24 and 70 μm nor strong extended emission at 24 μm. Most of the identified HMSCs are infrared dark, and some are even dark at 70 μm. Their distribution shows crowding in Galactic spiral arms and toward the Galactic center and some well-known star-forming complexes. Many HMSCs are associated with large-scale filaments. Some basic parameters were attained from column density and dust temperature maps constructed via fitting far-infrared and submillimeter continuum data to modified blackbodies. The HMSC candidates have sizes, masses, and densities similar to clumps associated with Class II methanol masers and H ii regions, suggesting that they will evolve into star-forming clumps. More than 90% of the HMSC candidates have densities above some proposed thresholds for forming high-mass stars. With dust temperatures and luminosity-to-mass ratios significantly lower than that for star-forming sources, the HMSC candidates are externally heated and genuinely at very early stages of high-mass star formation. Twenty sources with equivalent radii

pc and mass surface densities

g cm−2 could be possible high-mass starless cores. Further investigations toward these HMSCs would undoubtedly shed light on comprehensively understanding the birth of high-mass stars.
Resolving Orbital and Climate Keys of Earth and Extraterrestrial Environments with Dynamics (ROCKE-3D) 1.0: A General Circulation Model for Simulating the Climates of Rocky Planets
Authors: Way M. J. , Aleinov I. , Amundsen David S. , Chandler M. A. , Clune T. L. , Genio A. D. Del , Fujii Y. , Kelley M. , Kiang N. Y. , Sohl L. , Tsigaridis K.
Published: July 2017

Resolving Orbital and Climate Keys of Earth and Extraterrestrial Environments with Dynamics (ROCKE-3D) is a three-dimensional General Circulation Model (GCM) developed at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies for the modeling of atmospheres of solar system and exoplanetary terrestrial planets. Its parent model, known as ModelE2, is used to simulate modern Earth and near-term paleo-Earth climates. ROCKE-3D is an ongoing effort to expand the capabilities of ModelE2 to handle a broader range of atmospheric conditions, including higher and lower atmospheric pressures, more diverse chemistries and compositions, larger and smaller planet radii and gravity, different rotation rates (from slower to more rapid than modern Earth’s, including synchronous rotation), diverse ocean and land distributions and topographies, and potential basic biosphere functions. The first aim of ROCKE-3D is to model planetary atmospheres on terrestrial worlds within the solar system such as paleo-Earth, modern and paleo-Mars, paleo-Venus, and Saturn’s moon Titan. By validating the model for a broad range of temperatures, pressures, and atmospheric constituents, we can then further expand its capabilities to those exoplanetary rocky worlds that have been discovered in the past, as well as those to be discovered in the future. We also discuss the current and near-future capabilities of ROCKE-3D as a community model for studying planetary and exoplanetary atmospheres.
Shock caused by multidrug-resistant Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae bacteremia: a rare case report and literature review
Authors: Liu Zhenning , Zhao Min
Published: July 2017

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae infection occurs in animals and humans. It manifests primarily as a local skin lesion, which can be treated with antibiotics. Systemic infection with E. rhusiopathiae is rare, with low occurrence of bacteremia. We describe a case of E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia leading to shock and rash all over the body in a 49-year-old man with a history of finger puncture by a puffer fish bone. Interestingly, the E. rhusiopathiae cultured in this patient’s blood was resistant to multiple drugs, including penicillin G, vancomycin, and gentamicin. The patient was treated successfully with ertapenem and ceftriaxone. Although a few cases of E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia have been reported recently, cases of multidrug-resistant E. rhusiopathiae bacteremia are extremely rare.
Les procès politiques du nazisme, ou l’échec des « divisions blindées du droit » : Leipzig 1933, Berlin 1944
Authors: Chapoutot Johann
Published: July 2017

Les procès politiques érigés en démonstration spectaculaires de propagande sont une des grandes innovations du xx e siècle. Bien des régimes ont été très habiles à utiliser la scène judiciaire comme théâtre de leur puissance. Les nazis, qui excellaient à promouvoir leurs idées et à manifester leur puissance de multiples manières, ont échoué à transformer le prétoire en chambre d’écho politique, à deux reprises, en 1933 et en 1944. Nous tentons ici d’interroger les raisons de cet échec.
L’échec d’un procès politique : Riom, 19 février-11 avril 1942
Authors: Jean Jean-Paul
Published: July 2017

Dans un contexte de Seconde Guerre mondiale et des pleins pouvoirs conférés à Vichy, sans voies de recours, avec des entorses aux principes fondamentaux du droit et au détriment de l’indépendance de la justice a été instituée la Cour suprême de justice, du 30 juillet 1940 au 21 mai 1943, pour condamner les crimes de trahison. Le procès de Riom a ainsi répondu à une gestion politico-judiciaire qui donne à penser que les magistrats étaient aux ordres et Vichy sous la coupe des Allemands. Pourtant, Blum, Daladier et Gamelin ont été condamnés par le maréchal Pétain ! À la Libération, ce procès contre la République que voulait Vichy s’est retourné contre lui.
L’« erreur capitale » de mêler la Cour de cassation à la justice politique : les répercussions des procès de Riom, Pétain et Laval
Authors: Bancaud Alain
Published: July 2017

Le régime autoritaire de Vichy comme la République restaurée de la Libération inaugurent leur avènement par les procès des dirigeants des régimes qui les ont précédés. Par-delà leurs différences, ces procès offrent une même caractéristique, celle d’être encadrés par des magistrats professionnels engagés dans des enjeux politiques auxquels ils ne sont pas habitués. Par-delà des différences importantes, la Cour suprême de justice (CSJ) de Vichy et la Haute Cour de justice (HCJ) de la République rétablie partagent un mélange de respect des principes judiciaires de droit commun et d’innovations dérogatoires empruntées à la justice politique.
Noticia sobre un manuscrito de El tribunal de la justa venganza
Authors: Alonso Veloso María José
Published: July 2017

Este artículo pretende dar noticia de la existencia de un manuscrito del siglo XVII que copia la invectiva El tribunal de la justa venganza, publicada contra Quevedo en 1635 y bajo el seudónimo “Arnaldo Franco-Furt”. Este nuevo testimonio, custodiado en la Biblioteca Nacional de Portugal, en Lisboa, tiene un gran interés para la edición crítica del texto polémico, por su datación temprana y por el hecho de incluir lecturas idóneas en pasajes deturpados de la prínceps. Hasta el momento El tribunal ha tenido que editarse a partir de un testimonio único, la primera edición, que no parece haber servido como modelo de la copia manuscrita. Adicionalmente, esta desconocida fuente textual contribuye a fijar la atención crítica en un aspecto que hasta ahora había pasado desapercibido: la posible falsedad de los datos relativos al lugar y el taller de impresión de la invectiva (Valencia, “Herederos de Felipe Mey”), una hipótesis necesitada aun de indagaciones ulteriores.
La Biblia completa del Marqués de Santillana
Authors: Enrique-Arias Andrés , Pueyo Mena F. Javier
Published: July 2017

La Biblia del Marqués de Santillana se ha conservado fragmentariamente en dos códices (el BNE MSS/10288, con los Profetas Posteriores y algunos Escritos, y el BNE MSS/9556 con los Evangelios y Epístolas Paulinas) a los que debió acompañar un primer volumen no conservado con el resto de la Biblia. A partir de detalladas comparaciones textuales y un análisis computacional de autoría, en este trabajo se revela que las partes desaparecidas se habían preservado sin identificar hasta ahora en el códice Escorial I.i.4. Asimismo se reconstruyen los contenidos del volumen perdido, y se aportan pruebas de que toda la Biblia fue traducida, del hebreo y del latín, por el judío converso Martín de Lucena.
Nuevo acercamiento a la variación lingüistica en el Tesoro de Covarrubias
Authors: Fernández Alcaide Marta
Published: July 2017

Este trabajo se centra en el análisis de la variación lingüistica de los adverbios en el Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española de Sebastián de Covarrubias de 1611. El objetivo es conocer las diferencias variacionales que el autor fue capaz de distinguir y el valor que tenían para él. La metodología utilizada ha sido contrastar la información lingüistica de Covarrubias con la de otros autores y gramáticos contemporáneos, así como con el uso de esos adverbios en textos de la época. Se ha podido realizar una valoración palabra por palabra de esas etiquetas variacionales.
Textos variantes de comedias de Calderón en testimonios no fiables: Las manos blancas no ofenden
Authors: Rodríguez-Gallego Fernando
Published: July 2017

En este artículo se traza un estado de la cuestión de la auto-reescritura de comedias de Calderón de la Barca, atendiendo a los tipos de testimonios en que se han conservado los diferentes textos y prestando particular atención a aquellos casos en que ninguno de los testimonios cuenta con el aval del propio Calderón. Los problemas derivados de esta situación se ejemplifican a partir de la comedia Las manos blancas no ofenden.
Poesía amorosa de una erudita del XVII: traducción y creación en El Pastor Fido de Isabel Correa
Authors: Vidorreta Almudena
Published: July 2017

Este trabajo pretende insertar en el contexto humanista de su tiempo la escritura poética de Isabel Rebeca Correa, erudita portuguesa del siglo XVII que residió en Ámsterdam. Aunque no se conserva buena parte de su obra, podemos conocer el estilo de la autora a través de su traducción al español de El pastor Fido, tragicomedia pastoril de Guarini. Se incluye por primera vez una transcripción completa y modernizada de los fragmentos de dicha versión que, según la traductora, proceden de su propia inventiva. Por medio de esta amplificación de la obra del italiano, Isabel Correa legitima y justifica su propia escritura, y logra publicar algunos versos de temática amorosa, en cuyos motivos se detienen estas páginas.
Benchmarking of the Maintenance Service in Health Care Organizations
Authors: Carnero María Carmen
Published: July 2017

The support services of health care organizations, such as maintenance, have not traditionally been considered important from the perspective of care quality. Nevertheless, the degree of excellence in maintenance significantly influences availability, maintenance costs and safety of facilities, medical equipment, patients and care staff. Thus, it would be of great importance for health care organizations to apply benchmarking to their maintenance processes, as do other processing companies, in order to determine the quality of maintenance provided, and compare it to other, similar, organizations. This would also allow all the continuous improvement processes to be controlled, and actions for radical improvement to be carried out by comparing performance with that of companies in other sectors. This chapter describes a multicriteria model integrating a fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process with utility theory to obtain a valuation for the Maintenance Service of a Health Care Organization over time.
Machine Learning Applications in Cancer Therapy Assessment and Implications on Clinical Practice
Authors: Gangeh Mehrdad J. , Tadayyon Hadi , Tran William T. , Czarnota Gregory Jan
Published: July 2017

Precision medicine is an emerging medical model based on the customization of medical decisions and treatments to individuals. In personalized cancer therapy, tailored optimal therapies are selected depending on patient response to treatment rather than just using a one-size-fits-all approach. To this end, the field has witnessed significant advances in cancer response monitoring early after the start of therapy administration by using functional medical imaging modalities, particularly quantitative ultrasound (QUS) methods to monitor cell death at microscopic levels. This motivates the design of computer-assisted technologies for cancer therapy assessment, or computer-aided-theragnosis (CAT) systems. This chapter elaborates recent advances in the design and development of CAT systems based on QUS technologies in conjunction with advanced texture analysis and machine learning techniques with the aim of providing a framework for the early assessment of cancer responses that can potentially facilitate switching to more efficacious treatments in refractory patients.
Ubiquitous IoT in the Automotive Domain
Authors: Varga Laszlo Z.
Published: July 2017

Ubiquitous IoT systems open new ground in the automotive domain. With the advent of autonomous vehicles, there will be several actors that adapt to changes in traffic, and decentralized adaptation will be a new type of issue that needs to be studied. This chapter investigates the effects of adaptive route planning when real-time online traffic information is exploited. Simulation results show that if the agents selfishly optimize their actions, then in some situations the ubiquitous IoT system may fluctuate and the agents may be worse off with real-time data than without real-time data. The proposed solution to this problem is to use anticipatory techniques, where the future state of the environment is predicted from the intentions of the agents. This chapter concludes with this conjecture: if simultaneous decision making is prevented, then intention-propagation-based prediction can limit the fluctuation and help the ubiquitous IoT system converge to the Nash equilibrium.
A Self-Adaptive Software System for Increasing the Reliability and Security of Cyber-Physical Systems
Authors: Iber Johannes , Rauter Tobias , Kreiner Christian
Published: July 2017

The advancement and interlinking of cyber-physical systems offer vast new opportunities for industry. The fundamental threat to this progress is the inherent increase of complexity through heterogeneous systems, software, and hardware that leads to fragility and unreliability. Systems cannot only become more unreliable, modern industrial control systems also have to face hostile security attacks that take advantage of unintended vulnerabilities overseen during development and deployment. Self-adaptive software systems offer means of dealing with complexity by observing systems externally. In this chapter the authors present their ongoing research on an approach that applies a self-adaptive software system in order to increase the reliability and security of control devices for hydro-power plant units. The applicability of the approach is demonstrated by two use cases. Further, the chapter gives an introduction to the field of self-adaptive software systems and raises research challenges in the context of cyber-physical systems.
Integrating Integrity Reporting Into Industrial Control Systems
Authors: Rauter Tobias , Iber Johannes , Kreiner Christian
Published: July 2017

Due to the need of increased cooperation and connectivity, security is getting a vital property of industrial control systems. Besides system hardening, the detection of security breaches in different subsystems has been becoming a research-focus recently. This chapter summarizes the work concerning anomaly detection at different system levels. The, a system that maintains availability and integrity of distributed control systems through automated reconfiguration in case of integrity violations is proposed. We aim to detect such integrity violations through integrity reporting. This is a well-known technology, albeit not widely used in real system because of scalability problems. In this chapter, three different remote attestation methods (binary, privilege and signature-based) are integrated into a remote terminal unit to analyze and discuss the benefits and drawbacks of each method. Depending on the actual RTU architecture and already in-place development and deployment processes, the integration of remote attestation may be feasible for industrial control systems.
Local Bond Behavior of FRCM Strengthening Systems: Some Considerations about Modeling and Response
Authors: Grande Ernesto , Imbimbo Maura , Sacco Elio
Published: July 2017

The paper presents a study concerning the local bond behavior of FRCM strengthening systems externally applied to structural supports. The aim of the study is to analyze the main parameters influencing the interaction between the reinforcement and the mortar layer and their role. To this purpose, a theoretical approach is performed in order to analyze the main phases characterizing the bond behavior of FRCM-strengthening systems. In particular, the attention has been devoted to the upper mortar layer by analyzing its influence on the bond behavior of FRCM-strengthening systems.
Numerical Modelling of Masonry Barrel Vaults Reinforced with Textile Reinforced Mortars
Authors: Ramaglia Giancarlo , Lignola Gian Piero , Fabbrocino Francesco , Prota Andrea
Published: July 2017

Among masonry buildings characterized by a complex architecture, a significant portion is represented by heritage buildings. A significant seismic vulnerability is due to the presence of thrusting elements like as arches and vaults. Their ultimate capacity can be improved by means of several strengthening techniques. However the advantages of using Textile Reinforced Mortars (TRM) are well highlighted in the scientific literature.The present work focuses on ultimate behaviour of masonry barrel vaults, in the framework of incremental analysis, including the strengthening effect. The analytical model is compared in terms of ultimate capacity and failure mode with a full scale masonry barrel vault dynamically tested. After the first tests, the vault has been strengthened with Textile Reinforced Mortar (TRM) and tested again.
ACI Design Guidelines for Strengthening of Masonry with FRP Systems
Authors: Tumialan Gustavo
Published: July 2017

This article provides an overview of ACI 440.7R – Design Guide for Strengthening of Masonry with FRP Systems. ACI 440.7R was developed by the American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 440 and published in 2010. ACI 440.7R has recently revised to include new topics. This article provides an overview of the design methodologies recommended by ACI 440 for flexural and shear strengthening of masonry walls, confinement of masonry, and repair (“stitching”) of cracked masonry with FRP systems.
Pre-Tensioned Basalt Fibers Ropes Stitching for Masonry Strengthening against Vertical Bending: A First Experimental Insight
Authors: Monni Francesco , Quagliarini Enrico , Lenci Stefano
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign aimed at improving the innovative technique of continuos basalt fiber (BF) stitching in order to repair the masonry panels damaged by seismic events or to enhance the seismic behavior of unreinforced masonry walls. The masonry panels were tested under out-of-plane actions, one of the common way of failure for masonry walls during an earthquake. The most significant change introduced respect to the system already tested in previous studies, is the presence of pre-tensioned elements and mechanical anchorage of the BF ropes, always with the end of proposing a dry retrofitting system. The results indicate the effectiveness of this, increasing the performance of masonry wall specimens under out-of-plane actions respect to the damaged and unreinforced conditions. Besides, this technique potentially appears fully sustainable, because it is cheap, compatible, reversible, fire, and chemical resistant, it improves but not replaces original materials and, finally, it does not substantially use synthetic adhesives. All these reasons make this novel application of BF ropes fully sustainable and specialized to architectural heritage restoration.
FE Model Predicting the Load Carrying Capacity of Progressive FRP Strengthening of Masonry Arches Subjected to Settlement Damage
Authors: Stockdale Gabriel , Milani Gabriele
Published: July 2017

The retrofitting of masonry structures subject to differential foundation settlements is both an important and a highly challenging practice. Especially in the consideration of historical monuments, this challenge requires a strategic balance between providing the necessary modifications to ensure public safety while maintaining the integrity of the original structure. The use of strategically placed composite materials such as fiber reinforced polymers (FRPs) provides the potential to remove this dilemma and both preserve heritage while introducing a modern level of safety. This work studies, from an advanced FE point of view, a progressive reinforcement strategy to both strengthen and control the failure mechanism for masonry arches with an existing state of damage induced from a vertical differential abutment settlement. A heterogeneous FE approach of a semi-circular block and mortar arch on settled supports is examined. In this model a damage plasticity behavior is assigned to the mortar joints to allow for the hinge formations. Then utilizing the Italian CNR Recommendations for externally bonded FRP systems and the Abaqus birth and death approach, FRPs are introduced and strategically placed onto the settled support model after the initial hinge development. Finally, the structural behavior of the reinforced and unreinforced models are examined for an applied horizontal acceleration at a fixed support displacement.
Strengthening Historical Masonry with FRP or FRCM: Trends in Design Approach
Authors: Di Tommaso Angelo , Focacci Francesco , Micelli Francesco
Published: July 2017

Over the past two decades, composite materials, in forms of Fiber Reinforced Polymers (FRP), have been widely spread worldwide in the field of civil and monumental construction. Design guidelines and provisions were developed and provided by national and international institutions. In the last years, a new generation of materials, named Fabric Reinforced Cementitious Matrix (FRCM) were introduced as strengthening devices for concrete and masonry structures. Their application in the field of historical masonry has grown as a result of the recent Italian earthquakes. In this paper, starting from a retrospective on what has been done in recent years in the field of FRP applications, insights will be discussed for future research and applications of FRP and FRCM in heritage buildings. Some differences between FRP and FRCM materials will be highlighted, in terms of fiber-matrix interface and delamination mechanisms. The different micromechanical behavior in terms of fracture energy will be highlighted, and the macro-mechanical implications in terms of ductility will be pointed out, as a first attempt to quantify this complex problem. By considering the last innovative and pioneering applications of FRP/FRCM in heritage buildings, criteria for structural enhancement will be shown and discussed. This is done with a special focus on the ability, shown by these new technologies, to inhibit failure mechanisms in masonry artifacts.
FRCM Composites for Strengthening of Brick Masonry Arches
Authors: Alecci Valerio , Focacci Francesco , Rovero Luisa , Stipo Gianfranco , Mantegazza Giovanni , de Stefano Mario
Published: July 2017

This paper examines the structural behavior of masonry arches strengthened at the intrados with fabric reinforced cementitions matrix (FRCM) composites. Textiles made of poliparafenilenbenzobisoxazole (PBO) and carbon fibers are considered. The experimental results are compared with those obtained on un-strengthened arches and arches strengthened with a carbon fiber reinforced polymer (C-FRP) composite. The tested arches are analyzed with the approach of the limit analysis of the collapse mechanisms.
Reinforcement of Stone Masonry Walls with Carbon Fiber Tissue and Tapes, a Case Study
Authors: Uglešić Davor , Uglešić Ante
Published: July 2017

The reconstruction project of an existing masonry building will be presented in this paper. The building was erected in 1911. The building has a ground floor and three floors. Its façade is protected as cultural heritage. Due to the conversion of the building into a hotel, a lot of interventions have to be done on the existing structure, which significantly changes the properties of the structure and increases the weight of the building, and thus seismic forces. Due to structural assessment, the project was preceded by different on site structural tests. A very detailed 3D FEM model with solid elements was created on which the analysis of the structure was carried out. The results of nonlinear analysis for vertical loads, modal (eigenvalue) analysis, response spectrum analysis and push-over analysis (nonlinear construction stage analysis “sequence analysis”) will be shown. Only when carbon fibers reinforcement was included in the FEM model, the vertical loads were applied. It can be activated for earthquake forces. The comparison between the results for unreinforced and reinforced structure proves increasing carrying capacity of the stone masonry walls after reinforcement with carbon fibers was combined with the masonry walls grouting.
Fast and Reliable Limit Analysis Approach for the Structural Assessment of FRP-Reinforced Masonry Arches
Authors: Chiozzi Andrea , Milani Gabriele , Grillanda Nicola , Tralli Antonio
Published: July 2017

This contribution is devoted to assess the capability of a new upper-bound approach for the limit analysis of FRP-reinforced masonry arches by comparing it to both experimental tests and a number of existing numerical procedures. The approach is based on an idea previously presented by the Authors and relies on the representation of the geometry of both the arch and of FRP reinforcement through Non Uniform Rational B-Spline (NURBS) functions. This allows generating a rigid body assembly starting from the assigned geometry composed by very few elements which still provide an exact representation of the original shape. A homogenized kinematic formulation for the limit analysis of the obtained rigid blocks assembly is derived, which accounts for the main properties of masonry material. FRP material is included exploiting the Italian CNR Recommendations for the design of FRP based reinforcing interventions. The approach is capable of accurately predicting the load bearing capacity of masonry arches of arbitrary geometry, provided that the initial mesh is adjusted by means of a suitably devised Genetic Algorithm (GA) until the active interfaces among blocks (e.g. hinges) closely approximate the actual failure mechanism.
Bending Reinforcement of Full-Scale Timber Beams with Mechanically Attached GFRP Composite Plates
Authors: Pupsys Tomas , Corradi Marco , Borri Antonio , Amess Leon
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign aimed to evaluate the performance of timber beams strengthened in bending using GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer) plates mechanically attached with high-strength metal screws. Modest ratios of GFRP composite reinforcement can increase beam load-carrying capacity and manipulate failure mode from the brittle tensile in the unreinforced beams to a more extensible failure in the strengthened timber beams. Application of mechanical reinforcement presents a solution of reversibility, compatibility and durability for reinforced timber. The experimental campaign focused on load-deflection relationship and failure modes in order to increase the bending capacity and stiffness of the timber beam. Oak beams with dimensions 145 x 145 x 2450 mm were reinforced with un-bonded pultruded GFRP plates. Hexagon head coach screws 16 mm diameter, 130 mm length, grade 8.8, were used to mechanically attach the reinforcement along with 34 mm outer diameter fender washers, distributing the fastening load away from the screw’s position. All beams were tested until failure under the four-point bending configuration. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the reinforcement method and ability to reversibly repair the timber, representing a capability to be utilised in the new constructions or restoration of timber structures.
Concrete Beams Reinforced with GFRP Plates
Authors: Busnelli Alberto Pedro , López Ruben Edgardo , Adue Jorge Carlos
Published: July 2017

This is the presentation of the research carried out by the Faculty of Engineering at Universidad Nacional de Rosario on the use of pultruded Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer (GFRP) plates to increase the flexural strength of reinforced concrete beams.Pultruded plates are the type of elements made of composite materials which are most widely used for this kind of strengthening. Although around the world the material used for these plates is carbon fibers, its high cost prevents its widespread use in our country.One of the aims of our research program is, precisely, to verify whether it is possible to substitute such plates for significantly cheaper glass fiber elements manufactured in Argentina. The test results have proved that this alternative is feasible.What's more, the greater thickness of the glass fiber plates allows the use of additional anchor bolts. These bolts provide the system with post-critical resistance and ductility-characteristics which are absolutely necessary, for example, in structures in seismic areas.
Simple Numerical Homogenization Model for FRCM Reinforced Masonry Panels Subjected to Out-of-Plane Loads
Authors: Bertolesi Elisa , Milani Gabriele , Ghiassi Bahman , Poggi Carlo
Published: July 2017

The paper deals with the analysis of FRCM reinforced masonry panels in simple bending by means of a two-step homogenization approach. In the first step, homogenization is performed on unreinforced masonry through a straightforward procedure already validated for in-plane loaded FRCM reinforced panels, where the elementary cell is discretized by means of 24 CST elastic elements (bricks) and joints are reduced to interfaces with holonomic softening behavior. Out-of-plane homogenized quantities (moment-curvature relationships) are then obtained by simple on-thickness integration. At a structural level (step two), masonry is modeled with rigid elements and homogenized torsional and bending springs, whereas FRCM by two noded trusses with equivalent mechanical properties evaluated on the base of experimental data available. The implementation is handled within the commercial FE software Abaqus. As a matter of fact, the Concrete Damage Plasticity Model (CDP) already implemented into the code allows taking into account the progressive change of stiffness of brittle supports when subjected to alternate cracking-crushing mechanisms, as well as to properly deal with the cyclic behavior. The validation of the procedure is conducted against a series of full scale masonry walls tested by Nanni and co-workers at the University of Miami. A tri-dimensional heterogeneous micro-modeling technique is also used for both unreinforced and FRCM strengthened panels to further validate the homogenization model proposed. The discretization adopted is adjusted in order to allow the presence of two eight-noded FEs along the mortar joint thickness. FRCM is modeled by means of truss elements whose mechanical properties are calibrated to reproduce the behavior of the textile net embedded into the cementitious matrix. The elastic and inelastic mechanical parameters of all the materials involved into the numerical analyses have been calibrated in agreement with laboratory tests, when available. Pros and cons of the two numerical strategies are discussed mostly with respect to the accuracy of the outcomes in terms of global behavior of the panels and damage mechanisms, as well as with respect to the computational effort required by the two approaches to complete the analyses.
A New Pull-Out Test to Study the Bond Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composites
Authors: D'Antino Tommaso , Carozzi Francesca Giulia , Colombi Pierluigi , Poggi Carlo
Published: July 2017

Fiber reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites are gaining increasing popularity in the civil engineering community. FRCM composites are comprised of high-strength fiber textiles embedded within inorganic matrices that are responsible for the stress-transfer mechanism between the composite and the substrate. Failure of FRCM composites including one layer of textile is generally reported to be debonding of the fibers from the embedding matrix. Therefore, the bond behavior of the matrix-fiber interface is of critical importance for these types of composites.This paper presents the results of an experimental campaign carried out to investigate the bond behavior of an FRCM composite comprising PBO fibers. Specimens were tested using a newly-developed pull-out test set-up. The results obtained are compared with those obtained by different authors on single-lap direct-shear tests with the same FRCM composite.