bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le plan Werner, le système monétaire européen et l'européanisation dans les années 1970
Authors: Rücker Katrin
Published: August 2011

Résumé Pendant l’ère Giscard d’Estaing-Schmidt (1974-1981/82), l’européanisation l’emporte sur l’euroscepticisme en matière monétaire. Après l’échec des projets d’union économique et monétaire au début des années 1970, le Système monétaire européen des années 1980 est une étape transitoire clé sur le chemin vers la monnaie commune, l’Euro actuel. Les raisons de l’échec du plan Werner sont comparées avec celles de la réussite du SME. L’européanisation est définie à travers l’exemple du SME de 1979 dans un sens large, ce qui signifie : d’une part, s’engager pour le progrès de l’intégration monétaire et d’autre part, avancer d’abord avec le couple franco-allemand et ensuite avec les autres partenaires européens. Parmi les raisons de l’échec de l’UEM au début des années 1970 et celles du succès du SME à la fin des années 1970, les arguments de nature économique et monétaire apparaissent moins convaincants que les arguments politiques. La chute du système de Bretton Woods et la soi-disant opposition entre les théories économiste et monétariste ont certainement joué un rôle moindre que les questions de souveraineté nationale, le premier élargissement de la CEE et certaines méthodes à succès de la diplomatie communautaire comme la diplomatie au sommet qui évite « les moulins à rumeurs » de Bruxelles. En outre, les conceptions pragmatique et flexible qu’adoptent les chefs d’État et de gouvernement français et allemand, Valéry Giscard d’Estaing et Helmut Schmidt, dès les années 1960 et 1970 en tant que ministres, les aident sur le chemin de l’européanisation monétaire.
Revolution in Times of Eurosclerosis: The Case of the First Lomé Convention
Authors: Drieghe Lotte , Orbie Jan
Published: August 2011

Résumé Cet article examine les dynamiques menant à la première Convention de Lomé conclue entre la Communauté européenne (CE) et les anciennes colonies de ses États membres. En 1975, la CE et les pays dits ACP (pays d’Afrique, des Caraïbes et du Pacifique) arrivent à conclure un accord exhaustif de coopération commerciale et de développement, en dépit de l’eurosclérose et de la crise économique vécues à ce moment. Cet article vise à expliquer ce paradoxe apparent. En premier lieu nous examinons pourquoi Lomé a été perçu comme un accord révolutionnaire. À cette fin, nous élaborons quatre caractéristiques de l’accord : (1) sa large étendue géographique, (2) son envergure importante, (3) le développement de son régime commercial et (4) l’engagement de la part de la CE de forger un partenariat à part égale. Ensuite, nous analysons les raisons de la CE d’inclure ces caractéristiques distinctes dans la Convention. Basée sur une recherche dans les archives de l’UE et dans quelques collections privées, cette étude aboutit à la conclusion que cet accord “révolutionnaire” ne résulte pas d’idées ambitieuses au sujet de développement, sinon qu’il provient de relations historiques et de considérations pratiques. En majeure partie, Lomé I représente la continuité des politiques antérieures de la France et du Royaume-Uni vis-à-vis de leurs anciennes colonies et ce sont justement ces deux États membres de la CE qui contribuent largement à façonner le contenu et la nature de l’accord à travers des négociations intergouvernementales. Quoi qu’il en soit, en époque d’eurosclérose, il paraît utile d’affirmer la position de l’Europe en tant qu’acteur international ambitieux comme réponse à la crise interne de légitimité.
Créer des monnaies régionales pour traiter la crise globale
Authors: Lietaer Bernard
Published: August 2011

Résumé La crise financière fait la une des médias depuis des mois. Que peuvent faire les États, les entreprises, et les citoyens eux-mêmes, pour éviter d’être entraînés dans la débâcle bancaire ? Est-il possible de transformer cette crise en opportunité ?
An Extension of the Dirichlet Density for Sets of Gaussian Integers
Authors: Rêgo L. C. , Cintra R. J.
Published: August 2011

Several measures for the density of sets of integers have been proposed, such as the asymptotic density, the Schnirelmann density, and the Dirichlet density. There has been some work in the literature on extending some of these concepts of density to higher dimensional sets of integers. In this work, we propose an extension of the Dirichlet density for sets of Gaussian integers and investigate some of its properties.
Productively Lindelöf Spaces May All Be D
Authors: Tall Franklin D.
Published: August 2011

We give easy proofs that (a) the Continuum Hypothesis implies that if the product of X with every Lindelöf space is Lindelöf, then X is a D-space, and (b) Borel's Conjecture implies every Rothberger space is Hurewicz.
On Domination in Zero-Divisor Graphs
Authors: Jafari Rad Nader , Heidar Jafari Sayyed , Ali Mojdeh Doost
Published: August 2011

We first determine the domination number for the zero-divisor graph of the product of two commutative rings with 1. We then calculate the domination number for the zero-divisor graph of any commutative artinian ring. Finally, we extend some of the results to non-commutative rings in which an element is a left zero-divisor if and only if it is a right zero-divisor.
Semen Banking and Cryobiology
Authors: Talwar Pankaj
Published: August 2011

Cryo banking of spermatozoa is an essential aspect of fertility preservation. With the advancements in cryobiology and better understanding of cryoprotectants and assisted reproduction, indications for semen banking are expanding. The exponential developments that have occurred over the years in the field of cryopreservation have proved that frozen sperm is as good as fresh sperm in fertilizing oocytes. Semen banking has major role in fertility preservation in cancer patients.
Postmyomectomy Reproductive Outcome in Women above 35 years
Authors: Ramavath Krishna Kavita , Pasumarthy Srinivasa Murthy
Published: August 2011

The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the conception rate, reproductive outcome and complications after myomectomy in women aged above 35 years. Myomectomy was performed using abdominal and laparoscopic technique.

Myomectomy was performed in 50 women in this study. By abdominal method in 35 cases (75%) and laparoscopic-assisted method in 15 cases (30%). Overall conception rate is 20% which occurred after one to one and half year postmyomectomy. Multiple regression analysis showed that age was the only factor which influenced the conception rate: < 35 years, 70% (21/30); > 35 years, 20% (10/50; p < 0.005). Risks for spontaneous abortions (8%), pre-eclampsia (10%), preterm labor (4%) and gestational diabetes (10%) are increased.

All cases were delivered by cesarean section. No case of uterine rupture is seen. The retrospective study suggests that myomectomy after 35 years has only a slight increase in the reproductive performance in women presenting with infertility and has a higher risk for preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, preterm labor and NICU admission of the newborns.
Produção e circulação de livros no Brasil: dos Jesuítas (1550) aos militares (1970)
Authors: Castro César Augusto
Published: August 2011

Análise da produção e circulação de livros no Brasil. Discute-se a censura aos livros tendo-se como referente a Ordem dos Jesuítas (1550) e a ação dos militares na década de 70. Trata-se de algumas estratégias para socialização da leitura como a produção dos livros de bolso e a venda de livros em farmácias. Aborda-se o livro didático universitário e a ação da COLTED e papel do INL no sentido de fazerem circular em todo o país livros e criarem-se bibliotecas públicas. Faz-se referência às formas de censura exercidas no Brasil como impeditivas a uma prática leitura crítica, notadamente, o Decreto 1077/71.
Spatial features of rain frequency change and pollution and associated aerosols
Authors: Lin Y. , Min Q. , Zhuang G. , Wang Z. , Gong W. , Li R.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A spatial-temporal analysis has been conducted using satellite observed distributions of rain frequency, NO2 concentration and aerosol, with focus on the spring season in East Asia. As NO2 is a key precursor of secondary aerosols, especially in urban areas, an increase of NO2 emission is generally accompanied by an increase of fine aerosol particles. Comparison between trends in rain frequency and in precipitation amount shows that the changes in precipitation are more due to changes in precipitation occurrence than in precipitation amount. The overall feature emerged from the region-by-region analyses is that there is an inverse relationship between the rain frequency and the pollution and associated aerosols at continental scale in spring. The change in rain frequency is associated with changes in pollution-produced aerosols and long-range transport mineral dust. The inverse relationship at large temporal and spatial scales illustrates potential climatological consequence of changed pollution and aerosols on precipitation. Due to relatively short duration of observation and the potential uncertainty and bias associated with satellite measurements, more robust longer-term statistical study at various temporal and spatial scales and detailed modeling investigation are warranted to understand the physical causality of observed relationship between the rain frequency and the pollution and associated aerosols.
The sensitivity of Secondary Organic Aerosol component partitioning to the predictions of component properties – Part 2: Determination of particle hygroscopicity and its dependence on "apparent" volatility
Authors: Topping D. O. , Barley M. H. , McFiggans G.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. A large number of calculations of absorptive partitioning of organic compounds have been conducted, making use of several methods to estimate pure component vapour pressures and activity coefficients (p0 and γi). The sensitivities of the predicted particle properties (density, hygroscopicity, CCN activation potential) to the choice of p0 and γi models and to the number of components used to represent the organic mixture have been systematically compared. The variability in theoretical hygroscopic growth factor attributable to the choice of estimation technique increases with decreasing mixture complexity. Generally there is low sensitivity to the choice of vapour pressure predictive technique. The inclusion of non-ideality is responsible for a larger difference in predicted growth factor, though still relatively minor. Assuming instantaneous equilibration of all semi-volatile on drying the aerosol to 0 % RH massively increases the sensitivity. Without such re-equilibration, the calculated growth factors are comparable to the low hygroscopicity of organic material widely measured in the laboratory and atmosphere. Allowing re-equilibration on drying produces a calculated hygroscopicity greater than measured for ambient organic material, and frequently close to those of common inorganic salts. Such a result has substantial implications on aerosol behaviour in instruments designed to measure hygroscopicity and on the degree of equilibration of semi-volatile components in the ambient atmosphere. The impacts of this variability on behaviour of particles as cloud condensation nuclei, on predicted cloud droplet number and uncertainty in radiative forcing are explored. When it is assumed only water evaporates on drying, the sensitivity in radiative forcing, "ΔF" to choice of p0 and γi estimation technique is low when the particle organic volume fraction is less than 55 %. Sensitivities increase with decreasing component complexity. If all components re-equilibrate on drying, the sensitivity of ΔF increases substantially for organic volume fractions as low as between 16 and 22 % depending on the complexity of the organic composition and assumed aerosol size distribution. The current study ignores the impact of predicted changes in particle size which will increase uncertainty in droplet number and forcing.
Radon activity in the lower troposphere and its impact on ionization rate: a global estimate using different radon emissions
Authors: Zhang K. , Feichter J. , Kazil J. , Wan H. , Zhuo W. , Griffiths A. D. , Sartorius H. , Zahorowski W. , Ramonet M. , Schmidt M. , Yver C. , Neubert R. E. M. , Brunke E.-G.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The radioactive decay of radon and its progeny can lead to ionization of air molecules and consequently influence aerosol size distribution. In order to provide a global estimate of the radon-related ionization rate, we use the global atmospheric model ECHAM5 to simulate transport and decay processes of the radioactive tracers. A global radon emission map is put together using regional fluxes reported recently in the literature. Near-surface radon concentrations simulated with this new map compare well with measurements. Radon-related ionization rate is calculated and compared to that caused by cosmic rays. The contribution of radon and its progeny clearly exceeds that of the cosmic rays in the mid- and low-latitude land areas in the surface layer. During cold seasons, at locations where high concentration of sulfuric acid gas and low temperature provide potentially favorable conditions for nucleation, the coexistence of high ionization rate may help enhance the particle formation processes. This suggests that it is probably worth investigating the impact of radon-induced ionization on aerosol-climate interaction in global models.
Surface modification of mineral dust particles by sulphuric acid processing: implications for ice nucleation abilities
Authors: Reitz P. , Spindler C. , Mentel T. F. , Poulain L. , Wex H. , Mildenberger K. , Niedermeier D. , Hartmann S. , Clauss T. , Stratmann F. , Sullivan R. C. , DeMott P. J. , Petters M. D. , Sierau B. , Schneider J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The ability of coated mineral dust particles to act as ice nuclei (IN) was investigated at LACIS (Leipzig Aerosol Cloud Interaction Simulator) during the FROST1- and FROST2-campaigns (Freezing of dust). Sulphuric acid was condensed on the particles which afterwards were optionally humidified, treated with ammonia vapour and/or heat. By means of aerosol mass spectrometry we found evidence that processing of mineral dust particles with sulphuric acid leads to surface modifications of the particles. These surface modifications are most likely responsible for the observed reduction of the IN activation of the particles. The observed particle mass spectra suggest that different treatments lead to different chemical reactions on the particle surface. Possible chemical reaction pathways and products are suggested and the implications on the IN efficiency of the treated dust particles are discussed.
Effective density of Aquadag and fullerene soot black carbon reference materials used for SP2 calibration
Authors: Gysel M. , Laborde M. , Olfert J. S. , Subramanian R. , Gröhn A. J.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The mass and effective density of black carbon (BC) particles generated from aqueous suspensions of Aquadag and fullerene soot was measured and parametrized as a function of their mobility diameter. The measurements were made by two independent research groups by operating a differential mobility analyser (DMA) in series with an aerosol particle mass analyser (APM) or a Couette centrifugal particle mass analyser (CPMA). Consistent and reproducible results were found in this study for different production lots of Aquadag, indicating that the effective density of these particles is a stable quantity and largely unaffected by differences in aerosol generation procedures and suspension treatments. The effective density of fullerene soot particles from one production lot was also found to be stable and independent of suspension treatments. Some difference to previous literature data was observed for both Aquadag and fullerene soot at larger particle diameters. Knowledge of the exact relationship between mobility diameter and particle mass is of great importance, as DMAs are commonly used to size-select particles from BC reference materials for calibration of single particle soot photometers (SP2), which quantitatively detect the BC mass in single particles.
Regional uptake and release of crop carbon in the United States
Authors: West T. O. , Bandaru V. , Brandt C. C. , Schuh A. E. , Ogle S. M.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. Carbon fixed by agricultural crops in the US creates regional CO2 sinks where it is harvested and regional CO2 sources where it is released back to the atmosphere. The quantity and location of these fluxes differ depending on the annual supply and demand of crop commodities. Data on the harvest of crop biomass, storage, import and export, and on the use of biomass for food, feed, fiber, and fuel were compiled to estimate an annual crop carbon budget for 2000 to 2008. With respect to US Farm Resource Regions, net sources of CO2 associated with the consumption of crop commodities occurred in the Eastern Uplands, Southern Seaboard, and Fruitful Rim regions. Net sinks associated with the production of crop commodities occurred in the Heartland, Northern Great Plains, and Mississippi Portal regions. The national crop carbon budget was balanced to within 0.3 to 6.1 % yr−1 during the period of this analysis.
Revisiting land cover observations to address the needs of the climate modelling community
Authors: Bontemps S. , Herold M. , Kooistra L. , van Groenestijn A. , Hartley A. , Arino O. , Moreau I. , Defourny P.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. One of the relevant processes driven by political discussion under the United Framework Convention on Climate Change is the monitoring of Essential Climate Variables. Land Cover is one of those variables and efforts are therefore to be made to develop land cover observation approaches which meet the climate modelling community expectations. This paper aims at contributing to this necessity. First, consultation mechanisms were established with the climate modelling community to identify its specific requirements in terms of satellite-based global land cover products. This assessment highlighted specific needs in terms of land cover characterization and products accuracy, stability and consistency that are currently not met. Based on this outcome, the paper calls into question the current land cover representation and for revisiting global land cover mapping approaches. Increasing the flexibility of current classification systems and making the mapping techniques less sensitive to the period of observation are proposed as two key aspects to enhance the usability of global land cover dataset.
Simultaneous estimation of land surface scheme states and parameters using the ensemble Kalman filter: identical twin experiments
Authors: Nie S. , Zhu J. , Luo Y.
Published: August 2011

Abstract. The performance of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) in soil moisture assimilation applications is investigated in the context of simultaneous state-parameter estimation in the presence of uncertainties from model parameters, soil moisture initial condition and atmospheric forcing. A physically based land surface model is used for this purpose. Using a series of identical twin experiments in two kinds of initial parameter distribution (IPD) scenarios, the narrow IPD (NIPD) scenario and the wide IPD (WIPD) scenario, model-generated near surface soil moisture observations are assimilated to estimate soil moisture state and three hydraulic parameters (the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the saturated soil moisture suction and a soil texture empirical parameter) in the model. The estimation of single imperfect parameter is successful with the ensemble mean value of all three estimated parameters converging to their true values respectively in both NIPD and WIPD scenarios. Increasing the number of imperfect parameters leads to a decline in the estimation performance. A wide initial distribution of estimated parameters can produce improved simultaneous multi-parameter estimation performances compared to that of the NIPD scenario. However, when the number of estimated parameters increased to three, not all parameters were estimated successfully for both NIPD and WIPD scenarios. By introducing constraints between estimated hydraulic parameters, the performance of the constrained three-parameter estimation was successful, even if temporally sparse observations were available for assimilation. The constrained estimation method can reduce RMSE much more in soil moisture forecasting compared to the non-constrained estimation method and traditional non-parameter-estimation assimilation method. The benefit of this method in estimating all imperfect parameters simultaneously can be fully demonstrated when the corresponding non-constrained estimation method displays a relatively poor parameter estimation performance. Because all these constraints between parameters were obtained in a statistical sense, this constrained state-parameter estimation scheme is likely suitable for other land surface models even with more imperfect parameters estimated in soil moisture assimilation applications.
Morbidity and Mortality of Cytoreductive Surgery with Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy: National Cancer Institute, Mexico City, Mexico
Authors: López-Basave Horacio N. , Morales-Vásquez Flavia , Ruiz Molina J. M. , González-Enciso Aaron , Ñamendys-Silva Silvio A. , Medina Castro Juan M. , Montalvo-Esquivel Gonzalo , Herrera-Gómez Angel , De la Garza Salazar Jaime G.
Published: August 2011

Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is generally considered a lethal disease, with a poor prognosis. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) has emerged as a new approach for peritoneal surface disease. This study investigated the early experience with this combined modality treatment at a single institute. From January 2007 to March 2010, 24 patients were treated After aggressive CS, with HIPEC (cisplatin 25 mg/m2/L and mitomycin C 3.3 mg/m2/L was administered for 90-minutes at 40.5° C). These data suggest that aggressive CRS with HIPEC for the treatment of PC may result in low mortality and acceptable morbidity. Rigorous patient selection, appropriate and prudent operative procedures were associated with encouraging results in our experience.
Common Fixed Points Approximation for Asymptotically Nonexpansive Semigroup in Banach Spaces
Authors: Ali Bashir
Published: August 2011

Let be a real Banach space satisfying local uniform Opial's condition,
whose duality map is weakly sequentially continuous. Let be a uniformly asymptotically regular family of asymptotically nonexpansive
semigroup of with function . Let and be weakly contractive map. Let be -strongly
accretive and -strictly pseudocontractive map with . Let be an increasing sequence in and let and be sequences in satisfying some conditions. For some positive real number appropriately chosen, let
be a sequence defined by , ,  ,  . It is proved that converges strongly to a common fixed point of the
family which is also the unique solution of the variational inequality .
Amplifying Charge‐Transfer Characteristics of Graphene for Triiodide Reduction in Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Das Santanu , Sudhagar P. , Verma Ved , Song Donghoon , Ito Eisuke , Lee Sang Yun , Kang Yong Soo , Choi WonBong
Published: August 2011

The fabrication and functionalization of large‐area graphene and its electrocatalytic properties for iodine reduction in a dye‐sensitized solar cell are reported. The graphene film, grown by thermal chemical vapor deposition, contains three to five layers of monolayer graphene, as confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. Further, the graphene film is treated with CF4 reactive‐ion plasma and fluorine ions are successfully doped into graphene as confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and UV‐photoemission spectroscopy. The fluorinated graphene shows no structural deformations compared to the pristine graphene except an increase in surface roughness. Electrochemical characterization reveals that the catalytic activity of graphene for iodine reduction increases with increasing plasma treatment time, which is attributed to an increase in catalytic sites. Further, the fluorinated graphene is characterized in use as a counter‐electrode in a full dye‐sensitized solar cell and shows ca. 2.56% photon to electron conversion efficiency with ca. 11 mA cm−2 current density. The shift in work function in F− doped graphene is attributed to the shift in graphene redox potential which results in graphene's electrocatalytic‐activity enhancement.
Single coronary artery syndrome: Cardiac computed tomography angiography as a leading imaging modality
Authors: Shittu Adekunle , Kadakia Jigar , Budoff Matthew
Published: August 2011

Single coronary artery syndrome is usually an asymptomatic condition in most patients; thus most patients are diagnosed when noninvasive imaging (cardiac computed tomography angiography, cardiac magnetic resonance) or invasive coronary angiography is done for evaluation for other cardiac conditions. With advances using cardiovascular imaging in the evaluation and management of single coronary artery syndrome; Cardiac Computed Tomography Angiography (CCTA) has emerged as a very essential and leading imaging modality. CCTA has the best resolution (spatial and temporal) among the imaging modalities available for analyzing the cardiovascular system for the diagnosis and management of single coronary artery syndrome. We are presenting cases of patients with single coronary artery syndrome with 3 different courses (anterior, septal, inter‐arterial), illustrating how CCTA gives a detailed anatomic/structural evaluation of the origin and course of the coronary arteries, and other cardiac structures. Thus in patients diagnosed with single coronary artery syndrome, CCTA can provide vital information on the not only the course, but the associated narrowing of coronary vessels. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A New Polyelectrolyte Dosing Method: Injection into Deep Bed Filter Media
Authors: Yuksel Ebubekir , Eyvaz Murat , Aktas Tugrul S. , Saatci Ahmet M.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this paper was to investigate a novel method of polyelectrolyte injection into deep bed filter media. The raw water and the filter media used in the pilot filters were obtained from the Omerli Reservoir that supplies one million m3/day of water to the greater city of Istanbul. A cationic polyelectrolyte was injected at the entrance of the filter and at different depths of the sand bed. The effect of polyelectrolyte injection location and method was evaluated by measuring the effluent turbidity, effluent particle count, and the head losses at different locations of the sand media. It was observed that the simultaneous injection of the polyelectrolyte on top of the filter bed and at the center can lengthen the filter run time while achieving an effluent turbidity as low as 0.06 NTU (nephelometric turbidity unit) and 4 log (99.99%) particle removal.
Degradation and Detoxification of Chlorophenols in Continuous‐Flow Fixed‐Bed Aerobic Reactors
Authors: Gallego Alfredo , Gemini Virginia L. , Rossi Susana L. , Gómez Carlos E. , Rossini Gustavo D. Bulus , Korol Sonia E.
Published: August 2011

An indigenous bacterial strain of Delftia sp. capable of degrading 2,4‐dicholorophenol and an indigenous bacterial community that degrades 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol (TCP) were employed to inoculate continuous down‐flow fixed‐bed reactors. Continuous‐reactors were constructed from PVC employing hollow PVC cylinders as support material. Synthetic wastewater was prepared by dissolving the corresponding chlorophenol in non‐sterile groundwater. Biodegradation was evaluated by spectrophotometry, chloride release, GC, and microbial growth. Detoxification was evaluated by using Daphnia magna as test organism. Delftia sp. was able to remove an average of 95.6% of DCP. Efficiency in terms of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was of 88.9%. The indigenous bacterial community that degrades TCP reached an average efficiency of 96.5 and 91.6% in terms of compound and COD removal, respectively. In both cases stoichiometric removal of chloride and detoxification was achieved. When synthetic wastewater feed was cut off for 7 days, both reactors showed a fast recovery after inflow restarting, reaching average outlet concentration values within 36 h. The promising behavior of the microorganisms and the low cost of the reactors tested allow us to suggest their possible application to remediation processes.
Effect of Resuspension on the Release of Heavy Metals and Water Chemistry in Anoxic and Oxic Sediments
Authors: Hwang Kyung‐Yup , Kim Hong‐Seok , Hwang Inseong
Published: August 2011

Two types of river sediments with contrasting characteristics (anoxic or oxic) were resuspended and the release of heavy metals and changes in water chemistry were investigated. During resuspension of the anoxic sediment, the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and redox potential of the water layer decreased abruptly within the first 1 min, followed by increases toward the end of the resuspension period. Heavy metals were released rapidly in the first 6 h, probably due to the oxidation of acid volatile sulfide (AVS) of the anoxic sediment, and then the aqueous phase concentrations of the heavy metals decreased due to resorption onto the sediment until the 12‐h point. During resuspension of the oxic sediment, the DO concentration and redox potential remained relatively constant in the oxic ranges. The heavy metals were released from the oxic sediment gradually during a 24‐h resuspension period. The temporal maximum concentrations of Ni, Cu, Zn, and Cd in the aqueous phases in both experiments frequently exceeded the USEPA water quality criteria or the water quality guidelines of Australia and New Zealand. This suggests that a resuspension event could bring about temporal water quality deterioration in the two sediment environments.
Low‐Cost and Ultra‐Strong p‐Type Doping of Carbon Nanotube Films by a Piranha Mixture
Authors: Tantang Hosea , Xiao Jinchong , Wei Jun , Chan‐Park Mary Bee Eng , Li Lain‐Jong , Zhang Qichun
Published: August 2011

Recent studies have demonstrated that single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films can be doped by a nitric/sulfuric acid treatment to significantly improve its conductivity. However, the sheet resistance is still too high for many applications. Here we report on a simple treatment using a piranha mixture that could further enhance SWCNT film conductivity. The high redox potentials of hydrogen peroxides combined with the acidity of sulfuric acid enabled strong p‐doping of the carbon nanotube films. Absorption peak suppression and a G‐band shift provided proof of strong p‐doping of the SWCNT films.
New N,N,N‐Donors Resulting in Highly Active Ruthenium Catalysts for Transfer Hydrogenation at Room Temperature (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 23/2011)
Authors: Ghoochany Leila Taghizadeh , Farsadpour Saeid , Sun Yu , Thiel Werner R.
Published: August 2011

The cover picture shows that bulky substituents on the backbone of a chelating ligand lead to metal–phosphane bond cleavage. Butyl groups in [bis(1‐allyl‐5‐butylpyrazol‐3‐yl)pyridine](PPh3)RuCl2 give rise to a highly active ruthenium(II) catalyst for transfer hydrogenation. The actual catalytic activity strongly depends on both the substitution pattern at the chelating ligand backbone and the auxiliary ligand coordinated to the ruthenium(II) site (PPh3 vs. CO). Details are discussed in the article by W. R. Thiel et al. on p. 3431ff.
A simple shock‐capturing technique for high‐order discontinuous Galerkin methods
Authors: Huerta A. , Casoni E. , Peraire J.
Published: August 2011

This article presents a novel shock‐capturing technique for the discontinuous Galerkin (DG) method. The technique is designed for compressible flow problems, which are usually characterized by the presence of strong shocks and discontinuities. The inherent structure of standard DG methods seems to suggest that they are especially adapted to capture shocks because of the numerical fluxes based on suitable approximate Riemann solvers, which, in practice, introduces some stabilization. However, the usual numerical fluxes are not sufficient to stabilize the solution in the presence of shocks for large high‐order elements. Here, a new basis of shape functions is introduced. It has the ability to change locally between a continuous or discontinuous interpolation depending on the smoothness of the approximated function. In the presence of shocks, the new discontinuities inside an element introduce the required stabilization because of numerical fluxes. Large high‐order elements can therefore be used and shocks captured within a single element, avoiding adaptive mesh refinement and preserving the locality and compactness of the DG scheme. Several numerical examples for transonic and supersonic flows are studied to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A watershed rainfall data recovery approach with application to distributed hydrological models
Authors: Chu Jinggang , Zhang Chi , Wang Yilun , Zhou Huicheng , Shoemaker Christine A.
Published: August 2011

Watershed areal rainfall estimation, which is one of the most important and fundamental aspects in hydrological forecasting and various kinds of catchment‐scale hydrological models, is widely used in the analysis of hydrological regime change, and its precision has a direct influence on the accuracy of hydrological forecasting and hydrological simulation. In China, it is difficult to obtain the watershed areal rainfall estimate with reliable precision and avoid the phenomenon of ‘the same effect of different parameters’ because of the low density of the rain gauge network. Therefore, a watershed rainfall data recovery approach of improving the precision of watershed areal rainfall estimation is proposed here. This approach is to build new observatories, establish the time–space relations of rainfall between newly built observatories and previously built observatories in a relatively short interval and then recover the rainfall data of newly built observatories prior to their construction through simulating the relations over a longer time. As a result, watershed rainfall information could be elaborated to improve the precision of watershed areal rainfall estimate and avoid the phenomenon of ‘the same effect of different parameters’ to a certain degree in the process of hydrological simulation. The approach is used in the hydrological simulation of Hali River catchment. In combination with the Soil Water Assessment Tool model, a better result can be obtained in the hydrological simulation. Therefore, the approach can be used in other similar catchments. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of adrenocortical responses to acute stress in lowland and highland Eurasian tree sparrows (Passer montanus): similar patterns during the breeding, but different during the prebasic molt
Authors: Li Dongming , Wu Junzhe , Zhang Xiaorui , Ma Xiaofei , Wingfield John C. , Lei Fumin , Wang Gang , Wu Yuefeng
Published: August 2011

Previous studies indicate most free‐living avian species in both extreme and temperate environments seasonally modulate the adrenocortical responses to acute stress, and those breeding in harsh environments always express reduced adrenocortical responses, which may allow them to obtain maximal reproductive success. However, recent investigations showing a human commensal species, house sparrows (Passer domesticus), expressed similar corticosterone (CORT) responses in both benign and harsh environments. In this study, focusing on another human commensal species, Eurasian tree sparrows (P. montanus), we examined the adrenocortical response to acute stress in lowland populations, among the early and late breeding, the prebasic molt, and the wintering stages, and compared them with previously published data from populations on the Tibetan Plateau. Our results show: (1) similar to highland Eurasian tree sparrows, lowland populations show no differences in baseline CORT levels among life history stages, and the stress‐induced CORT (maximal CORT, total and corrected integrated CORT) levels are lower during the early breeding and the prebasic molt stages than those in the late breeding and the wintering stages; (2) highland Eurasian tree sparrows show stronger adrenocortical responses during the prebasic molt stage than lowland populations, whereas there are no differences between the early and the breeding stages (except for maximal CORT). Our results suggest that Eurasian tree sparrows from both harsh and benign environments have similar patterns of adrenocortical responses in the breeding stage, whereas they are different in the prebasic molt stage. In highland birds, the increased maximal CORT levels during the late breeding and the small increases in adrenocortical responses during the prebasic molt are interesting but remain unexplained. J. Exp. Zool. 315:512–519, 2011. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Generation, characterization, and docking studies of DNA‐hydrolyzing recombinant Fab antibodies
Authors: Zein Haggag S. , El‐Sehemy Ahmed A. , Fares Mohamed O. , ElHefnawi Mahmoud , Teixeira da Silva Jaime A. , Miyatake Kazutaka
Published: August 2011

Previously we established a series of catalytic antibodies (catAbs) capable of hydrolyzing DNA prepared by hybridoma technology. A group of these catAbs exhibited high reactivity and substrate specificity. To determine the molecular basis for these catAbs, we cloned, sequenced, and expressed the variable regions of this group of antibodies as functional Fab fragments. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the expressed light chain (Vκ) germline gene assignments confidently belonged to germline family Vκ1A, gene bb1.1 and GenBank accession number EF672207 while heavy chain variable region VH genes belonged to VH1/VHJ558, gene V130.3 and GenBank accession number EF672221. A well‐established expression system based on the pARA7 vector was examined for its ability to produce catalytically active antibodies. Recombinant Fab (rFab) fragments were purified and their hydrolyzing activity was analyzed against supercoiled pUC19 plasmid DNA (scDNA). The study of rFab provides important information about the potential catalytic activities of antibodies whose structure allows us to understand their basis of catalysis. Molecular surface analysis and docking studies were performed on the molecular interactions between the antibodies and poly(dA9), poly(dG9), poly(dT9), and poly(dC9) oligomers. Surface analysis identified the important sequence motifs at the binding sites, and different effects exerted by arginine and tyrosine residues at different positions in the light and heavy chains. This study demonstrates the potential usefulness of the protein DNA surrogate in the investigation of the origin of anti‐DNA antibodies. These studies may define important features of DNA catAbs. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of treadmill running on rat gastrocnemius function following botulinum toxin A injection
Authors: Tsai Sen‐Wei , Chen Chun‐Jung , Chen Hsiao‐Lin , Chen Chuan‐Mu , Chang Yin‐Yi
Published: August 2011

Exercise can improve and maintain neural or muscular function, but the effects of exercise in physiological adaptation to paralysis caused by botulinum toxin A has not been well studied. Twenty‐four rats were randomly assigned into control and treadmill groups. The rats assigned to the treadmill group were trained on a treadmill three times per week with the running speed set at 15 m/min. The duration of training was 20 min/session. Muscle strength, nerve conduction study and sciatic functional index (SFI) were used for functional analysis. Treadmill training improved the SFI at 2, 3, and 4 weeks (p = 0.01, 0.004, and 0.01, respectively). The maximal contraction force of the gastrocnemius muscle in the treadmill group was greater than in the control group (p < 0.05). The percentage of activated fibers was higher in the treadmill botox group than the percentage for the control botox group, which was demonstrated by differences in amplitude and area of compound muscle action potential (CMAP) under the curve between the groups (p < 0.05). After BoNT‐A injection, treadmill improved the physiological properties of muscle contraction strength, CMAP amplitude, and the recovery of SFI. © 2011 Orthopaedic Research Society Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:319–324, 2012
Effect of manganese on the resistance of tomato to Pseudocercospora fuligena
Authors: Heine Gregor , Max Johannes F. J. , Führs Hendrik , Moran‐Puente Diana W. , Heintz Dimitri , Horst Walter J.
Published: August 2011

Black leaf mold caused by Pseudocercospora fuligena is an important fungal disease of tomato in Southeast Asia. The objective of this study was to evaluate the control of this disease using high manganese (Mn) applied to the root substrate and to evaluate the role of the leaf apoplast in plant response to fungal infection. In a nethouse experiment in Thailand, Mn above the optimum for plant growth but below toxicity increased resistance of tomato plants to black leaf mold. Enhanced resistance caused by Mn was also obtained when tomato plants were grown under controlled conditions in a mist chamber and artificially inoculated with the fungus. Manganese significantly increased plant peroxidases in the leaf apoplast. The highest peroxidase activity was measured when plants were inoculated with Pseudocercospora fuligena. Defense‐related proteins in the leaf apoplast increased when plants were inoculated with Pseudocercospora fuligena but not when treated with high Mn. It is concluded that Mn above the optimum level for plant growth can contribute to the control of Pseudocercospora fuligena in tomato. The Mn effect on disease resistance is associated with the activation of plant peroxidases in the leaf apoplast. A systemic response, possibly mediated by NADH peroxidase activity, also seems to trigger disease resistance in leaves with low Mn concentrations.
An improved liquid chromatographic method for the analysis of tylosin and its impurities
Authors: Ashenafi Dunge , Hoogmartens Jos , Adams Erwin
Published: August 2011

A selective reversed‐phase (RP) liquid chromatographic (LC) method coupled with UV for the determination of tylosin and its related substances is described. The gradient method uses a Capcell pak C18 ACR column (25 cm×4.6 mm id, 5 μm) maintained at a temperature of 60°C. The mobile phases consist of acetonitrile, phosphate buffer pH 5.5 and water: (A; 27.5:10:62.5 v/v/v) and (B; 50:10:40 v/v/v). The flow rate is 1.0 mL/min and UV detection is performed at 280 nm. It allows the separation of all known and 22 other unknown related substances (≥0.02%) from the main compound and from one another. The method shows good precision, sensitivity, linearity (between 0.2 μg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL) and robustness. The limit of quantification is 0.2 μg/mL, corresponding to 0.020%. Seven bulk tylosin samples containing a large number of impurities were examined using this method.
Chromatography of bis‐(3‐sulfopropyl) disulfide and its breakdown products by HPLC coupled with electrochemical detection
Authors: Volov Igor , Mann Olivier , Hoenersch Yvonne , Wahl Björn , West Alan C.
Published: August 2011

A chromatographic method for the detection of bis‐(3‐sulfopropyl) disulfide (SPS), a common additive in acidic copper plating baths, and its breakdown products is demonstrated. The detection scheme involves a combination of solid‐phase extraction for sample pre‐treatment, C18 reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography column for separation, and electrochemical sensor for detection of all non‐fully oxidized sulfur‐containing compounds. We were able to achieve an effective separation and accurately assign chromatographic peaks to all detectable species. Owing to a high sensitivity of the utilized electrochemical detector, detection in low parts per billion range was possible. This can prove crucial for plating bath control, since minute amounts of certain by‐products significantly affect the bath performance.
IMPACT OF LAND USE CHANGE ON EROSION RISK: AN INTEGRATED REMOTE SENSING, GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM AND MODELING METHODOLOGY
Authors: Leh M. , Bajwa S. , Chaubey I.
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rapidly changing land use on erosion and sedimentation in a mixed land use watershed in the Ozark Highlands of the USA. The research combines a geographic information system‐based soil erosion modeling approach with land use change detection to quantify the influence of changing land use on erosion risk. Five land use/land cover maps were generated or acquired for a 20‐year period (1986 through 2006) at approximately 5‐year intervals to assess land use change and to predict a projected (2030) land use scenario for the West Fork White River watershed in Northwest Arkansas. The Unit Stream Power based Erosion/Deposition model was applied to the observed and predicted land use to assess the impact on erosion. Total erosion from urban areas was predicted to increase by a factor of six between 1986 and 2030 based on the projected 2030 land use. Results support previous reports of increased urbanization leading to increased soil erosion risk. This study highlights the interaction of changes in land use with soil erosion potential. Soil erosion risk on a landscape can be quantified by incorporating commonly available biophysical data with geographic information system and remote sensing, which could serve as a land/watershed management tool for the rapid assessment of the effects of environmental change on erosion risk. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimizing the multipole‐to‐local operator in the fast multipole method for graphical processing units
Authors: Takahashi Toru , Cecka Cris , Fong William , Darve Eric
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a number of algorithms to run the fast multipole method (FMM) on NVIDIA CUDA‐capable graphical processing units (GPUs) (Nvidia Corporation, Sta. Clara, CA, USA). The FMM is a class of methods to compute pairwise interactions between N particles for a given error tolerance and with computational cost of . The methods described in the paper are applicable to any FMMs in which the multipole‐to‐local (M2L) operator is a dense matrix and the matrix is precomputed. This is the case for example in the black‐box fast multipole method (bbFMM), which is a variant of the FMM that can handle large class of kernels. This example will be used in our benchmarks.

In the FMM, two operators represent most of the computational cost, and an optimal implementation typically tries to balance those two operators. One is the nearby interaction calculation (direct sum calculation, line 29 in Listing 1), and the other is the M2L operation. We focus on the M2L. By combining multiple M2L operations and reordering the primitive loops of the M2L so that CUDA threads can reuse or share common data, these approaches reduce the movement of data in the GPU. Because memory bandwidth is the primary bottleneck of these methods, significant performance improvements are realized. Four M2L schemes are detailed and analyzed in the case of a uniform tree.

The four schemes are tested and compared with an optimized, OpenMP parallelized, multi‐core CPU code. We consider high and low precision calculations by varying the number of Chebyshev nodes used in the bbFMM. The accuracy of the GPU codes is found to be satisfactory and achieved performance over 200 Gflop/s on one NVIDIA Tesla C1060 GPU (Nvidia Corporation, Sta. Clara, CA, USA). This was compared against two quad‐core Intel Xeon E5345 processors (Intel Corporation, Sta. Clara, CA, USA) running at 2.33 GHz, for a combined peak performance of 149 Gflop/s for single precision. For the low FMM accuracy case, the observed performance of the CPU code was 37 Gflop/s, whereas for the high FMM accuracy case, the performance was about 8.5 Gflop/s, most likely because of a higher frequency of cache misses. We also present benchmarks on an NVIDIA C2050 GPU (a Fermi processor)(Nvidia Corporation, Sta. Clara, CA, USA) in single and double precision. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.