bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ecology And Behavior Of Cowbirds And Their Impact On Host Populations
Authors: Robinson Scott K , Rothstein Stephen I , Margaret I Rothstein , Brittingham C , Petit Lisa J , Grzybowski Joseph A
Published: November 2023

Cowbirds of the genus Molothrusare brood parasites that lay their eggs in the nests of other (host) species. Because many hosts raise cowbird young instead of their own, brood parasitism can substantially reduce host breeding productivity, and high levels of brood parasitism can threaten some host populations. Population declines and the endangered status of several species have been linked to high levels of cowbird parasitism (see below). Neotropical migrant land birds may be particularly vulnerable to cowbird parasitism, especially in landscapes where cowbird feeding habitat has been created or enhanced by human activities and cowbird numbers are high (Brittingham and Temple 1983). The purpose of this chapter is to review the natural history of North American cowbirds with special emphasis on the Brown-headed Cowbird, their effects on host population dynamics, and to identify the areas where research is most needed. Methods of cowbird management and control are discussed in detail in Robinson et al. (1993).
Summary: Model Organisms For Advancing Understanding Of Ecology And Land Management
Authors: Martin Thomas E
Published: November 2023

Land managers are often faced with the difficult task of managing for a diversity of resources, including a wide diversity of organisms. Species differ in their space requirements, physiological tolerances, demo graphies, behaviors, and biological interactions. Added to this complexity is the diversity of land uses, habitat types, and environmental conditions that vary over space and time. This diversity complicates both management strategies and further development of general principles in ecology and evolution. Neotropical migratory birds potentially provide a model set of organisms for aiding our understanding of general principles in ecology and evolution, and for developing general programs of land management because: (1) they are ubiquitous;(2) they include a wide diversity of species with varying ecologies that coexist; (3) they are sensitive to environmental perturbations because they are mobile, short-lived, and differ in their environmental requirements; and (4) behaviors, demographic characters (fecundity, survival), physiology, species interactions, and habitat use can be readily studied for many species. As the chapters in this volume show, Neotropical migratory birds can allow increased understanding of general concepts of population limitation and regulation, ecological processes, habitat selection, spatial scales, and land management.
The Riddle of Bisexuality
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

In 1991 the New York Times and other media gave extensive coverage to a research report that suggested an answer to the question: How do people become homosexual?1 The researcher, the neuroscientist Simon LeVay, claimed to have found anatomical differences between the brains of homosexual and heterosexual men and concluded that sexual preference is predetermined. Later that year, similar journalistic attention was directed at two researchers who claimed, through the study of twins, that homosexuality was genetically based. 2 In an article titled “Are Some People Born Gay?” it was flatly stated, “Science is rapidly converging on the conclusion that sexual orientation is innate. “3 Then, in 1993, it was suggested that a “homosexuality” gene had been discovered on the X chromosome. 4 These reports received quick and spirited rejoinders, not just about their methodological limitations, but also their social and political implications.
Bisexuals in San Francisco
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

The Bisexual Center was established in the mid-1970s by a group of friends in San Francisco. The founders wanted to provide a safe haven for people who were interested in being sexual with both men and women and who wanted to get together and talk about their sexual preference. These first members met at various locations throughout the San Francisco Bay Area for weekly discussion groups. As knowledge of the groups and their purpose spread, the number of participants grew quickly. Advertisements were placed in local underground newspapers, and information was passed by word of mouth. Eventually, yearly memberships were offered and a regular mailing list was assembled. In the seven years following its inception, the Bisexual Center grew into a tax-exempt nonprofit organization situated at a permanent location with a yearly membership of about three hundred persons. At the time of our study, the center was locatt?d on the middle floor of a trilevel flat in a residential neighborhood near Haight-Ashbury.
Being “Out”
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Up to this point we have presented a portrait of how bisexuals cope with the problem of personal identity and how they struggle with intimate relationships. But bisexual people, like others, live and work in a wider community, one that is not particularly accepting of the sexually unconventional. Since what they often consider a private matter can become a public one, it is important to look at the social consequences of living with a bisexual social identity. We examine first the problems that the people in our study experienced because of being bisexual, specifically the conflicts they had with heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Next we look at the extent to which they disclosed their bisexuality or “came out.” We also asked how it felt to have to hide their sexual preference and about the pro’s and con’s of disclosure versus concealment. And finally, we look at the wider community of other bisexuals and how the Bisexual Center helped its members manage social disfavor.
Dimensions of Sexual Preference
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Whether people label themselves as bisexual, gay, lesbian, or simply think of themselves as heterosexual, the acquisition of a sexual identity is obviously a pivotal aspect of sexual preference. There is, however, more to sexual preference than self-definition. What exactly underlies the labels people adopt for themselves, and what implications does this have for an understanding of sexual preference? In the interview study, we addressed this question by examining the ways in which people who defined themselves as bisexual located themselves on our three dimensions of sexual preference along the Kinsey scale: sexual feelings, sexual behaviors, and romantic feelings. The answers indicated a range of sexual profiles among bisexuals. Once again, we focus here on the Kinsey scale, but this time we extend our analysis to examine whether there is a single sexual profile that characterizes people who define themselves as either gay, lesbian, or heterosexual, or whether people with different types of sexual profiles identify themselves under the same label.
Intimate Relationships
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Sexual preference cannot be separated from involved relationships, because it is often through these relationships that sexual feelings and behaviors are realized and sexual identity maintained. The importance of significant others-in distinction to more casual sex partners-is often ignored in studies of sexual preference; sexual preference is considered a property of individuals, measured solely by the Kinsey scale. We go beyond this narrower view by trying to understand the individual in a web of many types of social relationships without which his or her sexuality would have no meaning or sustenance.
Managing Identities
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

Sociologist Erving Goffman describes a stigma as “an attribute that is deeply discrediting,” a social status that marks those who carry it as being “of a less desirable kind,” or an associated condition that transforms its owner “from a whole and usual person to a tainted, discounted one.”1 Certainly many of the people in our study had been treated as if they were tainted, less desirable, unimportant, or less than whole. People involved in the sexual underground are likely to be touched by stigma to varying degrees. Engaging in homosexual sex, practicing nonmonogamy, sadomasochism, swinging, or group sex did and often does lead to social ostracism.
Bisexuals Face AIDS
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

We have already seen in this study that sexual preference is not always fixed but can be extremely malleable for some people. The bisexuals we studied often changed their behavior and feelings in response to changing circumstances, a fact that led us to emphasize environmental over internal factors in the construction of a bisexual preference. Like other researchers who agree with this emphasis, we focused on the role played by face-to-face relationships in changing sexuality, especially intimate relationships and subcultural support (e.g., from the Bisexual Center). Soon after we returned to San Francisco we realized that our notions of the “environment” were too narrow.
Change and the Transsexual Bisexual
Authors: Weinberg Martin S , Williams Colin J , Pryor Douglas W
Published: November 2023

The transsexuals in our study not only had problems with their sexual identities (how they defined their sexual preference), but far deeper problems with their gender identities (their claims to being a man or woman). As we saw earlier, many of them relied on their sexual behaviors to establish their identities; to prove she was “really” a woman, the male-tofemale transsexual had to demonstrate attraction to men. If the events of 1983-1988 led to changes for the nontranssexual bisexuals, then we might expect changes to be at least as extensive for the transsexual bisexual. After all, if the direction of their sexual behavior has important implications for their gender identity, and sexuality has changed because of the AIDS situation, then they may have even more difficulty in achieving a stable sense of gender identity. How the transsexual bisexual fared follows. We refer to those we surveyed by pseudonyms. Remember too that in all but one case, these are male-to-female transsexuals.
Political Economy and Health
Authors: Brenner M Harvey
Published: November 2023

The political economy—the national economy, in interaction with government policies—influences a nation’s health through the mechanisms of production, distribution, and consumption. The main links between the economy and health are economic growth and instability (especially recession), economic inequality (including inequality due to structural changes), production processes and consumption of goods that are harmful to health, high-risk social-interaction patterns disproportionately prevalent in the lower socioeconomic strata, and health-care utilization.
Class, Work, and Health
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey V , Hall Ellen M
Published: November 2023

The inquiry into the interconnections of work, social class, and human well-being have been a basic theme in social science since the advent of the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century. Interpreting these complex interrelationships remains a challenge, however.
The Life of Care
Authors: Kultgen John
Published: November 2023

Until recently, Craig has been a good student and responsive son. He plans to go to college and major in political science with a view to entering law, politics, or public administration. He has been accepted by a university with a strong academic reputation. Martha has some resources, but Craig will need financial aid-a scholarship, a job on campus, perhaps a student loan. Even so, Martha will have to sacrifice.
The Prosody of Greek Speech
Authors: Devine A M , Stephens Laurence D
Published: November 2023

The reconstruction of the prosody of a dead language is, on the face of it, an almost impossible undertaking. However, once a general theory of prosody has been developed from reliable data in living languages, it is possible to exploit texts as sources of answers to questions that would normally be answered in the laboratory. In this work, the authors interpret the evidence of Greek verse texts and musical settings in the framework of a theory of prosody based on crosslinguistic evidence and experimental phonetic and psycholinguistic data, and reconstruct the syllable structure, rhythm, accent, phrasing, and intonation of classical Greek speech. Sophisticated statistical analyses are employed to support an impressive range of new findings which relate not only to phonetics and phonology, but also to pragmatics and the syntax-phonology interface.
Commercial Interpretations of the Domestic Ideology
Authors: Loeb Lori Anne
Published: November 2023

A woman, eyes shielded from the sun by her bonnet, sleeves rolled up past her elbows, and dress carefully protected by a pristine white apron, does her laundry. Her arms look strong and capable as she wrings a garment into a sturdy wooden bucket. Her attention is diverted toward two young children, a boy and a girl, who peer over the sides of the laundry tub to blow at a toy boat floating alongside the laundry. The woman smiles benignly at the children at play. Another woman emerges in the foreground. With a broad back, one arm bent and the other carrying a bucket, she presents a stereotypical image of the washerwoman. Behind them, a basket of laundry lies carefully folded.
“To Get to a Place”: lntercorporeality’ in Beloved
Authors: Doyle Laura
Published: November 2023

From The Bluest Eye through Beloved, Toni Morrison surfaces and reconstructs Ellison’s submerged story of black motherhood. In The Bluest Eye, as Michael Awkward has noted, Morrison removes the father’s rape of the daughter from its status as a framed, disowned story within a story instead positioning it as the central event in her novel.1 At the same time, in all of her novels she reconfigures the violation and abuse of black motherhood in part by transforming the storytelling techniques that speak it. In The Bluest Eye this means that she echoes Ellison’s imagery yet changes it from a veiled symbology of the motherly past to a body-embedded phenomenology of that past. Furthermore, in all of her fiction, but especially in Beloved, Morrison c eates an intercorporeal narrative that conforms to neither the Romantic subsumption of objects and nature typical of Mr. Norton’s master narrative in Invisible Man nor the deconstructive purging of objects and “meaning” typical of Ellison’s interruptive narrative. Her narrators, like Virginia Woolfs, make bodies and objects the favored level of the real, a narrative medium and a narrative locale.
Mr. Ziegfeld
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

It wasn’;t a matter of personal dislike, for, with the passage of years, Ziegfeld often volunteered that Will’;s qualities of character and integrity were exceptional ones. It was simply that one man was a dedicated capitalist with an uncanny instinct for knowing what people would pay to see on a stage, while the other man was a performer, an artist, with none of Ziegfeld’;s penchant for shocking people-and none of Ziegfeld’;s coarseness.
Kidding the Famous
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

As he approached nis task, Will’;s penchant for being relatively noncombative, even when he delivered messages that were scornful, accounted for much of his rising popularity. He challenged cliches, truisms, and stereotypes (even though he went along with some), poking away merrily at supposedly sacrosanct institutions. He specialized in the polite but sly insult, which became his chief weapon in dealing with the high and mighty.
Travelin’Man
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

This was a time of instantaneous, overnight celebrity. If one threw a punch harder than any other man (Jack Dempsey); if one threw a fastball faster than any other pitcher (Walter Johnson); if one lugged a football for more yards than any other halfback (Red Grange); if one could hit a golf ball with unequaled finesse (Bobby Jones); if one played tennis like a ballet dancer (Bill Tilden); if one could exhort a college football team to new heights (Knute Rockne); if one could crunch more home runs than any other slugger (Babe Ruth)-if one did any of these things, one could promptly win second coming-of-Christ headlines.
The Ranch
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

This side of Will was clearly demonstrated in the spring of 1927, when the Mississippi Valley was hit by the most tempestuous floods in its history. Thousands of people were left homeless, hundreds died, and damage ran into the millions, but the Coolidge administration was reluctant to summon federal help to salve the massive wounds: The president left it up to private agencies, including the American Red Cross, to provide aid. Will was distressed by this inaction, and he felt that a single rowboat could do more good for those caught in the floods than all the senators in Washington gabbing endlessly about the emergency.
“I Was Never Sorry Movies Started To Talk”
Authors: Robinson Ray
Published: November 2023

In short order, Herbert Hoover, the unsmiling engineer who had won the presidency in 1928 with 58 percent of the popular vote, and a 407-to-69 margin over Al Smith in the electoral college, became a symbol of hard times. “Poverty will be banished from the nation forever,” Hoover had promised in 1928, but now his empty words were cause for harsh laughter. To Will, Hoover became “Doctor Catastrophe.” In fact, when Hoover returned to Washington after a visit to a flood area, Will announced that “Bert is just resting between disasters.”
Japanese Key Words and Core Cultural Values
Authors: Wierzbicka Anna
Published: November 2023

In his combative book The myth of Japanese uniqueness, Dale (1986) argues that there is nothing “particularly unique” about Japanese culture, and he attacks the long tradition of nihonjiron, that is, discussions attempting “to define the specificity of Japanese identity.” Some of the figures cited by Dale in this connection are indeed striking (“According to the Nomura survey, in the roughly 30 years from 1946 to 1978, approximately 700 titles were published on the theme of Japanese identity, a remarkable 25% of which were issued in the peak three year period from 1976to 1978” [15]). I would agree that there is nothing “particularly” unique about Japanese culture, for every culture is unique. For this very reason, however, I cannot agree with the claim that Japanese uniqueness is a myth. It is true, of course, that to study a culture in its uniqueness we need an appropriate methodology. It is also true that “unique systems are intelligible only in reference to wider, general propositions” (33), and that “the unique can only be conceptualized if it has an element of recurrency” (34). But this is not a reason NOT to study Japanese culture in its uniqueness, or to try to “locate Japan uniquely in a universal map” (Lebra 1976:xiv). The fact that “logically, all societies might be placed uniquely on a universal map” (Dale 1986:33) makes the project of studying Japan in this perspective all the more interesting; and the necessary “recurrent elements” are provided by universal human concepts, lexicalized in all the languages of the world.
High-Resolution Density Maps and Their Structural Interpretation
Authors: Glaeser Robert M , Downing Kenneth , DeRosier David , Chiu Wah , Frank Joachim
Published: November 2023

Experimental structures are determined in what is effectively a two-stage process: first a density map is computed from measured structure factors, and then the density map must be interpreted by constructing a model of the structure. The discussion in this chapter focuses on computing and interpreting three-dimensional (3-D) density maps obtained from two-dimensional (2-D) crystals. Additional chapters then follow that are devoted to other specific cases, namely helices (chapter 12), icosahedra (chapter 13), and isolated, single particles (chapter 14).
From the Cloister to the Street
Authors: Farr James r.
Published: November 2023

To bring the cloister to the street, to sacralize society, was the goal of devout lay men and women (significantly, many drawn from lay officialdom) no less than clerical reformers. The sacralization of society was an integral part of the new moral vision of a reordered world, and it shared many of the characteristics of this authoritarian morality, whose social, political, and legal views were analyzed in the opening chapter. Like philosophers and jurists, godly reformers and moralists believed that the path to the new moral order must follow the road of self-discipline and social control.
Circuits of the Mind
Authors: Valiant Leslie G
Published: November 2023

In this groundbreaking work, computer scientists Leslie G. Valiant details a promising new computational approach to studying the intricate workings of the brain. Focusing on the brain's enigmatic ability to quickly access a massive store of accumulated information during reasoning processes, the author asks how such feats are possible given the extreme constraints imposed by the brain's finite number of neurons, their limited speed of communication, and their restricted interconnectivity. Valiant proposes a "neuroidal model" that serves as a vehicle to explore these fascinating questions. This model provides a concrete computational language and a unified framework in which diverse cognitve phenomena such as memory, learning, and reasoning, can be systematically analysed. Requiring no specialist knowledge this book offers students and researchers in computer science and the cognitive sciences an exciting new approach to brain science.
Away Down South
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: November 2023

From the seventeenth century Cavaliers and Uncle Tom’s Cabin to Civil Rights museums and today’s conflicts over the Confederate flag, here is a brilliant portrait of southern identity, served in an engaging blend of history, literature, and popular culture. In this insightful book, written with dry wit and sharp insight, James C. Cobb explains how the South first came to be seen--and then came to see itself--as a region apart from the rest of America. As Cobb demonstrates, the legend of the aristocratic Cavalier origins of southern planter society was nurtured by both northern and southern writers, only to be challenged by abolitionist critics, black and white. After the Civil War, defeated and embittered southern whites incorporated the Cavalier myth into the cult of the “Lost Cause,” which supplied the emotional energy for their determined crusade to rejoin the Union on their own terms. After World War I, white writers like Ellen Glasgow, William Faulkner and other key figures of “Southern Renaissance” as well as their African American counterparts in the “Harlem Renaissance”--Cobb is the first to show the strong links between the two movements--challenged the New South creed by asking how the grandiose vision of the South’s past could be reconciled with the dismal reality of its present. The Southern self-image underwent another sea change in the wake of the Civil Rights movement, when the end of white supremacy shook the old definition of the “Southern way of life”--but at the same time, African Americans began to examine their southern roots more openly and embrace their regional, as well as racial, identity. As the millennium turned, the South confronted a new identity crisis brought on by global homogenization: if Southern culture is everywhere, has the New South become the No South? Here then is a major work by one of America’s finest Southern historians, a magisterial synthesis that combines rich scholarship with provocative new insights into what the South means to southerners and to America as well.
The New South and the Old Cause
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: November 2023

Some White Southerners may have managed to emerge from the Civil War and Reconstruction with their sense of cultural superiority to their northern conquerors intact, but even those capable of such a leap of faith could not deny the bitterly painful economic realities that confronted them. The war had removed slavery as the most distinctive feature of southern life, but in almost all other categories related to progress or prosperity, the disparities between the two regions were far greater in 1870 than they had been a decade earlier. Northern industrial potential was now on track toward realization, its engines stoked by heavy government spending and what Peter Coclanis has called “a greater and more embracing commitment to policies and values conducive to capitalism and industrialization.”
The South of Guilt and Shame
Authors: Cobb James C
Published: November 2023

Writing The Closing Lines of The Mind of the South “in the fateful year of 1940;” W. J. Cash would “venture no definite prophecies:’ but he clearly sensed that America’s inevitable conflict with fascism might set the stage for the South’s own inevitable day of reckoning with the rest of America, and in fact, it did just that. George Orwell contended that “if the war didn’t kill you, it was bound to start you thinking.” In reality, many southerners, black and white, were already thinking, particularly about the South, well before World War II. The combination of”New Deal idealism” and the ascendant “critical realism” that marked much of southern thought during the 1930s had combined to produce what Ralph McGill described as a “mighty surge of discussion, debate, self-examination, confession and release.”
The Medical Elite in French Society
Authors: Weisz George
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we shall attempt to situate the Parisian medical elite within larger social structures of family and class. The task is considerably more difficult than charting careers because social categories lack the concreteness of dates of a successful concours or appointment, and relevant data are more difficult to obtain. Before undertaking any analysis, moreover, we must first establish reliable indicators of social position and useful categories of social differentiation.
Tough Decisions
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

Life is full of tough decisions that must be made ethically and under the pressures of time. This book places readers in realistic situation where they experience the difficulties of making tough medical decisions. The cases are composites of actual cases the authors have seen or managed. In the role of decision-maker, the reader helps to determine what happens in the case as his or her decision often shapes the course of events and the patient’s outcome. This gives a compelling sense of the pressures that bear on clinical decision-making. The authors assume that the reader wants to do the right thing, but faces the problem of determining what the right thing will be when information is necessarily incomplete and the future unknown. Ethical theory emerges as others involved in the case offer different views of what is right in a particular medical situation. Two concluding chapters discuss the major theories of medical ethics, but there are no answers in the back of the book. Instead, the book will familiarize readers with some of the ethical principles and issues critical to the practice of medicine to patients and their families.
Leon
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

“It’s sad to be talking to myself like this, but when there’s no one else. . . . “With the kids grown up and gone, it was only the two of us, for the first time in almost 30 years—just the two of us—no more allowances, no more tuition,-no more responsibilities. We were free, not only financially free but emotionally free to do some of the things we had always planned to do or dreamed about. Now we could take that camera safari to Kenya, the trip to the Galapagos to see the tortoises. We could take the cruis in the Caribbean we had planned but had to cancel when Jody came down with the measles. It isn’t fair to have Leon’s health go bad when things looked so promising, when we finally had the money to live well. Now I feel all alone, faced with all these decisions. Leon’s always been a fighter, and I think he’ll win this one too.
Marti Revisited
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

“Since we did so well with discussions about Tom last week,” you say, “shall we try to make some plans for Marti? Let me brief Mrs. Dow who is attending our patient care conference today representing the State’s Crippled Children’s Agency.

“Marti, as most of you know [from reading Chapter 8, “Joey, Jessica, Roger, Tom and Marti”], is an unfortunate 14-year-old girl whose spinal cord was transected at the C2 level in an automobile accident. She is totally and permanently paralyzed from the neck down and can’t even breathe for herself. Her mind is intact; she was, intellectually and athletically, one of the top students in her first-year high school class. It’s very sad. She says she wants to be dead. It’s been more than three months since the accident, so nothing physical is likely to change.
Affordable Health Care
Authors: Freeman John M , Mcdonnell Kevin
Published: November 2023

“He wants us to have a draft of the health plan by the end of the week so that he can present it at the AMA convention.” Joe McLaughlin is a 36-year-old lawyer on loan to the presidential campaign from a big Washington consulting firm. “He says he’ll shoot us if we come up with a disaster like Hillary’s plan, but he liked some of her basic principles. My notes say that he wants to be sure the speech touches on his basic themes: universality, affordability, quality, and responsibility.
The Rise of the Great Society
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

For four days in November 1963 the country virtually shut down, as millions of Americans watched the events of that long weekend unfold on their television screens. From Dallas came endless reports on the assassination itself, on the nature of the president’s fatal wounds, of the arrest and killing of Lee Harvey Oswald. From Washington came coverage of the new president’s arrival at Andrews Air Force Base after having been sworn in on Air Force One on the somber return flight from Dallas, of his proclamation of a day of national mourning for the slain president, of Kennedy’s lying in state in the Capitol rotunda, and then on Monday, November 25, of the funeral procession with the riderless horse, followed by the burial ceremony in Arlington National Cemetery.
The New Left
Authors: Isserman Maurice , Michael Kazin
Published: November 2023

In his inaugural address in 1961, President John F. Kennedy sounded a call for selfless dedication to national renewal-posed significantly in terms of generational mission. “Let the word go forth,” the new president declared, that “the torch has been passed to a new generation.” And then, in the best remembered line of the entire speech, he proclaimed: “Ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country.” This summons to self-sacrificing idealism appealed to many young Americans coming of age in the 1960s, though the forms in which their response was expressed would vary widely. Some joined the newly established Peace Corps, and worked for low pay and in primitive conditions in “developing countries” abroad. Others, later in the decade, would join VISTA, the domestic equivalent of the Peace Corps launched as part of the war on poverty, and headed off to do good works in Appalachia and urban ghettos. The Peace Corps and VISTA tended to draw the most recruits from the same campuses as did the early New Left: the University of California at Berkeley, for example, was the single most important source of volunteers for the Peace Corps in the early 1960s.
Logic and Psychology
Authors: Putnam Hilary
Published: November 2023

John Macnamara has provided us with a nuanced and impressive de fence of the mutual relevance of logic and psychology, one which con cedes the correctness of Kant’s warning against psychologizing the notion of logical validity, while cautioning us against leaping to the conclusion that logic and psychology have nothing to learn from each other. I agree heartily with what he has to say to us on these general topics, and I also agree with a number of his more specific claims. However, for the time being I find that I must remain a “fence-sitter” with respect to some of the lessons that Macnamara wants logic to learn from psychology. Macnamara has done us a great service by proposing these lessons, but in one or two cases the details are difficult and controversial and (it seems to me) there are other conclusions to be drawn from some of the data Macnamara marshalls. Still, it is no small achievement to have put such a discussion on the agenda.
Gender Politics and The “Passing” Fancy
Authors: Harper Phillip Brian
Published: November 2023

One of the propositions implicit in Chapter 4 is that racial identity—in the foregoing instance, “authentic” African-American identity in particular—can be, or effectively is, gendered-coded specifically as masculine in the case of popular music. However jarring the suggestion may be, the fact itself is nothing new in African-American literary culture, a whole subtradition of which centers on the figuration of a specific racial type in decidedly feminine terms. I am referring to the “tragic mulatto;’ a stock figure in U.S. fiction by blacks and whites alike from the nineteenth through the early twentieth centuries. In asserting that the tragic mulatto has been conceived as a specifically feminine character, I in no way mean to imply that U.S. literature contains no male characters of mixed European and African “blood:’ for it certainly does—Tom Driscoll in Mark Twain’s Pudd’nhead Wilson immediately comes to mind-and I examine one important instance of such a depiction at some length in this chapter.
Living in the Bubble: Primary Immune Deficiency Diseases
Authors: Clark William R
Published: November 2023

So now we know a bit about how the immune system works. We know the key players, and we have a feeling for the strategy and to some extent the tactics used in the game. There is no question that the immune system was a positive force during human evolution, a wall that stood between us and a world of largely invisible predators. For most of our time on this earth as a species, Homo sapiens has lived in daily, intimate contact with potentially pathogenic predators that pervaded the soil we trod, tilled, or lived on; infected the animals we tended; and covered the plants we ate.
Poetryinto Song
Authors: Stein Deborah , Spillman Robert
Published: November 2023

Focusing on the music of the great song composers—Schubert, Schumann, Brahms, Wolf, and Strauss—Poetry Into Song offers a systematic introduction to the performance and analysis of Lieder. Part I, “The Language of Poetry,” provides chapters on the themes and imagery of German Romanticism and the methods of analysis for German Romantic poetry. Part II, “The Language of the Performer,” deals with issues of concern to performers: texture, temporality, articulation, and interpretation of notation and unusual rhythm accents and stresses. Part III provides clearly defined analytical procedures for each of four main chapters on harmony and tonality, melody and motive, rhythm and meter, and form. The concluding chapter compares different settings of the same text, and the volume ends with several appendices that offer text translations, over 40 pages of less accessible song scores, a glossary of technical terms, and a substantial bibliography. Directing the book towards students in both voice and theory, and toward all singers, the authors establish a framework for the analysis of song based on a process of performing, listening, and analysing, designed to give the reader a new understanding of the reciprocal interaction between performance and analysis. Emphasizing the masterworks, the volume features numerous poetic texts, as well as a core repertory of songs. Examples throughout the text demonstrate points, while end-of-chapter questions reinforce concepts and provide opportunities for directed analysis. While there are a variety of books on Lieder and on German Romantic poetry, none combines performance, musical analysis, textual analysis, and the interrelation between poetry and music in the systematic, thorough way of Poetry Into Song.
His America, Our America: Jose Marti Reads Whitman
Authors: Molloy Sylvia
Published: November 2023

An obsessive meditation on male progeniture and filiation runs through the pages of Jose Marti. Of his first book of poetry, Ismaelillo, celebrating his three-year-old son, he writes (in French) to his friend Charles Dana, editor of the New York Sun: “I have just published a little book, not for profit but as a present for those I love, a present in the name of my son who is my master. The book is the story of my love affair with my son [mes amours avec mon fil,]: one tires of reading so many stories of love affairs with women” (XXI: 253).1 Even in its more homey aspects, this love affair appears to be an intensely pedagogical venture. In a fragment of his notebooks striking in its fatherly fetishism, Marti observes that: “When I am about to store the little straw hat and the booties that my son wore a year ago, I check to see if what is written in the newspaper in which I am about to wrap them is the product of men’s passions or if it defends just causes. If it defends just causes, I go ahead and wrap them. I believe in these contaminations” (XXI: 186). Since I too believe in contaminations, though probably not in the way envisioned by Marti, I shall proceed to explore this very fertile conjunction of fathers, sons, and just causes. However, I shall not forgo “men’s passions,” as did Marti, but, giving the expression an additional twist, read it as the adhesiveness (to borrow from Whitman) that holds fathers, sons, and just causes together.
Whitman’s Lesson of the City
Authors: Trachtenberg Alan
Published: November 2023

“The chief street of a great city,” wrote Whitman in 1856, “is a curious epitome of the life of the city; and when that street, like Broadway, is a thoroughfare, a mart, and a promenade all together, its representative character is yet more striking” (“Broadway”). In his poems Whitman’s city shares these representative features of Broadway, the conjunction of thoroughfare, promenade, and marketplace: a place of passage, movement of people, goods, and useful knowledge, and a place of display and spectacle, of things in the guise of goods in shop windows and of persons in the guise of exchangeable social identities. “An endless procession,” as he writes in the 1856 article, his city is at once material place and mode of perception. What we seek is that nexus, the rapport between procession as Broadway life and procession as a way of taking life in, processing and representing it. How does the city’s materiality, its hidden or obscurely visible political economy and its economy of social relations, figure itself in the tapestry of perception Whitman invents as he sets out to model the city as poetry? Passage from street to poem, itself an endless and intricate procession, is the issue at hand.
Kafka as Holocaust Prophet: A Dissenting View
Authors: Langer Lawrence L
Published: November 2023

Someone must have been spreading rumors about Franz Kafka, for without having done anything wrong, he was proclaimed one fine morning the prophet of the Holocaust. But when rumor congeals into widely accepted critical truth, the time may have arrived for an inquiry into its genesis and the sufficiency of its allegations. “Naturally,” Kafka wrote at the very end of his Letter to His Father, “things cannot in reality fit together [aneinanderpassen] the way they do in my letter; life is more than a game of solitaire [Geduldspiel]” The temptation to read-or misread-Kafka’s imaginative world as an anticipation of the death camp universe has led to a similar confusion between art and life, though, as Kafka admits in the conclusion to that letter, with certain modifications one may reach approximate truths concerning the connection between what is written and what happens “in reality.” Kafka cautiously limited his reference to the bond between his father and him. We tread on more hazardous ground when we extend the margins of this reference to the link between Kafka’s art and the catastrophe of European Jewry.
Transnational Consciousness Within the European Left
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

Since its inception, social democracy has been an international phenomenon, organized in national sections but with multiple links and avenues of exchange connecting the varied strands across political frontiers. Regular international congresses were held to coordinate the political responses to the challenges of the day, although, in practice, it remains to be determined what, if any, impact the decisions reached at the international gatherings had on the daily practice of national parties. Certainly by the 1930s the social democratic International was little more than an empty shell. Yet some form of international center continued to exist, and regular meetings of the LSI executive and bureau were held in frequent succession. The memoirs of Adolf Sturmthal, a key employee of the LSI in Zurich and, later, Brussels, are a fascinating reminder of the impressive international contacts maintained between social demo crats in Europe up to the outbreak of World War 11.1 Personal contacts were, however, only one dimension facilitating potential intellectual cross-fertilization and exchange. A well-developed network of social democratic publications reinforced the public committrnent to an internationalist perspective. In each of the five countries under review, social democrats controlled a plentiful and generally lively party press with, in each case, one national daily newspaper as the informational backbone, at least for as long as conditions of legality prevailed. A network of foreign correspondents kept each national section abreast of information from abroad. German, Austrian and Spanish social democracy furthermore published important theoretical journals with significant attention to international events. Rudolf Hilferding’s Zeitschrift für Sozialismus (ZfS) provided a much-needed forum for reflections on the tragedy of German labor. As much of its readership was dispersed among the few remaining democracies in Europe, there existed more than purely intellectual reasons for heightened attention to what used to be considered “foreign affairs.” Theoretical analyses of fascism, the changing nature of the state and the strategies of united and popular fronts stood side by side with up-to-date assessments of the latest Comintern twists, politics in Spain and the most recent programmatic in novations of the British Labor Party.
Contingency in the Historical Process
Authors: Horn Gero-Rainer
Published: November 2023

The various strategies discussed in preceding chapters were, for the most part, regarded as pathways toward a non capitalist, democratic and socialist order. United fronts, radical pianism and popular fronts were widely considered to be means to obtain this socialist goal. It was that aspect of these strategies which caught the attention of contemporaries and which ensured the meteoric rise of these novel propositions to positions of national and international prominence. This was most unabashedly so in the case of united fronts and pianism. Both pathways to social change were regarded, quite often explicitly, as clearly identifiable socialist projects. In the case of popular fronts, I argue, this was less decidedly so. Here, a gulf began to emerge between the popular identification of popular fronts as a socialist project, the “popular front in combat,” and the views of popular fronts as an exercise of power rather than “the conquest of power,” prevalent among the upper levels of the party hierarchies associated with this scheme. Much of the attention of historians of Europe’s Left has hitherto been devoted to the communist tradition, and the radical achievements of European social democrats have been neglected in the process. Partially responsible for this case of historical amnesia, of course, has been the prevailing view of social democracy as a gradualist and steadily moderating political force, a view encouraged by, among others, post-World War II social democracy itself. By contrast, I argue that the driving force behind these strategies for social change was continental European social democracy. To be sure, not all Continental social democrats identified with this socialist project at that time, and not all supporters of this socialist project were social democrats. Yet, by 1934, a majority of Continental social democrats favored a path of radical societal change, and they were by far the most numerous Continental political force on the working-class Left.
Gender
Authors: Shubert Adrian
Published: November 2023

In the first volume of the seven that make up his classic encyclopedia Los toros, Jose Maria Cossio devoted a brief chapter to what he called senoritas toreras, little lady bullfighters. The phrase is clearly pejorative, and was meant to be; Cossio found this topic distasteful, but he included it because the obligations of the encyclopedist required that he do so: “If the most masculine qualities and serious moral values are what characterize the bullfight and give it nobility, . . . the activity of the little lady bullfighters is a parody of the bullfight. ... I will attend summarily to this history, and with the repugnance of anyone who has to deal with a subject that is in conflict with Nature itself.”
Earthquakes
Authors: Noji Erick.
Published: November 2023

A major earthquake affecting a large city has the potential to be the most catastrophic natural disaster for the United States. Earthquakes of sufficient size threaten lives and damage property by setting off a chain of effects that disrupts the natural and human-built environments. Widespread strong ground shaking is a geological effect that can severely damage buildings or cause them to collapse completely. Vibratory earthquake motion, in turn, can induce secondary geological effects such as soil liquefaction, land-slides, and related ground failure hazardous to the built environment or can trigger seismic sea waves (tsunamis) that may wreak coastal destruction thousands of miles from the earthquake source. Earthquakes may also result in major nongeological effects (e.g., widespread fires, flooding of populated areas caused by failure of large dams, or release of toxic or radioactive materials) that could be more catastrophic than the initial effects of the earthquake.
Fires
Authors: Sanderson Lee M
Published: November 2023

Since ancient times, fires have had an adverse impact on public health. With time, that impact has changed. The scientific literature suggests many criteria for defining disasters, including cause, duration, extent of damage, and number of casualties. Organizations such as the Metropolitan Life Insurance Company (MLIC) and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) consider a catastrophe (disaster) to be an event that causes at least 5 casualties-five people must die, according to MLIC; 5 people must either die or be hospitalized, according to OSHA. The National Fire Protection Agency (NFPA) currently defines catastrophic fires as residential fires that result in 5 or more deaths and nonresidential fires that result in 3 or more deaths. Causal patterns vary with time, and the risks that contemporary America faces are quite different from those faced 30, 50, or 100 years ago. A basic understanding of how these risks have changed assists us in identifying prevention measures that were efficacious in the past or that may be useful in the future.