bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Mechanisms of Non-Grain Production Rate of Planting Structure in Jilin Province from the Perspective of Grain Security
Authors: Tang Tianqi , Wang Yongzhi , Wen Shibo , Yu Tengrui , Liu Liye , Yang Hongzhi
Published: January 2025

Grain security is the foundation of national security, and non-grain production of cultivated land (NGPCL) poses a challenge to grain security. Existing research on the NGPCL has mainly focused on large-scale studies, with relatively few analyses at smaller scales, such as county-level units. Therefore, we selected Jilin Province, one of China’s most important grain-producing areas, as the study region. We extracted data on NGPCL from 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, and 2020, and calculated the non-grain production rate of cultivated land for each of the province’s counties. Based on this, we used the gravity center and standard deviation ellipse models, and spatial autocorrelation analysis tools to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of the non-grain production rate of the planting structure (NGPRPS) in Jilin Province. Finally, we applied the geographic detector to analyze the impact of 10 factors on the changes in the NGPRPS. The results show that: (1) From 2000 to 2020, the NGPRPS in Jilin Province generally showed a downward trend, which can be divided into three phases: fluctuation, decline, and an initial increase followed by a decrease. (2) There is a clear spatial differentiation in the non-grain production of planting structure (NGPPS) in Jilin Province, with the spatial pattern being generally low in the center and higher at the periphery. In the early stage, the non-grain production rate (NGPR) increased rapidly, while in the later stage, the spatial distribution of NGPPS became more pronounced in the southeastern direction. (3) In the short term, policy factors played a significant role in the changes in the NGPRPS. In the long term, however, natural environment, production resources, economic level, and social development showed interactive effects on the changes in the NGPR in the region. Based on these findings, the government can adopt corresponding measures and management policies considering the impact of these factors, the research results, and the proposed strategies. These include the rational implementation of land use planning, delineating the baseline for cultivated land protection, and controlling the use of cultivated land.
The Perception and Self-Concept of Suburban Foresters in Their Role as Forest Recreation Managers
Authors: Autratova Sabina , Fialova Jitka , Sedlackova Katerina
Published: January 2025

The study aimed to explore the perception of foresters in relation to forest recreational management in the Czech Republic. Using qualitative research methods, specifically semi-structured in-depth interviews, the study gathered data to uncover the positive and negative factors influencing the work of foresters as recreational managers. Fifteen respondents from across the country, all involved in the development and management of forest recreation, participated in the study. Content analysis and grounded theory were applied to analyze the interviews with the aid of ATLAS.ti software (Student Semester License). The findings highlight foresters’ perception from two perspectives: as forest users and as professionals. The professional perspective also revealed challenges, benefits, and obstacles in managing recreational activities. A key theme that emerged was the relationship and communication with the public. The study found that foresters’ views on recreation management are complex, encompassing both positive and negative aspects. While they value contributing to the public good, they face issues such as environmental pollution, conflicts with visitors, rule enforcement, and a lack of recognition for their efforts. These challenges shape their professional outlook. The insights gained could guide future research and inform strategies to enhance forest recreation management.
Low-Energy High-Current Pulsed Electron Beam Surface Treatment on the Tribological Behavior of 17-4PH Steel Produced via Binder Jetting
Authors: Fabiocchi Lorenza , Mariani Marco , Lucchini Huspek Andrea , Pozzi Matteo , Bestetti Massimiliano , Lecis Nora
Published: January 2025

Stainless steel 17-4PH is valued for its high strength and corrosion resistance but poses machining challenges due to rapid tool wear. This research investigates the use of pulsed electron beam surface treatment to enhance the surface properties of components fabricated by binder jetting additive manufacturing. The aim is to improve the tribological performance compared to the as-sintered condition and the H900 aging process, which optimizes hardness and wear resistance. Printed samples were sintered in a reducing atmosphere and superficially treated with an electron beam by varying the voltage and the pulse count. Results showed that the voltage affects the roughness and thickness of the treated layer, while the number of pulses influences the hardening of the microstructure and, consequently, the wear resistance. A reciprocating linear pin-on-disk wear test was conducted at 2 N and 10 Hz. Surface-treated samples exhibited lower coefficients of friction, though the values approached those of aged samples after the abrasion of the melted layer, indicating a deeper heat-affected zone formation. Still, the friction remained lower than that of as-printed specimens. This study demonstrates that optimizing electron beam parameters is vital for achieving surface performance comparable to bulk aging treatments, with significant implications for long-term wear resistance.
Bacteriorhodopsin-Based pH Sensor for Cell Culture Condition Regulation
Authors: Huang Jiayin , Xie Shiwang , Fan Haoqi , Song Chen , Zheng Qiang , Luo Dan , Zeng Zhu , Li Zhou , Lv Yujia
Published: January 2025

In cell culture research and biotechnology, precise pH monitoring is crucial for maintaining cellular health and ensuring reliable experimental outcomes. Traditional pH measurement methods, such as glass electrodes and chemical indicators, are often limited by issues such as fragility, calibration requirements, and potential cytotoxicity. This study presents a novel pH sensor based on bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a light-sensitive protein that undergoes conformational changes in response to pH fluctuations, generating a measurable photoelectric signal. The integrated bR-based electrochemical electrode in a flexible pH biosensor is demonstrated, with measurements spanning the physiological pH range of 6.0–8.5. The sensor shows a high correlation (R2 = 0.977) between photo-generated current signals and pH, indicating robust performance for real-time, non-invasive pH monitoring. The biocompatibility and non-invasive nature of this sensor make it particularly suitable for continuous monitoring in cell culture environments. The sensor’s practical application is validated by its integration into cell well plates for tracking the pH changes during cell growth, providing valuable insights into metabolic processes and growth conditions. In the future, efforts will focus on enhancing sensor sensitivity, stability, and integration with multi-parameter monitoring systems for more comprehensive cell culture analysis.
Clustering-Based Class Hierarchy Modeling for Semantic Segmentation Using Remotely Sensed Imagery
Authors: Liu Lanfa , Wang Song , Tong Zichen , Cai Zhanchuan
Published: January 2025

Land use/land cover (LULC) nomenclature is commonly organized as a tree-like hierarchy, contributing to hierarchical LULC mapping. The hierarchical structure is typically defined by considering natural characteristics or human activities, which may not optimally align with the discriminative features and class relationships present in remotely sensed imagery. This paper explores a novel cluster-based class hierarchy modeling framework that generates data-driven hierarchical structures for LULC semantic segmentation. First, we perform spectral clustering on confusion matrices generated by a flat model, and then we introduce a hierarchical cluster validity index to obtain the optimal number of clusters to generate initial class hierarchies. We further employ ensemble clustering techniques to yield a refined final class hierarchy. Finally, we conduct comparative experiments on three benchmark datasets. Results demonstrating that the proposed method outperforms predefined hierarchies in both hierarchical LULC segmentation and classification.
Circular Chromatic Number of Signed Planar Graphs Without Cycles of Length 4 to 9
Authors: Wei Chunyan
Published: January 2025

Given a signed graph (G,σ) and a positive real number r, if there exists a vertex mapping c:V(G)→[0,r) satisfying that for every positive edge wx, 1≤|c(w)−c(x)|≤r−1 and for every negative edge wx, |c(w)−c(x)|≤r2−1 or |c(w)−c(x)|≥r2+1, then (G,σ) admits a circular r-coloring. We use χc(G,σ) to represent the circular chromatic number of (G,σ), which is the minimum r, such that a circular r-coloring of (G,σ) exists. This paper proves that χc(G,σ)<4, where (G,σ) is a simple signed planar graph containing no cycles of length 4 to 9. Moreover, we establish an upper bound for the chromatic number of such a graph to be 4−2⌊v(G)+12⌋.
Piecewise Analytical Approximation Methods for Initial-Value Problems of Nonlinear Ordinary Differential Equations
Authors: Ramos Juan I.
Published: January 2025

Piecewise analytical solutions to scalar, nonlinear, first-order, ordinary differential equations based on the second-order Taylor series expansion of their right-hand sides that result in Riccati’s equations are presented. Closed-form solutions are obtained if the dependence of the right-hand side on the independent variable is not considered; otherwise, the solution is given by convergent series. Discrete solutions also based on the second-order Taylor series expansion of the right-hand side and the discretization of the independent variable that result in algebraic quadratic equations are also reported. Both the piecewise analytical and discrete methods are applied to two singularly perturbed initial-value problems and the results are compared with the exact solution and those of linearization procedures, and implicit and explicit Taylor’s methods. It is shown that the accuracy of piecewise analytical techniques depends on the number of terms kept in the series expansion of the solution, whereas that of the discrete methods depends on the location where the coefficients are evaluated. For Riccati equations with constant coefficients, the piecewise analytical method presented here provides the exact solution; it also provides the exact solution for linear, first-order ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients.
Robust Fixed-Time Containment Tracking of Multi-Agent Systems with Unknown External Disturbances
Authors: Ren Ruichi , Luo Zhenbing , Qin Kaiyu , Lin Boxian , Shi Mengji
Published: January 2025

Fixed-time (FXT) containment control, which provides timely protective deployment of heterogeneous agents in non-ideal environments, can be essential in battles or other large dynamic scenarios. With this in mind, this paper comes up with a simplified FXT containment tracking control law making the follower agents under directed communication topologies and unknown external disturbances converge to a dynamic convex hull spanned by a class of fractional-order leaders. Based on FXT theory, a novel simplified FXT containment controller is proposed that consists of two components—a signum function term and a power term—which significantly reduces the complexity of the controller structure. Meanwhile, it remains qualified to achieve the control goal within a fixed settling time, independent of the initial agent states. The proposed containment controller can also be extended to solve the general consensus tracking problem. Finally, some simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and conciseness of the proposed FXT containment tracking control scheme.
Production, Transport, Fate and Effects of Lipids in the Marine Environment
Authors: Parrish Christopher C.
Published: January 2025

Lipids form energy storage depots, cellular barriers and signaling molecules. They are generated and metabolized by enzymes under the influence of biotic and abiotic factors, and some—the long-chain polyunsaturated ω3 and ω6 fatty acids and cholesterol—are essential for optimal health in marine organisms. In addition, lipids have direct and indirect roles in the control of buoyancy in marine fauna ranging from copepods to whales. Phytoplankton account for about half of the planet’s carbon fixation, and about half of that carbon goes into lipids. Lipids are an important component of the ocean’s ability to sequester carbon away from the atmosphere through sinking and especially after transfer to zooplankton. Phytoplankton are the main suppliers of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the marine environment. They also supply cholesterol and many phytosterols to ocean ecosystems; however, genomics is indicating that members of the Cnidaria, Rotifera, Annelida, and Mollusca phyla also have the endogenous capacity for the de novo synthesis of ω3 PUFAs as well as phytosterols. It has been predicted that ω3 long-chain PUFAs will decrease in marine organisms with climate change, with implications for human consumption and for carbon sequestration; however, the responses of ω3 PUFA supply to future conditions are likely to be quite diverse.
High-Entropy Alloys: Innovative Materials with Unique Properties for Hydrogen Storage and Technologies for Their Production
Authors: Kozhakhmetov Yernat , Skakov Mazhyn , Kurbanbekov Sherzod , Uazyrkhanova Gulzhaz , Kurmantayev Abil , Kizatov Aibar , Mussakhan Nurken
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a review of a number of works devoted to the studies of high-entropy alloys (HEAs). As is known, HEAs represent a new class of materials that have attracted the attention of scientists due to their unique properties and prospects of application in hydrogen power engineering. The peculiarity of HEAs is their high entropy of mixing, which provides phase stability and flexibility in developing materials with given characteristics. The main focus of this paper is on the application of HEAs for solid-state hydrogen storage, their physicochemical and mechanical properties, and synthesis technologies. Recent advances in the hydrogen absorption properties of HEAs are analyzed, including their ability to efficiently absorb and desorb hydrogen at moderate temperatures and pressures. Prospects for their use in the development of environmentally safe and efficient hydrogen storage systems are considered. The work also includes a review of synthesis methods aimed at optimizing the properties of HEAs for hydrogen energy applications.
Mechanistic Modelling of Coupled UV Energy Penetration and Resin Flow Dynamics in Digital Light Processing (DLP)-Based Microfluidic Chip Printing
Authors: Wang Xinhui , Seng Kai Kho Antony , Liu Jinghang , Mao Tianyu , Gilchrist Michael D. , Zhang Nan
Published: January 2025

Digital light processing (DLP) technology has emerged as a promising approach for fabricating high-precision microfluidic chips due to its exceptional resolution and rapid prototyping capabilities. However, UV energy penetration and resin flow dynamics during layer-by-layer printing introduce significant challenges for microchannel printing, particularly in controlling microchannel over-curing. In this study, a novel 3D DLP over-curing interaction model (DLP-OCIM) was developed to investigate the coupled effects of UV energy penetration and directional resin flow on the over-cured structure formation of microchannels. COMSOL Multiphysics 6.1 simulations incorporating UV light propagation, photopolymerization kinetics, and resin flow dynamics revealed that microchannel over-curing is a result of both energy infiltration through previously cured layers and periodic resin flow induced by the peeling process. Experimental validation using linear and annular microfluidic chips demonstrated that increasing layer thickness induces progressive over-curing, leading to inclined cross-sectional structures. Additionally, the microchannel geometry and size significantly influence resin flow patterns, with shorter transverse microchannels producing flatter over-cured profiles compared to their longitudinal counterparts. This study provides the first comprehensive analysis of the dynamic interplay between UV energy penetration and resin flow during DLP-based microchannel fabrication, offering valuable process insights and optimization strategies for enhancing shape fidelity and printing accuracy in high-resolution microfluidic chips.
γBMGC: A Comprehensive and Accurate Database for Screening TMAO-Associated Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Yang Guang , Tao Tiantian , Yu Guohao , Zhang Hongqian , Wu Yiwen , Sun Siqi , Guo Kexin , Jia Shulei
Published: January 2025

Dietary l-carnitine produces γ-butylbetaine (γBB) in a gut-microbiota-dependent manner in humans, and has been proven to be an intermediate product possibly associated with incident cardiovascular diseases or major adverse events. Eliminating or reducing the production of microbiota-dependent γBB may contribute to adjuvant therapy for cardiovascular diseases. However, to date, our understanding of the γBB metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) and associated microorganisms remains limited. To solve this problem, we constructed a manually curated γBB metabolic gene cluster database (γBMGC) based on Hidden Markov Models (HMMs). It comprised 171,510 allelic genes from 85 species and 20 genera, which could effectively provide high-resolution analysis at the strain level. For simulated gene datasets, with a 50% identity cutoff, we achieved an annotation accuracy, PPV, specificity, F1-score, and NPV of 99.4%, 97.97%, 99.16%, 98.97%, and 100%, respectively, which significantly outperformed existing databases such as KEGG at similar thresholds. The γBMGC database is more accurate, comprehensive, and faster for profiling cardiovascular disease (CVD)-associated genes at the species or strain level, offering a higher resolution in identifying strain-specific γBB metabolic pathways compared to existing databases like KEGG or COG. Meanwhile, we validated the excellent performance of γBMGC in gene abundance analysis and bacterial species distinction. γBMGC is a powerful database for enhancing our understanding of the microbial l-carnitine pathway in the human gut, enabling rapid and high-accuracy analyses of the associated cardiovascular disease processes.
Hybridizing Fabrications of Gd-CeO2 Thin Films Prepared by EPD and SILAR-A+ for Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Kim Taeyoon , Kim Yun Bin , Yang Sungjun , Park Sangmoon
Published: January 2025

Thin films of gadolinium-doped ceria (GDC) nanoparticles were fabricated as electrolytes for low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) by combining electrophoretic deposition (EPD) and the successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction-air spray plus (SILAR-A+) method. The Ce1−xGdxO2−x/2 solid solution was synthesized using hydrothermal (HY) and solid-state (SS) procedures to produce high-quality GDC nanoparticles suitable for EPD fabrication. The crystalline structure, cell parameters, and phases of the GDC products were analyzed using X-ray diffraction. Variations in oxygen vacancy concentrations in the GDC samples were achieved through the two synthetic methods. The ionic conductivities of pressed pellets from the HY, SS, and commercial G0.2DC samples, measured at 150 °C, were 0.6 × 10−6, 2.6 × 10−6, and 2.9 × 10−6 S/cm, respectively. These values were determined using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with a simplified equivalent circuit method. The morphologies of G0.2DC thin films prepared via EPD and SILAR-A+ processes were characterized, with particular attention to surface cracking. Crack-free GDC thin films, approximately 730–1200 nm thick, were successfully fabricated on conductive substrates through the hybridization of EPD and SILAR-A+, followed by hydrothermal annealing. EIS and ionic conductivity (1.39 × 10−9 S/cm) measurements of the G0.2DC thin films with thicknesses of 733 nm were performed at 300 °C.
Scandium(III)-Enlarged Salen Complex-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Indoles to Enones
Authors: Li Ningning , Ma Quanyu , Xu Jiaxi
Published: January 2025

Salens are a class of important ligands and have been widely applied in asymmetric catalytic organic reactions. Enlarged salen-like ligands containing flexible chains were synthesized from L-phenylalanine, ethane/propanediamines, and salicylaldehydes, and successfully utilized in the scandium-catalyzed enantioselective Michael addition of indoles and enones (2-cinnamoylpyridine 1-oxides). The catalytic system demonstrates excellent reactivity and stereoselective control over electron-rich indole substrates with up to 99% yield and 99% enantiomeric excess. The enlarged Salen ligands with flexible and rigid combined linkers fit their coordination with large rare earth elements. Their coordination abilities were tuned by the electronic effect of substituents on their salicylaldehyde moiety, facilitating the construction of excellent chiral environments in the scandium(III)-catalyzed asymmetric Michael addition of indoles to 2-cinnamoylpyridine 1-oxides.
The Influence of Knee Proprioception and Strength on Lower-Limb Functional Symmetry in Healthy Adults
Authors: Drigny Joffrey , Rolland Marine , Gauthier Antoine
Published: January 2025

This study examined the association between knee proprioception, strength, and functional symmetry in healthy individuals using isokinetic strength tests, proprioception assessments, and hop tests. Twenty young, healthy adults (mean age 26.5 ± 4.1 years, 85% right-limb dominant) participated. Knee extensor and flexor strength were measured at 60°·s−1 and 240°·s−1. Proprioception was assessed by measuring passive joint position sense (JPS1: position recognition; JPS2: repositioning) and kinesthesia (threshold to detection of passive motion, TTDPM). Functional performance was evaluated using the single-leg hop test (SLH), triple-hop test (TH), and crossover hop test (COH). Symmetry was calculated using the limb symmetry index (LSI) as the ratio of non-dominant to dominant limb values. The results showed that THT (p = 0.011) and COH (p = 0.032) performance was superior on the dominant limb. A correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between hop test distances and knee extensor strength (r = 0.56–0.70, p < 0.001). JPS symmetry was negatively correlated with hop test symmetry (JPS1: SLH, r = −0.53; THT, r = −0.49; COH, r = −0.70). The participants with poorer position sense on the non-dominant leg were 2.7 times more likely to show LSI < 90% (p = 0.035). In conclusion, proprioception—particularly joint position sense—is associated with functional symmetry during dynamic tasks, highlighting the importance of proprioceptive assessments in rehabilitation and injury prevention.
Genotype–Phenotype Correlation in a Large Cohort of Eastern Sicilian Patients Affected by Phenylketonuria: Newborn Screening Program, Clinical Features, and Follow-Up
Authors: Consentino Maria Chiara , La Spina Luisa , Meli Concetta , Messina Marianna , Lo Bianco Manuela , Sapuppo Annamaria , Pappalardo Maria Grazia , Iacobacci Riccardo , Arena Alessia , Vecchio Michele , Ruggieri Martino , Polizzi Agata , Praticò Andrea Domenico
Published: January 2025

Background: Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) gene, leading to impaired amino acid metabolism. Early diagnosis through newborn screening (NBS) enables prompt treatment, preventing neurological complications. This study aims to describe the genetic and phenotypic spectrum of PKU and mild hyperphenylalaninemia (m-HPA) in patients diagnosed at the Department of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Newborn Screening, Hospital G. Rodolico-S. Marco, Catania, over four decades (1987–2023). Materials and Methods: The retrospective analysis included 102 patients with elevated blood phenylalanine (Phe) levels born in Sicily and followed at the Institute. The phenotype evaluation comprised the Phe levels at birth/diagnosis, dietary tolerance, and sapropterin dihydrochloride responsiveness. The dietary compliance and Phe/Tyr ratios were assessed and compared across phenotypic classes and age groups. Results: Of 102 patients, 34 were classified as having classic PKU, 9 as having moderate PKU, 26 as having mild PKU, and 33 as having m-HPA, with a median age of 21.72 years. Common PAH variants included c.1066-11G>A (26/204 alleles), c.782G>A (18/204 alleles), and c.165delT (13/204 alleles). The phenotypes sometimes diverged from the genotype predictions, emphasizing dietary tolerance over the initial Phe levels for classification: m-HPA was statistically associated with a higher dietary tolerance (p < 0.001) compared to the classic, moderate, or mild forms of PKU. Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of large databases (e.g., BioPKU) for phenotype prediction and treatment optimization. Regular assessment of Phe/Tyr ratios is crucial for monitoring adherence and health. Phenotype determination, dietary management, and emerging therapies (Pegvaliase and gene therapy) are key to improving outcomes for PKU patients.
Detection of Kelch13 and Coronin Genes in Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594
Authors: Sam-Yellowe Tobili Y. , Roy Antara , Nims Trinity , Qaderi Sona , Peterson John W.
Published: January 2025

Colpodella species are predatory biflagellates phylogenetically related to pathogenic Apicomplexans. Following the attachment of Colpodella sp. to its prey, cytoplasmic contents of the prey are aspirated into a posterior food vacuole during myzocytosis. Trophozoites also endocytose nutrients as demonstrated by the uptake of 40 and 100 nm nanoparticles in Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594. This nutrient uptake is actin-mediated. However, the markers of myzocytosis and endocytosis are unknown. Furthermore, the relationship between Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594 and Colpodella sp. identified in arthropods, humans, and animals are unknown. In this study, we investigated the conservation of the coronin and Kelch 13 genes in Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Kelch 13 distribution in Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594 was investigated using anti-Kelch 13 antibodies by immunofluorescence. Both genes were amplified from Colpodella sp. ATCC 50594. We amplified DNA encoding 18S rRNA with similarity to 18S rRNA amplified using piroplasm primers from the Italian Colpodella sp. identified in cattle and ticks. The detection of the coronin and Kelch 13 genes in Colpodella sp. provides, for the first time, markers for actin binding and endocytosis in Colpodella species that can be investigated further to gain important insights into the mechanisms of nutrient uptake in Colpodella sp.
Evolocumab Reduces Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Cebova Martina , Bulkova Radoslava , Pechanova Olga
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Evolocumab inhibits proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) binding to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors, thus allowing more LDL receptors to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. We aimed to determine the effects of evolocumab on the plasma lipid profile, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO) generation in the heart of adult male obese Zucker rats. Methods: The rats were divided into lean and obese controls and obese rats treated with evolocumab subcutaneously at a dose of 10 mg/kg every two weeks. After 6 weeks, the lipid profile was determined in the plasma, and NO synthase (NOS) activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS), conjugated diene (CD) concentration, and protein expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), endothelial NOS (eNOS), and phosphorylated eNOS (peNOS) were measured in the heart. Results: Evolocumab treatment did not reduce body weight, relative heart weight, or systolic blood pressure in obese Zucker rats. Evolocumab treatment, however, reduced plasma LDL levels, TBARS, and CD concentrations along with decreasing expression of NADPH oxidase and NF-kappaB proteins in the heart. On the other hand, evolocumab had no effect on NOS activity or eNOS and peNOS protein expression. Conclusions: Besides its lipid-lowering effect, evolocumab may exert antioxidant properties and protect cardiomyocytes from lipid peroxidation while not affecting NO production.
Pediatric Treatment of Anterior-Upper-Single Dental Crossbite Using a Versatile Sagittal Screw System: A Case Series
Authors: Lo Giudice Antonino , Polizzi Alessandro
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Anterior crossbite is characterized by a reverse sagittal relationship between the maxillary and mandibular incisors. Early treatment of an anterior crossbite is advocated to avoid periodontal and traumatic consequences on lower dentition along with growth disturbances in the anterior maxilla and mandible. The present case series describes the usage of a sagittal expansion screw integrated with a removable maxillary plate or fixed appliance to correct an anterior upper single dental crossbite and outlines the clinical rationale and the protocol associated with this appliance system. Methods: A total of four children presenting anterior crossbite were treated using a sagittal expansion screw integrated into a removable plate or a fixed appliance. Results: All patients were successfully treated in less than 4 months. Overjet and overbite were normalized by the end of treatment. The orthodontic treatment received positive feedback from parents and caregivers, who seek a rapid improvement in their children’s aesthetics and function. No significant discomfort or speech difficulties were reported by the parents or patients. Conclusions: The present case series would suggest that a sagittal expansion screw, integrated into both a removable and fixed appliance, can represent a valuable and versatile treatment option for correcting an anterior crossbite.
Maya Vanilla (Vanilla cribbiana Soto Arenas): A New Species in Commerce
Authors: Pérez-Silva Araceli , Peña-Mojica Eduardo , Ortega-Galeana Abimael , López-Cruz Jocelyn I. , Ledesma-Escobar Carlos A. , Rivera-Rivera Mónica , Paz-Gamboa Ernestina
Published: January 2025

Vanilla-producing regions in Mexico and around the world are experiencing declining yields due to global climate change. However, Mexico, Guatemala, and other parts of Central America possess underutilized genetic resources within the Vanilla genus, which can be used to increase their production. One such resource is Vanilla cribbiana Soto Arenas, known as Maya vanilla, which is native to Guatemala and Mexico. This study evaluated some of the physical and chemical characteristics as well as the aromatic and fatty acid profiles of cured vanilla pods of Maya vanilla. A 5 kg batch of cured vanilla pods from Cobán, Guatemala, was analyzed for length, weight, humidity content, and proximate chemical composition and aromatic profile using HPLC-DAD and GC-MS. The pod lengths ranged from 6 to 16 cm, and weights ranged from 2.2 to 8.2 g. The humidity content varied between 22% and 38.63%. The main component in the cured vanilla pods was insoluble crude fiber (51.18%). The vanillin, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde concentrations in the cured vanilla beans were 2.13 ± 0.68, 0.105 ± 0.035, 0.38 ± 0.05, and 0.345 ± 0.115 g/100 g dry matter, respectively. A total of 70 volatile compounds were identified with GC-MS—16 acids, 12 alcohols, 8 aldehydes, 15 esters, 12 hydrocarbons, 5 ketones, and 2 furans—among which were compounds characteristic of other commercial vanilla species. Oleic acid and linoleic acid represented over 82% of the total fatty acids. This study provides fundamental insights into the physicochemical and aromatic characteristics of Maya vanilla, highlighting the differences between this species and vanilla species traditionally used in commerce. Vanilla cribbiana Soto Arenas represents an excellent alternative for the vanilla market as a flavoring agent for the food and perfume industries.
Interplay Between Phytohormones and Sugar Metabolism in Dendrocalamus latiflorus
Authors: Seerat Azra , Aslam Muhammad Ahtesham , Rafique Muhammad Talha , Chen Lingyan , Zheng Yushan
Published: January 2025

Dendrocalamus latiflorus, a species of giant bamboo, holds significant ecological and economic value. This review delves into the intricate interplay between phytohormones and sugar metabolism in Dendrocalamus latiflorus, emphasizing species-specific mechanisms that enhance its ecological adaptability and rapid growth. By synthesizing recent research, this work highlights how phytohormones, including auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid, regulate sugar metabolism pathways such as glycolysis and starch degradation in response to environmental stimuli. These hormones influence crucial plant processes, including cell division, elongation, stress responses, and sugar metabolism pathways such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Geographic variations in these processes are examined, demonstrating their role in environmental adaptation and ecological resilience. For instance, populations in nutrient-rich soils exhibit enhanced cytokinin activity and sugar transport efficiency, while those in water-limited areas display elevated abscisic acid levels, aiding drought tolerance. This targeted focus on D. latiflorus provides novel insights into its potential applications in sustainable forestry and agroforestry systems. By integrating recent advances, this review highlights the critical role of phytohormone–sugar interplay in improving the productivity and stress resilience of D. latiflorus, with implications for agroforestry systems and climate change adaptation.
Balancing Sensitivity and Specificity Enhances Top and Bottom Ranking in Genomic Prediction of Cultivars
Authors: Montesinos-López Osval A. , Kismiantini  , Alemu Admas , Montesinos-López Abelardo , Montesinos-López José Cricelio , Crossa Jose
Published: January 2025

Genomic selection (GS) is a predictive methodology that is revolutionizing plant and animal breeding. However, the practical application of the GS methodology is challenging since a successful implementation requires a good identification of the best lines. For this reason, some approaches have been proposed to be able to select the top (or bottom) lines with more Precision. Despite the varying popularity of methods, with some being notably more efficient than others, this paper delves into the fundamentals of these techniques. We used five models/methods: (1) RC, known as the Bayesian Best Linear Unbiased Predictor (GBLUP); (2) R, which is like RC but uses a threshold; (3) RO, Regression Optimum, that leverages the RC model in its training process to fine-tune the threshold; (4) B, Threshold Bayesian Probit Binary model (TGBLUP) with a threshold of 0.5 to classify the cultivars as top or non-top; (5) BO is the TGBLUP but the threshold used is an optimal probability threshold that guarantees similar Sensitivity and Specificity. We also present a benchmark comparison of existing approaches for selecting the top (or bottom) performers, utilizing five real datasets for comprehensive analysis. For methods that necessitate a rigorous tuning process, we suggest a streamlined tuning approach that significantly decreases implementation time without notably compromising performance. Our analysis revealed that the regression optimal (RO) method outperformed other models across the five real datasets, achieving superior results in terms of the F1 score. Specifically, RO was more effective than models R, B, RC, and BO by 60.87, 42.37, 17.63, and 9.62%, respectively. When looking at the Kappa coefficient, the RO model was better than models B, BO, R, and RC by 37.46, 36.21, 52.18, and 3.95%, respectively. In terms of Sensitivity, the RO model outperformed models B, R, and RC by 145.74, 250.41, and 86.20, respectively. The second-best model was the model BO. It is important to point out that in the first stage, the BO and RO approaches train a classification and regression model, respectively, to classify the lines as the top (bottom) or not the top (not the bottom). However, both the BO and RO approaches optimize a threshold in the second stage to perform the classification of the lines that minimize the difference between the Sensitivity and Specificity. The BO and RO methods are superior for the selection of the top (or bottom) lines. For this reason, we encourage breeders to adopt these approaches to increase genetic gain in plant breeding programs.
The Description of the Extremophile Reticulonema bolivianum gen. et sp. nov. (Microcoleaceae, Cyanobacteria) and the Review of the Phylogenetic Status of the Genus Capilliphycus Based on the 16S rRNA Gene
Authors: Hentschke Guilherme Scotta , Hoepfner Claudia , Guzmán Daniel , Vasconcelos Vitor M.
Published: January 2025

This article describes a new genus and species of cyanobacteria isolated from Laguna Pastos Grandes in the Bolivian Altiplano. This discovery marks the first described species of this phylum from this extreme environment. Additionally, the phylogenetic status of the genus Capilliphycus is reassessed. The analyses are based on 16S rRNA gene maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenies, identity (p-distance), morphology and habitat comparisons. The new genus is a Lyngbya-like type from a mat at the margin of a brackish–alkaline lake with borax. It is phylogenetically close to Dapis, Tenebriella and Okeania, but compared to these genera, the maximum 16S rRNA gene identity values reached only 90.9%, 91.1% and 92.5%, respectively. The genus Capilliphycus was found to be polyphyletic. The type species Capilliphycus salinus is clustered with C. guerandensis. However, “C. tropicalis” and “C. flaviceps” form a distinct clade, distant from the Capilliphycus type species. Between the two “Capilliphycus” clades, Sirenicapillaria and Limnoraphis are found.
Enhanced Sugar and Bioethanol Production from Broom Grass via NaOH-Autoclave Pretreatment
Authors: Premjet Duangporn , Premjet Siripong
Published: January 2025

The effective utilization of nonfood biomass for bioethanol production represents a promising strategy for sustainable energy development. Moreover, limited research has been conducted on broom grass (Thysanolaena latifolia) as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production, particularly regarding the effects of NaOH autoclave pretreatment on its enzymatic digestibility and fermentability. This study optimized sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreatment combined with autoclaving to enhance the enzymatic digestibility of broom grass biomass. The effects of NaOH concentration (1–4%) and temperature (110–130 °C) on biomass composition, structural features, and enzymatic hydrolysis were systematically evaluated. Pretreatment with 2% NaOH at 120 °C emerged as optimal, achieving 74.7% lignin removal and 93.2% glucan recovery, thereby significantly improving enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency (88.0%) and glucose recovery (33.3%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed that these improvements were attributed to the increased surface porosity and the selective removal of amorphous components while maintaining cellulose crystallinity. The pretreated biomass hydrolysate exhibited excellent bioethanol production. Fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae TISTR 5339 achieved an 86.4% ethanol conversion rate, yielding 147 g of bioethanol per 1000 g of pretreated biomass and representing a 2.6-fold increase compared to untreated feedstock. These findings demonstrate the potential of the NaOH autoclave pretreatment in enhancing bioethanol production from broom grass biomass, aiding the advancement of sustainable and cost-effective lignocellulosic biorefinery processes. The utilization of broom grass for bioethanol production presents an opportunity to valorize this multifaceted plant and expand its potential beyond its traditional uses.
Two-Stage Anaerobic Digestion for Green Energy Production: A Review
Authors: Simeonov Ivan , Chorukova Elena , Kabaivanova Lyudmila
Published: January 2025

Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a biotechnological process in which the microorganisms degrade complex organic matter to simpler components under anaerobic conditions to produce biogas and fertilizer. This process has many environmental benefits, such as green energy production, organic waste treatment, environmental protection, and greenhouse gas emissions reduction. It has long been known that the two main species (acidogenic bacteria and methanogenic archaea) in the community of microorganisms in AD differ in many aspects, and the optimal conditions for their growth and development are different. Therefore, if AD is performed in a single bioreactor (single-phase process), the optimal conditions are selected taking into account the slow-growing methanogens at the expense of fast-growing acidogens, affecting the efficiency of the whole process. This has led to the development of two-stage AD (TSAD) in recent years, where the processes are divided into a cascade of two separate bioreactors (BRs). It is known that such division of the processes into two consecutive BRs leads to significantly higher energy yields for the two-phase system (H2 + CH4) compared to the traditional single-stage CH4 production process. This review presents the state of the art, advantages and disadvantages, and some perspectives (based on more than 210 references from 2002 to 2024 and our own studies), including all aspects of TSAD—different parameters’ influences, types of bioreactors, microbiology, mathematical modeling, automatic control, and energetical considerations on TSAD processes.
Fray Luis de León and the Crypto-Jewish Context of Antonio Enríquez Gómez’s El Noble Siempre es Valiente
Authors: McNair Alexander John
Published: January 2025

The plays written by Fernando de Zárate, alias of the Crypto-Jewish poet Antonio Enríquez Gómez (1600–1663), appear on the surface to be militantly Catholic. Critics have struggled to reconcile the vision of the ‘Zárate’ plays, written in Seville after Enríquez’s clandestine return from exile (c. 1650), with the poems and treatises he penned in France (1636–1649), which were harshly critical of the Inquisition and Spanish notions of blood purity. One such play, El noble siempre es valiente [The nobleman is always brave], survives in an autograph manuscript from 1660. Written only months before the Inquisition identified and arrested Enríquez, the play became the most popular stage version of the epic hero El Cid in the eighteenth century, when it circulated under the titles El Cid Campeador and Vida y muerte del Cid [Life and death of El Cid]. The work stages the triumph of Spanish Christianity over Islam and appears to advocate an implacably bellicose ethos. This essay, however, interprets the play in the context of Enríquez’s exile writing, with specific focus on the influence of another erstwhile victim of the Inquisition, Fray Luis de León (1527–1591), whose works were found in the private libraries of Crypto-Jewish families.
‘ARTEMIS: Advanced Methodology Development for Real-Time Multi-Constellation (BDS, Galileo and GPS) Ionosphere Services’ Project Real-Time Ionospheric Services—Efficiency and Implementation
Authors: Kotulak Kacper , Wang Ningbo , Krankowski Andrzej , Li Zishen , Flisek Paweł , Froń Adam , Liu Ang , Zakharenkova Irina , Cherniak Iurii , Liu Libo , Yuan Yunbin , Huo Xingliang
Published: January 2025

This article discusses outcomes of the Polish–Chinese project dedicated to establishing multi-GNSS near-real-time ionospheric services. ARTEMIS (Advanced methodology development for Real-Time Multi-constellation (BDS, Galileo and GPS) Ionosphere Services) was a response to increasing GNSS data availability, including Galileo and BeiDou observations on the one hand and growing interest in high-quality ionospheric products on the other. The project resulted in elaborating methodologies to monitor the ionospheric Total Electron Content (TEC) and its fluctuations (ROTI index) based on a full multi-GNSS approach and establishing pilot real-time web services in a global and regional approach. The project’s outcomes are to be included in the International GNSS Service (IGS) and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) in the near future. This article presents real-time ionospheric products developed under the ARTEMIS project and evaluates their performance using independent techniques such as DORIS observations and altimetry with regard to other existing products. The Discussion section also includes an evaluation of ARTEMIS products in positioning applications.
Geometry Change of 1,3-Dicyanobenzene upon Electronic Excitation from a Franck–Condon Fit of Several Fluorescence Emission Spectra
Authors: Martini Jascha , Amar Simran , Schmitt Michael
Published: January 2025

The change in the geometry of 1,3-dicyanobenzene upon electronic excitation to the lowest excited singlet state has been elucidated by simultaneous Franck–Condon (FC) fits of the fluorescence emission spectra originating from the vibrationless origin and from four vibronic bands. The geometry changes obtained from the FC fits were compared to the results of ab initio calculations at the SCS-CC2/cc-pVTZ level of theory. We found close agreement between the spectral determination and the theoretical prediction of the geometry changes upon excitation. The aromatic ring opens upon excitation, resulting in a symmetrically distorted structure in the excited state.
Exploring the Spatial Pattern of Retail Businesses in Chengdu Based on the Coupling of Nighttime Light Image and POI Data
Authors: Jiang Ling , Wang Binyu , Wen Chuanhui , Zhang Tao , Zhou Ji
Published: January 2025

The rational spatial layout of retail businesses is the foundation for promoting urban economic sustainable development and meeting the growing material living needs of residents. Meanwhile, the spatial correlation between commercial establishments and the population is one of the key factors in achieving a rational spatial layout. This study explores the spatial distribution of retail businesses and its coupling relationship with group activity levels in the central urban area of Chengdu, using a coupling model based on NPP–VIIRS nighttime light images and points of interest (POI) data from various retail outlets in 2023. Results indicate that the spatial distribution of retail commerce in Chengdu exhibits the characteristics of multi-center agglomeration, which is generally consistent with the population distribution. However, the distribution patterns vary among retail areas with different degrees of coupling. In terms of coupling coordination degree distribution, all retail categories show a similar trend to that of Chengdu. The analysis reveals that the retail category significantly influences the coupling degree distribution, while geographical location greatly affects the coupling coordination degree. This research will offer a reference for optimizing a city’s commercial spatial structure and scientifically planning enterprise outlet layouts.