bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracellular Disposal of Tumor-Suppressor miRs-145 and -34a via Microvesicles and 5-FU Resistance of Human Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: Akao Yukihiro , Khoo Fiona , Kumazaki Minami , Shinohara Haruka , Miki Kohei , Yamada Nami
Published: January 2014

The dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) expression causes various kinds of diseases. Especially, alterations in miRNA expression levels are frequently observed in human tumor cells and are associated with cancer pathogenesis. Earlier we established Fluorouracil (5-FU)-resistant human colon cancer DLD-1 cells (DLD-1/5FU) from parental 5-FU- sensitive DLD-1 cells. In the present study, we examined the expression of miRNA in each cell line and in its extracellular microvesicles (MVs) before and after treatment with 5-FU. The nascent RNAs of anti-oncogenic miR-34a and -145 labeled with EU in both cells were proved to be transferred into MVs in both cell lines. The levels of miR-34a and -145 in the cells and in their MVs were not largely different in the two cell lines, and a substantial amount of both miRNAs was secreted by both cell lines even in the steady-state condition. The exposure of both cell lines to 5-FU significantly increased the intracellular levels of miR-145 and miR-34a in the 5-FU-sensitive DLD-1 cells, whereas the level of neither miR was elevated in the DLD-1/5FU cells. Interestingly, the amount of miR-145 detected in the small MVs shed into the medium of the parental cells was reduced after the treatment with 5-FU. On the other hand, the intracellular expression of miR-34a in the DLD-1/5FU cells was down-regulated compared with that in the parental DLD-1 cells even in the steady-state condition. As to the miR-34a secreted into MVs, the increase in the level in DLD-1/5FU cells was greater than that in the parental DLD-1 cells after the treatment with 5-FU. Thus, the intra- and extracellular miR-145 and -34a were closely associated with 5-FU resistance, and the resistance was in part due to the enhanced secretion of miR-145 and -34a via MVs, resulting in low intracellular levels of both miRNAs.
Low Prostate Concentration of Lycopene Is Associated with Development of Prostate Cancer in Patients with High-Grade Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
Authors: Mariani Simone , Lionetto Luana , Cavallari Michele , Tubaro Andrea , Rasio Debora , De Nunzio Cosimo , Hong Gena , Borro Marina , Simmaco Maurizio
Published: January 2014

Prostate cancer (PC) is a frequent male malignancy and represents the second most diagnosed cancer in men. Since pre-cancerous lesions, i.e., the high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN), can be detected years before progression to PC, early diagnosis and chemoprevention are targeted strategies to reduce PC rates. Animal studies have shown that lycopene, a carotenoid contained in tomatoes, is a promising candidate for the chemoprevention of PC. However, its efficacy in humans remains controversial. The present study aimed to investigate the relevance of plasma and prostate concentration of lycopene after a lycopene-enriched diet in patients diagnosed with HGPIN. Thirty-two patients diagnosed with HGPIN were administered a lycopene-enriched diet (20–25 mg/day of lycopene; through 30 g/day of triple concentrated tomato paste) for 6 months. A 6-month follow-up prostate biopsy assessed progression to PC. Patients were classified into three groups according to the histopathological features of the 6-month follow-up biopsy results: prostatitis; HGPIN and PC. PSA and plasma lycopene levels were measured before and after the dietary lycopene supplementation. Prostatic lycopene concentration was only assessed after the supplementation diet. Only prostatic lycopene concentration showed significant differences between the three groups (p = 0.03). Prostatic lycopene concentration below a 1 ng/mg threshold was associated with PC at 6-month follow-up biopsy (p = 0.003). We observed no overall benefits from a 6-month lycopene supplementation, as the rate of HGPIN progression to PC in our population (9/32, 28%) was similar to rates reported in the literature. Baseline PSA levels also showed no significant changes after a lycopene-enriched diet. Our findings point to prostatic lycopene concentration as a promising biomarker of PC. Further prospective longitudinal studies are needed to assess the prognostic role of prostatic lycopene in PC.
Plant Dependence on Rhizobia for Nitrogen Influences Induced Plant Defenses and Herbivore Performance
Authors: Dean Jennifer , Mescher Mark , De Moraes Consuelo
Published: January 2014

Symbiotic rhizobia induce many changes in legumes that could affect aboveground interactions with herbivores. We explored how changing the intensity of Bradyrhizobium japonicum, as modulated by soil nitrogen (N) levels, influenced the interaction between soybean (Glycine max) and herbivores of different feeding guilds. When we employed a range of fertilizer applications to manipulate soil N, plants primarily dependent on rhizobia for N exhibited increased root nodulation and higher levels of foliar ureides than plants given N fertilizer; yet all treatments maintained similar total N levels. Soybean podworm (Helicoverpa zea) larvae grew best on plants with the highest levels of rhizobia but, somewhat surprisingly, preferred to feed on high-N-fertilized plants when given a choice. Induction of the defense signaling compound jasmonic acid (JA) by H. zea feeding damage was highest in plants primarily dependent on rhizobia. Differences in rhizobial dependency on soybean did not appear to affect interactions with the phloem-feeding soybean aphid (Aphis glycines). Overall, our results suggest that rhizobia association can affect plant nutritional quality and the induction of defense signaling pathways and that these effects may influence herbivore feeding preferences and performance—though such effects may vary considerably for different classes of herbivores.
Dopamine D4 Receptor Counteracts Morphine-Induced Changes in µ Opioid Receptor Signaling in the Striosomes of the Rat Caudate Putamen
Authors: Suárez-Boomgaard Diana , Gago Belén , Valderrama-Carvajal Alejandra , Roales-Buján Ruth , Van Craenenbroeck Kathleen , Duchou Jolien , Borroto-Escuela Dasiel , Medina-Luque José , De la Calle Adelaida , Fuxe Kjell , Rivera Alicia
Published: January 2014

The mu opioid receptor (MOR) is critical in mediating morphine analgesia. However, prolonged exposure to morphine induces adaptive changes in this receptor leading to the development of tolerance and addiction. In the present work we have studied whether the continuous administration of morphine induces changes in MOR protein levels, its pharmacological profile, and MOR-mediated G-protein activation in the striosomal compartment of the rat CPu, by using immunohistochemistry and receptor and DAMGO-stimulated [35S]GTPγS autoradiography. MOR immunoreactivity, agonist binding density and its coupling to G proteins are up-regulated in the striosomes by continuous morphine treatment in the absence of changes in enkephalin and dynorphin mRNA levels. In addition, co-treatment of morphine with the dopamine D4 receptor (D4R) agonist PD168,077 fully counteracts these adaptive changes in MOR, in spite of the fact that continuous PD168,077 treatment increases the [3H]DAMGO Bmax values to the same degree as seen after continuous morphine treatment. Thus, in spite of the fact that both receptors can be coupled to Gi/0 protein, the present results give support for the existence of antagonistic functional D4R-MOR receptor-receptor interactions in the adaptive changes occurring in MOR of striosomes on continuous administration of morphine.
Phosphorylation of Histone H2AX in the Mouse Brain from Development to Senescence
Authors: Barral Serena , Beltramo Riccardo , Salio Chiara , Aimar Patrizia , Lossi Laura , Merighi Adalberto
Published: January 2014

Phosphorylation of the histone H2AX (γH2AX form) is an early response to DNA damage and a marker of aging and disease in several cells and tissues outside the nervous system. Little is known about in vivo phosphorylation of H2AX in neurons, although it was suggested that γH2AX is an early marker of neuronal endangerment thus opening the possibility to target it as a neuroprotective strategy. After experimental labeling of DNA-synthesizing cells with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU), we studied the brain occurrence of γH2AX in developing, postnatal, adult and senescent (2 years) mice by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. Focal and/or diffuse γH2AX immunostaining appears in interkinetic nuclei, mitotic chromosomes, and apoptotic nuclei. Immunoreactivity is mainly associated with neurogenetic areas, i.e., the subventricular zone (SVZ) of telencephalon, the cerebellar cortex, and, albeit to a much lesser extent, the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus. In addition, γH2AX is highly expressed in the adult and senescent cerebral cortex, particularly the piriform cortex. Double labeling experiments demonstrate that γH2AX in neurogenetic brain areas is temporally and functionally related to proliferation and apoptosis of neuronal precursors, i.e., the type C transit amplifying cells (SVZ) and the granule cell precursors (cerebellum). Conversely, γH2AX-immunoreactive cortical neurons incorporating the S phase-label BrdU do not express the proliferation marker phosphorylated histone H3, indicating that these postmitotic cells undergo a significant DNA damage response. Our study paves the way for a better comprehension of the role of H2AX phosphorylation in the normal brain, and offers additional data to design novel strategies for the protection of neuronal precursors and mature neurons in central nervous system (CNS) degenerative diseases.
Genetic Variants of GPER/GPR30, a Novel Estrogen-Related G Protein Receptor, Are Associated with Human Seminoma
Authors: Chevalier Nicolas , Paul-Bellon Rachel , Camparo Philippe , Michiels Jean-François , Chevallier Daniel , Fénichel Patrick
Published: January 2014

Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common solid cancers in young men, with an increasing incidence over several years. However, their pathogenesis remains a matter of debate. Some epidemiological data suggest the involvement of both environmental and genetic factors. We reported two distinct effects of estrogens and/or xeno-estrogens on in vitro human seminoma-derived cells proliferation: (1) an antiproliferative effect via a classical estrogen receptor beta-dependent pathway, and (2) a promotive effect via a non-classical membrane G-protein-coupled receptor, GPR30/GPER, which is only overexpressed in seminomas, the most common TGCT. In order to explain this overexpression, we investigated the possible association of polymorphisms in the GPER gene by using allele-specific tetra-primer polymerase chain reaction performed on tissue samples from 150 paraffin-embedded TGCT specimens (131 seminomas, 19 non seminomas). Compared to control population, loss of homozygous ancestral genotype GG in two polymorphisms located in the promoter region of GPER (rs3808350 and rs3808351) was more frequent in seminomas but not in non-seminomas (respectively, OR = 1.960 (1.172–3.277) and 7.000 (2.747–17.840); p < 0.01). These polymorphisms may explain GPER overexpression and represent a genetic factor of susceptibility supporting the contribution of environmental GPER ligands in testicular carcinogenesis.
Clinical Guidelines on Long-Term Pharmacotherapy for Bipolar Disorder in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Cox Joanna , Seri Stefano , Cavanna Andrea
Published: January 2014

Bipolar disorder is a severe affective disorder which can present in adolescence, or sometimes earlier, and often requires a pharmacotherapeutic approach. The phenomenology of bipolar disorder in children and adolescents appears to differ from that of adult patients, prompting the need for specific pharmacotherapy guidelines for long-term management in this patient population. Current treatment guidelines were mainly developed based on evidence from studies in adult patients, highlighting the requirement for further research into the pharmacotherapy of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. This review compares and critically analyzes the available guidelines, discussing the recommended medication classes, their mechanisms of action, side effect profiles and evidence base.
Design of Processors with Reconfigurable Microarchitecture
Authors: Mokhov Andrey , Rykunov Maxim , Sokolov Danil , Yakovlev Alex
Published: January 2014

Energy becomes a dominating factor for a wide spectrum of computations: from intensive data processing in “big data” companies resulting in large electricity bills, to infrastructure monitoring with wireless sensors relying on energy harvesting. In this context it is essential for a computation system to be adaptable to the power supply and the service demand, which often vary dramatically during runtime. In this paper we present an approach to building processors with reconfigurable microarchitecture capable of changing the way they fetch and execute instructions depending on energy availability and application requirements. We show how to use Conditional Partial Order Graphs to formally specify the microarchitecture of such a processor, explore the design possibilities for its instruction set, and synthesise the instruction decoder using correct-by-construction techniques. The paper is focused on the design methodology, which is evaluated by implementing a power-proportional version of Intel 8051 microprocessor.
Mechanical Characterization of High-Performance Steel-Fiber Reinforced Cement Composites with Self-Healing Effect
Authors: Kim Dong , Kang Seok , Ahn Tae-Ho
Published: January 2014

The crack self-healing behavior of high-performance steel-fiber reinforced cement composites (HPSFRCs) was investigated. High-strength deformed steel fibers were employed in a high strength mortar with very fine silica sand to decreasing the crack width by generating higher interfacial bond strength. The width of micro-cracks, strongly affected by the type of fiber and sand, clearly produced the effects on the self-healing behavior. The use of fine silica sand in HPSFRCs with high strength deformed steel fibers successfully led to rapid healing owing to very fine cracks with width less than 20 µm. The use of very fine silica sand instead of normal sand produced 17%–19% higher tensile strength and 51%–58% smaller width of micro-cracks.
Desorption of Furfural from Bimetallic Pt-Fe Oxides/Alumina Catalysts
Authors: Dimas-Rivera Gloria , De la Rosa Javier , Lucio-Ortiz Carlos , De los Reyes Heredia José , González Virgilio , Hernández Tomás
Published: January 2014

In this work, the desorption of furfural, which is a competitive intermediate during the production of biofuel and valuable aromatic compounds, was studied using pure alumina, as well as alumina impregnated with iron and platinum oxides both individually and in combination, using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The bimetallic sample exhibited the lowest desorption percentage for furfural. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) imaging revealed the intimate connection between the iron and platinum oxide species on the alumina support. The mechanism of furfural desorption from the Pt-Fe/Al2O3 0.5%-0.5% sample was determined using physisorbed furfural instead of chemisorbed furfural; this mechanism involved the oxidation of the C=O group on furfural by the catalyst. The oxide nanoparticles on γ-Al2O3 support helped to stabilize the furfural molecule on the surface.
Visible Light Curable Restorative Composites for Dental Applications Based on Epoxy Monomer
Authors: Vitale Alessandra , Sangermano Marco , Bongiovanni Roberta , Burtscher Peter , Moszner Norbert
Published: January 2014

A cationic photo-curable cycloaliphatic epoxy resin has been investigated as reactive monomer in blue light crosslinking process. We have demonstrated that camphorquinone is able to abstract labile hydrogen from the epoxy monomer, giving rise to the formation of carbon-centered radicals that are oxidized by the onium salt; a complete epoxy group conversion was reached after 50 s of irradiation. The presence of water up to 1 wt% was tolerated without any important detrimental effect on the kinetics of light-curing. The presence of the inorganic filler up to 65 wt% did not significantly influence the curing process.
Dinophysis Toxins: Causative Organisms, Distribution and Fate in Shellfish
Authors: Reguera Beatriz , Riobó Pilar , Rodríguez Francisco , Díaz Patricio , Pizarro Gemita , Paz Beatriz , Franco José , Blanco Juan
Published: January 2014

Several Dinophysis species produce diarrhoetic toxins (okadaic acid and dinophysistoxins) and pectenotoxins, and cause gastointestinal illness, Diarrhetic Shellfish Poisoning (DSP), even at low cell densities (<103 cells·L−1). They are the main threat, in terms of days of harvesting bans, to aquaculture in Northern Japan, Chile, and Europe. Toxicity and toxin profiles are very variable, more between strains than species. The distribution of DSP events mirrors that of shellfish production areas that have implemented toxin regulations, otherwise misinterpreted as bacterial or viral contamination. Field observations and laboratory experiments have shown that most of the toxins produced by Dinophysis are released into the medium, raising questions about the ecological role of extracelular toxins and their potential uptake by shellfish. Shellfish contamination results from a complex balance between food selection, adsorption, species-specific enzymatic transformations, and allometric processes. Highest risk areas are those combining Dinophysis strains with high cell content of okadaates, aquaculture with predominance of mytilids (good accumulators of toxins), and consumers who frequently include mussels in their diet. Regions including pectenotoxins in their regulated phycotoxins will suffer from much longer harvesting bans and from disloyal competition with production areas where these toxins have been deregulated.
Construction of the 1,2-Dialkenylcyclohexane Framework via Ireland-Claisen Rearrangement and Intramolecular Barbier Reaction: Application to the Synthesis of (±)-Geijerone and a Diastereoisomeric Mixture with Its 5-Epimer
Authors: Liang Dawei , Gao Nana , Liu Wei , Dong Jinhua
Published: January 2014

The elemene-type terpenoids, which possess various biological activities, contain a syn- or anti-1,2-dialkenylcyclohexane framework. An efficient synthetic route to the syn- and anti-1,2-dialkenylcyclohexane core and its application in the synthesis of (±)-geijerone and its diastereomer is reported. Construction of the syn- and anti-1,2-dialkenyl moiety was achieved via Ireland-Claisen rearrangement of the (E)-allylic ester, and the cyclohexanone moiety was derived from the iodoaldehyde via intramolecular Barbier reaction. The synthetic strategy allows rapid access to various epimers and analogues of elemene-type products.
Oxidized Fatty Acids as Inter-Kingdom Signaling Molecules
Authors: Pohl Carolina , Kock Johan
Published: January 2014

Oxylipins or oxidized fatty acids are a group of molecules found to play a role in signaling in many different cell types. These fatty acid derivatives have ancient evolutionary origins as signaling molecules and are ideal candidates for inter-kingdom communication. This review discusses examples of the ability of organisms from different kingdoms to “listen” and respond to oxylipin signals during interactions. The interactions that will be looked at are signaling between animals and plants; between animals and fungi; between animals and bacteria and between plants and fungi. This will aid in understanding these interactions, which often have implications in ecology, agriculture as well as human and animal health.
Crystal Structures, Vibrational Spectra, and Fungicidal Activity of 1,5-Diaryl-3-oxypyrazoles
Authors: Li Yi , Liu Yuanyuan , Xiong Yihuang , Xiong Xiaohui
Published: January 2014

The aryloxypyrazole structure is present in a number of bioactive molecules. Four 1,5-diaryl-3-oxypyrazoles containing benzoyl (I), thiazolidinethione (II and III) or per-O-acetylated glucopyranosyl (IV) moieties were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Compounds I and II crystallize in a triclinic P-1 system, whereas III and IV crystallize in an orthorhombic Pbca and a monoclinic P21 space groups, respectively. The dihedral angles between the two benzene rings of the pyrazole are 61.33° (I), 62.87° (II), 57.09° (III) and 70.25° (IV). The structures were stabilized by classical intra- (C-H···S for II and III, C-H···O for IV) and intermolecular (C-H···O for I and IV) H-bonds, as well as intermolecular C-H···π stacking interactions. The theoretical FTIR results showed good agreement with the experimental data. Compounds IV, II and III showed moderate fungicidal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Gibberella zeae. The structure-activity relationships were discussed.
Biocompatibility of Poly(ester amide) (PEA) Microfibrils in Ocular Tissues
Authors: Kropp Martina , Morawa Katharina-Marie , Mihov George , Salz Anna , Harmening Nina , Franken Astrid , Kemp Anja , Dias Aylvin , Thies Jens , Johnen Sandra , Thumann Gabriele
Published: January 2014

Drug delivery systems (DDS) are able to deliver, over long periods of time, therapeutic concentrations of drugs requiring frequent administration. Two classes of DDS are available, biodegradable and non-biodegradable. The larger non-biodegradable implants ensure long-term delivery, but require surgical interventions. Biodegradable biomaterials are smaller, injectable implants, but degrade hydrolytically and release drugs in non-zero order kinetics, which is inefficient for long-term sustained drug release. Biodegradable poly(ester amides) (PEAs) may overcome these difficulties. To assess their ocular biocompatibility and long-term behavior, PEA fibrils were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, incubation in vitreous humor changes to PEA structure, suggests degradation by surface erosion, enabling drug release with zero order kinetics. Clinical and histological analysis of PEA fibrils implanted subconjunctivally and intravitreally showed the absence of an inflammatory response or other pathological tissue alteration. This study shows that PEA fibrils are biocompatible with ocular environment and degrade by surface erosion.
Estimating the Concentration and Biodegradability of Organic Matter in 22 Wastewater Treatment Plants Using Fluorescence Excitation Emission Matrices and Parallel Factor Analysis
Authors: Yang Liyang , Shin Hyun-Sang , Hur Jin
Published: January 2014

This study aimed at monitoring the changes of fluorescent components in wastewater samples from 22 Korean biological wastewater treatment plants and exploring their prediction capabilities for total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and the biodegradability of the wastewater using an optical sensing technique based on fluorescence excitation emission matrices and parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC). Three fluorescent components were identified from the samples by using EEM-PARAFAC, including protein-like (C1), fulvic-like (C2) and humic-like (C3) components. C1 showed the highest removal efficiencies for all the treatment types investigated here (69% ± 26%–81% ± 8%), followed by C2 (37% ± 27%–65% ± 35%), while humic-like component (i.e., C3) tended to be accumulated during the biological treatment processes. The percentage of C1 in total fluorescence (%C1) decreased from 54% ± 8% in the influents to 28% ± 8% in the effluents, while those of C2 and C3 (%C2 and %C3) increased from 43% ± 6% to 62% ± 9% and from 3% ± 7% to 10% ± 8%, respectively. The concentrations of TOC, DOC, BOD, and COD were the most correlated with the fluorescence intensity (Fmax) of C1 (r = 0.790–0.817), as compared with the other two fluorescent components. The prediction capability of C1 for TOC, BOD, and COD were improved by using multiple regression based on Fmax of C1 and suspended solids (SS) (r = 0.856–0.865), both of which can be easily monitored in situ. The biodegradability of organic matter in BOD/COD were significantly correlated with each PARAFAC component and their combinations (r = −0.598–0.613, p < 0.001), with the highest correlation coefficient shown for %C1. The estimation capability was further enhanced by using multiple regressions based on %C1, %C2 and C3/C2 (r = −0.691).
La violation des décrets conciliaires ou l’hérésie du pape : le procès d’Eugène IV (1431-1447) au concile de Bâle d’après le manuscrit latin 1511 de la Bibliothèque nationale de France
Authors: Rosenblieh Émilie
Published: January 2014

Vanaf zijn opening in 1431 voerde het concilie van Bazel het proces tegen paus Eugenius IV, die werd afgezet op 25 juni 1439. De commissie die belast was met de uitvoering van de procedure hechtte veel belang aan de conciliaire wetgeving. Het concilie wilde zijn jurisdictionele suprematie over het pausdom bevestigen en bepaalde daarom dat de overtreding van canons en decreten deel uitmaakte van de pauselijke heresie. Voorliggende studie is gebaseerd op een register dat de laatste fase van het pauselijke proces weergeeft, vanaf de maand juli 1437 (Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, ms. lat. 1511). Men verweet de paus onder meer dat hij antieke canons overtreden had, alsook de decreten die gestemd waren in Konstanz en in Bazel in de eerste helft van de XVe eeuw. Deze beschuldigingen werden gestaafd door de verklaringen van 29 getuigen ten laste van de paus.
Le rite de l’entrée royale transmis par le livre. Une transgression des codes par Pierre Gringore ?
Authors: Jennequin Marie
Published: January 2014

During the Late Middle Ages, Royal Entries are an important part of political and public reality. Procession and exhibition at the same time, the Entry succeeds in serving as a focal point for the attention of people and prince alike, the latter becoming simultaneously an actor and a spectator of his own glory. The complexity of such an event is reflected and made even more pregnant in the book of entry. This study analyzes the complex work of transposing the public event into the space of the book, through Gringore’s report of Mary of England’s Parisian entry (1514). In line with medievalist studies about power and writing, this study also points out the originality of a book realized by an author who made it a place for auctorial affirmation.
History Meets Archaeology: the Historical Use of Images. A Survey
Authors: Januarius Joeri , Teughels Nelleke
Published: January 2014

The relationship between contemporary historians, archaeologists and visual sources remains strained. Because of the lack of a proper visual theory and methodology, the potential of iconographical sources still is rarely fully exploited. An interdisciplinary approach between history and archaeology, along with the expertise of other disciplines such as art history, anthropology, sociology, communication sciences and linguistics, is badly needed in order to provide scholars with an accessible approach. However, as the two cases of recent historical and archaeological literature discussed in the introduction show, the inclusion of visual material in past and current research is not yet self-evident.
Wars of Statues in Latvia: The History Told and Made by Public Sculpture
Authors: Kruk Sergei
Published: January 2014

En Lettonie, les statues publiques fonctionnent comme un moyen de communication politique. Les changements de régime politique emmenaient des corrections des statues, qui reflétaient les nouveaux rapports de force. Cependant, les gouvernements ne détruisaient pas nécessairement les mémoriaux anciens pour en bâtir de nouveaux. Parfois, des exigences économiques, éthiques, culturelles ou politiques menaient à d’autres moyens, plus subtiles, pour discréditer des monuments devenus indésirables et pour introduire de nouveaux messages politiques. Cette contribution vise à expliquer pourquoi les statues jouaient un rôle spécifique dans la communication politique ainsi qu’à conceptualiser les particularités sémiotiques. Les pratiques courantes incluent l’introduction d’une nouvelle appellation, la révision des épitaphes ou l’addition de nouvelles inscriptions, l’assentiment vis-à-vis de la décadence naturelle ou du vandalisme, la modification des environs de la statue, et l’utilisation d’une statue comme centre de cérémonies diverses.
Explaining the Past Through Artefacts: 1998 Historical Exhibitions in Ireland and Northern Ireland
Authors: Cauvin Thomas
Published: January 2014

Dit artikel gaat na op welke wijze tentoonstellingen nuttig kunnen zijn voor historici bij hun onderzoek naar interpretaties en constructies van het verleden. Het focust op twee historische tentoonstellingen over de Irish Rebellion (Ierse Rebellie) van 1798, die in 1998 plaatsvonden in twee nationale musea in Ierland, met name het National Museum of Ireland (NMI) in Dublin en het Ulster Museum (UM) in Belfast. Meer specifiek gaat het om “ Fellowship of Freedom : The United Irishmen and the Rebellion of 1798” en “ Up in Arms : The 1798 Rebellion in Ireland, a bicentenary exhibition”, respectievelijk gehouden in het NMI en het UM. De tentoonstellingen in 1998 waren uitzonderlijk omdat ze een direct antwoord vormden op eerdere interpretaties van het conflict en omdat ze tot doel hadden nieuwe officiële versies van de geschiedenis te creëren. De afbeeldingen die gebruikt werden in deze tentoonstellingen kunnen nuttig zijn als historische bronnen voor het onderzoek naar de onderwerpen die ze voorstellen, naar de productiecontext, maar ook naar de context waarin ze worden tentoongesteld. Dit onderzoek is van belang omdat de interpretatie van beelden bijdraagt aan de onophoudelijke constructie van ons cultureel erfgoed. Een interessante invalshoek bij de studie van de herinterpretatie van het verleden is de focus op de relatie tussen beelden en tekst, met andere woorden het kijken naar hoe beelden werden geïnterpreteerd en (ruimtelijk) georganiseerd om bepaalde versies over het verleden te produceren. Eerst vergelijk ik in dit artikel hoe de Irish Rebellion gedefinieerd werd aan de hand van afbeeldingen, met specifieke aandacht voor de coverontwerpen van de catalogi en ander drukwerk en voor de mate waarin gewelddadige scènes een plaats kregen in de visuele representatie van de gebeurtenissen in 1798. Daarna probeer ik te verduidelijken hoe verschillende interpretaties en de uiteenlopende ordening van de afbeeldingen in de tentoonstellingen ruimere constructies van het verleden kunnen onthullen.
Some Issues in the Representation of Rural Working-Class Dress in British Nineteenth-Century Photography
Authors: Worth Rachel
Published: January 2014

L’article étudie la représentation des vêtements dans les photos d’Henry Peach Robinson, en ayant un intérêt particulier pour des images comme Bringing Home the May (1862) et When the Day’s Work is Done (1885). Tandis qu’une tendance existe pour utiliser l’image comme banale illustration des connaissances historiques, l’auteur (qui se veut historien des vêtements / du social) démontre la complexité de l’interprétation des images. Cet article fait référence aux photos de Robinson en les situant dans la philosophie de l’artiste que l’on peut lire dans Picture Making by Photography (1884) et The Elements of a Pictorial Photograph (1896). L’article compare avec les oeuvres de Peter Henry Emerson (1856-1936), Helen Allingham (1848-1926) et George Clausen (1852-1944), qui eux aussi ont photographié des travailleurs des champs. Ensuite, l’article étudie les vêtements, en affirmant que c’est le contexte dans lequel ces habits sont représentés, aussi bien que les connaissances des vêtements mêmes, qui permettent la compréhension du rôle des habits dans une société en transformation, allant d’une culture rurale vers une culture citadine. L’article finit par l’étude de la signification du vêtement dans l’idéalisation du rural dans l’Angleterre depuis la fin du xixe siècle.
Informed Democracy
Authors: Haidn Insa , Partridge Helen , Yates Christine
Published: January 2014

This chapter presents the preliminary findings of a qualitative study exploring people’s information experiences during the 2012 Queensland State election in Australia. Six residents of South East Queensland who were eligible to vote in the state election participated in a semi-structured interview. The interviews revealed five themes that depict participants’ information experience during the election: information sources, information flow, personal politics, party politics, and sense making. Together these themes represent what is experienced as information, how information is experienced, as well as contextual aspects that were unique to voting in an election. The study outlined here is one in an emerging area of enquiry that has explored information experience as a research object. This study has revealed that people’s information experiences are rich, complex, and dynamic, and that information experience as a construct of scholarly inquiry provides deep insights into the ways in which people relate to their information worlds. More studies exploring information experience within different contexts are needed to help develop our theoretical understanding of this important and emerging construct.
Exploring Workplace Experiences of Information Literacy through Environmental Scanning Process
Authors: Zhang Xue , Majid Shaheen , Foo Schubert
Published: January 2014

Information Literacy (IL), as a key component of education for decades, has been underemphasized at the workplace. This chapter reports on a study aimed to explore workplace experiences of IL through the environmental scanning process adopted by the travel industry in Singapore. Some 42 travel agent companies responded to the survey, and 13 employees, representing various functional units and hierarchical levels, participated in the follow up interviews after the survey. It was found that IL skills had significant influence on the quality of information for decision-making. Senior Managers were satisfied with their employees’ overall level of IL skills. However, many problems still surfaced during the environmental scanning process, such as inability to find the needed information, overreliance on habitual information sources, and improper storage of information.
A New Research Agenda on Mass Communication, Social Informatics, and Children’s Literature in US
Authors: Chen Hsin-Liang , Moeller Robin A.
Published: January 2014

The rapid development of online environments presents challenges to researchers and scholars in various disciplines; an inter-disciplinary collaboration is needed to understand related societal phenomena in the digital age. The purpose of this chapter is to establish a research framework consisting of mass communication, social informatics, and children’s literature regarding children and their racial perceptions. The uniqueness of this approach is to apply the findings of online readers’ comments on a new story to a particular subject area, children’s literature, in which the authors examine how societal issues are illustrated in popular books. Within this framework, the authors identify three research areas: social awareness through the communication process, social perception through the analysis of social informatics, and social adoption through illustrations in the children’s books.
Perceptions and Viability of Launching LIS e-learning Programs in Developing Countries
Authors: Hirsh Sandra , Faires Debbie , Hines Alice
Published: January 2014

E-Learning is still relatively uncommon in developing countries, but there is growing interest. This case study explores the factors influencing readiness to launch e-learning of a Library and Information Science (LIS) program in a developing country, with a focus on understanding attitudes toward e-learning and the viability of transitioning to an online delivery model in Vietnam. A technology infrastructure assessment was performed to understand whether changes were needed at Vietnam National University to support e-learning, and 5 key informant interviews and 4 focus group sessions with 39 participants were performed with faculty, graduate and undergraduate students, members of the professional community, and administrators to understand their usage of technology and their perceptions and attitudes toward e-learning. Study findings suggest the importance of understanding the cultural context and the need for further e-learning research, as well as the steps needed for e-learning readiness and integration.
What’s Past is Prologue
Authors: Chen Shu-Jiun
Published: January 2014

This chapter gives a comprehensive review of Taiwan’s Digital Archives Program, built on a national scale over the past 15 years. Currently more than 100 libraries, archives, museums, academic institutions, and government agencies are involved, and the program has created more than 5 million digital objects as well as more than 700 databases and Websites. This chapter investigates the goals and strategies of the program, probing into research and development, important achievements, values, lessons, and challenges in 6 aspects, including digital contents, digital technology, metadata interoperability, applications, industrialization development, and international cooperation. Although this national program was officially terminated at the end of 2012, the accumulation of digital contents, core technologies, and digital infrastructure over its lifespan makes it certain that one can look forward to its continuing impact upon open data, digital humanities, and sustainable digital archives.
Islet Antigen-Specific Th17 Cells Can Induce TNF-α–Dependent Autoimmune Diabetes
Authors: Li Cheng-Rui , Mueller Erin E. , Bradley Linda M.
Published: January 2014

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β-cells. Although Th1 cells are key orchestrators of T1D, the function(s) of the more recently identified Th17 subset are unclear due to inherent plasticity. In this study, we analyzed Th17 cells for stability and diabetogenicity in NOD mice. We found that like Th1 cells, Th17 are a distinct population throughout the prediabetic phase. At diabetes onset, there were marked increases in IL-17–producing Th17 cells and IFN-γ–producing Th1 cells in the pancreas as well as in the serum levels of these cytokines, indicating that these proinflammatory mediators serve as biomarkers of advanced autoimmunity. Although naturally occurring Th17 cells in diabetic mice did not contribute to diabetes development in transfer models, islet-specific Th17 cells were diabetogenic independently of IL-17 and displayed inflammation-induced Th17-to-Th1 reprogramming that could be elicited by Th1 cells. However, an inability to generate Th1 cells because of Stat4, Ifngr, and Ifng deficiencies did not prevent diabetes. Instead, TNF-α could mediate diabetes in response to either Th17 cells or Th1 cells. The results identify a previously unknown mechanism by which Th17 cells can contribute to T1D. Our studies also suggest that when developing interventions for T1D, it will be potentially advantageous to focus on mechanisms common to effector T cells rather than on the signature cytokines of various subsets.
Role of Th1/Th17 Balance Regulated by T-bet in a Mouse Model of Mycobacterium avium Complex Disease
Authors: Matsuyama Masashi , Ishii Yukio , Yageta Yuichi , Ohtsuka Shigeo , Ano Satoshi , Matsuno Yosuke , Morishima Yuko , Yoh Keigyou , Takahashi Satoru , Ogawa Kenji , Hogaboam Cory M. , Hizawa Nobuyuki
Published: January 2014

Th1 immune responses are thought to be important in protection against intracellular pathogens. T-bet is a critical regulator for Th1 cell differentiation and Th1 cytokine production. The aim of this study was to determine the role of T-bet in host defense against Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection. Wild-type mice, T-bet–deficient mice, and T-bet–overexpressing mice were infected with MAC via intratracheal inoculation. Macrophages and dendritic cells obtained from these mice were incubated with MAC. T-bet–deficient mice were highly susceptible to MAC, compared with wild-type mice and T-bet–overexpressing mice. Neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation was also enhanced in T-bet–deficient mice, but attenuated in T-bet–overexpressing mice, following MAC infection. Cytokine expression shifted toward Th1 in the lung and spleen of T-bet–overexpressing mice, but toward Th17 in T-bet–deficient mice. IFN-γ supplementation to T-bet–deficient mice reduced systemic MAC growth but did not reduce pulmonary inflammation. In contrast, neutralization of IL-17 in T-bet–deficient mice reduced pulmonary inflammation but did not affect mycobacterial growth in any organs tested. T-bet–deficient T cells tended to differentiate toward Th17 cells in vitro following exposure to MAC. Treatment with NO donor suppressed MAC-induced Th17 cell differentiation of T-bet–deficient T cells. This study identified that the fine balance between Th1 and Th17 responses is essential in defining the outcome of MAC disease. T-bet functions as a regulator for Th1/Th17 balance and is a critical determinant for host resistance to MAC infection by controlling cytokine and NO levels.
Environmental dose rate assessment from an active fault zone in Western Anatolia, Turkey: towards retrospective epidemiology
Authors: Kiyak Mithat , Polymeris George S. , Kiyak Nafiye G.
Published: January 2014

In this study we present data regarding natural radioactivity from a populated active tectonic area based on site measurements using a field gamma spectrometer. The results will provide data to the scientists for dating studies as well as epidemiological studies towards ancient human life, also termed as retrospective epidemiology. The study area covers an active tectonic region in western Anatolia surveyed using on-site gamma spectrometer. More than 500 sites were measured across the region on a 150- km grid. Radiation background shows relatively non-homogenous level of radiation in the area. The gamma dose rate measured in Gediz graben was found in the range between 0.8120- 1.7540 mGya–1 (94-203 nGyh–1) with an average value of 1.2292 mGy/a (142 nGyh–1), whereas it was in the range between 0.5530-1.1491 mGy/a (64-133 nGyh–1) with an average value of 0.8397 mGy/a (97 nGyh–1) across Buyuk Menderes graben. The relative contribution of 238U decay chain to gamma dose rate is between 0.2002- 0.4630 mGya–1, of 232Th decay series is 0.3089- 0.8136 mGya–1, and of 40K is 0.1270- 0.3468 mGya–1 in the whole studied area. The average annual effective dose equivalents from the calculated outdoor terrestrial gamma radiation was between 90-215 μSva–1, above world average of 70 μSv per year, and the measured outdoor dose rate (terrestrial plus cosmic) on the ground was between 133-257 μSva–1. The significance of all these numbers is discussed in the framework of epidemiological studies, in order to correlate these enhanced dose rate values directly to specific diseases such as cancer.
Stable isotopic indicators of diet from two Late Prehistoric burial sites in Portugal: an investigation of dietary evidence of social differentiation
Authors: Waterman Anna J. , Silva Ana Maria , Tykot Robert H.
Published: January 2014

This paper details the results of a comparison of stable isotopic data from bone samples acquired from 31 individuals from two Late Neolithic-Copper Age (3500-2000 BC) burial sites in the Estremadura region of Portugal. The chosen sites of Feteira II and Paimogo I are geographically close and temporally overlapping but represent distinctive types of burial structures, one being a natural cave and the other a tholos. Because stable isotope analyses can quantify individual dietary intake, it can be useful in distinguishing patterns of food consumption within and between populations. The goal of this research was to ascertain if there are dietary differences that would indicate that socially-differentiated populations were interred in these burial spaces. The results of this study indicate diets based primarily on C3 plants and terrestrial animals for both sampled populations. Although several individuals do exhibit dietary signatures that suggest they were consuming some fish, marine resources do not appear to be major dietary staples in either group despite close proximity to the sea. Some variation in food and water consumption is apparent between individuals at the two burial sites with individuals at Feteira II exhibiting more variability in isotopic indicators of dietary carbohydrates and drinking water sources while individuals from Paimogo I exhibit more variability in protein source and intake. However, no statistically significance differences in isotopic values were found that would point to clear dietary distinctions between the compared burial populations.
Radiocarbon chronology of Andean khipus
Authors: Cherkinsky Alexander , Urton Gary
Published: January 2014

Unlike every other high civilisation of the ancient world, the Incas did not develop a system of writing based on graphic signs on twodimensional surfaces. Rather, Inca administrative records took the form of three-dimensional knotted-cords made of spun and plied fibers. It is widely believed that khipu technology associated with the rise and expansion of the Inca Empire, during the Late Horizon period (ca. 1400-1532 AD), developed out of an earlier cord recording technology associated with the Wari culture of the Middle Horizon period (ca. 600-1000 AD). There were good studies of the patterns of thread-wrapping on a few Middle Horizon samples and archaeological recovery of one sample from Middle Horizon context. Three Middle Horizon, Wari khipus have been dated between 780-1024 AD. The principal problem of khipu chronology arises with respect to the dating of Inca samples. Thirty-one samples of Inca khipus from museums in the USA, Latin America and Germany have been analysed. The samples were analysed by the accelerator mass spectrometry technique at three laboratories. About half of the samples analysed at the University of Georgia have been analysed twice to get a higher precision. Most of the samples have been dated from Late Horizon times to the early Colonial period, 1500-1600 AD. One of the samples was dated to the beginning of the Late Horizon 1390-1423 AD and another sample was even earlier, i.e. 1188-1282 AD. Unfortunately, the existing calibration data for Inca khipus do not allow high enough sensitivity for precise analysis, thereby requiring a reappraisal of the calibration curve for South America.
Devonian stratigraphy of the Hudson Platform
Authors: Sanford B V , Norris A W
Published: January 2014

Devonian rocks occur in two intracratonic basins in the Hudson Bay region of Canada: the well-known Moose River Basin in the south and the Hudson Bay Basin to the north, separated by the prominent northeast-trending Cape Henrietta Maria Arch. Only part of the
Devonian succession of the Hudson Bay Basin is present on the mainland, the remainder being covered by water of Hudson Bay. Lower Devonian rocks in the southeastern part of the Moose River Basin comprise the upper carbonate member of the Kenogami River Formation (Gedinnian); the extremely
fossiliferous limestones and less numerous dolomites of the Stooping River Formation (Siegenian and Emsian); and the continental, plant-bearing clastic beds of the Sextant Formation (Emsian). Middle Devonian strata comprise coral and stromatoporoidal bituminous limestones of the Kwataboahegan
Formation (early Eifelian); gypsum, limestones, dolomites and brecciated carbonates of the Moose River Formation (mid-Eifelian) ; fossiliferous limestones of the Murray Island Formation (late Eifelian); and the lower shale and upper carbonate members of the Williams Island Formation (Givetian, and
possibly early Frasnian at the top). The Upper Devonian rocks consist of dark bituminous shales and mudstones of the Long Rapids Formation (Frasnian and early Famennian). The Devonian succession is similar lithologically and faunally to that in the Allegheny and Michigan Basins to the south, and
bears some resemblance to that in the Williston Basin to the southwest. Unconformities of wide regional extent are present at three horizons in the sequence; these occur in the early Siegenian, late Eifelian, and early Givetian. A possible fourth break may occur in the early
Frasnian.