bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The scenario of a single freak wave appearance in deep water – dispersive focusing mechanism framework
Authors: Pelinovsky E. , Shurgalina E. , Chaikovskaya N.
Published: January 2011

Abstract. One of the possible mechanisms of the emergence of freak waves in deep water, based on the dispersive focusing of unidirectional wave packets is analysed. This mechanism is associated with the frequency dispersion of water waves and manifested in the interference of many spectral components, moving with different velocities. Formation of a single freak wave in a random wind wave field is considered in the frame of linear theory. The characteristic lifetime of an abnormal wave in the framework of this mechanism for typical conditions is approximately two minutes, thus, a rapid effect is difficult to predict and prepare for. A rogue wave quickly changes its shape from a high ridge to a deep depression.
Evaluation of the Long-Term Effects of Photorefractive Keratectomy Correction for Myopia in China
Authors: Chen Lan , Ye Ting , Yang XinJun
Published: January 2011

Purpose

To evaluate the long-term effects of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) correction for myopia in China.

Methods

A comprehensive literature research was conducted in 2 Chinese databases and PubMed. Statistical analysis was performed using the RevMan 4.2 software.

Results

Seven prospective studies involving 2,796 eyes were included. The follow-up period was 5 to 11 years. Meta-analysis showed efficacies in low to moderate myopia that surpassed those in high myopia, and pooled odds ratios were 9.14 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.37–19.11) in the proportion of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) ≥20/20 and 5.61 (95% CI 3.97–7.93) in the proportion of eyes with UCVA ≥20/40. More than 10 years post operation, 82.0% had 20/20 or better UCVA and 96.1% had 20/40 or better in the ≤-6.00 D myopia group. Among patients with >-6.00 D myopia, 31.7% had 20/20 or better UCVA and 80.4% had 20/40 or better. Moreover, 82.1% and 46.4% of the treated eyes were within ±1.0 D of target refraction in the low to moderate myopia and high myopia group, respectively. About 1.4%-3.5% of eyes lost ≥2 lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, and 0.6%-4.1% of eyes had grade 1 corneal haze.

Conclusions

Photorefractive keratectomy for myopia is an effective and safe procedure for the long term in China. The efficacy and predictability of PRK in low to moderate myopia are better than in high myopia.
Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the united states
Authors: Plassman Brenda L. , Langa Kenneth M. , McCammon Ryan J. , Fisher Gwenith G. , Potter Guy G. , Burke James R. , Steffens David C. , Foster Norman L. , Giordani Bruno , Unverzagt Frederick W. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Heeringa Steven G. , Weir David R. , Wallace Robert B.
Published: January 2011

Objective:

Estimates of incident dementia, and cognitive impairment, not dementia (CIND) (or the related mild cognitive impairment) are important for public health and clinical care policy. In this paper, we report US national incidence rates for dementia and CIND.

Methods:

Participants in the Aging, Demographic, and Memory Study (ADAMS) were evaluated for cognitive impairment using a comprehensive in‐home assessment. A total of 456 individuals aged 72 years and older, who were not demented at baseline, were followed longitudinally from August 2001 to December 2009. An expert consensus panel assigned a diagnosis of normal cognition, CIND, or dementia and its subtypes. Using a population‐weighted sample, we estimated the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and CIND by age. We also estimated the incidence of progression from CIND to dementia.

Results:

The incidence of dementia was 33.3 (standard error [SE], 4.2) per 1,000 person‐years and 22.9 (SE, 2.9) per 1,000 person‐years for AD. The incidence of CIND was 60.4 (SE, 7.2) cases per 1,000 person‐years. An estimated 120.3 (SE, 16.9) individuals per 1,000 person‐years progressed from CIND to dementia. Over a 5.9‐year period, about 3.4 million individuals aged 72 and older in the United States developed incident dementia, of whom approximately 2.3 million developed AD, and about 637,000 developed VaD. Over this same period, almost 4.8 million individuals developed incident CIND.

Interpretation:

The incidence of CIND is greater than the incidence of dementia, and those with CIND are at high risk of progressing to dementia, making CIND a potentially valuable target for treatments aimed at slowing cognitive decline. ANN NEUROL 2011;
Antioxidants halt axonal degeneration in a mouse model of X‐adrenoleukodystrophy
Authors: López‐Erauskin Jone , Fourcade Stéphane , Galino Jorge , Ruiz Montserrat , Schlüter Agatha , Naudi Alba , Jove Mariona , Portero‐Otin Manuel , Pamplona Reinald , Ferrer Isidre , Pujol Aurora
Published: January 2011

Objective:

Axonal degeneration is a main contributor to disability in progressive neurodegenerative diseases in which oxidative stress is often identified as a pathogenic factor. We aim to demonstrate that antioxidants are able to improve axonal degeneration and locomotor deficits in a mouse model of X‐adrenoleukodystrophy (X‐ALD).

Methods:

X‐ALD is a lethal disease caused by loss of function of the ABCD1 peroxisomal transporter of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA). The mouse model for X‐ALD exhibits a late onset neurological phenotype with locomotor disability and axonal degeneration in spinal cord resembling the most common phenotype of the disease, adrenomyeloneuropathy (X‐AMN). Recently, we identified oxidative damage as an early event in life, and the excess of VLCFA as a generator of radical oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative damage to proteins in X‐ALD.

Results:

Here, we prove the capability of the antioxidants N‐acetyl‐cysteine, α‐lipoic acid, and α‐tocopherol to scavenge VLCFA‐dependent ROS generation in vitro. Furthermore, in a preclinical setting, the cocktail of the 3 compounds reversed: (1) oxidative stress and lesions to proteins, (2) immunohistological signs of axonal degeneration, and (3) locomotor impairment in bar cross and treadmill tests.

Interpretation:

We have established a direct link between oxidative stress and axonal damage in a mouse model of neurodegenerative disease. This conceptual proof of oxidative stress as a major disease‐driving factor in X‐AMN warrants translation into clinical trials for X‐AMN, and invites assessment of antioxidant strategies in axonopathies in which oxidative damage might be a contributing factor. Ann Neurol 2011;
Pregnant students in the gross anatomy laboratory: Policies and practices at chiropractic colleges
Authors: Duray Stephen M. , Mekow Craig L.
Published: January 2011

Chiropractic and medical colleges have experienced a significant increase in the number of female applicants in recent years, a percentage of whom are pregnant or become pregnant following admission. It is therefore important to ask the question: How do institutions that educate future health care providers address the issue of pregnancy and the gross anatomy laboratory? A survey instrument was developed and pretested. IRB approval was obtained. The administrators charged with overseeing the policies and practices for the gross anatomy laboratory at each of the 16 chiropractic colleges in the USA were identified and contacted. An email containing a link to the Web based survey was sent to each, using SurveyMonkey. The survey response rate was 100%. A majority of colleges (69%) have a written policy regarding pregnancy and the gross laboratory. Of these, 36% allow pregnant students to take the laboratory if a waiver is signed, 18% do not allow them to take the laboratory, 18% allow them to take it without a waiver, and 27% have other policies. In cases where students do not take the gross laboratory while pregnant, 64% of colleges require them to take the laboratory after completion of their pregnancy, 27% require them to complete an alternative (dry) laboratory, and 9% have other policies. Considerable diversity exists in the way colleges address this issue. It is at present unknown whether pregnant students or their fetuses are at any risk from laboratory chemicals. Risk assessment research is needed before consistent policies can be developed. Anat Sci Educ. © 2011 American Association of Anatomists.
Oxazolones in Organocatalysis, New Tricks for an Old Reagent
Authors: Alba Andrea‐Nekane R. , Rios Ramon
Published: January 2011

Oxazolones or azlactones are among the most‐common starting materials for the synthesis of quaternary amino acids. Since the seminal works of Steglich and co‐workers until the recent examples from Ooi and co‐workers, azlactones have been the focus of intense research. Oxazolones are also widely used in organometallic chemistry; however, with the “renaissance” of organocatalysis, this reagent has emerged as an important starting material for a broad range of new organocatalytic asymmetric methodologies. In this Focus Review, we aim to cover all of these new organocatalytic methodologies. We begin by discussing the dynamic kinetic resolution reactions developed with azlactones. Then, we disclose the organocatalytic rearrangements. Finally, we focus on the use of oxazolones as nucleophiles in organocatalytic processes.
Gold Behaves as Hydrogen in the Intermolecular Self‐Interaction of Metal Aurides MAu4 (M=Ti, Zr, and Hf)
Authors: Jung Jaehoon , Kim Hyemi , Kim Jong Chan , Park Min Hee , Han Young‐Kyu
Published: January 2011

We performed density functional calculations to examine the intermolecular self‐interaction of metal tetraauride MAu4 (M=Ti, Zr, and Hf) clusters. We found that the metal auride clusters have strong dimeric interactions (2.8–3.1 eV) and are similar to the metal hydride analogues with respect to structure and bonding nature. Similarly to (MH4)2, the (μ‐Au)3 Cs structures with three three‐center two‐electron (3c–2e) bonds were found to be the most stable. Natural orbital analysis showed that greater than 96 % of the Au 6s orbital contributes to the 3c–2e bonds, and this predominant s orbital is responsible for the similarity between metal aurides and metal hydrides (>99 % H 1s). The favorable orbital interaction between occupied Au 6s and unoccupied metal d orbitals leads to a stronger dimeric interaction for MAu4‐MAu4 than the interaction for MH4‐MH4. There is a strong relationship between the dimeric interaction energy and the chemical hardness of its monomer for (MAu4)2 and (MH4)2.
Flux coupling and transcriptional regulation within the metabolic network of the photosynthetic bacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC6803
Authors: Montagud Arnau , Zelezniak Aleksej , Navarro Emilio , de Córdoba Pedro Fernández , Urchueguía Javier F. , Patil Kiran Raosaheb
Published: January 2011

Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 is a model cyanobacterium capable of producing biofuels with CO2 as carbon source and with its metabolism fueled by light, for which it stands as a potential production platform of socio‐economic importance. Compilation and characterization of Synechocystis genome‐scale metabolic model is a pre‐requisite toward achieving a proficient photosynthetic cell factory. To this end, we report iSyn811, an upgraded genome‐scale metabolic model of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 consisting of 956 reactions and accounting for 811 genes. To gain insights into the interplay between flux activities and metabolic physiology, flux coupling analysis was performed for iSyn811 under four different growth conditions, viz., autotrophy, mixotrophy, heterotrophy, and light‐activated heterotrophy (LH). Initial steps of carbon acquisition and catabolism formed the versatile center of the flux coupling networks, surrounded by a stable core of pathways leading to biomass building blocks. This analysis identified potential bottlenecks for hydrogen and ethanol production. Integration of transcriptomic data with the Synechocystis flux coupling networks lead to identification of reporter flux coupling pairs and reporter flux coupling groups – regulatory hot spots during metabolic shifts triggered by the availability of light. Overall, flux coupling analysis provided insight into the structural organization of Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 metabolic network toward designing of a photosynthesis‐based production platform.
A Novel Organometallic ReI Complex with Favourable Properties for Bioimaging and Applicability in Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Raszeja Lukasz , Maghnouj Abdelouahid , Hahn Stephan , Metzler‐Nolte Nils
Published: January 2011

Organometallic complexes possess great potential for imaging applications in biology, due to their kinetic stability and often favourable intrinsic properties. In this work we present a new class of ReI‐tricarbonyl complexes with a substituted bis(phenanthridinylmethyl)amine (bpm) ligand. The complex Re(CO)3(R‐bpm) could be conveniently prepared by microwave synthesis from [Re(CO)3(H2O)3]Br and a suitably substituted bis(phenanthridinylmethyl)amine (R‐bpm). Complex 5, with R=CH2‐CO2‐CH3, was characterized by a single‐crystal X‐ray structure. Complex 6 (R=CH2‐C6H4‐CO2H) was used in solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) to label the neurotensin(8–13) (NT) fragment N‐terminally. The complexes show luminescence emission with large Stokes shifts (λex=350 nm, λem=570 nm). Cellular uptake and intracellular localization studies in several cell lines demonstrate the utility of the new Re(CO)3(R‐bpm) complexes for fluorescence imaging and reveal significant differences between the simple methyl ester 5 and the NT bioconjugate 7.
Validation of the seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging system for gastric cancer
Authors: Jung Hun , Lee Han Hong , Song Kyo Young , Jeon Hae Myung , Park Cho Hyun
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND:

The seventh edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification for gastric cancer was published in 2010 and included major revisions. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the validity of the seventh edition TNM classification for gastric cancer based on an Asian population.

METHODS:

A total of 2916 gastric cancer patients who underwent R0 surgical resection from 1989 through 2008 in a single institute were included, and were analyzed according to the seventh edition of the TNM classification for validation.

RESULTS:

When adjusted using the seventh edition of the TNM classification, upstaging was observed in 771 patients (26.4%) and downstaging was observed in 178 patients (6.1%) compared with the sixth edition of the TNM classification. The relative risk (RR) of seventh edition pT classification was found to be increased with regular intensity compared with the sixth edition pT classification. The RR of seventh edition pN classification was found to be increased with irregular intensity compared with the sixth edition pN classification. In survival analysis, there were significant differences noted for each stage of disease, but only a marginal difference was demonstrated between stage IA and stage IB (P = .049). In the hybrid TNM classification, which combines the seventh edition pT classification and the sixth edition pN classification, both pT and pN classifications demonstrated a more ideal distribution of the RR, and 5‐year survival rates also showed a significant difference for each stage (P
<.01).

CONCLUSIONS:

The seventh edition of the TNM classification was considered valid based on the results of the current study. However, the hybrid TNM classification, comprised of a combination of the seventh edition pT classification and sixth edition pN classification, should be considered for the next edition. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
A novel automated assay for the rapid identification of metastatic breast carcinoma in sentinel lymph nodes
Authors: Feldman Sheldon , Krishnamurthy Savitri , Gillanders William , Gittleman Mark , Beitsch Peter D. , Young Peter R. , Streck Christian J. , Whitworth Pat W. , Levine Edward A. , Boolbol Susan , Han Linda K. , Hermann Robert , Hoon Dave S. B. , Giuliano Armando E. , Meric‐Bernstam Funda ,   for the US One Step Nucleic Acid Amplification Clinical Study Group
Published: January 2011

BACKGROUND:

The authors prospectively evaluated the performance of a proprietary molecular testing platform using one‐step nucleic acid amplification (OSNA) for the detection of metastatic carcinoma in sentinel lymph nodes (SLNs) in a large multicenter trial and compared the OSNA results with the results from a detailed postoperative histopathologic evaluation (reference pathology) and from intraoperative imprint cytology (IC).

METHODS:

In total, 1044 SLN samples from 496 patients at 11 clinical sites were analyzed. Alternate 1‐mm sections were subjected to either detailed histopathologic evaluation with hematoxylin and eosin and pancytokeratin immunostaining or the OSNA Breast Cancer System, which was calibrated to detect tumor deposits >0.2 mm by measuring cytokeratin 19 messenger RNA. At 7 sites, IC was performed before permanent section. The OSNA results were classified as negative (<250 copies/μL), micrometastases (from ≥250 to <5000 copies/μL), or macrometastases (≥5000 copies/μL).

RESULTS:

The sensitivity and specificity of the OSNA breast cancer system compared with reference pathology were 77.5% (95% confidence interval, 69.7%‐84.2%) and 95.8% (95% confidence interval, 94.3%‐97.0%), respectively, before discordant case analyses (DCA). Sensitivity and specificity after DCA were 82.7% and 97.7%, and final concordance was 95.8%. Performance for invasive lobular carcinoma demonstrated 88.2% sensitivity (95% confidence interval, 63.6%‐98.5%) and 98.5% specificity (95% confidence interval, 92%‐100%). The sensitivity of OSNA was significantly better than that of IC (80% vs 63%; P = .0229).

CONCLUSIONS:

The OSNA breast cancer system proved to be highly accurate for the detection of metastatic breast cancer in axillary SLNs. Sensitivity was comparable to that predicted for conventional postoperative histologic examination at 2‐mm intervals and was significantly more sensitive than IC. Automation, semiquantitative results enabling the differentiation of macrometastasis and micrometastasis, and rapid results render the assay suitable for intraoperative and/or permanent evaluation of SLNs. Cancer 2011. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
GABAergic and glutamatergic identities of developing midbrain Pitx2 neurons
Authors: Waite M.R. , Skidmore J.M. , Billi A.C. , Martin J.F. , Martin D.M.
Published: January 2011

Pitx2, a paired‐like homeodomain transcription factor, is expressed in post‐mitotic neurons within highly restricted domains of the embryonic mouse brain. Previous reports identified critical roles for PITX2 in histogenesis of the hypothalamus and midbrain, but the cellular identities of PITX2‐positive neurons in these regions were not fully explored. This study characterizes Pitx2 expression with respect to midbrain transcription factor and neurotransmitter phenotypes in mid‐to‐late mouse gestation. In the dorsal midbrain, we identified Pitx2‐positive neurons in the stratum griseum intermedium (SGI) as GABAergic and observed a requirement for PITX2 in GABAergic differentiation. We also identified two Pitx2‐positive neuronal populations in the ventral midbrain, the red nucleus, and a ventromedial population, both of which contain glutamatergic precursors. Our data suggest that PITX2 is present in regionally restricted subpopulations of midbrain neurons and may have unique functions that promote GABAergic and glutamatergic differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 240:333–346, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
cis‐regulatory mutations are a genetic cause of human limb malformations
Authors: VanderMeer Julia E. , Ahituv Nadav
Published: January 2011

The underlying mutations that cause human limb malformations are often difficult to determine, particularly for limb malformations that occur as isolated traits. Evidence from a variety of studies shows that cis‐regulatory mutations, specifically in enhancers, can lead to some of these isolated limb malformations. Here, we provide a review of human limb malformations that have been shown to be caused by enhancer mutations and propose that cis‐regulatory mutations will continue to be identified as the cause of additional human malformations as our understanding of regulatory sequences improves. Developmental Dynamics 240:920–930, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facile Preparation of Paramagnetic RuIII and OsIII Hexacyanides
Authors: Vostrikova Kira E. , Peresypkina Eugenia V.
Published: January 2011

Diamagnetic K4[M(CN)6], M = RuII, OsII are easily and quantitatively transformed into paramagnetic [M(CN)6]3– in methanol with the help of crown ethers. Hexacyanoosmate(II) is oxidized by air, whereas for hexacyanoruthenate(II), H2O2 is needed. These two cyanometallates, (K@18‐crown‐6)3[M(CN)6]·nSolv, were characterized both in solution and in the solid state. The compounds were obtained as single crystals, and their crystal and molecular structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction analysis. In the proposed synthetic method, the use of methanol minimizes hydrolysis and considerably increases the yield and purity.
Diiron Complexes with Pendant Phenol Group(s) as Mimics of the Diiron Subunit of [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase: Synthesis, Characterisation, and Electrochemical Investigation
Authors: Tang Ying , Wei Zhenhong , Zhong Wei , Liu Xiaoming
Published: January 2011

Four diiron hexacarbonyl complexes, [Fe2(μ‐SCH2‐o‐C6H4OMe)2(CO)6] (4a), [Fe2{μ‐SCH2‐o,m‐C6H3(OMe)2}2(CO)6] (4b), [Fe2{μ‐SCH2‐o,o′‐C6H3(CO2Me)(OMe)}2(CO)6] (4c) and the demethylated form of complex 4a, [Fe2(μ‐SCH2‐o‐C6H4OH)2(CO)6] (5a), were synthesised and fully characterised. Complexes 4b and 4c were also structurally analysed. Electrochemical investigations revealed that the integrity of the bridging linkages of the examined diiron complexes significantly affect their reduction reversibility and catalysis through a coupled chemical reaction in a unique ECE mechanism, widely adopted by complexes with the core {Fe2(CO)4–6}. Demethylation of complexes 4a and 1Me, [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2CMe(CH2‐o‐C6H4OMe)(CO)6], by BBr3 led to complexes (5a and 1H, [Fe2(μ‐SCH2)2CMe(CH2‐o‐C6H4OH)(CO)6]) with pendant phenol group(s), a weak acid. Deprotonation of the two complexes produced the pendant phenolate, which instantly intramolecularly substitutes the bound CO to yield species of the coordination form FeI–OR (R = phenolic moiety). Electrochemical investigation revealed that the pendant phenol groups in complexes 1H and 5a do not seem to improve their catalytic efficiency in proton reduction in the medium acetic acid/dichloromethane.
On the Compatibility of Azides in Phosphoramidite‐Based Couplings: Synthesis of a Novel, Convertible Azido‐Functionalized CyPLOS Analogue
Authors: Coppola Cinzia , Simeone Luca , De Napoli Lorenzo , Montesarchio Daniela
Published: January 2011

With the aim of preparing a library of ion transporters based on a CyPLOS (cyclic phosphate‐linked oligosaccharide) backbone, we describe the synthesis of a novel azido‐derivatized CyPLOS analogue that is tailored for practical post‐synthetic functionalization with a variety of labels. As a prerequisite for the effective preparation of this phosphate‐linked macrocycle, the compatibility of azido alcohols as coupling agents in phosphoramidite synthetic protocols was preliminarily investigated in solution by using 31P NMR spectroscopy to monitor the standard coupling of a nucleoside 3′‐phosphoramidite with suitable model alcohols and azides.
Highly Enantioselective Access to α‐Dibenzylamino Ketones from Chiral Nonracemic α‐Bromo α′‐Sulfinyl Ketones by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution: Synthesis of (2R,1′S)‐2‐[1‐(Dibenzylamino)alkyl]oxiranes
Authors: Géant Pierre‐Yves , Martínez Jean , Salom‐Roig Xavier J.
Published: January 2011

A novel and efficient synthesis of enantiomerically pure α‐dibenzylamino α′‐sulfinyl ketones starting from a mixture of both epimers of α‐bromo α′‐(R)‐sulfinyl ketone has been realized through combined in situ substitution–epimerization in a so‐called Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (DKR). The scope of the reaction has been examined, and four differently substituted α‐(S)‐dibenzylamino α′‐(R)‐sulfinyl ketones were obtained in good yields with excellent diastereoselectivities. The utility of these derivatives was further illustrated with a highly stereoselective synthesis of syn‐(2R,1′S)‐2‐(1‐dibenzylaminoalkyl)oxiranes.
Indium‐Mediated Allenylation of Aldehydes and Its Application in Carbohydrate Chemistry: Efficient Synthesis of D‐Ribulose and 1‐Deoxy‐D‐ribulose
Authors: Fischer Michael , Schmölzer Christoph , Nowikow Christina , Schmid Walther
Published: January 2011

A two‐step reaction sequence starting with the indium‐mediated allenylation of aldehydes with 4‐bromo‐2‐butyn‐1‐ols and subsequent ozonolysis of the resulting allenylic product was developed to generate a variety of dihydroxyacetone derivatives. The regioselectivity of the indium‐promoted C–C bond‐forming reaction can be manipulated through hydroxy protecting groups on 4‐bromo‐2‐butyn‐1‐ol, yielding either allenes or alkynes as preferred products. Compared to established protocols, the necessary amount of indium for this type of allenylation can be decreased by a factor of two to four. The versatility of this strategy was demonstrated in thestereoselective and straightforward synthesis of D‐ribulose and 1‐deoxy‐D‐ribulose.
Synthesis of Biologically Active Nonnatural Palmarumycin Derivatives
Authors: Aslan Abdulselam , Altun Sultan , Ahmed Ishtiaq , Flörke Ulrich , Schulz Barbara , Krohn Karsten
Published: January 2011

Diels–Alder reaction of benzoquinone monoacetal 1 with 1‐methoxy‐1,3‐butadiene (4) and dimethyl(1‐methyl‐3‐vinylcyclohex‐3‐enyl)(phenyl)silane (5) gave the expected adducts 2 and 3, whereas with siloxy‐dienes such as 3‐methyl‐1‐(trimethylsiloxy)‐1,3‐butadiene (6) a 1,2‐aldol‐type adduct 9 was isolated. The Diels–Alder adduct 2 was isomerized under mild basic conditions to the olefin 10 and eliminated to the diene 11 under mild acidic or thermal conditions. The olefins 2, 10 and 11 were subjected to epoxidation with m‐chloroperbenzoic acid and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide under mild basic conditions to afford the epoxides 12, 15, and 18 under the former conditions and 13, 14, 16, 17, 19, and 20 under the latter conditions. The olefins 1, 2, 10, 11, and 20 were also transformed into the respective cis‐diols 21a and 23a–26a. From theses diols the corresponding diacetates (b) andacetonides (c) were prepared. The compounds were tested against the Gram‐negative bacterium Escherichia coli, the Gram‐positive bacterium Bacillus megaterium, and the fungus Microbotryum violaceum. Whereas compound 25b was the most active of the diacetates and the epoxide 18 the most active of all substances, all of the compounds were biologically active against the three test organisms, equalling and surpassing those of the natural palmarumycins.
Analysis of inorganic cations in biological samples by the combination of micro‐electrodialysis and capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Doan Thi Kieu Oanh , Kubáň Pavel , Kubáň Petr , Kiplagat Isaac K. , Boček Petr
Published: January 2011

Micro‐electrodialysis (μED) and CE were combined for rapid pretreatment and subsequent determination of inorganic cations in biological samples. Combination of μED with CE greatly improved the analytical performance of the latter as the adsorption of high molecular weight compounds present in real samples on the inner capillary wall was eliminated. Fifty microliter of 80‐fold diluted human body fluids such as plasma, serum and whole blood was used in the donor compartment of the μED system requiring less than 1 μL of the original body fluid per analysis. Inorganic cations that migrated through a cellulose acetate dialysis membrane with molecular weight cut‐off value of 500 Da were collected in the acceptor solution and were then analyzed using CE‐C4D. Baseline separation of inorganic cations was achieved in a BGE solution consisting of 12.5 mM maleic acid, 15 mM L‐arginine and 3 mM 18‐crown‐6 at pH 5.5. Repeatability of the CE‐C4D method was better than 0.5% and 2.5% for migration times and peak areas, respectively; limits of detection of all inorganic cations in the presence of 2 mM excess of Na+ were around 1 μM and calibration curves were linear with correlation coefficients better than 0.998. Repeatability of the sample pretreatment procedure was calculated for six independent electrodialysis runs of artificial and real samples and was better than 11.8%. Recovery values between 96.3 and 110% were achieved for optimized electrodialysis conditions of standard solutions and real samples; lifetime of the dialysis membranes for pretreatment of real samples was estimated to 100 runs.
Thermal denaturation produced degenerative proteins and interfered with MS for proteins dissolved in lysis buffer in proteomic analysis
Authors: Wang Xuchu , Wang Haiyan , Wang Dan , Wang Dongyang , Han Bing , Tian Weimin , Guo Anping
Published: January 2011

In 1‐DE, proteins were traditionally mixed with the standard Laemmli buffer and boiled for several minutes. Recently, proteins dissolved in lysis buffer were used to produce better‐resolved 2‐DE gels, but thermal denaturation procedure still remained in some proteomic analysis. To determine the detailed effects of thermal denaturation on SDS‐PAGE and MS, both 1‐DE and 2‐DE were performed using proteins heated at 100°C for different periods of time, and 17 protein bands/spots were positively identified by MALDI TOF/TOF MS/MS. Protein profiles on both 1‐DE and 2‐DE gels changed obviously and more polydisperse bands/spots were observed with increased heating time for over‐heated samples. Based on these observations, an alternative protein marker‐producing method was designed by directly dissolving protein standards without BSA into lysis buffer. This new kind of protein marker could be stored at room temperature for a long time, thus was more convenient for using and shipping. The identification of 17 proteins via MS and comparison of their identities revealed MASCOT‐searched scores, number of both matched peptides, total searched peptides and sequence coverage became progressively lower with increasing denaturation intensity, probably due to the interference of thermal denaturation on trypsin cleavage efficiency and produced redundant modified peptides. Therefore, it was concluded that thermal denaturation not only changed the protein profiles and produced more polydisperse protein bands/spots, but also heavily interfered with the subsequent MS analysis, hence not recommended in future proteomic analysis for proteins dissolved in lysis buffer.
Sweeping of neutral analytes in partial‐filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Quirino Joselito P.
Published: January 2011

Sweeping improved the peak intensity of neutral analytes (i.e. dialkylphthalates) more than 100‐fold without compromise to separation efficiency in partial‐filling micellar electrokinetic chromatography with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry detection.
Validated primer set that prevents nuclear DNA sequences of mitochondrial origin co‐amplification: A revision based on the New Human Genome Reference Sequence (GRCh37)
Authors: Ramos Amanda , Santos Cristina , Barbena Elena , Mateiu Ligia , Alvarez Luis , Nogués Ramon , Aluja Maria Pilar
Published: January 2011

A new human genome reference sequence – GRCh37 – was recently generated and made available by the Genome Reference Consortium. Since the prior disposable human reference sequence – hg18 – was previously used for the mitochondrial DNA primer BLAST validation, a revision of those previously published primer pairs is required. Thus, the aim of this Short Communication is to perform an in silico BLAST test of the published disposable nine primer pairs using the new human reference sequence and to report the pertinent modifications. The new analysis showed that one of the tested primer pairs requires a revision. Therefore, a new validated primer pair, which specifically amplifies the mitochondrial region located between positions 6520 and 9184, is presented.
Investigation of power frequency magnetic field radiation in typical high‐rise building
Authors: Leung S. W. , Chan K. H. , Fung L. C.
Published: January 2011

Busway risers and power cables in high‐rise buildings normally carry a relatively large current to deliver power to different levels of the building, and this raises a concern on both the human safety issue and the performance degradation of magnetic sensitive office equipment due to the generated large magnetic field radiation. In this paper, the impact and situation of magnetic field radiations at power frequency inside high‐rise buildings is reviewed, and followed by a case study of magnetic field assessment inside a typical high‐rise building in Hong Kong. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The evolutionary geometry of human anatomy: Discovering our inner fly
Authors: Held Lewis I.
Published: January 2011

The human body is one still frame in a very long evolutionary movie. Anthropologists focus on the last few scenes, whereas geneticists try to trace the screenplay back as far as possible. Despite their divergent time scales (millions versus billions of years), both disciplines share a reliance on a third field of study whose scope spans only a matter of days to months, depending on the organism. Embryology is crucial for understanding both the pliability of anatomy and the modularity of gene circuitry. The relevance of human embryology to anthropology is obvious. What is not so obvious is the notion that equally useful clues about human anatomy can be gleaned by studying the development of the fruit fly, an animal as different from us structurally as it is distant from us evolutionarily. The underlying kinship between ourselves and flies has only become apparent recently, thanks to revelations from the nascent field of evolutionary developmental biology, or evo‐devo. All bilaterally symmetric animals, it turns out, share a common matrix of body axes, a common lexicon of intercellular signals, and a common arsenal of genetic gadgetry that evolution has tweaked in different ways in different lineages to produce a dazzling spectrum of shapes and patterns. Anthropologists can exploit this deep commonality to search our genome more profitably for the mutations that steered us so far astray from our fellow apes.
In Vivo Evaluation of the Cross-Genotype Neutralizing Activity of Polyclonal Antibodies Against Hepatitis C Virus Δσ
Authors: Meuleman Philip , Bukh Jens , Verhoye Lieven , Farhoudi Ali , Vanwolleghem Thomas , Wang Richard Y. , Desombere Isabelle , Alter Harvey , Purcell Robert H. , Leroux-Roels Geert
Published: January 2011

Control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection remains a huge challenge of global medical importance. Using a variety of

in vitro

approaches, neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) have been identified in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C. The exact role these nAbs play in the resolution of acute HCV infection still remains elusive. We have previously shown that purified polyclonal antibodies isolated from plasma obtained in 2003 from a chronic HCV patient (Patient H) can protect human liver chimeric mice from a subsequent challenge with the autologous HCV strain isolated from Patient H in 1977 (H77). In this study we investigated whether polyclonal antibodies isolated from Patient H in 2006 (H06), which display high cross-genotype neutralizing activity in both the HCV pseudoparticle (HCVpp) and HCV cell culture (HCVcc) systems, were also able to prevent HCV infection of different genotypes (gt) in vivo. Following passive immunization with H06-antibodies, chimeric mice were challenged with the consensus strains H77C (gt1a), ED43 (gt4a), or HK6a (gt6a). In accordance with previous results, H06-antibodies prevented infection of chimeric mice with the autologous virus. However, the outcome of a homologous challenge is highly influenced by the amount of challenge virus injected. Depending on the viral genotype used, H06-antibodies were able to protect up to 50% of chimeric mice from a heterologous challenge. Animals in which the antibody pretreatment failed displayed a clear delay in the kinetics of viral infection. Sequence analysis of the recovered viruses did not suggest antibody-induced viral escape.

Conclusion:

Polyclonal anti-HCV antibodies isolated from a chronic HCV patient can protect against an

in vivo

challenge with different HCV genotypes. However, the

in vivo

protective efficacy of cross-genotype neutralizing antibodies was less than predicted by cell culture experiments. (Hepatology 2011)
Translation and cultural adaptation of health utilities index with application to pediatric oncology patients during neutropenia and recovery in Turkey
Authors: Boran Perran , Horsman John , Tokuc Gulnur , Furlong William , Muradoglu Pinar Uygur , Vagas Elif
Published: January 2011

Background

This is a report on the translation and cultural adaptation from English to Turkish languages of a standard HEALTH UTILITIES INDEX® (HUI®) questionnaire for interviewer‐administration and proxy assessment of patients' health status, and its use for assessing 50 consecutive pediatric oncology patients during periods of and subsequent recovery from neutropenia.

Procedure

Preparation of the Turkish‐language questionnaire was a collaborative effort by physician‐researchers in Turkey, senior Health Utilities, Inc. staff with extensive experience in the development and translation of HUI questionnaires, and Turkish‐born residents of Canada. Standard HUI questionnaires cover both HUI Mark 2 (HUI2) and HUI Mark 3 (HUI3).

Results

The mean improvement in overall health‐related quality of life (HRQL) scores between neutropenic and non‐neutropenic phases was clinically important according to both HUI2 and HUI3 instruments. Single‐attribute utility scores showed clinically important size improvements between phases for HUI2 mobility, emotion, and HUI2 self‐care. Significant reductions in disability rates between phases were also detected for pain (HUI2 and HUI3 rate decreases of 30%, P < 0.001) and HUI3 ambulation (rate decline of 14%, P = 0.020).

Conclusions

The study results provide evidence that the Turkish‐language questionnaire is acceptable, valid and useful for collecting parental assessments of health‐status among young cancer patients in Turkey. Neutropenia was associated with important deficits in overall HRQL and disabilities in ambulation/mobility, emotion, self‐care, and pain. Treatment plans should include strategies for addressing emotion and pain problems to improve the HRQL of neutropenic patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:812–817. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Studies on the stability of salvianolic acid B as potential drug material
Authors: Zhou Li‐Na , Zhang Xin , Xu Wei‐Zhuo , Ma Xiao‐Nan , Jia Zhen , Zheng Ya‐Ming , You Song
Published: January 2011

Introduction – Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is one of the major water‐soluble compounds isolated from the roots of Salvia miltiorrhiza, which is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine. Although much research on the general stability of Sal B has been undertaken and reported, there is still a need for further study of the stability required as a potential drug material.

Objective – To study the stability of Sal B in the solid state and in normal saline (NS) solution during storage, as required in the ICH guidelines (2003) and Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2005).

Methodology – Sal B stability was analysed using the high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method described in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. HPLC coupled with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC‐TOFMS) was applied for the separation and identification of the degradation products of Sal B.

Results – In the solid state, Sal B packaged in aluminium foil bags was stable for 6 months under ‘accelerated conditions’ (40°C, 75% relative humidity, RH). However, solid Sal B degradation was observed under open exposure to stress conditions of high temperature (60°C) or high humidity (92.5 or 75% RH). In NS solution, Sal B underwent severe degradation under accelerated conditions. Through HPLC‐TOFMS, nine degradation products were identified and the possible degradation pathway was deduced.

Conclusion – The results demonstrate that the potential drug material Sal B could be used in a solid formulation, but is not suitable for use as a liquid formulation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of cannabis use during pregnancy: an assessment of healthcare professionals' practices
Authors: Gérardin Marie , Victorri‐Vigneau Caroline , Louvigné Cécile , Rivoal Marion , Jolliet Pascale
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Because of the increase of cannabis use, healthcare professionals are more and more confronted with pregnancies which have been exposed to this drug. There may be health consequences during the course of pregnancy and also for the babies throughout their development. We have made a study in order to evaluate practices of detection and care for pregnant women who use cannabis.

Methods

A questionnaire was sent to all gynaecologists (GYNs), obstetricians (OBs) and midwives (MWs) in the district of Loire‐Atlantique and to a 20% randomized sample of general practitioners (GPs).

Results

The participation rate was 60.1%. Only 51.4% of healthcare professionals asked their patients about drugs use and 68.1% didn't feel informed enough about the risks of cannabis use during pregnancy. There was a significant difference between the healthcare professionals who deliver babies (OBs and MWs) and those who only do prenatal consultations (GYNs and GPs). The first group question their patients about the use of cannabis more often (69.1% versus 39.8%; p = 0.01), and also feel more informed about the risks of cannabis use during pregnancy (42.0% versus 24.4%; p = 0.025).

Conclusions

Healthcare professionals who supervise childbirth have a more accurate perception of the risk related to the consumption of cannabis during pregnancy. But preventive action must be taken early on because the lack of early identification at the beginning of pregnancy represents a public health problem. After observing the results we feel there is a strong need for training for all practitioners. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform shell patterning using rubber‐assisted hot embossing process. II. Process analysis
Authors: Nagarajan Pratapkumar , Yao Donggang
Published: January 2011

This two‐article sequence on rubber‐assisted embossing was aimed to understand the basic mechanisms affecting the pattern uniformity and replicability and to determine a process window for achieving uniform patterning and faithful replication. In Part I, the effects of major process and material parameters were identified and studied, and strategies for successful hot embossing with rubber as a pressure medium were proposed. In Part II, the rubber‐assisted embossing process was analyzed considering the unique rheological behavior of the materials involved to develop useful predictive capabilities for this new process. Specifically, a finite‐strain hyperelastic formulation was used for simulating the isothermal embossing stage, and a generalized Maxwell model was used to study the stress relaxation during the holding stage and to predict the elastic recovery after demolding. The rheological properties obtained in Part I were fitted to the constitutive models and implemented in the simulation procedures. The simulation results agreed with the major findings in the experimental work and provided a more quantitative insight into the process. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Synthesis of Y‐shaped poly(N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethyl methacrylate) and poly(trimethylene carbonate) from a new heterofunctional initiator
Authors: Zhang Huaihong , Sun Baiwang , Chen Yaoqiang , Wang Jianli
Published: January 2011

A new amphiphilic Y‐shaped copolymer, comprised of hydrophobic Poly(trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) and hydrophilic Poly(N,N‐dimethylamino‐2‐ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), was designed and synthesized by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) using a new heterofunctional initiator, Br‐Init‐(OH)2, bearing one initiation site for ATRP and two for ROP. At first, a new trifunctional core molecule bearing hydroxyl group and bromine moieties, Br‐Init‐(OH)2, was synthesized via protection followed by esterification reaction of 5‐ethyl‐5‐hydroxymethyl‐2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide and deprotection. In the presence of trifunctional core molecule, Br‐Init‐(OH)2, target Y‐shaped miktoarm star copolymers, (PTMC)2‐ b‐PDMAEMA, were successfully synthesized by sequence conducting the ROP of TMC and ATRP of DMAEMA. The Y‐shaped copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR and GPC measurements. Subsequently, the self‐assembly behavior of these copolymers was investigated by dynamic light scattering method and transmission electron microscopy, which indicated that these amphiphilic Y‐shaped copolymers can self‐assemble into micelles and possess distinct pH‐dependent size in aqueous milieu. The results indicate that the amphiphilic Y‐shaped copolymers had the pH‐responsive properties similar to the expected PDMAEMA. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Ring‐opening polymerization of ε‐caprolactone using perfluoroalkanesulfonates and perfluoroalkanesulfonimides as organic catalysts
Authors: Oshimura Miyuki , Tang Tang , Takasu Akinori
Published: January 2011

We examined ring‐opening polymerizations (ROPs) of ε‐caprolactone in toluene at 25–50 °C catalyzed by perfluoroalkanesulfonates and perfluoroalkanesulfonimides as organic catalysts. The ROPs proceeded quickly using these super Brönsted acids as catalysts. We synthesized poly(ε‐caprolactone)s (Mn = 4.8 × 103–13.5 × 103) with low polydispersity (Mw/Mn = 1.10–1.48). These strong Brönsted acids catalyzed living polymerizations of ε‐caprolactone. After polymerization, Nf2NH was recovered and reused. To survey solvents, CHCl3 and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were used instead of toluene as solvents for polymerization. When THF was used as a solvent, not only ε‐caprolactone, but also THF was polymerized and incorporated into the polymer chain (incorporated THF ratio; 6–10%). We investigated the reaction kinetics and activation thermodynamics of the organic catalysts. The activation energy and the activation enthalpy values for the ROPs of ε‐caprolactone using the catalyst having electron‐withdrawing ligand were smaller, but the activation entropy value is more negative. Moreover, the ranked values of the activation enthalpy for the reaction well parallel the polarity of solvents. The ranked values of the activation free energies well parallel those of the times required for polymerization completion. Our findings indicate that the super Brönsted acids are excellent catalysts for rapid ROP of ε‐caprolactone: they are more active than N, N‐dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP) or stannous (II) 2‐ethylhexanoate [Sn(Oct)2]. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011