bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BDS
Authors: Gupta Shashank , Gupta B. B.
Published: November 2014

Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attack is a vulnerability on the client-side browser that is caused by the improper sanitization of the user input embedded in the Web pages. Researchers in the past had proposed various types of defensive strategies, vulnerability scanners, etc., but still XSS flaws remains in the Web applications due to inadequate understanding and implementation of various defensive tools and strategies. Therefore, in this chapter, the authors propose a security model called Browser Dependent XSS Sanitizer (BDS) on the client-side Web browser for eliminating the effect of XSS vulnerability. Various earlier client-side solutions degrade the performance on the Web browser side. But in this chapter, the authors use a three-step approach to bypass the XSS attack without degrading much of the user's Web browsing experience. While auditing the experiments, this approach is capable of preventing the XSS attacks on various modern Web browsers.
An Evolutionary Approach for Load Balancing in Cloud Computing
Authors: Mohapatra Subashis , Majhi Banshidhar
Published: November 2014

Cloud computing has many issues related to privacy, security, scalability, elasticity, and efficiency. Load balancing is one of the vexing issues in cloud computing. Load balancing ensures that all processors in the system have approximately an equal amount of work at any instance of time. In this chapter, the authors analyze some load-balancing algorithms and compare their performances using cloud analyst. Lots of references are added for the benefit of readers.
Why Search for Evidence for Practice in Social Work?
Authors: Cargill Justin
Published: November 2014

How is evidence integrated into the practice relationship between social worker and client? Studies suggest that at the practice level research is not consistently utilised. Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) has been hailed as a means of bringing practice and research together in a way that strengthens the empirical base of social work. Although EBP has had strong endorsement, it has also come under heavy criticism. This chapter explores these concerns in the hope of further clarifying the model. The need for an inclusive definition of evidence is emphasised giving rightful place to empirical research and to other forms of evidence. The need for a synthesis of evidence-based practice and critical reflection is also explored. Evidence must be used in a critically reflective way if it is to be used effectively. Finally, the language of “evidence-informed” is shown to more clearly articulate the components of the EBP process.
Child Protection, “Dirty Work,” and Interagency Collaboration
Authors: Flaherty Annette
Published: November 2014

Working in partnership is considered a key mechanism for effective delivery of services to children and families. However, child protection system inquiries in Australia and internationally repeatedly highlight strained relationships and poor collaboration within the child protection service system. Despite organisational, technological, legislative, and procedural changes to enhance and facilitate interagency working, these interventions have generally failed to realise this goal. Trust and shared values are considered integral to effective interagency working. Developing trust and thus effective working relationships is fraught when one group of workers in the service system is perceived to be “dirty workers.” This chapter explores the concept of “dirty work.” It suggests that the way in which failure to attend to belief systems at the organisational, professional, and community level, particularly as they relate to the professional stigma which attaches to the practice of child protection work, inhibits the ability of agencies to work successfully together.
Social Work and Youth Justice in a Global Context
Authors: Whyte Bill
Published: November 2014

Social work in youth justice is directed by international standards based on an implied socio-educative paradigm that conflicts with the dominant criminal justice paradigm in operation in most jurisdictions. This creates global challenges in establishing “child-centred” policy and practice for dealing with young people under the age of 18 years in conflict with the law. Social work practitioners, directed by international imperatives and professional ethics, operate between shifting and often conflicting paradigms. It is essential they are familiar with international obligations and operate as “culture carriers” providing an ongoing challenge to systems of youth justice. This chapter examines these issues and, in the absence of consensus or of a shared paradigm for social work practice across jurisdictions, considers what a socio-educative paradigm for practice might look like.
Picking up the Pieces
Authors: Pack Margaret
Published: November 2014

This chapter reports the findings from a review of contemporary assessment and treatment approaches with adult women who have experienced Child Sexual Abuse (CSA). The social worker who engages with women recovering from CSA in adulthood needs to address issues of trust, relationship, and safety. Services that provide culturally sensitive and appropriate models of intervention are likely to impact positively on client rapport and engagement with the social worker and, therefore, greater therapeutic gains are possible when a relationship of trust is established. The implications for social work practice are discussed in relation to a multi-systems and multi-theoretical approach involving the client and her social networks from within strengths-based and ecological systems perspectives. Future research is recommended on the impact of the availability of culturally appropriate services for CSA survivors and cultural safety supervision for social workers, as these variables influence the therapeutic outcomes for women survivors of CSA.
A Social Work Approach in High-Tech Neurosurgery and Social Work Research Approaches in Health Care
Authors: Pritchard Colin
Published: November 2014

Psychiatric social work is inherently inter-disciplinary with an interactive bio-psycho-social model of behaviour. This chapter mainly focuses upon an innovative study in neurosurgery. Sub-Arachnoid Haemorrhage (SAH) is a life-threatening condition and survivors are often left with serious cognitive impairment. Patients and their carers led the design of a two-year controlled prospective study of a patient and family support service, using the Specialist Neurovascular Nurse (SNVN) to speed rehabilitation and family readjustment. Cost-effective measures found the SNVN group gained significant psychosocial and fiscal benefits when compared to the control group, thus highlighting the effectiveness of a social work approach in neurosurgery. Other studies in healthcare, including surgical patient safety, effectiveness in reducing mortality, cultural influence on suicide rates and implications for prevention, and the implications of the changing patterns of neurological mortality in Western nations, are briefly described.
Neuroimaging abnormalities and seizure recurrence in a prospective cohort study of Zambians with human immunodeficiency virus and first seizure
Authors: Potchen Michael J. , Siddiqi Omar K. , Elafros Melissa A. , Koralnik Igor J. , Theodore William H. , Sikazwe Izukanji , Kalungwana Lisa , Bositis Chrstopher M. , Birbeck Gretchen L.
Published: November 2014

In HIV-positive individuals with first seizure, we describe neuroimaging findings, detail clinical and demographic risk factors for imaging abnormalities, and evaluate the relationship between imaging abnormalities and seizure recurrence to determine if imaging abnormalities predict recurrent seizures. Among 43 participants (mean 37.4 years, 56% were male), 16 (37%) were on antiretroviral drugs, 32 (79%) had advanced HIV disease, and (28) 66% had multiple seizures and/or status epilepticus at enrollment. Among those with cerebrospinal fluid studies, 14/31 (44%) had opportunistic infections (OIs). During follow-up, 9 (21%) died and 15 (35%) experienced recurrent seizures. Edema was associated with OIs (odds ratio: 8.79; confidence interval: 1.03-236) and subcortical atrophy with poorer scores on the International HIV Dementia Scale) (5.2 vs. 9.3; P=0.002). Imaging abnormalities were not associated with seizure recurrence or death (P>0.05). Seizure recurrence occurred in at least a third and over 20% died during follow-up. Imaging was not predictive of recurrent seizure or death, but imaging abnormalities may offer additional diagnostic insights in terms of OI risk and cognitive impairment.
Culicoides species abundance and potential over-wintering of African horse sickness virus in the Onderstepoort area, Gauteng, South Africa
Authors: Venter Gert J. , Labuschagne Karien , Majatladi Daphney , Boikanyo Solomon N.B. , Lourens Carina , Ebersohn Karen , Venter Estelle H.
Published: November 2014

In South Africa, outbreaks of African horse sickness (AHS) occur in summer; no cases are reported in winter, from July to September. The AHS virus (AHSV) is transmitted almost exclusively by Culicoides midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), of which Culicoides imicola is considered to be the most important vector. The over-wintering mechanism of AHSV is unknown. In this study, more than 500 000 Culicoides midges belonging to at least 26 species were collected in 88 light traps at weekly intervals between July 2010 and September 2011 near horses in the Onderstepoort area of South Africa. The dominant species was C. imicola. Despite relatively low temperatures and frost, at least 17 species, including C. imicola, were collected throughout winter (June–August). Although the mean number of midges per night fell from > 50 000 (March) to < 100 (July and August), no midge-free periods were found. This study, using virus isolation on cell cultures and a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, confirmed low infection prevalence in field midges and that the detection of virus correlated to high numbers. Although no virus was detected during this winter period, continuous adult activity indicated that transmission can potentially occur. The absence of AHSV in the midges during winter can be ascribed to the relatively low numbers collected coupled to low infection prevalence, low virus replication rates and low virus titres in the potentially infected midges. Cases of AHS in susceptible animals are likely to start as soon as Culicoides populations reach a critical level.
Congenital hypothyroidism and concurrent renal insufficiency in a kitten
Authors: Lim Chee Kin , Rosa Chantal T. , De Witt Yolanda , Schoeman Johan P.
Published: November 2014

A 3-month-old male domestic short-hair kitten was presented with chronic constipation and disproportionate dwarfism. Radiographs of the long bones and spine revealed delayed epiphyseal ossification and epiphyseal dysgenesis. Diagnosis of congenital primary hypothyroidism was confirmed by low serum total thyroxine and high thyroid stimulating hormone concentrations. Appropriate supplementation of levothyroxine was instituted. The kitten subsequently developed mild renal azotaemia and renal proteinuria, possibly as a consequence of treatment or an unmasked congenital renal developmental abnormality. Early recognition, diagnosis and treatment are vital as alleviation of clinical signs may depend on the cat’s age at the time of diagnosis.
Atypical endometrial cells and atypical glandular cells favor endometrial origin in Papanicolaou cervicovaginal tests: Correlation with histologic follow-up and abnormal clinical presentations
Authors: Chen Longwen , Booth Christine N. , Shorie Julie A. , Brainard Jennifer A. , Zarka Matthew A.
Published: November 2014

The 2001 Bethesda system recommends further classifying atypical glandular cells (AGCs) as either endocervical or endometrial origin. Numerous studies have investigated the clinical significance of AGC. In this study, we investigated the incidence of clinically significant lesions among women with liquid-based Papanicolaou cervicovaginal (Pap) interpretations of atypical endometrial cells (AEMs) or AGC favor endometrial origin (AGC-EM). More importantly, we correlated patients of AEM or AGC-EM with their clinical presentations to determine if AEM/AGC-EM combined with abnormal vaginal bleeding is associated with a higher incidence of significant endometrial pathology. All liquid-based Pap tests with an interpretation of AEM and AGC-EM from July, 2004 through June, 2009 were retrieved from the database. Women with an interpretation of atypical endocervical cells, AGC, favor endocervical origin or AGC, favor neoplastic were not included in the study. The most severe subsequent histologic diagnoses were recorded for each patient. During this 5-year period, we accessioned 332,470 Pap tests of which 169 (0.05%) were interpreted as either AEM or AGC-EM. Of the 169 patients, 133 had histologic follow-up within the health care system. The patients ranged in age from 21 to 71 years old (mean 49.7). On follow-up histology, 27 (20.3%) had neoplastic/preneoplastic uterine lesions. Among them, 20 patients were diagnosed with adenocarcinoma (18 endometrial, 1 endocervical, and 1 metastatic colorectal), 3 with atypical endometrial hyperplasia, and 4 with endometrial hyperplasia without atypia. All patients with significant endometrial pathology, except one, were over 40 years old, and 22 of 25 patients reported abnormal vaginal bleeding at the time of endometrial biopsy or curettage. This study represents a large series of women with liquid-based Pap test interpretations of AEM and AGC-EM with clinical follow-up. Significant preneoplastic or neoplastic endometrial lesions were identified in 20.3% of patients. Patients with Pap test interpretations of AEM or AGC-EM and the clinical presentation of abnormal vaginal bleeding should be followed closely.
Fine-needle aspiration cytology of pilomatrixoma: A short series of three cases
Authors: Nigam Jitendra Singh , Singh Savitri
Published: November 2014

Pilomatrixoma (PMX) (pilomatricoma, calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe) is a benign tumor with differentiation toward the hair matrix cells and is common in head and neck region. It is most commonly seen in the first two decades of life and presents as a subcutaneous, small, asymptomatic firm solitary nodule. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) has been described as an important preoperative diagnostic investigation though on cytology the diagnosis of PMX is sometimes difficult and misdiagnosed. We describe two patients with gradually increasing asymptomatic swelling on pinna and middle finger. FNAC was done and a diagnosis of PMX was given, further confirmed by histopathological examination. The present cases highlight the importance of FNAC in considering PMX as differential diagnosis of dermal or subcutaneous nodules in locations other than head and neck. Cytopathologists who play an important role in the preliminary diagnosis should keep in mind the variability of the cellular composition of these types of lesions to avoid misdiagnosis.
Single Step Test for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Dahiya Krishna , Sahu Jyoti
Published: November 2014

Gestational diabetes mellitus is one of the most common medical disorders found in pregnancy. Clinical recognition of GDM is important because timely intervention by dietary measures or insulin and fetal surveillance can reduce the well described associated maternal and fetal complications. This observational study was done in PGIMS, Rohtak during period from January 2011 to December 2011. Single step test using 75 gm oral glucose was used as screening and diagnostic test for GDM. Fetomaternal outcome was studied in all the subjects. Prevalence of GDM was 7%. In Indian context with a high prevalence of GDM the Universal screening is superior to selective screening in detecting more cases, facilitating early diagnosis and associated with improved pregnancy outcome with appropriate management. Present study concurs with the WHO recommendation of 2 hours 75 gm OGTT as single step procedure for both screening as well as diagnosis of GDM. Hence, we suggest the adaptation of 75 gm glucose single step test for screening and diagnosis of GDM.

How to cite this article

Dahiya K, Sahu J. Single Step Test for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(2):88-92.
Infrared Coagulation of Benign Erosions of Cervix
Authors: Sortey Kanchan
Published: November 2014

Cervical erosion is the commonest problem encountered in gynecological practice. Various methods have been used uptil now to treat benign cervical erosion, such as electrocautery, cryotherapy and laser. All have some advantages and disadvantages. Aim: To evaluate the utility of infrared coagulator in conservative treatment of benign cervical erosions.

Methods and results

This is a study of 1000 cases. Nine hundred and seventy cases (97%) were done on outpatient basis. Healing was much faster and postprocedure discharge was minimal. Out of above cases only 20 (2%) required repeat procedure due to polyp like ectopias. In 30 cases (3%) of cases concomitant endocervical erosion was treated with electrocautery under short GA.

Conclusion

Infrared coagulation is at the moment the best suited method. In this necrosis is not caused by electric current but rather by heat of infrared light energy. This treatment is practically painless, does not require anesthesia and can be performed on outpatient basis. Healing time is short and postprocedure secretions are minimal.

How to cite this article

Sortey K. Infrared Coagulation of Benign Erosions of Cervix. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2014;6(2):104-106.
A Case of Endometriosis in Episiotomy Scar with Anal Sphincter Involvement and Extension into Ischiorectal Fossa
Authors: Kumar Mohan , Ghoshal Soma , Jain Shuchi , Jain Madhu
Published: November 2014

Episiotomy scar endometriosis is characterized by presence of endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) and is a rare condition. It may also extend and involve the anal sphincter. The ideal treatment is wide excision to prevent recurrence but it may cause fecal incontinence, if the anal sphincter is involved. We describe here a case with much deeper extension into ischiorectal fossa. She was treated with wide local excision and primary sphincteroplasty. She has remained free of recurrence up to 12 months follow-up.

How to cite this article

Jain S, Ghoshal S, Kumar M, Jain M. A Case of Endometriosis in Episiotomy Scar with Anal Sphincter Involvement and Extension into Ischiorectal Fossa. J South Asian Feder Obst Gyne 2014;6(2):123-125.
Impact of the representation of marine stratocumulus clouds on the anthropogenic aerosol effect
Authors: Neubauer D. , Lohmann U. , Hoose C. , Frontoso M. G.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Stratocumulus clouds are important for climate as they reflect large amounts of solar radiation back into space. However they are difficult to simulate in global climate models because they form under a sharp inversion and are thin. A comparison of model simulations with the ECHAM6-HAM2 global aerosol climate model to observations, reanalysis and literature data revealed too strong turbulent mixing at the top of stratocumulus clouds and a lack of vertical resolution. Further reasons for cloud biases in stratocumulus regions are the too "active" shallow convection scheme, the cloud cover scheme and possibly too low subsidence rates. To address some of these issues and improve the representation of stratocumulus clouds, we made three distinct changes to ECHAM6-HAM2. With a "sharp" stability function in the turbulent mixing scheme we have observed, similar to previous studies, increases in stratocumulus cloud cover and liquid water path. With an increased vertical resolution in the lower troposphere in ECHAM6-HAM2 the stratocumulus clouds form higher up in the atmosphere and their vertical extent agrees better with reanalysis data. The recently implemented in-cloud aerosol processing in stratiform clouds is used to improve the aerosol representation in the model. Including the improvements also affects the anthropogenic aerosol effect. In-cloud aerosol processing in ECHAM6-HAM2 leads to a decrease in the anthropogenic aerosol effect in the global annual mean from −1.19 Wm−2 in the reference simulation to −1.08 Wm−2, while using a "sharp" stability function leads to an increase to −1.34 Wm−2. The results from the simulations with increased vertical resolution are diverse but increase the anthropogenic aerosol effect to −2.08 Wm−2 at 47 levels and −2.30 Wm−2 at 95 levels.
Croyances épistémologiques de futurs enseignants du secondaire
Authors: Therriault Geneviève , Harvey Léon , Jonnaert Philippe
Published: November 2014

Deux hypothèses selon lesquelles les croyances épistémologiques des enseignants évoluent lors de la formation initiale et diffèrent entre les disciplines de spécialisation sont investiguées auprès de quatre cohortes de futurs maîtres du secondaire de deux profils interdisciplinaires. Pour ce faire, un indice global est obtenu à la suite de l’administration d’un questionnaire d’épistémologie personnelle (Hofer, 2000). Il s’en dégage qu’une différence initiale entre les profils s’amenuise entre le début et la fin de la formation. La formation des maîtres contribue ainsi à raffiner les croyances épistémologiques d’étudiants de profils forts différents.
Les évaluations des performances en mathématiques sont-elles influencées par le sexe de l’élève ?
Authors: Lafontaine Dominique , Monseur Christian
Published: November 2014

Cet article comporte deux études complémentaires visant à explorer si le sexe de l’étudiant influence le jugement des enseignants en mathématiques. La première étude, expérimentale, a porté sur 48 enseignants de mathématiques (secondaire supérieur). Ceux-ci ont été répartis en deux groupes comparables et devaient évaluer quatre copies attribuées dans le premier groupe à une fille, dans le second groupe à un garçon. Même si les enseignants affirment, dans le questionnaire portant sur leurs attitudes, que les filles et les garçons ont des capa cités et des intérêts identiques pour les mathématiques, les résultats montrent que les enseignants ont tendance à évaluer de manière différente des copies équivalentes attribuées à des garçons ou à des filles, selon la valeur de cette copie, plus ou moins bonne. La deuxième étude, corrélationnelle, se fonde sur les données de PISA 2000 de la Communauté française de Belgique et met en relation les scores standardisés obtenus dans PISA et les notes attribuées aux mêmes élèves par leur professeur de mathématiques. Il ressort de cette mise en relation, d’une part, que les garçons performants ont tendance à être surévalués et les filles performantes sous-évaluées, d’autre part, que les garçons peu perfor mants sont sous-évalués et les filles peu performantes fortement surévaluées comparativement aux garçons de même niveau.
L’évaluation des dispositifs éducatifs
Authors: Figari Gérard
Published: November 2014

Certes, l’évaluation des dispositifs (systèmes, institutions, politiques, curricula) éducatifs a donné lieu à un nombre non négligeable de publications. Cependant, cet objet hybride qu’est le dispositif, lui-même encore peu défini comme entité à part entière et très récemment identifié comme « objet technique », ne se présente pas encore comme un champ spécifique de l’évaluation en éducation. Imbriqué à la notion de « programme », il apparaît sous plusieurs formes à travers des travaux d’évaluation qui problématisent, de manière générale, ses effets et, plus particulièrement, l’efficacité, l’efficience, la qualité, la satisfaction qu’il génère. Les approches méthodologiques sont hétéroclites (ayant souvent recours aux outils sociologiques) bien que se dessine sensiblement une tendance à se préoccuper davantage de construire des référentiels, des critères et des indi ca teurs. Parmi les problématiques repérées, on trouve : la place et la participation des acteurs, le pilotage des dispositifs, le statut des théorisations. Des perspectives de relance des publications portant sur ce thème apparaissent possibles, particulièrement dans le sens d’une unification sémantique du champ à construire et dans la mise en valeur du lien entre apprentissage et dispositif.
Évaluation des systèmes éducatifs
Authors: Lafontaine Dominique , Simon Marielle
Published: November 2014

Au cours des trente dernières années, l’évaluation des systèmes éducatifs a connu d’importants changements tant sur le plan des finalités que sur le plan méthodologique. Les développements majeurs qu’a connus le champ ne peuvent être retracés au travers des articles que lui a consacrés la revueMesure et évaluation en éducation. Ce thème n’y occupe en effet qu’une place marginale. C’est donc au travers d’autres sources que les enjeux et développements majeurs du domaine sont abordés. Les principaux défis à relever s’inscrivent dans la perspective d’une démarche plus active de la revue pour solliciter des contributions sur cette problématique en plein développement.
Les standards de performance en éducation
Authors: Blais Jean-Guy
Published: November 2014

En éducation, lorsqu’il faut établir des niveaux pour différencier les apprentissages et les performances des individus, il faut mettre en place des standards de performance. Il existe un grand nombre de méthodes proposées pour élaborer de tels standards. Ces méthodes partagent des points communs, mais ont également des spécificités qui permettent de les classer en quatre grandes catégories en fonction de la tâche demandée aux panélistes experts. Il n’existe pas de méthode universelle pour toutes les situations; la démarche est perfectible et, étant donné la recrudescence de ce type d’opération, elle exige qu’on s’y intéresse attentivement.
Validation psychométrique d’un questionnaire francophone de description de soi adapté aux préadolescents
Authors: Dierendonck Christophe
Published: November 2014

Cet article présente la démarche de validation d’un questionnaire en langue française dont l’objectif est de mesurer le concept de soi des élèves âgés de 10 à 12 ans. Le Questionnaire de description de soi (QDS) a été rédigé à partir d’une traduction du Self-Description Questionnaire-I (SDQ-I) élaboré par Marsh (1988). L’instrument initial, enrichi de nouvelles dimensions et d’items originaux, a été administré dans 24 classes de cinquième et/ou sixième année primaire (n = 450). Les analyses menées sur l’instrument témoignent de propriétés psychométriques intéressantes et rejoignent en partie les résultats de recherche antérieurs.
Climatological diurnal variation of negative CG lightning peak current over the continental United States
Authors: Chronis T. , Cummins K. , Said R. , Koshak W. , McCaul E. , Williams E. R. , Stano G. T. , Grant M.
Published: November 2014

This study provides an 11 year climatology of the diurnal variability of the cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning peak current. The local diurnal variation of peak current for negative polarity CG (−CG) flashes exhibits a highly consistent behavior, with increasing magnitudes between the late night to early morning hours and decreasing magnitudes during the afternoon. Over most regions, an inverse relationship exists between the −CG peak current and the corresponding −CG activity, although specific details can depend on region and time of day. Overall, the diurnal variation of the −CG peak current appears to reflect fundamental differences between morning and afternoon storms, but additional studies are required to clearly identify the primary cause(s).
Projected increases in intensity and frequency of rainfall extremes through a regional climate modeling approach
Authors: Wang Xiuquan , Huang Guohe , Liu Jinliang
Published: November 2014

Global warming is changing the hydrological cycle in multiple ways such as increased cloudiness, latent heat fluxes, and intense precipitation events. How extreme rainfall events will be influenced by the changing climate is becoming one of the most important problems for hydrological risk analysis and engineering design. In this study, a regional climate modeling approach based on the Providing REgional Climates for Impacts Studies modeling system is proposed for investigating the potential impacts of climate change induced by increased greenhouse gases on the intensity and frequency of extreme rainfall events in the context of Ontario, Canada. An ensemble of high‐resolution climate projections is first developed under both current and future forcing conditions. Validation of the ensemble simulations is then conducted through comparing the simulated rainfall annual extremes for 1960–1990 to the observed ones. Following that, the rainfall projections for future periods are used to develop projected intensity‐duration‐frequency curves and their plausible changes in 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s for the City of Toronto. The results suggest that intensities of rainfall extreme events versus various durations with different return periods are all likely to increase over time: [5, 17]% in 2030s, [11, 22]% in 2050s, and [25, 50]% in 2080s. Such a consistent increase would lead to an overall uplift in the exceedance values of rainfall intensity of extreme events, implying that intense rainfall events are likely to occur more frequently in the future. In addition, more significant changes in the rainfall intensity are projected for extreme events with longer return periods at all given durations.
Drosophila melanogasterGerm‐line Transformation
Authors: Atkinson Peter W , Michel Kristin
Published: November 2014

The ability to genetically transform and modifyDrosophila melanogasterwas originally made possible through the use of transposable elements (TEs). These proved to be efficient mutagens leading to the generation of many libraries containing TE‐tagged genes and enhancers throughout much of the genome. TEs were also efficient at introducing genes into this insect. A limitation of this technology was the inability to direct where transposons insert in the genome. However, recent advances made with the development of targeting systems based on protein‐based and RNA‐based guidance of endonucleases to specific target sites have provided a solution to this problem. As a consequence, the genetic toolbox of Drosophila geneticists have considerably expanded and will have a dramatic impact on our ability to understand genetic pathways in this insect.

Key Concepts:

Class II transposable elements form the basis of versatile genetic technology.

Homologous recombination technologies have been problematic but progress has been made.

Site‐specific recombinases add an additional dimension to the genetic toolbox.

Homologous recombination technologies have been problematic but progress has been made.

Zinc finger nucleases provide an alternate approach to site‐specificity.

TALENs facilitate another approach to directed integration into the genome.

CRISPRs will lead to a new generation of approaches to site‐specific medication inDrosophila.
Dam, Carl Peter Henrik
Authors: Kragh Helge
Published: November 2014

Danish biochemist Henrik Dam (1895–1976) discovered vitamin K while investigating the cause of why chicks on a fat‐free diet exhibited haemorrhages. In 1935, he concluded that the cause was a new fat‐soluble vitamin, and during the next years he and others studied the chemistry of the vitamin, its role in the coagulation process and its medical uses. In 1944, Dam received the Nobel Prize in medicine for the year 1943. After having stayed 1940–1946 in the United States, he returned to Denmark to take up a position as professor of biochemistry and nutrition science.
From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells to Neurons: Promises and Pitfalls
Authors: Nehme Ralda , Madison Jon M
Published: November 2014

Pluripotent stem cell‐derived neurons represent a potentially limitless supply of human neurons to model diseases, replace diseased or dysfunctional tissue and to identify novel therapeutics to treat disease. Despite the incredible potential that human stem cell‐derived neurons represent, genetic, cellular and developmental obstacles represent substantial roadblocks to realizing this potential. Current schemes used to generate neurons from pluripotent stem cells rely on incomplete knowledge of human brain development, and often generate heterogeneous and immature neuronal populations. Recent technological advances in synthetic biology, genome engineering and single cell analysis have provided new tools for biologists to advance both our understanding and use of stem cell‐derived neurons. These advances should help overcome the pitfalls of pluripotent stem cells to generate homogeneous, mature neuronal subtypes relevant to disease and to realise the therapeutic promise of human stem cell‐derived neurons.

Key Concepts

The ability to generate pluripotent stem cells from adult somatic cells now gives researchers unprecedented access to human neurons for disease modelling, cell replacement therapy and high throughput screening.

Our incomplete understanding of human brain development is an obstacle to deriving human neurons
in vitro
that mimic their
in vivo
counterparts.

Current differentiation schemes allow researchers to derive motor neurons, excitatory and inhibitory neurons of the human cortex and other neuronal subtypes.

Subtle differences in the derivation or differentiation of pluripotent stem cells can have profound functional consequences for neurons derived from them.

Genome editing techniques are poised to allow researchers to generate even more useful cellular tools by engineering mutations and reporters into pluripotent stem cells.
Oxidative Gold Catalysis Meets Photochemistry – Synthesis of Benzo[a]fluorenones from Diynes
Authors: Nösel Pascal , Moghimi Setareh , Hendrich Christoph , Haupt Marten , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K.
Published: November 2014

Diynes bearing one terminal and one triarylmethyl‐substituted alkyne were converted into complex benzofluorenone derivatives via a one‐pot process involving a gold‐catalyzed step followed by a photocyclization/oxidation. In the first step an N‐oxide was used to position‐selectively generate an α‐oxo carbenoid at the terminal alkyne which after a regioselective 1,6‐carbene transfer along the tethered tritylalkyne and a subsequent aryl 1,2‐shift furnished tetraphenylethylene‐like derivatives. These intermediates were successfully transformed to fluorenones via oxidative photocyclization.

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Naturstoffe mit Anti‐Bredt‐ und Brückenkopf‐Doppelbindung
Authors: Mak Jeffrey Y. W. , Pouwer Rebecca H. , Williams Craig M.
Published: November 2014

Vor über hundert Jahren begann Professor Julius Bredt seine Forschungskarriere auf dem Gebiet der verbrückten bicyclischen Systeme, die durch ein Brückenkopf‐Alken unter Ringspannung stehen. Seine kritischen Betrachtungen mündeten in der Formulierung dessen, was wir heute als die Bredtsche Regel kennen. Seitdem versuchen Physikochemiker, Theoretiker und Synthesechemiker gleichermaßen, die Grenzen dieses physikalische Phänomens auszuloten, um es besser kennenzulernen. Der Bauplan der Natur sieht durchaus Brückenkopf‐Doppelbindungen nach der Bredtschen Regel vor. In diesem Aufsatz wird erstmals die Anwendung der Bredtschen Regel auf Naturstoffe umfassend erörtert.
Replication protein A prevents promiscuous annealing between short sequence homologies: Implications for genome integrity
Authors: Deng Sarah K. , Chen Huan , Symington Lorraine S.
Published: November 2014

Replication protein A (RPA) is the main eukaryotic single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding protein, having essential roles in all DNA metabolic reactions involving ssDNA. RPA binds ssDNA with high affinity, thereby preventing the formation of secondary structures and protecting ssDNA from the action of nucleases, and directly interacts with other DNA processing proteins. Here, we discuss recent results supporting the idea that one function of RPA is to prevent annealing between short repeats that can lead to chromosome rearrangements by microhomology‐mediated end joining or the formation of hairpin structures that are substrates for structure‐selective nucleases. We suggest that replication fork catastrophe caused by depletion of RPA could result from cleavage of secondary structures by nucleases, and that failure to cleave hairpin structures formed at DNA ends could lead to gene amplification. These studies highlight the important role RPA plays in maintaining genome integrity.
Scaffold Hopping with Virtual Screening from IP3 to a Drug‐Like Partial Agonist of the Inositol Trisphosphate Receptor
Authors: Vasudevan Sridhar R. , Singh Nisha , Churchill Grant C.
Published: November 2014

Inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3) is a universal signalling molecule that releases calcium from stores within cells by activating the IP3 receptor. Although chemical tools that modulate the IP3 receptor exist, none is ideal due to trade offs between potency, selectivity and cell permeability, and their chemical properties make them challenging starting points for optimisation. Therefore, to find new leads, we used virtual screening to scaffold hop from IP3 by using the program ROCS to perform a 3D ligand‐based screen of the ZINC database of purchasable compounds. We then used the program FRED to dock the top‐ranking hits into the IP3 binding pocket of the receptor. We tested the 12 highest‐scoring hits in a calcium‐release bioassay and identified SI‐9 as a partial agonist. SI‐9 competed with [3H]IP3 binding, and reduced histamine‐induced calcium signalling in HeLa cells. SI‐9 has a novel 2D scaffold that represents a tractable lead for designing improved IP3 receptor modulators.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Decarboxylative Cycloaddition of Vinylethylene Carbonates with Isocyanates
Authors: Khan Ajmal , Xing Juxiang , Zhao Jingming , Kan Yuhe , Zhang Wanbin , Zhang Yong Jian
Published: November 2014

An efficient method for the enantioselective construction of β‐substituted β‐vinylglycinol derivatives through palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative cycloaddition of vinylethylene carbonates with isocyanates was developed. By using a palladium complex generated in situ from [Pd2(dba)3]⋅CHCl3 (dba=dibenzylideneacetone) and (S)‐Segphos as a catalyst under mild reaction conditions, the process provided 4‐substituted‐4‐vinyloxazolidin‐2‐ones in high yields with a high level of enantioselectivity. The stereochemical outcome of the reaction was explained by DFT calculations and the synthetic utility of the process was demonstrated by the gram‐scale transformation and formal synthesis of MK‐0731 as a kinesin spindle protein inhibitor.
Metallofullerenes Encaging Mixed‐Metal Clusters: Synthesis and Structural Studies of GdxHo3−xN@C80 and GdxLu3−xN@C80
Authors: Zhang Zhuxia , Liu Yang , Han Peide , Zhuang Shengyi , Wang Taishan , Luo Shuchang , Xu Bingshe
Published: November 2014

Metallofullerenes of GdxHo3−xN@C80 and GdxLu3−xN@C80 encapsulating mixed‐metal nitride clusters were synthesized. Spectroscopic characterization of GdxHo3−xN@C80 and GdxLu3−xN@C80 was employed to reveal their structural and vibrational properties. The structural properties of these species were analyzed by using theoretical calculations. The studies of GdxHo3−xN@C80 and GdxLu3−xN@C80 laid the foundations for these species to be used as multifunctional molecules.
Mutation studies in ascidians: A review
Authors: Crocetta Fabio , Marino Rita , Cirino Paola , Macina Alberto , Staiano Leopoldo , Esposito Rosaria , Pezzotti Maria Rosa , Racioppi Claudia , Toscano Francesco , De Felice Elena , Locascio Annamaria , Ristoratore Filomena , Spagnuolo Antonietta , Zanetti Laura , Branno Margherita , Sordino Paolo
Published: November 2014

Historically, mutations have had a significant impact on the study of developmental processes and phenotypic evolution. Lesions in DNA are created by artificial methods or detected by natural genetic variation. Random mutations are then ascribed to genetic change by direct sequencing or positional cloning. Tunicate species of the ascidian genus Ciona represent nearly fully realized model systems in which gene function can be investigated in depth. Additionally, tunicates are valuable organisms for the study of naturally occurring mutations due to the capability to exploit genetic variation down to the molecular level. Here, we summarize the available information about how mutations are studied in ascidians with examples of insights that have resulted from these applications. We also describe notions and methodologies that might be useful for the implementation of easy and tight procedures for mutations studies in Ciona. genesis 53:160–169, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ZrIV Coordination Polymers Based on a Naturally Occurring Phenolic Derivative
Authors: Cooper Lucy , Guillou Nathalie , Martineau Charlotte , Elkaim Erik , Taulelle Francis , Serre Christian , Devic Thomas
Published: November 2014

The reactivity under solvothermal conditions of the ZrIV ion with the naturally occurring gallic acid ligand has been evaluated in depth. The study led to the isolation of four microcrystalline hydroxycarboxylate‐based coordination polymers (MIL‐151 to ‐154). Through the use of a combination of solid‐state NMR and high‐resolution X‐ray powder diffraction analyses, the structures of two of these phases (MIL‐153, MIL‐154) were solved. In both cases, the gallol motifs favour the formation of rod‐like inorganic units built up from ZrO8 polyhedra. Although one compound (MIL‐151) was found to be microporous (SBET ≈ 470 m2 g–1), its poor crystallinity prevented comprehensive structural analysis. Nevertheless, a comparison of its physicochemical features with those of the fully characterized solids allows a plausible structural model to be proposed.
Determination of Silver‐Modified Titanium Phosphate Nanoparticles by Voltammetric and Electrocatalytic Methods
Authors: Martín‐Yerga Daniel , Carrasco‐Rodríguez Javier , González‐García María Begoña , García Alonso Francisco Javier , Costa‐García Agustín
Published: November 2014

The electrochemical determination of silver‐modified titanium phosphate nanoparticles (Ag‐TiPNPs) was performed using two electrochemical features of this novel kind of nanoparticles. First, a determination using the voltammetric activity of the silver from the Ag‐TiPNPs was carried out. Secondly, the electrocatalytic effect of Ag‐TiPNPs was shown for the first time to the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the determination of these nanoparticles was performed by chronoamperometry using this electrocatalysis. Moreover, it was verified that the catalytic effect was due to the electroreduced silver since the unmodified titanium phosphate nanoparticles (TiPNPs) did not exhibit this effect. Detection limits as low as 0.1 and 0.75 ng µL−1 of Ag‐TiPNPs were obtained with the voltammetric and chronoamperometric methods, respectively. 8‐channel screen‐printed electrochemical arrays (8xSPCEs) were employed as transducers to carry out these electrochemical studies, due to its low cost and time saving.
Impact of COMT Val158Met‐polymorphism on appetitive conditioning and amygdala/prefrontal effective connectivity
Authors: Klucken Tim , Kruse Onno , Wehrum‐Osinsky Sina , Hennig Juergen , Schweckendiek Jan , Stark Rudolf
Published: November 2014

Appetitive conditioning is an important mechanism for the development, maintenance, and treatment of psychiatric disorders like substance abuse. Therefore, it is important to identify genetic variations, which impact appetitive conditioning. It has been suggested that the Val158Met‐polymorphism in the Catechol‐O‐Methyl‐Transferase (COMT) is associated with the alteration of neural processes of appetitive conditioning due to the central role of the dopaminergic system in reward processing. However, no study has so far investigated the relationship between variations in the COMT Val158Met‐polymorphism and appetitive conditioning. In this fMRI study, an appetitive conditioning paradigm was applied, in which one neutral stimulus (CS+) predicted appetitive stimuli (UCS) while a second neutral stimulus (CS−) was never paired with the UCS. As a main result, we observed a significant association between the COMT Val158Met‐genotype and appetitive conditioning: skin conductance responses (SCRs) revealed a significant difference between CS+ and CS− in Val/Val‐allele carriers but not in the other genotype groups. Val/Val‐allele carriers showed increased hemodynamic responses in the amygdala compared with the Met/Met‐allele group in the contrast CS+ > CS−. In addition, psychophysiological‐interaction analysis revealed increased effective amygdala/ventromedial prefrontal cortex connectivity in Met/Met‐allele carriers. The increased amygdala activity points to facilitated appetitive conditioning in Val/Val‐allele carriers while the amygdala/prefrontal connectivity results could be regarded as a marker for altered emotion regulation during conditioning, which potentially impacts appetitive learning sensitivity. The SCRs finding indicates a stronger conditioned response in the Val/Val‐allele group and dovetails with the neural differences between the groups. These findings contribute to the current research on COMT in emotional processing. Hum Brain Mapp 36:1093–1101, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Incidence trends of human papillomavirus‐related head and neck cancer in Taiwan, 1995–2009
Authors: Hwang Tzer‐Zen , Hsiao Jenn‐Ren , Tsai Chia‐Rung , Chang Jeffrey S.
Published: November 2014

Recent studies suggested that human papillomavirus (HPV) is an emerging risk factor of head and neck cancer (HNC), particularly for oropharyngeal cancer. Studies from the West showed a rising trend of HPV‐related HNC despite a decrease of the overall HNC incidence. In contrast, the overall HNC incidence in Taiwan has continued to rise. It is not clear whether the incidence trends of HPV‐related HNC in Taiwan have a similar pattern to those from countries with an overall decreasing incidence of HNC. This study examined the incidence trends of HPV‐related and HPV‐unrelated HNC in Taiwan using data from the Taiwan Cancer Registry. Our results showed that the incidence trends of HPV‐related and HPV‐unrelated HNC in Taiwan both rose during 1995–2009. The incidence of HPV‐related HNC (1.3 per 100,000 in 1995 to 3.3 in 2009, annual percentage change (APC) = 6.9, p < 0.0001) rose more rapidly than the incidence of HPV‐unrelated HNC (10.4 per 100,000 in 1995 to 21.7 in 2009, APC = 5.0, p < 0.0001). The rising trend of HPV‐related HNC was particularly prominent for HNC occurring in tonsil (APC = 8.2, p < 0.0001), in men (APC = 7.5, p < 0.0001), and in those aged between 40 and 50 years (APC = 8.5, p < 0.0001). Although the overall incidence of HNC in Taiwan has continued to increase, the most rapid rise is in the HPV‐related HNC. This suggests that similar to the Western world, HPV‐related HNC is becoming an important public health issue in Taiwan.
New approaches to open site spatial archaeology in Sturt National Park, New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Holdaway Simon , Witter Dan , Fanning Patricia , Musgrave Robert , Cochrane Grant , Doelman Trudy , Greenwood Simon , Pigdon Dan , Reeves Jamie
Published: November 2014

Surface scatters of stone artefacts are ubiquitous in the Australian landscape and form the basis for the majority of archaeological conservation decisions. The research reported here proposes a distributional approach for analysing this record founded on the artefact as the minimal recording unit rather than the site. A method of assemblage definition is proposed to permit the study of assemblage composition across space. The method is applied to artefacts exposed on the surface as a result of recent erosion at TIB 13 (Sturt National Park, NSW). All stone artefacts greater than 20mm in maximum dimension were recorded by locating each artefact in three‐dimensional space and analysing it in place. The distribution of these artefacts was then compared to the nature of the landform on which they rested through the use of a GIS. Analysis of assemblage composition indicates significant differences across an area of approximately 30,000m2.