bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Septuagint and Other Translations
Authors: Ceulemans Reinhart
Published: June 2019

This chapter retraces the origins of the Greek Bible, and explains how the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Torah ultimately defined the (linguistic) form of the entire Greek Old and New Testament. Surveying the most important episodes in the Christian transmission history of the Bible, it argues that that tradition was to a considerable extent a form of biblical exegesis: it offered Christian scribes, revisers, and authors a platform for the inclusion of interpretative views into the Greek biblical text. The same phenomenon can be observed in the transmission of the various Latin and Syriac Bible versions. The fact that most of those can be traced back to translations made by Christians increases the interpretative dimension of their form. The chapter in that sense highlights that the literary corpus that was Christian Scripture, and generated Early Christian biblical interpretation, was itself to a certain extent a product of such interpretation.
Scripture and Martyrdom
Authors: Leemans Johan , Dupont Anthony
Published: June 2019

The Bible played a foundational role in early Christian reflection on martyrdom. This is most evidently the case with the concept of the imitatio Christi, which was based on many biblical quotations and allusions. Cyprian of Carthage’s understudied To Fortunatus demonstrates that the early Church had a coherent theology of martyrdom as well as a systematic overview of scriptural material supporting it. Moreover, the Bible also provided exempla for martyrdom, such as the Maccabees and Stephen the Protomartyr. Furthermore, some biblical passages function more like back-up vocals in that they recur time and again but always in a subsidiary role. A prime example of such a passage is Psalm 115.6: ‘Precious in the eyes of the Lord is the death of his saints.’ The tension between voluntary martyrdom and kairological martyrdom is also essential, with Matthew 10.23 as the prime example of a biblical passage advocating the lawfulness of flight for persecution. Finally, all of these themes and the biblical material supporting them come together in a recontextualized form in Augustine’s writings, especially in his controversy with the Donatists.
Adam and Eve
Authors: Bouteneff Peter C.
Published: June 2019

Adam and Eve, who barely appear in the Bible after they are introduced in the book of Genesis, serve a short but important list of functions within early Christian writing. They represent Christ and Mary, respectively, among other typological readings of the Paradise narrative. They also stand for all of humanity, partly by virtue of their location at the top of the human genealogy, and partly because their acts in the garden are commonly universalized to represent the sins of each and all. The understanding of their sin as resulting in an original guilt passed on through the generations is by no means a common one in early Christian writing. The question of their historical existence is not foreign to some of the ancient authors—nor does it really preoccupy any of them—but it does not receive a straightforward or consistent answer.
Law
Authors: Blackburn, Jr. B. Lee
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the hermeneutical strategies taken by early Christian authors with respect to the law of Moses. It considers the two other laws most often discussed by patristic authors, the natural law and the law of Christ, only in relation to that law. This chapter shows how early mainstream Christian treatments of the Mosaic law were shaped decisively by ongoing polemics against Judaism and dualist instantiations of Christianity. It contends that though early Christian interpretation of the Mosaic law was certainly not uniform in regard to theological emphases and exegetical tactics, the pressure exerted by these two polemical contexts had a standardizing effect, insofar as virtually all patristic authors both relativized the value of the law vis-à-vis Judaism and affirmed its relative and absolute goodness over against dualist critiques.
Reception in the Renaissance and Reformation
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther
Published: June 2019

The retrieval of patristic exegesis made great strides during the revival of Renaissance humanism and the spread of European Reformations. While devotion to the recovery of the early Church writings was primarily an intellectual movement, it was shaped and motivated by distinct social, political, religious, and philosophical developments of fifteenth- and sixteenth-century Europe. Humanists appreciated ancient Christian writings because they sought to combine piety with eloquence, which would reinvigorate religion for educated laity. When humanists, such as LeFèvre and Erasmus, offered their translations and interpretation of Scripture and the church fathers, others responded with their own interpretations from Lutheran, Calvinist, Swiss Reformed, Anabaptist, English, or Catholic perspectives. Although the development of confessionalization shaped the integration of Renaissance patristic scholarship, the patristic reception of Protestants and Catholics portrayed both respect and criticism of ancient exegetes because they struggled to define their theological positions among a plurality of interpretations.
Early Christian Handbooks on Interpretation
Authors: Toom Tarmo
Published: June 2019

This chapter identifies the types of handbooks of biblical interpretation that are available from the patristic period. It assesses handbooks which summarize the content of biblical books, compare translations, affirm the unity and coherence of scriptural accounts, explicate difficult passages, explain the biblical names of persons and places and their etymologies, provide guidelines for theological interpretation, and comment on various items mentioned in Scripture. It also takes a closer look at some key handbooks, which explicitly address interpretative matters: such as those of Origen, Tyconius, Augustine, Eucherius, and Adrian. The considered handbooks are very different, as they focus on particular hermeneutical issues and address particular concerns.
Immune System
Authors: Rook Graham A. W.
Published: June 2019

As humans move from the natural environment in which we evolved into modern urban settings, there are striking increases in chronic inflammatory and psychiatric disorders. To understand and eventually take control of this phenomenon we have to understand how humans, and in particular our immune systems, evolved in partnership with microorganisms in the environment and in our own bodies. Humans are holobionts, composed of human cells containing the human genome passed on via the germline, but also a much larger number of microbial cells acquired from mother, family members, and the environment. This microbiota provides signals involved in the development of essentially all organ systems, including the brain, and provides data and signals that regulate metabolism and the immune system. The immune system evolved to perform the dual functions of managing this microbiota, while simultaneously protecting us from pathogens. By considering the evolution of the immune system and the ways in which lifestyle changes have altered our exposures to, and colonisation by microorganisms, we can identify the crucial factors leading to the modern urban pattern of disease.
Respiratory System
Authors: Carvalho Olga , Maina John N.
Published: June 2019

The lung is the gas-exchange organ that provides oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from the blood. The environment in which animals live and their metabolic needs determine the evolved design of their gas exchange system. Gills are the primordial respiratory organs that evolved for water ‘breathing’, while other adaptive solutions evolved for bimodal breathing, that is, the ability to extract oxygen from both water and air. The transition to fully terrestrial life was accompanied by significant changes in dimensions of respiratory units (alveoli) which decreased in size, whereas the number of units and total lung volume increased, leading to more efficient gas exchange and oxygen supply. While the shape and make-up of lungs in humans suggest adaptations to long-distance running and possibly to the exposition of smoke caused by fire, the exposure of the human respiratory system to novel environments has brought about a diverse array of disease patterns, including lung cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infectious diseases.
The Future of Medicine
Authors: Brüne Martin , Schiefenhövel Wulf
Published: June 2019

Ever since the dawn of humankind, people have been preoccupied with their physical and mental health. Even though many causes of disease remained obscure for millennia, humans have been quite inventive to find remedies for many ailments. Only quite recently, discoveries of pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses have paved the way for the development of modern antimicrobial therapies and preventive measures including hygiene. We now know, however, that the indiscriminate use of antibiotics has produced new problems, and excessive hygiene may be causally involved in the emergence of autoimmune diseases. Chapter 18 proposes that evolutionary medicine may be informative in understanding seemingly unpredictable consequences of advances in some areas of medical treatment. Moreover, the authors believe that evolutionary medicine could help avoid many of the pitfalls associated with the negligence of important evolutionary concepts by contemporary medicine.
Evolution and Moral Motivation in Economics
Authors: Hodgson Geoffrey M.
Published: June 2019

Adam Smith argued that humans were motivated by both self-interest and moral concerns. Economics has since moved towards a contrasting utilitarian view where behavior is understood in terms of unifying preference functions. Also most economists have presumed that these preferences are “self-regarding.” Two major treatises in economics were published in 1871, with self-seeking economic man at their center. In the same year Darwin published The Descent of Man, which emphasized sympathy and cooperation as well as self-interest, and argued that morality has evolved in humans by natural selection. This stance is supported by modern research. This article reconciles Darwin’s view that developed morality requires language and deliberation (and is thus unique to humans), with his other claim that moral feelings have a long-evolved and biologically inherited basis. It also questions whether the recent addition of “other-regarding” preferences is adequate, and whether morality and altruism are reducible to preferences or utility maximization.
Economics and Ethics within the Austrian School of Economics
Authors: Boettke Peter , Woltz Kaitlyn
Published: June 2019

Twentieth-century Austrian economists became known as champions of the free-market system yet claimed value-freedom in their economic analysis. However, advocacy of free markets is viewed as inherently ideological, involving ethical assumptions within the economic analysis. In this chapter, we discuss the connection between economics and ethics in the Austrian school of economics. We explore what value-freedom in the Austrian school entails and how twentieth-century Austrian economists were able to hold dual positions as value-free economists and advocates of free markets. We argue that Austrian economists separate ethical assumptions from their economic analysis. They maintain strict adherence to value-free analysis through an emphasis on social cooperation, which allows them to maintain their objectivity with respect to individuals’ ends. This combination allows Austrian economists to maintain their positions as value-free scientists while arguing that a free-market, capitalist system will best achieve peoples’ diverse ends.
The Ethics of Money and Finance
Authors: Sandberg Joakim
Published: June 2019

This chapter gives an overview of the many compelling ethical issues and debates among moral philosophers that pertain to money in general and financial activities in particular. It gives some background by way of introducing ontological ideas about what money and finance is. Thereafter, the chapter starts by discussing some of the classic and sweeping criticisms to the effect that all (or at least most) financial activities are morally suspect, for example criticisms of usury and speculation. The following section assumes that the existence of financial markets can be acceptable and discusses some of the ethical issues involved in making them honest and fair, for example the challenges of deception and insider trading. Finally, the chapter discusses ideas to the effect that financial agents have social responsibilities that go beyond their role as market participants, for example an extended responsibility to promote social welfare. The overarching aim of the chapter is to help further establish the new field of “financial ethics.”
Ethical Pluralism in Economics
Authors: Wight Jonathan B.
Published: June 2019

Traditional approaches to understanding morality, through evaluating outcomes, analyzing rules, principles, and duty, and adhering to notions of virtue and character, offer competing but also complementary ways of framing conduct in a social setting. Ethical pluralism is the claim that all three methods are, to some degree, useful to positive economics because each provides distinctive insights into human behavior. Each is also useful in normative economics because a single framework has limitations that are solved by introducing elements from the others. The neoclassical economic approach, concerned ostensibly with outcome goals, must consider how economic agents are motivated by duty and virtue ethics considerations. Adam Smith’s virtue ethics, for example, arise from moral sentiments, not rational calculation. In considering the morality of efficiency, a Paretian approach derives ultimately from Kantian considerations, and the Kaldor-Hicks approach relies on background conditions of human rights and other non-outcome based elements.
Consensus and Revisionism in Educational History
Authors: McCulloch Gary
Published: June 2019

Historical interpretation is subject to change, a process often described as revisionism. This chapter distinguishes between a basic form of revisionism that changes or erases the past with no respect for evidence and a “historical revisionism” that has developed over the past century to build on, revise, or challenge previous accounts of the past. Historical revisionism is discussed with reference to changing historiographical approaches. It has become central to research in the history of education, for example in the United States and Britain. A broad consensus has been established in the history of education to explore the relationship between education and social change, although this has itself led to fresh debates over the nature of this relationship. These general historiographical developments in the history of education have played themselves out in different nations and regions, albeit at their own pace and at different times.
National Education Systems
Authors: Espinoza G. Antonio
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines the construction of nationwide public education systems in Latin America, focusing on the subjects that have received greater scholarly attention: the colonial legacy, education and citizenship, Estados Docentes or Teaching States, and education and modernization. Under colonial domination, local communities managed and funded schooling, largely relying on the Catholic clergy for teaching. While most countries adopted republican political systems after independence, the colonial legacy remained influential in both institutional and conceptual terms. In the late nineteenth century, governments began the construction of centralized, national public education systems. Teaching States initially provided more resources to education, expanded schooling, and tried to professionalize teachers and to improve their working conditions and social status. Since the early twentieth century, as modernization continued, governments carried on literacy campaigns and expanded secondary education, frequently in collaboration with international organizations. While these top-down policies advanced quantitative inclusiveness, their high-handed implementation fostered discontent.
National Education Systems
Authors: Kallaway Peter
Published: June 2019

Crafting educational systems suitable for the African context remains a challenge today, as it was for colonial administrators and educators. Despite changes from the era of missionary education to today’s secular nation-states, there are significant continuities that require the attention of researchers and policymakers. The promise of education as a bridge to modernity for rural populations through welfare policies of the postwar era has been threatened by the emphasis on market-based policies and “cost recovery” programs in economically weak states since the 1980s. A key limitation to creative policy development is to be found in the presentism of much policy development. The current challenge is for researchers and policymakers to explore the history of education in Africa in a search for approaches that promote equity through education.
Race and Ethnicity in Education History
Authors: Pak Yoon K.
Published: June 2019

This chapter examines race and ethnicity in educational history in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, and Brazil. Differentiation and segregation based on race, religion, gender, ability, and socioeconomic class, were common features in designing school systems to promote a nation’s efforts toward citizenship. In the United States and elsewhere, efforts to inculcate norms of democratic citizenship were equally fraught with means to deculturalize minority, immigrant, and indigenous populations. As such, this chapter focuses primarily on racialized minority populations and limitations of access to public schooling centered on democratic citizenship. It surveys educational policies and practices from the colonial era through the mid-twentieth century, examining the role of religion, immigration, language, countries of origin, and race. It also discusses how schooling systems have prepared future citizenry for diversity.
Progressive Education
Authors: Reese William J.
Published: June 2019

Progressive education emerged from a variety of reform movements, especially romanticism, in the early nineteenth century. Reflecting the idealism of contemporary political revolutions, it emphasized freedom for the child and curricular innovation. The Swiss educator Johann Pestalozzi established popular model schools in the early 1800s that emphasized teaching young children through familiar objects, such as pebbles and shells, and not from textbooks. A German romantic, Friedrich Froebel, studied with Pestalozzi and invented the kindergarten, which spread worldwide. Progressive education mostly influenced pedagogy in the early elementary school grades. Over the course of the twentieth century, however, progressive ideals survived at other levels of schooling. Innovative teaching and curricular programs appeared in different times and places in model school systems, laboratory schools on college campuses, open classrooms, and alternative high schools. The greatest barriers to student-centered instruction included the widespread use of standardized testing and the prevalence of didactic teaching methods.
Method in the History of Education
Authors: Richardson William
Published: June 2019

This chapter explores the development of method in the practice of history, both oral and literate, and how this has influenced the study of education. The momentum of the European Enlightenment and, since the 1920s, the professionalization of historians in universities has propelled an increasingly global written method. This ubiquity is the product of national education programs but remains contested by those speaking for cultures where the intimidating power of the Enlightenment is resisted through oral method. Nevertheless most historians who write have pressed on unperturbed. The result is a corpus of history about education which, since the 1960s, has grown not only in volume but in the breadth of its concerns, the range of questions historians of education broach, the kinds of sources they use, and the ways these are deployed. However, this breadth of outlook has not resolved the fundamental tension between method in written and oral history.
Theory in the History of Education
Authors: Gottesman Isaac
Published: June 2019

How is theory used in history of education? This chapter begins by considering the relationship between theory as philosophy of history and theory as an interpretive frame. It then engages several of the many theoretical perspectives that animate and inform scholarship in history of education: Marxist political economy, human and social capital, the new institutionalism, feminist theory, critical theories of race, colonialism and empire, indigenous studies, and transnationalism. Throughout, the chapter raises methodological and political questions central to historical scholarship, engages classic and contemporary scholarship in history of education, and situates conversations about theory in history of education within broader theoretical conversations in the humanities and social sciences.
Education in Premodern China and Japan
Authors: Schirokauer Conrad
Published: June 2019

From earliest times, both China and Japan developed sophisticated traditions in education. China’s major educational aspiration, based on Confucianism, was centered on developing the heart-mind for exemplary moral conduct. Buddhism was also influential, as were Daoism in China and Shinto in Japan, but Confucian values dominated educational thought and institutions, including private academies. In China the civil service examination system played a major role in molding the educational curriculum. Japan, heavily influenced by Chinese Confucianism, adapted it to a very different culture, society, and political system. At the elementary level so-called temple schools, actually private secular institutions, focused on teaching literacy. Along with government schools and local academies, they flourished in Tokugawa Japan, educating both samurai and commoners. In both China and Japan, schooling for girls was not as widespread as for boys. Women were expected to manage the household and educate their children, while men managed public affairs.
Merleau-Ponty on Love
Authors: May Todd
Published: June 2019

Although Merleau-Ponty has no sustained account of love, his treatment of it in his early work, especially Phenomenology of Perception and “The Child’s Relations to Others,” allows us to construct one. Moreover, this account allows us to see perceptual and more generally corporeal aspects of love, as well as the distinction between love and infatuation, that often get less addressed in the literature on love. Because of his focus on perception, Merleau-Ponty allows us to understand the experience of our immediate, ongoing, and unreflective relationship to those we love. Because of his account of how our relationships are sedimented in our bodies, he offers us a way to recognize the importance of our interpersonal histories in our corporeal relationships with others. All of this is grounded in a phenomenological method that illuminates aspects of our experience that can be lost to accounts that are less sensitive to our ongoing experience.
Positive Processes in Close Relationships
Authors: Gable Shelly L. , Maisel Natalya C.
Published: June 2019

Although psychologists have learned a great deal about negative and harmful processes in relationships, they have focused less on understanding the positive and beneficial processes in relationships. Of course, almost every close relationship offers the promise of both meaningful rewards and substantial risks, such as support, intimacy, companionship, conflict, rejection, and criticism. In this chapter, we attempt to highlight the complexities involved in relationships and emphasize the positive processes, with the goal of creating a picture that represents the dynamic reality of the social world. We first discuss the important role that intimate relationships play in human life and their strong links with health and well-being. We then highlight research on the positive processes in relationships, such as positive emotions, intimacy, growth of the self-concept, and the benefits of sharing positive events. This work complements previous literature, which has tended to focus on the potential pitfalls in relationships. Inherent in our position is that a lack of negatives in a relationship is not equivalent to a positive relationship; just as an absence of psychopathology is not equivalent to flourishing. We end with outlining future directions in the positive psychology of relationships, such as a greater focus on biology and health and the need for examining moderating conditions.
Widening the Diagnostic Focus
Authors: Wright Beatrice A. , Magyar-Moe Jeana L. , Lopez Shane J.
Published: June 2019

Positive psychology challenges a common error of professional psychology regarding making diagnostic, treatment, and policy decisions primarily with regard to the deficiencies of the person instead of giving serious consideration to deficits and strengths of both the person and the environment. This mission may seem disheartening in that it requires greater rather than less cognitive complexity. Yet this multifaceted focus is crucial if two system concepts—whole person and behavior as a function of a person in interaction with an environment—are to be taken seriously. Practice and research that fall short of attending to this person–environment interaction do a disservice to remedial possibilities and personal integrity. We have divided this chapter into two parts. In the first part, we present enlightening concepts together with supporting research. In the second part, we apply the insights gained to clinical practice and research and make specific recommendations regarding each of the issues raised.
Roman Germany and provincial archaeology
Authors: Kiernan Philip
Published: June 2019

This chapter presents a North American perspective on the state of archaeological research and methodology in Roman Germany. It suggests that despite the huge amount of interest in classical antiquity in the New World, and scholarly research in other Roman provinces, the Roman west has been of so little interest as a result of educational and scholarly traditions. The chapter explains how Roman Germany and other western provinces fit into a North American view of the ancient world. It then turns to the point of how German archaeological scholarship could be made more accessible to a North American audience, and why such accessibility and extending the profile of Germany’s archaeological traditions should be a desirable goal.
History, Romance, and the Novel
Authors: Woertendyke Gretchen J.
Published: June 2019

This chapter traces Charles Brockden Brown’s theories of romance, history, and the novel, from his earliest fictional-historical essays, “The Rhapsodist” (1789), “Walstein’s School of History” (1799), and “The Difference between History and Romance” (1800); to Wieland; or, The Transformation (1798) and Edgar Huntly; or, Memoirs of a Sleep-Walker (1799); to An Address to the Government of the United States (1803) and “Annals of Europe and America” (1807–1810). For Brown, romance is a form of conjectural history, true because of its imaginative range beyond the limitations of the novel’s verisimilitude. The future-oriented romance is especially suited to the local and regional conditions of the United States and uniquely connected to the geography of the nation. Brown’s influence can be found in later writers of romance, such as Washington Irving, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, and Herman Melville.
Brown’s Early Biographers and Reception, 1815–1940s
Authors: Cody Michael A.
Published: June 2019

The biography of Charles Brockden Brown continued to be of literary and scholarly interest after his death in 1810 and into the twentieth century. William Dunlap, one of Brown’s closest friends, extended an earlier aborted attempt at a biography of Brown and published his two-volume Life of Charles Brockden Brown in 1815. Dunlap provided the biographical basis for numerous essays and sketches that periodically remembered Brown’s life and work and sustained public interest in the author. Few new details of Brown’s biography surfaced over the years, so these recurrences of brief literary biographies serve as an evolving record of Brown’s literary reception across changes in public and artistic tastes. Through the first half of the twentieth century, Daniel Edwards Kennedy compiled a six-hundred-thousand-word biography of Brown but left it, at his death in 1960, incomplete and unpublished. Subsequent scholars, however, have benefited from additional biographical details that Kennedy’s researches uncovered.
Laryngeal Dynamics of Taan Gestures in Indian Classical Singing
Authors: Radhakrishnan Nandhakumar , Scherer Ronald C. , Bandyopadhyay Santanu
Published: June 2019

Hindustani classical singing, a tradition practiced in Northern India, includes a prevalent pitch-modulating vocal gesture called “taan.” This chapter explores the performance and pedagogical basics of taan gestures as practiced by an elite singer and teacher. The aim of this study is to determine the physiological and acoustic characteristics of this gesture and create a platform for future research. The results of this study will also further the understanding of human voice production. The study found that the pedagogical taan gestures were slower with longer superior surface durations compared to the faster performance taan gestures. The voluntary control of the taan gesture seems to be facilitated by glottal adduction. When the artist voluntarily altered pitch, loudness, rate, or the subjective obstruction of the taan gestures, significant differences were seen in the fundamental frequency as well as in aerodynamic and kinematic measures across the different levels of each condition. In general, increasing pitch level, loudness level, rate of the taan gesture, and subjective obstruction levels resulted in steeper slopes to the F0 fall and rise within the taan gesture and significant changes in the laryngeal flow waveform, suggesting greater adduction levels. This study can be enhanced with further analysis of taan gestures related to different raagas, the basis of Indian classical music. These results not only add to the basic understanding of the multicultural aspects of singing but also advance the basic knowledge about human voice production.
The Voice of Feeling
Authors: Wang Dan
Published: June 2019

This chapter addresses the nature of social worlds that coalesce around events of speech in two films from contemporary liberal culture: Love Actually (2003) and The King’s Speech (2010). Though one centers on romantic union and the other on the union of nation, both films culminate in scenes whose formal outlines are nearly identical: a character played by Colin Firth must deliver a speech, though his ability to speak is in some way compromised, and the coherence of a social order hangs on his ability to make his voice flow. By locating the drama of intersubjectivity in the individual’s capacity simply to produce a voice, these cases offer an alternative to a visual grammar of intimacy located in the return of the other’s gaze. Instead, they resonate with theories of liberal subjectivity that emphasize the way in which speaking itself produces an efflorescence of personhood. By focusing on speech and not the gaze, these accounts suggest that the other may be structurally negligible in cinematic scenes of recognition. The formal structure of intimate and national resolution in these films indicates a broader blueprint of liberal togetherness, one in which a certain concept of the voice sustains and unites an idea of individual expressiveness with the promise of a collectivity magnetized by feeling.
Introduction
Authors: Eidsheim Nina Sun , Meizel Katherine
Published: June 2019

The introductory chapter asserts that voice studies does not make a claim to a given definition of voice, but instead suggests the limits of any one claim. Voice studies offers tools to better detect the values underpinning any definition of voice. It deconstructs not only the performance of the voice, but also the performance of claims to voice. Thus, voice studies asks questions that necessarily connect practices of and inquiries into voice. In our definition, what distinguishes voice studies as a whole from each of the many individual and overlapping strains of scholarship and inquiry that center voice is that it seeks to understand or interact with voice knowledge beyond the potential narrow confine of a defined area of inquiry. By synthesizing the myriad ways voice is conceptualized and researched into the broadest terms, the chapter arrives at six broad modes, or domains, of voice inquiry and explains these in detail. The domains are: (1) prompts; (2) product and performance; (3) material dimension and mechanism; (4) auditory/sensory perception; (5) documentation, narrativization, and collection; and (6) context. These modes are not mutually exclusive; they often overlap, and this is only one of many ways this material could be conceptualized. Ultimately, the chapter seeks to facilitate dialogue and collaboration between voice researchers, and hence facilitate voice studies research. The chapter also offers a brief overview of the voice studies from 1990 to the present, and gives brief chapter summaries.
Brief resolved unexplained events in infants
Authors: Bastin John P.
Published: June 2019

Brief resolved unexplained events in infants (BRUE, formerly called apparent life-threatening events) can be terrifying for parents. This article reviews the American Academy of Pediatrics' clinical criteria for BRUE and recommendations for evaluating infants who meet low-risk criteria for BRUE.
How Physicians Prepare for Maintenance of Certification Exams: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Chesluk Benjamin J. , Eden Aimee R. , Hansen Elizabeth R. , Johnson Michele L. , Reddy Siddharta G. , Bernabeo Elizabeth C. , Gray Bradley M.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

Little is known about how board-certified physicians prepare for their periodic maintenance of certification (MOC) examinations. This qualitative study explores how physicians experience MOC exam preparation: how they prepare for the exams and decide what to study and how exam preparation compares with what they normally do to keep their medical knowledge current.

Method

Between September 2016 and March 2017, the authors interviewed 80 primary care physicians who had recently taken either the American Board of Family Medicine or American Board of Internal Medicine MOC exam. They analyzed transcripts and notes from these interviews looking for patterns and emergent themes, using the constant comparative method and a social practice theory perspective.

Results

Most interviewees studied for their MOC exams by varying from their routines for staying current with medical knowledge, both by engaging with a different scope of information and by adopting different study methods. Physicians described exam preparation as returning to a student/testing mindset, which some welcomed and others experienced negatively or with ambivalence.

Conclusions

What physicians choose to study bounds what they can learn from the MOC exam process and, therefore, also bounds potential improvements to their patient care. Knowing how physicians actually prepare, and how these activities compare with what they do when not preparing for an exam, can inform debates over the value of requiring such exams, as well as conversations about how certification boards and other key stakeholders in physicians’ continuing professional development could improve the MOC process.
Which Student Characteristics Are Most Important in Determining Clinical Honors in Clerkships? A Teaching Ward Attending Perspective
Authors: Herrera Lauren Nicholas , Khodadadi Ryan , Schmit Erinn , Willig James , Hoellein Andrew , Knudson Christopher , Law Karen , Mingioni Nina , Walsh Katherine , Estrada Carlos , Williams Winter
Published: June 2019

Purpose

To explore faculty perspectives on which characteristics of high-performing clerkship students are most important when determining an honors or top grade designation for clinical performance.

Method

In 2016–2017, the authors surveyed faculty (teaching ward attendings) for internal medicine clerkships and 1 pediatrics clerkship in inpatient settings at 5 U.S. academic medical centers. Survey items were framed around competencies, 24 student characteristics, and attitudes toward evaluation. Factor analysis examined constructs defining high-performing students.

Results

Of 516 faculty invited, 319 (62%) responded. The top 5 characteristics as rated by respondents were taking ownership, clinical reasoning, curiosity, dependability, and high ethical standards (in descending order). Twenty-one characteristics fit into 3 factors (Cronbach alpha, 0.81–0.87). Clinical reasoning did not fit into a factor. Factor 1 was the most important (mean rating, 8.7/10 [95% confidence interval (CI), 8.6–8.8]). It included professionalism components (ownership, curiosity, dependability, high ethical standards), presentation and interviewing skills, seeking feedback, and documentation. Factor 2 (mean, 7.9 [95% CI, 7.7–8.0]) included aspects of teamwork and communication, such as positive attitude and comments from others. Factor 3 (mean, 7.6 [95% CI, 7.4–7.7]) addressed systems-based thinking, including patient safety and care transitions.

Conclusions

Professionalism components, clinical reasoning, and curiosity were among the most important characteristics distinguishing high-performing clerkship students. These may represent behaviors that are highly valued, observable, and relevant to training stage. Improved definition of the characteristics associated with clinical honors would assist students, faculty, and residency program directors when interpreting clinical performance within core clerkships.
Nice Knot New Applications in Wrist Arthroscopy
Authors: Vigouroux Guillet Florence , Tebaa Eloïse , Erhard Lionel , Gomez Diego , Vogels Jerôme , Elkholti Kamil , Locquet Vincent , Boileau Pascal
Published: June 2019

The use of cerclage alone or as a supplement to other forms of internal fixation is common in orthopedic practice. The Nice knot is a doubled stranded knot described by Boileau and colleagues. Its original application was proposed for tuberosity osteosynthesis in proximal humerus fractures. The Nice knot has been used vastly in shoulder surgery and is now widely use in others surgeries. This article aims to describe the utilization of the Nice knot in wrist arthroscopy to repair the triangular fibrocartilage complex or the scapholunate ligament. We modified the techniques described by Mathoulin for these repairs. The Nice knot is a simple knot, easy to use under arthroscopy to repare the scapholunate ligament and the triangular fibrocartilage complex tears.
Skull Clamp Application: A Safe, Team-based Approach and Literature Review
Authors: Land Charles , Bowden Blake , Callaway Lamar , Henderson Andrew , DeVine John
Published: June 2019

Outcomes in posterior cervical spine surgery are highly dependent on proper operative head and neck positioning. As with any spinal procedure, posterior cervical surgery can be associated with significant morbidity; known complications directly related to positioning include postoperative vision loss, neurological injury, and poor surgical outcome. Unsurprisingly, a variety of techniques have been developed that aim to mitigate these complications while improving overall outcomes. The aim of this article is to present a standardized technique for application of the Mayfield skull clamp focusing on a team-based approach for patient positioning to minimize complications. The existing literature is also reviewed for complications associated with head positioning devices. Our method of clamp application and patient positioning minimizes complications (0.36% over a 14-y period), optimizes surgical exposure with anatomic position of the bony elements, and maximizes intraoperative spinal stability. This protocol is ideal for all the posterior cervical procedures.
Auricular Acupressure and Positive Group Psychotherapy With Motivational Interviewing for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Lee Eun Jin
Published: June 2019

Each year, 40% to 60% of smokers try to quit, but smoking cessation success rate for 1 year was 1% to 9% without professional help and 7% to 40% with professional help. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of group counseling with auricular acupressure on smoking cessation and tobacco withdrawal symptoms. This study is a randomized controlled trial. This study was performed at a university in South Korea. Fifty-five smokers were randomly assigned to 3 groups: group 1 (auricular acupressure + counseling), group 2 (placebo acupressure + counseling), and the control group (self-help smoking cessation). Group counseling and auricular acupressure were undertaken once a week for 6 weeks. The smoking cessation rate in group 1 for 1 year was significantly higher than that in group 2 and the control group (22.2%, 5.3%, and 5.6%, respectively). Tobacco withdrawal symptom scores were significantly decreased in group 1 compared with that in group 2 over 6 weeks (F = 3.2, P = .025). Auricular acupressure with group counseling was effective and group counseling alone was not effective for 1-year smoking cessation.
Efficacy and safety of sustained-release oxycodone compared with immediate-release morphine for pain titration in cancer patients
Authors: Pan Hongming , Shen Peng , Shu Qijin , Lu Liqin , Qian Suying , Zhou Yuefen , Han Feng , Guo Qunyi , Yang Zhiping , Pan Jie , Xu Qing , Zhang Peng , Wang Kaifeng
Published: June 2019

Background:

The study aims to investigate the effect and safety of sustained-release oxycodone hydrochloride as background dose on pain titration in patients with moderate-to-severe cancer pain.

Material and methods:

Adult patients scheduled with a regular strong opioid for cancer-related pain were recruited and randomly assigned to sustained-release oxycodone group (tablets, 12 hourly) and immediate-release morphine group (5 mg initially, hourly). All patients were hourly reassessed for efficacy and dose titration.

Results:

The primary end point was the number of titration cycles required to achieve adequate pain relief (numerical rating scale, NRS ≤ 3). Secondary end points included the proportion of patients achieving adequate pain relief during each cycle, potential predictive factors for titration performance, and side effects. Ninety (94.7%) patients in oxycodone group and 78 (86.7%) patients in morphine group achieved adequate pain control during 1 to 4 cycles of titration. Patients in oxycodone group reached adequate pain control within the first 2 cycles of titration, which was significantly shorter than morphine group wherein the number of titration cycles ranged from 1 to 4 (P = .034). Oxycodone prescription significantly increased the response rate of patients to morphine titration during the first cycle of titration (P = .010). The initial NRS score and oxycodone administration were significantly associated with titration performance. The mild or moderate adverse effects were similar in 2 groups, while severe adverse effects were only identified in morphine group (P = .001).

Conclusion:

Use of background sustained-release oxycodone is more efficient and better tolerated on dose titration than immediate-release morphine.
Vonoprazan versus proton pump inhibitors for the management of gastric endoscopic submucosal dissection-induced artificial ulcer
Authors: Kang Hyun , Kim Beom Jin , Choi Geunjoo , Kim Jae Gyu
Published: June 2019

Background:

Vonoprazan, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocking agent, has been used in the management of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD)-induced artificial ulcers. This study aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis for the comparison of the effects of vonoprazan and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in treating ESD-induced artificial ulcers and preventing delayed bleeding in randomized controlled trial and cohort studies.

Methods:

We searched OVID-MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Google Scholar, and clinical trial registries in April 2018 to identify all studies that assess and compare the effects of vonoprazan and PPI in treating ESD-induced artificial ulcers and preventing delayed bleeding. Primary outcome of ulcer healing rate and secondary outcomes of shrinkage rate, ulcer size, and delayed bleeding were studied.

Results:

A total of 1265 patients from 12 studies were included in the final analysis. Healing rate at 4 weeks post-ESD was significantly higher in the vonoprazan group than in the PPI group (relative ratio [RR] 1.20 [1.03–1.40]). However, healing rate at 8 weeks post-ESD was significantly higher in the PPI group than in the vonoprazan group (RR 0.68 [0.48–0.97]).

There was no evidence of significant difference between groups in shrinkage rate at 4 weeks post-ESD, shrinkage rate at 8 weeks post-ESD, delayed bleeding, ulcer size at 0 weeks post-ESD, and ulcer size at 8 weeks post-ESD.

Conclusions:

There was no substantial difference in ulcer healing and post-ESD bleeding between vonoprazan and PPIs. However, vonoprazan more rapidly and effectively treated artificial ulcers after ESD than did PPIs.
Prognostic value of lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in ovarian cancer
Authors: Lu Cong , Zhou Long , Ouyang Jing , Yang Huajing
Published: June 2019

Background:

Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) was recently proposed as a prognostic factor of ovarian cancer. However, prognostic value of the LMR in ovarian cancer remains inconclusive. The study aimed to assess prognostic value of the LMR in ovarian cancer.

Methods:

Seven common databases were comprehensively searched for relevant studies. The analyses were performed for overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS) and clinical parameters. The hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used to analyze OS and PFS.

Results:

A total of 2343 patients with ovarian cancer were included in this meta-analysis. The results showed that a low LMR predicted shorter OS (HR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.38–2.37, P < .01) and PFS (HR = 1.65 95% CI = 1.46–1.85, P < .01) when compared to a high LMR in ovarian cancer. Besides, a low LMR was significantly associated with advanced clinical stage (P < .01), earlier lymph node metastasis (P = .01), higher carbohydrate antigen-125 levels (P < .01), larger residual tumor (P < .01) and worse chemosensitivity (P < .01) when compared to a high LMR in ovarian cancer.

Conclusion:

Low LMR was associated with unfavorable survival in patients with ovarian cancer. LMR could serve as a prognostic biomarker of ovarian cancer.