bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Age‐matched Reference Values for B‐lymphocyte Subpopulations and CVID Classifications in Children
Authors: Schatorjé E. J. H. , Gemen E. F. A. , Driessen G. J. A. , Leuvenink J. , van Hout R. W. N. M. , van der Burg M. , de Vries E.
Published: August 2011

Age‐matched reference values are generally presented with 5th and 95th percentiles as ‘normal’ reference range. However, they are mostly determined in relatively small groups, which renders this presentation inaccurate. We determined reference values for B‐lymphocyte subpopulations in healthy children with the statistical method of tolerance intervals that deals far better with the relatively small numbers tested, and compared these to the cut‐off values used in the currently used EUROclass classification for common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) in children. CVID is a heterogeneous group of primary immunodeficiency diseases characterized by low serum immunoglobulin levels and inadequate response to vaccination. Disease‐modifying heterozygous amino acid substitutions in TACI are found in around ±10% of CVID patients. Interestingly, we found that age is the primary determinant of TACI‐expression on B‐lymphocytes, independent of switched memory B‐lymphocyte numbers. Immunophenotyping of B‐lymphocyte subpopulations is increasingly used to classify patients with CVID into subgroups with different clinical prognosis according to the composition of their B‐lymphocyte compartment. These classifications were mainly developed with data obtained in adults. Because of the maturing paediatric immune system, they may not be equally applicable in children: our and other age‐matched reference values show great changes in the composition of the B‐lymphocyte compartment during development. Although the greatest changes in B‐lymphocyte subpopulations occur below the age of 2 years, when the diagnosis of CVID cannot yet be made, it is likely that a classification developed in adults cannot be used to classify the prognosis of children.
Syncline‐topped anticlinal ridges from the High Atlas: a Moroccan conundrum, and inspiring structures from the Syrian Arc, Israel
Authors: Michard André , Ibouh Hassan , Charrière André
Published: August 2011

Terra Nova, 23, 314–323, 2011

We question for the first time the origin of enigmatic structures, herein termed syncline‐topped anticlinal ridges (STARs). In the Central High Atlas (CHA) of Morocco, small synclines of Upper Palaeocene‐? Eocene deposits are only preserved on top of Triassic–Jurassic anticlinal ridges. We explain these peculiar structures through a three‐step evolution: (i) early halokinetic evolution leading to the formation of elongated diapiric ridges over basement faults, ending with magmatic intrusions and enhanced diapiric ascent up to the surface; (ii) Palaeocene‐? Eocene unconformable sedimentation; (iii) Late Eocene–Quaternary shortening phases, which resulted in the erosion of the Palaeocene‐? Early Eocene deposits, except in the breached anticlinal axes. The comparison with the breached valley (‘`makhteshim'’) of the Syrian Arc in the Negev Desert allows us to emphasize the role of the early diapiric evolution of the CHA domain in the genesis of the STAR structure.
Large‐Scale Integer Linear Programming for Orientation Preserving 3D Shape Matching
Authors: Windheuser Thomas , Schlickwei Ulrich , Schimdt Frank R. , Cremers Daniel
Published: August 2011

We study an algorithmic framework for computing an elastic orientation‐preserving matching of non‐rigid 3D shapes. We outline an Integer Linear Programming formulation whose relaxed version can be minimized globally in polynomial time. Because of the high number of optimization variables, the key algorithmic challenge lies in efficiently solving the linear program. We present a performance analysis of several Linear Programming algorithms on our problem. Furthermore, we introduce a multiresolution strategy which allows the matching of higher resolution models.
Conservative Thought and the English Bourgeoisie
Authors: Feather H. R.
Published: August 2011

It is argued by Mannheim that conservative thought, of which he takes Romanticism as an example, is anti-bourgeois thought. However English Romantic Conservatism does not appear to fit this model. English conservative thought (for example, Burke and Disraeli) is not anti-bourgeois. Furthermore English Romantic conservatism exhibits certain parallels with Wesleyan Methodism (hereafter referred to as Methodism) which acts, via its work ethic, as an ideological support for the bourgeoisie.

The article explores the relationship of English Romantic conservatism to the bourgeosie, its similarities and differences regarding the thought of the latter, and the cultural functions it performs. This throws light on the sociological determinants of Romanticism. These are complex, it is argued, but basically there is an interplay of traditional pre-capitalist and more modem influences, reflecting the interpenetration of different stages of social development.

Romantic conservatism, it is claimed, provides a rich source of symbolism for the modem bourgeoisie and traditional (mercantile and agricultural) capital, demonstrating its ambivalence regarding modern and traditional milieux. At the same time, it remains a non-bourgeois, pre-capitalist type of thought. Its major significance lies in its contribution to the elaboration of more hegemonic forms of dominant culture than would otherwise have been possible, it is concluded.
Some Reflections upon the Macro-Micro Problem in the Sociology of Education
Authors: Hammersley Martyn
Published: August 2011

The macro-micro problem has been a prominent feature of British sociology of education since the early 1970s. In this discipline macro and micro have each come to be associated with particular theoretical perspectives, notably Marxism and interactionism respectively. This has had several unfortunate consequences. First, arguments about the value of macro and micro work have often been little more than dismissals of one perspective by proponents of another. Second, the macro-micro debate has conflated several quite distinct methodological issues. This article focuses on one of these issues: the question of whether social events can best be explained as the product of large or small scale structures. It is claimed that this issue cannot be resolved by philosophical analysis alone, the answer is a matter for empirical discovery. Moreover, the problem cannot be settled at the moment because we have insufficient well-established theories. Only when more such theories are available will we be able to resolve the question of whether valid macro and micro theories are possible. What stands in the way of achieving this, however, is precisely what led to the fruitless character of the macro-micro dispute in the first place: the organization of the sociology of education around theoretical perspectives rather than around substantive research problems.
Family, Community and Unemployment: A Study in Change
Authors: Binns David , Mars Gerald
Published: August 2011

This paper provides the first report of an intensive empirical study of social relations of unemployment on a Glasgow housing estate. Its sample is divided into two equal, age-based categories corresponding to families where the male ‘head of household’ is over 25 and has a previous record of regular work, and those under 25 where such experience is absent. The paper identifies and examines a domestic and work-linked cycle which has been disrupted by unemployment. On this basis we then consider the differential adaptation to unemployment of the two groups; differences in their gender relations and differences in the forms and degrees of their reliance on kin and other support. We finally and tentatively propose some connections between unemployment and domestic conflict.
Catch, Class and Bureaucracy: The Meaning of Joseph Heller's Catch 22
Authors: Perry Nick
Published: August 2011

The expression ‘Catch 22’ has become part of the language, routinely employed without further explanation in newspapers, television programmes and everyday speech, and invoked without further reference in the learned papers of both British and American authors.1 A related, but less common tendency, which serves to identify admirers of the novel, is the predisposition to see particular incidents and characters as exemplars of the world beyond its pages.2 Ransacking the text for such Goffmanesque parallels can, at a minimum, contribute to a kind of world weary higher gossip and a repertoire of novel epithets for characterising faculty committees. This is clearly not what so perceptive a political theorist as John Schaar had in mind when he located Catch 22 between Horatio Alger and Goodman's Growing Up Absurd as one of those books which, for Americans at least, has ‘had important effects on our political life’.3 Indeed one critic has even suggested that Yossarian, the central character, was a role model for those Vietnam war draft resisters, evaders and AWOL veterans who chose exile in Sweden and elsewhere.4 Whatever the status of this and similar contentions (and prescience seems a more plausible claim than influence) my intention is not to establish the precise impact of Catch 22 on attitudes and action.

I am, however, concerned to explain the basis of its popularity. Hence my tactics are to reconstruct how the novel works on its reader and to suggest the ways in which this connects with, and selects for, a public which occupies a distinctive social and cultural situation. That public, it is argued, is all but coextensive with Gouldner's ‘New Class’,5 and the form style and structure of Catch 22 dramatises the sociolinguistic implications of the contradiction which characterises the New Class's social position. Moreover the book provides a symbolic solution to that contradiction. For Heller, method, ideas and sensibility are linked in a strategy which both uncovers the use of language as a bureaucratic resource and uses the resources of language to uncover bureaucracy.6
Natural Justice and the Big Public Inquiry: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Rodger John J.
Published: August 2011

The paper argues that discussion about procedural reform of the public inquiry system in academic public administration has taken an overly formal view of procedures and has failed fully to understand how and why there is widespread criticism of ‘Big Public Inquiries’ from those who participate in them. Following a review of the central problems with the existing public inquiry process, it is suggested that the work of Basil Bernstein on the ‘classification’ and ‘framing’ of knowledge can be readily utilised to develop a perspective for studying natural justice in big public inquiries in a sociological rather than merely a legal sense.
Careers and Redundancy
Authors: Portwood Derek
Published: August 2011

Occupational redundancy is affecting a wide range of workers including those with careers. This challenges assumptions of the inviolability of professional careers and views of careers as steady progress. Individuals' experience of redundancy shows that careers can be very disadvantageous for those who have invested in and become committed to them. Recent changes in society thus call for a revision of the existing sociological concept of career and its use in the analysis of social institutions and processes. These issues are examined by reviewing sociological references to, and analyses of, the concept and by studying the effects of redundancy on a particular group of professionals. It is argued that redundancy compels an approach which treats seriously the capacity of ‘careers’ to inflict psychological and social harm and to involve career holders in political struggle. The concept should retain its place in the sociology of occupations, but to realise its analytical potential, it must be firmly related to political conditions and consequences. This may justify following the commonsense rather than the sociological view and restricting its use to high-status occupations.
Redundancy, Labour Markets and Informal Relations
Authors: Lee Raymond M.
Published: August 2011

As a result of its ‘slimline’ plan put into effect in May 1980, the British Steel Corporation made nearly 6,000 workers redundant from its Abbey Works in Port Talbot. The relationship between redundancies at the plant, the labour market experiences of those made redundant and the way in which the two are mediated by informal relational structures is examined. It is argued (a) that the labour market chances of those made redundant were structured by the character of the redundancy process which made certain kinds of worker vulnerable to selection for redundancy; and (b) that the operation of the labour market changed as a result of the redundancies in ways which advantaged those among the redundant who were informally linked to certain kinds of opportunities on the demand side of the labour market. Some wider implications of the patterns found are discussed.
Research Note: Balance of Financial Power in Marriage: An Exploratory Study of Breadwinning Wives
Authors: Stamp Peggy
Published: August 2011

This research note reports some findings of a small exploratory study of a sample of 18 women and 14 men living in the North-West in families in which the wife was the major (though not necessarily the only) breadwinner. Amongst the aspects explored in interviews were their domestic financial arrangements, which were found to be significantly different from those in studies where the husband was the main breadwinner. It was found that there was a tendency for the wives to cede some of their financial power to their husbands. At the same time they took on a sense of the burden of responsibility and worry associated with the breadwinning role.
Reconstructive Legitimacy in Final Reports of Contract Research
Authors: Maines David R. , Palenski Joseph
Published: August 2011

It is argued that final reports of contract research firms are best understood as documents embedded in a political economy rather than as objective depictions of reality. That political economy gives rise to distortions of the research process in such reports we conceptualize as ‘reconstructive legitimacy’. That concept points to a set of structural conditions which induce contractors to gloss over problems and misrepresent research events. Reconstructive legitimacy functions to convey the image of these for-profit organizations as capable of delivering a viable and useful product to their sponsors. Implications of this manifestly political and economic process for policy research and formulation are discussed.
Routine Deaths: Fatal Accidents in the Oil Industry
Authors: Wright Chris
Published: August 2011

This paper is a study in the relatively neglected field of the Sociology of Accidents and is concerned with fatalities in the UK Offshore Oil Industry. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the social and organizational causes of these accidents. Common sense and expert opinion both present industrial accidents as products of extra organizational abnormality but evidence from this research locates the causes of accidents in work organization and dependence on bureaucratic rationality. In particular it is shown that the hazardous situations in which the accidents occurred were themselves largely the products of two aspects of the formal organization of work, the ‘speed-up’ and the practice of ‘sub-contracting’. It is demonstrated that the common sense equation of the ‘normal’ and the ‘routine’ inhibited recognition of the organization causes of these accidents. Finally it is argued that, since there is little support for the view that the accident were produced by unique working conditions in the offshore industry, it is therefore likely that the causes of accidents in this industry will be found to exist in other industries.
Exploitation in the New Marxism of Collective Action
Authors: Brewer John
Published: August 2011

The ‘new Marxism of collective action’ is a term Lash and Urry have recently used to describe a new intellectual current in Marxism which seeks to apply rational choice theory, and particularly game theory, to key Marxian concepts like collective action, class, revolution and exploitation. This current is seen as part of a general shift within social science away from structure towards agency. This paper focuses on a concept which Lash and Urry's outline ignored: namely, exploitation. Granting the concept this attention is useful for a number of reasons. Firstly, by summarizing the general debate on the concept, both within the new Marxism of collective action and outside, the paper allows the discussion of exploitation to be placed in the context of the more general debate between structuralist and humanistic versions of Marxism; especially in the context of the debate about whether there can be a Marxist theory of ethics and injustice. Secondly, by outlining how the concept is understood by advocates of the new Marxism of collective action, the paper accords the concept the central status which advocates reserve for it. In consequence, the paper identifies differences between advocates of the new Marxism of collective action with respect to how exploitation is to be understood, which suggest that the intellectual current is not as homogeneous as Lash and Urry imply. Moreover, the paper stresses that the differences between them with regard to exploitation are more than just unhelpful disagreements over matters of definition, but represent fundamental disagreements about the validity of Marx's original formulations in contemporary society.
The Nature of ‘Schools’ in the Sociology of Knowledge: The Case of the ‘Chicago School’
Authors: Harvey Lee
Published: August 2011

The nature of ‘schools' as a metascientific construct is reviewed. Tiryakian's (1979a) increasingly popular construction of a school of sociology is examined and the case of ‘The Chicago School’ is considered in detail. The efficacy of a ‘schools’ approach to understanding the nature of the growth and development of scientific knowledge is called into question. It is suggested that schools, as used in the literature, tend to be convenient groupings of practitioners rather than metascientific categories and that they fail to adequately engage knowledge transformative processes.
Technological Knowledge, Curriculum and Occupational Role Potential
Authors: Kahane Reuven , Starr Laura
Published: August 2011

This paper examines technological curricula in terms of their potential to be realized in occupational roles. The more the curriculum is oriented towards roles (as opposed to skills or pure knowledge), the greater the probability that it will be articulated in the labour market and the greater its efficacy and legitimacy.

The concept of role has been analytically divided into six components: value commitment, normative, communicative, interactive, role intelligence and proficiency components.

Theoretically, the more components are present in a given curriculum, the higher the probability that a given occupational role will be effectively articulated. However, their presence is a necessary but insufficient condition for effective role performance; their integration is of equal, if not greater importance, and the latter is meaningful only when the social context of the articulation is taken into account.

It was found that the role components do not appear in a balanced manner in technological curricula investigated in Israel, and some hardly receive any attention. Those that are present are weakly linked to actual economic contexts. Thus, it appears that students in technological education, are socialized to minimal role articulation; ie, they are more likely to implement decontextualized tasks than to assume integral occupational roles.
Women's Work: The Role of Grandparents in Inter-Generational Transfers
Authors: Wilson Gail
Published: August 2011

This article surveys the role of grandparents in providing a continuing level of material support in 61 households with dependent children in an inner city area. It concludes that assistance is structured by gender, income level, household financial organisation, residential proximity, need and ideology. In terms of the provision of continuing support to households with young children, grandparents are important but grandmothers give more assistance than grandfathers and they direct it where it is most needed. It is important for grandmothers to have access to paid work. The ideology of assistance is differentiated by class. In professional families the married couple is the unit of transfer but for working class families the solidarity of female relatives, in particular, of daughters and mothers and mothers-in-law, is more important.
Skills, Control, and the Mass Professions
Authors: Shaw K.E.
Published: August 2011

Since members of the mass professions are employed mainly by large organisations in the public sector, they are increasingly ‘managed’. What is happening to their skills, their control over their own work, and their professionalism, are matters of concern as revealed by recent disputes. These are precisely questions at the heart of the labour process debate relaunched by Braverman. The insights generated by this stream of writing, already profitably applied beyond blue collar work to clerical occupations may be extended to embrace elements of the service class. There the notion of indetermination goes beyond the notion of discretion. Changes in public ideology have effects analogous to those arising from technological innovation in manufacturing. Yet professionals, whilst attending to technological aspects of their work, typically ignore the wider social issues. In this respect they are vulnerable to deskilling and erosion of control over their work.
Managing Childcare and Work Responsibilities: The Strategies of Married Women Primary and Infant Headteachers
Authors: Evetts Julia
Published: August 2011

The article analyses the strategies that had been developed by women teachers to enable them to meet their family obligations to care for young children and, at the same time, develop their teaching careers. Using career history data from a sample of twenty-five women headteachers, from a midlands county in England, the article considers the expectations these women had set themselves with regard to certain childcare tasks and how they had managed the resources they had, in order to meet these expectations. The interview data revealed that relationships, particularly between other women teachers, were an important resource in enabling these women to fulfil their childcare expectations while pursuing their teaching careers.
Towards a Typology of Female Entrepreneurs
Authors: Cromie Stanley , Hayes John
Published: August 2011

This paper reviews some of the employment problems faced by women and examines how these difficulties might be overcome through entrepreneurship. However, recent empirical work by Goffee and Scase suggests that it is inappropriate to speak of ‘the’ female entrepreneur: there are different types of female business proprietors.

Based on an empirical study of 34 aspiring female proprietors, the authors investigate the validity of Goffee and Scase's assertions. Results suggest that there are indeed different types of female entrepreneur, and that while there are some similarities between the typology developed in this paper and that presented by Goffee and Scase, there are also significant differences between them.

Possible policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Viewpoint — Romantic Fictions: The Re-Emergence of the Crime as Politics Debate
Authors: Tierney John
Published: August 2011

Arising out of current debates in criminology over the nature of black criminality and black crime statistics, this paper focuses specifically on the argument that black/working class crime represents a form of political action. Attempts to infuse working class crime with political status have a sociological pedigree stretching back at least to the 1960s. This paper examines the links between contemporary and earlier work in this field, and critically appraises what are seen as often over-romanticised formulations. The final section attempts to indicate how a relevant theoretical framework may be constructed.
The Philosophical Bogeyman: Misunderstanding the Relation of Theory and Method
Authors: Layder Derek
Published: August 2011

When my article ‘The relation of theory and method: causal relatedness, historical contingency and beyond’ appeared in The Sociological Review August 1988, it was followed by two critical responses in the same issue by Platt and Bulmer. In my opinion both of these responses seriously misrepresent and profoundly misunderstand my arguments. In what follows I identify the more salient of these errors and attempt to rectify them.
Preaching to the Converted: Conversion Language and the Constitution of the TV Evangelical Community
Authors: Wright Chris
Published: August 2011

A paradox is noted in the presentation of conversion in TV evangelism; this is that although the necessity of being converted is a common theme it is clear that the evangelists are aware that their audience is already converted. An attempt is made to resolve the paradox by showing how TV evangelists use conversion language as rhetoric to legitimate their role and the rationality of the organisation which they represent. It is further shown how this legitimation is itself made possible through another use of conversion language which creates a sense of moral community embracing evangelists, organisation and audience as copartners in the shared project of conversion. Finally, it is shown how the presentation of TV evangelism as the central ritual of a moral community generates a further conversion rhetoric which depicts the community as both exclusive of and yet open to non-members; a contradiction which is resolved through the establishment of distinctive roles within the community related to the activity of winning converts.
The Impact of Questioning Method on Measurement Error in Panel Survey Measures of Benefit Receipt: Evidence from a Validation Study
Authors: Lynn Peter , Jäckle Annette , Jenkins Stephen P. , Sala Emanuela
Published: August 2011

We assess measurement error in panel survey reports of social security benefit receipt, drawing on a unique validation study. Our aims are threefold. First, we quantify the incidence of measurement errors (under- and over-reporting). Second, we assess the extent to which this varies according to the questioning method that is used. Specifically, dependent interviewing has been proposed as a way to reduce under-reporting in some circumstances. We compare two versions of dependent interviewing with traditional independent interviewing in an experimental design. Third, we identify and assess new ways of reducing measurement error in panel surveys. We use data from a large-scale UK household panel survey and we consider six benefits. To assess the measurement error, a validation exercise was conducted, with administrative data on benefit receipt matched at the individual level to the survey microdata.
UNREFLECTIVE ACTION AND THE ARGUMENT FROM SPEED
Authors: GOTTLIEB GABRIEL
Published: August 2011

Hubert Dreyfus has defended a novel view of agency, most notably in his debate with John McDowell. Dreyfus argues that expert actions are primarily unreflective and do not involve conceptual activity. In unreflective action, embodied know‐how plays the role reflection and conceptuality play in the actions of novices. Dreyfus employs two arguments to support his conclusion: the argument from speed and the phenomenological argument. I argue that Dreyfus's argumentative strategies are not successful, since he relies on a dubious assumption about concepts and reflection. I suggest that Dreyfus is committed to a minimal view of conceptuality in action.
Gendered Agency and Emotions in the Field of Care Work
Authors: Husso Marita , Hirvonen Helena
Published: August 2011

This article examines the gendered effects of the intensification of public sector care work due to neoliberal reforms. It draws on an interview study of Finnish social and healthcare workers to argue that the expectations towards men and women in the reorganized field of care work are different, especially in the case of their emotional involvement in care practices. The article develops a conceptual framework based on Bourdieu's theory of practice and its feminist developments. We discuss caring as gendered, habitual and emotional work and as a lived social relationship that produces different states of autonomy and dependency for women and men. Our study finds that women in particular face contradictory expectations of being intensely involved in emotion work on the one hand and in the efficient performance of tasks on the other, which creates a clash between their habitus and the field of care work. We further suggest that the clash produces social suffering that is difficult to recognize because the practices in the field reproduce and reaffirm the differences in the emotional habitus of men and women.
Doing Gender Well and Differently in Dirty Work: The Case of Exotic Dancing
Authors: Mavin Sharon , Grandy Gina
Published: August 2011

This article explores how a group of exotic dancers do gender and manage the stigma associated with their work and identities. We draw upon stigma management strategies from the dirty work literature and illuminate the doing of gender in these strategies. We also contribute to the debate that gender can be done well and differently through simultaneous, multiple enactments of femininity and masculinity. We consider the experiences of 21 exotic dancers working in a chain of UK exotic dancing clubs and conclude that in order to be good at their job, exotic dancers are expected to do gender well, that is, perform exaggerated expressions of femininity. However, we also theorize that for some dirty workers, specifically exotic dancers as sex workers, doing gender well will not be enough to reposition bad girls (bad, dirty work) into good girls (good, clean work). Finally, we propose that doing gender well will have different consequences in different types of work, thereby extending our findings to other dirty work occupations and organizations in general.
The Search for an Authentic Entrepreneurial Identity: Difference and Professionalism among Women Business Owners
Authors: Lewis Patricia
Published: August 2011

This article contributes to the recent stream of research on enterprise and identity by exploring the authenticity‐driven identity work of a group of women business owners. While previous research has highlighted the effort some female business owners put into fitting in with the masculine identity of the entrepreneur, this article focuses on those women who self‐consciously adopt a feminized entrepreneurial identity as a means of being ‘who I really am’ in a business context. Nevertheless, despite their expressed commitment to a feminized identity, the article highlights their incorporation of a contrasting position or antagonism in this authenticity‐driven endeavour. Drawing on Charme's notion of existential authenticity, which places an emphasis on the cultural, historical, political, economic and physical limits to being ‘true to oneself’, the article shows how the situated nature of women's search for an authentically driven entrepreneurial identity means that they draw on a feminized discourse of difference and a contrasting masculine discourse of professionalism in their identity construction labours.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and insulin resistance post‐trauma: similarities to type 2 diabetes
Authors: Jeschke Marc G. , Boehning Darren
Published: August 2011

Introduction

Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia in burn patients

Euglycaemic control in critically ill and burn patients

Molecular mechanisms associated with post‐burn insulin resistance: endoplasmic reticulum stress and unfolded protein response

Induction of the ER stress response and intracellular calcium stores

Type 2 diabetes in animal models and links to the ER stress response

Clinical relevance of insulin resistance and ER stress in the post‐burn response

Targeting the ER stress response as a therapeutic for burn injury

Conclusions

Type 2 diabetes, a rapidly growing disease of modern aetiology, has a profound impact on morbidity and mortality. Explosions in the understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms which lead to type 2 diabetes have recently been elucidated. In particular, the central role of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) and the unfolding protein response (UPR) in insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes has recently been discovered. We hypothesize that ER stress and UPR are not only central for type 2 diabetes but also for stress‐induced diabetes. We review here the evidence that post‐burn insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia have pathophysiologic mechanisms in common with type 2 diabetes. These recent discoveries not only highlight the importance of ER stress in the post‐burn patient recovery, but furthermore enable new models to study fundamental and interventional aspects of type 2 diabetes.
CELL MEMBRANE DAMAGE BY VACUUM TREATMENT AT DIFFERENT PRESSURE REDUCTION RATES
Authors: SONG XIAOYONG , LI YUNFEI
Published: August 2011

To investigate the damage of cell membrane induced by vacuum treatment at different pressure reduction rates, the onion epidermis was subjected to three different pressure reduction rates in a miniaturized, visual and vernier regulation experimental setup. The results of physical tests agreed well with the result of optical microscopy, which showed that treatment at the medium pressure reduction rate resulted in minimum changes in the spaces between the cell membrane and cell wall, water loss, relative electrical conductivity, color and micromechanical properties. Experimental results showed that the pressure reduction rate had obvious effects on the cell membrane integrity of vacuum‐treated onion epidermis.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This work tested the effect extent of different pressure rates on the cell membrane integrity during vacuum treatment, which has been demonstrated to provide many benefits to the food processing industry. This research could help the users to choose the appropriate operating parameters, to predict the characteristics of vacuum cooled products, to understand the mechanism of vacuum treatment and to learn the design of vacuum cooling equipment.
Sustainable Food Consumption and Production in a Resource‐constrained World  Summary Findings of the EU SCAR Third Foresight Exercise La production et la consommation alimentaires durables dans un monde aux ressources limitées  Résumé des résultats du 3ème exercice de prospective du Comité permanent pour la recherche agricole de l’Union européenne Nachhaltiger Lebensmittelkonsum und nachhaltige Lebensmittelproduktion in einer Welt mit begrenzten Ressourcen  Zusammenfassung der Ergebnisse aus dem dritten Vorausschauverfahren des Ständigen Agrarforschungsausschusses (SCAR) der EU
Authors: Freibauer Annette , Mathijs Erik , Brunori Gianluca , Damianova Zoya , Faroult Elie , i Gomis Joan Girona , O′Brien Lance , Treyer Sébastien
Published: August 2011

summary

Sustainable Food Consumption and Production in a Resource‐constrained World

This article summarises the findings of the Third Foresight Exercise organised by the EU Standing Committee on Agriculture Research (SCAR). The challenges ahead for the European agri‐food system differ in their complexity, scale and speed to those we have faced in the past, pointing to a new level of change. The interconnections between these combined challenges and the limited understanding of the various feedback loops linking them, contribute to uncertainty about future developments. There is growing evidence, however, that these challenges are so large that a ‘business‐as usual’ approach is not an option and that transformative change is needed which will open up a window for innovation, new ideas and new paradigms. Three pathways have been identified to guide the transition to a sustainable agri‐food system: consumption changes, technological innovation and organisational innovation. To make the transition successful, research and innovation programmes should be transformed in order to tackle these challenges and to produce the necessary system innovations. Diversity of approaches and paradigms, transdisciplinarity, experimentation in both the technological and social realm and coordination should be promoted in the design of the research and innovation programmes.
Capability of a numerical model to simulate dam breach laboratory tests
Authors: De Lorenzo G. , Macchione F.
Published: August 2011

In the last decade many research projects have been developed concerning the breaching of embankment dams. In particular in the framework of the IMPACT Project, results were provided for five large scale field tests and for 22 laboratory tests, so providing the basis for a better comprehension of the breach enlargement process, but also giving useful data for numerical modelling. This paper presents the results of the simulations of some of these tests, where the erosion is triggered by the overtopping of the dam. The simulations were carried out through a physically based model proposed by Macchione. The numerical results confirmed the soundness of the physical basis of the model.
Modelling fluctuations of Caspian Sea levels using a mixed probability distribution
Authors: Kozhevnikova I. , Shveikina V. , Domínguez E.
Published: August 2011

By applying a nonlinear regression root analysis, this paper evaluates the significance of an emerging third stable steady state for the Caspian Sea level. A theoretical probability density function (PDF) is built and fitted to empirical data by mixing three different normal distributions. From this mixed probability distribution, a drift coefficient is obtained for the corresponding diffusive process. A stochastic model is then proposed, which uses the derived drift coefficient. This model demonstrates better performance than that exhibited by polynomial approximations and open possibilities for hydrological risk assessment of systems with several stable steady states.
A COMPARISON OF EXACT AND APPROXIMATE LINEAR FUNCTION ESTIMATES OF OBLIQUE FACTOR SCORES
Authors: BAGGALEY ANDREW , CATTELL RAYMOND B.
Published: August 2011

Abstract.—Exact and approximate procedures for estimating oblique factor scores are described and compared. The amount of error due to the substitution of the approximate procedure is estimated; and the computational problems arising with both methods are briefly discussed.
THE INHERITANCE OF INTELLIGENCE AND ITS SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Conway J.
Published: August 2011

It is argued that the wide differences between the intellectual achievements of children from different socio‐economic classes are due not only to environmental but also to genetic differences. In spite of the marked improvement in social conditions during recent years, the differences between the average levels for each class remain much the same as before the war. The distribution of genetic differences displays two significant characteristics: (a) the average level of children from the lower occupational groups is lower than that of the others, but (b) owing to their numbers and the wide range of individual variation, they provide a larger number of able children than the higher groups. A multifactorial process of inheritance combined with the effects of social mobility would adequately account for all the important features observed.

Recent critics have questioned the validity of this explanation, and in particular have doubted the evidence for mental inheritance (notably that which rests on the study of identical twins). An attempt is made to answer their objections in the light of newer evidence now available.
ESTIMATION IN FACTOR ANALYSIS UNDER VARIOUS INITIAL ASSUMPTIONS
Authors: Lawley D. N.
Published: August 2011

The object of the following paper is to investigate how far it is practicable to adopt the principle of maximum likelihood for the estimation of factor loadings, when some of the loadings are assumed a priori to be zero. Both the orthogonal and the oblique case arc considered; and the solutions obtained are illustrated by applying them to a simple example.

Owing to the need for an iterative procedure the labour involved increases enormously as the number of factors increases. It is concluded that one possibility would be to use methods which, though not fully efficient, would entail only fairly simple calculations. To devise such methods is comparatively easy, but it is far more difficult to assess their efficiency.
INTELLIGENCE AND SOCIAL MOBILITY
Authors: Burt Cyril
Published: August 2011

The main thesis of the following paper is that, in a highly organized society, the discrepancies between the general intelligence of the children and the occupational class into which they are born is bound to produce a large and fairly constant amount of ‘basic mobility’, quite apart from any deliberate changes in the political or educational structure of the society.

Since the correlation between the intelligence of fathers and sons is only about 0.50, it is evident that, when classified according to their occupational status, (i) the mean intelligence of the children belonging to each class will exhibit a marked regression towards the general mean, and (ii) the intelligence of the individual children within each class will vary over a far wider range than that of their fathers. These deductions are fully confirmed by tables compiled to show the actual distribution of intelligence among adults and children belonging to the various occupational categories. It follows that, if the frequency distribution within the several classes is to remain constant (and still more if there is to be an increasing degree of vocational adjustment among later generations), a considerable amount of social mobility must inevitably take place, involving between 20 and 30 per cent of the population. Approximate estimates are attempted of both the actual and the ideal amounts. Data obtained from the after‐histories of schoolchildren, followed up in later life, are analysed to ascertain the main psychological causes tending to produce a rise or drop in occupational status.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF VERBAL FLUENCY FACTORS1
Authors: Christensen Paul R. , Guilford J. P.
Published: August 2011

The objective of the investigation here described was to carry out a factor‐analytic study of the somewhat ambiguous area of verbal fluency, using a new approach which emphasized certain experimental features. Hypotheses regarding difference among the fluency factors were tested by systematic variations in sets of two or more parallel tests.

A six‐hour battery of experimental and marker tests was administered to 221 Naval Air Cadets. Thirteen factors were extracted from the inter‐correlations of 41 variables. First‐approximation positions were obtained by placing each of nine reference axes near a single marker test in an orthogonal system. From this two rotational solutions were obtained graphically, one using the criteria of simple structure and positive manifold only with no knowledge of the tests, the other with knowledge and with the further criterion of psychological sense. The two were in general agreement.

The following factors were identified: (i) four reference factors, Verbal Comprehension, General Reasoning, Writing Speed, Originality, (ii) a factor called Eduction of Conceptual Correlates; (iii) three factors specific to parallel tests or overlapping scores; (iv) one residual factor, and (v) four fluency factors, namely Expressional Fluency (the ability to produce connected discourse, irrespective of the quality of production), Ideational Fluency (the ability to produce ideas in situations where there is little restriction and a high level of quality is not required), Word Fluency (the ability to produce words meeting structural requirements with moderate restrictions on responses), and Associational Fluency (the ability to produce isolated words to fit a given relation and unit of meaning).
SOME ALTERNATIVE STOCHASTIC MODELS OF CHOICE1
Authors: Audley R. J. , Pike A. R.
Published: August 2011

Theories of choice may be regarded as having two principal features: a representation of indecision and a decision rule stating the conditions which must be satisfied for a choice to occur. Three ways of representing indecision are described and evaluated. In terms of one of these representations, several theoretical models of choice are developed by considering the consequences of two kinds of decision rule. A way of determining the properties of the models is described, but is not used in more than an illustrative fashion. A detailed examination of these properties will be given elsewhere, when comparisons will be made with empirical data.
GENERALIZATION OF THE SPEARMAN‐BROWN FORMULA FOR TEST RELIABILITY: THE CASE OF NON‐INDEPENDENCE OF TRUE SCORES AND ERROR SCORES
Authors: Zimmerman Donald W. , Williams Richard H.
Published: August 2011

It is proved that the Spearman‐Brown formula for test reliability, indicating increase in reliability with increase in test length, holds in its original form even when true scores and error scores are not independent. Under these conditions, however, the error variance of a test increased in length n times is not a linear function of the error variance of the test. It is also proved that an increase in the degree of correlation between error scores on parallel forms with an increase in test length is described by a formula having the same form as the Spearman‐Brown formula.
THE RELATION BETWEEN DECISION TIME AND RELATIVE RESPONSE FREQUENCY IN A BLUE‐GREEN DISCRIMINATION
Authors: Audley R. J. , Mercer Anne
Published: August 2011

Using a two‐choice blue‐green discrimination, decision times were measured for stimuli yielding relative response frequencies of approximately 0.10, 0.50, 0.90 and values close to zero and unity. The results were shown to support the prediction of a so‐called accumulator, or recruitment, model of choice. It is also shown that the results could be well accounted for by assuming that the decisions were based on fixed samples of information which vary in quality.
A DESIGN AND MODEL FOR ESTIMATING THE EFFECTS OF ONE TRIAL ON THE NEXT IN A SEQUENCE HAVING TWO TYPES OF TRIAL
Authors: Ogilvie J. C. , Surridge C. T. , Amsel A.
Published: August 2011

A statistical design and model is presented for estimating the after‐effects of the treatment given at trial n on trial n + 1, when there are two kinds of treatment in a series. The specific application of the model is to an evaluation of the effects of stimulation produced by reward and non‐reward in a partial reinforcement situation. A rationale for the model is provided; the derivation of the estimates and the analysis of variance is described; and the model is applied to the analysis of some data which form part of a study published elsewhere. The results of the analysis indicate that reward and non‐reward affect immediately following performance differentially at 20 sec. intertrial intervals but not at 12 min. intertrial intervals.
THE EFFECT OF NUMBER OF RESPONSE ALTERNATIVES ON RESPONSE FREQUENCY AND LATENCY IN PAIRED‐ASSOCIATE LEARNING
Authors: Hall Ralph F.
Published: August 2011

An experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the number of response alternatives on response latency in paired‐associate learning. In previous studies no systematic differences have been found between error and success latencies of trials prior to the last error, but these studies have involved only two or three response alternatives. In the present study eight stimuli were paired with either two‐, four‐ or eight‐response alternatives.

The mean error latencies were an increasing function of the number of response alternatives, while on pre‐criterion trials, mean error latencies were consistently greater than mean success latencies with four‐ and eight‐response alternatives. No systematic differences were found in the two‐response condition.

A four‐state all‐or‐none memory model was fitted to both the frequency and latency data, and adequately accounted for the four‐ and eight‐response Conditions, but yielded some discrepant predictions in the two‐response condition. These discrepancies were attributed to the use of different recall strategies by the subjects.