bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hybrid Copper‐Nanowire–Reduced‐Graphene‐Oxide Coatings: A “Green Solution” Toward Highly Transparent, Highly Conductive, and Flexible Electrodes for (Opto)Electronics
Authors: Aliprandi Alessandro , Moreira Tiago , Anichini Cosimo , Stoeckel Marc‐Antoine , Eredia Matilde , Sassi Ugo , Bruna Matteo , Pinheiro Carlos , Laia César A. T. , Bonacchi Sara , Samorì Paolo
Published: September 2017

This study reports a novel green chemistry approach to assemble copper‐nanowires/reduced‐graphene‐oxide hybrid coatings onto inorganic and organic supports. Such films are robust and combine sheet resistances (<30 Ω sq−1) and transparencies in the visible region (transmittance > 70%) that are rivalling those of indium–tin oxide. These electrodes are suitable for flexible electronic applications as they show a sheet resistance change of <4% after 10 000 bending cycles at a bending radius of 1.0 cm, when supported on polyethylene terephthalate foils. Significantly, the wet‐chemistry method involves the preparation of dispersions in environmentally friendly solvents and avoids the use of harmful reagents. Such inks are processed at room temperature on a wide variety of surfaces by spray coating. As a proof‐of‐concept, this study demonstrates the successful use of such coatings as electrodes in high‐performance electrochromic devices. The robustness of the electrodes is demonstrated by performing several tens of thousands of cycles of device operation. These unique conducting coatings hold potential for being exploited as transparent electrodes in numerous optoelectronic applications such as solar cells, light‐emitting diodes, and displays.
Tandem Cross Coupling Reaction of Alcohols for Sustainable Synthesis of β‐Alkylated Secondary Alcohols and Flavan Derivatives
Authors: Shee Sujan , Paul Bhaskar , Panja Dibyajyoti , Roy Bivas Chandra , Chakrabarti Kaushik , Ganguli Kasturi , Das Ayan , Das Gourab Kanti , Kundu Sabuj
Published: September 2017

A Ru(II) NHC complex (loading down to 0.001 mol%) catalyzed cross coupling of a broad range of aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic alcohols is reported. This protocol also functioned efficiently under solvent‐free conditions. Remarkably, this catalytic system disclosed so far the highest TON of 288000 for the cross coupling of alcohols. Notably, this methodology was successfully applied for the one‐pot synthesis of a range of flavan derivatives. A detailed DFT studies and kinetic experiments were performed to understand the reaction mechanism as well as the high reactivity of this catalytic system.

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Facile synthesis, characterisation and anti‐inflammatory activities of ferrocenyl ester derivatives of 4‐arylidene‐5‐imidazolinones
Authors: Shinde Dilip N. , Trivedi Rajiv , Vamsi Krishna N. , Giribabu L. , Sridhar B. , Rathod B.B. , Prakasham R.S.
Published: September 2017

This article describes the synthesis, optoelectronic properties and anti‐inflammatory activities of a series of seven ferrocenyl ester‐linked 4‐arylidene‐5‐imidazolinone conjugates. Three different types of ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐substituted ferrocenyl esters have been prepared. Their UV–Vis spectra and electrochemical studies are described. The structure of one of the conjugates was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study. These conjugates exhibited moderate anti‐inflammatory activities.
A pronounced ligand effect on platinum‐catalyzed Hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes
Authors: Dong Cheng , Yuan Yang , Cui Yu‐Ming , Zheng Zhan‐Jiang , Cao Jian , Xu Zheng , Xu Li‐Wen
Published: September 2017

The use of ligands to tune the reactivity and regioselectivity of transition metal‐based catalyst for silicon‐mediated organic synthesis (SiMOS) is an important topic and challenge in organosilicon chemistry and synthetic organic chemitstry. In this manuscript, the dual ligand platinum catalyst system was developed for the hydrosilylation of alkynes. It was found that regioselectivity enhancement was determined with combinational use of phosphine ligand (6a) and multifunctional Py‐BINMOL ligand (4a). The corresponding vinylsilanes were obtained in high yields and high regioselectivities.
Production of accurate skeletal models of domestic animals using three‐dimensional scanning and printing technology
Authors: Li Fangzheng , Liu Chunying , Song Xuexiong , Huan Yanjun , Gao Shansong , Jiang Zhongling
Published: September 2017

Access to adequate anatomical specimens can be an important aspect in learning the anatomy of domestic animals. In this study, the authors utilized a structured light scanner and fused deposition modeling (FDM) printer to produce highly accurate animal skeletal models. First, various components of the bovine skeleton, including the femur, the fifth rib, and the sixth cervical (C6) vertebra were used to produce digital models. These were then used to produce 1:1 scale physical models with the FDM printer. The anatomical features of the digital models and three‐dimensional (3D) printed models were then compared with those of the original skeletal specimens. The results of this study demonstrated that both digital and physical scale models of animal skeletal components could be rapidly produced using 3D printing technology. In terms of accuracy between models and original specimens, the standard deviations of the femur and the fifth rib measurements were 0.0351 and 0.0572, respectively. All of the features except the nutrient foramina on the original bone specimens could be identified in the digital and 3D printed models. Moreover, the 3D printed models could serve as a viable alternative to original bone specimens when used in anatomy education, as determined from student surveys. This study demonstrated an important example of reproducing bone models to be used in anatomy education and veterinary clinical training. Anat Sci Educ 11: 73–80. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
Simulating the multi‐disciplinary care team approach: Enhancing student understanding of anatomy through an ultrasound‐anchored interprofessional session
Authors: Luetmer Marianne T. , Cloud Beth A. , Youdas James W. , Pawlina Wojciech , Lachman Nirusha
Published: September 2017

Quality of healthcare delivery is dependent on collaboration between professional disciplines. Integrating opportunities for interprofessional learning in health science education programs prepares future clinicians to function as effective members of a multi‐disciplinary care team. This study aimed to create a modified team‐based learning (TBL) environment utilizing ultrasound technology during an interprofessional learning activity to enhance musculoskeletal anatomy knowledge of first year medical (MD) and physical therapy (PT) students. An ultrasound demonstration of structures of the upper limb was incorporated into the gross anatomy courses for first‐year MD (n = 53) and PT (n = 28) students. Immediately before the learning experience, all students took an individual readiness assurance test (iRAT) based on clinical concepts regarding the assigned study material. Students observed while a physical medicine and rehabilitation physician demonstrated the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic and procedural tool for the shoulder and elbow. Following the demonstration, students worked within interprofessional teams (n = 14 teams, 5–6 students per team) to review the related anatomy on dissected specimens. At the end of the session, students worked within interprofessional teams to complete a collaborative clinical case‐based multiple choice post‐test. Team scores were compared to the mean individual score within each team with the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test. Students scored higher on the collaborative post‐test (95.2 ±10.2%) than on the iRAT (66.1 ± 13.9% for MD students and 76.2 ±14.2% for PT students,P < 0.0001). Results suggest that this interprofessional team activity facilitated an improved understanding and clinical application of anatomy. Anat Sci Educ 11: 94–99. © 2017 American Association of Anatomists.
New Condition for FD, All Filters, and New KYP Lemma
Authors: Stefanovski Jovan
Published: September 2017

This paper presents a necessary and sufficient condition for the
fault detection (FD) problem, under a quite general and natural assumption. The condition is actually a constant inertia on the extended imaginary axis (EIA) of a para‐hermitian rational matrix (RM). An observer solution is given. Another two main results are the presentation of all problem solutions, and a necessary and sufficient condition for constant inertia on the EIA or in a given frequency region, for a class of para‐hermitian RMs, in terms of linear matrix inequalities. The latter result can be regarded as a generalization of the Kalman‐Yakubovich‐Popov (KYP) lemma.
Velocity Reversal Systems: A Simple Friction Model for Telescopes
Authors: Kumar T. S. , Banavar Ravi N.
Published: September 2017

In this paper we experimentally characterize friction in an astronomical telescope and introduce a new model for capturing the observed behavior of friction in both the micro and macro displacement regimes of motion. The model is a modification of the LuGre model and is developed for velocity reversal systems like an astronomical telescope. The proposed model is represented with a pair of masses separated by a linear spring. This model is then employed to synthesize a feedback linearizable controller for the system. The simulation results for the proposed friction model in open loop are presented and validated with the experimental results. The stability aspects of the closed loop system with the modified friction model is then investigated. For estimating the unmeasurable states of the system used in feedback linearization, we discuss the observability of the system with the new model for friction.
Distributed Control Design for Spatially Interconnected Markovian Jump Systems With Time‐Varying Delays
Authors: Feng Hongyan , Xu Huiling , Xu Shengyuan , Chen Weimin
Published: September 2017

This paper focuses on spatially interconnected Markovian jump systems with time‐varying delays. Firstly, a sufficient condition is given to check the well‐posedness, stochastic stability and contractiveness of spatially interconnected systems with the effect of time‐varying delays and Markovian jumping parameters. Secondly, the distributed controllers which inherit the structure of the plants are designed. A sufficient and necessary condition is proposed to guarantee the existence of the distributed controllers. Finally, an illustrative numerical example is given to show the effectiveness of the results.
Synthesis and Multiple Incorporations of 2′‐O‐Methyl‐5‐hydroxymethylcytidine, 5‐Hydroxymethylcytidine and 5‐Formylcytidine Monomers into RNA Oligonucleotides
Authors: Tanpure Arun A. , Balasubramanian Shankar
Published: September 2017

The synthesis of 2′‐O‐methyl‐5‐hydroxymethylcytidine (hm5Cm), 5‐hydroxymethylcytidine (hm5C) and 5‐formylcytidine (f5C) phosphoramidite monomers has been developed. Optimisation of mild post‐synthetic deprotection conditions enabled the synthesis of RNA containing all four naturally occurring cytosine modifications (hm5Cm, hm5C, f5C plus 5‐methylcytosine). Given the considerable interest in RNA modifications and epitranscriptomics, the availability of synthetic monomers and RNAs containing these modifications will be valuable for elucidating their biological function(s).
Rotor‐Stator Spinning Disc Reactor: Characterization of the Single‐Phase Stator‐Side Heat Transfer
Authors: Kleiner Julia , Haseidl Franz , Hinrichsen Olaf
Published: September 2017

The single‐phase fluid‐stator heat transfer in a rotor‐stator spinning disc reactor in dependence on rotational Reynolds number, dimensionless throughput, Prandtl number, and aspect ratio is examined. For the selected ranges of these parameters, an increase in the stator‐side Nusselt number with increasing Reynolds number, Prandtl number, and a higher throughput is found. Laminar and turbulent flow regions are observed, which coincide with a throughput‐ and a rotation‐governed heat transfer regime, respectively. A Nusselt correlation to predict the experimental data in the turbulent flow regime within 20 % accuracy was established. A distinct increase in the overall volumetric heat transfer coefficient for a rise in Reynolds number was observed, being considerably higher compared to conventional tube reactors and twice as large in contrast with a similar rotor‐stator setup.
04.15: New design rules for tubes in combined walls in EN1993‐5
Authors: Gresnigt Nol , van Es Sjors , Karamanos Spyros , Vasilikis Daniel
Published: September 2017

Steel tubes can be applied for many applications, structural as well as in pipelines. They may be loaded by combinations of internal or external pressure, soil load, bending moment and normal force. Important failure modes are local buckling, severe ovalisation (flattening of the cross section) and rupture of the pipe wall at local buckles or welds.

Within the framework of a European research project called Combitube sponsored by RFCS (Research Fund for Coals and Steel), the structural behaviour of spiral‐welded tubes for application in combined walls has been investigated. The main loads are bending moment, normal force, soil loads and loads from the infill sheeting.

Analytical models were developed to predict the elastic‐plastic behaviour under these loads, i.e. the bending moment curvature diagram, the curvature ovalisation diagram and curvature strain diagrams.

The analytical models as presented in this paper are an extension of previous analytical models developed for pipelines, now including more parameters that influence the load deformation behaviour, in particular local buckling. The new rules are intended for the new version of EN1993‐5 on Piling. They are validated with the results of full scale tests and extensive parameter studies.
05.32: Experimental and numerical study on the collapse behavior of an all‐steel accordion force limiting device
Authors: Poursharifi Maryam , Abedi Karim , Chenaghloua Mohammadreza
Published: September 2017

Space structures are widely used to cover areas with no or few intermediate columns. These structures possess important features such as light weight, elegant appearance, fast production as well as ease of erection. Beside all these advantageous, space structures are prone to the progressive collapse, which more often occurs due to failure of compression members. Force limiting devices are used to alter space structure compression members' brittle post‐buckling behaviour to elastic‐perfectly plastic post buckling behaviour. In this study, an innovative type of all‐steel force limiting device is introduced. This force limiting device is designed based on buckling restrained braces and accordion metallic damper and called Accordion Force Limiting Device (AFLD). This force limiting device is consisted of accordion core, encasing and ball joints. Accordion core maximizes load bearing capacity while encasing prevents device from buckling. This device can assembled and disassembled very fast, so damaged members can substitute easily. One all‐steel Accordion Force Limiting Device (AFLD) were designed, constructed and tested under axial compressive loading. Results indicate that AFLD modifies brittle buckling behaviour of compression members. Also, a parametric study is carried out to improve AFLD behaviour. Numerical models are developed to investigate the effects of core material and the gap size between core and encasing.
06.01: Critical bridges in high‐speed railway lines: Systematic identification for specific trains
Authors: Unterweger Harald , Schörghofer DI Andreas , Taras Andreas
Published: September 2017

For the design of railway bridges in railway lines with a speed limit above 200 km/h the dynamic effects have to be considered. The present design codes such as Eurocode (EN 1991‐2) achieve this by assuming different high‐speed load models (for example HSLM‐A) for the dynamic calculations of all railway bridges in the network. If train manufacturers design a new high‐speed train which fulfills the limits of the load model HSLM‐A (geometric and weight parameters), then no additional verification of the dynamic effects are required as all the railway bridges already comply with the HSLM‐A. New challenges arise if a train manufacturer decides to differ from these limits, as they may be uneconomic (for example short length of single car). Furthermore, a railway operator may wish to expand the use of high‐speed trains on traditional lines, which were, up to now, not verified for dynamic loads. In both cases, each single railway bridge in the railway network has to be recalculated by considering the geometry and weight parameters of the new developed train, which seems to be a cumbersome task. Therefore this paper deals at first with the different train parameters and their limits, which need to be fulfilled in order to be in line with the load model HSLM‐A and shows which of them are more critical than the others. This is done by assuming 8 different fictitious trains which fulfill or slightly exceed these limits. The different structural hazard is determined by performing systematic dynamic analyses for a large parameter range of single‐span bridges and train speeds. The second part of this paper deals with a methodology, which makes it possible to determine the critical bridges in high‐speed railway lines (critical length and critical first natural frequency) for a given train load model in order to reduce the total number of bridges to be investigated. In addition, the train signature curve is analysed with respect to support the dynamic analysis.
07.38: A GBT‐framework towards modal modelling of steel structures
Authors: Hansen Anders Bau , Jönsson Jeppe
Published: September 2017

In modern structural steel frame design, the modelling of joints between beams and columns are based on very simple assumptions. The joints are most often assumed to behave as a perfect hinge or as a rigid joint. This means that in the overall static analysis relative rotations and changes in the moment curves due to joint deformations are neglected. This simplification eases the modelling but it is at the cost of losing a detailed understanding of the behaviour of the joint. This happens even though the European code has introduced the so‐called component method in order to determine the rotational stiffness of a connection. Based on a modelling of any beam‐to‐column joint using finite shell elements and springs for single components such as bolts, it is the primary hypothesis that it is possible to formulate a generalized connection model with few degrees of freedom related to a relevant set of deformation modes. This hypothesis is based on the idea of modal decomposition performed in generalized beam theories (GBT). The question is – is it possible to formulate an eigenvalue problem with a solution corresponding to mode shapes for the deformation of the joint by using the finite element model and some type of GBT beam elements? It is believed that this is possible. The paper will address our investigations and show the progress of our research.
10.37: Mechanical properties of high strength aluminium alloy at elevated temperatures
Authors: Su Mei‐Ni , Young Ben
Published: September 2017

The mechanical properties of extruded aluminium alloys behave differently as temperature rises. Accurate prediction of the mechanical properties of aluminium alloys at elevated temperatures is necessary for determining the load‐carrying capacity of structures under fire conditions. This study focuses on the effects of high strength aluminium alloy 6061‐T6 at elevated temperatures. The melting point of aluminium alloy 6061‐T6 is found to be approximately 650°C. Therefore, tensile coupon tests were conducted at different temperatures ranging from approximately 24 to 600 °C for both steady and transient state tests. The material properties of aluminium alloy 6061‐T6 with plate thickness of 4.5 mm were obtained. The tests were performed using servo‐controlled hydraulic testing machine equipped with MTS 653 furnace. The Young's modulus, the yield strength (i.e. the 0.2% proof stress) and the ultimate strength versus different temperatures are also plotted and compared with the predictions from the American Aluminum Design Manual and Eurocode EN1999‐1‐2. The comparisons of the results are plotted and summarized in this paper, together with a detailed discussion. It is found that both the American Aluminum Design Manual and Eurocode generally provide conservative predictions for the high strength aluminium alloys at elevated temperatures.
12.19: Experimental investigation on residual stresses in welded thick‐walled I‐shaped sections fabricated from Q460GJ structural steel plates
Authors: Zhu Qian , Nie Shidong , Yang Bo , Xiong Gang , Dai Guoxin
Published: September 2017

With the development of steel structures, a new type of high performance structural steel named by Q460GJ has been increasingly used in the modern steel constructions like the National Stadium of China in Beijing. Q460GJ structural steel is normally used in thick‐walled section members because of the favourable material properties, such as good weldability, low thickness effect on yield strength and low yield ratio. However, only limited knowledge is available on the residual stress distribution of thick‐walled section members fabricated from Q460GJ structural steel. Q460GJ structural steel has different mechanical characteristics and thermal properties from mild steel, both of which influence the formation of residual stress. This indicates that the available residual stress models of mild steel may not be appropriate for Q460GJ high performance steel. In this paper, residual stress in four thick‐walled welded H‐sections fabricated by Q460GJ structural steel were studied by experimental tests. Residual stress were measured by the sectioning method, and the variation of residual stress along steel plate thickness was then determined by slicing method. This study provides the magnitude and distribution of the longitudinal residual stress by both circular curve correction method and straightening measurement method. The effects on plate thickness and the interaction between flanges and webs are explored. Based on the statistical evaluation of the experimental results, a simplified multilayer residual stress model which is expected to use as initial imperfection in column analysis for residual stress in high performance steel is proposed.
13.08: Plastic resistance of U sections under major‐axis bending, shear force and bi‐moments
Authors: Beyer André , Khelil Abdelouahab , Boissonnade Nicolas , Bureau Alain
Published: September 2017

Eurocode 3 Part 1–1 gives several specific plastic cross‐section interaction equations for I sections. However, the case of U sections is not explicitly addressed. In order to overcome these limitations, an extensive numerical parametric study has been conducted. So as to obtain realistic plastic section resistances, material non‐linear analyses (MNA) have been performed on a numerical model of U‐shaped members modelled with Solid (volume) Finite Elements. In the present paper, the most practical case of U sections subjected to a combination of major‐axis bending, shear force and a bi‐moment (resulting from the torsional load) is treated and a simplified interaction formula is derived. Additionally, it will be shown that the complex torsional behaviour of open cross‐sections leads to a supplementary plastic system for members made of U sections.
13.12: Resistances of I‐ and U‐sections: Combined bending and torsion internal forces
Authors: Baláž I. , Koleková Y.
Published: September 2017

Interaction formulae for resistance of cross‐sections under combination of internal forces of bending and torsion. Validity of analytical formulae are verified by two computer programs. Resistances of I‐ and U‐sections under combination of bending moment and bimoment (positive and negative) are investigated for: (i) elastic limit state, (ii) plastic limit state with strengthening, (iii) plastic limit state with strengthening. Simple interaction formulae convenient for standard purposes are presented for both I‐ and U‐sections for plastic resistance without strengthening. For U‐section specially for positive and specially for negative bimoment combined with bending moment.
01.02: Bobtail® bolt preload loss in wind turbine tower prototype: Hammerstein‐Wiener identification model
Authors: Mohammadi Mohammad Reza Shah , Matos Rui , Rebelo Carlos
Published: September 2017

Nowadays the wind turbines with the high power capacity are installed for the onshore wind parks. In order to achieve higher wind speeds and more stable wind, wind turbine towers are designed for higher altitude. Moreover, higher altitude reduces turbulence and wind shear induced vibrations.

The convectional tubular towers are assembled using welded ring flanged joints. Moreover, preloaded bolts are used to connect the segments’ flanges together. Therefore, the fatigue problem is predominant in the tall towers and fatigue failure due to welded connection and/or due to the bolts in tension may be the governing design situation.

To tackle the fatigue problem in the bolted joints and discard the welded connections, a new friction connection is designed for tubular segment assembly. The tower segments are designed with long open slotted holes. The preloaded bolts are used to provide contact between the slotted holes and the intermediate auxiliary plate. Therefore, the connection will resist only by the friction in between the plates. In order to provide necessary friction between the plates, sufficient pre‐load should be applied on the bolts. Moreover, it should be guaranteed that the load loss in the bolts is trivial. Therefore, Bobtail® bolt as free maintenance preloaded bolts are used in the friction connections.

This paper deals with the identification of a function for bolts load loss behavior in the friction connections and provide an estimation for lifetime loss. A monitoring setup has been settle to measure the load in the bolts and the environmental temperature simultaneously for almost a year. Consequently, the Hammerstein‐Weiner method, was applied to create the nonlinear dynamic model of the friction connection preloading behavior regarding the environmental temperature variation.

Furthermore, the identified function output for the measured temperature was compared with the measured force and then the error was calculated. Based on the model, the load loss for constant temperature was calculated for the period of the measurement and was estimated for 20 years of life time span of the structure.

The findings demonstrated acceptable amount of load loss in a year and estimation showed that bolts loads retain constant pre‐load after a two years period. Moreover, it is obtained the initial fastening conditions were important to achieve free‐maintenance bolts.
16.23: A comparative analysis of longitudinal stiffener cross‐section for slender I‐girders subjected to patch loading
Authors: Loaiza Nelson , Graciano Carlos , Chacón Rolando , Casanova Euro
Published: September 2017

In the construction of traditional composite bridges whose structure consists of plate girders, the concrete slabs of the decks are often casted before launching. These thin‐walled webs are occasionally reinforced with longitudinal stiffeners to increase bending and shear strengths, and for bridges erected by incremental launching, these stiffeners also provide an enhancement for patch loading resistance. Experimental works have shown that ultimate resistance to patch loading is highly dependent on the size, relative position and shape of the longitudinal stiffener. Nonetheless, a comparison between those three factors should be carried out in order to establish the optimum configuration of longitudinal stiffening for webs under compressive forces. Hence, this study attempts to compare the increase of ultimate strength of a slender I‐girder subjected to concentrated load using open and closed section types of stiffeners, evaluating three different stiffeners configurations: i) a single open section stiffener, ii) multiple open section stiffeners, and iii) a single closed section stiffener. The nonlinear computations were performed using a finite element analysis parametric model, where the relative position and size of the stiffeners are varied to cover a wide range of geometries.
21.16: Sustainability considerations for the construction phase of steel structures
Authors: Siebers Raban , Hauke Bernhard , Helmus Manfred , Meins‐Becker Anica
Published: September 2017

Sustainability has been established for over one decade in the construction sector. Standardised lifecycle stages were introduced by European standards regulating construction products (EN 15805) or buildings (EN 15978) in modules from “A” to “D”. Today the main focus of sustainability considerations is on the use phase of buildings. In addition, the production and – in few cases – the end of life is included. A consideration of the construction phase on the actual building site – especially with focus on environmental factors – is still missing. Not available information in Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) reflect this drawback.

This stage and the related data may appear minor compared to the total life cycle of a product or building, but in this stage differences between construction methods are getting evident. Earlier research showed that the differences of construction materials, (Steel, Concrete, Timber) looking at production and end of life, are quite small.[1][2][3] Furthermore, this stage is essential for the steel contractors dealing with assembly and construction as their daily business.

In order to gain knowledge about the typical processes in steel construction, several example projects – multi‐storey buildings, industrial buildings and bridges – are considered. The focus is particularly on construction steps, equipment used, amount of personal, construction time and costs. This paper will present, describe and compare the construction phases, typical characteristics will be identified and pointed out. The results are related to general building constructions and an LCA can be carried out for typical construction processes of industrial buildings, multi‐storey buildings and bridges.
01.16: Fatigue behaviour analysis of bolts in tee‐stub steel connections
Authors: Pennec Fabienne , Durif Sébastien , Camara Aliou Badara , Robert Jean‐Louis , Bouchaïr Abdelhamid
Published: September 2017

High strength bolted joints are efficient systems commonly used in a large set of industries as railway industry, steel construction, offshore structures or wind power structures. In recent years the lightening of steel structures has become of major concern and generates the need for higher material properties. Therefore the fatigue assessment of components is essential in order to ensure the reliability and the safety of structures using bolted connections.

Tee stubs are elementary components used in the actual standard EN‐1993‐1‐8 to predict the mechanical behaviour of steel bolted connections under static loading. The Tee stub model is used to consider the evolution of the prying forces in addition to the direct applied load. Thus the axial stresses in the bolts are influenced by the prying forces in addition to the applied axial load and bending moment. However, the common method does not take into account the influence of the bolt bending moment which may have relevant influence upon its fatigue life. Thus, a 3D finite element model, able to take into account elastic‐plastic behaviour of the materials, large displacements and unilateral contact between the connected parts, has been developed in order to accurately predict the stress distribution in the bolt. A parametric study has been performed to evaluate the influence of the bolt bending moment on the mean value and the amplitude of axial stresses in the bolt versus the flange thickness, the bolt eccentric position and the pretension force. Then an analytical method has been used to assess the bolt fatigue life, according to the design standard for steel structures (EN 1993‐1‐9) and has been compared to the VDI 2230 standard traditionally used for the design of mechanical connections.

The study highlights the influence of the preload force in the bolt that reduces the bending moment and thus the axial alternating stress in the bolt which is the main damaging parameter influencing the design under high cycle fatigue.
Synthesis of Size‐Tunable Hollow Polypyrrole Nanostructures and Their Assembly into Folate‐Targeting and pH‐Responsive Anticancer Drug‐Delivery Agents
Authors: Chen Jian , Li Xiufang , Sun Yanhua , Hu Yuwei , Peng Yulong , Li Yimin , Yin Gang , Liu Hui , Xu Jiangfeng , Zhong Shian
Published: September 2017

Chemotherapeutic drugs currently used in clinical settings have high toxicity, low specificity, and short half‐lives. Herein, polypyrrole‐based anticancer drug nanocapsules were prepared by tailoring the size of the nanoparticles with a template method, controlling drug release by means of an aromatic imine, increasing nanoparticle stability through PEGylation, and improving tumor‐cell selectivity by folate mediation. The nanoparticles were characterized by TEM and dynamic light scattering. α‐Folate receptor expression levelsof tumor cells and normal cells were investigated by western blot and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses. Flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging were used to verify the cell uptake of the different‐sized nanoparticles. From the different‐sized polypyrrole nanoparticles, the optimally functionalized nanoparticles of 180 nm hydrodynamic diameter were chosen and further usedfor in vitroandin vivotests. The nanoparticles showed excellent biocompatibility and the drug‐loaded nanoparticles exhibited effective inhibition of tumor cell growth in vitro. Moreover, the drug‐loaded nanoparticles showed substantially enhanced accumulation in tumor regions and effectively inhibitedin vivotumor growth. Furthermore, the nanoparticles showed reduced doxorubicin‐induced toxicity andno significant side effects in normal organs of tumor‐bearing mice, as measured by body‐weight shifts and evaluationof drug distribution. Overall, the functionalized nanoparticles are promising nanocarriers for tumor‐targeting drug delivery.
Pyriculins A and B, two monosubstituted hex‐4‐ene‐2,3‐diols and other phytotoxic metabolites produced by Pyricularia grisea isolated from buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris)
Authors: Masi Marco , Meyer Susan , Górecki Marcin , Mandoli Alessandro , Di Bari Lorenzo , Pescitelli Gennaro , Cimmino Alessio , Cristofaro Massimo , Clement Suzette , Evidente Antonio
Published: September 2017

Pyricularia grisea has been identified as a foliar pathogen on buffelgrass (Cenchrus ciliaris) in North America and was studied as a potential source of phytotoxins for buffelgrass control. Two monosubstituted hex‐4‐ene‐2,3‐diols, named pyriculins A and B, were isolated from its culture filtrate organic extract together with (10S,11S)‐(−)‐epipyriculol, trans‐3,4‐dihydro‐3,4,8‐trihydroxy‐1(2H)‐napthalenone, and (4S)‐(+)‐isosclerone. Pyriculins A and B were characterized by spectroscopic (essentially nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR], High‐resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry [HRESIMS]) and chemical methods such as (4E)‐1‐(4‐hydroxy‐1,3‐dihydroisobenzofuran‐1‐yl)hex‐4‐ene‐2,3‐diols. The relative and absolute configuration of these compounds was determined by a combination of spectroscopic (NMR, electronic circular dichroism [ECD]) and computational tools. When bioassayed in a buffelgrass coleoptile and radicle elongation test, (10S,11S)‐(−)‐epipyriculol proved to be the most toxic compound. Seed germination was much reduced and slowed with respect to the control and radicles failed to elongate. All five compounds delayed germination, but only (10S,11S)‐(−)‐epipyriculol was able to prevent radicle development of buffelgrass seedlings. It had no effect on coleoptile elongation, while the other four compounds caused significantly increased coleoptile development relative to the control.
FNA cytology of solitary fibrous tumors and the diagnostic value of STAT6 immunocytochemistry
Authors: Tani Edneia , Wejde Johan , Åström Kristina , Wingmo Inga‐Lill , Larsson Olle , Haglund Felix
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

Solitary fibrous tumors (SFTs) are rare mesenchymal tumors commonly located in the pleura, soft tissues, or meninges and are characterized by the NGFI‐A‐binding protein 2 (NAB2)–signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) fusion gene. Recent studies have indicated that nuclear STAT6 immunohistochemistry is a specific marker for SFTs.

METHODS

The authors reviewed fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) specimens from extracranial SFTs diagnosed at their institution between 1993 and 2017. Histologic blocks and available formalin‐fixed smears of FNA specimens from SFTs were investigated for STAT6 immunoreactivity using a monoclonal antibody. STAT6 immunocytochemistry was also investigated in schwannomas and spindle cell lipomas. Cytopathologic and clinical characteristics were described.

RESULTS

Nineteen benign and 9 malignant SFTs were identified. Both benign and malignant SFTs had a female predominance (female‐to‐male ratio, 2.8:1 and 1.25, respectively). Localization varied, and approximately one‐half of the extrapleural tumors were located in the extremities and frequently were intramuscular. Benign and malignant primary tumors had limited differences in cytologic presentation, the most notable feature being nuclear pleomorphism. Cytomorphologic features included low‐to‐moderate cellularity of mixed oval, elongated, round, and stellate cells with pink collagenous stroma and hypercellular clusters with infrequent atypia. In metastatic SFTs, the cytopathology was suggestive of sarcoma. Immunohistochemistry revealed nuclear STAT6 immunoreactivity in SFTs (n = 5) with cytoplasmic reactivity in cytologic mimickers.

CONCLUSIONS

Benign and malignant SFTs have common cytopathologic features, and the ability to distinguish between them is limited. Nuclear STAT6 immunoreactivity is a valuable cytologic marker for SFTs. Cancer Cytopathol 2018;126:36‐43. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Data Analysis Pipeline for RNA‐seq Experiments: From Differential Expression to Cryptic Splicing
Authors: Yalamanchili Hari Krishna , Wan Ying‐Wooi , Liu Zhandong
Published: September 2017

RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) is a high‐throughput technology that provides unique insights into the transcriptome. It has a wide variety of applications in quantifying genes/isoforms and in detecting non‐coding RNA, alternative splicing, and splice junctions. It is extremely important to comprehend the entire transcriptome for a thorough understanding of the cellular system. Several RNA‐seq analysis pipelines have been proposed to date. However, no single analysis pipeline can capture dynamics of the entire transcriptome. Here, we compile and present a robust and commonly used analytical pipeline covering the entire spectrum of transcriptome analysis, including quality checks, alignment of reads, differential gene/transcript expression analysis, discovery of cryptic splicing events, and visualization. Challenges, critical parameters, and possible downstream functional analysis pipelines associated with each step are highlighted and discussed. This unit provides a comprehensive understanding of state‐of‐the‐art RNA‐seq analysis pipeline and a greater understanding of the transcriptome. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Benefit–Risk Analysis Approach to Capture Regulatory Decision‐Making: Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Raju G.K. , Gurumurthi Karthik , Domike Reuben , Kazandjian Dickran , Landgren Ola , Blumenthal Gideon M. , Farrell Ann , Pazdur Richard , Woodcock Janet
Published: September 2017

Drug regulators around the world make decisions about drug approvability based on qualitative benefit–risk analysis. In this work, a quantitative benefit–risk analysis approach captures regulatory decision‐making about new drugs to treat multiple myeloma (MM). MM assessments have been based on endpoints such as time to progression (TTP), progression‐free survival (PFS), and objective response rate (ORR) which are different than benefit–risk analysis based on overall survival (OS). Twenty‐three FDA decisions on MM drugs submitted to FDA between 2003 and 2016 were identified and analyzed. The benefits and risks were quantified relative to comparators (typically the control arm of the clinical trial) to estimate whether the median benefit–risk was positive or negative. A sensitivity analysis was demonstrated using ixazomib to explore the magnitude of uncertainty. FDA approval decision outcomes were consistent and logical using this benefit–risk framework.
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans negatively regulate the positioning of mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum to distal axons
Authors: Sainath Rajiv , Armijo‐Weingart Lorena , Ketscheck Andrea , Xu Zhuxuan , Li Shuxin , Gallo Gianluca
Published: September 2017

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are components of the extracellular matrix that inhibit the extension and regeneration of axons. However, the underlying mechanism of action remains poorly understood. Mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are functionally inter‐linked organelles important to axon development and maintenance. We report that CSPGs impair the targeting of mitochondria and ER to the growth cones of chicken embryonic sensory axons. The effect of CSPGs on the targeting of mitochondria is blocked by inhibition of the LAR receptor for CSPGs. The regulation of the targeting of mitochondria and ER to the growth cone by CSPGs is due to attenuation of PI3K signaling, which is known to be downstream of LAR receptor activation. Dynactin is a required component of the dynein motor complex that drives the normally occurring retrograde evacuation of mitochondria from growth cones. CSPGs elevate the levels of p150Glu dynactin found in distal axons, and inhibition of the interaction of dynactin with dynein increased axon lengths on CSPGs. CSPGs decreased the membrane potential of mitochondria, and pharmacological inhibition of mitochondria respiration at the growth cone independent of manipulation of mitochondria positioning impaired axon extension. Combined inhibition of dynactin and potentiation of mitochondria respiration further increased axon lengths on CSPGs relative to inhibition of dynactin alone. These data reveal that the regulation of the localization of mitochondria and ER to growth cones is a previously unappreciated aspect of the effects of CSPGs on embryonic axons. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 1351–1370, 2017
Collective Properties Extend Resistance to Photobleaching of Highly Doped PluS NPs
Authors: Genovese Damiano , Rampazzo Enrico , Zaccheroni Nelsi , Montalti Marco , Prodi Luca
Published: September 2017

Dye‐doped nanoparticles (NPs) are intriguing fluorescent systems in which collective properties can arise, which are ascribable to the ensemble of dyes rather than to individual ones. Collective properties can be tailored to increase brightness and introduce photophysical versatility. In this context, self‐quenching has long been regarded as the phenomenon to avoid. Here we report on the possibility to profit from a property stemming from self‐quenching: nanoparticles with a high number of dyes per NP (including self‐quenched dyes) display much slower photobleaching compared to nanoparticles with a lower doping degree. In this way, their emission intensity can be kept almost constant for ten times longer. This extended duration of luminescence is due to preferential photobleaching of self‐quenched fluorophores. These observations can shine new light on the use of highly dye‐doped nanoparticles as long‐lasting, super‐photostable probes under strong excitation conditions.
Green Preparation of Dibenzothiophene Derivatives Using 2‐Biphenylyl Disulfides in the Presence of Molecular Iodine and Its Application to Dibenzoselenophene Synthesis
Authors: Nishino Kota , Ogiwara Yohei , Sakai Norio
Published: September 2017

A protocol for the direct preparation of dibenzothiophenes from 2‐biarylyl disulfides in the presence of an economic and ecological oxidant, molecular iodine, was explored. This protocol was used for the direct preparation of dibenzoselenophene.
A Single Drop Fabrication of the Cholesterol Biosensor Based on Synthesized NiFe2O4NPs Dispersed on PDDA‐CNTs
Authors: Moonla Chochanon , Preechaworapun Anchana , Tangkuaram Tanin
Published: September 2017

A cholesterol biosensor based on cholesterol oxidase‐poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)‐carbon nanotubes‐nickel ferrite nanoparticles (ChOx‐PDDA‐CNTs‐NiFe2O4NPs) solution is easily fabricated by using a single dropping step on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface. This technique is an alternative way to reduce complexity, cost and time to produce the biosensor. The uniformly dispersed materials on the electrode surface enhance the catalytic reaction of cholesterol oxidase and electron transfer from the oxidation of hydrogen peroxide in the system. The nickel ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by co‐precipitation and calcination at various temperatures. These nanoparticles were then characterized using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The synthesized material calcined at 700 °C was well defined and presented the octahedral metal stretching with cubic NiFe2O4NPs phase. In cyclic voltammetric study, the ChOx‐PDDA‐CNTs‐NiFe2O4NPs/GCE showed 0.43 s−1 charge transfer rate constant (Ks), 7.79×10−6 cm2 s−1 diffusion coefficient value (D), 0.13 mm2 electroactive surface area (Ae) and 3.58×10−8 mol cm−2 surface concentration (
). This modified electrode exhibits stability in term of percent relative standard deviation (%RSD=0.62 %, n=10), reproducibility (%RSD=0.81, n=10), high sensitivity (25.76 nA per mg L−1 cm−2), linearity from 1 to 5,000 mg L−1 (R2=0.998) with a low detection limit (0.50 mg L−1). Its Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km) was 0.14 mM with 0.92 μA maximum current (Imax) and demonstrated good selectivity without the effects of electroactive species such as ascorbic acid, glucose and uric acid. The cholesterol biosensor was successfully applied to determine cholesterol levels in human blood samples, showing promise due to its simplicity and availability.
Learning to name smells increases activity in heteromodal semantic areas
Authors: Fournel Arnaud , Sezille Caroline , Licon Carmen C. , Sinding Charlotte , Gerber Johannes , Ferdenzi Camille , Hummel Thomas , Bensafi Moustafa
Published: September 2017

Semantic description of odors is a cognitively demanding task. Learning to name smells is, however, possible with training. This study set out to examine how improvement in olfactory semantic knowledge following training reorganizes the neural representation of smells. First, 19 nonexpert volunteers were trained for 3 days; they were exposed (i) to odorants presented without verbal labels (perceptual learning) and (ii) to other odorants paired with lexicosemantic labels (associative learning). Second, the same participants were tested in a brain imaging study (fMRI) measuring hemodynamic responses to learned odors presented in both the perceptual and associative learning conditions. The lexicosemantic training enhanced the ability to describe smells semantically. Neurally, this change was associated with enhanced activity in a set of heteromodal areas—including superior frontal gyrus—and parietal areas. These findings demonstrate that odor‐name associative learning induces recruitment of brain areas involved in the integration and representation of semantic attributes of sensory events. They also offer new insights into the brain plasticity underlying the acquisition of olfactory expertise in lay people. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5958–5969, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.