bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“He Loves Me, He Loves Me Not . . . ”
Authors: Whitchurch Erin R. , Wilson Timothy D. , Gilbert Daniel T.
Published: December 2010

This research qualifies a social psychological truism: that people like others who like them (the reciprocity principle). College women viewed the Facebook profiles of four male students who had previously seen their profiles. They were told that the men (a) liked them a lot, (b) liked them only an average amount, or (c) liked them either a lot or an average amount (uncertain condition). Comparison of the first two conditions yielded results consistent with the reciprocity principle. Participants were more attracted to men who liked them a lot than to men who liked them an average amount. Results for the uncertain condition, however, were consistent with research on the pleasures of uncertainty. Participants in the uncertain condition were most attracted to the men—even more attracted than were participants who were told that the men liked them a lot. Uncertain participants reported thinking about the men the most, and this increased their attraction toward the men.
Obesity and Body Size Preferences of Jordanian Women
Authors: Madanat Hala , Hawks Steven R. , Angeles Heidi N.
Published: December 2010

The nutrition transition is associated with increased obesity rates and increased desire to be thin. This study evaluates the relationship between actual body size and desired body size among a representative sample of 800 Jordanian women. Using Stunkard’s body silhouettes, women were asked to identify their current and ideal body sizes, healthy body size, and their perception of the body size preferred by men. Body mass index (BMI) calculations indicate that 53.8% of the women were overweight or obese. Their mean current body size was 5, which is consistent with the mean BMI of 26 in the sample. Although 66% of the women were dissatisfied with their body size, the desired weight loss was not extreme. Pearson correlation was positive (.858, p <.0001) between measured BMI and body silhouettes chosen as an indicator of current body size. Jordanian women seemed pulled between the traditional and Westernized body preferences. Possible cultural explanations are explored.
How Employer and Employee Satisfaction Affect Customer Satisfaction: An Application to Franchise Services
Authors: Evanschitzky Heiner , Groening Christopher , Mittal Vikas , Wunderlich Maren
Published: December 2010

In small-service settings, how do owner satisfaction, front-line employee satisfaction, and customer satisfaction relate to one another? The authors use generalized exchange theory (GET) to examine how satisfaction levels of these three constituents are reciprocated. The authors examine a European franchise system comprising 50 outlets, 933 employees, and 20,742 customers. Their results show two important findings. First, the effect of owner-franchisee’s satisfaction on customer satisfaction is fully mediated by front-line employee satisfaction. Thus, managers of a service outlet can strongly impact the satisfaction and behavioral intentions of their customer base, even without direct contact with them. Second, the link between customer satisfaction and purchase intention is moderated by employee satisfaction at an outlet. The link between customer satisfaction and customer purchase intentions is almost twice as strong when employees are satisfied than when they are not. Thus, there is a ‘‘doublepositive effect:’’ not only does higher employee satisfaction at an outlet directly lead to higher customer satisfaction but it also indirectly strengthens the association between customer satisfaction and their repurchase intentions.
Physiological reactivity to emotional phrases in Mandarin—English bilinguals
Authors: Caldwell-Harris Catherine L. , Tong Jimmy , Lung Winvy , Poo Sinlan
Published: December 2010

Chinese—English bilinguals residing in the US were interviewed about their experience of using emotional expressions. They judged L1-Mandarin expressions as feeling stronger than L2-English expressions. Respondents nonetheless preferred to express their emotions in English, citing more relaxed social constraints in English-speaking environments. Electrodermal monitoring was conducted on a similar sample of Chinese—English bilinguals in order to determine how physiological reactivity corresponds to self-reports. For those who had both good Mandarin and good self-reported English ability, English and Mandarin emotional expressions elicited similar magnitude skin conductance responses (SCRs), with the exception of the category of endearments (e.g., Thank you, I miss you, I love you ), where larger SCRs occurred for English expressions. Given cross-cultural reports that English-speaking societies encourage more open expression of positive emotion than do Chinese cultures, hearing English endearments may have led to easy retrieval of personal situations with strong emotional resonances; these memories then resulted in increased affect and increased SCRs. However, ratings of the emotional intensity of endearments were similar in the two languages, thus conflicting with the SCR findings. Additionally, English childhood reprimands were rated as less intense than L1-Mandarin reprimands, consistent with other studies showing that childhood reprimands are felt to be more intense in the native language. Future work will be needed to understand the conditions under which physiological responses differ from self-report.
Do word associations assess word knowledge? A comparison of L1 and L2, child and adult word associations
Authors: Cremer Marjolein , Dingshoff Daphne , de Beer Meike , Schoonen Rob
Published: December 2010

Differences in word associations between monolingual and bilingual speakers of Dutch can reflect differences in how well seemingly familiar words are known. In this (exploratory) study mono-and bilingual, child and adult free word associations were compared. Responses of children and of monolingual speakers were found to be more dispersed across response categories than responses of adults and of L2 speakers, respectively. Log linear analyses show that the distributional patterns of association responses differ among the groups. Age has the largest effect on association responses. Adults give more meaning-related responses than children. Child L1 speakers give more meaning-related responses than child L2 speakers. Form-based and ‘Other’ associations were mostly given by (L2) children. The different findings for mono- and bilingual children and for mono- and bilingual adults show the influence of bilingualism on the development of word associations. The prominent effect of age emphasizes the role of conceptual development in word association behavior, and makes free word association tasks less suitable as an assessment tool for word knowledge.
Building Pathology — Toxic Mould Remediation
Authors: Singh Jagjit , Yu Chuck , Jeong Tai Kim
Published: December 2010

The purpose of this paper is to provide examples of strategies and procedures for remediation of buildings affected by toxic moulds. Four case studies are included in the paper. Moisture and inadequate ventilation are the keys to proliferation of toxic moulds and dispersion of spores in air. Prevention should always be the main objectives for any environmental management plan or service maintenance of a building. The management and remediation plan should include an adequate control of moisture, damp and ventilation in the building. The most effective strategy for remediating mould problems is by source control, preventing or limiting the generation of moulds, and the other is to remove the sources. There should be a detailed study to identify the sources of mould problems. The remediation could involve mothballing of a building to rectify defects including leaks and removal of damp materials; venting of underfloor or wall cavities and to improve the general airflow in the building. Remediation may involve vacuuming to remove spores in air and mould from surfaces. Other techniques include heat treatment, steam cleaning, biocides treatment, fumigation and UV treatment.
*Assumptions in Alternate Assessment
Authors: Goldstein Jessica , Behuniak Peter
Published: December 2010

State-level testing programs continue to grow, and the challenge of validation does not wane. Although more than a decade has passed since the 1999 Joint Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing set out a call for the organization of validity evidence into validity arguments, practical examples of such arguments are not readily available for the research community. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate a validity argument for a large-scale alternate assessment, using one state program as a model. Specifically, the authors review the documented purposes of the assessment program and the assumptions related to teaching and learning subsumed within those purpose statements. Potential sources of evidence to support or refute those assumptions are also presented.
Assessing Phonemic Awareness in Preschool and Kindergarten: Development and Initial Validation of First Sound Fluency
Authors: Cummings Kelli D. , Kaminski Ruth A. , Good Roland H. , O'Neil Maya
Published: December 2010

This article presents initial findings from a study examining First Sound Fluency (FSF), which is a brief measure of early phonemic awareness (PA) skills. Students in prekindergarten and kindergarten (preK and K) were assessed three times (fall, winter, and spring) over one school year, which resulted in multiple reliability and validity coefficients. In addition, a subset of students in both preK and K was assessed monthly between benchmark periods using alternate forms of the FSF measure to estimate delayed alternate-form reliability. The FSF measure displayed adequate reliability and validity for decision making in early literacy for students in both grades. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Assessing angulation on digital images of radiographs of fractures of the distal radius: visual estimation versus computer software measurement
Authors: Robertson G. A. J. , Robertson B. F. M. , Thomas B. , McEachan J. , Davidson D. M.
Published: December 2010

We assessed the reliability of visual estimation of angles on computer images of radiographs, and compared their accuracy with the measurement of angles using computer software for ten distal radius fractures. We asked 73 clinicians to visually estimate the dorsal angulation on ten computerized radiographs of fractures of the distal radius. The reliability of these estimations was calculated. Their accuracy was compared to a ‘gold standard’ obtained by consensus agreement between three consultants measuring these angles using the software. Inter-observer reliability was calculated as ICC = 0.51 and intra-observer reliability as r = 0.76. The visual estimations were less accurate with a mean percentage error of 31% (range, 7–83%). As angulation increased the estimation accuracy improved. Although reliability and accuracy of such estimation was better for clinicians with greater experience, actual measurement was more reliable and accurate.
Incidence of community-acquired meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus hand infections in Tayside, Scotland: a guide to appropriate antimicrobial prescribing
Authors: Hassan S. , Gashau W. , Balchin L. , Orange G. , Wilmshurst A.
Published: December 2010

The prevalence of community-acquired meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ca-MRSA) as an important cause of hand infections has gained much recognition. The clinical impact of this is less well documented in the United Kingdom. This study looks at the incidence of hand infections in an urban Scottish teaching hospital over a 12 month period.
Vascular inflammation in central nervous system diseases: adhesion receptors controlling leukocyte–endothelial interactions
Authors: Rossi Barbara , Angiari Stefano , Zenaro Elena , Budui Simona Luciana , Constantin Gabriela
Published: December 2010

Leukocyte trafficking from the blood into the tissues represents a key process during inflammation and requires multiple steps mediated by adhesion molecules and chemoattractants. Inflammation has a detrimental role in several diseases, and in such cases, the molecular mechanisms controlling leukocyte migration are potential therapeutic targets. Over the past 20 years, leukocyte migration in the CNS has been investigated almost exclusively in the context of stroke and MS. Experimental models of ischemic stroke have led to the characterization of adhesion molecules controlling leukocyte migration during acute inflammation, whereas EAE, the animal model of MS, has provided similar data for chronic inflammation. Such experiments have led to clinical trials of antileukocyte adhesion therapy, with consistently positive outcomes in human subjects with MS, showing that interference with leukocyte adhesion can ameliorate chronic inflammatory CNS diseases. This review summarizes our current understanding of the roles of adhesion molecules controlling leukocyte–endothelial interactions in stroke and MS, focusing on recently discovered, novel migration mechanisms. We also discuss the growing evidence suggesting a role for vascular inflammation and leukocyte trafficking in neurodegenerative diseases such as AD. Moreover, we highlight recent findings suggesting a role for leukocyte–endothelial interactions in the pathogenesis of seizures and epilepsy, thus linking endothelial activation and leukocyte trafficking to neuronal electrical hyperactivity. These emerging roles for leukocytes and leukocyte adhesion mechanisms in CNS diseases provide insight into the mechanisms of brain damage and may contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Applications of myeloid-specific promoters in transgenic mice support in vivo imaging and functional genomics but do not support the concept of distinct macrophage and dendritic cell lineages or roles in immunity
Authors: Hume David A
Published: December 2010

Myeloid lineage cells contribute to innate and acquired immunity, homeostasis, wound repair, and inflammation. There is considerable interest in manipulation of their function in transgenic mice using myeloid-specific promoters. This review considers the applications and specificity of some of the most widely studied transgenes, driven by promoter elements of the lysM, csf1r, CD11c, CD68, macrophage SRA, and CD11b genes, as well as several others. Transgenes have been used in mice to generate myeloid lineage-specific cell ablation, expression of genes of interest, including fluorescent reporters, or deletion via recombination. In general, the specificity of such transgenes has been overinterpreted, and none of them provide well-documented, reliable, differential expression in any specific myeloid cell subset, macrophages, granulocytes, or myeloid DCs. Nevertheless, they have proved valuable in cell isolation, functional genomics, and live imaging of myeloid cell behavior in many different pathologies.
Macrophage phagocytosis of neutrophils at inflammatory/infectious foci: a cooperative mechanism in the control of infection and infectious inflammation
Authors: Silva Manuel T
Published: December 2010

Macrophages and neutrophils possess overlapping and complementary features associated to their common origin and subsequent specialization during myelopoiesis. That specialization results in macrophage lineage being limited in antimicrobial capacity and cytotoxicity comparatively with the neutrophil lineage. These and other features of mature macrophages and neutrophils, like different lifespan and tissue localization, promote their particular lifestyles and prompt a functional partnership for cooperation in the protective antimicrobial host defense. This partnership includes reciprocal recruitment to infected sites, cooperative effector antimicrobial activities, and pro-resolving anti-inflammatory effects. One modality of the cooperative effector antimicrobial activities involves the phagocytosis by the macrophage of apoptosing neutrophils and of nonapoptosing neutrophils expressing “eat-me” signals. This cooperative interaction results in the enhancement of the comparatively limited macrophage antimicrobial capacity by the acquisition and use of potent neutrophil microbicidal molecules. Here, data are reviewed that suggest that this is a process actively engaging the two professional phagocytes. Phagocytosis of neutrophils by macrophages at inflammatory/infectious foci accumulates two effects beneficial to the protective host immune response: help in the control of the infection and prevention of neutrophil autolysis, effects that converge to accelerate the resolution of the infection-associated inflammation.
Macrophage-derived BAFF induces AID expression through the p38MAPK/CREB and JNK/AP-1 pathways
Authors: Kim Hyun-A , Seo Goo-Young , Kim Pyeung-Hyeun
Published: December 2010

BAFF is expressed primarily by macrophages and DCs. BAFF stimulates the differentiation and survival of B cells and induces Ig production. We have demonstrated previously that murine macrophages treated with TGF-β1 or IFN-γ express membrane-bound and soluble forms of BAFF. The ability of these two forms of BAFF to induce expression of AID, which plays a critical role in Ig CSR in B cells, was investigated. Both forms of BAFF, derived from macrophages activated by IFN-γ or TGF-β1, can increase AID expression. Subsequent analysis of BAFF signaling suggested that BAFF induces AID through BCMA, a BAFF-receptor, and p38MAPK and CREB act as intermediates in AID expression. In addition, JNK and AP-1 have similar activities. Our findings suggest that macrophage-derived BAFF stimulates B cells to express AID through BCMA and at least two different pathways, including the p38MAPK/CREB and the JNK/AP-1 pathways.
Revisiting film thickness in slender elasto-hydrodynamically lubricated contacts
Authors: Venner C H , Lubrecht A A
Published: December 2010

In this article, the problem of predicting the film thickness in so-called narrow or slender elliptic contacts is revisited. In particular, the variation of the minimum film and central film thickness and their ratio with load and ellipticity are studied. It is shown that the minimum film tends to decrease linearly with increasing ellipticity. The central film thickness, until a certain threshold, decreases very slowly, and then decreases linearly too, with a slope independent of the Hertzian pressure. The ratio central to minimum film thickness is not a constant and varies strongly with ellipticity and load conditions. In this article, it is shown that the ratio of central to minimum film thickness is a linear function of a single nondimensional parameter which has the physical meaning of the ratio of the length of the inlet pressure sweep to the relative width of the contact. Results for narrow contacts published in the engineering literature when represented as a function of this parameter exhibit the same trend. The behaviour is the consequence of the same unifying mechanism that, in the last decade, was discovered to determine aspects of behaviour in elasto-hydrodynamically lubricated (EHL) contacts under time varying conditions, such as surface waviness deformation. For these problems, the single parameter dependence facilitated the development of simple engineering tools (e.g. to predict the roughness deformation). The observation in this article that the ratio central to minimum film thickness is also governed by this parameter opens new perspectives to develop a simple computational engineering tool to predict central and minimum film thickness in EHL contacts.
Bioactive glass scaffolds for bone regeneration and their hierarchical characterisation
Authors: Jones J R , Lin S , Yue S , Lee P D , Hanna J V , Smith M E , Newport R J
Published: December 2010

Scaffolds are needed that can act as temporary templates for bone regeneration and actively stimulate vascularized bone growth so that bone grafting is no longer necessary. To achieve this, the scaffold must have a suitable interconnected pore network and be made of an osteogenic material. Bioactive glass is an ideal material because it rapidly bonds to bone and degrades over time, releasing soluble silica and calcium ions that are thought to stimulate osteoprogenitor cells. Melt-derived bioactive glasses, such as the original Bioglass® composition, are available commercially, but porous scaffolds have been difficult to produce because Bioglass and similar compositions crystallize on sintering. Sol-gel foam scaffolds have been developed that avoid this problem. They have a hierarchical pore structure comprising interconnected macropores, with interconnect diameters in excess of the 100 μm that is thought to be needed for vascularized bone ingrowth, and an inherent nanoporosity of interconnected mesopores (2–50 nm) which is beneficial for the attachment of osteoprogenitor cells. They also have a compressive strength in the range of cancellous bone. This paper describes the optimized sol-gel foaming process and illustrates the importance of optimizing the hierarchical structure from the atomic through nano, to the macro scale with respect to biological response.
Relative influence of surface topography and surface chemistry on cell response to bone implant materials. Part 1: Physico-chemical effects
Authors: Ponche A , Bigerelle M , Anselme K
Published: December 2010

Knowledge of the complexity of cell–material interactions is essential for the future of biomaterials and tissue engineering, but we are still far from achieving a clear understanding, as illustrated in this review. Many factors of the cellular or the material aspect influence these interactions and must be controlled systematically during experiments. On the material side, it is essential to illustrate surface topography by parameters describing the roughness amplitude as well as the roughness organization, and at the scales pertinent for the cell response, i.e. from the nano-scale to the micro-scale. Authors interested in this field must be careful to develop surfaces or methods systematically, allowing perfect control of the relative influences of surface topography and surface chemistry.
Relative influence of surface topography and surface chemistry on cell response to bone implant materials. Part 2: Biological aspects
Authors: Anselme K , Ponche A , Bigerelle M
Published: December 2010

A current medical challenge is the replacement of tissue which can be thought of in terms of bone tissue engineering approaches. The key problem in bone tissue engineering lies in associating bone stem cells with material supports or scaffolds that can be implanted in a patient. Beside bone tissue engineering approaches, these types of materials are used daily in orthopaedics and dental practice as permanent or transitory implants such as ceramic bone filling materials or metallic prostheses. Consequently, it is essential to better understand how bone cells interact with materials. For several years, the current authors and others have developed in vitro studies in order to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the response of human bone cells to implant surfaces. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge and proposes future directions for research in this domain.
Field performance of long bored piles within piled rafts
Authors: Zhang Q. , Zhang Z. , Yu F. , Liu J.
Published: December 2010

In this study, well-instrumented field tests on bored piles were conducted at two construction sites in Zhejiang, China. At the first site, three bored piles in clay deposits overlying rock were load-tested to investigate the load transfer and deformation behaviour of a single pile. The lengths of the 1·1 m diameter test piles ranged from 88 m to 120 m, allowing particular insight into the in situ performance of long piles. In addition, the load–settlement behaviour of these piles within a piled raft group was observed during and after construction of the building they supported. At the second site, four bored piles 32 m long and 0·6 m in diameter were observed during single-pile static load tests, and during and after construction of the overlying building. The pile-head settlement was observed to be due mainly to the compression of the pile shaft for the long pile at the first site. The threshold of slip displacement for fully mobilising the shaft resistance was found to be 15–20 mm and 10–15 mm in clayey and silty deposits respectively. The measured load–deformation behaviour at the pile base demonstrates that the base resistance of single piles in a piled raft system is greater than that in the single-pile condition, and the pile-group settlement ratio is related to the applied pile-head load. The bearing pressure under the perimeter of the raft was measured and found to be greater than the bearing pressure beneath the central part of the raft, although the ratio between these values was found to vary with the applied structural load. In the cases studied, approximately 80% of the applied structural load was carried by the piles; the remainder was carried by the raft in bearing against the soil.
Pre- and post-cyclic loading strength of silica-grouted sand
Authors: Mollamahmutoglu M. , Yilmaz Y.
Published: December 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate whether there is a loss in the strength of fine- to medium-grained colloidal-silica-grouted sand after cyclic loading. First, the rheological properties of colloidal silica grouts, such as gel time and viscosity, are studied. Then, appropriate colloidal silica grouts (saline solution/colloidal silica suspension ratios of 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% by weight) are selected. The selected colloidal silica grouts are then injected into fine- to medium-grained sand specimens prepared at an overall relative density of 50%. The strength of the grouted sand specimens is determined by unconfined compression tests. The effect of curing period on the strength of the grouted samples is also investigated. After performing cyclic loading tests on grouted sand specimens at different cyclic stress ratios (0, 0·13, 0·26 0·39 and 0·52), it is observed that none of the samples failed or was damaged, and that the colloidal silica grout provides fine- to medium-grained sand with a significant resistance to cyclic deformation. The samples are then subjected to unconfined compression tests, and the results show that the loss in the strength of colloidal-silica-grouted sand is insignificant.
Third-Party Imagined Interactions: Expanding Mental Imagery to the Experience of others' Communication
Authors: Porter Marcus A.
Published: December 2010

Individuals replay interactions in their mind. Although previous studies have found that imagined interactions (IIs) help individuals recall past interactions and plan for future interactions, they have not investigated what occurs when individuals imagine the interactions of others. To fill this research gap, this study examined third-party imagined interactions (TPIIs), IIs that occur when an individual mentally experiences the interactions of others. The study results compare TPIIs and IIs finding they are mostly similar. Findings do not support a difference in topic, imagined partners, or when the imagined event occurred. The valence, frequency, and variety characteristics and the catharsis function showed differences between TPIIs and IIs, while equivalence-testing supports a conclusion of no difference in the discrepancy, retroactivity, specificity, and proactivity characteristics or the conflict-linkage, relational maintenance, rehearsal, and self-understanding functions. Satisfaction with the imagined encounter displayed the most significant difference.
Gender Differences in Dream Content: Related to Biological Sex or Sex Role Orientation?
Authors: Schredl Michael , Paul Franc , Lahl Olaf , Göritz Anja S.
Published: December 2010

Despite the large number of studies addressing gender differences in dream recall and dream content, research regarding whether these differences might be affected by sex role orientation is rather scarce. The present online-survey included a large sample of most recent dreams. The results clearly indicate that sex role orientation (femininity/expressivity and masculinity/instrumentality) affect the same dream characteristics that show marked gender differences (e.g., sexual dream content, physical aggression). Whereas the effect of sex role orientation on dream content support the continuity hypothesis of dreaming, the effect of biological sex on dream content does not exclude that other variables (such as, for example, the amount of sexual fantasies during waking) have an effect on dream content in addition to sex role orientation. Thus, future studies have to elicit more waking-life variables in order to model the varying daytime experiences of men and women in order to investigate whether these daytime differences sufficiently explain gender differences in dreaming or whether biological factors are also of importance.
Personal Intelligence Expressed: A Multiple Case Study of Business Leaders
Authors: Mayer John D. , Wilson Rich , Hazelwood Maia
Published: December 2010

An individual's intelligences promote success in a wide range of life areas, including at school and at work. A recently proposed intelligence, personal intelligence (PI), is defined as the “capacity to reason about personality and to use personality and personal information to enhance one's thoughts, plans and life experience.” This article employs a multiple case study of well-known business leaders to see if the expressions of PI are really identifiable in people's life expressions. High PI leaders, compared to other leaders, appeared interested in their own and others' personalities, possessed theories of how they were the same as and different from others, used their identities to motivate themselves, and were able to better speak from the heart.
Epidemiological Evidence for Possible Radiation Hormesis from Radon Exposure: A Case-Control Study Conducted in Worcester, MA.
Authors: Thompson Richard E.
Published: December 2010

Data from a case-control study of lung cancer and residential radon exposure conducted in Worcester County, Massachusetts, are presented. Lung cancer risk was estimated using conditional logistic regression models that controlled for demographic, smoking, and occupational exposure covariates. Preliminary exploratory analyses using lowess smoothing revealed a non-linear association between exposure and the log odds of lung cancer. Radon exposure was considered by using linear spline terms in order to model this nonlinearity. The best fit of this linear spline model to these data predicted a shift from a positive to a negative slope in the log-odds of lung cancer at a radon concentration of 70 Bq m−3. A statistically significant decrease in cancer risk with increased exposure was found for values ≤ 157 Bq m−3 normalized to the reference exposure of 4.4 Bq m−3, the lowest radon concentration measured(adjusted odds ratio (AOR) [95% CI] = 0.42 [0.180, 1.00], p = 0.049). This result is consistent with those reported elsewhere that considered radon exposure with cubic spline terms ( Thompson, RE et al. 2008 ). Furthermore, this model predicts an AOR that is numerically less than 1.0 for radon exposures up to 545 Bq m−3 versus the above baseline, reference exposure.
Antimicrobial activity of some synthesized glucopyranosyl-pyrimidine carbonitrile and fused pyrimidine systems
Authors: Sayed Hayam , Abbas Hebat-Allah , Morsi Eman , Amr Abd , Abdelwahad Nayera
Published: December 2010

Antimicrobial activity of some synthesized glucopyranosyl-pyrimidine carbonitrile and fused pyrimidine systems

3-Amino-5-(4-chlorophenylamino)-4-cyanofuran-2-carboxamide (2) was used as the key molecule for preparation of various furopyrimidines 3-9 and formation of spiro-cycloalkane furopyrimidines 10, 11. Also, poly fused heterocyclic compounds 13-17 were prepared from compound 2. The synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity.
Silymarin-solid dispersions: Characterization and influence of preparation methods on dissolution
Authors: Sonali Dalwadi , Tejal Soni , Vaishali Thakkar , Tejal Gandhi
Published: December 2010

Silymarin-solid dispersions: Characterization and influence of preparation methods on dissolution

The influence of preparation methodology of silymarin solid dispersions using a hydrophilic polymer on the dissolution performance of silymarin was investigated. Silymarin solid dispersions were prepared using HPMC E 15LV by kneading, spray drying and co-precipitation methods and characterized by FTIR, DSC, XRPD and SEM. Dissolution profiles were compared by statistical and model independent methods. The FTIR and DSC studies revealed weak hydrogen bond formation between the drug and polymer, while XRPD and SEM confirmed the amorphous nature of the drug in co-precipitated solid dispersion. Enhanced dissolution compared to pure drug was found in the following order: co-precipitation > spray drying > kneading methodology (p < 0.05). All preparation methods enhanced silymarin dissolution from solid dispersions of different characteristics. The co-precipitation method proved to be best and provided a stable amorphous solid dispersion with 2.5 improved dissolution compared to the pure drug.
Introduction
Authors: Popper Miroslav
Published: December 2010

Introduction
Social Deviations, Labelling and Normality
Authors: Skopalová Jitka
Published: December 2010

Social Deviations, Labelling and Normality

This paper discusses the issues of labelling, normality and social deviation. I focus on the sociological and socio-psychological aspects of these topics in light of their importance for pedagogy. Labelling mainly concerns the ways in which the formal and constitutive institutions of social control, including schools, respond to behaviour. Mainly children and young people are "marked" or labelled according to both their existing and presumed patterns of deviant behaviour.

School, as a social institution, expects its students to be normal. It has the power to define normality and, moreover, a network of social control to achieve it. However, from the perspective of the school it is very important not to prematurely label pupils negatively during the selection process. On the contrary, school should enable as many pupils as possible to contribute successfully towards the requirements of a knowledge society. Research indicates that there is a correlation between a child's school performance and the perceptions and expectations held by the teacher. Recent studies, concerning for example violence at school, have shown how strongly the aggressive behaviour of pupils is connected to the teacher's behaviour.

The theory of labelling is concerned with the fundamental question of why some individuals and groups are branded as deviating from norms more often than others. Stigma is a relative phenomenon; it is the result of successful labelling, delivering a punitive and disapproving response. In order to better understand labelling, the concepts of social norms and social deviance also require clarification.
Personal Versus Political Affairs in Churchill's This is a Chair
Authors: Worpel Lori
Published: December 2010

Personal Versus Political Affairs in Churchill's This is a Chair

There are plenty of issues in the world to petition and fight for, yet each individual also has "battles" at home to contend with. Which is of more importance? We often separate the two indefinitely. In studying Caryl Churchill's work This Is a Chair, however, I would suggest the personal and political to be intimately related and possibly each even a causation of the other. To take care of one may be eliminating the problem of the other as well. Might political problems stem from petty, personal qualms? Even more specifically might jeopardizing moral norms affect the greater social order? If so, this would be a revelation and fresh pursuit in solving many of the monumental political issues which are faced today.
A Severe Warning for Democracy
Authors: Šulavíková Blanka
Published: December 2010

A Severe Warning for Democracy
Orobanche Pancicii Beck, a New Species to the Flora of Slovenia
Authors: Dakskobler Igor , Vreš Branko , Pusch Jürgen
Published: December 2010

Orobanche PanciciiBeck, a New Species to the Flora of Slovenia

We describe localities and sites ofOrobanche pancicii, a new species of the Slovenian flora. It was recorded in the subalpine belt (1500 to 2000 m a.s.l.) on forest edges, clearings and on stony grasslands in the Julian Alps and the eastern Karavanke mountains, on the hostsKnautia drymeia, K. longifoliaandScabiosa lucida.
Ordered mesoporous silicates as matrices for controlled release of drugs
Authors: Ukmar Tina , Planinšek Odon
Published: December 2010

Ordered mesoporous silicates as matrices for controlled release of drugs

Interest in and thereby also development of ordered mesoporous silicates as drug delivery devices have grown immensely over the past few years. On hand selected cases from the literature, the power of such systems as delivery devices has been established. Specifically, it is shown how it is possible to enhance the release kinetics of poorly soluble drugs by embedding them in mesoporous silicates. Further critical factors governing the structure and release of the model drug itraconazole incorporated in an SBA-15 matrix are briefly reviewed. The possibility of functionalizing the surface of mesoporous matrices also under harsher conditions offers a broad platform for the design of stimuli-responsive drug release, including pH responsive systems and systems which respond to the presence of specific ions, reducing agents, magnetic field or UV light, whose efficiency and biocompatibility has been established in vitro.
Development of High Technologies as an Indicator of Modern Industry in the Eu
Authors: Gierańczyk Wiesława
Published: December 2010

Development of High Technologies as an Indicator of Modern Industry in the Eu

The article tries to classify the EU states in terms of the advancement of structural changes in their industries on the basis of the increase in the share of advanced technologies in total industrial production, labour, added value, and surplus. In the times of the knowledge-based economy the ability to produce high-tech goods, the demand for which is growing much faster than for traditional goods, indicates the level of modernity of industry. The dynamic growth of the demand for knowledge-based high-tech goods results from the evolution of consumer habits, which are predominantly driven by educated and rich societies who demand that their sophisticated needs met. An important role in stimulating this demand is played by modern media as they instantly deliver information on the latest technical developments and are very efficient in transferring patterns of consumerism. The ability to adapt the structure of production to the needs of the market is crucial in defining a state's position in the international exchange of goods. This is due to the fact that the national technology is tightly interwoven with export abilities.
Role of Services in the Economies of Small Towns of Silesia Region and Wielkopolskie Voivodehip
Authors: Konecka-Szydłowska Barbara , Zuzańska-Żyśko Elżbieta , Szmytkie Robert
Published: December 2010

Role of Services in the Economies of Small Towns of Silesia Region and Wielkopolskie Voivodehip

The main aim of the article is to determine the role of services in the economies of small towns of Silesia and Wielkopolska (Greater Poland) regions. It will be achieved through the following steps: (A) characteristic of the set of towns under study, (B) determination of the share of services in their economies, and (C) description of their level of service development. The analysis rests on two criteria employed at each stage of the research: (a) that of location, which embraces the voivodships: Dolnośląskie, Opolskie, Śląskie (Silesia region) and Wielkopolskie voivodship and (b) that of size, with three classes of small towns distinguished: up to 5 thousand, 5-10 thousand, and 10-20 thousand population.
New male pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning (China)
Authors: Feng Hua , Shih Chungkun , Ren Dong , Liu Chenxi
Published: December 2010

New male pelecinid wasps (Hymenoptera: Pelecinidae) from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning (China)

Two new genera and speciesAbropelecinus annulatusgen. et sp. nov. andAzygopelecinus clavatusgen. et sp. nov., placed in the subfamily Iscopininae of the family Pelecinidae, are described and illustrated.Sinopecinus viriosusZhang, Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2002 are re-described. All these male specimens were collected from the Yixian Formation of Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, northeastern China. A key to the male species of the subfamily Iscopininae is given. In addition, sexual dimorphism in Pelecinidae and the paleoclimate of the Yixian Formation are briefly discussed.
Eoalpine (Cretaceous) very low- to low-grade metamorphism recorded on the illite-muscovite-rich fraction of metasediments from South Tisia (eastern Mt Papuk, Croatia)
Authors: Biševac Vanja , Balogh Kadosa , Balen Dražen , Tibljaš Darko
Published: December 2010

Eoalpine (Cretaceous) very low- to low-grade metamorphism recorded on the illite-muscovite-rich fraction of metasediments from South Tisia (eastern Mt Papuk, Croatia)

Eoalpine very low- to low-grade metamorphism related to Cretaceous orogenesis has been investigated in the Slavonian Mts, Croatia. Samples belonging to the Psunj metamorphic complex (PMC), the Radlovac metamorphic complex (RMC) and Permian-Triassic and Triassic sedimentary sequences (PTSS) were studied. The Kübler and Árkai indices of all the analysed samples indicate high-anchizonal to epizonal metamorphism. The degree of Eoalpine metamorphism tends to be constant in all samples implying that the different complexes passed through and recorded the same event. Measurements of illite-white K-micab0-parameter of the RMC samples imply transitional low- to medium-pressure character of the metamorphism. These data together with K-Ar ages (~100-80 Ma) measured on illite-white K-mica rich < 2 μm grain-size fractions point to Late Cretaceous very low- to low-grade regional metamorphism presumably related to the main nappe-forming compressional events in the Pannonian Basin and the Carpathians. The P-T-t (pressure-temperature-time) evolution of the studied area is in good agreement with similar scenarios in the surrounding areas of Tisia, but also in Eastern Alps, Carpathians and Pannonian Basin (ALCAPA).
Strike-slip reactivation of a Paleogene to Miocene fold and thrust belt along the central part of the Mid-Hungarian Shear Zone
Authors: Palotai Márton , Csontos László
Published: December 2010

Strike-slip reactivation of a Paleogene to Miocene fold and thrust belt along the central part of the Mid-Hungarian Shear Zone

Recently shot 3D seismic data allowed for a detailed interpretation, aimed at the tectonic evolution of the central part of the Mid-Hungarian Shear Zone (MHZ). The MHZ acted as a NW vergent fold and thrust belt in the Late Oligocene. The intensity of shortening increased westwards, causing clockwise rotation of the western regions, relatively to the mildly deformed eastern areas. Blind thrusting and related folding in the MHZ continued in the Early Miocene. Thrusting and gentle folding in the MHZ partly continued in the earliest Pannonian, and was followed by sinistral movements in the whole MHZ, with maximal displacement along the Tóalmás zone. Late Pannonian inversion activated thrusts and generated transpressional movements along the Tóalmás zone.
Vegetation dynamics of ash-alder swamp forests in north-eastern Poland
Authors: Czerepko Janusz
Published: December 2010

Zmiany roślinności na siedlisku olsu jesionowego w lasach północno-wschodniej Polski
Micropropagation of sour cherry (Cerasus fruticosa Pallas)
Authors: Szczygieł Krystyna , Wojda Tomasz
Published: December 2010

Mikrorozmnażanie wisienki stepowej (Cerasus fruticosaPallas)
Disease symptoms and fungi on dying ash trees (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Staszów Forest District stands
Authors: Kowalski Tadeusz , Czekaj Artur
Published: December 2010

Symptomy chorobowe i grzyby na zamierających jesionach (Fraxinus excelsiorL.) w drzewostanach Nadleśnictwa Staszów
The role of disturbances in forest regeneration
Authors: Dobrowolska Dorota
Published: December 2010

Rola zaburzeń w regeneracji lasu
Barriers to development of non-wood forest production in selected European countries
Authors: Kalinowski Michał
Published: December 2010

Bariery rozwoju niedrzewnej produkcji leśnej w wybranych krajach europejskich
Developing the Moral Integrity of College Sport through Commercialism
Authors: Schneider Robert
Published: December 2010

Developing the Moral Integrity of College Sport through Commercialism

Despite criticisms that commercialism corrupts college sports (Duderstadt, 2003, Roberts 2008, Zimbalist 2006), commercialism, if executed appropriately can strengthen and develop the moral integrity of sport. A utilitarian approach to the commercialization of sport can be used to strengthen its moral integrity. From a utilitarian standpoint, John Stuart Mill's greatest happiness principle and Jeremy Bentham's hedonic calculus can be used to help determine specific approaches to the commercialization of sport. The interests of the sporting community including sport participants, coaches, administrators, fans, and community members, must be considered when commercializing sport to a moral end. Thoroughly understanding a morally grounded mission in a sport organization is a prerequisite to the effective negotiation of terms of commercial agreements that mutually support the mission of the commercial entity and sport organization. The commercialization of sport includes but is not limited to television contracts, venue signage, licensing of merchandise, and corporate sponsorships. Identifying a professional "fit" between the sport organization and commercial entity is imperative. The use of common sense, and experience as outlined by Mill and Bentham (as cited in Beauchamp 1982) and understanding human nature as outlined by Hume (1739/1964) are useful when attempting to determine how particular commercialism efforts may consciously or subconsciously develop or reduce the moral integrity of sport. Beyond sport, the influences and risks of commercialism can be understood by observing its effect on non-sport organizations. Threats to the moral integrity of sport arise when entering into revenue generating commercial agreements. Sport's overreliance on revenue from a commercial entity is a factor that can potentially cause deviation from a sport organization's morally based mission. Excessive expansion and lavish funding of sport organizations can contribute to overreliance on revenue from commercial entities. Personal greed can also play a role in detracting from the moral integrity of the mission.
Planar, spherical and ellipsoidal approximations of Poisson's integral in near zone
Authors: Goli M. , Najafi-Alamdari M.
Published: December 2010

Planar, spherical and ellipsoidal approximations of Poisson's integral in near zone

Planar, spherical, and ellipsoidal approximations of Poisson's integral for downward continuation (DWC) of gravity anomalies are discussed in this study. The planar approximation of Poisson integral is assessed versus the spherical and ellipsoidal approximations by examining the outcomes of DWC and finally the geoidal heights. We present the analytical solution of Poisson's kernel in the point-mean discretization model that speed up computation time 500 times faster than spherical Poisson kernel while preserving a good numerical accuracy. The new formulas are very simple and stable even for regions with very low height. It is shown that the maximum differences between spherical and planar DWC as well as planar and ellipsoidal DWC are about 6 mm and 18 mm respectively in the geoidal heights for a rough mountainous area such as Iran.