bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact of climate change on migratory birds: community reassembly versus adaptation
Authors: Schaefer Hans‐Christian , Jetz Walter , Böhning‐Gaese Katrin
Published: August 2007

Aim  Species can respond to global climate change by range shifts or by phenotypic adaptation. At the community level, range shifts lead to a turnover of species, i.e. community reassembly. In contrast, phenotypic adaptation allows species to persist in situ, conserving community composition. So far, community reassembly and adaptation have mostly been studied separately. In nature, however, both processes take place simultaneously. In migratory birds, climate change has been shown to result in both exchange of species and adaptation of migratory behaviour. The aim of our study is to predict the impact of global climate change on migratory bird communities and to assess the extent to which reassembly and adaptation may contribute to alterations.

Location  Europe.

Methods  We analysed the relationship between current climate and the proportion of migratory species across bird assemblages in Europe. The magnitude of community reassembly was measured using spatial variation in the proportion of potentially migratory species. Adaptation was inferred from spatial variation in the proportion of potentially migratory species that actually migrate at a specific site. These spatial relationships were used to make temporal predictions of changes in migratory species under global climate change.

Results  According to our models, increasing winter temperature is expected to lead to declines in the proportion of migratory species, whereas increasing spring temperature and decreasing spring precipitation may lead to increases. Changes in winter and spring temperature are expected to cause mainly adaptation in migratory activity, while changes in spring precipitation may result in both changes in the proportion of potentially migratory species and adaptation of migratory activity.

Main conclusions  Under current climate change forecasts, changes in the proportion of migratory species will be modest and the communities of migratory birds in Europe are projected to be altered through adaptation of migratory activity rather than through exchange of species.
Optimal Trade Policies and Production Technology in Vertically Related Markets*
Authors: Hwang Hong , Lin Yan‐Shu , Yang Ya‐Po
Published: August 2007

This paper shows that optimal trade policies for vertically related markets depend crucially on production technology. By employing a production function with variable‐coefficient technology, it shows that return to scale is crucial in determining the direction of government intervention. Therefore, the assumption of fixed‐coefficient production technologies, which has been popular in industrial organization and trade literature when modeling vertically related markets, should be used with caution.
International Consumption Patterns among High‐income Countries: Evidence from the OECD Data*
Authors: Kónya István , Ohashi Hiroshi
Published: August 2007

This paper examines the effect of economic integration on the product‐level consumption patterns across the OECD in the past decade. Estimation results find evidence of strong convergence in cross‐country consumption patterns with substantial heterogeneity across products and countries. The results are robust to either the benchmark choice, data selection, or the choice of model specification. In addition to documenting convergence, the paper relates the volume of international trade to cross‐country consumption patterns.
Is Trade Good for Your Health?*
Authors: Owen Ann L. , Wu Stephen
Published: August 2007

We use a panel of 219 countries to examine the relationship between a country’s openness to international trade and several health outcomes and find that, in general, increased openness is associated with lower rates of infant mortality and higher life expectancies, especially in developing countries. We find evidence suggesting that some of the positive correlation between trade and health can be attributed to knowledge spillovers. In addition, openness is associated with sound economic policies which themselves are related to better health outcomes.
Global Resources and Eco‐labels: a Neutrality Result
Authors: Robertson Peter E.
Published: August 2007

I evaluate the effectiveness of eco‐labeling programs that are designed to mitigate transboundary environmental problems. A simple two‐country model is considered, where consumers in each country value a common environmental resource. It is shown that, in equilibrium, the level of damage is independent of whether one or both countries have eco‐labeling policies. Hence, the implementation of an existing eco‐labeling program by a second country may have no effect, or a very limited effect, on the stock of the environmental resource. The result highlights potential limitations of eco‐labeling policies in this international context.
Productive Capacity, Product Varieties, and the Elasticities Approach to the Trade Balance
Authors: Gagnon Joseph E.
Published: August 2007

Most macroeconomic models imply that faster income growth tends either to lower a country’s trade balance by raising its imports with little change to its exports or to reduce its terms of trade in order to maintain balanced trade. Krugman (1989) proposed a model in which countries grow by producing new varieties of goods. In his model, faster‐growing countries are able to export these new goods and maintain balanced trade without suffering any deterioration in their terms of trade. This paper analyzes the growth of US imports from different source countries and finds strong support for Krugman’s model.
Biplots of Free-Choice Profile Data in Generalized Orthogonal Procrustes Analysis
Authors: Arnold Gillian M. , Gower John C. , Gardner-Lubbe Sugnet , le Roux Niël J.
Published: August 2007

Free-choice profiling is a technique that is used in sensory studies whereby assessors are allowed to describe products by using their own preferred descriptors and own number of descriptors. We show how a study of this type on eight varieties of port wine can be analysed and, in particular, how to associate the descriptors of the wines with each assessor and with a group average representation. We show how biplots combined with generalized orthogonal Procrustes analysis can be constructed and used to explore consistencies and idiosyncrasies among assessors’ uses of their descriptors and scales.
HINGE PROPOSITIONS AND EPISTEMIC JUSTIFICATION
Authors: BRUECKNER ANTHONY
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Michael Williams and Crispin Wright have claimed that we are epistemically justified in believing hinge propositions, such as there is an external world. In a recent paper Allan Hazlett puts forward an argument that purports to elucidate the source of such justification. This paper reconstructs Hazlett's argument and offers a criticism of it.
A randomized placebo‐controlled trial of metformin for the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy
Authors: Kohli R , Shevitz A , Gorbach S , Wanke C
Published: August 2007

Objective

We conducted a randomized placebo‐controlled trial to examine the effects of metformin on visceral adipose tissue (VAT), appendicular fat, lipid profile and insulin sensitivity in HIV‐infected persons with central adiposity and mild insulin resistance.

Methods

Forty‐eight HIV‐infected men and women with a self‐reported increase in abdominal girth and an abnormal waist‐to‐hip ratio were randomly assigned in double‐blind fashion to receive metformin 1500 mg or placebo daily for 24 weeks. Persons with diabetes were excluded. The following measures were obtained at baseline and 24 weeks: single‐slice computed tomography (CT) scan, dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DEXA), lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance test.

Results

The median fasting insulin concentration of all participants was 12.3 μU/mL. The percentage change in VAT was not significantly different between the metformin and placebo groups in univariate analysis and linear regression analysis adjusting for age, height, baseline VAT and insulin area under the curve (10.1% vs 3.2%; P=0.58). Metformin was associated with a significant decrease in appendicular fat mass compared with placebo (−686.0 vs 161.0 g; P=0.03). There was no significant change in lipid profile or insulin sensitivity between the two groups at 24 weeks.

Conclusion

Metformin should be used with caution in the treatment of HIV lipodystrophy, and, if used, should be reserved for persons with adequate peripheral fat and marked insulin resistance.
A large prospective study assessing injection site reactions, quality of life and preference in patients using the Biojector® vs standard needles for enfuvirtide administration*
Authors: Loutfy MR , Harris M , Raboud JM , Antoniou T , Kovacs C , Shen S , Dufresne S , Smaill F , Rouleau D , Rachlis A , Gough K , Lalonde R , Tsoukas C , Trottier B , Walmsley SL , Montaner JSG
Published: August 2007

Objectives

To determine the severity of injection site reactions (ISRs), patient quality of life (QoL) and preference when enfuvirtide is administered by the Biojector® (Bioject, Medical Technologies, Inc., Tualatin, OR, USA) relative to standard needles.

Methods

A total of 201 HIV‐positive patients on stable enfuvirtide‐based therapy (n=184) or initiating such therapy (n=17) were evaluated prospectively after switching from standard needles to the Biojector® system. Patients used needles for a minimum of 2 weeks prior to switching to the Biojector®. Questionnaires to assess the incidence and severity of ISRs (31‐item score) and QoL [Medical Outcomes Study HIV Health Survey (MOS‐HIV)] were administered at baseline and following a minimum of 14 days of Biojector® use.

Results

The median changes in ISR score and number of ISRs following a median of 1.0 month [interquartile range (IQR) 0.9, 1.3] of Biojector® use were −3 (IQR −7, 1) and −1 (IQR −3, 1), respectively. The severity of pain (P<0.0001), induration (P<0.0001), pruritus (P<0.0001), nodules (P<0.0001) and erythema (P<0.0001) all decreased with the Biojector®. Administration of enfuvirtide with the Biojector® was associated with an improved patient QoL (P<0.0001), and was preferred by 72% of patients.

Conclusions

Compared with needles, the Biojector® was associated with a decreased severity of ISRs and improved QoL in patients taking enfuvirtide.
Risk factors for death among patients in French Guiana: 1996–2005
Authors: Nacher M , Huber F , El Guedj M , Vaz T , Magnien C , Djossou F , Randrianjohany A , Alvarez F , Couppié P
Published: August 2007

Risk factors for death in an HIV‐infected cohort in French Guiana were studied in 1374 patients between 1996 and 2005. Of these patients, 48.5% were male and 76% were immigrants. Covariates were measured at the time of consultation. There were 223 deaths. Addictions [adjusted hazard ratio (HR)=13; 95% confidence interval (CI) 5.5–30.6; P< 0.001], age >60 years (HR=1.5; 95% CI 0.9–2.5; P=0.13), male gender (HR=1.5; 95% CI 1.03–2.5; P=0.03) and CD4 count <50 cells/μL (HR=9.1; 95% CI 5.1–16.3; P<0.001) were independently associated with death. These results suggest that strategies promoting early diagnosis and better follow‐up of addicted patients would have a significant impact on mortality.
Pharmacokinetics of oral zidovudine administered during labour: a preliminary study*
Authors: Mirochnick M , Rodman JH , Robbins BL , Fridland A , Gandía J , Hitti J , Bardeguez A , Rathore MH , Gonzalez Garcia A , Cababasay M , Samson P , Mofenson L , Bryson YJ , Dorenbaum A
Published: August 2007

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine whether oral zidovudine (ZDV) given during labour would provide a similar systemic exposure to the established intravenous regimen used to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission in HIV‐infected pregnant women.

Methods

ZDV pharmacokinetic parameters following oral administration during labour were determined in 10 HIV‐infected pregnant women in active labour. All subjects were converted to intravenous ZDV prior to delivery.

Results

In cohort 1 (n=6), subjects received 300 mg oral ZDV every 3 h for three doses. Oral therapy was well tolerated but plasma ZDV concentrations were substantially lower than previously reported with continuous intravenous therapy. Based on the pharmacokinetic results from cohort 1, women in cohort 2 (n=4) received an initial 600 mg dose followed by two 400 mg doses every 3 h. ZDV area under the curve and concentrations in cohort 2 increased approximately in proportion to the increase in dose but varied 6–7‐fold. In both cohorts, ZDV pharmacokinetic parameters suggested erratic absorption.

Conclusions

While ZDV exposure improved with the increased dosing regimen, our sample size was small and larger studies are needed to establish whether oral ZDV administration during labour can consistently provide equivalent exposure to intravenous administration.
Dementia, delusions and seizures: storage disease or genetic AD?
Authors: Alberici A. , Bonato C. , Borroni B. , Cotelli M. , Mattioli F. , Binetti G. , Gennarelli M. , Luca M. D. , Simonati A. , Perani D. , Rossini P. , Padovani A.
Published: August 2007

We describe a case of a young patient suffering from a rapidly progressive cognitive decline, associated with delusions, myoclonus and seizures and with no family history for dementia. Clinical features, along with skin biopsy findings were overlapping storage disease; the genetic analysis, however, demonstrated a de novo presenilin 1 mutation. The present report suggests the usefulness of genetic determinations in early‐onset cases of dementia, even without an autosomal dominant trait of inheritance; for these cases and their relatives an extensive genetic counselling should be recommended.
Corporate Ownership and Control in the UK: The Tax Dimension
Authors: Cheffins Brian R. , Bank Steven A.
Published: August 2007

While generally the impact tax has on patterns of corporate ownership and control has received little attention in the relevant academic literature, this paper argues that tax is potentially an important determinant of ownership patterns in large companies. The paper focuses on historical developments in Britain, where an ‘outsider/arm's‐length’ system of corporate governance took shape during the twentieth century and became fully entrenched by the end of the 1970s. Taxes imposed on corporate profits, taxation of managerial and investment income and inheritance taxes help to explain why during this period blockholders sought to exit and why there was sufficient demand for shares among investors to permit ownership to separate from control.
Differences in Labor versus Value Chain Industry Clusters: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: RENSKI HENRY , KOO JUN , FESER EDWARD
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT  Regional analysts often identify industry clusters according to a single dimension of industrial interdependence, typically by trading patterns as revealed in national or regionalized input–output data. This is despite the fact that the theory underpinning regional industry cluster applications draws heavily on Marshall's theory of external economies, including the important role of labor pooling economies and knowledge spillovers in addition to spatially co‐located suppliers. This article investigates whether industry clusters identified based on trading relationships (value chain clusters) are meaningfully different in industrial composition and geography than those derived from an analysis of occupational employment requirements (labor‐based clusters). The results suggest that value chain linkages are a weak proxy for shared labor requirements, and vice versa.
Rethinking Technology‐Oriented Business Incubators: Developing a Robust Policy Instrument for Entrepreneurship, Innovation, and Regional Development?
Authors: TAMÁSY CHRISTINE
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT  Today, technology‐oriented business incubators are a worldwide phenomenon, although empirical research evidence clearly suggests that they tend to fail in supporting entrepreneurship, innovation, and regional development and, therefore, do not fulfil their expected role as policy instrument. The paper focuses on this obvious antagonism. It deliberates upon political rationales, reviews evaluation literatures, and delineates suggestions for the future of the incubation industry. The main conclusion is that technology‐oriented business incubators should be run as private organisations without public funding.
Indices of Industrial Diversity and Regional Economic Composition
Authors: MACK ELIZABETH , GRUBESIC TONY H. , KESSLER ERIN
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT  Attempts to differentiate regions from one another, whether in social, demographic, or economic terms, have led to the development of numerous indices to summarize the economic composition of regions. This study revisits classic indices of industrial diversity to evaluate their applicability for benchmarking local and regional economies. Specifically, we explore a multivariate extension of these diversity indices for measuring concentration in an effort to evaluate their ability to accurately depict spatial relationships of county level resources for the contiguous U.S. The relative abilities of the classic indices are compared to a developed measure of resource concentration, the County Similarity Index (CS‐Index), which represents a computationally simple and flexible alternative to these indices. Results suggest the CS‐Index produces superior results to the indices evaluated, particularly with regard to the spatial relationships of county resource concentrations, which are quantified using global and local indicators of spatial association.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Professionally‐Facilitated Volunteerism in the Community‐Based Management of High‐Risk Sexual Offenders: Part Two – A Comparison of Recidivism Rates
Authors: WILSON ROBIN J. , PICHECA JANICE E. , PRINZO MICHELLE
Published: August 2007

Abstract: This study represents an examination of recidivism rates associated with the pilot project of Circles of Support and Accountability (COSA) in South‐Central Ontario, Canada. A group of 60 high‐risk sexual offenders involved in COSA after having been released at the end of their sentence were matched to a group of 60 high‐risk sexual offenders who had been released at the end of their sentence, but who did not become involved in COSA. Results show that the offenders who participated in the COSA pilot project had significantly lower rates of any type of reoffending than did the offenders who did not participate in COSA. Specifically, offenders who participated in COSA had a 70% reduction in sexual recidivism in contrast to the matched comparison group (5%vs. 16.7%), a 57% reduction in all types of violent recidivism (including sexual −15%vs. 35%), and an overall reduction of 35% in all types of recidivism (including violent and sexual – 28.3%vs. 43.4%). Further, a considerable harm reduction function was noted in the COSA sample, in that sexual reoffences in this group were categorically less severe than prior offences by the same individual. This function was not observed in the matched comparison group.
Individual Differences in Public Opinion about Youth Crime and Justice in Swansea
Authors: HAINES KEVIN , CASE STEPHEN
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A public opinion survey of youth crime and justice was conducted with a sample of 496 people in Swansea. Gender and age differences in estimations of youth crime were compared to official and self‐reported youth offending statistics nationally and locally. Attitudes to sentencing and preventative measures were evaluated with reference to Swansea's positive, inclusionary approach to young people. Findings indicate that the Swansea public overestimates the extent of youth crime locally, yet it remains ambivalent about appropriate sentencing responses, favouring both punitive and preventative measures. This suggests that local public opinion is shaped by national media and political rhetoric, rather than the local realities of youth offending.
Improving the Civil‐Criminal Interface for Victims of Domestic Violence
Authors: ROBINSON AMANDA L.
Published: August 2007

Abstract: This exploratory study investigated the ‘interface’ between the civil and criminal courts in Cardiff using information from victims of domestic violence, advocates, and solicitors. The ‘interface’ between civil and criminal courts is completely dependent upon the advocates that support victims through the legal process, rather than any formal policy or procedure. Whilst in Cardiff these arrangements appear to be effective, developing the interface between civil and criminal courts needs to be a national endeavour to provide a consistent and streamlined response to victims of domestic violence. The co‐ordination of civil with criminal justice represents the best hope of keeping victims and their children safe.
Deciding Upon Mode of Trial
Authors: CAMMISS STEVEN
Published: August 2007

Abstract: This article presents the findings of an empirical research project into mode of trial decision making. While policy makers have consistently focused upon the role of defendants in electing Crown Court trial, less attention has been paid to the roles of prosecutors and magistrates. However, the evidence suggests that they are responsible for the majority of triable either way cases that reach the Crown Court, and tackling local court cultures may be a more effective way of limiting the use of the Crown Court.
Policing Anti‐Social Behaviour: Constraints, Dilemmas and Opportunities
Authors: HODGKINSON SARAH , TILLEY NICK
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Anti‐social behaviour (ASB) has received increasing political and media attention. It is of great concern to the public. The police are under pressure to tackle it, in particular using anti‐social behaviour orders (ASBOs). There is currently little hard data on what is effective. This article presents findings from an evaluation of an ASB Taskforce, which increasingly focused on using ASBOs. Whilst there is evidence of a city‐wide reduction in perceived ASB, there is none that reported levels have fallen. The difficulties facing the police are discussed. It is concluded that a broader approach to the problem would be more promising.
Youth Justice, Social Exclusion and the Demise of Social Justice
Authors: GRAY PATRICIA
Published: August 2007

Abstract: A key theme underlying recent changes to youth justice in England and Wales has been responsibilising young offenders by holding them accountable for their offending. While this has led to a focus on offending behaviour and restorative justice programmes to address perceived deficits in young offenders' cognitive skills, it has also been recognised that their ability to desist from crime is frequently constrained by acute levels of socio‐economic disadvantage. With this concern in mind, policy makers have introduced several initiatives to combat the risks associated with social exclusion, and facilitate reintegration. Yet research suggests that these initiatives have failed to alleviate the problem. It will be argued that this is because New Labour has constituted reintegration as the personal moral responsibility of young offenders, with scant regard to structural barriers and broader social justice ideals. The article concludes by suggesting that a solution may lie in the propagation of a ‘transformative’ rights‐based agenda.
The Judiciary as a Primary Definer on Anti‐Social Behaviour Orders
Authors: DONOGHUE JANE
Published: August 2007

Abstract: It has been argued that the introduction of anti‐social behaviour orders (ASBOs) has created a ‘new domain of professional power and knowledge’ (Brown 2004, p.203). That is, local authorities have become ‘the main agency of [social] control’ (Brown 2004, p.205). Alternatively, this article considers the effects of subjective legislative terminology, pivotal jurisprudential decisions, the courts' protection of individual liberties versus the public interest, and the relevance of an overburdened summary criminal justice system, and attempts to locate the position of the judiciary within ASBO cases, not as a supportive or subordinate one, but in fact as a component of elementary importance.
The Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI) translated into French: internal structure and predictive validity
Authors: Devos Christelle , Dumay Xavier , Bonami Michel , Bates Reid , Holton Elwood
Published: August 2007

The Learning Transfer System Inventory (LTSI, Holton et al., 2000) considers 16 factors likely to influence the transfer of training to the workplace. The purpose of this study is to translate the Learning Transfer System Inventory into French and to examine (1) the internal structure of the translated instrument; and (2) its predictive validity. The Learning Transfer System Inventory was administered to 328 participants from six companies during the week following the end of a training program. The transfer questionnaire was filled in by 106 of those participants 1–3 months later. The results showed that a principal component analysis reveals a factor structure very similar to the original structure: the 16 original factors are replicated. Second, seven factors display statistically significant correlations with transfer: learner readiness, motivation to transfer, transfer design, opportunity to use, transfer‐performance expectations, performance‐outcomes expectations and performance self‐efficacy. Comparisons with four similar previous studies allow us to draw directions for future research on the instrument.
Paroxysmal Stabbing Headache in The Multiple Dermatomes of The Head and Neck: A Variant of Primary Stabbing Headache or Occipital Neuralgia?
Authors: Shin JH , Song HK , Lee JH , Kim WK , Chu MK
Published: August 2007

A paroxysmal stabbing or icepick-like headache in the multiple nerve dermatomes, especially involving both trigeminal and cervical nerves, has not been fully explained or classified by the International Classification of Headache Disorder, 2nd Edition (ICHD-II). Of patients with acute-onset paroxysmal stabbing headache who had visited the Hallym University Medical Center during the last four years, 28 subjects with a repeated stabbing headache involving multiple dermatomes at the initial presentation or during the course were prospectively enrolled. All patients were neurologically and otologically symptom free. A coincidental involvement of both trigeminal and cervical nerve dermatomes included seven cases. Six cases involved initially the trigeminal and then cervical nerve dermatomes. Five cases showed an involvement of the cervical and then trigeminal nerve dermatomes. The remaining patients involved multiple cervical nerve branches (the lesser occipital, greater occipital and greater auricular). Pain lasted very shortly and a previous history of headache with the same nature was reported in 13 cases. Preceding symptom of an infection and physical and/or mental stress were manifested in seven and six subjects, respectively. All patients showed a self-limited benign course and completely recovered within a few hours to 30 days. Interestingly, a seasonal gradient in occurrence of a stabbing headache was found in this study. A paroxysmal stabbing headache manifested on multiple dermatomes can be explained by the characteristics of pain referral, and may be considered to be a variant of primary stabbing headache or occipital neuralgia.
Relationship Between Biofeedback and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Chronic Migraine
Authors: Ciancarelli I , Tozzi-Ciancarelli MG , Spacca G , Massimo C Di , Carolei A
Published: August 2007

Chronic migraine (1.5.1) is burdened with headache-related disability. During noxious stimulation, changes of cerebral blood flow enhance the release of oxygen free radicals that react with nitric oxide (NO). We investigated the role of biofeedback in limiting migraine disability by influencing oxidative stress. Peroxides, NO and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analysed in 20 female subjects with chronic migraine and in 20 female healthy controls before and after biofeedback sessions. NOx levels (23.7 ± 4.2 vs. 34.9 ± 4.6 μM; P < 0.05) and SOD activity (6.5 ± 1.0 vs. 8.0 ± 0.7 U/ml; P < 0.05) were lower in migraine sufferers before treatment than in healthy controls, whereas peroxide levels (145.8 ± 40.3 vs. 78.0 ± 20.0 μM; P < 0.05) were higher in migraine sufferers before treatment than in healthy controls. In migraine sufferers NOx levels (23.7 ± 4.2 vs. 31.3 ± 7.1 μM; P < 0.05) and SOD activity (6.5 ± 1.0 vs. 7.9 ± 0.9 U/ml; P < 0.05) were lower before than after treatment, whereas peroxide levels (145.8 ± 40.3 vs. 82.4 ± 21.1 μM; P < 0.05) were higher before than after treatment. SOD serum activity correlated positively with NOx serum levels and negatively with peroxide serum levels in healthy controls and in chronic migraine sufferers before and after biofeedback. The mean Migraine Disability Assessment Score before biofeedback sessions was higher than after treatment (36.9 ± 13.9 vs. 18.8 ± 10.4; P < 0.001). The effectiveness of biofeedback in limiting chronic migraine may be related to muscular relaxation associated with decreased oxidative stress accompanied by psychological well-being.
A Case-Control Study on Excessive Daytime Sleepiness in Episodic Migraine
Authors: Barbanti P , Fabbrini G , Aurilia C , Vanacore N , Cruccu G
Published: August 2007

Migraine patients often complain of sleepiness, a problem that manifests both during and outside an attack, may impair the quality of life and can lead to potentially harmful situations. Findings from an uncontrolled study suggest that a high percentage of migraineurs experience excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS). We investigated EDS in a case-control study on 100 patients with episodic migraine and 100 age- and sex-matched healthy controls and also assessed sleep quality, anxiety and depression. Although it was found that EDS was more frequent in migraineurs than in controls (14% vs. 5%; odds ratio 3.1; 95% confidence interval 1.1–8.9), the frequency was lower than previously reported. EDS correlated with migraine disability, sleep problems and anxiety. EDS in patients with migraine probably stems from the full constellation of headache-sleep-affective symptoms resulting from the complex clinical burden of the disease.
No Association between SNP rs498055 on Chromosome 10 and Late‐Onset Alzheimer Disease in Multiple Datasets
Authors: Liang Xueying , Schnetz‐Boutaud Nathalie , Bartlett Jackie , Allen Melissa J. , Gwirtsman Harry , Schmechel Don E. , Carney Regina M. , Gilbert John R. , Pericak‐Vance Margaret A. , Haines Jonathan L.
Published: August 2007

SNP rs498055 in the predicted gene LOC439999 on chromosome 10 was recently identified as being strongly associated with late‐onset Alzheimer disease (LOAD). This SNP falls within a chromosomal region that has engendered continued interest generated from both preliminary genetic linkage and candidate gene studies. To independently evaluate this interesting candidate SNP we examined four independent datasets, three family‐based and one case‐control. All the cases were late‐onset AD Caucasian patients with minimum age at onset ≥ 60 years. None of the three family samples or the combined family‐based dataset showed association in either allelic or genotypic family‐based association tests at p < 0.05. Both original and OSA two‐point LOD scores were calculated. However, there was no evidence indicating linkage no matter what covariates were applied (the highest LOD score was 0.82). The case‐control dataset did not demonstrate any association between this SNP and AD (all p‐values > 0.52). Our results do not confirm the previous association, but are consistent with a more recent negative association result that used family‐based association tests to examine the effect of this SNP in two family datasets. Thus we conclude that rs498055 is not associated with an increased risk of LOAD.
Feeding ecology of the armored shrew, from the north‐eastern Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Churchfield S. , Dieterlen F. , Hutterer R. , Dudu A.
Published: August 2007

The diet of Scutisorex somereni (Soricomorpha: Soricidae) from forests in the Democratic Republic of Congo was investigated to elucidate its feeding ecology in the context of its unique spinal modifications. It ate a wide range of small and large invertebrates, including representatives of Coleoptera, Formicidae, Lepidoptera and Diptera larvae, Chilopoda, Diplopoda and Araneae, but the principal prey was Oligochaeta. All diet samples contained Oligochaeta and these contributed 38–45% of prey volume. While 64% of prey occurrences were <10 mm in length, 56% of prey volume comprised invertebrates >26 mm, mostly large Oligochaeta (some of >50 mm). Soil‐dwelling prey comprised 46% by composition (59% by volume) of the diet. Besides its peculiar skeletal modifications, it has an exceptionally long intestine relative to its body size. It was concluded that S. somereni is primarily an earthworm‐eating shrew and partially subterranean rather than truly fossorial in foraging mode. Its diet and foraging mode cannot explain the unique vertebral modifications of this zoological curiosity.
Relevance of elephant herbivory as a threat to Important Plants in the Addo Elephant National Park, South Africa
Authors: Landman M. , Kerley G. I. H. , Schoeman D. S.
Published: August 2007

Although elephants are recognized as keystone species, the mechanisms of their impacts on biodiversity and community structure are rarely identified. In the Addo Elephant National Park (AENP), South Africa, elephant Loxodonta africana herbivory is apparently responsible for a significant reduction in plant richness, especially among the regionally rare and endemic small succulent shrubs and geophytes (Important Plants). We used faecal analysis to investigate the utilization of Important Plants in elephant diet in the AENP. Ninety plant species were identified in the diet. Only 14 of the 77 (c. 18%) Important Plants previously thought particularly vulnerable to elephant browsing occurred in the diet, while at least 6% of species for which there are data were avoided. This refutes the generally held belief that elephant herbivory is the major driver of decline among Important Plants, and emphasizes the likely contribution of other mechanisms (e.g. knock‐on effects, trampling, zoochory, etc.) to this phenomenon. The accurate prediction of impacts caused by elephants in the AENP and elsewhere, therefore requires an understanding of these previously marginalized mechanisms. By demonstrating appropriate cause‐and‐effect relationships between elephants and ecosystem change, we will be able to move beyond assuming that all the observed changes are due to elephant herbivory.
The reproductive ecology of Mohave rattlesnakes
Authors: Cardwell M. D.
Published: August 2007

The reproductive ecology of Mohave rattlesnakes Crotalus scutulatus was investigated in the western Mohave Desert using radiotelemetry from August 2001 to November 2004. This paper documents reproductive behavior across successive seasons in the context of seasonal timing, mean daily movement, home range, body temperature and relationship with abiotic factors such as time of day, temperature, precipitation, photoperiod and microhabitat. This population of C. scutulatus used a bimodal mating system, with reproductive behavior occurring in late summer/fall (21 August to 7 October), interrupted by 4 months of cold weather, and concluding in the spring (16 March to 16 May). Drought apparently curtailed courtship and copulation during the 2002 activity season, but the pregnancy rates in 2002 and 2003 were not significantly affected. Communal denning was not detected and there was no indication of seasonal migration. Autumnal and vernal movements appeared to be driven by reproductive effort, predominantly males engaged in prolonged mate searching. Sexual maturity was achieved at 2.0 years/600 mm snout–vent length (SVL) for females, and 1.5 years/400 mm SVL for males.
Natural history and burrow system architecture of the silvery mole‐rat fromBrachystegiawoodland
Authors: Šumbera R. , Šklíba J. , Elichová M. , Chitaukali W. N. , Burda H.
Published: August 2007

The silvery mole‐ratHeliophobius argenteocinereus(Bathyergidae) is a solitary subterranean rodent, widely distributed throughout eastern and south‐eastern Africa in a variety of habitats. Here, we provide the first data on its biology in a typical natural habitat, theBrachystegiawoodland. The population density of mole‐rats was low (4.6 ha−1) and its distribution across the study site was random. Contrary to subadults and pups, the sex ratio of adult mole‐rats was highly female biased (1:5.75), probably due to the higher mortality of males as a consequence of their mating strategy. Reproduction ofHeliophobiusis seasonal and pups are born at the beginning of the hot dry season. Burrow systems of the silvery mole‐rat were long, highly branched, reticulated and comparable in fractal dimension to systems of social bathyergids. Variability in burrow architecture was related to the body mass of the burrow occupants, soil hardness and food supply when tested together. Burrow systems with a higher fractal dimension had inhabitants that had a greater body mass. Longer systems were less branched. Nests were typically deeper than foraging tunnels and experienced negligible temperature fluctuations. The microenvironmental characteristics of the subterranean niche including temperature, humidity and soil characteristics are provided for purpose of comparison with other mole‐rat species.
cid: a rapid and efficient bioinformatic tool for the detection of SSRs from genomic libraries
Authors: FREITAS PATRÍCIA D. , MARTINS DIOGO S. , GALETTI PEDRO M.
Published: August 2007

cid is a computational tool developed in the Web environment to process cloned DNA fragments with the objective of masking the vector and adaptor regions, detecting the presence of microsatellites and designing the most appropriate primer pairs for the amplification of the identified repetitive sequences. This entire process is executed by the user in a simple and automated manner with the data input as a Zip file of chromatograms or a multiFASTA file. Thus, it is possible to analyse dozens of sequences at the same time, optimizing data processing and the search for the information of interest. cid is freely available on http://www.shrimp.ufscar.br/cid/index.php.
PERMANENT GENETIC RESOURCES: Isolation, characterization and cross‐species amplifications of microsatellite loci from Conradina (Lamiaceae)
Authors: EDWARDS C. E. , SOLTIS D. E. , SOLTIS P. S.
Published: August 2007

We report the isolation of microsatellite loci from three species in the genus Conradina (Lamiaceae). To ensure their utility for multiple species, loci were screened for amplification and variability in all six Conradina species; 11 loci demonstrated high levels of amplification and polymorphism in most species. These 11 loci were characterized in 20 individuals from one population of Conradina brevifolia; alleles per locus ranged from five to 15, and observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.30 to 0.90. These microsatellites will be used to clarify species limits, detect interspecific hybridization, and understand the partitioning of genetic variation in each species of Conradina.
Hyperpigmentation and melasma
Authors: Rigopoulos D , Gregoriou S , Katsambas A
Published: August 2007

Facial and neck pigmentations are significant cosmetic problems. They are common in middle‐aged women, related to endogenous (hormones) and exogenous factors (cosmetics, perfumes, sun exposure), and often represent paramount causes of emotional distress. Although melasma is the most common cause of facial pigmentation, there are many other forms including drug‐induced and postinflammatory hyperpigmentation. We review pathogenesis, clinical and histopathological data, effect on quality of life, and treatment options in facial hyperpigmentation disorders.
Adverse reactions after nonablative radiofrequency: follow‐up of 290 patients
Authors: De Felipe Iñigo , Del Cueto Sofia Ruiz , Pérez Ernesto , Redondo Pedro
Published: August 2007

Background  Monopolar radiofrequency has been Food and Drug Administration approved for the noninvasive treatment of periorbital rhytides and wrinkles in 2002 and for full‐face treatment in 2004. In order to establish the degree of side effects in our practice, a retrospective review was done.

Observations  Seven hundred fifty‐seven treatments of nonablative monopolar radiofrequency were done on 290 patients. Two hundred sixty‐four patients were women (91%), and 26 were men (9%). Two hundred fifty‐nine of these patients were treated for facial lifts. Patients were treated with an average energy setting of 81 J/cm2. Treatments were all done with a 1‐cm2 tip that gives a 2.3‐s pulse, and 11.49% of treatments were particularly painful for the patient. The appearance of second‐degree burns occurred in 2.7% of the treatment sessions. Other less frequent adverse reactions were persistent erythema (1.22%), headache, scarring, edema, fat atrophy, burn in the return pad site, neuralgia, and facial palsy. The occurrence of facial palsy might be a coincidence.

Conclusions  In comparison with other studies, we have found a very low incidence of posttreatment erythema and edema. On the other hand, the incidence of second‐degree burns is somewhat higher. This might be due to the fact that in other studies higher energy settings have been used but without overlapping pulses. Monopolar radiofrequency is a safe method of treating the skin of the face and neck, and it should be done at moderated energy settings with no immediate overlapping in order to avoid overheating and undesirable side effects.
Moisturizing and antisebum effect of cosmetic application on facial skin
Authors: Cheng Yan , Dong Yiyang , Dong Meixian , Wang Chao , Sun Yuantao , Su Ning , Liu Juan , Zheng Hongyan , Yang Xiaoran , Li Jing , Andreas Schrader , Rohr Mathias , Liu Wei
Published: August 2007

Background  Water content of the stratum corneum and skin surface lipids are important factors in the appearance and function of skin. High water content and low sebum secretion are considered main features of fair skin.

Aim  This paper aims to study the change of skin physiological parameters after cosmetic application.

Methods  The skin water content, transepidermal water loss, and skin sebum secretion on different regions of the facial skin before and after the cosmetic application were measured using Corneometer, Tewameter, and Sebumeter, respectively.

Results  The cosmetics kept higher water content and lower transepidermal water loss, at the same time lower sebum secretion 4  and 8 h after the cosmetic application, compared with those before it. The situation was maintained in the following 3‐week continuous use of the cosmetics.

Conclusion  The cosmetic application on human facial skin could provide some moisturizing effect and at the same time some antisebum effect according to different regions on facial skin, which favored the maintenance of good skin physiological function after applying skin care products.
Clostridium botulinum type A toxin for the treatment of upper face animation lines: an Iranian experience
Authors: Farahvash M Reza , Arad Simin
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the treatment of vertical glabellar frown lines, frontal lines and crow's feet by means of direct injection of Dysport (Clostridium botulinum type A toxin – hemagglutinin complex) in Iranian patients. Dysport is one of the commercially available type A subtypes (Ipsen Ltd, Maidenhead Berkshire, UK). It is the one used most often in Iran. Botox, the other form of commercially available botulinum type A toxin, is used most often in the United States and Canada. Dysport is two to four times less effective, in similar unit doses, than Botox, which is why it is manufactured in larger vials (500‐U vials for Dysport vs. 100‐U vials for Botox). The authors have been using botulinum toxin type A in their practice for cosmetic purposes since 1995. An experience of over 1295 injections to the upper face animation (dynamic) lines in 108 patients is presented. This study included 108 patients and 208 injection sessions. We used Dysport containing 500 U toxin. Toxin was diluted with 2.5 mL of sterile normal saline and yielded 20 U for each 0.1 mL. A dose of 76 to 90 U was injected into each muscle. There were 95 women and 13 men in this study, ranging in age from 20 to 79 years. Doses ranged from 10 to 20 mL per injection, varying according to the severity of wrinkles, intensity of muscle contraction, and the mass of the muscle. The more bulky or greater intensity of muscle contraction, the higher the dose required to obtain good results. Therefore, the more bulky corrugator or frontalis muscle requires more than the thinner orbicularis. Dysport seemed to be a safe and effective alternative to Botox, giving good to excellent cosmetic results lasting at least 4 months in the majority of the patients.
African hair length in a school population: a clue to disease pathogenesis?
Authors: Khumalo N P , Gumedze F
Published: August 2007

Background  Anecdotal data suggest that combed natural African hair reaches a length steady state. Easier grooming and anticipated long hair have made relaxers popular.

Objectives  These hypotheses were tested in a cross‐sectional survey of 1042 school children using a piloted questionnaire and hair length measurements done on four scalp regions.

Results  Participants included 45% boys and 55% girls. Girls consider length important for hairstyle choice (P < 0.0001). There was no difference in mean length at 2 to 5 vs. > 5 years (P = 0.3) and at 1 to < 2 vs. 2 to 5 years (P = 0.99), suggesting that a steady state is reached within 1 year after a hair cut for combed natural hair [mean, 5.1 cm (4.3)]. Relaxed hair reached length steady state > 2 years after a haircut [mean, 10.9 cm (3.6)], was longer than natural hair (P < 0.0001), shorter than expected, and significantly shorter on the occiput than the rest of the scalp (P < 0.0001).

Conclusions  Persistently short combed natural hair years after a hair cut suggests that breakage eventually equals new growth (i.e., steady state), which is likely to be variable. Relaxed hair, irrespective of last haircut, is also short; chemical damage as a limit to potential lengths needs confirmation. Relatively short occipital relaxed hair could be a clue to disease pathogenesis.
Persistent delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction to injectable non‐animal‐stabilized hyaluronic acid
Authors: Arron Sarah Tuttleton , Neuhaus Isaac M
Published: August 2007

Objective  Injectable hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan used for soft‐tissue augmentation. A number of products that are not Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for use in the United States are used commonly in Europe. We report a case of persistent delayed‐type hypersensitivity to injected non‐animal‐stabilized hyaluronic acid. The patient was initially injected in Europe with a non‐FDA‐approved filler but traveled to the United States for evaluation of this adverse reaction.

Methods  A case of adverse reaction to non‐animal‐stabilized hyaluronic acid is described. An overview of selected hyaluronic acid filler products is provided.

Results  The patient developed persistent facial edema after injection of hyaluronic acid filler to the melolabial folds, glabella, lips, and perioral rhytids.

Conclusion  Injectable hyaluronic acid can be associated with a variety of complications including immediate and delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions. Physicians should be familiar with products used in other countries, as patients may present for evaluation following adverse reaction to fillers obtained abroad or from American physicians using non‐FDA‐approved products.