bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
... And A Glimpse Forward (Or WHO Needs Darwin)
Authors: Ewald Paul W
Published: November 2023

The AIDS pandemic has focused attention on “emerging” pathogens. If HIV can cause such devastation, what new viruses might be emerging from the existing pool of pathogens in humans and other organisms? In May 1989, for example, a meeting entitled “Emerging Viruses: The Evolution of Viruses and Viral Diseases” attracted considerable attention in the scientific media (Miller 1989, Weiss 1989a, Culliton 1990). The meeting helped to draw together insights from a broad range of disciplines. Yet, in spite of the title, the meeting emphasized proximate mechanisms of virulence and transmission, rather than applications of evolutionary principles. In this meeting and in recent writings from this perspective, the emergence of severe epidemic disease is attributed to the spread of pathogens from isolated populations of humans or other animals, and the presence of mutations, which by chance might transform a relatively friendly bug into a deadly bug (Kawaoka & Webster 1988, Culliton 1990, Kilbourne 1990, Ampel 1991, Morse 1991). But one question continues to surface, and continues to be left unanswered: Why have some organisms evolved to become so harmful while others have not? The discussions generally invoke mutations as the source of the increased lethality, but the presence of mutations is only part of the story.
Introduction
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

Effective and principled punishment of convicted criminals requires the development and application of a range of punishments between imprisonment and probation. Imprisonment is used excessively; probation is used even more excessively; between the two is a near-vacuum of purposive and enforced punishments.
Toward a Comprehensive Punishment System
Authors: Morris Norval , Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

When this book is published, there will be more than 1,000,000 Americans aged 18 and over in prison and jail, and more than 2,500,000 on parole or probation. If one adds those on bail or released awaiting trial or appeal and those serving other punishments such as community service orders, the grand total under the control of the criminal justice system exceeds four million, nearly 2 percent of the nation’s adult population.
Citizens, Inhabitants, and Others
Authors: Lindemann Mary
Published: November 2023

Massive population growth was an eighteenth-century fact of life nowhere more evident and ultimately, nowhere more disturbing than in the cities. Like London and Paris-but on a smaller scale-Hamburg assumed truly metropolitan proportions between 1700 and 1800. Everywhere in Europe these new cities evoked extravagant forebodings. Critics contrasted their faults with the virtues of rural life, branding them modern Molochs, destroyers of men and defilers of morals. Josiah Tucker castigated them as “the bane of mankind in every sense,”
Carl Nielsen
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

When twenty-second-century musicologists write the history of the symphony, they may well see the twentieth century as even more of a glory period for that genre than the nineteenth. This is to take nothing away from Beethoven and Schubert, Bruckner and Brahms, Tchaikovsky and Dvořák, but the century that saw the creation of the symphonies of Elgar, Mahler, Sibelius, Nielsen, Stravinsky, Martiná, Sessions, Shostakovich―and this is to make only a beginning―offers something extraordinary in scope, richness, originality, and urgency of expression. The six symphonies of Carl Nielsen make up one of the most remarkable and, to a constantly growing number of listeners, indispensable treasures in that great flowering.
Walter Piston
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Belmont is a pretty town northwest of Boston, and Walter Piston lived in his hilltop house there from the day he came to teach at Harvard in 1926 until he died. He was a remarkable teacher, not only of those who sat in his classroom in Paine Hall―among them Elliott Carter, Arthur Berger, Irving Fine, Leonard Bernstein, Daniel Pinkham, and Yehudi Wyner―but also of three generations of students who learned harmony, counterpoint, and orchestration from his still current textbooks. He was proud that he himself had drawn the illustrations for his orchestration book―all but the violin, which was by his wife, Kathryn Nason, an excellent painter―and he wrote a musical manuscript so fine that his scores could be printed without being engraved, and with no hardship on players.
Arnold Schoenberg
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

Schoenberg began the Chamber Symphony No. 1 in April 1906 and completed it on 15 July that year. The first performance was given in Vienna on 8 February 1907 by the Rose Quartet and members of the Vienna Philharmonic. By 1912, Schoenberg had the idea of multiplying the strings and, where necessary, doubling the winds for performances in large halls, and in 1914 his publisher announced the availability of an orchestral version upon request. Nothing is now known of that version; however, in 1935 Schoenberg made a completely new edition for full orchestra, which was published as Opus 9b. (There is no Opus 9a.) The first performance of Opus 9b was given under the composer ‘s direction in Los Angeles in December 1935.
Michael Tippett
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

The word that first comes to mind is abundance. Abundance of spirit, abundance of fantasy, abundance of images, abundance of risk, abundance of reference and allusion, out-and-out abundance of musical events, of notes. Behind this abundance lies the burning need to communicate, to address through music some of the problems most central to the human condition, questions about love and commitment, about justice, about the inescapability of evil and of humankind ‘s darker impulses.
Ralph Vaughan Williams
Authors: Steinberg Michael
Published: November 2023

In R. V.W.―A Biography of Ralph Vaughan Williams, Ursula Vaughan Williams, the composer ‘s widow, writes about her husband ‘s name: “Ralph ‘s grandfather, Sir Edward Vaughan Williams, seems to have been the first … to use the double-barrelled but unhyphenated name …hough occasionally-at school or in the army-Ralph was called Williams it is not correct. Ralph ‘s name was pronounced Rafe, any other pronunciation used to infuriate him. “ The Eighth was the first symphony that Vaughan Williams numbered himself. His first three symphonies went by their names. The next three he called simply Symphony in F minor, Symphony in D major, and Symphony in E minor, but beginning with the D major his publisher intervened and added numbers to the titles.
Time and the Verb
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

This is the first thoroughly comprehensive study of tense and aspect, linguistic markers signifying relations in time. Tense and aspect have been peculiarly resistant to linguistic classification and explanation. There continue to be many competing theories, many different terminologies, and considerable controversy and confusion surrounding these evidently universal linguistic phenomena. Robert Binnick’s work will enable students, teachers, and scholars to understand th use of verb forms in particular languages.
Beyond Theories of Tense
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

Whether, as some grammarians in the tradition have done, we assume that there are three times and hence three tenses, or as others have done, we base ourselves on formal, morphological, or syntactic properties of particular languages such as English, we must at some point ask ourselves in what way tenses mean, have meaning.
The Problem of Aspect
Authors: Binnick Robert I
Published: November 2023

The study of aspect has been likened to a dark and savage forest full of “obstacles, pitfalls, and mazes which have trapped most of those who have ventured into this much explored but poorly mapped territory.”Tense is perhaps equally confusing, but at least it is a well-known traditional area with concepts intuitively clear to speakers of the familiar Western European languages. Whatever tense, or the tenses, may be, speakers have some sort of notions about them: it is satisfying, for example, to consider the past tense to express past time.
Introduction
Authors: Karras Ruth Mazo
Published: November 2023

A “common woman” in medieval England was one who had many sex partners, often for money. Any woman not under the dominion of one man-husband, father, master-ran the risk that her independent behavior would lead to her being labeled a whore. Medieval society attempted to control such women by treating them as though they belonged to men in common (though they were not legally property). These women were also “common” in another sense: they were working women trying to make a living. Yet, though taking money for sex characterized their behavior, what defined their nature in the eyes of their contemporaries was their indiscriminate sexuality. Since sex constitutes an important way in which men and women relate to one another, the history of sexuality forms a significant part of the history of gender relations. Norms about sexuality govern, and are governed by, gender roles, and behavior deemed inappropriate for one gender is often denigrated as immoral. The history of sexuality is also peculiarly relevant to women’s history. Sexuality is an important part of the way society constructs masculinity as well as femininity, but in medieval culture women were more closely connected than men with the body and sexuality, and their sexual behavior identified and defined them much more than was usually the case with men. Attitudes toward sexuality were intimately tied to the structure of the family and the economy. “Common women,” whores, or prostitutes, as women entirely defined by their sexuality, provide the extreme case that helps define views of feminine sexuality in general. Money, power, and sexuality were closely intertwined in the Middle Ages, as they are today, and prostitution was a key point of contact.
Mood and Affect
Authors: Trzepacz Paula T , Baker Robert W
Published: November 2023

Mood and affect are terms used to describe emotional or feeling states. A disturbance of mood or affect is the key feature of some of the most common and important psychiatric disorders, including depression and mania.

A mood is a person’s predominant internal feeling state at a given time.

Everyone can be said to be in some particular mood, usually determined by disposition and circumstances. In a mental status report, mood should be empirically described. Virtually no particular mood is necessarily abnormal or pathologic; rather, mood must be assessed in the context of the patient’s entire history and MSE. This chapter focuses on terminology that is used to describe various aspects of mood.

Affect is the external and dynamic manifestation of a person’s internal emotional state, and hence is present in all individuals. It may or may not match a person’s stated mood. Affect is judged in terms of its type, intensity, range, variability, and degree of correspondence to the content of conversation. Normal individuals demonstrate a variety of emotions, of variable intensity, that usually match and change in accordance with the thoughts and feelings being verbally expressed.

Mood and affect are sometimes difficult to distinguish from each other. The beginning examiner can avoid confusion by defining mood as the patient’s subjective description of his or her feeling state, while defining affect as the objectively observable manifestations of the feeling statc(s). However, some psychiatrists rely not on this subjective/objective dichotomy but rather on the aspect of changeability to differentiate mood from affect. In that paradigm, mood is a consistent, sustained feeling state, whereas affect is the moment-to-moment expression of feelings. Both of these conventions can be applied.
Neither Wolf Nordog
Authors: Lewis David Rich
Published: November 2023

During the nineteenth century, Americans looked to the eventual civilization and assimilation of Native Americans through a process of removal, reservation, and directed culture change. Policies for directed subsistence change and incorporation had far-reaching social and environmental consequences for native peoples and native lands. This study explores the experiences of three groups--Northern Utes, Hupas, and Tohono O’odhams--with settled reservation and allotted agriculture in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Each group inhabited a different environment, and their cultural traditions reflected distinct subsistence adaptations to life in the western United States. Each experienced the full weight of federal agrarian policy yet responded differently, in culturally consistent ways, to subsistence change and the resulting social and environmental consequences. Attempts to establish successful agricultural economies ultimately failed as each group reproduced their own cultural values in a diminished and rapidly changing environment. In the end, such policies and agrarian experiences left Indian farmers marginally incorporated and economically dependent.
Perspectives on the Study of Non-Western Popular Musics
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

Much has been written about the distinctions between folk, classical, and more recently, popular musics. It is often easy to regard such discussions, whether justifiably or not, as gratuitous exercises in abstract taxonomy, and it is clear that they are generally of more import to musicologists than to performers or audiences. Nevertheless, world musics often do lend themselves to broad, if occasionally ambiguous taxonomies, the clarification of which helps us to understand the nature of these genres in terms of the attributes they share or do not share with others. Moreover, many cultures themselves do distinguish between folk, art, and popular music styles. Hence such categories often can and should be employed as “-emic” constructs in understanding ethnic mu¬ sic from the perspective of its own culture. What sh6uld be avoided is not the use of clearly defined classifications, but rather the tendency to attach ethnocentric, class-centric, or idiosyncratic values to such concepts. At the same time, in order to understand the relationship between these different kinds of music, one must define the underlying, generally unarticulated criteria which distinguish them.
Africa
Authors: Manuel Peter
Published: November 2023

The field of African popular music is as diverse as the African people themselves. Several books and dozens of articles have already been published on the subject, and yet these only begin to describe the breadth and variety of modern African urban musics. Not only do entire areas remain relatively undocumented (such as Angola, Sudan, Mozambique) but published research invariably lags well behind the new styles and genres which constantly proliferate. A short chapter such as this one cannot substitute for the substantial extant literature and can at best outline broad trends and major national genres.
Escaping The Holocaust
Authors: Ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine prior to the founding of the State of Israel forms one of the most fascinating chapters in the history of Zionism and modern Jewish history. Bringing Jews from Europe to Palestine by land and by sea in defiance of restrictive British immigration policies was partly an undertaking of national rescue and partly a calculated strategy of political brinkmanship. Ofer focuses on this important phase in the history of the Holocaust.
Rescue at Work: The Mossad and Aliyah bet from Rumania
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

By 1943, the Jewish leaders of Rumania were cognizant of the political struggle against their government’s Jewish policy. Led by Wilhelm Filderman, they demonstrated an acute sensitivity to the changing concerns and vulnerabilities of the Rumanian regime. To prevent Rumania’s total capitulation to German demands on “the Jewish issue,” Jewish leaders used an approach that combined appeals to legality and constitutionalism with arguments related to Rumanian national pride and national interests.
Rescue at Work: The War Refugee Board, Ira Hirschmann, Britain, and Aliyah Activities in Istanbul, 1944
Authors: ofer Dalia
Published: November 2023

The Rumanian government, as recounted, had repeated its readiness to allow Jews to leave the country. In the past, such declarations had not produced far-reaching results. But in the fall of 1943, the announcement was linked to a new plan. A year after the Allies had rejected the ransom of the Transnistria Jews, a new threat hung over the Jews of southeastern Europe. As Soviet forces advanced, the Germans began to plan their retreat, and it was feared that this would include the mass murder of the remaining.
Abortion: Complexity and Conflict
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

Abortion is an issue with which many people feel uncomfortable, regardless of the position they take on its morality. The majority of obstetrician-gynecologists in private practice avoid the issue by referring most of their abortion patients to clinics or teaching hospitals. Some acknowledge psychological conflict stemming from the apparent inconsistency of assisting some women to maintain their pregnancies while terminating the pregnancies of others. Theoretically, the conflict can be resolved by viewing either situation as one in which the physician respects the autonomy of the pregnant woman. But a long-standing perception of the physician as one who saves and supports life seems opposed to this. Traditionally, the obstetrician is seen as one who promotes the health of the pregnant woman and the fetus.
In Vitro Development and Childbirth
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody
Published: November 2023

The birth of a child has traditionally signalled entry into the human community. Birthdays celebrate the beginning of a person’s life span as if the individual did not exist before the moment in which the newborn was propelled from womb to world with a mighty push. Census figures do not count fetuses, even if they are viable and thus capable of independent existence. So long as the fetus remains within a woman’s body, its existence is generally unacknowledged.’
Rape and Sexual Assault
Authors: Von Judith M , Kilpatrick Dean G , Burgess Ann W , Hartman Carol R
Published: November 2023

Contrary to popular belief, rape is not a rare event, but rather something that affects the lives of thousands of people each year. Since 1977 the rate of forcible rape has increased by 21 percent, the largest increase among all major crimes. Although most types of crime have a psychological impact on victims, sexual assault has been found to be particularly deleterious. Rape victims experience significant long-term problems in the areas of fear, anxiety, and depression, as well as difficulties in social adjustment and impaired sexual functioning. Furthermore, being the victim of rape appears to be associated with an increased risk of suicide. Sexual assault claims many indirect victims as well. For example, marriages may be jeopardized, jobs may be lost, and families and social networks disrupted when victims are forced to move themselves and their families because of the fear of further attack. In addition, the fear of being raped serves to restrict the daily mobility of many nonvictimized women.
Case Requirements on Traces
Authors: Epstein Samuel David
Published: November 2023

The central observation concerning such ill-formed examples has been that wh-movement originates from a position that is not Case-marked. Given this, structures such as (1) and (2) could be readily excluded by somehow formally expressing the following observation: Wh-trace must be Case-marked Within recent analyses there have been two general approaches to capturing (3): the Case-filter approach and the Visibility Condition. We shall now briefly review these two accounts, arguing that each is problematic. Following this, we offer a new approach to the problem of formally expressing the generalization (3).
Acadian Beginnings
Authors: Johnson Richard R
Published: November 2023

John Nelson was one immigrant among many to North America during the late seventeenth century. He never amassed great power or wealth; he wrote no books; and he passed the last decades of his long life in peaceful, self-imposed retirement. In his time, however, he was a man of note, celebrated for his adventurous spirit and hailed even by his enemies as “a very gallant man.” From a longer perspective, too, his career weaves together a rich tapestry of international, provincial, and individual ambitions and enterprises, a tapestry utterly familiar to Nelson and his contemporaries but since overshadowed by the simpler primary colors of histories more concerned with tracing the course of particular European nationalisms and the origins of the United States. At the center of this tapestry, and of Nelson’s story, stands a particular place in time: Acadia and the northeastern seaboard of North America during the first stirrings of the century-long contest for New World supremacy between France and England.
Ruth Crawford Seeger
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Ruth Crawford Seeger (1901-1953) is frequently considered the most significant American female composer in this century. Joining Aaron Copland and Henry Cowell as a key member of the 1920s musical avant-garde, she went on to study with modernist theorist and future husband Charles Seeger, writing her masterpiece, String Quartet 1931, not long after. But her legacy extends far beyond the cutting edge of modern music. Collaborating with poet Carl Sandburg on folk song arrangements in the twenties, and with the famous folk-song collectors John and Alan Lomax in the 1930s, she emerged as a central figure in the American folk music revival, issuing several important books of adaptations (transcriptions and arrangements) and pioneering the use of American folk songs in children’s music education. Radicalized by the Depression, she spent much of the ensuing two decades working aggressively for social change with her husband and stepson, the folksinger Pete Seeger. This engrossing new biography emphasizes the choices Crawford Seeger made in her roles as composer, activist, teacher, wife and mother. The first woman to win a Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship in music composition, Crawford Seeger nearly gave up writing music as the demands of family, politics, and the folk song movement intervened. It was only at the very end of her life, with cancer sapping her strength, that she returned to composing. Written with unique insight and compassion, this book offers the definitive treatment of a fascinating twentieth-century figure.
A Minister’s Daughter
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Sometime around 1927 or 1928-it was hard for Martha Beck to remember just exactly when-Ruth Crawford stood in the doorway of Beck’s studio at the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago and wondered, “How does one ever write work without a reminiscence of something that has been written before!” That modernist fantasy merged patriotic pride with personal ambition. Ruth Crawford’s “before” encompassed the past of European tradition. Her present glowed with the promise of her own youth. Born in 1901, she believed that the late 1920s were a time when American music sounded richer and more compelling than ever before. Even if she had discovered her musical calling as a composer just a few years earlier, she placed herself among a small band of “moderns” whom the critic Paul Rosenfeld praised as pioneer voices of national autonomy, starting “to represent the forces of American life, to interpret them in a large way:’
"Dear Superwoman”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Perhaps had they been together, less might have been said. Ruth believed that “we have 4000 miles to thank for telling us things we might not have known: the discovery of sympathies and often incredible one-pathedness in thoughts and reactions across an ocean does certainly preclude proximity as an inter-influence;“ They typed and numbered their letters because they did not trust transatlantic mail, following the shipping news of arrivals and de partures of the ships Europa and Bremen more closely than the weather. Over the year the voluminous correspondence totaled about a hundred letters from Ruth and fifty from Charles. In fact, they had produced a diary of their relationship.
“Music as a Weapon in the Class Struggle”
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

I came home from school,” Pete Seeger recalled, “and I found Father and Ruth up to their ears in radical politics. They were both enthusiastic mem- hers of the Pierre Degeyter Club, and they worked hard.” One of twenty-odd left-wing musicians’ groups in the Workers Music League, organized in 1931 within the labor federations of the American Communist Party, the Pierre Degeyter Club was devoted to the creation of proletarian culture. Henry Cowell invited Charles to deliver a lecture to the group and Ruth went to that meeting in 1932. The next year they took Pete around, and together they sang Degeyter’s most famous song, the Communist anthem “L’Internationale.” “There was nothing sissy about this music,” Pete said. “ ‘Arise friends and workers, we’re ready for battle, Advance Proletarians to conquer the world.’” Armed with the Communist slogan, “Music as a Weapon in the Class Struggle,” the Workers Music League logo of a hammer and sickle backdropped against a musical staff symbolizes the political milieu for these reconstructed modernists from 1932 through 1935.
Discovering “Unmusical" America
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

The Seegers arrived in Washington at the end of 1935, as Roosevelt’s third year in office was drawing to a close. The move to Washington promised a new start on many fronts, not the least of which was the end of their hand to-mouth existence. As soon as a regular salary started coming in, Ruth began to pay back their New York debts, including a milk bill for the last six months and one from the pediatrician. After subsisting for a few weeks in Spartan liv ing quarters, she wrote him that they had found a small brick house at 3007 Pershing Street in Clarendon, Virginia (now part of Arlington), quite close to the district. She was so relieved that her unusually expansive letter voiced enough optimism to mention hopes for her own professional future: “Our house thank God has sunshine and light (shades of New York apartments!) a new stove and a frigidaire (smile at the housewife) and a comfortable desk room (the composer hopes to be able to work again):“
American Folk Songs Go To School
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Dio is very nice. She loves us too. She used to sit up all night working on that old book and when I woke up in the morning she was still there. So then she would come out and get our breakfast and make my sandwiches for lunch. When she doesn’t drink coffee at night and goes to bed at night she is different. Sort of quiet and comfortable and mends our clothes and lets us sew and even teaches Peggy to crochet. I hope when I marry, my wife won’t want to write a book.
A Fork in the Road
Authors: Tick Judith
Published: November 2023

Finally, after surmounting so many obstacles like Doubleday’s “incredible” and “unforgivable” delay and wartime paper shortages, Crawford reached a milestone in her life when American Folk Songs for Children appeared on November 4, 1948. Margaret Lesser sent a telegram-”Folk Songs Officially Published Today with an advance order of more than 2000. Three Cheers for you and the book:’ Doubleday launched the book with a splash, taking photographs and collecting blurbs from Carl Sandburg, who gave the book “sweeping and unqualified endorsement” for their press packets.
The Diffusionist Revolt
Authors: Smith Woodruff D
Published: November 2023

Before Ratzel made his switch to full-time academic employment in the mid-1870s, he had spent brief periods studying under some of the leading figures in geography and Volkerkunde, including Bastian in Berlin.1 But he had not stayed at Berlin. Because of his irregular entry into academic life and the fact that his first appointment was at a technical institute in Munich, Ratzel was more or less destined to operate outside the Berlin establishment. This, combined with the antagonism toward the previous generation of social scientists, partly manifested in Ratzel’s politics and his Darwinism, led Ratzel to see himself as a potential leader of a revolt against the neoliberal theoretical pattern identified with the Berlin establishment.
The Case of the Innocuous Prayer
Authors: Cohen Naomi W
Published: November 2023

As part of an instructional program in moral and spiritual values, the New York State Board of Regents suggested in 1951 that school children begin their day with a short, nonsectarian prayer. Unlike released time or Bible reading, both the program and prayer were new ideas on the postwar educational scene. The Regents’ prayer was adopted in some school districts; ultimately it came to the Supreme Court for review in the landmark case of Engel v. Vitale. >The ruling climaxed eleven years of public debate on a broader issue, the use of the classroom to cultivate religious sensibilities and impart rudimentary knowledge about religion. From the Jewish perspective, the full significance of the decision can be understood best only when it is examined within that historical context. Indeed, the setting of the case as well as the ensuing backlash are as important to the story of Jewish activity on public religion as the case itself.
American Salons
Authors: Crunden Robert M
Published: November 2023

This book is a study of the beginnings of the modernist tradition in American culture, with special emphasis on the interchange of Americans with modernism in Europe. The first section discusses American precursors of modernism including Whistler, William and Henry James, and James Gibbons Huneker. There is a section on the influence of specific US cities on modernism. The final section concentrates on the interaction of Americans in European culture, first in London (with emphasis on Ezra Pound), Paris (the photographer Edward Steichen and the Stein family), and finally New York (the salon scene and the 1913 Armory Show of modern art).
Maternal and Newborn HIV Screening: Implications for Children and Families
Authors: Hutton Nancy , Wissow Lawrence S
Published: November 2023

The overwhelming majority of AIDS cases among children are the result of mother-child transmission of HIV either during pregnancy or at the time of delivery. Thus two important reasons to consider HIV screening for women of childbearing age are the potential for slowing the advance of HIV infection from generation to generation and the early identification of infected infants who might benefit from medical intervention. The notion that these goals can be considered derives both from experience with other illnesses (Chapter 3) and from preliminary work in programs established to treat HIV-seropositive children. In this chapter, we argue that in the context of a system of ongoing, high uality pediatric care, the benefits of HIV screening of pregnant women or newborns outweigh the risks.
Legal Issues in Nonvoluntary Prenatal HIV Screening
Authors: Allen Anita L
Published: November 2023

The unsettled character of pertinent state and federal strictures bars definitive answers to legal questions posed by prenatal testing. However, as concluded below, nonvoluntary prenatal AIDS-related testing raises more legal concerns than public health concerns it can presently abate. Nonvoluntary testing is and will remain a legally problematic interference with autonomy and privacy as long as AIDS has no fully effective treatment or cure and as long as less intrusive, less discriminatory measures can educate pregnant women and protect their sex part­ners and health-care providers from infection.
Legal Protections of Confidential Medical Information and the Need for Antidiscrimination Laws
Authors: Powers Madison
Published: November 2023

HIV antibody screening programs have the potential to produce large quantities of highly sensitive, personal medical information that, if revealed to third parties, may result in injury to the personal, social, and economic interests of those screened. The collection, storage, and use of such information by health-care providers, public health officials, and researchers increase the likelihood of such information being improperly disclosed and harmful to a variety of individual interests.
Contact-induced Change and the Comparative Method: Cases from Papua New Guinea1
Authors: Ross Malcolm D
Published: November 2023

The overriding goal of the comparative method is to reconstruct linguistic prehistory and thereby to contribute to human culture history. Unfortunately, the method is blinkered in this endeavour by its prerequisites. It deals only with genetically related languages, and then only with regular correspondences among them. Yet the history of almost every language entails contact between its speakers and those of other languages, contact which often impairs the language’s correspondences with its kin. Whether the languages in contact are genetically related or not, or so closely related that one should more accurately speak of dialects, the comparative method usually leaves this noncorresponding material unaccounted for, either by ignoring it or by labelling it ‘borrowed’.
Red
Authors: Rorabaugh W J
Published: November 2023

From the late 1940s into the early 1960s, one belief held an otherwise diverse, disparate, and quarrelsome American society together-anticommunism. The American government conducted a bipartisan anticommunist crusade both abroad and at home. Foreign policy was based upon the assumption that communism was a global conspiracy controlled by Moscow, and the American government undertook to contain communism throughout the world. Domestic policy was based upon the assumption that American communists were part of Moscow’s conspiracy, and the American government undertook to destroy the American Communist party.
The Lopsided Ape
Authors: Corballis Michael C
Published: November 2023

This fascinating book addresses the question of what makes humans unique, of how sharply we differ from other animals. It begins with evidence on the split of the hominids from the apes, and on the main steps in hominid evolution since then. Its main theme is that the distinctive versatility of human thought and mental representation depends on special properties of the left side of the brain. One manifestation of this lop-sidedness is the predominance of right-handedness in human populations, a tract that does not seem to exist in animals. Another is the special properties of human language, which is represented in the left cerebral hemisphere. At a deeper level, Corballis argues that the human left hemisphere has evolved a specialization for an open-ended, generative form of mental representation. This underlies language and also the way in which we construct, represent, and understand objects. It probably colours many other specifically human activities, such as complementary mode of thought that has more holistic, analogue properties, and that goes back much further in evolution.
Anolis Lizards of the Caribbean
Authors: Roughgarden Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The Anolis lizards of the Caribbean are ideally suited for the study of evolutionary ecology. Offering fascinating insights into the more than 150 species dispersed throughout the Caribbean islands, Jonathan Roughgarden details the differences between species in a wide range of behavioral and physical characteristics, including foraging behaviors, body size, and habitat use, resulting from evolutionary divergences concurrent with the plate-tectonic origins of the region. This book will be of interest to students and researchers--ecology and theoretical, tropical, and population biology.
The Double Object Construction
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

One construction where we might expect, and do find effects of presence or absence of m-case is the double object construction. (7.1) a. John gave Mary a book. We will reserve the term ‘double object construction ‘, abbreviated DOC, specifically for this type of construction: a triadic verb followed by two DPs where the first one is the indirect object (IO), assigned an experiencer type role (recipient, benefactive, or malefactive), and the second one is the direct object (DO), assigned a theme type role. We will refer to the alternative construction with the IO embedded in a PP (John gave a book to Mary) as ‘the to-construction ‘. We will refer to the DOC and the to-construction collectively as ‘triadic verb constructions ‘. What makes this construction special in relation to Case theory is that it contains two internal nominal arguments apparently being licensed by one and the same head. Moreover, in English and MSc. both arguments have the same Case, namely accusative. Usually a verb licenses at most one nominal internal argument, and if it takes more than one internal argument, all arguments but one are assigned Case by a preposition, as for instance in (7.2):
The Pagan Freud
Authors: Loewenberg Peter
Published: November 2023

Freud had a Jewish identity and was a cultural Hellene. Of course, both sides of the statement are true. Although there is a voluminous secondary literature on Freud’s Jewish identity, there is little on his paganism.1 It is the Hellenic-Roman aspect of Freud’s person and legacy that this chapter explores. I wish to engage the culturally non-Hebraic, and indeed theologically specifically anti-Mosaic, portion of Freud’s interest, commitment, and aesthetic emotional investment. Freud worshiped the culture of antiquity and shared its anti-Judeo-Christian values.
Book VI
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

So at last long-suffering Odysseus yielded to his weariness and slept there ; while Athene proceeded to the district and chief town of the Phaeacian people. These had formerly occupied broad lands in Hypereia near the Cyclopes, that race of rude bullies who, being brawnier than the Phaea cians, were wont to plunder them. Wherefore god-like Nausithous rose up and removed his people to Scheria be yond reach of the world’s covetousness. There he threw a wall around the new town-site and built houses and erected temples to the gods and apportioned the plough lands.
Book XXIV
Authors: Lawrence T E
Published: November 2023

Hermes the Cyllenian bade forth those ghosts of men that had been suitors. In his hand was the rod of pure gold with which at will he charms men’s eyes to rest or stirs them from sleep. By a wave of it he had them afoot and following him with such thin cries as bats use in the fastnesses of their mysterious cave, whenever one falls squeaking from the clustered swarms that hang downward from the rocky roof.
Cousin Marriage and the X-Chromosome: Evolution of Longevity and Language
Authors: Katz Solomon H , Armstrong David F
Published: November 2023

One of the most important and consistent findings concerning the human life cycle is the presence of an extended period of postreproductive longevity. Evidence for the universality and antiquity of this phenomenon includes the following: a nearly universal cross-cultural distribution of terms for grandpa rents, widespread potential for the significant expression of postreproductive longevity in modern societies lacking medical care, and fossil evidence for postreproductive longevity in prehistoric societies. However, the evolutionary basis for this human biological phenomenon continues to be debated.
Skeletal Changes in Human Aging
Authors: Plato Chris C , Fox Kathleen M , Tobin Jordan D
Published: November 2023

Changes in bone and cartilage take place during all stages of the human life span. During childhood and through adolescence, these changes are cumulatively characterized as growth and development. They are relatively fast and are usually beneficial to the individual. The maturing human skeleton undergoes a large increase in bone size and volume during pubertal development (Garn, 1981). Individuals will attain their full adult skeletal size by the age of 35 (Exton-Smith et al,. 1969; Garn, 1970; Albanese, 1977). Skeletal changes, brought about by aging, progress at a slower rate, are less uniform, and are associated with decreasing levels of adaptability and performance.
The First Consumer Revolution
Authors: Axtell James
Published: November 2023

In The Past Twenty Years, One of My Scholarly Goals has been to demonstrate that Indian history cannot be separated without violence or chicanery from the history of European Americans, either in broad outline or in many cultural specifics. I have sought to remind students and readers that acculturation is always and everywhere a two-way street, that all the inhabitants of North America’s cultural frontiers were affected and changed by each other, without exception. The sea-changes and revolutions that rocked one group were always felt in some degree by the others.
The Pathology of Beauty
Authors: Cottom Daniel
Published: November 2023

Immanuel Kant claimed that when we talk of beauty, we speak in a voice of subjective universality. Were it not so, language would be profoundly confused. Beauty would lose its distinctiveness. It would not be autonomous but heteronomous, answerable to no single definition, unresponsive to the demands of reason, and communicable, if communicable at all, only by chance. The very notion of aesthetics would be upset if this situation were to obtain, but its consequences would not be limited to aesthetics. Ripped out of their proper frames of consciousness and thrown to the earth to be trampled underfoot, connoisseurs, collectors, curators, and philosophers would find their distraught cries drowned in a riotous mob of voices that would leave no perception, pleasure, or article of taste undisturbed.
Women and Militant Citizenship in Revolutionary Paris
Authors: Levy Darline Gay , Applewhite Harriet B
Published: November 2023

In revolutionary Paris, the political identity of women as citoyennes was made problematic not only by constitutional definitions but more generally by an exclusive, gendered political language. Notwithstanding legal, linguistic, and ideological limits and exclusions, women of the popular classes and smaller numbers of middle-class women claimed citizenship. Their practice of citizen ship was shaped and limited by prevailing cultural values; but it also is true that their citoyenneté challenged and episodically recast or subverted these values.
Long-Term Memory: Codes, Organization, and Strategies
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter reviewed a variety of apparent consistencies and inconsistencies in the short-term memory performance of deaf children and hearing children. Aside from the general finding of shorter memory spans in deaf children, the most consistent finding was that for tasks requiring the short-term retention of simple nonverbal stimuli such as digits deaf children are more likely than hearing children to use spatial memory codes rather than temporal or sequential verbal codes. This difference notwithstanding, deaf and hearing children most frequently showed similar levels of (subspan) recall overall, suggesting that their alternative informationprocessing strategies were in some sense equally effective.
Development of Deaf Children: Toward an Integrated View
Authors: Marschark Marc
Published: November 2023

This final chapter is intended as an overview of the preceding eleven. Rather than being a complete summary of what has gone before, however, it provides only a partial recapitulation of the central themes and theoretical perspectives of earlier chapters. A chapter of this sort provides both writer and reader an opportunity to look back, to sort out the various conclusions that have seemed of greater or lesser importance, and to notice emergent issues that might have been lost in the context of any particular discussion. As noted in Chapter 1, my primary goal in this volume has been to provide an integration and critical examination of data pertaining to the psychological development of deaf children. In going about this business, several coherent threads have emerged that I had not even imagined at the outset. Although some of them have now been woven into the text, there are others that just now are becoming obvious.
Nasser’s Blessed Movement
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

This book examines a key period in the formation of modern Egypt, the early years of military rule following the coup of 1952. The Free Officers Corp, a group of junior officers, overthrew Egypt’s parliamentary regime in July 1952 and over the next few years consolidated their rule, brutually supressing alternative political movements. Gamal Abdel Nasser, one of the young officers, emerged as the leader of the military junta and launched an ambitious programme for economic development, making Egypt a leader in Arab, African, and non-aligned politics, as well as a model for political mobilization and national development throughout the Third World. Focusing on the goals, programmes , successes, and failures of the young regime, Gordon provides the most comprehensive account of the Egyptian revolution to date. Besides bringing to light newly opened American and British sources on the period, Gordon’s book is also informed by interviews he conducted with a number of actors and observers of the events.
“Revolutionary Jurisprudence”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

During the first six months of their rule the officers slowly came to see themselves not only as the vanguard of the struggle for national independence but as legitimate rulers of their country. Initially, they opted for an indirect role, intending less the construction of a new social and political order than a ;wift housecleaning, a purging of political ranks accompanied by constitutional reform. For them, as for disillusioned liberals, the specter of chaos hovered over a decaying social and political order. Revolution from below could be forestalled only by reform from above. In time they adopted a more aggressive posture toward political antagonists. Finally, frustrated by the resistance of the old political establishment, the unwillingness of the old guard to hand power to a new generation of leaders and, ultimately, of many young guard allies to burn bridges with their elders, the officers abolished the political parties and assumed direct authority over the country. In doing so, they declared their revolution.
“Fondest Hopes of the West”
Authors: Gordon Joel
Published: November 2023

In the aftermath of the March crisis the search for an evacuation agreement with Britain headed the CCR agenda. With an accord signed, the officers hoped to proceed with political reforms, to bring the transition period, if no longer the revolution, to an end. The ultimate test of the new regime’s political legitimacy remained resolution of the national question. They did not look toward negotiations with optimism. Throughout the first two years of their rule, discussions went nowhere as Egyptian and British negotiators haggled over a variety of issues, fundamental and symbolic. Despite attempts by the United States to broker a settlement, both sides remained deadlocked until the spring of 1954. Finally, that July Egypt and England signed a draft accord, that they then initialed the following October.