bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on preparation and formation mechanism of copper antimony sulphide particles by microwave irradiation
Authors: Wang Wei , Hao Lingyun , Zhi Guowei , Lin Qing , Tang Zhengxia
Published: April 2018

In this work, copper antimony sulphide (CuSbS2) particles were synthesised by a microwave irradiation method. The effects of Cu/Sb ratio in the precursor solution and microwave irradiation power on properties of CuSbS2 particles were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the sphere‐like CuSbS2 particles with single phase and stoichiometric composition was synthesised at 400 W for 4 min first and then 240 W for 6 min, when the ratio of Cu/Sb was 1:2. The formation mechanism of CuSbS2 particles was also investigated through evaluation of as‐prepared particles with different reaction time.
Inelastic O+H collisions and the O I 777 nm solar centre-to-limb variation
Authors: Amarsi A. M. , Barklem P. S. , Asplund M. , Collet R. , Zatsarinny O.
Published: April 2018

The O I777 nm triplet is a key diagnostic of oxygen abundances in the atmospheres of FGK-type stars; however, it is sensitive to departures from local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE). The accuracy of non-LTE line formation calculations has hitherto been limited by errors in the inelastic O+H collisional rate coefficients; several recent studies have used the Drawin recipe, albeit with a correction factorSHthat is calibrated to the solar centre-to-limb variation of the triplet. We present a new model oxygen atom that incorporates inelastic O+H collisional rate coefficients using an asymptotic two-electron model based on linear combinations of atomic orbitals, combined with a free electron model based on the impulse approximation. Using a 3D hydrodynamicSTAGGERmodel solar atmosphere and 3D non-LTE line formation calculations, we demonstrate that this physically motivated approach is able to reproduce the solar centre-to-limb variation of the triplet to 0.02 dex, without any calibration of the inelastic collisional rate coefficients or other free parameters. We infer log ϵO= 8.69 ± 0.03 from the triplet alone, strengthening the case for a low solar oxygen abundance.
Performance of Charm-F – the airborne demonstrator for Merlin
Authors: Amediek Axel , Ehret Gerhard , Fix Andreas , Wirth Martin , Büdenbender Christian , Quatrevalet Mathieu , Kiemle Christoph
Published: April 2018

In 2015, the new airborne lidar CHARM-F for the measurement of the greenhouse gases carbon dioxide and methane was set into operation. It is an integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar designed for the use onboard the German research aircraft HALO. Due to its high technological similarity to the MERLIN space lidar, it is also a demonstrator for the space system. Here, we report on CHARM-F’s technology, the experiences with the IPDA lidar method and the achieved performance.
Short-Wave infrared atmospheric scheimpflug lidar
Authors: Brydegaard Mikkel , Larsson Jim , Török Sandra , Malmqvist Elin , Zhao Guangyu , Jansson Samuel , Andersson Mariam , Svanberg Sune , Åkesson Susanne , Laurell Fredrik , Bood Joakim
Published: April 2018

Atmospheric dual-band Scheimpflug lidar is demonstrated at 980 and 1550 nm. Signals are compared during three weather conditions, and the spatio-temporal resolution of the atmospheric structure is considered. The potential for aerosol classification is evaluated, and future directions are discussed.
Airborne tests of an OAWL Doppler lidar: Results and potential for space deployment
Authors: Hardesty Michael , Tucker Sara , Baidar Sunil , Beubien Mark
Published: April 2018

The 532 nm Green Optical Covariance Wind
Lidar (GrOAWL) was flown on a NASA WB-57
research aircraft during the summer of 2016 to
validate the instrument design and evaluate wind
measurement capability and sensitivity.
Comparisons with dropsondes and atmospheric
models showed good agreement, demonstrating
that a GrOAWL type instrument could provide
high-value wind measurements from both
airborne and space-based platforms
Aeolus End-To-End Simulator and Wind Retrieval Algorithms up to Level 1B
Authors: Reitebuch Oliver , Marksteiner Uwe , Rompel Marc , Meringer Markus , Schmidt Karsten , Huber Dorit , Nikolaus Ines , Dabas Alain , Marshall Jonathan , de Bruin Frank , Kanitz Thomas , Straume Anne-Grete
Published: April 2018

The first wind lidar in space ALADIN will be deployed on ESA´s Aeolus mission. In order to assess the performance of ALADIN and to optimize the wind retrieval and calibration algorithms an end-to-end simulator was developed. This allows realistic simulations of data downlinked by Aeolus. Together with operational processors this setup is used to assess random and systematic error sources and perform sensitivity studies about the influence of atmospheric and instrument parameters.
UAV-borne coherent doppler lidar for marine atmospheric boundary layer observations
Authors: Wu Songhua , Wang Qichao , Liu Bingyi , Liu Jintao , Zhang Kailin , Song Xiaoquan
Published: April 2018

A compact UAV-borne Coherent Doppler Lidar (UCDL) has been developed at the Ocean University of China for the observation of wind profile and boundary layer structure in Marine Atmospheric Boundary Layer (MABL). The design, specifications and motion-correction methodology of the UCDL are presented. Preliminary results of the first flight campaign in Hailing Island in December 2016 is discussed.
Lidar investigations of thermal regime and aerosol stratification of the stratosphere over tomsk
Authors: Matvienko Gennady , Marichev Valeriy , Bochkovsky Dmitry
Published: April 2018

One of the important applications of lidar techniques is the study of thermal regime and aerosol content of the stratosphere. Such investigations in monitoring mode were started at the Institute of atmospheric optics since 1994 and are continued to date. The main attention is paid for the study of the unexpected disturbances caused by winter stratospheric warming. In this paper we present the results of the study of the vertical distribution of temperature and aerosol over Tomsk of last years.
Rayleigh lidar observation of tropical mesospheric inversion layer: a comparison between dynamics and chemistry
Authors: Ramesh K. , Sridharan S. , Raghunath K.
Published: April 2018

The Rayleigh lidar at National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki (13.5°N, 79.2°E), India operates at 532 nm green laser with ~600 mJ/pulse since 2007. The vertical temperature profiles are derived above ~30 km by assuming the atmosphere is in hydrostatic equilibrium and obeys ideal gas law. A large mesospheric inversion layer (MIL) is observed at ~77.4-84.6 km on the night of 22 March 2007 over Gadanki. Although dynamics and chemistry play vital role, both the mechanisms are compared for the occurrence of the MIL in the present study.
Lidar network observation of dust layer evolution over the Gobi Desert in MAY 2013
Authors: Kawai Kei , Kai Kenji , Jin Yoshitaka , Sugimoto Nobuo , Batdorj Dashdondog
Published: April 2018

A lidar network captured the evolution of a dust layer in the Gobi Desert on 22–23 May 2013. The lidar network consists of a ceilometer and two AD-Net lidars in Mongolia. The dust layer was generated by a strong wind due to a cold front and elevated over the surface of the cold front by an updraft of the warm air in the cold-front system. It was evolving from the atmospheric boundary layer to the free troposphere while moving 600 km through the desert with the cold front.
Potential Retrieval of Aerosol Microphysics From Multistatic Space-Borne Lidar
Authors: Levitan Nathaniel , Gross Barry , Moshary Fred , Wu Yonghua
Published: April 2018

HSRL lidars are being considered for deployment to space to retrieve aerosol microphysics. The literature is mostly focused on the monostatic configuration; but, in this paper, we explore whether additional information for the retrieval of microphysics can be obtained by adding a second detector in a bistatic configuration. The information gained from the additional measurements can under certain conditions reduce the ill-posed nature of aerosol microphysics retrieval and reducing the uncertainty in the retrievals.
Lidar Ice nuclei estimates and how they relate with airborne in-situ measurements
Authors: Marinou Eleni , Amiridis Vassilis , Ansmann Albert , Nenes Athanasios , Balis Dimitris , Schrod Jann , Binietoglou Ioannis , Solomos Stavros , Mamali Dimitra , Engelmann Ronny , Baars Holger , Kottas Michael , Tsekeri Alexandra , Proestakis Emmanouil , Kokkalis Panagiotis , Goloub Philippe , Cvetkovic Bojan , Nichovic Slobodan , Mamouri Rodanthi , Pikridas Michael , Stavroulas Iasonas , Keleshis Christos , Sciare Jean
Published: April 2018

By means of available ice nucleating particle (INP) parameterization schemes we compute profiles of dust INP number concentration utilizing Polly-XT and CALIPSO lidar observations during the INUIT-BACCHUS-ACTRIS 2016 campaign. The polarization-lidar photometer networking (POLIPHON) method is used to separate dust and non-dust aerosol backscatter, extinction, mass concentration, particle number concentration (for particles with radius > 250 nm) and surface area concentration. The INP final products are compared with aerosol samples collected from unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) and analyzed using the ice nucleus counter FRIDGE.
Aerosol optical properties variability during biomass burning events observed by the eole-aias depolarization lidars over Athens, Greece (2007-2016)
Authors: Mylonaki Maria , Papayannis Alexandros , Mamouri Rodanthi , Argyrouli Athina , Kokkalis Panagiotis , Tsaknakis Georgios , Soupiona Ourania
Published: April 2018

The EOLE multi-wavelength aerosol Ramandepolarization lidar, and the AIAS depolarization lidar, in synergy with a sun photometer (CIMEL), were used, in the period 2007-2016, to provide the vertical profiles of the aerosol optical properties over Athens, Greece. More than 30 biomass burning events (fresh and aged smoke particles) were observed, with smoke layers between 1.5 up to 4-5 km height, while their duration ranged from 1-3 days. Lidar ratio (LR) values ranged from 40-105 sr (at 355 nm) and from 40-100 sr (at 532 nm), while the linear particle depolarization ratio (LPDR) at both 355 and 532 nm, remained <7%. The extinction-related Ångström exponent (AEa) at 355 nm/532 nm) ranged from 0.3 to 2.1. Additionally, a case of a near-range transport of biomass burning aerosols arriving over Athens up to 4 km height, between 27 and 28 June 2016, was studied. For this case, we found LRs of the order of 70±5 sr (355 nm) and 65±15 sr (532 nm) and AEa(355 nm/532 nm) around 1.
Clear-air lidar dark band
Authors: Girolamo Paolo Di , Scoccione Andrea , Cacciani Marco , Summa Donato , Schween Jan H.
Published: April 2018

This paper illustrates measurements carried out by the Raman lidar BASIL in the frame of HOPE, revealing the presence of a clear-air dark band phenomenon (i.e. the appearance of a minimum in lidar backscatter echoes) in the upper portion of the convective boundary layer. The phenomenon is clearly distinguishable in the lidar backscatter echoes at 1064 nm. This phenomenon is attributed to the presence of lignite aerosol particles advected from the surrounding open pit mines in the vicinity of the measuring site.
Diffuse sunlight based calibration of the water vapor channel in the upc raman lidar
Authors: Muñoz-Porcar Constantino , Comeron Adolfo , Sicard Michaël , Barragan Ruben , Garcia-Vizcaino David , Rodríguez-Gómez Alejandro , Rocadenbosch Francesc
Published: April 2018

A method for determining the calibration factor of the water vapor channel of a Raman lidar, based on zenith measurements of diffuse sunlight and on assumptions regarding some system parameters and Raman scattering models, has been applied to the lidar system of Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC; Technical University of Catalonia, Spain). Results will be analyzed in terms of stability and comparison with typical methods relying on simultaneous radiosonde measurements.
Vertical separation of the atmospheric aerosol components by using poliphon retrieval in polarized micro pulse lidar (P-MPL) measurements: case studies of specific climate-relevant aerosol types
Authors: Córdoba-Jabonero Carmen , Sicard Michaël , Ansmann Albert , Águila Ana del , Baars Holger
Published: April 2018

POLIPHON (POlarization-LIdar PHOtometer Networking) retrieval consists in the vertical separation of two/three particle components in aerosol mixtures, highlighting their relative contributions in terms of the optical properties and mass concentrations. This method is based on the specific particle linear depolarization ratio given for different types of aerosols, and is applied to the new polarized Micro-Pulse Lidar (P-MPL). Case studies of specific climate-relevant aerosols (dust particles, fire smoke, and pollen aerosols, including a clean case as reference) observed over Barcelona (Spain) are presented in order to evaluate firstly the potential of P-MPLs measurements in combination with POLIPHON for retrieving the vertical separation of those particle components forming aerosol mixtures and their properties.
Atmospheric CO2 measurements with a 2-μm DIAL instrument
Authors: Cadiou Erwan , Dherbecourt Jean-Baptiste , Gorju Guillaume , Melkonian Jean-Michel , Godard Antoine , Pelon Jacques , Raybaut Myriam
Published: April 2018

We report on ground-based atmospheric concentration measurements of carbon dioxide, using a pulsed direct detection differential absorption lidar operating at 2051 nm. The transmitter is based on a tunable parametric source emitting 10-mJ energy, 10-ns duration Fourier-limited pulses. Range resolved concentration measurements have been carried out on the aerosol back-scattered signal. Cloud signals have been used to get long range integrated-path measurements.
Lidar stand-alone retrieval of atmospheric aerosol microphysical properties during SLOPE
Authors: Ortiz-Amezcua Pablo , Samaras Stefanos , Böckmann Christine , Antonio Benavent-Oltra Jose , Luis Guerrero-Rascado Juan , Román Roberto , Alados-Arboledas Lucas
Published: April 2018

Two cases from SLOPE campaign at Granada are analyzed in terms of particle microphysical properties using novel software developed at Potsdam University. Multiwavelength Raman lidar measurements of particle extinction and
backscatter coefficients as well as linear particle depolarization ratios are used as input for the software. The result of the retrieval is a 2-dimensional particle volume distribution as a function of radius and aspect ratio, from which the particle microphysical properties are obtained.
Retrievals of ice-water content from an airborne elastic lidar in tropical convective clouds
Authors: Baibakov Konstantin , Wolde Mengistu , Nguyen Cuong , Korolev Alexei , Heckman Ivan
Published: April 2018

Ice water content (IWC) is one of the critical parameters in determining the cloud radiative impact. In this work lidar-based IWC retrievals obtained in tropical mesoscale convective systems are evaluated in the context of an extensive in-situ and remote sensing instrumentation suite. Based on a test case of May 27, 2015 lidar-derived IWC values at 50 m above the aircraft were on average within 25% of the in-situ IWC measurements obtained using an isokinetic probe.
Retrieval of the tropospheric aerosol microphysical characteristics from the data of multifrequency lidar sensing
Authors: Samoilova S. , Sviridenkov M. , Penner I. , Kokhanenko G. , Balin Yu.
Published: April 2018

Regular lidar measurements of the vertical distribution of aerosol optical parameters are carried out in Tomsk (56°N, 85°E) since April, 2011. We present the results of retrieval of microphysical characteristics from the data of measurements by means of Raman lidar in 2013. Section 2 is devoted to the theoretical aspects of retrieving the particle size distribution function U(r) (SDF) assuming a known complex refractive index m (CRI). It is shown that the coarse fraction cannot be retrieved unambiguously. When estimating U(r) and m together (section 3), the retrieved refractive index is non-linearly related to the optical coefficients and the distribution function, which leads to appearance of different, including false values of m. The corresponding U(r) differs only slightly, so the inaccuracy in m does not essentially affect the retrieval of the distribution function.
Lidar for Wind and Optical Turbulence Profiling
Authors: Fastig Shlomo , Porat Omer , Englander Abraham , Sprung Detlev , Stein Karin U. , Sucher Erik
Published: April 2018

A field campaign for the comparison investigation of systems to measure wind and optical turbulence profiles was conducted in northern Germany. The experimental effort was to compare the performance of the LIDAR, SODAR-RASS and ultrasonic anemometers for the measurement of the above mentioned atmospheric parameters. Soreq's LIDAR is a fiber laser based system demonstrator for the vertical profiling of the wind and turbulence, based on the correlation of aerosol density variations. It provides measurements up to 350m with 20m resolution.
Lidar&radiometer inversion code (LIRIC) for synergetic processing of earlinet, aeronet and calipso lidar data
Authors: Chaikovsky Anatoli , Chaikovskaya Ludmila , Denishchik-Nelubina Natalia , Fedarenka Anton , Oshchepkov Sergey
Published: April 2018

Lidar&Radiometer Sounding (LRS) technique is used to obtain the “snapshot” of aerosol concentration profiles over the East European region during dust event, 07-08.04.2016 from EARLINET, AERONET and CALIPSO data. Aerosol concentration profiles retrieved from space and ground-based lidars are compared.
Optical instruments synergy in determination of optical depth of thin clouds
Authors: Viviana Vlăduţescu Daniela , Schwartz Stephen E. , Huang Dong
Published: April 2018

Optically thin clouds have a strong radiative effect and need to be represented accurately in climate models. Cloud optical depth of thin clouds was retrieved using high resolution digital photography, lidar, and a radiative transfer model. The Doppler Lidar was operated at 1.5 μm, minimizing return from Rayleigh scattering, emphasizing return from aerosols and clouds. This approach examined cloud structure on scales 3 to 5 orders of magnitude finer than satellite products, opening new avenues for examination of cloud
structure and evolution.
Status of the NASA Micro Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET): overview of the network and future plans, new version 3 data products, and the polarized MPL
Authors: Welton Ellsworth J. , Stewart Sebastian A. , Lewis Jasper R. , Belcher Larry R. , Campbell James R. , Lolli Simone
Published: April 2018

The NASA Micro Pulse Lidar Network (MPLNET) is a global federated network of Micro-Pulse Lidars (MPL) co-located with the NASA Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). MPLNET began in 2000, and there are currently 17 long-term sites, numerous field campaigns, and more planned sites on the way. We have developed a new Version 3 processing system including the deployment of polarized MPLs across the network. Here we provide an overview of Version 3, the polarized MPL, and current and future plans.
South American Aerosol Tracking - LALINET
Authors: Landulfo Eduardo , Lopes Fabio , Ristori Pablo , Quel Eduardo , Otero Lidia , Forno Ricardo , Sanchez Maria Fernanda , Barbosa Henrique , Gouveia Diego , Vieira Santos Amanda , Bastidas Alvaro , Nisperuza Daniel
Published: April 2018

LALINET lidar stations were used to track down aerosols generated over Amazon region and transported over the continent. These data were merged with collocated Aeronet stations in order to help in their identification together with HYSPLIT simulations. The results show potential indication of how aerosol can age in their long transport over regions South and Westward from the source areas by change of their optical properties.
Ground-based and satellite optical investigation of the atmosphere and surface of Antarctica
Authors: Malinka Aleksey , Blarel Luc , Chaikovskaya Ludmila , Chaikovsky Anatoli , Denishchik-Nelubina Natalia , Denisov Sergei , Dick Vladimir , Fedaranka Anton , Goloub Philippe , Katsev Iosif , Korol Michail , Lapyonok Aleksandr , Podvin Thierr , Prikhach Alexander , Svidinsky Vadim , Zege Eleonora
Published: April 2018

This presentation contains the results of the 10-year research of Belarusian Antarctic expeditions. The set of instruments consists of a lidar, an albedometer, and a scanning sky radiometer CIMEL. Besides, the data from satellite radiometer MODIS were used to characterize the snow cover. The works focus on the study of aerosol, cloud and snow characteristics in the Antarctic, and their links with the long range transport of atmospheric pollutants and climate changes.
TOLNet ozone lidar intercomparison during the discover-aq and frappé campaigns
Authors: Newchurch Michael J. , Alvarez Raul J. , Berkoff Timothy A. , Carrion William , DeYoung Russell J. , Ganoe Rene , Gronoff Guillaume , Kirgis Guillaume , Kuang Shi , Langford Andy O. , Leblanc Thierry , McGee Thomas J. , Pliutau Denis , Senff Christoph , Sullivan John T. , Sumnicht Grant , Twigg Laurence W. , Wang Lihua
Published: April 2018

The Tropospheric Ozone Lidar Network (TOLNet) is a unique network of lidar systems that measure atmospheric profiles of ozone and aerosols, to contribute to air-quality studies, atmospheric modeling, and satellite validation efforts. The accurate characterization of these lidars is of critical interest, and is necessary to determine cross-instrument calibration uniformity. From July to August 2014, three lidars, the TROPospheric OZone (TROPOZ) lidar, the Tunable Optical Profiler for Aerosol and oZone (TOPAZ) lidar, and the Langley Mobile Ozone Lidar (LMOL), of TOLNet participated in the “Deriving Information on Surface conditions from Column and Vertically Resolved Observations Relevant to Air Quality” (DISCOVER-AQ) mission and the “Front Range Air Pollution and Photochemistry Éxperiment” (FRAPPÉ) to measure sub-hourly ozone variations from near the surface to the top of the troposphere. Although large differences occur at few individual altitudes in the near field and far field range, the TOLNet lidars agree with each other within ±4%. These results indicate excellent measurement accuracy for the TOLNet lidars that is suitable for use in air-quality and ozone modeling efforts.
Insulintherapie im Alter – eine qualitative Versorgungsstudie
Authors: Grundke Susanne , Klement Andreas
Published: April 2018

Herausforderungen Eine effektive Verzahnung der Kooperation von Versorgungsebenen und Leistungserbringern hat zentrale Bedeutung für niedrige Hospitalisierungsraten sowie bedarfsgerechte medizinische und pflegerische Versorgung älterer insulinpflichtiger Typ-2-Diabetiker.1 Die zentralen Herausforderungen der berufsgruppenübergreifenden Zusammenarbeit bestehen darin, die Insulintherapie nicht nur an Stoffwechselzielen zu orientieren, sondern ebenso die Patientensicherheit, ökonomische Effizienz und individuelle Lebensqualitätsvorstellungen von Patienten und deren Angehörigen zu berücksichtigen. 1–3
The Impact of Groin Surgery during Childhood on the Incidence of Inguinal Hernia Repair and Its Postoperative Complications in Adult Life
Authors: Sokratous Arestis , Österberg Johanna , Sandblom Gabriel
Published: April 2018

Background Pediatric inguinal hernia, hydrocele, and cryptorchidism are common congenital anomalies affecting children, and require surgical intervention in some cases. The association between surgical treatment of these conditions and acquired inguinal hernia later in life is poorly understood. The aim of this cohort study was to examine the effect of groin surgery during childhood on the incidence and surgical outcome of inguinal hernia repair in adult life.

Materials and Methods Data from the Swedish Inpatient Register and the Swedish Hernia Register were cross-linked using the patient personal identity numbers. The incidence of inguinal hernia repair in patients 15 years or older in the study cohort, as well as postoperative complication rates, were compared with the expected incidence and complication rates extrapolated from the general Swedish population in 2014, stratifying for age and gender.

Results Note that 68,238 children aged 0 to 14 years were found to have undergone groin surgery between 1964 and 1998. The median follow-up time after an operation in the groin was 30.8 years (21.0–50.0). Of those, 1,118 were found to have undergone inguinal hernia repair as adults (> 15 years old) between 1992 and 2013. The incidence of inguinal hernia repair in the cohort was significantly higher than that expected (1.43 [1.33–1.53]), both for men (1.32 [1.25–1.41]) and women (4.30 [3.28–5.55]). The incidence was also increased in the subgroup of patients that had undergone more than one procedure during childhood. No significant impact on postoperative complication rate, reoperation rate, or operation time was identified.

Conclusion Individuals undergoing surgery in the groin during childhood are at increased risk for acquired inguinal hernia surgery later in life. Inguinal surgery during childhood did not affect the outcome of hernia repair in adult age.
Stressfaktor Ankleiden – so geht es deutlich entspannter
Authors: Zimmermann Lucina
Published: April 2018

Angepasste Kleidung Das An- und Auskleiden von hilfebedürftigen Senioren und von Menschen mit schweren Krankheiten oder Behinderungen gehört im Pflegealltag zur Routine. Je nach Ausmaß der körperlichen Einschränkungen, stellt diese Tätigkeit einen erheblichen Zeit- und damit auch Stressfaktor für die Pflegekräfte und die Betroffenen dar. Mittlerweile gibt es jedoch – im Alltag viel zu selten verwendete – funktionelle und zugleich modische Kleidung für die gehandicapten Menschen. Der folgende Beitrag beschreibt, welche Aspekte bei der Auswahl entsprechender Kleidungsstücke beachtet werden müssen und wie sich durch funktionale, an die jeweilige geistig-körperliche Situation angepasste Kleidung, Zeitnot, Frustration und Stress bei allen Beteiligten vermindern lassen.
Effects of LED irradiation and sea water culture on the lipid characteristics of Nannochloropsis oculata
Authors: Lin Cherng-Yuan , Tseng Yu-Ming
Published: April 2018

Microalgae have higher lipid production conversion efficiency via photosynthesis among all bio-organisms and are therefore considered the most promising feedstock for biofuel production. This experimental study was conducted to investigate the effects of light-emitting diode (LED) irradiation at various wavelengths and the type of sea water used for culture on the biomass growth rate and lipid characteristics of Nannochloropsis oculata. Microalgae were cultured separately in deep and surface sea water and irradiated with LEDs. The experimental results indicated that among the various culture conditions, culture in deep sea water under red LED irradiation yielded the largest microalgae biomass quantity. However, microalgae cultured in deep sea water under blue LED irradiation appeared to have the highest elemental carbon content, heating value, and crude microalgae lipid formation and lowest carbon residue. Hence, the use of deep sea water as a culture medium, together with blue LED irradiation, would lead to the production of microalgae biodiesel with superior fuel properties compared to those produced under various other conditions. Moreover, microalgae grown in deep sea water possessed significantly superior lipid characteristics and biodiesel properties compared to those grown in surface sea water. Hence, deep sea water is more effective for microalgae cultivation. In addition, microalgae biodiesel contained higher levels of both saturated and long carbon-chain fatty acids (ranging between C20 and C22) than used cooking-oil biodiesel.
Electroluminescence analysis for spatial characterization of parasitic optical losses in silicon heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Ahmed Nuha , Zhang Lei , Sriramagiri Gowri , Das Ujjwal , Hegedus Steven
Published: April 2018

Electroluminescence (EL) coupled with reflection measurements are used to spatially quantify optical losses in silicon heterojunction solar cells due to plasmonic absorption in the metal back contacts. The effect of indium tin oxide back reflector in decreasing this plasmonic absorption is found to increase the reflection from the back nickel (Ni)-aluminum (Al) and Al metals by ∼12% and ∼41%, respectively, in both bifacial and front junction silicon solar cells. Losses due to back reflection are calculated by comparison between the EL emission signals in high and low back reflection samples and are shown to be in agreement with standard reflection measurements. We conclude that the optical properties of the back contact can significantly influence the EL intensity which complicates the interpretation of EL as being primarily due to recombination especially when comparing two different devices with spatially varying back surface structures.
Electron thermal confinement in a partially stochastic magnetic structure
Authors: Morton L. A. , Young W. C. , Hegna C. C. , Parke E. , Reusch J. A. , Den Hartog D. J.
Published: April 2018

Using a high-repetition-rate Thomson scattering diagnostic, we observe a peak in electron temperature Te coinciding with the location of a large magnetic island in the Madison Symmetric Torus. Magnetohydrodynamic modeling of this quasi-single helicity plasma indicates that smaller adjacent islands overlap with and destroy the large island flux surfaces. The estimated stochastic electron thermal conductivity (≈30 m2/s) is consistent with the conductivity inferred from the observed Te gradient and ohmic heating power. Island-shaped Te peaks can result from partially stochastic magnetic islands.
A nonlinear global model of single frequency capacitively coupled plasma and its experimental validation
Authors: Saikia P. , Bhuyan H. , Escalona M. , Favre M. , Rawat R. S. , Wyndham E.
Published: April 2018

The behavior of a single frequency capacitively coupled plasma (CCP) driven by 13.56 MHz rf source is investigated using an approach that integrates a nonlinear global analytical model and experimental data. The non linear model consists of a description of the plasma bulk, based on a fluid dynamics approach coupled to a separate model of the sheath. The parameters used in the model are obtained by operating the single frequency CCP experiment (13.56 MHz) in argon at working pressures 73 to 400m torr. Experimentally measured plasma parameters such as the electron density, electron temperature, the discharge symmetry parameter as well as the rf voltage waveforms are the inputs of the theoretical model. Model results of the DC self bias and rf current for various operating pressures and powers are shown. A comparison of the outputs of the numerical results is done with the experimentally obtained values of the DC self bias and rf current. A good quantitative correspondence between them is obtained. The results presents may substantially improve the understanding of the behavior of the capacitively coupled plasma.
Probing the diffusion behavior of polymorphic phase transition in K0.5Na0.5NbO3 ferroelectric ceramics by Eu3+ photoluminescence
Authors: Wang Jia , Luo Laihui
Published: April 2018

By studying the temperature-induced structural transition in Eu3+-doped K0.5Na0.5NbO3 (KNN) ferroelectric ceramics, as well as the evolution of photoluminescence, dielectric, and ferroelectric properties, we find that the photoluminescence performance of the Eu3+ ions could be employed in ferroelectric ceramics as a probe to investigate the phase structure transition from the crystal symmetry view. The polymorphic orthorhombic-to-tetragonal phase transition region is found to belong to the diffusive phase transition, which is caused by the structural disorder and ferroelectric distortion in KNN host. Photoluminescence properties of the Eu3+ ions are discussed based on the Judd-Ofelt and crystallographic symmetry theories. These results show a potential strategy for studying the phase structural transitions in ferroelectric materials.
Anomalous surface behavior of hydrated guanidinium ions due to ion pairing
Authors: Ekholm Victor , Vazdar Mario , Mason Philip E. , Bialik Erik , Walz Marie-Madeleine , Öhrwall Gunnar , Werner Josephina , Rubensson Jan-Erik , Jungwirth Pavel , Björneholm Olle
Published: April 2018

Surface affinity of aqueous guanidinium chloride (GdmCl) is compared to that of aqueous tetrapropylammonium chloride (TPACl) upon addition of sodium chloride (NaCl) or disodium sulfate (Na2SO4). The experimental results have been acquired using the surface sensitive technique X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on a liquid jet. Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to produce radial distribution functions and surface density plots. The surface affinities of both TPA+ and Gdm+ increase upon adding NaCl to the solution. With the addition of Na2SO4, the surface affinity of TPA+ increases, while that of Gdm+ decreases. From the results of MD simulations it is seen that Gdm+ and SO42− ions form pairs. This finding can be used to explain the decreased surface affinity of Gdm+ when co-dissolved with SO42− ions. Since SO42− ions avoid the surface due to the double charge and strong water interaction, the Gdm+-SO42− ion pair resides deeper in the solutions’ bulk than the Gdm+ ions. Since TPA+ does not form ion pairs with SO42−, the TPA+ ions are instead enriched at the surface.
Synthesis of polymers and modification of polymeric materials in electromagnetic fields
Authors: Ponomarenko Anatoly T. , Tameev Alexey R. , Shevchenko Vitaliy G.
Published: April 2018

Data on the effect of electromagnetic fields on polymerization processes are analyzed and integrated. The results of investigation of the response of polymeric systems including polymerization mixtures, polymer solutions, melts and gels to external electromagnetic fields are discussed. Mechanisms of changes in the kinetic parameters of cationic polymerization of certain monomers are considered. They are based on ideas of spatial redistribution of growing macroions and counterions depending on the degree of dissociation of the active sites, which can lead to an increase in the polymerization rate, stabilize it or slow down the process. It is shown that these mechanisms are universal for other ionic systems. Almost all types of polymerization processes are discussed to reveal potential fields of their application in additive manufacturing technologies. High demand for further studies of the effect of electromagnetic fields on polymeric objects is pointed out in connection with the need to solve problems in the design of novel materials and functional structures.

The bibliography includes 214 references.
Protecting Australia from disease vectors: exotic mosquito management at the border
Authors: Sly Angus , Mack Callum
Published: April 2018

Mosquitoes, through the diseases they transmit, are considered the deadliest animals in the world1. While Australia is relatively free of many of the mosquito species capable of transmitting diseases such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus, Australia is not immune to the risk of these arboviruses becoming endemic through the introduction of exotic mosquito vectors. In 150 separate instances there were 525 individual exotic mosquitoes detected at the Australian border between 2014 and 2017 (Department of Agriculture and Water Resources, unpublished data). Accordingly, there is a strong focus on surveillance and control activities to prevent exotic mosquito incursions and possible local establishment.
Role of PD-1 during effector CD8 T cell differentiation
Authors: Ahn Eunseon , Araki Koichi , Hashimoto Masao , Li Weiyan , Riley James L. , Cheung Jeanne , Sharpe Arlene H. , Freeman Gordon J. , Irving Bryan A. , Ahmed Rafi
Published: April 2018

Significance

PD-1–mediated inhibitory signals play a major role in T cell exhaustion during chronic infections and cancers, which makes PD-1 a valuable target of checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy. However, the role of PD-1 in effector CD8 T cell differentiation during an acute viral infection is not well defined. Here, we show that PD-1 also functions as an inhibitory receptor during this early stage of T cell activation and that PD-1 blockade enhances effector function and results in faster clearance of infection.
Ligand metathesis as rational strategy for the synthesis of cubane-type heteroleptic iron–sulfur clusters relevant to the FeMo cofactor
Authors: Xu Gan , Wang Zheng , Ling Rong , Zhou Jie , Chen Xu-Dong , Holm Richard H.
Published: April 2018

Significance

The biosynthesis and mechanism of action of nitrogenase, an enzyme that converts dinitrogen to ammonia under ambient conditions, are problems of prominent significance in metallobiochemistry. Because the active centers of the enzyme are metal–ligand clusters, it is feasible that they are attainable by synthesis and as such are primary goals in the field of biomimetic inorganic chemistry. Here we present a ligand metathesis strategy utilizing the periodic near-identity of molybdenum and tungsten when incorporated into analogous compounds. The approach provides a pathway for constructing heterometal heteroleptic Fe–S clusters of presumed relevance to the active site. Based on cubane-type stereochemistry, clusters have been prepared allowing alterations in structure and ligand binding, and inclusion of a light core atom.
The role of sentence type in Ika (Arwako) egophoric marking
Authors: Bergqvist Henrik
Published: April 2018

The chapter focuses on the role of sentence type and subject person in accounting for egophoric marking in Ika, an Arwako-Chibchan language spoken in northern Colombia. Egophoric marking in Ika is only found in declarative clauses for which the speaker either assumes the role of epistemic authority, or where the speaker shares this role with the addressee. Interrogatives are treated as non-egophoric with all subject persons, as they do not encode the speaker’s assumptions about possible answers. This restriction, together with ones that pertain to predicate type and temporal frame of reference, point to epistemic/observational access as an important parameter in a system where public acts and personal attributes involving the speaker and/or the addressee are the only ones available for egophoric marking. Drawing on a model of dialogical stance-taking (Du Bois 2007), the notion of “complex epistemic perspective” (see Bergqvist 2016) is introduced to identify which perspective configurations allow for egophoric marking.
The evidential nature of conjunct-disjunct terms
Authors: Loughnane Robyn
Published: April 2018

Conjunct-disjunct person-marking systems, such as those found in Newar, mark first person in statements the same way as second person in questions, in contrast to second and third person in statements and first and third person in questions. In the Papuan language Oksapmin, the evidential system implies conjunct-disjunct subject person. In addition to tense, aspect and subject number, the past tense forms in Oksapmin are obligatorily marked for evidentiality: participatory versus visual evidence. Participatory evidential marking correlates with conjunct subject person; visual, with disjunct. Despite assertions by some researchers that conjunct-disjunct systems are not evidential in nature, Oksapmin is part of the growing body of evidence in favour of a link between evidential systems and conjunct-disjunct ‘person marking’.
Light sheet imaging comes of age
Authors: Watkins Simon C. , St. Croix Claudette M.
Published: April 2018

Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy methods that minimize photodamage are increasingly penetrant in biomedical research and currently comprise three distinct platforms. In this issue, Fadero et al. (2018. J. Cell Biol. https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201710087) describe a fourth approach termed “LITE microscopy,” which is useful for extended imaging of specimens from cells to organisms.
MethylMix 2.0: an R package for identifying DNA methylation genes
Authors: Cedoz Pierre-Louis , Prunello Marcos , Brennan Kevin , Gevaert Olivier
Published: April 2018

DNA methylation is an important mechanism regulating gene transcription, and its role in carcinogenesis has been extensively studied. Hyper and hypomethylation of genes is a major mechanism of gene expression deregulation in a wide range of diseases. At the same time, high-throughput DNA methylation assays have been developed generating vast amounts of genome wide DNA methylation measurements. We developed MethylMix, an algorithm implemented in R to identify disease specific hyper and hypomethylated genes. Here we present a new version of MethylMix that automates the construction of DNA-methylation and gene expression datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). More precisely, MethylMix 2.0 incorporates two major updates: the automated downloading of DNA methylation and gene expression datasets from TCGA and the automated preprocessing of such datasets: value imputation, batch correction and CpG sites clustering within each gene. The resulting datasets can subsequently be analyzed with MethylMix to identify transcriptionally predictive methylation states. We show that the Differential Methylation Values created by MethylMix can be used for cancer subtyping.

Availability and implementation

MethylMix 2.0 was implemented as an R package and is available in bioconductor. https://www.bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/MethylMix.html
Continuous Invasion by Respiratory Viruses Observed in Rural Households During a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Seasonal Outbreak in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Munywoki Patrick K , Koech Dorothy C , Agoti Charles N , Cane Patricia A , Medley Graham F , Nokes D James
Published: April 2018

This is the first household study of multiple respiratory viruses in a low-income setting that used intensive sampling regardless of symptoms. There was a remarkably high frequency of virus infection and illness, demonstrating the opportunity for complex interactions.
Progression of Low-Grade Glioma During Pregnancy With Subsequent Regression Postpartum Without Treatment—A Case Report
Authors: Shah Amar S , Nicoletti Lisa K , Kurtovic Elvisa , Tsien Christina I , Benzinger Tammie L S , Chicoine Michael R
Published: April 2018

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE

This report illustrates a case of a low-grade glioma that showed significant disease progression during pregnancy, and then subsequent regression spontaneously in the postpartum period without treatment. This is a rare case of spontaneous glioma regression in the postpartum period, and may suggest underlying mechanisms of hormonal influences upon glioma progression.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

The patient is a 27-yr-old female who underwent placement of a right-sided ventriculoperitoneal shunt for aqueductal stenosis at 8 wk of age. At the age of 24 yr, she was evaluated for chronic headaches and was found on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the first time to have a small nonenhancing tectal glioma that remained stable on follow-up MRI. At the age of 25 yr, she returned for annual follow-up after giving birth and reported a significant increase in headache frequency and severity during the pregnancy. Repeat imaging now showed a larger, contrast-enhancing lesion. A decision was made to pursue radiosurgery, but during the pretreatment planning phase, the lesion and symptoms regressed spontaneously, and the lesion has remained stable on repeat MRI studies over a 30-mo period since delivery of her child.

CONCLUSION

A young woman with a tectal glioma developed symptomatic disease progression during pregnancy, and subsequently had regression of the lesion and symptoms in the postpartum period without treatment. This case supports watchful waiting in select cases and suggests a potential role of hormones in glioma progression.
Absolute Insurer Denial of Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy for Hepatitis C: A National Specialty Pharmacy Cohort Study
Authors: Gowda Charitha , Lott Stephen , Grigorian Matthew , Carbonari Dena M , Saine M Elle , Trooskin Stacey , Roy Jason A , Kostman Jay R , Urick Paul , Lo Re Vincent
Published: April 2018

Background

Despite the availability of new direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens, changes in DAA reimbursement criteria, and a public health focus on hepatitis C virus (HCV) elimination, it remains unclear if public and private insurers have increased access to these therapies over time. We evaluated changes in the incidence of absolute denial of DAA therapy over time and by insurance type.

Methods

We conducted a prospective cohort study among patients who had a DAA prescription submitted from January 2016 to April 2017 to Diplomat Pharmacy, Inc., which provides HCV pharmacy services across the United States. The main outcome was absolute denial of DAA prescription, defined as lack of fill approval by the insurer. We calculated the incidence of absolute denial, overall and by insurance type (Medicaid, Medicare, commercial), for the 16-month study period and each quarter.

Results

Among 9025 patients from 45 states prescribed a DAA regimen (4702 covered by Medicaid, 1821 Medicare, 2502 commercial insurance), 3200 (35.5%; 95% confidence interval, 34.5%–36.5%) were absolutely denied treatment. Absolute denial was more common among patients covered by commercial insurance (52.4%) than Medicaid (34.5%, P < .001) or Medicare (14.7%, P < .001). The incidence of absolute denial increased across each quarter of the study period, overall (27.7% in first quarter to 43.8% in last quarter; test for trend, P < .001) and for each insurance type (test for trend, P < .001 for each type).

Conclusions

Despite the availability of new DAA regimens and changes in restrictions of these therapies, absolute denials of DAA regimens by insurers have remained high and increased over time, regardless of insurance type.
Validity, Reliability, Feasibility, and Usefulness of Pain Monitor
Authors: Suso-Ribera Carlos , Castilla Diana , Zaragozá Irene , Ribera-Canudas María Victoria , Botella Cristina , García-Palacios Azucena
Published: April 2018

Objectives:

Ecological momentary assessment has been recommended in the management of chronic pain. Smartphone apps might be a useful tool for that purpose. This goal of this study was to develop and test a multidimensional smartphone app for adults with chronic pain. A multidisciplinary team developed the app content after a series of meetings, considering clinical guidelines for pain measurement. The content included pain intensity and interference, fatigue, mood, perceived health status, activity level, side effects of the medication, use of rescue medication, and pain-related sychological constructs (catastrophizing, acceptance, fear, and coping).

Methods:

Thirty-eight participants (21 to 59 y) used the app, called Pain Monitor, twice a day during 30 consecutive days. Patients completed a set of well-established measures at the beginning and end of the study via paper-and-pencil. Weekly phone assessments were also made for pain intensity, pain interference, fatigue, and mood.

Results:

Construct validity was revealed by moderate-to-strong correlations between app content and traditional measures. Feasibility was supported by high compliance (between 70% and 82%) and high acceptability and ease of use. Both side effects of the medication and use of rescue medication were found to be useful tools to guide treatment.

Discussion:

The new assessment protocol in the app allows for an easy and rapid multidimensional assessment of chronic pain patients.