bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Śpiące języki, czyli słów kilka o sytuacji językowej rdzennych mieszkańców Australii na przykładzie języka gamilaraay z Nowej Południowej Walii
Authors: Bułat-Silva Zuzanna
Published: March 2020

Sleeping languages, afew remarks on the linguistic situation of Aboriginal people in Australia through the specific case of Gamilaraay, an Aboriginal language of New South WalesThe main aim of this article is to investigate revival linguistics, anew branch of linguistics as yet little known in Poland, through the specific case of the recent revival of Gamilaraay, an Aboriginal language of New South Wales, Australia. After discussing the classification of the world’s languages according to their vitality, the author presents the language situation in Australia and offers adefinition of revival linguistics, justifying its relevance to the revitalization of Aboriginal languages, including some that have been extinct for up to two hundred years.
Językowy obraz Wilna w felietonach Czesława Jankowskiego Przechadzki po Wilnie
Authors: Geben Kinga
Published: March 2020

The linguistic view of Vilnius in the feature articles Przechadzki po Wilnie “Strolling around Vilnius” by Czesław JankowskiThis article aims to reconstruct the linguistic image of Vilnius created by a famous columnist Czesław Jankowski. Visions of Vilnius that the columnist perceived as terrain landscape, province, child, residents of Vilnius well-known people and an assemblage of people, place of the city’s authorities clerk are presented. Names of the streets, objects, people present in the text make the special saturation of picturesqueness and emotions manifest itself in the profile of Vilnius as a terrain and Vilnius as residents of Vilnius. Positively and ironically marked epithets defining the city are described.
Gen autoprezentacji a gatunek uczniowskiej wypowiedzi pisemnej
Authors: Grzegórzek Mirosław
Published: March 2020

The gene of self-presentation and pupils’ written work as a genreSelf-presentation accompanies us throughout our lives. It is an important factor influencing our interactions with people, able to strengthen our identity and self-esteem or, on the contrary, underlie social fear. Analysing written genres present at school, the author concludes that self-presentation is a category which does not exhaust the notion of genre. He tries to demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish the category of self-presentation gene and, on its basis, the genotype of self-presentation genre at school in the context of genre model and self-presenting textual competence. From this point of view work on self-presentation is an important element of anthropocentric teaching.
Uczniowskie zabawy nazwami dźwięków w polskim języku
Authors: Wiśniewska Halina
Published: March 2020

Pupils playing with the names of sounds in the Polish languageThe article deals with sound values of the Polish language described with the idea of using them in the teaching of Polish. The author compiles a list of onomatopoeic words — nouns, verbs, interjections and idioms — suggesting ideas for exercises to be used in classroom. Teachers are en­couraged to use the linguistic material provided, rhymes, puns and linguistic jokes, which are some­times unintentional. This will enable them to move from “humour from pupils’ notebooks”, betray­ing the incompetence of not only pupils but also their teachers, to methodical playing with words.
O pisowni en, em, on, om w wyrazach obcych i rodzimych. Stare reguły, nowe wątpliwości
Authors: Bakuła Kordian
Published: March 2020

On the spelling of en, em, on, om in Polish and foreign words. Old rules, new doubtsThe spelling of en, em, on, om in Polish and foreign words before the suffixes -ka and -ko con­tinues to cause problems — perhaps because a wrong teaching method is employed. In order to see that we need to perform two tasks: demonstrate that the spelling dictionary rule is insufficient and that in teaching it is better to draw on word formation concepts: word family, derivative, stem. The author analyses the spelling dictionary rule and provides examples. The analysis is supported with analyses of the spelling of words including en, em, on and om carried out by a teacher of Polish at school and by the author among university students of Polish. The results: what fails is the reliance on the sense of nativeness or foreignness — some pupils have an inaccurate or false sense; the pronunciation of both native and foreign words does not cor­respond to the pronunciation norm; the spelling deviates from dictionary rules; the methodology of teaching too often is limited to defining the rule and attempting to apply it mechanically.The results and the discussion make it possible to consider the preliminary assumptions to be legitimate. What is approached differently from the current practice is, especially, the spelling of en, em, on and om in native words: the information that we write them before -ka and -ko is not enough; we need an explanation that in words like ochronka we use on, because on appears in the basic word ochrona and in words like ochronny, ochronek and ochroniarz deriving from it. The article ends with the author’s call to place such explanations, needed in the teaching of spelling, in spelling dictionaries.
Prawo — sprawiedliwe czy efektywne ekonomicznie?
Authors: Balczunas Krzysztof
Published: March 2020

Law — fair or economically efficient?The article presents the stance in adiscussion about the axiological preferences that should be considered by the legislator while enacting the law. In the light of growing importance of law and economics, the author makes an attempt to answer the question about which of the values — economic efficiency or justice — the organs issuing but also using law, should give primacy.The author presents different views on the meanings for justice and economic efficiency. Then shows the most important factors to be considered while enacting the law, so it may be economically efficient. Following this, he contemplates if enactment of law that is only economically efficient is sufficient.In conclusion the author delineates the view that the law may neither be only economically efficient, nor only fair. The legislator has an obligation and apossibility to take under consideration in the legislation the economic and social — including fairness’ — effects of the enacted law.
Problem utworów osieroconych w świetle nowelizacji prawa autorskiego
Authors: Frączkiewicz Klaudia
Published: March 2020

The problem of orphan works in the light of amendment of the Copyright LawOrphan works problem is one of the most important elements of a debate on future of the copyright law. The whole debate focused on problems of large-scale digitization and creation of the European Digital Library. Amendment of the Copyright Law and Related Laws of 11th September 2015 is implementation of the Directive 2012/28/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 on certain permitted uses of orphan works. It creates the legal framework to facilitate the digitization and dissemination of works for which no rightholder is identified or for which the rightholder, even if identified, is not located. Permitted uses of orphan works include right of reproduction and right of making available to the public provided. Indispensable condition for using orphan works is conducting adiligent search for rightholders.
Zarządzanie relacjami z klientem w spółkach portfelowych funduszu inwestycyjnego
Authors: Kardela Magdalena
Published: March 2020

Customer relationship management in investment fund portfolio companiesThe purpose of this paper is to present the problems related to customer relationship management in relation to the changes taking place in contemporary economic space. Thus, the analysis is based on the definition of activities undertaken in business strategies, with particular emphasis on the forms of communication aimed at activating buyers. In addition, the development of specific customer relationships that are the basis for the optimization of defined business processes in connection with the requirement for effective cost management within the scope of operating operations, has been highlihgted. That is compatible with the current market trend, which emphasizes the importance of acquiring, processing and updating information about buyer behavior and preferences. Therefore, having knowledge of the customer and managing it, nowadays determines the competitive advantage of the organization.
Ewolucja administracji farmaceutycznej w Polsce
Authors: Kiedrzynek Michał
Published: March 2020

The evolution of pharmaceutical administration in PolandProduction and marketing of medicinal products are of interest to the legislature for many years. Already in 1919, they entered into force on the first rules governing the matter indicated. The basic health law was the first piece of legislation to regulate the issue of the pharmaceutical market. The legislator only in 1939 passed a new law in this area, which for several years was in force between 40 and 50. Only later came into force a new law on pharmaceuticals and drugs and sanitary articles, which was much more extensive than previously applicable. Due to the political changes legislature has decided to re-regulate the matter of trade in medicinal products. The next act was even more extensive regulation than the last. Currently, since 2001 the issue of the production and marketing of medicinal products has been regulated in the Law pharmaceuticals. Out of all these acts is the most detailed spite of the narrower scope of the legislation. It reflects a trend towards more study, a matter of regulating the production and marketing of medicinal products, as well as increasingly sophisticated system of supervision and control in this area.
Prawo cytatu na tle historycznoprawnym
Authors: Olechowski Piotr Artur
Published: March 2020

Right of quotation on the historical-legal backgroundThe purpose of this article is to present the citation law on the historical-legal background. The subject of interest is the law in Poland during the partitions, the regulation from the interwar period and the legal order that occurred after 1945. In particular sections of the paper, the author seeks to address the solutions presently in this field.
Gminna rada seniorów — znaczenie „głosu doświadczenia” w sprawach społeczności lokalnej
Authors: Kuchciak Anna
Published: March 2020

MUNICIPAL COUNCIL OF SENIORS - THE ROLE OF " THE VOICE OF EXPERIENCE" IN THE MATTERS OF LOCAL COMMUNITIESUnder the Act dated 11 October 2013 amending the Act on Municipal Self- Government, the ability to create municipal councils of seniors was introduced. The considered amendment is one of the wide range of legislative changes resulting from the process of population aging. The article attempts to assess how this optional collective body, aimed primarily at the civic activation of the elderly people and identification of their needs, works in the structure of the basic unit of the territorial system.
Administracyjnoprawny nadzór nad rynkiem bankowym na przykładzie wybranej działalności Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego
Authors: Wojcieszek Mikołaj , Sułkowski Karol
Published: March 2020

Administrative and legal supervision over the banking market on the example of the selected activity of the Polish Financial Supervision AuthorityThe banking market is an extremely important part of the economy of each country, whose main task is to trade in financial resources. Therefore, it cannot remain unattended, which exercises the Financial Supervision Commission. Due to the huge role of supervision over the banking market, this article will be devoted to describing its operation. The aim of the elaboration will be to present and explain what supervision is, how it differs from control, what are the foundations of the activities of the Polish Financial Supervision Authority, what are its goals, tasks and scope of activity. The question of what instruments of influence the Commission is entitled to will also be taken into account.
Pośrednie umieszczenie nazwiska komandytariusza w fi rmie spółki komandytowej w świetle art. 104 § 4 k.s.h
Authors: Grześków Mateusz
Published: March 2020

The indirect placement of a limited partner’s surname in business name of a limited liability partnershipIn the limited liability partnership, whose general partner is a non-natural person, there is a possibility that in its business name may occur an indirect placement of a limited partner’s surname when general partner’s business name contains surname of a limited partner. Accordance to art. 104 § 3 of Polish Code of Commercial Companies CCC limited liability partnership’s business name shall contain full business name of at least one of its general partners who are non-natural persons. In the result art. 104 § 4 CCC is infringed by the force of the law itself. This conflict of laws can be resolved by application of either lingual or functional interpretations of these contracting to each other provisions. Due to the needs of business practice, more liberal approach to the application of art. 104 § 4 should be adopted. Additionally, it would be wrong to punish entities who are acting in accordance with law for obeying it. Finally, the indirect placement of a limited partner’s surname in the business name of a limited liability partnership shall not result in holding limited partner liable for its debts.
Rozwój zakresu przedmiotowego ochrony dóbr osobistych w świetle społecznych wyzwań XXI wieku
Authors: Kozłowski Jakub
Published: March 2020

Development of the scope of the subject protection of personal interests in light of challenges of the 21st centuryOne of the greatest and most important challenges of private law in the 21st century is the adaptation and evolution of key institutions to the consequences of social or economic development. An extremely interesting process in this context is the development of the scope of the subject protection of personal rights. The aim of the article is to discuss this phenomenon, with particular emphasis on the influence of the literature and jurisprudence on extending the scope of the subject of personal rights. The author also draws attention to the way in which the concept and scope of personal rights were developed and modified, citing and discussing the most important positions and doctrinal disputes. In addition, an example was presented, which serves to illustrate the analyzed trend. It is the potential recognition of violations related to the low level of air quality in Poland covered by protection under the provisions on personal property. The author describes this issue, taking into account the provisions of European law, through Polish regulations and positions of the literature, formulating his own predictions about the future of this particular problem, emphasizing its importance. This reflection illustrates how the discussed civil law institution undergoes modification as a result of the social challenges of the 21st century. In the elaboration of the above issue, scientific methods were used, such as: analysis of judicial decisions, normative acts — both domestic and European ones, in addition the dogmatic method was used. Numerous conclusions have been derived as a result of the analysis, among other things — an indication of universality as one of the greatest achievements of doctrine. This dependence results from the fact that new private law challenges can be assessed through the prism of universal institutions that have already been created, only by modifying them, developing or deliberating on how to use them. The tendency described in the work can be extended to a range of other contemporary challenges before courts, but above all to the legislator.
Latest remarks on the democracy and rule of law in CEE countries
Authors: Chyla Łukasz
Published: March 2020

Latest remarks on the democracy and rule of law in CEE countriesRecently, most of the Central and Eastern European CEE countries are going through a very serious crisis of rule of law and constitutional democracy — especially comparing to the EU “accession period”. The apparently successful transition process, adopting the constitutional democracy and the rule of law in CEE countries is now facing serious challenges. Despite the illusive ideological solidarity, common values and increasing harmonization of law within the European Community, a contrast between the image and the reality has become visible. It turned out that apparently democratically mature new members of the European Community are, in reality, functioning in the shadows of informal networks, political systems and local correlations — while rule-of-law institutions are often too weak or underdeveloped and continuously fail to limit the abuse of uncontrolled state power. Interestingly, early signs of such shallow Europeanisation of the CEE political and legal systems has been for long marginalized by European Community. The cause of the current state is of deeply structural character, and constitutes mostly a proof of failure of defectively carried out process of transformation. The aim of the article is to present some comparative perspective on the subject and discuss the potential reasons of backsliding of CEE legal and political systems.Aktualne uwagi na temat demokracji i rządów prawa w krajach Europy Środkowo-WschodniejW ostatnim czasie większość krajów Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej przechodzi bardzo poważny kryzys rządów prawa i demokracji konstytucyjnej, szczególnie w porównaniu z tzw. okresem akcesyjnym UE. Udany proces transformacji, przyjęcie demokracji konstytucyjnej i rządów prawa w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej stoi obecnie przed poważnymi wyzwaniami. Pomimo iluzorycznej ideologicznej solidarności, wspólnych wartości i rosnącej harmonizacji prawa we Wspólnocie Europejskiej, widoczny staje się kontrast między tym wyidealizowanym obrazem a rzeczywistością. Okazało się, że pozornie dojrzali demokratycznie nowi członkowie Wspólnoty Europejskiej funkcjonują w rzeczywistości w cieniu nieformalnej sieci powiązań, podczas gdy instytucje rządów prawa są często zbyt słabe lub słabo rozwinięte i ciągle nie udaje im się ograniczyć nadużycia niekontrolowanej władzy państwowej. Co ciekawe, wczesne oznaki tak płytkiej europeizacji systemów politycznych i prawnych w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej były długo marginalizowane przez Wspólnotę Europejską. Przyczyna obecnego stanu ma głęboki charakter strukturalny i stanowi głównie dowód niepowodzenia błędnie przeprowadzonego procesu transformacji. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie pewnej perspektywy porównawczej na ten temat i omówienie potencjalnych przyczyn „odwrotu” prawnego i politycznego systemów CEE.
Obowiązek wniesienia wkładu w spółkach osobowych. Uwagi krytyczne
Authors: Jarosz Iwo
Published: March 2020

The obligation to make contributions to partnerships. Critical remarksAn important feature of the regulation of partnerships in Polish law is that contributions are shaped as mandatory elements. Contributions need to be determined by the partners in the partnership agreement and made, i.e. transferred to the partnership’s assets. The peculiar aspect of partnerships which is their normative model providing for their lack of legal capacity prior to registration impedes obedience to this requirement in the case of certain contributions, such as real property, compelling the lawyers to construct elaborate theoretical mechanisms aiming to allow the making of such contributions. Parallel to the inadmissibility of contribution-less partnerships is the requirement that all partners make contributions. This text aims to examine and verify whether such shape of the partnerships’ model in Polish law, placing on each and every partner a requirement to determine in the partnership agreement and make contributions, is practically beneficial, given the aims it is deemed to pursue as well as the values it is supposed to protect. The author argues that the protection of creditors does not constitute proper justification for the contemporary regulation, as in the case of partnerships such protection is effected, above all, through the partners’ personal liability. The text shall also show that, given the lack of any threshold regulating the minimal contribution, the issues of protecting the legal relations from the establishment of entities failing to pass the so-called gravity test. The author will examine the provisions of Polish law — namely, the Code of Commercial Companies — employing the formal-dogmatic method. Comparative methods will also be utilized, allowing to construe further arguments based on the development of the European law and the laws of certain member states, showing the advisability and rationality of accepting the contributions-less model with respect to partnerships. Therefore, there exist convincing reasons to allow the establishment of contribution-less partnerships.
Mechanizm podzielonej płatności podatku VAT w Polsce na przykładzie charakterystyki prawnoporównawczej w Rumunii
Authors: Domagała Sebastian
Published: March 2020

Przedmiotem opracowania jest analiza ustanawiająca przepisy mające na celu mechanizm podzielonej płatności podatku VAT w Polsce na przykładzie charakterystyki prawnoporównawczej w Rumunii. W artykule zdefiniowano pojęcie mechanizmu podzielonej płatności na podstawie stanowisk organów podatkowych. Badaniu poddano również wprowadzenie do rumuńskiego prawa podatkowego mechanizmu podzielonej płatności.Split payment mechanism in Poland: The example of legal-comparative characteristics in RomaniaThe subject of the study is an analysis establishing provisions for the split payment mechanism in Poland using the example of legal- comparative characteristics in Romania. The article defines the concept of the split payment mechanism based on the positions of tax authorities. The research also provides an introduction of the split payment mechanism to the Romanian tax law.
Opodatkowanie kryptowalut w Polsce
Authors: Dobosz Damian , Niziołek Anna
Published: March 2020

Artykuł podejmuje problematykę opodatkowania kryptowalut. W niniejszym opracowaniu zaprezentowano rozwój kryptowalut i prawodawstwa polskiego w tej materii. Przede wszystkim przedstawiono tematykę ujęcia kryptowalut z punktu widzenia przedmiotu opodatkowania w ustawach podatkowych. Ponadto przywołane zostały interpretacje podatkowe, w których można zaobserwować różne sposoby ujęcia problematyki opodatkowania kryptowalut przez urzędy skarbowe. W dalszej części opracowania zaprezentowano najnowsze zmiany ustawy o PIT, wchodzące w życie od 1 stycznia 2019 roku oraz ich potencjalne konsekwencje dla podatników. Taxation of cryptocurrencies in PolandThe article delves into the issue of cryptocurrencies taxation. This work explains the development of cryptocurrencies as well as the Polish law concerning that problem. What is also presented is the perception of cryptocurrencies in view of the subject of taxation in Polish tax regulations. Furthermore, the article refers to the tax rulings in which several different ways of perceiving cryptocurrencies taxation by tax authorities are included. The work also examines the changes in Personal Income Tax in Poland from 1 January 2019 and their potential consequences for taxpayers.
Mutual agreement procedure provided for in Directive 2017/1852 as a remedy for the problem of double taxation in the European Union
Authors: Moskal Anna
Published: March 2020

In order to address the negative consequences of double taxation of the same income or capital belonging to a EU citizen, bi- and multilateral tax treaties have been concluded between the Member States. The EU legislator has enacted legislation introducing measures such as Directive 2003/49/EC, Directive 2011/96/EU and the EU Arbitration Convention to counteract the adverse effects of double taxation. Considering the imperfections in the previous procedures, the Council of the EU has issued Directive 2017/1852 on double taxation dispute resolution mechanisms in the EU, aiming to eliminate the existing shortcomings and to create a harmonized framework for dispute resolution. The aim of this article is to present the phenomenon of double taxation in the EU, to identify the shortcomings of the current mechanisms and to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the procedure provided for in Directive 2017/1852. Procedura wzajemnego porozumienia przewidziana w Dyrektywie 2017/1852 jako remedium na problem podwójnego opodatkowania w Unii EuropejskiejW praktyce obrotu gospodarczego UE niejednokrotnie dochodzi do podwójnego opodatkowania tego samego dochodu lub kapitału należącego do obywatela UE. W celu zniwelowania negatywnych konsekwencji podwójnego opodatkowania państwa członkowskie zawarły między sobą liczne bi- i multilateralne umowy podatkowe. Prawodawca uchwalił akty prawne wprowadzające środki przeciwdziałające niekorzystnym skutkom podwójnego opodatkowania, to jest Dyrektywę 2003/49/WE, Dyrektywę 2011/96/UE i tak zwaną unijną konwencję arbitrażową. Mając na uwadze niedoskonałości w dotychczasowych procedurach, Rada UE wydała Dyrektywę 2017/1852 w sprawie mechanizmów rozstrzygania sporów dotyczących podwójnego opodatkowania w UE, która dąży do wyeliminowania istniejących niedociągnięć oraz stworzenia sharmonizowanych ram rozstrzygania sporów. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie zjawiska podwójnego opodatkowania w UE, wskazanie wad obecnie obowiązujących mechanizmów oraz dokonane analizy procedury przewidzianej w Dyrektywie 2017/1852.
The concept of the public company under Polish corporate law
Authors: Grześków Mateusz
Published: March 2020

This paper is dedicated to the issue of the notion of the public company in  Polish corporate law. This term, contrary to foreign legal systems, is detached from the fact of whether a given company’s shares are listed on the stock exchange, as it is based solely on the technical aspect of whether shares are issued in dematerialized form. This approach should be deemed inappropriate. First of all, it blurs the distinction between a public company and a private company as it does not at all address in substance the nature of listed companies. Secondly, it introduces into the legal system an obsolete category of public companies which are not equivalent to listed companies. Thirdly, the legislator wrongly adopts the private joint-stock company as the model joint-stock company in the Code of Commercial Companies the “CCC” instead of its variant listed on the stock exchange. Consequently, a company which in practice has more in common with a limited liability company than with a listed company has been adopted as a model of a pure capital company. Due to these reasons it is the author’s proposition to redefine the public and private company within the CCC and the capital markets regulation. This paper describes and positively assesses recent legislative proposals concerning the redefinition of the public company through linking its nature with the fact of its shares’ admission to public trading. Koncepcja spółki publicznej w polskim prawie spółekNiniejszy artykuł został poświęcony analizie ujęcia „spółki publicznej” w polskim prawie handlowym, które w odróżnieniu od systemów prawnych państw obcych oderwane jest od faktu notowania akcji danej spółki na giełdzie papierów wartościowych, gdyż zostało oparte wyłącznie na technicznym aspekcie formy dokumentowej akcji. Ujęcie to należy uznać za błędne z kilku przyczyn. Po pierwsze, prowadzi ono to zatarcia granicy między spółką publiczną a spółką prywatną w ten sposób, że w ogóle nie odnosi się ono merytorycznie do specyfiki funkcjonowania spółek giełdowych. Po drugie, wprowadza do systemu prawnego zbędną kategorię spółek publicznych, która nie jest równoważna z kategorią spółek giełdowych. Po trzecie, ustawodawca błędnie przyjmuje, że modelową spółką akcyjną w kodeksie spółek handlowych jest jej podtyp niepubliczny w miejsce podtypu publicznego, przez co za wzorzec spółki kapitałowej przyjęto spółkę, którą w praktyce obrotu więcej łączy ze spółką z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością niż ze spółką giełdową. Z tych względów postuluje się przedefiniowanie tych kategorii w obrębie kodeksu spółek handlowych oraz prawa rynku kapitałowego. Artykuł omawia oraz aprobuje wytyczony kierunek reformy prawa rynku kapitałowego, zgodnie z którym ma dojść do zredefiniowania pojęcia spółki publicznej przez powiązanie jej istoty z faktem dopuszczenia jej akcji do obrotu giełdowego.
Gender inequality in sports press coverage: Based on the example of Gazeta Wyborcza in the years 2010–2013
Authors: Mazur Zuzanna , Organista Natalia , Dziubiński Zbigniew
Published: March 2020

The aim of the study was to analyze the press coverage of sports published in the largest Polish daily newspaper, Gazeta Wyborcza, in terms of gender inequality. The content both qualitative and quantitative analysis method was used. In the study, the number of articles on women and men was examined, with the qualitative sections consisting of an analysis of gender stereotypes appearing in these articles. Th e results demonstrated the underrepresentation of women in the examined sports press coverage. The qualitative analysis showed that articles dealing with women’s sports included gender stereotypes. The articles focused on the physical appearance of women or on their non-sports lives. Infantilizing and marginalizing comments were also present. The study revealed the gender-dependent nature of the press coverage of sports in Poland.
Some remarks on the comparative experiment as a method in assessing populist political communication in Europe
Authors: Kasprowicz Dominika , Hess Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

In this paper fundamental information concerning the designing and conducting of comparative experiments, as methods which are able to be employed in the field of media studies, will be successively delineated. On the basis of the large-scale online experiment  conducted in 15 countries in 2017, the assessment of the populist message impact as well as methodological challenges to such a project will be presented. We discuss challenges and lessons learnt from this type of research design.
30-second politics, 30 years too late: Political TV advertising in Swedish election campaigns, 2006–2018
Authors: Nord Lars , Grusell Marie
Published: March 2020

Televised political advertising appears in very different national political communication contexts. Sweden is an interesting case study. For many years, political ads on TV were not allowed at all. However, with the transition from analog to digital terrestrial television the public service obligations of the “hybrid” channel TV4 were dismantled. In the 2010 national election campaign, all Swedish parliamentary parties bought advertising time on TV4. This article intends to shed new light on political TV ads as a new campaign feature in a rapidly transforming political communication environment. The study relates to the concept of hybridization of election campaigns and intends to increase knowledge about hybridization processes by focusing on a critical case where one of the most adopted campaign practices worldwide is finally implemented within a specific national context and deviating political culture.
When media freedom is lacking: How Ukrainian journalists utilized Facebook during the 2012 parliamentary elections
Authors: Taradai Daria , Orlova Dariya
Published: March 2020

As the social media increasingly proliferate and shape media consumption in the present-day world, journalists growingly turn to them in search of direct access to their audiences. Under conditions of restricted media freedom, such access suggests a great asset both to journalists who can engage into an open discussion with a wider public and to the very public. In Ukraine, both trends had been vivid in recent years preceding the Euromaidan: on the one hand, media freedom had been deteriorating, but on the other hand, journalists had been utilizing social media more actively. The article examines how Ukrainian journalists communicated with their audiences via Facebook. In particular, it analyzes patterns of interaction during the 2012 parliamentary election campaign. The results of the study show a substantial level of confusion among Ukrainian journalists regarding the role of public debate on Facebook in 2012–2013. While journalists tended to dismiss users’ comments as mostly irrelevant, they did consider themselves to be providers of important information or viewpoints for the formation of public opinion. Although such interaction between journalists and other users does not satisfy the normative criteria of the public sphere, analysis of content and interviews with journalists showed that Facebook did suggest an evolving alternative public space in Ukraine, in contrast to the ever more controlled space of mainstream media during the presidency of Yanukovych.
Obraz pojęcia reklamy w komunikacjach — wyniki badań
Authors: Wszołek Mariusz
Published: March 2020

The image of the notion of advertising in communications — research resultsThe Focal point of this article is to define the semantic of advertising within polish culture context. General conclusions concern the structural nature of advertising. What is the most interesting, the respondents point of view refers basically the economic dimension of advertising.
Powstawanie autowizerunku w kontekście biografii medialnej i rozwoju technologii
Authors: Siemes Annette
Published: March 2020

The emergence of autoimage in the framework of media biography and technology developmentThe article deals with the phenomenon of “shifting baselines” in the field of media reality, looking exemplary at the process of the emergence of image concerning persons working in science. Due to the dynamic change of the structure of media offers and media technology in the last decades, manners of researching and finding information have been changing for a long time. In a broader but the same framework, change concerns also media biographies — the apparently individual CV concerning the moment of first contact, knowledge about, ways of use and attitudes to media offers and media technology, that this CV is however interdependent with the belonging to a certain generation. The described development has an effect on the process of construction/emergence of social-communicational reality, world views and other — we are dealing with the phenomenon of “shifting baselines” — the changing of fundamental ideas that build the basis for observing the world from the point of view of the individual. The text looks into those issues by means of an exemplary analysis of empiric material, showing a certain problem that deserves further and broader investigation.
Reprezentacja zawarta w odbiciu
Authors: Olek Jerzy
Published: March 2020

Representation in a reflectionReferring to a broad philosophical and cultural background, the author of the paper examines anthropological contexts of seeing and perceiving works, including photographic works. He presents numerous approaches to comprehending reality in the various forms of its manifestation, forms that are often completely different. This is understandable, when we are dealing with art, less so, when we are dealing with science. In addition, the author takes into account the fact that the philosophy of cognition emerged from a different tradition in the West and different in the Far East. The paper is an attempt to organise and explain these categories.
System medialny współczesnego Izraela
Authors: Kosma Kocur Kacper
Published: March 2020

The media system in Israel todayThe paper examines the media system in the state of Israel. It takes into account both the history of the media — from the press through radio and television to the internet — and the current situation. The author describes the most important Israeli media: newspapers, television and radio stations, as well as websites, taking into consideration their popularity on the market, political orientation and importance in Israel’s media world.
Odgłosy wojny w przekazach prasowych i literackich
Authors: Kładoczny Piotr
Published: March 2020

Echoes of war in press and literary accountsThe article is devoted to the names of the sounds whose purpose was to describe the hearing of the war in press and literary texts. There are generic names sound, detonation explosives, the sound of strokes, the sounds of people, and the definition of silence in the texts. The research material allows to distinguish three types of wars: a the modern with the sounds of aircraft and other equipment and explosions of bombs; b the old war with the sounds of the weapons, the screams of people and the sounds of animals, and c the war in the future — cosmic and yet not fully documented.The literary text describes more different situations, including more vocabulary and adjective terms. Press releases, albeit more numerous, have a lower number of different sound names and more modest adjectives.
Sprawa honoru. Przemówienie Józefa Becka, wygłoszone 5 maja 1939 roku w Sejmie Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, na tle zasad retoryki
Authors: Rzymowska Luiza
Published: March 2020

A matter of honour. Józef Beck’s address delivered on 5 May 1939 in the Polish parliament and the principles of rhetoricThe paper presents the analysis of Józef Beck’s parliamentary speech on 5 May 1939, showing its characteristics as well as its unique value in different facets of the speaker’s creative act. Accordingly, the paper has been divided into seven sections. The first one provides a historical outline and an attempt to reconstruct the background of the keynote address by the minister of foreign affairs. The second one characterises Beck as a diplomat, allowing to understand the person who adopted a role of public speaker in Poland under an imminent threat of war with the German Reich. The third one introduces some details on how the chief of diplomacy prepared himself for delivering a definite statement of his policy. The fourth, fifth and sixth sections contain the actual analysis of the text presented to listeners, and also examine how the speaker complied with the principles of the rhetorical art on the consecutive stages inventio, dispositio, elocutio of creating a text as intended to be delivered. Finally, the seventh section of this study briefly summarizes how the stages of memoria and actio, i. e. memorising and giving the speech, were conducted, according to the audiovisual record of Beck’s address delivered in the Polish Sejm.
Nowa władza, nowe porządki, nowi mówcy. Wzorzec gatunkowy a przemówienia agitacyjne wygłaszane po wyborach do Ukraińskiego Zgromadzenia Narodowego Zachodniej Ukrainy w październiku 1939 roku
Authors: Sojka-Masztalerz Helena
Published: March 2020

New rule, new order, new speakers — about agitation speeches after elections to the Ukrainian National Assembly in October 1939Political speeches delivered by delegates after elections to the Ukrainian National Assembly were analysed in the paper. The structure of these speeches was discussed and the significance of the agitation speech as one of the most important propaganda texts based mainly on the adaptation and integration function was indicated. The language means used by the privileged speaker to impose his vision of the world were outlined.
Innowacja w kreowaniu wartości konsumenckich jako istotny czynnik podejmowanych wyborów społeczno-ekonomicznych
Authors: Morawiak Agnieszka
Published: March 2020

Innovation in creating consumer values as an important factor in socio-economic selection making  Consumption concerns many aspects of human life in both material and non-material dimensions. It shapes the attitude towards the family, spare time management, religion or culture. It sets the shape of our dreams, desires and life aspirations. On the one hand, it affects the system of our values, on the other hand, it is inspired by this system. Opponents of consumption, treating it as a secondary value and value in itself, accuse it of leading to the development of such phenomena as: mass entertainment, commercialization of culture or devel­opment of quite unnecessary, apparent needs. Instead, it removes the values generally respected in so­ciety, such as: interest in the fate of others, solidarity, care for the environment or the future of next gen­erations. Today’s consumer is not a mindless human being subject to the rules of the market, they are increasingly educated, aware and responsible. They make choices based not only on their own needs but based on values existing in a given society. They purchase wisely and respectfully, remembering that today’s choices will be the legacy for future generations, thus the consumer’s interest must be synchronized with these generations. Nowadays, it is the consumer who creates the image of the company, forcing it to take ethical and moral actions, and also heading for conscious consumption. Such an attitude creates the opportunity to include the consumer in the processes of companies’ activities and their innovations, as well as treating them personally and more like a partner. In the realities of the new economic, political, and social system, new values of individuals, as well as of entire social groups associated with the behaviour of consumers of the modern world are developing. Consumption, on the one hand, determines the shape of dreams, desires and the way of life. On the other hand, based on an innovative approach to it, it performs a symbolic function that gives a deeper and wider perspective to existing products, emphasizing them as exceeding their useful functions. Consumers becoming more aware of their choices take into account not only the system of their own values but also the values existing in a given society. This innovative approach to consumption creates new quality, a new lifestyle, it shapes new roles, it draws attention to the environment around us, and it cares about the sensible use of its resources and its means. Following values in the selection of products reveals responsibility connected to decision making, its impact on the environment and on entire social groups. They allow the individual to real­ize themselves in the group and the human community, they enable human development, achieving customer satisfaction, and avoiding the plundering economy.
Konsumpcja usług w ramach miastotwórczej funkcji uzdrowisk
Authors: Grzegorek Michał , Popławski Wiesław Tadeusz
Published: March 2020

The consumption of services as part of the city-forming function of health resorts  The development of health tourism contributes to urbanization. The existence of a city can be the driving force of a spa. There are various developmental scenarios of spas in the light of their city-forming function. The spa function of the city can be read on the basis of the analysis of the space and objects constituting it. Sanatoriums, physiotherapy objects or facilities that provide thera­peutic treatments and their development influence urbanization. An important factor of the development of cities including health resorts is communication. The esthetics of urban space is a factor conducive to urbanization in the spa areas. Cultural events can be an important instrument for the promotion of spa towns.
„Wszystko zależy od kobiet”. O działalności chadeckiej polityk Aenne Brauksiepe
Authors: Trajman Joanna
Published: March 2020

„Auf die frau kommt es an“. Über die tätigkeit der cdu-politikerin Aenne BrauksiepeDas Ziel des Artikels ist, die Biographie der CDU-Politikerin, Aenne Brauksiepe 1912–1997 zu skizzieren. Sie gehörte zu den sog. Frauen der ersten Stunde, Frauen, die sich für den sozialen und politischen Wiederaufbau Deutschlands gleich nach dem Ende des Zweiten Weltkrieges engagierten. Aenne Brauksiepe setzte sich für die Entstehung einer überkonfessionellen Partei ein und war Mitbegründerin der lokalen CDU-Strukturen in ihrer Heimstadt Duisburg, wo sie auch Mitglied des Stadtrates war. In den Jahren 1949–1972 war sie Mitglied des Deutschen Bundestages und Bundesministerin für Familie und Jugend 1968–1969. Das wichtigste Feld ihrer politischen Tätigkeit stellte die Frauenfrage dar, der Beitrag ist also ein Versuch, ihre Ideen und Überzeugungen bezüglich der Stellung und Rolle der Frauen in der westdeutschen Gesellschaft zu schildern. Als Vorsitzende der Frauen-Union 1958–1971 brachte sie den Parteimitgliedern die aus der Sicht des weiblichen Teils der Gesellschaft relevanten Probleme näher und bemühte sich, die Durchführung entsprechender rechtlicher Lösungen, sowie das größere politische Engagement der Frauen zu beeinfl ussen. Die CDU-Debatte über die berufl iche Aktivität der Frauen ist ihr zu verdanken, sie trug auch dazu bei, dass das Spektrum der Aufgaben in der Gesellschaft, die nach den CDU-Politikern bisher den Frauen zustanden, erweitert wurde. Aenne Brauksiepe betonte die Bedeutung der Frauen für den Arbeitsmarkt. Für sie stellte jedoch die Familie und die Aufgaben der Mütter bei der Erziehung und Bildung von Kindern das höchste Gut dar, insbesondere im Bereich der Ausbildung künftiger Generationen aufgeklärter Bürger. Sie bedauerte aber die geringe politische Partizipation von Frauen und die Unterschätzung ihrer Bedeutung für das politische Leben durch die Männer an der Macht. Trotz jahrelanger Bemühungen und Gespräche mit den Bundeskanzlern Konrad Adenauer, Ludwig Erhard und Kurt Georg Kiesinger ist es ihr nicht gelungen, diese Sachlage zu ändern. Sie betonte jedoch dabei, dass ohne die  Bereitschaft der Frauen selbst, die Verantwortung für den Staat zu übernehmen, mit keinem Durchbruch in dieser Hinsicht zu rechnen ist.
Zapomniana rewolucja? Niemcy 50 lat po rewolcie studenckiej
Authors: Wieszczak Jakub
Published: March 2020

Die vergessene revolution? Deutschland 50 jahre nach der StudentenrevolteDie 68er-Bewegung war eins der wichtigsten Ereignisse in der Nachkriegsgeschichte Deutschlands. Bis 1966 bringt man die christdemokratische Regierung in der BRD vor allem mit der boomenden Wirtschaft und immer stärkeren Integration mit den Strukturen des Westens in Verbindung. Die Versuche der westdeutschen Regierung, die Glaubwürdigkeit auf internationaler Ebene wiederaufzubauen, waren erfolgreich — innerhalb kurzer Zeit wurde die Bundesrepublik Deutschland einer der wichtigsten Partner der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika, auch in der NATO. Diese Erfolge überzeugten die junge Generation jedoch nicht, sie forderte vor allem Reformen, die die internen Probleme betrafen. Unter den Postulaten der Studenten befanden sich u. a.: die notwendige Liberalisierung der Sitten, die Emanzipation der Frauen, die Hochschulreform oder auch der Abschluss der Denazifi zierung, die in der Nachkriegszeit lediglich oberfl ächlich durchgeführt wurde. Die geballten sozialen Spannungen mündeten in die organisierte revolutionäre Bewegung, die ihr eigenes weltanschauliches und politisches Programm vorbereitet hat und sich bemühte, dieses durch aktives Handeln zu verwirklichen. Obwohl die Studentenbewegung kurzlebig war und wegen fehlender messbarer Ergebnisse schnell ausbrannte, sind ihre Folgen und Konsequenzen in dem kollektiven Gedächtnis der deutschen Bevölkerung bis heute erhalten geblieben. Unter den wichtigsten sind folgende zu nennen: deutsche Debatte über die Mythologisierung der Studentenbewegung und ihrer Teilnehmer, das wachsende soziale Bewusstsein betreff end Sexualität, zunehmende Popularität der feministischen Bewegungen und die Entwicklung politischer Karrieren der ehemaligen Revolutionäre wie z. B. von Joschka Joseph Fischer.Trotz ihrer großen Bedeutung für die innerstaatlichen Beziehungen nimmt die 68er-Bewegung nicht so viel Raum in dem deutschen politischen Diskurs ein. Zu ihrem 50. Jahrestag erschienen zahlreiche wissenschaftliche Publikationen, es gab aber keine landesweiten Feierlichkeiten oder Gedächtnisfeiern. Das ist ein Zeichen dafür, dass die Ereignisse von vor 50 Jahren, obwohl bedeutsam, für die jetzige deutsche Generation kein wichtiger Identitätsbezugspunkt darstellen.
Industrias contra finezas de Agustín Moreto. La historia de Hungría en el teatro de Moreto
Authors: Ocaña Antonio Cortijo
Published: March 2020

Industrias contra finezas by Agustín Moreto. History of Hungary in Moreto’s theaterIndustrias contra finezas IF is a play by Moreto written ca. 1655–1669. It was first pub­lished in 1666 and later reedited in the Segunda Parte of his comedies 1676. The play belongs to the thematic cycle entitled comedias de Hungría comedies on Hungary, made famous by Lope de Vega. In addition to being what critics have now termed a serious palatina palace comedy, IF is clearly influenced by Calderón de la Barca’s Mujer, llora y vencerás and music plays a paramount role in it.