bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational Credentials and Labour-Market Entry Outcomes in Japan
Authors: Ishida Hiroshi
Published: November 2023

Japanese education is characterized by apparently contradictory features of equality and stratification. Compulsory education, which combines six years of elementary school and three years of lower secondary education, is known for its high degree of uniformity and equality (Cummings 1980). During compulsory education, most Japanese students are enrolled in state schools on the basis of residence. Educational facilities, personnel, and curricula are highly standardized, with students learning by and large the same material at approximately the same time and pace throughout Japan.
The Diffusion and Transformation of Fordism: Britain and Japan Compared
Authors: Tolliday Steven
Published: November 2023

Recent years have seen numerous attempts to transfer best practice Japanese industrial principles to Western economies. Although the precise nature of those ‘industrial principles’ remains controversial, mainstream thought among industry, academics, and government has stressed the imperative of learning from them, either through direct Japanese investment or through imitation by Western companies.
Introduction
Authors: Hakim Catherine
Published: November 2023

Nothing stands still. We are aware that the labour market is in constant flux, expanding and contracting with the economic cycle. But like other institutions it is also in a continual process of change and renewal, adapting to new technology and other social and economic innovations, so that the composition and character of jobs and workers do not stand still. These changes are concealed by the highly standardized way in which national statistics are collected and published, and by the fixed concepts, of employment and a job, on which they rest. Labour market statistics have their rigidities too. It is only when researchers gain access to microdata from the large national datasets that we can begin to discover the changes and innovations hidden behind the smooth continuities of official statistics. The release of the 1% and 2% Samples of Anonymised Records from the British 1991 Census provided a golden opportunity to do just this. This book presents the results. As expected, it offers many surprises.
The Place and the Present Role of the Copts in the Egyptian Economy: Traditions and Specializations
Authors: Beshai Adel A
Published: November 2023

An analysis of the role of the Copts in contemporary economic life can best be done through a historical perspective. This historical perspective will serve at least two purposes: first, it will give an insight into the changes that occurred; second, it would be interesting to see whether behind the current economic situation of the Copts there are factors that existed a century or so ago.The first stage we shall examine is from the 1850s until 1907. This period was characterized by an inflow of foreign capital. Most of the economic activities were in the hands of foreigners. In the course of that period, the Copts played a pivotal role in providing local expertise for foreign companies. To cite one example, in the Beheira company for land reclamation, one finds that most of the technical cadres in these companies were filled by Copts. In this period, the local capital was concentrated in agricultural land. A landed gentry from the Copts began to appear, which was concentrated in Upper Egypt and possessed huge economic resources.
The Christian Communities and the Economic and Social Situation in Lebanon
Authors: Labaki Boutros
Published: November 2023

For a clear and precise discussion of the current social and economic situation of Lebanese Christians, it is essential to remember what a ‘religious community’ in Lebanon is and what its specific characteristics are.The religious communities in Lebanon are social groups originally linked by the same faith and the same religious rites. These communities, which have formed during the course of history, have their own religious apparatus which is structured in various ways and is different from one community to another. They have different roles, apart from the strictly religious one: they often control the communities’ school networks and their universities. They also have partial control over the numerous com¬ munity associations, social or charity work, healthcare networks, cultural groups, youth clubs and movements, as well as associations with purely religious purposes. Most of the communities possess property/funds which represent sources of income for their apparatus and their institutions.
Restructuring the Employment Relationship
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark
Published: November 2023

This masterly new study presents the first large-scale empirical analysis of the changes in British work experiences and employment relationships between the 1980s and 1990s. Drawing on the Employment in Britain surveya national survey providing the richest source of evidence to date about individuals’ experience of employmentit examines the impact of new technologies, the emergence of new management policies, the changing forms of employment contract, and the growth of job insecurity on people’s experience of employment. The authors focus on the implications these developments have for the ways in which skills and work tasks have been changing, the nature of control at work, the degree of participation in decision-making, and the flexibility demanded at work. They assess whether there has been a tendency towards either a polarization or convergence of employment experiences between men and women, and between occupational classes. They offer fresh insight into how the changing quality of work in recent years has affected employee’s involvement in their jobs and organizations, the stress they experience at work, and the propensity for absenteeism and staff turnover. While the study provides strong evidence of a marked trend towards upskilling, the authors take issue with the argument that a new type of employment relationship is emerging, arguing instead that the restructuring of the employment relationship has, in fact, reinforced traditional lines of division in the workforce.
The Growth of Job Insecurity
Authors: Tomlinson Duncan Gallie Michael White Yuan Cheng Mark
Published: November 2023

One of the most salient changes in the labour market over the last two decades was the return of mass unemployment. It was a period marked by two major recessions in the early 1980s and the early 1990s in which unemployment returned to a level comparable with the interwar years. The broad pattern of change is familiar from official statistics. In this chapter, we want to consider how the rise of unemployment has affected people’s experience of employment. Did the rise in unemployment mean that there was an overall decrease in the stability of people’s experience of employment? What factors accounted for people’s vulnerability to unemployment? What was the effect of unemployment on individuals’ subsequent work careers? Taking a historical perspective, we first consider how employment stability has changed over time, looking at the way that career trajectories have altered since the 1950s.
Discussion and Conclusions
Authors: Crompton Rosemary
Published: November 2023

This book has examined one of the major changes in the organization of work in the second half of the twentieth century: the division of labour between men and women. In many of the chapters in this book we have used the male-breadwinner model as an ideal type from which to begin to analyse these changes. In this final chapter, I will draw together some of the themes we have been exploring previously. First, there is the question of national variations in the way in which the male-breadwinner model has evolved and been modified. A major sub-theme structuring our discussion here will be the question of equality-both between women and men, and within society as a whole. In this book, from Chapter 6 onwards, we have seen that different national patterns of gender arrangements are cross-cut by systematic similarities, in which occupational differences play a major role. This raises the important question of the significance-or otherwise-of individual choice in shaping the gender division of labour, and the nature of gender relations, amongst particular individuals and their families. Finally, there is the question of how individual choices are reflected in the transformation of institutions and gender norms, and vice versa.
Zionism and Diaspora Nationalism*
Authors: Smith Anthony D
Published: November 2023

There are two main views of Zionism. The first regards it as a unique phenomenon, the second as yet another of the many ethnic nationalisms of small peoples. The first view is internal: it proceeds from the specifics of the Jewish historical experience. The second view is largely external: it locates and explains Jewish nationalism, and Zionism, within the broader European experience of nationalism. Neither approach has much to commend it. The first fails to consider the different kinds of Jewish nationalism and the changes within Zionism in response to a changing world. The second is unable to deal with the many continuities between Jewish nationalism and Jewish traditions and experiences through the ages, except in a very superficial manner.
On Sociology
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

On Sociology brings together a collection of essays all written in the last ten years by one of the best-known and influential British sociologist, John H. Goldthorpe. The essays are concerned with the intellectual discovery of contemporary sociology. The collection begins with essays critical of various current tendencies in sociology and moved on to essays that outline a programme for a new sociological mainstream. The essays combine the established strengths of quantitative sociology with recent developments in the theory of social action, especially rational action theory. It then turns to essays illustrative of this style of sociology. The book deals with substantive topics in the field of social stratification. The final essay takes up some of the relevant issues in the history of sociology.
Introduction
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

OVER RECENT decades, a state of crisis in sociology has been so frequently proclaimed, and on so many different grounds, that to do so yet again can have little dramatic impact. I can, however, only report that, as the end of the twentieth century has approached, I have come to believe with ever greater conviction that sociology is indeed in a condition that cannot for much longer continue without seriously adverse, and possibly quite disastrous, effects ensuing. It is then this intensifying belief that has primarily motivated these essay’all written within the last ten years”and their collection in this volume. It might, of course, be thought that little more is here involved than a bad case of fin-de-siécle apocalyptic gloom. Before introducing the essays themselves, I therefore try to explain why I regard the present state of sociology as giving cause for such concern and also to indicate how in general I would think it best to respond.
The Uses of History in Sociology: Reflections on Some Recent Tendencies
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

TO TAKE up again the question of the uses of history in sociology may well appear regressive. For to do so implies, of course, making a distinction betweenhistory and sociology, which would now be widely regarded as untenable. Thus, for example, Philip Abrams, in his highly influential book, Historical Sociology (1980), has advanced the argument that, since ‘history and sociology are and always have been the same thing’, any discussion of the relationship of one to the other must be misguided; and Abrams in turn quotes Giddens (1979: 230) to the effect that ‘there simply are no logical or even methodological distinctions between the social sciences and history”appropriately conceived’.
The Quantitative Analysis of Large-scale Data Sets and Rational Action Theory: For a Sociological Alliance
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

IN SOCIOLOGY today, the quantitative analysis of large-scale data sets (QAD) and the deployment of rational action theory (RAT) are not closely related activities. In this chapter, however, it is my aim to show that they could with advantage become highly complementary features of the sociological enter- prise; and, further, that the desirability of creating stronger ties between QAD and RAT is in fact well brought out by an examination of the main lines of criticism that each presently encounters.
Explaining Educational Differentials: Towards a Formal Rational Action Theory (with Richard Breen)
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

IN THE light of recent research in the sociology of education, which has involved extensive over-time and cross-national analyses (see esp. Shavit and Blossfeld 1993; Erikson and Jonsson 1996b), it would seem that the following empirical generalizations can reliably be made and constitute explananda that pose an evident theoretical challenge.
Outline of a Theory of Social Mobility
Authors: Goldthorpe John H
Published: November 2023

IT WOULD be widely recognized among sociologists that the field of social mobility research is that in which quantitative techniques of data collection and, especially, of data analysis have reached their highest levels of sophistication. However, such recognition could not be taken to imply approval. A series of articles by sociologists both within and outside the field could be cited in which it is charged that the concern with technique has become excessive and has had seriously detrimental consequences in at least two respects (for a recent example, see Miller 1998). On the one hand, it is held, the problems that are pursued by mobility researchers are to an undue degree chosen in the light of technique”that is, because they appear readily treatable via some favoured procedure; while, on the other hand, the preoccupation with quantitative analysis and the results that it produces has led to a crude empiricism and to an avoidance, or at least a disregard, of central theoretical issues.
Choice and Religion
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

The orthodox view is that the democracies of the western world have become increasingly secular over the twentieth century. Fewer and fewer people have chosen to believe, and the church has declined markedly as religion has changed from being part of an identity ascribed at birth to being a matter of personal choice. Choice and Religion provides a detailed critique of the 'rational choice' approach to religion to demonstrate that industrialisation has secularised the western world and that diversity, far from making religion more popular by allowing individuals to maximize their returns, undermines it. The claim that diversity and competition promote religion is refuted with evidence from a wide variety of western societies. Bruce examine the Nordic countries and the ex-communist states of eastern Europe to explore the consequences of different sorts of state regulation, and to show that ethnicity is a more powerful determinate of religious change than market structures. Where religion matters, it is not because individuals are maximising their returns, it is because it defines group identity and is heavily implicated in social conflict.
Introduction
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

A brief account of why this book was written might also explain its tone. If there are occasional hints of exasperation, it is because the whole project was born out of frustration with the malign influence of a small clique of US sociologists of religion. I know that my country is markedly less religious now than it was in my childhood or the childhood of my father and grandfather. Scottish towns are decorated with redundant and converted churches; within five miles of me there are six churches that have been converted into private houses. There are no new churches. I know enough of the history of my country to have no doubt that most Scots of the seventeenth century attended the religious rituals of the church, prayed, read their Bibles, tried to follow the social teachings of the clergy, gave money to the church, and celebrated the significant events of their lives, their community, and the agricultural year in church to a far greater extent than do my contemporaries. In early 1998 two things brought the extent of secularization home to me. First, I read that, for the first time in its 150-year history, the Free Church of Scotland had no students training for the ministry. Secondly, I was invited by a group of leading Scottish Methodists to a meeting in Stirling to discuss the Church’s future. Fewer than thirty people, most of them elderly, met in a church badly in need of renovation and looked at membership figures that showed, quite unambiguously, that Scottish Methodism would disappear within my lifetime.
Rational Choice: The Basic Errors
Authors: Bruce Steve
Published: November 2023

THE previous two chapters have looked very closely at the recent fate of religion in a wide variety of settings. In addition to considering the British and US data that the supply-siders have themselves advanced to support their rational choice approach, I have tried to test the general claims about the effects of diversity and state regulation on religious vitality by looking at a range of continental European societies clustered so that their salient features could become apparent. With all due recognition of the considerable variation in the quality of the available data, I conclude that the observations made by Stark and his colleagues that are useful are invariably those also made by scholars outside the rational choice perspective. Those ideas particular to the ‘new paradigm’, as it advertises itself, find little or no support in the evidence presented here. I now want to pick up the critical threads from the end of Chapter 2 and pursue them to the point where we can understand in what sort of society the rational choice approach might work and thus come to a clear understanding of why it fails to work in most of the settings described in Chapters 3 and 4.
Non-resident fathers in Britain
Authors: Bradshaw Jonathan , Stimson Carol , Skinner Christine , Williams Julie
Published: November 2023

One of the consequences of the changes taking place in families today is an increase in non-resident fatherhood.1 Non-resident fathers emerge in one (or more) of three ways: a single man has sexual relations with a woman, which results in her becoming pregnant and carrying the baby to term; a married couple separate after the wife becomes pregnant or after becoming parents; and a cohabiting couple separate, either following pregnancy or the birth of a child. Non-marital births and relationship breakdowns are still on the increase.
Implementing Cooperative Strategy: A Model from the Private Sector
Authors: Boddy David , Macbeth Douglas , Wagner Beverly
Published: November 2023

There is clear evidence that many attempts at significant organizational change do not achieve what their promoters hoped for. Boddy et al. (1998) conducted a questionnaire survey of 100 companies that had attempted to introduce supply-chain partnering. Less than half of the respondents considered that their organization had been successful in implementing the change. Other studies of change tell a similar story. Kearney (1992) and the Economist Intelligence Unit (1992) found a high failure rate when European companies adopted Total Quality Management (fQM) systems. Wastell, White, and K.awalek (1994) concluded that ‘Business Process Re-engineering (BPR) initiatives have typically achieved much less than promised’ (p. 230). As Burnes observed, ‘even well established change initiatives, for which a great deal of information, advice and assistance is available, are no guarantee of success’ (Burnes, 1996; 172-3).
Cooperative Relationship Strategy in Global Information Technology Out-sourcing: The Case of Xerox Corporation
Authors: kern Thomas , Willcocks leslie p.
Published: November 2023

Information technology (IT) out-sourcing is a decision taken by an organization to contract-out or sell the organization’s IT assets, people, and/or activities to a third party vendor, who in return provides managed services for an agreed time period and monetary fee (Lacity and Hirschheim, 1993; Loh and Venkatraman, 1992). Out-sourcing as such is not a new concept; it has been around in the form of application development contracts, in facilities management agreements, and time-sharing deals for several decades (Earl, 1991, 1996). More recently, though, it has become increasingly popular with the drive for organizational core competencies (Prahalad and Hamel, 1990). Its rapid growth since Eastman Kodak’s watershed total out-sourcing arrangement in 1989-to an estimated 1999 total of global market revenues of over $80 billion with an annual growth rate of 15 per cent (IDC, 1998; Willcocks and Lacity, 1998)-has ensured it receives extensive world-wide business attention (see, for example, Applegate and Montealegre, 1991; Cross, 1995; Huber, 1993).
Interpersonal Relationships in International Strategic Alliances: Cross-Cultural Exchanges and Contextual Factors
Authors: Olk Paul , Earley p. Christopher
Published: November 2023

The proliferation of international strategic alliances has led researchers to develop explanations for the formation and management of these hybrid structures. The proposed accounts for an alliance-two or more organiza¬ tions pooling resources to create a new, legal entity-have typically centered on the nature of the technology (Williamson, 1991), the strategies of the organizations pursuing the alliance (Harrigan, 1986), or the home countries represented by the partnering organizations (Gomes-Casseras, 1990). Ignored in most of these analyses is the role of interpersonal relationships.
Joint Venture Trust: Interpersonal, Inter-Group, and Inter-Firm Levels
Authors: Currall Steven c. , Inkpen Andrew c.
Published: November 2023

Breakdowns in the value creation process in joint ventures QVs) often stem from problems in managing interdependencies. A lack of trust between partners is one such problem (Borys and Jemison, 1989). Our assessment of the extant literature indicates that, despite substantial conceptual and empirical writings, confusion exists regarding the interpretation of research findings in the area of JV trust. A key reason why this confusion exists is that researchers have devoted little attention to issues of level. Building on the theoretical foundation of the ‘cooperating behaviour’ perspective on inter-organizational alliances (Faulkner and de Rand, chap. 1, above), the objective of this chapter is to explicate conceptual, measurement, and analysis issues associated with studying JV trust at the interpersonal, inter-group, and inter-firm levels.
Concluding Thoughts and Future Directions
Authors: Faulkner David O , rond mark de
Published: November 2023

This volume has presented some of the significant research currently taking place in the field of cooperative strategy. The topic area may still not have reached the level of popularity in terms of books, journal articles, and academic teaching courses as has the area of competitive strategy, but it is rapidly catching up. Practising managers, politicians, legislators, and academics alike recognize that without cooperation the probability of survival in a globalizing, turbulent, and increasingly technologically sophisticated world is slim. Whilst competition must still weed out the inefficient, today’s wealth creators and resource allocators can no longer afford to regard the rest of the world as enemies to be defeated in a battle for economic supremacy.
Career Boundaries in a ‘Boundaryless’ World
Authors: Gunz Hugh , Evans Martin , Jalland Michael
Published: November 2023

Boundary less ness has become a fashionable concept in organizational analysis, perhaps because it fits the Zeitgeist. Globalization, we are constantly reminded, was the central theme of the latter part of the twentieth century. Those who do not become citizens of a boundary less, nationless world will lose their place in it. Echoes of this theme, although without the global canvas, can be identified in recent work identifying a new boundary lessness in careers (Arthur and Rousseau 1996). In brief, the thesis can be stated as follows: to flourish in this new environment one must become self-reliant, losing one’s dependence on the organization as the prime provider of structure to a career. Boundary less ness in careers means developing new competencies and a new architecture to careers (Arthur et al. 1995; De Fillippi and Arthur 1998).
Performance, Learning, and Development as Modes of Growth and Adaptation throughout our Lives and Careers
Authors: Boyatzis Richard E , Kolb David A
Published: November 2023

Growth occurs throughout our jobs and careers in many forms. The elimination of mandatory retirement in some countries, the flattening of organizations, global competition, the changing composition of the workforce, the complexity of balancing work and family roles, and the shifting values of the workforce are among the many forces contributing to a changing landscape of jobs and careers. This drives a need to understand what excites and stimulates an individual toward growth and adaptation throughout his or her life. In the current economic and social milieu, people are changing careers at an increasing rate (Arthur and Rousseau 1996). Different definitions of career that trace a person’s progression through several defined stages, such as those of Dalton and Thompson (1986), are not sufficient to provide insight into the complexity of the paths through multiple careers. To address this need, a general model of growth and adaptation is presented in this chapter, as applied to life and career development.
Continuing the Conversation about Career Theory and Practice
Authors: Arthur Michael B , Peiperl Maury A
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1 we issued an invitation to join in the ‘conversation’ among this book’s contributors. We suggested four principal dichotomies that prevailed in the career studies field, and offered these dichotomies as a key for relating to the chapters to follow. The key, we anticipated, would allow for both following and joining the conversation among subsequent chapter authors from the reader’s perspective. In this brief closing chapter we offer a further invitation. It is to carry the conversation forward beyond the meeting ground that this book provides. As part of this further invitation, we reintroduce the four dichotomies covered in Chapter 1. However, we do so not to affirm the differences among intervening chapters, but rather to illustrate their level of potential agreement.
Civil Society and Democratic Renewal
Authors: Paterson Lindsay
Published: November 2023

IN his Theory of Moral Sentiments of 1759, Adam Smith wrote: ‘Kindness is the parent of kindness; and if to be beloved by our brethren be the great object of our ambition, the surest way of obtaining it is by our conduct to show that we really love them’ (Smith 1984 (1759]: VI, ii, 1, 19).

The argument of the present chapter is that the Scottish philosophers of the Enlightenment had a well-developed sense of mutual human obligation that is quite close to the ideas on social capital that have become popular again in academic circles recently. The purpose of making this argument is not to add a footnote to the history of the concept. It is to ask what, in fact, may happen to a political order that is founded on the principles of social capital. It is suggested, in conclusion, that the outcome of a politics based on social capital is most likely to be a tension between two versions of public-civic or state-and that a good testing ground over the next couple of decades for observing that tension will be in the conflicts and accommodations between Scottish civil society and the new Scottish parliament which was inaugurated in 1999.
Social Capital, Schools, and Exclusions
Authors: Munn Pamela
Published: November 2023

The principle that we live by entering into relations with one another, provides the basic structure within which all human experience and activity falls, whether individual or social. For this reason the first priority in education … is learning to live in personal relation to other people. Let us call it learning to live in community.
Is there a Pilot in the Evolutionary Firm?
Authors: Cohendet Patrick , Llerena, Patrick , Marengo Luigi
Published: November 2023

Since the seminal work by Nelson and Winter (1982), the evolutionary approach to the theory of the firm has made significant progress. As Coriat and Weinstein (1995) pointed out, this approach to the theory of the firm offers the unique advantage, compared with other competing theories, of providing an explanation of three key issues that are crucially important for a theoretical understanding of the firm. Thus, the evolutionary approach explains:
An Entrepreneurial Theory of the Firm
Authors: Casson Mark
Published: November 2023

These issues are all related, but the relationships between them are not always clear. This chapter argues that the fourth issue-the role of the entrepreneur-is the most fundamental. The theory of the entrepreneur has a distinguished pedigree in the work of Cantillon (1755), Say (1803), and Knight (1921), but its contribution to the theory of the firm has often been ignored. This is unfortunate, because theories that neglect the entrepreneurial dimension can offer only a partial explanation of the behaviour of the firm. Apparent conflicts between some of the more recent theories of the firm-such as transaction cost theories (Williamson 1985; North 1981) and resource-based theories (Foss 1997)-can be traced to a common failure to take full account of the entrepreneur. In providing a modern exposition of the entrepreneurial theory of the firm, therefore, this chapter also contributes to the debate over the relative merits of other theories.
The Growth of Firms in Theory and in Practice
Authors: Geroski Paul A
Published: November 2023

The modern theory of the firm has mainly been concerned with devising explanations of why firms exist. In fact, there is currently a broad consensus amongst economists that ‘it remains one of the most profound challenges to identify the forces that determine whether transactions are conducted within the firm as opposed to through the market’ (Moore 1992: 494). Interesting as this problem is, answering it does not actually take us very far in understanding what we observe about firms.
Knowledge Maturity of Products, Modularity, and the Vertical Boundaries of the Firm
Authors: Pfaffmann Eric
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces a knowledge-based theory of vertical firm boundaries, in which ‘products’ make up the unit of analysis. Such an analytical framework enables examination of the processes of creating and co-ordinating productive knowledge and tasks, and exploration of the relationship between knowledge and vertical firm boundaries. From the outset, the approach to determining vertical firm boundaries is dynamic, since knowledge, tasks, and products change over time (Langlois and Robertson 1995).
Inter-Firm Collaboration: Contractual and Capabilities-Based Perspectives
Authors: Madhok Anoop
Published: November 2023

The recognition of collaboration as an indispensable tool in the successful conduct of business today is manifested in the phenomenal increase in the number of collaborative ventures between firms in recent years, both domestic and international. Paradoxically, however, the level of dissatisfaction with their outcome, in the light of their intended purpose, tends to be high (Parkhe 1993a; Dodgson 1993; Pearce 1997). The unprecedented popularity of yet simultaneous dissatisfaction with collaborations seems incongruent.
The Dynamics of Religious Organizations
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

This book brings together some of the most acknowledged essays by Hammond written over the last decade and explores religious organizations, their internal dynamics, and their impact. The first half of the book examines issues such as: church membership; the formation of religious identity; the changing meaning religious organizations have in the mind of persons returning to church after ‘dropping out’ for a significant period; the orderly dynamics idertaken by small sects who, in growing, lower tension with social environments. The second half of the book examines the consequences of these internal dynamics including world system theory, the church and its impact on voting behaviours, the cultural impact of cults, ideological reformation, ethnicity and conscience, and the relationship between religious and ethnic identities.
Cults and Sects in America: Organizational Development
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

The so-called cults that burst onto the American scene during the 1960s and 1970s quickly became the laboratory white mice for sociologists of religion. They seemed to emerge quickly, survive for a short or long span, then change into something else-all in the length of time that allowed single individuals to study them. Within very few years, therefore, the study of new religious movements, or NRMs as they soon became labeled, captured the attention of a sizable minority of sociologists of religion in the United States. Articles and, soon after, books about the NRMs flooded the publication channels of the profession, and now we are heirs to a significant body of literature that appears secure and growing.
Religion and Family Values in Presidential Voting
Authors: Hammond Phillip E
Published: November 2023

The term New Christian Right (NCR), since it came into widespread use during the 1980s and 1990s, has generally been understood to encompass far more than a renewal of the fundamentalist-modernist split early in this century. The Bible can still evoke bitter controversy, to be sure, but the so-called ‘Christian’ perspective on communism, education, welfare, race relations, the criminal justice system, and-above all, perhaps-the spheres of sex and the family, have in recent years been blended into the theological divide. In this essay, we assess both this blend and the amount of separate impact in presidential voting the various components of the NCR ideology have had in the last five elections. We investigate specifically the separate effect of the theological aspect of the NCR (called here the Christian Right component) and the family-sexual moral aspect of the NCR (called here the Family Values component).
Gravitational, non-inertial, and motional effects
Authors: Rauch Helmut , Werner Samuel A
Published: November 2023

The fundamental dual nature of neutrons –sometimes a particle (when detected) and sometimes a wave (when traversing the interferometer) – is wonderfully mani-fested by the non-local nature of the neutron interferometry experiments discussed in this chapter. We begin with a discussion of the series of experiments, called gravitationally induced quantum interference, in Section 7.1. Then in Section 7.2, the effect of the Earth’s rotation on the phase of a neutron de Broglie wave is described. This is the quantum mechanical analogue of the Michelson et al. (1925) experiment with light. An experiment in which this Sagnac phase shift was observed due to rotation of the interferometer on a turntable phase within the laboratory frame is also discussed (Atwood et al. 1984). An experiment related to the small effective mass of the neutron propagating in a crystal under Bragg reflecting conditions and its deflection due to the Coriolis force is discussed in Section 7.2.3 (Raum et al. 1997). Acceleration-induced interference, which is related to the gravity experiments by the principle of equivalence, is discussed in Section 7.3 (Bonse and Wroblewski 1983). Phase shifts caused by the motion of matter within the interferometer are related to the optical Fizeau effect. Several neutron Fizeau-type experiments are discussed in Section 7.4.
Phonon emission and absorption by hot electrons in -doped multiple layers in GaAs
Authors: Asche M
Published: November 2023

The present chapter deals with hot electrons in -doped GaAs and their interaction with phonons of different types. As described in the preceding chapters current carriers gain energy from an external electric field applied to the semiconductor. In the stationary state the electrons mainly dissipate their energy gain by phonon emission. If the carriers populate several energy levels with different mobilities in field direction e.g. manyvalley semiconductors or sub bands in confined systems the energy gain is not the same in these sublevels since it is proportional to the mobility. This leads to different carrier heating and to a redistribution of the carriers among the sublevels, which manifests itself in the transport properties in dependence on the field strength. Since the energy loss plays a key role in hot electron phenomena it is important to study the electron-phonon interaction to understand the specific transport properties. Vice versa from the hot electron effects one can draw conclusions with respect to the interaction processes.
Hot Electrons In N-I-P-I-Based Devices
Authors: DÖhler G H , Heber J , Peter M , Eckl S , Malzer S , FÖrster A , Luth H
Published: November 2023

n-i-p-i doping superlattices (Dohler 1986, 1996) contain periodic built-in electric fields of opposite sign.
Perturbation Methods And Tensor Theory
Authors: Peng L -M , Dudarev S L , Whelan M J
Published: November 2023

A very important class of theoretical methods widely used in high-energy electron diffraction is based on the use of perturbation approaches. In the early days of the development of electron diffraction theory, high-speed computers were not as readily accessible as today. Much of the early effort was therefore focussed on finding analytical solutions of few-beam cases, while errors associated with weaker beams and diffuse and inelastic scattering were treated using perturbation methods. The first perturbation treatment of electron diffraction aiming at the evaluation of the effect of weaker beams on the strong beams was developed by Bethe (Bethe, 1928). His method is still widely used in quantitative electron diffraction calculations and is usually referred to as the ‘Bethe potentials’ method. Since the early 1960s perturbation methods of various forms have been formulated and used for taking account of effects like inelastic diffuse scattering (Hashimoto et al., 1962, Hirsch et al., 1977), and HOLZ diffraction (Bird, 1989).
Examples of probability functions
Authors: Cowan Glen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter a number of commonly used probability distributions and density functions are presented. Properties such as mean and variance are given, mostly without proof; the moments can be found by using characteristic functions introduced in Chapter 10. Additional p.d.f.s can be found in [Fro79] Chapter 4, [Ead71] Chapter 4, [Bra92] Chapter 5.
Dust Formation in Carbon-rich AGB Stars
Authors: Cherchneff Isabelle
Published: November 2023

Stars ascending the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) are characterized by high mass losses and extended circumstellar envelopes, especially when the stars reach the tip of the AGB. Typical values for mass loss rates range from 10-s to 10-4 M0 yr-1 for the most evolved objects and the extent of circumstellar envelopes can reach 1000 stellar radii. The strong wind developed by an AGB star is of crucial importance for the evolution of the object as the star expels about 40 % of the initial mass it has on the Zero-Age Main Sequence. Furthermore, the winds represent the means by which the interstellar medium (ISM) is replenished in chemical species and dust grains, therefore governing the elemental composition of the ISM in galaxies (for more details on late stages of stellar evolution, see Chapter 11).
Supernova Chemistry
Authors: Liu Weihong
Published: November 2023

Supernovae are violent stellar explosions and they are classified into different types according to their spectroscopic characteristics. From the point of view of stellar evolution, Type II and Type lb/le supernovae are explosions of massive stars produced by core collapse following late stages of nuclear burning, whereas a Type Ia supernova results from the thermonuclear runaway burning of an accreting white dwarf in a binary system. Each explosion releases the order of 1051 M0 of energy and roughly one to several M0 of ejecta expanding at velocities of up to ∼104 km s-1. A supernova explosion synthesizes heavy elements and injects them into the interstellar medium where they take part in subsequent star formation. The explosive nucleosynthesis produces large amounts of radioactive materials which power the supernova ejecta and drive the supernova physics. The understanding of these violent cosmic phenomena is crucial to our knowledge of the evolution of the Universe.
Molecular Gas, Starbursts and Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Boothm Roy S , Aalto Susanne
Published: November 2023

Active centres of galaxies range from extremely compact active galactic nuclei (AGNs) powered by mass accretion on to black holes to extended starbursts of more modest power. In some extreme cases, e.g. Arp 220, the star-powered luminosity may rival that of a compact AGN. Interest in the connection between the starburst phenomenon and the central AGN has been stimulated by the fact that some galaxies with central AGNs, e.g. NGC 1068 and Centaurus A, contain significant amounts of circumnuclear gas. Molecular gas fuels the star-forming activity and responds physically and chemically to the ultraviolet radiation and supernovae produced in a young population of massive stars. Molecular clouds collide dissipatively and thus sink readily towards the centres of galactic gravitational potentials and may fuel the black holes. The high velocity resolution together with the modest angular resolution achievable in millimetre wave emission line measurements have made molecular emissions useful reddening-free tracers of the central kinematics of galaxies. Indeed, more recent high velocity, high angular resolution VLBI observations of molecular masers have revealed a very close connection between molecules and accretion discs surrounding AGN black holes.
Water Molecules in the Circumnuclear Regions of Active Galaxies
Authors: Neufeld David A
Published: November 2023

The circumnuclear regions of active galaxies are perhaps the most remarkable astrophysical environments in which molecules have been observed. LuminQUS maser emissions in the 616-523 22 GHz line of water have now been detected from at least 18 active galaxies; in every case where the size of the emission region has been determined, the water maser emission has been found to originate primarily within a parsec- or subparsec-sized region that is coincident with the active nucleus of the galaxy.
Modulation spectroscopy of the Group III nitrides
Authors: Pollak Fred H
Published: November 2023

Modulation spectroscopy is a powerful and versatile optical technique for obtaining valuable information about a large variety of semiconductor systems [1-9], including bulk/thin films, micro- and nanostructures (quantum wells, multiple quantum wells, superlattices, quantum wires, quantum dots), surfaces/ interfaces (semiconductor/ air (vacuum), semiconductor/semiconductor (hetero- and homojunctions), semiconductor/metal, semiconductor/ electrolyte), and the effects of growth/processing, as well as the characterization of actual device structures (heterojunction bipolar transistors, pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistor, quantum well lasers).
Cubic group III nitrides
Authors: Brandt Oliver
Published: November 2023

The Group III nitridest are, because of their large ionicity, among the most extreme representatives of compound semiconductors which, at equilibrium, condense in the wurtzite (a) structure only (Lawaetz 1972). It was, conse¬ quently, thought to be virtually impossible to force any of the Group III nitrides into the metastable zincblende ( f3) modification. This belief was substantially hardened by the lack of substrate materials with a reasonably close lattice match which otherwise could provide the required epitaxial constraint. In striking contrast to these considerations, researchers using molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) or metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) have succeeded within the last decade in synthesizing the zincblende modifications of GaN, AlN, and InN on various, highly mismatched cubic substrates such as Si, MgO, 3C-SiC/Si, and GaAs.
Dissipative Motion
Authors: Pismen L M
Published: November 2023

Our interest in dissipative vortex motion is largely motivated by the latter’s role in long-scale coarsening dynamics. In a typical situation, there would be a number of defects in a large region. If a typical distance between the nearest neighbors is small compared to the size of region, the latter becomes irrelevant and can be viewed as infinite. On the other hand, the distances between defects should far exceed the healing length, unless at very early stages of coarsening following a sudden quench. Far from defect locations, the system is likely to approach a uniform state, but, since the phase of this state is arbitrary, it would be different at far removed locations in an extended region.
Motion of Line Vortices
Authors: Pismen L M
Published: November 2023

U(l) topological defects in three dimensions are line vortices. Unlike a point vortex, a line vortex has a geometrical structure of its own, and its curvature plays a decisive role in its dynamics. Since the motion is related to the local geometry, it is advantageous to describe it in terms of intrinsic properties of a curve that do not depend on the choice of a coordinate system. We shall start therefore with a purely geometric description of the kinematics of curves in three-dimensional space.
Non-Potential and Nonlocal Models
Authors: Pismen L M
Published: November 2023

So far, we have considered conservative and gradient dynamics in parallel, as well as a GL equation with complex relaxation time that interpolates between them both. A more general prototype system of an intermediate type is the GL equation with complex coefficients, to be discussed in this chapter.
Anisotropic Superfluids
Authors: Pismen L M
Published: November 2023

The 2d complex vector field gives the simplest example of an “unconventional” superfluid with a non-scalar order parameter and a more complex topology of the minimal manifold, capable of undergoing phase transitions between different nontrivial “vacuum” states, each possessing its own set of defects. We shall see, moreover, that phase transitions may take place within a defect core, which makes possible different vortex structures with identical topology. In this way, the 2d complex vector field can be viewed as a toy model of similar transitions in superfiuid 3He (Section 8.3). We shall consider these transitions in detail, since the 2d complex vector field model allows us to demonstrate on an elementary level that which requires extensive computations in more complicated systems.
The maintenance of genetic polymorphism in small island populations: large mammals in the Hebrides
Authors: Pemberton Josephine M , Smith Judith A , Coulson Tim N , Marshall Tristan C , Slate Jon , Paterson Steve , Albon Steve , Clutton-Brock Tim
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we seek to emphasize a particular virtue of island populations: they can be used to evaluate the population genetic processes responsible for changing allele and genotype frequencies, and hence levels of genetic variation. This virtue is distinct from the more commonly discussed merits of island populations for investigating speciation, which occupy most of the other contributions to this book, and for investigating loss of genetic variaton in island-hopping founder events, exemplified by Gilbert et al. ‘s (1990) investigation of California Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis) populations.