bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intranet users' information‐seeking behaviour: An analysis of longitudinal search log data
Authors: Stenmark Dick , Jadaan Taline
Published: October 2007

Today's knowledge workers rely increasingly on information to get their job done, and the availability of search engines to locate relevant information is thus essential. Understanding how users interact with search engines is a prerequisite for the successful design of useful systems and a body of knowledge has in recent years begun to compile. However, all previous studies have focused on the public web, not acknowledging the fact that much business‐related information seeking occur on corporate internal networks. In this exploratory study, we have collected and analysed intranet search engine log files from three different years – 2000, 2002, and 2004 – enabling us to detect shifting trends in intranet search behaviour. Comparing our data to what has been reported from the public web we conclude that intranet searchers are both similar to and different from searchers on the public web. In sum, it appears that intranet users are more extreme in their behaviour and that qualitative studies are needed to understand the motives and rationales governing their actions.
An Evaluation Model for the National Consortium of Institutional Repositories of Korean Universities
Authors: Kim Hyun Hee , Kim Yong Ho
Published: October 2007

This study, funded by KERIS (The Korean Education and Research Information Service) aims at building an evaluation model for diagnosing and solving problems of the “dCollection” consortium, composed of institutional repositories at more than 40 universities. The evaluation model, as tools not only for a member library's self‐evaluation of its own system but also for assessment of the dCollection systems as a whole, is set up in two steps: First, based upon literature review from digital library evaluation and institutional repositories, and case studies on university repositories, the conceptual framework was composed of four categories: content; system and network; uses, users and submitters; and management and policy. And, second, the evaluation framework was modified through three methods, such as a Delphi method, an expert forum and a simulation test, leading to the evaluation model with 4 categories and 34 indicators.
Carcinogenesis in reflux disease—In search for bile‐specific effects
Authors: Fein Martin , Peters Jeffrey H. , DeMeester Tom R.
Published: October 2007

Bile reflux may play a key role for esophageal carcinogenesis in reflux disease. In search for bile‐specific effects, the animal model of esophageal cancer was applied in a mutagenesis assay. Big Blue® transgenic mice were operated with microsurgical techniques. Seven had total gastrectomy with esophagojejunostomy creating esophageal reflux of bile and five had a sham operation. After 24 weeks, the mutation frequency (MF) was measured through standard Big Blue mutagenesis assay in the esophageal mucosa and the duodenum as control. Esophageal reflux resulted in esophagitis in the distal esophagus. The MF in esophageal mucosa was 1.6 times higher in animals with reflux than in sham‐operated animals; it was identical in the duodenum. In conclusion, the mutagenic potential of bile reflux has been confirmed. However, mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the esophageal cancer model other than chronic inflammation could not be identified because of the only moderately increased MF. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2007.
Human prostate cancer cells express neuroendocrine cell markers PGP 9.5 and chromogranin A
Authors: Leiblich Aaron , Cross Simon S. , Catto James W.F. , Pesce Giancarlo , Hamdy Freddie C. , Rehman Ishtiaq
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND

A proportion of men with prostate cancer will progress to develop metastatic disease involving the lymph‐nodes and bone. To identify novel candidates associated with metastatic progression, we compared the proteomic profiles of LNCaP (lymph‐node metastatic, androgen‐dependant) and PC‐3 (bone metastatic, androgen‐independent), human prostate cancer cells.

METHODS

Two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D‐PAGE), followed by electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS), was used to identify differentially expressed proteins. Western blotting was used to validate the identity of any candidates. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess tissue expression.

RESULTS

2D‐PAGE followed by ESI‐MS/MS analyses identified the expression of glutathione S‐transferase‐pi (GST‐pi) and protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) in PC‐3 cells, but absent expression in LNCaP cells. PGP 9.5 expression in PC‐3 cells was confirmed by Western blotting, in addition to expression in DU145 cells. Analysis of cell conditioned media showed that PGP 9.5 was secreted. Sequencing of the PGP 9.5 gene promoter region in bisulfite modified DNA, suggested that the regulation of expression involves promoter hypermethylation. RT‐PCR analysis for Chromogranin A (ChA) mRNA (a marker of neuroendocrine cells), showed expression in PC‐3 and DU145 cells but was undetectable in LNCaP cells. Immunohistochemistry localised PGP 9.5 expression exclusively within neuroendocrine cells and nerve fibres.

CONCLUSIONS

Our unexpected finding that the neuroendocrine cell markers PGP 9.5 and ChA are expressed by PC‐3 and DU145 cells, suggests that these cells may have been derived from metastatic adenocarcinomas which had undergone neuroendocrine differentiation or alternatively the expression occurred ectopically as a result of cell culture. Prostate 67: 1761–1769, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High expression of PSM‐E correlated with tumor grade in prostate cancer: A new alternatively spliced variant of prostate‐specific membrane antigen
Authors: Cao Kai‐Yuan , Mao Xiao‐Peng , Wang Dao‐Hu , Xu Lin , Yuan Guang‐Qing , Dai Shu‐Qin , Zheng Bo‐Jian , Qiu Shao‐Peng
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND

Prostate‐specific membrane antigen (PSMA) overexpressed in prostate cancer (PCa) has been targeted for therapy and diagnosis of PCa. In the current study, PSMA cDNA was cloned from PCa tissue by RT‐PCR. After sequencing, a new spliced variant of PSMA (PSM‐E) was discovered and its specificity in PCa was evaluated.

METHODS

PSM‐E and PSMA mRNA were measured in LNCaP, PC‐3 and prostate or nonprostatic malignancies. Following transfection of PC‐3 with PSM‐E cDNA in the pcDNA3.0 vector, PSM‐E expression was measured by immunofluorescence and Western‐blot. PSM‐E and PSMA mRNA levels were quantified by a real‐time PCR assay in normal prostate (n = 7), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (n = 22) and PCa (n = 41). The correlation between their levels and tumor grade was analyzed.

RESULTS

PSM‐E cDNA is identical to PSMA except for a 97‐nucleotide region and a 93‐nucleotide region. PSM‐E and PSMA mRNA were detected in PCa and LNCaP, not in PC‐3; PSMA could be detected in some nonprostatic tumors whereas PSM‐E not. The expression of PSM‐E protein was detected in transfected cells. Significant difference of PSM‐E mRNA levels was observed among normal prostate, BPH and PCa (P < 0.001), and PSM‐E levels increased with increasing Gleason score (r = 0.514,P < 0.001). PSMA mRNA levels were higher in BPH and PCa than in normal prostate (P < 0.001), but no difference between BPH and PCa, no significant correlation was observed between PSMA levels and Gleason score (r = 0.229,P = 0.057).

CONCLUSIONS

PSM‐E may be a potential prognostic indicator for PCa progression and may be a new target antigen for therapy of PCa. Prostate 67: 1791–1800, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Theoretical study on the local structure and the spin‐Hamiltonian parameters for Ni2+ ions at Nb sites in LiNbO3 crystal
Authors: Wei Qun , Xu Qi‐Ming , Yang Zi‐Yuan , Zhang Dong‐Yun , Zhang Jian‐Guo
Published: October 2007

The relations between the spin‐Hamiltonian (SH) parameters and crystal structure of LiNbO3:Ni2+ crystal have been established using the SH theory. On this basis, the SH parameters of LiNbO3:Ni2+ crystal have been calculated. The calculated results are in good agreement with experimental data, and this shows that the model adopted is reasonable. Also, the contributions to SH parameters from spin triplets and spin singlets are discussed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantitative Structure–Retention Relationship Study of Benzodiazepines Using Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System as Feature Selection Method
Authors: Jalali‐Heravi Mehdi , Kyani Anahita , Afsari‐Mamaghani Sepideh , Ghadiri‐Bidhendi Atieh
Published: October 2007

A Quantitative Structure–Retention Relationship (QSRR) study of 32 benzodiazepines is performed in this work. Two feature selection methods of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and a stepwise regression approach adopted for the Multiple Linear Regressions (MLR) were used to predict the Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry (LC‐MS) Retention Time (RT) of these compounds on a Xterra MS C‐18 stationary phase. ANFIS and MLR methods were used as variable selection tools and a neural network was employed for predicting the RTs. Three descriptors of 3D‐MoRSE‐signal 06/weighted by atomic polarizabilities (Mor06p), Radial Distribution Function‐1.0/weighted by atomic van der Waals volumes (RDF010v), and number of functional groups of RCoNNCN (N‐072) reveal the importance of dispersion interactions between benzodiazepines and C‐18 stationary phases and also electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions of these compounds with the polar mobile phase. The superiority of 3‐4‐1 ANFIS‐Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) model over MLR‐ANN with a linear feature selection method was illustrated by Leave‐Multiple‐Out (LMO) cross‐validation method. Values of R2L6O=0.771 and RMSEL6O=4.792 for ANFIS‐ANN model should be compared with the values of R2L6O=0.632 and RMSEL6O=6.481 for the MLR‐ANN model. LMO‐CV and Y‐randomization results indicate the robustness and predictive ability of the generated model of ANFIS‐ANN and show the ability of ANFIS in selecting the features for phenomena with nonlinear characteristics. Sequential Zeroing of Weights (SZW) as a sensitivity analysis method showed the importance of dispersion interaction in the retention mechanism of benzodiazepines in LC method.
Generalized electronic diabatic approach to structural similarity in two‐dimensional potential energy surfaces of various topologies
Authors: Arteca Gustavo A. , Rank Jean Pierre , Tapia O.
Published: October 2007

Active site properties in some proteins can be affected by conformational fluctuations of neighbor residues, even when the latter are not involved directly in the binding process. A local environment thus appears to alter the relevant potential energy surface and its reaction paths. Here, some aspects of this phenomenon are simulated within a generalized electronic diabatic (GED) scheme to study the geometry and structural similarity for a class of two‐dimensional (2D) energy surfaces. The electronic quantum state is a linear superposition of diabatic basis functions, each of which is taken to represent a single (pure) electronic state for the isolated material system. Here, we describe a model reaction of isomerization by shifts in amplitudes for three diabatic species (reactant, product, and an open‐shell transition state) coupled in an external field. The “effective” 2D energy surface in the field is characterized in terms of critical points, and the amplitudes along the main reaction paths. A new feature is the introduction of a phase diagram where all possible potential‐energy‐surface topologies (consistent with three‐state systems in two linear coordinates) are matched with actual model parameters. By varying the coupling strengths between diabatic states, we classify regions of this phase diagram in terms of electronic and structural similarities; some regions comprise models whose reaction paths have geometries that belong to the catchment region of the reactant, yet are electronically akin to the diabatic transition state or product. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
The symmetry group of nonrigid tetramethylsilane
Authors: Reza Darafsheh Mohammad , Reza Ashrafi Ali , Darafsheh Arash
Published: October 2007

Using nonrigid group theory, it is shown that the full nonrigid (f‐NRG) group of tetramethylsilane is isomorphic to the group C3 S4 of order 1944, where “” denotes the wreath product of groups, and C3 and S4 are the cyclic group of order three and the symmetric group of order four, respectively. This group has 51 conjugacy classes and irreducible representations. Then the character table of tetramethylsilane is derived for the first time. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Substituent effects on O–H and S–H bond dissociation enthalpies of disubstituted phenols and thiophenols
Authors: dos Santos Daniel J. V. A. , Newton Ana S. , Bernardino Raul , Guedes Rita C.
Published: October 2007

The O–H and S–H homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies of a set of disubstituted phenols and thiophenols (NH2, OH, CH3, Cl, CF3, and NO2) have been computed by a density functional theory procedure with the 6‐311++G(d,p) basis set. A very good agreement between our results and available experimental ones is observed. The effect of substituents on structure, charges and BDEs are investigated and their correlation with Hammett parameters is studied. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Theoretical electronic structure of the molecule ScBr
Authors: Korek M. , Hamdan A.
Published: October 2007

The potential energy curves have been investigated for the 23 lowest electronic states in the 2s+1Λ± representation of the molecule ScBr via CASSCF and MRCI (single and double excitations with Davidson correction) calculations. Seventeen electronic states have been studied theoretically for the first time. The harmonic frequency ωe, the internuclear distance re, and the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te have been calculated. By using the canonical functions approach, the eigenvalues Ev, the rotational constant Bv, and the abscissas of the turning points (Rmin, Rmax) have been calculated for electronic states up to the vibrational level v = 32. The comparison of these values to the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature shows a good agreement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicalsm Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Mathematical formulas describing the sequences of the periodic table
Authors: Garai Jozsef
Published: October 2007

Mathematical formulas describing all of the sequences of the chemical elements are derived from double tetrahedron face‐centered cubic lattice model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Analytical optimization of exponent values in protonic and deuteronic Gaussian‐type functions by elimination of translational and rotational motions from multi‐component molecular orbital scheme
Authors: Ishimoto Takayoshi , Tachikawa Masanori , Nagashima Umpei
Published: October 2007

To optimize the exponent values in protonic and deuteronic Gaussian‐type functions (GTF) by the elimination of translational and rotational motions, we have proposed the new scheme of an analytical gradient formula with respect to the exponent values in the multi‐component molecular orbital scheme, which can take into account the quantum effects of protons and deuterons, under the Hartree‐Fock level of theory. Numerical assessment of H2 and D2 molecules confirms that there is a clear difference between distributions of protonic and deuteronic orbitals following the elimination of translational and rotational motions. In particular, the d‐type GTF in the protonic orbital drastically improves the total energy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Charge transfer stabilization of an excess electron on a molecular surface
Authors: Jalbout Abraham F. , de Leon Aned
Published: October 2007

In a developed molecular surface model (Jalbout and Adamowicz, Mol Phys, 2006, 19, 3101), we suggested a series of cyclohexane and cyclooctane systems with a hydrogen‐bonded network of OH groups on one side of the surface and hydrogen atoms on the opposite side. The OH groups in this work increased the dipole moment of the complexes in order to form stable dipole bound anions. In this report we consider the dipole‐bound and solvated anions between a set of hypothetical molecular surfaces and NH3BF3. The resulting complexes are stable with respect to vertical electron detachment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A relationship between atomic correlation energy and Tsallis entropy
Authors: Grassi A.
Published: October 2007

A new relationship between electron correlation energy and Tsallis entropy is presented. This relationship is a generalization of previous equations which correlate the atomic correlation energy and the Shannon entropy. The results, relatively to the atoms with atomic number 2 < Z < 29, put in evidence the crucial role of the p‐parameter in terms of representation of the long‐range interaction contribution in the correlation energy. Moreover, the p‐values, which reproduce the experimental values of the correlation energy, indicate that the atomic wave functions are more localized with respect to those calculated in the limit of p → 1. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Screening for 2‐quinolinone‐derived selective androgen receptor agonists in doping control analysis
Authors: Thevis Mario , Kohler Maxie , Maurer Joachim , Schlörer Nils , Kamber Matthias , Schänzer Wilhelm
Published: October 2007

Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) represent a class of emerging drugs with high potential for misuse in sports, and therefore members of this group are banned as anabolic agents by the World Anti‐Doping Agency. Preventive approaches to restrict their use include early implementation of target analytes into doping control screening assays and evaluation of the mass spectrometric behavior of these drugs to allow their unequivocal identification as well as the characterization of structurally related compounds and metabolic products. Four model SARMs with the 6‐alkylamino‐2‐quinolinone structure, including the advanced drug candidate LGD‐2226, were synthesized. Fragmentation pathways after positive electrospray ionization and collision‐induced dissociation were studied using an LTQ Orbitrap mass analyzer, and diagnostic product ions and common dissociation pathways were employed to establish a screening procedure targeting intact quinolinone‐based SARMs as well as putative metabolic products such as dealkylated analogues. Therefore, features of a triple quadrupole mass analyzer such as multiple reaction monitoring and precursor ion scanning were utilized. Sample preparation based on commonly employed liquid‐liquid extraction and subsequent liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric measurement allowed for detection limits of 0.01–0.2 ng/mL, and intra‐ and interday precisions between 3.2 and 8.5% and between 6.3 and 16.6%, respectively. Recoveries varied from 81 to 98%, and tests for ion suppression or enhancement effects were negative for all analytes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cluster ion sputtering: molecular ion yield relationships for different cluster primary ions in static SIMS of organic materials
Authors: Seah M. P.
Published: October 2007

An analysis is made of the molecular secondary ion yield (MSIY) variation with primary ion source mass and number, n, of constituent particles. The theory is based on the linear cascade model, extended into the nonlinear regime for higher deposition energy densities using Sigmund and Claussen's thermal spike model. The analysis is generalised to remove sample specificity and is evaluated for light, organic materials. It provides the MSIY dependence for this material as a function of the primary ion particle parameters. This is applied to the data of Kersting et al. and of Kollmer for the (M − H)− de‐protonated secondary ion yields, Y(M − H)−, from Irganox 1010 for Ga+, Cs+, SF5+, Au+, Au2+, Au3+ and C60+ primary ions. The previously postulated dependence of Y(M − H)− on the sputtering yield squared is validated. This formulation permits the prediction of Y(M − H)− for new primary ions such as Bin+ and C70+. It is shown that further MSIY gains of possibly up to an order of magnitude are attainable. For analysis, raising the MSIY is extremely helpful but it is the efficiency (the ratio of the MSIY to the disappearance cross‐section) that is critical. The distinction between the damage and disappearance cross‐sections is clarified and a description involving both terms and correlating with data for all ions is given. It is shown that the efficiency increases with Y(M − H)−, initially linearly and finally with a square root dependence. The chemical nature of the primary ion species is shown to be relatively unimportant in these processes. © Crown copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial determination of gold catalyst residue used in the production of ZnO nanowires by SIMS depth profiling analysis
Authors: Morris R. J. H. , Dowsett M. G. , Dalal S. H. , Baptista D. L. , Teo K. B. K. , Milne W. I.
Published: October 2007

In this paper we demonstrate how secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) can be applied to ZnO nanowire structures for gold catalyst residue determination. Gold plays a significant role in determining the structural properties of such nanowires, with the location of the gold after growth being a strong indicator of the growth mechanism. For the material investigated here, we find that the gold remains at the substrate–nanowire interface. This was not anticipated as the usual growth mechanism associated with catalyst growth is of a vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) type. The results presented here favour a vapour–solid (VS) growth mechanism instead. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of consumption of the nutrient-dense, freshwater small fishAmblypharyngodon molaon biochemical indicators of vitamin A status in Bangladeshi children: a randomised, controlled study of efficacy
Authors: Kongsbak Katja , Thilsted Shakuntala H. , Wahed Mohammed A.
Published: October 2007

In Bangladesh, some commonly consumed, indigenous, freshwater small fish species (eaten whole with bone, head and eyes) such as mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) are nutrient-dense, containing preformed vitamin A as retinol and especially 3,4-dehydroretinol. The objective of the present randomised, controlled efficacy study was to evaluate the effects of mola on biochemical indicators of vitamin A status. Children (n196), aged 3–7 years, with serum retinol 0·36–0·75 μmol/l, were randomly allocated to one of three treatment groups to receive a daily test meal (6 d/week for 9 weeks) of rice and vegetable curry (no vitamin A)ad libitumand 50 g fish curry consisting of: (1) mola, 600 retinol activity equivalents (RAE) (using 40 % biological activity of 3,4-dehydroretinol isomers) (experimental group,n66); (2) rui (Labeo rohita), a large fish (no vitamin A), with added retinyl palmitate, 600 RAE (positive control group,n65); or (3) rui, 0 RAE (negative control group,n65). The nutrient compositions of the dishes were analysed. After 9 weeks, no significant treatment effects were observed for serum retinol (P = 0·52) and retinol-binding protein (P = 0·81) in the experimental group compared with the negative control, whereas the positive control improved significantly (P < 0·001). The present results do not suggest conversion of the large amount of 3,4-dehydroretinol in mola curry to retinol. Further research on the functional effect of mola in humans is needed. Mola is a nutrient-dense animal-source food, rich in haem Fe, Zn and especially Ca, thus consumption of mola in Bangladesh should continue to be encouraged.
Impact of energy and casein or whey protein intake on bone status in a rat model of age-related bone loss
Authors: Mardon J. , Zangarelli A. , Walrand S. , Davicco M. J. , Lebecque P. , Demigné C. , Horcajada M. N. , Boirie Y. , Coxam V.
Published: October 2007

In the elderly, nutritional deficiencies, such as low energy and protein intake, are suggested to increase the risk of osteoporotic fractures. Modulation of the amount and quality of protein intake under energy deficient conditions represents an interesting strategy to prevent aged-related bone loss. We investigated the effect of a 5-month dietary restriction on bone status in 16-month-old male rats. Rats were randomised into six groups (n 10 per group). Control animals were fed a normal diet containing either casein (N-C) or whey protein (N-WP). The other groups received a 40 % protein and energy-restricted diet with casein or whey protein (PER-C and PER-WP) or a normal protein and energy-restricted diet (ER-C and ER-WP). Both restrictions (PER and ER) induced a decrease in femoral bone mineral density (BMD), consistent with impaired biomechanical properties and a reduced cortical area at the diaphysis. Plasma osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline levels suggested a decrease in bone turnover in the PER and ER groups. Interestingly, circulating insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were also lowered. Overall, normal protein intake did not elicit any bone sparing effect in energy-deficient rats. Regarding protein quality, neither casein nor WP appeared to significantly prevent the BMD decrease. This study confirms that nutritional deficiencies may contribute to osteopenia through decreased IGF-1 levels. Moreover, it seems that impaired bone status could not be significantly prevented by modulating the amount and quality of dietary proteins.
Trans-fatty acids induce pro-inflammatory responses and endothelial cell dysfunction
Authors: Harvey Kevin A. , Arnold Tyler , Rasool Tamkeen , Antalis Caryl , Miller Steven J. , Siddiqui Rafat A.
Published: October 2007

Epidemiological data indicate that there is a strong association between intake oftrans-18 : 2 fatty acids (TFA) and sudden cardiac death. There is little known about the mechanisms by which TFA exert harmful effects on the cardiovascular system. The presentin vitrostudy is the first to demonstrate the effects of membrane-incorporated C18 : 2 TFA on human aortic endothelial cell (HAEC) function.Trans-18 : 2 fatty acids were incorporated to a greater extent (2-fold) in the phospholipid fraction of endothelial cells than that ofcis-18 : 2; furthermore, these fatty acids were enriched to a similar extent in the TAG fraction. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that TFA treatment of HAEC significantly increased the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules, including intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) and vitronectin receptor (CD51/CD61). Incorporation of TFA into membranes increased HAEC adhesion to fibronectin- or vitronectin-coated plates by 1·5- to 2-fold, respectively. Neutrophil and monocyte adhesion to HAEC monolayers was nearly proportional to adhesion molecule expression. TFA treatment also induced the release of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 by nearly 3-fold in non-stimulated HAEC. Furthermore, we examined the role of TFA onin vitroangiogenic assays. Chemotactic migration of TFA-treated HAEC toward sphingosine-1-phosphate (SPP) was significantly increased compared with controls. Conversely, capillary morphogenesis of TFA-treated HAEC was significantly inhibited in response to SPP, suggesting that TFA incorporation suppresses endothelial cell differentiation. In conclusion, thesein vitrostudies demonstrated that TFA play a role in the induction of pro-inflammatory responses and endothelial cell dysfunction.
DNA repair phenotype and dietary antioxidant supplementation
Authors: Guarnieri Serena , Loft Steffen , Riso Patrizia , Porrini Marisa , Risom Lotte , Poulsen Henrik E. , Dragsted Lars O. , Møller Peter
Published: October 2007

Phytochemicals may protect cellular DNA by direct antioxidant effect or modulation of the DNA repair activity. We investigated the repair activity towards oxidised DNA in human mononuclear blood cells (MNBC) in two placebo-controlled antioxidant intervention studies as follows: (1) well-nourished subjects who ingested 600 g fruits and vegetables, or tablets containing the equivalent amount of vitamins and minerals, for 24 d; (2) poorly nourished male smokers who ingested 500 mg vitamin C/d as slow- or plain-release formulations together with 182 mg vitamin E/d for 4 weeks. The mean baseline levels of DNA repair incisions were 65·2 (95 % CI 60·4, 70·0) and 86·1 (95 % CI 76·2, 99·9) among the male smokers and well-nourished subjects, respectively. The male smokers also had high baseline levels of oxidised guanines in MNBC. After supplementation, only the male smokers supplemented with slow-release vitamin C tablets had increased DNA repair activity (27 (95 % CI 12, 41) % higher incision activity). These subjects also benefited from the supplementation by reduced levels of oxidised guanines in MNBC. In conclusion, nutritional status, DNA repair activity and DNA damage are linked, and beneficial effects of antioxidants might only be observed among poorly nourished subjects with high levels of oxidised DNA damage and low repair activity.
Postprandial oxidative stress is exacerbated in cigarette smokers
Authors: Bloomer Richard J. , Solis Adrienne D. , Fisher-Wellman Kelsey H. , Smith Webb A.
Published: October 2007

Both cigarette smoking and high fat meals induce oxidative stress, which is associated with the pathogenesis of numerous diseases. We compared blood antioxidant status, oxidative stress biomarkers and TAG in twenty smokers and twenty non-smokers, matched for age and physical activity, in response to a high fat test meal standardized to body mass. Blood samples were collected before feeding (resting and fasted) and at 1, 2, 4 and 6 h post feeding and analysed for antioxidant capacity (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity; TEAC), xanthine oxidase activity (XO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), malondialdehyde (MDA) and TAG. Smoking status (P < 0·001) and time (P ≤ 0·01) effects were noted for all variables, with smokers demonstrating higher values compared with non-smokers for all variables except for TEAC, for which values were lower for smokers. XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG increased following feeding with a peak response at the 4 h post feeding time point, with the opposite response occurring for TEAC. Although no interaction effects were noted (P>0·05), contrasts revealed greater values in smokers compared with non-smokers for XO, H2O2, MDA and TAG, and lower values for TEAC at times from 1–6 h post feeding (P ≤ 0·05). Our findings indicate that young cigarette smokers experience an exaggerated oxidative stress response to feeding, as well as hypertriacylglycerolaemia, as compared with non-smokers. These data provide insight into another possible mechanism associating cigarette smoking with ill health and disease.
Carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx: a rare clinicopathological entity
Authors: Puxeddu R , Cocco D , Parodo G , Mallarini G , Medda M , Brennan P A
Published: October 2007

Objective:

Carcinoma cuniculatum is a rare variant of low-grade squamous cell carcinoma. We report the second case of carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx in the literature.

Method:

Case report and review of the world literature concerning carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx and upper aerodigestive tract.

Results:

A histologically proven carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx is reported in a 72-year-old man. The patient underwent a supracricoid laryngectomy with crico-hyoidopexy, and was free of disease at 70 months after surgery. We emphasise the clinical presentation, histology and therapeutic approach of this rare tumour.

Conclusion:

To our knowledge this is the second report in the world literature of carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx. Carcinoma cuniculatum of the larynx must be considered as a distinct ‘clinicopathological entity’ and close cooperation between the clinician and the pathologist is essential for the correct diagnosis of these tumour as regards to the correct classification and therapy.
The Fifth mīl from Jerusalem: another Umayyad milestone from southern Bilād al-Shām
Authors: Cytryn-Silverman Katia
Published: October 2007

In 1958 an Arabic inscription written in monumental angular script was found in the woods next to Aqua Bella-‘Ayn Hemed, on the road between Jerusalem and the coast. The inscription was misfiled in the archives of the Israel Antiquities Authority, remaining unknown to the public for almost fifty years. Following a thorough search of the archives during doctoral research, the author found the original documentation relating to the long-forgotten inscription. The fragmentary inscription is incised into a marble slab, of which only the end of the last three lines remains. The surviving words are in line with the formula found on other milestones dated to the Umayyad period, allowing a reconstruction of the last sentence, and even of the missing upper parts of the inscription. The lines read: “From Jerusalem to this milestone, five miles”.
Improved global localization of an indoor mobile robot via fuzzy extended information filtering
Authors: Lin Hung-Hsing , Tsai Ching-Chih
Published: October 2007

Global localization of mobile robots has been well studied using the extended Kalman filter (EKF) method. This paper presents a fuzzy extended information filtering (FEIF) approach to improving global localization of an indoor autonomous mobile robot with ultrasonic and laser scanning measurements. A real-time FEIF algorithm is proposed to improve accuracy of static global pose estimation via multiple ultrasonic data. By fusing odometric, ultrasonic, and laser scanning data, a real-time FEIF-based pose tracking algorithm is developed to improve accuracy of the robot's continuous poses. Several experimental results are performed to confirm the efficacy of the proposed methods.
Impact of nutrition on canine behaviour: current status and possible mechanisms
Authors: Bosch G. , Beerda B. , Hendriks W. H. , van der Poel A. F. B. , Verstegen M. W. A.
Published: October 2007

Each year, millions of dogs worldwide are abandoned by their owners, relinquished to animal shelters, and euthanised because of behaviour problems. Nutrition is rarely considered as one of the possible contributing factors of problem behaviour. This contribution presents an overview of current knowledge on the influence of nutrition on canine behaviour and explores the underlying mechanisms by which diet may affect behaviour in animals. Behaviour is regulated by neurotransmitters and hormones, and changes in the availability of their precursors may influence behaviour. Tryptophan, the precursor of serotonin, may affect the incidence of aggression, self-mutilation and stress resistance. The latter may also be influenced by dietary tyrosine, a precursor to catecholamines. As diet composition, nutrient availability and nutrient interactions affect the availability of these precursors in the brain, behaviour or stress resistance may be affected. PUFA, especially DHA, have an important role as structural constituents in brain development, and dietary supply ofn-3 andn-6 PUFA could modify aspects of the dopaminergic and serotonergic system and, consequently, cognitive performance and behaviour. Finally, persistent feeding motivation between meals can increase stereotyped behaviour and aggression and decrease resting time. This feeding motivation may be altered by dietary fibre content and source. At present, few studies have been conducted to evaluate the role of nutrition in canine (problem) behaviour through the above mentioned mechanisms. Studies that explore this relationship may help to improve the welfare of dogs and their owners.
Human settlement of Easter Island – a competing hypothesis
Authors: Cole Anthony , Flenley John
Published: October 2007

This paper draws on epistemology, theory, published data, hypothesis testing and synthesis to explore the predictive and explanatory power of a far-from-equilibrium interpretation of the history of human settlement on Rapa Nui. Our interpretation of the last 1500 years of human settlement on Rapa Nui provides an important competing hypothesis by which to test the explanatory power of earlier equilibrium interpretations of this history. Our evaluation of this competing hypothesis suggests that it provides, overall, a more satisfactory theory that has interesting implications for the goal of sustaining human civilisation.
Trehalose Enhances Transgene Expression Mediated by DNA‐PEI Complexes
Authors: Tseng Wen‐Chi , Tang Chien‐Hsiang , Fang Tsuei‐Yun , Su Ling‐Yu
Published: October 2007

Using enhancers to improve the transfection efficiency of polyethylenimine (PEI) can circumvent the needs of chemical modifications as well as subsequent purification and characterization of the modified PEI. In this study, we found that incorporating trehalose into the transfection reagent could improve the transgene expression mediated by DNA‐PEI complexes. Such enhancements were not observed when trehalose was replaced by other disaccharides. In an effort to explore the mechanisms, we examined how the timing of trehalose treatments and the durations of trehalose affected the percentages of cells expressing green fluorescent protein and the levels of intracellular ethidium monoazide labeled plasmid. Treatments with trehalose for 5–120 min prior to transfection could cause drops in transfection efficiency by 30–50%; such treatments, however, hardly affected the amounts of intracellular plasmid, indicating that the preexistence of intracellular trehalose could reduce transfection efficiency without lowering the endocytic activity. The transfection efficiency remained almost unchanged when the transfected cells were treated with trehalose after the removal of transfection reagents, indicating that trehalose had minimal effects on the machinery of protein synthesis. Despite the enhanced transgene expression, the presence of trehalose during transfection showed inhibitory effects on the internalization of DNA‐PEI complexes. Additionlly, the extent of enhancement in transgene expression strongly depended on the duration of trehalose. As the above observations suggested, only during the transfection process when complexes and trehalose coexisted, trehalose became an effective enhancer of transgene expression mediated by DNA‐PEI complexes possibly by affecting the mechanisms of intracellular trafficking.
Atmospheric mercury over the NE Pacific during spring 2002: Gradients, residence time, upper troposphere lower stratosphere loss, and long‐range transport
Authors: Radke L. F. , Friedli H. R. , Heikes B. G.
Published: October 2007

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was measured over the North Pacific and coastal California, Oregon and Washington in spring 2002 during the Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation Experiment–2002 (ITCT2K2). Observations were made from the NOAA WP3 on 11 flights which spanned an altitude range of 0–8 km and latitudes between 35 and 55°N. GEM was determined using a Tekran 2537A mercury instrument modified for airborne use to collect and analyze samples every 2.5 min under variable ambient temperature and pressure conditions. GEM concentrations were in general at the low end of previous measurements made over continents and in fresh continental outflow over the ocean. They showed (1) a significant vertical gradient in GEM between the lower sample altitudes and the upper altitudes, with median concentrations decreasing from 1.2 to 0.5 ng m−3; (2) GEM was depleted in upper troposphere lower stratospheric air and indicated this region is a sink for GEM; (3) GEM concentrations were ∼1/2 at the surface to ∼1/4 at midaltitudes of those observed immediately downwind of Asia during ACE‐Asia, however; (4) highest GEM concentrations (∼4 ng m−3) were found in plume layers at concentrations comparable to those observed off the Asian coast in ACE‐Asia; and (5) the observed variance in GEM suggested a lifetime on the order of 100 days, which was shorter than the previously accepted nominal lifetime of 1 year.
Iron supply to the western subarctic Pacific: Importance of iron export from the Sea of Okhotsk
Authors: Nishioka Jun , Ono Tsuneo , Saito Hiroaki , Nakatsuka Takeshi , Takeda Shigenobu , Yoshimura Takeshi , Suzuki Koji , Kuma Kenshi , Nakabayashi Shigeto , Tsumune Daisuke , Mitsudera Humio , Johnson W. Keith , Tsuda Atsushi
Published: October 2007

Iron is an essential nutrient and plays an important role in the control of phytoplankton growth (Martin et al., 1989). Atmospheric dust has been thought to be the most important source of iron, supporting annual biological production in the western subarctic Pacific (WSP) (Duce and Tindale, 1991; Moore et al., 2002). We argue here for another source of iron to the WSP. We found extremely high concentrations of dissolved and particulate iron in the Okhotsk Sea Intermediate Water (OSIW) and the North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW), and water ventilation processes in this region probably control the transport of iron through the intermediate water layer from the continental shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk to wide areas of the WSP. Additionally, our time series data in the Oyashio region of the WSP indicate that the pattern of seasonal changes in dissolved iron concentrations in the surface‐mixed layer was similar to that of macronutrients, and that deep vertical water mixing resulted in higher winter concentrations of iron in the surface water of this region. The estimated dissolved iron supply from the iron‐rich intermediate waters to the surface waters in the Oyashio region was comparable to or higher than the reported atmospheric dust iron input and thus a major source of iron to these regions. Our data suggest that the consideration of this source of iron is essential in our understanding of spring biological production and biogeochemical cycles in the western subarctic Pacific and the role of the marginal sea.
Increasing solar heating of the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas, 1979–2005: Attribution and role in the ice‐albedo feedback
Authors: Perovich Donald K. , Light Bonnie , Eicken Hajo , Jones Kathleen F. , Runciman Kay , Nghiem Son V.
Published: October 2007

Over the past few decades the Arctic sea ice cover has decreased in areal extent. This has altered the solar radiation forcing on the Arctic atmosphere‐ice‐ocean system by decreasing the surface albedo and allowing more solar heating of the upper ocean. This study addresses how the amount of solar energy absorbed in areas of open water in the Arctic Basin has varied spatially and temporally over the past few decades. A synthetic approach was taken, combining satellite‐derived ice concentrations, incident irradiances determined from reanalysis products, and field observations of ocean albedo over the Arctic Ocean and the adjacent seas. Results indicate an increase in the solar energy deposited in the upper ocean over the past few decades in 89% of the region studied. The largest increases in total yearly solar heat input, as much as 4% per year, occurred in the Chukchi Sea and adjacent areas.
Neutral photodissociation of superexcited states of molecular iodine
Authors: O’Keeffe P. , Stranges D. , Houston P. L.
Published: October 2007

The formation of high-n Rydberg atoms from the neutral dissociation of superexcited states of I2 formed by resonant two-photon excitation of molecular iodine using an ArF laser has been investigated. The high-n Rydberg atoms I* are formed by predissociation of the optically excited molecular Rydberg states I2*[R(BΣg+2)] converging on the I2+(BΣg+2) state of the ion. Measurement of the kinetic energy release of the Rydberg I* fragments allowed the identification of the asymptotic channels as I*[R(PJ3)]+I(P3∕22), where the I*[R(PJ3)] are Rydberg atoms converging on the I+(PJ3) states of the ion with J=2, 1, and 0. In the case of the I*[R(P23)] fragments, the average Rydberg lifetime is observed to be 325±25μs. Based on experiments on the variation of the Rydberg atom signal with the field ionizing strength, the distribution of Rydberg levels peaks at about 25–50cm−1 below the ionization limit.
Ambipolar charge transport in bulk heterojunction of poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene)∕C60 composite
Authors: Shi Quanmin , Hou Yanbing , Jin Hui , Li Yunbai
Published: October 2007

Using the time-of-flight technique (TOF), the influence of C60 concentrations on ambipolar charge transport in poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV)∕C60 composite has been investigated. Adding C60 to the blend increases both electron and hole mobilities, compared to the pristine polymer. In the pristine MEH-PPV, the mobility of electrons is below the measurable range. However, electron mobility (10−7 cm2 V−1 s−1) could be calculated when the weight ratio of C60: MEH-PPV increased to 1:18. The temperature and electric field dependence of mobility is analyzed in the disorder formalism. It is observed that above ∼290 K the slope of the electric field dependence of the electron mobility becomes negative. The occurrence of negative field dependence in composite samples is attributed to the large positional disorder (Σ=4).
Raman spectra and lattice dynamics of cubic gauche nitrogen
Authors: Caracas Razvan
Published: October 2007

The lattice dynamical properties of the cubic gauche phase of nitrogen are computed using density functional perturbation theory. The structure is found to be stable up to at least 250GPa. Based on the dynamical data we derive the thermodynamical properties. We also determine the Raman spectra with both peak position and intensity and find excellent agreement with the experimental data, with the A mode dominating the spectra at all pressures.
Growth of m-plane GaN quantum wires and quantum dots on m-plane 6H-SiC
Authors: Amstatt B. , Renard J. , Bougerol C. , Bellet-Amalric E. , Gayral B. , Daudin B.
Published: October 2007

Growth of m-plane GaN quantum nanostructures on an AlN buffer layer on m-plane SiC is investigated. GaN nanostructures with different shapes are obtained depending on the AlN buffer layer thickness and the amount of GaN deposited. For AlN buffer layer below 300nm, GaN quantum wires, elongated perpendicularly to the c axis, are obtained independently of the amount of GaN deposited. For buffer layer thickness above 300nm, and for an amount of GaN below (above) 5 ML (monolayer), GaN quantum dots (wires) are obtained. The difference in m-plane GaN morphology is related to the buffer layer stress state and to the anisotropic surface diffusion of m-plane GaN. Optical properties suggest an absence of internal quantum confined Stark effect.
Growth and structure of sputtered gallium nitride films
Authors: Yadav Brajesh S. , Major S. S. , Srinivasa R. S.
Published: October 2007

GaN films have been deposited by radio frequency sputtering of a GaAs target with pure nitrogen. The growth, composition, and structure of the films deposited on quartz substrates have been studied by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Films deposited below 300°C are amorphous and As rich. Above 300°C, polycrystalline, hexagonal GaN is formed, along with As rich amorphous phase, which reduces with increasing substrate temperature. At a substrate temperature of 700°C, GaN films, practically free of amorphous phase, and As (<0.5at.%) are formed. The preferred orientation depends strongly on the substrate temperature and is controlled by surface diffusion of adatoms during growth stage. Below 500°C, the surface diffusion between planes dominates and results in the (101¯1) preferred orientation. Above 500°C, the surface diffusion between grains takes over and results in (0002) preferred orientation.