bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isoxazol‐Nukleoside als Bausteine für eine plausible Proto‐RNA
Authors: Xu Felix , Crisp Antony , Schinkel Thea , Dubini Romeo C. A. , Hübner Sarah , Becker Sidney , Schelter Florian , Rovó Petra , Carell Thomas
Published: September 2022

Die Frage, wie sich die RNA als ein Träger der genetischen Information entwickelt hat, ist von grundlegender Bedeutung für unser Verständnis des Ursprungs des Lebens. Das RNA‐Molekül ist viel zu komplex, als das es in einem einzigen Evolutionsschritt hat entstehen können, was darauf hindeutet, dass es Proto‐RNAs (erste Vorläufer der RNA) gegeben haben könnte, die sich im Laufe der Zeit zu der heutigen RNA entwickelt haben. Hier zeigen wir, dass Isoxazol‐Nukleoside, die aus Hydroxylamin, Cyanoacetylen, Harnstoff und Ribose gebildet werden, plausible Vorläufer für RNA sind. Das Isoxazol‐Nukleosid kann sich innerhalb eines RNA‐Strangs zu Cytidin umlagern, was zu einer Erhöhung der Paarungsstabilität führt. Wenn die Proto‐RNA ein kanonisches seed‐Nukleosid mit definierter Stereochemie enthält, kann das seed‐Nukleosid die Konfiguration des anomeren Zentrums kontrollieren, das sich, während der in‐RNA‐Umwandlung bildet. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die RNA nach der Strangbildung aus evolutionär primitiven Vorläufern wie Isoxazol‐Ribosiden entwickelt haben könnte.
Multidimensional scholarly citations: Characterizing and understanding scholars' citation behaviors
Authors: Cui Yunxue , Wang Yongzhen , Liu Xiaozhong , Wang Xianwen , Zhang Xuhong
Published: September 2022

This study investigates scholars' citation behaviors from a fine‐grained perspective. Specifically, each scholarly citation is considered multidimensional rather than logically unidimensional (i.e., present or absent). Thirty million articles from PubMed were accessed for use in empirical research, in which a total of 15 interpretable features of scholarly citations were constructed and grouped into three main categories. Each category corresponds to one aspect of the reasons and motivations behind scholars' citation decision‐making during academic writing. Using about 500,000 pairs of actual and randomly generated scholarly citations, a series of Random Forest‐based classification experiments were conducted to quantitatively evaluate the correlation between each constructed citation feature and citation decisions made by scholars. Our experimental results indicate that citation proximity is the category most relevant to scholars' citation decision‐making, followed by citation authority and citation inertia. However, big‐name scholars whose h‐indexes rank among the top 1% exhibit a unique pattern of citation behaviors—their citation decision‐making correlates most closely with citation inertia, with the correlation nearly three times as strong as that of their ordinary counterparts. Hopefully, the empirical findings presented in this paper can bring us closer to characterizing and understanding the complex process of generating scholarly citations in academia.
Using marginal structural joint models to estimate the effect of a time‐varying treatment on recurrent events and survival: An application on arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Gregorio Caterina , Cappelletto Chiara , Romani Simona , Stolfo Davide , Merlo Marco , Barbati Giulia
Published: September 2022

In many clinical applications to evaluate the effect of a treatment, randomized control trials are difficult to carry out. On the other hand, clinical observational registries are often available and they contain longitudinal data regarding clinical parameters, drug therapies, and outcomes. In the past, much research has addressed causal methods to estimate treatment effects from observational studies. In the context of time‐varying treatments, marginal structural models are often used. However, most analyses have focused on binary outcomes or time‐to‐the‐first event analyses. The novelty of our approach is to combine the marginal structural methodology with the case where correlated recurrent events and survival are the outcomes of interest. Our work focuses on solving the nontrivial problem of defining the measures of effect, specifying the model for the time‐dependent weights and the model to estimate the outcome, implementing them, and finally estimating the final treatment effects in this life‐history setting. Our approach provides a strategy that allows obtaining treatment effect estimates both on the recurrent events and the survival with a clear causal and clinical interpretation. At the same time, the strategy we propose is based on flexible modeling choices such as the use of joint models to capture the correlation within events from the same subject and the specification of time‐dependent treatment effects. The clinical problem which motivated our work is the evaluation of the treatment effect of beta‐blockers in arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC/D), and the dataset comes from the Trieste Heart Muscle Disease Registry.
Cytotoxic ent‐Kaurane Diterpenoids from Rabdosia Rubescens
Authors: Wei Wen‐Jun , Zhu Bingqiang , Si Yanpo , Guo Tao , Kang Jihong , Dai Liping
Published: September 2022

One new (1) and 11 reported ent‐kaurane diterpenoids (2–12) were received from the ethanol extract of the air‐dried aerial parts of Rabdosia rubescens collected in Jiyuan. Their structures were determined in accordance with high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, one dimensional (1D) and two‐dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy and the data published in the literature. The cytotoxic activity of these isolated compounds was assessed against SMMC‐7721, A‐549, H‐1299 and SW‐480 cancer cell lines. Compounds 2–6 revealed significant cytotoxic activity on lung cancer cell lines A549 with IC50 values from 6.2 to 28.1 μM. Analysis of structure−activity relationship of these tested compounds indicated the carbonyl at C‐15 and hydroxy at C‐1 together could be crucial groups for inhibiting lung cancer cell lines A549 proliferation.
Transcriptional activation of hepcidin by the microphthalmia/transcription factor E family
Authors: Matsumura Manami , Murakami Masaru , Funaba Masayuki
Published: September 2022

Hepcidin negatively regulates the circulating iron levels by inhibiting the intestinal absorption of iron as well as iron release from macrophages. Hepcidin activity is largely determined by its expression, which is regulated at the transcriptional level. Hepcidin transcription is induced not only by the iron status‐related bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2/6, but also by inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)‐1β and IL‐6. The present study reveals that the microphthalmia (MiT)/transcription factor E (TFE) family members are novel regulators of hepcidin transcription. Melanocyte‐inducing transcription factor (MITF)‐A, a member of the MiT/TFE family, was identified as a positive regulator of hepcidin transcription via stimulus screening for transcription regulators. An E‐box (5′‐CATGTG‐3′) spanning nt‐645 to nt‐640 of the murine hepcidin promoter was identified as an MITF‐A‐responsive element. Responsiveness to MITF‐A on hepcidin transcription decreased when the cells were stimulated with BMP2 or IL‐1β. These results suggest a functional interaction between the MITF pathway and BMP‐ or IL‐1β‐mediated signaling. TFEB and TFE3, members of the MiT/TFE family, also stimulated hepcidin transcription, but the main region responsible for hepcidin transcription was distinct from that induced by MITF‐A. The region spanning nt‐581 to nt‐526 was involved in TFEB/TFE3‐mediated hepcidin transcription. Considering that members of the MiT/TFE family act as regulators of starvation‐induced lysosomal biogenesis, hepcidin expression may be controlled by additional pathways apart from those identified so far.
DNA‐Mediated Control of Protein Function in Semi‐Synthetic Systems
Authors: Snider Dylan M. , Pandit Subrata , Coffin Mackenzie L. , Ebrahimi Sasha B. , Samanta Devleena
Published: September 2022

The development of strategies for controlling protein function in a precise and predictable manner has the potential to revolutionize catalysis, diagnostics, and medicine. In this regard, the use of DNA has emerged as a powerful approach for modulating protein activity. The programmable nature of DNA allows for constructing sophisticated architectures wherein proteins can be placed with control over position, orientation, and stoichiometry. This ability is especially useful considering that the properties of proteins can be influenced by their local environment or their proximity to other functional molecules. Here, we chronicle the different strategies that have been developed to interface DNA with proteins in semi‐synthetic systems. We further delineate the unique applications unlocked by the unprecedented level of structural control that DNA affords. We end by outlining outstanding challenges in the area and discuss future research directions towards potential solutions.
Microkinetic Barriers of the Oxygen Evolution on the Oxides of Iridium, Ruthenium and their Binary Mixtures
Authors: Geppert Janis , Röse Philipp , Pauer Swantje , Krewer Ulrike
Published: September 2022

The performance of electrocatalytic water splitting in polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis is substantially determined by the microkinetic processes of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Even highly active catalysts such as the nanoparticulated transition metal oxides IrO2, RuO2 and their mixtures, IrxRu1−xO2, exhibit overpotentials up to several hundreds of millivolts. The surface of the oxide mixtures IrxRu1−xO2 is found to consist of actives sites of both Ir and Ru on which the OER mechanism is processed independently and at different overpotentials. By applying microkinetic modelling and parameterization via cyclic voltammograms we show that there is a correlation between performance and the relative Ir content, that can be explained by two different deprotonation steps. These are in particular the formation of the adsorbate species *OOH on rutile RuO2 and *OO on IrO2. The respective free reaction energies are quantified to 1.44 eV and 1.58 eV, which are the highest values of the process and thus determining the overpotential. The additional finding of adsorbed oxygen *O covering >40 % of the active sites during the OER suggests that subsequent water adsorption is the major performance limiting step. Finally, a synergetic effect between both active sites on the binary transition metal oxides is identified: the respective other metal lowers the potential determining reaction energy on the Ru or Ir active site. This insight into the surface processes on Ir and Ru binary oxides forms the basis for deeper understanding of the active sites for further OER catalyst development.
Optimised Ni3+/Ni2+ and Mn3+/Mn2+ Ratios in Nickel Manganese Layered Double Hydroxide for Boosting Oxygen and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Duraivel Malarkodi , Nagappan Saravanan , Park Kang Hyun , Prabakar Kandasamy
Published: September 2022

NiMn layered double hydroxide (LDH) grown hydrothermally on nickel foam substrate for water splitting application is reported. The Ni3+/Ni2+ and Mn3+/Mn2+ ratios are tuned to boost oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) active sites. The best‐optimized half‐cells with NiMn of 0.05 M (OER) and 0.025 M (HER) have the lowest overpotential, but a full‐cell fabricated from them has a higher cell voltage (1.68 V) than a symmetric cell made from 0.1 M NiMn LDH (1.56 V) at 10 mA cm−2. It is found that the best half cells made from NiMn of 0.05 M (OER) and 0.025 M (HER) have higher series and charge transfer resistance on the HER and OER side, respectively. The calculated specific activity and turnover frequency normalized by electrochemical active surface area also support the individual half‐cell electrode performance, such as 0.05 M (20.19 A g−1 and 0.69 s−1) and 0.025 M (−41.91 A g−1 and −1.53 s−1) at 550 and −150 mV for OER and HER, respectively. An H‐type cell constructed with an anion exchange membrane delivers robust stability even at a substantially higher current density of 200 mA cm−2 for over 56 hours with the highest Faradaic efficiency of 98.64 % at 1.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode in 1 M KOH.
A Single‐Pot Co‐Precipitation Synthesis Route for Ni‐Rich Layered Oxide Materials with High Cycling Stability
Authors: Pollen Harald Norrud , Tolchard Julian Richard , Svensson Ann Mari , Wagner Nils Peter
Published: September 2022

In this work we report variations of LiNi0.88Mn0.06Co0.06O2 synthesised through a single‐pot oxalic acid co‐precipitation route, in which all cation precursors were added in the same step. The effects of Al‐doping, heat‐treatment temperature and Li precursor excess were investigated with physicochemical and electrochemical characterisation. Phase pure and well‐ordered polycrystalline materials were successfully synthesised for all Al‐doped and undoped compositions. Undoped LiNi0.88Mn0.06Co0.06O2 prepared at 750 °C with 4 at% excess Li precursor showed excellent cycling stability in NMC||LTO cells with an initial capacity of 201 mAh/g at 0.1 C at 20 °C, and a capacity retention of 81 % after 415 cycles. The Al‐doped variations LiNi0.88Mn0.04Co0.06Al0.02O2 and LiNi0.88Mn0.06Co0.04Al0.02O2 were synthesised, and they showed similar initial electrochemical performance to undoped LiNi0.88Mn0.06Co0.06O2, but Al‐doping via the oxalic acid co‐precipitation route resulted in shorter cycle life. The study outlines the importance of the processing parameters to achieve Ni‐rich layered oxides with a long cycle life without further surface modifications.
Magnetic Hyperthermia Enhancement in Iron‐based Materials Driven by Carbon Support Interactions
Authors: Vizcaíno‐Anaya Lucía , Herreros‐Lucas Carlos , Vila‐Fungueiriño José M. , del Carmen Giménez‐López María
Published: September 2022

Magnetic hyperthermia (MH) shows great potential in clinical applications because of its very localized action and minimal side effects. Because of their high saturation magnetization values, reduced forms of iron are promising candidates for MH. However, they must be protected in order to overcome their toxicity and instability (i. e., oxidation) under biological conditions. In this work, a novel methodology for the protection of iron nanoparticles through confinement within graphitic carbon layers after thermal treatment of preformed nanoparticles supported on carbon is reported. We demonstrate that the size and composition of the nascent confined iron nanoparticles, as well as the thickness of their protective carbon layer can be controlled by selecting the nature of the carbon support. Our findings reveal that a higher nanoparticle–carbon interaction, mediated by the presence of oxygen‐containing groups, induces the formation of small and well‐protected α‐Fe‐based nanoparticles that exhibit promising results towards MH based on their enhanced specific absorption rate values.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Helicenes
Authors: Liu Wei , Qin Tianren , Xie Wansen , Yang Xiaoyu
Published: September 2022

Helicenes and helicene‐like molecules, usually containing multiple ortho‐fused aromatic rings, possess unique helical chirality. These compounds have found a wide range of important applications in many research fields, such as asymmetric catalysis, molecular recognition, sensors and responsive switches, circularly polarized luminescence materials and others. However, the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of helicenes was largely underexplored, when compared with the enantioselective synthesis of molecules bearing other stereogenic elements (e.g. central chirality and axial chirality). Since the pioneer work of asymmetric synthesis of helicenes via enantioselective [2+2+2] cycloaddition of triynes by Stará and Starý, last two decades have witnessed the tremendous development in the catalytic enantioselective synthesis of helicenes. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the advances in this field, which include methods enabled by both transition metal catalysis and organocatalysis, and provide our perspective on its future development.
Research on the mechanism of bed agglomeration and superheater fouling in CFB boiler fired pure petroleum coke
Authors: Liu Zhihong , Deng Boyu , Li Qingsong , Jin Yan , Liang Zuian , Yang Hairui , Zhang Man
Published: September 2022

Circulating fluidized bed combustion is an effective method for the clean and efficient utilization of high‐sulphur petroleum coke. In the actual production and operation process, there are serious problems of bed agglomeration and superheater fouling. The chemical and mineral compositions of the deposition were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), and the effects of CaO sulphation and V2O5 on bed agglomeration and superheater deposits were studied through targeted experiments. The research results show that the sulphation process of CaO is the cause of bed agglomeration, and the superheater fouling is the result of the combined action of K2SO4 condensation and CaO sulphation; V2O5 in petroleum coke ash catalyzes the oxidation reaction of SO2 to accelerate the sulphation of CaO, thereby accelerating the development of bed agglomeration and superheater fouling.
Ring‐Opening Polymerization of a Benzyl‐Protected Cyclic Ester towards Functional Aliphatic Polyester†
Authors: Yang Xing , Fan Hua‐Zhong , Cai Zhongzheng , Zhang Qi , Zhu Jian‐Bo
Published: September 2022

Comprehensive Summary

Monomer design strategy has become a powerful tool to access polymers with desired and diverse functionalities. Here, we designed a novel monomer 2‐((benzyloxy)methyl)‐1,4‐oxathiepan‐7‐one (BTO) via installing a benzyl ether side chain to the structure of 1,4‐oxathiepan‐7‐one (OTO). The ring‐opening polymerization of BTO with Zn1 as the catalyst demonstrated the characteristics of living polymerization with turnover frequency (TOF) up to 2520 h−1. With a [BTO]0/[Zn1]0/[I]0 feed ratio of 2000/2/1, polymer with high number‐average molecular weight (Mn = 536 kDa) and narrow dispersity (Ð = 1.06) was obtained. The produced polymer with a glass transition temperature of ‐17°C behaved as an elastomer at room temperature. Consequently, the monomer BTO was copolymerized with L‐LA to modulate the mechanical properties of P(L‐LA). When the BTO content is 10%, the copolymer exhibits excellent strength (24 MPa) and elongation at break (270%), affording a crystalline, hard, and tough plastic material that combines the high ductility of P(BTO) and the high modulus of P(L‐LA). In addition, the oxidation of P(BTO) to P(BTO)‐SO2 led to an improvement of Tg from ‐17°C to 38°C. Debenzylation of P(BTO)‐SO2 afforded P(BTO)‐SO2‐OH containing free hydroxyl groups. Ultimately, P(BTO) could be hydrolyzed under a base condition to recover the corresponding hydroxyl acid intermediate, which could be used to prepare the monomer again and complete the closed‐loop from monomer to polymer to monomer.
3D hierarchical architectures of CoSe2 nanoparticles embedded in rice‐derived hard carbon for advanced sodium storage
Authors: Lin Congjian , Zhang Jintao , Lim Yew Von , Yan Dong , Li Ke , Leong Zhi Yi , Vafakhah Sareh , Li Yifan , Silva Arlindo , Yang Hui Ying
Published: September 2022

A low‐cost and feasible method to fabricate three‐dimensional (3D) hierarchical composites composed of CoSe2 nanoparticles embedded in rice‐derived hard carbon (HC) interconnected with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is devised in this study. The deployment of CoSe2 in the elecrode has provided a very high rate capacity, which is crucial for sodium‐ion commercialization. The deployment of HC with CNTs further provides a 3D hierarchical structure effective in shortening the diffusion paths of both electrons and Na+ ions, offering abundance of active sodium storage sites. Consequently, the CoSe2 acted as an active material with the carbonaceous template, a commonly utilized sodium‐ion battery anode material, which exhibited a superior reversible capacity of 550 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1, outstanding rate performance (451 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1) and excellent cycling performance (~100% capacity retention over 2500 cycles at 20 A g−1 after electrochemical stabilization).
Electrophilicity of Hoveyda‐Grubbs Olefin Metathesis Catalysts as the Driving Force that Controls Initiation Rates
Authors: Martínez Juan Pablo , Trzaskowski Bartosz
Published: September 2022

The dissociative mechanism of initiation for a series of Hoveyda‐Grubbs type metathesis catalysts modified at the para and meta positions in the isopropoxybenzylidene ligand is investigated by means of DFT calculations. The electron donating/withdrawing capacity of the ligand was screened through the incorporation of various substituents such as halogens, nitro, alkoxides, ketones, esters, amines, and amides. Variations in structural parameters, energy barriers for the Ru−O bond dissociation, and Ru−O bond strength were examined as a function of the Hammett constant. It was found that electronic properties of the catalysts such as chemical potential, hardness, and electrophilicity correlate linearly with the dissociative energy barriers. These findings enable a systematic rationalization and prediction of rate of precatalyst initiation through the calculation of only the HOMO‐LUMO gap of catalysts, as the faster the initiation, the more electrophilic the catalyst.
Selective Degradation and Quantification of Nucleoporins in the Nuclear Pore by Auxin‐Inducible Degrons and Single‐Molecule Microscopy
Authors: Tingey Mark , Li Yichen , Yang Weidong
Published: September 2022

There is a significant current question regarding the viable copy numbers of nucleoporins required for the function of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in eukaryotic cells. The NPC consists of approximately 30 different nucleoporins in an eight‐fold symmetry, meaning that there are multiple duplicates of each nucleoporin present within the nuclear pore. We recently developed a method that combines auxin‐inducible degrons and single‐molecule super‐resolution microscopy to evaluate the copy number of nuclear basket nucleoporins required for the successful function of the NPC. Here, we describe the theory behind this auxin‐inducible degron and single‐molecule super‐resolution microscopy method, and we detail a step‐by‐step process to selectively degrade nucleoporins either completely or in a stepwise manner. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Degradation of target nucleoporins

Basic Protocol 2: Quantification of nucleoporin copy number via narrow‐field fluorescence microscopy
Effect of preparation design on marginal adaptation and fracture strength of ceramic occlusal veneers: A systematic review
Authors: Sirous Samin , Navadeh Arghavan , Ebrahimgol Saeedeh , Atri Faezeh
Published: September 2022

Objectives

This systematic review aims to investigate the effect of different preparation designs on the marginal fit and fracture strength of ceramic occlusal veneers.

Materials and Methods

Based on the PICO question and the search terms, an electronic search was performed in Google Scholar, PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Science Direct, Wiley, Ovid, and SAGE for articles published up to July 2022. After including English in vitro studies that evaluated posterior ceramic occlusal overlays at the posterior with ceramic restorations by following the PRISMA statement, the extracted data was tabulated. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated. Risk of bias assessment was done independently by two authors using the modified MINORS scale.

Results

About 3138 search results were screened, of which 22 were selected due to their titles. Twenty‐one full‐text articles were assessed for eligibility. Seventeen in‐vitro studies were finalized for the extraction of quantitative data. All 17 articles had a low risk of bias and were retained. The influencing items for evaluating the research were different in most studies; therefore, qualitative synthesis of the results was feasible. They generally included preparation design, material thickness, depth of preparation in the tooth, internal divergence angle, and finish line. Meta‐analysis was not done due to heterogeneity of preparation types and evaluation methods. Results revealed that fracture resistance of occlusal veneers is higher than normal mastication force, and it is sufficient to prepare the occlusal surface, use a self‐etching primer for bonding, and an acceptable minimum ceramic thickness. The marginal discrepancy of occlusal veneers is clinically acceptable. However, this systematic review faces some limitations due to the lack of in vivo studies, different preparation designs in included studies, different follow‐ups, and lack of comprehensive explanations in articles.

Conclusions

The preparation design of occlusal veneers influences both marginal adaptation and fracture resistance. Various preparation designs are proven to have clinically acceptable fracture strength and marginal adaptation.
Sustainability restatements, firm risk and controversial industries: Analysing the signals based on revision type
Authors: Martínez‐Ferrero Jennifer , Guidi Michele , García‐Meca Emma
Published: September 2022

This study analyses the relationship between sustainability reporting and firm risk by investigating the correlation between sustainability restatements and stock return volatility. Regression models, employed on a sample of 1580 sustainability reports by 353 European companies, evidence the risk relevance of restatement issuance. Investors interpret different signals, reacting with diverse feedbacks, based on the type of revision and whether the firm belongs to controversial industries or not. In general, restatements decrease firm risk when their purpose is to update reporting methodologies, while the opposite effect occurs when they amend errors and omissions. For companies operating in controversial industries, both types of sustainability restatement increase firm risk, with a stronger correlation when revisions redress errors or omissions. Given that sustainability reporting is still characterised by frequent standard and methodology updates, that often lead to the issuance of restatements, this study presents insights for companies and investors.
Wireless power transfer system with dual‐frequency operation in transmitter side for motor control application
Authors: Büyük Mehmet
Published: September 2022

In this paper, a transmitter‐side control method is proposed in inductive wireless power transfer (I‐WPT) model for the speed and power control of a single‐phase induction motor (SPIM). Resonant tanks with an electronic driving mechanism are used in the proposed configuration. The receiver side employs two resonant circuits with two full wave rectifiers, comparator, and two gate drivers for the management of the motor speed and power. The resonant circuits and electronic motor drive are presented through detailing the mathematical model and system design. In addition, a comparative section of the proposed model with the previous art is introduced to address the contributions of the paper. Moreover, a prototype model of the proposed topology has been created in simulation environment and tested in a variety of scenarios. The proposed I‐WPT model has a power rating of 140 W, whereas the SPIM has a power rating of 120 W. At full power operation, a 130 W power is supplied from the source during 118 W power consumption of SPIM, indicating that the system's efficiency is over 90%. The motor speed control has been tested by lowering the operation frequency of the motor terminal voltage from 60 to 40 Hz and from 40 to 20 Hz. The dynamic motor power has been also analyzed by reducing the load power from 100% to 70%. The findings reveal that the proposed transmitter‐side controlled I‐WPT system operates in a wide range of circumstances.
Gender voices in Afghanistan primary and secondary school English textbooks
Authors: Orfan Sayeed Naqibullah
Published: September 2022

Textbooks are one of the areas in which gender inequality is institutionalized effortlessly. The study investigated the representation of gender in primary and secondary English textbooks. A total of 14 categories of underrepresentation and misrepresentation were used to examine gender portrayal. The results show that women are significantly underrepresented whilst men are overrepresented in text and illustrations. Female names account for only 30.4% of names in textbooks. Male characters precede female characters in most coordinated phrases, and most of the dialogues are initiated by men. Masculine generic forms are used to refer to women and men including in the English translation of the Afghanistan National Anthem. Men are more frequently portrayed in a myriad of social roles than women are. Surprisingly, this pattern also holds true for domestic roles. Furthermore, little space is dedicated to female famous persons (e.g., scientists), and women constitute a tiny fraction of the main characters of articles and stories, most of which were about trivial matters (e.g., cooking). They are portrayed in a small number of activities, almost a quarter of which are house‐related tasks.
Early childhood stress responses to psychosocial stressors: The state of the science
Authors: Bates Randi A. , Militello Lisa , Barker Erin , Villasanti Hugo Gonzalez , Schmeer Kammi
Published: September 2022

The aim of this systematic review was to better understand whether and to what extent psychosocial stressors are associated with hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis or autonomic nervous system stress responses in young children (1–6 years of age). Studies were classified by psychosocial stressors from the ecobiodevelopmental model: social and economic resources, maternal mental health, parent–child relationships, and the physical environment. Of the 2388 identified studies, 32 met full inclusion criteria, including over 9107 children. Child physiologic stress responses were measured as hair and urinary cortisol and cortisone, salivary diurnal and reactive cortisol, salivary reactive alpha‐amylase, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia. There were 107 identified relations between psychosocial stressors and physiologic stress responses. Nearly two thirds of these relations suggested that children have dysregulated stress responses as either significantly blunted (n = 27) or increased (n = 37); 43 relations were not significant. Children most consistently had significantly dysregulated stress responses if they experienced postnatal maternal depression or anxiety. Some reasons for the mixed findings may be related to characteristics of the child (i.e., moderators) or stressor, how the stress response or psychosocial stressor was measured, unmeasured variables (e.g., caregiving buffering), researcher degrees of freedom, or publication bias.
Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé Multicomponent Reaction Catalysed by Reusable Brønsted‐Acidic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Anjos Nicolas S. , Chapina Agáta I. , Santos Ana R. , Licence Peter , Longo Luiz S.
Published: September 2022

In the present work, the use of Brønsted acidic ionic liquids (BAIL) as catalysts for Groebke‐Blackburn‐Bienaymé (GBB) multicomponent reactions was systematically investigated. A series of four 1‐(butyl‐4‐sulfonic)‐3‐methylimidazolium salts bearing different anions was easily prepared and screened as acidic catalysts for this transformation. The best reaction conditions were stablished as 20 mol % of catalyst [(SO3H)4C4C1Im][OTf] in refluxing EtOH or MeOH under conventional heating and in sealed tube at 150 °C for 1–4 hours under microwave heating, affording a series of imidazo‐fused heterocycles in moderate to excellent yields (42–93 %). The homogeneous BAIL catalyst could be recycled and reused in four consecutive reaction cycles, despite of a laborious recovery procedure employed. This approach represents the first example of a task‐specific reusable homogeneous Brønsted acidic catalyst in GBB reactions and opens new opportunities for the exploration of acidic ionic liquid phases as catalysts for this fascinating multicomponent reaction.
Second Generation Self‐Assembling Dendrimer Combining Supramolecular and Dynamic Covalent Chemistry
Authors: Wetzel Darte , Lüning Ulrich
Published: September 2022

A monodisperse second generation self‐assembled dendrimer has been obtained combining supramolecular chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry as orthogonal binding moieties. A branching unit 18 and a core 5 were connected via a heteroleptic terpyridine zinc complex exploiting the sterical hindrance of mesitylene units in the 6,6’’‐position of one of the terpyridines as the distinction between the ligands. Solubility problems could be solved by introduction of an ethylhexyl ether. The final sphere of the dendrimer was connected via imines, hydrazones and oximes, whereby the oxime made from O‐methylhydroxylamine (22) led to a complete turnover of all aldehyde functions. Furthermore, no amine signal was left and also no signals for a diffusion constant of the hydroxylamine 22 were observed. The successful formation of the dendrimers was analyzed by 1H NMR and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore both, the first and second generation dendrimers could be detected by ESI HRMS.
A database for sea‐level monitoring in French Polynesia
Authors: Barriot Jean‐Pierre , Zhang Fangzhao , Ducarme Bernard , Wöppelmann Guy , André Gaël , Gabillon Alban
Published: September 2022

This article presents a curated database of the sea‐level measurements acquired by the network of the five geodetic tide gauges managed over French Polynesia by the Geodesy Observatory of Tahiti from 13 June 2009 to 28 January 2021. A unique feature of this database, with respect to previous databases that host the same raw data, like the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission database (IOC, www.ioc‐sealevelmonitoring.org) and the database of ‘Réseaux de référence des observations marégraphiques’ (REFMAR, http://refmar.shom.fr) is that all the time‐tags of the raw measurements (1‐ or 2‐min sampling) have been validated and, if necessary, corrected with a precision of 2 min (time shifts of up to 1 hr can be present in the raw data). Possible outliers have also been flagged, but not removed. In addition, smoothed hourly data are also provided, along with tidal analysis results and estimations of the sea‐level trends for the five tide gauges, with respect to their local geodetic datum. The database, entitled ‘SEA LEVEL collected from TIDE STATIONS in South Pacific Ocean from 2009‐06‐13 to 2021‐01‐28’, can be accessed on the NOAA data servers as ‘NCEI Accession 0244182’ and contains two subsets: The first one is relative to the original sampling rate and the second one is relative to an hourly re‐sampling with harmonic tide models for each tide gauge station.
Gray and white matter astrocytes differ in basal metabolism but respond similarly to neuronal activity
Authors: Köhler Susanne , Winkler Ulrike , Junge Tabea , Lippmann Kristina , Eilers Jens , Hirrlinger Johannes
Published: September 2022

Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of glial cells in the brain, which adapt their properties to the requirements of the local environment. Two major groups of astrocytes are protoplasmic astrocytes residing in gray matter as well as fibrous astrocytes of white matter. Here, we compared the energy metabolism of astrocytes in the cortex and corpus callosum as representative gray matter and white matter regions, in acute brain slices taking advantage of genetically encoded fluorescent nanosensors for the NADH/NAD+ redox ratio and for ATP. Astrocytes of the corpus callosum presented a more reduced basal NADH/NAD+ redox ratio, and a lower cytosolic concentration of ATP compared to cortical astrocytes. In cortical astrocytes, the neurotransmitter glutamate and increased extracellular concentrations of K+, typical correlates of neuronal activity, induced a more reduced NADH/NAD+ redox ratio. While application of glutamate decreased [ATP], K+ as well as the combination of glutamate and K+ resulted in an increase of ATP levels. Strikingly, a very similar regulation of metabolism by K+ and glutamate was observed in astrocytes in the corpus callosum. Finally, strong intrinsic neuronal activity provoked by application of bicuculline and withdrawal of Mg2+ caused a shift of the NADH/NAD+ redox ratio to a more reduced state as well as a slight reduction of [ATP] in gray and white matter astrocytes. In summary, the metabolism of astrocytes in cortex and corpus callosum shows distinct basal properties, but qualitatively similar responses to neuronal activity, probably reflecting the different environment and requirements of these brain regions.
Single‐cell transcriptomics uncovers cellular architecture and developmental trajectories in hepatoblastoma
Authors: Huang Hongting , Wu Liang , Lu Li , Zhang Zijie , Qiu Bijun , Mo Jialin , Luo Yi , Xi Zhifeng , Feng Mingxuan , Wan Ping , Zhu Jianjun , Yu Dingye , Wu Wei , Tan Kezhe , Liu Jiangbin , Sheng Qingfeng , Xu Ting , Huang Jinyan , Lv Zhibao , Tang Yujie , Xia Qiang
Published: September 2022

Background and Aims:

Hepatoblastoma (HB) is the predominant type of childhood liver cancer. Treatment options for the clinically advanced HB remain limited. We aimed to dissect the cellular and molecular basis underlying HB oncogenesis and heterogeneity at the single‐cell level, which could facilitate a better understanding of HB at both the biological and clinical levels.

Approach and Results:

Single‐cell transcriptome profiling of tumor and paired distal liver tissue samples from five patients with HB was performed. Deconvolution analysis was used for integrating the single‐cell transcriptomic profiles with the bulk transcriptomes of our HB cohort of post–neoadjuvant chemotherapy tumor samples. A single‐cell transcriptomic landscape of early human liver parenchymal development was established for exploring the cellular root and hierarchy of HB oncogenesis. As a result, seven distinct tumor cell subpopulations were annotated, and an effective HB subtyping method was established based on their compositions. A HB tumor cell hierarchy was further revealed to not only fit with the classical cancer stem cell (CSC) model but also mirror the early human liver parenchymal development. Moreover, FACT inhibition, which could disrupt the oncogenic positive feedback loop between MYC and SSRP1 in HB, was identified as a promising epigenetic‐targeted therapeutic strategy against the CSC‐like HB1–Pro‐like1 subpopulation and its related high‐risk “Pro‐like1” subtype of HB.

Conclusions:

Our findings illustrate the cellular architecture and developmental trajectories of HB via integrative bulk and single‐cell transcriptome analyses, thus establishing a resourceful framework for the development of targeted diagnostics and therapeutics in the future.
Combination of Doppler measurements with amniotic fluid volume for the prediction of perinatal outcomes in fetal growth restriction
Authors: Besimoglu Berhan , Uyan Hendem Derya , Atalay Ayşegül , Göncü Ayhan Şule , Sınacı Selcan , Tanaçan Atakan , Şahin Dilek
Published: September 2022

Objectives

We aimed to evaluate a new ratio of amniotic fluid volume (AFV) to Doppler measurements, and compare its association with adverse perinatal outcomes (APOs) in fetal growth restriction (FGR).

Methods

This prospective study included pregnant women with singleton fetal growth–restricted fetuses. Each participant underwent a detailed ultrasonographic examination. Uterine artery pulsatility index, umbilical artery pulsatility index (UA PI), middle cerebral artery pulsatility index (MCA PI), cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), and umbilical‐to‐cerebral ratio (UCR) were calculated, and the single deepest pocket (SDP) technique was used to estimate AFV. Amniotic‐umbilical‐to‐cerebral ratio (AUCR) was calculated as the ratio of SDP to UCR: AUCR = SDP / (UA PI/MCA PI). APO was defined as umbilical venous cord blood pH <7.10, 5‐minute APGAR score <7, and neonatal intensive care unit admission.

Results

We compared the fetal ultrasonographic and demographic features between the APO and the non‐APO groups. The mean UA PI and UCR were significantly higher in the APO group. The mean SDP, CPR, and AUCR were significantly lower in the APO group. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated the highest area under the curve value (0.882; P < 0.001) for AUCR to APOs.

Conclusion

The current study suggests that AUCR is the best predictor for APOs in FGR.
Way of love and after‐marriage well‐being: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Bowen , Zhou Cai , Luo Ji
Published: September 2022

Based on 2010 China Family Panel Studies, we use Ordered Probit, Instrumental Variables, and Conditional Mixed Process to analyze the effect of different ways of love on after‐marriage well‐being. The findings are: (i) Compared with arranged marriage, free love can significantly increase the well‐being of married residents. (ii) In heterogeneity analysis, the promotion effect of free love on well‐being is more obvious among the couples 2 years after marriage, residents with positive personal values, the post‐80s, and rural areas. (iii) In mechanism analysis, married residents who met through free love will significantly enhance their ability to get along with others, increase their intimacy with their spouses, improve family harmony, and reduce their emphasis on family succession, thus further enhancing their well‐being.
Too smoggy for kids to go to school? Air quality and preschool enrollments in Chinese cities
Authors: Zhang Wei
Published: September 2022

Education outcomes of children may be influenced by many factors, including exposure to air pollution. This study examines whether air quality affects school enrollments. Different from the contemporaneous consequences of exposure to pollution, school enrollments are annual decisions and arguably more correlated with human capital accumulation than absences or exam scores. Our estimates suggest that increases in the number of days with low visibility are associated with reductions in preschool enrollments. Keeping children from enrolling in preschools is a pollution avoidance behavior currently undocumented in the literature. Our findings are robust to alternative enrollment and air quality measures.
Competing farm programs: Does the introduction of a risk management program reduce the enrollment in the Conservation Reserve Program?
Authors: Yu Jisang , Goodrich Brittney , Graven Atticus
Published: September 2022

Government‐supported farm programs can provide farm operators with different economic incentives regarding the use of their land. We study two US farm programs relevant to hay and pastureland, the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) and Pasture, Rangeland, and Forage (PRF) Index Insurance. Using county‐level enrollment and availability data, we find that the introduction of PRF reduces enrollment in CRP. This interaction potentially returns environmentally sensitive farmland back into production. We also document the heterogeneity of the effects over time and the dynamic effects across the length of exposure.
Importance of diet in amphibian metamorphosis‐based studies designed to assess the risk of thyroid active substances
Authors: Fort Douglas J. , Leopold M. Annegaaike , Wolf Jeffrey C. , Todhunter Kevin J. , Weterings Peter J. J. M.
Published: September 2022

The present study evaluated the hypothesis that dietary quality used in historical studies may impact the effects of chemical stressors on premetamorphic development and metamorphosis due to suboptimal nutritional quality. A modified Amphibian Metamorphosis Assay (AMA) was performed in which Nieuwkoop and Faber (NF) Stage 47 tadpoles of Xenopus laevis were exposed for 32 days to iodide (I−)‐deficient FETAX solution supplemented with <0.025, 0.17, 0.52, 1.58, and 4.80 μg I−/L (measured concentrations 0.061, 0.220, 0.614, 1.65, and 4.73 μg I−/L) and fed a pureed Frog Brittle (FB) diet. An AMA guideline benchmark group (four replicates) exposed to dechlorinated tap water and fed standard Sera Micron Nature® (SMN) diet was evaluated concurrently. Developmental delay, observed as changes in stage distribution or median developmental stage, occurred in FB treatments with 0.061, 0.220, and 0.614 μg/L I−, respectively. Developmental rates and hind limb length of the 1.65 and 4.73 μg/L I− groups were similar to each other, but both treatments fell short of the developmental rate achieved by the SMN benchmark. Iodide supplementation also had no impact on nonthyroidal growth endpoints, which were markedly reduced in FB‐fed frogs compared with their SMN‐fed counterparts. All larvae that received the FB diet had mildly to severely hypoplastic/atrophic thyroids, a condition for which iodine supplementation had little if any ameliorative effect. Collectively, these results suggested that nutritional deficiencies in the FB diet negatively affected both growth and metamorphic development, the latter of which was only compensated to a limited extent by iodine supplementation.
Imaging Parhyale hawaiensis embryogenesis with frequency domain photoacoustic microscopy: A novel tool in developmental biology
Authors: Tserevelakis George J. , Velentza Sofia , Liaskas Ioannis , Archontidis Themis , Pavlopoulos Anastasios , Zacharakis Giannis
Published: September 2022

We present the application of a low‐cost frequency domain photoacoustic (FDPA) microscope for the label‐free imaging of live developing embryos of the crustacean model organism Parhyale hawaiensis. By modulating the intensity of a continuous wave laser source at 9.5 MHz, we achieve the excitation of monochromatic PA waves, which are detected to provide amplitude and phase recordings. The data are subsequently processed to generate accurate maximum amplitude projection and surface reconstructions, delineating the morphological features of the embryos with high resolution and contrast. The findings of this study pave the way for the broader adoption of inexpensive PA diagnostic techniques in developmental biology, shedding light on various fundamental processes in established and emerging model organisms.
Design of new hydrolyzed collagen‐modified magnetic nanoparticles to capture pathogens
Authors: Sande Maria G. , Roque Lúcia , Braga Adelaide , Marques Márcia , Ferreira Débora , Saragliadis Athanasios , Rodrigues Joana L. , Linke Dirk , Ramada David , Silva Carla , Rodrigues Lígia R.
Published: September 2022

Enrichment and diagnosis tools for pathogens currently available are time consuming, thus the development of fast and highly sensitive alternatives is desirable. In this study, a novel approach was described that enables selective capture of bacteria expressing hydrolyzed collagen‐binding adhesins with hydrolyzed collagen‐coated magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). This platform could be useful to shorten the time needed to confirm the presence of a bacterial infection. MNPs were synthesized by a simple two‐step approach through a green co‐precipitation method using water as solvent. These MNPs were specifically designed to interact with pathogenic bacteria by establishing a hydrolyzed collagen‐adhesin linker. The bacterial capture efficacy of hydrolyzed collagen MNPs (H‐Coll@MNPs) for bacteria expressing collagen binding adhesins was 1.3 times higher than that of arginine MNPs (Arg@MNPs), herein used as control. More importantly, after optimization of the MNP concentration and contact time, the H‐Coll@MNPs were able to capture 95% of bacteria present in the samples. More importantly, the bacteria can be enriched within 30 min and the time for bacterial identification is effectively shortened in comparison to the “gold standard” in clinical diagnosis. These results suggest that H‐Coll@MNPs can be used for the selective isolation of specific bacteria from mixed populations present, for example, in biological samples.