bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid quantitative analysis of letrozole, fluoxetine and their metabolites in biological and environmental samples by MEKC
Authors: Rodríguez‐Flores Juana , Salcedo Ana Maria Contento , Fernández Lorena Muñoz
Published: January 2009

A micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method has been developed to analyze biological (human serum, saliva and urine) and environmental samples (three different water samples) for letrozole (LE), fluoxetine and their main metabolites. For this purpose a 20 mM borate buffer (pH 9.5) containing 20 mM SDS and 12% v:v 2‐propanol was used as the background electrolyte. The samples were hydrodinamically injected for 6 s, separated in a fused‐silica capillary at 25 kV and 50°C and detected at 230 nm. Under these conditions, the migration times for all the studied compounds ranged from 3.0 up to 8.0 min. Linearity ranges were determined as 125–1500 ng/mL, whereas detection limits were from 37 to 120 ng/mL in biological samples and a value of 6 ng/mL in water samples. According to the validation study, the developed method was proved to be accurate, precise, sensitive, specific, rugged and robust. This method was applied to the analysis of different biological fluids at clinical levels, including two urine samples from patients undergoing treatment with LE or fluoxetine, and also to environmental samples at potentially polluting level. Prior to the determination, the samples were purified and pre‐concentrated by means of an extraction–preconcentration step with a C18cartridge and by eluting the compounds with methanol.
Schisanhenones A and B, Two Metabolites of Schisanhenol in Rats
Authors: Ma Xiaolin , Lu Yan , Chen Daofeng
Published: January 2009

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Schisanhenones A (2) and B (3), two new metabolites of schisanhenol (1), were isolated from the feces of rats administered orally with 1. Their structures and configurations were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 2D‐NMR techniques.
Protolimonoids and Limonoids from the Chinese Mangrove Plant Xylocarpus granatum
Authors: Cui Jianxin , Deng Zhiwei , Xu Minjuan , Proksch Peter , Li Qingshan , Lin Wenhan
Published: January 2009

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The phytochemical examination of the fruits of a Chinese mangrove plant Xylocarpus granatum led to the isolation of five new protolimonoids, protoxylocarpins A–E (1–5, resp.), and two new limonoids xylocarpins J and K (6 and 7, resp.), together with xyloccensins M and Y (9 and 10, resp.). Their structures were determined on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data analysis. The cytotoxic activity of the isolated compounds against tumor cell‐lines HCT‐8, Bel‐7402, BGC‐823, and A2780 were evaluated.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 5‐Substituted 1H‐Tetrazoles from Aryl Bromides with Potassium Hexakis(cyano‐κC)ferrate(4−) (K4[Fe(CN)6]) as Cyanide Source
Authors: Zhu Yizhong , Ren Yiming , Cai Chun
Published: January 2009

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A one‐pot procedure for the synthesis of 5‐substituted 1H‐tetrazoles through the three‐component reaction between an aryl bromide, potassium hexakis(cyano‐κC)ferrate(4−) (K4[Fe(CN)6]) and NaN3 catalyzed by [Pd(OAc)2] and ZnBr2 in the presence of 1,4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (dabco) was developed. Furthermore, the reaction occurred under nonacidic conditions and involved a nontoxic cyanide source, making this method a quite attractive one.
Structural Diversity in Thallium Chemistry. Part VI
Authors: Linden Anthony , Petridis Alexander , James Bruce D.
Published: January 2009

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New bromothallate(III) complexes have been synthesized using eleven organoammonium cations related to others employed previously. The crystal structure determinations of eight of these have been performed. The diethylenetriammonium cation yields the first compound containing [TlBr6]3− as the only anionic species, while the N,N,N′,N″,N″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriammonium cation gave a mixed salt containing discrete [TlBr4]− and Br− ions, in which the [TlBr4]− unit does not participate in hydrogen bonding. In the pyrazolinium mixed salt, both the [TlBr4]− and Br− ions are hydrogen‐bonded to cations and disposed in an arrangement similar to a [Tl2Br9]3− unit. The triethylenediammonium dication gives a compound in which a highly distorted trigonal bipyramidal [TlBr5]2− system is present, while the 1‐benzylpiperazinium compound also shows a very weak [TlBr4]− and Br− interaction. Six other monovalent cations provided [TlBr4]− derivatives that were characterized either crystallographically or via their Raman spectra. In a comprehensive structural summary, the various interactions between cations and bromothallate(III) anionic groupings, giving rise to the structural diversity described in this and previous reports, are discussed in terms of the cation charge, quaternization and steric influence, NH⋅⋅⋅Br hydrogen bonding, and secondary bonds present in the compounds.
An engineering, multiscale constitutive model for fiber‐forming collagen in tension
Authors: Annovazzi Lorella , Genna Francesco
Published: January 2009

This work proposes a nonlinear constitutive model for a single collagen fiber. Fiber‐forming collagen can exhibit different hierarchies of basic units, called fascicles, bundles, fibrils, microfibrils, and so forth, down to the molecular (tropocollagen) level. Exploiting the fact that at each hierarchy level the microstructure can be seen, at least approximately, as that of a wavy, or crimped, extensible cable, the proposed stress–strain model considers a given number of levels, each of which contributes to the overall mechanical behavior according to its own geometrical features (crimp, or waviness), as well as to the basic mechanical properties of the tropocollagen. The crimp features at all levels are assumed to be random variables, whose statistical integration furnishes a stress–strain curve for a collagen fiber. The soundness of this model—the first, to the Authors' knowledge, to treat a single collagen fiber as a microstructured nonlinear structural element—is checked by its application to collagen fibers for which experimental results are available: rat tail tendon, periodontal ligament, and engineered ones. Here, no attempt is made to obtain a stress–strain law for generic collagenous tissues, which exhibit specific features, often much more complex than those of a single fiber. However, it is trivial to observe that the availability of a sound, microstructurally based constitutive law for a single collagen fiber (but applicable at any sub‐level, or to any other material with a similar microstructure) is essential for assembling complex constitutive models for any collagenous fibrous tissue. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Electrostatic surface charge acceleration of bone ingrowth of porous hydroxyapatite/β‐tricalcium phosphate ceramics
Authors: Nakamura Satoshi , Kobayashi Takayuki , Nakamura Miho , Itoh Soichiro , Yamashita Kimihiro
Published: January 2009

Bone ingrowth enhancement by the surface induced charges of the electrically polarized hydroxyapatite (HA)/β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) ceramics was histologically investigated to clarify the early stage events of ossification. The HA/β‐TCP specimens with a relatively low porosity of 45% for bone ingrowth were polarized in a dc electric field at 400°C for 1 h. The large preserved charges of 8 μC cm−2 significantly promoted the bone ingrowth process of the porous ceramics implanted in femoral diaphyses of New Zealand white rabbits. The bone formation in the pores of the polarized HA/β‐TCP specimens was observed within 1 week after surgery. The bone occupancy of the polarized HA/β‐TCP pores reached more than 90% at as early as 2 weeks and significantly higher than that of the nonpolarized. The electrical polarization was proved to be effective for bone penetration improvement of low porosity ceramics. The electrically polarized HA/β‐TCP bone grafts with a lower porosity and a higher mechanical strength combined high osteoconductivity generated by the induced surface charges. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Characterization of aluminum species with nitrate, perchlorate and sulfate ions in the positive and negative ion mode by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Urabe Tatsuya , Tsugoshi Takahisa , Tanaka Miho
Published: January 2009

The application of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) for aluminum speciation in the positive and negative ion modes was discussed. Aluminum nitrate, perchlorate and sulfate solutions were measured by ESI‐MS. In the positive ion mode, aluminum species containing anions (Al‐L; L = NO3, ClO4 and SO4) were identified, while [Al(OH)2(H2O)n]+ (n = 2–4) were the main species. The affinity of the anions with Al3+ estimated by ESI‐MS was consistent with the hardness of the anions (hard and soft acids and bases principle) and the results from 27Al nuclear magnetic resonance studies. This indicates that the results observed from the positive ion mode preserved the chemical state of aluminum in the solution. In the negative ion mode, [Al(OH)4−nLn]− (n = 0–2, L = NO3, ClO4) were the main species, which were considered to be converted from positive aluminum species, [Al(OH)(H2O)n]+ (n = 2–4), by the successive addition of anions. Anions did not only attach to one aluminum ion but also bridged two aluminum ions. In Al2(SO4)3 solution, the behavior of SO42− in the negative ion mode differed from that of NO3− and ClO4−. This may reflect the affinity of SO42− with Al3+ in the solution or in the mass spectrometer or in both. Finally, detection mechanisms for the aluminum species in the solution are proposed for both the positive and negative ion modes. It is shown that ESI‐MS can be used to observe the interaction between Al3+ and anions. We show the importance of the interpretation of the results by ESI‐MS for obtaining new information of the metal species in the solution. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inquiry unplugged: building on Hackman's potential perils of POB
Authors: Luthans Fred , Avolio Bruce J.
Published: January 2009

In this rejoinder to Hackman's counterpoint piece on positive organizational behavior (POB), we again take a positive, inquiry approach. We address and build out each of his identified potential perils with the aim of accelerating the journey of POB understanding, research, and application. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State or trait: effects of state optimism on job‐related outcomes
Authors: Kluemper Donald H. , Little Laura M. , DeGroot Timothy
Published: January 2009

State optimism was hypothesized to be significantly related to six organizationally relevant outcomes above and beyond the effect of trait optimism. Moreover, state optimism was hypothesized to have effects on these six outcomes beyond the effects of positive and negative affect. Conversely, trait optimism was expected to be unrelated to the six outcome variables when controlling for state optimism as well as when controlling for affect. These hypotheses were tested with two samples. First, 772 undergraduate students were assessed to determine the impact of state versus trait optimism on task performance in the form of course grade. From this sample, the 261 students working at least 20 hours per week were similarly assessed with regard to work related distress, burnout, affective commitment, and job satisfaction. Then, a field sample of 106 employees assessed distress, burnout, affective commitment, job satisfaction, and supervisor rated task and contextual job performance. Results indicate state optimism (but not trait optimism) is a potentially powerful indicator of important organizational outcomes, even after controlling for the effects of positive and negative affect. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Red Light‐Emitting Fluorene‐alt‐Carbazole Copolymers with Carbazole N‐Graft Cyclometalated Ir Complexes
Authors: Ying Lei , Zou Jianhua , Yang Wei , Wu Hongbin , Zhang Anqi , Wu Zhonglian , Cao Yong
Published: January 2009

A series of electrophosphorescent fluorene‐alt‐carbazole copolymers are synthesized by Suzuki polycondensation. A β‐diketone‐terminated alkyl chain grafted to the N‐position of carbazole serves as a ligand to form a pendant cyclometalated Ir complex with 10‐methyl‐dibenzo[a,c]phenazine (Mpq), 2,3‐diphenylquinoxaline (Bpq), and 1‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)isoquinoline (Biq), respectively. The emission of the device of PFCzIrBiq peaked at 715 and 790 nm, which is among the deepest red emissions reported so far. The well‐achieved device performances could be attributed to a combination of a higher triplet energy and suitable HOMO/LUMO energy levels which can assure efficient charge injection as a result of the incorporation of a 3,6‐carbazole unit into a polyfluorene backbone.

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Corporate governance and firm efficiency: evidence from China's publicly listed firms
Authors: Lin Chen , Ma Yue , Su Dongwei
Published: January 2009

The above article (DOI: 10.1002/mde.1447) was published online in Early View on 29 October 2008. Printing errors were subsequently identified in the article.

Page 1: There should be no affiliation ‘d’

Page 1: Affiliation ‘a’ should read: ‘Department of Economics and Finance, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong’.

Page 14, ‘Acknowledgements’: The ‘Acknowledgements’ should read:

We thank two anonymous referees, Sanford Berg, Joel Houston, Guohua Jiang, Alan Stent, Lihui Tian, Tracy Wang, and participants at the Fifth Annual China Economic Conference, the Sixth Annual International Conference on Financial Engineering, and the Journal of Banking and Finance 30th Anniversary International Conference for their helpful comments and suggestions. The financial support from Lingnan University (DR07B2) and the RGC of Hong Kong SAR Government (No. LU3110/03H) is gratefully acknowledged. Su also wishes to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 70572065), the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 200403), the Guandong Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities (Grant No. 04JDXM79001 and 07JDTDXM79005) and the Innovative Research Team Project of Jinan University (Grant No. 04SK2D03). However, we are responsible for all remaining errors of this paper.
Evaluation of the Initial Stages of Gas‐Phase Ethylene Polymerizations with a SiO2‐Supported Ziegler–Natta Catalyst
Authors: Machado Fabricio , Lima Enrique Luis , Pinto José Carlos , McKenna Timothy F.
Published: January 2009

The very early stages of gas‐phase ethylene polymerization on an SiO2‐supported Ziegler–Natta catalyst were studied with the help of a short‐stop reactor. The short‐stop‐reactor‐based technique was useful in studying nascent polymerization, providing insights at very short, controlled times into important phenomena regarding catalyst fragmentation and the activation and deactivation of catalyst sites that take place during the very early stages of the reaction. Experimental results indicate that the growth of the polymer chains occurs at unsteady conditions during the initial stages of the polymerization. Hydrogen has a strong influence on the initial kinetics, leading to a significant decrease of polymerization activity. Polymer crystallinity increases with the reaction time, probably due to the formation of long chains with a high degree of crystallinity.

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The relationship between NGOS and businesses in the public arena: An empirical analysis for Spain
Authors: Valor Carmen , Merino Amparo
Published: January 2009

At the beginning of this century, corporate social responsibility was included in the public agenda. In certain countries, policy‐making takes place in semi‐public forums, in which NGOs are asked to participate. However, a different situation may be found in other countries. This paper analyses the relationship between businesses and NGOs in the public arena in Spain. By applying grounded theory, the authors summarize this relationship in the dynamics of approach‐withdrawal. Firms have pushed to withdraw Advocacy NGOs from public forums, whose main purpose was policy‐making. The explicit argument to justify this collective decision is the lack of foundational legitimacy of NGOs. Firms understand that these NGOs are not legitimized to be a counterbalancing force of corporations.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Issue management as a post‐crisis discipline: identifying and responding to issue impacts beyond the crisis
Authors: Jaques Tony
Published: January 2009

While there is a prolific literature on processes for organizational crisis management, and extensive scholarship on response methodologies such as apologia, image restoration and immediate post‐crisis discourse, little has been written about the longer term post‐crisis challenge beyond recovery, business resumption and organizational learning.

Crises can lead to persistent and damaging issues, but there has been limited substantive research to illuminate the optimal processes to navigate the transition from crisis to issue. Moreover, if organizations remain in conventional post‐crisis mode there is a real risk of failure to put in place proper processes for longer term management of post‐crisis issues.

After considering linear and non‐linear process models, and the development of a more holistic, integrated approach to issue and crisis management, this article proposes issue management as the most effective practical discipline to identify and respond to longer term post‐crisis impacts.

Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of morphology and miscibility of isotactic polypropylene, ethylene‐butene copolymer and chlorinated polyolefin blends via LSCFM, SEM, WAXD, and DMA
Authors: Deng Kangqing , Felorzabihi Neda , Winnik Mitchell A. , Jiang Zhaohua , Yin Zhihui , Yaneff Philip V. , Ryntz Rose A.
Published: January 2009

Thermoplastic olefins (TPOs) are an important class of material used in the automotive industry. They are blends of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and a polyolefin impact modifier. Chlorinated polyolefin (CPO) is a polymer used as an adhesion promoter to promote the paintability of TPO. The synthesis of a coumarin dye‐labeled chlorinated (21.8 wt% Cl) maleated polypropylene (CPO), HY dye‐labeled MEBR (maleated ethylene‐butene copolymer with 28 wt% butene), and CPO (21.8 wt% Cl) was described. They were introduced as tracers into iPP/EBR9 (ethylene‐butene copolymer with 9 wt% butene), iPP/CPO, EBR9/CPO binary, and iPP/EBR9/CPO ternary blends. The annealing effect on morphologies of the blends was examined by laser scanning confocal fluorescent microscopy (LSCFM). LSCFM revealed that the annealing caused phase coarsening in iPP/CPO and iPP/EBR blends, but had no obvious effect on the morphology of EBR/CPO blends, while in iPP/EBR/CPO ternary blends, iPP and EBR formed a completely separate domain, iPP and CPO formed their own domains EBR was distributed in the CPO domains. The morphology of iPP, EBR, and CPO binary blends was further investigated by SEM. SEM images showed that EBR and CPO interpenetrated each other on the nanometer scale in EBR/CPO blends, while obvious phase separation was observed in iPP/CPO and iPP/EBR blends. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and wide angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) results showed that iPP and EBR, iPP and CPO crystallized respectively in binary blends, while there was a new population of crystals formed in EBR/CPO blend. Further exploration by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed that there were two β relaxation transitions in iPP/CPO and iPP/EBR blends, and only one β relaxation transition with a small shoulder in EBR/CPO blends. Thus, we concluded that iPP/EBR and iPP/CPO blends are immiscible; the EBR/CPO blend is miscible in the melt and partially miscible in solid state, which is in agreement with the predictions based on calculations of the results by binary interaction energy density (Bij–Bc). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
FoxM1 is up‐regulated in gastric cancer and its inhibition leads to cellular senescence, partially dependent on p27kip1
Authors: Zeng Jiping , Wang Lixiang , Li Qiao , Li Wenjuan , Björkholm Magnus , Jia Jihui , Xu Dawei
Published: January 2009

The FoxM1 transcription factor, a master regulator of mitotic gene expression, promotes the pathogenesis of several malignancies. However, little is known about its expression and function in gastric cancer. In the present study we determined whether FoxM1 is over‐expressed in gastric cancer, and whether it is required to maintain an immortal phenotype of gastric cancer cells. The over‐expression of FoxM1 was observed in 37/42 tumour specimens from patients with gastric cancer. When FoxM1 in gastric cancer cells was knocked‐down, impaired clonogenicity and cellular senescence occurred independently of p53 and p16 status. FoxM1 depletion led to the down‐regulation of its target genes c‐MYC and Skp2, coupled with the accumulation of the CDK inhibitor p27kip1. Importantly, the FoxM1 inhibition‐mediated cellular senescence and clonogenic defect was attenuated by the abolition of p27kip1 induction. Telomerase reverse transcriptase, the key component of telomerase essential for cellular immortalization, was also inhibited in the FoxM1‐depleted cells. Taken together, the FoxM1 gene is aberrantly activated in gastric cancer and its inhibition triggers p53‐ and p16‐independent senescence of cancer cells by regulating the expression of p27kip1 and other targets. These findings provide mechanistic insights into the role of FoxM1 in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer, which may have diagnostic and therapeutic implications in gastric cancer. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversal of P‐glycoprotein‐mediated multi‐drug resistance by the E3 ubiquitin ligase Cbl‐b in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells
Authors: Zhang Ye , Qu Xiujuan , Hu Xuejun , Yang Xianghong , Hou Kezuo , Teng Yuee , Zhang Jingdong , Sada Kiyonao , Liu Yunpeng
Published: January 2009

P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp)‐mediated multi‐drug resistance (MDR) is a major barrier to the effective chemotherapy of many cancers. Recent studies have shown that inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway can reverse P‐gp‐mediated MDR. We investigated the expression of activated Akt (p‐Akt) in 124 human gastric carcinoma tissue samples. Ubiquitous p‐Akt expression was recorded in the majority (88/124). There was a significant correlation between p‐Akt expression and the expression of P‐gp. In the adriamycin‐resistant MDR gastric carcinoma cell line SGC7901/ADR, p‐Akt expression was increased in comparison with the parental cell line SGC7901. Treatment of SGC7901/ADR cells with the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 reduced the expression of both p‐Akt and P‐gp. To explore the role of ubiquitin ligase Cbl‐b in this regulatory pathway, SGC7901/ADR cells were transfected with a plasmid overexpressing wild‐type Cbl‐b. This down‐regulated the expression of both p‐Akt and P‐gp. Furthermore, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs was partially reversed. These results demonstrate an important role for Cbl‐b in reversing P‐gp‐mediated gastric cancer MDR through suppression of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and the down‐regulation of P‐gp expression. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced lipoxidation end‐products mediate lipid‐induced glomerular injury: role of receptor‐mediated mechanisms
Authors: Iacobini Carla , Menini Stefano , Ricci Carlo , Scipioni Angela , Sansoni Viola , Mazzitelli Giulia , Cordone Samantha , Pesce Carlo , Pugliese Francesco , Pricci Flavia , Pugliese Giuseppe
Published: January 2009

Atherosclerosis and renal disease are related conditions, sharing several risk factors. This includes hyperlipidaemia, which may result in enhanced lipoprotein accumulation and chemical modification, particularly oxidation, with formation of advanced lipoxidation endproducts (ALEs). We investigated whether increased lipid peroxidation plays a major role in the pathogenesis of lipid‐induced renal disease, via receptor‐mediated mechanisms involving the scavenger and advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) receptors. Mice knocked out for galectin‐3 (Gal3−/−), an AGE receptor previously shown to protect from AGE‐induced renal injury, and the corresponding wild‐type (Gal3+/+) animals, were fed an atherogenic high‐fat diet (HFD; 15% fat, 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% sodium cholate); mice fed a normal‐fat diet (NFD; 4% fat) served as controls. Gal3+/+ mice fed a HFD developed glomerular disease, as indicated by proteinuria, mesangial expansion and glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis. Glomerular injury was associated with increased glomerular matrix protein expression, ALE and oxidized LDL content, oxidative stress, AGE and scavenger receptor expression and macrophage infiltration, with only modest renal/glomerular fat accumulation and changes in lipid metabolism. Fibrotic and inflammatory changes, together with accumulation of ALEs, such as 4‐hydroxy‐2‐nonenal adducts and Nε‐carboxymethyllysine, oxidative stress and expression of the receptor of AGEs (RAGE), were significantly more marked in Gal3−/− animals, whereas fat deposition and abnormalities in lipid metabolism remained modest. Thus, lipid‐induced renal damage is mainly dependent on lipid peroxidation with formation of carbonyl reactive species and ALEs, which accumulate within the kidney tissue, thus triggering receptor‐mediated pro‐inflammatory signalling pathways, as in atherogenesis. Moreover, galectin‐3 exerts a significant role in the uptake and effective removal of modified lipoproteins, with diversion of these products from RAGE‐dependent pro‐inflammatory pathways associated with downregulation of RAGE expression. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using mass spectrometry to identify ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐like protein conjugation sites
Authors: Jeram Stanley M. , Srikumar Tharan , Pedrioli Patrick G. A. , Raught Brian
Published: January 2009

Ubiquitin (Ub) and the ubiquitin‐like proteins (Ubls) are polypeptides that are covalently conjugated to proteins and other biomolecules to modulate their turnover rate, localization, and/or function. The full range of Ubl functions is only beginning to be understood, and the wide variety of Ubl conjugates is only beginning to be identified. Moreover, how Ubl conjugation is regulated, and how Ubl conjugate populations change, e.g., throughout the cell cycle, in response to hormones, nutrients, or stress, or in various disease states, remains largely enigmatic. MS represents a powerful tool for the characterization of PTMs. However, standard sample preparation and data search methods are not amenable to the identification of many types of Ubl conjugates. Here, we describe the challenges of identifying Ub/Ubl conjugates, and propose an improved workflow for identification of Ub/Ubl conjugation sites. Considering the importance of Ubls in normal cellular physiology, and their roles in disease etiology and progression, it will be critical to develop improved high‐throughput MS methods capable of efficiently identifying proteins and other biomolecules modified by these very interesting and important PTMs.
The role of remittances in Botswana: does internal migration really reward sending families?
Authors: Campbell Eugene K.
Published: January 2009

This study examines internal labour migration of Botswana citizens and their remittance behaviour. Although international remittance is among topical global issues that will be investigated for quite some time into the future, it does not appear to contribute much towards national development in Botswana presently. About 25 years ago remittances from internal migration did little to assist households in meeting their basic needs. This study indicates that this situation has not changed. From primary data, the usefulness of remittances and factors influencing remittances are examined. Following this is an examination of the impact of remittances on households' access to basic items. The results indicate that migrants maintain economic and social links with their home‐based households through remittance in cash and goods as well as through visitation. The visits actually encourage migrants to remit. There is considerable variation in the extent to which remittances are appreciated as a reliable means of subsistence in the household. Regression results reveal that economic and social factors are associated with remittances from migrants. However, the remittances do not have significant effect on the ability of households to access basic items needed to maintain a reasonable standard of living. Policy implications are addressed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetoresistivity model and ionization‐energy approximation for ferromagnets
Authors: Arulsamy Andrew Das , Cui Xiangyuan , Stampfl Catherine , Ratnavelu Kurunathan
Published: January 2009

The evolution of resistivity versus temperature (ρ (T)) curve for different doping elements, and in the presence of various defects and clustering are explained for both diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) and manganites. Here, we provide unambiguous evidence that the concept of ionization energy (EI) which is explicitly associated with the atomic energy levels, can be related quantitatively to transport measurements. The proposed ionization energy model is used to understand how the valence states of ions affect the evolution of ρ (T) curves for different doping elements. We also explain how the ρ (T) curves evolve in the presence of, and in the absence of defects and clustering. The model also complements the results obtained from first‐principles calculations. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inference on treatment effects for targeted clinical trials under enrichment design
Authors: Liu Jen‐Pei , Lin Jr‐Rung , Chow Shein‐Chung
Published: January 2009

After completion of a human genome project, the disease targets at molecular level can be identified. As a result, treatment modality for molecular targets can be developed. In practice, targeted clinical trials are usually conducted for evaluation of the possibility and feasibility of the individualized treatment of patients. However, the accuracy of diagnostic devices for identification of such molecular targets is usually not perfect. Therefore, some of the patients enrolled in targeted clinical trials with a positive result by the diagnostic device might not have the specific molecular targets and hence the treatment effects of the targeted drugs estimated from targeted clinical trials could be biased for the patient population truly with the molecular targets. Under an enrichment design for targeted clinical trials, we propose to use the EM algorithm and bootstrap method for obtaining the inference of the treatment effects of the targeted drugs in the patient population truly with molecular targets. A simulation study was conducted to empirically investigate the bias and variability of the proposed estimator and the size and power of the proposed testing method. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed estimator is unbiased with adequate precision and the confidence interval can provide satisfactory coverage probability. In addition, the proposed testing procedure can adequately control the size with sufficient power. A practical example illustrates the utility of the proposed method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reusable specification modules for type analysis
Authors: Kastens Uwe , Waite William M.
Published: January 2009

Type analysis can be characterized by a language‐independent collection of standard computational roles such as ‘typed identifier use’ (e.g. a variable name appearing in an expression) and ‘dyadic expression’ (e.g. addition of two values). A type analyzer for a specific language is then defined by stating which language construct(s) play each role. The computational roles provide a framework for understanding the general process and a vocabulary for applying that understanding to the solution of particular problems. We have captured this knowledge in attribute grammar modules that are carefully designed to be combinable and adaptable, exporting language‐independent roles that define the general type analysis problem. From this collection, the compiler designer instantiates the appropriate modules and identifies the relevant source‐language constructs; an attribute grammar processor then weaves the necessary computations into the compiler's semantic analyzer. Our attribute grammar modules provide a precise definition of the actions constituting the various roles and the dependences among them. They can therefore also be used to describe the type analysis process to students, or to specify a hand‐coded semantic analyzer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Four Keys to Success (Theory, Implementation, Evaluation, and Resource/System Support): High Hopes and Challenges in Participation
Authors: Wandersman Abraham
Published: January 2009

In this article, I attempt to merge two themes. First, there is often a large gap between high hopes about impacts of policies or programs and the demonstrated results. I describe four keys/threats to success in any social problem area: theory, implementation, evaluation, and resource/system support. Second, I present theory and research from over 30 years of work on participation, conducted by my colleagues and myself that can illuminate and be illuminated by theory, implementation, evaluation, and resource/system support. I offer ideas for solutions that increase the probability of success. I conclude with the need to have high hopes tempered by theory and research to develop realistically ambitious solutions to social problems.
The Evolutionary History of Ehrhartoideae, Oryzeae, and Oryza
Authors: Kellogg Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2009

Rice is a member of the genus Oryza, which has a history extending back into the Miocene. Oryza is in turn a member of the tribe Oryzeae, which along with the tribe Ehrharteae is included in the subfamily Ehrhartoideae. This paper reviews current knowledge of the genus, tribe and subfamily, and places rice in the larger evolutionary context of the entire grass family. The morphological characteristics of rice are an amalgam of characters that have originated at different times in its long evolutionary history. Increasingly, genomic characteristics are also being placed in a broad evolutionary context and it is becoming possible see which are characteristic of all grasses and which are more restricted to the genus Oryza or even to rice itself.
Gamma‐linolenic acid induces apoptosis and lipid peroxidation in human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells
Authors: Ge Haitao , Kong Xiuqin , Shi Limei , Hou Lijuan , Liu Zhili , Li Ping
Published: January 2009

Various polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially gamma‐linolenic acid (GLA), inhibit the growth of a variety of tumor cells. Some evidence indicates that polyunsaturated fatty acid can kill cells by apoptosis. In the current study, we tested the apoptotic effect of GLA on human chronic myelogenous leukemia K562 cells. GLA induced K562 cell death in a dose‐dependent manner. Typical apoptotic nuclei were shown by staining of K562 cells with DNA‐binding fluorochrome Hoechst 33342, characterized by chromatin condensation and nuclear fragmentation. Flow cytometric analysis also demonstrated that GLA caused dose‐dependent apoptosis of K562 cells. The apoptosis could be inhibited by a pancaspase inhibitor (z‐VAD‐fmk), suggesting the involvement of caspases. Further, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase‐3 and cleavage of PARP were found in GLA‐induced apoptosis. GLA treatment could also elevate lipid peroxidation in K562 cells, and antioxidant α‐tocopherol could reverse the cytotoxicity of GLA. The saturated fatty acid SA, which did not exhibit significant increase in lipid peroxidation, also did not induce cytotoxicity. Intracellular GSH was also determined, and there was no marked change of GSH levels in cells after incubation with GLA compared with the control. These results demonstrate that GLA could induce apoptosis in K562 cells. Apoptosis is mediated by release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase‐3. Lipid peroxidation may play a role in GLA cytotoxicity.
A single amino acid residue is responsible for species‐specific incompatibility between CCT and α‐actin
Authors: Altschuler G.M. , Dekker C. , McCormack E.A. , Morris E.P. , Klug D.R. , Willison K.R.
Published: January 2009

Actin is dependent on the type‐II chaperonin CCT (chaperonin containing TCP‐1) to reach its native state. In vitro, yeast CCT folds yeast and also mammalian cytoplasmic (β/γ) actins but is now found to be incapable of folding mammalian skeletal muscle α‐actin. Arrest of α‐actin on yeast CCT at a folding cycle intermediate has been observed by electron microscopy. This discovery explains previous observations in vivo that yeast mutants expressing only the muscle actin gene are non‐viable. Mutational analysis identified a single specific α‐actin residue, Asn‐297, that confers this species/isoform folding specificity. The implications of this incompatibility for chaperonin mechanism and actin–CCT co‐evolution are discussed.
Molecular profiles of hereditary epithelial ovarian cancers and their implications for the biology of this disease
Authors: Jazaeri Amir A.
Published: January 2009

BRCA1 and BRCA2 germline mutations account for the majority of hereditary ovarian cancers and comprise 10% of total cases. Ovarian cancers arising from these mutations exhibit both overlapping and distinct clinical and molecular features. The expression profiles of sporadic ovarian cancers show similarities to those of BRCA1 and BRCA2‐related tumors suggesting that BRCA‐related pathways may be involved in their development as well. The purpose of this review is to consider the available data on ovarian cancers in the context of other investigations of BRCA‐related transcriptional alterations, and highlight areas for future research.
SPACES AND PLACES: AN INTERVIEW WITH SIMON EMMERSON
Authors: Palmer John
Published: January 2009

Since November 2004 Simon Emmerson has been Professor of Music, Technology and Innovation at De Montfort University, Leicester, following 28 years as Director of the Electroacoustic Music studios at City University, London. As a composer he works mostly with live electronics; he has also completed purely electroacoustic commissions from the IMEB (Bourges) and the GRM (Paris). In addition to extensive writings on the subject, he was founder Secretary of EMAS (The Electroacoustic Music Association of Great Britain) in 1979, and served on the Board of Sonic Arts Network from its inception until 2004. He is a Trustee of its successor organisation ‘Sound and Music’. This interview took place in July 2008.
SERIAL EXPRESSION IN SCHOENBERG'S VIOLIN CONCERTO, OP. 36
Authors: Rice Hugh Collins
Published: January 2009

This article is, in many ways, a direct response to the more or less simultaneous publication of Alex Ross's The Rest is Noise and the release of Hilary Hahn's recording of the Schoenberg Violin Concerto.
ASYMPTOTIC THEORY FOR A FACTOR GARCH MODEL
Authors: Hafner Christian M. , Preminger Arie
Published: January 2009

This paper investigates the asymptotic theory for a factor GARCH (generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) model. Sufficient conditions for asymptotic stability and existence of moments are established. These conditions allow for volatility spillover and integrated GARCH. We then show the strong consistency and asymptotic normality of the quasi–maximum likelihood estimator (QMLE) of the model parameters. The results are obtained under the finiteness of the fourth-order moment of the innovations.
ON DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN RANDOM WALK AND CHANGE IN THE MEAN ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Aue Alexander , Horváth Lajos , Hušková Marie , Ling Shiqing
Published: January 2009

We study test procedures that detect structural breaks in underlying data sequences. In particular, we wish to discriminate between different reasons for these changes, such as (1) shifting means, (2) random walk behavior, and (3) constant means but innovations switching from stationary to difference stationary behavior. Almost all procedures presently available in the literature are simultaneously sensitive to all three types of alternatives.

The test statistics under investigation are based on functionals of the partial sums of observations. These cumulative sum–type (CUSUM-type) statistics have limit distributions if the mean remains constant and the errors satisfy the central limit theorem but tend to infinity in the case when any of the alternatives (1), (2), or (3) holds. On removing the effect of the shifting mean, however, divergence of the test statistics will only occur under the random walk behavior, which in turn enables statisticians not only to detect structural breaks but also to specify their causes.

The results are underlined by a simulation study and an application to returns of the German stock index DAX.
NONPARAMETRIC ADDITIVE MODELS FOR PANELS OF TIME SERIES
Authors: Mammen Enno , Støve Bård , Tjøstheim Dag
Published: January 2009

This paper discusses nonparametric models for panels of time series. There is already a substantial literature on nonlinear models and nonparametric methods in a regression and time series setting. But almost without exception these developments have been limited to univariate and multivariate models of moderate dimensions. Very little has been done for panels, where the dimension, often corresponding to a number of individuals, typically is very large but where the number of observations for each individual may be small or moderate. It is the aim of this paper to start a systematic theoretical treatment of nonparametric models for panels of time series, in particular on additive models. Extending existing methodology to the panel situation is by no means trivial because already for the parametric case many problems are unsolved. Our estimation approach is based on backfitting methods.
The illegitimacy question in Germany, 1900–1945: Areas of tension in social and population policy
Authors: Lilienthal Georg
Published: January 2009

Trois points emmergent des discussions sur les problèmes d'illégitimité en Allemagne pendant la première moitié du vingtième siècle: la définition légale de la femme non mariée et de son enfant, leur intégration dans des programmes d'assistance sociale et le rapport avec la politique démographique. Ces trois points ont constamment déterminé la vie de la femme non mariée et de son enfant. Les changements de systèmes politiques ont seulement eu pour effet de donner plus d'importance à l'une ou l'autre de ces questions. Pendant le Reich de Guillaume III, une loi sur l'illégitimité a été vot)ée, qui pour la première fois, était applicable dans l'Allemagne entière. Cependant, la loi était discriminatoire contre les mères et leurs enfants. Les objectifs démographiques et de préservation de la paix sociale ont seulement pu se réaliser lors de la première guerre mondiale avec l'amélioration générale des conditions de vie. La République de Weimar a essayé d'abolir la discrimination légale et de renforcer la justice sociale. Mais sous le troisième Reich, le problème de l'illégitimité a été dominé par des aspects de politique raciale et démographique.
Kontrazeptive Compliance – warum kommt es immer wieder zum Versagen der kontrazeptiven Therapie?
Authors: Bitzer Johannes
Published: January 2009

Kontrazeptive Compliance bedeutet, dass eine Verhütungsmethode korrekt, d.h. in genau der Weise angewendet wird, wie dies medizinisch von der Methode her erforderlich bzw. vom Arzt her vorgeschrieben ist. Non-Compliance beschreibt das Missverhältnis zwischen korrektem und realem Anwendungsverhalten. Verschiedene Indikatoren weisen darauf hin, dass die kontrazeptive Compliance ungenügend ist. In den meisten Studien wird eine Rate von 40–50% ungeplanter Schwangerschaften angegeben; knapp die Hälfte dieser Schwangerschaften enden in Schwangerschaftsabbrüchen, deren Zahl weiterhin hoch ist. Bei hormonalen und Barrieremethoden besteht eine deutliche Diskrepanz zwischen der Effizienz bei korrekter Anwendung versus der Effizienz bei typischer Anwendung. Die Abbruchraten der kontrazeptiven Therapie nach einem Jahr sind bis zu 50%. Gründe für Non-Compliance sind a) Mangelnde oder fehlende Motivation durch Ambivalenz bezüglich Kinderwunsch, sowie sexuelle und partnerschaftliche Konflikte; (b) Kognitive Faktoren (Fehlinformationen, irrationale Ängste); (c) Erschwerter Zugang zu kontrazeptiven Methoden; (d) Verhaltensfehler (Vergessen, Verlieren) und (e) Nebenwirkungen der Methoden. Drei Strategien zur Verbesserung der Compliance werden eingesetzt: a) Verbesserung der Beratung und Betreuung; b) Entwicklung von Methoden, die keine oder nur geringe Compliance erfordern; c) Verbesserung der Lebensqualität bei Anwendung kontrazeptiver Methoden durch Minderung negativer Nebenwirkungen und Steigerung des nicht kontrazeptiven Nutzens.
Constraining the recent plumbing system of Vulcano (Aeolian Arc, Italy) by textural, petrological, and fractal analysis: The 1739 A.D. Pietre Cotte lava flow
Authors: Piochi Monica , De Astis Gianfilippo , Petrelli Maurizio , Ventura Guido , Sulpizio Roberto , Zanetti Alberto
Published: January 2009

The 1739 A.D. Pietre Cotte lava flow is part of a sequence of low‐explosive to weak effusion events occurred at La Fossa Cone, the active vent on Vulcano Island (Aeolian Arc, Italy). This lava is rhyolitic, texturally heterogeneous, and contains lati‐trachytic enclaves. These compositions are recurrent in the La Fossa volcanic products and are representative of the recent Vulcano plumbing system. The host lava is vesicular, relatively phenocryst‐free, and locally contains microlites and millimeter‐sized spherulites. The enclaves are up to 10 cm in size, display angular to spherical shapes, and can form the core of spherulites. Enclaves mostly consist of plagioclase and augitic phenocrysts set in a weakly vesicular groundmass characterized by variable abundance of glass and feldspar microlites. Field, textural, and fractal data allow us to constrain the rheological features of the rhyolitic and lati‐trachytic magmas. In situ major, trace, and volatile element analyses provide evidence for heterogeneities in the glassy matrix and zoning of phenocrysts. Processes of magma evolution have been quantitatively constrained by using the apparent distribution ratios of trace elements measured between mineral phases and glassy matrices. The collected data in combination with petrological and fluid inclusion data from the literature provides evidence for (1) a genetic relationship between the two magmas through assimilation fractional crystallization process; (2) a mingling mechanism between an uprising rhyolitic magma and a shallower partly crystallized lati‐trachytic magma plug; (3) the desegregation (enclaves) at variable scales of the lati‐trachyte within the rhyolite; and (4) the possible eruptive scenarios consequent to a future magmatic unrest.
Deep electrical resistivity structure of northwestern Costa Rica
Authors: Brasse H. , Kapinos G. , Mütschard L. , Alvarado G. E. , Worzewski T. , Jegen M.
Published: January 2009

First long‐period magnetotelluric investigations were conducted in early 2008 in northwestern Costa Rica, along a profile that extends from the coast of the Pacific Ocean, traverses the volcanic arc and ends currently at the Nicaraguan border. The aim of this study is to gain insight into the electrical resistivity structure and thus fluid distribution at the continental margin where the Cocos plate subducts beneath the Caribbean plate. Preliminary two‐dimensional models map the only moderately resistive mafic/ultramafic complexes of the Nicoya Peninsula (resistivity of a few hundred Ωm), the conductive forearc and the backarc basins (several Ωm). Beneath the backarc basin the data image a poor conductor in the basement with a clear termination in the south, which may tentatively be interpreted as the Santa Elena Suture. The volcanic arc shows no pronounced anomaly at depth, but a moderate conductor underlies the backarc with a possible connection to the upper mantle. A conductor at deep‐crustal levels in the forearc may reflect fluid release from the downgoing slab.