bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Functions of gender and numeral classifiers in Nepali
Authors: Allassonnière-Tang Marc , Kilarski Marcin
Published: March 2020

We examine the complex nominal classification system in Nepali (Indo-European, Indic), a language spoken at the intersection of the Indo-European and Sino-Tibetan language families, which are usually associated with prototypical examples of grammatical gender and numeral classifiers, respectively. In a typologically rare pattern, Nepali possesses two gender systems based on the human/non-human and masculine/feminine oppositions, in addition to which it has also developed an inventory of at least ten numeral classifiers as a result of contact with neighbouring Sino-Tibetan languages. Based on an analysis of the lexical and discourse functions of the three systems, we show that their functional contribution involves a largely complementary distribution of workload with respect to individual functions as well as the type of categorized nouns and referents. The study thus contributes to the ongoing discussions concerning the typology and functions of nominal classification as well as the effects of long-term language contact on language structure.
A refutation of “a refutation of universal grammar”(Lin, f. 2017. Lingua 193. 1–22.)
Authors: Wu Tong
Published: March 2020

Lin (2017), according to the author, “offers a refutation of Chomsky’s Universal Grammar (UG) from a novel perspective”. Unfortunately, “novel” does not mean logical or valid. On the contrary, as I will show in this refutation of Lin’s refutation, there is a profound and fundamental misunderstanding in Lin’s interpretation of UG. His refutation only proves his superficial understanding of the questions raised and discussed, which nevertheless are worth discussing and explaining. I take each of Lin’s arguments in turn and attempt to show why they are not well founded, either because of flaws in his argumentation or because of a careful consideration of the available empirical evidence. In the first section I show that Lin’s refutation of UG is illogical in that he confuses UG as a theoretical construct and as a reality entity, which renders his own analysis self-contradictory. The second section aims to examine in detail the so-called novelty of Lin’s refutation, proving that his refutation is unscientific. The third section offers a point-to-point refutation of his arguments presented in the third section of his paper. The fourth section furthermore points out several misunderstandings of previous studies against Chomsky and UG. The last section concludes the paper.
Spielsysteme, Matchpläne, Spielanalysen
Authors: Brümmer Kristina
Published: March 2020

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit Prozessen der Spielplanung und -analyse im gegenwärtigen Profi- und Leistungsfußball. Auf der Basis einer ethnografischen Studie analysiert er, wie in diesen Prozessen die dem Spiel inhärente Unsicherheit einzuhegen und seine Kontingenz zu managen versucht werden, und eruiert dabei die vielfältigen Implikationen des Planens und Analysierens für die (Re-)Organisation der Spielpraxis sowie die Subjektivierung von Trainern und Spielern. Die interessierenden Prozesse werden praxissoziologisch als Praktiken perspektiviert und in ihren ‚natürlichen‘ Kontexten und soziomateriellen Anordnungen in den Blick genommen. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird auf den Beitrag verschiedener Artefakte gerichtet, die im Planen und Analysieren als Medien der Hervorbringung eines neuen spielbezogenen Wissens bzw. spezifischer Vorstellungen des Spiels zum Einsatz kommen. Es wird gezeigt, wie Spieler vermittelt über die Medien ‚teamförmig‘ eingestellt werden und ihnen ein ‚theoretisch-analytisches‘ Wissen für ein sicher(er)es Zusammenspiel verfügbar gemacht wird, das in anschließenden Trainingspraktiken auf dem Platz verkörpert und in ihrem praktischen Sinn verankert werden muss.
Game Sound
Authors: Collins Karen
Published: March 2020

Karen Collins reflects on her seminal volume Game Sound: An Introduction to the History, Theory, and Practice of Video Game Music and Sound Design, a little over a decade after its publication.
Rewritable Memory: Concerts, Canons, and Game Music History
Authors: Gibbons William
Published: March 2020

Canons—of music, video games, or people—can provide a shared pool of resources for scholars, practitioners, and fans; but the formation of canons can also lead to an obscuring or devaluing of materials and people outside of a canon. The four authors in this colloquy interrogate issues of canons relating to video game music and sound from a variety of perspectives. Each author considers an aspect of canonization and argues for a wider purview. In “Rewritable Memory: Concerts, Canons, and Game Music History,” William Gibbons examines the ways in which concerts of video game music may create canons and reinforce particular historical narratives. In “On Canons as Music and Muse,” Julianne Grasso views the music originally presented in a video game as itself a type of canon and argues that official and fan arrangements of original game music may provide windows into lived experiences of play. In “The Difficult, Uncomfortable, and Imperative Conversations Needed in Game Music and Sound Studies,” Hyeonjin Park highlights issues of diversity and representation in the field of video game music and sound studies, with respect to the people and music that make up the subjects of the field, the people who produce scholarship in the field, and the people who engage with game music and sound. In “Canon Anxiety?” Karen Cook pulls together various issues of academic canons to question the scope, focus, and diversity of the growing field in which the Journal of Sound and Music in Games exists.
The Difficult, Uncomfortable, and Imperative Conversations Needed in Game Music and Sound Studies
Authors: Park Hyeonjin
Published: March 2020

Canons—of music, video games, or people—can provide a shared pool of resources for scholars, practitioners, and fans; but the formation of canons can also lead to an obscuring or devaluing of materials and people outside of a canon. The four authors in this colloquy interrogate issues of canons relating to video game music and sound from a variety of perspectives. Each author considers an aspect of canonization and argues for a wider purview. In “Rewritable Memory: Concerts, Canons, and Game Music History,” William Gibbons examines the ways in which concerts of video game music may create canons and reinforce particular historical narratives. In “On Canons as Music and Muse,” Julianne Grasso views the music originally presented in a video game as itself a type of canon and argues that official and fan arrangements of original game music may provide windows into lived experiences of play. In “The Difficult, Uncomfortable, and Imperative Conversations Needed in Game Music and Sound Studies,” Hyeonjin Park highlights issues of diversity and representation in the field of video game music and sound studies, with respect to the people and music that make up the subjects of the field, the people who produce scholarship in the field, and the people who engage with game music and sound. In “Canon Anxiety?” Karen Cook pulls together various issues of academic canons to question the scope, focus, and diversity of the growing field in which the Journal of Sound and Music in Games exists.
Two distinct clinical patterns of checkpoint inhibitor-induced thyroid dysfunction
Authors: Olsson-Brown Anna , Lord Rosemary , Sacco Joseph , Wagg Jonathan , Coles Mark , Pirmohamed Munir
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Immune checkpoint inhibitors can lead to thyroid dysfunction. However, the understanding of the clinical phenotype of ICI-induced thyroid dysfunction in the real-world population is limited. The purpose of this study was to characterise the clinical patterns of dysfunction and evaluate the demographic, biochemical and immunological features associated with this patient cohort.

Materials and methods

To characterise the longitudinal clinical course of thyroid dysfunction in patients from a single, UK regional cancer centre, a retrospective review of patients was conducted. Inclusion criteria included all patients treated with antiPD-1 checkpoint inhibitors (ICI), either as monotherapy (pembrolizumab/nivolumab) or in combination with a CTLA-4 inhibitor (ipilimumab). Patterns of toxicity were evaluated together with assessment of antibody titres.

Results

Over 16 months, thyroid dysfunction was seen in 13/90 and 3/13 patients treated with anti-PD1 monotherapy and in combination with ipilimumab, respectively. Patients either developed hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism (12/16) or de novo hypothyroidism (4/16). Most patients were female (n = 11). All patients required thyroid replacement therapy. There was no relationship between clinical pattern of dysfunction and the presence of thyroid autoantibodies.

Conclusions

There are two distinct patterns of thyroid dysfunction in ICI-treated patients. Patients with thyroiditis develop subsequent hypothyroidism in the vast majority of cases. The potential benefit from steroids or other therapy to manage the hyperthyroid phase remains unclear. Early detection of these patients through appropriate monitoring will improve clinical management and early hormone replacement, reducing the symptomatic burden of hypothyroidism.
Regulatory mechanisms for natriuretic peptide signalling in sheep granulosa cells
Authors: Alhamdan R , Maalouf W , Campbell B K , Hernandez-Medrano J H , Marsters P
Published: March 2020

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) have been reported to have critical roles in follicular development and oocyte maturation in rodents. This study aimed to extend our current understanding of NP-mediated signalling pathways and mechanisms of action in the follicles of a monovulatory species. Ovine granulosa cells (GCs) and theca cells (TCs) were cultured under conditions designed to allow gonadotrophin-stimulated cell differentiation. Gene expression analysis was performed by qualitative (q)PCR for NPs and NPRs (between 16 and 96 h of culture) and VEGF120 and VEGF164 (between 16 and 144 h of culture). A qualitative analysis of the production of NP/NPR family members and NP ligand/receptor associations was carried out utilising a highly sensitive immunological approach known as ‘proximity ligation assay’ (PLA). All NPRs were observed in GCs, while NPRA was absent in TCs. In GCs, gene expression of NPRA, NPRB and NPRC was apparent but only active BNP and CNP and not ANP, were detected. Also in GCs, ANP but not CNP was able to significantly (P < 0.05) reduce oestradiol and increase (P < 0.05) progesterone. Inhibition of VEGF164 by ANP and CNP (P < 0.01) after 48 h of culture preceded up-regulation of VEGF120 by ANP (P < 0.01) after 144 h, but not CNP. Taken together, these findings appear to demonstrate that NP responsiveness in the GC compartment of sheep follicles is multi-facilitated, utilising both autocrine and paracrine stimulation pathways.
A Genome-Wide Association Study To Understand the Effect of Fusarium verticillioides Infection on Seedlings of a Maize Diversity Panel
Authors: Stagnati Lorenzo , Rahjoo Vahid , Samayoa Luis F , Holland James B , Borrelli Virginia M G , Busconi Matteo , Lanubile Alessandra , Marocco Adriano
Published: March 2020

Fusarium verticillioides, which causes ear, kernel and stem rots, has been reported as the most prevalent species on maize worldwide. Kernel infection by F. verticillioides results in reduced seed yield and quality as well as fumonisin contamination, and may affect seedling traits like germination rate, entire plant seedling length and weight. Maize resistance to Fusarium is a quantitative and complex trait controlled by numerous genes with small effects. In the present work, a Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) of traits related to Fusarium seedling rot was carried out in 230 lines of a maize association population using 226,446 SNP markers. Phenotypes were scored on artificially infected kernels applying the rolled towel assay screening method and three traits related to disease response were measured in inoculated and not-inoculated seedlings: plant seedling length (PL), plant seedling weight (PW) and germination rate (GERM). Overall, GWAS resulted in 42 SNPs significantly associated with the examined traits. Two and eleven SNPs were associated with PL in inoculated and not-inoculated samples, respectively. Additionally, six and one SNPs were associated with PW and GERM traits in not-inoculated kernels, and further nine and thirteen SNPs were associated to the same traits in inoculated kernels. Five genes containing the significant SNPs or physically closed to them were proposed for Fusarium resistance, and 18 out of 25 genes containing or adjacent to significant SNPs identified by GWAS in the current research co-localized within QTL regions previously reported for resistance to Fusarium seed rot, Fusarium ear rot and fumonisin accumulation. Furthermore, linkage disequilibrium analysis revealed an additional gene not directly observed by GWAS analysis. These findings could aid to better understand the complex interaction between maize and F. verticillioides.
ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ ДЛЯ СВІТОВОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ БРЕЙНСТОРМІНГУ ЛІДЕРІВ КРАЇН G7
Authors: БОРЗЕНКО Олена
Published: March 2020

Розглянуто питання організації та проведення «мозкового штурму» (брейнстормінгу), при якому важливо виходити з наявності факторів, що негативно впливають на якість прийнятих у групі рішень, і розробити систему фільтрів, щоб не допускати подібних перекручень. На прикладі організацій G7 і G20 показано формати проведення брейнстормінгу. Так, завдяки ротації членів групи знижуються витрати групового мислення. У сучасній літературі зазначається, що групове мислення –– одна з найбільш серйозних форм деформації якості групових дискусій, наявність яких дає привід критикам групових форм експертизи звинувачувати їх у низькій ефективності порівняно з індивідуальними формами аналітичної діяльності.Визначено, що у масиві досліджуваних країн G7 виділяються такі моделі ринкової економіки:• неоліберальна (Велика Британія, США, Канада);• соціально-ринкова (Німеччина, Франція);• корпоративна (Японія);• південноєвропейська (середземноморський капіталізм; Італія).Констатовано, що «Група двадцяти» була обрана основним механізмом консолідації на рівні лідерів з початком мегакризи 2008 р. «Група семи/восьми» стала важливою міжнародною інституційної базою для формування нової G20, схваливши її створення в 1999 р., забезпечивши внутрішнє керівництво протягом всього часу існування, обґрунтувавши корисність зустрічей на рівні лідерів і запропонувавши багатий досвід своїх членів у головуванні в «Групі двадцяти» як на рівні міністрів, так і лідерів протягом перших років формування механізму останньої.Проаналізовано залежність світової економіки від економіки США. Підкреслено важливість збереження і зміцнення G20, переходу до структури колегіального лідерства, а не гегемонії.
ПРО ДЕЯКІ АСПЕКТИ ПОЛІТИКИ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ МІГРАЦІЇ
Authors: АГАЯРОВА Акіфа
Published: March 2020

Методом порівняльного аналізу визначено емпіричний зв'язок між рівнем глобалізації та контингентом міжнародної міграції, розглянуто політику управління міграцією. Показано, що процес міжнародної міграції безпосередньо пов'язаний з посиленням глобалізації, а рівень міграційного контингенту в країнах з високим доходом є набагато вищим, ніж в інших країнах.Економічна міграція –– одне з найсерйозніших питань, що хвилюють багато країн світу. В цілому, міграція населення полягає в переміщенні людей за межі певної території шляхом зміни постійного місця проживання. У цьому випадку працівник вважається емігрантом, а для країни перебування –– іммігрантом. Міграція скорочує населення країни, що експортує робочу силу, а імпорт збільшує населення країни. Це призводить до виникнення серйозної демографічної проблеми для обох сторін. Водночас зміна чисельності населення справляє значний вплив на економічне та соціальне життя. Нині існує великий попит на вивчення окремих країн, зокрема Азербайджану, у світових міграційних процесах, визначення взаємозв'язку економічної та нелегальної міграції, оцінювання впливу на соціально-економічний розвиток та демографічний стан країни. Як методи дослідження використано порівняльний та статистичний аналіз, системний підхід, кореляційний аналіз.
Imperialism in the Marxian conception of globalisation
Authors: Maliuk Andrii
Published: March 2020

The paper aims to reconstruct the Marxian vision of the place and role of capitalism in shaping worldwide, global relationships and interconnections, as well as in setting the historical limits of globality. It is shown that both globality as a product of capitalism itself and the worldwide expansion of capital are imperialist by nature. With regard to Marx’s viewpoint on how the law of value works on an international scale, non-equivalent exchange as a basis for imperialist domination can be attributed to the fact that the value created in peripheral countries of the global capitalist system is handed over to its industrially developed core — without receiving any value in return. This usually takes place in three ways. The first one involves direct exploitation of indigenous labour force by the capital of the core. The second one is related to the mechanism of the world market where backward countries sell the produced commodities at a price below their value to advanced countries which, in turn, sell their commodities at a price above their value (with respect to the average price for a particular commodity worldwide). The third way is a combination of both the above. Another aspect worth mentioning is that capitalism eliminates economic fragmentation of both the means of production and ownership, which prevailed at earlier stages of the evolution of private property. Furthermore, capitalism incorporates local, regional and national markets into a single global one, as well as concentrates productive forces of the entire humankind through global value chains and production networks. This entails socialisation of labour (which Marx referred to as ‘Vergesellschaftung der Arbeit’) on an unprecedented scale. This also enables the transition to social (in Marx’s terms, ‘gesellschaftliche’) production, which serves to overcome alienation and eradicate poverty. In Marx’s opinion, capitalism is historically justified because it creates the material basis for a new society. On the one hand, capitalism fosters new types of relations, which are global in character and based on interdependence among people; besides, it generates means for these relations. On the other hand, capitalism facilitates development of human productive forces and makes it possible, by means of science, to transform production of material goods into control of nature. Therefore, history turns into a truly global history, and this is a prerequisite for its transformation from prehistory into a real history. This process coincides with the transition to a communist economic system.
The adaptation of Warner’s Index of Status Characteristics (ISC)
Authors: Kovalska Yeliena
Published: March 2020

The paper notes weaknesses of current trends and approaches of modern class analysis, namely methodological globalism and the stratification approach. These approaches do not take into account characteristics of the respondent’s property (the prestige of the district, the type of the house, its condition etc.), which western and domestic researchers consider an important stratifying factor. Thus, the problem this article is focused, is a lack of a valid tool for measuring the individual social status in modern Ukrainian society, bearing in mind the quality of his real estate. As a basis for solving this problem author uses the Warner index, which includes three main characteristics of an individual’s social status - authority, wealth, and prestige, and also considers characteristics of an individual’s real estate. The paper presents the results of adapting Warner’s Index of Status Characteristics to present-day empirical research in Ukraine, namely in Kyiv. An expert survey made it possible to conclude that such characteristics as occupation, dwelling area and house type can be used for constructing an adapted index, whereas a “source of income” should be replaced by “income level”. On the basis of the stratification scheme used by modern sociologists, the Adapted Stratification Scheme of Y. Warner is formulated with "type of employment' and "level of income" as additional characteristics. The new stratification scheme has underlain an empirical interpretation of indicators pertaining to income level, occupation, dwelling area and house type. Another important point is the formulation of new rules for categorizing respondents according to the calculated values of Warner’s Adapted Index of Status Characteristics. The results obtained open the possibility of empirical validation of the adapted version of the Warner Index and allow to take a broader look at the specificity of stratification in modern Ukrainian society.
Individual-level factors influencing voter turnout in the 2014 European Parliament election
Authors: Shapovalov Serhii
Published: March 2020

The participation of EU citizens in the European Parliament elections is much lower than in the national elections and differs significantly across the EU member states. The article is aimed at finding out the factors that influence the participation of EU citizens in the elections to the European Parliament. The study outlines the theoretical approaches to understanding the phenomenon of the European Parliament elections and the assumptions of researchers about the factors that may influence the electoral activity of citizens. According to second-order elections theory by Karlheinz Reif and Hermann Schmitt citizens perceive European Parliament elections as less important than national elections that results in lower participation. However, the behavior of voters may also be affected by a number of factors which may be regarded as individual-level motivations (trust in national and European authorities, attitudes towards EU institutions etc.). With use of binary logistic regression method, it was defined which factors influenced the participation of citizens in the European Parliament election 2014 and explained the differences in the electoral activity of citizens of different EU countries. The nature of the identified factors that influence the participation of citizens in the elections to the European Parliament suggests that the second-order elections theory is still valid. The paper shows that feeling of political efficacy makes voting a sensible act for a per­son. Feeling close to certain political party motivates a person to support his or her party in all types of elections. The importance of factors related to the second-order elections paradigm is partly confirmed by the voter turnout in 2019 EP elections. More mobilization efforts by the parties and more visible election campaign made the topic of the EP elections more public and motivated the voter to turn out.
The Infantile Hemangioma Referral Score: A Validated Tool for Physicians
Authors: Léauté-Labrèze Christine , Baselga Torres Eulalia , Weibel Lisa , Boon Laurence M. , El Hachem Maya , van der Vleuten Catharina , Roessler Jochen , Troilius Rubin Agneta
Published: March 2020

OBJECTIVES:

Infantile hemangiomas (IHs) are common; some cases require timely referral and treatment to prevent complications. We developed and validated a reliable instrument for timely and adequate referral of patients with IH to experts by nonexpert primary physicians.

METHODS:

In this multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study, we used a 3-stage process: (1) development of the Infantile Hemangioma Referral Score (IHReS) tool by IH experts who selected a representative set of 42 IH cases comprising images and a short clinical history, (2) definition of the gold standard for the 42 cases by a second independent committee of IH experts, and (3) IHReS validation by nonexpert primary physicians using the 42 gold standard cases.

RESULTS:

A total of 60 primary physicians from 7 different countries evaluated the 42 gold standard cases (without reference to the IHReS tool); 45 primary physicians evaluated these cases using the IHReS questionnaire, and 44 completed retesting using the instrument. IHReS had a sensitivity of 96.9% (95% confidence interval 96.1%–97.8%) and a specificity of 55.0% (95% confidence interval 51.0%–59.0%). The positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 40.5% and 98.3%, respectively. Validation by experts and primary physicians revealed substantial agreement for interrater reliability and intrarater repeatability.

CONCLUSIONS:

IHReS, a 2-part algorithm with a total of 12 questions, is an easy-to-use tool for primary physicians for the purpose of facilitating correct and timely referral of patients with IH. IHReS may help practitioners in their decision to refer patients to expert centers.
Crisis contracultural y rock en la Ciudad de México: relaciones de producción, reproducción viva y sociabilidad. 1972-1977
Authors: Moreno-Elizondo José Rodrigo
Published: March 2020

Este artículo reconstruye un periodo poco explorado de la historia musical en México. El texto analiza la transformación de las relaciones de producción de la industria musical en la capital en el curso de descomposición de la contracultura, de fortalecimiento del Estado autoritario y retraimiento musical al subterráneo. Da cuenta del constreñimiento de la producción industrial, así como de los espacios en radio y televisión en relación con los músicos locales contraculturales. En ese sentido, sostiene que la reproducción viva de la música fue la principal determinación de la esfera musical, lo que incidió no sólo en el grado de autonomía creativa, sino la relación con el núcleo industrial y con la propia comunidad musicalmente imaginada.
De la resistencia universitaria a la rebelión popular y del pacto democrático al terrorismo de Estado. Un análisis cuantitativo del movimiento estudiantil de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina), 1966-1976
Authors: Millán Mariano , Califa Juan Sebastián
Published: March 2020

En el presente artículo realizamos un análisis estadístico de las luchas del movimiento estudiantil de la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba entre el golpe de Estado y la intervención universitaria de 1966 y el establecimiento de la última dictadura cívico militar en 1976. Analizamos los ciclos de activación y reflujo, así como las formas de acción, los protagonistas, los reclamos, los aliados y los escenarios de la acción. Para ello se trabajó con una importante base de datos que registró meticulosamente información acerca de los enfrentamientos asumidos por los estudiantes cordobeses en tal período. Esta base recoge información de más de veinte diarios argentinos, entre ellos los editados en la Ciudad de Córdoba —La Voz del Interior, Los principios y Córdoba—. En las conclusiones del artículo se enfatiza, en primer lugar, la relevancia en Córdoba del trienio trascurrido entre 1969 y 1971, dado que son los años donde los enfrentamientos acrecieron y la acción estudiantil se tornó más disruptiva, ocupando la violencia un papel sobresaliente. Además, durante estos años se produjo la derrota de la dictadura. En segundo lugar, se señala que no es posible establecer una preeminencia clara de ningún bloque estudiantil, pese a que los reformistas realizaron una mayor cantidad de acciones. En ese sentido, consideramos inadecuada para Córdoba la divulgada afirmación acerca de la preponderancia del peronismo en las filas universitarias y sugerimos prestar mayor atención a la evolución del reformismo estudiantil.
PRINSIP MEMUDAHKAN URUSAN DALAM SOSIOLOGI ISLAM
Authors: Mutaqin Zaenal , Ahmad Ridzwan
Published: March 2020

Fokus kajian ini adalah fiqh al-taisir Yusuf al-Qaradawi. Yusuf al-Qaradawi adalah salah seorang tokoh sangat dikagumi oleh para pengkaji dan peneliti hukum Islam karena fatwa dan pandangannya selalu up to date dan segar disamping gaya bahasanya yang mudah dan tepat. Pendekatan yang digunakannya adalah kesederhanaan dan kemudahan. Namun ada sekelompok umat Islam yang mempertikai fatwa dan pandangan fiqhnya. Maka diperlukan adanya satu penyelidikan berkaitan dengan pemikiran  kesederhanaan dan kemudahan yang diusungnya. Kajian ini berbentuk literatur yang berbasis analisis dengan maqasid al-shari’ah. Antara formula yang dianalisis dalam fiqh al-taisir al-Qaradawi adalah: konsep fiqh al-taisir dan seperangkat premis yang digunakan dalam pelaksanaanya, meliputi: isu tentang rukhsah, darurat dan keadaan yang meringankan, memilih yang mudah bukan yang berhati-hati, membatasi masalah yang wajib dan haram, bebas dari fanatisme mazhab, menerapkan prinsip kemudahan dalam masalah yang susah dielakkan, penjagaan maqasid dan perubahan fatwa. Penulis mendapati dari penyelidikan ini bahwa ide kesederhanaan dan kemudahan dalam fiqh al-taisir al-Qaradawi masih bisa diterima dan boleh dijadikan panduan, karena isu yang diusung dalam fiqh al-taysirnya adalah isu-isu khilafiyah yang terbuka dengan perbincangan bukan masalah qat’i yang sudah pasti. Namun di dalam pelaksanaannya tidak boleh digunakan pada setiap isu dan keadaan, disamping itu hendaknya tidak menyimpang dari garis panduan konsep taisir yang digagas oleh para ulama usul fiqh dan selari dengan maqasid al-shari’ah yang menjadi acuan utama dalam falsafah hukum Islam.
Uji Ketahanan Bakteri Patogen yang Diinokulasi pada Bakasang dalam Kondisi Lingkungan Berbeda
Authors: Widyayanti Indah , Melisa Masengi
Published: March 2020

Bakasang merupakan suatu produk fermentasi, biasanya terbuat dari jeroan ikan cakalang atau ikan-ikan kecil seperti teri dan sardin, yangdiolah secara tradisional. Penelitian ini bertujuanmengetahui ketahanan bakteri patogen Salmonella typhi dan Staphylococcus aureusyang diinokulasi pada bakasang dalam kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda. Pengujian dilakukan pada kondisi lingkungan yang berbeda yaitu kondisi pH 4.90 , 5.05, 6.02, dan 7.0, konsentrasi inokulum  104 dan 108sel/ml, umur kultur bakteri patogen 18 dan 96 jam, , suhu 62 dan 720C, dan konsentrasi bakasang  : air(100:0, 50:50, dan 25 : 75). Data dianalisa menggunakan analisa sidik ragam dan uji t. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan pH 4,90 dan 5.05 memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri S.typhi dan S.aureus yang diinokulasi pada bakasang (P<0,05). Konsentrasi inokulum104 dan  108.sel/ml,umur kultur bakteri patogen18 dan 96 jam dan konsentrasi bakasang : air memberikan pengaruh tidak signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri patogen diinokulasi pada bakasang (P>0,05).  Hasil ketahanan panas bakteri yang diinokulasi pada bakasang menunjukkan bahwa lama pemanasan suhu 62 dan 72ºC memberikan pengaruh signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan bakteri patogen S.aureus dan S. typhi yang diinokulasi pada bakasang (P<0,05).
Sebaran Rumpon di Samudera Hindia pada Daerah Penangkapan Purse Seine
Authors: Sarianto Deni , Djunaidi  , Kadi Istrianto
Published: March 2020

Rumpon atau Fish Aggregating Devices (FAD) telah lama digunakan oleh para nelayan purse seine di Sibolga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memetakan rumpon yang dioperasikan oleh para nelayan Sibolga di Samudera Hindia dan jenis ikan yang ditangkap di sekitar rumpon tersebut. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Pelabuhan Perikanan Nusantara Sibolga, Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat tiga wilayah pemasangan  rumpun di Samudera Hindia yaitu (1) Zona rumpon yang berada di Pulau Nias, (2) Zona Ekonomi Eksklusif Indonesia (ZEEI), dan (3) Rumpon yang berada di Kepulauan Mentawai. Selanjutnya, berdasarkan  jenisnya,  ikan-ikan  yang dominan tertangkap di sekitar rumpon adalah cakalang  (1114,196 ton), layang pectoral pendek (338,344 ton) dan layang deles (217,505 ton),  tongkol pisang-balaki  (165,67 ton),  tembang  (148,786 ton),  madidihang (78,175 ton). Secara keseluruhan, penelitian ini  menemukan bahwa hasil tangkapan dengan menggunakan  purse seine di tiga wilayah tersebut atas didominasi oleh ikan-ikan yang berukuran  kecil dan sedang.  Daerah  penangkapan  ikan yang potensial bagi nelayan purse saine Sibolga berada di perairan di sekitar Pulau Nias dan Pulau Mentawai.
Proximate, Amino Acid Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Woton (Sterculia sp.) Leaves from Raja Ampat, West Papua, Indonesia
Authors: Sayuti Mohammad , Supriatna Iman , Hismayasari Intanurfemi B. , Yani Ahmad , Saidin
Published: March 2020

Woton (Sterculia sp.) plant is an endemic plant of  Papua and West Papua, Indonesia that has many benefits for the community. This research aims to examine the contents of proximate, amino acid, and antibacterial activity from the leaves extract of two plants namely Sterculia shilinglawii and Sterculia tragacantha. The sample of Sterculia sp. leaves are cleaned, dried, and milled. Then, its chemical composition, amino acid, and bacterial activity are analyzed using a standard procedure. The chemical composition was analyzed using standard AOAC, amino acid was examined using LCMS and antibacterial activity was analyzed using barrier zone against the bacteria that attack the fish. The research results showed that the chemical compositions of Sterculia sp. leaves are carbohydrates, protein, water, ash and fat. The main amino acid contents of woton (Sterculia sp.) leaves are L-Arginine, L-Valine, L-Proline, L-Alanine. Bacterial Test Results showed  that woton (Sterculia sp.) leaves extract has intermediate inhibition response against V. algynoliticus. It has been concluded that Sterculia sp. leaves have the potential chemical content.
REVIEW: AMPHIBIAN SURVEYS IN FORESTS AND WOODLANDS
Authors: Parris Kristen M.
Published: March 2020

Amphibian surveys provide information on the distribution, abundance and habitat requirements of species, and the environmental variables that control diversity. Such information is needed for effective conservation planning and management of forests and woodlands, including monitoring of amphibian populations in a period of apparent global decline. Amphibian surveys can be time-consuming and expensive, and many issues must be addressed to maximize the reliability of the resulting data. Sampling techniques that are effective in one region or habitat type may be less so in another, and a preliminary study comparing different techniques before undertaking a survey may be necessary. Data collected in poorly designed surveys can be unsuitable for statistical analysis, and may sometimes present a misleading picture of the distribution, abundance and habitat requirements of amphibian species. This review examines issues of survey design, assesses past amphibian surveys in forest and woodland habitats, and provides recommendations for planning an amphibian survey. Firstly, the study area and survey aims should be identifi ed, and proposed sampling techniques assessed using relevant literature or a pilot study. Ethical issues associated with proposed sampling techniques should also be considered. The number, size and arrangement of the survey units (e.g. plots, sites or transects) should be sufficient to address the survey aims. The survey units should be systematically surveyed several times with appropriate sampling techniques.
VOCAL REPERTORY OF TWO SPECIES OF THE LEPTODACTYLUS PENTADACTYLUS GROUP (ANURA, LEPTODACTYLIDAE)
Authors: Da Silva Wagner Rodrigues , Giaretta Ariovaldo Antonio , Facure Katia Gomes
Published: March 2020

Among frogs, vocalizations play important roles in their social interactions. Herein we describefi ve new types of vocalizations for two foam-nesting species of the Leptodactylus pentadactylusgroup, L. syphax and L. labyrinthicus. Behavioral observations and recordings were done in fourlocalities within the Cerrado biome, at southeast and central Brazil. Before emitting advertisementcalls, males of L. syphax often started producing a sequence of notes, which gradually turned into theadvertisement call. These different notes may be an introductory call, which would serve to preparethe vocal structures for the emission of the high-frequency/amplitude advertisement calls. A male ofL. syphax was emitting advertisement calls when a female approached and started to emit brief andlow-amplitude calls; these vocalizations probably are reciprocation calls. Males of L. labyrinthicusinvolved in agonistic interactions can emit vocal cracks (encounter call) and deep rough sounds (territorialcalls). Five courting males of L. labyrinthicus released screams with their mouth slightly openedin response to the approach of human observers. We conclude that these screams do not representdistress or territorial calls.
WHAT IS THE LENGTH OF A SNAKE?
Authors: Rivas Jesus A. , Ascanio Rafeal E. , Munoz Maria D. C.
Published: March 2020

The way that herpetologists have traditionally measuredlive snakes is by stretching them on a ruler andrecording the total length (TL). However, due to the thinconstitution of the snake, the large number of intervertebraljoints, and slim muscular mass of most snakes,it is easier to stretch a snake than it is to stretch anyother vertebrate. The result of this is that the length ofa snake recorded is infl uenced by how much the animalis stretched. Stretching it as much as possible is perhapsa precise way to measure the length of the specimenbut it might not correspond to the actual length ofa live animal. Furthermore, it may seriously injure a livesnake. Another method involves placing the snake in aclear plexiglass box and pressing it with a soft materialsuch as rubber foam against a clear surface. Measuringthe length of the snake may be done by outlining itsbody with a string (Fitch 1987; Frye 1991). However, thismethod is restricted to small animals that can be placedin a box, and in addition, no indications of accuracy of thetechnique are given. Measuring the snakes with a fl exibletape has also been reported (Blouin-Demers 2003)but when dealing with a large animals the way the tapeis positioned can produce great variance on the fi nal outcome.In this contribution we revise alternative ways tomeasuring a snake and propose a method that offers repeatableresults. We further analyze the precision of thismethod by using a sample of measurements taken fromwild populations of green anacondas (Eunectes murinus)with a large range of sizes.
PHYLOGENY OF SOME MIDDLE AMERICAN PITVIPERS BASED ON A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF MITOCHONDRIAL 12S AND 16S DNA SEQUENCE INFORMATION
Authors: Werman Steven D. , Crother Brian I. , White Mary E.
Published: March 2020

The cladistic relationships of several Middle American pitvipers representing the genera Bothrops (sensu stricto), Bothriechis, Cerrophidion, Lachesis and Porthidium were determined using mitochondrial 12S and 16S DNA sequence information. Maximum parsimony analyses were performed using PAUP on aligned sequences that included published information for related taxa. Two sets of analyses were conducted: one disregarding gaps in the aligned matrix, and another with gaps treated as a fifth base. When gaps were excluded resolution declined, although the general arrangement of the taxa changed little. A consistent relationship was the grouping of ((Porthidium, Bothriechis) Lachesis). The placement of Lachesis, as nested within other bothropoid genera, is only partially supported by results of other authors. The arrangement of Crotalus, Bothrops and Cerrophidion was ambiguous when gaps were discounted. In both trees, Agkistrodon was basal to the New World forms. The remaining genera, Trimeresurus (Protobothrops), Vipera, Azemiops, and Coluber, were uniformly distant to the former taxa. Also of interest is the lack of close relationship, based on the DNA data here and elsewhere, between Bothrops and Porthidium. This is in striking contrast to results based on morphologic and allozymic analyses of previous studies. It is concluded that additional DNA sequence information from a larger sample of taxa will be necessary to better assess the phylogenetic relationships among Middle American and related pitvipers.
NATURAL HISTORY OF LEIOCEPHALUS SEMILINEATUS IN ASSOCIATION WITH SYMPATRIC LEIOCEPHALUS SCHREIBERSII AND AMEIVA LINEOLATA
Authors: Nelson Sonya E. , Banbury Barb L. , Sosa Roland A. , Powell Robert , Parmerlee John S.
Published: March 2020

We examined diet, habitat use, and behavior (focal animal observations of intraspecific interactions, escape behavior, and activity period) of Leiocephalus semilineatus from near Puerto Alejandro, Provincia de Barahona, República Dominicana, and compared some parameters to similar data collected at a site near Baní, Provincia de Peravia. Leiocephalus semilineatus is found in sympatry in dry scrub forests at both sites with Ameiva lineolata, an active-foraging teiid of approximately the same size, and at the Puerto Alejandro site with a larger congener, L. schreibersii. Leiocephalus semilineatus and L. schreibersii from Puerto Alejandro exhibited sexual size dimorphism, whereas L. semilineatus from the Baní site and A. lineolata did not. Leiocephalus semilineatus spent most of the time motionless; other observed activities were interactions with conspecifics, movement, and feeding. Lizards were active from shortly after sunrise to sundown, although activity peaked in late morning. Mean cloacal temperatures of L. semilineatus did not differ significantly from those of the other two species, but were significantly above ambient temperatures. Reproductive condition of collected specimens was examined and no correlation was found between snout-vent length and egg, follicle, or testis size. Clutch size was 1–2. Diets consisted primarily of invertebrates and did not differ significantly between the three species.
NATURAL HISTORY AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF KIBALE NATIONAL PARK, UGANDA
Authors: Vonesh James
Published: March 2020

This study lists the amphibian and reptile species of Kibale National Park, Uganda, and discusses the natural history and biogeography of this unique herpetofauna. This herpetofaunal inventory was compiled based upon literature records and collections made during 17 mo fieldwork between 1995 and 1997, and includes 28 anuran, 15 lizard, and 32 snake species. Faunal comparisons with seven other tropical African forests show a high degree similarity between the Kibale herpetofauna and those of central and West Africa.
VARIATION IN BODY TEMPERATURE AND THERMOREGULATORY BEHAVIOR BETWEEN TWO POPULATIONS OF THE LESSER EARLESS LIZARD, HOLBROOKIA MACULATA
Authors: Hager Stephen B.
Published: March 2020

Body temperatures and thermoregulatory behavior of field-active Holbrookia maculata were evaluated for two sites at approximately equal elevation (approximately1200 m) in southern New Mexico: 1) a population at White Sands National Monument, and 2) a population at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site. H. maculata at WS had significantly lower body temperatures (mean = 36.3°C) than those measured at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site (mean = 39.5°C). The slope of a regression of body temperature on air temperature was significantly different between populations (White Sands National Monument; 0.65, the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site; 0.36). The microhabitats in which individuals were first observed correlated with body temperatures at White Sands National Monument, but not at the Jornada Long-term Ecological Research site. These data suggest that environmental temperature differences between sites influenced body temperatures and thermoregulation in behavior H. maculata.
USE OF INHALANT ANESTHETICS IN THREE SNAKE SPECIES
Authors: Blouin-Demers Gabriel , Weatherhead Patrick J. , Shilton Catherine M. , Parent Christopher E. , Brown Gregory P.
Published: March 2020

Different snake species respond differently to various anesthetic agents. Hence, an anesthetic procedure developed for one species cannot necessarily be safely transferred to another species. The goal of this paper is to summarize our experience using inhalant anesthetics on three snake species, including both procedures that were successful and those we found to be less satisfactory. We found isoflurane delivered with a precision vaporizer to be the best agent to anesthetize black rat snakes (Elaphe o. obsoleta). Sex and mass did not seem to affect induction times in black rat snakes, but larger female rat snakes recovered faster from anesthesia than smaller females. Halothane delivered in the open method provided consistent anesthesia in northern water snakes (Nerodia s. sipedon), although it caused some mortality and should not be used on debilitated patients. Halothane delivered with a precision vaporizer may be used to anesthetize eastern massasauga rattlesnakes (Sistrurus c. catenatus). However, care must be taken to prevent mortality resulting from anesthetic overdose. Sex and mass had no effect on induction and recovery times in the rattlesnakes, but stressed animals require longer induction and recovery times.
EFFECTS OF SEX, ENVIRONMENT, AND CONDITION ON THE MUSKING BEHAVIOR OF SYMPATRIC GARTERSNAKES (THAMNOPHIS SPP.)
Authors: Gangloff Eric , Bertolatus David , Reigel Christopher , Gagliardi-Seeley Jennifer L.
Published: March 2020

Despite an abundance of studies documenting antipredator and defensive behaviors of gartersnakes (genus Thamnophis), few have quantitatively examined musking, a widely utilized antipredator tactic. In this study we quantify musking behaviors in the Terrestrial Gartersnake (Thamnophis elegans) and the Plains Gartersnake (T. radix) when hand-captured at four sites in and near Denver, Colorado, USA. Overall, Plains Gartersnakes musked significantly more often than Terrestrial Gartersnakes. Female Terrestrial Gartersnakes musked more frequently than males, a pattern not evident in the Plains Gartersnake. Additionally, we observed a positive correlation in body condition and musking propensity in Terrestrial Gartersnakes, suggesting resource-dependent behavior in this species. Musking behavior was consistent across variations in predation pressure, environmental conditions, and snake body size, all factors shown to influence other gartersnake defensive behaviors. These results corroborate other research which demonstrates that snake antipredator behaviors are determined by complex interactions of abiotic and biotic factors.