bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Book Review of The Evidence‐Based Practice: Methods, Models, and Tools for Mental Health Professionals and Evidence‐Based Practice Manual: Research and Outcome Measures in Health and Human Services
Authors: Maesen William A.
Published: December 2011

The Evidence‐Based Practice: Methods, Models, and Tools for Mental Health Professionals by Chris E. Stout & Randy A. Hayes (Eds.), 2005, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 363 pages, $60.00, ISBN 0–471–46747–2.

Evidence‐Based Practice Manual: Research and Outcome Measures in Health and Human Services by Albert R. Roberts & Kenneth R. Yeager (Eds.), 2004, New York: Oxford University Press, 1050 pages, $89.50, ISBN 0–19–516500–4.
Video Review of Moment by Moment: The Healing Journey of Molly Hale
Authors: McCarthy Henry
Published: December 2011

Moment by Moment: The Healing Journey of Molly Hale by Dorothy Fadiman (Director), 2003, available from Concentric Media, PO Box 1414, Menlo Park, CA 94026, VHS tape, 57 minutes, $29.95 (individual), $99.00 (library/university).
Rogers Redux: Relevance and Outcomes of Motivational Interviewing Across Behavioral Problems
Authors: Mason Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Very little work regarding C. Rogers's (1961) client‐centered counseling has been published in the counseling discipline's journals over the last 20 years. However, during this time there has been an impressive output of empirical research using motivational interviewing (MI) in which C. Rogers's theory and approach are foundational. A review of MI's basic theoretical premises and applications for a multitude of behavioral problems are presented. Justification for integrating MI into counseling practice, training, and research is offered.
Measuring Lifestyle and Attachment: An Empirical Investigation Linking Individual Psychology and Attachment Theory
Authors: Peluso Paul R. , Peluso Jennifer P. , Buckner Janine P. , Kern Roy M. , Curlette William
Published: December 2011

P. R. Peluso, J. P. Peluso, J. F. White, and R. M. Kern (2004) reviewed the theoretical constructs underlying the similarities between lifestyle and attachment style. Specifically, they suggested that the individual psychology construct of lifestyle (or style of life) and attachment style should be empirically investigated. The present research provided an empirical analysis of the concepts of lifestyle and attachment style and compared the methods for assessing these concepts. The findings supported the overall hypotheses that attachment style and lifestyle are similar constructs.
Differences in Universal‐Diverse Orientation by Race‐Ethnicity and Gender
Authors: Singley Daniel B. , Sedlacek William E.
Published: December 2011

This article addresses the roles of race‐ethnicity and gender in university student orientation toward diversity. Differences in orientation toward diversity were found between men and women as well as among racial‐ethnic groups (Asian/Asian American, African American, Latino, Anglo‐American). Anglo‐American students' scores were significantly lower than those of people of color, but no differences were found among groups of color. Men's scores were significantly lower than women's scores. Discussion addresses implications for higher education diversity programming.
Education, Ethnic Identity, and Acculturation as Predictors of Self‐Esteem in Latino Adolescents
Authors: Cavazos‐Rehg Patricia A. , DeLucia‐Waack Janice L.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the self‐esteem, acculturation, and ethnic identity of 150 Latino adolescents enrolled in either a bilingual or traditional education program. Bilingual education programs were established to ensure that academic failure was not the product of limited English proficiency. Grade point average (GPA), acculturation, and ethnic identity significantly predicted self‐esteem for students in bilingual programs, whereas only GPA and acculturation significantly predicted self‐esteem for students in traditional educational programs.
An Empirical Exploration of the Occupational Satisfaction of Counselor Educators: The Influence of Gender, Tenure Status, and Minority Status
Authors: Hill Nicole R.
Published: December 2011

In higher education, occupational satisfaction is influenced by the environment as well as by the dispositional variables explored for occupational satisfaction in general. Within the context of counselor education, there are no empirical studies that explore the occupational satisfaction of counselor educators. This article provides an overview of the empirical research exploring group differences based on gender, tenure status, and minority status in occupational stress, coping strategies, and personal strain ratings for counselor educators. Implications for counselor education and future research are discussed.
Identifying Substance Abuse Issues in High Schools: A National Survey of High School Counselors
Authors: Burrow‐Sanchez Jason J. , Lopez Adriana L.
Published: December 2011

High school students consistently report the use of substances such as alcohol, cigarettes, and marijuana. One of the people they would talk to about a substance use problem is their school counselor. A survey study was conducted with a national sample of 289 high school counselors. Results indicated that participants were clearly able to identify their practice limitations and future training needs in this area. Implications for training and recommendations for future research are discussed.
The Monsters in My Head: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and the Child Survivor of Sexual Abuse
Authors: Putman Stacie E.
Published: December 2011

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is 1 of several possible outcomes of child sexual victimization. There is a growing body of literature regarding the prevalence of PTSD among children who have been sexually victimized. Using specific case examples, this article looks at the nature and scope of the problem, diagnostic criteria according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (4th ed., text rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) symptomatology of children presenting with this disorder, assessment and diagnosis, treatment interventions, and implications for counselors treating this population.
Motherhood in the 21st Century: Implications for Counselors
Authors: Medina Sondra , Magnuson Sandy
Published: December 2011

Although mental health professionals frequently work with mothers, the social construction of motherhood is rarely discussed in the counseling field. In this article, the literature on motherhood is reviewed. Intensive mothering expectations are critiqued, and the impact of these expectations on employed mothers, mothers on welfare, and stay‐at‐home mothers is discussed. Suggestions for mental health professionals are provided.
The ACA Code of Ethics: Articulating Counseling's Professional Covenant
Authors: Ponton Richard F. , Duba Jill D.
Published: December 2011

The ACA Code of Ethics (American Counseling Association, 2005) is an articulation of the ever‐changing relationship between counseling professionals and society. It provides clear parameters of behaviors to meet the changing needs of the people counselors are called to serve. This article reviews the 2005 Code as both a statement of counselor identity and an ethical covenant with society.
Client Adherence to Asian Cultural Values, Common Factors in Counseling, and Session Outcome With Asian American Clients at a University Counseling Center
Authors: Kim Bryan S. K. , Ng Gladys F. , Ahn Annie J.
Published: December 2011

Based on data from 61 Asian American clients at a university counseling center, the study found that client‐perceived match on client‐counselor belief about problem etiology was related to counselor credibility, empathy, and cross‐cultural competence; the client‐counselor working alliance; session depth; and the likelihood of the client recommending the counselor to another client. An interaction effect showed that both strong match on belief about problem etiology and high client expectation for counseling success were associated with strong client‐counselor working alliance.
Factors Affecting African American Counselors' Job Satisfaction: A National Survey
Authors: Jones Cravor , Hohenshil Thomas H. , Burge Penny
Published: December 2011

Although there are many job satisfaction studies, research related to the job satisfaction of African American counselors (AACs) is negligible. The purpose of this study was to investigate the job satisfaction of AACs. A total of 182 employed AACs who were members of the American Counseling Association (ACA) completed a modified Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire and a data information form. Results indicated that 87% of participants were satisfied or very satisfied with their current job.
Perceptions of Mate Selection for Marriage Among African American, College‐Educated, Single Mothers
Authors: Holland Rochelle
Published: December 2011

This ethnographic study researched the perceptions of mate selection for marriage and the decisions of college‐educated, African American mothers who bore children while single. Twenty‐five senior‐level African American students who attended a college in New York City participated in the study. There has been a significant change in the family life‐cycle stage of coupling and marriage for these women because of their lived experiences.
Self‐Awareness Revisited: Reconsidering a Core Value of the Counseling Profession
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

The construct of self‐awareness is highly valued by the counseling profession. However, the foundational assumptions that support this construct have not been systemically examined and critiqued. The author provides an overview of self‐awareness in light of humanistic, psychoanalytic, and postmodernist ideologies. The author concludes that the construct of self‐awareness should be replaced by self‐storying. Implications of self‐storying for counseling practice are discussed.
The American Mental Health Counselors Association: Reflection on 30 Historic Years
Authors: Colangelo James J.
Published: December 2011

The American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) celebrated its 30th anniversary in May 2006. This article provides a synopsis of AMHCA's illustrious history, from its urgent beginnings in 1976 to its current status as the premier organization attending to the needs and representing the interests of mental health counselors in the United States and elsewhere.
New Mandates and Imperatives in the Revised ACA Code of Ethics
Authors: Kaplan David M. , Kocet Michael M. , Cottone R. Rocco , Glosoff Harriet L. , Miranti Judith G. , Moll E. Christine , Bloom John W. , Bringaze Tammy B. , Herlihy Barbara , Lee Courtland C. , Tarvydas Vilia M.
Published: December 2011

The first major revision of the ACA Code of Ethics in a decade occurred in late 2005, with the updated edition containing important new mandates and imperatives. This article provides interviews with members of the Ethics Revision Task Force that flesh out seminal changes in the revised ACA Code of Ethics in the areas of confidentiality, romantic and sexual interactions, dual relationships, end‐of‐life care for terminally ill clients, cultural sensitivity, diagnosis, interventions, practice termination, technology, and deceased clients.
Content Analysis of the Journal of Counseling & Development: Volumes 74 to 84
Authors: Blancher Adam T. , Buboltz Walter C. , Soper Barlow
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of the research published in the Journal of Counseling & Development (JCD) was conducted for Volumes 74 (1996) through 84 (2006). Frequency distributions were used to identify the most published authors and their institutional affiliations, as well as some basic characteristics (type of sample, gender, and ethnicity) of the study samples. Results are compared with 2 previous content analyses (D. M. Pelsma & J. P. Cesari, 1989; M. E. Williams & W. C. Buboltz, 1999).
Explorations in the Meanings of Excellence and Its Importance for Counselors: The Culture of Excellence in the United States
Authors: Stewart Alan E.
Published: December 2011

Contemporary narratives of excellence embody the competitive striving and achievement themes underlying the idea of American exceptionalism. The author examines excellence through Aristotle's (trans. 2002) Nicomachean Ethics. An overemphasis on winning or excelling can undermine general human excellence and harm well‐being. Counselors are encouraged to embrace general human excellence and to challenge narratives of excellence.
Client Outcomes Across Counselor Training Level Within a Multitiered Supervision Model
Authors: Nyman Scott J. , Nafziger Mark A. , Smith Timothy B.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined client outcome data to evaluate treatment effectiveness across counselor training level. They used a multitiered supervision model consisting of professional staff, interns, and practicum students. Clients (N = 264) demonstrated significant improvement with no significant outcome differences between professional staff and supervised trainees. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
Using Gender Role Conflict Theory in Counseling Male‐to‐Female Transgender Individuals
Authors: Wester Stephen R. , McDonough Tracy A. , White Maureen , Vogel David L. , Taylor Lareena
Published: December 2011

Ignoring gender socialization while counseling transgender clients neglects a significant aspect of the transgender experience. To address this, the authors review the literature on gender role conflict (GRC) theory as it pertains to the transgender experience of biological males whose authentic self is female. They explore the main types of distress experienced by transgender individuals, detail the therapeutic process using a GRC theory perspective, specify how GRC applies to transgender individuals, and suggest ways to work with this population.
Therapeutic Treatment Protocol for Enuresis Using an Enuresis Alarm
Authors: Shapira Bettina E. , Dahlen Penny
Published: December 2011

Enuresis, one of the most prevalent and chronic childhood disorders, imposes serious financial, physical, and emotional burdens on the child and the family affected by it. This article provides counselors with an overview of the complex etiologies, diagnostic criteria, and current treatment options for the disorder, as well as assessment tools and comprehensive treatment guidelines, including instructions on the use of an enuresis alarm. Supportive interventions and advocacy related issues are discussed.
Advocacy and Empowerment in Parent Consultation: Implications for Theory and Practice
Authors: Holcomb‐McCoy Cheryl , Bryan Julia
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors expand the view of parental consultation to include advocacy and empowerment as important contextual considerations. A brief review of existing approaches to parent consultation is provided. Selected advances in multicultural parent consultation are also presented. An advocacy‐and empowerment‐focused perspective is offered that describes the power of consultation with parents from marginalized backgrounds. A case vignette is provided to illustrate the implications for practice.
An Exploration of Counselor Experiences of Adolescents With Sexual Behavior Problems
Authors: Chassman Linda , Kottler Jeffrey , Madison Jeanne
Published: December 2011

This grounded theory study of 18 American and Australian counselors explores the impact of working with adolescents with sexual behavior problems. Findings are reported reflecting the counselors' own histories of abuse, their feelings regarding sexual information, their sexual and emotional responses to clients, and the importance of self‐care and self‐monitoring. Implications are discussed regarding management of such reactions.
Female Intimate Partner Violence Survivors' Experiences With Accessing Resources
Authors: McLeod Amy L. , Hays Danica G. , Chang Catherine Y.
Published: December 2011

This phenomenological study investigates the types of personal and community resources that female intimate partner violence (IPV) survivors used when leaving an abusive male partner. Three African American and 2 European American IPV survivors, ages 24 to 38 years, described positive and negative experiences with social support, personal validation, self‐care, connection, IPV assessment, community validation, protection, and community support. On the basis of their experiences, a checklist of IPV competencies for counselors is presented.
The Process of Suicide Risk Assessment: Twelve Core Principles
Authors: Granello Darcy Haag
Published: December 2011

Suicide risk assessment requires counselors to determine client risk factors, warning signs, and protective factors. The content of suicide assessment has received attention in the literature. The guiding principles of the process of suicide assessment, however, have not yet been articulated. This article contains 12 core process principles that highlight the broader overarching philosophical tenets that guide suicide risk assessment. The principles serve as a complement to the current focus on content in suicide assessment.
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Returning Iraq and Afghanistan War Veterans: Implications for Assessment and Diagnosis
Authors: Jones Karyn Dayle , Young Tabitha , Leppma Monica
Published: December 2011

Mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are considered the “signature injuries” of combat soldiers returning from Iraq and Afghanistan. Both disorders can greatly affect the functioning of soldiers, yet the disorders often go undetected or are misdiagnosed by both military and civilian health care providers. This article provides information about MTBI and PTSD in returning combat soldiers along with implications for assessment and diagnosis.
Prevention Rather Than Cure? Primary or Secondary Intervention for Dealing With Media Exposure to Terrorism
Authors: Slone Michelle , Shoshani Anat
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the efficacy of primary versus secondary intervention in moderating state anxiety and state anger from media‐based exposure to terrorism. Two hundred participants, allocated to a terrorism or nonterrorism media exposure and to antecedent or subsequent therapeutic or control intervention, were assessed for state anxiety and state anger responses. Results confirmed that higher postexposure response in the terrorism media exposure group was successfully moderated by primary but not by secondary therapeutic intervention. Findings illuminate the need in this domain for intervention that is sensitively assessed for content and sequencing.
Addressing the Chronic Sorrow of Long‐Term Spousal Caregivers: A Primer for Counselors
Authors: Rossheim Beth N. , McAdams Charles R.
Published: December 2011

Chronic sorrow is described as a distinct grief reaction that occurs when loss is not final but continues to be present in the life of the griever. It is characteristic of a growing number of older individuals who are providing long‐term care at home for a spouse or primary partner with progressive disability. The unique presentations of grief, depression, and anxiety associated with the chronic sorrow of long‐term spousal caregivers require specialized counseling approaches.
Counseling Adult Clients Experiencing Chronic Pain
Authors: Burns Stephanie T.
Published: December 2011

Chronic pain affects 35% to 57% of the adult population in the United States and results in billions of dollars spent annually in direct health‐care costs and lost productivity. Extensive research confirms the considerable role psychological factors play in the experience and expression of chronic pain. The author discusses implications for counseling adult clients experiencing chronic pain, specifically interventions, interdisciplinary treatment approaches, treatment planning, diversity, and ethical/legal considerations.
Fortid, Nutid, Fremtid (Past, Present, Future): Professional Counseling in Denmark
Authors: Dixon Andrea L. , Hansen Nanja Holland
Published: December 2011

In this article, the authors offer a comprehensive overview of the counseling profession in Denmark. The history and development of counseling is considered, followed by a review of the current state of Danish professional counseling. Finally, impressions of the future of professional counseling in Denmark are presented based on the past and current trends.
A Mixed Methodological Analysis of the Role of Culture in the Clinical Decision‐Making Process
Authors: Hays Danica G. , Prosek Elizabeth A. , McLeod Amy L.
Published: December 2011

Even though literature indicates that particular cultural groups receive more severe diagnoses at disproportionate rates, there has been minimal research that addresses how culture interfaces specifically with clinical decision making. This mixed methodological study of 41 counselors indicated that cultural characteristics of both counselors and clients—including the degree of match between these characteristics—affect attention to cultural issues in clinical decision making. In addition, there was a significant relationship between participant cultural bias and perceived level of client functioning.
Promoting Self‐Esteem in Adolescents: The Influence of Wellness Factors
Authors: Myers Jane E. , Willse John T. , Villalba José A.
Published: December 2011

To assess the extent to which holistic wellness factors are predictive of self‐esteem, the authors administered the Coopersmith Self‐Esteem Inventories, School Form (Coopersmith, 2002), and the Five Factor Wellness Inventory (Myers & Sweeney, 2005a) to 225 adolescents ages 15 to 17 years. Wellness factors (Coping Self, Social Self, and Creative Self) explained a significant portion of the variance in components of self‐esteem (General Self‐Esteem, Home‐Parents Self‐Esteem, and School‐Academic Self‐Esteem). Implications for counselors and for further research are considered.
Analyzing Anti‐Asian Prejudice From a Racial Identity and Color‐Blind Perspective
Authors: Kohatsu Eric L. , Victoria Rodolfo , Lau Andrew , Flores Michelle , Salazar Andrea
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine to what extent both racial identity and color‐blind racial attitudes help explain anti‐Asian prejudice across different socioracial groups. Participants of color from a culturally diverse West Coast university were surveyed (N = 260). Hierarchical regression analyses showed that resistance racial identity and color‐blind attitudes predicted anti‐Asian prejudice. Results further validated racial identity theory as a viable tool for understanding interracial relations among Asians and other socioracial minority groups.
Journal of Counseling & Development Publication Patterns: Author and Article Characteristics From 1994 to 2009
Authors: Erford Bradley T. , Miller Emily M. , Schein Hallie , McDonald Allison , Ludwig Lisa , Leishear Kathleen
Published: December 2011

Publication patterns of articles in the Journal of Counseling & Development from 1994 to 2009 were reviewed. Trends over time were analyzed in article content (e.g., type, content topic) and author demographic characteristics (i.e., gender, nation of domicile, and employment setting). Of particular interest because of the scientific underpinnings of the counseling profession, research articles were analyzed specifically for type of research approach, classification, methodology, sample, sample size, and statistics used.
Hope as a Mediator and Moderator of Multidimensional Perfectionism and Depression in Middle School Students
Authors: Ashby Jeffrey S. , Dickinson Wendy L. , Gnilka Philip B. , Noble Christina L.
Published: December 2011

The authors examined the relationship of perfectionism, hope, and depression in a sample of 153 middle school students. Adaptive perfectionists differed significantly from both maladaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists on their levels of hope and depression. Hope mediated the relationship between maladaptive perfectionism and depression and supported an indirect effects model for hope and the relationship between adaptive perfectionism and depression. No evidence was found for hope as a moderator in the relationship between perfectionism and depression.
Content Analysis of 32 Years of American Counseling Association Convention Programs
Authors: Helwig Andrew A. , Schmidt Lisa L. L.
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of American Counseling Association convention sessions offered from 1977 to 2008 was conducted. The intent was to identify changes and trends in the counseling profession. Content of more than 15,000 sessions, including educational programs, keynote presentations, and training sessions, was assigned to 1 of 86 categories. A shift from a career and school focus to clinical and mental health, as well as an increasing emphasis on multicultural; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender; and spirituality issues, was noted.
Where Do Rural High School Students Go to Find Information About Their Futures?
Authors: Griffin Dana , Hutchins Bryan C. , Meece Judith L.
Published: December 2011

Using data from a national study of rural high school youth, the authors examined where students go to receive information about their futures and which sources are most helpful. Results indicated that students in rural and low‐income schools were more likely to report going to teachers and found teachers to be most helpful compared with students in small town and higher income schools. Patterns of differentiation were also found on the basis of gender, ethnicity, and grade level.
School Counselors as Social Capital: The Effects of High School College Counseling on College Application Rates
Authors: Bryan Julia , Moore‐Thomas Cheryl , Day‐Vines Norma L. , Holcomb‐McCoy Cheryl
Published: December 2011

Using social capital theory as a framework, the authors examined data from the Educational Longitudinal Study of 2002 (Ingels, Pratt, Rogers, Siegel, & Stutts, 2004) to investigate how student contact with high school counselors about college information and other college‐related variables influence students' college application rates. In addition to some college‐related variables, the number of school counselors and student contacts were significant predictors of college application rates. Implications for school counselors and counselor training are included.
Counselors' Perceptions of Ethical Behaviors
Authors: Neukrug Edward S. , Milliken Tammi
Published: December 2011

A random sample of American Counseling Association members was asked to respond to a 77‐item survey of counselor behaviors and identify whether each behavior was ethical or unethical. Results are categorized by behaviors in which 90% of counselors agreed, 75% to 90% agreed, and 25% to 50% disagreed. Also, changes in ethics education were reviewed and chi‐square statistics were examined for differences based on demographics: gender, age, specialty area and position held, ethnicity, and degree.
Models of Sexual and Relational Orientation: A Critical Review and Synthesis
Authors: Moe Jeffry L. , Reicherzer Stacee , Dupuy Paula J.
Published: December 2011

Many frameworks exist to explain and describe the phenomenon of same‐sex sexuality as it applies to human development. This conceptual article provides a critical overview and synthesis of previous models to serve as a theoretical bridge for the suggested multiple continua model of sexual and relational orientations. Recommendations for how counselors can adapt the multiple continua model to improve their work with same‐sex sexual clients are presented, and future directions for research are discussed.
The Voice of the Voiceless: An Interview With Thelma Daley
Authors: Coker Angela D.
Published: December 2011

Thelma Thomas Daley, through leadership, service, teaching, and publication, has been committed to the counseling profession for over 40 years. Daley was a pioneer in the counseling field as the 1st African American president of the American School Counselor Association in 1971 and the 1st African American and 3rd female president of the American Personnel and Guidance Association (now American Counseling Association [ACA]) in 1975. In this interview, she recounts her experiences as an organizational leader committed to enhancing the multicultural growth and professional excellence of ACA.
Quantitative Articles: Developing Studies for Publication in Counseling Journals
Authors: Trusty Jerry
Published: December 2011

This article is presented as a guide for developing quantitative studies and preparing quantitative manuscripts for publication in counseling journals. It is intended as an aid for aspiring authors in conceptualizing studies and formulating valid research designs. Material is presented on choosing variables and measures and on selecting statistical analyses models. The second section of the article addresses preparation of manuscripts for publication, including article organization and presentation of data.
Evaluating and Reporting Statistical Power in Counseling Research
Authors: Balkin Richard S. , Sheperis Carl J.
Published: December 2011

Despite recommendations from the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.) to include information on statistical power when publishing quantitative results, authors seldom include analysis or discussion of statistical power. The rationale for discussing statistical power is addressed, approaches to using G*Power to report statistical power are presented, and examples for reporting statistical power are provided.
Publishing Action Research in Counseling Journals
Authors: Guiffrida Douglas A. , Douthit Kathryn Z. , Lynch Martin F. , Mackie Karen L.
Published: December 2011

The increased use of action research in counseling training and professional publications provides an opportunity to bridge the research‐practitioner gap that has plagued the profession for decades. In this article, action research is defined, and special considerations that counselor researchers need to address when designing, conducting, and reporting action research are presented. Suggestions are included throughout the article to assist counseling action researchers in publishing their studies in American Counseling Association journals.
Infusing Qualitative Traditions in Counseling Research Designs
Authors: Hays Danica G. , Wood Chris
Published: December 2011

Research traditions serve as a blueprint or guide for a variety of design decisions throughout qualitative inquiry. This article presents 6 qualitative research traditions: grounded theory, phenomenology, consensual qualitative research, ethnography, narratology, and participatory action research. For each tradition, the authors describe its purpose and key characteristics, outline commonly associated fieldwork activities, describe analytic approaches within the tradition, and then discuss strengths and challenges of the approach.
Research in Counseling: A 10‐Year Review to Inform Practice
Authors: Ray Dee C. , Hull Darrell M. , Thacker Andi J. , Pace Laura S. , Swan Karrie L. , Carlson Sarah E. , Sullivan Jeffrey M.
Published: December 2011

This study reviewed 4,457 articles from 1998 to 2007 in American Counseling Association division‐affiliated journals to identify research articles published in counseling; 1,139 articles (25.6%) were quantitatively research based. The authors provide details related to quantitative research publications, including individual journal contribution to the research base, focus areas for research, and independent and dependent variables highlighted by researchers. One summary finding was that only 6% of counseling research articles explored effectiveness of counseling interventions.
A Vision for the Future of Counseling: The 20/20 Principles for Unifying and Strengthening the Profession
Authors: Kaplan David M. , Gladding Samuel T.
Published: December 2011

This article describes the development of the historic Principles for Unifying and Strengthening the Profession. An outcome of the 20/20: A Vision for the Future of Counseling initiative, this document delineates a core set of principles that unifies and advances the counseling profession. Principles for Unifying and Strengthening the Profession has been endorsed by 29 major counseling organizations.
Beyond Professionalism: or Professionalism Reconsidered
Authors: Moore Gilbert D.
Published: December 2011

The historical concept of professionalism is questioned as a model for the future of ACES as an organization. Two major issues are raised. The first issue is the lack of clarity of purpose within ACES and counselor education. Counselor Education in ACES and APGA usually refers to school counseling. Questions are raised about the nature of ACES and the structure of APGA. The second issue speaks to the question of the social responsibility and role of a profession. It is suggested that counselor education has strong social responsibilities, including the possibility of opening new career patterns for the poor.
The Year of the Expert
Authors: Brown Duane
Published: December 2011

The personnel and guidance profession is plagued with numerous types of experts who, without attempting to do so, retard the advancement of the profession. The mark of an expert is a person who publicly and unwaveringly proclaims that he has the answers to the problems confronting the profession. Perhaps the most disturbing characteristic of the expert found in the profession today is that he represents his own position as the only “true” one regardless of the issue. It is suggested that all members of the profession adopt a more open and questioning attitude particularly with regard to their own position. Additionally, it seems that the entire profession could benefit from a number of changes. Specifically it is recommended that opinion type articles be labeled as such, that theory be separated from fact, and that a greater attempt be made to redefine the language of the profession operationally.
Needed a Professional Identity: Aces or Jokers?
Authors: Heath B. R. G.
Published: December 2011

The ASCA statement on the role of the school counselor is a reification. As a generalist the counselor dissipates his professional identity. Institutional restraints on the job and upon the campus lead to incompetence in counseling practice and a pervasive belief that counseling is ineffective. A suggested alleviation of this problem specifically involves the abandonment of the teaching experience requirement, increasing counselor education staff commitment to counseling, and the introduction of a paid internship for counselor candidates. Two specialists are recommended to replace the present guidance model: A Counselor‐Consultant and a Career Information Specialist.
Practicum Placement in a Counseling‐Employment Agency for Disadvantaged Youth
Authors: Payne Paul A. , Mills Robert B.
Published: December 2011

In order to emphasize the development of skills in helping the culturally disadvantaged, graduate students were given practicum placement in a Department of Labor‐financed agency which gave counseling and employment training to disadvantaged youth. Students attended staff meetings, interviewed staff members concerning the work they performed, and discussed client contacts with caseworkers, in addition to interviewing agency clients. Increased awareness of problems, broadened conceptualizations, and expansion of interpersonal skills were seen as advantages of the practicum. Limitations included some lack of goal clarity and inefficiency of time use in dealing with this clientele.
Persistence of Attitudes and Values of NDEA Students‐Two Years Post Institute
Authors: Rochester Dean E.
Published: December 2011

Eighty‐two students who had been enrolled in year‐long NDEA Counseling and Guidance Institutes were followed up for a two‐year period concerning attitudes and values. Subjects were administered the Porter Test of Counselor Attitudes and the Study of Values. Students attitudes and values similar to those present at the onset of their program and similar to those present after they had been away from their program one year. Some differences were noted concerning end‐of‐institute responses. Changes occuring during the programs appear minimal. Since there were no differences indicated between the one‐ and two‐year follow‐up, one year might be a sufficient period for this type of investigation.
Personal Change As A Concommitant of Counselor Education
Authors: Kassera Wayne J. , Sease William A.
Published: December 2011

Three groups of students at various levels of counselor preparation were selected to determine if significant changes in personal characteristics took place as a result of a semester of counselor education. The California Psychological Inventory, Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale (Form D), Berger's Acceptance of Self and Others Scale, and Porter's Test of Counselor Attitudes were employed as instruments to ascertain change. Results indicated a significant difference between advanced groups and beginning groups and between pre‐ and posttest measures in a direction perceived as desirable by authorities in the field.
Conflicts in Counselor Preparation and Professional Practice: An Analysis
Authors: Van Hoose William H.
Published: December 2011

The sharp contrast between counselor preparation and professional practice is one of the most perplexing problems in the counseling profession. Most counselor preparation programs attempt to help prospective counselors acquire the skills, the attitude, and the commitment necessary to be helping persons. Too often, however, when the counselor takes a job in a school, he is unable to establish and maintain his helping position. Further, his effectiveness as a helping person may in fact diminish with time on the job. Some possible reasons for this condition include: (a) lack of a systematic approach, (b) regression to attitudes and concerns held prior to entering the profession, (c) conflict between needs of students and institutional demands, and (d) the tendency to set unattainable goals. These conditions contain several implications for the profession and suggest a reexamination of traditional emphases in counselor preparation.
Some Speculations about Cognitive Dissonance in Counselor Education
Authors: Gutsch Kenneth Urial , Rosenblatt Howard S.
Published: December 2011

For some years the challenge of bringing greater sophistication to the area of counselor education has touched upon many interesting conceptualizations, one of which deals with cognitive dissonance. This paper is an exploration of the concept of cognitive dissonance as it is reflected through the seemingly conflicting roles of counseling and testing. To anticipate the potential interplay between such roles creates some speculations not only about what dissonance exists but about what might be done to bring two apparently discrepant cognitions into harmony.
The Practicum in Study of Student Development: Its Relation to Counselor Preparation
Authors: Kennedy C. E. , Danskin D. G. , Edelman S. K. , Steffen J. D.
Published: December 2011

This paper identifies several kinds of counselor activity for which practicum experiences have been or are being designed. These include individual and group counseling, outreach consultation, supervision of practicum students, and the study of student development. The SSD practicum is seen as sensitizing and predisposing the personnel worker to view action research as a relevant and crucial part of counselor education.
An Approach to Counselor Education
Authors: Truax Charles B.
Published: December 2011

A training approach emphasizing the specifics of selection and intentionally structured practice experiences is described. The program is as applicable to nonprofessional as to professional training programs. It is proposed that nonprofessionals can be better selected and equally trained. Research is reviewed giving specific selection criteria on personality measures and on initial levels of interpersonal skills as measured from tape recordings of trial group counseling interviews. A specific integrated didactic (feedback) and experiential training approach is described.
The Application of the Microcounseling Paradigm to the Training of Support Personnel in Counseling
Authors: Haase Richard F. , DiMattia Dominic J.
Published: December 2011

The microcounseling paradigm was utilized in 3 4‐hour segments to train paraprofessionals in the skills of attending behavior, expression of feeling, and reflection of feeling. Sixteen female subjects served in the project and followed a modified micro‐counseling routine in learning each of the skills. Results showed that all trainees evidenced significant learning of all 3 behavioral skills in a short period of time. Significant pre‐ to post‐treatment differences occurred on all criterion measures. Results are discussed with respect to the training of support personnel in counseling via the microcounseling paradigm.
Relevant Training for Relevant Roles: A Model for Educating Inner‐City Counselors
Authors: Lewis Michael D. , Lewis Judith A.
Published: December 2011

The inner‐city counselor is expected to enter into his role with an understanding of his students and their culture, as well as with a knowledge of the processes of social change and his own potential contribution. Present programs of counselor education do not tend to provide the basis for development of these wide‐ranging skills. It is suggested that counselor education should place potential counselors in public school settings working in teams with practicing counselors, providing relevant experience for future counselors and invigorating contacts for future supervisors. Course work would be inter‐disciplinary and provided in the public school milieu.
Effects of Group Counseling on Self‐Reports and on Self‐Recognition Abilities of Counselors in Training
Authors: Apostal Robert A. , Muro James J.
Published: December 2011

This study attempted to demonstrate the effects of group counseling with prospective counselors. Two hypotheses were tested: (a) Group counseling is associated with changes in self‐reports of counselors in training; and (b) Group counseling increases self‐recognition abilities of counselors in training. To test hypothesis one, study and control group scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and the Motivation Analysis Test were compared using analysis of covariance. Hypothesis two was tested by applying selected criteria to the subjects' choices of personality sketches that were “most like me.” The first but not the second hypothesis was confirmed. Discussion relates the findings to previous research and notes the minimal nature of the differences between the study and control groups.
Instructional Objectives for the Professional Preparation of Counselors
Authors: Winborn Bob B. , Hinds William C. , Stewart Norman R.
Published: December 2011

Counselor educators have not made widespread use of the various instructional designs, programs, and materials that have been developed by educational technologists. The use of instructional objectives is one of the keystones of the new educational technology. Their use in designing programs for preparing counselors and counseling psychologists is described.
Counselor Attitudes Toward Administrative Practices: Massachusetts and Connecticut
Authors: Humes Charles W. , Lavitt Jerry A.
Published: December 2011

Administrative practices and their relationship to counselor role conflict, as perceived by school counselors, was investigated by survey questionnaire in Massachusetts and Connecticut. Results indicated that counselors feel that role clarification would ensue if guidance pupil personnel services directors had administrative jurisdiction of programs and that the main deterrent is traditional autonomy of the building principal. At the secondary level, principals tend to have supervisory and administrative control, while at the elementary level the reverse trend appears to be true.
Self‐Description and Preference for Various Educational Specialties Among Counselor Trainees
Authors: Pearson Richard E.
Published: December 2011

The study investigated differences in self‐description (obtained by using the Osgood Semantic Differential Technique) between counselor‐trainees indicating first occupational preference for counseling and those indicating preference for an educational specialty other than counseling (i.e., teaching, administration, school psychology). In addition, these two groups were compared in terms of the degree of similarity between their individual self descriptions and their descriptions of each of the specialty groups. No differences were found between the counseling preferred and the noncounseling preferred groups in their self‐descriptions (as expressed in terms of three factors: evaluation, potency, activity). However, it was found that the counseling‐preferred group described themselves significantly more similar to the way in which they described counselors than did the noncounseling specialty preferred group. In fact, in terms of magnitude of difference between self‐description and descriptions of the various specialists, the non‐counseling specialty preferred group describes itself as resembling counselors least. Implications for further research were discussed.
British and Commonwealth Counselors: An Investigation of Counselor Characteristics and Theoretical Views
Authors: Woody Robert H. , Dubner Mary Ann P.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated personal characteristics, espoused theoretical orientation, counseling response style, and tendency toward variety as related to general guidance, and counseling competence, and to home or overseas origin of 32 (16 males and 16 females) students enrolled in the Guidance Unit at the University of Reading, England. Subjects were drawn from the United Kingdom (Home students) and from 11 overseas countries (Overseas students). Instruments administered were the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS), the Porter Counseling Inventory (PCI), and the Similies Preference Inventory (SPI). The subjects' theoretical orientation was determined by the ratings of six theories of counseling. These ratings were given weighted scores for Insight and Action orientation, i.e., London's Insight‐Action dichotomy. Guidance and counseling competency was based upon ratings by three professors using a 5‐point scale. Results showed large differences between the groups on the EPPS and PCI, but EPPS and PCI scores were unrelated to the subjects' theoretical orientations. Competency ratings were related to theoretical preference, with Home students espousing Action approaches receiving lower ratings and Overseas students espousing Insight approaches receiving lower ratings. Results were discussed in terms of different cultural demands on counselors and with relevance to the use of the Insight‐Action dichotomy in research with American counselor samples.
Differentiation In Elementary School Counselor Preparation Programs Among ACES Regions
Authors: Wehrly Beatrice L.
Published: December 2011

A national survey, reported by ACES regions, examined the differentiation of counselor education programs for the preparation of elementary school counselors. While the study, based on usable questionnaire returns from 225 counselor education programs, provides evidence of many efforts toward program differentiation, there remains a substantial lack of uniformity in preparation background of elementary school counselors graduating from preparation programs across the country.
Self‐Disclosure, Genuineness, and the Interpersonal Relationship
Authors: Truax Charles B.
Published: December 2011

The hypothesis that genuineness or congruence is directly causative of therapeutic client change and that self‐disclosure is itself a basic precondition for the development of genuineness is proposed and discussed.