bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hip Fracture, Comorbidity, and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study, 1995–2015
Authors: Pedersen Alma B , Ehrenstein Vera , Szépligeti Szimonetta K , Sørensen Henrik T
Published: August 2017

We evaluated risks of MI and stroke in elderly patients with hip fracture compared with the general population. We also examined the interaction between hip fracture and comorbidity with respect to risks of MI or stroke, defined as excess of risk explained by combining risks of hip fracture and comorbidity. We conducted a population-based cohort study using Danish health registries, in 1995 to 2015 including 110,563 hip fracture patients and 552,774 members of the comparison cohort from the general population. Thirty-day cumulative incidences of MI were 1.15% among patients with hip fracture and 0.09% in the general population (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 12.97; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.56 to 14.55). Thirty-day cumulative incidences of stroke were 2.16% for hip fracture patients and 0.21% in the general population (aHR = 9.42; 95% CI, 8.71 to 10.19). During the 31 to 365 days following hip fracture, the aHR for MI was 1.05 (95% CI, 0.97 to 1.14) and remained at this level during the remainder of follow-up (maximum of 20 years). The aHR for stroke was 1.29 (95% CI, 1.22 to 1.35) during the 31 to 365 days following hip fracture, remained elevated for up to 10 years, and then decreased to the general population level. The aHRs for MI and stroke were increased for both men and women, and in all age and comorbidity groups. During the first 30 days, up to 76% of MI and stroke risk was attributable to interaction between hip fracture and comorbidity. Patients with hip fracture are at increased risk of both MI and stroke up to 1 year following the fracture. Risk of stroke, but not of MI, was elevated during up to 10 years postfracture. Although the absolute risks were low, our finding underscores the importance of targeting multimorbidity, including prevention and adequate treatment, to improve the prognosis of hip fracture patients. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Interfacial‐Active Polymer Nanoparticles, Their Assemblies, and SERS Application
Authors: Visaveliya Nikunjkumar R. , Li Xiang , Knauer Andrea , Prasad Bhagavatula L. V. , Köhler Johann Michael
Published: August 2017

In this work, surface‐active polymer nanoparticles as well as polymer–polymer and polymer–metal nanoassembly particles are synthesized, and different parameters such as their size, morphologies, and assembling strength are studied. Nanoassembly particles are attractive because of the coupled properties with a large surface to volume ratio. A key challenge is to produce the core–shell polymer nanoparticles via single‐step processes. To address this concern, here, microfluidics approach and precise interfacial reaction strategies are used, and hence different types of surface layered polymer nanoparticles are obtained in one‐step processes. An inner core material is hydrophobic, whereas a hydrophilic surface layer (in situ formed during the polymerization process) swells in the aqueous environment. Moreover, three different reaction setups (batch, flow, and in situ) are applied in order to architect the nanoassembling hierarchical structures via layer‐by‐layer strategy. On the other side, polymer–metal nanoassembly particles as well as metal catalyzed metal deposited four layered nanoassembly particles of tuned size and compositions are produced. It is shown that these particles can be used as nanosensor particles for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy.
A fresh approach to the Paley–Wiener theorem for Mellin transforms and the Mellin–Hardy spaces
Authors: Bardaro Carlo , Butzer Paul L. , Mantellini Ilaria , Schmeisser Gerhard
Published: August 2017

Here we give a new approach to the Paley–Wiener theorem in a Mellin analysis setting which avoids the use of the Riemann surface of the logarithm and analytical branches and is based on new concepts ofpolar‐analytic functionin the Mellin setting and Mellin–Bernstein spaces. A notion of Hardy spaces in the Mellin setting is also given along with applications to exponential sampling formulas of optical physics.
Thermodynamic Parameters of Temperature‐Induced Phase Transition for Brushes onto Nanoparticles: Hydrophilic versus Hydrophobic End‐Groups Functionalization
Authors: Schweizerhof Sjören , Demco Dan Eugen , Mourran Ahmed , Keul Helmut , Fechete Radu , Möller Martin
Published: August 2017

Quantification of the stimuli‐responsive phase transition in polymers is topical and important for the understanding and development of novel stimuli‐responsive materials. The temperature‐induced phase transition of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAm) with one thiol end group depends on the confinement—free polymer or polymer brush—on the molecular weight and on the nature of the second end. This paper describes the synthesis of heterotelechelic PNIPAm of different molecular weights with a thiol end group—that specifically binds to gold nanorods and a hydrophilic NIPAm end group by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization. Proton high‐resolution magic angle sample spinning NMR spectra are used as an indicator of the polymer chain conformations. The characteristics of phase transition given by the transition temperature, entropy, and width of transition are obtained by a two‐state model. The dependence of thermodynamic parameters on molecular weight is compared for hydrophilic and hydrophobic end functional‐free polymers and brushes.
2D Sequence‐Coded Oligourethane Barcodes for Plastic Materials Labeling
Authors: Karamessini Denise , Poyer Salomé , Charles Laurence , Lutz Jean‐François
Published: August 2017

Mixtures of uniform sequence‐defined oligourethanes are evaluated as 2D molecular barcodes for labeling three different commodity polymers, namely polystyrene, polyvinylchloride and polyethylene terephthalate. Six different oligourethanes are synthesized by solid‐phase iterative synthesis and are coded using a binary monomer alphabet. High‐resolution mass spectrometry studies indicate that all oligomers are uniform and sequence‐defined. However, instead of using them as individual coded chains, oligomers with different chain‐length, mass and sequence are mixed into intentionally polydispersed libraries. In particular, a three‐component library and a four‐component library are created to encode a 2‐bytes model binary sequence. These 2D‐coded libraries are incorporated in all commodity plastics via a simple solvent casting procedure. Furthermore, in all cases, the oligomer mixtures can be extracted from the host polymer films and deciphered by mass spectrometry, thus opening interesting avenues for anti‐counterfeiting and traceability applications.
Axial or Helical? Considerations for wide collimation CT scanners capable of volumetric imaging in both modes
Authors: Lambert Jack W. , Phillips Elizabeth D. , Villanueva‐Meyer Javier E. , Nardo Lorenzo , Facchetti Luca , Gould Robert G.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

To determine whether axial or helical mode is more appropriate for a 16 cm collimation CT scanner capable of step‐and‐shoot volumetric axial coverage, in terms of radiation dose, image quality, and scan duration.

Methods

All scans were performed with a Revolution CT (GE Healthcare) operating at 120 kV and 100 mAs. Using calibrated optically stimulated luminescence detectors, radiation dose along the axial scan profile was evaluated at the isocenter, including the overlap region between two axial sections. This overlap region measures 3 cm in the z‐axis at the isocenter and is required to obtain sufficient projection data from the relatively large cone‐beam angles. Using an image quality phantom (Gammex Model 464), spatial resolution, CT number uniformity, image noise, and low contrast detectability (LCD) were evaluated under five different conditions: in the middle of a helical acquisition, in the middle of a 16 cm axial section, at both ends of an axial section and in the overlap region between two axial sections. Scan durations and dose length products (DLP) were recorded for prescribed scan lengths of 2.5–100 cm.

Results

The overlap region between two axial sections received a dose 83% higher than the single‐exposure region at the isocenter. Within a single axial section, the dose at the anode end was 37% less than at the cathode end due to the anode heel effect. Image noise ranged from a low of 13 HU for the cathode end of an axial section up to 14.7 HU for the anode end (P < 0.001). The LCD was at lower at the anode end of the axial section compared to both the cathode end (P < 0.05) and the overlap location (P < 0.02). The spatial resolution and CT number uniformity were consistent among all conditions. Scan durations were shorter (0.28 s) for the axial mode compared to the helical mode at scan lengths ≤ 16 cm, and longer at scan lengths ≥ 16 cm where more than one table position was required, up to a difference of 13.9 s for a the 100 cm scan length (3.8 s for helical compared to 17.6 s for axial). DLPs were consistent between scan modes; slightly lower in axial mode at shorter scan lengths due to helical overranging, and slightly higher in axial mode at longer scan lengths due to the axial overlap regions.

Conclusions

To ensure the most consistent radiation dose and image quality along the scan length, we recommend helical mode for scans longer than the 16 cm coverage of a single axial section. For scan lengths ≤ 16 cm, axial scanning is the most practical option, with a shorter scan duration and higher dose efficiency.
Dissimilar arc routing problems
Authors: Constantino Miguel , Mourão M. Cândida , Pinto Leonor S.
Published: August 2017

Money collection presents particular problems in terms of effective vehicle routing. Planning the collection or distribution of money for ATMs or parking meters gives rise to two problems: while the total collecting time should be minimized, tours on successive days should be different to prevent robberies. The combination of these two problems is named as the Dissimilar Routing Problem. When the safes to be collected are located along the streets, it corresponds to an arc routing problem, which we call D, and when the money is from ATMs, it corresponds to a vehicle routing problem, usually referred to as the peripatetic routing problem. The former problem arises in a Portuguese company in charge of street parking in Lisbon. The firm needs to define tours to collect safes from parking meters, minimizing the total collecting time. To avoid robberies these tours cannot be repeated or somehow anticipated. For this new problem, we present a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model and develop a matheuristic. Preliminary experiments are provided with data that mimic the real confidential data. Results point to a good performance of the matheuristic, while the smaller instances can be solved to optimality with the MILP model and a commercial solver. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 70(3), 233–245 2017
Microfluidic‐assisted controllable formation of millimeter‐scale poly(divinylbenzene) foam shells
Authors: Wang Xiaojun , Zhu Jiayi , Shao Ting , Chen Shufan , Luo Xuan , Zhang Lin
Published: August 2017

We demonstrated a practical microfluidic approach to fabricate extremely monodisperse millimeter‐sized poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) foam shells with the comparable double emulsion templates. At millimeter scale, the emulsification process was more complex and more difficult to control due to the very large characteristic sizes and velocities. A new kind of three‐dimension co‐axial microfluidic chip including a Y‐shaped compound channels was designed to maintain more stable and robust flow field and regular emulsification. The hydrodynamic features of the double‐emulsion droplet formation were investigated. The results showed perfect encapsulation and continuous emulsification could be obtained by one‐step dripping (Caouter∈ (0.018,0.09)). The size of the outlet channel would be comparable with the target droplet. Besides, droplet diameters could similarly be plotted as a function of capillary number close to the general microfluidic ones. After photo‐polymerization and supercritical drying, spherical and concentric PDVB foam shells were obtained to satisfy the inertial fusion energy experiments with large diameter (3–5.45 mm), thin wall thickness (50–250 μm), low density (50–300 mg/cm3), and a less than 0.1% polydispersity. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 58:1184–1192, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Diffusion of Vacancies Created by High‐Energy Heavy Ion Strike Into Diamond
Authors: Onoda Shinobu , Tatsumi Kazumasa , Haruyama Moriyoshi , Teraji Tokuyuki , Isoya Junichi , Kada Wataru , Ohshima Takeshi , Hanaizumi Osamu
Published: August 2017

A novel technique is proposed to measure how far vacancies diffuse from the initial damaged region with sub‐micrometer resolution. Vacancies created by a single heavy ion with high energy are considered. The most important feature of the single ion track is the quasi‐one‐dimensional vacancy distribution with high volume density, which exceeds 1019 vacancies cm−3. After annealing, the vacancies combine with nitrogen impurities to form nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers. With increasing annealing temperature and time, the distribution of NV centers becomes wider. Therefore, the vacancies created by a single heavy ion are suitable to investigate vacancy diffusion. The activation energy of vacancy migration in diamond is determined to be 2.12 eV, which is in reasonable agreement with reported values.
Fabrication of a 22.8% Efficient Back Contact Solar Cell With Localized Laser‐Doping
Authors: Ernst Marco , Franklin Evan , Fell Andreas , Fong Kean , Walter Daniel , Wang Er‐Chien , Kho Teng , Blakers Andrew
Published: August 2017

Interdigitated back contact (IBC) solar cells offer one of the most promising routes towards highest device efficiencies but require finding of industrially feasible low cost production sequences. In this paper, the fabrication of a 22.8% efficient all‐laser‐doped IBC solar cell with localized boron and phosphorus doped contacts is reported. The laser‐based approach with localized emitter and back‐surface field regions reported here avoids costly patterning steps of the localized contacts. By means of numerical device simulations it is demonstrated that this cell is limited by recombination and contact resistivity of the localized contacts and an efficiency potential of 23.8% with improved laser parameters is demonstrated.
Spectral X‐Ray Glitches in Monocrystalline Diamond Refractive Lenses
Authors: Polikarpov Maxim , Emerich Hermann , Klimova Nataliya , Snigireva Irina , Savin Valeriy , Snigirev Anatoly
Published: August 2017

X‐ray refractive lenses are widely used optical devices at today synchrotron X‐ray sources. In the present paper we demonstrate negative influence of the X‐ray diffraction on optical properties of monocrystalline X‐ray refractive lenses in operation. Several types of single‐crystal diamond lenses were studied in X‐ray spectroscopy mode at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility. X‐rays were propagating through individual lenses, stacked together in a row, and the transmitted intensity was measured at different energies. While using the stack of crystallographically co‐aligned lenses, we obtained the strong maximal reduction of 35% in an intensity of the outgoing signal. The effect was caused by diffraction losses in the single‐crystal diamond and also called “X‐ray glitch.” The magnitude of the effect was then minimized down to ∼10% by use of stacks with different crystallographic orientation of individual lenses inside. At the same time, X‐ray glitches did not affect any focal spot's size or shape while only arousing the darkening of the focal spot at exact energies of X‐ray glitches.
Possible superconductivity in chemically doped CrSb1 + δ
Authors: Dahal Ashutosh , Gunasekera Jagath , Singh Deepak K.
Published: August 2017

Antiferromagnetic system with stripe magnetic order provides a potential platform for the investigation of possible unconventional superconductivity. Here we report interesting new results that possibly indicate the development of superconductivity in chemically doped CrSb1 + δ. Electrical and magnetic measurements on CrSb1 + δ, with δ varying between 0.05 and 0.1, reveal field‐dependent properties that are usually observed in a superconductor. The transition to a possible superconducting state is found to occur at T = 8.8 K. The observation of possible superconducting state in CrSb1 + δ will shed new light on the origin of the unconventional superconductivity in magnetic material with long‐range antiferromagnetic stripe order.
Gridded probabilistic weather forecasts with an analog ensemble
Authors: Sperati Simone , Alessandrini Stefano , Delle Monache Luca
Published: August 2017

This study extends the analog ensemble (AnEn) technique to generate probabilistic forecasts of 10 m wind speed over a grid. The AnEn has been widely used to generate short‐term probabilistic predictions of meteorological variables, air quality, wind and solar power, and to effectively downscale reanalysis fields. It is based on a historical dataset including observations paired with corresponding deterministic predictions. For each forecast lead time and location, the AnEn is generated using the observations corresponding to the past deterministic predictions that are more similar to the current forecast. So far, the AnEn has been used to generate predictions at specific locations with available observations. Here, it is extended over a two‐dimensional grid, where each grid point is treated independently, using meteorological analysis instead of observations. The forecast range is extended up to 6 days ahead to evaluate the performance of the AnEn in both the short and medium range. The proposed approach allows to extend the AnEn to applications requiring gridded probabilistic products that are often generated with dynamical ensemble models. The AnEn forecasts are generated using the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) deterministic and analysis model. Also, the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System (EPS) is used for comparison. Given that the AnEn predictions are generated independently at any location and lead time, the resulting spatial and temporal correlation may be degraded by noise. A reordering technique called Schaake Shuffle (SS) is then applied to the ensemble members to recover the spatio‐temporal correlation. The AnEn outperforms a calibrated version of EPS for the first two days of the prediction. During the third forecast day, the AnEn remains competitive with the calibrated EPS, while the latter is more skilful from 72 to 144 h ahead. The AnEn uses about one sixth of the computational resources necessary to generate the real‐time EPS prediction.
Climatology of heavy precipitation over Corsica in the period 1985–2015
Authors: Scheffknecht P. , Richard E. , Lambert D.
Published: August 2017

The island of Corsica in the western Mediterranean is frequently struck by devastating heavy precipitation events (HPEs), which endanger property and lives alike. In the framework of the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) project, multiple HPEs from 2012 were observed and studied, and to provide context, a climatology for HPEs based on 31 years (1985–2015) of surface observations was derived, based on 173 events. HPEs (>100 mm day−1) strike the island around 5–6 times a year and show a distinct seasonal cycle. They occur predominantly during autumn, with more than half of the HPEs occurring from September to December and almost 20% in October, the most active month. The eastern half of the island is most affected by HPEs. Composite fields for all events show a cyclone over the western Mediterranean west of Corsica, and warm and moist low‐level air upstream of the orography, predominantly over the Tyrrhenian Sea southeast of the island.

The events are classified using their synoptic and mesoscale environment obtained from ERA‐Interim data. Using empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) and a principal component (PC) analysis together with the k‐means clustering algorithm, three clusters of events are identified. Each has a different seasonal cycle, dominant wind direction, and precipitation distribution. Warm southeasterly events occur predominantly in autumn, produce the most extreme events and affect the coasts and slopes of eastern Corsica alike. Cool southeasterly events occur predominantly in winter and affect mostly the slopes along the east side of the orography. Southwesterly events are more often associated with large‐scale Atlantic cyclones and occur throughout almost the entire year, with the highest precipitation over the mountains.
A dynamic likelihood approach to filtering
Authors: Restrepo J. M.
Published: August 2017

A Bayesian data assimilation scheme is formulated for advection‐dominated or hyperbolic evolutionary problems, and observations. It uses the physics to dynamically update the likelihood in order to extend the impact of the likelihood on the posterior, a strategy that would be particularly useful when the observation network is sparse in space and time and the associated measurement uncertainties are low.

The filter is applied to a problem with linear dynamics and Gaussian statistics, and compared to the exact estimate, a model outcome, and the Kalman filter estimate. By comparing to the exact estimate the dynamic likelihood filter is shown to be superior to model outcomes and to the Kalman estimate, when the observation system is sparse. The added computational expense of the method is linear in the number of observations and thus computationally efficient, suggesting that the method is practical even if the space dimensions of the physical problem are large.
A study of entangled systems in the many‐body signed particle formulation of quantum mechanics
Authors: Sellier Jean Michel , Kapanova Kristina G.
Published: August 2017

Recently a new formulation of quantum mechanics has been introduced, based on signed classical field‐less particles interacting with an external field by means of only creation and annihilation events. In this article, we extend this novel theory to the case of many‐body problems. We show that, when restricted to spatial finite domains and discrete momentum space, the proposed extended theory is equivalent to the time‐dependent many‐body Wigner Monte Carlo method. In this new picture, the treatment of entangled systems comes naturally and, therefore, we apply it to the study of quantum entangled systems. The latter is represented in terms of two Gaussian wave packets moving in opposite directions. We introduce the presence of a dissipative background and show how the entanglement is affected by different (controlled) configurations.
Ordered Arrangement and Optical Properties of Silica‐Stabilized Gold Nanoparticle–PNIPAM Core–Satellite Clusters for Sensitive Raman Detection
Authors: Herrmann Janning F. , Kretschmer Florian , Hoeppener Stephanie , Höppener Christiane , Schubert Ulrich S.
Published: August 2017

Gold–polymer hybrid nanoparticles attract wide interest as building blocks for the engineering of photonic materials and plasmonic (active) metamaterials with unique optical properties. In particular, the coupling of the localized surface plasmon resonances of individual metal nanostructures in the presence of nanometric gaps can generate highly enhanced and confined electromagnetic fields, which are frequently exploited for metal‐enhanced light–matter interactions. The optical properties of plasmonic structures can be tuned over a wide range of properties by means of their geometry and the size of the inserted nanoparticles as well as by the degree of order upon assembly into 1D, 2D, or 3D structures. Here, the synthesis of silica‐stabilized gold–poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (SiO2‐Au‐PNIPAM) core–satellite superclusters with a narrow size distribution and their incorporation into ordered self‐organized 3D assemblies are reported. Significant alterations of the plasmon resonance are found for different assembled structures as well as strongly enhanced Raman signatures are observed. In a series of experiments, the origin of the highly enhanced signals can be assigned to the interlock areas of adjacent SiO2‐Au‐PNIPAM core–satellite clusters and their application for highly sensitive nanoparticle‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy is demonstrated.
Novel Magnetic‐Luminescent Janus Nanoparticles for Cell Labeling and Tumor Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Wu Qiang , Lin Yining , Wo Fangjie , Yuan Yufeng , Ouyang Qingling , Song Jun , Qu Junle , Yong Ken‐Tye
Published: August 2017

Magnetic‐luminescent nanocomposites have multiple uses including multimodal imaging, magnetic targeted drug delivery, and cancer imaging‐guided therapies. In this work, dumbbell‐like MnFe2O4–NaYF4 Janus nanoparticles are synthesized via a two‐step thermolysis approach. These synthesized nanoparticles exhibit stability in aqueous solutions and very low cytotoxicity after poly(acryl amide) modification. High cellular uptake efficiency is observed for the folic acid‐conjugated MnFe2O4–NaYF4 in human esophagus carcinoma cells (Eca‐109) due to the upconversion luminescence properties as well as the folate targeting potential. The MnFe2O4–NaYF4 also strongly absorbs light in the near‐infrared range and rapidly converts to heat energy. It is demonstrated that Eca‐109 cells incubated with MnFe2O4–NaYF4 are killed with high efficiency after 808 nm laser irradiation. Furthermore, the growth of tumors in mice (grown from Eca‐109 cells) is highly inhibited by the photothermal effects of MnFe2O4–NaYF4 efficiently. Histological analysis reveals no pathological change and inflammatory response in heart, liver, spleen, lung, or kidney. The low toxicity, excellent luminescence, and highly efficient photothermal therapy properties of MnFe2O4–NaYF4 Janus nanoparticles illustrated in this work support their vast potential for nanomedicine and cancer therapy.
Electric‐Field‐Tunable Conductivity in Graphene/Water and Graphene/Ice Systems
Authors: Zhai Peng , Wang Yuechen , Liu Chang , Wang Xun , Feng Shien‐Ping
Published: August 2017

This study demonstrates that the application of an external electrical potential to a phenyl‐sulfonic functionalized graphene (SG)/water suspension distinctly enhances its electrical conductivity via the structural transition from isolated clusters to a 3D SG network. Microstructural and alternating current impedance spectroscopy studies indicate that the surface charge plays an important role in the state of dispersion and connectivity of the SG in the suspension due to the potential‐dependent interactions with functional groups on the SG surface in the presence of an external electrical potential. In addition, the conductive SG/ice can be produced via liquid–solid phase transition of the SG/water suspension in the presence of an external electrical potential, which shows a one‐order magnitude improvement in electrical conductivity compared with pure ice. The electric‐field‐tunable property advances the understanding of nanofluid systems and has many potential applications.
Intrinsic Ferromagnetism in Mn‐Substituted MoS2 Nanosheets Achieved by Supercritical Hydrothermal Reaction
Authors: Tan Hao , Hu Wei , Wang Chao , Ma Chao , Duan Hengli , Yan Wensheng , Cai Liang , Guo Peng , Sun Zhihu , Liu Qinghua , Zheng Xusheng , Hu Fengchun , Wei Shiqiang
Published: August 2017

Doping atomically thick nanosheets is a great challenge due to the self‐purification effect that drives the precipitation of dopants. Here, a breakthrough is made to dope Mn atoms substitutionally into MoS2 nanosheets in a sulfur‐rich supercritical hydrothermal reaction environment, where the formation energy of Mn substituting for Mo sites in MoS2 is significantly reduced to overcome the self‐purification effect. The substitutional Mn doping is convincingly evidenced by high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption fine spectroscopy characterizations. The Mn‐doped MoS2 nanosheets show robust intrinsic ferromagnetic response with a saturation magnetic moment of 0.05 µB Mn−1 at room temperature. The intrinsic ferromagnetism is further confirmed by the reversibility of the magnetic behavior during the cycle of incorporating/removing Li codopants, showing the critical role of Mn 3d electronic states in mediating the magnetic interactions in MoS2 nanosheets.
Hydrogen Polysulfide Biosignal‐Responsive Polymersomes as a Nanoplatform for Distinguishing Intracellular Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS)
Authors: Zhang Jian , Hao Xiang , Sang Wei , Yan Qiang
Published: August 2017

Reactive sulfur species (RSS) are a family of crucial biosignals for regulating cell processes. Among these, hydrogen polysulfide (H2Sn, n ≥ 2) is a hallmark of tumor suppressor activation and regarded as the actual regulator to mediate sulfur‐related biology. However, high effective recognition of intracellular H2Sn is insurmountable due to its extremely low concentration and the disturbance of RSS analogues. Here an H2Sn‐responsive macromolecule that can distinguish H2Sn from intracellular RSS through polymer degradation in ultrasensitive and highly selective manner is reported. This kind of polymers can further self‐assemble into vesicular nanostructure. Upon cell uptake, they can be function as “all‐in‐one” H2Sn‐nanoplatforms, in order to fulfill multiple ambitious tasks including monitoring the H2Sn biosynthetic pathways, unraveling the puzzles of H2Sn‐mediated cellular events, and conducting H2Sn pathological milieu‐specific drug delivery.
Dominance of Plasmonic Resonant Energy Transfer over Direct Electron Transfer in Substantially Enhanced Water Oxidation Activity of BiVO4 by Shape‐Controlled Au Nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Mi Gyoung , Moon Cheon Woo , Park Hoonkee , Sohn Woonbae , Kang Sung Bum , Lee Sanghan , Choi Kyoung Jin , Jang Ho Won
Published: August 2017

The performance of plasmonic Au nanostructure/metal oxide heterointerface shows great promise in enhancing photoactivity, due to its ability to confine light to the small volume inside the semiconductor and modify the interfacial electronic band structure. While the shape control of Au nanoparticles (NPs) is crucial for moderate bandgap semiconductors, because plasmonic resonance by interband excitations overlaps above the absorption edge of semiconductors, its critical role in water splitting is still not fully understood. Here, first, the plasmonic effects of shape‐controlled Au NPs on bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) are studied, and a largely enhanced photoactivity of BiVO4 is reported by introducing the octahedral Au NPs. The octahedral Au NP/BiVO4 achieves 2.4 mA cm−2 at the 1.23 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, which is the threefold enhancement compared to BiVO4. It is the highest value among the previously reported plasmonic Au NPs/BiVO4. Improved photoactivity is attributed to the localized surface plasmon resonance; direct electron transfer (DET), plasmonic resonant energy transfer (PRET). The PRET can be stressed over DET when considering the moderate bandgap semiconductor. Enhanced water oxidation induced by the shape‐controlled Au NPs is applicable to moderate semiconductors, and shows a systematic study to explore new efficient plasmonic solar water splitting cells.
Hollow ZnO Nanospheres Enhance Anticancer Immunity by Promoting CD4+ and CD8+ T Cell Populations In Vivo
Authors: Wang Xiupeng , Li Xia , Ito Atsuo , Sogo Yu , Watanabe Yohei , Tsuji Noriko M.
Published: August 2017

Appropriate adjuvant aiding in generating robust anticancer immunity is crucial for cancer immunotherapy. Herein, hollow ZnO (HZnO) nanospheres are synthesized by a facile method using carbon nanospheres as the template. The HZnO nanospheres significantly promote the cellular uptake of a model antigen, and cytokine secretion by antigen‐presenting cells in vitro. HZnO loaded with ovalbumin and polyinosinic‐polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) inhibits cancer growth and metastasis to inguinal lymph node in a cancer cell challenge model. Moreover, HZnO loaded with autologous cancer antigens inhibits cancer cell growth in a cancer cell re‐challenge model. HZnO nanospheres significantly improve the CD4+ and/or CD8+ T cell population in splenocytes of mice in both cancer cell challenge model and re‐challenge model. The HZnO nanospheres can be used for cancer immunotherapy as adjuvant.
Transparent and Flexible Supercapacitors with Networked Electrodes
Authors: Kiruthika S. , Sow Chaitali , Kulkarni G. U.
Published: August 2017

Transparent and flexible energy storage devices have received immense attention due to their suitability for innovative electronics and displays. However, it remains a great challenge to fabricate devices with high storage capacity and high degree of transmittance. This study describes a simple process for fabrication of supercapacitors with ≈75% of visible transparency and areal capacitance of ≈3 mF cm−2 with high stability tested over 5000 cycles of charging and discharging. The electrodes consist of Au wire networks obtained by a simple crackle template method which are coated with MnO2 nanostructures by electrodeposition process. Importantly, the membrane separator itself is employed as substrate to bring in the desired transparency and light weight while additionally exploiting its porous nature in enhancing the interaction of electrolyte with the active material from both sides of the substrate, thereby enhancing the storage capacity. The method opens up new ways for fabricating transparent devices.
Plasmonic‐Based Mechanochromic Microcapsules as Strain Sensors
Authors: Burel Céline. A. S. , Alsayed Ahmed , Malassis Ludivine , Murray Christopher B. , Donnio Bertrand , Dreyfus Rémi
Published: August 2017

Efficiently detecting mechanical deformations within materials is critical in a wide range of devices, from micro‐electromechanical systems to larger structures in the aerospace industry. This communication reports the fabrication of new mechanochromic micrometer‐size capsules enabling the detection of strains. These microcapsules are synthesized using an emulsification approach. They are made of densely packed gold nanoparticles embedded in a spherical silica crust. Billions of these composite spherical microcapsules are fabricated in a single batch. Each microcapsule is an opto‐mechanosensor by itself, and can easily be recovered and incorporated into polymer films. When the films are stretched, the microcapsules are deformed into elongated ellipsoidal shapes and the distance between the Au NPs embedded in their shells concomitantly increases. As the extinction of Au NPs depends on the separation between the Au NPs, microcapsules exhibit different colors when they are elongated. These novel sensitive microcapsules can be used to detect and measure strain in polymer films by outputting color information.
What should go in a wildlife professional's geospatial toolbox?
Authors: Bean William T. , Baumbusch Ryan C. , Berger Brooke , Delheimer Matthew , Hecker Lee J. , Lau Matthew , Milligan Megan C.
Published: August 2017

Geospatial tools have become a critical component to most wildlife studies and management questions. With a diversity of approaches available, current and future wildlife professionals deserve guidance on the most important tools to answer these questions. Younger professionals may be expected to know a separate set of skills from those required further on in their career. We conducted an online survey and a year‐long search of job advertisements to identify the most important geospatial approaches, techniques, programs, and ancillary skills for wildlife professionals. We provide the results of these 2 efforts so that wildlife professionals interested in geospatial tools can prioritize those most valued in our field. Habitat modeling and home range analysis were the 2 highest‐ranked tools. Highly ranked programs included ArcGIS, R, Google Earth, and Geospatial Modeling Environment. We suggest that wildlife professionals should have a geospatial program they are comfortable with and be conversant with the major approaches (e.g., habitat modeling, home range analysis, remote sensing, and mobile mapping) but need not be experts in each field. Younger professionals should focus on the “big picture” tools such as ArcGIS, while professionals further in their career are expected to have some expertise in multiple areas, including knowledge of current and emerging trends. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Retracted: Two Zinc(II) and Nickel(II)‐based Complexes: Anti Breast Cancer Activity
Authors: Cui Li‐Jing , Zhang Bin , Liu Chun‐Yan , Bian Ming
Published: August 2017

Two zinc(II) and nickel(II) based coordination polymers, {[Zn(bibp)(MoO4)](H2O)2}n (1) [bibp = 4,4′‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)‐biphenyl] and [Ni2(CN)4(phen)2]n (2) (phen = 1,10‐phenanthroline), were synthesized and structurally characterized under solvothermal conditions. Compound 1 can be viewed as the connection of the 1D W‐type chain [Zn(trans‐bibp)] with the MoO42– anion to form a uninodal 4‐connected net, whereas 2 features one‐dimensional NiII cyanide chains decorated either with linear Ni(CN)4 side chains or with 1,10‐phenanthroline ligands bound directly to the NiII sites of the parent chain. In addition, in vitro anticancer activities of compounds 1 and 2 on four human breast cancer cells (MDA‐MB‐231, MDA‐MB‐468, SK‐BR‐3, and MCF7) was further determined.
Plant responses to warming and increased precipitation in three categories of dune stabilization in northeastern China
Authors: Luo Yongqing , Zhao Xueyong , Zuo Xiaoan , Li Yuqiang , Wang Tao
Published: August 2017

Rising temperatures and precipitation are important climate change processes around the world. The responses of plants to these trends are still unclear in semi‐arid regions, especially in areas with degraded sandy grassland. To provide insights into the response in these regions, we investigated responses of vascular plants to warming and increased precipitation in mobile dunes, fixed dunes and grassland, which represent the series of sand dune stabilization by plants in semi‐arid northeastern China. Plant biomass, especially the aboveground biomass, varied significantly (P < 0.05) among dune categories. Total plant density in the fixed dunes and grassland was 1.9 and 1.7 times that in the mobile dunes. Species richness differed slightly but significantly (P < 0.05) among the habitats. Increasing precipitation in a drought year (65.5% of the long‐term average annual precipitation) by 30% did not significantly affect any plant variable. By contrast, warming significantly decreased the belowground biomass, total biomass, species richness and plant total density. In summary, in semi‐arid region with sandy soil, additional precipitation slightly improved plant performance, but increased temperature decreased plant performance. Soil texture, which determines the balance between moisture retention and evaporation, may be a key factor in determining these responses when precipitation is unusually low.
Solidification and Re-melting Phenomena During Slurry Preparation Using the RheoMetal™ Process
Authors: Payandeh M. , Sabzevar Mohsen Haddad , Jarfors A. E. W. , Wessén M.
Published: August 2017

The melting sequence of the enthalpy exchange material (EEM) and formation of a slurry in the RheoMetal™ process was investigated. The EEM was extracted and quenched, together with a portion of the slurry at different processing times before complete melting. The EEM initially increased in size/diameter due to melt freezing onto its surface, forming a freeze-on layer. The initial growth of this layer was followed by a period of a constant diameter of the EEM with subsequent melting and decrease of diameter. Microstructural characterization of the size and morphology of different phases in the EEM and in the freeze-on layer was made. Dendritic equiaxed grains and eutectic regions containing Si particles and Cu-bearing particles and Fe-rich particles were observed in the as-cast EEM. The freeze-on layer consisted of dendritic aluminum tilted by about 30 deg in the upstream direction, caused by the rotation of the EEM. Energy dispersion spectroscopy analysis showed that the freeze-on layer had a composition corresponding to an alloy with higher melting point than the EEM and thus shielding the EEM from the surrounding melt. Microstructural changes in the EEM showed that temperature rapidly increased to 768 K (495 °C), indicated by incipient melting of the lowest temperature melting eutectic in triple junction grain boundary regions with Al2Cu and Al5Mg8Si6Cu2 phases present. As the EEM temperature increased further the binary Al-Si eutectic started to melt to form a region of a fully developed coherent mushy state. Experimental results and a thermal model indicated that as the dendrites spheroidized near to the interface at the EEM/freeze-on layer reached a mushy state with 25 pct solid fraction, coherency was lost and disintegration of the freeze-on layer took place. Subsequently, in the absence of the shielding effect from the freeze-on Layer, the EEM continued to disintegrate with a coherency limit of a solid fraction estimated to be 50 pct.
Green Synthesis of Double Long‐Chain Diglycerol Diacetal and Its Application as Lubricating Base Oil
Authors: Li Xu , Chen Li , Wu Lan , Xu Hong , Dong Jinxiang
Published: August 2017

Dehydration acetalization of diglycerol with lauraldehyde in the presence of homogeneous acid catalysts using water as solvent has been studied. The prepared double long‐chain diglycerol diacetal was identified as a mixture of six regioisomers by GC and GC‐MS. p‐Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid exhibited excellent activity for this acetalization reaction. The reaction parameters with p‐dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid catalyst were subsequently optimized in terms of the yield and isomer distribution of diglycerol diacetal. Under the optimum operating conditions, the yield of diglycerol diacetal reached 93.9%, and the selectivity in terms of the distribution of the six regioisomers was found to be in proportions of 24:36:18:11:3:8. Furthermore, the tribological performance of diglycerol diacetal has been evaluated as a potential lubricant base oil by means of an Optimol SRV‐V oscillating reciprocating friction and wear tester. The tribological test results revealed that diglycerol diacetal displayed superior lubrication properties compared to the commonly used poly‐alpha‐olefin (PAO 8).
Metabolic syndrome and inflammation in adipose tissue occur at different times in animals submitted to a high-sugar/fat diet
Authors: Francisqueti Fabiane Valentini , Nascimento André Ferreira , Minatel Igor Otávio , Dias Marcos Correa , Luvizotto Renata de Azevedo Melo , Berchieri-Ronchi Carolina , Ferreira Ana Lúcia A. , Corrêa Camila Renata
Published: August 2017

Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation, triggered in adipose tissue, which may occur due to an excess of SFA from the diet that can be recognised by Toll-like receptor-4. This condition is involved in the development of components of the metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, especially insulin resistance. The aim of the study was to evaluate the manifestation of the metabolic syndrome and adipose tissue inflammation as a function of the period of time in which rats were submitted to a high-sugar/fat diet (HSF). Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups to receive the control diet (C) or the HSF for 6, 12 or 24 weeks. HSF increased the adiposity index in all HSF groups compared with the C group. HSF was associated with higher plasma TAG, glucose, insulin and leptin levels. Homeostasis model assessment increased in HSF compared with C rats at 24 weeks. Both TNF-α and IL-6 were elevated in the epididymal adipose tissue of HSF rats at 24 weeks compared with HSF at 6 weeks and C at 24 weeks. Only the HSF group at 24 weeks showed increased expression of both Toll-like receptor-4 and NF-κB. More inflammatory cells were found in the HSF group at 24 weeks. We can conclude that the metabolic syndrome occurs independently of the inflammatory response in adipose tissue and that inflammation is associated with hypertrophy of adipocytes, which varies according to duration of exposure to the HSF.
Political Institutions, Economic Liberty, and the Great Divergence
Authors: Cox Gary W.
Published: August 2017

I argue that Europe's political fragmentation interacted with her political innovations—self-governing cities and national parliaments—to facilitate “economic liberty,” which in turn unleashed faster and more inter-connected urban growth. Examining urban growth over the period 600–1800cethroughout Eurasia, I show that inter-city growth correlations were positive and significant only in Western Europe after 1200ce. Within Western Europe, I show that growth correlations were greatest in the most fragmented and parliamentary areas, individual cities became significantly more tied to urban growth when their realms became parliamentary, and spillover effects (due to competition between rulers) were significant.
“High & Dry”: The Liquidity and Credit of Colonial and Foreign Government Debt and the London Stock Exchange (1880–1910)
Authors: Chavaz Matthieu , Flandreau Marc
Published: August 2017

We gather a new database to conduct the first historically informed study of the importance of liquidity and credit for government bonds between 1880 and 1910. We argue that colonial and sovereign debt markets were segmented owing to differences in underlying information asymmetries. The result was heterogeneous pricing of colonial and sovereign debt, and different market microstructures and clienteles, themselves influenced by political, institutional, and financial arrangements. We find that sovereign spreads mainly reflected credit risks, while colonial spreads mainly reflected liquidity risks. Liquidity premia were economically large and significant, contributing between 10 percent and 39 percent of colonial spreads. These findings help understanding why the seemingly dry subject of colonial illiquidity inspired passionate disputes and ground-breaking reforms of financial imperial institutions.
Die Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Anorexia nervosa in deutschen Kliniken
Authors: Föcker Manuel , Heidemann-Eggert Elke , Antony Gisela , Becker Katja , Egberts Karin , Ehrlich Stefan , Fleischhaker Christian , Hahn Freia , Jaite Charlotte , Kaess Michael , M. E. Schulze Ulrike , Sinzig Judith , Wagner Catharina , Legenbauer Tanja , Renner Tobias , Wessing Ida , Herpertz-Dahlmann Beate , Hebebrand Johannes , Bühren Katharina
Published: August 2017

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Die stationäre Behandlung von Patientinnen mit Anorexia nervosa (AN) wird in Bezug auf ihre mittel- und langfristigen Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen kontrovers diskutiert. In der deutschen S3-Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Behandlung der Essstörungen wird die Notwendigkeit eines auf Essstörungen spezialisierten Therapeutenteams betont. Die Versorgung von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit AN in deutschen Kliniken wurde im Hinblick auf aktuelle Diagnostik- und Behandlungskonzepte untersucht. Methodik: Ein Fragebogen wurde an 163 deutsche kinder- und jugendpsychiatrische/-psychosomatische Kliniken versandt, der die Versorgungsstrukturen im Hinblick auf allgemeine Charakteristika der Kliniken sowie Diagnostik und Therapie von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit AN erfasst. Ergebnisse: Alle Kliniken, die Patientinnen mit Essstörungen behandeln (N = 84), bieten Einzeltherapie, familienbasierte Interventionen und Psychoedukation an. Nahezu alle Kliniken definieren ein Zielgewicht. Die angestrebte vorgegebene Gewichtszunahme pro Woche beträgt im Mittel 486 g/Woche (von 200 g bis 700 g/Woche; SD = 117). Alle weiteren diagnostischen und therapeutischen Maßnahmen werden nicht von allen Kliniken durchgeführt. Schlussfolgerungen: In dieser ersten Untersuchung der Versorgungsstrukturen von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit der Diagnose AN in Deutschland konnte gezeigt werden, dass trotz einheitlich integrierter leitliniengerechter Basisbehandlung die Versorgung von Patientinnen mit der Diagnose AN in Bezug auf Diagnostik, Gewichtsrestitution und spezifischer einzel- und gruppentherapeutischer Interventionen deutlich unterschiedlich gehandhabt wird.