bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superintendents' Perceptions of Schoolsite Health Promotion in Missouri
Authors: Cox Carolyn C. , Misra Ranjita , Aguillion Sandra
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study assessed school district superintendents' perceptions of schoolsite health promotion in Missouri using a telephone survey method. Superintendents of 150 school districts were surveyed using The Worksite Health Promotion for Faculty and Staff section of the Eight‐Component Assessment. Staff identification of blood pressure, healthful cafeteria menus, and smoke‐free school policies were perceived as the most frequently offered health‐promoting activities. Quality of programs as perceived by district superintendents ranged from “average” to “exemplary.” For school districts not offering programs, healthful cafeteria menus, staff identification of blood pressure, and stress management were perceived by superintendents as highly necessary. The number of programs offered in each area differed significantly by demographic characteristics: accreditation classification, assessed valuation, size, and residence. Supportive attitudes by superintendents are critical to attain schoolsite health promotion programs for faculty and staff as part of a comprehensive school health program in Missouri.
New Jersey School Nurses' Perceptions of School‐Based, Prenatal Nutrition Education
Authors: Janas Bernadette Garchinsky , Hymans Jacqueline Kay
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study used formative evaluation to identify channels and barriers to providing ongoing dietary guidance to pregnant teens in New Jersey. In phase one, 14 health and social service professionals participated in a focus group or interview about nutrition services for pregnant teens. Participants identified school nurses as potential providers of early and continuous dietary counseling to pregnant teen‐agers, but delineated barriers to establishment and effectiveness of school‐based, prenatal nutrition education. In phase two, school nurses were surveyed to assess their interest in, and perceptions of barriers to, providing nutrition education to pregnant adolescents. Two‐hundred fifty‐three nurses (71%) returned completed questionnaires. Results indicated that a significant proportion perceived a need for, and were interested in providing, nutrition education to pregnant students. Results from this formative research are being used to guide development of a school‐based nutrition education program for pregnant teen‐agers in New Jersey.
Bridging Student Health Risks and Academic Achievement Through Comprehensive School Health Programs
Authors: Symons Cynthia Wolford , Cinelli Bethann , James Tammy C. , Groff Patti
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In the National Action Plan for Comprehensive School Health Education, representatives from over 40 health, education, and social service organizations viewed education and health as interdependent systems. Participants concluded that healthy children learn better, and they cautioned that no curriculum can compensate for deficiencies in student health status. While literature confirms the complexity of health issues confronting today's students, schools face enormous pressure to improve academic skills. Local school leaders and stakeholders often remain unconvinced that improving student health represents a means to achieving improved academic outcomes. A rich body of literature confirms a direct link between student health risk behavior and education outcomes, education behaviors, and student attitudes about education. This article summarizes relevant information concerning the health risk behavioral categories of intentional injuries; tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs; dietary, physical activity, and sexual risk behaviors.
A Secondary Analysis of Smoking Among Rural and Urban Youth Using the MTF Data Set
Authors: Sarvela Paul D. , Cronk Christine E. , Isberner Fred R.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper compares rural and urban youth cigarette‐smoking behavior using the Monitoring the Future data set, a national, probability‐based, multi‐stage sample design. Cigarette smoking was examined by region, race, and gender over time. Results indicated that rural White males smoked more ofen (30‐day prevalence of 34%) than any other group. Urban Black males smoked the least (10%). Urban White females smoked more (30‐day prevalence of 33%) than urban Black females (7%). In general, rural and urban Whites reported smoking at significantly higher rates than rural and urban Blacks. Smoking rates declined steadily for both rural and urban Black females and urban Black males over the study period. These data document distinctive patterns of tobacco use among the nation's youth, which can be used by program planners for specific targeted interventions.
The Mediating Influence of Refusal Skills in Preventing Adolescent Alcohol Misuse
Authors: Wynn Sheri R. , Schulenberg John , Kloska Deborah D. , Laetz Virginia B.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Alcohol is the most frequently used psycho‐active substance during adolescence. Adolescents who misuse or overindulge in alcohol are at risk for serious social and psychological consequences. Several preventive approaches can help adolescents deal with peer pressure that contributes to alcohol use experimentation and escalation. One promising approach involves teaching adolescents skills to refuse offers of alcohol and other drugs. Few studies, however, have examined how this approach works; that is, the connection between the prevention effort, refusal skills, and drinking behavior. This paper investigates the relationships among the intervention, refusal skills, and alcohol misuse in the Alcohol Misuse Prevention Study, a randomized, pre/post experimental study. Based on data from sixth through tenth graders (average N per grade = approximately 400), regression analyses indicate that refusal skills are significant mediators of the effect of the intervention on alcohol misuse.
The Risk of Teen Mothers Having Low Birth Weight Babies: Implications of Recent Medical Research for School Health Personnel
Authors: Roth Jeffrey , Hendrickson Jo , Schilling Max , Stowell Daniel W.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article reviews recent medical research on the relationship between young maternal age and the incidence of low birth weight infants. One line of research, “nature,” emphasizes biological factors in early adolescence such as immaturity of the female reproductive system and inadequate prenatal weight gain. “Nurture,” another research focus, stresses sociocultural attributes of teen mothers such as poverty and minority status. Young maternal age alone does not explain the higher rates of low birth weight infants born to adolescent females. Both biological and sociocultural factors, plus lifestyle choices made by adolescents, combine to raise or lower the risk of delivering a low birth weight infant. School health personnel need to link their health promotion efforts to those of other community organizations serving adolescents and their families.
Statewide Assessment of School‐Age Children with Asthma in Delaware
Authors: Bucher Linda , Dryer Christy , Hendrix Elizabeth , Wong Nancy
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In Delaware, asthma affects almost 14,000 children. The American Lung Association of Delaware and the University of Delaware surveyed school nurses to identify the needs of children with asthma and the services and accommodations available for these children. Researchers developed a survey instrument that was mailed to all Delaware schools (N=324). The response rate was 38.6% (n=125). According to respondents, a variety of protocols were in place regarding the administration of asthma medications. Respondents also reported that several measures had been taken to modify the school environment to improve air quality and reduce asthma triggers. Most respondents (77%) indicated they did not have asthma education programs in their schools. Findings from this study sparked development of a multidisciplinary Delaware Asthma Committee, an Asthma Education Center, and a statewide system for communicating with the parents of children with asthma.
Evaluation of Jump Into Action: A Program to Reduce the Risk of Non‐Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus in School Children on the Texas‐Mexico Border
Authors: Holcomb J. David , Lira Juanita , Kingery Paul M. , Smith D.W. , Lane Dorothy , Goodway Jackie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Jump Into Action, a school‐based non‐insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) prevention program, encourages students to eat low‐fat foods and exercise regularly to reduce their risks for developing NIDDM. A study was conducted in a school district with a predominately Hispanic enrollment to assess the effectiveness of Jump Into Action in improving fifth‐graders' knowledge, self‐efficacy, and behaviors regarding NIDDM prevention. Jump Into Action was found effective in increasing knowledge and self‐efficacy regarding NIDDM prevention and improving dietary and exercise‐related behaviors. These gains were sustained from posttest to follow‐up four weeks later.
Junior High School Students' Perceptions Regarding Nonconsensual Sexual Behavior
Authors: Jordan Timothy R. , Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K. , Chesney Barbara K.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study assessed early adolescents' attitudes and perceptions regarding nonconsensual sexual activity. A total of 371 surveys (94% return rate) was completed. More than one‐third of respondents (35%) reported they had engaged in sexual intercourse; 17% reported having been sexually coerced by a teen‐ager; 19% reported feeling pressure from their friends to have intercourse; 7% reported having been sexually coerced by an adult; and 6% reported having sexually coerced someone else. Students also demonstrated lack of knowledge regarding nonconsensual sexual behaviors. Analysis of variance tests determined if knowledge (KN), attitudes (AT), behavioral intentions (BI), and locus of control (LC) changed across specific background and demographic variables. One background variable (having been sexually coerced by a teen‐ager) was associated with high risk orientation (lower scores) on all four subscales. Lower scores also were associated with being male (KN, AT, BI), having sexually coerced someone else (KN, AT, BI), having been sexually coerced by an adult (AT, BI), and having engaged in sexual intercourse (AT, BO).
Barriers to Seeking Care Following School Vision Screening in Rochester, Minnesota
Authors: Yawn Barbara P. , Kurland Margary , Butterfield Linda , Johnson Bryan
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: School vision screening provides an effective way to identify children who require vision therapy, usually glasses. To benefit from screening, children with abnormal screening test results must receive follow‐up eye care, but care may be delayed for months or years. This project used community focus groups in Rochester, Minn., to identify barriers that may delay seeking professional care following school vision screening. Major barriers identified included lack of community awareness about the frequency and potential effect of refractive errors in children, a parental perception of inadequate communication between schools and the parents and community, high cost of corrective lenses, limited availability of convenient eye care appointments, and adolescents reluctance to wear glasses. Program planners developed a community action plan to address the perceived barriers.
Nurses' Involvement in Interdisciplinary Team Evaluations: Incorporating the Family Perspective into Child Assessment
Authors: Papenfus Heidi , Bryan Audrey A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: An expanded nursing role in interdisciplinary team evaluations of children with special needs would include seeking the family's perspective in a systematic yet sensitive way. Nursing's background in family and child health can offer valuable insight. This article reviews family nursing assessment categories, reframes them for use in assessing the family's perspective in relation to the child̂s health and educational needs, and presents a systematic integrated history and assessment format for gathering child and family data. This approach promotes family collaboration in understanding family, child health, and educational issues. The holistic understanding gained by the school nurse through this systematic process enhances insight in interdisciplinary team planning. The nursing written report with preliminary conclusions facilitates an organized presentation of data, setting the stage for family and interdisciplinary team mutual exploration of options and facilitating greater likelihood of successful outcomes
School‐based Management of Chronic Asthma Among Inner‐city African‐American Schoolchildren in Dallas, Texas
Authors: McEwen Melanie , Johnson Pauline , Neatherlin Jacque , Millard Mark W. , Lawrence Gretchen
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Asthma, a chronic disease of the respiratory tract, affects approximately five percent of the U.S. population, including almost five million children. Childhood asthma has been identified as the leading cause of school absences. This study was to examined efficacy of a school‐based program to prevent exacerbation of asthma symptoms and manage asthma in school children using measured doses of an inhaled anti‐inflammatory medication. The sample consisted of 22 African‐American children in one inner‐city elementary school in Dallas, Texas, ages 5–12 years with confirmed diagnoses of asthma. For three months, each child came to the school clinic two times per day for medication administration and measurement of respiratory peak flow rates. Data were collected for a number of variables including bronchodilator use, school absences, self‐report of asthma symptoms, and number of visits to the physician. During the study, mean peak flow rates improved approximately 15%, and bronchodilator use decreased 66%. Improvement also was evident in several other areas.
Curriculum Integration in Nutrition and Mathematics
Authors: James Delores C.S. , Adams Thomasenia Lott
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Today's school‐aged children face a multitude of health issues that affect their well‐being and academic performance. Partnerships have developed between health and education agencies to help American children succeed at math and science and to prepare them to make healthful, lifelong decisions. Curriculum integration provides a framework for children to apply knowledge from several disciplines and to use this knowledge to solve real‐life problems at work and at play. Goals for instruction focus on the needs not only of the individual but also of society. Nutrition science and mathematics form a natural partnership. Nutrition science incorporates numerous mathematical concepts and procedures such as sorting, classifying, statistics, probability, estimation, and rates and proportion. In preparation for participation in a global and technological society that will require citizens to be quantitative thinkers, educators must endeavor to assist all children in becoming healthy adults who are mathematically literate and competent.
Gambling Behavior of Students in Grades Seven and Eight in Alberta, Canada
Authors: Adebayo Bob
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This article reports results from a survey of gambling activities of seventh and eighth grade students in northeastern Alberta, Canada. Results confirmed that gambling practices are common among young adolescents. During the 12 months preceding the survey, virtually all respondents (98%) had gambled. Playing scratch tickets was the gambling activity most often played by young adolescents, followed by bingo. Boys were more likely than girls to engage in all forms of gambling activities. Sports betting and wagering on games of skill dimension were mostly male domains, whereas games of chance were female pursuits. Survey implications for public health officials are discussed.
The School Health Innovative Programs: Integrating School Health and Managed Care in San Diego
Authors: Taras Howard , Nader Philip , Swiger Holly , Fontanesi John
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Managed care organizations (MCOs) are being recruited to support school health services delivered in school clinics. Schools without clinics already provide numerous health services and could provide more if they had support from managed care organizations. This article describes the first two years of a San Diego‐based collaborative consisting of MCOs, school districts, and other health care agencies. By establishing trust, developing overriding principles, and creating an interagency communication infrastructure, this collaborative has encouraged shared management of many student health issues. Because the agreements apply to all schools, programs can reduce high rates of absenteeism district‐wide and avoid unnecessary doctor appointments for common health problems. These collaborative agreements are designed to be financially self‐sustaining. However, data collection, the logistics of obtaining parental consent, and getting health professionals to communicate with each other in new ways remain to be significant challenges.
The New Child Health Insurance Expansions: How Will School‐Based Health Centers Fit In?
Authors: Koppelman Jane , Lear Julia Graham
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: In June 1998, the Making the Grade National Program Office and the National Assembly on School‐Based Health Care sponsored a workshop on the relationship between the State Child Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) and school‐based health centers. Workshop participants used the health centers' experience with Medicaid managed care as a window for understanding their prospects for negotiating contracts with health plans under SCHIP. Speakers representing the federal perspective, state agencies, health plans, and local school‐based health centers offered their views on the challenges of developing contracts, incentives, and disincentives that health plans have to contract with school‐based health centers, and what has accounted for success where relationships are moving forward. Experiences in Colorado and Connecticut were presented as case studies on these evolving issues.
Native American Adolescents' Views of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Prevention in Schools
Authors: Ma Grace X. , Toubbeh Jamil , Cline Janette , Chisholm Anita
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Alcohol is the most commonly abused substance among adolescents in the United States. Adolescent females are recognized as one group at risk for giving birth to babies with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Sixth through eighth grade Native Americans were surveyed about their attitudes toward and knowledge of FAS risk factors and prevention strategies. Data revealed that 52% of students drank alcohol prior to the survey. Though sexually active, students lacked knowledge about the relationship between alcohol and FAS. The study revealed 1) limited prevention programs in middle schools and 2) the most influential factor in determining attitudes and decisions about alcohol use was the immediate family. Students felt FAS prevention is an important topic in school health education, noting the important role peers play in teaching and role modeling. Various strategies incorporating music and communication technology such as videotape and computer‐assisted interactive tools into prevention materials are discussed. (J Sch Health. 1998; 68(4): 131‐136)
Trends in Tobacco Use Among High School Students in the United States, 1991‐1995
Authors: Everett Sherry A. , Husten Corinne G. , Warren Charles W. , Crossett Linda , Sharp Donald
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined demographic characteristics of tobacco‐using high school students in the United States from 1991 through 1995. Data about cigarette smoking and smokeless tobacco use among adolescents were collected in 1991, 1993, and 1995 using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey, part of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data indicated current smoking increased 26.5% from 1991 to 1995 with one‐third [31.2% (± 1.7)] of ninth grade students and 38.2% (± 3.5) of 12th grade students reporting current smoking in 1995. Smokeless tobacco use remained stable with 11.4% (± 1.7) of all students and one‐fourth [25.1% (± 3.0)] of White male students reporting smokeless tobacco use in 1995. Many students already have begun using tobacco before reaching high school. Thus, interventions should begin well before high school to prevent adolescents from using and becoming addicted to tobacco. (J Sch Health. 1998; 68(4): 137‐140)
From Eradication to Resistance: Five Continuing Concerns About Pediculosis
Authors: Brainerd Elaine
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A school nurse, serving in the capacity of infection control officer, is responsible for managing head lice infestations. The nurse's concerns on the student and parent levels include dispelling misconceptions about lice, screening, motivating correct treatment, and providing follow‐up. The nurse's responsibility to the community as a whole also involves putting into practice policies that prevent the spread of infestations without promoting pediculicide resistance. (J Sch Health. 1998; 68(4): 146‐150)
Using Picture Identification for Research with Preschool Children
Authors: Wiley David C. , Hendricks Charlotte M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Assessing preschool childrens' health knowledge and skill levels, and their recognition of health behavior, prove essential in developing and maintaining effective health education programs. However, the intent of the assessment process, and the methodology, must be carefully considered. Picture identification can be appropriately used to determine the status of a young child̂s health knowledge or skills and thus decide how the child might benefit from further learning experiences. Knowledge or skill assessment for young children primarily involves observing children while they demonstrate knowledge through an activity or behavior, although this assessment may be supplemented with a checklist or instrument, such as a picture identification instrument. This article 1) reviews the reliability of picture identification tools in previous studies; 2) provides recommendations for assessing health knowledge of preschool children; and 3) suggests ways health knowledge data can be used appropriately in early childhood education programs. The result of quality knowledge and skill assessment provides direction for program planners in developing appropriate health education programs for preschoolers
Diffusion of CDC's Guidelines to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction
Authors: McCormick Laura , Tompkins Nancy O'Hara
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The Center for Disease Control and Prevention's School Guidelines to Prevent Tobacco Use and Addiction were developed, in part, to assist state and local education agencies in adopting and implementing effective school‐based tobacco prevention and cessation programs. This project assessed state education agency awareness of and reaction to the Guidelines, and documented efforts to disseminate the Guidelines to local schools. Key informants in 15 state education agencies were interviewed. Respondents reported a fairly high level of receptivity to the Guidelines, numerous benefits and few barriers, and high commitment. Levels of use for the Guidelines varied. Dissemination strategies such as mass mailing or teleconferences are not sufficient to influence the use and integration of Guidelines for school health. The diffusion process requires planned change over time through numerous communication channels and should be monitored at the national, state, and local levels to assess effectiveness and impact.
Relationship of Adolescent Self‐Esteem to Selected Academic Variables
Authors: Filozof Eileen M. , Albertin Helena K. , Jones Courtney R. , Steme Sylvia S. , Myers Leann , McDermott Robert J.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study investigated whether self‐esteem precedes various academic behaviors and beliefs among 593 high school students (63.7% female, 60.9% African American). Measures of home and school self‐esteem, grade point average, perceived academic standing and progress, and educational plans were collected by survey and archival review of grade and attendance records at the beginning (pre‐test) and end of the school year (post‐test). Self‐esteem and academic variables differed by gender, race, and guardianship. Self‐esteem related significantly to academics and absenteeism. Results suggest selected academic variables predict self‐esteem even when the effects of gender, race, and guardianship are removed and pretest self‐esteem scores are controlled. In conclusion, student academic performance influences subsequent academic and home self‐esteem. Creation of positive academic experiences for youth may be a critical activity, since experts contend that low self‐esteem is associated with subsequent behavioral problems. The markedly lower self‐esteem of Native American and Hispanic youth warrants further investigation.
The Association Between Smoking and Unhealthy Behaviors Among a National Sample of Mexican‐American Adolescents
Authors: Pesa Jacqueline A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined the relationship between smoking and participation in unhealthy behaviors among Mexican‐American adolescents through a secondary analysis of national data. Mexican‐American adolescents (N=580), ages 10 through 18 years who were interviewed as part of the 1993 Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey (TAPS II), were selected for analysis. Data collected included smoking status of the adolescent and participation in certain unhealthy behaviors. Among girls in the study, smokers were more likely to not wear a seat belt, be involved in physical fighting, not be involved in organized sports, perform poorly in school, say they like to do risky things, and ride in a car with a drunk or high driver. For boys, smoking was significantly associated with liking to do risky things, fighting, not attending church, and poor academic performance. These results suggest that Mexican‐American adolescents who smoke may be at higher risk for engaging in behaviors that could compromise their health and safety, and for not being involved in activities that may exert a protective influence. (J Sch Health. 1998;68(9):376–380)
Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Programs in Texas Public Elementary Schools
Authors: Lanning Beth , Ballard Danny J. , Robinson James
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This survey determined if selected Texas public school districts provided an established child sexual abuse prevention program for elementary schools. The survey examined the type of program being implemented, training available for faculty and staff, type of evaluation used, involvement of local agencies, and type of funding sources. Survey data were obtained from a nonrandomized sample of 89 largest public school districts in Texas, all recording an average daily attendance over 5, 000. Fifty‐eight of the 89 districts addressed child sexual abuse as a formal prevention program or as an awareness program. Training for child sexual abuse prevention program presenters was offered in 89% of districts. Consistent, effective evaluation was minimal. Funding for prevention programs was limited or unknown. Results confirmed the need for consistent, effective child sexual abuse prevention programs in elementary schools.
Screening for Asthma in an Inner‐City Elementary School in Minneapolis, Minnesota
Authors: Bauer Ellen Jones , Lurie Nicole , Yeh Carol , Grant Evalyn N.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: To the extent that the asthma morbidity so prevalent in children today is due to under diagnosis or lack of appropriate treatment, schools are increasingly faced with the issue of defining their role in the care of children with asthma. This paper describes efforts to conduct schoolwide screening for asthma in an inner‐city elementary school over the past two years. Screening methodology adopted for the project resulted in a simple and noninvasive approach for identifying children with current asthma in a school setting. While not as medically comprehensive as would be required to conclusively diagnose asthma, the simple screening approach proved efficient in identifying a population of elementary school children with a significant level of asthma morbidity. The paper discusses the effectiveness and feasibility of the screening efforts and proposes how such a screening program might be incorporated into the routine health activities undertaken at any elementary school.
Health Risk Behaviors of Texas Students Attending Dropout Prevention/Recovery Schools in 1997
Authors: Weller Nancy F. , Tortolero Susan R. , Kelder Steven H. , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Carvajal Scott C. , Gingiss Phyllis M.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT:This study determined prevalence of health risk behaviors of 9th through 12th grade students attending dropout prevention/recovery alternative schools in Texas in 1997. Participants were 470 youth whose health risk behaviors were assessed using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey in an anonymous, self‐administered format. Behaviors measured included frequency of weapon‐carrying and fighting, suicide‐related behaviors, substance use, and sexual behaviors. A substantial percentage of alternative school students reported participating in behaviors that placed them at acute or chronic health risk. Differences in the prevalence of risk behaviors were noted by gender, racial/ethnic, and age subgroups. In addition, alternative school students frequently engaged in multiple risk behaviors. These findings suggest a need for comprehensive school‐based health education/intervention programs to reduce the prevalence of risk behaviors in populations of alternative school students.
Determinants of Physical Activity in Active and Low‐Active, Sixth Grade African‐American Youth
Authors: Trost Stewart G. , Pate Russell R. , Ward Dianne S. , Saunders Ruth , Riner William
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study compared the determinants of physical activity in active and low‐active African‐American sixth grade students (N=108, 57 F, 51 M). Objective assessments of physical activity over a seven‐day period were obtained using the CSA 7164 accelerometer. Students were classified as active if they exhibited three or more 20‐minute bouts of moderate to vigorous physical activity over the seven‐day period. Relative to low‐actives, active boys reported significantly higher levels of self‐efficacy, greater involvement in community physical activity organizations, and were significantly more likely to perceive their mother as active. Relative to low‐actives, active girls reported significantly higher levels of physical activity self‐efficacy, greater positive beliefs regarding physical activity outcomes, and were significantly less likely to watch television or play video games for > 3 hrs/day. These observations provide preliminary guidance as to the design of physical activity interventions targeted at African‐American youth.
School Nurses' Perceptions of and Experiences with Head Lice
Authors: Price James H. , Burkhart Craig N. , Burkhart Craig G. , Islam Rafat
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Researchers examined school nurses' perceptions of head lice, perceived self‐efficacy in dealing with head lice, and personal experience in reducing head lice problems. Survey data from a two‐wave mailing from 382 school nurses found most nurses supported a “no‐nit” rule of forced absenteeism of any child with nits in their hair (60%). They perceived OTC treatments for head lice as very effective in killing adult lice (66%), and 9% perceived them as not effective. Nurses had a high efficacy expectation regarding their ability to control head lice (63%), and they had high outcome expectations regarding the results of their work with students and families of students (66%). Most nurses received their information about head lice from professional journals (76%) and professional conferences/conventions (62%).
Establishing Networks for Health Promoting Schools in South Africa
Authors: Swart Dehran , Reddy Priscilla
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: South African schools were segregated by years of discriminatory practices. Apartheid policies adversely affected the health and social status of children in South Africa. The conceptual framework suggested by the health promoting schools movement was adopted in South Africa to address school health comprehensively. This approach provides a useful framework because it focuses not on the curriculum but on the school environment, community involvement, policy development, and appropriate health and social services. Currently, several initiatives in South Africa focus on developing networks of health promoting schools. Initiatives seen as a mechanism to address the historical inequities among children in South Africa are described.
School Nurses' Perceptions of and Experience with School Health Research
Authors: Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K. , King Keith A.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This survey examined school nurses' perceptions of and experience with school health research. A random sample of school nurses who were either members of the school nurse section of the American School Health Association (ASHA) or members of the National Association of School Nurses (NASN) comprised the sample (n = 590). The response rate was 81%; the nurses were all females. A plurality held masters degrees (40%) and had worked an average of 12.0 years as a school nurse. Most (67%) were employed at the elementary school level. Slightly more than one‐third (37%) had ever been involved in a research study as a school nurse. Perceived barriers to engaging in research were lack of time, clerical help, and money. Perceived benefits of school nurses engaging in research were: adds new knowledge on school nursing issues (97%), benefits the health care of children at school (93%), and helps peers do their job better (86%). School nurses also indicated they would become involved in research if someone would assist them (78%).
The Awesome Asthma School Days Program: Educating Children, Inspiring a Community
Authors: Meurer John R. , McKenzie Sue , Mischler Elaine , Subichin Steve , Malloy Marsha , George Varghese
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Program planners developed an educational program to improve the health of children with asthma in grades three to five in Milwaukee (Wis.) Public Schools. During 1997–1998, 1,400 students from 74 elementary schools participated in the Awesome Asthma School Days education program. In a cross‐sectional survey, about 40% of children reported play interrupted and sleep disturbed by asthma, more than 50% of children reported exposure to smoke in their home, most children lacked asthma self‐care tools, and most children with persistent symptoms did not use an anti‐inflammatory inhaler. The educational program improved students' expectations about normal play and sleep and improved their understanding of asthma. Leaders in Milwaukee used the survey results to develop a community action plan. The educational program, surveys, community partnerships, and strategic plans can be replicated in other schools.
Informed Consent in School Health Research: Why, How, and Making It Easy
Authors: Ross James G. , Sundberg Elizabeth C. , Flint Katherine H.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: The obligation to obtain informed consent for student participation in health‐related research creates a complex set of legal, ethical, and administrative responsibilities because the interests of research integrity are delicately balanced against protection of human subjects. Even the term itself sparks a range of responses depending on one's perspective and stake in the process. This paper traces the historical impetus behind obtaining informed consent, identifies key elements comprising informed consent, and reviews types of consent procedures used in schools. The authors suggest 20 ways to boost response rates while providing a realistic level of informed consent for school‐based studies.
High School Health Teachers' Perceived Self‐Efficacy in Identifying Students at Risk for Suicide
Authors: King Keith A. , Price James H. , Telljohann Susan K. , Wahl Jeffrey
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A national random sample of 228 high school health teachers completed a 45‐item survey to examine their perceived self‐efficacy regarding adolescent suicide. Most respondents were female, White, and held master's degrees. Most believed it was their role to recognize students at risk for suicide, believed that if they did recognize students at risk it would reduce the chances that the student would commit suicide, and believed that one of the most important things they could do would be to prevent a suicidal student from committing suicide. However, only 9% believed they could recognize a student at risk for suicide. High efficacy expectations scores were associated with working at a school that offered an inservice program on adolescent suicide, included teaching about suicide prevention in the curriculum, and had a crisis intervention team. This study suggests that teacher health education programs should spend more time on developing the skills necessary to identify students at risk. In addition, a comprehensive school suicide prevention program is strongly encouraged for all high schools.
Encouraging Schools to Promote Health: Impact of the Western Australian School Health Project (1992 — 1995)
Authors: McBride Nyanda , Midford Richard
Published: October 2009

The Western Australian School Health (WASH) Project, a school health promotion intervention operating over a four‐year period (1992–1995), provided a comprehensive, year‐long intervention to help successive groups of schools develop health promotion programs. The WASH Project worked with self‐selected school communities and used community development strategies to support participating schools in identifying and responding to health concerns relevant to their students. This paper reports the school impact results of the WASH Project. School impact data involved 24 variables categorized into two areas: school organizational factors supportive of health promotion, and school health promotion factors. Two methods of analysis were used: logistic regression indicating the direction of change, and linear regression indicating the magnitude of change. Results demonstrated that schools successfully made organizational changes, such as the allocation of additional time, personnel, and monetary resources, to support health promotion.
Lessons Learned from the Hunter Region Health Promoting Schools Project in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Lynagh Marita , Knight Jenny , Schofield Margot J. , Paras Lorraine
Published: October 2009

This paper describes development, over a five‐year period, of the Hunter Region Health Promoting Schools Project in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. The project implemented the principles and philosophy of the Health Promoting Schools concept and evaluated its effectiveness using a randomized controlled trial involving 22 public secondary schools. An overview of the preliminary intervention model based on the health promoting schools philosophy and trialed in a pilot study is provided. The authors also outline barriers to, and difficulties in, implementing the philosophically based intervention model in the secondary school setting. The current intervention approach, which evolved over five years, is described in relation to the roles played by project team members and school communities. In addition, the authors outline guiding principles arising from the new approach which facilitated adoption of health promotion strategies in secondary school settings.
The Status of Middle Level HIV/STD Education as Assessed by State and Local Education Agencies
Authors: Wolff Wendy J. , Schoeberlein Deborah R.
Published: October 2009

During spring 1998 RAD Educational Programs, in cooperation with the National Middle School Association, conducted a needs assessment of middle level HIV/STD prevention programs from the perspective of representatives from state education agencies (SEA) and local education agencies (LEA). Data were collected from 84% of states (SEAs) and 88% of cities (LEAs) funded by CDC to conduct HIV/STD prevention activities. A range of activities are occurring in school‐based HIV/STD prevention for early adolescents in grades 5–8. However, a prevailing characteristic among states was the high degree to which local control and local decision making affects programming in schools. Needs of SEAs and LEAs are similar as reflected by the need for continued improvement of middle level HIV/STD prevention education. A concrete result was the multitude of requests for effective HIV/STD curricula for middle level students. In addition, administrators shared similar needs for an increase in time allotment for health instruction. Most SEAs (65%) and LEAs (77%) believed that time for health education in the classroom would increase if a nationwide mandate existed resulting in appropriate standards and assessments for all middle level and high school students.
School‐related Violence Among High School Students in the United States, 1993–1995
Authors: Hill Susan C. , Drolet Judy C.
Published: October 2009

Using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios and confidence intervals, this secondary analysis determined statistically significant predictors and prevalence rates for high school students in the United States who carried a weapon, were threatened or injured with a weapon, or were involved in physical fighting on school property from 1993–1995. Geographic region, grade in school, race/ethnicity, and gender were the independent variables. Data regarding school‐related violence among adolescents were collected in 1993 and 1995 using the Youth Risk Behavior Survey developed and implemented by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Results indicated gender, race, and grade in school were predictors of school‐related violence for students in grades 9–12 from 1993 to 1995. Males were involved in violent acts more often than females. Minority students, especially Hispanics and Blacks, and students in lower grades at school participate in and are victims of violence more often than other students.
Relationship Between Self‐Esteem and Smoking Behavior Among Japanese Early Adolescents: Initial Results from a Three‐Year Study
Authors: Kawabata Tetsuro , Cross Donna , Nishioka Nobuki , Shimai Satoshi
Published: October 2009

Researchers examined the relationship between self‐esteem and smoking behavior among Japanese elementary and junior high school students. Students (2,090) in fourth to ninth grade from three elementary schools and two junior high schools in the Hyogo and Niigata prefectures completed an anonymous questionnaire. Self‐esteem was measured using the Harter Perceived Competence Scale, the Pope Self‐Esteem Scale, and the Rosenberg Self‐Esteem Scale. Results indicated that never smokers had higher cognitive, family, and global self‐esteem, but lower physical self‐esteem than ever smokers. Grade and gender were significantly associated with self‐esteem, showing a decrease of self‐esteem with increases in grade and a higher level of self‐esteem among boys than girls. The results suggest that effective smoking prevention programs for Japanese early adolescents should be integrated into more comprehensive health education or health promotion programs including self‐esteem enhancement training.
Physical Activity and Stages of Change in Fifth and Sixth Graders
Authors: Walton Julie , Hoerr Sharon , Heine Linda , Frost Stacey , Roisen Danielle , Berkimer Melissa
Published: October 2009

The Stage of Change (SC) paradigm was adapted to assess readiness to be or stay physically active among fifth and sixth graders. Students completed a four‐item SC survey, the Past Year Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, and the Modifiable Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents. Precontemplation, contemplation, and preparation stages were grouped as “pre‐action” (PRE), and action and maintenance as “post‐action” (AX) stages. Nearly 40% of all students were in PRE, compared to 60% of students in AX stages. Twenty‐two percent of all students were in the sedentary precontemplation or contemplation stages. Significantly more boys were in maintenance than girls, and more girls than boys were in contemplation. Students averaged 14–21 hours/week of television, video, or computer work, and 1.6 hours/week of physical activity outside of school. Interventions may be targeted at a specific SC to enable a child to move forward along the SC continuum toward an active lifestyle.
Partnerships for Comprehensive School Health: Collaboration Among Colleges/Universities, State‐Level Organizations, and Local School Districts
Authors: Gottlieb Nell H. , Keogh Erin F. , Jonas Judith R. , Grunbaum Jo Anne , Walters Susan R. , Fee Rebecca M. , Saunders Ruth P. , Baldyga William
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A qualitative survey on the collaborative experiences of colleges and universities, state‐level organizations, and school districts related to comprehensive school health programs in 12 states found four primary collaborative outcomes: training, consultation, research, and networking. Five common dimensions of collaboration also were identified: interpersonal and organizational interactions, level of awareness and understanding of comprehensive school health programs, organizational priorities and reward systems, political forces, and availability and sharing of resources. The potential for such linkages to advance comprehensive school health programs remains largely untapped. Recommendations for developing such collaborations are presented.
Reducing Risks and Building Developmental Assets: Essential Actions for Promoting Adolescent Health
Authors: Scales Peter C.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: Developmental assets provide the positive building blocks young people need for success. In this article, based on a keynote address to attendees at the 1998 American School Health Association annual conference, research is discussed that suggests building specific developmental assets relates to lowered risk behavior patterns and increased patterns of thriving behavior among an aggregate sample of nearly 100,000, 6th–12th grade youth in 213 US communities. Issues related to the scientific foundations, reliability, and validity of the developmental assets framework are discussed. The contribution that building youth's developmental assets makes toward their well‐being is presented as both a unique component of a healthy community and a necessary complement to risk reduction and treatment strategies.
Association of Age at Onset of Cigarette and Alcohol Use with Subsequent Smoking and Drinking Patterns Among Japanese High School Students
Authors: Takakura Minoru , Wake Norie
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This study examined relationships between age of smoking and drinking initiation, and subsequent patterns of smoking and drinking among Japanese high school students. Self‐administered anonymous questionnaires were conducted using a sample of 1,466 students in grades 10 through 12 at seven public senior high schools in urban areas of Okinawa, Japan. After controlling for demographic variables, students who began smoking at age 12 or younger were more likely to become heavy smokers and heavy drinkers than those who began smoking at ages 15 or older. Age of smoking initiation was not related to risks for current smoking and current drinking. Students who started drinking at age 12 or younger, and at 13 or 14 years, were significantly associated with current smoking, current drinking, heavy smoking, and heavy drinking, compared to students who began drinking at ages 15 or older. Early onset smoking and drinking represent significant predictors for subsequent use of cigarettes and alcohol. These findings suggest that smoking and drinking prevention programs should begin during elementary school.