bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia on the lower teeth
Authors: Odor T. M. , Ford T. R. Pitt , McDonald F.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The aims of this study were to investigate the effects on pulpal blood flow and anaesthesia in mandibular teeth during inferior alveolar nerve block anaesthesia using 2% lignocaine with 1:80,000 adrenaline in 10 adult human subjects. Local anaesthetic solution was delivered close to the inferior alveolar nerve at the mandibular foramen using a standardized nerve block technique. The pulpal blood flow of the canine and first permanent molar was monitored by a laser Doppler flowmeter. At selected times pulpal anaesthesia was tested with an electric pulp tester. The injection of 2 ml of solution caused a decrease in pulpal blood flow in both teeth in every subject. The reduction in blood flow was of shorter duration than pulpal and soft tissue anaesthesia. A period of increased blood flow following the period of reduction was noted in several subjects. The mean reduction in pulpal blood flow in the canine at 15 min was 48% and lasted for a mean of 93 min. In contrast, the mean reduction in pulpal blood flow in the molar at 15 min was 25% and of 72 min mean duration. The mean duration of pulpal anaesthesia was 114 min in the canine compared with 88 min in the molar. Full soft tissue anaesthesia lasted for a mean of 151 min, whereas complete recovery took 255 min. This study indicated that lignocaine and adrenaline in block anaesthesia acted not only at the site of injection but also within the individual teeth.
Encoding of the subjective intensity of sharp dental pain
Authors: Ahlquist M. L , Frmzta O. G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This paper is a review and a discussion of our own pain research over the last decade. It is of a methodological and theoretical character and deals with preparation technique, choice of electrodes, control experiments involving pulpotomy and reliability tests of psychophysical methods for pain measurements, and the neuronal population encoding of sharp dental pain. The electrophysiological recording technique selectively picks up electrical activity induced in pulpal A‐delta nerve fihers. The sensation of pain was quantified by means of an inlermodal matching technique, finger span (PAS), in combination with sensory verbal descriptors covering a range from very, very weak to maximal pain. When a cold stimulus, ethyl chloride, was applied on the tooth surface a close agreement was demonstrated between intradental A‐delta nerve activity (INA) and the sensation magnitude of pain (PAS) with respect to curve amplitude and time course. The high covariation of the neural and perceptual response measures indicated a good internal validity and confirmed also the basic soundness and the applicability of the procedures employed. For the purpose of further analyzing the functional relation of INA to PAS we studied specifically the effect of cold stimuh of different intensity on the integrated nerve response. Only sharp, shooting pain was accepted as a sensorial, perceptual correlate of the intradental A‐delta nerve activity. Since an increase in amplitude was generally accompanied by an increase in duration of the responses, the fundamental question was raised how to best describe and characterize the neural and perceptual responses so that they most adequately reflect the information processing of the intensive aspect of sharp dental pain. Three response criteria were used: (i) average response amplitude of INA per second, (ii) peak amplitude of INA and (iii) integral of INA, i.e. the total activity over time. The integral of the INA response curves yielded the Wghest correlation coefficient, with an average value of 0.90. The integrated multi‐unit A‐delta nerve activity appears, thus, to institute the underlying peripheral neurophysiological mechanism of the sensory magnitude of sharp dental pain.
Trigeminal neurapraxia following a blow to the face: a case report
Authors: Mason C. , Roberts G. J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Examination of the cranial nerves is a simple and valuable procedure following trauma to the head and neck. By understanding their courses, branches and distributions, the site of any damage may be localized. Once the site and nature of injury has been determined, correct management may be instigated. A case is presented in which there was some degree of trigeminal nerve damage following trauma. The site of damage was determined to be extracranial and therefore a conservative regimen adopted. The mechanism of injury is postulated.
Developmental arrest of tooth bud after correction of mandibular fracture
Authors: Calderon S. , Kaplan I. , Gal G.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A case of multiple fractures of the mandible following a car accident in a five‐year‐old patient is reported. The fracture line passed distal to the first molar tooth bud. The fracture was treated by wire osteosynthesis and skeletal fixation. During the ensuing 18 months, a gradual arrest of the development of the first molar tooth bud was radiologically observed. The eruption process had not been disturbed, and the tooth erupted at the age of 61/2 years. Since the distal root had completely failed to develop and the mesial roots showed a diminished size, the tooth was extracted. Histopathological examination revealed disturbed dentin apposition, there was almost complete obliteration of the pulp chamber by globular dentin, and evidence of root resorption.
Long‐term coronal leakage of JS Quickfill root fillings with Sealapex and Apexit sealers
Authors: Saunders E. M. , Saunders W. P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess long‐term coronal leakage in root fillings achieved by 2 gutta‐percha techniques using 2 calcium hydroxide‐containing sealers. The root canals of 90 single‐rooted teeth with mature apices were prepared chemo‐mechanically. The teeth were placed randomly into four experimental groups (n = 20) and obturated with either lateral condensation of cold gutta‐percha or a thermo‐plasticized gutta‐percha delivery system, JS Quickfill, using Sealapex or Apexit as the sealer. A further five teeth were placed in each of negative or positive control groups. After root filling the teeth were sectioned at the cementoenamel junction and stored in saline solution at 37° for 1 yr. Coronal leakage was then determined with an India ink tracer (using a reduced pressure model) and a clearing technique. The extent of coronal leakage was measured at ×6 magnification. Non‐parametric analysis showed that there was significantly more leakage with the thermally softened gutta‐percha technique than with lateral condensation (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in leakage between the groups obturated with lateral condensation (p>0.005) but, with the thermoplasticized technique, there was more leakage with the sealer Sealapex (p<0.05).
Dental injuries among schoolchildren aged from 6 to 15, in Rennes (France)
Authors: Delattre J.‐P. , Resmond‐Richard F. , Allanche C. , Perrin M. , Michel J.‐F. , Le Berre A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A representative sample of 2020 schoolchildren, aged 6 to 15 years, was randomly selected from 85 state and private schools in Rennes and distributed in 10 groups, according to their age. Type and prevalence of dental injuries were determined in each group, using Ellis & Davey's classification, giving rise to a subset of 345 subjects. Simple enamel fracture was the predominant injury (59.4%), occuring most often on maxillary central incisors. Most time (77.1%), the trauma affected only one tooth. Mean prevalence of dental injuries was 13.6% from 2020 subjects. Boys showed a higher prevalence than girls (respectively 17% and 10.2%), but this difference was only significant for age‐groups 12 and 13 (p<0.001) and for the whole group of 6–15 (p<0.001).
Effect of bisphosphonates and gallium on dentin resorption in vitro
Authors: Liewehr F. R. , Craft D. W. , Primack P. D. , Kulild J. C. , Turgeon D. K. , Sutherland D. E. , Schuster G. S. , Pashley D. H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Replacement resorption may follow the replantation of an avulsed tooth. Currently there is no effective treatment for replacement resorption. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of bisphosphonates and gallium nitrate, which have been shown to reduce bone resorption, on cells which resorb dentin. Osteoclast‐like cells were obtained by culturing cells from prenatal chick tibeas. These cells were seeded onto slices of human dentin which had been soaked in either saline (control), or solutions of 10–5 M 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1, 1‐bisphosphonic acid (EHBP), 10–6 M dichloromethylene bisphosphonic acid (Cl2MBP), or 10–6 M gallium nitrate. Resorption was measured by counting the number of resorptive lacunae produced by the cells. Results indicated that the experimental groups did not differ significantly from each other, but each exhibited significantly reduced resorption compared with saline controls (p<0.01). These results suggested that the experimental treatment reduced dentinal resorption by the osteoclast‐like cells, and that these agents might be useful to prevent or at least postpone replacement resorption in avulsed teeth.
Multiple dens invaginatus in two brothers
Authors: Hosey M.‐T. , Bedi R.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Dens invaginatus is a developmental variation resulting from an alteration in the normal growth pattern of the dental papilla of a tooth. They predominantly occur on maxillary permanent lateral incisors. Their occurrence in several maxillary incisor teeth in an individual has been frequently reported, and the examination of bilateral teeth for the anomaly is well accepted. However, the present case illustrates the importance of examining both maxillary and mandibular incisors in patients who present with a dens invaginatus, in addition to other members of the family.
Detection of pulse in oral mucosa and dental pulp by means of optical reflection method
Authors: Oikarinen K. , Kopola H. , Mäkiniemi M. , Herrala E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This paper describes a new system in which optical reflectance is used to test the pulse and vitality of oral mucosa or dental pulp. Radiation at red (660 nm) and near infra‐red (850 nm) wavelengths are directed through a thin probe. The beam is directed into tissue and reflected back. Plethysmography is used to measure the pulse rate from the right forefinger. Reflected radiation is related to plethysmogram using a computer. Preliminary findings relating to the lips, and gingiva in 9 healthy volunteers were promising. Preliminary tests showed that vital and nonvital pulps reflected the radiation differently. Pulpal pulse did not always correspond to plethysmogram from the right Forefinger.
3‐hydroxy fatty acids in a lipopolysaccharide‐like material from Treponema denticola strain FM
Authors: Dahle U. R. , Tronstad L. , Olsen I.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Treponemes are associated with major oral diseases such as apical and marginal periodontitis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is regarded as an important virulence factor in these diseases. Ii is unclear whether LPS is present in oral treponemes. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to examine if a common oral treponeme –Treponema denticola– possesses LPS. A modified Westphal method (phenol‐water‐ethanol‐hexane extraction) was used to extract LPS‐like material from T. denticola, reference strain FM. It was cultivated in prereduced anaerobically sterilized pectin medium. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of the extract detected three hydroxy fatty acids: C3‐OH‐i‐13:0, C3‐OH‐i‐15:0, and C3‐OH‐16:0 which constituted 12% of its fatty acid content. These acids, commonly regarded as markers of LPS, suggested the presence of LPS in T. denticola.
Area‐metric analysis of dye leakage for evaluation of sealing ability of root canal obturation techniques
Authors: Veis A. , Lambrianides T. , Nicolaou A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Root canal sealing ability of obturation techniques has been assessed in vitro with various methods. The majority of the methods employ microleakage tracers and particularly dyes. In vitro measurements of dye penetration are either linear or volumetric. Area‐metric analysis is a three dimensional registration method of dye leakage. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate in cleared teeth area‐metric analysis as opposed to linear analysis of dye penetration. Forty freshly extracted single rooted human teeth were used. Instrumentation was carried out using Hedstroem files with a step back technique. The root canals were obturated using Roth sealer and gutta‐percha cones and lateral condensation technique. The roots were then subjected to dye leakage tests under vacuum of 50mmHg for 20min. India ink was used as the tracer. The roots were randomly divided in two groups. In Group A the roots were cleared and linear measurements of the dye penetration were recorded The roots in Group B were ground stepwise transversally and subjected to area metric analysis. The results showed that area‐metric analysis enabled sufficient recordings of the dye leakage patterns and the volume of the dye penetration could also be calculated.
Root perforations: classification and treatment choices based on prognostic factors
Authors: Fuss Z. , Trope M.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Root perforations are common complications ofendo‐dontic treatment or post preparation and often lead to tooth extraction. Successful treatment depends mainly on immediate sealing of the perforation and prevention of infection. Severnt factors ailed the achievement of these goals, most important of which are: time of occurrence, size, and location of the perforation. A classification of root perforations, based on the above factors, is presented lo assist the clinician in the choice of the treatment protocol which will give the best possible results when a perforation is diagnosed.
Immunohistochemical examination of the distribution of macrophages and CGRP‐immunoreactive nerve fibers in induced rat periapical lesions
Authors: Toriya Y. , Hashiguchi I. , Maeda K.
Published: April 2006

Abstract To clarify the role of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in the development of periapical lesions, we examined the distribution of GGRP‐immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibers and macrophages, and the behavior of bone tissues in experimentally induced rat periapical lesions by immunohistochemical and quantitative methods. Although no extensive changes were observed at 7 days after pulp exposure, CGRP‐IR nerve fibers increased in number until 28 days with a decrease thereafter. These neural changes were closely correlated with the alteration in number of macrophages except on day 7 when macrophages were significantly increased in number as compared with control rats. Tissue repair began to take place and a decrease in number of osteoclasts was observed when the density of CGRP‐IR nerve fibers reached a peak. These results suggested that there might be a close relationship between macrophages and CGRP‐IR nerve fibers and that CGRP‐IR nerve fibers might participate in tissue repair in experimentally induced rat periapical lesions.
Three independent canals in the mesial root of a mandibular first molar
Authors: Ricucci D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Endodontic therapy was performed in a mandibular first molar with three canals in the mesial root. The mesiobuccal and the mesiolingual canals were found in their normal locations. The third was located in the middle of the distance between the other two. Radiographically, it ended in its own distinct foramen. Many reports deal with three orifices in the mesial root, but very few describe three independent canals, indicating a rare anatomical configuration. To locale the third possible intermediate canal it was suggested to reduce the mesial dentinal wall of the pulp chamber after instrumenting the main two canals.
Coronal leakage in teeth root‐filled with gutta‐percha and two different sealers after long‐term storage
Authors: Chailertvanitkul P. , Saunders W. P. , MacKenzie D.
Published: April 2006

Abstract This in vitro study investigated the effect of long‐term storage on the coronal leakage of a microbial marker in teeth root‐filled with lateral condensation of cold gutta‐percha and one of two sealers. Sixty single‐rooted teeth were prepared chemomechanically to a size 40 master apical file. The teeth were divided into two groups of 20 teeth each and obturated with gutta‐percha using either Apexit or Tubliseal EWT sealer. The teeth were stored for 6 months in artificial saliva and tested for leakage using a marker consisting of Anaerobic streptococci and Prevotella intermedia. The teeth were checked for bacterial leakage daily for 90 days. All positive control teeth leaked within 48 hours, while the negative control teeth remained uncontaminated throughout the test period. Leakage in the experimental teeth started at times varying from 10 to 71 days; 30% and 75% of the specimens of the Apexit and Tubliseal EWT groups respectively showed leakage at 90 days. The Tubliseal EWT group showed significantly more leakage (p<0.05) than the Apexit group.
Intra‐alveolar surgical uprighting of impacted teeth: a case report
Authors: Schatz J.‐P. , de Baets J. , Joho J.‐P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Although orthodontic repositioning of impacted teeth is widely used, the treatment has its limitations. Autotransplantation or intra‐alveolar surgical repositioning of teeth is an alternative therapy that may be used in selected cases of desperate impactions, when orthodontic extrusion is unsuccessful or when orthodontic treatment is rejected by the patient. A case report is presented to stress both the indications and limitations of a modified technique of intra‐alveolar surgical uprighting of impacted teeth.
Hydroxyl radical activity in thermo‐catalytically bleached root‐filled teeth
Authors: Dahlstrom S. W. , Heithersay G. S. , Bridges T. E.
Published: April 2006

Abstract Intra‐coronal bleaching of root‐filled teeth has been associated with invasive cervical root resorption. It is considered that during bleaching hydrogen peroxide diffuses through the tooth structure into the cervical periodontium, resulting in periodontal tissue destruction and initiating a resorptive process. Hydrogen peroxide is capable of generating hydroxyl radical, an oxygen‐derived free radical, in the presence of ferrous salts. Hydroxyl radicals are extremely reactive and have been shown to degrade components of connective tissue, particularly collagen and hyaluronic acid. The aim of the present study was to determine whether hydroxyl radicals are generated during the bleaching of root‐filled teeth which have been discoloured by blood. Forty extracted human premolar teeth were root‐filled with gutta‐percha and AH26 sealer cement. Twenty of the teeth were experimentally discoloured by blood. All teeth were then thermo‐catalytically bleached using 30% hydrogen peroxide while tooth roots were seated in a test solution of sodium salicylate. Hydroxyl radical generation was determined by the detection of reaction products of this radical with salicylate using high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC‐ECD). The presence of hydroxyl radicals was detected in twenty‐five of the teeth. There was a significant association between the production of hydroxyl radicals and the presence of tooth discolouration caused by blood components. Greatest yields of hydroxyl radicals occurred in teeth in which EDTA had been used to clean the pulp chamber prior to bleaching. It was concluded that hydroxyl radicals are generated during the thermo‐catalytic bleaching of root‐filled teeth. Generation of this toxic chemical species may be one mechanism underlying periodontal tissue destruction and root resorption after intra‐coronal bleaching.
A histological and quantitative histomorphometric study of apexification of nonvital permanent incisors of vervet monkeys after repeated root filling with a calcium hydroxide paste
Authors: Chosack A. , Sela J. , Cleaton‐Jones P.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the died of a monthly refilling of the root canals with calcium hydroxide paste with a single packing or replacement of the paste at 3 months on I he apexification of nonvital maxillary incisors of vervet monkeys. Forty‐eight maxillary incisors from 12 monkeys were used following radiographic determination that root development was incomplete. The pulps were extirpated under general anesthesia and the root canals filed and cleaned. The root canals were filled with a commercial calcium hydroxide paste, Calxyl, and a temporary cavity filling placed. Twelve teeth were left without further treatment. The calcium hydroxide paste was replaced in 12 teeth alter a 3‐month interval, and in the remaining 24 teeth the calcium hydroxide root filling was replaced live times at monthly intervals. The monkeys were killed after 6 months, and blocks of the teeth and surrounding tissues were embedded, decalcified and 6 μm serial sections prepared and stained. The sections were studied histologically to evaluate 11 parameters. Significant differences were found in the amount of calcium hydroxide at the apices, the presence of new cementum on the roots and the degree of inflammation, all of which were better in the monthly refill group. Histomorphometric measurements to evaluate the obturation of the open apices and the volume of new primary osteocementum showed no significant difference between the three groups. It was suggested that after the initial root filling with calcium hydroxide there was nothing to be gained by repeated root filling either monthly or after 3 months, for al least 6 months.
Tritiated thymidine uptake in periodontal ligament cells of dogs' teeth stored in various media for extended time periods
Authors: Hupp J. G. , Trope M. , Mesaros S. V. , Aukhil I.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate a new storage solution, Conditioned Medium, vs Hank's balanced salt solution and ViaSpan with respect to the viability of periodontal ligament cells of exarticulated teeth. Teeth were stored for periods of 6, 48, and 96 hours in Hank's balanced salt solution, ViaSpan (Dupont Pharmaceuticals), or Conditioned Medium. Teeth were cultured for 24 hours in Dulbecco's medium supplemented with tritiated thymidine. The cultured teeth were sectioned and evaluated with autoradiography. Control teeth were extracted and immediately treated as above without storage. Mitotic activity was indicated by clusters of five or more grains over the nuclei of fibroblasts in the remaining periodontal membrane. The ratio of labeled to unlabeled cells (labeling index) was calculated for each treatment group. When storage time was compared across all groups, 96 hours was significantly different from 6 and 48 hours (P<0.001 and P<0.012 respectively). Storage time of 6 hours was not significantly different from 48 hours (P>0.10). After comparison of the nine experimental groups with the control group, only Hank's balanced salt solution at 96 hours was significantly different (P>0.004).
Evaluation of technical quality of endodontic treatment – reliability of intraoral radiographs
Authors: Eckerbom M. , Magnusson T.
Published: April 2006

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate: 1) the use of Unconventional buccolingual radiographic projection for estimating the technical quality of endodontic treatment and 2) the effect of the surrounding tissues on these evaluations. The material consisted of three radiographs of each of 108 extracted roots: a clinical radiograph, an in vitro radiograph taken in the buccolingual projection, and an in vitro radiograph taken in the mesiodistal projection. The radiographs were analysed by two observers and consensus was reached and used in the analyses. The agreement between the two observers was good, but statistically significant differences were found between recordings of the seal in the clinical radiographs and the in vitro radiographs taken in the buccolingual projection. The length of the root filling in each of the three projections was interpreted to be the same, while both inadequate seal and visible lumen apical to the root filling were recorded less frequently in the clinical radiographs than in either of the two in vitro projections. This difference was most pronounced in molar teeth. It was concluded that the lengths of root fillings could be measured correctly in clinical radiographs. Dm1 to the anatomy of root canals in incisors and canines, there was a risk of misinterpreting an inadequate seal as adequate in these teeth. The large amount of tissue surrounding molar teeth tended to cause an underregistration of both inadequate seal and lumen apical to the root fillings in these regions.
COMPARISON OF ENRICHMENT VESSELS FOR RECOVERY OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. FROM BROILER RINSE SAMPLES
Authors: LINE J. ERIC
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine if the type of culture vessel used during incubation of an enrichment medium would affect recovery of Campylobacter spp. from processed broiler rinse samples. Freshly processed broiler carcasses were rinsed, and the rinses were serially diluted. The diluted rinses were mixed with an equal volume of 2× Bolton enrichment broth (BEB; with or without blood) and placed in different container types for incubation and recovery of Campylobacter spp. BEB in tissue culture flasks recovered Campylobacter from significantly more samples at higher dilutions than did BEB in resealable plastic bags (P < 0.05), which was likely because of the gas permeability of the bags and greater media surface area in the flasks. Blood‐free BEB in vented tissue culture flasks was found to give an equivalent rate of Campylobacter recovery as BEB for this sample type.
PREVENTION AND DECONTAMINATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 ON RAW BEEF CARCASSES IN COMMERCIAL BEEF ABATTOIRS
Authors: EDWARDS JESSICA RENEE , FUNG DANIEL Y.C.
Published: April 2006

There are an estimated 76 million cases of foodborne illnesses in the U.S.A. every year, resulting in $5–17 billion in economic and productivity losses annually. Over 5000 deaths a year are caused by foodborne illnesses, one‐third of which can be attributed to meat and poultry products. Over the last 10 years, efforts have been made to ensure better meat safety and to control Escherichia coli O157:H7 contamination in beef carcasses and products. The classification of E. coli O157:H7 as an adulterant in raw beef products has prompted the investigation into better processing aids and intervention strategies to ensure meat safety. The vast majority of slaughter contamination originates from contact with fecally soiled hides during the dehiding process. There are many decontamination methods available to beef processors, and others are being investigated for their efficacy at inactivating pathogens. These include hide‐on decontamination, knife trimming, steam vacuuming, spray chilling and washing, lactoferricin B, steam pasteurization and irradiation. Organic acid spray washes remain to be among the most popular methods for beef carcass decontamination. However, acid tolerance may eventually render these sanitizers ineffective against E. coli O157:H7. Research shows that hide‐on decontamination may be better suited for preventing carcass contamination from soiled hides. Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) has had great success in laboratory and pilot plant studies for reducing contamination to carcasses during dehiding. Although CPC is not approved for use inside beef processing plants, its success in the laboratory and in the poultry industry provides the potential for its approval for application for beef. The overall reductions of any given decontamination method must be weighed against the cost of the method. Cost/benefit analysis shows that multihurdle methods of decontamination may be the most cost‐effective methods when compared to using a single intervention to achieve the same level of reductions. Irradiation, which has the highest inactivation rate of E. coli O157:H7 (5.2 log cfu/cm2), also incurs the highest costs in operation and installation fees. Therefore, using knife trimming in combination with another decontamination method is the most cost‐effective method at achieving food safety.
Implementing the requirements of the Water Framework Directive for rural water supply schemes in Scotland
Authors: Futter Mark , Hyder Clare , Johnson Adrian
Published: April 2006

In a project pioneering the implementation of the European Union Water Framework Directive in Scotland, a programme of local stream flow gauging in Lochaber demonstrated that low flow yields in the sources were greater than predicted by standard methodologies for ungauged catchments in the UK. This meant that the abstraction required for the water treatment works represented an acceptable proportion of the yield, and complied with Scottish Environment Protection Agency guidance for maintaining good ecological status in the catchments. Development of new sources with dams, pumping stations and pipelines was avoided, thus reducing costs and environmental impacts. A programme of stakeholder consultations was carried out throughout the Water Order application process and agreement on proposed abstractions was reached with over 20 stakeholders.
Victims and other exempt parties in crime
Authors: Williams Glanville
Published: April 2006

The law of complicity and conspiracy should neither be used nor be capable of being used to subvert the intentions of Parliament when it framed offences. To explain the ramifications of this simple message will take a little space.

The law of complicity and conspiracy is wide, but it is well known, and normally the legislature may fairly be presumed to intend it to apply to new edicts unless it is expressly excluded. Occasionally, however, the court may feel able to collect from the statute a legislative policy exempting from responsibility people who would otherwise have been accomplices or conspirators.
The reach of restitution
Authors: Fridman G. H. L.
Published: April 2006

Lord Diplock, in Orakpo v Manson Investments, used language that indicated that the range of restitution, or unjust enrichment, is limited. Lord Goff, on several occasions, has been more amenable to the idea that, should a remedy be desirable in the circumstances of a particular case, the concept of restitution could, and should be utilised in a creative manner. Canadian judges have been more inclined than those in England to adopt the latter approach. As one of them once said: ‘Just as the categories of negligence are never closed, neither can those of restitution’. In more recent judgments Canadian courts have continued to show their willingness to extend the scope of restitution in two ways: (i) by the enunciation of a general concept of unjust enrichment that underlies the idea of restitution; (ii) by a broader, more innovative use of the traditional doctrine of constructive trust. Both these developments stem from a fundamental premise as to the ‘equitable’ nature of restitution.
The House of Lords and women's rights or Am I really a Law Lord?
Authors:   Baroness Hale of Richmond
Published: April 2006

The general theme of this lecture was prompted by Ruth Bader Ginsburg, the second woman in the United States Supreme Court. To celebrate my appointment she sent me a fascinating book, Supreme Court Decisions and the Rights of Women. This set me thinking about what a similar book on House of Lords Decisions and the Rights of Women might have to say. My first thought was ‘not a lot, surely’. The two courts are very different. The Supreme Court is a constitutional court under a constitution which guarantees the equal protection of the laws. The appellate committee of the House of Lords is not a constitutional court, although the Human Rights Act 1998 has made it look a little more like one. The judicial committee of the Privy Council, however, has in practice the same composition as the House of Lords.
Mifepristone (RU38486) influences the core temperature response of term pregnant rats to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Moore Sherry L. , Fewell James E.
Published: April 2006

Pregnancy alters the cytokine, prostanoid and core temperature responses of rats to infectious stimuli at a time when blood levels of the endogenous glucocorticoid corticosterone are elevated. Given that glucocorticoids attenuate bacterial pyrogen‐induced fever in rats, the present experiments were carried out to test the hypothesis that administration of RU38486, a glucocorticoid type II receptor antagonist, would restore the febrile response to E.coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in pregnant rats on day 21 of gestation. Pregnant rats were randomly allocated to one of four experimental groups depending upon whether they received RU38486 (20 mg kg−1 intragastric) or vehicle followed by E. coli LPS (160 μg kg−1i.p.; a minimal dose that elicits maximal febrile response in non‐pregnant rats) or vehicle. Basal core temperature was not altered by intragastric administration of RU38486 or vehicle. Following intragastric administration of vehicle, intraperitoneal administration of E.coli LPS produced a significant hypothermia with latency, duration and magnitude of 0.5 h, 2 h and −1.3°C, respectively. Following intragastric administration of RU38486, however, intraperitoneal administration of E.coli LPS elicited only a minimal decrease in core temperature which was not significantly different from control values. Thus, our data provide evidence that endogenous glucocorticoids play a role in modulating the early core temperature response to a relatively large dose of bacterial pyrogen in rats at term of pregnancy.
Wnt Gradient Formation Requires Retromer Function in Wnt-Producing Cells
Authors: Coudreuse Damien Y. M. , Roël Giulietta , Betist Marco C. , Destrée Olivier , Korswagen Hendrik C.
Published: April 2006

Wnt proteins function as morphogens that can form long-range concentration gradients to pattern developing tissues. Here, we show that the retromer, a multiprotein complex involved in intracellular protein trafficking, is required for long-range signaling of the
Caenorhabditis elegans
Wnt ortholog EGL-20. The retromer functions in EGL-20–producing cells to allow the formation of an EGL-20 gradient along the anteroposterior axis. This function is evolutionarily conserved, because Wnt target gene expression is also impaired in the absence of the retromer complex in vertebrates. These results demonstrate that the ability of Wnt to regulate long-range patterning events is dependent on a critical and conserved function of the retromer complex within Wnt-producing cells.
Emergent Properties of Reduced-Genome
Escherichia coli
Authors: Pósfai György , Plunkett Guy , Fehér Tamás , Frisch David , Keil Günther M. , Umenhoffer Kinga , Kolisnychenko Vitaliy , Stahl Buffy , Sharma Shamik S. , de Arruda Monika , Burland Valerie , Harcum Sarah W. , Blattner Frederick R.
Published: April 2006

With the use of synthetic biology, we reduced the
Escherichia coli
K-12 genome by making planned, precise deletions. The multiple-deletion series (MDS) strains, with genome reductions up to 15%, were designed by identifying nonessential genes and sequences for elimination, including recombinogenic or mobile DNA and cryptic virulence genes, while preserving good growth profiles and protein production. Genome reduction also led to unanticipated beneficial properties: high electroporation efficiency and accurate propagation of recombinant genes and plasmids that were unstable in other strains. Eradication of stress-induced transposition evidently stabilized the MDS genomes and provided some of the new properties.
Comparison of gene-expression profiles in parallel bone marrow and peripheral blood samples in acute myeloid leukaemia by real-time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Sakhinia E , Farahangpour M , Tholouli E , Liu Yin J A , Hoyland J A , Byers R J
Published: April 2006

Background:Gene signatures (Indicatorgenes) in bone marrow that provide more precise prognostication in haematological malignancy have been identified by microarray expression studies. It would be beneficial to measure these diagnostic signatures in peripheral blood.

Aims:To determine the degree of correspondence of gene expression for a set ofIndicatorgenes between bone marrow and peripheral blood in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML).

Methods:Parallel bone marrow aspirate and peripheral blood samples were obtained from 19 patients diagnosed with AML and mononuclear cells isolated from both sample types. mRNA was globally amplified by polyadenylated real-time polymerase chain reaction (polyA RT-PCR); the expression of 15 AMLIndicatorgenes, identified from previous microarray studies, was measured by RT-PCR. All values were normalised to the mean expression of three housekeeping genes (IF2-β,GAPandRbS9) and were statistically compared using SPSS software.

Results:No significant difference in expression between bone marrow and peripheral blood was observed for 10 of the genes (leptin receptor,CD33,adipsin,proteoglycan 1,MB-1,cyclin D3,hSNF2b,proteasome iota,HkrT-1andE2A), indicating its possible use in monitoring disease activity in peripheral blood samples, whereasc-myb,HOXA9,LYN,cystatin candLTC4sshowed significantly different expression between bone marrow and peripheral blood samples.

Conclusion:These results indicate a possible use for the method in monitoring AML in peripheral blood by RT-PCR measurement ofIndicatorgenes. In addition, the initial use of polyA PCR facilitates translation to very small clinical samples, including fractionated cell populations, of particular importance for monitoring haematological malignancy.
No evidence for a direct role ofHelicobacter pyloriandMycoplasma pneumoniaein carotid artery atherosclerosis
Authors: Weiss T W , Kvakan H , Kaun C , Prager M , Speidl W S , Zorn G , Pfaffenberger S , Huk I , Maurer G , Huber K , Wojta J
Published: April 2006

Background:That infections with certain pathogens, by initiating an inflammatory response, may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis is suggested by clinical and experimental evidence.

Aim:To analyse atherosclerotic plaques of the carotid artery, samples of apparently healthy greater saphenous veins and circulating leucocytes from the same individual patients for the presence ofHelicobacter pyloriandMycoplasma pneumoniae.

Methods:Samples from 36 patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy for symptomatic carotid artery stenosis were analysed by polymerase chain reaction for the presence of DNA specific forH pyloriandM pneumoniae. IgG antibody titres againstH pyloriandM pneumoniaeand plasma levels of soluble E-selectin, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined.

Results:M pneumoniae-specific DNA was detected in the atherosclerotic plaques of 13 of 36 (36.1%) patients, in the saphenous veins of 9 of 36 (25%) patients and in the leucocytes of 27 of 36 (75%) patients. No salient association was observed between the presence ofM pneumoniae-specific DNA in leucocytes and atherosclerotic plaques or veins. A marked correlation between the presence ofM pneumoniaein the respective specimens and the studied inflammatory markers or the presence of anti-M pneumoniaeantibodies was not observed.H pylori-specific DNA could not be detected in the specimens tested.

Conclusions:The absence ofH pyloriand the random distribution ofM pneumoniaein tissue samples obtained from patients with symptomatic carotid artery stenosis do not support a role for these pathogens in the development of atherosclerosis due to a direct interaction of the bacteria with the vasculature.
A questionnaire on factors influencing children’s assent and dissent to non-therapeutic research
Authors: Wolthers O D
Published: April 2006

Background:Knowledge about assent or dissent of children to non-therapeutic research is poor.

Objectives:To assess sociodemographic characteristics in healthy children and adolescents who were invited to participate in non-therapeutic research, to evaluate their motives for assent or dissent and their understanding of the information given.

Methods:A total of 1281 healthy children and adolescents six to sixteen years of age were invited to participate in a non-therapeutic study and a questionnaire.

Results:Assenting children were motivated by a desire to help sick children (n = 638, 98%) and to gain experience with participating in a research study (n = 503, 82%). Dissenting children made their decision because of worries about having a blood (n = 193, 46%) or a urine sample (n = 94, 26%) taken or because of worries about a doctor’s examination (n = 136, 33%). Fewer children in the assent group (n = 166, 25%) than in the dissent group (136, 33%) worried about the doctor’s examination (p = 0.01). In the assent and dissent group, 568 (86%) and 343 (85%) children, respectively, said they were able to understand some or all of the written information (p = 0.42), and 650 (97%) and 330 (98%), respectively, were able to understand some or all of the verbal information (p = 0.07).

Conclusions:Sociodemographic characteristics may not influence healthy children’s decision to volunteer for non-therapeutic research. Assenting children have altruistic and educational motives, whereas worries about procedures may cause children to dissent. A great majority of school children and adolescents feel capable of understanding and giving assent or dissent to non-therapeutic research.
How do bioethics teachers in Japan cope with ethical disagreement among healthcare university students in the classroom? A survey on educators in charge
Authors: Itai K , Asai A , Tsuchiya Y , Onishi M , Kosugi S
Published: April 2006

Objective:The purpose of this study was to demonstrate how educators involved in the teaching of bioethics to healthcare university students in Japan would cope with ethical disagreement in the classroom, and to identify factors influencing them.

Methods:A cross sectional survey was conducted using self administered questionnaires mailed to a sample of university faculty in charge of bioethics curriculum for university healthcare students.

Results:A total of 107 usable questionnaires were returned: a response rate of 61.5%. When facing ethical disagreement in the classroom, coping behaviour differed depending on the topic of discussion, was influenced by educators’ individual clear ethical attitudes regarding the topic of discussion, and was independent of many respondents’ individual and social backgrounds. Among educators, it was commonly recognised that the purpose of bioethics education was to raise the level of awareness of ethical problems, to provide information about and knowledge of those issues, to raise students’ sensitivity to ethical problems, and to teach students methods of reasoning and logical argument. Yet, despite this, several respondents considered the purpose of bioethics education to be to influence students about normative ethical judgments. There was no clear relationship, however, between ways of coping with ethical disagreement and educators’ sense of the purpose of bioethics education.

Conclusions:This descriptive study suggests that educators involved in bioethics education for healthcare university students in Japan coped in various ways with ethical disagreement. Further research concerning ethical disagreement in educational settings is needed to provide better bioethics education for healthcare students.
Occupational exposure to organic solvent mixtures during pregnancy and the risk of non-syndromic oral clefts
Authors: Chevrier C , Dananché B , Bahuau M , Nelva A , Herman C , Francannet C , Robert-Gnansia E , Cordier S
Published: April 2006

Objectives:To examine the association between maternal occupational exposure to mixtures of organic solvents during pregnancy and the risk of non-syndromic oral clefts.

Methods:A case-control study (164 cleft lip with/without cleft palate (CL/P), 76 cleft palate (CP), 236 controls) was conducted in France to investigate the role of maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents at the beginning of pregnancy in the risk of non-syndromic oral clefts. An expert chemist, guided by a detailed description of the women’s occupational tasks, assessed exposure for each. Analysis of the findings used logistic regression.

Results:In the control group, 39% of the women who reported working during pregnancy were exposed to at least one type of organic solvent. The risk of oral clefts was associated with oxygenated (for CL/P: OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.9; and for CP, OR = 1.4, 95% CI 0.7 to 2.7), chlorinated (OR = 9.4, 95% CI 2.5 to 35.3; OR = 3.8, 95% CI 0.7 to 20.7), and petroleum (OR = 3.6, 95% CI 1.5 to 8.8; OR = 1.2, 95% CI 0.3 to 4.9) solvents. The risk of oral clefts increased linearly with level of exposure within the three subgroups of oxygenated solvents we considered (aliphatic alcohols, glycol ethers, and other oxygenated solvents, including esters, ketones, and aliphatic aldehydes).

Conclusions:Results suggest that maternal occupational exposure to organic solvents during pregnancy may play a role in the aetiology of oral clefts. The limited number of subjects and the problem of multiple exposures require that these results be interpreted cautiously.
INTRINSIC AND OSCILLATED ASTROPHYSICAL NEUTRINO FLAVOR RATIOS REVISITED
Authors: ATHAR H. , KIM C. S. , LEE JAKE
Published: April 2006

The pp interactions taking place in the cosmos around us are a source of the astrophysical neutrinos of all the three flavors. In these interactions, the electron and the muon neutrinos mainly come from the production and the decay of the π± mesons, whereas the tau neutrinos mainly come from the production and the decay of the [Formula: see text] mesons. We estimate the three intrinsic neutrino flavor ratios for 1 GeV ≤E≤1012 GeV in the pp interactions and found them to be 1:2:3×10-5. We study the effects of neutrino oscillations on these intrinsic ratios. We point out that the three ratios become 1:1:1 if L (pc)/E(GeV) ≥10-10 in the presence of neutrino oscillations, where L is the distance to the astrophysical neutrino source in units of parsecs.
COLLECTIVE-SINGLE-PARTICLE EXCITED STATES OF DEFORMABLE ODD NUCLEI WITH SMALL TRIAXIALITY
Authors: SHARIPOV SH. , ERMAMATOV M. J. , BAYIMBETOVA J. K.
Published: April 2006

Excited states deformable odd nuclei with small triaxiality are investigated with allowance for the interaction of collective and single-particle states. Possibility of describing excited states properties of deformable odd nuclei with small triaxiality within non-adiabatic theory of odd nuclei is considered, including states up to high spins. Exponential type of potential is used for the longitudinal vibrations of the nucleus surface.
THE STUDY OF PARTICIPANT-SPECTATOR MATTER AND COLLISION DYNAMICS IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS
Authors: SOOD AMAN D. , PURI RAJEEV K.
Published: April 2006

We present the simulations of heavy-ion collisions in terms of participant-spectator matter. We find that this matter depends crucially on the collision dynamics and history of the nucleons. The important changes in the momentum space are due to the binary nucleon-nucleon collisions experienced during the high dense phase. This was otherwise not possible with mean field alone. The collisions push the colliding nucleons into midrapidity region responsible for the formation of participant matter. This ultimately leads to thermalization in heavy-ion collisions.