bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of maternal serum PAPP‐A levels, nuchal translucency and crown–rump length in first trimester with adverse pregnancy outcomes: retrospective cohort study
Authors: Bilagi Ashwini , Burke Danielle L. , Riley Richard D. , Mills Ian , Kilby Mark D. , Katie Morris R.
Published: May 2017

What's already known about this topic?

Low levels of PAPP‐A are associated with small for gestational age and PE.

What does this study adds?

NT, CRL and PAPP‐A are independent prognostic markers for adverse pregnancy outcome. Further work is required to assess the predictive ability of these factors in prediction models.

© 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transition of Intravenous Treprostinil to Oral Therapy in a Patient with Functional Class IV Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Thurber Kristina M. , Williams Breann M. , Bates Ruth E. , Frantz Robert P.
Published: May 2017

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) occurs when pulmonary emboli fail to resolve with anticoagulation. For patients with inoperable or residual CTEPH, riociguat is currently the only therapy approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration. However, some patients with CTEPH may require therapy beyond riociguat, such as intravenous prostacyclins, which can present significant administration challenges in patients with complex comorbid conditions. We describe a 42‐year‐old man with T12 paraplegia complicated by CTEPH (functional class IV with substantial right ventricular dysfunction) and severe pressure ulcers. In order to facilitate goals of care (hospital discharge to a skilled nursing facility where parenteral prostanoids could not be administered), he underwent rapid transition from intravenous treprostinil to oral selexipag in the form of a cross‐taper over 6 days. The patient required readmission due to worsening symptoms and was transitioned back to intravenous treprostinil; he tolerated conversion to oral treprostinil for approximately 4 months, but it was subsequently discontinued due to nausea and modified goals of care. The patient underwent transition to hospice care 3 months later and eventually died from clinical deterioration. To our knowledge, this is the first report to describe transition from intravenous treprostinil to selexipag as well as conversion from parenteral treprostinil to oral treprostinil in a patient with CTEPH and illustrates the approaches to and potential issues with prostanoid transitions. Additional observations are necessary to better understand the relative roles of selexipag and oral treprostinil regarding comparative efficacy and tolerability.
Phytochemistry and Pharmacology ofPhyllanthus niruriL.: A Review
Authors: Kaur Navneet , Kaur Baljinder , Sirhindi Geetika
Published: May 2017

Phyllanthus niruri, a typical member of familyEuphorbiaceae, is a small annual herb found throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres. The genusPhyllanthushas been used in traditional medicine for its wide range of pharmacological activities like antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antiplasmodial, antiviral, diuretic and hepatoprotective. This review summarizes the information about morphological, biochemical, ethanobotanical, pharmacological, biological and toxicological activities with special emphasis on mechanism of anticancer activity ofP. niruri. Gaps in previous studies such as taxonomic inconsistency ofP. niruri, novel phytochemicals and their therapeutic properties, especially mechanisms of anticancerous activity and market products available, have been looked into and addressed. Scientific information related to 83 phytochemicals (including many novel compounds detected recently by the authors) has been provided in a very comprehensive manner. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mogroside IIIE Attenuates LPS‐Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice Partly Through Regulation of the TLR4/MAPK/NF‐κB Axis via AMPK Activation
Authors: Tao Lijun , Cao Fengyan , Xu Gonghao , Xie Haifeng , Zhang Mian , Zhang Chaofeng
Published: May 2017

Acute lung injury (ALI) often leads to high mortality, and there is as yet no effective drug treatment. The present study aimed to investigate protective effects of mogroside IIIE (MGIIIE, a cucurbitane‐type triterpenoid from Siraitia grosvenorii Fruits) in experimental ALI and its underlying mechanism. MGIIIE (1, 10 0r 20 mg/kg) was orally administered for 1 h before a single intratracheal administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/kg). MGIIIE treatment dose‐dependently suppressed pulmonary oedema, pro‐inflammatory mediators (IL‐1β, IL‐6, TNF‐α and HMGB1) release and higher MPO activity in lung tissues induced by LPS challenge. Molecular researches showed that mogroside IIIE (20 mg/kg) not only increased the phosphorylation of adenosine 5′‐monophosphate‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) but suppressed the over‐expression of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). In addition, MGIIIE also inhibited the activation of MAPKs and nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) signalling in lung tissues from LPS‐challenged mice. Similar antiinflammatory effects of MGIIIE were obtained in LPS‐treated macrophages. Compound C (a pharmacological AMPK inhibitor) obviously reversed the antiinflammatory effect of MGIIIE in LPS‐induced ALI mice. Taken together, AMPK activation plays a crucial role in the antiinflammatory effects of MGIIIE in LPS‐induced ALI by down‐regulating TLR4/MAPK/NF‐κB signalling pathways. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐density Polyethylene Films Loaded by Titanium Dioxide and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles as a New Active Packaging System against Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Fresh Calf Minced Meat
Authors: Marcous Arin , Rasouli Susan , Ardestani Fatemeh
Published: May 2017

Antibacterial packaging is introduced as a new method to prevent microbial food spoilage. Antibacterial effects of TiO2, ZnO and mixed TiO2–ZnO nanoparticle‐coated low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films on Escherichia coli PTCC1330 were investigated. Bactericidal efficiency of 0.5%, 1% and 2% TiO2 and ZnO nanoparticles and also 1% mixed TiO2–ZnO nanoparticles with ratios of 25/75, 50/50 and 75/25 were tested under ultraviolet (UV) and fluorescent lights at two states: films alone and fresh calf minced meat packed. Maximum colony‐forming unit (CFU) reduction of 99.8% and 99.7% were obtained using 1% and 2% ZnO nanoparticle‐coated LDPE film under fluorescent light for films alone as well as 99.8% and 99.6% for fresh calf minced meat packed. 90.3% and 51.8% CFU reduction were recorded for 1% TiO2 nanoparticle‐coated LDPE films in the presence of UV light at direct contact with bacteria and fresh calf minced meat packed, respectively. Maximum CFU reductions of 96% and 64.1% were obtained using 50/50 ratio of TiO2/ZnO nanoparticles at the presence of UV light for film alone and fresh calf minced meat packed, respectively. ZnO nanoparticle‐coated LDPE films were identified as the best case to improve shelf life and prevent E. coli growth in fresh calf minced meat.
Effect of Cloisite® 30B on the Diffusion of Irganox 1076 in HDPE
Authors: Ait Cherif Ghania , Kerkour Abdelhakim , Hamachi Mourad , Grohens Yves
Published: May 2017

The diffusion of a thermal stabilizer, Irganox 1076, is studied both in pure high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) and HDPE matrix filled with 1 wt% of Cloisite® 30B. The diffusion experiments are carried out by using the Roe method formed by a stack of several polymer films of 120 ± 01 μm in thickness. In this study, a simple method is used to measure the diffusion coefficient, with the aid of Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy without any extraction or refining steps in the analysis. The diffusion coefficient (Dp) of both materials are obtained in the temperature range 80–100°C using the second Fick's law. By applying the Arrhenius equation to the calculated Dp coefficients, an estimation of activation energies of the diffusion process is also achieved. The results indicate that the diffusion coefficient of Irganox 1076 in HDPE has been decreased by adding 1% of Cloisite® 30B.
Panning for gold: Enhancing the precision of sensitivity test data
Authors: Collins David H. , Weaver Brian P. , Hamada Michael S.
Published: May 2017

Sensitivity tests apply a range of stimulus values to experimental subjects and record binary responses in order to estimate the distribution of threshold values in the subject population, where thresholds delineate responses from nonresponses. In many applications, such as explosives engineering, individual tests are expensive and are conducted in small runs. Scarcity of data results in nonexistence of estimates, or estimates with low precision. We discuss various methods, such as combining test runs, covariate analysis, and penalized maximum likelihood, for enhancing precision and “mining more gold” from expensive test results.
Estimation of exposure distribution adjusting for association between exposure level and detection limit
Authors: Yang Yuchen , Shelton Brent J. , Tucker Thomas T. , Li Li , Kryscio Richard , Chen Li
Published: May 2017

In environmental exposure studies, it is common to observe a portion of exposure measurements to fall below experimentally determined detection limits (DLs). The reverse Kaplan–Meier estimator, which mimics the well‐known Kaplan–Meier estimator for right‐censored survival data with the scale reversed, has been recommended for estimating the exposure distribution for the data subject to DLs because it does not require any distributional assumption. However, the reverse Kaplan–Meier estimator requires the independence assumption between the exposure level and DL and can lead to biased results when this assumption is violated. We propose a kernel‐smoothed nonparametric estimator for the exposure distribution without imposing any independence assumption between the exposure level and DL. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and asymptotically normal. Simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed estimator performs well in practical situations. A colon cancer study is provided for illustration. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In Situ Observation of Crystallization of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite from Microdroplets
Authors: Li Yahui , Zhao Zhenhao , Lin Feng , Cao Xiaobing , Cui Xian , Wei Jinquan
Published: May 2017

It is of great importance to investigate the crystallization of organometallic perovskite from solution for enhancing performance of perovskite solar cells. Here, this study develops a facile method for in situ observation of crystallization and growth of the methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) perovskite from microdroplets ejected by an alternating viscous and inertial force jetting method. It is found that there are two crystallization modes when MAPbI3 grows from the CH3NH3I (MAI)/PbI2/N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) solution: needle precursors and granular perovskites. Generally, needle Lewis adduct of MAPbI3·DMF tends to nucleate and grow from the solution due to low solubility of PbI2. The growth of MAPbI3·DMF depends on both the concentration of MAI and temperature. It tends to form large perovskite domains on substrates at high temperature. The MAPbI3·DMF coverts to nanocrystalline perovskite due to lattice shrinkage when DMF molecules escape from the Lewis adduct. Granular perovskite can also directly nucleate from the solution at high concentration of MAI due to compositional segregation.
FDI and Welfare Dynamics in Africa
Authors: Kaulihowa Teresia , Adjasi Charles
Published: May 2017

This article examines the welfare impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) in a panel of 20 African countries over the period 2000–2013. We explore the multifactor and nonmonetary measures of welfare and the nonlinear effect of FDI on welfare. We used the Driscoll and Kraay standard errors and augmented mean group (AMG) estimator by Eberhardt and Teal (2010) to account for cross‐sectional dependency, endogeneity, and heterogeneity within panel units. The results indicate that although FDI is welfare enhancing, the nonlinear terms report mixed findings. When a multifactor indicator is employed, the increase in the nonlinear term is lower than the linear part. However, there is strong evidence that FDI is ultimately welfare enhancing when a nonmonetary indicator is employed. From an international business perspective, the findings have unlocked the welfare effects of international business on African host economies. International businesses through FDI can enhance welfare in Africa countries. However, the optimal efficacy of FDI‐welfare impact differs across the various dimensions of welfare. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Novel, Dynamic Statistical Model for Predicting Patient Satisfaction with Fundoplication Based on Pre‐Operative Symptom Patterns
Authors: Woodham B. L. , Meng R. , Roberts R. H.
Published: May 2017

Background

Fundoplication provides excellent control of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), but there remain a number of unsatisfied patients who have proven difficult to identify pre‐operatively. We hypothesised that pre‐operative symptom patterns can predict of the risk of post‐operative dissatisfaction.

Methods

Pre‐operative symptoms and post‐operative satisfaction were measured using standardised questionnaires along with routine investigations. These data were used to calculate our novel pre‐operative risk of dissatisfaction (PROD) score. Potential pre‐operative prognostic markers were tested against the post‐operative satisfaction data, including the objective investigations and the PROD score. The prognostic utility of the PROD score and the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES) guideline was tested using receiver operating characteristic analysis to determine the area under the curve (AUC).

Results

An association was found between our PROD score and each of the satisfaction measures (n = 225, p < 0.001) which is likely to be of prognostic utility (AUC = 0.67–0.79). No such association was found between the routine investigations and post‐operative satisfaction. The PROD score was found to be of greater prognostic utility than the SAGES guideline (n = 166, p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The PROD score is a novel, easy‐to‐use test that can predict individual patient satisfaction with fundoplication.
Tree hollows can affect epiphyte species composition
Authors: Tatsumi Shinichi , Ohgue Takayuki , Azuma Wakana , Tuovinen Veera , Imada Yume , Mori Akira S. , Thor Göran , Ranlund Åsa
Published: May 2017

Tree hollows often harbor animals and microorganisms, thereby storing nutritive resources derived from their biological activities. The outflows from tree hollows can create unique microenvironments, which may affect communities of epiphytic organisms on trunk surfaces below the hollows. In this study, we tested whether the species richness and composition of epiphytic bryophytes (liverworts and mosses) and lichens differ above and below tree hollows of Aria japonica and Cercidiphyllum japonicum in a Japanese temperate forest. The species richness of epiphytic bryophytes and lichens did not differ above and below hollows; however, the species composition of bryophytes differed significantly above and below hollows. Indicator species analyses showed that the moss species Anomodon tristis and the liverwort species Porella vernicosa were significantly more common below than above hollows, while the liverwort species Radula japonica and four lichen species, including Leptogium cyanescens, occurred more frequently above than below hollows. Our results highlight that tree hollows can produce unique microenvironments on trunk surfaces that potentially contribute to the maintenance of epiphytic diversity on a local scale.
The Only Feasible Fiscal Union for the Euro Area
Authors: Cózar Miguel Marín
Published: May 2017

The need for a fiscal union in the EU is an issue which has been debated many times and about which much has been written. However, the economic and financial crisis we have experienced in recent years has cast doubt on whether we have taken this debate in the right direction. Sometimes we tend to focus the debate on marginal issues and unrealistic proposals. Rather than helping us to move forward, this paralyses the EU and distances us from feasible targets. This article aims to give a general overview of the debate on a fiscal union to find out where we are in the process of fiscal integration and what we can really expect from it.
Social studying and learning among medical students: a scoping review
Authors: Keren Daniela , Lockyer Jocelyn , Ellaway Rachel H.
Published: May 2017

Introduction Medical students study in social groups, which influence their learning, but few studies have investigated the characteristics of study groups and the impacts they have on students’ learning. A scoping review was conducted on the topic of informal social studying and learning within medical education with the aim of appraising what is known regarding medical student attitudes to group study, the impact of group study on participants, and the methods that have been employed to study this.

Methods Using Arksey and O’Malley’s scoping review principles, MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL were searched, along with hand-searching and a targeted search of the grey literature; 18 peer reviewed and 17 grey literature records were included.

Results Thematic conceptual analysis identified a number of themes, including: the nature of group study; the utility and value of group studying including social learning facilitating student engagement, social learning as a source of motivation and accountability, and social learning as a source of wellbeing; and student preferences related to group studying, including its homophilic nature, transgressiveness, and effectiveness. Despite these emerging factors, the evidence base for this phenomenon is small.

Discussion The findings in this scoping review demonstrate a clear role for social interaction outside of the classroom, and encourage us to consider the factors in student networking, and the implications of this on medical students’ academics.
Fairness: the hidden challenge for competency-based postgraduate medical education programs
Authors: Colbert Colleen Y. , French Judith C. , Herring Mary Elizabeth , Dannefer Elaine F.
Published: May 2017

Competency-based medical education systems allow institutions to individualize teaching practices to meet the needs of diverse learners. Yet, the focus on continuous improvement and individualization of curricula does not exempt programs from treating learners in a fair manner. When learners fail to meet key competencies and are placed on probation or dismissed from training programs, issues of fairness may form the basis of their legal claims. In a literature search, we found no in-depth examination of fairness. In this paper, we utilize a systems lens to examine fairness within postgraduate medical education contexts, focusing on educational opportunities, assessment practices, decision-making processes, fairness from a legal standpoint, and fairness in the context of the learning environment. While we provide examples of fairness issues within US training programs, concerns regarding fairness are relevant in any medical education system which utilizes a competency-based education framework.

Assessment oversight committees and annual programmatic evaluations, while recommended, will not guarantee fairness within postgraduate medical education programs, but they can provide a window into ‘hidden’ threats to fairness, as everything from training experiences to assessment practices may be examined by these committees. One of the first steps programs can take is to recognize that threats to fairness may exist in any educational program, including their own, and begin conversations about how to address these issues.
C-reactive protein and white blood cell levels in schizophrenia, bipolar disorders and depression - associations with mortality and psychiatric outcomes: a population-based study
Authors: Horsdal H.T. , Köhler-Forsberg O. , Benros M.E. , Gasse C.
Published: May 2017

Background:

Mental disorders have been associated with increased levels of inflammatory markers, which can affect disease trajectories. We aimed to assess levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and white blood cells (WBC) across individuals with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and depression, and to investigate associations with subsequent psychiatric admission and mortality.

Methods:

We identified all adults in the Central Denmark Region during 2000–2012 with a first diagnosis of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or depression and a baseline measurement of CRP and/or WBC count. We followed these individuals until outcome of interest (psychiatric admission or death), emigration or December 31, 2012, using Cox regression analysis to estimate hazard ratios (HRs).

Results:

Baseline median CRP differed significantly between mental disorders (P = 0.01) being highest in individuals with bipolar disorder (3.5 mg/L) (particularly during manic states, 3.9 mg/L), followed by schizophrenia (3.1 mg/L), and depression (2.8 mg/L), while baseline WBC count did not differ (median 7.1 × 109/L). Elevated CRP levels were associated with increased all-cause mortality by adjusted HRs of 1.56 (95% CI: 1.02–2.38) for levels 3–10 mg/L and 2.07 (95% CI: 1.30–3.29) for levels above 10 mg/L compared to individuals with levels below 3 mg/L. WBC counts were not associated with all-cause mortality. No association was observed between levels of the inflammatory markers and subsequent psychiatric admissions.

Conclusions:

People with severe mental disorders had increased inflammatory markers at first diagnosis, and elevated CRP levels were associated with increased mortality. Thorough screening for physical diseases is of utmost importance among individuals who are diagnosed with severe mental disorder.
Hydroalcoholic extract of Sargassum Oligocystum attenuates pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures by potentiating antioxidant activity in mice
Authors: Movahed Ali , Ghaderi Mahbubeh , Daneshi Adel , Nabipour Iraj , Keshavarz Mojtaba
Published: May 2017

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the potential effects of Sargassum oligocystum extract on the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) seizure and the contribution of antioxidant capacity of this alga to its antiepileptic effect.

Methods A dose of 100 mg/kg PTZ was used to induce the seizure in the male albino mice. Extract of Sargassum oligocystum in four doses (100, 200, 400 and 600 mg/kg), diazepam (5 mg/kg) and the vehicle were used 30 min before the injection of PTZ (n = 8). The onsets of clonic and tonic-clonic seizures, as well as the latency of death of animals, were recorded and the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and catalase level were measured. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis tests.

Results Sargassum oligocystum extract at the doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg significantly increased the latency of clonic and tonic-clonic seizures. Also, at the doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg significantly increased the TAC. Moreover, Sargassum oligocystum at the doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg increased the SOD activity and at the doses of 400 and 600 mg/kg increased the catalase level in neural cells compared with the vehicle-treated group.

Conclusion Sargassum oligocystum extract inhibited PTZ-induced seizure. Attenuation of oxidative stress may partly be responsible for the anticonvulsant effects of this alga in the PTZ-induced seizures. Therefore, marine algae, especially Sargassum oligocystum, may be a valuable target to discover new antiepileptic drugs.
Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation recurrences and quality of life in symptomatic patients: A crossover study of flecainide and pilsicainide
Authors: Shiga Tsuyoshi , Yoshioka Koichiro , Watanabe Eiichi , Omori Hisako , Yagi Masahiro , Okumura Yasuo , Matsumoto Naoki , Kusano Kengo , Oshiro Chikara , Ikeda Takanori , Takahashi Naohiko , Komatsu Takashi , Suzuki Atsushi , Suzuki Tsuyoshi , Sato Yasuto , Yamashita Takeshi ,   on behalf of the AF‐QOL study investigators
Published: May 2017

Background

The therapeutic goals of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients are to reduce symptoms and prevent severe complications associated with AF. This study compared the efficacy of flecainide versus pilsicainide in reducing the frequency of AF and improving quality of life (QOL) in symptomatic paroxysmal AF patients without structural heart disease.

Methods

The Atrial Fibrillation and Quality Of Life (AF‐QOL) study was a prospective, multicenter, randomized, open‐label crossover study that compared flecainide and pilsicainide as antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Patients were randomized to receive 3 months of treatment with flecainide twice daily or pilsicainide 3 times daily. Each treatment consisted of a dose‐finding phase (weeks 1–4) and an efficacy phase (weeks 5–12). Forty‐three patients completed the trial. The main outcome was the number of days with documented AF episodes using a patient‐operated electrocardiogram. QOL questionnaires (SF‐36 and AF‐specific QOL scores) were also completed.

Results

The median (range) AF frequencies (days/8 weeks) were 2 (0–50) in the flecainide treatment group and 1 (0–54) in the pilsicainide treatment group (no significant between‐group difference). No significant difference in the first recurrence of AF during the efficacy phase was noted between flecainide and pilsicainide treatments. The frequency and severity scores of AF‐related symptoms improved from baseline to the end of the treatment periods. No significant differences in SF‐36 or AF‐related QOL scores were noted between the treatment groups.

Conclusions

This study found no difference in AF frequency or QOL between symptomatic paroxysmal AF patients who received flecainide or pilsicainide.
A Brief History of English Syntax
Authors: Fischer Olga , De Smet Hendrik , van der Wurff Wim
Published: May 2017

In its 1500-year history, the English language has seen dramatic grammatical changes. This book offers a comprehensive and reader-friendly account of the major developments, including changes in word order, the noun phrase and verb phrase, changing relations between clausal constituents and the development of new subordinate constructions. The book puts forward possible explanations for change, drawing on the existing and most recent literature, and with reference to the major theoretical models. The authors use corpus evidence to investigate language-internal and language-external motivations for change, including the impact of language contact. The book is intended for students who have been introduced to the history of English and want to deepen their understanding of major grammatical changes, and for linguists in general with a historical interest. It will also be of value to literary scholars professionally engaged with older texts.
Signal Processing and Networking for Big Data Applications
Authors: Han Zhu , Hong Mingyi , Wang Dan
Published: May 2017

This unique text helps make sense of big data in engineering applications using tools and techniques from signal processing. It presents fundamental signal processing theories and software implementations, reviews current research trends and challenges, and describes the techniques used for analysis, design and optimization. Readers will learn about key theoretical issues such as data modelling and representation, scalable and low-complexity information processing and optimization, tensor and sublinear algorithms, and deep learning and software architecture, and their application to a wide range of engineering scenarios. Applications discussed in detail include wireless networking, smart grid systems, and sensor networks and cloud computing. This is the ideal text for researchers and practising engineers wanting to solve practical problems involving large amounts of data, and for students looking to grasp the fundamentals of big data analytics.
The Ideology of Creole Revolution
Authors: Simon Joshua
Published: May 2017

The American and Latin American independence movements emerged from distinctive settings and produced divergent results, but they were animated by similar ideas. Patriotic political theorists throughout the Americas offered analogous critiques of imperial rule, designed comparable constitutions, and expressed common ambitions for their new nations' future relations with one another and the rest of the world. This book adopts a hemispheric perspective on the revolutions that liberated the United States and Spanish America, offering a new interpretation of their most important political ideas. Simon argues that the many points of agreement among various revolutionary political theorists across the Americas can be attributed to the problems they encountered in common as Creoles - that is, as the descendants of European settlers born in the Americas. He illustrates this by comparing the political thought of three Creole revolutionaries: Alexander Hamilton of the United States, Simón Bolívar of Venezuela, and Lucas Alamán of Mexico.
A Guide to the World Anti-Doping Code
Authors: David Paul
Published: May 2017

The law relating to anti-doping changes rapidly. The World Anti-Doping Code was first adopted in 2003 to provide a common set of anti-doping rules applicable across all sport worldwide. The Code has evolved and changed significantly through two major processes of review. This third edition provides essential guidance and commentary on the 2015 Code which replaces the 2009 Code. The 2015 Code contains many significant changes in the core Articles of the Code, particularly in the regime on sanctions for anti-doping rule violations, and in the amended International Standards. The text outlines how the current law has developed from anti-doping rules and principles in operation before the Code and explains the central role of the Court of Arbitration for Sport in this development and in applying the current Code. This third edition will be an important single resource for any reader working or studying in the field.
Luther and the Reformation of the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Saak Eric Leland
Published: May 2017

In 1517, Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses, an act often linked with the start of the Reformation. In this work, Eric Leland Saak argues that the 95 Theses do not signal Luther's break from Roman Catholicism. An obedient Observant Augustinian Hermit, Luther's self-understanding from 1505 until at least 1520 was as Brother Martin Luther, Augustinian, not Reformer, and he continued to wear his habit until October 1524. Saak demonstrates that Luther's provocative act represented the culmination of the late medieval Reformation. It was only the failure of this earlier Reformation that served as a catalyst for the onset of the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation. Luther's true Reformation discovery had little to do with justification by faith, or with his 95 Theses. Yet his discoveries in February of 1520 were to change everything.
Believable Evidence
Authors: Mitova Veli
Published: May 2017

Believable Evidence argues that evidence consists of true beliefs. This claim opens up an entirely overlooked space on the ontology of evidence map, between purely factualist positions (such as those of Williamson and Dancy) and purely psychologist ones (such as that of Conee and Feldman). Velislava Mitova provides a compelling three-level defence of this view in the first contemporary monograph entirely devoted to the ontology of evidence. First, once we see the evidence as a good reason, metaethical considerations show that the evidence must be psychological and veridical. Second, true belief in particular allows epistemologists to have everything they want from the concept of evidence. Finally, the view helps us locate the source of the normative authority of evidence. The book challenges a broad range of current views on the ontology of reasons and their normative authority, making it a must-read for scholars and advanced students in metaethics and epistemology.
The Role of Environmental Factors in the Aetiology of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Review of the Theoretical and Empirical Literature
Authors: Norton Alice R. , Abbott Maree J.
Published: May 2017

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterised by a marked and persistent fear of social/performance situations, and a number of key environmental factors have been implicated in the aetiology of the disorder. Hence, the current article reviews theoretical and empirical evidence linking the development of SAD with parenting factors, traumatic life events, and aversive social experiences. Specifically, research suggests that the risk of developing SAD is increased by over-controlling, critical and cold parenting, an insecure attachment style, aversive social/peer experiences, emotional maltreatment, and to a lesser extent other forms of childhood maltreatment and adversity. Moreover, these factors may lead to posttraumatic reactions, distorted negative self-imagery, and internalised shame-based schemas that subsequently maintain SAD symptomatology. However, further research is necessary to clarify the nature, interactions, and relative contributions of these factors. It is likely that SAD develops via a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors, and that multiple aetiological pathways underlie the development of the disorder.
Status Report on Sample Preparation Protocols Developed at the LMC14 Laboratory, Saclay, France: From Sample Collection to 14C AMS Measurement
Authors: Dumoulin J-P , Comby-Zerbino C , Delqué-Količ E , Moreau C , Caffy I , Hain S , Perron M , Thellier B , Setti V , Berthier B , Beck L
Published: May 2017

The main objective of this report is to present the dating process routinely applied to different types of samples at the Laboratoire de Mesure du Carbone 14 (LMC14). All the results and protocols refer to our procedures over the last 5 years. A description of the sorting and chemical pretreatments of the samples as well as the extraction and graphitization of CO2 are reported. Our last study concerning the degradation of the blank level according to the storage time of the targets between graphitization and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) measurement is also presented. This article also provides information on how to submit a valid laboratory sample. We give details relating to sampling procedures on site as well as contamination issues relative to the 14C dating methodology.
CRITICAL NITROGEN DILUTION CURVE AND NITROGEN NUTRITION INDEX FOR JUTE MALLOW (CORCHORUS OLITORIUSL.) IN SOUTHERN BENIN
Authors: HUAT JOEL , TOURE AMADOU , TANAKA ATSUKO , AMADJI GUILLAUME
Published: May 2017

Indigenous crops, such as jute mallow (Corchorus olitoriusL.) have high potential for improving nutrient efficiency and income source diversification of farmers in sub-Saharan Africa. A better understanding of plant responses to nitrogen (N) is essential in shedding light on the trend towards increasing fertilizer applications for commercially grown jute mallow. The aim of this study was to determine the critical N dilution curve in order to assess the N nutrition index (NNI) in jute mallow in southern Benin. Above-ground dry matter (DM) and N concentration were determined weekly during the 2010 and 2011 growing seasons and six N treatments of 0, 30, 60, 120, 180 or 240 kg N ha−1were tested under irrigated conditions. A critical N curve (Nc= 3.35 W−0.18), where W is the DM in Mg per ha, was plotted based on the N concentration in the whole plant. The critical N concentration (Nc) represents the minimal N concentration required to achieve maximum growth. According to significant differences in DM at each sampling date, data points were divided into two groups representing either N deficient or N excess conditions. All data points in the N deficient group were under the critical N curve and most data points in the N excess group were on or above the critical N curve, therefore confirming the validity of the critical N curve determined in southern Benin. The NNI calculated as the ratio between the measured N concentration and predictedNc, ranged from 0.55 to 1.30. The equation for the critical N curve and NNI determined in this study for jute mallow could potentially be used as a parameter for N application under non-deficient water conditions in southern Benin.
Predictors for routine admission to paediatric intensive care for post-supraglottoplasty laryngomalacia patients
Authors: Chan S , Siou G , Welch A , Powell S
Published: May 2017

Objectives:

Supraglottoplasty for the treatment of laryngomalacia has little current evidence regarding post-operative care. Our study aimed to: (1) retrospectively assess what proportion of patients required paediatric intensive care unit level of care; (2) identify pre-operative predictive factors common to these cases; and (3) report patient outcomes at six weeks’ follow up.

Methods:

A 10-year retrospective case series analysis was conducted of all patients diagnosed with laryngomalacia and subsequently treated with supraglottoplasty. Paediatric intensive care unit level of care was defined as the need for intubation or tracheostomy, positive pressure ventilation, multiple doses of nebulised adrenaline, and oxygen dependency beyond 12 hours.

Results:

Forty-two patients (19 males, 23 females) were identified; 28.5 per cent of cases met our criteria for paediatric intensive care unit level of care. A low pre-operative oxygen saturation was the only significant risk factor that predicted a future need for paediatric intensive care unit level of care (p = 0.0008).

Conclusion:

This is the first study published in the UK to suggest the importance of pre-operative oxygen saturation as a predictor of a future need for paediatric intensive care unit level of care.
Umbuygamu
Authors: Verstraete Jean-Christophe
Published: May 2017

Umbuygamu is a Pama-Nyungan language of the east coast of Cape York Peninsula, in the northeast of Australia. Genetically, the language belongs to the Lamalamic subgroup (Laycock 1969, Rigsby 1997) of Paman languages, themselves a subgroup of Pama-Nyungan (as proposed by Hale 1964, 1966; see also Bowern & Atkinson 2012). Umbuygamu is the language of three clans at the southern end of Princess Charlotte Bay, about halfway up the east coast of Cape York Peninsula. Their estates are centred on a lagoon called Emanha (or Dinner Hole in English); they extend inland into the upper Running Creek system, and include the Cliff Islands group along the coast; see Rigsby 1992 for more details, and Verstraete & Rigsby (2015: 2) for a map of the region and its languages. Neighbouring languages are the Middle Paman language Umpithamu, along the coast to the north (see, for instance, Verstraete 2010, 2012) and two Lamalamic languages, Rimanggudinhma to the southwest (located inland; Godman 1993, Sommer 1999b), and Lamalama to the southeast (along the coast; Sommer 1999a).
Azerbaijani
Authors: Mokari Payam Ghaffarvand , Werner Stefan
Published: May 2017

The Azerbaijani, Azerbaijanian or Azeri language belongs to the western group of the southwestern, or Oghuz, branch of the Turkic language family and is mainly spoken in Azerbaijan and Iran. Azerbaijani is the official language of the Republic of Azerbaijan and over 80% of its population use it as their first language (Johanson 2010). Among non-Persian languages in Iran, Azerbaijani, with approximately 15–20 million native speakers, has the largest number of speakers (Crystal 2010). In total, more than 50 million people speak Azerbaijani (Khalilzadeh 2013).
Episodic memory as an explanation for the insurance hypothesis in obesity
Authors: Davies Kirsty Mary , Cheke Lucy Gaia , Clayton Nicola Susan
Published: May 2017

In evaluating the insurance hypothesis as an explanation for obesity, we propose one missing piece of the puzzle. Our suggested explanation for why individuals report food insecurity is that an individual may have an impaired episodic ability to plan for the future.
Implicit attitudes, eating behavior, and the development of obesity
Authors: DeJesus Jasmine M.
Published: May 2017

Nettle et al. describe increasing food intake (relative to energy expenditure) in response to food insecurity as a key contributor to obesity. I argue that a variety of implicit psychological mechanisms underlie this process to contribute to weight gain. The biobehavioral pathways and the social nature of food selection discussed here are importantly related to food selection and obesity.
Anti-fat discrimination in marriage more clearly explains the poverty–obesity paradox
Authors: Hruschka Daniel J. , Han Seung-Yong
Published: May 2017

The target article proposes the insurance hypothesis as an explanation for higher levels of obesity among food-insecure women living in high-income countries. An alternative hypothesis based on anti-fat discrimination in marriage can also account for such correlations between poverty and obesity and is more consistent with finer-grained analyses by marital status, gender, and age.
Social nature of eating could explain missing link between food insecurity and childhood obesity
Authors: Mata Jutta , Dallacker Mattea , Hertwig Ralph
Published: May 2017

We suggest that social factors are key to explain the missing link between food insecurity and obesity in children. Parents and public institutions are children's nutritional gatekeepers. They protect children from food insecurity by trimming down their consumption or by institutional support. To gauge children's food insecurity, evaluations across the different nutritional gatekeepers need to be integrated.
“It's a bit more complicated than that”: A broader perspective on determinants of obesity
Authors: Mullan Barbara , Ntoumanis Nikos , Thøgersen-Ntoumani Cecilie , Lipp Ottmar V.
Published: May 2017

The insurance hypothesis does not address important factors known to contribute to obesity levels in all persons, not just adult women in the industrialized world. These include psychological determinants of eating behaviours, the decline in physical activity leading to a negative energy balance, the dense built environment, pervasive food marketing, and the increased availability of energy-dense, nutrient-poor food.
Using food insecurity in health prevention to promote consumer's embodied self-regulation
Authors: Petit Olivia , Spence Charles
Published: May 2017

Health messages designed to address obesity are typically focused on the long-term benefits of eating healthy food. However, according to the insurance hypothesis, obese people are food insecure, and this causes them to be overly concerned about short-term consumption. As such, it is necessary to rethink public health messaging and consider how to reduce short-term insecurity by eating healthy food.
Neither “Bad” nor “Dirty”: High-end Sex Work and Intimate Relationships in Urban China
Authors: Yuk-ha Tsang Eileen
Published: May 2017

The relationship between sex workers and their clients is generally characterized as being based entirely on the direct exchange of sexual favours for money. However, this received wisdom cannot account for a nation such as China which attaches significant value to “face,” social status and interpersonal dignity. This paper draws parallels with high-end sex workers elsewhere in Asia as well as globally. With a focus on the high-end sector, I examine how workers and their clients engage not only in pecuniary transactions but also in genuinely intimate and non-remunerative relationships. High-end sex workers make use of their earned economic capital to acquire cultural capital, and use online apps as marketing tools to target local elites and expats to forge longer-term intimate relationships. Male clients in more commercialized, post-industrial cities in China continue to seek diverse types of sexual experiences, with some clients seeking genuine intimacy. Furthermore, I explore how Chinese and foreign clients overcome social barriers to develop such relationships with sex workers. Building on this sociocultural perspective, this paper analyses ethnographically both sides of the female sex worker–client relationship in high-end karaoke lounges and bars in Dongguan, southern China.
Outbreak of diarrhoea among participants of a triathlon and a duathlon on 12 July 2015 in Utrecht, the Netherlands
Authors: PARKKALI S. , JOOSTEN R. , FANOY E. , PIJNACKER R. , VAN BEEK J. , BRANDWAGT D. , VAN PELT W.
Published: May 2017

On 12 July 2015, a triathlon competition with 900 participants took place in Utrecht, the Netherlands. An outbreak investigation was initiated after 56 participants reported health complaints. An online questionnaire was sent to 700 participants. Stool specimens from six participants and four water specimens were collected from the swimming location. A total of 239 participants completed the questionnaire (response rate: 34%), 73 (31%) of them met the case definition for acute gastrointestinal illness (AGI). A total of 67% of the respondents were male and the median age was 38 years. Almost half (42%) of swimmers reported health complaints. Consumption of energy drinks and ingesting ⩾3 mouthfuls of canal water were identified as risk factors for AGI among swimmers only (adjusted relative risks (aRR) 1·6; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1·0–2·5 and aRR 2·6; 95% CI 1·5–4·8). The collected water specimens tested positive for norovirus genogroup I and rotavirus and stool specimens tested positive for norovirus genogroup II. Our findings indicate that the outbreak could have been caused by exposure to norovirus during swimming. Swimmers should get information about the health risks for making an informed choice about participating. For future events, the organisers decided to change the swimming location from a canal to a recreational lake.
Temporal dynamics of gene expression and histone marks at the Arabidopsis shoot meristem during flowering
Authors: You Yuan , Sawikowska Aneta , Neumann Manuela , Posé David , Capovilla Giovanna , Langenecker Tobias , Neher Richard A. , Krajewski Paweł , Schmid Markus
Published: May 2017

Plants can produce organs throughout their entire life from pluripotent stem cells located at their growing tip, the shoot apical meristem (SAM). At the time of flowering, the SAM of Arabidopsis thaliana switches fate and starts producing flowers instead of leaves. Correct timing of flowering in part determines reproductive success, and is therefore under environmental and endogenous control. How epigenetic regulation contributes to the floral transition has eluded analysis so far, mostly because of the poor accessibility of the SAM. Here we report the temporal dynamics of the chromatin modifications H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 and their correlation with transcriptional changes at the SAM in response to photoperiod-induced flowering. Emphasizing the importance of tissue-specific epigenomic analyses we detect enrichments of chromatin states in the SAM that were not apparent in whole seedlings. Furthermore, our results suggest that regulation of translation might be involved in adjusting meristem function during the induction of flowering.