bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Evaluation of Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Associated DiseaseA Case Series
Authors: Gupta Rahul , Sharma Ramji , Sharma Deepali
Published: March 2022

In recent years, there has been lot of research on Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody (MOG-IgG) associated disease. Its clinical phenotype overlaps with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), however many questions related to clinical characteristics and pathogenetic role of MOG antibody is still unanswered. Hereby, authors report a case series of nine patients describing their seropositivity for MOG antibody and clinical characteristics of MOG antibody associated disease. The clinical presentation, radiology, acute treatment and long term management were analysed. The most common presentation was optic neuritis followed by Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis (LETM). Azathioprine was most commonly used medicine for disease modifying therapy (long term immunosuppression). The attacks are more severe than MS but recovery is better than antibodies to Aquaporin-4 (AQP4-IgG) seropositive NMOSD.
Socio-Economic Role of Sha (Corn Beer) in the Livelihood of Value Chain Actors and Consumers in Cameroon
Authors: Nsaighamu Lawir Christopher , Toh Nkwain Kelvin , K. M. Fatty Lamin, , Agbor Agbor Evelyn
Published: March 2022

Sha is an alcoholic beverage made by brewing and fermentation of cereals, usually germinated maize. In some parts of Africa, maize malt and grains are used to produce a lighter colored beer with a mellower flavor and it is given different names depending on the sub-region. In Cameroon, sha is produced in rural and urban areas and play an important role in the livelihood of the value chain actors and consumers both socially and economically. It is much consumed during moments of joy and sadness. This review reveals that there are two principal methods used for preparing sha in Cameroon from the main ingredient- germinated maize. Reward of cooperate work, means of communication, entertainment, friendship pacts, and easing stress and depression are some of the social role of sha while income generation, employment creation, increased economic activities and generation of taxes to the nation are some of the economic role of sha in Cameroon. However, poor processing and storage facilities, limited market, high temperatures, adulteration, lack of support and disunity of brewers among others limits the achievement of these roles. The paper concludes that sha plays an essential role in the livelihood of the value chain actors and consumers in Cameroon. It is therefore, recommended that the government and well-wishers should improve on this sector and that brewers should work as a team.
Impact of COVID 19 on the Production of Sardines in Bulan, Sorsogon, Southern Luzon, Philippines
Authors: B. Mendoza, Jr. Antonino , M. Nieves Plutomeo
Published: March 2022

Sardine fishery is a multimillion industry in Bulan, Sorsogon. It provides opportunity of the smallholders catching fish but also through various interventions across supply chain that include boat and net repairman, traders, brokers, wholesalers, retailers and labors, transportation, processing and canning.  The study recorded that sardine’s production in Bulan, Sorsogon was not significantly affected by COVID 19 pandemics with a monthly average production of 16mt and an estimated annual production of 1,887mt but this had reduced income of small-scale sardine fishermen and operators around 40%. Income reduction was attributed mostly to strict implementation of movement and mass gatherings. The research team also identified that limited transport mechanism to local markets and Metro Manila and suburbs along with the social distancing contributed much to the drop of farm gate price of sardine. It was estimated that PhP 11M lost occurred to the total annual income of sardine fishers and operators due to the pandemic.
Effect of Soybean Crop Residue Incorporation, Biofertilizers on Nutrient Uptake, Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Dhegavath Swetha , Anjaiah T. , Sharma S. H. K. , Chauhan Sreedhar
Published: March 2022

The investigation was laid out on clay loam soil at Agricultural Research Station, Adilabad during rabi, 2020 with the aim to understand the chickpea crop performance with residue incorporation and use of biofertilizers along with varied NP recommended doses (0,50,75 and 100%). Results, revealed that, i.e., application of  fertilizers i.e., 20:50:20 kg ha-1 N: P2O5:K2O recorded significantly higher grain yield (2558 kg ha-1) and stover yield (3255 kg ha-1) among all the treatments. Significantly superior nitrogen content (3.49 %), P content (0.53%), K content (1.62 %) and S content (0.34 %) by grain were observed with full dose of NPK application. Nutrient uptake of N (104.47 kg ha-1), P (15.29 kg ha-1), K (47.95 kg ha-1) and S (10.13 kg ha-1) by grain at harvest.
Evaluation of Sedation and Monitoring for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy among Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Practitioners in Nigeria
Authors: Wakama Itekena E. , A. Ijah Rex Friday Ogoronte , Madubuike Chinyere O.
Published: March 2022

Background: Several guidelines have been developed for the practice of gastrointestinal endoscopy. The rationale for sedation in gastrointestinal endoscopy is the alleviation of pain/discomfort and anxiety experienced by patients during the procedure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy among practitioners of gastrointestinal endoscopy at a conference in Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among gastrointestinal endoscopy practitioners. The study setting was the 13th annual general meeting and scientific conference of the Society for Gastroenterology and Hepatology in Nigeria (SOGHIN) that held in Port Harcourt Nigeria from 26th to 30th of July 2021.

Results: A total of one hundred and four (104) respondents participated in the study. Fifty-two (50.0%) respondents carried out ≥15 upper gastrointestinal endoscopies per month in their centre. It was the opinion of 36 (34.6%) respondents that ≥15 lower gastrointestinal endoscopies per month were being done in their centre. Twenty-six (25%) respondents used the drug midazolam for sedating patients for upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, and another 26 (25%) use diazepam and pentazocine. Under-sedation was a problem for 44 (42.3%) respondents occasionally led to aborting the procedure. There was significant relationship between achievement of ≥ 90% sedation

adequacy and the type of personnel administering the drug (P=0.000).

Conclusion: Although better sedation has been reported to be achieved with the use of midazolam, there was no uniformity in the practice of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy among the respondents.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Schiff’s and N-Mannich Bases of Indoline 2, 3-Dione and Its Derivatives with N-(4-(4-Aminophenylsulphonyl) Phenyl) Acetamide
Authors: Soni Udit N. , Singh Anoop
Published: March 2022

Indoline 2, 3-dione and substituted Indoline 2, 3-dione derivatives were reacted with N-(4-(4-aminophenylsulphonyl) phenyl) acetamide to generate a variety of Schiff's bases. Using these compounds' Mannich bases were created by reacting them with formaldehyde and secondary amine (piperidine). The compounds were all described using IR, 1H NMR spectroscopic data and elemental analysis. The antibacterial activity of the produced compounds was determined using the tube dilution and Well plate methods. When compound UNS-2 was incubated at concentrations of 100, 50, and 25mg/ml, it showed the greatest Zone of Inhibition against Enterococcus faecalis. When compared to the reference medication, all of the synthesised compounds demonstrated superior antimicrobial efficacy.
Hydrostatic pressure induces profibrotic properties in hepatic stellate cells via the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway
Authors: Huang Zisheng , Khalifa Mahmoud Osman , Gu Weili , Li Tao‐Sheng
Published: March 2022

Elevated interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure is commonly observed in diseased livers. We herein examined the hypothesis that hydrostatic pressure induces hepatic stellate cells to acquire profibrotic properties under pathological conditions. Human hepatic stellate cells were exposed to 50 mmHg pressure for 24 h. Although we observed few changes of cell growth and morphology, PCR array data on the expression of fibrosis‐associated genes suggested the acquisition of profibrotic properties. The exposure of hepatic stellate cells to 50 mmHg pressure for 24 h also significantly enhanced the expression of RhoA, ROCK1, α‐SMA, TGF‐β1, p‐MLC, and p‐Smad2, and this was effectively attenuated by the ROCK inhibitor Y‐27632. Our ex vivo experimental data suggest that elevated interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure under pathological conditions may promote liver fibrosis by inducing acquisition of profibrotic properties of hepatic stellate cells through the RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway.
The Multilingual Turn in TESOL
Authors: Cervatiuc Andreea
Published: March 2022

The 20th century was dominated by a monolingual bias in second language acquisition (SLA) and teaching English to speakers of other languages (TESOL). In the 21st century, SLA has been evolving from a monolingually biased discipline to a multilingually oriented one, by redefining outdated terminology, proposing objective research designs, and advancing new theories, such as the holistic and the dynamic views of bilingualism, and the theory of multicompetence. The multilingual turn in SLA triggered a multilingual turn in TESOL. Most modern multilingual English classrooms are characterized by an increasing plurality of practices and discourses. TESOL can be equitable only when done througha multilingual lens, by incorporatingtranslanguaging, bilingual instructional strategies, teaching for transfer activities that build on students' prior knowledge,identity texts, and a participatory‐transformative curriculum. Multilingual TESOL embraces the linguistic plurality and the cultural diversity that students bring to the classroom and views them asfunds of knowledge.
Grammar Syllabus
Authors: Burton Graham
Published: March 2022

The use of a grammar (or ‘structural’) syllabus to organize language teaching has long been a mainstay of the teaching profession and there exists a well‐established ‘canon’ of grammatical content found in English language teaching coursebooks and practice grammars. Implicit in any grammar syllabus are decisions on both content (i.e., which grammar points have been selected for inclusion) and sequencing (i.e., in which order it has been decided to teach them and at which level). A number of principles can be employed in order to make informed decisions on this but some reject the use of grammar syllabuses outright as being incompatible with evidence on language acquisition. Recent research using data from learner corpora on learner developmental sequences has the potential to bring new insights to the design of grammar syllabuses.
Dyslexia in Second Language Learning
Authors: Inoue Lesley S. , Jackson Daniel O.
Published: March 2022

Around the world, English is being taught as a second language in both mainstream schools as well as English language institutions. With the constant increase of language students, teachers are faced with the possibility of approaching students with neurological differences, one being dyslexia. With growing awareness of dyslexia, this entry looks to shed more light on what dyslexia is, how it affects students neurologically, the possible challenges they are faced with when in a second language environment and how teachers can be more receptive in approaching them. This entry will also be addressing some areas where teachers can make adjustments and will expose teachers to the possibility of offering interventions in their classrooms.
Teaching Philosophy: From Conception to Articulation
Authors: Anderson Neil J , Liontas John I.
Published: March 2022

From conception to articulation, a teaching philosophy is a statement of the beliefs, values, goals, theories, and principles that guide one's teaching—not a statement of platitudes and wishful thinking. As such, a teaching philosophy serves as the starting point for engaging in critical reflection and continued professional development. How best to prepare such cogent statements that are brief but full of nuance is a task not easily realized, not least because it is a living document that evolves and grows with each lived experience encountered in the real or imagined arena of teaching‐and‐learning, with time and change being the only two constants. These considerations and others surrounding the careful crafting of a teaching philosophy statement comprise the primary focus of this entry. Critical observations exemplifying reflective practice follow some key introductory remarks. Throughout, it is suggested that it is the symbiotic combination of philosophy and reflective practice that most likely will facilitate the continued growth, development, and improvement of language professionals. Where needed, specific examples are offered to underscore the weight of these observations and the implications that follow. Toward this end, six notable recommendations for articulating and using a teaching philosophy are provided. A laconic assertion completes the suggestions this entry on teaching philosophy so carefully offers.
Academic Tracking and Ability Grouping in Kindergarten to 12th Grade Settings: Implications for English Learners
Authors: Lew Shim , Harklau Linda
Published: March 2022

Despite strong concerns about potential harms to underprivileged students, academic tracking and ability grouping have been practiced in many different forms throughout K‐12 schools. Along with the fixed orientation to ability and utilitarian perspective, the rise of standardized assessment and long‐held deficit views toward minoritized students aggravate inequities caused by tracking. Differing schooling experiences and learning opportunities between higher and lower tracks have long‐term effects on students' future schooling paths and cultivate different learner identities, dispositions, and capacities. Recent studies find that tracking starts early in schooling. Data‐driven and evidence‐informed decision‐making exacerbates rather than diminishes inequalities. In this context, English learners continue to be disadvantaged due to complications arising from various types of tracking and accommodations. Suggestions to reduce inequalities from tracking include restructuring how English language instruction is provided, developing minoritized students' academic talent, and grouping based on traits other than ability or achievement.
Pain Sensitization as a Potential Mediator of the Relationship Between Sleep Disturbance and Subsequent Pain in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Song Jing , Muhammad Lutfiyya N. , Neogi Tuhina , Dunlop Dorothy D. , Wohlfahrt Alyssa , Bolster Marcy B. , Bingham Clifton O. , Clauw Daniel J. , Marder Wendy , Lee Yvonne C.
Published: March 2022

Objective

Many patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience sleep disturbances, commonly attributed to joint pain. Sleep disturbances could also influence pain. One mechanism may be through dysregulated pain processing, manifested by enhanced pain sensitivity. The present study was undertaken to examine the role of pain sensitization, measured by quantitative sensory testing (QST), as a mediator in the pathway of sleep disturbance leading to subsequent pain.

Methods

We used longitudinal data from 221 patients with active RA who were followed for 12 weeks after initiating a disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug. Baseline QST included pressure pain thresholds at articular (wrists, knees) and nonarticular (trapezius, thumbnails) sites, temporal summation (TS) at the wrist and forearm, and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Baseline sleep disturbance and subsequent pain intensity were assessed using the Patient‐Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS). We evaluated correlations between sleep disturbance, QSTs, and subsequent pain intensity. Mediation analyses separately assessed each QST as a mediator, adjusting for baseline confounding factors.

Results

Sleep disturbance was correlated with all QST measures except wrist TS and CPM. Sleep disturbance significantly predicted subsequent pain (coefficient for a meaningful increase of 5 units in sleep disturbance = 0.32 (95% confidence interval 0.11, 0.50) in multiple regression. QST mediated 10–19% of this effect.

Conclusion

Pain sensitization may be one mechanism through which sleep disturbance contributes to pain. The small magnitude of association indicates that unmeasured pathways may contribute to this relationship. Intervention studies are needed to establish causality and determine whether improving sleep can improve pain in patients with RA.
Transparent Alumina Nanoceramics Prepared under High Pressure and Low Temperature
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Liu Fangming , Liu Pingping , He Duanwei
Published: March 2022

A transparent alumina ceramic with a transmittance of 71.7% at 640 nm is fabricated by sintering mixed metastable Al2O3 powder at 5.0 GPa/600 °C. The spherical starting particles are deformed and highly densified during compression, and transformed into α‐Al2O3 at 5.0 GPa/500 °C. High pressure suppresses the growth of transformed grains to produce alumina bulks with an average grain size of approximately 52 nm at 600 °C. In addition, the Hall–Petch effects combined with the pressure‐induced curvilinear grain boundary and Moiré fringe‐like defects enhance the transparent alumina sample to yield a Vickers hardness of 26.4 GPa (0.5 kgf). However, these microstructures do not enhance the fracture toughness of the transparent alumina ceramics.
Demonstration of Neuromodulation‐inspired Stashing System for Energy‐efficient Learning of Spiking Neural Network using a Self‐Rectifying Memristor Array
Authors: Cheong Woon Hyung , Jeon Jae Bum , In Jae Hyun , Kim Geunyoung , Song Hanchan , An Janho , Park Juseong , Kim Young Seok , Hwang Cheol Seong , Kim Kyung Min
Published: April 2022

Neuromorphic engineering aims to mimic brain functions to achieve energy‐efficient artificial intelligence. Since researchers have indicated that memristors can mimic synapses and neurons, various studies have demonstrated the operation of neural networks using memristive dot product engine (MDPE) hardware. However, although several feasible implementations of synapse and neuron behaviors have been reported, few studies have demonstrated the system‐level energy‐efficient operation on the hardware. This work proposes a novel system inspired by the neuromodulation of the brain, referred to as a “stashing system.” In the system, the trained synapses are stashed temporarily during the training of the spiking neural network and then merged for inferencing. The software simulation first confirmed the working principle of the stashing system. Then, a hardware demonstration is performed at an integrated 32 × 32 MDPE embodying a self‐rectifying and electroforming‐free memristor cell to validate the system. The results confirm that energy consumption in the memristor array is reduced by 37% for the unsupervised learning of the MNIST dataset.
Irregular Microdome Structure‐Based Sensitive Pressure Sensor Using Internal Popping of Microspheres
Authors: Jung Young , Choi Jungrak , Lee Wookjin , Ko Jong Soo , Park Inkyu , Cho Hanchul
Published: March 2022

Modifying the surface morphology of an elastomer surface into 3D microstructures is crucial for various soft sensor applications. However, processes based on typical mold microfabrication and elastomer casting remain the dominant methodologies. This study demonstrates a novel strategy for generating 3D and irregular microdome structures for flexible pressure sensors through the internal popping of microspheres. When thermal treatment is applied to a composite film composed of microspheres and an elastomer matrix, the microspheres expand, and irregular microdome structures are generated. This composite film with an irregular microdome structure is utilized as a piezoresistive pressure‐sensing film. The sensor shows high sensitivity (−50.45 kPa−1) owing to the heterogeneous contact change between the irregular microdome structure and a laser‐induced graphene electrode; it also exhibits a short response time (τ10‐90% ≈ 39 ms), excellent repeatability, and high reliability. The sensor is applied in a fingertip‐shaped pressure sensor to detect the blood pulse on the index finger and on electronic skin to recognize soft objects. Furthermore, a pressure sensor array that enables various functions such as drawing, multitouch, and deep learning‐based motion control, is demonstrated.
Stretchable Triboelectric Self‐Powered Sweat Sensor Fabricated from Self‐Healing Nanocellulose Hydrogels
Authors: Qin Ying , Mo Jilong , Liu Yanhua , Zhang Song , Wang Jinlong , Fu Qiu , Wang Shuangfei , Nie Shuangxi
Published: April 2022

Though visualizing perspiration constituents is crucial for physiological evaluation, inadequate material healing and unreliable power supply methods restrict its applications. Herein, a fully flexible self‐powered sweat sensor is fabricated from a cellulose‐based conductive hydrogel to address these issues. The hydrogel electrode is composed of a cellulose nanocomposite polymerized in situ with polyaniline and cross‐linked with polyvinyl alcohol/borax. The cellulose nanocomposites furnish the sweat sensor with tensile and electrical self‐healing efficiencies exceeding 95% within 10 s, a stretchability of 1530%, and conductivity of 0.6 S m−1. The sweat sensor quantitatively analyzes Na+, K+, and Ca2+ contents in perspiration, to sensitivities of 0.039, 0.082, and 0.069 mmol–1, respectively, in real time via triboelectric effect and wirelessly transmits the results to a user interface. This fabricated sweat sensor with high flexibility, stability, and analytical sensitivity and selectivity provides new opportunities for self‐powered health monitoring.
Biodiversity Benefits for Size Modulation of Metal Nanoparticles to Achieve In Situ Semi‐Oxidation toward Optimized Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Zhang Jia , Sun Rong‐Zhi , Zhang Xue‐Feng , Wu Jun‐Xi , Dou Yu‐Hai , Zhu Xuan‐Yi , Yu Li‐Hong , Guo Lu‐Yao , Liu Min‐Ling , Guo Lin , Cao Li‐Ming , He Chun‐Ting , Chen Xiao‐Ming
Published: March 2022

Biodiversity endows similar species with subtle differences in composition, microstructure, and surface chemistry, making biomass a promising precursor to control the resulting active structure for heterocatalysis. Here, it is shown that Tremella fuciformis (Tfu), possessing an abundant porous structure and favorable metal affinity, is favorably serves as a precursor for confining uniform metal nanoparticles, by comparing the chemical characteristics of six varieties of agarics. The modest size of Co in the Tfu derived composite, Co@NPC‐Tfu (NPC = N, P co‐doped carbon), is suitable for in situ semi‐oxidation during oxygen evolution reaction (OER), forming a stable core‐shell structure of Co3O4@Co. Thus, Co@NPC‐Tfu can be used as a state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst for OER with an overpotential of 213.6 ± 4.1 mV at 10 mA cm−2, and a significant turnover frequency of 3.21 s−1 at 300 mV, benefitting from the optimum trade‐off between the atom utilization and electrical conductivity. Operando spectroscopy and theoretical calculations unveil the occupied state modulation of the robust carbon‐bonded POx groups, which optimizes the intermediate adsorption to accelerate OER kinetics. Moreover, Tfu derived Ni@NPC‐Tfu can be also prepared as a high‐performance hydrogen evolution reaction electrocatalyst, which can be utilized for efficient overall water splitting coupled with Co@NPC‐Tfu.
Hydrogen‐Bond‐Assisted Solution Discharge in Aprotic Li–O2 Batteries
Authors: Xiong Qi , Li Chaole , Li Ziwei , Liang Yulong , Li Jianchen , Yan Junmin , Huang Gang , Zhang Xinbo
Published: April 2022

Surface discharge mechanism induced cathode passivation is a critical challenge that blocks the full liberation of the ultrahigh theoretical energy density in aprotic Li–O2 batteries. Herein, a facile and universal concept of hydrogen‐bond‐assisted solvation is proposed to trigger the solution discharge process for averting the shortcomings associated with surface discharge. 2,5‐Di‐tert‐butylhydroquinone (DBHQ), an antioxidant with hydroxyl groups, is introduced as an exemplary soluble catalyst to promote solution discharge by hydrogen‐bond‐assisted solvation of O2− and Li2O2 (OH···O). Thus, a Li–O2 battery with 50 × 10−3 m DBHQ delivers an extraordinary discharge capacity of 18 945 mAh g−1 (i.e., 9.47 mAh cm−2), even surpassing the capacity endowed by the state‐of‐the‐art reduction mediator of 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone. Besides, an ultrahigh Li2O2 yield of 97.1% is also achieved due to the depressed reactivity of the reduced oxygen‐containing species (O2−, LiO2, and Li2O2) by the solvating and antioxidative abilities of DBHQ. Consequently, the Li–O2 battery with DBHQ exhibits excellent cycling lifetime and rate capability. Furthermore, the generalizability of this approach of hydrogen‐bond‐assisted solution discharge is verified by other soluble catalysts that contain OH or NH groups, with implications that could bring Li–O2 batteries one step closer to being a viable technology.
Dynamic Investigation of Battery Materials via Advanced Visualization: From Particle, Electrode to Cell Level
Authors: Zeng Cheng , Liang Jianing , Cui Can , Zhai Tianyou , Li Huiqiao
Published: April 2022

Li‐ion batteries, the most‐popular secondary battery, are typically electrochemical systems controlled by ion‐insertion dynamics. The battery dynamics involve mass transport, charge transfer, ion–electron coupled reactions, electrolyte penetration, ion solvation, and interfacial evolution. However, it is difficult for the traditional electrochemical methods to capture the accurate and individual details of the dynamic processes in “black box” batteries; instead, only the net result of multi‐factors on the whole scale. Recently, different advanced visualization techniques have been developed, which provide powerful tools to track and monitor the internal real‐time dynamic processes, giving intuitive details and fine information at various scales from crystal lattice, single particle, electrode to cell level. Here, the recent progress on the investigation of electrochemical dynamics in battery materials are reviewed, via developed techniques across wide timescales and space‐scales, including the dynamic process inside the active particle, kinetics issues at the electrode/electrolyte interface, dynamic inhomogeneity in the electrode, and dynamic transportation at the cell level. Finally, the fundamental principles to improve the battery dynamics are summarized and new technologies for future more stringent conditions are highlighted. In prospect, this review opens sight on the battery interior for a clearer, deeper, and more thorough understanding of the dynamics.
A New Rapid Microfluidic Detection Platform Utilizing Hydrogel‐Membrane under Cross‐Flow
Authors: Nash Adrian T. , Foster Daniel A. N. , Thompson Shyan I. , Han Seungyoon , Fernandez Madison K. , Hwang Dae Kun
Published: March 2022

Hydrogel‐based biosensing, based on antigen–antibody binding, has been utilized for various biomedical applications such as cancer monitoring. Hydrogels offer highly sensitive detection with the prevention of nonspecific binding because of 3D porous structure and hydrophilicity. However, these hydrogel‐based biosensing platforms require a time scale of hours to complete immunoassays because binding events are diffusion‐limited, where target biomolecules must diffuse into and throughout the 3D porous network. Here, a new rapid microfluidic platform is introduced utilizing a cross‐flow induced advective‐transportation of targets into a hydrogel membrane with fluorescent reporting. This flow enhanced delivery of target analytes significantly reduces their detection time to under 15 min. This flow effect is also numerically investigated on the detection process. Both numerical and experimental results show an exponential decrease in the detection time. More importantly, the cross‐flow configuration in our platform provides an additional size‐based filtration feature that effectively selects against larger components in a blood sample, such as red blood cells, during the detection process. This addition, not seen in conventional biosensing platforms, eliminates the need for blood sample prefiltration.
Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conducting Eutectogels for 3D‐Printable Wearable Sensors and Bioelectrodes
Authors: Picchio Matías L. , Gallastegui Antonela , Casado Nerea , Lopez‐Larrea Naroa , Marchiori Bastien , del Agua Isabel , Criado‐Gonzalez Miryam , Mantione Daniele , Minari Roque J. , Mecerreyes David
Published: April 2022

Eutectogels are a new class of soft ion conductive materials that are attracting attention as an alternative to conventional hydrogels and costly ionic liquid gels to build wearable sensors and bioelectrodes. Herein, the first example of mixed ionic and electronic conductive eutectogels showing high adhesion, flexibility, nonvolatility, and reversible low‐temperature gel transition for 3D printing manufacturing is reporting. The eutectogels consist of choline chloride/glycerol deep eutectic solvent, poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene): lignin sulfonate, and gelatin as the biocompatible polymer matrix. These soft materials are flexible and stretchable, show high ionic and electronic conductivities of 7.3 and 8.7 mS cm−1, respectively, and have high adhesion energy. Due to this unique combination of properties, they could be applied as strain sensors to precisely detect physical movements. Furthermore, these soft mixed ionic electronic conductors possess excellent capacity as conformal electrodes to record epidermal physiological signals, such as electrocardiograms and electromyograms, over a long time.
Wearable Multifunctional Graphene‐Based Aerogel/Spacer Fabric Composites for Sensing and Impact Protection
Authors: Wang Shu , Ning Huiming , Liu Feng , Hu Ning , Zhang Hao , Zou Rui , Wen Jie , Huang Kaiyan , Wu Xiaopeng , Song Zengrui , Xiang Chenxing , Wang Ziying
Published: March 2022

A multifunctional composite composed of a spacer fabric and a porous graphene‐based aerogel is proposed for sensing and impact protection applications. The combination of the mechanical properties of the spacer fabric and the electrical properties of the graphene‐based aerogel provides a versatile composite material with a strain sensitivity of 1.48, a temperature sensitivity of −0.004 °C−1, and a protection factor of 45%. The material is also lightweight, hydrophobic, and thermally insulating. It is therefore suitable for both high‐temperature (nearly 180 °C) and low‐temperature applications. Consequently, the developed multifunctional composite has potential for use as a building material and as a smart cushion for healthcare.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed C7‐Formylmethylation or Sequential Acetalization of Indolines with Vinylene Carbonate in Different Solvents
Authors: Liu Min , Yan Kelu , Wen Jiangwei , Shang Wenda , Sui Xinlei , Wang Xiu
Published: April 2022

The ruthenium‐catalyzed C7‐formylmethylation or sequential acetalization of indolines with vinylene carbonate has been realized under simple and easy‐to‐operate reaction systems. Several preliminary mechanistic studies and derivatization reactions for the conversion of formylmethyl group were also performed. This transformation offers an alternative approach for the direct conversion of C(sp2)−H to formylmethyl or corresponding acetal structure.

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1,2‐Dialkylation of 1,1‐Arylboryl Alkenes Via Borata‐Alkene Intermediate
Authors: González Sara , Salvado Oriol , Fernández Elena
Published: April 2022

We describe here the conjugate addition of tert‐butyllithium to vinyl systems of boronic esters to generate a borata‐alkene intermediate, followed by a sequential SN2 reaction with alkyl halides, at room temperature. We envisioned this goal through engaged C(sp3) chemical entities avoiding metal catalysts, additives, radical initiators or specific irradiation. This reaction guarantees that the new tetrasubstituted carbon formed retains all the C atoms from the three starting materials involved in the assembly.

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Coding‐Feeding Metasurface for Diffusion and Dual‐Band Emission
Authors: Huang Guo Shuai , Li Si Jia , Li Zhuo Yue , Liu Xiao Bin , Ji Di Liao Ri , Cao Xiang Yu
Published: April 2022

As 2D metamaterials, metasurfaces are well known due to the distinctive manipulation of the amplitude, phase, polarization, and propagation for electromagnetic (EM) waves. However, the existing metasurfaces are mainly designed to control the incident waves. Herein, a coding‐feeding metasurface (CFMS) with two functions of dual‐band emission and diffusion for incidences simultaneously is proposed. The zigzag emission patch and two arc‐split triangle patches for polarization conversion are nested together on a shared aperture of a unit cell for CFMS. The genetic optimization algorithm is introduced for diffusion. A prototype is fabricated and measured to validate the proposed CFMS with dual‐function. The experimental results agree well with the simulated data, which verify the diffusion and emission for CFMS. The CFMS with the lightweight, compact, and low profile has the potential applications in imaging, detection, and wireless communication systems for stealth aircraft.
The Trends of In Situ Focused Ion Beam Technology: Toward Preparing Transmission Electron Microscopy Lamella and Devices at the Atomic Scale
Authors: Zhang Zijian , Wang Wanting , Dong Zuoyuan , Yang Xin , Liang Fang , Chen Xinqian , Wang Chaolun , Luo Chen , Zhang Jiayan , Wu Xing , Sun Litao , Chu Junhao
Published: March 2022

The increased complexity and scaling down of electronic devices lead to great challenges in extracting an interesting nanoscale area of the device for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) characterization. The traditional TEM sample preparation methods, such as electrolytic polishing, can not precisely process a specific area of the device. Focused ion beam (FIB) technology is an advanced in situ specimen preparation method for TEM. FIB can not only locate specific position and mill a TEM sample with the nanoscale resolution, but also manipulate the sample in a controlled manner in real time. With the development of electronic devices, variations, and optimizations of the FIB method for advanced devices with new structures have been reported. In this review, the TEM sample preparation methods for fin field‐effect transistor, high electron mobility transistor, enhanced dynamic random‐access memory, and 2D material‐based devices are discussed. Their advantages, disadvantages, and an overview of the applications are summarized. Based on current research, future research directions for enhancing the quality of TEM samples are suggested.
Calibration and evaluation of JULES‐crop for maize in Brazil
Authors: Prudente Junior Amauri Cassio , Vianna Murilo S. , Williams Karina , Galdos Marcelo V. , Marin Fábio R.
Published: April 2022

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a prominent Brazilian commodity, being the second largest crop produced and fifth exported product by the country. Due to its importance for the agricultural sector, there is a concern about the effect of climate change on the crop. Process‐based models are valuable tools to evaluate the effects of climate on crop yields. The Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) is a land‐surface model that can be run with an integrated crop model parameterization. The resulting model (JULES‐crop) thus integrates crop physiology principles with the complexity of atmosphere–biosphere coupling. It has been shown to be a valuable tool for large‐scale simulations of crop yields as a function of environmental and management variables. In this study, we calibrated JULES‐crop using a robust experimental dataset collected for summer and off‐season maize fields across Brazil. A targeted local sensitivity analysis was performed to detect parameters of major importance during the calibration process. After calibration, the model was able to satisfactorily simulate both season and off‐season cultivars. Modeling efficiency (EF) was high for leaf area index (EF = .73 and .71, respectively, for summer season and off‐season datasets), crop height (EF = .89), and grain dry mass (EF = .61 and .89, respectively, for summer season and off‐season datasets). The model showed a lower accuracy for simulating leaf dry mass in summer season cultivars (EF = .39) and soil moisture (EF = .44), demonstrating the necessity of further improvements including additional parametrizations of the rainfed conditions.
First‐ versus second‐generation Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors in Waldenström's Macroglobulinemia: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Abushukair Hassan , Syaj Sebawe , Ababneh Obada , Qarqash Aref , Schinke Carolina , Thanendrarajan Sharmilan , Zangari Maurizio , van Rhee Frits , Al Hadidi Samer
Published: March 2022

Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (BTKi) are important treatment options in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). Whether second‐generation BTKi are associated with improved outcomes and/or better safety profile remains unclear. We did a systematic review and meta‐analysis of clinical trials that reported data on the outcomes of patients with WM who received either first‐ or second‐generation BTKi in the period between January 2010 and August 2021. Studies with twenty or fewer patients were excluded. The primary outcomes were efficacy measured by response and survival data. Eleven studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the final analysis (n = 730 patients). A total of 298 patients received 1st‐generation BTKi and 432 received a 2nd‐generation BTKi. Pooled overall response rate (ORR) and major response rate (MRR) for both generations were similar (94.2% and 78.5% in 1st vs. 88.9% and 75.1% in 2nd, respectively). MRR for both generations was higher in MYD88 Mut/CXCR4 WT patients compared to MYD88 Mut/CXCR4 Mut patients (odds ratio [OR]: 3.9, 95% CI: 2.2 to 5.5). Pooled 18‐mo progression‐free survival (PFS) was similar for both generations (88.5% vs. 87.3%). Grade 3/4 atrial fibrillation was higher in 1st‐generation BTKi (3.1% vs. 0.4%); however, grade‐3/‐4 infections and neutropenia were more frequent in 2nd‐generarion BTKi (20.9% vs. 13.2%, 17.7% vs. 12%, respectively). The efficacy of 1st‐ and 2nd‐generation BTKis is comparable. The 1st‐generation BTKi were associated with a higher risk of atrial fibrillation, whereas infections and neutropenia occurred more frequently in 2nd‐generation BTKi.
The clinical profile of cerebral small vessel disease: Toward an evidence‐based identification of cognitive markers
Authors: Salvadori Emilia , Brambilla Michela , Maestri Giorgia , Nicotra Alessia , Cova Ilaria , Pomati Simone , Pantoni Leonardo
Published: April 2022

There is no consensus on which test is more suited to outline the cognitive deficits of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) patients. We explored the ability of eight cognitive tests, selected in a previous systematic review as the most commonly used in this population, to differentiate among cSVD patients, controls, and other dementing conditions performing a meta‐analysis of 86 studies. We found that cSVD patients performed worse than healthy controls in all tests while data on the comparison to neurodegenerative diseases were limited. We outlined a lack of data on these tests’ accuracy on the diagnosis. Cognitive tests measuring processing speed were those mostly associated with neuroimaging cSVD markers. There is currently incomplete evidence that a single test could differentiate cSVD patients with cognitive decline from other dementing diseases. We make preliminary proposals on possible strategies to gain information about the clinical definition of cSVD that currently remains a neuroimaging‐based one.
Fusion of Multi‐Resonance Fragment with Conventional Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon for Nearly BT.2020 Green Emission
Authors: Zhang Yuewei , Li Guomeng , Wang Lu , Huang Tianyu , Wei Jinbei , Meng Guoyun , Wang Xiang , Zeng Xuan , Zhang Dongdong , Duan Lian
Published: April 2022

Herein, we report a general strategy for achieving ultra‐pure green emissions by suppressing the shoulder peaks in the emission spectra of conventional polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Through precise synthetic fusion of multi‐resonance (MR) fragments with conventional PAH, extended π‐conjugation lengths, increased molecular rigidity, and reduced vibrational frequency could be simultaneously realized. The proof‐of‐concept emitters exhibited ultra‐pure green emissions with dominant peaks at ca. 521 nm, photoluminescence quantum yields that are greater than 99 %, a small full‐width‐at‐half‐maximum of 23 nm, and CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.77). The bottom‐emitting organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) exhibited a record‐high CIEy value of 0.74 and a high maximum external quantum efficiency of 30.5 %. The top‐emitting OLED not only achieved a BT.2020 green color (CIE: 0.17, 0.78) for the first time but also showed superior performance among all green OLED devices, with a current efficiency of 220 cd A−.
Tandem Catalysis for Selective Oxidation of Methane to Oxygenates Using Oxygen over PdCu/Zeolite
Authors: Wu Bo , Lin Tiejun , Huang Min , Li Shenggang , Li Ji , Yu Xing , Yang Ruoou , Sun Fanfei , Jiang Zheng , Sun Yuhan , Zhong Liangshu
Published: April 2022

Selective oxidation of methane to oxygenates with O2 under mild conditions remains a great challenge. Here we report a ZSM‐5 (Z‐5) supported PdCu bimetallic catalyst (PdCu/Z‐5) for methane conversion to oxygenates by reacting with O2 in the presence of H2 at low temperature (120 °C). Benefiting from the co‐existence of PdO nanoparticles and Cu single atoms via tandem catalysis, the PdCu/Z‐5 catalyst exhibited a high oxygenates yield of 1178 mmol g−1Pd h−1 (mmol of oxygenates per gram Pd per hour) and at the same time high oxygenates selectivity of up to 95 %. Control experiments and mechanistic studies revealed that PdO nanoparticles promoted the in situ generation of H2O2 from O2 and H2, while Cu single atoms not only accelerated the activation of H2O2 for the generation of abundant hydroxyl radicals (⋅OH) from H2O2 decomposition, but also enabled the homolytic cleavage of CH4 by ⋅OH to methyl radicals (⋅CH3). Subsequently, the ⋅OH reacted quickly with the ⋅CH3 to form CH3OH with high selectivity.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Alkylation of (Hetero)Arenes with Styrenes
Authors: Qin Tao , Lv Guowei , Miao Huanran , Guan Meihui , Xu Chunlu , Zhang Ge , Xiong Tao , Zhang Qian
Published: April 2022

An efficient and general intermolecular Cobalt(II)‐catalyzed asymmetric alkylation of styrenes with (hetero)arenes including indoles, thiophene and electron rich arenes has been developed, providing straightforward access to enantioenriched alkyl(hetero)arenes with high enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies suggest that the reaction underwent a CoH‐mediated hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) with alkenes, followed by a pivotal catalyst‐controlled SN2‐like pathway between in situ generated organocobalt(IV) species and aromatic nucleophiles. This is the first CoH‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrofunctionalization using carbon nucleophiles, providing a new strategy for asymmetric Friedel–Crafts type alkylation.
Realizing 1,1‐Dehydration of Secondary Alcohols to Carbenes: Pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a Source of Cyclic (Alkyl)(Amino)Carbenes
Authors: Das Ayan , Elvers Benedict J. , Nayak Mithilesh Kumar , Chrysochos Nicolas , Anga Srinivas , Kumar Amar , Rao D. Krishna , Narayanan Tharangattu N. , Schulzke Carola , Yildiz Cem B. , Jana Anukul
Published: April 2022

Herein we report secondary pyrrolidin‐2‐ols as a source of cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAAC) for the synthesis of CAAC‐CuI‐complexes and cyclic thiones when reacted with CuI‐salts and elemental sulfur, respectively, under reductive elimination of water from the carbon(IV)‐center. This result demonstrates a convenient and facile access to CAAC‐based CuI‐salts, which are well known catalysts for different organic transformations. It further establishes secondary alcohols to be a viable source of carbenes—realizing after 185 years Dumas’ dream who tried to preparetheparent carbene (CH2) by 1,1‐dehydration of methanol. Addressed is also the reactivity of water towards CAACs, which proceeds through an oxidative addition of the O−H bond to the carbon(II)‐center. This emphasizes the ability of carbon‐compounds to mimic the reactivity of transition‐metal complexes: reversible oxidative addition and reductive elimination of the O−H bond to/from the C(II)/C(IV)‐centre.
Alginate/ZnO beads doped with radiation‐induced silver nanoparticles for catalytic degradation of binary mixture of basic and acidic dyes
Authors: Albalwi Hanan A. , Abou El Fadl Faten Ismail , Abou Taleb Manal Fawzy , Ibrahim Mohamed M.
Published: March 2022

Because of the increased activities of industrial areas, especially textiles, a huge amount of toxic waste has been accumulated, which badly affects the ecosystem. For decades scientists have tried to find an effective solution for this problem. The main objective of this work was to prepare and characterize easily handled nanocomposite beads composed of alginate/ZnO doped with radiation‐induced Ag nanoparticles to study the competitive degradation of basic and acidic dyes in one mixture to evaluate its degradation ability for divers dyes. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy studies have helped to characterize nanocomposite hybrid beads with morphological evaluation. The effectiveness of alginate/ZnO/Ag as a catalyst in the degradation of a mixture of basic and acidic dyes was also verified. The main experimental factors such as time, the initial concentration of binary dye mix, and the amount of catalyst were studied to determine the best degradation conditions. The results show that a high percentage of degradation of the dye mixture occurred within 75 min. The amount of ALG/ZnO/Ag beads was optimized as 0.5 g for complete degradation of the dye mixture at concentration of 100 mg/L. The study's results demonstrate that the ALG/ZnO/Ag hybrid nanocomposite catalyst has great ability for the catalytic degradation of a binary mixture of basic and acidic dyes where increasing the amount of catalyst increased the degradation to 95% for basic dye and 85% for acidic dye. In addition, monitoring the degradation process showed that the degradation percentage of basic dye was higher than that of acidic dye in the same mixture.