bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current and future opportunities of autodissemination of pyriproxyfen approach for malaria vector control in urban and rural Africa
Authors: Mmbaga Augustino Thabiti , Lwetoijera Dickson Wilson
Published: October 2023

Despite the progress made in reducing malaria burden, new ways to address the increasing challenges of insecticide resistance and the invasion and spread of exotic malaria vectors such as Anopheles stephensi in Africa are urgently needed. While African countries are adopting larviciding as a complementary intervention for malaria vector control, the autodissemination technology has the potential to overcome barriers associated with the identification and treatment of prolific habitats that impede conventional larviciding approaches in rural settings. The autodissemination technology as a “lure and release” strategy works by exploiting the resting behavior of gravid mosquitoes to transfer lethal concentration of biological or chemical insecticide such as pyriproxyfen (PPF), an insect growth regulator (IGRs) to their oviposition sites and result in adult emergence inhibition. Despite the evidence of the autodissemination approach to control other mosquito-borne diseases, there is growing and promising evidence for its use in controlling malaria vectors in Africa, which highlights the momentous research that needs to be sustained. This article reviews the evidence for efficacy of the autodissemination approach using PPF and discusses its potential as efficient and affordable complementary malaria vector control intervention in Africa. In the previous studies that were done in controlled semi-field environments, autodissemination with PPF demonstrated its potential in reducing densities of captive population of malaria vectors such as Anopheles gambiae and Anopheles arabiensis. Of importance, empirical evidence and biology-informed mathematical models to demonstrate the utility of the autodissemination approach to control wild populations of malaria vectors under field environment either alone or in combination with other tools are underway. Among others, the key determining factors for future introduction of this approach at scale is having scalable autodissemination devices, optimized PPF formulations, assess its integration/complementarity to existing conventional larviciding, and community perception and acceptance of the autodissemination approach.
B-lymphoblastic leukaemia presenting as intrahepatic cholestasis
Authors: Raza Daniyal , Mubashir Maryam , Sachdeva Karan , Kawji Lena , Deville Ashley , Raza Syed Musa , Morris James , Pandit Sudha
Published: October 2023

Acute cholangitis is a critical medical condition requiring prompt intervention. This case report explores the complexities and uncertainties encountered in clinical decision-making when faced with a patient presenting with symptoms suggestive of acute cholangitis. We emphasise the importance of considering individual circumstances and factors in the diagnostic process. A 38-year-old woman with a history of Crohn’s colitis presented with abdominal pain, jaundice and leukocytosis. Initial evaluation raised suspicions of acute cholangitis, but unexpected findings of blast cells in the peripheral smear led to a diagnosis of B-lymphoblastic leukaemia with BCR-ABL1 fusion. Treatment with steroids and chemotherapy resulted in the resolution of liver abnormalities. This case underscores the necessity of comprehensive assessments for obstructive jaundice and highlights the potential diagnostic challenges posed by underlying haematologic malignancies. It also raises awareness about drug-induced liver injury, and emphasises the importance of complete blood counts and differentials in the initial workup. Healthcare providers should be vigilant in considering alternative diagnoses when faced with obstructive jaundice, as misdiagnosis can lead to invasive procedures with potential adverse events.
A case of porto-sinusoidal vascular disease
Authors: Silva Luciana , Moura Raquel , Rocha Luís , Costa Tiago , Breda Filipe , Cochicho Joana
Published: October 2023

Introduction: Porto-sinusoidal vascular syndrome is characterised by specific histological changes that do not include cirrhosis, with or without portal hypertension. Patients are usually asymptomatic until development of portal hypertension complications. Case description: A 69-year-old female with history of JAK2 positive essential thrombocythemia (ET) was referred to internal medicine consultation due to elevated liver enzymes. The patient had no previous history of liver disease. Seven months earlier, she had an ischaemic stroke and started treatment with atorvastatin. After discontinuing medication, liver enzymes returned to normal and atorvastatin-related drug-induced liver disease (DILI) was presumed. During a follow-up visit, iron deficiency anaemia was detected and an endoscopic study was performed. It revealed a gastric varix actively bleeding, which was successfully treated with cyanoacrylate. Two months later, the patient was admitted due to a new episode of variceal bleeding, and a portal hypertension complementary study was made. Discussion: Although the pathogenesis of porto-sinusoidal vascular disease (PSVD) remains poorly understood, vascular changes within the liver have been associated with several predisposing conditions, such as hypercoagulable states. Patients with ET, especially those with JAK2 mutation, are known to be at increased risk of non-cirrhotic vein thrombosis. Concerning PSVD, the association is not clear but it is believed that both PSVD and myeloproliferative neoplasms share a common denominator: a state characterised by hypercoagulability, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and, in some cases, portal hypertension. Conclusion: Portal hypertension without cirrhosis is a rare condition, presenting diagnostic challenges and significant impact on the patient’s prognosis.
TRAINING, LEADERSHIP STYLE, AND WORK ENVIRONMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE: THE ROLE OF WORK MOTIVATION
Authors: Putri Dheya Kusuma Arianing , Hartono Arif
Published: October 2023

Organizations must have a strategy to improve employee performance. One of the strategies is to provide training, evaluate the leadership style applied by the head of the field, and create a comfortable work environment, which can be a solution to improve employee performance. This research is a quantitative data collection tool questionnaire with a sample of 99 employees using the PLS (Partial Least Square) analysis tool. The results of this study indicate that leadership style training and the work environment have a positive and significant effect on work motivation. Training, leadership style, work environment, and motivation positively and significantly affect employee performance. Work motivation mediates the relationship between training and employee performance. Work motivation mediates the relationship between leadership style and employee performance. Work motivation mediates the relationship between the work environment and employee performance.
Analyzing students’ mathematical communication skills based on their self-efficacy during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Sholihah Nur , Istihapsari Vita , Santosa Imam
Published: October 2023

This study aims to analyze students' mathematical communication skills based on their self-efficacy during the covid-19 pandemic. The method used is descriptive qualitative. The population was VII grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Bantul. The purposive sampling technique was used to select samples. The subject was grouped based on their self-efficacy with high, medium, and low categories to be tested and interviewed about their mathematical communication skills. The instrument in this study was a self-efficacy questionnaire, a test of mathematical communication skills, and an interview guideline. The triangulation technique was carried out by comparing the mathematical communication skills test results with the interview. The result of mathematical communication skills during the Covid-19 pandemic are not in line with their level of self-efficacy. High self-efficacy does not necessarily make students have high mathematical communication skills. The factor causing the misalignment is the fact that the online learning process carried out during the Covid-19 pandemic does not enough facilitate students to hone their mathematical communication skills, both oral and written.
A Deep Learning Based Enhancing the Power by Reducing the Harmonics in Grid Connected Inverters
Authors: Sarma S Subramanya , Sarada K. , Jithendar P. , Maddileti Telugu , Kumar G. Nanda Kishor
Published: October 2023

The increasing use of renewable energy systems has led to a rise in the number of grid-connected inverters, which can have a detrimental effect on the superiority and constancy of grid electricity due to the injected current harmonics. In this study, the proportional integral (PI) and proportional resonant (PR) controllers have been investigated for their effectiveness in reducing harmonics in grid-connected inverters. The study also investigates the impact of harmonics compensators (HC) on the control strategies.
The results of the study suggest that the implementation of PI and PR controllers in the synchronous frame can effectively reduce the injected current harmonics in grid-connected inverters. The use of harmonics compensators can further enhance the performance of the controllers by reducing the distortion and improving the stability of the grid. The efficiency of the regulator strategies be contingent on the type and level of harmonics in the grid, as well as the design and tuning of the controllers and compensators.
The statement that the “PR+HC controller has a superior quality output current” is more specific and suggests that this control method may be more effective than the others in reducing harmonics and enlightening the value of the productivity current. The comparison of the IEEE 1547 standard by three viable inverters from diverse constructors is also noteworthy, as it can provide insights into the compatibility and performance of different types of inverters with the standard. The use of deep learning with the RCNN network for analyzing harmonics and providing information about power is an interesting application of machine learning in power systems research. This approach may have the probable to development the accuracy and competence of harmonics analysis as well as power monitoring in grid-connected inverters.
Overall, the study highlights the importance of effective control strategies for managing harmonics in grid-connected inverters, particularly in the context of the increasing usage of renewable energy systems. The findings of the study can inform the development of more efficient and reliable grid-connected inverters, which are essential for the incorporation of renewable energy systems into the power grid.
Metamirror-based quantum well infrared photodetectors with non-uniform gratings
Authors: Jiang Hengrui , Feng Jianlin , Zhao Jun , Xiong Dayuan
Published: October 2023

Circular polarization detection plays a crucial role in various fields such as optical communication, image recognition, and sensing. Quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIPs), as mature infrared detectors, can discern circularly polarized light when combined with chiral metamaterials and metasurfaces. In this paper, we propose a metamirror-based QWIP that enables circular polarization identification in the long-wavelength infrared range of 7.5–9.5µm. The metamirror comprises two components: a top layer of an inclined 45° gold nanoprism metasurface and a bottom layer of one-dimensional gold grating patterns. Although each component alone does not have a chiral structure, their combination can emulate the compound eye structure of some arthropods in nature, forming chiral metamaterials that enable a circular polarization extinction ratio (CPER) of over 20 in QWIP devices. By adjusting the spacing of the bottom grating, our device achieves control over the response wavelength. Transitioning the grating from a uniform distribution to a non-uniform distribution enhances both the absorption and quantum efficiency of the device. The top gold metasurface array and the bottom gold grating selectively excite microcavity modes and surface plasmon polariton (SPP) modes, respectively, resulting in a total absorption of 0.9 and a quantum efficiency of 960% in the active region of the quantum well. This device presents an approach for applying QWIPs in polarimetric imaging, medical diagnosis, quantum information processing, and other fields.
Neural network spectral relationship to improve an inherent optical properties data processing system for residual error correction
Authors: Chen Jun , Li Jingfan , He Xianqiang , Tang Junwu , Pan Delu
Published: October 2023

The residual error was a critical indicator to measure the data quality of ocean color products, which allows a user to decide the valuable envisioned application of these data. To effectively remove the residual errors from satellite remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) using the inherent optical data processing system (IDAS), we expressed the residual error spectrum as an exponential plus linear function, and then we developed neural network models to derive the corresponding spectral slope coefficients from satellite Rrs data. Coupled with the neural network models-based spectral relationship, the IDAS algorithm (IDASnn) was more effective than an invariant spectral relationship-based IDAS algorithm (IDAScw) in reducing the effects of residual errors in Rrs on IOPs retrieval for our synthetic, field, and Chinese Ocean Color and Temperature Scanner (COCTS) data. Particularly, due to the improved spectral relationship of the residual errors, the IDASnn algorithm provided more accurate and smoother spatiotemporal ocean color product than the IDAScw algorithm for the open ocean. Furthermore, we could monitor the data quality with the IDASnn algorithm, suggesting that the residual error was exceptionally large for COCTS images with low effective coverage. The product effective coverage should be rigorously controlled, or the residual error should be accurately corrected before temporal and spatial analysis of the COCTS data. Our results suggest that an accurate spectral relationship of residual errors is critical to determine how well the IDAS algorithm corrects for residual error.
Ultra-compact scalable spectrometer with low power consumption
Authors: Li Junying , Sun Chunlei , Ma Hui , Tang Bo , Qi Mengxue , Jian Jialing , Ju Zezhao , Lin Hongtao , Li Lan
Published: October 2023

An ultra-compact on-chip spectrometer was demonstrated based on an array of add-drop micro-donut resonators (MDRs). The filter array was thermally tuned by a single TiN microheater, enabling simultaneous spectral scanning across all physical channels. The MDR was designed to achieve large free spectral ranges with multimode waveguide bends and asymmetric coupling waveguides, covering a spectral range of 40 nm at the telecom waveband with five physical channels (which could be further expanded). Benefiting from the ultra-small device footprint of 150 µm2, the spectrometer achieved a low power consumption of 16 mW. Additionally, it is CMOS-compatible and enables mass fabrication, which may have potential applications in personal terminals and the consumer industry.
Geometry optimization for dark soliton combs in thin multimode silicon nitride microresonators
Authors: Zhang Yaojing , Zhang Shuangyou , Bi Toby , Del’Haye Pascal
Published: October 2023

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) has been well established as an ultralow-loss material for integrated photonics, particularly for the generation of dissipative Kerr soliton frequency combs, enabling various applications for optical metrology, biological imaging, and coherent telecommunications. Typically, bright soliton generation in Si3N4 devices requires thick (>600 nm) films to fulfill the condition of anomalous dispersion at telecom wavelengths. However, thick films of ultralow-loss Si3N4 (>400 nm) often suffer from high internal stress, leading to cracks. As an alternative approach, thin Si3N4 films (<400 nm) provide the advantage of one-step deposition and are widely applied for commercial use. Here, we provide insights into engineering an integrated Si3N4 structure that achieves optimal effective nonlinearity and maintains a compact footprint. A comparative analysis of Si3N4 resonators with varying waveguide thicknesses is conducted and reveals that a 400-nm thin Si3N4 film emerges as a promising solution that strikes a balance among the aforementioned criteria. Based on a commercially available 400-nm Si3N4 film, we experimentally demonstrate the generation of low-noise coherent dark pulses with a repetition rate of 25 GHz in a multimode Si3N4 resonator. The compact spiral-shaped resonator has a footprint of 0.28 mm2 with a high-quality factor of 4 × 106. Our demonstrated dark combs with mode spacings of tens of GHz have applications in microwave photonics, optical spectroscopy, and telecommunication systems.
On-chip Mach-Zehnder interferometer sensor with a double-slot hybrid plasmonic waveguide for high-sensitivity hydrogen detection
Authors: Wang Guanjingyun , Feng Wenlin
Published: October 2023

An on-chip Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) hydrogen sensor, applying a double-slot hybrid plasmonic (DSHP) waveguide composed of a Si waveguide and two Pd disks on both sides as the sensing arm, is designed. The optical confinement factor of the sensing area can be up to 87%. For the MZI hydrogen sensor with a DSHP waveguide of 14 µm, the sensitivity can be as high as 11.935 nm/%, corresponding to a free spectral range (FSR) of 15 nm. Furthermore, the sensor sensitivity is influenced by the MZI structure parameters, which is highly adjustable. The extinction ratio of the interference spectra can reach over 30 dB. A feasible solution is provided in this paper for highly sensitive hydrogen detection.
Node-downloadable frequency transfer system based on a mode-locked laser with over 100 km of fiber
Authors: Jin Ziyi , Chen Ziyang , Wu Kai , Yu Dongrui , Wu Guohua , Yu Song , Luo Bin , Guo Hong
Published: October 2023

To meet the requirements of time-frequency networks and enable frequency downloadability for nodes along the link, we demonstrated the extraction of stable frequency signals at nodes using a mode-locked laser under the condition of 100 km laboratory fiber. The node consists of a simple structure that utilizes widely used optoelectronic devices and enables plug-and-play applications. In addition, the node can recover frequency signals with multiple frequencies, which are useful for scenarios that require different frequencies. Here, we experimentally demonstrated a short-term frequency instability of 2.83 × 10−13@1 s and a long-term frequency instability of 1.18 × 10−15@10,000 s at the node, which is similar to that at the remote site of the frequency transfer system. At the same time, frequency signals with different frequencies also achieved stable extraction with the same performance at the node. Our results can support the distributed application under large-scale time-frequency networks.
Anti-crosstalk absolute phase retrieval method for microscopic fringe projection profilometry using temporal frequency-division multiplexing
Authors: Wang Dezhao , Zhou Weihu , Zhang Zili , Kang Yanhui , Meng Fanchang , Wang Na
Published: October 2023

In microscopic fringe projection profilometry (MFPP), the traditional absolute phase retrieval method using composite frequency fringe has the shortcomings of low accuracy and poor robustness due to mutual crosstalk of harmonic from the different channels of frequency-division multiplexing. In this study, an absolute phase retrieval method that avoids the inter-channel crosstalk is proposed. By introducing guard bands to accommodate the frequency channels corresponding to the second harmonic that dominate the high order harmonics, the aliasing between the second harmonic and the fundamental is eliminated. Consequently, phase maps without crosstalk can be demodulated using appropriate phase-shifting algorithms. The proposed method is well-suited for high-precision three-dimensional shape measurement scenarios in many fields such as integrated circuit manufacturing process control and micro-electro-mechanical system quality inspection. The experiment results demonstrate that the anti-crosstalk method is effective and can realize three-dimensional reconstruction for discontinuous planar surface and spherical surface.
Entanglement assisted communication over the free-space optical link with azimuthal phase correction for atmospheric turbulence by adaptive optics
Authors: Nafria Vijay , Djordjevic Ivan B
Published: October 2023

To improve the reliability of entanglement-assisted (EA) communication over turbulent FSO channels we propose to perform the optical phase-conjugation on idler photons rather than turbulence affected signal photons and use adaptive optics. We experimentally demonstrate that reliable EA communication over outdoor 1.45 km FSO link, established at University of Arizona campus, is possible in strong turbulence regime.
Impact of structural parameters on multimode D-shaped optical fiber refractive index sensors for different materials
Authors: Abbas Hiba KH. , Mahdi Zainab F.
Published: October 2023

In this work, a D-shaped optical fiber sensor has been experimentally developed to compare how the refractive index (RI) of a water analyte (used as the cladding layer over a small length of the stripped D-polished optical fiber) changes due to the inclusion of an unknown concentration of two distinct materials, one with a low RI and the other with a high RI. No metal film is deposited in the proposed D- shaped optical fiber sensor and hence we demonstrate the sensor's ability to detect the lowest concentration of the added material into the water analyte without employing the surface plasmon modes. A side-polished multi-mode optical fibre with various sensing lengths and polishing depths is used to construct the D-shaped fibre sensor. Experimental results verify that in a tunable refractive index (RI), the sensitivity increases with the sensing length due to the increase in the interaction area between the surrounding material and the sensing area. The sensitivity also increases with polishing depth in the high-RI range for materials with higher concentrations. The D-shaped fibre sensor's maximum sensitivity of 25.076 a.u./RIU is attained in the range of low refractive index values (1.3329) to (1.3345) RIU. Nonetheless, its maximum sensitivity drops to 0. 317 a.u./RIU at the high refractive index region of 1.348–1.4048 RIU. This sensor is predicted to have potential uses in low-RI materials with very low concentrations. Therefore, the best D-shape fibre sensor was used to detect the lowest concentration of the sodium chloride solution in the low refractive index range, and it was found that the lowest detected concentration was 0.012% with a high sensitivity of 327.32 a.u./RIU.
Elevating NIR Photonic Integration with Tantalum-Niobium Pentoxide
Authors: Afsary Noor , Uddin Md Nasir , Islam Shariful , Hoque Karimul , Ali Md. Ashraf , Rasel MD Omar Faruk
Published: October 2023

Exploiting innovative and adaptable material platforms in integrated photonics is a cornerstone for the future of photonic integrated circuits. This research marks a pioneering effort in introducing a low-loss material platform founded on tantalum-niobium pentoxide (TaNbO5), a material endowed with remarkable attributes catering to linear and nonlinear optics applications across a broad range of near-infrared wavelengths. The TaNbO5 unit cell analysis yielded key lattice parameters, with a=12.590, b=5.828, c=7.289, and an associated direct band gap value of 2.268 eV. Specifically, at a wavelength of 1550 nm, TaNbO5 demonstrates a refractive index of 2.22, an extinction coefficient of 5.24×10-4, a reflectance value of 0.14, an absorption coefficient of 0.68 cm-1, and a photoconductivity coefficient of 2.25×10-5. Furthermore, our investigation determined a 0.8 μm cutoff core width for single-mode TaNbO5 waveguides. Most notably, these waveguides exhibit exceptional efficiencies, surpassing 99% for single-mode configurations and 98% for multimode structures. In particular, when coupled with various conventional waveguides, the TaNbO5 waveguide exhibits transmission, registering at -0.790 dB when integrated with the Si waveguide, -0.228 dB when interfacing with the Si3N4 waveguide, and -0.059 dB when combined with the LiNbO3 waveguide for single-mode coupling. For multimode coupling, the losses amount to -0.115 dB, -0.301 dB, and -0.181 dB, respectively, for the Si, Si3N4, and LiNbO3 waveguides. Notably, at a wavelength of 1.55 μm, the single-mode square waveguide demonstrates an excess loss of 0.033 dB. In contrast, the single-mode multimode waveguide exhibits a loss of 0.073 dB, and the rectangular multimode waveguide displays an excess loss of 0.327 dB. These findings underscore the significant potential and versatility of low-loss TaNbO5 waveguides for many applications in near-infrared wavelengths.
Deep convolutional and conditional neural networks for large-scale genomic data generation
Authors: Yelmen Burak , Decelle Aurélien , Boulos Leila Lea , Szatkownik Antoine , Furtlehner Cyril , Charpiat Guillaume , Jay Flora
Published: October 2023

Applications of generative models for genomic data have gained significant momentum in the past few years, with scopes ranging from data characterization to generation of genomic segments and functional sequences. In our previous study, we demonstrated that generative adversarial networks (GANs) and restricted Boltzmann machines (RBMs) can be used to create novel high-quality artificial genomes (AGs) which can preserve the complex characteristics of real genomes such as population structure, linkage disequilibrium and selection signals. However, a major drawback of these models is scalability, since the large feature space of genome-wide data increases computational complexity vastly. To address this issue, we implemented a novel convolutional Wasserstein GAN (WGAN) model along with a novel conditional RBM (CRBM) framework for generating AGs with high SNP number. These networks implicitly learn the varying landscape of haplotypic structure in order to capture complex correlation patterns along the genome and generate a wide diversity of plausible haplotypes. We performed comparative analyses to assess both the quality of these generated haplotypes and the amount of possible privacy leakage from the training data. As the importance of genetic privacy becomes more prevalent, the need for effective privacy protection measures for genomic data increases. We used generative neural networks to create large artificial genome segments which possess many characteristics of real genomes without substantial privacy leakage from the training dataset. In the near future, with further improvements in haplotype quality and privacy preservation, large-scale artificial genome databases can be assembled to provide easily accessible surrogates of real databases, allowing researchers to conduct studies with diverse genomic data within a safe ethical framework in terms of donor privacy.
Health-related quality of life of adults with cutaneous leishmaniasis at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
Authors: Doni Shimelis , Yeneneh Kidist , Hailemichael Yohannes , Gebremichael Mikyas , Skarbek Sophie , Ayele Samuel , Tadesse Abay Woday , Lambert Saba , Walker Stephen L. , Gadisa Endalamaw
Published: October 2023

Background

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a growing public health threat in Ethiopia. Leishmania aethiopica is the predominant causative organism. Affected individuals develop chronic skin lesions on exposed parts of the body, mostly on the face, which are disfiguring and cause scarring. The effects of CL on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of affected individuals has not been assessed in Ethiopia.

Objective

To assess HRQoL in adults with active CL at ALERT Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was done using the Amharic version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI). Trained health staff administered the DLQI.

Results

Three hundred and two adults with active CL participated and all of them exhibited a reduced HRQoL. The median DLQI score was 10 (IQR 8). Almost half of the participants reported very poor HRQoL, 36.4% and 11.3% fell within the very large and extremely large effect categories respectively. DLQI scores were higher (median 18) in patients diagnosed with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) compared to those with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL). The DLQI domain of ‘work and school’ was the most affected, scoring 73.3% and 66.6% of total possible score for female and male respectively, followed by that of ‘symptom and feeling’ (at 50.0% and 56.6% for female and male respectively). Men were more affected than women in the domains of ‘leisure’ (P = 0.002) and ‘personal relationships’ (P = 0.001). In the multivariate ordinal logistic regression site of lesion, clinical phenotype and age of participant remained associated with significantly poor HRQoL.

Conclusion

The HRQoL impairment associated with CL is significant. Thus, patient-reported outcome measure should be used to assess the efficacy of treatments along with clinical outcome measures.
Targeted randomization dose optimization trials enable fractional dosing of scarce drugs
Authors: Boonstra Philip S. , Tabarrok Alex , Strohbehn Garth W.
Published: October 2023

Administering drug at a dose lower than that used in pivotal clinical trials, known as fractional dosing, can stretch scarce resources. Implementing fractional dosing with confidence requires understanding a drug’s dose-response relationship. Clinical trials aimed at describing dose-response in scarce, efficacious drugs risk underdosing, leading dose-finding trials to not be pursued despite their obvious potential benefit. We developed a new set of response-adaptive randomized dose-finding trials and demonstrate, in a series of simulated trials across diverse dose-response curves, these designs’ efficiency in identifying the minimum dose that achieves satisfactory efficacy. Compared to conventional designs, these trials have higher probabilities of identifying lower doses while reducing the risks of both population- and subject-level underdosing. We strongly recommend that, upon demonstration of a drug’s efficacy, pandemic drug development swiftly proceeds with response-adaptive dose-finding trials. This unified strategy ensures that scarce effective drugs produce maximum social benefits.
Risk factors for proliferative vitreoretinopathy after retinal detachment surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Xiang Jinjin , Fan Jingjing , Wang Jiahui
Published: October 2023

Background

To comprehensively investigate risk factors for proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) after retinal detachment (RD) surgery.

Methods

PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were systematically searched until May 22, 2023. Risk factors included demographic and disease-related risk factors. Odds ratios (ORs) and weighted mean differences (WMDs) were used as the effect sizes, and shown with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Sensitivity analysis was conducted. The protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022378652).

Results

Twenty-two studies of 13,875 subjects were included in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Increased age was associated with a higher risk of postoperative PVR (pooled WMD = 3.98, 95%CI: 0.21, 7.75, P = 0.038). Smokers had a higher risk of postoperative PVR than non-smokers (pooled OR = 5.07, 95%CI: 2.21–11.61, P<0.001). Presence of preoperative PVR was associated with a greater risk of postoperative PVR (pooled OR = 22.28, 95%CI: 2.54, 195.31, P = 0.005). Presence of vitreous hemorrhage was associated with a greater risk of postoperative PVR (pooled OR = 4.12, 95%CI: 1.62, 10.50, P = 0.003). Individuals with aphakia or pseudophakia had an increased risk of postoperative PVR in contrast to those without (pooled OR = 1.41, 95%CI: 1.02, 1.95, P = 0.040). The risk of postoperative PVR was higher among patients with macula off versus those with macula on (pooled OR = 1.85, 95%CI: 1.24, 2.74, P = 0.002). Extent of RD in patients with postoperative PVR was larger than that in patients without (pooled WMD = 0.31, 95%CI: 0.02, 0.59, P = 0.036). Patients with postoperative PVR had longer duration of RD symptoms than those without (pooled WMD = 10.36, 95%CI: 2.29, 18.43, P = 0.012).

Conclusion

Age, smoking, preoperative PVR, vitreous hemorrhage, aphakia or pseudophakia, macula off, extent of RD, and duration of RD symptoms were risk factors for postoperative PVR in patients undergoing RD surgery, which may help better identify high-risk patients, and provide timely interventions.
Does COVID-19 persistently affect educational inequality after school reopening? evidence from Internet search data in China
Authors: Hao Xuejing
Published: October 2023

The literature has extensively documented how Covid-19 affects educational inequality, but it remains unclear whether such an effect persists after school reopening. This paper attempts to explore this issue by investigating the search gap for learning resources in China. I categorized learning resources into four types: “school-centered resources”, “parent-centered resources”, “online tutoring agencies resources” and “in-person tutoring agencies resources”. Using Internet search data, I found that nationwide search intensity for learning resources surged when schools were closed, and such search behaviors remained after schools reopened. I also found that high socioeconomic status households had better access to school- and parent-centered resources, and online tutoring resources, even after schools reopened. Given its persistent impact on learning, the pandemic will likely widen educational inequality over extended periods.
Improving the mental health care process in response to Covid-19 pandemic: The case of a penitentiary mental health division
Authors: Nuzzi Angela , Latorre Valeria , Semisa Domenico , Scozzi Barbara
Published: October 2023

Covid-19 outbreak led all organizations to reorganize their processes to prevent infection and contagion risk. All healthcare facilities, included penitentiary mental health services, had to redesign their processes to safely deliver care services. In this paper, the case of a Penitentiary Mental Health Division located in southern Italy is presented. Soft System Methodology and Business process management principles and techniques are adopted to analyse and redesign the detainees’ mental health care process. The process, characterized by direct, close and prolonged contact with patients, exposes detainees and healthcare staff to a high Covid-19 infection risk. Through document analysis, interviews with the actors involved in the process and direct observation, the process’s inefficiencies and criticalities are identified. The process is redesigned to make it compliant with Covid-19 prevention provisions and national penitentiary regulations and address the other criticalities. The proposed methodological approach–which innovatively combines Soft System Methodology and Business Process Management–constitutes a human-centered process-based redesign approach that can be used both in healthcare and other organizational settings.
Spatially-targeted tuberculosis screening has limited impact beyond household contact tracing in Lima, Peru: A model-based analysis
Authors: Havumaki Joshua , Warren Joshua L. , Zelner Jon , Menzies Nicolas A. , Calderon Roger , Contreras Carmen , Lecca Leonid , Becerra Mercedes C. , Murray Megan , Cohen Ted
Published: October 2023

Mathematical models have suggested that spatially-targeted screening interventions for tuberculosis may efficiently accelerate disease control, but empirical data supporting these findings are limited. Previous models demonstrating substantial impacts of these interventions have typically simulated large-scale screening efforts and have not attempted to capture the spatial distribution of tuberculosis in households and communities at a high resolution. Here, we calibrate an individual-based model to the locations of case notifications in one district of Lima, Peru. We estimate the incremental efficiency and impact of a spatially-targeted interventions used in combination with household contact tracing (HHCT). Our analysis reveals that HHCT is relatively efficient with a median of 40 (Interquartile Range: 31.7 to 49.9) household contacts required to be screened to detect a single case of active tuberculosis. However, HHCT has limited population impact, producing a median incidence reduction of only 3.7% (Interquartile Range: 5.8% to 1.9%) over 5 years. In comparison, spatially targeted screening (which we modeled as active case finding within high tuberculosis prevalence areas 100 m2 grid cell) is far less efficient, requiring evaluation of ≈12 times the number of individuals as HHCT to find a single individual with active tuberculosis. Furthermore, the addition of the spatially targeted screening effort produced only modest additional reductions in tuberculosis incidence over the 5 year period (≈1.3%) in tuberculosis incidence. In summary, we found that HHCT is an efficient approach for tuberculosis case finding, but has limited population impact. Other screening approaches which target areas of high tuberculosis prevalence are less efficient, and may have limited impact unless very large numbers of individuals can be screened.
Reappraisal of the thalattosuchian crocodylomorph record from the Middle-Upper Jurassic Rosso Ammonitico Veronese of northeastern Italy: Age calibration, new specimens and taphonomic biases
Authors: Serafini Giovanni , Foffa Davide , Young Mark T. , Friso Giacomo , Cobianchi Miriam , Giusberti Luca
Published: October 2023

Despite their extremely rare and fragmentary record, aquatic crocodylomorphs from the Middle to Upper Jurassic (Bajocian-Tithonian) Rosso Ammonitico Veronese (RAV) of northeastern Italy have sparked interest since the late 18th century. Among marine reptiles, Thalattosuchia is by far one of the best represented groups from the RAV units, especially in the Middle Jurassic. Although some specimens have been the subject of multiple studies in recent times, most of them still lack precise stratigraphic assignment and taphonomic assessment, while others remain undescribed. Here we provide a comprehensive revision of the thalattosuchian record from the RAV, alongside the most up-to-date age determination, by means of calcareous nannofossils, when available. Three new metriorhynchoid specimens are described for the first time from the Middle Jurassic of Asiago Plateau (Vicenza province). While the taphonomy of the newly described specimens hampers any taxonomic attribution below superfamily/family level, all three were confidently assigned to a precise interval between the upper Bajocian and the upper Bathonian. This revised record has major paleobiogeographical implications: the new specimens confirm an early origin and distribution of Metriorhynchoidea in the Tethys area and suggest a fast colonization of the open-ocean environment since the upper Bajocian.
Extraction of Chitin from Giant Tiger Prawn (Penaeus monodon) Shrimp Shell Using Deep Eutectic Solvents and Citric Acid
Authors: Hai Tran Chi , Dat Nguyen Tan , Anh Tuan Quach Le , Thanh Ngan Huynh Le , Thien Tu Nguyen Duong , Thinh Nguyen Tan , Quang Duy Nhat , Hong Anh Le Thi , Man Phan Van
Published: October 2023

Chitin, a natural biomass resource, has shown great promise for a wide range of applications because of its high bioactivity. This study evaluated the effectiveness of deep eutectic solvents (DESs) mixed with citric acid as a method for extracting chitin from the shells of giant tiger prawn shrimps (Penaeus monodon). The purity and physicochemical properties of the extracted chitin were compared with those obtained using the traditional chemical extraction method and commercial chitin. The results showed that the highest chitin purity (99.22%) was achieved when choline chloride-glycerol (ChCl–Gl) was used in a 1:2 molar ratio with a citric acid content of 5% w/v (CG2-5%). Additionally, the extracted chitin had a molecular weight of 3.75 × 105 Da and a crystallinity index of 81.34%, which was slightly higher than that of chitin extracted using the conventional method (3.24 × 105 Da and 73.59%). However, there was no significant difference between chitin extracted by CG2-5% and commercial chitin. This suggests that the structure of the biopolymer remained intact following the CG2-5% extraction process. The α-chitins in tiger prawn shrimp shells, as confirmed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), are analogous to commercial shrimp chitin. These results, achieved without employing potentially harmful chemicals, demonstrate that CG2-5% can efficiently enhance chitin extraction from diverse raw biomass sources without jeopardizing the polymer's structural stability.
Achieving optimal contractor selection: an AI-driven particle swarm optimization method
Authors: Sholeh Moh Nur , Khosiin Mik Wanul , Nurdiana Asri , Fauziyah Shifa
Published: October 2023

Contractor selection plays a vital role in project management, where factors such as cost, quality, and time must be carefully considered. This study presents an innovative approach to optimize contractor selection using an AI-driven method based on Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The objective is to achieve the best possible selection of contractors by considering multiple criteria simultaneously. Real-world data on cost estimates, quality scores, and project times are collected and normalized for fair comparison. The PSO algorithm is utilized to search for the optimal combination of contractors that minimizes cost, maximizes quality, and minimizes project time. The proposed weighted objective function evaluates the performance of each contractor based on the selected criteria. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the AI-driven PSO method in achieving optimal contractor selection. The findings highlight the potential of using AI techniques for decision-making in project management, enabling project stakeholders to make informed and data-driven contractor selection decisions. This research contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AI applications in project management and provides practical insights for project managers and stakeholders involved in contractor selection processes.
Field-level rice yield estimations under different farm practices using the crop simulation model for better yield
Authors: Mandapati Roja , Gumma Murali Krishna , Metuku Devender Reddy , Maitra Sagar
Published: October 2023

Crop yield estimation is essential for decision-making systems and insurance policy makers. Numerous methodologies for yield estimation have been developed, encompassing crop models, remote sensing techniques, and empirical equations. Each approach holds unique limitations and advantages. The primary aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the DSSAT (Decision Support System for Agro Technology Transfer) model in predicting rice yields and LAI (Leaf Area Index) across various management methods. Additionally, the study sought to identify the optimal management practice for attaining higher yields. Crop models facilitate the expeditious evaluation of management strategies aimed at improving crop yield and analyzing the balance between production, resource efficiency, and environmental impacts. The study region selected for analysis is Karimnagar district of Telangana state. DSSAT has been chosen as the preferred tool due to its high efficiency in evaluating crop yield. The model's simulated yield was compared to the observed yield obtained from crop-cutting experiments. The results indicate a correlation of 0.81 and 0.85 between observed and simulated yields, as well as between model LAI and yield. An observation was made regarding a discrepancy between predicted and actual yields, which can be attributed to biotic stress. However, it should be noted that the current model does not account for this factor. The observed average yield was 5200 kg ha-1, whereas the projected yield was 5400 kg ha-1. The findings indicate that the model's performance is influenced by both the timing of sowing and the amount of nitrogen applied. The findings indicate that the DSSAT model has demonstrated a high level of accuracy in predicting both yields and leaf area index (LAI) across various management strategies. This study showcases the potential use of crop simulation models as a technology-driven tool to identify the most effective management strategies for rice production.
Lyophilized allogeneic costal cartilage graft for septorhinoplasty
Authors: Eom Jin Sup , Kim Dong Jin , Song Jin Woo , Choi Jong Woo , Koh Kyung Suck
Published: October 2023

Background As rhinoplasty techniques have become more complex, surgeons often need more than what septal or conchal cartilage can provide. While costal cartilage became more popular for that reason, some surgeons are still uncomfortable with its invasiveness and donor site morbidity. Here, we used lyophilized allogeneic costal cartilage for septorhinoplasty and investigated its safety and usefulness.Methods The costal cartilage was harvested from a cadaveric donor and treated via multiple steps, including defatting and lyophilization, to remove all viable cells and antigenicity. The cartilage was then stored at room temperature and rehydrated 24 hours before use. Lyophilized cartilage allografts were used in 20 patients. Three types of septal graft were performed — spreader, batten, and extension — to correct septal or columellar deviation and enhance the nasal tip.Results The mean follow-up period was 4.3 years. In all cases, the graft successfully met the rhinoplasty purpose. No significant deformation was detected in any of the patients. Although warping was observed in one patient (5%), there was no case of clinical infection, extrusion, or graft removal and no revisional surgery for an unfavorable aesthetic result.Conclusions Lyophilized allogeneic cartilage was used for septorhinoplasty very safely and effectively. It can be carved into any shape and has all other properties required for perfectly replacing autologous costal cartilage. The main advantage of cartilage allografts is a limitless supply of high-quality cartilage without donor site morbidity. The disadvantages include the need for special facilities and manpower and extra covering cost.
Axillary silicone lymphadenopathy caused by gel bleeding with intact silicone breast implants: a case report
Authors: Yoon Hyeon Min , Lee Chan Yeong , Song Woo Jin
Published: October 2023

Gel bleeding following breast augmentation using silicone breast implants (SBIs) occurs when microscopic silicone droplets diffuse through the implant surface, potentially resulting in complications such as capsular contracture and immune responses related to breast implant illness. Prompt and reliable diagnostic measures are crucial, as the presentation of gel bleeding can resemble cancer, making an accurate diagnosis challenging. This report discusses a rare case of axillary silicone lymphadenopathy caused by gel bleeding in a 48-year-old woman with intact SBIs. Silicone lymphadenopathy can be suspected based on mammography, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging in patients with a history of SBI insertion, and confirmation can be obtained through a pathological examination. Excisional biopsy is generally recommended for symptomatic patients, while treatment may not be necessary for asymptomatic patients; However, removal can be considered if the patient indicates a preference for it. Patients with silicone lymphadenopathy require replacement of SBIs to examine the breast capsule and verify the integrity of the implant. This case highlights the importance of considering gel bleeding as a potential cause of silicone lymphadenopathy, even in patients with intact SBIs.