bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Injection Granisetron Versus Injection Ondansetron for Control of Intraoperative Nausea and Vomiting and Post-Operative Nausea and Vomiting Among the Women Undergoing Lower Segment Caesarean Section Under Spinal Anaesthesia
Authors: Patel Pravin C , Parmar Dipika , Patel Usha , Shah Rutu S
Published: March 2021

Background and Objective:

The present study was intended to compare the preventive and therapeutic effects of injection granisetron and injection ondansetron on the incidence of intraoperative nausea and vomiting and post-operative nausea and vomiting (IONV and PONV) in patients undergoing lower segment caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia.

Materials and Methods:

It was a hospital-based single-blind comparative study among 90 women undergoing caesarean section with spinal anaesthesia. One group of 45 women has been given 2 mg granisetron IV, while another group of 45 women was given ondansetron 4 mg IV. IONV, PONV and adverse events among both the groups were studied.

Results:

IONV was found among 13.33% of persons in ondansetron group, while it was 8.89% among the granisetron group. Early and late PONV was low in the granisetron group as compared to ondansetron group. Headache, drowsiness and constipation were low in the granisetron group as compared to the ondansetron group.

Conclusion:

Granisetron 2 mg IV is better in preventing intraoperative as well as PONV as compared to ondansetron 4 mg IV.
Exendin-4 for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Esparza-Salazar Felipe de Jesús , Lezama-Toledo Alma Rosa , Rivera-Monroy Germán , Borlongan Cesario V.
Published: March 2021

This review article discusses the preclinical evidence and clinical trials testing the use of a peptide agonist of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP) receptor that promotes insulin secretion in the animal models of and patient with Parkinson's disease (PD). In particular, we focus on the therapeutic effects of the GLP receptor agonist exendin-4, also called exenatide, in PD. The ultimate goal of this article is to provide a critical assessment of the laboratory and clinical data toward guiding the translation of exendin-4 as a clinically relevant therapeutic for PD.
Extracellular vesicle-based therapy for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Sadanandan Nadia , Lee Jea-Young , Garbuzova-Davis Svitlana
Published: March 2021

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) stands as a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the rapid progression of motor neuron loss in the brain and spinal cord. Unfortunately, treatment options for ALS are limited, and therefore, novel therapies that prevent further motor neuron degeneration are of dire need. In ALS, the infiltration of pathological elements from the blood to the central nervous system (CNS) compartment that spur motor neuron damage may be prevented via restoration of the impaired blood-CNS-barrier. Transplantation of human bone marrow endothelial progenitor cells (hBM-EPCs) demonstrated therapeutic promise in a mouse model of ALS due to their capacity to mitigate the altered blood-CNS-barrier by restoring endothelial cell (EC) integrity. Remarkably, the hBM-EPCs can release angiogenic factors that endogenously ameliorate impaired ECs. In addition, these cells may produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that carry a wide range of vesicular factors, which aid in alleviating EC damage. In an in vitro study, hBM-EPC-derived EVs were effectively uptaken by the mouse brain endothelial cells (mBECs) and cell damage was significantly attenuated. Interestingly, the incorporation of EVs into mBECs was inhibited via β1 integrin hindrance. This review explores preclinical studies of the therapeutic potential of hBM-EPCs, specifically via hBM-EPC-derived EVs, for the repair of the damaged blood-CNS-barrier in ALS as a novel treatment approach.
Influence of lifestyle factors on reproductive hormones and micronutrients in workers occupationally exposed to heavy metals
Authors: Obi-Ezeani Chikaodili Nwando , Dioka Chudi Emmanuel , Meludu Samuel Chukwuemeka
Published: March 2021

Context:

Unhealthy lifestyles or social habits such as smoking and alcohol consumption in addition to heavy metals exposure may enhance alterations in micronutrients and fertility hormones.

Aim:

The aim of the study was to examine the influence of smoking and alcohol consumption on reproductive hormones and micronutrients in workers exposed to heavy metals.

Materials and Methods:

Fifty workers from auto repair workshops and 44 occupationally unexposed control participants were recruited for the study. The occupationally exposed workers and control were further grouped into alcohol drinking smokers (ADS) and abstainers. The occupationally exposed workers comprised 28 ADS and 22 abstainers, while the control comprised 24 ADS and 20 abstainers. Blood samples were analyzed for lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), selenium (Se), and zinc (Zn); testosterone (Tt), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH); and statistical significance set at P< 0.05.

Results:

Pb, Cd, FSH, and LH levels were significantly higher, while Se, Zn, and Tt levels were significantly lower in the occupationally exposed workers compared to the control. Blood Pb and Cd levels in the exposed ADS were significantly higher compared to exposed abstainers and the control groups. Blood Se level was significantly lower in the exposed ADS compared to the exposed abstainers and control groups (P < 0.05). Blood Zn level in the exposed ADS was significantly lower compared to the exposed abstainers and abstainers in the control group. Serum Tt level was significantly lower in the exposed ADS compared to the exposed abstainers and control groups (P < 0.05). The serum FSH and LH were significantly higher in the exposed ADS compared to the control groups (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Smoking and alcohol consumption may exacerbate the adverse effect of heavy metal exposure on reproductive health and fertility. Hence, these workers should be enlightened on the imminent dangers of such unhealthy habits.
Scope of imposing lockdown in the containment of coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic and the decision to relax
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Shrivastava Prateek Saurabh
Published: March 2021

The ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has forced the public health authorities to implement stringent measures, with an aim to reduce the mobility of the general population and thus interrupt the chain of transmission. An extensive search of all materials related to the topic was carried out in the PubMed search engine and World Health Organization website, and a total of six articles were selected based upon the suitability with the current review objectives. Keywords used in the search include COVID-19, Lockdown, and Exit. To contain the rapid spread of the disease, some of the affected nations have imposed complete lockdown within their settings. However, it is important to consider that the strategy of lockdown cannot be there for prolonged periods of time as it interrupts the social life and negatively affects the economy of the nation immensely. Thus, it is quite essential to lift these restrictions, but of course, the decision should be not taken in haste as it will again result in the resurgence of the cases and will overwhelm the health system. In conclusion, the decision to impose a lockdown has been an effective strategy to reduce the risk of transmission. However, it is also important to plan for revoking the same, and this will obviously require strengthening of the health system and the complete support from the community.
Inter-3' ends CpG islands are enriched in human chromosome 19p13.3 region
Authors: Zheng Ze , Zhang Kezhong
Published: March 2021

Metabolic disease is a pandemic in modern times. However, understanding of the genomic basis associated with metabolism remains to be further elucidated. CpG islands are the genomic regions enriched in cytosine nucleotide (C) and guanine nucleotide (G), mostly located at promoters and contain the 5' end of the gene transcript. In this study, we utilize the UCSC Genome Browser to map the genomic locations and extract the CpG island tracks that are associated with the genes encoding functions in cell metabolism or metabolic disease. We identified a new genomic signature, namely inter-3' end CpG island (ITCI), associated with the genes encoding major metabolic regulators or enzymes in the human chromosome 19p13.3 region. In this region, the gene encoding a major metabolic regulator, CREB3L3, possesses a conserved CpG island in its 3' end. This unique ITCI genomic signature has been found in nine pairs of genes in the human chromosome 19p13.3 region. Many of these genes are associated with metabolism. In conclusion, we discovered a new type of genomic signature, ITCI, which is featured by a dozen of metabolic genes possessing conserved CpG islands in their 3' ends, in a specific human chromosome. Identification of ITCI signature and decoding of the ITCI-associated associated metabolic genes provide important insights into the genomic basis of metabolism or metabolic disease.
Safety of peripheral gastric vessel coagulation during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy
Authors: Hong Jian , Widjaja Jason , Dolo Ponnie Robertlee , Yao Libin , Zhu Xiaocheng
Published: March 2021

Introduction:

Staple-line bleeding (SLB) is a common issue during laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG). Identifying a method or technique intraoperatively to manage or reduce the prevalence of SLB is crucial.

Materials and Methods:

Patients’ data who had undergone primary laparoscopic SG from January 2018 to December 2019 at our hospital were retrospectively analysed. The patients in this study received peripheral gastric vessel coagulation intervention in addition to the standard SG procedure. Preoperative parameters included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), the prevalence of diabetes and hypertension. Intra- and postoperative parameters were prevalence of SLB, operative time, total postoperative stay, the prevalence of leakage and bleeding. Intraoperative SLB was identified and analysed through video recordings.

Results:

217 cases of laparoscopic SG were included in the study. The mean preoperative assessments were as follows: age, 34.2 ± 10.7 years; male/female, 98/119; BMI, 39.9 ± 7.6 kg/m2; prevalence of diabetes, 52 (24.0%) and hypertension, 90 (41.5%). Of 217 patients, 35 (16%) were found to have SLB following the new interventional procedure. The mean operative time was 93.2 ± 13.6 min. The mean total postoperative stay was 3.3 ± 1.3 days. The postoperative prevalence of leakage and bleeding were 0% and 0%, respectively.

Conclusion:

The technique of coagulating the peripheral gastric vessels to prevent SLB is safe and appears promising. A prospective study comparing with and without peripheral gastric vessel coagulation will be needed in the future.
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Asian Indian Adolescents and Young Adults
Authors: Mehreen Thaharullah Shah , Harish Ranjani , Kamalesh Rajan , Anjana Ranjit Mohan , Mohan Viswanathan
Published: March 2021

Background:

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease in the youth. The aim of the study was to conduct a metabolic risk factor profiling of NAFLD in adolescents and young adults in Chennai city in south India.

Materials and Methods:

The study participants included adolescents (n = 188) and young adults (n = 201). Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen was done using a high-resolution B mode ultrasonography system. Based on the intensity of echogenicity, various grades of fatty liver were classified. Anthropometry, fasting plasma glucose, serum insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and HDL and LDL cholesterol were estimated. χ2 analysis was performed to compare frequencies and t-tests on continuous or measurable data. Odds ratio (OR) was used as an indicator for strength of association.

Results:

From the total of 389 study participants, 70 had NAFLD which includes 48 with grade I, 21 with grade II, and one participant with grade III NAFLD. About 80% of the participants with NAFLD were adults (≥20 years) and more males were affected (70%) than females (30%). Generalized obesity was present in 90% of the participants with NAFLD. After adjusting for age and gender, obesity [OR: 5.88; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.53–13.69; P-value: <0.001] and hyperglycemia [OR: 4.20; 95% CI: 1.75–10.08; P-value: <0.001] were significantly associated with NAFLD.

Conclusion:

With the higher prevalence rates of NAFLD noted in the study participants, prevention modalities should be adopted in the community by reducing obesity, healthy diet, and increased physical activity.
Admission Hyperglycemia and its Implications on Outcome in Patients Attending Medical Intensive Care Units at Assiut University Hospital
Authors: El Toony Lobna F. , El Zohri Mona H. , Abo Elghait Aml A.
Published: March 2021

Background:

Admission hyperglycemia is defined as any blood glucose (BG) level greater than 140 mg/dL (>7.8 mmol/L) in critical care unit (CCU) according to American Diabetes Association 2015. Stress hyperglycemia is related to multiple factors and can lead to insulin resistance and high hepatic glucose output.

Aim:

To determine the frequency, in-hospital mortality, and length of stay in a cohort of patients with admission hyperglycemia in unselected acute medically ill patients admitted to medical intensive care units (ICUs) (medical ICU and CCU) attending Internal Medicine Department, Assiut University Hospital, Assiut, Egypt, and to evaluate whether admission hyperglycemia or other comorbid conditions are responsible for outcome of critical ill patients.

Subjects and Methods:

This prospective, observational study involved 170 patients admitted at ICU unit of Internal Medicine Department at Assiut University Hospital between July and December 2016. Measurement of BG on admission to ICU was as following: normoglycemic if less than 140 mg/dL and hyperglycemic if more than 140 mg/dL. Then, follow up BG every 8h till either discharge or death or maximum 4 days in addition to fasting, postprandial BG, HbA1C, complete blood count and kidney function tests, serum sodium, serum potassium, arterial blood gases, and acute physiologic assessment and chronic health score were carried out.

Results:

This study included 170 patients, 35.3% were normoglycemic and 64.7% were hyperglycemic, which were further subdivided into 43% known diabetics, 14.1% stress hyperglycemia, and 7.6% newly discovered diabetics. Percentage of survivors was 72.9% versus non-survivors, which was 27.1%. Median hospital stay for all patients was 6 (4–28) days with in-hospital mortality of 46 (27.1%) patients. It was noticed that frequency of non-survivors was higher in patients with hyperglycemic versus that of survivors.

Conclusion:

Stress hyperglycemia and diabetes were independent predictors for in-hospital mortality in patients with admission hyperglycemia attending ICU.
Recurrent and Complicated Urinary Tract Infection in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Kotalwar Rahul R. , Karande Gaurish M. , Purandare Vedavati B. , Deshmukh Hrishikesh S. , Pakale Ashootosh M. , Unnikrishnan Ambika Gopalakrishnan
Published: March 2021

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). We present a case series of recurrent and complicated UTI requiring hospitalization in people with T2DM. Recurrence of UTI, especially when severe or complicated, causes multiple renal and extra renal complications and even death if not intervened early. Recurrent UTI is often caused by resistant pathogens in people with long duration of diabetes and uncontrolled glucose levels. In recurrent and complicated/severe UTI, empirical broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy and early urological intervention will help early recovery and helps to prevent complications.
A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study on Medication Adherence of Oral Antidiabetic Agents in Diabetes Mellitus Patients and an Overview on Clinical Pharmacist's Role in Medication Adherence in Government Headquarters Hospital Tiruppur
Authors: Prathap Royal Frank , Suresh Maneesha , Rajeev Malavika Maliakkal , Saji Jim Cherian , Bharanidharan Singaravadi Ezhilmaran , Vellaichamy Ganesan
Published: March 2021

Aim and Objectives:

In this study, the level of adherence to medications and factors influencing nonadherence to oral antidiabetic medications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was assessed. This study also ascertained the clinical pharmacist role in improving medication adherence.

Materials and Methods:

This is a descriptive cross-sectional study based on prospective analysis of data collected from 150 cases in the general medicine department at the secondary care Government Headquarters Hospital, Tiruppur, Tamil Nadu state, India. The study was carried out over 6 months duration, from March 2019 to August 2019.

Results:

In the study, of 150 patients 60% were adherent, while 40% showed low adherence. Apparently, the subjects aged below 50 years showed 100% adherence and age group of 80–89 showed the least adherence of 12.5%. Out of 83 (55%) males and 67 (45%) females enrolled in the study, 50 (60.24%) of the former and 40 (59.70%) of the latter were found to be adherent. The rate of nonadherence in married and unmarried population was found to be 40.71% and 30%, respectively. Patients who had graduated from college/university showed 100% adherence whereas, the illiterate patients showed the least adherence of 32%. Moreover, the subjects who had their onset in the age between 20–29 years were 100% adherent and the least adherence of 33% were shown by subjects with onset age between 70–79. Patients with monotherapy were more adherent (77.8%) to the therapy when compared to the patients who were on polytherapy (43.6%) and the patients with diabetic complications showed 40% of adherence and the patients without any complications showed 86.15% of adherence. Eventually, the patients who did not experience any side effects showed good adherence (79.2%) compared to the ones with side effects who showed poor adherence (20.8%) to the therapy. Finally, the adherence among the patients who never consumed alcohol was found to be 69.9% whereas, patients who consumed alcohol everyday was found to be only 33.3%.

Conclusion:

Majority of the patients were found to be adherent towards oral antidiabetic agents; thus, influence of clinical pharmacist in adherence was evident in this study. The major barriers for medication adherence found were being older age, having low level of education, late onset of disease, presence of side effects and complications, polytherapy, and consumption of alcohol.
Nitrosodimethylamine Impurities in Metformin Drug Products
Authors: Doshi Chetan , Malayandi Rajkumar , Namjoshi Gajanan , Kadam Pramod , Mule Dhananjay
Published: March 2021

Metformin is a high-dose antidiabetic drug and most widely used first-line therapeutic agent for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Medicines regulatory agencies discovered contamination of genotoxic nitrosamine impurity in certain medications containing angiotensin receptor blocking (ARB) agents. This resulted in screening for nitrosamine impurities in a number of probable drug products. In November 2019, the Singapore government withdrew metformin drug products, due to the contamination of nitrosamine impurity, called nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The regulatory agencies from different geographies started investigation and subsequently, many products withdrew from the international market due to the presence of an unacceptable limit of NDMA in metformin tablets. Both pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies responded to mitigate this emerging issue. USV Private Limited (USV) has adopted a proactive quality risk management program to investigate the presence of genotoxic impurities in metformin products. The presence of NDMA impurities were tested in 425 batches of drug substances and drug products. Threshold toxicological concern (TTC) of all the batches was found to be ≤30 ng/day, when compared to the regulatory limit of 96 ng/day. Hence, USV metformin products are safe and can be continuously prescribed for the management of T2DM.
Clustered Metabolic Approach Using HbA1c, BP, and Aortic Augmentation Index in Type 2 Diabetes as a Tool for Risk Stratification
Authors: Chawla Shubhaa , Trehan Siddhant , Chawla Aastha , Jaggi Shalini , Chawla Rajeev
Published: March 2021

Materials and Methods:

Functional vascular age in 2000 patients was assessed using cardiac risk profiler (vascular profiler-genesis), over a period of 3 years and 3 months between October 2016 and January 2020. The cardiovascular interpretations generated were used for the measurement of central arterial stiffness. The metabolically healthy groups were compared with the metabolically nonhealthy groups for the relevance of the triple co-association of HbA1c, arterial stiffness, and hypertension in screening the patients in regular standard care. The mean age of the patients was 53 years. Mann–Whitney test was used for the statistical analysis.

Results:

The mean age was 53.3 ± 12 years. HbA1c was <7% and >7% in 530 and 1470 patients, respectively. The lipid profile in comorbid scenario (n = 2000 [M = 1170 and F = 830]) revealed mean LDL-C mg/dL values of< 100, 100–150, >150 in 1380, 520, and 100 patients, respectively. A total of 1000 patients had the duration of diabetes <5 years, 380 patients were between 5 and 10 years, and 620 patients had been diabetic for>10 years, respectively. Arterial stiffness markers-Ankle Brachial Index and Carotid-Femoral Pulse Wave Velocity (CFPWV) were assessed and cluster analyses was performed using the metabolically healthy (HbA1c <7 and aortic augmentation index @ HR75 < 14 and nonhypertensive n = 50) as compared to the metabolically unhealthy cohort (HbA1c >7 and aortic augmentation index @ HR75 > 14 and with known hypertension (n = 230). The difference in the triple co-association of HbA1c (glycemic status), hypertensive status, and arterial stiffness was statistically significant when compared between the metabolically healthy (n = 50) vs. the metabolically nonhealthy cohort all across (n = 230) (P = 0.0457)

Conclusion:

The clustered metabolic marker approach is a tool to identify and stratify patients with diabetes based on the metabolic risk to prevent complications and possibly improve outcomes.
Utility of an Internet-based Short Message Service in the Care of Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lohiya Nikhil , Prasad Hemchand Krishna , White Sherlin , Prasanna Bala , Sangalalingam Thangavelu , Krishnamoorthy Nedunchelian
Published: March 2021

Objective:

To evaluate the impact of an internet-based intervention system and a short message service (SMS) using cellular phones on the diabetes care and glycemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM).

Materials and Methods:

Observational study in children with type 1 DM on basal bolus regimen. After administering diabetes care education children were divided in 2 groups, group I received timely SMS on diabetes care and group II did not. At the end of 3 months detailed data of diabetes care was recorded. Analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

Results:

In a total of 42 children, group I (21) who received the SMS and group II (21), completed the follow-up period of 3 months were included in the study. There was marginal improvement in glycosylated hemoglobin in group I (from 9.2 ± 1.7 to 8.8 ± 1.2); and a minimal increase observed in group II (from 8.8 ± 1.8 to 9.4 ± 1.9) (P > 0.05). The percentage of capillary blood glucose (CBG) values below and above the target range, mean CBG, frequency of self-monitoring blood glucose, significantly improved compared to the control group (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

SMS-based education program lead to a significant improvement in self-monitoring blood glucose frequency, diabetes self-care and marginal increase in glycemic control.
Diabetes Educational Intervention in Society to Improve (DESI) Quality of Life
Authors: Shukla Rishi , Yagnik Deepak , Agarwal Neha , Gupta Manisha , Ganguli Bhasker , Shukla Sangeeta , Bajpai Anurag
Published: March 2021

Background:

Diabetes self-management education (DSME) is globally recognized as an integral part of diabetes management and in majority of the developed countries, it is delivered by trained diabetes educators. Unfortunately, in India, it is still not considered an essential part of diabetes management.

Materials and Methods:

A self-structured diabetes education program, of a 75-min duration, was developed over a period of six months. To assess the knowledge, before and after the implementation of the education program, a validated questionnaire, Diabetes Knowledge Questionnaire 24 (DKQ24) was used.

Results:

A total of 50 patients (34 males; 74%) were recruited in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 54.98 ± 12.02years, with a mean duration of diabetes 12.34 ± 8.76years and mean HbA1c 8.1 ± 1.49%. A statistically significant (P < 0.05) improvement in the proportion of correct responses (14 out of 24 questions; 58.3%) was seen after the implementation of the DSME program.

Conclusion:

There is limited research available in India on DSME. To meet the need of a structured diabetes education program in India, we have evolved one such program (duration of 75 min) within a period of six months. We anticipate this program to have enough potential in developing countries in the long run.
Neural tube defects
Authors: Mailaram Sowmya , Nalini Y. Lakshmi , Bai P. V. Ramana , Rani Swapna , Lakshmi Vijaya
Published: March 2021

Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most common congenital malformations (CMFs) in developing fetus. The study was done to determine the incidence and clinical profile of NTDs at a tertiary care hospital. The study was done at Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Suraram, Hyderabad, from June 2019 to June 2020. Ten pregnant women with confirmed NTDs were admitted and subjected to medical termination of pregnancy. Fetuses with NTDs were collected and observed externally for sex, type of NTD, and other associated anomalies. Anencephaly was the most prevalent anomaly among all NTDs. Ten babies with NTD were observed; male predominance was seen. Prenatal screening of the fetus is important to rule out the CMF of fetus.
Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students of one private medical college
Authors: Ameer Shaik Riyaz
Published: March 2021

Background:

Data show that the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress is more among medical students compared to general population and thus proving that the community of the medical students is a vulnerable group or high-risk group, where we need to take adequate measures to counter this issue among this particular community.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to study the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among one of the private Medical college students.

Materials and Methods:

An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in a private medical college among 450 medical students of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th year and interns and postgraduate (PG) students for 6 months. “Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21” which was already validated and standardized was used for the present study. “The internal consistency, i.e., Cronbach's alpha value was 0.87 that was suggestive of high reliability.” Data collection was done in batches for undergraduates and for interns and PGs, whenever they were free and available. Anonymity was maintained.

Results:

Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students was 58.2%, 68.7%, and 35.3%, respectively. The most common was moderate grade of depression (30.7%), severe anxiety (39.6%), and moderate stress (15.8%). After testing for associated factors with depression, anxiety, and stress, it was fond that only belonging to joint family type and being undergraduate were found to be significantly associated with high levels of stress (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among medical students was very high in this medical college. These results cannot be generalized to other medical students of other medical colleges but definitely reflect that medical students are depressed, anxious, and stressed.
Encouraging the practice of self-determined learning in medical education and clinical practice
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh RamBihariLal , Saurabh Prateek Saurabh
Published: March 2021

The majority of the freshly joined medical students have limited knowledge of the topics which are being taught and predominantly depend on the knowledge which is passed on to them by the medical teachers. It has been acknowledged that professional doctors have different learning needs in their workplace settings and thus, we have to encourage them for more of self-directed or self-determined learning to ensure that they keep moving forward in their professional career. The term heutagogy refers to a form of self-determined learning, wherein the learner takes the decision about what they wish to learn based on their needs and the approach they wish to adopt for learning the same. In conclusion, heutagogy is the vision for today and tomorrow and all the teachers should facilitate the learning among professionals and medical graduates to improve their proficiency level in the workplace.
Интерполяция пространств функций положительной гладкости на области
Authors: Besov Oleg Vladimirovich
Published: March 2021

Дается описание интерполяционных пространств для пространств функций положительной гладкости на области $G$ евклидова пространства $\mathbb R^n$, удовлетворяющей условию гибкого конуса. В качестве следствия получены мультипликативные оценки норм функций. Рассмотрения основаны на интегральных представлениях функции по гибкому конусу через ее локальные приближения многочленами и на оценках возникающих операторов свертки.
О предельном случае поточечного умножения в пространствах Никольского-Бесова
Authors: Sickel Winfried
Published: March 2021

Исследуется регулярность множества всех произведений $f\cdot g$ для функций $f$ и $g$, принадлежащих некоторым пространствам Никольского-Бесова. Рассматривается ситуация, которая является предельной для исследований, проведенных в предыдущих работах, и была там оставлена в качестве открытой проблемы. Представлены некоторые положительные и отрицательные результаты как в неоднородной, так и в однородной ситуации.
Оптимальное восстановление температуры трубы по неточным измерениям
Authors: Magaril-Il'yaev Georgii Georgievich , Osipenko Konstantin Yur'evich , Sivkova Elena Olegovna
Published: March 2021

Рассматривается задача оптимального восстановления решения уравнения теплопроводности на многообразии, представляющем собой произведение прямой и окружности, в данный момент времени по неточным измерениям этого решения в другие моменты времени. Построено семейство оптимальных методов восстановления.
Неравенства для ортогональных рядов и усиление теоремы Карлемана-Олевского для полных ортонормированных систем
Authors: Bochkarev Sergei Viktorovich
Published: March 2021

На основе теории интерполяции установлен ряд новых неравенств как для общих ортонормированных систем, так и для различных классов ортонормированных систем, включая системы Хаара, Франклина и вейвлеты. Завершено решение вопроса о коэффициентах Фурье непрерывных функций для общих ортонормированных систем. Для каждой полной ортонормированной системы построена непрерывная функция, которая порождает универсальную особенность типа той, что возникает в теореме Карлемана. Этот результат существенно усиливает теорему Олевского и переходит на другом конце степенной шкалы в теорему Орлича. Доказано, что полученные результаты являются в определенном смысле окончательными.
Аппроксимация производных функции при интерполяции Лагранжа на симплексах малых размерностей
Authors: Subbotin Yurii Nikolaevich , Baidakova Nataliya Vasil'evna
Published: March 2021

Рассматривается задача аппроксимации производных дифференцируемой функции $m$ переменных ($m=3,4$) производными многочлена на $m$-симплексе для стандартного способа интерполяции многочленами Лагранжа в узлах равномерной сетки этого симплекса. Получены оценки сверху погрешности аппроксимации этих производных производными интерполяционного многочлена, выписанные через введенные авторами новые геометрические характеристики симплекса. Предлагаемые характеристики симплекса являются наглядными и легко вычисляемыми.
Nutritional diversity in accessions of African walnut (Plukenetia conophora L.) sourced from southwestern Nigeria as influenced by collection center and processing
Authors: Olajide K. , Baiyeri K.P. , Ndubuaku U.M.
Published: March 2021

Nut collection expeditions of Plukenetia conophora L. were made to 10 locations in southwestern Nigeria. Seeds extracted were cooked or not and  were assayed for phytochemical and mineral contents. Data obtained were statistically analyzed. Omuwo-Oke accession had highest phenol and tannin whereas Ijan had highest phytate; alkaloids and glycosides were higher in Ara accession than others. Accession obtained from Aramoko gave highest iron concentration while the lowest was in Ogotun accession. The concentrations of K, Mg and Na were higher in Ogotun accession while the lowest was found in Alafe, Agbado and Aba-Oyo, respectively. Alafe accession had highest concentration of phosphorus but lower concentration  was obtained in Ogotun. Zinc was highest in collection from Aramoko while Abgado accession had the lowest. Phenol, phytate, alkaloids and glycosides were higher in boiled nuts than fresh nuts but tannin was higher in fresh nuts. K, Mg, Zn and Na were higher in fresh nuts than boiled  nuts. Higher concentration of Fe and P were recorded in boiled nuts. Genotype x traits biplot analysis revealed that cooked nuts from Agbado, Alafe,  and Aramoko had higher values for glycosides. Alkaloid was more pronounced in fresh nut from Ara. Fresh nuts from Aba-Oyo and Agbado gave higher values for phytate. Tannin was highest in fresh nuts from Omuo-Oke and boiled nuts from Igbara-Odo while phenol was higher in boiled nut from Omuo-Oke. Biplot analysis for minerals revealed higher concentration of Zn, NFE, Na and P in boiled nuts from Aramoko, Omuo- Oke, Igbara-Odo, Ogotun and Ijan. Mg was highest in fresh nuts from Ara and Igbara-Odo. Tannin and alkaloids had negative significant  relationship (r = –0.581*) but the relationship between glycosides and alkaloids was positive and significant (r = 0.520*). Zn had significant  relationships with Mg and P (r = 0.590* and –0.551*, respectively). Similarly, Na had positive relationships with K and Mg (r = 0.599** and 0.491*,  respectively). Mg and K had an r-value of 0.502*. Inter-correlative responses between the phytochemicals and minerals revealed that only  glycosides had significant relationships with K, Mg and Zn (which were negative) as well as with P (which was positive). Data obtained suggested sufficient genetic diversity in nuts of Plukenetia sourced from southwestern Nigeria, indicating posibility for selection. Besides, cooking had  signifcant (in some cases, positive) effect on the phytochemicals and minerals assayed.

Key words: African walnut, accessions, phytochemical, minerals, processing
Sero-prevalence of newcastle disease in apparently healthy normal feathered local chickens in Ido and Atiba Local Government Areas, Oyo State, Nigeria
Authors: Unigwe C.R. , Shobowale O.M. , Enibe F. , Ajayi J.O. , Koleosho S.A.
Published: March 2021

A study was conducted at Ido and Atiba Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Oyo State, Nigeria, to investigate the prevalence of Newcastle disease  (ND) using Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) techniques. A total of 376 normal feathered local chickens were sampled by collecting 2 ml of blood from each bird. Sera that emanated from them were subjected to detection of ND antibodies using ELISA test kit. The data collected were analyzed by inferential statistics. The results showed that the prevalence of ND as 11.70% and 15.43% at Ido and Atiba LGAs, respectively. Adult males showed higher prevalence as compared to adult females in the two LGAs. Meanwhile the prevalence of ND in adults was higher than in the young in Ido but the reverse at Atiba LGA. Combined prevalence was averaged at 13.56% in the two LGAs. The combined results further showed that males (8.24%) were more susceptible to ND than females (5.32%) just like adults (7.45%) were more susceptible than the growers (6.11%). It can be concluded that ND is prevalent in the study areas. It can therefore be recommended that vaccination of local chickens should be vigorously  implemented since they are in the common environment/space with intensively managed birds to avert cross infection.

Key words: antibodies, ELISA, local chickens, Newcastle disease, prevalence
Efficacy of three botanicals on postharvest fungal contaminants of melon (Citrullus colocynthis) kernels
Authors: Obani F.T. , Ikotun B.
Published: March 2021

Melon (Citrullus colocynthis L.) is an important crop used mainly for soups in Nigeria. Egusi: as it is commonly called in Nigeria is contaminated by many fungal pathogens which reduce quality of seeds during storage. Use of botanicals can be a safe method to manage fungal contamination instead of chemicals which pose a threat to human health. Therefore, efficacy of Piper guineense, Xylopia aethiopica and Ocimum gratissimum on fungi in shelled Egusi seed kernels (EK) were evaluated. One market in each of six South-western Nigerian states where Egusi is sold was purposively selected in 2012 and 2013. Egusi kernels (1⁄2kg, n = 162) were purchased from selected traders for fungi isolation, identification and incidence (%) determination. Clean EK treated with botanical powder (10, 20 and 40 g kg–1) were inoculated with Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. tamarii, Rhizopus sp., Penicillium aurantiogriseum, P. citrinum and Fusarium solani bi-weekly for 14-week storage period to evaluate growth reduction (%). Control was inoculated with sterile distilled water. Aspergillus flavus, A. niger, A. tamarii, Penicillium citrinum, P. aurantiogriseum, Fusarium solani and Rhizopus sp. were frequently encountered in EK. Aspergillus (32.4±1.6%) was the most predominant fungus followed by Rhizopus (21.5±2.0%) in all States. Piper guineense (40 g kg–1), X. aethiopica (20 g kg–1) and O. gratissimum (10 g kg–1) powders significantly reduced aflatoxin contamination by 42.5%, 56.5% and 45.0%, respectively; fungi growths were progressively reduced by P. guineense (5.5-90.0%), X. aethiopica (6.7-100.0%) and O. gratissimum (7.4 66.7%) up to 12 weeks of storage. Egusi kernels were highly infected with postharvest fungi especially Aspergillus species. Xylopia aethiopica at 20 g kg–1, O. gratissimum (40.0%) and P. guineense (40.0%) reduced fungi growth on Egusi considerably and therefore could be used as a safe management option to mitigate storage fungi contamination in Egusi kernels.
Fertilizer values of composts as affected by plant materials and composting duration on maize (Zea mays) performance
Authors: Komolafe A.F. , Adejuyigbe C.O. , Babalola O.A. , Soretire A.A. , Kayode C.O.
Published: March 2021

Chemical properties and nutrient release pattern from compost are influenced by composted plant materials (CPM) and duration of composting (DC). The following plant materials; guinea grass (GGC), tridax weed (TWC), siam weed (SWC) and maize stover (MSC) were composted with cow dung. Pot and field experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of these CPM on growth yield performance of maize, and the properties of soil after harvest. The pot trial was a 4 × 5 factorial experiment laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates while the field experiment was a 4 × 3 factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD), replicated three times. Data collected on initial and soil properties after harvest, growth, dry matter yield (DMY), nutrient uptake and yield of maize were subjected to analysis of variance and means separated using Duncan Multiple Range Test. Results showed that MSC compost had the highest N content while GGC had the highest K. Phosphorus (P) content was similar for all the CPMs. Results of pot experiment showed that maize growth was higher (p ≤ 0.05) with GGC, TWC and MSC of 3, 4 and 5 months DC. The DMY and P-uptake increased with increasing DC. On field trial, plants height was similar for all the CPM that received MSC and GGC gave similar highest DMY which were significantly higher than TWC and SWC. MSC gave the highest N-uptake while GGC treated plant had the highest P and K uptake. Grain yield was significantly higher for MSC (1.80 t ha–1) than SWC and Control but similar to GGC (1.37 t ha–1) and TWC (1.18 t ha–1). Compost application at 20 t ha–1 significantly increased cob weight, N and K uptake of maize compared to control. Application of CPM improved final soil available P which increased with DC and rate of application of different CPM. Therefore, CPM and DC have great potentials in influencing compost quality and should be considered in formulating compost fertilizer in organic farming.
Diversity and structure of the ichthyological population of the Gueumbeul Special Wildlife Reserve (Saint-Louis / Senegal)
Authors: Guisse Amadou , Niass Farokh
Published: March 2021

The Gueumbeul Special Wildlife Reserve (RSFG) is a very important eco-geographic area. It is frequented by a variety of predominantly piscivorous birds that come to occupy its waters for reproduction and food needs. The present study aimed to make an inventory of the ichthyofauna of the RSFG in order to make available the database of the different species present in this body of water. The ichthyofauna were sampled monthly from March 2019 to February 2020 with the help of artisanal fishermen. The fish populations were studied using statistical analyzes and population descriptors (species richness, density, biomass and diversity indices). In total 16 species of fish divided into 15 genus and 11 families have been identified, cichlids (4 species), mugilids (3 species) being the most diverse families. The most abundant species in the catches were: Sarotherodon melanotheron and Mugil cephalus. The presence of marine species has been noted. These are Dicentrarchus punctatus, Eucinostomus melanopterus and Lichia amia but catches are very low. The calculated diversity indices showed that the ichthyofauna in the reserve has moderate diversity and a poor distribution of individuals within families. The ecosystem of the Gueumbeul basin shows signs of degradation. This degradation is materialized by an overexploitation of fishery resources by the fishing populations and a decrease in mangroves.

La Réserve Spéciale de la Faune de Gueumbeul (RSFG) est une zone éco-géographique très importante. Elle est fréquentée par une diversité d’oiseaux majoritairement piscivores qui viennent occuper la zone pour des besoins de reproduction et d’alimentation. La présente étude visait à faire l’inventaire de la faune ichtyologique de la RSFG afin de rendre disponible la base de données des différentes espèces présentes dans ce plan d’eau. L’ichtyofaune a été échantillonnée de mars 2019 à février 2020 avec l’aide de pêcheurs artisans. Les peuplements de poissons ont été étudiés au moyen d’analyses statistiques et de descripteurs populationnels (la richesse spécifique, la densité, la biomasse et les indices de diversité). Au total 16 espèces de poisson réparties en 11 familles ont été recensées. Les cichlidés (4 espèces), les mugilidés (3 espèces) étant les familles les plus diverses. Les espèces les plus abondantes dans les captures sont : Sarotherodon melanotheron et Mugil cephalus. La présence d’une très faible quantité de poissons d’espèce marine a été notée, il s’agit de Dicentrarchus punctatus, Eucinostomus melanopterus et Lichia amia. Les indices de diversité calculés ont montré que l’ichtyofaune de la réserve a une diversité modérée et une mauvaise répartition des individus au sein des familles. L’écosystème de la cuvette de Gueumbeul présente des signes de dégradation. Cette dégradation est matérialisée par une surexploitation des ressources halieutiques par les populations de pêcheurs et une diminution de la mangrove.
Évaluation de la qualité de composts à base de biomasses feuillées de deux espèces agroforestières à Cassou, Centre-Ouest, Burkina Faso
Authors: Soulama Soungalo , Kabore Wendbénédo Bruno , Bambara Dasmané , Bembamba Michel , Hien Edmond
Published: March 2021

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. and Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. are species of the leguminosae group which are promoted in agroforestry. This study aimed at assessing the quality of leafy biomass composts of these two species in order to use them as green manure. For this, composts based on leafy biomasses of Albizia lebbeck and Gliricidia sepium have been characterized. The phytotoxicity tests of the composts was carried out using a germination test of Zea mays (L) and Arachis hypogaea (L). The effect of composts on the growth of Adansonia digitata L. and Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst. subsp. Also evaluated. Comparison of means tests and repeated measures ANOVA were used to compare types of composts. The results show that these composts were not toxic. The average carbon, nitrogen, pHe and C / N ratios of the composts of Albizia lebbeck and Gliricidia sepium were in accordance with international standards. The effect of Gliricidia sepium compost on the growth of Adansonia digitata and Sclerocarya birrea was better than that of Albizia lebbeck and cow dung (P <0.05). The compost from the leafy biomass of Gliricidia sepium is of very good quality while that of Albizia lebbeck is of fairly good quality. The biomasses of these two species therefore constitute good material for composting. These results can be used to improve crop production in agroforestry.

Albizia lebbeck (L.) Benth. et Gliricidia sepium (Jacq.) Kunth ex Walp. sont des espèces de légumineuses promues dans l’agroforesterie. Cette étude visait à évaluer la qualité des composts de biomasses feuillées de ces deux espèces afin de les utiliser comme engrais verts. Pour cela des composts à base de biomasses feuillées de Albizia lebbeck, de Gliricidia sepium ont été caractérisés. La phyto-toxicité des composts a été évaluée à l’aide d’un test de germination de Zea mays (L) et Arachis hypogaea (L). L’effet des composts sur la croissance de Adansonia digitata L. et Sclerocarya birrea (A.Rich.) Hochst.subsp. a également été évalué. Des tests de comparaisons de moyennes et une ANOVA à mesures répétées ont permis de comparer les types de composts. Les résultats montrent que les composts évalués n’étaient pas toxiques. Les teneurs moyennes en carbone, en azote, les pHe et les rapports C/N des composts de Albizia lebbeck et de Gliricidia sepium étaient conformes aux normes internationales. L’effet du compost de biomasse de Gliricidia sepium sur la croissance de Adansonia digitata et de Sclerocarya birrea était mieux que celui de Albizia lebbeck et la bouse de vache (P< 0,05). Le compost de biomasses feuillées de Gliricidia sepium est de très bonne qualité tandis que celui de Albizia lebbeck est d’assez bonne qualité. Les biomasses de ces deux légumineuses constituent donc un bon matériel pour le compostage. Ces résultats peuvent servir à améliorer la production végétale en agroforesterie.