bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Parameter redundancy in Jolly‐Seber tag loss models
Authors: Cai Wei , Yurchak Stephanie , Cole Diana J. , Cowen Laura L. E.
Published: January 2021

Capture–recapture experiments are conducted to estimate population parameters such as population size, survival rates, and capture rates. Typically, individuals are captured and given unique tags, then recaptured over several time periods with the assumption that these tags are not lost. However, for some populations, tag loss cannot be assumed negligible. The Jolly‐Seber tag loss model is used when the no‐tag‐loss assumption is invalid. Further, the model has been extended to incorporate group heterogeneity, which allows parameters to vary by group membership. Many mark–recapture models become overparameterized resulting in the inability to independently estimate parameters. This is known as parameter redundancy.

We investigate parameter redundancy using symbolic methods. Because of the complex structure of some tag loss models, the methods cannot always be applied directly. Instead, we develop a simple combination of parameters that can be used to investigate parameter redundancy in tag loss models.

The incorporation of tag loss and group heterogeneity into Jolly‐Seber models does not result in further parameter redundancies. Furthermore, using hybrid methods we studied the parameter redundancy caused by data through case studies and generated tag histories with different parameter values.

Smaller capture and survival rates are found to cause parameter redundancy in these models. These problems resolve when applied to large populations.
Impact of diabetes on serum biomarkers in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: insights from the TOPCAT trial
Authors: De Marco Corrado , Claggett Brian L. , de Denus Simon , Zile Michael R. , Huynh Thao , Desai Akshay S. , Sirois Martin G. , Solomon Scott D. , Pitt Bertram , Rouleau Jean L. , Pfeffer Marc A. , O'Meara Eileen
Published: January 2021

Aims

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is common in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Patients with DM and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction have higher levels of cardiac, profibrotic, and proinflammatory biomarkers relative to non‐diabetics. Limited data are available regarding the biomarker profiles of HFpEF patients with diabetes (DM) vs. no diabetes (non‐DM) and the impact of spironolactone on these biomarkers. This study aims to address such gaps in the literature.

Methods and results

Biomarkers were measured at randomization and at 12 months in 248 patients enrolled in Treatment of Preserved Cardiac Function Heart Failure with an Aldosterone Antagonist's North American cohort. At baseline, DM patients had significantly lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein, pro‐collagen type III amino‐terminal peptide, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP‐1), and galectin‐3 levels than those without diabetes. There was a significantly larger 12 month increase in levels of high‐sensitivity troponin T (hs‐TnT), a marker of myocyte death, in DM patients. Elevated pro‐collagen type III amino‐terminal peptide and galectin‐3 levels were associated with an increased risk of the primary outcome (cardiovascular mortality, aborted cardiac arrest, or heart failure hospitalization) in DM patients, but not in those without diabetes. A statistically significant interaction between spironolactone and diabetes status was observed for hs‐TnT and for TIMP‐1, with greater biomarker reductions among those with diabetes treated with spironolactone.

Conclusions

The presence of diabetes is associated with higher levels of cardiac, profibrotic, and proinflammatory biomarkers in HFpEF. Spironolactone appears to alter the determinants of extracellular matrix remodelling in an anti‐fibrotic fashion in patients with diabetes, reflected by changes in hs‐TnT and TIMP‐1 levels over time.
Recent Progress in the Asymmetric Syntheses of α‐Heterofunctionalized (Masked) α‐ and β‐Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Eder Isabella , Haider Victoria , Zebrowski Paul , Waser Mario
Published: January 2021

The asymmetric synthesis of α‐heterofunctionalized α‐ and β‐amino acid derivatives has been a heavily investigated topic over the last years, benefiting from the development of novel catalysis concepts as well as from the introduction of suited new precursor entities. Within this short review, we wish to give an illustrative overview of the most successfully applied concepts to access these targets, like asymmetric α‐heterofunctionalizations or asymmetric C–C‐bond forming reactions of already heterofunctionalized precursors.
Direct Reductive Amination of Camphor Using Iron Pentacarbonyl as Stoichiometric Reducing Agent: Features and Limitations
Authors: Afanasyev Oleg I. , Fatkulin Artemy R. , Solyev Pavel N. , Smirnov Ivan , Amangeldyev Artem , Semenov Sergey E. , Chusov Denis
Published: January 2021

The method of direct reductive amination of camphor and fenchone was proposed. The most effective reducing agent is iron carbonyl. No ligands or solvents are needed. The stereochemistry of the corresponding products was determined by HMBC, HSQC, and NOESY spectra. The limitations of the method were shown. The reaction of camphor with primary amines led to exclusively exo product, while the reaction of fenchone led to exclusively endo product. The reaction of camphor with cyclic secondary amines led to the mixture of endo and exo isomers.
Synthesis of 3,4,5‐Trisubstituted Isoxazoles via the ANRORC Rearrangement
Authors: Kandula Venu , Bandaru Sravan K. , Balakrishna C. , Chatterjee Anindita , Yennam Satyanarayana , Saunders Graham C. , Behera Manoranjan
Published: January 2021

A facile and versatile procedure for the synthesis of new functionalized derivatives of 3‐benzyl‐5‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl) isoxazole‐4‐carbaldehyde oxime has been described. The key step in the synthesis involves the ANRORC reaction of in‐situ generated 3‐(phenylethynyl)‐4H‐chromen‐4‐one with NH2OH·HCl.
Photoinduced Decarboxylative Radical Addition Reactions for Late Stage Functionalization of Peptide Substrates
Authors: Fernandez‐Rodriguez Patricia , Legros Fabien , Maier Thomas , Weber Angelika , Méndez María , Derdau Volker , Hessler Gerhard , Kurz Michael , Villar‐Garea Ana , Ruf Sven
Published: January 2021

Photoredox chemistry has greatly stimulated the application of radical based transformations in medicinal chemistry and early drug discovery in recent years. Carboxylate groups have been identified as traceless leaving groups that can be converted into radical intermediates capable of undergoing 1,4‐conjugate addition reactions to Michael acceptors. Herein, we show the successful C‐terminal derivatization of small peptide substrates by using this methodology in a parallel synthesis setting. Finally, we outline a general strategy for the γ‐homologation of several drugs derived from α‐amino acids in a late stage functionalization (LSF) approach.
Electrostatics Favor PNA : DNA Stability over Stereochemistry in Pyrrolidine‐Based Cationic Dual‐Backbone PNA Analogues
Authors: Sharma Ashwani , More Shahaji H. , Ganesh Krishna N.
Published: January 2021

Modifications to the peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone has been well known to alter the thermodynamical parameters of PNA : DNA complexes to broaden their utility for different applications. Electrostatic interactions between a modified PNA having a positively charged backbone and the negatively charged DNA has been shown to enhance thermal stabilities of PNA : DNA complexes at various instances. On the other hand, chiral introduction in PNA backbone leads to stereochemical preference that affects binding properties. However, the interplay between electrostatics and stereochemistry has not been systematically studied so far. Herein, we report the synthesis and biophysical characterization of cationic PNA named dapPNA, first of its kind, having a dual PNA backbone constituting of a pyrrolidine ring having a β‐substitution. One of the aims of this study was to investigate the role of electrostatics over stereochemical preferences. The results show that electrostatic attraction between cationic dapPNA and negatively charged DNA overcomes the unfavorable stereochemical effects and enhances stability of PNA : DNA complexes. Moreover, two different PNA backbones derived from a single PNA monomer expands the repertoire of pyrrolidine based PNA analogues.
The Chemistry of High‐Oxidation State Securinega Alkaloids
Authors: Kang Gyumin , Park Sangbin , Han Sunkyu
Published: January 2021

Securinega alkaloids have fascinated the chemical community for over six decades. Among these intriguing secondary metabolites, there are members that are biosynthesized via oxidation(s) of the basic tetracyclic core of securinega natural products. These oxidation processes result in a sub‐family of natural products with intriguing structural variations. We have grouped them as “high‐oxidation state” securinega alkaloids. In this minireview, we, for the first time, categorize high‐oxidation state securinega alkaloids into five groups based on their structural phenotype. We then describe all known syntheses of high‐oxidation state securinega alkaloids based on our classification. Plausible biosynthetic origins of securinega alkaloids in each group are described. Notable interplays between chemical synthesis and biosynthesis within this family of natural products are depicted. The updated comprehensive investigation of the chemistry of high‐oxidation state securinega alkaloids provides us with an outlook on remaining key challenges related to these fascinating natural products.
Design of Copper Microfabricated Potentiometric Sensor for in‐line Monitoring of Neostigmine Degradation Kinetics
Authors: El‐Sayed Ghada M. , El Mously Dina A. , Mostafa Nadia M. , Hassan Nagiba Y. , Mahmoud Amr M.
Published: January 2021

The quality of pharmaceutical products is critical for human health. Drug development requires tools to assess the presence of degradation products and contaminants during the manufacturing and storage processes. Accelerated stress degradation and kinetic studies play a vital role in predicting final product stability. This work describes the design of potentiometric sensor based on copper microfabricated electrodes for in‐line tracking the degradation kinetics of neostigmine. The proposed electrochemical technique provides a continuous profile for the hydrolysis of NEO under different temperatures and pH. The hydrolysis activation energy was found to be 18.88 kcal mol−1 which was aligned with the reported hydrolysable ester values. Consequently, the kinetic data analysis is crucial to predict the optimum analysis and storage conditions.
Correlating Quantitative Measurements of Radical Production by Photocatalytic TiO2 with Daphnia magna Toxicity
Authors: Coral Jason A. , Kitchens Christopher L. , Brumaghim Julia L. , Klaine Stephen J.
Published: January 2021

Increased use of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) in domestic and industrial applications has increased the risk for adverse environmental outcomes based on an elevated likelihood of organism exposure. Anatase TiO2 NP exposure to ultraviolet A (UV-A) radiation in aquatic environments generates radical oxygen species (ROS), which may ultimately be responsible for increased organism toxicity. We have identified and measured the 2 most relevant ROS species, hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, and described that ROS can be modeled using the highly reactive hydroxyl radical to provide an upper bound for toxicity. The TiO2 NPs were co-exposed to increasing natural organic matter (NOM) amounts (measured as concentration of dissolved organic carbon [DOC]) and simulated-sunlight UV-A intensities. Radical production rate was determined using fluorescence spectroscopy and was positively correlated with increases in TiO2 concentration and UV-A intensity, and negatively correlated with increased DOC concentration. Daphnia magna toxicity was also found to decrease with NOM addition, which is attributed to the decreased radical production rate with increased DOC concentrations. We demonstrate that the rate of ROS production from simulated-sunlight–irradiated TiO2 NPs can be quantified using relatively simple fluorescent techniques. We show that toxicity to TiO2 NP varies greatly with conditions, and that concentration alone is a poor predictor of toxicity. Describing toxicity/hydroxyl radical measurement may be a more accurate way to describe overall risk. We provide a framework for a simple model to describe toxicity/hydroxyl radical. These conclusions demonstrate the importance of considering exposure conditions as a means of risk management during TiO2 NP toxicity testing, waste management, and regulatory decisions. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1322–1334. © 2021 SETAC
Perceptions of Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management Among State Natural Resource Agency Scientists in the Northeastern United States
Authors: Safiq Alexandrea , Free Christopher M , Caracappa Joseph , Valenti Jessica L , Jensen Olaf
Published: January 2021

Ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) is an application of ecosystem-based management in which abiotic, biotic, and socio-economic interactions are considered when managing fisheries. The primary objectives of this study were: (1) to understand how state fishery scientists define EBFM; (2) to identify the perceived implementation of EBFM components within state agencies; and (3) to identify potential barriers in implementing EBFM at the state level. The uniformity across inclusion responses indicated that there was a shared definition of EBFM among state fishery scientists. The most frequently implemented component was engaging stakeholders, and the least frequently implemented component was accounting for uncertainty in ecosystems. Overall, the most frequently cited barriers were stakeholder engagement in the New England region and regulatory barriers in the mid-Atlantic region. These findings can help identify where potential human and fiscal resources should be allocated for successful implementation of EBFM at the state level.
Utilizing Private LTE to Increase Grid Resiliency
Authors: Nelson Kathy , Quimpo Maria , Crouch Erik
Published: January 2021

Utilities have long relied on telecommunication systems and infrastructure to perform critical functions such as teleprotection (TP), supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA), distribution automation (DA), advanced metering infrastructure (AMI), and workforce communications. The information provided by these systems allows utility operators to gather real‐time information on the performance of the transmission and distribution (T&D) systems, protect against electric faults, and allow the workforce to communicate during emergencies and restoration events. Many of these operational systems are reliant on telecommunications technologies that were installed decades ago. While they have been reliable and served their purpose for years, these devices are beginning to fail and in some cases manufacturers no longer support legacy technologies.
Soil use in pre‐Hispanic and historical crop fields in the Guatacondo Ravine, northern Chile (2400 years BP): A geoarchaeological and paleobotanic approach
Authors: Segura Camila , Vidal Ale , Maldonado Antonio , Uribe Mauricio
Published: January 2021

In one of the most arid places on Earth, the Atacama Desert in northern Chile (18–21° S), pre‐Hispanic cultures developed different types of tillage and irrigation systems in the Guatacondo Ravine. Their agrarian production, based on a summer precipitation regime, enabled the formative villages of Ramaditas (2300–2600 years BP) and Guatacondo (2400–2800 years BP) to emerge, along with seasonal agriculture. Despite the insight gained into their agricultural technology, we know very little about how this type of soil management affected the soils' plant nutrient status. Thus, our main objective was to determine if the different tillage systems affected the soils' properties. We analyzed the soils and the pollen composition of different tillage systems and carried out direct radiocarbon dating (14C) of sediments. The soils' chemical properties (total nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon contents) indicate greater nutrient retention in the square bed system, associated with a higher silt content and the use of organic fertilizers. Pollen analyses show the presence of crop, weed, and riparian species. In conclusion, the analysis of ancient soils gives us valuable information about the innovations and changes implemented in ancient times in the Guatacondo Ravine.
Petrogenesis of an Early Permian bimodal intermediate‐felsic suite in the East Junggar in Central Asian Orogenic Belt and tectonic implications
Authors: Bo Hongze , Zhang Zhaochong , Santosh M. , Cheng Zhiguo , Xie Qiuhong , Kong Weiliang , Liu Bingxiang , Qin Jingyi , Li Botong
Published: January 2021

The bimodal intermediate‐felsic suites are rare, and their petrogenesis remains unsolved. Here, we report a bimodal intermediate‐felsic magmatic suite from East Junggar (NW China) composed of rhyolites, basaltic andesites, and andesites. The basaltic andesites and andesites are porphyritic with phenocrysts predominantly of plagioclase. The rhyolites are porphyritic with phenocrysts of alkali‐feldspar, quartz, and minor plagioclase. LA–ICP–MS zircon U–Pb dating yielded an age of 284 ± 2 Ma for rhyolites. The basaltic andesites and andesites show SiO2 ranging from 54.67 to 58.26 wt%, and exhibit moderate TiO2 (1.45–1.77 wt%), and K2O (1.59–2.07 wt%) with low MgO (1.51–2.25 wt%). They display enrichment in HFSE and LILE together with negative Th, Nb, Ta, Ti anomalies, and exhibit low 87Sr/86Sr(t) ratios (0.7040–0.7046), high positive εNd(t) values (+5.82 to +6.16) and young TDM ages (<0.6 Ga). The rhyolites exhibit highSiO2(>75 wt%), negative Nb, Ta anomalies and significant depletion in Ba, Eu, Sr, Ti, and P. They also show high εNd(t) values (+5.51 to +7.08) and young TDM ages (<0.6 Ga), which are close to those of the intermediate rocks. Except for elements dominantly controlled by fractional crystallization, the other trace elements of the bimodal suite display similar patterns. Based on these characteristics, the MELTS simulation further suggests that the felsic rocks were possibly evolved from the intermediate magmas through fractional crystallization of feldspar, clinopyroxene, iron‐titanium oxide, and apatite. In contrast, the magmas parental to basaltic andesites were derived from the remelting of basaltic rocks underplated beneath the lower crust. The petrogenesis of this bimodal suite also provides new insights into Permian crustal reworking in the East Junggar, and suggest that the Junggar Ocean was closed prior to the Early Permian.
Disruption of circadian timing increases synaptic inhibition and reduces cholinergic responsiveness in the dentate gyrus
Authors: McMartin Laura , Kiraly Marianna , Heller H. Craig , Madison Daniel V. , Ruby Norman F.
Published: January 2021

We investigated synaptic mechanisms in the hippocampus that could explain how loss of circadian timing leads to impairments in spatial and recognition memory. Experiments were performed in hippocampal slices from Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) because, unlike mice and rats, their circadian rhythms are easily eliminated without modifications to their genome and without surgical manipulations, thereby leaving neuronal circuits intact. Recordings of excitatory postsynaptic field potentials and population spikes in area CA1 and dentate gyrus granule cells revealed no effect of circadian arrhythmia on basic functions of synaptic circuitry, including long‐term potentiation. However, dentate granule cells from circadian‐arrhythmic animals maintained a more depolarized resting membrane potential than cells from circadian‐intact animals; a significantly greater proportion of these cells depolarized in response to the cholinergic agonist carbachol (10 μM), and did so by increasing their membrane potential three‐fold greater than cells from the control (entrained) group. Dentate granule cells from arrhythmic animals also exhibited higher levels of tonic inhibition, as measured by the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. Carbachol also decreased stimulus‐evoked synaptic excitation in dentate granule cells from both intact and arrhythmic animals as expected, but reduced stimulus‐evoked synaptic inhibition only in cells from control hamsters. These findings show that loss of circadian timing is accompanied by greater tonic inhibition, and increased synaptic inhibition in response to muscarinic receptor activation in dentate granule cells. Increased inhibition would likely attenuate excitation in dentate‐CA3 microcircuits, which in turn might explain the spatial memory deficits previously observed in circadian‐arrhythmic hamsters.
The double‐edged sword of job crafting: The effects of job crafting on changes in job demands and employee well‐being
Authors: Harju Lotta K. , Kaltiainen Janne , Hakanen Jari J.
Published: January 2021

Job crafting is theorized to operate via changes that employees make to their work designs, yet this critical mechanism has remained scarcely tested. This study examined whether job crafting facilitates changes in two types of challenge demands, namely workload and job complexity, and hindrance demands and whether these changes explain why job crafting may have both positive and negative implications for employee well‐being. We utilized a two‐wave sample of 2,453 employees to examine the relationships between job crafting and within‐person changes in job demands, work engagement, and burnout. The findings showed that approach type of job crafting was related to increases in work engagement via increased job complexity. However, approach crafting was also associated with increases in burnout via increased workload. Avoidance type of job crafting, in turn, was related to increases in burnout and decreases in work engagement via decreased job complexity. The findings imply that job crafting may both promote and mitigate employee well‐being depending on how it changes specific features of work design and that also approach crafting may deteriorate well‐being. We discuss the practical implications of different types of job crafting on work design and employee well‐being.
Computational single phase comparative study of inclined MHD in a Powell–Eyring nanofluid
Authors: Jamshed Wasim , Al‐Kouz Wael , Mohd Nasir Nor A. A.
Published: January 2021

In this study, the heat transfer and entropy of transient non‐Newtonian Powell–Eyring nanofluid flow is studied. The nanofluid flows over a stretched flat surface, moving nonuniformly. The flow and heat transfer properties are analyzed subject to a convective heated slippery surface. This study also examined the thermal radiation, nanoparticle shapes, inclined magnetic field (B), and joule heating. The governing equations of flow are formulated in partial differential equations (PDEs). A numerical technique utilizes the Keller Box Method to find the similarity solution of the reduced ordinary differential equations, converted from PDEs by using an appropriate transformation. Two different nanofluids, copper–methanol (Cu–MeOH) and silicon carbide–methanol (SiC–MeOH), are considered in the analysis. Significant results of various parameters for the flow, heat, Skin friction (Cf), Nusselt number (Nu), and entropy analysis are described graphically. This study's remarkable finding is that the thermal conductivity in Powell–Eyring phenomena gradually increases compared to the conventional fluid. The Cu–MeOH based nanofluid is found to be a superior thermal conductor instead of the SiC–MeOH based nanofluid. The entropy of the system exaggerates with the incorporation of nanoparticle volume fraction , thermal radiation Nr, and material parameter . It is found that the slip parameters work as a retarded force to the system and decrease the system's entropy.
Relative acute toxicity of three per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances on nine species of larval amphibians
Authors: Tornabene Brian J , Chislock Michael F , Gannon Megan E , Sepúlveda Maria S , Hoverman Jason T
Published: January 2021

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread, persistent environmental pollutants known to elicit a wide range of negative effects on wildlife species. There is scarce information regarding the toxicity of PFAS on amphibians, but amphibians may be highly susceptible because of their permeable skin and dependence on fresh water. Acute toxicity studies are a first step toward understanding responses to PFAS exposure, providing benchmarks for species-specific tolerances, informing ecological risk assessment (ERA), and designing chronic toxicity studies. We conducted standardized 96-h lethal concentration (LC50) toxicity tests for perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with 9 widely distributed amphibian species native to eastern and central North America. We also conducted LC50 tests with perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) for 2 species and determined whether toxicity of PFOS and PFOA varied between life stages for 3 species. Acute toxicity varied among PFAS and species and between developmental stages within species. Across all species, toxicity of PFOS was more than 8× higher than PFOA. Salamanders in the genus Ambystoma were generally more sensitive to PFOS than were anurans (frogs and a toad). Toxicity of PFOA was highest for small-mouthed salamanders and gray tree frogs and lowest for Jefferson salamanders, American bullfrogs, green frogs, and wood frogs. Although only 2 species were exposed to PFHxS, survival was lower for green frogs than for American bullfrogs. Toxicity of PFAS also varied between developmental stages of larvae. Gray tree frogs were more sensitive at later developmental stages, and small-mouthed salamanders were more sensitive at earlier developmental stages. Our study is one of the first to report species-, developmental stage-, and compound-specific differences in sensitivity to PFAS across a wide range of amphibian species. The benchmarks for toxicity we determined can inform conservation and remediation efforts, guide chronic toxicity studies, and help predict influences on amphibian communities, thereby informing future ERAs for PFAS. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:684–689. © 2021 SETAC

KEY POINTS

There is scarce information regarding the toxicity of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) on amphibians. Across all species, toxicity of perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) was more than 8× higher than that of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) for amphibians. Toxicity of PFAS also varied between developmental stages of larvae. Our study is one of the first to report species-, developmental stage-, and compound-specific differences in sensitivity to PFAS across a wide range of amphibian species.
Modeling of Environmental Fate and Effects of Oil Leakages from Abandoned Subsea Wells Using an Environmental Impact Factor Tool
Authors: Pham Hanh HT , Lohne Hans Petter , Arild Øystein , Schlenk Daniel , Pampanin Daniela M
Published: January 2021

Potential environmental consequences of oil leakages (i.e., continuous uncontrolled releases at low flow rate over a long period of time) need to be taken into consideration in the ongoing development of plug and abandonment (P&A) activities on the Norwegian continental shelf. Regulations of P&A wells employ a “zero leakage” target; however, environmental risk monitoring strategies for permanent abandonment are not yet in place. Predicting and estimating the consequences of adverse environmental impacts through a modeling approach can play a key role in evaluating and monitoring environmental risk. In this paper, we present a modeling study of the fate and effects of an oil leakage from abandoned wells using a theoretical scenario on the Norwegian continental shelf. Environmental impact factors (EIFs) derived from the Dose related Risk and Effect Assessment Model (DREAM), previously designed to characterize the effects of produced water discharges, were used to assess impacts of leakages from abandoned wells. Exposure assessments for the EIFs were modified to include specific hydrocarbon contributions derived from different sized oil droplets from the leakages. Because DREAM is not generally used for chronic low-rate oil releases, an update of the database with chronic predicted no-effect concentrations, as input data for effects modeling, was conducted. In general, EIFs became stable after simulations of 30 d. The area from the release site and up to a few hundred meters southward had the most locations of high impact. Chronic exposure and effects on organisms potentially occurred as a steady-state effect over a long period. Risks, at which more than 95% of species will be negatively affected, appeared surrounding the release site, indicating a need for mitigation measures. These results show that the EIF tool can be used for risk management and P&A regulation by identifying potentially harmful leakages. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:626–638. © 2021 The Authors. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of Society of Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry (SETAC)

KEY POINTS

Biological exposure and effects of chronic low-rate oil leakages from plug and abandon wells can be estimated through modeling. Environmental impact factors develop in time and become more stable over long periods, and risks, that is where more than 5% of species would be affected, increase around the release site. The smaller the oil droplet sizes are, the greater the impact they may have on the marine ecosystem. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, naphthalene 1, C4 benzene, and C7 to C9 saturates should be of concern.
On the nexus of innovation, trade openness, financial development and economic growth in European countries: New perspective from a GMM panel VAR approach
Authors: Mtar Kais , Belazreg Walid
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the four‐way linkages between innovation, trade openness, financial development and economic growth using panel‐VAR approach for 11 European countries over the period 2001‐2016. Most importantly, the findings revealed that there is a unidirectional relationship between economic growth and financial development, between trade and economic growth and between innovation and financial development. The findings also revealed a negative relationship between innovation and economic growth and between trade and economic growth. The paper concludes that further regulation of financial systems and the quality of funding are important ingredients to foster economic development. The paper also concludes that country‐specific characteristics can play an important role in fostering innovation and productivity. Furthermore, policymakers should improve institutional quality and improve the regulatory environment in order to benefit more from trade openness. Also, policy makers need to use innovation incentives for local companies in order to counteract the negative effects induced by market opening.
The routine use of prophylactic Bakri balloon tamponade contributes to blood loss control in major placenta previa
Authors: Arakaki Tatsuya , Matsuoka Ryu , Takita Hiroko , Oba Tomohiro , Nakamura Masamitsu , Sekizawa Akihiko
Published: January 2021

Objective

To verify the blood loss control effect of routine prophylactic Bakri balloon tamponade on major and minor placenta previa (PP).

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all singleton pregnancies that involved cesarean section (CS) for PP at our hospital. All participants were divided into Bakri balloon (underwent routine prophylactic use just after placenta removal) and non‐balloon groups, and into major and minor PP groups. Clinical outcomes in major and minor PP were compared between balloon and non‐balloon groups.

Results

The balloon and non‐balloon groups contained 74 and 89 patients, respectively. There were 41 and 33 (balloon group) and 48 and 41 (non‐balloon group) major and minor PP cases, respectively. Intraoperative and perioperative blood losses of major PP were significantly lower in the balloon group than the non‐balloon group (1045 ml versus 1553 ml, P = 0.016; and 1189 ml versus 1810 ml, P = 0.006, respectively). The frequency of massive postpartum hemorrhage (>500 ml) with major PP was lower in the balloon group than in the non‐balloon group (2.4% versus 16.7%, P = 0.027), but with no significant difference with minor PP.

Conclusion

Routine prophylactic use of Bakri balloon tamponade during and after CS is effective in controlling blood loss in major PP.
Integrating Loss‐Driven Systems Engineering Activities
Authors: Endler David
Published: January 2021

Loss‐driven systems engineering activities are key to realizing successful systems. At the same time, loss‐driven systems engineering assessments are, in most cases, complex. In real life projects, integrating loss‐driven systems engineering activities in the system development activities might be difficult. In some cases, there is a lack of understanding the activities’ importance and sometimes there are organizational barriers. To overcome those barriers, we propose an approach based on widely accepted standards. The difficulty is most existing systems engineering standards poorly describe loss‐driven systems engineering activities and how they integrate with traditional engineering activities. This paper provides an approach to successfully accomplish this integration. It is extremely important to involve loss‐driven systems engineers in every life cycle phase. At the same time, achieving a common integrated approach understanding is necessary.
Loss‐Driven Systems Engineering and Siloism
Authors: Jackson Scott
Published: January 2021

This article discusses the siloism concept in LDSE and the use of the integrated product team (IPT) concept to mitigate it. Siloism is any project team member's unwillingness to share information especially to mitigate conflicts and overlaps among project specialties. Failure to mitigate siloism potentially reduces the entire project's effectiveness. A recognized siloism mitigation method is employing the IPT concept. This concept uses organizational structure and rigorous management combined to encourage spcialty information sharing. Aligning the organizational project structure to the physical system architecture seeks close specialty cooperation. IPTs are part of the larger concept called Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD) described in INCOSE's work (2015, 199‐203).
Enabling policy environment for water, food and energy security
Authors: Beekma Jelle , Bird Jeremy , Mersha Adey Nigatu , Reinhard Stijn , Prathapar Sanmugam Ahembaranathan , Rasul Golam , Richey Jeffrey , Campen Jouke Van , Ragab Ragab , Perry Chris , Mohtar Rabi , Tollefson Laurie , Tian Fuqiang
Published: January 2021

The complexity of water, food and energy security is analysed from the perspectives of (i) water and food and (ii) water and energy and their interconnectivity and focuses ultimately on water as a primary input into processes, the entry point for participants of the Third World Irrigation Forum.

The paper provides an overview of trends in water, food and energy security, highlights the interconnectivity between the various elements and introduces the water–food–energy nexus as a tool for improving productivity and sector policies, avoiding unintended consequences on other sectors. Invariably, there will be trade‐offs and the challenge is to find combinations of measures that have a net positive outcome. In order to quantify security in the three elements and the trade‐offs between them, emerging modelling approaches for the nexus are discussed.

Sub‐theme 3 of the forum focuses on productivity and technology interventions1 and sub‐theme 2 on stakeholder interaction. The combination of modelling, technology innovations and stakeholder participation in a water–food–energy nexus approach leads to better understanding of linkages and more robust policies and is used to derive recommendations for an enabling policy environment.
Pentagonal geometries with block sizes 3, 4, and 5
Authors: Forbes Anthony D.
Published: January 2021

A pentagonal geometry is a partial linear space, where every line, or block, is incident with points, every point is incident with lines, and for each point , there is a line incident with precisely those points that are not collinear with . An opposite line pair in a pentagonal geometry consists of two parallel lines such that each point on one of the lines is not collinear with precisely those points on the other line. We give a direct construction for an infinite sequence of pentagonal geometries with block size 3 and connected deficiency graphs. Also we present 39 new pentagonal geometries with block size 4 and five with block size 5, all with connected deficiency graphs. Consequentially we determine the existence spectrum up to a few possible exceptions for that do not contain opposite line pairs and for with one opposite line pair. More generally, given we show that there exists a with opposite line pairs for all sufficiently large admissible . Using some new group divisible designs with block size 5 (including types , and ) we significantly extend the known existence spectrum for .
Regulation of polyamine homeostasis through an antizyme citrullination pathway
Authors: Yang Yi‐Fang , Lee Chien‐Yun , Hsieh Ju‐Yi , Liu Yi‐Liang , Lin Chi‐Li , Liu Guang‐Yaw , Hung Hui‐Chih
Published: January 2021

This study reveals an uncovered mechanism for the regulation of polyamine homeostasis through protein arginyl citrullination of antizyme (AZ), a natural inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). ODC is critical for the cellular production of polyamines. AZ binds to ODC dimers and promotes the degradation of ODC via the 26S proteasome. This study demonstrates the protein citrullination of AZ catalyzed by peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) both in vitro and in cells. Upon PAD4 activation, the AZ protein was citrullinated and accumulated, leading to higher levels of ODC proteins in the cell. In the PAD4‐overexpressing and activating cells, the levels of ODC enzyme activity and the product putrescine increased with the level of citrullinated AZ proteins and PAD4 activity. Suppressing cellular PAD4 activity reduces the cellular levels of ODC and downregulates cellular polyamines. Furthermore, citrullination of AZ in the C‐terminus attenuates AZ function in the inhibition, binding, and degradation of ODC. This paper provides evidence to illustrate that PAD4‐mediated AZ citrullination upregulates cellular ODC and polyamines by retarding ODC degradation, thus interfering with the homeostasis of cellular polyamines, which may be an important pathway regulating AZ functions that is relevant to cancer biology.
The direct and indirect regulation of follicular T helper cell differentiation in inflammation and cancer
Authors: Cao Yejin , Dong Lin , He Ying , Hu Xuelian , Hou Yueru , Dong Yingjie , Yang Qiuli , Bi Yujing , Liu Guangwei
Published: January 2021

Follicular T helper (Tfh) cells play important roles in facilitating B‐cell differentiation and inducing the antibody response in humoral immunity and immune‐associated inflammatory diseases, including infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. However, Tfh cell differentiation is mainly achieved through self‐directed differentiation regulation and the indirect regulation mechanism of antigen‐presenting cells (APCs). During the direct intrinsic differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into Tfh cells, Bcl‐6, as the characteristic transcription factor, plays the core role of transcriptional regulation. APCs indirectly drive Tfh cell differentiation mainly by changing cytokine secretion mechanisms. Altered metabolic signaling is also critically involved in Tfh cell differentiation. This review summarizes the recent progress in understanding the direct and indirect regulatory signals and metabolic mechanisms of Tfh cell differentiation and function in immune‐associated diseases.
Genomic integrity and mitochondrial metabolism defects in Warsaw syndrome cells: a comparison with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Bottega Roberta , Ravera Silvia , Napolitano Luisa M. R. , Chiappetta Viviana , Zini Nicoletta , Crescenzi Barbara , Arniani Silvia , Faleschini Michela , Cortone Giuseppe , Faletra Flavio , Medagli Barbara , Sirchia Fabio , Moretti Martina , de Lange Job , Cappelli Enrico , Mecucci Cristina , Onesti Silvia , Pisani Francesca M. , Savoia Anna
Published: January 2021

Warsaw breakage syndrome (WABS), is caused by biallelic mutations of DDX11, a gene coding a DNA helicase. We have recently reported two affected sisters, compound heterozygous for a missense (p.Leu836Pro) and a frameshift (p.Lys303Glufs*22) variant. By investigating the pathogenic mechanism, we demonstrate the inability of the DDX11 p.Leu836Pro mutant to unwind forked DNA substrates, while retaining DNA binding activity. We observed the accumulation of patient‐derived cells at the G2/M phase and increased chromosomal fragmentation after mitomycin C treatment. The phenotype partially overlaps with features of the Fanconi anemia cells, which shows not only genomic instability but also defective mitochondria. This prompted us to examine mitochondrial functionality in WABS cells and revealed an altered aerobic metabolism. This opens the door to the further elucidation of the molecular and cellular basis of an impaired mitochondrial phenotype and sheds light on this fundamental process in cell physiology and the pathogenesis of these diseases.
Roles of apoptotic chondrocyte‐derived CXCL12 in the enhanced chondroclast recruitment following methotrexate and/or dexamethasone treatment
Authors: Su Yu‐Wen , Fan Jian , Fan Chia‐Ming , Peymanfar Yaser , Zhang Ya‐Li , Xian Cory J.
Published: January 2021

Intensive use of methotrexate (MTX) and/or dexamethasone (DEX) for treating childhood malignancies is known to cause chondrocyte apoptosis and growth plate dysfunction leading to bone growth impairments. However, mechanisms remain vague and it is unclear whether MTX and DEX combination treatment could have additive effects in the growth plate defects. In this study, significant cell apoptosis was induced in mature ATDC5 chondrocytes after treatment for 48 h with 10−5 M MTX and/or 10−6 M DEX treatment. PCR array assays with treated cells plus messenger RNA and protein expression confirmation analyses identified chemokine CXCL12 having the most prominent induction in each treatment group. Conditioned medium from treated chondrocytes stimulated migration of RAW264.7 osteoclast precursor cells and formation of osteoclasts, and these stimulating effects were inhibited by the neutralizing antibody for CXCL12. Additionally, while MTX and DEX combination treatment showed some additive effects on apoptosis induction, it did not have additive or counteractive effects on CXCL12 expression and its functions in enhancing osteoclastic recruitment and formation. In young rats treated acutely with MTX, there was increased expression of CXCL12 in the tibial growth plate, and more resorbing chondroclasts were found present at the border between the hypertrophic growth plate and metaphysis bone. Thus, the present study showed an association between induced chondrocyte apoptosis and stimulated osteoclastic migration and formation following MTX and/or DEX treatment, which could be potentially or at least partially linked molecularly by CXCL12 induction. This finding may contribute to an enhanced mechanistic understanding of bone growth impairments following MTX and/or DEX therapy.
Removal of lead ions from aqueous solution using phosphate‐based geopolymer cement composite
Authors: Njimou Jacques R , Pengou Martin , Tchakoute Hervé K , Sieugaing Tamwa Mary , Tizaoui Chedly , Fannang Ulrich , Lemougna Patrick N , Nanseu‐Njiki Charles P , Ngameni Emmanuel
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND

Water contaminated by heavy metals has many negative impacts on human health and the environment. According to the UN's sustainable development goals, preserving natural resources will have positive impacts on living conditions by reducing diseases. In this study, a novel adsorbent synthesized from phosphate‐based geopolymer cement composite material was developed and evaluated for lead removal from aqueous solutions. The developed adsorbent is made from natural resources using a facile protocol, and thus it is suitable for both developed and developing countries.

RESULTS

Analyses of mineralogical composition, pore‐size distribution and surface of the synthesized phosphate‐based geopolymer cement composite were performed. A microporous structure was observed from the microstructural characterization. Geopolymer cement was immobilized with sodium alginate to fabricate alginate–geopolymer cement beads (Alg/GES). The parameters influencing the adsorption process were investigated in batch mode. The obtained results showed that the adsorption capacity of Pb(II) ions increased with time and equilibrium was reached in 90 min. The optimum adsorption pH was 4.17. The experimental results showed that the adsorption equilibrium of Pb(II) on Alg/GES was well described by the Freundlich and Langmuir models whereas the adsorption rate was well fitted by the pseudo‐second‐order kinetics model. The maximum adsorption capacity obtained from the Langmuir isotherm was qmax = 0.38 mmol g−1. From the Dubinin–Radushkevitch isotherm model, the value of the free adsorption energy was 41 kJ mol−1.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with other adsorbents, Alg/GES exhibited a greater adsorption capacity confirming that the phosphate‐based geopolymer cement can be suitable for removal of heavy metals from wastewaters. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
A smartphone‐based petrographic microscope
Authors: Di Febo Roberta , Casas Lluís , Antonini Andrea
Published: January 2021

Photomicrographs of thin sections provide a swift and efficient means of sharing information for consultation, education, documentation and publication within the Geosciences and related areas. In general terms, the main way to capture digital microscopic images involves the use of a mounted camera unit on a high‐end costly benchtop microscope. However, freehand methods to capture microscope‐scale images using a smartphone, as well as smartphone adapters that can be attached to a microscope have emerged during recent years. This paper presents the design features of a costless system able to obtain photomicrographs without requiring a conventional microscope. The imaging device is comprised of a mini‐objective lens attached to a smartphone and a structure that allows it to focus as well as to rotate the stage and to insert/remove a polarized sheet. The quality and magnification of the images attainable from the new design is comparable to the images normally obtained by a conventional petrographic microscope using a ×4 objective and a ×10 ocular (total magnification ×40).
Acquired platelet dysfunction in newly diagnosed myeloma
Authors: Mortimer Joshua , Gray Nicola , Desborough Michael , Baker Peter , Kothari Jaimal , Eyre Toby
Published: January 2021

This is a case of an unexpected and dramatic bleeding complication in a patient post‐bone marrow biopsy performed for investigation of an IgA paraprotein with the results confirming multiple myeloma. Subsequent investigations were suggestive of an acquired platelet disorder indicated by abnormal platelet light aggregometry readings. It was observed that the impaired platelet aggregation corrected on reduction of the paraprotein load following commencement of antimyeloma treatment and plasma exchange. This case is of significant clinical relevance as it highlights a risk factor for serious complication in patients undergoing procedures in those with untreated plasma cell dyscrasias.