bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Data Offloading in UAV-Assisted Multi-Access Edge Computing Systems: A Resource-Based Pricing and User Risk-Awareness Approach
Authors: Mitsis Giorgos , Tsiropoulou Eirini Eleni , Papavassiliou Symeon
Published: April 2020

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-assisted Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) systems have emerged recently as a flexible and dynamic computing environment, providing task offloading service to the users. In order for such a paradigm to be viable, the operator of a UAV-mounted MEC server should enjoy some form of profit by offering its computing capabilities to the end users. To deal with this issue in this paper, we apply a usage-based pricing policy for allowing the exploitation of the servers’ computing resources. The proposed pricing mechanism implicitly introduces a more social behavior to the users with respect to competing for the UAV-mounted MEC servers’ computation resources. In order to properly model the users’ risk-aware behavior within the overall data offloading decision-making process the principles of Prospect Theory are adopted, while the exploitation of the available computation resources is considered based on the theory of the Tragedy of the Commons. Initially, the user’s prospect-theoretic utility function is formulated by quantifying the user’s risk seeking and loss aversion behavior, while taking into account the pricing mechanism. Accordingly, the users’ pricing and risk-aware data offloading problem is formulated as a distributed maximization problem of each user’s expected prospect-theoretic utility function and addressed as a non-cooperative game among the users. The existence of a Pure Nash Equilibrium (PNE) for the formulated non-cooperative game is shown based on the theory of submodular games. An iterative and distributed algorithm is introduced which converges to the PNE, following the learning rule of the best response dynamics. The performance evaluation of the proposed approach is achieved via modeling and simulation, and detailed numerical results are presented highlighting its key operation features and benefits.
Going by an English Name: The Adoption and Use of English Names by Young Taiwanese Adults
Authors: Baresova Ivona , Pikhart Marcel
Published: April 2020

It is easy to understand why Taiwanese students play the part of the name assigned to them in English class, but why do so many of them continue to use this name long after their school years? A survey of young Taiwanese adults, with follow-up interviews, investigated how and why they acquire and use an English name. The results mirror previously reported tendencies and suggest some new insights into the motivation and functionality of this practice. The data show that self-identification with their Western name offers pragmatic social and cultural advantages, including international identity, escape from rigid cultural formalities impeding social advances, establishing friendliness without getting too close, as well as self-expression. As concerns the often discussed nature of English names, the results indicate that the selection of an English name is influenced by Chinese name selection practice, the tendency to make the name unique or somehow related to the Chinese name, and especially by its intended role. As in previous studies, we found some unusual names, but these were used mainly as a nickname in communication with peers.
Social Sensing of the Imbalance of Urban and Regional Development in China Through the Population Migration Network around Spring Festival
Authors: Zhu Ruoxin , Lin Diao , Wang Yujing , Jendryke Michael , Xin Rui , Yang Jian , Guo Jianzhong , Meng Liqiu
Published: April 2020

Regional development differences are a universal problem in the economic development process of countries around the world. In recent decades, China has experienced rapid urban development since the implementation of the reform and opening-up policy. However, development differs across regions, triggering the migration of laborers from underdeveloped areas to developed areas. The interaction between regional development differences and Spring Festival has formed the world’s largest cyclical migration phenomenon, Spring Festival travel. Studying the migration pattern from public spatiotemporal behavior can contribute to understanding the differences in regional development. This paper proposes a geospatial network analytical framework to quantitatively characterize the imbalance of urban/regional development based on Spring Festival travel from the perspectives of complex network science and geospatial science. Firstly, the urban development difference is explored based on the intercity population flow difference ratio, PageRank algorithm, and attractiveness index. Secondly, the community detection method and rich-club coefficient are applied to further observe the spatial interactions between cities. Finally, the regional importance index and attractiveness index are used to reveal the regional development imbalance. The methods and findings can be used for urban planning, poverty alleviation, and population studies.
Small Queuing Restaurant Sustainable Revenue Management
Authors: Kim Kwangji , Kim Mi-Jung , Jun Jae-Kyoon
Published: April 2020

When competitive small restaurants have queues in peak periods, they lack strategies to cope. However, few studies have examined small restaurants’ revenue management strategies at peak times. This research examines how such small restaurants in South Korea can improve their profitability by adapting their price increases, table mix, and the equilibrium points of the utilization rates, and reports the following findings based on the analysis of two studies. In Study 1, improving profitability by increasing prices should carefully consider the magnitude and timing. In Study 2, when implementing the table mix strategy, seat occupancy and profit also increase, and we further find the equilibrium points of the utilization rates. Under a queuing system, the utilization rate and average waiting time are also identified as having a trade-off relationship. The results provide insights into how managers of small restaurants with queues can develop efficient revenue management strategies to manage peak hours.
Sistem Informasi Pertanian Berbasis Kecerdasan Buatan (E-Tandur)
Authors: Amalia Nina , Rachman Oscar , Surahman Roni
Published: April 2020

Topik dari penelitian ini adalah perancang suatu model sistem informasi pertanian yang berbasiskan Internet of Things yang digunakan sebagai media untuk meningkatkan presisi kualitas hasil pertanian. Penyusun data sistem informasi ini adalah berupa data tabular, yaitu data angka dari data tanah, tanaman dan ketersediaan air dan data spasial berupa data luas, posisi dari lahan pertanian. Metode yang digunakan adalah Farming System Analysis (FSA) dan untuk perancangan pembuatan sistem informasinya menggunakan metode pendekatan berorientasi objek. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah didasarkan kepada sering berubahnya angka tingkat kelayakan panen pada sektor pertanian. Saat ini tingkat kelayakan hasil panen tidak hanya terjadi pada lahan yang tidak produktif tetapi juga merambah ke lahan yang produktivitasnya baik. Maka dari itu diperlukan adanya sistem informasi yang dapat mengamati angka kelayakan hasil panen yang akan dihasilkan oleh sektor pertanian. Dengan mengintegrasikan sistem informasi ke dalam sektor pertanian, akan menghasilkan peningkatkan kualitas, kuantitas, ketahanan dan mengefektifkan biaya produksi pertanian, dan menggeser paradigma penerapan dari Object Oriented kepada Smart Object Oriented berbasiskan Internet of Things.
Sistem Informasi Pelayanan Masyarakat pada Kantor Desa Tanimulya Kabupaten Bandung Barat
Authors: Riady Ivan , Hasugian Leonardi Paris
Published: April 2020

Peran sebuah kantor desa dalam wilayah pedesaan merupakan hal yang penting dalam pelayanan masyarakat terutama yang berhubungan dengan administratif. Saat ini proses administratif masyarakat di Kantor Desa Tanimulya seperti pembuatan berbagai surat pengantar/keterangan masih dilakukan secara konvensional dan tidak terorganisir, sehingga seringkali terjadi antrian yang menumpuk di Kantor Desa Tanimulya. Warga Desa Tanimulya juga seringkali mengeluhkan sulitnya melakukan pelaporan dan pengaduan terhadap berbagai hal atau memberikan saran untuk kemajuan desa. Selain itu, tidak adanya media informasi yang mudah diakses oleh warga menyebabkan warga kesulitan dalam mengakses informasi atau berita penting yang dikeluarkan oleh Kantor Desa Tanimulya. Untuk itu Penulis mengemukakan bagaimana merancang dan membangun sistem informasi pelayanan masyarakat Desa Tanimulya dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan tersebut. Penulis melakuan pengumpulan data primer dan sekunder, menganalisis data, merancang dan membangun menggunakan model prototipe dengan alat bantu Unified Modelling Language, menguji menggunakan metode black box, dan mengimplementasikan secara menyeluruh. Alhasil sistem informasi yang dibangun berbasis website dalam jaringan internet melibatkan masyarakat, ketua RT, ketua RW, staf dan kepala Desa Tanimulya. Dengan adanya sistem informasi tersebut mampu mengefisiensikan pelayanan administratif masyarakat dan mengefektifikan distribusi informasi kepada masyarakat Desa Tanimulya.
Kontakt Lens Kullanan Bir Hastada Bacillus cereus’ a Bağlı Keratit Olgusu
Authors: AYHANCI Tuğba , KÖROĞLU Mehmet , ALTINDİŞ Mustafa , ÖLMEZ Mehmet , ALİŞAN Sibel
Published: April 2020

Bacillus cereus hava, su ve toprakta bol miktarda bulunan, sporlu, aerobik ya da fakültatif anaerobik olabilen gram pozitif basildir. Bakteriyel keratit, korneanın bakteriyel enfeksiyonu sonucu gelişen inflamasyon ve doku yıkımı ile karakterize oküler enfeksiyon hastalığıdır. B.cereus, çok nadiren kerattit etkeni olmakla beraber gözde yıkıcı etkiler oluşturarak hızla görme kaybına neden olan enfeksiyonlara yol açabilmektedir. Burada Kontakt lens kullanımı, oküler yüzey hastalıkları, kornea travması, immünosüpresif ilaçların kullanımı, postoküler cerrahi ve kornea grefti bakteriyel keratit için risk faktörlerini oluşturmaktadır. Bu vaka sunumunda B.cereus ile kontamine olmuş kontakt lens kullanan hastada gerçekleşen keratit olgusu sunulmaktadır. Literatür verileri incelendiğinde Türkiye’den bildirilen B.cereus kaynaklı ilk keratit olgusu olduğu düşünülmektedir.
Hastanemizin göz polikliniğine sol gözünde batma hissi, ağrı ve şişlik nedeni ile başvuran ve kontakt lens kullanan 28 yaşındaki kadın hastanın gece yatarken lensini çıkarmadığı ve yaklaşık bir ay önce kontakt lens gözünde bulunduğu halde darp edildiği öğrenildi. Lens solüsyonu ve göz sürüntü materyali kültür amacı ile mikrobiyoloji laboratuvarına gönderildi. Ertesi gün üreyen bakterinin kütle spektrometrisi (VITEK MS®, bioMérieux, Fransa) ile identifikasyonu yapılarak bakterinin B.cereus olduğu saptandı. Topikal moksifloksasin göz damlası (5X1), saat başı suni gözyaşı ve göz pomadı (2X1) ile 10 günlük tedavi sonrası hastada keratitin tamamen iyileştiği saptandı.
Shallow core drilling of the Upper Cretaceous Chalk at Stevns Klint, Denmark
Authors: Stemmerik Lars , Surlyk Finn , Klitten Kurt , Rasmussen Susanne L. , Schovsbo Niels
Published: April 2020

The Upper Cretaceous – Danian succession in Denmark and most of NW Europe is composed mainly of chalk and associated shallower water carbonates deposited in a wide epeiric sea during an overall global sea-level highstand (e.g. Surlyk 1997). The Maastrichtian–Danian chalk has been intensely studied over the last 20 years, since it forms the most important reservoir rock for hydrocarbons in the North Sea Central Graben (e.g. Surlyk et al. 2003; Klinkby et al. 2005). In Denmark, thousands of water wells have been drilled through the succession as about 35% of the water consumption is from Maastrichtian chalk and Danian bryozoan limestone. During 2005 the new Cretaceous Research Centre (CRC) was established jointly at Geocenter Copenhagen by the Geological Institute, University of Copenhagen and the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) with financial support from the Danish Natural Science Research Council (FNU). CRC aims at studying the Earth System in a Greenhouse World, with special emphasis on the Upper Cretaceous – Danian chalk of NW Europe. The stable, long lasting marine macro-environment represented by the chalk sea provides a unique opportunity to analyse and link the depositional, geochemical and biological responses to external forcing at time scales ranging from the sub-Milankovitch to the million year range. The studies will be based on a wide range of methods, including seismic stratigraphy, palaeoecology, sequence-, cyclo- and biostratigraphy, isotope geochemistry, sedimentology and time series analysis. This paper presents the first preliminary results of a CRC drilling campaign at Stevns Klint, eastern Denmark (Fig. 1), where two shallow boreholes were drilled and logged from near the base of the Danian bryozoan limestone and down through the upper 350–450 m of the very thick Upper Cretaceous chalk section (Vejbæk et al. 2003). The cores represent the first complete sections through the Maastrichtian chalk of eastern Denmark.
Review of Survey activities 2010
Authors: Christiansen Flemming G.
Published: April 2020

This Review of Survey activities presents a selection of 19 papers reflecting the wide spectrum of activities of the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland, from the microscopic to the plate-tectonic level. The Survey's activities in Denmark and surrounding areas are illustrated by 12 articles covering petroleum geology, groundwater geology, applied marine geology, Quaternary stratigraphy, sea-level changes, disposal of radioactive waste and the use of satellite radar data to detect elevation changes. The depth of two earthquakes has been determined using data from array stations in Canada and Niger. Activities in Greenland are covered by six papers dealing with mineral and petroleum exploration. One paper comes with further evidence that the controversial Wegener Fault is a myth. The influence of recent climate change on the Greenland ice sheet is the subject of another article; 2010 was the warmest year ever recorded in Greenland, and the ice sheet is losing mass at an accelerating rate. The Survey's international activities are the subject of a paper dealing with quality control of geophysical data in Ghana.
Differentiation of Palaeogene sand by glauconitic and geochemical fingerprinting, Siri Canyon, Danish North Sea
Authors: Olivarius Mette , Knudsen Christian , Svendsen Johan B.
Published: April 2020

The submarine Siri Canyon is NE–SW-oriented and located in the Danish North Sea (Fig. 1). It contains a number of oil reservoirs with glauconite-rich sand. The reservoirs of interest in the Nini oil field are the Late Paleocene Tyr Member of the Lista Formation and the Kolga Member of the Sele Formation (Schiøler et al. 2007), presumably of Early Eocene age. These members have previously been known as the Ty and Hermod members (Hamberg et al. 2005; Poulsen et al. 2007). The sand shows signs of injection, both in cores and in seismic data. The aim of this work is to chemically characterise and fingerprint the sand in order to reveal the origin of the sand found in three horizontal wells, which could have been injected from one or both of the Tyr and Kolga members. Core samples were collected from two vertical wells of known stratigraphy to make a basis of comparison, whereas samples of the cuttings were collected from the three horizontal wells with ages primarily corresponding to the Kolga Member. The purpose was moreover to evaluate whether cuttings samples can be used for fingerprinting as an alternative to core samples.
A digital, spatial, geological model of the Miocene in Jylland, Denmark
Authors: Kristensen Margrethe , Vangkilde-Pedersen Thomas , Skovbjerg Rasmussen Erik
Published: April 2020

A major hydrogeological programme has been carried out to map the Miocene succession in central and southern Jylland (Fig. 1). The Miocene deposits comprise several aquifers with potential drinking water resources and have been investigated by drilling and acquisition of seismic data integrated with sedimentology and biostratigraphy. Scharling et al. (2009) described a 3D hydrogeological model that covers part of the onshore Danish Miocene deposits. The model was based on a sequence-stratigraphic approach and led to a better understanding of the geological architecture of the aquifers than traditional lithofacies models. Hence it was decided to establish a digital, spatial, geological model covering the entire onshore Miocene succession (Kristensen et al. 2010).
Postglacial, relative shore-level changes in Lillebælt, Denmark
Authors: Bennike Ole , Jensen Jørn Bo
Published: April 2020

The brackish Baltic Sea and the more saline Kattegat are connected by three straits, Lillebælt, Storebælt and Øresund (Fig. 1). Of the three straits, Lillebælt is the narrowest, with 700 m at its narrowest point, widening out towards the south to around 25 km (Fig. 2). In the narrow parts of Lillebælt, water depths around 30–50 m are common. In the northern part of Lillebælt the depth is 16–18 m and in the southern part the depth is around 35 m. Storebælt and Øresund have played important roles as outlets during the history of the Baltic Sea, and their histories have been much discussed (Björck 1995; Bennike et al. 2004). In contrast, Lillebælt has received little attention. In this paper we present 11 new radiocarbon accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) ages and propose a curve for Holocene relative shore-level changes in Lillebælt. We use the term shore-level changes rather than sea-level changes because we have constructed both lake-level and sea-level changes.
Palaeogene deposits in North-East Greenland
Authors: Nøhr-Hansen Henrik , Nielsen Lars Henrik , Sheldon Emma , Hovikoski Jussi , Alsen Peter
Published: April 2020

Scattered occurrences of Palaeogene sediments are found in North-East Greenland, where they overlie unconformably Cretaceous sediments and are capped by Palaeogene basalts. These sediments have received little attention (Watt 1994), except for relatively recent studies (Nøhr-Hansen & Piasecki 2002; Jolley & Whitham 2004; Larsen et al. 2005; Heilmann- Clausen et al. 2008). As part of an ongoing petroleum geological study that focuses on the Jurassic–Cretaceous succession, the Palaeogene sediments were included to better constrain their age, depositional environment and relation to the basalts. Several localities were investigated on Wollaston Forland, Sabine Ø and Hold with Hope, a few of which are described here (Fig. 1).
Kennedy Channel and its geophysical lineaments: new evidence that the Wegener Fault is a myth
Authors: Rasmussen Thorkild M. , Dawes Peter R.
Published: April 2020

2010, the year under review, marks the centennial of perhaps the most controversial structure in the Arctic: the Wegener Fault, the 1000-km long fracture that is supposed to underlie Nares Strait and define the north-western margin of an independent Greenland plate (Fig. 1). The seaway between Greenland and Ellesmere Island, Canada, was branded a megashear by Frank Taylor who, purely on physiographic expression, postulated massive Tertiary strike-slip (Taylor 1910). This revolutionary idea fittingly found a place in Alfred Wegener’s theory of continental drift and thereafter in plate-tectonic theory with Greenland drifting hundreds of kilometres from North America along what Tuzo Wilson subsequently dubbed the ‘Wegener Fault’ (Wilson 1963). Today, the concept lives on. In modern palaeogeography, Nares Strait is given a long multiphase dynamic history with collision of Greenland and Canada in the Palaeogene (Fig. 1). A freely drifting Greenland plate unconstrained by ties to North America is now part of conventional wisdom as related in textbooks, review articles and educational material available on the internet. Accordingly, the Wegener Fault is a standard feature in international compilations of world geology (e.g. UNESCO 2010; Fig. 2). Unfortunately, this 100-year acclamation from Taylor (1910) to UNESCO (2010) is fundamentally flawed: the rocks and their relationships at Nares Strait flatly contradict the existence of the structure.
Bölgesel-Evrişimsel Sinir Ağları ile Retina Görüntülerindeki Lezyonların Tespiti
Authors: UZUN Süleyman
Published: April 2020

Şeker hastalığı gözün yapısını etkileyen ve görme kayıplarına sebep olan bir hastalıktır. Göz yapısında çok çeşitli lezyon türlerinin oluşmasına neden olur. Retina görüntüleri üzerinde bulunan bu lezyonlar farklı hastalıkların belirtisi olmaktadır. Bu hastalıkların başında en bilineni diyabetik retinopati rahatsızlığıdır. Bu rahatsızlığı erken teşhis ve tedavisinde lezyonların tespiti oldukça önemli olmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada, retina görüntüleri üzerinde bulunan lezyonların tespiti için Bölgesel-Evrişimsel Sinir Ağları temelli bilgisayar destekli tespit sistemi önerilmiştir. Önerilen bu sistemle göz hastalıkları alanda çalışan uzmanların teşhis ve tedavisine destek olması hedeflenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan retina görüntüleri STARE, DIARETDB0 ve DIARETDB1 veri tabanlarından elde edilmiştir. Kullanılan veri tabanlarında bulunan görüntülerin %70’i eğitim ve %30’u test görüntüsü olarak ayrılmıştır. Bölgesel-Evrişimsel Sinir Ağları, eğitim aşamasında çok fazla veriye ihtiyaç duymasından dolayı eğitim görüntülerin etiketlenmesi amacıyla dikdörtgen şeklinde ve tek görüntü üzerinden birden fazla alanın seçilmesine imkan sağlayan bir bölge seçicide tasarlanmıştır. Retina görüntüleri derin öğrenme uygulamalarında sıkça kullanılan cifar-10 ön-eğitimli ağı üzerinde eğitilmiştir. Eğitimler sonunda yapılan test işlemlerinde STARE, DIARETDB0 ve DIARETDB1 veri tabanlarında sırasıyla lezyonu bölgeyi bulma başarımları %91, %98.53 ve %93.01 doğruluk ile başarılı bir şekilde tespit etmiştir.
INTEGRATED STATE VARIABLE OF PERSISTENT CONTACT JOINTS OF PARTS OF CUTTERS WITH BLOCK-MODULAR STRUCTURE
Authors: Kravtsov A.
Published: April 2020

The increase in the health of block cutters when achieving the operational characteristics of persistent contact joints of their elements is considered. The results of changes in the regulated parameters of the surface profile of the block housing using the saturation phenomenon are presented. The operational characteristics of block cutters change their values during operation, due to wear of frequently replaced parts (for example, 100 changes of cutting blocks correspond to the operating mode of contacting surfaces when normal pressure is applied at Pn = 10 MPa and relative speed of 10 m/min per 1 minute), as well as elastoplastic deformations of their elements. By these characteristics we mean the performance (rigidity of the structure, the flexibility of its parts, etc.) tools. Their change causes deviations of the specified properties of the surfaces of the parts of the cutters from the set values. Preset properties include the state of contact when irregularities in the profile of the deformable surface fill the depressions of the contacted surface. In order to minimize such deviations, it is necessary to achieve a state of the surface layer of contact pairs of elements so that these parameters stabilize (reach equilibrium values) during operation. For this, it is proposed to use the complex state variable of the surface layer for contact compounds with saturation.
MORPHOLOGY AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SURFACE OF STEEL 10895 AT THE INITIAL STAGE OF GRINDING WITH A WHEEL MADE OF CUBIC BORON NITRIDE
Authors: Nosenko V. , Fetisov A. , Kuznetsov S.
Published: April 2020

The results of the study of the morphology and chemical composition of the surface of 10895 electrical steel obtained during the first period of grinding with a wheel made of cubic boron nitride on a ceramic bond are presented. It is shown that in comparison with grinding in the same conditions of titanium alloy, the intensity of the adhesive interaction of the abrasive tool with the processed material is significantly less. Despite a significant decrease in the intensity of adhesive interaction with the abrasive material, wear products of the grinding wheel were found on the treated surface of the steel. The results of morphological and electron microprobe analyses allow to identify the products of wear, as the crystals of cubic boron nitride.
PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS OF SOLVING TECHNOLOGICAL PROBLEMS OF THE CUTTING PROCESS CONTROL OR HOW TO TEACH THE CNC SYSTEM OF A LATHE TO DETERMINE RELIABLE VALUES OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS
Authors: Plotnikov A. , Frolov E. , Zhdanov A. , Tikhonova Zh.
Published: April 2020

The problems and directions in solving technological problems of the turning process control in new generations of CNC systems equipped with technical intelligence are considered. A solution to the problem of selecting reliable values of the main parameters of the cutting process is proposed using the example of calculating the cutting speed by introducing an additional informative value of the properties of each contact pair into the structure of the calculation models.
OPTIMALCONTROL OF LIQUID-GAS EJECTORABSORBER
Authors: Zalipaeva O. , Yaschuk V. , Postupaeva S. , Mgarbel M.
Published: April 2020

The issues of intensification and optimization of the technological regime of liquid-gas ejector absorbers are considered. The method for optimal controlof such absorber using a microprocessor controller and SCADA-system is described.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED MACHINING CELL FOR MECHANICAL PROCESSING OF THE COMPOSITE HOUSINGEGP.1000TYPE
Authors: Kadygrova T. , Fedorova N. , Kozlovtseva N. , Krylov E.
Published: April 2020

An improvement of a composite housing EGP.1000 typemachining is considered. The analysis of the composite housing EGP.1000 typecurrentprocessing is given. The manufacturing routing is described amidst present settings and under automated machining cell conditions.
WHEEL WALKING PLATFORM FOR AGRO-ROBOT
Authors: Kalinin Ya. , Semenov S. , Surganov N. , Shabanov S.
Published: April 2020

This article is devoted to the study of wheel-walking platforms for solving agricultural problems. First, the tasks of agriculture that robots can solve will be described. Next, the general principles of wheel-walking platforms will be described and their advantages compared to traditional options. The next step will be considered ATHLETE wheel-walking platform. In the final part of the article, a conclusion will be formed.
Dialogue Highlights from the LEPH2019 Panel on Police Mental Health and Well-Being
Authors: Kamkar Katy , Edwards Grant , Hesketh Ian , McFee Dale , Papazoglou Konstantinos , Pedersen Paul , Sanders Katrina , Stamatakis Tom , Thompson Jeff
Published: April 2020

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Lembar Test Ilmu Sejarah
Authors: Hazmi Muhammad Haris Fadhilah
Published: April 2020

Lembar Test Ilmu Sejarah
Liberating Afghan Women
Authors: Gallagher Nancy
Published: April 2020

Public opinion in the United States and elsewhere celebrated the liberation of Afghan women following the defeat of the Taliban government. The United States promised to stay in Afghanistan and foster security, economic development, and human rights for all, especially women. After years of funding various anti- Soviet Mujahidin warlords, the United States had agreed to help reconstruct the country once before in 1992, when the Soviet-backed government fell, but had lost interest when the warlords began to fight among themselves. This time, however, it was going to be different. To date, however, conditions have not improved for most Afghan women and reconstruction has barely begun. How did this happen? This article explores media presentations of Afghan women and then compares them with recent reports from human rights organizations and other eyewitness accounts. It argues that the media depictions were built on earlier conceptions of Muslim societies and allowed us to adopt a romantic view that disguised or covered up the more complex historical context of Afghan history and American involvement in it. We allowed ourselves to believe that Afghans were exotic characters who were modernizing or progressing toward a western way of life, despite the temporary setback imposed by the Taliban government. In Afghanistan, however, there was a new trope: the feminist Afghan woman activist. Images of prominent Afghan women sans burqa were much favored by the mass media and American policymakers. The result, however, was not a new focus on funding feminist political organizations or making women’s rights a foreign policy priority; rather, it was an unwillingness to fulfill obligations incurred during decades of American-funded mujahidin warfare, to face the existence of deteriorating conditions for women, resumed opium cultivation, and a resurgent Taliban, or to commit to a multilateral approach that would bring in the funds and expertise needed to sustain a long-term process of reconstruction.
Arab Tribes, the Umayyad Dynasty, and the `Abbasid Revolution
Authors: Marín-Guzmán Roberto
Published: April 2020

This essay analyzes the role played by the Arab tribes in the expansion of Islam, the consolidation of Dar al-Islam [House of Islam], as well as in power and administration during the Umayyad dynasty. Given the traditional rivalries between the Mudar and the Qahtan tribes, each confederation of tribes led the expansion of Islam in a different direction: the Mudar toward the east, and the Qahtan toward the west. The Umayyads controlled power by exploiting tribal disputes. The same practice, skillfully used by the `Abbasids, expelled the Umayyads from power and ushered in a new dynasty.
The Rise of the Liberal Islam Network (JIL) in Contemporary Indonesia
Authors: Ali Muhamad Ali
Published: April 2020

This paper seeks to shed some light on liberal Islamic movements in Indonesia, with specific reference to the Liberal Islam Network (Jaringan Islam Liberal [JIL]). It examines the network’s political, organizational, and intellectual origins, and also addresses an important alternative topic at a time when most scholarly research on contemporary Islam is focused on the phenomenon of Islamic fundamentalism.1 The article’s importance lies in its examination of the network’s rise in light of oversimplified views regarding contemporary Islam’s supposed homogeneity. JIL can be regarded as a social movement that is primarily intellectual in origin and orientation, but one that also has to face continued dialogues with political, social, and cultural circumstances. This paper will argue that JIL’s rise is a product of dynamic local, national, and international circumstances that lead to intellectual dynamism among the younger generation of Indonesian Muslims.
The Jundishapur School
Authors: Söylemez Mehmet Mahfuz
Published: April 2020

Located in the region of Alam (modern Khuzistan), Jundishapur was founded by the Sassanid emperor Shahpur I in 260. This city was home to the Jundishapur school (madrasah), one of the most important science centers in history, that harmonized within itself classical Greek philosophy, Indian culture, and the Persian scientific heritage. This fact becomes clear when one looks at its rich curriculum, which ranges from medical science and pharmacology to philosophy. This complex consisted of several sections, such as a medical school (bimaristan), a pharmacology laboratory, a translation bureau, a library, and an observatory. It also had a deep influence on Islamic culture and civilization through its professors, who, in the early years of `Abbasid rule, began to settle in the capital city of Baghdad and eventually established a similar school modeled on their school in Jundishapur. From that point on, these professors made a significant contribution to Muslim medical science and philosophy.
Islamic Banking and Finance in Theory and Practice
Authors: Samad Abdus , Gardner Norman D. , Cook Bradley J.
Published: April 2020

This paper’s primary objective is to identify the relative importance of various Islamic financial products, in theory and in practice, by examining the financing records of the Bank Islam Malaysia (Berhad) and the Bahrain Islamic Bank. Currently, seven available Islamic financing products are considered viable alternatives to interest-based conventional contracts: mudarabah (trust financing), musharakah (equity financing), ijarah (lease financing), murabahah (trade financing), qard al-hassan (welfare loan), bay` bi al-thaman al-ajil (deferred payment financing), and istisna` (progressive payments). Among these financial products, mudarabah and musharakah are the most distinct. Their unique characteristics (at least in theory) make Islamic banks and Islamic financing viable alternatives to the conventional interest-based financial system. The question before us is to determine the extent of mudarabah and musharakah in Islamic financing in practice. The data are as follows: the average mudarabah is 5% of total financing, and the average musharakah is less than 3%. The combined average of mudarabah and musharakah for the two Islamic banks is less than 4% of the total finance and advances. The average qard al- hassan is about 4%, while istisna` does not yet exist in practice. Murabahah is the most popular and dominates all other modes of Islamic financing. The average use of murabahah is over 54%. When the bay` bi al-thaman al-ajil is added to the murabahah, the percentage of total financing is shown to be 2.68%. This paper also explores some possible reasons why these two Islamic banks appear to prefer murabahah to mudarabah and musharakah.
Vagueness
Authors: Perley David
Published: April 2020

In the Sufi Ibn `Arabi’s mystical discourse, a performative “language of unsaying” is generated from the tensions and paradoxes that arise from the attempt to articulate the ineffable nature of a transcendent divine. However, such forms of language also occur in his attempts to articulate the elusive nature of the barzakh, an intermediate property of all existent things and beings. His use of language invokes not only issues of ineffability arising from a transcendent object, but also the dynamic relation between the ineffable and the intermediate. The analytical concept of “vagueness” helps to clarify such concepts as the barzakh by showing how these symbols are, relatively speaking, “precise” representations. Such a linguistic, philosophical knot is built into the mystical, pedagogical tradition of Ibn `Arabi’s Sufism, necessitating a distinction between how contemporary analytical philosophers and Sufi thinkers like him think about vagueness, while also emphasizing the sophisticated understanding of language at the heart of his Sufism.
The Islamic Philosophy of Labor and Crafts
Authors: Mohamed Yasien
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this essay is to compare the views of the Ikhwan al-Safa’, Isfahani, and Ibn Khaldun on labor, not to trace their influences, which would require separate treatment. However, we could presume the direct or indirect influence of figures such as the Ikhwan al-Safa’. A study into the attitudes toward labor is important for understanding a society’s economic rise or decline.
Reconstructing Islam
Authors: Peterson Kristian
Published: April 2020

During the sixteenth century when Islam was already established in China, Chinese Muslims began to critically examine their understanding of Islamic knowledge and how to transmit it to future generations. Traditional tutelage based on purely Arabic and Persian sources generally evaded a Muslim population that, for the most part, could no longer read the available rare Islamic texts. The subsequent reconstruction of Islamic knowledge and education emphasized the intersections between the Chinese and the Muslim communities’ cultural and religious heritages. The new specialized educational system, “scripture hall education” (jingtang jiaoyu), utilized Chinese as the language of instruction and incorporated aspects of traditional Chinese literati education in collaboration with newly retrieved Islamic sources from the Muslim heartland. The ensuing standardization and organization of curriculum and pedagogical techniques enabled peripatetic students to replicate this system throughout China. It also allowed the religious community’s leaders to direct the discourse concerning Islam and disseminate a specific interpretation of religious knowledge. This is most clearly displayed through the Han Kitab, the canonized corpus of Chinese Islamic texts written, approximately, during 1600-1750. This literature articulated Islamic principles through the lexicon of literary Chinese and replicated the ideology highlighted by the educational network. This paper analyzes why Islamic knowledge was lost and traces how the new educational system transformed the indigenous Islamic discourse, articulated through the Han Kitab literature, to reflect a distinctive Chinese Muslim interpretation of the faith.
Beijing Rides the Bandwagon
Authors: Cuthbert Ross
Published: April 2020

This paper offers a critical assessment of the Chinese Communist Party’s post-9/11 efforts to build international support for its security activities in its Xinjiang province. Xinjiang has traditionally presented the party with a particular challenge. It is remote and relatively underdeveloped, has borders with seven countries, and, most importantly, is inhabited by a large, concentrated, and restive Islamic minority known as the Uygurs. The party is very concerned about the presence of separatist elements among the Uygur population. Beijing’s activities to control such elements have traditionally been quite secretive. However, after 9/11, a Beijing-released report claimed that Xinjiang’s separatist activity is Islamist in nature and that groups operating within the region have ties to al-Qaeda and the Taliban. I argue that inconsistencies surrounding this report tend to undermine the party’s position. Furthermore, given the nature of Islamic practice in Xinjiang and the historical development of Uygur-Han relations in the region, it is more likely that the primary motivations for separatism are rooted in ethno-nationalist, rather than religious, considerations.
Maqasid al-Shari`ah, Maslahah, and Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Dusuki Asyraf Wajdi , Abdullah Nurdianawati Irwani
Published: April 2020

The doctrine of corporate social responsibility (CSR), which has emerged and developed rapidly as a field of study, is a framework for the role of business in society. It sets standards of behavior to which a company must subscribe in order to impact society in a positive and productive manner while abiding by values that exclude seeking profit at any cost. Despite the many attempts to construe CSR initiatives, it remains open to wide criticism for its inherent problems via-à-vis justification, conceptual clarity, and possible inconsistency. These problems are more acute when it comes to implementing and operationalizing CSR on the ground, especially in a situation that involves trade-offs. This paper offers an instructive understanding of CSR from an Islamic perspective. In particular, the implication of maqasid al-Shari`ah (the Shari`ah’s objectives) and the application of maslahah (the public good) to CSR are discussed in detail to shed light on how Islam’s holistic and dynamic perception of CSR take into consideration reality and ever-changing circumstances. These principles also provide a better framework that managers can use when faced with potential conflicts arising from the diverse expectations and interests of a corporation’s stakeholders.
The Fourth Wave of Democratization
Authors: Olimat Muhamad S.
Published: April 2020

The tragic events of 9/11 provided the impetus for a fourth wave of democratization in the Arab world. This new phase contains a democratic opportunity that is gathering momentum and, if managed well, will materialize into a genuine transition to democracy across the region. Under this wave, democratization is a matter of security, necessity, and moral imperative. The long-term western policy of “order” at the expense of “change” has proven detrimental to world peace. In this wave, Islamists seem to be leading the way in landslide electoral victories. Dealing with them is unavoidable if democratization is to succeed. Simultaneously, Islamists must reciprocate pragmatically, conducting themselves as reliable partners or else their political demise is imminent. I examine the post-9/11 predicament of democracy in the Arab world and discuss its strengths, weaknesses, achievements, and failures in comparison with previous attempts. Elections are perceived as necessary – but not necessarily – sufficient, steps for regimes to qualify as democratic. Elections that result in substantive institutional reform certainly enhance the prospects of such a transition. Some intellectual contributions continue within the trend of the third wave’s “exclusionary” thought, thereby creating a sort of “gap” vis-à-vis incorporating the region within the global trends of democratization. This article remedies that deficiency.
The Monetary Thought of Two Sixteenth-Century Muslim Scholars
Authors: Islahi Abdul Azim
Published: April 2020

Muslim scholars of the sixteenth century continued the tradition of writing on economic issues. Their work, however, is characterized by the period’s overall feature of imitation and repetition and thus reflects hardly any advancement of monetary thought since the works of earlier Muslim scholars. This is clearly reflected in the two representative treatises on money: those of al-Suyuti (d. 1506), written at the beginning of the century, and of al-Tumurtashi (d. 1598), written at its end. The history of Islamic economic thought is a well-researched area of Islamic economics. To the best of our knowledge, however, all such research stopped at the end of the fifteenth century, the age of Ibn Khaldun and al-Maqrizi. The present paper seeks to advance this research and intends to investigate the monetary thought of Muslim scholars during the sixteenth century (corresponding to the hijr¥ years of 906 to 1009.) Beginning with an overview of earlier monetary thought in Islam to provide the necessary background information, it then goes on to note that particular century’s monetary problems in order to provide a perspective for the discussion of monetary thought among Muslim scholars. For the purpose of comparison, European monetary thought of the same period is also analyzed. Due to limitations of time and space, this paper concentrates on the relevant treatises and does not deal with the piecemeal opinions scattered throughout the voluminous corpus of Islamic literature. Thus, it focuses on al-Suyuti and al-Tumurtashi, as I could locate only their two exclusively monetary works. Hopefully this modest initiative will spur others to conduct more extensive research on the subject.
Black Muslim Theology and the Classical Islamic Tradition
Authors: Williams Wesley
Published: April 2020

Elijah Muhammad declared unapologetically that “God is aman.” This anthropomorphist doctrine does violence to modern normative Islamic articulations of tawú¥d (monotheism), the articulations of which involve God’s “otherness” from the created world. The Nation of Islam (NOI), therefore, has been the target of polemics from Muslim leaders who, from within and without the United States, have declared its irredeemable heterodoxy. But in premodern Islam, heresy was in the eye of the beholder and “orthodoxy” was a precarious and shifting paradigm. This paper attempts to, in the words of Zafar Ishaq Ansari, “examine how the ‘Nation of Islam’ fits into the framework of Islamic heresiology.”
The Ship and the Stranger
Authors: Satha-Anand Chaiwat
Published: April 2020

Relying on a metaphorical approach aiming to produce effects that could change how the world is seen and to help free Muslims from restrictive and conventional religious understanding, this paper discusses the issues of governance and Islam by using the metaphors of “the ship” and “the stranger.” It argues that both help illuminate the idea of “soft governance” in Islam, understood as an attempt to meaningfully connect a multiplicity of actors from different terrains with complex relationships among themselves in the process of governing with a far more pluralistic conceptualization of power.
Diversity and Exclusivity
Authors: Adeel M. Ashraf
Published: April 2020

It is argued that religions seem to insist, paradoxically, on both exclusivity and diversity to inspire passionate commitment on the one hand and to allow for genuine choice of religion on the other. The argument is developed with special reference to Islam, with hints of similar strands of thought in Judaism and Christianity. The paradoxicality of this position of religions is similar to Kierkegaard’s interpretation of faith, as exhibited byAbraham in his sacrifice. Interpreting religions in this way provides us with a better context for understanding the exclusivism/pluralism debate.
Jihad in Islam
Authors: Raja Masood Ashraf
Published: April 2020

Using classical and current definitions of jihad and theories of globalization and neoliberalism, this essay discusses jihad and current jihadist movements within their reactive and responsive relationships to the material conditions of the Islamic world in general and of Pakistan in particular. Written in response to the essentialist claims of American neoconservative scholars, it suggests that jihadist militancy is not inherently Islamic, but rather a product of the material political conditions created by the Muslim colonial experience and perpetuated by the destabilizing influence of power politics, neoliberal capital, and the failure of the national promise of the postcolonial Muslim nation-states.
Islamic Legal Perspectives on Genetically Modified Food
Authors: Bouzenita Anke Iman
Published: April 2020

Genetically modified food (GMF) is part of our reality as consumers worldwide. The techniques and possibilities involved require an Islamic legal (fiqhi) study in order to determine the assumptions underlying its consumption, production, and related research. This paper places the study of GMF within a holistic context by taking into consideration the societal background and rationale within which it has been developed. It investigates the possibility of transferring such fiqhi devices as istihalah (chemical transformation), istihlak (extreme dilution), and others to GMF in regard to combining genetic material from permissible and non-permissible sources; raises several questions and concerns about using the maqasidi scheme; and discusses GMF’s permissibility under the aspects of changing creation or “harnessing nature.”
The Role of the Chularajmontri (Shaykh al-IslOEm) in Resolving Ethno-religious Conflict in Southern Thailand
Authors: Yusuf Imtiyaz
Published: April 2020

The century-old conflict in southern Thailand, which began with Siam’s annexation of the former Malay sultanate of Negara Patani in 1909, reemerged viciously in 2004 – with no end in sight. The Thai state expected that its official head of the Muslim community at the national level, the chularajmontri (shaykh al-Islam), whose office was set up in 1945 to integrate all Thai Muslims into the new nation-state of Thailand (formerly called Siam), would lay a significant role in resolving the southern conflict. Thus, this office was entrusted with tackling the issue of ethno-religious nationalism among the southern Muslims, an important factor lying at the root of this conflict. The office was expected to address the Thai nation-state’s political and socio-religious needs via promoting a pro-integration religious interpretation of Islam. This paper contends that its failure to contribute toward the conflict’s resolution lies in the differences in the two parties’ historical, ethnic, and religious interpretations of Islam.