bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elastic snow properties for the optimization of weak layer fracture toughness estimates
Authors: Walet Melin , Schöttner Jakob , Adam Valentin , Rheinschmidt Florian , Schweizer Jürg , Rosendahl Philipp , Weissgraeber Philipp , van Herwijnen Alec
Published: March 2024

Dry-snow slab avalanches release due to crack propagation in a weak layer inside the snowpack. Understanding the fracture characteristics of the weak layer is essential for describing the onset of crack propagation and hence for predicting avalanche release. Avalanches release on steep slopes, thus crack propagation is a mixed mode fracture problem. Yet, thus far little is known about the mixed-mode fracture toughness of weak layers, a material property describing the resistance to crack growth under different loading conditions, from mode I normal to the crack faces to mode II parallel to the crack face.Here, we present experiments that were conducted to derive a full range interaction between mode I and mode II fracture toughness of natural weak layers. Using a mechanical model, we derived fracture toughness values under different mixed-mode loading conditions. Crucial model variables are the elastic properties of the slab and the weak layer, which we retrieved from high-speed video recordings of the experiments and digital image correlation. These elastic properties allow for optimization of the estimates for weak layer fracture toughness values. Our results show that the specific fracture energy is larger in mode II than in mode II. This agrees with the behavior observed in other materials.In future we will investigate the fracture properties of numerous weak layer microstructures. Since the snow microstructure most likely controls the mechanical properties, a characterization of the microstructure is essential. The connection between weak layer fracture and the microstructure of weak snowpack layers can be used to ultimately improve slab avalanche forecasting.
Probabilistic centroid moment tensor inversion and rupture analysis of incuded seismic events in the Groningen gas reservoir
Authors: Weemstra Cornelis , Masfara La Ode Marzujriban
Published: March 2024

For more than a decade, earthquakes induced by natural gas extraction have been a significant societal concern in Groningen, the Netherlands. Their occurence underlines the importance of understanding earthquake source characteristics and the development of suitable and accurate characterization methods. In this study we (i) estimate the source characteristics of ten relatively strong induced events (magnitude > 2 ML) and (ii) analyse the rupture propagation of these events. The determination of the source characteristics (aspect i) involves the estimation of centroid-moment tensors (CMT) by means of an iterative workflow based on the Hamiltonian Monte Carlo algorithm. Importantly, this approach allows us to quantify the uncertainties of the model parameters (hypocenter, origin time, and moment tensor components) as the Markov Chain asymptotically approaches the posterior probability of these model parameters. The Bayesian inference problem is paired with geological prior knowledge of the Groningen subsurface (i.e., a detailed 3D velocity model and the know fault geometry). For the rupture propagation analysis (aspect ii), we employ the Empirical Green's Function method and exploit the dense sampling of the wavefield in Groningen resulting from the extensive seismic network in the region. This analysis allows us to estimate the directivity and speed of the ruptures, as such giving insight into the kinematics of the ten selected earthquakes. We find that the lateral coordinates of the estimated centroids (posterior means) are consistent with the available Groningen fault map. Furthermore, the depths are mainly distributed in the vicinity of either the top or bottom of the gas reservoir. In terms of source mechanisms, the earthquakes are predominantly explained by double-couple sources featuring normal faulting. After conversion of the mean of the ensemble of moment tensors to strike, dip, and rake, we obtain values consistent with the known fault geometry. As for the rupture propagation analysis, our results indicate that these earthquakes display a relatively minor directivity effect. In spite of the minimal effect, however, the rupture directions are mostly consistent with the strike derived from both the MTs and the available fault map. 
Towards a sedimentary organic carbon inventory of the Western Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ausín Blanca , Bossert Gina , Krake Nicola , Paradis Sarah , Haghipour Negar , Durrieu de Madron Xavier , Alonso Belén , Eglinton Timothy
Published: March 2024

Regional studies on the origin and fate of organic carbon (OC) in marine sediments are scarce due to limited spatial data coverage and the complex interplay among biological, physicochemical, and geological processes that can influence OC content and geochemical signatures on different spatial scales. Yet, such studies are vital to constrain global carbon inventories for ocean sediments.To shed light on the controls on the origin, distribution, and fate of sedimentary OC in continental margins and adjacent deep-sea basins, we investigate the geochemical and sedimentological characteristics of organic matter (OM) in the semi-enclosed Western Mediterranean Sea. Here, we analyze 149 core-top samples from the Western Mediterranean Sea and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean sector and explore the spatial distribution of OC content, OC-ẟ13C, OC-Δ14C, C/N, grain size, and mineral surface area, among others.Most geochemical parameters depict a clear SW-NE gradient between the westernmost and the easternmost basins. This gradient reverses in the Gulf of Lions (NW Mediterranean). Thus, OC is younger and of primarily marine origin in samples from the Atlantic sector and the Alboran Sea (SW Mediterranean). In the Algerian Basin, the Balearic Sea, and the Algero-Provencal Basin the influence of terrestrial OC input increases towards the NE characterized by the presence of highly 13C- and 14C-depleted (aged) sedimentary OC. Finally, samples from the Gulf of Lions show a larger influence of fresh and young OC compared to other northeastern basins.The interplay between marine primary productivity and delivery of terrestrial OC is the main factor that determines the observed gradient. Primary productivity decreases from the southwestern basins towards the NE and increases again northeasternmost basin, the Gulf of Lions. By contrast, the terrestrial OC carbon delivered by rivers and channeled to the deeper basin by canyons has an increasing influence on sedimentary OC toward the NE.When explored from a sedimentological context, our results reveal that lateral transport of OC and OM protection by mineral surfaces potentially act as secondary controls on the OC fate in surface sediments of the Western Mediterranean Sea.This integrated study contributes to a better knowledge of the interplay of biological, chemical, and hydrological factors that influence the amount and geochemical characteristics of sedimentary OC in the land-sea continuum and the deeper ocean, a fundamental consideration to constraining global carbon inventories.
Interannual Variability of Dust Storms between Mars Years 24 and 36 and analysis of dust vertical distribution of the MY 34 late-storm.
Authors: Martín-Rubio Carolina , Vicente-Retortillo Alvaro , Martínez-Esteve Gema , Gómez Felipe , Rodríguez-Manfredi Jose Antonio
Published: March 2024

Dust storms on Mars cause variations in atmospheric temperatures and dynamics due to direct solar heating and its dynamic response. These effects are most intense during the dust storm season (Ls 180º - 360º), when most global and regional storms occur and when the suspended dust reaches higher altitudes in the atmosphere. The thermal impact of these events affects the regional and global circulation of Mars. Thanks to measurements taken by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) and the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) onboard the Mars Recoinnasance Orbiter (MRO) it is possible to study the spatial and temporal variability of these storms over the last 12 Martian years (Martín-Rubio et al., 2024). Although each storm must be considered independently, it is possible to observe how the storms recur seasonally following specific patterns that allow them to be grouped according to their time of occurrence and evolution, with the recurrence patterns named as type A, B and C (Kass et al., 2016). Late northern winter large regional storms (C-type storms) show the highest variability; it appears that the occurrence of Global Dust Storms does not have a simple direct effect in the intensity of the subsequent C-type storm. We analyze recent intense type C storms (MY 34, 35 and 36, with particular focus on MY 34, when a Global Dust Storm occurred), studying the vertical, latitudinal and longitudinal dust distribution that occurred between solar longitudes Ls = 318° - 335°. This study is important to better understand the interannual variability of regional dust storms on Mars, as well as dust transport during late northern winter regional storms. References:Martín Rubio, C., Vicente-Retortillo, A., Gómez, F. and Rodríguez-Manfredi, J.A., 2024. Interannual variability of Regional Dust Storms between Mars Years 24 and 36, Icarus (under review).Kass, D. M., Kleinböhl, A., McCleese, D. J., Schofield, J. T., Smith M.D. 2016. Interannual similarity in the Martian atmosphere during the dust storm season
An ozone mini-hole associated with the record-breaking Australian bushfires 2019-2020:  ERA5 modelling and the modelled impact on surface ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Belhadji Redha , Sellitto Pasquale , Eremenko Maxim , Bucci Silvia , Dufour Gaëlle , Legras Bernard
Published: March 2024

The Australian record-breaking bushfires around the turn of the year 2020 generated an unprecedented perturbation of the stratospheric composition through the injection of biomass burning material at relatively high altitudes in the upper-troposphere—lower-stratosphere. Associated with this event, a highly stable smoke-charged anticyclonic vortex, with horizontal extent as large as about 1000 km, was observed. Due to the solar radiation absorption in this vortex, this structure was observed to rise from the initial ~15 km altitude to altitudes higher than ~35 km [Khaykin et al 2020]. This structure persisted in the stratosphere for about 3 months.Here we present a comparison between the vertically-resolved ozone fields based on the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) observations, supported by the observation of the Ozone Mapping and Profiled Suit (OMPS) associated with the smoke-charged vortex due to the Australian bushfires and the modelling of the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate (ERA5).The dynamical and/or chemical origin of this ozone mini-hole is briefly discussed. Then, ozone profile information is fed to the LibRadtran/UVSPEC radiative transfer model to estimate the impact of this ozone reduction on surface ultraviolet radiation and the results are critically discussed in terms of the possible impacts on the biosphere.Ref : Khaykin, S., Legras, B., Bucci, S., Sellitto P., Isaksen, L., Tencé, F., Bekki, S., Bourassa, A., Rieger, L., Zawada, D., Jumelet, J., and Godin-Beekmann, S.: The 2019/20 Aus- tralian wildfires generated a persistent smoke-charged vortex rising up to 35km altitude, Commun. Earth Environ. 1, 22, https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-020-00022-5, 2020.
Seismic Site Characterization of Rajasthan, India with special emphasis on Seismic Hazard Microzonation study for few major populated cities
Authors: Singh Pritam , Nath Sankar Kumar
Published: March 2024

Rajasthan, in northwestern India, lies within the Western Indian Shield's tectonic block. The state's landscape is dominated by the extensive Thar desert with diverse sand dunes, alluvial deposits, and areas featuring felsic lava flows, granitic plutons, and mafic lavas. The Aravalli range extends northeast-southwest, subducting beneath the Himalayan arc, marked by numerous parallel active faults. In the southwest, the Cambay Graben forms a rift zone with steep faults, and the north-south trending Konoi Fault at Jaisalmer is linked to intraplate seismicity. Although, Rajasthan is not classified as a high to very high-risk zone according to Bureau of Indian Standards, the emergence of unconventional seismic sources, such as induced seismicity related to anthropogenic activities like mining and reservoir-induced seismicity, underscores the evolving nature of seismic risks. The surrounding region of the state jolted time and again by several devastating earthquakes viz. 1935 Quetta earthquake of Mw 7.7 in Pakistan, 2001 Bhuj earthquake of Mw 7.6 in Gujrat and 1938 Satpura-valley earthquake of Mw 6.2 in Madhya Pradesh with MM Intensities ranging between V–VIII. Moreover, Rajasthan's increasing urbanization and infrastructure development necessitate a thorough assessment of surface-level seismic hazard in the area to safeguard lives, property, and critical infrastructure. By considering seismicity patterns, fault networks, and similarities in focal mechanisms, 12 areal seismogenic sources and additional active tectonic features were identified across various hypocentral depth ranges (0–25 km, 25–70 km and 70–180 km), and utilizing 15 Ground Motion Prediction Equations, including 6 Site-specific Next-Generation Spectral Attenuation models specific to West Central Himalaya, Kutch Region, and Central India tectonic provinces, yielded probabilistic Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) at engineering bedrock ranging from 0.08 to 0.42 g. A exhaustive geophysical and geotechnical field investigations at 600 sites have been carried out to determine the effective shear wave velocity, ranging from 223 to 956 m/s, leading to the classification of the region into nine site classes: D4, D3, D2, D1, C4, C3, C2, C1, and B. Systematic 2D non-linear site response analysis has been performed using “PLAXIS 2D” and subsequently convolution of absolute site amplification factor with PGA on firm rock condition resulted in a surface-consistent hazard ranging from 0.10 to 0.68 g. A comprehensive seismic hazard microzonation study have also been presented for four major cities, namely Jaipur, Jaisalmer, Jodhpur, and Udaipur, taking into account their significant population and cultural heritage. The findings from this study will be crucial for earthquake hazard and risk assessments of the region.
Enhancing the HYPE model for simulating dissolved organic carbon in inland surface waters
Authors: Guo Renkui , Berggren Martin , Duan Zheng
Published: March 2024

Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) in inland surface waters constitutes a significant component of the global carbon cycle, responsible for over half of the carbon transport from terrestrial ecosystems to the ocean. Computational modelling provides an effective method for monitoring spatial and temporal DOC dynamics in inland surface waters, beyond the limited information from in-situ measurements that are often sparse. Numerous process-based models have been developed for simulating DOC in inland surface waters. A common model structure for inland water DOC simulation is to simulate the soil carbon and its subsequent transport to the aquatic environment. Consequently, those models tend to have a complex terrestrial carbon module and comprehensive DOC transport processes from terrestrial to aquatic ecosystems, while their aquatic carbon simulation processes are often simplified. However, such simplification lead to insufficient representation of the interactions, which limits the model capability and undermines our understanding of complete DOC processes and dynamics.The Hydrological Predictions for the Environment (HYPE) model, a process-based semi-distributed hydrological model developed by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI), is capable of simulating water quantity (e.g., daily streamflow) and water quality (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon concentrations) at various scales. The HYPE model has been validated with reported good performance across the world and it is used by SMHI to provide many operational services in entire Sweden. The HYPE model is among the models that simplify the aquatic organic carbon cycle; it only considers primary production, mineralization, and sedimentation in the DOC simulation. This study aims to enhance the organic carbon module of the HYPE model by improving its presentation of aquatic carbon processes. Specifically, we will develop inclusion of additional key carbon pools and their interactions. For instance, two algae pools (upper and lower) would be added with consideration of algae mortality; the particulate organic carbon would be included in the carbon cycle; the inorganic carbon transport from the soil profile would be considered. As a result, the enhanced HYPE model will be able to represent more detailed aquatic carbon processes. The enhanced HYPE model will be tested in the Krycklan catchment in northern Sweden and several catchments in southern Sweden. Model performance will be evaluated at different timescales with commonly used metrics such as Kling-Gupta efficiency and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency. We will also perform detailed analyses of parameter sensitivity and model uncertainty. Our study research presents a progressive step in the modelling efforts towards a better DOC simulation and prediction of carbon transport at the catchment scale, which helps us eventually obtain a deeper understanding of DOC dynamics in inland surface waters.
Comparing different field methods to quantify surface-groundwater interaction
Authors: Glaser Daniel , Krämer Alexander , Lange Jens , Weiler Markus
Published: March 2024

Surface-groundwater interaction is an important link between hydrology and hydrogeology and can contribute considerably to groundwater recharge. However, quantification and continuous observation of water flows is challenging in practice. This may explain why surface-groundwater interaction is disregarded in many hydrogeological models so far.     In this work we test several field methods in three medium-sized streams (average discharge at outlet: 1.9-10.9 m³/s) close to the city of Freiburg, south-west Germany. We subdivide the streams into sections and monitor gains and losses by a combination of different methods. Continuous discharge data is obtained by capacitance water level recorders combined with repeated runoff measurements by electromagnetic current meter. As an alternative, we apply particle tracking algorithms to drone footage and compute surface velocities and discharge volumes. Here we also analyse different types of seeding material. Additionally, thermal drone images show surface temperature anomalies which we combine with discharge measurements to estimate groundwater intrusion. Our first data shows that continuous data collection under field conditions is challenging and can suffer from drawbacks such as flooding or tree fall. We therefore recommend redundant methods. Discharge measurements via electromagnetic current meter are generally robust but limited to medium flow conditions. Here, remote sensing via drones can provide labour-efficient alternatives. With their help, discharge measurements are possible also during high flow periods but in turn limited to areas with little or no tree cover, whereas thermal imagery is more efficient during low flow periods. Then it is well suited to locate point sources of groundwater inflow, particularly during times of strong temperature gradients between rivers and aquifers in summer or winter. Quantification of these inflows remains uncertain, though.
Bedload sediment dynamics in two contrasting alpine glacier headwater catchments
Authors: Cook Simon , Swift Darrel , Cook Kristen , Andermann Christoff , Dietze Michael , Wenban William , White Rory
Published: March 2024

Glaciated landscapes are showing an amplified reaction to global climate change. Glacial streams are the primary conveyor belts of the incipient sediment cascade, implementing the export of glacially scoured sediment to lower reaches, where the exported sediment controls fluvial geometry, valley floor evolution and ecosystem functioning, water reservoir lifetime and energy production in several alpine countries. Despite that importance, especially of the coarse bedload fraction, there is a striking lack of knowledge about the timing, magnitude and control factors of bedload flux in glacial streams. This is predominantly due to the difficulties to obtain such flux data by classic empirical approaches that require direct in-stream sampling. Here, we pursue a seismic approach to bedload transport quantification, where geophysical sensors are installed along the banks of glacial streams that continuously record ground motion caused by both the turbulent flow of the stream and coarse particle impact on the river bed. We installed small geophone networks along straight reaches of streams draining the glacierised catchments of Oberaargletscher and Steingletscher in Switzerland and recorded the target signals for several days in August 2022, when the melt driven, diurnal river stage fluctuated significantly. River level, turbidity and stream geometry were also observed. Ground parameters for the inverse seismic-model approach were determined using an active seismic survey. We present results of the instrumentation concepts, parameter estimation and data inversion. This allows a discussion of the temporal variability, non-linearity and site-specific nature of hydraulic and sediment transport patterns in catchments where sediment export is dominated by glacial processes.
Large-scale satellite mapping unveils uneven wetland restoration needs across Europe
Authors: Kovács Gyula Mate , Tong Xiaoye , Gominski Dimitri , Oehmcke Stefan , Horion Stéphanie , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: March 2024

Wetlands are crucial carbon sinks for climate change mitigation, yet historical land use changes have resulted in carbon losses and increased CO2 emissions. To combat this, the European Union aims to restore 30% of degraded wetlands in Europe by 2030. However, comprehensive continental-scale inventories are essential for prioritizing restoration and assessing high carbon stock wetlands, revealing the inadequacy of existing datasets. Leveraging 10-meter satellite data and machine learning, our study achieved 94±0.5% accuracy in mapping six wetland types across Europe in 2018. Our analysis identifies that over 40% of European wetlands experience anthropogenic disturbances, with 32.7% classified as highly disturbed due to urban and agricultural activities. Country-level assessments highlight an uneven distribution of restoration needs, emphasizing the urgent importance of data-informed approaches for meaningful restoration. This study underscores the critical need to address land use impact to preserve and enhance wetland carbon storage capabilities.
Minimizing the uncertainty in shallow borehole-temperature logging
Authors: Laepple Thomas , Hirsch Nora , Zuhr Alexandra , Shaw Fyntan
Published: March 2024

The temperature distribution through the ice sheet is a record of past climate changes. This allows reconstructing the past surface temperature history from the vertical temperature profile measured in a borehole (‘borehole palaeothermometry’). Such a reconstruction from the inversion of the heat advection-diffusion equation is independent from the analysis of oxygen isotopes in the ice but requires high-precision measurements of the borehole-temperature on the milli-Kelvin level. The precision and accuracy of the measurements is influenced by the spatial and temporal (seasonal to multi-hour) variations of the borehole temperature, the influence of the measurement setup (disturbance of the temperature profile from the borehole or snow pit drilling), the heat transfer between the ice/snow and the sensor as well as the uncertainty of the measurements (depth uncertainty and sensor precision and accuracy).  Here, we report on our efforts to quantify these uncertainties of near surface (10m) firn and shallow (~200m) borehole temperature measurements using a newly developed winch-based borehole measurement system as well as stationary chains of borehole/firn temperature sensors at replicate sites near the EDML drilling site, Antarctica.
Putting geomodels in everyone's hands - An app for visualizing 3D subsurface geomodels in Augmented Reality
Authors: Wieczoreck Björn
Published: March 2024

Started as a project at a geoscientific hackathon in 2018 and released to the public in 2020, GST[AR] is an app-based attempt of utilizing Augmented Reality (AR) to bring 3D geological data to almost everyone with a smartphone or tablet. In this way, multiple european-based geological surveys already offer some of their models to experts and interested users alike today. 3D subsurface models especially are great for public engagement and education as they are easier to grasp and fun to interact with. GST[AR] joined the growing list of tools that allow users to visualize geological data without the need for expensive and proprietary software, but chose to do it with the rather novel technology of AR.AR holds great potential since it is a fun and intuitive way to interact with 3D data and is readily available on most portable devices. Enabling users to directly manipulate a 3D scene is essential for user engagement, but also for gaining a deeper understanding of the spatial relations and dimensions. Simpler methods like creating an animation, or still image, of a 3D model fall short in that regard because they lack the interactive component. Compared to AR, Virtual Reality is allowing for a much higher level of immersion, but it also comes at the cost of a more convoluted and expensive setup and user isolation.GST[AR] offers the user a list of multiple data sources, providing additional background information for some of them. After a model and a set of features have been selected, the downloaded 3D model can be placed in AR. The app then gives the user the means to scale or rotate the model, and even to look "below the surface" by highlighting individual parts. It is also possible to share a session with multiple peer devices to view the same model in the same physical space and spark a conversation. In these sessions every user is able to manipulate the model or place down markers to make sure that all peers know what specific part is being discussed at the moment.While a connection to a running instance of GST Web to download subsurface models was required in the past, a tool has been developed that allows everyone to convert input data into an app friendly state and host it on their own machine. At the point of writing this abstract, this is limited to GoCad and Wavefront (OBJ) input files, but the plan is to expand that list in the future. A new way of opening models within the app by means of simply scanning a QR code aims to make it easier and faster to engage with potential users. In this presentation we will look into the capabilities of the app, ways for everyone to utilize their own models, and the potential this holds for conferences and education.
Predictability of the low pressure systems leading concurrent events in the Iberian Peninsula.
Authors: Alvarez-Castro Carmen , Faranda Davide , Gallego David , Peña-Ortiz Cristina , Torralba Veronica , Gualdi Silvio
Published: March 2024

Filomena was an extratropical cyclone in early January 2021 that was most notable for bringing unusually heavy snowfall to parts of Spain, with Madrid recording its heaviest snowfall in over a century, and with Portugal being hit less severely. Filomena caused severe winds, heavy rainfall and snowfall in different parts of the country but also occurring at the same time. The atmospheric pattern during the event of Filomena was a rare one characterized by a low intrinsic predictability. Despite the number of studies focusing on the detection and characterization of extreme events in Western Europe, our knowledge regarding the predictability of such occurrences remains limited. By studying the intrinsic predictability of an extreme event, we can know the capacity we have to anticipate it, thus being able to take action for the minimization of its impacts by using early warning systems.In this work, we show first an overview of the intense low pressure systems (including Filomena) that have recently struck specific cities/regions of the Iberian Peninsula with concurrent events. We assess their predictability and, finally, we perform an attribution study of these events to climate change.
Bivariate Flood Frequency Analysis of Krishna River using Copula Theory
Authors: Badoni Aditya , Chavan Sagar
Published: March 2024

Copula theory has received attention in the field of hydrology. Copula function is used toderive the multivariate distribution of variables. Using copula have an advantage thatmarginal distribution of independent variables can be of any form and the variables can becorrelated. Flood frequency analysis (FFA) help us to quantify the risk associated with flood.In this study copula theory is used for flood frequency analysis of Krishna River in India.Four stations (i.e., Kurundwad, Huvinhedigi, K. Agrharam, and Wadenpally) was selected onKrishna river basin. Peak over threshold method (POT-method) was used to select theindependent events for analysis. Using methodology provided in Flood Estimation Handbook(FEH), Volume and Duration data is extracted from the selected events. The jointdependence structure of flood variables is derived, for frequency analysis of Peak Flow (P),Flood Volume (V), and Flood Duration (D). Best fit marginal distributions of these floodvariables are determined using five parametric (Normal, Exponential, Extreme value,Lognormal, and Gamma distribution) and one non-parametric (Kernel distribution)probability distributions. Kolmogorov-Smirnov & Anderson-Darling test was performed tofind out the best fit distribution for flood variables. For modelling of the joint dependencestructure of peak flow-volume (P-V), flood volume-duration (V-D), peak flow-duration (P-D), five Archimedean family of copulas, namely Independence, Clayton, Frank, Gumbel-Hougaard, and Ali-Mikhail-Haq Copulas are evaluated. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) test usingRosenblatt’s probability integral transformation was used to find out the best fitted copula forbivariate models. Clayton copula has been identified as the best fitted copula for all thebivariate models considered. Clayton copula function is used to obtain conditional returnperiods, Conditional return periods of flood characteristics can be useful for risk based designof water resource projects.
Role of Dynamical and Thermodynamical processes in shaping Diurnal Cycle of Rainfall over the Western Ghat of India
Authors: Verma Utkarsh , Pokhrel Samir , Saha Subodh Kumar
Published: March 2024

Diurnal Variability is one of the most fundamental modes of the global climate system arising from solar radiation variations. The precipitation over the Indian subcontinent region has significant diurnal variation as per the topographical settings of the landmass. Among the various regions with the maximum diurnal amplitude (MDA) of precipitation over India, MDA over Western Ghat (WG) is perfectly aligned along the coastal boundary.The peculiarity of the WG region is the position of the coastally aligned mountain range stretching from Gujarat to Kerala with an average elevation of 1200m and during monsoon season with the presence of speedy low-level jet (LLJ), this range acts as a barrier to anchor precipitation over them. The MDA over this region tends to be positioned slightly inland, on the windward side of the hills and is closely associated with the geographic locations of mountain peaks over WG. Here we have attempted to understand the phase and amplitude of diurnal precipitation variation on two distinct physical regimes predominantly governed either by dynamics (DR) or thermodynamics (TR). Based on the speed of the (LLJ) we have identified 370 and 458 days from the monsoon season of 21 years, with dominant physical processes being dynamical and thermodynamical respectively. We found a substantial enhancement of MDA over the entire span of the WG region encompassing the region over the sea, coast, and land during TR which is in stark contrast to DR where MDA is concentrated mostly over the coastal side northern and central western Ghat region. This difference is also visible in the diurnal phase with gradual (abrupt) changes in TR (DR). During TR the weakened LLJ leads to the local thermodynamics to dominate, and very strong land and sea breezes are initiated, along with an unstable hot and humid boundary layer making favorable conditions for diurnal precipitation to take place. This is entirely different in DR wherein the stronger LLJ does not allow to establish a stronger temperature gradient between land and ocean leading to a lessening of diurnal rain. The storm-top height indicates the presence of low-level congestus (deep congestus) clouds during DR (TR). Thus, the diurnal rain, along with cloud types and involved microphysics is totally different in these two physical regimes. This study will be very useful for identifying the errors in the diurnal rain simulated by models segregated by dynamical or thermodynamical processes separately.
When one becomes many: Including complex channel systems in large scale flood models
Authors: Hawker Laurence , Neal Jeffrey , Wortmann Michel , Slater Louise , Liu Yinxue , Gebrechorkos Solomon H. , Leyland Julian , Ashworth Philip J. , Vahidi Ellie , Nicholas Andrew , Bennett Georgina , Boothroyd Richard , Cloke Hannah , Griffith Helen , Delorme Pauline , McLelland Stuart , Tatem Andrew J. , Parsons Daniel , Darby Stephen E.
Published: March 2024

Over 70% of flood events recorded in the past two decades in the Global Flood Database and WorldFloods dataset have occurred in locations where complex channel systems occur. Here we define complex channel systems as parts of the river network that diverge, such as bifurcations, multi-threaded channels, canals and deltas. Yet, large scale flood models have, until now, used only single-threaded networks due to the lack of a river network that reflects complex channel systems . Therefore, these large-scale models fundamentally misrepresent the physical processes in these often highly populated areas, leading to sub-optimal estimates of flood risk.Using the new Global River Topology (GRIT) dataset, a global bifurcation and multi-directional river network (Wortmann et al. 2023), we extend the river channel bathymetry estimation routine of Neal et al. (2021) to model multi-channels with LISFLOOD-FP. We compare the multi-thread model results to observations and to previous versions of LISFLOOD-FP using a single-threaded river network in the Indus, Mekong and Niger rivers at 1 arc second (~30m). By using GRIT, we find marked improvements in model results, observing better connectivity to areas of the floodplain that are far from the main channel and more channel floodplain interactions in wetlands. This work paves the way to further our understanding of global flood risk and to finally consider the diverse, evolving nature of geomorphologically active river networks. As this work progresses, we will continue to model a typology of bifurcations and multi-directional rivers to help further our understanding of the significance of complex river systems.Neal, J., Hawker, L., Savage, J., Durand, M., Bates, P., & Sampson, C. (2021). Estimating river channel bathymetry in large scale flood inundation models. Water Resources Research, 57(5), e2020WR028301.Wortmann, M., Slater, L., Hawker, L., Liu, Y., & Neal, J. (2023). Global River Topology (GRIT) (0.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7629908
Reproducible Workflows and Compute Environments for Reusable Datasets, Simulations and Research Software
Authors: Correa Alan , Yildiz Anil , Kowalski Julia
Published: March 2024

The pursuit of reproducibility in research has long been emphasized. It is even more critical in geohazards research and practice, where model-based decision-making needs to be transparent for trustworthy applications. However, enabling reproducibility in process-based or machine learning workflows requires time, energy, and sometimes manual operations or even unavailable resources. Moreover, the diversity in modern compute environments, both in hardware and software, significantly hinders the path to reproducibility. While many researchers focus on reproducibility, we advocate that reusability holds greater value and inherently requires the former. Reusable datasets and simulations can allow for transparent and reliable decision support, analysis as well as benchmarking studies. Reusable research software can foster composition and faster development of complex projects, while avoiding the reinvention of complicated data structures and algorithms.Establishing reproducible workflows and compute environments is vital to enable and ensure reusability. Prioritising reproducible workflows is crucial for individual use, while both reproducible compute environments and workflows are essential for broader accessibility and reuse by others. We present herein various challenges faced in coming up with reproducible workflows and compute environments along with solution strategies and recommendations through experiences from two projects in geohazards research. We discuss an object-oriented approach to simulation workflows, automated metadata extraction and data upload, unique identification of datasets (assets) and simulation workflows (processes) through cryptographic hashes. We investigate essential factors, such as software versioning and dependency management, reproducibility across diverse hardware used by researchers, and time to first reproduction/reuse (TTFR), to establish reproducible computational environments. Finally, we shall explore the landscape of reproducibility in compute environments, covering language-agnostic package managers, containers, and language-specific package managers supporting binary dependencies.
The Mobius2 model building system
Authors: Norling Magnus
Published: March 2024

When constructing and applying models it is important to take into account scale, data availability and the research question it is applied to. With the ability to rapidly modify models and combine sub-modules one can more easily experiment and fit models to specific requirements and move away from the models-of-everywhere paradigm. The Mobius2 framework allows for this with minimal effort on the part of the researcher. It also includes separation of hydrodynamic transport from biochemistry modules, fast run speeds, time scale invariance, a user interface with inbuilt autocalibration and sensitivity analysis, batch run scripting, the ability to easily configure complex transport networks between soil, rivers, lakes, and more.
The new earthquake catalog of the Gargano (Southern Italy) OTRIONS seismic network.
Authors: Ferreri Andrea Pio , Romeo Annalisa , Giannuzzi Rossella , Cecere Gianpaolo , de Lorenzo Salvatore , Falco Luigi , Filippucci Marilena , Michele Maddalena , Selvaggi Giulio , Tallarico Andrea
Published: March 2024

The OTRIONS seismic network (University of Bari Aldo Moro, 2013, FDSN code OT) is a local network installed in the Apulia region (Southern Italy) with the aim of monitoring the seismicity of the Gargano area (Northern Apulia) and the Salento area (Southern Apulia). OT network is managed by the University of Bari Aldo Moro (UniBa) and by the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV). It started to operate in 2013 and in 2019 the recording stations migrated to EIDA (all details can be found in Filippucci et al., 2021a). In 2021 a first database was collected, with the event detection achieved both manually and automatically with SeisComP3 (Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam), and was released (Filippucci et al., 2021a; Filippucci et al., 2021b).Now, after ten years of operations, we focus on the microseismicity of the Gargano area with the aim of collecting a new seismic database for the period from April 2013 to December 2022, by using a recently acquired software, CASP (Complete Automatic Seismic Processor), for the automatic detection, picking and location of seismic events (Scafidi et al., 2019). The CASP software is installed on a remote server implemented by RECAS-Bari, the computational infrastructure of INFN and UniBa.Through an appropriate parameter setting, we adapted CASP and NonLinLoc (Lomax et al., 2000) to the Gargano area and to the seismic stations available, both OT and INGV. We used the 1D velocity model of Gargano (de Lorenzo et al., 2017). The recorded seismic events were organized in two catalogs: the first one is the automatic catalog, obtained from the automatic locations of CASP; the second one is the manual catalog, obtained through a manual revision of P and S waves arrival times. To evaluate the reliability of CASP, a comparison between the automatic and manual catalog was performed.From a comparison of the manual catalog with the already released catalog of the Gargano seismicity (Filippucci et al., 2021b), the number of events detected by CASP increased a lot. Furthermore, the results show that the choice of the CASP parameters allows us to lower the minimum magnitude threshold of the recorded microseismicity in the Gargano area. Preliminary analysis of the earthquakes foci shows that the seismicity pattern retrace, substancially, the same discussed in the work of Miccolis et al., 2021.
Comparison of solar energetic particle observations from Solar Orbiter, near-Earth spacecraft and STEREO-A during Solar Orbiter's Earth gravity assist maneuver in November 2021 and its close encounter with STEREO-A in December 2022
Authors: Kollhoff Alexander , Jense Stefan , Dröge Henrik , Kühl Patrick , Gómez Herrero Raúl , R.-Pacheco Javier , Wimmer-Schweingruber Robert F. , Heber Bernd
Published: March 2024

On November 27, 2021, Solar Orbiter has performed a gravity assist maneuver at the Earth and in December 2022 Solar Orbiter and STEREO-A were separated by less than 0.2 au. The periods around these two events provide unique opportunities to compare Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) observations from Solar Orbiter with corresponding observations from near-Earth missions and STEREO-A. The proximity of the different spacecraft offers a useful opportunity to compare the calibrations of the various particle instruments of the different spacecraft. Furthermore, the unique constellations can be used to study small-scale changes in the density distributions of the SEPs.We will present observations of near-relativistic electrons with energies from 50 keV to 400 keV as well as observations of protons with energies from 50 keV to 50 MeV. In particular, we use the period around the Earth gravity assist maneuver for a comparison of measurements from the Electron Proton Telescope (EPT) and the High Energy Telescope (HET) aboard Solar Orbiter with measurements from the Electron Proton and Alpha Monitor aboard the Advanced Composition Explorer (ACE), the 3DP instrument aboard Wind and the Electron Proton Helium Instrument (EPHIN) aboard SOHO. The period around the close encounter with STEREO-A is used for a comparison of EPT and HET observations with measurements from the High Energy Telescope (STA/HET) and the Solar Electron and Proton Telescope (SEPT) aboard the STEREO-A spacecraft. For both periods we discuss the instrument calibrations and possible physical explanations for differences in particle observations. Funding: This work was supported by the German Space Agency (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt, e.V., (DLR)) under grant number 50OT2002 and has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No. 101004159 (SERPENTINE). 
A questionnaire-based review on the role of hydrological models in operational drought management: Insights from the Netherlands
Authors: Lam Marleen , Bos-Burgering Liduin , Melsen Lieke , van Oel Pieter , Coenders Miriam , Bartholomeus Ruud , Hellegers Petra , Teuling Ryan
Published: March 2024

The recent report from the Joint Research Centre (JRC) of the European Commission emphasizes a growing impact of drought on the whole of Europe, worsened by climate change. Even in temperate climates such as the Netherlands, the impact of droughts is on the rise. Drought can be divided into three stages: meteorological drought, soil moisture drought, and hydrological drought. These stages often coincide with specific policy phases that require different approaches. In the Netherlands, these policy phases are Phase 0 (focused on drought adaptation), Phase 1 (addressing impending water scarcity), Phase 2 (managing actual water shortages), and Phase 3 (dealing with an area-wide crisis). Each phase involves a shift in organizational management. Phase 0 and, to some extent, Phase 1 focus on strategic development for drought, while operational management is important from Phase 1 through Phase 3 as the drought progresses. Decision-making in these phases is often supported by specialized tools, with hydrological numerical models often playing a key role, either embedded in monitoring dashboards or directly used by water managers. This research aims to uncover the role of hydrological models as decision-support tools across different drought phases. In this way, this study wants to contribute to the development of effective decision-support tools for drought management as drought is expected to increase in frequency and intensity. The Netherlands is chosen as a case study because of the novelty of drought events, the prevalence of model-based water management systems, and regional variations in water management practices. The primary research methods include a survey and interviews. 
SoilPulse – A software package for semi-automated metadata management and publication
Authors: Devátý Jan , Lenz Jonas , Jackisch Conrad
Published: March 2024

Every model calibration/validation task is as good as the range of data available for the task and using other team’s data can greatly enhance the calibration outcome for wider range of conditions. Lot of data was gathered during the long research history on soil erosion, but the interoperability of this data is in many cases hindered by inhomogeneous data structure of the single datasets, if these are at least available digitally. The analysis and aggregation of existing digital data sets is a complicated task due to vastly heterogeneous field situations, various spatio-temporal scales involved, different experimental setups and equipment, and numerous repository types and structures. Resources often lack sufficient description in metadata making it hard for humans and impossible for computers to fully understand the structure and contents of the data set. The missing common data management and data structure format in soil erosion research can be seen as major drawback, which hampers data reusability and scientific exchange and progress. However, expecting all the research teams to adopt a common data management approach is naïve.Within the NFDI4Earth pilot SoilPulse (soilpulse.github.io) we aim to develop a software library responsible for handling metadata from existing data sets of various types. The package will contain tools for metadata extraction (if already existing), creation (by parsing the data set and recognizing metadata elements), representing by a common general metadata scheme, storing the resource’s metadata image, and providing tools to query the storage to reach all available data sets fitting particular conditions.The poster presents a SoilPulse package structure, intended process-flow of interactive dataset registration and recognition, and metadata mining tools overview. As SoilPulse is in active development we highly appreciate comments, hints and impulses to further improve the tool!