bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DNA barcoding species inventory of Microgastrinae wasps (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from a Mexican tropical dry forest
Authors: Fernández‐Flores S. , Fernández‐Triana J. L. , Martínez J. J. , Zaldívar‐Riverón A.
Published: April 2013

The cosmopolitan Microgastrinae is probably the most diverse braconid subfamily of parasitoid wasps, yet its species diversity is far from being known. As part of a global initiative for DNA barcoding Microgastrinae species, here we show the results of a study that assessed the species richness of this subfamily in a Mexican tropical dry forest located in the Chamela region, near the Pacific coast of Jalisco. Barcoding sequences of a total of 551 microgastrine specimens were generated, corresponding to 238 haplotypes. Performance of two species delineation approaches, a 2% corrected pairwise distance criterion and the general mixed Yule‐coalescent (GMYC) method, yielded 100 and 112 putative species, respectively, which belong to 13 genera. The species delimited by the above two approaches were mostly congruent with our morphospecies identification. Ten molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs) were split into twenty‐two species by the GMYC approach. We found morphological differences between the GMYC species corresponding to three of these MOTUs. Thus, a total of 103 microgastrine species were confirmed for the region of study. Thirty‐three species were only represented by males, and therefore, their generic assignment is only tentatively proposed. Fornicia, Dolichogenoidea, Distatrix, Glyptapanteles and Pholetesor represent new generic records for the Mexican territory. A new record for the country is also provided for the Diolcogaster‐basimacula species group. Based on a comparison of nearly 20 000 barcoding sequences released for Microgastrinae from 75 countries, only five microgastrine species from Chamela were found to occur in other countries, four in Costa Rica and one in Canada and the United States.
Next step for reducing seabird bycatch
Authors: Sha J.
Published: April 2013

Read the Feature Paper: Estimates of seabird incidental catch by pelagic longline fisheries in the South Atlantic Ocean

Other Commentaries on this paper: Finding the missing pieces: working to solve the fisheries bycatch puzzle; Requisite improvements to the estimation of seabird by‐catch in pelagic longline fisheries

Response from the authors: Incidental catch of seabirds: strengthening observer programs and increasing cooperation
Stylet‐ or forceps‐guided tube exchanger to facilitate GlideScope® intubation in simulated difficult intubations – a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Jeon W. J. , Shim J. H. , Cho S. Y. , Baek S. J.
Published: April 2013

The GlideScope® videolaryngoscope is widely used in the management of the difficult airway. However, passing the tracheal tube through the vocal cords can be awkward, and the use of a stylet to guide insertion is recommended. This randomised controlled trial evaluated a forceps‐guided tube exchanger as an alternative to the stylet to aid intubation with the GlideScope in patients undergoing anaesthesia, with a simulated difficult airway created by the application of a semi‐rigid cervical collar. Data were analysed from 178 patients randomly assigned to undergo intubation using either the stylet (n = 88) or a forceps‐guided tube exchanger (n = 90). All intubations were completed successfully, with first attempt rates of 93.2% using the stylet and 94.4% using the exchanger (p = 0.597). The mean (SD) intubation time was 67.8 (28.7) s in the stylet group and 66.1 (15.5) s in the forceps‐guided tube exchanger group (p = 0.11). The frequency of sore throat 1 h after extubation was 34.1% in the stylet group and 2.2% in the tube exchanger group (p < 0.001); 24 h after extubation the corresponding figures were 40.0% and 11.1% (p < 0.001). Using a forceps‐guided tube exchanger may offer an advantage over a stylet in guiding tracheal intubation when the GlideScope is used.
The impact of internet and simulation‐based training on transoesophageal echocardiography learning in anaesthetic trainees: a prospective randomised study
Authors: Sharma V. , Chamos C. , Valencia O. , Meineri M. , Fletcher S. N.
Published: April 2013

With the increasing role of transoesophageal echocardiography in clinical fields other than cardiac surgery, we decided to assess the efficacy of multi‐modular echocardiography learning in echo‐naïve anaesthetic trainees. Twenty‐eight trainees undertook a pre‐test to ascertain basic echocardiography knowledge, following which the study subjects were randomly assigned to two groups: learning via traditional methods such as review of guidelines and other literature (non‐internet group); and learning via an internet‐based echocardiography resource (internet group). After this, subjects in both groups underwent simulation‐based echocardiography training. More tests were then conducted after a review of the respective educational resources and simulation sessions. Mean (SD) scores of subjects in the non‐internet group were 28 (10)%, 44 (10)% and 63 (5)% in the pre‐test, post‐intervention test and post‐simulation test, respectively, whereas those in the internet group scored 29 (8)%, 59 (10)%, (p = 0.001) and 72 (8)%, p = 0.005, respectively. The use of internet‐ and simulation‐based learning methods led to a significant improvement in knowledge of transoesophageal echocardiography by anaesthetic trainees. The impact of simulation‐based training was greater in the group who did not use the internet‐based resource. We conclude that internet‐ and simulation‐based learning methods both improve transoesophageal echocardiography knowledge in echo‐naïve anaesthetic trainees.
Trials and tribulations of skin iontophoresis in therapeutics
Authors: Roustit Matthieu , Blaise Sophie , Cracowski Jean‐Luc
Published: April 2013

Iontophoresis is a method of non‐invasive transdermal drug delivery based on the transfer of charged molecules using a low‐intensity electric current. Both local and systemic administration are possible; however, the skin pharmacokinetics of iontophoretically delivered drugs is complex and difficult to anticipate. The unquestionable theoretical advantages of the technique make it attractive in several potential applications. After a brief review of the factors influencing iontophoresis, we detail the current applications of iontophoresis in therapeutics and the main potential applications under investigation, including systemic and topical drugs and focusing on the treatment of scleroderma‐related ulcerations. Finally, we address the issue of safety, which could be a limitation to the routine clinical use of iontophoresis.
SH2B3 (LNK) mutations from myeloproliferative neoplasms patients have mild loss of function against wild type JAK2 and JAK2 V617F
Authors: Koren‐Michowitz Maya , Gery Sigal , Tabayashi Takayuki , Lin Dechen , Alvarez Rocio , Nagler Arnon , Koeffler H. Phillip
Published: April 2013

Somatic point mutations in the PH domain of SH2B3 (LNK), an adaptor protein that is highly expressed in haematopoietic cells, were recently described in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms. We studied the effect of these mutations on the JAK2 signalling pathway in cells expressing either wild type JAK2 or the JAK2 V617F mutation. Compared to wild type SH2B3, PH domain mutants have mild loss of function, with no evidence for a dominant‐negative effect. Mutants retain binding capacity for JAK2, an established SH2B3 target, as well as for the adaptor proteins 14‐3‐3 and CBL. Our data suggest that the loss of SH2B3 inhibitory function conferred by the PH domain mutations is mild and may collaborate with JAK2 V617F and CBL mutations in order to promote either the development or the progression of myeloproliferative neoplasms.
What it Means to Bleed: An Exploration of Young Women's Experiences of Menarche and Menstruation
Authors: Donmall Kate
Published: April 2013

As a topic of psychoanalytic inquiry, menstruation is surprisingly absent from psychoanalytic literature: menstruation as a part of female psychosexual development is in need of further empirical exploration. The research uses semi‐structured interviews with six young women to explore individual experiences of the menarche and menstruation. The data is analysed using narrative and thematic analysis and interpretations, made within a (broadly classical) psychoanalytic frame, drive the results. In this condensed version of the research, three central findings will be discussed: (1) the role of mother in negotiating the menarche; (2) the difficulty of irregular periods and the fear that something internal has ‘gone wrong’; (3) the link to ideas of mess, dirt and shame, potentially reflective of feelings about sexuality. The research concludes that menstruation is an area worthy of careful psychoanalytic consideration in theory and in clinical practice.
γ‐Secretase inhibition promotes fibrotic effects of albumin in proximal tubular epithelial cells
Authors: Slattery C , Jang Y , Kruger W A , Hryciw D H , Lee A , Poronnik P
Published: April 2013

Background and Purpose

Albuminuria is an important biomarker of renal dysfunction and is a major mediator of renal damage and fibrosis during kidney disease. The mechanisms underlying albumin‐induced renal fibrosis remain unclear. There has been significant interest in γ‐secretase activity in tubular epithelial cells in recent times; however, its potential role in albumin‐induced fibrosis has not been investigated.

Experimental Approach

The primary aim of this study was to examine the role of γ‐secretase in albumin‐induced fibrotic effects in proximal tubular cells. The effects of increasing albumin concentrations on fibrosis indicators and mediators in the human HK‐2 cell line were examined in the presence and absence of a γ‐secretase inhibitor, compound E.

Key Results

Treatment with albumin resulted in a number of pro‐fibrotic effects, including up‐regulation of fibronectin, TGF‐β1 and the EGF‐R. Interestingly, similar effects were observed in response to treatment with the γ‐secretase inhibitor, compound E. Co‐treatment of cells with albumin and an EGF‐R inhibitor, AG‐1478, resulted in significant inhibition of the observed pro‐fibrotic effects, suggesting a major role for the EGF‐R in albumin‐induced fibrotic events. Albumin‐induced effects on the EGF‐R appeared to be mediated through inhibition of γ‐secretase activity and were dependent on ERK‐MAPK signalling.

Conclusions and Implications

These results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of albumin‐induced fibrotic effects in tubular epithelial cells, suggesting important roles for the γ‐secretase and the EGF‐R. These results suggest that the proposed use of γ‐secretase inhibitors as anti‐fibrotic agents requires further investigation.
Blood and fibroblast responses to thermoset BisGMA–TEGDMA/glass fiber‐reinforced composite implants in vitro
Authors: Abdulmajeed Aous A. , Walboomers X. F. , Massera Jonathan , Kokkari Anne K. , Vallittu Pekka K. , Närhi Timo O.
Published: April 2013

Objectives

This in vitro study was designed to evaluate both blood and human gingival fibroblast responses on fiber‐reinforced composite (FRC) aimed to be used as oral implant abutment material.

Material and methods

Two different types of substrates were investigated: (a) Plain polymer (BisGMA 50%–TEGDMA 50%) and (b) FRC. The average surface roughness (Ra) was measured using spinning‐disk confocal microscope. The phase composition was identified using X‐ray diffraction analyzer. The degree of monomer conversion (DC%) was determined using FTIR spectrometry. The blood response, including the blood‐clotting ability and platelet adhesion morphology, was evaluated. Fibroblast cell responses were studied in cell culture environment using routine test conditions.

Results

The Ra of the substrates investigated was less than 0.1 μm with no signs of surface crystallization. The DC% was 89.1 ± 0.5%. The FRC substrates had a shorter clotting time and higher platelets activation state than plain polymer substrates. The FRC substrates showed higher (P < 0.01–0.001) amount of adhered cells than plain polymer substrates at all time points investigated. The strength of attachment was evaluated using serial trypsinization, the number of cells detached from FRC substrates was 59 ± 5%, whereas those detached from the plane polymer substrates was 70 ± 5%, indicating a stronger (P < 0.01) cell attachment on the FRC surfaces. Fibroblasts grew more efficiently on FRC than on plain polymer substrates, showing significantly higher (P < 0.01) cell metabolic activities throughout the experiment.

Conclusions

The presence of E‐glass fibers enhances blood and fibroblast responses on composite surfaces in vitro.
Retroperitoneal undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma having microsatellite instability associated with Muir‐Torre syndrome: case report and review of literature
Authors: Lee Nathan , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Lopez‐Terrada Dolores , Wang Wei‐Lien , Lazar Alexander J.
Published: April 2013

Muir‐Torre syndrome represents a rare autosomal dominant familial cancer predisposition disorder defined by the occurrence of cutaneous sebaceous tumors and an internal malignancy, most commonly gastrointestinal carcinoma. Most examples of hereditary non‐polyposis cancer syndrome (Lynch syndrome), including the Muir‐Torre syndrome, are associated with microsatellite instability (MSI) and germline mutations in mismatch repair genes—most commonly MLH1 or MSH2. We present a 58‐year‐old man with Muir‐Torre syndrome and a large retroperitoneal mass (14.3 cm in greatest dimension) encompassing the left adrenal gland. Sections showed a cellular malignant tumor composed of spindle cells with a high mitotic index and lacking morphologic evidence of adipocytic differentiation. It was weakly reactive for smooth muscle actin (SMA) and negative for desmin, CD117, CD31, CD34, S100 protein and pan‐cytokeratin. Further immunohistochemical analysis revealed intact expression of MLH1 but loss of MSH2 in tumor nuclei. Compared to non‐neoplastic tissue, the tumor showed MSI in five of seven dinucleotide markers. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) failed to reveal 12q15 amplification, effectively excluding dedifferentiated liposarcoma as a diagnostic consideration. This is a rare case of a patient with Muir‐Torre syndrome who developed a related high‐grade undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma as the associated internal malignancy.
Efficacy of probucol for the treatment of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis with dyslipidemia: An open‐label pilot study
Authors: Ishitobi Tomokazu , Hyogo Hideyuki , Tokumo Hironori , Arihiro Koji , Chayama Kazuaki
Published: April 2013

Aim

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the transition from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Probucol is a lipid‐lowering agent with strong antioxidant properties, and is reported to be effective for the treatment of NASH in several studies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of probucol for the treatment of NASH with dyslipidemia.

Methods

Twenty‐six patients with biopsy‐proven NASH accompanied by dyslipidemia were treated with 500 mg of probucol daily for 48 weeks. Body mass index, visceral fat area, liver function tests, serum lipids, fibrosis markers, ferritin, adiponectin, leptin, urinary 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine (U‐8OHdG) and elasticity were measured periodically during the study. Follow‐up liver biopsy was performed in 18 patients.

Results

Serum levels of aminotransferases, total cholesterol and U‐8OHdG significantly decreased (P < 0.01). Levels of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), the Homeostasis Model of Assessment – Insulin Resistance index and serum levels of ferritin, type IV collagen 7S and hyaluronic acid significantly decreased (P < 0.05). The serum levels of adiponectin tended to be increased. Liver stiffness significantly decreased from 8.8 ± 6.8 to 6.6 ± 4.0 kPa (P < 0.01). Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease activity scores were significantly improved from 4.2 ± 1.4 to 3.4 ± 1.6 (P < 0.05) and fibrotic stages tended to be improved from 1.6 ± 0.8 to 1.3 ± 1.1, respectively. No adverse effects of this treatment were noted.

Conclusion

Probucol improved clinical and histological findings probably through its ability to reduce insulin resistance and oxidative stress. Probucol therapy was safe and effective for Japanese NASH patients with dyslipidemia.
Tumour‐associated macrophages might represent a favourable prognostic indicator in patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Hutterer Georg C , Pichler Martin , Chromecki Thomas F , Strini Karin A , Klatte Tobias , Pummer Karl , Remzi Mesut , Mannweiler Sebastian , Zigeuner Richard
Published: April 2013

Aims

Tumour‐associated macrophages (TAM) have been reported to be regulators of progression in various human cancers. We evaluated the prognostic relevance of TAM in a large series of patients with papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC).

Methods and results

The impact of TAM on cancer‐specific survival (CSS) in 177 patients with PRCC was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log‐rank test. A multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed with respect to CSS. The presence of TAM was noted in 112 of 177 (63%) tumours and was associated statistically significantly with favourable pathological parameters, including low pathological T stage, node‐negative tumours, low tumour grade, absence of vascular invasion and papillary subtype (all P < 0.05), respectively. Five‐year CSS probabilities for patients with TAM‐positive tumours were 93.5%, compared with 72.5% in patients with TAM‐negative tumours, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis revealed node‐positive tumours, distant metastases and UICC stage (I versus II–IV) as independent predictors of death from PRCC, whereas the presence of TAM was associated independently with favourable outcome (hazard ratio = 0.45, 95% confidence interval 0.24–0.84, P = 0.012).

Conclusions

The presence of TAM was shown independently to reduce the risk of death from cancer by 55%. The presence of TAM should therefore become part of routine pathology reporting in PRCC.
The role of glutamate decarboxylase 65 in gastric cancer development, progression, and prognosis
Authors: Song Yongxi , Li Shizheng , Wang Zhenning , Zhu Jinliang , Gao Peng , Wang Meixian , Dong Yulan , Xu Huimian
Published: April 2013

Aims

Recent studies have revealed that glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) plays important roles in cancer progression. The role of GAD65 in gastric cancer development, progression and prognosis is currently unknown, and we aimed to investigate this.

Methods and results

Immunohistochemistry revealed that GAD65 expression in 313 gastric cancer tissues was significantly higher than in 60 adjacent non‐tumour tissues. Moreover, the expression level of GAD65 significantly correlated with the depth of tumour invasion and TNM stage. GAD65 expression level was a significant prognostic factor in univariate survival analysis, but did not remain an independent prognostic factor following Cox multivariate analysis. For tumours with an intermediate type growth pattern, when those showing low expression of GAD65 were reclassified with expanding type tumours, and those showing high expression with infiltrative type tumours, there was a significant difference in prognosis between these two novel subgroups, and this remained a significant prognostic factor in multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that GAD65 is involved in the development and progression of gastric cancer as a tumour oncoprotein. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of GAD65 is warranted.
Advanced chronic kidney disease, end‐stage renal disease and renal death among HIV‐positive individuals in Europe
Authors: Ryom L , Kirk O , Lundgren JD , Reiss P , Pedersen C , De Wit S , Buzunova S , Gasiorowski J , Gatell JM , Mocroft A ,   EuroSIDA in EuroCoord
Published: April 2013

Objectives

Knowledge about advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) in HIV‐positive persons is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate incidence, predictors and outcomes for advanced CKD/ESRD and renal death.

Methods

Advanced CKD was defined as confirmed (two consecutive measurements ≥ 3 months apart) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≤ 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 using Cockcroft−Gault, and ESRD as haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis for ≥ 1 month or renal transplant. Renal death was death with renal disease as the underlying cause, using Coding Causes of Death in HIV (CoDe) methodology. Follow‐up was from 1 January 2004 until last eGFR measurement, advanced CKD, ESRD or renal death, whichever occurred first. Poisson regression was used to identify predictors.

Results

Of 9044 individuals included in the study, 58 (0.64%) experienced advanced CKD/ESRD/renal death [incidence rate 1.32/1000 person‐years of follow‐up (PYFU); 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–1.66]; 52% of those who experienced the endpoint had a baseline eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2 compared with 3% of those who did not. Using Kaplan−Meier methods, at 6 years from baseline, 0.83% (95% CI 0.59–1.07%) were estimated to have experienced the endpoint overall and 11.26% (95% CI 6.75–15.78%) among those with baseline eGFR ≤ 60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Independent predictors of the endpoint included any cardiovascular event [incidence rate ratio (IRR) 2.16; 95% CI 1.24–3.77], lower eGFR (IRR 0.64 per 5 mL/min/1.73 m2; 95% CI 0.59–0.70) and lower CD4 count (IRR 0.77 per doubling; 95% CI 0.62–0.95). One year after experiencing advanced CKD or ESRD, an estimated 19.21% (95% CI 7.84–30.58%) of patients had died, mostly from extra‐renal causes.

Conclusions

The incidence of advanced CKD/ESRD/renal death was low and predictors included traditional renal risk factors, HIV‐related factors and pre‐existing renal impairment. The prognosis following advanced CKD/ESRD was poor. Larger studies should address possible contributions of specific antiretrovirals.
Investigation on the use of expired make‐up and microbiological contamination of mascaras
Authors: Giacomel C. B. , Dartora G. , Dienfethaeler H. S. , Haas S. E.
Published: April 2013

Synopsis

Objectives

This study investigated the habits of female students regarding make‐up use, and quantifies the microbiological contamination of mascaras worn by this population.

Methods

To this end, 44 students answered a structured questionnaire to evaluate the use of expired make‐up, shared usage and reports of adverse effects. Subsequently, make‐up samples were collected to check the manufacturing registration and the expiration date and its visibility on the label. The total counts of microorganisms and identification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus in mascara samples collected were performed as described in the Brazilian Pharmacopea (4th edition)

Results

According to the results obtained, 97.9 % (43/44) of participants reported that they use or have previously used make‐up after the expiration date, with mascara being the most frequently mentioned product. It was observed that on the sample collection date, 70.5% (31/44) of the students had some type of expired make‐up. The microbiological analysis of 40 mascara samples revealed 2.54 ± 1.76 104 UFC mL−1 bacteria and 2.55 ± 1.54 104 UFC mL−1 fungi. Analysis revealed the presence of S. aureus in 79% of samples and of P. aeruginosa in 13%.

Conclusion

The results are interesting because they show that women tend to continue to use make‐up beyond the expiry date. Frequently, these products have a high level of contamination with pathogenic microorganisms.
MARKET ACCESS, INVESTMENT, AND HETEROGENEOUS FIRMS*
Authors: Spearot Alan C.
Published: April 2013

This article presents a model of international trade in which heterogeneous firms can expand through capital acquisitions. I show that demand elasticities are a crucial element in predicting which firms invest, in what location, and for what reason. High‐productivity firms, who tend to sell goods at a low elasticity, invest for market access (tariff jumping). Middle productivity firms, who tend to sell at a higher elasticity, invest for productivity improvement. The relative value of trade costs dictates which incentive is larger. In equilibrium, trade liberalization can reduce aggregate productivity by reducing an important source of investment demand: foreign firms.
FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND THE SOURCES OF GROWTH AND CONVERGENCE*
Authors: Badunenko Oleg , Romero‐Ávila Diego
Published: April 2013

We extend the deterministic, nonparametric production frontier framework by incorporating financial development. Our analysis convincingly shows that (1) failure to account for financial development overstates the role of physical capital accumulation in labor productivity growth, (2) most of this overstated contribution stems from the efficiency‐enhancing role of well‐functioning financial institutions, (3) international polarization is solely driven by efficiency changes, and (4) increased distributional dispersion of productivity is primarily driven by technological change. Model’s extensions to account for the growth effect of changes in the institutional environment only add to the argument about the overstated role of physical capital.
Genetic polymorphisms of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) promoter gene and response to TNF‐α inhibitors in Spanish patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: López‐Hernández R. , Valdés M. , Campillo J. A. , Martínez‐Garcia P. , Salama H. , Salgado G. , Boix F. , Moya‐Quiles M. R. , Minguela A. , Sánchez‐Torres A. , Miras M. , Garcia A. , Carballo F. , Álvarez‐López M. R. , Muro M.
Published: April 2013

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) has an important role in inflammatory response. Alterations in the regulation of TNF‐α have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory disorders, including Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Indeed, a common treatment for IBD is the use of TNF‐α inhibitors. Polymorphisms in the TNF‐α promoter region are known to affect the level of gene expression. Our aim was to investigate the influence of these single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in TNF‐α promoter gene play in the risk of IBD in a Spanish population and their individual response to anti‐TNF‐α treatment. DNA samples from patients with IBD and controls were screened for TNF‐α −238G/A (rs361525) and −308G/A (rs1800629) SNPs by PCR‐SSOP using a microbeads luminex assay and compared with response to TNF‐α inhibitors. There were not statistical differences in −238G/A and −308G/A allele and genotype frequencies between patients. However, we found an increased frequency of −308A allele and −308GA genotype in these nonresponders patients to TNF‐α inhibitors with respect to responders patients (Pc < 0.05). This −308GA genotype has been classified as high producer of this cytokine. This fact could actually be interesting to explain the different response of patients with IBD with respect to TNF‐α inhibitors. TNF‐α promoter gene polymorphism does not seem to play a role in IBD susceptibility, but particular TNF‐α genotypes may be involved in the different responses to TNF‐α inhibitor treatment in Spanish patients with IBD.
Retention of polyurethane foam fragments during VAC therapy: a complication to be considered
Authors: Dessy Luca A , Serratore Francesco , Corrias Federico , Parisi Paola , Mazzocchi Marco , Carlesimo Bruno
Published: April 2013

Vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) therapy is a closed‐loop, non‐invasive active system, characterised by a controlled and localised negative pressure applied on porous polyurethane absorbent foams. It promotes healing of acute and chronic wounds. Therapeutic effects of VAC therapy have been proved and demonstrated; however, this method can have some disadvantages. Even if it is a quite versatile device, only qualified medical/paramedical personnel should use it in order to avoid possible complications that can occur after an improper application. In this report, 11 cases of foam‐fragment retention within the wound are presented. This rare complication did not promote healing, but further hindered it. On the basis of our experience, it is mandatory to define the indications, benefits and limitations of VAC therapy.
The impact of female employment on male salaries and careers: evidence from the English banking industry, 1890–1941
Authors: Seltzer Andrew
Published: April 2013

The late nineteenth‐ and early twentieth‐century British labour market experienced an influx of female clerical workers. Employers argued that female employment increased opportunities for men to advance; however, most male clerks regarded this expansion of the labour supply as a threat to their pay and status. This article examines the effects of female employment on male clerks using data from Williams Deacon's Bank covering a period 25 years prior to and 25 years subsequent to the initial employment of women. It is shown that, within position, women were substitutes for younger men, but not for senior men. In addition, the employment of women in routine positions allowed the bank to expand its branch network, creating new higher‐level positions, which were almost always filled by men.
Effects of Increasing Temperatures on Spikelet Fertility in Different Rice Cultivars based on Temperature Gradient Chamber Experiments
Authors: Maruyama A. , Weerakoon W. M. W. , Wakiyama Y. , Ohba K.
Published: April 2013

Spikelet sterility in rice (Oryza sativa L.) induced by high temperatures is a major concern given global warming predictions. We studied differences among eight rice cultivars in spikelet fertility at five different temperature levels in temperature gradient chamber (TGC) experiments. Six japonica and two indica cultivars were exposed to high‐temperature gradients in TGCs during the 2005 flowering season. Spikelet sterility increased with temperature in TGCs and differed among cultivars because of both variations in temperature tolerance and timing of heading. The correlation between spikelet fertility of individual panicles and both air temperature and panicle temperature during flowering was analyzed to compare tolerances among cultivars. The temperature (T75) at which spikelet fertility was 75 % of maximum ranged from 34 to 39 °C air temperature and differed significantly among cultivars. Indica varieties had higher T75 values than japonica varieties. The T75 values based on panicle temperature also differed among cultivars, but the difference between indica and japonica varieties were less significant. We concluded that the higher temperature tolerances of indica cultivars in our experiments could be attributed to lower spikelet temperatures, and cultivars with similar spikelet temperatures still had different heat tolerances due to differences in pollination ability.
Concordance: a concept analysis
Authors: Snowden Austyn , Martin Colin , Mathers Billy , Donnell Allan
Published: April 2013

Aim

To report an analysis of the concept of concordance.

Background

Adherence‐based medicines interventions are known to be of limited success. Concordance appears to offer an alternative approach consistent with person‐centred approaches to decision‐making. However, the application of the principle of concordance appears inconsistent. This article considers the extent to which any of this confusion may be a function of the different usage of the term concordance in the disciplines of nursing, general medicine, psychiatry and pharmacy.

Design

Rodger's evolutionary method of concept analysis.

Data sources

CINAHL, Medline, PsychINFO, Cochrane library, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection were searched for publications between 2000 and 2012 with combinations of key words including concord*, adherence, compliance, medic*, psychiatr*, pharm*, nurs*.

Review methods

Rodgers' evolutionary analytic method was used to identify and explore the concept of concordance across healthcare disciplines. A representative sample of papers was identified from the source disciplines. Over 500 papers were identified. Exclusion criteria limited the final sample to 60 papers in total, entailing 15 per discipline. Each discipline's papers were analysed for references, antecedents, consequences, attributes and surrogates separately. The team then worked together to cross‐check these interpretations.

Results

There was minimal agreement between the disciplines suggesting each discipline practised a different conceptualization of concordance. The main point of agreement was that better research is required to articulate the scope and value of partnership working.

Conclusion

The results clarified a distinct and currently missing research agenda.
Study of the Sorption Behavior of Hibiscus sabdariffa Anthocyanins on a Macroporous Resin
Authors: Beye Cheikh , Tounkara Lat Souk , Destain Jacqueline , Zgoulli Slim , Ndoye Ababacar Sadikh , Thonart Philippe
Published: April 2013

The adsorption of Hibiscus sabdariffa sp. anthocyanins onto a macroporous resin was studied in laboratory experiments. The anthocyanin aqueous extracts obtained from the calyces were used in agitated batch experiments with a macroporous resin. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms of H. sabdariffa anthocyanins on a selected macroporous resin was studied to determine the parameters that have to be optimized to recover the anthocyanins from aqueous extracts of the calyces. The adsorption kinetic experimental data were fit into a pseudo second order kinetic model, which was then used to determine several parameters such as the contact time necessary to reach equilibrium as well as the maximum adsorption capacity. The best fit for the equilibrium adsorption isotherm experimental data was obtained with the Langmuir isotherm model. Based on qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the experimental data, the resin that was tested here appeared to have good adsorption capacity for the anthocyanins even though the necessary time to reach equilibrium was particularly long.

Three aspects of the desorption of anthocyanins from the resin were studied: the speed of release of the anthocyanins (desorption kinetics), the extent of the anthocyanin desorption depending on the adsorption contact time and finally, the influence of the mobile phase's characteristics.

Practical Applications

The purpose of this work is to facilitate the industrial production of a natural food colorant anthocyanin from H. sabdariffa calyces using a macroporous resin. To attain this, goal values from adsorption experimental data were computed and fit to theoretical adsorption models.

The maximum adsorption capacity and the time necessary to reach equilibrium were determined. Qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the experimental data proved that the adsorbent/adsorbate system in study is a favorable process.

The desorption of anthocyanins was also studied in order to determine the time necessary to achieve a satisfactory recovery rate, as well as the values of parameters that have a marked influence on the desorption efficiency.

The obtained results and the calculated parameters will subsequently be used to plan colorant extraction at a bigger scale.
Birth and life of tree aggregates in tropical forest: hypotheses on population dynamics of an aggregated shade‐tolerant species
Authors: Traissac Stéphane , Pascal Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2013

Questions

Several studies have described aggregated spatial patterns in tropical tree species. This study investigates aggregate dynamics of Vouacapoua americana (Aublet), a climax species whose spatial pattern is not simply related to light and soil conditions or to its short seed dispersal range.

Location

Two rain forest sites: Nouragues and Paracou, in the Guiana Shield.

Methods

We described the spatial pattern of tree locations and spatial autocorrelation of tree diameters, using statistics derived from Ripley's K. We particularly used methods to define analysis subplots according to local density or local mean diameter. We investigated relationships between spatial distributions of adults and saplings.

Results

At both sites, populations of Vouacapoua demonstrated several nested levels of aggregation. Tree diameters were spatially autocorrelated, revealing the existence of clusters with similar diameters. In the largest aggregates, tree diameters declined from the centre to the edge. Regeneration was aggregated and occurred mainly at cluster edges and around rare isolated trees, and sapling densities and basal area of adults were negatively correlated. We show that long‐distance dispersal events are rare.

Conclusions

Environmental factors and seed dispersal only explain part of the observed spatial patterns. We provide two main hypotheses about Vouacapoua population dynamics. First, the lack of regeneration in aggregate centres results in the ageing of existing aggregates. We suggest that this lack of recruitment close to mature trees is due to a Janzen–Connell effect. However, aggregates can continue to grow along colonization fronts. Second, long‐distance dispersal events allow the formation of new clusters and play a crucial role in the colonization process.
The ‘species recognition hypothesis’ does not explain the presence and evolution of exaggerated structures in non‐avialan dinosaurs
Authors: Hone D. W. E. , Naish D.
Published: April 2013

The hypothesis that the exaggerated structures in various non‐avialan dinosaurs (e.g. horns, crests, plates) primarily functioned in species recognition, allowing individuals of a species to recognize one another, is critically examined. While multifunctionality for many such structures is probable given extant analogues, invoking species recognition as the primary selective mechanism driving the evolution of such structures is problematic given the lack of evidence for this in extant species. Furthermore, some of the evidence presented does not support the hypothesis as claimed or is equivocal or erroneous. Suggestions that certain evolutionary patterns of diversification in these exaggerated structures are indicative of a role in species recognition are unreliable, as both a degree of phylogenetic directionality and of randomness are seen in extant species where similar structures function in sexual selection. Claims that an absence of sexual dimorphism in the exaggerated structures of non‐avialan dinosaurs rule against a role in sexual selection ignores the possible existence of mutual sexual selection and is also sometimes limited in view of sample sizes. The suggestion that the existence of species recognition is supported by the presence of exaggerated structures in sympatric, closely related relatives is also erroneous because adorned dinosaur species sometimes exist in the absence of unadorned relatives. We conclude that species recognition was not the evolutionary mechanism most likely to be driving the appearance and persistence of exaggerated structures in non‐avialan dinosaurs.
Role of chemical structures and the 1331T>C bile salt export pump polymorphism in idiosyncratic drug‐induced liver injury
Authors: Ulzurrun Eugenia , Stephens Camilla , Crespo Esperanza , Ruiz‐Cabello Francisco , Ruiz‐Nuñez Julia , Saenz‐López Pablo , Moreno‐Herrera Inmaculada , Robles‐Díaz Mercedes , Hallal Hacibe , Moreno‐Planas José M. , Cabello Maria R. , Lucena M. Isabel , Andrade Raúl J.
Published: April 2013

Background & Aims

Several pharmaceutical compounds have been shown to exert inhibitory effects on the bile salt export pump (BSEP) encoded by the ABCB11 gene. We analysed the combined effect on drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) development of the ABCB11 1331T>C polymorphism and the presence of specific chemical moieties, with known BSEP inhibiting properties, in the causative drug.

Methods

Genotyping using a TaqMan 5′ allelic discrimination assay was performed in 188 Spanish DILI patients, 219 healthy controls and 91 sex‐, age‐ and drug‐matched controls. A chemical structure analysis was performed for each individual causative drug.

Results

The CC genotype was significantly associated with hepatocellular damage [odds ratio (OR) = 2.1, P = 0.001], particularly in NSAID DILI cases (OR = 3.4, P = 0.007). In addition, the CC genotype was found to be significantly linked to DILI development from drugs causing <50% BSEP inhibition (OR = 1.8, Pc = 0.011). Of the BSEP inhibitory chemical moieties, 59% of the causative drugs contained a carbocyclic system with at least one aromatic ring, corresponding to 61% of the total cases. The C allele was significantly more frequent in DILI cases containing this chemical moiety, which appear to be conditioned on the ABCB11 1331T>C polymorphism in the absence of other BSEP inhibitory structures.

Conclusion

Patients carrying the C allele in the ABCB11 1331T>C polymorphism are at increased risk of developing hepatocellular type of DILI, when taking drugs containing a carbocyclic system with aromatic rings.
Normalization of the psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score in Polish population. A prospective, quantified electroencephalography study
Authors: Wunsch Ewa , Koziarska Dorota , Kotarska Katarzyna , Nowacki Przemysław , Milkiewicz Piotr
Published: April 2013

Background

The psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score (PHES) is recommended as a gold standard in evaluation of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (HE). Normative databases have been collected in few countries, clearly showing differences among studied groups. Thus, the standardization of PHES for selected populations remains necessary.

Aims

To standardize PHES in a large cohort of Polish healthy subjects and to evaluate the normograms in patients with cirrhosis with quantified electroencephalography (EEG).

Methods

Three hundred and sixteen (142 males/174 females, aged 44.5 ± 12.1) normal individuals and 50 (31 males/19 females, aged 52.8 ± 12.4) patients with cirrhosis without overt HE were included. Key correction variables of psychometric tests were performed. The multivariate linear regression was used to calculate PHES normograms.

Results

Age and education levels were identified as predictors of all tests, therefore age‐ and education‐adjusted normograms were developed. A weighted time‐errors regression model for line tracing test (LTT) scoring was used. The PHES ranged between +5 and −15 points and the cut‐off between normal and pathological PHES was set on ≤−5 points. By this cut‐off level, PHES had a sensitivity of 57% and specificity of 97% to diagnose minimal HE (AUC = 0.866 ± 0.028). In patients with cirrhosis, PHES correlated with severity of liver disease (MELD, r = −0.475, P < 0.001 and Child–Pugh classification, r = −0.452, P < 0.002) and EEG (r = 0.547, P < 0.002). In patients with impaired EEG, PHES was lower than in individuals with unaltered EEG (P < 0.02); however, agreement between these two modalities was limited.

Conclusions

Valid Polish PHES normograms, which incorporates w‐LTT scoring system have been developed. Future multi‐centre international studies are needed to validate widely applicable norms.
The Košice meteorite fall: Atmospheric trajectory, fragmentation, and orbit
Authors: Borovička Jiří , Tóth Juraj , Igaz Antal , Spurný Pavel , Kalenda Pavel , Haloda Jakub , Svoreň Ján , Kornoš Leonard , Silber Elizabeth , Brown Peter , Husárik Marek
Published: April 2013

The Košice meteorite fall occurred in eastern Slovakia on February 28, 2010, 22:25 UT. The very bright bolide was imaged by three security video cameras from Hungary. Detailed bolide light curves were obtained through clouds by radiometers on seven cameras of the European Fireball Network. Records of sonic waves were found on six seismic and four infrasonic stations. An atmospheric dust cloud was observed the next morning before sunrise. After careful calibration, the video records were used to compute the bolide trajectory and velocity. The meteoroid, of estimated mass of 3500 kg, entered the atmosphere with a velocity of 15 km s−1 on a trajectory with a slope of 60° to the horizontal. The largest fragment ceased to be visible at a height of 17 km, where it was decelerated to 4.5 km s−1. A maximum brightness of absolute stellar magnitude about −18 was reached at a height of 36 km. We developed a detailed model of meteoroid atmospheric fragmentation to fit the observed light curve and deceleration. We found that Košice was a weak meteoroid, which started to fragment under the dynamic pressure of only 0.1 MPa and fragmented heavily under 1 MPa. In total, 78 meteorites were recovered in the predicted fall area during official searches. Other meteorites were found by private collectors. Known meteorite masses ranged from 0.56 g to 2.37 kg. The meteorites were classified as ordinary chondrites of type H5 and shock stage S3. The heliocentric orbit had a relatively large semimajor axis of 2.7 AU and aphelion distance of 4.5 ± 0.5 AU. Backward numerical integration of the preimpact orbit indicates possible large variations of the orbital elements in the past due to resonances with Jupiter.
Is the Effect of Mobile Phone Radiofrequency Waves on Human Skin Perfusion Non‐Thermal?
Authors: Loos Nathalie , Thuróczy György , Ghosn Rania , Brenet‐Dufour Valérie , Liabeuf Sophie , Selmaoui Brahim , Libert Jean‐Pierre , Bach Véronique , Diouf Momar , de Seze René
Published: April 2013

Objective

To establish whether SkBF can be modified by exposure to the radiofrequency waves emitted by a mobile phone when the latter is held against the jaw and ear.

Methods

Variations in SkBF and Tsk in adult volunteers were simultaneously recorded with a thermostatic laser Doppler system during a 20‐minute “radiofrequency” exposure session and a 20‐minute “sham” session. The skin microvessels’ vasodilatory reserve was assessed with a heat challenge at the end of the protocol.

Results

During the radiofrequency exposure session, SkBF increased (vs. baseline) more than during the sham exposure session. The sessions did not differ significant in terms of the Tsk time‐course response. The skin microvessels’ vasodilatory ability was found to be greater during radiofrequency exposure than during sham exposure.

Conclusions

Our results reveal the existence of a specific vasodilatory effect of mobile phone radiofrequency emission on skin perfusion.
The Phytophthora parasitica RXLR effector Penetration‐Specific Effector 1 favours Arabidopsis thaliana infection by interfering with auxin physiology
Authors: Evangelisti Edouard , Govetto Benjamin , Minet‐Kebdani Naïma , Kuhn Marie‐Line , Attard Agnès , Ponchet Michel , Panabières Franck , Gourgues Mathieu
Published: April 2013

Pathogenic oomycetes have evolved RXLR effectors to thwart plant defense mechanisms and invade host tissues. We analysed the function of one of these effectors (Penetration‐Specific Effector 1 (PSE1)) whose transcript is transiently accumulated during penetration of host roots by the oomycete Phytophthora parasitica.

Expression of PSE1 protein in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum and Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves and in Arabidopsis thaliana plants was used to assess the role of this effector in plant physiology and in interactions with pathogens. A pharmacological approach and marker lines were used to charcterize the A. thaliana phenotypes.

Expression of PSE1 in A. thaliana led to developmental perturbations associated with low concentrations of auxin at the root apex. This modification of auxin content was associated with an altered distribution of the PIN4 and PIN7 auxin efflux carriers. The PSE1 protein facilitated plant infection: it suppressed plant cell death activated by Pseudomonas syringae avirulence gene AvrPto and Phytophthora cryptogea elicitin cryptogein in tobacco and exacerbated disease symptoms upon inoculation of transgenic A. thaliana plantlets with P. parasitica in an auxin‐dependant manner.

We propose that P. parasitica secretes the PSE1 protein during the penetration process to favour the infection by locally modulating the auxin content. These results support the hypothesis that effectors from plant pathogens may act on a limited set of targets, including hormones.