bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Ga back grading on voltage loss in low‐temperature co‐evaporated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells
Authors: Yang Shih‐Chi , Ochoa Mario , Hertwig Ramis , Aribia Abdessalem , Tiwari Ayodhya N. , Carron Romain
Published: March 2021

The performance of Cu(In,Ga)Se2(CIGS) solar cells is limited by the presence of the highly recombinative CIGS/Mo interface. The recombination at the CIGS/Mo interface is influential for the open circuit voltage (VOC) in high quality CIGS absorbers with increased charge carriers diffusion length. A quantitative understanding of the role of the Ga back grading height (ΔGGI) in suppressing back interface recombination is needed. In this work, we take advantage of a low temperature process to modify theΔGGI while keeping the composition in the notch and front regions almost unchanged. Improvement in bothVOCdeficit and time‐resolved photoluminescence lifetime are observed with increasingΔGGI. With a combination of back surface modification experiments and numerical simulations, we quantify a voltage loss in ungraded devices of approximately 100 mV solely from the back interface recombination. Nice agreement between simulation and experimental data is reached while constraining the values of possible diffusion lengths. Our results suggest that aΔGGI of about 0.50 is required to effectively suppress the back interface recombination, highlighting the importance of grading control in high‐performance CIGS solar cells and devices.
A computational perspective of novel N‐heterocyclic silylenes using density functional theory
Authors: Hassanpour Akbar , Poor Heravi Mohammad Reza , Kheirollahi Nezhad Parvaneh Delir , Hosseinian Akram , Ahmadi Sheida
Published: March 2021

In this theoretical survey, we inspect substituent effects of two fused benzene, pyrrole, phosphole, furan, and thiophene rings on the stability, polarity, charge distribution, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, and aromaticity of singlet (s) and triplet (t) silylenes, at density functional theory (DFT). Singlet silylenes as ground state exhibit more stability than their corresponding triplet congeners. In contrast to previous reports on Hammick carbenes, here higher thermodynamic stability (singlet‐triplet energy difference or ΔEs‐t = Et − Es) is considered for silylene situated between two sulfur heteroatoms of two substituted thiophene rings, in a “chair” arrangement in the direction of the silylenic center. Regardless of how arranged, the order of stabilizing effect for fused rings is thiophene > furan > pyrrole > phosphole > benzene. The substituted Hammick silylenes with two fused heterocyclic rings show more stability than synthesized silylenes by Denk and Kira. Also, higher kinetic stability (the frontier molecular orbitals energy difference or ΔEHOMO‐LUMO) is revealed by silylene situated between two oxygen heteroatoms of two substituted furan rings, in a “W” arrangement to the divalent center. The scrutinized singlet structures display wider band gap than their triplet states. Every triplet silylene shows higher nucleophilicity (about 1/5 times) than its corresponding singlet state. Commonly, six‐membered aromatic N‐heterocyclic silylenes (NHSis) show higher N and lower ω than that of five‐membered aromatic NHSis. The highest N and the least ω character is anticipated for the substituted pyrrole NHSis in either “W” arrangement or “chair” orientation toward the silylenic center, among the fused species.
Staying for the benefits: Location‐specific insider advantages for geographically immobile students in higher education
Authors: Mærsk Eva , Sørensen Jens F.L. , Thuesen Annette A. , Haartsen Tialda
Published: March 2021

In the youth mobility research, young people's geographical immobility is often associated with negative connotations. This paper challenges this discourse by analysing the location‐specific insider advantages (LSIAs) of geographically immobile young adults in higher education institutions (HEI). We use data from a survey of students in two locations in Denmark: the peripheral city of Esbjerg and the metropolis of Copenhagen. We categorise students with diverse geographical mobility backgrounds into four (im)mobility types: ‘local stayers’, ‘regional commuters’, ‘regional in‐movers’, and ‘distant in‐movers’. The paper explores LSIAs across (im)mobility type and location type. We find that immobile students are more likely to have a connection to, and experience with, the local labour market, to be satisfied with their social life, and to live with their parents compared with their geographically mobile peers. However, the advantages differ in type and amount between the peripheral and the urban case locations. We conclude that immobility should be (re)framed as an advantageous strategy for some young adults in early higher education.
Removal of fluoride and arsenic from groundwater by hybrid Al–Fe electrocoagulation: Adsorption isotherm and kinetics study of single and binary component systems
Authors: Nyangi Magori J. , Chebude Yonas , Kilulya Kessy F. , Minu Andrew
Published: March 2021

This study reports on the adsorption isotherm and kinetics of arsenic and/or fluoride by the hybrid iron–aluminum electrocoagulation in a batch reactor. The experiments were performed at a condition of current densityJ = 9.9 mAcm−2; time = 50 min; and pH = 7.5, at variable initial concentrations. The flocs surfaces were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffraction that revealed presence of AlAsO4·2(H2O), AlF2OH, and FeOOAs. Adsorption of fluoride and arsenic in both systems followed Freundlich and Langmuir models. The adsorption processes for fluoride and arsenic were spontaneous and physical in nature with monolayer maximum adsorption capacities of 76.4 and 1.14 mg/g, respectively in single systems. In a binary component system, the adsorption capacity of arsenic was 0.06 mg/g while that of fluoride became 75.6 mg/g as evaluated using extended Langmuir and extended Freundlich models. Moreover, the kinetics of fluoride and/or arsenic adsorption followed the pseudo second‐order model. The remediation of fluoride and arsenic from water by Al–Fe oxyhydroxide were found to be through ionic exchange and electrostatic attraction, respectively.
Economic model predictive control of nonlinear systems using a linear parameter varying approach
Authors: Karimi‐Pour Fatemeh , Puig Vicenç , Ocampo‐Martinez Carlos
Published: March 2021

This article proposes an economic model predictive control (EMPC) approach for linear parameter varying (LPV) systems. An efficient implementation of the associated MPC optimization problem is introduced based on transforming the LPV model into a linear time‐varying one by using an estimation of the scheduling variables along the prediction horizon. This estimation is based on the optimal states/inputs determined from the solution of the previous optimization problem while running the receding horizon strategy. Using this approach, the solution of the proposed LPV‐based EMPC scheme would be possible by solving a series of quadratic programming problems at each time instant. This approach allows reducing the computational burden compared with the solution of a nonlinear optimization problem that would result naturally from the LPV‐based formulation. The stability of the proposed approach is guaranteed by forcing the terminal state to converge towards the optimal equilibrium/working point of the system. Moreover, the terminal constraint is relaxed by using a constraint set around the terminal state instead of a constraint value and adding a penalty on the terminal state into the cost function. Besides, strict dissipativity is established as a sufficient condition to prove stability. Finally, the effectiveness of the LPV‐based EMPC strategy is shown by controlling a small‐scale pasteurization system in simulation. The comparison between the proposed control approach and standard MPC approaches is performed. Results show the advantages of the proposed LPV‐based EMPC controller in terms of economic cost minimization.
Adaptive decentralized finite‐time tracking control for uncertain interconnected nonlinear systems with input quantization
Authors: Sun Haibin , Hou Linlin
Published: March 2021

Compared with the previous references, very few results are available to study control scheme directly for interconnected nonlinear systems (INSs) with strongly interconnected terms described by unknown state‐dependent‐nonlinear functions and input quantization in the finite‐time control literature. In this article, an adaptive decentralized finite‐time tracking control (ADFTTC) algorithm is developed to address the system output tracking problem for a class of INSs with input quantization and strongly interconnected terms. To reduce the computation complexity, the neural network technique is employed to reconstruct the derivative of virtual control laws in each step. By employing adding a power integrator technique, an adaptive decentralized finite‐time tracking controller is constructed, which guarantees all signals in the closed‐loop systems converge to a neighborhood of the origin. Moreover, the developed controller avoids the “singularity” and “explosion of complexity” problems in the recursive design scheme. An example of an inverted pendulum confirms the ADFTTC scheme.
Runoff responses to climate change in China's Buyuan River Basin
Authors: Yuan Xu , Lu Ying , Jiang Li , Liang Siqi , Jiang Yongjian , Xiao Fujin
Published: March 2021

Climate change has affected the dynamics of the water cycle and its consequent effects on water resources in many regions. The Buyuan River, the largest tributary of the Upper Mekong River, is one of the regions with the strongest climate change in the Mekong River Basin, and its cross‐border impact on water resources has received increasing attention. However, few studies have focused on the runoff responses to future climate change in the Buyuan River Basin (BRB). In this study, the MIKE SHE model was applied to estimate the runoff of the BRB, based on climate‐change scenarios from the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model (BCC‐CSM1‐1) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The simulations predicted a slight decrease in the mean annual runoff of the BRB under the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios (2020–2049) compared with the reference period (1959–2012), with an increase in the magnitude of inter‐annual variation, leading to increased deficit and surplus during dry and wet years. The simulations predicted the earlier maximum monthly runoff and a more evenly distributed annual distribution of the runoff under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios as compared to the reference period. The arrival of the flood season in the BRB was advanced by a month under future climate‐change scenarios. The results showed that the average annual runoff of the BRB does not change significantly under future climate‐change scenarios. However, there are obvious changes in the inter‐annual and intra‐annual distribution of the runoff.
Estimation of treatment effect in 2‐in‐1 adaptive design and some of its extensions
Authors: Li Wen , Bai Xiaofei , Deng Qiqi , Liu Fang , Chen Cong
Published: March 2021

The 2‐in‐1 adaptive design allows seamless expansion of an ongoing Phase II trial into a Phase III trial to expedite a drug development program. Since its publication, it has generated a lot of interest. So far, most of the related research focused on type I error control. Similar to most adaptive designs, 2‐in‐1 design could also pose a great challenge on estimation of treatment effect due to the data‐driven adaptation. In addition, the use of intermediate endpoint for interim adaptive decision‐making is a less well‐studied field. In this paper, we investigate the bias and variances in estimation for 2‐in‐1 design and some of its extensions, and propose some bias‐adjusted estimators for 2‐in‐1 design. The properties of the proposed estimators are further studied theoretically and/or numerically, so as to provide guidance on how to interpret the estimated treatment effect of 2‐in‐1 design.
Seismic performance of precast posttensioned concrete frame under low reversed cyclic loading
Authors: Hu Xiang , Xue Weichen , Liao Xiandong
Published: March 2021

A precast posttensioned (PT) concrete frame, which consists of PT composite beams, precast columns, and cast‐in‐place (CIP) core regions, was developed as an emulative structure in this paper. Cyclic loading tests were conducted on two 1/3‐scale frames, including a precast frame and a CIP control specimen, to investigate the seismic performance. The axial compression ratios of the specimens were 0.4 and 0.3 for the interior and exterior columns, respectively. The test results showed that the precast frame failed in mixed sidesway mechanism which was similar to that of the CIP control specimen. The hysteresis loops of both the precast and CIP frames were pinched but relatively plump, which exhibited good energy dissipation. The loading capacity of the precast frame was comparable to that of the CIP control specimen, and the deviation of average value was less than 5%. The average ductility of the roof, first interstory, and second interstory of the precast frame was 4.18, 4.24 and 4.18, respectively, which was approximate to that of the CIP control specimen. The stiffness degradation of the precast frame was also found to be quite similar to that of the CIP control specimen. Based on the test results, a degenerated four‐linear restoring force model was developed.
Unilateral uterine torsion in two non‐gravid bitches: Imaging and histological features
Authors: Cordella Alessia , Mezzalira Giorgia , Negro Linda , Bertolini Giovanna
Published: March 2021

A four‐year‐old nulliparous Labrador Retriever bitch and a seven‐year‐old nulliparous crossbreed bitch were referred for weakness and vomiting. Ultrasonographic examination revealed in both cases a large abdominal mass‐lesion with corpuscular fluid content; computed tomography examination revealed in both cases the uterine origin of the lesions, with findings consistent with torsion. Surgery confirmed the uterine torsion upon the ovarian pedicle in both cases, and at histological examination both presented a uterine polyp associated with haemorrhage and necrosis of the uterine wall. Both patients were released in good clinical conditions.
Indirekte Zuggurtungsosteosynthese bei isolierter Tuberculum-majus-Fraktur
Authors: Franz Alexander , Hinz Maximilian , Beitzel Knut , Imhoff Andreas
Published: March 2021

Tuberculum-majus-Frakturen machen etwa 20 % der proximalen Humerusfrakturen aus und sind häufige Begleitverletzungen bei glenohumeralen Luxationen. Während isolierte, nichtdislozierte Frakturen konservativ behandelt werden können, sind dislozierte Frakturen durch ihre Auswirkung auf die Biomechanik des Schultergelenks, insbesondere aufgrund der Beeinträchtigung der Rotatorenmanschette, als Indikation zur operativen Versorgung anzusehen. Während die meisten operativen Ansätze eine direkte Zuggurtungs- oder Plattenosteosynthese der Fraktur fokussieren, ist in manchen Fällen auch eine indirekte Zuggurtungsosteosynthese mittels Knochenankerfixationstechnik möglich. Dieser Artikel soll einen solchen Fall beschreiben sowie die Vor- und Nachteile der indirekten Zuggurtung gegenüber anderen Versorgungstechniken diskutieren.
Traumatische posteriore Luxation als seltene Ursache einer multidirektionalen Schulterinstabilität im Profisport
Authors: J. Ehmann Yannick , Burger Daniel , Hinz Maximilian , Imhoff Andreas B. , Siebenlist Sebastian
Published: March 2021

Die multidirektionale Instabilität der Schulter als Folge einer traumatischen posterioren Luxation ist selten und in der Literatur nur unzureichend beschrieben. Hier präsentiert wird der Fall eines 28-jährigen Anschiebers aus dem deutschen Bob-Olympia-Kader, der eine weichteilige multidirektionale Instabilität in Folge einer traumatischen posterioren Luxation beim Mountainbiken erlitt. Die Stabilisierung des Schultergelenks erfolgte arthroskopisch mittels kombinierter anteriorer und posteriorer Labrumrefixation.
On the Role and Applications of Electron Magnetic Resonance Techniques in Surface Chemistry and Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Chiesa Mario , Giamello Elio
Published: March 2021

Some relevant aspects of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) applied to the fields of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis are illustrated in this perspective paper that aims to show the potential of these techniques in describing critical features of surface structures and reactivity. Selected examples are employed covering distinct aspects of catalytic science from morphological analysis of surfaces to detailed descriptions of chemical bonding and catalytic sites topology. In conclusions the pros and cons related to the acquisition of EPR instrumentations in an advanced laboratory of surface chemistry and heterogeneous catalysis are briefly considered.

Graphic Abstract
Arguments about face masks and Covid-19 reflect broader methodologic debates within medical science
Authors: Pearce Neil , Vandenbroucke Jan Paul
Published: March 2021

There has perhaps been no issue as contentious in Covid-19 as face masks. The most contentious scientific debate has been between those who argue that “there is no scientific evidence”, by which they mean that there are no randomized controlled trials (RCTs), versus those who argue that when the evidence is considered together, “the science supports that face coverings save lives”. It used to be a ‘given’ that to decide whether a particular factor, either exogenous or endogenous, can cause a particular disease, and in what order of magnitude, one should consider all reasonably cogent evidence. This approach is being increasingly challenged, both scientifically and politically. The scientific challenge has come from methodologic views that focus on the randomized controlled trial (RCT) as the scientific gold standard, with priority being given, either to evidence from RCTs or to observational studies which closely mimic RCTs. The political challenge has come from various interests calling for the exclusion of epidemiological evidence from consideration by regulatory and advisory committees.
European environmental governance and the post-ecology perspective: a critical analysis of the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Di Quarto Fausto , Zinzani Andrea
Published: March 2021

In the framework of critical geographies of the environment, this paper discusses European environmental governance and reflects on its policies, practices and discourses. In this context, we analyze the Water Framework Directive (WFD) as a key, ground-breaking policy aimed at reconfiguring European water governance by foregrounding principles of sustainability and participation. By adopting a political ecology approach and the post-ecology analytical perspective, this research analyzes the nature of the WFD with its aims of reconfiguring national water politics in terms of policies, mechanisms and discourses by reflecting on the contradictions and controversies surrounding the directive. Methodologically, the research uses a critical analysis and review of both theoretical and empirical academic literature and policy reports. The paper shows that political ecology, and the post-ecology perspective in particular, can be used to critically reflect on the WFD as a policy oriented towards technocratic governance and participatory arrangements that blur democratic political debate, marginalize conflicts and foster the politics of unsustainability.
Measurement of the (p, ρ, T) Behavior of Liquid MEA and DEA at Temperatures from (293.15 to 423.15) K and Pressures up to 90 MPa
Authors: Scholz Christian W. , Span Roland
Published: March 2021

Densities in the homogeneous liquid phase of (mono-)ethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA) were investigated using a commercially available high-pressure vibrating-tube densimeter (VTD). Due to the melting point of the experimental materials, the setup of the VTD had to be modified by an insulated housing of the entire piping including the pressure pump. The insulated housing could be heated up by a temperature-controlled heating fan. The liquid samples with a purity of (0.9994 or 0.9950) mole fraction, respectively, were decanted within an inert protective argon atmosphere and further degassed by several freeze–pump–thaw cycles. Density measurements were carried out at temperatures between (293, respectively, 313 and 423) K and at pressures between (5 and 90) MPa. The resulting 140, respectively, 120 (p, ρ, T) data points, explicitly extend the published database for MEA and DEA, with regards to pressure. A comparison with the currently used equations of state for MEA and DEA revealed a maximum relative deviation of – 0.18 % for MEA and – 0.41 % for DEA, each at the highest investigated temperature and pressure. Considering the measurement uncertainties in temperature, pressure, and oscillation period, as well as uncertainties resulting from the calibration and from the impurities of the sample, the combined expanded relative uncertainty (k = 2) in density varied from (0.1027 to 0.1038) % and from (0.1104 to 0.1130) %, respectively. The VTD was previously calibrated by comprehensive measurements of water and helium and had been further validated by measurements with pure propane.
Topic-independent modeling of user knowledge in informational search sessions
Authors: Yu Ran , Tang Rui , Rokicki Markus , Gadiraju Ujwal , Dietze Stefan
Published: March 2021

Web search is among the most frequent online activities. In this context, widespread informational queries entail user intentions to obtain knowledge with respect to a particular topic or domain. To serve learning needs better, recent research in the field of interactive information retrieval has advocated the importance of moving beyond relevance ranking of search results and considering a user’s knowledge state within learning oriented search sessions. Prior work has investigated the use of supervised models to predict a user’s knowledge gain and knowledge state from user interactions during a search session. However, the characteristics of the resources that a user interacts with have neither been sufficiently explored, nor exploited in this task. In this work, we introduce a novel set of resource-centric features and demonstrate their capacity to significantly improve supervised models for the task of predicting knowledge gain and knowledge state of users in Web search sessions. We make important contributions, given that reliable training data for such tasks is sparse and costly to obtain. We introduce various feature selection strategies geared towards selecting a limited subset of effective and generalizable features.
Screening for common eye diseases in the elderly with Optos ultra-wide-field scanning laser ophthalmoscopy: a pilot study with focus on ocular toxoplasmosis
Authors: Logroño Wiese Pablo Eduardo , Seeber Frank , Endres Anne-Sophie , Brockmann Claudia , Pleyer Uwe
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Studies on the occurrence of ocular toxoplasmosis (OT) in a general population are rare. Therefore, we conducted this pilot study to assess whether a nonmydriatic ultra-wide-field (UWF) scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) is suitable for a simple, rapid screening procedure.

Methods

The population of this cross-sectional study was randomly recruited from a cohort of hospital-based patients in an urban geriatric hospital. Ophthalmologic evaluation was performed on 201 eyes from 101 participants through nonmydriatic UWF-SLO (Optos Daytona) and assessed for suspicious lesions and other relevant ocular findings. All images were evaluated by two independent examiners. Individuals who presented lesions with a morphological appearance suggestive of OT underwent fundoscopy and serological analysis ofToxoplasma gondii-specific antibodies.

Results

The mean age of the study group was 76 years, and 63 (62%) were female. Despite many health restrictions, the SLO examination was carried out easily in this geriatric population. Three participants presented findings by SLO suspicious forT. gondii-related injury. Further clinical examination and serological investigation confirmed the diagnosis, with funduscopic evaluation and positiveT. gondiiELISA testing. In addition, a high rate of arterial hypertension and dyslipidemias within the cohort led to a high incidence of vascular changes and age-related fundus findings.

Conclusion

In our study, we confirm that UWF-SLO technology is helpful in the rapid detection of peripheral retinal injuries in elderly patients such as OT and may be used as a routine screening tool.
Low intracranial pressure variability is associated with delayed cerebral ischemia and unfavorable outcome in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Svedung Wettervik Teodor , Howells Timothy , Hånell Anders , Ronne-Engström Elisabeth , Lewén Anders , Enblad Per
Published: March 2021

Purpose

High intracranial pressure variability (ICPV) is associated with favorable outcome in traumatic brain injury, by mechanisms likely involving better cerebral blood flow regulation. However, less is known about ICPV in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). In this study, we investigated the explanatory variables for ICPV in aSAH and its association with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and clinical outcome.

Methods

In this retrospective study, 242 aSAH patients, treated at the neurointensive care, Uppsala, Sweden, 2008–2018, with ICP monitoring the first ten days post-ictus were included. ICPV was evaluated on three time scales: (1) ICPV-1 m—ICP slow wave amplitude of wavelengths between 55 and 15 s, (2) ICPV-30 m—the deviation from the mean ICP averaged over 30 min, and (3) ICPV-4 h—the deviation from the mean ICP averaged over 4 h. The ICPV measures were analyzed in the early phase (day 1–3), in the early vasospasm phase (day 4–6.5), and the late vasospasm phase (day 6.5–10).

Results

High ICPV was associated with younger age, reduced intracranial pressure/volume reserve (high RAP), and high blood pressure variability in multiple linear regression analyses for all ICPV measures. DCI was associated with reduced ICPV in both vasospasm phases. High ICPV-1 m in the post-ictal early phase and the early vasospasm phase predicted favorable outcome in multiple logistic regressions, whereas ICPV-30 m and ICPV-4 h in the late vasospasm phase had a similar association.

Conclusions

Higher ICPV may reflect more optimal cerebral vessel activity, as reduced values are associated with an increased risk of DCI and unfavorable outcome after aSAH.
Population pharmacokinetic characteristics of cemiplimab in patients with advanced malignancies
Authors: Yang Feng , Paccaly Anne J. , Rippley Ronda K. , Davis John D. , DiCioccio A. Thomas
Published: March 2021

Cemiplimab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor, demonstrated antitumor activity in patients with advanced malignancies and a safety profile comparable to other anti–PD-1 therapies. This population pharmacokinetics (PopPK) analysis of cemiplimab included 11,178 pharmacokinetics (PK) observations from 548 patients pooled from a first-in-human study (Study 1423; NCT02383212) in advanced malignancies and a Phase 2 study (Study 1540; NCT02760498) in advanced cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC). Most patients (80.3%) received cemiplimab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks (Q2W) intravenously (IV). A PopPK model was developed by evaluating two-compartment linear models with an empirical non-linear function describing time-varying change in cemiplimab clearance and covariates that improved goodness-of-fit. PopPK simulations were used to describe cemiplimab exposure generated by a fixed 350 mg every 3 weeks (Q3W) IV dose regimen. PopPK modeling showed that a two-compartment model with zero-order IV infusion rate and first-order elimination rate well described individual concentrations of cemiplimab. Although several covariates, including baseline body weight and albumin concentrations, had a modest impact on cemiplimab exposure, the magnitude of influence was within the typical observed PK variability of approximately 30%. Based on PopPK simulation results, the 350 mg Q3W dose regimen was selected for further studies in advanced malignancies, including advanced CSCC. Similarity in observed cemiplimab exposure at the fixed 350 mg Q3W and the weight-based 3 mg/kg Q2W dose regimens confirmed this fixed dose selection. A robust PopPK model was developed to describe cemiplimab concentrations and supported use of the fixed 350 mg Q3W IV dose regimen.
A new European land systems representation accounting for landscape characteristics
Authors: Dou Yue , Cosentino Francesca , Malek Ziga , Maiorano Luigi , Thuiller Wilfried , Verburg Peter H.
Published: March 2021

Context

While land use change is the main driver of biodiversity loss, most biodiversity assessments either ignore it or use a simple land cover representation. Land cover representations lack the representation of land use and landscape characteristics relevant to biodiversity modeling.

Objectives

We developed a comprehensive and high-resolution representation of European land systems on a 1-km2 grid integrating important land use and landscape characteristics.

Methods

Combining the recent data on land cover and land use intensities, we applied an expert-based hierarchical classification approach and identified land systems that are common in Europe and meaningful for studying biodiversity. We tested the benefits of using this map as compared to land cover information to predict the distribution of bird species having different vulnerability to landscape and land use change.

Results

Next to landscapes dominated by one land cover, mosaic landscapes cover 14.5% of European terrestrial surface. When using the land system map, species distribution models demonstrate substantially higher predictive ability (up to 19% higher) as compared to models based on land cover maps. Our map consistently contributes more to the spatial distribution of the tested species than the use of land cover data (3.9 to 39.1% higher).

Conclusions

A land systems classification including essential aspects of landscape and land management into a consistent classification can improve upon traditional land cover maps in large-scale biodiversity assessment. The classification balances data availability at continental scale with vital information needs for various ecological studies.
Power-ing up neo-aristotelian natural goodness
Authors: Page Ben
Published: March 2021

Something is good insofar as it achieves its end, so says a neo-Aristotelian view of goodness. Powers/dispositions are paradigm cases of entities that have an end, so say many metaphysicians. A question therefore arises, namely, can one account for neo-Aristotelian goodness in terms of an ontology of powers? This is what I shallbeginto explore in this paper. I will first provide a brief explication of both neo-Aristotelian goodness and the metaphysics of powers, before turning to investigate whether one can give an account of neo-Aristotelian goodness in terms of powers. I will suggest that the answer to this question is yes.
Theorizing disaster communitas
Authors: Matthewman Steve , Uekusa Shinya
Published: March 2021

Disaster scholars have long complained that their field is theory light: they are much better at doing and saying than analyzing. The paucity of theory doubtless reflects an understandable focus on case studies and practical solutions. Yet this works against big picture thinking. Consequently, both our comprehension of social suffering and our ability to mitigate it are fragmented. Communitas is exemplary here. This refers to the improvisational acts of mutual help, collective feeling and utopian desires that emerge in the wake of disasters. It has been observed for as long as there has been a sociology of disasters. Within the field, there have been numerous efforts to name and describe it. Yet there has been far less enthusiasm to theorize it, which means that the disaster literature has not adequately explained the social conditions under which communitas arises (or fails to). In this article, we synthesize numerous case studies to do so. This takes us beyond simple statements of what communitas is and what it should be called, to considerations of the conditions under which it emerges, how it should be conceptualized, the factors that might prevent communitas, and how we might encourage it. While primarily a theoretical work, the identification of communitas’ facilitators and barriers have practical import for disaster risk reduction (DRR) policy as communitas has frequently proven to be a positive and potent force.
Modeling intentional agency: a neo-Gricean framework
Authors: Sarkia Matti
Published: March 2021

This paper analyzes three contrasting strategies for modeling intentional agency in contemporary analytic philosophy of mind and action, and draws parallels between them and similar strategies of scientific model-construction. Gricean modeling involves identifying primitive building blocks of intentional agency, and building up from such building blocks to prototypically agential behaviors. Analogical modeling is based on picking out an exemplary type of intentional agency, which is used as a model for other agential types. Theoretical modeling involves reasoning about intentional agency in terms of some domain-general framework of lawlike regularities, which involves no detailed reference to particular building blocks or exemplars of intentional agency (although it may involve coarse-grained or heuristic reference to some of them). Given the contrasting procedural approaches that they employ and the different types of knowledge that they embody, the three strategies are argued to provide mutually complementary perspectives on intentional agency.
Experimental Investigation of Gas Dynamic Effects Using Nanoporous Synthetic Materials as Tight Rock Analogues
Authors: Nolte Steffen , Fink Reinhard , Krooss Bernhard M. , Amann-Hildenbrand Alexandra , Wang Yue , Wang Moran , Schmatz Joyce , Klaver Jop , Littke Ralf
Published: March 2021

To improve the understanding of gas transport processes in tight rocks (e.g., shales), systematic flow tests with different gases were conducted on artificial micro- to nanoporous analogue materials. Due to the rigidity of these systems, fluid-dynamic effects could be studied at elevated pressures without interference of poro-elastic effects. Flow tests with narrow capillaries did not reveal any viscosity anomaly in a confined space down to capillary diameters of 2 µm. Experiments with nanoporous ceramic disks (> 99% Al2O3) conducted at confining pressures from 10 to 50 MPa did not indicate any stress dependence of permeability coefficients. Analysis of the apparent permeability coefficients over a mean gas pressure range from 0.2 to 30.5 MPa showed essentially linear Klinkenberg trends with no indication of second-order slip flow. The Klinkenberg-corrected permeability coefficients measured with helium were consistently higher than those measured with all other gases under the same conditions. This “helium anomaly” was, however, less pronounced than the same effect observed in natural rocks, indicating that it is probably not related to fluid-dynamic effects but rather to gas–solid interactions (e.g., sorption). Permeability tests with CO2 on the nanoporous membrane show significant deviations from the linear Klinkenberg trend around the critical point. This is due to the drastic changes of the thermodynamic properties, in particular the isothermal compressibility, in this pressure and temperature range. Helium pycnometry, mercury intrusion porosimetry and low-pressure nitrogen sorption showed good agreement in terms of porosity (~ 28%) and the most prominent pore diameter (~ 68.5 nm).
Case study: the simulation modelling of selected activity in a warehouse operation
Authors: Saderova Janka , Rosova Andrea , Behunova Annamaria , Behun Marcel , Sofranko Marian , Khouri Samer
Published: March 2021

The paper deals with the simulation of selected activities in the warehouse. Routine logistics activities are the receipt of the goods, the control of the goods, and the goods’ storage in the warehousing system on the side of the entry into the warehouse. On the output side, these are activities such as picking, packing and shipping. The economy of warehouse operations depends on the efficiency of the logistics activities performed and on deployed the technical means. The paper’s main goal is to present a created simulation model for a selected warehouse activity—receipt of goods into the warehouse. This operation involves unloading the goods from the trucks, moving them to the physical receipt, where the quantitative and qualitative control of the goods is performed (acceptance of goods). An analysis of this activity preceded the creation of the simulation model under operating conditions. The research was performed by observing and measuring the forklift’s work cycle, which unloaded pallets from the trucks. The obtained data from the analysis were the input to the simulation model. The EXTENDSIM8 simulation system was used to create a simulation model. The several experiments were performed on the model after its creating and verifying the functionality. The paper evaluates 3 experiments and analyzes their results. The main benefit, novelty, of the article is the simulation of a selected activity for a specific company’s conditions. The experiments results are a reasonable basis for the creation of an operational tool for the company.
Intelligence as Accurate Prediction
Authors: Tjøstheim Trond A. , Stephens Andreas
Published: March 2021

This paper argues that intelligence can be approximated by the ability to produce accurate predictions. It is further argued that general intelligence can be approximated by context dependent predictive abilities combined with the ability to use working memory to abstract away contextual information. The flexibility associated with general intelligence can be understood as the ability to use selective attention to focus on specific aspects of sensory impressions to identify patterns, which can then be used to predict events in novel situations and environments. The argumentation synthesizes Godfrey-Smith’s environmental complexity theory, adding the notion of niche broadness as well as changes concerning the view of cognition and control, and Hohwy’s predictive mind theory, making explicit the significance of accuracy as a composite of trueness and precision where the nervous system acts as a distributed controller motivating actions that keep the body in homeostasis.
Propagation of curved folding: the folded annulus with multiple creases exists
Authors: Alese Leonardo
Published: March 2021

In this paper we consider developable surfaces which are isometric to planar domains and which are piecewise differentiable, exhibiting folds along curves. The paper revolves around the longstanding problem of existence of the so-called folded annulus with multiple creases, which we partially settle by building upon a deeper understanding of how a curved fold propagates to additional prescribed foldlines. After recalling some crucial properties of developables, we describe the local behaviour of curved folding employing normal curvature and relative torsion as parameters and then compute the very general relation between such geometric descriptors at consecutive folds, obtaining novel formulae enjoying a nice degree of symmetry. We make use of these formulae to prove that any proper fold can be propagated to an arbitrary finite number of rescaled copies of the first foldline and to give reasons why problems involving infinitely many foldlines are harder to solve.
Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents
Authors: Chalklin Christopher G. , Ryan Harper Elizabeth G. , Beamish Andrew J.
Published: March 2021

Purpose of Review

The prevalence of obesity is increasing in all age groups. Following its success in adults, and with limited success using conservative therapies, metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is increasingly being utilized in adolescents. This review highlights the current evidence and guidelines supporting its use.

Recent Findings

Safety and efficacy mirror results seen in adults. The most recent evidence, as outcomes enter the long term, suggests that comorbidity resolution, including diabetes and hypertension, can even outperform that of adults. Mental health problems persist despite good weight loss. Overall, the positive early weight and comorbidity outcomes are well sustained into the long term.

There is a growing need to prevent and treat adolescent obesity. Current evidence supports the use of MBS in adolescents. Ongoing and future studies will provide 10-year outcomes and assist in the refinement of multimodal pathways incorporating MBS for the treatment of severe childhood obesity.
Engineering Microneedle Patches for Improved Penetration: Analysis, Skin Models and Factors Affecting Needle Insertion
Authors: Makvandi Pooyan , Kirkby Melissa , Hutton Aaron R. J. , Shabani Majid , Yiu Cynthia K. Y. , Baghbantaraghdari Zahra , Jamaledin Rezvan , Carlotti Marco , Mazzolai Barbara , Mattoli Virgilio , Donnelly Ryan F.
Published: March 2021

Transdermal microneedle (MN) patches are a promising tool used to transport a wide variety of active compounds into the skin. To serve as a substitute for common hypodermic needles, MNs must pierce the human stratum corneum (~ 10 to 20 µm), without rupturing or bending during penetration. This ensures that the cargo is released at the predetermined place and time. Therefore, the ability of MN patches to sufficiently pierce the skin is a crucial requirement. In the current review, the pain signal and its management during application of MNs and typical hypodermic needles are presented and compared. This is followed by a discussion on mechanical analysis and skin models used for insertion tests before application to clinical practice. Factors that affect insertion (e.g., geometry, material composition and cross-linking of MNs), along with recent advancements in developed strategies (e.g., insertion responsive patches and 3D printed biomimetic MNs using two-photon lithography) to improve the skin penetration are highlighted to provide a backdrop for future research.
Mismatches in the Ecosystem Services Literature—a Review of Spatial, Temporal, and Functional-Conceptual Mismatches
Authors: Winkler Klara J. , Dade Marie C. , Rieb Jesse T.
Published: March 2021

Purpose of Review

The objective of this review is to identify commonly researched ecosystem service mismatches, including mismatches concerning management and policies implemented to manage ecosystem service delivery. It additionally discusses how mismatches affect the ability to develop effective policies and management guidelines for ecosystem services.

Recent Findings

Recent ecosystem service literature considers mismatches in the ecosystem, the social system, and as social-ecological interactions. These mismatches occur over three dimensions: spatial, temporal, and functional-conceptual. The research field incorporates not only ecological aspects but also social ones like the management and governance of ecosystem services. However, the focus of the reviewed literature is mainly on spatial and temporal dimensions of mismatches and the production of scientific knowledge, rather than the implementation of the knowledge in management and policies.

Research on ecosystem service mismatches reflects the complexity and interconnectedness of social-ecological systems as it encompasses a broad variety of approaches. However, temporal mismatches received less attention than spatial mismatches, especially in regard to social and social-ecological aspects and could be a topic for future research. Furthermore, in order to develop effective policies and management guidelines, research must work closer with decision-makers to not only advance scientific understanding of ecosystem service mismatches but also create understanding and support the uptake of this knowledge.
A Web-Based Interactive Map to Promote Health-Care Facility Flood Preparedness
Authors: Grossman Elena , Hathaway Michelle , Khan Amber , Sambanis Apostolis , Dorevitch Samuel
Published: March 2021

Objectives:

Little is known about how flood risk of health-care facilities (HCFs) is evaluated by emergency preparedness professionals and HCFs administrators. This study assessed knowledge of emergency preparedness and HCF management professionals regarding locations of floodplains in relation to HCFs. A Web-based interactive map of floodplains and HCF was developed and users of the map were asked to evaluate it.

Methods:

An online survey was completed by administrators of HCFs and public health emergency preparedness professionals in Illinois, before and after an interactive online map of floodplains and HCFs was provided.

Results:

Forty Illinois HCFs located in floodplains were identified, including 12 long-term care facilities. Preparedness professionals have limited knowledge of whether local HCFs were in floodplains, and few reported availability of geographic information system (GIS) resources at baseline. Respondents intended to use the interactive map for planning and stakeholder communications.

Conclusions:

Given that HCFs are located in floodplains, this first assessment of using interactive maps of floodplains and HCFs may promote a shift to reliable data sources of floodplain locations in relation to HCFs. Similar approaches may be useful in other settings.
Prosecutor v. Ayyash et al. (Special Trib. Leb.)
Authors: Fremuth Michael Lysander
Published: March 2021

The establishment of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 1998 constitutes a landmark in the development of International Criminal Law (ICL), which gained its first momentum after World War II through the foundation of International Military Tribunals in Nuremberg and Tokyo. ICL is, however, not confined to these most prominent courts or their statutes providing for definitions of international crimes under their respective jurisdiction; rather, ad hoc international, or internationalized and hybrid special tribunals and criminal chambers also contribute to the development and shape of ICL and reflect its diverse legal and institutional basis. Perceived as another tribunal of “international character,” on August 18, 2020, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon (STL) pronounced its judgment on the merits in the Ayyash case. The long-awaited verdict raises the question of the Tribunal's contribution to the further evolution of ICL.
Mesoscopic models for electrohydrodynamic interactions of polyelectrolytes
Authors: Kopelevich Dmitry I. , He Shujun , Montes Ryan J. , Butler Jason E.
Published: March 2021

Two mean-field models for polyelectrolytes in simultaneous electric field and pressure-driven flow field were developed and compared. The models predict migration perpendicular to the anti-parallel or parallel fields, where the migration is caused by electrohydrodynamic interactions calculated using either a short- or long-range approximation. Inputs for the mean-field models were determined from Brownian dynamics simulations in a simple shear flow. Both models qualitatively reproduce experimental observations of DNA focusing as reported in previous publications. Specifically, it is observed that combination of the shear and electric fields leads to polyelectrolyte motion in the direction transverse to the flow and electric field direction, which in turn leads to concentration of the polyelectrolyte in the centre of a microfluidic channel. Furthermore, both models predict that there is an optimal strength of electric field that leads to the narrowest distribution profile of the polyelectrolyte in the centre of the channel. The analysis suggests that this is due to dispersion induced by the electrohydrodynamic interactions. However, quantitative disagreement between the model predictions and the experimental data indicates that further progress in the model development is needed.