bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GEWEX: The Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment
Authors: Chahine Moustafa T.
Published: October 2006

The need for better quantitative understanding of energy fluxes and water exchanges is basic to all climate studies, yet our quantitative knowledge of the global hydrological cycle remains surprisingly poor. Evaporation minus precipitation or, similarly, the net flow of water from land to oceans and the net advection of moisture from the marine atmosphere to the terrestrial atmosphere is known at best to a factor of two to three (J. Schaake, personal communication, 1991). The regional and temporal distribution of the components of the hydrological budget are even more uncertain.

Improved understanding of the global hydrological cycle has been limited in part by the absence of reliable global data on such essential quantities as precipitation, evaporation, and atmospheric transport; acquisition of these data is a prerequisite for the study of global energetics and hydrology. Space agencies in the United States, Europe, and Japan have announced plans to launch a series of global Earth observing satellites in the late 1990s to monitor these essential atmospheric and surface parameters and to complement existing operational meteorological and hydrological networks.
Remagnetization and fluids
Authors: Elmore R. Douglas
Published: October 2006

Remagnetization, the acquisition of a secondary magnetization, is accepted as a widespread phenomenon in sedimentary rocks. The recognition that many sedimentary rocks were partially or completely remagnetized long after deposition has not only led to a reevaluation of the paleomagnetic data base [for example, Van der Voo, 1989], but has also led to a new application of paleomagnetism to other areas of Earth science. Most remagnetizations are caused by the precipitation of authigenic magnetic phases, the replacement of precursor minerals, or uplift and cooling after prolonged heating. Isolation of a secondary magnetization and comparison of the corresponding pole position to the apparent polar wander path, therefore, can provide essential constraints on the timing of secondary events. Many remagnetizations are tangible evidence of a chemical (for example, diagenetic) event caused by rock‐fluid interactions, and recent studies have demonstrated the potential for using chemical remagnetizations to constrain the timing of diagenetic events.
The Deauville conference on global warming
Authors: Marois Maurice
Published: October 2006

At the invitation of the Institut de la Vie, 50 scientists from 10 countries met in Deauville, France, on November 12–16, 1990. They examined the dilemmas associated with the possibility of global warming, and the strength of the foundations in meteorology, oceanography, biology, and chemistry for predicting global warming. It was timely that this wholly scientific examination closely followed the Second World Climate Conference, where an international assessment of global climate change, carried out at the request of several United Nations agencies, was presented. The Deauville Conference provided an opportunity to discuss some of the most important scientific issues more deeply and critically than was possible at the World Conference.
Overview of SAR Chesapeake tower experiment
Authors: Shemdin O. H.
Published: October 2006

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging of the ocean surface promises to be an important tool in ocean remote sensing. The long‐range goal of the work reported here is to understand SAR imaging in sufficient detail that airborne and/or spaceborne SARs become reliable tools for oceanic research and operational use.

TOWARD (Tower Ocean Wave and Radar Dependence Experiment) [seeShemdin, 1988, 1990], a predecessor experiment to the SAR and X‐Band Ocean Nonlinearities Experiment at Chesapeake Light Tower (SAXON:CLT), provided a comprehensive data set to test the theoretical concepts advanced on SAR imaging of the ocean surface. A significant achievement of TOWARD is determining that none of the then available theories on SAR imaging of long surface waves could explain all the SAR observations satisfactorily. Improved models immediately followed as a consequence of the TOWARD finding. In spite of the significant insights gained in TOWARD, gaps remain in understanding radar backscatter from the sea surface.
ARC: A source of multisensor satellite data for polar science
Authors: Van Woert Michael L. , Whritner Robert H. , Waliser Duane E. , Bromwich David H. , Comiso J. C.
Published: October 2006

The Antarctic continent and surrounding sea ice are believed to influence the world's climate. Furthermore, model studies [Manabe and Stouffer, 1979] have shown the region to be sensitive to small changes in the global environment. Therefore it is a region where the first indications of global change may be observed. Because the area is large and generally inaccessible, the most effective method for observing potential climate changes will probably be through satellite remote sensing. Data from the current generation of National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) satellites are playing an increasingly important role in polar‐related climate research [Thomas, 1991]. Therefore, under the auspices of the National Science Foundation, the Antarctic Research Center (ARC) was established at Scripps Institution of Oceanography to provide real‐time, polar‐orbiting satellite data in support of Antarctic field studies and to maintain a multisensor satellite data archive for retrospective data analysis. This article describes the ARC and its data collection program and data archive and gives one example of how the complimentary nature of a multisensor satellite data set can be used to enhance our understanding of physical processes in Antarctica.
The ATLAS‐1 shuttle mission
Authors: Torr Marsha R. , Sullivan Kathryn D.
Published: October 2006

A space shuttle mission scheduled for launch on March 23, 1992, carrying a payload of largely remote‐sensing instruments, will constitute an important element of the NASA's Mission to Planet Earth and the U.S. Global Change Research Program. The mission was planned in 1983 and was earlier known as the Earth Observations Mission (EOM), subsequently becoming the Atmospheric Laboratory for Applications and Science (ATLAS) in 1986.

The ATLAS‐1 flight is intended to be the first in a series of shuttle flights that will monitor the radiant energy output of the Sun, look for potential responses of the Earth's atmosphere to changes in this energy source, and verity global change assessments. Emphasis is on the frequent recalibration opportunities afforded by such a program, which allow transfer of calibrations to other longer‐duration orbiting observatories, such as the National Atmospheric and Oceanic Administration TIROS‐N satellites
Coalition forms to support NEHRP
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

A group of professional associations, including the Seismological Society of America and the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, has formed a coalition to support the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP). Meeting in met on February 20, the group plans to actively support the research necessary to mitigate earthquake losses and to seek continued federal funding of the program.

NEHRP was established by President Carter following the Earthquake Hazards Reduction Act of 1977. Funding was originally authorized for 3 years and has been reauthorized by Congress each year. The program is funded through four federal agencies—the U.S. Geological Survey, National Science Foundation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and the National Institute of Stan dards and Technology. Its purpose is to address the nation's earthquake threat by reducing earthquake hazards.
Congress criticizes space science budget
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo
Published: October 2006

NASA's $15 billion budget request continued to draw fire at recent House and Senate hearings, as well as criticism from the General Accounting Office. Discussing space science funding, legislators seemed particularly concerned about how NASA will fund its $11 billion Earth Observing System in coming years while continuing with the rest of its space science agenda.

“NASA is overcommitted relative to likely resources—in short, it is chasing too much program with too few dollars,” GAO's Mark E. Gebicke, director of NASA issues, wrote in a February 19 letter to Richard Durbin (D‐Ill.) of the House Budget Committee.
Global warming studies need synthesis, says Gore
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: October 2006

On February 27, scientists representing a variety of disciplines presented methods for measuring past climate to the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation. According to committee member Al Gore (D‐Tenn.), the roundtable participants presented a “set of overwhelming conclusions that support the global warming theory.” Their studies, said Gore, gave him a clearer understanding of research priorities and the necessity of the synthesis of research. “For funding, we must pay attention to science in disparate fields,” he added.
Glacier recession in Iceland and Austria
Authors: Hall Dorothy K. , Williams Richard S. , Bayr Klaus J.
Published: October 2006

Valley and mountain glaciers and ice caps respond to changes in regional climate on the scale of decades; thus, they can serve as indicators of regional climate change. During the last century, most valley and mountain glaciers and ice caps receded [Meier, 1984; Haeberli et al., 1989], although some advances have occurred during periods of cooling [Wood, 1988]. Glaciers in Iceland [Rist, 1975] and in the eastern Alps of Austria [Patzelt, 1980] have followed a similar pattern.

Images acquired by satellite sensors can provide a regional overview for studying changes in glacier area, terminus position, glacier facies [Williams et al., 1991], and the position of the regional snow line, while insitu studies usually provide measurements at only a single point. Major changes in glaciers may be obvious from initial inspection of satellite images; however, detailed study of digital image data can reveal the presence of small changes that are useful indicators of regional trends in glacier mass balance. If observed over a long enough period of time in many different geographic settings, glacier‐terminus position changes can be related to changes in regional and even global climate.
Fall 1991 Ocean Sciences Student Papers
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Michele Okihiro received an Outstanding Student Paper Award for a paper she presented at the AGU Fall 1991 Meeting entitled “Infragravity Bound Waves in Shallow and Deep Water.” Okihiro received a Bachelor of Arts degree in mathematics from Pomona College in 1980, a Bachelor of Science degree in civil engineering from the University of Hawaii in 1988, and a Master of Science degree in oceanography from the University of California at San Diego in 1986. Okihiro is currently working toward her doctorate in oceanography at the University of California at San Diego. Her research at Scripps Institution concerns infragravity waves and their role in forcing resonant harbor oscillations.
Best NOAA budget ever, Knauss says
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: October 2006

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's budget request of $1.7 billion for fiscal year 1993 is “the best budget we have presented to date,” said John Knauss, Under Secretary for Oceans and Atmosphere, U.S. Department of Commerce. It is an increase of 7.8% over fiscal 1992. NOAA's proposed budget focuses on four major areas: the modernization of the National Weather Service, improving predictions of global change, understanding coastal ocean processes, and managing marine fisheries.

The budget “reflects our conviction that we are working to assure the president's belief in the interconnectedness of the environment and the economy,” particularly in the weather service and fisheries programs, said Knauss, testifying before the Senate Appropriations Subcommittee on Commerce, Justice, State, the Judiciary and Related Agencies on April 9.
The recovery phase of substorms
Authors: Hones Edward W.
Published: October 2006

A special SPA: Magnetospheric Physics session dedicated to the recovery phase of substorms is being planned for the AGU 1992 Fall Meeting. Substorms have provided an important focus for magnetospheric research for nearly 3 decades, and continue to do so today. Of the three phases (growth, expansive, and recovery) that constitute a substorm, the growth and expansive phases have received the most attention, and a fairly good understanding of them has developed.

In contrast, the recovery phase has received scant attention. Perhaps that is because it lacks the dramatic auroral and geomagnetic effects that mark the expansive phase at Earth and the similarly impressive particle and magnetic field effects that mark the growth phase to expansive phase transition at geosynchronous orbit. The recovery phase was originally defined as the period when auroras, having advanced far toward the pole during the expansive phase, become less intense and retreat back toward the auroral oval. Wavy structures—omega bands—and pulsating intensities often characterize the recovery phase auroras. It has become customary, also, to define the recovery phase as that period when the Auroral Electrojet (AE) index is subsiding from the peak value it reached during the substorm. These two definitions, probably not altogether compatible, may identify somewhat different periods of a substorm. There is no obvious feature in geosynchronous observations that has been specifically identified with the recovery phase.
IGRF, 1991 Revision
Authors: Langel R. A.
Published: October 2006

The International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) is a series of mathematical models of the main geomagnetic field and its secular variation. Each model consists of a set of spherical harmonic (or Gauss) coefficients, the g's and h's in a series expansion of the following geomagnetic potential.
Borovoye Geophysical Observatory, Kazakhstan
Authors: Richards Paul G. , Kim Won‐Young , Ekström Göran
Published: October 2006

This is a story of surprises—of a geophysical observatory and a community of scientists who until about a year ago were unknown to scientists in the West, who now have new opportunities for collaboration with expert seismologists in Russia and Kazakhstan.

The story began for us in the spring of 1990 at the annual workshop of the Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS), Seismologists from the Soviet Union attended and told us that they had permission to describe a geophysical observatory at Borovoye, near Kokchetav in Northern Kazakhstan, which had operated digital seismometers since 1966. They said there was a large tape archive and that much of the data were of excellent quality and would probably be made available on request—even the data for nuclear explosions.
Earth Summit Science, policy discussed
Authors: Leath Audrey T.
Published: October 2006

The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, the “Earth Summit,” convenes in Rio de Janeiro on June 3. President Bush has pledged to attend part of the 2‐week conference. The highlight of the summit will be the signing of an international framework convention to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases. The final elements of the agreement were negotiated in New York last week by representative of 143 countries. In anticipation of the Rio conference, the Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources held two standing‐roomonly hearings, reviewing the scientific basis for global warming due to greenhouse gases and discussing the details of the proposed convention.
Giotto reawakens
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Giotto, a space probe of the European Space Agency, has been brought back to life after being “in hibernation” since July 1990. The probe revealed the nucleus of Halley's Comet in 1986 and is now on its way to a second comet, according to ESA, whose engineers confirmed on May 7 that Giotto was reactivated.

The probe is aimed for an encounter with the comet Grigg‐Skejellerup on July 10. Giotto will pass as closely as possible to the comet's nucleus—within 1000 meters. Observations of this largely inactive comet will be compared to those from young and vigorous Halley.
Magnetic observatory data on CD‐ROM
Authors: Herzog Donald C.
Published: October 2006

The National Geomagnetic Information Center (NGIC) of the U.S. Geological Survey recently produced a pair of CD‐ROMs, using the ISO 9660 standard, that contain 1‐minute values of the Earth's magnetic field from the USGS network of thirteen magnetic observatories.

One CD‐ROM contains data for the years 1985–1989, and the other contains 1990 data. A third CD‐ROM containing 1991 data is expected to be available soon. One‐year CDROMs will be produced annually until 5 years of data have been accumulated, at which time a separate CD‐ROM containing these 5 years of data will also be produced. Digital geomagnetic data for some of these USGS observatories extends back into the mid‐1970's and are currently being processed for distribution on CD‐ROMs as well. Figure 1 shows the locations of the U.S.magnetic observatories.
High‐resolution studies of the eastern equatorial Pacific
Authors:   Shipboard Scientific Party, ODP Leg 138
Published: October 2006

The nature of scientific drilling changed with the transition from the Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) to the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP). As drilling technology, analytical techniques, and mathematical and conceptual models evolved, the DSDP's regional and reconnaissance‐oriented drilling gave way to the new orientation toward global problems adopted by the ODP. Through input from its advisory panels and international workshops, ODP has defined and ranked a series of key scientific questions to be addressed by ocean drilling, and it has chosen a series of globally distributed drill sites to answer them.
NOAA's wind profiler is operational
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: October 2006

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's wind‐profiling network to improve weather forecasting became fully operational in May and has been called a success story by Alexander McDonald, director of NOAA's Forecast Systems Laboratory in Boulder, Colo.

The $16 million system consists of 29 stations in 15 central states where most of the severe weather occurs. Each of the stations automatically sends wind speed and direction information to an office in Boulder every 6 minutes. Hourly averaged wind data are then transmitted to National Weather Service offices throughout the United States for use in local forecasts. These same data are also transmitted to the National Meteorological Center outside of Washington, D.C., where it is integrated into computer numerical models for use in making mid‐range forecasts.
Isotope tracers in hydrology
Authors: McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Kendall Carol
Published: October 2006

A major uncertainty in hydrologic and chemical modeling of watersheds has been the quantification of the contributions of water and solutes from various hydrologic pathways. Hydrologic models exist that can reproduce the timing and quantity of the hydrograph, but when chemical data are coupled with these physical models, they do not accurately reflect the streamwater chemistry. Therefore, it has been concluded that either the hydrologic pathways are represented inaccurately in the models or the processes affecting the water chemistry are not well understood.
Geothermal Research related to past climate
Authors: Lewis Trevor , Wang Kelin
Published: October 2006

Only recently have the possible economic ramifications of global warming been considered; the scientific uncertainties have been researched and discussed for a longer time, but progress has been slow. Although climate modeling has been given a high priority, more research on corroborating evidence and past climates is needed to calibrate the models and verify the associated assumptions (Eos, October 22, 1991, p. 465).

Proxy methods such as tree‐ring studies and isotope studies on glacier ice generally give very good indications of past changes in temperature, especially over periods of a few years. Annual temperatures estimated from tree‐ring data for the eastern United States [Fritts and Lough, 1985] and high‐latitude North America [Jacoby and D'Arrigo, 1989] are at a minimum in the mid‐ to late‐19 century and increase into the 20th century. Guiot's [1987] reconstructed annual temperatures over 35‐year intervals for central Canada generally are low in the mid 1800's and increase dramatically in the 20th century. Variations in temperature derived from tree‐ring data for Russia [Graybill and Shiyatov, 1992] and Tasmania [Cook et al., 1991] also show that a cold period preceded the recent warming.
New visiting scientists at NSF
Authors: MacGregor Ian
Published: October 2006

Three new visiting scientists are joining the National Science Foundation's Division of Earth Sciences. About half the division's program officers are usually employed under the agency's Visiting Scientist program on a temporary basis. These scientists, who are active researchers, continually inject fresh ideas and perspectives into the process of peer review on the merits of competing proposals. They also enhance the scientific and technical skills of NSF's regular professional staff.
Progress report on PALE
Authors: Andrews J. T. , Brubaker L. B.
Published: October 2006

Paleoclimates of Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) is one of two paleoenvironmental research programs in the overall structure of Arctic System Science (ARCSS), a global change program centered in the Division of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation. The objectives of PALE are to describe circumarctic patterns of paleoclimatic variations for three time periods (150,000 BP‐present, 20,000 BP‐present, and 2000 BP‐present), based on proxy indicators preserved in circumpolar lake and estuarine sediments; and to identify regional and global processes controlling the observed paleoclimatic changes. A discussion of PALE was published in Eos (July 1991), and NSF issued a call for proposals that same month, with six new proposals now funded. Several of these studies will investigate new ways of determining climatic signals in arctic lake sediments or developing methods for improving chronologies.
[Comment on Bill Back's Book Review of “Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences”] Narrow view of hydrology?
Authors: Dawdy David R.
Published: October 2006

Bill Back's review of the report, Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (National Research Council, Washington, D.C., 1991) was interesting not only because of the importance of the report itself, as Back wrote, but also because of the compartmentalized thinking that his review seems to illustrate. The report was compiled by the NRC's Committee on Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences.

Back's first paragraph ends with “…the book is extremely important, and its basic premise—that there is such a thing as a single ‘discipline’ of hydrology—is contrary to the thinking of many hydrogeologists.” The message in the report's preface by Pete Eagleson, chair of the committee, is that there is a need to recognize hydrology as a science. It is interdisciplinary, and geology (or hydrogeology) is only one of its many subdisciplines.
The influence of sea state on atmospheric drag
Authors: Toba Y. , Jones Ian S. F.
Published: October 2006

With the advent of aircraft early in the century, a need arose to relate air flow drag to aircraft surfaces such as the wings and fuselage. It was quickly demonstrated that the drag coefficient of a boundary layer was related to the roughness of the underlying surface [Nikuradse, 1933], and meteorologists soon were able to develop these ideas for calculating the atmospheric drag over land. A popular concept was aerodynamic roughness length, z0, which can be uniquely related to the drag coefficient under the assumption that the velocity profile in air is logarithmically distributed with height above the surface. This appears quite reasonable in near neutral, steady conditions.
1992 Horton Research Grant recipients
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

Susan Colarullo and Dan Walker were each presented with a Horton Research Grant during the AGU 1992 Spring Meeting in Montreal, held from May 12 to 16. The research grant, which is separate from the Horton Award, supports research projects in hydrology and water resources by doctoral candidates in institutions of higher learning. It is awarded anually. The Horton Research Grant's objective is to foster graduate student research leading to the completion of doctoral dissertations.
[Comment on “A forum for the teaching of geophysics”] Publishing ideas on geophysics teaching
Authors: Shea James H.
Published: October 2006

It was interesting to read in Eos (May 5) that some AGU members are looking for a place to publish their ideas on the teaching of geophysics. The suggestion about the possibility of publishing a special supplement to Reviews of Geophysics is an interesting one; I would like to suggest another possibility.

The Journal of Geological Education, published by the National Association of Geology Teachers, is an internationally circulated publication dedicated to improving education in the geosciences. It is now in its forty‐second year of publication and publishes five issues and 400–500 pages of material each year. Articles about education in geophysics are regularly published in JGE, and more would certainly be welcome.
Deep Submergence Science Workshop planned
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

During the last 2 decades, investigators utilizing deep submergence technologies, submersibles, and deep‐towed instruments have made fundamental contributions to our understanding of how the Earth works with significant advances in marine biology, chemistry, and geology. Currently, compelling deep submergence scientific questions can only be addressed with investigative strategies that require sophisticated technologies to carry out integrated studies at key localities in the global abyss.
Petrologic and geophysical studies of an artificial magma
Authors: Jacobs G. K. , Dunbar N. W. , Naney M. T. , Williams R. T. , Dunbar N. W.
Published: October 2006

In Situ Vitrification (ISV) is one of the most geologically interesting techniques being developed to stabilize radioactive and hazardous waste sites. The ISV process transforms permeable, easily leached, contaminated soils into low‐permeability, leach‐resistant vitreous and crystalline materials via in situ joule (resistance) heating [Buelt et al., 1987].

Melting is induced by applying electrical power to the ground through four graphite electrodes in a square configuration inserted vertically into the upper portion of the soil to be melted. Melting proceeds downward, producing a roughly hemispheric body that cools to a glassy to partially crystalline material. A hood is placed over the melt to collect gases and particulates released from the melt.
Final NOAA Budget emerges
Authors: Bush Susan
Published: October 2006

In the final step before being signed into law, a conference committee recently resolved differences between the House and the Senate's versions of the fiscal year 1993 spending bill for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

On September 25, conferees agreed to a total $1.52 billion budget, instead of the $1.5 billion proposed by the Senate and the $1.45 billion proposed by the House. President Bush had requested $1.58 billion for the fiscal year that began October 1.
Geotail Mission to explore Earth's magnetotail
Authors: Nishida A. , Uesugi K. , Nakatani I. , Mukai T. , Fairfield D. H. , Acuna M. H.
Published: October 2006

The cooperative satellite mission, Geotail, was launched recently by the Institute of Space and Astronautical Science of Japan and NASA. This satellite will investigate the magnetotail region of the Earth's magnetosphere, reaching distances as large as 220 RE (1 Earth radii = 6378 km). In this orbit, Geotail will yield an increased understanding of fundamental processes taking place in this relatively unexplored portion of geospace.

The Geotail satellite was designed and developed by ISAS and was launched by NASA on a DELTA II expendable launch vehicle on July 24, carrying scientific instruments provided by both space agencies. This article describes briefly the Geotail mission objectives, as well as the mission design.
Hutton down under: Understanding granites
Authors: Hill Robert I.
Published: October 2006

What do we know about granites? That was, in essence, the unifying thread of the 2nd Hutton Symposium on Granites and Related Rocks (or “Hutton Down Under”), held in Canberra, Australia, September 23–28, 1991. Questions considered, and often hotly debated, included how are granitic plutons emplaced?, what is the mechanism of differentiation?, is the mantle a possible source for granitic magmas?, and how closely do granite compositions reflect sources compositions, or are there important anatectic or differentiation modifications?
4th Annual IRIS Workshop Held
Authors: Wiens Douglas
Published: October 2006

About 200 scientists gathered at the 4th annual Incorporated Research Institutions for Seismology (IRIS) workshop in Santa Fe, N. Mex., April 12–14 and discussed recent research results obtained with the new generation of seismological instruments. The meeting provided a forum for developing new initiatives and disseminating information on how to access the IRIS Data Management Center. Organizers of the scientific program were Douglas Wiens of Washington University in St. Louis and Terry Wallace of the University of Arizona.
Uses and limitations of the Tsyganenko magnetic field models
Authors: Stern David P. , Tsyganenko Nikolai A.
Published: October 2006

When exploring a new country, one needs a good map. The Earth's magnetosphere is such a country, and its “maps” are models of the geomagnetic field. In essence they are mathematical prescriptions implemented by computer which, given (x,y,z) of a point and other supporting information, return the point's expected magnetic components (Bx, By, Bz) [Tsyganenko, 1990].

At present, the empirical magnetic field models by Tsyganenko [1987, 1989a, c; denoted henceforth as T87 and T89] are often used in various studies of the Earth's magnetosphere. Stern [1990] has devised modifications of T87 with current‐free tail lobes and with a plasma sheet that warps in response to dipole tilt [Peredo and Stern, 1991].
The ICSU World Data Centers
Authors: Ruttenberg Stan
Published: October 2006

Data, data. Who's got the data? Why can't I find them? If I do find them, why can't I get them? If I do get them, why is the format wrong? Why are they printed or published instead of in a computer‐readable medium? Why is it so expensive to get the excerpt I want instead of 1,000 tapes? Why is the documentation missing or incomplete? Why do we spend good science money on data management? What are the National and World Data centers anyway? What can they do for me?

There are two responses to these questions—“just because,” or “do you want the short answer or the long answer?” Just because is an unsatisfactory answer, yet it contains a kernel of truth. The long story is sure to glaze the eyes of the reader over, so I will attempt a short discussion. Apologies for tracing ground known to some of you, and for touches of whimsy. An exegesis of data matters calls for imaginative treatment to get your attention at the start to induce you, gentle reader, to continue.
Santa María, Guatemala: A decade volcano
Authors: Bennett Eddy Hardie Sanchez , Rose William I. , Conway F. Michael
Published: October 2006

Located in southwestern Guatemala, near the triple junction of the North American, Cocos, and Caribbean plates (Figure 1), Santa María is the most notorious volcano in Central America. In October 1902, Santa María was the site of one of the Earth's ten largest historic eruptions. This eruption resulted in thousands of deaths and had global atmospheric impact. Since 1922, the explosion crater on Santa María's southwest side has been the site of volcanic dome extrusion at a vent called Santiaguito [Rose, 1972]. In 1929, pyroclastic flows, apparently resulting from the collapse of the active dome, flowed more than 10 km to the south of Santiaguito, resulting in hundreds of deaths and damage to villages and plantations [Sapper and Termer, 1930]. Santiaguito has remained active and is the site of vertical eruptions, avalanches, lava flows, pyroclastic flows, mudflows, and other hazards that are of concern to the rapidly growing populations that surround the volcano.
Self‐similarity: Theory and applications in hydrology
Authors: Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi
Published: October 2006

There is a range of spatial and temporal scales over which measurements are difficult to make and interpret. Understanding, modeling, and prediction of hydrologic processes are needed for this broad range. Questions concerning quantitative interscale relationships of atmospheric, surface, and subsurface processes are at the heart of hydrologic research and are expected to play a key role in understanding large‐scale behavior of hydrologic fluxes and processes. A special session, “Self‐Similarity in Hydrologic Processes: Identification, Estimation, and Use in Modeling/Measurement/Prediction,” was held at the AGU 1991 Fall Meeting to address scaling issues in hydrologic phenomena.
ODP drills deepest hole in ocean crust
Authors:   Leg 140 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Leg 140 of the drilling ship JOIDES Resolution deepened Hole 504B in the eastern Pacific ocean by 378 m to a total depth of 2 km, making it the deepest penetration of the ocean crust (Figure 1). Contrary to previous expectations of much of the marine geology community, this demonstrated that deep crustal drilling can be performed in the oceans with currently available technology. Hole 504B is now believed to be at or within a few hundred meters of the critical boundary separating seismic layers 2 and 3, and reaching this boundary is an easily attainable goal. This, together with recent success in drilling lower crustal rocks in the Indian Ocean and the development of new strategies for deep crustal drilling, appears to open the way for the first systematic scientific investigation of the lower ocean crust and mantle through scientific ocean drilling.
Geophysical society name changed
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2006

The Environmental and Engineering Geophysical Society (EEGS) was established this year as a result of a name change of the former Society for Engineering and Mineral Exploration Geophysicists (SEMEG). The name change reflects a shift away from mining‐oriented geophysics to an increased interest in environmental and engineering geophysics.
Shoe spill in the North Pacific
Authors: Ebbesmeyer Curtis C. , Ingraham, W. James
Published: October 2006

Approximately 80,000 Nike brand shoes were lost overboard on May 27, 1990, in the north Pacific Ocean (˜48°N; 161°W; Figure 2). Six months to a year later, thousands of shoes washed ashore in North America from southern Oregon to the Queen Charlotte Islands. Figure 1 shows six shoes found on the beach. We have gathered beachcomber reports and compared the inferred shoe drift with an oceanographic hindcast model and historical drift bottle returns. This spill‐of‐ opportunity provided a calibration point for the model; computer runs for 1946–1991 suggested that drift of floatable material across the northeast Pacific Ocean for May 1990–January 1991 was farther south than the mean of the forty‐five simulations.
Two‐career chaos
Authors: Tauxe Lisa
Published: October 2006

The following essay by Lisa Tauxe describes the difficult personal decisions facing a dual‐career couple as they prepare for a job‐related move that will uproot their family and one spouse's career.
Los Angeles fires seen from space
Authors: Dousset Bénédicte , Flament Pierre , Bernstein Robert
Published: October 2006

Hundreds of fires were set in Los Angeles following the verdict of Rodney G. King versus the Los Angeles Police Department on April 29, 1992. These fires were of sufficient intensity and extent to be imaged at 1‐km resolution by the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard the polar‐orbiting satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (seeVanWoert et al.[1992] for an overview of the characteristics of the AVHRR instrument). Here we present a thermal infrared image taken the first night of the riots, compare it with an image taken several years earlier but typical of this area, and discuss the relationships with the land cover observed in a 20‐m resolution image from the French satellite SPOT (Systeme Probatoire pour l'Observation de la Terre).
Paleomagnetic database search possible
Authors: Harbert William
Published: October 2006

I have recently finished an on‐line search program which allows remote users to search the “Abase” ASCII version of the World Paleomagnetic Database developed by Lock and McElhinny [1991]. The program is very simple to use and will search the Soviet, non‐Soviet, rock unit, and reference databases and create output files that can be downloaded back to a researcher's local system using the ftp command.

To use Search, telnet to 130.49.3.1 (earth.eps.pitt.edu) and login as the user “Search.rdquo; There is no password, and the user is asked a series of questions, which define the geographic region and ages of interest. The program will also ask for an identifier with which to create the output file names. The program has three modes of operation: text‐only, Tektronix graphics, or X11l/R5 graphics; the proper choice depends on the computer hardware that is used by the searcher.
The Grand Banks ERS‐1 SAR wave experiment
Authors: Dobson F. W. , Smith S. D. , Anderson R. J. , Vachon P. W. , Vandemark D. , Buckley J. R. , Allingham M. , Khandekar M. , Lalbeharry R. , Gill E.
Published: October 2006

The European Space Agency's Remote Sensing Satellite (ERS‐1) was launched in July 1991 [Attema and Francis, 1991]. As part of a global program to validate the ocean surface sensors on board ERS‐1, we carried out a joint experiment in November 1991 on the Grand Banks of Newfoundland involving ships, moorings, aircraft, and a land‐based radar. The principal objective was to provide a field validation of ERS‐1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) [Attema, 1991] measurements of ocean surface structure. Other objectives included the testing of numerical wave prediction models, the validation of both shipborne X‐band and shorebased HF marine wave radars, and an investigation of the relation between sea state and wind stress. The experiment included a large number of independent wave, sea surface, and atmospheric sensors (Table 1).
The shuttle imaging radar‐C and X‐SAR mission
Authors: Evans D. L. , Elachi C. , Stofan E. R. , Holt B. , Way J. B. , Kobrick M. , Vogt M. , Wall S. , van Zyl J. , Schier M. , Öttl H. , Pampaloni P.
Published: October 2006

The Shuttle Imaging Radar‐C and X‐Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR‐C/X‐SAR) (Figure 1) is a cooperative space shuttle experiment between NASA, the German Space Agency, and the Italian Space Agency. The experiment is the next evolutionary step in NASA's Spaceborne Imaging Radar (SIR) program that began with the Seasat Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) in 1978 and continued with SIR‐A in 1981 and SIR‐B in 1984. It also represents a continuation of Germany's imaging radar program, which started with the Microwave Remote Sensing Experiment flown aboard the Shuttle on the first SPACELAB mission in 1983. The SIR‐C/X‐SAR mission benefits from synergism with the Magellan mission to Venus, other international spaceborne radar programs, and prototype aircraft sensors such as the Jet Propulsion Laboratory's Airborne SAR (AIRSAR) and the German Aerospace Establishment (DLR) E‐SAR.
The coupled climate system and global change
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Schimel David
Published: October 2006

Current estimates of future global climate change rely on coupled models of the climate system. These models are both a measure of our level of understanding of coupled processes occurring in nature and of our ability to simulate the possible changes in these processes due to increased CO2 and trace gases with computer models. Central to coupled models is air‐sea interaction, but processes involving the cryosphere, biosphere, atmospheric chemistry/radiation, and land surface are also intimately involved. Monitoring and analysis of observations are critical for understanding and interpreting results from the coupled models.
Developing Indo‐Nepal water resources
Authors: Prasad T.
Published: October 2006

Prospects for improving the development of water resources in the region and clarifying the problems that deter development were explored in the workshop, “Cooperative Development of Indo‐Nepal Water Resources: Prospects, Opportunities, and Challenges,” held from May 29–30, 1992, in Patna, India. It was organized by the Centre for Water Resources Studies at the Bihar College of Engineering in Patna.

Nepal and the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, which are south of Nepal, are very well endowed with water resources. Seven major rivers traversing these Indian states originate in Nepal. The capacity to generate power from these rivers is estimated to be equal to the hydroelectric power potential available in North America. The plains below the Himalayan foot hills in Nepal, called the Terai, and the plains of Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are fertile and capable of high agricultural yield.
Including eddies in global ocean models
Authors: Semtner Albert J. , Chervin Robert M.
Published: October 2006

The ocean is a turbulent fluid that is driven by winds and by surface exchanges of heat and moisture. It is as important as the atmosphere in governing climate through heat distribution, but so little is known about the ocean that it remains a “final frontier” on the face of the Earth. Many ocean currents are truly global in extent, such as the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the “conveyor belt” that connects the North Atlantic and North Pacific oceans by flows around the southern tips of Africa and South America. It has long been a dream of some oceanographers to supplement the very limited observational knowledge by reconstructing the currents of the world ocean from the first principles of physics on a computer. However, until very recently, the prospect of doing this was thwarted by the fact that fluctuating currents known as “mesoscale eddies” could not be explicitly included in the calculation.
Earthquakes at the deep roots of arc volcanos
Authors: Kirby Stephen , Hacker Brad
Published: October 2006

The most conspicuous and spectacular volcanic features on Earth are the graceful volcanic arcs that parallel the deep oceanic trenches where cold and strong surface plates descend into the Earth's mantle. More than three‐quarters of the volcanos that erupt above sea level are found at these regions, called subduction zones. Inclined bands of earthquakes trace the descent of plates into trenches, beneath the arc volcanos, and ultimately down to depths as great as 690 km. Earthquakes at depths below about 40–60 km represent seismic failure within the sinking plate rather than the slipping motion between plates. Some of those earthquakes have been large and very damaging, and future quakes of this type pose a significant seismic hazard in northwest Washington state, Central America, and elsewhere. Most earlier studies have emphasized the role of the sinking force that accompanies the cold thermal structure, as well as the resultant higher density of descending plates in producing stresses that lead to seismic failure of the plate.
How the core and mantle may produce mantle plumes
Authors: Wysession Michael E.
Published: October 2006

A new picture of the dynamics at the base of the Earth's mantle is emerging from the integrated work of seismologists, geodynamicists, and geomagnetists. The structure at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) appears to be influencing convective motions both in the solid silicate mantle and in the liquid‐iron outer core. Such processes are apparently at work at the CMB beneath eastern Indonesia, where very slow seismic velocities suggest an unusually hot region and could signal the birth of a mantle plume. In addition, geomagnetic modeling indicates that rising plumes could exist here in the core, which could represent dynamic coupling between the mantle and core.
“Greenhouse cooling” of the upper atmosphere
Authors: Roble R. G.
Published: October 2006

The release of trace gases such as carbon dioxide and methane through human activity is generally accepted to have the potential to alter the Earth's climate. Various projections indicate that present concentrations of these “greenhouse” gases will double by the end of the 21st century. Studies of the atmospheric effect of these gases suggest that the globally averaged temperature of the troposphere (0–10 km altitude) will increase by about 1‐5°K because of an increase in trapped infrared radiation. In the stratosphere (10–50 km), however, the increased concentration of these gases will give rise to a greater infrared cooling to space, and the globally averaged temperature is predicted to cool by 10–20°K, compared with present‐day temperatures [Brasseur and Hitchman, 1988]. It should be stressed that this latter prediction applies to the upper atmosphere, and does not address greenhouse warming in the lower atmosphere, which has been treated by other climate modelers.
Cruise to the Chukchi Borderland, Arctic Ocean
Authors: Grantz Arthur ,   1992 Arctic Summer West Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Oceanography and geology were the principal focuses of the U.S. Geological Survey‐sponsored expedition Arctic Summer West '92, which traveled to the eastern part of the Chukchi Borderland of the Amerasia Basin, western Arctic Ocean. The expedition took place from August 20 to September 25, 1992, aboard the Coast Guard cutter Polar Star. USGS investigated the geologic framework and tectonic origin of the borderland, Arctic Quaternary paleoclimate, sea‐ice transport of particulate matter in the Beaufort Gyre, and possible radionuclide contamination of the water column and seafloor off Alaska from sources in the Russian Arctic. Researchers from five other institutions studied the area's oceanography, age of the water column, paleoenvironment of the Holocene sediment, physical properties and synthetic‐aperture radar backscatter of sea ice, and the drop‐stone content of late Quaternary sediment.
Polar continental margins: Studies off East Greenland
Authors: Mienert J. , Thiede J. , Kenyon N. H. , Hollender F.‐J.
Published: October 2006

The passive continental margin off east Greenland has been shaped by tectonic and sedimentary processes, and typical physiographic patterns have evolved over the past few million years under the influence of the late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere glaciations. The Greenland ice shield has been particularly affected.

GLORIA (Geological Long Range Inclined Asdic), the Institute of Oceanographic Sciences' (IOS) long‐range, side‐scan sonar, was used on a 1992 RV Livonia cruise to map large‐scale changes in sedimentary patterns along the east Greenland continental margin. The overall objective of this research program was to determine the variety of large‐scale seafloor processes to improve our understanding of the interaction between ice sheets, current regimes, and sedimentary processes. In cooperation with IOS and the RV Livonia, a high‐quality set of seafloor data has been produced. GLORIA'S first survey of east Greenland's continental margin covered several 1000‐ × 50‐km‐wide swaths (Figure 1) and yielded an impressive sidescan sonar image of the complete Greenland Basin and margin (about 250,000 km2). A mosaic of the data was made at a scale of 1:375,000. The base map was prepared with a polar stereographic projection having a standard parallel of 71°.