bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural assignment of disialylated biantennary N‐glycan isomers derivatized with 2‐aminopyridine using negative‐ion multistage tandem mass spectral matching
Authors: Ito Hiroki , Yamada Kuriko , Deguchi Kisaburo , Nakagawa Hiroaki , Nishimura Shin‐Ichiro
Published: December 2006

To investigate the possibility of structural assignment based on negative‐ion multistage tandem mass (MSn) spectral matching, four isomers of disialylated biantennary N‐glycans (α2‐6 and/or α2‐3 linked sialic acid on α1‐6 and α1‐3 antennae) derivatized with 2‐aminopyridine (PA) were analyzed by employing high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization linear ion trap time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐LIT‐TOFMS), which uses helium gas for ion trapping and collision‐induced dissociation (CID). It is shown that the MS2 spectra derived from each precursor ion [M−2H]2− are reproducible and useful for distinguishing the four isomers. Thus, they can be assigned by negative‐ion MS2 spectral matching based on correlation coefficients. In addition, MS3 spectra derived from D‐type fragment ions clearly differentiate the α2‐3‐ or α2‐6‐linked sialic acid on the α1‐6 antenna due to their characteristic spectral patterns. The C4‐type fragment ions, which are produced from both the α1‐6 and α1‐3 antennae, show the characteristic MS3 spectra reflecting α2‐3‐ or α2‐6‐ linkage type or a mixture of both types. Thus, the differentiation and assignment of these disialylated biantennary N‐glycan isomers can also be supported with the MS3 spectra of C4‐ and D‐type ions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Individuation and parents as people: Measurement concerns regarding two aspects of autonomy☆
Authors: Andersen Brian , LaVoie Joseph C. , Dunkel Curt S.
Published: December 2006

The focus of this study was on examining two assumed components of adolescent autonomy—individuation and perceiving parents as people and the validity of their measurement. Participating in the study were 67 students in grades 9 and 11 (ages 14–17 years) and 118 college students (ages 18–27 years). Each student completed two measures of individuation and two measures of parents as people. The sample was divided into four data sets for analyses based on gender and age grouping. Neither the two measures of individuation nor the two measures of parents as people correlated with each other indicating a problem with concurrent validity. The problems with adequate grounding in theory and validity for the measures are discussed.
Changes in diet, exercise and stress behaviours using the stages of change model in cardiac rehabilitation patients
Authors: Mckee Gabrielle , Bannon Jo , Kerins Mary , Fitzgerald Geraldine
Published: December 2006

The behavioural changes initiated during Phase III cardiac rehabilitation programmes were recorded using Prochaska and Diclemente's “stages of change” model. This study aimed to ascertain if changes were initiated, maintained or further developed during Phase III programmes and 6 months after the programmes with a view to ascertaining the usefulness of this tool in providing stage matched individualised care. The risk factors examined were: exercise, diet and stress. The stages were recorded quantitatively and were numerically designated a value of 1–5. The results were analysed using SPSS. The sample number was one hundred and eighty seven patients.

Significant improvements were made by the end of the programme (6 or 8 weeks) indicating that most patients had modified their behaviour during the programme. There was no significant additional improvement in the risk factors 6 months later. These results are a further indication of the need for support post Phase III programmes. Patients entered Phase III rehabilitation at different stages in their risk behaviours and with regard to exercise this stage at commencement influences the final stage achieved. “Stages of change” is a useful simple method of recording behavioural change and this type of routine monitoring of a patient could be used effectively as part of the individual care plan during the programme.
Clinical syndrome suggestive of heart failure is frequently attributable to non‐cardiac disorders — population‐based study
Authors: Azevedo Ana , Bettencourt Paulo , Pimenta Joana , Friões Fernando , Abreu‐Lima Cassiano , Hense Hans‐Werner , Barros Henrique
Published: December 2006

Aim:

To assess how often the clinical syndrome (CS) of heart failure is attributable to alternative, including non‐cardiac, explanations.

Methods and results:

Cross‐sectional evaluation of 739 community participants aged ≥45 years. Subjects with ≥2 symptoms or signs (dyspnoea or fatigue, orthopnoea, nocturnal paroxysmal dyspnoea, third heart sound, jugular venous distension, rales and lower limb oedema) or who were receiving loop diuretics were considered to have the clinical syndrome of heart failure. Attributable fractions were derived based on adjusted odds ratios and the prevalence of underlying disorders among cases. CS was present in 28.0% of women and in 15.2% of men, p<0.001. The multivariate‐adjusted fraction of CS attributable to female gender was 40.6%, to age≥65 years 28.5%, left ventricular systolic dysfunction, left ventricular dilatation or moderate–severe valvular disease 4.9%, diastolic dysfunction or atrial fibrillation 13.0%, obesity 22.6%, coronary heart disease 7.2% and chronic lung disease 6.9%. When additionally adjusting for depressive symptoms, the association with gender and age became much weaker, and 32% of cases were attributable to depressive symptoms. Forty‐two percent of subjects with CS had cardiac abnormalities.

Conclusion:

In less than half of subjects with CS was systolic or diastolic heart failure confirmed. Female gender, older age, obesity and depressive symptoms accounted for the largest fraction of CS.
The spinal cord connections of the myofascial trigger spots⋆,⋆⋆
Authors: Kuan Ta‐Shen , Hong Chang‐Zern , Chen Jo‐Tong , Chen Shu‐Min , Chien Chi‐Hsien
Published: December 2006

Background:Recent electrophysiological studies revealed that endplate noise (EPN) could be specifically recorded from a myofascial trigger point (MTrP) region. EPN has been considered as the focal graded potentials due to excessive acetylcholine release in neuromuscular junction. A recent histological study has demonstrated a free nerve ending at the vicinity of the site, from where EPN could be recorded in an MTrP region. However, the sensory (afferent) and the motor (efferent) connections between an MTrP and the spinal cord still has never been fully studied.

Aims:The aim of this study was to delineate both motor and sensory connections between an MTrP and the spinal cord by applying the stain with horseradish peroxidase (HRP).

Methods:Nine Wistar rats were studied. When the rat was anesthetized, its biceps femoris muscles were exposed for localizing the myofascial trigger spot (MTrS, equivalent to MTrP in human). In one side, a monopolar Teflon‐coated, hollow‐needle electrode was used for searching EPN in an MTrS region, and then HRP was injected via this hollow‐needle electrode into the site where EPN was recorded. HRP was also injected into a normal (non‐taut band, non‐MTrS) site in the contralateral side to obtain the control data. Two days after HRP injection, the rats were sacrificed and their spinal cords and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were sectioned for the identification of the sites where neurons were labeled with HRP.

Results:The HRP‐labeled neurons were found in the ventral horn of the spinal cord and in the DRG over L3, L4, and L5, while most were found in the L5 level. The mean numbers of HRP‐labeled neurons in the EPN side looked smaller than that in the control side, but the difference did not reach statistically significant level (P> 0.05). The mean values of the diameters of the HRP‐labeled neurons in the DRG were not significantly different between the EPN side and the control side (P> 0.05). However, HRP‐neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord in the EPN side showed mild tendency to be smaller than that in the control side.

Conclusions:The spinal cord connections of an MTrS are basically similar to that for a normal tissue region. The motor neurons related to MTrS tended to be smaller in their diameters. The findings in this study further supported the previously proposed hypotheses for the pathogenesis of an MTrP.
Cardiovascular risk factors in cognitively impaired nursing home patients: A relationship with pain?
Authors: Achterberg W.P. , Scherder E. , Pot A.M. , Ribbe M.W.
Published: December 2006

Cardiovascular risk factors (CRF) such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus favour the development of both vascular dementia (VaD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The resulting deafferentation may increase the experience of pain in VaD and in AD. The goal of the present study was to examine the relationship between CRF and pain in a sample of 107 cognitively impaired nursing home patients who had also a chronic pain condition. The prevalence of pain in patients with hypertension or diabetes mellitus was higher (25/41 = 61% of them had pain) than those without diabetes or hypertension (of whom 24/66 = 36.4% had pain, p = 0.017). In a multivariate logistic regression model (adjusted for gender, age and depression) the presence of diabetes or hypertension was a risk indicator for pain: odds ratio: 3.48, p = 0.005, 95% CI: 1.45–8.38. This finding supports the hypothesis that as a result of CRF, disruptions of cortico–cortico and cortico–subcortical pathways occur, and consequently, enhances pain in this group of patients.
Quetiapine in relapse prevention in alcoholics suffering from craving and affective symptoms: a case series
Authors: Croissant B. , Klein O. , Gehrlein L. , Kniest A. , Hermann D. , Diehl A. , Mann K.
Published: December 2006

Purpose

Quetiapine is a novel antipsychotic, which is efficacious in the treatment of positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Research has shown that atypical antipsychotic also reduce the craving and consumption for stimulants and alcohol. Due to Quetiapine's particulars and the promising receptor profile concerning addiction medicine, we set out to examine the tolerability and efficacy concerning relapse prevention of withdrawn alcoholics suffering from craving and affective symptoms.

Subjects and methods

Our case observations attempted to evaluate nine alcoholics after withdrawal suffering from persisting craving, sleep disorder, excitement, depressive symptoms or anxiety symptoms. The patients were treated with quetiapine as relapse prevention and we followed them up in our outpatient clinic.

Results

Eight out of nine patients were abstinent under quetiapine over a period of 2–7 months. One of these patients relapsed after he stopped taking the preparation at his own initiative after 10 weeks. The ninth patient stopped taking the preparation immediately because of swollen nasal mucosae. All target symptoms disappeared in the patients after an average of (mean ± S.D.) 24.5 ± 18.1 days. The overall tolerability was considered to be very good; however, initial sleepiness appeared in four patients.

Conclusion

Although uncontrolled case observations can only be interpreted with caution quetiapine seems to deserve further investigation and may hold the potential for preventing alcohol relapse in alcoholics suffering from additional above-mentioned symptoms.
Hospital-treated physical illnesses and mortality: An 11-year follow-up study of long-stay psychiatric patients
Authors: Räsänen Sami , Meyer-Rochow Victor Benno , Moring Juha , Hakko Helinä
Published: December 2006

Under-recognitions of somatic illnesses have frequently been suggested to explain the well-known increased risks of mortality in long-stay psychiatric patients. There are, however, no studies, in which register information on realized somatic hospitalisations and mortality from somatic illnesses in psychiatric patients are actually linked and simultaneously evaluated. In this study, 208 long-stay psychiatric patients, suffering from functional psychoses (mainly schizophrenia) in Northern Finland were followed up for 11 years, and screened for all somatic hospitalisations and subsequent causes of death. 86.5% of the patients had undergone hospital treatment due to some physical illness after their first psychiatric admission. During specialized psychiatric care the majority of the deceased patients had received some somatic treatment for illnesses that ultimately caused their deaths: 81% representing circulatory, 71% digestive, 56% neoplastic, and 36% respiratory ailments. We found no evidence for the frequently expressed view that somatic illnesses in psychiatric patients were under-recognized. Thus, the widely-documented poor physical outcome of long-stay psychiatric patients may be not attributable to neglect of care or abandon, but to difficulties in efficaciously addressing medical conditions in a population characterised by unhealthy life-style habits, psychiatric disability and isolation. The health care systems apparently offer a range of services, but the latter do not always reach the patients. Why this is so requires detailed further investigation.
AnCrpA, a cAMP receptor protein, regulates nif‐related gene expression in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. strain PCC 7120 grown with nitrate
Authors: Suzuki Takayuki , Yoshimura Hidehisa , Ehira Shigeki , Ikeuchi Masahiko , Ohmori Masayuki
Published: December 2006

Target genes for a cAMP receptor protein, AnCrpA, were screened using an Anabaena oligonucleotide microarray and real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) analysis. Several gene expressions, including some involved in nitrogen fixation, were downregulated in the ancrpA disruptant when cells were grown with nitrate. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) revealed that AnCrpA bound to the 5′ upstream region of nifB, all1439, hesA, all5347, hglE and coxBII in the presence of cAMP, and all of them are related with nitrogen fixation. A possible AnCrpA‐binding site in the 5′ upstream region of nifB was predicted using hidden Markov model (HMM) software based on the result of in vitro selection of AnCrpA‐binding sequences, and the binding was confirmed by EMSA. Thus, AnCrpA regulates the expressions of gene clusters related to nitrogen fixation in the presence of nitrate.
MARCH‐IX mediates ubiquitination and downregulation of ICAM‐1
Authors: Hoer Simon , Smith Lorraine , Lehner Paul J.
Published: December 2006

The membrane associated RING‐CH (MARCH) family of genes encode a novel group of RING‐type ubiquitin E3 ligases. Overexpression of one of these family members, MARCH‐IX, leads to a downregulation of cell surface major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and CD4. Here, we identify MARCH‐IX as the first ubiquitin E3 ligase to control expression of the critical cell adhesion molecule ICAM‐1. MARCH‐IX expression causes ubiquitination and downregulation of ICAM‐1 and a short alternative transcript of MARCH‐IX lacking the RING‐CH domain, termed MARCH‐IX RINGless, is shown to act as a positive regulator of MARCH‐IX activity.
The Ibis T5000 Universal Biosensor: An Automated Platform for Pathogen Identification and Strain Typing
Authors: Ecker David J. , Drader Jared J. , Gutierrez Jose , Gutierrez Abel , Hannis James C. , Schink Amy , Sampath Rangarajan , Blyn Lawrence B. , Eshoo Mark W. , Hall Thomas A. , Tobarmosquera Maria , Jiang Yun , Sannes-Lowery Kristin A. , Cummins Lendell L. , Libby Brian , Walcott Demetrius J. , Massire Christian , Ranken Raymond , Manalili Sheri , Ivy Cristina , Melton Rachael , Levene Harold , Harpin Vanessa , Li Feng , White Neill , Pear Michael , Ecker Joseph A. , Samant Vivek , Knize Duane , Robbins David , Rudnick Karl , Hajjar Fred , Hofstadler Steven A.
Published: December 2006

We describe a new approach to the sensitive and specific identification of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa based on broad-range PCR and high-performance mass spectrometry. The Ibis T5000 is based on technology developed for the Department of Defense known as T.I.G.E.R. (Triangulation Identification for the Genetic Evaluation of Risks) for pathogen surveillance. The technology uses mass spectrometry—derived base composition signatures obtained from PCR amplification of broadly conserved regions of the pathogen genomes to identify most organisms present in a sample. The process of sample analysis has been automated using a combination of commercially available and custom instrumentation. A software system known as T-Track manages the sample flow, signal analysis, and data interpretation and provides simplified result reports to the user. No specialized expertise is required to use the instrumentation. In addition to pathogen surveillance, the Ibis T5000 is being applied to reducing health care—associated infections (HAIs), emerging and pandemic disease surveillance, human forensics analysis, and pharmaceutical product and food safety, and will be used eventually in human infectious disease diagnosis. In this review, we describe the automated Ibis T5000 instrument and provide examples of how it is used in HAI control.
Cervical Cancer: The Indian Perspective
Authors: VALLIKAD E
Published: December 2006

Cancer of the uterine cervix is the commonest gynaecologic cancer in India, with most women presenting with disease extending beyond the cervix. The majority of women belong to the lower socioeconomic status, are rural, aged between 35 and 64 years and highly noncompliant for complete treatment and follow‐up. Opportunistic screening with cytology, colposcopy and test for Human Papilloma Virus and appropriate treatment are available on payment at urban private medical centres but are not available at urban and rural government health centres that are accessed by women of the lower socioeconomic status. The Government's investment in health is 0.9% of the GDP. Thus cytology screening as a government health measure is not feasible. The ‘social vaccine’ of health empowerment along with visual inspection and appropriate referral by the rural and urban health personnel (Department of Health and Family Welfare); with an additional input of health awareness and motivation by Anganwadi Workers (Department of Women and Child Development), elected women representatives in the Panchayats (Department of Rural Development and Panchayati Raj) and non‐governmental development agencies could be a collaborative effort towards “downstaging” cervical cancer. This could lay the foundation for the introduction of cytology screening when resources are available.
Quality of Life Considerations in Gynecologic Cancer
Authors: PENSON Richard T , WENZEL Lari B , VERGOTE Ignace , CELLA David
Published: December 2006

Quality of life (QOL) is a fundamental consideration for patients with life threatening diseases. Major evolving paradigms are discussed: improved QOL with laparoscopic surgery, the impact on QOL of intraperitoneal chemotherapy for optimally cytoreduced ovarian cancer, combination therapy, sexuality, and survivorship. The goals of treatment for many patients with gynecologic tumors remain largely palliative, and patient reported QOL is the primary outcome determining the utility of treatment. Particularly in this area, QOL endpoints are increasingly important in clinical trials. The QOL issues facing gynecologic cancer patients, the use of validated QOL instruments, recent advances in the evaluation of interventions, and changes in concepts related to QOL are reviewed.
A comparative study of a 0.1 m2 and 0.25 m2 Hamon grab for sampling macrobenthic fauna from offshore marine gravels
Authors: Boyd S.E. , Barry J. , Nicholson M.
Published: December 2006

This paper is concerned with comparing the relative performance of small (0.1 m2) and large (0.25 m2) Hamon grabs for sampling the benthic macro-invertebrates from coarse offshore marine sediments. We present results based on an actual survey near the Isle of Wight, UK, but we also summarize and develop a statistical theory as well as demonstrate the theory using a small simulation study. Our results show that: the larger grabs are more difficult to handle, especially from small vessels; for a given sampling area the small grab can provide a more precise estimate of abundance than the larger grab if the individuals are clustered; the smaller grab can detect more species than the larger grab if individuals from the same species are clustered together (in our study, approximately 5% more species); and the smaller grab may undersample larger macrofaunal species and also species that live on larger cobbles.

We present theoretical equations to demonstrate the two samplers abilities to capture cobbles of different sizes. Multivariate techniques suggest that differences in the composition of the fauna collected using the different sized grabs are statistically significant, but small. It is more expensive to process samples from the smaller grab per unit area. However, per grab, the smaller grab is cheaper. We also present a model to demonstrate the effect on species occurrence and abundance.
Phylogenetic relationships of a tube worm (Lamellibrachia juni) from three hydrothermal vent fields in the South Pacific
Authors: Kojima Shigeaki , Watanabe Hiromi , Tsuchida Shinji , Fujikura Katsunori , Rowden Ashley A. , Takai Ken , Miura Tomoyuki
Published: December 2006

The phylogenetic relationships were analysed based on nucleotide sequences of a mitochondrial gene for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) for the vestimentiferan tube worm Lamellibrachia juni, which inhabits three extremely acidic hydrothermal vent fields in the South Pacific: the TOTO Caldera in the South Mariana Volcanic Arc, the DESMOS site in the Manus Basin, and the Brothers Caldera in the Kermadec Arc. Six haplotypes were obtained from 34 lamellibrachiids from the three sites. Each haplotype was obtained only from a single site, which suggests that the three populations have been isolated from each other. Haplotypes from the DESMOS site formed a monophyletic cluster. All ten individuals from the TOTO Caldera were classified into the same haplotype, which was shown to form a monophyletic cluster with one of three haplotypes from the Brothers Caldera. The population in the Brothers Caldera was shown to consist of two genetically distinct groups.
A TANDEM QUEUE WITH LÉVY INPUT: A NEW REPRESENTATION OF
THE DOWNSTREAM QUEUE LENGTH
Authors: Debicki Krzysztof , Mandjes Michel , van Uitert Miranda
Published: December 2006

In this article we present a new representation for the steady-state
distribution of the workload of the second queue in a two-node tandem
network. It involves the difference of two suprema over two adjacent
intervals. In the case of spectrally positive Lévy input, this
enables us to derive the Laplace transform and Pollaczek–Khintchine
representation of the workload of the second queue. Additionally, we
obtain the exact distribution of the workload in the case of Brownian and
Poisson input, as well as some insightful formulas representing the exact
asymptotics for α-stable Lévy inputs.
A Spatial Indexing Approach for High Performance Location Based Services
Authors: Huang Bo , Wu Qiang
Published: December 2006

The rapid development of positioning technology, wireless communication and mobile devices has given rise to the exciting Location Based Services (LBS) thus significantly influencing existing navigational procedures. Motivated by the increasing need to search efficiently through a huge number of service locations (e.g. restaurants, hotels, shops, and more), this paper presents an efficient spatial index QR-tree, a hybrid index structure of Quadtree and R-tree, instead of the exhaustive search to improve the performance in response to user queries. QR-tree consists of two levels: the upper level is a Quadtree residing in the main memory which partitions the data space and the lower level is disk-resident R-trees assigned to the subspaces resulting from the partitioning process. Computational experiments show that the hybrid index structure is able to reduce query response time by up to 30% and achieve significant improvement on data update over the conventional indexing methods, thereby providing an effective option for efficient navigation services.
The Relationship Between Personality Traits, Self-Esteem, and Attachment at Work
Authors: Neustadt Elizabeth , Chamorro-Premuzic Tomas , Furnham Adrian
Published: December 2006

This study explores the relationships between the Big Five personality traits, self-esteem, and attachment orientation at work. A total of 248 working adults (165 female and 83 male) completed the revised form of the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R; Costa & McCrae, 1992 ), a self-esteem scale ( Rosenberg, 1965 ) and a self-report measure of attachment at work ( Neustadt, Chamorro-Premuzic, & Furnham, in press ). Principal component analysis identified two major attachment factors, namely secure/autonomous and insecure, which were significantly correlated with self-esteem and all five personality factors (as well as specific subfacets). Regression analyses showed that between 15–20% of the variance in secure and insecure attachment at work could be explained by personality traits and self-esteem. Self-esteem partly mediated the link between Neuroticism and insecure attachment; however, most associations between personality and attachment could not be explained by self-esteem. Theoretical and applied implications are discussed.
Imaging of structure at and near the core mantle boundary using a generalized radon transform: 1. Construction of image gathers
Authors: Wang P. , de Hoop M. V. , van der Hilst R. D. , Ma P. , Tenorio L.
Published: December 2006

We introduce a method for imaging heterogeneity at and near interfaces in Earth's lowermost mantle with broadband, three‐component seismograms from global seismograph networks. Our approach is based on inverse scattering and allows the extraction of pertinent signal from large data sets and requires few a priori assumptions about the heterogeneity under study, which makes it complementary to the forward modeling of selected waveforms. Here we construct a generalized radon transform (for heterogeneous, anisotropic elastic media) to map broadband seismogram windows, comprising main arrivals with their coda and precursors, into multiple images of a target structure. The “common image point gathers” thus produced reveal multiscale variations in elastic properties near deep interfaces. The GRT can be applied to narrow and wide‐angle data, and the (automated) extraction of signal from data over a wide range of epicentral distances enables exploration of core‐mantle boundary (CMB) regions that cannot, with present‐day data coverage, be imaged with the triplicated waveforms used in forward modeling studies. Tests with synthetic data, produced both with idealized and actual source‐receiver distributions, illustrate pertinent aspects of the theory and show that (multiple) weak interfaces can be detected and located correctly, with a radial resolution of ∼15 km for the frequencies used, even in the presence of (random) noise that would prohibit visual inspection and modeling of the subtle signals. We transformed the transverse component ScS waveforms into image gathers of a CMB patch beneath Central America. Juxtaposition of stacks of these gathers, involving ∼35,000 seismograms, produces a two‐dimensional (2‐D) image profile revealing contrasts in elastic properties near the target depth of the CMB and ∼280–340 km above it. The latter may mark the top of the so called D″ region. The images also reveal a richness of structures in between these depths. Combined with a statistical analysis of these singularities (described in paper 2), the approach to imaging presented here paves the way to large‐scale seismic exploration of the lowermost mantle.
Chemistry of aerosols over a semi‐arid region: Evidence for acid neutralization by mineral dust
Authors: Rastogi N. , Sarin M. M.
Published: December 2006

A two‐year study based on chemical characteristics of ambient aerosols, from an urban site of a semi‐arid region in western India, provides an unequivocal evidence for the quantitative neutralization of acidic constituents by mineral aerosols. The mineral dust component varied in the range 16–220 μg m−3 (Av: 88, sd: 42); and contributed to 69 ± 5% of the TSP (range: 43–273 μg m−3, Av: 125, sd: 49). A characteristic feature of the in‐situ chemical reactions is well reflected by the relative dominance of Ca2+ and HCO3− ions in the water‐soluble composition of aerosols and anti‐correlation among HCO3−/Ca2+ and “Excess Acid”/Ca2+. A ubiquitous alkaline‐nature of rainfall events over this high dust region further attests to our chemical data. Such regional‐scale atmospheric transformation processes suggest the over estimation of negative radiative forcing (climate cooling) due to sulphate aerosols in the global climate models.
Anisotropy beneath an active collision orogen of Taiwan: Results from across islands array observations
Authors: Huang Bor‐Shouh , Huang Win‐Gee , Liang Wen‐Tzong , Rau Ruey‐Juin , Hirata Naoshi
Published: December 2006

We examined shear wave splitting in SKS phases from a large event recorded by a temporary array across southern Taiwan. The span extends from the western plain to the east coast. We applied particle motion and cross correlation methods to estimate its polarization directions and delay times. Analysis shows clear evidence of splitting except stations on the east coast. The fast split‐shear wave along this transect are approximately parallel to the strike of the mountain belt (NE‐SW). The delay times show a short‐wavelength variation and are well correlated to the surface geology. The largest split time is about 1.6 sec located at Eastern Central Mountain Range and indicates its possible mantle origin. Implications suggest that anisotropy is related to the collision tectonics which built the Taiwan islands, and that this tectonic compression involved the lithosphere and is characterized by a strong coherent deformation of the upper mantle and the crust.
Retrograde mica in deep crustal granulites: Implications for crustal seismic anisotropy
Authors: Mahan K.
Published: December 2006

The primary contributor to seismic anisotropy in deep continental crust is commonly thought to be crystallographically preferred orientation of anisotropic mica and amphibole. The abundance of these hydrous phases is very sensitive to temperature, pressure, and fluid content. Consequently, the thermodynamic stability of these phases provides important information with which to interpret seismic anisotropy in crustal studies. An example is given of the evolution of anhydrous, mica‐absent, lower crustal felsic granulite to a mica‐rich (20–40% mode) tectonite during exhumation along a crustal‐scale shear zone, which should significantly influence the potential seismic anisotropy of the structure. This phenomenon may occur in the Himalayan orogen where a seismically anisotropic layer has been recently interpreted as the Main Himalayan Thrust. The apparent southward strengthening of anisotropy along the thrust may be due to an increase in mica content as rocks in the mid‐crustal channel are hydrated and cool through the granulite‐amphibolite transition.
Nanofiber calcite in Asian dust and its atmospheric roles
Authors: Jeong Gi Young , Chun Youngsin
Published: December 2006

Calcite is the most important mineral in Asian dust, and it reacts with atmospheric gases during its long‐range transport. Mineralogical and chemical analyses of Asian dust and source soils showed two types of calcite that differ greatly in morphology and origin: (i) micron‐sized irregular particles derived from the erosion of bedrock, and (ii) nanosized fibers that were chemically precipitated in soils. In Asian dust aerosol particles, these nanofibers were internally mixed with clay minerals, often coating quartz and feldspar grains together with clay minerals. Nanofiber‐bearing aerosol particles were more abundant than the coarser calcite particles. The nanofibers reacted to form sulfate coatings on minerals, providing a significant contribution to the optical, chemical, and hygroscopic modifications of Asian dust due to their enhanced reactivity. Asian dust is basically a mineral aerosol, and its mineralogical diversity needs to be characterized before a proper estimation of its climatic, geochemical, and ecological roles and provenance.
South China Sea throughflow: A heat and freshwater conveyor
Authors: Qu Tangdong , Du Yan , Sasaki Hideharu
Published: December 2006

Analysis of surface flux data suggests that the South China Sea throughflow is a conveyor belt transferring up to 0.2 PW (1 PW = 1 × 1015W) of heat and 0.1 Sv (1 Sv = 1 × 106 m3 s−1) of freshwater from the South China Sea into the Indonesian maritime continent. As surface heat and freshwater fluxes display substantially different temporal variations with the South China Sea throughflow, we hypothesize that the South China Sea acts as a heat capacitor, storing heat in certain years and releasing it in others. Results from a high‐resolution general circulation model confirm this hypothesis, implying that the South China Sea is likely to play a more active role than previously thought in regulating the sea surface temperature pattern in the Indonesian maritime continent and its adjoining western Pacific and eastern Indian Oceans.
Characterization of hematite (α‐Fe2O3), goethite (α‐FeOOH), greigite (Fe3S4), and pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) using first‐order reversal curve diagrams
Authors: Roberts Andrew P. , Liu Qingsong , Rowan Christopher J. , Chang Liao , Carvallo Claire , Torrent José , Horng Chorng‐Shern
Published: December 2006

First‐order reversal curve (FORC) diagrams have become a standard tool in rock magnetism, yet magnetite is the only magnetic mineral that is well characterized using FORC diagrams. We present FORC diagrams for predominantly single‐domain (SD) synthetic aluminous hematite (α‐Fe2‐xAlxO3) and goethite (α‐(FeAl)OOH) and natural greigite (Fe3S4) and pyrrhotite (Fe7S8) to constrain interpretation of FORC diagrams from natural samples. Hematite and goethite have low spontaneous magnetizations and negligible magnetic interactions, while greigite and pyrrhotite have higher spontaneous magnetizations and can have strong magnetic interactions. The coercivity of hematite systematically increases with Al content only for samples produced using the same synthesis method, but it is variable for samples produced with different methods even for similar Al content. This precludes use of magnetic coercivity alone to quantify the Al content of natural hematites. Goethite has much higher coercivity than hematite for all measured samples. SD and superparamagnetic (SP) behavior is common in natural greigite samples, with peak coercivities ranging from ∼70 mT (SD) to zero (SP). This range overlaps with that of lower‐coercivity minerals, which can make greigite identification ambiguous at room temperature. Fine‐grained SD pyrrhotite has slightly higher coercivities than greigite, which progressively decreases with increasing grain size within the SD size range and overlaps the range for greigite. While FORC diagrams are useful for magnetic characterization, care is needed in interpretation because of overlaps in the broad range of magnetic properties, which result from variations in domain state, for any magnetic mineral with respect to other minerals.
A one‐dimensional sectional aerosol model integrated with mesoscale meteorological data to study marine boundary layer aerosol dynamics
Authors: Caffrey Peter F. , Hoppel William A. , Shi Jainn J.
Published: December 2006

The dynamics of aerosols in the marine boundary layer are simulated with a one‐dimensional, multicomponent, sectional aerosol model using vertical profiles of turbulence, relative humidity, temperature, vertical velocity, cloud cover, and precipitation provided by 3‐D mesoscale meteorological model output. The Naval Research Laboratory's (NRL) sectional aerosol model MARBLES (Fitzgerald et al., 1998a) was adapted to use hourly meteorological input taken from NRL's Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Prediction System (COAMPS). COAMPS‐generated turbulent mixing coefficients and large‐scale vertical velocities determine vertical exchange within the marine boundary layer and exchange with the free troposphere. Air mass back trajectories were used to define the air column history along which the meteorology was retrieved for use with the aerosol model. Details on the integration of these models are described here, as well as a description of improvements made to the aerosol model, including transport by large‐scale vertical motions (such as subsidence and lifting), a revised sea‐salt aerosol source function, and separate tracking of sulfate mass from each of the five sources (free tropospheric, nucleated, condensed from gas phase oxidation products, cloud‐processed, and produced from heterogeneous oxidation of S(IV) on sea‐salt aerosol). Results from modeling air masses arriving at Oahu, Hawaii, are presented, and the relative contribution of free‐tropospheric sulfate particles versus sea‐salt aerosol from the surface to CCN concentrations is discussed. Limitations and benefits of the method are presented, as are sensitivity analyses of the effect of large‐scale vertical motions versus turbulent mixing.
Radar properties as clues to relative ages of ridge belts and plains on Venus
Authors: McGill George E. , Campbell Bruce A.
Published: December 2006

An ongoing issue regarding the crustal evolution of Venus is whether or not certain features and processes occurred in the same sequence and at the same time globally. This paper seeks to test one aspect of “directional” models for the geologic history: the inference that all ridge belts are older than regional plains. This test involves traditional geologic analysis, but also involves the use of radar properties in a unique way. We use a simplified model for the ridge shape, and an estimate of the diffuse scattering behavior of the Venus surface, to determine the “true” backscatter coefficient of the slope of the ridge tilted away from the radar, and ratio this value to the echoes from nearby plains units. In general, ridge‐forming terrain in these belts appears to have greater inferred backscatter coefficients, and thus decimeter‐scale roughness, than the regional plains. Plains units closely adjacent to many ridge belts have higher backscatter than plains at some distance, which we infer is generally due to aeolian deposition of debris characterized by centimeter‐scale microdunes or ripples where the belt topography interferes with wind patterns. The rougher apparent surface texture within the belt‐forming terrain is not consistent with the gentle folding that forms the ridges, and so is likely a result of weathering or tectonic processes operating prior to belt deformation. We thus conclude that the material incorporated in the ridge belts we have studied predates the surrounding regional plains.
Geochemical record of chemical weathering and monsoon climate change since the early Miocene in the South China Sea
Authors: Wei Gangjian , Li Xian‐Hua , Liu Ying , Shao Lei , Liang Xirong
Published: December 2006

The chemical index of alteration (CIA) and elemental ratios that are sensitive to chemical weathering, such as Ca/Ti, Na/Ti, Al/Ti, Al/Na, Al/K, and La/Sm, were analyzed for detrital sediments at Ocean Drilling Program Site 1148 from the northern South China Sea to reveal information of chemical weathering in the source regions during the early Miocene. High CIA values of ∼80, coupled with high Al/Ti and Al/Na and low Na/Ti and Ca/Ti, are observed for the sediments at ∼23 Ma, indicating a high chemical weathering intensity in the north source region, i.e., south China. This was followed by gradual decreases in Al/Ti, Al/Na, La/Sm, and Al/K ratios, as well as the CIA values, and increases in Ca/Ti and Na/Ti ratios. These records together with other paleoclimate proxies, such as black carbon δ13C and benthic foraminifer δ18O, give reliable information on the climate changes in south China. Our results show that the climate in south China was warm and humid in the early Miocene (∼23 Ma) according to the chemical weathering records. The humidity in south China decreased from the early Miocene to Present with several fluctuations centering at approximately 15.7 Ma, 8.4 Ma, and 2.5 Ma, coincident with the global cooling since the middle Miocene. These climate changes implied that the summer east Asian monsoon has dramatically affected south China in the early Miocene, whereas the influence of the summer monsoon on this region has decreased continuously since that time, probably because of the intensification of the winter monsoon. Such an evolution for the east Asian monsoon is different from that for the Indian monsoon.
Simulating Holocene carbon accumulation in a western Siberian watershed mire using a three‐dimensional dynamic modeling approach
Authors: Borren Wiebe , Bleuten Wladimir
Published: December 2006

The vast undisturbed mires in western Siberia formed a significant sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide during the Holocene. However, the lack of spatially resolved simulation models hampers the quantification of Holocene carbon accumulation of the entire mire systems. Here we developed a three‐dimensional dynamic model, based on a hydrological approach. We applied the model to a large mire complex in western Siberia to simulate its Holocene development and to quantify the long‐term carbon accumulation rate (LORCA). Our model simulated a LORCA with a spatial variation of 10–85 g C m−2 yr−1. The average over the Holocene was 16.2 g C m−2 yr−1. Simulation scenarios for the 21st century show that the average LORCA dropped to 5.2 g C m−2 yr−1 because of oxidation and decomposition of peat following mire drainage after the 1950s. Even in the undrained parts of the mire complex the LORCA is lowered substantially because of the dropped water table and resulting decrease in peat growth. Our results show that carbon accumulation in western Siberian watershed mires will continue in the future. Thus these mires might remain a significant sink of carbon.
Degradation of the hexose transporter Hxt5p in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: van Suylekom Denise , van Donselaar Elly , Blanchetot Christophe , Do Ngoc Lan Nguyen , Humbel Bruno M. , Boonstra Johannes
Published: December 2006

Background information. Hxt5p is a member of a multigene family of hexose transporter proteins which translocate glucose across the plasma membrane of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast with other major hexose transporters of this family, Hxt5p expression is regulated by the growth rate of the cells and not by the external glucose concentration. Furthermore, Hxt5p is the only glucose transporter expressed during stationary phase. These observations suggest a different role for Hxt5p in S. cerevisiae. Therefore we studied the metabolism and localization of Hxt5p in more detail.

Results and conclusions. Inhibition of HXT5 expression in stationary‐phase cells by the addition of glucose, which increases the growth rate, led to a decrease in the amount of Hxt5 protein within a few hours. Addition of glucose to stationary‐phase cells resulted in a transient phosphorylation of Hxt5p on serine residues, but no ubiquitination was detected. The decrease in Hxt5p levels is caused by internalization of the protein, as observed by immunofluorescence microscopy. In stationary‐phase cells, Hxt5p was localized predominantly at the cell periphery and upon addition of glucose to the cells the protein translocated to the cell interior. Electron microscopy demonstrated that the internalized Hxt5p—HA (haemagglutinin) protein was localized to small vesicles, multivesicular bodies and the vacuole. These results suggest that internalization and degradation of Hxt5p in the vacuole occur in an ubiquitination‐independent manner via the endocytic pathway.
Effects of energy distribution of interface traps on recombination dc current-voltage line shape
Authors: Chen Zuhui , Jie Bin B. , Sah Chih-Tang
Published: December 2006

The effects of energy distributions of Si∕SiO2 interface traps in the energy gap of oxidized silicon on the current versus voltage line shape of the electron-hole recombination current are analyzed using the steady-state Shockley-Read-Hall kinetics. Slater’s [Insulators, Semiconductors and Metals; Quantum Theory of Molecules and Solids (McGraw-Hill, New York, 1967)] localized bulk perturbation theory applied by us to the interface anticipates U-shaped energy distributions of the density of neutral electron and hole interface traps from random variations of the Si:Si and Si:O bond angles and lengths. Conservation in dissipative transition energy anticipates the rate of electron capture into neutral electron trap to be faster for electron trap energy levels nearer the conduction band edge, and similarly, the rate of hole capture into neutral hole trap to be faster for hole trap energy levels nearer the valence band edge. Line shape broadening is analyzed for discrete and U-shaped energy distributions of interface trap energy levels. The broadened line shapes observed in past experiments, previously attributed to spatial variations of surface dopant impurity concentrations, could also arise from energy distributions of interface trap energy levels.
Interface dynamics and phase transition during bubble growth in viscoelastic medium
Authors: Aurongzeb Deeder M.
Published: December 2006

We have studied interface of bubbles formed inside polydimethylsiloxane, a kind of biocompatible elastomer. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the interface and structure. We have performed scaling analysis on two randomly picked bubbles of different diameters. These values show how the interface of bubble roughens at different scales. XRD studies show a definite bubble induced phase transition from crystal-like state to glasslike state. As the interface grows, one would expect that the interface would become smoother but we observed rougher interface. Roughness at macroscale is attributed to the oscillatory surface with wavelength of ∼2μm. At nanoscale, 100nm2 area AFM scan shows surface ripples which we attribute to nanoscale stress and frozen thermal fluctuations.
Fluctuation and dissipation of a stochastic micro-oscillator under delayed feedback
Authors: Passian A. , Protopopescu V. , Thundat T.
Published: December 2006

We investigate the dynamics of a microcantilever subjected to the combined forcing from Brownian motion and delayed self-feedback. Specifically, the excitation of the fundamental mode of the cantilever by thermomechanical agitation is utilized as delayed external forcing and the resulting dynamical response is studied as a function of the delay and the coupling strength. A fluctuation-dissipation theorem is derived from the delay Langevin-like equation and its validity is discussed. The relaxation time scale associated with the adsorption processes is established and an experiment to determine the oscillator’s effective temperature is proposed.
Phase transition induced gain depression in Nd3+:SBN lasers
Authors: Martín Rodríguez E. , Jaque D. , Sanz García J. A. , García Solé J. , Kaminskii A. A.
Published: December 2006

In this work the origin of the phase transition induced gain depression in diode pumped Nd3+ doped Sr0.6Ba0.4(NbO3)2 lasers has been systematically investigated. The mechanisms capable of intracavity beam distortions are discussed and their relative contribution to the gain depression is investigated. We also provide evidence of two effects: a phase transition induced polarization switching and an enhancement in the laser performance when phase transition is overcome.