bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non-Traditional Students in A Traditional College—A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Alshebou Suaad M.
Published: June 2019

This research explores who participates in higher education (HE) in general and in the College of Basic Education (CBE) in particular from adult female learners’ groups. This entails identifying the specific characteristics of these groups and understanding their learning experiences and obstacles they need to overcome. The study begins with an overview of the changing HE system in Kuwait followed by a review of relevant literature. This involves constructing a theoretical framework based upon attributes of adult education and setting out the critical feminist perspective at the heart of this study. The research follows both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Research data was collected from female adult learners at CBE by using questionnaire and focus groups to elicit rich qualitative data as well as quantitative representative data. The study concludes with a discussion of policy and practice implications and areas for future research on adult learning and HE reforms in general. Outcomes of this research provide valuable lessons for policymakers as well as recommendations which seek to nourish an environment based on genuine equality of opportunity for all and inspiration for future generations of Kuwaiti women.
"Attitudes Are Contagious”: Leisure Attitude and Passion of University Students
Authors: Kara Feyza Meryem , Sarol Halil , Güngörmüş Hamdi Alper
Published: June 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of leisure attitude in determining passion in university students and to examine gender differences in leisure attitude and passion. 154 female (Mage= 20.51±1.44) and 95 male (Mage= 22.26±1.93) a totally 249 (Mage= 21.18 ± 1.85) university students voluntarily participated in this study from Ankara/Turkey. “Leisure Attitudes Scale-Short Version” (LAS)" (Ragheb & Beard, 1982) and “Passion Scale” (PS) (Vallerand et al., 2003) were administered to university students. t-test and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis were used to analyze the data. According to regression analysis; it was found that leisure attitude were the meaningful predictors of obsessive and harmonious passion. Analysis indicated significant differences in Passion Scale’s sub-scales (harmonious and obsessive passion) according to genders in favor of male participants (p< 0.05). As a result, it could be concluded that male participants were more passionate about activity than female participants in terms of gender, such as voluntarily participation, satisfaction, social acceptance anxiety and self-worth that explaining the concept of passion model.
Principles and Practices of Teaching English Language Learners
Authors: Gupta Abha
Published: June 2019

This conceptual paper presents diverse approaches and strategies for preparing competent teachers who work with either English Language Learners (ELLs) or students who speak English as a Second Language (ESL). The pedagogical approaches discussed herein include practical and hands-on activities for teachers at any level. Bilingual learning improves ELL’s cognitive development as well as their self-esteem. The paper outlines underlying principles for the best practices with an emphasis on ESL students and also to other learning situations and students. Teachers can modify their instructional methods to adjust ELL’s learning needs. Specifically, even though the discussion is framed in the context of ESL students in U.S. classrooms, it is applicable to TEFL (Teaching English as a Foreign Language) environments in schools and other centers of learning.
International Promotion of Chinese Language in the New Era
Authors: Yalun An
Published: June 2019

The Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) has provided a brand new opportunity for the International Education of Chinese Language (IECL) since 2013. For the purpose of promoting Chinese language education, this article analyzes the status quo of the IECL and problems in the development of IECL, and then proposes constructive strategies for its better development under new circumstances. It is believed that the IECL should adopt “bringing in” and “going out” development strategies as well as actively explore new modes of Chinese language education. Valuing the roles of non-profit organizations and enterprises in Chinese language education under the guidance of Chinese government is also of great importance.
A Study on Employee Voice and its Effect on Work Engagement: Explicating from the Turkish Teachers’ Perspectives
Authors: Şimşek Yücel , Gürler Muhammed
Published: June 2019

The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of employee voice on work engagement according to the views of the Turkish teachers. The sample of the study consisted of 713 teachers randomly selected at 40 public schools from kindergarten to high school from Ayaş, Beypazarı, Güdül and Sincan districts of Ankara, the capital city of Turkey. In order to collect the data for this study, Employee Voice and Work Engagement scales were used. All scales were adapted to the school environment by translation and back translation method. The construct validity and reliability of the scales were examined through Exploratory Factor Analysis, Confirmatory Factor Analysis and Cronbach Alfa, Composite Reliability, Average Variance Explained values. In the first step of the data analysis process; arithmetic means, standard deviations, skewness and kurtosis values were calculated. Relations between the variables were measured by the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient and regression analysis. Consequently, the results of study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between employee voice and work engagement. Besides, employee voice is a significant predictor for work engagement. The findings of the study exhibit that the level of teachers’ employee voice and work engagement are high degree.
Development of a map-matching algorithm for dynamic-sampling-rate GPS signals to determine vehicle routes on a MATSim network
Authors: Vosloo JB , Joubert JW
Published: June 2019

The rapid development and proliferation of global positioning system (GPS)-enabled systems and devices have led to a significant increase in the availability of transport data, more specifically GPS trajectories, that can be used in researching vehicle activities. In order to save data storage- and handling costs many vehicle tracking systems only store low-frequency trajectories for vehicles. A number of existing methods used to map GPS trajectories to a digital road network were analysed and such an algorithm was implemented in Multi-Agent Transport Simulation (MATSim), an open source collaborative simulation package for Java. The map-matching algorithm was tested on a simple grid network and a real and extensive network of the City of Cape Town, South Africa. Experimentation showed the network size has the biggest influence on algorithm execution time and that a network must be reduced to include only the links that the vehicle most likely traversed. The algorithm is not suited for trajectories with sampling rates less than 5 seconds as it can result in unrealistic paths chosen, but it manages to obtain accuracies of around 80% up until sampling sizes of around 50 seconds whereafter the accuracy decreases. Further experimentation also revealed optimal algorithm parameters for matching trajectories on the Cape Town network. The use case for the implementation was to infer basic vehicle travel information, such as route travelled and speed of travel, for municipal waste collection vehicles in the City of Cape Town, South Africa.
On the discrepancy between the objective and risk neutral densities in the pricing of European options
Authors: Visagie IJH , Grobler GL
Published: June 2019

A technique known as calibration is often used when a given option pricing model is fitted to observed financial data. This entails choosing the parameters of the model so as to minimise some discrepancy measure between the observed option prices and the prices calculated under the model in question. This procedure does not take the historical values of the underlying asset into account. In this paper, the density function of the log-returns obtained using the calibration procedure is compared to a density estimate of the observed historical log-returns. Three models within the class of geometric Lévy process models are fitted to observed data; the Black-Scholes model as well as the geometric normal inverse Gaussian and Meixner process models. The numerical results obtained show a surprisingly large discrepancy between the resulting densities when using the latter two models. An adaptation of the calibration methodology is also proposed based on both option price data and the observed historical log-returns of the underlying asset. The implementation of this methodology limits the discrepancy between the densities in question.
ЕКОНОМИЈА БИВШИХ РЕПУБЛИКА ЈУГОСЛАВИЈЕ
Authors: Леонидович Бабурин Вјачеслав
Published: June 2019

У раду се разматрају проблеми одрживости привреда бивших југословенских република у односу на конјунктурне циклусе и геополитичке догађаје. Анализа истраживаног простора показује да проблеми истраживања геополитичких и конјунктурних ризика представљају слабо развијену проблематику економске, односно друштвене географије. У овој области претежно преовладавају радови економиста. Према резултатима студије, идентификоване су три фазе формирања националних економија и промјене њихове одрживости у односу на конјунктурне циклусе − фаза деструкције под утицајем углавном геополитичких и унутарполитичких фактора (1990−2001); фаза опоравка националних економија (2001−2008) и међукризна фаза интеграцијe у Европску унију (2009−2016). Проучавање промјена структуре националних економија омогућило је да се успостави однос између процеса деиндустријализације и осјетљивости економија нових држава на простору бивше Југославије.
Production and Quality Evaluation of Fruit Bars from Banana (Musa sapientum) and Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) Apple Fruit Blends
Authors: Arinzechukwu C. S. , Nkama I.
Published: June 2019

Aim: The aim was to evaluate the chemical, physical, sensory and microbial qualities of fruit bars produced from blends of banana and cashew apple fruits and to investigate the applicability of cashew apple in fruit bar production.

Study Design: The experimental design used was the complete randomized design (CRD) and the data obtained were analyzed using one – way analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Place and duration of Study: The study took place at the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka between January and July, 2016.

Methodology: Fruit bar samples were prepared with blends of  ripe banana and cashew apple purees in the ratios of 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, 50: 50% (Banana puree : Cashew apple puree). One hundred percent (100%) banana pulp based fruit bar served as the control. Formulated fruit bars contained 7% sugar, 5% date powder, 0.2% sodium metabisulphite and 0.5% citric acid in 1000 g of fruit purees and dried at 80oC for 8 hours. Fruit bar samples were analysed for sensory qualities, proximate composition, micronutrient compositions (vitamin C and potassium), physicochemical properties (pH, brix and titratable acidiy), and microbiological quality using standard methods.

Results: There were significant (p<0.05) differences in the proximate composition, potassium, vitamin C and tannin content of samples. The carbohydrate, protein, crude fibre, ash and moisture contents ranged from 68.78 to 74.51%, 3.06 to 3.38%, 1.00 to 2.05%, 2.33 to 2.76% and 18.92 to 22.64% respectively. The fruit bars have high caloric energy values. The vitamin C content increased as the ratio of cashew apple increased. Potassium and tannin contents of the samples ranged from 125.50 to 220.00mg/100g and 52.04 to 84.23 mg/100g respectively. Titratable acidity, pH and brix of samples varied significantly (p < 0.05) and ranged from 0.23 to 0.37%, 4.00 to 4.65% and 7.10 to 11.85% respectively. The microbial results showed that total viable count found present in the fruit bar samples ranged from 4.0 x 102 to 1.3 x 103 while the mould count ranged from 2.0 x 101 to 7.0 x 101. The sensory scores showed that all samples were generally accepted while the sample with 20% of cashew apple was the most preferred. These results showed that underutilized fruits such as cashew apple can be utilized in this regard instead of being wasted.
The Effect of Chemotherapy on Clinical, Haematological and Biochemical Profile in Breast Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy at Cape Coast Teaching Hospital; A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Storph Rebecca Peniel , Ghartey Frank N. , Ephraim Richard K. D. , Mensah Enoch , Mornah Martin , Fondjo Linda Ahenkorah , Simpong David L. , Addaiq Charlotte , Domson Bright Kobena Segu , Baidoo Joseph Benjamin , Adu Patrick
Published: June 2019

Background: People with primary invasive breast cancer receive both local (surgery and radiation therapy) and systemic treatment (chemotherapy and hormonal therapy). However, there are substantial short-and long-term side effects from chemotherapy as documented in several studies. This study assessed the effects of chemotherapy on clinical, haematological and biochemical profile of breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital.

Methods: This longitudinal study was conducted in the female surgical ward of the Cape Coast Teaching Hospital (CCTH). We randomly sampled 51 patients diagnosed with breast cancer and scheduled to start chemotherapy and recorded their demographic, clinical and therapeutic data. Blood was collected for haematological profiles [haemoglobin (Hb), white blood cell (WBC) count, platelets (PLT) and biochemical analysis (lipid profile, uric acid and creatinine) for day 1, day 21 and day 42 of their chemotherapy cycles.

Results: Majority of the participants were within 46-60 years, married, overweight and had informal employment. Throughout chemotherapy cycles, systolic blood pressure (SBP) significantly decreased till after the third cycle (P=0.026), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) significantly decreased after second cycle but increased slightly after the third cycle (P=0.029). Hemoglobin though insignificant, decreased after the second cycle but increased sharply after the third cycle (P=0.281). White blood cells (WBC) significantly decreased throughout cycles (P=0.008) whereas high density lipoprotein (P=0.014) increased throughout cycles- Uric acid (P=0.852) and creatinine (P=1.000). were maintained throughout cycles

Conclusion: Throughout cycles, chemotherapy had significant adverse effect on the clinical profile (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), white blood cells (WBC) and high density lipoprotein (HDL) in patients undergoing treatment.
Modeling of Subsurface Integrity Using Dar-Zarrouk Parameters: A Case Study of Ikekogbe UBE Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
Authors: Adesola Bawallah Musa , Olubusola Ilugbo Stephen , Isaac Aigbedion , O. Aina Adebayo , Akintunde Oyedele Akindele
Published: June 2019

In this present study area, most building failures often start with minor/major cracks which widen over time, and it is often followed by post construction remedial measures which fail after sometime, thereby leading to total collapse and sinking of such buildings. The research was carried out in order to be able to unravel the causes of major cracks along the side of a major class room block at Ikekogbe, UBE Primary School, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria in less than five (5) years after it was constructed. The cracks were visible both at the front and at the back of the building along the same axis and almost at this same distance as it was at the front of the building. The investigation involved Electrical Resistivity method using three techniques; Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), 2-D Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Horizontal Profiling (HP). The traverses were established along E-W directions and Eight (8) VES were carried out using Schlumberger array with current electrode spacing varying from 1 to 40 m, with 2-D ERT using Dipole-Dipole electrode array with inter-station separation of 5 m and an expansion factor that varied from 1 to 5 and HP using Wenner array with an electrode spacing of 5 m interval. The VES interpretation results were used to determine the second order parameters for modeling of subsurface integrity/competence. The 2 D imaging (Dipole-Dipole) gave information on the subsurface characteristic and the Wenner profile was characterised by low resistivity at the region of 30 to 45 m considered as the weak zone. Correlating the results with subsurface integrity model along traverses one and three, there was a high degree of correlation as this region coincides with the very low/low integrity/competence with the foundation of the classroom overlying this layers. The research revealed that the problem of structural failures/crack noticed along the building walls and axis was not as a result of human problem alone but mainly the existence of very low/low integrity/competence layers which contributed greatly to the cracks observed on the classroom block. These results reveal that the three Electrical resistivity techniques used for this study are complimentary to each other.
Citotoxicidade, genotoxicidade e mutagenicidade da infusão de Plectranthus barbatus – Lamiaceae (malva-santa) avaliada pelo sistema teste Allium cepa.
Authors: Frota Rafael Gonzalez , Amorim Álef Da Silva , Carneiro José Klauber Roger , Oliveira Maria Auxiliadora Silva
Published: July 2019

Introdução: Plectranthus barbartus é uma espécie muito usada popularmente para finalidades do tratamento do trato digestivo. Objetivos: Objetivou-se avaliar a simulação do uso de forma inadequada do infuso (chá) da espécie a partir dos seus efeitos citotóxicos, genotóxicos e mutagênicos. Metodologia: O modelo experimental escolhido foi o sistema Allium cepa por se tratar de método eficiente, sensível, rápido e de baixo custo. As concentrações testadas foram 6g (T1), 9g (T2), 12g (T3) e 15g (T4) das folhas frescas da planta em 250mL de água fervente. Como controle negativo usou-se água mineral e como positivo utilizou-se paracetamol (80mg/L). Resultados: Os resultados apontam toxicidade dos extratos pela redução do crescimento radicular de A. cepa. Em relação aos efeitos citotóxicos observou-se um menor índice mitótico no tratamento T4 assim como uma redução de células em ciclo celular, equivalente ao controle positivo. Para os efeitos mutagênicos, foram encontradas células com aberrações diversas com o aumento da concentração do chá. Conclusões: Os achados reforçam a afirmação de que as plantas medicinais não estão livres de efeitos indesejáveis. Por isso devem ser consumidas com cautela.
Structure, functions and regulation of CERT, a lipid‐transfer protein for the delivery of ceramide at the ER–Golgi membrane contact sites
Authors: Kumagai Keigo , Hanada Kentaro
Published: June 2019

The inter‐organelle transport of lipids must be regulated to ensure appropriate lipid composition of each organelle. In mammalian cells, ceramide synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is transported to the trans‐Golgi regions, where ceramide is converted to sphingomyelin (SM) with the concomitant production of diacylglycerol. Ceramide transport protein (CERT) transports ceramide from the ER to the trans‐Golgi regions at the ER–Golgi membrane contact sites (MCS). The function of CERT is down‐regulated by multisite phosphorylation of a serine‐repeat motif (SRM) and up‐regulated by phosphorylation of serine 315 in CERT. Multisite phosphorylation of the SRM is primed by protein kinase D, which is activated by diacylglycerol. The function of CERT is regulated by a phosphorylation‐dependent feedback mechanism in response to cellular requirements of SM. CERT‐dependent ceramide transport is also affected by the pool of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns)‐4‐phosphate (PtdIns(4)P) in the trans‐Golgi regions, while the PtdIns(4)P pool is regulated by PtdIns‐4‐kinases and oxysterol‐binding protein. The ER‐Golgi MCS may serve as inter‐organelle communication zones, in which many factors work in concert to serve as an extensive rheostat of SM, diacylglycerol, cholesterol and PtdIns(4)P.
Raman spectroscopic histology using machine learning for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Helal Khalifa Mohammad , Taylor James Nicholas , Cahyadi Harsono , Okajima Akira , Tabata Koji , Itoh Yoshito , Tanaka Hideo , Fujita Katsumasa , Harada Yoshinori , Komatsuzaki Tamiki
Published: June 2019

Histopathology requires the expertise of specialists to diagnose morphological features of cells and tissues. Raman imaging can provide additional biochemical information to benefit histological disease diagnosis. Using a dietary model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in rats, we combine Raman imaging with machine learning and information theory to evaluate cellular‐level information in liver tissue samples. After increasing signal‐to‐noise ratio in the Raman images through superpixel segmentation, we extract biochemically distinct regions within liver tissues, allowing for quantification of characteristic biochemical components such as vitamin A and lipids. Armed with microscopic information about the biochemical composition of the liver tissues, we group tissues having similar composition, providing a descriptor enabling inference of tissue states, contributing valuable information to histological inspection.
HDAC2‐dependent miRNA signature in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Conte Mariarosaria , Dell'Aversana Carmela , Sgueglia Giulia , Carissimo Annamaria , Altucci Lucia
Published: June 2019

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) arises from a complex sequence of biological and finely orchestrated events that are still poorly understood. Increasingly, epigenetic studies are providing exciting findings that may be exploited in promising and personalized cutting‐edge therapies. A more appropriate and broader screening of possible players in cancer could identify a master molecular mechanism in AML. Here, we build on our previously published study by evaluating a histone deacetylase (HDAC)2‐mediated miRNA regulatory network in U937 leukemic cells. Following a comparative miRNA profiling analysis in genetically and enzymatically HDAC2‐downregulated AML cells, we identified miR‐96‐5p and miR‐92a‐3p as potential regulators in AML etiopathology by targeting defined genes. Our findings support the potentially beneficial role of alternative physiopathological interventions.
Detection of mutational patterns in cell‐free DNA of colorectal cancer by custom amplicon sequencing
Authors: Herrmann Simon , Zhan Tianzuo , Betge Johannes , Rauscher Benedikt , Belle Sebastian , Gutting Tobias , Schulte Nadine , Jesenofsky Ralf , Härtel Nicolai , Gaiser Timo , Hofheinz Ralf‐Dieter , Ebert Matthias P. , Boutros Michael
Published: June 2019

Monitoring the mutational patterns of solid tumors during cancer therapy is a major challenge in oncology. Analysis of mutations in cell‐free (cf) DNA offers a noninvasive approach to detect mutations that may be prognostic for disease survival or predictive for primary or secondary drug resistance. A main challenge for the application of cfDNA as a diagnostic tool is the diverse mutational landscape of cancer. Here, we developed a flexible end‐to‐end experimental and bioinformatic workflow to analyze mutations in cfDNA using custom amplicon sequencing. Our approach relies on open‐software tools to select primers suitable for multiplex PCR using minimal cfDNA as input. In addition, we developed a robust linear model to identify specific genetic alterations from sequencing data of cfDNA. We used our workflow to design a custom amplicon panel suitable for detection of hotspot mutations relevant for colorectal cancer and analyzed mutations in serial cfDNA samples from a pilot cohort of 34 patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Using our method, we could detect recurrent and patient‐specific mutational patterns in the majority of patients. Furthermore, we show that dynamic changes of mutant allele frequencies in cfDNA correlate well with disease progression. Finally, we demonstrate that sequencing of cfDNA can reveal mechanisms of resistance to anti‐Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor(EGFR) antibody treatment. Thus, our approach offers a simple and highly customizable method to explore genetic alterations in cfDNA.
Phenomenology, Moral
Authors: Kriegel Uriah
Published: June 2019

Moral phenomenology is the dedicated study of the experiential dimension of our moral inner life – of the phenomenal character of moral mental states. Many different questions arise within moral phenomenology, but three stand out. The first concerns the
scope
of moral experience: How much of our moral mental life is
experienced
by us? The second concerns the
nature
of moral experience: What is it like to undergo the various kinds of moral experience we have? The third concerns the theoretical
effect
of moral experience: How might our understanding of moral experience impact central debates in moral philosophy? This entry considers each of these in turn.
Conflict of Interest
Authors: Davis Michael
Published: June 2019

A conflict of interest is a situation in which some person (whether an individual or corporate body) stands in a certain relationship to one or more decisions. A conflict of interest that cannot be avoided can still be escaped, disclosed, or managed. “Conflict of interest” is now an idiom. It is not the same as conflicts of interest, conflicting interests, or competing interests. On the standard view, a person has a conflict of interest if, and only if, that person (a) is in a relationship with another requiring the exercise of judgment on the other's behalf and (b) has a (“secondary,” “unusual,” or “adverse”) interest tending to interfere with the proper exercise of such judgment. The crucial terms here are “relationship,” “judgment,” “interest,” and “proper exercise.”
Corporate Social Responsibility
Authors: Gibson Kevin
Published: June 2019

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a broad term referring to the duties of business that go beyond immediate profitability. It is associated with the view that a corporation is a moral agent which ought to act as a good citizen and promote overall welfare. CSR actions may include philanthropy, socially progressive hiring and promotion schemes, community involvement, regard for the environment, and concern for future generations through sustainable practice. The term can also be used to denote self‐regulation or public accountability of a businesses.
Plea Bargaining
Authors: Lippke Richard
Published: June 2019

In many countries, criminal charges against individuals are not resolved by trial adjudication but by negotiations between prosecutors (or judges) and criminal defendants (or their attorneys). This alternative form of charge adjudication, known as “plea bargaining,” raises a variety of ethical issues. Many see it as an indefensible method for determining the accuracy of criminal accusations. Prosecutors have a variety of ways in which to pressure guilty pleas and they sometimes appear to do so without regard to the truth of the charges against citizens accused of crimes. It also is not clear how well plea bargaining coheres with the aims of legal punishment, as it might produce too much punishment in some cases, and too little in others.
Psychosurgery
Authors: McMillan John
Published: June 2019

While psychosurgery is uncommon when compared to other surgical interventions, it has a checkered history which might explain the ethical and legacy complexity that surrounds it today. After Egas Moniz was awarded the Nobel prize in 1949 for his prefrontal leucotomy technique, the operation became prevalent and occurred in many countries, reaching its zenith with the popularization of transorbital frontal lobotomy by Walter Freeman and James Watts in the United States. Given the potential of psychosurgery to cause harm, it seems reasonable to insist that it should only occur when patients have given fully informed consent. While consent seems like an important ethical consideration, it might not be sufficient for psychosurgery being ethical. Mill's harm principle says that we should not consider an agent's own good to be sufficient warrant for overriding their choices. However, Mill thinks that there are some exceptions, such as a decision to sell oneself into slavery. If freedom is important for individuality and experiments in living, then radical psychosurgery and slavery are not legitimate ways of expressing autonomy when they make it much more difficult for agents to discover and realize their potential. Another ethical issue is that psychosurgery has historically served “dual purposes” in that has been exploited to serve social as well as therapeutic ends. Lobotomy and leucotomy became popular partly because they were seen as a very cost‐effective way to decrease the burgeoning number of patients in psychiatric institutions.
Psychiatric Ethics
Authors: McMillan John
Published: June 2019

One of the reasons that psychiatry is ethically complex is because that is the area of healthcare where involuntary treatment is most likely. There is an important difference between coercion and compulsion and both of these are ways in which someone might be treated against their will. Involuntary treatment is controversial partly because of the debate about antipsychiatry and claims that mental illnesses are not real diseases. One plausible counter to this view is to explore the way in which mental illnesses can result in “action failure” and how in some cases this opens up the possibility of a “soft paternalist” justification for treating someone against their will. This kind of justification can be refined further by distinguishing between actions that are voluntary, involuntary, and nonvoluntary. While soft paternalism is the ethical justification developed within political philosophy, the terms “competence” and “capacity” are often used in a mental health context when there is a question about whether or not a person can make their own decisions. The role of competence and capacity in removing the right to make medical decisions has been criticized and it is therefore important that the justification for involuntary treatment is clear and that it is in fact the least restrictive means of treating someone.
Buck‐Passing Accounts
Authors: Olson Jonas
Published: June 2019

It is a common view that there is an intimate tie between evaluative properties like goodness, badness, and betterness and appropriate responses to bearers of such properties. For instance, if an object is good there are reasons to favor it, or, as some say, a favorable response would be fitting. Similarly, many people take there to be a close tie between deontic properties like rightness and wrongness and appropriate responses: if an action is wrong, there are reasons to respond disfavorably – for example, to blame agents for performing actions of that type. According to buck‐passing accounts, evaluative and deontic properties do not themselves provide reasons for responses. Rather, reasons to respond in various ways are provided by good‐, bad‐, better‐, right‐, and wrong‐making properties.
Addiction
Authors: Husak Douglas
Published: June 2019

Of the countless moral issues involving the concept of addiction, I focus on the impact of addiction on the personal autonomy of the addict. To do so, I make minimalist assumptions about the nature of both addiction and autonomy. I conclude that the connection between addiction and autonomy is complex and that addiction at best impairs personal autonomy without destroying it.
Mysticism and Ethics
Authors: Wainwright William J.
Published: June 2019

The relation between mysticism and ethics is contentious. Albert Schweitzer, Arthur Danto, and others have argued that mystical consciousness and morality are incompatible. The dominant view is that major mystical figures and traditions do not teach moral indifference, let alone immorality. But the issue is not so straightforward.
Immigration
Authors: Ferracioli Luara
Published: June 2019

Do states have a right to decide who can enter their territory and become a member of their society? This question has preoccupied many political and moral philosophers in recent decades. In this entry I aim to provide an overview of the most prominent philosophical discussions on the ethics of immigration, with a focus on scholars who have theorized on the assumption that a just migration arrangement is one that accords with the liberal values of freedom and equality.
Buddhist Ethics
Authors: Keown Damien
Published: June 2019

This entry has three main objectives. The first is to inform the reader about the major Buddhist moral teachings; the second is to offer some preliminary reflections in terms of ethical theory; and the third is to give a brief introduction to contemporary Buddhist activism. The first section, therefore, is mainly descriptive and summarizes the teachings found in Buddhist scriptures. It makes reference to foundational concepts such as dharma and karma, the most important precepts, and the key virtues Buddhists seek to cultivate. The second section is more analytical and examines Buddhist moral teachings from a Western perspective, drawing on the concepts, categories, and terminology familiar to students of Western ethics. The third briefly describes the contemporary phenomenon of “engaged Buddhism” as a force for social change. It should be borne in mind that Buddhism is a diverse tradition encompassing many schools and geographical regions and that, while this entry endeavors to focus on common elements, students will almost certainly encounter variations in belief and practice at a local level.
Ricoeur, Paul
Authors: Pellauer David
Published: June 2019

Paul Ricoeur was one of the leading French philosophers of the twentieth century. He wrote on a wide range of issues in areas such as phenomenology, hermeneutics, and philosophical anthropology. He argued for an ethics of the capable human being: a self among other selves, capable of acting, of recounting that action, and of accepting responsibility for it. This self has a narrative identity, which names a “who” endowed with the capacity for making and keeping promises. Ricoeur's ethics can be summarized as the quest for a good life with and for others in just institutions. This ethics has three moments: the ethical aim of a good life, norms meant to actualize this aim, and practical wisdom when it comes to applying these norms in difficult situations, where norms may clash or not be directly applicable. Mutual recognition leading to states of peace is possible, but so is tragedy – insofar as human beings always have the capacity to misuse and even to deny their freedom. Ricoeur's was an ethics of freedom in the light of hope; he had faith that evil will be not only overcome but is complemented by a superlative power, which lies beyond the idea of a highest good or happiness.
Police Ethics
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: June 2019

The term “police ethics” typically refers to an area of academic inquiry within philosophical ethics concerned with ethical issues that arise for police officers and police organizations. These issues include ones arising from police gathering of intelligence, surveillance, use of coercive and lethal force and, in addition, police corruption and police independence from government.
Self‐Respect and Self‐Esteem
Authors: Dillon Robin
Published: June 2019

Self‐respect and self‐esteem are forms of self‐regard involving one's worth. Although the terms are often used interchangeably, the two differ in a number of ways. The principal difference is this: self‐respect is a normative concept, while self‐esteem is not. While there is widespread agreement that self‐respect is something of great moral importance, there is significant disagreement about whether self‐esteem is morally valuable. Self‐respect is variously treated by philosophers as a moral duty connected with the duty to respect all persons, as something to which all persons have a right and that it would be unjust to undermine, as a moral virtue essential to morally good living, and as something one earns by living up to demanding moral standards. Self‐esteem is generally regarded by social scientists as central to healthy psychological functioning and well‐being, although they note that it has no necessary connection to moral values and can lead to harm unless appropriately constrained. While appropriate self‐esteem could be morally valuable, self‐respect is a reliable motivation for morally appropriate living and being.
Insanity Defense
Authors: Morse Stephen J.
Published: June 2019

This entry addresses the defense of legal insanity in Western law, with special reference to Anglo‐American Law. The theoretical background of the defense and the tests and procedures used to adjudicate it are all covered. The entry argues that an insanity defense is morally required for justice in any fair system of criminal law and that lack of rational capacity is the most important justification for the defense.
Corruption
Authors: Miller Seumas
Published: June 2019

There is a vast literature on corruption, including on its definition (abuse of power by public official for private gain), its causes and consequences, and how to combat it. However, the topic has been neglected by contemporary philosophers until very recently. Political corruption, in particular, has been subjected to analysis. Recent prominent normative theories of corruption include Dennis Thompson's theory of political corruption, the causal account of institutional corruption, and Lawrence Lessig's account of dependence corruption.
Nonviolence in Religions
Authors: Hahn Tapper Aaron J.
Published: June 2019

Since it was birthed, “nonviolence” has had numerous incarnations; it has not had any single meaning. Commonly used as a synonym for peace, this religio‐political notion is incredibly complex, having been associated with the following ideas:ahimsa,satyagraha, truth, peace,salam,shalom, love, civil disobedience, pacifism, and passive resistance. This entry briefly examines how nonviolence is understood in the Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish, Islamic, and Christian religious traditions. Although there is no doubt that important figures such as the Dalai Lama (the spiritual leader of the Tibetan Buddhist community), Guru Nanak (the founder of Sikhism), and Confucius (the founder of Confucianism, among others, should likewise be included in this entry, their approaches to nonviolence have been omitted for reasons unrelated to their supreme importance to the topic.
Advance Directives
Authors: Doukas David John
Published: June 2019

Advance directives are a legal means to convey future acceptance or refusal of medical treatment or to assign others to do so. Advance directives are commonly available in the United States (and worldwide) and are based upon both autonomy and beneficence‐based considerations. This entry discusses ethical underpinnings of their use. It also presents challenges based on questioning their ethical standing for persons with altered mentation. Counterarguments to this conceptualization of future autonomy are discussed. Further, advance directives have been argued for as a means to forego treatment for not only the withholding of oral nutrition and hydration, but also physician‐assisted death, and the withholding of treatment for the benefit of other loved ones. Advance directives can best serve the interest of the patient when a living willanda healthcare surrogate are named, thereby fusing autonomous preferences for the future benefit of the incapacitated patient.
Moral Point of View
Authors: Bloomfield Paul
Published: June 2019

The moral point of view is discussed by way of Frankena's distinction between descriptive and normative accounts of it. Various historical and contemporary examples are cited, and a more extended discussion is given of the views of R. M. Hare and Philippa Foot.
Corporate Governance
Authors: Donaldson Thomas
Published: June 2019

Corporate governance is concerned with concepts that philosophers label “prescriptive” or action‐guiding. The rules, policies, and other elements of corporate governance are factors that guide and control the firm. Three distinct strains of governance inquiry exist: the economic, the managerial, and the philosophical. The economic approach draws inspiration from economic theory; the managerial approach from the practices and needs of executives, shareholders, and boards of directors; and the philosophical approach from moral concepts. The economic approach dominates current business school research, and the managerial approach dominates the world of practice. The philosophical approach, a newcomer, is gaining ground among scholars. Because of the economic approach's current academic dominance, this entry gives it special attention.
Birth Control
Authors: Bennett Rebecca
Published: June 2019

“Birth control” is a term that covers a number of different drugs, devices, and procedures that aim to allow individuals to control their fertility and prevent unwanted pregnancies and births. The term covers all contraceptives, including barrier methods such as the male and female condom and the diaphragm and drugs taken to prevent conception (for example, the contraceptive pill and longer‐acting drugs administered as implants or injections). Sterilization, another form of birth control, is a medical procedure that aims to prevent pregnancy from occurring either by closing the fallopian tubes (in women) or by cutting and closing the
vas deferens
(in men). Other birth control methods aim to end or prevent gestation rather than prevent conception. These methods include intrauterine devices, the morning‐after pill, and abortion.
Nationalism and Patriotism
Authors: Archard David
Published: June 2019

An earlier neglect or outright dismissal of nationalism and patriotism is contrasted with a renewed philosophical interest in both that is explained in terms of a communitarian critique of the individualism of liberalism, the political salience of each, and their possible moral justification. The two terms are distinguished, their common commitments identified, and the proper object of both is defined as the “patria” or “homeland.” The two principal criticisms of both are epistemic in that the patriot and the nationalist are disposed to have false beliefs about the patria, and moral in that partiality toward compatriots or co‐nationals is unwarranted. Possible replies by both nationalist and patriot in terms of an instrumental defense of the value of nationalism are evaluated, and the sense in which devotion, like love, of another does not make false ascriptions of qualities is clarified. The charge of improper partiality is considered in the broader context of the debate about impartialism and particularist or special obligations. Liberal nationalism is defined, and the putative conflict between even a moderate or reasonable patriotism and cosmopolitanism is outlined. Two problems about how cosmopolitanism and patriotism are understood are indicated, particularly that of explaining how any defense of special obligations to one's own homeland explains a commitment to that particular country, and the need for a broader and richer sense of patria is defended.
Preference
Authors: Weirich Paul
Published: June 2019

Preference plays an important role in ethics and is the foundation for some ethical theories, such as utilitarianism. This entry reviews the psychology of preference, types of preference, principles of rationality governing preference, collective preference, the connection between moral value and preference, and current research concerning preference. Several disciplines study preference and each contributes its own perspective.
Modesty
Authors: McMullin Irene
Published: June 2019

Modest people do not brag or boast; they avoid trumpeting their successes and downplay them if they become an object of attention. Modest people must in some sense know that they are “better” than others and yet refuse to define themselves as such. Such a stance is necessary if the agent is to avoid falling into false modesty, whereby one takes one's high standing to be evidence of one's superior worth, all the while acting as if one does not. The philosophically puzzling nature of modesty becomes clear when we attempt to uncover the epistemic and affective stances at work in such tendencies and understand why they should be characterized as virtuous.
Thought Experiments in Ethics
Authors: Walsh Adrian
Published: June 2019

Since the very beginnings of philosophy, thought experiments have been an essential part of the philosopher's toolkit, especially when exploring ethical issues. One need only look to Book 1 of Plato'sRepublicto find a telling example of a thought experiment at work. There, Plato asks us, in order to focus our attention on the problem of what reasons there are for acting morally, to imagine a ring that enables its wearer to become invisible and thereby to perpetrate all sorts of mischief. This is but one of many instances of their use to be found in the ethics literature. Some of the more famous relatively recent examples of thought experiments in ethics, which vary widely with respect to their realism, include Philippa Foot's notorious “trolley problem,” Bernard Williams's story of Jim and the Indians, and Judith Jarvis Thomson's “famous violinist.” However, for many newcomers to philosophical ethics, the use of such stories, which often involve highly bizarre and implausible scenarios, is disconcerting. Why do philosophers, in the pursuit of ethical truth, make use of what are often fanciful stories? This entry explores the use of thought experiments in ethics and attempts to provide some justifications for their use. What role do they play in ethical reasoning? How might it be that an imaginary tale can illuminate philosophical issues?
Prisoners’ Rights
Authors: Lippke Richard
Published: June 2019

To what extent do serious offenders, confined in prison for their crimes, retain all or some of their basic human rights? A variety of answers to this question are canvassed, ranging from ones that hold that serious offenders forfeit all or some of their basic rights to ones that hold that prisoners have their liberty rights curtailed but retain other basic rights. A full account of prisoners’ rights is shown to depend upon contested views about the basic rights of individuals and the role of the state in securing them. It also is shown to depend upon how we conceive of the penal sanction scale and the nature of penal severity.
Natural Resource Ownership
Authors: Armstrong Chris
Published: June 2019

The category of natural resources is commonly taken to comprise anything – whether matter or energy – which is potentially useful to human beings, but which was not created by human beings. All of us require some land to stand upon, air to breathe, and water to drink, and in that sense natural resources are key to human survival. Moreover – though doing so is not always easy – individuals or communities lucky enough to command larger than average supplies of valuable resources such as oil or gold may manage to convert their good fortune into great wealth. Because the ownership of natural resources can be so consequential for people's well‐being, philosophers have argued for centuries about just how the pattern of resource ownership ought, morally speaking, to be constrained. This entry aims to provide an overview of debates about the justice or injustice of patterns of resource ownership. First, we consider ongoing debates about the circumstances in which individual agents can come to be the owners of the world's natural resources. Second, we consider the way in which arguments about natural resource ownership have come to play an important role in more recent debates about the territorial rights of states.