bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpenoid Glycoside from Astragalus adsurgens Pall
Authors: SUN L. , ZHENG S. , SHEN X.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Synthesis of Bridged Azabicyclic Compounds Using Radical Translocations/Cyclizations of Methyl 2‐Alkynyl‐1‐(o‐iodobenzoyl)pyrrolidine‐2‐carboxylates: A Formal Total Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Epibatidine.
Authors: IKEDA M. , KUGO Y. , KONDO Y. , YAMAZAKI T. , SATO T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Purines. Part 77. An Alternative Synthesis of N6‐Demethylcaissarone from 9‐Methyl‐8‐oxoadenine by Regioselective N(3)‐Methylation: Utilization of the N(7)‐Benzyl and N(1)‐Benzyloxy Groups as Control Synthons.
Authors: ITAYA T. , KANAI T. , SHIMADA M. , NISHIKAWA T. , TAKADA Y. , HOZUMI Y. , MORI S. , SAITO T. , FUJII T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Potential Metabolites of the Brain Imaging Agent Methyl (1R,2S,3S,5S)‐3‐(4‐Iodophenyl)‐8‐alkyl‐8‐azabicyclo [3.2.1]octane‐2‐carboxylate.
Authors: ANDERSEN A. , WANG S. , THOMPSON R. D. , NEUMEYER J. L.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of trans‐5‐Substituted‐indolizidin‐3‐one.
Authors: MCALONAN H. , STEVENSON P. J. , THOMPSON N. , TREACY A. B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzophenanthridine Alkaloids from Zanthoxylum rhoifolium.
Authors: DE MOURA N. F. , RIBEIRO H. B. , MACHADO E. C. S. , ETHUR E. M. , ZANATTA N. , MOREL A. F.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Fused Pyrimidines. Part 7. Nucleosides of Pyrimidopyrimidinediones and Pteridinediones as Potential Chemotherapeutic Agents.
Authors: NAGARAJAN A. , MELTSNER B. R. , DELIA T. J.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Short Oligonucleotides via the Phosphoramidite Method Using a Tetrazole Promoter in a Catalytic Manner.
Authors: HAYAKAWA Y. , KATAOKA M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 9‐(4‐Thioxylofuranosyl)adenine via a Novel Glycosylation Reaction.
Authors: HARTSEL S. A. , MARSHALL W. S.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Liquid Phase Synthesis of Peptide Nucleic Acid (or Polyamide Nucleic Acid) Dimers.
Authors: FARESE A. , PAIROT S. , PATINO N. , RAVILY V. , CONDOM R. , AUMELAS A. , GUEDJ R.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of Flavonoids. Part 3. trans‐ and cis‐Flavan‐3‐ol Methyl Ether Acetates.
Authors: VAN RENSBURG H. , VAN HEERDEN P. S. , FERREIRA D.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: New Chloro Depsides from the Lichen Lecanora lividocinerea.
Authors: ELIX J. A. , BARCLAY C. E. , LUMBSCH H. T. , WARDLAW J. H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐trans‐Feruloyltyramine from Tinospora cordifolia
Authors: GANGAN V. D. , PRADHAN P. , SIPAHIMALANI A. T. , BHAVE V. G. , PATIL A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Benzopyranones and Ferulic Acid Derivatives from Antidesma membranaceum.
Authors: BUSKE A. , SCHMIDT J. , PORZEL A. , ADAM G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Prenylated Xanthonoids from Calophyllum apetalum.
Authors: IINUMA M. , ITO T. , TOSA H. , TANAKA T. , MIYAKE R. , CHELLADURAI V.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Three 5‐Methylcoumarins from Chaptalia nutans.
Authors: DA CONCEICAO TORRADO TRUITI M. , SARRAGIOTTO M. H.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromans from Evodia lepta.
Authors: LI G.‐L. , ZENG J.‐F. , ZHU. D.‐Y. ZHU. D.‐Y.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A Diynoic Acid from Polyalthia evecta.
Authors: KANOKMEDHAKUL S. , KANOKMEDHAKUL K. , OHTANI I. I. , ISOBE M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Study of Kedarcidin Chromophore: Revised Structure.
Authors: KAWATA S. , ASHIZAWA S. , HIRAMA M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Synthesis of the C3‐13 Segment of Epothilone A.
Authors: LIU Z.‐Y. , YU C.‐Z. , YANG J.‐D.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies Towards Phorboxazole A. A Concise Stereoselective Synthesis of the C20‐C26 Pentasubstituted Oxane Ring Unit.
Authors: YE T. , PATTENDEN G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Pheromone Synthesis. Part 187. Synthesis of the Analogues of Lurlenic Acid with Modification in the Side‐Chain or in the Aromatic Nucleus: Summary of the Structure—Activity Relationships.
Authors: TAKANASHI S. , MORI K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Vertinolide.
Authors: MATSUO K. , SAKAGUCHI Y.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Oxidative Cyclization with Rhenium Oxide. Total Synthesis of 17,18‐bisepi‐Goniocin.
Authors: SINHA SUBHASH C. , SINHA A. , SINHA SANTOSH C. , KEINAN E.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Plant Bioregulators. Part 1. Synthesis of Phyllanthurinolactone, the Leaf‐Closing Factor of Phyllanthus urinaria L., and Its Three Stereoisomers.
Authors: AUDRAN G. , MORI K.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiandrogenic Phenolic Constituents from Dalbergia cochinchinensis.
Authors: PATHAK V. , SHIROTA O. , SEKITA S. , HIRAYAMA Y. , HAKAMATA Y. , HAYASHI T. , YANAGAWA T. , SATAKE M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrides
Authors: SEVERAL AUTHORS SEVERAL AUTHORS
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Synthesis of Alkali Metal‐Transition Metal Compounds
Authors: PARKER L. J. , HASEGAWA M. , ATOU T. , BADDING J. V.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Zeolite‐Supported Molybdenum and Cobalt‐Molybdenum Sulfide Catalysts
Authors: OKAMOTO Y.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Furan Derivatives of Group VIII Elements
Authors: LUKEVICS E. , PUDOVA O. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Furan Derivatives of Group VII Elements
Authors: LUKEVICS E. , PUDOVA O. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Low Valent Coinage Metal Coordination Compounds with Group 15, 16, and 17 Donors
Authors: AKRIVOS P. D. , KATSIKIS H. J. , KOUMOUTSI A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Site Selectivity in Reactions of Metal Hydride Halide Complexes with Acids
Authors: KUHLMAN R.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Polynucleotides and Analogues as Models for Studies Concerning DNA
Authors: CATALANOTTI B. , GALEONE A. , MAYOL L. , PEPE A. , LANZOTTI V.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: 1996 Merck Frosst Award Lecture Synthetic Adventures Along a Rocky Mountain Road
Authors: KEAY B. A. , MADDAFORD S. P. , CRISTOFOLI W. A. , ANDERSEN N. G. , PASSAFARO M. S. , WILSON N. S. , NIEMAN J. A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Trigonal Planar Phosphorus Cations
Authors: GUERRET O. , BERTRAND G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymically Controlled Reactions of Organofluorine Compounds
Authors: KITAZUME T. , YAMAZAKI T.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Elemental Fluorine in Organic Chemistry
Authors: HUTCHINSON J. , SANDFORD G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Organoantimony Compounds Containing Sb—Sb Bonds: A Review
Authors: SHARMA P. , CABRERA A. , JHA N. K. , ROSAS N. , LE LAGADEC R. , SHARMA M. , ARIAS J. L.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Epoxidation of C=X Double Bonds
Authors: BARTOK M. , SCHNEIDER G.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Thiocarbonyl Group
Authors: MOLINA M. T. , YANEZ M. , MO O. , NOTARIO R. , ABBOUD J.‐L. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Radical Anions and Radical Cations Derived from Compounds Containing C:C, C:O or C:N Groups
Authors: BERGER D. J. , TANKO J. M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrophilic Additions to Double Bonds
Authors: KOCOVSKY P.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of Novel Chiral Benzoxazinone Auxiliary and Its Application to the Synthesis of Carbapenem Antibiotics
Authors: SEKI M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity of Multifunctional Carbon Compounds
Authors: TAKEUCHI Y.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Properties of Three‐Membered Cyclic Disulfides, Dithiiranes
Authors: ISHII A.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Progress of Phthalimidine Syntheses
Authors: TAKAHASHI I. , HATANAKA M.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Molecular Catalysts, Small Molecule Machines
Authors: LENSIK C. , MILESTONE N. B.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Measuring Traces of Antibiotics in Milk
Authors: DASENBROCK C. O. , LACOURSE W. R.
Published: July 2010

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
The use of peat granules in a fluidized bed bioreactor
Authors: Clarke Kyla , Pugsley Todd , Hill Gordon A.
Published: July 2010

This study describes the particle characteristics and fluidized hydrodynamics of peat granules. Peat granules, moistened with water, are a potential packing material in a gas–solid fluidized bed bioreactor used for treating air pollution. Information on the fluidization of wet peat granules is lacking. In order to advance this new type of bioreactor and to scale up its design for industrial use, fluidization studies of suitable packing material are required. Using abiotic experiments, three sizes of peat granules have been fluidized with air and fluidization characteristics were observed at different superficial gas velocities. Relative to other biomass particles, peat granules have a high particle density and sphericity, which contributes to favourable fluidization behaviour, without gas channelling. Fluidization experiments demonstrate that as the mean size of peat particles increased, minimum fluidization velocity increased. Increasing the moisture content of the peat granules resulted in a transition from bubbling bed fluidization to poor fluidization behaviour. Other types of moist biomass particles such as sawdust are difficult to fluidize and typically exhibit Geldart group C behaviour. In contrast, it was observed that wet peat granules could be fluidized in a bubbling bed regime, typical of group B particles.
On‐line Tuning of Model Predictive Controllers Using Fuzzy Logic
Authors: Ali Emad , Al‐Ghazzawi Ashraf
Published: July 2010

This paper addresses the problem of tuning model predictive controllers for good performance. An automatic online tuning strategy is developed to adjust the prediction horizon, P, the diagonal elements of the input weight matrix, Λ, and the diagonal elements of the output weight matrix, Γ. The control horizon is left constant because its relative value with respect to P is more important. The tuning algorithm is based on the fuzzy logic concepts. Predefined fuzzy rules that formulate the general tuning guidelines available in the literature and the performance violation measure in the form of fuzzy sets determine the new tuning parameter values. Therefore, the tuning algorithm is cast as a simple and straightforward mechanism with modest computational requirements. This feature makes it more appealing for online implementation. The effectiveness of the proposed tuning method is tested through simulated implementation on a binary distillation column example and on a non linear CSTR example. The result of the simulations revealed the success of such a method.
Transport of Gellan Gum Microbeads in Soil Columns of Various Grain Size Distributions
Authors: Moslemy Peyman , Millette Denis , Guiot Serge R. , Neufeld Ronald J.
Published: July 2010

The transport of gellan gum microbeads as potential cell carriers was investigated in horizontal columns packed with different grain size classes of gravel (2–16 mm) and sand (0.25–2 mm). A suspension of microbeads was pulsed into each column for 6 h, followed by injection of water for 42 h. In general, the total amount of microbeads travelling across a given section of the column increased with injection time but decreased towards the column outlet, varying as a direct function of grain size. The results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of the transport of gellan gum microbeads through medium sand to medium gravel across distances up to 110 cm.
A Combined Selective Adsorption and Ozonation Process for VOCs Removal from Air
Authors: Monneyron P. , Manero M ‐H , Manero S.
Published: July 2010

A new hybrid process combining adsorption and ozonation is examined as an alternative treatment for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC). The physical adsorption of ozone was clarified on a ZSM‐5 zeolite. Oxidation of two industrial solvents was achieved on two zeolites and followed with temperature profiles and sub‐products detection. Total regeneration of the fixed bed was achieved with a complete mineralization of organic compounds. Detection and identification of sub‐products traces allowed us to suspect oxidation reactive species. A mass balance on oxygen showed that all the inlet ozone was used for organic compounds oxidation. A selective oxidation was achieved, allowing the separation and the recovery of minor compound.
A Mitochondrial Antigen-Antibody System in Cholestatic Liver Disease Detected by Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Manns Michael , Meyer Karl-Hermann , Büschenfelde Zum
Published: July 2010

A radioimmunoassay (RIA) was established for the detection of antimitochondrial autoantibodies (AMAs) in patient sera. AMAs were detected by RIA in 12 of 14 patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and in 3 of 29 patients with chronic active hepatitis. AMAs were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in all sera positive by RIA. In addition, two patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and one patient with chronic active hepatitis were AMA positive when tested by indirect immunofluorescence, but negative when tested by RIA. AMAs were not detected by RIA or indirect immunofluorescence in 121 further patients with various hepatic and nonhepatic diseases, including healthy controls. The RIA detects an AMA directed against one determinant of a mitochondrial antigen which bears the characteristics of the previously described primary biliary cirrhosis antigen (M2 antigen). The RIA described is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of one mitochondrial autoantibody associated with chronic cholestatic liver diseases displaying the morphology of primary biliary cirrhosis in chronic active hepatitis or liver biopsy specimens. Antibodies against other mitochondrial antigens do not react in this assay system.
Toxic Doses of Acetaminophen Suppress Hepatic Glutathione Synthesis in Rats
Authors: Lauterburg Bernhard H. , Mitchell Jerry R.
Published: July 2010

The effect of a toxic dose of acetaminophen on hepatic glutathione turnover was studied in fed and fasted rats. Following the administration of 1 gm per kg of acetaminophen, the fractional rate of glutathione turnover increased from 0.19 to 0.28 hr−1in fed rats and from 0.43 to 0.50 hr−1in rats fasted for 48 hr. The increase in the fractional rate of turnover was proportionally much less than the decrease in hepatic glutathione concentration resulting from the toxic dose of acetaminophen. Thus, the estimated hepatic synthesis of glutathione decreased from 0.86 and 1.50 μmole per gm liver hr to 0.59 and 0.53 μmole per gm hr in fed and fasted rats, respectively. The excretion of acetaminophen-sulfate was significantly decreased in fasted rats. The fraction of administered acetaminophen metabolized to the mercapturic acid, however, was similar in both groups. Nevertheless, all fasted animals had massive centrilobular necrosis whereas virtually no necrosis was observed in fed animals. The administration of sulfate did not protect against liver injury in fasted rats. In view of the similar synthesis of glutathione in fed and fasted rats following a toxic dose of acetaminophen, an inability to synthesize adequate quantities of glutathione or a decreased availability of sulfate cannot account for the increased susceptibility to liver injury in the fasted state. However, a toxic dose of acetaminophen depletes the hepatic glutathione to a lower nadir before glutathione is repleted by synthesis, and a greater amount of tissue arylation occurs during this brief period of critically depleted glutathione.
Nonparenchymal Cells Cultivated from Explants of Fibrotic Liver Resemble Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells from Blood Vessel Walls†
Authors: Voss Bruno , Rauterberg Jürgen , Pott Gerhard , Brehmer Ute , Allam Salah , Lehmann Rolf , Bassewitz Dirk B. V.
Published: July 2010

Tissue specimens from human fibrotic liver obtained by needle biopsy were cultured. Two cell types emerged from the tissue explants. From their morphology and biosynthetic products they resembled smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells from blood vessel walls. In the “endothelial” cells, factor VIII-associated protein was demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence. Synthesis of collagen types I and III, basement membrane collagen types IV and V, and fibronectin by both cell types was observed by immunofluorescence microscopy. Homogeneous cultures of “smooth muscle cells” were observed in subcultures. After incubation with [14C]glycine, collagen was isolated and characterized by CM cellulose chromatography, and consisted mainly of types I and III. These data suggest involvement of mesenchymal cells in hepatic fibrosis; they presumably originate from blood vessel or sinusoidal walls.
Morphologic Study of Intermediate Filaments in Rat Hepatocytes
Authors: French Samuel W. , Kondo Isao , Irie Tetsuya , Ihrig Thomas J. , Benson Nancy , Munn Robert
Published: July 2010

Rat livers perfused with 0.5% Triton X-100 for 15 to 90 min followed by 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate for 30 min were studied by electron microscopy and polyaerylamide gel electrophoresis. After 15 min of perfusion, a rich network of intermediate filaments and microtubules was visualized in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Using stereopairs, branching was visualized. Connections of filaments were noted with nuclei, centrioles, microtubules, vesicles, and rough endoplasmic reticulum. The existence of connections supported the concept that intermediate filaments may function to integrate mechanically the cytoplasmic space as postulated by Lazarides.
Acute Type B Hepatitis among HBsAg Negative Patients Detected by Anti-HBc IgM
Authors: Kryger Peter , Aldershvile Jan , Mathiesen Lars R. , Nielsen Jens O.
Published: July 2010

A consecutive group of 169 patients with acute hepatitis found negative for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and negative for IgM antibody against hepatitis A (anti-HAV IgM) was studied for presence of IgM antibody against hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc IgM) by ELISA. Anti-HBc IgM was found in a total of 34 of 60 patients with detectable total anti-HBc. One hundred and nine patients had no detectable anti-HBc IgM and no total anti-HBc and were thus considered as having acute non-A, non-B hepatitis. Among the 34 patients with anti-HBc IgM in their first serum sample, 23 were anti-HBs negative and all had high and steadily decreasing ratio unit (RU) values for anti-HBc IgM (mean RU value 17.1). Twelve of the 23 patients showed seroconversion to anti-HBs during the follow-up, indicating an actual hepatitis B virus infection. Eleven of the 34 anti-HBc IgM positive patients had anti-HBs in their first serum sample. In this group, the RU values for anti-HBc IgM were high and steadily declining and the initial values were significantly lower (mean RU value 9.9) (p < 0.05) than in the anti-HBs negative group. Evidence is provided that anti-HBc IgM in serum from patients with HBsAg negative hepatitis with or without anti-HBs indicates an actual hepatitis B virus infection.

According to generally accepted criteria, the demonstration of anti-HBc IgM identified 20% of the 169 patients with acute non-A, non-B hepatitis as having an actual hepatitis B infection.
A Comparison of Acute Reversible Pre- and Postsinusoidal Portal Hypertension on Salt and Water Retention in the Dog
Authors: Campbell Vernon , Greig Paul D. , Cranford Jeff , Langer Bernard , Silverman Melvin , Blendis Laurence M.
Published: July 2010

To define the relationship between portal hypertension and renal excretion of salt and water, two acute animal models of portal hypertension were investigated. In both models, it was necessary for systemic and renal hemodynamics to remain unchanged during the creation of portal hypertension so as to eliminate the effects of change in these parameters on renal excretion.

In eight dogs, portal hypertension was induced by controlled tightening of a ligature around the superior hepatic vein and changes in hemodynamics were prevented by controlled i.v. titration with canine plasma. Rises in portal pressure 9.3 ± 2.6 to 15.6 ± 2.3 cm H2O were associated with significant decreases in urine volume 1.57 ± 0.53 to 0.66 ± 0.21 ml per min (p < 0.05) and urinary sodium excretion [340 ± 82 to 145 ±75 mEq per min (p < 0.05)]. In contrast, similar experiments in five dogs in which the portal vein was partially ligated with increases in portal pressure from 8.3 ± 0.6 to 18.6 ± 0.5 cm H2O resulted in no change in urinary volume or sodium excretion.

Acute reversible portal hypertension induced by hepatic vein constriction is associated with acute reversible retention of water and salt in the absence of changes in renal blood flow and creatinine clearance which only occur when the liver is involved and not with portal vein constriction.
Bile Acid Metabolism in Cirrhosis. VIII. Quantitative Evaluation of Bile Acid Synthesis From [7β-3H]7α-Hydroxycholesterol and [G-3H]26-Hydroxycholesterol
Authors: Goldman Marc , Vlahcevic Reno Z. , Schwartz Charles C. , Gustafsson Jan , Swell Leon
Published: July 2010

In order to evaluate more definitively the observed aberrations in the synthesis of cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids in patients with advanced cirrhosis, two bile acid biosynthesis pathways were examined by determining the efficiency of conversion of [3H]7α-hydroxycholesterol and [3H] 26-hydroxycholesterol to primary bile acids. Bile acid kinetics were determined by administration of [14C]cholic and [14C]chenodeoxycholic acids. Cholic acid synthesis in cirrhotic patients was markedly depressed (170 vs. 927 μmoles per day) while chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis was reduced to a much lesser degree (227 vs. 550 μmoles per day). The administration of [3H]7α-hydroxycholes-terol allowed for an evaluation of the major pathway of bile acid synthesis via the 7α-hydroxylation of cholesterol. This compound was efficiently incorporated into primary bile acids by the two normal subjects (88 and 100%) and two cirrhotic patients (77 and 91%). However, the recovery of the label in cholic acid was slightly less in cirrhotic patients than in normal subjects. [3H]26-hydroxycholesterol was administered to ascertain the contribution of the 26-hydroxylation pathway to bile acid synthesis. All study subjects showed poor conversion (9 to 22%) of this intermediate into bile acids.

The results of this study suggest that a major block in the bile acid synthesis pathway in cirrhosis is at the level of 7α-hydroxylation of cholesterol (impairment of 7α-hydroxylase) and/or in the feedback triggering mechanism regulating bile acid synthesis. The data also suggest that the 26-hydroxylation pathway in normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis is a minor contributor to synthesis of the primary bile acids. Therefore, the relative sparing of chenodeoxycholic acid synthesis observed in cirrhotic patients is not due to preferential synthesis of this bile acid via the 26-hydroxylation pathway.
Thyroxine Binding Globulin and Thyroid Function Tests in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Kalk John W. , Kew Michael C. , Danilewitz Mervyn D. , Jacks Frederick , Van Der Walt Andre L. , Levin Joseph
Published: July 2010

To determine the prevalence of elevated serum concentrations of thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the influence of the associated cirrhosis, TBG was measured in 39 patients with HCC, 22 with and 17 without cirrhosis, in 20 patients with cryptogenic macronodular cirrhosis but without HCC, and in 40 matched controls. The mean serum TBG concentration in the patients was 34.5 ± 17.7 μg per ml, compared to 21.4 ± 6.8 μg per ml in controls and 20.5 ± 6.3 μg per ml in cirrhosis without HCC (p < 0.01). The presence or absence of cirrhosis in the HCC patients did not significantly influence the frequency with which elevated TBG levels were found; levels were normal in every subject with cirrhosis and no HCC. The mean thyroxine (T4): TBG ratio was 5.58 ± 1.78 in controls and was reduced in HCC patients with both elevated (3.33 ± 0.80, p < 0.001) and normal TBG values (4.39 ± 1.90, p < 0.05), and in cirrhotics without HCC (4.29 ± 1.01, p < 0.01). T4 and TBG concentrations correlated significantly in controls, in HCC patients with elevated TBG, and in the cirrhotics without HCC. It is concluded that in patients with HCC (i) TBG levels may be elevated both in the presence or absence of cirrhosis; (ii) there is reduced binding of T4 TBG, and (iii) a low T4:TBG ratio excludes the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism in the presence of high T4 levels. TBG levels are normal in patients with cryptogenic macronodular cirrhosis without HCC.
An Evaluation of Cellular Lineages in the Pathogenesis of Experimental Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Sell Stewart , Leffert Hyam L.
Published: July 2010

Analysis of liver from rats exposed to chemical hepatocarcinogens has led to a model that postulates sequential premalignant changes, culminating in hepatoma formation from neoplastic nodules. Several experimental protocols devised during the last quarter century have focused upon this lineage model. But proof that neoplastic nodules are the definitive premalignant lesions has not been achieved. Recent work, using α-fetoprotein as a marker for liver cell alterations induced by different carcinogen-feeding regimens, suggests that chemically induced hepatomas may also arise from nonnodular cell populations. Therefore, the extensive biochemical and biological studies of presumed “premalignant” cells may have utilized the wrong cells. Unequivocal identification of the cell population at risk for malignancy is needed to delineate mechanisms by which chemicals cause hepatocellular carcinoma.
Drugs as Indicators of Hepatic Function
Authors: Branch Robert A.
Published: July 2010

It is well recognized that liver disease may influence the disposition of many drugs. Conversely, it has been suggested that knowledge of the disposition of a model drug might provide an index of certain aspects of hepatic function. This review discusses the physiology of drug disposition and indicates how recent progress in understanding the determinants of drug disposition has provided useful indices of individual aspects of hepatic function. Topics which are discussed are the interpretation of pharmacokinetic parameters as indices of hepatic function, including half-life clearance, and intrinsic clearance. Utilizing the “intact hepatocyte hypothesis” as an operational model, an approach is described that uses the pharmacokinetic disposition of high and low intrinsic clearance drugs following p.o. and i.v. administration to provide quantitative estimates of hepatic function, flow to functioning hepatocytes, and the extent of portasystemic shunting through the liver. Thus, the theoretical basis for quantitation of certain aspects of hepatic function are available. It remains to be determined whether these indices will provide clinically useful measures to follow the natural history of hepatic disease.
A Prospective Morphologic Evaluation of Hepatic Toxicity of Chenodeoxycholic Acid in Patients With Cholelithiasis: the National Cooperative Gallstone Study
Authors: Fisher Rosemarie L. , Anderson Deborah W. , Boyer James L. , Ishak Kamal , Klatskin Gerald , Lachin John M. , Phillips James M.
Published: July 2010

A sample of 126 patients with cholelithiasis was treated with chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) (375 or 750 mg g.d.) for 2 years. Hepatotoxicity was assessed by sequential light (LM) and electron microscopic (EM) analysis of liver biopsies obtained before and after 9 and 24 months of therapy. Patients were without symptoms of biliary colic for 3 months prior to biopsy, less than 70 years old, and had normal tests of liver function. All light microscopy was read blindly by two morphologists, and electron microscopy by one. Only four biopsies (3%) showed severe (3+) abnormalities preventing admission to the study. On evaluation, moderate (2+) LM changes were present in less than 12% of biopsies, while milder changes (1+) were seen more frequently. No severe, dose–related abnormalities were seen in LM over the 2 years of study. However, mild changes (hepatocyte ballooning and lipofuscin, binucleate cells, glycogen nuclei, ductular proliferation, enlarged and fibrotic triads, and sinusoidal congestion) became more prevalent with time (p ≤ 0.01) regardless of CDCA dose, according to 1 of the 2 morphologists. Because patients with “proven” cholelithiasis for greater than 2 years (33% of the study population) did not have a greater incidence of morphologic abnormalities than those with the diagnosis for less than 2 years, it is unlikely that these changes were due to the natural History of gallstone disease. Furthermore, electron microscopic findings demonstrated worsening intrahepatic cholestasis and a lesion in two patients which was identical to that produced in animals administered lithocholic acid, the 7–a–dehydroxylated metabolite of CDCA. The possibility that clinically significant hepatotoxicity could develop with CDCA therapy greater than 24 months thus cannot be excluded by this study.
Triton Wr–1339, A Lysosomotropic Compound, Is Excreted Into Bile and Alters the Biliary Excretion of Lysosomal Enzymes and Lipids
Authors: Larusso Nicholas F. , Kost Louis J. , Carter Janet A. , Barham Steven S.
Published: July 2010

In these experiments, we tested two hypotheses: first, that Triton WR–1339, a nonionic detergent which is sequestered in hepatocyte lysosomes, undergoes biliary excretion; and second, that Triton WR–1339, which also alters serum lipid levels and modifies hepatic catabolism of lipoproteins, affects the biliary output of proteins and lipids. When 3H–Triton WR–1339 was administered to rats, biochemical and morphologic studies showed that hepatocyte lysosomes sequestered Triton WR–1339: (i) the subcellular distribution of 3H was identical to that of lysosomal enzymes after liver fractionation by differential or isopycnic centrifugation, and (ii) lysosomes appeared engorged with Triton WR–1339 on electron microscopy. 3H was also excreted into bile in parallel to three lysosomal enzymes. Triton WR–1339 administration caused a coordinate increase in the biliary excretion of three lysosomal enzymes and also increased the biliary output of total protein, bile acids, and phospholipid. Triton WR–1339 administration did not affect bile flow or the biliary outputs of cholesterol, plasma membrane, and cytosolic enzymes, but did decrease biliary cholesterol saturation by 50%. These results demonstrate that an exogenous compound which is sequestered in hepatocyte lysosomes may be excreted directly into bile in parallel with endogenous lysosomal constituents. The data also show that such a lysosomotropic agent may also selectively modify the biliary excretion of proteins and lipids. The findings are consistent with the existence of a lysosome–to–bile hepatic excretory pathway and suggest that hepatocyte lysosomes may be important in modulating biliary protein and lipid secretion
Hepatic Microvascular Regulatory Mechanisms. Ii. Cholinergic Mechanisms
Authors: Reilly Frank D. , Dimlich Ruth V.W. , Cilento Eugene V. , Mccuskey Robert S.
Published: July 2010

Several cholinergic agonists and their antagonists were administered topically at various concentrations (10-10 to 10-4 gm per ml) to the livers of anesthetized Sprague–Dawley rats. Changes in the microvasculature were measured for a period of 15 min using in vivo microscopic methods. The influence of cholinergic agonists on hepatic mast cells was determined by histochemical methods. Cholinergic agonists elicited constriction of portal venules, sinusoids, and terminal hepatic (central) venules accompanied within 5 to 20 sec by the adherence of platelets and leukocytes to the endothelial lining of these vessels. These responses were not observed in hepatic arterioles or hepatic (sublobular) venules. However, the responses drastically altered cellular flow through all segments of the microvasculature. The drugs were effective in the following ranking: bethanechol > pilocarpine > carbachol. Vascular responses were not antagonized by atropine; phentolamine modified the constrictor response of portal venules but of no other microvascular segment. These results suggest that the responses were not mediated by cholinergic (muscarinic) receptors and that the constriction of portal venules was caused by the chemical activation of a–adrenergic receptors. Histochemical methods revealed that pilocarpine and bethanechol also elicited a significant decrease in the number of visible mast cells suggestive of degranulation and the release of serotonin, histamine, and other polyanions (e.g., heparin) from these cells. Release occurred within the same period of time as the microvascular alterations (15 min). These data provide additional evidence that mast cell constituents and adrenergic mechanisms are involved in hepatic cholinergic mechanisms.