bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epicurus on Bivalence and the Excluded Middle
Authors: Bown Alexander
Published: September 2016

In several of his philosophical works, Cicero gives reports of the Epicurean views on bivalence and the excluded middle that are not always consistent. I attempt to establish a coherent account that fits the texts as well as possible and can reasonably be attributed to the Epicureans. I argue that they distinguish between a semantic and a syntactic version of the law of the excluded middle, and that whilst they reject bivalence and the semantic law for fear of certain fatalistic consequences, they endorse the syntactic law. Subsequently, I show that certain principles that they seem to endorse in the context of Cicero’s discussion of Chrysippus’ argument for fate, when modified by the addition of the atomic swerve, suggest that the Epicureans have in mind something like a supervaluationist model of truth at times, which has the desired results with respect to the three logical principles.
Leibniz’s Harmony between the Kingdoms of Nature and Grace
Authors: Strickland Lloyd
Published: September 2016

One of the more exotic and mysterious features of Leibniz’s later philosophical writings is the harmony between the kingdom of nature and the kingdom of grace. In this paper, I show that this harmony is not a single doctrine, but rather a compilation of two doctrines, namely (1) that the order of nature makes possible the rewards and punishments of rational souls, and (2) that the rewards and punishments of rational souls are administered naturally. I argue that the harmony is best considered as Leibniz’s distinctive collation, development, and rebranding of these doctrines, which were not themselves unique to Leibniz, nor uncommon in the seventeenth century. There follows a detailed examination of various concrete examples of the harmony in operation, from which I show that it is essentially the culmination of Leibniz’s lifelong thinking about divine justice.
Bounded, Sigmoid Utility for Insurance Applications
Authors: Gao Siwei , Powers Michael R.
Published: September 2016

Applying a well-known argument of Karl Menger to an insurance version of the St. Petersburg Paradox (in which the decision maker is confronted with losses, rather than gains), one can assert that von Neumann-Morgenstern utility functions are necessarily concave upward and bounded below as decision-maker wealth tends to negative infinity. However, this argument is subject to two potential criticisms: (1) infinite-mean losses do not exist in the real world; and (2) the St. Petersburg Paradox derives its force from empirical observation (i. e., that actual decision makers would not agree to an arbitrarily large insurance bid price to transfer an infinite-mean loss), and thus does not impart logical necessity. In the present article, these two criticisms are addressed in turn. We first show that, although infinite-mean insurance losses technically do not exist, they do provide a reasonable model for certain large (i. e., excess and reinsurance) property-liability indemnities. We then employ the Two-Envelope Paradox to demonstrate the logical necessity of concave-upward, lower-bounded utility for arbitrarily small (i. e., negative) values of wealth. Finally, we note that recognizing the bounded, sigmoid nature of utility functions challenges certain fundamental understandings in the economics of insurance demand, and can lead to vastly different conclusions regarding the bid price for insurance.
Global correlation and uncertainty accounting
Authors: Cooke Roger M. , Saatchi Sassan , Hagen Stephen
Published: September 2016

For a high dimensional field of random variables, global correlation is defined as the ratio of average
covariance and average variance, and its elementary properties are studied. Global correlation is used to
harmonize uncertainty assessments at global and local scales. It can be estimated by the correlation of random
aggregations of fixed size of disjoint sets of random variables. Illustrative applications are given using
crop loss per county per year and forest carbon.
Microscale Interface Synthesis of Ni-B Amorphous Nanoparticles from NiSO4 by Sodium Borohydride Reduction in Microreactor
Authors: Xu Lei , Peng Jinhui , Meng Binfang , Li Wei , Liu Bingguo , Luo Huilong
Published: September 2016

Amorphous nanoparticles have attracted a large amount of interest due to their superior catalytic activity and unique selectivity. The Ni-B amorphous nanoparticles were synthesized from aqueous reduction of NiSO4 by sodium borohydride in microscale interface at room temperature. The size, morphology, elemental compositions, and the chemical composition on the surface of Ni-B amorphous nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). All the results showed that the synthesized particles are Ni-B amorphous nanoparticles with uniform in size distribution and having good dispersion. The mean particle diameter of Ni-B amorphous nanoparticles was around 9 nm. The present work provides an alternative synthesis route for the Ni-B amorphous nanoparticles.
Improved thermal and mechanical properties of carbon fiber filled polyamide 46 composites
Authors: Yang Yisha , Li Duxin , Si Gaojie , Liu Qilong , Chen Yue
Published: September 2016

The thermal and mechanical properties of polyamide 46 (PA46) filled with carbon fiber (CF/PA46) composites were studied. CF/PA46 was fabricated by the method of melt blending and injection molding. The results showed that thermal conductivity, tensile strength and impact strength of the composite increased with the increase of weight fraction of CF, however, the elongation at the break decreased as its weight fraction increased. The addition of CF had little effect on the melting temperature of composites, while the crystallization onset (To) and crystallization peak (Tp) temperatures of composites shifted to higher points. The scanning electron microscope images showed that when the weight fraction of CF was increased, the CF was more likely to form thermal chains and a network. When the CF weight fraction was 40%, thermal conductivity was 1.49 W/(m·K), approximately 5.54 times as high as that of the pure PA46, and the thermal diffusivity was 0.9755 mm2/s, 6.5 times higher than that of the pure matrix. Comparing the experimental data with the three expected thermal conduction models data, the Maxwell-Eucken thermal conduction model was considered more suitable for the PA46/CF composite, in which the weight fraction of the filler was <10% in the thermal conductive system.
Mechanism and solutions of appearance defects on microfluidic chips manufactured by UV-curing assisted injection molding
Authors: Xie Pengcheng , Hu Lingxiao , He Jianyun , Kang Weijia , Yang Weimin
Published: September 2016

A novel method for the chemical manufacturing UV-curing assisted injection molding was proposed in this paper. A prototype of UV-curing injection molding apparatus has been manufactured. By using the prototype, we have successfully fabricated microfluidic chips, which can be practically applied in micro mixing experiments. Similar to the thermoplastic parts molded by traditional injection molding, the appearance defects such as bubbles also occurred on products fabricated by UV-curing injection molding. The generation process of bubble defect has been observed and captured through the visualization device. Because there is no gas produced in the polymerization chemical reaction, the shrinkage was considered to be the essential reason of bubble defect. In this paper, the solution of bubble defect was studied by employing single factor control variable method from the aspects of process parameters, materials, and mode of irradiation. It was noted that the bubble defect could be improved by increasing holding pressure, reducing irradiation intensity, and improving viscosity. Nevertheless, the achievement of process parameters was limited. On equal experimental conditions of process, equipment, and material, results revealed that the dynamic irradiation pattern can improve the feeding capacity significantly in UV-curing injection molding. It is further demonstrated that the bubble defect is caused by the polymerization shrinkage. Eventually, we obtained the microfluidic chips with good surface quality, high dimensional accuracy, and high transparency by UV-curing injection molding. Moreover, it provides a feasible high efficiency and low cost manufacture technology for microfluidic chips in the future.
Der verborgene Hunger
Authors: Biesalski Hans Konrad
Published: September 2016

Verborgener Hunger ist ein zunehmendes Problem auch in entwickelten Ländern. Die möglichen negativen Konsequenzen für die Gesundheit werden übersehen und unterschätzt. Verborgener Hunger ist eine unzureichende Aufnahme von Mikronährstoffen, besonders Vitamin A, D, Eisen und Zink. Die am stärksten betroffene Gruppe sind Frauen und hier besonders Schwangere. In Folge dessen ist die physische wie kognitive Entwicklung der Neugebornen gestört. Niedriges Einkommen und fehlendes Wissen zu Lebensmitteln sind die Hauptursachen.
Diskursrealisationen in Online-Foren
Authors: Pappert Steffen , Sven Roth Kersten
Published: September 2016

This paper deals with the question in how far pragmatic and discourse conditions affect the communicative construction of collective knowledge. Research in Discourse Semantics predominantly deals with corpora consisting of mass media texts. In doing so, knowledge that becomes manifest in these texts can be identified and substantially described. However, to what extend this knowledge is also used as a pragmatic-interactive resource in other communicative contexts and in social media communication cannot be explored. This paper aims at reducing this research desideratum by analyzing a different type of data (realisations in internet forums), using the example of internet forums dealing with the topic of OSTDEUTSCH (East German). Following discourse pragmatic procedures exemplary data will be discussed in order to reveal which pragmatic conditions are essential and for what interactive reasons discourse knowledge is used as a communicative resource by the participants in the forum. There will be a focus on the essential condition of interactionality and on interferences between realizations of discourse in mass media and in internet forums.
Gestaltung, Einsatz und Lernerwahrnehmung mehrsprachigkeitsdidaktischer Elemente im Fremdsprachenunterricht – eine exemplarische Untersuchung in einem universitären Niederländischmodul
Authors: Bredthauer Stefanie
Published: September 2016

Concepts and studies that have been developed and conducted so far in the area of multilingual didactics show promising results but refer almost exclusively to the school context. Research on multilingual didactic elements as part of foreign language courses in the academic context have been a desideratum up to now. However, a potential for improvement of language learning processes can be assumed here as well, since students are usually highly multilingual. Therefore, this article presents the results of a study that exemplarily describes the design and implementation of several multilingual didactic elements in a university Dutch course as well as the analysis of the perception of the learners.
El andamiaje retórico de género: una deliberación sobre la cultura generizada de la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez, México
Authors: Rojas Blanco Clara Eugenia
Published: September 2016

En este artículo, presento una versión sumaria de una investigación amplia de corte cualitativo-interpretativa centrada en el análisis de la estructura simbólica de género en la Universidad Autónoma de Ciudad Juárez (UACJ), México. En esta versión, ofrezco una deliberación centrada en un análisis de la formación persuasiva/discursiva  en donde examiné la relación entre retórica, poder y género a partir de los enfoques de la crítica feminista del discurso y la retórica contemporánea.  En este caso, la tesis que guía mi deliberación es que la cultura generizada de la institución no permite la trasversalización de la perspectiva género, porque las creencias y prácticas androcéntricas en la institución no se reconocen, por los y las agentes de la comunidad universitaria, como prácticas sexistas.  En este texto,  ofrezco el resumen de un análisis de tropos realizado  en corpus de entrevistas abiertas aplicadas a  profesores/as de tiempo completo,  en donde se cristaliza la normalización de la ideología de género en la institución. A partir de los hallazgos ofrezco la metáfora de “andamiaje retórico de género” para explicar un proceso socio-histórico complejo que enmarca la re/producción normalizada del género en la UACJ.
Load Absorption Force-Time Characteristics Following the Second Pull of Weightlifting Derivatives
Authors: Suchomel Timothy J. , Lake Jason P. , Comfort Paul
Published: September 2016

Suchomel, TJ, Lake, JP, and Comfort, P. Load absorption force-time characteristics following the second pull of weightlifting derivatives. J Strength Cond Res 31(6): 1644–1652, 2017—The purpose of this study was to compare the load absorption force-time characteristics of weightlifting catching and pulling derivatives. Twelve resistance-trained men performed repetitions of the hang power clean (HPC), jump shrug (JS), and hang high pull (HHP) on a force platform with 30, 45, 65, and 80% of their 1-repetition maximum HPC. Load absorption phase duration, mean force, and work were calculated from the force-time data. The HHP produced a significantly longer load absorption phase duration compared with the HPC (p < 0.001; d = 3.77) and JS (p < 0.001; d = 5.48), whereas no difference existed between the HPC and JS (p = 0.573; d = 0.51). The JS produced significantly greater load absorption mean forces compared with the HPC (p < 0.001; d = 2.85) and HHP (p < 0.001; d = 3.75), whereas no difference existed between the HPC and HHP (p = 0.253; d = 0.37). Significantly more load absorption work was performed during the JS compared with the HPC (p < 0.001; d = 5.03) and HHP (p < 0.001; d = 1.69), whereas HHP load absorption work was also significantly greater compared with the HPC (p < 0.001; d = 4.81). The weightlifting pulling derivatives examined in the current study (JS and HHP) produced greater load absorption demands after the second pull compared with the weightlifting catching derivative (HPC). The JS and HHP may be used as effective training stimuli for load absorption during impact tasks such as jumping.
Application of Strip Model to Crack Tip Resistance and Crack Closure Phenomena
Authors: Ho C. L. , Buck O. , Marcus H. L.
Published: September 2016

This paper systematically investigates plasticity effects in fatigue crack propagation in structural materials. These effects lead to the crack closure phenomena and the crack tip resistance to propagation due to residual compressive stresses. A simple application of the strip-model, elastic-plastic analysis leads to the exact distribution of the residual stresses at the crack tip. The compressive stresses are explicitly demonstrated and computed with their significance discussed. Experimental techniques based on ultrasonic surface waves are used to directly measure the effects of the residual stresses. Structural materials of aluminum, steel, and titanium are used for these studies. The experimental data clearly reveal the extents of crack closure and crack tip resistance to applied loadings. It is found that the amount of crack closure increases with the actual crack length before gross scale plastic flow occurs. From this investigation, it is particularly significant that the concepts of crack closures and crack tip resistive forces to propagation are not only demonstrated by direct experimental means, but also their extents can be quantitatively measured. Such measurements will facilitate modifications in analytic models for predicting crack growth rates.
Local Stresses near Deep Surface Flaws under Cylindrical Bending Fields
Authors: Schroedl M. A. , Smith C. W.
Published: September 2016

A series of tests was performed utilizing the stress freezing and slicing technique of photoelasticity in order to obtain the stress fields near points of maximum flaw penetration and where the crack border intersects the tensile surface of the plate for naturally grown surface flaws under fields of remote cylindrical bending. Geometries investigated ranged over crack depth to crack length ratios of approximately 0.13 to 0.55 and over crack depth to plate thickness ratios of approximately 0.27 to 0.79. Results were compared with several approximate theories on the basis of graphs of normalized maximum in-plane shear stress versus normalized distance from the crack tip and stress intensity factor in order to assess the validity of the several field theories. A numerical technique for data conditioning was employed from which the stress intensity factors were computed and compared with theoretical values.
Fatigue-Crack Growth under Variable-Amplitude Loading in ASTM A514-B Steel
Authors: Barsom J. M.
Published: September 2016

This paper describes the fatigure-crack-growth behavior of ASTM A514-B steel under variable-amplitude random-sequence stress spectra such as occur in actual bridges. The fatigue-crack growth-rate data were obtained by using wedge-opening-loading specimens tested under variable-amplitude load spectra that are represented by a Rayleigh distribution function. The data show that the average fatigue-crack-growth rates under variable-amplitude random-sequence load fluctuation are approximately equal to the rate of fatigue-crack growth under constant-amplitude cyclic-load fluctuation equal to the root-mean-square value of the variable-amplitude fluctuation. The average fatigue-crack-growth rates, da/dN, under variable-amplitude random-load fluctuation and under constant-amplitude load fluctuation were found to agree closely when da/dN was plotted as a function of the root-mean-square stress-intensity-factor range, ΔKrms. To verify the preceding observation, tests were conducted under the following variable-amplitude load fluctuations represented by the same Rayleigh distribution function: random sequence, ascending sequence, descending sequence, and ascending-descending sequence. All tests were conducted at a constant minimum load equal to 200 lb. The fatigue-crack growth-rate data obtained under these various loading sequences were close and were approximately equal to the average rate of fatigue-crack growth under constant-amplitude load fluctuations having a magnitude equal to the root-mean-square value of the distribution function. Thus, within the limits of the present investigation, the average fatigue-crack-growth rates, da/dN, under variable amplitude (random-sequence or ordered-sequence) load fluctuations and under constant-amplitude load fluctuations can be represented by the equation da/dN=A(ΔKrms)n where ΔKrms is the root-mean-square stress-intensity-factor fluctuation (in ksi n.), and A and n are constants. Further work is needed to establish the applicability of the foregoing observations to various metals and to various continuous distribution functions.
A Comparison of the J-Integral Fracture Criterion with the Equivalent Energy Concept
Authors: Begley J. A. , Landes J. D.
Published: September 2016

Two fracture criteria for elastic-plastic behavior of metals have recently been proposed, the J-integral fracture criterion and the equivalent energy concept. Since both are basically energy criteria, speculation has developed that they are related and perhaps identical. This work shows that the two criteria do not give identical results for a general load-displacement curve. Special cases where the two are identical are discussed as well as examples where they are not identical.
A Method for Measuring KIc at Very High Strain Rates
Authors: Shockey D. A. , Curran D. R.
Published: September 2016

A method for determining the plane-strain fracture-toughness KIc of a material at very high strain rates is described and demonstrated on a tough polycarbonate. Tritensile stresses were produced within several tenths of a microsecond in the interior of a small cylindrical specimen by flat-plate impact with a gas gun. A number of previously introduced internal cracks of known size distribution were propagated by the tensile stress resulting from the intersection of rarefaction waves; smaller cracks were not activated. A critical stress intensity factor was calculated from the value of the tensile stress and the critical crack size. The relationship of this value to the plane-strain fracture toughness associated with the artest of a running crack is discussed.
Influence of Sheet Thickness upon the Fracture Resistance of Structural Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Sullivan A. M. , Stoop J. , Freed C. N.
Published: September 2016

Definition of fracture resistance for thin sheet material in terms of the linear-elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) plane-stress parameter, Kc, continues to reveal aspects of its geometrical dependency. The effect of sheet thickness upon the Kc value of five structural aluminum alloys in current use has been determined over available thickness ranges of 1/32 to 1/4 in. Within this range, less thickness dependence than anticipated has been observed. The fact that both economy and convenience would be served if fracture resistance for all sheet thicknesses could be estimated from a limited number of specimens have given impetus to several models purporting to explain this dependency in terms of the relative contributions of a surface phenomenon, flat fracture, and a volume sensitive mechanism, shear lip development. Attempts to fit present data to the model disclose inadequacies for which there is no apparent immediate solution.
Fracture Toughness of Plain and Welded 3-In.-Thick Aluminum Alloy Plate
Authors: Nelson F. G. , Kaufman J. G.
Published: September 2016

The plane-strain fracture toughness, KIc, of 3-in. 5083-H321, 5086-H32, 6061-T651, and 7005-T6351 plate and welds in the 5083, 6061, and 7005 plate have been evaluated in tests carried out in accordance with ASTM Test for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399-72). Valid values of KIc could be obtained only for the 7005-T6351 plate in all orientations. Both 5083-H321 and 5086-H32 are so tough that even 3-in.-thick specimens did not provide adequate restraint to permit valid measurements of KIc, and in most tests of 6061-T651 there was excessive plasticity masking a KIc measurement. From criteria that consider the load-carrying capability of the precracked fracture-toughness specimen and the yield strength, the alloys and tempers rate in the following order: 5086-H32 (toughest) 5083-H321 7005-T6351 6061-T651 However, the 7005-T6351 appears to provide the best combination of strength and toughness. Valid values of KIc could not be obtained for most welds, primarily because of their very high toughness, and because of the problem in precracking resulting from the residual stresses from welding. Overall comparisons indicate that (a) welds of the recommended filler alloys are as tough as or tougher than the parent material, and (b) 5039 and 5356 welds are generally tougher than 4043 welds, either as-welded or heat-treated and aged after welding.
Fracture Mechanics Technology for Optimum Pressure Vessel Design
Authors: Bjeletich J. G. , Morton T. M.
Published: September 2016

A technique has been developed to design a maximum efficiency reliable pressure vessel of given geometry and service life. The technique for ensuring reliability of the minimum weight vessel relies on the application of linear elastic fracture mechanics and fracture mechanics concepts. The resultant design incorporates potential fatigue and stress corrosion crack extension during service of a worst case initial flaw. Maximum stress for safe life is specified by the design technique, thereby minimizing weight. Ratios of pressure and toughness parameters are employed to avoid arbitrary specification of design stress level which would lead to a suboptimum design.
Time-of-day-dependent adaptation of the HPA axis to predictable social defeat stress
Authors: Koch C E , Bartlang M S , Kiehn J T , Lucke L , Naujokat N , Helfrich-Förster C , Reber S O , Oster H
Published: September 2016

In modern societies, the risk of developing a whole array of affective and somatic disorders is associated with the prevalence of frequent psychosocial stress. Therefore, a better understanding of adaptive stress responses and their underlying molecular mechanisms is of high clinical interest. In response to an acute stressor, each organism can either show passive freezing or active fight-or-flight behaviour, with activation of sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis providing the necessary energy for the latter by releasing catecholamines and glucocorticoids (GC). Recent data suggest that stress responses are also regulated by the endogenous circadian clock. In consequence, the timing of stress may critically affect adaptive responses to and/or pathological effects of repetitive stressor exposure. In this article, we characterize the impact of predictable social defeat stress during daytime versus nighttime on bodyweight development and HPA axis activity in mice. While 19 days of social daytime stress led to a transient reduction in bodyweight without altering HPA axis activity at the predicted time of stressor exposure, more detrimental effects were seen in anticipation of nighttime stress. Repeated nighttime stressor exposure led to alterations in food metabolization and reduced HPA axis activity with lower circulating adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and GC concentrations at the time of predicted stressor exposure. Our data reveal a circadian gating of stress adaptation to predictable social defeat stress at the level of the HPA axis with impact on metabolic homeostasis underpinning the importance of timing for the body’s adaptability to repetitive stress.
Propuesta de remodelación del sistema de sedimentación del quebrador de materiales de la empresa CONCREPAL, Barranca, Costa Rica
Authors: Arguedas-Zumbado Nazareth , Vetrani-Chavarría Karla , Murrell-Blanco Manfred , Bermúdez-Hidalgo Ligia
Published: September 2016

Debido a un cambio de paradigma ambiental y al incremento experimentado en la producción, en este artículo se presenta una propuesta para la remodelación del sedimentador de la empresa CONCREPAL, ubicada en Barranca, Costa Rica. Se presenta como una alternativa ecoeficiente que, a la vez, permite cumplir con la legislación vigente sobre vertido y reúso de aguas residuales. Inicialmente se realizó un diagnóstico ambiental de las características y rendimiento de la fosa de sedimentación. Posteriormente se elaboró el diseño de la propuesta de remodelación del sistema de tratamiento, incorporando la recirculación del agua tratada dentro del proceso productivo del quebrador de materiales. Finalmente se elaboró un modelo en tamaño real de la propuesta para realizar mediciones y así determinar la funcionalidad de la propuesta, con resultados positivos dentro del rango permitido por la legislación nacional sobre sólidos suspendidos totales (40 ± 0,01 mg/l). También se realizó un análisis  costo–beneficio y una propuesta de gestión ambiental para la empresa. Se concluye que la propuesta es funcional para ser implementada en la empresa.
Trends in Laboratory Rotavirus Detection: 2003 to 2014
Authors: Kaufman Harvey W. , Chen Zhen
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVES:

We assessed the impact of rotavirus vaccination at national and state levels by evaluating the change in rotavirus antigen detection after vaccination licensure. We examined herd immunity in an unlikely vaccinated cohort and waning immunity with aging in a likely vaccinated cohort. We proposed a new approach to estimate the length of season by contrasting with what is recently reported by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

METHODS:

We analyzed 11-year results of rotavirus testing (n = 276 342) conducted at Quest Diagnostics, a national clinical reference laboratory, spanning from September 2003 to August 2014. An enzyme immunoassay was used to test children’s stool specimens for the presence of rotavirus antigen; results were reported as not detected or detected.

RESULTS:

Nationally, there was a significant reduction in the number of positive results (82.4%) and positivity rate (73.3%) after vaccination availability. The reductions were seen in all major states, although with geographic variability. The declining positivity rate in unlikely vaccinated children suggests herd immunity. Among those who were likely vaccinated, the positivity rate was higher in older children, indicating potential waning immunity with aging. Seasonal outbreaks continued in the postvaccine period, with peaks in alternating years. Seasons were longer in the postvaccine period than the prevaccine period.

CONCLUSIONS:

Our findings show a marked reduction in rotavirus detection throughout the nation after vaccine licensure, consistent with herd immunity. Postvaccine effectiveness may wane with aging. Seasons appear to be longer in the postvaccine period.
Respiratory Morbidity After Childhood Burns: A 10-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Duke Janine M. , Randall Sean M. , Fear Mark W. , Boyd James H. , Rea Suzanne , Wood Fiona M.
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

The systemic responses triggered by burns and resuscitative measures may cause pulmonary damage and edema in the acute phase. These effects may occur in the absence of inhalation injury. Currently, there is a paucity of data on the recovery of the respiratory system postburn. This study aimed to examine 10-year hospital service use for respiratory morbidity in children with cutaneous burns and no smoke inhalation injury.

METHODS:

A population-based longitudinal study with 10-year follow-up using linked hospital and death from Western Australia for children <5 years when hospitalized for a first burn injury (n = 5290) between 1980 and 2012 and a frequency matched noninjury comparison cohort, randomly selected from Western Australia’s birth registrations (n = 27 061). Multivariate negative binomial and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to generate adjusted incidence rate ratios (IRR) and hazard ratios, respectively.

RESULTS:

After adjustment for demographic factors and preexisting health status, the burn cohort had higher rates of admissions for influenza and viral pneumonia (IRR, 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.10–2.87), bacterial pneumonia (IRR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06–1.70), and other respiratory infections (IRR, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.43–1.90. No significant difference was found for other upper respiratory tract conditions (IRR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.98–1.23) or chronic lower respiratory diseases (IRR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.80–1.23) compared with the uninjured cohort.

CONCLUSIONS:

These findings demonstrated increased respiratory infection admissions after burns. These outcomes suggest that immune changes triggered by a burn injury may persist in some children for at least 10 years after wound healing.
Patología anorectal frecuente en atención primaria
Authors: Leitón Chavez Andrés , Vargas López Victoria
Published: September 2016

Las enfermedades relacionadas al anorecto son comunes de observar en el primer nivel de atención, es generalmente el consultorio del médico general donde el paciente consultara primariamente sobre su patología. Es importante el conocimiento por parte de los médicos de atención primaria acerca de los aspectos básicos de las consultas más frecuentes en proctología, las entidades clínicas incluyendo su etiología, fisiopatología y tratamiento, pero principalmente su diagnóstico clínico así como el reconocimiento del momento en que es necesario referir a un paciente con un padecimiento anorectal a un nivel más especializado. El siguiente artículo consta de una revisión de la evidencia actual sobre los aspectos a considerar en el diagnóstico y manejo de la patología proctológica, esto con el objetivo de optimizar la atención brindada en los primeros niveles de salud.
TEMA 2016: Cáncer de Testículo: Revisión Bibliográfica
Authors: Solís Flores William , Ávila Darcia Sergio , Benjamín Curling Simón
Published: September 2016

El cáncer testicular es un tipo de tumor raro que representa el 1% de los tumores malignos en los hombres. Es, sin embargo, el tipo de cáncer más común en hombres jóvenes en la población occi-dental. La incidencia de cáncer de testículo está aumentando en todo el mundo, a pesar de una disminución en las tasas de mortalidad eviden-ciadas en los países occidentales. Es importante identificar si las variaciones en las tendencias observadas entre poblaciones están ligadas a factores genéticos o ambientales
EFFECT OF SOME EXPERIMENTAL FACTORS ON PREPARATION OF LIQUID NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Khai Doan Minh , Nhan Phan Duc
Published: September 2016

The article presents results of effect of factors comprising the types of irradiation, the concentration of NR solution and the content of hydroperoxide in mixture on photochemical depolymerization of natural rubber. The results showed that the ultraviolet irradiation from the vapor mercury lamps (HSW-250W and HSW-125W) caused the faster rate of depolymerization than the light from  HF-500W; increasing concentration of NR in toluene leaded to decrease the rate of depolymerization; and as the content of hydroperoxide increased the rate of depolymerization was faster. Additionally, the IR spectra, 13C-NMR of products were determined and showed that the cis-1,4-isoprene structure has not been changed and there was the presence of hydroxyl-terminated groups and a few epoxy groups in chains.
ENCAPSULATION OF LACTOBACILLUS ACIDOPHILUS IN YEAST CELL WALLS (SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE) FOR IMPROVING SURVIVAL IN GASTROINTESTINAL CONDITIONS
Authors: Han Le Nguyen , Van Le Huynh Hong , Duc Tran Van , Dao Dong Thi Anh
Published: September 2016

In search of high-quality health products, it is required that probiotic preparations consumed in gastro-intestinal condition remain metabolically active and preserve their activity. Several recent studies, consequently, have focused on probiotic protection via encapsulation in order to optimize probiotics’ viability as well as their delivery into gastro-intestinal environment. The objectives of this study were to find out a new material for encapsulation of probiotics, utilizing capsules prepared from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to protect living probiotic cells. The encapsulation of cells was achieved, using the crack scars of the yeast cell walls (YCW) created by the sonication method. Besides, some probiotic cells can be considered as being encapsulated by some surrounded yeast cells by direct cell-cell contact. It is concluded that thanks to encapsulation by yeast cells, probiotic’s metabolic activity and survival are markedly improved. This suggests a high potential in protecting probiotics from the extreme condition of digestion process and can be applied in protecting probiotic preparations in food formulations as well. It was found that encapsulation yield in this study reached its highest point at 82.008 ± 1.123%. Viability of encapsulated probiotic in simulated gastric juice (SGJ) after 150 minutes is 19.048 ± 2.701%, compared to that of free cells at 0%. Likewise, after a 4-hour treatment in simulated intestinal juice (SIJ) (0.5% bile salt) encapsulated probiotic proves better survival at 56.338 ± 5.094% than free cell at 43.677 ± 2.058%.
Reforming Indigenous health in medical education: Medical school accreditation as a targeted policy initiative
Authors: Ewen Shaun , Mazel Odette , Barrett Jenny , Oldfield Karin , Walters Theanne
Published: September 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. AimThe accreditation of medical schools is a key leadership role for the Australian Medical Council (AMC) and its counterparts in other jurisdictions. The aim of our research was to identify how the inclusion of Indigenous health in the accreditation standards has influenced the reporting of activity related to Indigenous health in medical schools.MethodA bi-national review was conducted of the AMC reporting of Indigenous health education initiatives against the accreditation standards from January 2007 to December 2014. Also reviewed was the AMC monitoring of medical schools that occurs via schools' Comprehensive Reports and Progress Reports.ResultsThe study showed that the inclusion of Indigenous-specific standards leads to specific reporting on aspects related to Indigenous peoples in accreditation assessments and monitoring of medical school programs. Where areas in the accreditation standards did not include Indigenous-specific requirements, AMC reporting was unlikely to mention Indigenous matters. ConclusionsThe continuing commitment by the AMC - and comparable bodies in other jurisdictions - to assessing medical education programs against specific Indigenous health standards, represents significant leadership in educating a medical workforce committed to ongoing improvement of Indigenous peoples' health.
Food for Thought: A New Compromised Method of Standard Setting
Authors: Vahid Roudsari Reza
Published: September 2016

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. A number of standard setting methods are in use with their own strengths and limitations. Angoff is a popular method worldwide but very demanding on resources. This paper explores if the judgement of the Angoff panels of judges can been explained by post-hoc psychometrics. Furthermore the paper examines if such correlations can be used to standard set exam papers based on their psychometric item difficulty and discrimination index.
Prescriptive Committee Seats in Congress
Authors: Bullock Charles S. , England David
Published: September 2016

This research updates earlier work done on the phenomenon of prescriptive committee seats in the U.S. House of Representatives, and extends the investigation to the control of committee seats by state delegations in the U.S. Senate. The theoretical underpinning of the phenomenon also is updated to reflect the literature on congressional informal groups that has grown up since the phenomenon of state party delegation prescriptive committee seats first was identified. Here the incidence of the phenomenon is found to be strong and broadly similar in both houses during the period 1947-1988, although important interchamber differences were found to emerge along several dimensions.
Socrates’ Poetic Transformation of Odysseus
Authors: Janszen Nicholas
Published: September 2016

The traditional stories that we are told in our formative years inform our understanding of justice. In Books II and III of The Republic, Socrates presents a system of poetic education for the fictional guardians of the city in speech by juxtaposing what has been said by poets such as Homer with what should be said to young men who would become good citizens. Through the process of comparing what has been said to what should be said, Socrates establishes for his interlocutors a fundamentally new teaching on justice and citizenship. Socrates interprets Homer such that listeners already familiar with Homer might reexamine their understanding of Greek myths, and thereby come to accept rule founded in reason as preferable to rule founded in force or deceit.
Elections and the Responsiveness of Incumbents: A Reaction to Lockerbie
Authors: Bernstein Robert A.
Published: September 2016

Brad Lockerbie’s test of the “marginality hypothesis” provides additional evidence for a thesis I have propounded for many years: we cannot rely on elections to force incumbents to be more responsive to the policy preferences of their constituencies (Bernstein 1989, 1991a, 1991b, 1992).
Standing but not Delivering: Preparing Pre-service Teachers to use LGBTQ Young Adult Literature in the Secondary English Classroom
Authors: Greathouse Paula , Diccio Mike
Published: September 2016

Despite calls from national organizations (CAEP, NCTE) to prepare teachers to include the study of LGTBQ culture into classrooms, little progress has been made incorporating LGTBQ themed literature and dialogue surrounding LGBTQ issues in secondary classrooms (Clark, 2010; Sieben & Wallowitz, 2009; Haertling-Thein, 2013). To examine why, this qualitative case study explored the transition of two educators who participated in LGBTQ teacher training as teacher candidates from pre-service to practicing teachers. Consistent with current research, the researchers discovered that teacher training in LGBTQ literature and issues promoted an ally-stance. Participants came to recognize the need to include this genre within their curriculum as practicing teachers and made a commitment to do so. However, this stance was not enough to influence the actual use of LGBTQ literature and dialogue surrounding LGBTQ issues in the classroom. We discuss the factors that shape this resistance despite participants maintaining an ally-stance. We recommend a more widened scope of study of LGBTQ issues and literature within our English teacher education programs and added professional development of current practicing teachers and administrators in an effort to make explicit the literary value of LGBTQ themed texts and the responsibility for dialogue on LGBTQ issues to occur.
“There is No Hiding from the Self:” A Conversation with Isabel Quintero
Authors: Rodriguez Rodrigo Joseph
Published: September 2016

Isabel Quintero, author of the young adult novel Gabi, a Girl in Pieces, shares her writing life and commitment to readers of all ages and backgrounds through inclusive literature. Moreover, she advances the conversation by speaking about the adolescent characters in her work, specifically the characters’ quest to name themselves and their identities in the presence of competing forces, influences, and voices.
Hong Kong’s first public sector NEC contract: lessons learnt
Authors: Li Yan Chun , Luk Wai Hung , Cheng Ellen
Published: September 2016

This paper takes a retrospective view of the Hong Kong government’s now-completed NEC pilot contract for Fuk Man Road nullah. It describes the detailed preparation and trial use of an amended NEC3 Engineering and Construction Contract option C (target cost with activity schedule) to procure contract DC/2008/02 for the Drainage Services Department between 2006 and 2012. The HK$72 million (£7 million) pilot proved successful at introducing contractual partnering on a Hong Kong public works project, resulting in NEC contracts becoming widely adopted by the government’s works departments. The pilot also identified a number of areas for improvement in the way the NEC was amended and implemented. This paper sets out the lessons learnt for future users of NEC in Hong Kong.
A Spring without Water: The Conundrum of Anti-Dumping Duties in South African Law
Authors: Vinti Clive
Published: September 2016

The Agreement on the Implementation of Article VI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement), permits the imposition of anti-dumping duties for as long and to the extent necessary to counteract dumping which is causing injury subject to the proviso that they must be terminated after five years unless a sunset review has been initiated. Sunset review has the purpose of either permitting or terminating the continuation of an anti-dumping duty. This is significant because if the sunset review is not initiated prior to the expiry of the five year period, the anti-dumping duties will be terminated.

Therefore, this places a greater emphasis on the determination of the precise date of commencement of the anti-dumping duties. This is because an incorrect determination of the date of imposition of the anti-dumping duty has obvious financial implications for the interested parties. To this end, the Supreme Court of Appeal in South Africa has delivered two salient judgments in this regard: firstly, in Progress Office Machines CC v SARS, and then more recently, in Association of Meat Importers v ITAC. These two cases hinge on the interpretation of the date of 'imposition' of definitive anti-dumping duties particularly where provisional measures are involved, which invariably determines the date of expiry of the duties as espoused by Regulations 38 and 53 of the International Trade Administration Commission Anti-Dumping Regulations.

This paper contends that these two judgments are conflicting and riddled with inconsistencies. Secondly, the paper contends that the SCA has in the recent AMIE case, virtually rewritten its earlier judgment of Progress Office Machines. Lastly, the paper shows that the approach of South African courts on whether the Anti-Dumping Agreement is binding on South African law, is fraught with uncertainty and an ambivalence .The case analysis also reflects on the impact of the newly minted but yet to be implemented, Customs Duty Act, with a view to assess the impact of the new legislation on the issues currently plaguing the anti-dumping regime of South Africa.
PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA JERMAN BERBASIS PROJEK
Authors: Santoso Iman
Published: September 2016

AbstrakPembelajaran Bahasa Jerman Berbasis Projek. Pembelajaran bahasa jerman sebagai bahasa asing saat ini diselenggarakan di tingkat sekolah menengah atas dan perguruan tinggi. Salah satu tujuan utama pembelajaran bahasa Jerman adalah agar para pembelajar bahasa Jerman memiliki kompetensi komunikatif, yang diwujudkan dalam bentuk keterampilan berkomunikasi menggunakan bahasa Jerman secara lisan dan tulis dengan baik dan benar. Guna mencapai tujuan tersebut para pengajar harus mampu mengembangkan metode dan teknik yang tepat berdasarkan pada pendekatan komunikatif sebagai landasan filosofisnya. Kenyataan di lapangan menunjukan bahwa upaya tersebut sulit untuk dicapai, karena pembelajaran bahasa Jerman baik di SMA maupun di Perguruan Tinggi lebih didominasi dengan pembelajarn yang bersifat teacher oriented. Salah satu alternatif bentuk pembelajaran bahasa Jerman sebagai bahasa asing yang dapat mengintegrasikan berbagai aspek kebahasaan dan non-kebahasaan adalah pembelajar untuk mengkonstruksi sendiri pengetahuannya dan mengkaitkannya dengan konteks kehidupan di luar kelas, serta berkreativitas secara luas. Kata Kunci: pendekatan komunikatif, kompetensi komunikatif, pembelajaran berbasis projek AbstractGerman Language Based Project Learning. Learning German as a foreign language is currently held at the high school and college levels. One of the main objectives to be achieved by learning German language is for German language learners to have communicative competence, which is manifested in the form of communicative skill using German language in both spoken and written language properly. To achieve these objectives the teachers should be able to develop appropriate methods and techniques based on the communicative approach as the philosophical foundation. The reality on the field shows that the effort is difficult to achieve, because the German language learning both in school and at university is dominated by the learning that is teacher-oriented. One alternative form of learning German as a foreign language that can integrate various aspects of language and non-language is a project-based language learning. This form of learning also provides opportunities for learners to construct their own knowledge and to relate it to the context of life outside the classroom, and creativity at large. Keywords: communicative approach, communicative competence, project-based learning