bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The diversity of allosteric controls at the gateway to aromatic amino acid biosynthesis
Authors: Light Samuel H. , Anderson Wayne F.
Published: February 2013

Present within bacteria, plants, and some lower eukaryotes 3‐deoxy‐D‐arabino‐heptulosonate 7‐phosphate synthase (DAHPS) catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of a number of metabolites, including the three aromatic amino acids phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan. Catalyzing the first reaction in an important biosynthetic pathway, DAHPS is situated at a critical regulatory checkpoint—at which pathway input can be efficiently modulated to respond to changes in the concentration of pathway outputs. Based on a phylogenetic classification scheme, DAHPSs have been divided into three major subtypes (Iα, Iβ, and II). These subtypes are subjected to an unusually diverse pattern of allosteric regulation, which can be used to further subdivide the enzymes. Crystal structures of most of the regulatory subclasses have been determined. When viewed collectively, these structures illustrate how distinct mechanisms of allostery are applied to a common catalytic scaffold. Here, we review structural revelations regarding DAHPS regulation and make the case that the functional difference between the three major DAHPS subtypes relates to basic distinctions in quaternary structure and mechanism of allostery.
12‐band k · p model for dilute bismide alloys of (In)GaAs derived from supercell calculations
Authors: Broderick Christopher A. , Usman Muhammad , O'Reilly Eoin P.
Published: February 2013

Incorporation of bismuth (Bi) in dilute quantities in (In)GaAs has been shown to lead to unique electronic properties that can in principle be exploited for the design of high efficiency telecomm lasers. This motivates the development of simple models of the electronic structure of these dilute bismide alloys, which can be used to evaluate their potential as a candidate material system for optical applications. Here, we begin by using detailed calculations based on an sp3s* tight‐binding model of (In)GaBixAs1 − x to verify the presence of a valence band‐anticrossing interaction in these alloys.

Based on the tight‐binding model the derivation of a 12‐band k · p Hamiltonian for dilute bismide alloys is outlined. We show that the band structure obtained from the 12‐band model is in excellent agreement with full tight‐binding supercell calculations. Finally, we apply the 12‐band model to In0.53Ga0.47BixAs1 − x and compare the calculated variation of the band gap and spin–orbit‐splitting to a variety of spectroscopic measurements performed on a series of MBE‐grown In0.53Ga0.47BixAs1 − x/InP layers.
Effects of Bi incorporation on the electronic properties of GaAs: Carrier masses, hole mobility, and Bi‐induced acceptor states
Authors: Pettinari Giorgio , Polimeni Antonio , Capizzi Mario , Engelkamp Hans , Christianen Peter C. M. , Maan Jan C. , Patanè Amalia , Tiedje Thomas
Published: February 2013

The puzzling electronic and transport properties of the Ga(AsBi) alloy are investigated for a wide range of Bi‐concentrations (x = 0–10.6%) by means of various experimental techniques in high magnetic fields (B up to 30 T): magneto‐photoluminescence spectroscopy, magneto‐far‐infrared (FIR) absorption spectroscopy, and Hall effect measurements. Our experimental findings suggest that the strength of hybridization of the continuum states of the valence and conduction bands with the Bi‐related electronic levels depends on the Bi‐concentration, thus leading to band edges with a localized (for x < 6%) or band‐like character (for x > 8%). We report an unusual compositional‐dependence of the exciton reduced mass (µexc), whose value can be larger (for x < 6%) or smaller (for x > 8%) than in GaAs depending on the Bi‐concentration. Correspondingly, the free‐hole mobility (µh) decreases with increasing Bi‐concentration and eventually tends to increase for x > ∼8%. The incorporation of Bi in GaAs also induces the formation of acceptor levels, which we reveal by FIR absorption spectroscopy and Hall effect measurements. The Bi‐induced acceptors are characterized by an exceedingly high value of the effective ground‐state g‐factor (geff ∼ 15) and are responsible for the increasing p‐type conductivity observed in nominally undoped Ga(AsBi) alloys with increasing Bi‐concentration.
Photoluminescence and energy transfer in Eu3+‐doped alkali gadolinium phosphates
Authors: Krasnikov Aleksei , Shalapska Tetiana , Stryganyuk Gregory , Voloshinovskii Anatoliy , Zazubovich Svetlana
Published: February 2013

Spectral‐kinetic characteristics of the undoped and Eu3+‐doped alkali gadolinium phosphates of the type of MGdP4O12 (M = Li, Na) have been studied within the 4.2–300 K temperature range using time‐resolved luminescence spectroscopy techniques. The photon cascade luminescence of Gd3+ ions in the undoped LiGdP4O12 phosphate has been observed. In the case of the Eu3+‐doped MGdP4O12 phosphates, no quantum cutting process takes place due to the spectral overlap of the charge transfer band of Eu3+ with the bands arising from the 6GJ levels of Gd3+. The processes of energy migration along the Gd3+ sublattice and the Gd3+ → Eu3+ energy transfer have been studied. The phonon‐assisted population of the Gd3+ 6P5/2,3/2 excited levels is suggested to be responsible for the increase in the probability of the energy migration along the Gd3+ sublattice via the 6PJ states with the subsequent energy transfer to the 5IJ levels of an Eu3+ ion.
The Inhibitory Effect of Roasted Licorice Extract on Human Metastatic Breast Cancer Cell‐Induced Bone Destruction
Authors: Lee Sun Kyoung , Park Kwang‐Kyun , Park Jung Han Yoon , Lim Soon Sung , Chung Won‐Yoon
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was to determine whether the ethanol extract of roasted licorice (rLE) could inhibit breast cancer‐mediated bone destruction. rLE treatment reduced the viability of MDA‐MB‐231 human metastatic breast cancer cells but did not show any cytotoxicity in hFOB1.19 human osteoblastic cells and murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMMs). rLE inhibited expression and secretion of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) as well as the mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 in osteoblastic cells exposed to the conditioned medium of breast cancer cells. rLE dramatically inhibited RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis in BMMs, thereby reducing osteoclast‐mediated pit formation. Moreover, treatment with licochalcone A and isoliquiritigenin as the active components, whose contents are increased by the roasting process, remarkably suppressed RANKL‐induced osteoclast formation in BMMs, respectively. Furthermore, orally administered rLE substantially blocked tumor growth and bone destruction in mice inoculated with breast cancer cells in the tibiae. Serum levels of tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase and C‐terminal cross‐linking telopeptide of type I collagen and trabecular bone morphometric parameters were reversed to almost the same levels as the control mice by the rLE treatment. In conclusion, rLE may be a beneficial agent for preventing and treating bone destruction in patients with breast cancer. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
[6]‐Shogaol Attenuates Neuronal Apoptosis in Hydrogen Peroxide‐Treated Astrocytes Through the Up‐Regulation of Neurotrophic Factors
Authors: Kim Sokho , Kwon Jungkee
Published: February 2013

Neuronal apoptosis induced by oxidative stress is a prominent feature of neurodegenerative disorders. [6]‐shogaol, a bio‐active compound in ginger, possesses potent anti‐inflammatory actions and has recently emerged as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative disorders. However, the effects of [6]‐shogaol on astroglial apoptosis following exogenously induced oxidative stress has not yet been investigated. Here, we show that the anti‐apoptotic activity of [6]‐shogaol in astrocytes following exposure to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) involves a marked up‐regulation of neurotrophic factors such as nerve growth factor, glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor, and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor. Astrocytes co‐treated with [6]‐shogaol and H2O2 for 1 h showed decrease in reactive oxygen species production compared with those only treated with H2O2. Moreover, [6]‐shogaol counteracted the reduced expression of ERK1/2 in H2O2‐treated astrocytes and protected these cells from oxidative stress and apoptosis by attenuating the impairment of mitochondrial function proteins such as Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL. Additionally, [6]‐shogaol inhibits the expression of the apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase‐3 in H2O2‐treated astrocytes. This data suggest that following oxidative stress, [6]‐shogaol protects astrocytes from oxidative damage through the up‐regulating levels of neurotrophic factors. These findings provide further support for the use of [6]‐shogaol as a therapeutic agent in neurodegenerative disorders. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Formation of alumina films with nano‐dot structures by successive liquid phase deposition, anodizing, and substrate dissolution
Authors: Sakairi M. , Fujita R. , Jha H. , Kikuchi T.
Published: February 2013

A process based on successive anodizing, liquid phase deposition (LPD), re‐anodizing, and aluminium substrate dissolution to form alumina films with nano‐dot structures is demonstrated. Initially, a protective oxide film is formed on the aluminium surface to prevent further dissolution of the aluminium substrate during LPD processing. Because of heterogeneity in the protective oxide film, localized dissolution would otherwise occur under the film, resulting in pit formation during the LPD treatment. During re‐anodizing, these pits act as a mold for anodic oxide resembling a nano‐dot like structure. Optimization of LPD parameters, such as time and temperature, would make it possible to obtain alumina films with nano‐dot structures with sizes smaller than 1 µm. Alumina films with nano‐dot structures with hollow can be realized by controlling the LPD conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanotoxicity: A Growing Need for Study in the Endocrine System
Authors: Lu Xuefei , Liu Ying , Kong Xiangjun , Lobie Peter E. , Chen Chunying , Zhu Tao
Published: February 2013

Nanomaterials (NMs) are engineered for commercial purposes such as semiconductors, building materials, cosmetics, and drug carriers, while natural nanoparticles (NPs) already exist in the environment. Due to their unique physicochemical properties, they may interact actively with biological systems. Some of these interactions might be detrimental to human health, and therefore studies on the potential ‘nanotoxicity’ of these materials in different organ systems are warranted. The purpose of developing the concept of nanotoxicity is to recognize and evaluate the hazards and risks of NMs and evaluate safety. This review will summarize and discuss recent reports derived from cell lines or animal models concerning the effects of NMs on, and their application in, the endocrine system of mammalian and other species. It will present an update on current studies of the effects of some typical NMs—such as metal‐based NMs, carbon‐based NMs, and dendrimers—on endocrine functions, in which some effects are adverse or unwanted and others are favorable or intended. Disruption of endocrine function is associated with adverse health outcomes including reproductive failure, metabolic syndrome, and some types of cancer. Further investigations are therefore required to obtain a thorough understanding of any potential risk of pathological endocrine disruption from products containing NMs. This review aims to provide impetus for further studies on the interactions of NMs with endocrine functions.
DNA‐Directed Gold Nanodimers with Tunable Sizes and Interparticle Distances and Their Surface Plasmonic Properties
Authors: Lan Xiang , Chen Zhong , Liu Bi‐Ju , Ren Bin , Henzie Joel , Wang Qiangbin
Published: February 2013

A quantitative understanding of the localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) of metallic nanostructures has received tremendous interest. However, most of the current studies are concentrated on theoretical calculation due to the difficulty in experimentally obtaining monodisperse discrete metallic nanostructures with high purity. In this work, endeavors to assemble symmetric and asymmetric gold nanoparticle (AuNP) dimer structures with exceptional purity are reported using a DNA self‐assembly strategy through a one‐step gel electrophoresis, which greatly facilitates the preparation process and improves the final purity. In the obtained Au nanodimers, the sizes of AuNPs (13, 20, and 40 nm) and the interparticle distances (5, 10, and 15 nm) are tunable. The size‐ and distance‐dependent plasmon coupling of ensembles of single, isolated dimers in solution are subsequently investigated. The experimental measurements are correlated with the modeled plasmon optical properties of Au nanodimers, showing an expected resonance shift with changing particle sizes and interparticle distances. This new strategy of constructing monodisperse metallic nanodimers will be helpful for building more complicated nanostructures, and our theoretical and experimental understanding of the intrinsic dependence of plasmon property of metallic nanodimer on the sizes and interparticle distances will benefit the future investigation and exploitation of near‐field plasmonic properties.
Large‐scale inter‐system clone detection using suffix trees and hashing
Authors: Koschke Rainer
Published: February 2013

Detecting a similar code between two systems has various applications such as comparing two software variants or versions or finding potential license violations. Techniques detecting suspiciously similar code must scale in terms of resources needed to very large code corpora and need to have high precision because a human needs to inspect the results. This paper demonstrates how suffix trees can be used to obtain a scalable comparison. The evaluation is carried out for very large code corpora. Our evaluation shows that our approach is faster than index‐based techniques when the analysis is run only once. If the analysis is to be conducted multiple times, creating an index pays off. We report how much code can be filtered out from the analysis using an index‐based filter. In addition to that, this paper proposes a method to improve precision through user feedback. A user validates a sample of the found clone candidates. An automated data mining technique learns a decision tree on the basis of the user decisions and different code metrics. We investigate the relevance of several metrics and whether criteria learned from one application domain can be generalized to other domains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metrics for SiZer map comparison
Authors: Hannig Jan , Lee Thomas C.M. , Park Cheolwoo
Published: February 2013

SiZer is a powerful visualization tool for uncovering real structures masked in noisy data. It produces a two‐dimensional plot, the so‐called SiZer map, to help the data analyst to carry out this task. Since its first proposal, many different extensions and improvements have been developed, including robust SiZer, quantile SiZer, and various SiZers for time series data, just to name a few. Given these many SiZer variants, one important question is, how can one evaluate the quality of a SiZer map produced by any one of these variants? The primary goal of this article aims to answer this question by proposing two metrics for quantifying the discrepancy between any two SiZer maps. With such metrics, one can systematically calculate the distance between a “true” SiZer map and a SiZer map produced by any one of the SiZer variants. Consequently, one can select a “best” SiZer variant for the problem at hand by selecting the variant that produces SiZer maps that are, on average, closest to the “true” SiZer map. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Variational inference for marginal longitudinal semiparametric regression
Authors: Menictas Marianne , Wand Matt P.
Published: February 2013

We derive a variational inference procedure for approximate Bayesian inference in marginal longitudinal semiparametric regression. Fitting and inference is much faster than existing Markov chain Monte Carlo approaches. Numerical studies indicate that the new methodology is very accurate for the class of models under consideration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Apomorphine‐induced modulation of neural activities in the ventrolateral striatum of rats
Authors: Fujita Satoshi , Kato Risako , Cui Yilong , Terakado Masanori , Suga Kurando , Koshikawa Noriaki , Kobayashi Masayuki
Published: February 2013

The dopaminergic system in the ventrolateral portion of the striatum (Svl), part of the basal ganglia, regulates orofacial movements; bilateral co‐stimulation of both dopamine D1‐like and D2‐like receptors elicits repetitive jaw movements in rats. However, how the activities of Svl neurons are modulated by the activation of dopaminergic receptors remains unknown. We systematically injected apomorphine, a non‐selective dopamine receptor agonist that induced jaw movements under urethane anesthesia, and performed multi‐channel unit recording from Svl neurons. The Svl neurons were classified into two subgroups: (1) the phasically active (PA) neurons represented by mainly the medium spiny neurons and the GABAergic interneurons in part, and (2) the tonically active (TA) neurons composed of mainly the cholinergic interneurons. Apomorphine modulated PA neuron firing frequency with wide variability; 33.3% of the PA neurons were facilitated, while 38.3% were suppressed. In the majority of TA neurons, the firing frequency was reduced by apomorphine (71.1%). The cross‐correlations between PA and PA, PA and TA, and TA and TA neurons were analyzed, and pairs of PA neurons and pairs of PA and TA neurons, showed negligible apomorphine‐induced effect on the number of synchronized spikes. In contrast, pairs between TA neurons showed a consistent decrease in the number of synchronized spikes. The apomorphine‐induced suppression of TA neuron activities with decreased synchronized outputs is likely to reduce the amount of locally released acetylcholine, which may contribute to the induction of apomorphine‐induced jaw movements in rats. Synapse 67:363–373, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Locomotor recovery after spinal cord hemisection/contusion injures in bonnet monkeys: Footprint testing—a minireview
Authors: Rangasamy Suresh Babu
Published: February 2013

Spinal cord injuries usually produce loss or impairment of sensory, motor and reflex function below the level of damage. In the absence of functional regeneration or manipulations that promote regeneration, spontaneous improvements in motor functions occur due to the activation of multiple compensatory mechanisms in animals and humans following the partial spinal cord injury. Many studies were performed on quantitative evaluation of locomotor recovery after induced spinal cord injury in animals using behavioral tests and scoring techniques. Although few studies on rodents have led to clinical trials, it would appear imperative to use nonhuman primates such as macaque monkeys in order to relate the research outcomes to recovery of functions in humans. In this review, we will discuss some of our research evidences concerning the degree of spontaneous recovery in bipedal locomotor functions of bonnet monkeys that underwent spinal cord hemisection/contusion lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report to discuss on the extent of spontaneous recovery in bipedal locomotion of macaque monkeys through the application of footprint analyzing technique. In addition, the results obtained were compared with the published data on recovery of quadrupedal locomotion of spinally injured rodents. We propose that the mechanisms underlying spontaneous recovery of functions in spinal cord lesioned monkeys may be correlated to the mature function of spinal pattern generator for locomotion under the impact of residual descending and afferent connections. Moreover, based on analysis of motor functions observed in locomotion in these subjected monkeys, we understand that spinal automatism and development of responses by afferent stimuli from outside the cord could possibly contribute to recovery of paralyzed hindlimbs. This report also emphasizes the functional contribution of progressive strengthening of undamaged nerve fibers through a collateral sprouts/synaptic plasticity formed in partially lesioned cord of monkeys.Synapse 67:427–453, 2013.© 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Excitatory actions of GABA in developing chick vestibular afferents: Effects on resting electrical activity
Authors: Cortes Celso , Galindo Fabian , Galicia Salvador , Cebada Jorge , Flores Amira
Published: February 2013

The aim of this study was to characterize the effect of γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the resting multiunit activity of the vestibular afferents during development using the isolated inner ear of embryonic and postnatal chickens (E15‐E21 and P5). GABA (10−3 to 10−5 M; n = 133) and muscimol (10−3M) elicited an increase in the frequency of the basal discharge of the vestibular afferents. We found that GABA action was dose‐dependent and inversely related to animal age. Thus, the largest effect was observed in embryonic ages such as E15 and E17 and decreases in E21 and P5. The GABAA receptor antagonists, bicuculline (10−5M; n = 10) and picrotoxin (10−4M; n = 10), significantly decreased the excitatory action of GABA and muscimol (10−3M). Additionally, CNQX 10−6M, MCPG 10−5M and 7ClKyn 10−5M (n = 5) were co‐applied by bath substitution (n = 5). Both the basal discharge and the GABA action significantly decreased in these experimental conditions. The chloride channel blocker 9‐AC 0.5 mM produced an important reduction in the effect of GABA 10−3 (n = 5) and 10−4M (n = 5). Thus, our results suggest an excitatory role of GABA in the resting activity of the vestibular afferents that can be explained by changes in the gradient of concentration of Cl− during development. We show for the first time that the magnitude of this GABA effect decreases at later stages of embryonic and early postnatal development. Taking into account the results with glutamatergic antagonists, we conclude that GABA has a presynaptic action but is not the neurotransmitter in the vestibular afferent synapses, although it could act as a facilitator of the spontaneous activity and may regulate glutamate release. Synapse 67:374–381, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mixing and circulation at the confluence of two rivers entering a meandering reservoir
Authors: Ramón Cintia L. , Hoyer Andrea B. , Armengol Joan , Dolz Josep , Rueda Francisco J.
Published: February 2013

Key Points

Factors controlling the spatial distribution of two confluent rivers are studied

Factors controlling mixing of two confluent rivers are studied
Oxygen Sensing Properties of a Novel Ruthenium(II) Complex Containing Oxadiazole‐functionalized 1, 10‐Phenanthroline Derivative Ligand Incorporated in Mesoporous Silica MCM‐41
Authors: Liu Yu‐Jing , Zhang Yan‐Ping
Published: February 2013

Preparation and oxygen sensing properties of a luminescent composite material based on a mixed‐ligand ruthenium(II) complex [Ru(phen)2DPOP]Cl2 {phen = 1, 10‐phenanthroline, DPOP = 2‐(11‐dipyrido [3, 2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine)‐5‐phenyl‐1, 3, 4‐oxadiazole} are reported, which are assembled in mesoporous silica MCM‐41. As a result, the emission intensities of all assembly systems are sensitive to oxygen concentrations, that is to say, this material shows good oxygen‐sensing properties. [Ru(phen)2DPOP]Cl2/MCM‐41 (10 mg·g–1) exhibits the best sensitivity (I0/I100 = 10.8) and fast response time (2 s). These results indicate that this composite material is a promising candidate for optical oxygen sensors.
Patterns of Anterior Abdominal Stab Wounds and Their Management at Princess Basma Teaching Hospital, North of Jordan
Authors: Omari Abdelkarim , Bani‐Yaseen Mohammad , Khammash Mohammad , Qasaimeh Ghazi , Eqab Fahmi , Jaddou Hashem
Published: February 2013

Background

With the progressive use of new diagnostic techniques, the management of penetrating abdominal stab wounds is changing. Most studies have been conducted in well‐equipped trauma centers in developed countries, and there is a paucity of reports from general teaching hospitals with limited resources. We reviewed the assessment of anterior abdominal stab wounds in patients presenting to our hospital hoping to establish an evidence‐based algorithm for managing such patients in busy general hospitals.

Methods

The medical records of all 393 patients treated at our hospital for anterior abdominal stab wounds over a 7‐year period were reviewed. Information regarding age, gender, site of the stab wound, management, and complications were analyzed.

Results

Twenty‐six patients with hemodynamic instability at presentation underwent urgent laparotomy (LAP); 24 (92.3 %) of those procedures were therapeutic. Local wound exploration (LWE) proved that 114 (31 %) of all hemodynamically stable patients had no abdominal fascia penetration and consequently could be discharged home from the emergency department (ED). A total of 253 patients were found to have fascial penetration, and all were admitted for repeat clinical assessments (RCA) and imaging studies. A total of 121 (48 %) of the patients underwent abdominal exploration with 102 (84 %) therapeutic LAP procedures.

Conclusions

Hemodynamic instability and evisceration should continue to prompt urgent LAP. For stable patients, a sequence of LWE followed by focused abdominal sonography for trauma and computed tomography scanning for unclear cases primed by RCA was found to be efficient in limiting hospital admissions and reducing the rate of non‐therapeutic LAP.
Neighborhood Context and Perceptions of Stress Over Time: An Ecological Model of Neighborhood Stressors and Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Resources
Authors: Brenner Allison B. , Zimmerman Marc A. , Bauermeister Jose A. , Caldwell Cleopatra H.
Published: February 2013

We examine the association between neighborhood socio‐economic disadvantage and perceived stress during middle and late adolescence among African American youth (N = 665; 51 % female; M = 15.9 years at baseline). In addition, we explored the ways through which neighborhood stressors interacted with an individual's intra‐ and interpersonal resources (e.g., coping, social support and substance use), to affect their perceived stress trajectories during adolescence. First, we tested a neighborhood stressors model and found that youth who lived in neighborhoods with greater socioeconomic disadvantage had higher baseline stress and a steeper increase in stress over time. When we included individual‐level risk and promotive factors in the model, however, the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on perceived stress was no longer significant, and the stress trajectory was explained by adolescent substance use, social support and perceptions of the neighborhood. Our results support theories of stress and coping, and the importance of proximal intra‐ and interpersonal factors in either amplifying or mitigating perceptions of stress. We discuss implications of the neighborhood context and how our findings may inform future prevention and intervention related to adolescent stress and development.
Multidigit Camptodactyly of the Hands and Feet: A Case Study
Authors: Hamilton Kristy L. , Netscher David T.
Published: February 2013

A clinical case of a 12-year-old boy who presented with multidigit, nonsyndromal, progressive camptodactyly is discussed. While bilateral little finger camptodactyly is well described, there is no documentation of camptodactyly involving all fingers and many toes as well as both proximal (PIP) and distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints. This patient responded well to surgery, which was performed on four toes and seven fingers, despite having established radiographic changes of camptodactyly in the PIP joints as well as two DIP joints. This case illustrates that in the skeletally immature patient, successful surgical outcomes can occur even in patients with radiographic bone changes, which themselves may be reversible following PIP contracture release. This patient's separate fingers presented with deformity at different stages. A single patient with multiple digit involvement is illustrative of the range of clinical presentations and treatment options for camptodactyly. This article serves to inform hand surgeons about the potential consequences of avoiding surgical treatment, the need for a severity staging system, and the breadth of presentations in camptodactyly.
Microstructure and Interfacial Reactions During Active Metal Brazing of Stainless Steel to Titanium
Authors: Laik A. , Shirzadi A. A. , Tewari R. , Kumar Anish , Jayakumar T. , Dey G. K.
Published: February 2013

Microstructural evolution and interfacial reactions during active metal vacuum brazing of Ti (grade-2) and stainless steel (SS 304L) using a Ag-based alloy containing Cu, Ti, and Al was investigated. A Ni-depleted solid solution layer and a discontinuous layer of (Ni,Fe)2TiAl intermetallic compound formed on the SS surface and adjacent to the SS-braze alloy interface, respectively. Three parallel contiguous layers of intermetallic compounds, CuTi, AgTi, and (Ag,Cu)Ti2, formed at the Ti-braze alloy interface. The diffusion path for the reaction at this interface was established. Transmission electron microscopy revealed formation of nanocrystals of Ag-Cu alloy of size ranging between 20 and 30 nm in the unreacted braze alloy layer. The interdiffusion zone of β-Ti(Ag,Cu) solid solution, formed on the Ti side of the joint, showed eutectoid decomposition to lamellar colonies of α-Ti and internally twinned (Cu,Ag)Ti2 intermetallic phase, with an orientation relationship between the two. Bend tests indicated that the failure in the joints occurred by formation and propagation of the crack mostly along the Ti-braze alloy interface, through the (Ag,Cu)Ti2 phase layer.
A Fast One‐Step Extraction and UPLC–MS/MS Analysis for E2/D2 Series Prostaglandins and Isoprostanes
Authors: Brose Stephen A. , Baker Andrew G. , Golovko Mikhail Y.
Published: February 2013

Prostaglandins (PG) and isoprostanes (iso‐PG) may be derived through cyclooxygenase or free radical pathways and are important signaling molecules that are also robust biomarkers of oxidative stress. Their quantification is important for understanding many biological processes where PG, iso‐PG, or oxidative stress are involved. One of the common methods for PG and iso‐PG quantifications is LC–MS/MS that allows a highly selective, sensitive, simultaneous analysis for prostanoids without derivatization. However, the currently used LC–MS/MS methods require a multi‐step extraction and a long (within an hour) LC separation to achieve simultaneous separation and analysis of the major iso‐PG. The developed and validated for brain tissue analysis one‐step extraction protocol and UPLC–MS/MS method significantly increases the recovery of the PG extraction up to 95 %, and allows for a much faster (within 4 min) major iso‐PGE2 and ‐PGD2 separation with 5 times narrower chromatographic peaks as compared to previously used methods. In addition, it decreases the time and cost of analysis due to the one‐step extraction approach performed in disposable centrifuge tubes. All together, this significantly increases the sensitivity, and the time and cost efficiency of the PG and iso‐PG analysis.
The transcription factor early B‐cell factor 1 regulates bone formation in an osteoblast‐nonautonomous manner
Authors: Zee Tiffany , Boller Sören , Györy Ildiko , Makinistoglu Munevver P. , Tuckermann Jan P. , Grosschedl Rudolf , Karsenty Gerard
Published: February 2013

Early B‐cell factor 1 (Ebf1) is a transcription factor whose inactivation in all cells results in high bone mass because of an increase in bone formation. This observation suggests Ebf1 may be an inhibitor of osteoblast differentiation. To test this contention, we analyzed Ebf1 pattern of expression and function in osteoblasts ex vivo and in vivo through osteoblast‐specific inactivation in the mouse. We show here that in vivo deletion of Ebf1 in osteoblast progenitors does not affect osteoblast differentiation or bone formation accrual post‐natally. These observations indicate that the phenotype described in Ebf1
−/

−
mice is not osteoblast‐autonomous.
On the Functoriality of the Slice Filtration
Authors: Pelaez Pablo
Published: February 2013

Letkbe a field with resolution of singularities, andXa separatedk-scheme of finite type with structure mapg. We show that the slice filtration in the motivic stable homotopy category commutes with pullback alongg. Restricting the field further to the case of characteristic zero, we are able to compute the slices of Weibel's homotopy invariantK-theory [24] extending the result of Levine [10], and also the zero slice of the sphere spectrum extending the result of Levine [10] and Voevodsky [23]. We also show that the zero slice of the sphere spectrum is a strict cofibrant ring spectrumHZXsfwhich is stable under pullback and that all the slices have a canonical structure of strict modules overHZXsf. If we consider rational coefficients and assume thatXis geometrically unibranch then relying on the work of Cisinski and Déglise [4], we deduce that the zero slice of the sphere spectrum is given by Voevodsky's rational motivic cohomology spectrumHZX⊗ ℚ and that the slices have transfers. This proves several conjectures of Voevodsky [22, conjectures 1, 7, 10, 11] in characteristic zero.
Multidimensional Perfectionism in a Sample of Jordanian High School Students
Authors: Jaradat Abdul-Kareem M.
Published: February 2013

Counsellors need to be able to understand perfectionism in students, and the different forms that this perfectionism may take, in order to provide their students with the appropriate counselling services. This study investigated gender differences in perfectionism, and examined the relationship of perfectionism to general self-efficacy, life-satisfaction, academic achievement and satisfaction with academic achievement among a sample of 419 high school students (47.0% female, 53.0% male). Data were collected using five scales: (1) The Almost Perfect Scale — Revised (APS-R; Slaney, Rice, Mobley, Trippi, & Ashby, 2001); (2) the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES; Schwarzer & Jerusalem, 1995); (3) the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen & Griffin, 1985); (4) a single item scale for measuring satisfaction with academic achievement; and (5) a demographic information form. Results indicated that females are significantly more perfectionist than males. Adaptive perfectionists had higher self-efficacy, satisfaction with life, academic achievement and satisfaction with academic achievement than did both maladaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists. Furthermore, there were no significant differences between maladaptive perfectionists and nonperfectionists on any of these variables. This implies that prevention and intervention programs should be designed to enable high school students to set realistically high standards.
Dissonance and disengagement in pregnant smokers: a qualitative study
Authors: Naughton Felix , Eborall Helen , Sutton Stephen
Published: February 2013

Introduction: While numerous barriers to smoking cessation in pregnancy have been identified, less is known about the role of pregnant smokers’ beliefs in promoting and inhibiting abstinence. This study explored these beliefs and how they might interact with psychosocial factors related to pregnancy and antenatal care.

Methods: In-depth face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted with 20 women with experience of prenatal smoking. Grounded theory and the constant comparative approach guided the analysis towards a theoretical explanation of the women's experiences.

Results: Cognitive dissonance generated by the discrepancy between smoking-related prenatal harm beliefs and continued smoking was a strong motivator to quit. However, difficulty in quitting led many to resolve this dissonance by endorsing disengagement beliefs which downplayed the threat of smoking. Four main types of disengagement belief were identified. The tendency to endorse disengagement beliefs appeared to be influenced by two factors: uncertainty about how smoking caused foetal harm and reassurance from health professionals and others that reduced smoking was sufficient for harm minimisation.

Conclusions: Disengagement belief endorsement is common among pregnant smokers and enables the justification of continued smoking, potentially hindering efforts to quit. Increased promotion of complete abstinence by antenatal care professionals and health education interventions targeting risk comprehension and disengagement belief endorsement should be considered to promote greater efforts to quit among pregnant smokers.
Normalograptus kufraensis, a new species of graptolite from the western margin of the Kufra Basin, Libya
Authors: PAGE ALEX , MEINHOLD GUIDO , LE HERON DANIEL P. , ELGADRY MOHAMED
Published: February 2013

Normalograptus kufraensissp. nov. occurs as monospecific assemblages in the Tanezzuft Formation at the western margin of the Kufra Basin (Jabal Eghei), southern Libya. These graptolites have parallel-sided rhabdosomes with long, straight virgellae, climacograptid thecae and a full straight median septum.N. kufraensisis intermediate between Ordovician graptolites from theN. angustus(Perner) lineage and the younger sister speciesN. ajjeri(Legrand) andN. arrikiniLegrand.N. kufraensisdiffers from these taxa as follows: it is broader thanN. angustus; it has greater thecal spacing thanN. ajjeriorN. arrikini. A table comparing measurements ofN. kufraensiswith 44 otherNormalograptustaxa differentiates it from other members of this morphologically conservative group. Even thoughN. angustusandN. ajjeriare very long-ranging graptolites, a stratophenetic approach suggests that the specimens from Jabal Eghei may be of late Hirnantian or younger age. The faunal composition and preservation suggests these graptolites occupied the ‘cratonic invader’ biotope. The stratigraphic succession records deglacial flooding and fluctuating of redox in the Tanezzuft Formation, with the graptolites indicating a short-lived interval of anoxia.
Value of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in the follow up of head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Joseph L A , Routledge J A , Burns M P , Swindell R , Sykes A J , Slevin N J , Davidson S E
Published: February 2013

Background:

Few studies have prospectively investigated psychological morbidity in UK head and neck cancer patients. This study aimed to explore changes in psychological symptoms over time, and associations with patients' tumour and treatment characteristics, including toxicity.

Methods:

Two hundred and twenty patients were recruited to complete the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Late Effects on Normal Tissue (Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic) (‘LENT-SOMA’) questionnaires, both pre- and post-treatment.

Results:

Anxiety was highest pre-treatment (38 per cent) and depressive symptoms peaked at the end of treatment (44 per cent). Anxiety significantly decreased and depression significantly increased, comparing pre- versus post-treatment responses (p < 0.001). Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores were significantly correlated with toxicity, age and chemotherapy (p < 0.01 for all).

Conclusion:

This is the first study to analyse the relationship between Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale scores and toxicity scores in head and neck cancer patients. It lends support for the use of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Late Effects on Normal Tissue (Subjective, Objective, Management and Analytic) questionnaire in routine clinical practice; furthermore, continued surveillance is required at multiple measurement points.
Higher harmonics generation by a spiraling ion beam in collisionless magnetized plasma
Authors: SHARMA JYOTSNA , SHARMA SURESH C. , JAIN V. K. , GAHLOT AJAY
Published: February 2013

A spiraling ion beam propagating through a magnetized plasma cylinder containing K+ light positive ions, electrons, and C7F14− heavy negative ions drives electrostatic ion–cyclotron waves to instability via cyclotron interaction. Higher harmonics of the beam cyclotron frequency can be generated in this way. The unstable mode frequencies and growth rates of both unstable light positive ions and heavy negative ions increase with the relative density of heavy negative ions. Moreover, the growth rate of unstable modes scales as the one-third power of the beam density. The growth rate of unstable modes increases with harmonic number. The frequencies of both unstable modes also increase with magnetic fields. In addition, the real part of both unstable modes (K+ and C7F14−) increases with the beam energy and scales as almost one-half power of the beam energy.
Inevitable Designs: Embodied Ideology in Anna Sokolow's Proletarian Dances
Authors: Kosstrin Hannah
Published: February 2013

Anna Sokolow (1910–2000), an American Jewish choreographer known for her social statements, led the workers dance movement and performed as a soloist with Martha Graham. She imbued her dances Strange American Funeral (1935) and Case History No.— (1937) with proletarian ideology that spoke to 1930s working- and middle-class audiences aligned with values of revolutionary and modern dance. These choreographies spoke to a political atmosphere focused on social justice while they appealed to a broad dance-going public. Sokolow's Graham training engendered a modernist aesthetic in her choreography that led critics to consider her work universal instead of marked as coming from a working-class left-wing Jewish dancer. This article argues that while narratives about Sokolow's work downplay her Communist affiliations, these ideals played a critical role in her choreography and in her navigation of international Communist circles. As Sokolow's choreography reinforced her politics, so too did her affiliations support her dance work.
On Gramsci and the international: a textual analysis
Authors: IVES PETER , SHORT NICOLA
Published: February 2013

Antonio Gramsci's thought has strongly influenced the fields of IR and IPE through the work of Robert Cox, Stephen Gill, Kees van der Pijl and others, engagements often gathered (not uncontroversially) under the rubric of an ostensibly unified ‘neo-Gramscian’ position or ‘the Italian School’. The emergence of such interventions into IR/IPE has sparked controversy regarding whether Gramsci's work can be legitimately applied to ‘the international’, both from within IR and in other fields. This article examines the validity of such critiques of ‘neo-Gramscian IPE’, which we argue rely on problematic characterisations and little evidence from Gramsci's writings. More substantively, we provide an exegesis of the role of the international dimension in the construction of central categories of Gramsci's thought and his approach to nation-state formation and international organisations such as the Catholic Church and the Rotary Club, which have been regrettably neglected by all facets of these discussions. We demonstrate that Gramsci can indeed be understood as a theorist of the international, whose approach is particularly salient for the present historical conjuncture.
Tycho Brahe and the Separation of Astronomy from Astrology: The Making of a New Scientific Discourse
Authors: Almási Gábor
Published: February 2013

Argument

The subject of the paper is the shift from an astrology-oriented astronomy towards an allegedly more objective, mathematically grounded approach to astronomy. This shift is illustrated through a close reading of Tycho Brahe's scientific development and the contemporaneous changes in his communicational strategies. Basing the argument on a substantial array of original sources it is claimed that the Danish astronomer developed a new astronomical discourse in pursuit of credibility, giving priority to observational astronomy and natural philosophical questions. The abandonment of astrology in public discourse is primarily explained by Tycho's social position and greater sensibility to controversial issues. Tycho's example suggests that the changes in rhetorical strategies regarding astrology (which happened earlier than changes in astrological belief) should be given more recognition in the history of astronomy.
On the Legitimacy of the Darwinian Theory – August Weismann's First Creed
Authors: Weissman Charlotte
Published: February 2013

Argument

In his inaugural lecture, “On the Legitimacy of the Darwinian Theory,” August Weismann followed closely in Darwin's footsteps, but provided at the same time an outline of the essentials of his future theory of heredity, development, variation, and speciation. This was Weismann's first support of the evolutionary theory, and it shows his commitment to natural selection as the mechanism of evolution. For Weismann, “Darwin's Theory” meant natural selection. Natural selection, and more generally selectionism, became Weismann's major explanatory principle for evolutionary change and the most important element driving his thought.
On the Legitimacy of the Darwinian Theory
Authors: Weismann August
Published: February 2013

Foreword

The motivation for the publication of this lecture is my firm belief that any word that can even slightly clarify and advance the powerful and fruitful idea of the transmutation of species is of value.

First, I wish to put an end to the futile discussions which go nowhere since they ignore accumulated knowledge and always start from scratch. I want to proclaim that at the core of the Darwinian theory, regardless of its merit as a whole, lies the transmutation hypothesis, which is nowadays the only legitimate scientific hypothesis on the origin of organic forms. Therefore, futurescientificdiscussions should focus on Darwinian theory alone, as its foundation is irrefutable.

This lecture has been printed completely unchanged and unavoidable necessary additions have been transferred to footnotes. This article was already completed when Moritz Wagner'sThe Darwinian theory and the migration law of organism1*was published. Wagner attempts to diminish the role of natural selection in Darwin's theory and I challenge this view in the appendix, which also addresses the factors Wagner emphasized as influencing speciation.

Freiburg im Breisgau, August 2, 1868

August Weismann
That's not what you said earlier: preschoolers expect partners to be referentially consistent
Authors: GRAHAM SUSAN A. , SEDIVY JULIE , KHU MELANIE
Published: February 2013

In a conversation, adults expect speakers to be consistent in their use of a particular expression. We examine whether four-year-olds expect speakers to use consistent referential descriptions and whether these expectations are partner-specific. Using an eye-tracking paradigm, we presented four-year-olds with arrays of objects on a screen. During training, Experimenter 1 (E1) used a target expression to identify one object (i.e. “the spotted dog” to identify a dog that is both spotted and fluffy). Following training, either E1 or a new conversational partner (E2) presented children with test trials. Here, the target objects were referred to using either the original expression (e.g. “the spotted dog”) or a new expression (e.g. “the fluffy dog”). Eye-movements indicated that preschoolers were quicker to identify the target referent when the original expression was used by the same speaker. This suggests that four-year-olds, like adults, expect communicative partners to adhere to referential pacts.
Bases of quasi-hereditary covers of diagram algebras
Authors: BOWMAN C.
Published: February 2013

We extend the the combinatorics of tableaux to the study of Brauer walled Brauer and partition algebras. In particular, we provide uniform constructions of Murphy bases and ‘Specht’ filtrations of permutation modules. This allows us to give a uniform construction of semistandard bases of their quasi-hereditary covers.