bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Local Actors in Peacekeeping: The Cases of Liberia and Sierra Leone
Authors: Sempijja Norman , Eyita-Okon Ekeminiabasi
Published: November 2021

With the advent of multidimensional peacekeeping, in considering the changing nature of conflicts in the post–Cold War period, the role of local actors has become crucial to the execution of the United Nations (UN) peacekeeping mandate. Just as peacekeeping does not have space in the UN charter, local actors do not have a clearly defined space in the UN-led conflict resolution process. However, they have gained recognition, especially in policy work, and slowly in the academic discourse, as academics and practitioners have begun to find ways of making peacekeeping and peacebuilding more effective in the 21st century. Therefore the construction and perception of local actors by international arbitrators play an important and strategic role in creating and shaping space for the former to actively establish peace where violent conflict is imminent. Local actors have independently occupied spaces during and after the conflict, and although they bring a comparative advantage, especially as gatekeepers to local communities, they have largely been kept on the periphery.
Hannah Arendt and International Relations
Authors: Lee Shinkyu
Published: November 2021

International relations (IR) scholars have increasingly integrated Hannah Arendt into their works. Her fierce critique of the conventional ideas of politics driven by rulership, enforcement, and violence has a particular resonance for theorists seeking to critically revisit the basic assumptions of IR scholarship. Arendt’s thinking, however, contains complexity and nuance that need careful treatment when extended beyond domestic politics. In particular, Arendt’s vision of free politics—characterized by the dualistic emphasis on agonistic action and institutional stability—raises two crucial issues that need further elaboration for IR research that appropriates her thinking. One involves the orientation of her international thoughts. Although Arendt showed “idealistic” aspirations for authentic politics practiced by diverse equals in an institutionally articulated space of freedom, she never lost interest in the extant situation of “non-idealistic” politics. Engaging with Arendt’s theory orientation requires a careful analysis of difficult topics, such as her distinctive conception of the political and her critiques of the nation-state and international law. The other topic that needs clarification when Arendt’s thoughts are applied to IR involves specific ways of associating different sites of power. A close examination of Arendt’s council-based federalism reveals her distinctive idea of international politics, based on her acute awareness of the fundamental complexity that lies in power association and state agency. Bringing IR topics like state agency into conversation with her works generates illuminating questions for Arendt scholarship. Likewise, the ongoing debate on agonistic and institutional features of Arendt’s thoughts can provide crucial insights into critical studies of international politics.
Urbanization in the Middle Niger of Mali
Authors: McIntosh Roderick
Published: November 2021

When the tell site of Jenne-jeno was brought to light in the vast floodplain of the southern Middle Niger of Mali, archaeologists had to question certain expectations about just what constitutes an ancient city. The city was certainly too early (3rd century bce rather than the expected late first millennium ce) and Jenne-jeno did not conform to the standard city form (a mosaic of satellites rather than the expected agglomeration). But it was the persistent lack of evidence of a centralized ruler, social strata of elites, and of the hierarchical decision-making mechanisms of the state that set this urban landscape so at odds with then prevalent urban theory.

The seventy apparently contemporaneous hamlets and specialists’ occupation mounds surrounding Jenne-jeno form the Jenne-jeno Urban Complex. It is a classic example of African originality in evolving urban landscapes. In place of the top-down, often despotic state control as the organizing principle of the city, here there is a classic city without citadel—and thus heterarchy (authority and power relations arrayed horizontally) instead of a social and political hierarchy at the heart of the city can be posited.

The search for the pre-Jenne-jeno antecedents has taken a newer generation of archaeologists to look at “pre-urban” landscapes in other, now-dry parts of the Middle Niger deep in the northern. Sahel and Sahara. Back to the second millennium bce, the single site can be found to be the exception; clustering had roots deep in time.
The Archaeology of Feasts and Feasting in Africa
Authors: Gijanto Liza
Published: November 2021

Considered within the broader corpus of studies of food and foodways, feasting in African archaeological contexts has not been reported to the same degree as in other world areas. The reasons for this could be a genuine lack of feasting practices in African contexts as well as the focus on feasts as empowering events in more hierarchical societies. Where feasting has been identified, it is done with the aid of documentary or oral sources. Most of these studies are focused on locations and time periods of interoceanic trade in west and east Africa. Feasting has been identified in these contexts by utilizing multiple lines of material evidence, including ceramics, fauna, and items such as pipes related to leisure activities that would be part of a large celebration. In some, evidence is limited to location and fauna.
Managing Heritage Sites and the Politics of Cultural Continuity in Mesoamerica
Authors: Armstrong-Fumero Fernando
Published: November 2021

The dynamic between indigenous descendant communities, archaeologists, and other heritage professionals in Mexico and Central America embodies a distinct regional history of relations between native peoples and the state. In contrast to the United States and other regions, where indigenous polities have a history of legal sovereignty, the legacy of Spanish colonialism has created few parallel avenues for native Mesoamericans. Linguistic, cosmological, and social continuities between living and ancient indigenous populations have long been an emphasis of Mesoamericanist anthropology. Nevertheless, laws for the management of heritage in those countries often marginalize descendant communities from the use and stewardship of the material traces left behind by their ancestors. The ethical dimensions of this dynamic are further complicated by the fact that many activities that are criminalized by existing heritage laws are, in fact, consistent with long-standing traditions of landscape use and material recycling in these societies. Lacking the sovereignty principle that shapes interactions between indigenous communities and archaeologists in the United States, a more inclusive practice of heritage in Mesoamerica involves new kinds of pragmatic dialogue and accommodation.
Public Architecture in Ancient Mesoamerica
Authors: Inomata Takeshi
Published: November 2021

The study of temple-pyramids and other public buildings has long been an important focus in Mesoamerican archaeology. Scholars generally use the term public architecture to refer to structures for use, visitations, and gatherings beyond individual households, but the term public needs to be examined more critically. Public buildings are tied to the formation and transformation of the public sphere, a social field shaped in specific historical contexts that enables and restrains the political action of people.

Traditional studies commonly viewed public buildings as reflections of society, political organization, or worldviews. Investigations before the 1960s often focused on the descriptions of public buildings or used them to define cultural areas and traditions. The rise of processual archaeology in the 1960s and 1970s encouraged researchers to examine social processes through the analysis of buildings. Some scholars assumed that the size of public buildings and the labor investments in their constructions reflected the levels of political centralization. At the same time, the symbolic aspect of buildings continued to be an important theme in Mesoamerican archaeology. The underlying assumption was that public buildings, through their shapes and orientations, or associated images and texts, represented worldviews or cosmologies.

While these approaches continue to be common, various Mesoamerican archaeologists have begun to examine the recursive processes in which buildings shaped, and were shaped by, society. In this framework, some scholars focus on people’s actions and perceptions, whereas others view buildings as active agents in social processes. Sensory perceptions, particularly visibility, are examined as critical media, through which the recursive relations between buildings and people unfolded. Construction events are also viewed as critical processes, in which collective identities and social relations are created, negotiated, and transformed. The meanings of buildings still represent an important focus, but instead of searching for fixed, homogeneous meanings, the new theoretical perspectives have urged scholars to analyze how diverse groups negotiated multiple meanings. In the early 21st century, public buildings at archaeological sites continue to be a subject of negotiation among diverse groups, including the governments, descendant communities, archaeologists, developers, and the general public.
The Archaeology of Missionization in Colonial Senegambia
Authors: Pacyga Johanna A.
Published: November 2021

The archaeology of missionization in colonial Senegambia is a nascent area of study within the broader historical archaeology of colonialism that explores the historical processes of evangelization and conversion as they were experienced by Senegambian converts. Senegambia was a prominent target of Catholic and Protestant missionaries throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Archaeology is a uniquely situated discipline for expanding our understanding of missionization beyond the historical and anthropological perspectives because—through its focus on material remains—it uncovers the experience of proselytization and conversion from the ground up by illuminating the daily lives of mission residents who are often underrepresented in archival sources: African converts themselves, including women and children. The archaeology of missionization exposes lines of evidence that have left behind a robust footprint of religious and institutional architecture, landscape elements, and material culture accessible through archaeological survey and excavation. Furthermore, missionization was deeply rooted in the materiality of everyday life, so it is not simply because mission sites exist that they should be excavated, but because missionaries widely considered material practices to be integral to the broader conversion process. The archaeology of missionization interrogates the relationship between the theory and practice of evangelization during the period of colonization, and reveals the lived experience of religious conversion among Senegambian mission residents, both neophytes and those who did not embrace Christianity.
Labor and Chinese Exclusion in US History
Authors: Jackson Justin F.
Published: November 2021

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, white working-class activists and their allies in the United States acted as a political vanguard in efforts to limit the entry, naturalization, and civil rights of Chinese migrants, especially laborers. First in California in the 1850s, and then throughout the North American West and the nation at large, a militant racist-nativist minority of trade unionists and labor reformers assailed Chinese as an economic, cultural, and political threat to white workers, their living standards, and the republic itself. Uniting with Democrats and independent antimonopoly parties, workers and their organizations formed the base of a cross-class anti-Chinese movement that, by the 1880s, eroded Republicans’ support for Chinese labor migrants and won severe legal restrictions against them. Organized labor, especially the American Federation of Labor and its leadership, played a key role, lobbying Congress to refine and extend Chinese exclusion and erect similar barriers against other Asian migrants, including Japanese and Filipinos. Anti-Chinese labor advocates also influenced and coordinated with parallel pro-exclusion movements abroad, leading a global white working-class reaction to the Chinese labor diaspora across parts of Asia, Africa, and the Americas. In many ways, anti-Asian working-class nativism prefigured early-20th-century measures placing unprecedented constraints on white European migration. Yet organized labor barely opposed the demise of anti-Chinese and national-quota restrictions during World War II and the Cold War, as diplomatic demands, economic expansion, and a changing international system weakened domestic political support for exclusion.
The Jewish Working Class in America
Authors: Walkowitz Daniel
Published: November 2021

Between 1881 and 1924, when federal immigration restrictions were introduced, two and half million Jews from East Europe entered the United States. Approximately half of them settled in New York City where they soon comprised the largest Jewish settlement in the world. The Lower East Side, where families crowded into tenements, became the densest place on the globe. Possessing few skills, Jewish immigrants took jobs with which they had some prior familiarity as peddlers and as workers in the burgeoning garment and textile industries. With the rise of clothing as a mass consumer good, the garment industry emerged as the leading industrial sector in the city. Jewish workers predominated in it. But conditions of sweated labor in shops and factories propelled worker protest. A Jewish labor movement sprung up, energized by the arrival of socialist radicals in the labor Bund. Women workers played a major role in organizing the Jewish working class, spearheading a series of major strikes between 1909 and 1911. These women also staged “meat riots” over inflated beef prices in 1902 and “rent wars” in the early 1930s. To be sure, garment work and the labor movement also shaped the experience of Jewish immigrants in cities such as Baltimore, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Boston. Jews notably worked in other apparel industries, but the alternative for many (especially in small cities without a garment industry) was peddling and shopkeeping. Self-employed, but situated within and integrated in the working-class community, both sectors reflected the nontraditional nature of the Jewish working class. Jewish peddlers and petty shopkeepers increasingly morphed in a second generation into a middle class in higher status white-collar work. But despite this mobility, Yiddishkeit, a vibrant Jewish working-class culture of Jewish proletarian theater, folk choruses, journalism, education, housing, and recreation, which was particularly nourished by Bundists, flourished and carried a rich legacy forward in the postwar era.
Phonological Variation and Change in European French
Authors: Armstrong Nigel
Published: November 2021

We discuss here the considerable amount of phonological variation and change in European French in the varieties spoken in France, Belgium, and Switzerland, the major francophone countries of Europe. The data discussed here derive from the perceptual and especially behavioral studies that have sought to extend the Labovian paradigm beyond Anglo-American variable linguistic phenomena to bear upon Romance. Regarding France, what emerges is a surprisingly high degree of uniformity in pronunciation, at least over the non-southern part of the country, and most Southern French varieties are also showing convergence to the Parisian norm. Pockets of resistance to this tendency are nevertheless observable. The Belgian and Swiss situations have in common the looming presence of a supralocal and indeed supranational norm playing a role often attested in other discussions of standard or legitimized languages, that of the variety representing what commonly corresponds to the nonlocal. Indeed, it may be that Belgium and Switzerland typify the local–standard relation most often reported, while the French situation, because of its relatively leveled character, is less easily described as one of standardization.
The Source–Filter Theory of Speech
Authors: Tokuda Isao
Published: November 2021

In the source-filter theory, the mechanism of speech production is described as a two-stage process: (a) The air flow coming from the lungs induces tissue vibrations of the vocal folds (i.e., two small muscular folds located in the larynx) and generates the “source” sound. Turbulent airflows are also created at the glottis or at the vocal tract to generate noisy sound sources. (b) Spectral structures of these source sounds are shaped by the vocal tract “filter.” Through the filtering process, frequency components corresponding to the vocal tract resonances are amplified, while the other frequency components are diminished. The source sound mainly characterizes the vocal pitch (i.e., fundamental frequency), while the filter forms the timbre. The source-filter theory provides a very accurate description of normal speech production and has been applied successfully to speech analysis, synthesis, and processing. Separate control of the source (phonation) and the filter (articulation) is advantageous for acoustic communications, especially for human language, which requires expression of various phonemes realized by a flexible maneuver of the vocal tract configuration. Based on this idea, the articulatory phonetics focuses on the positions of the vocal organs to describe the produced speech sounds.

The source-filter theory elucidates the mechanism of “resonance tuning,” that is, a specialized way of singing. To increase efficiency of the vocalization, soprano singers adjust the vocal tract filter to tune one of the resonances to the vocal pitch. Consequently, the main source sound is strongly amplified to produce a loud voice, which is well perceived in a large concert hall over the orchestra.

It should be noted that the source–filter theory is based upon the assumption that the source and the filter are independent from each other. Under certain conditions, the source and the filter interact with each other. The source sound is influenced by the vocal tract geometry and by the acoustic feedback from the vocal tract. Such source–filter interaction induces various voice instabilities, for example, sudden pitch jump, subharmonics, resonance, quenching, and chaos.
Lay Expertise, Botanical Science, and Botanic Gardens as “Contact Zones”
Authors: Neves Katja
Published: November 2021

Botanic gardens came into existence in the late 1500s to document, study, and preserve plants originating from all over the world. The scientific field of botany was a direct outcome of these developments. From the 1600s onward, botanic gardens also paid key roles in acclimatizing plants across distinct ecosystems and respective climate zones. This often entailed the appropriation of Indigenous systems of plant expertise that were then used without recognition within the parameters of scientific botanical expertise. As such, botanic gardens operated as contact zones of unequal power dynamics between European and Indigenous knowledge systems. Botanic gardens were intimately embroiled with the global expansion of European colonialism and processes of empire building. They helped facilitate the establishment of cash-crop systems around the world, which effectively amounted to the extractive systems of plant wealth accumulation that characterize the modern European colonial enterprise. In the mid-20th century, botanic gardens began to take on leading roles in the conservation of plant biodiversity while also attending to issues of social equity and sustainable development. Relationships between lay expertise and scientific knowledge acquired renewed significance in this context, as did discussions of the knowledge politics that these interactions entailed. As a consequence of these transformations, former colonial exchanges within the botanical garden world between Indigenous knowledge practices and their appropriation by science came under scrutiny in the final decades of the 20th century. Efforts to decolonize botanic gardens and their knowledge practices emerged in the second decade of the 20th century.
“The Only Industry That Can Make Us Hold Our Own”: Black Agrarianism in South Africa from a Transatlantic Perspective, ca. 1910–1930
Authors: Tischler Julia
Published: November 2021

By exploring agricultural education initiatives in South Africa in the period from the 1910s to the 1930s, this article seeks to expand the historiography of both Black internationalism and global progressivism to include Black agrarianism and questions of race from a transatlantic perspective. In their efforts to promote scientific farming, Black progressive farmers in the Eastern Cape reserves made strategic use of the famous educational philosophy of the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama as an enabling discourse that allowed them to gain an audience for their specific, localized claims to economic and political participation in a segregationist country. While the existing historiography has discussed Tuskegee’s impact in Africa as an example of oppressive labor education, this article argues that Black agrarian progressivism should be taken seriously as a form of antiracism and Pan-Africanism, albeit one that was classist and patriarchal.
Normative Data for Verbal Fluency, Trail Making, and Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Tests on Monolingual Spanish-Speaking Older Adults
Authors: García-Herranz Sara , Díaz-Mardomingo M Carmen , Suárez-Falcón Juan Carlos , Rodríguez-Fernández Raquel , Peraita Herminia , Venero César
Published: November 2021

Objective

This study aimed to generate updated normative data for commonly used tests in neuropsychological assessment applied to older monolingual Spanish-speaking adults: Verbal fluency tests, the Trail Making Test (TMT), and the Rey–Osterrieth complex figure test (ROCF).

Method

To obtain normative data, 382 cognitively healthy 60- to 90-year-old Spanish monolingual participants from the Autonomous Community of Madrid (Spain) with 0–22 years education were assessed using an overlapping interval strategy that involved cell and midpoint techniques, and that assessed the influence of age, education, and sex.

Results

Age and education were associated with the scores in the verbal fluency tests, TMT, and ROCF, whereas sex only significantly affected the TMT results. Age-adjusted scaled scores (SSA) based on percentile ranks were also converted into age–education scaled scores (SSAE) using a linear regression model. In addition, tables with the relevant adjustments for sex are provided for TMT-A and TMT-B.

Conclusions

Thus, this study provides updated, uniform normative data for widely used neuropsychological tests on older Spanish adults. The normative procedure followed helps to make consistent comparisons when using these neuropsychological tests, which will improve the interpretation of the data obtained when these tools are employed, reducing the risk of misdiagnosing cognitive impairment in older adults.
The United States Swine Pathogen Database: integrating veterinary diagnostic laboratory sequence data to monitor emerging pathogens of swine
Authors: Anderson Tavis K , Inderski Blake , Diel Diego G , Hause Benjamin M , Porter Elizabeth G , Clement Travis , Nelson Eric A , Bai Jianfa , Christopher-Hennings Jane , Gauger Phillip C , Zhang Jianqiang , Harmon Karen M , Main Rodger , Lager Kelly M , Faaberg Kay S
Published: November 2021

Veterinary diagnostic laboratories derive thousands of nucleotide sequences from clinical samples of swine pathogens such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), Senecavirus A and swine enteric coronaviruses. In addition, next generation sequencing has resulted in the rapid production of full-length genomes. Presently, sequence data are released to diagnostic clients but are not publicly available as data may be associated with sensitive information. However, these data can be used for field-relevant vaccines; determining where and when pathogens are spreading; have relevance to research in molecular and comparative virology; and are a component in pandemic preparedness efforts. We have developed a centralized sequence database that integrates private clinical data using PRRSV data as an exemplar, alongside publicly available genomic information. We implemented the Tripal toolkit, a collection of Drupal modules that are used to manage, visualize and disseminate biological data stored within the Chado database schema. New sequences sourced from diagnostic laboratories contain: genomic information; date of collection; collection location; and a unique identifier. Users can download annotated genomic sequences using a customized search interface that incorporates data mined from published literature; search for similar sequences using BLAST-based tools; and explore annotated reference genomes. Additionally, custom annotation pipelines have determined species, the location of open reading frames and nonstructural proteins and the occurrence of putative frame shifts. Eighteen swine pathogens have been curated. The database provides researchers access to sequences discovered by veterinary diagnosticians, allowing for epidemiological and comparative virology studies. The result will be a better understanding on the emergence of novel swine viruses and how these novel strains are disseminated in the USA and abroad.

Database URLhttps://swinepathogendb.org
Exploring English as a ‘glocal language’ in online EMEMUS
Authors: Helm Francesca
Published: November 2021

COVID-19 led to a transition to ‘remote emergency teaching’ in higher-education contexts across the globe. The impact of this on English-medium education in multilingual university settings (EMEMUS) contexts is yet to be fully understood, but it is clear that it will be long lasting. This article outlines three online pedagogic activities that were adopted in an English-taught course that transitioned from the classroom to online. Based on a conceptualization of English as a ‘glocal language’ and motivated by an orientation towards a ‘pedagogy of care’, the activities were designed to draw on students’ rich linguistic repertoires and support community building. The first activity was a language portrait, the second entailed online and offline exploration of the linguistic landscape of the local contexts, and the third activity was the critical analysis, editing, translation, and/or adaptation of Wikipedia pages. All activities can be adapted for the ELT classroom.
‘I feel like a snake changing its skins’: a plurilingual project
Authors: Celaya M Luz , López-Flores Silvia
Published: November 2021

In line with the directions of the Council of Europe on the teaching of foreign languages to young learners and in view of recent waves of immigration in Europe, special emphasis is nowadays being placed on plurilingual and pluricultural practices in the school system. This paper describes the change towards embracing plurilingualism in a primary school in Barcelona (Spain) to try to cater for the students’ home languages and for cultural diversity in the EFL classroom. Results show that both the cohesion between the school and the families, and respect for and understanding of diversity were favoured, and that the level of competence in English at the end of primary education in this school was higher than the average of schools in the same context.
Combining spatial ecology and economics to incorporate recreational fishing into marine spatial planning
Authors: Navarro Matthew , Hailu Atakelty , Langlois Tim , Ryan Karina L , Burton Michael , Kragt Marit E
Published: November 2021

Many researchers have pointed to coastal environments and their use for energy production, aquaculture, and conservation as key to solving profound challenges facing humanity. Navigating this transition in ocean space necessitates tools to quantify impacts on displaced marine users, including recreational fishers. In this study, we present a novel method combining spatial ecological models of recreational catch with fine-scale random utility models of site choice to predict the impacts of site closures on recreational fishing experiences (fisher welfare). We demonstrate our approach by modelling data from over 10 000 fishing trips to fine-scale sites across 1500 km of coastline in the south-west of Australia and simulating the effects of no-take marine reserves recently implemented in the Australian Marine Parks. The results show how the combination of random utility modelling with spatial ecological methods provides a powerful tool for investigating recreational fisheries as joint social-ecological systems and incorporating recreational fishing into marine spatial planning.
On the approximation of dispersive electromagnetic eigenvalue problems in two dimensions
Authors: Halla Martin
Published: November 2021

We consider time-harmonic electromagnetic wave equations in composites of a dispersive material surrounded by a classical material. In certain frequency ranges this leads to sign-changing permittivity and/or permeability. Previously meshing rules were reported, which guarantee the convergence of finite element approximations to the related scalar source problems. Here we generalize these results to the electromagnetic two-dimensional vectorial equations and the related holomorphic eigenvalue problems. Different than for the analysis on the continuous level, we require an assumption on both contrasts of the permittivity and the permeability similar to the three-dimensional case. We confirm our theoretical results with computational studies.
The Initial Boundary Value Problem in General Relativity: The Umbilic Case
Authors: Fournodavlos Grigorios , Smulevici Jacques
Published: November 2021

We give a short proof of local well-posedness for the initial boundary value problem in general relativity with sole boundary condition the requirement that the boundary is umbilic. This includes as a special case the totally geodesic boundary condition that we had previously addressed in [ 8]. The proof is based on wave coordinates and the key observation that the momentum constraint is always valid for umbilic boundaries. This allows for a greater freedom in the choice of boundary conditions, since imposing the umbilic condition also provides Neumann boundary conditions for three of the four wave coordinates conditions. Moreover, the umbilic condition, being geometric, implies that geometric uniqueness in the sense of Friedrich holds in this specific case.
Angioleiomyoma—rare soft tissue tumor of the foot and ankle, review of two patients and review of the literature
Authors: Bodapati Venkata Soumya , Sunderamoorthy Dakshinamurthy
Published: November 2021

Angioleiomyomas are relatively rare benign soft tissue tumors which often occur in the extremities. The true etiology is largely unknown and is seldom associated with pain. They are rarely diagnosed preoperatively as the clinical and radiological examinations are often nonspecific and inconclusive. The patients may face a considerable delay before a specialist treatment is sought due to the varied presentation/missed diagnosis preoperatively. This delay highlights the need for better characterizing the diagnosis and treatment of angioleiomyomas in clinical setting to expand awareness of this pathology, the differential diagnosis of lower extremity soft tissue tumors and the need for ongoing publication of such case reports. We wish to present two patients who came in with foot and ankle swellings and heel pain. Post-excision, these swellings were histologically diagnosed as benign angioleiomyomas.
Incorporating Economic Conditions in Synthetic Microdata for Business Programs
Authors: Thompson Katherine , Kim Hang Joon
Published: November 2021

Many agencies are currently investigating whether releasing synthetic microdata could be a viable dissemination strategy for highly sensitive data, such as business data, for which disclosure avoidance regulations would otherwise prohibit the release of public use microdata. The U.S. Census Bureau has identified the Economic Census as a candidate program and has been developing synthetic data generators. The synthetic data should account for skewed and irregular distributions, satisfy predetermined edit constraints, and preserve selected privacy features. Previous research on these generators was confined to businesses that were in operation for the full year, ignoring the special features of births and deaths in the models. These generators preserve multivariate relationships and yield marginal totals that closely correspond to the published official statistics. However, these synthetic data consequently do not reflect the state of economic expansion or contraction. This missing information is a severe deficiency for the targeted data users comprising economists, policymakers, and methodologists, especially since the global pandemic of 2020. This paper introduces an approach that addresses this deficiency, producing partially synthetic data with high utility and privacy protection. We provide preliminary results using selected industry data from the 2012 Economic Census.
Rhyme in classical Latin poetry: Stylistic or stochastic?
Authors: Nagy Ben
Published: November 2021

This study offers the first broad quantitative analysis of the use of rhyme in classical Latin hexameter and elegiac verse. The data and tools developed for the analysis are released under a permissive open source license. These include software to create an accurate phonetic transcription of Latin verse from the Musisque Deoque corpus; a system for scoring rhyme via phonetic similarity; and a system for generating large amounts of metrically correct, stochastic Latin verse (useful for analysis baselines). Further to this, some initial analysis is performed: first via descriptive statistics and then with two unsupervised multivariate analyses using dimension reduction methods. The study examines nineteen works by twelve authors, comprising about 96,000 lines. First and foremost, the results suggest that rhyme was consciously used by classical authors, but to different extents and in different ways. There is a solid and detectable stylistic separation between the use of rhyme in elegy and epic, and possibly also between satire and the rest. Within genres, authors can be stylistically separated with a small set of features. On the negative side, it appears that the stylistic signal from rhyme is fairly faint, and so forensic analysis (e.g. for authorship attribution) is not presently recommended on texts that are shorter than several thousand lines.
Telehealth Adoption and Patient Engagement
Authors: Aalam Ahmad A. , Osman Kareem A. , Martin Aaron
Published: November 2021

Successful implementation of telehealth services should incorporate adoption and engagement strategies for all key stakeholders, including clinicians, patients, and administration, to maximize utilization and benefit. These strategies should be included in an implementation plan developed by an invested leadership team. This team will build the infrastructure, bring resources, assess their institution and population needs, and review policies and regulations needed to execute their strategic plan. Successful telehealth programs live within a comprehensive digital engagement and population health strategy. In this chapter we examine multiple tools and concepts to drive adoption and engagement from each stakeholder’s perspective.
Telemedicine in the Surgical Disciplines
Authors: Santos Ariel , Combs Davin T. , Ajabnoor Yasser , Onks Cameron
Published: November 2021

In acute care surgery, regional trauma centers and the American College of Surgeons Committee of Trauma (COT) have worked to address the fundamental challenge of patient stabilization at remote referring facilities, followed by timely patient transfers. However, limitations with patient transport still exist because of adverse weather and lack of emergency vehicles or logistics for emergent transport, demanding ongoing patient care at the originating site. Integration of telemedicine protocols in regional trauma systems has been shown to be effective in facilitating appropriate and timely patient transfers and helps improve the efficacy of resuscitative care in critical-access facilities. Telemedicine has also been shown to be an effective means of service delivery for preoperative, operative and postoperative consultations, reducing time and cost barriers for patients living in remote areas and improving adherence to treatment plans. This increased continuity of care promotes positive outcomes and reduces preventable hospital admissions. Telemedicine also plays a role in surgical education, preceptorship, and mentorship, as well as continuing medical education and multidisciplinary conferences.
Pediatric Emergency Telehealth
Authors: Taylor Kylie , Mody Ameer
Published: November 2021

Pediatric Emergency Telehealth (PET) has enormous potential to help address the health care needs of children and families. In some regions, health care is particularly fragmented or difficult to access for the pediatric patient. Telehealth may bridge those gaps, improve continuity of care, and enhance communication between children’s hospitals and general pediatricians practicing in both rural and urban communities. Launching a PET service requires careful preparation with community health networks and stakeholders to ensure that the model is providing adjunct services as opposed to on-demand primary care services. General pediatricians’ offices that lack the capability to implement a virtual care system may seek consultation from the PET service in terms of triage, recommendations, or direct patient care. A substantial effort is required at initiation of a PET program but is useful in mitigating disease exposure such as Covid-19, as well as improving emergency department metrics such as patient satisfaction, length of stay, wait times, and revenue capture.
Supporting Advance Practice Providers in the Emergency Department Using Telehealth
Authors: McKenzie L. Kendall , Carlisle Tearsanee , Haynie Lisa , McKay Jason , Hall Greg , Galli Robert
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on the role of advanced practice providers (APPs) in the context of emergency telehealth by describing one of the first successful programs, started in 2003, at the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC). Important issues germane to developing a program to provide telehealth supervision to APPs are covered. Specific concerns addressed by UMMC as the program was developed are described and generalized to the current health care environment. Major considerations regarding delivery models, contracts, technology, rationale for using APPs, regulatory concerns, and educational preparation are also discussed.
Emergency Telehealth Services in the Correctional Setting
Authors: Kendig Newton E. , Ellis David G. , Varughese Renoj , Ome Irondi Obinna M.
Published: November 2021

Millions of patients receive their primary health care in U.S. jails and prisons each year. Correctional health care systems frequently lack round-the-clock onsite physician services, and access to local hospital-based emergency services may be limited. Increasingly, correctional health care systems are relying on telehealth capabilities to improve their access to subspecialty services. Emergency telehealth services, however, are largely underutilized. Available reports suggest that emergency telehealth services can reduce outside medical trips and prove cost-effective in certain settings. Successful emergency telehealth programs emphasize the importance of a thorough diagnostic evaluation, effective communication with local correctional health care providers, and strategic use of point-of-care testing. This chapter provides practical recommendations for the telehealth evaluation and management of commonly occurring medical emergencies in the correctional setting.
Remote Physiologic Monitoring
Authors: Badashova Ksenya K. , Haile-Mariam Tenagne , Jarrin Robert
Published: November 2021

Remote physiologic monitoring (RPM) allows for the collection and transmission of clinical information from a patient to a clinician for evaluation (and potentially intervention) in a synchronous or asynchronous manner. The initiation and judicious utilization of RPM is fundamental to distance-based medical care and provides opportunities to improve clinical outcomes and decrease utilization of resources. COVID-19’s stress on medical systems has encouraged innovations, including those that incorporate RPM. Emergency Department (ED) RPM programs have shown that COVID-19 patients at risk for clinical decompensation can successfully be monitored and treated at home. RPM can capitalize on emergency medicine’s (EM’s) role as the interface between in-patient and out-patient care to implement increasingly complex medical services to patients in nontraditional health care settings. Despite their promise, the development and implementation of RPM programs is a challenging task that requires investment in human and other resources. The role of RPM in expanding EM and ED-based clinical care to improve patient outcomes and decrease costs will require continued investigations and innovations.
Telehealth Facilitates Value-Based Care in Emergency Department Settings
Authors: Mulligan Deborah Ann , Drobac Krista , Shesser Robert
Published: November 2021

Spurred by the COVID-19 pandemic, the health care industry is increasingly aware of benefits emergency physicians could contribute to value-based care. The use of emergency telehealth—to reduce the number of hospital admissions, readmissions, and missed outpatient follow-up appointments—will play an increasing role in the shift to value-based care paradigms. Although certain legal, regulatory, and reimbursement challenges remain, the COVID-19 outbreak should stimulate lawmakers and regulatory agencies to promulgate further measures that facilitate widespread adoption of telemedicine, which will inevitably extend into emergency care. Emergency physicians should play a leadership role in the development and implementation of coordinated care before, during, and after acute unscheduled care needs of patients. Coordinated care is a recognized role of emergency telehealth in the value chain. For emergency telehealth to be effective, it must be appropriately integrated into standard practice of emergency medicine.
Tele-Ultrasound
Authors: Dearing Elizabeth , Boniface Keith
Published: November 2021

Ultrasound is a noninvasive, nonionizing, relatively low-cost imaging modality that has increased in use in all fields of medicine over the past few decades. With growth in internet connectivity as well as marked improvements in ultrasound technology, ultrasound can now help guide remote clinical decision making using either synchronous or asynchronous imaging. Implementing a tele-ultrasound program requires an ultrasound machine with the ability to share or transmit images, a provider to perform the exam, and a remote expert for guidance and/or interpretation. Tele-ultrasound can therefore be used by a variety of health care professionals with less ultrasound training under the remote guidance of an experienced physician trained in ultrasound to help care for patients. Tele-ultrasound enables more advanced care in resource-limited settings. As telehealth continues to grow, the use of tele-ultrasound will undoubtedly have an important role in guiding clinical care.
Peripheral and Central Pain Pathways and Pathophysiology
Authors: Inbarasu Jery D. , Benarroch Eduardo E.
Published: November 2021

Pain is an unpleasant sensory experience that may be associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Perception of pain includes 3 aspects: sensory-discriminative (intensity and location), cognitive (bodily sensation), and affective-emotional (suffering). Pain is a complex integration of anatomical pathways, including dorsal root ganglion nociceptive neurons, dorsal horn neurons, spinothalamic and spinobulbar pathways, the thalamus, the cortex, and local modulation. Peripheral and central sensitization may occur after tissue injury. This chapter reviews the peripheral and central processing of pain and concludes with a discussion of pain pathophysiology.
Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Tracy Jennifer A.
Published: November 2021

The spinal cord begins as the cervical cord immediately below the medulla and extends through the spinal canal, where it becomes the thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal parts of the cord. In most persons, the spinal cord proper ends at the lower portion of the first lumbar vertebral body, where it forms the conus medullaris and, finally, the filum terminale. A cervical enlargement contains the innervation pathways of the upper limbs; a lumbar enlargement contains the pathways of the lower limbs. This chapter reviews ascending and descending pathways in the spinal cord.
Brainstem and Cranial Nerves: Midbrain
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Brazis Paul W.
Published: November 2021

The midbrain (or mesencephalon) is the uppermost segment of the brainstem. This chapter reviews the important structures in the midbrain, including cranial nerves III and IV. The midbrain extends from the level of the trochlear nucleus to an imaginary line between the mammillary bodies and the posterior commissure. Important structures at this level include the cerebral peduncles, superior and inferior colliculi, red nucleus, substantia nigra, decussation of the middle cerebellar peduncle, and cranial nerves III and IV.
Cranial Nerves I and II
Authors: Flemming Kelly D. , Benarroch Eduardo E.
Published: November 2021

Cranial nerves I (olfactory nerve) and II (optic nerve) are supratentorial, paired cranial nerves. This chapter provides an overview of their anatomy. Cranial nerve I is a special visceral afferent nerve carrying sensory information about odors. Olfactory receptors lie in the nasal cavity. Odorants activate receptors within the cilia of olfactory sensory neurons and trigger the opening of a cyclic nucleotide–gated channel. This channel allows a calcium influx and the opening of calcium-activated chloride channels. Depolarization then occurs.
Cerebellum
Authors: Hassan Anhar
Published: November 2021

The cerebellum is crucial for planning, executing, terminating, and learning movements. The cerebellum compares actual with intended motor performance and optimizes the timing of motor function. Thus, it is important in the adaptation of movement and posture. In addition, the cerebellum contributes to cognition and behavior. The primary fissure divides the cerebellum anatomically into anterior and posterior lobes. The posterior lobe is divided from the flocculonodular lobe by the posterolateral fissure. The cerebellum may also be divided into functional zones, including the vermis (midline), paravermal region, and hemispheres (most lateral).
Cortex: Circuitry, Networks, and Function
Authors: Jones David T.
Published: November 2021

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revolutionized the understanding of the functional and structural architecture of the brain and serves as a lens for reviewing the complex cortical circuitry and networks of the cerebral cortex. The human brain is a complex information processing system whose proper functioning depends on the organization of its processing units. The scale of these processing units spans multiple levels from the genetic level to the systems level.