bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Normative Construction of and Contestation over In-Work Benefits in Hong Kong: A Moral Economy Approach
Authors: Au-Yeung Tat Chor
Published: September 2021

Informed by moral economy theories, this article presents a qualitative study of the normative construction of and contestation over a new in-work benefit in Hong Kong, the Low-income Working Family Allowance (LIFA). Using a policy stakeholder approach to examining the public’s ideas and justifications of LIFA, the findings reveal the eligibility-defined entitlement shared by claimants, scepticism towards long working hours conditionality required by LIFA, complex understanding of deservingness and self-reliance, and dissatisfaction with the closing gap between welfare and wages. This article connects moral economy theories to the normative basis of a social security system, offering insights for capturing the dynamics of consensus and controversies about social welfare. It also extends the research on morality and social welfare from Western countries to an Asian context. The case of Hong Kong evidences how policy stakeholders make moral sense of a new welfare in the absence of social right language.
Constituting ‘Problems’ through Policies: A WPR Approach of Policies Governing Teenage Pregnancy in France
Authors: Komai Eléonore
Published: September 2021

This article examines the construction of policy problems through the exploration of the theoretical space opened up by the ‘What’s the Problem Represented to be?’ (WPR) approach developed by Bacchi (2009). It proposes a critical analysis of current policies governing teenage pregnancy in France through the deconstruction of the structures that have participated in shaping the ‘problem’ today. Focusing on discursive practices, the analysis unveils the political essence of the knowledge that constitutes the problem of ‘teen pregnancy’, and points to the constant flux characterising it, which is captured and stabilised in policymaking through problematisation. It is argued that these conclusions call for greater self-reflexivity in research and policymaking and prompt critical and feminist researchers to engage with disrupting current policymaking rationality.
Chairman Cotton: Socialist Bulgaria’s cotton trade with African countries during the early Cold War (1946–70)
Authors: Zofka Jan
Published: September 2021

This article follows Bulgarian officials engaged in cotton and textile exchange with African states in the early Cold War. These officials founded enterprises for carrying out transactions, collected information on prices at international cotton exchanges and attended meetings of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON) to coordinate trade activities in capitalist markets. Exploring how Bulgarian foreign trade organizations positioned themselves on the scene of international trade, this article argues that cotton traders, instead of upholding the supposed bloc bipolarity of the Cold War, followed the logic of the markets they worked in. A focus on trade infrastructures in particular shows that early Cold War East–South trade was not as strictly bilateral as official agreements and statistics suggest and reveals the systematic embeddedness of the socialist traders’ practices in global capitalist structures. In the field of cotton, the globalizing economy of the early Cold War was not cut in half, as globalization studies have implied.
The Political Asceticism of Mamata Banerjee: Female Populist Leadership in Contemporary India
Authors: Ray Chaudhury Proma
Published: September 2021

Operating within the androcentric premises that support idealized models of populist leadership, self-representations cultivated by female populist leaders often involve precarious balancing acts, compelling them to appropriate contextualized traditionalist discourses and modes of power to qualify for conventional leadership models. This article engages with the stylistic performance of populist leadership by Mamata Banerjee of the All India Trinamool Congress in the state of West Bengal, India, focusing on her adoption of the discursive mode of political asceticism, nativist rhetoric, and religious iconography. Through an interpretive analysis of selected party documents, autobiography, and semistructured interviews with Banerjee's followers and critics, the article delineates Banerjee's populist self-fashioning as a political ascetic and explores perceptions of her leadership. The article argues that while the self-makings of female populist leaders remain fraught and contested, they contribute substantially toward redrawing the boundaries of both conventional leadership models and the broader political landscapes they inhabit.
CME-Sonografie 101/Antworten: Ultraschall am Bewegungsapparat – Update 2021
Authors: Tamborrini Giorgio , Dubs Beat , Krebs Andreas , Ziswiler Hans-Rudolf , Bianchi Stefano
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. In der Ultraschalltechnologie in der Medizin (und in vielen anderen Lebensbereichen) erleben wir andauernd enorme Fortschritte. Die Automatisierung in der Medizin nimmt zu, so auch in der bildgebenden Diagnostik. Dieser Artikel beschreibt den aktuellen technischen Stand im Ultraschall am Bewegungsapparat und wir wagen einen Ausblick in die nahe Zukunft.
CME-Sonografie 102: Akute Oberbauchschmerzen
Authors: Tuma Jan
Published: September 2021

Zusammenfassung. Akute Oberbauchschmerzen sind ein häufiges Thema in der Notfallmedizin. In der Differenzierung spielt neben der Anamnese und Laborbefunden die Sonografie eine führende Rolle. Neben der direkten Darstellung der jeweiligen Pathologien (Gallensteine, Gangerweiterungen, Tumoren) ist auch die klinisch-sonografische Untersuchung, die sogenannte Palpation unter Ultraschall-Sicht, wichtig. In diesem Beitrag möchten wir die Wege der Differenzialdiagnose bei akuten Oberbauchschmerzen aufzeigen.
A Systematic Narrative Review of Evaluating Change in Psychotherapy	With the Rorschach Test
Authors: Aschieri Filippo , Pascarella Giulia
Published: September 2021

Abstract. In 2004, Grønnerød conducted a meta-analysis on the use of the Rorschach Test to detect change in psychotherapy. Results showed which Rorschach variables were associated with change in clients, and to what extent. The purpose of this study was to update the picture from the year of publication of the previous meta-analysis until 2019. A systematic review of the literature was carried out, including 17 studies of relevance to this research. Results showed that the Rorschach Test captures the changes in patients after psychotherapy, particularly when treatment is tailored to the unique needs of clients. We describe the limitations of the studies included in this systematic review and propose strategies to increase the effectiveness of using the Rorschach to evaluate treatment outcome.
The Influence of Preexisting Stratification and Tropical Rain Modes on the Mixed Layer Salinity Response to Rainfall
Authors: Iyer Suneil , Drushka Kyla
Published: September 2021

The freshwater input from rain to the surface ocean is a key component of the global water cycle. Frequent rainfall in the inter‐tropical convergence zone creates regions of strong surface stratification and low salinity, which vary seasonally. We evaluate how variations in rain type and preexisting upper ocean stratification influence the timing and duration of the salinity response to rainfall using the General Ocean Turbulence Model. A series of model simulations was run by prescribing three typical background stratification conditions and idealized rain and wind forcing that was consistent with observed convective, stratiform, and mixed convective and stratiform rainfall. Background stratification was assessed using underway CTD observations and rain forcing was identified from mooring observations collected in the eastern tropical Pacific during the second Salinity Processes in the Upper Ocean Regional Study. Model results show that strong stratification, whether preexisting or from convective rainfall, inhibits downward mixing of freshwater and allows near‐surface salinity anomalies to persist following rain. In contrast, when stratiform rain precedes convective rain, salinity anomalies are quickly mixed downward and longer lasting deeper in the mixed layer. This implies that accurately quantifying the salinity structure following rain should consider preexisting stratification and the type of rainfall. Furthermore, patterns of rainfall and stratification likely affect the bias between salinity observations at the surface and deeper in the mixed layer. Because satellite rain data do not correctly represent the small scales of rain forcing, the small‐scale surface salinity response to rain cannot be predicted from satellite data.
Convective Mass‐Flux From Long Term Radar Reflectivities Over Darwin, Australia
Authors: Savazzi Alessandro C. M. , Jakob Christian , Siebesma A. Pier
Published: September 2021

Most cumulus parametrizations today make use of a simple conceptual model of convection, called the mass‐flux approach. This approach depicts convection as an ensemble of updrafts and downdrafts occurring within a model grid‐box. The aim of this study is to determine convective mass‐fluxes and their constituents on the scale of a 100 km GCM grid‐box from a C‐band polarimetric radar and thereafter investigate the relative role of area fraction and vertical velocity in determining the shape and magnitude of bulk mass‐flux profiles. We make use of observational estimates of these quantities spanning 13 wet seasons in the tropical region of Darwin. Following a bulk approach, the results show that the distribution of mass‐flux is positively skewed and its mean profile peaks at 4 km. This is the result of constant area fractions and increasing vertical velocities below that level. Above 4 km, in‐cloud vertical velocity plays a marginal role compared to the convective area fraction in controlling mass‐flux profiles.
Interannual, Seasonal and Regional Variations in the Martian Convective Boundary Layer Derived From GCM Simulations With a Semi‐Interactive Dust Transport Model
Authors: Senel Cem Berk , Temel Orkun , Lee Christopher , Newman Claire E. , Mischna Michael A. , Muñoz‐Esparza Domingo , Sert Hakan , Karatekin Özgür
Published: September 2021

We present interannual, seasonal, and regional variations in the daytime Martian convective boundary layer (CBL). Martian CBL meteorology is driven both by the effect of diurnal and seasonal cycles as well as complex Martian topography. One of the most important components of the Martian atmosphere is its dust cycle. Here, we develop a novel semi‐interactive dust transport model within the MarsWRF framework, in which the dust is lifted, advected by model winds, mixed, and allowed to sediment, but is then scaled to match two‐dimensional maps of the observed daily column‐integrated dust opacity. This allows the vertical dust distribution and associated dust radiative heating to be controlled by model processes, while the horizontal dust distribution is constrained to follow observations. We report the impact of the dust cycle on Martian boundary layer meteorology. Enhanced dust transport lowers the global net surface heating rates, decreasing the turbulent mixing in CBL to virtually zero (within the dust storm season) and, enhances the wind shear on average by almost 50%. As a superposition of both impacts, during global dust storms (GDS) in Mars Year (MY) 25 and 34, we find that long‐lasting extremely shallow daytime boundary layers can globally form as shallow as 0.5 km (but not for the less intense GDS in MY 28), unlike the 9 km deep and highly turbulent CBL formation at GDS onset and decay. Based on our GCM results, strong CBL suppression lasts as long as approximately 67 and 57 sols during GDS events in MY 25 and 34.
Evaluation of probiotic characteristics and whole genome analysis of Pediococcus pentosaceus MR001 for use as probiotic bacteria in shrimp aquaculture
Authors: Wanna Warapond , Surachat Komwit , Kaitimonchai Panmile , Phongdara Amornrat
Published: September 2021

The development of non-antibiotic and environmentally friendly agents is a key consideration for health management in shrimp aquaculture. In this study, the probiotic potential in shrimp aquaculture of Pediococcus pentosaceus MR001, isolated from Macrobrachium rosenbergii, was investigated by means of feeding trial and genetic characterization. In the feeding trial, dietary supplementation with P. pentosaceus MR001 significantly increased weight gain and digestive enzyme activity (p < 0.05) in shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei. The intestinal histology showed that shrimp given the probiotic diet had healthier guts than the control group. Also, the immune gene expression and the survival rate in the treatment group were significantly increased when compared with the control group. The genetic characteristics of P. pentosaceus strain MR001 were explored by performing whole-genome sequencing (WGS) using the HiSeq 2500 platform and PacBio system, revealing the complete circular genome of 1,804,896 bp. We also identified 1789 coding genes and subsequently characterized genes related to the biosynthesis of bacteriocins, stress resistance, and bile tolerance. Our findings suggest that insights in the functional and genetic characteristics of P. pentosaceus strain MR001 could provide opportunities for applications of such strain in shrimp diet supplementation.
A prospectively collected observational study of pelvic floor muscle strength and erectile function using a novel personalized extracorporeal perineometer
Authors: Kim Jung Kwon , Lee Young Ju , Kim Hwanik , Song Sang Hun , Jeong Seong Jin , Byun Seok-Soo
Published: September 2021

To investigate the association between pelvic floor muscle strength and erectile function in a prospectively collected observational cohort. 270 male volunteers were prospectively collected and grouped by International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5) scores. Pelvic floor muscle strength was compared. Patients with obvious neurologic deficits, abnormal pelvic bones, history of pelvic radiation therapy, prostatectomy, or urinary incontinence were excluded. We analyzed 247 patients with mean (± standard deviation, SD) age of 62.8 (± 10.1) years. Mean (± SD) maximal and average strength were 2.0 (± 1.5) and 1.1 (± 0.8) kgf, respectively. Mean (± SD) endurance and IIEF-5 scores were 7.2 (± 2.6) seconds and 13.3 (± 7.9), respectively. Patients with IIEF-5 scores ≤ 12 tended to be older, with a higher occurrence of hypertension and lower body mass index. Age [odds ratio (OR) 1.08, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.12, p < 0.001], and maximal strength < 1.9 kgf (OR 2.62, 95% CI 1.38–4.97, p = 0.003) were independent predictors for IIEF-5 scores ≤ 12 in multivariate regression analysis. Patients with erectile dysfunction were older and showed lower pelvic floor muscle maximal strength. Future prospective trials needed for using physiotherapy are required to verify our results.
Quantifying the contribution of individual variation in timing to delay-discounting
Authors: Lukinova Evgeniya , Erlich Jeffrey C.
Published: September 2021

Delay-discounting studies in neuroscience, psychology, and economics have been mostly focused on concepts of self-control, reward evaluation, and discounting. Another important relationship to consider is the link betweenintertemporal choiceandtime perception. We presented 50 college students with timing tasks on the range of seconds to minutes and intertemporal-choice tasks on both the time-scale of seconds and of days. We hypothesized that individual differences in time perception would influence decisions about short experienced delays but not long delays. While we found some evidence that individual differences ininternal clock speedaccount for some unexplained variance between choices across time-horizons, overall our findings suggest a nominal contribution of the altered sense of time in intertemporal choice.
Non-linear convective flow of the thin film nanofluid over an inclined stretching surface
Authors: Saeed Anwar , Kumam Poom , Nasir Saleem , Gul Taza , Kumam Wiyada
Published: September 2021

To enhance the surface properties of solids the mechanism of thin films is frequently used. Penetration, degradation, stiffness, illumination, diffusion, absorption, and electric performance are all characteristics of a bulk substance medium that a thin film can improve. In nanotechnology, thin film processing can be extremely useful. Therefore, the time-dependent nonlinearly convective stream of thin film nanoliquid over an inclined stretchable sheet with magnetic effect is investigated in current work. The features of mass and heat transport processes are explained using important factors like thermophoresis and Brownian movement. Nonlinear partial differential equations are obtained to model the time-dependent liquid film flow over an inclined surface, which are then turned into couple ordinary differential equations utilizing appropriate alterations. The results of the computation of the model problem are collected using an analytical approach Homotopy Analysis Method and presented the final finding numerically and graphically. During the flow assessment, the impact of individual flow factors such as magnetic, Brownian, and thermophoresis parameters on regular profiles (temperature, velocity, and concentration) are analyzed and found to be quite remarkable. Furthermore, the consequence of M and Nt factors on the velocity, concentration and thermal distribution leads to diminishing conduct. On the other hand, the thermal profile of the liquid film rises in response to the thermophoresis factor. The % wise variation in the skin friction, Nusselt number and Sherwood number versus physical parameters has been obtained and discussed.
Classification of oil palm fresh fruit maturity based on carotene content from Raman spectra
Authors: Raj Thinal , Hashim Fazida Hanim , Huddin Aqilah Baseri , Hussain Aini , Ibrahim Mohd Faisal , Abdul Peer Mohamed
Published: September 2021

The oil yield, measured in oil extraction rate per hectare in the palm oil industry, is directly affected by the ripening levels of the oil palm fresh fruit bunches at the point of harvesting. A rapid, non-invasive and reliable method in assessing the maturity level of oil palm harvests will enable harvesting at an optimum time to increase oil yield. This study shows the potential of using Raman spectroscopy to assess the ripeness level of oil palm fruitlets. By characterizing the carotene components as useful ripeness features, an automated ripeness classification model has been created using machine learning. A total of 46 oil palm fruit spectra consisting of 3 ripeness categories; under ripe, ripe, and over ripe, were analyzed in this work. The extracted features were tested with 19 classification techniques to classify the oil palm fruits into the three ripeness categories. The Raman peak averaging at 1515 cm−1 is shown to be a significant molecular fingerprint for carotene levels, which can serve as a ripeness indicator in oil palm fruits. Further signal analysis on the Raman peak reveals 4 significant sub bands found to be lycopene (ν1a), β-carotene (ν1b), lutein (ν1c) and neoxanthin (ν1d) which originate from the C=C stretching vibration of carotenoid molecules found in the peel of the oil palm fruit. The fine KNN classifier is found to provide the highest overall accuracy of 100%. The classifier employs 6 features: peak intensities of bands ν1a to ν1d and peak positions of bands ν1c and ν1d as predictors. In conclusion, the Raman spectroscopy method has the potential to provide an accurate and effective way in determining the ripeness of oil palm fresh fruits.
Switchable phase transition between crystalline and amorphous states of CuSO4·5H2O by dynamic shock waves
Authors: Sivakumar A. , Dhas S. Sahaya Jude , Almansour Abdulrahman I. , Kumar Raju Suresh , Arumugam Natarajan , Dhas S. A. Martin Britto
Published: September 2021

In this communication, we report the switchable phase transition occurring between the crystalline and amorphous states of CuSO4·5H2O, influenced by dynamic shock waves, and the results have been evaluated by XRD and Raman techniques.
Sandwich-like SnS2/graphene multilayers for efficient lithium/sodium storage
Authors: Liu Jiande , Chang Yingfan , Chen Chen , Guo Pengqian , Sun Kai , Cao Dianliang , Ma Yaodong , Liu Dequan , Liu Qiming , Liu Jie , He Deyan
Published: September 2021

SnS2/graphene multilayers with enhanced interlayer spacing exhibited excellent cycling stability and superior rate performance as an anode material for LIBs/SIBs.
Phenyl-pyta-tricarbonylrhenium(i) complexes: combining a simplified structure and steric hindrance to modulate the photoluminescence properties
Authors: Poirot Alexandre , Vanucci-Bacqué Corinne , Delavaux-Nicot Béatrice , Leygue Nadine , Saffon-Merceron Nathalie , Alary Fabienne , Bedos-Belval Florence , Benoist Eric , Fery-Forgues Suzanne
Published: September 2021

These easily-prepared rhenium(i) complexes are strongly luminescent in the solid state. In particular, the adamantyl derivative is a promising candidate in the field of optical materials.
Mn(i) phosphine-amino-phosphinites: a highly modular class of pincer complexes for enantioselective transfer hydrogenation of aryl-alkyl ketones
Authors: Jayaprakash Harikrishnan
Published: September 2021

Easily accessible, highly modular and novel Mn(i) P′ON(H)P pincer complexes for highly enantioselective (up to 98%) transfer hydrogenation of aryl-alkyl ketones have been developed.
Shear-induced alignment of block copolymer worms in mineral oil
Authors: Derry Matthew J. , Mykhaylyk Oleksandr O. , Armes Steven P.
Published: September 2021

Optorheology studies of thermoresponsive diblock copolymer nano-objects dispersed in mineral oil indicate reversible transformation from randomly oriented branched worms at 20 °C to aligned linear worms at 80–110 °C and isotropic spheres at 150 °C.
The energy landscapes of bidisperse particle assemblies on a sphere
Authors: Ballard Alexander F. , Panter Jack R. , Wales David J.
Published: September 2021

Bidisperse particles on spherical surfaces form highly ordered, global minimum energy structures, but also numerous low-symmetry, structures with high barriers to escape.
Establishment of non-small-cell lung cancer risk prediction model based on prognosis-associated ADME genes
Authors: Han Ke , Wang Jukun , Qian Kun , Zhao Teng , Zhang Yi
Published: September 2021

Purpose: ADME genes are those involved in the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) of drugs. In the present study, a non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) risk prediction model was established using prognosis-associated ADME genes, and the predictive performance of this model was evaluated and verified. In addition, multifaceted difference analysis was performed on groups with high and low risk scores.

Methods: An NSCLC sample transcriptome and clinical data were obtained from public databases. The prognosis-associated ADME genes were obtained by univariate Cox and lasso regression analyses to build a risk model. Tumor samples were divided into high-risk and low-risk score groups according to the risk score. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analyses of the differentially expressed genes and the differences in the immune infiltration, mutation, and medication reactions in the two groups were studied in detail.

Results: A risk prediction model was established with seven prognosis-associated ADME genes. Its good predictive ability was confirmed by studies of the model's effectiveness. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed that the model’s risk score was an independent prognostic factor for patients with NSCLC. The study also showed that the risk score closely correlated with immune infiltration, mutations, and medication reactions.

Conclusion: The risk prediction model established with seven ADME genes in the present study can predict the prognosis of patients with NSCLC. In addition, significant differences in immune infiltration, mutations, and therapeutic efficacy exist between the high- and low-risk score groups.
Application of the Challenge Point Framework During Treatment of Speech Sound Disorders
Authors: Matthews Tanya , Barbeau-Morrison Alexandra , Rvachew Susan
Published: September 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to provide trial-by-trial practice performance data in relation to learning (outcome probe data) as collected from 18 treatment sessions provided to children with severe speech sound disorders. The data illustrate the practice–learning paradox: Specific, perfect practice performance is not required for speech production learning.

Method

We detailed how nine student speech-language pathologists (SSLPs) implemented and modified the motor learning practice conditions to reach a proposed challenge point during speech practice. Eleven participants diagnosed with a severe speech sound disorder received high-intensity speech therapy 3 times per week for 6 weeks. SSLPs implemented treatment procedures with the goal of achieving at least 100 practice trials while manipulating practice parameters to maintain practice at the challenge point. Specifically, child performance was monitored for accuracy in five-trial increments, and practice parameters were changed to increase functional task difficulty when the child's performance was high (four or five correct responses) or to decrease functional task difficulty when the child's performance was low (fewer than four correct responses). The practice stimulus, type and amount of feedback, structure of practice, or level of support might be changed to ensure practice at the challenge point.

Results

On average, the children achieved 102 practice trials per session at a level of 58% correct responses. Fast achievement of connected speech with the lowest amount of support was associated with high scores on generalization probes. Even with high levels of error during practice, the children improved percent consonants correct with maintenance of learning 3 months posttreatment.

Conclusion

The results of this study show that it may not be necessary to overpractice or maintain a high degree of performance accuracy during treatment sessions to achieve transfer and retention of speech production learning.
Strongly lensed candidates from the HSC transient survey
Authors: Chao Dani C.-Y. , Chan James H.-H. , Suyu Sherry H. , Yasuda Naoki , Morokuma Tomoki , Jaelani Anton T. , Nagao Tohru , Rusu Cristian E.
Published: September 2021

We present a lensed quasar search based on the variability of lens systems in the Hyper Suprime-Cam (HSC) transient survey. Starting from 101 353 variable objects withi-band photometry in the HSC transient survey, we used a variability-based lens search method measuring the spatial extent in difference images to select potential lensed quasar candidates. We adopted conservative constraints in this variability selection and obtained 83 657 variable objects as possible lens candidates. We then ran CHITAH, a lens search algorithm based on the image configuration, on those 83 657 variable objects, and 2130 variable objects were identified as potential lensed objects. We visually inspected the 2130 variable objects, and seven of them are our final lensed quasar candidates. Additionally, we found one lensed galaxy candidate as a serendipitous discovery. Among the eight final lensed candidates, one is the only known quadruply lensed quasar in the survey field, HSCJ095921+020638. None of the other seven lensed candidates have been previously classified as a lens nor a lensed candidate. Three of the five final candidates with availableHubbleSpace Telescope (HST) images, including HSCJ095921+020638, show clues of a lensed feature in the HST images. We show that a tightening of our variability selection criteria might result in the loss of possible lensed quasar candidates, especially the lensed quasars with faint brightness or narrow separation, without efficiently eliminating the non-lensed objects; CHITAHis therefore important as an advanced examination to improve the lens search efficiency through the object configuration. The recovery of HSCJ095921+020638 proves the effectiveness of the variability-based lens search method, and this lens search method can be used in other cadenced imaging surveys, such as the upcomingRubinObservatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time.
Wavelength calibration and resolving power of the JWST MIRI Medium Resolution Spectrometer
Authors: Labiano A. , Argyriou I. , Álvarez-Márquez J. , Glasse A. , Glauser A. , Patapis P. , Law D. , Brandl B. R. , Justtanont K. , Lahuis F. , Martínez-Galarza J. R. , Mueller M. , Noriega-Crespo A. , Royer P. , Shaughnessy B. , Vandenbussche B.
Published: September 2021

Context.The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) onboard theJames WebbSpace Telescope (JWST) will provide imaging, coronagraphy, low-resolution spectroscopy, and medium-resolution spectroscopy at unprecedented sensitivity levels in the mid-infrared wavelength range. The Medium Resolution Spectrometer (MRS) of MIRI is an integral field spectrograph that provides diffraction-limited spectroscopy between 4.9 and 28.3 μm, within a field of view (FOV) varying from ∼13 to ∼56 arcsec square. The design for MIRI MRS conforms with the goals of the JWST mission to observe high redshift galaxies and to study cosmology as well as observations of galactic objects, and stellar and planetary systems.

Aims.From ground testing, we calculate the physical parameters essential for general observers and calibrating the wavelength solution and resolving power of the MRS which is critical for maximizing the scientific performance of the instrument.

Methods.We have used ground-based observations of discrete spectral features in combination with Fabry-Perot etalon spectra to characterize the wavelength solution and spectral resolving power of the MRS. We present the methodology used to derive the MRS spectral characterization, which includes the precise wavelength coverage of each MRS sub-band, computation of the resolving power as a function of wavelength, and measuring slice-dependent spectral distortions.

Results.The ground calibration of the MRS shows that it will cover the wavelength ranges from 4.9 to 28.3 μm, divided in 12 overlapping spectral sub-bands. The resolving power isR ≳ 3500 in channel 1,R ≳ 3000 in channel 2,R ≳ 2500 in channel 3, andR ≳ 1500 in channel 4. The MRS spectral resolution optimizes the sensitivity for detection of spectral features with a velocity width of ∼100 km s−1which is characteristic of most astronomical phenomena JWST aims to study in the mid-infrared. Based on the ground test data, the wavelength calibration accuracy is estimated to be below one-tenth of a pixel (0.1 nm at 5 μm and 0.4 at 28 μm), with small systematic shifts due to the target position within a slice for unresolved sources that have a maximum amplitude of about 0.25 spectral resolution elements. The absolute wavelength calibration is presently uncertain at the level of 0.35 nm at 5 μm and 46 nm at 28 μm, and it will be refined using in-flight commissioning observations.

Conclusions.Based on ground test data, the MRS complies with the spectral requirements for both theRand wavelength accuracy for which it was designed. We also present the commissioning strategies and targets that will be followed to update the spectral characterization of the MRS.
SN 1987A: Tracing the flux decline and spectral evolution through a comparison of SRG/eROSITA and XMM-Newton observations
Authors: Maitra C. , Haberl F. , Sasaki M. , Maggi P. , Dennerl K. , Freyberg M. J.
Published: September 2021

Context. SN 1987A is the supernova closest to us observed in the past four centuries. It provides the unique opportunity of witnessing the birth and evolution of a supernova remnant. Monitoring the source in X-rays provides insights into the physics of the shock, the X-ray emitting plasma, and the interaction of the shock with the structures in the circumstellar medium. The source has been monitored by XMM-Newton EPIC-pn from 2007 to 2020. SRG/eROSITA also observed the source during its commissioning phase and first light in September and October 2019.

Aims. We investigated the spectral and flux evolution of SN 1987A in X-rays in the last 14 yr up to November 2020 using XMM-Newton and eROSITA observations.

Methods. We performed a detailed spectral analysis using a three-component plane-parallel shock model and analysed and modelled the EPIC-pn monitoring and eROSITA observations in a consistent manner.

Results. This paper reports a complete and the most recent flux evolution of SN 1987A in the soft (0.5−2 keV) and hard (3−10 keV) X-ray band. The flux in the soft band flattened around 9424 days and then displayed a turnover between 10 142 and 10 493 days, after which it showed a continued decline. At about the same time, a break in the hard-band flux time evolution slope was detected. This implies that the blast wave has now passed beyond the dense structures of the equatorial ring and is expanding farther into more tenuous circumstellar medium. The temporal evolution of the normalisations of the three shock components match the results of hydrodynamical simulations well, which predict a blue supergiant progenitor scenario. The trend in recent epochs indicates that the emission caused by the forward shock after leaving the equatorial ring and by the reverse shock in the ejecta is now becoming more dominant. The elemental abundances in the hot plasma component are significantly higher than those in the cooler component, indicating an origin in the reverse shock that propagates into the ejecta.
The eROSITA view of the Abell 3391/95 field: Case study from the Magneticum cosmological simulation
Authors: Biffi Veronica , Dolag Klaus , Reiprich Thomas H. , Veronica Angie , Ramos-Ceja Miriam E. , Bulbul Esra , Ota Naomi , Ghirardini Vittorio
Published: September 2021

Context.Clusters of galaxies reside at the nodes of the cosmic web, interconnected by filamentary structures that contain tenuous diffuse gas, especially in the warm-hot phase. Galaxy clusters grow by mergers of smaller objects and gas that are mainly accreted through these large-scale filaments. For the first time, the large-scale cosmic structure and a long gas-emission filament have been captured by eROSITA on board the Spectrum-Roentgen-Gamma mission in a direct X-ray observation of the A3391/95 field.

Aims.We investigate the assembly history of an A3391/95-like system of clusters and the thermo-chemical properties of the diffuse gas in it by connecting simulation predictions to the eROSITA observations with the aim to constrain the origin and nature of the gas in the pair-interconnecting bridge.

Methods.We analysed the properties of a system resembling A3391/95, extracted from the (352h−1cMpc)3volume of the Magneticum Pathfinder cosmological simulations atz= 0.07. We tracked the main progenitors of the pair clusters and of surrounding groups back in time to study the assembly history of the system and its evolution.

Results.Similarly to the observed A3391/95 system, the simulated cluster pair is embedded in a complex network of gas filaments, with structures aligned over more than 20 projected Mpc, and the whole region collapses towards the central overdense node. The spheres of influence (3 ×R200) of the two main clusters already overlap atz= 0.07, but their virial boundaries are still physically separated. The diffuse gas located in the interconnecting bridge closely reflects the warm-hot intergalactic medium, with a typical temperature of ~1 keV and an overdensityδ ~100 with respect to the mean baryon density of the Universe, and a lower enrichment level compared to the intra-cluster medium in clusters. We find that most of the bridge gas collapsed from directions roughly orthogonal to the intra-cluster gas accretion directions, and its origin is mostly unrelated to the two cluster progenitors. We find clear signatures in the surrounding groups of infall motion towards the pair, such as significant radial velocities and a slowdown of gas compared to dark matter. These findings further support the hypothesis that the Northern Clump (MCXC J0621.7-5242) cluster infalls along a cosmic gas filament towards Abell 3391 and might be merging with it.

Conclusions.We conclude that in this configuration, the pair clusters of the A3391/95-like system are in a pre-merger phase and have not yet interacted. The diffuse gas in the interconnecting bridge is mostly warm filament gas and not tidally stripped cluster gas.
Investigating the origin of magnetic perturbations associated with the FIP Effect
Authors: Murabito M. , Stangalini M. , Baker D. , Valori G. , Jess D. B. , Jafarzadeh S. , Brooks D. H. , Ermolli I. , Giorgi F. , Grant S. D. T. , Long D. M. , van Driel-Gesztelyi L.
Published: September 2021

Recently, magnetic oscillations were detected in the chromosphere of a large sunspot and found to be linked to the coronal locations where a first ionization potential (FIP) effect was observed. In an attempt to shed light on the possible excitation mechanisms of these localized waves, we further investigate the same data by focusing on the relation between the spatial distribution of the magnetic wave power and the overall field geometry and plasma parameters obtained from multi-height spectropolarimetric non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) inversions of IBIS data. We find, in correspondence with the locations where the magnetic wave energy is observed at chromospheric heights, that the magnetic fields have smaller scale heights, meaning faster expansions of the field lines, which ultimately results in stronger vertical density stratification and wave steepening. In addition, the acoustic spectrum of the oscillations at the locations where magnetic perturbations are observed is broader than that observed at other locations, which suggests an additional forcing driver to the p-modes. Analysis of the photospheric oscillations in the sunspot surroundings also reveals a broader spectrum between the two opposite polarities of the active region (the leading spot and the trailing opposite polarity plage), and on the same side where magnetic perturbations are observed in the umbra. We suggest that strong photospheric perturbations between the two polarities are responsible for this broader spectrum of oscillations, with respect to the p-mode spectrum, resulting in locally excited acoustic waves that, after crossing the equipartition layer, located close to the umbra-penumbra boundary at photopheric heights, are converted into magnetic waves and steepen due to the strong density gradient.
The Rossiter–McLaughlin effect revolutions: an ultra-short period planet and a warm mini-Neptune on perpendicular orbits
Authors: Bourrier V. , Lovis C. , Cretignier M. , Allart R. , Dumusque X. , Delisle J.-B. , Deline A. , Sousa S. G. , Adibekyan V. , Alibert Y. , Barros S. C. C. , Borsa F. , Cristiani S. , Demangeon O. , Ehrenreich D. , Figueira P. , González Hernández J. I. , Lendl M. , Lillo-Box J. , Lo Curto G. , Di Marcantonio P. , Martins C. J. A. P. , Mégevand D. , Mehner A. , Micela G. , Molaro P. , Oshagh M. , Palle E. , Pepe F. , Poretti E. , Rebolo R. , Santos N. C. , Scandariato G. , Seidel J. V. , Sozzetti A. , Suárez Mascareño A. , Zapatero Osorio M. R.
Published: September 2021

Comparisons of the alignment of exoplanets with a common host star and each other can be used to distinguish among concurrent evolution scenarios for the star and the planets. However, multi-planet systems usually host mini-Neptunes and super-Earths, whose sizes make orbital architecture measurements challenging. We introduce the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect Revolutions (RMR) technique, which can access the spin-orbit angle of small exoplanets by exploiting the full extent of information contained in spectral transit time series. We validated the technique through its application to published HARPS-N data of the mini-Neptune HD 3167c (P = 29.8 days), refining its high sky-projected spin-orbit angle (−108.9−5.5+5.4°), and we applied it to new ESPRESSO observations of the super-Earth HD 3167 b (P = 0.96 days), revealing an aligned orbit (−6.6−7.9+6.6°). Surprisingly different variations in the contrast of the stellar lines occulted by the two planets can be reconciled by assuming a latitudinal dependence of the stellar line shape. In this scenario, a joint fit to both datasets constrains the inclination of the star (111.6−3.3+3.1°) and the 3D spin-orbit angles of HD 3167b (29.5−9.4+7.2°) and HD 3167c (107.7−4.9+5.1°). The projected spin-orbit angles do not depend on the model for the line contrast variations, and so, with a mutual inclination of 102.3−8.0+7.4°, we can conclude that the two planets are on perpendicular orbits. This could be explained by HD 3167b being strongly coupled to the star and retaining its primordial alignment, whereas HD 3167c would have been brought to a nearly polar orbit via secular gravitational interactions with an outer companion. Follow-up observations of the system and simulations of its dynamical evolution are required to search for this companion and explore the likelihood of this scenario. HD 3167 b (R = 1.7 REarth) is the smallest exoplanet with a confirmed spectroscopic Rossiter-McLaughlin signal. The RMR technique opens the way to determining the orbital architectures of the super-Earth and Earth-sized planet populations.
Schmerzmechanismen und Clinical Reasoning
Authors: Luomajoki Hannu , Schesser Ralf
Published: September 2021

Schmerz ist ein komplexes Konstrukt aus biologischen, psychologischen und sozialen Faktoren. Mit diesem CPTE-Artikel aktualisieren Sie Ihr Wissen um periphere und zentrale Schmerzmechanismen im Kontext des strukturierten Clinical-Reasoning-Prozesses. Das Mature Organism Model (MOM) verdeutlicht Ihnen die Individualität der Schmerzverarbeitung und -wahrnehmung. So verstehen Sie die individuelle Schmerzbewältigung einzelner Patient(inn)en und erkennen den Einfluss psychosozialer Faktoren. Das Fördern der Selbstwirksamkeit und ein reflektiertes Verhalten von Therapeut(inn)en sind zentrale Elemente der Therapie.
kma Entscheider Blog: Diese zwei Reformen sollte die neue Regierung angehen
Authors: Heurich Manuel
Published: September 2021

Viele Parteien scharren bereits mit den Hufen für einen Regierungswechsel. Es warten wichtige Aufgaben, um das deutsche Gesundheitswesen fit für die Zukunft zu machen. Zwei zentrale Themen muss die neue Regierung angehen, um Innovationen und Qualität zu sichern!
Rechtskolumne: Ist Intubation im Schockraum tatsächlich ambulant?
Authors: Rybak Christian
Published: September 2021

Die Abgrenzung zwischen stationärer und ambulanter Behandlung ist in der Praxis hochrelevant. Nur ist die Rechtsprechung dazu leider nicht immer konsistent.
Positionen der Parteien: Die Zukunft der Krankenhäuser nach der Wahl
Authors: Reisinger Kathrin
Published: September 2021

Am 26. September ist Bundestagswahl. Millionen Deutsche wünschen sich auch weiterhin eine zuverlässige Gesundheitsversorgung. Doch steigende Kosten setzen die Politik unter Druck. Wie wollen die Parteien die Krankenhausstrukturen und die Finanzierung weiterentwickeln und die Digitalisierung in den Kliniken voranbringen? Was planen sie beim Thema Pflege? Welche Reformen wollen sie angehen? kma hat sich durch die Wahlprogramme gearbeitet und die Parteien befragt. Hier die Antworten im Überblick.
Hygienisches Design: Flächen besser reinigen und desinfizieren
Authors: Buhl Sebastian , Bulitta Clemens
Published: September 2021

Oberflächen im klinischen Bereich sollen künftig besser zu reinigen und zu desinfizieren sein. Ein VDI-Richtlinienausschuss erarbeitet zurzeit eine Richtlinie für das hygienische Design von Oberflächen.
Mobile Raumluftreiniger: Absaugen statt einatmen
Authors: Lang Michael
Published: September 2021

Die Pandemie hat zu einem vermehrten Einsatz von mobilen Luftreinigern geführt. Kieran J. McBrien vom Anbieter Novaerus erklärt die verschiedenen Technologien zur Luftreinigung und worauf beim Kauf eines Geräts zu achten ist.
Of cityscapes, affect and migrant subjectivities in Kiran Desai’s Inheritance of Loss
Authors: Nanda Aparajita
Published: September 2021

Kiran Desai's Inheritance of Loss revolves around questions of identity and entities flawed by a deep sense of deprivation and loss left by colonization that manifests itself in various forms through generations. The novel chronicles the lives of an Anglophile Indian judge, Jemubhai Patel, whose educational sojourn in Britain permanently brands him as an alien both abroad and in his homeland, and of his orphaned 16-year-old granddaughter Sai, her tutor/lover Gyan, and Patel’s cook who pushes his son, Biju, to go seek his fortune in America. This paper seeks to discuss the lives of Jemubhai and Biju as it tracks the role of the city and its impact on the construction of their identities. This impact factor is further analyzed through affective theory, namely Jose Munoz’s concept of “disidentification,” a tactic of survival by which minoritarian subjects either consciously or unconsciously “neither assimilate nor strictly oppose the dominant regime.”
Genetic diversity among wild and cultivated germplasm of the perennial pasture grass
Authors: Gapare Washington J. , Kilian Andrzej , Stewart Alan V. , Smith Kevin F. , Culvenor Richard A.
Published: September 2021

Phalaris aquatica L. (phalaris) is a cool-season perennial grass originating from the Mediterranean Basin, north-west Africa and Middle Eastern regions that is used for livestock agriculture mainly in temperate areas with dry summers. It has been the subject of breeding programs in Australia, South America, New Zealand and the USA. Increased knowledge of relationships between wild and cultivated germplasm through use of molecular markers has the potential to facilitate future breeding gains. For this purpose, we conducted an analysis of P. aquatica by using 3905 polymorphic DArTseq SNP markers. Genetic diversity as measured by expected heterozygosity was similar for wild (HE = 0.14; n = 57) and cultivated (HE = 0.13; n = 37) accessions. Diversity in wild germplasm was generally continuous in nature, largely related to geographical location, with a division at the broadest scale into eastern and western clades, with more admixture in the western than the eastern clade. Structure analysis of wild germplasm indicated six subpopulations consistent with country of origin, with some admixture among subpopulations likely resulting from natural and human influences. There were nine subpopulations among wild and cultivated accessions combined. This population structure should be considered if genomic selection is applied in P. aquatica. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that 71% of the genetic variation occurred within subpopulations and 29% among subpopulations. Genetic distances were low among cultivated germplasm from most countries except the USA, which was more distinct. Evaluation of material from the US pool by breeding programs in other countries, and additional material from the less utilised eastern clade, may be worthwhile.