bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foliar Sprays to Control Corn Earworms and European Corn Borers in Sweet Corn, 1981
Authors: Linduska James J. , Dively Galen P. , Harrison Floyd P. , Hellman John L.
Published: March 2022

‘NK-199’ sweet corn was planted in 4-row plots 50 ft in length in Jun 8. Distance between rows was 3 ft. Distance between plants within the row was 8 inches. Treatment plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Silk sprays were applied with an International Harvester 770 Hi-clear sprayer. The spray boom was adjusted to spray the silk area with each row being covered by 4 nozzles. The sprayer was equipped to treat 4 rows. All treatments were mixed in 20 gal of water and applied at the rate of 25 gal/acre with 50 psi. Spray treatments were applied at 50$ silk (Jul 28) and 3 days later (Jul 31). Plots were harvested aug 13 and evaluated as to insect species causing injury. One-hundred ears/treatment/replication were harvested and graded. Only the center 2 rows of each plot were harvested. The soil type was a Galestown sandy loam.
Apple, Insect Control, 1981
Authors: Fisher G. T.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied in 1X dilution at 250 psi so that foliage and fruit were treated to run-off. All treatments of insecticide were made on a regular apple schedule allowing approximately 7-10 day interval between cover sprays. Mature standard Delicious, Mcintosh, and Cortland trees were randomized and replicated four times in a 50-tree block. Application dates were: May 1 (Pre-pink); May 7 (Pink); May 15 (Pink Extended); May 25 (Full Bloom); Jun 10, 20, Jul 4, 16, 31, Aug 4, (First cover - sixth cover). Evaluations were made as final harvest fruit scoring (Sep 14). Disease control was accomplished by applying Captan 50W (2 lb/100) or Polyram (1 lb/100) or Benomyl (1/2 lb/100) with each insecticide application and as a bloom spray. Due to an unusually warm (pre-bloom) period the general phenology of the trees was far advanced over past seasons. This warmer temperature may have been responsible for the large populations of lesser appleworm. Conversely, low populations of tarnished plant bug and apple maggot rendered reliable efficacy questionable.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control in Eggplant, 1981
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Special Hibush’ eggplant were transplanted to a Sassafras sandy loam field on Jun 9. Single row plots were 12 ft long and 5 ft wide; a guard row buffered each treated row. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied in a 6 inch band in the transplant furrow; foliar treatment were applied with a tractoi-mounted spray boom with one nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 85 gal/acre at 250 psi. sprays were applied Jun 19 and 25; Jul 3, 9, 15, 21 and 25; Aug 3, 10 and 17.
Insect Control on Green Peppers, 1981
Authors: Corredor Dario , Ferro David N.
Published: March 2022

Green peppers were transplanted Jun 1 at the University of Massachusetts Research Farm, Sunderland, MA. Plots consisted of 18 ft long beds with 2 rows/bed and 2 ft between plants within rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The insecticides were applied Jul 24, 28, and Aug 6, at 75 gal water/acre and 55 psi, using a 3 gal stainless steel sprayer. Five leaves per plant and 10 plants per plot were sampled for green peach aphid and potato aphid apterae on Aug 11. European corn borer control was assessed by harvesting 25 commercial size peppers from each plot on Aug 20 and examining them for injury.
Apple; Mite Control, 1983
Authors: Brunner J. F.
Published: March 2022

Two experimental chemicals, dicofol, and water were applied to apples on M-26 root stock for control of the twospotted spider mite. Chemicals were compared with each other and with water (check) to determine their effectiveness 1 day and 1 week after treatment. There were 4 replicates in a randomized block design. Each replicate consisted of three rows with four trees in each row. Two blocks with eight replicates in each block were adjacent to each other, separated by a buffer row of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples. All treatments were applied with a tractor mounted Kinkelder Model P-100 air-blast sprayer at 48 gal/acre on 12 July. Mites were counted one day before treatment (11 July), and one day (13 July) and one week (19 July) after treatment. Ten leaves were removed from each of four trees per replicate for each evaluation. Mites were removed from leaves with a Burney mite-brushing machine, placed on a circular glass grid plate, and counted under a dissecting scope. Pretreatment mite counts were used as a standard to determine the percentage of mortality in each plot 1 and 7 days after treatment.
Spotted Tentiform Leafminer Control, 1983
Authors: Hogmire Henry W.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied at various times to 16-year-old trees. Each treatment consisted of four replications of three-tree plots in a randomized block design. Insecticides were applied at 200 lbs/in2 until the liquid ran off, with a Hudson hydraulic sprayer equippd with a handgun. Treatment effectiveness was determined on 2 June by counting STLM mines per tree located within 1.8 m of the ground.
Insect Control in Late Snap Beans, 1983
Authors: Klosermeyer L. E. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville, Tenn. in 38-in. rows on 11 July. Plots were four rows by 20 ft with one untreated row between plots. Treatments, applied 16 Aug. were replicated five times in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a 2-gal compressed air hand sprayer at 50 gal/acre when pin beans were present. Dusts were applied by the cheesecloth shaker method. Rainfall was 0.2-inch within 18 h after treatment with a total of 1.22-in for the 14-day period after treatment. One treated row per plot was sampled by taking five sweeps along the row with a 15-in diameter insect net. A different row was sampled on each date to minimize plant damage. Diathane 80W at 1.6 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 4, 11, 17, and 24 Aug. to all plots for bean rust control. There were 6.2 leafhoppers (LH), 0.8 Mexican bean beetle adults (MBB), and 0.2 green cloverworms (GCW) per five sweeps before treatment. The middle two rows were machine harvested on 30 Aug. A subsample (ca. 2 lb) of beans was rated for damaged pods.
Seed Maggot Control, 1983
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

Plots consisted of single-row treatments 36 in apart, 15 ft long, replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Hand-pushed cone seeders were used to plant 100 seeds in each row and to distribute granules of insecticide. Over-furrow granular treatments were applied with a hand-pushed Gandy applicator as a 4- to 7-in band before planting. Those treatments designated as incorporation treatments had the over-furrow bands of insecticide lightly incorporated with a hand rake prior to planting. After planting, a 2- to 4-in band of meat and bone meal was placed over the row by hand to increase oviposition in the vicinity of the seeds. Bean, corn, and squash seeds were treated on 16, 20, and 20 June, respectively. Each crop was planted in a separate plot on 1 July. Damage counts were made on 12 July (beans), 13 July (corn), and 12 July (squash). For squash and beans, emerged seedlings in each row were counted, damaged individuals recorded, and an average percentage of damage was calculated. Efficacy counts were made on corn by digging up 25 seeds per row, examining them for injury, and calculating an average percentage of damage. Seed maggot populations were very low and the fly peak was several weeks late compared to previous years’ flights. The soil was very dry at planting and remained so throughout the test, probably inhibiting maggot establishment.
Control of Caterpillars on Broccoli, 1983
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , North R.
Published: March 2022

Broccoli was transplanted 1 July at the Vegetable Research Farm near Geneva, N.Y. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-in. centers with 14-in. plant spacing. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. A 2-row, tractor-mounted boom, having three nozzles per row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 lb/in., was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Applications were made on 30 Sept. and evaluated on 7 Oct. Evaluations were made by examining in situ three random plants per plot.
Caterpillar Control on Cabbage, Spring 1981
Authors: Leibee Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 25 Feb. into Myakka fine sand on the Univ. of Florida Agric. Res. and Educ. Cent., Sanford. Plots consisted of two 25-ft rows with 30-in. row spacing and 12-in. plant spacing and were separated by one unplanted row. Nemacur 15G 2 lbs (All/acre was applied pretransplant in a 15-in. band for nematode control. A parathion drench was applied 3 Mar. to control a severe infestation of cutworms. Treatments were replicated in five randomized complete blocks separated by 20-ft weed-free alleys. Sprays were applied with a CO2 pressurized sprayer mounted on an Allis-Chalmers G tractor. Three nozzles were used per row; one overhead (D5-25) and one drop (D3-25) on each side. The delivery rate was 50 gal/acre with a boom pressure of about 50 lb/in2 and a speed of 3 mph. Granules were applied as a 10-in. band over-the-top using a calibrated hand-held granular applicator. Baits were applied over-the-top in premeasured amounts using a shaker can. Sprays were applied 2, 8, 16, 22, and 29 Apr. and 6, 13, and 20 May. Baits and granules were applied 13 Apr. and 8 May. Caterpillar counts were taken on 4 May by carefully cutting one head from the middle of each row and beating it over a shake cloth until the caterpillars quit dropping. Five heads were rated for damage in each row on 28 May using a scale of 1 to 6 (as in Greene et al. 1969. J. Econ. Entomol. 62:798-800). The percentage of heads that were marketable was based on the frequency of heads with damage ratings of 3 or less.
Cabbage Maggot Control, 1983
Authors: Robbins P.S. , Hessney M.L. , Eckenrode C.J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted and treated 22 Jun. at our vegetable crops research farm near Geneva, N.Y. in a lima silt loam soil. Seeds (planted at 10 per ft) and treatments were applied using cone seeders. Germination counts were made 14 July. The crop was then thinned to approximately one plant every 18 in. Plots consisted of a single row, 20 ft long, replicated four times in randomized complete block. Insecticide applications were based on a 36-in. row width. In-furrow liquid applications were made with a gravity system mounted on a cone seeder delivering 50 gal/acre. Incorporated treatments were applied at 75 gal/acre using a CO2 powered sprayer mounted on a cone seeder. The 4-in. wide band of spray was then planted through, resulting in a slight mixing of the insecticide into the seed-furrow. Drench treatments timed for the third fly peak were applied on 15 and 19 Aug., using a tractor-mounted sprayer delivering 93 gal/acre through two nozzles per row directed to the bases of the plants. Injury ratings were made 29 Sept. by pulling 10 roots per plot, washing them, and counting the number of tunnels present.
Control of Caterpillars and Cabbage Aphids by Mobay Products, 1983
Authors: Shelton A.M. , Wilsney W.T. , North R.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted 3 0 June at the Veg. Res. Farm, near Geneva, N.Y. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-in centers with plants spaced at 16 in. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block dsign. A 2-row tractor-mounted boom, with three nozzles per row and delivering 35 gal/acre at 50 lb/in2, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Applications were made 30 Sept. with evaluations on 7 Oct. Evaluations were made by randomly selecting three plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the above-mentioned Lepidopteran larvae and apterous and alate aphids.
Control of Cabbage Looper on Collards, 1983
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

‘Vates’ collards were direct seeded in three-row plots 35 ft long on 15 July. Plants were spaced 6 to 8 in. apart in the row and 36 in. between rows. Each two-row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom-built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by three drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/acre at 90 lb/in2 Treatments were applied on 17, 24, and 31 Aug. and 7 Sept. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 1 to 5 and were indexed as follows: 1, 0 to 3% damage (odd holes on leaves); 2, 4 to 10% damage (few leaves with holes); 3, 11-25% damage (moderate number of leaves with holes); 4, 26 to 50% damage (most leaves with holes); and 5, 51 to 100 % damage (crown damage and all leaves with holes).
Apple, Miticide Evaluations, 1983
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 7 June to mature semidwarf trees. Single tree plots were arranged in a randomized block design replicated four times. Trees were sprayed to runoff with a handgun, using a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 lb/in2. Mites were counted by randomly selecting 200 leaves per replicate and counting all motile forms with aid of a hand lens.
Cabbage Looper and Beet Armyworm Control in Lettuce, 1982
Authors: Toscano N. C. , Kido K.
Published: March 2022

Materials were tested for the control of cabbage looper and beet armyworm on iceberg lettuce ‘Empire’ in Imperial Valley, Calif. The plots were two beds (40-in double planting) 50 ft long with four replicates in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied using a hand sprayer equipped with a CO2 cylinder fitted with 4 nozzles (#8004) per bed operated at 60 gals/acre and 30 lb/in2 . Treatments were made on 28 Oct. and 18 Nov. for all plots and an additional one for the virus on 11 Nov.
Apple, Full Season Insecticide Evaluations, 1983
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J. , David P. J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental insecticide treatments were applied in a comparative test to mature semidwarf trees on 5 Apr. (delayed dormant), 27 Apr. (pink), 25 May, 8 June, 23 June, 19 July, 3 Aug., and 25 Aug. Treatments were applied with a Bean 35 gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 lb/in2. Single tree treatments were replicated four times in a randomized block design. Trees were sprayed to runoff. White apple leafhopper populations were evaluated on 2 7 May by counting nymphs and adults on 10 leaves per replicate. European red mite populations were evaluated on 8 July, 27 July, and 22 Aug. by randomly selecting 10 leaves per replicate and counting motile mites with the aid of a hand lens. Stethoruspunctum (LeConte) was evaluated on 28 July and 23 Aug. by counting larva and adults in a timed count of 3 min per replicate. Fruit evaluations for insect damage were completed at harvest (30 Sept.) by examining 50 randomly selected fruit from each replicate. Percent clean fruit for each treatment was recorded. Fruit finish was rated on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 5 for each apple and averaged for the four replicates.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle Larvae with Foliar Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Johnston Richard L. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn., on 17 May, and at the Red River Valley Potato Growers Research Farm (RRVPGA), Grand Forks, N.D. on 14 May. Plots were of variable length with 38-inch row spacing, randomized in complete blocks with three replications. All beetle larvae were counted on every plant in each replication until a minimum of 200 larvae were reached. Insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2 powered hand-sprayer delivering 38 gal water/acre at 30 lb/in2. Treatments were applied on 6 Jul. in Crookston and evaluated on 7 Jul. and 14 Jul. On the RRVPGA research farm, treatments were applied on 13 Jul. and 21 Jul. and evaluated on 14 Jul. and 22 Jul. At the Crookston location, the larvae were predominantly 1st to 3rd instar while those on the RRVPGA research farm were 2nd to 4th instar.
Potato Pest Control with Soil Applied Systemic Insecticides and Foliar Insecticidal Sprays, 1982
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Johnston Richard L.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potatoes were planted 20 May, at the Rosemount Agric. Exp. Stn., Dakota Co., Minn. Plots were four rows wide, 60 ft long with a 40-inch spacing between rows and 10 inches between plants. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two untreated rows separated each plot. Bravo fungicide was applied weekly per label recommendation from 2 June to the end of the season.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1983
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch R. H.
Published: March 2022

Experiments A, B, and C were randomized complete block design with six replicates each and were conducted at Presque Isle, Maine, on land that was in clover in 1982. The planting dates were 18 May 1983, for experiment A and 2 and 3 June for experiments B and C, respectively. In each experiment the 2.0-m space between blocks and the 1.4-m space between columns and at the sides and ends of the experiments were sown to oats after planting. Each plot consisted of four rows of potatoes 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long. The healthy seed pieces ca 75 g each were planted with a tractor-pulled, assisted-feed planter. Fertilizer and hilling practices were normal for the area. Late blight was affected by four foliar applications of Ciba-Geigy Ridomil MZ58 (2471 g/ha weeks of 18 July and 4 Aug., 3707 g/ha weeks of 16 and 30 Aug.). Soil applications of insecticides were made with a modified Gandy applicator just prior to planting or as a sidedressing after emergence. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 7.0 kg/cm2 pressure and 1.2 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated following transformation of the raw data using log10 Duncan’s multiple range test and then reconverted. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun., Jul., and Aug. was, respectively, 1.66, 12.99., and 8.86 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.8, 18.9, and 18.9°C.
Potato, Wireworm Control with Dyfonate and Phorate, College Place, Washington, 1982
Authors: Toba H. H.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted in a solid-set, sprinkler irrigated field at the College Dairy, Walla Walla College. The soil type was Yakima silt loam (Cumulic Haploxerolls), organic content unknown. On 27 April 1981, 20 soil samples were taken at the test site with a posthole digger to a depth of 18 inches; 18 sugarbeet wireworms were found for an estimated density of 3.6 wireworms/ft2 . Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated four times, and the plots measured 25 ft long and 11.3 ft wide (four rows; 34-inch row). Dyfonate granules were broadcast with a hand-operated Cyclone grass seeder on 3 Nov. 1981 for the fall application and on 6 Apr. 1982 for the spring application. The treated plots were rototilled immediately after application. On 6 May 1982, potatoes were planted with a two-row planter. Seed piece furrow applications were made with Gandy applicators mounted on the planter by applying the granules in a 1-inch band in the planter shoe, level with and directly ahead of the seed pieces. On 14 June 1982, the postemergence topical application of phorate was made by dribbling the granules over the row. All plots were then similarly treated with Temik (3 lb(AI)/A) and hilled with a rotary cultivator. On 4 October 1982, tuber samples were harvested from the two center rows of each plot (ca. 12 ft/row). All tubers were washed and evaluated for wireworm feeding damage, based on percentages by weight. Damage was defined as any injury as severe as described in Sec. 51.1560 and 51.1564 of the U.S. Standards for Grades of Potatoes. Percentages were transformed to x+0.5 before analyzing by analysis of variance and Duncan’s multiple range test.
Apple, Dilute Test of Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Beers Elizabeth H. , Meagher Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to run-off to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of two replications of ‘Golden Delicious’ and two replicates of ‘York Imperial’. Treated trees were separated by others not sprayed with insecticides. Experimental sprays were applied with a John Bean sprayer, 35 gal/min pump, equipped with a spray mast carrying seven spray guns arranged to wet the uniformly trimmed trees. Approximately 8 gal of spray were applied per replicate tree. Dates of application were 2 and 18 May (Orthene, Ambush, and Guthion treatments only), 3 and 17 June, 1 and 18 July, 1, 16, and 31 Aug. Orthene and Ambush treatments were only applied on 2 and 18 May and 3 June, and 2 and 18 May, respectively. Guthion was applied to these treatments thereafter. XE-905 was not applied on the last two spray dates. During the season, sprays of Cyprex, Topsin M, Polyram, captan, Rubigan, zineb, and calcium chloride were applied with an airblast sprayer at 50 GPA to the whole experimental block. Average temperatures were: May 57°F, June 68°F, July 74°F, Aug. 72°F, and Sept. 65°F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 4.98, June 4.42, July 0.83, Aug. 2.01, and Sept. 2.05. Effectiveness on apple aphid was evaluated by counting aphid infested leaves/10 top terminals, and aphids/most infested leaf/infested terminal. The effect of sprays on WAHL was evaluated by counting nymphs per 25 leaves per tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 20 leaves per tree, 80 leaves per treatment. The effect of sprays on S.punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 July and two fruit samples on 22 Aug. and 19 Sept. Apple samples averaged 217 fruits per replicate and 868 per treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season. Russet ratings are based on 30 ‘Golden Delicious’ apples per replicate, 60 per treatment. No russet (1), light russet (2), moderate russet (3), and severe russet (4). Possible means are: no russet to light russet 30-60, light to moderate russet 60-90, and moderate to severe russet 90-120.
Control of Alfalfa Insects in Iowa, 1983
Authors: Buntin G. David , Pedigo L.P.
Published: March 2022

Plots measuring 20 by 40 ft were established in a 3-year-old stand near Ames, Iowa. Treatments were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Most treatments were conventionally applied with a CO2-charged (16 lb/in2 ) bicycle sprayer equipped with six SS8003 flat-fan nozzles. Ground speed was 2 mph which delivered 24 gal/acre. Three Penncap M treatments were applied with Micromaz CDA nozzles. Nozzles rotated at 5000 rev/min delivering 0.5 gal/acre at a 4 mph ground speed. All treatments were applied on 1 June when plants were in the bud stage and ca. 18 in. tall. Weather at application was sunny, 0 to 10 mph winds, 70 to 80°F, and ca. 60% RH. A standard 15 in. sweep-net was used to take 10 pendulum sweeps in each plot 1 day before treatment and 2, 7, and 14 days posttreatment. No phytoxicity was observed in any plot.
Potato Leafhopper and Pea Aphid Control on Alfalfa, 1983
Authors: Flessel John K.
Published: March 2022

A 3-year-old stand of Saranac ‘AR’ at the Ohio Agric. Res. and Dev. Cent, at Wooster, was used for this study. Treatments were applied using a tractor-mounted Myers hydraulic sprayer, calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 20 lb/in2. Plots were 30 by 80 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replicates. The alfalfa was 10 in. tall at treatment 21 July and 30 in. tall at the completion of the study. The weather was unusually hot and dry. Cygon was the standard.
Potato Leafhopper Control, Kentucky 1983
Authors: Parr J.C. , Pass B.C.
Published: March 2022

The experimental area was in a 3-year-old stand of ‘Buffalo’ variety alfalfa. The plots were 68 by 68 ft and each treatment and the untreated control were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 21 Jun. with a low-pressure, low-volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 TeeJet nozzles delivering 20 gal total volume/acre, and operated at a pressure of 35 lb/in2. The standard treatment of dimethoate was applied at the rate of 0.25 lb (AI)/acre. Population densities of the leafhopper were determined 3, 7, 10, 17, and 23 days following treatment by collecting 20 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-in. diam. beating net.
Fall Application of Disulfoton to Control Aphids in Barley, 1982-1983
Authors: McPherson Robert M.
Published: March 2022

Disulfoton 8 insecticide was evaluated to determine its effectiveness in controlling aphid populations and subsequently reducing the infection of the virus that they transmit in barley. Foliar applications of disulfoton, at a rate of 1 pt/acre, were applied on 8 Dec. 1982 on ‘Barsoy’ barley grown on the Louis Packett farm near Warsaw, Va. A randomized block design was utilized with six replications. Individual plots were 9.1 by 3.1 m and spaced 1.8 m apart. Spray concentrate was applied with a compressed airlb/in2 that delivered 30 gal of finished formulation per acre. Aphid populations were monitored periodically from Dec.-May (10 total sampling dates) by examining whole plants for the presence of live aphids per 0.3m of row in each plot. At harvest, each plot was evaluated for the presence of barley yellow dwarf virus, a disease that had begun to show up at low levels on 8 Dec. Yield estimates were obtained from harvesting the center two rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 13% moisture.
Insectigation for Corn Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Garden City Exp. St. in Finney County, Kans. Five treatments plus a check were replicated four times around a center pivot which covered about 53 hectares. The plots measured 91 m wide along the outside wheel track. The treatments were applied with the system calibrated to deliver 0.64 cm of water using Senninger, model 4006, impact sprinklers. Chemicals were injected using an inject-o-meter piston pump at the rate of 237 ml/min. Each treatment was applied twice, once on 7 and 8 Aug., and once on 18 and 19 Aug. The first application was made at about the middle of the southwestern corn borer flight, and the second application was applied 11 days later, which follows current control recommendations. The treatments were evaluated for their effects on spider mites, European corn borer, southwestern corn borer. Spider mite populations were evaluated on 25 Aug. by counting adult female mites on one side of the midrib of leaves on one site of four corn plants (0.25 plant) in each plot. Corn borer counts were made on 9 Sept. by disecting 20 corn plants per plot (four subsamples of five plants). All samples were made near the center of the plot between the 1st and 2nd towers from the outside edge of the circle.
Apple, Airblast Acaricide Evaluation, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Beers Elizabeth H.
Published: March 2022

Acaricides were applied at various times to manage ERM in conjunction with its predators, S.punctum. Each treatment was applied to single 8-yr-old trees in a randomized block design consisting of two replicates of Stayman and three replicates of ‘Delicious.’ Treatments were applied with an airblast sprayer at 25 gal/acre per alternate side driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts per acre per both sides spray. Spray dates for alternate side treatments were 27 and 29 Apr. (NC-21314 treatments), 28 Jun. and 7 Jun. (all Kelthane and Plictran treatments), 13 Jul. (NC-21314 treatments), and 19 Jul. (NC-21314, low rate of Kelthane, and Plictran treatments). In the 27 and 29 Apr., and 28 Jun. sprays an error in calibration resulted in 16% less material applied. Fungicides and insecticides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Topsin M, Captan, Zineb, and Lorsban. Average temperatures were: Apr. 47°F, May 57°F, Jun. 68°F, Jul. 74°F, Aug. 72°F. Rainfall in inches totaled: Apr. 8.18, May 4.98, Jun. 4.42, Jul. 0.83, Aug. 2.01. Effects of treatments on ERM were evaluated by counting mites several times during the season from samples of 25 leaves per tree, 125 leaves per treatment. The predator S.punctum was observed by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Field Corn, Stalk Borer Control, 1983
Authors: Foster David E. , Wintersteen Wendy K.
Published: March 2022

Plots located near Bernard, Jackson County, Iowa, were planted no-till on 2 June. Treatments were replicated three times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows by 20 m. Treatments were applied using a CO2 propeled backpack sprayer equipped with Teejet 11004 nozzles, delivering 15 gal/acre at 20 lb/in2. Plots treated with an insecticide-herbicide tank mix were sprayed on 8 June. Remaining plots, except the untreated check, were sprayed on 8 June with paraquat at 1 lb cation active/acre to burn down a heavy infestation of wirestem muhly, Muhlenberqia Frondosa (Toir) Fern. Foliar insecticides other than tank mixes, were applied 10 June when corn was in the early spike stage. Stand counts were made on 16 June. Treatments were evaluated on 25 June by visually determining the number of stalk borer infested plants per 17.4 ft in the center of each of the two middle rows of each plot.
Western Bean Cutworm Aerial Trial, Otis, Colorado, 1983
Authors: Pilcher Stanley D. , Peairs Frank B.
Published: March 2022

Each treatment consisted of from three to five 50-ft swaths supplied by a Pawnee PA-25 (Hutchinson Wing) aircraft. All treatments were at 28 lb/in2 through 23 Hollowcore 4-45 cone nozzles. Volume was 1 gal/acre. Larvae in the ears of 10 groups of 10 plants were counted. Applications were made 1 Aug. and evaluated 16 Aug. Pest pressure was high, with 1.8 larvae per plant in the check.
Early Season Control of the Southern Corn Rootworm in Field Corn with Granular Soil Insecticides, 1983
Authors: Riley Thomas J.
Published: March 2022

Ten granular soil insecticides registered for control of larvae of the southern corn rootworm were evaluated at two rates in Louisiana. Pioneer Brand 3369-A field corn was used in the test. The corn was planted 18 Mar. at the farm of a grower/cooperator near Sunset, La., in Saint Landry parish. Insecticides were applied using a 2-row John Deere Model 71 Flexi-Planter, modified to carry pint jars of insecticide. The jars were inverted above funnels connected by flexible delivery tubes to either a 7 in band or in-furrow applicator to obtain the desired placement of insecticide. The diameter of a single central hole in the lid of each jar determined the rate of insecticide flow. Banded insecticides, other than Mocap, were applied ahead of the press wheel and were further incorporated by the drag chain. Corn seeds were planted in a conventional manner at the same time as insecticide application. A completely randomized block design was used with four replications. Each treatment consisted of two 50-ft rows spaced 36 in. apart. Twenty-foot alleys separated each replication. Treatments were evaluated by counting dead and dying and undamaged plants in 50 ft of row. Evaluation was done on 26 Apr., 34 days postplanting. The soil type at the test site is a silt loam soil with fair drainage.
Field Corn, Postemergence Treatments for True Armyworm Control, 1983
Authors: Roberts James E. , Saluta Michael
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated in June 1983, Montgomery County, Va., for their effectiveness in controlling the true armyworm in no-till field corn when applied as rescue treatments. Corn was planted in 30-in. rows 10 May. Plots were established in a randomized complete block design measuring four rows by 50 ft by four replicates. Plant stand counts were recorded 8 June from the two center rows per plot. Pretreatment data were recorded 13 June by counting the number of armyworm damaged plants from the two center rows per plot. The insecticides were placed over each row of plants 13 June with a compressed air sprayer equipped with 1 fan type nozzle (Teejet 8003) and delivering 20 gal/acre at 30 lb/in2. Posttreatment data were recorded 20 June. The number of plants with feeding damage on the new whorl growth only were recorded from the two center rows per plot. Yields were determined 14 Sept. Whole stalks were harvested as for ensilage from 0.0023 acre per plot.
Insecticide Control Demonstration of Spider Mites On Cotton, 1983
Authors: Gallaher Martin L. , Kowalski Edward
Published: March 2022

The objective of this demonstration was to evaluate currently recommended insecticides for spider mite control and to determine if soybean oil (SBOC Standard) is better suited than water as a carrier of insecticides. ‘Delcot 390’ cotton was planted 21 May on the Univ. of Missouri Delta Center Lee Farm near Portageville (Pemiscot County), Mo. Eight row plots 100 ft long were replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied on 2 Aug. Water carried insecticides were applied with a four-row boom at a rate of 2.38 qt per acre (8.8 mph, 20 lb/in2, one Micro-max nozzle #20 orifice per row, 2,000 rpm) through an air pressurized system. Ten leaves exhibiting spider mite symptoms were picked per plot, bagged and brought back to the laboratory where mites per leaf were counted with the aid of a microscope. Plots were sampled at 2, 7, and 14 day intervals to determine the number of live mites present per leaf.
Control of

Heliothis

Spp. Larvae on Cotton with Insecticide Combinations,1983
Authors: Luttrell R. G. , Chambers H. , Roush R. , Conley J.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted on the Plant Sci. Res. Farm at Mississippi State Univ. to measure the efficacy of pyrethroid, carbamate, organophosphous, and formamidine insecticides applied alone and in various combinations for control of Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block with four replicates. Plots were four rows (38-in. rows) by 60-ft with two buffer rows between plots. Treatments were applied on 24 Jul., 4 Aug., 12 Aug., and 17 Aug. All plots were oversprayed for boll weevil control with Guthion (0.25 lb (AI)/acre) on 30 June., 8 Jul., 18 Jul., 22 Jul., 29 Jul., 10 Aug., 22 Aug., and 24 Aug. Plots were evaluated on 5 Aug. and 11 Aug. by randomly examining 25 terminals and 25 squares/plot. Boll counts were made on 5 Sep. by examining 10 plants per plot. Yield data were collected by mechanically harvesting the center two rows of each plot on 31 Oct.
Apple, Concentrate Airblast Insecticide Test, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A. , Meagher Robert L. , Beers Elizabeth H.
Published: March 2022

Sprays were applied to single-tree plots in a randomized block design consisting of three replicates of ‘York Imperial’ and two replicates of ‘Golden Delicious.’ Treatments were applied with a Friend Airmaster 393 sprayer at 25 gal/acre per alternate side spray driven at 2 mph. Rates for treatments are listed as amounts per acre per both sides spray. Spray dates for treatments were: 18 and 25 May; 3, 10, 17, and 27 Jun.; 7, 15, and 25 Jul.; 3, 12, 19, and 26 Aug; and 2 Sept. Fungicides applied during the season were: Cyprex, Topsin M, Polyram, Rubigan, captan, zineb, and calcium chloride. Average temperatures were: May 57°F, Jun. 68°F, Jul. 75°F, Aug. 72°F, and Sept. 65°F. Rainfall in inches totaled: May 4.98, Jun. 4.42, Jul. 0.83, Aug. 2.01, and Sept. 2.05. Effectiveness on apple aphid was evaluated by counting aphid infested leaves per 10 top terminals, and aphids per most infested leaf per infested terminal. The effect of sprays on WALH was evaluated by counting nymphs per 25 leaves per tree. Effectiveness of test chemicals on ERM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 15 leaves per tree, 75 leaves per treatment. The effect of sprays on S.punctum was evaluated by 3-min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Effectiveness of chemicals on fruit feeders was assessed by scoring for injury all drops after 1 July and two pick samples on 15 Aug. and 16 Sept. Apple samples averaged 236 fruits per replicate and 1178/treatment. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Foliar Applications for Thrips Control on Cotton, 1983
Authors: Micinski Stephen
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for thrips control using a randomized complete block design with four replications. Two replications were planted 28 Apr. to ‘Gumbo 500’ variety cotton. The remaining two replications were planted 3 May to ‘Stoneville 825’ variety cotton. Plots were 16 rows by 60.9 m (1.02-m centers). Foliar applications were broadcast using a high-clearance sprayer on 1 June. Insecticides were applied in 28.0 liter/ha total solution with TX-3 hollow cone nozzles spaced 50.8 cm apart. Thrips counts were made by pulling 10 plants per plot on each sample date and beating them over a “thrips-catcher”, which consisted of a 17.8 by 14.0 by 5.1-cm box covered with 18 by 16-mesh wire screen. In the end of the box a slit was cut to allow insertion of an aluminum plate coated with tanglefoot. Plates were examined under a binocular microscope and counts made of both larvae and adults.
Effects of Various Insecticide Treatments on Nabids, Geocoris Punctipes, and Total Predators in Alabama, 1983
Authors: Deighan J. , Backman C. B. , Mack T. P.
Published: March 2022

This field test was conducted on peanuts planted in a light clay loam soil at the Wiregrass Substn. at Headland, Ala. Six treatments and an untreated check were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Each 0.011 acre plot was four rows wide (36-in. row spacing, each ‘row’ consisting of two 7-in. separated double rows) and 40 ft long. Treatments were applied on 2 Aug. with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer equipped with three TX6 hollow cone nozzles per row operating at 40 lb/in2 and delivering 15 gal/acre. Insect populations were sampled by placing a standard 3-ft beat sheet between the rows and beating the plants on both sides. Nabids, Geocoris punctipes, and other predators were identified and recorded. Nabids and G. punctipes were separated into adults and immatures. Three samples from each plot were taken 3, 6, 13, and 20 days postspray (5, 8, 15, and 22 Aug.)
Foliage-Feeding Insect Control in Nonirrigated Peanuts in Oklahoma, 1983
Authors: Mussett Kevin , Berberet Richard
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were planted 3 June with 0.9-m row spacing in well-drained, sandy soil. Eight insecticidal treatments were applied on 23 Aug. using two flat spray nozzles over each row and a total volume of 20 gal per acre. Treatments were compared on four rows by 40 m plots arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. On each sampling date, 30 plant terminals were collected at random from the center two rows of each plot and examined for larvae of S. bosqueella and H. zea. Numbers of larvae per sample were recorded along with percentages of terminals infested. Counts of terminals per m of row were made over the experimental area for use in converting population estimates to larvae per m of row.
Chemical Control of the Mite, Oligonychus Indicus on Sorghum 1981
Authors: Balasubramanian G. , Chelliah S.
Published: March 2022

Two field experiments of three replicates each were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of seven insecticides and acaricides against the sorghum mite near Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. The foliar spray and dust were applied using a knapsack sprayer and mini-duster, respectively. The pre and posttreatment (24 and 72 h after J population of mites was recorded by observing the total number of mites (nymphs and adults) from a 1 cm2 area on each of 3 leaves per plant (top, middle and bottom) from five plants per replication. The percentage of reduction in the population of mites was computed. The Sun and Shepard Formula was applied to calculate corrected mortality. The data were transformed into arc sine values and analysed statistically under factorial RBD.
Apple, Rosy Apple Aphid Insecticide Evaluation, 1983
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied at various times to control RAA. Each treatment was applied to four-tree plots in a randomized block design with each plot consisting of a ‘Rome’, ‘Golden Delicious’, and ‘York Imperial’ tree. Each treatment was replicated five times. Sprays were applied with a Myers Mighty Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre. Refer to the table for timing of sprays and phenological development of apple based on cultivars Delicious and Golden Delicious. Effectiveness of treatments was evaluated by examining entire trees (‘Rome’ and ‘Golden Delicious’) and determining numbers of infested leaves and injured apples/tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids or showed curling. ERM were counted by selecting 25 ‘York Imperial’ leaves per tree and counting all motile forms.
Velvetbean Caterpillar and Green Cloverworm Control on Soybean with

Bacillus Thuringiensis

, 1983
Authors: Herbert D. Ames , Harper James D.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans, Braxton variety, were planted in 36-in. rows at the Brewton Experimental Farm, Brewton, Ala., in June. Treatment plots were four rows x 50 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized, hand carried sprayer delivering 14.7 gal/acre through three TX6 nozzles per row at 30 lb/in2 . Applications were made on 9 Sep. when combined velvetbean caterpillar (VBC) - green cloverworm (GCW) populations had reached economic threshold levels. Prespray evaluations were made on 9 Sep. by taking a 6-ft shake cloth sample from each plot. Postspray evaluations were made on 14 and 19 Sep. by taking two 6-ft samples per plot. Larvae were recorded as small (1st and 2nd instar), medium (3rd and 4th instar), and large (5th and 6th instar, prepupae). Treatment means for each size class per species and combined species totals were calculated. Numbers of small VBC and GWC larvae were combined because of the difficulty in distinguishing between the small larvae of these species in the field.
Chemical Control of the Bean Leaf Beetle, 1983
Authors: Lentz Gary L.
Published: March 2022

Asgrow A54 74 variety soybean was planted 2 June at the Milan Exp. Stn., Milan, Tenn. Plots were four rows (40-in. spacing) wide by 40 ft long. Treatments were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment counts were made of the number of bean leaf beetles (BLB) per 10 row-ft at five locations in each block. Insecticides were applied to V2 stage soybean on 16 June with a single row hand held CO2 pressurized sprayer at the rate of 5.1 gal of spray per acre. Counts of BLB were made from 10 row-ft on one of the two center rows in each plot 4 and 7 days after treatment.
Comparison of Guthion 2L and Guthion 3F for Control of the Sugarcane Borer (SCB), Large-Plot Field Trial, 1982
Authors: Hensley S. D. , White W. H. , Pollet D. K.
Published: March 2022

Foliar spray concentrates of each Guthion formulation were applied from an airplane at 0.83 kg (AI)/ha per application to a field of 1st stubble sugarcane (Var. CP 72-356) at Little Texas plantation near Napoleonville, La., to control season-long SCB infestations. Untreated plots served as checks. A randomized complete block design was used with four replications of each treatment. Individual plots consisted of a single block of sugarcane surrounded by headlands and ditchbanks; plot size ranged from 0.93 to 2.27 ha. Each spray concentrate was applied in water to the crop canopy on 18.3-m swath-widths at a rate of 18.7 liters finished formulation per ha per application. Insecticides were first applied after sugarcane internodes were visible and when 5% of the stalks harbored small (1st to 3rd stage) SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Applications were repeated when that level of infestation was again found in the Guthion L-treated plots; dates of application were 13 Jul., 11 and 30 Aug. The efficacy of insecticide treatments was evaluated at crop harvest, 28-30 Sep., by comparing the percentages of sugarcane internodes damaged by season-long populations of SCB larvae in treated and untreated plots. Five (10 stalk) samples randomly selected in each plot were scanned for external signs of internode penetration by SCB larvae.
Insect and Sucker Control with Tank Mix Combinations of Four Insecticides and Two Sucker Control Chemicals on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1983
Authors: Jackson D. Michael
Published: March 2022

Tank mixes of 2 sucker control chemicals and four insecticides were tested for control of tobacco budworms, tobacco hornworms, and tobacco suckers. Efficacies of the insecticides were evaluated in a field planted to ‘Speight G-701 on 18 May. On 4 May this field was treated with Paarlan (2.3 liter/ha) and Ridomil (2.3 liter/ha). Three applications of 2% (15 Jul.) or 4% (18 and 21 Jul.) Off-Shoot-T were applied. Two days before treatment spraying, two 3-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larvae and two 5-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco hornworm larvae were placed on the upper portion of each plant. Treatments were replicated four times in plots of 30 plants each in a randomized complete block design. Treatment spraying was done on 29 Jul. using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer at 467.7 liter/ha at 2.8 kg/cm . Surviving insects were counted 3 days after spraying. Sucker control and leaf burn damage were evaluated in a test done on ‘Speight G-28’ tobacco that was transplanted on 6 Jun. Before planting, this field was treated with Tillam (6.3 liter/ha), Ridomil (2.3 liter/ha), and Mocap Plus (9.4 liter/ha). After transplanting, single applications of Enide (2.5 kg (AI)/ha), Ridomil (2.3 liter/ha), and 4% Off-Shoot-T (467.7 liter/ha) and three applications of Dipel WP (1.12 kg (AI)/ha) were made. Treatment sprays were applied 12 Aug. in the same manner as previously described. Three days, 1 week and 5 weeks after treatment spraying, plants were examined for leaf burn and deformities. Plants were harvested in a normal fashion four times with the final priming on 29 Sep. On 4 Oct., all suckers were counted and weighed.
Apple, Scale Control, Yakima, WA 1982
Authors: Howell J F. , Maitlen J. C. , Burditt A. K.
Published: March 2022

Dormant applications of test materials were made on 9 Apr., 1982, to a block of mature trees. Parathion was applied at 1.0 lb (AI)/acre with an air blast sprayer in 200 gal of spray per acre. Advantage (2 lb (AI)/acre) was applied with an air blast sprayer also in 200 gal/acre> aerially at 14 gal/acre, and as a combined aerial-air blast sprayer application. The combined application was to determine if aerial application would improve control in tops of trees. Each application included 5 gal of superior oil/acre. On 8 and 9 Jun., efficacy of each treatment was determined by counting live scales out of 100 on each of five twigs taken at two levels from 25 randomly selected trees per treatment. On 1, 7, and 14 days posttreatment, five twigs were taken at two levels from five trees in each block treated with Advantage for residue analysis. In the untreated block, and the parathion treatment, trees were too small to partition into high and low levels; therefore samples were randomly collected over entire trees. At harvest, 50 apples from each of five trees were sampled to determine percent infestation.