bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Religiosity and Problem Type on Counselor Description Ratings
Authors: Guinee James P. , Tracey Terence J. G.
Published: December 2011

This analogue study examines the interaction between precounseling information, religiosity, and problem type and its subsequent effect on counselor ratings of social influence and willingness to seek help. Using an inventory of Christian beliefs, the authors assess college students' religiosity. After providing a presenting problem and reading a description of a secular (nonreligious), religious‐empathic, or Christian counselor, participants responded to the Counselor Rating Form—Short and Willingness to Seek Help scale. Based on an Aptitude × Treatment interaction design using hierarchical multiple regression, the interactions between participant religiosity and counselor description, as well as participant religiosity, counselor description, and participant problem type, were predictive of counselor social influence and willingness to seek help ratings only with respect to the Christian counselor description. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed.
Deconstructing Dispositional Bias in Clinical Inference: Two Interventions
Authors: Chen Mei‐Whei , Froehle Thomas , Morran Keith
Published: December 2011

In this study, the authors examined the effectiveness of instruction in attribution processes and practice in empathic perspective taking in deconstructing dispositional bias of counselor trainees. Videotaped stimulus cases and a clinical attribution scale were used to assess the treatment effects when compared with a placebo control condition. Results revealed significant differences among groups. Counselor trainees receiving either of the 2 interventions showed significantly lower dispositional bias in responding to videotaped clinical cases than did their counterparts in the placebo condition. The study points to a need for a paradigm shift from a person‐focused to a system‐focused approach in counseling practice. Implications also point to the need for including critical thinking and empathic experiencing in clinical training
School Families: Implementation and Evaluation of a Middle School Prevention Program
Authors: Lawson David M. , McClain Andrew L. , Matlock‐Hetzel Susan , Duffy Michael , Urbanovski Rose
Published: December 2011

The authors describe a school prevention program called School Families that emphasizes normal developmental needs of middle school students. In addition, the results of an in‐depth qualitative evaluation of the program are presented. The School Families groups comprised middle school students, teachers, and adults from the university and community who meet weekly during the school day to process issues related to academic performance, decision making, self‐esteem, and social skills. On the basis of written narratives, individual interviews, and focus‐group discussions, the 35 participants (12 middle school students, 14 teachers, and 9 university students) reported that the School Families program largely had a beneficial influence on them.
Clinical Assessment of Child Victims and Adult Survivors of Child Maltreatment
Authors: Horton Connie Burrows , Cruise Tracy K.
Published: December 2011

In the last 2 decades, various forms of child maltreatment, including physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect, have gained the increased attention of the general public and mental health professionals. In this article, the authors review relevant literature to assist counselors in conducting quality clinical assessments of child victims and adult survivors of child maltreatment. Guidelines are discussed, and specific measures and procedures are recommended.
Collaborative Consultant: A New Role for Counselors Serving At‐Risk Youths
Authors: Keys Susan G. , Bemak Fred , Carpenter Stephanie L. , King‐Sears Margaret E.
Published: December 2011

School and community counselors have important roles in developing and implementing mental health programs for youths and families. Counselors who are working with the more complex issues of at‐risk youths can enhance implementation of prevention programs by altering their roles to function within a collaborative consultation model. This model represents a new paradigm in that counselors interdependently and collaboratively partner with people previously considered their “consultees.” Such collaboration can result in more comprehensive and integrated programs, and it can prevent fragmentation and duplication of efforts. Collaborative consultation is described and contrasted with more traditional consultation models, and a 5‐stage implementation process is presented. Personal and systemic factors that support the collaborative process are examined.
Cultural Competency Training at a Distance: Challenges and Strategies
Authors: Ancis Julie R.
Published: December 2011

Technological innovations and demographic trends represent 2 converging forces that affect counselor training. Distance education, particularly televised instruction, is becoming a major presence in higher education. Relatedly, counseling courses and degree programs are increasingly being offered via televised instruction. At the same time, rapid cultural, racial, and ethnic diversification in the United States has resulted in a movement to integrate cultural competency training into counseling programs. In this article, the challenges associated with providing cultural competency training via interactive television are outlined. Characteristics of interactive televised instruction and strategies for promoting cultural competence within this medium are presented.
Filial Therapy With Incarcerated Fathers: Effects on Parental Acceptance of Child, Parental Stress, and Child Adjustment
Authors: Landreth Garry L. , Lobaugh Alan F.
Published: December 2011

The rationale for filial therapy is explored and the effectiveness of a 10‐week filial therapy parent training group for incarcerated parents is described. Results of the analysis of covariance revealed that incarcerated fathers in the experimental group scored significantly higher after training than incarcerated fathers in the control group on both their attitude of acceptance and their empathic behavior toward their children. They also scored significantly lower than the control group fathers on level of stress related to parenting and identified child problem behaviors. In addition, t‐test results showed that the self‐concepts of the children of fathers in the experimental group increased significantly as a result of interactions with their fathers in structured filial play sessions.
Assessment and Diagnosis of Conduct Disorder
Authors: Sommers‐Flanagan John , Sommers‐Flanagan Rita
Published: December 2011

Assessment and diagnosis of mental disorders has become standard practice in the counseling profession. In this article, the authors examine problems and solutions associated with accurate assessment and diagnosis of conduct disorder. Problems of conduct disorder assessment and diagnosis include (a) client deceitfulness, (b) parent and teacher misinformation, (c) counselor countertransference, (d) diagnostic comorbidity, and (e) confounding cultural and situational circumstances. Counselors seeking to accurately diagnose conduct disorder should adhere to basic assessment principles; use multi‐method, multi‐rater, multi‐setting approaches; closely review differential explanations and diagnoses; and regularly obtain peer consultation.
Carl McDaniels: A Life of Transitions
Authors: Gale Arden Unbrit
Published: December 2011

Carl McDaniels has made contributions to professional counseling for nearly 40 years. He is well known for practical applications of career development theory such as the Virginia Tech Employee Career Development Program and the Virginia Career Information Delivery System, and for his theoretical formula “Career = Work + Leisure.” In this interview, he reflects on transitions in his career as a counselor and a counselor educator.
Bibliotherapy and DCT: Co‐Constructing the Therapeutic Metaphor
Authors: Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

Bibilotherapy is presented as a strategy for cocreating therapeutic metaphors with clients. The use of these metaphors for promoting both first and second order change is enhanced when the metaphor is processed using Developmental Counseling and Therapy (DCT). Case examples are included to illustrate the combined use of these techniques.
Deconstructing Locus of Control: Implications for Practitioners
Authors: Marks Lawrence I.
Published: December 2011

Locus of control is demonstrated as being an important individual belief for counselors to consider in their work. Western cultural bias that has influenced the research with locus of control, and may influence how counselors conceptualize clients' problems, is the notion that internal control is always more desirable than external control. Several areas of locus of control theory are reviewed, including sociocultural influences in the formation of the theory, cultural differences in locus of control, and differing conceptualizations of the construct. In addition, selected research with locus of control and mental health is briefly reviewed. Finally, important implications for practitioners are suggested.
Transforming School Counseling to Serve the Mental Health Needs of At‐Risk Youth
Authors: Keys Susan G. , Bemak Fred , Lockhart Estes J.
Published: December 2011

School counselors have an important part to play in helping schools respond to the increasing number of students whose mental health needs place them at risk for school failure. This article identifies the shortcomings of the current developmental guidance and counseling service delivery model as it relates to work with at‐risk youth. In addition, a transformed model is proposed, with suggestions for changes in program organization and planning, school counselor role and function, and skills and expertise. Potential barriers to change are also identified.
Counseling the Hispanic Client: Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Ricans
Authors: Altarriba Jeanette , Bauer Lisa M.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a general framework that may be used when counseling Cuban American, Mexican American, and Puerto Rican clients. The psychological and sociocultural characteristics of these populations are described. Both differences and similarities among the 3 groups are reviewed. The identification of the client's worldview, cultural values, and family values provides a specific framework for counseling these clients. Specific and general guidelines are provided for the psychological assessment of Cuban American, Mexican American, and Puerto Rican clients.
Vietnamese Amerasians: Predictors of Distress and Self‐Destructive Behavior
Authors: Bemak Fred , Chung Rita Chi‐Ying
Published: December 2011

There have been few empirical studies of Vietnamese Amerasians, children fathered by United States servicemen and civilians during the Vietnam War. In this study, the authors investigated pre‐ and postmigration variables that predict psychological distress and self‐destructive behavior. The sample (N = 169) was selected from 10 cities throughout the United States. Multivariate regression analyses were used to determine the predictors of distress. Results revealed that observing traumatic events rather than actually experiencing trauma was a significant predictor of psychological distress. Participants with frequent cognitions about loss of significant people, places, or both were more likely to report psychological distress and self‐destructive behavior. Implications for research and practice are discussed in relationship to cross‐cultural counseling with at‐risk populations, including individuals from inner cities and war‐stricken environments.
Six Approaches to the Assessment of Career Maturity
Authors: Levinson Edward M. , Ohlers Denise L. , Caswell Steve , Kiewra Kathleen
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the construct of career maturity and briefly reviews research that identifies factors associated with this construct. Brief reviews of 6 instruments designed to measure career maturity are included: The Career Maturity Inventory (Crites, 1978a, 1978b), the Career Development Inventory (Super, Thompson, Lindeman, Jordaan, & Myers, 1988), the Adult Career Concerns Inventory (Super, Thompson, & Lindeman, 1988), the Assessment of Career Decision Making (Harren, 1979; Buck & Daniels, 1985), the Career Beliefs Inventory (Krumboltz, 1994), and the Career Decision Scale (Osipow, Carney, Winer, Yanico, Koschier, 1976). Issues associated with the assessment of career maturity are also discussed.
Perspectives and Projections in Counseling Research: An Interview With Garry R. Walz
Authors: Schmidt John J.
Published: December 2011

Throughout the past 30 years, the counseling profession has been greatly assisted in establishing its knowledge base by the Educational Resources Information Center—Counseling and Student Services (ERIC/CASS) section. During that time, Garry R. Walz has directed the efforts of ERIC/CASS and has been a leading spokesperson about research and development issues. This article is a summary of an interview with Walz in which he reflected on past efforts to establish a sound knowledge base and discussed future challenges for the counseling profession.
The Story Between the Lines: A Thematic Discussion of the Experience of Racism
Authors: Watt Sherry K.
Published: December 2011

This article is a thematic discussion of the 17 personal narratives submitted to the Journal of Counseling & Development's special issue on racism. A description of the themes, with connections and disparities, are offered along with implications, conclusions, and recommendations for future research.
Legacies of Racism
Authors: Glauser Ann Shanks
Published: December 2011

This article offers a qualitative review of the narratives presented in this special issue of the Journal of Counseling & Development on racism. The author describes some of the collective themes that emerge from the narratives associated with the devastating, multifaceted effects of racism in the United States. The narratives individually and collectively help to deconstruct myths and stories that perpetuate racism and other forms of prejudice. A critical thinking model is presented that professionals in the fields of mental health and education might use to encourage students and others to take a closer look at racism and discover ways to move beyond prejudice and intolerance.
The Intersections of Dominant Discourses Across Race, Gender, and Other Identities
Authors: Robinson Tracy L.
Published: December 2011

A discussion of dominant discourses across race, gender, and other identities is provided, especially in terms of consequences. Distinctions are made between consequences of social constructions and identity. An example of a counselor working with a client is provided to illustrate several points made by the author.
Pedagogy of Possibilities: Teaching About Racism in Multicultural Counseling Courses
Authors: Locke Don C. , Kiselica Mark S.
Published: December 2011

The topic of diversity/multiculturalism is explored in terms of how to teach about racism in counselor education programs. Issues about racism in general, how racism is handled in multicultural counseling courses, and strategies for successful teaching are explored.
Racism and White Counselor Training: Influence of White Racial Identity Theory and Research
Authors: Pack‐Brown Sherlon P.
Published: December 2011

White counselors currently and in the future are projected to constitute the majority of counseling practitioners. In a racist and culturally diverse society, White counseling students need to learn to effectively counsel racially diverse clients. In this article, the inclusion of awareness, knowledge, and skills around racism and racial identity development is discussed as critical to counselor training programs with White counseling students. Intentional and strategic efforts to assist White counseling students recognize their personal racial identity and privileges of racism are presented as tools to assist the counseling profession to reduce the perpetuation of racist attitudes and racism.
Exploring the Psychology of White Racism Through Naturalistic Inquiry
Authors: D'Andrea Michael , Daniels Judy
Published: December 2011

This article reports on the use of naturalistic inquiry methods to study the psychology of White racism. As a result of spending 16 years investigating this form of social pathology among more than 1,200 White people who came from diverse backgrounds and residential locations, the investigators identified 5 psychological dispositions that characterized the way White people cognitively, affectively, and behaviorally responded to White racism.
Toward a New Paradigm for Multicultural Counseling
Authors: Hanna Fred J. , Bemak Fred , Chung Rita Chi‐Ying
Published: December 2011

Wisdom is introduced as a fundamental quality of the effective multicultural counselor. Wisdom is defined, discussed, and differentiated from intelligence. The authors propose that to be an effective multicultural counselor requires more than textbook knowledge. Wisdom, as a transcultural concept, is considered in relation to culture, context, dialectical thinking, awareness, metacognition, deep interpersonal insight, and advanced empathy. Implications for counselor education and professional practice are discussed. Wisdom is an ancient subject that may provide a “new” paradigm with the potential to bring the field to a higher plateau of effectiveness in practice and training.
Techniques for Teaching HIV Counseling: An Intensive Experiential Model
Authors: Britton Paula J. , Cimini Karen T. , Rak Carl F.
Published: December 2011

This article provides a thorough guide to experiential as well as didactic methods that have been used in teaching an HIV course at two separate graduate counselor education programs. This model is based on sound pedagogy, experimental techniques, and effective debriefing methods to enhance the skills of counselors in working more effectively with clients affected by HIV/AIDS. Pertinent themes that have emerged in the classes are discussed.
Social Adjustment Experiences of African American College Students
Authors: Schwitzer Alan M. , Griffin Oris T. , Ancis Julie R. , Thomas Celeste R.
Published: December 2011

Using qualitative research methods, the authors investigated African American college students' social climate experiences. Results expanded previous research on the college transitions and counseling needs of African Americans in predominantly White campus environments. A descriptive model was constructed that identified 4 features of African American student social adjustment to predominantly White campuses: (1) sense of underrepresentedness, (2) direct perceptions of racism, (3) hurdle of approaching faculty, and (4) effects of faculty familiarity. Counseling implications for preventive programs, developmental interventions, and consultation activities are presented. Advantages and limitations of using qualitative designs to examine African American student issues are also discussed.
Sex Differences in the Relationship of Anger and Depression: An Empirical Study
Authors: Newman Jody L. , Gray Elizabeth A. , Fuqua Dale R.
Published: December 2011

A comparison of mean scores on the Beck Depression Inventory and State‐Trait Anger Expression Inventory scales revealed that women scored significantly higher than men on depression, whereas there were no significant differences on any of the 6 anger scales. Separate multiple regression analyses revealed that there were statistically significant relationships between the linear combination of anger scales and depression for both groups. A comparison of zero‐order correlations of depression with the anger scales revealed that Anger‐In correlated significantly more highly with depression among women than men. Finally Anger‐In correlated significantly with 4 of the 5 other anger scales for women, but only with one for men.
Spirituality, Religion, and CACREP Curriculum Standards
Authors: Burke Mary Thomas , Hackney Harold , Hudson Patricia , Miranti Judith , Watts Gail A. , Epp Lawrence
Published: December 2011

Survey data of the general population, counselors, and counselor educators indicate that spiritual and religious issues are therapeutically relevant, ethically appropriate, and potentially significant topics for counseling and counselor education in secular settings. In this article, the authors propose that a balanced, thoughtful inclusion of these topics in Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) core curriculum areas is a reasonable and sound approach to preparing counselors to work ethically and effectively with these issues in secular counseling settings. Methods and examples for achieving this inclusion are presented for each of the CACREP core curriculum areas.
Multicultural Competence and Counselor Training: A National Survey
Authors: Holcomb‐McCoy Cheryl C. , Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

The extent to which practicing professional counselors perceive themselves as multiculturally competent and the basis for their training experiences in multicultural counseling have not been determined. This article reports the results of a survey on practicing professional counselors' perceptions of their multicultural competence and the nature of their pre‐ and in‐service professional preparation in this area. There was no significant difference in self‐perceived multicultural competence between graduates of Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) accredited and nonaccredited programs. However, ethnicity was related to higher levels of perceived multicultural competence.
Intergenerational Effects of Incest on Parenting: Skills, Abilities, and Attitudes
Authors: Armsworth Mary W. , Stronck Karin
Published: December 2011

Women's perceptions of generational influences of incest on their skills, abilities, and attitudes toward parenting their own children were investigated. Overarching themes that emerged were classified as unbalanced development, disconnected lives, and disowned dramas. Implications for clinical intervention, parent training, and future research are discussed.
White Counselor Trainees' Racial Identity and Working Alliance Perceptions
Authors: Burkard Alan W. , Ponterotto Joseph G. , Reynolds Amy L. , Alfonso Vincent C.
Published: December 2011

Racial identity has been theorized to significantly affect cross‐racial counseling relationships (Helms, 1984, 1995). This study examined the direct impact of White racial identity of 124 counselor trainees on working alliance formation in a same‐racial and cross‐racial vicarious counseling analogue. Regardless of the race of the client, disintegration and reintegration attitudes negatively affected working alliance ratings, and pseudoindependent and autonomy attitudes positively affected working alliance ratings. Implications for counseling, supervision, training, and research are discussed.
Adherence to a Wellness Model and Perceptions of Psychological Well‐Being
Authors: Hermon David A. , Hazler Richard J.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the relationship between college students' perceived psychological well‐being and the quality of their lives on 5 variables associated with a 5‐factor holistic wellness model. The Wellness Evaluation of Lifestyle (Witmer, Sweeney, & Myers, 1993) and Memorial University of Newfoundland Scale of Happiness (Kozma & Stones, 1994) were completed by 155 undergraduate college students. Multivariate regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between 5 dimensions of wellness and both short‐term state and long‐term trait constructs of psychological well‐being. Subsequent univariate analysis found that students' ability to self‐regulate, identity with work, and friendships contributed the most to their psychological well‐being. Implications for college counseling centers and student development professionals are presented.
Content Analysis of the Journal of Counseling & Development: Volumes 67 to 74
Authors: Williams Morgan E. , Buboltz Walter C.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the content of the Journal of Counseling & Development. Collected data were used to identify various changes and trends over time. A content analysis was conducted for a 9‐year period (Volumes 67–74). Articles were cross‐classified into 11 categories of topics with 7 subcategories and then grouped by the 3 editorship periods during this time. Topics were then evaluated and ranked for each editorship to identify possible trends. An overall ranking of topics is provided, as well as rankings of contributing authors, institutional affiliations, and states represented by contributing authors. Results are compared with an earlier content analysis (Pelsma & Cesari, 1989) of Volumes 48 to 66.
Clinical Assessment of Child and Adolescent Sleep Disturbance
Authors: Kuhn Brett R. , Mayfield Joan W. , Kuhn Robert H.
Published: December 2011

This article provides guidelines for counselors interested in developing their own assessment procedure to evaluate child and adolescent sleep disturbance. The guidelines include reviewing the developmental and medical history, screening for parental psychopathology, obtaining a child behavior rating scale and sleep diary, and conducting a semistructured clinical interview to identify the sleep history and specific concerns. Considerations for referring clients for additional evaluation such as an overnight sleep study are discussed.
Fifty Strategies for Counseling Defiant, Aggressive Adolescents: Reaching, Accepting, and Relating
Authors: Hanna Fred J. , Hanna Constance A. , Keys Susan G.
Published: December 2011

Fifty strategies for establishing and maintaining a therapeutic relationship with defiant, aggressive adolescents are offered. Many of these are taken from the literature, whereas others are unique to this article. A variety of strategies, ranging from reframes to the use of paradox are provided, and take a transtheoretical approach using ideas from cognitive behavioral as well as existential, Gestalt, psychodynamic, and multicultural therapies. Strategies are arranged under 3 categories: reaching, accepting, and relating. The strong desire of defiant adolescents for freedom and autonomy is also discussed, with suggestions for using this in motivating defiant adolescents to work in counseling.
The Use of Humor in Counseling: The Laughing Cure
Authors: Goldin Eugene , Bordan Terry
Published: December 2011

The benefits of humor are briefly reviewed, and the ways in which humor can be effectively used in the client—counselor relationship are explored (i.e., using humor as a diagnostic tool and as a therapeutic tool). Finally counseling vignettes are provided and admonitions regarding the improper application of humor in counseling are reviewed.
Boundaries and the Use and Misuse of Power and Authority: Ethical Complexities for Clergy Psychotherapists
Authors: Haug Ingeborg E.
Published: December 2011

Acknowledging their power and authority and establishing and maintaining clear and safe professional boundaries tend to be complex issues for clergy psychotherapists. The legacy of dual training, insufficient attention to professional ethics, as well as differing role expectations and professional socializations as clergy and counselor make it imperative for clergy psychotherapists to be particularly thoughtful about boundary issues in counseling. This article discusses the vulnerabilities and complexities clergy psychotherapists encounter, particularly matters of multiple relationships, confidentiality, and practice policies. It also proposes preventive actions to raise awareness and safeguard ethical conduct.
Responsive Therapy and Motivational Interviewing: Postmodernist Paradigms
Authors: Gerber Sterling , Basham Alan
Published: December 2011

Two counseling approaches of relatively recent origin, responsive therapy and motivational interviewing, are described and compared. Both operate through a series of stages and from a collaborative and postmodernist ethic. They involve prescriptive use of standard micro‐skills at the beginning stage and progress to focused and active, intentional intervention strategies. Responsive Therapy claims to allow integration of active interventions from a variety of theory bases, whereas Motivational Interviewing has a strongly cognitive‐behavioral flavor. Both serve as viable alternatives to a traditional diagnose and prescribe mindset while maintaining efficient and effective dynamics appropriate to contemporary brief therapy and managed care contexts.
Multipotentiality, Giftedness, and Career Choice: A Review
Authors: Rysiew Kathy J. , Shore Bruce M. , Leeb Rebecca T.
Published: December 2011

The giftedness and career‐choice literatures have traditionally spoken in different terms about the same phenomenon, multipotentiality. Multipotentialed individuals have numerous and diverse abilities and interests. Appropriate interventions are necessary to help them cope successfully with the abundance of career choices available to them. This review links the giftedness and career‐choice literatures through a discussion of the concept of multipotentiality and explores ensuing practical implications and challenges to the overall idea.
Caregiving in Attachment Relationships: A Perspective for Counselors
Authors: Pistole M. Carole
Published: December 2011

This article examines how caregiving, an aspect of attachment theory, can be applied in counseling. Discussion begins with an overview of attachment theory, then focuses on the counselor's position as caregiver, adult relationship issues, and termination of counseling.
The Supervisory Working Alliance, Trainee Self‐Efficacy, and Satisfaction
Authors: Ladany Nicholas , Ellis Michael V. , Friedlander Myrna L.
Published: December 2011

Theoretically, when the supervisory working alliance is strong, the trainee and supervisor share a strong emotional bond and agree on the goals and tasks of supervision. Tested was Bordin's (1983) proposition that changes in counselor trainees' perceptions of the supervisory alliance over the course of supervision would predict supervisory outcomes. A national sample of beginning practicum‐ to intern‐level trainees were assessed at the beginning and end of an academic semester. Contrary to predictions, changes in the alliance were not predictive of changes in trainees' self‐efficacy. However, improvements in the emotional bond between the trainees and supervisors were associated with greater satisfaction.
The Development of the Spiritual Focus in Counseling and Counselor Education
Authors: Miller Geri
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes the Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling's (ASERVIC's) history with the American Counseling Association (ACA) and the Summit on Spirituality. It includes comments on the importance of spirituality in counseling and the rewarding aspects of infusing spirituality into counseling from the perspectives of Mary Thomas Burke, Eugene Kelly, and Judy Miranti. The article concludes by exploring issues related to fusing spirituality with counseling and presents recommendations.
Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children and Adolescents: How Do Girls Differ From Boys?
Authors: Kann R. Traci , Hann Fred J.
Published: December 2011

Disruptive behavior disorders in children and adolescents can lead to a lifetime of problems. The 2 disruptive behavior disorders identified in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition (DSM‐IV; American Psychiatric Association, 1994) are oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Although much research has been conducted to learn more about these 2 disorders, little is known about gender differences in the disorders. There is a dearth of specific information regarding girls with disruptive behavior disorders. This article discusses the diagnosis, risk factors, and treatment of oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder while incorporating information specific to girls to investigate how disruptive behavior disorders differ for girls.
Ethical Decision‐Making Models: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Cottone R. Rocco , Claus Ronald E.
Published: December 2011

A comprehensive review of the literature on ethical decision‐making models in counseling is presented, beginning in the fall of 1984 through the summer of 1998. (Materials “in press” were considered.) A general overview of the literature is provided. Theoretically or philosophically based, practice‐based, and specialty‐relevant approaches are surveyed. The literature is rich with publications describing decision‐making models, although few models have been assessed empirically, and few models seem well grounded philosophically or theoretically.
Using Racial Identity Theory to Explore Racial Mistrust and Interracial Contact Among Asian Americans
Authors: Kohatsu Eric L. , Dulay Michael , Lam Cynthia , Concepcion William , Perez Patricia , Lopez Cynthia , Euler Jennie
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the use of racial identity attitudes as predictors of racial mistrust (perceived interpersonal racism) of African Americans and other racial contact variables among Asian Americans. A packet consisting of the Visible Racial/Ethnic Group Members (VREG) Identity Attitudes Scale, Cultural Mistrust Inventory, Marlow‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale, Racial Contact Scale, and a demographic data sheet was administered to 160 participants. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that racial identity attitudes significantly predicted racial mistrust, overall group impression, 4 racial stereotypes, and 2 quality of racial contact variables in ways consistent with racial identity theory. Implications of the findings for Asian American psychology, counseling, and race relations research are discussed.
Using the Internet to Enhance Testing in Counseling
Authors: Sampson James P.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews potential Internet applications in test selection, orientation, administration, scoring, and interpretation and explores inappropriate assessment use, relationship issues, ethics, credentialing, and training.
High Tech Counseling
Authors: Hohenshil Thomas H.
Published: December 2011

This article includes a discussion of technology's use in counseling at the beginning of the new millennium. It contains reviews and implications of several articles that appeared in the first issue of the Journal of Technology in Counseling and some recent technology‐related developments by the Association for Counselor Education and Supervision and the American Counseling Association.
Gender and Infertility: A Relational Approach to Counseling Women
Authors: Gibson Donna M. , Myers Jane E.
Published: December 2011

Much of the research on infertility reinforces differing effects for women and men, with women reporting more serious repercussions medically, psychologically, and socially. However, the unique counseling needs of infertile women have not been addressed through traditional counseling theory. The Relational Model (J. V. Jordan, 1995) of women's development is a theory that explains women's development in a context of relationships, specifically relationships that promote growth for self and others. This model is applied to counseling women who are experiencing infertility, and a case presentation is provided to illustrate the approach.
Meeting Client Resistance and Reactance With Reverence
Authors: Cowan Eric W. , Presbury Jack H.
Published: December 2011

This article explores the meaning and function of client resistance in the counseling setting from various theoretical orientations. A relational model of resistance is offered that redefines traditional formulations of the concept and has implications for clinical treatment. A clinical vignette illustrates that the counselor's contribution to the emergence of client resistance is a relevant, although often ignored, factor in overcoming therapeutic impasse.
A Comparison of Successful Smoking Cessation Interventions for Adults and Adolescent
Authors: Singleton Mary G. , Pope Mark
Published: December 2011

This review of the counseling literature analyzes the motivating and impeding factors for adults and adolescents regarding smoking cessation. Adults and adolescents prefer to stop smoking on their own; however, even brief counseling will increase their chances of success. In addition to giving support, counselors can facilitate smoking cessation by increasing clients' motivation and teaching stress management. Counselors must be aware of how the social environment can influence a client's smoking status. With recent increases in adolescent smoking, particularly among African Americans, counselors should be prepared to help an increasing population of clients who will require smoking cessation assistance.
Privileged Communication in the Counselor‐Client Relationship
Authors: Glosoff Harriet L. , Herlihy Barbara , Spence E. Berton
Published: December 2011

Determining the status of privileged communications between counselors and clients is a complex task. The scope of counselor‐client privilege varies considerably across states, and several sections of state codes directly and indirectly influence its status. This article presents an analysis of state laws related to privileged communication in the counselor‐client relationship and discusses prevalent legal exceptions. The authors offer implications for practice to assist counselors in balancing their ethical and legal obligations.
Effects of Gender, Socioeconomic Status, and Early Academic Performance on Postsecondary Educational Choice
Authors: Trusty Jerry , Robinson Chester R. , Plata Maximino , Ng Kok‐Mun
Published: December 2011

National data were used to study the effects of gender, socioeconomic status (SES), and 4 types of eighth‐grade academic performance on postsecondary educational choices at late adolescence. Educational choices were classified by predominant Holland type (R, I, A, S, E, C). Gender had strongest independent influences on educational choice. Gender also interacted with SES and academic performance. Relationships between SES and educational choice were stronger for women than for men. For women, eighth‐grade reading scores were the strongest predictor of educational choice, whereas for men, mathematics scores were the strongest predictor. Implications for theory and counseling practice are discussed.
Best Practices for Counselors Who Treat Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Marotta Sylvia A.
Published: December 2011

Counselors in settings as diverse as schools, corporations, and community agencies are well aware of the numbers of people in the United States who daily come in contact with stressors that are extreme and potentially traumatic. Automobile accidents, disasters, or encounters with interpersonal violence are ubiquitous. Professional counselors, regardless of their professional identification or the settings in which they work, are very likely providing services to many people who are in distress after traumatic exposures. These counselors would benefit from knowing what other mental health professionals consider to be best practices for preventing and treating posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSDs). The purpose of this article is to summarize for counselors those best practices that have been recently developed and published by a multidisciplinary expert group (E. B. Foa, J. R. T. Davidson, & A. Frances, 1999) in their article “Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder.”
Suicidality in Schizophrenia: Implications for the Counseling Profession
Authors: Schwartz Robert C.
Published: December 2011

Schizophrenia is a common mental disorder treated by many counseling professionals, and it is associated with a high rate of early mortality. The most common reason for early mortality in schizophrenia is suicide. To date, the most recent comprehensive study on correlates of suicidality among clients with schizophrenia is titled “Suicidal Behavior in Schizophrenia: Characteristics of Individuals Who Had and Had Not Attempted Suicide” (J. M. Harkavy‐Friedman et al., 1999). It is the purpose of this Trends article to review this study and discuss its implications for counselors.
Red as an Apple: Native American Acculturation and Counseling With or Without Reservation
Authors: Garrett Michael Tlanusta , Pichette Eugene F.
Published: December 2011

The United States has a long history of advocating policies of both extermination and assimilation of Native peoples. This historical context provides an important backdrop for understanding issues of trust/mistrust and the impact of acculturation on Native Americans who often find they have to reconcile 2 cultures. Therefore, counselors must assess a Native American client's level of acculturation rather than making assumptions based on the limited information offered by appearance or other personal characteristics. The Native American Acculturation Scale is presented as an operationalized means of formally or informally assessing a Native American client's cultural identity.
Psychoanalysis and Humanism: A Review and Critical Examination of Integrationist Efforts With Some Proposed Resolutions
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

Psychoanalysis and psychological humanism are theories that provide ways of understanding the psychotherapeutic process. These orientations have somewhat incompatible assumptions, thereby making integration difficult. Efforts at theoretical integration of psychoanalysis and humanism are critically reviewed along the lines of F. Pine's (1990) 4 psychologies of psychoanalysis. The author concludes that psychoanalysis and humanism have certain compatible features, but that they generally represent opposing vantage points in the study of subjectivity. Each orientation is grounded in a particular epistemic value system that dictates the way knowledge about others should be acquired. Recommendations for integrating these orientations in the psychotherapeutic process are provided.
Practical Considerations for Counselors Working With Hearing Children of Deaf Parents
Authors: Filer Rex D. , Filer Peggy A.
Published: December 2011

Counseling literature has not adequately addressed various experiences encountered by hearing children of deaf adults. Awareness and understanding of these unique experiences would better prepare counselors to work with such clients. The authors review such experiences in the context of Deaf culture and believe such a review will enable the counselor to establish more effective counseling relationships with these children and their deaf parents.
Multicultural Perspective on Middle‐Class Women's Identity Development
Authors: Petersen Suni
Published: December 2011

In this qualitative study using grounded theory, Caucasian women and African American women told the story of their identity development across a lifetime. The Difference Model (U. Oleyamade & P. Rosser, 1980) was used to analyze the interviews separately for each cultural group. The pattern of development for each group is explained and comparisons between the groups were explored. The present study provides an explanation of how African American women sustain their identities in the face of oppression and how Caucasian women struggle to emerge from embeddedness in their self‐definitions and regain their sense of identity.
Problem‐Solving Appraisal and Depression: Evidence for a Recovery Model
Authors: Dixon Wayne A.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine whether problem‐solving appraisal plays a role in recovery from depression in a university population. It was predicted that self‐appraised effective problem solvers would be more likely to recover from a depressive episode than self‐appraised ineffective problem solvers. Consistent with this hypothesis, there was a significant Time 1 problem‐solving appraisal x Time 1 depression interaction in predicting Time 2 depression scores. More specifically, by Time 2 the self‐appraised effective problem solvers reported only mild levels of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory [BDI] = 12), whereas the self‐appraised ineffective problem solvers reported levels of depression that were moderate to severe (BDI = 20).
Ethical Guidelines for Counselors Working With Older Adults
Authors: Schwiebert Valerie L. , Myers Jane E. , Dice Carol
Published: December 2011

Counselors working with older adults may encounter situations that are not directly addressed by the ethical standards of the American Counseling Association (1995). After an extensive review of the literature, the Standards Committee of the Association for Adult Development and Aging (1998) identified 3 areas of concern: older adults with cognitive impairments, older adults who are the victims of abuse, and older adults with a terminal illness. This article examines the unique needs of older adults with these concerns and proposes guidelines for counselors working with such clients.
Legal and Ethical Issues Involved When Counseling Minors in Nonschool Settings
Authors: Lawrence Gabrielle , Kurpius Sharon E. Robinson
Published: December 2011

Many counselors in non‐school settings will work with children at some time during their practice; therefore, it is essential that they understand the legal and ethical issues relevant to working with minors. Major court cases and legislation are presented, and 4 critical ethical issues—counselor competence, the client's rights to confidentiality and informed consent, and duties related to child abuse—are addressed. Suggestions for working ethically with minors in order to limit legal liability are presented.
Working With the Sacred: Four Approaches to Religious and Spiritual Issues in Counseling
Authors: Zinnbauer Brian J. , Pargament Kenneth I.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the advantages and disadvantages of 4 helping orientations of the counselor to religious and spiritual issues in psychotherapy: rejectionism, exclusivism, constructivism, and pluralism. The constructivist and pluralist approaches are advocated as those orientations best suited to work with diverse clients and religious beliefs, and flexible enough to deal respectfully, ethically, and effectively with a variety of religious and spiritual issues in counseling.
Educational and Vocational Aspirations of Minority and Female Students: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Mau Wei‐Cheng , Bikos Lynette Heim
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relative importance of school, family, personal/psychological, race, and sex variables in predicting educational and vocational aspirations. A nationally representative sample of 10th‐grade students was followed through 2 years beyond their high school. Results suggested that sex and race significantly predicted educational and vocational aspirations of students. The educational aspiration model was shown to be more robust than the occupational aspiration model. Overall, students showed increases in educational and occupational aspirations, regardless of sex and race. Compared with other groups, Asian Americans had the greatest increase in educational aspirations. Female students, on the average, had higher educational and vocational aspirations.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Brown Michael B.
Published: December 2011

Attention‐deficit/hyperactive disorder (ADHD) has been estimated to affect between 3% and 5% of school‐age children. The disorder frequently has a profound effect on a child's personal, social and academic development and is a risk factor in the development of other comorbid disorders. Diagnostic criteria and methods for identification of ADHD will be presented. Major intervention strategies appropriate for school and community settings are outlined. Because ADHD is 1 of the most common reasons for referral in both school and community agencies, it is important that clinicians be prepared to provide accurate diagnosis and intervention recommendations.