bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prebreeding examination of the stallion
Authors: Crabtree James
Published: October 2010

A PREBREEDING examination of a stallion can range from simply performing basic health tests at the start of the season to conducting a more detailed examination for insurance purposes, breed society stallion licensing or before purchase. This two‐part article discusses the key elements of a clinical protocol for the breeding soundness examination of a stallion before it is used for breeding and involves all aspects of potential fertility, including an assessment of the reproductive organs, libido, mating ability, infectious disease status and semen quality. Part 1 outlines how to carry out a physical examination of a stallion, while Part 2, to be published in the February issue of In Practice, will describe the procedure for the collection and evaluation of semen.
Use of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis
Authors: Innes John , O'Neill Turlough , Lascelles Duncan
Published: October 2010

Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are one of the most commonly used classes of pharmaceutical in canine practice. Globally, the current oral NSAID market for chronic pain in small animals is estimated to be US$330 million, with the UK market valued at around US$47 million. As NSAIDs have developed, pharmaceutical companies have strived to optimise efficacy and reduce the incidence of adverse events, particularly those associated with the gastrointestinal system, through a greater understanding of basic pharmacology. This article discusses the latest innovations, including those relating to drug delivery and pharmacokinetics, in the NSAIDs used in dogs with osteoarthritis, which often requires long‐term treatment.
Advice on horse worming
Authors: Coles Gerald
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘Advice on horse worming’, is presented and discussed by Gerald Coles. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘To refer or not?’, which was published in the March issue of In Practice, appears on page 171.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Blood transfusions in dogs and cats 1. Indications
Authors: Helm Jenny , Knottenbelt Clare
Published: October 2010

Transfusion therapy is the mainstay of supportive treatment for dogs and cats with anaemia. The commercial availability of blood and blood products for dogs has resulted in an increase in the number of patients benefiting from transfusion therapies. This article, the first of two discussing the use of blood transfusions in dogs and cats, outlines the indications for transfusion therapy and describes the different options available. Part 2, to be published in the June issue of In Practice, will discuss the practicalities of blood collection in situations where blood products are either unavailable or inappropriate, and will describe how to administer transfusions safely.
Radiology of thoracic trauma in the dog and cat
Authors: Parry Andrew , Lamb Chris
Published: October 2010

Radiography is an important modality for patients with thoracic trauma because it enables rapid initial assessment of most thoracic structures, is widely available, and can be used repeatedly to monitor changes during case management. Thoracic radiography is indicated in all animals involved in a road traffic accident. This article describes the radiographic signs that might be seen following thoracic trauma and highlights those lesions that might require further investigation using ultrasonography or computed tomography.
The Wrong Vaccine
Authors: Mullan Siobhan
Published: October 2010

The dilemma in the May issue concerned a routine vaccination of a cat and a dog from the same household (In Practice, May 2010, volume 32, pages 214–215). As the clients settled their account, the vet realised that cat vaccine had been given to the dog and the dog vaccine to the cat. Anne Fawcett commented that it was important to consider first the impact of inappropriate vaccination and any corrective measures on the wellbeing of the patient, and secondly the vet's professional obligations to the client. While it might be tempting to say nothing to the client, the vet had not provided the services for which the clients had paid. A possible way forward would be to admit the error and build the client's trust. The vet should be prepared for the client to be upset and let them explain how they feel. It was important to state how the error occurred as this demonstrated a willingness to determine exactly what went wrong and how to correct it. Contacting the manufacturer of the vaccines and discussing their advice with the client was also an option. A client should never be charged for the administration of inappropriate treatment, and it would be wise for the practice to provide the correct vaccine and any associated treatment free of charge. It was also felt helpful to inform the client about any changes made to practice policy that would prevent a similar error occurring in future.
TB testing protocol
Authors: Enticott Gareth
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘TB testing protocol,’ is presented and discussed by Gareth Enticott. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Insulin overdose’, which was published in the June issue of In Practice, appears on page 319.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Options for analgesia and anaesthesia in reptiles
Authors: Eatwell Kevin
Published: October 2010

Reptiles are an increasing component of small animal practice, whether they are animals belonging to private owners or zoological collections, or, occasionally, wildlife casualties. The provision of analgesia and anaesthesia in these species is notoriously difficult due to differences in metabolism compared with other animals and their ability to bypass the pulmonary circuit. This article discusses the use of analgesics and anaesthetics in reptiles, and outlines the requirements for appropriate monitoring and recovery.
Surgical diseases of the female genital tract 2. Vagina and external genitalia
Authors: Tivers Mickey , Baines Stephen
Published: October 2010

Disorders of the vagina and external genitalia are uncommon in dogs and cats. While these conditions can be challenging to diagnose and treat, many of them can nevertheless be easily managed in general practice. This article discusses the surgical diseases affecting the vagina and external genitalia of female dogs and cats, and describes the options for treatment. Part 1 of this article, published in the July/August 2010 issue of In Practice (volume 32,pp 292–299), considered surgical diseases of the ovaries and uterus.
Management of large wounds in horses
Authors: Quinn Greg
Published: October 2010

When treating equine wounds, the primary goal is to obtain rapid wound closure with a functional and aesthetically satisfactory outcome. Wounds in horses may be associated with full thickness deficits, often with epithelial and varying amounts of dermal tissue loss, or damage to deeper structures, including the synovial architecture, ligaments, tendons or bone. Occasionally, equine wounds, especially those in areas of frequent movement, do not heal properly and can sometimes result in poor functional outcomes with significant scarring and poor cosmetic appearance. Wounds are usually due to significant external trauma and can be subject to heavy contamination. The rate and type of healing is affected by interspecies variation, the position of the wound, contamination, the presence of foreign material or non‐viable tissues, as well as other intrinsic and extrinsic factors. This article describes the science behind wound healing and discusses the management of acute and chronic wounds in horses.
Teat surgery in dairy cattle
Authors: Roberts Judith , Fishwick John
Published: October 2010

Teats in the milking cow are often overused and prone to trauma and injury that reduces their ability to function efficiently. Physical damage to the teat can be due to direct trauma, calves suckling or as a result of internal abnormalities. Management usually involves teat surgery, which can be challenging and time‐consuming but ultimately rewarding. There is significant scope for repair and this can help to maintain animals in long‐term full milk production. This article describes the most common type of teat injuries seen and discusses how they can be treated surgically in the field.
Haematuria in small animals
Authors: Kenefick Susie
Published: October 2010

Haematuria can be macroscopic or microscopic in nature. Macroscopic haematuria is grossly visible in the urine, while microscopic haematuria is not apparent with the naked eye and is variably defined. There are numerous causes of haematuria, including pathology of the urinary and genital tracts, as well as more generalised bleeding disorders. Although haematuria can be asymptomatic, specific clinical signs may provide clues about the underlying problem. Diagnostic evaluation may require laboratory analysis, imaging, cystoscopy or open surgery, and management will ultimately involve treating the root cause. This article outlines the main diseases associated with haematuria, and describes the diagnostic work‐up in dogs and cats.
Vomiting in dogs and cats — is it medical or surgical?
Authors: Chandler Marge
Published: October 2010

Vomiting appears to be common in cats and dogs, although the actual frequency is unknown. Many cases of uncomplicated, non‐severe, acute vomiting are not presented to veterinary practices. One study estimated that, among dogs presented for vaccination, about 1·8 per cent of animals had vomited during the previous two weeks. Another study based on owner questionnaires reported that 18·9 per cent of dogs vomited in the two weeks after receiving the questionnaire; only 5 per cent of these were presented to a veterinary surgeon. The clinical importance of vomiting stems from its association with a large and varied group of diseases, and the potentially life‐threatening consequences of vomiting, such as aspiration pneumonia, fluid and electrolyte depletion, acid‐base derangement and oesophagitis. This article describes a diagnostic approach to vomiting in dogs and cats, and provides guidance on how to decide whether an animal requires medical or surgical intervention.
In search of better job satisfaction
Authors: Gazzard Jim , Boyle Chris
Published: October 2010

Chris Boyle graduated from the Royal Veterinary College in 2009 after completing an intercalated BSc in veterinary pathology in 2007. He has become increasingly interested in veterinary business and completed a prize‐winning project into job satisfaction in veterinary practice while undertaking his degree. He is now working in mixed practice in the south west of England.
Review of feline oral disease
Authors: Southerden Peter
Published: October 2010

Feline oral disease, comprising a range of dental and oral conditions, is frequently seen in general practice but is often underdiagnosed. An article in the January issue (In Practice, volume 32, pp 2–7) discussed the management of periodontitis and feline chronic gingivostomatitis. This article outlines the diagnosis and treatment options for a number of other common oral conditions occurring in cats, including feline chronic alveolar osteitis, tooth resorption, trauma and neoplasia.
The wrong vaccine
Authors: Fawcett Anne
Published: October 2010

THIS series gives readers the opportunity to consider and contribute to discussion of some of the ethical dilemmas that can arise in veterinary practice. Each month, a case scenario is presented, followed by discussion of some of the issues involved. In addition, a possible way forward is suggested; however, there is rarely a cut‐anddried answer in such cases, and readers may wish to suggest an alternative approach. This month's dilemma, ‘The wrong vaccine’, is presented and discussed by Anne Fawcett. Readers with comments to contribute are invited to send them as soon as possible, so that they can be considered for publication in the next issue. Discussion of the dilemma ‘Advice on horse worming’, which was published in the April issue of In Practice, appears on page 215.

The series is being coordinated by Siobhan Mullan, of the University of Bristol. It is hoped it will provide a framework that will help practices find solutions when facing similar dilemmas.
Diagnosis and control of goose parvovirus
Authors: Irvine Richard , Holmes Paul
Published: October 2010

Goose parvovirus (GPV) infection, also known as Derzsy's disease, goose hepatitis, infectious myocarditis or ‘goose plague’, is a highly contagious disease affecting domestic goslings and Muscovy ducklings. The condition has no known public health significance and it is not notifiable. However, official declarations of GPV status may be required for the export of geese to some countries. While all breeds of domestic geese and Muscovy ducks can be infected, domestic poultry, including other waterfowl, appear to be refractory. Disease in susceptible birds is strictly age‐dependent, with birds building a progressive resistance to infection with age, and losses after six weeks of age are generally negligible. The severity of disease in neonatal birds depends on the levels of maternally derived antibody present. Horizontal transmission of infection in a hatchery can cause up to 100 per cent mortality in fully susceptible neonates. This article discusses the diagnosis of GPV and outlines the options for disease control and prevention.
Phosphorus and Iron Retention in Sediments Measured by Mass Budget Calculations and Directly
Authors: Cross Patricia M. , Rigler Frank H.
Published: October 2010

Retention of phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) was estimated from mass budget calculations of Bob Lake, Ontario. Ratios of Fe to P in sediment cores were used to test the reliability of the concurrent retention estimated. However, a 300% range in Fe to P ratios measured in vertical profiles in sediments was many times larger than the uncertainty associated with mass budget measurements. Sediment cores showed a near-surface maximum of iron but not phosphorus. There was reasonably good agreement between P retention as computed by mass budget and by sediment accumulation methods, though the latter were slightly higher.
Orientation of Chum Salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) After Internal and External Magnetic Field Alteration
Authors: Quinn T. P. , Groot C.
Published: October 2010

Groups of hatchery reared juvenile chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) from Conuma River, British Columbia, were tested for compass directional preferences in experimental tanks. Chum salmon generally moved in the direction appropriate for migration through Nootka Sound to the North Pacific Ocean. Fry orientation was not disrupted by covers over the tanks. Stainless steel coded wire tags inserted into the heads of the salmon had little effect, regardless of whether they were magnetized or not. A 90° change in the external magnetic field influenced fry directional movements, but the magnitude and direction of the change were not readily explainable.
Reproductive Cycles In Diaptomid Copepods: Effects of Temperature, Photocycle, and Species on Reproductive Potential
Authors: Watras Carl J.
Published: October 2010

Periodic changes in the oviducts of Diaptomus characterize a reproductive cycle in which females oscillate between gravid and nongravid conditions. The duration of the nongravid condition sets an upper limit for rates of clutch production. In laboratory studies of Diaptomus leptopus, D. pygmaeus, D. pallidus, and D. dorsalis, the cycle was unaffected by photoperiod but showed a strong temperature dependency. At a given temperature, the four species had a common cycle period but spent different amounts of time in the two phases of the cycle. Interspecific differences in the duration of the nongravid phase produced substantial variation in reproductive potential.
"Colloidal" Phosphorus Errors in Gel Chromatography
Authors: Burnison B. Kent
Published: October 2010

Gel chromatography has been used for the separation of 32PO4 and a high molecular weight "colloidal" 32P-labeled fraction from 32PO4-labeled lakewater. When the labeled filtrate is treated with reagents required for the molybdenum blue method for orthophosphate analysis, only a small fraction of the "colloidal" peak is hydrolyzed to orthophosphate. As the reduced molybdophosphoric acid is strongly adsorbed to the dextran gel, quantitative elution of 32PO4 can be achieved with 0.05 mol∙L−1 NaOH and 0.3% NaCl. In hardwater lakes, care must be taken to eliminate the possibility of orthophosphate precipitation at higher pH. In these lakes, it is unlikely that the discrepancy between 32PO4 bioassays and chemical analyses can be solely attributed to acid hydrolysis of "colloidal" phosphorus. Microparticulate apatite also has the potential to release soluble reactive phosphate when the acidic molybdenum blue method is used.
Population Dynamics of an Estuarine-Dependent Fish, the Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus), ASong a Tidal Creek–Seagrass Meadow Coenocline
Authors: Weinstein Michael P.
Published: October 2010

To study the population dynamics of young-of-the-year spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) I released 6981 marked fish midway up the tidal creek portion of a small (<20 ha) marsh creek–seagrass meadow coenocline. Holding mortality experiments (96 h) indicated that 61.5%, or 4300 individuals, survived the marking process to constitute the population available for recapture. Over a 90-d study period, 212 marked fishes were recaptured. From plots of the ratio of marked to unmarked individuals in subsequent samples, I concluded that the population was resident in the creek for up to 182 d with the average individual present for 91 d. When this population turnover rate was compared to the total population decay rate (marked plus unmarked fish), the exchange between habitats (immigration/emigration) accounted for about 26% of the total decay rate, with the remainder attributed to natural mortality. By correcting the overall disappearance rate for population turnover due to immigration/emigration, and using this adjusted value as a measure of instantaneous mortality (Z), the estimated production in this population was 21.8 kcal (91342 J)∙m−2∙d−1. This figure is over six times greater than previously reported values for this species for all size classes over the entire growing season.
Effect of P-Cresol on Leaf Decomposition and Invertebrate Colonization in Experimental Outdoor Streams
Authors: Stout R. Jean , Cooper William E.
Published: October 2010

In 1980, outdoor experimental stream channels at Monticello, Minnesota were continuously dosed for 24 and later 48 h with 8 mg/L p-cresol, a toxic phenolic by-product of coal gasification. The dosage, based on laboratory studies by the Environmental Protection Agency, was expected to stress but not to kill fish and invertebrates in the channels. Two unexpected results occurred: (1) severe depressions in dissolved oxygen (less than 1 mg/L), and (2) mortality to some fish and invertebrate species in the experimental versus reference channels. Because the direct effects on the aquatic ecosystem were inseparable from the indirect effect of reduced dissolved oxygen, two types of dosing regimes were designed in 1981 to partially uncouple the direct from the indirect effects. First, a continuous dose at 8 mg/L for 96 h was administered, then a second intermittent dose at 8 mg/L with temporary cessations when reductions in dissolved oxygen occurred. Leafpacks were placed in experimental and reference channels to monitor community level responses to the toxicant under severe long-term and under moderate short-term dissolved oxygen depletions. Biotic responses to the intermittent dose schedule were less severe than biotic responses to the continuous dose. The intermittently dosed experimental channel and its reference channel were more similar to each other than was the continuously dosed channel as compared with its reference channel with respect to: (1) invertebrate colonization patterns, (2) invertebrate biomass changes over time and (3) leaf biomass changes over time. During the continuous dose, some invertebrate species that were rare colonists on leafpacks became highly abundant (leeches and isopods); other normal colonists became extremely abundant (snails and flat-worms) or diminished (freshwater scuds). These changes in colonization patterns significantly altered biomass of invertebrates on leafpacks over time. Leaf biomass losses were similar over time except in the continuously dosed channel where swamp poplar leaf losses (Populus deltoides Marsh) were significantly smaller during and shortly after the dose.
Protozoan and Metazoan Parasites of Fishes from the Headwaters of the Parsnip and McGregor Rivers, British Columbia: A Study of Possible Parasite Transfaunations
Authors: Arai Hisao P. , Mudry Dwight R.
Published: October 2010

Results are presented of a study to determine the possible extent of parasite transfaunation across the Continental Divide as a result of a proposed water diversion in northeastern British Columbia. Fish populations in the headwater areas of the McGregor River (Pacific drainage) and of the Parsnip River (Arctic drainage) were sampled during August–November 1976 and during June–September 1977. Eighty-eight species or higher taxonomic groups of parasites were recovered from 1489 host specimens, representing 13 genera and 20 species of fishes. Eimeria cotti from Cottus cognatus and Rhabdochona zacconis from Catostomus macrocheilus have not been previously recorded from North America. New Canadian records are Chloromyxum granulosum, C. montschadskii, Leptotheca sp., Myxidium macrocheili, Myxobolus aureatus, M. microthecum, Neomyxobolus ophiocephalus, Unicauda crassicauda, and Wardia sp. Twenty-six parasites show disjunct distributions in the study area. Three forms (Ceratomyxa shasta, Cryptobia salmositica, and Haemogregarina irkalukpiki) are identified as posing the greatest threat to the fisheries resources of the immediate area and also to the downstream areas. Based in part on these studies, the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, in a public announcement, suspended engineering studies of the proposed diversion.
Zinc, Manganese, and Strontium in Opercula and Scales of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) as Indicators of Lake Acidification
Authors: Moreau G. , Barbeau C. , Frenette J. J. , Saint-Onge J. , Simoneau M.
Published: October 2010

Calcium, magnesium, zinc, manganese, and strontium were analyzed in opercula and scales of 148 brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) from three acidified and three nonacidified lakes in Laurentian Park north of Québec. In the acidified lakes, the content in manganese, zinc, and strontium is 1.6, 1.3, and 1.2 times higher than in the nonacidified lakes, whereas the concentrations in calcium and magnesium are not significantly different. A discriminant analysis correctly classifies more than 80% of all specimens. Furthermore, a cluster analysis based on zinc and magnesium concentrations in opercula is successful in grouping 73 and 78%, respectively, of fish from nonacidified and acidified lakes.
Nutrient Flex onto the Labrador Shelf from Hudson Strait and its Biological Consequences
Authors: Sutcliffe Jr. W. H. , Loucks R. H. , Drinkwater K. F. , Coote A. R.
Published: October 2010

Fish abundance, based upon commercial fish catches and numbers offish-feeding birds, is shown to increase southward along the Labrador Shelf from Hudson Strait. Also, yearly abundance of Labrador Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) using virtual population analysis is shown to be closely correlated with salinity changes at Station 27 off St. John's, Newfoundland. We suggest these observations are related to physical oceanographic events originating within Hudson Strait. Analysis of available data indicates nutrient enrichment of the surface waters through physical mixing in Hudson Strait. These waters are carried by the residual circulation onto the northern Labrador Shelf. Our interpretation of the southward increase in fish abundance is that fish production develops downstream of the area of nutrient injection due to the southward flow of the Labrador Current coupled with the time required for food chain development. The yearly variation of cod is interpreted as arising from the variation of the nutrient supply, which is itself correlated with salinity. The fresh water discharge into Hudson Bay which eventually flows out through Hudson Strait and onto the Labrador Shelf appears to suppress mixing and hence years of higher discharge would tend to decrease the nutrient supply.
Trophic State Classification of Lakes with Aquatic Macrophytes
Authors: Canfield Jr. Daniel E. , Langeland Kenneth A. , Maceina Michael J. , Haller William T. , Shireman Jerome V. , Jones John R.
Published: October 2010

We developed an approach for assessing the trophic status of lakes having growths of aquatic macrophytes because conventional criteria for classifying trophic state emphasize conditions in the open water and ignore the nutrients, plant biomass, and production associated with macrophytes. We propose that a potential water column nutrient concentration be determined through adding the nutrients contained in macrophytes to those in the water. Potential nutrient concentrations can be used in existing indices to classify lake trophic status. This approach permits a first approximation of the potential impact of macrophytes on lake trophic state.
Daily Mortality Rates of Larval and Juvenile American Shad (Alosa sapidissima) in the Connecticut River with Changes in Year-Class Strength
Authors: Crecco V. , Savoy T. , Gunn L.
Published: October 2010

Age-specific growth and survival rates were estimated for larval and juvenile American shad (Alosa sapidissima) from the Connecticut River from 1979 to 1982. Relative indices (CPE) of year-class strength of juveniles determined from seine sampling in 1978–82 and 1966–73 are compared with resulting levels of adult recruitment. Length–age data for larval and juvenile American shad were determined from sagittal otoliths. Length increments among larval and juvenile shad followed an asymptotic pattern with age, both life stages being well described by the Gompertz equation. Larval survivorship curves from 1979 to 1982 were age specific, with mortality rates of 19.8–25.6%/d for first feeding larvae and 4.3–8.7%/d for larvae approaching metamorphosis. By contrast, juvenile mortality rates were much lower (1.8–2.0%/d) and more consistent among years. Juvenile indices of year-class strength from 1966 to 1973 were positively correlated (r = +0.92, df 7, P < 0.001) with recruitment levels of adult females 4–6 yr later, suggesting that year-class strength of shad is established prior to the juvenile stage.
Planktonic Biomass Trajectories In Lake Ecosystems
Authors: Gates Michael A. , Zimmerman Ann P. , Sprules W. Gary , Knoechel Roy
Published: October 2010

We introduce a method, based on principal components analysis, for studying temporal changes in biomass allocation among 16 size–category compartments of lake plankton. Applied to data from a series of 12 Ontario lakes over three sampling seasons, the technique provides a simple means of visualizing shifts in patterns of biomass allocation, and it allows comparative analyses of biomass fluctuations in different lakes. Each of the primary component axes is interpretable. Furthermore, a large proportion of the variance in both the mean position of a lake and its movement along these axes is interpreted as a function of lake physicochemistry. The analysis also provides weighted scores for use in hypothesis testing which are an improvement over mean biomass values alone, because they take into account the structure of variation in the data set.
Size Distribution of Pelagic Particles in Lakes
Authors: Sprules W. Gary , Casselman J. M. , Shuter B.J.
Published: October 2010

When data are grouped into logarithmically equal size intervals, the standing crop of plankton in lakes forms a bimodal distribution with the peaks centered at ~10 and 500 μm equivalent spherical diameter. This "jagged" spectrum is quite similar to marine spectra characteristic of inshore habitats and offshore surface waters at high latitudes. It is different from the "flat" spectra characteristic of the surface waters of equatorial and subtropical oceans, and of all oceans at depth. The ratio of phytoplankton/zooplankton biomass in lakes ranges from 0.04 to 597.0, with most values falling within the range of 0.5–3.33 predicted for marine pelagic communities. Particle-size theory predictions of fish standing stock in two study lakes compare quite well to the actual fish biomass measured in the lakes. In contrast to the linear relation between phytoplankton and fish stocks predicted by the theory, a curvilinear relationship exists, suggesting that overall ecosystem productivity may influence particle-size patterns. To facilitate further comparisons between marine and freshwater ecosystems, we argue that additional information on the effects of spatial heterogeneity, nonliving particulate matter, automated measurement techniques, and benthic–pelagic coupling on particle-size distributions is required.
Factors Influencing Phosphorus–Phytoplankton Relationships
Authors: Paloheimo J. E. , Zimmerman A. P.
Published: October 2010

In a set of small Ontario lakes sampled from 1978 to 1981, the correlation between the mean ambient total phosphorus concentration, P, and phytoplankton biomass ranges from r2 = 0.29 to r2 = 0.46. The correlation is somewhat higher between P and nannoplankton corrected for turnover rate than between P and the total phytoplankton or straight nannoplankton biomass. The correlation is affected by the abundance of grazers and by lake morphology. Regressions based on log–log transformed values showed a decreasing return to scale (i.e. biomass increases at a slower rate relative to increases in P) in contrast with many earlier studies. We suggest that a decreasing return to scale is to be expected when primary production, rather than chlorophyll or phytoplankton biomass, is used as the dependent variable. Lakes were clustered on the basis of mean abundance in four functional plankton groups (nannoplankton, net phytoplankton, herbivorous zooplankton, and carnivorous zooplankton), as well as on the basis of water chemistry and watershed geology. Only clusterings based on the structure of the entire plankton community appear to have a real effect on the phosphorus–phytoplankton relationship, showing increasing simple correlations from r2 = 0.29 to r2 = 0.41 within clusters and multiple correlations to R2 = 0.97 overall. These relationships imply that while the typical phosphorus–phytoplankton relationship is generally valid, its specific form depends on the characteristics or "type" of lake ecosystem.
Low-complexity sequences and single amino acid repeats: not just “junk” peptide sequences
Authors: Haerty Wilfried , Golding G. Brian
Published: October 2010

For decades proteins were thought to interact in a “lock and key” system, which led to the definition of a paradigm linking stable three-dimensional structure to biological function. As a consequence, any non-structured peptide was considered to be nonfunctional and to evolve neutrally. Surprisingly, the most commonly shared peptides between eukaryotic proteomes are low-complexity sequences that in most conditions do not present a stable three-dimensional structure. However, because these sequences evolve rapidly and because the size variation of a few of them can have deleterious effects, low-complexity sequences have been suggested to be the target of selection. Here we review evidence that supports the idea that these simple sequences should not be considered just “junk” peptides and that selection drives the evolution of many of them.
Species-diagnostic and species-specific DNA sequences evenly distributed throughout pine and spruce chromosomes
Authors: Mehes-Smith Melanie , Michael Paul , Nkongolo Kabwe
Published: October 2010

Genome organization in the family Pinaceae is complex and largely unknown. The main purpose of the present study was to develop and physically map species-diagnostic and species-specific molecular markers in pine and spruce. Five RAPD (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and one ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) species-diagnostic or species-specific markers for Picea mariana , Picea rubens , Pinus strobus , or Pinus monticola were identified, cloned, and sequenced. In situ hybridization of these sequences to spruce and pine chromosomes showed the sequences to be present in high copy number and evenly distributed throughout the genome. The analysis of centromeric and telomeric regions revealed the absence of significant clustering of species-diagnostic and species-specific sequences in all the chromosomes of the four species studied. Both RAPD and ISSR markers showed similar patterns.
Paradoxical contractile properties in the knee extensors of HIV-infected men treated with antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Russ David W. , Scott Wayne B. , Oursler Krisann K. , King Jenna Salter
Published: October 2010

We assessed contractile properties in the knee extensors of 18 men with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV+) being treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART), and 9 healthy controls matched for age and body mass index. We found significant, divergent differences between groups with regard to force relaxation. Half-times of twitch relaxation were shorter (62.6 ± 5.4 ms vs. 48.9 ± 3.0 ms; p = 0.045) and maximum rates of torque relaxation were slower (0.47% ± 0.04%·s–1vs. 1.32% ± 0.10%·s–1; p < 0.001) in HIV+ individuals. These preliminary findings suggest potential intramuscular impairments in HIV+ individuals on ART, perhaps because of interactions between calcium handling and mitochondrial dysfunction.
Perceived exertion and heart rate models for estimating metabolic workload in elite British soldiers performing a backpack load-carriage task
Authors: Simpson Richard J. , Graham Scott M. , Florida-James Geraint D. , Connaboy Christopher , Clement Richard , Jackson Andrew S.
Published: October 2010

Identifying field measures to estimate backpack load-carriage work intensity in elite soldiers is of interest to the military. This study developed rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate models to define metabolic workload for a backpack load-carriage task valid for a population of elite soldiers using serial data. Male soldiers (n = 18) from the British Parachute or Special Air Service Regiment completed an incremental treadmill walking and (or) running protocol while carrying a 20-kg backpack. Heart rate, RPE, and oxygen uptake were recorded at each incremental stage of the protocol. Linear mixed models were used to model the RPE and heart rate data in the metric of measured peak oxygen uptake. Workload was accurately estimated using RPE alone (SE = 6.03), percentage of estimated maximum heart rate (%E-MHR) (SE = 6.9), and percentage of measured maximum heart rate (%M-MHR) (SE = 4.9). Combining RPE and %E-MHR resulted in a field measure with an accuracy (SE = 4.9) equivalent to the %M-MHR model. We conclude that RPE, %E-MHR, and %M-MHR provide accurate field-based proxy measures of metabolic workload in elite British soldiers performing a backpack load-carriage task. The model is accurate for the metabolic range measured by these serial data for the backpack load-carriage task.
Local histamine H1- and H2-receptor blockade reduces postexercise skeletal muscle interstitial glucose concentrations in humans
Authors: Pellinger Thomas K. , Simmons Grant H. , MacLean David A. , Halliwill John R.
Published: October 2010

Elevated blood flow can potentially influence skeletal muscle glucose uptake, but the impact of postexercise hyperemia on glucose availability to skeletal muscle remains unknown. Because postexercise hyperemia is mediated by histamine H1- and H2-receptors, we tested the hypothesis that postexercise interstitial glucose concentrations would be lower in the presence of combined H1- and H2-receptor blockade. To this end, 4 microdialysis probes were inserted into the vastus lateralis muscle of 14 healthy subjects (21–27 years old) immediately after 60 min of either upright cycling at 60% peak oxygen uptake (exercise, n = 7) or quiet rest (sham, n = 7). Microdialysis probes were perfused with a modified Ringer’s solution containing 3 mmol·L–1glucose, 5 mmol·L–1ethanol, and [6-3H] glucose (200 disintegrations·min–1·μL–1). Two sites (blockade) received both H1- and H2-receptor antagonists (1 mmol·L–1pyrilamine and 3 mmol·L–1cimetidine) and 2 sites (control) did not receive antagonists. Ethanol outflow/inflow ratios (an inverse surrogate of local blood flow) were higher in blockade sites than in control sites following exercise (p < 0.05), whereas blockade had no effect on ethanol outflow/inflow ratios following sham (p = 0.80). Consistent with our hypothesis, during 3 of the 5 dialysate collection periods, interstitial glucose concentrations were lower in blockade sites vs. control sites following exercise (p < 0.05), whereas blockade had no effect on interstitial glucose concentrations following sham (p = 0.79). These findings indicate that local H1- and H2-receptor activation modulates skeletal muscle interstitial glucose levels during recovery from exercise in humans and suggest that the availability of glucose to skeletal muscle is enhanced by postexercise hyperemia.
Core cooling and thermal responses during whole-head, facial, and dorsal immersion in 17 °C water
Authors: Pretorius Thea , Gagnon Dominique D. , Giesbrecht Gordon G.
Published: October 2010

This study isolated the effects of dorsal, facial, and whole-head immersion in 17 °C water on peripheral vasoconstriction and the rate of body core cooling. Seven male subjects were studied in thermoneutral air (∼28 °C). On 3 separate days, they lay prone or supine on a bed with their heads inserted through the side of an adjustable immersion tank. Following 10 min of baseline measurements, the water level was raised such that the water immersed the dorsum, face, or whole head, with the immersion period lasting 60 min. During the first 30 min, the core (esophageal) cooling rate increased from dorsum (0.29 ± 0.2 °C·h–1) to face (0.47 ± 0.1 °C·h–1) to whole head (0.69 ± 0.2 °C·h–1) (p < 0.001); cooling rates were similar during the final 30 min (mean, 0.16 ± 0.1 °C·h–1). During the first 30 min, fingertip blood flow (laser Doppler flux as percent of baseline) decreased faster in whole-head immersion (114 ± 52%·h–1) than in either facial (51 ± 47%·h–1) or dorsal (41 ± 55%·h–1) immersion (p < 0.03); rates of flow decrease were similar during minutes 30 to 60 (mean, 22.5 ± 19%·h–1). Total head heat loss over 60 min was significantly different between whole-head (120.5 ± 13 kJ), facial (86.8 ± 17 kJ), and dorsal (46.0 ± 11 kJ) immersion (p < 0.001). The rate of core cooling, relative to head heat loss, was similar in all conditions (mean, 0.0037 ± 0.001 °C·kJ–1). Although the whole head elicited a higher rate of vasoconstriction, the face did not elicit more vasoconstriction than the dorsum. Rather, the progressive increase in core cooling from dorsal to facial to whole-head immersion simply correlates with increased heat loss.
The Oslo Health Study: Soft drink intake is associated with the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Høstmark Arne Torbjørn
Published: October 2010

It has been reported that the frequency of cola intake (COLA) is positively associated with serum triglycerides and negatively associated with high-density-lioprotein (HDL) cholesterol, both components of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The question now is whether noncola soft drink intake (NCOLA) is associated with MetS. Among the 18 770 participants in the Oslo Health Study, 5373 men and 6181 women had data on COLA and NCOLA and risk factors for MetS (except fasting glucose). Main MetS requirements are central obesity and 2 of the following: increased triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, increased systolic or diastolic blood pressure, and elevated fasting blood glucose. The MetSRisk index was calculated to estimate many MetS components. Using regression analyses, the association between COLA (NCOLA) and MetS (MetSRisk) was studied. In young (aged 30 years), middle-aged (aged 40 and 45 years), and senior (aged 59 and 60 years) men and women, there was, in general, a positive correlation between COLA and MetSRisk, and between COLA and single MetS risk factors, except HDL cholesterol, which was negatively correlated. A less consistent picture was found for NCOLA. By regression analyses, after adjustment for sex, age, time since last meal, and use of sugar-sweetened soft drinks, a positive association between COLA (NCOLA) and MetSRisk (MetS) was still found. However, when also controlling for cheese, fatty fish, coffee, alcohol, smoking, physical activity, education, and birthplace, only the association with COLA remained significant, irrespective of the presence or absence of sugar. In conclusion, the self-reported intake frequency of soft drinks can be positively associated with MetS.
Cellular responses in skeletal muscle to a season of ice hockey
Authors: Green Howard J. , Batada Aziz , Cole Bill , Burnett Margaret E. , Kollias Helen , McKay Scott , Roy Brian , Schertzer John , Smith Ian , Tupling Susan
Published: October 2010

We hypothesized that a season of ice hockey would result in extensive remodeling of muscle. Tissue sampled from the vastus lateralis of 15 players (age = 20.6 ± 0.4 years; mean ± SE) prior to (PRE) and following (POST) a season was used to characterize specific adaptations. Measurement of representative metabolic pathway enzymes indicated higher maximal activities in POST than in PRE (p < 0.05) for succinic dehydrogenase (3.26 ± 0.31 vs. 3.91 ± 0.11 mol·mg protein–1·min–1), citrate synthase (7.26 ± 0.70 vs. 8.70 ± 0.55 mol·mg protein–1·min–1), and phosphofructokinase (12.8 ± 1.3 vs. 14.4 ± 0.96 mol·mg protein–1·min–1) only. The season resulted in an increase in Na+-K+-ATPase concentration (253 ± 6.3 vs. 265 ± 6.0 pmol·g–1wet weight), a decrease (p < 0.05) in maximal activity of the sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (107 ± 4.2 µmol·g protein–1·min–1vs. 92.0 ± 4.6 µmol·g protein–1·min–1), and no change in the distribution (%) of fibre types. A smaller (p < 0.05) cross-sectional area (CSA) for both type I (–11.7%) and type IIA (–18.2%) fibres and a higher (p < 0.05) capillary count/CSA for type I (+17.9%) and type IIA (+17.2%) were also found over the season. No changes were found in peak oxygen consumption (51.4 ± 1.2 mL·kg–1·min–1vs. 52.3 ± 1.3 mL·kg–1·min–1). The results suggest, based on the alterations in oxidative and perfusion potentials and muscle mass, that the dominant adaptations are in support of oxidative metabolism, which occurs at the expense of fibre CSA and possibly force-generating potential.
Comparison of the rutting potential of paving mixes produced from different asphalt binders with the same superpave high-temperature performance
Authors: Wasage T. L.J. , Stastna Jiri , Zanzotto Ludo
Published: October 2010

Asphalt binders with the same high-temperature performance grade (PG 64-xx), but prepared by different methods to cover the spectrum of conventional, oxidized, and polymer and crumb rubber modified binders, were selected for the testing of the rutting potential of paving mixes with these asphalt binders. The rutting potential of the paving mixes was studied using the wheel-tracking test. Moving loads were applied through wheels with solid rubber tires, which traveled with a reciprocating motion on two gyratory compacted cylindrical specimens that were paired together. Gyratory compaction was employed to compact the test mixes to achieve uniform density and air void distribution within individual specimens. The asphalt mixes were compacted using the same aggregate gradation, according to the Superpave mix design. The machine allowed rut tests to be conducted at different temperatures. The results of a test program are reported to demonstrate the effects of asphalt binders and the temperature on rut development in asphalt mixes.
Safety of gravity-load columns in shear wall buildings designed to Canadian standard CSA A23.3
Authors: Adebar Perry , Bazargani Poureya , Mutrie James , Mitchell Denis
Published: October 2010

It has been a Canadian code requirement for 25 years to check whether concrete gravity-load columns can tolerate the building deformations due to the design earthquake; but the way this has typically been done using linear analysis significantly underestimates the seismic demands on gravity-load columns. Concern about the safety of gravity-load columns over the plastic hinge height of concrete shear walls, particularly elongated wall-like gravity-load columns, has resulted in new design requirements in Update No. 3 of Canadian Standard Association (CSA) A23.3–04 issued in August 2009. The current paper provides the background to these new requirements. If nonlinear analysis is not done, closely spaced seismic hoops shall be provided in all columns and walls that support gravity loads, and these members shall meet the same limit on maximum compression strain depth as concrete shear walls. The results of nonlinear analyses were used to validate this simple design rule, and to investigate factors that increase seismic demands on gravity-load columns such as diagonal cracking of concrete shear walls, localized damage of columns from cover spalling and bar buckling, and larger first storey heights. Nonlinear analysis has shown that 2.4 m (8 ft) long columns can lose over 50% of their axial load carrying capacity at an inelastic drift ratio of only 1%.