bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Simpson Andrew
Published: November 2023

This book sets out to chart the role that language plays, and has played, both positively and also negatively, in the attempted construction, maintenance, and strengthening of national cohesion and identity in a broad range of states in modern Africa. Language as a communicative system varying among different populations is commonly acknowledged to function as an important symbol of group identity, often stimulating a natural sense of solidarity among communities sharing a single variety of speech, and is sometimes deliberately manipulated to create feelings of belonging to populations larger than the local or the regional, and the significant establishment of fully extensive national identities in independent states. In the African context, with the highly complex set of ethno-linguistic configurations presented by many of the continent’s states, the need for careful, conscious attention to the process of ‘national integration’ (Alexandre 1968, Bamgbose 1991) and nation-building has been recognized as having a particularly special importance. A considerable majority of Africa’s modern states exist in their current territorial shapes as the result of earlier Western colonial expansion in Africa, and the imposition of borders on contiguous bodies of land with almost no concern for creating homogeneous or coherent populations. In very many cases a wide range of quite distinct ethnic groups became artificially assembled as the demographic co-constituents of European protectorates and colonies, while other groups found themselves divided by new borders and separated into two or more Western-administered territories. In the second half of the twentieth century, when independence from colonial rule was finally achieved across Africa, the inheritance of these externally imposed, largely arbitrary borders consequently led to the sudden emergence of a great number of states with extremely mixed populations often having little in common save the sharing of a single officially recognized territory and the hopes of a better post-colonial future.
Morocco: Language, Nationalism, and Gender
Authors: Ennaji Moha , Sadiqi Fatima
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with the issues of language, nationalism, and cultural identity in Morocco. It highlights the language–nationalism interface and stresses the fact that while mother tongues are fundamentally important for identity and genderbuilding, learned languages contribute to state-building and modernization.
D. R. Congo: Language and ‘Authentic Nationalism’
Authors: Bokamba Eyamba G
Published: November 2023

What is known today as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) represents one of the most multilingual nations in Africa with an estimated 214 living indigenous languages or ethnic groupings (Ethnologue 2005). To this number must be added French, the declared official language of DRC, and a few other non-indigenous languages (e.g. Lebanese Arabic, English, Greek, Hindi, Portuguese, and Wolof ) that are spoken by significant communities in urban centres. What the ultimate number of languages spoken in DRC may turn out to be and how accurate such a datum may be remain open questions in the absence of census data that include a linguistic component. What is certain, however, is that DRC is a stable multilingual state with twenty-one wellknown major indigenous languages with an estimated population of at least 500,000 each (Ethnologue 2005). Of these, four languages – Kikongo, Kiswahili, Lingala, and Tshiluba – serve as national languages in selected domains, with French as the official language in most public domains (Bokamba 1976, forthcoming).
Why Exactly is Commitment Important for Rationality?1
Authors: Sen Amartya
Published: November 2023

The idea of rational choice must be founded, in one way or another, on the basic requirement that choices be based on reason. But the interpretation of how reason is to be used can vary so radically between different formulations of rationality that there is frequently very little in common between the different uses of the idea of rational choice. There are differences over the domain of reason: for example, whether it should apply only to the selection of alternatives given one’s preferences over the alternatives, or also be used in the determination of the preferences themselves.
of Commitments, Persons, and Agents in Rational Choice Modelling
Authors: Güth Werner , Kliemt Hartmut
Published: November 2023

The most basic cognitive distinction a rational actor has to make is that between what does and what does not depend on her or his actions. An actor who chooses her act in each and every instance solely in view of the causal consequences of that particular act is ‘opportunistically rational’ if her choice behaviour at each and every single instance of choice-making can be described as maximizing some ‘utility function’ that represents her preferences over the causal consequences of the options of choice at the instance of choice-making.
Beyond Self-Goal Choice: Amartya Sen’s Analysis of the Structure of Commitment and the Role of Shared Desires
Authors: Schmid Hans Bernhard
Published: November 2023

In the current debate on economic rationality, Amartya Sen’s analysis of the structure of commitment plays a uniquely important role (Weirich 2004: 387 ff.). However, Sen is not alone in pitting committed action against the standard model of rational behavior. Before turning to Sen’s analysis in section 2 of this paper, I shall start with an observation concerning some of the other relevant accounts. It seems that the concept of commitment plays a key role in two opposing views on what is wrong about the classical model.
Aristotelian Teleology
Authors: Judson Lindsay
Published: November 2023

It is November, and the long, dry summer is past. The rain is falling, and the farmer knows that this means that the corn he has just planted will grow. Is the rain, in Aristotle’s view, a process which has the growth of crops—or of plants more generally—as its end, or is it a process which has a quite different end (or no end at all), and which the farmer merely exploits for his own agricultural purposes? Neither answer is, on the face of it, incoherent. The general can be pleased at the upsetting effect which an eclipse has on the enemy troops, and with sufficient astronomical knowledge he might even have planned his campaign so as to exploit this effect: but no one believes that Aristotle would take the eclipse to be even partly for the sake of upsetting the troops. On the other hand, the farmer can be pleased at the ripening of his olives, which is for Aristotle a paradigm case of a natural teleological process. In the absence of a belief either in divine providence or in the existence of a global teleological Nature, however, what we might call the biocentric view, that the rain falls for the sake of plant life in general, and hence for the sake of all animal life, seems quite bizarre. Equally hard to find plausible is a special form of biocentrism—the anthropocentric view that the rainfall is for the sake of the growth of the farmer’s crops because the natural world is naturally—rather than providentially—organized around the life of human beings.
Plato and Aristotle on the Unhypothetical
Authors: Bailey D T J
Published: November 2023

In the Republic Plato contrasts dialectic with mathematics on the grounds that the former but not the latter gives justifications of some kind for its hypotheses, pursuing this process until it reaches ‘an unhypothetical principle’. But which principles are unhypothetical, and why, is rather dark.
Doing without Morality: Reflections on the meaning of dein in aristotle’ s Nicomachean Ethics
Authors: kraut Richard
Published: November 2023

before Aristotle turns, in NE 1. 6, to a discussion of the Platonic theory of the good, he prefaces his criticism with the admission that he undertakes this investigation with some reluctance, because those who introduced the forms are his friends.
Epicurus’ Argument for Atomism
Authors: Betegh GÁbor
Published: November 2023

The cornerstone of Epicurus’ physics is atomism: Epicurus follows Democritus1 in maintaining that our world is ultimately composed of atoms and the void. It is, then, somewhat surprising that the demonstration of the atomist thesis is apparently confined to three sentences in the Letter to Herodotus, our main source on Epicurus’ physics. These are the three sentences that I shall focus on in this paper. First, I shall argue that the standard interpretation, which takes the argument to be based on the impossibility of sizeless parts, is not the correct one. Then, I shall examine the alternative reconstruction of the atomist argument that focuses on the body– void distinction. Finally, I shall try to show that Epicurus’ defence of atomism is based on the unalterability of the atoms.
Three Conceptions of Rational Agency
Authors: Wallace R Jay
Published: November 2023

At the center of philosophical debates about normative reasons for action are questions about the relation between such reasons and motivation. Many philosophers hold—rightly, in my view—that normative reasons must satisfy what I shall call the motivation requirement.¹ This requirement may be formulated (with deliberate vagueness) as follows: if agent A has reason r to perform action x, and A is properly aware that r obtains, then A must be motivated to do x, on pain of irrationality2
Reason and Responsibility
Authors: Wallace R Jay
Published: November 2023

Can people ever be to blame for doing the rational thing? More broadly, what are the connections between the responsibility of moral agents and the rationality of the moral demands to which they are held accountable? As I see matters, these questions turn on the relations between two different practical points of view. Questions about the rationality of moral conduct are in the first instance deliberative questions, arising within the first-personal perspective of an agent trying to reach a decision about how to act. The task of practical deliberation, after all, is the task of determining what one has reason to do.
On the Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme
Authors: Lepore Ernie , Ludwig Kirk
Published: November 2023

Philosophers of many persuasions are prone to talk of conceptual schemes. Conceptual schemes, we are told, are ways of organizing experience; they are systems of categories that give form to the data of sensation; they are points of view from which individuals, cultures, or periods survey the passing scene. There may be no translating from one scheme to another, in which case the beliefs, desires, hopes, and bits of knowledge that characterize one person have no true counterparts for the subscriber to another scheme. Reality itself is relative to a scheme: what counts as real in one system may not in another.
Tobacco Discouragement: A Non-Paternalistic Argument
Authors: Verweij Marcel
Published: November 2023

Suppose that academic philosophers are often unhappy persons. On the one hand, they love to think systematically, to teach and to write philosophical papers. On the other, their knowledge of human predicaments makes them more sad than other people. Moreover, the number of academic positions is limited. Some colleagues are very successful and famous, but most philosophers just have a difficult life with limited success. Suppose I think it is better for you to start a career as, say, a waiter in a restaurant. We have discussed this before. Though you agree that a career as a waiter might be enjoyable and probably more successful than a teaching job in philosophy, you still want to be, and to stay, an academic philosopher.
Introduction
Authors: Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: November 2023

This is the inaugural volume of Oxford Studies in Metaethics. This series is devoted exclusively to original philosophical work in the foundations of ethics. It provides an annual selection of much of the best new scholarship being done in the field. Its broad purview includes work being done at the intersection of ethical theory and metaphysics, epistemology, philosophy of language, and philosophy of mind. The essays included in the series provide an excellent basis for understanding recent developments in the field; those who would like to acquaint themselves with the current state of play in metaethics would do well to start here.

The contents of this volume of Oxford Studies in Metaethics nicely mirror the variety of issues that make this area of philosophy so interesting. The volume opens with Peter Railton’s exploration of some central features of normative guidance, the mental states that underwrite it, and its relationship to our reasons for feeling and acting. In the next offering, Terence Cuneo takes up the case against expressivism, arguing that its central account of the nature of moral judgements is badly mistaken. Terence Horgan and Mark Timmons, two of the most prominent contemporary expressivists, then present their thoughts on how expressivism manages to avoid a different objection— that of collapsing into an objectionable form of relativism. Daniel Jacobson and Justin D’Arms next offer an article that continues their research program devoted to exploring the extent to which values might depend upon, or be constrained by, human psychology. Ralph Wedgwood engages in some classical metaethical conceptual analysis, seeking to explicate the meaning of ought. Mark van Roojen then contributes a new take on the Moral Twin Earth Argument, a prominent anti-realist puzzle advanced in the early 1990s by Horgan and Timmons.
Moral Feelings and Moral Concepts
Authors: Gibbard Allan
Published: November 2023

In my 1990 book Wise Choices, Apt Feelings, I set out to analyze the narrowly moral concepts Morally wrong and Morally Reprehensible. wrong to acts, to what a person does, whereas being blameworthy or reprehensible pertains to the act along with motives and the agent’s state of mind. A man in the pangs of grief, imagine, speaks woundingly to a friend who is trying to bring comfort. The act might well be wrong and yet, in light of his wrought-up state, he might not be acting reprehensibly. The concept Reprehensible I treated as the more basic of the two, defining the word ‘wrong’ in terms of an action’s being reprehensible.

A chief part of my interest in these narrowly moral concepts was, of course, to try to understand what is at issue in questions of right and wrong and in questions of blameworthiness. Another motive, though, was to discern what’s at issue in blanket attacks on ‘‘morality’’, as with Nietzsche and Williams. Can we understand morality, in a narrow sense, as something we could be without, and that other cultures perhaps do lack, for better or worse? Narrowly moral questions, I proposed, concern how to feel about things that people do or might do.
Phraseology
Authors: Cowie Anthony P
Published: November 2023

Throughout the 1980s and into the 1990s, there has been a quickening of interest among theoretical linguists, and among specialists in lexicography, discourse analysis, language acquisition, and foreign language teaching, in what were traditionally known as ‘idioms’, and are variously called ‘word-combinations’ (Zgusta 1971), ‘fixed expressions’ (Alexander 1987), and ‘phrasal lexemes’ (Pawley 1985; Lipka 1990). The interest reflects a keener awareness than before of the pervasiveness of ready-made memorized combinations in written and spoken language and a wider recognition of the central part they play in first and second language acquisition and in speech production (Bolinger 1976, 1985; Peters 1983; Pawley and Syder 1983). The notion that native-like proficiency in a language depends crucially on knowledge of a stock of prefabricated units, varying in complexity and internal cohesion, can also be seen as a necessary corrective to the atomistic view that the workings of language can be explained by a system of rules of general applicability, a lexicon largely made up of minimal units, and a set of basic principles of semantic interpretation (Fillmore et al. 1988). This shift of perception is partly the outcome of a steady accumulation of descriptive studies throughout the 1970s and 1980s, and questions of analysis and classification will be the chief focus of this survey. Phraseology, as the study of the structure, meaning, and use of wordcombinations, is not a commonly recognized field of activity among British and American linguists (for an East European view, see Arnold 1986; Gläser 1988); but that it has become a significant focus of research, especially perhaps in Europe, is apparent from the attention given to word-combinations in textbooks on lexical semantics (Cruse 1986), lexicology (Carter 1987; Lipka 1990), and vocabulary in language teaching (Carter and McCarthy 1988), and from the publication of a number of phraseological dictionaries (e.g., Cowie et al. 1983; Benson et al. 1986). It is noticeable, too, that despite the continuing influence in collocational analysis of neo-Firthian lexical theory (Sinclair 1987b), with its emphasis on observed frequency of co-occurrence within stated distances (or ‘spans’) in large computerized corpora, the dominant influences in work are a more directly Firthian strain (Mitchell 1971) and East European (specifically Soviet) phraseological theory, first mediated to non-Russian-speaking students through the work of Klappenbach (1968); Weinreich (1969); Arnold (1973); and Lipka (1974).
Introduction
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

One day in February 1987, I had an idea that became ptilochronology, literally the study of feather time. The essence of ptilochronology is a new method for determining the nutritional condition of birds free-ranging in their natural habitat. During subsequent years, dozens of workers have found this new measure useful in characterizing the responses of birds to various environmental factors, both harmful and beneficial. Now, some 18 years after the idea struck, seems a good time to take stock of what ptilochronology has taught us about the behavior, ecology, and conservation biology of animals.
Social behavior
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

Birds living together in a social group have been studied with an eye to determining who is enjoying a fitness benefit and who might be suffering a fitness cost from such sociality. Ptilochronology has played a role in determining these benefits and costs. It turns out that most such studies have been carried out during the non-breeding season. Many avian species found in flocks when not breeding break into territorial pairs during the breeding season, and in subsequent chapters I will discuss nutritional condition related to social aspects of reproduction.
Individual quality
Authors: Grubb Thomas C
Published: November 2023

With this chapter, we begin reviewing a series of ways that ptilochronology has been employed in studies of reproductive behavior. We begin by focusing on aspects of mate quality, followed by projects dealing with reproductive effort, nestling condition, and prolonged brood-care. Ever since Darwin (1871), biologists have been fascinated by the interplay between sexual selection and natural selection. Sexual selection is selection on the characters of one sex by the mating preferences of the other sex. For example, the splendid upper tail coverts of peacocks have been selected for by sexual selection. That is, they have been selected for by the mating preferences of peahens. Because of such a preference, males with relatively longer, more showy covert feathers copulated with and fertilized more peahens and, therefore, left more genes to the next generation. Through evolutionary time, presumably, this sort of directional sexual selection produced the magnificent plumage of modern peacocks.
Sleep problems in children and adolescents
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Sleep problems in children and adolescents are very common and often the cause of concern and distress for both the child and the family. They can affect behaviour, learning and sometimes physical health. There are many possible causes for sleep problems, some psychological, others physical, and this book will help you to identify and explain problems in your own child, leading you to the appropriate advice or treatment as necessary. The book starts by explaining the importance and nature of sleep and the changes that occur as your child grows up. It then describes why children may not sleep well at different ages from babyhood to adolescence, the causes of being excessively sleepy during the day, and the types of unusual behaviours or experiences that a child can have at night. The various types of treatment needed for these problems are explained. The later chapters discuss those children who are especially liable to have sleep problems, the ways in which sleep problems may be mistaken for other conditions, the ways in which unsatisfactory sleep can be spotted at home and at school, and how to get help for your child's disturbed sleep. Throughout the book, cases are described to illustrate how children with various sleep disorders have been correctly diagnosed and treated. The book is intended to raise awareness of the importance of children's sleep disorders, as well as their recognition and treatment. It is written mainly for parents but will also be of interest to anyone involved in the care and welfare of children.
Disturbed sleep
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Sleep problems are very common in children in general.

Some groups are at particularly high risk of such problems, such as those with a learning disability or other kind of medical or psychological disorder.

There are many ways in which consistently disturbed sleep can affect children, both psychologically and sometimes physically; their emotional state, behaviour, and learning are likely to be affected.

To establish the true nature and cause of a sleep problem, systematic enquiries need to be made (starting with the family doctor or his team) about certain key aspects of the situation; in some cases, additional information will be required from special further investigations.
Babies who don’t sleep well
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Adequate sleep is very important for the development of babies. Good sleep habits can be encouraged from an early age. All parents should know about ways of helping their baby to sleep safely..
Sleeplessness (insomnia) in adolescents
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Similar to the situation in children at a younger age, worries may be a cause of sleeping difficulties in teenagers, but body-clock changes combined with lifestyle choices may also be a cause.

Alterations in sleep patterns for these reasons should not be mistaken for difficult behaviour. If serious, they call for treatment not recriminations. There may be other, quite different, causes at this age, requiring special advice or treatment.

Mayth: Many teenagers do not go to sleep until late and are difficult to get up in the morning, as well as lying in bed at weekends until very late, because of bad habits.This is not necessarily the case.

Fact: This pattern may be an actual sleep disorder that is partly due to physiological changes at puberty and which requires treatment.
Excessive daytime sleepiness
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Being so sleepy during the day that your child cannot function properly is not uncommon.

Excessive sleepiness may be misinterpreted as a different type of problem such as laziness.

There are many possible causes that should be considered: not getting enough sleep, poor quality sleep for various reasons, or having one of a number of a conditions that make you sleep much more than normal.

As in the case of other sleep problems, it is important that the cause in your child is discovered so that the right advice and, if necessary, treatment can be given.
Parasomnias mainly later in the night
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Parasomnias that mainly occur later in the night are likely to be linked to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. True nightmares have specific identifiable features and should not be confused with other, different dramatic parasomnias for which the term ‘nightmare’ is sometimes loosely used.
Psychiatric disorders that cause unusual behaviour at night
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Accurate assessment and the application of specific treatment are also important here, as in the case of parasomnias that are part of a medical condition.

Fact: The point was made at the start of the last chapter that parasomnias can sometimes be part of a psychological disorder, although this is by no means often the case. Nevertheless, it is important for such problems are correctly identified so that appropriate help can be given, preferably at an early stage.
Being vigilant
Authors: Stores Gregory
Published: November 2023

Many sleep disorders are misinterpreted or overlooked; therefore, a combined effort is needed on the part of children themselves (if old enough), parents, teachers, and other professionals to recognize unsatisfactory sleep in order for its harmful effects to be prevented.If the effects of disturbed sleep are known, they can be recognized, leading to the provision of effective treatment.
A Multidisciplinary Academic Headache Centre In The United States
Authors: Silberstein Stephen D , Gebeline-Myers Cheryl , Bradley Kathleen C , Young William B , Ashkenazi Avi , Rosen Noah , Hopkins Mary , Guild Patrice
Published: November 2023

Patients with primary headache disorders have a life-long recurring condition, and long-term management is our most important objective in caring for them. Most individuals who have primary headaches need a continuum of clinical care, which should include proper diagnosis, education (emphasizing prevention), and a plan for managing the headache disorder. Many headache programmes, not all of which are comprehensive, exist world- wide. A multidisciplinary approach to headache management requires the involvement of various healthcare providers, including neurologists/headache experts, nurses/nurse practitioners/physician assistants, residents/fellows, and psychiatrists/psychologists. Some facilities utilize other professionals, such as dentists, anaesthesiologists, physical therapists, clinical/basic researchers, and outcomes experts.
Favourable Results In A Migraine Clinic: Objectives And Background
Authors: Zlotnik Gregorio
Published: November 2023

This study was intended to show the value of the multidisciplinary approach in the treatment of headaches. The Montreal Migraine Clinic was founded 20 years ago out of the realization that proper diagnosis and treatment required better efforts than those provided by ordinary care at that time. Since the advent of specific treatment for the acute crisis the problem seemed to be simple; however, the complexity of pain physiology and migrainous pain made a proper evaluation and a proper treatment more difficult. The impact of migraines in family life and at work was more evident. Not only the suffering but the economic impact of absenteeism due to headaches had to be quantified. New methods for assessing disability and pain have been developed in the last few years. Some of the most accepted include the MIDAS (Migraine Disability Assessment) and the HDI (Headache Disability Inventory).
Comorbidity Of Migraine In A Specialized Headache Clinic
Authors: Evers Stefan , Biehl Katrin , Frese Achim , Husstedt Ingo-W
Published: November 2023

Migraine shows a comorbidity with several diseases or disorders such as depression, anxiety disorders, stroke (in young women), patent foramen ovale, and so on. These data are mainly based on population studies. However, only little is known about the prevalence of other comorbidities in a selected migraine population. Comorbidity of migraine can be important when choosing the best way to treat medically. In particular, the side-effects of acute and prophylactic drugs used in migraine can interfere with comorbid conditions. On the other hand, treatment of migraine can sometimes also be the treatment of a comorbid condition.
Demographic, Nosological, And Therapeutic Characteristics In A Headache Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Gantenbein A R , Kozak S , Agarwalla P , Merikangas K , Agosti R , Isler H
Published: November 2023

The Headache and Pain Clinic (HPC) in the Neurology Department, Zurich University Hospital, is a service for the management of difficult headache. Since 1966 the main intention was to elevate thresholds for headache and migraine. For a study of the HPC population we selected patients with migraine, tension-type headache (TTH), and combinations of both, whose files had been started between 1996 and 1998 (n = 1625). We assessed demographics, diagnoses, course, severity, impact, as well as physical, alternative, and drug treatment before and after referral.
Pericranial Muscle Tenderness Is Associated With Widespread Pain Sensitivity, Psychiatric Comorbidity, And Dysfunctional Psychological Responses To Pain In Healthy Young Adult Females
Authors: Janke E Amy , Holroyd Kenneth A
Published: November 2023

The most common clinical finding in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) is increased tenderness of pericranial myofascial tissues to palpation, hypothesized to reflect sensitization of pain transmission circuits at the trigeminal nucleus and possibly higher order deficits in pain central processing/modulation. CTTH sufferers also exhibit elevated scores on measures of daily life stress and psychological symptoms, and are more likely to be diagnosed with a mood or anxiety disorder than healthy controls.
The Role Of The Clinical Nurse Specialist In Headache
Authors: Bhola Ria
Published: November 2023

The role of the clinical nurse specialist (CNS) as a relatively new concept within nursing practice has developed rapidly. This role first began in the USA as early as the 1960s and has since grown. In the UK the concept was developed in the 1980s, leading to the emergence of new posts in some centres. However, the last decade has seen a significant change in the range of tasks undertaken by nurses. Throughout the 1990s managers and clinicians in the UK National Health Service (NHS) have been challenged by the fast pace and diversity of change, while seeking to provide efficient and effective patient services. This together with encouragement from the Royal College of Nursing (RCN), led to the development of specialist nursing roles.
Therapy Of Medication Overuse Headache
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph , Katsarava Zaza
Published: November 2023

Medication overuse headache (MOH) has been defined as a chronic headache occurring following overuse of acute headache drugs. Epidemiological and clinical studies clearly demonstrate that MOH is a growing problem all over the world. It is important to know that overuse of any kind of headache drugs may lead to the development of MOH. The treatment of choice involves complete withdrawal from overused headache medication with a subsequent restructured treatment of the underlying primary headache syndrome. The current review provides an update on pathophysiology, clinical aspects, and treatment strategies.
Medication Overuse Headache: Long-Term Results Of Stationary Versus Ambulatory Withdrawal Therapy
Authors: Evers Stefan , Suhr Birgit , Gralow Ingrid , Husstedt Ingo-W , Frese Achim
Published: November 2023

Medication overuse headache is a well-known complication in the treatment of primary headache disorders, and its successful management is only possible by withdrawal therapy and subsequent treatment of the primary headache disorder. However, it is unknown whether ambulatory or stationary withdrawal is the therapy preferred. We conducted a prospective study on the outcome of stationary versus ambulatory withdrawal therapy in patients with medication overuse headache according to the International Headache Society criteria.
Discussion Summary: Multidisciplinary Management
Authors: Jensen Rigmor
Published: November 2023

A general discussion of the importance of the individual elements in the team resulted in an agreement about the central role of a dedicated headache specialist, usually a neurologist or a dedicated general practitioner with a specific interest in headache (the latter from experience in Norway and UK. The number of specialists in a headache clinic varied between different settings. So far, no comparative studies between treatment outcome from clinics in primary or secondary settings versus tertiary academic centres are available.
Discussion Summary: The Future Of Headache Clinics
Authors: Diener Hans-Christoph
Published: November 2023

In his presentation Dr Timothy Steiner demonstrated that there are many unmet needs of headache patients. Many individuals suffer from headache but do not receive adequate medical care. Much more healthcare providers are needed to adequately cover the huge number of patients with headaches. The knowledge and awareness of healthcare providers for headache patients should be substantially improved. National plans for headache should be implemented in order to improve the burden of headache patients.
A Commonwealth of Knowledge
Authors: Dubow Saul
Published: November 2023

A Commonwealth of Knowledge addresses the relationship between social and scientific thought, colonial identity, and political power in nineteenth- and twentieth-century South Africa. It hinges on the tension between colonial knowledge, conceived of as a universal, modernizing force, and its realization in the context of a society divided along complex ethnic and racial fault-lines. By means of detailed analysis of colonial cultures, literary and scientific institutions, and expert historical thinking about South Africa and its peoples, it demonstrates the ways in which the cultivation of knowledge has served to support white political ascendancy and claims to nationhood. In a sustained commentary on modern South African historiography, the significance of `broad' South Africanism - a political tradition designed to transcend differences between white English- and Afrikaans-speakers - is emphasized. A Commonwealth of Knowledge also engages with wider comparative debates. These include the nature of imperial and colonial knowledge systems; the role of intellectual ideas and concepts in constituting ethnic, racial, and regional identities; the dissemination of ideas between imperial metropole and colonial periphery; the emergence of amateur and professional intellectual communities; and the encounter between imperial and indigenous or local knowledge systems. The book has broad scope. It opens with a discussion of civic institutions (eg. museums, libraries, botanical gardens and scientific societies), and assesses their role in creating a distinctive sense of Cape colonial identity; the book goes on to discuss the ways in which scientific and other forms of knowledge contributed to the development of a capacious South Africanist patriotism compatible with continued membership of the British Commonwealth; it concludes with reflections on the techno-nationalism of the apartheid state and situates contemporary concerns like the `African Renaissance', and responses to HIV/AIDS, in broad historical context.
What Is and Is Not Wrong with Enhancement?1
Authors: Kamm Frances
Published: November 2023

This article examines the arguments concerning enhancement of human persons recently presented by Michael Sandel. In the first section, I briefly describe some of his arguments. In Section II, I consider whether, as Sandel claims, the desire for mastery motivates enhancement and whether such a desire could be grounds for its impermissibility. Section III considers how Sandel draws the distinction between treatment and enhancement, and the relation to nature that he thinks each expresses.
Enhancing Our Truth Orientation
Authors: Hanson Robin
Published: November 2023

Humans lie and deceive themselves, and often choose beliefs for reasons other than how closely those beliefs approximate truth. This is mainly why we disagree. Three future trends may reduce these epistemic vices. First, increased documentation and surveillance should make it harder to lie and self-deceive about the patterns of our lives. Second, speculative markets can create a relatively unbiased consensus on most debated topics in science, business, and policy. Third, brain modifications may allow our minds to be more transparent, so that lies and self-deception become harder to hide. In evaluating these trends, we should be wary of moral arrogance.
The system of Breton plural nouns
Authors: Acquaviva Paolo
Published: November 2023

For the student of plural, Breton is something of a classic. The number oppositions defined by this language are not particularly exotic; it is the relation between morphological and semantic categories that gives this system its fascinating complexity and its exceptional value as a window on the relation between number and part-structure conceptualization. The exponence of plural on Breton nouns is by itself a rich and complex system. In addition, semantic properties such as animacy, countability, boundedness, and cohesion, all impinge on the choice of plural form for a given noun. The choice itself is not always deterministic, and many nouns have more than one possible plural. Most significantly, nouns inflected for plural often appear word-internally as input to nominal, adjectival, or verbal affixation; and, notoriously, they can even he input to pluralization itself.
The essence of physical health care
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

Physical health assessment is part of the comprehensive holis- tic assessment offered by mental health nurses, forming one of the core paradigms of all nursing models and theories. It has, however, been one of the most neglected areas of practice despite the known interactions between mental and physical health. This chapter addresses the central characteristics of physical health, physical health assessment, and health pro- motion to enable practitioners to incorporate and integrate physical health assessments and interventions into mental health care planning. The chapter has been organized so that it moves through the levels of a developing therapeutic rela- tionship from general observations, through more intimate questioning and examination, to collaborative health care and health promotion. The central and underlying skill set relates to the establishment and development of a rapport through assessment and engaging collaboratively in enabling service users to consider and initiate changes to lifestyle. Physical health assessment has to be considered in the context of the individual and where they are in their individual health–illness continuum.
Recognition and therapeutic management of self-harm and suicidal behaviour
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

In practice, mental health nurses inevitably encounter actions in people of what might seem to be superficial acts of harm to self through to clear attempts to end life. The chapter addresses this by providing background to the sub- ject area and a brief epidemiological overview of the behav- iour. Current policy is at the centre of guiding practice; therefore, we shall place this subject into this policy context. At the heart of working with an individual is the assessment of risk in people who self-harm. This will support negotia- tion and participation in ways of working therapeutically with people who are actively suicidal and those who repeat self-harming behaviour. The evidence and guidance in this chapter applies to people of all ages. Clinical scenarios will facilitate exploration of ways of working with different peo- ple. We include service user quotes (expressed in italics) to emphasize specific points.
Personal and professional development
Authors: Callaghan Patrick , Playle John , Cooper Linda
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on personal and professional devel- opment. In essence this means keeping up to date with changes in practice and participating in lifelong learning, and personal and professional development for oneself and colleagues through supervision, appraisal, and reflective prac- tice (Department of Health [DH] 2004a). Mental health nursing students at the point of registration are required to demon- strate a commitment to continuing professional develop- ment and personal supervision activities, in order to enhance the knowledge, skills, values, and attitudes needed for safe and effective nursing practice (DH 2006a). After registration, it is a professional expectation that mental health nurses continue to develop their skills, knowledge, and attitudes throughout their entire careers to meet the needs of service users effec- tively. This expectation is clearly articulated in the Nursing and Midwifery Council Code: (NMC 2008, p. 4)
Mandatory skills
Authors: Mcdonald William , Ness Valerie , Taylor Ken , Mcguinness Claire , Simpson Elizabeth
Published: November 2023

We have created this chapter because these mandatory skills underpin good nursing practice and are required for the safety of people in care and those who care for them. Hence, these skills tend to be the compulsory skills that placement providers expect first-year students to be familiar with prior to their first placement. It is, therefore, essential that you read this chapter before you do anything else.
Eating and drinking
Authors: Mccallum Jacqueline , Reade Bridget
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the fundamental skills associated with eating and drinking and helps you assess and recognize any patients who are malnourished (which can be taken to mean either underor overweight), dehydrated, or overhydrated.
Liverworts (Marchantiophyta)
Authors: Wikström Niklas , He-Nygrénb Xiaolan , Shaw A Jonathan
Published: November 2023

The evolution of land plants marks one of the most important events in earth history. Because of their lengthy and well-documented fossil record, the major patterns in early land plant evolution have mainly been interpreted using macrofossil evidence from the vascular plant lineage (1). Liverworts (Fig. 1), in contrast, have a limited fossil record, they are easily neglected due to their small size, and their role in early land plant evolution is rarely emphasized. Nevertheless, growing evidence (1–7) indicates an early split in land plant evolution between the liverworts and all other land plants. this implies that liverworts occupy a critical position, and that they may help us understand the morphological and reproductive changes that favored the successful radiation of land plants and their adaptations to life in a terrestrial environment. Here we review recent progress in our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among major lineages and the origin and divergence times of those lineages.
Nematodes (Nematoda)
Authors: Blaxter Mark
Published: November 2023

The phylum Nematoda encompasses small and abundant organisms (Fig. 1) that inhabit most of the available habitats on Earth. A famous image derived from a pioneering, evangelical nematologist, Nathan Cobb, suggested that if all the other matter of the Earth, apart from nematodes, were taken away, it would still be possible to make out the shape of the planet, and of most organisms on it because of the abundance and ubiquity of the group. Commonly known as roundworms or eelworms, they largely escape notice except when they cause damage to humans, domestic animals, and agricultural crops; many species are successful parasites. Over 23,000 species have been described from just over 3000 genera in 250 families, but estimates of true nematode diversity range from 100,000 to 10 million species (1, 2). Nematodes are deAned by their generally cylindrical body shape (secondarily modiAed in some parasites), a collagenous cuticle that is moulted four times in postembryonic development, and a series of anterior sensory organs that have a particular hexaradially symmetrical distribution (Fig. 1). Here I review the divergence times and evolutionary relationships of selected taxa within the Nematoda. Traditional systematics have placed the Nematoda in several diBerent places within Metazoa, but recent molecular analyses are converging upon a placement within the Superphylum Ecdysozoa (3). 7is conPicts with opinions based on morphological characters such as the possession of a true coelom, and of metameric segmentation, but is supported by features of moulting and ciliated epithelia.
Crabs, shrimps, and lobsters (Decapoda)
Authors: Crandalla Keith A , Porterc Megan L , Pérez-Losada Marcos
Published: November 2023

Crustaceans comprise the fourth most species-rich group of metazoans on the planet, following insects, chelicerates, and mollusks. But in terms of morphological diversity (disparity), they are unrivaled (see 1, 2). Foremost among the crustaceans in number and diversity are the decapods. With over 15,000 described species they include those crustaceans most familiar to the general public—shrimp, lobsters, crabs (Fig. 1), and crayAsh— but also lesser known and unusual groups (3). themost recent classification (2) partitions 62,000 species of extant Crustacea among 849 families (compared to 874 families for all 1.6 million species of insects). Approximately 152 of those extant families belong to the Decapoda with another 20 families known only from fossils, an enormous assemblage that has been called “the pinnacle of crustacean evolution.” More than six new families of decapods have been recognized since 2001 from both extant (e.g., 4, 5) and extinct (e.g., 6, 7) groups. 7us, 18% of all described crustacean families belong to the decapods. Additionally, some 91 decapod families contain fossil taxa, including 27 known only from fossils (8).
Stalked and acorn barnacles (Thoracica)
Authors: Pérez-Losadaa Marcos , Høegc Jens T , Crandall Keith A
Published: November 2023

Barnacles are a member of a non-monophyletic assemblage of crustaceans including (sometimes) ostracods, copepods, barnacles, and other assorted crustaceans. Within the Class Maxillopoda, the most recent classification places the barnacles into the Subclass 7ecostraca (1). Within the 7ecostraca, they are further subdivided into three Infraclasses, namely the Facetotecta (with a single family), the Ascothoracida (with six families), and the Cirripedia (containing the bulk of the barnacle diversity). Within the Cirripedia (e.g., Fig. 1), there are three superorders, the boring Acrothoracica, the parasitic Rhizocephala, and the stalked and sessile 7oracica. It is the 7oracica (the stalked and acorn barnacles) that we concentrate on in this chapter with representatives from the Rhizocephala as outgroups. the7oracica contains two orders: the stalked Pedunculata (14 families) and the sessile Sessilia (15 families). Note that this current classification is in the midst of some Pux as new phylogenetic studies come to light that bare directly on the classification of barnacles (2, 3). the7oracica, ordinary or true barnacles, is the most diverse group of barnacles with over 1000 species found in virtually all marine and estuarine environments from intertidal pools to abyssal vents. 7ey deviate from all other Crustacea in being permanently and irreversibly attached suspension feeders that have abandoned the normal arthropod growth pattern by being armed externally with mineralized plates that are never shed in molts but increase incrementally in size (4). Barnacles were in many respects the Arst model organism in evolutionary biology as rePected in Darwin’s work (5–8).