bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Choosing Appropriate Repertoire
Authors: Mabry Sharon
Published: November 2023

Historically, contemporary music has been considered by many singers to have a musical language that is difficult to fathom and places unrealistic demands on the voice. Music of the period has been lumped together into one impenetrable category. This may have occurred because singers are generally unfamiliar with the repertoire, having heard only a few pieces that seemed to bear out their worst fears. Some of this literature certainly contains dissonance, angular melodic lines, and mathematical concepts of construction.
Vocal Coloration
Authors: Mabry Sharon
Published: November 2023

When contemplating the musical output of the last one hundred years, no issue is more compelling than that of the composer’s aesthetic intent. This aesthetic intent, as it relates to vocal interpretation, involves the coloristic expression of pitches and any text applied to them. Paramount in this relationship of the voice to interpretation is the establishment of a vocal tone color appropriate for the projection of any dramatic import inherent in the text and its setting. Since the music varies considerably in construction, aesthetic ideals, and use of the voice, no single interpretative approach can or should be used when considering how to realize individual works from the period.
Research at Cambridge 1947-1955
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce
Published: November 2023

Mitchell’s experimental reSE>arch work at Cambridge, although productive, was relatively undistinguished. Of rather greater interest were his initial theoretical writings, but even theSf’ might be lightly passtcd over if they were not seen in the light of his later achievements. The Cambridge period was not one of academic success for Mitchell; it was, rather, a time when ideas began to take root in his mind, ideas whose great potential he himself could scarcely have foreseen at that time. But for the brilliance of the Edinburgh and early Glynn periods, much of his work such as his first thesis might be passed off as of a dilettante nature. lndeed, the first thesis for his Ph.D. was referred (rejected but could be resubmitted after revision). But the Cambridge research period is of great interest because it sowed seeds for his later creativity. Mitchell’s promise does SE>em to have been appreciated by some of his contemporaries, particularly Marjory Stephenson and also David Keilin. CE’ftainly some regarded him as a very clever scientist, but othE’fs were less CE’ftain. In the end, the department did not offer him a pe’rmanent position.
Edinburgh: 1955–1963
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce
Published: November 2023

Probably the most creative period in Mitchell's life was the years spent in Edinburgh from 1955 to 1963. It was here that the ideas on vectorial metabolism took a defined form and the expression of Mitchell's concept of the fluctoid, although rarely referred to, achieved its full expression in his philosophy of living systems. While the notion of vectorial metabolism did not greatly influence his contemporaries, it was the specific application of these ideas to the problem of oxidative phosphorylation that did.
Epilogue Mitchell and Glynn
Authors: Prebble John , Weber Bruce
Published: November 2023

At the time of Mitchell’s death a number of the obituaries and appreciations attempted to express the special quality of both Mitchell as a pnson and his approach to, and achievements in, science. Keith Garlid, who was with Mitchell during his last days, wrote, “My senSE’ of impending loss was continually interrupted by joyful memories of his generous and youthful spirit Pete was not afraid of death and was grateful for having lived such a full and happy life. “
Introduction To Rhythms and Clocks
Authors: Palmer John D
Published: November 2023

I stood on the famous cast-iron Clifton suspension bridge—built in 1845 by Isambard Kingdom Brunel—looking down on the River Avon. A newcomer to this part of southern England would never suspect that the river below was the terminus of the same quaint, willow-tree margined stream that flows though Shakespeare’s Stratford. Here, where it empties into the Bristol Channel, it is (or hopefully was, the year was 1962) a highly polluted, turbid effluent from upstream humanity. Another difference is that this stretch of the river experiences the second highest tidal exchange on earth: something like 43 feet depending on the day of the month. As I stared down from my lofty overlook, standing in the exact spot where modern bungee jumping would be born in 1979—with the mini-car traffic barely missing my backsides—I watched the tide recede. Its exit first exposed a miasmatic black mud on each side of the ever-narrowing channel of water. Next the stench of the ooze wafted up to me. Eventually, this channel, that a few hours earlier was deep enough to allow large oceangoing vessels to pass along to the city of Bristol just upstream, was now only a few feet wide.
Rhythms In Shore Dwellers
Authors: Palmer John D
Published: November 2023

Now let’s leave the world of life in water droplets and turn to animals, all that can be seen with the naked eye. We started on the seashore in the first chapter; now we return there again.

A rather common crab inhabiting the intertidal zone (that margin of the shoreline that is washed by the tides, in most places twice per day) is the fiddler crab (above). The males of the species have, on their attack end, two claws: a major one that is as large as the body of the animal and a tiny one. The large one is used for macho activities, while the puny one is used like chopsticks for eating.
Some Animal Rhythms
Authors: Palmer John D
Published: November 2023

Before science corrected a seventeenth-century interpretation of an everyday observation, people, using their eyes and noses, adopted one of the more believable hypotheses of the day: Life arose spontaneously from decaying meat. This seemed obvious: Meat left on the kitchen counter, or even more conspicuously if left outside in the sun, was soon teeming with disgusting white crawling worms (actually fly larvae). The conventional wisdom of seeing is believing (a sententious dictum that usually makes good sense) produced the spontaneous generation hypothesis. i.e. life arising from nothingness However, Francesco Redi destroyed this verisimilitude by performing one of the most inexpensive experiments ever done in the history of science: All it required was a piece of almost spoiled meat placed in a mayonnaise jar whose opening was covered with a cheesecloth rag. He left this scientific apparatus sitting in his lab where the meat soon stunk to the high heavens, but no white worms appeared on it. Instead, the worms arose spontaneously on the diaphanous cover. Wisely, Redi did not conclude that all life arose from cheesecloth! What had happened was that flies could not reach the malodorous meat in the jar so in desperation they just laid their eggs on the protective netting cap.
Jerusalem 9 June-18 July 1099
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

The latter part of the eleventh century saw the occurrence of two major struggles, one dealing with the Catholic Church in Europe and one with the Byzantine Empire. In Europe, the pope was trying to beat back a challenge by the Holy Roman Emperor as to which would reign supreme in both European politics and religion. Although officially protector of the church, the Holy Roman Emperor at times assumed the role of dictator, attempting to name the pope as well as lower-ranking officials in the Catholic Church hierarchy. Thus, the pope was looking for something to increase his prestige in the eyes of European nobility. In the Byzantine Empire, the Seljuk Turks, who had been gradually consolidating their power through the Middle East, scored a major victory over theweakening Byzantines at the battleof Manzikert in 1071.
Granada June-December 1491
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

The Iberian Peninsula has long been the site of conflict as well as a source of warriors. Iberian mercenaries composed the bulk of the Carthaginian army, and, after Rome defeated Carthage and occupied the peninsula in the wake of the Second Punic War (late third century B.C.), it drew on the population there as well. Roman culture dominated what came to be called Spain until the fourth century A.O., when the Romans were defeated by the invading Vandals, who

moved on through to North Africa.
Tenochtitlan 26 May-13 August 1521
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Much of Central America was dominated by the Toltec peoples until their mysterious disappearance about A.O. 1200. The power vacuum that followed, was coincident with the arrival of nomadic tribes from the north, One of themmcame to be known as Aztecs, or People from Aztlan, an unknown region to the north. They drifted into the valley of central Mexico and became subject to whatever power was able to achieve temporary hegemony. The Aztecs ultimately settled on the western side of Lake Texcoco, where they began to adapt themselves to the already established practice of building “floating gardens” of built-up silt. Here they established the city of Tenochtitlan in the middle of the fourteenth century. A second city, Tlatelolco, was built by a second Aztec faction. The two cities put themselves under the protection of rival powers: Tenochtitlan under Culhuacan, Tlatelolco under the Tepanecs.
Poltava 28June 1109
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Sweden had expanded from a Scandinavian power to a major force in European politics because of the statecraft and military genius of Gustavus Adolphus. He died in 1632 at the battle of Leutzen in the Thirty Years’ War and was succeeded by Charles X. Charles expanded on Gustavus’s strong performance by taking Sweden to its greatest limits and power by 1655. During the First Northern War, Charles defeated Poland and Denmark, but the war ended with his death in 1660. Peace lasted for four decades, until the reign of Charles XII, when Poland began showing its traditional restlessness under foreign dominance. In 1700, Polish King Augustus II organized the Northern Union, made up of Poland, Denmark, and Russia. Russia was the most enthusiastic supporter of the Union, not because it desired Polish liberation but because Czar Peter I wanted his country to supplant Sweden as the dominant Baltic power.
Quebec 13 September 1759
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

After the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, England began to seriously pursue a policy of colonization in North America. Unlike the Spanish who went to the New World mainly for conquest and riches, the English primarily went to North America to escape a variety of problems at home, mostly poverty and religious persecution. The English colonies along the eastern coast of North America were slow in growing, but were strong enough to divert most potential rivals elsewhere. The French, slightly behind the English in their pursuit of colonies, went to the remaining open region of North America, Canada. There the only resource that the French could exploit were furs. Unlike the Spanish or the English, whose attitudes toward the American Indian population were cavalier at best, the French saw the Indians as a source of supply.
Jena/Auerstädt 14 October 1806
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

In 1805, Napoleon was at the height of his power and talent. Although unable to launch his proposed invasion of Great Britain that year, he employed the army set aside for that purpose in the two battles that best showed his genius: Ulm and Austerlitz. Austrian General Mack was so swiftly surrounded at Ulm (20 October 1805) that he had no choice but to surrender before giving battle; at Austerlitz (2 December 1805), Napoleon’s army crushed a combined Austro-Russian force. The alliance between Russia and Austria was dissolved at that point, but the fact that Prussia had been urged to join it and had hesitated certainly contributed to the outcome at Austerlitz. Prussian King Frederick William Ill vacillated in the months preceding the battle, unsure if Austria would conclude a separate peace after he joined Austria and Russia.
Gettysburg 1-3 July 1863
Authors: Davis Paul K
Published: November 2023

Since Robert E. Lee took command of Confederate forces in June 1862, he had engineered an unbroken string of defensive victories. He had failed to obtain vitally needed foreign aid by being turned back (at Antietam Creek near Sharpsburg, Maryland) from a major incursion into Union territory in September 1862, but still his mystique grew with each successive Union general’s failure to defeat him on his home ground. Although Lee was successfully defending Confederate territory from Union invasion, his army was suffering severe supply shortages. Therefore, in June 1863, Lee was determined to try again to attack Union territory. He hoped primarily to live off the production of Northern farms and factories for a time, giving his Virginia base time to recover some of its agricultural output. Strategically, he hoped that by creating havoc in Pennsylvania by pillaging the countryside and disrupting rail traffic he could aid the nascent peace movement in the North, thereby weakening President Abraham Lincoln’s government. Finally, Lee had faint hopes of once again interesting European countries in the Confederate cause. Diplomats in European capitals had intimated that a Confederate victory in the North would prove the viability of their military, a necessary condition.
Science and Reality
Authors: Alcock John
Published: November 2023

Sociobiologists believe that they possess the means to gain real understanding about the adaptive significance of behavioral traits. The discipline’s foundation, Darwinian natural selection theory, has an internal logic that is unassailable. The theory can be used to produce hypotheses that are subjected to the same process of evaluation used by all members of the scientific community. Scientists everywhere feel confident that this process yields valid conclusions about what causes things to happen in the natural world.

Not everyone, however, is so confident of the objective nature of the scientific approach. Indeed, in recent years critics of science have arisen, largely within the academic community, critics who go by the labels of cultural relativist, postmodernist, or social constructivist and who advance a spectrum of counterviews and counterconclusions. For our purposes I shall assign these observers of science in general and sociobiology in particular to one of two camps: the hard cultural relativists and the soft cultural relativists.
Neither “Right” nor “Wrong”: Making Effective Interpretive Choices
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Why would Carmen want to dump José only days after she begged him to run off with her? Is it that she cannot be faithful to one man, or is it that she feels she cannot be the person that he wants? Either answer is plausible, but each would create a different personality, so which one is right? Even Bizet and his librettists, Meilhac and Halévy, couldn’t tell you. They could explain what they intended, but since what emerges out of the creative act often has subtleties, complexities, and possibilities beyond the makers’ intentions, even their answers would not be the last word.
Your Character’s Heart’s Desire: Fashioning Super-objectives
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Your character’s super-objective is a simple statement of the compelling need that drives her through an entire piece. With it you establish consistant, effective motivations, and a driving energy with which you make her words and actions believable.
Getting the Part: Auditioning
Authors: Ostwald David F
Published: November 2023

Your auditioners want you to succeed; they are searching for the performers who meet their needs. Assure them that you do, and you’ll get the job. In the following pages you will learn how to manage your audition so that you will present yourself at your best.
Ancient GreeceThe Way of Being Human
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: November 2023

Remember that you are human: this is the central message of ancient Greek reverence. “How could I forget?” you ask. Very easily, especially if you are so rich, so powerful, or so successful that you push every thought of failure away from your mind— every thought of human error, madness, or death. But you will err, if you are human; you will do crazy things, no matter how hard you cling to the notion that your mind is sound; and you will die. Between now and death you will have many opportunities to crash down from whatever height you have reached, and you will fall harder if you forget that the human path is strewn with stumbling blocks.
Ancient China the Way of Power
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: November 2023

The boy is now a man, set to go out into the world. His mother prepares for his departure, mending his coat, possibly for the last time. He feels that he is in her debt as strongly as if he were a blade of grass and she the sun, a debt he can conceive only through images, a debt he can never repay. In the tiny universe of his family he feels he is like the earth looking up at heaven, and he is in awe.
Gene Regulatory Circuitry of Phage λ
Authors: Little John W
Published: November 2023

The gene regulatory circuitry of phage λ was the first complex regulatory circuit to be analyzed in molecular detail. λ was chosen as a model system for this purpose because it displays a wide range of interesting regulatory properties. It can adopt two alternative life-styles, the lytic and lysogenic states, and it can switch from the lysogenic state to the lytic state in the process of prophage induction, often called the ‘‘genetic switch’’ (13, 28). A choice is made between these two alternative pathways soon after infection; the lysogenic state, in particular, is highly stable, and the switch can be highly efficient. It was clear early on that these properties would be of general relevance to other organisms, including higher eukaryotes. λ proved a fortunate choice as an experimental system: its genetics is easy, and many of the regulatory proteins are also biochemically tractable, allowing a highly productive interplay between genetics and biochemistry. As a result of work by many investigators, the proteins and cis-acting sites involved in these regulatory events are well known and intensively studied, and most of their regulatory interactions are known in great mechanistic detail. Hence, λ remains the best-understood complex regulatory system. At the same time, new surprises continue to appear (12).
Regulation of λ Gene Expression by Transcription Termination and Antitermination
Authors: Friedman David I , Court Donald L
Published: November 2023

Regulatory effects on gene expression at the level of transcription elongation are now recognized to be widely operative in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes (23, 97, 117, 123). Recognition of this mode of regulation can be dated to the 1969 Nature paper by Jeff Roberts (138). Not only did this work identify the Escherichia coli Rho termination protein and propose that there are specific transcription termination sites in the phage λ genome, but it led to the proposal that the λ N transcription regulation protein promotes gene expression by allowing RNA polymerase (RNA Pol) to transcend transcription terminators. The ideas first presented in this seminal paper have served as the basis for over 30 years of intensive work not only with phages but also with organisms on all levels of the evolutionary ladder. However, studies on λ and related lambdoid phages have continued to be prime sources of information about the molecular events influencing transcription elongation. It is the purpose of this chapter to update a previous review of this subject (48).We will present a short summary of what we consider essential material from that review as background and then a more extensive review that focuses primarily on subsequent work that we think has significantly extended understanding of the process of gene regulation by transcription terminationand antitermination.
Bacteriophage SPP1
Authors: Alonso Juan C , Tavares Paulo , Lurz Rudi , Trautner Thomas A
Published: November 2023

The lytic Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage SPP1 was isolated in Pavia (Subtilis Phage Pavia) and first described by Riva et al. (99). Interest in this phage derived at first from the observation that the complementary DNA strands of the phage were separable into a heavy strand (ρ=.725 g/cm3) and a light strand (ρ=.713 g/cm3) following denaturation and isopycnic centrifugation (99, 109). This observation and the finding that the phage was highly active in transfection led to the use of SPP1 in studies of mismatch repair (109). In later experiments the molecular biology of the phage, including its structure, total DNA sequence, genetics, and life cycle were established. Furthermore, SPP1 transfection was a convenient tool to study the mechanism of DNA processing during uptake into competent cells (123). SPP1 is a generalized transducing phage with respect to bacterial host markers and it also transduces plasmid DNA. These studies made SPP1 one of the best characterized bacteriophages of Gram-positive bacteria. In this review we shall summarize the results obtained in our and other laboratories during the last 35 years. Special attention is given to comparisons of the results obtained with SPP1 with properties of other organisms, providing a contribution to the understanding of the evolution of bacterial viruses. It should be realized that all findings reported here were obtained under laboratory conditions, which would not necessarily reflect conditions which the phage would encounter in its natural habitat.
Phages of Lactococcus lactis
Authors: Brøndsted Lone , Hammer Karin
Published: November 2023

Lactococci are Gram-positive mesophilic bacteria with low G-C content that belong to the group of lactic acid bacteria. They are aerotolerant and live by means of fermentation, as they are lacking a respiratory chain, and the main end product during fermentation is lactic acid. In nature lactococci are mainly found on plant material (100). Some lactococci have apparently adapted to multiply in milk and contain a plasmid-encoded milk protease and enzymes responsible for catabolism of lactose. Lactococcus lactis is used world-wide as starter culture for large-scale milk fermentations producing cheese such as cheddar and other fermented milk products. It has been estimated that approximately 107 tonnes of cheese are made annually, leading to human consumption of close to 1018 lactococci (41). In the genus Lactococcus five species are currently found: L. lactis, L. garviae, L. plantarum, L. piscium, L. raffinolactis (101, 118). Of these only L. lactis is used as starter culture and only phages from L. lactis have been studied at the molecular level. L. lactis is divided into three subspecies. Of these only L. lactis ssp. lactis and L. lactis ssp cremoris are used for milk fermentations. They are distinguished by differences in their DNA sequences, including those encoding 16S rRNA (45).
Molecular Genetics of Streptomyces Phages
Authors: Smith Margaret C M
Published: November 2023

Bacteria in the genus Streptomyces are abundant in most soil environments (103). They are prolific producers of secondary metabolites, which often have antibiotic or other biological activity, and they have an unusual growth habit (57). A streptomycete colony grows initially as a vegetative mycelium, containing branching hyphal filaments with occasional cross-walls. As the colony matures, signals govern the production of aerial hyphae, which differentiate to form chains of spores. As spores are resistant to drought and can persist in the soil for many years, the high streptomycete count in soils is often attributable to the presence of spores (16). The isolation of phages from soil samples using a Streptomyces host is generally easy with most samples yielding phage after enrichment (57). Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) is a model organism for this genus and has been studied most intensively. The linear genome contains 8,667,507 bp (5). Although the genome does not have any obvious prophage sequences, it does contain about 11 elements with features reminiscent of plasmids.
The Use of Phage as Diagnostic Systems
Authors: Rees Cath
Published: November 2023

The most common use of bacteriophage in detection methodology is phage typing. When developing panels of phage which will discriminate between isolates of the same species on the basis of lytic spectrum, phage are chosen specifically because of their narrow (and therefore discriminatory) host range. Since this is the use of phage most commonly encountered, a general impression has been created that phage have a narrow host range. Hence, one of the most commonly voiced criticisms of phage-based detection methods is that the host range of phage and therefore any test is limited, but this is far from the truth. When phage are selected for detection of species or of whole genera, those with the widest host range are chosen. A classic example of this is the phage Felix 01, first described as a broad-host-range phage infecting Salmonella enterica by Cherry et al. (8). Subsequent extensive studies of its host range have shown that it will usually infect more than 95% of Salmonella isolates (see 16 for a review). Similarly, in the Gram-positive genera, listeriaphage A511 was reported to infect 95% of the two major serotypes of Listeria associated with human disease (serotypes 1/2a and 4b; 17). More recently, systematic searches for broad-host-range lytic phage have demonstrated that they can be readily isolated from natural communities where the different bacterial genera are likely to be found (14). Hence, phage-based detection tests have been successfully developed, although few have met with commercial success.
October 19 The Dinner Party
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Neil Simon’s The Dinner Party opened December 2, 1999, at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles, under somewhat unusual circumstances. For the first time since 1963, when something called Nobody Loves Me played a summer stock tryout in Bucks County, Pennsylvania, a new Simon play went into production without a Broadway booking. Nobody Loves Me-starring Robert Redford and Elizabeth Ashley, under the direction of first-time director Mike Nichols-ultimately made it to Broadway, under the title Barefoot in the Park. And so, as it turned out, did The Dinner Party, Simon’s thirty-first Broadway offering.
Long-Run Leaders
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The following shows, separated into plays and musicals, have run more than 1 ,000 performances on Broadway. The productions are listed in order of their all-time ranking. Because yesterday’s record-breaking run might pale in comparison to a moderate hit of today, an additional column indicates productions that were at one time among the top ten, showing the highest level achieved.
Expressway to Your Heart’’ (1965-1967)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

In 1965, AS President Johnson’S Great Society moved to bring blacks into the mainstream, more and more blacks moved in the opposite direction. Heightened tensions between blacks and whites, and among blacks at odds over how to deal with white racism, became obvious. That August, President Johnson signed into law the Voting Rights bill of 1965, which, along with the Civil Rights Act of 1964, marked the culmination of a decade-long drive. But resistance to civil rights legislation persisted, in the North as well as in the South. Additional battles loomed over more volatile issues, such as open housing, that did not have broad white support. Complicating matters was the murder of black leader Malcolm X, whose death created a void in black leadership able significantly to address the dispossessed masses. For many blacks, especially younger ones, Martin Luther King’s policy of nonviolence in the face of violence seemed hypocritical, and the black community’s position of tolerance could no longer be counted on to hold. Just five days after the Voting Rights bill became law, a black uprising in which thirty-four people died began in the South Central Los Angeles ghetto called Watts. A wary America heard the first ominous strains of “get whitey” and “burn, baby, burn,” as a distinct pattern of summer violence began to emerge in black ghettos. While this growing division of black and white was more vividly reflected in areas that included the nation’s education system and public housing, it was also evident in America’s pop music. (That January, a year after Billboard eliminated its R&B chart because the listings were so similar to its Hot roo chart, the music trade paper began publishing it again.)
I’ll Be Around”(1974)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

Thombell, Through Mighty Three Music, was now affiliated with Kenny Gamble and Leon Huff, but the affable and strong-willed maestro, regarded by industry movers and shakers as one of its hottest creative talents in the business, continued his independent production work. The bulk of it was with the Stylistics, whose lush, sweet-soul recordings had, after just one album, established the group as the leading practitioners of that genre.
“Philadelphiafreedom” (1976)
Authors: Jackson John A
Published: November 2023

In Late 1975, Philadelphia International was temporarily invigorated by the O’Jays’ Family Reunion album and Harold Melvin and the Blue Notes’ Wake Up Everybody album. The title of the O’Jays album could have been an oblique nod to Kenny Gamble’s return to the Philadelphia International fold. The title of the Blue Notes album should have been heeded as a warning that, whatever the pending outcome of Project Sound, Philadelphia International could not survive indefinitely in its current depleted state. Former members of Lebaron Taylor’s Young Professionals, as well as another local writer/ arranger, Richard Rome, provided spirited competition in local R&B circles. Following Vince Montana’s Salsoul Orchestra blueprint, Rome (who was occasionally employed by Philadelphia International), rounded up the same personnel Montana used, right down to vocalists Barbara Ingram, Carla Benson, and Evette Benton, and created and produced a studio disco group that, in self-homage, he dubbed the Ritchie Family. Rome’s one-off lark resulted in a surprise hit album, Brazil. (When the Sigma Sweethearts refused to leave the recording studio to promote the album, lest they forfeit their now-multitudinous vocal backing sessions, Rome had to scurry to recruit three females to take their place on the road.) By then, Philadelphia was also a magnet for a myriad of competing artists and producers, from both near and far. Most people in the music business “are followers,” said Thom Bell. “So if there’s a great sound coming from Jumpville, Georgia, they’re gonna send their man to get that sound.” In the mid-197os, “Jumpville, Georgia” was Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Those unwilling to pay Gamble and Huff’s top-line production fee “would come to people like us,” said Morris Bailey. “We knew how to get the Philadelphia sound, it’s nothin’ to get! That kept us busy. We were able to pay our rent, buy a couple [of] houses. Nothin’ big like Kenny, but we were able to make a living.
Introduction
Authors: Pifer Ellen
Published: November 2023

While the scandal and controversy sparked by Lolitas provocative subject has never fully abated, the critical acclaim it received during the 1960s and 1970s served to dampen, if not quell, the outrage expressed by some readers (and nonreaders) of the novel. By 1970, a mere dozen years after its American debut, Alfred Appel, Jr., published a hefty scholarly edition, The Annotated Lolita, adding to the novel’s three hundred pages of text nearly as many pages of scholarly notes and commentary.
Parody and Authenticity in Lolita
Authors: Frosch Thomas R
Published: November 2023

First, however, I suggest that we best describe Lolita generically not as a love story or a novel of pathos but as a romance. The plot itself is composed of a series of typical romance structures, each one a version of the quest or hunt and each one an embodiment of a specific type of suspense or anxiety. We begin with the pursuit of Lolita and the anxiety of overcoming sexual obstacles. Next, once Humbert and Lolita are lovers, we have a story of jealousy and possessiveness, as Humbert is beset by fears of rivals and by Lolita’s own resistance. Finally, in Humbert’s dealings with Quilty, we have a third and fourth type, each with its attendant style and anxiety: the double story and the revenge story. Furthermore, these plot structures are infused with the demonic (that is, a quality of uncanny power possessed originally by beings, whether good or evil, midway between gods and people), which is a primary characteristic of romance as a literary mode. Lolita is an inherently unpossessable object; her appeal consists partly in her transience-she will only be a nymphet for a brief time-and partly in her status as a demonic visitor to the common world.
Nabokov’s Novel Offspring: Lolita and Her Kin
Authors: Pifer Ellen
Published: November 2023

Nabokov’s novel has never fully recovered from the charges of obscenity that greeted it, despite the fact that they were quickly dismissed by the courts as well as by prominent critics. In the popular mind, the name Lolita has come to signify the cynical sophistication and sexual precocity, bordering on lewdness, of American and Americanized youth.
Neurostimulators and Neuroprostheses
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H
Published: November 2023

Along with the generation of axons and neurons to aid neurorecovery, the first quarter of the 21st century will see the creation of interfaces that allow neurons to drive or be driven by computers and micromachines (Table 4–1). Such human-machine interfaces may reduce impairments and disabilities. At a minimum, they will lessen handicaps by making the environment more negotiable.
Microbial Sex
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

Microbial genetics goes back at least 75 years.1 In the late 1920s, Bernard Dodge, at the U.S. Department of Agriculture in Washington, DC, and later at the New York Botanic Garden, worked out the sexual cycle of a pink bread mold called Neurospora crassa and learned how to make crosses. In the 1930s, Carl Lindegren at the California Institute of Technology made the fungus a good laboratory subject for genetics, isolating mutants and mapping them on the chromosomes. This laid the foundations for George Beadle and Edward Tatum, at Stanford University from 1940, to adopt Neurospora for their Nobel Prize–winning work on the direct relationship between genes and enzymes.2 Later, other fungi, including the mold Aspergillus nidulans, and especially brewer’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, became important models for studying genetics.
Functional Genomics
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

The first complete bacterial genome sequence, for Haemophilus influenzae, was published in 1995,1 followed the same year by the sequence for Mycoplasma genitalium. This simple, wall-less organism has one of the smallest genomes, only 580,070 base pairs and carrying just 470 genes. The genome sequence of a cyanobacterium (formerly called a blue-green alga) came in 1996, and in 1997 those for three chief model microbes: Escherichia coli, the workhorse of molecular microbiology; Bacillus subtilis, the model gram-positive bacillus; and baker’s yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a favorite for studying eukaryote molecular and cell biology. Completion of the yeast sequence was a triumph of organization because it resulted from a cooperation among100 laboratories in Canada, Japan, the United States, and Europe, including a European Union consortium of laboratories from almost every member state. The article in Nature summarizing the results had what may be a record of 633 authors.2 It was by far the largest genome to be completed, with more than 12 mil- lion base pairs of DNA distributed among 16 separate chromosomes, although encoding only about 6000 genes. This is far fewer than in a bacterial chromosome of the same size, because eukaryotic chromosomes contain long stretches of DNA that do not code for proteins. By early 2006, there were 316 complete genomes of bacteria alone, and another 933 were in progress.
Genomics Against Tuberculosis and Leprosy
Authors: Hopwood David A
Published: November 2023

The mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis and leprosy were some of the first actinomycetes to be described, in the 1870s and 1880s (Chapter 1). After World War II, streptomycin as a treatment for tuberculosis (TB) brought their relatives, the streptomycetes, to worldwide attention as antibiotic producers. In the following decades, actinomycete and fungal antibiotics helped to bring most bacterial infections under control, but those caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium leprae remained very hard to treat. Much of this book has dealt with the genetic endowment of the streptomycetes and how it helps them meet the challenges of their soil environment. In this chapter, I describe how mycobacterial genetics and genomics is leading to a better understanding of the adaptations of M. tuberculosis and M. leprae to a very different life style, bringing nearer the prospect of eventually consigning TB and leprosy to history.
Five Critical Questions
Authors: Swain Joseph P
Published: November 2023

At this point the dimensional theory of harmonic rhythm is complete as far as I have taken it. Refinements are no doubt possible and desirable. But however much it may be improved, it would rarely be employed as the sole means to answer a question of music analysis or to tackle an interesting problem in criticism. As a perspective on harmony, perhaps the most technically sophisticated element of the Western tradition, any means of understanding harmonic rhythm might put claim to some centrality, but at the same time it treats only one aspect of one element of a most complex and subtle art.
Sickness, Life Stories, and Self-Respect
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

According to the meaning model of the placebo response, patients are most likely to improve when the meanings of their illness experiences are altered in positive directions—when things are explained to them, they feel cared for, and they sense an enhanced degree of control over the symptoms. Modem medicine has much to offer to patients by way of biological and chemical treatments for many diseases. The placebo response, as an “add-on” to whatever biomedical therapy is offered to the patient, is extraordinarily variable and might turn out to constitute overall no more than ten to fifteen percent of the improvement in a patient’s physical health. However, many randomized, controlled trials are conducted today specifically for the purpose of proving that some new drug performs ten to fifteen percent better than the standard, older drug. If physicians are happy to adopt that new drug, they cannot logically disdain seeking the benefits of the placebo response for as many of their patients as possible. This requires that the meaning of the illness become a focus of each encounter between patient and physician. Because the story I tell about an event is the primary way I have of constructing the meaning the event has for me, medical encounters should focus, at least in part, upon the patient’s story.
Types of Stories about Sickness
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

My inquiry in this book is a sort of dialogue across disciplines, alternately using philosophy and literature to illuminate issues in medicine and health care. In the 1980s and 1990s literary scholars did magnificent work in ad­ dressing medical and health matters, so that “literature and medicine” seems well established as a sub discipline of study,’ but a good deal of the body of work that has been identified as “literature about medicine” is not well suited for our particular inquiry, however valuable it might be for other purposes and for general study about the nature of medicine and health. Many literary works about medicine are primarily about physicians (e.g., Cousins 1982). Naturally, a description of the life and activities of a physician is bound to reveal important things about the sick people whom she treats, yet the viewpoint will be skewed. We will see events not through the eyes of the sick individual but through the eyes of someone else. For our purposes we would rather see physicians as part of the general landscape of illness—a foreign species of animal, perhaps, that sick people encounter along their journeys— than as the main characters of the narrative.
How Sickness Alters Experience
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

We have been exploring how sickness interrupts and changes the narrative of one’s life. A narrative of a life has some necessary features. Events within the narrative have to be located somehow within space and time, and for a narrative to flow in the expected fashion, the dimensions of time and space must re­ main reasonably constant and not undergo unexpected alterations. A narrative of a life also assumes a varied cast of characters. The central character, whose life it is, cannot be sufficient unto herself. Rather, events take on the meaning that they have in part because of the ways that others are involved.

One’s experience of one’s life is altered appreciably if sickness somehow distorts one’s sense of time or space or one’s sense of relationship to others. Here we will explore how sickness can alter experience in these ways. Later we will look at a different aspect of altered relationships—how the sick person appears to others and how the sickness affects others’ lives.
Stories of life with Disability
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

In early 1991 I experienced complications of the rupture of a spinal disk. Following several months of rehabilitation, during which I needed a cane to walk, I was left with residual paralysis of some of the muscles of my calves and hips. The functional consequence was that I could comfortably walk long distances on the flat but noticed my weakness immediately upon having to walk up even a slight incline or stairs. By the summer of that year I had dispensed with the cane and felt well enough to keep an out-of-town lecture engagement.

The lecture was to take place at a golf-ski resort in southwestern Colorado. To reach the resort I had to fly a commuter plane and then rent a car to traverse the last sixty-odd miles. I drove up to the scenically situated resort, stopped at the registration building, and was directed to the detached condo in which my room was located. I drove another half mile or so through the resort grounds to the condo and unloaded my luggage. I then decided to return to the central building to check on the conference and discover where my lecture was to take place the next day. The day was brilliantly sunny, and it seemed a shame to drive the short distance, so I set out on foot.
Maladaptive Ways of Being Sick
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

I have argued that it may be maladaptive to belong to certain self-help groups characterized by dogmatic rigidity in the sickness narratives deemed acceptable for their members. The member may achieve a sense of peer support and belonging and yet be denied a deeper and more satisfying aspect of self-respect. This argument may be unsettling. What right do I have to label any sickness narrative or coping style maladaptive? Presumably, the whole reason to focus on narratives in the first place was to better appreciate the value of each person’s unique way of attaching meaning to the experience of sickness. What could provide a sound basis for a negative judgment about another’s chosen narrative?

Later I will address the larger question of narrative ethics and will discuss how one can engage in ethical reasoning and reflection by means of narrative. These arguments hinge upon an ability to label some narratives morally better than others and better descriptions of human behavior and thought. We have already seen the sense in which having self-respect is a social rather than an individual function and is based in part on one’s chosen peers deciding that one’s life story and life plan is a good story to be told by someone in that situation.
Rigor in Narrative Judgments
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

We saw in the last chapter that doing narrative ethics usually involves giving or deriving reasons why one ought or ought not to do certain things. This is especially the case if one shifts the perspective away from ethics-as-solving- problems and toward seeing ethics as increasing our moral understanding (Johnson 1993). From this perspective there is no clear distinction between doing narrative ethics and offering justification for the conclusions that derive from narrative work. So some would see this chapter simply as providing more examples of how narrative ethics is done. I have tried nonetheless to focus here on the question of whether and why a conclusion drawn from narrative ethics is justified.

Anne Hunsaker Hawkins, outlining the ideal dialogue between literature and bioethics, mentions in passing that the Iliad is an epic poem that begins by assuming a set of warrior values such as bravery, honor, and glory in battle.
Ethics and the Life–Span Narrative
Authors: Brody Howard
Published: November 2023

Narratives have to do with actions and events unfolding over time. If we re­ move the temporal element, we no longer have a narrative (Ricouer 1984), al­ though there are ways of simply listing events in a chronological series that retain the passage of time without assuming a narrative form (White 1981). In this and the next chapter I will explore in more detail two aspects of the time dimension of narratives that have particular implications for ethical under­ standing and decisions in health care. First, I will consider the temporal dimensions of the narrative of a complete life. Then, following from Walker’s notion of the “narrative of relationships,” I will consider the long-term relationship between the patient and the physician (or other health care professional) as itself an unfolding narrative (Walker 1998).
Bodies, Words, and Images
Authors: Martensen Robert L
Published: November 2023

Nowadays religion and science exist in separate domains for most people. Most of us assume that they speak to different aspects of the human condition. But this was not the case during the early modem period or before, at least in the Christian West. Indeed, it is impossible to understand science from an historical perspective without analyzing shifts and tensions between theology and natural philosophy, which was the antecedent in some ways of modem science, concerning relationships between matter and spirit in the macrocosm of the universe and in the microcosm of man, to use an early modem trope. Most of this book deals with these shifts and tensions as matters came to a head during the heyday of the Scientific Revolution of mid-seventeenth-century Europe. A century earlier, however, an historical moment occurred that set the stage for those debates.
Meaning in Narrative
Authors: Scholes Robert , Phelan James , Kellogg Robert
Published: November 2023

Meaning, in a work of narrative art, is a function of the relation ship between two worlds: the fictional world created by the author and the “real” world, the apprehendable universe. When we say we “understand” a narrative we mean that we have found a satisfactory relationship or set of relationships between these two worlds. In some narratives the author tries to control the reader’s response more fully than in others. The most extreme attempts at this sort of control we recognize as allegory and satire, and because of the special problems raised by them, we have devoted the second part of this chapter to a discussion of the nature and history of attempts to control meaning. But for the moment we are concerned with more fundamental problems, the first of which must be the relationship between the actual worlds of the author and the reader.