bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mn‐Dopant Differentiating the Ru and Ir Oxidation States in Catalytic Oxides Toward Durable Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Acidic Electrolyte
Authors: Joo Jinwhan , Park YeJi , Kim Jun , Kwon Taehyun , Jun Minki , Ahn Docheon , Baik Hionsuck , Jang Jong Hyun , Kim Jin Young , Lee Kwangyeol
Published: November 2021

Designing an efficient and durable electrocatalyst for the sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) at the anode remains the foremost challenge in developing proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. Here, a highly active and durable cactus‐like nanoparticle with an exposed heterointerface between the IrO2and the low oxidation state Ru by introducing a trace amount of Mn dopant is reported. The heterostructure fabrication relies on initial mixing of the Ru and Ir phases before electrochemical oxidation to produce a conjoined Ru/IrO2heterointerface. Benefitting from electron transfer at the heterointerface, the low oxidation state Ru species shows excellent initial activity, which is maintained even after 180 h of continuous OER test. In a half‐cell test, the Mn‐doped RuIr nanocactus (Mn‐RuIr NCT) achieves a mass activity of 1.85 A mgIr+Ru−1at 1.48 VRHE, which is 139‐fold higher than that of commercial IrO2. Moreover, the superior electrocatalytic performance of Mn‐RuIr NCT in the PEM electrolysis system ensures its viability in practical uses. The results of the excellent catalytic performance for acidic OER indicate that the heterostructuring robust rutile IrO2and the highly active Ru species with a low oxidation state on the catalyst surface drive a synergistic effect.
Catalytic Insertion Reactions of α‐Imino Carbenoids
Authors: Pal Kuntal , Volla Chandra M. R.
Published: November 2021

Over the past decade, α‐imino carbenoids generated via transition metal (such as rhodium, nickel, copper, palladium, silver) catalyzed denitrogenative ring‐opening of N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles have found an extensive account of applications in synthetic organic chemistry. Particularly, they have been widely utilized as a donor/acceptor carbene complex in a range of transformations leading to diverse nitrogen containing compounds and heterocycles. Along the same direction, 3‐diazoindolin‐2‐imines were successfully applied as an alternative source of α‐imino carbenoid precursors for the development of a number of methodologies to access diverse indole derivatives. This review summarizes the insertion reactions of α‐imino metal carbenes derived from N‐sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles and 3‐diazoindolin‐2‐imines.
Health status of free‐ranging pure and cross‐mixed miniature swine population from Northeast Spain
Authors: Soler Vicente , Casas Encarna , Closa‐Sebastià Francesc , Sanz Albert , Martorell Jaume
Published: November 2021

Background

Miniature pigs have gained popularity as companion animals in the recent years in Spain. Due to the fact that their abandonment and crossing breeds with wild boars can cause severe problems, investigation about the health status is needed.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to determine their health status according to the clinical findings during physical examination and the results of antibody serology tests against selected infectious diseases.

Methods

Two‐hundred and eleven miniature pigs (Sus scrofa) were included in the study. Their origin, age, sex, housing conditions and diet were recorded.

Results

The housing of the animals ranged from wild animals to ones living in animal sanctuaries. The diet varied from a natural one in the wild to commercial and homemade food. Thirty animals out of two‐hundred and eleven were hybrids between miniature pigs and wild boars according to morphological characteristics. Antibody serology techniques of Influenza A virus, Hepatitis E virus, brucellosis, tuberculosis, African swine fever, Classical swine fever and Aujeszky's disease was performed. The prevalence for Influenza A was 5.30%, for Hepatitis E was 5.35% and the rest tested negative. It is important to control and monitor these zoonotic infections to prevent Public Health problems.

Conclusions

The results obtained from this investigation demonstrated that the animals' health status in this study is optimal and the diseases prevalence is similar or minor when compared to previous studies. This study confirms the hybridization of miniature pig and wild boar in Catalonia.
Yeast stress granules at a glance
Authors: Grousl Tomas , Vojtova Jana , Hasek Jiri , Vomastek Tomas
Published: November 2021

The formation of stress granules (SGs), membrane‐less organelles that are composed of mainly messenger ribonucleoprotein assemblies, is the result of a conserved evolutionary strategy to cellular stress. During their formation, which is triggered by robust environmental stress, SGs sequester translationally inactive mRNA molecules, which are either forwarded for further processing elsewhere or stored during a period of stress within SGs. Removal of mRNA molecules from active translation and their sequestration in SGs allows preferential translation of stress response transcripts. By affecting the specificity of mRNA translation, mRNA localization and stability, SGs are involved in the overall cellular reprogramming during periods of environmental stress and viral infection. Over the past two decades, we have learned which processes drive SGs assembly, how their composition varies under stress, and how they co‐exist with other subcellular organelles. Yeast as a model has been instrumental in our understanding of SG biology. Despite the specific differences between the SGs of yeast and mammals, yeast have been shown to be a valuable tool to the study of SGs in translation‐related stress response. This review summarizes the data surrounding SGs that are formed under different stress conditions inSaccharomyces cerevisiaeand other yeast species. It offers a comprehensive and up‐to‐date view on these still somewhat mysterious entities.
Dialectical Materialism
Authors: Zwart Hub
Published: November 2021

Although Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels strictly speaking never used the term, “dialectical materialism” refers to the philosophy of science and nature developed in (and on the basis of) their writings, emphasising the pivotal role of real-world socio-economic conditions (e.g. labour, class struggle, technological developments). As indicated by their correspondence (Marx & Engels, 1983), their collaboration represented a unique intellectual partnership which began in Paris in 1844 and continued after Marx’s death, when Engels took care of Marx’s legacy, notably the sprawling mass of manuscripts which he managed to transform into Volume II and III of Capital. While their joint effort (resulting in no less than 44 volumes of collected writings known as the Marx Engels Werke, published by Dietz Verlag Berlin) began as co-authorship, they eventually decided on a division of labour (with Marx focussing on Capital), although reading, reviewing, commenting on and contributing to each other’s writings remained an important part of their research practice. As a result of this division of labour, while Marx focussed on political economy, Engels dedicated himself to elaborating a dialectical materialist philosophy of nature and the natural sciences, resulting in works such as the Anti-Dühring and his unfinished Dialectics of Nature (published posthumously), although Engels (a voracious intellectual) wrote and published on may other topics as well, so that his output can be regarded as a dialectical materialist encyclopaedia in fragments. Again, although I will start with an exposition of dialectical materialism, my aim is not to contribute to scholarly discussions on dialectical materialism. My focus is on the how and now, and my aim is to explore how to practice dialectical materialism of technoscience today (cf. Žižek, 2014/2015, p. 1; Hamza, 2016, p. 163).
Psychoanalysing Technoscience
Authors: Zwart Hub
Published: November 2021

While the previous chapter discussed the shift from Hegelian dialectics to dialectical materialism, this chapter addresses the shift from dialectics to psychoanalysis, notably in France, paying due attention to the productive tensions between both approaches. After a concise exposition of Freudian psychoanalysis, focussing on Beyond the Pleasure Principle, the text in which Freud explicitly “plunged into the thickets” of modern biology (Gay, 1988, p. 401), I will extensively discuss the views of Gaston Bachelard and Jacques Lacan on technoscience. Building on a previous publication (Zwart, 2019a), where I already presented a psychoanalytic understanding of technoscience, which I don’t want to duplicate here (focussing on the oeuvres of Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, Gaston Bachelard and Jacques Lacan), I will now emphasise the continuity between dialectic and psychoanalysis, indicating how dialectics remains an important moment in Bachelard’s and Lacan’s efforts to develop a psychoanalysis of technoscience, both as a discourse and as a practice. In addition, I will elucidate the added value of this convergence by extrapolating it to three concrete case studies, one borrowed from particle physics and two from life sciences research: the Majorana particle, the malaria mosquito and the nude mouse.
Coming to Terms with Technoscience: The Heideggerian Way
Authors: Zwart Hub
Published: November 2021

Imagine a group of philosophy students, about to complete a Master’s program in continental philosophy, who are invited to visit a life sciences research laboratory, somewhere on a university campus. Having studied some of Heidegger’s quintessential works, such asBeing and TimeandThe Question of Technology, they suddenly find themselves exposed to racks of test-tubes and automated sequencing machines. Suppose that, thrown into such an “unworldly” lab environment, they ask themselves how to interpret their experiences in a Heideggerian manner.
Leading While Female: A Personal Journey
Authors: Katehi Linda
Published: November 2021

Growth in the administrative function of universities along with the fragility of academic culture creates challenges for academic leaders invested in change. In my own case, these challenges were compounded by my gender: my status as an immigrant woman in a leadership role. In this chapter I outline the basic requirements of a democratic culture—allowing individuals to preserve their identity while positively contributing to the community in which they're embedded—and question the gender stereotypes that see men but not women as “naturally” suited to leadership. This prejudice can translate into implicit or even explicit bias and discrimination when women attempt to fill roles that historically have been reserved for men, and thereby violate gender expectations. As a consequence, women leaders may be marginalized and their authority resisted or unrecognized. This chapter is a personal journey detailing my own experiences of “leading while female.”
Data-Driven Decision-Making
Authors: Barbu Sophie J. , McDonald Karen , Brazil-Cruz Lisceth , Sullivan Lisa , Bisson Linda F.
Published: November 2021

Addressing barriers to inclusion requires understanding the nature of the problem at the institutional level. Data collection and assessment are both crucial for this aim. In this chapter, we describe two important classes of data: (1) data on diversity that define the potential nature of the issues at stake and the need for change, and (2) data on assessing the usefulness of new programs, processes, and policies in creating a more diverse institution. Both sets of data are important for effective decision-making. At the same time, data analyses can be challenging because issues of equity and inclusion are complex and determining the basis of comparison or the “ideal” diversity target can be difficult. Nevertheless, data gathering and analysis are critical to assess progress and to provide a basis for both accountability and efficacy. Moreover, the ability to document that a problem indeed exists will help justify the need for change and, ideally, spur corrective action.
Leadership and Organizational Structure
Authors: Bisson Linda F. , Jamison-McClung Denneal , Grindstaff Laura , Katehi Linda , de Leon Siantz Mary Lou
Published: November 2021

Achieving diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in an institution requires a strong and lasting commitment from organizational leaders. Given the magnitude of the challenges, that commitment must be organizationally embedded such that changes in leadership do not lead to changes in commitment or to backsliding as new initiatives emerge and potentially gain favor. Leadership is essential to establishing the overall vision of a new institutional culture as well as accurate and responsive communication of that vision. It is also necessary to build committed teams with relevant expertise. The organizational structure must reflect the involvement of experts but also be broadly inclusive of the community in question and establish mechanisms for learning, communication, and open discussion. This chapter describes the role of leadership in institutional transformation as well as elements of team assembly and design, along with the critical role of communication.
A Long-Term Vision on Faculty Diversity at UC Davis
Authors: Aldana Raquel E. , Moreno Josephine M.
Published: November 2021

The sustainability of ADVANCE, beyond its early successes at UC Davis, largely depends on whether it can propel the types of transformational changes needed to fulfill ADVANCE’s own aspirations. One of these aspirations is to change the face of STEM at UC Davis. Transformational change must consider the pipeline of Latinx and other underrepresented students into all doctoral programs, including but not limited to STEM. This chapter addresses the need to expand on the ADVANCE initiative to grow the pool of doctoral underrepresented minority (URM) students at UC Davis and nationally, as well as to promote their integration into successful careers after graduation, as professors, scientists, or professionals who go on to become leaders in government or industry. At UC Davis, these efforts have already begun in earnest and include visionary changes to revamp recruitment practices for graduate students, transform graduate admissions practices, and improve mentoring of students during and after completion of their programs. This chapter explores these efforts at UC Davis and summarizes the lessons learned from their implementation.
Making Visible the Invisible: Studying Latina STEM Scholars
Authors: Flores Yvette G. , Grindstaff Laura , Brazil-Cruz Lisceth
Published: November 2021

This chapter focuses on the experience of conducting collaborative, interview-based research on the career pathways of Latina STEM scholars in the United States. In addition to outlining our key findings, we address the process of conducting the research and explain why the Latina experience is crucial to understanding current discrimination practices. We discuss the theoretical foundations of our methodology and the importance of qualitative, in-depth interviews as a specific form of knowledge-production, as well as topics such as researcher ethics, positionality, confidentiality, emotional labor, and the advantages and challenges of interdisciplinary collaboration.
Wilson line correlators beyond the large-Nc
Authors: Isaksen Johannes Hamre , Tywoniuk Konrad
Published: November 2021

Abstract

We study hard 1 → 2 final-state parton splittings in the medium, and put special emphasis on calculating the Wilson line correlators that appear in these calculations. As partons go through the medium their color continuously rotates, an effect that is encapsulated in a Wilson line along their trajectory. When calculating observables, one typically has to calculate traces of two or more medium-averaged Wilson lines. These are usually dealt with in the literature by invoking the large-Nc limit, but exact calculations have been lacking in many cases. In our work, we show how correlators of multiple Wilson lines appear, and develop a method to calculate them numerically to all orders in Nc. Initially, we focus on the trace of four Wilson lines, which we develop a differential equation for. We will then generalize this calculation to a product of an arbitrary number of Wilson lines, and show how to do the exact calculation numerically, and even analytically in the large-Nc limit. Color sub-leading corrections, that are suppressed with a factor $$ {N}_c^{-2} $$

N
c

−
2

relative to the leading scaling, are calculated explicitly for the four-point correlator and we discuss how to extend this method to the general case. These results are relevant for high-pT jet processes and initial stage physics at the LHC.
Asymptotic Weyl double copy
Authors: Godazgar Hadi , Godazgar Mahdi , Monteiro Ricardo , Veiga David Peinador , Pope C. N.
Published: November 2021

Abstract

A characteristic value formulation of the Weyl double copy leads to an asymptotic formulation. We find that the Weyl double copy holds asymptotically in cases where the full solution is algebraically general, using rotating STU supergravity black holes as an example. The asymptotic formulation provides clues regarding the relation between asymptotic symmetries that follows from the double copy. Using the C-metric as an example, we show that a previous interpretation of this gravity solution as a superrotation has a single copy analogue relating the appropriate Liénard-Wiechert potential to a large gauge transformation.
Treatment of mid-trimester preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) with multi-resistant bacteria-colonized anhydramnion with continuous amnioinfusion and meropenem: a case report and literature review
Authors: Tchirikov Michael , Ocker Ronja , Seliger Gregor , Chaoui Katarina , Moritz Stefan , Haase Roland
Published: November 2021

Purpose

Treatment of mid-trimester classic preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) with systemic antibiotics has limited success in the prevention of chorioamnionitis, funisitis and fetal inflammatory response syndrome because of very low transplacental passage.

Methods

Here we report a case of PPROM at 18 weeks gestation with anhydramnion colonized by multi-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli). A catheter system was implanted at 23/2nd weeks gestation, enabling long-term continuous lavage of the amniotic cavity with Amnion Flush Solution (100 ml/h combined with intraamniotic meropenem application).

Results

The patient gave birth to a preterm male infant at 28/3rd without any signs of infection. In a follow-up examination at 24 months, there was no neurological disturbance or developmental delay.

Conclusion

The classic PPROM with multi-resistant E. coli colonization could be treated with continuous amnioinfusion and meropenem.
Impact of Flow Based Market Coupling on the European Electricity Markets
Authors: Finck Rafael
Published: November 2021

Flow Based Market Coupling is the target model for determining exchange capacities in the internal European Electricity Market. It has been in operation in Central Western Europe since 2015 and is scheduled to be extended to the wider Core region in the near future. Exchange capacities have a significant impact on market prices, exchanges and the energy mix, thus also determining the CO$${}_{2}$$
2
footprint of electricity generation in the system. Stakeholders therefore need to develop an understanding for the impact of Flow Based Market Coupling and the parameter choice, like the minimum exchange capacities introduced in 2020, on the market outcome. This article presents a framework to model Flow Based Market Coupling and analyse the impact of different levels of regulatory induced minimum trading capacities as well as the effect of the extension towards the Core region. Electricity prices, exchange positions and the number and nature of binding constraints in the market results under different market coupling scenarios are investigated. The results show that increased level of minimum trading capacities in CWE market coupling decrease the German net export position by up to 7 TW h or 23%, while French exports increase by up to 10 TW h or 9%. The different transfer capacity in the scenarios induce a price difference of up to 13%. Increased exchange capacities allow for more base load generation with the corresponding effects for the CO$${}_{2}$$
2
emissions of the system. The nature of coupling constraints is highly dynamic and dependent on the system state, which makes the suitability of static NTC values in energy system scenarios questionable.
Globalisierung in der Krise?
Authors:   ZG Überblick
Published: November 2021

Die Globalisierung hat im vergangenen Jahrzehnt deutlich an Geschwindigkeit verloren. Der Welthandel wuchs in den 2010er Jahren langsamer als die Weltproduktion. Protektionistische Tendenzen bremsen den Welthandel, auch wenn der Multilateralismus nach der Präsidentschaft Donald Trumps wieder an Rückhalt gewonnen hat. Auch die Corona-Pandemie und Lieferengpässe haben Sand in das Getriebe der Globalisierung gestreut. Lediglich der internationale Handel mit Dienstleistungen zeigt noch ein robustes Wachstum. Deutschlands enge wirtschaftliche Verflechtung mit der Welt bedeutet auch, dass Störungen in Lieferketten oder Nachfrageeinbrüche während einer Pandemie äußerst negativ zu bewerten sind und geeignete Strategien für die globale Gesundheitssicherheit verfolgt werden sollten.
Chinas Belt and Road Initiative wandelt sich
Authors: Kuhn Britta
Published: November 2021

Schon vor der Corona-Pandemie belasteten finanzielle und geopolitische Probleme die „Neue Seidenstraße“: Chinas Gesamtinvestitionen gehen seit Jahren zurück, wichtige Bauprojekte sind unrentabel, die Partner in Ost- und Südosteuropa wenden sich ab, und umweltschädliche Vorhaben stoßen zunehmend auf Widerstand. Seit 2020 bieten wohlhabende Demokratien verstärkt Alternativen, und auch die Volksrepublik stundet Schulden. Xi Jinping forciert daher neben dem „BRI Green Partnership“ vor allem die „Digital Silk Road“ und „China Standards 2035“, also globale Technologie- und Normierungsprojekte.
Deutsche Bahn: Entflechtung 2.0!
Authors: Kühling Jürgen , Gremm Cornelia
Published: November 2021

Die Eisenbahninfrastruktur des DB Konzerns wird seit der Bahnreform 1994 zusammen mit den Eisenbahnverkehrsunternehmen in einer vertikal integrierten Konzernstruktur organisiert. Diese Konzernstruktur steht jedoch im Verdacht, Wettbewerbsverzerrungen auf der Ebene der Eisenbahnverkehrsunternehmen zu verursachen. Eine eigentumsrechtliche Trennung der Eisenbahninfrastruktur von dem restlichen Betrieb des DB Konzerns könnte diese Wettbewerbsverzerrungen unterbinden. Bisher fehlte hierfür jedoch die politische Mehrheit. Die Monopolkommission stellt in ihrem aktuellen Gutachten daher Maßnahmen vor, um im geltenden Rahmen die derzeitigen Unabhängigkeits- und Transparenzprobleme zu beheben.
Decolonising the Curriculum in International Law: Entrapments in Praxis and Critical Thought
Authors: al Attar Mohsen , Abdelkarim Shaimaa
Published: November 2021

Calls to decolonise the curriculum gain traction across the academe. To a great extent, the movement echoes demands of the decolonisation era itself, a period from which academics draw both impetus and legitimacy. In this article, we examine the movement’s purchase when applied to the teaching of international law. We argue that the movement reinvigorates debates about the origins of international law, centring its violent foundations as well as its Eurocentric episteme. Yet, like many critical approaches toward international law, the movement is smitten with itself and with the regime. As a consequence, the outcome of its activism and critique is predetermined: both must redeem the Eurocentrism of international law and its associated pedagogy. Calls to decolonise the curriculum ultimately validate the epistemological limitations inherent to a stratified, international order, failing to offer a genuine alternative framework or epistemology.
Learning from Graduate and Undergraduate Public Health Virtual Internship Experiences with State Title V Agencies During COVID-19, Summer 2020
Authors: Handler Arden , Greenleaf Rebecca , Bozlak Christine T. , Moerchen Victoria , Pizur-Barnekow Kris , San Miguel Cindy , Sappenfield Olivia , Masini Gabriella
Published: November 2021

Background

Since summer 2014, the National MCH Workforce Development Center has placed students from MCH public health graduate (Centers of Excellence and Catalyst) and undergraduate (MCH Pipeline) programs, all funded by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau, in summer internships with state and territorial Title V agencies. In 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic the Title V MCH Internship Program was offered virtually.

Participants and Methods

This manuscript includes quantitative and qualitative data from 2017 to 2020 generated by both Title V MCH Internship student interns (n = 76) and their preceptors (n = 40) with a focus on a comparison between the 2020 virtual year and the 2017–2019 years.

Results

Evaluation data from the 2017 to 2020 Title V MCH Internship Program from both students and preceptors revealed the implementation of a robust and successful internship program in which students increased their confidence in a variety of team, mentorship, and leadership skills while gaining direct exposure to the daily work of state Title V agencies. However, students and preceptors identified more challenges during 2020 compared to previous years.

Conclusions

The COVID-19 Pandemic was both a disruption and a catalyst for change in education. While there were clearly some challenges with the pivot to a virtual Title V MCH Internship Program in summer 2020, students were able to participate in meaningful internship experiences. This success can be attributed to the ability of the internship sponsor to engage in best practices, including extensive planning and provision of ongoing support to the students. Going forward, it is recognized that virtual internships may facilitate access to agencies in distant locales, eliminating issues related to housing and transportation. When both virtual and in-person relationships are available, those responsible for internship programs, including the Title V MCH Internship, will need to weigh these type of benefits against the potential missed opportunities students may have when not able to participate in on-site experiences.
Synthetic OCT data in challenging conditions: three-dimensional OCT and presence of abnormalities
Authors: Danesh Hajar , Maghooli Keivan , Dehghani Alireza , Kafieh Rahele
Published: November 2021

Nowadays, retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT) plays an important role in ophthalmology and automatic analysis of the OCT is of real importance: image denoising facilitates a better diagnosis and image segmentation and classification are undeniably critical in treatment evaluation. Synthetic OCT was recently considered to provide a benchmark for quantitative comparison of automatic algorithms and to be utilized in the training stage of novel solutions based on deep learning. Due to complicated data structure in retinal OCTs, a limited number of delineated OCT datasets are already available in presence of abnormalities; furthermore, the intrinsic three-dimensional (3D) structure of OCT is ignored in many public 2D datasets. We propose a new synthetic method, applicable to 3D data and feasible in presence of abnormalities like diabetic macular edema (DME). In this method, a limited number of OCT data is used during the training step and the Active Shape Model is used to produce synthetic OCTs plus delineation of retinal boundaries and location of abnormalities. Statistical comparison of thickness maps showed that synthetic dataset can be used as a statistically acceptable representative of the original dataset (p > 0.05). Visual inspection of the synthesized vessels was also promising. Regarding the texture features of the synthesized datasets, Q-Q plots were used, and even in cases that the points have slightly digressed from the straight line, thep-values of the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test rejected the null hypothesis and showed the same distribution in texture features of the real and the synthetic data. The proposed algorithm provides a unique benchmark for comparison of OCT enhancement methods and a tailored augmentation method to overcome the limited number of OCTs in deep learning algorithms.

Graphical abstract
Gliadin proteolytical resistant peptides: the interplay between structure and self-assembly in gluten-related disorders
Authors: Herrera Maria Georgina , Dodero Veronica Isabel
Published: November 2021

In recent years, the evaluation of the structural properties of food has become of crucial importance in the understanding of food-related disorders. One of the most exciting systems is gliadin, a protein in wheat gluten, that plays a protagonist role in gluten-related disorders with a worldwide prevalence of 5%, including autoimmune celiac disease (CeD) (1%) and non-celiac wheat sensitivity (0.5–13%). It is accepted that gliadin is not fully digested by humans, producing large peptides that reach the gut mucosa. The gliadin peptides cross the lamina propria eliciting different immune responses in susceptible patients. Many clinical and biomedical efforts aim to diagnose and understand gluten-related disorders; meanwhile, the early stages of the inflammatory events remain elusive. Interestingly, although the primary sequence of many gliadin peptides is well known, it was only recently revealed the self-assembly capability of two pathogenic gliadin fragments and their connection to the early stage of diseases. This review is dedicated to the most relevant biophysical characterization of the complex gliadin digest and the two most studied gliadin fragments, the immunodominant 33-mer peptide and the toxic p31-43 in connection with inflammation and innate immune response. Here, we want to emphasize that combining different biophysical methods with cellular and in vivo models is of key importance to get an integrative understanding of a complex biological problem, as discussed here.
When Minutes Matter: Rapid Infusion in Emergency Care
Authors: Piehl Mark , Park Chan W.
Published: November 2021

Purpose of Review

This review provides historical context and an update on recent advancements in volume resuscitation for circulatory shock. Emergency department providers who manage critically ill patients with undifferentiated shock will benefit from the insights of early pioneers and an overview of newer techniques which can be used to optimize resuscitation in the first minutes of care.

Recent Findings

Rapid infusion of fluids and blood products can be a life-saving intervention in the management of circulatory and hemorrhagic shock. Recent controversy over the role of fluid resuscitation in sepsis and trauma management has obscured the importance of early and rapid infusion of sufficient volume to restore circulation and improve organ perfusion. Evidence from high-quality studies demonstrates that rapid and early resuscitation improves patient outcomes.

Summary

Current practice standards, guidelines, and available literature support the rapid reversal of shock as a key priority in the treatment of hypotension from traumatic and non-traumatic conditions. An improved understanding of the physiologic rationale of rapid infusion and the timing, volume, and methods of fluid delivery will help clinicians improve care for critically ill patients presenting with shock.

Clinical Case

A 23-year-old male presents to the emergency department (ED) after striking a tree while riding an all-terrain vehicle. On arrival at the scene, first responders found an unconscious patient with an open skull fracture and a Glasgow coma scale score of 3. Bag-valve-mask (BVM) ventilation was initiated, and a semi-rigid cervical collar was placed prior to transport to your ED for stabilization while awaiting air transport to the nearest trauma center. You are the attending emergency medicine physician at a community ED staffed by two attending physicians, two physicians assistants, and six nurses covering 22 beds. On ED arrival, the patient has no spontaneous respiratory effort, and vital signs are as follows: pulse of 140 bpm, blood pressure of 65/30 mmHg, and oxygen saturation 85% while receiving BVM ventilation with 100% oxygen. He is bleeding profusely through a gauze dressing applied to the exposed dura. The prehospital team was unable to establish intravenous access. What are the management priorities for this patient in shock, and how should his hypotension best be addressed?
Improved NSGA-III using transfer learning and centroid distance for dynamic multi-objective optimization
Authors: Zhang Haijuan , Wang Gai-Ge
Published: November 2021

Multi-objective problems in real world are often contradictory and even change over time. As we know, how to find the changing Pareto front quickly and accurately is challenging during the process of solving dynamic multi-objective optimization problems (DMOPs). In addition, most solutions obey different distributions in decision space and the performance of NSGA-III when dealing with DMOPs should be further improved. In this paper, centroid distance is proposed and combined into NSGA-III with transfer learning together for DMOPs, called TC_NSGAIII. Centroid distance-based strategy is regarded as a prediction method to prevent some inappropriate individuals through measuring the distance of the population centroid and reference points. After the distance strategy, transfer learning is used for generating an initial population using the past experience. To verify the effectiveness of our proposed algorithm, NSGAIII, Tr_NSGAIII (NSGA-III combining with transfer learning only), Ce_NSGAIII (NSGA-III combining with centroid distance only), and TC_NSGAIII are compared. Seven state-of-the-art algorithms have been used for comparison on CEC 2015 benchmarks. Besides, transfer learning and centroid distance are regarded as a dynamic strategy, which is incorporated into three static algorithms, and the performance improvement is measured. What’s more, twelve benchmark functions from CEC 2015 and eight sets of parameters in each function are used in our experiments. The experimental results show that the performance of algorithms can be greatly improved through the proposed approach.
Gearless Track-Friendly Metro with Guided Independently Rotating Wheels
Authors: Megna Gianluca , Bracciali Andrea
Published: November 2021

Track–vehicle severe interaction on track with small curve radius results in rail wear and corrugation, and wheel polygonization, which drain considerable resources for rail grinding and wheels re-profiling in metro lines. To reduce the damage caused by track-vehicle severe interaction, the paper analyzes the reasons leading to rail wear and then proposes an architecture of a metro vehicle with independently rotating wheels driven directly by permanent magnet synchronous motors. The architecture is axle guidance, offered by passive linkages, which ensures that all axles are oriented radially, while control strategy was kept as simple as possible, identifying only two basic traction conditions. The concept is first discussed and then validated through a comprehensive set of running dynamics simulation performed with a multibody software to evaluate rail wear and rolling contact fatigue in traction/braking, coasting with different cant deficiency/excess conditions. The multibody dynamics simulation shows that the proposed architecture is virtually capable of avoiding both wear and rolling contact fatigue damages, and achieves the highest possible track friendliness. The concept of the proposed architecture is a track-fiendly metro architecture and could be a good reference for reducing rail-track interaction damages and maintainace cost.
Patronage at Work
Authors: Oliveros Virginia
Published: November 2021

In countries around the world, politicians distribute patronage jobs to supporters in exchange for a wide range of political services – such as helping with campaigns and electoral mobilization. Patronage employees (clients) engage in these political activities that support politicians (patrons) because their fates are tied to the political fate of their patrons. Although conventional wisdom holds that control of patronage significantly increases an incumbent's chance of staying in power, we actually know very little about how patronage works. Drawing on in-depth interviews, survey data, and survey experiments in Argentina, Virginia Oliveros details the specific mechanisms that explain the effect of patronage on political competition. This fascinating study is the first to provide a systematic analysis of the political activities of mid and low-level public employees in Latin America. It provides a novel explanation of the enforcement of patronage contracts that has wider implications for understanding the functioning of clientelist exchanges.
Making Sense of Security
Authors: Heath J. Benton
Published: November 2021

This Article theorizes “security” as a site of continuing struggle in the international system between competing approaches to identifying and responding to urgent threats. Rather than endorsing a single approach, this Article argues that a claim to “security” can imply any one of four approaches to law and policy, each of which has radically divergent implications for who is empowered by a security claim and how that power interacts with existing legal rules. By moving among these four approaches, security claims can disrupt established systems of knowledge-production and redescribe the world in new ways.
An Assessment of Pediatric Resident Disaster Preparedness for the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Kuppanda Nitin , Simpson Joelle , Soghier Lamia
Published: November 2021

Objective:

To assess the level of neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) disaster preparedness among pediatric residents.

Methods:

A mixed-methods study including qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys was used. Interviews guided survey development. Surveys were distributed to residents who rotated through Children’s National NICU. Questions assessed residents’ background in disaster preparedness, disaster protocol knowledge, NICU preparedness, roles during surge and evacuation, and views on training and education.

Results:

Survey response was 62.5% (n = 80) with 51.3% of invited residents completing it. Pediatric residents (PGY-2 and PGY-3) (n = 41) had low levels of individual disaster preparedness, particularly evacuations (86%). None were aware of specific NICU disaster protocols. Patient acuity, role ambiguity, knowledge, and training deficits were major contributors to unpreparedness. Residents viewed their role as system facilitators (eg, performing duties assigned, recruiting other residents, and clerical work like documentation). Resident training requests included disaster preparedness training every NICU rotation (48%) using multidisciplinary simulations (66%), role definition (56%), and written protocols (50%). Despite their unpreparedness, residents (84%) were willing to respond.

Conclusion:

Pediatric residents lacked knowledge of NICU disaster response but were willing to respond to disasters. Training should include multi-disciplinary simulations that can be refined iteratively to clarify roles, and residents should be involved in planning and execution.
A new second-order upper bound for the ground state energy of dilute Bose gases
Authors: Basti Giulia , Cenatiempo Serena , Schlein Benjamin
Published: November 2021

We establish an upper bound for the ground state energy per unit volume of a dilute Bose gas in the thermodynamic limit, capturing the correct second-order term, as predicted by the Lee–Huang–Yang formula. This result was first established in [20] by H.-T. Yau and J. Yin. Our proof, which applies to repulsive and compactly supported

$V \in L^3 (\mathbb {R}^3)$

, gives better rates and, in our opinion, is substantially simpler.
Tomographic PIV investigation of vortex shedding topology for a cantilevered circular cylinder
Authors: Crane R.J. , Popinhak A.R. , Martinuzzi R.J. , Morton C.
Published: November 2021

The wake of a finite wall-mounted circular cylinder of diameter

$D$

and height

$H$

is investigated for aspect ratios

$3\leq H/D \leq 7$

and boundary layer thickness of

$\delta /D \approx 0.98$

using tomographic particle image velocimetry. The Reynolds number based on

$D$

is

$Re = 750$

. The mean wake topology is related to the evolution of the periodically shed vortices, educed from a low-order representation based on proper orthogonal decomposition of the three-dimensional velocity field. The main topological features are an arch vortex, defining the recirculating base region, and a quadrupole structure consisting of two pairs of opposite-sign vorticity concentrations extending downstream behind the obstacle-free end and wall junction. The quadrupole is the time-averaged signature of shed vortices. Vortex-tilting terms in the base region act to reorient flow-normal vorticity components streamwise, resulting in the reorientation of the ends of vortices initially shed parallel to the cylinder side walls. Through the action of the vortex-stretching terms, the bent ends connect successive vortices in a continuous chain. The influence of

$H/D$

on the development of the quadrupole is characterized. The results demonstrate that the quadrupole in the mean field emerges as an imprint of the shed full-loop structures. This work reconciles mean and instantaneous interpretations satisfying the solenoidal condition on the vorticity field.
Conditions for accretion disc formation and observability of wind-accreting X-ray binaries
Authors: Hirai Ryosuke , Mandel Ilya
Published: November 2021

We explore the effect of anisotropic wind driving on the properties of accretion onto black holes (BHs) in close binaries. We specifically focus on line-driven winds, which are common in high-mass X-ray binaries (HMXBs). In close binary systems, the tidal force from the companion star can modify the wind structure in two different ways. One is the reduction of wind terminal velocity due to the weaker effective surface gravity. The other is the reduction in mass flux due to gravity darkening (GD). We incorporate these effects into the so-called CAK theory in a simple way and investigate the wind flow around the accretor on the orbital scale. We find that a focused accretion stream is naturally formed when the Roche lobe filling factor is

${\gtrsim}0.8$

–0.9, analogous to that of wind Roche lobe overflow, but only when the velocity reduction is taken into account. The formation of a stream is necessary to bring in sufficient angular momentum to form an accretion disc around the BH. GD effects reduce the amount of accreted angular momentum, but not enough to prevent the formation of a disc. Based on these results, we expect there to be a discrete step in the observability of HMXBs depending on whether the donor Roche lobe filling factor is below or above

${\sim}$

0.8–0.9.
Existence and regularity of time-dependent pullback attractors for the non-autonomous nonclassical diffusion equations
Authors: Qin Yuming , Yang Bin
Published: November 2021

In this paper, we prove the existence and regularity of pullback attractors for non-autonomous nonclassical diffusion equations with nonlocal diffusion when the nonlinear term satisfies critical exponential growth and the external force term $h \in L_{l o c}^{2}(\mathbb {R} ; H^{-1}(\Omega )).$ Under some appropriate assumptions, we establish the existence and uniqueness of the weak solution in the time-dependent space $\mathcal {H}_{t}(\Omega )$ and the existence and regularity of the pullback attractors.
‘With sound of lute and pleasing words’: The Lute Song and Voice Types in Late Sixteenth- and Early Seventeenth-Century England
Authors: Robinson Richard
Published: November 2021

The Elizabethan and Jacobean lute song (1597–1622) represents one of the most iconic genres of all early music. Although much literature has been dedicated to this repertory, the issue of the voices for which this music was probably intended still remains surprisingly underexplored. This subject has, moreover, acquired greater significance in light of research undertaken by Simon Ravens (2014) and Andrew Parrott (2015), which has challenged the plausibility of the falsetto voice in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, particularly in sacred music.

This paper explores the issue of the types of voices that most likely performed the Elizabethan and Jacobean lute song in three ways. Firstly, contemporary English evidence for lutes and viols is analyzed together with information regarding tuning and transposition. Secondly, the music itself is investigated, including the part names and clefs used alongside the tessitura of the melodic line. Finally, a detailed examination of evidence for the tenor and falsetto voice is presented, including a critical examination of the word ‘faine’ (usually assumed to mean ‘falsetto’). The collective results are then brought together to refine current ideas regarding the voices used in the Elizabethan and Jacobean lute song.
Civic Minstrels in Late Medieval England: New Light on Duties and Careers
Authors: Rastall Richard
Published: November 2021

The publications of the ongoing Records of Early English Drama project since 1979 have made available for the first time much early documentation about minstrels, including the civic minstrels or town waits. While this material leaves many questions unanswered, a more detailed picture of the early history of civic minstrels is emerging. This article focusses on three aspects of that history that have not previously been studied as such: the towns that employed civic minstrels by 1509, the minstrels’ possible special duties in ports, and their employment mobility.
Commentary on: prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits
Authors: Gibson Glenn R.
Published: November 2021

In 2010, British Journal of Nutrition published a consensus review article entitled Prebiotic effects: metabolic and health benefits(1). This was commissioned by International Life Sciences Institute, Europe and had twenty-one co-authors. The current article summarises how this review was planned and written. It deals with three questions regarding the context/background of the paper; what it told us and what happened next.
Dietary calcium to phosphorus ratio affects postprandial phosphorus concentrations in feline plasma
Authors: Coltherd Jennifer Carolyn , Staunton Ruth , Colyer Alison , Gilham Matthew , Rawlings John , Alexander Janet E. , Logan Darren W. , Butterwick Richard , Watson Phillip , Bakke Anne Marie
Published: November 2021

The impact of dietary phosphorus on chronic renal disease in cats, humans and other species is receiving increasing attention. As Ca and P metabolism are linked, the ratio of Ca:P is an important factor for consideration when formulating diets for cats and other animals. Here, we describe a fully randomised crossover study including twenty-four healthy, neutered adult cats, investigating postprandial responses in plasma P, ionised Ca and parathyroid hormone (PTH) following one meal (50 % of individual metabolic energy requirement) of each of six experimental diets. Diets were formulated to provide P at either 0·75 or 1·5 g/1000 kcal (4184 kJ) from the soluble phosphorus salt sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP, Na5P3O10), variable levels of organic Ca and P sources, and an intended total Ca:P of about 1·0, 1·5 or 2·0. For each experimental diet, baseline fasted blood samples were collected prior to the meal, and serial blood samples collected hourly for 6 h thereafter. For all diets, a significant increase from baseline was observed at 120 min in plasma PTH (P < 0·001). The diet containing the highest STPP inclusion level and lowest Ca:P induced the highest peaks in postprandial plasma P and PTH levels (1·8 mmol/l and 27·2 pg/ml, respectively), and the longest duration of concentrations raised above baseline were observed at 3 h for P and 6 h for PTH. Data indicate that Ca:P modulates postprandial plasma P and PTH. Therefore, when formulating diets containing soluble P salts for cats, increasing the Ca:P ratio should be considered.