bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Field Substitution in Surveys
Authors: Baldissera Sandro , Ferrante Gianluigi , Campostrini Stefano
Published: February 2019

A possible approach to deal with nonresponse in surveys is replacing nonrespondents with other similar units during fieldwork.

Field substitution is a general term encompassing many different practices. Both conceptual and operative aspects of substitution can influence the reliability of results, such as methods of selection of substitutes (random/nonrandom), mode of data collection (telephone/face‐to‐face interviews), fieldwork protocols, and controls (loose/tight).

If substitution on a convenience basis is allowed or the decision to substitute is left to the interviewer's discretion, the sample representativeness could be undermined and a substitution bias may compound the effects of nonresponse. The risk is lower in telephone surveys, which make contact attempts less demanding and allow easier monitoring of operators' activities.

The substitution bias can be evaluated testing the hypothesis that the subsamples of originally selected units and of substitutes belong to the same population.

Field substitution can be advantageous, since it maintains the intended sample size and structure, ensuring the planned number of observations for each targeted subpopulation of the sample. It is considered especially suitable for surveys with an extensively stratified design. The choice to resort to field substitution depends on its anticipated usefulness, given the objectives, characteristics, and context of each survey.
Manifold‐Based Learning: Nonlinear Methods
Authors: Huo Xiaoming , Cao Shanshan
Published: February 2019

Manifold‐based learning combines elements of geometry, computer science, and statistics and is a major technique in dimensionality reduction. It is frequently a promising approach in nonparametric dimension reduction and has been widely adopted in data mining and statistical learning. The objective of manifold learning is to recover the low‐dimensional structure that is embedded in a higher dimensional space. We survey the nonlinear methods that have been proposed in manifold learning in the unsupervised learning setting. Other settings including supervised and semisupervised learning are briefly discussed. In particular, we present a unified framework for nonlinear manifold‐based learning methods, so that readers can see the intrinsic connections and commonalities across different methods. Our survey emphasizes their linear algebra formulations. Statistical and other theoretical considerations and extensions are discussed in the Conclusion. Numerical examples are presented abundant in the literature and are omitted in this article due to space limit.
CDC on the complexities of using ICD coding to track NAS
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: February 2019

When it comes to neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS), there is a clear causal connection to drug use by the mother, but this is difficult to track by epidemiologists who traditionally use International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis codes. These epidemiologists hope to see NAS increasing as more pregnant women without opioid use disorder get treatment with methadone or buprenorphine, but they can't track the extent to which NAS is increased due to treatment.
Progress and Prospects of Graphdiyne‐Based Materials in Biomedical Applications
Authors: Liu Jiaming , Chen Chunying , Zhao Yuliang
Published: February 2019

Graphdiyne is a new member of the family of carbon‐based nanomaterials that possess two types of carbon atoms, sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms. As a novel 2D carbon‐based nanomaterial with unique planar structure, such as uniformly distributed nanopores and large conjugated structure, graphdiyne has shown many fascinating properties in mechanics, electronics, and optics since it was first experimentally synthesized in 2010. Up to now, graphdiyne and its derivatives have been reported to be successfully applied in many areas, such as catalysis, energy, environment, and biomedicine, due to these excellent properties. Herein, the current research progress of graphdiyne‐based materials in biomedical fields is summarized, including biosensing, biological protection, cancer therapy, tissue engineering, etc. The advantages of graphdiyne and its derivatives are presented and compared with other carbon‐based materials. Considering the potential biomedical and clinical applications of graphdiyne‐based materials, the toxicity and biocompatibility are also discussed based on current studies. Finally, future perspectives and possible biomedical applications of graphdiyne‐based materials are also discussed.
57Fe Mössbauer Spectroscopy Characterization of Electrocatalysts
Authors: Kramm Ulrike I. , Ni Lingmei , Wagner Stephan
Published: February 2019

This work addresses the importance of Mössbauer spectroscopy for the characterization of iron‐containing electrocatalysts. The most important aspects of electrocatalysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy are summarized. Next, Fe–N–C catalysts and important conclusions made by this technique on preparation, active site identification and degradation are summarized. Furthermore, recent highlights derived for other iron‐containing electrocatalysts are summarized.
Cyclodextrin‐Based Multistimuli‐Responsive Supramolecular Assemblies and Their Biological Functions
Authors: Zhang Ying‐Ming , Liu Yao‐Hua , Liu Yu
Published: February 2019

Cyclodextrins (CDs), which are a class of cyclic oligosaccharides extracted from the enzymatic degradation of starch, are often utilized in molecular recognition and assembly constructs, primarily via host–guest interactions in water. In this review, recent progress in CD‐based supramolecular nanoassemblies that are sensitive to chemical, biological, and physical stimuli is updated and reviewed, and intriguing examples of the biological functions of these nanoassemblies are presented, including pH‐ and redox‐responsive drug and gene delivery, enzyme‐activated specific cargo release, photoswitchable morphological interconversion, microtubular aggregation, and cell–cell communication, as well as a geomagnetism‐controlled nanosystem for the suppression of tumor invasion and metastasis. Moreover, future perspectives and challenges in the fabrication of intelligent CD‐based biofunctional materials are also discussed at the end of this review, which is expected to promote the translational development of these nanomaterials in the biomedical field.
Thinnest Nonvolatile Memory Based on Monolayer h‐BN
Authors: Wu Xiaohan , Ge Ruijing , Chen Po‐An , Chou Harry , Zhang Zhepeng , Zhang Yanfeng , Banerjee Sanjay , Chiang Meng‐Hsueh , Lee Jack C. , Akinwande Deji
Published: February 2019

2D materials have attracted much interest over the past decade in nanoelectronics. However, it was believed that the atomically thin layered materials are not able to show memristive effect in vertically stacked structure, until the recent discovery of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) atomristors, overcoming the scaling limit to sub‐nanometer. Herein, the nonvolatile resistance switching (NVRS) phenomenon in monolayer hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), a typical 2D insulator, is reported. The h‐BN atomristors are studied using different electrodes and structures, featuring forming‐free switching in both unipolar and bipolar operations, with large on/off ratio (up to 107). Moreover, fast switching speed (<15 ns) is demonstrated via pulse operation. Compared with monolayer TMDs, the one‐atom‐thin h‐BN sheet reduces the vertical scaling to ≈0.33 nm, representing a record thickness for memory materials. Simulation results based on ab‐initio method reveal that substitution of metal ions into h‐BN vacancies during electrical switching is a likely mechanism. The existence of NVRS in monolayer h‐BN indicates fruitful interactions between defects, metal ions and interfaces, and can advance emerging applications on ultrathin flexible memory, printed electronics, neuromorphic computing, and radio frequency switches.
High Efficiency and Low Roll‐Off Hybrid WOLEDs by Using a Deep Blue Aggregation‐Induced Emission Material Simultaneously as Blue Emitter and Phosphor Host
Authors: Xu Zeng , Gong Yanbin , Dai Yanfeng , Sun Qian , Qiao Xianfeng , Yang Dezhi , Zhan Xuejun , Li Zhen , Tang Ben Zhong , Ma Dongge
Published: February 2019

OLEDs with high efficiency and low roll‐off are urgently needed to meet the constantly increasing commercial demands for white organic light‐emitting diodes (WOLEDs) in lighting industry applications. To enhance efficiency and decrease WOLED roll‐off, complicated doping technologies are employed, which result in an additional increase in costs. Herein, a deep‐blue‐light molecule (3TPA‐CN) with aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) is introduced as blue emitter and phosphor host to fabricate WOLEDs. By optimizing the emission zones, high efficiency and low roll‐off hybrid WOLEDs are achieved. The maximum forward‐viewing power and external quantum efficiencies reach 86.7 lm W−1 and 22.3%, and remain 59.2 lm W−1 and 19.6% at a luminance of 1000 cd m−2, fully exhibiting the prospect of AIE molecules as a promising electroluminescence material for the fabrication of high‐performance WOLEDs.
Graphene on Self‐Assembled InGaN Quantum Dots Enabling Ultrahighly Sensitive Photodetectors
Authors: Hu Anqi , Tian Huijun , Liu Qiaoli , Wang Lei , Wang Lai , He Xiaoying , Luo Yi , Guo Xia
Published: February 2019

Highly sensitive photodetection is indispensable in applications, such as remote sensing, imaging, and smoke alarming. III–V nitrides are promising candidates for photodetectors due to their continuously tunable bandgap, radiation hardness, and temperature stability. However, the sensitivity of traditional III–V nitride‐based photodetectors is limited by poor crystal quality which stems from lattice mismatch‐induced point defects and dislocations. Recently, a new type of graphene–colloidal quantum dot (QD) hybrid phototransistor has been preferentially used to obtain high detection sensitivity, but III–V nitride‐based colloidal QDs are hard to synthesize. Here, a highly sensitive QD/graphene hybrid photodetector is demonstrated by using self‐assembled InGaN QDs. The photoconductance in the 2D graphene sheet is tuned by photogenerated carriers in the quantum dots when illuminated, and this effect leads to a current gain mechanism. The photodetector achieves an ultrahigh responsivity over 109 A W−1, a current gain of 109 and fW light detectivity even at room temperature. This study paves the way for new types of highly sensitive III–V nitride‐based photodetectors despite the insufficient crystal quality.
Ergodic Light Propagation in a Half‐Cylinder Photonic Plate for Optimal Absorption in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Martínez‐Denegri Guillermo , Colodrero Silvia , Liu Quan , Toudert Johann , Kozyreff Gregory , Martorell Jordi
Published: February 2019

In an optical medium slab, a randomization of the interfaces will lead to an ergodic light propagation, implying a kind of light trapping that sets an upper limit for a broadband absorption enhancement factor. However, in thin film solar cells where such light trapping is most needed, it is not straightforward how the implementation of a surface randomization should be done. In addition, such randomization may also severely limit the electronic device performance. Here, a cylindrical periodic corrugation, which is named half‐cylinder photonic plate, is introduced at the light entering interface which leads to an ergodic light propagation. Advantage of such ergodicity is taken to enhance light absorption in a perovskite cell, physically separated by a planar glass substrate from such half‐cylinder photonic plate. Theoretically and experimentally it is demonstrated that the enhancement light absorption factor measured is close to the maximum possible for light trapping schemes using one interface periodic corrugations. This upper limit results from the ergodic light propagation that is achieved with a half‐cylinder photonic plate made from an optical transparent material with a low refractive index that minimizes light rejection by reflectivity.
Liquid Crystalline Order and Electric Switching of Upconversion Luminescence in Colloidal Nanorod Suspensions
Authors: Park Sungoh , Mundoor Haridas , Fleury Blaise , Davidson Patrick , van de Lagemaat Jao , Smalyukh Ivan I.
Published: February 2019

The polarization‐dependent photon upconversion luminescence properties of large‐scale orientationally ordered soft matter systems formed by colloidal nanorods dispersed in an isotropic solvent are studied. The electrostatically charged photon‐upconverting nanorods form an isotropic dispersion at low concentrations, whereas orientational order and a nematic phase emerge at high concentrations. When an alternating electric field is applied, particles align in the direction of the electric field in both nematic and isotropic phases, though the nature of this electric switching is different in these two phases. Owing to the long‐range orientational order in the nematic phase, the upconversion luminescence from the particles is polarized without an external field. Polarization dependence of these properties can also be electrically induced in an isotropic phase of the colloidal nanorods. Further, the dynamics of switching of photon upconversion luminescence in both nematic and isotropic dispersions are explored and their potential technological uses are dicussed.
Multistimuli‐Responsive Self‐Organized Liquid Crystal Bragg Gratings
Authors: Chen Ran , Lee Yun‐Han , Zhan Tao , Yin Kun , An Zhongwei , Wu Shin‐Tson
Published: February 2019

A simple approach is described to fabricate an electrically, thermally, and optically responsive polarization Bragg grating, using a dual‐frequency liquid crystal (LC) doped with a photosensitive azobenzene chiral compound. Due to the employed dual‐frequency LC, the Bragg reflection is switchable by an electric field. Based on the trans‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene chiral dopant, the reflection wavelength of the LC Bragg gratings can be tuned across the visible wavelength by UV exposure. Meanwhile, the temperature responsivity of LC Bragg gratings is also characterized. Good agreement between experiment and theory is obtained. The circular polarization selectivity and external field tunability of LC Bragg gratings enrich these multifunctional devices and pave the way toward novel smart electro‐optical devices.
NID1 variant associated with occipital cephaloceles in a family expressing a spectrum of phenotypes
Authors: McNiven Vanda , Ito Yoko A. , Hartley Taila , Kernohan Kristin , Miller Elka ,   Care4Rare Canada, Armour Christine M.
Published: February 2019

Autosomal dominant Dandy‐Walker malformation and occipital cephalocele (ADDWOC) is a rare, congenital, and incompletely penetrant malformation that is considered to be part of the Dandy‐Walker spectrum of disorders. Affected individuals often present with an occipital cephalocele with a bony skull defect, but typically have normal neurological development. Here, we report on a three‐generation family in which individuals have variable phenotypes that are consistent with the ADDWOC spectrum: arachnoid cysts in the proband and his maternal grandfather, an occipital cephalocele in the proband and his brother, and a small bony defect in the proband's mother. Whole exome sequencing identified a rare heterozygous variant in NID1 (NM_002508.2:c.1162C>T, (p.Gln388Ter)) in the proband, his brother, and his mother. Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of this variant in the maternal grandfather. The identical c.1162C>T variant was previously identified in variably affected members of a three‐generation family with ADDWOC. This case report provides further evidence that variants in NID1 may be clinically relevant for the development of a phenotype that is consistent with ADDWOC, and extends the phenotype of NID1‐associated ADDWOC to include arachnoid cysts. Given that the Dandy‐Walker malformation itself is not a pre‐requisite to this spectrum of phenotypes, we also suggest a novel term for the NID1‐associated disorder in order to give emphasis to this phenotypic variability: “Autosomal Dominant Posterior Fossa Anomalies with Occipital Cephaloceles.”
Disentangling the trophic interactions between American bullfrogs and native anurans: Complications resulting from post‐metamorphic ontogenetic niche shifts
Authors: Bissattini Alessandra M. , Buono Vincenzo , Vignoli Leonardo
Published: February 2019

The American bullfrog, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802), is considered one of the world's worst invaders because of its potential to affect native fauna adversely, especially amphibians, through predation, competition, breeding interference, and disease transmission.

Here, the potential impact of introduced American bullfrogs (juveniles and adults) on native adult green frogs, Pelophylax kl. esculentus (Linnaeus, 1758), was investigated in a pond ecosystem by means of stomach‐content and stable‐isotope analyses. Specifically, this study was aimed at assessing the impact of the American bullfrog on native green frogs in terms of predation and competition (i.e. feeding ecology and habitat use), and uncovering changes in interspecific interactions linked to the ontogenetic dietary–habitat shifts of the invaders.

Stomach contents and isotope analyses suggest that L. catesbeianus changes trophic position in the food chain and undergoes ontogenetic dietary–habitat shifts during its life cycle. The species therefore has the potential to exert a double impact on native green frogs: as a predator at the adult stage and as a competitor (for food and habitat use) at the juvenile stage.

Stomach‐content and isotope analyses gave similar results, suggesting that the predation impact by adult American bullfrogs on green frogs is mediated by the presence of the alien red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard, 1852). Juvenile American bullfrogs and native amphibians overlap in their diet composition and in their habitat use, suggesting the existence of potential competition between the two species.

Ontogenetic dietary–habitat shifts in the American bullfrog, local conditions, and trophic interactions should be seriously considered in management approaches to promote the long‐term coexistence of L. catesbeianus and native amphibians. Such management options have been neglected in the literature, and are worthy of further investigation to understand their efficacy on native species.
Output tracking with disturbance attenuation for cascade control systems subject to network constraint
Authors: Ma Dan , Li Zhuoyu , Zhao Rubing
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we investigate the output tracking control and disturbance attenuation for a class of cascade control systems subject to network‐induced delays. In order to indicate the time‐varying characteristics and uncertainty of network‐induced delays, a switched system approach is applied to the cascade architecture. This leads to the simultaneous design of controllers and switching signals in terms of the network transmission. Unlike the traditional cascade control design approach, which needs to first tune the secondary controller and then the primary one, we can provide a simultaneous design method of the double‐loop controllers and switching signals to make the networked cascade control system achieve the output tracking performance with disturbance attenuation. Finally, two examples are proposed to demonstrate the feasibility and the effectiveness of the approach.
Turning corporate environmental ethics into firm performance: The role of green marketing programs
Authors: Han Meini , Lin Han , Wang Jiangyan , Wang Yunzhen , Jiang Wan
Published: February 2019

In this study, we develop a better understanding of the mechanisms by which corporate environmental ethics influences performance through the adoption of substantive actions. The empirical results of a moderated mediating analysis show that firms with higher environmental ethics are more likely to implement green marketing programs, consisting of the green production, pricing, distribution, and promotion programs and then improve firm performance. It is also observed that closure mechanism negatively moderates the mediation effect of green marketing programs because it leads to low trust and unwillingness to internal cooperation. These findings indicate that the value of corporate environmental ethics could not be determined in a vacuum, both strategy and people do matter when pursuing environmentally driven performance.
Efficacy of the SEPARPROCATH® radiation drape to reduce radiation exposure during cardiac catheterization: A pilot comparative study
Authors: Patet Camille , Ryckx Nick , Arroyo Diego , Cook Stéphane , Goy Jean‐Jacques
Published: February 2019

Background

Interventional cardiologists are exposed to radiation‐induced diseases, partly due to patient's scatter radiation.

Objectives

We sought to compare the radiation exposure (RE) of the cardiac catheterization room staff using SEPARPROCATH®, a novel radio‐protective drape versus standard shielding equipment.

Methods

This was a two‐step prospective, randomized pilot trial: first, in experimental conditions using a phantom model, and second, during cardiac catheterization. Primary end‐point was operator RE corresponding to the ratio between operator cumulative dose (CD) and dose area product (DAP). Secondary end‐points were nurse RE, operator and nurse CD, DAP, and fluoroscopy time.

Results

A total of 51 patients were included. SEPARPROCATH® was associated with a lower operator RE (0.07 [0–0.19] vs. 0.37 [0.23–0.81] μSv/Gy.cm2 without SEPARPROCATH®, p value <0.0001) and lower nurse RE (0 [0–0.05] vs. 0.13 [0.03–0.28] μSv/Gy.cm2, p value <0.0001) corresponding to an RE relative risk reduction of 81% and 99%, respectively. Similar reductions were observed for operator and nurse CDs. No difference was found in DAP (19 [11–29] vs. 14 [10–32] Gy.cm2 without SEPARPROCATH®, p value 0.81).

Conclusion

SEPARPROCATH® offers significant additional radioprotection to the operator and nurse during cardiac catheterization without affecting patient safety.
A misdiagnosed cause of early postoperative bowel obstruction
Authors: Blouhos Konstantinos , Boulas Konstantinos A. , Paraskeva Aikaterini , Triantafyllidis Alexandros , Kariotis Ioannis , Hatzigeorgiadis Anestis
Published: February 2019

Key Clinical Message

In the setting of altered anatomy, diagnosis of superior mesenteric artery syndrome requires high clinical and imaging suspicion as the defined imaging criteria cannot be applied.
Laser‐Cutting Fabrication of Mxene‐Based Flexible Micro‐Supercapacitors with High Areal Capacitance
Authors: Wang Na , Liu Jinzhang , Zhao Yi , Hu Mingjun , Qin Ruzhan , Shan Guangcun
Published: February 2019

Flexible micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs) in the form of a thin sheet are anticipated to be the thinnest possible structure. High energy storage capacity is an added merit of such devices and is also important for practical applications. In this work, we devise double‐side MSCs by using a UV laser to cut interdigital patterns in a 20‐μm‐thick Ni foil with both sides coated with MXene films. Because of the laser beam penetration and the use of MXene slurry to coat films with a high mass loading of ∼3 mg cm−2, both surfaces of the Ni sheet can be exploited for energy storage, achieving a high areal capacitance of 52 mF cm−2. Moreover, the fabrication of multiple coplanar MSCs in series or parallel can be accomplished via one‐step laser cutting process. In addition to the symmetric design that has a voltage window of 0.6 V, we make asymmetric MSCs by assembling two set of Ni finger electrodes coated with porous carbon or Zn as negative electrodes, and MXene as positive electrodes. The carbon//MXene MSC reaches a broader voltage window of 0.8 V, and the voltage of Zn//MXene hybrid MSC can be further increased to 1.1 V. Our study provides a new strategy to increase the areal energy density of thin sheet MSCs with limited area.
Nanocrystalline MoO3/Polymerized Dibromo‐EDOT as Hybrid Nanocomposite: Efficient Hole Transport Material for Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Woo Kim Dong , Cheruku Rajesh , Thogiti Suresh , Min Bong‐Ki , Hong Kim Jae
Published: February 2019

A hybrid inorganic−polymer hole‐transport material (HTM) exhibited good photovoltaic properties owing to the excellent combination of desirable characteristics of the organic and inorganic materials. Solution‐processed nanocrystalline MoO3 and conducting polymerized dibromo‐3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were mixed to develop a hybrid material, which was used in efficient solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ssDSSCs) as an HTM. Nanocrystalline MoO3 was prepared by a low‐temperature solution method, and the dibromo‐EDOT was prepared from commercially available EDOT by a conventional bromination method. The incorporation of MoO3 into a hybrid HTM significantly improved the device efficiency owing to its high charge transport mechanism and suppression of the recombination in the ssDSSCs. Furthermore, we examined the influence of the blend ratio of MoO3 and dibromo‐EDOT on the photovoltaic performance of the devices. Moreover, the ssDSSCs were characterized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Tafel polarization analysis to examine the charge transfer kinetics. The improved performance of the ssDSSCs could be attributed to increased charge carrier collection by the hybrid HTM. The photovoltaic results revealed that the device fabricated with a hybrid HTM containing 0.2 wt% MoO3 showed the best efficiency.
Leveraging contextual information for cold‐start Web service recommendation
Authors: Tian Gang , Wang Qibo , Wang Jian , He Keqing , Zhao Weidong , Gao Panpan , Peng Yanjun
Published: February 2019

Web service recommendation becomes an increasingly important issue when more and more services are published on the Internet. Many Web service recommendation methods have been proposed in recent years, most of which adopted collaborative filtering (CF) techniques. In general, these approaches have two limitations. Firstly, they rarely leverage user ratings since this kind of explicit feedback is difficult to collect for Web services. Secondly, the new user cold‐start problem is an inherent limitation of CF because the new users have not yet cast sufficient numbers of votes. In this paper, pseudo ratings of services constructed based on plenty of user‐service interactions, also known as a kind of implicit feedback, are provided to represent users' preferences on services. Based on these pseudo ratings, we present a novel Web service recommendation approach, which can alleviate the cold‐start problem by integrating contextual information and an online learning model. Experiments conducted on a real world data set show that, compared with the method without contextual information, our proposed approach that handles the cold start problem by integrating contextual information can achieve better F‐Measure performance (5.08 times increase on average). Moreover, the proposed online recommendation approach can dramatically decrease the time overhead while keeping the similar recommendation performance.
Green, Mild, and Efficient Friedel–Crafts Benzylation of Scarcely Reactive Arenes and Heteroarenes under On‐Water Conditions
Authors: La Manna Pellegrino , Soriente Annunziata , De Rosa Margherita , Buonerba Antonio , Talotta Carmen , Gaeta Carmine , Neri Placido
Published: February 2019

Metal‐free Friedel–Crafts benzylation (FCB) of scarcely reactive arenes and heteroarenes was performed under on‐water conditions by an environmentally sustainable procedure. The catalytic strategy exploits the hydrophobicity of the resorcinarene macrocycle 1 a. The proposed mechanism is based on the activation of benzyl chloride by H‐bonding interactions with catalyst 1 a. In fact, under on‐water conditions the hydrophobic amplification of the strength of the H‐bonding interactions between the OH groups of the resorcinarene catalyst and the chlorine atom of benzyl chloride leads to polarization of the C−Cl bond, which consequently promotes electrophilic attack of the π nucleophile. Thus, many arenes and heteroarenes were efficiently benzylated under mild on‐water conditions by using resorcinarene 1 a as catalyst. The FCB of benzene is industrially relevant for the synthesis of diphenylmethane, and hence the on‐water procedure was extended to the gram‐scale synthesis of diphenylmethane, starting from benzene and benzyl chloride in the presence of resorcinarene catalyst 1 a.
Phosphorylation of Polymeric Carbon Nitride Photoanodes with Increased Surface Valence Electrons for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Fang Yuanxing , Li Xiaochun , Wang Xinchen
Published: February 2019

Overcoming the sluggish kinetics of the water oxidation is the key to a high performance for solar water splitting. Herein, phosphorylated polymeric carbon nitride (PCN) photoanodes were developed and showed enhanced photocurrent densities for solar water splitting. A photocatalytic efficiency of 120 μA cm−2 was achieved in the basic solution (1.0 m NaOH) without sacrificial agents. In this system, phosphates were ionically anchored on the surface of PCN, and the modified films showed significantly increased density of valence electrons, and thus promoting photocatalytic efficiency.
Dispersal of Amur tiger from spatial distribution and genetics within the eastern Changbai mountain of China
Authors: Ning Yao , Kostyria Aleksey V. , Ma Jianzhang , Chayka Marina I. , Guskov Valentin Yu , Qi Jinzhe , Sheremetyeva Irina N. , Wang Meng , Jiang Guangshun
Published: February 2019

Population dispersal and migration often indicate an expanded habitat and reduced inbreeding probability, and to some extend reflects improvement in the condition of the population. The Amur tiger population in the northern region of the Changbai mountain in China mostly distributes along the Sino–Russian border, next to the population in southwest Primorye in Russia. The successful dispersal westward and transboundary movement are crucial for the persistence of the Amur tiger in this area. This study explored the spatial dispersal of the population, transboundary migration, and the genetic condition of the Amur tiger population within the northern Changbai mountain in China, using occurrence data and fecal samples. Our results from 2003 to 2016 showed that the Amur tiger population in this area was spreading westward at a speed of 12.83 ± 4.41 km every three years. Genetic diversity of the Amur tiger populations in southwest Primorye was slightly different than the population in our study area, and the potential individual migration rate between these two populations was shown to be about 13.04%. Furthermore, the relationships between genetic distances and spatial distances indicated the existence of serious limitations to the dispersal of the Amur tiger in China. This study provided important information about spatial dispersal, transboundary migration, and the genetic diversity of Amur tigers in China, showed the urgent need for Amur tiger habitat restoration, and suggested some important conservation measures, such as corridor construction to eliminate dispersal barriers and joint international conservation to promote trans‐boundary movement.
The effects of Bacillus subtilis on Caenorhabditis elegans fitness after heat stress
Authors: Hoang Kim L. , Gerardo Nicole M. , Morran Levi T.
Published: February 2019

Microbes can provide their hosts with protection from biotic and abiotic factors. While many studies have examined how certain bacteria can increase host lifespan, fewer studies have examined how host reproduction can be altered. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been a particularly useful model system to examine how bacteria affect the fitness of their hosts under different contexts. Here, we examine how the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, compared to the standard C. elegans lab diet, Escherichia coli, affects C. elegans survival and reproduction after experiencing a period of intense heat stress. We find that under standard conditions, nematodes reared on B. subtilis produce fewer offspring than when reared on E. coli.However, despite greater mortality rates on B. subtilis after heat shock, young adult nematodes produced more offspring after heat shock when fed B. subtilis compared to E. coli. Because offspring production is necessary for host population growth and evolution, the reproductive advantage conferred by B. subtilis supersedes the survival advantage of E. coli. Furthermore, we found that nematodes must be reared on B. subtilis (particularly at the early stages of development) and not merely be exposed to the bacterium during heat shock, to obtain the reproductive benefits provided by B. subtilis. Taken together, our findings lend insight into the importance of environmental context and interaction timing in shaping the protective benefits conferred by a microbe toward its host.
Cognitive regulation of ventromedial prefrontal activity evokes lasting change in the perceived self‐relevance of persuasive messaging
Authors: Doré Bruce P. , Cooper N. , Scholz C. , O'Donnell Matthew B. , Falk Emily B.
Published: February 2019

Persuasive messages can change people's thoughts, feelings, and actions, but these effects depend on how people think about and appraise the meaning of these messages. Drawing from research on the cognitive control of emotion, we used neuroimaging to investigate neural mechanisms underlying cognitive regulation of the affective and persuasive impact of advertisements communicating the risks of binge drinking, a significant public health problem. Using cognitive control to up‐regulate (vs. down‐regulate) responses to the ads increased: negative affect related to consequences of excessive drinking, perceived ad effectiveness, and ratings of ad self‐relevance made after a one‐hour delay. Neurally, these effects of cognitive control were mediated by goal‐congruent modulation of ventromedial prefrontal cortex and distributed brain patterns associated with negative emotion and subjective valuation. These findings suggest that people can leverage cognitive control resources to deliberately shape responses to persuasive appeals, and identify mechanisms of emotional reactivity and integrative valuation that underlie this ability. Specifically, brain valuation pattern expression mediated the effect of cognitive goals on perceived message self‐relevance, suggesting a role for the brain's valuation system in shaping responses to persuasive appeals in a manner that persists over time.
Impact of postoperative radiation therapy for deeply invasive oral cavity cancer upstaged to stage III
Authors: Cramer John D. , Samant Sandeep , Heron Dwight E. , Ferris Robert L. , Kim Seugwon
Published: February 2019

Background

This article is about the eighth edition staging guidelines for upstaged patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) with >10 mm depth to pT3. This upstages some patients from stage I‐II to stage III, a point at which patients are traditionally considered for postoperative radiation therapy (PORT). The role of PORT in patients upstaged for >10 mm depth is unknown.

Methods

We identified patients with surgically resected stage I‐II OCSCC with >10 mm depth who were upstaged to stage III. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to compare patients who received PORT to those who did not (median follow‐up 38.6 months).

Results

We observed that 3.6% of patients with OCSCC were upstaged to stage III for depth >10 mm including 823 eligible patients. On adjusted analyses, PORT was associated with improved overall survival in patients upstaged to stage III (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.30‐0.73).

Conclusion

PORT is associated with improved survival for patients with OCSCC upstaged to stage III for >10 mm depth.
Cross‐scale focus measure aggregation in depth recovery of microscopic objects
Authors: Mahmood Muhammad Tariq
Published: February 2019

In shape from focus (SFF) methods, image focus volume enhancement is an important issue for acquiring accurate depth maps. Mostly, conventional approaches do focus aggregation locally to enhance the focus volume, which may not suppress noisy focus measurements properly and consequently, may provide deteriorated depth maps. Multiresolution fusion‐based method is proposed for image focus volume enhancement. First, an initial focus volume is obtained by applying a conventional focus measure. Then, a pyramid of focus volumes is computed using Gaussian filters and subsampling. Focus measures from various focus volumes at different levels are merged into a single resultant focus volume. Finally, the depth map is obtained from the resultant focus volume by maximizing the focus measure in the optical‐axis direction. According to the best of my knowledge, the cross‐scale aggregation has never been used in enhancing the image focus volume in SFF. The proposed method is evaluated through the experiments using image sequences of real microscopic and simulated objects. Results comparisons based on root mean square error (RMSE) and correlation demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in improving the focus volume and depth map. The proposed fusion method of volumes is a simple but effective. The idea of cross‐scale aggregation of focus measures is effective in providing precise focus measures that consequently, provide accurate depth map. In future work, it will further be explored and a more sophisticated and optimization‐based fusion algorithm will be applied.
HIV infection modulates IL-1β response to LPS stimulation through a TLR4-NLRP3 pathway in human liver macrophages
Authors: Zhang Lumin , Mosoian Arevik , Schwartz Myron E , Florman Sander S , Gunasekaran Ganesh , Schiano Thomas , Fiel M Isabel , Jiang Wei , Shen Qi , Branch Andrea D , Bansal Meena B
Published: February 2019

IL-1β is an important mediator of innate inflammatory responses and has been shown to contribute to liver injury in a number of etiologies. HIV patients have increased necroinflammation and more rapid fibrosis progression in chronic liver injury compared to non-HIV-infected patients. As the resident liver macrophage is critical to the IL-1β response to microbial translocation in chronic liver disease, we aim to examine the impact of HIV-1 and LPS stimulation on the IL-1β response of the resident hepatic macrophages. We isolated primary human liver macrophages from liver resection specimens, treated them with HIV-1BaL and/or LPS ex vivo, examined the IL-1β response, and then studied underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, we examined IL-1β expression in liver tissues derived from HIV-1 patients compared to those with no underlying liver disease. HIV-1 up-regulated TLR4 and CD14 expression on isolated primary CD68+ human liver macrophages and contributed to the IL-1β response to LPS stimulation as evidenced by TLR4 blocking. Nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich-containing family, pyrin domain-containing-3 (NLRP3) was shown to be involved in the IL-1β response of liver macrophages to HIV-1 infection and NLRP3 blocking experiments in primary CD68+ liver macrophages confirmed the contribution of the NLRP3-caspase 1 inflammatory signaling pathway in the IL-1β response. High in situ IL-1β expression was found in CD68+ cells in human liver tissues from HIV-1-infected patients, suggesting a critical role of IL-1β responses in patients infected by HIV. HIV infection sensitizes the IL-1β response of liver macrophages to LPS through up-regulation of CD14 and TLR4 expression and downstream activation of the NLRP3-caspase 1 pathway. These findings have implications for enhanced immune activation in HIV+ patients and mechanisms for rapid fibrosis progression in patients with chronic liver injury.

Resident liver macrophages infected by HIV-1 demonstrate an increased IL-1β response to LPS that is mediated by TLR4 and downstream activation of the caspase1-NLRP3 pathway.
Evolution of the relative abundance of C4 plants on the Chinese Loess Plateau since the Last Glacial Maximum and its implications
Authors: Jiang Wenqi , Wu Jianyu , Wu Haibin , Li Qin , Lin Yating , Yu Yanyan
Published: February 2019

Understanding the distribution of C3 and C4 plants and its forcing mechanisms since the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is important for anticipating their possible response to future climate change. The spatiotemporal pattern of C4 plant abundance on the Chinese Loess Plateau (CLP) is complex and the dominant causal factors are contentious. Here, we use δ13C records of organic matter in paleosols from the CLP to reconstruct changes in the representation of C4 plants since the LGM. The results indicate that the relative abundance of C4 plants increased after the LGM, reaching a maximum during 10–6 ka bp, and then decreased. Spatially, the representation of C4 plants was characterized by increasing values from north‐west to south‐east. In addition, the smallest spatial difference (∼10%) in the representation of C4 plants between the north‐west and south‐east parts of the CLP was during the LGM, and the largest difference (∼30%) was during the early Holocene. We combined our findings with output from the BIOME4 model to study the sensitivity of C4 plants to changes in climate and atmospheric CO2 concentration. The results suggest that increasing temperature was the dominant factor driving C4 plant expansion on the CLP since the LGM.
Coastal lake records add constraints to the age and magnitude of the Younger Dryas ice‐front oscillation along the Skagerrak coastline in southern Norway
Authors: Romundset Anders , Lakeman Thomas R. , Høgaas Fredrik
Published: February 2019

Basal records from nine lake basins, located within a small area inside the Younger Dryas Ra moraine in southern Norway, were analysed and radiocarbon dated. Six reworked shell fragments from the lowermost facies in five different basins date to the Bølling–Allerød chronozone and are interpreted to represent an ice‐free coastline before a Younger Dryas ice sheet readvance of at least 8 km. The widespread shell fragments within the Younger Dryas ice margin but pre‐dating the Younger Dryas are demonstrated using a systematic survey of the lowermost strata in a collection of lake basins. A further 13 dated samples, mostly in situ articulated bivalves found in clayey silt overlying the basal facies, yielded overlapping ages close to the Younger Dryas–Holocene boundary. The 13 shell dates, along with two additional similar ages obtained on terrestrial plant macrofossils from basal strata in two basins near the marine limit, provide a minimum‐limiting age of 11.6k cal a BP for ice sheet retreat from the Ra moraine. This suggests that the ice sheet in south‐east Norway retreated from its Younger Dryas maximum position nearly a thousand years later than previously assumed. Similar systematic approaches may lead to improved ice sheet reconstructions from other formerly glaciated coastlines.
Submarine Lateglacial lake deposits from the Kattegat, southern Scandinavia
Authors: Wiberg‐Larsen Peter , Bennike Ole , Jensen Jørn Bo
Published: February 2019

Lateglacial submarine lake sediments are reported for the first time from the Kattegat Sea in southern Scandinavia. The Lateglacial sediments were collected from a vibrocore that contained, from top to bottom, Holocene marine muddy sand, Holocene brackish‐water mud, Early Holocene peat with remains of Betula pubescens and telmatic plants, Lateglacial lake deposits that are the focus of this paper, and homogenous sand. Radiocarbon dating of terrestrial plant remains from the Lateglacial sediments gave ages between 12 400 and 12 800 cal a bp, corresponding to the Younger Dryas. The Lateglacial sediments contain remains of Betula nana and other plants indicating a tundra‐like open landscape with dwarf shrub heaths, which is typical for the region. Remains of macrolimnophytes indicate shallow carbonate‐rich, cool lake waters. Remains of larvae of Trichoptera and Chironomidae dominate the invertebrate fauna and indicate a fairly species‐rich fauna. Half of the trichopteran taxa today have their distribution north of Denmark or show a generally northern distribution in Europe. The lake sediments are found at ∼ 24 m below sea level, and the presence of lake sediments shows that this part of Kattegat had not been transgressed by the sea during the Younger Dryas.
SCUBA Medicine for otolaryngologists: Part I. Diving into SCUBA physiology and injury prevention
Authors: Mallen Jonathan R. , Roberts Daniel S.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Introduce pertinent self‐contained underwater breathing apparatus (SCUBA) physiology and corresponding terminology. Appreciate the scope of diving and related otolaryngological injury. Illustrate pathophysiologic mechanisms for diving injuries. Summarize strategies for ear, paranasal sinus, and lung barotrauma prevention, including medical optimization and autoinsufflation techniques.

Methods

We conducted a review of the available medical and diving literature in English, German, Spanish, Italian Turkish, and French to determine the degree of evidence or lack thereof behind recommendations for treating SCUBA divers. The databases of PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the Cochrane library, as well available textbooks, were queried for relevant data.

Results

Divers are subjected to large pressure gradients within the first few meters of descent. This can lead to gas embolism formation as well as barotrauma secondary to gas expansion/compression in potential closed spaces such as the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, and lungs. Physicians can minimize the risk of injury by counseling patients regarding proper equalization and descent/ascent techniques, and optimizing sinonasal and eustachian tube function. The use of decongestants is controversial.

Conclusions

Diving is an increasingly popular sport with predominantly otolaryngologic manifestations of injury and disease. Treating SCUBA divers requires a firm understanding of how physiology is altered underwater. This review presents the relevant background information using illustrations to understand the environmental forces acting on divers and how to prevent injury. Laryngoscope, 130:52–58, 2020
A Szegő limit theorem for translation‐invariant operators on polygons
Authors: Pfirsch Bernhard
Published: February 2019

We prove Szegő‐type trace asymptotics for translation‐invariant operators on polygons. More precisely, consider a Fourier multiplier on with a sufficiently decaying, smooth symbol . Let be the interior of a polygon and, for , define its scaled version . Then we study the spectral asymptotics for the operator , the spatial restriction of A onto : for entire functions h with we provide a complete asymptotic expansion of as . These trace asymptotics consist of three terms that reflect the geometry of the polygon. If P is replaced by a domain with smooth boundary, a complete asymptotic expansion of the trace has been known for more than 30 years. However, for polygons the formula for the constant order term in the asymptotics is new. In particular, we show that each corner of the polygon produces an extra contribution; as a consequence, the constant order term exhibits an anomaly similar to the heat trace asymptotics for the Dirichlet Laplacian.