bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cultivable Bacteria Colonizing Canine Vagina During Proestrus and Estrus: A Large-Scale Retrospective Study of Influencing Factors
Authors: Schäfer-Somi Sabine , Lechner Dominik , Tichy Alexander , Spergser Joachim
Published: November 2024

Background: The evaluation of canine vaginal bacteria during proestrus and estrus and the chosen parameters will help to prevent the misuse of antibiotics in veterinary medicine. Methods: This study carried out a retrospective analysis to obtain microbiological examination results for vaginal swabs from 696 healthy dogs, all of whom were patients from one clinic. Age, body weight, fur length (long or short hair), the time of sampling of vaginal swabs, the duration of proestrus/estrus, progesterone (P4) concentration (the first and last samples), and bacteriological findings were evaluated. Results: Only 3.7% (26/696) of the samples were negative for bacteria. The impact of fur length was low. However, the calculation of the odds ratios revealed that the chance for a high-grade growth of Escherichia (E.) coli and Mycoplasma (M.) canis increases with body weight class. The earlier the sampling was performed, the lower the number of high-grade cultures (p < 0.01). The duration between the first and last measurement of progesterone (P4) was positively related to the cultural detection of Pasteurellaceae, Streptococcus spp., and Enterococcus spp. (p < 0.05) and negatively to the cultivation of Mycoplasma spp. (p < 0.01). Conclusions: Our findings reflect some likely factors contributing to the variability of the physiological vaginal flora in dogs, which may help interpret cultured bacteriological findings.
Oxidative Status and Lipid Metabolism Analytes in Dogs with Mast Cell Tumors: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ginoudis Argyrios , Pardali Dimitra , Mylonakis Mathios E. , Tamvakis Androniki , Tvarijonaviciute Asta , Lymperaki Evgenia , Ceron Jose Joaquin , Polizopoulou Zoe
Published: November 2024

Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are common skin neoplasms in dogs. Prognostic indicators include histologic grade, clinical stage, high Ki-67 index, elevated argyrophilic nucleolus organizer regions (AgNOR) index, c-kit mutations, and recurrence after surgery. Blood serum redox status has been shown to correlate with prognostic factors in canine lymphoma and mammary tumors. This study aimed to assess the correlation between established prognostic factors and serum redox status and lipid metabolism analytes in dogs with MCTs. Dogs with cutaneous (n = 33) or subcutaneous (n = 6) MCTs, without comorbidities, were studied. Staging was evaluated based on cytology of regional lymph nodes and ultrasound-guided liver and spleen aspiration cytology. Histologic grading and immunohistochemical staining for Ki-67 and KIT patterns were performed on excised tumor specimens. Dogs were categorized by Patnaik grading (1–3), Kiupel grading (low/high), metastatic status, Ki-67 positive nuclei per cm2 (>23 or ≤23), and KIT pattern (I, II–III). Paraoxonase-1, Butyrylcholinesterase, Cupric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity (CUPRAC), Diacron Reactive Oxygen Metabolites (d-ROMs), and oxy-adsorbent levels were measured before any therapeutic intervention. ANOVA and independent t-tests were used to detect differences in the mean values among groups. Paraoxonase-1 activity was significantly lower in Patnaik grade 3 (p = 0.003) and Kiupel high-grade (p = 0.022) MCTs. No significant differences were found in CUPRAC, d-ROMs, or oxy-adsorbent levels across different prognostic groups. This study found a significant correlation between histologic grading and Paraoxonase-1 activity, suggesting a potential role of Paraoxonase-1 as a prognostic biomarker in canine MCTs.
A Method for Detecting Tomato Maturity Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Song , Xiang Jianxia , Chen Daqing , Zhang Cong
Published: November 2024

In complex scenes, factors such as tree branches and leaves occlusion, dense distribution of tomato fruits, and similarity of fruit color to the background color make it difficult to correctly identify the ripeness of the tomato fruits when harvesting them. Therefore, in this study, an improved YOLOv8 algorithm is proposed to address the problem of tomato fruit ripeness detection in complex scenarios, which is difficult to carry out accurately. The algorithm employs several technical means to improve detection accuracy and efficiency. First, Swin Transformer is used to replace the third C2f in the backbone part. The modeling of global and local information is realized through the self-attention mechanism, which improves the generalization ability and feature extraction ability of the model, thereby bringing higher detection accuracy. Secondly, the C2f convolution in the neck section is replaced with Distribution Shifting Convolution, so that the model can better process spatial information and further improve the object detection accuracy. In addition, by replacing the original CIOU loss function with the Focal–EIOU loss function, the problem of sample imbalance is solved and the detection performance of the model in complex scenarios is improved. After improvement, the mAP of the model increased by 2.3%, and the Recall increased by 6.8% on the basis of YOLOv8s, and the final mAP and Recall reached 86.9% and 82.0%, respectively. The detection speed of the improved model reaches 190.34 FPS, which meets the demand of real-time detection. The results show that the improved YOLOv8 algorithm proposed in this study exhibits excellent performance in the task of tomato ripeness detection in complex scenarios, providing important experience and guidance for tomato ripeness detection.
Innovative Cementitious Composites Produced with Corn Straw Fiber: Effect of the Alkaline Treatments
Authors: Caixeta Silva Thiago Ranilson , Silva de Aquino Luiz Arthur , Mesquita Leonardo Carvalho , Marques Marília Gonçalves , de Azevedo Afonso Rangel Garcez , Marvila Markssuel Teixeira
Published: November 2024

Recently, numerous studies have been carried out with natural fibers in cementitious composites, due to the viability of using this type of fiber as a substitute for synthetic fibers. In this field of study, the present research aims to evaluate the feasibility of using corn straw fiber for the production of innovative cementitious composites. Mortars with a composition of 1:1:6:1.55 (cement/lime/sand/water) containing 0, 2.5 and 5% corn straw fiber were produced. The corn straw fibers were treated with three different alkaline products: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2). The compositions were evaluated by means of compressive strength, water absorption, density and porosity and consistency tests. Characterization tests were also carried out on the natural fibers subjected to the different treatments, where it was observed that chemical characterization revealed an increase in crystalline cellulose from 59.03% to 63.50% (NaOH), 62.41% (KOH) and 60.40% (Ca(OH)2), which enhances fiber strength. In the mortars, it was observed that the water absorption results were reduced when the alkaline treatments were used, reducing from 15.95% (composition without fibers) to 6.34% and 6.61% in the compositions with 2.5% and 5.0% of fibers treated with KOH, for example. The effects were also positive in the compositions with fibers treated in NaOH, where the water absorption values were 7.59% and 7.88% for the compositions containing 2.5% and 5.0% of treated fiber, respectively. Alkaline treatments also promote an increase in compressive strength when comparing the results of mortars with natural fibers and fibers treated with NaOH, for example. The result for mortars containing 5.0% untreated fibers was 0.22 MPa, while for the composition containing 5.0% fibers treated with NaOH, it was 3.79 MPa, an increase of more than 15x. This behavior is justified by the effect of the treatment, which, in addition to removing impurities from natural fibers, such as sugar, increases the crystalline cellulose content and the adhesion between fiber and matrix. Based on the results obtained, it is possible to conclude that (i) the treatment with NaOH increases the crystallinity and tensile strength of the fibers, promoting good properties for innovative cementitious composites; (ii) the treatment with KOH degrades the cellulose structure of the fiber, reducing the crystallinity and tensile strength; this promotes greater adhesion of the fiber to the matrix, reducing porosity and water absorption, but promotes a reduction in compressive strength when compared to composites with 2.5% natural fiber; and (iii) the treatment with Ca(OH)2 presents a reduction in water absorption and porosity, due to the impregnation of calcium in the fiber that improves the adhesion between fiber and matrix.
Voluntary Muscle Contraction Pattern in Cerebral Palsy by Reducing Guidance Force in Robot-Assisted Gait Training: A Proof of Concept Focused on a Single-Participant Study
Authors: Kwon Suncheol , Park Sora , Jung Ji Hye , Kim Hyun Kyung
Published: November 2024

This study aimed to investigate if voluntary participation in robot-assisted gait training leads to more concentrated muscle activity patterns and clinical measure improvements. A single-participant research design study was conducted with a gradual reduction in robotic assistance during robot-assisted gait training. A child with cerebral palsy participated in 20 robot-assisted gait training sessions and two assessment sessions across 99 days. The assistive force of the Lokomat gradually reduced during repeated training. The effects of reduced assistive force on muscle activity patterns were quantitatively analyzed using a clustering algorithm and electromyography. Improvements in overall gait quality and muscle strength were measured after robot-assisted gait training. The results also showed that the number of clustered representative patterns doubled and muscle activation patterns increased when the assistance decreased by 20%, whereas full robot assistance might have hindered active participation. Since assistive force modulation can be a key in robotic rehabilitation, the proposed protocol, involving gradual assistive force reduction, demonstrates promising efficacy and allows for in-depth analysis. Therefore, further randomized clinical trials based on this study can be possible for children with cerebral palsy.
Differentiating Primary and Secondary Hypothermia in a Rat Model: The Role of Biochemical Markers in Postmortem Analysis
Authors: Dervišević Emina , Jesenković Džan Ahmed , Bešić Aida , Šuta Nedim , Selmanagić Aida , Ajanović Zurifa , Lazović Edina , Katica Muhamed , Salihbegović Adis
Published: November 2024

Postmortem biochemistry is a valuable tool in forensic investigations, providing insights into the tissue damage and organ dysfunction associated with death. This study aimed to identify biochemical markers that distinguish primary and secondary hypothermia. Twenty-one Wistar rats were allocated into three groups: the Control group (n = 7), which was exposed only to hypothermic conditions, the Alcohol + Hypothermia group (n = 7), and the Benzodiazepines + Hypothermia group (n = 7). The temperature metrics assessed included the normal core temperature, the post-ketamine (0.3 ml injection) core temperature, the immersion temperature, temperature at the onset of hypothermia, and temperature at death. Blood samples were collected from the thoracic aorta in EDTA vacuum tubes for biochemical analysis. The key biochemical parameters measured included the Total Protein (g/L), Albumin (g/L), Globulin (g/L), Albumin to Globulin Ratio, Alanine Aminotransferase (U/L), Alkaline Phosphatase (U/L), Cholesterol (mmol/L), Amylase (U/L), and Lipase (U/L), using an automated IDEXX (Netherlands) cell counter. Significant between-group differences were found for the total protein and globulin levels (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), with post-hoc tests confirming differences between the alcohol and control, and benzodiazepine and control groups. The cholesterol levels were found to be significantly different through an omnibus test (p = 0.03), but post hoc tests did not confirm these differences on a statistically significant level. The amylase levels varied significantly across all groups (p < 0.001), with post hoc tests confirming significant differences among all pairs: alcohol vs. benzodiazepine (p = 0.002), alcohol vs. control (p = 0.003), and benzodiazepine vs. control (p < 0.001). The lipase levels showed significant differences in the omnibus test (p = 0.030), but there was no significance in the post hoc tests. Amylase emerged as the most significant parameter in our study, with reduced levels strongly associated with secondary hypothermia. These findings highlight the potential use of total protein, globulin, and amylase levels as biomarkers to differentiate between primary and secondary hypothermia in forensic contexts.
Influence of Continuous and Short-Term Direct Current Stimulation on the Growth and Nutrient Composition of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima with Prospects for Large-Scale Production
Authors: Chi Yunyi , Zhong Yujie , Hu Wenan , Wang Qiang
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the effects of continuous and short-term direct current (DC) stimulation on the growth and nutrient composition of Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima, a marine diatom with significant potential in aquaculture feed. We explored the optimal conditions of DC stimulation by applying both short-term and continuous treatments at varying voltages (0 V, 1 V, 3 V, 5 V, 10 V for short-term; 0 V, 0.05 V, 0.5 V, 1 V for continuous). The results demonstrated that short-term DC stimulation significantly enhanced cell density and lipid accumulation, with maximum cell density increasing by 13.14% under 1 V stimulation compared to the control. However, continuous stimulation was less effective and showed growth inhibition in several cases. Nutrient analysis revealed that short-term stimulation, particularly at 3 V, led to a 67.66% increase in lipid content, while moderate continuous stimulation (0.5 V) showed a 39.47% increase in biomass dry weight. These findings suggest that short-term DC stimulation is a promising approach to optimize microalgal growth and nutrient accumulation for large-scale aquaculture production.
A New Method for 3D Dental Records Related to Orthopedic Treatments: The Hemimaxillary Plane Reference System and Its Clinical Implications
Authors: Iannotti Lara , Serafin Marco , Caprioglio Alberto
Published: November 2024

The purpose of this explementary method study was to demonstrate, within the hemimaxillary, the three-dimensional skeletal and dental displacements of upper permanent first molars in patients undergoing rapid maxillary expansion (RME) with anchorage on deciduous teeth or paramedian miniscrews. Five post-treatment cases were analyzed on frontal and axial views before (T0) and after expansion (T1), adopting a new hemimaxillary reference system. Three-dimensional landmarks were selected to evaluate molar changes; buccal tipping and rotation were calculated, in addition to intermolar angle, molar angle of rotation, and orthopedic expansion angles. The origins (dental and/or orthopedic) of molar displacements were investigated by alternate interior angle demonstration according to the parallel lines theorem. Through inverse geometric functions of right triangles, it was possible to determine theoretical-experimental forms to calculate angles from periapical radiographs taken at T1. These findings have significant clinical implications, enabling the assessment of treatment outcomes while adhering to radioprotection principles. Reproducible formulas enable the calculation of expansion angles without CBCT. For RME to allow clinical improvement, molar rotation and intermolar angles at T1 should be less than the difference between the respective angles at T0 and the orthopedic expansion angle. This method provides a reproducible, radiation-efficient method to assess maxillary changes, enhancing treatment precision in orthodontics.
Modeling and Parameter Calibration of Morchella Seed Based on Discrete Element Method
Authors: Li Min , He Xiaowei , Zhu Guansan , Liu Jinxiu , Gou Kangcheng , Wang Xufeng
Published: November 2024

Studies on the discrete element method (DEM) parameters of Morchella seeds are limited due to their high moisture content and weak inter-particle adhesion. However, accurate DEM simulations are crucial for the design of agricultural machinery. Physical experiments were conducted to measure the fundamental properties of Morchella seeds, and a DEM model was established using the Hertz–Mindlin with JKR contact model. Subsequently, Plackett–Burman, steepest ascent, and Box–Behnken experiments were employed. They were used to analyze the significance of key contact parameters. A second-order polynomial regression model for the repose angle was developed, and significant contact parameters were optimized and calibrated. The results showed that the seed-to-seed rolling friction coefficient, seed-to-seed surface energy, and seed-to-steel rolling friction coefficient significantly impacted the repose angle. The simulation results using the optimized contact parameters closely matched the repose angle measured in physical experiments. The relative error was only 0.16%, validating the accuracy of the parameter calibration.
Optimization of Embedded Retaining Walls Under the Effects of Groundwater Seepage Using a Reliability-Based and Partial Factor Design Approach
Authors: Varga Rok , Žlender Bojan , Jelušič Primož
Published: November 2024

In this paper, a comparative analysis of the effects of groundwater, seepage and hydraulic heave on the optimal design of embedded retaining walls is carried out. The optimization model for an optimal retaining wall (ORW) minimizes the total length of the retaining wall considering design constraints. The model is extended to include the probability of failure as an additional constraint. This overcomes the limitations of the partial safety factor approach, which does not fully account for uncertainties in the soil. In contrast, the reliability-based design (RBD) approach integrates these uncertainties and enables an assessment of the impact of seepage and hydraulic heave on the reliability of the structure. A real-coded genetic algorithm was used to determine optimal designs for both optimization methods. The results of the case study show that the addition of seepage (groundwater flow) to the hydrostatic conditions has a modest effect on the embedment depth. The design based on partial safety factors, which takes seepage into account, leads to a slight increase in the embedment depth of 0.94% compared to a retaining wall design that only takes the hydrostatic conditions of the groundwater into account. When designing on the basis of probability failure, the percentage increase in embedment depth due to seepage is between 2.19% and 6.41%, depending on the target probability of failure. Furthermore, the hydraulic heave failure mechanism did not increase the required embedment depth of the retaining wall, which means that the failure mechanism of rotation near the base was decisive for the design.
Empowering Tourism Accessibility: A Digital Revolution in Pieria, Greece
Authors: Achillas Charisios , Aidonis Dimitrios , Tsampoulatidis Ioannis , Folinas Dimitrios , Kostavelis Ioannis , Tsolakis Naoum , Triantafyllou Dimitrios , Vlachokostas Christos , Kelemis Athanasios , Dimou Vasileios
Published: November 2024

Accessibility is a fundamental human right and a key driver for inclusive tourism, particularly for individuals with disabilities, the elderly, and others with mobility challenges. This study aims to promote the Pieria region, Greece, as an “Accessible Tourist Destination” through the development of a digital platform designed to provide detailed information on the accessibility of routes, public spaces, and points of interest. The platform collects and displays data on the region’s accessibility infrastructure, including ramps, sidewalks, and points of cultural and tourist interest, allowing users to plan safe and convenient routes. The methodology involves comprehensive audits of accessibility features, and the data are integrated into an online platform, enabling personalized suggestions for users based on their needs. Initial results from the Platamonas area show detailed documentation of 68 points of interest and 97 routes, improving the accessibility experience for visitors. The findings suggest that accessible tourism has the potential to not only enhance social inclusion, but also contribute to local economic growth by attracting a broader range of visitors. The digital platform represents a significant step towards promoting tourism for all in Pieria.
Enhancing Welding Geometric Precision: Analyzing the Impact of Weld Path Directions, Sequences and Locating Schemes on Displacement
Authors: Sadeghi Tabar Roham , Lindkvist Lars , Wärmefjord Kristina , Franciosa Pasquale , Ceglarek Dariusz , Söderberg Rikard
Published: November 2024

Welding-induced geometric deviations remain a critical challenge in industrial manufacturing, particularly in achieving high-precision assembly. This study investigates the effects of welding path directions, sequences, and locating schemes on the displacement of welded assemblies, focusing on minimizing geometric deviations. Using finite element method (FEM) simulations and a design of experiments (DOE) approach, the interactions between these parameters were systematically analyzed. Results show that the locating scheme plays a dominant role in controlling displacement, with optimal configurations significantly reducing geometric errors. Welding sequences were also found to have a considerable impact, further minimizing distortions when appropriately optimized. The effect of weld path direction, while less significant for simpler geometries, became more pronounced in assemblies with curvature. These findings pinpoint the necessity of integrating a combined factor approach, including fixturing, welding sequence, and path direction, to optimize and improve the geometric quality of welded assemblies.
Research on Basic Properties of Polymers for Fused Deposition Modelling Technology
Authors: Pyka Dariusz , Słowiński Jakub J. , Kurzawa Adam , Roszak Maciej , Stachowicz Mateusz , Kazimierczak Mikołaj , Stępczak Maksymilian , Grygier Dominika
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of eight commercially available filaments tailored for Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) additive manufacturing. Test specimens were fabricated using original PRUSA MK4 printers, with ten samples from each selected polymer. Mechanical evaluations through static tensile and three-point bending tests revealed that PETG Carbon and PA+15CF exhibited superior tensile and flexural strengths, making them highly suitable for applications requiring high mechanical resilience. Biocompatibility assessments in line with the ISO 10993-5:2009 and ISO 10993-12:2021 standards indicated that all materials except FiberFlex 40D Fiberlogy were non-cytotoxic, supporting their potential in biomedical applications. The experimental data established material constants within the Johnson–Cook strength model, which effectively predicted the mechanical behaviors of monotonic materials like FiberFlex 40D, PETG, HIPS, TPU, and PA+15CF Rosa 3D, with maximum fitting errors not exceeding 2.6%. However, the model was inadequate for non-monotonic materials like PLA and PETG, resulting in higher errors and less accurate simulations. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) analyses provided insights into fracture mechanisms, correlating fracture surface characteristics with mechanical performance. This comprehensive study advances the understanding of mechanical properties in thermoplastic materials for 3D printing, validates numerical models for certain materials, and confirms material suitability for biomedical use.
Toward an Era of Secure 5G Convergence Applications: Formal Security Verification of 3GPP AKMA with TLS 1.3 PSK Option
Authors: Ko Yongho , Pawana I Wayan Adi Juliawan , Won Taeho , Astillo Philip Virgil , You Ilsun
Published: November 2024

The 5th Generation Mobile Communication (5G) plays a significant role in the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), facilitating significant improvements and innovations in various fields. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is currently standardizing the Authentication and Key Management for Application (AKMA) system for the 5G convergence applications (5G cAPPs). The Transport Layer Security (TLS) is recommended as the application-specific Ua* protocol between User Equipment (UE) and Application Function (AF) to securely transmit the AKMA identifiers of UE as well as guarantee traffic protection. Among TLS protocols, session resumption in TLS 1.2 and the Pre-Shared Key (PSK) modes of TLS 1.3 are particularly desirable for Ua*. Unfortunately, the integration of PSK options of TLS 1.3, namely PSK-only, PSK-(EC)DHE, and 0-RTT (0 Round-Trip Time) modes, with AKMA has not yet been thoroughly investigated; hence, security, performance, compatibility, and effectiveness remain uncertain. In response, this paper explores the integration of the TLS 1.3 PSK options with AKMA and investigates the said metrics by conducting formal security verification and emulating exemplary applications. According to the formal verification and experimental results, the PSK-(EC)DH mode shows a security strength trade-off with efficiency. On the one hand, the 0-RTT mode demonstrates better efficiency but exhibits drawbacks on forward secrecy and replay attacks. The result suggests that 0-RTT mode has to be approved to ensure seamless integration of the TLS 1.3 PSK option with AKMA. In addition, adjustment on the AKMA architecture is also imperative to enhance security level.
Using Multivalued Cartesian Genetic Programming (M-CGP) for Automatic Design of Digital Sequential Circuits
Authors: Jamróz Dariusz
Published: November 2024

The paper addresses the problem of the automatic design of sequential systems. For a complete description of the operation of the sequential system, a table of states or another representation of transition graphs describing possible changes in system states is necessary. This paper adopts a completely different approach, in which the description of the sequential system results from the study of the responses to signals given from outside and from an unknown system, which is treated as a black box. This approach may be useful when we want to recreate the internal structure of a given, unknown system or when we want to obtain a system based only on the information about the system’s reactions to given external signals, without going into the principles of its operation. The paper presents problems that arise when creating the data strings that describe the reactions of the designed system and ways for solving these problems, and it presents Multivalued Cartesian Genetic Programming (M-CGP)—a new approach used to design sequential circuits. Further research has developed a system based on this model. The paper presents examples of obtained sequential systems generated using the newly created system.
Correction of Severe Class III Malocclusion by Mandibular Molar Distalization with Ramal Plates
Authors: Almadih Ahmed , Chou Alex Hung Kuo , Kook Yoon-Ah , Mo Sung-Seo , Han Seong Ho
Published: November 2024

This retrospective investigation aims to evaluate the dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes after the distalization of the mandibular dentition using the ramal plates in nonextraction camouflage treatment of severe Class III malocclusion with a full-cusp discrepancy or more at the first molars. The sample consisted of pre- (T1) and post-treatment (T2) lateral cephalograms from 25 adult patients who were treated with the ramal plates for mandibular total distalization. The skeletal, dental, and soft tissue variables were analyzed from T1 to T2 in order to determine the effects of mandibular dentitional distalization. The mandibular first molars distalized 3.65 mm at the crown and 1.81 mm at the root. Similarly, the mandibular incisors retracted 3.32 mm at the crown and 0.81 mm at the root. Skeletally, the Wits appraisal displayed a significant increase of 1.56 mm. Also, soft tissue changes showed a significant lower lip retraction of 1.26 mm. These findings suggest that the ramal plates exhibited effective mandibular distalization in treating severe Class III malocclusion, which may be considered a viable alternative to the orthognathic surgical approach in some patients.
AbstractTrace: The Use of Execution Traces to Cluster, Classify, Prioritize, and Optimize a Bloated Test Suite
Authors: Al-Sharif Ziad A. , Jeffery Clinton L.
Published: November 2024

Due to the incremental and iterative nature of the software testing process, a test suite may become bloated with redundant, overlapping, and similar test cases. This paper aims to optimize a bloated test suite by employing an execution trace that encodes runtime events into a sequence of characters forming a string. A dataset of strings, each of which represents the code coverage and execution behavior of a test case, is analyzed to identify similarities between test cases. This facilitates the de-bloating process by providing a formal mechanism to identify, remove, and reduce extra test cases without compromising software quality. This form of analysis allows for the clustering and classification of test cases based on their code coverage and similarity score. This paper explores three levels of execution traces and evaluates different techniques to measure their similarities. Test cases with the same code coverage should generate the exact string representation of runtime events. Various string similarity metrics are assessed to find the similarity score, which is used to classify, detect, and rank test cases accordingly. Additionally, this paper demonstrates the validity of the approach with two case studies. The first shows how to classify the execution behavior of various test cases, which can provide insight into each test case’s internal behavior. The second shows how to identify similar test cases based on their code coverage.
Optimization of Strength Factors in Microbial Solidification of Uranium Tailings Using Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Hu Sucheng , Zhang Zhijun , Zheng Huaimiao , Yu Qing , Tian Yakun , Hu Lin , Wu Lingling
Published: November 2024

Once the uranium tailings dam collapses, it will cause great harm to the surrounding ecological environment and people’s safety. This study experimentally investigates microbial grouting reinforcement of uranium tailings to advance microbial reinforcement technology and facilitate its large-scale engineering applications. The study simulated original environmental conditions and used tap water to prepare the culture medium and cement without sterilization or pH adjustment. The response surface method was employed to optimize parameters affecting the immobilization of uranium tailings, and the results were verified. The mechanical strength of the immobilized uranium tailings was determined through unconfined compression tests, while their microstructures were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and computed tomography. The findings indicate that the response surface method optimizes test parameters accurately, with the concentration of the cementation solution and the grouting amount being two main factors influencing the compressive strength of the solidified uranium tailings. Without pH adjustment, sterilization, or slurry modification using tap water, the bacteria−cementation ratio was set at 1, the concentration of the cementation solution was 1.3 mol/L, and the grouting volume was 70 mL. Notably, the strength of the uranium tailings increased 27-fold after seven rounds of grouting compared to the water-only group, and 6-fold compared to the cementation solution-only group. This study contributes to reducing the complexity associated with the application of microbial grouting technology in soil stabilization and provides valuable references for other engineering practices.
Success of an Inpatient Rehabilitation Program in Subjects with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with or Without Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Thauerer Bettina , Odrovicsné Tóth Anna , Salzer Andreas , Steinecker-Frohnwieser Bibiane
Published: November 2024

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) comprises heterogeneous disorders, which have an increase in blood glucose concentrations in common. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) describes the simultaneous occurrence of several clinical symptoms that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and T2DM, although T2DM itself is also considered a risk factor for developing MetS. Objective: This study aimed to identify parameters related to rehabilitation success and relevant to MetS in T2DM patients. Methods: T2DM patients were divided into two subgroups based on the NHLBI/AHA and IDF guidelines for characterizing MetS. Serum samples were analyzed for T2DM-specific parameters, lipid metabolism, oxidative processes, AGE activity (AAct), and uric acid to HDL ratio (UHR) at admission and discharge after a 3-week inpatient rehabilitation stay. Logistic regression and before–after comparisons were performed showing the importance of multidisciplinary rehabilitation. Results: Among eighty-six patients, 59.3% had MetS. Significant differences between subgroups were found in fasting glucose (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglycerides (TGLs), soluble receptor for AGE (sRAGE), UHR, and AAct. Rehabilitation-induced changes in disease-related parameters were influenced by the presence of MetS. The predictive capacity from all parameters together could be reduced within the three weeks. Conclusion: Rehabilitative measures have a major influence on MetS-relevant factors and can change the course of the disease in patients with T2DM. Identifying these factors can be of great importance for future diagnoses and treatments of T2DM and MetS.
Urate Levels as a Predictor of the Prevalence and Level of Cardiovascular Risk Factors: An Identificación de La PoBlación Española de Riesgo Cardiovascular y Renal Study
Authors: Antelo-Pais Paula , Prieto-Díaz Miguel Ángel , Micó-Pérez Rafael M. , Pallarés-Carratalá Vicente , Velilla-Zancada Sonsoles , Polo-García José , Barquilla-García Alfonso , Ginel-Mendoza Leovigildo , Segura-Fragoso Antonio , Vitelli-Storelli Facundo , Martín-Sánchez Vicente , Hermida-Ameijerias Álvaro , Cinza-Sanjurjo Sergio ,   on behalf of the Investigators of the IBERICAN Study and of the Spanish Society of Primary Care Physicians (SEMERGEN) Foundation
Published: November 2024

(1) Background: Urate levels lower than the classical cut-off point for defining hyperuricemia can increase cardiovascular risks. The aim of this study is to determine if there is a relationship between different urate levels and classic cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study of the inclusion visits of the patients recruited to the IBERICAN study was conducted. The patients were classified into quartiles according to their distribution of urate levels and separated by sex; the three lower points corresponded to normal levels of urate, and the highest quartile was determined according to the classical definition of HU. Multivariate analysis models, adjusted for epidemiological variables, were used to analyze the association of urate levels with CVRFs. (3) Results: The presence of CVRFs was higher across the quartiles of urate, with a continuous increase along the quartiles in both sexes in accordance with body mass index (p < 0.01), waist circumference (p < 0.01), blood pressure (p < 0.01), and LDL cholesterol (p < 0.01). The CV risk estimated by SCORE was associated with an increase along the quartiles in women (p = 0.02). (4) Conclusions: A progressive increase in the frequency of CVRFs, as well as in their levels, was observed across the quartiles of uricemia, which reflects an increase in the CVRs associated with uricemia.
Targeting Mitochondria in Glioma: New Hopes for a Cure
Authors: Gatto Lidia , Di Nunno Vincenzo , Ghelardini Anna , Tosoni Alicia , Bartolini Stefania , Asioli Sofia , Ratti Stefano , Di Stefano Anna Luisa , Franceschi Enrico
Published: November 2024

Drugs targeting mitochondrial energy metabolism are emerging as promising antitumor therapeutics. Glioma treatment is extremely challenging due to the high complexity of the tumor and the high cellular heterogeneity. From a metabolic perspective, glioma cancer cells can be classified into the oxidative metabolic phenotype (mainly depending on mitochondrial respiration for energy production) and glycolytic phenotype or “Warburg effect” (mainly depending on glycolysis). Herein, we reviewed the function of novel bio-active molecules targeting oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial dynamics. These molecules exhibit intriguing preclinical and clinical results and have been proven to be promising candidates to be further developed for glioma therapy. However, despite these initial encouraging results, it is imperative to rigorously assess the side effects of these metabolic drugs, which have a non-negligible toxicity profile.
Analysis of Immunological Memory for John Cunningham Virus in a Mexican Population of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis Under Treatment
Authors: García Silvia , García-Martell Adriana , Quiñones-Aguilar Sandra , Sauri-Suárez Sergio , Téllez González Mario Antonio , García-Castillo Guillermo , Suárez-Cuenca Juan Antonio , Toledo-Lozano Christian Gabriel , Mondragón Terán Paul , Alcaraz-Estrada Sofia Lizeth
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease characterized by demyelination and axonal damage of the central nervous system. Despite the observed benefits, highly effective treatment (HET)-based therapy has adverse effects, which include an increased risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). Additionally, the risk grows if the patient has antibodies for the John Cunningham virus (JCV). The appearance of PML is rare, and only one report has been found in Mexico. The objective of this research was to determine and analyze the immunological memory for JCV in a population of Mexican patients with MS under treatment. Methods: All participants underwent a complete medical history and neurological evaluation. Once they signed their informed consent, a blood sample was taken to determine if antibodies against JCV were present in their serum. Results: In total, 121 MS patients were analyzed, and the population consisted of 62.8% women and 37.2% men with an average age of 42.28. The three most common HETs received by the participants were natalizumab (67.76%), followed by teriflunomide and fingolimod. Conclusions: The seropositivity was 62.8%, and in this group, the average duration of disease evolution was 152.33 ± 93.37 months. Natalizumab was the most used HET, and despite this, only a positive association between a positive JCV antibody index with duration of fingolimod and history of depression was found. Also, a positive correlation of the JCV Ab index within the forms of SPMS and PPMS compared to RRMS was observed. No differences were observed between populations, type, and duration of MS.
Integrated SERS-Microfluidic Sensor Based on Nano-Micro Hierarchical Cactus-like Array Substrates for the Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer
Authors: Jia Huakun , Meng Weiyang , Gao Rongke , Wang Yeru , Zhan Changbiao , Yu Yiyue , Cong Haojie , Yu Liandong
Published: November 2024

The detection and analysis of cancer cell exosomes with high sensitivity and precision are pivotal for the early diagnosis and treatment strategies of prostate cancer. To this end, a microfluidic chip, equipped with a cactus-like array substrate (CAS) based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was designed and fabricated for the detection of exosome concentrations in Lymph Node Carcinoma of the Prostate (LNCaP). Double layers of polystyrene (PS) microspheres were self-assembled onto a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film to form an ordered cactus-like nanoarray for detection and analysis. By combining EpCAM aptamer-labeled SERS nanoprobes and a CD63 aptamer-labeled CAS, a ‘sandwich’ structure was formed and applied to the microfluidic chips, further enhancing the Raman scattering signal of Raman reporter molecules. The results indicate that the integrated microfluidic sensor exhibits a good linear response within the detection concentration range of 105 particles μL−1 to 1 particle μL−1. The detection limit of exosomes in cancer cells can reach 1 particle μL−1. Therefore, we believed that the CAS integrated microfluidic sensor offers a superior solution for the early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention of prostate cancer.
Connectivity in the Dorsal Visual Stream Is Enhanced in Action Video Game Players
Authors: Cahill Kyle , Jordan Timothy , Dhamala Mukesh
Published: November 2024

Action video games foster competitive environments that demand rapid spatial navigation and decision-making. Action video gamers often exhibit faster response times and slightly improved accuracy in vision-based sensorimotor tasks. Background/Objectives: However, the underlying functional and structural changes in the two visual streams of the brain that may be contributing to these cognitive improvements have been unclear. Methods: Using functional and diffusion MRI data, this study investigated the differences in connectivity between gamers who play action video games and nongamers in the dorsal and ventral visual streams. Results: We found that action video gamers have enhanced functional and structural connectivity, especially in the dorsal visual stream. Specifically, there is heightened functional connectivity—both undirected and directed—between the left superior occipital gyrus and the left superior parietal lobule during a moving-dot discrimination decision-making task. This increased connectivity correlates with response time in gamers. The structural connectivity in the dorsal stream, as quantified by diffusion fractional anisotropy and quantitative anisotropy measures of the axonal fiber pathways, was also enhanced for gamers compared to nongamers. Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into how action video gaming can induce targeted improvements in structural and functional connectivity between specific brain regions in the visual processing pathways. These connectivity changes in the dorsal visual stream underpin the superior performance of action video gamers compared to nongamers in tasks requiring rapid and accurate vision-based decision-making.
“I Am Longing and Afraid to Depend on You”: A Case Report on Breakdowns of Therapeutic Alliance and Interpersonal Cycles in Complex Trauma
Authors: Papa Carolina , Pugliese Erica , Perdighe Claudia , Fimiani Ramona , Mancini Francesco
Published: November 2024

Background: Patients with Complex Trauma (CT) may have an impaired ability to trust others and build intimate relationships due to non-integrated representations of self and others. This sometimes leads to an oscillation between needing and fearing intimacy in their adult relationships. This dynamic can occur in the therapeutic relationship, undermining the effectiveness of therapy and affecting the mental health of both the patient and the therapist. To date, no study has analyzed interpersonal patient–therapist dynamics in cases of CT. The present case aims to fill this gap by exploring relational cycles between the therapist and the patient during the therapeutic process in terms of goals and self–other beliefs. Methods: The methodology consisted of a shared and integrated reconstruction by the patient and therapist, both with clinical expertise in psychology, of the impasse in their therapeutic relationship. The reading was done through the lens of the cognitive model of Pathological Affective Dependence, a theory of traumatic relationships, by describing the primary interpersonal cycles occurring in the therapeutic relationship (altruistic, deontological, and vulnerable). Results: The condition of CT leads to several alliance breakdowns and specific interpersonal cycles, leading to new healing meanings for the patient and the relationship itself. Limitations: The study’s main limitation is that it consists of a qualitative analysis of the therapeutic relationship without data that can quantify the clinically observed changes. Conclusions: This case report demonstrates how CT, PAD and the fear of intimacy can be risk factors for the therapeutic alliance and how the therapeutic relationship constitutes a fundamental tool for intervention effectiveness in patients who experience unmet primary needs.
Hebbian Optocontrol of Cross-Modal Disruptive Reading in Increasing Acoustic Noise in an Adult with Developmental Coordination Disorder: A Case Report
Authors: Le Floch Albert , Ropars Guy
Published: November 2024

Acoustic noise is known to perturb reading for good readers, including children and adults. This external acoustic noise interfering at the multimodal areas in the brain causes difficulties reducing reading and writing performances. Moreover, it is known that people with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) and dyslexia have reading deficits even in the absence of acoustic noise. The goal of this study is to investigate the effects of additional acoustic noise on an adult with DCD and dyslexia. Indeed, as vision is the main source of information for the brain during reading, a noisy internal visual crowding has been observed in many cases of readers with dyslexia, as additional mirror or duplicated images of words are perceived by these observers, simultaneously with the primary images. Here, we show that when the noisy internal visual crowding and an increasing external acoustic noise are superimposed, a reading disruptive threshold at about 50 to 60 dBa of noise is reached, depending on the type of acoustic noise for a young adult with DCD and dyslexia but not for a control. More interestingly, we report that this disruptive noise threshold can be controlled by Hebbian mechanisms linked to a pulse-modulated lighting that erases the confusing internal crowding images. An improvement of 12 dBa in the disruptive threshold is then observed with two types of acoustic noises, showing the potential utility of Hebbian optocontrol in managing reading difficulties in adults with DCD and dyslexia.
The Untapped Potential of Dimension Reduction in Neuroimaging: Artificial Intelligence-Driven Multimodal Analysis of Long COVID Fatigue
Authors: Rudroff Thorsten , Klén Riku , Rainio Oona , Tuulari Jetro
Published: November 2024

This perspective paper explores the untapped potential of artificial intelligence (AI), particularly machine learning-based dimension reduction techniques in multimodal neuroimaging analysis of Long COVID fatigue. The complexity and high dimensionality of neuroimaging data from modalities such as positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pose significant analytical challenges. Deep neural networks and other machine learning approaches offer powerful tools for managing this complexity and extracting meaningful patterns. The paper discusses current challenges in neuroimaging data analysis, reviews state-of-the-art AI approaches for dimension reduction and multimodal integration, and examines their potential applications in Long COVID research. Key areas of focus include the development of AI-based biomarkers, AI-informed treatment strategies, and personalized medicine approaches. The authors argue that AI-driven multimodal neuroimaging analysis represents a paradigm shift in studying complex brain disorders like Long COVID. While acknowledging technical and ethical challenges, the paper emphasizes the potential of these advanced techniques to uncover new insights into the condition, which might lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for those affected by Long COVID fatigue. The broader implications for understanding and treating other complex neurological and psychiatric conditions are also discussed.