bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metallization on FDM Parts Using the Chemical Deposition Technique
Authors: Equbal Azhar , Sood Anoop
Published: August 2014

Metallization of ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) parts has been studied on flat part surfaces. These parts are fabricated on an FDM (fused deposition modeling machine) using the layer-wise deposition principle using ABS as a part material. Electroless copper deposition on ABS parts was performed using two different surface preparation processes, namely ABS parts prepared using chromic acid for etching and ABS parts prepared using a solution mixture of sulphuric acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2SO4/H2O2) for etching. After surface preparations using these routes, copper (Cu) is deposited electrolessly using four different acidic baths. The acidic baths used are 5 wt% CuSO4 (copper sulfate) with 15 wt% of individual acids, namely HF (hydrofluoric acid), H2SO4 (sulphuric acid), H3PO4 (phosphoric acid) and CH3COOH (acetic acid). Cu deposition under different acidic baths used for both the routes is presented and compared based on their electrical performance, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS). The result shows that chromic acid etched samples show better electrical performance and Cu deposition in comparison to samples etched via H2SO4/H2O2.
Information Entropy Evolution for Groundwater Flow System: A Case Study of Artificial Recharge in Shijiazhuang City, China
Authors: Xu Wei , Du Shanghai
Published: August 2014

The groundwater flow system is typical dissipative structure system, and its evolution can be described with system information entropies. The information entropies of groundwater in Shijiazhuang City had been calculated between 1960 and 2005, and the results show that the entropies have a decreasing trend throughout the research period, and they can be divided into our stages based on the groundwater flow system entropy variation as follows: entropy steady period (1960–1965), entropy decreasing period (1965–1980), entropy increasing period (1980–1995) and secondary entropy decreasing period (1995–2005); understanding the major and significant driving the pattern changing forces of groundwater levels is essential to groundwater management,. A new method of grey correlation analysis has been presented, and the results show that, the grey correlation grade between groundwater flow system information entropies and precipitation series is γ01 = 0.749, the grey correlation grade between groundwater flow system information entropies and groundwater withdrawal series is γ02 = 0.814, as the groundwater withdrawal is the main driving force of groundwater flow system entropy variation; based on the numerical simulation results, information entropy increased with artificial recharge, and a smaller recharge water volume would enhance the information entropy drastically, but then doubled water would not increase the information correspondingly, which could be useful to assess the health state of groundwater flow systems.
Historical and Physical Account on Entropy and Perspectives on the Second Law of Thermodynamics for Astrophysical and Cosmological Systems
Authors: Schoenmaker Jeroen
Published: August 2014

We performed an in depth analysis of the subjects of entropy and the second law of thermodynamics and how they are treated in astrophysical systems. These subjects are retraced historically from the early works on thermodynamics to the modern statistical mechanical approach and analyzed in view of specific practices within the field of astrophysics. As often happens in discussions regarding cosmology, the implications of this analysis range from physics to philosophy of science. We argue that the difficult question regarding entropy and the second law in the scope of cosmology is a consequence of the dominating paradigm. We further demonstrate this point by assuming an alternative paradigm, not related to thermodynamics of horizons, and successfully describing entropic behavior of astrophysical systems.
Correlating the Horizontal and Vertical Distribution of LiDAR Point Clouds with Components of Biomass in a Picea crassifolia Forest
Authors: Li Wang , Niu Zheng , Gao Shuai , Huang Ni , Chen Hanyue
Published: August 2014

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) has been widely used to estimate forest biomass. In this study, we aim to further explore this capability by correlating horizontal and vertical distribution of LiDAR data with components of biomass in a Picea crassifolia forest. Airborne small footprint full-waveform data were decomposed to acquire higher density point clouds. We calculated LiDAR metrics at the tree level and subplot level and correlated them to biomass components, including branch biomass (BB), leaf biomass (LB) and above-ground biomass (AGB), respectively. A new metric (Horizcv) describing the horizontal distribution of point clouds was proposed. This metric was found to be highly correlated with canopy biomass (BB and LB) at the tree level and subplot level. Correlation between AGB and Horizcv at the subplot level is much lower than that at tree level. AGB for subplot is highly correlated with the mean height metric (Hmean), canopy cover index (CCI) and the product of them. On the other hand, the relationship between the vertical distribution of LiDAR point and biomass was explored by developing two types of vertical profiles, including LiDAR distribution profiles and a biomass profile. Good relationships were found between these two types of vertical profiles and assessed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient (R) and the area of overlap index (AOI). These good correlations possess potential in predicting the vertical distribution of canopy biomass. Overall, it is concluded that not only the vertical, but also the horizontal distribution of LiDAR points should be taken into account in estimating components of biomass by LiDAR.
Lyssaviruses and Bats: Emergence and Zoonotic Threat
Authors: Banyard Ashley , Evans Jennifer , Luo Ting , Fooks Anthony
Published: August 2014

The continued detection of zoonotic viral infections in bats has led to the microbial fauna of these mammals being studied at a greater level than ever before. Whilst numerous pathogens have been discovered in bat species, infection with lyssaviruses is of particular significance from a zoonotic perspective as, where human infection has been reported, it is invariably fatal. Here we review the detection of lyssaviruses within different bat species and overview what is understood regarding their maintenance and transmission following both experimental and natural infection. We discuss the relevance of these pathogens as zoonotic agents and the threat of newly discovered viruses to human populations.
Feasibility Study of a Standardized Novel Animal Model for Cervical Vertebral Augmentation in Sheep Using a PTH Derivate Bioactive Material
Authors: Klein Karina , Schense Jason , Kronen Peter , Fouche Nathalie , Makara Mariano , Kämpf Katharina , Steffen Thomas , Von Rechenberg Brigitte
Published: August 2014

Prophylactic local treatment involving percutaneous vertebral augmentation using bioactive materials is a new treatment strategy in spine surgery in humans for vertebral bodies at risk. Standardized animal models for this procedure are almost non-existent. The purpose of this study was to: (i) prove the efficacy of PTH derivate bioactive materials for new bone formation; and (ii) create a new, highly standardized cervical vertebral augmentation model in sheep. Three different concentrations of a modified form of parathyroid hormone (PTH) covalently bound to a fibrin matrix containing strontium carbonate were used. The same matrix without PTH and shams were used as controls. The bioactive materials were locally injected. Using a ventral surgical approach, a pre-set amount of material was injected under fluoroscopic guidance into the intertrabecular space of three vertebral bodies. Intravital fluorescent dyes were used to demonstrate new bone formation. After an observation period of four months, the animals were sacrificed, and vertebral bodies were processed for µCT, histomorphometry, histology and sequential fluorescence evaluation. Enhanced localized bone activity and new bone formation in the injected area could be determined for all experimental groups in comparison to the matrix alone and sham with the highest values detected for the group with a medium concentration of PTH.
Petechiae and Purpura: The Ominous and the Not-So-Obvious?
Authors: Block Stan L.
Published: August 2014

Petechiae and purpura are among the most alarming findings a pediatrician will commonly observe in the office. Severity of illness can range from a temper tantrum, to common viral infections, to the most deadly infections and diseases. To avoid many of the pitfalls in diagnosis, practitioners will need to be thorough in history taking, assessing fever and immunization status, and physical examination. In addition, a few simple laboratory tests will usually be needed and possibly a manual differential.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2014;43(8):297–303.]
Multiple Brown Tumors and Pathologic Patellar Fracture in a Patient With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Vernace Nicholas , Bancroft Laura W.
Published: August 2014

A 79-year-old woman presents with left anterior knee pain after a fall.
Extension and Flexion Gap Balancing and Its Correlation With Alignment in Navigated Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Debieux Pedro , de Oliveira José Renato Lemos Marques , Franciozi Carlos Eduardo da Silveira , Kubota Marcelo Seiji , Granata Geraldo , Luzo Marcus Vinícius Malheiros
Published: August 2014

Computer-assisted surgery was developed to improve the results of conventional total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The authors investigated the preoperative varus/valgus deformity influence on the production of balanced extension and flexion gaps using computer-assisted surgery. This study evaluated data from a prospective case series. A total of 132 patients (107 women and 25 men) underwent navigated TKA. Patients were divided into the following 3 groups according to the degree of the initial varus/valgus deformity: group 1, 0° to 3°; group 2, 3° to 9°; and group 3, greater than 9°. The final lower limb mechanical axis (LLMA) and the final flexion and extension gaps were measured. Knees exhibiting up to 3° of deviation on the frontal plane and a difference of up to 3 mm between the lateral and medial gaps were considered to be aligned and balanced, respectively. Average LLMA deviation decreased from 5.58° (±4.80°) to 1.87° (±1.66°). For knees with varus deviation, the percentage of balancing relative to the flexion gaps was 97.8% and that relative to the extension gap was 100% (
P
>.05). For knees with valgus deviation, the percentage of balancing relative to the flexion gaps was 95.1% and that relative to the extension gap was 97.6% (
P
>.05). Approximately 92% of the LLMA alignment was achieved in the group with varus deformity, whereas 71.4% was observed in the group with valgus deformity (
P
<.05). Computer-assisted TKA could attain proper flexion and extension balance regardless of coronal plane malalignment magnitude. Severe valgus and varus knees are more difficult to align using navigation. No difference was found in the balance of flexion or extension gaps in valgus or varus knees, independent of the severity.
Clinical Outcomes of Single-row Arthroscopic Revision Rotator Cuff Repair
Authors: Chuang Michael J. , Jancosko Jason , Nottage Wesley M.
Published: August 2014

This article reports the authors’ experience with single-row arthroscopic revision rotator cuff repairs and analyzes the variables associated with a poorer long-term outcome. A retrospective review was performed of patients who had undergone an all-arthroscopic, single-row revision rotator cuff repair for pain with a documented re-tear over a 13-year period. After exclusionary criterion was applied, 32 shoulders in 30 patients were available for follow-up. A thorough shoulder examination was performed to record postoperative motion and functional outcomes, including the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) score, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and visual analog scale (VAS) pain score, and was compared with the patient’s preoperative data. Analysis of variables, including patient demographics, surgical history, and functional outcomes, was performed to determine whether there was any association with a UCLA score less than 28 or an ASES score less than 65. At final follow-up, 20 men and 10 women had a mean age of 69.3 years (range, 55.1–84.1) at a mean follow-up of 70.3 months after final revision surgery. Mean UCLA score improved from 15.5±3.9 preoperatively to 29.8±4.6 postoperatively (
P
<.001); mean modified ASES score improved from 53.4±12.5 preoperatively to 86.7±12.7 postoperatively (
P
<.001); and mean VAS pain score improved from 4.6±1.1 preoperatively to .91±1.1 postoperatively (
P
<.001). A poorer functional outcome (defined as a UCLA score greater than 28) was found in 25% of patients. This was associated with female gender, age older than 70 years, dominant-arm revision, and preoperative external rotation less than 35°. In addition, preoperative active range of motion in forward flexion less than 140° (
P
=.039) and active range of motion in external rotation less than 35° (
P
=.025) were also associated with poorer ASES scores (<65). The authors believe that patients can have reliable improvements in shoulder pain and function after a revision procedure using a single-row arthroscopic technique and that patient factors can lead to poorer results with this technique.
Performance and Return-to-Sport After ACL Reconstruction in NFL Quarterbacks
Authors: Erickson Brandon J. , Harris Joshua D. , Heninger Jacob R. , Frank Rachel , Bush-Joseph Charles A. , Verma Nikhil N. , Cole Brian J. , Bach Bernard R.
Published: August 2014

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is a significant injury in National Football League (NFL) quarterbacks. The purpose of this study was to determine (1) return-to-sport (RTS) rate in NFL quarterbacks following ACL reconstruction, (2) performance upon RTS, and (3) the difference in RTS and performance between players who underwent ACL reconstruction and controls. Thirteen quarterbacks (14 knees) who met inclusion criteria underwent ACL reconstruction while in the NFL. Matched controls were selected from the NFL during the same time span to compare and analyze age, body mass index (BMI), position, performance, and NFL experience. Student
t
tests were performed for analysis of within- and between-group variables. Bonferroni correction was used in the setting of multiple comparisons. Twelve quarterbacks (13 knees; 92%) were able to RTS in the NFL. Mean player age was 27.2±2.39 years. Mean career length in the NFL following ACL reconstruction was 4.85±2.7 years. Only 1 player needed revision ACL reconstruction. In both cases and controls, player performance was not significantly different from preinjury performance after ACL reconstruction (or index year in controls). There was also no significant performance difference between case and control quarterbacks following ACL reconstruction (or index year in controls). There is a high rate of RTS in the NFL following ACL reconstruction. In-game performance following ACL reconstruction was not significantly different from preinjury or from controls.
Distribution of Leptospira Serogroups in Cattle Herds and Dogs in France
Authors: Ayral Florence C. , Bicout Dominique J. , Pereira Helena , Artois Marc , Kodjo Angeli
Published: August 2014

A retrospective study was conducted to identify and describe the distribution pattern of Leptospira serogroups in domestic animals in France. The population consisted of cattle herds and dogs with clinically suspected leptospirosis that were tested at the “Laboratoire des Leptospires” between 2008 and 2011. The laboratory database was queried for records of cattle and dogs in which seroreactivity in Leptospira microagglutination tests was consistent with a recent or current infection, excluding vaccine serogroups in dogs. A total of 394 cattle herds and 232 dogs were diagnosed with clinical leptospirosis, and the results suggested infection by the Leptospira serogroup Australis in 43% and 63%, respectively; by the Leptospira serogroup Grippotyphosa in 17% and 9%, respectively; and by the Leptospira serogroup Sejroe in 33% and 6%, respectively. This inventory of infecting Leptospira serogroups revealed that current vaccines in France are not fully capable of preventing the clinical form of the disease.
Infection Dynamics of Sylvatic Dengue Virus in a Natural Primate Host, the African Green Monkey
Authors: Hanley Kathryn A. , Guerbois Mathilde , Kautz Tiffany F. , Brown Meredith , Whitehead Stephen S. , Weaver Scott C. , Vasilakis Nikos , Marx Preston A.
Published: August 2014

The four serotypes of mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) that circulate in humans each emerged from an enzootic, sylvatic cycle in non-human primates. Herein, we present the first study of sylvatic DENV infection dynamics in a primate. Three African green monkeys were inoculated with 105 plaque-forming units (pfu) DENV-2 strain PM33974 from the sylvatic cycle, and one African green monkey was inoculated with 105 pfu DENV-2 strain New Guinea C from the human cycle. All four monkeys seroconverted (more than fourfold rise in 80% plaque reduction neutralization titer [PRNT80]) against the strain of DENV with which they were inoculated; only one (33%) of three monkeys infected with sylvatic DENV showed a neutralizing antibody response against human-endemic DENV. Virus was detected in two of three monkeys inoculated with sylvatic DENV at low titer (≤ 1.3 log10pfu/mL) and brief duration (≤ 2 days). Clinical signs included rash and elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.
Implementation of a Symptomatic Approach Leads to Increased Efficiency of a Cholera Treatment Unit
Authors: Ticona Eduardo , Kirwan Daniela E. , Soria Jaime , Gilman Robert H.
Published: August 2014

Cholera is a disease of poverty that remains prevalent in resource-limited countries. The abrupt emergence of an epidemic frequently takes communities and health systems by surprise. Spread is rapid and initial mortality high: delays in organizing an appropriate response, lack of health worker training, and high patient numbers contribute to high rates of complications and deaths.
Fatal Burkholderia pseudomallei Infection Initially Reported as a Bacillus Species, Ohio, 2013
Authors: Doker Thomas J. , Quinn Celia L. , Salehi Ellen D. , Sherwood Joshua J. , Benoit Tina J. , Elrod Mindy Glass , Gee Jay E. , Shadomy Sean V. , Bower William A. , Hoffmaster Alex R. , Walke Henry T. , Blaney David D. , DiOrio Mary S. , _ _
Published: August 2014

A fatal case of melioidosis was diagnosed in Ohio one month after culture results were initially reported as a Bacillus species. To identify a source of infection and assess risk in patient contacts, we abstracted patient charts; interviewed physicians and contacts; genetically characterized the isolate; performed a Burkholderia pseudomallei antibody indirect hemagglutination assay on household contacts and pets to assess seropositivity; and collected household plant, soil, liquid, and insect samples for culturing and real-time polymerase chain reaction testing. Family members and pets tested were seronegative for B. pseudomallei. Environmental samples were negative by real-time polymerase chain reaction and culture. Although the patient never traveled internationally, the isolate genotype was consistent with an isolate that originated in Southeast Asia. This investigation identified the fifth reported locally acquired non-laboratory melioidosis case in the contiguous United States. Physicians and laboratories should be aware of this potentially emerging disease and refer positive cultures to a Laboratory Response Network laboratory.
Strongyloidiasis Hyperinfection in a Patient with a History of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Yung Evan E. , Lee Cassie M. K. L. , Boys Joshua , Grabo Daniel J. , Buxbaum James L. , Chandrasoma Parakrama T.
Published: August 2014

Strongyloidiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Strongyloides stercoralis, a nematode predominately endemic to tropical and subtropical regions, such as Southeast Asia. Autoinfection enables the organism to infect the host for extended periods. Symptoms, when present, are non-specific and may initially lead to misdiagnosis, particularly if the patient has additional co-morbid conditions. Immunosuppressive states place patients at risk for the Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome (SHS), whereby the organism rapidly proliferates and disseminates within the host. Left untreated, SHS is commonly fatal. Unfortunately, the non-specific presentation of strongyloidiasis and the hyperinfection syndrome may lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. We describe an unusual case of SHS in a 30-year-old man with a long-standing history of systemic lupus erythematosus who underwent a partial colectomy. The diagnosis was rendered on identification of numerous organisms during histologic examination of the colectomy specimen.
The importance of insolation changes for paleo ice sheet modeling
Authors: Robinson A. , Goelzer H.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. The growth and retreat of continental ice sheets in the past has largely been a response to changing climatic forcing. Since ablation is the principal component of mass loss for land-based ice sheets, the calculation of surface melt is an important aspect of paleo ice sheet modeling. Changes in insolation are often not accounted for in calculations of surface melt, under the assumption that the near-surface temperature transmits the majority of the climatic forcing to the ice sheet. To assess how this could affect paleo simulations, here we investigate the importance of different orbital configurations for estimating melt on the Greenland ice sheet. We find that during peak Eemian conditions, increased insolation contributes 20–50% to the surface melt anomaly. However, this percentage depends strongly on the temperature anomaly at the time. For higher temperature anomalies, the role of insolation changes is less important. This relationship is not homogenous over the ice sheet, since the contribution of insolation to melt is modulated by the local surface albedo. In coupled simulations, the additional insolation-induced melt translates into up to threefold more ice volume loss, compared to output using a model that does not account for insolation changes. We also introduce a simple correction factor that allows reduced-complexity melt models to account for changes in insolation.
SPEP Co-director's Address: SPEP and the Continental Divide
Authors: Steinbock Anthony J.
Published: August 2014

This address discusses both the organization of SPEP (the Society for Phenomenology and Existential Philosophy) and SPEP as an organization. I take up these issues by describing the foundation of SPEP in terms of a positive insight into a distinctive style of doing philosophy and a subsequent experience of being other. I then suggest that there is an initial and fundamental phase of openness characteristic of SPEP as “eyes wide open” and another narrowing moment of SPEP that runs counter to this as “eyes wide shut.” In a fourth section, I depict a difficulty in which SPEP finds itself today: a “continental drift,” when SPEP becomes identified with continental philosophy. Whereas continental philosophy might find itself in antagonist relations to, for example, “analytic philosophy,” SPEP does not necessarily find itself in this way. It is therefore necessary to understand continental philosophy as a participant in and from SPEP, not SPEP as an allegiance to a discipline or as an organ of continental philosophy. SPEP is an organization that edges beyond itself and, according to its distinctive style, is characterized by openness to the things themselves and their structures in terms of an orientation to problems, experience, context, and critique.
Fichte in 1804: A Radical Phenomenology of Life? On a Possible Comparison Between the 1804 Wissenschaftslehre and Michel Henry's Phenomenology
Authors: Seyler Frédéric
Published: August 2014

Both Fichte's 1804 Wissenschaftslehre (or Theory of Knowing) and Henry's radical phenomenology conceive of the absolute as life. At the same time, both have to deal with a contradiction that seems to follow inevitably from the limitations they impose on thought and intentionality: Since the latter are intrinsically incapable of apprehending life as absolute and immanent, how is radical phenomenology, and how is the Wissenschaftslehre, even possible? The article takes this difficulty as the start to a possible comparison between Fichte and Henry. But, as will be seen, Henry's claim about the existence of a nonintentional mode of appearing is not shared by Fichte.
Revealing the Invisible: Henry and Marion on Aesthetic Experience
Authors: Gschwandtner Christina M.
Published: August 2014

Aesthetics is a central topic in the works of Jean-Luc Marion and Michel Henry. While Henry focuses on abstract art (especially Kandinsky), Marion's writings range over the history of art, including analyses of Courbet, Rothko, and Klee. This article examines their strikingly similar aesthetic theories and shows how they are grounded in a phenomenological claim about the relation between invisible and visible, hence about phenomenality itself. The artist becomes a paradigm for phenomenological receptivity in both thinkers, and art is assigned a quasi-salvific function. This raises several important questions about their theories of art.
A etnoecologia: uma ciência pós-normal que estuda as sabedorias tradicionais
Authors: Toledo Victor Manuel Manzur , Barrera-Bassols Narciso
Published: August 2014

O artigo revela uma maneira de valorizar os conhecimentos milenares sobre a natureza dos povos indígenas e rurais do planeta. Esta valorização se denomina Etnoecologia, nova disciplina híbrida, transdisciplinar e pós-normal. Distinguem-se as duas tradições intelectuais que elaboraram uma compreensão sobre a natureza: a ocidental, forjadora da ciência moderna e a que aglutina diversas formas de compreensão sobre o mundo natural, denominada a experiência tradicional. Assim, é possível distinguir duas ecologias e não só aquela que organiza a ciência moderna e que tornou invisível as ecologias das 7.000 culturas indígenas que resistem à expansão do mundo industrial, e que sustentam os ecossistemas planetários. Torná-las visíveis requer um pensamento crítico que oferece o olhar etnoecológico. Discutem-se os traços principais do conhecimento tradicional. Quem são os sujeitos sociais que o animam. Como se transmite e pratica. Quais são seus resultados simbólicos e práticos. O que nos ensina e como a Etnoecologia revela sua complexidade mediante o estudo do complexo k-c-p, que sintetiza a teorização, representação e produção do mundo sócio-natural dos outros. Este jogo duplo que potencia o diálogo de saberes permite ao etnoecologista analisar o mundo dos outros e oferece seu próprio escrutínio sobre esses mundos. Isso permite reinventar possíveis futuros. Finalmente, discute-se por que a Etnoecologia tem a singular tarefa de decifrar a “memória de nossa espécie”, isto é, a memória bio-cultural, reivindicando e revalorizando a quem a mantêm em vez de aprofundar a crítica sobre o mundo moderno e sua racionalidade intelectual.
Use of endometrial cytology and metabolic profiles for selection of embryo donor cows
Authors: Fernandez-Sanchez F. Ismael , Barrio-Lopez Monica , Quintela-Arias Luis A. , Becerra-Gonzalez Juan J. , Peña-Martinez Ana I. , Martinez-Bello Daniel , Garcia-Herradon Pedro J. , Perez-Marín Carlos C.
Published: August 2014

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of endometrial cytology and metabolic profiles for selection of donor cows in embryo transfer programmes. For this purpose, 69 clinically healthy Holstein cows were enrolled in the study. At the start of the superovulation procedure (Day 0), blood and endometrial samples were obtained to determine metabolic and uterine status, respectively. The cows were then subjected to porcine follicle stimulating hormone (pFSH) superovulation treatment, and embryos were recovered after 7 days. The mean number of embryos obtained per flush was 9.89±8.21 (4.63±5.34 viable embryos, 0.82±2.01 degenerated embryos and 4.57±6.44 unfertilized ova). The following statistically significant variables were entered in a regression model: beta-hydroxybutyrate, serum cholesterol, body condition, number of calvings and percentage of neutrophils. In almost all cases, the model explained some percentage of the variance: total number of embryos, 4.8% (p<0.05); number of degenerate embryos, 4.2% (p=0.051); and number of unfertilized ova, 14.2% (p<0.01). Statistical models for the percentage of viable embryos and unfertilized ova accounted for 24.0% and 29.4% of the variance, respectively, and both were statistically significant (p<0.01). The model for the percentage of degenerated embryos was statistically significant (p<0.05) and explained 4.4% of the variance. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that positive energy balance and healthy uterus can improve ovarian response and the proportion of viable embryos in cows. Efficient tools for monitoring the metabolic and uterine status should therefore be used in bovine embryo transfer programmes.
Impact of water temperature and structural parameters on the hydraulic labyrinth-channel emitter performance
Authors: Al-Amoud Ahmed I. , Mattar Mohamed A. , Ateia Mohamed I.
Published: August 2014

The effects of water temperature and structural parameters of a labyrinth emitter on drip irrigation hydraulic performance were investigated. The inside structural parameters of the trapezoidal labyrinth emitter include path width (W) and length (L), trapezoidal unit numbers (N), height (H), and spacing (S). Laboratory experiments were conducted using five different types of labyrinth-channel emitters (three non-pressure compensating and two pressure-compensating emitters) commonly used for subsurface drip irrigation systems. The water temperature effect on the hydraulic characteristics at various operating pressures was recorded and a comparison was made to identify the most effective structural parameter on emitter performance. The pressure compensating emitter flow exponent (x) average was 0.014, while non-pressure compensating emitter’s values average was 0.456, indicating that the sensitivity of non-pressure compensating emitters to pressure variation is an obvious characteristic (p<0.001) of this type of emitters. The effects of water temperature on emitter flow rate were insignificant (p>0.05) at various operating pressures, where the flow rate index values for emitters were around one. The effects of water temperature on manufacturer’s coefficient of variation (CV) values for all emitters were insignificant (p>0.05). The CV values of the non-pressure compensating emitters were lower than those of pressure compensating emitters. This is typical for most compensating models because they are manufactured with more elements than non-compensating emitters are. The results of regression analysis indicate that N and H are the essential factors (p<0.001) to affect the hydraulic performance.
Soil fatigue and its specificity towards pepper plants in greenhouses
Authors: Guerrero M. Mar , Guirao Pedro , Martinez-Lluch M. Carmen , Tello Julio C. , Lacasa Alfredo
Published: August 2014

The aim was to confirm the depressive effect on pepper plants grown in non-disinfected soils and to ascertain the possible specificity of fatigue with the goal of establishing strategies for disinfecting soils with a broad spectrum of fumigants. Soil samples were taken from six greenhouses that had been used for different numbers of years to grow a monoculture of pepper and which received different disinfestation treatments (methyl bromide, 1,3-dichloropropene+chloropicrin, biosolarization) and one which received no treatment. Every soil sample was splitted in three fractions. The first fraction was disinfested with methyl bromide (MB), the second with steam at 120ºC by autoclaving (A), and the third was not disinfected (ND). Pepper plants were cultivated in pots. Celery and lettuce were also cultivated in the same conditions to ascertain the degree to which soil fatigue was specific. In 87.5% of the 16 soil variants, the plants cultivated in the disinfected soil fractions (MB or A) were higher than those grown in the non-disinfected fractions. However, in the case of celery and lettuce, the plants cultivated in ND were higher than those cultivated in MB or A. The results show that the fatigue accumulated in the soil of the pepper monoculture was highly specific towards this crop, suggesting that rotation with other crops is an advisable agronomic practice in order to recover the soil productive capacity.
Assessing the fidelity of AOGCM‐simulated relationships between large‐scale modes of climate variability and wind speeds
Authors: Schoof J. T. , Pryor S. C.
Published: August 2014

The ability of atmosphere‐ocean general circulation models (AOGCMs) to reproduce associations between surface/near‐surface variables over the United States (US) and large‐scale modes of climate variability has implications for evaluating possible biases in future climate projections and is an important model diagnostic. Indices of three such modes (El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Arctic Oscillation (AO), and the Pacific‐North American (PNA) pattern) and their relationships to wind speeds over the contiguous US are derived using historical reanalysis products and then used to evaluate the fidelity of AOGCM simulations of both the climate modes and the teleconnections. In the reanalysis data, the response of middle and upper troposphere wind speeds to ENSO phase is found to be essentially symmetric with anomalies of opposite sign occurring during the warm and cold phases. The AO and PNA phases are both associated with higher wind speeds relative to “neutral” conditions. AOGCMs from Phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) produce AO‐ and PNA‐like spatial patterns which exhibit good accord with those from NCEP‐NCAR Reanalysis. The AOGCM‐derived climate indices also exhibit general agreement with reanalysis‐derived indices in terms of the frequencies associated with highest variance, although the agreement is better for AO and PNA than it is for ENSO. The AOGCMs are in good agreement with the NNR in terms of representation of the influence of the AO and PNA on winds over the contiguous US. However, for ENSO, AOGCMs fail to consistently capture the observed relationship between La Niña and near‐surface to middle troposphere winds.
Estimating the sensitivity of regional dust sources to sea surface temperature patterns
Authors: Hoffman Alexis L. , Forest Chris E. , Li Wei
Published: August 2014

Exploring the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly patterns on local climate in major dust source regions helps clarify our understanding of variability in the global dust cycle. In contrast to previous work, this research focuses explicitly on the influence of SST anomalies on dust emissions and attempts to explain the mechanisms by which SST anomalies affect seasonal dust emissions. This study investigates the seasonal sensitivity of mineral aerosol emissions to SST anomaly patterns from the Bodele Depression, West Africa, Sahel, Kalahari Desert, Arabian Desert, and Lake Eyre basin. The global teleconnection operator, which relates regional climate responses to SST anomaly patterns, is estimated for relevant variables in an ensemble of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model version 5 forced by randomly perturbed climatological SST fields. Variability in dust emissions from major dust sources is linked to tropical SST anomalies, particularly in the Indian and western Pacific Oceans. Teleconnections excited by remote SST anomalies typically impact dust emissions via changes in near‐surface wind speeds and friction velocity. However, SST‐driven impacts on the threshold friction velocity can be of the same order of magnitude as changes in the friction velocity, suggesting the impact of SST anomalies on precipitation and soil moisture is also significant. Identifying SST anomaly patterns as a component of internal variability in regional dust emissions helps characterize human influences on the dust cycle as well as improve predictions of climate, nutrient cycles, and human environments.
Misperception of Chance, Conjunction, Belief in the Paranormal and Reality Testing: A Reappraisal
Authors: Dagnall Neil , Drinkwater Kenneth , Parker Andrew , Rowley Kevin
Published: August 2014

The present study examined the degree to which specific probabilistic biases (misperception of chance and conjunction fallacy) were associated with belief in the paranormal and proneness to reality testing (RT) deficits. Participants completed measures assessing probabilistic reasoning, belief in the paranormal and RT. Perception of randomness predicted the level of paranormal belief and proneness to RT deficits. These results provide support for the notion that paranormal believers demonstrate greater misrepresentation of chance. With regard to conjunction, a framing effect occurred. Problems presented in a paranormal context correlated negatively with the level of paranormal belief and proneness to RT deficits. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Positive effects of an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist in Camurati–Engelmann disease: A single case observation
Authors: Simsek‐Kiper Pelin Ozlem , Dikoglu Esra , Campos‐Xavier Belinda , Utine Gulen Eda , Bonafe Luisa , Unger Sheila , Boduroglu Koray , Superti‐Furga Andrea
Published: August 2014

Camurati–Engelmann disease is characterized by hyperostosis of the long bones and the skull, muscle atrophy, severe limb pain, and progressive joint contractures in some patients. It is caused by heterozygous mutations in the transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) believed to result in improper folding of the latency‐associated peptide domain of TGFβ1 and thus in increased or deregulated bioactivity. Losartan, an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist, has been found to downregulate the expression of TGFβ type 1 and 2 receptors. Clinical trials with losartan have shown a benefit in Marfan syndrome, while trials are underway for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and other myopathies associated with TGFβ1 signaling. We hypothesized that due to its anti‐TGFβ1 activity, losartan might be beneficial in Camurati–Engelmann disease. This report concerns a boy who presented at age 13 years with severe limb pain and difficulty in walking. Clinical and radiographic evaluation results were compatible with Camurati–Engelmann disease and the diagnosis was confirmed by mutation analysis (c.652C > T [p.Arg218Cys]). The boy underwent an experimental treatment with losartan at a dosage of 50 mg/day, orally. During the treatment period of 18 months, the intensity and frequency of limb pain decreased significantly (as shown by a pain diary), and muscle strength improved, allowing the boy to resume walking and climbing stairs. No obvious side effects were observed. We cautiously conclude that TGFβ1 inhibition with losartan deserves further evaluation in the clinical management of Camurati–Engelmann disease. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classroom‐ and School‐Level Contributions to Bullying and Victimization: A Review
Authors: Saarento Silja , Garandeau Claire F. , Salmivalli Christina
Published: August 2014

School bullying is increasingly viewed by researchers as a group phenomenon that extends beyond the perpetrator–victim dyad and is embedded in the wider social context. This paper reviews the literature on classroom and school factors contributing to bullying and victimization among children and adolescents. Considerable variability in the prevalence of these problems exists between classrooms and schools, which are highly relevant contexts for students' social development. Along with individual characteristics, both classroom‐ and school‐related factors explain the bullying dynamic. The contexts may also exacerbate, or buffer against, the effects of individual‐level risk for bullying involvement and the consequences of victimization. We discuss findings on the contributions of demographic and structural characteristics (e.g. grade level, classroom and school size), peer contextual factors (e.g. status hierarchy, group norms and bystander behaviours) and the role of teachers. Finally, implications for research and school‐based antibullying programs are considered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Facile Synthesis of MoS2@CNT as an Effective Catalyst for Hydrogen Production in Microbial Electrolysis Cells
Authors: Yuan Heyang , Li Jianyang , Yuan Chris , He Zhen
Published: August 2014

Microbial electrolysis cells (MECs) can produce hydrogen gas from organic compounds in an energy‐efficient way by taking advantage of the potential generated by microorganisms. However, hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in MECs is slow and thus requires catalysts. A challenge for MEC development therefore lies in the development of cost‐effective HER catalysts. In this study, a nanocomposite with molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) coated on highly conductive carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was synthesized as an alternative HER catalyst, and examined in an MEC for hydrogen production. Linear sweep voltammogram experiments demonstrated enhanced HER activity with increasing CNT content. The results suggest that conductivity may be the main limiting factor for overall HER catalysis by MoS2. MEC tests showed that MoS2/CNT‐90 achieved hydrogen production that was comparable to the Pt‐based catalyst. The low cost of the MoS2 composites will make it competitive as an effective HER catalyst for future MEC applications.
Synthesis of 1,3‐Bis(tetracyano‐2‐azulenyl‐3‐butadienyl)azulenes by the [2+2] Cycloaddition–Retroelectrocyclization of 1,3‐Bis(azulenylethynyl)azulenes with Tetracyanoethylene
Authors: Shoji Taku , Maruyama Mitsuhisa , Maruyama Akifumi , Ito Shunji , Okujima Tetsuo , Toyota Kozo
Published: August 2014

1,3‐Bis(azulenylethynyl)azulene derivatives 9–14 have been prepared by palladium‐catalyzed alkynylation of 1‐ethynylazulene 8 with 1,3‐diiodoazulene 1 or 1,3‐diethynylazulene 2 with the corresponding haloazulenes 3–7 under Sonogashira–Hagihara conditions. Bis(alkynes) 9–14 reacted with tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) in a formal [2+2] cycloaddition–retroelectrocyclization reaction to afford the corresponding new bis(tetracyanobutadiene)s (bis(TCBDs)) 15–20 in excellent yields. The redox behavior of bis(TCBD)s 15–20 was examined by using CV and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), which revealed their reversible multistage reduction properties under the electrochemical conditions. Moreover, a significant color change of alkynes 9–14 and TCBDs 15–20 was observed by visible spectroscopy under the electrochemical reduction conditions.
Aspects of Extraction of Raw Materials – Comparison between Brown Coal and Renewable Raw Materials
Authors: Schiffer Lutz , Gutte Heiner , Meyer Bernd
Published: August 2014

Mit dem angestrebten Übergang von der derzeit dominierenden energetischen hin zu einer verstärkten stofflichen Nutzung von Kohlenstoffträgern sind grundsätzlich auch neue Nutzungsperspektiven für Biomasse und Braunkohle zu erwarten. Dies erfordert auch eine Neuorientierung der zukünftigen Rohstoffversorgung unter stärkerer Berücksichtigung von Nachhaltigkeitskriterien. Für eine vergleichende Betrachtung von Rohbraunkohle und nachwachsenden Rohstoffen werden die Gesamtdimensionen der Flächeninanspruchnahme, der energetische In‐ und Output und die Treibhausgasemissionen für Deutschland abgeschätzt.
Using data to effectively manage a national screening program
Authors: Yancy Brandie , Royalty Janet E. , Marroulis Steve , Mattingly Cindy , Benard Vicki B. , DeGroff Amy
Published: August 2014

The National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP) of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is implemented through cooperative agreements with state health departments, US territories, and tribal health organizations (grantees). Grantees typically contract with clinicians and other providers to deliver breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnostic services. As required by the CDC, grantees report biannually a subset of patient and clinical level program data known as the Minimum Data Elements. Rigorous processes are in place to ensure the completeness and quality of program data collection. In this article, the authors describe the NBCCEDP data‐collection processes and data management system and discusses how data are used for 1) program monitoring and improvement, 2) evaluation and research, and 3) policy development and analysis. They also provide 2 examples of how grantees use data to improve their performance. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2575‐83. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
Quality assurance through quality improvement and professional development in the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program
Authors: Siegl Elvira J. , Miller Jacqueline W. , Khan Kris , Harris Susan E.
Published: August 2014

Quality assurance (QA) is the process of providing evidence that the outcome meets the established standards. Quality improvement (QI), by contrast, is the act of methodically developing ways to meet acceptable quality standards and evaluating current processes to improve overall performance. In the case of the National Breast and Cervical Cancer Early Detection Program (NBCCEDP), the desired outcome is the delivery of quality health care services to program clients. The NBCCEDP provides professional development to ensure that participating providers have current knowledge of evidence‐based clinical standards regarding breast and cervical cancer screening and diagnosis and are monitoring women with abnormal screening results for timely follow‐up. To assess the quality of clinical care provided to NBCCEDP clients, performance data are collected by NBCCEDP grantees and compared against predetermined Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) benchmarks known as Data Quality Indicator Guides. In this article, the authors describe 1) the development and use of indicators for QI in the NBCCEDP and 2) the professional development activities implemented to improve clinical outcomes. QA identifies problems, whereas QI systematically corrects them. The quality of service delivery and improved patient outcomes among NBCCEDP grantees has enhanced significantly because of continuous monitoring of performance and professional development. By using QA, NBCCEDP grantees can maximize the quality of patient screening, diagnostic services, and follow‐up. Examples of grantee activities to maintain quality of care are also described in this report. Cancer 2014;120(16 suppl):2584‐90. © 2014 American Cancer Society.
The YBaCo4O7+δ‐Based Functional Oxide Material Family: A Review
Authors: Parkkima Outi , Karppinen Maarit
Published: August 2014

The complex cobalt oxide YBaCo4O7+δ is an exciting material from both a fundamental scientific and an applied technological point of view. It has a unique ability to reversibly absorb and desorb large amounts of oxygen in an exceptionally low‐temperature range, which makes it a promising candidate for applications in which efficient oxide ion conductivity or large oxygen storage capacity is required. It has also been considered as a model system for geometrically frustrated magnetism, which originates from the nature of the layered crystal structure of YBaCo4O7+δ, with alternating triangular and Kagome‐type cobalt oxide layers. The structure is also extremely flexible in a chemical sense, with all three cation constituents accepting a number of different substitutions, thereby allowing its properties to be tuned. In this review, our aim is to provide a compact but comprehensive overview of the work published so far on this interesting family of functional oxides.