bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consequences of a green image of drone food delivery services: The moderating role of gender and age
Authors: Hwang Jinsoo , Kim Hyunjoon
Published: February 2019

Drone food delivery services play a significant role in protecting the environment, because the services are operated by batteries that can be charged with electricity. Therefore, this study tried to examine a green image in the context of drone food delivery services. More specifically, this study proposed that a green image of drone food delivery services plays an important role in the formation of attitude toward using the services. In addition, it was hypothesized that the attitude has a positive influence on behavioral intentions including intentions to use, word‐of‐mouth intentions, and willingness to pay more. Lastly, the moderating role of gender and age was proposed during the theory‐building process. A theoretical model, which included 12 hypotheses, was developed and tested using a total of 427 samples collected in Korea. The data analysis results showed that a green image of drone food delivery services has a positive influence on attitude toward using the services, which in turn positively affects three subdimensions of behavioral intentions. Furthermore, gender and age played partly as a moderator. The current paper was the first to study the green image of drone food delivery services, so the findings of this study mean a lot to the theoretical aspect.
Intergenerational Transmission of Domestic Violence: Practitioners' Perceptions and Experiences of Working with Adult Victims and Perpetrators in the UK
Authors: Wagner Jessica , Jones Steph , Tsaroucha Anna , Cumbers Holly
Published: February 2019

Practitioners' preconceived ideas about service users can lead to prejudice and labelling, and ultimately may result in biased services. This paper reports on a UK‐based qualitative research study exploring the views and experiences of practitioners working with adult victims and perpetrators of domestic violence. It examines whether or not practitioners believe that childhood experiences of witnessing domestic violence indicate the likelihood of domestic violence in adulthood. It further explores practitioners' perceptions of factors contributing to the experiences of domestic violence amongst their service users. Twelve semi‐structured interviews were conducted with practitioners working in the domestic violence field, and thematic analysis was used to analyse their responses. The data did not indicate a general consensus on the matter of children becoming victims or perpetrators based on their childhood experiences of domestic violence. Participants' responses indicated that they thought the issue was more complex. Common themes that participants consider important to children's development of healthy/unhealthy relationships in this context were identified in the data. These included: an awareness of service users' individuality; the importance of meaningful support networks; and an understanding of the risk amongst their service users to normalise abusive behaviour.

‘[Explores] the views and experiences of practitioners working with adult victims and perpetrators of domestic violence’

Key Practitioner Messages

Not all children witnessing domestic violence will inevitably become victims or perpetrators of abuse in adulthood.

Perpetrating domestic violence in adulthood is often associated with a combination of various factors and circumstances, and can rarely be attributed to just one past experience.

Assessments and holistic and judgement‐free services provided by practitioners are vital for children to develop positive and healthy future relationships.
Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein promotes vascular endothelial cell dysfunction by stimulating miR‐496 expression and inhibiting the Hippo pathway effector YAP
Authors: Hu Jun , Liu Te , Zhang Zhuang , Xu Yawei , Zhu Fu
Published: February 2019

Oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) can damage vascular endothelial cells and cause atherosclerosis, but its epigenetic regulatory mechanism has not been fully elucidated. We show that ox‐LDL induced significant apoptosis and loss of function in human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs). At the same time, ox‐LDL significantly decreased the expression of Hippo–YAP/ZAP (Yes‐associated protein/YLP motif–containing 1) pathway proteins as compared to that of the control. The luciferase reporter system confirmed that microRNA (miR)‐496 silenced YAP gene expression by binding to its 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR). Ox‐LDL–treated miR‐496 overexpression HUVECs had a higher apoptosis rate and more severe dysfunction compared to the control cells. This in‐depth study shows that ox‐LDL inhibits YAP protein expression by inducing miR‐496 expression, leading to its inability to enter the nucleus, thereby losing its function as a transcriptional cofactor for activating the downstream genes. Our findings reveal that, through epigenetic modification, ox‐LDL can inhibit the normal expression of Hippo–YAP/ZAP pathway proteins via miR‐496 expression and induce vascular endothelial cell dysfunction.
Frequency of 30‐day readmission and its causes after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock
Authors: Atti Varunsiri , Patel Nileshkumar J. , Kumar Varun , Tripathi Byomesh , Basir Mir B. , Voeltz Michele , Baber Usman , Kini Annapoorna S. , Sharma Samin K. , O'Neill William W. , Bhatt Deepak L.
Published: February 2019

Background

Survival after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI‐CS) has increased over the years. Short‐term readmission rates in this high‐risk population remain unknown.

Methods

We queried the United States (U.S.) Nationwide Readmission Database (NRD) from January 2010 to November 2014 using the International Classification of Diseases‐Ninth edition, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9 CM) codes to identify all patients ≥18 years readmitted within 30 days after surviving an index hospitalization for PCI in AMI‐CS. Incidence, etiologies, and predictors of 30‐day readmission were analyzed.

Results

Among 46,435 patients who survived to discharge after PCI in AMI‐CS, 9,020 (19.4%) were readmitted within 30 days. Median time to 30‐day readmission was 11 days. Cardiac conditions were the most common causes of readmission (57.8%). Heart failure was the leading readmission diagnosis (24.8%). Private insurance including HMO and self‐pay were predictive of lower 30‐day readmission. Among other covariates, female sex, comorbidities such as heart failure, atrial fibrillation, in‐hospital complications such as major bleeding, sepsis, respiratory complications, AKI requiring dialysis, utilization of mechanical circulatory support (IABP and ECMO) were independently predictive of 30‐day readmission. Trend analysis showed decline in 30‐day readmission rates from 21.9% in 2010 to 17.9% in 2014 (ptrend < 0.001).

Conclusion

In this large real‐world database, one in five patients receiving PCI in AMI‐CS was readmitted within 30 days after discharge. Cardiac conditions were the most common causes of readmission. Insurance type had significant influence on 30‐day readmission.
Pt Nanoparticles Supported over Porous Porphyrin Nanospheres for Chemoselective Hydrogenation Reactions
Authors: Modak Arindam , Bhanja Piyali , Bhaumik Asim
Published: February 2019

Optimizing the chemoselectivity in a chemical reaction catalyzed by metallic nanoparticles (NPs) hosted over a solid support is a big challenge, especially in the context of the sustainability of the process. Here we showed that chemoselectivity in the hydrogenation of 4‐nitrostyrene can be tailored on Pt‐loaded porphyrin nanospheres through the functionalization with sulfonic acid groups at the catalyst surface. 4‐Nitrostyrene is transformed to 4‐aminostyrene over sulfonated Pt‐POP‐SO3H, with ∼77.8 % selectivity at conversion of ∼90 %, whereas the pristine catalyst selectively produced ∼80 % 4‐ethylnitrobenezene at almost complete conversion level. The reversal of the selectivity could be attributed to the effect of the introduction of sulfonic acid group over the supported Pt NPs. Presence of sulfonic acid groups in the functionalized Pt‐porphyrin material has been confirmed from XPS, FT‐IR and elemental analysis data. Moreover, these catalysts are recyclable, suggesting their durability and chemical‐stability for long‐term sustainable operations.
Activation of Surface Lattice Oxygen in Ceria Supported Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst for Low‐Temperature Propane Oxidation
Authors: Wang Chengxiong , Feng Feng , Du Junchen , Zheng Tingting , Pan Zaifu , Zhao Yunkun
Published: February 2019

The synergy between active Pt species and ceria results in the presence of more coordinately unsaturated Pt2+ and Pt4+ species, which were found to be critical to drive C− and C−H bonds activation and enhance propane oxidation. Surface lattice oxygen on ceria in the vicinity of electron‐deficient Pt species provides the enhanced reactivity for low‐temperature propane oxidation. The reducibility and amount of activated surface oxygen species play a significant role in improving the reaction rates of propane oxidation in the 150∼300 °C temperature range. Ceria effectively promotes oxidative redispersion of platinum crystallites supported on alumina during propane oxidation in O2‐rich conditions, due to the unique ability to trap and stabilize ionic platinum.
Operando Evaluation of Selectivity and Transference Number of Lithium‐Conductive Membranes
Authors: Meddings Nina , Owen John R. , Garcia‐Araez Nuria
Published: February 2019

Invited for this month's cover picture is the group of Dr. Nuria Garcia‐Araez from the University of Southampton (UK). The cover illustrates the key features of a new method to evaluate membrane selectivity under operando conditions. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201801372.
Immune mediators and therapies for pruritus in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis
Authors: Yu Sebastian , Li Yanxi , Zhou Yan , Follansbee Taylor , Hwang Samuel T.
Published: February 2019

Atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis (Pso) are two common inflammatory skin diseases which are symptomatically characterized by pruritus to variable degrees. Whereas AD is nearly always associated with pruritus, only 50%‐70% of patients with Pso suffer from itching. Within the last decade, the development of biologic agents targeting specific cytokines or cytokine receptors has led to tremendous progress in suppressing inflammation (and thus improving quality of life) in these two diseases. While suppressing inflammation would generally reduce pruritus in these inflammatory diseases, pruritus is still recalcitrant for treatment in some patients due to relative lack of therapeutics that specifically inhibit pruritus signaling. There is abundant evidence that certain cytokines and neuropeptides‐ion channels signaling mediate pruritus that is independent of inflammation in AD and psoriasis. Of note, Janus kinase (JAK) and nerve growth factor (NGF)‐tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA)‐transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) signaling partially regulates pruritus in AD and psoriasis. JAK kinases inhibitors decrease the extent of itch in patients with AD and psoriasis. In clinical trials, topical inhibitors of TrkA and TRPV1 have been reported to reduce pruritus in patients with Pso and AD, respectively. In this article, we review recent literature knowledge regarding the mechanisms underlying pruritus in AD and Pso, providing hypotheses for why pruritus may be more common in AD than in Pso. In light of the different mechanisms underlying these two diseases, the current and developing therapeutics, either in human clinical trials or animal studies, for targeting pruritus are also discussed.
Influence of Membrane Intrusion on Permeate‐Sided Pressure Drop During High‐Pressure Reverse Osmosis
Authors: Kleffner Christine , Braun Gerd , Antonyuk Sergiy
Published: February 2019

By replacing thermal concentration processes, high‐pressure reverse osmosis has the potential to contribute to cost and energy savings regarding concepts for industrial water reuse. To provide a better understanding of the spiral‐wound element behavior during high‐pressure operation, this study focusses on the investigation of their performance by scrutinizing the crucial effect of the permeate‐sided pressure drop induced by membrane‐spacer interactions. The experiments show a considerable influence of membrane intrusion on the element performance with a strong dependence on the feed pressure.
Janus kinase 2 variants associated with the transformation of myeloproliferative neoplasms into acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Benton Christopher B. , Boddu Prajwal C. , DiNardo Courtney D. , Bose Prithviraj , Wang Feng , Assi Rita , Pemmaraju Naveen , KC Devendra , Pierce Sherry , Patel Keyur , Konopleva Marina , Ravandi Farhad , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kadia Tapan M. , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Andreeff Michael , Verstovsek Srdan
Published: February 2019

Background

Canonical Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F and exon 12 mutations in myeloid neoplasms are well described. There are limited reports of other JAK2 variants of potential clinical relevance. This study was designed to survey JAK2 variants in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and to determine their contributions to disease pathogenesis.

Methods

Next‐generation sequencing of the coding region of JAK2 and 27 other genes was performed on bone marrow DNA samples. The study population was classified into 3 cohorts: chronic MPNs only (the MPN cohort); MPNs transformed into AML (the MPN>>AML cohort); and AML only, with MPN>>AML patients excluded (the AML cohort).

Results

Testing was performed for 2154 patients, and non‐V617F/non–exon 12 JAK2 sequence variants were identified in 114 (5.3%). They included 35 unique JAK2 variants across all functional domains. Sixteen of the 114 JAK2 variants occurred without somatic mutations in the remaining 27 genes. JAK2 variants were detected at a higher frequency in the MPN>>AML cohort (15.3%) in comparison with the MPN (4.6%; P < .001) and AML cohorts (5.2%; P < .001). Detected variants occurred at higher than expected frequencies in patients with MPNs and AML in comparison with the population, and N1108S had a significantly increased prevalence in patients with AML. A JAK2 variant in addition to JAK2 V617F (n = 13) in myelofibrosis was associated with an increased cumulative risk of transformation into AML (P = .003).

Conclusions

Specific JAK2 variants detected in MPNs may be predictors for transformation into AML.
Investigation of a multimedia, computer‐based approach to improve knowledge, attitudes, self‐efficacy, and receptivity to cancer clinical trials among newly diagnosed patients with diverse health literacy skills
Authors: Polite Blase N. , Cipriano‐Steffens Toni M. , Liao Chuanhong , Miller Edward L. , Arndt Nicole L. , Hahn Elizabeth A.
Published: February 2019

Background

Enrollment in therapeutic cancer trials remains low, and is especially challenging for patients with low health literacy. The authors tested an interactive technology designed for patients with diverse health literacy skills with the aim of improving patient receptiveness, willingness, knowledge, self‐efficacy, and positive attitudes regarding clinical trials.

Methods

Patients presenting for their first oncology appointment were eligible. Patients viewed an interactive teaching video concerning clinical trials that was adapted from the National Institutes of Health. Validated surveys assessing receptiveness, willingness, knowledge, self‐efficacy, and positive attitudes regarding clinical trials were administered before and after the test.

Results

A total of 120 patients with cancer were enrolled. Approximately 80% were non‐Hispanic white, 33% were female, 69% had >high school education, and 8% reported an income <$20,000. Approximately 33% scored within the low health literacy range. Changes between pretest and posttest demonstrated increases in knowledge (P < .001), self‐efficacy (P < .001), and positive beliefs (P = .004); a slight decrease in willingness (P = .009); and no difference in patient receptivity (P = .31). Higher health literacy was associated with improved willingness (P = .049) and non‐Hispanic white race was associated with improved receptivity (P = .034).

Conclusions

Interactive technology that was designed for patients with diverse health literacy skills demonstrated the ability to improve knowledge, self‐efficacy, and positive beliefs regarding cancer clinical trials. Contrary to the hypothesis of the current study, patients with lower health literacy did not appear to derive a greater advantage from this technology. There was no improvement noted with regard to patient willingness or receptivity, and clinical trial enrollment remained at historical institutional levels. Talking touchscreen technology has a potential role as an important element in informed decision making for patients, but likely needs to be coupled with more robust and multitargeted interventions.
What can be learned from mapping the occurrence of acute myeloid leukemia?
Authors: Samet Jonathan M. , Cockburn Myles
Published: February 2019

Ghazawi et al provide an extensive report on spatial‐temporal patterns of incidence and mortality from acute myeloid leukemia in Canada from 1992 to 2010. We discuss the findings of this study as well as the methodological complications.
Meta‐analysis of the accuracy of p16 or p16/Ki‐67 immunocytochemistry versus HPV testing for the detection of CIN2+/CIN3+ in triage of women with minor abnormal cytology
Authors: Peeters Eliana , Wentzensen Nicolas , Bergeron Christine , Arbyn Marc
Published: February 2019

Background

Women with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC‐US) can be triaged accurately with a high‐risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) test to identify those who need a referral. However, the triage of low‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) with hrHPV testing has very low specificity. Overexpression of p16, with or without Ki‐67, indicates neoplastic transformation of human papillomavirus–infected cervical cells and may more accurately predict underlying cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 3 or worse (CIN3+).

Methods

A literature search was conducted in 3 bibliographic databases. Studies were selected if they included women with ASC‐US or LSIL who were triaged with dual staining (p16/Ki‐67) and/or p16 staining and, if available, with a comparator hrHPV test to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia of grade 2 or worse (CIN2+) or CIN3+.

Results

Thirty‐eight studies were eligible. The sensitivity of p16 staining for CIN3+ was significantly lower than that of hrHPV DNA testing (ratio for ASC‐US, 0.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78‐0.97; ratio for LSIL, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.80‐0.93). In contrast, the specificity of p16 staining was substantially higher with relative specificities of 1.60 (95% CI, 1.35‐1.88) and 2.29 (95% CI, 2.05‐2.56) for ASC‐US and LSIL respectively. Dual staining was as sensitive as hrHPV DNA testing but was more specific (ratio for ASC‐US, 1.65; 95% CI, 1.42‐1.92; ratio for LSIL, 2.45; 95% CI, 2.17‐2.77).

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis confirms that p16 staining and p16/Ki‐67 staining are more specific for CIN2+/CIN3+ than hrHPV DNA testing. Although p16 staining is less sensitive for CIN3+ than hrHPV DNA testing, dual staining has similar sensitivity.
Comment on “Optimization of a spectrally tunable LED daylight simulator”
Authors: Zhang Guozhao , Ding Ke , He Guoxing
Published: February 2019

This is a comment on “Optimization of a spectrally tunable LED daylight simulator” (Color Res Appl. 2017;42:419‐423). We found that full widths at half maximums (FWHMs) of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) used in the six channels for daylight simulators given by Wei were 50 nm, not 30 nm. Therefore, it is impossible to implement AA‐grade daylight simulators with six LED channels. By our simulation, it was found that at least seven LEDs channels with FWHMs of 30 nm are required to produce a spectrally tunable daylight simulator with AA‐grade by appropriate intensity combinations. Furthermore, the spectrally tunable AA‐grade daylight simulators using six, five, and four channels were simulated. We have first reported that the scheme for the spectrally tunable daylight simulator with AA‐grade using three, four, and five types of phosphors or quantum dots excited by an ultraviolet LED.
Hydrogels Self‐Assembled from an Azobenzene Building Block: Stability toward UV Irradiation in the Gel and Thin‐Film States
Authors: Cheng Qiuhong , Zhang Yimeng , Luan Tianxiang , Wang Zhuoer , Tang Ruipeng , Xing Pengyao , Hao Aiyou
Published: February 2019

Azobenzene and its derivatives are widely used as photoresponsive units for the fabrication of photoresponsive smart materials. In this work, two azobenzene derivatives were designed and investigated as hydrogelators, namely N‐4‐azodiphenyl‐maleimic acid (ADPMA) and N‐4‐azodiphenyl‐succinic acid (ADPSA) bearing azobenzene and carboxylic acid segments. In the process of deprotonation/protonation of the carboxylic acids by pH variation, the self‐assembly of these two gelators was triggered. ADPMA could transform from solution to hydrogel while the solution of ADPSA formed a precipitate under the same conditions. The solution‐gel/precipitate transformation can be repeated by changing the pH. In contrast to the conventional responsiveness to UV‐light irradiation for azobenzene‐based gels, the ADPMA hydrogel shows typical trans‐cis isomerization of the azobenzene unit in solution, yet the hydrogel demonstrates remarkable stability to UV light irradiation in both the bulk gel and thin film states.
A General and Facile Approach for the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Inspired by Deep Eutectic Solvents
Authors: Vasilyev Dmitry V. , Rudnev Alexander V. , Broekmann Peter , Dyson Paul J.
Published: February 2019

Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) were applied to the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). Choline‐based DESs represent a non‐toxic and inexpensive alternative to room‐temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) as additives to the system or as electrolyte. Following the study on choline‐based DESs this approach was generalized and simple and organic‐soluble systems were devised based on the combination of organic chloride salts with ethylene glycol (EG), allowing the chlorides to be readily used as cocatalysts in the CO2RR. This approach negates the need for anion exchange and, because the chloride salt is usually the least expensive one, substantially reduces the cost of the electrolyte and opens the way for high‐throughput experimentation.
Double‐probe measurement in recombining plasma using NAGDIS‐II
Authors: Hayashi Y. , Nishikata H. , Ohno N. , Kajita S. , Tanaka H. , Ohshima H. , Seki M.
Published: February 2019

We have studied the validity of the double‐probe method in recombining plasmas. Electron temperature (Te) measured with a double probe was quantitatively evaluated by taking into account the influences of plasma potential fluctuation, plasma resistivity, and electron density fluctuation on the current–voltage characteristics. Differential potential fluctuation and plasma resistivity between two electrodes have a minor effect on Te especially when the inter‐distance is small (typically 1 mm). Scattering of measured Te due to the density fluctuation was sufficiently suppressed by making the data acquisition time long (typically 4 s) and taking the average. There is a good agreement between Te measured with the optimized double‐probe method and that with laser Thomson scattering diagnostics.
Impacts of neutral shadowing force on dust particle dynamics in cryogenic plasma
Authors: Muratov M.M. , Aldakulov Ye. , Ramazanov T.S. , Moldabekov Zh.A.
Published: February 2019

Recently, it was shown that the neutral shadowing force can have a strong impact on the structural properties of the charged dust particles in cryogenic dusty plasmas. Therefore, in this work, we have investigated the impact of the neutral shadowing force on the dynamical properties by means of molecular dynamics simulations. By computing the velocity auto‐correlation function of particles and their spectrum, we found that the neutral shadowing force has a strong impact on the dust particle dynamics if the mean free path of neutrals exceeds the mean inter‐dust particle distance.
Estimating the biodiversity of terrestrial invertebrates on a forested island using DNA barcodes and metabarcoding data
Authors: Dopheide Andrew , Tooman Leah K. , Grosser Stefanie , Agabiti Barbara , Rhode Birgit , Xie Dong , Stevens Mark I. , Nelson Nicola , Buckley Thomas R. , Drummond Alexei J. , Newcomb Richard D.
Published: February 2019

Invertebrates are a major component of terrestrial ecosystems, however, estimating their biodiversity is challenging. We compiled an inventory of invertebrate biodiversity along an elevation gradient on the temperate forested island of Hauturu, New Zealand, by DNA barcoding of specimens obtained from leaf litter samples and pitfall traps. We compared the barcodes and biodiversity estimates from this data set with those from a parallel DNA metabarcoding analysis of soil from the same locations, and with pre‐existing sequences in reference databases, before exploring the use of combined data sets as a basis for estimating total invertebrate biodiversity. We obtained 1,282 28S and 1,610 COI barcodes from a total of 1,947 invertebrate specimens, which were clustered into 247 (28S) and 366 (COI) OTUs, of which ≤ 10% were represented in GenBank. Coleoptera were most abundant (730 sequenced specimens), followed by Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Amphipoda. The most abundant OTU from both the 28S (153 sequences) and COI (140 sequences) data sets was an undescribed beetle from the family Salpingidae. Based on the occurrences of COI OTUs along the elevation gradient, we estimated there are ~1,000 arthropod species (excluding mites) on Hauturu, including 770 insects, of which 344 are beetles. A DNA metabarcoding analysis of soil DNA from the same sites resulted in the identification of similar numbers of OTUs in most invertebrate groups compared with the DNA barcoding, but less than 10% of the DNA barcoding COI OTUs were also detected by the metabarcoding analysis of soil DNA. A mark–recapture analysis based on the overlap between these data sets estimated the presence of approximately 6,800 arthropod species (excluding mites) on the island, including ~3,900 insects. Estimates of New Zealand‐wide biodiversity for selected arthropod groups based on matching of the COI DNA barcodes with pre‐existing reference sequences suggested over 13,200 insect species are present, including 4,000 Coleoptera, 2,200 Diptera, and 2,700 Hymenoptera species, and 1,000 arachnid species (excluding mites). These results confirm that metabarcoding analyses of soil DNA tends to recover different components of terrestrial invertebrate biodiversity compared to traditional invertebrate sampling, but the combined methods provide a novel basis for estimating invertebrate biodiversity.
The terrestrial organism and biogeochemistry spatial sampling design for the National Ecological Observatory Network
Authors: Barnett David T. , Duffy Paul A. , Schimel David S. , Krauss Rachel E. , Irvine Kathryn M. , Davis Frank W. , Gross John E. , Azuaje Elena I. , Thorpe Andrea S. , Gudex‐Cross David , Patterson Michael , McKay Jalynda M. , McCorkel Joel T. , Meier Courtney L.
Published: February 2019

The National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON) seeks to facilitate ecological prediction at a continental scale by measuring processes that drive change and responses at sites across the United States for thirty years. The spatial distribution of observations of terrestrial organisms and soil within NEON sites is determined according to a “design‐based” sample design that relies on the randomization of sampling locations. Development of the sample design was guided by high‐level NEON objectives and the multitude of data products that will be subjected to numerous analytical approaches to address the causes and consequences of ecological change. A requirement framework permeates the NEON design, ensuring traceability from each facet of the design to the high‐level requirements that make the NEON mission statement actionable. Requirements were developed for the terrestrial sample design to guide the key components of the design:

Randomizing the sample locations ensures the unbiased collection of data, is appropriate for organisms and soil, and provides data suitable for a variety of analyses.

Stratification increases efficiency and allows sampling to focus on those parts of the landscape measured by other NEON observation platforms.

Attention to the sample size and spatial plot allocation ensures that data products will be sufficient to inform questions asked of the data and the NEON objectives.

Establishing a framework with the capacity for re‐evaluate and design iteration allows for adaption to unexpected challenges and optimization of the sample design based on early data returns.

The utility of the NEON sampling design is highlighted by its application across terrestrial systems. The data generated from this unique design will be used to quantify patterns in: the abundance and diversity of small mammals, breeding birds, insects, and soil microbes; vegetation structure, biomass, productivity, and diversity; and soil biogeochemistry.
On spatial conditional extremes for ocean storm severity
Authors: Shooter R. , Ross E. , Tawn J. , Jonathan P.
Published: February 2019

We describe a model for the conditional dependence of a spatial process measured at one or more remote locations given extreme values of the process at a conditioning location, motivated by the conditional extremes methodology of Heffernan and Tawn. Compared to alternative descriptions in terms of max‐stable spatial processes, the model is advantageous because it is conceptually straightforward and admits different forms of extremal dependence (including asymptotic dependence and asymptotic independence). We use the model within a Bayesian framework to estimate the extremal dependence of ocean storm severity (quantified using significant wave height, HS) for locations on spatial transects with approximate east–west (E‐W) and north–south (N‐S) orientations in the northern North Sea (NNS) and central North Sea (CNS). For HS on the standard Laplace marginal scale, the conditional extremes “linear slope” parameter α decays approximately exponentially with distance for all transects. Furthermore, the decay of mean dependence with distance is found to be faster in CNS than NNS. The persistence of mean dependence is greatest for the E‐W transect in NNS, potentially because this transect is approximately aligned with the direction of propagation of the most severe storms in the region.
The evolution of stage-specific virulence: Differential selection of parasites in juveniles
Authors: Iritani Ryosuke , Visher Elisa , Boots Mike
Published: February 2019

The impact of infectious disease is often very different in juveniles and adults, but theory has focused on the drivers of stage-dependent defense in hosts rather than the potential for stage-dependent virulence evolution in parasites. Stage structure has the potential to be important to the evolution of pathogens because it exposes parasites to heterogeneous environments in terms of both host characteristics and transmission pathways. We develop a stage-structured (juvenile–adult) epidemiological model and examine the evolutionary outcomes of stage-specific virulence under the classic assumption of a transmission-virulence trade-off. We show that selection on virulence against adults remains consistent with the classic theory. However, the evolution of juvenile virulence is sensitive to both demography and transmission pathway with higher virulence against juveniles being favored either when the transmission pathway is assortative (juveniles preferentially interact together) and the juvenile stage is long, or in contrast when the transmission pathway is disassortative and the juvenile stage is short. These results highlight the potentially profound effects of host stage structure on determining parasite virulence in nature. This new perspective may have broad implications for both understanding and managing disease severity.
Analysis of microbial diversity in apple vinegar fermentation process through 16s rDNA sequencing
Authors: Song Juan , Zhang Ji‐Hong , Kang San‐Jiang , Zhang Hai‐Yan , Yuan Jing , Zeng Chao‐Zhen , Zhang Fang , Huang Yu‐Long
Published: February 2019

Based on SPME‐GC‐MS analysis, it could be found that the production of acetic acid, phenethyl acetate, and isoamyl acetate gradually increased in the apple vinegar fermentation broth with the fermentation time. Consequently, in order to systematically explore the dynamic changes of microbial diversity and metabolites in the process of apple vinegar fermentation, 16S rDNA were sequenced and analyzed in this work. The present results showed that bacterial diversity was rich and exhibited a certain variation during the dynamic fermentation process of apple vinegar. Furthermore, Lactococcus and Oenococcus were the predominant bacteria in the pre‐fermentation (alcoholic fermentation) of apple vinegar, while the dominant bacteria in the middle and late fermentation stages (acetic acid fermentation) were Lactococcus and Acetobacter. In addition, during the whole fermentation process of apple vinegar, Lactococcus was the most dominant bacteria, Oenococcus was the unique species in the stage of alcohol fermentation, and Acetobacter increased rapidly in the stage of acetic acid fermentation. In conclusion, our finding provided a theoretical basis for the processing technology of apple vinegar fermentation, and a theory evidence for the safety and health assessment of apple vinegar.
Effect of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) water extracts pretreatment on lipid oxidation in sun‐dried sardines (Rastrineobola argentea) from Lake Victoria, Tanzania
Authors: Chaula Davis , Laswai Henry , Chove Bernard , Dalsgaard Anders , Mdegela Robinson , Jacobsen Charlotte , Hyldig Grethe
Published: February 2019

Small indigenous fish species play a significant role in food and nutritional security of poor communities in developing countries. Sardines (Rastrineobola argentea) are fish species of Lake Victoria known to be a good source of health‐promoting omega‐3 fatty acids. Open sun drying is a common and traditional sardine processing and preservation method. Sun‐dried products suffer from characteristic off‐flavor due to lipid oxidation which discourage product consumption and limit diversification. This study investigated the use of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and seaweed (Kappaphycus alvarezii) water extracts as natural antioxidants to impede lipid oxidation in sun‐dried sardines. Lipid oxidation was assessed by peroxide value, volatile secondary oxidation products, and fatty acid profiles. The antioxidant capacity of extracts was evaluated by total phenolic content, 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, and iron (Fe2+) chelating ability. Results showed that 5, 10, and 20 g/L clove extracts significantly reduced peroxidation in sun‐dried sardines by 38.7%, 54.6%, and 56%, respectively. Clove extracts resulted in higher retention of omega‐3 fatty acids and lower concentrations of secondary lipid oxidation products as opposed to seaweed counterpart. This research has demonstrated feasibility of pretreating whole, omega‐3‐rich small sardines with natural antioxidants to avert lipid oxidation during sun drying.
Enhanced Electrical Conductivity of Sb2S3 Thin Film via C60 Modification and Improvement in Solar Cell Efficiency
Authors: Guo Chunsheng , Chen Jingwei , Li Gang , Liang Xiaoyang , Lai Weidong , Yang Lin , Mai Yaohua , Li Zhiqiang
Published: February 2019

Sb2S3 has attracted great research interest very recently as a promising absorber material for photoelectric and photovoltaic devices because of its unique optical and electrical properties and single, stable phase. However, the intrinsic high resistivity property of Sb2S3 material is one of the major factors restricting the further improvement of its application. In this work, the C60 modification of Sb2S3 thin films is investigated. The conductivity of Sb2S3 thin films increases from 4.71 × 10−9 S cm−1 for unmodified condition to 2.86 × 10−8 S cm−1 for modified thin films. Thin‐film solar cells in the configuration of glass/(SnO2:F) FTO/TiO2/Sb2S3(C60)/Spiro‐OMeTAD/Au are fabricated, and the conversion efficiency is increased from 1.10% to 1.74%.
Microfacies, diagenesis, and stable isotope analysis of the Jurassic Jumara Dome carbonates, Kachchh, Western India: Implications for depositional environments and reservoir quality
Authors: Khan Zuhi , Sachan Himanshu K. , Ahmad A.H.M. , Ghaznavi Asma A.
Published: February 2019

The microfacies, detailed diagenesis, and stable isotope analysis of the carbonates, exposed at Jumara Dome, have been analysed to explore their impact on reservoir quality. The carbonates of Jumara Dome are mostly fine‐ to medium‐grained, and some are coarse‐grained, poorly to very well sorted, having angular to well‐rounded grains of low to high sphericity. Bioclasts are the most abundant constituent in these carbonates and includes brachiopods, foraminifers, ostracodes, calcispheres, algae, bryozoans, echinoderms, sponges, gastropods, and corals. Twelve microfacies were recorded in the present investigation. The temporal distribution of microfacies association reflects an ideal shallowing‐upward sequence representing a system of bioclastic bars developed on a carbonate ramp, which separates a lagoonal environment from open marine environment. In Jumara Dome carbonates, the δ13C values range from −1.89‰ to 1.44‰ and δ18O values range from −8.95‰ to −4.26‰ and suggest a marine environment of deposition for these carbonates under warmer Jurassic climate conditions. Micritization, silicification, compaction, cementation, neomorphism, geopetal structures, and porosity are the main diagenetic features affecting the carbonates and developed in marine phreatic, fresh water phreatic, mixed marine‐fresh water phreatic, and burial diagenetic environments. The diagenetic processes (mechanical compaction and cementation) has affected the carbonates reservoir characteristics, but the dissolution has resulted in generation of secondary porosity in the form of moulds, stylolites by pressure solution, and fractures (calcite veins), and enhancing the permeability resulting in improvement of carbonate reservoir characteristics, suggesting the carbonates of the Jumara Dome could be a better carbonate reservoir for petroleum accumulation.
High‐resolution manometry and swallow outcomes after vocal fold injection medialization for unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis
Authors: Kammer Rachael E. , Jones Corinne A. , Johnson Aaron M. , Dailey Seth H. , McCulloch Timothy M. , Thibeault Susan L.
Published: February 2019

Background

Injection medialization is performed to improve glottic closure, thereby airway protection. Overall objective to determine if unilateral injection medialization changes glottal area with concomitant adjustments in penetration/aspiration scale (PAS) scores and pharyngeal high‐resolution manometry (HRM) parameters.

Methods

Enrolled 17 adults with unilateral vocal fold paralysis/paresis and aspiration/penetration. Fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing and pharyngeal HRM completed at (1) baseline (within 1 week before injection), (2) postinjection (within 1 week post injection), and (3) 1‐month postinjection. Comparisons between time points for PAS scores, glottal area, pharyngeal pressure, and timing.

Results

No significant differences in normalized glottal area. No significant differences in PAS scores, for any consistency. Significantly increased rate of mesopharynx pressure rise and maximum pressure at 1 month postinjection (P = .01 and .02, respectively) compared to baseline. Significant decrease in mesopharynx integral from baseline to 1 week postoperative (P = .03).

Conclusion

Findings suggest unilateral vocal fold injection medialization had limited effect on swallow function.
Blocking Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells‐1‐Positive Tumor‐Associated Macrophages Induced by Hypoxia Reverses Immunosuppression and Anti‐Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 Resistance in Liver Cancer
Authors: Wu Qinchuan , Zhou Wuhua , Yin Shengyong , Zhou Yuan , Chen Tianchi , Qian Junjie , Su Rong , Hong Liangjie , Lu Haohao , Zhang Feng , Xie Haiyang , Zhou Lin , Zheng Shusen
Published: February 2019

Tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) are recognized as antitumor suppressors, but how TAMs behave in the hypoxic environment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrated that hypoxia inducible factor 1α induced increased expression of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells‐1 (TREM‐1) in TAMs, resulting in immunosuppression. Specifically, TREM‐1‐positive (TREM‐1+) TAMs abundant at advanced stages of HCC progression indirectly impaired the cytotoxic functions of CD8+ T cells and induced CD8+ T‐cells apoptosis. Biological and functional assays showed that TREM‐1+ TAMs had higher expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) under hypoxic environment. However, TREM‐1+ TAMs could abrogate spontaneous and PD‐L1‐blockade‐mediated antitumor effects in vivo, suggesting that TREM‐1+ TAM‐induced immunosuppression was dependent on a pathway separate from PD‐L1/programmed cell death 1 axis. Moreover, TREM‐1+ TAM‐associated regulatory T cells (Tregs) were crucial for HCC resistance to anti‐PD‐L1 therapy. Mechanistically, TREM‐1+ TAMs elevated chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 20 expression through the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/NF‐κβ pathway in response to hypoxia and tumor metabolites leading to CCR6+Foxp3+ Treg accumulation. Blocking the TREM‐1 pathway could significantly inhibit tumor progression, reduce CCR6+Foxp3+ Treg recruitment, and improve the therapeutic efficacy of PD‐L1 blockade. Thus, these data demonstrated that CCR6+Foxp3+ Treg recruitment was crucial for TREM‐1+ TAM‐mediated anti‐PD‐L1 resistance and immunosuppression in hypoxic tumor environment. Conclusion: This study highlighted that the hypoxic environment initiated the onset of tumor immunosuppression through TREM‐1+ TAMs attracting CCR6+Foxp3+ Tregs, and TREM‐1+ TAMs endowed HCC with anti‐PD‐L1 therapy resistance.
Seasonal dynamics and exports of elements from a first‐order stream to a large inland lake in Michigan
Authors: Hofmeister Kathryn L. , Nave Lucas E. , Drevnick Paul , Veverica Timothy , Knudstrup Renee , Heckman Katherine A. , Riha Susan J. , Schneider Rebecca L. , Walter M. Todd
Published: February 2019

Headwater streams are critical components of drainage systems, directly connecting terrestrial and downstream aquatic ecosystems. The amount of water in a stream can alter hydrologic connectivity between the stream and surrounding landscape and is ultimately an important driver of what constituents headwater streams transport. There is a shortage of studies that explore concentration–discharge (C‐Q) relationships in headwater systems, especially forested watersheds, where the hydrological and ecological processes that control the processing and export of solutes can be directly investigated. We sought to identify the temporal dynamics and spatial patterns of stream chemistry at three points along a forested headwater stream in Northern Michigan and utilizeC‐Qrelationships to explore transport dynamics and potential sources of solutes in the stream. Along the stream, surface flow was seasonal in the main stem, and perennial flow was spatially discontinuous for all but the lowest reaches. Spring snowmelt was the dominant hydrological event in the year with peak flows an order of magnitude larger at the mouth and upper reaches than annual mean discharge. All threeC‐Qshapes (positive, negative, and flat) were observed at all locations along the stream, with a higher proportion of the analytes showing significant relationships at the mouth than at the mid or upper flumes. At the mouth, positive (flushing)C‐Qshapes were observed for dissolved organic carbon and total suspended solids, whereas negative (dilution)C‐Qshapes were observed for most cations (Na+, Mg2+, Ca2+) and biologically cycled anions (NO3−, PO43−, SO42−). Most analytes displayed significantC‐Qrelationships at the mouth, indicating that discharge is a significant driving factor controlling stream chemistry. However, the importance of discharge appeared to decrease moving upstream to the headwaters where more localized or temporally dynamic factors may become more important controls on stream solute patterns.
Tumor suppressor MCPH1 regulates gene expression profiles related to malignant conversion and chromosomal assembly
Authors: Tervasmäki Anna , Mantere Tuomo , Eshraghi Leila , Laurila Niina , Tuppurainen Hanna , Ronkainen Veli‐Pekka , Koivuluoma Susanna , Devarajan Raman , Peltoketo Hellevi , Pylkäs Katri
Published: February 2019

Strong inherited predisposition to breast cancer is estimated to cause about 5–10% of all breast cancer cases. As the known susceptibility genes, such as BRCA1 and BRCA2, explain only a fraction of this, additional predisposing genes and related biological mechanisms are actively being searched for. We have recently identified a recurrent MCPH1 germline mutation, p.Arg304ValfsTer3, as a breast cancer susceptibility allele. MCPH1 encodes a multifunctional protein involved in maintenance of genomic integrity and it is also somatically altered in various cancer types, including breast cancer. Additionally, biallelic MCPH1 mutations are causative for microcephaly and at cellular level premature chromosome condensation. To study the molecular mechanisms leading to cancer predisposition and malignant conversion, here we have modeled the effect of MCPH1 p.Arg304ValfsTer3 mutation using gene‐edited MCF10A breast epithelial cells. As a complementary approach, we also sought for additional potential cancer driver mutations in MCPH1 p.Arg304ValfsTer3 carrier breast tumors. We show that mutated MCPH1 de‐regulates transcriptional programs related to invasion and metastasis and leads to downregulation of histone genes. These global transcriptional changes are mirrored by significantly increased migration and invasion potential of the cells as well as abnormal chromosomal condensation both before and after mitosis. These findings provide novel molecular insights to MCPH1 tumor suppressor functions and establish a role in regulation of transcriptional programs related to malignant conversion and chromosomal assembly. The MCPH1 p.Arg304ValfsTer3 carrier breast tumors showed recurrent tumor suppressor gene TP53 mutations, which were also significantly over‐represented in breast tumors with somatically inactivated MCPH1.