bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transapical mitral valve implantation for treatment of symptomatic mitral valve disease: a real‐world multicentre experience
Authors: Wild Mirjam G. , Kreidel Felix , Hell Michaela M. , Praz Fabien , Mach Markus , Adam Matti , Reineke David , Ruge Hendrik , Ludwig Sebastian , Conradi Lenard , Rudolph Tanja K. , Bleiziffer Sabine , Kellermair Jörg , Zierer Andreas , Nickenig Georg , Weber Marcel , Petronio Anna Sonia , Giannini Cristina , Dahle Gry , Rein Kjell A. , Coisne Augustin , Vincentelli André , Dubois Christophe , Duncan Alison , Quarto Cesare , Unbehaun Axel , Amat‐Santos Ignacio , Cobiella Javier , Dumonteil Nicolas , Estevez‐Loureiro Rodrigo , Fumero Andrea , Geisler Tobias , Lurz Philipp , Mangieri Antonio , Monivas Vanessa , Noack Thilo , Franco Luis Nombela , Pinon Miguel A. , Stolz Lukas , Tchétché Didier , Walter Thomas , Unsöld Bernhard , Baldus Stephan , Andreas Martin , Hausleiter Jörg , von Bardeleben Ralph S. ,   on behalf of the TENDER Investigators
Published: January 2022

Aims

Transcatheter mitral valve implantation (TMVI) is a new treatment option for patients with symptomatic mitral valve (MV) disease. Real‐world data have not yet been reported. This study aimed to assess procedural and 30‐day outcomes of TMVI in a real‐world patient cohort.

Method and results

All consecutive patients undergoing implantation of a transapically delivered self‐expanding valve at 26 European centres from January 2020 to April 2021 were included in this retrospective observational registry. Among 108 surgical high‐risk patients included (43% female, mean age 75 ± 7 years, mean STS‐PROM 7.2 ± 5.3%), 25% was treated for an off‐label indication (e.g. previous MV intervention or surgery, mitral stenosis, mitral annular calcification). Patients were highly symptomatic (New York Heart Association [NYHA] functional class III/IV in 86%) and mitral regurgitation (MR) was graded 3+/4+ in 95% (38% primary, 37% secondary, and 25% mixed aetiology). Technical success rate was 96%, and MR reduction to ≤1+ was achieved in all patients with successful implantation. There were two procedural deaths and 30‐day all‐cause mortality was 12%. At early clinical follow‐up, MR reduction was sustained and there were significant reductions of pulmonary pressure (systolic pulmonary artery pressure 52 vs. 42 mmHg, p < 0.001), and tricuspid regurgitation severity (p = 0.013). Heart failure symptoms improved significantly (73% in NYHA class I/II, p < 0.001). Procedural success rate according to MVARC criteria was 80% and was not different in patients treated for an off‐label indication (74% vs. 81% for off‐ vs. on‐label, p = 0.41).

Conclusion

In a real‐world patient population, TMVI has a high technical and procedural success rate with efficient and durable MR reduction and symptomatic improvement.
Evaporation Performance of Wood‐Based Evaporator for Solar Interfacial Vapor Generation
Authors: Duan Huiling , Wang Yiding , Yan Yujie , Ling Tong
Published: January 2022

Inspired by the natural transpiration of plants, an interfacial evaporator based on natural wood and a carbon black cellulose film (CB film) is designed. The existence of the CB film significantly improves the light absorptance of the woodblock from 21% to 96%. After the woodblock is modified with ammonia, the evaporation efficiency increases by 15%. The evaporation efficiency of the woodblock coated with a CB film is 30% higher than that without a CB film. The influence of evaporator size on evaporation performance is analyzed. As the woodblock has low thermal conductivity, the heat transfer to bulk water is inhibited as the thickness of the woodblock increases. In contrast, the increase of woodblock thickness is not conducive to the transport of water to the evaporator surface. Therefore, with the increase of woodblock thickness, the evaporation rate increases first and then decreases. For the evaporator with a diameter of 2 cm and a thickness of 2 cm, the evaporation rate under the illumination of 3.5 sun reaches 4.6727 kg m−2 h−1 and the evaporation efficiency is 93.35%. Considering its simplicity, low cost and high efficiency, the wood‐based evaporator prepared in this article provides the possibility for the popularization and application of solar interfacial evaporation.
8‐Prenylnaringenin tissue distribution and pharmacokinetics in mice and its binding to human serum albumin and cellular uptake in human embryonic kidney cells
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiaki , Okuyama Hitomi , Nishikawa Miyu , Ikushiro Shin‐ichi , Ikeda Mayumi , Ishima Yu , Ukawa Yuichi , Oe Kenichi , Terao Junji , Mukai Rie
Published: January 2022

8‐Prenylnaringenin (8‐PN), a hop flavonoid, is a promising food substance with health benefits. Compared with nonprenylated naringenin, 8‐PN exhibits stronger estrogenic activity and prevents muscle atrophy. Moreover, 8‐PN prevents hot flushes and bone loss. Considering that prenylation reportedly improves the bioavailability of flavonoids, we compared the parameters related to the bioavailability [pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution in C57/BL6 mice, binding affinity to human serum albumin (HSA), and cellular uptake in HEK293 cells] of 8‐PN and its mother (non‐prenylated) compound naringenin. C57/BL6 mice were fed an 8‐PN or naringenin mixed diet for 22 days. The amount of 8‐PN (nmol/g tissue) in the kidneys (16.8 ± 9.20), liver (14.8 ± 2.58), muscles (3.33 ± 0.60), lungs (2.07 ± 0.68), pancreas (1.80 ± 0.38), heart (1.71 ± 0.27), spleen (1.36 ± 0.29), and brain (0.31 ± 0.09) was higher than that of naringenin. A pharmacokinetic study in mice demonstrated that the Cmax of 8‐PN (50 mg/kg body weight) was lower than that of naringenin; however, the plasma concentration of 8‐PN 8 h after ingestion was higher than that of naringenin. The binding affinity of 8‐PN to HSA and cellular uptake in HEK293 cells were higher than those of naringenin. 8‐PN bioavailability features assessed in mouse or human model experiments were obviously different from those of naringenin.
The novel finding of an FGFR1::TACC1 fusion in an undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma of soft tissue with aggressive clinical course
Authors: Yau Derek Tsz‐Wai , Lacambra Maribel D. , Chow Chit , To Ka‐Fai
Published: January 2022

We report an aggressive soft tissue sarcoma with FGFR1‐TACC1 fusion occurring in the thigh of an 83‐year‐old man. Microscopically, the tumor was composed of monomorphic spindle cells arranged in intersecting fascicles. The tumor cells showed ovoid nuclei, fine chromatin, indistinct nucleoli, and elongated eosinophilic cytoplasm. Focal increase in nuclear atypia was noted. Immunohistochemistry showed only focal rare positivity to S100, but negative to SOX10, CD34, STAT6, TLE‐1, SMA, and other myogenic markers. An extensive panel of immunostains did not reveal a definite lineage of cellular differentiation. The fusion junction of the chimeric transcript involved FGFR1 exon 16 and TACC1 exon 7, which was similar to those reported in other types of neoplasms such as glioblastomas and epithelial cancers. The transcript was predicted to be in‐frame and confirmed by Sanger sequencing after reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction. The patient was treated by marginal excision of tumor without receiving adjuvant therapy. He experienced rapid tumor recurrence with distant metastases and succumbed at 3.5 months after presentation. The finding of FGFR1‐TACC1 fusion in a high‐grade, undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma of soft tissue is novel and may offer a potential therapeutic target in the near future.
Astrocytic p75NTR expression provoked by ischemic stroke exacerbates the blood–brain barrier disruption
Authors: Qin Xiaoying , Wang Jianing , Chen Shujian , Liu Gang , Wu Chaoran , Lv Qunyu , He Xinran , Bai Xianshu , Huang Wenhui , Liao Hong
Published: January 2022

The disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in the pathology of ischemic stroke. p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) contributes to the disruption of the blood‐retinal barrier in retinal ischemia. However, whether p75NTR influences the BBB permeability after acute cerebral ischemia remains unknown. The present study investigated the role and underlying mechanism of p75NTR on BBB integrity in an ischemic stroke mouse model, middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). After 24 h of MCAO, astrocytes and endothelial cells in the infarct‐affected brain area up‐regulated p75NTR. Genetic p75NTR knockdown (p75NTR+/−) or pharmacological inhibition of p75NTR using LM11A‐31, a selective inhibitor of p75NTR, both attenuated brain damage and BBB leakage in MCAO mice. Astrocyte‐specific conditional knockdown of p75NTR mediated with an adeno‐associated virus significantly ameliorated BBB disruption and brain tissue damage, as well as the neurological functions after stroke. Further molecular biological examinations indicated that astrocytic p75NTR activated NF‐κB and HIF‐1α signals, which upregulated the expression of MMP‐9 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), subsequently leading to tight junction degradation after ischemia. As a result, increased leukocyte infiltration and microglia activation exacerbated brain injury after stroke. Overall, our results provide novel insight into the role of astrocytic p75NTR in BBB disruption after acute cerebral ischemia. The p75NTR may therefore be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of ischemic stroke.
The role of left angular gyrus in the representation of linguistic composition relations
Authors: Zhang Wenjia , Xiang Ming , Wang Suiping
Published: January 2022

Language comprehension is compositional: individual words are combined structurally to form larger meaning representations. The neural basis for compositionality is at the center of a growing body of recent research. Previous work has largely used univariate analysis to investigate the question, a technique that could potentially lead to the loss of fined‐grained information due to the procedure of averaging over neural responses. In a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment, the present study examined different types of composition relations in Chinese phrases, using a 1‐back composition relation probe (CRP) task and a 1‐back word probe (WP) task. We first analyzed the data using the multivariate representation similarity analysis, which better captures the fine‐grained representational differences in the stimuli. The results showed that the left angular gyrus (AG) represents different types of composition relations in the CRP task, but no brain areas were identified in the WP task. We also conducted a traditional univariate analysis and found greater activations in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus in the CRP task relative to the WP task. We discuss the methodological and theoretical implications of our findings in the context of the larger language neural network identified in previous studies. Our findings highlight the role of left AG in representing and distinguishing fine‐grained linguistic composition relations.
Counterflow HE analysis of Cu and SiO2 nanofluids in the developing flow region
Authors: Sesha Talpa Sai P. H. V. , Chaitanya Lahari M. L. R. , Sharma K. V. , Narayanaswamy K. S.
Published: January 2022

Three concentrations of 0.2, 0.6, and 1.0 vol.% Copper/25 nm and silica/22 nm nanofluids are prepared in a base liquid glycerol–water mixture of 30:70 ratio by volume (GW70). The thermophysical properties of Cu and SiO2 nanofluids are determined with a TPS500S hot disc thermal analyzer and Brookfield viscometer in the temperature range of 20–80°C. The maximum enhancement in Cu and SiO2 nanofluid viscosity (63.4%, 35.7%), thermal conductivity (100.4%, 71.3%), and density (7.5%, 1.5%) while specific heat (7.8%, 2.3%) determined for 1.0% concentration at 80°C compared to base liquid GW70. Heat transfer experiments are conducted in a short‐length double pipe heat exchanger. The flow rates resulted in the lamifnar entry length region. A maximum enhancement in the overall heat transfer coefficient (HTC; 25.0%, 19.7%) and convective HTC (46.2%, 34.8%), respectively for Cu and SiO2 nanofluids is estimated at 1.0% concentration compared to base liquid at a bulk temperature of 35°C.
Optical genome mapping reveals additional prognostic information compared to conventional cytogenetics in AML/MDS patients
Authors: Gerding Wanda M. , Tembrink Marco , Nilius‐Eliliwi Verena , Mika Thomas , Dimopoulos Fotios , Ladigan‐Badura Swetlana , Eckhardt Matthias , Pohl Michael , Wünnenberg Max , Farshi Pakhshan , Reimer Peter , Schroers Roland , Nguyen Huu Phuc , Vangala Deepak B.
Published: January 2022

Cytogenetic diagnostics play a crucial role in risk stratification and classification of myeloid malignancies such as acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), thus influencing treatment decisions. Optical genome mapping (OGM) is a novel whole genome method for the detection of cytogenetic abnormalities. Our study assessed the applicability and practicality of OGM as diagnostic tool in AML and MDS patients. In total, 27 patients with AML or MDS underwent routine diagnostics including classical karyotyping and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) or real‐time PCR analysis wherever indicated as well as OGM following a recently established workflow. Methods were compared regarding concordance and content of information. In 93%, OGM was concordant to classical karyotyping and a total of 61 additional variants in a predefined myeloid gene‐set could be detected. In 67% of samples the karyotype could be redefined by OGM. OGM offers a whole genome approach to cytogenetic diagnostics in AML and MDS with a high concordance to classical cytogenetics. The method has the potential to enter routine diagnostics as a gold standard for cytogenetic diagnostics widely superseding FISH. Furthermore, OGM can serve as a tool to identify genetic regions of interest and future research regarding tumor biology.
Superimposed versus de novo pre‐eclampsia: Is there a difference?
Authors: Boneh Hilly R. , Pariente Gali , Baumfeld Yael , Yohay David , Rotem Reut , Weintraub Adi Y.
Published: January 2022

Objective

To investigate whether pre‐eclampsia is a single clinical entity or whether de novo pre‐eclampsia and superimposed pre‐eclampsia are distinct entities, with respect to baseline maternal characteristics, obstetrical complications, and perinatal outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study comparing singleton pregnancies complicated with de novo pre‐eclampsia (n = 10 979, 93%) and superimposed pre‐eclampsia (n = 804, 7%). Maternal baseline characteristics, pregnancy and labor complications, and neonatal outcomes were evaluated in the univariate analysis. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed for the prediction of different pregnancy outcomes while controlling for confounders.

Results

In the multivariate regression models controlling for confounders, superimposed pre‐eclampsia was found to be a significant risk factor for placental dysfunction, a composite outcome composed of severe pre‐eclampsia (rather than mild), placental abruption, oligohydramnios, and small‐for‐gestational‐age neonate (odds ratio [OR] 2.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.90–2.62, P < 0.001), preterm delivery (OR 2.79, 95% CI 2.39–3.26, P < 0.001), and perinatal mortality (OR 1.79, 95% CI 1.11–2.88, P = 0.02).

Conclusion

De novo and superimposed pre‐eclampsia demonstrated significant differences in most studied variables, suggesting that these may be two distinct clinical syndromes. In our population, superimposed pre‐eclampsia was found to be significantly associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes such as placental dysfunction, preterm delivery, and perinatal mortality compared with de novo pre‐eclampsia.
Nephron mass determines the excretion rate of urinary extracellular vesicles
Authors: Blijdorp Charles J. , Hartjes Thomas A. , Wei Kuang‐Yu , van Heugten Martijn H. , Bovée Dominique M. , Budde Ricardo P.J. , van de Wetering Jacqueline , Hoenderop Joost G.J. , van Royen Martin E. , Zietse Robert , Severs David , Hoorn Ewout J.
Published: January 2022

Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) are emerging as non‐invasive biomarkers for various kidney diseases, but it is unknown how differences in nephron mass impact uEV excretion. To address this, uEV excretion was measured before and after human kidney donor nephrectomy and rat nephrectomy. In male and female donors, uEVs were quantified in cell‐free spot and 24‐h urine samples using nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), EVQuant, and CD9‐time‐resolved fluorescence immunoassay. Female donors had significantly lower total kidney volume (TKV) and excreted 49% fewer uEVs than male donors. uEV excretion correlated positively with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), creatinine clearance, and TKV (R's between 0.6 and 0.7). uEV excretion rate could also be predicted from spot urines after multiplying spot uEV/creatinine by 24‐h urine creatinine. Donor nephrectomy reduced eGFR by 36% ± 10%, but the excretion of uEVs by only 16% (CD9+ uEVs ‐37%, CD9‐ uEVs no decrease). Donor nephrectomy increased the podocyte marker WT‐1 and the proximal tubule markers NHE3, NaPi‐IIa, and cubilin in uEVs two‐ to four‐fold when correcting for the nephrectomy. In rats, the changes in GFR and kidney weight correlated with the changes in uEV excretion rate (R = 0.46 and 0.60, P < 0.01). Furthermore, the estimated degree of hypertrophy matched the change in uEV excretion rate (1.4‐ to 1.5‐fold after uninephrectomy and four‐fold after 5/6th nephrectomy). Taken together, our data show that uEV excretion depends on nephron mass, and that nephrectomy reduces uEV excretion less than expected based on nephron loss due to compensatory hypertrophy. The major implication of our findings is that a measure for nephron mass or uEV excretion rate should be included when comparing uEV biomarkers between individuals.
The epithelial layers of the body wall in hornerid bryozoans (Stenolaemata: Cyclostomatida)
Authors: Tamberg Yuta , Batson Peter B. , Smith Abigail M.
Published: January 2022

Bryozoans are small colonial coelomates. They can be conceptualised as “origami‐like” animals, composed of three complexly folded epithelial layers: epidermis of the zooidal/colonial body wall, gut epithelium and coelothelium. We investigated the general microanatomy and ultrastructure of the hornerid (Cyclostomatatida) body wall and polypide in four taxa, including three species of Hornera and one species belonging to an undescribed genus. We describe epithelia and their associated structures (e.g., ECM, cuticle) across all portions of the hornerid body wall, including the terminal membrane, vestibular wall, atrial sphincter, membranous sac and polypide–skeletal attachments. The classic coelomate body wall composition (epidermis–ECM–coelothelium) is only present in an unmodified form in the tentacle sheath. Deeper within a zooid it is retained exclusively in the attachment zones of the membranous sac: [skeleton]–tendon cell–ECM–coelothelium. A typical invertebrate pattern of epithelial organisation is a single, continuous sheet of polarised cells, connected by belt desmosomes and septate junctions, and resting on a collagenous extracellular matrix. Although previous studies demonstrated that polypide‐specific epithelia of Horneridae follow this model, here we show that the body wall may show significant deviations. Cell layers can lose the basement membrane and/or continuity of cell cover and cell contacts. Moreover, in portions of the body wall, the cell layer appears to be missing altogether; the zooidal orifice is covered by a thin naked cuticle largely devoid of underlying cells. Since epithelium is a two‐way barrier against entry and loss of materials, it is unclear how hornerids avoid substance loss, while maintaining intracolonial metabolite transport with imperfect, sometimes incomplete, cell layers along large portions of their outer body surface.
Self‐Reinforced Polymer Nanofiber Aerogels for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: You Haining , Zhao Qinghua , Mei Tao , Li Xiufang , You Renchuan , Wang Dong
Published: January 2022

Nanofibrous aerogels with ultra‐high porosity and surface area exhibit great potential for widespread applicability and therefore attract extensive attentions. Herein, a self‐reinforcing strategy to design nanofibrous aerogels is proposed using the thermoplastic polymer nanofibers as building blocks and a simple thermal welding as the crosslinking method. The macroscopic freestanding thermoplastic poly(vinyl alcohol‐co‐ethylene) nanofibers aerogel is mass manufactured via industrial sea‐island spinning and ice template method. After further welding the nanofibers using a facile and controlled heat treatment, the mechanically robust aerogels are favorably fabricated with higher restorability under compression, folding, and torsion and better stability in solvent relative to the unwelded aerogels. It is interesting that the wettability of the nanofibrous aerogels changes from hydrophilic to hydrophobic after thermal welding and excellent stability in water. The resulting nanofibrous aerogels exhibit effective absorption performance for oils and organic solvents, excellent thermal insulation, and efficient acoustic absorption. The results reveal that the development of self‐reinforced polymer nanofiber aerogels may provide the options to the design of multifunctional aerogels due to the industrial fabrication of thermoplastic polymer nanofibers and chemical‐free post‐treatment.
Incidence and prevalence of immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy in adults in Olmsted County, Minnesota
Authors: Shelly Shahar , Mielke Michelle M. , Paul Pritikanta , Milone Margherita , Tracy Jennifer A. , Mills John R. , Klein Christopher J. , Ernste Floranne C. , Mandrekar Jay , Liewluck Teerin
Published: January 2022

Introduction/Aims

Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy (IMNM) is considered a rare subtype of the immune‐mediated myopathies, but its incidence and prevalence are unknown. In this study we aimed to determine the incidence and prevalence of IMNM among adults in Olmsted County, Minnesota.

Methods

We identified adult patients with IMNM, as defined by the 2016 European Neuromuscular Centre diagnostic criteria, among residents of Olmsted County, Minnesota over a 20‐year period.

Results

Seven patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Six patients were tested for IMNM antibodies: four were anti–3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) positive, one was anti–signal recognition particle positive, and one was seronegative. The incidence of IMNM during 2010‐2019 was 8.3 per million person‐years. The prevalence of IMNM in 2010 was 1.85 per 100 000 people at least 50 years of age. Median age at symptom onset was 64 (range, 52‐86) years and median time from symptom onset to diagnosis was 3 (range, <1 to 156) months. Statin use among anti‐HMGCR IMNM patients, but not the entire IMNM cohort, was higher than in controls (P = .024). Two IMNM patients developed cancers. The incidence of malignancy in IMNM was not higher than that of the general population. Treatment outcome was favorable in all patients except for one patient with delayed treatment and another with insufficient therapy. Among three deceased patients, one died of cancer and another died of IMNM‐related cardiorespiratory complications.

Discussion

IMNM is a rare disease. Its prevalence is one tenth that of inclusion‐body myositis in Olmsted County, Minnesota. IMNM patients in our cohort were not at higher risk for developing cancer.
The impact of innovation management on the performance of NPOs: Applying the Tidd and Bessant model (2009)
Authors: do Adro Francisco , Fernandes Cristina I. , Veiga Pedro M.
Published: January 2022

The literature is consistent in stating that innovation helps in improving the performance of nonprofit organizations (NPOs), highlighting how there remains the scope for further research designed to better understand the dimension supporting social innovation. Through the application of the Tidd and Bessant model, which reflects an important contribution to this specific sector, this study seeks to meet a shortcoming in analyzing just which innovation management factors influence the performance of NPOs. To this end, we applied a quantitative methodology based on a survey made of Portuguese NPOs that received a total of 135 valid responses. Based upon the application of multiple linear regression models, this study concludes that there are five innovation management models with a positive impact on NPO performance levels. In terms of the implications, these results, consistent with earlier research of a different nature, strengthen the idea that private business sector methods may undergo successful adaptation to the social sector and assist such entities to implement measures that offset their organizational, and consequent financial, weaknesses.
Does Temporary Mortgage Assistance for Unemployed Homeowners Reduce Longer‐Term Mortgage Default? An Analysis of the Hardest Hit Fund Program
Authors: Moulton Stephanie , Chun Yung , Casey Pierce Stephanie , Quercia Roberto , Riley Sarah , Holtzen Holly
Published: January 2022

Economic crises like the Great Recession and the COVID pandemic prompt government intervention to stabilize homeowners and housing markets. During the Great Recession, the primary intervention was permanent loan modifications, with mixed evidence of success. The COVID pandemic spurred a more targeted but temporary intervention—mortgage payment relief for unemployed homeowners. Little is known about the long‐term effectiveness of temporary mortgage assistance for homeowner outcomes. This paper leverages data on the U.S. Department of the Treasury's Hardest Hit Fund (HHF) program to analyze the longer‐term effects of temporary mortgage payment subsidies on mortgage default. Our first research design exploits the fact that some states were not eligible to offer an HHF program and that certain Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs) encompass jurisdictions in both HHF and non‐HHF states. In a second research design, we model selection into the HHF program directly, exploiting lender variation in program participation as an instrument. Our results indicate that receipt of HHF assistance leads to a 40 percent reduction in the probability of mortgage default and foreclosure through four years post assistance. We estimate heterogeneous effects for different at‐risk populations and discuss implications for policy.
Efficient synthesis of Aib8‐Arg34‐GLP‐1 (7–37) by liquid‐phase fragment condensation
Authors: Zhang Jinhua , Dong Yuanzhen , He Yufeng , Han Jinzhu , Hu Haifeng , Feng Jun
Published: January 2022

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is a potential therapeutic agent for treating Type 2 diabetes, owing to its glucose‐dependent capability to stimulate insulin secretion. Semaglutide is currently the best GLP‐1 analogue; however, the Aib8‐Arg34‐GLP‐1 (7–37) of semaglutide contains an unnatural amino acid at the eighth position (Aib: 2‐aminoisobutyric acid), which hinders its fermentation process. Aib8‐Arg34‐GLP‐1 (7–37) is mainly synthesised by solid‐phase synthesis. However, solid‐phase synthesis of Aib8‐Arg34‐GLP‐1 (7–37) has many shortcomings: (i) The synthesis requires many organic solvents, (ii) the existence of deletion peptides impedes the subsequent purification process, (iii) the yield is low (approximately 16%), and (iv) it is not suitable for large‐scale synthesis. However, the synthesis of Aib8‐Arg34‐GLP‐1 (7–37) by liquid‐phase fragment condensation of expressed and synthetic peptides (Arg34‐GLP‐1 (9–37) and Boc‐His (Boc)‐Aib) has many advantages: (i) The synthesis process only requires a few organic reagents, (ii) the yield is high (approximately 60%), (iii) the purification conditions are simple and Aib8‐Arg34‐GLP‐1 (7–37) with a purity of over 98% is obtained through one‐step reverse‐phase purification, and (iv) the raw materials are inexpensive and large‐scale synthesis is possible. In conclusion, here, we developed an efficient method for synthesising Aib8‐Arg34‐GLP‐1 (7–37).
Time series enable the characterization of small‐scale vegetation dynamics that influence fine‐scale animal behavior – an example from white storks' foraging behavior
Authors: Standfuß Ines , Geiß Christian , Nathan Ran , Rotics Shay , Scacco Martina , Kerr Grégoire , Taubenböck Hannes
Published: January 2022

Agricultural activities and vegetation growth cause rapid small‐scale vegetation changes which dynamically alter habitat suitability. Time series enable to track down such variations of vegetation structure and are promising to examine their impact on animals' life. Nevertheless, their potential to characterize vegetation dynamics in ways pertinent to animals' fine‐scale habitat use has not been adequately explored and ecologically meaningful proxies are lacking. To address this gap, we exemplary investigated foraging activities of breeding white storks in an agricultural landscape. Reflecting on the understanding that storks require short vegetation to access prey, we examined if good foraging conditions – early growth and post‐harvest/mowing periods – are detectable using the points between local minima/maxima in NDVI profiles (half‐maximum). We processed 1 year of Landsat imagery to identify half‐maximum periods (HM: good prey access) and non‐half‐maximum periods (non‐HM: poor prey access) on field‐scale in croplands and grasslands. Additionally, we mapped used/unused fields and retrieved foraging duration/daily visitation rates from GPS tracks of the storks. We then explored habitat use, compared habitat use with habitat availability and tested temporal predictors distinguishing between HM/non‐HM in habitat selection models. Examining habitat use, storks revisited croplands and grasslands significantly more often during HM than during non‐HM, while foraging duration was only prolonged in croplands during HM. However, comparing habitat use with habitat availability, we observed that storks used croplands and grasslands in significantly higher proportions during HM than during non‐HM. Additionally, we found that temporal information affected storks' habitat selection and improved model performance. Our findings emphasize that the half‐maximum proxy enables to coarsely distinguish temporal resource variations in storks' foraging habitats, highlighting the potential of time series for characterizing behaviorally‐relevant vegetation dynamics. Such information helps to create more species‐centered landscape scenarios in habitat models, allowing to unravel effects of small‐scale environmental changes on wildlife to ultimately guide conservation and management.
Surface‐Tailored Medium Entropy Alloys as Radically Low Overpotential Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalysts
Authors: Park Hoonkee , Bae Jae Wung , Lee Tae Hyung , Park Ik Jae , Kim Changyeon , Lee Mi Gyoung , Lee Sol A , Yang Jin Wook , Choi Min‐Ju , Hong Sung Hyun , Kim Soo Young , Ahn Sang Hyun , Kim Jin Young , Kim Hyoung Seop , Jang Ho Won
Published: January 2022

Numerous studies have explored new materials for electrocatalysts, but it is difficult to discover materials that surpass the catalytic activity of current commercially available noble metal electrocatalysts. In contrast to conventional transition metal alloys, high‐entropy alloys (HEAs) have immense potential to maximize their catalytic properties because of their high stability and compositional diversity as oxygen evolution reactions (OERs). This work presents medium‐entropy alloys (MEAs) as OER electrocatalysts to simultaneously satisfy the requirement of high catalytic activity and long‐term stability. The surface of MEA electrocatalyst is tailored to suit the OER via anodizing and cyclic voltammetry activation methods. Optimized electrical properties and hydrophilicity of the surface enable an extremely low overpotential of 187 mV for achieving the current density of 10 mA cm−2 alkaline media. Furthermore, a combined photovoltaic‐electrochemical system with MEA electrocatalyst and a perovskite/Si tandem solar cell exhibits a solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of 20.6% for an unassisted hydrogen generation system. These results present a new pathway for designing sustainable high efficiency water splitting cells.
Electrically Tunable Reactivity of Substrate‐Supported Cobalt Oxide Nanocrystals
Authors: Sánchez‐Grande Ana , Nguyën Huu Chuong , Lauwaet Koen , Rodríguez‐Fernández Jonathan , Carrasco Esther , Cirera Borja , Sun Zhaozong , Urgel José Ignacio , Miranda Rodolfo , Lauritsen Jeppe V. , Gallego José M. , López Nuria , Écija David
Published: January 2022

First‐row transition metal oxides are promising materials for catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction. Surface sensitive techniques provide a unique perspective allowing the study of the structure, adsorption sites, and reactivity of catalysts at the atomic scale, which furnishes rationalization and improves the design of highly efficient catalytic materials. Here, a scanning probe microscopy study complemented by density functional theory on the structural and electronic properties of CoO nanoislands grown on Au(111) is reported. Two distinct phases are observed: The most extended displays a Moiré pattern (α‐region), while the less abundant is 1Co:1Au coincidental (β‐region). As a result of the surface registry, in the β‐region the oxide adlayer is compressed by 9%, increasing the unoccupied local density of states and enhancing the selective water adsorption at low temperature through a cobalt inversion mechanism. Tip‐induced voltage pulses irreversibly transform α‐ into β‐regions, thus opening avenues to modify the structure and reactivity of transition metal oxides by external stimuli like electric fields.
1‐Chloronaphthalene‐Induced Donor/Acceptor Vertical Distribution and Carrier Dynamics Changes in Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells and the Governed Mechanism
Authors: He Xinjun , Chan Christopher C. S. , Kim Jinwook , Liu Heng , Su Chun‐Jen , Jeng U‐Ser , Su Haibin , Lu Xinhui , Wong Kam Sing , Choy Wallace C. H.
Published: January 2022

Electron donors and acceptors in organic solar cells (OSCs) shall strike a favorable vertical phase separation that acceptors and donors have sufficient contact and gradient accumulation near the cathodes and anodes, respectively. Random mixing of donors/acceptors at surface will result in charge accumulation and severe recombination for low carrier‐mobility organic materials. However, it is challenging to tune the vertical distribution in bulk‐heterojunction films as they are usually made from a well‐mixed donor/acceptor solution. Here, for the first time, it presents with solid evidence that the commonly used 1‐chloronaphthalene (CN) additive can tune the donor/acceptor vertical distribution and establish the mechanism. Different from the previous understanding that ascribed the efficiency enhancement brought by CN to the improved molecular stacking/crystallization, it is revealed that the induced vertical distribution is the dominant factor leading to the significantly increased performance. Importantly, the vertical distribution tunability is effective in various hot nonfullerene OSC systems and creates more channels for the collection of dissociated carriers at corresponding organic/electrode interfaces, which contributes the high efficiency of 18.29%. This study of the material vertical distribution and its correlation with molecular stacking offers methods for additives selection and provides insights for the understanding and construction of high‐performance OSCs.
Detection of a high prevalence of paratuberculosis in a previously test‐negative conventional dairy herd in the Netherlands
Authors: Speksnijder David C. , de Wit Mirthe K. , Krattley–Roodenburg Betsie
Published: January 2022

Johne's disease, or paratuberculosis, in cattle, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), can cause substantial economic losses on dairy farms. This case study describes the finding of a MAP prevalence of 8% in a Dutch dairy herd with a 10‐year history of biennial enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay‐negative testing in individual milk samples of lactating cows. This case illustrates the strengths and limitations of the different laboratory tests and testing schemes for MAP screening in dairy herds. A cluster of MAP‐shedding cattle on this farm was related to a birth cohort, which suggests a common source of infection early in life. Our observations stress the importance of preventive management to reduce the potential and hidden spread of MAP in test‐negative herds.
Turn‐on luminescent sensing of glutathione and cysteine based on post‐modified Bio‐MOF‐1
Authors: Yue Dan , Zhu Jiayan , Chen Dong , Li Weidong , Wang Zhenling
Published: January 2022

Glutathione (GSH) and cysteine (Cys) play important roles in many neurological diseases. Therefore, it is very significant to design and synthesis new type GSH and Cys probes. The Cu2+ ion was incorporated into Bio‐MOF‐1 to synthesize Cu2+@Bio‐MOF‐1 through postsynthetic modification. GSH and Cys show strong affinity for Cu2+ ion, so the Cu2+@Bio‐MOF‐1 exhibits highly sensitive turn‐on sensing of GSH and Cys. Furthermore, the limit of detection (LOD) of Cu2+@Bio‐MOF‐1 for the sensing of GSH and Cys was estimated to be 12.4 and 56 μM, hence, Cu2+@Bio‐MOF‐1 has promising application potential for determination of GSH and Cys.
Out with the Old, In with the New? From Conceptual Reconstruction in Philosophical Anthropology to a Realistic Theory of Change
Authors: Wildman Wesley J.
Published: January 2022

Philosophers have solid analyses of defective understandings of the human condition and regularly propose inspirational alternatives that would seem to have the promise of changing the fortunes and fate of our species. But philosophers sometimes over-generalize in their criticisms, attributing to a vast cultural complex a specific anthropological understanding when in fact any large culture plays host to a large variety of mutually inconsistent anthropological visions. Moreover, philosophers rarely demonstrate that a culture-level change in anthropological understandings would have the effects they claim and they virtually never spell out a theory of change by which such a culture-level transformation could ever be realized. This paper begins in philosophical anthropology, spelling out two specific problematic aspects of contemporary western human self-understanding: individualism and cognitive error; two corresponding correctives: relationality and self-awareness; and two spiritual translations of these corrective measures: love as agape and karuna and wisdom as knowledge and humility. The argument then transitions to practical questions about what differences the envisaged transformation in ideas about human nature might be expected to make on socioeconomic conditions and how such changes might be implemented to realize the envisaged changes. The conclusion is that the anthropological insights of philosophers would be best served by a partnership with education and policy experts that would add realism about the conditions for social change to the generative creativity of philosophical analysis.
A Relational Anthropology for Contemporary Economics? Concluding Reflections
Authors: Nullens Patrick , van den Heuvel Steven C. , van Nes Jermo
Published: January 2022

This final chapter reflects on all contributions in the volume, replying to critical questions brought up in the overall discussion, including the possible restriction an anthropological model may have on human freedom, the relationship between Homo economicus and Homo amans, the nature of love, the danger of committing a naturalistic fallacy, and the need for a theory of change. Revisiting the discussion paper, it refines the Homo amans model and points to new directions of study.
Towards a Relational Anthropology Fostering an Economics of Human Flourishing
Authors: Nullens Patrick , van Nes Jermo
Published: January 2022

Basic capabilities and human interests that are directed towards the ideal of human flourishing now seem at odds with the concept ofHomo economicusas once defined by John Stuart Mill – a rational being pursuing wealth only for his own self-interest. This popular paradigm still dominates economic theory and practice, but a growing group of academics consider its underlying model of human behavior to be inaccurate. As a result, scholars across various disciplines have expressed the need for a more refined anthropology in relation to contemporary economics. In response, the holistic concept ofHomo amansas phenomenologically constituted by the virtues of faith, hope, and love is introduced, since multidisciplinary yet complementary study suggests that human persons are questing, expecting, and relational beings. Whether or notHomo amanscould serve in the future as a complementary model toHomo economicusremains to be seen, because several aspects of human relationality that are relevant to contemporary economics are in need of future study.
Searching for the Anthropological Foundations of Economic Practice: Controversies and Opportunities
Authors: Glas Gerrit
Published: January 2022

This chapter is a comment on the contribution of Rebecca Klein in this volume, preceded by a conceptual analysis of the argument that is developed in theHomo Amansdiscussion paper.

The main question that is raised is twofold and concerns the relation between science and worldview on the one hand, and between science and economic life on the other. With respect to the science – worldview relationship, it is doubted that science can play the role the authors of theHomo amansproject expect it can have. What they have in mind is that science helps in validating and legitimizing a biblically informed concept of love. This author disagrees, to a large extent. Science can indeed orient itself on ideas and intuitions that are based on one’s worldview. But it cannot prove the truth of these intuitions and ideas. To think so, is to commit a naturalistic fallacy.

With respect to the relationship between science and economic life, the author is also not convinced that science and philosophy as academic disciplines will by themselves be able (and should be expected to be able) to transform deeply ingrained, institutionally anchored economic practices. New theories, concepts, and paradigms are a precondition for change, but they do not bring about change by themselves. What is needed is a change in the practices themselves, a change that is both personal and comprehensive. What is needed is a clear, succinct, and encompassing view on the intrinsic normativity of economic interactions between relevant stakeholders in what we call ‘the’ economy. This is a huge undertaking, that requires painstaking ‘phenomenological’ analyses of a wide variety of economic practices. The chapter agrees with most of Klein’s observations and concerns with respect to the discussion paper. These observations and concerns gain even more depth and relief given the conceptual distinctions that are made in the chapter.
Holographic chiral algebra: supersymmetry, infinite Ward identities, and EFTs
Authors: Jiang Hongliang
Published: January 2022

Abstract

Celestial holography promisingly reformulates the scattering amplitude holographically in terms of celestial conformal field theory living at null infinity. Recently, an infinite-dimensional symmetry algebra was discovered in Einstein-Yang-Mills theory. The starting point in the derivation is the celestial OPE of two soft currents, and the key ingredient is the summation of $$ \overline{\mathrm{SL}\left(2,\mathbb{R}\right)} $$

SL

2
ℝ

¯

descendants in OPE. In this paper, we consider the supersymmetric Einstein-Yang-Mills theory and obtain the supersymmetric extension of the holographic symmetry algebra. Furthermore, we derive infinitely many Ward identities associated with the infinite soft currents which generate the holographic symmetry algebra. This is realized by considering the OPE between a soft symmetry current and a hard operator, and then summing over its $$ \overline{\mathrm{SL}\left(2,\mathbb{R}\right)} $$

SL

2
ℝ

¯

descendants. These Ward identities reproduce the known Ward identities corresponding to the leading, sub-leading, and sub-sub-leading soft graviton theorems as well as the leading and sub-leading soft gluon theorems. By performing shadow transformations, we also obtain infinitely many shadow Ward identities, including the stress tensor Ward identities for sub-leading soft graviton. Finally, we use our procedure to discuss the corrections to Ward identities in effective field theory (EFT), and reproduce the corrections to soft theorems at sub-sub-leading order for graviton and sub-leading order for photon. For this aim, we derive general formulae for the celestial OPE and its corresponding Ward identities arising from a cubic interaction of three spinning massless particles. Our formalism thus provides a unified framework for understanding the Ward identities in celestial conformal field theory, or equivalently the soft theorems in scattering amplitude.
Bi-Kolmogorov type operators and weighted Rellich’s inequalities
Authors: Addona Davide , Gregorio Federica , Rhandi Abdelaziz , Tacelli Cristian
Published: January 2022

In this paper we consider the symmetric Kolmogorov operator $$L=\Delta +\frac{\nabla \mu }{\mu }\cdot \nabla $$

L
=
Δ
+

∇
μ

μ

·
∇

on $$L^2({\mathbb {R}}^N,d\mu )$$

L
2

(

R

N

,
d
μ
)

, where $$\mu $$
μ
is the density of a probability measure on $${\mathbb {R}}^N$$

R

N

. Under general conditions on $$\mu $$
μ
we prove first weighted Rellich’s inequalities and deduce that the operators L and $$-L^2$$

-

L
2

with domain $$H^2({\mathbb {R}}^N,d\mu )$$

H
2

(

R

N

,
d
μ
)

and $$H^4({\mathbb {R}}^N,d\mu )$$

H
4

(

R

N

,
d
μ
)

respectively, generate analytic semigroups of contractions on $$L^2({\mathbb {R}}^N,d\mu )$$

L
2

(

R

N

,
d
μ
)

. We observe that $$d\mu $$

d
μ

is the unique invariant measure for the semigroup generated by $$-L^2$$

-

L
2

and as a consequence we describe the asymptotic behaviour of such semigroup and obtain some local positivity properties. As an application we study the bi-Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operator and its semigroup on $$L^2({\mathbb {R}}^N,d\mu )$$

L
2

(

R

N

,
d
μ
)

.
Violence against physicians and nurses: a systematic literature review
Authors: Chakraborty Sayantan , Mashreky Saidur Rahman , Dalal Koustuv
Published: January 2022

Background

Violence against physicians and nurses is a global public health problem. This study explored violence against physicians and nurses using a systematic literature review.

Methods

Pubmed and Scopus were searched using search words ‘violence’ OR ‘aggression’ ‘against’ ‘physicians’ AND ‘nurses’. Articles published between 2010 and 2020 in the English language, excluding review/systemic review articles, were included in the study. We used the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for literature search and reporting and assessed the quality of the article based on the JBI checklist for analytical cross sectional studies.

Results

A total of 22 studies were included. The majority of the studies showed that there was a significant violent incident within every setting, often directly involving patients or their relatives. Workers of emergency departments were more likely to be exposed to violence. Verbal abuses were the highest among all settings. Physicians were more likely to face physical violence, while nurses were more prone to sexual harassment. Lack of communication plays a significant role. Fewer reports of violence were noted due to lack of action taken previously.

Conclusion

Adequate policy making and implementation and operational research are required to further mitigate the episodes of violence.