bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropenes in Metal Carbene Transformations
Authors: Deng Yongming , Doyle Michael P.
Published: August 2016

Review: [28 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactivity of Donor—Acceptor Cyclopropanes with Saturated and Unsaturated Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Pandey Ashok Kumar , Ghosh Asit , Banerjee Prabal
Published: August 2016

Review: [31 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Conversion of Furans and Pyrroles to Natural Products and Analogues Utilizing Donor—Acceptor Substituted Cyclopropanes as Key Intermediates
Authors: Reiser Oliver
Published: August 2016

Review: [46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cooperative Capture Synthesis: Yet Another Playground for Copper‐Free Click Chemistry
Authors: Hou Xisen , Ke Chenfeng , Fraser Stoddart J.
Published: August 2016

Review: efforts in the development of a highly efficient copper‐free click reaction for the synthesis of oligo‐ and polyrotaxanes with potential commercial value; 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Fmoc‐Modified Amino Acids and Short Peptides: Simple Bio‐Inspired Building Blocks for the Fabrication of Functional Materials
Authors: Tao Kai , Levin Aviad , Adler‐Abramovich Lihi , Gazit Ehud
Published: August 2016

Review: studies on the self‐assembly of Fmoc‐modified biomolecules and their relevant applications in diverse advanced fields; 167 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Lignin Valorization Through Catalytic Lignocellulose Fractionation: A Fundamental Platform for the Future Biorefinery
Authors: Galkin Maxim V. , Samec Joseph S. M.
Published: August 2016

Review: [90 refs.
Adiabatic Mixed‐Field Orientation of Ground‐State‐Selected Carbonyl Sulfide Molecules
Authors: Kienitz Jens S. , Trippel Sebastian , Mullins Terry , Długołęcki Karol , González‐Férez Rosario , Küpper Jochen
Published: August 2016

A strong adiabatic mixed‐field orientation (Nup/Ntot=0.882) of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) molecules in their absolute ground state is experimentally demonstrated. OCS is oriented in a combination of nonresonant laser and static electric fields inside a two‐plate velocity map imaging spectrometer. The transition from nonadiabatic to adiabatic orientation for the rotational ground state is studied by varying the applied laser intensity and static electric field. Above static electric field strengths of 10 kV cm−1 and laser intensities of 1011 W cm−2 the observed degree of orientation reaches a plateau. These results are in good agreement with computational solutions of the time‐dependent Schrödinger equation.
Reaction between Lithium Anode and Polysulfide Ions in a Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Zheng Dong , Yang Xiao‐Qing , Qu Deyang
Published: August 2016

The reaction between polysulfides and a lithium anode in a Li–S battery was examined using HPLC. The results demonstrated that the polysulfide species with six sulfur atoms or more were reactive with regard to lithium metal. Although the reaction can be greatly inhibited by the addition of LiNO3 in the electrolyte, LiNO3 cannot form a stable protection layer on the Li anode to prevent the reaction during storage.
Matching capacitance and transfer efficiency of four wireless power transfer systems via magnetic coupling resonance
Authors: Xiao Chunyan , Wei Kangzheng , Liu Fang , Ma Yangxiao
Published: August 2016

Matching capacitance determines the resonance and resonant frequency for a given wireless power transfer (WPT) system. Theoretical solutions for matching capacitance are essential to designing and controlling a coupling system in resonant status and to ensuring that the system operates under high power transfer efficiency. This paper deduced all the analytical expressions of matching capacitance to achieve magnetic resonance for four classical circuitries when considering the coils' resistances. Our results showed that there are several kinds of capacitance matching methods for each circuitry to achieve resonance. Matching capacitances, different from those in the existing literatures, make the system really operate under the magnetic coupling resonance. In literatures, the capacitance at the receiver side compensated only the self‐inductance of the receiver coil and the system except series to series did not operate in the resonance state. Furthermore, the resonance conditions in applications were then given. Accordingly, the expressions of resonant WPT efficiency were presented. These expressions revealed how the underlying factors besides matching capacitance affect the power transfer efficiency, and provided easy access optimizing circuit parameters for high transfer efficiency. Four kinds of circuits were compared through theoretical analysis, calculations and experiments. Experimental results verified the theoretical solutions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interference analysis of cognitive radio networks
Authors: Foo Yee‐Loo
Published: August 2016

In spite of spectrum sensing, aggregate interference from cognitive radios (CRs) remains as a deterring factor to the realization of spectrum sharing. We provide a systematic approach of evaluating the aggregate interference (Iaggr) experienced at a victim primary receiver. In our approach, we model the received power versus propagation distance relations between a primary transmitter, primary receiver, and CRs. Our analytical framework differs from the previous works in that we have formulated the relationship between Iaggr and the sensing inaccuracy of CRs. Energy detector is assumed for the purpose of spectrum sensing. Iaggr is expressed explicitly as a function of the number of energy samples collected (N) and the threshold signal‐to‐noise ratio level used for comparison (SNRε). The theoretical analysis is then applied to a practical scenario of spectrum sharing between digital TV broadcast and the IEEE 802.22 wireless regional area network systems. The impact on digital TV reception is evaluated in terms of signal‐to‐interference ratio. The proposed method allows us to determine the appropriate wireless regional area network operating conditions that fulfill the signal‐to‐interference ratio requirement imposed by regulator. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resilience of a tropical sport fish population to a severe cold event varies across five estuaries in southern Florida
Authors: Stevens P. W. , Blewett D. A. , Boucek R. E. , Rehage J. S. , Winner B. L. , Young J. M. , Whittington J. A. , Paperno R.
Published: August 2016

For species that are closely managed, understanding population resilience to environmental and anthropogenic disturbances (i.e., recovery trajectories across broad spatial areas) can guide which suite of management actions are available to mitigate any impacts. During January 2010, an extreme cold event in south Florida caused widespread mortality of common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, a popular sport fish. Interpretation of trends using fishery‐independent monitoring data in five south Florida estuaries showed that changes in catch rates of adult snook (>500 mm standard length) varied between no effects postevent to large effects and 4‐yr recoveries. The reasons for the variation across estuaries are unknown, but are likely related to differences in estuary geomorphology and habitat availability (e.g., extent of deep rivers and canals) and differences in the proportions of behavior contingents (i.e., segments of the population that use divergent movement tactics) that place snook in different areas of the estuary during winter. Emerging awareness of the presence of behavior contingents, identification of overwintering sites, and improvements of abundance indices in remote nursery habitats should provide a better understanding of population resilience to disturbance events for snook. Given that changes in the frequency of short‐lived, severe cold events are currently unknown, the findings and management actions described here for a tropical species living at the edge of its distribution should be useful to scientists forecasting the effects of climate change.
Regeneration of montane forests 24 years after the 1988 Yellowstone fires: A fire‐catalyzed shift in lower treelines?
Authors: Donato Daniel C. , Harvey Brian J. , Turner Monica G.
Published: August 2016

Forests near the lower limit of montane tree cover are expected to be particularly vulnerable to warming climate, potentially converting to non‐forest for prolonged periods if affected by canopy‐removing disturbances. Such disturbance‐catalyzed shifts are by nature stochastic, offering few opportunities to test these predictions. We capitalized on a landmark event exemplary of recent large disturbances—the 1988 wildfires in Yellowstone National Park (USA)—to investigate long‐term (24‐yr) regeneration dynamics in Douglas‐fir (Pseudotsuga menziesiivar.glauca) forests, which compose the lower treeline yet have received little study. We tested the hypothesis that, under current conditions (warmest decades in last 6000 yr), dry lower‐margin stands are less apt to attain self‐replacement than adjacent, but more mesic, stands farther from the ecotone. Mesic sites characterized by dense forests prefire regenerated robustly regardless of burn severity, even in large high‐severity patches, whereas dry sites did so only if nearby seed sources survived (i.e., small patch size or moderate burn severity). Regeneration continued over two decades, peaking between ~5 and 15 yr, with mesic stands continuing regenerating beyond 15 yr to a greater degree than dry stands. Self‐replacement of stands by 24 yr postfire was nearly universal in mesic stands, variable but common in dry stands not adjacent to the lower ecotone, and uncommon in dry stands near the ecotone—particularly if burned at high severity. Whether the lack of regeneration in ecotonal stands is categorically directional with warming climate or part of a long‐term cycle is unresolved, but we estimate that the 1988 fires converted > 4000 ha of lower‐montane forest to grass/sage steppe for at least several decades, possibly indefinitely given current trends in climate. These data support the notion that climate‐driven shifts in vegetation cover are likely to occur in punctuated fashion with disturbances, with relatively abrupt implications for montane forest cover, biogeography, and ecosystem function.
Fractionation of stable carbon isotopes of tissue fatty acids in Atlantic pollock (Pollachius virens)
Authors: Budge Suzanne M. , AuCoin Lacey R. , Ziegler Susan E. , Lall Santosh P.
Published: August 2016

Reliable estimates of diet to tissue fractionation of fatty acid (FA) stable carbon isotopes are essential for the development of techniques employing these biomarkers. In this work, Atlantic pollock (Pollachius virens) was used as a model species to investigate fractionation arising from metabolic processes during assimilation of dietary FA into serum and liver; we also examined fractionation occurring from mobilization of FA from liver during fasting. Pollock were fed diets containing FA of known isotopic composition, and serum and liver were collected postprandially and after fasting. Lipids were isolated from these tissues, and four polyunsaturated FA (PUFA), 18:2n‐6, 18:3n‐3, 20:5n‐3, and 22:6n‐3, within triacylglycerols (TAG), a specific lipid class associated with fat storage, were analyzed for their stable carbon isotope ratios. For 18:2n‐6, 20:5n‐3, and 22:6n‐3, there was no discrimination between diet and serum in postprandially sampled fish, suggesting that fractionation did not occur during hydrolysis and esterification for most PUFA examined here during digestion and transfer into serum. There was a similar lack of fractionation for all four FA between fasted liver and serum, indicating that the assembly of these FA into TAG and their release into serum were not associated with fractionation. However, apparent fractionation was variable and inconsistent for all FA between diet and postprandial liver, indicating a failure of liver TAG to fully reflect the new diet. These data will allow δ13C values of three PUFA in postprandial serum to be incorporated into mixing models to estimate recent diet in gadoids. Further controlled feeding studies, under conditions that elicit physiological responses that are similar to those of fish in their natural environment, will be necessary before reliable estimates of longer‐term diet, derived from δ13C in liver FA, will be possible.
Metal–Organic Framework Based on Copper and Carboxylate‐Imidazole as Robust and Effective Catalyst in the Oxidative Amidation of Carboxylic Acids and Formamides
Authors: Albert‐Soriano María , Pastor Isidro M.
Published: August 2016

A metal–organic framework (MOF) based on copper and 1,3‐bis(carboxymethyl)imidazole (bcmim) was prepared on a gram scale by using a precipitation method at room temperature. The Cu(bcmim)2 MOF was shown to be an efficient catalyst for the preparation of amides through an oxidative coupling between carboxylic acids and formamides in the presence of an oxidant, such as tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP). The method for the preparation of the amides is robust regardless of the carboxylic acid and gives good conversions with good selectivity. The heterogeneous catalyst was recovered unaltered after the reaction, was easily separated from the reaction mixture, and subsequently reactivated by suitable treatment. Moreover, the coupling reaction was scaled up to a gram scale, which allowed for the preparation of valuable products, such as fatty acid amides (i.e., 1‐palmitoylpiperidine).
Droplet size influences division of mammalian cell factories in droplet microfluidic cultivation
Authors: Periyannan Rajeswari Prem Kumar , Joensson Haakan N. , Andersson‐Svahn Helene
Published: August 2016

The potential of using droplet microfluidics for screening mammalian cell factories has been limited by the difficulty in achieving continuous cell division during cultivation in droplets. Here, we report the influence of droplet size on mammalian cell division and viability during cultivation in droplets. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, the most widely used mammalian host cells for biopharmaceuticals production were encapsulated and cultivated in 33, 180 and 320 pL droplets for 3 days. Periodic monitoring of the droplets during incubation showed that the cell divisions in 33 pL droplets stopped after 24 h, whereas continuous cell division was observed in 180 and 320 pL droplets for 72 h. The viability of the cells cultivated in the 33 pL droplets also dropped to about 50% in 72 h. In contrast, the viability of the cells in the larger droplets was above 90% even after 72 h of cultivation, making them a more suitable droplet size for 72‐h cultivation. This study shows a direct correlation of microfluidic droplet size to the division and viability of mammalian cells. This highlights the importance of selecting suitable droplet size for mammalian cell factory screening assays.
Analysis of Lithium‐Ion Battery Models Based on Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
Authors: Westerhoff Uwe , Kurbach Kerstin , Lienesch Frank , Kurrat Michael
Published: August 2016

This work is an overview of various equivalent circuits (ECs) containing various degrees of detail. The ECs are evaluated in terms of model accuracy and parameterization time for the systematic assignment of an equivalent circuit to application fields. For this purpose, impedance spectra were measured using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at different states of charge, health and temperatures. Then the parameters of the EC were extracted using the least‐squares method and the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. After comparing the simulated to the measured impedance spectrum, a review and assignment of equivalent circuits for potential applications is given. Simple equivalent circuits with a series resistor and a maximum of two resistance–capacitance (RC) elements are ideal for simulations with lower dynamics. Equivalent circuits with up to five RC elements or even a constant‐phase element (CPE) are promising for simulating highly dynamic processes. By using RCPE elements the impedance spectrum can be modeled with the highest accuracy, which is why this type of model should be used for diagnostic purposes.
Influence of Ionic Liquid Electrolytes on the Photovoltaic Performance of Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Decoppet Jean‐David , Khan Sher B. , Al‐Ghamdi Mohammed S. A , Alhogbi Basma G. , Asiri Abdullah M. , Zakeeruddin Shaik M. , Grätzel Michael
Published: August 2016

New binary ionic liquid electrolytes based on 1‐methyl‐1‐butylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1‐butylpyridinium bis(trifluromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium bis(trifluromethylsulfonyl)imide, 1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium tetracyanoborate, or 1‐methyl‐3‐ethylimidazolium tricyanomethanide coupled with 1‐methyl‐3‐propyl‐imidazolium iodide were developed for dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). We examined these ionic liquid compositions in conjunction in conjunction with a diketopyrrolopyrrole‐based donor‐π bridge acceptor dye (DPP‐13) in dye‐sensitized solar cells and also investigated the influence of adding lithium ions to the electrolyte to enhance the device performance. The best device exhibited a short‐circuit current density of 15.2 mA cm−2, an open‐circuit voltage of 678 mV, and a fill factor of 71 %, corresponding to an overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.1 % under standard AM 1.5G illumination at 100 mW cm−2.
Anaerobic digestion of poultry manure: Process optimization employing struvite precipitation and novel digestion technologies
Authors: Farrow Cameron , Crolla Anna , Kinsley Chris , McBean Ed
Published: August 2016

Solid‐state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) of poultry manure is assessed utilizing a combination anaerobic leaching bed (ALBR)/plug‐flow digester. Struvite precipitation is employed concurrently with digestion to control total ammoniacal nitrogen (TAN) and prevent inhibition of methanogenic archaea. Struvite precipitation reactions are performed at a pH of 7.0 to minimize microbiological stress when leachate is returned to the digester. Results demonstrate an increase in biogas yield of 30% (470 ‐ 607 L/kgVSin) during batch digestion trials and up to 235% during semi‐continuous trials, when employing struvite precipitation methodologies. Methane content of the biogas is also shown to increase significantly (P < 0.05) when employing struvite precipitation. Of the three organic loading rates assessed (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 kg VS/m3•day) during semi‐continuous digestion, 1.5 kg VS/m3•day is shown to be the most efficient, with respect to biogas yield. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 36: 73–82, 2017
Development and Initial Evaluation of the ClearSpeak Style for Automated Speaking of Algebra
Authors: Frankel Lois , Brownstein Beth , Soiffer Neil , Hansen Eric
Published: August 2016

The work described in this report is the first phase of a project to provide easy‐to‐use tools for authoring and rendering secondary‐school algebra‐level math expressions in synthesized speech that is useful for students with blindness or low vision. This report describes the initial development, software implementation, and evaluation of the ClearSpeak speech style—implemented for initial testing purposes using prerecorded synthetic speech, and implemented later in the project as a collection of predefined rules and in some cases variations (called preferences in ClearSpeak)—for automatically generated synthetic speech. In addition to wording, speech styles can specify pausing (or other prosodic cues) within the speech. The ClearSpeak style focuses on speech for secondary school algebra. The evaluation compares a prototype of the ClearSpeak style to two pre‐existing speech styles: MathSpeak and SimpleSpeak. The primary parameters evaluated are students' success in drawing conclusions about the content and structure of math expressions and their perceptions regarding the familiarity, helpfulness, and understandability of the expressions as spoken. Please see Appendix E for information on obtaining a version of this report that is fully accessible using the tools described.
Sulfatase‐mediated manipulation of the astrocyte‐Schwann cell interface
Authors: O'Neill Paul , Lindsay Susan L. , Pantiru Andreea , Guimond Scott E. , Fagoe Nitish , Verhaagen Joost , Turnbull Jeremy E. , Riddell John S. , Barnett Susan C.
Published: August 2016

Schwann cell (SC) transplantation following spinal cord injury (SCI) may have therapeutic potential. Functional recovery is limited however, due to poor SC interactions with host astrocytes and the induction of astrogliosis. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are closely related to SCs, but intermix more readily with astrocytes in culture and induce less astrogliosis. We previously demonstrated that OECs express higher levels of sulfatases, enzymes that remove 6‐O‐sulfate groups from heparan sulphate proteoglycans, than SCs and that RNAi knockdown of sulfatase prevented OEC‐astrocyte mixing in vitro. As human OECs are difficult to culture in large numbers we have genetically engineered SCs using lentiviral vectors to express sulfatase 1 and 2 (SC‐S1S2) and assessed their ability to interact with astrocytes. We demonstrate that SC‐S1S2s have increased integrin‐dependent motility in the presence of astrocytes via modulation of NRG and FGF receptor‐linked PI3K/AKT intracellular signaling and do not form boundaries with astrocytes in culture. SC‐astrocyte mixing is dependent on local NRG concentration and we propose that sulfatase enzymes influence the bioavailability of NRG ligand and thus influence SC behavior. We further demonstrate that injection of sulfatase expressing SCs into spinal cord white matter results in less glial reactivity than control SC injections comparable to that of OEC injections. Our data indicate that sulfatase‐mediated modification of the extracellular matrix can influence glial interactions with astrocytes, and that SCs engineered to express sulfatase may be more OEC‐like in character. This approach may be beneficial for cell transplant‐mediated spinal cord repair. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2017;65:19–33
Mismatch negativity (MMN) stands at the crossroads between explicit and implicit emotional processing
Authors: Chen Chenyi , Hu Chia‐Hsuan , Cheng Yawei
Published: August 2016

The amygdala is known as a key brain region involved in the explicit and implicit processing of emotional faces, and plays a crucial role in salience detection. Not until recently was the mismatch negativity (MMN), a component of the event‐related potentials to an odd stimulus in a sequence of stimuli, utilized as an index of preattentive salience detection of emotional voice processing. However, their relationship remains to be delineated. This study combined the fMRI scanning and event‐related potential recording by examining amygdala reactivity in response to explicit and implicit (backward masked) perception of fearful and angry faces, along with recording MMN in response to the fearfully and angrily spoken syllables dada in healthy subjects who varied in trait anxiety (STAI‐T). Results indicated that the amplitudes of fearful MMN were positively correlated with left amygdala reactivity to explicit perception of fear, but negatively correlated with right amygdala reactivity to implicit perception of fear. The fearful MMN predicted STAI‐T along with left amygdala reactivity to explicit fear, whereas the association between fearful MMN and STAI‐T was mediated by right amygdala reactivity to implicit fear. These findings suggest that amygdala reactivity in response to explicit and implicit threatening faces exhibits opposite associations with emotional MMN. In terms of emotional processing, MMN not only reflects preattentive saliency detection but also stands at the crossroads of explicit and implicit perception. Hum Brain Mapp 38:140–150, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Role of surgery in the management of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma: Korean nationwide multicenter study of 329 patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, 2000 to 2012
Authors: Baek Seung‐Kuk , Lee Myung‐Chul , Hah J. Hun , Ahn Soon‐Hyun , Son Young‐Ik , Rho Young‐Soo , Chung Phil‐Sang , Lee Yoon‐Se , Koo Bon Seok , Jung Kwang‐Yoon , Lee Byung‐Joo
Published: August 2016

Background

The Korean Society of Thyroid Head and Neck Surgery established a nationwide multicenter registry of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) and evaluated the prognostic factors and treatment outcomes of ATC.

Methods

The present study enrolled 329 patients who were diagnosed with ATC between January 2000 and December 2012 at 19 medical centers in Korea. Survival outcomes were evaluated according to various clinical factors and treatments.

Results

Multivariate analysis identified age ≥70 years old, the presence of initial clinical symptoms, distant metastasis, and treatment modality as significant risk factors (p <.05). The patients who underwent curative resection and adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) or concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) showed the best survival on multivariate analysis (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Although ATC is a lethal neoplasm, long‐term survival may be acquired in cases in which the aggressive management, including curative resection or RT/concurrent CRT, is possible for therapeutic intent. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 133–139, 2017
FAT1 is a novel upstream regulator of HIF1α and invasion of high grade glioma
Authors: Madan Evanka , Dikshit Bhawana , Gowda Srinivas H. , Srivastava Chitrangda , Sarkar Chitra , Chattopadhyay Parthaprasad , Sinha Subrata , Chosdol Kunzang
Published: August 2016

The hypoxic microenvironment is an important contributor of glioblastoma (GBM) aggressiveness via HIF1α, while tumour inflammation is profoundly influenced by FAT Atypical Cadherin (FAT1). This study was designed to explore the functional interaction and significance of FAT1 and HIF1α under severe hypoxia‐mimicking tumour microenvironment in primary human tumours. We first identified a positive correlation of FAT1 with HIF1α and its target genes in GBM tumour specimens, revealing the significance of the FAT1‐HIF1α axis in glioma cells. We found that severe hypoxia leads to an increased expression of FAT1 and HIF1α in U87MG and U373MG cells. To reveal the relevance of FAT1 under hypoxic conditions, we depleted endogenous FAT1 under hypoxia and found a substantial reduction in the expression of HIF1α and its downstream target genes like CA9, GLUT1, VEGFA, MCT4, HK2, BNIP3 and REDD1, as well as a significant reduction in the invasiveness in GBM cells. At the molecular level, under hypoxia the FAT1 depletion‐associated reduction in HIF1α was due to compromised EGFR‐Akt signaling as well as increased VHL‐dependent proteasomal degradation of HIF1α. In brief, for the first time, these results reveal an upstream master regulatory role of FAT1 in the expression and role of HIF1α under hypoxic conditions and that FAT1‐HIF1α axis controls the invasiveness of GBM. Hence, FAT1 represents a novel potential therapeutic target for GBM.
Evaluation of Oolong Teas Using 1H and 13C Solid‐state NMR, Sensory Analysis, and Multivariate Statistics
Authors: Cai Honghao , Cheng Renhao , Jin Yali , Ding Shangwu , Chen Zhong
Published: August 2016

The classification of Wuyi rock tea (Oolong type) is performed by solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) for the first time. Quality differences of eight Oolong teas grown in Wuyi Mountains in southeastern China are analyzed by a combination of solid‐state
1H and
1H– 13C CP‐MAS (cross‐polarization magic angle spinning) NMR, partial least‐squares discriminate analysis (PLS‐DA), and quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). The contents of caffeine, carbohydrate, polyphenol, and terpenoid were distinguished, and quantification of the metabolites was made based on the
1H and
13C MAS spectra. PLS‐DA shows a separation of high‐ and low‐quality Oolong teas, in good agreement with the result of QDA. These results indicate that NMR metabolomic approach enables us to differentiate the analyzed teas based on their chemical composition.
An overview of the potential strategies for NK cell‐based immunotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Sinha Chandrima , Cunningham Lea C.
Published: August 2016

Patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) have relatively low survival rates compared to patients with other pediatric cancers. Relapse is frequent with conventional treatment and is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural killer (NK) cells offer an alternative approach to chemotherapy that combats relapse by substantially eradicating AML blasts. New methods for enhancing NK cell activation and expression of the activating ligand on target malignant cells will increase the likelihood of success with this approach. We review these latest discoveries in NK cell‐based therapy for AML and delineate recent advances in sensitizing AML cells to NK cell‐mediated immunosurveillance.
Benefits and limitations of prenatal screening for Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Butler Merlin G.
Published: August 2016

This review summarizes the status of genetic laboratory testing in Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) with different genetic subtypes, most often a paternally derived 15q11–q13 deletion and discusses benefits and limitations related to prenatal screening. Medical literature was searched for prenatal screening and genetic laboratory testing methods in use or under development and discussed in relationship to PWS. Genetic testing includes six established laboratory diagnostic approaches for PWS with direct application to prenatal screening. Ultrasonographic, obstetric and cytogenetic reports were summarized in relationship to the cause of PWS and identification of specific genetic subtypes including maternal disomy 15. Advances in genetic technology were described for diagnosing PWS specifically DNA methylation and high‐resolution chromosomal SNP microarrays as current tools for genetic screening and incorporating next generation DNA sequencing for noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) using cell‐free fetal DNA. Positive experiences are reported with NIPT for detection of numerical chromosomal problems (aneuploidies) but not for structural problems (microdeletions). These reports will be discussed along with future directions for genetic screening of PWS. In summary, this review describes and discusses the status of established and ongoing genetic testing options for PWS applicable in prenatal screening including NIPT and future directions for early diagnosis in PWS. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thorium (IV) phosphate‐polyaniline composite‐based hydrophilic membranes for bending actuator application
Authors: Khan Ajahar , Inamuddin  , Jain Ravi Kant , Asiri Abdullah M.
Published: August 2016

In the present study, ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) membrane actuator based on triple‐layered thorium(IV) phosphate/polyaniline/Pt (ThP‐PANI‐Pt) was prepared via consecutive solution recasting and electroless plating methods. The triple‐layered membrane is composed of thorium(IV) phosphate (ThP) inorganic cation exchanger layer in the middle section, two layers of polyaniline deposited through in situ polymerization and finally Pt electrode layers on both the surfaces on the outer section. The water uptake capacity of the ThP‐PANI composite polymer membrane was found to be 95.40% at 45ºC for 10 h of immersion time. The ion exchange capacity and proton conductivity was found to be 1.6 meq g−1of dry membrane and 1.12 × 10−3 S cm−1, respectively. Maximum water loss from IPMC was 38% at 4 V for a time period of 12 min. Scanning electron micrographs shows the smooth and uniform coating of Pt on both side of composite polymer membrane surfaces. Cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and tip displacement of ThP‐PANI‐Pt IPMC membrane actuator was also examined. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 57:258–267, 2017. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Biological cryo‐electron microscopy in China
Authors: Wang Hong‐Wei , Lei Jianlin , Shi Yigong
Published: August 2016

Cryo‐electron microscopy (cryo‐EM) plays an increasingly more important role in structural biology. With the construction of an arm of the Chinese National Protein Science Facility at Tsinghua University, biological cryo‐EM has entered a phase of rapid development in China. This article briefly reviews the history of biological cryo‐EM in China, describes its current status, comments on its impact on the various biological research fields, and presents future outlook.
Novel Test Approach for Evaluating and Modelling Barrier Properties of Food Contact Materials Against Mineral Oil Contaminants
Authors: Laine Christiane , Pitkänen Marja , Ohra‐aho Taina , Gestranius Marie , Ketoja Jukka A.
Published: August 2016

A method for testing the mineral oil barrier properties of packaging materials has been developed as a response for the concerns on contamination of food by mineral oil compounds. The aim was to provide an efficient tool to evaluate packaging materials with respect to this. The method is a modification of the so‐called cup test using model compounds comparable with mineral oil components with different length and configuration of the hydrocarbon chain. The model compounds are introduced in the gas phase as penetrants. The absorbed amounts, which have migrated through the barrier, are analysed from a food simulant or powdered sugar. The method has been validated for coated and non‐coated boards. Compared with folding boxboard without polymer coating, polyethylene terephthalate‐coated board reduces the amount of the C16 compound in food simulant after 7‐day tests by a factor of 30. An extended migration model describing sorption mechanisms to both food simulant and fibres in the packing material has been developed. The model simulations for folding boxboard indicate that fibres absorb a significant proportion of the compounds when molecular weight increases. This retards the migration significantly compared with the speed expected by diffusion mechanism only. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archetypal analysis for data‐driven prototype identification
Authors: Ragozini G. , Palumbo F. , D'Esposito M. R.
Published: August 2016

Prototypes, as Rosch (1973) defined the term in the cognitive sciences field, are ideal exemplars that summarize and represent groups of objects (or categories) and that are “typical" according to their internal resemblance and external dissimilarity vis‐à‐vis other groups or categories. In line with the cognitive approach, we propose a data‐driven procedure for identifying prototypes that is based on archetypal analysis and compositional data analysis. The procedure presented here exploits the properties of archetypes, both in terms of their external dissimilarity in relation to other points in the data set and in terms of their ability to represent the data through compositions in a simplex in which it is possible to cluster all of the observations. The proposed procedure is useful not only for the usual real data points; it may also be used for interval‐valued data, functional data, and relational data, and it provides well‐separated and clearly profiled prototypes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Statistical Analysis and Data Mining: The ASA Data Science Journal, 2016
Musculoskeletal disorders among orthopedic pediatric surgeons: An overlooked entity
Authors: Alzahrani Mohammad M. , Alqahtani Saad M. , Tanzer Michael , Hamdy Reggie C.
Published: August 2016

Introduction

Forceful and repetitive maneuvers constitute the majority of pediatric orthopedic surgical tasks, thus subjecting surgeons to the risk of musculoskeletal (MSK) injuries during their years in practice. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence, characteristics and impact of MSK disorders among pediatric orthopedic surgeons.

Methods

A modified version of the physical discomfort survey was sent to surgeons who were members of the Pediatric Orthopedic Society of North America (POSNA) via e-mail. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance, and Fisher's exact test. p values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Of the 402 respondents, 67 % reported that they had sustained a work-related MSK injury, of which the most common diagnoses were low back pain (28.6 %) and lateral elbow epicondylitis (15.4 %). Among those which reported an injury, 26 % required surgical treatment and 31 % needed time off work as a direct result of their injury. The number of work-related injuries incurred by a surgeon increased significantly with increasing age ( p < 0.001), working in a non-academic institute ( p < 0.05), working in more than one institute ( p < 0.05), and being in active practice for >21 years ( p < 0.05). The need to undergo treatment or take time off due to the injury was associated with increased number of injuries ( p < 0.001). In addition, surgeons were more likely to require time off work when they were >56 years of age ( p < 0.001), had been in practice for >21 years ( p < 0.001), required surgical management of their disorder ( p < 0.001), and had experienced an exacerbation of a previous disorder ( p < 0.001).

Discussion and conclusion

This study is the first of its kind to assess MSK injuries sustained by pediatric orthopedic surgeons. The high incidence of these disorders may place a financial and psychological burden on these surgeons and thus the healthcare system. These results should shed a light on awareness and the need for further studies to prevent and help decrease the incidence of these disorders not only in orthopedic surgeons but also in the surgical population in general.
PARTICIPATION IN ANTI-JAPANESE DEMONSTRATIONS IN CHINA: EVIDENCE FROM A SURVEY ON THREE ELITE UNIVERSITIES IN BEIJING
Authors: Zhou Min , Wang Hanning
Published: August 2016

Nationwide anti-Japanese demonstrations have erupted in China periodically in recent years. This study investigates what factors make university students more motivated to participate in anti-Japanese demonstrations. We collected original data on 1,458 university students in Beijing in June 2014, inquiring about both actual and possible future participation. We find that students are more willing to participate in future demonstrations (1) when they believe that anti-Japanese demonstrations benefit China's diplomacy (instrumentality), and (2) when they have prior demonstrators in their social networks (diffusion). However, when it comes to actual participation, only diffusion plays a significant role while instrumentality does not. While students claim that they are motivated by beliefs that demonstrations will matter for China's diplomacy, they actually turn out only when networks operate. In addition, membership in the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) does not affect prospective participation but deters actual participation. The CCP actually discourages participation in recent anti-Japanese demonstrations.
AN INVERSE MAPPING THEOREM FOR BLOW-NASH MAPS ON SINGULAR SPACES
Authors: CAMPESATO JEAN-BAPTISTE
Published: August 2016

A semialgebraic map $f:X\rightarrow Y$ between two real algebraic sets is called blow-Nash if it can be made Nash (i.e., semialgebraic and real analytic) by composing with finitely many blowings-up with nonsingular centers.

We prove that if a blow-Nash self-homeomorphism $f:X\rightarrow X$ satisfies a lower bound of the Jacobian determinant condition then $f^{-1}$ is also blow-Nash and satisfies the same condition.

The proof relies on motivic integration arguments and on the virtual Poincaré polynomial of McCrory–Parusiński and Fichou. In particular, we need to generalize Denef–Loeser change of variables key lemma to maps that are generically one-to-one and not merely birational.
Prevalence of GJB2 gene mutation in 330 cochlear implant patients in the Jiangsu province
Authors: Shi L , Chen J , Li J , Wei X , Gao X
Published: August 2016

Objective:

GJB2 gene mutations are highly prevalent in pre-lingual hearing loss patients from China. Pre-lingual deafness is a sensorineural disorder that can only be treated with cochlear implantation.

Method:

The prevalence of GJB2 gene mutations was examined in 330 randomly selected patients treated with cochlear implantation.

Results:

Overall, 276 patients (83.64 per cent) carried variations in the GJB2 gene. Seventeen different genotypes were identified, including 10 confirmed pathogenic mutations (c.235delC, c.299delAT, c.176del16, p.E47X, p.T123N, p.V167M, p.C218Y, p.T86R, p.V63L and p.R184Q), 3 polymorphisms (p.V27I, p.E114 G and p.I203 T) and 2 unidentified mutations (p.V37I and c.571 T > C).

Conclusion:

A total of 103 patients (31.2 per cent) carried 2 confirmed pathogenic mutations. The frequency of c.235delC was higher than that reported previously in the Jiangsu province. The two novel mutations identified, 69C > G and 501G > A, are likely to be polymorphisms.
French Interwar Dance Theory
Authors: Franko Mark
Published: August 2016

Interwar French dance and the critical discourses responding to it have until recently been an underdeveloped research area in Anglo-American dance studies. Despite common patterns during the first half of the twentieth century that may be observed between the dance capitals of Berlin, Paris, and New York, some noteworthy differences set the French dance world apart from that of Germany or North America. Whereas in Germany and the United States modern dance asserted itself incontrovertibly in the persons of two key figures—Mary Wigman and Martha Graham, respectively—no such iconic nativist modernist dancer or choreographer emerged in France. Ilyana Karthas's When Ballet Became French indicates the predominance of ballet in France, and this would seem an inevitable consequence of the failure of modern dance to take hold there through at least one dominant figure. Franz-Anton Cramer's In aller Freiheit adopts a more multidimensional view of interwar French dance culture by examining discourse that moves outside the confines of ballet. A variety of dance forms were encouraged in the milieu of the Archives Internationales de la Danse—an archive, publishing venture, and presenting organization—that Rolf de Maré founded in Paris in 1931. This far-reaching and open-minded initiative was unfortunately cut short by the German occupation (1940–1944). As Cramer points out: “The history of modern dance in Europe is imprinted with the caesura of totalitarianism” (13). Although we are somewhat familiar with the story of modern dance in Germany, we know very little about it in France.
Dance as Documentary: Conflictual Images in the Choreographic Mirror (On Archive by Arkadi Zaides)
Authors: Pouillaude Frédéric
Published: August 2016

In a solo performance entitled Archive (2014), the Israeli choreographer Arkadi Zaides offers a physical and choreographic interpretation of videos collected by the Israeli nongovernmental organization B'Tselem in the context of an operation called “Camera Project.” The footage projected on stage shows only Israelis, but the viewpoint is Palestinian. Starting from this material, Arkadi Zaides performs, by extraction, imitation, and repetition, a (self-)analysis of the contemporary Israeli body, following a procedure reminiscent of Avi Mograbi's for film. What is the specific nature of these images whose very mode of capture emblematizes the conflict situation? What might be the contribution of an approach that puts the dancer's kinesthetic knowledge to work? How far does this offering force us to think about the “documentary” potential of dance performance, which is too often brushed aside or played down?
The Spiritual Empire of the Society of Jesus
Authors: Winnerling Tobias
Published: August 2016

The aim of this article is to throw the worldwide mission efforts of the old Society of Jesus—the order from its implementation in 1540 to its dissolution in 1773—into sharper relief by applying a new analytical frame to it. The approach taken will be to view the Society as trying to establish a form of dominion over its extra-European converts that may be described as spiritual empire-building.1To this purpose it will first sketch the theoretical framework of a spiritual empire, and then evaluate whether the old Society of Jesus may be taken to fit it either on an organizational level or in its treatment of its converts.
Ambassadors and Administrators: The Role of Clerics in Early French Colonies in Guiana
Authors: Brunelle Gayle K.
Published: August 2016

Of all of France’s early modern colonial ventures, the least studied and most obscure are the French efforts to establish settlements, missions, and plantations in Guiana. Still, the seventeenth-century French colonies in Guiana had much in common with the sixteenth-century French efforts to colonize Florida and Brazil, and their trajectories were every bit as dramatic and their outcomes equally dismal. Although not sponsored as Huguenot refuges in the New World from Catholic oppression in the Old, and thus not burdened with the fierce competition between Protestant and Catholic colonists that plagued the sixteenth-century ventures, the Guiana colonies were also prey to deep internal divisions over piety and morality, and even more over power and the purpose of the colony. Were they primarily missions to the Native peoples, plantations, or commercial ventures focused on locating sources of precious metals or establishing plantations? This paper examines the role of clerics in the genesis, financing, trajectories, and collapse of the earliest French colonies in Guiana, in particular two colonies founded about ten years apart, in 1643 and 1652. I will the argue that whereas historians have often assumed that missionaries and evangelizing were often little more than an encumbrance to early colonial ventures, useful mostly for raising funds in France, in reality clerics played a central role in shaping chartered colonial companies and the colonies they founded, for good and for ill.
The Western Design and the spiritual geopolitics of Cromwellian foreign policy
Authors: Smith David L.
Published: August 2016

This paper explores the multi-faceted nature of the spiritual geopolitics that shaped Cromwellian foreign policy in relation to the Western Design of 1654-5. It stresses the central importance of Protestant religion as a motivating force and argues that the failure of the Design was interpreted in religious terms just as much as its original aims had been. A number of motives combined to drive Cromwell into launching the Western Design. These included: the ‘Elizabethan’ tradition of English anti-Spanish policy; the pursuit of England’s imperial/colonial interests in the Caribbean; an attempt to strengthen England financially by weakening the Spanish economy; the search for security within Europe by allying with France against Spain; and, underpinning all these, the launching of a Protestant crusade against a power that Cromwell regarded as England’s ‘providential enemy’. The failure of the Design in the summer of 1655 was perceived in similarly religious terms. Just as recent scholarship on Britain’s internal conflicts of the 1640s has emphasised the central role of religion and its inseparability from other issues, so the same phenomenon is evident not only in the motives for the Western Design but also in how its defeat was perceived and interpreted.