bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colorectal cancer screening: A comparison of 35 initiatives in 17 countries
Authors: Benson Victoria S. , Patnick Julietta , Davies Anna K. , Nadel Marion R. , Smith Robert A. , Atkin Wendy S.
Published: November 2007

Although in its infancy, organized screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) in the general population is increasing at regional and national levels. Documenting and describing these initiatives is critical to identifying, sharing and promoting best practice in the delivery of CRC screening. Subsequently, the International Colorectal Cancer Screening Network (ICRCSN) was established in 2003 to promote best practice in the delivery of organized screening programs. The initial aim was to identify and document organized screening initiatives that commenced before May 2004. Each identified initiative was sent 1 questionnaire per screening modality: fecal occult blood test, flexible sigmoidoscopy or total colonoscopy. Information was collected on screening methodology, testing details and initiative status. In total, 35 organized initiatives were identified in 17 countries, including 10 routine population‐based screening programs, 9 pilots and 16 research projects. Fecal occult blood tests were the most frequently used screening modality, and total colonoscopy was seldom used as a primary screening test. The eligible age for screening ranged from 40 years old to no upper limit; most initiatives included participants aged 50 to 64. Recruitment was usually done by a mailed invitation or during a visit to a family physician. In conclusion, this is the first investigation describing the delivery of CRC screening protocols to various populations. The work of the ICRCSN is enabling valuable information to be shared and a common nomenclature to be established. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On H‐immersions
Authors: Ferrara Michael , Gould Ronald J. , Tansey Gerard , Whalen Thor
Published: November 2007

For a fixed multigraph H, possibly containing loops, with V(H) = {h1,…, hk}, we say a graph G is H‐linked if for every choice of k vertices v1,…,vk in G, there exists a subdivision of H in G such that vi represents hi (for all i). An H‐immersion in G is similar except that the paths in G, playing the role of the edges of H, are only required to be edge disjoint. In this article, we extend the notion of an H‐linked graph by determining minimum degree conditions for a graph G to contain an H‐immersion with a bounded number of vertex repetitions on any choice of k vertices. In particular, we extend results found in [2,3,5]. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 57: 245–254, 2008
Method development validation for corticoids in animal feed samples by liquid chromatography using a monolithic column
Authors: Muñiz‐Valencia Roberto , Gonzalo‐Lumbreras Raquel , Santos‐Montes Ana , Izquierdo‐Hornillos Roberto
Published: November 2007

A LC method for corticosteroids (CC) determination in poultry feed using a Chromolith column and UV detection has been developed and validated. The method development involved the optimization of different hydro‐organic mobile phases using methanol or ACN as organic modifiers, flow rate, and temperature. The optimum separation was achieved at 40°C using ACN/water (21:79 v/v) as mobile phase and 3 mL/min flow rate, allowing the separation to baseline of four out of seven CC in about 10 min. Prior to LC, a sample preparation procedure previously assayed for anabolics was used. It includes a leaching process, saponification of the esters from fatty acids, and SPE. Method validation was carried out according to the EU criteria established for quantitative screening methods. The extraction efficiencies, decision limits (CCα), and detection capabilities (CCβ) for these compounds were in the ranges of 86–92%, 27–36 μg/kg, and 33–43 μg/kg, respectively. The repeatability and the within‐laboratory reproducibility at 1, 1.5, and 2 CCβ concentration levels were smaller than 9.0, 5.0, and 4.2% and 9.4, 6.4, and 4.9%, respectively. The CV values of the robustness test were less than 3.8% and the accuracy was in the range of 98–103%. The proposed method was applied to other feed with satisfactory results.
Monolith‐based immobilized enzyme reactors: Recent developments and applications for proteome analysis
Authors: Ma Junfeng , Zhang Lihua , Liang Zhen , Zhang Weibing , Zhang Yukui
Published: November 2007

In the current proteome study, protein digestion is indispensable before proteins could be identified by MS/MS, no matter based on top–down or bottom–up strategies. Compared to the traditional digestion performed in free solution, immobilized enzyme shows great advantages in digestion speed, stability, and longevity, especially with monolithic materials as the supports. Besides the improved digestion capacity, the immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) could be further coupled with the separation and detection systems, enabling high‐throughput protein identification. In this paper, the latest advances in the monolith‐based IMERs and their applications in proteomic study are briefly summarized. By reviewing these achievements, it could be seen that monilith‐based IMERs have very bright future in proteome analysis.
Determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in surface waters from Mondego River by high performance liquid chromatography using a monolithic column
Authors: Pena Angelina , Chmielova Daniela , Lino Celeste M. , Solich Petr
Published: November 2007

A novel LC–fluorescence detection method based on the use of a monolithic column for the determination of norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and enrofloxacin antibiotic residues in environmental waters was developed. Fluoroquinolones (FQs) were isocratically eluted using a mobile phase consisting of 0.025 M phosphoric acid solution at pH 3.0 with tetrabutylammonium and methanol (960:40, v/v) through a Chromolith Performance RP‐18e column (100×4.6 mm) at a flow rate of 2.5 mL/min and detected at excitation and emission wavelengths of 278 and 450 nm, respectively. After acidification and addition of EDTA, water samples were extracted using an Oasis HLB cartridge. Linearity was evaluated in the range of 0.05 to 1 μg/mL and correlation coefficients of 0.9945 for norfloxacin, 0.9974 for ciprofloxacin, and 0.9982 for enrofloxacin were found. The limit of quantification was 25 ng/L for the three FQs. The recovery of FQs spiked into river water samples at 25, 50, and 100 ng/L fortification levels ranged from 76.5 to 91.0% for norfloxacin, 78.5 to 97.2% for ciprofloxacin, and 79.4 to 93.6% for enrofloxacin. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of water samples from the Mondego River, and ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin residues were detected in eight water samples.
Mass spectrometry analysis of new chemical entities for pharmaceutical discovery
Authors: Fang Annette S. , Miao Xiusheng , Tidswell Peter W. , Towle Marc H. , Goetzinger Wolfgang K. , Kyranos James N.
Published: November 2007

In this Section, we review the applications of mass spectrometry for the analysis and purification of new chemical entities (NCEs) for pharmaceutical discovery. Since the speed of synthesis of NCEs has dramatically increased over the last few years, new high throughput analytical techniques have been developed to keep pace with the synthetic developments. In this Section, we review both novel, as well as modifications of commonly used mass spectrometry techniques that have helped increase the speed of the analytical process. Part of the review is devoted to the purification of NCEs, which has undergone significant development in recent years, and the close integral association between characterization and purification to drive high throughput operations. At the end of the Section, we review potential future directions based on promising and exciting new developments. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 27:20–34, 2008
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and leucine activate pig myogenic satellite cells through mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway
Authors: Han Bing , Tong Junfeng , Zhu Mei J. , Ma Changwei , Du Min
Published: November 2007

Myogenic satellite cells are adult stem cells and have important roles in skeletal muscle growth, repair, and regeneration. Both insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and leucine stimulate skeletal muscle growth, which link to the activation and proliferation of myogenic satellite cells in skeletal muscle. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling is one of the main signaling pathways controlling protein synthesis and cell proliferation. Thus, IGF‐1 and leucine may stimulate activation of myogenic satellite cells through mTOR signaling. In this study, myogenic satellite cells were isolated from 6‐month‐old pigs and subjected to IGF‐1 and leucine treatments. Both IGF‐1 and leucine upregulated mTOR signaling in myogenic satellite cells. The phosphorylation of mTOR at Ser2448increased 83.8 ± 7.7% by IGF‐1 (P < 0.05) and 83.4 ± 5.7% by leucine (P < 0.05). The downstream targets of mTOR, S6 kinase, and 4E‐binding protein 1 (4EBP1) were also phosphorylated due to IGF‐1 and leucine treatments. Treatment with IGF‐1 and leucine induced the phosphorylation of tuburin (TSC2), a key mediator upstream of mTOR signaling, by 272.8 ± 26.4% and 94.2 ± 28.7%, respectively. Treatment of cells with both IGF‐1 and leucine did not show synergistic effect on mTOR signaling. Inhibition of mTOR by rapamycin abolished the protein synthesis and cell proliferation stimulated by both IGF‐1 and leucine. In summary, our data showed that in preliminary cultured myogenic satellite cells mTOR signaling was activated due to IGF‐1 and leucine treatments, and this mTOR activation is necessary for the activation of myogenic satellite cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 810–817, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Five azacytidine, a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, specifically inhibits testicular cord formation and Sertoli cell differentiation in vitro
Authors: Mizukami Takuo , Kanai Yoshiakira , Fujisawa Masahiko , Kanai‐Azuma Masami , Kurohmaru Masamichi , Hayashi Yoshihiro
Published: November 2007

In mammals, Sry, Sox9, and M33 act as regulators at a chromatin level and promote the maturation of embryonic gonads into testes. Recently, it was shown that transcriptional regulation by DNA methylation plays crucial roles in gene expression during the differentiation and development of various cell types. To determine the involvement of DNA methylation in sex determination of the gonad, we developed and performed organ culture of gonad with the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor 5‐azacytidine to induce global DNA methylation status changes. In vitro treatment with 5‐azacytidine specifically inhibited testicular cord formation in a dose‐dependent manner; however, no appreciable defect was observed in ovarian explants. Inhibition of testicular cord was observed only in gonads from11.5 days post‐coitus embryos. These effects were not observed in 5‐azacytidine‐treated gonads from 12.0 days post‐coitus embryos. To determine the effect of 5‐azacytidine on Sertoli and Leydig cell differentiation in the testis, we performed whole mount in situ hybridization analysis. The Leydig and stromal cell marker genes Lhx9, Mfge8, and 3β‐Hsd were normally induced in 5‐azaytidine‐treated testicular explants. Sertoli cell marker genes, Sox9 and MIS were normally induced, but Col9a3, encoding an extracellular matrix component, was inhibited in 5‐azacytidine‐treated testicular explants. Thus, our data show that DNA methylation is involved in testicular cord formation and Sertoli cell differentiation, acting directly on the gonad at 11.5 days post‐coitus. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 75: 1002–1010, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hyperbranched and thermally cross‐linkable oligomer from a new 2,5,7‐tri‐functional fluorene monomer
Authors: Tsai Lin‐Ren , Chen Yun
Published: November 2007

New hyperbranched (HOFV) and linear oligomers (LOFV) were prepared from 2‐bromo‐5,7‐divinyl‐9,9‐dihexylfluorene (AB2) and 2‐bromo‐7‐vinyl‐9,9‐dihexylfluorene, respectively, by the Heck reaction to study the effect of hyperbranched structure. The oligomers were readily soluble in common organic solvents. The weight‐average molecular weights (Mw) of HOFV and LOFV, determined by gel permeation chromatography using polystyrene as standard, were 2350 and 3950, respectively. Optical properties, both in solution and film state, were investigated using absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. In film state, the absorption and PL spectra peaked at 416 ∼ 425 nm and 473 ∼ 503 nm, respectively. The HOFV showed energy funnel effect and enhanced fluorescence efficiency owing to the hyperbranched structure. The HOMO and LUMO levels of HOFV (LOFV), estimated from their cyclic voltammograms, were −5.25 (−5.34) eV and −2.66 (−2.75) eV, respectively. Thermal curing of HOFV to form cross‐linked HPFV (hyperbranched poly(fluorenevinylene)) was studied by IR, DSC, UV–visible spectra, NMR, AFM and SEM. The terminal vinyl groups in HOFV film almost disappeared to provide smooth, homogeneous and solvent‐resistant films of HPFV. Two‐layer PLED devices (ITO/PEDOT/HPFV/Ca/Al) exhibited maximal luminance and luminous efficiency of 1480 cd/m2 and 0.18 cd/A, respectively, which were superior to its linear counterpart LPFV (352 cd/m2, 0.06 cd/A). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 70–84, 2008
Combining atom‐transfer radical polymerization and ring‐opening polymerization through bifunctional initiators derived from hydroxy benzyl alcohol—Preparation and characterization of initiators, macroinitiators, and block copolymers
Authors: Likhitsup Asawin , Parthiban Anbanandam , Chai Christina L. L.
Published: November 2007

A simple, one‐step procedure has been developed for the preparation of bifunctional initiators capable of polymerizing monomers suitable for atom‐transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring‐opening polymerization (ROP). These bifunctional initiators were employed for making narrow disperse poly(styrene) macroinitiators, which were subsequently used for the ROP of various lactides to yield poly(styrene‐block‐lactide) copolymers. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of these block copolymers are interesting in that it shows a two‐step degradation curve with the first step corresponding to the degradation of poly(lactide) segment and the second step associated with the poly(styrene) segment of the block copolymer. This nature of the block copolymer makes it possible to estimate the block copolymer content by TGA in addition to the 1H NMR spectroscopic analysis. Thus, this study for the first time highlights the possibility of making porous materials by thermal means which are otherwise obtained by base hydrolysis. The bifunctional initiators were prepared by the esterification of 3‐hydroxy, 4‐hydroxy, and 3,5‐dihydroxy benzyl alcohols with α‐bromoisobutyryl bromide and 2‐bromobutyryl bromide. A mixture of products was obtained, which were purified by column chromatography. The esterified benzyl alcohols were employed in the polymerization of styrene under copper (Cu)‐catalyzed ATRP conditions to yield macroinitiators with low polydispersity. These macroinitiators were subsequently used in the ROP of L‐, DL‐, and mixture of lactides. The formation of block copolymers was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), spectroscopic and thermal characterizations. The molecular weight of the block copolymers was always higher than the macroinitiator, and the GPC chromatogram was symmetrical indicating the uniform initiation of ROP by the macroinitiators. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 102–116, 2008
Graft block copolymers of propargyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate via a combination of RAFT/MADIX and click chemistry: Reaction analysis
Authors: Quémener Damien , Hellaye Maude Le , Bissett Carla , Davis Thomas P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher , Stenzel Martina H.
Published: November 2007

Propargyl methacrylate with its acetylene function protected with a silyl group is polymerized via the reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) process, using cyanoisopropyl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) as RAFT agent, and subsequently deprotected to afford a polymer backbone where each repeated unit is decorated with an acetylene functionality (1000 < Mn < 13,600 g mol−1, 1.07 < PDI < 1.29). In parallel, an azide functionalized xanthate (ethoxythiocarbonylsulfanyl‐acetic acid 3‐azido‐propyl ester) was employed to prepare narrow polydisperse poly(vinyl acetate) (Mn = 850 g mol−1, PDI = 1.20). The two polymers are conjugated by Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to afford narrow polydisperse comb polymer (1.12 < PDI < 1.18, 3400 < Mn < 12,500 g mol−1, based on linear polystyrene calibration, 4500 < M < 15,600 g mol−1). The study places special emphasis on following the copper catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as via on‐line UV–Vis photospectrometry on several model compounds, i.e. the nonmonomer inserted azido‐xanthate RAFT/MADIX agent as well as a 2‐propargyl‐2‐bromopropionate and 3‐azidopropyl‐2‐bromopropionate model compounds. A suitable absorption band in the VIS at 666 nm (tentatively assigned to a charge transfer complex between copper(I) and the forming triazole moieties) is identified as a promising sensor for following the click reaction kinetics, thus allowing for the rapid assessment of reaction completion in an on‐line fashion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 155–173, 2008
Preparation and characterization of 1,2,3‐triazole‐cured polymers from endcapped azides and alkynes
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Meher Nabin K. , Hanci Sureyya , Gyanda Reena , Tala Srinivasa R. , Mathai Sindhu , Duran Randolph S. , Bernard Sophie , Sabri Firouzeh , Singh Sandeep K. , Doskocz Jacek , Ciaramitaro David A.
Published: November 2007

Fourteen commercial polyols have been characterized by GPC, NMR spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. From these, eight corresponding tosylates, six nitrate esters, seven mesylates, 13 alkynes, and 14 azides have been prepared and all these derivatives have been fully characterized. Five alkyne monomers and eight azide monomers were also prepared. Twelve alkynes and 13 azides (functionality 2–4) were combined in 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions under neat conditions to prepare triazole‐cured polymers, avoiding any heavy metal catalyst. Characterization by NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and gel permeation chromatography indicated triazole polymers 14, 22, 23, 28, and 30 with degrees of polymerization of 17–28 to be the best candidates for future work. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 238–256, 2008
‘If we get too close to your bones they'll go brittle’: women's initial fears about radiotherapy for early breast cancer
Authors: Halkett Georgia K. B. , Kristjanson Linda J. , Lobb Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2007

Introduction: Radiotherapy is a common treatment for breast cancer. However, previous studies have shown that women who present for radiotherapy fear its use and associated side effects. The aims of this study were to develop further understanding of breast cancer patients' fears of radiotherapy, ascertain how patients deal with these fears and determine the best time in the treatment planning trajectory for health professionals to address these concerns.

Methods: Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with early breast cancer patients at four time points during their experiences of radiotherapy. Grounded theory was used to analyse the data. Symbolic interactionism informed data interpretation.

Results: Thirty‐four participants were interviewed. The two main themes that emerged prior to treatment commencement were ‘fears about receiving radiotherapy’ and ‘ways of coping with the fear of radiotherapy’. Sub‐themes that emerged as components of the theme ‘fears about receiving radiotherapy’ were: ‘fearing the unknown’, ‘getting burnt’, ‘damaging internal parts’ and ‘anticipating tiredness’. Patients were able to cope with their fears by trying not to worry about their fears and by seeking information. Many patients found that their fears about radiotherapy were much worse than their actual experiences of receiving treatment and the side effects they experienced.

Discussion/conclusion: In discussing radiotherapy with patients, health professionals have a window of opportunity at the planning appointment, prior to the commencement of radiotherapy, to assess patients' understanding and concerns about radiotherapy, listen to their fears, address meanings they assign to radiotherapy and provide reassurance about radiotherapy and the management of side effects. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk and rationality in entrepreneurial processes
Authors: Miller Kent D.
Published: November 2007

This study begins with a historical overview of the connection between risk and rationality. It then broadens beyond this historical trajectory by taking entrepreneurship as a point of departure for understanding risk and rationality. Drawing from the research of Littlechild (1986), Buchanan and Vanberg (1991), and Sarasvathy et al. (2003), this study considers three entrepreneurial processes: opportunity recognition, opportunity discovery, and opportunity creation. Associated with each of these processes are unique conceptualizations of risk and rationality, reflected in distinct research streams. The final section of the study considers implications of the process‐contingent nature of risk and rationality, and motivates a broadening of the research agenda from entrepreneurial decision making to practices. Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society
The formation of opportunity beliefs: overcoming ignorance and reducing doubt
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , McMullen Jeffery S. , Jennings P. Devereaux
Published: November 2007

Although (opportunity) beliefs are becoming increasingly recognized as fundamental to understanding entrepreneurial cognition and strategic action, little is understood about the mechanisms that are responsible for the formation and evolution of these beliefs. Introducing the mechanisms of gists, matching, and updating from philosophy's and psychology's coherence theory, we propose a theoretical framework to explain how third‐person opportunity beliefs (beliefs that one has recognized an opportunity for someone with the right knowledge and motivation) are formed and how they evolve to become first‐person opportunity beliefs (beliefs that one has recognized an opportunity for himself or herself). We conclude by examining how the model contributes to literatures ranging from entrepreneurial cognition and action, to strategic myopia and organizational attention, to opportunity recognition, discovery, and creation. Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society.
Small worlds, infinite possibilities? How social networks affect entrepreneurial team formation and search
Authors: Aldrich Howard E. , Kim Phillip H.
Published: November 2007

The social network perspective has become an important analytical lens for understanding strategic actions among entrepreneurs. Social theorists offer two competing visions of networks' configurations: one of infinite opportunities for individuals to develop heterogeneous circles of affiliations and the other of constrained opportunities privileging only certain individuals. We draw on this tension to describe three models of network formation – random, small world, and truncated scale free – and apply them to entrepreneurial team formation and resource mobilization strategies undertaken by entrepreneurs. We compare and contrast two models of team formation – a rational process model and an interpersonal relations model – and identify the network contexts under which each is most applicable. Mundane entrepreneurial teams arise within localized clusters and appear unlikely to take advantage of what network theorists have called small world networks, which depend upon bridging ties between clusters. Nonetheless, there are entrepreneurial strategies through which new ventures might achieve the advantages of small world networks. To the extent that new ventures emerge in truncated scale free networks, their founders must work within a highly centralized structure, with its institutionalized standards making team formation and entrepreneurial search more instrumental than within small worlds. Copyright © 2007 Strategic Management Society.
Cancer proteomics
Authors: Chan Daniel W. , Liang Shu-Ling
Published: November 2007

Conclusion

The future of cancer diagnostics will be based on a panel of proteomic biomarkers. They could be used to detect cancer at an early stage, to predict and to direct therapies. Enzymes and related proteins are important biological molecules, which could serve as cancer biomarkers. These biomarkers could be intact or fragments of proteins. The challenge is to be able to find and validate these potential biomarkers as clinical diagnostics. With the advances in proteomic technologies, we are closer than ever to find these “new” enzyme molecules or fragments. The translation of newly discovered biomarkers could provide an opportunity to revolutionize the era of personalized medicine.
Protein expression analysis ofChlamydia pneumoniae persistence by combined surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Sanghamitra , Jortani Saeed A. , Valdes Roland , Simmons Christine Q. , Sullivan Erin D. , Miller Richard D. , Summersgill James T.
Published: November 2007

The aim of this study was to examine the protein expression profiles of persistentChlamydia pneumoniae by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D PAGE) and surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SELDI-TOF-MS). Although 2D PAGE is still the method of choice for separating and detecting components of complex protein mixtures, it has several distinct disadvantages; i.e., being labor-intensive and having a bias toward proteins within the dynamic range of the gel condition. Hence, SELDI-TOF-MS technology was used to complement 2D PAGE.C. pneumoniae-infected HEp2 cells were treated with or without IFN-γ, and protein expression profiles were determined at 48 h postinfection (hpi). Unfractionated monolayers were also used for protein profiling by SELDI-TOF, using two different chip surface types: weak cation exchanger and hydrophobic surface. Under IFN-γ-induced persistence,C. pneumoniae expresses an altered protein expression profile. Twenty chlamydial proteins showed differential regulatory patterns by SELDI-TOF-MS, two of which, HSP-70 cofactor, and a hypothetical protein, were identified by 2D PAGE and mass spectrometry. Two additional proteins, phosphatidylserine decarboxylase and 30S ribosomal protein S17, were exclusively identified by SELDI TOF-MS analysis, as these were not present in sufficient quantity for detection by 2D PAGE. We propose that a combination of 2D-PAGE and SELDI-TOF-MS may complement the disadvantages of each technique alone and may provide a rapid and precise screening technique.
Cancer research in the UK: A policy review of the junior academic clinical faculty
Authors: Sullivan Richard
Published: November 2007

Despite huge sums spent on academic clinical raining worldwide there is surprisingly little research to inform policymakers. This study addresses the junior faculty in the UK's cancer research community through both current Fellows and senior clinicians and policymakers. Funding organisations under the National Cancer Research Institute umbrella currently support 176 junior faculty fellows (studying towards MD [2 year postgraduate research degree] or PhD) with the majority in medical oncology (49%). Craft specialities (surgery and pathology) had a very modest presence in the junior faculty. The cancer research specific junior faculty makes up a major component of all available junior faculty from National Cancer Research Institute (NCRI) partners (ca. 31%) and is supported both by direct funding to Fellows and via junior faculty positions on clinical programme grants. There was almost universal support for the value of the research experience despite only two thirds of the current cohort expressing a desire to continue to the next level (Clinician Scientist grade). Major issues identified were mentorship, supervision time, pay parity and fit with new UK Clinical Research Collaboration / Modernising Medical Careers (UKCRC/MMC) clinician training programme.
The Rediscovery of Karl Marx
Authors: Musto Marcello
Published: November 2007

Few men have shaken the world like Karl Marx. His death, almost unnoticed, was followed by echoes of fame in such a short period of time that few comparisons could be found in history. His name was soon on the lips of the workers of Detroit and Chicago, as on those of the first Indian socialists in Calcutta. His image formed the background of the congress of the Bolsheviks in Moscow after the revolution. His thought inspired the programmes and statutes of all the political and union organizations of the workers' movement, from Europe to Shanghai.
Humour and Social Protest: An Introduction
Authors: 't Hart Marjolein
Published: November 2007

In the introduction to this volume, the author explains why social historians should study the relationship between humour and social protest in the past. The following questions are of interest. Under what conditions did laughter serve the cause of the protesters? How did humour strengthen social protest? And to what degree has humour been an effective tool for contentious social movements? Recent developments in the field of social movement theory regarding framing, collective identity, and emotions are combined with insights from humorology. A short account of the individual contributions follow: they range from the Zapatistas in Mexico to Vietnamese garment workers, from sixteenth-century Augsburg to Madrid and Stockholm in the 1990s. The findings point, above all, to the power of humour in the framing of political protest. Humour was used in quite different political opportunity structures, from open democratic societies to harsh repressive regimes. Often, humour furthered the development of the collective identity of a social movement, whereas in several cases humour acted as a powerful communication tool, serving as a true “weapon of the weak”.
The Funny Side of Globalization: Humour and Humanity in Zapatista Framing
Authors: Olesen Thomas
Published: November 2007

This article argues that the literature on social movements and globalization has not paid sufficient attention to the way in which political actors who act globally try to overcome the social, cultural, and political distances that separate them. It introduces the concept of global framing to give focus to the discursive processes central to such “distance bridging”. In particular, it emphasizes how symbols and emotions are crucial in the framing of distance. Empirically, it discusses how the considerable global resonance created by the Zapatistas in Mexico is facilitated by a framing strategy, carried out mainly by the movement's spokesman, Subcomandante Marcos, in which humour, imperfection, and symbols play a decisive role.
“Cartooning Capitalism”: Radical Cartooning and the Making of American Popular Radicalism in the Early Twentieth Century
Authors: Cohen Michael
Published: November 2007

During the first two decades of the twentieth century, a mass culture of popular radicalism – consisting of various socialist, industrial unionist, anarchist, Progressive, feminist, black radical and other movements – arose to challenge the legitimacy of corporate capitalism in the United States. This article considers the role of radical cartoonists in propagandizing for, and forging unity within, this culture of popular radicalism. By articulating a common set of anti-capitalist values and providing a recognizable series of icons and enemies, radical cartoonists worked to generate a class politics of laugher that was at once entertaining and didactic. Through a discussion of the works of Art Young for The Masses, Ryan Walker's cartoons for the socialist newspaper, Appeal to Reason, and the proletarian humor of Joe Hill and the IWW, this article argues that radical cartooning did not merely provide comic relief for the movements, but was an active force in framing socialist ideology and goals in a revolutionary age.
Humour as a Guerrilla Tactic: The West German Student Movement's Mockery of the Establishment
Authors: Teune Simon
Published: November 2007

A small group within the German student movement of the 1960s expressed its critique of society in humorous protests that condensed the urge for a non-materialist, individualistic, and libertarian change. In the early phase of an emerging cycle of protest, Spassguerilla [fun guerrilla] contributed to shaping the face of the student movement, despite differences with the more traditional groups within that movement. In happenings, pamphlets, and judicial trials, humorous activists derided conventional ways of thinking and living. A responsive environment played a decisive role in shaping the image of the insurgents, thus reinforcing the impact of their actions and drawing in sympathizers.
Antagonism, Absurdity, and the Avant-Garde: Dismantling Soviet Oppression through the Use of Theatrical Devices by Poland's “Orange” Solidarity Movement
Authors: Romanienko Lisiunia A.
Published: November 2007

Since the birth of Solidarity twenty-five years ago, scholars have examined this unique Polish apparatus of defiance from nearly every institutional perspective known to the social sciences. Yet very little attention has been paid to the role of the human agency that gave rise to this powerful force of national resistance. Even less attention has been devoted to the influence of emotion, and of laughter in particular, in mobilizing this unprecedented scale of subversive activities against the Soviet empire. By deploying discursive devices offered through avant-garde performance, Solidarity's regional art student faction known as the “Orange Alternative” helped to dismantle Soviet aggression by unifying Poles under the rubric of culturally specific nostalgic humour. Low state capacity, recognition claims for optimizing human potential, and other microdynamics of oppositional consciousness are some of the factors discussed which enabled humour to strengthen the movement and prevent exogenous special interests from altering its objectives.
“A Laughter That Will Bury You All”: Irony as Protest and Language as Struggle in the Italian 1977 Movement
Authors: Gun Cuninghame Patrick
Published: November 2007

Perhaps the most innovative aspect of the Italian “1977 Movement” in its conflict with the grey, humourless political system was its use of irony to ridicule its opponents. Irony was central to the identity of the movement and its cultural and political break with the institutional old and vanguardist new lefts. Its use, particularly by the “Metropolitan Indians”, the transversalists and other “creatives”, marked a social revolt by mainly marginalized young people, who invented a new political counter-culture based on linguistic experimentation in circumstances far from the optimism of 1968. The paper, based directly on primary sources from the movement and on interviews with former participants, reassesses a movement usually characterized as “violent” by Italianist social history. It concludes that the movement's “ironic praxis” contributed to a fundamental change in Italian society in the late seventies and has influenced the political style of contemporary alter-globalist and anti-capitalist movements.
Queering Laughter in the Stockholm Pride Parade
Authors: Lundberg Anna
Published: November 2007

This article analyses the Stockholm Pride parade as an effective contemporary political stage, built on laughter and festivity. Taking its political point of departure in what is seen as being highly private and intimate, sexuality and the sexed body, the parade turns upside down one of the most central ideas of modernity: the dichotomy of public and private. Combining the theory of carnival laughter with queer theory, the article illustrates the way in which humour and politics work together in this contemporary blend of politics and popular culture.
Fighting a Different Enemy: Social Protests against Authority in the Australian Imperial Force during World War I
Authors: Wise Nathan
Published: November 2007

During World War I, the rank and file of the Australian Imperial Force utilized humour in their social protests against both their officers and the military regimen. This paper looks at the expression of this humour through a variety of mediums and explores the value of humour in providing an outlet through which these men could vent their anger at the military system. It further seeks to highlight how the adoption of humour in social protests became a secure part of the Australian soldiers' “working” identity and how this was sustained throughout the war by the masculine image of the soldier. Further to this, the paper examines the decline in the use of humour in social protest amongst war veterans in the postwar era and its replacement by a more sombre attitude towards protests.
“Doing Something Silly”: The Uses of Humour by the Women's Social and Political Union, 1903–1914
Authors: Cowman Krista
Published: November 2007

Investigations into uses of humour associated with the militant suffrage campaign of the Women's Social and Political Union have been largely concerned with the satirizing of suffragettes. The uses that suffragettes themselves made of humour as a considered political tactic have been less considered. This paper explores three ways in which suffragettes turned humour to their advantage during their campaign: by deliberately adopting “silly” behaviours as a counterpoint to over-formal and male dominated Edwardian politics; by quick-witted retorts to hecklers who sought to disrupt suffragette meetings and finally as a means of venting private political dissent and alleviating some of the stresses of hectic political campaigning. The exploration of humour within the WSPU's work reveals some of the links between humour and social protest in the early twentieth century, and considers the extent to which its use in public political behaviour might be gendered.
Alternative Forms of Working-Class Organization and the Mobilization of Informal-Sector Workers in Brazil in the Era of Neoliberalism
Authors: Sandoval Salvador A.M.
Published: November 2007

This article examines recent changes in working-class collective actions. First it explains which were the main causes for the decline of traditional labor union militancy resulting from effects of economic stabilization, neoliberalization, and globalization on those key segments of labor movement that accounted for the backbone of union militancy as in the case of the automotive workers, bank workers, steelworkers, and civil servants of the Brazilian economy during the decade of the 1990s. Secondly, the article analyzes the emergence of alternative forms of worker contention among the urban informal sector and the rural workers through the landless workers movement, which also have been affected by the processes of neoliberalization and globalization, but unlike the workers in the formal sector, these continue to contend for worker entitlements and introduce new forms of worker organization different from the conventional union organizations upon which is based the Brazilian labor movement.
Globalization and Labor: Reflections on Contemporary Latin America
Authors: Hershberg Eric
Published: November 2007

As the editors note in their introduction to this special issue of the journal, for more than 500 years, indeed since the conquest, Latin-American economies and societies have been profoundly affected by developments in the world system. Over the past century alone, watershed moments such as the Great Depression of the 1930s and the oil shocks and international debt crisis of the 1970s and 80s, have rocked Latin-American economies, transforming development paradigms and with them the circumstances of the many millions who inhabit the region. Today, a quarter century has passed since Latin-American economies embarked, unevenly yet largely irreversibly, on the path of market-oriented reform. Designed to stimulate growth through insertion into global markets, structural adjustment programs swept Latin America in the wake of the debt crisis and were followed by a panoply of measures that sought an enduring restructuring of economies in the region. The pursuit of these so-called Washington Consensus policies did away with the inward-oriented strategies that had shaped development in the region throughout the postwar period. However reluctantly, Latin America staked its future on a renewed engagement with the world economy, and became a player in the highly contested processes of globalization that are reshaping societies and economies around much of the planet.
An epidemic of sporotrichosis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: epidemiological aspects of a series of cases
Authors: BARROS M. B. L. , SCHUBACH A. O. , SCHUBACH T. M. P. , WANKE B. , LAMBERT-PASSOS S. R.
Published: November 2007

The first epidemic of sporotrichosis in humans as a result of zoonotic transmission was identified in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1998. A cross-sectional study was conducted applying questionnaires to patients seen in 2002 at Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute, Fiocruz, with a confirmed diagnosis of sporotrichsosis. A total of 73 dwellings were studied, where 255 individuals, including 94 patients and 161 healthy household contacts, lived with 133 cats with sporotrichosis. Most dwellings were houses with 83% having complete basic sanitation. Among patients, there was a predominance of women with a median age of 41 years who were engaged in domestic activities. These women contracted the disease twice more often than men. The prevalence of sporotrichosis was four times higher among patients caring for animals, irrespective of gender. In the current epidemic of sporotrichosis, taking care of sick cats was the main factor associated with transmission of the disease to humans.
Low prevalence of HIV and other selected sexually transmitted infections in 2004 in pregnant women from Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: KINOSHITA-MOLEKA R. , SMITH J. S. , ATIBU J. , TSHEFU A. , HEMINGWAY-FODAY J. , HOBBS M. , BARTZ J. , KOCH M. A. , RIMOIN A. W. , RYDER R. W.
Published: November 2007

This study examined the prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in pregnant women in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Between April and July 2004, antenatal attendees at two of the largest maternity clinics in Kinshasa were tested to identify HIV status, syphilis, Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG). HIV seroprevalence was 1·9% in 2082 women. With PCR techniques, CT and NG infections were also uncommon in the first 529 women (1·7% and 0·4%, respectively). No active syphilis infection case was identified by Treponema pallidum haemagglutination assay (TPHA) and rapid plasma reagin test (RPR). A woman's risk of HIV infection was significantly associated with her reporting a male partner having had other female sexual partners (OR 2·7, 95% CI 1·2–6·2). The continuing low seroprevalence of HIV in pregnant women from Kinshasa was confirmed. Understanding factors associated with this phenomenon could help prevent a future HIV epidemic in low HIV transmission areas in Africa.
Funktionelle Darmerkrankungen
Authors: Vogt
Published: November 2007

Funktionelle Störungen des Gastrointestinaltrakts und hier vor allem die funktionelle Dyspepsie und das Reizdarmsyndrom sind häufige Probleme, mit denen der Hausarzt oder der Facharzt in der täglichen Praxis konfrontiert werden. Es sind ernst zu nehmende Krankheitsbilder und klar von reinen Befindlichkeitsstörungen abzugrenzen. Durch ihre Häufigkeit verursachen sie hohe direkte und indirekte Krankheitskosten. Die Genese der funktionellen Störungen ist multifaktoriell, vielfach aber nur schlecht durch Daten belegt. Eine viszerale Hypersensitivität ist aber eindeutig als eine der Hauptursachen erwiesen. In der Basisdiagnostik der funktionellen Dyspepsie hat die Gastroskopie die grösste Bedeutung. Sie ist unbedingt bei Patienten mit Alarmsymptomen und bei Patienten über 45 Jahren in der Primärdiagnostik durchzuführen. Die Therapie der funktionellen Dyspepsie erfolgt empirisch. Eine Helicobacter-pylori-Eradikation ist eine mögliche Therapieoption, allerdings profitieren nur 8% der Patienten langfristig. Alternativ bleibt eine Therapie mit Säureblockern oder Prokinetika. Phytotherapeutika können ebenfalls positive Effekte zeigen. Beim Reizdarmsyndrom richtet sich die Therapie nach dem jeweiligen Subtyp (Diarrhoe-Typ, Obstipationstyp, Schmerztyp, Blähtyp). Wesentlicher Baustein der Therapie ist neben der guten, vertrauensvollen Patientenführung der Einsatz von Ballaststoffen und je nach Subtyp der Einsatz von Antidiarrhoika, Laxantien oder Muskelrelaxantien. Auch beim Reizdarmsyndrom sind positive Therapieeffekte für den Einsatz von Phytotherapeutika beschrieben.
Indikation zur terminalen Sedation
Authors: Wettstein
Published: November 2007

Anhand eines Fallberichts wird die Problematik der Behandlung von geriatrischen Patienten mit mehreren potentiell letalen Erkrankungen, akuten schweren Beschwerden und Sterbewunsch erörtert. Als angemessene palliative Massnahme in solchen Situationen wird die terminale Sedation beschrieben.
A multimodel simulation of pan‐Arctic hydrology
Authors: Slater A. G. , Bohn T. J. , McCreight J. L. , Serreze M. C. , Lettenmaier D. P.
Published: November 2007

We compare the performance of five land surface models (Chameleon Surface Model (CHASM), Noah, Community Land Model (CLM), Variable Infiltration Capacity Model (VIC), European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF)), in the simulation of hydrological processes across the terrestrial Arctic drainage system for the period 1980–2001. The models represent a wide range of model physics, particularly with respect to high‐latitude processes, and are forced with surface meteorology derived from the ERA‐40 reanalysis. Models offer great potential for enlightenment regarding large‐scale hydrology in this poorly observed region; thus our objective is to assess the ability of the models to capture various aspects of pan‐Arctic hydrology as well as identify those features that contain the largest uncertainty. Results reveal up to a 30% difference in annual partitioning of precipitation between evaporation and runoff with major Arctic watersheds such as the Lena. Capturing the correct base flow of the large rivers is a consistent problem. The model hydrographs are often out of phase, peaking too early in comparison to observations. However, allowing for a large uptake in soil moisture as well as moisture movement during frozen periods alleviates this discrepancy. A negative correlation exists between models and observations for annual runoff time series over the Yenesi basin, apparently mostly because of inconsistencies in the input data. Compared to station data, all models produce similar errors in snow water equivalent; yet they differ widely in their snow regimes in terms of snowfall quantity, estimated snow depths, and most importantly, sublimation rates. Additionally, model albedo is consistently higher than observations in the presence of snow. No single model is the best or worst performing when compared to a range of observations.