bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emotion and Emotions in Theatre Dance
Authors: Sparshott Francis
Published: November 2023

Theatre dance is an art of the theatre, and there is a common aesthetic of theatre arts. Drama, dance, opera, mime, theatrical displays, and performance arts generally share a common space, the stage, and a common destiny, presentation to an audience. The arts overlap and blend: whatever shares that space and that destiny belongs to a powerfully unifying reality, theatricality. What is specific to dance (on some interpretations, in some ideologies) is submerged in and may be overwhelmed by the unifying culture of the theatre. That is the first thing to bear in mind.

The topic of emotion in theatre arts sends us back to Plato ‘s supposed thesis in Book X of his Republic, that theatre threatens morality by putting emotion where rationality should be. But Plato was referring to the specific genre of tragedy, and the use of that genre as a medium for moral instruction, and his contention was that the conditions of presentation make the audience respond emotionally to what is before them-rather than think about the psychological and social realities involved-and portray the characters as behaving emotionally rather than dealing with the realities of their situation. The objection is not to emotion, in the sense of strong feeling about one ‘s situation, but to emotionality, in the sense of indulging one ‘s inner feelings without close relation to the situation in which one acts. If one wants to consider Plato ‘s views on emotion in theatre arts, one should not ignore the extended discussion in his Laws, where civic ceremonies involving dance movement symbolize
Toward a Poetics of Emotion
Authors: Peer Willie Van
Published: November 2023

Despite the great interest in the reception of art and media in recent years, little attention has been paid to the way in which narrative fictions, whether high or low, address the emotions of readers, listeners, and viewers. Instead, emphasis is generally placed on hermeneutics. Interpretation of what is loosely called the meaning of the work has preoccupied attention in the humanities. New interpretations, often called symptomatic readings, of what are generically identified as “texts” are still the order of the day in liberal arts journals. And even what some in cultural studies call “recodings,” and what some feminists call “readings against the grain,” focus on the putative interpretive activities of certain groups of readers, listeners, and viewers. What is not studied in any fine-grained way is how works engage the emotions of the audience. What I wish to deal with in this article is how we might go about doing just that.

It is not my contention that, in principle, hermeneutics is illegitimate. Rather, I think that our research into the arts should be supplemented by considering their relation to the emotions, especially if we are interested in audience reception. Moreover, the present moment is particularly propitious in this respect, since recent research into the emotions over the last two decades in fields like psychology and philosophy have made the possibility of interrogating the relation of art to the emotions feasible with a heretofore un imagined level of precision.
Introduction: Purpose and Plan
Authors: Polednak Anthony P
Published: November 2023

Sociology is concerned with the development of various social institutions. The British historian and economist R.H. Tawney noted that “every generation regards as natural the institutions to which it is accustomed.” In the history of blacks in America, the relevant institutions are slavery (the South’s self-proclaimed “peculiar institution”), postemancipation legalized segregation, and post-civil-rights-era de facto segregation. The archaeologist V.G. Childe (1892-1957), who traced the prehistoric record of human social-technological “revolutions” (including the “urban revolution”), observed that social traditions are shaped by individuals and communities, and the “institutions of oppression” are “not fixed and immutable” (Childe, 1951).
Developing Self-Confidence through Positive Thinking
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

Is your self-confidence already soaring? Then you needn’t read this chapter. (The best maxim is: If it’s working well, don’t tinker with it!) Those of you who wish to continue, gather round with those singers who do, from time to time, suffer from self-doubt. Explaining self-confidence is almost unnecessary. In some singers it is visible for all to see, so obvious that it is very nearly tangible-in the waythey look, walk, and talk, what they say, and even the very thoughts they think. But did you ever think of confidence in the following way? Confidence is the assuredness that comes from feeling equal to the task you are about to complete, an assuredness usually characterized by unshakable belief in yourself and your ability. In practical singers’ terms, it is the serenity of knowing that even your worst four bars are going to be pretty good. You probably know some who fit this description. Their selfbelief is truly unalterable, and their egos resist the severest misfortunes. They appear very resilient, bouncing back like a rubber ball-the harder it’s hit, the quicker it bounces back. Remember Muhammad Ali? “I’m the greatest,” he kept saying. He carried this aura around with him, and in the end, even his opponents believed that he was indeed the greatest. The same with Tiger Woods’s golf performance in 1997: “I was in between a Band a C[in my playing].
Distractions
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

One of the key areas of concentration and focus control is that of dealing with all distractions in the performance, along with adapting to what is happening and refocusing while under pressure. This skill is probably the one that separates the singers at the top from all the others. If you have confidence in your ability to deal appropriately with distractions, by all means skip this chapter. If not, read on. As with other mental skills, the vital skill of controlling distractions must be practiced regularly if you are to perform well consistently. Holding your focus even wh8n distracted and refocusing when necessary are essential performance skills. When what you are doing is the same as what you are thinking, you have the right focus.
The Coach’s and/or Accompanist’s Place in Singers’ Audition, Competition, and Performance Work
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Thomas Alma
Published: November 2023

In public singing performances such as auditions, competitions, or recital work there are two possibilities with regard to the pianist: Either your coach is also your accompanist or your coach is not your accompanist. The first situation usually makes your work easier. The coach/accompanist is well aware of your musical habits and also your weaknesses. He or she will be able to aid your performance immeasurably by both anticipating the former and hiding the latter, when either action is necessary for the good of the performance. Neither your strengths nor your weaknesses will come as a surprise to the coach/accompanist. You can rely on a good coach’s thorough knowledge of your skills.
Mutations in CIS-Acting Transcriptional Regulatory Elements
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

This and subsequent chapters of Part Two will focus on human diseases that are caused by abnormal structure and/or function of the cis-acting DNA sequences or trans-acting protein factors that represent the two major components of transcriptional systems. Part Two will differ from Part One by the introduction of clinical data into the discussion. In order to provide a resource for further exploration, the description of each clinical condition will include the relevant catalogue (MIM) number in the Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM™) database, which can be accessed at the National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, via the World Wide Web. A less up-to-date hard copy of MIM is also available (McKusick, 1994). The discussion of transcriptional pathophysiology begins with a description of the less common mechanism by which transcription is de ranged, mutations within cis-acting DNA sequences that represent transcription factor binding sites. Binding site mutations may represent a less common cause of transcriptional derangement because of the cooperative nature of DNA binding in which protein-protein interactions between factors binding at adjacent sites (either directly or via interactions with common coactivators) may stabilize DNA binding. Under these circumstances a point mutation might decrease the affinity of a transcription factor for its cognate nucleotide sequence so that the factor could no longer bind to the isolated DNA sequence in vitro, yet might still be capable of binding in vivo.
Mutations in Genes Encoding Transcription Factors: The Nuclear Receptor Superfamily
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

In Chapters 5 through 14, mutations that affect the structure and/or function of specific transcription factors and result in human disease will be described. As in the previous chapter, the intent is not to catalogue all known mutations but rather to provide examples that illustrate principles of molecular pathophysiology that will be applicable to the ever expanding list of such conditions that is being reported in the molecular biology and clinical literature. In contrast to the mutations in cis-acting elements, the mutations in trans-acting factors affect the structure of the protein product of a gene. In the text, gene symbols will be indicated by italicized letters (all capitalized for human genes, first letter only for mouse genes), whereas the protein product of a gene will be indicated by unitalicized capital letters (for both human and mouse proteins). Missense mutations result in substitution of one amino acid for another and will be designated in the text using the single-letter code for amino acids (see Table 5.1). For example, the mutation C23S (due to a TGT AGT transversion) would result in substitution of serine for cysteine at residue 23 of the protein. Nonsense mutations result in premature termination of translation, which is designated by an X. Thus, the mutation C23X (due to a TGT TGA transversion) would result in translation of a truncated polypeptide containing only 22 amino acid residues.
POU Domain Proteins
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

Homeodomain transcription factors play essential roles in controlling embryonic development in all animal species studied. Within the super family of homeodomain factors is the POU domain family, which was established on the basis of amino acid sequence homology between the transcription factors ;EITl/GHFl, OCTl, OCT2, and !JNC86 (hence the acronym POU, which is pronounced “pow”) (Herr et al., 1988). PITl/ GHF (Bodner et al., 1988; Ingraham et al., 1988) controls transcription of the growth hormone and other pituitary-specific genes, OCTl (Sturm et al., 1988) is ubiquitously expressed and activates transcription of histone H2B genes, OCT2 (Clerc et al., 1988; Ko et al., 1988) activates transcrip tion of immunoglobulin genes in B lymphocytes, and UNC86 (Finney et al., 1988) determines neuroblast fate in C.elegans. Subsequently, over two dozen POU domain-containing proteins have been identified in C. elegans, Drosophila, and mammals (Verrijzer and Van der Vliet, 1993). A new system of genetic nomenclature has been devised so that the PITl/ GHFl, OCTl, OCT2, and BRN4/OCT9 proteins are encoded by POU1F1, POU2F1, POU2F2, and POU3F4, respectively (reviewed by Ezzell, 1996). The defining characteristic of POU proteins is a bipartite DNA binding domain of 150 to 160 amino acids that consists of a 60-amino acid POU homeodomain (POUH0) located just carboxyl-terminal to a POU-specific domain (POU5) of 70 to 80 amino acids (Fig. 11.1). As described in Chapter 9, the homeodomain contains three a-helical regions so that helices 2 and 3 form a helix-turn-helix motif that is structurally similar to the DNA-binding domain of prokaryotic repressors, in which helix 3 contacts DNA in the major groove (Harrison and Aggar wal, 1990). The POU5 domain contains four a-helical regions so that hel ices 2 and 3 form a helix-turn-helix motif that is similar in its structure to the phage A repressor DNA-binding domain (Assa-Munt et al., 1993).
Somatic Cell Genetic Disease: Cancer
Authors: Semenza Gregg L
Published: November 2023

The molecular pathophysiology of carcinogenesis is based to a great ex tent on somatic mutation. Through a process of clonal selection, tumor cells accumulate mutations that increase their ability to proliferate. These mutations are of two general types: (1) activating mutations in growth promoting genes known as oncogenes and (2) inactivating mutations in growth-restricting genes known as tumor suppressor genes. The vast majority of these mutations occur within the tumor cells only, either spontaneously or in response to an environmental mutagen. In the case of the tumor suppressor genes, however, rare germline loss-of-function mutations can result in a hereditary predisposition to cancer, as de scribed for the WTl gene in the WAGR syndrome (see Chapter 6). In these cases, the affected individual is heterozygous for an inactivating mutation in all cells of the body. When a somatic mutation occurs on the second allele within a target cell, both alleles have been inactivated and the process of oncogenesis is initiated, in accordance with the “two hit” model originally proposed by Knudson (1971; Knudson et al., 1975). For these affected individuals, the risk of developing a cancer (such as Wilms tumor in patients heterozygous for deletion of WTl) is greatly increased, approaching 100% in some cases. In addition to an extremely high incidence of tumorigenesis, the tumors appear at an earlier age, are bilateral in paired organs, and multifocal.
Caribbean Constraints on Circulation Between Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Over the Past 40 Million Years
Authors: Draxler Andre W , Burke Kevin C , Cunningham Andrew D , Hine Albert C , Rosencrantz Eric , Duncan David S , Hallock Pamela , Robinson Edward
Published: November 2023

Openings and closings of those narrow passageways between neighboring oceans which are called straits by geographers and gateways by paleoceanographers have had a powerful influence on oceanic circulation and, therefore, on climate change over the past approximate 50 million years (see, e.g., Kennett, 1977; Lawver and Gahagan, this volume, chapter 10). The closing of the Panama passageway (also referred to as the Central American Seaway) by blocking the transport of oceanic waters between the low latitudes of the western North Atlantic and the eastern Pacific oceans and by strengthening interhemispheral oceanic transport from low to high latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean, has long been recognized to have strongly influenced both oceanic circulation and climatic change (see, e.g., Warren 1983).
Employees with Children Findings
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 2, we documented the pressures on today’s working parents as they attempt to balance the potentially competing demands of employment and child rearing. We found that many, but not all, working parents experience substantial amounts of personal stress in balancing their work and family responsibilities, and that conflict between job and family can affect a parent’s physical and psychological well-being. Incompatible family and work responsibilities can also contribute to work-place impacts such as excessive absenteeism, unscheduled time off, telephone calls home, lost concentration, and reduced productivity.
Employer-Sponsored Work/Family Policies and Programs
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters, we examined how the magnitude of work and family demands and the adequacy of social support impact stress and work and family interference among employees with family-care responsibilities. We will now explore how the work place and the public sector have responded to the needs of these employees as they attempt to balance their work and family-care responsibilities. We will examine employer-based initiatives in this chapter and government policies and programs in Chapter 11. The past ten years have seen tremendous growth in the quantity and quality of work-place policies and programs designed to assist employees with their family responsibilities. In 1991 there were approximately 3,500 companies with family-oriented benefits-only a small fraction of the 17 million companies in the United States (Gonyea & Googins, 1992). By 1996, 86 percent of major U.S. employers offered some kind of child-care assistance, up 30 percent since 1991; and 30 percent offered elder-care assistance, up 130 percent since 1991 (Hewitt Associates, 1997). One of the main factors driving increased interest in work/family programs is the changing composition of the paid work force and the desire of companies to maintain a competitive edge by attracting and retaining the best pool of workers. Ultimately, employers hope that by addressing workers’ family concerns they can improve employee productivity and thereby positively impact the corporate bottom line.
Work and Family Public Policies
Authors: Fredriksen-Goldsen Karen I , Scharlach Andrew E
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter examined programs and benefits at the work place that have been developed to assist employees in integrating their work and family lives. Yet difficulties managing work and family-care responsibilities are due in part to the lack of adequate community-based resources for children and chronically ill and disabled adults. Historically, different constituencies in the U.S. have advocated for various work and family policies and programs, ranging from child care in the 1960s to an emphasis on alternative work schedules in the mid- to late 1970s, to parental and family leave in the 1980s and early 1990s. More recently, there have been public policy debates in relation to health care, long-term care, and welfare reform, and renewed efforts to improve the quality and accessibility of publiclyfunded child care.
Carter G. Woodson
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

Within the framework of the sociology of knowledge, Charles H. Wesley and Thelma D. Perry wrote in the 1969 edition of Carter G. Woodson’s Miseducation of the Negro that “Woodson’s concept of mis education hinged on the education system’s failure to present authentic Negro history in schools and the bitter knowledge that there was a scarcity of literature available for such a purpose.”
Through a Glass Darkly
Authors: Keita Maghan
Published: November 2023

Having said that, I must address Said here on at least two counts: first, there is a relation between Said’s critique of Orientalism and the Afro­centric critique and the validation the academy and” official” media give one over the other. This has certainly been a historical paradigm that has played itself out in the over a century and a half of African Ameri­can scholarship devoted to the construction of African American and African history and identity.
Regulation of the Internal Environment
Authors: Chase Ronald
Published: November 2023

Some of the functions carried out by the nervous system are not strictly speaking behavioral because they do not involve observable movements. Visceral functions and physiological activities serving to maintain a constant internal environment, or homeostasis, fall into this category. In gastropods, the nervous system plays a major role in the regulation of respiration, blood circulation and water balance. It not only directly regulates these functions, it also coordinates them with ongoing behavioral activities.
Why We Study the Health of Adventists
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Who are Seventh-day Adventists, anyway? How can their lifestyle help others become more healthy?

Seventh-day Adventists are a conservative religious group that includes more than 13 million members worldwide. They were first organized as a denomination in 1863 in the eastern United States. Their roots can be found largely in Methodism. While they share many of the doctrines of mainline Protestant churches, Adventists differ from most in their relatively strict observance of Saturday, rather than Sunday, as their day of rest. They also differ from some Protestants groups by:

A key figure during the early years of the Adventist church was Ellen G. White. She was a forceful and talented speaker and, along with her husband James, a wise administrator. On numerous occasions she claimed to have received heaven-sent messages, several of which were related to lifestyle and health. These episodes would often occur during times of prayer, and they affected her profoundly, casting her into a trancelike state, sometimes for lengthy periods. She became a prolific writer (Goen, 1971), documenting her visionary experiences and also writing commentaries on most parts of the Bible.
Diet, Other Risk Factors, and Aging
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

People may develop a variety of diseases as they age. These include disorders of the blood vessels (usually atherosclerotic), cancers of many different organs, diseases of the joints, and gradual loss of lung tissue and brain cells. Many of these diseases have well-understood pathological mechanisms, the effects of which become more prominent in later years.

This age-dependency aspect of disease can simply result from an older person’s longer exposure to harmful environmental influences. Older subjects indeed have the possibility of longer exposure to a poor diet, cigarette smoking, physical wear and tear on joints, ultraviolet and gamma radiation, and other hazards. If the effects of these factors are cumulative over time, disease will be more common in the elderly. There may also be cohort effects, whereby elderly subjects in earlier periods of their life had less adequate medical care and less knowledge of preventive medicine, and therefore lived less healthfully. Many more older men than younger men, for instance, are past smokers or past consumers of diets heavy in animal fat.
Vegetarianism and Obesity, Hypertension, Diabetes, and Arthritis
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

The cohort studies of California Adventists were designed to detect new cases of cancer and coronary heart disease during the follow-up period. Thus, there was no plan for identifying new changes in body weight or new cases of hypertension, diabetes, or arthritis as study endpoints. At the beginning of the studies, however, subjects were required to answer questions about their height and weight and to say whether a doctor had ever diagnosed them as hypertensive, diabetic, or arthritic. This provided a measure of the prevalence of particular values of body mass index (BMI, a measure of obesity) and of the three other listed medical conditions at the beginning of the Adventist Mortality Study (AMS) in 1960, and prior to the Adventist Health Study (AHS) in 1976.

Epidemiologists in recent years, when searching for causal variables, have quite rightly tended not to favor studies reporting associations between disease prevalence and risk factors. The important difference between prevalence and incidence (prospective) studies is that the disease of interest is already present at the beginning of a prevalence study. By contrast, at the beginning of an incidence study the disease of interest is not present and new cases are detected during a follow-up period.
Cancer and All-Cause Mortality among British and German Vegetarians
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

What is the evidence from studies of other populations that vegetarians experience different rates of cancer mortality or of mortality from all causes? The Health Food Shoppers, Oxford Vegetarian, and Heidelberg studies (see Chapter 10) addressed the risks of dying from cancer, or from any cause, among non-Adventist vegetarians. In addition, a collaborative analysis that combined the results of these studies with those of California Adventists compared cancer and all-cause mortality among vegetarian and nonvegetarian subjects.

It is important to understand that the information presented here pertains only to those cancers that were sufficiently invasive or advanced, at the diagnosis stage, to have caused death. For most common sites, this would exclude 50% to 70% of new cancers, although for cancers that are highly fatal (e.g., cancers of the lung, stomach, and pancreas), most events are included. The only study of many vegetarians that has so far published results for all new cancers, both fatal and nonfatal, is the Adventist Health Study, and these results were discussed in Chapter 6.
Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer among Vegetarians
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

A risk factor is a trait that places a person at higher risk of developing a disease and is generally considered to have a causal link to that disease. Risk factors may be behavioral, psychosocial, physiologic, or biochemical. Well-known examples for cardiovascular disease are high-serum LDL cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking, physical inactivity, and lack of social support.

This book is of course largely concerned with the effects of diet on chronic disease. Since any effects of diet are probably mediated by physiologic and biochemical mechanisms, it would strengthen the evidence that a vegetarian diet protects against CHD and cancer if this diet were found to change physiologic and biochemical risk factors in ways that are generally thought to reduce risk. Then there would not only be a statistical association between a vegetarian’s dietary habits and risk of disease but also some evidence of the mechanism that underlies the reduced risk. An understanding of mechanisms is one way to strengthen causal inference.
Risk Factors and Disease among Vegans
Authors: Fraser Gary E
Published: November 2023

Vegans avoid all animal products in their diet, even eggs and dairy products. The reason for these choices is often animal rights rather than the expectation of better health. One might, however, predict that certain risk factors would have even more favorable values for vegans than for lactoovo vegetarians since the intake of saturated fats, cholesterol, and sodium is lower still in vegans, and their consumption of dietary fiber and potassium is greater. If a lacto-ovo vegetarian diet is beneficial, do vegans gain even further benefits? Evidence that addresses this question is presented in this chapter.

My intention is not to establish the nutritional adequacy of the vegan diet in terms of recommended daily allowances for nutrients and vitamins, but, in keeping with the rest of this book, to focus on the risk for common chronic diseases. However, a vegan diet is nutritionally adequate if certain precautions are taken (see Chapter 15), and these have been succinctly reviewed by the American Dietetic Association (ADA Reports, 1997).
Cognition and Frailty in Older Women: Socioeconomic and Physiologic Influences
Authors: Newman Anne B
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the influence of biology and socioeconomics on functional status and disability in women. Women live longer than men and experience more of the morbidity associated with longevity. However, some socioeconomic and biologic features seem to moderate the progression to dementia and frailty among the elderly. The influence of such factors as education, social support, and sex steroid hormones on diseases of aging is evaluated below. Methodological issues such as how to measure functional status and disability among women, including cognitive function, are also discussed.
Epidemiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Talbott Evelyn O , Wild Robert A , Remsberg Karen E , Gibson LuAnn B , Casoglos Annette
Published: November 2023

It is difficult to relate any specific sex hormone to cardiovascular disease in epidemiological studies because of the complex interrelationship between gonadotropin and sex steroid hormones. A single blood measurement may not reflect production, metabolism, and excretion of these hormones, and in women it does not capture hormonal variation across the menstrual cycle. Much of the epidemiological research linking hormonal variation to cardiovascular outcomes has depended on natural experiments or clinical trials. The key observations in studies making this link have been increased atherosclerosis among women with artificial menopause; differences in coronary heart disease (CHD) rates and atherosclerosis between men and women, especially premenopausal women; changes in risk factors at puberty and menopause; and the protective effects of exogenous hormones.
The Commissariat Of Ice:The Rise Of Glavsevmorput, 1932-1936
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

On 28 July 1932, a small icebreaker set out from Arkhangelsk, bound for Vladivostok on a voyage that would bring sweeping changes to the Soviet Arctic. The expedition had been planned as part of the USSR’s commemoration of the Second International Polar Year, and the ship’s mission was to complete the first single-season traversal of the Northeast Passage in history. Two months later, on 1 October, the Sibiriakov limped into the Bering Straits, after a wearying journey. Plowing through the ice-choked polar seas, the ship had snapped both of its engine screws and, near the end, was able to move only under the power of a tarpaulin sail jury-rigged by its crew. But move it did, and the voyage proved successful. After clearing the straits, the Sibiriakov continued on to Vladivostok, its place in the annals of Arctic exploration secured.
From Victory To Victory:The Myth Of The Arctic In Soviet Culture
Authors: Mccannon John
Published: November 2023

As the energy and exhilaration generated throughout the USSR by the adventures described in chapter 3 flared into a nationwide passion, the Arctic and its heroes began to figure prominently in the Soviet public sphere. From late 1932 to early 1939, polar explorers and Arctic pilots appeared regularly in the pages of Pravda and Izvestiia; became the subjects of innumerable books, films, and radio broadcasts; and inspired a multitude of poems, plays, and other artistic works. They held public office, packed lecture halls, and had their feats celebrated with lavish state rituals. Every sort of cultural ephemera-posters, currency, street names, postage stamps, and school textbooks-bore their images. In short, the Arctic came to occupy a preeminent position in the grand pageant of high-Stalinist propaganda and popular culture for almost a decade, as the Soviets, to borrow a favorite phrase from the press, moved “from victory to victory” in the North.
Harmonizing Human Rights And Public Health
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita
Published: November 2023

International human rights law (human rights, for short) seeks to promote and protect individuals’ rights against the state’s interference or neglect. The area we refer to as public health, in contrast, encompasses efforts by the state to ensure the conditions under which people can be healthy (Institute of Medicine, 1988) and often includes governmental intervention into individuals’ lives to protect the community’s health. Thus, the two compete: Human rights protect the rights of individuals, and public health protects the collective good. Evolving approaches to public health, however, emphasize respect for individual rights, trust between public health personnel and the community, conditions of nondiscrimination, and adequate access to health care and education. Often, governmental efforts to promote human rights--including providing social security and adequate health services and restraining from interference with individual liberty and privacy-produce conditions that foster the community’s health (IFRC, FXB, 1995). Some tensions between human rights and public health can be resolved through careful analysis. For example, early in the AIDS pandemic, some governments isolated suspected HIV “carriers,” ostensibly compromising personal liberty for the public good. Although the deprivations of freedom violated human rights, they were ineffective in controlling disease transmission. Virtually all public health organizations have concluded that no rational public health justification exists for isolating persons based solely on their HIV status (United Nations, 1996a). Despite a dearth of evidence, however, some countries continue to consider and implement such policies.

Other tensions between human rights and public health seem tenacious, if not intractable. For example, legitimate public health measures, such as surveillance and collection of personal health information, provide accurate, complete, and timely public health and clinical data. Efforts such as named HIV reporting, however, can invade individual privacy. Moreover, unwanted disclosure of results can lead to stigmatization and discrimination.
Aids Policies And Practices: Integrating Public Health And Human Rights
Authors: Lawrence O Gostin , Lazzarini Zita
Published: November 2023

For far too long, public health practitioners have developed policies as if the health of populations were distinct from human rights. Viewing public health and human rights as separate, or even antagonistic, is misguided and harmful to public health practice. Respect for the rights of human beings is a fundamental condition for health. Public health, then, needs to forge a conceptual and practical link with the social justice inherent in human rights.

This chapter examines traditional AIDS policies in both developing and more developed countries. Using the Human Rights Impact Assessment (see Chapter 3) public health and human rights imperatives are integrated into policymaking.
Gender, Shame, and Culture: An Anthropological Perspective
Authors: Lindisfarne Nancy
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I argue that notions of honor and shame are socially defined. That is, words and behaviors which may be translated into English as honorable or shaming must be understood ethnographically in terms of who, locally, controls definitions of honor and shame and for what purpose. Anthropological descriptions of honor and shame in the Mediterranean and Middle East have often emphasized idealized, hegemonic versions of social identities and ignored the shifting reality of people’s experience of social beings. Thus, an ideal offemale virginity and versions of hegemonic masculinity have been much discussed: the radical differentiation of men and women has been taken for granted, and there has been a focus on local idioms which naturalize the privileges of socially dominant men. Yet not all men are equally honorable; many behave in ways which are believed to be weak or shameful. Nor is honor an attribute that pertains only to men; women too may also behave honorably, just as they may, on other occasions, be said to act shamefully.1
Introduction Attractiveness, Sexuality, and Choosing Mates
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: November 2023

I am convinced that men and women are intrinsically so different that nothing we do will obliterate or even reduce the differences. I do not think men have to worry that women will become unsexed or women, that men will. In fact, the freer we become in allowing both sexes to be themselves, the more fundamental and ineradicable differences will show up. When i began the research for this book, I had studied mental disorders for fifteen years. The major mental disorders do appear cross-culturally, which suggests that they have some biological basis. Social factors, howevet; like income and family support, are often more important determinants of what happens to mental patients than their symptoms. So, although there is an underlying biological basis for mental disorders, to some extent they are also socially constructed roles. I assumed I would explain changes in sexuality, dating, and marriage in similar terms, and I initially assumed that cultural influences and socialization were by far the most important determinants of how we behave sexually. Certainly, the way we were raised and the environment we live in strongly influences how we act-in bed and out. But the more people I interviewed, and the more I read, convinced me that sexuality and choosing mates were of a different order than other social behavior. Sexual behavior and mate selection are at the root of how we as a species came into being and how we will continue to evolve. Any explanation of these phenomena that ignores biology and evolution is bound to be inadequate.
Women’s and Men’s Sexualities Differences in Arousal, Goals, and Selectivity
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: November 2023

Joan Lives in a Large City in the western United States. She is 24, single, works full-time and has her own apartment. In the last five years she has become painfully aware that men’s sexuality is different from women’s. Her experiences have certainly been broader than those of most women in her mother’s and grandmother’s generations. Joan came of age in the I97os in a relatively sophisticated urban environment, and she absorbed the notion that sexual equality meant that men and women were basical ly the same-or would be if they were allowed to be. She is thus perplexed as to why men act the way they do, and bitter when they do it. Her philosophy and upbringing did not prepare her for the differences between men’s and women’s sexuality or for her emotional reactions to them.
Emotional Alarms The Link Between Sex and Love
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: November 2023

Have Men and Women Become more alike in their sexual behavior and attitudes? It is true that more women are engaging in premarital and extramarital sex than ever before, and often without a great deal of courtship and commitment before they decide to become intimate with a man. But have differences between the sexes really disappeared? Have some women been able to separate sexual pleasure from a need for affection, future commitment, and emotional bonding? What percentage of young women engage in sexual intercourse with no expectation, or hope, of emotional involvement? What are the motivations and emotional reactions of these women? How do they compare to men in this regard? I was interested in these questions and wanted to know if the hard-won gains women have made in the professions and workplace have helped them acquire a different view of sexuality.
Choosing Partners for Marriage Male Status and Female Competition
Authors: Townsend John Marshall
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 3 we saw that professional women prefer to date and marry men whose incomes and job status were equal to theirs or higher, and the farther up the socioeconomic ladder they climb themselves, the higher their standards are. Do women have difficulty finding such men? Do women have to compete for high-status men? What forms does this competition take? Are men threatened by ambitious, intelligent women? These are some of the questions we will explore in this chapter.
Systemic Scleroderma— Diffuse
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

The next two chapters will deal with the systemic forms of scleroderma, both diffuse and, as well as scleroderma sine sclerosis, in which there is internal organ involvement but no thickening of the skin (sine means without and sclerosis means hardening). The term systemic means that this form of scleroderma affects the internal organ systems. (Many textbooks use the terms systemic sclerosis and systemic scleroderma interchangeably.) The terms limited and diffuse refer to the ex-tent of skin involvement. Both forms are associated with internal organ damage, but the limited form tends to result in less severe organ problems than the diffuse form. Limited scleroderma sometimes occurs as the CREST form.
Scleroderma and the Lungs
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

Before I begin to discuss how scleroderma can affect the lungs, it is helpful to describe normal lung structure and function. The purpose of the lungs is pretty simple: to extract oxygen from the air we breathe (normal room air is 21 percent oxygen) and to get rid of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a by product of metabolism, the process of converting food products to energy. To do this, the lungs consist of thousands of tiny air sacs (one air sac is an alveolus, more than one are called alveoli), which are arranged around breathing tubes like grapes on a stalk. Air is brought in through the nose and mouth, pulled into the main breathing tube through the voice box, or larynx, and into the trachea, or windpipe (see Figure 2).
Scleroderma and Joints, Tendons, Muscles, and Nerves
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

Stiffness and achiness are common problems in scleroderma. Sometimes patients can’t tell whether the aching is coming from the joints, the muscles, both, or neither. The thickness and tightness of the overlying skin can make it hard even for the doctor to determine if joint swelling is present. This can be an important distinction to make, since joint pain and swelling (arthritis) may require different treatment than muscle aches or tendon inflammation. A small percentage of patients will have a true overlap between rheumatoid arthritis and scleroderma and may need to be treated with medications that are usually considered to be specific for rheumatoid arthritis. Most, however, will not have this overlap.
Systemic Scleroderma and Pregnancy
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

Young women with systemic scleroderma often ask me if it is okay to get pregnant. The answer is that it depends on several factors: the stage of the disease, the medications that are required to control the disease, and the risks that people are willing to take in order to have a child. (Note that this does not apply to people with localized scleroderma, a condition that does not present a higher-than-usual risk during pregnancy. However, the use of any medication needs to be reviewed by the patient and her doctor before pregnancy occurs.)
Overlap Syndromes and Sclerodermalike Conditions
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

In most cases, the autoimmune connective tissue diseases— rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and dermatomyositis—occur as separate entities. Occasionally, more than one of these diseases will coexist in the same patient, and these people are said to have overlap syndromes, with features of two or more diseases. Sjogren’s syndrome (dry eyes and dry mouth) is the exception in that it usually coexists with the above diseases, although there are cases when it occurs alone. Sometimes one connective tissue disease will exist by itself for several years before the features of another condition develop. This tends to cause confusion in people who, having been told that they have one disease, are then told that they have another. Since many symptoms are similar among these diseases, making the diagnosis of one versus another can be difficult, particularly in the early stages.
You and Your Doctor
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

Prior to getting scleroderma, most patients have little knowledge about the medical profession and all its sub-specialties. In the early period, soon after getting diagnosed, scleroderma patients are frequently uncertain about what kind of doctor they should see, so they rely on the advice of their general medical doctor. Most patients will benefit from an evaluation by a specialist who knows scleroderma, and most of the time this will be a rheumatologist. Whether or not the rheumatologist provides ongoing care after this evaluation will vary from case to case.
Living an Unpredictable Life Facing an Uncertain Future
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

What is different about you the day after your disease was diagnosed from you the day before? For many people, what has changed is their sense of mortality, of vulnerability, of order in life—basically their sense of the future. A diagnosis of a rare, chronic, incurable illness brings you up short. You are not in control, and it is this lack of control that is at the heart of the difficulty for many people. I try to point out to patients that in reality they have never been in control of much that happens inside their bodies, and indeed in their lives. In actuality, though, most of us live every day as if we are in control, and we plan for a future that is predictable on a day-to-day basis. It is not possible to live an organized and effective life without this attitude. We go to the grocery store and plan dinners for the coming week.
Introduction
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

The Cheapness of Talk Language is replete with cliches and commonplaces: we recycle. In fact, it is appropriate that a book like this one, devoted as it is to recycled speech (both my own and that of others), should be creaking under the weight of other people’s memorable quotations, and that it should begin with a quotation in order to justify the apparent flippancy of my title (itself, of course, a familiar slogan): “The world of human aspirations is ... a symbolic-behavioral world removed from the boundedness of the present moment, from the immediate stimuli which enslave all lower organisms” (Becker 1971:139; emphasis added). The symbolic world, being removed from the here-and-now, is therefore inconsequential in the real objective world. With all due respect for human speech, then, and in this technical--even laudatory-sense of “cheap” which I have emphasized in the passage above, I contend that what is true of the symbolic world of human aspirations is quintessentially true of the medium within which almost all of these aspirations are expressed: Talk is cheap, and actions do speak louder than words. That is why we can even consider allowing ourselves such luxuries as the First Amendment; in fact, a forceful defense of the principle of free speech is based on exactly this property of symbolic behavior (see F.S. Haiman 1972). Granted, much of what we do in our lives is talk. Granted, also, that almost everything we actually physically do is a response to, and is organized by, some kind of talk.
Alienation and the Divided Self
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

Like every actor, the sarcast has a divided self, existing both as the performer and the persona-the character portrayed. Unlike Laurence Olivier, however, who succeeds in submerging himself as a performer and appearing as a virtually unrecognizable person in each new role that he plays, and also unlike type-cast performers like Clint Eastwood who hardly seem to be acting (that is, playing roles) at all, the sarcast is a disdainful playactor who advertises his or her insincerity by self-consciously keeping the performer and the persona alive, distinct, and opposed. The ostensible message delivered in character expresses the role, but the metamessage-an aside directed to the other members of the play-expresses the performer’s sincere alienation from the role which, for whatever reason, he or she elects to play.
Zen Semantics
Authors: Haiman John
Published: November 2023

As an adolescent learning French, I was fascinated by the French expression for the verb “to mean,” as in “Qu’est-ce que cela veut dire?” (freely, “What does that mean?”; literally, “What does that want to say?”). If you want to say something, after all, why don’t you just come right out and say it? (The etymologies of English “mean” and German “bedeuten” prompt exactly the same question.) I now realize that this apparently pointless gap between “saying” and “meaning” is a necessary part of every language, as it is of every code, and presumably always will be until we evolve telepathy and eliminate the middle man. Moreover, the essence of understanding and interpreting every sign in a code lies in bridging the necessary yet perverse and ornery gap be-tween the signifier and the signified. Another word for this peculiar decoupling in every human language is the design feature of displacement, and I have devoted the first chapters of this book to a survey of the inescapability of this feature. I would like now to yield to the temptation to inquire where and how this feature may have arisen in the course of human evolution.