bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colagem ortodôntica em esmalte com presença ou ausência de contaminação salivar: é necessário o uso de adesivo auto-condicionante ou de adesivo hidrofílico?
Authors: Rosa Cristiane Becher , Pinto Roberto Amarante Costa , Habib Fernando Antonio Lima
Published: June 2008

OBJETIVO: o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência ao cisalhamento da colagem ortodôntica de um adesivo hidrofílico (Transbond Moisture-Insensitive Primer, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Califórnia), de um adesivo auto-condicionante (Transbond Self-Etching Primer, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Califórnia), e sem uso de adesivo, em superfícies de esmalte secas ou contaminadas por saliva. METODOLOGIA: incisivos bovinos (60) foram divididos em 6 grupos: (1) controle sem contaminação salivar (sem adesivo), (2) controle com contaminação salivar (sem adesivo), (3) adesivo auto-condicionante sem contaminação salivar, (4) adesivo auto-condicionante com contaminação salivar antes do adesivo, (5) adesivo hidrofílico sem contaminação salivar e (6) adesivo hidrofílico com contaminação salivar antes do adesivo. Braquetes metálicos foram colados com compósito (Transbond XT, 3M Unitek, Monrovia, Califórnia). Após a colagem, os corpos-de prova foram armazenados a 37±1ºC em ambiente úmido até a realização do teste de cisalhamento. Diferença estatística foi determinada com valor de probabilidade de 0,05 ou menos (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: em esmalte sem contaminação foram encontrados resultados semelhantes entre o controle (1) e o adesivo auto-condicionante (3), enquanto o adesivo hidrofílico (5) apresentou maior força de cisalhamento. Com a contaminação salivar, uma diferença significativa foi encontrada entre o grupo controle (2) e o adesivo auto-condicionante (4), no entanto, nenhuma diferença foi encontrada entre os adesivos auto-condicionante (4) e hidrofílico (6). CONCLUSÃO: desta forma, com o controle de umidade, não é necessário o uso de um adesivo para se atingir uma adesão aceitável. Em situações clínicas onde há risco de contaminação salivar, ambos adesivos podem ser usados.
O efeito do jateamento do esmalte na força de adesão na colagem de braquetes
Authors: Derech Carla D'Agostini , Pereira Juliana da Silva , Souza Margareth Maria Gomes de
Published: June 2008

OBJETIVO: o propósito deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o efeito do jateamento com óxido de alumínio na adesão de braquetes ortodônticos e compará-lo à tradicional técnica de condicionamento ácido do esmalte. METODOLOGIA: foram utilizados 80 dentes bovinos distribuídos aleatoriamente entre quatro grupos, sendo que a superfície do esmalte foi tratada da seguinte maneira: grupo 1 (somente jateamento com óxido de alumínio), grupo 2 (profilaxia com pedra-pomes e condicionamento com ácido), grupo 3 (jateamento com óxido de alumínio e condicionamento ácido) e grupo 4 (somente condicionamento ácido). Após, foi aplicado sistema adesivo e o braquete colado com resina. Os corpos-de-prova foram submetidos ao teste de cisalhamento e análise do IAR. Aos resultados foram aplicados o teste de variância múltipla (ANOVA) e a comparação entre pares (Tukey). Para a análise do IAR foi aplicado o teste Qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: o grupo 1 apresentou a menor resistência ao cisalhamento (3,6MPa) e o 3 a maior (13,27MPa). A análise Qui-quadrado do IAR demonstrou que o tratamento da superfície do esmalte tem influência sobre a quantidade de remanescente de resina sobre o esmalte e os grupos 3 e 4 apresentaram a maior quantidade de resina aderida. CONCLUSÕES: o jateamento de óxido de alumínio não deve ser o único procedimento utilizado no preparo da superfície do esmalte na colagem de braquetes, porém, quando associado ao condicionamento ácido, mostrou-se eficaz no aumento da retenção entre esmalte e resina. Novos estudos são necessários visando menor dano do esmalte e adesão satisfatória.
Composição química e aspecto superficial do slot de braquetes metálicos
Authors: Assad-Loss Tatiana Féres , Neves Regina Maria Lopes , Mucha José Nelson
Published: June 2008

OBJETIVO: avaliar a composição química e rugosidade do fundo do slot de 90 braquetes metálicos divididos em 9 grupos: grupo 1- aço inoxidável (Equilibrium 2 - Dentaurum); grupo 2 - titânio (Equilibrium ti - Dentaurum); grupo 3- cromo-cobalto (Topic- Dentaurum); grupo 4 - aço inoxidável (Standard -TP Orthodontics); grupo 5 - aço inoxidável (Serie light - American Orthodontics); grupo 6 - aço inoxidável (Kirium Line - Abzil Lancer); grupo 7 - aço inoxidável livre de níquel (Monobloc - Morelli); grupo 8 - aço inoxidável (Convencional- Morelli) e grupo 9 - aço inoxidável livre de níquel (Monobloc Golden - Morelli). METODOLOGIA: a composição química foi analisada pela Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva. A avaliação qualitativa do fundo do slot foi realizada através do MEV classificada de 0 a 8, correspondente às características da superfície. RESULTADOS: composição química - grupo 1 = titânio puro; grupo 9 = recoberto por nitreto de titânio em 99,48%; grupo 3 = cromo-cobalto; grupo 8 = aço inoxidável livre de níquel. Os demais grupos são compostos de aço inoxidável. Avaliação da superfície - grupo 1 = valor 2 (superfície mais polida); grupos 2, 5 e 7 = valor 3 (aspecto de polimento); grupos 3, 8 e 9 = valor 6 (menor polimento); grupo 4 = valor 6,5 (maior rugosidade) e o grupo 6 = valor 5 (características intermediárias de polimento). CONCLUSÕES: os braquetes metálicos são compostos de diferentes ligas e estão disponíveis com baixo conteúdo ou ausência de níquel. Os braquetes de titânio apresentaram polimento semelhante aos de aço inoxidável, porém os recobertos por nitreto de titânio e os de cromo-cobalto mostraram superfície mais irregular ou menos polida.
Chromosomal studies of five species of the marine fishes from the Paranaguá Bay and the karyotypic diversity in the marine teleostei of the Brazilian coast
Authors: Cipriano Roger Raupp , Fenocchio Alberto Sérgio , Artoni Roberto Ferreira , Molina Wagner , Noleto Rafael Bueno , Kantek Daniel Luis Zanella , Cestari Marta Margarete
Published: June 2008

In this study, five species of marine fishes from the Paranaguá Bay in the Brazilian coast were evaluated. Eucinostomus argenteus and Diapterus rhombeus (Gerreidae) presented 48 chromosomes, all of which more acrocentric (FN = 48); Strongylura timucu and S. marina (Belonidae) also presented 48 chromosomes, but with a higher karyotypic complexity than the Gerreidae, 10M+2SM+36A (FN = 60) and 4M+44A (FN = 52), respectively. The fifth species, Mugil curema (Mugilidae), different than the others, presented only 28 chromosomes 20M+4ST+4A (FN = 48). The species presented diversity in the karyotypic macro-structure, which should be relevant for the cytotaxonomy and the evolution of this group of the vertebrate.
Ultra-structural and histochemical analysis of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) liver treated with fumonisin B1
Authors: Scaff Rejane Maria Cirra , Scussel Vildes Maria
Published: June 2008

The histopathological effects of fumonisin B1 (FB1) injected intraperitoneally (IP), was evaluated in catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Fishes were divided into four Groups. Groups II, III and IV were treated IP with FB1 injections of 1; 5 and 10 mg/kg bw/day, respectively, during 21 days. At the 7th, 14th and 21st day, fishes were sacrificed. The livers were hystologicaly analysed by the light and transmission electronic microscopy. Livers from the 7th day showed organelles alterations, particularly in the granular endoplasmatic reticle, mitochondria, nucleus and nucleolus mediated by FB1 doses. The occurrence of processes involved in the necrosis and apoptosis was detected. At the highest FB1 dose,the livers presented an intense response with an accentuate tissue disorganization, absence of cell limits and intense cytoplasm vacuolization. The image analysis showed the occurrence of necrosis in some areas, characterized by fully broken or swollen cells. The apoptosis was observed as the cytoplasm contraction and the chromatin formed masses concentrated in the edge of the nucleus. There was strong evidence that the numerous hepatocytes in the liver from the fishes under the toxic dose of FBs were selectively removed by the apoptosis process.
Effects of water deficit and rehydration on the polar lipid and membranes resistance leaves of Phaseolus vulgaris L. cv. Pérola
Authors: Martins Júnior Raimundo Rômulo , Oliveira Micheline Soares Costa , Baccache Maria Ary , Paula Fernando Monteiro de
Published: June 2008

Bean leaves (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Pérola were used to evaluate the water deficit effects in polar lipids composition and in the electric conductivity. The results showed that the water deficiency a effected in the electrolytes loss which increased gradually in response to water deficit. This suggested a compartimentalization loss, due to the structural cellular membranes elements degradation. Total lipids contents decreased by reason of the water stress action. The polyunsaturated fatty acid contents (linoleic and linolenic acids) suffered a decrease while saturated fatty acid (palmitic and stearic acids) increased. The imbalance in the fatty saturated/unsaturated acid relation led to a reduction in the unsaturation index. The electrolytes loss increase related whith the to polyunsaturated fatty acid contents reduction suggested a larger dehydrated plants vulnerability, leading to a consequent loss in the productivity.
Feeding habits of the spider crab Libinia spinosa H. Milne Edwards, 1834 (Decapoda, Brachyura) in Ubatuba bay, São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Barros Samara de Paiva , Cobo Valter José , Fransozo Adilson
Published: June 2008

The main goal of this study was the identification of the items of the diet of the L. spinosa, based on the stomach contents analysis. The crabs were obtained from Ubatuba region north-eastern shore of São Paulo State. In the laboratory, all the individuals were dissected, the stomach was retreated and fixed in 10% formaline. The alimentary items were identified under stereomicroscope and analysed by the method of Frequency of Occurrence. A total of 194 stomachs was analysed and nine alimentary items were obtained. Unindentified material was found in 98% of analysed stomach and poriferan were present in less then 1% of stomachs. These results pointed a diversified diet explored by this crab, as well as the employment of some different methods for food intake. This suggested that these crabs could occupy different position in the trophic chain.
Environmental variables and tree population structures in deciduous forests of central Brazil with different levels of logging
Authors: Vieira Daniel Luis Mascia , Scariot Aldicir
Published: June 2008

Population structures of six tree species in three fragments of intact seasonal deciduous forest and three fragments disturbed by logging were studied in the northeastern Goiás. Forty random 400 m² plots were allocated in each fragment to survey plant population structures, number of stumps, cattle feces, burnt logs, and canopy openness. Soil cover by life forms was estimated in 1m² sub-plots. Lianas were abundant in intermediately logged fragments and invasive herbs in the most disturbed fragment. Cattle avoided dense herbaceous strata, such as liana tangles. Cavanillesia arborea, Eugenia dysenterica and Swartzia multijuga trees occurred at very low densities in all the fragments and their seedlings were practically absent, which might endanger their future populations in these fragments. Myracrodruon urundeuva, Tabebuia impetiginosa and Astronium fraxinifolium, the most logged species, had high density of seedlings in all the fragments. However, the highest density of saplings and juvenile individuals occurred in the most disturbed fragment.
Evidences of El Niño effects on the mullet fishery of the Patos Lagoon estuary
Authors: Vieira João Paes , Garcia Alexandre Miranda , Grimm Alice Marlene
Published: June 2008

Based on biological and meteorological long-term database (1979-1983 and 1996-2000), we analyzed the variation in the juvenile recruitment and artisanal fishery landings of the mullet (Mugil platanus) in the Patos Lagoon estuary and its relationships with the regional rainfall and estuarine salinity anomalies during two strong El Niño events (1982-83 and 1997-98). Juvenile and adult mullets declined in abundance under the high rainfall and near-zero salinity that prevailed in the estuary during both El Niño events. We proposed two different hypotheses to explain the El Niño-induced effects on the juvenile and adult stages of the mullet in the estuary. First, high freshwater outflow during a very strong El Niño might render ineffective the mechanism of passive immigration of juvenile mullets into the estuary, which can lead to their decline in the estuary during El Niño events. Second, near-zero salinity at the estuarine area along several months during strong El Niño events could lead to higher spatial dispersion of the maturing mullet during their migration to the ocean , resulting in smaller shoals of individuals and, consequently, lower catches by artisanal fishermen.
Entre a lógica da formação e a lógica das práticas: a mediação dos saberes pedagógicos
Authors: Franco Maria Amélia Santoro
Published: June 2008

O trabalho procura colocar em destaque as diferentes concepções que sustentam a lógica que preside as práticas docentes e aquela que organiza os processos formativos, para então considerar que os saberes pedagógicos, vistos como saberes estruturantes do conhecimento profissional, podem ser o elo necessário para produzir os diálogos entre essas duas instâncias que coexistem na prática social de formação de docentes, embora, muitas vezes, de forma desconectada. A seguir, propõe-se a analisar as possibilidades da prática como elemento constitutivo e fecundador da formação docente. Coloca em destaque diferentes concepções de prática, realçando que há uma prática que forma, informa e transforma, simultaneamente, o sujeito e suas circunstâncias, e há uma prática que oprime, distorce e congela, especialmente o sujeito que nela se exercita e, nesse caso, este perde o acesso às suas circunstâncias. Realça estudos e pesquisas que demonstram que a prática é sempre mais abrangente do que aquilo que se supõe à primeira vista e sempre menos inteligível do que seria necessário considerar. Propõe a superação do sentido tecnicista que acompanha a representação dos estágios supervisionados para uma dimensão de práticas de formação que se organizem em novas unidades de sentido, que sirvam para configurar e sustentar a nova identidade profissional do professor para atuar na escola pública contemporânea.
Psychogenic nonepileptic seizures: an overview
Authors: De Paola Luciano , Silvado Carlos , Mäder-Joaquim Maria Joana , Crippa Ana
Published: June 2008

Pyschogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) are common and potentially harmful - both physically and emotionally - events. They are often under or misdiagnosed. Not only neurologists managing epilepsy, but also generalists and ER physicians should be aware of its existence, preventing unnecessary tests, as well as, iatrogenic interventions. The assistance provided to these patients is often inadequate, even at larger and busier epilepsy centers. That clearly impacts on the prognosis of this condition, which is fairly difficult to manage per se, yet with the best possible quality of care, including well trained multiprofessional teams.
Anxiety and mood disorders in psychogenic nonepileptic seizures
Authors: Araújo Filho Gerardo Maria de , Caboclo Luís Otávio Sales Ferreira
Published: June 2008

The diagnosis of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES), particularly in patients with epilepsy, poses a special challenge to the physician in care of these patients. Psychiatric disorders (PD) are more common among patients with epilepsy than in the general population, and this appears to be even more important in patients with PNES. Depression and other mood disorders, as well as anxiety disorders - particularly panic attacks - may make the management of these patients even more difficult in the clinical practice. Concomitant psychiatric conditions have been associated with a poor outcome in patients with PNES]. Psychiatric and psychological intervention has been shown to be associated with improved outcome in PNES in outcome studies, although data is conflicting in this matter. The intricacies and practical implications of such issues are discussed.
As crises não-epilépticas psicogênicas como manifestações clínicas do transtorno de estresse pós-traumático
Authors: Fiszman Adriana
Published: June 2008

As crises não epilépticas psicogênicas (CNEP) ainda são pouco entendidas. Como não existem critérios clínicos positivos para as CNEP, não há consenso sobre sua definição, assim como não se tem clareza em relação à nosologia de base, à fisiopatologia e ao tratamento apropriado. As CNEP manifestam-se principalmente por sintomas conversivos e dissociativos, os quais estão ligados historicamente a uma doença considerada de origem traumática, a histeria. Recentemente, observou-se que pacientes com CNEP apresentam taxas elevadas de experiências traumáticas, em particular abuso na infância, e de transtorno de estresse pós-traumático (TEPT). Estes achados sugerem que a CNEP pode ocorrer como expressão clínica de um padrão de TEPT cuja característica central é a predominância de fenômenos dissociativos e conversivos. Algumas evidências levantam a possibilidade de que este subtipo de TEPT dissociativo/conversivo seja resultante de maus cuidados parentais e disfunção familiar na infância, os quais estão associados a - e, portanto podem causar - sintomas somatoformes, incluindo as CNEP. Limitações metodológicas impedem a confirmação destas hipóteses, sendo necessários desenhos de pesquisa mais fortes, tais como prospectivos e de caso-controle.
Efeitos da azatioprina sobre a depuração mucociliar após secção e anastomose brônquica em um modelo experimental em ratos
Authors: Fernandes Paulo Manuel Pêgo , Said Marcelo Manzano , Pazetti Rogério , Moreira Luis Felipe Pinho , Jatene Fabio Biscegli
Published: June 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os efeitos da azatioprina sobre o sistema mucociliar em um modelo de secção e anastomose brônquica em ratos. MÉTODOS: Trinta e seis ratos machos da raça Wistar-Furth foram submetidos à secção e anastomose brônquica esquerda e separados aleatoriamente em dois grupos para receberem solução salina ou azatioprina. Após 7, 15 e 30 dias de terapia, seis animais de cada grupo foram sacrificados, e foram realizadas as medidas da velocidade de transporte mucociliar in situ, da transportabilidade do muco in vitro e do ângulo de contato do muco nos brônquios direito (intacto) e esquerdo (seccionado). RESULTADOS: A velocidade de transporte mucociliar in situ foi significativamente menor nos brônquios seccionados do que nos brônquios intactos (p < 0,001). Houve redução da velocidade de transporte mucociliar in situ nos brônquios intactos dos animais tratados com azatioprina por 7 dias (p < 0,05), havendo completa recuperação após 30 dias de terapia. O ângulo de contato do muco foi maior nos brônquios seccionados dos animais tratados com solução salina por 30 dias (p < 0,001), estando de acordo com a redução da transportabilidade do muco in vitro observada nos mesmos animais (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÕES: Concluímos que, nos brônquios seccionados de ratos, a terapia com azatioprina causa um prejuízo apenas transitório do transporte mucociliar, enquanto a administração de solução salina prejudica o transporte mucociliar por até 30 dias. Além disso, a azatioprina contribui para prevenir alterações nas propriedades da superfície do muco.
Capnografia volumétrica como auxílio diagnóstico não-invasivo no tromboembolismo pulmonar agudo
Authors: Moreira Marcos Mello , Terzi Renato Giuseppe Giovanni , Pereira Mônica Corso , Grangeia Tiago de Araújo Guerra , Paschoal Ilma Aparecida
Published: June 2008

O tromboembolismo pulmonar é uma situação freqüente que pode ser diagnosticada pela cintilografia pulmonar, angiotomografia computadorizada, arteriografia pulmonar e, como método de exclusão, dosagem do dímero-D. Como estes exames nem sempre estão disponíveis, a validação de outros métodos diagnósticos é fundamental. Relata-se o caso de uma paciente com hipertensão pulmonar crônica, agudizada por tromboembolismo pulmonar. Confirmou-se o diagnóstico por cintilografia, angiotomografia computadorizada, arteriografia pulmonar; a dosagem do dímero-D resultou positiva. A capnografia volumétrica associada à gasometria arterial foi realizada na admissão e após o tratamento. As variáveis obtidas foram comparadas com os resultados dos exames de imagem.
Reduction of hepatic glucocorticoid receptor and hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase expression ameliorates diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in mice
Authors: Liu Yanjun , Nakagawa Yuichi , Wang Ying , Liu Limei , Du Hongwei , Wang Wei , Ren Xiuhai , Lutfy Kabirullah , Friedman Theodore C
Published: June 2008

Intracellular glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR) function determines tissue sensitivity to GCs and strongly affects the development of type 2 diabetes and obesity. 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) mediates intracellular steroid exposure to mouse liver GR by prereceptor reactivation of GCs and is crucially dependent on hexose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (H6PDH)-generating NADPH system. Pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 improves insulin intolerance and obesity. Here, we evaluated the potential beneficial effects of 11β-HSD1 inhibitor carbenoxolone (CBX) in diet-induced obese (DIO) and insulin-resistant mice by examining the possible influence of CBX on the expression of GR, 11β-HSD1, and H6PDH in vivo and in vitro in hepatocytes. Treatment of DIO mice with CBX markedly reduced hepatic GR mRNA levels and reduced weight gain, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. The reduction of hepatic GR gene expression was accompanied by CBX-induced inhibition of both 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH activity and mRNA in the liver. Moreover, CBX treatment also suppressed the expression of both phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose-6-phosphatase enzyme (G6Pase) mRNA and improved hepatic [1, 2-3H] deoxy-d-glucose uptake in DIO mice. In addition, the treatment of primary cultures of hepatocytes with increasing concentrations of CBX led to a dose-dependent downregulation of GR mRNA levels, which correlated with the suppression of both 11β-HSD1 and H6PDH activity and their gene expression. Addition of CBX to primary hepatocytes also resulted in suppression of both PEPCK and G6Pase mRNA levels. These findings suggest that CBX exerts some of its beneficial effects, at least in part, by inhibiting hepatic GR and H6PDH expression.
A 5′ distal palindrome within the mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat recruits a mammary gland-specific complex and is required for a synergistic response to progesterone plus prolactin
Authors: Morabito Joseph E , Trott Josephine F , Korz Dorian M , Fairfield Heather E , Buck Sarah H , Hovey Russell C
Published: June 2008

Progesterone (P) and prolactin (PRL) fulfill crucial roles during growth and differentiation of the mammary epithelium, and each has been implicated in the pathogenesis of mammary cancer. We previously identified that these hormones synergistically stimulate the proliferation of mouse mammary epithelial cells in vivo, although the mechanism(s) underlying their cooperative effect are unknown. We now report a novel pathway by which P and PRL synergize to activate transcription from the long terminal repeat (LTR) of the mouse mammary tumor virus-LTR (MMTV-LTR) in T47D breast cancer cells. Using serial 5′ and 3′ deletions of the MMTV-LTR, in addition to selective mutations, we identified that a previously uncharacterized inverted palindrome on the distal enhancer (−941/−930), in addition to a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 site, was essential for the synergistic activation of transcription by P and PRL. Notably, hormone synergy occurred via a mechanism that was independent of the P receptor DNA-binding elements found in the proximal MMTV-LTR hormone-response element. The palindrome specifically recruited a protein complex (herein termed mammary gland-specific complex) that was almost exclusive to normal and cancerous mammary cells. The synergy between P and PRL occurred via a Janus kinase 2 and c-Src/Fyn-dependent signaling cascade downstream of P and PRL receptors. Combined, our data outline a novel pathway in T47D cells that may facilitate the action(s) of P and PRL during mammary development and breast cancer.
Relationship between clinker porosity and interstitial phase morphology
Authors: FelekoǦlu B. , Tosun K. , Baradan B. , Altun A.
Published: June 2008

The results of interstitial phase morphology variations of two clinkers with respect to their porosity differences are presented in this paper. Single clinker nodules with an average diameter of 10–15 mm were used in the analyses. Porosity ratios and phase compositions were determined on scanning electron microscope images of polished clinker surfaces by using image processing techniques and, in addition, morphological characterisation of interstitial phases was realised. The results showed that the porosity distribution of a single clinker nodule is heterogeneous and a relationship exists between the average interstitial phase thickness and porosity. A dendritic interstitial phase morphology is associated with porous clinker structure. The porosity ratio depends on the degree of dendritic structure formation. Dendritic structures form because local heat transfer conditions produce an undercooled liquid, which produces an unstable liquid-solid interface and crystallites which propagate in front of such an interface become surrounded by a liquid showing an increasing degree of undercooling. As crystalline solids typically occupy space more efficiently than their liquids, the solidification of the interdendritic regions then produces porosity at that stage of cooling. The morphological variations in interstitial phases and porosity may cause differences in the performance of cements produced from these clinkers.
Numerical studies of mid-kiln tyre combustion
Authors: Darabi P. , Yuan J. , Salcudean M.
Published: June 2008

A one-dimensional mathematical model of tyre combustion is developed and incorporated in a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code with the objective of simulating industrial-scale cement kilns and studying the midkiln firing of whole tyres. The simulation without tyre combustion shows a high flame temperature, high NOx emission, and good quality product. Replacing 20% of the total kiln heat with tyres as fuel and dropping them in to the kiln at 50 m from the burner tip results in a reduced flame temperature, a 33% reduction of NOx emission and good clinker quality. Further investigations show that up to 30% replacement of fuel with tyres is acceptable to maintain the clinker quality with reduced NOx emissions. When the tyre replacement is 40% or more, NOx emission can be further reduced, but the clinker quality becomes poor. The tyre drop-in location is another critical parameter. For the kiln studied tyres can be dropped in within 50 m of the burner tip. Further downstream dropping-in reduces kiln efficiency and clinker quality. The actual replacement of tyre combustion and the drop-in location depends on the kiln design and operating conditions. The developed comprehensive simulation tool can be used to reach an optimised kiln design under a specified operating condition.
Sustainable groundwater-source cooling systems for buildings
Authors: Preene M.
Published: June 2008

Groundwater, abstracted from aquifers beneath buildings, can be used as a heat-rejection medium as part of a building cooling system. Such systems have the potential to reduce carbon emissions and provide cost savings, relative to traditional cooling systems that reject heat to air. Three principal configurations of groundwater-source cooling system are used: open-loop systems where the groundwater is discharged to sewer or surface watercourse; open-loop systems where the water is reinjected back into the aquifer; and standing-column boreholes. To date there have been relatively few large-scale applications of groundwater-source cooling systems in the UK. Clear definitions of sustainability targets for such systems do not exist. The current paper identifies characteristics of sustainable groundwater-source cooling systems. A series of tests to determine whether a groundwater-source cooling system can be considered ‘sustainable’ are identified.
Geotechnical publications before Géotechnique
Authors: Chrimes M.
Published: June 2008

Geotechnical engineering emerged as a recognised engineering discipline in the late 1930s. This paper reviews its development over the previous 200 years by examining the nature and shortcomings of the literature of geotechnics, and analysing trends. It looks at the nature of exchange of information in the period, and barriers to effective advancement in the subject before 1948. The absence of an effective international journal in the field before Géotechnique is revealed.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Tunnelling
Authors: Standing J. R. , Potts D. M.
Published: June 2008

The response of the ground and nearby structures to tunnelling constitutes a complex soil–structure interaction boundary value problem. Géotechnique papers published over the past 60 years that have dealt with this subject are summarised and discussed here. The papers have been organised according to their subject matter, including historical perspectives, various forms of theoretical and numerical analyses, small-scale modelling, and full-scale field monitoring. The number of papers written has steadily accelerated with time, thus indicating the growing interest in tunnelling and its effects, particularly in the urban environment, and an increase in our understanding of the subject. However, our knowledge is far from complete, and there are still many challenges to be tackled, particularly concerning the effects of tunnelling on existing infrastructure.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Ground improvement
Authors: Phear A. G. , Harris S. J.
Published: June 2008

Ground improvement comprises approximately 30 different methods of ground treatment, including modification, chemical alteration, reinforcement with steel or geosynthetic, strengthening by drainage, densification by vibration or consolidation, the use of electro-osmosis, and the use of the observational technique. This paper attempts to highlight influential papers published in Géotechnique since 1947, and urges the reader to seek these out. Descriptions are given of those papers considered to be most influential, ranging from the densification of soils at Cape Kennedy in the USA to the construction of a 41 m high reinforced soil wall in South Africa. The use of vibro-compaction and vibro-replacement techniques has featured significantly, as has consolidation using vertical drains. The importance of observational techniques and their relationship to ground improvement has also received great attention in Géotechnique. A summary of papers is also presented in a table to provide a quick reference tool.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Laboratory and field testing
Authors: Coop M. , Schnaid F.
Published: June 2008

A review is presented of the development of laboratory and field testing as viewed through the pages of Géotechnique, and from the personal standpoint of two authors whose careers started after many of the most important apparatus and techniques had already been invented. The review highlights the shifting tides of fashion to and fro, from laboratory to field tests, but emphasises the interdependence of the two. While the early years of Géotechnique witnessed the more obviously dramatic developments, more recent years have seen refinements in apparatus and techniques, particularly for small strains, and also analyses, in which the effects of more complex aspects of soil behaviour have been accounted for, such as structure, stress and strain history, and time-related effects. Although more subtle in nature, these developments have still had immense influence on engineering practice.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Groundwater
Authors: Powrie W.
Published: June 2008

This paper reviews work on the subject of groundwater published in Géotechnique over the past 60 years. Contributions relating to the effects of groundwater on geotechnical structures, measurement of pore water pressure using piezometers, analysis of groundwater flow, ground-water control or construction dewatering, estimating hydraulic conductivity, and passive vertical drains are summarised and discussed. Three major areas of significant impact are identified: (a) the realisation of the dominant role of pore water pressure equilibration in the delayed failure of cut slopes; (b) determination of the hydraulic conductivity of soils by means of rising- or falling-head tests in piezometers and boreholes; and (c) understanding the role of soil fabric in groundwater control, and using it to extend the operational range of pumped groundwater control techniques to soils of low permeability.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Soil science and interdisciplinary aspects of geotechnical engineering
Authors: Soga K. , Jefferis S. A.
Published: June 2008

It has long been recognised that soils are not simply assemblages of inert mineral grains, but complex systems within which multiple phenomena can occur. Our objective in this overview is to highlight the key papers and concepts in mineralogy, pollution and the environment that that have been published in Géotechnique over the last 60 years, and to consider the future directions for progress in these areas of geotechnical engineering. To provide a framework for our review we have adopted the concept of coupled phenomena, and we have considered six processes (mechanical, hydrological, chemical, electrical, thermal and biological). By reviewing the major technical achievements in the areas of chemical, electrical, thermal and biological effects on soil systems, the importance of a sound understanding of these phenomena in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering is highlighted. We conclude that, although much excellent work has been published in Géotechnique, there are still many opportunities and challenges offered by soil processes, and especially low-intensity chemical and biological processes.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Engineering geology, rock mechanics and rock engineering
Authors: Harrison J. P.
Published: June 2008

Throughout its history Géotechnique has regularly published papers on the fundamentals of engineering geology, the core concepts of rock mechanics, and the practice of rock engineering. In totality these papers provide a concise history of the development of these areas of geotechnics. Here, a review of many of these papers is presented in terms of the specific themes of engineering geology, rock slope instability, behaviour of intact rock and discontinuities in rock, field measurements in rock mechanics, discontinuous rock masses, numerical modelling, and rock engineering. Papers covering a wide range of issues within these themes are outlined, together with an indication of how they have influenced later developments. The review clearly demonstrates how Géotechnique has been at the forefront of rock mechanics, rock engineering and engineering geology for the whole of its 60-year existence.
Contributions to Géotechnique 1948–2008: Dynamics
Authors: Lancellotta R. , Pappin J. W.
Published: June 2008

Although the home of Géotechnique is not in an area of high seismicity, the journal has played an important part in enabling its readership and the geotechnical profession to keep abreast of world developments in the important and often difficult area of geotechnical dynamics. This note highlights contributions published in Géotechnique that have been influential in developing not only conceptual approaches but also engineering practice. Topics covered range from soil behaviour, earth structures to foundations and earth retaining walls. While seismic actions are mainly discussed many of the concepts are also relevant to machine base design.
Ossification of a Collagen Membrane Cross‐Linked by Sugar: A Human Case Series
Authors: Zubery Yuval , Nir Eran , Goldlust Arie
Published: June 2008

Background: Collagen membranes cross‐linked by glycation (GLYM) for guided bone regeneration (GBR) and guided tissue regeneration (GTR) are used extensively with proven safety and efficacy. Complete GLYM ossification, when placed in contact with bone, was described in a canine jaw model, suggesting that GLYM may serve as an ossification substrate. The purpose of this case series was to histologically evaluate GLYM in GBR procedures in humans.

Methods: We retrospectively selected seven consecutive patients with implant‐related bony defects who underwent GBR with GLYM. Six defects had bone grafts, and one had a barrier alone. Selection criteria were primary closure upon post‐surgical examination and tissue that was 2‐ to 3‐mm thick over the implant's cover screw. Tissue was removed when the implants were uncovered after 20 to 29 weeks. Decalcified sections were stained and analyzed under light microscopy.

Results: In five of seven specimens, GLYM was identified and preserved its barrier effect. The mean membrane thickness was 0.17 ± 0.054 mm. In two cases, the bone grafts under the membrane were embedded in new bone, whereas in five cases, they were embedded in fibrous connective tissue. Formation of new dense bone was observed along the side of the membrane facing the original bone, and various degrees of membrane ossification were evident in all five cases.

Conclusions: GLYM maintained its barrier effect in five of seven cases for 25 weeks and induced dense new bone along its interface with underlying tissues. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on GLYM ossification in humans with direct mineral apposition on glycated collagen and suggests a new concept of tissue‐integrated active barriers.
Periodontal Disease in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes in Serbia
Authors: Dakovic Dragana , Pavlovic Milos D.
Published: June 2008

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate periodontal health in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Serbia.

Methods: Periodontal disease was clinically assessed and compared in 187 children and adolescents (6 to 18 years of age) with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 178 control subjects without diabetes.

Results: Children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus had significantly more plaque, gingival inflammation, and periodontal destruction than control subjects. The main risk factors for periodontitis were diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.42 to 5.44), bleeding/plaque ratio (OR = 1.25; 95% CI: 1.06 to 1.48), and age (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.21). In case subjects, the number of teeth affected by periodontal destruction was associated with mean hemoglobin A1c (regression coefficient 0.17; P = 0.026), duration of diabetes (regression coefficient 0.19; P = 0.021), and bleeding/plaque ratio (regression coefficient 0.17; P = 0.021).

Conclusions: Compared to children and adolescents without diabetes, periodontal disease is more prevalent and widespread in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and depends on the duration of disease, metabolic control, and the severity of gingival inflammation. Gingival inflammation in young patients with diabetes is more evident and more often results in periodontal destruction.
Agenesis of the gallbladder as a rare misdiagnosis
Authors: Karatepe Oguzhan , Altiok Merih , Battal Muharrem , Adas Gökhan , Bilgin Gülcicek Osman , Acet Ersin , Karahan Servet
Published: June 2008

Anatomic anomalies of the biliary tract are not uncommon, but gallbladder and cystic duct agenesis is rare, with an incidence of 0.01% to 0.04% and a frequency of 0.016% at autopsy. It is usually asymptomatic and discovered incidentally. Although this congenital anomaly is infrequent, it may be encountered in clinical practice; thus, the surgeon should be aware of the associated problems. A correct preoperative diagnosis of this congenital anomaly is difficult to establish because of the nonspecific nature of the symptoms and the relative inaccuracy of the currently available diagnostic tests. Here we report a patient with a preoperative false diagnosis of cholelithiasis that was found on laparoscopy and open surgery to be agenesis of the gallbladder.
Concentrations of selected heavy metals in Ligula intestinalis L., 1758 plerocercoids (Cestoda) compared to it host’s (Tinca tinca L., 1758) organs from Beyşehir Lake (Turkey)
Authors: Teki̇n-Özan S. , Barlas M.
Published: June 2008

The accumulation of heavy metals (Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn) was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry in some organs of tench (Tinca tinca L., 1758) and tissues of its parasite collected from Beyşehir Lake, and compared with the data from sediments and water. The Cu levels in L. intestinalis L., 1758 plerocercoids were 1.69 times, respectively, higher than those in fish gill. Zn level in L. intestinalis plerocercoids was 2.13 times higher than those in fish liver, was 5.53 times higher than that of the muscle and 3.33 times higher than that in the gill. Significant negative (for Mn) correlation was found between the quantity of heavy metals in water and tissues of L. intestinalis plerocercoids while there was significant negative (for Cu) correlation between the quantity the heavy metals in bottom sediment and tissues of L. intestinalis plerocercoids. This study supports the idea that cestodes aren’t very useful to determine the heavy metal pollution in aquatic system when they are located in their intermediate host’s body cavity.
Redescription of the female of Mexiconema liobagri (Nematoda: Daniconematidae), a little-known parasite of the rare endemic catfish Liobagrus reinii (Amblycipitidae), in Japan
Authors: Moravec F. , Shimazu T.
Published: June 2008

Gravid females of the little-known dracunculoid nematode Mexiconema liobagri Moravec et Nagasawa, 1998 (Daniconematidae), a parasite of the rare endemic catfish Liobagrus reinii Hilgendorf (Amblycipitidae), were found in the body cavity of this fish from two new localities in Japan: the Takami River at Kotsugawa, Higashiyoshino, Nara Prefecture and the Tenryu River at Ina, Nagano Prefecture, representing the second record of this nematode species since its original description. Light and scanning electron microscopical examinations of these specimens enabled us to supplement the original description of M. liobagri and to recognise biometrical variability in this species. Details of the cephalic structure of M. liobagri (presence of the small triangular mouth armed with six denticles, surrounded by a pair of large lateral amphids and four submedian pairs of small cephalic papillae) are described for the first time. In addition to M. liobagri, another specific nematode parasite, Rhabdochona japonica Moravec, 1975, was recorded in the intestine of L. reinii from the Takami River.
Molecular clocks, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
Authors: Prasai Madhu J , George Jyothis T , Scott Eleanor M
Published: June 2008

The westernised world is in the midst of an epidemic of type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular disease. These closely interlinked conditions have a common pathophysiological basis underpinned by insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Contemporary changes in environmental factors on a background of genetic susceptibility are thought to account for the increases seen. Life on earth is governed by the 24-hour environment of light and darkness cycling with the rotation of the earth. Numerous metabolic and physiological pathways are coordinated to this 24-hour cycle by an endogenous clock. Recent epidemiological evidence and animal data suggest that disturbance of circadian rhythms through genetic and environmental influences on the molecular clock is pivotal in the pathogenesis of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review describes current knowledge on the topic.
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms and their association with type 2 diabetes-related traits in Mexican Americans
Authors: Thameem Farook , Puppala Sobha , Arar Nedal H , Stern Michael P , Blangero John , Duggirala Ravindranath , Abboud Hanna E
Published: June 2008

Genetic variants of the endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene such as T-786C, Glu298Asp and 27bp-VNTR have been examined for their association with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)-related traits in various populations but not in Mexican Americans. However, the results from such studies have been controversial. This study investigated whether these three polymorphisms are associated with T2DM and its related traits in Mexican Americans, a population at high risk for T2DM and its complications. The study participants (n=670; 39 families) were genotyped for the three polymorphisms using polymerase chain reaction followed by restriction fragment length polymorphism assay. Association analyses between these polymorphisms and T2DM and its related phenotypes were carried out using a measured genotype approach as implemented in the computer program SOLAR.

Of the variants examined, only the 27bp-VNTR variant exhibited significant association with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p=0.04) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) levels (p=0.02) after accounting for trait-specific covariates. The carriers of the rare allele (27bp-VNTR-4a) were found to have decreased HDL-C and increased DBP levels. In conclusion, of the genetic polymorphisms examined at the eNOS locus, only 27bp-VNTR appears to be a minor contributor to the variation in T2DM-related traits in Mexican Americans.
Diversity of native and alien vascular plant species of dry grasslands in central Europe
Authors: Essl Franz , Dirnböck Thomas
Published: June 2008

Question: Which factors determine diversity of native and alien vascular plant species in semi‐natural dry grasslands?

Location: Northern limestone Alps to the southern rim of the Bohemian massif in northern Austria.

Methods: In 70 randomly chosen dry grassland patches (0.008 ha ‐ 7 ha) we sampled a complete inventory of vascular plant species at each site. We analysed the correlation between species diversity of natives, archaeophytes (pre‐1500 aliens) and neophytes (post‐1500 aliens). We used GLM to study the relationship of species number (natives, neophytes, archaeophytes) to five explanatory variables (altitude, within habitat diversity, habitat diversity of adjacent areas, within land‐use diversity and land‐use in adjacent areas). Orthogonal components of these variables were derived with a PCA and used in the models. We also tested the influence of minimum residence time (MRT) and the covariables origin, mode of introduction and life form on the number of grassland sites with neophytes with analogous GLMs.

Results: Native species diversity species was positively correlated with the species diversity of new, but not old invaders. GLM explains 70% of the variance in the number of native species. Patch size explained the largest part of the variation in the number of native species. PCA axes 1 and 3 were significantly related to the number of native species. Axis 1was related to on‐site habitat and land‐use diversity. The GLM of the archaeophyte diversity explains 18% of the variance. Altitude and presence of fields and grassland in the neighbourhood mainly explained archaeophyte species diversity. The GLM of neophyte diversity explains 12% of the variance. The number of neophytes was positively related to that of archaeophytes. Only PCA axis 3, which is mainly influenced by adjacent land‐use types, showed a relationship with neophytes. MRT, mode of introduction and region of origin (but not life form) were significantly related to the number of grassland sites invaded by neophytes, explaining 35% of the variance.

Conclusion: Most factors governing native species diversity are not significantly related to alien species diversity. Additional determinants of the local scale diversity of alien species exist such as region of origin and historical factors (MRT, mode of introduction).