bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I’m Going Out To Hear Miles 1959–62
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

Davis spent the rest of l959 with his working situation in a state of flux. The legal difficulties connected with the arrest were one problem. Another was the personnel of the sextet. Cannonball Adderley finally left at the end of September: Davis offered him the formidable sum of a guaranteed $20,000 a year to stay, but the altoist was set on going out on his own, and enlisted his brother Nat as his fellow front-line musician. In fact, Nat had been deputizing for Miles while the sextet finished its stint at Birdland in August. ‘I played just over a week and, at the end, Miles telephoned. In that raspy voice of his, he asked,”How much you want me to pay you?” I told him I don’t charge because I was happy to do that. But Miles insisted: “How much money should I pay you?” I said $100 a day, because it was a great band and a thrill to be out there. There was a pause and he said, “You ain’t worth that,” and hung up. I never did get paid.’
A Fine Madness 1966–7
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

The next Davis record eventually emerged under the name Miles Smiles [1], with a threadbare cover design of a beaming Davis boxed in under the title. BAny listener searching for logic or consistency in the quintet’s development would have been surprised by the compositions chosen. There were three new originals by Shorter and one by Davis, but there were also two tunes contributed by a pair of saxophonists: Eddie Harris’s catchy ‘Freedom Jazz Dance’ and a piece by Jimmy Heath, ‘Gingerbread Boy’, which would become a staple number called on by groups looking for a useful bebop theme to jam on.
Dark, Dark 1970–75
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

A sit turned out, the 1970s would probably be the bleakest decade of Davis’s life. In the early part of it, though, he was concerned mainly to work and record music and otherwise establish himself with a new audience which was remote from the admirers he had built up over many years. Jazz had become a dirty word to him, one which spoke of exploitation and the plantation mentality that he had come to despise in his business. As he looked around, he saw more reason than ever to align himself with black currents in popular music that looked and sounded far more relevant to contemporary American life than anything jazz had to offer. Jimi Hendrix was by now a veteran of his milieu, but still a vitally relevant figure, and an instrumental virtuoso who was a plausible counterpart to Davis himself. Another veteran, James Brown, was making the hardest and funkiest music of his career. A newer figure, Sly Stone, had emerged and was creating music which was a dramatic bridge between black pop and a darker, more radical music. Davis was most likely in two minds about the way the wind was blowing: pleased that black musicians were gaining ground and credibility, but concerned that he might not be a part of it too unless he acclimatized himself quickly.
Tais-Toi Some Of This! 1975–85
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

After thevisit to Japan early in 1975, Davis returned to the US and carried on working. On some gigs, the band went out as a support act to Herbie Hancock, which must have been a humiliation for Davis. His former sideman had been enjoying much success with his band Headhunters, which mixed cheerful funk with jazz improvisation in a way which would have been mystifying to Miles. By the summer, Davis was becoming obliged to cancel gigs because of a further decline in his health, and by the end of the year a scheduled hip replacement operation was becoming a desperate necessity: but he then contracted pneumonia, which aggravated all his other health problems. There had been a few further studio sessions, but nothing had come out of them. Finally, the hip surgery took place right at the end of the year, and he began to recuperate, partly under the eye of Cicely Tyson, the one woman who maintained an occasional presence in his life. Instead of starting a period of recovery, though, Davis almost fell into a tailspin. As he put it in his autobiography: ‘I just took a lot of cocaine and fucked all the women I could get into my house:
White, Yellow, Orange, Red … 1985–8
Authors: Cook Richard
Published: November 2023

Davis was enjoying his new stardom, which was taking him far beyond his old jazz audience, even if he wasn’t really selling records or concert tickets - at least, not the way the stars of the pop world he longed to be a part of were. His business affairs were a mess, but that never stopped him spending money or affecting the most extraordinary extravagance. He had had a decent manager, Mark Rothbaum, for some time, but in 1983 he had switched to being represented by Lester and Jerry Blank, a team which Cicely had recommended to him. The arrangement seems to have been an unhappy alliance, and soon enough Davis had to extricate himself from it, but it ended up costing him so much money that his beloved brownstone on 77th Street was sold to help get him out of debt. He then switched to new management, David Franklin, who would negotiate what turned out to be the biggest change in his renewed career.
Time and chance punctuality and the coin toss
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

“The train arrived at 6:34 on the dot.” In other words, the train arrived punctually, at a precisely predicted point in time—the appointed time. Time viewed as a continuum is the analogue of the geometer’s one-dimensional line, an infinite and straight succession of points. (Strictly speaking, a point has no dimensions at all; but mathematicians care-fully distinguish between a half-line, i.e., a point plus all points on the line to one side of it, and a ray, which is the same thing as a half-line except without an initial endpoint.) Yet we have been conditioned to think of time elapsing in a succession of discrete ticks; to speak of a point in time in this latter sense would have been unthinkable prior to the invention of accurate enough clocks to tell not just the hour but the minute as well. It is presumably to the dot at which the minute hand stops on the face of a clock or watch that on the dot refers.
For short Mr., Sr., et al.
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

Q. What do Mr. Natural, Dr. Doolittle, Mrs. Malaprop, Ms. Airy-chord, Capt. Dandelion, Sen. Dreckslinger, Sr. Dymphna-Joseph, Prof. Mamamouchi, Fr. Feeley, and the Rev. Byron Frimstone have in common? A: The fact that each has an abbreviated title, followed (at least in America) by a period. In this abbreviations differ from acronyms, which generally lose their dots as soon as people start pronouncing them as though they were words in their own right: The North American Treaty Organization, initially N.A.T.O., increasingly gets referred to as “nate-oh” until poof! the periods vanish, and NATO it is.
Dot Dot Dot: ellipses, lacunae, and missing links
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

“Nine tailors make a man . . .” and three dots make an ellipsis. The urge to leave some of the story out is probably as old as storytelling itself. More recent is the feeling that we should at least leave evidence that something is missing. Suetonius relates that the emperor Claudius, when approached by a man in hopes of getting the black mark against his friend’s name removed from the Censor’s rolls, granted the request saying, “But I want the erasure to show.”
Ninety-Eight Point Six: Decimals And Determinings
Authors: Humez Alexander Humez Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The cover of Martin Mull’s record album Normal shows the singer-songwriter’s face with a thermometer stuck in his mouth; the mercury in the thermometer is just at the 3/5 notch on the scale between “98” and “99.” Outside the United States, this joke only works in Liberia and Burma (a.k.a. Myanmar); everybody else is on the metric system, perhaps the most far-reaching change wrought by the French Revolution, which replaced its cumbersome hodgepodge of standard measures with an ordered, rational, and ruthlessly decimal one. If the decimal point had not existed before, it would have been necessary to invent it in 1799, when the metric standard—metros is Greek for ‘measure, mean’—was officially adopted by the French government. Napoléon Bonaparte’s assumption of power in the coup of November 9–10 that year guaranteed that the new system, already in use and proving its manifest utility, now had the political clout of a dictator behind it.
The Baroque Era
Authors: ShrockP Dennis
Published: November 2023

The Baroque era began in the early years of the seventeenth century as a result of four circumstances: (1) a reaction against the overly dense textures of Renaissance polyphony, (2) a desire to emulate perceived attributes of Greek monody, (3) a shift from textures that were melodically linear and imitative to textures that were harmonically vertical and homophonic, and (4) an independent status of instruments in vocal music. None of these circumstances oc- curred suddenly, and all of them had their beginnings prior to the year 1600. For instance, lead- ers of the Protestant Reformation during the latter half of the sixteenth century desired music that was simple, direct, and accessible to the general uncultivated public, and the proponents of the Counter-Reformation leveled harsh criticism against Renaissance polyphony following the Council of Trent (1545–1563). Furthermore, interest in monody began in the 1580s with a group of Italian noblemen called the Florentine Camerata, vertical and homophonic textures became prevalent at the end of the sixteenth century as composers sought to write music that was un- cluttered texturally, and the accompaniment of vocal works with keyboard instruments became a necessity with the composition of vocal solos and with the increasing performance of music by solo ensembles. By the beginning of the seventeenth century these circumstances—criticisms, in- terests, and practices—became pervasive, and the combination of vertically conceived har- monies and independent instrumental writing created a new style of composition.
Rules of Thumb in Animals and Humans
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

Simple heuristics correspond roughly to what behavioral biologists call rules of thumb. Our aim in this chapter is to relate research conducted by the Center for Adaptive Behavior and Cognition (ABC) to biological research on behavior. We seek to identify where behavioral biologists and ABC have used similar approaches or arrived at similar results but also to clarify exactly where the two schools disagree or diverge on tactics.
What’s in a Sample? A Manual for Building Cognitive Theories
Authors: Gigerenzer Gerd
Published: November 2023

In his Opticks, Isaac Newton (1704/1952) reported experiments with prisms to demonstrate that white light consists of spectral colors. Newton did not sample, nor was he interested in means or variances. In his view, good experimentation had nothing to do with sampling. Newton was not antagonistic to sampling, but he used it only when he thought it was appropriate, as in quality control. In his role as the master of the London Royal Mint, Newton conducted routine sampling inspections in order to determine whether the amount of gold in the coins was too little or too large.
Terrorism and War
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

There are different kinds of war: world wars, small wars, civil wars, revolutions, wars of liberation. There are also guerrilla campaigns, which may become wars. In discussions of terrorism, it is a serious mistake to suppose that all terrorism is alike. Terrorism has different forms, as does war.

In the United States, the Right has been asserting that to hold anything else than that all terrorism is the same is to undermine the “moral clarity” needed to pursue the war on terrorism. Further, U.S. neoconservatives, Christian fundamentalists, and the Israeli Right are especially intent on arguing that the terrorism carried out by Palestinians is the same as that conducted by Osama bin Laden and the Al Qaeda network.
The Media and Political Violence
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I review the meanings of “violence,” “political violence,” and “terrorism.” I then consider the responsibilities of the media, especially television, with respect to political violence, including questions such as how violence should be described and whether the media should cover terrorism. I argue that the media should contribute to decreasing political violence through better coverage of arguments for and against political dissidents’ and potential terrorists’ views and especially through more and better treatment of nonviolent means of infiuencing political processes. Since commercial pressures routinely confiict with media responsibility, I argue that society should liberate substantial amounts of culture from such pressures.
Moral Inquiry, Action, and Care
Authors: Held Virginia
Published: November 2023

What can discussions such as those in this book indicate about the ways in which we ought to conduct moral inquiry? If we decide that the issues should be handled in accord with the moral requirements of political and legal relations among persons, we can turn to the moral theories developed for such relations. Discussions of violence show, I believe, that an adequate treatment of the relevant problems requires consideration of both their deontological and consequentialist aspects and more.
The Creative Action Theory of Creativity
Authors: Carruthers Peter
Published: November 2023

Thought is normally the precursor of action. We think first, and then we act. Most models of creative thought and creative activity make a similar assumption. They assume that creative activity is preceded by, and is causally dependent upon, creative thought. This chapter, in contrast, argues for the reverse. It develops a model according to which creative thought is always preceded by, and causally dependent upon, creatively generated action schemata. And it adduces a variety of considerations in support of such a model.
A Commentary on Demosthenes' Philippic I
Authors: Wooten Cecil
Published: November 2023

Demosthenes ‘ Philippic I, delivered between 351 B.C. - 350 B.C., was the first speech by a prominent politician against the growing power of Philip II of Macedon. Along with the other Philippics of Demostheses, it is arguably one of the finest deliberative speeches from antiquity. The present volume provides the first commentary in English on the Philippics since 1907 and promises to encourage more study of this essential Greek orator. Aiming his commentary at advanced undergraduates and first-year graduate students, Cecil Wooten addresses rhetorical and stylistic matters, historical background, and grammatical problems. In addition to a full commentary on Philippic I , this volume includes essays that outline Philippics II and III, set them in their historical context, and emphasize the differences between these later speeches and the first.
Scientific Research as a Creative Enterprise
Authors: Schwartzkroin Philip A
Published: November 2023

In our society, there is a tendency to contrast the scientist and the artist—the one working strictly objectively (according to rules of logic), the other calling upon a more free spirit. To a certain degree, these caricatures are appropriate, but it is important to realize that it is never “all-or-none”—not for the scientist and not for the artist. And it is even more important to emphasize that science— especially high-quality research—is a creative enterprise. One can “do science” by following the rules, keeping on the blinders, and trudging forward, but that version of research is rather boring, not only for those who read about the results but also for those engaged in the process. Scientific research is not always strictly “scientific,” at least as we generally use this term. Research involves rules, but it also incorporates hunches, intuition, and serendipity.
Introduction
Authors: Bard Terry R , Lowenstein, Nancy A , Satin David G
Published: November 2023

As the core faculty for the only Harvard Medical School elective course on interdisciplinary care of aged persons gathered to prepare for the spring 2003 semester, discussion arose about how our students could bene0t from a text that would include the scope of the course they were about to experience. This was not the 0rst time that this faculty had raised this concern. About 15 years before, the same question emerged from the core faculty teaching an earlier iteration of the course. The textbook that the faculty wrote to meet this need, Satin, Blakeney, Bottomley, Howe, and Smith (editors), The Clinical Care of the Aged Person: An Interdisciplinary Perspective (NY: Oxford University Press, 1994), marked the 0rst effort to explore the concept of truly interdisciplinary care, particularly from the clinical perspective. At that time, the field of geriatrics had achieved formal status as a clinical specialty in medicine and psychiatry; other clinical disciplines, too, began to offer specialized education. In addition, nonclinical professions were developing a special interest focus on aging. Interdisciplinary Care of the Aged Person remained a unique course offering within the Division of Aging at the Harvard Medical School. Its two-fold focus was on helping its students learn about and experience interdisci-plinary care as well as providing specifi c clinical information about aging as understood from experts in a variety of disciplines.
The Structure and Financing of the Health-Care System: Reality and Consequences
Authors: Branch Laurence G , Petrossi kathryn H
Published: November 2023

A health-care system has two basic components—the delivery of health and medical services to those who need them and the payment for those delivered services. The current health-care system in the United States is a by-product of several factors. First, access to and payment for health care in the United States has never been recognized of0cially as a right of citizenship and a responsibility of the government, as it has in virtually every other industrialized country. Therefore, health care in the United States is appropriately viewed as a consumer good/service in a capitalistic society. Second, health insurance, the dominant form of payment for health-care services, is generally a bene0t for the worker and his or her family as a result of participating in the labor force. Third, federal and state governments have legislated responsibility for access and payment for health care of those retired from the labor force (via Medicare, a responsibility of the federal government alone but limited), the poor (working or not, Medicaid, a joint responsibility of the federal and state governments), and children (Children’s Health Insurance Program [CHIP], a joint responsibility of the federal and state governments).
Elder Autonomy and Consumer-Directed Care
Authors: Sciegaj Mark
Published: November 2023

The provision of health-care and long-term care services often raises a number of issues of elder autonomy. The sections that follow describe current theoretical models for understanding individual autonomy and the primary conLict that often occurs in providing elder care services between the elder’s preferences and the professional’s judgment. The chapter also covers the emergence and evolution of consumer-directed care models for older adults and people with disability.

Since the nineteenth century, individual autonomy has been a major theoretical concept in the Western philosophical literature. This literature defines autonomy as the individual’s ability for self-governance.
Long-Term Care
Authors: Fishman Len , Satin David G
Published: November 2023

Immediately before coming to Boston I was president of the American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging, which is the national organization that represents about 6000 nonprofit senior counseling and healthcare organizations around the country. Its headquarters are in Washington, D.C. And that’s where I first got to know the Hebrew Rehabilitation Center of Boston.

I’m going to give you a bit of an introduction. I’ll talk about our situation in the year 2000. I’m going to give you a kind of environmental scan of the demographics and trends as they looked to us around the year 2000. (Chapter 4 goes into the history and broad organization of health care for older adults.) And then I’m going to talk about what we did to accommodate to these conditions and what happened during the intervening period.
Policy Making and Policy Changing
Authors: Chelmow Theodore
Published: November 2023

This chapter explains the context which governs social policy and our role as interdisciplinary workers to be agents of social change. Policies grow out of the experience of our daily lives, which includes individual perspectives and values, family experiences, cultural history, and economic forces.

This context impacts the social policies, services, and ultimately the clients we serve. Dr. Margaret Lawrence, the first African American to attend the Columbia Psychoanalytic Institute and dedicated therapist to the families of Harlem, urged fellow practitioners to work from the following standpoint: “Know the long sweep of your own history . . . know the values embedded in your cultural perspective; know the inner workings of your own psyche . . .” (p. 2). The helper’s role “is not designed simply to maintain the status quo, to make impoverished people feel comfortable with their deprived state. When therapy is successful there will be social and cultural ripples, if not waves. Individual health inspires a changed view of old, unproductive conditions. There is a strong, if complicated, relationship between psychotherapy (insight) and social change” (p. 3).
Optimizing pharmacologic outcomes: Assessing and managing opioid side effects
Authors: Smith Howard S , McCleane Gary
Published: November 2023

Common opioid side effects may include constipation, nausea and vomiting, sedation, and pruritus. Other adverse effects may include cognitive disturbances, perceptual distortions, delirium, myoclonus, urinary retention, headache and/or dizziness, fatigue, anorexia, dry mouth, sweating, decreased sexual desire (libido), abdominal discomfort/cramping/bloating, and infrequent respiratory depression. Opioid toxicity will be different between individuals. Individuals do not develop every potential adverse effect/toxicity and differ greatly as to the magnitude of various effects and how much distress is experienced. In general, tolerance develops to most side effects. There remains a dearth of high-quality evidence for the treatment of opioid side effects in populations both with and without cancer pain (McNicol et al., 2003).
Optimizing pharmacologic outcomes: Principles of opioid rotation
Authors: McCarberg Bill H , Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

With gradual escalation of the opioid dose in most patients, a favorable balance between analgesia and side effects can be achieved. However, some patients experience intolerable side effects before adequate analgesia is reached or, more rarely, do not benefit at all. Several strategies can be employed to reduce toxicity and improve pain control, including more aggressive treatment of side effects, use of coanalgesics or intravenous or anesthetic procedures, and use of nonpharmacologic interventions. An alternative approach is to change to another opioid in an attempt to allow titration to adequate pain control while limiting side effects.
Pre–opioid prescribing period
Authors: Smith Howard S
Published: November 2023

As noted in the previous chapter, the use of opioids for the management of persistent noncancer pain (PNCP) remains controversial, and many issues surround the use of long-term opioid therapy (LTOT) for this type of pain. Overall, the use of LTOT in patients with PNCP may provide many with significant analgesia and minimal side effects for many years. However, the use of LTOT in other patients may result in a less favorable outcome. Therefore, when making the decision to prescribe opioids for this type of pain, the following factors should be kept in mind: LTOT may not be optimal for all patients. LTOT does not provide good or excellent analgesia in all patients.
Background and Overview of the Book
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

“I should say that the majority of women (happily for them) are not very much troubled with sexual feeling of any kind.” So wrote William Acton in 1857. Acton was an acclaimed expert on the topic—a physician and the leading sexologist of Victorian England. His book, Functions and Disorders of the Reproductive Organs in Youth, in Adult Age, and in Advanced Life, appeared in eight editions in the nineteenth century. He may well have expressed not only his own views but also those of generations of men who read his work. Just two years after the 0rst edition of Acton’s book was published, Darwin’s (1859) Origin of Species appeared, followed a dozen years later by The Descent of Man (1871). The latter book, in particular, elaborated Darwin’s theory of evolution driven by female choice, as pushed along by female sexual preferences, views that met widespread resistance. A main problem, skeptics surmised, was that the theory presumed that, over many generations, females agree about which male features they 0nd sexually attractive (Bajema, 1984).
The Evolution of Human Mating Systems and Parental Care
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

In chapter 3, we, following others, argued that extended female sexuality typically functions to obtain male-delivered material assistance. As we also noted, no mammalian female known to biology matches the ampli0ed form of extended sexuality exhibited by women. Though women can possibly conceive on 5 or 6 days of their cycles in which ovulation occurs, with pronounced chances occurring just 2–3 days, women engage in and seek copulation throughout these cycles. Indeed, in aggregate data, human mating frequency varies very little across the cycle, aside from a drop at menstruation (see chapter 10). Furthermore, women of reproductive age often have nonovulatory cycles and mate frequently within these cycles. And human females may be sexually active during years of adolescence before establishing reliable ovulatory cycles. Indeed, human female adolescents appear to be more sexually motivated than adolescents in other primates in which adolescent females exhibit sexuality (see chapter 6). Finally, women are proceptive and receptive when pregnant. Naturally, if the male-assistance hypothesis of extended female sexuality applies speci0cally to women, women bene0t through male-delivered material assistance by mating during infertile times of their lives.
Concealed Fertility
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

According to most authors, some female primates, often thought to be only women, possess concealed, cycle-related fertility, whereas most mammalian females do not (e.g., Alexander & Noonan, 1979; Andelman, 1987; Baker & Bellis, 1995; Beach, 1976; Burley, 1979; Campbell, 2002; Cartwright, 2000; Dixson, 1998; Marlowe, 2004; Strassmann, 1981; Symons, 1979; Turke, 1984). In its fullest form, female concealment of cycle-phase fertility has typically been thought to require three features. First, a concealing female does not “know,” that is, perceive, discriminate, or respond to, her own peak fertility in the estrous/menstrual cycle. Hence, she exhibits no variation in sexual motivation across the cycle. Second, and relatedly, female sexual behavior has become independent of variations in female reproductive-cycle hormonal inKuences. That is, endocrine changes across the cycle do not signi0cantly produce variation in female sexual motivation. Third, female morphological, behavioral, or olfactory signals of peak fertility in the estrous/menstrual cycle are greatly reduced or altogether absent. Hence, males cannot discriminate female peak fertility in the cycle.
Coevolutionary Processes: Men’s Counterstrategies and Women’s Responses to Them
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

As we discussed in chapter 7, biologists have long recognized that species may coevolve with other species in an antagonistic fashion; for example, the coevolution of predator– prey, host–pathogen, or competitors for the same food source. Through antagonistic coevolution, new adaptations in one species (e.g., traits in predators that increase their ability to capture prey) evoke selection on the other species (e.g., prey) to evolve counteradaptations (e.g., defenses)—which may then produce selective pressures on the 0rst species to counter those counteradaptations, and so on. Antagonistic coevolution of adaptation and counteradaptation can continue through long stretches of evolutionary time, resulting in persistent evolutionary change in both species. As we also discussed, just as genes within two species’ genomes can antagonistically coevolve in response to their interaction, genes within a single species can coevolve antagonistically. Sexually antagonistic coevolution is a prime example. (For a general discussion of intersexual conKict theory and evidence in nonhuman animals, see, in particular, Arnqvist & Rowe, 2005; Burt & Trivers, 2006; Chapman, Arnqvist, Bangham, & Rowe, 2003; Hammerstein & Parker, 1987; Holland & Rice, 1999; Parker, 1979a; Rice, 1996; Rice & Holland, 1997.)
Reflections
Authors: Thornhill Randy , Gangestad Steven W
Published: November 2023

What can we conclude about the evolution of human female sexuality? In this chapter, we reflect on this question and address it in broad strokes. All of our answers, we emphasize, are provisional. Their function is not to declare 0rm truths (even if, indeed, we would bet on many ultimately proving to be true). Rather, they offer frameworks that we hope can generate fruitful future research.
Beginnings
Authors: Weber Wendell W
Published: November 2023

We hear almost every day about the unwanted effects of prescription drugs and over-the-counter nostrums, of unsafe substances in foods, and of the perils of tobacco smoking and drinking alcohol. We cannot help but wonder why such effects occur in only a fraction of persons exposed, or why a drug that is therapeutic in one person may be ineffective, or even toxic, in another. This is the province of pharmacology. During the period in and around the 1950s, pharmacologists demonstrated, contrary to common belief, that adverse responses accompanying exposure to exogenous substances were closely tied to a person’s genetic makeup (Figure 1.1). When this concept was proposed, it was not entirely new because biologists had long understood that the capacity of organisms to respond differently to the environment was genetically determined. Even so, demonstrating that heredity exerted important effects on human drug responsiveness was an innovative step that cast doubt on the notion that the drug recipient was merely a passive bystander in this process.
Importance of Alkanes in Atmospheric Chemistry of the Urban, Regional, and Global Scales
Authors: Calvert Jack G , Derwent Richard G , Orlando John J , Tyndall Geoffrey S , Wallington Timothy J
Published: November 2023

The alkanes are a class of organic compounds that make up a major component of the trace-gas composition of the atmosphere. They take part in atmospheric chemical reactions on a range of scales from urban to global. Their participation in these atmospheric chemistry processes makes a substantial contribution to photochemical ozone formation on the urban and regional scales, controls the build-up of methane and ozone (the second and third most important greenhouse gases after carbon dioxide), and drives stratospheric ozone layer depletion (for halogen-substituted alkanes only).
Diagnostic procedures
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

Taking a good history is necessary to making any medical diagnosis, but this is particularly true in neurology and even more so in dealing with patients with headaches. The aspects of history that need to be elicited include circumstances surrounding the onset of headaches, duration, frequency, time patterns, possible aggravating and relieving factors, preceding and associated symptoms, quality and distribution of pain, prior treatments attempted, and coexistent medical conditions. Social history can reveal job-related stress, working conditions, occupational triggers, family problems, living conditions, and other factors that need exploration. Information about alcohol and caffeine consumption, smoking, diet, sleep, and exercise is also very relevant. Family history often provides invaluable clues, as does a thorough physical examination. Imaging studies and other tests make the smallest contribution in establishing the diagnosis and are generally overused.
Nonpharmacological/ alternative approaches
Authors: Mauskop Alexander
Published: November 2023

It may seem unnecessary to tell patients to get enough sleep, exercise, eat at regular intervals, and drink enough water, but a significant number of patients will listen to the physician and modify their habits. Many migraine patients do much better if they adhere to a strict routine in regard to their sleep, food intake, and exercise. What about all those “alternative” therapies that many physicians disdain? The National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines CAM as “a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not presently considered to be part of conventional medicine.” A more appropriate term, which encompasses the use of these therapies, is integrative medicine. The use of nontraditional therapies in migraine is increasing, with the amount of money spent on such therapies surpassing that spent for inpatient treatment within the United States. Because more and more patients are turning to such therapies, physicians need to be increasingly aware of the types of alternative treatments that their patients may be involved in.
Definition and classification
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem, pleomorphic disease in which in?ammation, antibody production, and complement-fixing immune complex deposition result in tissue damage. Some regard it as a syndrome in that many patients have only a few aspects of the process (e.g., nephritis, thrombocytopenia) and are otherwise healthy and normal. In 1971, the American Rheumatism Association (forerunner of the American College of Rheumatology [ACR]) published preliminary criteria for the classification of SLE for clinical trials and population studies rather than for diagnostic purposes. Updated twice since, and currently undergoing a third revision, this definition has evolved as new insights and autoantibodies have become available. Nevertheless, it appears that SLE is part of a spectrum of lupus-associated disorders. This section will attempt to categorize and define these subsets. The breakdown of different types of lupus is shown in Table 2.1.
Medications used to manage lupus erythematosus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

The pharmacologic treatment of lupus revolves around four considerations: Is there organ-threatening disease (cardiopulmonary, hepatic, renal, hematologic, central nervous system) that requires corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy? Is there non-organ-threatening disease (constitutional, musculoskeletal, cutaneous, serositis) warranting disease-modifying therapy? Should organ-specific measures (e.g., treatment of a rash) be implemented? Which adjunctive treatments (e.g., bisphosphonates, angiotensinconverting enzyme inhibitors) are appropriate for the patient? The principles of drug therapy for lupus state that organ-threatening disease should be managed aggressively with moderate to high doses of corticosteroids, often followed by the institution of steroid-sparing measures in the form of immunosuppressives. Antimalarials are usually introduced as well.
Prognosis
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Prior to the availability of corticosteroids and immunosuppressive therapy, which became widely accessible in 1948, half of persons with lupus died within 2 years, and half survived. This generally demarcated organversus non-organ-threatening disease. Table 13.1 shows the gradual improvement in outcome over the past 60 years. Currently, most patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) survive at least 20 years,although their quality of life is not always optimal. Historically, 40% of deaths in lupus patients with serious disease were from in?ammation and occurred within 2 years of diagnosis. Approximately 10% of deaths took place over the following 10 years. The remaining 40% of lupus patients died 12 to 25 years after diagnosis, mostly from infection and complications of chronic steroid therapy and immunosuppression. This “bimodal” curve has been altered in the past 10 years.Death due to lupus during the first 2 years is becoming less common; individuals with serious SLE still have a 10to 30-year shortened life expectancy due to complications of therapy.Figure 13.1 summarizes the principal causes of death in SLE.
Molecular structures based on carbon The foundation for the molecules of life
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Molecules are made up of two or more atoms; these atoms are held together by chemical bonds, a form of electronic glue. Chemical bonds have defined lengths and directions in space. Water and carbon-based molecules are the foundation of the molecules of living organisms.
Nitrogen and oxygen: atmospheric elements
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

Diversity adds spice to life. Think about food. Personally, I grew up with a meat- and-potatoes diet typical of midwestern food back in the 1940s and 1950s. There is nothing wrong in that but it was a bit boring in its sameness. Contrast that with the way my wife and I dine now: the wonderful diversity of regional American cuisines coupled with the foods of China, Japan, Italy, France, Thailand, and Latin America among others, specifically including fusion of regional or national cuisines. The range of aromas, flavors, and textures is amazing. Our lives are better for the diversity.
More about oxygen-containing molecules
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The Bible is a bit racier than it is generally given credit for. Alcohols are among the classes of molecules that are the focus of this chapter, specifically including ethanol, the basis of alcoholic drinks. Let’s begin with the earliest recorded use of ethanol as an intoxicating agent.
Proteins An amazing collection of multifunctional properties
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

I grew up in a solidly middle-class family, largely of German descent, in a city of modest size in central Nebraska. Like a lot of such families, our diet was based on meat and potatoes. It was an unwritten but religiously observed law in our home that two meals each day would include both meat and potatoes. The meat was turkey twice a year, ham on occasion, chicken or pork from time to time, but mostly beef. The potatoes were usually boiled or boiled potatoes subsequently sliced and fried. My brother and I also drank a lot of whole milk, at least a quart a day each and frequently more (skim milk was available but no one gave much thought to “reduced fat” or “low fat” milk back in those days). On farms, a lot of people just drank what the cows had on tap. Between the meat, potatoes, and the whole milk, we got a lot of protein and starch in our diet, which is good; we also got a lot of saturated fat in our diet and that is not so good.
Your brain What it does and how it does it
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

The human nervous system is a marvel. Its functional beauty stirs the imagination. Its complexity both creates our intellect and challenges it. Our nervous system permits us to interpret our environment and respond to it. It is essential to the salient feature that makes human beings unique among living organisms: our amazing capacity for language. The human nervous system underlies our learning, memory, emotions, behavior, and consciousness. It is, in a certain sense, what it means to be human.
Your brain Good things and not-good things
Authors: Cordes Eugene H
Published: November 2023

For certain, one thing is clear: life is not fair. If you have parents who love and care for you, you have an immeasurable advantage in life over those who lack such nuturing. I was fortunate to have such parents but, beyond that, I had two extraordinary grandparents, my paternal grandfather (I get around to him in a later chapter) and my maternal grandmother.
Pithiatism Versus Hysteria*
Authors: Philippon Jacques , Poirier Jacques
Published: November 2023

When Jean-Martin Charcot selected Babinski as senior resident in 1885, Charcot’s fame, international as well as national, was at its peak, especially in regard to hysteria. 9is became the main topic of his teaching, as shown by the large number of his lessons that are devoted to it.1 9e importance of hysteria in the second half of the nineteenth century, particularly in France, is amazing. Since its description in Antiquity, hysteria had been considered a female illness associated with womb disorders and female sexuality. With a better knowledge of ovarian functions, the role of the womb in hysteria was challenged in the mid-1800s. Hysteria was no longer considered a sexual disorder, though it remained genital in nature and restricted to women. 9e notion that hysteria was a disorder of the nervous system and could occur in men, first suggested by figures such as 9omas Sydenham (1624–1669) and defended by Paul Briquet (1796–1881)2 and then Charcot, would not be commonly accepted before the end of the century.
Brachial Plexus
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

Every Medical Student memorizes and promptly forgets the brachial plexus. Even the majority of neurology residents only cram it into memory before board exams and then actively forget it afterward. For physicians who use it daily in the electromyography suite, however, it is a grail. The brachial plexus is fundamental to the peripheral nervous system exam. Without it, we are able to memorize the major muscle groups and their innervation patterns but the nuance of the exam escapes us. Let’s learn the brachial plexus well, here, so that even if we forget its details, they will be accessible to us when we need them.
Ulnar Nerve
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The C7–T1 NERVE ROOTS of the medial cord of the brachial plexus supply the ulnar nerve. It provides ulnar (medial)-deviated wrist flexion, thumb adduction, finger spread and closure, and the primary flexor and extensor movements of the fourth and fifth digits. The ulnar nerve provides sensory coverage to the palmar and dorsal aspects of the medial third of the hand, medial half of the ring finger, and little finger. Just proximal to the formation of the ulnar nerve, the medial cord supplies the medial cutaneous nerve of the arm (aka medial brachial cutaneous nerve) and the medial cutaneous nerve of the forearm (aka medial antebrachial cutaneous nerve), which provide sensory coverage to the medial upper arm and forearm, respectively.
Radial Nerve
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Radial Nerve originates from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and the C5–C8 nerve roots supply it. It provides forearm extension and supination, wrist extension, abduction of the thumb in the plane of the palm, and extension of the digits at their metacarpal–phalangeal joints. Simply put, it is the primary extensor innervator in the upper extremity. From a sensory standpoint, the radial nerve is responsible for coverage of the midline posterior arm and forearm and the dorsal surface of the lateral half of the hand and proximal lateral three and a half digits (remember, in anatomic position, the arm is supinated and the thumb is directed away from the body so the lateral three digits are the thumb, index and middle fingers, and lateral half of the ring finger). The median nerve covers the dorsal tips and ventral surfaces of those digits.
Structure Of The Spinal Cord And Spinal Canal
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Spinal Cord is the gateway between the brain and the periphery; it carries and modulates transmissions between them and generates impulses of its own. The spinal canal protects and supports the spinal cord; therefore, it is important to know the anatomy of the spinal canal as well as that of the spinal cord. In this chapter, we will draw the relevant structures of the spinal canal and discuss their rostro–caudal regional characteristics. Another name for the spinal cord is the medulla spinalis. If you want to understand the origin of this name, read on; otherwise, skip ahead. The brainstem is similar to the spinal cord in appearance and function. The lower one-third of the brainstem is called the medulla, which is short for medulla oblongata. Medulla simply means “marrow,” and both the spinal cord and brainstem share a similar medullar histological appearance. Oblongata refers to the oblong shape of the lower brainstem, and spinalis refers to the location of the spinal cord within the spinal canal. From these origins, we get “medulla oblongata” for the lower one-third of the brainstem and “medulla spinalis” for the spinal cord. The owermost section of the spinal cord is called the “conus medullaris” due to its conical shape. We begin our diagram of the spinal canal with a sagittal section through the spinal cord and brainstem. Draw the cervical segment of the spinal cord angling anteriorly, the thoracic segment angling posteriorly, and the lumbosacral segment angling anteriorly, again.
Pharyngeal Arch Cranial Nerves
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

Cranial Nerves 5, 7, 9, and 10 all share the same pharyngeal arch embryonic origin, which is described in the “Cranial and Spinal Nerve Overview” chapter. In that chapter, we drew and discussed the nerves as a group; here, we examine their individual anatomy. Multiple cell columns constitute the different pharyngeal arch nerves: special visceral efferent (skeletal motor), general visceral efferent (autonomic motor), special visceral afferent (taste), general visceral afferent (viscerosensory), and general somatic afferent (somatosensory).
Skull Base
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

Skull Anatomy (aka cranial bone anatomy) is outside of the strict domain of neuroanatomy but is still important to learn. Neuroanatomy books often provide a cursory review of skull anatomy and related anatomical subjects, such as facial musculature, the oral and nasal cavities, blood vessels of the head and neck, and the ear and vestibular structures. However, if you want a complete review of these topics, look for an anatomy book on the head and neck. In this chapter, we will draw and discuss the aspects of skull anatomy relevant to neurology. We will draw the skull base and label the cranial bones, then draw the cranial fossae, and afterwards the foramina at the base of the skull.
Limbic System
Authors: Fisch Adam
Published: November 2023

The Limbic System is fascinating but, unfortunately, inconsistencies in its nomenclature make it a frustrating subject to learn. Even the term the “limbic system” has many different accepted definitions. Paul MacLean coined it in the mid-twentieth century to group the limbic lobe with functionally-related areas of the brain but many different iterations of the term have since evolved. In this chapter, we will address the constituents of the limbic lobe and then use the Papez circuit to introduce the functionally-related areas of the limbic system.
Background
Authors: Ahlskog J Eric
Published: November 2023

The symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD) are very treatable. This is a condition where the physician can make a huge difference in the lives of patients. Although not all symptoms can be adequately controlled, optimum medical treatment can often keep PD patients in the mainstreams of their lives for many years.