bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure and Gender Effects in the Social Perception of Women Bodybuilders
Authors: Franck Loren
Published: August 2016

A 3 x 4 factorial design was used to test the affects of gender, frequency of exposure, and magnitude of exposure on subjects' ratings of women bodybuilders. Dependent variables were subjects' ratings of the bodybuilders' femininity, physical attractiveness, dominance, and aggressiveness. Subjects were 76 introductory psychology students (45 female, 31 male) at a large Utah university who completed a 10-item rating scale after viewing 20 color slides of some of the world's leading women bodybuilders. A multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) showed that males rated the women bodybuilders as more attractive than did females (p < .05) and that the longer they had been exposed to women bodybuilders, the higher were their attractiveness ratings for women bodybuilders (p < .05). Gender-frequency of exposure interaction effects were also statistically significant (p < .05). Males with low frequency of exposure rated the women bodybuilders as less dominant than did low-frequency females. However, high frequency-of-exposure males rated the women bodybuilders as more dominant than did high-frequency females. The study concludes with a discussion of the mere exposure hypothesis and status quo effects in an attempt to explain the results.
Antecedents Of, Temporal Changes In, and Relationships between CSAI-2 Subcomponents
Authors: Gould Daniel , Petlichkoff Linda , Weinberg Robert S.
Published: August 2016

Two studies were conducted to examine antecedents of, relationships between, and temporal changes in the cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and the self-confidence components of the Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, and Smith (1983) newly developed Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2). In addition, the prediction that cognitive and somatic anxiety should differentially influence performance was examined. In Study 1, 37 elite intercollegiate wrestlers were administered the CSAI-2 immediately before two different competitions, whereas in Study 2, 63 female high school volleyball players completed the CSAI-2 on five different occasions (1 week, 48 hrs, 24 hrs, 2 hrs, and 20 min) prior to a major tournament. The results were analyzed using multiple regression, multivariate multiple regression, univariate and multivariate analyses of variance, and general linear model trend analysis techniques. The findings supported the scale development work of Martens and his colleagues by verifying that the CSAI-2 assesses three separate components of state anxiety. A number of other important findings also emerged. First, the prediction was confirmed that somatic anxiety increases during the time leading to competition, while cognitive anxiety and confidence remain constant. Second, CSAI-2 subscales were found to have different antecedents, although the precise predictions of Martens and his colleagues were not supported. Third, the prediction that cognitive anxiety would be a more powerful predictor of performance than somatic anxiety was only partially supported. Fourth, the prediction that precompetitive anxiety differences between experienced and inexperienced athletes initially found by Fenz (1975) result from somatic anxiety changes was not supported. It was concluded that the CSAI-2 shows much promise as a multidimensional sport-specific state anxiety inventory, although more research is needed to determine how and why specific antecedent factors influence various CSAI-2 components and to examine the predicted relationships between CSAI-2 components and performance.
The Effects of Noncompetitive and Competitive Instructional Climates on Teacher Expectancy Effects in Elementary Physical Education Classes
Authors: Martinek Thomas J. , Karper William B.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to describe the operation of teacher expectancy effects within two instructional climates of elementary physical education classes. Specifically, high and low expectancy groups were compared during noncompetitive and competitive instruction in terms of teacher-student interaction and perceived expression of effort. Four alternating experimental phases of instruction were employed. Analysis of the interaction data revealed that low expectancy students received significantly more praise and encouragement during the first (noncompetitive) phase and the fourth (competitive) phase than did high expectancy students. They also received significantly more empathy from their teachers during both competitive phases of instruction. High expectancy students were perceived to exhibit significantly more effort than low expectancy students during all four phases.
Methodological Considerations in Youth Sport Motivation Research: A Comparison of Open-Ended and Paired Comparison Approaches
Authors: Wankel Leonard M. , Kreisel Philip S.J.
Published: August 2016

A review of open-ended and structured approaches to assessing youth sport motivation reveals that each has certain strengths and limitations. Hence, the method of choice for a particular study will depend upon the particular problem addressed. In order to examine the comparability of results obtained from different methodologies, a study was conducted to compare the results pertaining to factors underlying sport enjoyment obtained from open-ended and Thurstonian paired comparison inventories. Although a number of similarities appeared in the results across the two methodologies (e.g., personal accomplishment, excitement of the sport, and just doing the skills were important, while getting rewards and pleasing others were relatively unimportant), there were also some differences reflecting the particular methodologies. A consideration of previous research employing a broader variety of methodological approaches (open-ended, ranking, Likert scaling, Thurstone paired comparisons) further indicates that although the particular methodology utilized does affect the results obtained, certain important motivational factors tend to surface regardless of the methodology employed.
Compatibility in Coach-Athlete Relationships
Authors: Horne Tammy , Carron Albert V.
Published: August 2016

Three major issues were examined in the present study: (a) the variables discriminating between compatible and incompatible coach-athlete dyads; (b) the relationship between coach-athlete compatibility and athlete performance; and (c) the relationship between compatibility and athlete satisfaction. Subjects were 77 coach-athlete dyads from female intercollegiate teams. Compatibility was assessed using a sport-adapted version of Schutz's (1966) Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation (FIRO-B) scale and Chelladurai and Saleh's (1980) Leadership Scale for Sports (LSS). Self-ratings of the quality of the coach-athlete relationship, athlete performance, and satisfaction with the coach's leadership were obtained. There were two variables that significantly discriminated between compatible and incompatible dyads. The sole variable predicting athletes' performance perceptions was the score reflecting discrepancy between athlete perceptions and preferences on the LSS reward dimension. Variables predicting athlete satisfaction were discrepancy between athlete perceptions and preferences on the LSS dimensions of training, reward, and social support. Recommendations for future research in this area are discussed.
Social Facilitation of Young Children's Dynamic Balance Performance
Authors: MacCracken Mary Jo , Stadulis Robert E.
Published: August 2016

Dynamic balance performance of young children (ages 4, 6, and 8) was assessed in three social situations: alone (only with tester present); coaction (one other child performing at the same time); and spectators (five other observer children present). Within each age and gender, children (N = 120) were classified as of higher or lower comparative skill. Each balance task performed (walking forward and backward on a line, a narrow beam or a wide beam) was classified as representing easier or more difficult tasks for each child individually. Findings (p ≤ .05) indicated that the facilitation effects of social situations strengthened over age, with spectators producing increments in performance for children of higher skill (especially boys) and decrements in performance for the lower skilled children (both boys and girls). Coaction resulted in positive effects regardless of skill level.
Analysis of the Arousal/Motor Performance Relationship in Children Using Movement Kinematics
Authors: Beuter Anne , Duda Joan L.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this interdisciplinary study was to assess the impact of arousal on motor performance by examining the kinematic characteristics of a stepping motion in high and low arousal conditions on 9 subjects. Raw data were recorded from a rotary shutter video camera and digitized automatically by interfacing the videomotion analyzer with the digitizing board of a microcomputer. Three-dimensional orbital plots of the hip, knee, and ankle angle covariations revealed that the subjects used two different strategies to perform the skill. Phase plane analyses revealed a tight coupling between joint position and velocity in both conditions for the hip and the knee. Differences in movement kinematics between low and high arousal conditions were most visible in the ankle joint whose phase planes displayed an increased number of self-crossings (loops) in the high arousal condition. It was suggested that under high arousal, what was once automatic and smooth in terms of the ankle joint now comes under more volitional control, which is less smooth and efficient. Practical implications of the present study are suggested.
Pinned by Their Own Goals: An Exploratory Investigation into Why Kids Drop out of Wrestling
Authors: Burton Damon , Martens Rainer
Published: August 2016

Previous research concludes that athletes drop out of sport because of conflicts of interest, but these findings cannot clarify whether dropouts find other activities more appealing or turn to new activities because sport fails to meet their achievement needs. This investigation assessed dropout motives by testing explanations derived from Nicholls' (1984) motivational model and comparing them with traditional dropout questionnaire responses. Wrestling coaches, participants, participants' parents, dropouts, and dropouts' parents completed a 23-item dropout inventory; and participants and dropouts responded to questionnaire items testing Nicholls' task choice predictions. Dropout inventory responses confirmed previous conflict-of-interest findings. In data testing Nicholls' model, participants demonstrated significantly higher perceived ability, better won-loss records, more functional attributions, and more positive expectancies, and valued wrestling success more than dropouts did. These findings supported predictions that wrestlers change activities when continued participation threatens their perceived ability. Disagreement between the conclusions concerning why young athletes drop out of wrestling drawn from the conflict-of-interest explanation and from Nicholls' perceived ability model are discussed, and suggestions for reducing dropout rates are offered.
Relationship between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Subscale Scores and Pistol Shooting Performance
Authors: Gould Daniel , Petlichkoff Linda , Simons Jeff , Vevera Mel
Published: August 2016

This study examined whether linear or curvilinear (inverted-U) relationships exist between Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 subscale scores and pistol shooting performance in a paradigm that addressed previous design, methodological, and data analysis problems. Officers (N = 39) from the University of Illinois Police Training Institute served as subjects and participated in a pistol shooting competition. Each subject shot on five separate occasions, immediately after completing the CSAI-2 (Martens, Burton, Vealey, Bump, & Smith, 1983), a multidimensional measure of state anxiety. It was predicted that cognitive state anxiety would be more related to performance than would somatic state anxiety. However, relationships between both types of anxiety and performance were predicted to support inverted-U as opposed to linear relationships. Self-confidence was predicted to be positively related to performance. Results were analyzed using the intraindividual analysis procedures recommended by Sonstroem and Bernardo (1982) and showed that cognitive anxiety was not related to performance, somatic anxiety was related to performance in a curvilinear (inverted-U) fashion, and confidence was negatively related to performance.
Effects of Goal Specificity, Goal Difficulty, and Information Feedback on Endurance Performance
Authors: Hall Howard K. , Weinberg Mobert S. , Jackson Allen
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the present investigation was twofold: first, to examine the relationship between goal difficulty, goal specificity, and endurance performance in a physical activity setting, and second, to determine the relationship between different types of information feedback, goals, and performance. Subjects (N = 94) performed on a hand dynamometer endurance task, being asked to hold a one-third maximum contraction for as long as possible. The subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following goal-setting conditions: (a) Do your best, (b) improve by 40 s, or (c) improve by 70 s. They were provided with either concurrent or terminal feedback in a 2 x 3 x 2 (feedback x goals x trials) design. Performance results indicated a significant goals-by-trials interaction with the 40- and 70-s goal groups exhibiting significantly more improvement than the "do your best" group. No significant performance differences were found between the two feedback groups. However, significant differences in the performance-associated cognitions of the feedback groups indicated a preference for concurrent feedback as an adjunct to goals. Results are discussed in terms of Locke's goal-setting theory as well as some recent field research investigating the goal-setting performance relationship in physical education settings.
Skill in Field Hockey: The Nature of the Cognitive Advantage
Authors: Starkes Janet L.
Published: August 2016

The present study assessed the relative importance of attributes determined largely by the efficiency of the central nervous system versus cognitive attributes in the determination of expertise in field hockey. Three groups were assessed on a battery of field hockey related perceptual and cognitive tasks: the Canadian Women's Field Hockey team, a university team, and a novice group. The attributes assessed were simple reaction time, dynamic visual acuity, coincident anticipation, ball detection speed and accuracy, complex decision speed and accuracy, shot prediction accuracy both when ball impact was viewed and when it was occluded, and recall accuracy of game-structured and nonstructured information. The multitask approach revealed the importance of cognitive abilities in the determination of skill in field hockey.
Psychological Characteristics and the Criteria Children Use for Self-Evaluation
Authors: Horn Thelma Sternberg , Hasbrook Cynthia A.
Published: August 2016

Theory and research from the developmental psychology literature Indicate there is a developmental progression in the particular criteria or informational sources children use to evaluate their performance competencies. The present study was designed to test the possibility that certain psychological characteristics (i.e., perceived competence and perceived performance control) may also affect children's preference for the various sources of competence information that are available in the sport environment. Three psychological questionnaires were administered to 229 young soccer athletes to assess the variables of Interest. Multivariate regression and canonical correlation analyses revealed support for the predicted relationships. Children with external perceptions of performance control exhibited a greater preference for external information, while children with high perceived competence and an internal perception of control exhibited greater reliance on self-determined standards of performance and comparison of own performance with that of relevant peers. These results suggest that children differ from each other not only in the magnitude of their perceptions of competence but also in the criteria they use to evaluate that competence.
Perceived Role Characteristics and Executive Satisfaction in Voluntary Sport Associations
Authors: Rail Geneviève
Published: August 2016

This study tested the relationship between perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction among sport executives. It also investigated the relative importance of role characteristics and individual variables in the prediction of role satisfaction. Measures of perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction were obtained through content analysis of interviews with 60 executives involved in Quebec amateur sport federations. Demographic data were gathered by questionnaire. Results indicated positive correlations between perceived role characteristics and role satisfaction. As demonstrated by multiple regression analysis, the selected individual characteristics (age and marital status) were not predictive of role satisfaction. Use of competence, autonomy, role significance, and recognition were found to be the four major determinants of role satisfaction within the voluntary sport associations.
Efficacy Expectations and Perceptions of Causality in Motor Performance
Authors: Duncan Terry , McAuley Edward
Published: August 2016

Bandura (1977) has proposed self-efficacy as a common cognitive mechanism accounting for the effects of various psychological processes on performance. Although recent studies have provided preliminary evidence for the relationship between self-efficacy and subsequent performance on competitive motor tasks, little has been done to examine the relationship between self-efficacy and the cognitive appraisal of competitive sport information. The purpose of this study was to determine if a relationship exists between personal self-efficacy and the causal explanations given for performance in a competitive sport setting. Subjects were manipulated into high and low efficacy groups, engaged in a competitive motor task against an opponent, and then gave causal attributions for outcome. Multivariate analyses did not reveal any significant differences between high and low efficacy groups' causal explanations for outcome. However, winners made more stable and controllable attributions than did losers. The results are discussed in terms of the possible perception of lack of responsibility for outcomes that do not occur in natural environments, consequently eliminating the need for causal ascriptions.
Nonoperative Treatment of Rotator Cuff Injuries in Throwing Athletes
Authors: Irrgang James J. , Whitney Susan L. , Harner Christopher D.
Published: August 2016

Shoulder pain in throwing athletes is reviewed. The anatomy and function of the rotator cuff and the biomechanics of the throwing mechanism are described. Physical examination for rotator cuff injuries, treatment considerations, and a protocol are presented. Failure to recognize glenohumeral instability may limit the success of nonoperative management of rotator cuff injuries in throwing athletes. This article provides a comprehensive review of some of the underlying causes of rotator cuff pathology in throwing athletes. Rotator cuff injuries in throwing athletes are closely associated with glenohumeral instability. The role of glenohumeral instability in the pathogenesis of rotator cuff injuries is described.
Role of Prophylactic Knee and Ankle Bracing in Injury Reduction
Authors: Sitler Michael R.
Published: August 2016

Knee and ankle injuries continue to be ever present at all levels of athletic participation. A relatively recent approach in injury intervention is the use of prophylactic knee braces (PKB) and ankle stabilizers (AS). Prophylactic braces are used to reduce the frequency and severity of injuries in a cost effective manner, but their clinical efficacy has been questioned. Specific to PKB, there is little agreement among the results of studies completed to date as to their effectiveness in reducing the incidence of knee injuries. This is attributed to a lack of control of confounding variables that mitigate the interpretive findings of many studies. Although the clinical research regarding AS is limited, it appears that they are effective in reducing the incidence of acute ankle injuries. Recommendations for future study as well as considerations for clinical research analysis are presented.
Comprehensive Management of Patellofemoral Pain
Authors: Spiker John C. , Massie Denise L.
Published: August 2016

Effective management of patellofemoral pain is challenging to the practitioner when attempting to maintain the athlete's desired activity level while minimizing the symptoms. Due to the numerous etiological factors behind anterior knee pain, comprehensive management must include a lower extremity evaluation of muscular flexibility and strength as well as biomechanical abnormalities. Rehabilitation programs must focus on the flexibility, strength, endurance and proprioception of the extremity while reducing abnormal biomechanical forces. Programs to treat these abnormalities that increase patellofemoral stress must be systematically upgraded one variable at a time while monitoring the symptoms on a daily basis.
Overload Injury of the Knees with Resistance-Exercise Overtraining: A Case Study
Authors: Fry Andrew C. , Kraemer William J. , Lynch James M. , Barnes Jason M.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To report a joint-centered mechanism of performance decrements caused by overtraining.

Design:

Case study.

Setting:

Laboratory-induced overtraining.

Participants:

Eleven weight-trained men, 1 (subject A) with overload injury of the knees.

Intervention:

High-intensity squat resistance-exercise overtraining for 2 weeks.

Outcome Measures:

1RM lower-body strength, isokinetic and isometric knee-extension strength, and stimulated isometric knee-extension strength.

Results:

Subject A’s 1RM strength decreased 40.3 kg, and the other overtrained subjects (OT) exhibited significant (P< .05) 1RM decrements (x= –9.3 kg). Isokinetic knee-extension strength decreased for all subjects. For the OT group, voluntary isometric knee-extension strength did not change and stimulated isometric knee-extension strength decreased. Subject A exhibited increased values for both these variables.

Discussion:

These data indicate that muscle strength was attenuated for subject A only during dynamic activity. It is theorized that subject A exhibited a joint-centered overtraining syndrome, with afferent inhibition from the affected joints impairing dynamic strength.
Flexibility Retention 3 Weeks after a 5-Day Training Regime
Authors: Rubley Mack D , Brucker Jody B , Knight Kenneth L , Ricard Mark D , Draper David O
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the retention of flexibility 25 days after 5 days of three 30-second stretches.

Design:

A 2 × 4 repeated-measures factorial. Treatment and time were independent variables. The dependent variable was flexibility as measured by a sit-and-reach box.

Measurements:

33 college students were tested before and after stretching for 5 consecutive days and without stretching on days 8 and 30. Control subjects were prone for 15 minutes; stretch subjects received 15 min of diathermy or sham diathermy and then performed three 30-second standing right-hamstring stretches.

Results:

Flexibility was greater on days 5, 8, and 30 than day 1, but days 5, 8, and 30 were not different from each other.

Conclusion:

Gains in flexibility are retained for at least 3 weeks after a stretching program. It also appears that 2 sets of 3 repetitions of a sit-and-reach test is sufficient stimulus to induce long-term flexibility gains.
Lower-Extremity-Joint Cryotherapy Does Not Affect Vertical Ground-Reaction Forces during Landing
Authors: Jameson Andrew G , Kinzey Stephen J , Hallam Jeffrey S
Published: August 2016

Context:

Cryotherapy is commonly used in the care of acute and chronic injuries. It decreases pain, reduces swelling, and causes vasoconstriction of blood vessels. Its detrimental effects on motor activity might predispose physically active individuals to further injury.

Objective:

To examine the effects of cryotherapy on vertical-ground-reaction-force (VGRF) during a 2-legged landing from a 2-legged targeted vertical jump.

Design:

2 × 4 MANOVA with repeated measures.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants:

10 men, means: 22.40 ± 1.26 years, 76.01 ± 26.95 kg, 182.88 ± 6.88 cm.

Intervention:

VGRF during landing from a targeted vertical jump (90% of maximum) was measured before and after four 20-minute cryotherapy treatments.

Results:

There were no significant differences in VGRF as a result of cryotherapy.

Conclusion:

Under the constraints of this study there is no evidence that returning to activity immediately after cryotherapy predisposes an athlete to injury because of a change in VGRF.
Rear-Foot Motion in Soccer Players with Excessive Pronation under 4 Experimental Conditions
Authors: Sandrey Michelle A , Zebas Carole J , Bast Joseph D
Published: August 2016

Context:

Soccer is a sport that includes running in several different directions. For this reason, it is important for the shoe to control the motion of the foot.

Objective:

This study was undertaken to compare rear-foot motion in high school soccer players with excessive pronation under the experimental conditions of barefoot (BF), experimental shoe (ESS), experimental shoe with arch support (ESSAS), and the experimental shoe with pronated lacing technique (ESSPLT).

Design:

1 × 4 factorial.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

20 male and female subjects with excessive pronation in both feet (N = 40) as determined by navicular height and arch index.

Interventions:

The subjects were filmed with a 2D Peak Performance video system as they ran a specified course. Rear-foot motion was determined by rear-foot angle measurements from the point of foot-fat to heel off.

Main Outcomes Measures:

There would be a difference with rear-foot motion between the three experimental conditions.

Results:

Results of the study indicated significant (P ≤ .05) differences between the conditions of BF and ESS, BF and ESSAS, BF and ESSPLT, and ESS and ESSPLT.

Conclusions:

In the experimental conditions, the shoe with the pronated lacing technique was superior in its effectiveness to control rear-foot motion.
A Comparative Analysis of Selected Ankle Orthoses during Functional Tasks
Authors: Yaggie James A. , Kinzey Stephen J.
Published: August 2016

Context:

Ankle bracing has been used for many years in an attempt to prevent lateral ligamentous injuries of the ankle by restricting joint range of motion (ROM).

Objective:

To examine the influence of ankle bracing on ROM and sport-related performance.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Participants:

30 volunteers. None reported ankle trauma within 2 years preceding the study or had other orthopedic conditions that would have affected physical performance.

Intervention:

Three brace conditions (McDavid A101™, Perform-8™ Lateral Stabilizer) were assessed during performance of the vertical jump and shuttle run.

Main Outcome Measures:

shuttle-run time, vertical jump height, inversion, and plantar flexion ROM.

Results:

Both braces restricted plantar flexion and inversion ROM and caused no change in shuttle-run time or vertical jump height.

Conclusions:

Our results indicate that bracing the ankle joint increases external lateral support to the joint without significantly restricting functional ability.
Adherence to Anterior Cruciate Ligament Rehabilitation: A Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Pizzari Tania , McBurney Helen , Taylor Nicholas F. , Feller Julian A.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate the subjective experience of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rehabilitation and identify variables that influence adherence as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients.

Design:

A qualitative study using in-depth interviews to gather data and thematic coding to analyze findings.

Setting:

Participants were interviewed at home or in their workplace.

Participants:

Eleven patients were interviewed at an average of 4.8 months (SD = 0.8) after ACL reconstruction.

Results:

Using thematic coding of the interview data, 3 categories of variables influencing adherence emerged: environmental factors, physical factors, and psychological factors. Variables specifically affecting adherence to home exercise were perceived lack of time and a lack of self-motivation. Fear of reinjury emerged as a significant consideration for those who were nonadherent. Factors such as therapist support, the rehabilitation clinic, and the progression of exercises were identified as being important for attendance at physiotherapy appointments and adherence during appointments.
Gluteus Medius Activity during Isometric Closed-Chain Hip Rotation
Authors: Schmitz Randy J. , Riemann Bryan L. , Thompson Timothy
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine whether gluteus medius (GM) activity increases in response to isometric closed-chain external hip rotation.

Design:

Subjects performed single-leg stances in 3 different conditions: 0° knee flexion, 0° hip flexion (C1); 0° knee flexion, 20° hip flexion (C2); and knee flexed 20–30°, 20° hip flexion (C3). Posteriorly directed forces of 8.9 N (F1), 17.8 N (F2), and 26.7 N (F3) were applied at the lateral pelvis of the nonstance side during each condition.

Subjects:

20 college students.

Measurements:

Surface EMG RMS amplitude from the GM and kinematic data from the trunk, hip, and knee.

Results:

Statistical analyses revealed a significant Condition 3 Force interaction and significant increases of EMG activity from C1F1 and C1F2 to C1F3 and from C3F1 to C3F2 and C3F3. F2 and F3 of C2 were significantly less than F2 and F3 of both C1 and C3.

Conclusions:

GM activity increases in response to isometric, closed-chain, external hip-rotation forces, and forward movement of the upper body with respect to the base of support decreases GM activity.
Unilateral Multiaxial Coordination Training and Ankle Kinesthesia, Muscle Strength, and Postural Control
Authors: Riemann Bryan L. , Tray Nancy Caggiano , Lephart Scott M.
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To determine the physiological adaptations that might occur with a 4-week unilateral multiaxial training program in lower leg kinesthesia, peak torque, and postural control.

Study Design:

True experimental pretest-posttest control-group design.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Subjects:

26 healthy, active subjects (14 men, 12 women).

Interventions:

Subjects were assigned to an experimental or control group. The experimental group performed multiaxial coordination training 3 days/wk for 4 weeks.

Main Outcome Measures:

Both groups were tested 3 times, pretest and 2 and 4 weeks after training was initiated. Outcome measures included conscious appreciation of ankle kinesthesia, eversion and dorsiflexion isokinetic peak torque, and static and functional postural control.

Results:

Results revealed a significant Group × Test interaction only for inversion kinesthesia.

Conclusions:

Four weeks of multiaxial coordination training did not significantly improve any of the dependent variables in healthy individuals. Further research should consider the effects of such a program on injured subjects.
Functional Effects of Inertial Training of the Upper Extremity
Authors: McLoda Todd A. , Murphy Kate M. , Davison Steve
Published: August 2016

Context:

Inertial training of the shoulder.

Objective:

To determine the differences of functional and EMG measures between a control group and an exercise group of overhead throwers.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Research laboratory.

Participants:

17 intercollegiate baseball players and 19 intercollegiate softball players divided into 2 equal-size groups, control and exercise.

Main Outcome Measures:

Preliminary data were recorded, including throwing velocity, throwing accuracy, and EMG activity of the biceps brachii, upper pectorals, and posterior deltoid. The exercise group completed a 4-week training regimen on the Impulse Inertial Trainer. All participants returned for follow-up measures.

Results:

No significant group-by-time interaction occurred relative to ball velocity, accuracy, or EMG activity.

Conclusion:

For experienced throwers, functional measures and muscle activity during throwing were not affected by inertial training of the upper extremity.
The RAMP System: A Template for the Progression of Athletic-Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Ralston David J.
Published: August 2016

The RAMP system of athletic-injury rehabilitation, its name an acronym representing its component phases, has its foundation in the frequentreassessment of the injury condition. The patient is progressed systematically through a sequence of rehabilitation goals: management of theacute responses to injury, restoration ofmobility, and successful completion ofperformance goals. The RAMP system designates the current highest-priority rehabilitation goal as the primary objective and any other goals as secondary. This ensures that the pursuit of 1 rehabilitation goal is not at the expense of another, more currently relevant goal. The RAMP system provides a systematic format to help less-experienced clinicians progress injured athletes through the phases of recovery from injury. Daily reassessment of an injury allows the rehabilitation plan to be current and appropriate. The goal-based progression of the system ensures maximum resolution of each rehabilitation objective, contributing to athletes’ optimal return to sport or activity
Velocities and Accelerations of Body Parts during Standing: Association with Visual Information
Authors: Kejonen Pirjo , Kauranen Kari , Niinimaa Ahti , Vanharanta Heikki
Published: August 2016

Context:

Balance evaluation and training are typically included in rehabilitation after sport injuries.

Objective:

To evaluate and compare the maximal velocities and accelerations of balancing movements during 2-leg stance with eyes open and closed. The effect of age on the measured values was also evaluated.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Participants:

100 healthy, randomly selected subjects (50 men, 50 women; age 31–80 years).

Setting:

Body-movement values were measured with the Mac Reflex motion-analysis system.

Intervention:

Subjects stood barefoot.

Main Outcome Measures:

ANOVAs were used to explain the body movements. The location of measurement, presence or absence of vision, and subjects’ age and gender were used as explanatory variables.

Results:

With eyes closed, all measured body parts had significantly higher maximal velocity and acceleration values than with eyes open. Age seemed to affect the acceleration values.

Conclusion:

Visual information was found to significantly influence movement values. Exercises should be done under various conditions to improve standing balance abilities.
Using Lunge Measurements for Baseline Fitness Testing
Authors: Crill Matthew T. , Kolba Christopher P. , Chleboun Gary S.
Published: August 2016

Context:

The lunge is commonly used to assess lower extremity strength, flexibility, and balance, yet few objective data exist on it.

Objectives:

To determine the reliability of the lunge test, determine whether there are gender differences associated with it, and study the relationships between lunge distance and height and leg length.

Design:

Single-factor repeated measures.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

57: 29 men, 28 women.

Main Outcome Measures:

Anterior lunge (AL) and lateral lunge (LL) distance, height, and leg length (cm).

Results:

LL distance (131.3 ± 12.3) is significantly greater than AL distance (113.7 ± 17.2) in men and in women (LL 113.6 ± 10.5, AL 96.6 ± 11.1). There was no significant correlation for height or leg length to any lunge measurement in men or women.

Conclusion:

The lunge can be used as a reliable test to measure lower extremity function. Right- and left-leg lunge distances should not differ, and LL will always be greater than AL.
Hot-Pack Warming in 4- and 8-Pack Hydrocollator® Units
Authors: Kaiser David A. , Knight Kenneth L. , Huff Jeremy M. , Jutte Lisa S. , Carlson Preston
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine the time needed to heat hot packs to water temperature (73–75 °C) in 4- and 8-pack Hydrocollator® units.

Design and Setting:

A 2 × 2 factorial design, with heating unit (4- or 8-pack) and number of packs added (1 or 3/7) as independent variables. Dependent variables were hot-pack and Hydrocollator-water temperatures.

Measurements:

Temperatures were measured with type T thermocouples interfaced with a 16-channel Isothermex™. Hydrocollator temperatures were measured with 2 thermocouples, and hot-pack temperatures, with 6 thermocouples inserted in 6 cells of a hydrated, 10- by 12-in Hydrocollator pack. Temperature was measured every 30 s for 5 min before and 45 min after pack immersion.

Results:

Packs warmed rapidly from ~18 to 65–68 °C by 10 min and to 72.5–75 °C by 20 min. Heating slowed by ~5% when 7 packs were added to the large unit. Water temperatures decreased ~2 °C (from ~75 °C) after 7 packs were immersed and returned to preimmersion temperatures by 20 min.

Conclusions:

Rewarming is quicker than commonly believed (20–150 min) and might be a function of the number of packs being simultaneously warmed.
Six Weeks of Strength and Proprioception Training Does Not Affect Muscle Fatigue and Static Balance in Functional Ankle Instability
Authors: Powers Michael E. , Buckley Bernadette D. , Kaminski Thomas W. , Hubbard Tricia J. , Ortiz Cindy
Published: August 2016

Context:

The combined effects of strength and proprioception training, especially in individuals with ankle instability, have not been studied extensively.

Objective:

To examine the influence of 6 weeks of strength and proprioception training on measures of muscle fatigue and static balance in those with unilateral functional ankle instability (FAI).

Design:

Pretest–posttest, randomized groups.

Setting:

A climate-controlled sports-medicine research laboratory.

Subjects:

38 subjects with self-reported unilateral FAI.

Measurements:

Muscle fatigue was determined using the median power frequency (fmed) from an electromyographic signal, and static balance was assessed using center-of-pressure values obtained from a triaxial force plate.

Results:

There were no significant effects of the strength or proprioception training on our measures of muscle fatigue and static balance.

Conclusions:

Strength training, proprioception training, and the combination of the 2 failed to improve postural-stability characteristics in a group of subjects with FAI.
Effects of Vascular Occlusion on Surface Electromyography and Muscle Oxygenation during Isometric Contraction
Authors: Yamada Eiji , Kusaka Takashi , Tanaka Satoshi , Mori Satoshi , Norimatsu Hiromichi , Itoh Susumu
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate changes in motor-unit activity and muscle oxygenation (MO) during isometric contraction with and without vascular occlusion using surface electromyography (EMG) and near-infrared spectroscopy.

Design and Setting:

MO and EMG of the right vastus medialis muscle were measured during isometric contraction at 30%, 50%, and 70% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), with and without vascular occlusion.

Participants:

6 healthy men.

Results:

Integrated EMG (IEMG) and mean power frequency were significantly higher with vascular occlusion at 30% and 50% MVC. MO reduction at each load was significantly lower with vascular occlusion. A significant positive correlation was found between IEMG and changes in MO level under both conditions.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that oxygen supply to active muscles was impaired by occlusion and that type II fibers were then preferentially recruited, which suggests that hypertrophy occurs in low-intensity exercise in patients with limitations resulting from advanced age, pain, or postsurgery limitation.
Shoulder External- and Internal-Rotation Isokinetic Strength in Master’s Swimmers
Authors: West Deb , Sole Gisela , Sullivan S. John
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

To establish muscle-strength and -balance profiles for shoulder external rotation (ER) and internal rotation (IR) in master’s swimmers.

Design:

Cross-sectional study.

Setting:

Laboratory.

Participants:

Six male and seven female master’s swimmers and a matched control group.

Measurements:

Concentric and eccentric ER and IR shoulder movements were recorded (Kin-Com™ isokinetic dynamometer). Peak-torque values, concentric ER:IR ratios, eccentric ER:IR (conventional) ratios, and eccentric ER:concentric IR (functional) ratios were examined between groups.

Results:

Mean peak-torque values ranged from 21.23 to 37.69 N · m for the swimmers, which, although 15% to 27% greater than those of the controls, were not statistically different. Conventional (0.78:0.86) and functional (1.06:1.17) ratios did not differ between groups.

Conclusions:

These data will contribute to the development of guidelines for assessing shoulder-muscle strength in Master’s swimmers.
The Influence of Injured Athletes’ Perceptions of Social Support from ATCs on Their Beliefs about Rehabilitation
Authors: Bone Jennifer Bricker , Fry Mary D.
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To determine whether athletes’ perceptions of social support from their certified athletic trainers (ATCs) were related to their beliefs about the rehabilitation process.

Design:

Division I athletes (N = 57) completed a survey including measures of social support and beliefs about rehabilitation.

Participants:

Division I college athletes (35 men, 22 women) who had sustained an injury that caused them to miss no less than 5 consecutive days.

Measurements:

The Social Support Survey (SSS) and the Sports Injury Rehabilitation Beliefs Survey (SIRBS).

Results:

Results revealed significant correlations between the SSS and the SIRBS scales only for athletes who had sustained severe injuries. Multiple-regression analyses revealed that the SSS scales were significant predictors of each of the SIRBS scales.

Conclusions:

Results suggest that when severely injured athletes perceive that their ATCs provide strong social support, they are more likely to believe in their rehabilitation programs.
Hip Adduction Does not Affect VMO EMG Amplitude or VMO:VL Ratios during a Dynamic Squat Exercise
Authors: Boling Michelle , Padua Darin , Blackburn J. Troy , Petschauer Meredith , Hirth Christopher
Published: August 2016

Context:

Clinicians commonly attempt to facilitate vastus medialis oblique (VMO) activity by instructing patients to squeeze a ball between their knees during squatting exercises.

Objective:

To determine whether VMO activation amplitude and the VMO to vastus lateralis (VL) activation ratio (VMO:VL) were altered when performing active hip adduction during a dynamic squat exercise.

Design:

Single test session.

Participants:

Fifteen healthy subjects, with no history of knee pain, volunteered for this study.

Intervention:

Surface EMG of the VMO, VL, and hip adductor (ADD) muscles were recorded while subjects performed 10 consecutive squats against their body weight through a range of 0° to 90° of knee flexion. Subjects performed the squat exercises during two different conditions: (1) active hip adduction and (2) no hip adduction.

Main Outcome Measures:

Average VMO EMG amplitude and VMO:VL ratio were determined during the knee flexion (0° to 90°) and knee extension (90° to 0°) phases of the squat exercise.

Results:

Active hip adduction did not significantly change VMO amplitude or VMO:VL ratio during the knee flexion or knee extension phases of the dynamic squat exercise.

Conclusions:

Based on these results, we conclude that VMO amplitude and the VMO: VL ratio are not influenced by performing active hip adduction during a dynamic squat exercise in healthy subjects.
Mental Toughness as a Determinant of Beliefs, Pain, and Adherence in Sport Injury Rehabilitation
Authors: Levy Andrew R. , Polman Remco C.J. , Clough Peter J. , Marchant David C. , Earle Keith
Published: August 2016

Objective:

To investigate the relationship between mental toughness, sport injury beliefs, pain, and adherence toward a sport injury rehabilitation program.

Design:

A prospective design was employed that evaluated adherence over the entire rehabilitation period.

Participants:

70 patients undertaking a sport injury rehabilitation program for a tendonitis related injury.

Main Outcome Measures:

Adherence was measured using self report measures of clinic and home based rehabilitation alongside attendance.

Results:

No association was found between mental toughness and coping appraisals, although high mentally tough individuals displayed more positive threat appraisals and were better able to cope with pain than their less mentally tough counterparts. Greater attendance at rehabilitation sessions was displayed by more mentally tough individuals; however, more positive behavior during clinic rehabilitation was characterized by low mental toughness.

Conclusions:

Despite the 0benefits of being mentally tough, sports medicine providers need to be aware that a high degree of mental toughness may have negative consequences upon rehabilitation behavior and subsequently recovery outcomes.
Does Exercise Type Affect Relative Activation Levels of Vastus Medialis Oblique and Vastus Laterialis?
Authors: Herrington Lee , Pearson Stephen
Published: August 2016

Context:

One factor believed to affect Patella tracking is an alteration in the timing of the contraction of the muscular stabilizers of the patella. The muscles responsible for this are Vastus Medialis Oblique (VMO) and Vastus Laterialis (VL). A number of authors believe that asynchronous recruitment of the VMO muscle occurs in patella mal-tracking, with the VL muscle firing first and VMO firing first with normal tracking. This has lead to a variety of exercise interventions to reverse the situation with varying success. The discrepancy between the majority of the available research findings and the clinical hypothesis of VMO action or facilitation of this action may in part be due to methodological variability between studies, especially lack of control of the exercise variables of angular velocity and relative load.

Objective:

To assess the effect of different quadriceps exercises on VMO and VL EMG recruitment timing, while controlling load and velocity of contraction.

Design:

Repeated measures.

Setting:

Biomechanics laboratory.

Main Outcome Measures:

Differences in time of onset of muscle activity between VMO and VL.

Results:

No significant difference existed between gender (P= 0.78). Analysis factorial ANOVA (muscle, contraction type and exercise type) showed the main effects of muscle (P= 0.15) and type of contraction (P= 0.79) did not have a significant effect, the nature of exercise (OKC or CKC) had a significant effect (P< 0.001). The interaction of muscle and exercise type (P= 0.34) also had a nonsignificant effect.

Conclusions:

Onset timing does not differ significantly between VMO and VL during a variety of exercise tasks.