bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Austerity for Whom?
Authors: McBride Stephen , Whiteside Heather
Published: March 2016

In contrast to the recent multi-billion dollar bailouts offered to leading sectors of capital, fiscal austerity is poised to make a comeback worldwide. Labour will be forced to pay for the public debt accumulated in the aftermath of the recent global financial and economic crisis. Notwithstanding change and evolution in the neoliberal model over time, this return to austerity is consistent with overall policy in the neoliberal period which can be considered an era of permanent restraint in most areas of social spending. This article examines a variety of trends that have emerged over the past thirty years of neoliberal rule: the various facets of neoliberal policy and their temporal dimensions; as well as the results of market-reliance and spending reforms: growing affluence for a minority of Canadians while the majority lose ground and inequalities are further entrenched. Asking 'austerity for whom' directs attention at the interconnections between affluence and austerity that exist in Canada. Contrairement aux récents plans de sauvetage impliquant des milliards de dollars offerts aux principaux secteurs de l’économie, l'austérité budgétaire s’apprête à faire un retour à l’échelle planétaire. Les travailleurs n’auront d’autre choix que de rembourser la dette publique engendrée à la suite de la récente crise économique et financière mondiale. Malgré le changement et l'évolution dans le modèle néo-libéral au fil du temps, ce retour à l'austérité concorde avec la politique globale de la période néolibérale pouvant être considérée comme une époque de restrictions permanentes touchant la plupart des domaines de dépenses sociales. Cet article examine une série de tendances ayant émergé au cours des trente dernières années du pouvoir néo-libéral: les différents aspects de la politique néolibérale et leurs dimensions temporelles, ainsi que les résultats du recours au marché financier et de la réforme du contrôle de la dépense: forte croissance d'une minorité de Canadiens alors que la majorité perd du terrain enracinant davantage les inégalités. La question « l’austérité pour qui? » dirige l’attention vers l’interconnexion entre l’affluence et l’austérité qui existent au Canada.
Post, Charles. 2011. The American Road to Capitalism: Studies in Class Structure, Economic Development and Political Conflict
Authors: Cummings Jordy
Published: March 2016

Post, Charles. 2011. The American Road to Capitalism: Studies in Class Structure, Economic Development and Political Conflict, 1620-1877. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-20104-0 Cloth: 141.00 USD. Pages: 298.
Socialist Studies. Volume 8 (2). Autumn 2012. Full Issue
Authors: Authors Various
Published: March 2016

Socialist Studies.  Volume 8 (2).  Autumn 2012.  Full Issue
The current relevance of Rosa Luxemburg's thought
Authors: Trincado Estrella
Published: March 2016

This article insists upon the current relevance of Rosa Luxemburg's thought. Luxemburg had a sensibility ahead of her time and, faithful to her dreams of revolutionary change, she searched for an open society. This leftist revolutionary did not believe in the contingency of individual freedom. Instead, she argued for movement and development over time as a perpetual objective of the globalized masses. Luxemburg sought a new type of socialism and even a new way of thinking. The basic idea of her political conception was the opening of the revolutionary horizon, a willingness to learn new things. Thus, she learned from classical economics and, at the same time, she was able to criticize them. Luxemburg anticipated many current economic theories that enable us to understand the contemporary crisis. Finally, some conclusions are drawn, taking stock of Luxemburg's theories and life. Cet article reconnait la pertinence et l’actualité de la pensée de Rosa Luxemburg. Luxemburg avait une sensibilité en avance sur son temps et, fidèle à ses rêves de transformation révolutionnaire, elle cherchait une société ouverte. Cette révolutionnaire de gauche n’a pas cru à la contingence de la liberté individuelle et a suggéré que le mouvement et le développement dans le temps étaient un objectif permanent des masses mondialisées. Luxemburg cherchait un nouveau socialisme et même une nouvelle manière de penser. L’idée de base de sa conception politique était l’ouverture de l’horizon révolutionnaire et une volonté d’apprendre de nouvelles choses. Ainsi, elle a appris de l’économie classique tout en montrant en même temps sa capacité à les critiquer. Luxemburg a anticipé plusieurs théories économiques d’aujourd’hui qui nous permettent de comprendre la crise actuelle. En fin, quelques conclusions sont tirées, faisant le point des théories et de la vie de Luxemburg.
Bot Herding With RSS
Authors: Easton George , Easton Annette C.
Published: March 2016

Students in a large, introductory IT course created individual RSS feeds that pointed to personal content and syndicated, course-related content.  In a relatively short period the class had amassed approximately 1000 web resources.  The process paralleled one of a benevolent bot herder; the outcome stimulated an interest in social computing.
Vigas de pino silvestre sometidas a flexión: influencia de defectos y singularidades = Wild pine beams subjected to bending: influence of defects and singularities
Authors: Rosa Pilar de la , Cobo Alfonso , González Maria De las Nieves
Published: March 2016

ResumenEn este trabajo se realiza un estudio experimental del comportamiento de dieciocho vigas de madera aserrada para uso estructural, de dimensiones 155x75x1090mm. La madera empleada ha sido de pino silvestre de Valsaín. Los ensayos se han realizado en el Laboratorio de Materiales de Construcción de la Escuela Técnica Superior de Edificación de Madrid. El objetivo del trabajo es el análisis del comportamiento a flexión de las piezas ensayadas teniendo en cuenta de los defectos y singularidades que presentan, realizando un estudio de la influencia de éstos. Se han ensayado dieciocho piezas en total, de las cuales nueve se colocaron en posición plana y las otras nueve de canto. Antes de proceder a los ensayos, la muestra ha sido clasificada según la norma UNE 56544 de clasificación visual de la madera aserrada para uso estructural, determinándose la calidad estructural de cada pieza y la clase resistente teniendo en cuenta que la especie de la madera es pino silvestre. Se identifican las singularidades y defectos que presenta cada una de las piezas y se mide la humedad, el peso y dimensiones de éstas. En las conclusiones se presentan los resultados del análisis realizado, comparando los datos de los ensayos con las características de las piezas, determinando la influencia de la presencia de defectos y las características de las piezas con sus propiedades mecánicas. AbstractThis paper presents an experimental study of the behavior of 18 timber beams for structural use of 155x75x1090mm dimensions. The origin of the wood is Valsaín sawmill. The tests were performed at the Laboratory of Construction Materials at the University School of Technical Architecture. The objective of this work is the analysis of flexural behavior of test pieces according to the defects and singularities, carrying out an analysis of their influence. 18 pieces have been tested, of which 9 were placed in a flat position, and the other 9 were placed in edge position. Before testing, the samples were classified according to UNE 56544 visual grading of sawn timber for structural use, determining the structural quality of each piece and the strength class. Singularities and defects found in each one of the pieces, moisture, weight and dimensions are measured and identified. The results of the analysis are presented in the conclusions, comparing the test data with the characteristics of the beams, determining the influence of the presence of defects and the characteristics of the timber beams with resistance in tests.Index Terms—
Estudio de la Gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el sector construcción valenciano = Study of Safety and Health Management in the construction sector of Valencia
Authors: Fuentes-Barguesa José Luis , González-Cruz María Carmen , González-Gaya Cristina , García-Arambarrid Naiara , Díaz de Mera-Sánchez María Prado Prador
Published: March 2016

ResumenLa construcción es un sector que presenta un alto nivel de siniestrabilidad debido a sus características propias (alto componente de mano de obra y que se desarrolla al aire libre) y por sus características organizativas, como los ritmos de trabajo, las metodologías de ejecución y la elevada subcontratación. La gestión de la Seguridad y Salud es un factor determinante a la hora de obtener mejoras en la ejecución de los trabajos y menores tasas de accidentes. En este trabajo se realiza un estudio del nivel actual de gestión de la seguridad y salud en el sector construcción en Valencia (España) a partir de una encuesta realizada a técnicos con experiencia en el sector. Los principales resultados obtenidos son que el tamaño de la empresa es un factor clave para la seguridad y salud, tanto en los aspectos de formación como en la gestión de la documentación de Seguridad y Salud. Los resultados muestran también cómo a pesar del tiempo transcurrido desde las últimas aportaciones normativas, tales como el Libro de Subcontratación o el Registro de Empresas Acreditadas, las empresas tienen un alto desconocimiento de la misma. AbstractConstruction is a sector with a high accident rate due to its own characteristics (high component of labor and develops outdoor) and its organizational characteristics as working patterns, methods of implementation and higher outsourcing. Management of Health and Safety is a determining factor in obtaining best execution of work and lower rates of accidents. This paper presents a study of the current level of Health and Safety Management in the construction sector in Valencia (Spain) from a survey of a group of technicians with experience in the sector. The main results are the size of the company is an important key to health and safety, both in terms of training as in the management of documentation. It also reflects how, despite the time elapsed since the latest regulations, such as the Book of Outsourcing or Accredited Companies Registry, companies have a high rate of ignorance.
Retrofit de la construcción mediante paneles prefabricados: una reseña del estado del arte = Building Retrofit through prefabricated panels: an overview on the state of the art.
Authors: Seghezzia Elena , Masera Gabriele
Published: March 2016

ResumenEl objetivo principal de este paper es ofrecer una reseña del utilizo de sistemas de paneles prefabricados en el retrofit de edificios. El retrofit representa un punto focal de la eficiencia energética, considerando el gran numero de edificios existentes, privados y públicos, en Europa. La necesidad de intervención en este ámbito es enfatizada por las Directivas Europeas, y por la roadmap de Horizon 2020. Varias investigaciones y proyectos se centran en el tema de la prefabricación en el retrofit, enfatizando la importancia de esta estrategia. La reseña de el estado del arte muestra los diferentes enfoques de los paneles prefabricados: una clasificación critica de estos proyectos diferencia entre sistemas basados en grandes o pequeños paneles, sistemas de ampliación basados en paneles estructurales y sistemas parcialmente prefabricados. Esta clasificación es útil porque consiente posibles progresos en este campo, enfatizando los adventajas y desventajas de cada sistema. Los asuntos mas importantes son los de diseño, fabricación, transporte y instalación. Una reseña de estos asuntos es también provista, enfatizando los campos de innovación, y los posibles futuros desarrollos de la prefabricación en el retrofit de las construcciones. AbstractThe main aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the use of prefabricated panels in external building retrofitting. Building retrofit represents a pivotal point in terms of energy efficiency, connected to the great amount of existing buildings, both public and private, all around Europe. The need of intervention is underlined by different European Directives, as well as by Horizon 2020 roadmap. Many research works and projects are focusing on the theme of prefabrication in retrofit, stressing the importance of this strategy. The review of the state of the art shows several approaches in terms of prefabricated panels: a critical classification of these projects distinguish between systems based on large and small panels, systems for extensions based on structural panels, and partially prefabricated systems. The classification is useful as it can help in understanding further development of prefabricated panels, underlining the advantages and disadvantages of the systems. The main challenges are linked to design, fabrication, transport and installation. An overview of those issues is also provided, stressing the main innovation fields to be further investigated, and the possible future developments of prefabrication in building retrofit.
STUDY OF SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS MOF-5 AS HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIAL
Authors: Rahayu Prapti
Published: March 2016

Metal-organic frameworks (mofs) are porous coordination polymer containing bi-or polidentate organic linker coordinated with inorganic part, such as metal oxide cluster or metal cation as node which called as secondary building unit (sbu) to form infinite structure. Due to high porosity and surface area, good thermal stability as well as the availability of unsaturated metal center or the linker influence attracts the interaction with gases, thus s have potential to be applied as hydrogen storage material. One type of mofs that have been widely studied is [zn4o(benzene-1,4-dicarboxylate)3], namely, mof-5.various synthesis method have been developed to obtain optimum results. Characterization of mof-5 from various synthesis method such as crystallinity, capacity, stability, and quantum dot behavior of mof-5 have been summarized in this review.
Особенности активности ферментов энергетического обмена в тканях черноморских моллюсков разной подвижности в норме и при патологии
Authors: Головина И. В.
Published: March 2016

Одним из важнейших показателей метаболизма у моллюсков является активность ферментов энергетического обмена ― лактатдегидрогеназы (ЛДГ, 1.1.1.27) и малатдегидрогеназы (МДГ, 1.1.1.37), неизменно участвующих в адаптационных перестройках. Целью работы было сравнение активности ферментов энергетического обмена в тканях черноморских моллюсков с различными эколого-физиологическими особенностями. Объектами исследования служили половозрелые моллюски Mytilus galloprovincialis, Flexopecten glaber ponticus, Аnadara kagoshimensis и Rapana venosa в нерестовый период. Длина раковины мидии составляла 50–55 мм, анадары ― 25–33 мм, рапаны ― 50–80 мм, флексопектена ― 35–54 мм. Активность ферментов измеряли спектрофотометрически (при 340 нм and 25 ºC) по скорости окисления НАД-Н в цитоплазме тканей. Максимальная активность ЛДГ и МДГ у мидии, анадары и рапаны установлена в мышечной ткани, минимальная ― в гепатопанкреасе. Уровень активности МДГ в ноге, аддукторе, жабрах и гепатопанкреасе двустворчатых моллюсков-фильтраторов мидии и анадары достоверно выше, чем ЛДГ. Наибольшей активностью МДГ характеризовались ткани устойчивой к гипоксии анадары. Активность ЛДГ и МДГ в однотипных тканях хищного моллюска рапаны существенно не различалась. Показано, что активность ЛДГ в гепатопанкреасе, жабрах и мышечной ткани пропорциональна подвижности вида и увеличивается в ряду мидия ― анадара ― рапана. У Flexopecten glaber ponticus, собранного в зоне сброса воды с рисовых чеков и пораженного перфораторами, тканевая специфика активности ЛДГ и МДГ была нарушена, уровень активности ферментов понижен и не соответствовал естественной подвижности вида. Обсуждено состояние здоровья черноморского гребешка, находящегося под угрозой исчезновения в дикой природе.
Мидиевое обрастание технической конструкции в условиях кутовой части Севастопольской бухты (Чёрное море)
Authors: Соловьёва О. В.
Published: March 2016

Исследование обрастания водозаборной трубы Севастопольской теплоэлектроцентрали позволило получить дополнительную информацию для планирования размещения искусственных объектов в условиях Севастопольской бухты с учётом их потенциальных биопозитивных свойств. Проведён количественный учёт и измерение митилидных моллюсков в обрастании металлической конструкции в кутовой части Севастопольской бухты, где обнаружены только мидии. Показатели их обилия закономерно изменялись с глубиной и в зависимости от водообмена. На внутренней стороне конструкции численность мидий достигала 448 экз.·м−2 при биомассе 948 г·м−2, на внешней поверхности в нижнем горизонте эти показатели составили соответственно 352 экз.·м−2 и 4627 г·м−2, в поверхностном ― 224 экз.·м−2 и 1890 г·м−2. Оценка мощности биофильтра показала, что минимальных значений она достигает на внутренней части трубы ― 463 л·сут.−1·м−2. На наружной поверхности конструкции в верхней части данная величина составляет 555, а на нижней ― 1574 л·сут.−1·м−2, что примерно в 3 раза превосходит показатели, фиксируемые на остальных участках трубы. Установлено, что даже в условиях внутренних участков Севастопольской бухты (где зафиксированы повышенные уровни загрязняющих веществ и актуальным является интенсификация процессов самоочищения) c увеличением глубины возрастает обилие митилидного обрастания, что ведёт к формированию более эффективных биофильтров. Сравнение митилидного обрастания на внутренней и внешней частях водозаборной трубы показывает, что уже в 0,5 м от её оконечности условия обитания мидий существенно хуже, чем на поверхности, свободно омываемой водами бухты. В результате биомасса моллюсков, и, как следствие, фильтрационная работа поселения снижаются. На этом основании при проектировании биопозитивных конструкций нужно учитывать, что при вертикальной ориентации глубина ниш должна быть небольшой, чтобы водообмен в них был достаточным для создания максимально комфортных условий обитания моллюсков-фильтраторов.
Память о «Человеке с Луны» (Н. Н. Миклухо-Маклай, к 170-летию со дня рождения)
Authors: Лысс В. Л.
Published: March 2016

Публикация к 170-летию со дня рождения Николая Николаевича Миклухо-Маклая (1846–1888) ― русского этнографа, антрополога, биолога и путешественника, посвятившего свою жизнь изучению коренного населения Юго-Восточной Азии, Австралии и Океании и предложившего создать биологическую станцию в Севастополе. В статье использованы почтовые марки, конверты, почтовые карточки и другой коллекционный материал из коллекции автора.
Performance Analysis in Web Based Data Uploading using LZ77 Compression and Chunking Method
Authors: Mallafi Hadary
Published: March 2016

One of the limitations in data uploading process is the maximum request length, besides that the data size that us transferred is also an issue because it influences the data sending cost. One of the way to cope with the problem of maximum request length is by downsizing the file size (chunking). Another way to do it is by enlarging the maximum reques length. Downsizing the file size can be done by chunking the files into a smaller size or by compressing it. In this paper, the author conducted a research about the file compression process that is done in client server using the technology of AJAX and Webservice. In addition to that, the file compression is combined with file chunking. In this research, the compression method that is used is dictionary based i.e. Lempel Ziv 77(LZ77). This compression is used since it can be performed in AJAX. The analysis that is made by the researcher about the compression ratio, data sending process speed, compression time, decompression time, the compression method capability in handling the maximum request length and the combination method of compression and chunking in uploading process.  The result of this research shows that compression method can handle the maximum requet length. Based on the experiment conducted, the relations between the compression ratio and window length is positively corelated. It means that the greater the window length is the more the compression ratio is.  Meanwhile, the relation between window length and uploading time is negatively linearly corelated. It means that the greater the window length is the faster the uploading time is. In addition, it can also be observed that the relation between the decompression and the file size is positively linearly correlated. It means that the greater the file size is the more time needed for decompression is.
KAJIAN MOLEKULER LUMBA-LUMBA HIDUNG BOTOL (Tursiops sp.) ASAL LAUT JAWA BERDASAR URUTAN GEN CYTOCHROME C OXIDASE SUB-UNIT II (COX II) (Molecular Studies of Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops sp.) from Java Sea by Gene Sequences of Cytochrome C Oxidase Sub-Unit II (COX II))
Authors: Widayanti Rini , Fibrianto Yuda Heru
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the molecular basis of Tursiops sp. originated from Java sea based on gene sequences ofCytochrome C Oxidase sub-unit II. Samples of blood were collected from five male bottlenose dolphins from PT. Wersut Seguni Indonesiacaptivity. Total deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was isolated from blood samples, then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequenced,and the data were analyzed using MEGA version 5.1 program. The amplification result of the PCR product obtained 824 base pairs (bp), andDNA sequencing obtained 684 nucleotides constituent of COX II genes that encode 228 amino acids making up the COX II. Nucleotide andamino acid sequence of COX II bottlenose dolphins originated from Java sea has a very high homology to Tursiops aduncus that are 99.13%and 100% respectively. Phylogram by neighbour joining method based on the nucleotide sequence of COX II gene indicating bottlenose dolphinsfrom Java sea belongs to group of Tursiops aduncus.Key words: bottlenose dolphin, COX II gene, nucleotide, Jawa Sea
PEMETAAN GENETIK VIRUS RABIES PADA ANJING SEBAGAI DASAR PENETAPAN PENGENDALIAN PENYAKIT (Genetic Mapping of Rabies Virus in Dogs as a Basis for Disease Control)
Authors: Saepulloh Muharam , Adji R. M. Abdul
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the genetic characteristics of rabies virus based on phylogenetic relationship among rabies virus in various regions in Indonesia. The amino acid sequence of the nucleoprotein gene of rabies virus isolate from Banten (RV/Banten-01/dog/2007), Makasar (RV/MKS-26/dog/2010), Bukit Tinggi (RV/BKT-52/dog/2009 and RV/BKT-58/dog/2009), Medan (RV/Medan-27/dog/2007) and Bali (RV/Bali-1/dog/2009; RV/Bali-2/dog/2009; RV/Bali-3/dog/2009), Indonesia was determined. These isolates showed a high degree of homology among Indonesian isolates which reached 100%. Meanwhile, the level of homology between rabies virus isolates from cats rabies virus isolates from dogs reached 97%. Results of  phylogenetic analysis using the amino acid sequences of the N genes showed that all of  Indonesian rabies virus isolates were closely related to rabies viruses from China than those  from Thailand, Laos, Burma, and Vietnam which geografically closer to Indonesia. Data obtained from the phylogenetic analysis is expected to trace the source of rabies spread and the possibility to create a vaccines which more suitable with rabies virus that spreads in Indonesia. Based on the phylogenetic relationship analysis using the amino acid sequence of the rabies virus N protein gene showed that all of rabies virus isolated  from Indonesian regions share a high homology with others ranging from 97-100%.Key words: sequencing, rabies, nucleoprotein gene (N), homology
POTENSI TRANSDIFERENSIASI SEL FIBROBLAS MENJADI SEL SARAF SECARA IN VITRO (Transdifferentiation Potency of Fibroblast Cell to Neuron Cell in Vitro)
Authors: Kaiin Ekayanti M. , Djuwita Ita
Published: March 2016

The aim of this study was to examine the potency of fibroblast cells transdifferentiated to neuron cells in vitro. Newborn rat neuron conditioned medium (NBRN CM) was collected from neuron cells cultured with mDMEM without serum for 48 hours. Fibroblast cells were collected from fetal rat muscle treated with trypsin. Fibroblast cells were culture with 3 kind of culture medium: mDMEM + 0.01 mM          β-mercaptoethanol; mDMEM + 50% NBRN-CM and  mDMEM + 0.01 mM β-mercaptoethanol + 50% NBRN CM . As control, cells was cultured with mDMEM +10% newborn calf serum (NBCS). The addition of NBRN CM into culture medium resulted in 12.97% newborn cells in fibroblast culture medium passage I. Newborn rat neuron conditioned medium in fibroblast culture medium resulted 12.97% neuron cells at passage 1. The percentage was increased (14.60%) when β- mercaptoethanol added into medium. The same result was found at passage 3 (12.67%; 13.17%). It showed that fibroblast cells has potency to transdifferentiated into neuron cells when cultured with NBRN CM. Further research is needed to know the fibroblast transdifferentiation potency. Key words: fibroblast, transdifferentiation, conditioned medium, neuron cells, in vitro
DIAGNOSIS KEBUNTINGAN DINI PADA KAMBING KACANG (Capra sp.) MENGGUNAKAN ULTRASONOGRAFI TRANSKUTANEUS (Early Pregnancy Diagnosis in Dwarf Goat (Capra sp.) by Transcutaneous Ultrasonography)
Authors: Sayuti Arman , Melia Juli , Marpaung Ira Khubairoh , Siregar Tongku Nizwan , S Syafruddin , A Amiruddin , Panjaitan Budianto
Published: March 2016

This research aimed to determine the optimum time for early pregnancy diagnosis in dwarf goat by trancutaneous ultrasonography and to determine ultrasonography imaging of dwarf goat pregnancy since insemination until embryo formation. Animal used in this research were 3 productive female goats with normal estrus cycle and 1male goat. The female goats were kept in separation pen from the male goat. The grasses were fed three times a day and additional feed were fed in the morning and afternoon with the water was given ad libitum. The goats were synchronized with intramuscular double injection of 1 ml estron®/each female goat with 11 days interval. The observation of estrus was examined using male goat following the second injection of estron®. The sign of estrus in female goats were characterized with standing immobile and allow the male goat to mount them. If the signs had been evident, the female goats were naturally mated. Pregnancy was determined by the presence of the embryonic vesicle by isoechogenic until hyperechogenic visualization surrounded by hypoechogenic of the embryonic fluid. The result of the transcutaneous ultrasonography in dwarf goat pregnancy showed the presence of embryonic vesicle on day 14 and embryo with isoechogenic visualization was detected on day 24 of pregnancy.Key words: dwarf goat, early pregnancy, transcutaneous ultrasonography
ISOLASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI VIRUS AVIAN INFLUENZA PADA BERBAGAI SPESIES UNGGAS SECARA SEROLOGIS DAN MOLEKULER (Isolation and Identification of Avian Influenza in Different Species of Poultry by Means of Serological and Molecular Methods)
Authors: Helmi Teuku Zahrial , Tabbu Charles Rangga , Artama Wayan Tunas , Haryanto Aris , Isa Muhammad
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this research was to identify avian influenza (AI) virus using serological and molecular methods on poultry which suspected as AI infected in Aceh province. This study used 37 samples of tracheal and cloacal swabs and organs from various species of poultry that were collected from several districts/cities in Aceh. Samples were collected and put into transport media and stored at 4° C before sending to the laboratory. Samples were inoculated in specific pathogen-free of embryonated chicken egg with the age of 9-11 days for further serological and molecular examination. From 37 samples which infected to embryonated chicken egg then followed by hemagglutinin agglutination test/hemagglutinin inhibition revealed that 7 samples were positively infected with AI virus. The amplification result of specific matrix gene primer was followed by electrophoresis on 2% agarose gel which were obtained in the form of a deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) band at 276 bp for matrix gene and 1.725 bp for H5 gene for all isolates test. In conclusion, the virus which caused the death of various types of poultry in Aceh province is avian influenza A virus subtype H5.Key words: avian influenza virus, H5N1, serologic, matrix, heamaglutinin
TINGKAT FERTILISASI OOSIT DOMBA DARI OVARIUM YANG DISIMPAN PADA SUHU DAN WAKTU YANG BERBEDA SECARA IN VITRO
Authors: Febretrisiana Arie , Agus Setiadi Mohamad , Kurniani Karja Ni Wayan
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh suhu dan waktu penyimpanan ovarium terhadap tingkat fertilisasi oosit secara in vitro pada  domba. Ovarium dibawa dari rumah potong hewan (RPH) dalam medium NaCl fisiologis pada suhu yang berbeda yaitu 27-28° C, 36-37° C, dan 4° C. Oosit kemudian dikoleksi dari setiap kelompok berdasarkan waktu penyimpanan yang berbeda yaitu 2-4, 5-7, dan 8-10 jam setelah domba dipotong. Oosit dikoleksi dan dimaturasi secara in vitro dalam inkubator 5% CO2, 38,5°C selama 28 jam. Oosit kemudian difertilisasi ke dalam drop spermatozoa selama 14 jam dalam inkubator CO2 5%, 38,5 C. Tingkat fertilisasi dievaluasi berdasarkan jumlah pronukleus yang terbentuk. Tingkat fertilisasi oosit yang dikoleksi dari ovarium yang disimpan pada suhu 27-28° C tidak berbeda dengan tingkat fertilisasi oosit yang disimpan pada suhu 36-37° C dan pada suhu 4° C, 2-4 jam setelah kematian hewan (masing-masing 53; 66,66; dan 63%) (P0,05). Tingkat fertilisasi oosit mulai mengalami penurunan pada tiga kelompok perlakuan setelah ovarium disimpan selama 8-10 jam, tingkat fertilisasi oosit yang disimpan pada suhu 27-28° C; 36-37° C; dan suhu 4° C masing-masing berturut-turut sebesar 9,8; 22,22; dan 12,24%. Dari hasil penelitian disimpulkan bahwa penyimpanan ovarium pada suhu 27-28° C dan 36-37° C selama 5-7 jam dapat mempertahankan kompetensi oosit dibandingkan dengan penyimpanan pada suhu 4° C.
DAYA TAHAN HIDUP Toxoplasma gondii DALAM SUSU KAMBING SETELAH PASTEURISASI SUHU TINGGI WAKTU SINGKAT
Authors: Saridewi Rismayani , Lukman Denny Widaya , Sudarwanto Mirnawati , Cahyaningsih Umi
Published: March 2016

Tujuan dari penelitian adalah menetapkan daya tahan hidup takizoit Toxoplasma gondii galur RH dalam susu kambing setelah dipasteurisasi pada suhu tinggi dalam waktu singkat. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan metode in vivo dan mencit diinfeksi dengan takizoit Toxoplasma gondii galur RH secara intraperitoneal dengan konsentrasi 2,76x106 takizoit/ekor. Mencit dibagi atas tiga kelompok perlakuan, yaitu susu pasteurisasi dan takizoit yang dipanaskan pada suhu 72 °C selama 15 detik (P), susu pasteurisasi dan takizoit tanpa dipanaskan sebagai kontrol positif (KP), dan  susu pasteurisasi tanpa takizoit sebagai kontrol negatif (KN). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ditemukan takizoit di dalam cairan peritoneal pada P dan KN. Takizoit Toxoplasma gondii galur RH ditemukan pada KP yang mempunyai jumlah konsentrasi hampir sama sebelum dan setelah infeksi.
RESPONS SEL EPITEL USUS (CMT-93) TERHADAP NUTRASETIKAL GALOHGOR
Authors: Roosita Katrin , R Rimbawan , Djuwita Ita , Damanik M. Rizal , Kusharto Clara M.
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan membandingkan pengaruh nutrasetikal galohgor dalam bentuk serbuk (GS) dan ekstrak (GE) terhadap proliferasi, morfologi, dan ekspresi gen Aldh1a2 pada sel epitel usus (CMT-93). Galohgor serbuk (GS) dibuat dengan menghancurkan semua bahan dandikeringkan menggunakan drum-dryer sedangkan GE dibuat dengan mengeringkan semua bahan dengan oven, digiling, dan dimaserasi dengan etanol selama 3x24 jam. Perlakuan didasarkan pada konsentrasi akhir β-karoten yang berasal dari GS dan GE masing-masing sebesar 0,5; 1,5; dan 5,0 µM dalam larutan medium Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) yang dilengkapi serum (10%). Analisis proliferasimenggunakan asai 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), dan ekspresi gen dianalisis dengan reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Hasil penelitian meunjukkan bahwa GE pada konsentrasi tinggi (5,0 μM) secara signifikan (P0,05) dapatmenekan proliferasi dan memengaruhi morfologi sel CMT-93. Beta-karoten dalam GE dan GS memengaruhi ekspresi gen Aldh1a2 pada sel epitel usus CMT-93
DETEKSI IMUNOHISTOKIMIA ANTIGEN Coxiella burnetii SEBAGAI PENYEBAB Q FEVER PADA SAPI
Authors: Sayuti Nasution Sangko , Setiyono Agus , Handharyani Ekowati
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi keberadaan antigen Coxiella burnetii sebagai penyebab Q fever pada organ sapi yang dikumpulkan di rumah potong hewan (RPH) Kota Medan dan Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Pada penelitian ini telah dikumpulkan organ limpa, paru-paru, dan hati dari 162 ekor sapi. Sampel organ tersebut kemudian diperiksa secara imunohistokimia dengan metode streptavidin peroksidase untuk melihat keberadaan antigen Coxiella burnetii menggunakan antibodi poliklonal terhadap Coxiella burnetii. Hasil pemeriksaan imunohistokimia menunjukkan 62/162 (38,3%) sampel sapi imunoreaktif terhadap Coxiella burnetii. Berdasarkan asal pengambilan sampelnya, sebanyak 40/101 (39,6%) sampel sapi yang berasal dari RPH Kota Medan dan 22/61 (36,1%) sampel sapi yang berasal dari RPH di Kabupaten Deli Serdang menunjukkan hasil imunoreaktif. Dilihat dari jenis organnya, dari 162 sampel sapi, antigen Coxiella burnetii dapat dideteksi pada 61 (37,7%) organ limpa, 12 (7,4%) organ paru-paru dan 2 (1,2%) organ hati. Hasil ini menunjukkan telah adanya infeksi Coxiella burnetii pada sapi di Kota Medan dan Kabupaten Deli Serdang.
OVSYNCH DAN INSEMINASI BUATAN PADA INDUK KUDA WARMBLOODYANG DIINDUKSI OVULASI DENGAN HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN DOSIS JAMAK
Authors: A Amrozi , Tumbelaka Ligaya ITA , Ocktaviani Ade , Achmadi Bondan , Melia Juli
Published: March 2016

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengamati pola pertumbuhan folikel dan keberhasilan inseminasi buatan dengan semen cair pada induk kuda warmblood yang disinkronisasi estrus dan ovulasi (ovsynch). Induk kuda berjumlah lima ekor berumur 6-18 tahun digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Sinkronisasi estrus dilakukan pada induk kuda yang memiliki korpus luteum berdiameter minimal 3,0 cm dengan injeksi prostaglandin 7,5 mg secara intramuskular. Induksi ovulasi dilakukan dengan memberikan hCG 1500 IU secara intravena 48 jam setelah sinkronisasi estrus dan diulang setiap 24 jam sampai terjadinya ovulasi folikel (dosis jamak) yang diamati dengan ultrasound. Inseminasi buatan dilakukan berulang mengikuti setiap pemberian hCG sampai terjadinya ovulasi dengan dosis inseminasi 1,5x109 spermatozoa. Sinkronisasi estrus dan ovulasi dengan menggunakan hCG dosis jamak menghasilkan ovulatori dominan folikel berdiameter 4,81±0,92 cm dan korpus rubrum berdiameter 3,82±0,45 cm serta menghasilkan 60% kebuntingan. Kesimpulan sinkronisasi ovulasi dengan pemberian hCG dosis jamak pada kuda warmblood yang diinseminasi buatan dengan semen cair efektif menghasilkan kebuntingan yang tinggi.
Digital Reamer Enhances Drilling Efficiency, Economics, and Safety
Authors: Al-Essa Ahmed
Published: March 2016

Technology Update

Expandable reamers were developed to improve efficiencies and reduce risk while drilling through problematic formations in deep water and other offshore wells, where wellbore stability is a major challenge.

Lean-profile well designs have been implemented to enable operators to drill faster and more efficiently, with better well control and less material, within a narrow pressure window between formation fracture and shale collapse.

Using this concept, the well is drilled using the smallest possible hole sections and minimum clearances between casing strings. This allows access to the reservoir with a larger-diameter hole to increase production flow rate or access to additional reserves that otherwise would be unreachable because of their extreme depth.

Lean-profile wells require rotary steerable systems to create smooth wellbores, and expandable reamers to manage equivalent circulating densities (ECDs) and maintain wellbore stability while enlarging the hole under the casing sufficiently to allow reliable cementing.

The first concentric expandable reamers were ball-activated. Once expanded, they could not be closed without stopping circulation. The second iteration was modified so that the reamer could be deactivated to allow circulation after reaming for better hole cleaning.

The advantages of the concentric expandable reamer over its mechanical-arm predecessors included the attainment of a larger borehole size that could accommodate larger bottomhole assembly (BHA) components, flexibility in pilot bit selection, higher flow rates, and the ability to ream a previously drilled hole or to back ream a hole after drilling.

The advances in underreaming technology expanded its application to the point at which it is now used on a high percentage of development wells. The most common application is shoe-to-shoe underreaming to enlarge the clearance for easier tripping and casing running.

However, there are drawbacks to traditional expandable underreaming systems. Activation cannot be confirmed. Additionally, the placement of the reamer at 100 to 300 ft above the bit means that the equivalent portion of the hole, known as a rathole, cannot be enlarged without a dedicated trip that typically requires 1 to 2 days of rig time at a daily cost ranging from USD 1 million to USD 2 million.
Going Underbalanced in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Jacobs Trent
Published: March 2016

For the past quarter of a century, underbalanced drilling (UBD) has been a niche technology known to many and practiced by few. It has seen acceptance in the North Sea, where UBD is used to drill through depleted reservoirs. In the Middle East and North Africa, it has been recognized as the only economic way to reach total depth through ultrahard carbonates.

And in recent years, UBD has started to show promise as a way to drill horizontal wells in tight rock and shale plays in the United States. However, the technology has not reached full acceptance. Part of the issue is that the drivers behind UBD’s use have been as heterogeneous as the unconventional formations that companies are using it in.

In heavily fractured formations, users say the underbalanced method makes horizontal drilling easier and reduces mud costs by eliminating loss of circulation problems. This also tends to result in less rig time per well as it increases the rate of penetration (ROP). Rather than use UBD in the production section, some unconventional operators only use it for tophole drilling and then go overbalanced before reaching the reservoir. In optimal cases where UBD is used in the pay zone, enough oil can be produced and sold while drilling underbalanced that it can cover the entire cost of the drilling operation and then some.

Shell has put its full weight behind the technology after using it to reduce drilling costs and nonproductive time (NPT) during the exploration and appraisal phases of all of its unconventional programs, which span the world from China to Canada, said Keith Smelker, a well engineer at Shell.

“The reason why leadership is very bullish on the technology is because we have seen a lot of performance improvements from it,” he said. Those improvements include speeding up exploration drilling in some areas by as many as 15.days.

Before starting each of its unconventional programs, Shell engineers evaluate the applicability of going underbalanced and more often than not, they decide to do so. Smelker estimated that the company used UBD on as much as 85% of the unconventional wells it drilled last year.
What Do Fractures Look Like? A Picture Says A Lot, Even When It is Wrong
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen
Published: March 2016

When it comes to fracturing, experts argue about many things, but they agree that fractures do not look like lightning bolts, tree roots, or shattered glass.

The sight of an image in a recent National Geographic story showing a hydraulic fracture that looked like a lightning bolt spurred Terry Engelder, a professor of geosciences at Penn State University to call the editor and complain.

The geologist, whose work has long focused on natural fracturing, was spurred to action by a long-standing complaint: “Invariably illustrations of fracturing look nothing like the real thing,” he said. Real hydraulic fractures are likely to look like natural fractures. Hydraulic fracturing typically opens existing cracks, which means the fractures will generally run along the planes of natural fractures.

So the picture of hydraulic fractures used to stimulate wells in the Marcellus Shale should be like the natural fractures crisscrossing the vast formation, which have been studied for more than a century.

Engineers have also noticed the problem with fracturing cartoons, and even SPE has gotten complaints.

“They do not look like tree roots. Things do not shatter like glass and run in all directions,” said Norm Warpinski, a Halliburton fellow for Pinnacle, Halliburton’s geophysical testing service. Fracture “complexity has to be consistent with pre-existing geologic features.”

Some illustrations, like the one above are doubly bad because the design sends the message that drinking water aquifers are found near fractured zones, rather than thousands of feet away, creating a misleading impression that fracturing puts drinking water supplies at risk.

But these fracturing cartoons continue to appear, likely because they are easy to find online, and offer a quick fix for designers looking for a hydraulic fracturing image other than a photo of massed pumpers on a job site.

More life-like illustrations alternatives are rare. This story offers drawings that convey the blocky, angular reality of how fracturing follows natural fractures but they will not likely be the choice of an artist creating the cover for a technical conference program.
HSE Conference Finds New Ways To Bring Experts Together
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: March 2016

Conference Review

Helge Hove Haldorsen set the tone for SPE’s 2015 HSE conference in March at the meeting’s first keynote luncheon.

“I have an intense personal commitment to making E&P safe and sustainable,” the 2015 SPE president said.

Nearly 350 people gathered at the Omni Interlocken Resort outside of Denver for the 2015 SPE E&P Health, Safety, Security, and Environmental Conference— Americas. The conference carried the theme “Striving for HSE Excellence— It Takes All of Us.”

In his speech, Haldorsen pointed out that safety is a group effort. “We don’t compete on safety. We collaborate,” he said. “There’s lots of challenges. There are no easy buttons. But, I think, when we come together and talk about our various innovations and what we can do, sharing and collaborating … we’re going to come up with great things that take us to 2.0.”

After summing up the petroleum industry from exploration to selling the product to refineries, Haldorsen said, “E&P 2.0 means we do this smarter, faster, cheaper, more sustainable. This is the challenge for E&P. This is what we have to do.”

The conference, the 12th of its kind for SPE and the first to be held outside of Texas, celebrated several firsts and included new levels of engagement. It ended on 18 March with an interactive closing session. Before each plenary session and the closing session, attendees used remote voting devices to respond to questions about the content of the sessions. The responses drove the discussion at the closing session.

After determining the four most popular subjects—collaboration on safety throughout the industry, whether the price of oil will affect how HSE is considered, finding a middle ground for discussions, and sharing lessons learned—attendees gathered at tables dedicated to each subject. Chosen table leaders then presented the results of the discussions.

The closing session was moderated by Jack Hinton from Baker Hughes. “As I walked around, listening to the different tables, the intensity and the conviction, the importance, that I was hearing was absolutely incredible,” he said.

The interactive closing session was “in keeping with our belief that we had as a program committee,” Hinton said.

“We wanted to change the dynamic about the typical conference, where people just come and you sit and you listen.”

The conference also changed the typical conference dynamic by holding a Student Challenge competition, modeled after the PetroBowl held at SPE’s Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, and a movie night (see page.142).

The conference was punctuated with three plenary sessions, one for each day.

The first plenary session focused on the industry’s environmental footprint and consisted of three speakers: Jim Sewell with Shell E&P, Joseph Ryan with the University of Colorado Boulder, and Jon Goldstein with the Environmental Defense Fund.

A major point of discussion at the session was the effect of methane on the environment and the industry’s role in methane emissions.
Drilling Evolves as Exploration Campaign Moves to Deeper Water Offshore Mexico
Authors: Wilson Adam
Published: March 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 25030, “Drilling Evolution of the Ultradeepwater Drilling Campaign in Mexico, Perdido Fold Belt,” by Victor G. Vallejo, Aciel Olivares, and Octavio Saavedra, Pemex, and Juan R. Lopez and Manuel E. Torres, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2014 Offshore Technology Conference Asia, Kuala Lumpur, 25–28.March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

During the 10-year period between 2003 and 2013, Mexico drilled 30 deep- and ultradeepwater wells in water depths ranging from 512 to 2900m. During this exploration period, the learning curve has improved with each subsequent level of difficulty and increased well depth. In order to reach water depths greater than 1500 m, both the wellbore geometry and the real-time data-acquisition strategy have changed.

Introduction

Fig. 1 shows how wellbore geometry evolved to reach geological targets and how the various hole diameters changed to meet exploration objectives. As seen on the left of the figure, a conventional drilling and data-acquisition approach was applied: drilling a 12¼-in. pilot hole for data acquisition and thereafter enlarging the hole to 17½ or 14¾ in. to set the casing. This enabled real-time logging-while-drilling (LWD) data acquisition and provided a 12¾-in. maximum hole size for wireline data acquisition. However, as water depth increased (right side of Fig. 1), the hole-size requirements for the mechanical well design increased accordingly. In some cases, with shallow geological targets, the required hole size of 22 in. was needed for the casing. This required a strategy to drill an appropriate hole size for LWD and wireline evaluation with minimal dedicated drilling and hole-enlargement trips. The evaluation programs considered realtime data needed to make decisions during the drilling phase and support decisions for a more- comprehensive wireline evaluation program if the zones warranted more extensive evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation logging suites included wireline-logging tools with triaxial resistivity, elemental-capture spectro scopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, vertical seismic profiles, mechanical sidewall coring, and the complete suite of formation-testing services for pressure and fluid sampling. The ultimate goal of the program was to provide accurate volumetrics, physical rock samples, and fluid samples for the booking of hydrocarbon reserves.