bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Driving Ability of Older Adults
Authors: Ball Karlene , Rebok George
Published: March 2007

As a society, we have the responsibility of continuing to meet the transportation needs of a growing population of older adults. Simultaneously, we must recognize that driving is the preferred mode of travel among older citizens and that the ability to drive provides the mobility that many older adults rely on to maintain their independence. Although some older adults experience changes that make driving more difficult in later life, most older drivers retain their driving competence. With highly publicized accidents involving older drivers, however, the issue of age as a riskfactor has received considerable publicity. Therefore, recent research has focused on isolating risk factors within this population. These studies have indicated that a measure of visual attention, the Useful Field of View, is particularly promising as a functional measure of driving risk. Furthermore, research has shown that the Useful Field of View can be expanded with training. These findings have important implications for developing interventions that might aid in maintaining the skills needed to drive safely into older age.
Cognitive Function and Medication Usage in Older Adults
Authors: Park Denise C. , Willis Sherry L. , Morrow Dan , Diehl Manfred , Gaines Christine L.
Published: March 2007

Research is presented from three different cognitive aging laboratories that examines the relationship between cognitive function, age, and the ability to adhere to medication regimens. The first section focuses on the effectiveness of complete, explicit instructions that emphasize the importance of organization of medication information on adherence behaviors for both younger and older adults. The second section examines the role of literal versus inferential medication information in normal elderly and in Alzheimer's patients. This research demonstrates that traditional measures of cognitive functioning are correlated with the comprehension of medication information and medication adherence. Finally, the third section presents an overview of research issues m adherence, including the relative effectiveness of two adherence measurement techniques, as well as a discussion of the effects of illness beliefs on adherence and evidence that adherence is not a global behavior but may vary within the individual as a function of certain medications. Directions for future research are suggested.
Suicide and Older Adults: The Strengths Perspective in Practice
Authors: Perkins Kathleen , Tice Carolyn
Published: March 2007

Suicide rates are higher among older adults than any other age group. In many instances, suicide among older adults can be prevented. One approach that can be used for prevention is the strengths perspective. This article offers an intervention technique that improves the coping of senior suicide clients by forming a coalition with the therapist and client to overcome the perceived unbearable pain that can lead to suicide completion. Rather than ignore the strengths that older adults have tapped throughout their lives, this approach builds on the older person's preexisting survival skills. The strenghts perspective challenges the current system of mental health services that predominately focuses on the dysfunctions and pathology of clients.
The Quality of Daily Life Among Elderly Care Receivers
Authors: Lawton M. Powell , Moss Miriam , Duhamel Louise M.
Published: March 2007

A time-budget interview of caregivers regarding 116 highly impaired elder relatives living in their homes revealed a relatively low level of variety in activities, social context, and environment context. A large proportion of the elders' time was spent in passive activities such as rest (34%), viewing television and listening to radio (21 %), and receiving assistancefrom a caregiver (17%). Family and professionals could potentially enhance quality of life through better use of television, diversionary activities, social stimulation, and environmental variety. In-home workers and family caregivers could be trained to provide such enriching services.
The Relationship of Functional Independence to Assistive Device Use of Elderly Persons Living at Home
Authors: Mann William C. , Hurren Dianne , Tomita Machiko , Charvat Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

This study explored the relationship between use of assistive devices and functional independence for noninstitutionalized elderly. Predictors of functional independence (including age, sex, education, mental status, physical disability, and visual impairment) were determined through correlation analysis on a sample of 364 subjects. From this sample, 117 pairs of subjects were matched on these predictors and compared for levels of functional independence relative to assistive device use. For 60 pairs, the subject who used more assistive devices was more functionally independent than the subject who used fewer devices. For 36 pairs, the opposite was found. For 21 pairs, the results were mixed: Within most pairs, the subject with more devices was more independent in ADL but less independent in IADL. Results suggest that increased use of assistive devices relates to increased functional independence.
Partners II—Serving Older Persons with Developmental Disabilities: Obstacles and Inducements to Collaboration Among Agencies
Authors: Coogle Constance L. , Ansello Edward F. , Wood Joan B. , Cotter J. James
Published: March 2007

Neither the aging nor the disabilities services system is prepared for the rapid growth in the numbers of persons who are older and who have a developmental disability. The Partners II Project in Virginia worked simultaneously to enhance service coordination and capacity building at the local level, while providing policy direction to address barriers to efficient service provision at the state level. A survey of the several state and local service provider organizations identified operational structures and procedures that impede or facilitate service delivery. Methods used to identify potential clients, to establish client needs, to appropriate human and material resources, and to evaluate achievement of service objectives were investigated. Policy recommendations to improve service coordination were based on the results of these surveys. Service practices do not yet routinely include proactive initiatives for adults who enter later life with lifelong disabilities. The study outlines a policy-making process that is based on quantified procedures, logically derived from direct observations, and tied to pragmatic need.
Stress in Nursing Home Staff: A Review and a Theoretical Model
Authors: Cohen-Mansfield Jiska
Published: March 2007

Although many aspects of occupational stress have been investigated individually, few studies have successfully integrated different characteristics of stress. Moreover, little attention has been focused on staff stress in nursing homes. This article examines the literature on occupational stress in nursing staff and offers a comprehensive model of long-term nursing care stress. The literature review shows that a large number offactors affect occupational stress,from workplace issues such as institutional policies and residents' disabilities to the personal lives of the nursing staff. The stress in turn causes work dissatisfaction, followed by staff intent to leave, resulting in increased turnover. Staff stress also affects the individual worker in many ways. The model encompasses the antecedents, responses, and consequences of stress for individuals in an organization. The outcome variables affect the initial sources of stress and resources both at the job and at the personal levels, producing a cyclic process.
Area Agencies on Aging: Meeting the Needs of Persons With Developmental Disabilities and Their Aging Families
Authors: McCallion Philip , Janicki Matthew P.
Published: March 2007

Amendments to the Older Americans Act (PL 100-175) in 1987 and 1992 targeted provision of services by area agencies on aging (AAAs) to persons with developmental disabilities and their family caregivers. This article reports on a survey ofAAAs throughout the United States to assess the success and commitment ofAAAs in implementing these provisions. Specifically, the survey assessed the presence of related organizational mechanisms, services, and linkages to other agencies. Most AAAs reported the presence of services and linkages related to serving this population. Organizational mechanisms within AAAs that were likely to develop and sustain options for these families were less evident. AAAs generally reported that they had no reliable estimate of the number of older persons providing primary care to adults with a developmental disability in their catchment area. It is recommended that families, advocates, and state units on aging encourage AAAs to carry out local needs assessments and more vigorously develop organizational mechanisms within their agencies to provide support to older caregivers of adults with a developmental disability.
Mammography Screening for Older Minority Women
Authors: Buelow Janet R. , Zimmer Anna H. , Mellor M. Joanna , Sax Rochelle
Published: March 2007

This project facilitated access to mammography screening for older ethnic minority women through health education and coordination of service networks for aging and health care services. Health education sessions were held in senior centers, followed by a mammography screening in a mammography van or at a health care facility. Of the participants in the education sessions, 38% received a mammogram. More women who did not obtain a mammogram believed that cancer treatments were worse than the disease. Also, more African American and White women than Hispanic women did not recognize age as a risk factor for cancer Of the Hispanic women, 30% believed that early diagnosis did not make a difference in one's outcome, compared with 20% of White women and 8% of African American women.
Applying Organization and Management Theory to the Selection of Lower Court Personnel
Authors: Berkson Larry , Hays Steven
Published: March 2007

While the management of court systems at the state level is a topic of emerging contemporary interest, management at the local level has been substantially neglected. In particular, only nominal attention has been paid to the process by which those vested with actual management authority are selected: chief judges, trial court administrators, and court clerks. The present undertaking represents an initial attempt to fill the void.

After reviewing the classical and human relations approaches on how to manage organizations, the authors juxtapose these models on the selection of lower court managerial personnel. Numerous inadequacies are discovered. The authors conclude that each model, taken alone, is insufficient to guide the selection process. Therefore they distill the strengths of the two approaches and construct eclectic alternatives for selecting each group of personnel.

The plans generated contemplate both a degree of centralization and a degree of decentralization in the selection process. The authors envision substantive assistance and guidance by state-level officials, including members of the supreme court and the state court administrator. Simultaneously they advance the importance of colleague and subordinate participation in the process. For example, they suggest that both chief judges and trial court administrators be chosen locally, but with the supervision and approval of the supreme court.

The authors also treat the sensitive and highly emotional topic of how court clerks should be selected. Acknowledging a trend toward appointment of these officials, they opt for an electoral plan in the face of political reality. They do, however, admonish that stringent qualifications be established for those seeking the office.

Although the three alternatives are somewhat unorthodox relative to those adopted by business and industry, they are designed to maximize the quality of managerial personnel within existing constraints of the judicial system.
Radical Criminology and Marxism: A Fallible Relationship
Authors: Johnson Elmer H.
Published: March 2007

Two kinds of skepticism-increasingly prevalent in recent social commentary -have spread to criminology. The skepticism of science subjects all ideas to relentless questioning. Another kind of skepticism is colored by political partisanship. In various forms, radical criminology has gained new visibility recently. This paper welcomes this development when it conveys scientific skepticism beyond the "gadfly" functions of partisan skepticism. Among the versions of radical criminology, the Marxist approach blurs the distinction between the two kinds of skepticism and has other characteristics which illustrate the special difficulties for radical criminologists endeavoring to develop a genuine critical theory. Marx had little interest in criminology, requiring his disciples to tear his concepts out of context. Marxian thought has its own contradictions. Consequently, radical criminology is ambivalent in its rejection of liberal values, in presenting subjectivism as the equivalent of scientific analysis of criminological issues, and in inconsistent utilization of Marxist theory. If a radical theory is to emerge, these difficulties must be overcome.
Disparity, Humaneness and the Politics of Reform: A Critical Analysis of the Determinate Sentence
Authors: Clear Todd R. , Hewitt John D.
Published: March 2007

Determinate sentencing is one of the most widely advocated contemporary criminal justice reforms. The impetus for reform is provided by increased fear of crime, the failure of rehabilitation and the inequities of sentence disparity. However, fixed sen tencing models also have serious shortcomings. First, it is unlikely that the removal of parole release discretion will substantially reduce sentence disparity. Much of current disparity is related to urban-rural discrepancies and differences in prosecutorial charging and bargaining patterns. These are not changed by fixed-sentence reform. Second, the operation of "good-time" provisions of determinate models and the de emphasis on treatment programming may ultimately have serious implications for the humaneness of imprisonment under this reform model. Finally, the current repressive political environment makes it likely that this reform will create increasingly harsh sentences. While it is clear that current patterns of sentencing need reform, alternatives to judically-determined sentences should be developed to meet the need.
The Organized Crime Continuum: A Further Specification of a New Conceptual Model
Authors: Hagan Frank E.
Published: March 2007

Endless and sometimes fruitless debate continues in the literature regarding a proper definition of organized crime as a concept. Much of this difficulty is associated with thefact that the concept has been viewed at a nominal level of measurement and the question asked: "Is this group and/or its operations an example of organized crime?" A neoteric, continuum (ordinal) model of the concept of "organized crime" suggests that such a question is futile and that an analogy can be drawn with other social science concepts such as "professionalism."

A continuum model of organized crime suggests that rather than viewing the concept as a matter of kind (i.e., is it or is it not), it is far more useful to view it as a matter of degree, that is, "To what extent does this group and! or its operations resemble organized crime?"Deriving the key definitional components of organized crime as suggested by a content analysis of selected current authors, the "cosa nostra" is viewed as aprototype (ideal type) of organized crime similar to the status of medicine in the professions, with other criminal organizationsfalling at various points along the continuum. Finally a brief analysis of governmental response to organized crime suggests that use of a generic definition broadens the the scope offederal law enforcement efforts in attacking "organized crime. "
A Cross Cultural Perspective on Police Values and Police-Community Relations
Authors: Walker Donald B. , Kratcoski Peter C.
Published: March 2007

In this study, the values of a sample of police officers from Detroit, Michigan and Toronto, Ontario, Canada are compared using the Rokeach Value Survey. While Toronto has a history of sound police-community relations, Detroit has experienced periods of serious tension between the police and its citizens. If police-community tension is basically a matter of the values of individual officers, one would expect tofind significant differences between the value systems of Detroit police officers compared to Toronto constables. The authors of this study found, on the contrary, that the value systems of both samples were remarkably similar. The paper concludes that any analysis of police-community relations must pay special attention to the organizational-cultural milieu of the department since their findings suggest that differences in police-community relations be attributed more to organizational and cultural variables than to value systems of individual police officers.
Law Enforcement in the National Park Service: The Ranger's Perspective
Authors: Soden Dennis L. , Hester Worth H.
Published: March 2007

The duties of the National Park Service have grown dramatically since its creation in 1916. One area in which the Park Service has had to assume a major new role is in law enforcement. This paper addresses the issue of law enforcement in the National Park Service from the perspective of the rangers. It finds that rangers appear to accept the role of law enforcement but that organizational and personal characteristics account for centrifugal forces which do not fully support the law enforcement role.
Arrest and Recidivism among Woman Batterers
Authors: Steinman Michael
Published: March 2007

Most criminal justice officials have traditionally defined woman battering as a private matter. Only recently has pressure, primarily from women's groups, persuaded these officials to define battering as a crime and to change policies and procedures in order to treat it as such. This article assesses and comments upon some of the effects of one change, the use of arrest policies.
The Women of Yuma: Gender, Ethnicity, and Imprisonment in Frontier Arizona, 1876-1909
Authors: Knepper Paul
Published: March 2007

Until quite recently, histories of imprisonment in America have overlooked women. Prison history has also been limited geographically to institutions in the northeast, and consequently there have been few studies of western prisons. The present historical analysis deals with women who were confined in the Arizona Territorial Prison at Yuma between 1876 and 1909. It extends and expands upon Nicole Rafter's Partial Justice (1990). Specifically, it covers the experience of women imprisoned in western states and territories during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, describes the racial and ethnic diversity of the female prison population along with the accompanying social and cultural differences, and outlines the treatment that women received from male prison officials. It also develops the concept of the western "bad women" within nineteenth-century popular culture to provide further support for Rafter's claim that prisons function to control gender, race, and ethnicity as well as crime.
The Rehnquist Court—The Counter-Revolution that wasn't, Part 2: The Counter-Revolution that is
Authors: Weddington Mary Margaret , Janikowski W. Richard
Published: March 2007

Commentators had predicted that the United States Supreme Court under Chief Justice Rehnquist would, at most, continue the Burger Court's purported "moderation" of the rights-based criminal procedure jurisprudence of the Warren era. In fact, however, the Burger Court's characterization of criminal trials as crucibles yielding truth-in-fact, together with its consequent devaluation of rights and procedures that impede this truth-finding function, has led to a constitutional counterrevolution. Analysis of the Court's evolving treatment of truth-finding, harmless error, habeas corpus, and stare decisis reveals a jurisprudence no longer grounded in the due process orientation of the Warren era or even the truth-finding quest of the Burger Court but rooted instead in the Supreme Court's inherent power to impose swiftness and finality on the criminal conviction process.
The Illusion of Structure: A Critique of the Classical Model of Organization and the Discretionary Power of Correctional Officers
Authors: Gilbert Michael J.
Published: March 2007

This article provides a substantive critique of the classical model of organization used by most prisons. The classical model is viewed as inconsistent with both the inherent discretionary power of correctional officers and the operational realities of prison work. Furthermore, the author argues that the classical model fails to guide correctional officers in the exercise of their discretionary power. A conceptual basis for understanding individual discretionary power is developed using Muir's typology (1977) of police work styles (i.e., professionals, enforcers, reciprocators, and avoiders). Behavioral descriptors of these work styles are compared for police and correctional officers. A plausible theoretical basis for generalizing from Muir's typology of police work styles to correctional officers is provided. The philosophical and theoretical foundations for the exercise of bounded discretionary power by governmental officials is presented with a general model of discretionary behavior. Several inferences are drawn for the future of prison administration.
Co-Combustion of Refuse-Derived and Packaging-Derived Fuels (Rdf and Pdf) With Conventional Fuels
Authors: Manninen Helena , Peltola Kari , Ruuskanen Juhani
Published: March 2007

Energy recovery of used materials can be performed as mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration or as fuel recovery for co-combustion. Recovered fuels are refuse-derived fuel (RDF), which is mechanically separated and processed from MSW, and packaging-derived fuel (PDF), which is the source-separated, processed, dry combustable part of MSW.
A Strategy for the Development of Landfill Gas Technology in India
Authors: Shekdar A.V.
Published: March 2007

Landfilling is commonly being developed as a renewable source of energy through the systematic recovery and utilization of biogas generated during anaerobic de composition of municipal solid wastes. In India there is good scope for the de velopment of landfill gas technology as municipal solid waste contains a high proportion of degradable organic matter. Biogas generation from various sources is also seen as a key renewable energy source in the National Energy Policy. In the developed countries landfill gas (LFG) systems are established and a sizeable proportion of renewable energy is generated and utilized from landfills. Based on this experience, particularly in the U.K., a a strategic plan for the development of LFG technology in India is outlined. LFG technology involves: (i) estimation of ultimate yield and generation rates of LFG on the basis of waste composition; (ii) design of an LFG abstraction system appropriate to site conditions and landfilling practices; and (iii) cost-effective gas utilization schemes. In India, the labour-oriented solid waste management systems concentrate more on the collection and trans portation stages. Disposal is mostly limited to uncontrolled filling of low-lying areas. As the solid waste contains a good proportion of degradable organic matter, and there is a growing energy demand in every sector of economy, there is good scope for controlled LFG generation, recovery and utilization. For systematic development of LFG technology in India a comparison with the established approach adopted in the U.K. is presented. Against this backdrop a methodology for the development of LFG technology in India is outlined. This includes the investigations comprising solid waste characterization and estimation of LFG on a national basis, development of appropriate landfilling practices, gas recovery systems and utilization schemes, and an appropriate institutional frame work and data base. © 1997 ISWA
Effect of Design Variables On Participation in Residential Curbside Recycling Programs
Authors: Noehammer Helen Contala , Byer Philip H.
Published: March 2007

This research examines how each of the design variables associated with the design of residential curbside recycling programs affects the participation rate, as well as the effect of interactions between the variables. The evaluation of each design variable includes a literature review and an analysis of the results of six published surveys of curbside recycling programs. The results of this research show that there is no single ideal design for residential curbside recycling programs, but that a variety of combinations of design variables have proven to be successful. This suggests that when designing a recycling program, the costs, needs and goals of the community should be significant factors while taking into consideration the effect of some design variable options on participation. Based on these results, four residential curbside recycling programs were designed: two to maximize participation rates without significant regard to cost; and the other two with the goal of achieving a balance between participation rate and program cost. © 1997 ISWA
Sustainable Landfill—Possibility or Pipe-Dream?
Authors: Westlake K.
Published: March 2007

Too often a sustainable landfill is described in terms of operational technique (e.g. bioreactor landfill or repository for pretreated waste) rather than the more appropriate goal of managing a landfill such that the environmental risk is acceptable. The technique that achieves the lowest risk landfill will vary according to a number of factors including the waste composition, climate and local geology/hydrogeology, and will vary from country to country, region to region, and site to site. A truly sustainable landfill is one in which the waste materials are safely assimilated into the surrounding environment, whether or not they have been treated by biological, thermal or other processes, and which manages gas-related problems so as to minimize the environmental impact. This is more likely to be achieved in containment landfills, but recognizing that liner failure will occur ultimately, and that in the long term, the escape of waste materials and their products of degradation is inevitable. Appropriate site selection, design and management is crucial to the attainment of more sustainable waste management. @ 1997 ISWA
Material dependence of methane production rates in landfills
Authors: Akesson M. , Nilsson P.
Published: March 2007

An extensive sampling programme has been conducted in six test cells since 1989. The test cells are located at the Spillepeng landfill in the City of Malmo in southern Sweden. Each test cell received a specific waste composition. The main objective of the project was to evaluate the dependence of biogas production on landfill waste composition. Methane production rates in test cells with high amounts of commer cial waste were found to be between 14.3 and 19.0 m3 tonne-1 dry weight yr-1. In test cells with domestic waste or other putrescibles-rich waste fractions the corresponding values were 10.7 to 13.4 m3 tonne-1 dry weight yr-1. In the evalua tion, information regarding density, time of filling, moisture content, temperature, concentration of volatile fatty acids, pH, ammonium and gas extraction, were compared with methane production rates. The main conclusion was that a waste mixture with a high amount of readily biodegradable material gives rise to a high internal concentration of volatile fatty acids, which in turn inhibits the methane production rate.
Biodegradation of volatile CFCs, H-CFCs and VC in compost and marl
Authors: Deipser Anna
Published: March 2007

The biodegradation of volatile fully chlorofluonnated hydro carbons (CFCs), partly chlorofluorinated hydrocarbons (H CFCs) and vinyl chloride (VC) were investigated in compost and marl in laboratory studies. Trichlorofluoromethane (R11), dichlorodifluoromethane (R12), 1,1,2-trichlorotriflu oroethane (R113), difluoromethane (R32) and VC were bio degradable in compost under anaerobic conditions, probably by methanogenic bacteria. The anaerobic decomposition products of R11 were dichlorofluoromethane (R21 ) and chlo rofluoromethane (R31). The degradation product of R12 was chlorodifluoromethane (R22). R11 and its degradation prod ucts have the inhibiting effects of the R12 degradation under anaerobic conditions. The partly halogenated hydrocarbon R22 and VC were degraded preferentially under aerobic con ditions in marl, probably by methanotrophic bacteria. Under aerobic conditions R22 and VC have inhibited the biodegra dation of methane by methanotrophic bacteria.
Occupational health and safety amongst municipal solid waste workers in Florida
Authors: An Huren , Englehardt James , Fleming Lora , Bean Judy
Published: March 2007

Injury and disease distributions amongst municipal solid waste (MSW) workers in Florida were analyzed from data from the Florida Workers' Compensation scheme between 1993 to 1997. Municipal solid waste workers in Florida were most commonly exposed to musculoskeletal and dermal injury risks such as strains or sprains, contusions, fractures, and lacerations. Strains or sprains represented 47.7% of all the reported injuries, similar to the proportion found for other Florida industrial workers (45.7%). Waste collectors (drivers or helpers) had a higher risk of injury than other workers in the MSW industry. Whilst injury rates for all Florida industrial workers decreased, the injury rates of MSW workers almost doubled from 1993 to 1997. It was noted that workers' compensation claims represent only a fraction of total injuries. Possible reasons for the high risks were discussed. Occupational diseases amongst MSW workers are believed to be under reported. Further studies on different waste management worker subpopulations are needed to provide detailed information to reduce these risks.
Applying a correction factor to the IPCC default methodology for estimating national methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites
Authors: Irving William , Woodbury Jonathan , Gibbs Michael , Pape Diana , Bakshi Vikram
Published: March 2007

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) 1996 Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories proposes two methodologies for estimating methane emissions from solid waste disposal sites (SWDS): (1) the mass-balance method; and (2) the first-order kinetics method. This first method is the default methodology and is the easiest method to apply for estimating country-specific methane emissions and requires the least amount of data. Alternatively, the second method is more complex and requires more information than the first method. As many countries do not have detailed information on solid waste disposal practices, it is anticipated that most countries use and will continue to use the mass-balance approach for estimating time-series of methane emissions. The mass- balance approach uses an assumption regarding annual waste disposal that can overestimate methane emissions. In this paper a correction factor is presented for adjusting the mass- balance approach to account for non-steady state conditions in annual waste disposal. Use of such a correction factor results in estimates that approach those generated by more complex methods. In summary, the analysis performed indicates that the modified approach typically results in more than a 20% reduction in the methane emissions inventory and methane emissions that are within the range of estimates based on the more complex first-order kinetics approach.
A Quasi-Experimental Evaluation of Tuition Reimbursement in Municipal Government
Authors: Daley Helen Weems , Sylvia Ronald D.
Published: March 2007

An evaluation of the tuition reimbursement program for a mid-sized mid-Atlantic city was undertaken using both surveys and quasi-experimental techniques. Contrary to recent criticisms of tuition reimbursement programs, the survey findings indicate generally perceived benefits of the program among participants, supervisors and non-participant co-workers. The quasi-experi mental phase of the research determined a 56% higher promotion rate among participants than among non-participants; moreover, program participants were much more likely to remain in city employment than were non-participants.
Equal Employment Opportunity and the Early Career in Federal Employment
Authors: Lewis Gregory B.
Published: March 2007

Using a one percent sample of federal personnel records, this article examines entry levels and advancement rates during the first eight years of the federal career for white and minority males and females who entered the civil service shortly after leaving school. Once educational levels and major fields of study are controlled for, the four groups have remarkably similar entry levels, sug gesting that race and gender have little direct impact on placement levels. Men do have markedly higher early advancement rates than women, however, pulling ahead of comparable women at the rate of better than one-tenth of a grade per year. The implications for equal employment oppor tunity policy are discussed.
What Public Employee Relation Boards And The Courts Are Deciding
Authors: Pyne Joan
Published: March 2007

This article updates the decisions made by public employee relation boards and the state courts in regard to the scope of bargaining in the public sector; specifically mandatory subjects of bargaining. The findings suggest that public employee relation boards and the state courts have expanded the scope of mandatory subjects of bargaining to include topics such as class size, drug testing, and smoking in the workplace. These topics were once typically considered management rights.
A Desideratum for Managing the Diverse Workplace
Authors: Pomerleau Raymond
Published: March 2007

The American workplace is at a crossroads; workplace demo- graphics powerfully suggest that managing diversity will constitute a large portion of management's agenda through out the 1990s and into the next century. This article attempts to introduce a new ideological con struct to transform the culture- specific cast of the Eurocentric organization model into a common cultural strain. The idea is that by adopting the concept of "commingling diversity," the problem of clashing cultures and disparate perspectives in the workplace could be attenuated, and the process of managing could ineluctably be transmuted.
Developmental Performance Appraisal in Municipal Government
Authors: Roberts Gary E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship between develop mental perfor mance appraisal systems and the generation of effective infor mation for personnel decision making based upon a sample of 240 muncipal govern ment personnel ists. The results indicate that high quality perform ance appraisal information is associated with developmental systems and an emphasis on procedural fairness.
Administering Family Leave Benefits and New Challenges for Public Personnel Management
Authors: Kim Soonhee
Published: March 2007

The importance of family-related benefits is often emphasized to promote the recruitment, productivity, and retention of capable employees in the public and private sectors This article explores the administration of family-related benefits and family leave benefits for public employees in New York State agencies. The study found that m administering family leave benefits under the Family and Medical Leave Act m 1993, personnel administrators were highly involved m coordinating procedures between supervisors and employees. In addition, personnel administrators did not perceive a positive impact of family leave benefits on the objectives of their organizations The article suggests that organizational leaders' and management's awareness of administering family leave benefits should be emphasized in relation to the available resources of personnel offices, including records management systems and training programs
Planning and Design as the Manufacture of Transcendence
Authors: Krieger Martin H.
Published: March 2007

The traditions of design—in natural science, computation, theology, architecture, and literature and art—provide models for some aspects of planning. These models are especially concerned with order, coherence, meaning, structure, and judgment, and parallels or homologies among them. They also show how the making of wholeness (the “manufacture of transcendence”) is in tension with contingency, fetishism, and failure.
Repackaging the Revolution
Authors: Montagu A. Simon
Published: March 2007

This article explores the pedagogical issues associated with reconstructing Geographic Information Systems (GIS) instruction into a form more directly linked to the substantive heart of the planning discipline. It surveys the broad terrain of GIS pedagogy and reviews the fit of prevailing instructional modes with the pedagogical mission of planning. Drawing on the insights gained from this review, the article then discusses the key design challenges planning educators must confront to repackage GIS instruction into a more planning-relevant form. Outlining changes the author has made to his own classes, he demonstrates one form that this type of instructional strategy may take.
Planning as a Heterosexist Project
Authors: Frisch Michael
Published: March 2007

The author argues that a key to understanding interactions between urban planning and lesbian and gay communities is to recognize that urban planning developed as a heterosexist project. Based on works in lesbian and gay history, he notes how the development of modern planning arose at the same time as modern conceptions of sexual orientation. Early planners were cognizant of lesbians and gays. Analyzing key texts of urban planning, the author shows how the heterosexist project works through unquestioned acceptance of Katz’s key assumptions of heterosexuality. He builds the argument by examining three dualisms within planning discourse: order/disorder, family/household, and public/private. While much of the analysis is historical, the author finds that planning continues to reinforce repression of lesbians and gays through laws, ordinances, and regulations. Analysis of emerging lesbian and gay enclaves must start with this background of repression. He concludes by suggesting several starting points for inclusive planning.
Keys to Engaging Faculty in Service
Authors: Loveridge Scott
Published: March 2007

Fostering faculty participation in scholarly public service activities requires more attention to developing appropriate structures to motivate action. This article highlights several methods of stimulating and maintaining faculty interest in service using an extended example: a university-based planning assistance program for small communities. Creating the necessary preconditions for scholarly public service requires creativity, time, and administrative commitment.
Beyond Relativism
Authors: Talen Emily , Ellis Cliff
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the search for a theory of good city form should be given a more prominent place in planning theory alongside theories of planning as a process. The professional practice of city and regional planning requires well-validated, durable criteria for successful outcomes. Fortunately, many recent developments in philosophy, science, political theory, and the arts challenge the postmodern relativism that has deflected attention away from normative theory toward procedural issues. The authors argue that planners should take advantage of these new ideas and launch a renewed quest for the elements of good city form.
Conflict Resolution as Necessity, Practice, and Ideal
Authors: Barton Stephen E.
Published: March 2007

In recent years two broad approaches to public policy have emerged which offer solutions for the problems of government, one based on the market and the other based on conflict resolution This paper argues that both policy approaches are plagued by problems caused by inequality and coercion Part I reviews the normative bases of the market, including discussion of how a system of property rights, enforced by government must exist in order to determine exactly who is free to do what Part II is a presentation of the conflict resolution approach and its pitfalls, especially when this activity is carried out between unequal parties Finally, Part III spells out the conditions for non-coercive conflict resolution The basis is the extension of rights which are universal and inalienable in order to achieve a more egalitarian society
Planning Methods: An Analysis of Supply and Demand
Authors: Contant Cheryl K. , Forkenbrock David J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines evolving changes in the demand for analytic methods among planning practitioners and the supply of these methods by graduate planning schools in the United States Two surveys were conducted, one involving directors of planning agencies and the other involving planning schools Of the 28 analytic techniques included on the questionnaires, an average of 22 are taught in the responding academic programs Microcomputers now are almost ubiquitous in both the agencies and schools represented, and interest appears to have become quite great in possible applications of them on the part of both groups. Overall, it can be concluded that the demand for analytic techniques by planning practitioners has grown and the demand for and supply of these techniques within the field of planning have converged
The Influence of State Planning Mandates on Local Plan Quality
Authors: Berke Philip R. , French Steven P.
Published: March 2007

After abating somewhat in the early 1980s, state involvement in local planning has regained momentum. States are increasingly adopting new or strengthening existing growth management programs that mandate local governments to prepare and adopt comprehensive plans. This study examines the influence of state mandates on the content and quality of comprehensive plans from 139 local governments in five states. Three components of the plans are analyzed: fact basis, goals, and policies. This study indicates that state mandates have a clearly measurable effect in enhancing plan quality. The findings also suggest that the design of the mandate itself can be important in determining local plan quality.
Anticipatory Analysis in Environmental Planning: Managing Argument in Wellhead Protection
Authors: Lindsey Greg , Schoedel Carl
Published: March 2007

Models of participatory or consensual planning based on theories of communicative action and rationality are emerging as an important paradigm for interpretation of the process of planning. Within this framework, Forester (1991) has described planning as "anticipatory analysis" the work of anticipating implementation and managing argumentation. This article uses Forester's framework to analyze the role of planners in managing argument about wellhead protection in Indianapolis, Indiana. The article examines the ways in which planners envisioned alternative futures, structured and managed processes of argumentation, and presented recommendations for risky, technical decisions. It concludes with observations about the usefulness of the model of anticipatory analysis in environmental planning.
Teaching Practice
Authors: Baum Howell S.
Published: March 2007

Planning is a way of acting. People learn to plan by practicing planning. Yet university planning programs give predominant attention to classroom activity. A cultural division between "academic" and "practice" faculty and classes gives higher status and greater influence to academic courses emphasizing research and analysis. Thus university programs tacitly teach that planning is the same as research. Despite rhetoric about "integrating academics and practice," programs give little attention to that challenge. Reforming planning education to teach students to plan requires a change in the culture of planning programs that dissolves differences between "academic" and "practice" to focus on questions of practice.
The Melting Pot Revisited: Hispanic Density and Economic Achievement in American Metropolitan Regions
Authors: Cavalcanti H. B. , Schleef Debra
Published: March 2007

Hispanics are poised to become the nation’s largest minority. Their growth is well documented, as are persistent inequalities that prevent their full integration into American society. Studies of Latinos tend to focus on metropolitan regions with high Hispanic density, creating the impression of a uniform profile for the group. That leaves open the question of whether the Latino experience is similar in other parts of the country. A close look at data from 100 midsized American metropolitan regions indicates that, as education and employment opportunities become available to a small segment of Hispanics, their economic achievement follows a different pattern. In areas of low Hispanic density, Latinos fare much better on a number of economic predictors. The price for their success, however, may be one of low cultural visibility and partial success. Despite higher levels of educational attainment and employment, they are still unable to reach parity with the majority in economic rewards.
Guidance of Latino High School Students in Mathematics and Career Identity Development
Authors: Lopez Edward M.
Published: March 2007

Latino high school students are at risk for low achievement in mathematics, which in turn restricts their opportunity for college and careers that require mathematical backgrounds. This study examines two models of guidance—the assisted performance model, derived from sociocultural theory, and the individuation model—in relation to students’ math achievement and career identity development. One hundred fifteen Latino high school students completed a questionnaire assessing their experiences with assisted performance, individuation, mathematics, and career identity development. As predicted, higher assisted performance was related to higher math grades for those in the college-prep track, but contrary to predictions, assisted performance was related to lower math grades for students in the remedial track. Also as predicted, higher individuation was related to higher identity achievement. Overall, although students’ experiences of assisted performance were positively related to their experiences of individuation, assisted performance only predicted mathematics and individuation only predicted career identity. This study has implications for students, families, teachers, and programs designed to enhance educational and career opportunities for ethnic minority youth.
Longitudinal Analysis of Academic Achievement Amonga Nationwide Sample of Hispanic Students in One-Versus Dual-Parent Households
Authors: Battle Juan
Published: March 2007

Previous researchers have found that, on average, students in single-parent households do not perform as well in school as their counterparts in dual-parent households. Another frequent finding is that the higher a student’s socioeconomic status, the higher her or his educational achievement. However, there has been little attention paid to how family configuration and socioeconomic status interact to affect educational achievement of Hispanic students. Using a nationally representative sample, this research found that for 12 th grade outcomes, in the presence of socioeconomic status, family configuration is not statistically significant. Furthermore, results for two years after high school showed, among other things, that socioeconomic status is much more important in predicting outcomes than is family configuration. The article ends with a discussion of policy implications.
Reply to Cuellar and Price
Authors: Vazquez Carol A.
Published: March 2007

Issues are raised concerning the reply by Cuellar and Price (1982) to my critique of their study on the effects of language on the expression of psychopathology in Mexican Americans. Methodological problems abound in this area of research, and Cuellar and Price have not clarified how their study circumvents the identified methodological problems.