bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of poly(methyl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) amphiphilic diblock copolymer on silicon substrates via surface‐initiated reverse iodine transfer polymerization
Authors: Wang Li‐Ping , Lv Xin‐Hu , Li Guang , Li Yu‐Chao
Published: July 2013

Amphiphilic diblock copolymer on silicon substrates were synthesized via surface‐initiated reverse iodine transfer polymerization (RITP) technique. The silicon substrates (Si (111) surface) were modified with the azo groups, which were introduced by the treatment of Si (111) surface with 4,4′‐azobis (4‐cyanopentanoic acid). The poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were then prepared under RITP conditions from the Si (111) wafer. The synthesis of amphiphilic diblock copolymer was carried out on Si‐g‐PMMA substrate by sequential addition of monomer N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). The observed narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn), linear kinetic plots, and linear plots of molecular weight (Mn) versus monomer conversion indicate that the chain growth from the silicon substrates is a controlled process with a “living” characteristic. The ellipsometry and contact angle results indicated that the MMA had grafted from the surface of the silicon substrates successfully and the graft layer was well defined. The structure of the polymer and the ability to extend the chains were characterized and confirmed with the surface sensitive techniques such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:925–931, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Systematic organophilization of montmorillonite: The impact thereof on the rheometric and mechanical characteristics of NBR and SBR based nanocomposites
Authors: Essawy Hisham A. , Tawfik Magda E. , Khalil Ahmed M. , El‐Sabbagh Salwa H.
Published: July 2013

Different montmorillonites either, completely hydrophilic (Mont‐0), amphiphilic (Mont‐25, Mont‐50, and Mont‐75) or completely hydrophobic (Mont‐100) were used as reinforcing fillers for styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) individually to predict the influence of the different forms on the properties of the rubbers (rheometric characteristics and mechanical properties). The shifts in the glass transition temperatures after the clay insertion were determined from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis to investigate the preference and action of each form. In addition, the storage moduli were used as indications to the corresponding mechanical properties of the samples. The influences could be followed after comparing the impacts of aging conditions on the properties of rubber compositions. The obtained data may provide a platform to suggest the mechanism by which these forms can in some cases act as compatibilizers in addition to their reinforcing/plasticizing effect when employed with the physically incompatible NBR/SBR (50/50) blend, which helps to optimize the properties of nanocomposites based on these blends. The proposed mechanism of action showed good correlation with the results of the mechanical properties and x‐ray diffraction investigations as well. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 54:942–948, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers
Surface Modification of the Polyimide Films by Electrical Discharges in Water
Authors: Miron Camelia , Sava Ion , Jepu Ionut , Osiceanu Petre , Lungu Cristian Petrica , Sacarescu Liviu , Harabagiu Valeria
Published: July 2013

Pulsed electrical discharges in distilled water were used for the surface modifications of the aromatic polyimides. Optical emission spectroscopy has shown the formation of excited species in the plasma due to water dissociation and ionization. The reactive species have induced surface modifications of the polymer films which were investigated by FTIR, AFM, XPS, and static contact angle measurements. The surface hydrophobicity of the polyimide films increased with the plasma treatment time due to the segregation of the CF3 groups at the polymer surface and the imidization of the polyimides during the plasma discharge.
MFe2O4 and MFe@Oxide Core–Shell Nanoparticles Anchored on N‐Doped Graphene Sheets for Synergistically Enhancing Lithium Storage Performance and Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Xiao Junwu , Xu Guiliang , Sun Shi‐Gang , Yang Shihe
Published: July 2013

The intrinsically low electric conductivity and self‐aggregation of MFe2O4 during charge/discharge affect their lithium storage performance and electrocatalytic activity. To mitigate these problems, it is shown that N‐doped graphene sheets (NGS), as a highly conductive platform, finely disperse the MFe2O4 nanoparticles and rapidly shuttle electrons to and from the MFe2O4 nanoparticles. Moreover, by forming a metal@oxide core–shell nanostructure, fast electron transfer from the exterior oxide layer to NGS is achieved. Introducing NGS into MFe2O4 allows the composites to exhibit the comparable specific capacity (based on the total mass) to MFe2O4, although over 10 wt% of NGS contributes a low specific capacity of around 320–400 mAh g−1. More importantly, introducing NGS significantly increases the cycling stability performance: 97.5% (CoFe2O4/NGS) and ≈100% (NiFe2O4/NGS) of the specific capacities have been retained after 80 cycles, far higher than the capacity retentions of CoFe2O4 (35.3%) and NiFe2O4 (43.7%) tested under otherwise identical conditions. Also demonstrated are the excellent rate capabilities of the composites. For catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction, the activity is significantly improved when the MFe2O4 nanoparticles are transformed into metal@oxide core–shell nanostructure, mainly because the core–shell nanostructure exhibits lower charge transfer resistance.
Variable clinical outcome of ABCA3 deficiency in two siblings
Authors: Thavagnanam Surendran , Cutz Ernest , Manson David , Nogee Lawrence M. , Dell Sharon D.
Published: July 2013

This case report describes an unusual outcome of ABCA3 deficiency with resolution of symptoms, normalization of chest imaging and lung function in a 9‐year‐old child whose sibling died of the same disease in infancy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1035–1038. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and epidemiologic profile of lower respiratory tract infections associated with human bocavirus
Authors: do Amaral de Leon Cristiano , Amantea Sérgio Luis , Pilger Diogo André , Cantarelli Vlademir
Published: July 2013

Background

Acute viral bronchiolitis (AVB) remains the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in infants under 2 years of age. Advances in molecular methods for virus detection have led to the identification of new infectious agents implicated in the development of AVB, such as human bocavirus (HBoV).

Objectives

To ascertain the frequency, seasonality, and clinical behavior of HBoV detection in a series of episodes of LRTI.

Study Design

The frequency of HBoV was assessed in children with LRTI episodes, aged 1–24 months, seen at the emergency department of Hospital da Criança Santo Antônio, Porto Alegre, Brazil, between May 2007 and July 2008. Virus‐specific polymerase chain reaction was used for detection.

Results

A total of 455 nasal secretion samples were collected from 433 patients over a 14‐month period. Of these, 60 were positive for HBoV (13.2%). Mean age was 7.9 months and 55% of patients were male. Just over half of patients were under 6 months of age (53.3%). Wheezing was the presenting respiratory complaint in 51.7%. Of the 60 patients, 80% were admitted to a pediatric ward. Diarrhea was present in nine patients (18%). Co‐detection was a frequent finding in our sample, occurring in 95% of cases. In our series, the distribution of HBoV was clearly seasonal and was influenced by temperature, relative humidity, and precipitation.

Conclusions

We conclude that HBoV detection in infants with AVB and recurrent wheezing of viral etiology in Brazil is similar to that reported in other countries. The clinical course of HBoV detection is no different from that of other respiratory viruses commonly found in this age range. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2013; 48:1112–1118. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ionic strength‐dependent conformations of a ubiquitin‐like small archaeal modifier protein (SAMP1) fromHaloferax volcanii
Authors: Ye Kaiqin , Liao Shanhui , Zhang Wen , Fan Kai , Zhang Xuecheng , Zhang Jiahai , Xu Chao , Tu Xiaoming
Published: July 2013

Eukaryotic ubiquitin and ubiquitin‐like systems play crucial roles in various cellular biological processes. In this work, we determined the solution structure of SAMP1 fromHaloferax volcaniiby NMR spectroscopy. Under low ionic conditions, SAMP1 presented two distinct conformations, one folded β‐grasp and the other disordered. Interestingly, SAMP1 underwent a conformational conversion from disorder to order with ion concentration increasing, indicating that the ordered conformation is the functional form of SAMP1 under the physiological condition ofH. volcanii. Furthermore, SAMP1 could interact with proteasome‐activating nucleotidase B, supposing a potential role of SAMP1 in the protein degradation pathway mediated by proteasome.
Crystal structure of the ubiquitin‐like small archaeal modifier protein 2 from Haloferax volcanii
Authors: Li Yunfeng , Maciejewski Mark W. , Martin Jonathan , Jin Kai , Zhang Yuhang , Maupin‐Furlow Julie A. , Hao Bing
Published: July 2013

The discovery of ubiquitin‐like small archaeal modifier protein 2 (SAMP2) that forms covalent polymeric chains in Haloferax volcanii has generated tremendous interest in the function and regulation of this protein. At present, it remains unclear whether the Hfx. volcanii modifier protein SAMP1 has such polyubiquitinating‐like activity. Although SAMP1 and SAMP2 use the same conjugation machinery to modify their target proteins, each can impart distinct functional consequences. To better understand the mechanism of SAMP2 conjugation, we have sought to characterize the biophysical and structural properties of the protein from Hfx. volcanii. SAMP2 is only partially structured under mesohalic solution conditions and adopts a well‐folded compact conformation in the presence of 2.5M of NaCl. Its 2.3‐Å‐resolution crystal structure reveals a characteristic α/β central core domain and a unique β‐hinge motif. This motif anchors an unusual C‐terminal extension comprising the diglycine tail as well as two lysine residues that can potentially serve to interlink SAMP2 moieties. Mutational alternation of the structural malleability of this β‐hinge motif essentially abolishes the conjugation activity of SAMP2 in vivo. In addition, NMR structural studies of the putative ubiquitin‐like protein HVO_2177 from Hfx. volcanii show that like SAMP1, HVO_2177 forms a classic β‐grasp fold in a salt‐independent manner. These results provide insights into the structure–function relationship of sampylating proteins of fundamental importance in post‐translational protein modification and environmental cues in Archaea.
The role of carbon dioxide as an orientation cue for western corn rootworm larvae within the maize root system: implications for an attract‐and‐kill approach
Authors: Schumann Mario , Patel Anant , Vemmer Marina , Vidal Stefan
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Western corn rootworm larvae use CO2 to locate maize roots. However, the importance of CO2 as a specific orientation cue close to maize roots has not been investigated unequivocally. This study aimed at elucidating the effect of CO2‐emitting capsules in combination with a soil insecticide (Tefluthrin = attract and kill) within the root system. We hypothesized that the capsules would result in aggregation of the larvae at the soil insecticide, thus increasing its efficacy. A nondestructive observation device was used to study larval distribution and behaviour.

RESULTS

Spatial analysis of distance indices (SADIE) revealed aggregation of the larvae around the capsules in an attract‐and‐kill treatment after 4 h, which was not found with the conventional treatment without the capsules. However, larval mortality did not differ between treatments.

CONCLUSION

CO2 is a weak attractant for western corn rootworm larvae within the root system. Consequently, an attract‐and‐kill strategy based on a CO2 product will not contribute to better control compared with conventional Tefluthrin applications. Host‐specific compounds, combined with a CO2 source, should be used to target more larvae, making attract and kill a feasible management option against this pest. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitory Effects of Nobiletin on Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Ma Xiuying , Jin Shaoju , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wan Lihong , Zhao Yanyan , Zhou Liming
Published: July 2013

Nobiletin (5, 6, 7, 8, 3′ 4′‐hexamethoxyflavone) is a major anticancer component in juice from zhishi (Rutaceae). This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of Nobiletin on hepatic cancer cells both in vitro and in vivo. The 3‐(4, 5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2, 5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), growth curve, and clonogenic assay showed that nobiletin inhibited the proliferation of SMMC‐7721 cells in vitro. Hoechst staining observed the characteristics of cell apoptosis in nobiletin‐treated cells, and the apoptotic rates of treated groups were increased in a dose‐dependent manner. Flow cytometric analysis demonstrated that nobiletin could block the cell cycle arrested at G2 phase. Cell cycle analysis was performed using flow cytometry. Results showed that cell cycle phase distribution analysis showed G2 arrest. It was found that nobiletin downregulated the expressions of Bcl‐2 and COX‐2 and up‐regulated the expressions of Bax and caspase‐3 in SMMC‐7721 cells by western blotting. The experiment in vivo demonstrated that nobiletin significantly inhibited the growth of H22 transplantable tumor, downregulated the expressions of COX‐2, up‐regulated the expressions of Bax and caspase‐3 detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, and the ratios of Bcl‐2/Bax were decreased. Our results suggest that nobiletin has significant inhibitory effects on hepatocellular carcinoma both in vitro and in vivo. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential Development among Dimensions of Job Burnout and Engagement among IT Employees
Authors: Gan Tingting , Gan Yiqun
Published: July 2013

The current study examined the sequential development of job burnout and job engagement and their related antecedents (job demands, job resources and personality) using a three‐wave longitudinal design. We collected usable responses from 160 Information Technology employees in China. Using M‐plus 5.0, we compared four models: the exhaustion–cynicism–inefficacy model of burnout and the vigour–dedication–absorption model of engagement, the exhaustion–cynicism–inefficacy model of burnout and the dedication–absorption–vigour model of engagement, the cynicism–inefficacy–exhaustion model of burnout and the dedication–absorption–vigour model of engagement and the cynicism–inefficacy–exhaustion model of burnout and the vigour–dedication– absorption model of engagement. The results of the model comparisons revealed that the last model had the best fit with the data. In addition, we found that job demands, job resources and personality influenced burnout and engagement in different ways. The results showed that the pathways from job demands/job resources to burnout/engagement were robust and direct, whereas personality had both a direct influence and an indirect influence (through job demands/resources) on burnout/engagement. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Der eiserne Dachstuhl der Walhalla – ein herausragendes Zeugnis des frühen Stahlbaus
Authors: Veihelmann Karen
Published: July 2013

Hoch über der Donau erhebt sich die Walhalla bei Regensburg. Auf den ersten Blick ein klassizistischer, dorischer Peripteros, erschließt sich dem Bauingenieur erst bei näherem Hinsehen ein herausragendes Beispiel des frühen Stahlbaus: Der komplexe eiserne Dachstuhl ist in seiner Feingliedrigkeit und in seinen Details eines der sehr selten gewordenen, heute noch erhaltenen Zeugnisse aus einer Zeit, da sich der damals neue Werkstoff erst etablieren sollte. Der folgende Artikel beleuchtet den historischen Kontext des Prestigebaus und zeichnet ein Bild des Konstrukteurs Johann Michael Mannhardt. Anhand bei Untersuchungen des Dachstuhls aufgenommener Befunde werden danach Abläufe während Fertigung und Montage rekonstruiert.

The iron roof truss of the Valhalla – an outstanding testimonial of early steelworks. High above the Danube River soars the Valhalla near Regensburg. At first glance a neo‐classical peripteros, the Valhalla is on closer inspection an outstanding example of early steel construction, as revealed by the civil engineer. The complex iron roof truss is in both intricacy and detail one of the very rare, still preserved examples of a time when new material should have been established. The following paper examines the historical context of this prestigious building and presents a portrait of the engineer Johann Michael Mannhardt. Based upon on‐site findings, the processes during manufacturing and assembling will then be reconstructed.
Wirtschaftliche Verbundbauweisen im Brückenbau – Bauweisen mit Verbunddübelleisten
Authors: Seidl Günter , Stambuk Mislav , Lorenc Wojciech , Kołakowski Tomasz , Petzek Edward
Published: July 2013

Verbunddübelleisten bieten im Brückenbau ein breites Einsatzspektrum. Sie sind einfach herzustellen und stellen bei der Übertragung der Schubkräfte in der Verbundfuge eine dauerhafte und robuste Lösung dar. Aus der neuartigen Wirkungsweise ergeben sich neue Konstruktionen im Verbundbrückenbau. Der Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über Konstruktion und Wirtschaftlichkeit ausgeführter Bauwerke mit Verbunddübelleisten.

Economic composite constructions for bridges ‐ Construction methods implementing composite dowel strips. Composite dowel strips find a wide range of application in bridges. They are easy to manufacture and the transmission of shear forces of the composite action is long lasting and robust. Beside the innovative composite action new construction methods for composite bridges are established. The article summarizes already executed bridge structures implementing composite dowel strips due to construction details and economic aspects.
IGF-1-mediated osteoblastic niche expansion enhances long-term hematopoietic stem cell engraftment after murine bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Caselli Anna , Olson Timothy S. , Otsuru Satoru , Chen Xiaohua , Hofmann Ted J. , Nah Hyun-Duck , Grisendi Giulia , Paolucci Paolo , Dominici Massimo , Horwitz Edwin M.
Published: July 2013

The efficiency of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) engraftment after bone marrow (BM) transplantation depends largely on the capacity of the marrow microenvironment to accept the transplanted cells. While radioablation of BM damages osteoblastic stem cell niches, little is known about their restoration and mechanisms governing their receptivity to engraft transplanted HSCs. We previously reported rapid restoration and profound expansion of the marrow endosteal microenvironment in response to marrow radioablation. Here, we show that this reorganization represents proliferation of mature endosteal osteoblasts which seem to arise from a small subset of high-proliferative, relatively radio-resistant endosteal cells. Multiple layers of osteoblasts form along the endosteal surface within 48 hours after total body irradiation, concomitant with a peak in marrow cytokine expression. This niche reorganization fosters homing of the transplanted hematopoietic cells to the host marrow space and engraftment of long-term-HSC. Inhibition of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling abrogates endosteal osteoblast proliferation and donor HSC engraftment, suggesting that the cytokine IGF-1 is a crucial mediator of endosteal niche reorganization and consequently donor HSC engraftment. Further understanding of this novel mechanism of IGF-1-dependent osteoblastic niche expansion and HSC engraftment may yield clinical applications for improving engraftment efficiency after clinical HSC transplantation.
Aberrant splicing in neurological diseases
Authors: Feng Dairong , Xie Jiuyong
Published: July 2013

Splicing of precursor messenger RNA (pre‐mRNA) removes the intervening sequences (introns) and joins the expressed regions (exons) in the nucleus, before an intron‐containing eukaryotic mRNA transcript can be exported and translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. While some sequences are always included or excluded (constitutive splicing), others can be selectively used (alternative splicing) in this process. Particularly by alternative splicing, up to tens of thousands of variant transcripts can be produced from a single gene, which contributes greatly to the proteomic diversity for such complex cellular functions as ‘wiring’ neurons in the nervous system. Disruption of this process leads to aberrant splicing, which accounts for the defects of up to 50% of mutations that cause certain human genetic diseases. In this review, we describe the different mechanisms of aberrant splicing that cause or have been associated with neurological diseases. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:631–649. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1184

This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease

RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Development
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Two Zinc Coordination Polymers with 1‐(1H‐Tetrazol‐5‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐benzotriazole Ligands
Authors: Sun Su‐Wen , Jin Lei , Shi Ping‐Ping , Liu Ming‐Liang , Kong Li‐Hui , Ye Qiong
Published: July 2013

The direct reaction of ZnBr2 with H‐1‐mbtz [1‐mbtz = 1‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐ylmethyl)‐1H‐benzotriazole] gives the two‐dimensional complex [Zn(Br)(1‐mbtz)] (1), whereas the reaction of benzotriazol‐1‐yl‐acetonitrile with NaN3 in the presence of water and a Lewis acid (ZnBr2) affords the 2D coordination polymer [Zn2(OH)(1‐mbtz)3H2O] (2). The central zinc atom in 1 is bonded to one terminal bromine atom and three different nitrogen atoms from two tetrazole ligands and one BTA group (BTA = benzotriazole), and each 1‐mbtz ligand is coordinated to three zinc atoms forming a 2D framework. The coordination polyhedron around the metal atom in 2 is a slightly distorted trigonal bipyramid made up by one zinc atom, four nitrogen atoms as well as one oxygen atom, two of the 1‐mbtz ligands coordinated to three zinc atoms and the third 1‐mbtz ligand acts in a bidentate fashion, which leads to the formation of a complicated 2D network. The syntheses and solid‐state structures of the two coordination polymers are reported.
[Ti8O10(OOCR)12] [R = CH(CH3)2 and CCl3] Carboxylate Titanium Oxo‐Clusters: Potential SBUs for the Synthesis of Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Frot Théo , Marrot Jérôme , Sanchez Clément , Rozes Laurence , Sassoye Capucine
Published: July 2013

The synthesis and the characterization of a new octanuclear carboxylated titanium oxo‐cluster [Ti8O10(OOCR)12] [R = CH(CH3)2 and CCl3] is reported. The structure was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It consists in four vertices‐linked pairs of edge‐sharing TiO6 octahedra, presenting μ2 and μ3 oxygen atoms. 17O and 13C liquid state NMR was performed with results in full accordance with the structure determined by X‐ray diffraction. During synthesis, solvothermal conditions and a large excess of carboxylic acid allow to remove all alkoxo ligands of the titanium alkoxide precursor and lead to stable purely carboxylate clusters. This family of clusters can therefore be considered as interesting SBUs to elaborate new metal‐organic frameworks.
Synthesis and Characterization of New 2D Coordination Polymers based on Mn(NCS)2 and Ni(NCS)2 with 1, 2‐Bis(4‐pyridyl)‐ethane as Co‐Ligand
Authors: Wöhlert Susanne , Fink Lothar , Schmidt Martin U. , Näther Christian
Published: July 2013

Reaction of manganese(II) and nickel(II) thiocyanate with 1, 2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)‐ethane (bpa) leads to the formation of literature known compounds of composition M(NCS)2(bpa)2 with M = Mn (1‐Mn) and Ni (1‐Ni). On heating 1‐Mn and 1‐Ni transform into new compounds of composition M(NCS)2(bpa) with M = Mn (2‐Mn) and Ni (2‐Ni). These compounds can also be prepared in solution. In both synthetic routes only microcrystalline powders are obtained with crystals too small for single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Therefore, the structures of both compounds were solved and refined from X‐ray powder data. In the crystal structure the transition metal cations are coordinated by two bpa co‐ligands and four thiocyanato anions within slightly distorted octahedra. The metal cations are linked by μ‐1, 3‐bridging thiocyanato anions into chains, that are further connected into layers by the bpa ligands. Magnetic measurements on 2‐Ni shows only Curie‐Weiss paramagnetism. In contrast, for 2‐Mn an antiferromagnetic ordering is observed but on further cooling the susceptibility curves increase indicating for canted antiferromagnetism. Further measurements prove that the increase at lower temperatures can be traced back to a small contamination with 1‐Mn, which is always present independent if this compound is prepared by thermal decomposition or by crystallization from solution. In the course of the crystallization experiments a few single crystals of two additional compounds of composition Mn(NCS)2(bpa)(H2O)2 (3‐Mn) and [Mn(NCS)2]2(bpa)3(CH3OH)2 (4‐Mn) were accidently obtained and characterized by single crystal structure analysis. The results of the magnetic measurements are compared with those for related compounds with different neutral N‐donor ligands.
Suboptimal event‐triggered control for networked control systems
Authors: Molin A. , Hirche S.
Published: July 2013

The advent of networked control systems urges the digital control design to incorporate communication constraints efficiently. In order to accommodate this requirement, this article studies the joint design of controller and event‐trigger for linear stochastic systems in the presence of a resource‐limited communication channel which exhibits packet dropouts and time‐delay. The event‐trigger situated at the sensor decides at every sampling instance, whether to send information over the communication channel to the controller. The design approach is formulated as a stochastic average‐cost optimization problem, where the communication constraints are reflected as an additional cost penalty of the average transmission rate. Different conditions on the communication model are given where the joint optimal design can be split into a separate control and event‐trigger design. Based on these results, two suboptimal design approaches are developed. By using drift criteria, stability guarantees of the closed‐loop system for both approaches are derived in terms of bounded moment stability. Numerical simulations illustrate the efficacy of the event‐triggered approach compared with optimal time‐triggered controllers.
Nonlinear stability analysis of functionally graded shells using the invariant‐based triangular finite element
Authors: Levyakov S.V. , Kuznetsov V.V.
Published: July 2013

The paper discusses a finite‐element approach for nonlinear analysis of thermal buckling and postbuckling behaviors of plates and shells fabricated of functionally graded materials. The triangular finite‐element is formulated using representation of the strain energy as a function of invariants of the membrane, bending, and transverse shear strains. The invariants are expressed in terms of the strain tensor components determined in the direction of the element edges, which provides some computational benefits. Numerical examples are given to demonstrate the application of the finite element in the investigation of nonlinear deformation and stability of functionally graded plates and shells with temperature dependent properties.
Negative Pressure Induced Cavity Formation During Cocoa Butter Crystallization
Authors: Lencki Robert W. , Craven R. John
Published: July 2013

Negative pressure effects appear to play an important role during crystallization of complex TAG mixtures such as cocoa butter. Crystallization conditions influence the final macroscopic sample density and the resulting gaseous phase void structure. Well‐tempered cocoa butter had a relatively smooth surface, higher macroscopic density, and a closed‐pore void structure. In contrast, over‐tempered samples were rougher, less dense, and contained large continuous gas‐filled pores. Under‐tempered cocoa butter had properties between these two treatments, with a continuous, yet very fine pore structure. Since cocoa butter is the continuous phase in chocolate, negative pressure phenomena will likely have a significant influence on chocolate density and thus how it de‐molds during processing.
Eight plate should not be used for treating leg length discrepancy
Authors: Lauge-Pedersen Henrik , Hägglund Gunnar
Published: July 2013

Purpose

The Blount staple has been widely used for treating angular deformities and leg length discrepancy (LLD) of the lower limbs. In recent years, the Eight plate has replaced the Blount staple for treating angular deformities in many centres. Although not described in the literature, it has been proposed that the Eight plate could also be used for treating LLD. We studied the effectiveness of the device for this indication.

Methods

Ten patients with LLD were included prospectively. Medial and lateral plates were inserted for symmetrical growth reduction and the patients were followed by radiostereometric analysis (RSA) 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 52 and 80 weeks postoperatively. The error of measurement with this technique is less than 0.05 mm.

Results

Case 1 continued to grow an average of 0.08 mm per week (6.7 mm longitudinal growth in 1.5 years) postoperatively, while Case 2 showed 0.07 mm longitudinal growth per week (5.6 mm longitudinal growth in 1.5 years). The longitudinal growth, in both children, showed only slight growth retardation throughout the follow-up period. The study was interrupted and no further subjects were included after the results indicated that only minor growth reduction had occurred in both patients.

Conclusion

The Eight plate does not significantly reduce growth when applied both medially and laterally in a symmetrical way at the proximal tibial physis.
Religiousness and hazardous alcohol use: A conditional indirect effects model
Authors: Jankowski Peter J. , Hardy Sam A. , Zamboanga Byron L. , Ham Lindsay S.
Published: July 2013

The current study examined a conditional indirect effects model of the association between religiousness and adolescents' hazardous alcohol use. In doing so, we responded to the need to include both mediators and moderators, and the need for theoretically informed models when examining religiousness and adolescents' alcohol use. The sample consisted of 383 adolescents, aged 15–18, who completed an online questionnaire. Results of structural equation modeling supported the proposed model. Religiousness was indirectly associated with hazardous alcohol use through both positive alcohol expectancy outcomes and negative alcohol expectancy valuations. Significant moderating effects for alcohol expectancy valuations on the association between alcohol expectancies and alcohol use were also found. The effects for alcohol expectancy valuations confirm valuations as a distinct construct to that of alcohol expectancy outcomes, and offer support for the protective role of internalized religiousness on adolescents' hazardous alcohol use as a function of expectancy valuations.
Structure–function relationship in the CYP74 family: Conversion of divinyl ether synthases into allene oxide synthases by site‐directed mutagenesis
Authors: Toporkova Yana Y. , Ermilova Valeria S. , Gorina Svetlana S. , Mukhtarova Lucia S. , Osipova Elena V. , Gogolev Yuri V. , Grechkin Alexander N.
Published: July 2013

Non‐classical P450s of CYP74 family control several enzymatic conversions of fatty acid hydroperoxides to bioactive oxylipins in plants, some invertebrates and bacteria. The family includes two dehydrases, namely allene oxide synthase (AOS) and divinyl ether synthase (DES), and two isomerases, hydroperoxide lyase (HPL) and epoxyalcohol synthase. To study the interconversion of different CYP74 enzymes, we prepared the mutant forms V379F and E292G of tobacco (CYP74D3) and flax (CYP74B16) divinyl ether synthases (DESs), respectively. In contrast to the wild type (WT) enzymes, both mutant forms lacked DES activity. Instead, they produced the typical AOS products, α‐ketols and (in the case of the flax DES mutant) 12‐oxo‐10,15‐phytodienoic acid. This is the first demonstration of DES into AOS conversions caused by single point mutations.
In vivo evaluation of optic nerve development in non‐human primates by using diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Yan Yumei , Nair Govind , Li Longchuan , Patel Sudeep , Wilson Mark , Hu Xiaoping , Sanchez Mar , Zhang Xiaodong
Published: July 2013

Developmental abnormalities of optic nerve are the leading cause of child blindness. The goal of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to characterize the optic nerve development of non‐human primates during the normal maturation from birth to adulthood. Forty healthy rhesus monkeys aged from 2 weeks to 6 years old were scanned with a clinical 3 T scanner. It was demonstrated that the DTI parameters followed an exponential pattern during optic nerve maturation. The time constants of mean diffusivity (MD), fractional anisotropy (FA), axial diffusivity (λ∥) and radial diffusivity (λ⊥) were 16, 14, 18 and 15 months in rhesus monkeys, respectively. Significant decrease in RD was observed firstly at 12 months after birth (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the left and right optic nerves in any age group. The in vivo imaging results reveal the normal evolution patterns of DTI parameters during optic nerve maturation in primates. The data might be used as a reference in the examination of optic nerve developmental abnormalities or injury in children or preclinical studies.
The Travels of Ludovico di Varthema in Egypt, Syria, Arabia Deserta and Arabia Felix, in Persia, India, and Ethiopa, A.D. 1503 to 1508
Authors: Varthema Lodovico de
Published: July 2013

The publications of the Hakluyt Society (founded in 1846) made available edited (and sometimes translated) early accounts of exploration. The first series, which ran from 1847 to 1899, consists of 100 books containing published or previously unpublished works by authors from Christopher Columbus to Sir Francis Drake, and covering voyages to the New World, to China and Japan, to Russia and to Africa and India. This 1863 volume contains a Victorian translation of Ludovico di Varthema's account of his travels, originally published in 1510, and translated into many European languages within a few years. Ludovico set off from Italy in 1502 (determined, he says, 'to investigate some small portion of this our terrestrial globe') and travelled first to Egypt and Syria; he then journeyed through the Arabian peninsula (where he was imprisoned as a spy), Persia and India, and reached the Molucca islands before returning to Europe in 1508.
Mathematical and Physical Papers
Authors: Thomson William
Published: July 2013

William Thomson, first Baron Kelvin (1824–1907), is best known for devising the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature and for his work on the first and second laws of thermodynamics, though throughout his 53-year career as a mathematical physicist and engineer at the University of Glasgow he investigated a wide range of scientific questions in areas ranging from geology to transatlantic telegraph cables. The extent of his work is revealed in the six volumes of his Mathematical and Physical Papers, published from 1882 until 1911, consisting of articles that appeared in scientific periodicals from 1841 onwards. Volume 3, published in 1890, includes articles from the period 1858–1890, the majority of which relate to questions around elasticity and heat, and are accompanied by extensive appendices.
The Border Antiquities of England and Scotland
Authors: Scott Walter
Published: July 2013

The work of the poet and novelist Sir Walter Scott (1771–1832) frequently reflected his interest in Scottish history, and he is regarded as having written some of the most influential historical fiction of the nineteenth century. His literary works include the poem The Lady of the Lake and the novels Waverley and Ivanhoe. Originally published in two volumes in 1814–17, this one-volume reissue is a work of non-fiction that illuminates Border history as revealed through architecture and artefacts. Scott was not the sole author, but his substantial introduction sets the historical scene for the entries on various castles, churches and other historic structures on both sides of the border. Illustrative extracts of his poetry are also included, along with many detailed engravings of the evocative scenes and buildings described.
The Golden Bough
Authors: Frazer James George
Published: July 2013

This work by Sir James Frazer (1854–1941) is widely considered to be one of the most important early texts in the fields of psychology and anthropology. At the same time, by applying modern methods of comparative ethnography to the classical world, and revealing the superstition and irrationality beneath the surface of the classical culture which had for so long been a model for Western civilisation, it was extremely controversial. Frazer was greatly influenced by E. B. Tylor's Primitive Culture (also reissued in this series), and by the work of the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith, to whom the first edition is dedicated. The twelve-volume third edition, reissued here, was greatly revised and enlarged, and published between 1911 and 1915; the two-volume first edition (1890) is also available in this series. Volume 12 (1915) provides a bibliography and general index to the entire third edition.
George Smith, a Memoir
Authors: Lee Sidney , Smith George , Stephen Leslie
Published: July 2013

This 1902 book, originally intended for private circulation, is a memoir of George Smith (1824–1901), founder, proprietor and publisher of The Cornhill Magazine and later the Dictionary of National Biography. The small volume, compiled by Smith's wife, consists of a memoir of Smith by Sidney Lee, followed by four short autobiographical pieces that Smith wrote for The Cornhill. He recalls his years at the publishing house of Smith, Elder and Co.; his encounters with Charlotte Brontë, who stayed with the Smiths in London; his idea of founding a magazine; and the 'lawful pleasures' of court cases for libel. The final item is Sir Leslie Stephen's obituary of Smith, first published in The Cornhill. The book, illustrated with two portraits of Smith, and a photograph of his memorial tablet in St Paul's Cathedral, provides an engaging portrait of a significant Victorian publisher and man of letters.
An Elementary Introduction to the Knowledge of Mineralogy
Authors: Phillips William
Published: July 2013

William Phillips (1773–1828) was a printer and geologist who became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1827. A founder of the London Askesian Society, he was also an active member of the British Mineralogical Society. In 1807 he and twelve others founded the Geological Society of London, and he was described by the Society's historian as 'the most distinguished, as a geologist, of the original founders'. His pioneering 1818 digest of British geology, Outlines of the Geology of England and Wales, was the most ambitious and influential work of its kind. Phillips gave free lectures to young people in his village in 1814, and these were published the following year. This work followed in 1816, and both went on to become standard textbooks. Aimed at students, it collects observations of a wide range of minerals' characteristics and occurrence, incorporating crystallographic work using the new reflecting goniometer.
The Book of Garden Management
Authors: Anonymous
Published: July 2013

This anonymous work (the name of H. P. D., the author of the preface, is not known) was probably compiled by Samuel Orchart Beeton (1831–77), the publishing entrepreneur who made his wife's Book of Household Management one of the best-selling titles of the century. Published in 1871, it is a complete guide to gardening for the enthusiastic middle-class amateur, with instructions on everything from choosing the site to garden design, plants and cultivation, 'fountains, fish-ponds, and ornamental waters' to the use of colour, interspersed with a detailed calendar of tasks to be carried out each month. It is illustrated with line engravings and twelve plates (which can be viewed in colour online at http:www.cambridge.org/9781108049399), providing both practical information and a fascinating insight into the plants available to the Victorian gardener, the techniques for cultivating flowers, fruit and vegetables, and the then current trends in design and display.
Essai géognostique sur le gisement des roches dans les deux hémisphères
Authors: Humboldt Alexander von
Published: July 2013

Prussian explorer and naturalist Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was described by Darwin as 'the greatest scientific traveller who ever lived'. His boundless curiosity as well as his scientific and cultural knowledge helped lay the foundations of physical geography, climatology, ecology and oceanography. In 1799, Humboldt embarked on a five-year trip to explore Central and South America. He devoted a large amount of time to the study of géognosie, the science of the origin and distribution of minerals and rocks forming the earth, later known as geology. In 1805, Humboldt published his first impressions of volcanoes and earthquakes in the Americas in his Personal Narrative. In this 1826 work, he makes the first systematic attempt to compare the rocks of the Old and New Worlds. This groundbreaking analysis became one of the most important geological works of its time.
The Animal Kingdom
Authors: Cuvier Georges
Published: July 2013

Georges Cuvier (1769–1832), made a peer of France in 1819 in recognition of his work, was perhaps the most important European scientist of his day. His most famous work, Le Règne Animal, was published in French in 1817; Edward Griffith (1790–1858), a solicitor and amateur naturalist, embarked on in 1824, with a team of colleagues, an English version which resulted in this illustrated sixteen-volume edition with additional material, published between 1827 and 1835. Cuvier was the first biologist to compare the anatomy of fossil animals with living species, and he named the now familiar 'mastodon' and 'megatherium'. However, his studies convinced him that the evolutionary theories of Lamarck and St Hilaire were wrong, and his influence on the scientific world was such that the possibility of evolution was widely discounted by many scholars both before and after Darwin. Volume 15 is the second of two covering insects.
Narrative of Some Passages in the History of Van Diemen's Land
Authors: Franklin John
Published: July 2013

The famous explorer of the Arctic region, Sir John Franklin (1786–1847) was appointed Governor of the penal colony of Tasmania (then known as Van Diemen's Land) in 1837. At first enthusiastically welcomed by the free colonists of the island, Franklin quickly became embroiled in political and administrative difficulties, and his compassion for convicts and aboriginals alike was incompatible with his duties. In 1843, colonial officials loyal to his predecessor succeeded in getting Franklin recalled by sending damaging accounts of his conduct to London. This pamphlet was Franklin's defence of his own character against these misrepresentations, but he was not to see his reputation recovered. He completed the book on 15 May 1845, just days before he departed on another Arctic expedition to search for the North-West Passage. Franklin and his entire crew died on the journey, and only many years later was the tragic fate of the expedition discovered.
Études sur les glaciers
Authors: Agassiz Louis
Published: July 2013

Swiss-born zoologist, geologist and paleontologist Louis Agassiz (1807–73) was among the foremost scientists of his day. When he took up the study of glaciology and glacial geomorphology in Switzerland in 1836, he recorded evidence left by former glaciers, such as glacial erratics, drumlins and rock scouring and scratching. In this work, published in 1840, he proposed a revolutionary ice-age theory, according to which, glaciers are the remaining portions of sheets of ice which once covered the earth. His radical suggestion undermined the hypothesis that landscape features were the result of a great biblical flood. Although Agassiz's invaluable work led some to acclaim him as the 'father' of glacial theory, critics have cited the contributions of others, including Jean de Charpentier and Karl Schimper. The book also describes the features of active glaciers, including ice tables, ice pinnacles and moraines.
Journal d'un Voyage aux Mers Polaires
Authors: Bellot Joseph René , Lemer Julien
Published: July 2013

The intrepid French explorer Joseph René Bellot (1826–53) became a symbol of Anglo-French friendship in 1851, when he took part in the second expedition of the Prince Albert in search of Sir John Franklin. During the seventeen-month expedition, Bellot wrote a journal which captures his enthusiasm for the discovery of unknown lands and the anxieties of a perilous journey. Together with Captain William Kennedy, Bellot found the northernmost point of the American continent and was named a fellow of the Royal Geographical Society. His journal was published posthumously, together with a short account of his life, in 1854 by Julien Lemer, and reissued several times because of its scientific and literary interest. Bellot died tragically, aged twenty-seven, during his second polar expedition. His courage and devotion to a foreign cause earned him much admiration in Britain: an obelisk was raised in his honour outside the Greenwich Hospital for sailors.
The Histories of Polybius
Authors: Polybius
Published: July 2013

The Histories of Greek-born, Roman historian Polybius (c.200–118 BCE) are reissued here in two volumes. Comprising the complete Books 1 to 5, the near complete Book 6, and fragments of Books 7 to 9, Volume 1 covers, inter alia, an assessment of Rome's enemies (notably Egypt and Greece), the beginnings of the First and Second Punic Wars, the battles of Ticinus and Trebia, the harmonious society of Rome, and a discussion of historical method that prioritises objectivity. Undertaken by the classicist Evelyn Shuckburgh (1843–1906), this first complete English translation (utilising F. Hultsch's 1867–72 Greek text) was published in 1889. A tutor, and later librarian, at Emmanuel College, Cambridge, Shuckburgh produced school editions of Sophocles and Suetonius as well as short histories on the classical world. This highly readable translation has remained a fascinating historical account of the second and third centuries BCE.
Griechische Geschichte
Authors: Beloch Julius
Published: July 2013

Educated at Palermo, Rome and Heidelberg, the classical and economic historian Karl Julius Beloch (1845–1929) lived most of his life in Italy, becoming a professor extraordinarius of ancient history at the University of Rome in 1879. German scholars, notably Theodor Mommsen, criticised Beloch's work for his scepticism towards traditional material and his more subjective approach. In addition to important work on ancient demography, he produced this controversial yet influential opus, revised and published in four volumes between 1912 and 1927, in which he questions conventional views on Greek history. Each volume in its first part outlines historical events and in the second part goes into greater detail, emphasising Beloch's unique perspective. In the second part of Volume 1, revised and reissued here in its 1926 printing, the author assesses the nature of different Greek peoples in the time before the Persian Empire.