bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individualism and Orientation towards World in Philosophy of Law of L. Feuerbach
Authors: PYLYPYSHYN Pavlo
Published: April 2021

The article attempts to find individualist ideas in the philosophy of L. Feuerbach. The completion point of German classical philosophy is Feuerbach’s philosophy, which is also the beginning of the age of materialism and contains a critique of Hegel’s objective idealism and has anthropological nature. Although Feuerbach had a Hegelian period of philosophical development, he proposed the antithesis of his «absolute idealism» — anthropological materialism. According to Feuerbach, only nature and human are single objective real things. He encourages to move from reflection on supernatural things to study of a man and nature, as idealists do. It is determined that L. Feuerbach’s human is the most complete part of eternal nature, and therefore is the starting point of philosophy; its basis should not be an absolute idea, but a human. The philosopher uses the anthropological principle in his own science. The advantages of this principle, in Feuerbach’s opinion, are that they require to consider human essence not in a shadowy world, but in reality and to avoid break between spirit and body, specific for idealistic and dualistic philosophy. According to the thinker, the supreme goal of a human is taking care of himself. Hence, egoism or selfishness, as manifestation of individualism, expresses true essence of human nature. It is found that Feuerbach’s anthropological materialism is based on the following individualist ideas: a human is not a creation of God, not self-consciousness, as according to Hegel, but is the most complete part of eternal nature; the subject of philosophy is a real, living, particular person who has anthropological peculiarities as a natural being; the philosopher considers any human action as harmonization of human behavior with human essence; the supreme goal of a human is taking care of himself; there is no man without selfishness, as egoism is man’s love for himself; egoism or selfishness expresses true essence of human nature and is a manifestation of individualism; protection of individualist concepts, namely, private interests of personality; a human has addictions, which influence his values, ensure defense reaction, act both with selfish purposes and achieve ultimate goals; love contains the essence and purpose of a human and is the decisive force of social and moral progress, it is perceived as the highest expression of sensuous nature of a human, as the most complete mechanism of regulation of social relations, as a principle of social organization.
A USUCAPIÃO COLETIVA COMO INSTRUMENTO PARA EFETIVIDADE DA POLÍTICA URBANA CONSTITUCIONAL NO TOCANTE AO DIREITO SOCIAL À MORADIA.
Authors: Ferrari Faganello Célia Regina , De Azevedo Galdino Arthur Thálisson , Costa Eduardo Henrique
Published: April 2021

Este trabalho consiste em averiguar o Ordenamento Jurídico Brasileiro em busca de mecanismos/meios que orientem a Política Urbana constitucional no tocante à promoção do direito fundamental social à moradia. Tem-se por parâmetro a inovação legislativa advinda do Estatuto da Cidade, o qual fez incidir no mundo jurídico o instituto da usucapião coletiva. Ver-se-á, nesta pesquisa, a cooperação dos entes relacionada ao Princípio do Federalismo. Todos eles deverão trabalhar com os esforços em prol do desenvolvimento comum. Observar-se-á, também, a importância dada ao Município, de tal forma que ficou instituído o Plano Diretor como instrumento básico da política de desenvolvimento e de expansão urbana. Apresentar-se-á nesta pesquisa, portanto, o caráter social do Direito. Será observado o instituto da Usucapião Coletiva como forma de proporcionar a efetividade da Política Urbana Nacional no tocante ao direito social fundamental à moradia. Aglutina-se, aqui, a função social, o Princípio da Solidariedade e o bem comum culminando no direito à moradia, este previsto constitucionalmente.
O DIREITO À APLICAÇÃO DA CONSULTA PRÉVIA NO CASO DA HIDRELÉTRICA DE BELO MONTE: projetos de colonialidade em campos sociais minados
Authors: E Silva Artenira Da Silva , Oliveira Ribeiro Thayana Bosi , Pinheiro Rossana Barros
Published: April 2021

Inicialmente serão analisados os direitos dos povos indígenas, dando-se ênfase à proteção da autodeterminação e à necessidade de realização de consulta prévia, livre e informada aos povos tradicionais, nos ditames da Convenção nº 169 da OIT.  Dessa forma, ter-se-á como objeto de análise especificamente o caso da construção da Hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, que representa um dos mais controversos projetos implementados na Amazônia brasileira, possuindo mais de 30 anos de discussões, manifestações, protestos, denúncias, resistências e estudos. Para tanto far-se-á pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tendo como fonte: livros, artigos e notícias sobre o tema, assim como análise de decisões judiciais adotando-se o estudo de caso como metodologia para a elaboração do presente estudo.
Atividade Empresária E Os Danos Morais Punitivos E As Novas Funções Da Responsabilidade Civil No Direito Brasileiro
Authors: Reis Clayton , Knoerr Fernando Gustavo , Menzel Gregorio
Published: April 2021

A complexidade das relações humanas, e a atividade empresarial e a sociedade de risco contemporânea exigem um reexame do instituto da responsabilidade civil no Direito brasileiro, de forma que tenha efetividade frente as sistemáticas ou maliciosas violações aos direitos fundamentais dos cidadãos e dos grupos afetados. A doutrina e a jurisprudência brasileira, e dos países de tradição civilista, está baseada na ideia de restituição do dano, mas, como demonstram os exemplos dos países que adotam o common law, a responsabilidade civil possui, ainda, funções punitiva e dissuasória. Nesse sentido, a partir da análise do instituto do punitive damages nos EUA e na Inglaterra, será possível compreender o cabimento e a constitucionalidade dos danos morais punitivos no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro.
Nutukusių nėščiųjų, sergančių gestaciniu diabetu, nėštumo bei gimdymo komplikacijos
Authors: Masiulytė Rugilė , Ramonienė Gitana , Vasiljevaite Diana
Published: April 2021

Tyrimo tikslas. Nustatyti nutukusių nėščiųjų, sergančių gestaciniu diabetu (GD), nėštumo, gimdymo komplikacijas ir vaisiaus būklę bei svorį. Tyrimo metodai. Retrospektyvinis tyrimas, kuriam atrinkta 2019 m. Lietuvos sveikatos mokslų universiteto ligoninės Kauno klinikų Akušerijos ir ginekologijos klinikoje gimdžiusi ir GD sirgusi 581 moteris, jos suskirstytos į dvi grupes: pirmoje – nutukusios moterys (n=202); antroje – iki nėštumo normalią kūno masę turėjusios moterys (n=379). Duomenys analizuoti „SPSS/w26.0“ ir „MS Excel 2016“ kompiuterine programa. Rezultatai. Gestaciniu diabetu sergančių nutukusių moterų glikemija nevalgius didesnė nei normalios kūno masės moterų (5,67 (5–7; 5,78) ir 5,49 (5–8; 5,56), p<0,001), sergančių A2 tipo GD glikemija nevalgius didesnė nutukusių moterų nei nenutukusių (5,69 (5–7; 5,86) ir 5,48 (5–7; 5,58), p=0,006). GTM 0 min. glikemija gestaciniu diabetu sergančioms nutukusioms moterims didesnė nei nenutukusioms (5,45 (3–8; 5,52) ir 5,20 (3–8; 5,19), p<0,001). Nutukusios nėščiosios dažniau nei normalios kūno masės nėščiosios sirgo pirmine hipertenzija (18,8 proc. ir 2,9 proc., p<0,001), nėščiųjų hipertenzinėmis būklėmis (47,5 proc. ir 19 proc., p<0,001) ir nėščiųjų cholestaze (6,4 proc. ir 1,6 proc., p=0,002). Taip pat joms dažniau nustatytas polihidramnionas (19,4 proc. ir 5,5 proc., p<0,001), gimdymas dažniau buvo sužadintas (75,4 proc. ir 24,6 proc.; p<0,001), dažniau atlikta cezario pjūvio operacija (CPO) (24,8 proc. ir 16,4 proc., p=0,015), skubi dažniau nei planinė (66 proc. ir 41,9 proc., p=0,011). Gimdymo metu dažniau diagnozuota distocija (9,4 proc. ir 3,4 proc., p=0,003) ir nestabili vaisiaus būklė (4 proc. ir 1,1 proc., p=0,019). Nutukusių gimdyvių naujagimiai dažniau makrosomiški (22,8 proc. ir 10 proc., p<0,001), jų Apgar balai po 1 min. (9 (2–10; 8,9) ir 9 (3–10; 9,06), p=0,024) ir po 5 min. (10 (6–10; 9,52) ir 10 (6–10; 9,66), p=0,024) buvo reikšmingai žemesni nei normalios kūno masės gimdyvių. Išvados. Nutukusios nėščiosios, sergančios gestaciniu diabetu, patiria daugiau nėštumo bei gimdymo komplikacijų nei nėščiosios, sergančios tik gestaciniu diabetu, bet neturinčios nutukimo.
PENGARUH PERBANDINGAN MASSA TANAH DENGAN PUPUK ORGANIK GRANUL TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN BROKOLI ( Brassica oleracea var. italica forma couliflora
Authors: Sitawati Rini , Anggara Roni , Widyastuti L Sri Nur
Published: April 2021

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) which is often called green flower cabbage is one type of vegetable that is popular with the public. To meet the growing needs of broccoli, its cultivation business requires the right planting medium and is rich in nutrients.This study aims to obtain a ratio of soil mass and granule organic fertilizer which can increase the growth and yield of broccoli. The experiment was carried out from March 2017 to May 2017, located in Cicalung Village, Wangunharja Village, Lembang District, West Bandung Regency, with an altitude of 1200 m above sea level. The design used was a randomized block design (RBD) with 7 treatments and repeated 4 times, namely A = 6 kg of soil: 0 kg of granular organic fertilizer, B = 5.9 kg of soil: 0.1 kg of granular organic fertilizer, C = 5, 8 kg soil: 0.2 kg granule organic fertilizer, D = 5.7 kg soil: 0.3 kg granule organic fertilizer, E = 5.6 kg soil: 0.4 kg granule organic fertilizer, F = 5.5 kg soil: 0.5 kg granule organic fertilizer, G = 5.4 kg soil: 0.6 kg granule organic fertilizer.The results showed that in treatment F the use  5.5 kg of soil: 0.5 kg of granular organic fertilizer gave a better effect on plant height, number of leaves, canopy width and gross weight but had the same effect on net weight between treatments give.
Pengaruh Pemberian Campuran Fermentasi Ampas Tahu dan Dedak Padi dalam Ransum terhadap Performa Bebek Pedaging Hibrida
Authors: Surya Andrea , Suryanah Sari , Widjaya Nilawati , Permana Hilman
Published: April 2021

The study aimed to determine the effect of giving a mixture of fermented tofu dregs and rice bran in the ration on the optimal performance of hybrid ducks. The research has been held for 35 days from 22 July 2020 to 25 August 2020, located at Reungas Village, Jagabaya Village, Cimaung District, Bandung Regency, West Java Province. The research was carried out experimentally with a completely randomized design (CRD), consisting of four treatments, namely P0 (giving basal ration 100%), P1 (giving basal ration 80% +  fermented tofu dregs 10% + fermented rice bran 10%), P2 (giving basal ration 70% + fermented tofu dregs 15% + fermented rice bran 15%), and P3 (giving basal ration 60% + fermented tofu dregs 20% + fermented rice bran 20%). Each treatment was repeated 5 times and each repetition consisted of 5 hybrid ducks. The observed variables were ration consumption, body weight gain and ration conversion. The data obtained were analyzed using variance (ANOVA), if there was an effect of treatment followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The results showed that the mixture of fermented tofu dregs and rice bran each 20% in the ration could produce optimal performance with ration consumption of 3,042.49 g/ tail, body weight gain of 1,671.88 g/ tail, and ration conversion 1.79.
Performa Reproduksi Sapi Perah Fries Holland Pada Laktasi 1 Di PT. Ultra Peternakan Bandung Selatan
Authors: Christi Raden Febrianto , Tasripin Didin S , Rinaldi Arin
Published: April 2021

Reproduction management is one of the important things in a dairy farming business because good reproductive management, along with high reproductive capacity, will increase the efficiency and productivity of livestock. This study aims to determine the reproductive performance of FH dairy cows at first lactation on first mating post partus, service per conception, days open, calving interval, coception rate, calving rate and fertility status. The results of the research showed reproductive performance with parameters first mating post partus 59.5 days, service per conception 4.5 times, days open 145,5 days. The conclusion of this research is reproductive performance is not optimal.
Implementasi Budaya Akademik Bagi Keterampilan Sosial Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Suswandari Meidawati
Published: April 2021

This study aims to describe the implementation of academic culture for elementary school students' social skills. This type of research uses a descriptive-qualitative approach. The sampling technique used purposive sampling. The informants in this study were teachers and students of SD N Bekonang 1, Sukoharjo. Data collection techniques used include observation and documentation. Data analysis using data reduction techniques, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that the implementation of academic culture for students 'social skills at SD N Bekonang 1, Sukoharjo was through appreciating friends' achievements, caring about friends when they needed help, and giving and apologizing. Student learning in the classroom through academic culture has an impact on forming students' social habits to be skilled in dealing with their surrounding environment.
Pengaruh Metode Group Investigation terhadap Hasil Belajar Siswa pada Muatan Materi PPKn di Kelas V SDN 2 Kalijaga
Authors: Zuhdi Ferianto , Khairunnisa Khairunnisa , Syahrul Jiwandono Ilham
Published: April 2021

One of the factors that impact the unsuccessfulness of studying PPKn in schools is the use of a learning model that is still less innovative. Teachers tend to use the old method that is teaching the materials using lectures, questions and answers, then giving the student assignments. As a result, students feel bored, passive, less interested in learning, which decrease students’ learning outcomes. Group Investigation can be used as an alternative that will encourage students to be more active in learning with groups. This study aims to determine the effect of Group Investigation on students’ learning outcomes in studying PPKn in the fifth grade student at SDN 2 Kalijaga academic year 2020/2021.

This research is experimental research with Quasi Experimental Design type Nonequivalent Control Group Design. Population of this research was the fifth grade students of SDN 2 Kalijaga in academic year 2020/2021 consisting of two classes. The total number of the population was 45 people, all of them were chosen as the sample, where V/A as the experimental class and V/B as the control class. The researcher conducted observation and test to collect the required data. The result from the observation of applying Group Investigation in teaching indicate "fantastic" category with an percentage of 93.18% at the first meeting and 95.45% at the second meeting. The results showed that the score of student learning outcomes after being given treatment using Group Investigation was higher than before treatment. This is indicated by their pre-test score that is 50. After being given treatment their score increased become 86.81 in the post-test. Based on the results of hypothesis testing of independent samples t test using SPSS 16.0 showed that the value of tcount equal to (2.742 and 2.727) > ttable (0.294) for students’ achievement and significance level signify (Sig. 2-tailed) 0.009 < 0.05. So that, it can be concluded that H0 is rejected and Ha is accepted. It means that there is a positive effect of Group Investigation on the students’ learning outcomes in studying PPKn at grade V students of SDN 2 Kalijaga in the academic year 2020/2021.
Dopaminergic Control of the Feeding Circuit
Authors: Baik Ja-Hyun
Published: April 2021

There is increasing evidence demonstrating that reward-related motivational food intake is closely connected with the brain’s homeostatic system of energy balance and that this interaction might be important in the integrative control of feeding behavior. Dopamine regulates motivational behavior, including feeding behaviors, and the dopamine reward system is recognized as the most prominent system that controls appetite and motivational and emotional drives for food. It appears that the dopamine system exerts a critical role in the control of feeding behavior not only by the reward-related circuit, but also by contributing to the homeostatic circuit of food intake, suggesting that dopamine plays an integrative role across the converging circuitry of control of food intake by linking energy state-associated signals to reward-related behaviors. This review will cover and discuss up-to-date findings on the dopaminergic control of food intake by both the reward-related circuit and the homeostatic hypothalamic system.
A narrative synthesis on the epidemiology of Clostridioides difficile
Authors: SPATARU Diana , PARASCHIV Angela , BERDEU Ion
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Clostridium difficile has been identified as the leading cause of antibiotic therapy-associated diarrhea and colitis, which has evolved from sporadic complications of antimicrobial therapy to severe, sometimes fatal events that have eventually become an endemic life-threatening issue among hospitalized and immunosuppressed patients worldwide.

Material and methods. The analysis of the relevant bibliographic sources retrieved from the PubMed, Google Scholar, and other platforms was carried out. All the articles related to these research objectives were selected, followed by exclusion of articles focused on clinics and diagnosis. The study included 43 content-based relevant articles. This present article reveals the evolving epidemiology of C. difficile infection (CDI).

Results. Clostridium difficile is a sporulated bacterium responsible for infectious diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis, showing high morbidity and mortality rates among patients, especially in high-risk groups. C. difficile mainly affects hospitalized people over 65 years old, who have been exposed earlier to antibiotics. The risk factors for C. difficile in these individuals include depletion of the protective intestinal flora by antibiotics and a low immune response to C. difficile due to both advanced age and medical comorbidities. The major outbreaks commonly occur in health care, as well as in long-term care institutions. However, CDI is not supervised in the Republic of Moldova.

Conclusions. A system for reporting and monitoring of C. difficile infection needs to be implemented in order to promptly and efficiently manage hospital outbreaks.
Chronic delta hepatitis: from discovery to new treatments
Authors: TURCANU Adela , TAHIR WANI Suhaib
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a small, defective RNA virus that is related more to plant viroids than to other human pathogens.

Material and methods. Nearly 50 research articles from various sources were reviewed and a comprehensive analysis was done regarding various parameters concerning HDV. Articles published over a period of 30 years were selected based on their experimental and statistical relevance to HDV. This review gives a brief insight into epidemiology, genetics, clinical evolution and treatment of chronic hepatitis delta.

Results. Chronic hepatitis delta remains a major cause of morbidity in Eastern European countries and the Mediterranean region. At the same time, there is a resurgence of HBV and HDV infection in young people (under the age of 50) in Western Europe, as a consequence of the intra-familial and sexual mode of acquisition among immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Mediterranean region and from countries of the former Soviet Union, Africa high burdened regions of Asia and South America. Prevalence among IVDU was found to be higher especially in western european countries and other regions of low HDV prevalence. Chronic delta viral hepatitis is a dynamic, progressive process. A direct cytopathic pattern of liver tissue damage was also observed, especially in the presence of HDV genotype 3. Chronic hepatitis D is reported to progress to cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer, and this trend is greater the higher the level of HDV viremia at the time of presentation.

Conclusions. Flaws in screening and on-time diagnosis still remain due to the insufficient research and data available. While still not classified as a carcinogen by IARC, our review ends up in support of the notion that HDV infection increases the chances and fastens the pathogenic processes leading to HCC.
Epidemiological aspects in trophic ulcers with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus
Authors: PRISACARI Viorel , BUGA Diana , BERDEU Ion
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Trophic ulcer continues to be a major clinical problem, currently having a significant socio-economic impact. The association of microbial infections, especially with antibiotic-resistant bacteria, is one of the most common complications of trophic ulcers. In this context, trophic ulcers associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS) have a high epidemiological and clinical significance.

Material and methods. The determination of risk factors, antimicrobial resistance, as well as the clinical and socio-economic impact of trophic ulcers caused by MRS strains was performed based on a retrospective case-control study. The research group included 52 observation sheets of patients with trophic ulcers caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus (MRS), the control group - 39 sheets of patients with trophic ulcers caused by methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus (MSS).

Results. MRS strains isolated from trophic ulcers had high rates of antibiotic resistance compared to MSS strains. As a risk factors of trophic ulcer from which MRS strains have been isolated, people over the age of 50, repeated hospitalizations, microbial associations and exposure to intensive care are highlighted.

Conclusions. Risk factors and local epidemiology knowledge in trophic ulcers with MRS is the key factor in implementing and complying with surveillance and control measures.
Epidemiological evolution of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer in the Republic of Moldova
Authors: PARASCHIV Angela
Published: April 2021

Introduction. The burden of liver diseases is a major health issue, being underestimated both at the national and international level. In the Republic of Moldova, there are over 70 thousand patients with chronic hepatitis and over 10 thousand people suffering from liver cirrhosis. 70% of patients with cirrhosis develop liver cancer. Over 2,000 patients die annually from complications caused by liver cirrhosis, and over 400 patients die due to primary liver cancer.

Material and methods. The statistical analysis of 2000-2019 reports, presented by the Agency for Public Health, as well as of 3666 patient medical records retrieved from „Timofei Mosneaga” Republican Hospital, „Toma Ciorba” Clinical Hospital and “Sfinta Treime” Clinical Hospital was carried out.

Results. 89290 cases of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer have been officially registered. Most of them exhibited a viral etiology. The death rate was mostly recorded in patients aged 70-79. The mean age of patients with chronic hepatitis was 57.74±11.22, liver cirrhosis - 56.21±10.17, and liver cancer- 59.05±10.94. The risk factors included unprotected sex, use of sharp objects, scissors and syringes, noncompliance with dietary regimens, alcohol and tobacco use, etc. Close relatives were also investigated for the presence of viral markers in only 38.81% of cases of chronic hepatitis and in 24.37% patients with liver cirrhosis

Conclusions. The study of common epidemiological evolution of chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and primary liver cancer in the population, while considering the patient’s close relationship, might reduce both morbidity and medical and socio-economic impact.
Acute flaccid paralysis in children in the post certification period of the Republic of Moldova as a country free of wild poliomyelitis
Authors: APOSTOL Mariana
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Monitoring acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) is a key strategy used by the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) in assessing the progress towards the global eradication goal.

Material and methods. A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted during the years 2002-2017. The current research was carried out within the National Agency for Public Health - Virology Laboratory. The study focused on a period of 15 years (2002-2017), during which the Republic of Moldova was included as a polio-free country.

Results. Thus, over 15 years (2002-2017) there were reported and registered 118 non-polio cases (AFP) on the territory of the Republic of Moldova. The data of our study determined the rate of non-polio cases for the period 2002-2017, which ranged between 0.3-2.3 per 100 000 children, cumulatively, the incidence being of 17.9 cases per 100 000 children. The rate of males diagnosed with acute flaccid paralysis accounted for 54.2%. Most cases were registered in the Central areas, including Chisinau city (29.7%) and other localities involving the same area 28.8%.

Conclusion. The study results showed that the Republic of Moldova has feasible monitoring of the epidemiological situation on polio, including an action plan for further preventive measures and surveillance of poliomyelitis, where detection, registration and investigation of AFP is the "gold standard" aimed at providing a favourable epidemiological situation.
Prematüre Bebeklerde Tamamlayıcı Beslenme
Authors: YALNIZOĞLU ÇAKA Sinem , KABUL Faruk , ÇINAR Nursan
Published: April 2021

Gebelikten itibaren ele alındığında yaşamın ikinci yılına kadar ilk 1000 günde optimum beslenme, hem çocukluk hem de yetişkinlik döneminde bireysel sağlık durumunu şekillendirmede önemli bir potansiyeline sahiptir. Bebeklik döneminde doğru beslenme, ilk altı ay tek başına, iki yıl ve ötesine kadar devam ettirilebilecek olan anne sütü ile miktarı ve besin değeri dikkate alınarak yeterli ve kaliteli tamamlayıcı beslenme ile beslenmedir. Literatürde prematüre bebeklerin (gestasyon yaşı
SPECIAL ASPECTS OF PAYMENTS TO EMPLOYEES IN CONNECTION
WITH THE CORONAVIRUS
Authors: Galaktionova N. V.
Published: April 2021

This article examines the issues related to methods of more profitable cost refunds to a remote employee, working during a pandemic, inclusion of the cost of conducting tests for COVID-19 in tax expenses, issues of social contributions accrued due to tests for COVID-19, etc.
HISTORICAL AND LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXTREME NECESSITY AS A CIRCUMSTANCE PRECLUDING THE CRIMINALITY OF AN ACT
Authors: Nikitenko M. G. , Nikitenko E. E.
Published: April 2021

The article presents an analysis of the historical development of extreme necessity as an institution of criminal law. The authors examines the peculiar views of Roman jurists on the possibility of exemption from criminal liability in connection with injury to the state of emergency, the specifics of medieval canon law, assessment of Russian lawyers of the institute of extreme necessity. Conclusions about the peculiarities of the evolution of the norms of extreme necessity in criminal legislation on the basis of a retrospective analysis of the sources of criminal law are made.
Coordinating invasive alien species management in a biodiversity hotspot: The CAPE Invasive Alien Animals Working Group
Authors: Davies Sarah J. , Bell Jonathan A. , Impson Dean , Mabin Clova , Meyer Marco , Rhoda Chandre , Stafford Louise , Stephens Kirstin , Tafeni Mfundo , Turner Andrew A. , Van Wilgen Nicola J. , Wilson John R.U. , Wood Julia , Measey John
Published: April 2021

Background: The effectiveness of invasive alien species management in South Africa, and elsewhere, can be mproved by ensuring there are strong links and feedbacks between science and management. The CAPE Invasive Alien Animals Working Group (CAPE IAAWG) was established in 2008 to enhance cooperation among stakeholders such as implementing agencies and researchers, and thereby improve the management of invasive animals in the Greater Cape Floristic Region.Objectives: In this article we highlight where and how the working group has advanced our understanding of research and the implementation of management objectives and consider the working group’s successes and failures.Methods: We analyse the attendance of meetings by different stakeholders and the frequency of discussion topics on meeting agendas throughout the sequence of meetings from 2008 to 2019. We document insights based on published accounts or the experiences of the authors from eight different management projects.Results: Meetings are attended by stakeholders from NGOs, universities, and local, provincial and national government agencies as well as private individuals. Topics of discussion ranged from details of specific alien animal invasions (e.g. the House Crow in Cape Town), to considering the risks posed by broad groups (e.g. earthworms), to specific management techniques (e.g. guidelines for trapping invasive alien birds). Through the eight projects described here the CAPE IAAWG has: (i) contributed to capacity building through funding and advising on post-graduate research projects; (ii) provided ad hoc support to staff of agencies that implement invasive alien animal control; (iii) acted as a focal point for a community of practice that is supportive of decision making and policy development; and (iv) played a vital role in linking research, management and policy in a manner accessible to a broader range of stakeholders. The projects undertaken by the group reveal several lessons for managing invasive animals: (i) the importance of logistics and contract efficiency, (ii) the need for effective stakeholder engagement by the project team, (iii) the need to effectively address conflicts between role players, and (iv) the importance of including ethical and animal rights considerations in the decision making processes.Conclusion: The CAPE IAAWG has been a valuable forum to improve management effectiveness and support implementation decisions. Due to its small cost and time footprint, the working group has remained viable and retained a core of committed members, ensuring ongoing institutional buy-in. The working group will remain successful so long as the group is supported by its members and their organisations.
Drought tolerant forb flora of a semi-arid protected savanna in the Lowveld of South Africa
Authors: Van Coller H. , Klem J. , Siebert F.
Published: April 2021

Background: Increased frequency and intensity of droughts related to climate change are predicted to induce pressure on herbaceous communities. Considering that forbs contribute significantly to savanna ecosystem resilience, we investigated forb communities of a protected semi-arid savanna during an extensive drought.Objective: We identified drought-tolerant species with their related functional traits.Results: Drought-tolerant forb flora comprised of several plant families and species with overlapping traits, of which the ability to resprout was related to perennials, whereas succulence and prostrate growth form were typical annual forb dominance traits.Conclusion: Results highlight the functional importance of forbs and their resilience to drought events in protected areas.
Hundred years of Botany at the NWU: contributions towards understanding plant and algae function, diversity and restoration in a changing environment
Authors: Cilliers S.S. , Janse van Vuuren S. , Kellner K. , Krüger G.H.J. , Struwig M. , Van Niekerk C.J.G , Siebert S.J.
Published: April 2021

The Department of Botany on the Potchefstroom Campus (formerly Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education) of the North-West University (NWU) had its centenary in 2020. In this paper we celebrate this milestone by giving an overview of the history of the Department at this  campus, including its recent establishment and expansion on the NWU Mahikeng Campus (formerly the University of North-West). A brief overview is presented of the advances in teaching and research over the years, and the development and relevance of the important plant collections in the botanical garden, two herbaria and the national diatom collection. The main emphasis of this contribution is, however, a reflection on the advancement and significance of research conducted by various disciplines on plant and algae function, diversity and ecological restoration over the years. The different disciplines in Botany at NWU, from the oldest to the more recent, are Plant Taxonomy, Plant Ecophysiology, Terrestrial Plant Ecology, Aquatic Sciences, Urban and Settlement Ecology, Geoecology, and Proteomics. Different aspects contributing to changes occurring in the environment, such as pollution, land degradation, urbanisation, overexploitation of resources and the subsequent effect of these on plant diversity and function are especially addressed in our current research. The results of our research inter alia led to solutions for problems occurring in the landscape and contribute to the well-being of the people using the land and water by restoring important ecosystem services.
Restoration after bush control in selected rangeland areas of semi-arid savannas in South Africa
Authors: Kellner Klaus , Mangani Reletile T. , Sebitloane Tshegofatso J.K. , Chirima Johannes G. , Meyer Nadine , Coetzee Hendri C. , Malan Pieter W. , Koch Jaco
Published: April 2021

Background: One of the main causes of land degradation in South Africa is bush thickening (BT) of mainly Senegalia or Vachellia species. Restoration methods are required to control BT, and to improve grass biomass production and soil conditions in South Africa.Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of brush packing (BP) as a restoration method to increase grass biomass production, assess soil moisture after BP on different soil types, and document the perceptions of the local communities towards BP.Method: Methods included cutting the stems of woodies with a diameter of at least 10 cm at knee height by chainsaw and manual clipping after which an arborocide was applied to the stumps. A neutron probe was used to measure volumetric moisture content at two different soil depths. The grass biomass was analysed using ANOVA at a confidence level of 95%. Quantitative and qualitative approaches were used to gather information about the perceptions of local communities towards restoration in group discussions.Results: The short-term data showed that the implementation of BP as restoration method increased grass biomass production. The soil texture influenced the volumetric soil moisture. Higher soil moisture content was found in the deeper clayey soils. The local participants’ interpretation towards the restoration project was positive.Conclusion: The project increased the grazing potential and contributed to job creation to improve the well-being of the people in the community.
The Galactic H ii Region Luminosity Function at Radio and Infrared Wavelengths
Authors: Mascoop J. L. , Anderson L. D. , Wenger Trey. V. , Makai Z. , Armentrout W. P. , Balser Dana. S. , Bania T. M.
Published: April 2021

The Galactic H ii region luminosity function (LF) is an important metric for understanding global star formation properties of the Milky Way, but only a few studies have been done, and all use relatively small numbers of H ii regions. We use a sample of 797 first Galactic quadrant H ii regions compiled from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Catalog of Galactic H ii Regions to examine the form of the LF at multiple infrared and radio wavelengths. Our sample is statistically complete for all regions powered by single stars of type O9.5V and earlier. We fit the LF at each wavelength with single and double power laws. Averaging the results from all wavelengths, the mean of the best-fit single power-law index is 〈α〉 = −1.75 ± 0.01. The mean best-fit double power-law indices are 〈α
1〉 = −1.40 ± 0.03 and 〈α
2〉 = −2.33 ± 0.04. We conclude that neither a single nor a double power law is strongly favored over the other. The LFs show some variation when we separate the H ii region sample into subsets by heliocentric distance, physical size, Galactocentric radius, and location relative to the spiral arms, but blending individual H ii regions into larger complexes does not change the value of the power-law indices of the best-fit LF models. The consistency of the power-law indices across multiple wavelengths suggests that the LF is independent of wavelength. This implies that infrared and radio tracers can be employed in place of Hα.
Core Mass Estimates in Strong Lensing Galaxy Clusters Using a Single-halo Lens Model
Authors: González J. D. Remolina , Sharon K. , Li N. , Mahler G. , Bleem L. E. , Gladders M. , Niemiec A.
Published: April 2021

The core mass of galaxy clusters is an important probe of structure formation. Here we evaluate the use of a single-halo model (SHM) as an efficient method to estimate the strong lensing cluster core mass, testing it with ray-traced images from the Outer Rim simulation. Unlike detailed lens models, the SHM represents the cluster mass distribution with a single halo and can be automatically generated from the measured lensing constraints. We find that the projected core mass estimated with this method, M
SHM, has a scatter of 8.52% and a bias of 0.90% compared to the “true” mass within the same aperture. Our analysis shows no systematic correlation between the scatter or bias and the lens-source system properties. The bias and scatter can be reduced to 3.26% and 0.34%, respectively, by excluding models that fail a visual inspection test. We find that the SHM success depends on the lensing geometry, with single giant arc configurations accounting for most of the failed cases due to their limiting constraining power. When excluding such cases, we measure a scatter and bias of 3.88% and 0.84%, respectively. Finally, we find that when the source redshift is unknown, the model-predicted redshifts are overestimated, and the M
SHM is underestimated by a few percent, highlighting the importance of securing spectroscopic redshifts of background sources. Our analysis provides a quantitative characterization of M
SHM, enabling its efficient use as a tool to estimate the strong lensing cluster core masses in the large samples, expected from current and future surveys.
The Peculiar X-Ray Transient Swift J0840.7−3516: An Unusual Low-mass X-Ray Binary or a Tidal Disruption Event?
Authors: Shidatsu Megumi , Iwakiri Wataru , Negoro Hitoshi , Mihara Tatehiro , Ueda Yoshihiro , Kawai Nobuyuki , Nakahira Satoshi , Kennea Jamie A. , Evans Phil A. , Gendreau Keith C. , Enoto Teruaki , Tombesi Francesco
Published: April 2021

We report on the X-ray properties of the new transient Swift J0840.7−3516, discovered with Swift/BAT in 2020 February, using extensive data from Swift, MAXI, NICER, and NuSTAR. The source flux increased for ∼103 s after the discovery, decayed rapidly over ∼5 orders of magnitude in five days, and then remained almost constant over nine months. Large-amplitude short-term variations on timescales of 1–104 s were observed throughout the decay. In the initial flux rise, the source showed a hard power-law-shaped spectrum with a photon index of ∼1.0 extending up to ∼30 keV, above which an exponential cutoff was present. The photon index increased in the following rapid decay and became ∼2 at the end of the decay. A spectral absorption feature at 3–4 keV was detected in the decay. It is not straightforward to explain all the observed properties by any known class of X-ray sources. We discuss the possible nature of the source, including a Galactic low-mass X-ray binary with multiple extreme properties and a tidal disruption event by a supermassive black hole or a Galactic neutron star.
Angular Distribution and Polarization of the 3C and 3D Lines Following Electron-impact Excitation of Fe16+ Ions
Authors: Wu Z. W. , Tian Z. Q. , An Y. H. , Dong C. Z.
Published: April 2021

The electron-impact excitations from the ground state to the excited levels

and

as well as the subsequent radiative decays of neonlike Fe16+ ions have been investigated within the framework of the multiconfigurational Dirac–Fock method and the relativistic distorted-wave theory. Special attention has been paid to emission behaviors of the astrophysically relevant resonance 3C and intercombination 3D lines emitted in the radiative decays of Fe16+ ions. To this end, we calculate the angular distribution and linear polarization of both of the lines for a series of impact electron energies. It is found that the angular and polarization behaviors of the resonance 3C line are nearly the same as those of the intercombination 3D line. Nevertheless, the angular and polarization behaviors of both of the lines are found to be very sensitive to the impact electron energy, especially at low impact energies. Based on such a sensitivity, it is expected that high-precision angular and polarization measurements of the 3C and 3D lines could be served as a tool for revealing detailed information such as electron energy of relevant laboratory and astrophysical plasmas.
Assessment of morphological variation between stocks of bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Actinopterygii, Perciformes, Pomatomidae), in the Aegean Sea, Black Sea, and Sea of Marmara
Authors: Bal Habib , Yanik Telat , Türker Dilek
Published: April 2021

The population structure of the bluefish, Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766), in Turkish waters is scarcely described in the literature. To identify any distinct population units of bluefish, and reaffirm the findings of a previous study, four areas were selected: the Aegean Sea, western Black Sea, eastern Black Sea, and the Sea of Marmara. In this study, truss network morphometrics, meristics, and otolith shape analyses were successfully applied for different population identification of the bluefish. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed no differences for truss network morphometrics, meristic, and otolith shape characters between males and females. Hence, both sexes were combined for the discriminant function (DFA) and the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Using univariate ANOVA based on the stepwise method revealed a highly significant difference among different locations for each truss-morphometrics and otolith shape characters. Furthermore, six out of seven meristic characters also showed significant differences between different areas. Based on PCA, 25 out of 27 truss-morphometric characters had a loading value above 0.70, which was considered significant in this study. The results of DFA show clear patterns of truss-morphometric character variations, forming four distinct clusters that were well separated from each other, indicating the existence of four morphologically differentiated populations of the bluefish. The proportion of the correctly classified Aegean Sea, western Black Sea, and eastern Black Sea bluefish samples to their original groups were 100%, demonstrating clear separation of these stocks from each other. Whereas up to 5% of the total samples of the Sea of Marmara were incorrectly classified, assigning to the eastern Black Sea. These findings were supported by meristic and otolith shape characters that also indicated four morphologically differentiated populations of the bluefish. However, their overall proportion of correct classification was relatively lower than the truss-morphometric traits method. The findings suggest the requirement of strategic assessment and management of each bluefish stock separately to use them sustainably in the future.
Tous au charbon ?
Authors: Perdoncin Anton
Published: April 2021

Au long du xx e  siècle les mondes du travail et la condition ouvrière sont travaillés par des lignes de faille nombreuses et croisées, approfondies par l’ampleur des restructurations industrielles et des saignées dans les effectifs ouvriers depuis les années 1970 et 1980. Cet article, consacré à l’exploration des rapports entre inégalités de carrières, mobilités professionnelles et récession économique, propose d’étudier la déstabilisation des mondes ouvriers au prisme des carrières ouvrières. Une démarche prosopographique est mise en œuvre afin d’observer la transformation des carrières d’ouvriers mineurs – français et marocains essentiellement – des Houillères du Bassin du Nord-Pas-de-Calais, de leur création en 1946 à leur fermeture définitive en décembre 1990, au fil de la politique de récession charbonnière.
D’entrepôt en entrepôt
Authors: Tranchant Lucas
Published: April 2021

L’article porte sur les ressorts différenciés des mobilités professionnelles chez les ouvriers des entrepôts logistiques, secteur d’activité cristallisant les effets des politiques de flexibilisation du marché du travail. À partir d’une enquête ethnographique menée en Seine-et-Marne, il s’attache en premier lieu à l’étude des mobilités entrantes en entrepôt, et montre que l’intérim y est à l’origine d’une diversification sociale des profils d’ouvriers. Les mobilités répétées entre entrepôts permettent ensuite d’observer les contraintes et les ressources mobilisées par les intérimaires pour faire face à la précarité de leurs conditions d’emploi. L’analyse éclaire, enfin, les diverses formes de maintien dans l’emploi en entrepôt, entre ascension professionnelle fragile et stabilisation contrainte.
Analyse d’un partenariat fragmenté : enjeux municipaux et centralité gestionnaire dans la politique éducative métropolitaine
Authors: Pesle Manon
Published: April 2021

Depuis les lois de décentralisation de 1982-1983, la politique de la ville prône un modèle administratif décentralisé et partenarial qui se décline par des dispositifs et projets. Ces dispositifs ont permis de financer des actions socio-éducatives dans les quartiers défavorisés, sous condition d’une mise en lien entre les acteurs du champ scolaire, du travail social, de la santé, de l’éducation populaire et des collectivités territoriales. Depuis la loi de 1999 instaurant une démarche intercommunale à la politique de la ville, les structures intercommunales et métropolitaines se sont affirmées comme les gestionnaires et les pilotes de la politique de la ville. En organisant la politique de cohésion sociale et territoriale sur leur territoire, elles se sont ainsi intéressées aux politiques éducatives locales. Cet article analyse particulièrement le principe partenarial qui sous-tend les programmes et dispositifs éducatifs de la politique de la ville à un échelon métropolitain. L’article s’appuie sur une recherche ethnographique menée au sein de la métropole de Grenoble pendant trois années et met en lumière la manière dont les contenus éducatifs reposent, à l’échelon métropolitain, sur des enjeux organisationnels et gestionnaires. Ce traitement bureaucratique de l’éducation est structuré par des rapports de force entre la métropole et les villes, et apparaît comme le plus petit dénominateur commun entre tous les acteurs.
A nonzero-sum risk-sensitive stochastic differential game in the orthant
Authors: Ghosh Mrinal K. , Pradhan Somnath
Published: April 2021

We study a nonzero-sum risk-sensitive stochastic differential game for controlled reflecting diffusion processes in the nonnegative orthant. We treat two cost evaluation criteria, namely, discounted cost and ergodic cost. Under certain assumptions, we establish the existence of Nash equilibria. Also, we completely characterize a Nash equilibrium for the ergodic cost criterion in the space of stationary Markov strategies.
Datos administrativos agregados y estimación a partir de muestras no probabilísticas
Authors: Cabrera-Álvarez Pablo
Published: April 2021

En los últimos años, la investigación con encuestas ha estado marcada por el uso más frecuente de muestras no probabilísticas fruto de la expansión de internet y la caída sostenida de las tasas de respuesta. Para garantizar el proceso de inferencia cada vez son necesarios ajustes más complejos para los que se precisan variables auxiliares, es decir, información acerca de toda la población. En este trabajo se comprueba el potencial de los datos administrativos agregados a nivel de municipio para ajustar dos encuestas provenientes de un panel de internautas, el panel AIMC-Q, promovido por la Asociación Española para la Investigación de los Medios de Comunicación (AIMC). Los resultados muestran que la capacidad de las variables administrativas agregadas para reducir el sesgo de las estimaciones es mínima.