bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hagesias as Sunoikistêr
Authors: Foster Margaret
Published: January 2014

In positioning his laudandus Hagesias as the co-founder of Syracuse, Pindar considers the larger ideological implications of including a seer in a colonial foundation. The poet begins Olympian 6 by praising Hagesias as an athletic victor, seer, and sunoikistêr (co-founder) and therefore as a figure of enormous ritual power. This portrayal, however, introduces an element of competition into Hagesias' relationship with his patron Hieron, the founder of Aitna. In response, the ode's subsequent mythic portions circumscribe Hagesias' status so as to mitigate any challenge the seer might present to Hieron's own political authority. An intertextual reading of Olympian 6's myth with the myth of Pelops in Olympian 1 highlights Pindar's careful negotiation of Hagesias' position in this colonial context. Despite the resulting need to affirm Hagesias' subordination to Hieron, Pindar joins together the seemingly incompatible roles of seer and co-founder because, as an intertextual reading of Nemean 1 helps to illustrate, Hagesias embodies and symbolically enacts in the ode Hieron's synoikism of Aitna.
Minimally invasive breast surgery
Authors: Mátrai Zoltán , Gulyás Gusztáv , Kunos Csaba , Sávolt Ákos , Farkas Emil , Szollár András , Kásler Miklós
Published: January 2014

Due to the development in medical science and industrial technology, minimally invasive procedures have appeared in the surgery of benign and malignant breast diseases. In general , such interventions result in significantly reduced breast and chest wall scars, shorter hospitalization and less pain, but they require specific, expensive devices, longer surgical time compared to open surgery. Furthermore, indications or oncological safety have not been established yet. It is quite likely, that minimally invasive surgical procedures with high-tech devices – similar to other surgical subspecialties –, will gradually become popular and it may form part of routine breast surgery even. Vacuum-assisted core biopsy with a therapeutic indication is suitable for the removal of benign fibroadenomas leaving behind an almost invisible scar, while endoscopically assisted skin-sparing and nipple-sparing mastectomy, axillary staging and reconstruction with latissimus dorsi muscle flap are all feasible through the same short axillary incision. Endoscopic techniques are also suitable for the diagnostics and treatment of intracapsular complications of implant-based breast reconstructions (intracapsular fluid, implant rupture, capsular contracture) and for the biopsy of intracapsular lesions with uncertain pathology. Perception of the role of radiofrequency ablation of breast tumors requires further hands-on experience, but it is likely that it can serve as a replacement of surgical removal in a portion of primary tumors in the future due to the development in functional imaging and anticancer drugs. With the reduction of the price of ductoscopes routine examination of the ductal branch system, guided microdochectomy and targeted surgical removal of terminal ducto-lobular units or a „sick lobe” as an anatomical unit may become feasible. The paper presents the experience of the authors and provides a literature review, for the first time in Hungarian language on the subject. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(5), 162–169.
CHARACTERISTICS OF NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY AND THEIR MUTUAL RELATIONSHIP IN WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS
Authors: Užík Martin , Žofajová Alžbeta
Published: January 2014

Field experiments with 12 winter wheat cultivars, which differed in N grain concentration, were established with three variants of N fertilisation (N0 = 0 kg N/ha, N1 = 100 kg N/ha, N2 = 200 kg N/ha) in the vegetative years 2004/05 and 2005/06 in Piestany (Borovce). The aims of experiment were to find out the effect of N applied (Nf) and available N (Nfs) on differences in N uptake and N utilisation. From the primary data of traits, grain yield (GY kg/ha), biomass production (BP kg/ha), and N concentration in grain (Ng) and in straw (Ns), other characteristics (NUP, NUE, NUTE) for available and applied N (Nfs, Nf, respectively) were calculated. In available N, significant differences were seen among cultivars in all characteristics but in applied N differences in NUP and NUTE among cultivars were not significant. Genetic correlations among traits and characteristics were modified by N environment. Grain N concentration (Ng) was, at the low N rate, in a negative correlation with NUE (r = -0.683+) and in a strong negative correlation with NUTE (r = -0.956++). At a high N rate, these correlations had the same character, but were weaker and not significant (r = -0.560 and r = 0.570). Grain N concentration (Ng) was more determined by efficiency of N translocation than by quantity of N uptake. Selection on the higher NUPE and NUE will be limited by negative correlation between BP and N biomass concentration and by low genetic variability of all characteristics of N uptake and utilisation.
Body composition and basal metabolic rate in pregnant women
Authors: Bhardwaj Shaila , Verma Deepali , Kapoor Satwanti
Published: January 2014

Pregnancy, a milieu of physiological and metabolic adaptation, is associated with enhanced basal metabolic rate by alteration in maternal tissue and metabolism to ensure foetal growth and development. A cross-sectional study of Indian Baniya females was conducted to assess the relationship between basal metabolic rate and body composition during pregnancy. The 20–40 year old female subjects were broadly categorized in two groups; pregnant (N=198) and non-pregnant (N=35).Anthropometric measurements of each subject included height and weight, with basal metabolic rate (BMR), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM) and total body water (TBW) assayed by bioelectric impedance body composition analyzer. The descriptive statistics revealed pregnancy associated weight gain, increased FFM, FM, TBW and BMR with marked changes during the second and third trimesters. Although multiple linear regression analysis showed substantial change in BMR due to both FM and FFM, fat-free mass contributed to a much lesser extent. Pregnancy, as an anabolic phase of the female reproductive cycle, is associated with metabolic flexibility which alters the relationship between body composition and BMR. These findings however require further validation in longitudinal design studies.
Pregnancy outcome and delivery in Spanish and migrant women: an ecological approach
Authors: Bernis Cristina , Varea Carlos
Published: January 2014

For most of our history as a species, maternal constraint was the main environmental factor affecting biological status at birth. However, the great increase in medical intervention in the20th Century coincided first with an extraordinary reduction in perinatal mortality and later with an increase in preterm and low birth-weight babies. Herein, we analyze these temporary trends in neonate biology in Spain, according to early viability (1980–2010) and ethnic variability (1996–2010). The aim of this study is to evaluate the interaction between maternal and medical environmental constraints affecting the biology of birth and to understand the observed ethnic differences and secular trends. All single births in Spain between 1980 and 2010 are included. Following descriptive analysis, logistic regression analysis was applied to evaluate the effect of secular trends, mode of delivery and mother’s origin on birth outcome after adjustment for other maternal bio-cultural factors. Results highlighted that mean birth weight decreased and prematurity increased in still births, live births and deaths before one day. In regard to ethnic differences, while there were no secular trends in weight by gestational age in the Spanish newborns, there was an increase among the newborns of foreign mothers. Spanish mothers experienced an increasing and higher frequency of low birth weight, while foreigners had an increasing and higher frequency of prematurity. Both groups, however, shared temporal reduction in gestational age, and although this was less marked in foreigners, it suggests a common trend related to medical care and increasing obstetric interventions.
Relationship between type and weight of placenta and neonate birth weight in twin pregnancy
Authors: Waszak Małgorzata , Cieślik Krystyna , Kempiak Joanna , Bręborowicz Grzegorz , Gadzinowski Janusz
Published: January 2014

The relationship between the type and size of placenta and the development of twin fetuses is still discussed in perinatology. The objective of this paper is to answer the question whether the final weight and size of placenta is a limiting factor for fetal growth in twin pregnancy. The study material consisted of 1,261 pairs of fetuses from monochorionic (MC) and dichorionic (DC) twin pregnancies, born by cesarean section between pregnancy weeks 22 and 41 at the Perinatology and Gynecology Department of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences between 2003 and 2009. Histological examination of secundines, placental weights, and birth weight of twins were evaluated, and the newborn condition was assessed by the Apgar score. Statistical evaluation by analysis of variance assessed placental growth related to gestational age and also the effect of placental-fetal weight ratio on neonate clinical condition. We observed an increase in placenta growth until 38 weeks of pregnancy in twins sharing one placenta and until 36 weeks of pregnancy in twins with separate placentas. Between 22 and 35 weeks of pregnancy, the placental-fetal weight ratio in twins sharing one placenta was higher and they were also smaller than twins with separate placentas The placental-fetal weight ratio was comparable in all twins at delivery and was associated with the clinical condition of newborns. Newborns who received an Apgar score of 8 or more 10 minutes post delivery had a lower ratio than neonates with Apgar score equal to or lower than 7 (p≤0.01). Although these latter twins had both smaller placentas and smaller birth weights, their placental-fetal weight ratios were significantly higher than those of twins born in good condition. Placental growth decreases before pregnancy term but does not limit fetal birth weight in twin pregnancy.
Body composition of lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Zabulienė Lina , Urboniene Jurgita , Tutkuvienė Janina
Published: January 2014

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most frequent endocrine and metabolic disorders in reproductive age women, and it is related to changes in body size, shape and composition. Anthropometric somatotype is a quantitative description of the individual’s body shape and composition classified as endomorphy, mesomorphy or ectomorphy. Since PCOS somatotype has never previously been studied, here we evaluate body shape and composition phenomena in lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome and assess relationships with metabolic parameters. The study of 20–35 year-old women was carried out at the Department of Anatomy, Histology and Anthropology at Vilnius University. Standard anthropometric instruments and methods were used, and J. Matiegka’s equations calculated skeletal mass, skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue and muscles and internal organs. In addition, Heath – Carter’s somatotypes were computed, and the participants’ glucose, insulin, testosterone, sex hormone-binding globulin and lipid levels were established. We analysed data from 120 women with a mean age of 27.30 ± 3.68 years. Lean women with PCOS had greater skeletal mass by 0.47 kg (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=1.14), greater skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass by 2.79 kg (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=6.07) and lower muscle mass by 1.47 kg (p<0.05, Cohen’s d=2.84) compared to control women (p<0.05). The mean PCOS somatotype ratio was 4.96–4.38–3.00 (SD 1.50–1.26–1.11). This classified women with PCOS as mesomorphic endomorphs, in contrast to healthy women who were endomorphic mesomorphs. The PCOS subjects’ skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue and endomorphy/mesomorphy somatotype positively correlated with insulin levels and the HOMA-IR. It was established that lean women with polycystic ovary syndrome had a mesomorphic endomorph somatotype and higher skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass, but less muscle mass than healthy lean women. In addition, skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue positively correlated with insulin level and HOMA-IR in lean PCOS women.
Predisposition of drought occurrence in selected arid areas of the Czech Republic
Authors: Stredová Hana , Rožnovský Jaroslav , Streda Tomáš
Published: January 2014

Predisposition of drought occurrence is based on combined evaluation of above-normal temperatures and below-normal precipitation. According to the weight of the individual categories of extremity, the five degrees of predisposition to drought were determined (degree 1 is the lowest risk, degree 5 is the highest risk). Evaluation of temperature extremity is based on the determination of abnormality in comparison with average value and standard deviation. Individual categories of extremity of precipitation are determined by comparing the individual monthly data with percentile values. Monthly data of homogenized technical series of the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute were evaluated for the years 1961-2010 in two climatologically dry areas (Breclav and Kladno county in the Czech Republic). Fourty-two months were rated risky in Breclav county and fourty-four in Kladno county. The evaluation shows an increase of predisposition to drought, especially after 1990. The highest incidence of degree 5 was recorded in 2001 to 2010 in vegetation season. Subsequently the drought variability as a mean variance of years/season and drought severity as a sum of degree of predisposition to drought of years/season were assessed. A gradual increase of variability and severity from 1961-1970 to 2001-2010 is visible. The lowest values of variability (maximum 2) and severity (maximum 3) in both counties were recorded in winter.
THE CONTROL OF FRACTIONAL RESERVE LIMITS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM WITH REFERENCE TO NATIONAL & INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
Authors: Draper Thomas
Published: January 2014

This paper will examine the control of fractional reserve limits in the United Kingdom. It will first state the international context; second, the requirements for auditing banks in the United Kingdom; third, the teams involved in such auditing; fourth, the accounts produced for submission to a regulatory body; and fifth, the daily balance that banks provide with a discussion of stress testing. Lastly, conclusions will be drawn and recommendations made.
Energy research in the Czech Republic – comparison of R&D expenditure and results with foreign countries
Authors: Kučera Zdeněk , Vondrák Tomáš
Published: January 2014

Energy research is one of the fields of the National Priorities of Oriented Research, Experimental Development and Innovations. The Czech Republic is facing rather ambitious targets in the utilization of renewable energy resources, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and improvement of the overall energetic efficiency of the national economy. The fulfilling of these goals will require an intensive R&D in a broad spectrum of disciplines and technology fields. The present article evaluates the extent and the structure of the support of the energy research in the Czech Republic and brings comparisons with foreign countries both in expenditure and results in various research fields. The Czech Republic spends relatively more public resources in the nuclear technology research. It is accompanied by higher publication activities. It is in a stark contrast with significantly lower patenting activities in this field, except of the branch of non-fossil fuel production, in comparison with both the World and EU-27 countries.
World Dipteran Day, 15 November
Authors: Szadziewski Ryszard , Kaczorowska Elżbieta , Giłka Wojciech
Published: January 2014

Following the idea proclaimed among Polish entomologists grouped at the Dipterological Section of the Polish Entomological Society, World Dipteran Day is proposed to be celebrated annually on 15 November.
An attempt to use the peritoneal cavity fluid in the diagnostics of acid-base balance disorders in dogs
Authors: Glińska-Suchocka K. , Sławuta P.
Published: January 2014

The acid-base balance parameters (ABB) of blood are used in the diagnostics and therapy of acidosis or alkalosis type disorders. Nowadays, some reports on the attempts to use the body cavity fluid for the diagnostics of the ABB disorders have appeared in the human medicine. The study has aimed at comparing the acid-base balance parameters (ABB): pH, pCO2, and HCO3 - determined in the arterial blood and the fluid from the peritoneal cavity in dogs. The study was carried out on 20 dogs suffering from ascites developed as a result of the chronic renal failure. 1 ml of full blood was drawn from each dog from its femoral artery to a heparinized syringe equipped with a needle with an internal diameter of 0.7 mm and the puncture of the abdominal cavity was carried out in the white line. In the sample of arterial blood and the sample of the abdominal cavity fluid drawn the ABB parameters were determined. In the group examined, the ABB parameters determined for the arterial blood and the fluid had comparable numeric values and the same nature of the ABB disorder diagnosed on the basis of them. The conclusions are as follows: the results of the effusion fluid gasometry depend on the mechanism of the fluid formation and, in the case when it comes from the developed capillary network, a pressure of gases and remaining ABB parameters are similar to those determined for the arterial blood.
Effect of commercial long-term extenders on metabolic activity and membrane integrity of boar spermatozoa stored at 17°C
Authors: Dziekońska A. , Fraser L. , Majewska A. , Lecewicz M. , Zasiadczyk Ł. , Kordan W.
Published: January 2014

This study was aimed to analyze the metabolic activity and membrane integrity of boar spermatozoa following storage in long-term semen extenders. Boar semen was diluted with AndrohepR EnduraGuardTM (AeG), DILU-Cell (DC), SafeCell PlusTM (SCP) and Vitasem LD (VLD) extenders and stored for 10 days at 17oC. Parameters of the analyzed sperm metabolic activity included total motility (TMOT), progressive motility (PMOT), high mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP content, whereas those of the membrane integrity included plasma membrane integrity (PMI) and normal apical ridge (NAR) acrosome. Extender type was a significant (P < 0.05) source of variation in all the analyzed sperm parameters, except for ATP content. Furthermore, the storage time had a significant effect (P < 0.05) on the sperm metabolic activity and membrane integrity during semen storage. In all extenders the metabolic activity and membrane integrity of the stored spermatozoa decreased continuously over time. Among the four analyzed extenders, AeG and SCP showed the best performance in terms of TMOT and PMI on Days 5, 7 and 10 of storage. Marked differences in the proportions of spermatozoa with high MMP were observed between the extenders, particularly on Day 10 of storage. There were not any marked differences in sperm ATP content between the extenders, regardless of the storage time. Furthermore, the percentage of spermatozoa with NAR acrosomes decreased during prolonged storage, being markedly lower in DC-diluted semen compared with semen diluted with either AeG or SCP extender. The results of this study indicated that components of the long-term extenders have different effects on the sperm functionality and prolonged semen longevity by delaying the processes associated with sperm ageing during liquid storage.
Impact of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide stimulation on percentage of T and B cells in chicken
Authors: Chrząstek K. , Piasecki T. , Wieliczko A.
Published: January 2014

TLR stimulation in chickens has been shown to play a role in the initiation and regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. The aim of this study was to use flow cytometry to establish the percentage of T and B subset in blood and lymphoid organs in chicks after CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) stimulation. It was demonstrated that the percentages of CD3+, CD4+, TCRγ δ+ cells and Bu-1+MHC class II+ cells in blood 24 h post-injection were significantly higher than in the control groups. It was also shown that the percentages of CD3+ and CD4+ cells in the spleen at 48 h post-injection were significantly higher than in control groups. The percentage of Bu-1+ cells in the bursa of Fabricius after CpG ODN stimulation (98.38 ± 0.84) was significantly higher than that found in the non-CpG ODN control group (94.54 ± 2.51) (p ≤ 0.05). The results indicate that class B CpG ODN increases the percentage of both T (especially CD4+ cells) and B cells.
Meat quality, some hematological and biochemical parameters in the blood of finishing pigs assigned to different carcass conformation classes in the SEUROP system
Authors: Śmiecińska K. , Sobotka W. , Daszkiewicz T. , Hnatyk N. , Fiedorowicz E.
Published: January 2014

The results of laboratory analyses, including the proximate composition, physicochemical and sensory properties of meat from the studied pigs, point to its high processing suitability and eating quality. Hematological indicators in the blood of the analyzed animal groups were within the reference ranges, excluding MCHC levels which were somewhat elevated. Significant differences were observed in Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC and WBC values, subject to the meat content of the carcass. Biochemical parameters such as glucose concentrations, ALT and AST activity levels varied considerably between groups, and average ALT values somewhat exceeded the norm for the species. These results, including significant variations in selected parameters, can probably be attributed to homeostatic changes in pigs during intensive growth.
The evolution of bluetongue virus: genetic and phenotypic diversity of field strains
Authors: Niedbalski W.
Published: January 2014

Bluetongue virus (BTV), the aetiological agent of bluetongue (BT), is a small (about 70 nm in diameter) icosahedral virus with a genome composed of ten linear segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), which is packaged within an icosahedral nucleocapsid composed of seven structural proteins. The BTV genome evolves rapidly via genetic drift, reassortment of genome segments (genetic shift) and intragenic recombination. This evolution, and random fixation of quasispecies variants during transmission of BTV between susceptible animals and vectors appear to be the main mechanism leading to the observed genetic diversity amongst BTV field strains. The individual BTV gene segments evolve independently of one another by genetic drift in a host-specific fashion, generating quasispecies populations in both ruminant and insect hosts. Reassortment of BTV genes is responsible for genetic shift among strains of BTV, and has been demonstrated after infection of either the ruminant host or insect vector with different strains or serotypes of BTV. Intragenetic recombination, whereby mosaic genes are generated from the “splicing” together of homologous genes from different ancestral viral strains, has been demonstrated for BTV. The genetic variation of BTV is likely responsible for differences in the virulence and other phenotypic properties of individual field strains of the virus.
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES TO TEACHING PACKAGING DESIGN USING THE EXAMPLE OF MINERAL WATER SUPPLY CHAINS
Authors: Lestyánszka Škůrková Katarína , Bajor Peter , Trafela Sabrina
Published: January 2014

Designing the packaging of a product has many critical factors. In our paper, we present some of them on the example of a simple product: mineral water. In spite of the fact that today not only products, but also supply chains are competing with each other, designers sometimes pay little attention to considering the packaging system not only from the customer and the producer side, but for warehousing and transportation as well. We cover a lot of “what can go wrong” scenarios on the example of mineral water packaging for the purpose of defining the critical points in the supply chain.
APPLYING DATA MINING METHODS IN ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SYSTEM OF RANDOM PROCESSES
Authors: Horalová Kalinová Michaela , Michaľčonok German
Published: January 2014

The aim of this paper is to present the possibilities of applying data mining techniques to the problem of the structural relationships analysis in the system of stationary random processes. In this paper, we will define the basic problem areas of analysis of structural relationships and we will show how to solve these problems by the methods of data mining. Individual solutions to selected problem areas will be demonstrated on a model which was designed in MATLAB. In the experiment, we will identify the existence and the nature of the process relationships in the system of stationary random processes based on the results of analyses.
“Energy Independence”: President Obama’s Rhetoric of a Success Story
Authors: Bonnefille Stéphanie
Published: January 2014

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Sentence Adverbials and Evidentiality
Authors: Hirschová Milada
Published: January 2014

The paper deals with expressions of evidence (originating in perception, inference or reported information) and their role in sentence/utterance pragmatic modification. It concentrates on the role of the so-called sentence adverbials, showing them as scoping / focussing elements the main function of which is a/ to mark focus of an utterance b/ to support speaker´s reasoning. Formal properties of evidential expressions are dissimlar to that point that they cannot be comprised into a unified category.
The Pragmatics of Emotions in Interlinguistic Healthcare Settings
Authors: Farini Federico
Published: January 2014

Data-based studies on interlinguistic medical interaction show that frequently migrant patients encounter difficulties in expressing their emotions and concerns. Such difficulties are not always overcome through the intervention of an interpreter, as emotional expressions tend to “get missed” in translations which focus on problems and treatments in medical terms. The main question addressed here is: what types of interpreters’ actions cut out, or make relevant, migrant patients’ emotions? Our data is based on a corpus of 300 interlinguistic medical interactions in Arabic, Mandarin Chinese and Italian in two public hospitals in Italy. The conversations involve one Italian healthcare provider, an interpreter and a migrant patient. The corpus is analyzed drawing upon Conversation Analysis, studies on Dialogue Interpreting and Intercultural Pragmatics.
Palpomyia ryszardi sp. n. from Peru (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Spinelli Gustavo R. , Ronderos María M.
Published: January 2014

A new species of the Palpomyia tibialis group, Palpomyia ryszardi, is described from male and female specimens and from their pupal exuviae from material collected in the vicinities of Iquitos in Peruvian Amazonia. The adult is compared with the most similar Neotropical congener, Palpomyia pseudolacustris SPINELLI & DIPPOLITO, and the pupa with the American species Palpomyia subaspera (COQUILLETT). Descriptions are accompanied by photographs and ink illustrations.
Dasysyrphus neovenustus sp. n. (Diptera: Syrphidae) a new species in the venustus species group
Authors: Soszyński Bogusław , Mielczarek Lukasz Emil , Tofilski Adam
Published: January 2014

Both sexes of Dasysyrphus neovenustus sp. n. are described and illustrated, and the characters separating them from the similar D. venustus are given. The distinctiveness of the new species is confirmed also by geometric morphometric analysis of the wing venation. The new species is known from Poland and Siberia (Russia).
„TAM, GDZIE PACYFIK POTULNIE WPŁYWA DO RUDAWY” / WHERE THE PACIFIC OCEAN FLOWS INTO THE RUDAWA RIVER
Authors: Rogoż Michał
Published: January 2014

Poetic space is one of the key categories of poetic expression and critical interpretation. Its construction reflects the poet’s perception of reality and his experiences, both in their biographical and conceptual aspects. Although Wisława Szymborska’s poems contain only few references to her private life, the appropriation of ‘alien’ places is an important feature of her poetic expression. She examines closely the workings of both natural and human history as they have shaped and left their mark on the landscape. While doing it, she usually assumes the persona of a scientist or a tourist. Though focused on a particular place, her poems always strive to go beyond the local horizon. It is as if the geography opened up to and needed to be complemented by a deeper anthropological experience. At the same time, the momentum of the transcendental reflection turns many of Szymborska’s poems into elements of a somewhat formalized poetic treatise.
La lavandière et la bilharziose à la Guadeloupe. «Je sais bien, mais quand même»
Authors: Bougerol Christiane
Published: January 2014

Washerwomen and Blind River. Sickness in Guadeloupe

In Guadeloupe, rivers play an important role both on the level, of regional sociability and on that of family-scale economy. Allegedly campaigning against blind river sickness, health education programs are trying to change the inhabitants behaviour. The author examines the ways in which the local population comes to terms with these interventions.
Remarques sur la violence dans l'idéologie bouddhique et la pratique sociale à Sri Lanka (Ceylan)
Authors: Amunugama Sarath , Meyer Éric
Published: January 2014

Remarks on Violence in Buddhist Ideology and Social Practice in Sri Lanka

Contrary to a common opinion, the Buddhist discourse on violence is essentially ambivalent. A casuistry built up during two milleniums of interaction with the lay society interprets violence as legitimate when used for the defense of the Doctrine, while condemning it in social relations inside the Buddhist polity. The history fo Sri Lanka is a case in point. The rise of violence, which is assuming a critical dimension in communal relations, may be understood as the product of the breakdown of traditional values under the colonial and post-colonial impact, or else as the modern form of the built-in tensions of any Buddhist society.
Le dédain de la mort et la force du cadavre. Souillure et purification d'un meurtrier lobi (Burkina/ Haute-Volta)
Authors: Bonnafé Pierre , Fiéloux Michèle
Published: January 2014

Les années 1920-1930 chez le peuple lobi de Burkina (Haute-Volta) furent riches en conflits armés (vengeances et guerres). Quels facteurs les rendaient nécessaires dans les rapports sociaux ? Quel rôle devaient y tenir les guerriers ? Pourquoi fallait-il les purifier après le meurtre d'un ennemi ? La violence était une pratique inculquée dans des strates d'âge informelles. Son exercice établissait des confréries d'homicides, rivalisant de courage et se distinguant orgueilleusement du reste de la société. Tuer même son pur ennemi est une souillure, comparable à la destruction de certains animaux puissants ou de certains végétaux anciennement connus. Ces actes réclament tous des rituels purificatoires et des funérailles spécifiques. Mais le caractère communautaire des rapports sociaux, l'équivalence et la séparation des groupes engagés entraînent un étrange renversement. Le mépris de la mort est suivi de la peur du cadavre : vengeance réelle et imaginaire coexistent. Et supprimer son adversaire, c'est tuer son semblable.
L'expression de la violence dans la société ammassalimiut (Côte orientale du Groenland)
Authors: Robert-Lamblin Joëlle
Published: January 2014

Manifestations of Violence in Ammassalimiut Society (East Coast of Groenland)

In the precarious balance of traditional Ammassalimiut society, this group had established social rules which reduced inequalities and minimized tensions within the community. In case of serious conflict, the group could arbitrate between the antagonists through a special ritual : the «duel of songs» performed by the latter. Contemporary society, in the midst of deep transformation, does not appear to have found means of controlling aggression, and in the past twenty years, internal violence has reached an alarming level.
Une société sous tension. La grande ferme picarde
Authors: Morel Alain
Published: January 2014

Social Tension in Picardie

In the rural society of Picardie conflict relationships imply the agricultural workers who are not sure to find a job and to keep it, as well as class opponents. The atmosphere of tension which dominates in the farms is the result of the pressure exercised by the landlord-farmer who disposes of a powerful social violence, making himself the master of their fate. This can also be explained by the competition that exists between the workers able to distinguish themselves on a hierarchical scale based on behaviour at work and their ability to achieve more than the others. The analysis of their rather rich and precise vocabulary which defines the different working methods is put in relation with the morality of everyday life which underlines the importance of effort as the main objective value.
De la généalogie considérée comme un assassinat
Authors: Jamin Jean
Published: January 2014

On Genealogy Considered as a Murder

How beautiful was the murder ! From provocative scheme laid down in T. de Quincey's On Murder Considered as One of the Fine Arts, this essay investigates the formula according to a couple of points of view : a literary one with an analysis of G. Büchner's drama Woyzeck and an anthropological one with an analysis of the Gevaudan's rural society in the 18th and 19th centuries. Both stage closely linked acts of violence from lowly or social outcasts who perpetrate them against their own relatives. Both alike seem to confirm the post-durkheimian «labelling» theory in crime, which asserts that societies somehow need their quotas of deviation and function in such a way as to keep them intact. The esthetical features of genealogical crimes which are observed here, let infer that murder in the family is nothing but a sacrifice.
L'ordre d'irrigation dans le bassin de Nara (Japon)
Authors: Pelletier Philippe
Published: January 2014

Irrigation Order in the Nara Basin (Japan)

The «irrigation order» consists of the customs underlying the socio-economic control of water ressources and the different types of agricultural production and management resulting from this control. In the Nara Basin (Japan), this order is structured around village communities under natural conditions made difficult by overcrowding and the considerable water needs entailed by rice cultivation. The improvement of irrigation by the Yoshino-river development project has brought about a truly capitalist revolution and a new logic in the irrigation order which is readily reflected in the landscape.
Du texte au prétexte. La monographie dans le domaine européen
Authors: Zonabend Françoise
Published: January 2014

Le genre monographique caractérise la production des textes ethnographiques portant sur les sociétés modernes, mais maniés par de «nouveaux» ethnologues, il se transforma. Les entreprises monographiques d'hier embrassaient de vastes territoires et imposaient un cadre rigide d'observation, celles d'aujourd'hui se situent sur un minuscule terrain et sont uniques, singulières, personnelles. D'où certaines critiques dont elles sont l'objet. Ainsi leur reproche-t-on leur absence de représentativité. Mais à ceci le chercheur remédie par un souci de totalisation au niveau de l'observation et de l'analyse des objets abordés. Mais alors demeurent des problèmes épistémologiques sur lesquels on ne s'est guère encore penché. Qu'en est-il, ainsi, des modalités de réception et de transcription d'un discours oral produit dans une société à écriture et cela afin d'élaborer un autre texte ? Comment éviter le double écueil qui guette tout ethnologue qui travaille dans sa propre société : discourir sur soi-même ou se perdre dans le discours de l'Autre.
Transmettre le savoir ethnographique
Authors: Lindenfeld Jacqueline
Published: January 2014

Peut-on apprendre à «écrire» l'ethnographie ? Telle est la question à laquelle cet article tente de répondre, en examinant les manuels pédagogiques dont dispose la discipline et qui sont très répandus dans les formations universitaires nord-américaines. L'intérêt de ces ouvrages didactiques varient, naturellement, d'un manuel à l'autre. Toutefois, à travers leur diversité, on saisit d'emblée les multiples styles de présentation que prend l'information ethnographique transmise publiquement par un chercheur. Au reste, ce n'est pas dans ces manuels que l'on trouve la meilleure réflexion, le meilleur éclairage, sur ce qui constitue le passage à l'écriture du texte ethnographique, mais bien dans les grandes «œuvres» de la discipline, celle de M. Mead ou de C. Geertz par exemple.
Fantasia dans la bibliothèque. Les représentations sont des faits sociaux : modernité et post-modernité en anthropologie
Authors: Rabinow Paul
Published: January 2014

Fantasia in the Library. Representations are social facts: Modernity and Postmodernity in Anthropology.

Beginning with a detailed critique of J. Clifford's essay On Ethnographic Authority, the author moved toward a rejection of any kind of « textualist meta-anthropology », however dialogical or polyphonic its emphases. While he acknowledges the critical, genealogical importance of making visible the tropes of ethnographic writing, the author doubts the adequacy of esthetic or literary approaches to do more than analyze a crisis in representation. They cannot effectively generate social diagnosis or political solutions. He directs attention toward concrete, institutional analyses of the dynamics of interpretative communities. If power relations between ethnographers and the people with whom they work are now more visible, the micro-relations among the anthropological interpretative community have been less well studied. This general emphasis, which is explored at length, suggests the need for another approach focusing on the sociology of science and the institutional history of discursive formations.
Chine : le décollage alimentaire ?
Authors: Aubert Claude
Published: January 2014

China: A Subsistence take-off?

During Mao Zedong's lifetime, the Chinese food policy was aimed at securing minimum for everybody: in the countryside, "basic rations" were distributed by the collective teams, and in the cities, grains and edible oils were strictly rationed. Rural collectivization and state monopolies, set up to implement this policy, had unfortunate side-effects: less efficient agricultural production, depressed sales from peasants, and the stagnation of average food consumption. Post-Mao policies of decollectivization and the reintroduction of market economics in the countryside have had the opposite effects. For the first time, a subsistence take-off has really occured. Will it be sustained? The fate of rural modernization in China depends on the answer.
« Adieu veaux, vaches... » Évolution de la paysannerie en Lozère à travers la production et la commercialisation des bovins (1985).
Authors: Lamaison Pierre
Published: January 2014

"Goodbye Heiffers, Cows... " The Evolution of Peasantry in Lozère in View of the

Production and Commercialization of Cattle (1985).

From 1960 until 1980, significant tansformations in the way of life and standard of living occured among the peasants of Lozère. Their holdings get larger, tillage has been modernized and productions adapted to new demands, particularly to the Italian one since the establishing of the E.E.C. This evolution has been initiated by a process that has also provoqued a serious economical dépendance (because of exagerate specialization), a deterioration of human relations (because of constant decrease of the farmers population) and of local commercial networks. The moutain might be deserted after one generation.
Rente pétrolière et crise agricole.
Authors: Egg Johny , Lerin François , Tubiana Laurence
Published: January 2014

Oil Revenues and the Agricultural Crisis.

Among developing countries, oil-producers rank first in terms of food deficit. Thanks to the two oil booms, these exporting economies had no problems solving traditional agricultural development problems, namely deficit financing and the insolvency of the internal market. But the massive inflow of oil revenues determines an economic development pattern that destabilizes rather than supports the agricultural sector. The state monopoly over oil revenues led to a new kind of patronage relationship that usually excluded the peasantry. The trends of oil economies in terms of inflation, the appreciation of the currency and the centralization of economic decision-making impede agriculture at the same time that the privatization of oil revenues squanders financial resources. The analysis of the agricultural situation of major oil-exporting countries leaves on pondering the usual interpretation of food- dependency in southern countries.
La décentralisation dans le Nord : des Girondins aux Jacobins (1789-1793)
Authors: Schultz Patrick
Published: January 2014

Decentralization in the North of France : From the Girondins to the Jacobins (1789-1793)

As administrative history proves, an obvious but not new idea is that administrative decentralization attracts the attention of France's leaders. The first such experiment came out of the Assemblies during the French Revolution. The study of how the laws setting up the departments and communes were applied in the north of France helps us understand how a decentralized administrative system functions. It also sheds light upon the various levels, within the revolutionary context, of political conflict that administrative decentralization inevitably brings about.
Pourquoi obéir à l'Etat ? Une communauté rurale du Latium aux XVIIIe et XIXe siècles
Authors: Rizzi Franco
Published: January 2014

Quel rapport une communauté rurale du Latium entretenait-elle au XVIIIe et au XIX siècle avec l'État pontifical? Dominée par la congrégation des "Boattieri", la gestion politique locale semble se soustraire sous certains aspects à une légalité que viennent à plusieurs reprises restaurer les envoyés de l'administration pontificale. Face à l'État et ses zélateurs se dresse l'hydre de Lerne des relations familiales et politiques qui gouvernent la communauté. L'auteur analyse cet affrontement conflictuel.
Les prêtres du purgatoire (XlVe et XVe siècles)
Authors: Fournié Michelle
Published: January 2014

Purgatory Priests in the 14th and 15th Centuries

Jacques Fournier, the bishop of Pamiers, and future Benoît XII, took Arnaud de Monesple into the nets of the Inquisition. This priest from Pamiers had been tied to an armier, a man who received messages from the dead, since 1310. In order to placate these ghosts Arnaud used to say mass ; this practice was condemned at first when the beneficiaries were suspicious spirits, however, it was officially accepted in the 14th century in the Toulouse region. It was reserved for souls in Purgatory. In the 15th century, the "Purgatory Souls' Basins" administred property received by charity and could pay large numbers of priests. Bishops strongly reacted to this parallel clergy : they set the calendar for mass for souls, they restored pre-eminence in dealing with the dead to parish priests who were in danger of losing it in this region. Purgatory priests, popular metaphysical intermediaries, were thus the agents of an ambiguous c legalization of wishes destined to the dead in transit.
Deux modèles du rapport entre l'homme et l'animal dans les systèmes de représentations
Authors: Testart Alain
Published: January 2014

Two Models of the Man-Animal Relationship in Systems of Representation

The widespread absence in Aboriginal Australia of beliefs in animal souls, of spirits masters of hunting, of the idea of a man-animal contract, and of ceremonies for winning the favor of animals, means that the conceptions of man-animal relationships are very different from those prevalent in America or Siberia. An examination of myths about the theft of fire leads to the same conclusion, as does a re-examination of totemism.
Carte, désignations territoriales, sens commun géographique : les "noms de pays" selon Lucien Gallois
Authors: Chamboredon Jean-Claude
Published: January 2014

A partir d'une étude du livre de Lucien Gallois. Régions naturelles et noms de pays... (1908) et des premiers éléments d'une enquête, l'auteur, sociologue, soutient :

- que Gallois, ignoré des sociologues et rarement cité par les géographes n'a pas été lu par les premiers et l'a été trop vite par les seconds ;

- que, pour qui se donne la peine de le lire, il y a dans cet ouvrage non seulement une critique des régionalisations construites par les géographes mais aussi les éléments d'une théorie de l'appartenance territoriale et de la conscience géographique collective et "spontanée" (avec ses errements, sa labilité. sa vérité) ;

- que la géographie historique "à l'ancienne" n'est pas très différente de la géographie politique voire de la moderne géo-politique et que Gallois, disciple et collègue de Vidal de la Blache, est plus proche de Reclus (élève de Ritter) et de Ratzel qu'on ne croit.
Les pratiques des agriculteurs. Point de vue sur un courant nouveau de la recherche agronomique
Authors: Landais Etienne , Deffontaines Jean-Pierre , Benoît Marc
Published: January 2014

Les auteurs retracent en introduction l'évolution qui a progressivement conduit les chercheurs du département Systèmes agraires et développement de l'INRA, partis de diverses interrogations sur les conditions et les modalités du développement agricole, à s'intéresser de plus en plus aux pratiques des agriculteurs, en même temps qu'ils adoptaient une démarche systémique. La première partie de cet article fournit les repères conceptuels et méthodologiques nécessaires à l'étude analytique des pratiques agricoles, étude que les auteurs resituent dans un cadre plus large, en s'appuyant sur une modélisation simple du fonctionnement de l'exploitation agricole. Ils proposent ensuite, pour l'étude des pratiques, une démarche articulée en trois volets complémentaires, centrés respectivement sur la modalité, l'efficacité et l'opportunité des pratiques. Diverses considérations relatives à l'étude des pratiques agricoles dans le temps et dans l'espace terminent cette présentation. Dans la seconde partie, consacrée à l'étude des combinaisons de pratiques mises en œuvre par les agriculteurs, les principes exposés plus haut sont utilisés pour réinterpréter diverses démarches qui visent à évaluer l'efficacité technique de ces combinaisons, puis pour présenter le concept de système de pratiques et montrer son intérêt typologique. Les auteurs soulignent la complémentarité de ces diverses approches et leur intérêt opérationnel pour le développement, et plus spécialement pour le conseil technico-économique aux agriculteurs.
Les systèmes fonciers locaux. Approche historique des rapports entre formes d'usage du sol et croissance industrielle
Authors: Coulomb Pierre
Published: January 2014

Local Land Systems : A Historical Approach to the Relationship between Forms of Land Usage and Industrial Growth

After recalling how, at the end of the 18th century in Great Britain, industrialists managed to have protectionism abolished, a measure that ruined English agriculture, the author describes the major local land systems that have marked French agriculture since the Revolution : large properties organized around a castle (western France) ; the share-cropper system in central France ; the system of "sacred egoism" in Brittany and Normandy ; the convivial system in the Beam and Basque regions, the Massif Central and Alsace ; and land systems based on direct owner farms in the southern and eastern Massif Central. Unlike Great Britain, these various land systems and the industrial sector have never come into contradiction, because French capitalism was, above all, centered in the banks. But the land systems have come undone since World War II. as the family farm, composed of an old "core" of lands in freehold and of land rented from several small farmers, has developed.