bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Workshop in clinical anatomy for residents in gynecology and obstetrics
Authors: Macchi V. , Munari P.F. , Brizzi E. , Parenti A. , De Caro R.
Published: August 2003

A workshop in the clinical anatomy of the female pelvic viscera has been part of the training program for the first year residents in Gynecology and Obstetrics at the University of Padova since the 1999–2000 academic year. The purpose of the workshop is to offer a direct experience of practical anatomy despite a shortage of cadavers. It is designed for six residents who work in three teams on three specimens. The anatomical specimens are unembalmed, unfixed, female pelvic visceral blocs that are harvested from the cadavers 24 hr after death. They are stored at −12°C and removed from the freezer 12 hr before the workshop. The workshop is 3 hr in length and has two parts: one on theory and one practical. In the theoretical section (30 min), the teacher presents the topographical anatomy of the specimens and the residents analyze a clinically oriented worksheet. In the practical section (2 hr), the residents identify viscera, vessels, and nerves through inspection and palpation, and then a step‐by‐step dissection is carried out. In the last section (30 min), the workshop includes presentations on the three specimens that illustrate anatomical variability and assess knowledge of topographical anatomy. For many residents, this is the first practical experience of the anatomy of the female pelvic viscera because the anatomical courses for medical students do not include direct dissection by students. The unfixed viscera preserves the natural characteristics of the different tissues that exhibit the aspects of living organs, such as color, softness, and pliability, enhancing the knowledge of anatomy. The worksheet is structured as a guide to the anatomical basis of physical examination through inspection and palpation of the viscera. It also introduces the residents to the surgical anatomy of the female pelvis through a brief and selective dissection focused on the relationship between the different regional systems. Clin. Anat. 16:440–447, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Interaction of C60, C70, and C60(CN)2 Radical Anions with Cobalt(II) Tetraphenylporphyrin in Solid Multicomponent Complexes
Authors: Konarev Dmitri V. , Khasanov Salavat S. , Saito Gunzi , Lyubovskaya Rimma N. , Yoshida Yukihiro , Otsuka Akihiro
Published: August 2003

A method for the synthesis of the multicomponent ionic complexes: [CrI(C6H6)2.+][CoII(tpp)(fullerene)−]⋅C6H4Cl2, comprising bis(benzene)chromium (Cr(C6H6)2), cobalt(II) tetraphenylporphyrin (CoII(tpp)), fullerenes (C60, C60(CN)2, and C70), and o‐dichlorobenzene (C6H4Cl2) has been developed. The monoanionic state of the fullerenes has been proved by optical absorption spectra in the UV/vis/NIR and IR ranges. The crystal structures of the ionic [{CrI(C6H6)2}.+]1.7[{CoII(tpp)(C60)}2]1.7− ⋅ 3.3 C6H4Cl2 and [{CrI(C6H6)2}.+]2[CoII(tpp){C60(CN)2}]−[C60(CN)2.−])⋅3 C6H4Cl2 are presented. The essentially shortened Co⋅⋅⋅C(fullerene) bond lengths of 2.28–2.32 Å in these complexes indicate the formation of σ‐bonded [CoII(tpp)][fullerene]− anions, which are diamagnetic. All the ionic complexes are semiconductors with room temperature conductivity of 2×10−3–4×10−6 S cm−1, and their magnetic susceptibilities show Curie–Weiss behavior. The neutral complexes of CoII(tpp) with C60, C60(CN)2, C70, and Cr0(C6H6)2, as well as the crystal structures of [CoII(tpp)](C60)⋅2.5 C6H4Cl2, [CoII(tpp)](C70)⋅ 1.3 CHCl3⋅0.2 C6H6, and [Cr0(C6H6)2][CoII(tpp)] are discussed. In contrast to the ionic complexes, the neutral ones have essentially longer Co⋅⋅⋅C(fullerene) bond lengths of 2.69–2.75 Å.
Parallel application of a novel domain decomposition preconditioner for the adaptive finite‐element solution of three‐dimensional convection‐dominated PDEs
Authors: Jimack P. K. , Nadeem S. A.
Published: August 2003

We describe and analyse the parallel implementation of a novel domain decomposition preconditioner for the fast iterative solution of linear systems of algebraic equations arising from the discretization of elliptic partial differential equations (PDEs) in three dimensions. In previous theoretical work, this preconditioner has been proved to be optimal for symmetric positive‐definite (SPD) linear systems. In this paper, we provide details of our three‐dimensional parallel implementation and demonstrate that the technique may be generalized to the solution of non‐symmetric algebraic systems, such as those arising when convection–diffusion problems are discretized using either Galerkin or stabilized finite‐element methods (FEMs). Furthermore, we illustrate the potential of the preconditioner for use within an adaptive finite‐element framework by successfully solving convection‐dominated problems on locally, rather than globally, refined meshes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Transannular Interaction in [2.2]Paracyclophane: Repulsive or Attractive?
Authors: Lyssenko Konstantin A. , Antipin Mikhail Yu. , Antonov Dmitry Yu.
Published: August 2003

The molecular structure and charge density distribution in the crystal of [2.2]paracyclophane derived from the high‐resolution single crystal X‐ray diffraction data at 100 K is reported together with ab initio calculations of this molecule. Analysis of the atomic, anisotropic displacement parameters in a “rigid‐body” model approximation has revealed that the molecule is ordered in the crystal. Topological analysis of the electron density and potential‐energy density‐distribution functions has demonstrated that there is no “through‐space” interaction between the rings in the molecule. The role of the ethylene bridges and distortion of the aromatic desks on the inter‐ring interaction are discussed.
Learning curves and bootstrap estimates for inference with Gaussian processes: A statistical mechanics study
Authors: Malzahn Dörthe , Opper Manfred
Published: August 2003

We use the replica method of statistical physics to study the average case performance of learning systems. The new feature of our theory is that general distributions of data can be treated, which enables applications to real data. For a class of Bayesian prediction models which are based on Gaussian processes, we discuss Bootstrap estimates for learning curves. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐organizing genetic codes and the emergence of digital life
Authors: Pargellis Andrew
Published: August 2003

The emergence of self‐replicating programs from an initially disordered “prebiotic” phase consisting of randomly generated opcodes (virtual machine instructions) is a challenging problem. The computer world, Amoeba, has many virtual CPUs acting upon sequences of randomly generated codons (opcode templates). An assignment matrix degenerately maps these codons to a genetic basis set of opcodes, analogous to the translation of nucleotides to amino acids. Amoeba self‐organizes by increasing assignment probabilities for those codon‐opcode pairs in successfully generated children. This halves the effective size of the opcode basis set, doubling the rate of emergence over the control case (random assignments). © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes of pectic substances concentration in potatoes and French fries and the effect of these substances on the texture of the final product
Authors: Tajner‐Czopek Agnieszka
Published: August 2003

The texture of fried potato products depends on the building elements present in the cell walls, which play the structure‐forming function, as well as on physical and biochemical changes of those elements which take place in the potato tissue, when it is exposed to blanching or frying. For the research the tubers of four potato varieties (Ekra, Orlik, Sumak, and Bryza) were used, which served as material for the production of French fries. In the samples of potato tubers before and after peeling, as well as in French fries blanched in the solutions of 0.4% CaCl2 and 0.4% MgCl2 salts the contents of pectic substances and their effect on the texture of the final product were determined. The process of peeling potato tubers contributed to the decrease of the content of the pectic substances. On the average 20% of the content of water‐soluble pectins and about 5% of protopectins was decreased. Water blanching and frying contributed to a further decrease of the pectic substances in French fries in relation to their content in the raw material. However, potato strips blanching in the solutions of calcium and magnesium salts prevents further loss of those substances in the final product. The presence of calcium and magnesium ions in the solution of the blanching salts caused their partial binding by the pectin substances present in the potato tissue, which resulted in the improvement of the texture of French fries, especially obtained from early potato varieties.
Complex permittivity and permeability measurement at elevated temperatures using rectangular waveguide
Authors: Wolfson B. J. , Wentworth S. M.
Published: August 2003

We describe a method to determine a material's complex permittivity and permeability over a range of temperatures. Input impedances are calculated from scattering parameters measured with the sample terminated by two offset shorts. These are manipulated to solve for complex permittivity and permeability over the frequency band of the waveguide. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 449–453, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11086
A Ka‐band LTCC integrated 22‐dBm MMIC power‐amplifier module
Authors: Kim Dae Jun , Yoon Kyung Sik , Park Chul Soon
Published: August 2003

This paper describes the design and fabrication of a 0.7‐mm‐thick compact Ka‐band low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) power‐amplifier module, integrating the 0.25‐μm PHEMT MMIC power‐amplifier design. The LTCC module, designed for a surface‐mounting structure, and composed of a five‐layer LTCC circuit with internal matching networks. The power‐amplifier module reveals 24‐dBm output power and 8‐dB power gain between 28 and 31 GHz, which is equivalent to less than 1 dB loss compared to the MMIC's performance. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 455–457, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11088
A novel implementation for two‐dimensional unconditionally stable FDTD method
Authors: Zhao An Ping
Published: August 2003

In this paper, a novel two‐dimensional unconditionally stable finite‐difference time‐domain (2D US‐FDTD) method based on the Crank–Nicolson (CN) scheme is proposed. In particular, in the proposed 2D US‐FDTD method the field components are defined at only two time steps n and n + 1; and the original time‐dependent Maxwell's equations of the Crank–Nicolson scheme are solved by introducing a proper intermediate value for a field component. Compared to the ADI‐FDTD method, the US‐FDTD method offers the following two advantages: (i) the left‐hand and right‐hand sides of the original updating equations are balanced (with regards to time steps) as accurately as possible and (ii) only a single iteration that requires fewer updating equations is needed for the field development. The numerical performance of the proposed US‐FDTD method over the ADI‐FDTD algorithm is demonstrated through numerical examples. In particular, it is shown that the asymmetric effect (that is, the asymmetric result is obtained even for exactly symmetric computational setups), which always appears in the ADI‐FDTD algorithm, is not observed in the US‐FDTD method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 457–462, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11089
Design and realization of a 4 × 4 microstrip Butler matrix without any crossing in millimeter waves
Authors: Dall'Omo C. , Monediere T. , Jecko B. , Lamour F. , Wolk I. , Elkael M.
Published: August 2003

This paper deals with the design of a 4 × 4 Butler matrix with millimeter microstrip technology. The design of this matrix at around 40 GHz suggests a circuit without any crossing on single‐layer substrate. Thus its main advantage is low cost. Simulations, realization, and measurements are discussed in the present paper. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 462–465, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11090
A 5.8‐GHz LNA with image rejection and gain control based on 0.18‐μm CMOS
Authors: Kim Jin‐pil , Oh Yong‐Hun , Choi Jin‐Young , Lee Sang‐gug
Published: August 2003

This paper presents a low‐noise amplifier (LNA) design which includes image rejection and gain control. The proposed LNA adopts a cascode topology with a notch filter combined with a gain control function. The performance of the proposed LNA is compared with conventional cascode topology and improvements in noise figure and image rejection by 0.3 and 11.5 dB, respectively, are confirmed. The proposed 5.8‐GHz LNA is implemented using 0.18‐μm CMOS technology. Measured high‐gain mode performances show noise figure (NF) = 1.4 dB, gain = 16.5 dB, and input‐P1dB= −8 dBm; with low‐gain mode, the gain reduces to 5.5 dB while the linearity improves to input‐P1dB= 10 dBm. The LNA dissipates 4 mA from a 1.8 V supply. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 477–480, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11094
Multi‐pole gap‐coupled unidirectional dielectric radiator in the millimeter‐ wave band
Authors: Lee Jae‐Gon , Lee Jeong‐Hae
Published: August 2003

A multi‐pole gap‐coupled unidirectional dielectric radiator (UDR) is proposed for broadband applications in the millimeter‐wave band. The advantages of gap‐coupled UDR include ease of planar integration, low loss, and low cost. Design parameters of the gap‐coupled UDR, such as resonator length and gap distance, are determined using an equivalent circuit model of an evanescent nonradiative dielectric (NRD) guide. Prototypes of the gap‐coupled UDR are designed and measured at 38 GHz. The measured results show good agreement with simulated data. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 38: 498–501, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11102
The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) focuses on failing suppression attempts
Authors: Rassin Eric
Published: August 2003

Experimental studies have produced evidence to suggest that suppressing unwanted thoughts paradoxically results in even more unwanted thoughts. Therefore, suppression is considered to be an inadequate control strategy. Wegner and Zanakos (1994; Journal of Personality, 62, 615–640) introduced the White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) as a measure to identify people who chronically tend to suppress unwanted thoughts. However, recent studies suggest that the WBSI does not exclusively measure thought suppression, but also addresses the experience of intrusive thoughts. Hence, the WBSI does not seem to measure suppression per se, but rather failing suppression. Three studies elaborate on this idea. In study 1, factor analysis of 674 non‐clinical WBSI scores is found to support the hypothesis that the WBSI addresses both suppression and intrusion. By and large, study 2 replicates these findings in a clinical sample (N=106). In study 3, an alternative suppression questionnaire is introduced, focusing on suppression and intrusions, but also on successful suppression. It is concluded that the WBSI, and thought suppression research in general, is biased toward failing suppression attempts, and has ignored the possibility of successful suppression. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and reactions of new diphosphenes bearing extremely bulky substituents
Authors: Sasamori Takahiro , Takeda Nobuhiro , Tokitoh Norihiro
Published: August 2003

In this paper, we present the synthesis of new diphosphenes TbtPPTbt and BbtPPBbt having extremely bulky substituents, 2,4,6‐tris[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl (Tbt) and 2,6‐bis[bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl]‐4‐[tris(trimethylsilyl)methyl]phenyl groups (Bbt). Their x‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed their unique structures in the solid state. Furthermore, the configurations of these extremely overcrowded diphosphenes, TbtPPTbt and BbtPPBbt, are twisted in different ways in spite of the close structural similarity between Tbt and Bbt groups. DFT calculations were performed to estimate the energy difference between the two configurations of diphosphenes. In addition, their structures and physical properties were compared with those of their heavier congeners, distibenes (ArSbSbAr, Ar = Tbt and Bbt) and dibismuthenes (ArBiBiAr, Ar = Tbt and Bbt) having the same substituents. Although the reactivities of the extremely hindered diphosphenes might be considerably suppressed owing to the severe steric congestion, it was found that they can react with elemental sulfur and selenium to give the corresponding thia‐ and selenadiphosphirane derivatives, respectively, in addition to the previously reported diphosphenes. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methoxy(2‐pyridyl)ketene
Authors: Andersen Heidi Gade , Bednarek Pawel , Wentrup Curt
Published: August 2003

Matrix photolysis of 3‐methoxycarbonyl‐1,2,3‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyridine (12) affords s‐E‐2‐pyridylketene (4), but flash vacuum thermolysis of 12 gives methoxy(2‐pyridyl)ketene (15), predominantly in the s‐Z‐conformation. Matrix photolysis of 15 affords 2‐acetylpyridine. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Vernonia cinerea extract in rats
Authors: Gupta Malaya , Mazumder U. K. , Manikandan L. , Bhattacharya S. , Haldar P. K. , Roy S.
Published: August 2003

The methanol extract of the whole plant of Vernonia cinerea (MEVC) was evaluated for its antipyretic potential on normal body temperature and yeast‐induced pyrexia in rats. MEVC signiﬁcantly reduced the normal body temperature at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight p.o. MEVC also lowered the elevated body temperature in the case of yeast‐induced pyrexia in a dose dependent manner. The antipyretic effect of the extract at a dose of 500 mg/kg was identical to that of the standard drug paracetamol. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiofrequency GDOES: a powerful technique for depth profiling analysis of thin films
Authors: Shimizu K. , Habazaki H. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E.
Published: August 2003

Previously, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES), both d.c. and r.f. has been used for depth profiling analysis of thick films several tens of microns thick, utilizing its high sputtering rates of >1 µm min−1. Through selected examples, it is demonstrated here that r.f. GDOES also has enormous potential for depth profiling analysis of ultrathin films <10 nm thick, where AES and SIMS have dominant roles. The significant features of r.f. GDOES enabling such analysis arise from the nature of r.f. glow discharge sputtering where samples, both conducting and non‐conducting, are sputtered very stably with Ar+ ions of low energies (<50 eV) and high current fluxes (of the order of 100 mA cm−2). The low Ar+ energy ensures that film sputtering proceeds without significant formation of altered layers, which is a prerequisite for successful depth profiling analysis of ultrathin films at high depth resolution. The high current fluxes allow sputtering to proceed at very high rates of >1 µm min−1, thereby extending the limit of film thickness for analysis to 100 µm. Thus r.f. GDOES, with its unique ability to accommodate depth profiling analysis of films of a very wide thickness range, is expected to play an important role in the field of practical surface analysis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New aspects of quantification in r.f. GDOES
Authors: Payling Richard , Michler Johann , Aeberhard Max , Popov Yuriy
Published: August 2003

Quantification algorithms for radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (r.f. GDOES) calibration and analysis are briefly reviewed. These include corrections for emission yield, self‐absorption, spectral interferences and relative sputtering rates. The emission yield term is then expanded to allow variable power calibration. The use of sputter factors to determine relative sputtering rates is explored. Finally, pulsed r.f. operation is considered and compared with continuous power operation in an alloy steel calibration and in the qualitative depth profile of a heat‐sensitive coated glass. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glow discharge modelling: from basic understanding towards applications
Authors: Bogaerts Annemie , Chen Zhaoyang , Gijbels Renaat
Published: August 2003

We have developed a comprehensive modelling network for glow discharge plasmas used for analytical spectroscopy in order to obtain better insight into the plasma characteristics that are desirable for good analytical practice. The modelling network consists of Monte‐Carlo, fluid and collisional‐radiative models, as well as a heat transfer model and a computational fluid dynamics code, to describe the behaviour of the various plasma species. Typical calculation results include the electrical characteristics (current, voltage, pressure relations), the electric field distribution, the densities, fluxes and energies of the various plasma species, information about the various collisions in the plasma and about cathode sputtering, optical emission intensities, etc. In this paper we focus on results that are of direct analytical interest, such as crater profiles and erosion rates due to sputtering, implantation profiles, glow discharge source design, optical emission intensities and the effect of hydrogen addition. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical characterization of radiofrequency glow discharge used for optical emission spectroscopy
Authors: Belenguer Ph. , Guillot Ph. , Therese L.
Published: August 2003

This paper considers the electrical characterization of radiofrequency glow discharge plasmas used for optical emission spectroscopy. The total discharge current and the applied voltage are measured using conventional techniques. With a simple analytical approach and using adequate assumptions that will be detailed in the paper, we show that it is possible to estimate the different components of the total discharge current and to characterize electrically the sheath and the plasma region of the discharge. This allows information to be obtained on the electric field on the sample, the sheath length, the ion density in the sheath and the plasma density. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiofrequency GDOES, EPMA and AES analysis of zinc die casting plated with copper, duplex nickel and microporous chromium for corrosion protection
Authors: Shimizu K. , Kasahara N. , Habazaki H. , Skeldon P. , Thompson G. E.
Published: August 2003

The distributions of the additive‐derived carbon and sulphur impurities in electroplated metallic layers are of great concern in plating industries. The amounts of carbon and sulphur impurities in the layers are normally <1 wt.% but they influence significantly the structure and properties of the layers. By analysis of the duplex nickel layers for corrosion protection of exterior automotive zinc die casting, it is demonstrated that radiofrequency glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy is a powerful and reliable technique for this purpose, allowing rapid depth profiling analysis with excellent sensitivities for the detection of carbon and sulphur, along with other impurities such as hydrogen and iron, and depth resolution. A freshly generated and highly flat cross‐section of the sample has been prepared using an ultramicrotome and a diamond knife and subsequently analysed by EPMA line‐scan analysis and AES spot analysis. It appeared that EPMA and AES do not have sufficient sensitivities to detect small amounts of the additive‐derived carbon and sulphur impurities, although they have distinct advantages for micro‐area analysis. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ca2+‐ and phospholipase D‐dependent and ‐independent pathways activate mTOR signaling
Authors: Ballou Lisa M , Jiang Ya-Ping , Du Guangwei , Frohman Michael A , Lin Richard Z
Published: August 2003

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) promotes increased protein synthesis required for cell growth. It has been suggested that phosphatidic acid, produced upon activation of phospholipase D (PLD), is a common mediator of growth factor activation of mTOR signaling. We used Rat‐1 fibroblasts expressing the α1A adrenergic receptor to study if this Gq‐coupled receptor uses PLD to regulate mTOR signaling. Phenylephrine (PE) stimulation of the α1A adrenergic receptor induced mTOR autophosphorylation at Ser2481 and phosphorylation of two mTOR effectors, 4E‐BP1 and p70 S6 kinase. These PE‐induced phosphorylations were greatly reduced in cells depleted of intracellular Ca2+. PE activation of PLD was also inhibited in Ca2+‐depleted cells. Incubation of cells with 1‐butanol to inhibit PLD signaling attenuated PE‐induced phosphorylation of mTOR, 4E‐BP1 and p70 S6 kinase. By contrast, platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐induced phosphorylation of these proteins was not blocked by Ca2+ depletion or 1‐butanol treatment. These results suggest that the α1A adrenergic receptor promotes mTOR signaling via a pathway that requires an increase in intracellular Ca2+ and activation of PLD. The PDGF receptor, by contrast, appears to activate mTOR by a distinct pathway that does not require Ca2+ or PLD.
Oxygen uptake during the mixing of saliva with ascorbic acid under acidic conditions: possibility of its occurrence in the stomach
Authors: Takahama Umeo , Hirota Sachiko , Yamamoto Ayumi , Oniki Takayuki
Published: August 2003

Human saliva, which contains nitrite, is normally mixed with gastric juice, which contains ascorbic acid (AA). When saliva was mixed with an acidic buffer in the presence of 0.1 mM AA, rapid nitric oxide formation and oxygen uptake were observed. The oxygen uptake was due to the oxidation of nitric oxide, which was formed by AA‐dependent reduction of nitrite under acidic conditions, by molecular oxygen. A salivary component SCN− enhanced the nitric oxide formation and oxygen uptake by the AA/nitrite system. The oxygen uptake by the AA/nitrite/SCN− system was also observed in an acidic buffer solution. These results suggest that oxygen is normally taken up in the stomach when saliva and gastric juice are mixed.
Silymarin inhibits TNF‐α‐induced expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells
Authors: Kang Jong Soon , Park Song-Kyu , Yang Kyu-Hwan , Kim Hwan Mook
Published: August 2003

Silymarin is known to have an anti‐atherosclerotic activity, but the mechanism responsible for it remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate a possible mechanism involved in the anti‐atherosclerotic activity of silymarin. Silymarin inhibited THP‐1 cell adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Silymarin also suppressed the TNF‐α‐induced protein and mRNA expression of adhesion molecules, such as VCAM‐1, ICAM‐1 and E‐selectin, in HUVECs. Moreover, silymarin suppressed the TNF‐α‐induced DNA binding of NF‐κB/Rel in HUVECs. Taken together, these results demonstrate that silymarin exerts an anti‐atherosclerotic activity, at least in part, by inhibiting the expression of adhesion molecules.
Groupthink and the Gulf Crisis
Authors: YETIV STEVE A.
Published: August 2003

‘Groupthink’ refers to a situation in which decision makers seek to achieve concurrence among group members more than to make calculated, carefully considered decisions. In this study, the theory is explored in the case of the 1990–91 Persian Gulf crisis, with particular emphasis on President George Bush's inner circle. Using rare interviews and primary sources, it is revealed that some important conditions of the theory were present that affected how decisions were made, and it is explained theoretically why the outcome was none the less positive, contrary to what the theory would seem to predict.
Trends in Social Capital: Membership of Associations in Great Britain, 1991–98
Authors: WARDE ALAN , TAMPUBOLON GINDO , LONGHURST BRIAN , RAY KATHRYN , SAVAGE MIKE , TOMLINSON MARK
Published: August 2003

This Note uses the British Household Panel Study (BHPS) to consider the changing volume and distribution of voluntary association membership (and hence social capital) in Great Britain. We aim to supplement Hall's study of trends in social capital published in this Journal with more recent and longitudinal data. This allows us to show that whilst the volume of social capital is not declining, it is becoming increasingly class specific, and that its relative aggregate stability masks considerable turnover at the individual level. These findings are significant for current debates on social capital.
The Compromise of Charles Cardinal de Lorraine: New Evidence
Authors: CARROLL STUART
Published: August 2003

The discovery of a document, until now hidden in an obscure Protestant pamphlet, presented by Charles cardinal de Lorraine (1525–74) to the privy council in August 1562, underpins recent work which shows the cardinal to have been an evangelical Catholic interested in reform and in reconciliation with Lutherans, both before and after the Colloquy of Poissy. This paper argues that Protestants feared Lorraine precisely because his interest in dialogue had the potential to split the reform movement. Publication of his five articles in 1565 was an attempt to embarrass him after Trent and to compromise his political rapprochement with the prince of Condé.
Computational analysis of the two-dimensional–three-dimensional transition in forward-facing step flow
Authors: WILHELM DIRK , HÄRTEL CARLOS , KLEISER LEONHARD
Published: August 2003

Results are presented from a computational study of the flow over a forward-facing step in a plane channel. The aim of the study is to gain better insight into the three-dimensionality that is typically observed in the separation region of flows over steps and ribs, and in similar configurations. We consider laminar flow at a Reynolds number of 330, based on step height and bulk velocity of the oncoming flow, and the step is assumed to be infinitely extended in the spanwise direction. High-resolution simulations are undertaken using a mixed spectral/spectral-element code. Moreover, a linear stability study of the flow at the step is performed. The results show that, in the case considered, the three-dimensionality is not related to some absolute instability of the separation bubble in front of the step; rather, it is a sensitive reaction of the flow to three-dimensional perturbations present in the oncoming stream. It is demonstrated that disturbance amplitudes of less than 1% of the mean flow (at, say, 10 step heights ahead of the step) already suffice to produce a visibly three-dimensional structure of the separation zone. If the disturbance level is systematically decreased, the three-dimensional state evolves to an almost two-dimensional recirculation. Here, the key finding is that the intensity of the flow response is proportionate to the amplitude of the inflow disturbance, meaning that the breakup of the flow in the step region is a linear (i.e. small) perturbation of the two-dimensional base flow. A comparison of the present simulation results with experimental data shows close agreement concerning, for example, the flow topology in the step region, and the spanwise spacing of the characteristic streaks that form further downstream.
State selection in Taylor-vortex flow reached with an accelerated inner cylinder
Authors: RIGOPOULOS J. , SHERIDAN J. , THOMPSON M. C.
Published: August 2003

The selection of the axial wavelength in axisymmetric Taylor-vortex flow was studied by numerical experiments where the inner cylinder speed was linearly increased from subcritical to supercritical values over a finite ramp time to values not far above $\hbox{\it Re}_c$. For impulsive increases of the inner cylinder speed (zero ramp time) the preferred axial wavelength was less than the critical wavelength. As the ramp time was increased, the preferred axial wavelength increased and approached the critical wavelength, so that for very slow increases of the inner cylinder speed the preferred axial wavelength was equal to the critical wavelength. A linear model was developed which revealed that a linearly increased inner cylinder speed resulted in a delayed growth for each of the amplitudes of the modes. When the ramp time was sufficiently large, the amplitude of the mode with the critical wavelength was delayed the least from growing to high amplitudes. This mode then self-interacted and saturated resulting in steady Taylor-vortex flow. Finally, nonlinear effects and state selection are discussed from the point of view of nonlinear dynamics.
Grid turbulence in shallow flows
Authors: UIJTTEWAAL W. S. J. , JIRKA G. H.
Published: August 2003

Results of experiments on decaying turbulence in shallow water flow bounded by a solid bottom and a free surface are presented. The evolution of the turbulence structures generated by a grid, with horizontal mesh dimensions larger than the water depth, is measured using laser Doppler velocimetry and particle image velocimetry (PIV). The vertical confinement of the flow forces the large turbulence structures to move in the horizontal plane, thus attaining strongly two-dimensional features. This two-dimensionality and its consequences for the intensities and length scales of the large structures are analysed. It is shown that the decay of the vortices that are shed from the grid is determined by the characteristic size of the grid elements rather than the grid spacing. Furthermore, during the decay process the merging of vortices is observed in combination with a $-3$ slope in the energy density spectrum of the velocity fluctuations. Using the PIV data, spatial properties like divergence and enstrophy can be derived for the velocity field near the free surface. The distinct effect of water depth that is found in the velocity fluctuations is almost insignificant in the enstrophy decay.
A model for deformable roll coating with negative gaps and incompressible compliant layers
Authors: GOSTLING M. J. , SAVAGE M. D. , YOUNG A. E. , GASKELL P. H.
Published: August 2003

A soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication model is formulated for deformable roll coating involving two contra-rotating rolls, one rigid and the other covered with a compliant layer. Included is a finite-strip model (FSM) for the deformation of the layer and a lubrication model with suitable boundary conditions for the motion of the fluid. The scope of the analysis is restricted to Newtonian fluids, linear elasticity/viscoelasticity and equal roll speeds, with application to the industrially relevant highly loaded or ‘negative gap’ regime. Predictions are presented for coated film thickness, inter-roll thickness, meniscus location, pressure and layer deformation as the control parameters – load (gap), elasticity, layer thickness and capillary number, $\hbox{\it Ca}$ – are varied. There are four main results:

Hookean spring models are shown to be unable to model effectively the deformation of a compliant layer when Poisson's ratio $\nu\rightarrow 0.5$. In particular, they fail to predict the swelling of the layer at the edge of the contact region which increases as $\nu\rightarrow 0.5$; they also fail to locate accurately the position of the meniscus, $X_M$, and to identify the presence, close to the meniscus, of a ‘nib’ (constriction in gap thickness) and associated magnification of the sub-ambient pressure loop.

Scaling arguments suggest that layer thickness and elasticity may have similar effects on the field variables. It is shown that for positive gaps this is true, whereas for negative gaps they have similar effects on the pressure profile and flow rate yet quite different effects on layer swelling (deformation at the edge of the contact region) and different effects on $X_M$.

For negative gaps and $\hbox{\it Ca}\,{\sim}\,O(1)$, the effect of varying either viscosity or speed and hence $\hbox{\it Ca}$ is to significantly alter both the coating thickness and $X_M$. This is contrary to the case of fixed-gap rigid roll coating.

Comparison between theoretical predictions and experimental data shows quantitive agreement in the case of $X_M$ and qualitive agreement for flow rate. It is shown that this difference in the latter case may be due to viscoelastic effects in the compliant layer.
Horizontal dispersion of a near-bed coastal plume
Authors: FONG DEREK A. , STACEY MARK T.
Published: August 2003

The transport of scalars in the coastal ocean is considered through the analysis of a vertically constrained plume which disperses laterally. Observations of the plume are made using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) operating in two modes: (i) repeated transects of the plume at a fixed distance from the source; and (ii) a large-scale mapping of the plume development. Together, these measurements define both the variability in the plume centreline (i.e. the meandering) and the growth of the plume around the centreline (i.e. the relative dispersion). The analysis of the measurements suggests that the meandering is well-described by a spatially uniform but temporally variable velocity field, indicating that large-scale flow structures dominate the centreline variability. The growth of the plume downstream is seen to follow a scale-dependent dispersion law, most likely of a compound structure: a 4/3-law in the near field, and a scale-squared law in the far field. This transition between dispersion laws is consistent with the transition from three-dimensional turbulence structures to two-dimensional eddies, which is due to the constraints imposed on the vertical dimension at the site. Comparing the two dispersion processes, the effective dispersion created by meandering is found to be comparable with or larger than the relative dispersion in the near field; but in the far field, the relative dispersion is found to dominate considerations of overall dispersion.
Cnoidal-type surface waves in deep water
Authors: CLAMOND DIDIER
Published: August 2003

Two-dimensional potential flows due to progressive surface waves in deep water are considered. For periodic waves, only gravity is included in the dynamic boundary condition, but both gravity and surface tension are taken into account for solitary waves. The validity of the steady first-order cnoidal wave approximation, i.e. the periodic solution of KdV, is extended to infinite depth by renormalizations. This renormalized cnoidal wave (RCW) solution is expressed as a Fourier–Padé approximation. It is analytically simpler and more accurate than fifth-order Stokes approximations. It is also capable of describing the recently discovered sharp-crested wave. A sharp-crested wave is obtained when the fluid velocity at the crest is larger than the phase speed. When the wavelength is infinite, RCW yields an algebraic solitary wave. Depending on the surface tension, the solitary wave involves one or two interfaces: a wave of depression; a wave of depression with a pocket of air; a wave of elevation with a pocket of air. Solitary waves are found for all values of the surface tension. However, this does not necessarily mean that these waves are solutions of the exact equations. Moreover, RCW approximate solitary waves always present a dipole singularity. It is also shown that a cnoidal wave in deep water can be rewritten as a periodic distribution of dipoles, each dipole representing an algebraic solitary wave. This provides a new paradigm for descriptions of water wave phenomena.
Solidification and convection of a ternary solution cooled from the side
Authors: BLOOMFIELD LYNN J. , HUPPERT HERBERT E.
Published: August 2003

Results of an experimental study on the solidification and convection of a ternary solution of H$_2$O–CuSO$_4$–Na$_2$SO$_4$ when cooled from a vertical side boundary are presented. Cooling and crystallization at a sidewall result in the formation of horizontal gradients of composition and temperature which are restricted to thin boundary layers adjacent to the solid. The dynamics of the buoyancy-induced flows in the compositional and thermal boundary layers is shown to depend critically on the morphology of the growing solid as well as on the density changes in the fluid released on solidification. In a ternary system, the possibility of a density reversal in the residual fluid as a second component solidifies leads to a wide range of possible behaviours. Three broad regimes are identified and the flows which arise in two of these are studied in detail; the behaviour in the third regime can be inferred from these results. When the thermal and compositional boundary layers are both heavy and flow to the base of the tank (regime I), the evolution of the interior fluid is shown to be initially quantitatively similar to that arising from thermal convection only. Slow compositional changes in the interior only later result in a number of double-diffusive effects. When the compositional and thermal buoyancies in the boundary layers are opposed (regimes II and III), a unidirectional downflow, counterflow and upflow are all observed at various stages of the experiment. The onset and duration of these different flows is shown to depend on the ratio of compositional to thermal buoyancies, the relative fluxes in the boundary layers, and the crystal morphology. The effect of surface roughness for the particular ternary system investigated is quantified by measuring its effect on the fluxes in the boundary layers, which allows the modification of existing theories to predict the conditions under which the different boundary layer dynamics arise.
A combined laboratory and numerical study of heat transport by baroclinic eddies and axisymmetric flows
Authors: READ PETER L.
Published: August 2003

The effective contribution to the lateral heat transport in a rotating differentially heated annulus attributable to fully developed baroclinic eddies is determined by the combined use of laboratory measurements and numerical simulations. The total heat transport is determined in the laboratory by real-time calorimetry to a precision of around $\pm 2.5/%$ over a wide range of parameters sampling a wide cross-section of the regular baroclinic wave regime accessible in the rotating annulus up to the transition to geostrophic turbulence. High-resolution numerical simulations of steady axisymmetric flow in the rotating annulus were carried out under comparable parametric conditions to the laboratory experiments, to determine the contribution to total heat transport due to the axisymmetric boundary-layer circulation in the system. The difference between the Nusselt or Péclet numbers determined in these two ways enables the heat transport attributable to the presence of the baroclinic eddies to be determined unambiguously. The variation of the resulting excess Péclet number with external parameters appears to be consistent with predictions from a weakly nonlinear model of baroclinic instability within the regular baroclinic wave regime, at least for weak–moderate supercriticality, whereas at higher rotation rates a parametrization based on the linear instability approach of Green (1970) may be more appropriate. This approach seems to offer an accurate and incisive means of evaluating schemes proposed to parametrize the transport properties of baroclinic eddies in a variety of models used in geophysical and engineering applications.
Shallow-water theory for arbitrary slopes of the bottom
Authors: KELLER JOSEPH B.
Published: August 2003

A new shallow-water theory valid for arbitrary bottom slope, due to Bouchut et al. (2003), is derived systematically by a scaling method. The fact that the pressure is hydrostatic, and the form of the velocity parallel to the bottom, are consequences of the scaling method, and need not be assumed.
Wake potentials in plasmas containing elongated dust rods
Authors: SALIMULLAH M. , SHUKLA P. K. , MORFILL G. E.
Published: August 2003

We study interaction potentials in unmagnetized as well as magnetized dusty plasmas composed of electrons, ions, and elongated charged dust rods. By using appropriate dielectric constants for coupled dipole oscillons and dust acoustic waves and the test particle approach, we determine the Debye–Hückel and dynamical oscillatory wake potentials. The relevance of our investigation to the alignment of dust rods in laboratory dusty plasmas is pointed out.
Nonlinear stationary whistler waves and whistler solitons (oscillitons). Exact solutions
Authors: DUBININ E. , SAUER K. , MCKENZIE J. F.
Published: August 2003

A fully nonlinear theory for stationary whistler waves propagating parallel to the ambient magnetic field in a cold plasma has been developed. It is shown that in the wave frame proton dynamics must be included in a self-consistent manner. The complete system of nonlinear equations can be reduced to two coupled differential equations for the transverse electron or proton speed and its phase, and these possess a phase-portrait integral which provides the main features of the dynamics of the system. Exact analytical solutions are found in the approximation of ‘small’ (but nonlinear) amplitudes. A soliton-type solution with a core filled by smaller-scale oscillations (called ‘oscillitons’) is found. The dependence of the soliton amplitude on the Alfvén Mach number, and the critical soliton strength above which smooth soliton solutions cannot be constructed is also found. Another interesting class of solutions consisting of a sequence of wave packets exists and is invoked to explain observations of coherent wave emissions (e.g. ‘lion roars’) in space plasmas. Oscillitons and periodic wave packets propagating obliquely to the magnetic field also exist although in this case the system becomes much more complicated, being described by four coupled differential equations for the amplitudes and phases of the transverse motion of the electrons and protons.
A survey of coordination middleware for XML-centric applications
Authors: CIANCARINI PAOLO , TOLKSDORF ROBERT , ZAMBONELLI FRANCO
Published: August 2003

This paper focuses on coordination middleware for distributed applications based on active documents and XML technologies. First, the paper introduces the main concepts underlying active documents and XML, and identifies the strict relations between active documents and mobile agents (“document agents”). Then, the paper goes into details about the problem of defining a suitable middleware architecture to support coordination activities in applications including active documents and mobile agents, by specifically focusing on the role played by XML technologies in that context. A simple taxonomy is introduced to characterise coordination middleware architectures depending on the way they exploit XML documents in supporting coordination. The characteristics of several middleware infrastructures are then surveyed and evaluated, also with the help of a simple example scenario in the area of distributed workflow management. This analysis enables us to identify the advantages and the shortcomings of the different approaches, and the basic requirements of a
middleware for XML-centric applications.