bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Aid Switch Gears to Respond to Sudden Forced Displacement? The Case of Haut-Uélé, DRC
Authors: Derderian Katharine , Schockaert Liesbeth
Published: June 2020

How does the aid system respond when insecurity and suddenforced displacement occur in what has long been considered a stable, development context? Can longer-term aid interventions adapt when challenged to “shift gears” to address acute needs resulting from forced displacement? Based on observations from Médecins Sans Frontières projects in Haut-Uélé in northeastern DRC in 2008–2009, this article examines assistance to displaced populations and the residents hosting them in LRA-affected areas—above all, the stakes and dilemmas involved in responding to such a sudden-onset emergency in what international donors and the national government considered an area in development.

Initially, a much-needed response to violence and displacement failed to materialize, with little permanent humanitarian presence on the ground, while development approaches failed to adapt and meet emergency needs. Short-term contingency support was provided through development NGOs, but with limited scope and maintaining cost-recovery schemes for health toward an impoverished population facing an increasingly precarious situation. A long-term development approach was simply unable to respond to the sudden population increase and a fragile health situation.
The Politics of Higher Education for Refugees in a Global Movement for Primary Education
Authors: Dryden-Peterson Sarah
Published: June 2020

In the context of Education for All (EFA) and the Millennium Development Goals (MDG), global movements for expanded access to education have focused on primary education. In refugee situations, where one-quarter of refugees do not have access to primary school and two-thirds do not have access to secondary school, donors and agencies resist supporting higher education with arguments that, at great cost, it stands to benefit a small and elite group. At the same time, refugees are clear that progression to higher levels of education is integrally connected with their future livelihoods and future stability for their regions of origin. This paper examines where higher education fits within a broader framework of refugee education and the politics of its provision, with attention to the policies and priorities of UN agencies, NGOs, national governments, and refugees themselves.
“Education Is My Mother and Father”: The “Invisible” Women of Sudan
Authors: El Jack Amani
Published: June 2020

Education plays a significant role in informing the way people develop gender values, identities, relationships, and stereotypes. The education of refugees, however, takes place in multiple and diverse settings. Drawing on a decade of field research in Kenya, Sudan, Uganda, and North America, I examine the promises and challenges of education for refugees and argue that southern Sudanese refugee women and girls experience gendered and unequal access to education in protracted refugee sites such as the Kakuma refugee camp, as well as in resettled destinations such as Massachusetts. Many of these refugees, who are commonly referred to as the “lost boys and girls,” did not experience schooling in the context of a stable family life; that is why they often reiterate the Sudanese proverb, “Education is my mother and father.” I argue that tertiary education is crucial because it promotes self-reliance. It enables refugees, particularly women, to gain knowledge, voice, and skills which will give them access to better employment opportunities and earnings and thus enhance their equality and independence. Indeed, education provides a context within which to understand and make visible the changing nature of gender relationships of power.
Structural Factors Associated with Higher Education Access for First-Generation Refugees in Canada: An Agenda for Research
Authors: Ferede Martha K.
Published: June 2020

Refugees are the least educated migrants upon arrival to Canada. Yet, they invest in Canadian higher education at lower rates than other newcomers. Why might this be? This paper enters this emergent conversation through a review of the Canadian-based empirical literature on the structural factors associated with refugees’ tertiary education access. Research indicates that as part of the low-income population, refugees are likely to misperceive the cost and benefits of higher education and be deterred by high tuition costs. Academic preparedness and tracking in high schools also pose additional constraints. The gap in the literature exposes a need for inquiry into the ways in which pre-arrival experiences influence refugees’ participation in Canada’s post-secondary institutions. The paper concludes by underscoring the need for qualitative research that discerns the lived experiences of refugees outside of the aggregate immigrant grouping typical in education research.
Access to Secondary and Tertiary Education for All Refugees: Steps and Challenges to Overcome
Authors: Anselme Marina L. , Hands Catriona
Published: June 2020

During situations of displacement, access for refugee youth to secondary educational initiatives is limited at best. However, upon the return of refugees, the national structure of their home country is most often weak and unstable. To ensure the economic, social, and political development of a society that has been severely affected by conflict or disaster, it is imperative that there be a youth population of capable, productive, and educated citizens who may provide an exit strategy from the situation. Future leaders must therefore be given the opportunity to promote the development both of themselves personally, and of their national structures, through learning—notably, secondary, vocational, and tertiary education. This paper underscores the need for and gaps in the provision of secondary educational initiatives, highlighting the many challenges involved in improving refugee youth access to both secondary and vocational education, and highlighting the issues that must be considered by policy and decision makers in order to facilitate and support such access.
Rough Justice: Inside the British Asylum System
Authors: Burgess Harvey
Published: June 2020

This paper constitutes a detailed analysis and critique ofthe British asylum system from 1997 until the present day. It covers all the clearly defined areas of government policy, including funding, detention, deportation, human rights, European Union obligations, and asylum welfare. It also addresses the role of the judiciary and cites many of the landmark legal cases that have had a major impact on the sector. In providing a comprehensive overview of asylum and immigration that spans the entire period of the Labour government and the first few months of the new Coalition’s tenure, the author aims to show that an often illiberal UK asylum policy is largely governed by principles of deterrent and political expediency. Only an enlightened House of Lords, now the Supreme Court, has served as a bulwark for justice and mitigated the effect of draconian government policies.
Place-Making, Provisional Return, and Well-Being: Iraqi Refugee Women in Australia
Authors: Vasey Katie
Published: June 2020

Returning to Iraq, even for a visit, was something Iraqi refugees residing in Australia could only dream about while Saddam Hussein remained in power because the ongoing social, economic, and political conditions made return impossible. Despite danger and chaos, the fall of Saddam Hussein’s regime (May–December 2003) gave exiled Iraqis the unique opportunity to visit their homelands. In this article, I draw on ethnographic research conducted with 26 Iraqi Shi’i women from refugee backgrounds who resettled in a small country town in Australia. I explored their experiences of provisional return to Iraq, and questioned how their return influences their “home” making in Australia. In this context, I interrogated the complex, contradictory and ambivalent relationships that Iraqi women developed with both their host and home countries and how this impacted upon their well-being.
Migration, Identity, and Social Mobility among Iraqis in Egypt
Authors: Pascucci Elisa
Published: June 2020

Based on a small-scale qualitative research project with Iraqis living in 6th of October City, one of Cairo’s satellite cities, the paper explores the role shifting social identities play in Iraqis’ experience of migration and forced displacement. In doing so, it focuses on three major themes emerging from the ethnographic material. First, it discusses the relation between social change in the homeland and other dimensions of Iraqis’ belonging, particularly ethnoreligious sectarianism. Secondly, it analyzes the role education and work play in the strategies refugees employ to resist dispossession, as well as in the practices through which other categories of Iraqi migrants rewrite their social identities. Finally, Iraqis’ relation with Egyptian society is briefly explored. The findings are discussed in relation to existing literature about social and political change in post-2003 Iraq, but also in contemporary Egypt. In doing so, I hope to contribute to re-embed the study of Iraqi migration within the Middle East in its historical and socio-political context, moving beyond policy-driven approaches.
Displaced Iraqis in Jordan: Formal and Informal Information Flows, and Migratory Decisions in a Context of Uncertainty
Authors: Saltsman Adam
Published: June 2020

While it is not uncommon for humanitarian organizations, such as the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), to implement information campaigns about forced migrant rights, the assistance available to them, and options for the future, these efforts often meet unintended consequences. Forced migrants have, at times, rejected, misinterpreted, and condemned the information they get from these sources. This paper argues that official information campaigns often falter for two crucial reasons beyond resource scarcity. First, those agencies disseminating information are often under pressure to curb the outflow of migrants from the Global South, and as a result, information provision has tended to be coloured by efforts to control or protect against forced migrants’ movement or desires. Second, these agencies do not typically consider or engage with migratory capital, including migrants’ informal networks for sharing knowledge about the migratory process. As a case study, this paper relies on qualitative interviews and focus groups with Iraqis displaced in Jordan to explore their lived experiences vis-à-vis both the official information from humanitarian agencies and their informal networks that are transnational in nature.
Displaced Iraqis: Predicaments and Perceptions in Exile in the Middle East
Authors: Chatty Dawn , Mansour Nisrine
Published: June 2020

Much has been written about Iraqi refugees in the eight years since the March 2003 Anglo-American invasion of the country. Most of this work tries to understand the refugee crisis which followed from the perspective of “topdown” governmental and institutional factors such as interstate relations, state fragility, and regional insecurity. The key innovation of this paper is that it explores “bottomup” factors. The focus of this paper is on the perceptions, interests, and perceived predicaments of displaced Iraqis themselves as contrasted with the perceptions of them by international players locally based in the Middle East region. As such the paper focuses on factors such as: livelihood strategies, economic engagement, protection rights, and alternatives to refugee/forced migration statuses. By reorienting analysis to local people-based perceptions the paper provides new ways of understanding not only the conditions of protracted displacement but also a broader scope for durable solutions.
Welcome to Ireland: Seeking Protection as an Asylum Seeker or through Resettlement—Different Avenues, Different Reception
Authors: Kinlen Louise
Published: June 2020

Ireland accepts approximately 200 resettled refugees each year under the UNHCR Resettlement Programme and arange of supports are put in place to assist the refugees when they arrive and to help their process of integrationinto Irish society. Roughly ten times this number of asylum seekers arrives in Ireland each year, with some coming from similar regions and groups as the resettled refugees. The reception conditions of both groups however are remarkably different, with a number of grave humanitarian concerns having been raised about the reception conditions of asylum seekers. This article explores the background to refugee reception in Ireland, the current reception conditions of the two groups, how they differ and an analysis of whether such treatment is justifiable.
Interpreting for Refugees: “Where practicable and necessary only?”
Authors: Khan Fatima
Published: June 2020

Legal interpreting is a highly specialized profession, not simply a function that any bilingual person can perform. Countries that have laws and regulations on court interpreting have them on the basis that everyone (including linguistic minorities) has the right to due process. In South Africa legal interpreting takes place in a variety of state institutions and the Refugee Reception Offices of the Department of Home affairs is one such setting. The present study investigates legal interpreting at asylum determinations and hearings. The focus is on two stages of the asylum application, which are crucial for determining refugee status. This paper aims to explore the right of an asylum seeker to an interpreter at these stages of the status determination procedure. It will also compare this right to the existing right in international law and assess whether South Africa has met the minimum requirement to enable a due process.
Technology, Control, and Surveillance in Australia’s Immigration Detention Centres
Authors: Briskman Linda
Published: June 2020

Although mandatory immigration detention for “unauthorized” arrivals in Australia receives considerable attention, the use and abuse by government of technologies within sites of detention is less publicized. Control and surveillance are exercised in a number of ways. Immigration detainees have been denied adequate access to technologies that would enable them to fully communicate with family and friends and are deprived of the capacity to acquire information that can ensure their human rights are realized. At the same time that asylum seekers experience restrictions, devices are in place to control detainees through technological surveillance. Despite the prohibitions and impositions, detainees have adopted alternative means of communication in defi ance of the limits foisted upon them.
Impact of Remittances on Refugees’ Lives in Canada: Views of Sudanese and Vietnamese Leaders and Settlement Counsellors
Authors: Johnson Phyllis , Stoll Kathrin
Published: June 2020

Focus groups were conducted with Sudanese and Vietnamese refugee leaders and settlement counsellors (twenty seven participants) to identify their views about the effect of sending remittances on refugees in these two communities, and their suggestions about optimizing the situation. Leaders and counsellors noted that refugees feel pride at helping out and guilt at not being able to send sufficient money. They postponed education and skills upgrades, and worked several jobs to support family here and abroad. Newcomers were advised to focus first on settling in and creating realistic expectations about their resources before sending remittances. Changes in family reunification policy were suggested.
Resilience among Single Adult Female Refugees in Hamilton, Ontario
Authors: Newbold Bruce , Chung Karen , Hong Ellie
Published: June 2020

Single adult females remain among the most vulnerable of all refugee populations. However, there is a lack of research on supporting and empowering these women. There is a new interest in identifying factors that reinforce resilience and, ultimately, adjustment to the host country. In line with the current work on resilience, semi-structured, indepth, personal interviews with single refugee women were conducted in the city of Hamilton, Ontario. A grounded theory approach revealed participants’ perspectives on the support received from religious or cultural communities, non-governmental organizations, and the government in terms of their perceived contribution to adaptation. Both informal and formal support, along with individual characteristics, were found to be crucial for reinforcing resilience among these refugees, reflective of a collective resilience model that moves beyond individual and community resilience. Future research should aim to investigate the perspectives of those who did not receive social support from shelters as well as to assess the efficacy of current refugee support services.
Literacy, Teens, Refugees, and Soccer
Authors: Dwyer Eric , McCloskey Mary Lou
Published: June 2020

This study examined the literacy development of teenage refugee boys in a one-month intensive summer literacy camp. Th e study intervention sought to abate literacy regression among language minority students in a suburban southern US city by combining physical training and promotion of literacy culture. Students experienced an intensive schedule of athletics and reading/writing workshops. Data were collected regarding student writing, reading proficiency, and dispositions toward literacy practices. Outcomes included increased expressed student enjoyment expressed for both reading and writing, especially for the experience of older students reading to younger peers. In addition, data indicated that summer literacy regression was largely avoided. However, reading proficiency level assessments foreshadow obstacles for students in achieving timely high school graduation. Finally, means used by mainstream teachers of assessing the literacy of refugee students, especially compared to assessments of proficient English-speaking students, are critiqued.
Reimagining Asylum: Religious Narratives and the Moral Obligation to the Asylum Seeker
Authors: Allard Silas W.
Published: June 2020

The narrative that grounds the asylum policy of the United States portrays asylum seekers as passive objects of external forces. This narrative emerges from the complex interplay of exceptionality and victimization that characterizes the legal status and popular perception of the refugee. It is then read back onto the asylum seeker through a supereroga- tory asylum policy that is unable to recognize the moral demand made by the asylum seeker. The project this essay is drawn from seeks to challenge the policy of asylum as charity by interrogating alternative narratives grounded in the Hebrew Bible story of the Exodus and the Qu’ranic story of the Hijra. In these narratives, flight from oppression is portrayed as an act of moral agency, and the asylum seeker’s capacity as Other to make a moral demand on the Self emerges. Thus, I argue that an asylum policy informed by these alternative narratives needs must question its supererogatory assumptions.
The Location of Refugee Female Teachers in the Canadian Context: “Not Just a Refugee Woman!”
Authors: Ratković Snežana
Published: June 2020

This paper explores intersectionality of oppression and social agency in refugee narratives of four female teachers from Yugoslavia who immigrated to Ontario and Quebec between 1994 and 1998. These narratives reveal a number of systemic barriers participants encountered in their new country, such as lack of coordination between immigra- tion and settlement services, lack of information about the teacher recertification process, systemic ignorance towards international teaching credentials and experiences, and a number of settlement practices that pushed the partici- pating women teachers to the margins of the Canadian educational system. In addition to reporting a number of systemic barriers to teaching, these women also revealed self-imposed psychological and culturally constructed barriers to settlement such as personal perceptions of having limited language competencies, of being “too old” to continue education, and of remaining permanent outsiders to Canadian ways of being. Women also discussed their choices and priorities in terms of their personal and professional lives and the ways in which these preferences facilitated and/or hindered their integration in the Canadian education system and society. The paper challenges the master narrative of refugeehood in Canada by exposing the ways in which race, class, gender, age, ethnicity, and professional identity, in addition to refugeehood, shape the oppression and the privilege of refugee women in the Canadian context.
Displaced Sudanese Voices on Education, Dignity, and Humanitarian Aid
Authors: Affolter Friedrich W. , Allaf Carine
Published: June 2020

Education is viewed by Sudanese refugees and internally displaced persons as a key prerequisite for social status, prestige, socio-economic survival, and therefore human dignity. Using Sudan as a case study, the article demonstrates that humanitarian aid—which claims to ensure the basic conditions for a life with dignity—often attributes less importance to education than to other sectors such as water, nutrition, and health. Utilizing anecdotal evidence from internally displaced persons in conflict-affected regions of Sudan, this article illustrates that the humanitarian aid agenda fails to adequately address what their target population most demands: education.
Displaced Girlhood: Gendered Dimensions of Coping and Social Change among Conflict- Affected South Sudanese Youth
Authors: Ensor Marisa O.
Published: June 2020

As wartime inhabitants, female children have often been presented as paradigmatic non-agents, victims of a toxic mixture of violent circumstances and oppressive cultural practices. Child- and gender-sensitive approaches, on the other hand, have embraced a more balanced recognition of displaced girls’ active, if often constrained, efforts to cope with adverse circumstances. In South Sudan, a young country mired in unresolved conflict and forced displacement, girls must navigate multiple and complex challenges. Drawing on fieldwork conducted among South Sudanese refugees in Uganda and returnees in South Sudan, I examine ways in which gender shapes local realities of conflict, displacement, return, and reintegration, focusing on the often-overlooked experiences of girls and female youth. Study findings evidence displaced girls’ remarkable determination and resourcefulness as they struggle to overcome a persistently turbulent climate of social instability, deprivation, and conflict.
Location Security and Environmental-Induced Displacement: a Case Study of the Riverine Islands in Bangladesh
Authors: Blitz Brad K.
Published: June 2020

This article introduces the concept of ‘location security’ to describe the specific relationship between place, environ- mental and human security. It argues that ‘location security’ is determined by a location’s resilience to risk, understood in terms of the degree to which a specific region is protected by virtue of geographical endowments and has sufficient infrastructure to withstand and recover from the effects of environmental hazards and ensure that rights are protected. To illustrate the concept of location security, this article uses the sustainable livelihoods framework to explore actual and anticipated environmental pressures that affect the river deltas of Bangladesh, and examines the adaptation responses developed by the inhabitants of the riverine islands. A central finding of this article is that flexible migration and localised coping strategies based on acute knowledge of their local ecological and geological systems, enables the char dwellers to reduce their vulnerability. In this setting, human and environmental factors when harnessed may enhance agency to mitigate hazards.
Arrested Development? UNHCR, ILO, and the Refugees’ Right to Work
Authors: Garnier Adèle
Published: June 2020

This article contributes to literature assessing power dynamics in the emerging global migration governance. Drawing on Barnett and Finnemore’s analysis of bureaucratic culture in international organizations, it investigates inter-agency cooperation between the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the International Labour Organization in the promotion of refugees’ right to work in the last two decades. While the mandate and activities of both organizations appear to significantly intersect in the promotion of this right, practical constraints related to states’ diverging interests, differences in institutional structure, and discursive ambivalence in the situation of the refugee worker limit coordination and effectiveness.
In the Wake of Irregular Arrivals: Changes to the Canadian Immigration Detention System
Authors: Silverman Stephanie J.
Published: June 2020

This article seeks to address the policies, practices, and conditions of immigration detention in Canada. The article surveys detention worldwide, its promulgation in Canada, and changes ushered in via 2012 policy innovations. Focusing on mandatory detention and its relationship to the Designated Countries of Origin policy, the article also demonstrates the disproportionality of the Canadian government’s response to recent arrivals of people migrating by boat. The article emphasizes the dangers of establishing mandatory detention provisions and questions the justifications provided by defenders of the policies.
Temporariness, Rights, and Citizenship: The Latest Chapter in Canada’s Exclusionary Migration and Refugee History
Authors: Hari Amrita
Published: June 2020

Changes to Canada’s immigration and refugee determination policies made since 2012 have increased the occurrence and persistence of temporariness in Canada, contributing to the systematic exclusion of a growing number of non-citizens, who live and work on the territory, from a wide range of rights. From the perspective of temporariness, I illustrate the striking similarities in the state’s approach to two seemingly distinct groups of non-citizens (based on their rationale for admission): low-skilled temporary foreign workers and refugee claimants. Both groups occupy a low rung in the hierarchy of rights and entitlements to citizenship in Canada, inevitably affecting their social and economic outcomes in the host society. In conclusion, I argue that there is still much to be gained by viewing these distinct groups of temporary migrants as theoretically and experientially linked, in order to design effective policy and deter Canada from repeating its dark and exclusionary migratory past.
Gendered Perspectives on Refugee Determination in Canada
Authors: Aberman Tanya
Published: June 2020

This article discusses refugee determination from an intersectional perspective to unpack the impacts of gender on the refugee determination hearing in Canada. The article highlights the importance of dominant discourses in a legal context, focusing particularly on how discursive constructions of subjectivity affect refugee determination where claimants’ trustworthiness depends not only upon their abilities to describe their past experiences, but also how well their story corresponds with dominant discourses about refugees. It also discusses how these dominant discourses are racialized, gendered, and hetero-normative, and how feminist theories of intersectionality could be of use to deconstruct the ways they affect different groups of refugee claimants. The article concludes by considering the implications of the newly shortened timelines in refugee adjudication.
Making Homes in Limbo? A Conceptual Framework
Authors: Brun Cathrine , Fábos Anita
Published: June 2020

This article aims to conceptualize home and homemaking for people in protracted displacement. The article serves three purposes: to present an overview of the area of inquiry; to develop an analytical framework for under- standing home and homemaking for forced migrants in protracted displacement; and to introduce the special issue. It explores how protracted displacement has been defined—from policy definitions to people’s experiences of protractedness, including “waiting” and “the permanence of temporariness.” The article identifies the ambivalence embedded in experiences and practices of homemaking in long-term displacement, demonstrating how static notions of home and displacement might be unsettled. It achieves this through examining relationships between mobility and stasis, the material and symbolic, between the past, present, and future, and multiple places and scales. The article proposes a conceptual framework—a triadic constellation of home—that enables an analysis of home in different contexts of protracted displacement. The framework helps to explore home both as an idea and a practice, distinguishing among three elements: “home” as the day-to-day practices of homemaking, “Home” as representing values, traditions, memories, and feelings of home, and the broader political and historical contexts in which “HOME” is understood in the current global order and embedded in institutions. In conclusion, the article argues that a feminist and dynamic understanding of home-Home-HOME provides a more holistic perspective of making home in protracted displacement that promotes a more extensive and more sophisticated academic work, policies, and practices.
“Durable Solutions,” Transnationalism, and Homemaking among Croatian and Bosnian Former Refugees
Authors: Čapo Jasna
Published: June 2020

This article proposes that the UNHCR-supported “durable solution” programs for former refugees from Bosnia and Herzegovina and from Croatia were at odds with the actual exilic experiences of former refugees. It introduce homemaking as an essential aspect of a successful durable solution and proposes supplementing the usual ethno-politicized understandings of home in the specific context with analyses of the process of homemaking at different scales—house (dwelling), community (the wider space of settlement containing natural, cultural, social, and economic aspects) and nation. The article also argues that repatriation and local integration in the country of first asylum—two allegedly distinct and opposite solutions to refugee crises—should be viewed as intertwined processes within a broader transnational context. It is concluded that their combination brought a durable solution to refugee predicaments in the specific case.
The Indochinese Refugee Movement and the Subsequent Evolution of UNHCR and Canadian Resettlement Selection Policies and Practices
Authors: Casasola Michael
Published: June 2020

The Indochinese refugee movement cast a long shadow over subsequent resettlement operations. UNHCR has since asserted greater leadership, with resettlement becoming more individually focused and globally diverse, but also more complex. Canadian policy has also evolved to become increasingly focused on protection and supportive of UNHCR’s durable solution activities. This article seeks to compare UNHCR and Canadian resettlement selection policy and practice in place during the time of the Indochinese movement up to mid-2015. It highlights key elements in the evolution of UNHCR and Canadian resettlement policy and the factors behind them. It also identifies aspects of the Indochinese movement that are relevant to contemporary refugee policy.
Making Homes in Limbo: Embodied Virtual “Homes” in Prolonged Conditions of Displacement
Authors: Doná Giorgia
Published: June 2020

This special issue makes an original contribution to our understanding of the meaning of home by introducing the idea of the constellation of HOME-Home-home and homemaking practices where these are not necessarily foreseen, in contexts of displacement. In this article, I argue that we need to distinguish between humanitarian-driven understandings of “protracted refugee situations” and peoplecentred experiences of “prolonged conditions of displacement.” I show how the papers in the special issue bring to the fore inconsistencies between state-centred perspectives and people-centred meanings of the “constellation of homes.” Lastly, I examine the significance of other spaces where home may be made during prolonged displacements: the virtual space. I conclude by suggesting that we need to examine in greater depth the complex relationship between the dwelling, home, and homemaking practices when these occur in material and de-territorialized virtual spaces.
Forced Displacement and the Crisis of Citizenship in Africa’s Great Lakes Region: Rethinking Refugee Protection and Durable Solutions
Authors: Hovil Lucy , Lomo Zachary A.
Published: June 2020

This article explores refugee protection and durable solutions in Africa’s Great Lakes region by examining conflict, displacement, and refugees in the light of the crisis of citizenship. Drawing on empirical data from nine studies across the region, we scrutinize the causes of conflict and displacement and refugee policies and practice in the region through the lens of citizenship. First, we argue that the continued plight of many refugees in the region without durable solutions results, at least in part, from an endemic and systemic inability of many people in the region to realize citizenship in a meaningful way. This inability, we argue, is a significant contributor to the continued forced displacement of millions of people, with many still refugees, even after living in the host states for over three decades. Second, we argue that solutions are failing because discussions about the root causes of refugee influxes and movements often fail to capture the intricately connected historical, political, social, economic, religious, and legal factors that engender displacement. We submit that full and equal enjoyment of the rights and benefits of citizenship by all, including access to citizenship for refugees, is one means of resolving displacement and providing durable solutions to refugees.
Leaving Care: Unaccompanied Asylum- Seeking Young Afghans Facing Return
Authors: Robinson Kim , Williams Lucy
Published: June 2020

Unaccompanied asylum-seeking children in the United Kingdom approach adulthood knowing that they will be encouraged or even forced to return to their countries of birth. Drawing on a project that promoted voluntary return to Afghanistan, we use interviews with twelve young people, professionals working in the Home Office and in education, local authorities, and voluntary-sector agencies to describe a complex area of immigration policy. We show how the state’s obligations as “corporate parent” clash with increasingly punitive migration controls and with growing political scrutiny of public spending. We propose education as a way to prepare young people for futures as global citizens in either country of settlement or of origin.
A Context of Risk: Uncovering the Lived Experiences of Chin Refugee Women Negotiating a Livelihood in Delhi
Authors: Jops Paula , Lenette Caroline , Breckenridge Jan
Published: June 2020

In India, the livelihood spaces that refugee women from Chin State, Burma, have carved for themselves in their country of first asylum remain relatively unexplored. This article focuses on Chin refugee women’s pursuit of liveli- hood in Delhi in 2012–13. The concept of “livelihood” is a starting point to better understand the women’s work experiences and explore the associated risks affecting their well-being. Emerging findings indicate that pervasive sexual harassment and discrimination, inside and outside of work contexts and a constant sense of livelihood insecurity severely affect the health and well-being of these women and contribute to diminished hopes for a future in Delhi.
“Imposter-Children” in the UK Refugee Status Determination Process
Authors: Silverman Stephanie J.
Published: June 2020

This article describes and analyzes an emerging problematic in the asylum and immigration debate, which I cynically dub the “imposter-child” phenomenon. My preliminary exploration maps how the imposter-child relates to and potentially influences the politics and practices of refuge status determination in the United Kingdom. I argue that the “imposter-child” is being discursively constructed in order to justify popular and official suspicion of spontaneously arriving child asylum-seekers in favour of resettling refugees from camps abroad. I also draw connections between the discursive creation of “imposter-children” and the diminishment of welfare safeguarding for young people. Further complicating this situation is a variety of sociocultural factors in both Afghanistan and the United Kingdom, including the adversarial UK refugee status determination process, uncertainty around how the United Kingdom can“prove” an age, and a form of “triple discrimination” experienced by Afghan male youth. Through unearthing why the “imposter-child” is problematic, I also query why it is normatively accepted that non-citizens no longer deserve protection from the harshest enforcement once they “age out” of minor status.
Displacements of Memory
Authors: Marfleet Philip
Published: June 2020

The experiences of refugees—their “voices” and memories—have routinely been excluded from the historical record. With rare exceptions, refugees are absent from mainstream history: although specific episodes of forced migration may be carefully recorded and even celebrated in national histories, most refugee movements are ignored and their participants silenced. This article examines the practice of exclusion and its implications for historical research and for the study of forced migration. It considers experiences of refugees from the early modern era until the twenty-first century, mobilizing examples from Europe, the Americas, and South Asia, and offering comparative observations. It examines relationships between forced migrants and institutions of the nation-state, and the meanings of exclusion within ideologies of national belonging. It considers remedial measures and their implications for current efforts to ensure refugee voices are heard and understood.
“We raise up the voice of the voiceless”: Voice, Rights, and Resistance amongst Congolese Human Rights Defenders in Uganda
Authors: McQuaid Katie R.V.
Published: June 2020

Amongst Uganda’s Congolese refugee population are a number of human rights defenders who actively resist the construction of refugees as dispossessed and displaced humanitarian aid recipients. Upon fleeing the complex and violent conflicts of the Democratic Republic of Congo, rather than supplicate to a humanitarian regime saturated with the language of human rights, these young men draw on human rights to “raise up the voice of the voiceless.” This article explores how defenders draw on human rights to understand, articulate, and resist the constraints of forced displacement into a humanitarian regime.
The Agendas of Tibetan Refugees: Survival Strategies of a Government-in-Exile in a World of Transnational Organizations, by Thomas Kauffmann
Authors: Wangmo Tenzin , Sherab Tenzin
Published: June 2020

The Agendas of Tibetan Refugees: Survival Strategies of a Government-in-Exile in a World of Transnational OrganizationsThomas KauffmannNew York: Berghahn, 2015, pp. 226
Unsettled: Cambodian Refugees in the New York City Hyperghetto, by Eric Tang
Authors: Ledgerwood Judy
Published: June 2020

Book Review: Unsettled: Cambodian Refugees in the New York City HyperghettoBy Eric TangPhiladelphia: Temple University Press, 2015, 220 pp.
Contesting Immigration Policy in Court: Legal Activism and Its Radiating Effects in the United States and France, by Leila Kawar
Authors: Cook-Martín David
Published: June 2020

Book review:

Contesting Immigration Policy in Court: Legal Activism and Its Radiating Effects in the United States and France

by Leila Kawar

New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 232 pp.
Effecting Change: Civil Servants and Refugee Policy in 1970s Canada
Authors: Molloy Michael J. , Madokoro Laura
Published: June 2020

Historic transformations took place in Canada’s refugee programs in the 1970s. Through the eyes of Michael Molloy, then director of Refugee Policy in the Department of Manpower and Immigration, this article explores the political climate that led to innovations in refugee admissions and resettlement efforts as they evolved from subjective, ad hoc affairs in the immediate post-war period to integral aspects of Canada’s immigration program by the late 1970s. By considering the role of individual members of the Department of Immigration, including the visa officers stationed overseas who were responsible for determining admissions and immigration officials working in policy units in Ottawa, this article points to the important role that individuals played in delivering programs that ultimately shaped the direction of refugee admissions and resettlement in Canada and the country’s engagement with the international refugee regime.
Les hauts et les bas du financement canadien au HCR: quelle aide et pour quels réfugiés?
Authors: Grayson Catherine-Lune , Audet François
Published: June 2020

Canada has long been one of UNHCR’s important donors. Between 2006 and 2013, the country’s contribution to the agency has more than doubled, reaching CAN$84.9 million in 2013. During the same period, Canada’s funding has been increasingly earmarked for specific country operations. This article examines what motivates the quantity and quality of Canada’s contributions to UNHCR. In doing so, it discusses the relationship between the country’s funding and its foreign and national policy, as well as its ability to influence UNHCR.
UNHCR’s Origins and Early History: Agency, Influence, and Power in Global Refugee Policy
Authors: Loescher Gil
Published: June 2020

This article assesses the role and functions of UNHCR during its formative years and explores its agency, influence, and use of power in global refugee policy. During most of the Cold War, UNHCR’s first four high commissioners employed delegated authority and expertise on refugee law and protection, thereby convincing states of the Office’s usefulness to international stability and ensuring its survival, growth, and power. It concludes by arguing that the Office should use the lessons of this early period of its history to explore ways to exercise similar attributes today.
The Politicisation of Migration, by Wouter van der Brug, Gianni D’Amato, Didier Ruedin, and Joost Berkhout (Eds.)
Authors: Maguire Mark
Published: June 2020

Book review:

The Politicisation of Migration

Edited by Wouter van der Brug, Gianni D’Amato, Didier Ruedin, and Joost Berkhout

London: Routledge, 2015, 250 pp
Diaspora Lobbies and the US Government: Convergence and Divergence in Making Foreign Policy, by Josh DeWind and Renata Segura (Eds.)
Authors: Gabaccia Donna R.
Published: June 2020

Book review:

Diaspora Lobbies and the US Government: Convergence and Divergence in Making Foreign Policy

Edited by Josh DeWind and Renata Segura

New York: NYU Press and Social Science Research Council, 2014, 292 pp.
Keywords of Mobility: Critical Engagements, by Noel B. Salazar and Kiran Jayaram (Eds.)
Authors: Nelson Katie
Published: June 2020

Book review:

Keywords of Mobility: Critical Engagements

Edited by Noel B. Salazar and Kiran Jayaram

New York: Berghahn Books, 2016, 188 pp.
CURRENT SITUATION OF MANAGEMENT OF EXPERIENCE ACTIVITIES FOR ETHNIC MINORITY STUDENTS IN ETHNIC MINORITIES BOARDING HIGH SCHOOLS IN ACCORDANCE TO THE LIFE SKILLS EDUCATION TO MEET THE PREVENTION OF NATURAL DISASTER IN THE NORTH-WEST REGION IN THIS STAGE
Authors: Quỳnh Lê Thị Như
Published: June 2020

In recent years, Ethnic Minorities Boarding High Schools in the Northwestern region have paid more attention to organize experiences for ethnic minority students, especially develop life skills to prevent from natural disaster in the Northwest region. However, experience activities for ethnic minority students have not yet had a specific program, measure and method of implementation, so the implementation has many limitations and shortcomings. Most of the boarding ethnic high schools still have the phenomenon that administrators impose specific educational activities for each teacher, so all educational activities happen at the same time, the same content, the same method. This phenomenon create no breakthrough and little attention to the main activities of ethnic minority students. Studying and assessing the true situation to propose effective measures for managing experience activities for ethnic minority students at ethnic minorities boarding high schools towards satisfying life skills education responding to the needs of disaster prevention in the Northwest region is a very important and urgent task in the current climate change response.
EFFICIENT MANAGEMENT SYSTEM OF TEACHING TECHNICAL MEANS AT CENTRAL KINDERGARTEN PEDAGOGY COLLEGE IN INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 4.0
Authors: Hùng Vũ Xuân
Published: June 2020

In the process of teaching, technical teaching facilities are both a content and a means of conveying information, they help the lecturer organize and control the students' cognitive activities, in addition, they also help students be interested in learning, practice practical skills from which to form active and creative learning methods. Teaching technology is one of the necessary conditions to help teachers carry out their related work of educating, teaching and bringing up, and intellectual development, arouse the inherent intelligence qualities of students. Currently, the management of technical teaching facilities at the Central Kindergartens College has been carried out on a regular basis and achieved certain results, but in fact, there are still many inadequacies. Finding a number of limitations in the management of teaching technical facilities, thereby proposing solutions to overcome those limitations, improve the efficiency of investment, preservation and use of teaching technical facilities in the trend of Industry Revolution 4.0, improving the quality of teaching at Central Kindergarten Pedagogy colleges in the current period is a very important and urgent task.
Pengaruh Penambahan Kulit Singkong dan Bakteri Asam Laktat sebagai Aditif Pakan terhadap Profil Saluran Pencernaan Ayam Pedaging
Authors: Purwinarto Purwinarto , Suprijatna E. , Kismiati S.
Published: June 2020

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengkaji bobot organ saluran pencernaan ayam pedaging yang diberi pakan menggunakan aditif pakan kombinasi kulit singkong dan bakteri asam laktat dalam bentuk cair. Materi yang digunakan yaitu 144 ekor ayam pedaging umur 10 hari dengan rata-rata bobot badan awal pemeliharaan 198,59 gram ± 8,12 yang di distribusikan pada 24 unit percobaan dalam rancangan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan 4 perlakuan dan 6 ulangan. Perlakuan yang diterapkan adalah T0 : ransum basal; T1 : ransum basal + 50 ml aditif pakan/kg ransum; T2 : ransum basal + 100 ml aditif pakan/kg ransum dan T3 : ransum basal + 150 ml aditif pakan/kg ransum. Data yang diperoleh selanjutnya diolah secara statistik dengan Analisys of Variance (Anova) dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan dengan penambahan aditif pakan di dalam ransum tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap bobot relatif proventrikulus, ventrikulus, usus halus dan seka. Kesimpulan dari penelitian adalah aditif pakan kombinasi kulit singkong dan bakteri asam laktat belum mampu meningkatkan bobot relatif organ pencernaan ayam pedaging.