bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Washington Needs the Vote
Authors: Murphy Mary-Elizabeth B.
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores how, during the 1930s, black women waged an early civil rights movement in the nation’s capital.
Inspired by the militancy of the Great Depression and influenced by on-going campaigns for safety and economic justice, activists protested racial segregation, lobbied for the passage of a civil rights bill, and pressed for the restoration of voting rights to all eligible residents of Washington, D.C., culminating in a referendum election in 1938. While African Americans waged similar types of movements around the country, activists in Washington, D.C. benefited from their close proximity to the federal government. As memories of the Civil War and Reconstruction surfaced in the 1930s, activists applied the lessons from these eras directly into their political campaigns as they worked to restore the freedoms that their ancestors had once enjoyed in Washington, D.C.
Lee Street Theology
Authors: Quiros Ansley L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the white Protestant churches in Americus. It also examines the theological tenets undergirding the church’s racial politics and their development over time. In examining notions of biblical literalism, fundamentalism, congregational autonomy, spiritualism and evangelism, this chapter uncovers theological arguments for segregation and racial difference.
Conclusion
Authors: Quiros Ansley L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter analyzes the years from 1965-1976 in Americus and Southwest Georgia. It discusses school integration and shifting race relations, the Student Interracial Ministry (SIM), the transition of Koinonia Farm to Koinonia Partners, and the political rise of Jimmy Carter. Even in a changing region, the role of theology remained central, as race and religion continued to influence American politics and American life.
Policing Los Angeles
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: September 2019

When the Los Angeles neighborhood of Watts erupted in violent protest in August 1965, the uprising drew strength from decades of pent-up frustration with employment discrimination, residential segregation, and poverty. But the more immediate grievance was anger at the racist and abusive practices of the Los Angeles Police Department. Yet in the decades after Watts, the LAPD resisted all but the most limited demands for reform made by activists and residents of color, instead intensifying its power.
In Policing Los Angeles, Max Felker-Kantor narrates the dynamic history of policing, anti-police abuse movements, race, and politics in Los Angeles from the 1965 Watts uprising to the 1992 Los Angeles rebellion. Using the explosions of two large-scale uprisings in Los Angeles as bookends, Felker-Kantor highlights the racism at the heart of the city's expansive police power through a range of previously unused and rare archival sources. His book is a gripping and timely account of the transformation in police power, the convergence of interests in support of law and order policies, and African American and Mexican American resistance to police violence after the Watts uprising.
Policing Raceriotland
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: September 2019

Intensified policing and punitive crime policies in Los Angeles emerged from the response to the urban uprisings of the 1960s. Despite the belief among mostly white conservative politicians and police officials that Los Angeles was immune from urban unrest, this chapter foregrounds the racist police practices and violence of the LAPD targeting residents of color as the root and fundamental meaning of the Watts uprising. As such, the uprising was an antipolice protest and demand for an end to police practices that reproduced and upheld white supremacy, segregation, and inequality. Department officials and conservative policymakers, however, used the crisis for the police created by the uprising to target African Americans and expand police power. Watts, in short, became a police riot and excuse to arrest, criminalize, and contain African American residents.
The Chickens Have Come Home to Roost
Authors: Felker-Kantor Max
Published: September 2019

Punitive conditions ultimately contributed to the eruption of the 1992 Los Angeles rebellion. The uprising occurred within the distinctly punitive context of the war on drugs and gangs. Solutions to urban social problems, this chapter shows, had become so entangled with the city’s and LAPD’s various wars on crime that the responses to the uprising depended on partnership with law enforcement and criminal justice programs, leaving police power intact. As this chapter shows, the post-1992 reforms, such as Project Weed and Seed, expanded the criminal justice system into new areas of municipal governance through the adoption of community and broken windows policing, which focused police enforcement on low-level and quality of life offenses to maintain urban order.
Fire and Chain
Authors: Calcaterra Angela
Published: September 2019

Chapter 2 analyzes competing aesthetic traditions in the copious letters, journals, and tracts produced by missionaries to the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois; Six Nations) Confederacy in the second half of the eighteenth century. In their interactions with missionaries, Haudenosaunee nations adhered powerfully to aesthetic conventions developed over centuries. A Haudenosaunee-specific understanding of form and eloquence determined how missionaries who worked among them circulated and produced texts and shaped the outcomes of their work. Congregationalist minister and founder of Moor’s Indian Charity School Eleazar Wheelock refused to engage the ethical imperatives of Haudenosaunee eloquence and eventually gave up on his design to convert the Six Nations, despite the insistence of his missionaries Samuel Kirkland and Joseph Johnson on keeping with Haudenosaunee conventions. Meanwhile, Mohegan minister Samson Occom incorporated into English letters Haudenosaunee imagery designed to clarify relations and bring people together, in a remarkable layering of literary traditions.
Trails
Authors: Calcaterra Angela
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 argues that Indigenous story traditions are a crucial, overlooked context for understanding nineteenth-century American literature about “the West.” This chapter analyzes Pawnee and Osage narratives alongside Washington Irving’s Tour on the Prairies (1835) to demonstrate white authorial disorientation in the face of Indigenous storied space. Pawnee and Osage representations of journeys, crossings, and encounters along the network of trails that crossed the great plains guided these communities throughout the trying periods of US invasion and removal during the nineteenth century. The bodily discomfort and aesthetic disorientation depicted in Irving’s Tour on the Prairies is a result of his inability to connect with long-standing Indigenous movements and temporalities in this space. Similarly, scholarly misreading and neglect of this text is a product of a limited critical approach restricted to a singular authorial aesthetic. James Fenimore Cooper’s and Edwin James’s accounts of unsettling proximity to Native aesthetics close this chapter to suggest broader patterns of authorial disorientation.
Perspectives
Authors: Calcaterra Angela
Published: September 2019

This chapter considers the aesthetics of western reservations and the so-called “Indian Wars” of the later nineteenth century. In the post-Civil War decades of US national expansion, print media promulgated a range of damaging narratives about savage, vengeful Indian warriors from a distant perspective. Meanwhile, Native artists and authors including Amos Bad Heart Bull (Oglala Lakota) and Charles Alexander Eastman (Mdewakanton Dakota) experimented with perspective and perception in image and text to make visible the many, diverse Native sites and forms of creative knowledge production inaccessible in print media. Their texts call for a model of reading that links the sensational battles of this period with histories of Indigenous representational practice well versed in stories and images of battle. Their works draw surprising connections between a variety of events, spaces, communities, and forms in a period known for the compartmentalization of Indian nations and lands, demonstrating that locally grounded aesthetic analysis remains important to understanding networks of Indian representation in more modern periods.
Introduction
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

WHAT MIGHT WE LEARN from a book on how people in the twentieth-century American South defined the problems of family life? Just a few moments from the summer of 2016 suggest some possibilities. Mississippi House Bill 1523, called the Religious Liberty Accommodations Act, claimed to protect people who believed that marriage should only unite one man and one woman from any laws or codes that might force them to marry or serve same-sex couples. When a U.S. district judge ruled that the law was unconstitutional, he compared it to Jim Crow laws that claimed to protect white people from laws that might force them into unwanted contact with African Americans. In the same summer, one of the first testimonials about Alton Sterling, the victim of a police killing in Baton Rouge, came from a friend who called him “just a brother” who was working to support his family. One of many responses to police violence that summer came from former New York mayor Rudy Giuliani, who claimed that there would be less violence, crime, and unrest if more black fathers would teach their children how to behave. The Democratic National Convention welcomed a group of women, called Mothers of the Movement, whose children had been killed by police officers. An internet story that turned out to be a hoax claimed that Hillary Clinton’s book ...
Family Crises or Home Remedies
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

This chapter compares discussions of family problems among African Americans and whites in the American South in the early 1900s. Both African American and white southerners discussed an ongoing crisis among African Americans, with considerable disagreement about whether they should explain that crisis, fix the problems that caused it, or pass laws to protect white people against the consequences. By contrast, white southerners imagined that most whites had stable family lives, especially when they lived on farms, and perhaps needed occasional reform movements to address specific problems.
The White Man’s Holy Institution of Matrimony
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

This chapter details the ways opponents of the civil rights movement opposed the notion of brotherhood, referring to “brotherhoodism” as a concept that could undermine all authority, the significance of race, and, ultimately, any standards of right and wrong. The chapter argues that leaders of massive resistance against the civil rights movement claimed their movement was about family protection, and they said that instead of brotherhood, they supported the power of parents.
The Only American Community Where Men Call Each Other “Brother” When They Meet: Redefining Brotherhood and Sisterhood in the 1960s
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes activists who rejected the idea of a crisis in African American family life. In response to the Moynihan Report of 1965, many African Americans rejected claims about the weakness of family life, offering the strength and creativity embodied in adaptable family definitions. At the same time, many African Americans began using the terms “brother” and “sister” not as arguments about racial integration but to refer to the shared experiences of African American men and women.
“Hurtin’ Words,” “Free Bird,” and Family Values
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses multiple perspectives on whether white southerners faced new family crises in the 1970s. Legislators passed divorce reform laws in the early 1970s that made divorce far easier and less public. The music of the early 1970s Southern Rock Movement, Lynyrd Skynyrd, the Allman Brothers, and others, upheld a “Free Bird” ideal of endless rambling with no family responsibilities. Church groups responded by debating whether divorced church members should remarry and, more broadly, by including divorce reform in their list of moral failures to be addressed by the Religious Right.
Not a Problem People
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

This chapter studies several movements in the late 1970s and 1980s that rejected the idea that southern families were facing unique crises. Alex Haley’s popular Roots, several African American memoirists, and the Black Family Reunion all celebrated adaptable, creative families. Habitat for Humanity hoped to improve life for people in poverty without assuming those people’s problems had roots in troubled families. Southern feminist novelists detailed a multiplicity of family styles.
Afterword
Authors: Ownby Ted
Published: September 2019

An afterword brings the issues up to 2018, discussing how the various issues continue in new ways in the 21st century, with issues of gay marriage and immigration continuing many of the debates of the 20th century.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Karida L.
Published: September 2019

Every mass movement can be traced through the particular conditions under which the migrant self is formed and transformed. This introduction outlines the struggle of black Americans once slavery was outlawed by asking a key question: were they subjects or citizens? Though federal laws gave the now former slaves all the rights of citizens, state and local authorities allowed and enforced segregationist policies. These, in conjunction with various economic pressures, culminated in the African American Great Migration of 1910-1970. Brown, who positions herself as a third-generation descendent of a black Kentucky population that took part in this migration, claims that the collective memory of Appalachian blacks that undertook this stepwise migration deserves more attention.
Home
Authors: Brown Karida L.
Published: September 2019

Chapter Three introduces the children of the first generation of migrants—the coal miners’ daughters and sons. Through their childhood memories of Harlan County, Kentucky, this chapter brings the reader behind the veil of the color line and situates the reader in the heart of the black community. What was it like growing up in a company-owned coal-mining town in the early half of the twentieth century? Further, what was it like doing so while black? Drawing heavily on oral history interview data, this chapter offers a close, personal account of the cultural systems—such as family, gender, religion, play, aesthetics, and traditions—that structured the black social world in pre-Civil Rights era eastern Kentucky.
The Colored School
Authors: Brown Karida L.
Published: September 2019

Within the confines of their segregated social world, black children became aware of the color line at a very young age through racially coded messages, but also through taken-for-granted practices and institutions. This chapter traces the transformation in the black community along the grain of the civil rights movement through a close reading of the rise and fall of one of the institutions most beloved by the black community in Harlan County, Kentucky—the colored school. Brown shows how the black segregated school institutionalized and reproduced racial ideologies within the community. At the same time, she demonstrates how the colored school was a proud site of black cultural expression.
A Change Gone Come
Authors: Brown Karida L.
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces the process of African American children in the tri-city area of Harlan County, Kentucky, becoming, like many others in the country, “children of integration” through the historic Brown v. Board of Education case. Both the inheritance and the risks of desegregation befell everyday black children; they would be the change agents for dismantling the “separate but equal” doctrine upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson. What was that experience like? By tracing the background of the Brown case and using oral history testimony, the chapter draws attention to the hidden injuries, loss of community, and transforming racial epistemologies that accompanied forced school desegregation. When asked to reflect on the perceived costs and benefits of desegregation, participant responses varied by generation and level of abstraction. While acknowledging the benefits, they all expressed some form of injury: a loss of community and African American identity.
Stone Free
Authors: Obrecht Jas
Published: September 2019

A compelling portrait of rock's greatest guitarist at the moment of his ascendance, Stone Free is the first book to focus exclusively on the happiest and most productive period of Jimi Hendrix's life. As it begins in the fall of 1966, he's an under-sung, under-accomplished sideman struggling to survive in New York City. Nine months later, he's the toast of Swinging London, a fashion icon, and the brightest star to step off the stage at the Monterey International Pop Festival. This momentum-building, day-by-day account of this extraordinary transformation offers new details into Jimi's personality, relationships, songwriting, guitar innovations, studio sessions, and record releases. It explores the social changes sweeping the U.K., Hendrix's role in the dawning of "flower power," and the prejudice he faced while fronting the Jimi Hendrix Experience. In addition to featuring the voices of Jimi, his bandmates, and other eyewitnesses, Stone Free draws extensively from contemporary accounts published in English- and foreign-language newspapers and music magazines. This celebratory account is a must-read for Hendrix fans.
September 1966
Authors: Obrecht Jas
Published: September 2019

On September 24, 1966, Jimi Hendrix arrives in London, immediately begins a romantic relationship with Kathy Etchingham, experiences racism due to the color of his skin and gender-bending clothing, and wows fans of the British “blues boom” by performing with American bluesmen in town for the American Folk Blues Festival. At another club performance he stuns attendees with his unprecedented volume and skill at playing an “upside-down” Fender Stratocaster. This draws the attention of French superstar Johnny Hallyday, who invites Hendrix, who has yet to form a band, to open for him during his upcoming tour of France. By month’s end Hendrix has recruited Noel Redding as the first member of the Jimi Hendrix Experience. Redding, a guitarist, agrees to learn how to play bass.
December 1966
Authors: Obrecht Jas
Published: September 2019

Jimi deepens his entanglement with manager Michael Jeffery by signing another ill-advised contract, and moves with Chas Chandler and Kathy Etchingham into an apartment owned by Ringo Starr. He begins assembling a wide-ranging collection of albums, including many by favourite blues artists Muddy Waters, John Lee Hooker, and Elmore James. After a visit with his former bandleader, Little Richard, Hendrix is accosted by the London police due to his skin color and clothing choices. The Jimi Hendrix Experience make their television debut on Ready Steady Go!, and record “Foxey Lady,” “Can You See Me,” “Love or Confusion,” “Red House,” and other original Hendrix compositions. The band’s first single, “Hey Joe” backed with “Stone Free,” is released to rave reviews. Then, while waiting backstage to perform at a Boxing Day matinee, Jimi composes “Purple Haze,” drawing inspiration from a Philip José Farmer science fiction short story. He rings in the new year with Noel Redding’s family.
March 1967
Authors: Obrecht Jas
Published: September 2019

As the month begins, the Jimi Hendrix Experience begins to get press coverage in the U.S. and make unforgettable television appearances on Beat-Club and, during the first of two European tours this month, on the Belgian show Vibrato. In a series of interviews, Hendrix addresses his stressful childhood, love for blues music, and dislike of the “ordinary.” Sting recalls the Experience’s performance in Yorkshire as “the first time I’d ever seen a black man.” With the release of the “Purple Haze”/“51st Anniversary” single, the band embarks on tour of Germany, while Michael Jeffery secures them an American deal with Reprise Records. In studio sessions, the Experience record “Manic Depression” and other tracks. On the opening night of the Walker Brothers tour, Jimi Hendrix upstages the other acts by burning a guitar onstage for the first time, nearly setting the Finsbury Park Astoria ablaze. As the Walker Brothers tour progresses, Jimi’s onstage antics become front-page news.
St. Maló in the Memory Rings
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

New Orleans at year ten was a black majority town with slave labor. The 1724 Code Noir aligned Louisiana slave law to that of the French Caribbean colonies. Slave owners pragmatically let Africans carry weapons, hire out for jobs, farm, hunt, fish, and sell the products of their labor. Africans traded goods at a growing African marketplace, and gathered to resurrect the burial choreographies and ceremonial dances of their mother culture. The Bamana belief in the transmigration of souls was a powerful sense of cultural continuity.
In 1743, when Bienville departed, the town had survived financial convulsions, floods, food shortages, a slave revolt, Indian tensions, maroons—fugitive slaves—and smugglers in a black market. After Spain assumed control of New Orleans in 1765, Code Noir transitioned to Spanish slave law, giving slaves more rights.
By 1781, the maroon village Ville Gaillard was a significant force led by the fugitive Creole Juan Maló. After many conflicts with the authorities, Maló was captured and executed on June 12, 1784. St. Maló’s resistance burrowed into the memory of African Americans, his legacy influenced by funeral dances and voodoo, his memory preserved through oral culture, and his impact still felt to this day.
Claiborne
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

In the 1790s, as planters sold off land for faubourgs, or neighborhoods, New Orleans branched out. One such neighborhood was founded by Claude Tremé.
Antonio de Sedella clashed with the vicar Rev. Patrick Walsh and his replacement Rev. John Olivier. Sedella became the elected pastor of St. Louis Cathedral, leading the one institution where people voluntarily gathered across the color line.
Governor William C.C. Claiborne, a lawyer-turned-politician, governed a divided city. Conflicts arose between the French and American cultures, the black militia and white elite, and between Claiborne himself and his opponents. Faced with an influx of Haitian refugees, including whites, free people of color, and slaves, Claiborne faced the challenge of providing for the refugees deemed free while establishing the status of those the refugees considered as slaves. Many refugees who were legally free in Haiti became slaves in New Orleans.
A slave revolt, with an estimated 500 rebels, broke out in 1811. Claiborne sent the local militia to put down the insurrection. Close to 100 of the rebels were killed. Advocates for statehood argued that Louisiana should join the U.S., and by admitting Louisiana in 1812, the U.S. cemented itself to a slave economy.
Pirates, Black Soldiers, and the War under Jackson
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

In 1813, as Claiborne struggled to build a militia to defend against the British in the War of 1812, he also had to deal with slave-smuggling French pirates, led by half-brothers Pierre and John Laffite. When the U.S. declared war on the British in 1812, the Madison administration ordered Andrew Jackson to go to New Orleans with an army of volunteers, before recalling him to Tennessee. Claiborne wrote to Louisiana’s congressional delegation for support, as he had difficulties finding enough men because New Orleans lacked a coherent American identity and allegiance for which to fight.
After returning to Tennessee, Jackson was wounded in several duels and participated in a military campaign against the Creek. On August 24, 1814, the British attacked Washington D.C. and set fire to the Capitol.
As New Orleans prepared for war, Jean Laffite negotiated with Claiborne and Jackson, who eventually agreed to grant the pirates clemency in exchange for military aid. Lawyer Edward Livingston helped Jackson prepare New Orleans for war. The citizens rallied under Jackson, with pirates and the black militia joining the war effort. New Orleans fended off two British attacks. The War of 1812 ended with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent.
The Builder and the Priest
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

Benjamin Henry Boneval Latrobe, an architect who had previously worked in Washington D.C. before running afoul of President Madison, arrived in New Orleans with his family in 1819 after his son Henry’s death. Latrobe was surprised by many things in the city, including the racial and cultural diversity, the dances in Congo Square, African funeral customs, and the cruel treatment of slaves. He documented much of what he saw in his journal and drawings. Latrobe died on September 3, 1820 from yellow fever, leaving behind a widow and an unfinished waterworks construction for the city.
General Lafayette visited New Orleans in 1825 as part of his tour of America, and the city funded a lavish reception for him.
Antonio Sedella’s indifference to church law throughout his long tenure led to more clashes with the Vatican, who tried and failed to oust him a second time in 1815. Sedella died on January 19, 1829, receiving a grand state funeral and leaving behind a lasting legacy. His death began the slow transition from a Church in solidarity with slaves to one attached to white supremacy and the cause of the Confederacy.
The Burial Master
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

In the early 19th century, New Orleans included a thriving artisan class of colored Creoles. One such artisan was Pierre Casanave, a black furniture-maker-turned-undertaker who operated a thriving business that served whites and blacks alike. Benevolent societies of various ethnic groups guaranteed members a dignified funeral. Yellow fever broke out in the city in 1853. The embalming of corpses became popular, and funeral rites became elaborate and ceremonial, often featuring music.
Louisiana seceded from the Union in 1861 as the Civil War began. Free blacks, such as Andre Cailloux and Henry Louis Rey, formed militias to participate in the war. After the Union took control of New Orleans, the black militia joined the Union war effort. Cailloux died fighting for the Union and was memorialized as a hero. After being honourably discharged for medical reasons, Rey joined a group of black spiritualists who held séances to communicate with the dead.
The real war in New Orleans began after the Civil War ended. The conquered city became a free zone for former slaves, but the transition to a peacetime economy ran head-long into the identity crusade of the defeated South, providing the foundation for white supremacy and the “lost cause” mythology.
The Time of Jazz
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

Jazz began as a story of the city in church and parades, a performance narrative countering that of the Lost Cause. A chorus of various instruments with vocal-like warmth, jazz offered moderate, relaxed tempos to which people could dance or march, even in a hot climate.
Jazz rose from working class roots to popularity with the elite. Some jazz songs satirized issues in the city. Brass bands flourished in towns near New Orleans, and the bands often played funerals for prominent people and benevolent society members. Influential jazz and ragtime musicians included John Robichaux, Buddy Bolden, Paul Barbain, Kid Ory, Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, Manuel Perez, Lorenzo Tio, and James Brown Humphrey.
A white redemption narrative also grew during this time. A large white-unity event happened in 1889 in the form of the funeral of Jefferson Davis, who died in New Orleans. African American funeral processions faced pushback from whites. In 1903, Pope Pius X banned bands from playing in church except in special circumstances. As Catholic churches fell into line, black Creole musicians from Catholic families played funerals in other churches as the burial tradition spread.
Sicilians in the Meld
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

69,937 Italians, mostly from Sicily, arrived in New Orleans between 1898 and 1929. A culture of close families, loyal to the Church and one another, gave birth to a Sicilian ghetto in the Vieux Caré backstreets. Public opinion turned against Sicilians after police chief David C. Hennessy’s assassination in 1890. Joe Macheca and members of the Provenzano and Matranga clans were arrested but acquitted. In retaliation, a mob stormed the prison where the defendants were held and killed 11 people, including Macheca.
Prostitution was rampant in late 19th-century New Orleans. In 1897, patrician alderman Sydney Story passed an ordinance that confined prostitution to a 16-square block area in lower Tremé. The “District”, also known as “Storyville”, flourished into a vibrant community where men and women of all classes, races, and ethnicities mingled intimately, casually, and continuously. Black musicians like Jelly Roll Morton and Joe Oliver gained venues in the bordellos.
Jazz musicians began to leave New Orleans in the early 20th century, making successful careers for themselves across America. Among these were Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, and the Original Dixieland Jazz Band. Jazz entered the vocabulary of America, and, despite disdain from some, jazz became popular with the elite.
The Last Days of Danny Barker
Authors: Berry Jason
Published: September 2019

Danny Barker was a musician, writer, and storyteller who reveled in narration: written, sung, or spoken. He grew up in a storied family of New Orleans music. Four of Danny’s uncles were musicians, and Danny himself worked at a dime-a-dance place. He courted Louisa Dupont, a Tremé-born Creole, when he was eighteen and she was thirteen. They married three years later in 1930.
Well-paying gigs in New Orleans were evaporating during the Great Depression, so Danny and Louisa went to live with Danny’s uncle, Paul Barbarin, and his friend, Red Allen, in New York. Danny found success as a musician, writer, and songwriter, and learned the art of storytelling from his role model Jelly Roll Morton. Louisa, taking on the stage name Blue Lu, made a name for herself as a singer. The couple had a daughter, Sylvia. The two eventually moved back to New Orleans.
Danny died on March 13, 1994. He had told Louisa that he didn’t want a jazz funeral, feeling that burial parades were getting too wild, but his band members and friends persuaded her otherwise. The 1994 funeral parade for Danny was among the most beautiful in recent memory.
Light absorption properties and potential sources of particulate brown carbon in the Pearl River Delta region of China
Authors: Li Zhujie , Tan Haobo , Zheng Jun , Liu Li , Qin Yiming , Wang Nan , Li Fei , Li Yongjie , Cai Mingfu , Ma Yan , Chan Chak K.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Brown carbon (BrC) is a special type of organic aerosol (OA), capable of
absorbing solar radiation from near-ultraviolet (UV) to visible wavelengths,
which may lead to an increased aerosol radiative effect in the atmosphere.
While high concentrations of OAs have been observed in the Pearl River Delta
(PRD) region of China, the optical properties and corresponding radiative
forcing of BrC in the PRD are still not well understood. In this work, we
conducted a set of comprehensive measurements of atmospheric particulate
matter from 29 November 2014 to 2 January 2015 to investigate aerosol
compositions, optical properties, source origins, and radiative forcing
effects at a suburban station in Guangzhou. The particle absorption
Ångström exponent (AAE) was deduced and utilized to distinguish
light absorption by BrC from that by black carbon (BC). The results showed
that the average absorption contributions of BrC were 34.1±8.0 % at
370 nm, 23.7±7.3 % at 470 nm, 16.0±6.7 % at 520 nm,
13.0±5.4 % at 590 nm, and 8.7±4.3 % at 660 nm. A
sensitivity analysis of the evaluation of the absorption Ångström
exponent of BC (AAEBC) was conducted based on the Mie theory
calculation assuming that the BC-containing aerosol was mixed with the
core–shell and external configurations. The corresponding uncertainty in
AAEBC was acquired. We found that variations in the imaginary
refractive index (RI) of the BC core can significantly affect the estimation
of AAEBC. However, AAEBC was relatively less sensitive to the real
part of the RI of the BC core and was least sensitive to the real part of
the RI of the non-light-absorbing shell. BrC absorption was closely related
to aerosol potassium cation content (K+), a common tracer of biomass
burning emissions, which was most likely associated with straw burning in
the rural area of the western PRD. Diurnal variation in BrC absorption
revealed that primary organic aerosols had a larger BrC absorption capacity
than secondary organic aerosols (SOAs). Radiative transfer simulations
showed that BrC absorption may cause 2.3±1.8 W m−2 radiative
forcing at the top of the atmosphere (TOA) and contribute to 15.8±4.4 % of the aerosol warming effect. A chart was constructed to
conveniently assess the BrC radiative forcing efficiency in the studied area
with reference to certain aerosol single-scattering albedo (SSA) and BrC
absorption contributions at various wavelengths. Evidently, the BrC
radiative forcing efficiency was higher at shorter wavelengths.
Water-soluble iron correlation to primary speciated organics in low-emitting vehicle exhaust
Authors: Salazar Joseph R. , Cartledge Benton T. , Haynes John P. , York-Marini Rachel , Robinson Allen L. , Drozd Greg T. , Goldstein Allen H. , Fakra Sirine C. , Majestic Brian J.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Iron is the most abundant transition element in airborne PM, primarily existing as Fe(II) or Fe(III). Generally, the fraction of water-soluble iron is greater in urban areas compared to areas dominated by crustal emissions. To better understand the origin of water-soluble iron in urban areas, tail-pipe emission samples were collected from 32 vehicles with emission certifications of Tier 0, low emission vehicles (LEV I), tier two low emission vehicles (LEV II), ultralow emission vehicles (ULEV), superultra-low emission vehicles (SULEV), and partial-zero emission vehicles (PZEV). Components quantified included gases, inorganic ions, EC/OC, total metals and water-soluble metals. In addition, naphthalene and various classes of C12–C18 intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOC) were quantified for a subset of vehicles: aliphatic, single ring aromatic (SRA), and polar (material not classified as either aliphatic or SRA). Iron solubility in the tested vehicles ranged from 0–82 % (average = 30 %). X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy showed that Fe(III) was the primary oxidation state in 14 of the 16 tested vehicles, confirming that the presence of Fe(II) was not the main driver of water-soluble Fe. Correlation of water-soluble iron to sulfate was insignificant, as was correlation to every chemical component, except to naphthalene and some C12–C18 IVOCs with R2 values as high as 0.56. A controlled benchtop study confirmed that naphthalene, alone, increases iron solubility from soils by a factor of 5.5 and that oxidized naphthalene species are created in the extract solution. These results suggest that the large driver in water-soluble iron from primary vehicle tail-pipe emissions is related to the organic composition of the PM, indicating the organic fraction of the PM influences the behavior and solubility of iron.
Use of spectral cloud emissivities and their related uncertainties to infer ice cloud boundaries: methodology and assessment using CALIPSO cloud products
Authors: Kim Hye-Sil , Baum Bryan A. , Choi Yong-Sang
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Satellite-imager-based operational cloud property
retrievals generally assume that a cloudy pixel can be treated as being
plane-parallel with horizontally homogeneous properties. This assumption can
lead to high uncertainties in cloud heights, particularly for the case of
optically thin, but geometrically thick, clouds composed of ice particles.
This study demonstrates that ice cloud emissivity uncertainties can be used
to provide a reasonable range of ice cloud layer boundaries, i.e., the
minimum to maximum heights. Here ice cloud emissivity uncertainties are
obtained for three IR channels centered at 11, 12, and 13.3 µm. The
range of cloud emissivities is used to infer a range of ice cloud
temperature and heights, rather than a single value per pixel as provided by
operational cloud retrievals. Our methodology is tested using MODIS
observations over the western North Pacific Ocean during August 2015. We
estimate minimum–maximum heights for three cloud regimes, i.e.,
single-layered optically thin ice clouds, single-layered optically thick
ice clouds, and multilayered clouds. Our results are assessed through
comparison with CALIOP version 4 cloud products for a total of 11873 pixels.
The cloud boundary heights for single-layered optically thin clouds show
good agreement with those from CALIOP; biases for maximum (minimum) heights
versus the cloud-top (base) heights of CALIOP are 0.13 km (−1.01 km). For
optically thick and multilayered clouds, the biases of the estimated cloud
heights from the cloud top or cloud base become larger (0.30/−1.71 km, 1.41/−4.64 km). The vertically resolved boundaries for ice clouds can contribute new
information for data assimilation efforts for weather prediction and
radiation budget studies. Our method is applicable to measurements provided
by most geostationary weather satellites including the GK-2A advanced
multichannel infrared imager.
High-resolution signal-in-space measurements of VHF omnidirectional ranges using UAS
Authors: Schrader Thorsten , Bredemeyer Jochen , Mihalachi Marius , Ulm David , Kleine-Ostmann Thomas , Stupperich Christoph , Sandmann Sergei , Garbe Heyno
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In this paper, we describe measurement results of the
signal-in-space of very high frequency (VHF) omnidirectional range (VOR)
facilities. In aviation VOR are used to display the current course of the
aircraft in the cockpit. To understand the influence of wind turbines (WT)
on the signal integrity of terrestrial navigation and radar signals, the
signal content and its changes, respectively, must be investigated. So far,
only numerical simulations have been carried out on the frequency-modulation
(FM) part of the Doppler-VOR (DVOR) signal to estimate the influence of WT
on DVOR. Up to now, the amplitude-modulated (AM) part of the DVOR was not
assessed at all. In 2016, we presented an unmanned aerial system (UAS) as a
carrier for state-of-the-art radio-frequency (RF) measurement
instrumentation (Schrader et al., 2016a, c; Bredemeyer et al., 2016), to measure and to record the true signal-in-space
(both FM and AM signal) during the flight. The signal-in-space (which refers
to time-resolved signal content and field strength, respectively) is
measured and sampled without loss of information and, furthermore,
synchronously stored with time stamp and with precise position in space,
where the measurements were taken.
A low complexity digital frequency calibration with high jitter immunity for ultra-low-power oscillators
Authors: Scholl Markus , Wunderlich Ralf , Heinen Stefan
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This paper presents a highly efficient digital frequency calibration method for ultra-low-power oscillators in wireless communication systems.
This calibration method locks the ultra-low-power oscillator's output frequency to the reference clock of the wireless transceiver during its send- and receive-state to achieve frequency stability over process variation and temperature drifts.
The introduced calibration scheme offers high jitter immunity and short locking periods overcoming frequency calibration errors for typical ultra-low-power oscillator's by utilizing non-linear segmented feedback levels.
In measurements the proposed calibration method improves the frequency stability of an ultra-low-power 32 kHz oscillator from 53 to 10 ppm ∘C−1 over a wide temperature range for temperature drifts of less than 1 ∘C s−1 with an estimated power consumption of 185 nW while coping with relocking periods of 7 ms.
Analysis of an Iterative Approach to Determine the Current on the Straight Infinite Wire Above Ground
Authors: Middelstaedt Felix , Tkachenko Sergey V. , Vick Ralf
Published: September 2019

Abstract. An iterative approach which was recently applied to approximate the reflection
and scattering coefficients of transmission line ports is analyzed. The
iterative solution for the current on an infinite wire above ground is
compared to the exact solution. The example is chosen since it is one of the
few problems where an exact solution exists. The wire is excited by a lumped
voltage source or a plane wave. The convergence of the iterative approach is
shown. It can be concluded that the zeroth iteration, which is the classical
transmission line solution, coincides with the general transverse
electromagnetic mode. Furthermore, it is shown that the first iteration is a
very good approximation of the radiation and leaky modes, that occur in the
close neighborhood around the lumped source.
Tidal wind shear observed by meteor radar and comparison with sporadic E occurrence rates based on GPS radio occultation observations
Authors: Jacobi Christoph , Arras Christina
Published: September 2019

Abstract. We analyze tidal (diurnal, semidiurnal, terdiurnal, quarterdiurnal) phases
and related wind shear in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere as observed by
meteor radar over Collm (51.3∘ N, 13.0∘ E). The wind shear phases are
compared with those of sporadic E (Es) occurrence rates, which were
derived from GPS radio occultation signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) profiles
measured by the COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 satellites. At middle latitudes Es are
mainly produced by wind shear, which, in the presence of a horizontal
component of the Earth's magnetic field, leads to ion convergence in the region
where the wind shear is negative. Consequently, we find good correspondence
between radar derived wind shear and Es phases for the semidiurnal,
terdiurnal, and quarterdiurnal tidal components. The diurnal tidal wind
shear, however, does not correspond to the Es diurnal signal.
D region observations by VHF and HF radars during a rocket campaign at Andøya dedicated to investigations of PMWE
Authors: Latteck Ralph , Renkwitz Toralf , Strelnikov Boris
Published: September 2019

Abstract. In April 2018 the PMWE1 sounding rocket campaign was conducted at the Andøya Space Center involving coordinated measurements with rockets and ground instruments to measure parameters relevant for testing of the existing theories of polar mesospheric winter echo (PMWE) formation. The Middle Atmosphere Alomar Radar System (MAARSY) was operated to detect PMWE with multiple beam directions to detect favorable launch conditions. A dedicated experiment configuration with five different beam positions was used to point the radar beam along the planned trajectory of the payload. This special radar experiment allowed to obtain basic information about the spatial structure of the PMWE and its dynamical behavior around the flight of the two rockets. PMWE with signal strengths between 10−17 and 10−15 m−1 have been observed by MAARSY during the whole campaign period, starting with a moderate occurrence at the beginning which decreased towards the end of the campaign. Furthermore real common-volume observations by rocket instruments and radar soundings have been carried out at PMWE altitudes on up-leg and down-leg of the rocket flights. The Saura MF radar was operated during both flights probing the mesosphere with a multiple beam scan experiment to derive horizontal winds and electron density profiles. The obtained PMWE characteristics as signal strength and spectral width of the received radar signals as well as estimated horizontal winds and electron densities are presented with particular emphasis to the launch times of the sounding rockets.
Multilayered Transmission Lines on Quasi-planar Substrates With Anisotropic Medium
Authors: Kamra Veenu , Dreher Achim
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This paper exhibits the extension of the discrete mode matching (DMM) method to analyze conformal structures with anisotropy. It represents a simple formalism as a basis to analyze multilayered structures with quasi-planar anisotropic dielectric layers. The dyadic Green's function is then calculated using a full-wave equivalent circuit (FWEC) of the structure, where each layer is represented with the hybrid block consisting of the tangential field components. The application is demonstrated by computing propagation constants for partially filled quasi-planar waveguides and microstrip lines with isotropic, uniaxial and biaxial anisotropic dielectrics.
Signal degradation through sediments on safety-critical radar sensors
Authors: Ehrnsperger Matthias G. , Siart Uwe , Moosbühler Michael , Daporta Emil , Eibert Thomas F.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. This paper focusses on a transmission line (TL) based model which allows to
investigate the impact of multilayered obstructions in the propagating path
of a radar signal at different distances and in combination with
disturbances. Those disturbances can be water, snow, ice, and foliage at
different densities, temperatures, positions, with a given thickness and
layer combination. For the evaluation of the detectability of objects, the
impulse response of the system can be obtained. Investigations employing
state-of-the-art radar hardware confirm the consistency of theoretical and
experimental results for 24 and 77 GHz. The analysis in this paper supports
testing the specifications for radar systems, before carrier frequency and
antenna layout are finally decided. Thereby, the radar system parameters can
be adjusted toward employed carrier frequency, bandwidth, required
sensitivity, antenna and amplifier gain. Since automotive standards define
operational environmental conditions such as temperature, rain rate, and
layer thickness, these parameters can be included and adapted. A novel
optimisation methodology for radomes is presented which allows to boost the
dynamic range by almost 6 dB with presence of a worst-case cover layer of
water. The findings can be utilised to properly design radar systems for
automotive applications in autonomous driving, in which other vulnerable road
users have to be protected under all circumstances.
Minimal dynamical systems model of the Northern Hemisphere jet stream via embedding of climate data
Authors: Faranda Davide , Sato Yuzuru , Messori Gabriele , Moloney Nicholas R. , Yiou Pascal
Published: September 2019

Abstract. We derive a minimal dynamical systems model for the Northern Hemisphere midlatitude jet dynamics by embedding atmospheric data and by investigating its properties (bifurcation structure, stability, local dimensions) for different atmospheric flow regimes. The derivation is a three-step process: first, we obtain a 1-D description of the midlatitude jet stream by computing the position of the jet at each longitude using ERA-Interim. Next, we use the embedding procedure to derive a map of the local jet position dynamics. Finally, we introduce the coupling and stochastic effects deriving from both atmospheric turbulence and topographic disturbances to the jet. We then analyze the dynamical properties of the model in different regimes: one that gives the closest representation of the properties extracted from real data; one featuring a stronger jet (strong coupling); one featuring a weaker jet (weak coupling); and one with modified topography. Our model, notwithstanding its simplicity, provides an instructive description of the dynamical properties of the atmospheric jet.