bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individualization and Collectivization in Contexts of Organized Criminal Violence
Authors: Kalmanovitz Pablo , Bradley Miriam
Published: January 2024

Most lethal violence now occurs outside of war zones. In Latin America, countries like Brazil, Mexico, El Salvador, and Colombia have often had yearly homicide rates far exceeding those in Afghanistan or Syria. The use of military force or militarized police has become widespread in such contexts, although they do not meet the international humanitarian law (IHL) thresholds for non-international armed conflict (NIAC) and formally fall under a law enforcement paradigm, where international human rights law (IHRL) applies in full. Through a case of study of Mexico’s ‘war on organized crime’, Pablo Kalmanovitz and Miriam Bradley show how the qualification of a situation of organized violence as NIAC or as below the NIAC threshold has major implications for how individualization processes operate. Starting from an IHRL baseline, processes of collectivization are identified and analysed in reverse analogy with processes of individualization in armed conflicts. The authors find that, while collectivization takes place in contexts of organized criminal violence, there is no international legal framework to underpin it, and consequently not the same level of protection as there is in war. Their analysis sheds light on the structure of processes of individualization in contexts of armed conflict, as it shows how much of the individualization process in armed conflicts is not a move towards peacetime regulation of violence under IHRL.
Exploring Visitor Expectations and Experiences of Conflict and Transitional Justice Exhibitions in Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Esteban Nancy Rocío Rueda
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the ways in which memory can serve the reconstructive goals of transitional justice in Colombia. While isolated exhibitions have emerged, a consolidated exhibition of transitional justice has not yet been developed in the country. Colombia currently has no dedicated museum that comprehensively deals with Colombia’s violent past and the peace processes that are underway. This leaves a notable void by failing to memorialise the complex web of violent events in the country. The exhibitions that do exist record specific examples of regional violence and represent a specific construction of memory processes that are limited to specific territories. Parallel to the South African chapter, this empirical research was conducted in two different museums: the Museo Nacional de Colombia in Bogotá, and the Centre of Memory, Peace and Reconciliation of Bogotá. The research comprised a quantitative and qualitative survey of visitor expectations and experiences when they visited these museums. Based on this research, the chapter seeks to interrogate the expectations and experiences of visitors to these exhibitions. Flowing from these findings, the author reflects on the need for museums in furthering transitional justice. This chapter shows that the establishment of a museum—dedicated to the twin purposes of memorialising the Colombian conflict and deepening an understanding of the consequent peace processes—could play an important educative role in the transitional justice context and, in so doing, facilitate a deeper process of societal healing for posterity.
Forced Displacement and Social Change Light and Shadows in the Implementation of the Judgment T-025 of 2004
Authors: Beltrán Andrés Mauricio Gutiérrez
Published: January 2024

This chapter analyses the successes and failures in the implementation of the Constitutional Court’s Judgment T-025 of 2004. In its decision, the Court declared that the situation of the internally displaced people that fled their homes due to the armed conflict in Colombia constituted an ‘unconstitutional state of affairs’. This judgment is the most ambitious judicial intervention ever to have been carried out in Latin America in its attempt to restore the human rights of millions of people. It has also required considerable effort on the part of the government in addressing the conditions of displaced persons. This chapter argues that the judgment’s effectiveness should, however, be assessed according to a perspective that focuses on the real changes in the living conditions of the victims. When viewed from this perspective, the changes in the circumstances of the victims have been limited. As a result, the chapter questions the Court’s ability to promote social change independently of political support. In this regard, the chapter underlines the necessity of combining social rights litigation with political mobilisation in order to bring about real social transformation, as envisaged in the Constitution.
South Africa and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Roux Mispa
Published: January 2024

In terms of international criminal law, an erga omnes obligation is imposed on the international community as a whole to prosecute perpetrators of international crimes. The values underpinning transitional justice recognise that for some states emerging from decades of systematic gross human rights violations, it may initially be necessary to establish peace before criminal accountability. However, prosecutions should not be relinquished in its entirety. This chapter begins by considering South Africa’s negotiated settlement in the early 1990s, where the explicit decision was made not to prosecute apartheid as a crime against humanity. Instead, the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) was established which was empowered to grant amnesty to perpetrators in return for full disclosure of their crimes. The process was developed before the advent of the International Criminal Court (ICC). More recently, South Africa has expressed the intention to withdraw from membership of the ICC on the grounds that the inability to grant immunity from prosecutions hampers South Africa’s peacebuilding efforts on the African continent. This chapter argues that this decision continues a legacy of overlooking the erga omnes obligation to prosecute international crimes by prioritising peace, and that this approach is fundamentally flawed.
Colombia and the International Criminal Court
Authors: Silva Santaularia Natalia
Published: January 2024

The Special Jurisdiction for Peace established in Colombia after the 2016 Peace Agreement with FARC-EP has revealed the virtues of the decision of the International Criminal Court (ICC) to avoid opening a formal investigation in the country. This chapter focuses on the idea that transitional justice contexts allow a positive understanding of the principle of complementarity and seeks to demonstrate how the ICC can work together with a state to achieve a long-lasting peace after an armed conflict. The chapter first outlines the use of a preliminary investigation mechanism as a means adopted by the Office of the Prosecutor (OTP) of the ICC to provide input into the transitional justice processes and peace negotiations in Colombia. It then examines a remarkable moment in which the OTP submitted observations about the Colombian laws that established the framework relating to the Special Jurisdiction for Peace after the invitation of the Colombian Constitutional Court. The chapter highlights areas where the Court accepted the inputs of the OTP but also where it diverged. As well as explaining these differences, the chapter argues for the desirability of a margin of discretion for national authorities in implementing international criminal law. The chapter ends with reflections on how the principle of positive complementarity has played out in Colombia and how it has now ushered in a new era with the signing of a cooperation agreement between the OTP and the government of Colombia in October 2021.
Claim Form
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter focuses on the process of filing the claim form for employment tribunals. The claim form, which is known as an ‘ET1’, can be obtained online or from any local office of the Employment Tribunals Service. There are pre-acceptance procedures where a claim form is vetted to ensure that a claimant has supplied the required information. The chapter discusses the features and required information to input in the aforementioned claim forms. The prescribed form reminds claimants to read the guidance notes and that items marked with an asterisk are mandatory. The chapter also mentions that no fees are payable by a claimant to lodge an employment tribunal claim since July 2017.
Case Management
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses how tribunals' power and procedures enable case management of proceedings with a view to managing costs. It also cites how tribunals can allocate a proportionate amount of court resources, ensure cases are heard in a reasonable time, and seek a just result. Moreover, applications for case management orders may be dealt with by written submissions without a hearing. However, if a hearing is needed, applications are generally dealt with by a judge alone at a preliminary hearing. The chapter elaborates on the sanctions for a party's non-compliance with the rule or order of the judge or tribunal.
Interim Applications: Striking Out and Other Preliminary Issues
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

This chapter cites that preliminary hearings for case management primarily deal with striking out, deposit orders, and other preliminary issues. A preliminary hearing is designed to consider case management orders and determine preliminary issues, such as any substantive issues which may determine liability. Moreover, a judge sitting alone or a full tribunal can hold preliminary hearings following its initial consideration under the Employment Tribunal Rules of Procedure 2013 (ETR 2013). The chapter elaborates on ETR 2013's Rule 38, wherein a judge's 'unless' order is a conditional judgement and there is no discretion to do other than confirm a claim's dismissal or non-compliance response. It then discusses how a judge delivers an order in a preliminary hearing that a party pay a deposit as a condition of continuing to advance any specific allegation or argument.
Tax and Termination Payments and Employment Tribunal Awards
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

An outline of the basic structure of employee taxation. The taxation of payments made in connection with the termination of employment including the taxation of payments in lieu of notice. The taxation of benefits received in connection with termination. The correct approach to determining the application of tax and when the £30,000 tax relief applies. The HMRC approach to restrictive covenants and their variation under settlement agreements. The tax treatment of redundancy payments. The tax treatment of Employment Tribunal awards and damages for wrongful dismissal. The specific tax treatment of unfair dismissal awards, unlawful deduction from wages and unlawful discrimination awards. The tax treatment of Settlement Agreements compromising employment claims.
Insolvency and Employment Law
Authors: Mansfield Gavin , Banerjee Lydia
Published: January 2024

An outline of the forms of modern insolvency and their impact on the contract of employment. The key differences between liquidation and Administration. Insolvency as a bar to bringing claims and the requirement for permission. Employee preferential debts in insolvency. Guaranteed debts for employees, guaranteed from the National Insurance Fund and administered by the Redundancy Payments Office. Pension entitlements in insolvency. Transfer of Undertakings and insolvency. The application of TUPE to employees in an insolvency and Regulation 8. The different approach to insolvency proceedings initiated with a view to the liquidation of a corporate entity and Administration. Variation of terms and conditions in a insolvency situation under Regulation 9.
How Many People Does It Take to Make a Dollar?
Authors: Dick David G.
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that there is a non-arbitrary threshold number of people required to create money, and that contrary to what one might imagine, this threshold number is not large: it is only two. Two is the minimum threshold number because the elements required for the creation of money can be instantiated when there are no more than two people. This might seem to imply that there is no difference between a major currency such as the US dollar and an obscure cryptocurrency that is accepted by only two people. However, such a conclusion does not follow. While ontologically on par, the two currencies may not be equally good money. We should distinguish between the ontological requirements for money and the normative standards that we may want money to meet.
Are Financial Markets Epistemically Efficient?
Authors: Herzog Lisa
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses under what conditions financial markets can be expected to be “epistemically efficient” in the sense of providing undistorted and relevant information about the real economy. While the mainstream of financial economics assumes automatic epistemic efficiency through arbitrage—famously expressed in the “efficient market hypothesis”—heterodox economists and economic sociologists describe a variety of reasons for being skeptical about this hypothesis. The new emerging synthesis under the label of “adaptive markets” holds that financial markets can, but need not be, epistemically efficient. This chapter argues that regulatory measures that minimize behavior driven by emotions, reduce the blind reliance on metrics, and prevent conflicts of interest can improve the epistemic efficiency of financial markets by reducing some sources of systematic distortion. But to align financial markets with epistemic aims that are worth pursuing from a broader societal perspective, reforms in other parts of the economic system are also needed.
Is the Pursuit of Money Incompatible with Morality?
Authors: Walsh Adrian
Published: January 2024

In this chapter, the Incompatibility Thesis, according to which morality and the pursuit of profit are mutually exclusive, is explored and critically evaluated via an analysis of relevant historical and contemporary writings on the moral status of the market. The focus is on the profit motive and its role in the working lives of economic agents, especially within the financial sector. The key thesis of the chapter is that although the profit motive can drive agents towards unethical ends, it need not necessarily do so. We should not think of it as a single motive. In the chapter, a number of different profit motivational sets are outlined, some of which it is argued are compatible with morally permissible ends. The significance of these distinctions for financial ethics is central to the discussion in the chapter.
Virtue Theory and the Ethics of Finance
Authors: Walsh Kate Padgett , Pithan Nolan
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues for the relevance of two distinct virtue theoretic approaches to the ethics of finance today. First, virtue theory can be employed to assess the behavior of those engaged with finance in terms of the presence or absence of virtuous character traits such as honesty, moderation, and empathy. Second, virtue theory can be employed to evaluate the complex forms of activity that constitute finance in terms of how those activities contribute to or impede human flourishing in society more broadly. These two approaches, each of which emphasizes distinct dimensions of engagement with finance, can be fruitfully integrated to generate nuanced assessments of both individual behavior within finance and forms of financial activity more broadly.
Bitcoins Left and Right
Authors: Sandberg Joakim , Lindblom Lars
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses the justification of Bitcoin from the perspective of political philosophy. Bitcoin is a form of digital money that is not tied to a central bank or government and that primarily facilitates anonymous economic transactions on the internet. The chapter suggests that the Bitcoin movement to a large extent has been driven by a libertarian framework, stressing the right of individuals to choose their own means of transaction without government interference or oversight. However, it argues that the libertarian case ultimately is unconvincing. A better case for Bitcoin can be formulated by using an egalitarian framework, more specifically, concerns about unequal distribution of power and resources. In the end, however, the chapter makes the claim that the justification also must depend on the political and economic context, and that this seems to speak against the use of Bitcoin in reasonably well-ordered societies.
The better chance puzzle
Authors: Roberts M. A.
Published: January 2024

A better chance of existence sometimes converts an otherwise wrong choice into a permissible choice. Consider, for example, a fertility treatment that mildly adversely affects any child whose chances of existence are improved by that treatment. But if the better chance of existence can make things better, doesn’t the actual fact of existence also make things better? Doesn’t the “hard mathematical logic” of taking probabilities into account entail that the basic existential intuition is false? This chapter argues that it doesn’t. In addition, it’s proposed that the troubled concept of expected value gives way to the concept of probable value. Either way, the principle faces extremely challenging probabilistic forms of the nonidentity problem (Parfit’s depletion case, historical injustice cases, Kavka’s pleasure pill case). In response, this chapter identifies a fallacy (the nonidentity fallacy) that has long tricked theorists into abandoning—in trying to abandon—the deeply held, widely shared, basic existential intuition.
The work of the performer
Authors: Rink John
Published: January 2024

Following on from the discussion of performer identity in chapter 2, the third chapter proposes the complementary view that what performers do has significant implications for music’s very content, how it takes shape, and how it is perceived and understood. Thus, the work of the performer is shown to define, or at least influence, the ontology of the musical work. This leads to consideration of the musical narrative – one of the book’s key concepts – and of performance conception and perception as seen through the lens of additional theoretical literature. The eventual conclusions are probed in a case study describing the author’s experience in performing a piece by Rachmaninoff (Prelude in G♭ major Op. 23 No. 10); it addresses the role of physical embodiment in shaping the musical narrative underlying the performance, while also highlighting the relation of that narrative to the musical work being performed.
The Resilience of Parliamentary Politics in Kuwait
Authors: Freer Courtney
Published: January 2024

The Resilience of Parliamentary Politics in Kuwait: Rentierism, Ideology, and Mobilization is the first English language political history of the Kuwaiti parliament. It also provides the first holistic treatment of grassroots contemporary Kuwaiti politics in English in over two decades, incorporating the country’s political dynamics into broader debates about the limits of authoritarianism and the practice of democracy in the Arab world, particularly in oil-wealthy states. This book uses the lens of parliamentary elections as a means of understanding the political ideologies that have influenced Kuwaiti politics and mobilization since independence. As such, it situates the dynamics of Kuwaiti politics within broader political science debates about whether democratic institutions in “hybrid regimes” are meaningful arenas for popular contestation or serve only to enhance autocratic rule. Given the varying portrayals of Kuwait as robust authoritarianism, “upgraded” authoritarianism, or a noteworthy site of democratic participation, this book focuses on the ideologies that have mobilized political blocs, rather than solely on the institutions of political power themselves. The book also assesses and examines the institutional setting that Kuwait presents and traces the dominant ideological strands in the country, as well as considering the comparative mobilizational potential of ascriptive identities like tribe and sect. The book includes extensive fieldwork and the use of Arabic and English primary sources.
The 2010s
Authors: Freer Courtney
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the period during which Arab Spring–inspired protests occurred in Kuwait and the state’s response. This response included various dissolutions of parliament, the stripping of opposition members of their citizenship, and a number of political arrests. The chapter also covers the opposition’s response through protesting and coordinated electoral boycott. The chapter analyzes elections held in 2012, 2013, 2016, 2020, 2022, and 2023 and assesses ways in which repeated parliamentary elections have changed both the political opposition and the relationship between the parliament and cabinet. The chapter takes the book’s discussion up to the current day, concluding with the dissolution of parliament in April 2023, followed by the second elections in under a year, in June 2023.
Candrakīrti's Introduction to the Middle Way
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: January 2024

Candrakīrti’s “Introduction to the Middle Way” (Madhyamakāvatāra) is a central work of Buddhist philosophy for two reasons. First, it provides an introduction to Madhyamaka, one of the three major philosophical schools of Buddhist thought (the other two being Abhidharma and Yogācāra). Second, within Madhyamaka, Candrakīrti’s text occupies a very prominent role. This is primarily due to its enormous influence in Tibet, where Candrakīrti’s work became the main entry-point into the study of Madhyamaka thought and constitutes one of the five texts of the curriculum of the dGe lugs pa school. While the historical importance of the “Introduction to the Middle Way” for understanding a major section of Buddhist thought is evident, what makes it particularly interesting for students is the role it plays as an “introduction.” It is one of Candrakīrti’s earlier works and precedes his extensive commentary on the foundational text of the Madhyamaka school, Nāgārjuna’s “Fundamental Verses on the Middle Way” (Mūlamadhyamakakārikā). The aim of this book is to act as a guide to the philosophically interested reader of the “Introduction to the Middle Way.” The commentary will focus on the philosophical content of the text, using Candrakīrti’s autocommentary as the main explicatory resource.
Commentary
Authors: Westerhoff Jan
Published: January 2024

The commentary explicates the meaning of each individual verse of Candrakīrti’s text, with a focus on explaining the systematic coherence of Candrakīrti’s argument, guided by the focus presented in Candrakīrti’s autocommentary. This section also presents occasional references to later commentarial literature or modern philosophical developments in cases where these are likely to further clarify the meaning of the text to its intended audience. However, the overall focus of our exposition is an explanation of the dialectical mechanics and philosophical contents of Candrakīrti’s arguments, not the rich history of divergent scholastic exegeses of Candrakīrti’s work. Bibliographical references point readers interested in pursuing this to some of the most useful resources accessible in English.
SuperCollider for the Creative Musician
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

In SuperCollider for the Creative Musician: A Practical Guide, Eli Fieldsteel condenses fifteen years of professional experience with music composition, sound design, and audio programming into a comprehensive and approachable tutorial that guides the reader through the process of creating complete musical compositions in SuperCollider, a free and open-source programming language for sound synthesis and algorithmic composition. Written with both beginner and intermediate users in mind, the book begins with an introduction to the fundamentals, covers a wide range of creative techniques, and concludes with detailed strategies for assembling, navigating, and performing musical compositions, enabling the reader to confidently make the transition from scattered code snippets to large-scale creative works. Topics include waveform synthesis, sampling, granular synthesis, sequencing, signal processing, external control, graphical user interfaces, code structures for linear and nonlinear compositions, and live coding. The book is further augmented by an extensive collection of downloadable code examples hosted on a companion website, intended to clarify chapter topics in greater detail and provide opportunities for immediate hands-on learning and experimentation. SuperCollider for the Creative Musician: A Practical Guide is an essential resource for students, composers, and practitioners who fall anywhere on the spectrum between musician and programmer, for teachers looking to incorporate audio coding into the music classroom, or for anyone excited about using code to create innovative musical projects.
Considerations for Large-Scale Projects
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

One of the biggest issues that new and intermediate SuperCollider users often confront involves making the transition from scattered chunks of code to a unified and robust code structure for large-scale musical projects that can be navigated, debugged, rehearsed, and performed with ease. Due to the fundamental separation between the SuperCollider language and audio server, assembling individual pieces of code into a unified program has the potential to introduce unexpected problems and pitfalls. This chapter introduces a collection of general tips and strategies relevant to the process of building any sort of large-scale project in SuperCollider and also marks the beginning of the final part of this book, centered on “putting it all together.” Topics include scheduling actions that automatically occur after the server boots, synchronous/asynchronous commands, initialization/clean-up functions, using the startup file, and distributing a project across multiple code files.
A State-Based Structure
Authors: Fieldsteel Eli
Published: January 2024

This chapter utilizes SuperCollider's algorithmic tools to explore nonlinear approaches for large-scale musical composition, specifically those in which musical actions can occur in any order and any combination. It is possible to envision a musical work as being composed of individual sound-generating “modules” that can be activated or deactivated at will, and a particular combination of active modules can be collectively considered to be a “state.” This chapter explores simple states, and also composite states made up of multiple modules. In addition, the chapter examines how patterns, one-shot sounds, and signal processing effects can be integrated into a state-based composition. The performance of a state-based work can be manually controlled via code evaluation or by using a GUI, but it is also possible to automate a performance by playing a routine and using algorithmic decision-making processes, such as those provided by Markov chains.
Spectacular Listening
Authors: McDaniel Byrd
Published: January 2024

How do people turn listening into a musical performance? Through a series of compelling case studies, Byrd McDaniel offers “spectacular listening” as a concept that explains the pervasive appeal of translating music consumption into a public practice, in a book that encompasses air guitar competitions, lip-syncing apps, podcasts, music memes, reaction videos, video platforms, and attention-grabbing content creators. Through a series of mixed methods from ethnomusicology and media studies, this book investigates the way digital platforms incentivize people to share their listening with others. Exploring themes related to circulation, vulnerability, accessibility, and reactivity, McDaniel examines how the increasing popularity of these practices challenges dominant listening norms, while focusing in particular on the stakes for listeners with disabilities. He reveals how listening-as-performance can be an opportunity for play, as well as a critical practice that exposes ableism in music institutions, technologies, and discourse.
Tactical Reactions
Authors: McDaniel Byrd
Published: January 2024

Chapter 3 examines popular music-reaction videos as a performance genre. A prevalent form of clickbait content on YouTube, these videos stage reactions to media as a performance of listening, using a response to media to generate a new form of content. This chapter focuses on creators who identify as disabled and non-disabled, in order to emphasize how they variously engage with disability in their reaction videos. It shows how staging a reaction to popular music enables creators to react to and with disability. They perform how their bodies receive and react to media. The chapter offers a broad context for reactive media and then focuses on a particular series of chain reactions to Kodi Lee on America’s Got Talent. McDaniel considers how these videos can offer a form of crip music criticism, challenging some of the exclusions of disability in more conventional music review formats.
The Face of the Nation
Authors: Stephenson Elise
Published: January 2024

International affairs is undergoing fundamental and rapid gendered change, spurred on by shifting social and governance norms and the adoption of explicit feminist foreign policies in some states. In instances, this has resulted in women’s increasing representation at the frontlines of global governance. Yet, progress is marred by women’s continued entrenched underrepresentation in leadership and experiences of challenges that have in cases increased, not decreased, in recent years. Against a background of COVID-19 and cascading crises, a rise in right-wing misogyny and anti-rights backlash, and archaically slow-moving institutions, women remain frequently sidelined, marginalised, undervalued, and overlooked in international affairs. Despite progress, international affairs has a gender problem, and remains one of the worst-performing sectors of the state. After studying women’s leadership and gender relations across four international affairs agencies spanning diplomacy, defence, national security, policing, and intelligence, this book contributes empirical data from the last 30+ years on women’s representation in a leading case context—Australia—to understand the disconnect between pockets of progress and undercurrents of resistance. Australia is a global leader in terms of representation of women and policy supports for gender equality in governance. Yet Australia also demonstrates how deeply gendered, racialized, and heteronormative international institutions remain. Through in-depth interviews with almost 80 global leaders, including with Australia’s first female prime minister, Julia Gillard, and first female foreign minister, Julie Bishop, this book delivers a much-needed intersectional feminist institutionalist approach to trace the evolution of inequalities in international affairs and interrogate why women still remain underrepresented in international affairs.
Which Women Lead International Affairs?
Authors: Stephenson Elise
Published: January 2024

Chapter 5 characterises what the Australian women leaders looked like by exploring the participant demographics and what is known about the representation of different ethnic backgrounds, sexualities, and classes in international affairs. It seeks to give colour and a whole life approach to whom represents the state, also exploring topics such as family and children and the geographic reach and patterns of deployment. Because employment opportunities are unevenly distributed across class, gender, sexuality, (dis)ability, and ethnicity, it would be expected that the participant demographics would expose the gendered (and racialised, and so on) nature of international institutions too. This section will uncover participant demographics with regards to ethnicity, sexuality, class, education, rural and regional upbringing, relationship and familial status, rank, years in service, and (dis)ability. In doing so, it seeks to understand who represents the state internationally, pushing analysis beyond solely gender to the intersectional dynamics of international representation. It also seeks to give life and colour to those interviewed, and prompt reflection on the intersecting ways in which representation is evidenced and discrimination repeats in international affairs.
Using field trips to practice exposure and “mix it up”
Authors: Farrell Nicholas R. , Becker Carolyn Black , Waller Glenn
Published: January 2024

Many exposure skills are learned in the clinic, but that limits their generalizability to the wider environment. It is important to take those skills out into everyday settings and interactions, so that they help the individual to cope regardless of the setting, and to develop a better quality of life. Three forms of exposure are particular foci: food exposure, cue exposure, and body-focused exposure. Each is discussed in terms of how to take them into the real world in order to maximize safety learning and allow the individual to function without their current eating disorder and body image fears.
Contractualism(s)
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

This chapter begins by describing the view of another form of contractualism—Rawlsian contractualism. It argues that there is no formulation of the original position that avoids the non-identity problem and generates plausible principles of intergenerational justice without logical contradictions and/or inconsistencies with the rest of his theory of justice. The chapter then describes and explains the most important elements of Scanlon’s version of contractualism, especially reasonable rejection, and the nature of admissible reasons (i.e., generic, individual, and personal). Finally, it explains what the contractualist approach will need to be particularly aware of when developing a comprehensive theory of intergenerational ethics.
Justification to Future People
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

This chapter describes and defends the claim that when we think about what we owe to each other, we ought to include future people in ‘each other’, despite the existence of some disanalogous properties between the intra- and intergenerational contexts. It then explores what reasons future people might have for rejecting certain principles, and in particular whether a future person’s existence/non-existence constitutes a valid reason for rejecting a principle or a requirement not to reject a principle. My answer to both is no and forms the basis of the contractualist response to the non-identity problem that is also made in this chapter.
Permissible Procreation
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth
Published: January 2024

This chapter argues that current people face relevantly similar considerations when deliberating about permissible distributions to future people as they do with regard to permissible procreation: the quality of life of future people and the sacrifices necessary to produce those people. This chapter argues that it is impermissible to create a child who will have an insufficiently good life when it would take only a small or moderate sacrifice for the parent(s) to prevent it and that parents must create the best possible child—if the worst possible child will have a decent life—if the sacrifice required to do so would be less significant than the anticipated extra quality of life gained.
Social and Political Context
Authors: Cohen Signe
Published: January 2024

Chapter 5 discusses the geographical locations mentioned in the Upaniṣads and suggests where the texts were most likely composed. The chapter goes on to discuss what daily life was like in north India in this time period. What did people eat, what animals kept them company, and what did they do for entertainment? The Upaniṣads contain reflections on family, love, and marriage, but they are particularly concerned with education. The relationship between teachers and students is more important than any other social bond in the texts. How did Upaniṣadic education work, who could become a teacher, and who could become a student?
Modern Friendships
Authors: Sweeney Kelly , Lee Daniel A. , High Andrew C.
Published: January 2024

This chapter explores the influence of using multiple channels of communication technology on modern friendships. The authors examine the effects of integrating multiple channels on relational processes, with a specific focus on supportive communication. Describing how multiple channels and their corresponding affordances shape the maintenance of friendships is a complex task that involves the consideration of affordances, relational characteristics, and aspects of the communicative context (i.e., supportive interactions). This chapter reviews research on contemporary friendships and their use of technology, followed by a consideration of how and why communicating through a variety of channels influences outcomes associated with supporting and maintaining friendships. By synthesizing literature from media multiplexity theory, the communication interdependence perspective, and perceived technological affordances, the authors review the current understanding of how friendships incorporate multiple channels and affordances. In doing so, they propose several theoretical possibilities for how aspects of technology are integrated to achieve intended relational outcomes.
Industrial Twilight?
Authors: Nichols Shaun S.
Published: January 2024

This chapter examines how the expansive prosperity (and subsequent multinationalization) of the Massachusetts economy in the 1960s helped bring about the economic crisis of the 1970s. As newly forged multinational conglomerates began to dominate the state economy, they showed little interest in these local plants beyond using their immediate profitability to help fund further corporate acquisition. In a sort of parasitic industrialism, the profits of Massachusetts factories were funneled away and pushed toward further conglomerate expansion abroad, leaving these factories to be run into the ground and shuttered once their infrastructures had been exhausted. In other words, it was the very profitability of Massachusetts’s manufacturing firms that helped launch the multinational conglomerates that would unceremoniously shut them down in the last decades of the twentieth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Nichols Shaun S.
Published: January 2024

The conclusion examines how the lure of economic crisis is still being used by South Coast Massachusetts cities to rebuild their economies. These cities have tried to entice everything and everyone from casinos and Amazon centers to hip artists and offshore windmills. As in past moments of industrial transition, these endeavors have certainly resulted in new jobs but have brought little relief in terms of these cities’ stubbornly elevated rates of poverty and unemployment. This seemingly puzzling mix of unfilled jobs and rising unemployment has been a persistent feature of industrial Massachusetts. After all, employers lured by desperation and economic crisis rarely come to town with attractive jobs in tow. Development through catastrophe has often yielded new industries, but it has rarely resulted in stability or affluence.
Programmed and reactive rheostasis
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John
Published: January 2024

This chapter covers the foundation of homeostasis and provides a series of examples to illustrate the key components of the central and peripheral nervous systems that maintain relative short-term stability in physiological systems. It also notes the need to recognize that the state and stability of an individual can be assessed and optimized on a moment-by-moment basis, over the course of minutes, hours, days, years and even decades. The longer-term regulation of physiological stability poses different challenges. A series of other theoretical models are described that attempt to cover long-term regulation of stability in physiological systems. A model of rheostasis will be described that accounts for how long-term regulated changes in physiological systems are coordinated and how the mechanisms can be differentiated from homeostatic stability. The overriding conjecture proposed is that homeostasis serves to maintain stability in the short-term (minutes to hours) and acts with rheostatic systems that engineer stability over the long-term (days to years) to enhance survival.
Stability during recovery
Authors: Stevenson Tyler John
Published: January 2024

This chapter presents a comparative perspective on fever-induced regulation of body temperature as an example of a single bout of reactive rheostasis. The chapter explains that most of the key molecules that form the primary physiological defense in this innate response are ancient and evolutionary conserved and are comprised of genetically coded material. It also shows that the reactive rheostatic mechanisms involved in the control of fever-induced regulation of core body temperature consist of specific genes and cellular mechanisms that act on existing homeostatic pathways. The chapter concludes by emphasizing the common pattern in which reactive rheostasis mechanisms induce slight modifications to a set point and consequently error-detector that last a relatively long, defined period.
Police Deception and Dishonesty
Authors: Hunt Luke William
Published: January 2024

This book addresses a puzzle in policing: Honesty and good faith are important to the police institution, but so are deception, dishonesty, and bad faith. Drawing on legal and political philosophy—as well as empirical data and cases studies—the book examines how cooperative relations steeped in honesty and good faith are a necessity for any viable society. This is especially relevant to the police institution because the police are entrusted to promote justice and security. As with other state institutions, the police institution is supposed to be based on legitimacy. Legitimacy is a function of authority, which is grounded in reciprocal public relationships generating rights and duties. Despite the necessity of societal honesty and good faith, the police institution has embraced deception, dishonesty, and bad faith as tools of the trade for providing security. In fact, it seems that providing security is impossible without using deception and dishonesty during interrogations, undercover operations, pretextual detentions, and other common scenarios. The book addresses this puzzle by showing that many of our assumptions about policing and security are unjustified given fundamental norms of political morality regarding fraud, honesty, transparency, and the rule of law. Although there is a time and a place for the police’s use of proactive deception and dishonesty, the book illustrates why the use of such tactics should be much more limited than current practices suggest—especially considering the erosion of public faith in the police institution and the weakening of the police’s legitimacy.
Introduction
Authors: Hunt Luke William
Published: January 2024

The Introduction examines a policing puzzle and a plan to solve it. Trust and good faith seem important to the police institution, but so do deception, dishonesty, and bad faith. This tension is based in part on the assumption that the police are justified in pursuing a wide range of proactive tactics in furtherance of perceived security enhancements. But there must be limits to their pursuit of security and law enforcement. The Introduction sketches a novel solution to the puzzle: Proactive and other deceptive policing that is on par with fraud and deviations from the rule of law is illegitimate. The upshot is that the police institution should become a more reactive (legitimate)—and less proactive (illegitimate). Although this might seem unintuitive at first glance, the Introduction outlines why the widespread use of deceptive and dishonest tactics is inconsistent with fundamental norms of political morality—and can also have debilitating effects on both communities and the police institution itself.
A Translation of Xuedou’s 100 Odes with Interpretative Comments
Authors: Heine Steven
Published: January 2024

This is the main chapter of the book that contains translations with annotations of Xuedou’s collection of one hundred odes (actually, there are 103 in total since case 20 has two verses and case 96 features three). These translations integrate remarks by two main Chan commentators: Yuanwu and Tianqi. The former incorporates Xuedou’s work from 1038 into the comprehensive Blue Cliff Record published in 1128 with a seven-part structure featuring (1) introduction (lost in twenty-one cases), (2) case with (3) capping phrases and (4) prose remarks, and (5) Xuedou’s ode with (6) capping phrases and (7) prose remarks. Tianqi, however, uses capping phrases only to interpret the cases and verses, without providing either introductions or prose comments. Each of the 100 sections of this chapter is divided into four components: Title; Case, or a critical summary of the gong’an; Verse, or Xuedou’s ode and selected capping phrase remarks; and Comments, or brief assessments of the meaning and significance of the poetry.
Yoshioki and the Apogee of Ōuchi Rule (1495–1528)
Authors: Conlan Thomas D.
Published: January 2024

This chapter discusses Ōuchi dominance over East Asian trading routes, and the political influence of Ōuchi Yoshioki, a successful general who destroyed his rivals at the Battle of Funaoka and occupied Kyoto for ten years. At that time, he regulated the Kyoto economy and aided the imperial court in superseding the authority of the weakening Ashikaga shogunate. It also explains how he effectively incorporated privateers into his fleet. After returning to Yamaguchi, Yoshihiro seized the Ashikaga “King of Japan” tallies that allowed him to monopolize China trade. He also transferred the most sacred Ise shrines to Yamaguchi and linked these shrines, with their ties to Japan’s imperial ancestors, to his lineage in Yamaguchi. Finally, the chapter mentions campaigns and turmoil (the Ningbo incident) preceding Yoshioki’s sudden death.
The Uses of Idolatry
Authors: Cavanaugh William T.
Published: January 2024

This book is a sustained and interdisciplinary argument that worship has not receded in a supposedly “secular” world, but has rather migrated from the explicit worship of God to the implicit worship of things of human creation. The book examines modern idolatries and the ways in which humans become dominated by our own creations. While critical of modern idolatries, the argument is also sympathetic, seeing in idolatry a deep longing in the human heart for the transformation of our lives. Max Weber is often credited with proclaiming that the modern world is disenchanted, but Weber himself did not buy the story of disenchantment as it is usually presented. Ranging widely across the fields of history, philosophy, political science, sociology, and cultural studies, the book develops an alternative account of modernity as not the condition of being disenchanted but the condition of having learned to describe the world as disenchanted. For a better description of the world, the book turns to scriptural, theological, and phenomenological accounts of idolatry as inordinate devotion to created things. Through explorations of nationalism and consumer culture, it presents a sympathetic but critical account of how and why we sacrifice ourselves and others to gods of our own design. It explores incarnation and sacrament as ways toward healing idolatry by finding God in things without making gods of things. Ultimately, the best remedy for idolatry is an uncontrollable encounter with the incarnate God in the form of those who are marginalized by idolatrous systems.