Determination of Producible Hydrocarbon Type and Oil Quality in Wells Drilled with Synthetic Oil-Based Muds
Authors: Hashem Mohamed N. , Thomas E.C. , McNeil Robert I. , Mullins Oliver C. 
Published: December 2007

Determination of the type and quality of hydrocarbon fluid that can be produced from a formation prior to construction of production facilities is of equal economic importance to predicting the fluid rate and flowing pressure. We have become adept at making such estimates for formations drilled with water-based muds. using open-hole formation evaluation procedures. However, these standard open-hole methods are somewhat handicapped in wells drilled with synthetic oilbased mud because of the chemical and physical similarity between the synthetic oil-based filtrate and any producible oil that may be present. Also complicating the prediction is that insitu hydrocarbons will be miscibly displaced away from the wellbore by the invading oil-based mud filtrate, leaving little or no trace of the original hydrocarbon in the invaded zone. Thus normal methods that sample fluids in the invaded zone will be of little use in predicting the insitu type and quality of hydrocarbons deeper in the formation. Only when we can pump significant volume of filtrate from the invaded zone to reconnect and sample the virgin fluids are we successful. However, since the insitu oil and filtrate are miscible, diffusion mixes the materials and blurs the interface; as mud filtrate is pumped from the formation into the borehole, the degree of contamination is greater than one might expect and it is difficult to know when to stop pumping and start sampling. What level of filtrate contamination in the insitu fluid is tolerable? We propose a procedure for enhancing the value of the data derived from a particular open-hole wireline formation tester by quantitatively evaluating in real time the quality of the fluid being collected. The approach focuses on expanding the display of the spectroscopic data as a function of time on a more sensitive scale than has been used previously. This enhanced sensitivity allows one to confidently decide when in the pumping cycle to begin the sampling procedure. The study also utilizes laboratory determined PVT information on collected samples to form a data set which we use to correlate to the wireline derived spectroscopic data. The accuracy of these correlations has been verified with subsequent predictions and corroborated with laboratory measurements. Lastly we provide a guideline for predicting the pump-out time needed to obtain a fluid sample of a pre-determined level of contamination when sampling conditions fall within our range of empirical data.

Conclusions

This empirical study validates that PVT quality hydrocarbon samples can be obtained from boreholes drilled with synthetic oil-based mud utilizing wireline formation testers deployed with downhole pump-out and optical analyzer modules. The data set for this study have the following boundary conditions: samples were obtained in the Gulf of Mexico area; the rock formations are unconsolidated to slightly consolidated, clean to slightly shaly sandstones; the insitu hydrocarbons and the synthetic oil-based mud filtrate have measurable differences in their visible and/or near infrared spectra. Specifically, this study demonstrates that during the pump-out phase of operations we can use the optical analyzer response to predict the API gravity and GOR of the reservoir hydrocarbons prior to securing a downhole sample. Additionally, we can predict the pump out time required to obtain a reservoir sample with less than 10% mud filtrate contamination, if we know or can estimate reservoir fluid viscosity and formation permeability.

Introduction

The high cost of offshore production facilities construction and deployment require accurate prediction of hydrocarbon PVT properties prior to fabrication.

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