bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Variation in Systemic Antibiotic Treatment for Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis in England and Wales: A Multi-Centre Case Review
Authors: Uddin Akram , Russell David A. , Game Fran , Santos Derek , Siddle Heidi J.
Published: May 2024

Background: Diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a major complication and can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Systemic antibiotic therapy is often initiated first line to achieve quiescence of infection. To perform a multi-centre case review of systemic antibiotic intervention to treat adults with DFO in England and Wales and compare with national guidelines ‘Diabetic foot problems: prevention and management’. Methods: Eight centres from England and Wales retrospectively collated data from a minimum of five adults (aged ≥ 18 years) from electronic case records. All patients were treated with systemic antibiotics following a new diagnosis of DFO (1 June 2021–31 December 2021). Results: 40 patients (35 males and 5 females) were included; the mean age was 62.3 years (standard deviation (SD) 13.0). Patients commenced systemic oral 14 (35%) or intravenous 26 (65%) antibiotic therapy following a new diagnosis of DFO. Twenty-seven (67.5%) patients were medically or surgically managed in the 12-week period with clinical quiescence of infection. Twenty-one patients (52.5%) had no recurrence of DFO infection within 12 weeks; seventeen (42.5%) of these patients had clinical quiescence of infection with systemic antibiotics alone without surgical intervention and nine (22.5%) of these cases had no recurrence of DFO. There were no cases of major amputation or death. All centres showed significant in-centre variability in systemic antibiotic management; variability was reported in the clinical and quantity indicators specifically to antibiotic selection, single versus dual therapy, mode of delivery and duration of treatment. Conclusions: This case review identifies there is existing variation when treating adults with systemic antibiotics for DFO. Further national guidance is required to standardise service delivery and care to improve patient outcomes.
Development of an Italian National Epidemiological Register on Endometriosis Based on Administrative Data
Authors: Maraschini Alice , Ceccarelli Emiliano , Giangreco Manuela , Monasta Lorenzo , Manno Valerio , Catelan Dolores , Stoppa Giorgia , Biggeri Annibale , Ricci Giuseppe , Buonomo Francesca , Minelli Giada , Ronfani Luca
Published: May 2024

Background/Objectives: Endometriosis is a female chronic inflammatory disease in which endometrial tissue develops outside the uterine cavity. It is a complex pathology, which significantly contributes to morbidity in premenopausal women, leading to chronic pain, infertility, and subfertility negatively impacting physical and emotional well-being and the overall quality of life. The public health burden of endometriosis remains elusive and challenging to determine, and this uncertainty can lead to inadequate healthcare services and treatments. The objective was to estimate the incidence and prevalence of endometriosis in Italy using the hospital discharge records database via a population-based retrospective study, nationwide between 2011 and 2020. Methods: From the National Hospital Discharge Database, we selected all admissions with a diagnosis of endometriosis (ICD-9-CM, codes 617.x), supported by the presence of a procedure code of laparoscopy or any other surgical procedure allowing for direct visualisation of the lesions. The main outcomes measured: incidence and prevalence of endometriosis were estimated for the entire 2011–2020 period and by individual year, analysing the time trend and variability in different geographical areas of Italy. Results: There were a total of 134,667,646 women aged 15–50 years with one or more hospitalisations for endometriosis in all Italian hospitals. The incidence of endometriosis in Italy during this period was 0.839 per 1000 women (CI95% 0.834–0.844), exhibiting a statistically significant decreasing trend over the years. A discernible north–south gradient was observed, with higher rates documented in the northern regions. The prevalence rate stood at 14.0 per 1000 during the same period, and a similar north–south geographical gradient was identifiable in the prevalence rates as well. Conclusions: The utilization of national-level hospital data enables the generation of incidence and prevalence data for endometriosis without variations in methods and definitions, facilitating the evaluation of temporal trends and regional comparisons. Understanding and quantifying this phenomenon is essential for appropriate healthcare planning in various Italian regions.
Study on the Morphological Analysis and Evolution of the Street Network in the Historic Urban Area of Changsha City from 1872–2023
Authors: Zheng Bohong , Tian Fangzhou , Lin Li , Fan Jinyu
Published: May 2024

This study focuses on the streets and spatial networks of the historic urban area in Changsha, the capital of Hunan Province, China, by mainly investigating the evolution of their geometric and topological characteristics. It draws on the theories and methods of urban morphology and space syntax, combines the digital historical maps at different times, and uses methods such as historical map spatial interpretation, geographic information system (GIS), sDNA tools, and urban morphological parameter analysis to explore and sort out the evolutionary process of the street and alley network in Changsha from the early modern period to the present. The paper constructs a parameter system for analyzing the street and alley network of historic urban areas from a geometric and topological perspective. It introduces the indicators of road density, road orientation, intersection density, and approaches such as closeness, betweenness, and intelligibility in space syntax into the parameter analysis framework of street and alley network morphology and spatial characteristics evolution. By comparing the changes in various parameters at different spatial scales, the process of the spatial order evolution of the street and alley network in the historic urban area is analyzed, and the evolutionary rules of the various periods’ morphological characteristics are extracted.
Microstructural Evolution and Mechanical Behavior of Pure Aluminum Ultra-Thin Strip under Roller Vibration
Authors: Zhang Yang , Li Wenguang , Hu Yijian , Huang Zhiquan , Peng Yan , Chu Zhibing
Published: May 2024

As the demand for lithium-ion batteries increases, higher quality requirements are being placed on pure aluminum ultra-thin strips, one of the main materials used in lithium-ion battery current collectors. Roller vibration during the rolling process of pure aluminum ultra-thin strips is unavoidable and significantly affects the quality of the strips. This paper uses 1A99 pure aluminum ultra-thin strips as raw materials and employs a controlled vibration method during the rolling process to obtain products under two conditions: stable rolling and vibrational rolling. The surface and cross-section of the aluminum strips were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the microstructure of the surface and cross-section was studied using electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technology. The results show that, during stable rolling, the surface quality of the aluminum strip is good without defects. Under vibration, obvious vibration marks appear on the surface of the aluminum strip, showing characteristics of peaks and troughs. With the increase in strain at the trough position, there is a transition from low-angle grain boundaries to high-angle grain boundaries, and the grain size is uneven at the peak and trough positions, with noticeable grain refinement at the troughs. At the same time, under the influence of vibration, the aluminum strip induces a different texture morphology from conventional rolling. Due to the different plastic strains at the peak and trough positions, a texture alternation phenomenon occurs at these positions. The tensile test results indicate that aluminum strips exhibit poor mechanical properties under roller vibration, with the reduction in mechanical performance primarily attributed to the uneven microstructure distribution caused by roller vibration.
Compositional Design and Thermal Processing of a Novel Lead-Free Cu–Zn–Al–Sn Medium Entropy Brass Alloy
Authors: Chaskis Spyridon , Maritsa Stavroula , Stavroulakis Paul , Papadopoulou Sofia , Goodall Russell , Papaefthymiou Spyros
Published: May 2024

In the current work, a novel medium entropy copper alloy was designed with the aim of avoiding the use of expensive, hazardous or scarce alloying elements and instead employing widely available and cost-effective alternatives. In order to investigate this unknown region of multicomponent alloy compositions, the thermo-physical parameters were calculated and the CALPHAD method was utilized. This led to the design of the Cu50Zn25Al20Sn5 at. % (Cu53.45Zn27.49Al9.08Sn9.98 wt. %) alloy with a relatively low density of 6.86 g/cm3 compared with conventional brasses. The designed alloy was manufactured through vacuum induction melting, producing two ingots weighing 1.2 kg each, which were subjected to a series of heat treatments. The microstructural evolution of the alloy in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions was assessed through optical and scanning electron microscopy. The hardness of the as-cast and heat-treated alloy at room temperature was also studied. The alloy was characterized by a multiphase microstructure containing a major Cu-rich (Cu–Zn–Al) matrix reinforced with a secondary Zn-rich (Zn–Cu) phase and pure Sn. In terms of mechanical properties, the developed alloy exhibited high hardness values of roughly 378 HV0.2 and 499 HV0.2 in the as-cast and heat-treated conditions, respectively.
Behind the Non-Uniform Breakup of Bubble Slug in Y-Shaped Microchannel: Dynamics and Mechanisms
Authors: Huang Haoxiang , Liu Jiazheng , Yu Jialing , Pan Wentao , Yan Zhe , Pan Zhenhai
Published: May 2024

Bubble flow in confined geometries is a problem of fundamental and technological significance. Among all the forms, bubble breakup in bifurcated microchannels is one of the most commonly encountered scenarios, where an in-depth understanding is necessary for better leveraging the process. This study numerically investigates the non-uniform breakup of a bubble slug in Y-shaped microchannels under different flow ratios, Reynolds numbers, and initial bubble volumes. Overall, the bubble can either breakup or non-breakup when passing through the bifurcation and shows different forms depending on flow regimes. The flow ratio-Reynolds number phase diagrams indicate a power–law transition line of breakup and non-breakup. The bubble takes longer to break up with rising flow ratios yet breaks earlier with higher Reynolds numbers and volumes. Non-breakup takes less time than the breakup patterns. Flow ratio is the origin of non-uniform breakup. Both the Reynolds number and initial volume influence the bubble states when reaching the bifurcation and thus affect subsequent processes. Bubble neck dynamics are analyzed to describe the breakup further. The volume distribution after breaking up is found to have a quadratic relation with the flow ratio. Our study is hoped to provide insights for practical applications related to non-uniform bubble breakups.
Comment on Ambra et al. Could Selenium Supplementation Prevent COVID-19? A Comprehensive Review of Available Studies. Molecules 2023, 28, 4130
Authors: Rayman Margaret P. , Schomburg Lutz , Zhang Jinsong , Taylor Ethan Will , Du Laing Gijs , Beck Melinda , Hughes David J. , Heller Raban
Published: May 2024

The authors of this Comment are longstanding selenium investigators with a total of 200 or more published articles on selenium; the corresponding author (Margaret P [...]
Eliciting Polyphenols in Strawberry Leaves: Preliminary Experiments in Fragaria × ananassa cv. Festival
Authors: Salas-Arias Karla , Irías-Mata Andrea , Sánchez-Calvo Laura , Brenes-Zárate María Fernanda , Abdelnour-Esquivel Ana , Villalta-Romero Fabián , Calvo-Castro Laura A.
Published: May 2024

Polyphenols are plant secondary metabolites that function mostly as a general stress-induced protective mechanism. Polyphenols have also gained interest due to their beneficial properties for human health. Strawberry leaves represent an agro-industrial waste material with relevant bioactive polyphenol content, which could be incorporated into circular economy strategies. However, due to the low quantities of polyphenols in plants, their production needs to be improved for cost-effective applications. The objective of this research was to compare polyphenol production in strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Festival) leaves in plants grown in greenhouse conditions and plants grown in vitro, using three possible elicitor treatments (UV irradiation, cold exposure, and cysteine). General vegetative effects were morphologically evaluated, and specific polyphenolic compounds were quantified by UHPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Gallic acid was the most abundant polyphenol found in the leaves, both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed higher amounts and faster accumulation of polyphenols in the in vitro regenerated plants, highlighting the relevance of in vitro tissue culture strategies for producing compounds such as polyphenols in this species and cultivar.
Reply to Rayman et al. Comment on “Ambra et al. Could Selenium Supplementation Prevent COVID-19? A Comprehensive Review of Available Studies. Molecules 2023, 28, 4130”
Authors: Ambra Roberto , Melloni Sahara , Venneria Eugenia
Published: May 2024

We thank the Authors of the Comment (AC) [...]
The Application of Ultrasmall Gold Nanoparticles (2 nm) Functionalized with Doxorubicin in Three-Dimensional Normal and Glioblastoma Organoid Models of the Blood–Brain Barrier
Authors: Kostka Kathrin , Sokolova Viktoriya , El-Taibany Aya , Kruse Benedikt , Porada Daniel , Wolff Natalie , Prymak Oleg , Seeds Michael C. , Epple Matthias , Atala Anthony J.
Published: May 2024

Among brain tumors, glioblastoma (GBM) is very challenging to treat as chemotherapeutic drugs can only penetrate the brain to a limited extent due to the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Nanoparticles can be an attractive solution for the treatment of GBM as they can transport drugs across the BBB into the tumor. In this study, normal and GBM organoids comprising six brain cell types were developed and applied to study the uptake, BBB penetration, distribution, and efficacy of fluorescent, ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (AuTio-Dox-AF647s) conjugated with doxorubicin (Dox) and AlexaFluor-647-cadaverine (AF647) by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), using a mixture of dissolved doxorubicin and fluorescent AF647 molecules as a control. It was shown that the nanoparticles could easily penetrate the BBB and were found in normal and GBM organoids, while the dissolved Dox and AF647 molecules alone were unable to penetrate the BBB. Flow cytometry showed a reduction in glioblastoma cells after treatment with AuTio-Dox nanoparticles, as well as a higher uptake of these nanoparticles by GBM cells in the GBM model compared to astrocytes in the normal cell organoids. In summary, our results show that ultrasmall gold nanoparticles can serve as suitable carriers for the delivery of drugs into organoids to study BBB function.
Development of a Convenient and Quantitative Method for Evaluating Photosensitizing Activity Using Thiazolyl Blue Formazan Dye
Authors: Kang Smee , Oh Yeong Ji , Kim Mi-Ri , Jung Yu Na , Song Eiseul , Lee Hyowon , Hong Jungil
Published: May 2024

Photosensitizers cause oxidative damages in various biological systems under light. In this study, the method for analyzing photosensitizing activity of various dietary and medicinal sources was developed using 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenylformazan (thiazolyl blue formazan; MTT-F) as a probe. Significant and quantitative decolorization of MTT-F was observed in the presence of photosensitizers used in this study under light but not under dark conditions. The decolorization of MTT-F occurred irradiation time-, light intensity-, and photosensitizer concentration-dependently. The decolorized MTT-F was reversibly reduced by living cells; the LC-MS/MS results indicated the formation of oxidized products with −1 m/z of base peak from MTT-F, suggesting that MTT-F decolorized by photosensitizers was its corresponding tetrazolium. The present results indicate that MTT-F is a reliable probe for the quantitative analysis of photosensitizing activities, and the MTT-F-based method can be an useful tool for screening and evaluating photosensitizing properties of various compounds used in many industrial purposes.
From Ethnobotany to Biotechnology: Wound Healing and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Sedum telephium L. In Vitro Cultures
Authors: Dalla Costa Vanessa , Piovan Anna , Filippini Raffaella , Brun Paola
Published: May 2024

Sedum telephium is a succulent plant used in traditional medicine, particularly in Italy, for its efficacy in treating localized inflammation such as burns, warts, and wounds. Fresh leaves or freshly obtained derivatives are directly applied to the injuries for these purposes. However, challenges such as the lack of microbiologically controlled materials and product standardization prompted the exploration of more controlled biotechnological alternatives, utilizing in vitro plant cell cultures of S. telephium. In the present study, we used HPLC-DAD analysis to reveal a characteristic flavonol profile in juices from in vivo leaves and in vitro materials mainly characterized by several kaempferol and quercetin derivatives. The leaf juice exhibited the highest content in total flavonol and kaempferol derivatives, whereas juice from callus grown in medium with hormones and callus suspensions showed elevated levels of quercetin derivatives. The in vitro anti-inflammatory and wound-healing assays evidenced the great potential of callus and suspension cultures in dampening inflammation and fostering wound closure, suggesting quercetin may have a pivotal role in biological activities.
Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Sensing for Nitrobenzene of CdII Complexes Based on Three Isomers and a Bis-Imidazole Ligand
Authors: Yang Xue , Liu Wanting , Ren Yixia , Hou Xiufang , Li Jinfeng
Published: May 2024

Detection of nitro pollutants is an important topic in environmental protection. A total of 3 Cd (II) complexes (1–3) based on 3 soft organic isomers, n-(3,5-dicarboxylato benzyloxy) benzoic acid (n = 2, 3 or 4-H3DBB), and a linear N-donor ligand, 3-bis(imidazole-l-ylmethyl) benzene (3-bibz), have been synthesized hydrothermally. Structural diversity of Complexes 1–3 displays the architectural 2D or 3D change: Complex 1 exhibits a 2D network featuring tri-nuclear metal units, Complex 2 is a 3D framework based on similar tri-nuclear metal units, and Complex 3 shows a 3D network with binuclear units. Fluorescent sensing properties exhibited in all these complexes have been discovered to detect nitrobenzene (NB) selectively and sensitively. In particular, Complex 3 possesses high sensitivity for NB with the lowest detection limit of 1.15 × 10−10 M. The results of the theoretical calculation verified the fluorescence detection mechanism of NB by these Cd-based complexes. Therefore, these Cd-based complexes might be used as excellent luminescent sensors for NB.
3D/3D Bamboo Charcoal/Bi2WO6 Bifunctional Photocatalyst for Degradation of Organic Pollutants and Efficient H2 Evolution Coupling with Furfuryl Alcohols Oxidation
Authors: Qu Yanan , Li Xiaolin , Bu Kang , Zhang Jiayi , Chen Da , Liang Junhui , Chen Huayu , Li Huafeng , Bai Liqun
Published: May 2024

Photocatalysis is one of the most promising pathways to relieve the environmental contamination caused by the rapid development of modern technology. In this work, we demonstrate a green manufacturing process for the 3D/3D rod-shaped bamboo charcoal/Bi2WO6 photocatalyst (210BC-BWO) by controlled carbonization temperature. A series of morphology characterization and properties investigations (XRD, SEM, UV–vis DRS, transient photocurrent response, N2 absorption-desorption isotherms) indicate a 210BC-BWO photocatalyst with higher charge separation efficiency, larger surface area, and better adsorption capacity. The excellent photocatalytic performance was evaluated by degrading rhodamine B (RhB) (98.5%), tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) (77.1%), and H2 evolution (2833 μmol·g−1·h−1) coupled with furfuryl alcohol oxidation (3097 μmol·g−1·h−1) under visible light irradiation. In addition, the possible mechanisms for degradation of organic pollutants, H2 evolution, and furfuryl alcohol oxidation were schematically investigated, which make it possible to exert photocatalysis by increasing the active radical. This study shows that the combination of bamboo charcoal and bismuth tungstate can be a powerful photocatalyst that rationally combines H2 evolution coupled with furfuryl alcohol oxidation and degradation of pollutants.
Recent Advances in the Domino Annulation Reaction of Quinone Imines
Authors: Wang Zhen-Hua , Fu Xiao-Hui , Li Qun , You Yong , Yang Lei , Zhao Jian-Qiang , Zhang Yan-Ping , Yuan Wei-Cheng
Published: May 2024

Quinone imines are important derivatives of quinones with a wide range of applications in organic synthesis and the pharmaceutical industry. The attack of nucleophilic reagents on quinone imines tends to lead to aromatization of the quinone skeleton, resulting in both the high reactivity and the unique reactivity of quinone imines. The extreme value of quinone imines in the construction of nitrogen- or oxygen-containing heterocycles has attracted widespread attention, and remarkable advances have been reported recently. This review provides an overview of the application of quinone imines in the synthesis of cyclic compounds via the domino annulation reaction.
Evidence of a Proximity Effect in a (AgI)x − C(1−x) Mixture Using a Simulation Model Based on Random Variable Theory
Authors: Correa Hernando , Peña Lara Diego , Mosquera-Vargas Edgar
Published: May 2024

Silver iodide is a prototype compound of superionic conductors that allows ions to flow through its structure. It exhibits a first-order phase transition at 420 K, characterized by an abrupt change in its ionic conductivity behavior, and above this temperature, its ionic conductivity increases by more than three orders of magnitude. Introducing small concentrations of carbon into the silver iodide structure produces a new material with a mixed conductivity (ionic and electronic) that increases with increasing temperature. In this work, we report the experimental results of the ionic conductivity as a function of the reciprocal temperature for the (AgI)x − C(1−x) mixture at low carbon concentrations (x = 0.99, 0.98, and 0.97). The ionic conductivity behavior as a function of reciprocal temperature was well fitted using a phenomenological model based on a random variable theory with a probability distribution function for the carriers. The experimental data show a proximity effect between the C and AgI phases. As a consequence of this proximity behavior, carbon concentration or temperature can control the conductivity of the (AgI)x − C(1−x) mixture.
Methodological and Physiological Study during Seed Dormancy Release of Symplocos paniculata
Authors: Zhang Luhong , Tang Qiaoyu , Li Peiwang , Li Changzhu , Jiang Lijuan , Chen Jingzhen , Chen Yunzhu , Liu Qiang , Yang Yan
Published: May 2024

Symplocos paniculata are reported to exhibit seed dormancy, which impedes its cultivation and widespread adoption. In this study, a comprehensive method was established to overcome seed dormancy by subjecting seeds to scarification in 98% H2SO4 for 10 min, followed by 1000 mg·L−1 GA3 soaking for 48 h and stratification at 4 °C for 100 days. The seed germination percentage has increased significantly, to a peak of 42.67%, though the seeds could not germinate timely by NaOH scarification. Additionally, the dynamic changes of key stored substances (proteins, soluble sugars, starches, and fats), associated enzyme activities (amylases, peroxidase, and catalase), and endogenous hormones (abscisic acid, gibberellic acid, and indole-3-acetic acid) in seeds were investigated. The results demonstrated a continuous degradation of starch and fat in S. paniculata seeds, while the levels of protein and soluble sugar exhibited fluctuations, which probably facilitated seed dormancy breaking through energy supply and transformation. The enzymatic activities underwent rapid changes, accompanied by a gradual decrease in ABA content within the seeds with increasing stratification time. Notably, GA3, GA3/ABA, and (GA3 + IAA)/ABA showed significant increases, indicating their positive regulatory roles in seed germination. This study clarified the dormancy mechanism and established an effective method for the release dormancy of S. paniculata seeds.
Advancing Decarbonization Efforts in the Glass Manufacturing Industry through Mathematical Optimization and Management Accounting
Authors: Tsai Wen-Hsien , Chang Shuo-Chieh , Li Xiang-Yu
Published: May 2024

This study explores the integration of activity-based costing (ABC) and the theory of constraints (TOC) with carbon tax policies to drive decarbonization in the Taiwanese glass industry. Employing a mathematical programming approach, four distinct models are developed to assess the impact of different carbon tax structures, carbon trading mechanisms, and recycled material utilization on corporate profitability and carbon emissions. The findings reveal that strategically applying ABC and the TOC with well-designed carbon tax policies can effectively incentivize emission reduction while maintaining industrial competitiveness. The models incorporating carbon trading and tax allowances demonstrate the potential for creating win–win situations, where companies can increase profitability by investing in cleaner technologies and processes. This study contributes to the literature on sustainable manufacturing and provides actionable insights for policymakers and industry leaders seeking to implement effective carbon pricing mechanisms that drive economic growth and environmental sustainability in tandem.
Heat Transfer and Entropy Generation for Mixed Convection of Al2O3–Water Nanofluid in a Lid-Driven Square Cavity with a Concentric Square Blockage
Authors: Korukçu M. Özgün
Published: May 2024

The present numerical investigation is focused on analyzing the characteristics of steady laminar mixed convection flow in a lid-driven square cavity, specifically considering the utilization of Al2O3–water nanofluid. The Al2O3–water nanofluid is assumed to be Newtonian and incompressible. Within the cavity, a square blockage is positioned at its center, which is subjected to isothermal heating. The blockage ratio of the square is B = 1/4, and the Grashof number is Gr = 100. The walls of the cavity are maintained at a constant temperature, Tc, while the square blockage remains at a constant temperature, Th. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the flow and heat transfer mechanisms, as well as the entropy generation within the cavity. This investigation is conducted for a range of Richardson numbers (0.01 ≤ Ri ≤ 100) and volume fractions of the nanofluid (0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.05). Several parameters are obtained and analyzed, including streamlines, isotherms, velocity variations on the vertical and horizontal midplanes, local Nusselt number variations on the surfaces of the square blockage, the average Nusselt number on the square blockage, and the total dimensionless entropy generation of the system. The results of the investigation revealed that both the average Nusselt number on the square blockage and the total dimensionless entropy generation of the system exhibit an increasing trend with an increasing volume fraction of the nanofluid and a decreasing Richardson number. Furthermore, correlations for the average Nusselt number and the total dimensionless entropy generation with the Richardson number, and the nanofluid volume fraction are derived.
MeSat Mission: Exploring Martian Environment with THz Radiometer Payload and Optimal Trajectory
Authors: Rastinasab Vahid , Hu Weidong , Saghamanesh Mohammadreza , Kerrouche Kamel Djamel Eddine , Tahmasebi Mohammad Kazem
Published: May 2024

Space exploration presents vast prospects for scientific, industrial, and economic progress. This paper introduces the MeSat mission as a pioneering approach to Mars exploration. The MeSat aims to deepen our understanding of Martian conditions and resources by employing an optimized Earth-to-Mars trajectory, enabling a comprehensive study of the Martian atmosphere and surface. The mission comprises a cargo microsatellite hosting three 6U CubeSats and two 3U CubeSats, deployed into four separate Mars orbits to form a constellation. Each CubeSat carries distinct payloads: a THz radiometer for Martian water vapor atmospheric observation, a high-resolution surface camera, a high-tech spectrometer, and a Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) for wind speed readings. This paper includes the majority of the key parameters; however, we focus our discussion more on two aspects of this pioneering mission: the first aspect contains the proposal of four distinct payloads for the study of Mars’ atmosphere and the second aspect proposes an optimal mission design algorithm that analyzes a fuel-efficient low-thrust trajectory from Earth to Mars. Regarding the payloads, the THz radiometer requires a specific design; hence, we explain this payload in more depth; the rest of the payloads, we suggest utilizing commercially available elements for the cost-effective manufacture of a whole system. For mission trajectory optimization, the study employs a dual-step hybrid optimization algorithm (PSO-homotopy) to analyze fuel-efficient low-thrust trajectories from Earth to Mars, incorporating the ephemeris dynamics model to account for gravitational perturbations in the entire Solar System. In practical mission design, crucial factors like hyperbolic excess velocity, diverse opportunities for Earth launch and Mars rendezvous, varied propulsion systems, and time of flight (TOF) play vital roles in trajectory optimization. In summary, for the MeSat mission, we propose a comprehensive Mars environmental mission design. We consider all aspects of the mission from trajectory design to engineering detail design, since we would like to inspire future Mars missions with a complete report.
Yoke-Type Elasto-Magnetic Sensor-Based Tension Force Monitoring Method for Enhancement of Field Applicability
Authors: Lee Ho-Jun , Kyung Sae-Byeok , Kim Ju-Won
Published: May 2024

Tension members are key members that maintain stability and improve the strength of structures such as cable-stayed bridges, PSC structures, and slopes. Their application has recently been expanded to new fields such as mooring lines in subsea structures and aerospace fields. However, the tensile strength of the tension members can be abnormal owing to various risk factors that may lead to the collapse of the entire structure. Therefore, continuous tension monitoring is necessary to ensure structural safety. In this study, an improved elasto-magnetic (E/M) sensor was used to monitor tension force using a nondestructive method. General E/M sensors have limitations that make it difficult to apply them to operating tension members owing to their solenoid structure, which requires field winding. To overcome this problem, the magnetization part of the E/M sensor was improved to a yoke-type sensor, which was used in this study. For the development of the sensors, the numerical design and magnetization performance verification of the sensor were performed through eddy current solution-type simulations using ANSYS Maxwell. Using the manufactured yoke-type E/M sensor, the induced voltage signals according to the tension force of the specimen increasing from 0 to 10 tons at 1-ton intervals were repeatedly measured using DAQ with wireless communication. The measured signals were indexed using peak-to-peak value of induced voltages and used to analyze the signal change patterns as the tension increased. Finally, the analyzed results were compared with those of a solenoid-type E/M sensor to confirm the same pattern. Therefore, it was confirmed that the tension force of a tension member can be estimated using the proposed yoke-type E/M sensor. This is expected to become an effective tension monitoring technology through performance optimization and usability verification studies for each target tension member in the future.
Security Analysis for Smart Healthcare Systems
Authors: Ibrahim Mariam , Al-Wadi Abdallah , Elhafiz Ruba
Published: May 2024

The healthcare industry went through reformation by integrating the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) to enable data harnessing by transmission mediums from different devices, about patients to healthcare staff devices, for further analysis through cloud-based servers for proper diagnosis of patients, yielding efficient and accurate results. However, IoMT technology is accompanied by a set of drawbacks in terms of security risks and vulnerabilities, such as violating and exposing patients’ sensitive and confidential data. Further, the network traffic data is prone to interception attacks caused by a wireless type of communication and alteration of data, which could cause unwanted outcomes. The advocated scheme provides insight into a robust Intrusion Detection System (IDS) for IoMT networks. It leverages a honeypot to divert attackers away from critical systems, reducing the attack surface. Additionally, the IDS employs an ensemble method combining Logistic Regression and K-Nearest Neighbor algorithms. This approach harnesses the strengths of both algorithms to improve attack detection accuracy and robustness. This work analyzes the impact, performance, accuracy, and precision outcomes of the used model on two IoMT-related datasets which contain multiple attack types such as Man-In-The-Middle (MITM), Data Injection, and Distributed Denial of Services (DDOS). The yielded results showed that the proposed ensemble method was effective in detecting intrusion attempts and classifying them as attacks or normal network traffic, with a high accuracy of 92.5% for the first dataset and 99.54% for the second dataset and a precision of 96.74% for the first dataset and 99.228% for the second dataset.
Analysis of Constraints on the Remote Application of Inverse Synthetic Aperture Laser Radar
Authors: Gao Rui , Dong Lei
Published: May 2024

In order to achieve the remote application of inverse synthetic aperture laser radar for high resolution spatial situational awareness, it is essential to analyze the main factors that restrict its remote application. This study combines the range equation of inverse synthetic aperture lidar with the stimulated Brillouin threshold power equation to investigate the variation of laser transmitting power with distance. Additionally, by utilizing the excited Brillouin threshold power equation, laser linewidth formula, and pulse width characteristics of pulse signal, we examine the variation law of laser coherence that meets corresponding power requirements at different distances. The results indicate that a detection distance of 22 km and below can be achieved using continuous fiber lasers without compensation. Coherence compensation is necessary for distances between 22 km and 57 km. For distances ranging from 57 km to 3000 km, pulsed solid-state lasers are used to analyze coherence and conclude that imaging non-cooperative targets within this range is feasible. It is observed that coherence compensation is required from 57 km to 2179 km, becoming more challenging after 2000 km. Furthermore, pulsed solid-state lasers can still be utilized for imaging cooperative targets within a range of 2179–3273 km; however, coherence compensation remains necessary and becomes increasingly difficult. Finally, several coherent length compensation schemes are proposed in order to extend the imaging range of inverse synthetic aperture LiDAR to approximately 3000 km.
A Review of Degradation Models and Remaining Useful Life Prediction for Testing Design and Predictive Maintenance of Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Patrizi Gabriele , Martiri Luca , Pievatolo Antonio , Magrini Alessandro , Meccariello Giovanni , Cristaldi Loredana , Nikiforova Nedka Dechkova
Published: May 2024

We present a novel decision-making framework for accelerated degradation tests and predictive maintenance that exploits prior knowledge and experimental data on the system’s state. As a framework for sequential decision making in these areas, dynamic programming and reinforcement learning are considered, along with data-driven degradation learning when necessary. Furthermore, we illustrate both stochastic and machine learning degradation models, which are integrated in the framework, using data-driven methods. These methods are presented as a valuable tool for designing life-testing experiments and for maintaining lithium-ion batteries.
The Fault Diagnosis of Rolling Bearings Is Conducted by Employing a Dual-Branch Convolutional Capsule Neural Network
Authors: Lu Wanjie , Liu Jieyu , Lin Fanhao
Published: May 2024

Currently, many fault diagnosis methods for rolling bearings based on deep learning are facing two main challenges. Firstly, the deep learning model exhibits poor diagnostic performance and limited generalization ability in the presence of noise signals and varying loads. Secondly, there is incomplete utilization of fault information and inadequate extraction of fault features, leading to the low diagnostic accuracy of the model. To address these problems, this paper proposes an improved dual-branch convolutional capsule neural network for rolling bearing fault diagnosis. This method converts the collected bearing vibration signals into grayscale images to construct a grayscale image dataset. By fully considering the types of bearing faults and damage diameters, the data are labeled using a dual-label format. A multi-scale convolution module is introduced to extract features from the data and maximize feature information extraction. Additionally, a coordinate attention mechanism is incorporated into this module to better extract useful channel features and enhance feature extraction capability. Based on adaptive fusion between fault type (damage diameter) features and labels, a dual-branch convolutional capsule neural network model for rolling bearing fault diagnosis is established. The model was experimentally validated using both Case Western Reserve University’s bearing dataset and self-made datasets. The experimental results demonstrate that the fault type branch of the model achieves an accuracy rate of 99.88%, while the damage diameter branch attains an accuracy rate of 99.72%. Both branches exhibit excellent classification performance and display robustness against noise interference and variable working conditions. In comparison with other algorithm models cited in the reference literature, the diagnostic capability of the model proposed in this study surpasses them. Furthermore, the generalization ability of the model is validated using a self-constructed laboratory dataset, yielding an average accuracy rate of 94.25% for both branches.
Sensory–Motor Loop Adaptation in Boolean Network Robots
Authors: Braccini Michele , Gardinazzi Yuri , Roli Andrea , Villani Marco
Published: May 2024

Recent technological advances have made it possible to produce tiny robots equipped with simple sensors and effectors. Micro-robots are particularly suitable for scenarios such as exploration of hostile environments, and emergency intervention, e.g., in areas subject to earthquakes or fires. A crucial desirable feature of such a robot is the capability of adapting to the specific environment in which it has to operate. Given the limited computational capabilities of a micro-robot, this property cannot be achieved by complicated software but it rather should come from the flexibility of simple control mechanisms, such as the sensory–motor loop. In this work, we explore the possibility of equipping simple robots controlled by Boolean networks with the capability of modulating their sensory–motor loop such that their behavior adapts to the incumbent environmental conditions. This study builds upon the cybernetic concept of homeostasis, which is the property of maintaining essential parameters inside vital ranges, and analyzes the performance of adaptive mechanisms intervening in the sensory–motor loop. In particular, we focus on the possibility of maneuvering the robot’s effectors such that both their connections to network nodes and environmental features can be adapted. As the actions the robot takes have a feedback effect to its sensors mediated by the environment, this mechanism makes it possible to tune the sensory–motor loop, which, in turn, determines the robot’s behavior. We study this general setting in simulation and assess to what extent this mechanism can sustain the homeostasis of the robot. Our results show that controllers made of random Boolean networks in critical and chaotic regimes can be tuned such that their homeostasis in different environments is kept. This outcome is a step towards the design and deployment of controllers for micro-robots able to adapt to different environments.
Taraxacum pseudohamatum Dahlst. (Asteraceae, Cichorioideae) – a new naturalisation from the Chatham Islands, Aotearoa / New Zealand
Authors: Meijer Karst , Aptroot André , Tang Tianyi , de Lange Peter J.
Published: May 2024

Taraxacum pseudohamatum is reported from Rēkohu / Wharekauri / Chatham Island in the Chatham Islands, Aotearoa / New Zealand. This species is an addition to that island group’s naturalised flora and the New Zealand Botanical Region. It is also the second member of Taraxacum Sect. Hamatum to be recorded from the islands. The first species of that section to be recorded from the islands is Taraxacum hamatum, which is still only known from a collection made from Hokorereoro / Rangatira / South East Island. Taraxacum pseudohamatum is locally common on Rēkohu / Wharekauri / Chatham Island. The species is described using material from that island, and notes on its recognition and distinction from T. hamatum presented. The ecology of the species on Rēkohu / Wharekauri / Chatham Island is described.
LoRa Network-based IoT Node for indoor environment monitoring
Authors: Lopes Nelson Carvalhal , Ramos Ricardo Alexandre Alves , Pires Luis Miguel Rego
Published: May 2024

The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), just by its name, presents itself as a network of physical objects, which are incorporated into a vast array of sensors, software, and any other type of technology, with the purpose of connecting and exchanging information with other devices and systems via the Internet. As we know it, the IoT is present in a wide range of devices ranging from simple household objects to complex tools spread across all sectors of industry. The means of communication used in IoT devices is based on Long Range (LoRa) technology. This technology stands out for its ability to operate with low energy consumption, which is vital for the use of IoT devices since they run on batteries. This paper will look at the development of an indoor space monitoring system based on an IoT Node made up of sensors supported by the LoRa network. To achieve the objectives, an in-depth study of the technology used in LoRa networks is carried out, followed by a presentation of the system's architecture and then the various tests carried out in indoor spaces to assess the functioning of both the sensors and the network itself. During the work, numerous tests were carried out over extended periods, which will be duly detailed throughout the document. These are used to ensure the stability of the monitoring system and gauge the environmental status of the space where it is installed.
7th International Conference on Recent Innovations in Modern Science and Technology
Authors:   Department of Physics, Kpr Institute of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore-641407, India, H Shankar , Ananth Steephen ,   Department of Physics, Kpr Institute of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore-641407, India, E Ranjith Kumar ,   Department of Physics, Kpr Institute of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore-641407, India, M Sivanandam ,   Department of Physics, Kpr Institute of Engineering & Technology, Coimbatore-641407, India
Published: May 2024

The 7th International Conference on Recent Innovations in Modern Science and Technology presents a platform for scholars and researchers to share their expertise in the realms of innovation and technological advancements in the Tamil Language. This conference serves as a forum for the dissemination of cutting-edge research findings and insights across various disciplines. Attendees had the opportunity to engage in discussions, exchange ideas in Tamil, and collaborate on emerging trends and developments in modern science and technology.
National Conference on Contemporary Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (NCCRSET 2024)
Authors:   Department of Science and Humanities (Physics), Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-641008, Tamil Nadu, India, I Pradeep , J Jayaprakash ,   Department of Science and Humanities (Physics), Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-641008, Tamil Nadu, India, B Ranjithkumar ,   Department of Science and Humanities (Physics), Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore-641008, Tamil Nadu, India
Published: May 2024

The "National Conference on Contemporary Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (NCCRSET 2024)" is a flagship conference in the Feld of Research. NCCRSET-2024 invites high quality research papers in the areas of Science, Engineering and Technology. The primary goal of the conference Facilitate knowledge exchange and sharing of cutting-edge Ideas/research in materials science. Encourage Innovation by showcasing research with real word applications in industry and Engineering applications. Bridge the gap between academia and industry, enabling the translation of research into practical solutions. Raise awareness of the significance of material science in advance technology. Provide a platform for problem-solving and finding solutions to industry and Engineering fields. To provide a forum for discussing the recent trends in the fields of Science, Engineering and Technology at national level. To disseminate recent trends through eminent academicians and industrialists through key notes and invited lectures. Panel discussion will provide an opportunity to discuss ways by which industry academia collaboration can help in the economic growth of our nation especially with global.