bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Colorectal Carcinogenesis Based on Molecular Biology of Early Colorectal Cancer, with Special Reference to Nonpolypoid (Superficial) Lesions
Authors: Watanabe Toshiaki , Muto Tetsuichiro
Published: August 2002

The multistep genetic model of colorectal carcinogenesis is based on the concept of the adenoma—carcinoma sequence. The adenoma—carcinoma sequence theory has been generally accepted for polypoid early colorectal cancers (ECCs). On the other hand, an increasing number of nonpolypoid (superficial) ECC have been reported. Nonpolypoid (superficial) ECCs show distinct characteristics histologically and genetically, and some claim these lesions may develop by de novo type carcinogenesis. In fact, clinicopathologic studies have shown that most nonpolypoid (superficial) cancers have no adenomatous lesions in the surrounding area. Genetic analyses have also revealed that nonpolypoid (superficial) ECCs show a pattern of genetic alterations different from that of polypoid ECCs. The K‐ras mutation rate is lower in nonpolypoid (superficial) ECCs than in polypoid ECCs, but there is no significant difference in the p53 mutation rate between two types of tumor. During the development of ECCs, the K‐ras gene seems to determine the macroscopic configuration: whether polypoid or nonpolypoid (superficial). These results suggest that nonpolypoid (superficial) ECCs originate from a pathway different from the conventional genetic pathway that follows the adenoma—carcinoma sequence. However, this does not mean that this new pathway is following de novo type carcinogenesis, because there is a possibility that nonpolypoid (superficial) adenomas, or so‐called flat adenomas, develop into nonpolypoid (superficial) ECCs following the adenoma—carcinoma sequence. At the present time, there is still not enough evidence to conclude whether nonpolypoid (superficial) ECC is derived from de novo carcinogenesis or the conventional adenoma—carcinoma sequence. Further analysis, especially concerning APC gene mutation in ECCs, is essential to elucidate the carcinogenesis of nonpolypoid (superficial) ECCs.
New Ultradeformable Drug Carriers for Potential Transdermal Application of Interleukin‐2 and Interferon‐a Theoretic and Practical Aspects
Authors: Hofer Christian , Hartung Rudolf , Göbel Roland , Deering Petra , Lehmer Antonie , Breul Jürgen
Published: August 2002

Abstract

Transfersomes (TFs) are highly deformable hydrophilic lipid vesicles that are able to penetrate the skin barrier spontaneously because of their characteristics. Transfersomes are able to transport noninvasively low‐ and high‐molecular‐weight molecules into the body. We describe the formulation and several biologic characteristics of interleukin‐2 (IL‐2)‐ and interferon‐α (IFNα)‐containing TFs. TFs contain natural phosphatidylcholine and sodium cholate. Recombinant human IL‐2 and human hybrid IFNα were added to TFs and incubated for 24 hours at 4°C. Immunotransfersomes were isolated from free IL‐2 and IFNα by filtration (Centrisart, Sartorius). The biologic activity of immunotransfersomes was measured by a cytotoxic lymphoid line assay for IL‐2 and by an A549‐encephalomyocarditis virus assay for IFN; concentrations of proteins were determined by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). It was possible to incorporate a large amount of IL‐2 and IFN in TFs (75‐80%), and the incorporated IL‐2, and IFN were biologically active. The increased lipid/protein ratio (90.9/1.0) led to a growing probability of association. We were thus able to show that IL‐2 and IFN are trapped by transfersomes in a biologically active form and in sufficient concentrations for immunotherapy. In upcoming experiments these IL‐2‐ and IFN‐containing TFs will be used for a transdermal approach in the murine RENCA cell line model.
Gunshot Injuries of the Head of the Pancreas: Conservative Approach
Authors: Degiannis E. , Levy R.D. , Velmahos G.C. , Potokar T. , Florizoone M.G.C. , Saadia R.
Published: August 2002

This study is comprised of 48 patients with gunshot injuries of the head of the pancreas, many of which were high velocity injuries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate our management policy for these injuries based on our recent wide experience. Patients with grade II and III injuries underwent conservative surgery, with 0% and 21% postoperative mortality, respectively, directly related to the pancreatic injury. For patients in whom the duodenum was involved, pyloric exclusion was applied depending on the grade of the duodenal injury. We concluded that moderate gunshot injuries of the head of the pancreas (grade II) can be safely treated by débridement and suture repair, with or without drainage. Severe (grade IV) injuries warrant a pancreaticoduodenectomy. Most grade III injuries can be treated by débridement and drainage unless an associated severe duodenal injury is present, in which case resection may be indicated.
Somatostatin Receptor Scintigraphy in Patients with Carcinoid Tumors
Authors: Kwekkeboom Dik J. , Krenning Eric P.
Published: August 2002

In 80% to 90% of patients with carcinoids, tumor sites can be detected with [111In‐DTPA‐d‐Phe1]‐octreotide scintigraphy. Unexpected, additional localizations are reported in one‐third to two‐thirds of patients. In a group of 52 patients, we analyzed the results of various combinations of octreotide scintigraphy and conventional imaging. Octreotide scintigraphy, alone or in combination with other imaging modalities, led to the detection of more tumor sites than any combination of conventional imaging techniques. The combination of octreotide scintigraphy, chest radiography, and ultrasonography of the upper abdomen led to the detection of lesions in all patients in whom they could be demonstrated by any imaging means, with a sensitivity of 87% in terms of the number of detected lesions. The calculated cost for this imaging regimen was higher than for the combination of conventional imaging as applied in our group. However, the benefit was the detection of at least one lesion in 11% of patients in whom with conventional imaging no abnormalities were found. Moreover, if the results from our patient group were extrapolated to a group of 100 patients, the advantage in terms of the number of extra lesions detected would be 65 extra lesions per 100 patients. The detection of more tumor sites in patients who are known to have one tumor localization with conventional imaging may be essential when deciding whether to perform surgery. Octreotide scintigraphy can be used to localize tumors, direct the choice of medical therapy, and (expected in the near future) select patients for radiotherapy. The impact on patient management is fourfold: Octreotide scintigraphy may detect resectable tumors that would be unrecognized with conventional imaging techniques; it may prevent surgery in patients whose tumors have metastasized to a greater extent than can be detected with conventional imaging; it may direct the choice of therapy in patients with inoperable tumors; and in the future it may be used to select patients for radionuclide therapy.
Surgery for Asymptomatic Pancreatic Lesion in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type I
Authors: Skogseid B. , Öberg K. , Eriksson B. , Juhlin C. , Granberg D. , Åkerström G. , Rastad J.
Published: August 2002

Patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I underwent pancreatic surgery at presymptomatic (n= 8, mean age 33 years) or symptomatic (n= 12, mean age 51 years) stages of pancreatic endocrine involvement with the principal aim to evaluate postoperative morbidity, survival, and malignant potential of the pancreatic lesion. Radiologic signs of malignancy were not identified in any patient prior to exploration. All patients displayed multiple tumors with generally complex immunoreactivity. Normal postoperative pancreatic tumor markers were recorded in five of the asymptomatic patients, which became abnormal in three of them at a mean of 3 years after surgery. All patients remained without symptoms for a mean of 6 years after operation. In four symptomatic individuals (33%) metastases were identified at exploration, and two died with tumor; 83% of symptomatic patients displayed persistent or recurrent endocrine morbidity from the pancreatic lesion. Recognizing lead time bias, this limited and uncontrolled patient comparison suggests that exploration at the symptomatic stage of pancreatic involvement in MEN‐I patients is unsatisfactory. Rather than to obtain biochemical cure, surgery in asymptomatic patients might be regarded as a means of cancer prevention. The malignancy of the pancreatic lesion may be preceded by several decades of biochemical abnormality. Extensive screening for this lesion allows diagnosis during adolescence and the timely application of primary exploration. Active management of individuals with repeated biochemical analyses followed by selective reintervention could enable satisfactorily maintained pancreatic functions and substantial duration of cancer prevention.
Reducing the Occupational Risk of Infections for the Surgeon: Multicentric National Survey on More Than 15,000 Surgical Procedures
Authors: Pietrabissa Andrea , Merigliano Stefano , Montorsi Marco , Poggioli Gilberto , Stella Marco , Borzomati Domenico , Ciferri Enrico , Rossi Giuseppe , Doglietto Gianbattista
Published: August 2002

The objective of this study was to find the incidence of accidental exposures to blood and body fluids among surgeons during operations and to describe their dynamics. A probabilistic model was also used to predict the cumulative 30‐year risk to the surgeon of contracting hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV) or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and estimate the effect of preventive strategies in reducing this risk. A multicentric prospective survey, based on self‐administered questionnaires, was conducted during a period of 6 months in 39 Italian hospitals. An accidental exposure to blood or body fluids occurred in 9.2% of 15,375 operations. In about 2% of procedures a parenteral‐type injury, such as actual skin puncture or eye contamination, was suffered by the operating surgeon. A needle‐stick injury was the commonest accident, and its occurrence was found to vary with the phase of the procedure and its length. The current lifetime risk of acquiring HBV, HCV, and HIV infection in our regions was estimated to be as high as 42.7%,
34.8%, and 0.54%, respectively. The adoption of preventive strategies is expected to reduce this risk to 21% for HBV, 16.6% for HCV, and
0.23% for HIV infection. Active immunization of surgeons against HBV is strongly recommended. The case is also made for the use of a face‐shield combined with a permanent change in our surgical practice capable of reducing the current high rate of parenteral injuries.
Cytokines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Rogler Gerhard , Andus Tilo
Published: August 2002

Cytokines play a central role in the modulation of the intestinal immune system. They are produced by lymphocytes (especially T cells of the Th1 and Th2 phenotypes), monocytes, intestinal macrophages, granulocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. They have proinflammatory functions [interleukin‐1 (IL‐1), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐12] or antiinflammatory functions [interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist (IL‐1ra), IL‐4, IL‐10, IL‐11, transforming growth factor β (TGFβ)]. Mucosal and systemic concentrations of many pro‐ and antiinflammatory cytokines are elevated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). An imbalance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines was found for the IL‐1/IL‐1ra ratio in the inflamed mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, diverticulitis, and infectious colitis. Furthermore, the inhibition of proinflammatory cytokines and the supplementations with antiinflammatory cytokines reduced inflammation in animal models, such as the dextran sulfate colitis (DSS) model, the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) model, or the genetically engineered model of IL‐10 knockout mice. Based on these findings a rationale for cytokine treatment was defined. The first clinical trials using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against TNFα (cA2) or the antiinflammatory cytokine IL‐10 have shown promising results. However, many questions must be answered before cytokines can be considered standard therapy for IBD.
Can Adrenal Incidentalomas Be Safely Observed?
Authors: Barry M. Kevin , van Heerden Jon A. , Farley David R. , Grant Clive S. , Thompson Geoffrey B. , Ilstrup Duane M.
Published: August 2002

We currently recommend excision of adrenal incidentalomas ≥ 4 cm in size and all hormonally active tumors. The optimal management and follow‐up of smaller nonfunctioning tumors are controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical outcome of a well defined population of patients with incidentalomas followed without operative intervention. The study group comprised 231 patients, identified from the records of abdominal or thoracic computed tomographic (CT) scans performed between 1985 and 1989. The primary outcome variable analyzed was survival. Follow‐up was obtained by office records, telephone contact, or letter. There were 101 male and 130 female patients with a mean age at diagnosis of 64 years (range 5–86 years). Most adrenal tumors were unilateral (right 113; left 98); 20 were bilateral. Mean tumor size was 2 cm (range 1–6 cm). In nine (4%) patients the tumor was ≥ 4 cm. Follow‐up [mean 7 years; range 1 month (patient died) to 11.7 years] was complete in 224 (97%) patients. Ninety‐one (39%) patients had one or more additional CT scans performed during the follow‐up period, with only four patients demonstrating a > 1 cm increase in the size of the adrenal mass. Surgical excision of these four lesions identified benign pathology. Eighty‐one (35%) patients died of conditions unrelated to adrenal pathology. No patient developed subsequent adrenal hyperfunction or adrenal malignancy. Within the context of our guidelines, conservative management of adrenal incidentalomas considered benign or nonfunctioning at diagnosis is appropriate. Additional information provided by repeat CT scanning appears to confer limited benefit. This study does not support laparoscopic removal of small, nonfunctional adrenal tumors, as has been suggested.
Subtotal Adrenalectomy by the Posterior Retroperitoneoscopic Approach
Authors: Walz Martin K. , Peitgen Klaus , Saller Bernhard , Giebler Reiner M. , Lederbogen Sebastian , Nimtz Konstanze , Mann Klaus , Eigler Friedrich W.
Published: August 2002

The retroperitoneoscopic approach offers an established operative procedure for primary adrenal gland tumors. It allows a detailed view of the adrenal gland and its surrounding region. Therefore clear differentiation between normal and neoplastic adrenal tissue is sometimes possible, permitting a planned, unilateral, subtotal resection of the gland. Between July 1994 and August 1997 primary benign adrenal gland tumors (11 Conn adenomas, 4 pheochromocytomas, 4 Cushing adenomas, 3 hormonally inactive tumors; 2.4 ± 1.2 cm in size; 8 on the right, 14 on the left) were removed from 22 patients by the posterior retroperitoneoscopic approach maintaining tumor‐free portions of the ipsilateral adrenal gland. Two patients suffered from bilateral pheochromocytomas associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN‐IIa) syndrome and had previously undergone complete adrenalectomy of the contralateral gland. Following subtotal resection the operating time and blood loss did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from that seen with complete extirpation (46 patients operated during the same period). All patients with Conn adenomas and pheochromocytomas were biochemically and clinically cured (follow‐up 11 months; range 1–31 months). The four patients with Cushing adenoma currently require decreasing cortisol substitution. In the two MEN‐II patients adrenal gland cortical function could be maintained; one patient is on low‐dose steroid supplementation and the other on none. No local recurrence of tumors has been observed. In selected cases the retroperitoneoscopically performed subtotal adrenal gland resection is a safe procedure that can potentially maintain the function of the adrenal gland cortex.
Pheochromocytoma, a Rare Cause of Hypertension: Long‐term Follow‐up of 55 Surgically Treated Patients
Authors: Favia Gennaro , Lumachi Franco , Polistina Franceso , D’Amico Davide F.
Published: August 2002

Pheochromocytoma is a rare tumor that is found in only 0.1% of patients with diastolic hypertension. We analyze the results of our experience in management of pheochromocytomas and long‐term results of its surgical treatment. From 1977 to 1996 we operated on 55 patients with a pheochromocytoma: 29 males and 27 females with an average age of 41 years (range 10–63 years). In 44 (80.0%) patients episodic hypertension or paroxysms were observed; 7 (12.7%) patients had permanent hypertension, and 4 (7.3%) had a normal arterial blood pressure (ABP). 131/123I‐MIBG scintigraphy (33 patients) and magnetic resonance imaging (12 patients) showed 100% sensitivity and computed tomography (47 patients) 97.9% sensitivity. At operation five (9.1%) tumors were bilateral, five extraadrenal, and five multiple. In four (7.3%) patients an association with familial syndromes (three MEN‐IIb, one von Recklinghausen disease) was observed. Five (9.1%) malignant tumors were discovered, and two patients are still alive 30 and 104 months after surgery, one of them with relapse. In 43 (78.2%) patients we preferred a flank incision, and no intraoperative deaths occurred. Mean follow‐up was 88 months (6–232 months) with recurrence in only 1 (2.0%) of 50 patients without malignancy. In patients with benign pheochromocytomas the recurrence rate did not seem to be elevated in our series. Nevertheless, because the lifelong follow‐up requires only annual 24‐hour urinary catecholamine measurement (less than $40 per patient per year) and periodic ABP measurements, it is suggested for all patients who undergo surgery for pheochromocytoma.
Origin of Laparoscopy: Coincidence or Surgical Interdisciplinary Thought?
Authors: Litynski G.S. , Paolucci V.
Published: August 2002

The history of laparoscopy illustrates the interaction between the many areas of medicine and technology; in fact, the development of that technique is a cummulative effort of internists, gynecologists, and surgeons. At the beginning of our century, however, neither group was particularly open to the idea of scholarly exchange. In this respect, an early pioneer of laparoscopy, Georg Kelling (1866–1945) of Dresden and the story surrounding the invention of the laparoscopy are interesting exceptions. Although Kelling regarded himself a surgeon, he devoted a great deal of energy to the development of “nonsurgical” methods of treatment. He spent a great part of his life determining stomach capacity, constructing a semiflexible tube endoscope (straightened after the insertion), and attempting to alleviate gastrointestinal bleeding by means of high‐pressure pneumoperitoneum (lufttamponade). To observe the effects of insufflation on abdominal organs, Kelling introduced a cystoscope into the abdominal cavity. In fact, the invention of “celioscopy” or laparoscopy (1901) can be called a synthesis of Kelling's work with insufflation and his fascination with endoscopy.
Gallbladder Perforation during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Sarli Leopoldo , Pietra Nicola , Costi Renato , Grattarola Mario
Published: August 2002

A matched‐cohort analytic study was performed to assess the influence on postoperative morbidity and on long‐term outcome of gallbladder perforation (GP) during laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and to determine the existence of risk factors of GP. A total of 1127 consecutive patients who underwent successful LC were included. All patients received a preoperative dose of intravenous antibiotic. If GP occurred, free bile was aspirated, the abdominal cavity was irrigated, spilled stones were retrieved whenever possible, and antibiotic treatment was prolonged. Intraoperative GP occurred in 131 cases (11.6%). The Cox multivariate proportional hazards model showed that the surgeon's experience was the only factor associated with a higher risk of GP (p < 0.0001). Patients who had GP were retrospectively matched with 131 patients who did not have perforation. Statistical differences between the two matched groups were found for the median length of surgery: 74 minutes in the GP group versus 61 minutes, p < 0.01). No differences were found for (1) postoperative complications and reoperations (3.8% in GP group vs. 6.1%, and 0% in GP group vs. 0.8%, respectively); or (2) mean postoperative hospital stay (2.9 ± 2.3 days in GP group vs. 2.6 ± 1.6 days). No late consequences occurred that could be attributed to intraoperative GP. The results suggest that the frequency of GP during LC tends to diminish as the surgeon gains experience with this type of surgery. This event does not cause complications if adequate prophylactic antibiotic therapy is administered; spilled stones are retrieved whenever possible, and the abdominal cavity is abundantly irrigated.
Long‐term Survival of Transmural Advanced Gastric Carcinoma following Curative Resection: Multivariate Analysis of Prognostic Factors
Authors: Dhar Dipok Kumar , Kubota Hirofumi , Tachibana Mitsuo , Kotoh Tsukasa , Tabara Hideki , Watanabe Reiko , Kohno Hitoshi , Nagasue Naofumi
Published: August 2002

Patients with transmural (T2N0–T3N2) advanced gastric carcinoma comprise the largest group with uncertain outcome. These patients must be stratified according to the prognostic variables so the high risk group can be precisely identified. A total of 152 patients with transmural advanced gastric carcinomas were uniformly treated with a curative intent between 1979 and 1989 with at least a 7‐year follow‐up. Results and prognostic factors of long‐term survival were analyzed by univariate and multivariate analyses. Seventy‐five (49%) patients with advanced gastric carcinoma survived more than 7 years, which indicates the curative nature of surgery for gastric carcinoma. Seventeen variables were evaluated by univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, patient's age [> 70 years, relative risk (RR) 2.4)], intraoperative blood loss (> 500 ml, RR 1.7), blood vessel invasion (RR 2.3), ratio of invaded dissected lymph nodes (> 0.2, RR 3.0), and tumors penetrating the serosa (RR 3.9) were the independent prognostic variables. The results of this study indicate that extensive lymphadenectomy and minimal intraoperative blood loss might be helpful for improving patient survival following a curative resection. Patients with vessel invasion, serosal involvement, and those > 70 years of age should be considered at high risk and require appropriate adjuvant therapy to prolong survival.
Sex change and spatial distribution pattern in an intertidal holothurian Polycheira rufescens in the reproductive season
Authors: Arakaki Seiji , Yamahira Kazunori , Tokeshi Mutsunori
Published: August 2002

The patterns of sex change and spatial distribution in an intertidal holothurian, Polycheira rufescens (Chiridotidae; Echinodermata), were investigated on a stony beach in Amakusa, western Kyushu. Field caging experiments revealed that some individuals of P. rufescens underwent a sequential sex change from male to female via hermaphrodite stages and back to male again within a single reproductive season. The sex ratio of the population gradually changed from male dominance at first to equal proportions of males and females as the reproductive season progressed. Toward the end of the reproductive season, immature or spent individuals increased in proportion. Stone size appeared to be an important factor affecting the occurrence of P. rufescens individuals on a stony beach. Analysis of spatial distribution by means of Morisita's index of dispersion and nearest neighbor distances indicated that (i) males showed a slightly stronger tendency to aggregate than females, while females had a tendency toward uniform distribution; (ii) females tended to attract males, as shown by relatively short female‐to‐male distances; and (iii) there was a substantial variation in male‐to‐female distances, such that some males were positioned close to females while others were not. It may be suggested that spatial distribution of P. rufescens individuals during the reproductive period is partly dictated by the differential needs of individuals of different sexual states.
Distraction for Children of Different Ages Who Undergo Repeated Needle Sticks
Authors: Dahlquist Lynnda M. , Busby Suzanne M. , Slifer Keith J. , Tucker Cindy L. , Eischen Stephanie , Hilley Lisa , Sulc Wendy
Published: August 2002

A distraction intervention for pain management and behavioral distress was implemented for six children with chronic illnesses and their parents as the children underwent repeated needle sticks. The children ranged in age from two to eight years. Several different cognitive distractors were used for the children based on their respective developmental levels. The needle stick procedures during which treatment was implemented included intramuscular injections, implanted port accesses, and intravenous placements. Nine sessions of distraction were provided in which a therapist taught parents to coach their children to use distraction techniques. Dependent measures included the child's behavioral dis tress and heart rate, parent ratings of the child's fear before the procedure, parent self-ratings of feeling upset during the procedure, and nurse ratings of the child's cooperation. Reductions in child behavioral distress during the distraction treatment program were observed in five out of the six cases. Concomitant improvements in parental reports of child distress, nurse estimates of child cooperation, and parents' self-report of feeling upset during the medical proce dures also were found. Follow-up data were available for one of the successfully treated children. His improvements were maintained for both intramuscular injections and portacatheter accesses over 16 weeks without therapist involvement.
Esophagomyotomy and esophagopexy to create a diverticulum for treatment of chronic esophageal stricture in 2 horses
Authors: Lillich James D. , Frees Karl E. , Warrington Kathrine , Van Harreveld Philip D. , Gaughan Earl M. , Beard Warren L.
Published: August 2002

We report use of esophagomyotomy and esophagopexy to create a diverticulum for relief of chronic type I esophageal stricture in 2 horses. After esophagomyotomy, the mucosa was dissected free from the muscularis for approximately 180° around the myotomy. Then, the tunica muscularis of esophagus was sutured to the sternocephalicus muscle ventrally and the periesophageal tissues dorsally to create a diverticulum without disruption of the esophageal mucosa. Clinical signs of esophageal stricture were relieved, and the horses were fed normal diets without further esophageal obstruction.
Electrochemically driven introduction of copper ions into the ring of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H, 23H-porphyrin mechanically attached as solid microparticles to a graphite electrode
Authors: ZHUANG QIAN-KUN , SCHOLZ FRITZ
Published: August 2002

Upon cyclic electrochemical polarization, traces of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrin (H2TPP), which have been mechanically transferred to the surface of a paraffin-impregnated graphite electrode, incorporate copper ions from aqueous solution into the porphyrin ring to form CuTPP . The mechanism of formation of copper porphyrin and the catalytic action of the latter on the electroreduction of oxygen were studied by cyclic voltammetry and square-wave voltammetry. In solid CuTPP the Cu II/ Cu I system is electrochemically active according to the following insertion electrochemical reaction: [Formula: see text]. When the CuTPP is dissolved in organic solvents, the central copper ion does not show any electrochemical activity in the accessible potential range.
Recent advances in photodynamic therapy
Authors: PANDEY RAVINDRA K.
Published: August 2002

Clinical results of photodynamic therapy continue to show promise for the treatment of various solid malignancies. This paper briefly summarizes the advantages/disadvantages of various so-called ‘second-generation’ photosensitizers and other medical applications of porphyrin-based analogs.
Why we watch: The attractions of violent entertainment
Authors: Russell Gordon W.
Published: August 2002

Edited by Jeffrey H. Goldstein. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998, 270 pp.
A unified adaptive oculomotor control model
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Wakamatsu Hidetoshi
Published: August 2002

In order to understand mechanisms of oculomotor control systems, an oculomotor model based on eye's anatomical structure and physiological mechanism is developed. In this model, various types of eye movements are considered, and two learning systems, one based on adaptive characteristics of flocculus and the other on vestibular nuclei's are developed. The role of neural paths from ocular muscle stretch receptors into flocculus, which were thought to not contribute in eye movement, is discussed in detail from the viewpoint of system control engineering. The experimental results through simulation show good control performance of the proposed model. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating own and cross brand price elasticities, and price–cost margin ratios using store‐level daily scanner data
Authors: Kinoshita Junko , Suzuki Nobuhiro , Kawamura Tamotsu , Watanabe Yasuhito , Kaiser Harry M.
Published: August 2002

This article addresses three issues related to Japanese dairy demand analysis. First, an econometric fluid milk demand model is estimated using store‐level daily scanner data to determine whether the own‐price elasticities are significantly different from previous estimates based on aggregate market‐level data. This is important because of the current debate among Japanese dairy industry leaders concerning whether fluid milk is price inelastic or elastic. Own‐price elasticity differences between fresh and reconstituted milk products are also examined. Second, milk product cross‐price elasticities are estimated to measure the degree, if any, of substitutability between fresh milk and reconstituted milk products. Because most previous studies have relied upon aggregate market‐level data, there are no previous estimates of cross‐price elasticities for fresh milk and reconstituted milk products. Finally, price–cost margin ratios are estimated for each commodity using a method that does not require cost data, but rather relies on assumptions regarding the degree of competition to derive the price–cost margin ratio [Econlit alphanumeric subject codes: Q110, Q130]. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia can be established by flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood, even in patients with low levels of circulating malignant cells
Authors: Cornfield Dennis B. , Mitchell Nelson Debra M. , Rimsza Lisa M. , Moller‐Patti Danielle , Braylan Raul C.
Published: August 2002

The diagnosis of hairy cell leukemia (HCL) has traditionally been based on microscopic means. Immunophenotypic analysis of peripheral blood by flow cytometry is not widely recognized as a method for diagnosing HCL, perhaps due to the expectation of low yield of neoplastic cells in patients who are characteristically leukopenic. The abnormal coexpression of CD103, CD25, and intense CD11c and CD20 on monotypic, slightly large B‐lymphocytes has previously been shown to be highly characteristic of HCL. We wished to determine if this pattern was valuable in the diagnosis of HCL in leukopenic patients with low levels of neoplastic cells in the peripheral blood. The abnormal immunophenotype above was observed in 25 peripheral blood specimens from patients with unexplained cytopenias or suspected lymphoproliferative processes. Ten of the 25 blood samples exhibited this abnormal phenotype in less than 5% of circulating leukocytes (ranging from <1% to 4%). All 10 patients had other manifestations of HCL, including cytopenias (mean white blood cell count, 1.8 × 103/mm3; hemoglobin, 11.0 gm/dl; platelets, 74 × 103/mm3), splenomegaly, and typical bone marrow morphologic changes. Eight of the 10 patients achieved an excellent response to one course of 2‐CDA, with significant improvement of cytopenias (mean white blood cell count: 5.3 × 103/mm3; hemoglobin: 14.4 g/dl; platelets: 181 × 103/mm3) and regression of splenomegaly. One patient had a partial response to alpha interferon and a subsequent complete response to 2‐CDA, and one died during treatment. In conclusion, flow cytometric immunophenotyping of peripheral blood is capable of detecting low levels of circulating malignant cells in HCL, even in leukopenic patients. As such, it can be a very useful, non‐invasive tool in the diagnosis of this disorder. Am. J. Hematol. 67:223–226, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response to: Mortality among rubber chemical manufacturing workers by M.M. Prince et al. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2000. 37: 590–598.
Authors: Velentgas Priscilla , Delzell Elizabeth , Toeppen‐Sprigg Barbara , Holtshouser Joseph L.
Published: August 2002

Mary M. Prince and colleagues [Prince et al., 2000] report that workers in the "rubber chemicals" manufacturing department of a plant in Niagara County, New York, have elevated ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality compared with the US population, based on their observation of a standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for IHD of 1.51 (95% CI 0.94‐2.3). Despite the fact that the investigators also report SMRs for IHD mortality of 1.19 when compared with local Niagara County, NY referent rates and a rate ratio of 1.03 when workers exposed to rubber chemicals were compared with workers in other departments of the plant, most discussion and interpretation of these results focus on the comparison with US rates.
Radiation dose estimation for epidemiologic studies of flight attendants*
Authors: Grajewski Barbara , Waters Martha A. , Whelan Elizabeth A. , Bloom Thomas F.
Published: August 2002

Background

NIOSH is conducting health studies of female flight attendants. Exposures of interest include cosmic radiation and circadian rhythm disruption, however, the data needed to estimate cumulative radiation dose are not found in work histories.

Methods

We developed an algorithm to generate from work histories the required input data for Federal Aviation Administration radiation estimation software and evaluated whether effects of cumulative radiation dose could be distinguished analytically from effects of circadian rhythm disruption.

Results

The algorithm has relatively low bias (< 6%) for longer flights, which contribute most to cumulative radiation dose. In one NIOSH study, 44 crew incurred an estimated average annual occupational dose of 1.5–1.7 mSv. Selection of a study population flying predominantly North–South flights can provide the necessary distinction between radiation and time zone crossing exposures.

Conclusions

Methods developed will be useful for exposure assessment in cabin crew studies with relatively short study periods, (e.g., reproductive health studies) for which limited flight history details are generally available. Am. J. Ind. Med. 41:27–37, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Missense mutation of TRPS1 in a family of tricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndrome type III
Authors: Kobayashi Hiromasa , Hino Megumu , Shimodahira Makiko , Iwakura Toshio , Ishihara Takashi , Ikekubo Katsuji , Ogawa Yoshihiro , Nakao Kazuwa , Kurahachi Hiroyuki
Published: August 2002

We report a new Japanese family with tricho‐rhino‐phalangeal syndrome type III (TRPS III) who have a missense mutation (Arg908Gln) of theTRPS1 gene (TRPS1) in affected individuals of the family. This study supports the notion that TRPS III results from missense mutations in exon 6 of TRPS1. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal complex chromosome rearrangement ascertained through a del (13)(q12.1q14.1) detected in her mildly affected daughter
Authors: Drummond‐Borg M. , Kulharya A.S. , Tonk V. , Garcia‐Heras J.
Published: August 2002

A maternal complex chromosome rearrangement (CCR) involving chromosomes 2, 13, and 20 was ascertained in a normal female through the diagnosis of a deletion of 13q in her daughter. The child has mild clinical features and developmental delay consistent with proximal deletions of 13q that do not extend into band q32 and a del(13)(q12q14.1) that does not involve the retinoblastoma locus by FISH. Maternal studies by GTG banding and FISH showed a complex karyotype with bands 13q12.3→13q12.1::20p13 translocated to 2p13 and bands 2pter→2p13::13q12.3→13q14.1 translocated into band 20p13. This would be the first report of an interstitial deletion of 13q inherited from a parental complex chromosome rearrangement. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
De novo partial duplication of chromosome 7p in a male with autistic disorder
Authors: Wolpert C.M. , Donnelly S.L. , Cuccaro M.L. , Hedges D.J. , Poole C.P. , Wright H.H. , Gilbert J.R. , Pericak‐Vance M.A.
Published: August 2002

We describe a de novo partial duplication of 7p in a 25‐year‐old male with autistic disorder (AD). High‐resolution chromosome analysis revealed an extra segment added to the proximal short arm of chromosome 7. The G‐band pattern was consistent with an inverted duplication of 7p11.2‐p14.1. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), using a whole chromosome 7 DNA probe (Cytocell, Inc., UK), confirmed that the extra chromosome material is derived from chromosome 7, indicating that the patient is partially trisomic for a region of the short arm of chromosome 7. Partial duplication of the short arm of chromosome 7 is uncommon with little more than 30 cases in the literature. This is the first report of an individual with a 7p duplication who also has AD. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of a significant linkage between Na+,K+‐ATPase subunit (ATP1A3 and ATP1B3) genotypes and bipolar affective disorder in the old‐order Amish
Authors: Philibert R.A. , Cheung D. , Welsh N. , Damschroder‐Williams P. , Thiel B. , Ginns E.I. , Gershenfeld Howard K.
Published: August 2002

Previous studies provide evidence for a genetic component for susceptibility to bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) in the old‐order Amish population. El‐Mallakh and Wyatt [1995: Biol Psychiatry 37:235–244] have suggested that the Na+,K+‐ATPase may be a candidate gene for BPAD. This study examines the relationship between BPAD in the old‐order Amish cohort and the Na+,K+‐ATPase α1 and β3 subunit genes (ATP1A3, ATP1B3). A total of 166 sibling pairs were analyzed for linkage via nonparametric methods. Suggestive levels of statistical significance were not reached in any stratification model for affective illness. Overall, the results do not support linkage of bipolar disorder to the Na+,K+‐ATPase alpha subunit gene (ATP1A3) and beta subunit gene (ATP1B3) in these old‐order Amish families and they show that these Na+,K+‐ATPase subunit genes are not major effect genes (≥fourfold increased genetic risk of disease) for BPAD in the old‐order Amish pedigrees. We cannot exclude other genetic variants of the Na+,K+‐ATPase hypothesis for BPAD, whereby other loci may modifying Na+,K+‐ATPase activity. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of serotonin transporter gene regulatory region polymorphism and alcoholism
Authors: Matsushita Sachio , Yoshino Aihide , Murayama Masanobu , Kimura Mitsuru , Muramatsu Taro , Higuchi Susumu
Published: August 2002

Previous studies have indicated associations between a functional biallelic repetitive element in the 5′ regulatory region of the serotonin transporter gene (5‐HTTLPR) and alcoholic subjects who have either dissocial personality disorder or severe withdrawal symptoms. To replicate these associations under the hypothesis that genetic polymorphism plays some role in the susceptibility or vulnerability of some subgroup of alcoholics, the associations between alcoholic subjects' genetic polymorphisms, clinical characteristics, and personality traits were examined. This case control study comprised 697 alcoholic and 270 control subjects. A questionnaire focusing on family and social background, history of drinking and alcohol withdrawal, DSM‐III‐R criteria for the evaluation of psychiatric conditions, and Feighner's criteria for the lifetime diagnosis and assessment of overall severity of alcoholism was administered to 373 alcoholic subjects. Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) and Sensation Seeking Scale (SSS) were used to evaluate the other 324 alcoholics. The frequency of the homozygous short allele was significantly higher in alcoholic binge drinkers than in nonbinge drinking alcoholics. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of either the 5‐HTTLPR genotype or the short vs. long allele in alcoholic and control subjects. The alcoholics' 5‐HTTLPR genotype and allele frequencies did not differ significantly by the severity of withdrawal symptoms or by the number of positive Feighner's diagnostic criteria. Although these results indicate an association between 5‐HTTLPR and a subgroup of alcoholics characterized by binge drinking, the authors found no differences in SSS and TCI subscale scores for alcoholics with different 5‐HTTLPR genotypes. Future studies of the association in other alcoholic population should take into account personality traits. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic variation of the human glycine receptor subunit genes GLRA3 and GLRB and susceptibility to idiopathic generalized epilepsies
Authors: Sobetzko Diana , Sander Thomas , Becker Cord‐Michael
Published: August 2002

Alterations of glycine receptor α1 and β subunit genes have been associated with hypertonic motor disorders in both mice and humans. Mutations in genes encoding other ligand‐ and voltage‐gated ion channels have been identified in rare monogenic forms of idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE). We tested the hypothesis that allelic variants of the glycine receptor subunit genes, GLRA3 and GLRB, both localized on chromosome 4q, confer susceptibility to common subtypes of IGE. Mutation screening was carried out in index patients of 14 IGE families. No pathogenic mutation was found, but two intronic polymorphisms were detected in the GLRB gene, and four intronic, three exonic, and one 3′‐UTR polymorphisms were identified for the GLRA3 gene. Subsequent screening for exonic and 3′‐UTR polymorphisms in GLRA3 showed no statistical difference between a group of sporadic IGE patients (n = 104) and a control group (n = 141). The genotype frequencies for exonic and 3′‐UTR polymorphisms in GLRA3 showed no statistically significant difference between IGE patients (n = 104) and an ethnically matched control group (n = 141). Thus, no association between IGE and alterations in GLRA3 or GLRB genes could be detected, indicating that both genes do not play a major causative role in the epileptogenesis of common IGE subtypes. Still, these novel single nucleotide polymorphisms may be useful markers for candidate gene analyses of other disorders. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association study of a promoter polymorphism of UFD1L gene with schizophrenia
Authors: De Luca Alessandro , Pasini Augusto , Amati Francesca , Botta Annalisa , Spalletta Gianfranco , Alimenti Serenella , Caccamo Francesca , Conti Emanuela , Trakalo Joseph , Macciardi Fabio , Dallapiccola Bruno , Novelli Giuseppe
Published: August 2002

Schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders are often found in patients affected by DiGeorge/velo‐cardio‐facial syndrome (DGS/VCFS) as a result of hemizygosity of chromosome 22q11.2. We evaluated the UFD1L gene, mapping within the DGS/VCFS region, as a potential candidate for schizophrenia susceptibility. UFD1L encodes for the ubiquitin fusion degradation 1 protein, which is expressed in the medial telencephalon during mouse development. Using case control, simplex families (trios), and functional studies, we provided evidence for association between schizophrenia and a single nucleotide functional polymorphism, −277A/G, located within the noncoding region upstream the first exon of the UFD1L gene. The results are supportive of UFD1L involvement in the neurodevelopmental origin of schizophrenia and contribute in delineating etiological and pathogenetic mechanism of the schizophrenia subtype related to 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Encyclopedia of human evolution and prehistory
Authors: McHenry Henry M.
Published: August 2002

Review of Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory, Second Edition edited by Eric Delson, Ian Tattersall, John A. Van Couvering, and Alison S. Brooks. New York, Garland Publishing, 2000, xiv + 753 pp, maps, charts, tables, drawings, photos, $175.
Effectiveness of human microsatellite loci for assessing paternity in a captive colony of vervets (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus)
Authors: Newman Timothy K. , Fairbanks Lynn A. , Pollack Deborah , Rogers Jeffrey
Published: August 2002

Microsatellite polymorphisms are playing an increasingly vital role in primatological research, and are particularly useful for paternity exclusion in both wild and captive populations. Although vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops) are commonly studied in both settings, few previous studies have utilized microsatellite markers for assessing genetic variation in this species. In a pilot project to assess paternity in the UCLA‐VA Vervet Monkey Research Colony (VMRC), we screened 55 commercially available human microsatellite markers chosen from a panel of 370 that have been shown to be polymorphic in baboons (Papio hamadryas). Using a standard PCR protocol, 43 (78%) loci produced amplifiable product. Of these, 14 were polymorphic and 11 were genotyped in 51 individuals, including 19 offspring and 14 potential sires. The average heterozygosity across the 11 loci was .719. In all 19 paternity cases all but one male was excluded as the true sire at two or more loci. This includes successfully distinguishing between two maternal half‐sib brothers who were potential sires in most of the paternity cases. Given that the colony is descended from 54 wild‐caught founders trapped between 1975 and 1987 from an introduced population on St. Kitts, West Indies, these values imply high microsatellite variability in natural vervet populations. Our results provide a panel of markers derived from the human genome that is suitable for assessing genetic variation and paternity in vervets. Am. J. Primatol. 56:237–243, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A well‐articulated volume
Authors: King Barbara J.
Published: August 2002

Review of Primate Encounters: Models of Science, Gender, and Society edited by Shirley C. Strum and Linda Marie Fedigan. Chicago, Chicago University Press, 2000, xv + 635 pp, 7 fig., $35.
Demography and pedigree structure of an SPF colony of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Ludvico Lisa , Slifer Susan , Massey Kristina , Mosman Kathryn , Mohamed Carlos , Stone William , Keeling Michale , Bernacky Bruce , Dyke Bennett
Published: August 2002

The SPF rhesus colony at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center in Bastrop, Texas, was analyzed with the aim of determining the demographic and genetic effects of stringent selection for virus‐free breeders, permanent quarantine, continued surveillance, and culling of animals that show evidence of viral infection. The analysis shows minimal effects on population viability and loss of genetic variability in comparison with the traditionally managed (non‐SPF) portion of the population. Am. J. Primatol. 53:155–165, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micro and sub‐micro fabrication techniques for optically confined structures based on lithium fluoride
Authors: Montereali R. M. , Mancini A. , Martelli S. , Menchini F. , Picozzi P.
Published: August 2002

Lithium fluoride (LiF) films treated by low‐energy electrons represent a very promising candidate for the realization of miniaturized broad band optical devices like active waveguides and microcavities. The main properties, in particular the refractive index, density, structure and microstructure, of polycrystalline LiF films grown by thermal evaporation on amorphous and crystalline substrates are discussed, together with their influence on colour centres formation induced by low‐energy electron beam bombardment and on the choice­of the main irradiation conditions. Copyright­© 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.