bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coercive Distribution
Authors: Albertus Michael , Fenner Sofia , Slater Dan
Published: May 2018

Canonical theories of political economy struggle to explain patterns of distribution in authoritarian regimes. In this Element, Albertus, Fenner, and Slater challenge existing models and introduce an alternative, supply-side, and state-centered theory of 'coercive distribution'. Authoritarian regimes proactively deploy distributive policies as advantageous strategies to consolidate their monopoly on power. These policies contribute to authoritarian durability by undercutting rival elites and enmeshing the masses in lasting relations of coercive dependence. The authors illustrate the patterns, timing, and breadth of coercive distribution with global and Latin American quantitative evidence and with a series of historical case studies from regimes in Latin America, Asia, and the Middle East. By recognizing distribution's coercive dimensions, they account for empirical patterns of distribution that do not fit with quasi-democratic understandings of distribution as quid pro quo exchange. Under authoritarian conditions, distribution is less an alternative to coercion than one of its most effective expressions.
ADHD: science, stigma and service implications
Authors: Gavin B. , McNicholas F.
Published: May 2018

We are delighted to dedicate an edition of the Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine to the topic of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). ADHD accounts for the majority of clinical presentations to Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, both in terms of new assessments and ongoing attendances. Papers presented in this edition reflect on the evolving construct of ADHD, drawing from science, clinical practice and public opinion. Current and evidenced-based assessment and treatment practice guidelines are reviewed. International longitudinal studies allow us to understand the personal and societal cost, which can persist for many years post-diagnosis. Despite continuation to adulthood in many young people, follow on adult services are lacking. It is fitting that submissions, by way of personal reflections and opinion pieces, are also included from adult colleagues as they reflect on their experiences in this area. Given the recent development of a national clinical programme in ADHD in Ireland, coupled with a growing evidence for effective interventions, it is hoped that this special edition will highlight the need for appropriate and accessible ADHD treatments across the lifespan.
On the role of secondary motions in turbulent square duct flow
Authors: Modesti Davide , Pirozzoli Sergio , Orlandi Paolo , Grasso Francesco
Published: May 2018

We use a direct numerical simulations (DNS) database for turbulent flow in a square duct up to bulk Reynolds number $Re_{b}=40\,000$ to quantitatively analyse the role of secondary motions on the mean flow structure. For that purpose we derive a generalized form of the identity of Fukagata, Iwamoto and Kasagi (FIK), which allows one to quantify the effect of cross-stream convection on the mean streamwise velocity, wall shear stress and bulk friction coefficient. Secondary motions are found to contribute approximately 6 % of the total friction, and to act as a self-regulating mechanism of turbulence whereby wall shear stress non-uniformities induced by corners are equalized, and universality of the wall-normal velocity profiles is established. We also carry out numerical experiments whereby the secondary motions are artificially suppressed, in which case their equalizing role is partially taken by the turbulent stresses.
A Note on Business Survival and Social Network
Authors: Zhao Chenlin , Burt Ronald S.
Published: May 2018

We extend Burt, Burzynska, and Opper's cross-sectional network prediction of relative success among Chinese entrepreneurs by predicting which ventures are still active five years later. The cross-sectional analysis is corroborated in three ways (despite the vicissitudes of a national anti-corruption campaign): (1) Businesses run in 2012 by CEOs with a network rich in structural holes are more likely to be active five years later, in 2017. (2) Survival odds are improved if the large, open network around a CEO in 2012 was initially a supportive ‘cocoon’ closed network when the business was founded. (3) Both results are contingent on capturing theguanxities valuable early in the history of the business. The two network effects disappear when the network around a CEO is limited to his or her currently valued contacts. Beyond corroboration, we find that advantage is concentrated in ventures that began well and had become successful. Network advantage here does not compensate for weakness – it is a mechanism for cumulative advantage, amplifying the success of businesses already doing well.
Text Encoding Innocents Meet the Egyptian Gazette
Authors: Hanley Will
Published: May 2018

This short piece describes an experimental course at Florida State University in which undergraduates digitize issues of a turn-of-the-century Egyptian newspaper. Beginning students of Middle East studies can benefit from exposure to raw primary sources. Learning to read and process this newspaper using digital methods such as character recognition and text encoding, they generate a repository of text that can be of value to scholars in the field. Training students to do this work certainly offers them valuable, transferable technical skills. The combination of technical and conceptual work in a collaborative, laboratory setting is not easily accomplished, however. From an area studies perspective, it can be challenging to train students to discern what material is of significance, and how they might proceed to analyze it. Nevertheless, a great deal of knowledge in our field is produced incrementally, provisionally, and collectively. We can use institutional moves to re-imagine teaching to involve even inexpert students in this process of knowledge production.
Letter From The Editor
Authors: Ferguson Heather
Published: May 2018

Once again, this issue of the Review circulates as turbulent events continue to displace and fracture the history, culture, and everyday realities that define the MENA region and diasporic lives. As MESA members seek ways to interrogate and intervene in these chaotic moments through academic and pedagogical practice, our hope is that the RoMES mission to bridge divides between fields, publics, and geographies in Middle East studies will provide potential pathways forward. We also face ongoing public debate concerning the role of academics and of liberal arts education during a time when conscientious, critical scholarship and curricula are often labeled as partisan projects. It is thus incumbent on all of us to reassess the roles we play in the various fora that define our lives: classrooms, conferences, public media outlets, scholarly publications, editorial and institutional boards, think tanks, and beyond. In this issue we introduce three new sections of the Review intentionally created to capture some of these varied roles and thus to offer RoMES as a space for interrogation and reflection.
The reproductive biology of swordfish (Xiphias gladius) in the Strait of Gibraltar
Authors: Abid Noureddine , Laglaoui Amin , Arakrak Abdelhay , Bakkali Mohammed
Published: May 2018

During the period from April to September for the years 2014–2016, 998 swordfishes caught by the Moroccan artisanal longline fishery in the Strait of Gibraltar were sampled to study the reproduction of this species in this mixing area between the Mediterranean Sea and the North Atlantic. The results showed that the sex ratio is slightly in favour of males for sizes smaller than 130 cm LJFL (Lower jaw-fork length), whereas females are more numerous in sizes larger than 140 cm LJFL. Fifty per cent of females were estimated to be mature at 170 cm LJFL, while for males, the size at first maturity was estimated to be 95 cm LJFL. The swordfish spawn from June to September, probably in the Mediterranean Sea. The findings of this study suggest that the reproductive characteristics of swordfish caught in the Strait of Gibraltar are similar to those of the Mediterranean swordfish, and a high mixing rate between the Mediterranean and the North Atlantic stocks occurs in the study area.
Mapping the neuroanatomic substrates of cognition in familial attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Muster Rachel , Choudhury Saadia , Sharp Wendy , Kasparek Steven , Sudre Gustavo , Shaw Philip
Published: May 2018

Background

While the neuroanatomic substrates of symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been investigated, less is known about the neuroanatomic correlates of cognitive abilities pertinent to the disorder, particularly in adults. Here we define the neuroanatomic correlates of key cognitive abilities and determine if there are associations with histories of psychostimulant medication.

Methods

We acquired neuroanatomic magnetic resonance imaging data from 264 members of 60 families (mean age 29.5;s.d. 18.4, 116 with ADHD). Using linear mixed model regression, we tested for associations between cognitive abilities (working memory, information processing, intelligence, and attention), symptoms and both cortical and subcortical volumes.

Results

Symptom severity was associated with spatial working memory (t= −3.77,p= 0.0002), processing speed (t= −2.95,p= 0.004) and a measure of impulsive responding (t= 2.19,p= 0.03); these associations did not vary with age (allp> 0.1). Neuroanatomic associations of cognition varied by task but centered on prefrontal, lateral parietal and temporal cortical regions, the thalamus and putamen. The neuroanatomic correlates of ADHD symptoms overlapped significantly with those of working memory (Dice's overlap coefficient: spatial,p= 0.003; verbal,p= 0.001) and information processing (p= 0.02). Psychostimulant medication history was associated with neither cognitive skills nor with a brain–cognition relationships.

Conclusions

Diagnostic differences in the cognitive profile of ADHD does not vary significantly with age; nor were cognitive differences associated with psychostimulant medication history. The neuroanatomic substrates of working memory and information overlapped with those for symptoms within these extended families, consistent with a pathophysiological role for these cognitive skills in familial ADHD.
Testing a stepped care model for binge-eating disorder: a two-step randomized controlled trial
Authors: Tasca Giorgio A. , Koszycki Diana , Brugnera Agostino , Chyurlia Livia , Hammond Nicole , Francis Kylie , Ritchie Kerri , Ivanova Iryna , Proulx Genevieve , Wilson Brian , Beaulac Julie , Bissada Hany , Beasley Erin , Mcquaid Nancy , Grenon Renee , Fortin-Langelier Benjamin , Compare Angelo , Balfour Louise
Published: May 2018

Background

A stepped care approach involves patients first receiving low-intensity treatment followed by higher intensity treatment. This two-step randomized controlled trial investigated the efficacy of a sequential stepped care approach for the psychological treatment of binge-eating disorder (BED).

Methods

In the first step, all participants with BED (n= 135) received unguided self-help (USH) based on a cognitive-behavioral therapy model. In the second step, participants who remained in the trial were randomized either to 16 weeks of group psychodynamic-interpersonal psychotherapy (GPIP) (n= 39) or to a no-treatment control condition (n= 46). Outcomes were assessed for USH in step 1, and then for step 2 up to 6-months post-treatment using multilevel regression slope discontinuity models.

Results

In the first step, USH resulted in large and statistically significant reductions in the frequency of binge eating. Statistically significant moderate to large reductions in eating disorder cognitions were also noted. In the second step, there was no difference in change in frequency of binge eating between GPIP and the control condition. Compared with controls, GPIP resulted in significant and large improvement in attachment avoidance and interpersonal problems.

Conclusions

The findings indicated that a second step of a stepped care approach did not significantly reduce binge-eating symptoms beyond the effects of USH alone. The study provided some evidence for the second step potentially to reduce factors known to maintain binge eating in the long run, such as attachment avoidance and interpersonal problems.
Fast Property Testing and Metrics for Permutations
Authors: FOX JACOB , WEI FAN
Published: May 2018

The goal of property testing is to quickly distinguish between objects which satisfy a property and objects that are ε-far from satisfying the property. There are now several general results in this area which show that natural properties of combinatorial objects can be tested with ‘constant’ query complexity, depending only on ε and the property, and not on the size of the object being tested. The upper bound on the query complexity coming from the proof techniques is often enormous and impractical. It remains a major open problem if better bounds hold.

Maybe surprisingly, for testing with respect to the rectangular distance, we prove there is a universal (not depending on the property), polynomial in 1/ε query complexity bound for two-sided testing hereditary properties of sufficiently large permutations. We further give a nearly linear bound with respect to a closely related metric which also depends on the smallest forbidden subpermutation for the property. Finally, we show that several different permutation metrics of interest are related to the rectangular distance, yielding similar results for testing with respect to these metrics.
Bīsotūn and the French Enlightenment
Authors: POTTS DANIEL THOMAS
Published: May 2018

This study examines a little-known case of Enlightenment knowledge transmission centred on the rock-cut monument of Darius I at Bīsotūn in western Iran. It discusses a report on the monument published by the cartographer and historian Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville, which originated with the Decalced Carmelite monk Emmanuel de Saint-Albert (born Jean-Claude Ballyet); who transmitted it to Isaac Bellet, a doctor involved in secret negotiations in Constantinople; who in turn sent it to Louis, Duke d'Orléans, in Paris; who passed it on to d'Anville. The collison of scholarly interest, political service and scientific personality offers a fascinating case study of the Enlightenment ‘republic of letters’ in action.
The PERSONS score for symptoms assessment in simultaneous care setting: A pilot study
Authors: Cortellini Alessio , Porzio Giampiero , Masel Eva K. , Berghoff Anna S. , Knotzer Barbara , Parisi Alessandro , Pavese Francesco , Ficorella Corrado , Verna Lucilla
Published: May 2018

One of the first steps to early integrate palliative care into oncology practice is a timely and efficient evaluation of symptoms (Bakitas et al., 2015; Davis et al., 2015; Temel et al., 2010). In a recent position paper, the Italian Association of Medical Oncology tells oncologists that they “must be able to prevent, recognize, measure, and treat all cancer-related symptoms” (Zagonel et al., 2017). Major international scientific societies such as the American Society of Clinical Oncology and the European Society of Medical Oncology have often defined the key role of symptoms evaluation and management to force the integration of palliative care into oncology (Davis et al., 2015; Ferrel et al., 2017). Nevertheless, a recent survey conducted by the Italian Association of Medical Oncology shows that only 20% of oncologists regularly uses valid tools to evaluate symptoms, 45% exclusively use them in the context of clinical trials, 30% use them only occasionally, and 5% never use them (Zagonel et al., 2016).
SOVIET POLICY SCIENCES AND EARTH SYSTEM GOVERNMENTALITY
Authors: RINDZEVIČIŪTĖ EGLĖ
Published: May 2018

This article introduces non-Western policy sciences into the burgeoning field of the intellectual history of Earth system governmentality, a field that studies the ideas, institutions and material systems that enable action at the global scale. It outlines the rise of debates on the idea of the governability of the global biosphere in late Soviet Russia (1970s–1980s), focusing particularly on the extension of Vladimir Vernadskii's famous theory of the biosphere and its governance (the stage of the noosphere) into computer modeling and systems analysis. As a result, a new notion of governance as guidance through milieu arose to conceptualize global governance of the biosphere. This conceptual innovation was part of Soviet scientists’ attempt to liberalize the centrally commanded Soviet governmental system.
Full‐Waveform Sensitivity Kernels of Component‐Differential Traveltimes and ZH Amplitude Ratios for Velocity and Density Tomography
Authors: Bao Xueyang , Shen Yang
Published: May 2018

Previous studies of the Rayleigh wave vertical‐to‐horizontal amplitude ratios (ZH ratio) assumed one‐dimensional velocity and density structures beneath the receiver, neglecting the effects of three‐dimensional (3‐D) heterogeneities on wave amplitudes. Those studies have well demonstrated that the ZH ratios provide powerful constraints on the crust and mantle structure. However, the azimuthal averaging of the ZH ratios common in those studies means reduced sensitivities to the 3‐D structure and thus the ZH ratios' potential resolving power. We derive equations for the 3‐D full‐wave sensitivity kernels of the ZH ratio and differential traveltime of the vertical and radial components of Rayleigh and P waves, to perturbations in shear and compressional velocities and density. The kernels are calculated based on finite difference modeling of wave propagation in 3‐D structures and the scattering‐integral method. We verify the 3‐D full‐wave sensitivity kernels by comparing the predictions from the kernels with the measurements from numerical simulations of wave propagation in models with various small‐scale perturbations. In contrast to the 1‐D depth sensitivity kernels, our 3‐D full‐wave kernels exhibit patterns that vary with back azimuths and distances within one wavelength of the receiver, indicating the resolving power not only vertically, and also laterally. In places with dense seismic stations, these kernels will provide a powerful tool to obtain accurate and high‐resolution velocity and density models.
Glacial Steady State Topography Controlled by the Coupled Influence of Tectonics and Climate
Authors: Prasicek Günther , Herman Frédéric , Robl Jörg , Braun Jean
Published: May 2018

Glaciers and rivers are the main agents of mountain erosion. While in the fluvial realm empirical relationships and their mathematical description, such as the stream power law, improved the understanding of fundamental controls on landscape evolution, simple constraints on glacial topography and governing scaling relations are widely lacking. We present a steady state solution for longitudinal profiles along eroding glaciers in a coupled system that includes tectonics and climate. We combined the shallow ice approximation and a glacial erosion rule to calculate ice surface and bed topography from prescribed glacier mass balance gradient and rock uplift rate. Our approach is inspired by the classic application of the stream power law for describing a fluvial steady state but with the striking difference that, in the glacial realm, glacier mass balance is added as an altitude‐dependent variable. From our analyses we find that ice surface slope and glacial relief scale with uplift rate with scaling exponents indicating that glacial relief is less sensitive to uplift rate than relief in most fluvial landscapes. Basic scaling relations controlled by either basal sliding or internal deformation follow a power law with the exponent depending on the exponents for the glacial erosion rule and Glen's flow law. In a mixed scenario of sliding and deformation, complicated scaling relations with variable exponents emerge. Furthermore, a cutoff in glacier mass balance or cold ice in high elevations can lead to substantially larger scaling exponents which may provide an explanation for high relief in high latitudes.
The Importance of Spatiotemporal Variability in Irrigation Inputs for Hydrological Modeling of Irrigated Catchments
Authors: McInerney David , Thyer Mark , Kavetski Dmitri , Githui Faith , Thayalakumaran Thabo , Liu Min , Kuczera George
Published: May 2018

Irrigation contributes substantially to the water balance and environmental condition of many agriculturally productive catchments. This study focuses on the representation of spatiotemporal variability of irrigation depths in irrigation schedule models. Irrigation variability arises due to differences in farmers’ irrigation practices, yet its effects on distributed hydrological predictions used to inform management decisions are currently poorly understood. Using a case study of the Barr Creek catchment in the Murray Darling Basin, Australia, we systematically compare four irrigation schedule models, including uniform versus variable in space, and continuous‐time versus event‐based representations. We evaluate simulated irrigation at hydrological response unit and catchment scales, and demonstrate the impact of irrigation schedules on the simulations of streamflow, evapotranspiration, and potential recharge obtained using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). A new spatially variable event‐based irrigation schedule model is developed. When used to provide irrigation inputs to SWAT, this new model: (i) reduces the over‐estimation of actual evapotranspiration that occurs with spatially uniform continuous‐time irrigation assumptions (biases reduced from ~40% to ~2%) and (ii) better reproduces the fast streamflow response to rainfall events compared to spatially uniform event‐based irrigation assumptions (seasonally adjusted Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency improves from 0.15 to 0.56). The stochastic nature of the new model allows representing irrigation schedule uncertainty, which improves the characterization of uncertainty in simulated catchment streamflow and can be used for uncertainty decomposition. More generally, this study highlights the importance of spatiotemporal variability of inputs to distributed hydrological models and the importance of using multivariate response data to test and refine environmental models.
Differential Impacts of Land Use and Precipitation on “Ecosystem Water Yield”
Authors: Rohatyn Shani , Rotenberg Eyal , Ramati Efrat , Tatarinov Fyodor , Tas Eran , Yakir Dan
Published: May 2018

Ecosystem evapotranspiration (ET) can approach annual precipitation (P) often leaving a residual [P‐ET], referred to as an ecosystem water yield (WYe). Using a mobile lab, we estimate ET and WYe, in paired forest and nonforest (shrub or grassland) sites along the precipitation gradient (285–755 mm a−1) in Israel. WYe was 69 mm in the dry sites and was further reduced by ∼51 mm by forestation. Both WYe and the impact of forestation increased in the wetter sites, with forestation reducing WYe by >200 mm, equivalent to ∼30% of the local P. This was associated with increase in ET by a factor of 2.2 and 1.8 in the forest and nonforest sites, respectively, along the rainfall gradient. Losses in WYe due to forestation approached a maximum of ∼200 mm above P ∼ 500 mm, but the forest WYe could vary between ∼300 mm at P = 900 mm and ∼100 mm at P = 500 mm (with equivalent change in WYe between 500 and 300 mm in the nonforest sites), reflecting the increasing “hydrological cost” associated with vegetation ET and the expected climate change in these regions. The results quantify the interactions of land use and climate on ecosystem ET, indicating that in dry climates, afforestation impact on WYe varies significantly across small spatial scales and can reduce WYe with significant impacts on local hydrology. Such impact may be diminished by management (e.g., plant species, thinning, and grazing) but should also consider the trade‐offs with other ecosystem services (e.g., carbon sequestration, soil protection, and surface cooling).
Postal Service Honors First American Woman in Space
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: May 2018

New postage stamp features space shuttle astronaut Sally Ride, a role model for girls, women, and diversity in science. It puts “a stamp” on Ride’s accomplishments, her widow told Eos.
Effect of Reduced Summer Cloud Shading on Evaporative Demand and Wildfire in Coastal Southern California
Authors: Williams A. Park , Gentine Pierre , Moritz Max A. , Roberts Dar A. , Abatzoglou John T.
Published: May 2018

Cloud shading limits surface radiation, thus reducing vegetation water stress and, presumably, flammability. Since the early 1970s, cloud observations from airfields in coastal Southern California (CSCA) indicate reductions of ~25–50% in warm‐season frequency of daytime stratus clouds at many sites, including fire‐prone wildland‐urban interface zones. We use 10 years of meteorological, surface radiation, and cloud observations to statistically model the effects of clouds on warm‐season surface energy fluxes in CSCA. Forcing our model with cloud observations, we estimate that reduced warm‐season cloud shading since the 1970s significantly enhanced daytime solar radiation and evaporative demand throughout much of CSCA, particularly in greater Los Angeles and northern San Diego. Correlation with burned area and live fuel moisture implicates stratus cloud shading as an important driver of warm‐season wildfire activity in CSCA. Large reductions in cloud shading have likely enhanced warm‐season wildfire potential in many CSCA areas when and where fuels are not limiting.
Temporal and Spatial Development of Global Birkeland Currents
Authors: Anderson Brian J. , Olson Cameron N. , Korth Haje , Barnes Robin J. , Waters Colin L. , Vines Sarah K.
Published: May 2018

The development of large‐scale Birkeland currents is examined using the Active Magnetosphere and Planetary Electrodynamics Response Experiment (AMPERE), which measures global Birkeland currents continuously on 10‐min time scales. The integrated current was used to identify onsets of at least 1 MA preceded by periods of quiescence lasting at least 3 hr. The Region 1 currents do not fully form without Region 2. Rather, they develop together, first on the dayside, then on the nightside, and lastly, they fill in and intensify at all local times to form the nominal statistical pattern. The onsets are closely correlated with enhancements of magnetospheric forcing as indicated by the solar wind electric field and the orientation of the interplanetary magnetic field. Nightside onsets correspond to intensifications of the auroral electrojet as reflected in the AE index; they are delayed by ~40 min relative to the increase of the dayside current and are 2.8 times more rapid than the dayside current increase. After nightside onset, Birkeland currents expand toward dawn and dusk and merge with the dayside currents while also intensifying at all local times. The dayside current pattern depends on the sign of the interplanetary magnetic fieldBY. The nightside current distributions are the same for positive and negativeBYand display a Harang discontinuity independent of the sign ofBY. The predominant development and intensification of Birkeland currents occur after nightside onset at all local times with roughly 75% of the total current, both Regions 1 and 2, appearing after nightside onset.
Hepatitis transactivator protein X promotes extracellular matrix modification through HIF/LOX pathway in liver cancer
Authors: Tse Aki Pui-Wah , Sze Karen Man-Fong , Shea Queenie Tsung-Kwan , Chiu Elley Yung-Tuen , Tsang Felice Ho-Ching , Chiu David Kung-Chun , Zhang Misty Shuo , Lee Derek , Xu Iris Ming-Jing , Chan Cerise Yuen-Ki , Koh Hui-Yu , Wong Chun-Ming , Zheng Yong-Ping , Ng Irene Oi-Lin , Wong Carmen Chak-Lui
Published: May 2018

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), accounting for 90% of primary liver cancer, is a lethal malignancy that is tightly associated with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. HBV encodes a viral onco-protein, transactivator protein X (HBx), which interacts with proteins of hepatocytes to promote oncogenesis. Our current study focused on the interaction of HBx with a transcription factor, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is stabilized by low O2 condition (hypoxia) and is found to be frequently overexpressed in HCC intra-tumorally due to poor blood perfusion. Here, we showed that overexpression of HBx by tetracycline-inducible systems further stabilized HIF-1α under hypoxia in HBV-negative HCC cell lines. Reversely, knockdown of HBx reduced HIF-1α protein stabilization under hypoxia in HBV-positive HCC cell lines. More intriguingly, overexpression of HBx elevated the mRNA and protein expression of a family of HIF-1α target genes, the lysyl oxidase (LOX) family in HCC. The LOX family members function to cross-link collagen in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to promote cancer progression and metastasis. By analyzing the collagens under scanning electron microscope, we found that collagen fibers were significantly smaller in size when incubated with conditioned medium from HBx knockdown HCC cells as compared to control HCC cells in vitro. Transwell invasion assay further revealed that less cells were able to invade through the matrigel which was pre-treated with conditioned medium from HBx knockdown HCC cells as compared to control HCC cells. Orthotopic and subcutaneous HCC models further showed that knockdown of HBx in HCC cells reduced collagen crosslinking and stiffness in vivo and repressed HCC growth and metastasis. Taken together, our in vitro and in vivo studies showed the HBx remodeled the ECM through HIF-1α/LOX pathway to promote HCC metastasis.
Paracrine and endocrine actions of bone—the functions of secretory proteins from osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
Authors: Han Yujiao , You Xiuling , Xing Wenhui , Zhang Zhong , Zou Weiguo
Published: May 2018

The skeleton is a dynamic organ that is constantly remodeled. Proteins secreted from bone cells, namely osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts exert regulation on osteoblastogenesis, osteclastogenesis, and angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. Osteoblasts secrete a range of different molecules including RANKL/OPG, M-CSF, SEMA3A, WNT5A, and WNT16 that regulate osteoclastogenesis. Osteoblasts also produce VEGFA that stimulates osteoblastogenesis and angiogenesis. Osteocytes produce sclerostin (SOST) that inhibits osteoblast differentiation and promotes osteoclast differentiation. Osteoclasts secrete factors including BMP6, CTHRC1, EFNB2, S1P, WNT10B, SEMA4D, and CT-1 that act on osteoblasts and osteocytes, and thereby influenceaA osteogenesis. Osteoclast precursors produce the angiogenic factor PDGF-BB to promote the formation of Type H vessels, which then stimulate osteoblastogenesis. Besides, the evidences over the past decades show that at least three hormones or “osteokines” from bone cells have endocrine functions. FGF23 is produced by osteoblasts and osteocytes and can regulate phosphate metabolism. Osteocalcin (OCN) secreted by osteoblasts regulates systemic glucose and energy metabolism, reproduction, and cognition. Lipocalin-2 (LCN2) is secreted by osteoblasts and can influence energy metabolism by suppressing appetite in the brain. We review the recent progresses in the paracrine and endocrine functions of the secretory proteins of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts, revealing connections of the skeleton with other tissues and providing added insights into the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs and the drug discovery process.
HDAC and Ku70 axis- an effective target for apoptosis induction by a new 2-cyano-3-oxo-1,9-dien glycyrrhetinic acid analogue
Authors: Gong Ping , Li Kun , Li Ying , Liu Dan , Zhao Linxiang , Jing Yongkui
Published: May 2018

Methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxo-18β-olean-1,9(11)-dien-30-oate (CDODO-Me, 10d) derived from glycyrrhetinic acid and methyl-2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9-dien-28-oic acid (CDDO-Me) derived from oleanoic acid are potent apoptosis inducers developed to clinical trials. Both compounds have high affinity for reduced  glutathione (GSH), which needs to be overcome to improve their target selectivity. We generated a new 10d analogue methyl 2-cyano-3-oxo-18β-olean-1,9(11), 12-trien-30-oate (COOTO, 10e), which retains high apoptosis inducing ability, while displaying decreased affinity for GSH, and explored the acting targets. We found that it induces Noxa level, reduces c-Flip level and causes Bax/Bak activation. Silencing of either Noxa or Bak significantly attenuated apoptosis induction of 10e. We linked these events due to targeting HDAC3/HDAC6 and Ku70 axis. 10e treatment reduced the levels of HDAC3 and HDAC6 with increased DNA damage/repair marker gamma-H2AX (γ-H2AX) and acetylated Ku70. c-Flip dissociates from acetylated Ku70 undergoing degradation, while Bax dissociates from acetylated Ku70 undergoing activation. Silencing of either HDAC3 or HDAC6 enhanced 10e-induced apoptosis. We reveal a new action cascade of this category of compounds that involves targeting of HADC3/6 proteins and Ku70 acetylation.
Correction to: Phenytoin inhibits necroptosis
Authors: von Mässenhausen Anne , Tonnus Wulf , Himmerkus Nina , Parmentier Simon , Saleh Danish , Rodriguez Diego , Ousingsawat Jiraporn , Ang Rosalind L. , Weinberg Joel M. , Sanz Ana B. , Ortiz Alberto , Zierleyn Adrian , Becker Jan Ulrich , Baratte Blandine , Desban Nathalie , Bach Stéphane , Schiessl Ina Maria , Nogusa Shoko , Balachandran Siddharth , Anders Hans Joachim , Ting Adrian T. , Bleich Markus , Degterev Alexei , Kunzelmann Karl , Bornstein Stefan R. , Green Douglas R. , Hugo Christian , Linkermann Andreas
Published: May 2018

The name of the one of the authors was misspelt. The author’s surname is Rodriguez, not Rodriquez as originally published. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
The A/T/N biomarker scheme and patterns of brain atrophy assessed in mild cognitive impairment
Authors: Ekman Urban , Ferreira Daniel , Westman Eric
Published: May 2018

The objective of this study was to evaluate the A/T/N biomarker scheme in relation with brain atrophy patterns in individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Of the 154 participants with MCI, 74 progressed to AD within 36-months, and 80 remained stable. In addition, 101 cognitively healthy participants and 102 participants with AD were included. The A/T/N classification was assessed with cerebrospinal fluid markers. Each individual was rated as either positive (abnormal) or negative (normal) on each biomarker. Brain atrophy was assessed with visual ratings from magnetic resonance imaging. None of the individuals with MCI progressed to AD if they had a negative “A” biomarker in conjunction with minimal atrophy. In contrary, several individuals with MCI progressed to AD if they had a positive “A” biomarker in conjunction with minimal atrophy. Numerous individuals with MCI showed inconsistency in the neurodegeneration domain (“N”) regarding t-tau and atrophy. The assessment of the A/T/N classification scheme in addition with brain atrophy patterns in MCI, increases the knowledge of the clinical trajectories and the variability within the neurodegeneration domain. This emphasises that individuals with MCI display heterogeneous longitudinal patterns closely connected to their biomarker profiles, which could have important clinical implications.
The Relationship between Cerebral White Matter Integrity and Cognitive Function in Mild Stroke with Basal Ganglia Region Infarcts
Authors: Zuo Li-Jun , Li Zi-Xiao , Zhu Rong-Yan , Chen Yao-Jing , Dong YanHong , Wang Yi-Long , Zhao Xing-Quan , Zhang Zhan-Jun , Sachdev Perminder , Zhang Wei , Wang Yong-Jun
Published: May 2018

Mild stroke is a known risk factor for dementia. The relationship between cerebral white matter (WM) integrity and cognitive impairment (CI) in mild stroke patients with basal ganglia region infarcts is unknown. Total of 33 stroke patients and 19 age-matched controls underwent diffusion tensor imaging scans and a formal neuropsychological test battery. CI was defined as having a performance score 1.5 SD below the established norm. We compared the differences in Z-scores and Fraction Anisotropy (FA) values among controls, stroke with no CI (NCI) and stroke with CI groups. Multiple linear regressions were performed between FA values in affected regions and neuropsychological tests in stroke patients. The majority of stroke patients were in their 50s (56.90 ± 9.23 years). CI patients exhibited a significantly decreased Z score in visual delayed memory and remarkably decreased FA values in the right external capsule and right fornix (FWE-corrected) compared with NCI patients and controls. In stroke patients, the FA value in the right fornix was positively correlated with delayed visual memory. Mild stroke with basal ganglia region infarcts may be related to widespread abnormality of WM integrity. The lower WM integrity in the right fornix may be a marker of impaired delayed visual memory.
Defined Geldrop Cultures Maintain Neural Precursor Cells
Authors: Vogler Steffen , Prokoph Silvana , Freudenberg Uwe , Binner Marcus , Tsurkan Mikhail , Werner Carsten , Kempermann Gerd
Published: May 2018

Distinct micro-environmental properties have been reported to be essential for maintenance of neural precursor cells (NPCs) within the adult brain. Due to high complexity and technical limitations, the natural niche can barely be studied systematically in vivo. By reconstituting selected environmental properties (adhesiveness, proteolytic degradability, and elasticity) in geldrop cultures, we show that NPCs can be maintained stably at high density over an extended period of time (up to 8 days). In both conventional systems, neurospheres and monolayer cultures, they would expand and (in the case of neurospheres) differentiate rapidly. Further, we report a critical dualism between matrix adhesiveness and degradability. Only if both features are functional NPCs stay proliferative. Lastly, Rho-associated protein kinase was identified as part of a pivotal intracellular signaling cascade controlling cell morphology in response to environmental cues inside geldrop cultures. Our findings demonstrate that simple manipulations of the microenvironment in vitro result in an important preservation of stemness features in the cultured precursor cells.
Low-dose anticoagulation after isolated mechanical aortic valve replacement with Liva Nova Bicarbon prosthesis: A post hoc analysis of LOWERING-IT Trial
Authors: Torella Michele , Aquila Iolanda , Chiodini Paolo , Amarelli Cristiano , Romano Gianpaolo , Della Ratta Ester Elena , De Feo Marisa , Della Corte Alessandro , Indolfi Ciro , Torella Daniele , De Santo Luca Salvatore
Published: May 2018

Thromboembolic complications after cardiac valve replacement are due to a complex interplay between patients’ characteristics, device features and anticoagulation intensity. Subtle design and material differences in available prostheses may thrombosis. We conducted a post-hoc sub-analysis of the LOWERING-IT database to test the safety and feasibility of a low-level oral anticoagulant regime in low-risk patients with aortic LivaNova prosthetic valve replacement. The study population included 148 patients randomized to a low INR target (1.5–2.5; LOW-INR group), and 144 patients to the standard INR (2.0–3.0; CONVENTIONAL-INR group). The non-inferiority of thromboembolic events between LOW-INR and CONVENTIONAL-INR groups was tested. Cumulative follow-up reached 1,545 patient/years. The mean INR was 1.91 ± 0.23 in the LOW-INR group, and 2.59 ± 0.26 in the CONVENTIONAL-INR group (P < 0.001). There were 3 thromboembolic events, all in the CONVENTIONAL-INR group. Comparison of thromboembolic events was not significant. The 1-sided 97.5% exact CI for the difference in primary event proportion was 0.54%, satisfying criteria non-inferiority. Bleeding events were significantly different: 6.61 per 1,000 patient-year in LOW-INR group vs 18.65 per 1,000 patient-year in CONVENTIONAL-INR group (p < 0.045, RR 0.37). In conclusions these data suggest that low-dose anticoagulation is safe in selected patients after aortic LivaNova Bicarbon prosthesis implantation.
Klotho is upregulated in human cardiomyopathy independently of circulating Klotho levels
Authors: Poelzl G. , Ghadge S. K. , Messner M. , Haubner B. , Wuertinger Ph. , Griesmacher A. , Doerler J. , Ensinger C. , Ulmer H. , Zaruba M. M.
Published: May 2018

Klotho is an antiaging protein which exerts known cardioprotection. In kidney, trans-membrane Klotho acts as essential co-receptor of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). In the heart, soluble Klotho (sKlotho) protects from systolic dysfunction independently of FGF23. Here, we analyzed the association of FGF23 and sKlotho upon progression of chronic heart failure (CHF) and analyzed Klotho expression in human hearts. Serum levels of sKlotho and FGF23 were measured in 287 patients with cardiomyopathy (CMP). Tissue samples from CMP (n = 10) and healthy control hearts (n = 10) were analyzed for Klotho mRNA and protein expression. Individuals in the first FGF23 tertile were 4.1 times more likely of freedom from death, heart transplantation or assist device implantation compared to third tertile. No relationship was found between sKlotho and the combined endpoint. Instead, Klotho mRNA encoding the full-length form was upregulated in human CMP hearts. Immunoblotting confirmed upregulation of sKlotho associated with increased expression of proteases involved in cleavage of Klotho suggesting rather local effects of Klotho in the heart. Therefore, we conclude that in contrast to FGF23, serum sKlotho is not associated with disease severity or progression in CHF. Instead, Klotho is expressed and upregulated in diseased hearts, suggesting local paracrine effects.
Competition Elicits more Physical Affiliation between Male than Female Friends
Authors: Benenson Joyce F. , White Maxwell M. , Pandiani Delfina Martinez , Hillyer Lindsay J. , Kantor Sera , Markovits Henry , Wrangham Richard W.
Published: May 2018

Across species, cooperative alliances must withstand internal tensions. The mechanisms by which allies respond to competing against one another have been studied extensively in non-human animals, but much less so in humans. In non-human species, affiliative physical contact and close proximity immediately following a contest are utilized to define reconciliation between opponents. The proportion of conflicts that are reconciled however differs markedly by species and sex. The purpose of this study was to examine whether, like many other social species, humans utilize physical contact and close proximity following a competition between friends, and if so, whether one sex is more likely to exhibit these behaviors. Using a standardized procedure, two same-gender friends competed against one another producing a clear winner and loser. Prior to and following the competition, the friends relaxed together. Videotapes of the relaxation periods showed that male friends spent more time than female friends engaged in affiliative physical contact and close proximity both before and after the competition, but not during a brief intervening cooperative task. These results suggest that in the face of competing self-interests, physical contact and close proximity facilitate repair of males’ more than females’ valuable relationships.
Structure and Chemical Organization in Damselfly Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis Wings: A Spatially Resolved FTIR and XRF Analysis with Synchrotron Radiation
Authors: Stuhr Susan , Truong Vi Khanh , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Senkbeil Tobias , Yang Yang , Al Kobaisi Mohammad , Baulin Vladimir A. , Werner Marco , Rubanov Sergey , Tobin Mark J. , Cloetens Peter , Rosenhahn Axel , Lamb Robert N. , Luque Pere , Marchant Richard , Ivanova Elena P.
Published: May 2018

Insects represent the majority of known animal species and exploit a variety of fascinating nanotechnological concepts. We investigated the wings of the damselfly Calopteryx haemorrhoidalis, whose males have dark pigmented wings and females have slightly pigmented wings. We used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoscale synchrotron X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy analysis for characterizing the nanostructure and the elemental distribution of the wings, respectively. The spatially resolved distribution of the organic constituents was examined by synchrotron Fourier transform infrared (s-FTIR) microspectroscopy and subsequently analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis. The chemical distribution across the wing was rather uniform with no evidence of melanin in female wings, but with a high content of melanin in male wings. Our data revealed a fiber-like structure of the hairs and confirmed the presence of voids close to its base connecting the hairs to the damselfly wings. Within these voids, all detected elements were found to be locally depleted. Structure and elemental contents varied between wing membranes, hairs and veins. The elemental distribution across the membrane was rather uniform, with higher Ca, Cu and Zn levels in the male damselfly wing membranes.
The C/EBPβ LIP isoform rescues loss of C/EBPβ function in the mouse
Authors: Bégay Valérie , Baumeier Christian , Zimmermann Karin , Heuser Arnd , Leutz Achim
Published: May 2018

The transcription factor C/EBPβ regulates hematopoiesis, bone, liver, fat, and skin homeostasis, and female reproduction. C/EBPβ protein expression from its single transcript occurs by alternative in-frame translation initiation at consecutive start sites to generate three isoforms, two long (LAP*, LAP) and one truncated (LIP), with the same C-terminal bZip dimerization domain. The long C/EBPβ isoforms are considered gene activators, whereas the LIP isoform reportedly acts as a dominant-negative repressor. Here, we tested the putative repressor functions of the C/EBPβ LIP isoform in mice by comparing monoallelic WT or LIP knockin mice with Cebpb knockout mice, in combination with monoallelic Cebpa mice. The C/EBPβ LIP isoform was sufficient to function in coordination with C/EBPα in murine development, adipose tissue and sebocyte differentiation, and female fertility. Thus, the C/EBPβ LIP isoform likely has more physiological functions than its currently known role as a dominant-negative inhibitor, which are more complex than anticipated.
Measurement of temperature and density using non-collective X-ray Thomson scattering in pulsed power produced warm dense plasmas
Authors: Valenzuela J. C. , Krauland C. , Mariscal D. , Krasheninnikov I. , Niemann C. , Ma T. , Mabey P. , Gregori G. , Wiewior P. , Covington A. M. , Beg F. N.
Published: May 2018

We present the first experimental measurement of temperature and density of a warm dense plasma produced by a pulsed power driver at the Nevada Terawatt Facility (NTF). In the early phases of discharge, most of the mass remains in the core, and it has been challenging to diagnose with traditional methods, e.g. optical probing, because of the high density and low temperature. Accurate knowledge of the transport coefficients as well as the thermodynamic state of the plasma is important to precisely test or develop theoretical models. Here, we have used spectrally resolved non-collective X-ray Thomson scattering to characterize the dense core region. We used a graphite load driven by the Zebra current generator (0.6 MA in 200 ns rise time) and the Ti He-α line produced by irradiating a Ti target with the Leopard laser (30 J, 0.8 ns) as an X-ray probing source. Using this configuration, we obtained a signal-to-noise ratio ~2.5 for the scattered signal. By fitting the experimental data with predicted spectra, we measured T = 2±1.9 eV, ρ = 0.6±0.5 gr/cc, 70 ns into the current pulse. The complexity of the dense core is revealed by the electrons in the dense core that are found to be degenerate and weakly coupled, while the ions remain highly coupled.