bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deep learning‐based cardiac cine segmentation: Transfer learning application to 7T ultrahigh‐field MRI
Authors: Ankenbrand Markus Johannes , Lohr David , Schlötelburg Wiebke , Reiter Theresa , Wech Tobias , Schreiber Laura Maria
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Artificial neural networks show promising performance in automatic segmentation of cardiac MRI. However, training requires large amounts of annotated data and generalization to different vendors, field strengths, sequence parameters, and pathologies is limited. Transfer learning addresses this challenge, but specific recommendations regarding type and amount of data required is lacking. In this study, we assess data requirements for transfer learning to experimental cardiac MRI at 7T where the segmentation task can be challenging. In addition, we provide guidelines, tools, and annotated data to enable transfer learning approaches by other researchers and clinicians.

Methods

A publicly available segmentation model was used to annotate a publicly available data set. This labeled data set was subsequently used to train a neural network for segmentation of left ventricle and myocardium in cardiac cine MRI. The network is used as starting point for transfer learning to 7T cine data of healthy volunteers (n = 22; 7873 images) by updating the pre‐trained weights. Structured and random data subsets of different sizes were used to systematically assess data requirements for successful transfer learning.

Results

Inconsistencies in the publically available data set were corrected, labels created, and a neural network trained. On 7T cardiac cine images the model pre‐trained on public imaging data, acquired at 1.5T and 3T, achieved DICELV = 0.835 and DICEMY = 0.670. Transfer learning using 7T cine data and ImageNet weight initialization improved model performance to DICELV = 0.900 and DICEMY = 0.791. Using only end‐systolic and end‐diastolic images reduced training data by 90%, with no negative impact on segmentation performance (DICELV = 0.908, DICEMY = 0.805).

Conclusions

This work demonstrates and quantifies the benefits of transfer learning for cardiac cine image segmentation. We provide practical guidelines for researchers planning transfer learning projects in cardiac MRI and make data, models, and code publicly available.
Sources of systematic error in DCE‐MRI estimation of low‐level blood‐brain barrier leakage
Authors: Manning Cameron , Stringer Michael , Dickie Ben , Clancy Una , Valdés Hernandez Maria C. , Wiseman Stewart J. , Garcia Daniela Jaime , Sakka Eleni , Backes Walter H. , Ingrisch Michael , Chappell Francesca , Doubal Fergus , Buckley Craig , Parkes Laura M. , Parker Geoff J. M. , Marshall Ian , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Thrippleton Michael J.
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) ‐MRI with Patlak model analysis is increasingly used to quantify low‐level blood‐brain barrier (BBB) leakage in studies of pathophysiology. We aimed to investigate systematic errors due to physiological, experimental, and modeling factors influencing quantification of the permeability‐surface area product PS and blood plasma volume vp, and to propose modifications to reduce the errors so that subtle differences in BBB permeability can be accurately measured.

Methods

Simulations were performed to predict the effects of potential sources of systematic error on conventional PS and vp quantification: restricted BBB water exchange, reduced cerebral blood flow, arterial input function (AIF) delay and error. The impact of targeted modifications to the acquisition and processing were evaluated, including: assumption of fast versus no BBB water exchange, bolus versus slow injection of contrast agent, exclusion of early data from model fitting and correction. The optimal protocol was applied in a cohort of recent mild ischaemic stroke patients.

Results

Simulation results demonstrated substantial systematic errors due to the factors investigated (absolute PS error ≤ 4.48 × 10−4 min−1). However, these were reduced (≤0.56 × 10−4 min−1) by applying modifications to the acquisition and processing pipeline. Processing modifications also had substantial effects on in‐vivo normal‐appearing white matter PS estimation (absolute change ≤ 0.45 × 10−4 min−1).

Conclusion

Measuring subtle BBB leakage with DCE‐MRI presents unique challenges and is affected by several confounds that should be considered when acquiring or interpreting such data. The evaluated modifications should improve accuracy in studies of neurodegenerative diseases involving subtle BBB breakdown.
Low‐voltage polymer‐dielectric‐based organic field‐effect transistors and applications
Authors: Guo Shujing , Wang Zhongwu , Chen Xiaosong , Li Lin , Li Jie , Ji Deyang , Li Liqiang , Hu Wenping
Published: May 2021

Organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) are of great significance in next‐generation optoelectronics and have made remarkable advances during the last decade. For the commercialization of OFETs, power consumption is one of the main issues needed to be addressed. To this end, OFETs with low‐voltage operation are constructed, and several strategies have been successively developed, which have attracted intensive attention for researchers to achieve this goal. In this review, we summarized the recent progress of various approaches for realizing low‐voltage OFETs, including adopting high‐k dielectrics, ultra‐thin dielectric, electrolyte dielectric, and interface engineering. Besides, the potential applications of low‐voltage OFETs in organic electronics are introduced. Finally, we give a brief outlook of this area for the future direction.
Urinary side effects of psychotropic drugs: A systematic review and metanalysis
Authors: Trinchieri Margherita , Perletti Gianpaolo , Magri Vittorio , Stamatiou Konstantinos , Montanari Emanuele , Trinchieri Alberto
Published: May 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effects of psychotropic drugs on bladder function.

Materials and Methods

A systematic review was carried out by searching PubMed and Embase databases for randomized controlled trials enrolling patients treated with psychotropic drugs with available information on treatment‐related urinary disorders.

Results

A total of 52 studies was selected. In antidepressant therapy, bladder voiding symptoms, rather than storage symptoms, were more frequently observed. Pooled analysis demonstrated a higher odds ratio (OR) of voiding  disorders in comparison with placebo (OR: 3.30; confidence interval [CI]: 1.90–5.72; 7856 participants; p < 0.001). Odds for voiding dysfunction was higher for tricyclic antidepressants and for Serotonin and Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) when compared to Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs). Treatment with antipsychotics was associated with heterogeneous urinary disorders  including emptying and storage disorders. OR for incontinence in patients with dementia taking  antipsychotics was higher than placebo (OR: 4.09; CI: 1.71–9.79, p = 0.002) with no difference between different atypical antipsychotics. Rate of voiding disorders was not different between conventional and atypical antipsychotics (OR: 1.64; CI: 0.79–3.39, p = 0.19), although quetiapine showed higher odds to cause voiding dysfunction than other atypical antipsychotics (OR: 2.14; CI: 1.41–3.26; p > 0.001).

Conclusions

In patients taking tricyclic antidepressants or SNRIs, bladder voiding disorders, could be the side effects of therapy rather than symptoms of a urological disease. Patients treated with these drugs should be actively monitored for the appearance of urinary symptoms. Antipsychotic treatment is associated with various urinary side effects requiring a tailored approach.
Establishment of evidence‐based nursing review indicators for airway management of adult critical patients and analysis of obstacle factors
Authors: Yujiao Yan , Juan Ding , Xurui Zeng , Hong Wang
Published: May 2021

Aim

To select and obtain relevant evidence of airway management in adult critically ill patients at home and abroad, formulate clinical quality review indicators based on evidence and analyse obstacle factors and promoting factors in evidence‐based nursing practice. To promote standardized ICU airway management evidence‐based nursing practice to provide the basis.

Design

Obstacle factor analysis.

Methods

Take the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) evidence‐based healthcare model as theoretical guidance, establish evidence‐based problems, form a team, systematically search for literature, evaluate quality and summarize evidence, establish quality review indicators and review methods, analyse obstacles and facilitating factors based on the review results and formulate corresponding action strategies.

Results

According to the 29 best evidences, 21 review indicators were developed. Through the results of clinical quality review, the main barriers to evidence‐based practice were analysed: the lack of nurse training and relevant evidence‐based knowledge at the practitioner level, the lack of standardized procedures for airway management and the lack of materials at the system level.

Conclusion

There is a big gap between airway management evidence and clinical practice in critically ill adult patients. Therefore, improvement measures should be formulated for obstacle factors to promote effective transformation of evidence into clinical practice.
Follow‐up evaluation of a web‐based pediatric brain tumor board in Latin America
Authors: Rosabal‐Obando Mariel , Osorio Diana S. , Lassaletta Alvaro , La Madrid Andrés Morales , Bartels Ute , Finlay Jonathan L. , Qaddoumi Ibrahim , Rutkowski Stefan , Mynarek Martin
Published: May 2021

Background

Since 2013, pediatric oncologists from Central and South America discuss neuro‐oncology cases with experts from North America and Europe in a web‐based “Latin American Tumor Board” (LATB). Here, we evaluate the feasibility of recommendations rendered by the Board.

Methods

An electronic questionnaire was distributed to physicians who had received recommendations between October 2017 and October 2018. Physicians were asked regarding the feasibility of each recommendation given during the LATB discussion. Baseline case characteristics of all presented cases were obtained from anonymized minutes.

Results

Of the 142 patients discussed, data on 103 patients from 15 countries were available, corresponding to 283 recommendations. Physicians followed 60% of diagnostic procedural recommendations and 69% of therapeutic recommendations. The most difficult recommendations to follow were genetic and molecular testing, pathology review, chemotherapy, surgery, and molecular targeted therapies. Histological diagnoses changed in eight of 18 cases in which a pathology review was undertaken. Fifty‐four percent of the recommendations that could not be implemented were considered not feasible in the specific context of the patient, while 31% were not implemented due to a decision of the medical staff or the parents (15% not specified). However, 96% of respondents considered the recommendations useful.

Conclusion

Recommendations were frequently perceived as useful, and were applicable in the participating institutions. Nevertheless, limitations in availability of diagnostic procedures and treatment modalities affected the feasibility of some recommendations. Tele‐oncology tumor boards offer physicians from low‐ and middle‐income countries access to real‐time, high‐level subspecialist expertise and provide a valuable platform for worldwide information exchange.
A density functional theory investigation on bis(diethylamino)cyclopropenylidene catalyzed synthesis of 1,4‐bifunctional compounds
Authors: Shyam Abhijit , Pradhan Amit Kumar , Mondal Paritosh
Published: May 2021

Bis(amino)cyclopropenylidenes (BACs) are the newly discovered umpolung catalysts with potential applications in the synthesis of numerous important organic moieties. A plausible mechanism for bis(diethylamino)cyclopropenylidene (Et‐BAC) catalysed synthesis of 1,4‐diketones has been investigated using density functional theory (DFT). The proposed catalytic cycle initiates with the nucleophilic interaction of in situ generated Et‐BAC with p‐methoxybenzaldehyde to form a zwitterionic intermediate, which on proton transfer reaction gives Breslow intermediate. Breslow intermediate then favours 1,4‐umpolung addition reaction with chalcone followed by another proton transfer to regenerate the Et‐BAC along with enolic form of the product. Enolic form ultimately transforms into the desired keto form, 1‐(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐2,4‐diphenylbutane‐1,4‐dione via protonated and free DBU aided proton shift mechanism. DFT‐derived reactivity parameters along with frontier molecular orbital (FMO) analysis have been successfully utilised to reveal the umpolung efficacy of Et‐BAC. This DFT exploration is in good accordance with experimental findings and also offers a deeper insight into the Et‐BAC catalysed organic transformations.
Transparent and toughening epoxy thermosets modified by linear telechelic polymer containing rigid spiroacetal moieties: Uncovering the relationship between the heterogeneous crosslinked network and thermoset performances
Authors: Zheng Yaochen , Song Peng , Liu Shaoxiang , Wu Mengqing , Xu Hui , Qiao Chenghui , Liu Jian , Gao Zhengguo , Ban Qingfu
Published: May 2021

Spiroacetal moieties containing linear telechelic polymers (LTPs) with two terminal epoxy groups were facilely synthesized via the successive thiol‐ene and thiol‐epoxy click additions. The LTPs were incorporated into epoxy matrix to fabricate the transparent and toughening thermosets. In term of the miscibility of epoxy with the adduct of ethanedithiol and 3,9‐divinyl‐2,4,8,10‐tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane (BTU), it is proposed that the size of the formed nanostructures was small enough to allow light penetrate. Therefore, the modified thermosets were transparent, which was further confirmed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. The LTPs with an alternating structure of rigid spiroacetal moiety and soft thioether could formed heterogeneous crosslinked networks (HCNs) and obviously toughen epoxy thermosets. Flexural strength increased from 1.06 GPa for neat epoxy to 2.09 GPa for toughening thermosets modified with 15 wt% LTPs. The stress field intensity (KIC) value reached up to 3.93 by more than 125% compared with that of the control sample (1.75). This work uncovered the role of HCNs on performance and paved a way for technological advances toward transparent and toughening materials in epoxy thermosets.
Is patient participation in multidisciplinary tumor conferences associated with their fear of progression?
Authors: Diekmann Annika , Schellenberger Barbara , Reck Sebastian , Heuser Christian , Geiser Franziska , Wirtz Markus , Ansmann Lena , Ernstmann Nicole
Published: May 2021

Purpose

Previous studies found that some breast cancer patients in Germany are invited to participate in a multidisciplinary tumor conference (MTC) during the discussion of their own case. MTCs are regular meetings of a treatment team in which the diagnosis and treatment plan of cancer patients are discussed. Psychological consequences concerning the patients' participation in an MTC have not been examined yet. This study examines the association between patients' participation in MTC and patients' fear of progression (FoP).

Methods

This analysis is part of a larger project named “Patient participation in multidisciplinary tumor conferences in Breast Cancer Care” (PINTU) which is a multicenter observational mixed‐methods study. The study was conducted in six breast and gynecological cancer centers in North Rhine‐Westphalia, Germany. Data were collected from 2018 to 2020 by patient survey at three time points. Patients with (n = 81) and without (n = 120) MTC participation were compared. FoP was measured with a 12‐item short form of the FoP Questionnaire (FoP‐Q‐SF) at all three measurement time points. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, a one‐way repeated variance analysis (ANOVA), and a one‐way repeated ANCOVA using the propensity score as a covariate.

Results

Data of n = 201 patients were included in the analysis. In general, FoP scores decreased in both groups from T0 to T2 (F = 36.539, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.155). Non‐participating patients did not differ with regard to their FoP from patients who participated in an MTC before and after participation. The results of AN(C)OVA revealed no significant effects concerning the influence of patient participation in an MTC on FoP (F = 0.014, p = 0.907, η2 = <0.001 and (F = 0.013, p = 0.909, η2 = <0.001).

Conclusion

Since the FoP is not influenced by participation, the findings do not support recommendations for or against patient participation in an MTC. Further research should focus on the question of which patient groups might benefit from participation in an MTC with regard to which outcome variables.
Change in cognition before and after non‐central nervous system cancer diagnosis: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: van der Willik Kimberly D. , Jóźwiak Katarzyna , Hauptmann Michael , van de Velde Edolie E.D. , Compter Annette , Ruiter Rikje , Stricker Bruno H. , Ikram M. Arfan , Schagen Sanne B.
Published: May 2021

Objective

Clinical studies showing that non‐central nervous system cancer patients can develop cognitive impairment have primarily focused on patients with specific cancer types and intensive treatments. To better understand the course of cognitive function in the general population of cancer patients, we assessed cognitive trajectories of patients before and after cancer diagnosis in a population‐based setting.

Methods

Between 1989 and 2014, 2211 participants from the population‐based Rotterdam study had been diagnosed with cancer of whom 718 (32.5%) had undergone ≥1 cognitive assessment before and after diagnosis. Cognition was measured every 3 to 6 years using a neuropsychological battery. Linear mixed models were used to compare cognitive trajectories of patients before and after diagnosis with those of age‐matched cancer‐free controls (1:3).

Results

Median age at cancer diagnosis was 70.3 years and 47.1% were women. Most patients (68.1%) had received local treatment only. Cognitive trajectories of patients before and after cancer diagnosis were largely similar to those of controls. After diagnosis, the largest difference was found on a memory test (patients declined with 0.14 units per year on the Word Learning Test: delayed recall [95% CI = −0.35; 0.07] and controls with 0.09 units [95% CI = −0.18;‐0.00], p for difference = .59).

Conclusions

In this longitudinal cohort, cancer did not appear to alter the trajectory of change in cognitive test results over time from that seen in similar individuals without cancer, although most cancer patients did not receive systemic therapies. Future studies should focus on identifying subgroups of patients who are at high risk for developing cognitive impairment.
Identification of a five gene signature to predict time to biochemical recurrence after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Corradi John P. , Cumarasamy Christine White , Staff Ilene , Tortora Joseph , Salner Andrew , McLaughlin Tara , Wagner Joseph
Published: May 2021

Background

Identification of novel biomarkers associated with high‐risk prostate cancer or biochemical recurrence can drive improvement in detection, prognosis, and treatment. However, studies can be limited by small sample sizes and sparse clinical follow‐up data. We utilized a large sample of prostate specimens to identify a predictive model of biochemical recurrence following radical prostatectomy and we validated this model in two external data sets.

Methods

We analyzed prostate specimens from patients undergoing radical prostatectomy at Hartford Hospital between 2008 and 2011. RNA isolated from formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded prostates was hybridized to a custom Affymetrix microarray. Regularized (least absolute shrinkage and selection operator [Lasso]) Cox regression was performed with cross‐validation to identify a model that incorporated gene expression and clinical factors to predict biochemical recurrence, defined as postoperative prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) > 0.2 ng/ml or receipt of triggered salvage treatment. Model performance was assessed using time‐dependent receiver operating curve (ROC) curves and survival plots.

Results

A total of 606 prostate specimens with gene expression and both pre‐ and postoperative PSA data were available for analysis. We identified a model that included Gleason grade and stage as well as five genes (CNRIP1, endoplasmic reticulum protein 44 [ERP44], metaxin‐2 [MTX2], Ras homolog family member U [RHOU], and OXR1). Using the Lasso method, we determined that the five gene model independently predicted biochemical recurrence better than a model that included Gleason grade and tumor stage alone. The time‐dependent ROCAUC for the five gene signature including Gleason grade and tumor stage was 0.868 compared to an AUC of 0.767 when Gleason grade and tumor stage were included alone. Low and high‐risk groups displayed significant differences in their recurrence‐free survival curves. The predictive model was subsequently validated on two independent data sets identified through the Gene Expression Omnibus. The model included genes (RHOU, MTX2, and ERP44) that have previously been implicated in prostate cancer biology.

Conclusions

Expression of a small number of genes is associated with an increased risk of biochemical recurrence independent of classical pathological hallmarks.
Antipsychotic drugs elicit cytotoxicity in glioblastoma multiforme in a calcium‐dependent, non‐D2 receptor‐dependent, manner
Authors: Weissenrieder Jillian S. , Reed Jessie L. , Moldovan George‐Lucian , Johnson Martin T. , Trebak Mohamed , Neighbors Jeffrey D. , Mailman Richard B. , Hohl Raymond J.
Published: May 2021

Dopamine D2‐like receptor antagonists have been suggested as being potential anticancer therapeutics with specific utility for central nervous system cancers due to their ability to cross the blood‐brain barrier. Despite a plethora of data reporting anticancer effects for D2R antagonists in cell or animal studies, the ligand concentrations or doses required to achieve such effects greatly exceed the levels known to cause high degrees of occupancy of the D2 receptor. To resolve this conundrum, we interrogated a panel of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines using D2 antagonists of varying chemotype. We studied the cytotoxic effects of these compounds, and also ascertained the expression of D2 receptors (D2R) on these cells. Although several chemotypes of D2R antagonists, including phenothiazines and phenylbutylpiperidines, were effective against GBM cell line cultures, the highly selective antagonist remoxipride had no anticancer activity at biologically relevant concentrations. Moreover the D2R antagonist‐induced cytotoxicity in monolayer cultures was independent of whether the cells expressed D2R. Instead, cytotoxicity was associated with a rapid, high‐magnitude calcium flux into the cytoplasm and mitochondria, which then induced depolarization and apoptosis. Blocking this flux protected the GBM cell lines U87MG, U251MG, and A172. Together, these data suggest that the cytotoxicity of these D2R antagonists involves calcium signaling mechanisms, not D2R antagonism. Repurposing of existing drugs should focus on the former, not latter, mechanism.
Complex delayed and transgenerational effects driven by the interaction of heat and insecticide in the maternal generation of the wheat aphid, Sitobion avenae
Authors: Cao Jun‐Yu , Xing Kun , Zhao Fei
Published: May 2021

BACKGROUND

Experience of an earlier environment plays an important role in the induction of delayed and even intergenerational phenotypes of an organism. Evidence suggests that rapid adaptation to an environmental stressor can change the performance of organisms, and even enable them to deal with other stressors. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of adult imidacloprid exposure on life‐history traits within and between generations of the cereal aphid, Sitobion avenae, under three developmental conditions: constant temperature, 22°C; a low‐intensity thermal condition, 22 + 34°C for 2 h per day; and a high‐intensity thermal condition, 22 + 38°C for 2 h per day.

RESULTS

Early thermal experience not only changed the tolerance of S. avenae to the insecticide, imidacloprid, but also caused adults to incur fitness costs: the higher the heat intensity, the higher the costs. Negative transgenerational impacts of combined heat and insecticide stressors were limited to the developmental stage, whereas positive stimulation of heat intensity was observed during the adult stage. Overall, nymphal thermal experience exacerbated the detrimental effects of adult insecticidal exposure on the intrinsic rate of population increase in the maternal generation, but stimulated a net reproductive rate in the succeeding offspring generation.

CONCLUSION

These findings underpin the importance of considering the experience of the early developmental environment, but also enhance our understanding of the transgenerational effects of combined thermal and insecticide stressors on the population fate of S. avenae. They also help to assess the efficacy of chemical control in a warming world. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Enhancing Efficiency of AlGaN Ultraviolet‐B Light‐Emitting Diodes with Graded p‐AlGaN Hole Injection Layer
Authors: Bui Ha Quoc Thang , Dang Hoang Anh , Doan Thi Tuyet , Velpula Ravi Teja , Jain Barsha , Nguyen Hieu Pham Trung , Nguyen Hoang-Duy
Published: May 2021

Ultraviolet‐B (UVB) AlGaN light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) with a hybrid hole injection layer comprising a 5 nm thin p‐AlxGa(1−x)N linearly graded layer (LGL), x from 0.65 to 0.50, and a 15 nm conventional p‐AlGaN layer are proposed for ≈284 nm wavelength emission. The introduced p‐AlxGa(1−x)N LGL effectively improves the confinement of the electrons in the active region by effectively increasing the conduction band barrier height. Moreover, it enhances the hole injection capability into the active region by energizing the holes that minimize the effective valence band barrier height. As a result, the proposed LED structure exhibits an incredibly reduced electron leakage, ten times lower than that of the conventional structure. Moreover, the output power and electroluminescence intensity of the proposed structure are enhanced by approximately twice at 60 mA current injection. Thus, the LGL LED structure can be a potential candidate for high‐power UV light emitters.
Development of High‐Sensitivity Poly(2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienylbenzo [c][1,2,5]thiadiazole)) Thin‐Film‐Based Phototransistors by the Ribbon‐Floating Film Transfer Method
Authors: Yadav Nidhi , Kumari Nikita , Ando Yoshito , Pandey Shyam S. , Singh Vipul
Published: May 2021

Alignment of polymer chains holds the key to the development of highly functional polymer‐based field‐effect transistors (FETs). The recently developed ribbon‐floating film transfer method (ribbon‐FTM) has the potential for development of polymer thin films with highly aligned chains, which are desirable for fabrication of efficient planar devices. These thin films consisting of well‐aligned polymer chains exhibit high degree of optical and electronic anisotropies. Herein, ribbon‐FTM‐processed thin‐film‐based organic photosensitive transistors of poly(2,7‐(9,9‐dioctylfluorene)‐alt‐5,5‐(4′,7′‐di‐2‐thienylbenzo [c][1,2,5]thiadiazole)) (PFO‐DBT) are reported. Under optimized fabrication conditions, polymer FETs based on PFO‐DBT demonstrate a charge carrier mobility of 0.002 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on–off ratio of 5 × 104 under dark conditions. The devices further demonstrate a photosensitivity of ≈104 and 103 and a high responsivity of 8.37 and 4.6 A W−1 against green and red light illuminations, respectively. The results hold promise for the development of conducting‐polymer‐based high‐performance photosensitive organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs).
Change‐points‐based software scheduling
Authors: Shrivastava Avinash K. , Kapur P.K.
Published: May 2021

Software reliability literature consists of various change‐point‐based software reliability growth models and related release time problems. The primary assumption of the existing models is the existence of change‐point before software release time only. This does not look practical as the testing team becomes more proficient in detecting the faults due to their continuous involvement in software development by the software release time. Hence the fault detection rate in the pre‐ and postrelease phase is not the same. To capture this change in fault detection rate in the pre‐ and postrelease testing phase, we propose a new software reliability modeling framework by considering two change‐points during the software lifecycle; that is, there exists a change‐point before release time and release time as a change‐point. Further, in the last one‐decade software firms have changed their strategy of stop testing the software after release and continue to test even after release to remove the number of faults to provide better user experiences. This phenomenon attracted academicians to develop theoretical as well empirical study on postrelease testing and formulation of related release time problem. In this paper, we propose a software cost model to determine optimal release and testing stop time considering under the assumption of two change‐points as mentioned above. The proposed model is validated on real‐life data set.
Variation in soil‐test‐based phosphorus and potassium rate recommendations across the southern USA
Authors: Zhang Hailin , Antonangelo Joao , Grove John , Osmond Deanna , Slaton Nathan A. , Alford Shannon , Florence Robert , Huluka Gobena , Hardy David Herring , Lessl Jason , Maguire Rory , Mylavarapu Rao , Oldham J. Larry , Pena‐Yewtukhiw Eugenia M. , Provin Tony , Sonon Leticia , Sotomayor David , Wang Jim
Published: May 2021

Thirteen states associated with the Southern Extension and Research Activities Information Exchange Group‐6 (SERA‐IEG‐6) agreed to share their soil test based P and K rate recommendations for nine major crops. The objectives were to compare fertilizer P and K rate recommendations, to look for opportunities to rationalize similar recommendations across state lines, and to examine challenges to the development of a cooperative regional approach to P and K recommendations. Mehlich‐3 (eight states), Mehlich‐1 (five states), or Lancaster (one state) extractions were the basis of plant available soil P (STP) and K (STK) assessment. Fertilizer recommendation philosophies (sufficiency, build and maintain, and/or hybrid) variation among the states might be the main reason behind such discrepancies. Although a few similarities in P and K rate recommendations were found, the different philosophies, numerical presentations, and extraction procedures drove important recommendation differences. Widespread adoption of the Mehlich‐3 extraction procedure has not reduced variation in fertilizer P and K rate recommendations among the states. Instead, for states using Mehlich 3, soil test critical concentrations ranged from 30 to 75 mg P kg–1 and 60 to 175 mg K kg–1 for corn (Zea mays L.) grain and warm‐season grass hay production. The adoption of uniform soil testing terminology, sample collection guidelines, extraction methods, and interpretations across common physiographic regions, soils, and state lines remains a challenge. Differences arise because of the different soil orders and properties, climate conditions, and resulting crop responses to added P and K fertilizers. Such differences in soil‐test‐based fertilizer P and K recommendations are state specific and highlight needs to examine the soil testing and recommendation process, make soil test results end‐user friendly, and, when appropriate, standardize fundamental information used in the soil testing guidelines.
Stable 2D Alternating Cation Perovskite Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiency >19% via Solvent Engineering
Authors: Yang Jun , Yang Tinghuan , Liu Dongle , Zhang Yalan , Luo Tao , Lu Jing , Fang Junjie , Wen Jialun , Deng Zhao , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) , Chen Lihua , Zhao Kui
Published: May 2021

Two‐dimensional alternating cation (ACI)‐type perovskites self‐assemble in solution to form highly ordered periodic stacks with unique physical properties and improved optoelectronic devices. Tailoring composition and distribution of quantum wells (QWs) is of vital importance for the optoelectronic properties and stability, which, however, have been less reported in contrast to their Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) and Dion–Jacobson (DJ) counterparts. Herein, crystallization control via solvent engineering for ACI perovskite (GA)MA
n
Pb
n
I3n+1 ( = 5, GA = guanidinium, MA = methylammonium) that enables preferential QW distribution within the film and augments the crystallinity and smoothness of the films is proposed. It is found that such morphological improvements are further reflected in the optoelectronic properties, including enhanced charge carrier transport/extraction and suppressed nonradiative charge recombination. Thus, efficient and stable ACI perovskite solar cells with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.18%, standing the highest among all reported RP, DJ, and ACI ( ≤ 5) solar cells, are realized. Meanwhile, the device exhibits superior reproducibility and environmental stability. These findings highlight the importance of crystallization control and pave the way for the realization of high‐performance 2D perovskite solar cells.
Ajalon: Simplifying the authoring of wearable cognitive assistants
Authors: Pham Truong An , Wang Junjue , Iyengar Roger , Xiao Yu , Pillai Padmanabhan , Klatzky Roberta , Satyanarayanan Mahadev
Published: May 2021

Wearable Cognitive Assistance (WCA) amplifies human cognition in real time through a wearable device and low‐latency wireless access to edge computing infrastructure. It is inspired by, and broadens, the metaphor of GPS navigation tools that provide real‐time step‐by‐step guidance, with prompt error detection and correction. WCA applications are likely to be transformative in education, health care, industrial troubleshooting, manufacturing, assisted driving, and sports training. Today, WCA application development is difficult and slow, requiring skills in areas such as machine learning and computer vision that are not widespread among software developers. This paper describesAjalon,an authoring toolchain for WCA applications that reduces the skill and effort needed at each step of the development pipeline. Our evaluation shows that Ajalon significantly reduces the effort needed to create new WCA applications.
Does synaptic hypometabolism or synaptic dysfunction, originate cognitive loss? Analysis of the evidence
Authors: Fessel Jeffrey
Published: May 2021

Elderly persons with currently normal cognition who have cerebral hypometabolism as shown by low uptake
of 18fluorine‐fluorodeoxyglucose (18F‐FDG), are at risk of future loss of cognition and, thus, of future Alzheimer's dementia (AD). Reduction of either 18F‐FDG or cognition is assumed to reflect synaptic dysfunction, since synapses account for the majority of glucose use by the brain and cognition depends upon accurate synaptic function. The chronology of the connection between reduced cerebral synaptic function and hypometabolism is, therefore, a critical question, because if synaptic dysfunction came first, then correcting the hypometabolism would likely not benefit synaptic function; but if hypometabolism came first, then correcting the hypometabolism probably would benefit synaptic function. That correction might prevent initiation of the cognitive loss that eventuates in AD and, thereby, would benefit the vast numbers of persons in their eighth to tenth decades of life who are at risk for AD. Among the many citations reviewed in this presentation, seven show hypometabolism that precedes synaptic dysfunction, and two show the reverse. Thus the preponderance of evidence, 78%, suggests that the initiating event is synaptic hypometabolism and that it is 3.5‐fold less likely that synaptic dysfunction is the initiator. In addition, it is inherently unlikely that synaptic dysfunction causes hypometabolism. This conclusion could be tested by a clinical trial whose primary objective would be to assess the benefit to cognition of improving synaptic metabolism in patients who are at risk for cognitive loss.
Early second‐trimester three‐dimensional transvaginal neurosonography of fetal midbrain and hindbrain: normative data and technical aspects
Authors: Birnbaum R. , Barzilay R. , Brusilov M. , Acharya P. , Malinger G. , Krajden Haratz K.
Published: May 2021

Objectives

To provide a detailed description of the sonographic appearance and development of various fetal structures of the midbrain and hindbrain (MBHB) during the early second trimester, and to evaluate the impact of the frequency of the transvaginal sonography (TVS) transducer on the early recognition of these structures.

Methods

This was a retrospective analysis of three‐dimensional volumetric datasets of the MBHB from apparently normal fetuses at 14–19 gestational weeks, acquired by TVS in the midsagittal view through the posterior fontanelle. Using a multiplanar approach, we measured the tectal thickness and length, aqueductal thickness, tegmental thickness and width and height of the Blake's pouch (BP) neck. In addition, we assessed the existence of early vermian fissures, the linear shape of the brainstem and the components of the fastigium. The correlation between gestational age according to last menstrual period and sonographic measurements of MBHB structures was evaluated using Pearson's correlation (r). A subanalysis was performed to assess the performance of a 5–9‐MHz vs a 6–12‐MHz TVS transducer in visualizing the MBHB structures in the early second trimester.

Results

Sixty brain volumes were included in the study, obtained at a mean gestational age of 16.2 weeks (range, 14.1–19.0 weeks), with a transverse cerebellar diameter range of 13.0–19.8 mm. We found a strong correlation between gestational age and all MBHB measurements, with the exception of the tectal, tegmental and aqueductal thicknesses, for which the correlation was moderate. There was good‐to‐excellent intraobserver and moderate‐to‐good interobserver correlation for most MBHB measurements. We observed that the BP neck was patent in all fetuses between 14 and 18 weeks with decreasing diameter, and that the aqueductal thickness was significantly smaller at ≥ 18 weeks compared with at < 16 weeks. The early vermian fissures and the linear shape of the brainstem were present in all fetuses from 14 weeks. We found that, in the early second trimester, the horizontal arm of the presumed ‘fastigium’ evolves from the fourth ventricular choroid plexus and not the posterior vermis, indicating that this is not the fastigium. Standard‐ and high‐resolution TVS transducers performed similarly in the assessment of MBHB anatomy.

Conclusion

Detailed early second‐trimester assessment of the MBHB is feasible by transvaginal neurosonography and provides reference data which may help in the early detection of brain pathology involving the MBHB. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Psychotherapies for depression: a network meta‐analysis covering efficacy, acceptability and long‐term outcomes of all main treatment types
Authors: Cuijpers Pim , Quero Soledad , Noma Hisashi , Ciharova Marketa , Miguel Clara , Karyotaki Eirini , Cipriani Andrea , Cristea Ioana A. , Furukawa Toshi A.
Published: May 2021

The effects of psychotherapies for depression have been examined in several hundreds of randomized trials, but no recent network meta‐analysis (NMA) has integrated the results of these studies. We conducted an NMA of trials comparing cognitive behavioural, interpersonal, psychodynamic, problem‐solving, behavioural activation, life‐review and “third wave” therapies and non‐directive supportive counseling with each other and with care‐as‐usual, waiting list and pill placebo control conditions. Response (50% reduction in symptoms) was the primary outcome, but we also assessed remission, standardized mean difference, and acceptability (all‐cause dropout rate). Random‐effects pairwise and network meta‐analyses were conducted on 331 randomized trials with 34,285 patients. All therapies were more efficacious than care‐as‐usual and waiting list control conditions, and all therapies – except non‐directive supportive counseling and psychodynamic therapy – were more efficacious than pill placebo. Standardized mean differences compared with care‐as‐usual ranged from –0.81 for life‐review therapy to –0.32 for non‐directive supportive counseling. Individual psychotherapies did not differ significantly from each other, with the only exception of non‐directive supportive counseling, which was less efficacious than all other therapies. The results were similar when only studies with low risk of bias were included. Most therapies still had significant effects at 12‐month follow‐up compared to care‐as‐usual, and problem‐solving therapy was found to have a somewhat higher long‐term efficacy than some other therapies. No consistent differences in acceptability were found. Our conclusion is that the most important types of psychotherapy are efficacious and acceptable in the acute treatment of adult depression, with few significant differences between them. Patient preference and availability of each treatment type may play a larger role in the choice between types of psychotherapy, although it is possible that a more detailed characterization of patients with a diagnosis of depression may lead to a more precise matching between individual patients and individual psychotherapies.
Preventive psychiatry: a blueprint for improving the mental health of young people
Authors: Fusar‐Poli Paolo , Correll Christoph U. , Arango Celso , Berk Michael , Patel Vikram , Ioannidis John P.A.
Published: May 2021

Preventive approaches have latterly gained traction for improving mental health in young people. In this paper, we first appraise the conceptual foundations of preventive psychiatry, encompassing the public health, Gordon's, US Institute of Medicine, World Health Organization, and good mental health frameworks, and neurodevelopmentally‐sensitive clinical staging models. We then review the evidence supporting primary prevention of psychotic, bipolar and common mental disorders and promotion of good mental health as potential transformative strategies to reduce the incidence of these disorders in young people. Within indicated approaches, the clinical high‐risk for psychosis paradigm has received the most empirical validation, while clinical high‐risk states for bipolar and common mental disorders are increasingly becoming a focus of attention. Selective approaches have mostly targeted familial vulnerability and non‐genetic risk exposures. Selective screening and psychological/psychoeducational interventions in vulnerable subgroups may improve anxiety/depressive symptoms, but their efficacy in reducing the incidence of psychotic/bipolar/common mental disorders is unproven. Selective physical exercise may reduce the incidence of anxiety disorders. Universal psychological/psychoeducational interventions may improve anxiety symptoms but not prevent depressive/anxiety disorders, while universal physical exercise may reduce the incidence of anxiety disorders. Universal public health approaches targeting school climate or social determinants (demographic, economic, neighbourhood, environmental, social/cultural) of mental disorders hold the greatest potential for reducing the risk profile of the population as a whole. The approach to promotion of good mental health is currently fragmented. We leverage the knowledge gained from the review to develop a blueprint for future research and practice of preventive psychiatry in young people: integrating universal and targeted frameworks; advancing multivariable, transdiagnostic, multi‐endpoint epidemiological knowledge; synergically preventing common and infrequent mental disorders; preventing physical and mental health burden together; implementing stratified/personalized prognosis; establishing evidence‐based preventive interventions; developing an ethical framework, improving prevention through education/training; consolidating the cost‐effectiveness of preventive psychiatry; and decreasing inequalities. These goals can only be achieved through an urgent individual, societal, and global level response, which promotes a vigorous collaboration across scientific, health care, societal and governmental sectors for implementing preventive psychiatry, as much is at stake for young people with or at risk for emerging mental disorders.
Efficacy and acceptability of pharmacological, psychosocial, and brain stimulation interventions in children and adolescents with mental disorders: an umbrella review
Authors: Correll Christoph U. , Cortese Samuele , Croatto Giovanni , Monaco Francesco , Krinitski Damir , Arrondo Gonzalo , Ostinelli Edoardo G. , Zangani Caroline , Fornaro Michele , Estradé Andrés , Fusar‐Poli Paolo , Carvalho Andre F. , Solmi Marco
Published: May 2021

Top‐tier evidence on the safety/tolerability of 80 medications in children/adolescents with mental disorders has recently been reviewed in this jour­nal. To guide clinical practice, such data must be combined with evidence on efficacy and acceptability. Besides medications, psychosocial inter­ventions and brain stimulation techniques are treatment options for children/adolescents with mental disorders. For this umbrella review, we systematically searched network meta‐analyses (NMAs) and meta‐analyses (MAs) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating 48 medications, 20 psychosocial interventions, and four brain stimulation techniques in children/adolescents with 52 different mental disorders or groups of mental disorders, reporting on 20 different efficacy/acceptability outcomes. Co‐primary outcomes were disease‐specific symptom reduction and all‐cause discontinuation (“acceptability”). We included 14 NMAs and 90 MAs, reporting on 15 mental disorders or groups of mental disorders. Overall, 21 medications outperformed placebo regarding the co‐primary outcomes, and three psychosocial interventions did so (while seven outperformed waiting list/no treatment). Based on the meta‐analytic evidence, the most convincing efficacy profile emerged for amphetamines, methylphenidate and, to a smaller extent, behavioral therapy in attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder; aripiprazole, risperidone and several psychosocial interventions in autism; risperidone and behavioral interventions in disruptive behavior disorders; several antipsychotics in schizophrenia spectrum disorders; fluoxetine, the combination of fluoxetine and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and interpersonal therapy in depression; aripiprazole in mania; fluoxetine and group CBT in anxiety disorders; fluoxetine/selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, CBT, and behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention in obsessive‐compulsive disorder; CBT in post‐traumatic stress disorder; imipramine and alarm behavioral intervention in enuresis; behavioral therapy in encopresis; and family therapy in anorexia nervosa. Results from this umbrella review of interventions for mental disorders in children/adolescents provide evidence‐based information for clinical decision making.