bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cadaveric Study Assessing the Accuracy of Ultrasound‐Guided Sacroiliac Joint Injections
Authors: Perry Jason M. , Colberg Ricardo E. , Dault Stacey L. , Beason David P. , Tresgallo Ruben A.
Published: May 2016

Background

Ultrasound guidance has been proposed as an alternative imaging modality for sacroiliac (SI) joint injections. Few studies have been published on the accuracy of this modality for the procedure.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of ultrasound‐guided SI joint injections using a cadaveric model.

Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Setting

The study was performed in the Skills Laboratory of the American Sports Medicine Institute in St. Vincent's Hospital, Birmingham, AL.

Methods

Seventeen cadaveric SI joints were injected under ultrasound guidance and dissected to determine the accuracy of intra‐articular injections.

Main Outcome Measurements

The presence of intra‐articular spread of a white paint marker in the SI joint after ultrasound‐guided injection.

Results

Of 17 SI joints, 15 (88.2%) were accurately injected intra‐articularly. One of the joints with no intra‐articular spread was found to be partially frozen at the time of dissection, and the second joint was considered an unsuccessful injection before dissection due to difficulty entering the joint under ultrasound guidance because of marginal osteophytes at the joint line. Of the 15 joints with intra‐articular placement, 5 joints (33.3%) showed partial extra‐articular spread at the time of initial injection and required redirection of the needle under ultrasound guidance, and 3 joints (20%) had extra‐articular spread that was not seen during ultrasound.

Conclusion

Ultrasound allowed intra‐articular injection in 88.2% of joints in this cadaveric study. Ultrasound does not expose the patient to radiation, as seen with fluoroscopic guidance, which is currently the gold standard for this injection. In addition, ultrasound may allow visualization of extra‐articular spread when caused by extra‐articular needle placement, which can allow for redirection of the needle to achieve intra‐articular injection.

Level of Evidence

IV
Determination of impact events on a plate-like composite structure
Authors: Xu L. , Wang Y. , Cai Y. , Wu Z. , Peng W.
Published: May 2016

Composite materials have been increasingly used in aircraft structures. However, these composite structures are susceptible to damage from external low-velocity impacts. In this paper, an impact identification algorithm is proposed to estimate the impact location and force time history simultaneously. A localisation method based on basis vectors is proposed, and the impact force time history is reconstructed by simplified transfer functions. The basis vector stands for the relationship between the impact location and the sensor signals, and the transfer function shows the relationship of the sensor signal and the force time history. An experiment is conducted on a flat glass fibre-epoxy matrix composite plate to verify the developed algorithm using only four sensors. The soft impactor and hard impactor are two typical impactors for impact events; therefore, the impact experiment is performed by the rubber and the steel impactors, respectively. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is feasible for the identification of impact events on plate-like composite structures.
EVALUATING SWORDS: INTRODUCTION AND TRANSLATION OF A HOW-TO GUIDE FROM THE HAN-XIN PERIOD
Authors: Sanft Charles
Published: May 2016

This article introduces and translates an excavated text from the Juyan region here referred to as “Evaluating Swords.” Dating to the Han-Xin period, it instructs its reader on how make a general determination of the quality of steel swords based on a visual inspection. The introduction to the translation discusses the background of the text, its present condition, and the problems of orthography and usage that complicate its understanding. A transcription and additional textual and interpretive commentary accompany the English translation of the text.
The future study of terrorism
Authors: English Richard
Published: May 2016

This article reflects on the central problems to be faced over the next fifty years of the academic study of terrorism. It discusses a series of problems that are sometimes raised (regarding definition, the division between Critical Terrorism Studies and Orthodox Terrorism Studies, and the supposed stagnation in contemporary terrorism research), and argues that these present rather limited difficulties, in reality. It then identifies a greater problem, in the form of a five-fold fragmentation of the current field, before offering suggested means of addressing in practice these latter, more profound difficulties.
Reducing the stigma of mental illness
Authors: Stuart H.
Published: May 2016

This paper presents a narrative review of anti-stigma programming using examples from different countries to understand and describe current best practices in the field. Results highlight the importance of targeting the behavioural outcomes of the stigmatization process (discrimination and social inequity), which is consistent with rights-based or social justice models that emphasize social and economic equity for people with disabilities (such as equitable access to services, education, work, etc.). They also call into question large public education approaches in favour of more targeted contact-based interventions. Finally, to add to the research base on best practices, anti-stigma programs are encouraged to create alliances with university researchers in order to critically evaluate their activities and build better, evidence informed practices.
Regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism by dietary carbohydrate levels and lipid sources in gilthead sea bream juveniles
Authors: Castro Carolina , Corraze Geneviève , Firmino-Diógenes Alexandre , Larroquet Laurence , Panserat Stéphane , Oliva-Teles Aires
Published: May 2016

The long-term effects on growth performance, body composition, plasma metabolites, liver and intestine glucose and lipid metabolism were assessed in gilthead sea bream juveniles fed diets without carbohydrates (CH–) or carbohydrate-enriched (20 % gelatinised starch, CH+) combined with two lipid sources (fish oil; or vegetable oil (VO)). No differences in growth performance among treatments were observed. Carbohydrate intake was associated with increased hepatic transcripts of glucokinase but not of 6-phosphofructokinase. Expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was down-regulated by carbohydrate intake, whereas, unexpectedly, glucose 6-phosphatase was up-regulated. Lipogenic enzyme activities (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, fatty acid synthase) and ∆6 fatty acyl desaturase (FADS2) transcripts were increased in liver of fish fed CH+ diets, supporting an enhanced potential for lipogenesis and long-chain PUFA (LC-PUFA) biosynthesis. Despite the lower hepatic cholesterol content in CH+ groups, no influence on the expression of genes related to cholesterol efflux (ATP-binding cassette G5) and biosynthesis (lanosterol 14α-demethylase, cytochrome P450 51 cytochrome P450 51 (CYP51A1); 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase) was recorded at the hepatic level. At the intestinal level, however, induction of CYP51A1 transcripts by carbohydrate intake was recorded. Dietary VO led to decreased plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations but not on the transcripts of proteins involved in phospholipid biosynthesis (glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase) and cholesterol metabolism at intestinal and hepatic levels. Hepatic and muscular fatty acid profiles reflected that of diets, despite the up-regulation ofFADS2transcripts. Overall, this study demonstrated that dietary carbohydrates mainly affected carbohydrate metabolism, lipogenesis and LC-PUFA biosynthesis, whereas effects of dietary lipid source were mostly related with tissue fatty acid composition, plasma phospholipid and cholesterol concentrations, and LC-PUFA biosynthesis regulation. Interactions between dietary macronutrients induced modifications in tissue lipid and glycogen content.
Multiple Spectra of Bernoulli Convolutions
Authors: Li Jian-Lin , Xing Dan
Published: May 2016

Let μλ be the Bernoulli convolution associated with λ ∈ (0, 1). The well-known result of Jorgensen and Pedersen shows that if λ = 1/(2k) for some k ∈ ℕ, then μ1/(2k) is a spectral measure with spectrum Γ(1/(2k)). The recent research on the spectrality of μλ shows that μλ is a spectral measure only if λ = 1/(2k) for some k ∈ ℕ. Moreover, for certain odd integer p, the multiple set pΓ(1/(2k)) is also a spectrum for μ1/(2k). This is surprising because some spectra for the measure μ1/(2k) are thinning. In this paper we mainly characterize the number p that has the above property. By applying the properties of congruences and the order of elements in the finite group, we obtain several conditions on p such that pΓ(1/(2k)) is a spectrum for μ1/(2k).
Age and tectonic setting of the East Taiwan Ophiolite: implications for the growth and development of the South China Sea
Authors: HSIEH ROBERT B.-J. , SHELLNUTT J. GREGORY , YEH MENG-WAN
Published: May 2016

The South China Sea is one of the youngest marginal seas and understanding its development is important for reconstructing the tectonic evolution of Southeast Asia. The South China Sea is thought to have been actively spreading between 32 Ma and 15.5 Ma. The East Taiwan Ophiolite (ETO) is one of the few preserved remnants of the South China Sea on land and provides an opportunity to investigate the age and the tectonic setting of the accreted easternmost portion. The age of the ETO was obtained by LA-ICP-MSin situzircon U–Pb methods and yielded a mean206Pb–238U age of 14.1±0.4 Ma, suggesting that magmatic activity in the South China Sea continued ~1.5 million years beyond current estimates. Cr-spinel data (Cr no. = 42–54) and depleted εNd(t) values (i.e. +9.1 to +11.4) from the serpentinized peridotites and gabbros and the light rare earth element depleted patterns (La/Yb ≤ 1) of the ETO mafic rocks are consistent with a ridge setting (i.e. N-MORB composition). Therefore, the ETO likely represents the terminal portion of the South China Sea spreading ridge that was sheared off during the northward translation of the Luzon arc.
The occurrence ofTrichinellaspecies in the cougarPuma concolor couguarfrom the state of Colorado and other regions of North and South America
Authors: Reichard M.V. , Logan K. , Criffield M. , Thomas J.E. , Paritte J.M. , Messerly D.M. , Interisano M. , Marucci G. , Pozio E.
Published: May 2016

Trichinellaspecies are zoonotic nematodes that infect wild carnivores and omnivores throughout the world. We examined the prevalence and species ofTrichinellainfections in cougars (Puma concolor couguar) from Colorado, United States. Tongues from cougars were examined by pepsin–HCl artificial digestion to detectTrichinellaspp. larvae. The species or genotype of individual worms was identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Trichinellaspp. larvae were detected in 17 of 39 cougars (43.6% (28.7–59.5%)). Five of the cougars (12.8%) were infected withT. murrelli, 3 (7.7%) were infected withT. pseudospiralis, and 1 (2.6%) hadTrichinellagenotype T6.Trichinellaspp. larvae from eight cougars were not identified at the species level, due to degraded DNA. The high prevalence ofTrichinellaspp. in cougars from Colorado and reports of the parasite in other populations ofPumaspp. suggest that this large predator is a key mammalian reservoir.
An exploratory investigation of personality types attracted to ENT
Authors: Vijendren A , Yung M , Sanchez J , Shiralkar U , Weigel L
Published: May 2016

Background:

Careers in medicine are embarked on by people with various personalities, with highly strung and motivated characters usually drawn to surgery. This study was conducted to identify the personality types of ENT surgeons in comparison to a control group of foundation doctors.

Method:

A validated personality questionnaire was distributed to ENT specialty trainees and two cohorts of foundation doctors between October 2013 and November 2015. The questionnaires were scored and individuals were categorised as having either type A or type B personalities.

Results:

Response rates were 90 per cent (26 out of 29) for ENT specialty trainees and 76 per cent (79 out of 104) for foundation doctors. There was a significantly higher proportion of type A personalities in the ENT specialty trainees compared to the foundation doctors (18 out of 26 ENT specialty trainees vs 32 out of 79 foundation doctors; p = 0.01, chi-square = 6.4708). There were no associations between personality type and grade, gender or subspecialty of interest.

Conclusion:

ENT surgeons are more likely to be of type A personality in comparison to foundation doctors. This could be a reflection of the recruitment process into the specialty or a characteristic of individuals that get drawn to ENT.
Correlation between liver cirrhosis and risk of death from oral cancer: Taiwan cohort study
Authors: Chang K-P , Lee C-C , Su Y-C , Han M-L , Kung T-H , Chang H-J
Published: May 2016

Background:

A nationwide population-based cohort was used to examine the severity of liver cirrhosis and risk of mortality from oral cancer.

Methods:

The cohort consisted of 3583 patients with oral cancer treated by surgery between 2008 and 2011 in Taiwan. They were grouped on the basis of normal liver function (n = 3471), cirrhosis without decompensation (n = 72) and cirrhosis with decompensation (n = 40). The primary endpoint was mortality. Hazard ratios of death were also determined.

Results:

The mortality rates in the respective groups were 14.8 per cent, 20.8 per cent and 37.5 per cent at one year (p < 0.001). The adjusted hazard ratios of death at one year for each group compared to the normal group were 2.01 (p = 0.021) for cirrhotic patients without decompensation, 4.84 (p < 0.001) for those with decompensation and 2.65 (p < 0.001) for those receiving chemotherapy.

Conclusion:

Liver cirrhosis can be used to predict one-year mortality in oral cancer patients. Chemotherapy should be used with caution and underlying co-morbidities should be managed in cirrhotic patients to reduce mortality risk.
What do we know about the nutritional status of the very old? Insights from three cohorts of advanced age from the UK and New Zealand
Authors: Hill Tom R. , Mendonça Nuno , Granic Antoneta , Siervo Mario , Jagger Carol , Seal Chris J. , Kerse Ngaire , Wham Carol , Adamson Ashley J. , Mathers John C.
Published: May 2016

Very old people (referred to as those aged 85 years and over) are the fastest growing age segment of many Western societies owing to the steady rise of life expectancy and decrease in later life mortality. In the UK, there are now more than 1·5 million very old people (2·5 % of total population) and the number is projected to rise to 3·3 million or 5 % over the next 20 years. Reduced mobility and independence, financial constraints, higher rates of hospitalisation, chronic diseases and disabilities, changes in body composition, taste perception, digestion and absorption of food all potentially influence either nutrient intake or needs at this stage of life. The nutritional needs of the very old have been identified as a research priority by the British Nutrition Foundation's Task Force report, Healthy Ageing: The Role of Nutrition and Lifestyle. However, very little is known about the dietary habits and nutritional status of the very old. The Newcastle 85+ study, a cohort of more than 1000 85-year olds from the North East of England and the Life and Living in Advanced Age study (New Zealand), a bicultural cohort study of advanced ageing of more than 900 participants from the Bay of Plenty and Rotorua regions of New Zealand are two unique cohort studies of ageing, which aim to assess the spectrum of health in the very old as well as examine the associations of health trajectories and outcomes with biological, clinical and social factors as each cohort ages. The nutrition domain included in both studies will help to fill the evidence gap by identifying eating patterns, and measures of nutritional status associated with better, or worse, health and wellbeing. This review will explore some of this ongoing work.
When, where and whom: assessing wildlife attacks on people in Chitwan National Park, Nepal
Authors: Silwal Thakur , Kolejka Jaromir , Bhatta Bharat P. , Rayamajhi Santosh , Sharma Ram P. , Poudel Buddi S.
Published: May 2016

Wildlife attacks on people in and around protected areas have become one of the main challenges for wildlife management authorities. We assessed all correlates of wildlife attacks during 2003–2013 in the vicinity of Chitwan National Park, Nepal. We used data from various sources (discussion with stakeholders, field observations, questionnaire surveys). Wildlife attacks were significantly correlated to factors such as site, season and time, activity, gender and awareness. Moreover, 89% of recorded attacks occurred outside the Park. The number of attacks fluctuated widely and patterns of attacks were significantly uneven across seasons and months. Of the 87% of attacks that occurred during the day, 63% occurred in the morning. Most victims were male and c. 45% of attacks occurred when people were collecting forest resources or working on croplands. Attacks were carried out predominantly by rhinoceros Rhinoceros unicornis (38%), tigers Panthera tigris (21%), sloth bears Melursus ursinus (18%), elephants Elephas maximus (9%) and wild boar Sus scrofa (8%). The people attacked lived close to the Park, depended on farming for their livelihoods, and had little knowledge of animal behaviour. Attacks can be mitigated through proper management of habitats inside the Park and raising awareness of wildlife behaviour among local people. We recommend establishing a participatory emergency rescue team to deal with problematic animals in high-risk areas.
Conservation value of human-modified forests for birds in mountainous regions of south-west China
Authors: WU FEI , LIU LUMING , FANG JIANLING , ZHANG RENGONG , YANG XIAOJUN
Published: May 2016

Mountain systems are often recognised as biodiversity hotspots; however, most montane forests are human-modified. Understanding the conservation value of human-modified forests is essential to mountain biodiversity conservation. In this study, mist-nets and point-counts were used to compare the bird communities of primary forests on ridges in the Ailao Mountains of Yunnan, China, and secondary forests, firewood forests, and pine plantations in nearby lower elevation zones. We found that community turnover among habitats was very high using both methods. Although the percentage of forest interior species and insectivores in each habitat was higher in the primary forests than in the human-modified forests, relatively high percentages of forest interior species and insectivores were recorded in the human-modified forests. Moreover, many bird species, forest interior species, insectivores and babblers were only recorded in the human-modified forests. Our study indicated that the primary forests are important for sustaining mountain bird diversity. However, given that primary forests are restricted to ridges, secondary forests, firewood forests, and pine plantations at lower elevations also play important roles in bird conservation in mountainous regions by increasing landscape diversity and partially offsetting species loss from primary forests. Therefore, conservation efforts should also be concentrated on human-modified forests at lower elevations in mountainous regions in south-west China.
Understanding the spectrum of sinus venosus interatrial communications
Authors: Tretter Justin T. , Chikkabyrappa Sathish , Spicer Diane E. , Backer Carl L. , Mosca Ralph S. , Anderson Robert H. , Bhatla Puneet
Published: May 2016

Background

It is still thought by some that a common wall is to be found in the normal heart between the attachments of the caval and pulmonary veins, with absence of this wall underscoring the presence of sinus venosus defects. Recent findings using episcopic microscopy in developing mice have shown the deficiencies of this notion. Understanding that the superior rim of the oval fossa is a fold, rather than a true septum, which can be distorted in the presence of partially anomalous pulmonary venous drainage, has provided an alternative explanation for the morphogenesis of sinus venosus defects.

Methods

We reviewed our experience with patients suspected of having a sinus venosus defect from August, 2011, through October, 2015, analysing the findings in light of the current hypotheses used to explain the development of the defects, along with correlations made by inspection of autopsy specimens.

Results

We evaluated findings from 16 patients, with a mean age of 7.7 years, ranging from 2.7 to 15 years. Of the group, 13 were ultimately diagnosed with a superior sinus venosus defect, two with an inferior defect, and one with isolated anomalous pulmonary venous connection in the absence of an interatrial communication. Initially, two patients were thought to have oval fossa defects, one from each subtype, but were correctly diagnosed following cardiac magnetic resonance interrogation. Anomalous pulmonary venous connections were present in all cases.

Conclusion

Appreciation of the changes occurring during normal cardiac development helps in understanding the anatomical substrate underscoring the spectrum of sinus venosus defects. The lesions are veno-venous connections due to partially anomalous pulmonary venous connections, producing interatrial communications outside the confines of the interatrial septum.
PRODUCTION AND EDUCATION ACCORDING TO JAMES MILL: THE PRECIOUS MIDDLE POINT
Authors: Bianchini Victor
Published: May 2016

Although James Mill considered production and education to be two objectives of global welfare, he claimed that the former was not always consistent with the latter. On the one hand, production is necessary to provide humankind with the means of subsistence; on the other hand, if individuals allocate all their time to labor to the detriment of their own education, “neither intellect, virtue nor happiness can flourish upon the earth” (Mill [1819] 1825, p. 30). Mill argued that this problem might be solved by finding what he called “the precious middle point.” This point deserves special consideration: it acknowledges that there is a way in which education and production might be distributed in society in order to promote the greatest global welfare. The aim of this paper is to explain the relation between production and education through the working of the precious middle point.
SUSPENSEFUL SPECULATION AND THE PLEASURE OF WAITING INLITTLE DORRIT
Authors: Jewusiak Jacob
Published: May 2016

“Suspend it all,” writes Charles Dickens in the ninth number plan for his novelLittle Dorrit(“Working Notes” 207). Referring to the thirtieth chapter, in which Blandois – formerly Rigaud – arrives on the doorstep of Mrs. Clennam's house, this phrase aptly describes how much the chapter moves the plot forward. Mysteries are gestured toward, but the stakes of the mystery are left blank. Rigaud shows surprise upon seeing Flintwinch, but such surprise is inexplicable until we learn at the end of the novel that Rigaud has met Flintwinch's twin brother abroad. We learn more about the mysterious watch that the dying Mr. Clennam bequeathed to his wife, but not much more than the meaning of the letters “D.N.F.” inscribed within it: “Do not forget.” Dickens suspends so much from the reader that it is hard to feel suspense about anything, a fact that is amplified by Rigaud's insistence on “Secrets!” that can be read as a meta-commentary on the chapter itself: “I say there are secrets in all families,” he tells Flintwinch, adding that the house is “so mysterious” (381–82; bk.1, ch. 30).
The view from under the mushroom cloud: The Chugoku Shimbun newspaper and the Hiroshima Peace Media Center
Authors: Miyazaki Tomomitsu
Published: May 2016

The Chugoku Shimbun is a daily newspaper based in Hiroshima, the city that experienced the first nuclear attack in human history. Founded in 1892, with a circulation of 620,000, the Chugoku Shimbun is one of Japan's leading regional newspapers. On 6 August 1945, an atomic bomb exploded above the city and citizens of Hiroshima. The bomb's powerful blast, heat rays and radiation annihilated the city, killing more than 100,000 people, including those who had succumbed to injuries and illness by the end of 1945. Those who managed to survive lost not only loved ones but also their homes, schools and workplaces. They endured the chaos of the postwar period and rebuilt the city. The Chugoku Shimbun has always stood beside the people of Hiroshima as a newspaper company that also endured the tragedy, and it worked hard to support the city's reconstruction in the aftermath of the atomic bombing. Furthermore, it has long pursued a variety of distinctive efforts to help realize a world without war and nuclear weapons.
Single Case Study: Neuropsychological Functioning in a Patient Diagnosed with Intermittent Explosive Disorder Pre and Post Neurosurgery
Authors: Alvarez-Alonso María José , Morales-Muñoz Isabel , Castaño-León Ana María , Lagares Alfonso , Rubio Gabriel , Jurado-Barba Rosa
Published: May 2016

Intermittent explosive disorder (IED) is characterized by a difficulty to resist the urge to carry out a recognized harmful behavior. The central symptom is aggressiveness, expressed in isolated episodes. Executive function impairments are habitually found in impulse control disorders. Neuropsychology of impulsivity is related to dysfunctions in the orbito-frontal cortex, dorsolateral cortex and anterior-cingulated regions, being consequently involved in cognitive mechanisms of inhibition. Lesions in those areas are common in IED. In the most severe cases of IED, surgical procedures are required for treatment. In this study, we examined JML; a patient suffering from a severe case of IED. He experienced frequent episodes of auto and heteroaggression and multiple psychiatric admissions, and thus stereotactic surgery was the recommended treatment. The procedure consisted of an electrode situated lateral to the lateral ventricle, targeting the projections between frontal and subcortical affected regions. We aimed to study the neuropsychological functioning of JML, before and after electrode implantation. Our results suggested that surgery in IED improves cognitive performance at some levels. JML significantly improved his cognitive flexibility, measured with WCST, and alternate attention assessed with CPT and TMT-B tests, after electrode implantation. Cognitive flexibility deficits may be also related to increased aggressiveness. Therefore, improvements at this level may involve a reduction of impulsivity and aggressive behavior.
A Longitudinal Adoption Study of Substance Use Behavior in Adolescence
Authors: Huibregtse Brooke M. , Corley Robin P. , Wadsworth Sally J. , Vandever Joanna M. , DeFries John C. , Stallings Michael C.
Published: May 2016

Although cross-sectional twin studies have assessed the genetic and environmental etiologies of substance use during adolescence and early adulthood, comparisons of results across different samples, measures, and cohorts are problematic. While several longitudinal twin studies have investigated these issues, few corroborating adoption studies have been conducted. The current study is the first to estimate the magnitude of genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental influences on substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana) from ages 14 to 18 years, using a prospective longitudinal adoption design. Adoptive and control sibling correlations provided substantial evidence for early genetic effects on cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use/no use. Shared environmental effects were relatively modest, except for alcohol use, which showed increases in late adolescence (age 17 to 18 years). Sibling similarity for quantity/frequency of use also support additive genetic influences across adolescence, with some shared environmental influences for all three substances. To test the stability of these influences across time, a series of independent pathway models were run to explore common and age-specific influences. For all substances, there were minimal age-specific additive genetic and shared environmental influences on quantity/frequency of use. Further, there was a trend toward increasing genetic influences on cigarette and alcohol use across ages. Genetic influences on marijuana were important early, but did not contribute substantially at age 17 and 18 years. Overall, the findings indicate that genetic influences make important contributions to the frequency/quantity of substance use in adolescence, and suggest that new genetic influences may emerge in late adolescence for cigarette and alcohol use.
Serum Thiamine Values in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients under Maintenance Hemodialysis
Authors: Ubukata Masamitsu , Amemiya Nobuyuki , Nitta Kosaku , Takei Takashi
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Objective: Hemodialysis patients are prone to malnutrition because of diet or many uremic complications. The objective of this study is to determine whether thiamine deficiency is associated with regular dialysis patients. Methods: To determine whether thiamine deficiency is associated with regular dialysis patients, we measured thiamine in 100 patients undergoing consecutive dialysis. Results: Average thiamine levels were not low in both pre-hemodialysis (50.1 ± 75.9 ng/mL; normal range 24 - 66 ng/mL) and post-hemodialysis (56.4 ± 61.7 ng/mL). In 18 patients, post-hemodialysis levels of thiamine were lower than pre-hemodialysis levels. We divided the patients into two groups, the decrease (Δthiamine/pre thiamine < 0; - 0.13 ± 0.11) group (n = 18) and the increase (Δthiamine/pre thiamine> 0; 0.32 ± 0.21)) group (n = 82). However, there was no significance between the two groups in Kt/V or type of dialyzer. Patients were dichotomized according to median serum thiamine level in pre-hemodialysis into a high-thiamine group (≥ 35.5 ng/mL) and a low-thiamine group (< 35.4 ng/mL), and clinical characteristics were compared between the two groups. The low-thiamine value group (< 35.4 ng/ml; 26.8 ± 5.3 ng/ml) exhibited lower levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase than the high-thiamine value group (≥ 35.4 ng/ml; 73.5 ± 102.5 ng/ml) although there was no significance in nutritional marker, Alb, geriatric nutritional risk index , protein catabolic rate and creatinine generation rate. Conclusion: In our regular dialysis patients, excluding a few patients, we did not recognize thiamine deficiency and no significant difference in thiamine value between pre and post hemodialysis.
The Importance of Vitaminsfor Soccer Players
Authors: Eskici Günay
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Soccer is one of the most widely played and complex sports in the world, where success depends on technical, tactical and physical skills of the players. Studies to improve performance in soccer have often focused on technique and tactics. However, nutrition is one of the most important factors influencing athletic performance of the players. The duration of matches is long and the training is intense. This leads to increased requirements for energy and nutrients, as well as increased reactive oxygen radicals and hence increased muscle damage. Vitamins are micronutrients that a living organism requires in trace quantities for health. As these assume crucial functions in the body, the performance of the player is negatively affected particularly during long-term deficiency. Beta-carotene, C and E vitamins are antioxidants that protect against oxygen radicals. In case of their deficiency, oxidative stress and muscle fatigue increases. Vitamin D is involved in maintaining mineral balance, and it increases absorption of dietary calcium and phosphorus. In case of vitamin D deficiency, injuries resulting from the musculoskeletal system might increase. B Vitamins (B1, B2, niacin, B6, B12, biotin, folic acid and pantothenic acid) perform duties such as energy production, absorption and transport of iron and blood cell production. Athletes who follow an energy-restricted and imbalanced diet might develop vitamin deficiency. In such a case, supplements can be used as recommended by the doctor/dietician. It is further reported that supplement use by athletes who have an adequate and balanced nutrition does not increase performance.
CME: Zufallsbefund Hyperferritinämie
Authors: Schreiner Florentine , Krayenbühl Pierre-Alexandre , Goede Jeroen , Nowak Albina
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Eine Erhöhung des Serumferritinwertes imponiert gelegentlich als Zufallsbefund beim asymptomatischen Patienten in der Routinelaboruntersuchung. Ferritin spiegelt einerseits den Eisenspeicher des Körpers wider und kann somit auf eine Eisenüberladung diverser Ursachen hinweisen. Andererseits ist es ein Akutphase-Protein und somit im Rahmen entzündlicher und maligner Erkrankungen erhöht. Unser Ziel ist es, eine Herangehensweise an den Zufallsbefund Hyperferritinämie mit möglicher Abklärungsstrategie anzubieten sowie die wichtigsten Differenzialdiagnosen zu erläutern.
Mildes Schädel-Hirn-Trauma – eine stille Epidemie
Authors: Stocker Reto , Letta Claudio
Published: May 2016

Zusammenfassung. Die überwiegende Mehrzahl der 20 000 pro Jahr in der Schweiz wegen Schädel-Hirn-Trauma hospitalisierten Patienten läuft unter dem Diagnose-Kontinuum mildes Schädel-Hirntrauma/Commotio cerebri. Glücklicherweise erholt sich die Mehrzahl dieser Patienten nach Tagen bis Wochen vollständig. Allerdings muss bei ca. 15 % dieser Patienten mit prolongierten bis hin zu persistierenden Beeinträchtigungen gerechnet werden, was u.U. erheblich negative Auswirkungen auf deren Lebensqualität hat. Dies trifft insbesondere auf Patienten zu, die sich wiederholte milde Hirnverletzungen (z.B. im Rahmen von Kontaktsport) zugezogen haben. Unglücklicherweise werden viele dieser Patienten nie richtig diagnostiziert und oft als Hypochonder oder Simulanten abgestempelt. Das verhindert eine adäquate Rehabilitation und Unterstützung. Diese Mini-Review hat zum Ziel, den aktuellen Stand des Wissens bezüglich pathophysiologischen und klinischen Auswirkungen des milden Schädel-Hirn-Traumas darzulegen und einige Informationen zur Diagnostik und Behandlung auf Basis bestehender Guidelines zu vermitteln.
Myelinating satellite oligodendrocytes are integrated in a glial syncytium constraining neuronal high-frequency activity
Authors: Battefeld Arne , Klooster Jan , Kole Maarten H. P.
Published: May 2016

Satellite oligodendrocytes (s-OLs) are closely apposed to the soma of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons but their properties and functional roles remain unresolved. Here we show that s-OLs form compact myelin and action potentials of the host neuron evoke precisely timed Ba2+-sensitive K+ inward rectifying (Kir) currents in the s-OL. Unexpectedly, the glial K+ inward current does not require oligodendrocytic Kir4.1. Action potential-evoked Kir currents are in part mediated by gap–junction coupling with neighbouring OLs and astrocytes that form a syncytium around the pyramidal cell body. Computational modelling predicts that glial Kir constrains the perisomatic [K+]o increase most importantly during high-frequency action potentials. Consistent with these predictions neurons with s-OLs showed a reduced probability for action potential burst firing during [K+]o elevations. These data suggest that s-OLs are integrated into a glial syncytium for the millisecond rapid K+ uptake limiting activity-dependent [K+]o increase in the perisomatic neuron domain.
Altered mGluR5-Homer scaffolds and corticostriatal connectivity in a Shank3 complete knockout model of autism
Authors: Wang Xiaoming , Bey Alexandra L. , Katz Brittany M. , Badea Alexandra , Kim Namsoo , David Lisa K. , Duffney Lara J. , Kumar Sunil , Mague Stephen D. , Hulbert Samuel W. , Dutta Nisha , Hayrapetyan Volodya , Yu Chunxiu , Gaidis Erin , Zhao Shengli , Ding Jin-Dong , Xu Qiong , Chung Leeyup , Rodriguiz Ramona M. , Wang Fan , Weinberg Richard J. , Wetsel William C. , Dzirasa Kafui , Yin Henry , Jiang Yong-hui
Published: May 2016

Human neuroimaging studies suggest that aberrant neural connectivity underlies behavioural deficits in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), but the molecular and neural circuit mechanisms underlying ASDs remain elusive. Here, we describe a complete knockout mouse model of the autism-associated Shank3 gene, with a deletion of exons 4–22 (Δe4–22). Both mGluR5-Homer scaffolds and mGluR5-mediated signalling are selectively altered in striatal neurons. These changes are associated with perturbed function at striatal synapses, abnormal brain morphology, aberrant structural connectivity and ASD-like behaviour. In vivo recording reveals that the cortico-striatal-thalamic circuit is tonically hyperactive in mutants, but becomes hypoactive during social behaviour. Manipulation of mGluR5 activity attenuates excessive grooming and instrumental learning differentially, and rescues impaired striatal synaptic plasticity in Δe4–22−/− mice. These findings show that deficiency of Shank3 can impair mGluR5-Homer scaffolding, resulting in cortico-striatal circuit abnormalities that underlie deficits in learning and ASD-like behaviours. These data suggest causal links between genetic, molecular, and circuit mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of ASDs.
OptoDyCE as an automated system for high-throughput all-optical dynamic cardiac electrophysiology
Authors: Klimas Aleksandra , Ambrosi Christina M. , Yu Jinzhu , Williams John C. , Bien Harold , Entcheva Emilia
Published: May 2016

The improvement of preclinical cardiotoxicity testing, discovery of new ion-channel-targeted drugs, and phenotyping and use of stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and other biologics all necessitate high-throughput (HT), cellular-level electrophysiological interrogation tools. Optical techniques for actuation and sensing provide instant parallelism, enabling contactless dynamic HT testing of cells and small-tissue constructs, not affordable by other means. Here we show, computationally and experimentally, the limits of all-optical electrophysiology when applied to drug testing, then implement and validate OptoDyCE, a fully automated system for all-optical cardiac electrophysiology. We validate optical actuation by virally introducing optogenetic drivers in rat and human cardiomyocytes or through the modular use of dedicated light-sensitive somatic ‘spark’ cells. We show that this automated all-optical approach provides HT means of cellular interrogation, that is, allows for dynamic testing of >600 multicellular samples or compounds per hour, and yields high-content information about the action of a drug over time, space and doses.
Correction: Corrigendum: A coral-on-a-chip microfluidic platform enabling live-imaging microscopy of reef-building corals
Authors: Shapiro Orr H. , Kramarsky-Winter Esti , Gavish Assaf R. , Stocker Roman , Vardi Assaf
Published: May 2016

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 10860 (2016); Published: 4 March 2016; Updated: 11 May 2016 Previous work by Venn et al. describing live imaging of coral mounted on cover slips in miniaturized flow cells and live imaging of coral calcification was inadvertently omitted from the reference list of this Article.
Correction: Corrigendum: High yield and ultrafast sources of electrically triggered entangled-photon pairs based on strain-tunable quantum dots
Authors: Zhang Jiaxiang , Wildmann Johannes S. , Ding Fei , Trotta Rinaldo , Huo Yongheng , Zallo Eugenio , Huber Daniel , Rastelli Armando , Schmidt Oliver G.
Published: May 2016

Nature Communications 6: Article number: 10067 (2015); Published: 1 December 2015; Updated: 11 May 2016 This Article contains errors in the labelling of the ticks of the x axis in Fig. 5. In panel a, the x axis values should have been labelled ‘−10 ns’ and ‘10 ns’ rather than ‘−5 ns’ and ‘5 ns’. In panels b and c, the x axis values should have been labelled ‘−25 ns’ and ‘25 ns’ rather than ‘−10 ns’ and ‘10 ns’.
Quantitative MRI radiomics in the prediction of molecular classifications of breast cancer subtypes in the TCGA/TCIA data set
Authors: Li Hui , Zhu Yitan , Burnside Elizabeth S , Huang Erich , Drukker Karen , Hoadley Katherine A , Fan Cheng , Conzen Suzanne D , Zuley Margarita , Net Jose M , Sutton Elizabeth , Whitman Gary J , Morris Elizabeth , Perou Charles M , Ji Yuan , Giger Maryellen L
Published: May 2016

Using quantitative radiomics, we demonstrate that computer-extracted magnetic resonance (MR) image-based tumor phenotypes can be predictive of the molecular classification of invasive breast cancers. Radiomics analysis was performed on 91 MRIs of biopsy-proven invasive breast cancers from National Cancer Institute’s multi-institutional TCGA/TCIA. Immunohistochemistry molecular classification was performed including estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2, and for 84 cases, the molecular subtype (normal-like, luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, and basal-like). Computerized quantitative image analysis included: three-dimensional lesion segmentation, phenotype extraction, and leave-one-case-out cross validation involving stepwise feature selection and linear discriminant analysis. The performance of the classifier model for molecular subtyping was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. The computer-extracted tumor phenotypes were able to distinguish between molecular prognostic indicators; area under the ROC curve values of 0.89, 0.69, 0.65, and 0.67 in the tasks of distinguishing between ER+ versus ER−, PR+ versus PR−, HER2+ versus HER2−, and triple-negative versus others, respectively. Statistically significant associations between tumor phenotypes and receptor status were observed. More aggressive cancers are likely to be larger in size with more heterogeneity in their contrast enhancement. Even after controlling for tumor size, a statistically significant trend was observed within each size group (P=0.04 for lesions ⩽2 cm; P=0.02 for lesions >2 to ⩽5 cm) as with the entire data set (P-value=0.006) for the relationship between enhancement texture (entropy) and molecular subtypes (normal-like, luminal A, luminal B, HER2-enriched, basal-like). In conclusion, computer-extracted image phenotypes show promise for high-throughput discrimination of breast cancer subtypes and may yield a quantitative predictive signature for advancing precision medicine.
Digital elevation model and orthophotographs of Greenland based on aerial photographs from 1978–1987
Authors: Korsgaard Niels J. , Nuth Christopher , Khan Shfaqat A. , Kjeldsen Kristian K. , Bjørk Anders A. , Schomacker Anders , Kjær Kurt H.
Published: May 2016

Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) play a prominent role in glaciological studies for the mass balance of glaciers and ice sheets. By providing a time snapshot of glacier geometry, DEMs are crucial for most glacier evolution modelling studies, but are also important for cryospheric modelling in general. We present a historical medium-resolution DEM and orthophotographs that consistently cover the entire surroundings and margins of the Greenland Ice Sheet 1978–1987. About 3,500 aerial photographs of Greenland are combined with field surveyed geodetic ground control to produce a 25 m gridded DEM and a 2 m black-and-white digital orthophotograph. Supporting data consist of a reliability mask and a photo footprint coverage with recording dates. Through one internal and two external validation tests, this DEM shows an accuracy better than 10 m horizontally and 6 m vertically while the precision is better than 4 m. This dataset proved successful for topographical mapping and geodetic mass balance. Other uses include control and calibration of remotely sensed data such as imagery or InSAR velocity maps.
Correction: Corrigendum: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus infection mitigates the heat stress response of plants grown at high temperatures
Authors: Anfoka Ghandi , Moshe Adi , Fridman Lilia , Amrani Linoy , Rotem Or , Kolot Mikhail , Zeidan Mouhammad , Czosnek Henryk , Gorovits Rena
Published: May 2016

Scientific Reports 6: Article number: 19715; Published online: 21 January 2016; Updated: 11 May 2016 The original version of this Article contained errors in the spelling of the authors Ghandi Anfoka, Adi Moshe, Lilia Fridman, Linoy Amrani, Or Rotem, Mikhail Kolot, Mouhammad Zeidan, Henryk Czosnek and Rena Gorovits which were incorrectly given as Anfoka Ghandi, Moshe Adi, Fridman Lilia, Amrani Linoy, Rotem Or, Kolot Mikhail, Zeidan Mouhammad, Czosnek Henryk and Gorovits Rena respectively.
Combined experimental and computational study of high-pressure behavior of triphenylene
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Miao , Zhong Guo-Hua , Zhang Jiang , Huang Qiao-Wei , Goncharov Alexander F. , Lin Hai-Qing , Chen Xiao-Jia
Published: May 2016

We have performed measurements of Raman scattering, synchrotron x-ray diffraction and visible transmission spectroscopy combined with density functional theory calculations to study the pressure effect on solid triphenylene. The spectroscopic results demonstrate substantial change of the molecular configuration at 1.4 GPa from the abrupt change of splitting, disappearance and appearance of some modes. The structure of triphenylene is found be to stable at high pressures without any evidence of structural transition from the x-ray diffraction patterns. The obtained lattice parameters show a good agreement between experiments and calculations. The obtained band gap systematically decreases with increasing pressure. With the application of pressure, the molecular planes become more and more parallel relative to each other. The theoretical calculations indicate that this organic compound becomes metallic at 180 GPa, fueling the hope for the possible realization of superconductivity at high pressure.
Pressure and high-Tc superconductivity in sulfur hydrides
Authors: Gor’kov Lev P. , Kresin Vladimir Z.
Published: May 2016

The paper discusses fundamentals of record-TC superconductivity discovered under high pressure in sulfur hydride. The rapid increase of TC with pressure in the vicinity of Pcr ≈ 123GPa is interpreted as the fingerprint of a first-order structural transition. Based on the cubic symmetry of the high-TC phase, it is argued that the lower-TC phase has a different periodicity, possibly related to an instability with a commensurate structural vector. In addition to the acoustic branches, the phonon spectrum of H3S contains hydrogen modes with much higher frequencies. Because of the complex spectrum, usual methods of calculating TC are here inapplicable. A modified approach is formulated and shown to provide realistic values for TC and to determine the relative contributions of optical and acoustic branches. The isotope effect (change of TC upon Deuterium for Hydrogen substitution) originates from high frequency phonons and differs in the two phases. The decrease of TC following its maximum in the high-TC phase is a sign of intermixing with pairing at hole-like pockets which arise in the energy spectrum of the cubic phase at the structural transition. On-pockets pairing leads to the appearance of a second gap and is remarkable for its non-adiabatic regime: hydrogen mode frequencies are comparable to the Fermi energy.