bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LIPOID PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R.
Published: June 2004

A series of determinations of inorganic phosphorus, calcium, cholesterol, and lecithin were made on a group of 10 animals living in the laboratory from Oct. 27, 1927, to May 17, 1928. A marked difference in both the trend and absolute values was noted in animals living in the laboratory when compared with the values obtained for animals living out-of-doors. With animals living in the open, the trend of variation for calcium was found to be the same. However, animals living in the laboratory maintained a higher level over the same period of time. The inorganic phosphorus and lecithin both showed a marked decrease and both maintained a lower level than was found in animals just received from the dealer. The cholesterol content of whole blood exhibited a similar trend in both groups of animals. However, it was found that animals living in the laboratory maintained a lower level than animals living out-of-doors.

The mean value for calcium was found to be 15.7 ±0.05, for inorganic phosphorus 4.65 ±0.05 mg. per 100 cc. of blood serum, and for cholesterol 58.2 ±0.39 and lecithin 118.4 ±1.13 mg. per 100 cc. of whole blood.

The coefficients of correlation having the highest degree of mathematical significance were obtained from the mean values for individual animals.
THE RELATION OF FREQUENCY TO THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ULTRA-HIGH FREQUENCY CURRENTS
Authors: Christie Ronald V. , Loomis Alfred L.
Published: June 2004

1. Biological effects of electromagnetic waves emitted by a vacuum tube oscillator have been studied at frequencis ranging from 8,300,000 to 158,000,000 cycles per second (1.9 to 38 meters wave-length).

2. The effects produced on animals can be fully explained on the basis of the heat generated by high frequency currents which are induced in them.

3. No evidence was obtained to support the theory that certain wave-lengths have a specific action on living cells.

4. At frequencies below 50,000,000 cycles, the effect of these radiations on animals is proportionate to the intensity of the electro-magnetic field. As the frequency is increased beyond this point, the amount of induced current is diminished and the apparent lethality of the radiation is decreased. This can be explained by changes occurring in the dielectric properties of tissues at low wave-lengths.
STUDIES OF THE LYMPHATIC TISSUE
Authors: Ehrich Wilhelm
Published: June 2004

In 87 rabbits, some of which received intravenously at various intervals small, and some large, doses of killed staphylococci, the following findings were obtained.

1. There occurred a hyperplasia of lymph nodes, spleen and thymus, that is to say, a status thymicolymphaticus. This phenomenon is explained as due to immediate local irritation caused by bacteria and their products and by certain "toxins" partly of exogenous, partly of endogenous, origin.

2. The lymphocytosis which appeared was parallel in time and degree with the hyperplasia of the peripheral lymph nodes (axillary, popliteal and cervical lymph nodes) and probably originated in the pseudo-secondary nodules of these nodes.

3. There occurred intense mesenchymal reaction in the vascular connective tissue of the lungs, liver and spleen and after large doses slighter ones in adrenals, kidneys and heart. These reactions correspond with Oeller's adventitial reactions and Siegmund's intima proliferations. In the interstitial tissue of these organs as well as in the walls of the minor vessels proliferations of cells, partly of the type of lymphocytes and plasma cells, partly of that of histiocytes and reticulo-endothelial cells, appeared, which, after large doses, were mixed with many giant cells of Langerhans' type. After small doses lymphocytes and plasma cells predominated, after large doses histiocytes and reticulo-endothelial cells. Because these reactions occurred immediately after the first injection, they can be regarded as primary reactions of the organism to bacteria and their products.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHRONIC NEPHRITIS INDUCED IN THE DOG BY URANIUM NITRATE. A FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGICAL STUDY WITH OBSERVATIONS ON THE FORMATION OF URINE BY THE ALTERED KIDNEYS
Authors: MacNider William deB.
Published: June 2004

1. A chronic nephritis was produced in the dog which involves all of the histological elements of the kidney by the use of one subcutaneous injection of 4 mg. of uranium nitrate per kilo. In such animals the sequence of the histological changes in the kidneys in correlation with their functional expression has been studied in dogs from the commencement of the; injury until the chronic nehritis has existed for 5 years and 2 months.

2. As early as the 2nd day following the development of an acute nephritis, the animals became polyuric with an albuminous urine containing granular casts. There was a marked reduction in the elimination of phenolsulphonephthalein, or it failed to appear in the urine in a 2 hour period. The reserve alkali of the blood was reduced to as low as 7.8 and a retention occurred in urea nitrogen, non-protein nitrogen and creatinine. At such periods of renal functional depression there was slight evidence of structural glomerular injury but marked evidence of proximal convoluted tubule degeneration and necrosis.
THE SEPARATION OF TYPES AMONG THE PNEUMOCOCCI HITHERTO CALLED GROUP IV AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THERAPEUTIC ANTISERUMS FOR THESE TYPES
Authors: Cooper Georgia , Edwards Marguerite , Rosenstein Carolyn
Published: June 2004

The pneumococci hitherto known as Group IV have been separated into ten types which have been designated by Roman numerals from IV to XIII. These have been correlated as far as possible with the types described by others. The prevalence and mortality of cases due to each type have been estimated in the limited number of cases studied.

Laboratory tests indicated that therapeutic antiserums for Types I, II and III have very little protective power against the recently separated types.

Monovalent antiserums of high agglutinative and protective power were prepared in rabbits for each type.

Several monovalent antiserums each specific for a type, which are suitable for agglutination and experimental therapeutic use, have been obtained by immunizing horses.

An antiserum prepared for one type had very little cross-protective power against other types.
THE NATURE OF THE HYPERGLYCEMIA ASSOCIATED WITH ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK IN THE DOG
Authors: Zeckwer Isolde T. , Nadler J. Ernest
Published: June 2004

1. Nine unoperated dogs snowed a rise of blood sugar dunng anaphylactic shock. In six of these dogs the rise was 60 mg. or over.

2. Six dogs in which one adrenal had long previously been extirpated and the opposite splanchnic nerve cut, showed a low preliminary level of blood sugar, and a relative rise of blood sugar during anaphylaxis, but of less degree than in the unoperated animals. In no case was it greater than 52 mg.

3. Anoxemia did not appear to be a complicating factor, as evidenced by determination of the oxygen content of the arterial blood before and during shock.

4. The rise in blood sugar, which occurs in spite of the loss of adrenal activity, is probably due to the venous stasis of the liver seen in anaphylaxis in the dog, because this rise in blood sugar can be simulated in a normal non-sensitized dog by mechanically constricting the hepatic veins for a brief interval.

5. There are, therefore, probably two factors responsible for the hyperglycemia associated with anaphylaxis in the dog, sympathetic stimulation by way of the splanchnic nerves involving the activity of the adrenals, and glycogenolysis resulting directly from venous stasis of the liver.
THE TOXICITY OF HUMAN SERUM FOR THE GUINEA PIG
Authors: Ramsdell Susan Griffith , Davidsohn I.
Published: June 2004

From the foregoing study there are indications:

1. Of toxicity in all fresh human serum for the guinea pig; this toxicity tends to disappear after 48 hours after bleeding, and its manifestations are strikingly similar to those of the heterophilic antibody in immune rabbit serum.

2. Of an increased toxicity in the serum of antisera-treated human cases; this is usually coexistant with the production of other antibodies; it tends likewise to disappear in time after treatment; differential absorption experiments indicate that its character is heterophilic, and its manifestations differ from those of anaphylaxis in that certain circulatory effects—hemorrhage and increased edema in the lungs and distension of the right heart—are added to the usual findings in true anaphylactic deaths.
TREATMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ACUTE GENERAL PERITONITIS IN THE DOG WITH ILEOSTOMY AND SODIUM CHLORIDE SOLUTION
Authors: Orr Thomas G. , Haden Russell L.
Published: June 2004

1. In experimentally produced general peritonitis drainage of the gut by ileostomy 6 inches above the cecum has no beneficial effect.

2. Animals with experimentally produced general peritonitis treated with ileostomy plus 1 per cent sodium chloride solution live three times as long as those not given the salt solution.
THE RAPID SHALLOW BREATHING RESULTING FROM PULMONARY CONGESTION AND EDEMA
Authors: Churchill Edward D. , Cope Oliver
Published: June 2004

These experiments record the effects of the experimental production of pulmonary congestion and edema in a lung completely isolated from the general circulation, but with an intact nerve supply. The resulting changes are: a slowing of the heart rate, a fall in systemic blood pressure and a temporary inhibition of respiration succeeded by rapid shallow breathing. The pulse rate and blood pressure show a rapid and spontaneous return to initial conditions. The respirations show a partial but not a complete return to their former rate and depth. The effects on respiration are similar to those described by Dunn and Binger and Moore which follow multiple embolism of the pulmonary circuit with starch granules. The alterations in the pulse rate and blood pressure are characteristic of the effects of vagal stimulation. A chemical effect on the respiratory center is excluded by the nature of the preparation.

These results, therefore, add further evidence to support the hypothesis that the rapid shallow breathing attending congestion and edema of the lungs is due to the stimulation of nerve endings in the lungs.
THE INITIATION OF GROWTH OF CERTAIN FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES AS RELATED TO OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES IN THE MEDIUM
Authors: Dubos René
Published: June 2004

The growth of many pathogenic organisms in plain meat infusion broth is possible only when a large inoculum is used. This requirement is much less strict when the broth cultures are incubated (a) under anaerobic conditions, (b) in fresh media very recently boiled or autoclaved, (c) in fresh media reduced by means of hydrogen, or to which small amounts of cysteine or of blood have been added.

It is suggested that these findings can be accounted for by assuming that the bacterial species under consideration can multiply only in media the oxidation potential of which is below a critical value.

The favorable growth conditions obtained by the procedures enumerated above may be attributed to the establishment of a proper reduction potential in the medium; the same result is obtained by using a large inoculum, owing to the reducing properties of bacterial cells.
THE RELATION OF THE BACTERIOSTATIC ACTION OF CERTAIN DYES TO OXIDATION-REDUCTION PROCESSES
Authors: Dubos René
Published: June 2004

Oxidized indophenols and methylene blue are bacteriostatic for Pneumococcus and hemolytic streptococci of human and bovine origin, while the indigoes, malachite green and litmus are not toxic.

2-Chloroindophenol, the most positive of the indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials used, is also the only one to have a bacteriostatic action on cheese strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus.

Methylene blue and the indophenols are no longer bacteriostatic when present in a reduced form in a medium capable of maintaining them in such a condition.

A comparison of these results with the growth in plain broth of the organisms studied suggests that the "inhibiting" dyes "poise" the medium at an oxidation potential outside the range in which the inhibited organisms can grow.
BLOOD CHLORIDES IN CONDITIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PNEUMONIA
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Christie Ronald V. , Davis John Staige , Hiller Alma
Published: June 2004

Attempts have been made in dogs to lower the serum chlorides by means of various procedures. Of these the withholding of food, anoxemia, tissue destruction, anaphylactic shock, leucocytosis, and fever yielded negative results. Ingestion of large amounts of water lowered the chloride level independently of body temperature. The chloride drop under these circumstances could not be accounted for by excretion and appeared to run parallel with an increase in the serum water content. Experimental pneumococcus infection in two animals reduced the serum chloride concentration.
STUDIES ON INDIFFERENT STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Hitchcock C. H. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

The indifferent streptococci are remarkably efficient allergizing agents when inoculated intradermally into rabbits.

This is revealed by the high percentage of secondary reactions which occur in the lesions resulting from the inoculation of small doses of these organisms, and by the relative frequency with which positive ophthalmic reactions are obtained following sensitization with relatively small doses.

This allergizing capacity is most marked in the organisms of Type I and least marked in the non-inulin-fermenting strains of Group X.

The different resultants emerging from variations in allergizing capacity of streptococci and reactivity of host are clearly demonstrated in this series of experiments.
A STRAIN OF BACILLUS ABORTUS FROM SWINE
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The outbreak of infectious abortion in swine, probably the first reported from the eastern United States, was associated with a strain of Bacillus abortus growing rapidly on ordinary nutrient agar slopes without seal and presenting certain slight pathological deviations from the bovine form of disease in guinea pigs such as the occurrence of necrotic, suppurating foci in spleen and lymph nodes. Agglutination tests, comprising both cross-agglutination and absorption procedures failed to distinguish the strain from the bovine type. The gross appearance of the fetuses from this outbreak was normal. The shreds of placentas obtainable indicated slight erosion of the chorionic epithelium and some exudation. The specific bacilli were quite widely disseminated in the tissues of the fetuses. The pathogenic action of this swine strain on guinea pigs was evidently much feebler than that of most earlier swine strains as reported and it approached more closely that of bovine strains. The culture fed to a pregnant sow failed to produce abortion, possibly because of the advanced stage of pregnancy. The organism was not recovered from the uterus but was found in the sow's milk.
DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN SOME TOXIC SUBSTANCES IN ANAEROBICALLY PRODUCED AUTOLYSATES OF PNEUMOCOCCI (TYPES I AND II)
Authors: Parker Julia T.
Published: June 2004

The necrotizing and lung-toxic principles present in certain anaerobically prepared autolysates of Pneumococcus Types I and II are similar in respect to extreme sensitiveness to heat and to oxidation, and to their ability to be neutralized by the same anti-autolysate serums.

These two poisons differ, however, in their ability to be adsorbed or inactivated by red cells; the lung-toxic principle being adsorbed or inactivated by such procedure while the necrotizing principle is not.

Since pneumococcus hemotoxin is present in the anaerobic autolysates and is also adsorbed by red cells, it seemed possible that it was this substance in the autolysates which caused the diffuse lung lesions and death of guinea pigs. However, it was found that the intratracheal injection of pneumococcus hemotoxin prepared by the method of Avery and Neill only occasionally produced the characteristic reaction caused by the intratracheal injection of the anaerobic autolysates.
OXIDATION-REDUCTION EQUILIBRIA IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: Coulter Calvin B. , Isaacs Moses L.
Published: June 2004

1. The reduction potentials of B. typhosus in culture in bouillon which is given access to atmospheric oxygen show a negative drift that attains the values found in sterile bouillon when deaerated with nitrogen: Eh –0.085 to –0.095 volt at pH 7.6. The potential reaches this level after 6 to 8 hours incubation, and is maintained at this point for several hours. A slow decline to more negative values is then observed and continues for at least 48 hours, when a potential of –0.145 volt may be attained.

2. The bacteria influence the potentials in the first period of their growth by exhaustion of oxygen from the culture, thus permitting the characteristic potential of the culture medium to become manifest, and do not contribute the substances responsible for the observed potentials. The decline in potential to values more negative than those of the culture medium occurs during the time that the rate of dying of the bacteria approaches and exceeds the rate of multiplication; it is suggested that dissolution of bacteria liberates reductive substances.

3. Cultures in 0.5 per cent dextrose medium show a somewhat more , negative potential after 18 hours growth than cultures in medium without dextrose. This may be due to the more rapid "turn-over" of the bacteria and the liberation of larger amounts of reductive material from dissolution of larger numbers of bacteria.

4. The potential of cultures through which oxygen is passed continuously does not show a negative drift at any time. This indicates that reductive substances of bacterial origin in the case at least of the typhoid bacillus do not influence the electrode potentials in the presence of oxygen and confirms the importance of bacterial respiration as the means for the removal of oxygen and the consequent establishment of characteristic reduction potentials in cultures.
STUDIES ON THE PRECIPITABLE SUBSTANCES OF BACILLI OF THE SALMONELLA GROUP
Authors: Furth J. , Landsteiner K.
Published: June 2004

Specific precipitable substances rich in carbohydrates, containing very little protein and small amounts of a material apparently of fatty nature, have been prepared from the main serological types of the typhoid-paratyphoid groups. The preparations in their present state of purity do not exhibit very pronounced chemical differences in spite of serological dissimilarity. In this respect the results differ from those observed with the polysaccharides of pneumococci.

The specificity of the precipitin reactions of these substances parallels in a general way the so called small flaking agglutination.

Attempts to separate different fractions from the active substance serologically by means of precipitation with antibody solutions were on the whole unsuccessful.

The differences in resistance to the action of acid and alkali were found to be characteristic for various specific carbohydrates.
THE RELATION OF THE LIVER TO FAT METABOLISM
Authors: Drury D. R. , McMaster Philip D.
Published: June 2004

Fat combustion is carried on adequately in rabbits deprived of the liver or brought into a condition of extreme liver insufficiency. Even 24 hours after hepatectomy fat combustion goes on as well as in the normal animal. Evidently the liver plays no essential part in the breaking down of fat.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OPSONIN AND BACTERIOTROPIN ACTION
Authors: McCutcheon Morton , Strumia Max , Mudd Stuart , Mudd Emily B. H. , Lucké Balduin
Published: June 2004

Rabbits infected intravenously with virulent mammalian tubercle bacilli have in a majority of cases developed circulating antibodies to a slight but appreciable degree. The increase in titer was detected in one group of rabbits within the 2nd or 3rd week, in others during the 2nd month of infection.

Rabbits with residual pulmonary foci, resulting from infection 6 months or more previously with human tubercle bacilli, on reinfection with bovine tubercle bacilli promptly developed circulating antibodies strikingly in excess of those found during the course of primary infection. Such antibodies were present 6 or 7 days after reinfection.

The changes in titer during tuberculous infection as detected by the bacterial surface reactions and by phagocytosis were again, within the experimental error, in quantitative correspondence. The loss of phagocytosis-promoting power in heated normal serum involves an exception to this correspondence between surface and phagocytosis effects. This exception has already been discussed in an earlier paper (8).
A "SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE" DERIVED FROM GUM ARABIC
Authors: Heidelberger Michael , Avery Oswald T. , Goebel Walther F.
Published: June 2004

1. By partial acid hydrolysis a specific carbohydrate may be isolated from gum arabic (gum acacia). This carbohydrate is comparable in its precipitating activity for Type II (and Type III) antipneumococcus serum with the bacterial soluble specific substances themselves.

2. On hydrolysis this fraction yields galactose and two or more complex sugar acids, one of which appears to be a disaccharide add comparable with those isolated from the specific polysaccharides of the Type III pneumococcus and the Type A Friedländer bacillus.

3. The significance of these findings is discussed.
BIOMETRY OF CALCIUM, INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS, CHOLESTEROL, AND LIPOID PHOSPHORUS IN THE BLOOD OF RABBITS
Authors: Harnes Alvin R.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which it was shown that the calcium, inorganic phosphorus, cholesterol, and lecithin in the blood of normal rabbits were influenced by 4 types of light environment. The results of the experiments seem to warrant the following conclusions:

1. Animals exposed to the ultra-violet light for a brief period each day give results which are diametrical to those obtained for animals living in total darkness.

2. The results obtained for animals exposed to the Cooper Hewitt light and for those living in the open laboratory are somewhat similar but occupy a position between those of the dark and ultra-violet groups.

3. Animals do not develop immediately the characteristic effects of a particular environmental condition, but pass through a period of accommodation which varies somewhat with different environmental conditions.
IMMUNOLOGIC REACTIONS WITH TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Purdy Helen A.
Published: June 2004

1. Antisera were produced, separately, in rabbits to normal sap from healthy Turkish tobacco plants and to irus-sap from tobacco plants, affected with mosaic disease.

2. The immunologic reactions of the antisera were studied by means of:

(a) Alexin-fixation tests.

(b) Precipitation experiments, including: Precipitin-absorption tests with the same tobacco virus multiplied in tobacco, tomato, pepper, and petunia plants.

(c) Experiments with the inactivation properties of both antisera and normal serum on virus-sap.

3. From the results obtained from the above experiments, the following conclusions were drawn:

(a) Normal-tobacco-sap and virus-tobacco-sap possess antigenic substances in common.

(b) Normal sap and virus-sap of tomato, pepper, and petunia plants contain antigenic substances in common with normal sap of tobacco.

(c) Virus-saps of tomato, pepper, and petunia plants, have antigenic substances in common with virus-sap of tobacco, that are either not present in the normal tobacco sap or present only in small amounts.

(d) The two antisera possess alexin-fixing antibodies and precipitins in common.

(e) All of the precipitins to normal tobacco sap may be removed from either antiserum by absorption with virus-sap of tobacco.

(f) Specific precipitins for virus-sap of tobacco, tomato, pepper, and petunia are present in the antiserum to tobacco virus-sap and cannot be removed by complete absorption with normal sap of tobacco.

(g) Antiserum to virus-sap of tobacco, when used in an appropriate amount, has the power of completely inactivating virus-sap.

A corresponding quantity of antiserum to normal tobacco sap, or normal rabbit or guinea-pig serum, does not exhibit the same preventive action on virus-sap.

(h) There is some evidence that a specific antibody to virus-sap, lytic in nature, is present in the homologous antiserum.
THE RELATION OF CHROMATIN TO HEMOGLOBIN AND BILIRUBIN
Authors: Riecker Herman H.
Published: June 2004

1. Attention is directed to the diversity of opinion among investigators regarding the site and manner of hemoglobin formation in the body and its relation to bile pigment metabolism.

2. It is probable that in forming new hypotheses on this subject the earlier work of A. B. Macallum on the relation of chromatin to hemoglobin formation has not received sufficient consideration.

3. It has been shown by means of microchemical iron stains of the bone marrow cells, that the iron content of the hematoblast is increased during rapid hemoglobin production in simple anemia.

4. This fact is compatible with the work of Macallum who believed that hemoglobin is derived from the chromatin of the hematoblast. It does not support a theory that hemoglobin is formed as a part of a circulating pigment.

5. It is suggested that bilirubin is derived from the chromatin of body cells through the intermediary stages of the respiratory pigments, hemoglobin and cytochrome, from erythrocytes and other cells, respectively.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Shannon Raymond C. , Tilden Evelyn B. , Tyler Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

With a view to determining the mode of infection in Carrion's disease, a study of the blood-sucking insects found in the districts of Peru where the disease prevails has been carried out, through the cooperation of The Rockefeller Institute and the Rockefeller Foundation. The material studied included ticks, mites, midges, lice, fleas, bedbugs, mosquitoes, buffalo gnats, horse-flies, "sheep ticks," 3 species of Streblidae, and 3 species of Phlebotomus, including Phlebotomus verrucarum Townsend and two new species which have been named Phlebotomus noguchii and Phlebotomus peruensis. The insects were collected without the use of chemicals, were prepared for transportation in such a manner as to prevent drying, and were shipped under conditions of refrigeration to New York, where they were inoculated into monkeys. The plan followed was to inject saline suspensions of the crushed insects intradermally into rhesus monkeys and to make cultures of the blood of the animals at intervals of 1 to 6 weeks after inoculation.

The only class of insects in which the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis could be detected were phlebotomi. No cutaneous lesions were induced in monkeys injected with the crushed insects, but in the case of four different lots of phlebotomi the blood of the animals so injected yielded cultures of Bartonella bacilliformis which produced typical verrucous lesions on inoculation into other monkeys.

The morphology and cultural characteristics of the Bartonella strains obtained from phlebotomi proved identical with those of strains isolated from human blood and skin lesions. Monkeys which had recovered from infection with the phlebotomus strains resisted inoculation with a human strain of Bartonella bacilliformis, and, conversely, monkeys which had passed through an infection induced by the human strain resisted inoculation with the strains obtained from phlebotomi.

The experimental observations described in this paper lead us to conclude that certain phlebotomi act as insect vectors of Oroya fever and verruga peruana. The phlebotomi which have been shown quite certainly to carry the Bartonella bacilliformis are those of the species Phlebotomus noguchii. Phlebotomus verrucarum is also probably a vector, while Phlebotomus peruensis remains doubtful in this respect.
A COMPARISON OF THE MANNER OF EXCRETION OF NEUTRAL RED AND PHENOL RED BY THE FROG'S KIDNEY
Authors: Oliver Jean , Shevky Eshref
Published: June 2004

1. Phenol red and neutral red are excreted by the perfused frog's kidney by different routes.

2. Phenol red is excreted chiefly through the glomerulus, neutral red through the tubules.

3. Some slight excretion of each of these dyes by the converse mechanism is possible, though there is no evidence in our experiments that necessitates such a conclusion.

4. The importance of methods leading to the production of a normal volume of urine by the perfused kidney is emphasized.
ATTEMPTS TO REPRODUCE RHEUMATIC FEVER IN ANIMALS
Authors: Gross Louis , Loewe Leo , Eliasoph Benjamin
Published: June 2004

Experiments have been described in which we attempted to reproduce in animals the lesions characteristic of rheumatic fever in the human. A large number of animals representing 7 species was employed. Among other materials, streptococci isolated in pure culture from the blood of rheumatic patients (proved to be so by biopsy or by autopsy) as well as whole blood, plasma, serum, pericardial, pleural and hydrocele fluid, filtrates from tonsils, subcutaneous nodules, lymph nodes, and nasopharyngeal washings obtained from such patients were used in a variety of combinations and with a number of procedures calculated to predispose the animal to the disease.

A discussion is given of the criteria whose fulfillment is essential for the establishment of the experimental production of rheumatic disease in animals.

Judged by these criteria, we have failed to reproduce the disease. This conclusion, we believe, holds true for all the work thus far reported in the literature.
ON THE RELATION OF BACTERIA TO SO-CALLED "CHEMICAL PNEUMONIA"
Authors: Koontz A. R. , Allen M. S.
Published: June 2004

The question of a causal relation of the bacteria in gassed lungs to the pneumonia present cannot be regarded as decided. It may be said that:

1. The appearance of gassed lungs with pneumonia is very similar to the pneumonia of known bacterial origin.

2. In a few cases the type of pneumonia found coincides with the reported cases of so-called "chemical pneumonia," which is characterized by a preponderance of epithelial cells in the exudate.

3. Gassed lungs are not sterile but show highly varying numbers of bacteria.

4. The bacteria are not intracellular and are not present in large numbers in the majority of cases.

The arguments for and against a causal relationship between the bacteria and the pneumonia may be summed up as follows:

1. Against a Causal Relationship

a. The early appearance of pneumonia after gassing.

b. The occurrence of pneumonia with very small numbers of bacteria present.

c. The fact that very few bacteria are engulfed by leucocytes in gassed lungs, whereas large numbers are present in the non-gassed pneumonias and are conspicuously intracellular.

2. In Favor of a Causal Relationship

a. The presence of bacteria in any numbers.

b. The picture of broncho-pneumonia presented is similar to broncho-pneumonia of known bacterial origin.

c. Pneumonias characterized by large numbers of epithelial cells in the exudate (so-called "chemical pneumonia") occur in animals that were never gassed or subjected to other irritating substances in any way.
IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES IN RELATION TO THE SUPRARENAL GLAND
Authors: Marmorston-Gottesman J. , Perla David
Published: June 2004

Table I and Figs. 1 and 2 summarize the experiments done on 150 rats. Suprarenalectomy in rats is followed by a striking depression in antibody formation most marked during the first week following the operation. Repeated injections of large amounts of isotonic sodium chloride or sodium acetate solutions restore the antibody titer to normal. The effect of these solutions is not due to diuresis alone, since isotonic glucose solution does not affect the titer, nor to the sodium alone, since hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride in small volume have little influence on the titer. Both the sodium ion and the water volume are necessary in the restoration of the titer.
THE ROÔLE OF CARBOHYDRATES IN BIOLOGICAL OXIDATIONS AND REDUCTIONS. EXPERIMENTS WITH PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Dubos René
Published: June 2004

The reducing power of plain broth cultures of Pneumococcus is largely dependent upon the presence in the medium at the time when the reduction test is performed of certain metabolites.

The washed cells of Pneumococcus are able to reduce the various indicators of oxidation-reduction potentials in the presence of glucose. The relative velocity of reduction of these indicators is determined by the number of cells used in the test, the concentration of the dyes, and their position in the oxidation reduction scale.

Oxidized thiol compounds (glutathione, cystine, oxidized thioglycollic acid) are likewise rapidly reduced by glucose in the presence of washed cells of Pneumococcus.

This Pneumococcus-glucose system is able to form peroxide under aerobic conditions. Those substances which form peroxide in the presence of Pneumococcus cells are also the ones which Cole found to be active in changing hemoglobin into methemoglobin under the same conditions.

The power of washed cells of Pneumococcus to reduce methylene blue in the presence of glucose is dependent on at least 2 constituents: one which can be readily removed from the cell by washing. Sugar-free meat infusion will function instead of it. The other is inactivated more slowly by the process of washing and is destroyed by 10 minutes heating at 55°C.

The interreaction between the glucose and the cell seems to result in a fundamental reaction in which one molecule of glucose becomes able to reduce rapidly one molecule of methylene blue. The existence of side-reactions often obscures this ratio.

The significance of these observations is considered in relation to the nature and mechanism of the "activation" of metabolites, the preparation of synthetic media, the phenomena of growth, and the meaning of the expression "reducing power of a bacterial culture."
EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Parker Julia T.
Published: June 2004

1. Anti-pneumotoxic sera prepared in rabbits or horses by immunization with sterile filtrates of the pneumotoxin, under certain conditions protect against the pneumonia caused by the intratracheal injections of mixtures of living pneumococci and toxic autolysates.

2. The protection against the development of pneumonia is heterologous, at least as regards Type I, Type II, viz.: an anti-autolysate serum prepared by the immunization with a pneumotoxin from one type of pneumococcus will prevent the development of pneumonia caused by the injection of pneumococci and autolysate from another type.

3. Certain anti-pneumococcus horse sera used in the treatment of pneumonia in man, either contain no heterologous pneumonia-preventing antibodies or slight amounts only. These sera, however, protect against the pneumonia produced by injections of pneumococci and pneumotoxin of the homologous strain, the degree of protection depending on the amount of specific protective substances such sera contain.

4. Anti-pneumotoxic sera produced in rabbits or horses by the injection of sterile Berkefeld filtrates of the toxic autolysates contain no pneumococcus specific protective substances.
STUDIES ON INFLAMMATION
Authors: Menkin Valy
Published: June 2004

Trypan blue injected into normal subcutaneous tissue passes rapidly to the regional lymphatic node and is found in lymph drawn from its efferent lymphatic.

When the dye is injected into the normal peritoneal cavity it rapidly appears in the lymph of the retrosternal lymphatics and stains deeply the retrosternal lymphatic nodes.

Trypan blue injected into the site of inflammation in the subcutaneous tissue or in the peritoneal cavity is fixed in the inflamed area and fails to reach the regional lymphatic nodes.

If an inflammatory reaction has been produced in the dermis or in the subcutaneous tissue, trypan blue injected into the circulating blood enters the site of inflammation and is fixed so that the tissues are deeply stained.
OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THE PERSISTENCE OF LIVING CELLS IN MAITLAND'S MEDIUM FOR THE CULTIVATION OF VACCINE VIRUS
Authors: Rivers T. M. , Haagen E. , Muckenfuss R. S.
Published: June 2004

Cells survive for at least 5 days and at times are capable of multiplying in a mixture of serum and Tyrode's solution used by Maitland for the cultivation in vitro of vaccine virus.
A STUDY OF PNEUMONIA IN A RURAL AREA IN SOUTHERN ALABAMA
Authors: Smillie W. G. , Caldwell E. L.
Published: June 2004

1. Pneumococcus Type IV of low virulence was the prevailing organism in fifty-eight cases of pneumonia studied in southern Alabama. Fixed types of pneumococci were not common.

2. Pneumoma was more prevalent in children from 5 to 15 years of age than in adults. As a rule, the disease ran a mild course.

3. Most of the cases of pneumonia gave a definite history of an acute cold antedating the attack of pneumonia by a period of 5 to 8 days. Exposure alone did not seem to predispose to pneumonia, but those with an acute cold who were exposed to chilling of the body surface frequently developed pneumonia.

4. There were seven "family epidemics" of pneumonia. In each instance there was a family epidemic of colds antedating the pneumonia. The pneumococcus was found in large numbers in the nasopharynx of those suffering from colds as well as in the pneumonia patients.

5. The epidemiology of pneumonia in the pioneer days of American history has many points in common with the epidemiology of pneumonia in a rural isolated area in southern Alabama today. This suggests that the crowded conditions and frequent contacts of modern city life have built up a community resistance to avirulent strains of pneumococci.
STUDIES ON THE DISSOCIATION OF THE HOG CHOLERA BACILLUS
Authors: Li C. P.
Published: June 2004

When the "normal" MS form of hog cholera bacillus was grown for 3 weeks in broth and subsequently plated in semi-solid media, 2 variant forms appeared, a motile rough (MR) form and a nonmotile smooth (NS) form. The NS form subsequently gave rise to a third variant, namely, the nonmotile rough (NR) form.

It is evident from the observations reported that in the case of the hog cholera bacillus the simple S and R conception of microbic dissociation is inadequate to account for the several variant forms. It appears necessary to combine the S and R with the H and O or the flagellar and somatic antigen conception to account for the phenomenon.

The dissociation is represented by the following diagram:

See PDF for Structure
RELATION OF VACCINAL IMMUNITY TO THE PERSISTENCE OF THE VIRUS IN RABBITS
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Long Perrin H.
Published: June 2004

1. By means of cataphoresis vaccine virus can be obtained from suspensions of tissue which are inactive by the usual tests of animal inoculation.

2. Active virus can be obtained by cataphoresis from the tissues of rabbits long recovered from the effects of cutaneous vaccination.

3. Evidence is brought forward which suggests that immunity in a virus disease, such as vaccinia, may be linked with the persistence in the body of living virus.
THE LESIONS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLES IN EXPERIMENTAL SCORBUTUS
Authors: Dalldorf Gilbert
Published: June 2004

1. Muscle degeneration was constantly found in the intercostal muscles of scorbutic guinea pigs.

2. It has likewise been found in the masseter and diaphragmatic muscles.

3. Exercise will produce an identical lesion in other skeletal muscles in scorbutic animals.

4. The lesions appear to be an intrinsic part of the scorbutic process.

5. It is suggested that the tenderness over muscles in scorbutic animals and in man may be due to this myopathy.
THE GERMICIDAL ACTION OF HYDROXY SOAPS
Authors: Eggerth Arnold H.
Published: June 2004

1. The α-hydroxy soaps exhibit a high germicidal action toward certain organisms. As with other soaps, the germicidal action increases with molecular weight to a maximum, then diminishes. The pH effects the germicidal action as it does other soaps.

2. Certain α-hydroxy soaps give two distinct germicidal zones with Staphylococcus aureus.

3. The effect of the hydroxyl group in saturated soaps is to increase selective germicidal action; the effect of the hydroxyl group in an unsaturated soap is to diminish it.

4. The soaps offer a means of separating mixtures of organisms by selective germicidal action.
PROPERTIES OF THE CAUSATIVE AGENT OF A CHICKEN TUMOR
Authors: Duran-Reynals F. , Murphy James B.
Published: June 2004

Ground muscle from susceptible chickens fixes in vitro in a proportion of instances the agent of the filterable Chicken Tumor I, and in a lesser degree inactivates it, whereas the muscle from resistant animals such as rabbit and pigeon, is without effect. It is shown that the power of fixation of the chicken muscle is far greater than its inactivating properties.

Brain and liver from chicken, rabbit and pigeon seem devoid of any action on the agent.

The desiccated chicken muscle tissue shares the properties of the fresh organ; and the process of desiccation does not release the agent from the inactive or slightly active mixture of fresh muscle and filtrate.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo , Muller Henry R. , Tilden Evelyn B. , Tyler Joseph R.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported on the effect upon the course of experimental verruga peruana in Macacus rhesus of the injection of (1) small quantities of rabbit immune serum simultaneously with living cultures, (2) one large dose of convalescent monkey serum 24 hours prior to inoculation, (3) a similar preliminary dose followed by three subsequent injections of the serum, (4) three large doses of convalescent serum, following the inoculation. The convalescent serum was found (1) to prevent the multiplication of Bartonella bacilliformis in the blood in most instances, and (2) to delay the development of the skin lesions for considerable periods, when given before inoculation. When the serum treatment was not begun until after the appearance of the skin lesions, it had no effect on the progress of the nodules, although the blood became free from Bartonella bacilliformis.

Since the severe effects of verruga peruana (Carrion's disease) are believed to be due to the multiplication of Bartonella bacilliformis within the blood, the injection of convalescent serum in cases of Carrion's disease in man would appear to offer promise.
A PARALYTIC DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS DUE TO THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS
Authors: Shope Richard E. , Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

The experimental data collected during this study of a transmissible type of paralysis developing in tuberculous guinea pigs indicate the condition to be a true tuberculous meningitis. We have been able to rule out the possibility that it is due to a non-tuberculous infection of the central nervous system caused by Roemer's virus, or by an atypical herpes virus, or by some bacterium other than the tubercle bacillus. Roemer's virus and herpes could be eliminated from consideration when Berkefeld N filtrates of infectious brain emulsions proved incapable of reproducing the disease. Furthermore, rabbits could be infected as they cannot with Roemer's virus, and the disease elicited in rabbits bears no semblance to herpes encephalitis. No organism other than the tubercle bacillus could be obtained on culturing brain or brain emulsions from experimental cases, and no others were seen in examining fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. In a modified Noguchi medium a tubercle bacillus possessing atypical staining properties was obtained. This organism was capable of producing the typical paralytic disease when injected intracerebrally into guinea pigs, and also generalized tuberculosis in animals inoculated subcutaneously with it.

Typical tuberde bacilli were readily demonstrable in sections of the meninges from animals with the disease, and culture of pieces of brain on Dorset's egg medium usually yielded a growth of tubercle bacilli. Only in the first of the experimental passages, on the other hand, was it possible to demonstrate acid-fast organisms in fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. This fact and the attributes of the atypically staining organisms encountered in the cultures in Noguchi media will be considered more fully in a subsequent publication.

In view of the much discussed question of the filtrability of the tubercle bacillus our observations concerning the failure of this organism to pass a Berkefeld N filter are of interest. No animal in our series inoculated intracerebrally with brain emulsion from either a "spontaneous" or experimental case of tuberculous meningitis failed to develop meningitis, and that rather acutely, while no animal in our series injected with a Berkefeld filtrate of brain emulsion has developed tuberculous meningitis or any other form of tuberculosis. In connection with this observation it must be recalled that the organism was atypical in respect to its staining qualities at least.
THE CULTURAL AND STAINING REACTIONS OF A STRAIN OF THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS PRODUCING PARALYSIS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Lewis Paul A. , Shope Richard E.
Published: June 2004

When a strain of human tuberculosis was carried from guinea pig to guinea pig by intracerebral inoculation the bacillus of tuberculosis could be readily recovered in the semisolid "Leptospira" medium of Noguchi simply modified by the substitution of guinea pig for rabbit serum. Whether even this modification is required remains to be determined.

The tubercle bacillus in these cultures and possibly in the nervous tissue as well differed from the classical type in that it was less acid-fast and quite lacking in alcohol fastness. However, it retained the Gram stain as modified by Much. Staining reactions, as this culture of the tubercle bacillus shows, are not absolute qualities but are variable with conditions, a consideration which it may be important to recognize. Efforts to define these conditions more precisely are likely to be productive.
THE REMOVAL OF AGGLUTININ FROM SENSITIZED MOTILE BACTERIA
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

The salt-free water washings of a sensitized motile bacterium (B. aertrycke) were found to cause a floccular agglutination in the presence of both whole and deflagellated antigen. Evidence was presented that the water washings when salt-free contained flagella and flagellar agglutinin and that clumping occurred upon the addition of saline. The floccular reaction in the presence of deflagellated bacteria was regarded as the agglutination of flagella present in the washings. In the presence of whole bacteria, however, actual bacterial agglutination resulted.
THE ANTIBODY-FORMATION BY POLYSACCHARIDS
Authors: Nishimura Shoji
Published: June 2004

1. By complement fixation tests, it has been clearly demonstrated that the sera of rabbits immunized with inulin, soluble starch and dextrine contain specific antibodies.

2. All these immune sera gave a negative precipitation reaction.

3. The kind of dextrine which has a construction very near to starch has an antigenic property, but those in a state of further decomposition do not give rise to antibodies.

4. All the three kinds of polysaccharids have power to produce antibodies without any vehicle. Dextrine is the only one of the three that gives rise to immune bodies more readily when pig serum is added to it.

5. Regarded as antigens, inulin stood first and soluble starch and dextrine next in order.

6. All three kinds of polysaccharids that were employed gave a negative protein color reaction. All of them, however, contained nitrogen. It has been proved that the large portion of the nitrogen contained in the soluble starch is derived from its protein contents.

7. It is suggested that in the production of immune bodies by these three kinds of polysaccharids, proteins might play the part of the vehicle. This is, however, still to be determined.