bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluar las innovaciones y su difusión social
Authors: Echeverría Javier
Published: August 2013

Aunque las innovaciones suelen ser evaluadas únicamente desde una perspectiva económica, aportan otras formas de valor (social, cultural, político, medio-ambiental, moral). La fase de difusión social de las innovaciones es clave para una evaluación integrada y plural de los procesos de innovación. El Manual de Oslo, al identificar la difusión con la comercialización en los mercados, ha generado nuevas modalidades de innovación oculta, que no pueden ser analizadas por los instrumentos usuales de análisis en estudios de innovación. Como conclusión, se propone un cambio metodológico en los estudios de innovación, que permita evaluar las diversas fases de un proceso de innovación y tener en cuenta a los distintos agentes que intervienen en él.
From reformation to counter-reformation to further reformation: A picture of the anti-Roman background of the Heidelberg Catechism
Authors: Van Alten Erik
Published: August 2013

The anti-Roman sentiment of the Heidelberg Catechism is well-documented. In its contents the Catechism often seeks to combat Roman doctrine. However, this anti-Roman sentiment did not have its origin from textbooks and it was not merely an academic exercise. It was first and foremost a reaction to the ecclesiastical context of that time. At the same time that Elector Frederick III commissioned the writing of the Heidelberg Catechism, the Council of Trent was meeting on the other side of the Alpine mountains. Remarkably, this meeting had only recently decided to write a catechism of its own. It is very likely that the decision-makers in Heidelberg were aware of what was happening in Trent, and reacted accordingly. Underlying the decision to commission and write the Heidelberg Catechism was the acknowledgment of the importance of catechetical teaching. In several documents, which are closely related to the Heidelberg Catechism, the importance of catechetical teaching is highlighted. Interestingly, however, these documents also contrast the reformed principal of catechetical teaching with the Roman sacrament of confirmation. Whereas catechetical teaching leads children on the way from their baptism to the Lord’s Supper, the sacrament of confirmation takes away the urgency for any form of catechetical teaching.Daar is reeds baie geskryf oor die anti-Roomse sentiment wat uit die Heidelbergse Kategismus spreek. Inhoudelik voer die Kategismus dikwels ’n stryd met die Roomse leer. Die oorsprong van hierdie anti-Roomse sentiment kom egter nie net uit handboeke nie en dit was ook nie bloot ’n akademiese oefening nie. Dit was eerstens veral ’n reaksie op die kerklike konteks van daardie tyd. Dieselfde tyd toe Keurvors Frederick III opdrag gegee het vir die opstel van die Heidelbergse Kategismus, het die Konsilie van Trente aan die oorkant van die Alpe vergader. Dit is merkwaardig dat hierdie vergadering kort voor dit besluit het om op sy eie ’n kategismus op te stel. Die besluitnemers in Heidelberg was heel waarskynlik volkome bewus van wat in Trente gebeur het en het dienooreenkomstig opgetree. Onderliggend aan die besluit om opdrag te gee tot die opstel van die Heidelbergse Kategismus, was die besef van die belangrikheid van kategese. In verskeie dokumente wat nóú aan die Heidelbergse Kategismus verwant is, word die belangrikheid van kategese beklemtoon. Dit is egter interessant dat hierdie dokumente ook die kontras tussen die gereformeerde beginsel van kategetiese onderrig en die Roomse sakrament van die vormsel aantoon. Terwyl kategetiese onderrig kinders vanaf hulle doop tot by die nagmaal begelei, misken die sakrament van die vormsel die noodsaaklikheid van enige vorm van kategetiese onderrig.
One-year observations of carbonaceous and nitrogenous components and major ions in the aerosols from subtropical Okinawa Island, an outflow region of Asian dusts
Authors: Kunwar B. , Kawamura K.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Ambient aerosol samples (TSP, n=50), collected at subtropical Okinawa Island, Japan, an outflow region of Asian dusts in the western North Pacific, were studied for organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble total nitrogen (WSTN), water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) and major ions to better understand the long-range atmospheric transport and formation and transformation pathways of East Asian aerosols. Concentrations of OC, EC, WSOC, WSTN and WSON ranged from 0.76 to 7.1 μg m−3 (av. 1.74 ± 1.03 μg m−3), 0.07–0.96 μg m−3 (0.28 ± 0.19 μg m−3), 0.27–1.9 μg m−3 (0.73 ± 0.38 μg m−3), 0.77 to 3.03 μg m−3 (0.58 ± 0.46 μg m−3) and 0 to 2.2 μg m−3 (0.12 ± 0.23 μg m−3), respectively. The average concentration of OC is higher in growing seasons; spring (2.36 μg m−3) and summer (1.79 μg m−3). Similarly, the highest concentrations of EC and WSOC were found in spring (av. 0.41 μg m−3 and 0.95 μg m−3, respectively) followed by winter (0.37 and 0.90 μg m−3) whereas the lowest concentrations were found in summer (0.19 and 0.52 μg m−3, respectively). In contrast, higher concentrations of WSTN were observed in winter (0.86 μg m−3) and lower concentrations were observed in summer (0.37 μg m−3) and autumn (0.34 μg m−3). Similarly, higher concentrations of WSON were observed in early summer (av. 0.26 μg m−3) due to the emission from marine biota. The high OC/EC (av. 7.6) and WSOC/OC (44%) ratios suggest the secondary formation of organic aerosols. The OC/EC ratios, correlation analyses between OC and EC (r = 0.81), and OC and MSA- (0.81) in spring suggest that springtime aerosols are influenced by additional marine and terrestrial biogenic sources. The correlation analyses of Ca2+ and TSP in spring suggests a significant influence from dust whereas the higher concentrations of NO3− and nss-SO42− in winter suggest the influence from anthropogenic sources including biomass burning, vehicular emission and coal combustion. NH4-N/WSTN ratios peaked in winter (0.56), indicating an important contribution of biomass burning to WSTN in cold season. In contrast, higher NO3-N/WSTN ratio in spring than winter suggests that vehicular emissions are significant in spring. Correlation analyses of major ions suggest that \\NH4+ and Ca2+ play major role in the neutralization of aerosols forming NH4HSO4, (NH4)2SO4 and CaSO4.
Monitoring of climate change in Germany – data, products and services of Germany's National Climate Data Centre
Authors: Kaspar F. , Müller-Westermeier G. , Penda E. , Mächel H. , Zimmermann K. , Kaiser-Weiss A. , Deutschländer T.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Germany's national meteorological service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD) is the responsible authority for monitoring climate change in Germany. To fulfill this task it operates the National Climate Data Centre ("Nationales KlimaDatenZentrum, NKDZ"). The historical and current instrumental measurements and visual observations of DWD's station network are archived, quality-controlled and used to provide aggregated products, as for example daily and monthly means or climate normals. Gridded data are generated and used to derive time series of national and regional averages. Phenological observations and radiosonde data are also part of the data base. In recent years, additional historical data have been digitized to expand the data base. The products are used for informing the public, e.g. as an element of the German climate atlas (http://www.deutscher-klimaatlas.de). One major recent activity was the provision of information for the new climatological reference interval 1981–2010 and an updated climatological analysis based on the newly digitized data.
Ocean acidification effects in the early life-stages of summer flounder, Paralichthys dentatus
Authors: Chambers R. C. , Candelmo A. C. , Habeck E. A. , Poach M. E. , Wieczorek D. , Cooper K. R. , Greenfield C. E. , Phelan B. A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The limited available evidence about effects of high CO2 and acidification of our oceans on fish suggests that effects will differ across fish species, be subtle, and interact with other stressors. An experimental framework was implemented that includes the use of (1) multiple marine fish species of relevance to the northeastern USA that differ in their ecologies including spawning season and habitat; (2) a wide yet realistic range of environmental conditions (i.e., concurrent manipulation of CO2 levels and water temperatures), and (3) a diverse set of response variables related to fish sensitivity to elevated CO2 levels, water temperatures, and their interactions. This report is on an array of early life-history responses of summer flounder (Paralichthys dentatus), an ecologically and economically important flatfish of this region, to a wide range of pH and CO2 levels. Survival of summer flounder embryos was reduced by 50% below local ambient conditions (7.8 pH, 775 ppm pCO2) when maintained at the intermediate conditions (7.4 pH, 1860 ppm pCO2), and by 75% below local ambient when maintained at the most acidic conditions tested (7.1 pH, 4715 ppm pCO2). This pattern of reduced survival of embryos at higher CO2 levels was consistent among three females used as sources of embryos. Sizes and shapes of larvae were altered by elevated CO2 levels with longer larvae in more acidic waters. This pattern of longer larvae was evident at hatching (although longer hatchlings had less energy reserves) to midway through the larval period. Larvae from the most acidic conditions initiated metamorphosis at earlier ages and smaller sizes than those from more moderate and ambient conditions. Tissue damage was evident in older larvae (age 14 to 28 d post-hatching) from both elevated CO2 levels. Damage included liver sinusoid dilation, focal hyperplasia on the epithelium, separation of the trunk muscle bundles, and dilation of the liver sinusoids and central veins. Cranial-facial features were affected by CO2 levels that changed with ages of larvae. Skeletal elements of larvae from ambient CO2 environments were comparable or smaller than those from elevated CO2 environments when younger (14 d and 21 d post-hatching) but larger at older ages (28 d). The degree of impairment in the early life-stages of summer flounder due to elevated CO2 levels suggests that this species will be challenged by ocean acidification in the near future. Further experimental comparative studies on marine fish are warranted in order to identify the species, life-stages, ecologies, and responses that are most sensitive to increased levels of CO2 and acidity in near-future ocean waters, and a strategy is proposed for achieving these goals.
Top-down, bottom-up and physical controls on diatom-diazotroph assemblage growth in the Amazon River Plume
Authors: Stukel M. R. , Coles V. J. , Brooks M. T. , Hood R. R.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The nutrient-rich waters of the Amazon River Plume (ARP) support dense blooms of diatom-diazotroph assemblages (DDA) that introduce large quantities of new nitrogen to the planktonic ecosystem and, unlike other nitrogen-fixers, are likely to directly fuel vertical carbon flux. To investigate the factors controlling DDA blooms, we develop a five phytoplankton (cyanobacteria, diatoms, unicellular microbial diazotrophs, DDA, and Trichodesmium), two zooplankton model and embed it within a 1/6° resolution physical model of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic. The model generates realistic DDA blooms in the ARP and also exhibits basin-wide primary production, nitrogen fixation, and grazing rates consistent with observed values. By following ARP water parcels with synthetic Lagrangian drifters released at the river mouth we are able to assess the relative impacts of grazing, nutrient supply, and physical forcing on DDA bloom formation. DDA bloom formation is stimulated in the silica-rich water of the ARP by decreases in grazing pressure when mesozooplankton (which co-occur in high densities with coastal diatom blooms) concentrations decrease. Bloom termination is driven primarily by silica limitation of the DDA. In agreement with in situ data, this net growth niche for DDA exists in a salinity range from ~ 20–34 PSU, although this co-occurrence is coincidental rather than causative. Because net growth rates are relatively modest, bloom formation in ARP water parcels depends critically on the time spent in this ideal habitat, with high DDA biomass only occurring when water parcels spent > 23 days in the optimal habitat niche.
Spatially limited mud turbidites on the Cascadia margin: segmented earthquake ruptures?
Authors: Goldfinger C. , Morey A. E. , Black B. , Beeson J. , Nelson C. H. , Patton J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. A series of 23 thin, mostly mud-silt turbidites are found interspersed between larger, well-dated and regionally correlated paleoseismic sandy turbidites that extend along most of the Cascadia margin, northwestern United States. Investigation of the structure, distribution, and sedimentology of these thin mud-silt units supports the interpretation of these units as turbidites originating on the continental slope. Interpretation of mud turbidites is inhibited by bioturbation and lower response to analytical and imaging techniques; nevertheless most of the 23 interpreted beds exhibit most of the characteristics of coarser turbidites. These characteristics include sharp bases, fining upward sequences, darker color, increased gamma and CT density and magnetic susceptibility relative to the hemipelagic background, sparse microfossils, high lithic content, and evidence of transport from marine sources on the continental slope. New core data from sites south of Rogue Apron indicate that sandy and muddy turbidites may be correlated at least 150 km south to Trinidad Plunge Pool for the period ~ 4800 yr BP to present. Many of the mud turbidites initially described at Rogue Apron coarsen southward, becoming sandy turbidites. High-resolution Chirp seismic profiles reveal that turbidite stratigraphy along the base of the southern Cascadia continental slope is continuous, with little variation for at least 240 km along strike. The Chirp data show that turbidites along the Cascadia base of slope are ubiquitous, and likely not sourced solely from submarine canyon mouths, but may also have been delivered to the proximal abyssal plain as sheet flows from the open continental slope and coalescing local sources. Regional stratigraphy reveals that hemipelagic sedimentation rates and total Holocene turbidite thickness and mass are similar at widely separated sites, yet the total thickness of the Holocene section is greater by a factor of two in southern Cascadia. This difference is primarily due to the presence of the 21 mud and two additional sandy turbidites. We conclude that the Cascadia mud turbidites are ubiquitous along southern Cascadia only, with only one likely example of a correlated turbidite limited to the northern margin. Eight onshore sites including three marsh sites and five lakes include potential seismogenic correlatives of the southern Cascadia turbidites. In all, the onshore sites may have recorded > 80% of the events attributed to plate boundary earthquakes offshore during the period 0–6000 yr ago. Slope stability calculations suggest that earthquakes of Mw = 7.0 or greater should generate ground accelerations sufficient to destabilize open slopes and canyon heads with or without excess pore fluid pressure. Estimates of Mw for segmented ruptures are in the range of 7.4–8.7, exceeding the slope stability criteria for typical slopes by at least a factor of ~ four.
Three variables are better than one: detection of European winter windstorms causing important damages
Authors: Deroche M.-S. , Choux M. , Codron F. , Yiou P.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In this paper, we present a flexible methodology aimed at detecting European winter windstorms with high damage potential, using only meteorological variables. We start by analysing ten events known by the insurance industry to have caused extreme damages. Looking at their surface signature in three fields: the relative vorticity at 850 hPa, the sea-level pressure anomaly, and the ratio of the 10 m wind speed to its 98th percentile, we find that those ten major events share an intense signature in all three fields. They were therefore extreme extra-tropical cyclones that became major economic events by crossing high-populated areas. These ten major events are however not the most intense ones of any of the three variables considered; so while using only one variable cannot select the targeted events very well, the combination of the three variables proves to be more efficient. We further test this method based on the combination of variables on different reanalysis datasets, and find that it can consistently isolate a small set of events containing the ten major events as well as other events with damage potential. It thus seems ready to be applied to climate model simulations, for example to extract potentially damaging events in future climate projections.
Dialogic approaches to the study of subjectivity
Authors: Otrel-Cass Kathrin
Published: August 2013

Book Review Sullivan, P. (2012). Qualitative Data Analysis: Using a dialogic approach. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84920-609-9
Rapid Identification of Acacia Species With Potential Salt Tolerance by Using Nuclear Ribosomal DNA Markers
Authors: Joseph Shanthi , Bhave Mrinal , Miller Joseph T. , Murphy Daniel J.
Published: August 2013

Use of saline lands for agroforestry relies primarily on plant species that have the trait of salinity tolerance, and also other economic and agronomic benefits. The selection of species, however, also needs to consider other key factors such as compatibility with existing flora, and potential for environmental benefits such as improved soil fertility or lowering of the water table in the case of dryland salinity. The testing of candidate species in particular environments needs substantial investments of costs and time. In this paper, a novel approach is presented for the rapid identification of potentially salt tolerant Acacia species, based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. The approach has been applied to four species groups, Acacia pendula, A. salicina, A. victoriae and A. stenophylla. The nuclear-encoded ribosomal DNA internal and external transcribed spacer (ITS and ETS) regions were used as markers, and phylogenetic analyses undertaken to identify closely related species that may share the salt tolerance traits. Such a methodology could be used to more rapidly identify candidate native species for agroforestry in salinity-affected regions and for preventing further expansion of salinity, thus assisting in biodiversity conservation.
Morphology and anatomy of vegetative perko organs with reference to their fodder value
Authors: Dalkiewicz-Baranowska H. , Wilczyńska M.
Published: August 2013

A new forage crop - perko is a hybrid of tetraploid winter tumiplike rapa (Brassica campestris L.) × tetraploid chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.). Young perko plants grow slowly, at a later period their herbage yield rapidly increases, therefore they can be cut as fodder after 60 days of vegetation. The anatomical structure of perko plants shows features characteristic for Cruciferae, particularly those of the genus Brassica. The good feeding value of this plant is indicated by its anatomical structure: a large proportion of parenchymal tissues and low proportion of vascular tissues with only few lignified elements, the occurrence of colenchyma as supporting tissue and the absence of sclerenchyma. Therefore in the crude fibres the proportion of completely indigestibile parts is small since the tissues contain but scarce lignified andcutinised walls. It may be concluded there from that the content of structure-forming tissues in perko is favourable from the point of view of digestibility.
Width and surface of leaf blades of Lolium multiflorum Lam.
Authors: Dalkiewicz-Baranowska H. , Mazurowa J.
Published: August 2013

Differences in the shape of ribs can be observed in transverse sections of leaf blades of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) var. 'Szelejewska', a diploid, has ribs similar to triangles, and 'Kroto', a tetraploid, has ribs which are more rounded, dome-like. A coefficient expressing width and surface increase of the leaf blade in relation to unribbed leaves has been determined. This coefficient (W) was calculated from the ratio of upper, wavy part of the leaf blade (g), to its width W=g/l. For Italian ryegrass the coefficient is from 1.5-1.46 and thus the width and the surface of the upper leaf blade is increased on the average by about 30%. With basic fertilization (1N) this coefficient is smaller for the diploid form as compared to the tetraploid. An increased dose of nitrogen (3N) causes increase of the coefficient in the diploid and a decrease in the tetraploid. Thus the joint action of the variety and fertilization in respect to the examined character is not equally significant to the two varieties.
The studies on vegetation period and plant characters determining seed yield in soybean
Authors: Szyrmer Jerzy
Published: August 2013

12 Soybean strains bred by the author were tested with respect to their adaptation to different environments in the period 1975-1977. Better environmental conditions in Przecław (Rzeszów region) than in Radzików near Warsaw have beneficial effect on seed yield and the lenght of vegetation period in tested soybeans. Generaly, tested strains yielded better than population variety 'Warszawska' used as a check. Highest yield was produced by strain M-17/76 - 22,7 q/ha. This strain is already registered as a variety 'Ajma'. Seed yield, fat and protein content are determined by genotype and environmental factors. The negative correlation was found between seed yield, its components and the length of vegetation period. It suggests that selection of early and, at the some time, high yielding varieties can and should be done.
Influence of size of onion bulb cv. 'Czerniakowska' on its dormancy, sprouting and rooting
Authors: Bielińska-Czarnecka M. , Kępkowa A. , Kielak E. , Zdanowska E.
Published: August 2013

Sprouting and rooting of onion bulb explants (bulbs deprived of open and closed shells) and of whole onion bulbs of three sizes, horizontal diameters: 2.5-3.5 cm, 3.6-5.0 cm, 5.1-7.0 cm were studied. During storage the earliest sprouting and rooting of bulb explants and of the whole onion bulbs was observed in small bulbs of diameters: 2.5-3.5, and the latest in large bulbs of 5.1-7.0 cm. The longer the period of storage the larger the amount of sprouted and rooted bulb explants and whole bulbs, At the same time differences in the rate of sprouting and rooting in small and large onion bulbs were diminishing. In bulb explants, sprouting and rooting appeared much earlier and in a larger number than in whole onion bulbs. However, bulb explants of large bulbs generally had more leaves than those of small onion bulbs.
Anatomical investigations of the strawberry (Fragaria grandiflora Ehrh.) receptacle in the initial stages of development
Authors: Szymański Jan
Published: August 2013

The anatomical changes occurring in the strawberry fruit in the course of its growth were investigated. Flowers or fruits were collected from the apexes of the inflorescence of plants of the cultivar 'Talisman' cultivated in the glasshouse under long day. A method was developed for embedding the receptacle in a mixture of paraffin, rubber and wax, because the classical paraffin method did not give good results. Three different vascular bundle systems were distinguished in the strawberry, supplying the particular parts of the flower. Most intensive growth of the mean number of cells occurs in the cortex. The number of pith cells, beginning with the 5th day after pollination does not practically increase. Neither does between the 5th and 10th day after pollination, the number of cortical cells increase in the apical part of the fruit.
Cytological investigations of mesophyll of Phaseolus vulgaris L. 'Red Kidney' infected with PVS
Authors: Brzezicka-Szymczyk Krystyna
Published: August 2013

We have put under cytological observation 2-, 4-, and 8-day fragments of mesophyll of the leaves Phaseolus 'Red Kidney' infected with PVS. In the necrosis caused by PVS can be distinguished a necrotic centre, a seminecrotic zone, and a belt of terminal cells. The necrotic centre is the most changed area whose cells are most often decayed. In the seminecrotic zone, the presence of viruses in the cell causes some pathological changes. The ER canals assume the shape of swollen cisterns. The chloroplasts reacts with the softening of granas, the growth of starch granules and plastoglobules content as well as with the presence of proteinaceous fibrous structures. The karyolymph and mitochondrium matrix become elucidated. The continuity of plasmalemma and tonoplast become interrupted. Virus particles appear in the area of cytoplasm of seminecrotic zone and in the necrotic centre, they are dispersed or rarely arranged in aggregations which often are in contact with tonoplast. We have observed virus packs enclosed with lipoproteid membrane. Viruses were not stated in the terminal zone. We have ascertained the intensive development of cell walls in the cells of terminal and seminecrotic zones. A lobar or punctual way of the development appeared in different areas of the cell wall and was found independently in various cells. The modified areas included as well plasmodesmata. The above observations enable us to presume that the cells of necrotic centre and seminecrotic zone are the place of replication and assembling of viruses and is responsible for the mechanical localization of virus infection.
Influence of differentiated night temperature on the growth of young bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: Stanek Ryszard
Published: August 2013

The plants were grown under controlled conditions at 24/24°C and 24/14°C day/night temperatures in growth chambers. It was shown that the cool night conditions which decreased dry matter growth of plants and leaves area, inhibited dark respiration and lowered Ca content in leaves. Under these conditions the specific leaf weight (SLW) and the content of N, P, K, calculated for 1 dm2 of leaves area increased. The intensity of plant leaves photosynthesis from differentiated night temperature was similar.
Reproduction of Platanus × acerifolia Willd. and Salix alba L. cv. 'Tristis' by tissue culture in vitro
Authors: Witomska Maria , Krzewski Adam
Published: August 2013

The experiments were performed to establish the conditions of Platanus × acerifolia Willd. and Salix alba L. cv. 'Tristis' reproduction by tissue culture. Two experiments were run. Leaf buds of Platanus and inflorescence buds of Salix were used. Growth of callus from Platanus and Salix in dependence on the concentration of growth substances (BA and NAA) and light and darkness conditions were compared. Rooted explants of Salix alba L. cv. 'Tristis' were obtained. The best results were obtained with Platanus × acerifolia in which rhizogenesis of amorphic callus occurred after two months of the experiment. Darkness was not a necessary condition for root formation. After three months of the experiment completely developed Platanus × acerifolia plants were obtained composed of a foliated shoots and a bundle of roots. They could be planted out on a sterile permanent substrate.
Fungi of genus Alternaria occurring on tomato
Authors: Marcinkowska Joanna
Published: August 2013

Tomato early blight in central Poland was caused by Alternaria solani (A. porri f. sp., solani) and A. alernata (A. tenuis). A. alternata was isolated more often than A. solani. All isolates of A. solani in controlled conditions killed tomato seedlings, while pathogenic isolates of A. alternata caused only slight seedling blight. In greenhouse tests A. solani proved to be strongly pathogenic for leaves and stems of tomato but A. alternata was weakly pathogenic. The latter species attacked only injured fruits while, A. solanicould penetrate through undamaged peel of fruits. Both of these species caused the same type of symptoms; the differences consisted only in intensification of disease symptoms. During 1974 and 1975 field tomatoes were moderately attacked by early blight. Thebest development of this disease occurred by the turn of August and September. Determinate variety 'New Yorker' was distinguished by more severe infection of stem parts of tomato whereas the fruits of a stock variety 'Apollo' were more strongly attacked.
Biochemical indices of hop resistance to Verticillium albo-atrum and Fusarium sambucinum
Authors: Piotrowski Jan , Milczak Marian
Published: August 2013

The contents of total phenolic compounds, chlorogenic acid and peroxidase activity as well as monophenols to polyphenols ratio were studies in the suckers of the hops as indices of resistance to Verticillium albo-atrum and Fusarium sambucinum. The suckers of hop taken in the early spring from the healthy and infected plots were used in the experiments. As a research material were included cv. 'Northern Brewer' - a wilt tolerant variety, two wild susceptible varieties - cv. 'Lubelski' and cv. 'Brewers Gold', four breeding clones and one male plant. It was found that, 'Northern Brewer' contains more total phenolic compounds, rnonophenols and chlorogenic acid, and in particular considerably higher peroxidase activity as compared to cv. 'Lubelski'. Taking into consideration the contents of these compounds, in the majority of cases, the new breeding clones were similar to the mother variety 'Northern Brewer'. It seems resonable to assume, that the new clones should be more wilt tolerant than varieties and populations cultivated in our country.
Histological studies on flower abortion in olive cultivars
Authors: Hegazi E. S. , Stino G. R. , Boulos S. T.
Published: August 2013

Two main categories of olive flowers were characterized. The first by presence of normal gynoecium and the other by the presence of rudimentary gynoecium. Complete flowers differed in shape of ovaries, style length, shape of stigma and density of hairs covering the stigma. Three types of aborted flowers were observed. The first type could be detected by lack of ovule integuments. The second by undevelopment of the style, outer tissues of the ovary and of the ovules, while the third comprised flowers of completely undeveloped female organs. No correlation existed between pistil abortion and the viability of pollen grains. Four groups of pollen grains regarding their stainability and three groups according to their shape were detected.
The influence of different moisture contents and nitrogen levels on the formation of empty cavities in cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.)
Authors: Elkner Krystyna
Published: August 2013

Empty cavities were found already in very young cucumber fruits with diameter 1.5 cm. As the fruit develops the empty cavities augment and the number of fruits showing this defect increases. Low soil moisture and high nitrogen fertilization favour the formation of empty cavities. Their origination and changes were traced with anatomical methods in the course of fruit development. As a most plausible cause of their origination the author considers the enlargement of only part of the cells of the suture between the two (or three) carples. Due to this uneven enlargement of neighbouring cells strong mechanical tension probably arises amoung them, leading to the formation of ruptures separating these cells, consequently causing the separation of the carpel edges. Besides that, some of the cells of the suture which have markedly enlarged, often burst which also contributes to the formation of an empty cavity and enlarges its dimensions.
Anatomical changes in the stems of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium australe Small), caused by the fungus Godronia cassandrae f. vaccinii (Peck) Groves
Authors: Szyndel Marek , Wiśniewska Janina
Published: August 2013

Some histological changes were observed in blueberry stems infected by the fungus G.cassandrae. Dead cells of subepidermal collenchyma and cortical parenchyma filled with brown flocculent deposits were seen in the lesion areas. Pycnidia characteristic for the conidial stage of the fungus (Topospora myrtilli) were found in the collenchyma layer. The diseased tissues were found to be separated from the healthy ones by a layer of cork cells which was initiated under the epidermis and ended under the pericycle. Beneath this cork layer lamellar collenchyma and collenchyma-like phelloderma formed. Similar histopathological changes were observed in blueberry stems infected by seven other fungi.
Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. a pathogen of greenhouse cucumbers
Authors: Nowicki Bogdan
Published: August 2013

The infection of mature cucumber plants by Pythium aphanidermatum was stated in two greenhouses. Young cucumber plants from the stage of young seedling until the beginning of cropping were easily infected by the fungus when artificially inoculated. The mature plants were effectively infected only when high temperature (above 30°C) and high moisture conditions were provided. All 17 cucumber varieties tested were susceptible to infection. Morphology of the fungus is described for the first time in Poland.
A method for rapid testing of the photosynthesis-inhibiting activity of herbicides by leaf disk infiltration
Authors: Bielecki Krzysztof , Doroszewicz Halina , Grzyś Edward , Szuwalska Zdzisława
Published: August 2013

A method for rapid detection of photosynthesis inhibitors in low concentration (0.25-1.25 ppm) was developed. The experiments were performed on disks cut from young bean leaves. The disks were infiltrated with solutions of the tested compounds and placed at the bottom of a crystallizer containing an acidic sodium carbonate solution and then illuminated. The toxicity of the tested substance was measured as the number of disks corning to the surface. It was found that linuron, monolinuron, metoksuron, atrazine and prometrine inhibited floating of the disks, whereas 2,4,5-T, MCPA and chlorpropham gave no effect. This confirms the specificity of the test which is appropriate for determining the phytotoxicity of typical photosynthesis inhibitors.
Residual effect of a few herbicides on chlorophyll content and primary productivity of succeeding crops and associated weeds
Authors: Rao A. N.
Published: August 2013

The residual effect of a few herbicides viz: Atrataf (atrazine), 2,4-D and Aresin (monolinuron) sprayed in the previous season on the pigment concentration and primary productivity of the crops (viz: Zea mays and Cajanus cajan) grown in rotation, as well as their associated weeds has been studied. The results indicate that the residues of all the three herbicides were non toxic to Zea mays and toxic to Cajanus cajan as an increase in chlorophyll content and primary productivity occurred in the former, whereas the contrary is true for the latter. Weeds from residual plots have shown a considerable decrease in the chlorophyll content and primary productivity. The most susceptible weed to all the three herbicides was Acalypha malabarica, while Echinochloa colonum is susceptible to the residues of Atrazine but is tolerant to the residues of the other two herbicides. Recommendations based on the observations are presented in the paper.
Chemical defoliation of apple rootstocks and the influence of rootstocks type on the defoliation of 'Jonathan' scion
Authors: Basak A. , Jankiewicz L. S.
Published: August 2013

The following substances were used to defoliate apple rootstock instead of hand defoliation before digging out: KI, CuSO4 · 5H2O, Mg(ClO3)2< · H2O, ethephon (Ethrel 68-250 and CKB 1131), preparation N252, and the mixtures: ethephon (Ethrel) with copper sulphate, or with gibberellic acid, morphactin (EMD) with ethephon, and morphactin with ethephon and copper sulphate. Among the inorganic defoliants tested, only Mg(ClO3)2 · H2O gave satisfactory results in defoliating apple rootstocks. When applied at the end of September this chemical did not decrease winter hardiness of the rootstocks. Ethrel and the preparation CKB 1131,caused satisfactory defoliation, but when used in optimal concentrations for defoliation they decreased the winter hardiness of plants. The mixture of ethephon with copper sulphate in which both components were used in low concentrations also appeared highly effective. Ethephon in low concentration mixed with EMD caused only partial defoliation of the rootstocks. Addition of gibberellic acid did not improve the effectiveness of ethephon. Preparation N252 in a concentration of 0.15% effectively defoliated the rootstocks and did not cause a subsequent decrease of frost hardiness in the conditions of this experiment. The response of 'Jonathan' scions to defoliants was modified by the rootstock.
The influence of two morphactins on forming of tissues in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) stem
Authors: Kostrzewska-Kuczumow J. , Weryszko E. , Tomaszewski A.
Published: August 2013

The influence of two morphactins (IT 3233 and IT 3456) on tissue formation in sunflower stem was studied. The seeds were wetted with water solutions of morphactins in concentrations of 10 ppm and 50 ppm. The stems of the treated plants were thinner and they had less nodes. The diminution of stem thickness took place as a result of the decrease of central cylinder parenchyma cells in size. There also appeared histological changes in the composition of vascular bundles. The diminution of the number of bundles was ascertained together with an increase of their size. Arched intrabundle cambium and xylem exhibited an inclination to partial surrounding of phloem. A considerable increase of the number oftracheal elements was observed. Their diameter was much smaller. Spiral vessels and tracheids arose after treatment with IT 3456 10 ppm. Different types of vessels appeared in the remaining combinations. The disruption and obliteration of many vessels of protoxylem and also disruption of the parenchyma adhesing to them took place.
Chemical regulation of sex expression in certain olive cultivars
Authors: Hegazi E. S. , Stino G. R.
Published: August 2013

The modifying effect of growth regulators on bud burst, flower bud formation and sex expression in olives varies greatly according to cultivar, concentration and time of application. Cycocel 200, 500 mg/l, ethephon 200 mg/l and SADH 2000 mg/l stimulated bud burst and flower bud formation in the 'Blanquetta' cv. A noticeable increase in the percentage of perfect flowers was obtained by 100 mg/l of kinetin, and 200 mg/l of Cycocel in the cv. 'Picual', Ethephon 200/1, Cycocel 200 mg/l and SADH 2000 mg/l considerably increased the percentage of perfect flowers in the cvs 'Blanquetta', 'Serrana' and 'Picual'. Treatments at green cluster stage were not effective.
Influence of nitrogen supply on spring barley productivity and nitrate reductase activity
Authors: Wojcieska U. , Wolska E. , Król M.
Published: August 2013

The aim of the present study was to obtain some informations on the productivity of four chosen barley varieties growing at low and high nitrogen level. Some parameters of the yield structure and nitrate reductase activity were taken into consideration. It was found that there exist some differences in the yield between the compared varieties and some differences in their reaction to a high N level in the soil. The grain yield increase of the plants treated with high nitrogen doses was above all the result of the increase in dry matter of the lateral shoots and in leaf area. Distinct increase in the number of grains per ear and 1000-grains weight was also observed. The amount of reduced nitrogen collected during the growth season depended, in part, on the nitrate reductase activity and in part on the amount of the enzyme present in the plant. A rise of the nitrogen level caused an increase in nitrate reductase activity, in all varieties. The different influence of nitrogen on the growth of green organs in the compared varieties caused differences in the amount of the enzyme present in the plants and in protein yields.
Comparison of the pathogenicity, growth, sporulation and morphology of Pezicula alba Guthrie (Gloeosporium album Osterw.)
Authors: Borecka H. , Bryk H.
Published: August 2013

Sixteen isolates of Pezicula alba Guthr. were examined. The intensity of growth on various media, pathogenicity to apple fruits and twigs, colour of cultures and size of conidia were measured. Some isolates are pathogenic to fruits, some others to twigs; one isolate (only no. 19) is pathogenic to both twigs and fruits; many isolates are not - pathogenic at all. Culture growth, sporulation and size of conidia are not correlated with the pathogenicity of the isolate. The mean size of conidia is 21.29µm x 3.48µm.
Effect of tomato post-harvest treatment and storage conditions on the biological activity of benomyl and methylthiophanate residues in fruits and their processed products
Authors: Borecka H. , Parynow H.
Published: August 2013

The biological activity of benomyl and methylthiophanate residues in tomatoes and their processed products was examined. Fungicide residues were most active in concentrated pulp of tomatoes, less in pulp and the least in fresh fruits. The fungicide residues activity was very high after 90 days of storage of processed products. The pulp and concentrated pulp of tomatoes treated and stored for 14 days at 15°C, also contained very active fungicide residues. The translocation of benomyl from treated tomato skin into the tissue begun slowly. This process was faster in green or yellow fruits, but it was the fastest in small green fruits. The influence of storage conditions on the activity of fungicide residues depended on the storage length. The residues were the least active in fruits stored under low pressure of 38 mm Hg for 14 days, but this activity increased during the storage period and the residues were very active after 34 days of tomato storage.
Effect of copper on the dynamics of the increment of plant dry mass and on some physiological processes in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Wojcieska U. , Wolska E. , Ruszkowska M.
Published: August 2013

Experiments were undertaken in order to establish the influence of copper on the growth and yield of plants. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) was grown in pots with peat enriched with mineral elements with the excluding of Cu. Copper was applied immediately after plant germination in doses of 0, 5 and 125 mg Cu per pot. In the form of CuSO4. During the vegetation period the following determinations were made: (a) dynamics of the increase of plant dry matter and of the assimilative surface, (b) chlorophyll content, (c) nitrate reductase activity and (d) intensity of photosynthesis and photosynthetic activity. The results indicate that copper deficit restricts the process of photosynthesis and the dynamics of dry mass increment. Differences in copper dosage did not have an immediate influence on the chlorophyll content and nitrate reductase activity, only rather an intermediate effect through the influence on the process of ageing.
The biology of flowering and pollination in umbellate vegetables. Part II. Petroselinum sativum Hoffm.
Authors: Warakomska Zofia , Kolasa Zofia , Wróblewska Anna
Published: August 2013

The aim of the study was to examine not only the occurrence of bloom of parsley, but also the degree of attractiveness of the flowers as well as the influence of insects on their pollination. There search was carried out during the 1978 and 1979 vegetation seasons. Observations were carried out near Lublin, on loess brown soil. The flowers of isolated plants were washed in order to determined the sugar content in nectar with a refractometer. The number of secreting stomata on the epidermis of nectary was on the average 575 per 1 mm2. The sugar weight in parsley equals 0.2 mg and the honey yield was 62.4 kg in 1978 and 160 kg in 1979 per ha. The yield of the nectar was mainly influenced by the 3rd row of urnbells. Isolation of flowers from pollinators caused a decrease of seed yield from 7% to 55% in 1978 and 21% to 38% in 1979. The presence of entomofauna on the flowers should be taken into consideration cohen the forecasting the seed yield in horticultural production of parsley.
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sugars in the seeds of soybean cultivated in Poland
Authors: Jacórzyński Bohdan , Baryłko-Pikielna Nina
Published: August 2013

The content of sugars (hydrolysable and soluble: mannose, sucrose, raffinose and stachyose) and of protein was determined in 42 seed samples of soybean cultivated in Poland in 1977, 1978 and 1979. Beside inter-variety and -lines variation in sugar level, year-to-year changes were observed. The tendency of negative correlation between hydrolysable sugars and protein content mentioned in the literature is confirmed.
Initiation of callus and rhizogenesis of Cucumis sativus L. hypocotyl explants
Authors: Wojciechowska B. , Czupryńska D. , Nowak K. , Ciepliński A.
Published: August 2013

Hypocotyl fragments of Cucumis sativus L. were grown on two basic media: Linsmaier-Skoog's (1964) and White's (1943) modified by Street and McGregor (1952). These media were enriched by addition of some growth regulators (NAA, IAA, 2,4-D) in combination with kinetin. White's basic medium is not suitable for callus culture and for rhisogenesis of cucumber hypocotyls. Linsmaier and Skoog's medium was most suitable for growth of callus. After enrichment of the media with IAA, NAA and 2,4-D differences in the degree of taking root by the explants and callus formation were observed.
Factors influencing flower bud formation on the pear tree cultivar 'Doyenne du Comice'. I. Shoot growth and flower bud differentiation on trees sprayed with chlormequat and unsprayed ones
Authors: Jaumień Franciszka
Published: August 2013

The growth of trees sprayed in spring with chlormequat is weaker, and their elongation growth ends 2 - 3 weeks earlier than that of unsprayed trees. Trees with growth inhibited by chlormequat set flower buds on the spurs and in the subapical part of long shoots. The course of flower bud differentiation starts in the second half of July and is similar to that in the apple tree.
Factors influencing flower bud formation on the pear tree cultivar 'Doyenne du Comice'. III. Saccharides, nitrogen compounds and some mineral elements contents in pear leaves and shoots
Authors: Jaumień Franciszka
Published: August 2013

Long shoots inhibited in growth by treatment with chlormequate contained more reducing sugars in mid July than did the control ones growing vigorously. Storage starch accumulation was earlier in the former shoots than in he control ones, and they also contained more nitrogen compounds, especially protein, and significantly more calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc then the controls. Comparison of long shoots with growth partly inhibited by the action of chlormequate, on which flower buds form in the subapical part, and of spurs on which an apical flower bud forms, with the long shoots of control vigorously growing trees where flower buds do not form, indicates that initiation of flowering in the pear tree is associated with a high level of storage compounds, both organic and inorganic, in the stem.
Heritability and correlation between selected phenotypical characters of soybean under the climatic conditions of Poland
Authors: Warzecha Edward
Published: August 2013

The variability of characters connected with yield structure in soybean is much more influenced by environmental conditions than the genotype as indicated by heritability coefficients (h2), calculated on the basis of trials performed during several years under the climatic conditions of Poland. The length of the vegetation period, however, is determined predominantly by the genotype since high reproducibility of h2 values in different years was found. The heritability coefficients obtained for the agronomic characters of soybean grown in Poland were relatively similar to analogous data from the USA. Phenotypical correlations calculated for the whole group together with correlations between the length of the vegetation period and other characters calculated for individual varieties, provided information on the interrelationship between characters in soybean grown in Poland. This, together with calculated heritability coefficients could be useful for soybean breeding in Poland.