bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An efficient synthesis of carbon‐14 labelled vigabatrin
Authors: Gill Harpal S.
Published: October 2006

Vigabatrin‐[6‐14C] ((R, S)‐4‐amino‐5‐hexenoic‐[6‐14C] acid) was synthesized by employing Wittig condensation of 1‐(1‐butenyl)‐2‐oxo‐5‐pyrrolidinecarboxaldehyde with methyl‐[14C]‐triphenylphosphonium iodide as the key step. The synthetic sequence involved 3 steps and produced the title compound in 70% overall yield with a radiochemical purity of 100%.
Synthesis of deterium labeled plant ethylene precursor
Authors: Nam Kye Chun , Rapoport Henry
Published: October 2006

Synthetic methods for the preparation of β‐deuterium labeled 2‐keto‐4‐methylbutyric acid were investigated. Vinyl chloride was first reacted with the ethyl oxalyl chloride moiety using aluminum chloride as condensing agent and the addition of methyl mercaptan followed. Deuterium labeling was achieved by using NaBD4 reduction in pyridine.
Preparation and biological evaluation of technetium‐99m‐phenylethylamine complexes
Authors: Vitale Arturo A. , Calviño María Ana , Ferrari Carina C. , Stahl Adriana E. , Pomilio Alicia B.
Published: October 2006

Biological and chemical characteristics of 99mTc‐phenethylamines complexes are presented. 2‐(4,5‐Dimethoxy‐2‐nitrophenyl)ethylamine, 2‐(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)ethylamine and 2‐(2‐amino‐4,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐ethylamine were used as ligands. A preliminary evaluation of these 99mTc‐complexes as dopamine receptor radioligands was also performed. Net charges at each atom were also calculated by a semiempirical ZINDO/1 method for comparison of free ligands' parameters with those of the respective technetium‐complexes.
Preparation of [14C]Musk Xylol
Authors: Lewin Anita H. , Ramesh Usha
Published: October 2006

Carbonation of the aryl lithium obtained from 5‐t‐butyl‐3‐iodotoluene with carbon‐14 labeled carbon dioxide, followed by reduction gave [ArCH3‐14C]‐5‐t‐butyl‐m‐xylene. Nitration of this material gave [ArCH3‐14C]‐5‐t‐butyl‐2,4,6‐ trinitro‐m‐xylene, known as Musk Xylol. The overall yield was 32% and the product had specific activity 19.8 mCi/mmol (66 mCi/mg) and was > 99% pure.
Carbon‐11 labelled analogs of alanine by the strecker synthesis
Authors: Prenant Christian , Theobald Annemarie , Siegel Thilo , Joachim Jürgen , Weber Klaus , Haberkorn Uwe , Oberdorfer Franz
Published: October 2006

Derivatives of alanine, α‐[2‐11C]aminoisobutyric acid 1a and α‐(N‐methyl)‐[2‐11C]aminoisobutyric acid 1b were prepared for the in‐vivo study of amino acid transport phenomena by positron‐emission‐tomography (PET). Compounds 1a and 1b were obtained by a Zelinski‐Stadnikoff variant of the Strecker α‐amino acid synthesis from in‐situ formed [11C]acetone in presence of sodium cyanide and either ammonium sulfate (for 1a) or methylamine hydrochloride (for 1b). The complete preparation required 50 min from the end of [11C]CO2 production, and delivered 1.2 ‐ 2 GBq of labelled product for application (2.4 ‐ 4%; not corrected for decay; related to trapped [11C]CO2). The specific activity of the labelled products was 16 to 20 GBq·μmol−1. The radiochemical and chemical purity of the preparations was greater than 98%.
Synthesis of 1‐[13CD3]‐9‐cis‐retinoic acid
Authors: Bennani Youssef L.
Published: October 2006

1‐[13CD3]‐9‐cis‐Retinoic acid was prepared in 8 steps from 2,6‐dimethylcyclohexanone. Alkylation of 2,6‐dimethylcyclohexanone under LiHMDS/MnBr2/13CD3I gave the corresponding labeled 2‐[13CD3]‐2,2,6‐trimethylcyclohexanone 4 in good yield. Further functionalization of 4 to 6‐[13CD3]‐β‐cyclocitral 6 proceeded through a Shapiro reaction. Aldehyde 6 was condensed with ethyl 3,3‐dimethylacrylate to afford the corresponding bicyclic pyranone 7. Reduction of 7 to lactol 8, followed by acid‐catalyzed ring opening gave the 9‐cis‐aldehyde 9. Wittig‐Horner olefination and saponification afforded the title compound in good overall yield and in excellent isotopic purity.
Synthesis of H‐3 labeled 5‐fluoro‐3‐[3‐[4‐(5‐methoxy‐4‐pyrimidinyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]propyl]‐1H‐indole, a serotonergic agent with potential antidepressant activity
Authors: Dischino Douglas D. , Combrink Keith D. , Doweykos Lidia , Morimoto Hiromi , Pearce Bradley C. , Williams Philip G. , Yevich Joseph P.
Published: October 2006

The title compound was prepared by the LiAlT4 reduction of 5‐fluoro‐3‐[3‐[4‐(5‐methoxy‐4‐pyrimidinyl)‐1‐piperazinyl]‐3‐oxopropyl]‐1H‐indole. The radiochemical purity of the product was 98.9% and the specific activity was calculated as 53.0 Ci/mmol from HPLC analyses and 55.6 Ci/mmol from 3H NMR measurements.
Synthesis of 6‐[18F]fluorodopamine, 6‐[18F]fluoro‐m‐tyramine and 4‐[18F]fluoro‐m‐tyramine+
Authors: Namavari Mohammad , Satyamurthy N. , Barrio Jorge R.
Published: October 2006

A new method for the preparation of 6‐[18F]fluorodopamine (3) and [18F]fluorinated analogs of m‐tyramine based on a regioselective radiofluorodestannylation reaction has been developed. The radiofluorodestannylation of 6‐trimethylstannyldopamine derivative 1 was carried out with [18F]F2 to give the corresponding [18F]fluoro intermediate 2. Acid deprotection of 2 with 48% HBr followed by HPLC purification afforded 6‐[18F]fluorodopamine (3) in 18% radiochemical yield. Similarly, 6‐ and 4‐[18F]fluoro‐m‐tyramines (6a and 6b) were prepared from their corresponding trimethylstannyl‐m‐tyramine derivatives in 25 and 8% radiochemical yields, respectively. In all cases, after HPLC purification of the final products, tin concentrations were found to be <15 ppb.
Carbon‐14 labelled nitrogen heterocycles; the syntheses of three phosphodiesterase inhibitors
Authors: Lawrie Kenneth W M , Novelli Christine E A , Saunders David , Coates William J
Published: October 2006

The syntheses of three heterocyclic phosphodiesterase inhibitors are described from a common radiolabelled precursor, namely 2‐propoxybenzo[cyano‐14C]nitrile. Conversion of the nitrile to the corresponding methyl ketone or amidine allows elaboration of the heterocycles radiolabelled within the ring systems.
Synthesis of [14C]KT3‐671, 2‐Propyl‐8‐oxo‐1‐[ (2′‐(1H‐[14C] tetrazole‐5‐yl) biphenyl‐4‐yl) methyl]‐4,5,6, 7‐tetrahydro‐cycloheptimidazole, a novel potent nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist
Authors: Ueyama Naoto , Yanagisawa Takashi , Tomiyama Tsuyoshi
Published: October 2006

2‐Propyl‐8‐oxo‐1‐[(2′‐(1H‐tetrazole‐5‐yl) biphenyl‐4‐yl)methyl]‐4, 5, 6, 7‐tetrahydrocyclohept imidazole (KT3‐671), which has been found to be a potent and selective angiotesin II receptor antagonist, was synthesized in 14C‐labelled form by using potassium[14C]‐cyanide. [14C](KT3‐671) 9 with a specific activity of 1.74GBq/mmol was prepared in four steps in 29.8% overall radio‐chemical yield from potassium[14C]‐cyanide.
Synthesis, resolution and radioiodination of S(−)trans‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐[N‐n‐propyl‐N‐(3′‐iodo‐2′‐propenyl)amino]tetralin‐S(−)trans‐5‐OH‐PIPAT: A new dopamine D2‐like receptor ligand
Authors: Chumpradit Sumalee , Kung Mei‐Ping , Vessotskie Janet , Kung Hank F.
Published: October 2006

A new dopamine D2‐like receptor ligand, (R,S)trans‐5‐hydroxy‐2‐[N‐n‐propyl‐N‐(3′‐iodo‐2′‐propenyl)amino]tetralin ((R,S)trans‐5‐OH‐PIPAT, 3), based on high affinity dopamine receptor agonist 5‐hydroxy‐2‐[N,N‐(di‐n‐propyl)‐2‐amino]tetralin (5‐OH‐DPAT, 1). was prepared. The synthesis was achieved by a reductive amination of 5‐methoxy‐2‐tetralone with n‐propylamine, followed by N‐alkylation, to afford 5‐methoxy‐N‐propyl‐N‐2′‐propynyl‐2‐aminotetralin, 7. Reduction of 7 with tributyltin hydride gave the tri‐n‐butyl tin derivative, 8, which was converted to 9 by an iododemetalation reaction. Demethylation of 9 gave the desired compound, (R,S)trans‐5‐OH‐PIPAT, 3. The resolved (R) and (S)trans‐5‐OH‐PIPAT, 3 were also quantitatively prepared. In vitro binding studies showed the stereoselectivity of this new compound for binding to dopamine D2‐like receptors. S(‐)‐3 displayed high binding affinity, with inhibition constants (Ki) of 0.38, 0.09 and 0.67 nM for dopamine D2H (expressed in HEK293 cells), D3 (expressed in Sf9 cells) and D4H receptors (expressed in CHO cells), respectively. Using the same binding assays, the less active R(+) isomer displayed Ki values of 7.29, 4.87 and 16.44 nM for D2H, D3 and D4H receptors, respectively. In addition, radiolabeling was successfully performed, either with the racemic tin derivative, (R,S)‐11, or using the optically resolved tin derivatives R(+)‐or S(‐)‐111, to give the final radiolabeled product, [125I]R(+) or S(‐)‐3.
Synthesis of two series of cysteine‐specific spin labels containing a 15N substituted nitroxide
Authors: Wu Ge
Published: October 2006

Synthesis of two series of spin labels with a cysteine‐reactive group, either maleimide or methanethiosulfonate, and a 15N substituted nitroxide separated at variable distance is reported. In the synthesis, the cysteine‐reactive groups were first incorporated into the target molecule and the 15N substituted nitroxide was introduced in the last step via a mild reaction without destroying the cysteine‐reactive groups. The synthetic routes described here are applicable to the synthesis of spin labels with either 15N substituted or “normal” 14N nitroxide. Spin labeling of cysteine residues in rhodopsin by the newly synthesized spin labels was also demonstrated.
Mechanism of steroidal enol ether formation. Configuration of tritium at C‐6 of estra‐1, 3, 5(6)‐trien‐3‐OL‐17‐one‐6,7‐3H as established during the synthesis of 19‐nor‐17α‐pregna‐3, 5‐dien‐20‐yn‐17‐OL‐7‐3H 17‐acetate
Authors: Merrill Edward J. , Vernice Gerald G.
Published: October 2006

The nature of the reactions involved in the synthesis of 3‐cyclopentyloxy‐19‐nor‐17α‐pregna‐3, 5‐dien‐20‐yn‐17‐ol‐7‐3H 17‐acetate, allowed the determination of the stereochemistry of the tritium atoms at C‐6 in some of the precursors. One of these precursors was estra‐1, 3, 5 (6)‐trien‐3‐ol‐17‐one‐6, 7‐3H in which 82% of the tritium was in the 6α position and 18% in the 68 position.

Supportive evidence for the mechaniam of enol ether formation was obtained, also. Acid catalysed enol ether formation, stereospecifically removed the triton form the 68 position. On hydrolysis of the enol ether, the proton stereospecifically entered the 68 position. Equilibration with base completed the removal of the tritium from the C‐6 position.
The synthesis of 14C‐labelled 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl) ‐2‐methyl‐2‐amino‐propane hydrochloride (chlorphentermine, Desopimon®)
Authors: Engler J. , Pallos L.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of 14C labelled 1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐2‐methy 1‐2‐aminopropane hydrochloride is described. The radioactive carbon was introduced into the central position of the aminopropyl group in order to study the pharmacological properties and mode of action of the anorexigenic drug. The synthesis started from Ba14CO3, involved 3 steps, and a radiochemical yield of 23% was obtained. The chemical and radiochemical purity of the end‐product was proved by thin layer chromatography and autoradiography.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 and tritium labeled glyburide
Authors: Hsi R. S. P.
Published: October 2006

N‐[4‐]2‐(5‐Chloro ‐2‐methoxybenzamido) ethyl phenylsulfonyl N′ ‐cyclohexylurea, IXc, or glyburide, has been labeled with tritium and carbon‐ 14. The tritium label is located in the C‐3 position of the 5‐chloro ‐2‐methoxybenzoyl portion of the molecule, while the carbon‐14 label is incorporated into the C‐2 position of the 2‐phenlethylamine moiety in the compound.

The specific activities of the tritium and carbon‐14 labeled products are 8.50 mCi/mM and 3.66 mCi/mM, respectively.
Preparation of methyl nitrate and nitromethane labelled with nitrogen‐15 and oxygen‐18
Authors: Cox A. P. , Waring S.
Published: October 2006

Methods are presented for the preparation on 10−3 mole scale of nitromethane and methyl nitrate enriched with oxygen‐18 or nitrogen‐15. Enrichment in each atomic position is discussed.
Prepartion of N‐3 iodo (131 I) benzenesulfonyl N′propylurea and its tissue distribution
Authors: Noronha O. P. D.
Published: October 2006

The preparation, stability an tissue distribution of N‐3‐iodo (131I)‐benzenesulfonyl N′ propylurea are described.
Synthesis of 2, 7‐bis [2‐(diethylamino) ethoxy] fluoren‐9 14C‐one. 2HCL; (tilorone‐914C hydrochloride
Authors: Gaur V. P. , Wacker A.
Published: October 2006

Tilorone hydrochloride bis‐deae‐fluorenone‐914C) labelled with carbon‐14 in position 9 was synthesized in 8 steps on 0.5 millimolar scale. Starting from biphenyl‐2‐carboxylic‐14C‐acid (I), fluorenone‐914C (II) and fluoren‐914C (III) were prepared by established radiochemical procedures [1, 2, 3]. Sulfonation of III gave fluoren‐914C‐2, 7‐disulfonic acid (IV), which was converted to its potassium salt and oxidized with KMnO4 to obtain 9‐oxo‐914C‐disulfonic acid dipotassium salt (V) in yields of 60% and 80% respectively. This was fused with NaOH at 325°C to get 4,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐2‐carboxylic‐14C‐acid (IV) in 67% yield. VI on dehydration with ZnCl2 gave 2, 7‐dihydroxy‐9‐oxo‐fluoren‐914C (VII) with 82% yield.

Condensation of VII with 2‐diethylaminoethyl chloride in presence of KOH resulted in the synthesis of the title compound in overall yield of 15% based on the amount of I used.

Characterisation data to establish the chemical and radiochemical purity are included. The labelled preparation showed the same biological activity [16] as an authentic specimen [23] of the inactive compound.
A convenient enzymatic‐chemical method for degradation of microamounts of glucose
Authors: Hetey Laszlo , Konitzer Klaus , Voigt Siegfried
Published: October 2006

A convenient method for degradation of 1 micromole of glucose is described. The hexose is split enzymatically to triose phosphate. In one half of this solution glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate is converted enzymatically to alkali stable 3‐phosphoglycerate, in the other half, dehydroxyacetone phosphate to alkali stable glycerol‐3‐phosphate. In each sample the enzymatically unconverted triose phosphate is hydrolized by alkali to lactic acid which is oxidized by ceriumIV to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide. Acetaldehyde is degraded further to iodo form and formic acid. The latter is oxidized to carbon dioxide.

The omitting laborious chromatographic separation procedurs as well as the isolation of degradation products by two step microdiffusion in a single vessel and their trapping by reagents directly applicable for photometric quantification and measurement of radioactivity makes the procedure time saving and easily performable. These advantages compensate for the loss of 50% of glucose carbon.
Synthesis of some symmetrically deuterated cyclohexanones
Authors: Lompa‐Krzymien Ludmila , Leitch L. C.
Published: October 2006

The series of deuterated cyclohexanones shown in Fig. 1 were synthesized for spectroscopic needs. The NMR spectra of the intermediates employed were measured and the assignments of the various CH2 groups have been made.
A synthesis of 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol‐(26, 27‐3H)
Authors: Bell Philip A. , Scott W. Peter
Published: October 2006

The synthesis of 25‐hydroxycholecaleiferol‐(26, 27‐3H) is described. 25‐Oxo‐27‐norcholesta‐5, dien‐3β‐yl acetate is converted photochemically to 25‐oxo‐27‐norcholecalciferol‐3‐acetate, which is then reacted with tritiated methylmagnesium iodide and subsequently saponified to give 25‐hydroxycholecalciferol‐(26, 27‐3H).
Synthese von DL‐1‐(3′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐aminoäthanol‐hydrochlorid‐(2‐14C [norfenefrin HCL, novadral®]
Authors: Vollmer K.‐O , Liedtke B.
Published: October 2006

DL‐1‐(3′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐aminoäthanol‐hydrochlorid‐ (2‐14C) wurde ausgehend von Kupfercyanid‐14C in einer 2‐Stufen‐Synthese mit guter Ausbeute dargestellt.

Dieser Syntheseweg ist auch zur 14C‐Markierung anderer 1‐Aryl‐2‐aminoäthanole in Position 2 gut geeignet.
A simplified biological synthesis of labeled cholesteryl esters
Authors: Kothari Himanshu V. , Carlton Janet S. , Kritchevsky David
Published: October 2006

A simplified procedure is described for the synthesis and purification of labelled cholesteryl esters. The esters are synthesized enzymatically from (4‐14C) cholesterol and free fatty acids.

The separation of the lipids from aqueous medium is simplified by lyophilizing the reaction mixture at equilibrium. The lipid components of the freeze‐dried powder are separated by silicic acid chromatography. The radiochemical purity of the product was shown to be greater than 98%.
Synthesis of tritium and carbon‐14 labeled 1, 3‐dioxolanes
Authors: Hsi Richard S. P. , Thomas Richard C.
Published: October 2006

Condensation of dimethoxdipheny Lmethane14C (III) with the levortatory (IIa) and dextrorotatory (IIb) isomers of 2‐(2‐piperidyl) ‐1, 2‐ethamediol hydrochloride, obtained respectively by hydrolysis from the d and 2 isomers (Ia and Ib) of the lower melting racemate of 2, 2‐diphenyl‐4‐(2‐piperidyl)‐1, 3‐dioxolane hydrochloride, produces the carbon‐14 labeled dioxolanee Ic and Id with retention of configruation at the asymetric carbon atoms. Stepwise reduction of 2,2‐dipheny 1‐4‐(1‐benzyl‐1‐2‐pyridy 1)‐1, 3‐dioxolane. The lower melting racemate was isolated as ists di‐tartaric acid salt (If) and resolved to give optically active tritium‐labeled dixolanes Ig and Ih.
Synthesis of carbon‐14 labeled 1, 4‐benzodiazepines
Authors: Hsi Richard S. P.
Published: October 2006

Reaction of 7‐chloro‐1, 3‐dihydro‐5‐phenyl‐2H‐1, 4‐benzodiazepine ‐2‐thione (Ia) and 7‐chloro‐5‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐1, 3‐dihydro‐2H, 1, 4‐benzodiazepine‐2‐thione (Ib) with hydrazine produces. respectively, 7‐chloro‐5‐phenyl‐3H‐1, 4‐benzo‐diazepin‐2‐yl hydrazin (IIa) and 7‐chloro‐5(2‐chlorphenyl)‐3H‐1, 4‐benzodiaze‐pin‐d‐ylhydrazine (IIb). Acetylation of IIa and IIb with N‐acetyl ‐ 114C‐imida‐zole affords acetic acid‐1‐14C 2‐(7‐chloro‐5‐phenyl‐3H‐1, 4‐benzodiazenpin‐2‐yl) hydrazide (IIIa) and acetic acid‐1‐14C 2‐[7‐chloro‐5‐(2‐chlorphenyl) ‐3H‐1, 4‐benzodiazepine‐2‐yl] hydrazide (IIIb). Compounds IIIa and IIIb are thermally cyclised to give 8‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐6‐phenyl‐4H‐s‐triazol [4, 3] [1, 4] benzodiase‐pine‐1‐14c (IVa) and 8‐chloro‐6 (2‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐methyl‐4H‐s‐trizolo[4, 3‐a] ‐[1, 4] benzodiazepine ‐1‐14C (IVb).
A simple synthesis of 2, 6‐diaminopimelic‐/ 1, 7‐ 14C/acid
Authors: Arendt A. , Kolodziejczyk A.
Published: October 2006

A convenient method of synthesis of 2, 6‐diaminopinelic / 1, 7 14C / acid / DAP / has been elaborated. Glutaric aldehyde and K14CN produced the dicyanhydrine which was converted without izolation into the dihydantoine derivative of DAP by treatment with NH4HCO3. Hydrolisis /H2So4 / and removal of sulphate ions gave the crystalline, chromatographically pure DAP /1, 7‐14C/ of spec. activity 4, 42 mCi / mole. The radichemical yield of the synthesis was 56%.
Markierte verbindunagen XV(1). Hexachlor‐cyclopentadien‐(14C) aus hexachlorpropen‐(1, 3‐14C) und cis‐1, 2‐dichlorathylen
Authors: Zörkendörfer Eckhard
Published: October 2006

Starting with Hexachloropropene‐(1, 3‐14C) and cis‐1.2‐Dichloroethylene Hexachloro‐cyclopentadiene‐(1. 2. 3. 4. 5‐14C) is synthesized.
The study of gamma‐radiolysis and beta‐autoradiolysis of aqueous solutions of thymidine and uridine
Authors: Kopoldova J. , Dedkova V.
Published: October 2006

The effect of external gamma‐ and internal beta ‐irradiation on the aqueous solutions of unlabelled and 3H labelled preparations of thymidine and uridine was investigated within the concentration range 10−4 ‐ 2.10−2M. From these investigations corresponding D/50 and Gi(‐M) values of labelled and unlabelled preparations obtained in very dilute solutions (up to 5.103 ‐ 10−2M) were discussed.
Enzymic reactions in heterogeneous phase, preparation of 17a, 20β, 21‐trihydroxypregn‐4 [14C] en‐3, 11‐dione
Authors: Cremonesi Pietro , Casellato Maria Maddalena
Published: October 2006

The preparation of 17a, 208, 21‐trihydroxypregn‐4 [14C] en‐3, 11‐dione, in quantitative yields, has been achieved u‐sing enzymic reduction of cortisone [14C] in water‐organic solvent heterogeneous system. Since small volumes and little amount of enzyme are required to carry out the reaction, as comppared to the enzymic preparation using an homogeneous aqueous phase, the methodology is useful for preparative purposes.
Synthese et marouage radiactif de stilbenes triaziniques substitues a caractere lymphataope
Authors: Madelmont J. C. , Veyre A.
Published: October 2006

Le marquage par 125I et 131I de stilbènes triaziniques à caractère lymphotrope a été réalisé par fixation de l'acide iodo‐5, amino‐2, benzoique au cours de la synthèse. Les substances préparées permettent de réaliser l'exploration dynamique du système lymphatique et d'obtenir de manière simple des lymphographies indirectes.
Synthesis of 1‐4′ ‐ethylphenoxy‐ 14C (U) ‐6,7 ‐epoxy‐ 3,7 ‐dimethyl‐2 ‐octene. A juvenile hormone analog
Authors: Kalbfeld J. , Hoffman L. J. , Chan J. H. , Hermann D. A.
Published: October 2006

The preparation of 1‐4′ ethylphenoxy‐ 14C(U)‐6, 7‐ epoxy ‐ 3, 7‐dimthyl‐2‐octene (1, 2) involved a single reaction wherein 4‐ethlphenol‐14C(U) (3) was mixed with 1‐chloro‐6, 7‐epoxy‐3, 7‐dimithyl‐2‐octene in an acetone water solution at reflux lu‐sing potassium carbonate as a hydrogen chloride acceptor. Althoug this juvenile hormone analog (JHA) normally shows good shelf stabilety, the quality of the labeled material which had been purified by Colum Chromatography deterio‐rated significantly when stored neat for a period of 17 days.
Markierte verbindungen XVI. N. N′ diphenylharnstoff‐(carbonyl‐14C) aus N‐benzoyl ‐ (carbonyl‐ 14C)‐O‐phenylcarbamoyl‐hydroxylamin
Authors: Zörkendörfer E. , Khorgami M. H. , Boberg F.
Published: October 2006

N‐Benzoyl‐(carbonyl‐ 14C)‐O‐phenylcarbamoylhydroxylamin (1x) wird aus Benzoesäure ‐ (carboxyl‐14C) üder Benzhydroxamsäure ‐ (carbonyl‐14C) dargestellt. ‐ Zersetzung von 1x in verschiedenen Systemen ‐ohne Lösungsmittel, Lösungen in Toluol, Dioxan, Dioxan/H2O, H2O, H2O/NaOH ‐ liefert in Abhängigkeit vom System N. N′ ‐Diphenylharmstoff‐ (carbonyl ‐14C) (2x) unterschi edlicher Aktivität, was Nechanismen mit den zuischenstufen Benzhydroxamsäre und Phenylisocyanat erklären.
Synthesis of the contraceptive progestin lynestrenol‐3H from tritiated estr‐4‐ein‐17‐one
Authors: van Kordelaar J. M. G. , Favier J. S. , Kitcher J. P.
Published: October 2006

Estrene‐163H with a specific activity of 12 Ci/mmol was prepared from estrenone by an exchange procedure with tritiated water in dimethyl formamide. Lynewstrenol ‐3H (specific activity 800 mCi/mnol) was obtained from estrence‐ 3H by reaction with acetylene and potassium t‐butoxide in tetrahydrouran.
Labelling of 1‐benzyl‐1‐ (3′ ‐dimethylaminopropoxy)‐ cycloheptane, fumarate with tritium
Authors: Banfi D. , Zolyomi G. , Pallos L.
Published: October 2006

In order to complete our previous publications on pharmacokinetics, action mechanism and metabolism studies, the following new, tritium‐labelled derivatives of Halidor have been prepared: 1‐benzyl ‐1‐(3′‐dimethylaminopropoxy) ‐3, 4, 5, 6‐3H‐cycloheptane fumarate, 1‐benzyl‐1‐(2′‐3H‐3′‐dimethylaminopropoxy)‐cycloheptane fumarate, and 1‐(benzyl‐4‐3H)‐(3′‐dimethylaminopropoxy)‐cycloheptane fumarate.
Markierte verbindumgen XVII. Tetrachlorcyclopropen‐(14C) und tetrachloryclopropen‐ (36CL) ringoffiung im alklischen und sauren medium
Authors: Boberg F. , Khalaf H. , Zörkendörfer E. , Djirsari A.
Published: October 2006

Tetrachlorcyclopropen (1) reacts mit methanolischem Natriummethylat zu α‐Chlor‐ß‐methoxy‐orthoacrylsäuremethylester (3), α.β, ß‐dichlor‐orthoacrylsäremethylester (4) und ß‐Chlor‐orthopropinsäuremethylester (5), im wäßrigen sauren oder alkalischen Medium zu α.β‐Dichlor‐acrylsäure (10) . Die Reaktionen von 1 zu 4 und 10 werden mit 14C‐ und 36Cl‐markierten Verbindungen untersucht.

Ausgehend von Trichloräthylen‐(1. 2‐14C) werden 4‐(14C) und 10‐(14C) jeweils mit statistischer Verteilung von 14C am C3‐System erhalten über 1H‐Pentachlorcyclopropan‐(1. 2. 3‐14C) mit nichtstatistischer Verteilung von 14C und 1‐(14C). Ausgehend von 1H‐Trichloräthylen‐(2‐36Cl) wird 10‐(36Cl) mit statistischer Verteilung von 36Cl am C3‐System erhalten über 1H‐Pentachlorcyclopropan‐(2. 3‐ 36Cl) und 1‐(36Cl) mit nichtstatistischer Verteilung von 36Cl. Folgeprodukte beweisen die Verteilung von 14C und 36Cl. ‐ Die Trichlorcyclopropenylium‐Zwischenstufe erklärt die Befunde.
Specifications and criteria for the quality control of labeled chemicals
Authors: Harris Wayne G. , Barooshian Armen V.
Published: October 2006

The primary objective of the supplier of labeled chemicals is to provide the investigator with a product of the highest quality attainable. Ultimately, however, the specific requirement of purity is dictated by experimental design. As new and highly sophisticated experimental procedures are developed, the demand for expertise on the part of both supplier and investigator increases. Exhaustive analyses are required by the manufacturer to provide the investigator with assurance that a given product will fulfill all of his experimental criteria. The final responsibility as to the purity of a given labeled product for a specific application must be based on a careful evaluation by the investigator himself.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy-Based Metabolite Profiling of Transgenic Tomato Fruit Engineered to Accumulate Spermidine and Spermine Reveals Enhanced Anabolic and Nitrogen-Carbon Interactions
Authors: Mattoo Autar K. , Sobolev Anatoli P. , Neelam Anil , Goyal Ravinder K. , Handa Avtar K. , Segre Anna L.
Published: October 2006

Polyamines are ubiquitous aliphatic amines that have been implicated in myriad processes, but their precise biochemical roles are not fully understood. We have carried out metabolite profiling analyses of transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit engineered to accumulate the higher polyamines spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm) to bring an insight into the metabolic processes that Spd/Spm regulate in plants. NMR spectroscopic analysis revealed distinct metabolite trends in the transgenic and wild-type/azygous fruits ripened off the vine. Distinct metabolites (glutamine, asparagine, choline, citrate, fumarate, malate, and an unidentified compound A) accumulated in the red transgenic fruit, while the levels of valine, aspartic acid, sucrose, and glucose were significantly lower as compared to the control (wild-type and azygous) red fruit. The levels of isoleucine, glucose, γ-aminobutyrate, phenylalanine, and fructose remained similar in the nontransgenic and transgenic fruits. Statistical treatment of the metabolite variables distinguished the control fruits from the transgenic fruit and provided credence to the pronounced, differential metabolite profiles seen during ripening of the transgenic fruits. The pathways involved in the nitrogen sensing/signaling and carbon metabolism seem preferentially activated in the high Spd/Spm transgenics. The metabolite profiling analysis suggests that Spd and Spm are perceived as nitrogenous metabolites by the fruit cells, which in turn results in the stimulation of carbon sequestration. This is seen manifested in higher respiratory activity and up-regulation of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase transcripts in the transgenic fruit compared to controls, indicating high metabolic status of the transgenics even late in fruit ripening.
Retention of a Bean Phaseolin/Maize γ-Zein Fusion in the Endoplasmic Reticulum Depends on Disulfide Bond Formation
Authors: Pompa Andrea , Vitale Alessandro
Published: October 2006

Most seed storage proteins of the prolamin class accumulate in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as large insoluble polymers termed protein bodies (PBs), through mechanisms that are still poorly understood. We previously showed that a fusion between the Phaseolus vulgaris vacuolar storage protein phaseolin and the N-terminal half of the Zea mays prolamin γ-zein forms ER-located PBs. Zeolin has 6 Cys residues and, like γ-zein with 15 residues, is insoluble unless reduced. The contribution of disulfide bonds to zeolin destiny was determined by studying in vivo the effects of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and by zeolin mutagenesis. We show that in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) protoplasts, 2-ME enhances interactions of newly synthesized proteins with the ER chaperone BiP and inhibits the secretory traffic of soluble proteins with or without disulfide bonds. In spite of this general inhibition, 2-ME enhances the solubility of zeolin and relieves its retention in the ER, resulting in increased zeolin traffic. Consistently, mutated zeolin unable to form disulfide bonds is soluble and efficiently enters the secretory traffic without 2-ME treatment. We conclude that disulfide bonds that lead to insolubilization are a determinant for PB-mediated protein accumulation in the ER.
Effect of ripening on total conjugated linoleic acid and its isomers in buffalo Cheddar cheese
Authors: KUMAR V VIJAY , SHARMA VIVEK , BECTOR B S
Published: October 2006

Cheese is a biologically and biochemically dynamic product in which a series of sequential changes take place throughout its manufacture and subsequent ripening. These changes improve nutritional value, body and texture and enrich the flavour. Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), a group of naturally occurring geometrical and positional isomers of linoleic acid, are present in high concentration in dairy products and fat from ruminant animals. Six isomers of CLA have been separated and identified by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis. Buffalo milk had higher 9c,11t‐18:2 isomer (86.14%). Total CLA concentration of CLA isomers was increased significantly (P < 0.05) on conversion of milk into cheese and subsequent storage. The concentration of the 9c,11t‐18:2 isomer was decreased significantly (P < 0.05), whereas that of trans, trans‐isomers (12,14‐; 11,13‐; 10,12‐; 9,11‐) increased significantly (P < 0.05).
Production of low‐fat Chanco cheese using homogenized milk and adjunct lactic culture
Authors: BRITO CARMEN , URIBE PATRICIA , HAYDÉE MOLINA LUZ , MOLINA IRMA , PINTO MANUEL
Published: October 2006

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of the partial homogenization of milk and the use of an adjunct lactic culture on the processing, quality and yield of low‐fat Chanco cheese.

 Treatments were: T1 normal‐fat control and T2 low‐fat control. The low‐fat treatments were: T3 using homogenized milk, T4 with adjunct lactic culture and T5 both variables.

 It was concluded that the homogenization slightly increased the time of rest after cutting of the curd, and the addition of adjunct lactic culture increased the acidity of whey during a second agitation. Nevertheless, the total time and pH at the end of the process were normal and without significant statistical difference (P > 0.05) between treatments. When using homogenized milk the losses of fat in whey decreased by 50% with respect to the low‐fat control and nearly 80% in relation to the full fat control. Consequently, the yield was increased. The physical and chemical characteristics of the Chanco cheese were not affected by the studied variables. With respect to the sensory evaluation, significant differences in colour and aroma did not appear, but there were statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in taste, hardness, adhesiveness, cohesiveness and elasticity between the full‐fat control and all the low‐fat treatments. In the case of general acceptance, the treatment with adjunct lactic culture was similar to the full‐fat control. In addition, it showed the least difference (mild) in elasticity and taste in relation to this control.
Viability of bifidobacteria in commercial yogurt products in North Carolina during refrigerated storage
Authors: IBRAHIM S A , CARR J P
Published: October 2006

Fifty‐eight commercial yogurt products of seven brands (which claimed to include bifidobacteria) were obtained from local stores in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. These products were examined at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks for the viability of bifidobacteria and yogurt starter culture during refrigerated storage at 4°C. Our results showed that bifidobacteria counts were variable, ranging from 0 to 5.5 log cfu/mL. The average yogurt starter culture counts ranged from 5.20 to 8.87 log cfu/mL and 7.51–8.94 log cfu/mL for Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus, respectively. Of the 58 products tested, only 44 products (76%) contained viable cultures. Viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt samples remained within the same levels during 3 weeks of storage at 4°C; however, the bacterial count started to decline during the fourth week. These results suggest optimal beneficial consumption of yogurt foods with live bifidobacteria should occur within 3 weeks of production. Results obtained from this research could be used by the industry to develop new technologies to ensure consumers receive high‐quality products.
Variation in inbreeding depression among populations of the seed beetle, Stator limbatus
Authors: Fox Charles W. , Scheibly Kristy L.
Published: October 2006

Inbreeding depression has been documented in many insect species, but the degree to which it varies among traits within populations and among populations within species is poorly understood. We used a single‐generation factorial breeding design to examine variation in inbreeding depression among three populations of the seed‐feeding beetle, Stator limbatus Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Bruchinae), from the southwestern USA. Eggs from sib matings were less likely to develop and hatch, and larval hatch‐to‐adult mortality was higher for offspring of sib matings. Overall, inbreeding resulted in a reduction in the proportion of eggs that produced an adult from >80% for outbred matings in all three populations to an average of only 54% for inbred matings. Of those larvae that survived to adult, inbred beetles took ∼1.5 days (>5%) longer to reach adult. The only measured trait not affected by inbreeding was adult body mass. The degree to which inbreeding increased mortality varied among the populations – inbreeding depression was lowest in the population that is most isolated. Although populations of S. limbatus are generally large in nature our results suggest that increased inbreeding associated with population fragmentation can have substantial effects on fitness of S. limbatus.
Integrated Molecular Signature of Disease: Analysis of Influenza Virus-Infected Macaques through Functional Genomics and Proteomics
Authors: Baas T. , Baskin C. R. , Diamond D. L. , García-Sastre A. , Bielefeldt-Ohmann H. , Tumpey T. M. , Thomas M. J. , Carter V. S. , Teal T. H. , Van Hoeven N. , Proll S. , Jacobs J. M. , Caldwell Z. R. , Gritsenko M. A. , Hukkanen R. R. , Camp D. G. , Smith R. D. , Katze M. G.
Published: October 2006

Recent outbreaks of avian influenza in humans have stressed the need for an improved nonhuman primate model of influenza pathogenesis. In order to further develop a macaque model, we expanded our previous in vivo genomics experiments with influenza virus-infected macaques by focusing on the innate immune response at day 2 postinoculation and on gene expression in affected lung tissue with viral genetic material present. Finally, we sought to identify signature genes for early infection in whole blood. For these purposes, we infected six pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) with reconstructed influenza A/Texas/36/91 virus and three control animals with a sham inoculate. We sacrificed one control and two experimental animals at days 2, 4, and 7 postinfection. Lung tissue was harvested for pathology, gene expression profiling, and proteomics. Blood was collected for genomics every other day from each animal until the experimental endpoint. Gross and microscopic pathology, immunohistochemistry, viral gene expression by arrays, and/or quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR confirmed successful yet mild infections in all experimental animals. Genomic experiments were performed using macaque-specific oligonucleotide arrays, and high-throughput proteomics revealed the host response to infection at the mRNA and protein levels. Our data showed dramatic differences in gene expression within regions in influenza virus-induced lesions based on the presence or absence of viral mRNA. We also identified genes tightly coregulated in peripheral white blood cells and in lung tissue at day 2 postinoculation. This latter finding opens the possibility of using gene expression arrays on whole blood to detect infection after exposure but prior to onset of symptoms or shedding.
Molecular Evolution of Hepatitis B Virus over 25 Years
Authors: Osiowy Carla , Giles Elizabeth , Tanaka Yasuhito , Mizokami Masashi , Minuk Gerald Y.
Published: October 2006

Determining the longitudinal molecular evolution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is difficult due to HBV's genomic complexity and the need to study paired samples collected over long periods of time. In this study, serial samples were collected from eight hepatitis B virus e antigen-negative asymptomatic carriers of HBV genotype B in 1979 and 2004, thus providing a 25-year period to document the long-term molecular evolution of HBV. The rate, nature, and distribution of mutations that emerged over 25 years were determined by phylogenetic and linear regression analysis of full-length HBV genome sequences. Nucleotide hypervariability was observed within the polymerase and pre-S/S overlap region and within the core gene. The calculated mean number of nucleotide substitutions/site/year (7.9 × 10
−5
) was slightly higher than published estimates (1.5 × 10
−5
to 5 × 10
−5
). Nucleotide changes in the quasispecies population did not significantly alter the molecular evolutionary rate, based on linear regression analysis of evolutionary distances among serial clone pre-S region sequences. Therefore, the directly amplified or dominant sequence was sufficient to estimate the putative molecular evolutionary rate for these long-term serial samples. On average, the ratio of synonymous (

d
S

) to nonsynonymous (

d
N

) substitutions was highest for the polymerase-coding region and lowest for the core-coding region. The low

d
S

/

d
N

ratios observed within the core suggest that selection occurs within this gene region, possibly as an immune evasion strategy. The results of this study suggest that HBV sequence divergence may occur more rapidly than previously estimated, in a host immune phase-dependent manner.
De Novo Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 Infection of Human Lymphocytes in NOD-SCID, Common γ-Chain Knockout Mice
Authors: Miyazato Paola , Yasunaga Jun-ichirou , Taniguchi Yuko , Koyanagi Yoshio , Mitsuya Hiroaki , Matsuoka Masao
Published: October 2006

Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia, a disease that is triggered after a long latency period. HTLV-1 is known to spread through cell-to-cell contact. In an attempt to study the events in early stages of HTLV-1 infection, we inoculated uninfected human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and the HTLV-1-producing cell line MT-2 into NOD-SCID, common γ-chain knockout mice (human PBMC-NOG mice). HTLV-1 infection was confirmed with the detection of proviral DNA in recovered samples. Both CD4
+
and CD8
+
T cells were found to harbor the provirus, although the latter population harbored provirus to a lesser extent. Proviral loads increased with time, and inverse PCR analysis revealed the oligoclonal proliferation of infected cells. Although
tax
gene transcription was suppressed in human PBMC-NOG mice, it increased after in vitro culture. This is similar to the phenotype of HTLV-1-infected cells isolated from HTLV-1 carriers. Furthermore, the reverse transcriptase inhibitors azidothymidine and tenofovir blocked primary infection in human PBMC-NOG mice. However, when tenofovir was administered 1 week after infection, the proviral loads did not differ from those of untreated mice, indicating that after initial infection, clonal proliferation of infected cells was predominant over de novo infection of previously uninfected cells. In this study, we demonstrated that the human PBMC-NOG mouse model should be a useful tool in studying the early stages of primary HTLV-1 infection.
Downregulation of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Inhibits Infection by the Mouse Polyomavirus
Authors: Gilbert Joanna , Ou Wu , Silver Jonathan , Benjamin Thomas
Published: October 2006

Early stages of infection by the mouse polyomavirus have been studied using HeLa cells stably expressing small interfering RNA to protein disulfide isomerase (PDI). Infectibility measured by nuclear T antigen expression was reduced commensurately with the degree of PDI downregulation. Infectibility was restored by transfection with a plasmid expressing PDI but not with a control expressing catalytically inactive enzyme. Deconvolution microscopy using fluorescently labeled virus and cellular markers showed that virus reaches the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) normally in cells with reduced PDI but subsequently fails to exit the ER. Simian virus 40 infection was not inhibited in PDI-downregulated cells. The results are discussed in terms of structural differences between the two viruses and current knowledge of virus disassembly in the ER.
Segregation of a Single Outboard Left-End Origin Is Essential for the Viability of Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice
Authors: Burnett Erik , Cotmore Susan F. , Tattersall Peter
Published: October 2006

During DNA replication, the hairpin telomeres of Minute Virus of Mice (MVM) are extended and copied to create imperfectly palindromic duplex junction sequences that bridge adjacent genomes in concatameric replicative-form DNA. These are resolved by the viral initiator protein, NS1, but mechanisms employed at the two telomeres differ. Left-end:left-end junctions are resolved asymmetrically at a single site, OriL
TC
, by NS1 acting in concert with a host factor, parvovirus initiation factor (PIF). Replication segregates doublet and triplet sequences, initially present as unpaired nucleotides in the bubble region of the left-end hairpin stem, to either side of the junction. These act as spacers between the NS1 and PIF binding sites, and their asymmetric distribution sets up active (OriL
TC
) and inactive (OriL
GAA
) forms of OriL. We used a reverse genetic approach to disrupt this asymmetry and found that neither opposing doublets nor triplets in the hairpin bubble were tolerated. Viable mutants were isolated at low frequency and found to contain second-site mutations that either restored the asymmetry or crippled one PIF binding site. These mutations either inactivated the inboard or activated the outboard form of OriL, a polarity that strongly suggests that, in the genus
Parvovirus
, an active inboard OriL is lethal.
Surface association of pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A accounts for its colocalization with activated macrophages
Authors: Conover Cheryl A. , Harrington Sean C. , Bale Laurie K. , Oxvig Claus
Published: October 2006

Intense immunostaining for pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A), a newly characterized metalloproteinase in the insulin-like growth factor system, colocalizes with activated macrophages in human atherosclerotic plaque. To determine macrophage regulation of PAPP-A expression, we developed two models of human macrophages with basal and activated phenotypes. THP-1 cells and peripheral blood monocytes could be differentiated into macrophages and activated upon specific treatment regimens with phorbol myristate acetate, macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and interleukin-1β. Activation was assessed by cell secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α, which increased 30- to 100-fold with activation. Activated macrophages also secreted matrix metalloproteinase-9. However, no PAPP-A mRNA or PAPP-A antigen could be detected in these cells under any condition. Upon incubation with recombinant PAPP-A, we found that activated macrophages bound and internalized more PAPP-A than unactivated macrophages or monocytes. Internalization accounted for at least 50% of macrophage-associated PAPP-A, as assessed in studies with cytochalasin B. Membrane-bound PAPP-A retained protease activity, whereas internalized PAPP-A had little or no activity. Similar experiments carried out with a mutated variant of PAPP-A, which retains functionality as a protease but is unable to bind surface-associated glycosaminoglycan, showed no macrophage association or internalization. Absence of PAPP-A expression was confirmed in activated macrophages isolated from a hypercholesterolemic rabbit model of atherosclerosis. We therefore conclude that PAPP-A is not synthesized in, but rather is bound and internalized by, macrophages. Our findings likely account for the observed intense immunostaining for PAPP-A colocalizing with activated macrophages and may have physiological significance in the development of vulnerable plaque.
A new assessment for today's dental graduates
Authors: Palmer Nikolaus , Fortune Farida
Published: October 2006

Within The Royal College of Surgeons of England the two dental faculties (Faculty of Dental Surgery (FDS) and Faculty of General Dental Practice (UK) (FGDP(UK)) exist side by side to promote high standards of patient care through education, training, assessment and research.
Papierchromatographische Trennung und Identifizierung der Alkaloid‐Glykoside von Solanum aviculare
Authors: Szendey Georg L.
Published: October 2006

Bei der Trennung der beiden Alkaloidglykoside Solasonin und Solamargin und ihres gemeinsamen Aglykons Solasodin hat sich das Lösungsmittelgemisch n‐Butanol‐Eisessig‐Wasser 40:8:20 gut bewährt.

Weiter wird über den Nachweis der bei der Hydrolyse der Alkaloidglykoside von Solanum aviculare auftretenden Zuckerkomponenten mit dem Lösungsmittelsystem n‐Butanol‐Äthanol‐Wasser 8:3:10 berichtet.

Mit Hilfe dieser Methode sind auch andere einfache und Desoxy‐Zucker gut nachweisbar.
Synthesis of 6‐chloro‐9–[(4‐(ethlethyl‐1–14C‐amino)‐1‐methylbutyl)amino]‐2‐methoxyacridine
Authors: Minato H. , Katsuyama Y. , Nagasaki T.
Published: October 2006

The carbon of the N‐ethyl group of the side‐chain of atabrine (I) has been labelled with carbon‐14 as part of a metabolic study of this compound. The overall radiochemical yield was 38% based on ethyl‐1–14C iodide.
Synthese Et Marquage Au 14C Du N,N Dichloro‐2 Ethyl amino‐4 Methyl‐2 Methoxy‐1 Naphtalene Ou Mitoclomine
Authors: Madelmont Jean‐Claude , Moreau Marie‐France , Godeneche Denise
Published: October 2006

Le NN dichloro‐2 éthyl amino‐4 méthyl‐2 méthyoxy‐l naphtalène est marqué en deux positions.

Uniformément sur les quatre carbones du groupement dichloroéthyle à partir de l'oxyde d'éghylève radioactif.

Sur le carbone du groupement méthoxy à partir de l'iodure de méthyle radioactif.
The preparation of dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine‐11‐d1 and 10,11‐di‐hydrodibenz [b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one‐7‐d1
Authors: Harrison J. M. , Brewster K. , Inch T. D.
Published: October 2006

Lithium aluminium deuteride reduction of 10, 11‐dihydro‐dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one affords 10, 11‐dihydro‐dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine‐11‐d2 which on dehydrogenation gives isotopically pure dibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepine‐11‐d1. Hydrogenolysis of 7‐chloro‐10, 11‐dihydrodibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one with deuterium in ethanol solution gives 10, 11‐dihydrodibenz[b,f][1,4]oxazepin‐11‐one‐7‐d1 of 49% isotopic purity. Use of ethanol‐1‐d1 as the reaction solvent gives a product of 85% isotopic purity.
Synthese von [14C] Clotrimazol
Authors: Maul W. , Scherling D.
Published: October 2006

Clotrimazole is a new antimycotic agent. 14C‐labelled Clotrimazole was needed for the investigation of metabolism and pharmacokinetics of the drug in man and animal. 1‐{(2‐chlorophenyl)‐diphenyl‐[14C]methyl}‐1H‐imidazole ([14C]Clotrimazole) was synthesized from barium[14C]carbonate (5 mmoles; 99.2 mCi) via 2‐chloro‐[carboxyl‐14C]benzoic acid, 2‐chloro‐[carbonyl‐14C]benzoylchloride, 2‐chloro‐[carbonyl‐14C] benzophenone, {(2‐chlorophenyl)‐diphenyl)}‐[14C]methanol and {(2‐chlorophenyl)‐diphenyl}‐[14C]methylchloride with an overall yield of 30%, based on barium[14C]carbonate. A specific activity of 57 μCi/mg and a radiochemical purity of > 99% were achieved.