bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiaxial fatigue of extruded ZK60 magnesium alloy
Authors: Albinmousa Jafar , Adinoyi Muhammed J. , Merah Nesar
Published: June 2019

Multiaxial monotonic and cyclic behaviors of ZK60‐T5 magnesium extrusion are investigated. Strain‐controlled tests were performed at standard laboratory condition with fully reversed straining. Twinning‐detwinning deformation plays an important role in the cyclic axial behavior for tests that were performed under strain amplitudes higher than 0.4%. However, the hysteresis loop for the 0.4% was found symmetric and no sign of twinning‐detwinning deformation was observed. On the contrary, the cyclic shear behavior was found to be similar to conventional alloys and no significant asymmetric or twinning‐detwinning deformations were observed. The multiaxial fatigue tests suggest that multiaxiality and nonproportionality are not detrimental to fatigue life. Three multiaxial fatigue damage models were used: Smith‐Watson‐Topper, Fatemi‐Socie, and Jahed‐Varvani. While Fatemi‐Socie and Jahed‐Varvani models show comparable estimation, Smith‐Watson‐Topper overestimates shear and nonproportional lives.
Educational landscapes: Nature, place and moral geographies
Authors: Hickman Dunne Jo , Mills Sarah
Published: June 2019

In this editorial introduction, we outline recent debates on geographies of education, specifically on themes of nature, place, and outdoor landscapes. We argue for the need to extend these discussions due to the rising popularity and politicisation of educational encounters in outdoor landscapes, as well as their long‐standing relationship to a series of moral geographies. We introduce the main focus of the five papers in this themed collection, and show how together, they add to our understanding of the spatialities and experiences of both formal and informal educational sites, through both historical and contemporary perspectives. We reflect on some of the themes that tie these papers together, the UK‐based focus of this collection, and its wider geographical contributions.
Sonographic appearance of sebaceous cysts. Our experience and a review of the literature
Authors: Solivetti Francesco Maria , Desiderio Flora , Elia Fulvia , Guerrisi Antonino , Cota Carlo , Morrone Aldo
Published: June 2019

Sebaceous cysts are benign enveloped nodules resulting from an obstruction of a hair follicle. Although they are very common, differential diagnosis is not obvious and may include many diseases. Ultrasound examination with high frequency probes, in the hands of a skilled operator, is the gold standard for noninvasive evaluation of these diseases. The aim of our study was to describe sonographic patterns found in our experience with high frequency probes. We decided to reevaluate the sonographic appearance of the last 100 patients with sebaceous cysts that were under our observation through conducting a retrospective study. All lesions were examined by a skilled radiologist with an Esaote MyLab 70 XVG ultrasound unit and a dedicated 18 MHz linear probe, sometimes supplemented by 20 MHz. In these skin lesions, we evaluated morphology, size, vascularity, and especially the visibility of skin pores, a characteristic of sebaceous cysts. We found 118 lesions that were mostly located on the trunk. In the majority of cases, the skin lesions had an oval‐shaped morphology – 114 (96.6%) – and were hypoechoic in appearance −108 (91.5%). In 60 (50.8%) cases, the skin lesions showed a homogeneous appearance, known as "pseudotestis". The average ultrasound examines with very high frequency probes allowed to evidence skin pores. Our retrospective study on higher frequency probes confirms the data in literature regarding the diagnosis of sebaceous cysts, demonstrating the high incidence and clinical significance of evidence of the so‐called epidermal punctum.
The unheard voice of the clinician: Perspectives on the key features of an adolescent inpatient model of care
Authors: Hayes Claire , Simmons Magenta , Palmer Victoria J. , Hamilton Bridget , Simons Christine , Hopwood Malcolm
Published: June 2019

Problem

Little has been reported from clinicians about the operations, interventions, and outcomes of inpatient units and how these comprise models of care in such units. The aim of this study was to explore an inpatient model of care in operation at the study site by defining key features of the model from the perspectives of clinicians.

Methods

Semi‐structured face to face interviews were conducted with ten clinicians working in a private inpatient unit in Melbourne, Australia. Interview data were analyzed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Analysis resulted in the identification of three thematic features relating to containment, engagement, and therapy. These included (a) an environment conducive to containment, (b) adolescent engagement through shared experiences, and (c) dialectical behavior therapy embedded culture.

Conclusions

The findings provide insights into often unheard clinician perspectives on what the key features of an adolescent inpatient model of care are. These features relate to the interventions that are currently offered on the unit and ways of working as informed by philosophies and practices. These findings should be used to improve clinical services and inform research aiming to articulate exemplary adolescent inpatient models of care. Furthermore, the findings provide guidance and practical information to commissioners, clinicians, and policy makers implementing models of care.
Potentiation of ABCA3 lipid transport function by ivacaftor and genistein
Authors: Kinting Susanna , Li Yang , Forstner Maria , Delhommel Florent , Sattler Michael , Griese Matthias
Published: June 2019

ABCA3 is a phospholipid transporter implicated in pulmonary surfactant homoeostasis and localized at the limiting membrane of lamellar bodies, the storage compartment for surfactant in alveolar type II cells. Mutations in ABCA3 display a common genetic cause for diseases caused by surfactant deficiency like respiratory distress in neonates and interstitial lung disease in children and adults, for which currently no causal therapy exists. In this study, we investigated the effects of ivacaftor and genistein, two potentiators of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), on ABCA3‐specific lipid transport function. Wild‐type (WT) and functional ABCA3 mutations N568D, F629L, G667R, T1114M and L1580P were stably expressed in A549 cells. Three‐dimensional modelling predicted functional impairment for all five mutants that was confirmed by in vitro experiments (all <14% of WT functional activity). Treatment with potentiators rescued the mutants N568D (up to 114% of WT), F629L (up to 47% of WT), and G667R (up to 60% of WT), the latter variation needing higher concentrations of genistein, showing reduced affinity of the potentiator to the mutant protein. Our results present a first proof that functional ABCA3 mutations are rescued by CFTR potentiators, making them a potential therapeutical option for patients suffering from surfactant deficiency due to ABCA3 mutations.
Molecular biomarker‐guided anti‐angiogenic targeted therapy for malignant glioma
Authors: Yan Chengrui , Wang Jiaru , Yang Yuyan , Ma Wenbin , Chen Xiaolin
Published: June 2019

Despite aggressive multimodality treatment, the prognosis of glioma, especially malignant glioma, remains very poor. After decades of effort, anti‐angiogenic therapy has become an important method of cancer treatment in addition to surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Although the performance of anti‐angiogenic therapy in colorectal cancer is good, its performance in malignant glioma remains unsatisfactory. Several phase III clinical trials showed no overall survival benefits. To solve this problem, the division of patients into groups based on their molecular biomarkers is an important step. This paper provides current insights into anti‐angiogenic drugs undergoing clinical trials and discusses the potential of molecular biomarkers to guide glioma diagnosis.
LncRNA FOXD2‐AS1 as a competitive endogenous RNA against miR‐150‐5p reverses resistance to sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Sui Chengjun , Dong Zhitao , Yang Cheng , Zhang Minfeng , Dai Binghua , Geng Li , Lu Jiongjiong , Yang Jiamei , Xu Minhui
Published: June 2019

The current study elucidated the role of a long non‐coding RNA (lncRNA), FOXD2‐AS1, in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the regulatory mechanism underlying FOXD2‐AS1/miR‐150‐5p/transmembrane protein 9 (TMEM9) signalling in HCC. Microarray analysis was used for preliminary screening of candidate lncRNAs in HCC tissues. qRT‐PCR and Western blot analyses were used to detect the expression of FOXD2‐AS1. Cell proliferation assays, luciferase assay and RNA immunoprecipitation were performed to examine the mechanism by which FOXD2‐AS1 mediates sorafenib resistance in HCC cells. FOXD2‐AS1 and TMEM9 were significantly decreased and miR‐150‐5p was increased in SR‐HepG2 and SR‐HUH7 cells compared with control parental cells. Overexpression of FOXD2‐AS1 increased TMEM9 expression and overcame the resistance of SR‐HepG2 and SR‐HUH7 cells. Conversely, knockdown of FOXD2‐AS1 decreased TMEM9 expression and increased the sensitivity of HepG2 and Huh7 cells to sorafenib. Our data also demonstrated that FOXD2‐AS1 functioned as a sponge for miR‐150‐5p to modulate TMEM9 expression. Taken together, our findings revealed that FOXD2‐AS1 is an important regulator of TMEM9 and contributed to sorafenib resistance. Thus, FOXD2‐AS1 may serve as a therapeutic target against sorafenib resistance in HCC.
Angiopoietin‐like protein 8 expression and association with extracellular matrix metabolism and inflammation during intervertebral disc degeneration
Authors: Liao Zhiwei , Wu Xinghuo , Song Yu , Luo Rongjin , Yin Huipeng , Zhan Shengfeng , Li Shuai , Wang Kun , Zhang Yukun , Yang Cao
Published: June 2019

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) is considered the primary culprit for low back pain. Although the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, hyperactive catabolism of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and inflammation are suggested to play critical roles in IDD progression. This study was designed to elucidate the role of angiopoietin‐like protein 8 (ANGPTL8) in the progression of IDD, especially the relationship of ANGPTL8 with ECM metabolism and inflammation. A positive association between ANGPTL8 expression and degenerative grades of IDD was detected in the analysis of human nucleus pulposus tissue samples. Silencing of ANGPTL8 attenuated the degradation of the anabolic protein type collagen II, and reduced the expression of the catabolic proteins MMP3 and MMP9, and the inflammatory cytokine IL‐6 through inhibition of NF‐κB signalling activation. In addition, the effect of ANGPTL8 was evaluated in a rat model of puncture‐induced IDD. Based on the imaging results and histological examination in animal study, knockdown of ANGPTL8 was demonstrated to ameliorate the IDD progression. These results demonstrate the detrimental role of ANGPTL8 expression in the pathogenesis of IDD and may provide a new therapeutic target for IDD treatment.
Range‐wide genetic structure of a cooperative mouse in a semi‐arid zone: Evidence for panmixia
Authors: Firman Renée C. , Ottewell Kym M. , Fisher Diana O. , Tedeschi Jamie N.
Published: June 2019

Landscape topography and the mobility of individuals will have fundamental impacts on a species’ population structure, for example by enhancing or reducing gene flow and therefore influencing the effective size and genetic diversity of the population. However, social organization will also influence population genetic structure. For example, species that live and breed in cooperative groups may experience high levels of inbreeding and strong genetic drift. The western pebble‐mound mouse (Pseudomys chapmani), which occupies a highly heterogeneous, semi‐arid landscape in Australia, is an enigmatic social mammal that has the intriguing behaviour of working cooperatively in groups to build permanent pebble mounds above a subterranean burrow system. Here, we used both nuclear (microsatellite) and mitochondrial (mtDNA) markers to analyse the range‐wide population structure of western pebble‐mound mice sourced from multiple social groups. We observed high levels of genetic diversity at the broad scale, very weak genetic differentiation at a finer scale and low levels of inbreeding. Our genetic analyses suggest that the western pebble‐mound mouse population is both panmictic and highly viable. We conclude that high genetic connectivity across the complex landscape is a consequence of the species’ ability to permeate their environment, which may be enhanced by “boom‐bust” population dynamics driven by the semi‐arid climate. More broadly, our results highlight the importance of sampling strategies to infer social structure and demonstrate that sociality is an important component of population genetic structure.
Bluegill Picornavirus isolated from a mortality event involving Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) in the upper Mississippi River
Authors: Leis Eric , Erickson Sara , McCann Rebekah , Standish Isaac , Katona Ryan , Brecka Brian , Baumgartner Wes
Published: June 2019

A mortality event involving an estimated 1,000 adult bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus) was observed in an ice‐covered backwater lake of the upper Mississippi River near Alma, Wisconsin, in December of 2017. Macroscopic signs of disease included abdominal distension due to fluid accumulation within the internal organs as well as external and internal haemorrhaging. Histological evaluation revealed chronic peritonitis with peritoneal adhesions in all fish examined. Kidney, spleen and ascites fluid samples were collected from diseased bluegills and examined for the presence of pathogens. Bluegill picornavirus (BGPV) was isolated using tissue cell culture methods utilizing a recently developed, uncharacterized bluegill fry cell line (BF‐4), and the presence of this virus was confirmed through molecular identification. The current geographic range, known susceptible hosts as well as historical epizootics associated with BPGV is discussed. The ability of BGPV to cause significant mortality in wild fish further emphasizes the importance of monitoring both wild and hatchery populations for this pathogen.
Prospective study of perceived dietary salt intake and the risk of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease
Authors: Shen X. , Jin C. , Wu Y. , Zhang Y. , Wang X. , Huang W. , Li J. , Wu S. , Gao X.
Published: June 2019

Background

A high sodium intake is associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, little is known regarding whether greater salt intake is a potential risk factor for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We thus prospectively investigated whether individuals with higher perceived dietary salt intake had a higher risk of developing NAFLD.

Methods

The present study included 35 023 participants (22 629 men and 12 394 women) from the Kailuan study who were free of NAFLD at baseline (2006) and who did not drink alcohol at baseline and during follow‐up (2006–2014; follow‐rate 95.2%). NAFLD was defined as a participant who had been diagnosed with fatty liver at least twice by ultrasound tests conducted every 2 years during follow‐up. Dietary salt intake was determined by a self‐report question and was classified into three categories: low (<6 g day−1), medium (6–9 g day−1) or high (≥10 g day−1). Cox proportional models were used to estimate the risk of NAFLD, adjusting for potential confounders, such as age, sex, education, physical activity, smoking, income, occupation, marriage, body mass index, waist circumference and blood pressure, as well as serum concentrations of glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase, glucose, total cholesterol and triglyceride.

Results

During 8 years of follow‐up, we identified 5102 incident NAFLD cases. After adjusting for potential confounders, the hazard ratio (95% conference interval) for NAFLD was 1.12 (1.00, 1.26) for medium salt intake and 1.19 (1.02,1.39) for high salt consumption (P trend = 0.03) relative to the low salt consumption group.

Conclusions

A perceived high salt intake was associated with a higher future risk of NAFLD.
Bacterial iturins mediate biocontrol activity of Bacillus sp. against postharvest pear fruit‐rotting fungi
Authors: Wu Liqin , Shang Hongzhong , Gu Haike , Zheng Jie
Published: June 2019

A potential antagonist, Bacillus sp. LYLB4 isolated from pear fruits, was tested for its antifungal activity against postharvest pear pathogens. LYLB4 had a remarkable antifungal effect on Botryosphaeria dothidea. Although it showed a weak inhibition effect on the growth of Rhizopus stolonifer on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates, LYLB4 almost completely destroyed R. stolonifer during direct contact in potato dextrose broth (PDB). LYLB4 treatment was able to significantly reduce disease incidence (by 68.9% and 100%, respectively) and lesion diameter (by 68.7% and 100%, respectively) of ring rot caused by B. dothidea and soft rot caused by R. stolonifer in pears. LYLB4 also suppressed several other phytopathogens in vitro, suggesting a broad‐spectrum antagonistic activity against fungal pathogens. 16S rRNA and gyrA sequence analysis indicated that LYLB4 is closely related to B. velezensis. Genome mining indicated that LYLB4 had 11 secondary metabolites encoding clusters, but that the surfactin and fengycin gene clusters may not be functional because of a large deletion. Matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization‐time of flight mass spectra (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) demonstrated that iturins were the major lipopeptides, and that C16/C17 Bacillomycin D synthesis was stimulated when LYLB4 was co‐cultured with B. dothidea compared to the control. Overall, these results demonstrate that the main biocontrol mechanism adopted by LYLB4 could be through the production of toxic metabolites and direct contact with pathogens.
Development and testing of a patient‐centered dental home assessment for low‐income families
Authors: Rozier Richard Gary , White Benjamin Alexander , Wang Mian , Meyer Beau D. , Lee Jessica Y.
Published: June 2019

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to develop an instrument in English (ENG) and Spanish (SPA) for use in assessing perceptions of dental home characteristics among low‐income adults.

Methods

An expert panel selected 21 items from a pool of 81 items mapped to domains in the American Academy of Pediatrics’ medical home. Pilot testing with mothers (n = 795) of children in Early Head Start (EHS) resulted in an expanded 36‐item scale, which was field‐tested in interviews with ENG‐ (NENG = 665) and SPA‐speakers (NSPA = 116). An exploratory factor analysis of 23 usable items was carried out in an EHS reference group (NENG‐EHS = 272). The selected model was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) in two other subgroups (NENG‐NonEHS = 393; NSPA = 116). We tested measurement and structural invariances using a multiple‐group approach. Known‐groups validity was examined by testing factor mean differences between two groups defined by whether or not the mother used a single dental office.

Results

A three‐factor CFA model with 10 items was retained for its close fit for all three subgroups. Invariance tests found the two ENG subgroups to be homogenous and were combined. Several item and factor parameters in the SPA group differed from the combined ENG group. The proposed dental home measure demonstrated good known‐group validity in that people who used the same dental office reported better dental care experiences.

Conclusions

An instrument to measure the dental home concept among low‐income adults was developed with three domains (accessible‐comprehensive, compassionate, and health literate care) that demonstrated good validity and reliability.
Plant immunity in signal integration between biotic and abiotic stress responses
Authors: Saijo Yusuke , Loo Eliza Po‐iian
Published: June 2019

Plants constantly monitor and cope with the fluctuating environment while hosting a diversity of plant‐inhabiting microbes. The mode and outcome of plant–microbe interactions, including plant disease epidemics, are dynamically and profoundly influenced by abiotic factors, such as light, temperature, water and nutrients. Plants also utilize associations with beneficial microbes during adaptation to adverse conditions. Elucidation of the molecular bases for the plant–microbe–environment interactions is therefore of fundamental importance in the plant sciences. Following advances into individual stress signaling pathways, recent studies are beginning to reveal molecular intersections between biotic and abiotic stress responses and regulatory principles in combined stress responses. We outline mechanisms underlying environmental modulation of plant immunity and emerging roles for immune regulators in abiotic stress tolerance. Furthermore, we discuss how plants coordinate conflicting demands when exposed to combinations of different stresses, with attention to a possible determinant that links initial stress response to broad‐spectrum stress tolerance or prioritization of specific stress tolerance.
Are methane emissions from mangrove stems a cryptic carbon loss pathway? Insights from a catastrophic forest mortality
Authors: Jeffrey Luke C. , Reithmaier Gloria , Sippo James Z. , Johnston Scott G. , Tait Douglas R. , Harada Yota , Maher Damien T.
Published: June 2019

Growing evidence indicates that tree‐stem methane (CH4) emissions may be an important and unaccounted‐for component of local, regional and global carbon (C) budgets. Studies to date have focused on upland and freshwater swamp‐forests; however, no data on tree‐stem fluxes from estuarine species currently exist.

Here we provide the first‐ever mangrove tree‐stem CH4 flux measurements from  >50 trees (n = 230 measurements), in both standing dead and living forest, from a region suffering a recent large‐scale climate‐driven dieback event (Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia).

Average CH4 emissions from standing dead mangrove tree‐stems was 249.2 ± 41.0 μmol m−2 d−1 and was eight‐fold higher than from living mangrove tree‐stems (37.5 ± 5.8 μmol m−2 d−1). The average CH4 flux from tree‐stem bases (c. 10 cm aboveground) was 1071.1 ± 210.4 and 96.8 ± 27.7 μmol m−2 d−1 from dead and living stands respectively. Sediment CH4 fluxes and redox potentials did not differ significantly between living and dead stands. Our results suggest both dead and living tree‐stems act as CH4 conduits to the atmosphere, bypassing potential sedimentary oxidation processes.

Although large uncertainties exist when upscaling data from small‐scale temporal measurements, we estimated that dead mangrove tree‐stem emissions may account for c. 26% of the net ecosystem CH4 flux.
Long telomeres cooperate with p53,MDM2, and p21 polymorphisms to raise pediatric solid tumor risk
Authors: Borbora Debasish , Dutta Hemonta K , Devi Kangjam Rekha , Mahanta Jagadish , Medhi Pronita , Narain Kanwar
Published: June 2019

Background

While leukocyte telomere length has been linked with altered risk in adult cancer, limited information is available on its association with risk in pediatric solid tumors. We investigated the association of telomeric alterations with risk of pediatric solid tumors. We also investigated whether altered telomeres cooperated with the TP53 rs1042522, MDM2 rs2279744 and CDKN1A (p21cip1) rs1059234 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms to modify cancer risk.

Methods

A total of 101 tumor patients and 202 controls were recruited for this age‐ and gender‐matched case–control study. Relative telomere length (RTL) was determined in peripheral blood leukocytes using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the polymorphisms were genotyped using PCR–restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results

Using median RTL in the healthy controls as a cut‐off, children with longer telomeres were at an increased risk of developing a solid tumor (OR, 2.70; P < 0.01). When participants were categorized according to control RTL quartiles, a significant dose–response relationship was observed (χ2 = 10.95; P < 0.001). The risk for tumors increased nearly threefold (P = 0.001) for the triple interaction RTL × TP53 rs1042522 × p21cip1 rs1059234 compared with the maximum effect of any single factor, although the interaction effect was less than additive. The MDM2 rs2279744 GG genotype reduced pediatric solid tumor risk significantly (OR, 0.51).

Conclusion

Combined analysis of telomeres and genetic polymorphisms in the TP53 pathway can provide important clues to understanding pediatric solid tumor etiology.
Outcomes of human adenovirus infection and disease in a retrospective cohort of pediatric solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Boge Craig L. K. , Fisher Brian T. , Petersen Hans , Seif Alix E. , Purdy Dale R. , Galetaki Despoina M. , Hodinka Richard L. , Cárdenas Ana María , Kajon Adriana E.
Published: June 2019

Information about HAdV infection in SOT recipients is limited. We aimed to describe HAdV infection epidemiology and outcomes in a single‐center retrospective cohort during the era of PCR availability. SOT recipients transplanted at the CHOP 2004‐2013 were followed up for 180 days post‐transplant. HAdV infection was defined as a positive HAdV PCR from a clinical specimen. HAdV disease was defined by organ‐specific radiologic and/or laboratory abnormalities. No HAdV surveillance protocols were employed during the study period; testing was solely per clinician discretion. Progression of HAdV infection was defined as HAdV disease or ≥1‐log viral load increase since a corresponding site's first positive specimen. Of the assembled 425 SOT recipients, 227 (52.6%) had ≥1 HAdV PCR. Twenty‐four (10.6%) had ≥1 HAdV‐positive PCR. HAdV‐positive subjects were younger than uninfected subjects (2.0 years vs 6.5, P = 0.001). Infection incidence rates were highest in liver recipients (15.3%), followed by heart (8.6%), kidney (8.3%), and lung (4.2%). Four subjects (16.7%) met HAdV disease criteria at virus detection. Five subjects (20.8%) had progression of HAdV infection. All‐cause mortality rates in positive and negative subjects were 0% and 3.9%, respectively. HAdV infection was infrequently detected in SOT recipients. Over one‐third of HAdV‐positive patients met disease criteria at detection or had infection progression, but none died. This low all‐cause mortality raises questions about benefits of HAdV surveillance. Larger multicenter studies are needed to assess incidence variance by center and comparative effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.
GCV/VCVG prophylaxis against CMV DNAemia in pediatric renal transplant patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chatani Brandon , Glaberson Wendy , Nemeth Zsuzsanna , Tamariz Leonardo , Gonzalez Ivan A.
Published: June 2019

CMV disease continues to stand as a significant threat to the longevity of renal transplants in children. More pediatric recipients are CMV‐negative with CMV‐positive donor serologies resulting in a HR mismatch. The length of prophylaxis with GCV or VGCV required to optimally prevent recurrence of CMVDNAemia remains unknown. This study is a meta‐analysis comparing GCV/VGCV prophylaxis regimens provided for <6 months, from 6 to <12 months, and ≥12 months after transplant in order to prevent CMVDNAemia. The search conducted involved PubMed, EMBASE, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane Central Register from inception through December 2017. Search terms Kidney Transplantation, CMV, GCV, and VGCV provided 204 studies for abstract review. Studies excluded were those which did not itemize pediatric data separately, single case reports, and duplicate studies. Pooled analysis of five retrospective studies and one prospective study identified that there is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of CMV DNAemia when comparing <6 months of prophylaxis and >12 months of prophylaxis (23% and 15%, respectively, P = 0.23). Regardless of the length of prophylaxis, there was no statistical difference in the incidence of CMV DNAemia in the HR patients (6 to <12 months vs <6 months, P = 0.62; 6 to <12 months vs ≥12 months, P = 0.78; ≥12 months vs <6 months, P = 0.83). This study identifies no optimal length of prophylaxis for HR mismatch pediatric renal transplant patients as many develop CMV DNAemia.
Hypogammaglobulinemia and bacterial infections following pediatric post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in the rituximab era
Authors: Chiou Fang Kuan , Beath Sue V. , Patel Mitul , Gupte Girish L.
Published: June 2019

Introduction

Treatment of PTLD using immune‐depleting agents such as RTX may be associated with increased risk of infections. The aim of this report was to describe the incidence of hypogammaglobulinemia and bacterial infections in children with PTLD after SOT at a single center since the introduction of RTX.

Methods

A retrospective review was conducted over a study period of 2000‐2016 in pediatric patients diagnosed with biopsy‐proven PTLD based on the WHO histologic criteria. Hypogammaglobulinemia was defined by serum IgG <4 g/L; CPBI was defined by clinically significant infection by an identified pathogenic bacteria isolated from a normally sterile body site.

Results

Twenty‐eight patients were included, comprising 16 LTx and 12 ITx patients, and 17 patients received RTX therapy. Total of 31 episodes of CPBI occurred in 16 patients. Incidence of CPBI was 31.4 infections per 100 patient‐years in RTX‐treated patients, as compared to 8.4 infections per 100 patient‐years in non‐RTX‐treated patients (P < 0.001). Hypogammaglobulinemia was significantly more prevalent after 6 months (P = 0.001) and 2 years (P = 0.005) in RTX‐treated patients, as compared to none in the group that did not receive RTX. Hypogammaglobulinemia (P = 0.047), ITx (P = 0.027), and monomorphic PTLD (P = 0.024) were significantly associated with recurrent (≥2) CPBI and/or CPBI‐related deaths within the first year post‐PTLD.

Conclusion

While RTX is an effective treatment for PTLD, hypogammaglobulinemia can persist for up to 2 years following RTX therapy, which may be associated with the higher cumulative rates of CPBI observed in RTX‐treated patients.
I’m respectful. Why don’t they like me? Evaluator and gender effects of showing respect and children’s social competence
Authors: Audley Shannon , Hsueh Yeh , Zhang Hui
Published: June 2019

Despite extensive research on the importance of conceptualizing respect, little is known about how respect recipients and peer onlookers evaluate showing respect. Few studies have examined how such evaluations affect children's peer relations across four levels of social complexity (individual, interactions, relationships, and group), and few have assessed how gender influences the evaluations of showing respect to peers on peer social competence. This study used multi‐group structural equation modeling (MSEM) to examine how (a) cross‐evaluators’ views on showing respect mediated the relation between multiple measures of social complexity and children's social competence and (b) whether gender moderated the above relations. Two hundred and sixteen participants were chosen from third to sixth graders (111 girls; Mage =10.30). They completed self‐reports of social competence and showing respect, and peer reports of classmates’ showing respect, overt aggression, physical victimization, mutual friends, and social competence. Self‐evaluations of showing respect were negatively related to group‐level social competence. Peer evaluations of showing respect mediated the association between peer relations (specifically, number of mutual friends and overt aggression) and individual‐level and group‐level social competence. Gender moderated three paths in the model, namely links between overt aggression and (a) peer evaluations for showing respect; (b) group‐level social competence; and (c) individual‐level social competence. Negative associations were stronger for girls than for boys. The research findings suggest that gender norms shape the complex relations between children's showing respect and social competence, and an understanding of these relations must take into account differences in evaluations made by children and their peers.
The Utility of EMRs in Student Run Clinics
Authors: Ueberroth Benjamin E , Siegel Dana R
Published: June 2019

Background

A student‐run free clinic (SRFC) is a health care delivery system in which undergraduate medical students assume the responsibility of an outpatient health clinic. This provides a unique opportunity for early exposure to patients in a student's pre‐clinical years.

Methods

Pre‐ and post‐experience electronic surveys were sent out to first‐year medical students who were required to complete a minimum of three sessions as a volunteer at one of two SRFCs in the metro Detroit area. The Fisher's exact test was used to assess for a significant change after clinic experience with p < 0.05.

Results

Thirty‐one students completed the pre‐experience survey. Twenty‐five students completed the post‐experience survey. The Fisher's exact test demonstrated a significant increase in the proportion of positive answers for questions concerning comfort with taking a medical history (p = 0.002) and comfort with using an electronic medical record (EMR) (p = 0.048). There was no significant difference in comfort working as part of a team (p = 0.581), discussing a patient with a physician (p = 0.602) or interacting with different socio‐economic backgrounds (p = 0.720).

Conclusion

SRFCs provide a beneficial opportunity for early patient and clinical exposure for pre‐clinical medical students, including practice using an EMR, which is an essential tool in our electronic era. More research, however, is needed to determine the most effective way to teach skillful EMR use.
Geography and “thing knowledge”: Instrument epistemology, failure, and narratives of 19th‐century exploration
Authors: Withers Charles W. J.
Published: June 2019

The paper examines the relationships between instrument epistemology, failure, and textual authority with reference to the place of scientific instruments in published narratives of 19th‐century exploration. The paper draws on Baird's work on instrument epistemology and “semantic ascent” and Gooday's work on failure and on the morality of measurement. Its empirical focus comes from examination of RGS manuscript AP 52, a list of instruments provided by the RGS for 31 explorers in the period c.1877 to c.1883. Instruments are shown to (do) work in the field, even as explorers admitted to failure, in the devices and in themselves. Narrative accounts, often compiled elsewhere, obscure the contingent nature of instruments’ use. The findings have implications for assessing the agency of instruments in exploration, instrument epistemology, and narrative inscription, and for understanding failure in geographical work.
Clustering effects on firm exporting with productivity‐enhancing R&D in China
Authors: Howell Anthony
Published: June 2019

This paper examines the effects of regional clustering on the linkages among R&D, exporting and productivity of Chinese firms. A structural framework is employed using a set of recursive equations that is capable of correcting for most estimation issues related to selection and endogeneity. The main findings reveal that regional clustering brings about relatively trivial direct benefits to exporters after taking into account important sources of firm heterogeneity. Rather, the main benefits of clustering on exporting appear to arise indirectly through investments in innovation and productivity. The main implication of the findings suggests that a better endowed geographical area improves international competitiveness mainly by enhancing the super‐additive effects of investments in technology on productivity, which, in turn, enhances exporting performance.
Pitfalls in the use of foreign direct investment statistics
Authors: O'Mahony Clare , Barry Frank
Published: June 2019

Foreign direct investment (FDI) statistics are widely used to study the impact of international capital movements and multinational enterprise (MNE) activities. FDI intensity is also an important indicator of globalisation and economic integration. Datasets spanning long time periods and with broad country coverage have been employed in numerous studies to analyse various aspects of the determinants and consequences of FDI. Focusing on a relatively homogeneous group of six Western European EU countries, the present study finds major inconsistencies in the construction and coverage of these data both through time and across countries, leading to large discrepancies. Asymmetries will be far greater for broader groups of more economically and institutionally diverse countries. This study recommends extreme caution in drawing conclusions based on FDI data.
Cuba, the centrally planned cigar, and its rivals
Authors: Jones Kent
Published: June 2019

Cuba has a long‐standing reputation for producing premium cigars. Despite the inefficiencies of central planning, Cuba continues to command a dominant global market share in this product outside the United States, whose trade embargo forbids Cuban imports. Cuba's main rivals in premium cigars include the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua and Honduras, which dominate the US market but have a smaller presence elsewhere. All premium cigar exporters face important global demographic and policy changes that will alter the competitive landscape. Public anti‐smoking measures have diminished cigar demand in Europe and other industrialised areas, reinforcing a market growth shift towards emerging markets, especially China. Cuba's strengths in branding, reputation and third‐world ties give it an advantage in developing the high end of these new markets. However, the rigidities of Cuba's economic system make it difficult to increase or adjust premium cigar output and exports in response to new market opportunities. Cost‐efficient competition from its Caribbean rivals allows them to respond to consumer preferences for new cigar blends and lower‐priced brands. The paper concludes by assessing the need for economic reforms and foreign investment in Cuban cigar production that will be necessary for it to maintain or improve its export performance.
Limb‐sparing in dogs using patient‐specific, three‐dimensional‐printed endoprosthesis for distal radial osteosarcoma: A pilot study
Authors: Séguin Bernard , Pinard Chris , Lussier Bertrand , Williams Deanna , Griffin Lynn , Podell Brendan , Mejia Sebastian , Timercan Anatolie , Petit Yvan , Brailovski Vladimir
Published: June 2019

Limb‐sparing for distal radial osteosarcoma has a high rate of complications. Using personalized three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed implants might improve outcome. The goals of this study were to optimize use of patient‐specific, 3D‐printed endoprostheses for limb‐sparing in dogs in the clinical environment and to report the outcome. This was a pilot study where five client‐owned dogs were enrolled. Computed tomography (CT) of the thoracic limbs was performed, which was used to create patient‐specific endoprostheses and cutting guides, and repeated on the day of surgery. Intra‐arterial (IA) carboplatin was introduced in the clinical management. Limb‐sparing was performed. Outcome measures were time required to produce the endoprosthesis and cutting guide, fit between cutting guide and endoprosthesis with host bones, gait analysis, size of the tumour, percent tumour necrosis, complications, disease‐free interval (DFI) and survival time (ST). Four dogs received IA carboplatin. Excessive tumour growth between planning CT and surgery did not occur in any dog. The interval between the CT and surgery ranged from 14 to 70 days. Fit between the cutting‐guide and endoprosthesis with the host bones was good to excellent. At least one complication occurred in all dogs. Two dogs were euthanized with STs of 192 and 531 days. The other dogs were alive with a follow up of 534 to 575 days. IA chemotherapy is a promising strategy to minimize the risk of excessive tumour growth while waiting for the endoprosthesis and cutting‐guide to be made. The design of the cutting‐guide was critical for best fit of the endoprosthesis with host bones.
Fine‐needle aspiration of cutaneous, subcutaneous, and intracavitary masses in dogs and cats using 22‐ vs 25‐gauge needles
Authors: Arai Shiori , Rist Paul , Clancey Noel , Gilroy Cornelia , Stryhn Henrik , Amsellem Pierre
Published: June 2019

Background

Fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) is a common procedure as a diagnostic tool in veterinary medicine. However, it is unclear whether the gauge of the needle affects the quality of cytology.

Objective

This study compared the quality of cytologic samples obtained via FNA using 22‐ or 25‐gauge needles.

Methods

Fine‐needle aspiration was performed on 50 masses (cutaneous, subcutaneous, or intracavitary) obtained from client‐owned animals. The size of the needle was randomly assigned using either of the following two sequences: 22‐25‐22 gauge or 25‐22‐25 gauge. Samples were evaluated by two board‐certified clinical pathologists to assess cellularity, blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, degree of cellular trauma, and the overall ability to make a diagnosis for each sample.

Results

No significant difference was detected between the 22‐ and 25‐gauge needle samples for cellularity, whereas a significant difference was present for blood contamination, amount of cellular debris, and degree of cellular trauma. The overall ability to make a diagnosis was not significantly affected by the needle gauge. The degree of cellular trauma was significantly increased in intracavitary samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Needle gauge is a contributing factor to FNA sample quality. However, it did not affect the overall ability to make a diagnosis. Samples obtained using 25‐gauge needles resulted in less blood contamination yet increased cellular trauma compared to 22‐gauge needle samples.
Unrecognized and imperilled diversity in an endemic barb (Smiliogastrini, Enteromius) from the Fouta Djallon highlands
Authors: Schmidt Ray C. , Dillon Megan N. , Kuhn Natalie M. , Bart Henry L. , Pezold Frank
Published: June 2019

The Upper Guinean Forests of Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia contain high levels of freshwater biodiversity. The Guinean Range and associated Fouta Djallon highlands separate two biogeographical provinces in the region and served as a refugium during past climatic fluctuations. While many species of freshwater fishes are restricted to one biogeographical province or the other, some are reported to occur on both sides of the divide. Here, we examine the molecular and morphological diversity of an endemic small African barb, Enteromius foutensis, reported to occur in both provinces. This integrative analysis revealed unrecognized diversity and suggests recent, or ongoing, events that facilitated geodispersal and subsequent divergence in the region. The molecular analysis revealed three divergent and well‐supported populations within E. foutensis. Accounting for allometric shape variation allowed us to observe diagnostic morphological differences among the populations. Enteromius foutensis sensu stricto is restricted to the Little Scarcies drainage in Guinea and northern Sierra Leone. Our study revealed two candidate species distinct from E. foutensis. One is likely a narrow endemic restricted to a small area in the Konkouré River basin; the other candidate species inhabits the upper Senegal and Gambie River drainages. How these patterns of diversity compare with other freshwater species from the Fouta Djallon highlands and the conservation status of these candidate species are also discussed.
Moderate exercise training since adolescence reduces Walker 256 tumour growth in adult rats
Authors: Moreira Veridiana Mota , Almeida Douglas , da Silva Franco Claudinéia Conationi , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , Palma‐Rigo Kesia , Prates Kelly Valério , Tófolo Laize Peron , Malta Ananda , Francisco Flávio Andrade , Pavanello Audrei , Previate Carina , da Silva Silveira Sandra , Ribeiro Tatiane Aparecida , Martins Isabela Peixoto , de Moraes Ana Maria Praxedes , Matiusso Camila Cristina Ianoni , Saavedra Lucas Paulo Jacinto , de Barros Machado Katia Gama , Fabbri Corá Thauany , Gongora Adriane , Cardozo Lucas Eduardo , da Silva Paulo Henrique Olivieri , Venci Renan , Vieira Elaine , de Oliveira Júlio Cezar , Miranda Rosiane Aparecida , de Souza Helenir Medri , Miksza Daniele , da Costa Lima Luiz Delmar , de Castro‐Prado Marialba Avezum Alves , Rinaldi Wilson , de Freitas Mathias Paulo Cezar
Published: June 2019

Key points

Cancer growth, cell proliferation and cachexia index can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins in adolescence.

Walker 256 tumour‐bearing rats who started exercise training during adolescence did not revert the basal low glycaemia and insulinaemia observed before tumour cell inoculation.

The moderate exercise training improved glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin sensitivity only in rats exercised early in adolescence.

The chronic effects of our exercise protocol are be beneficial to prevent cancer cachexia and hold clear potential as a nonpharmacological therapy of insulin sensitization.

We tested the hypothesis that moderate exercise training, performed early, starting during adolescence or later in life during adulthood, can inhibit tumour cell growth as a result of changes in biometric and metabolic markers. Male rats that were 30 and 70 days old performed a treadmill running protocol over 8 weeks for 3 days week–1, 44 min day–1 and at 55–65% . After the end of training, a batch of rats was inoculated with Walker 256 carcinoma cells. At 15 days after carcinoma cell inoculation, the tumour was weighed and certain metabolic parameters were evaluated. The data demonstrated that physical performance was better in rats that started exercise training during adolescence according to the final workload and . Early or later moderate exercise training decreased the cachexia index, cell proliferation and tumour growth; however, the effects were more pronounced in rats that exercised during adolescence. Low glycaemia, insulinaemia and tissue insulin sensitivity was not reverted in Walker 256 tumour‐bearing rats who trained during adolescence. Cancer growth can be attenuated by the beneficial programming effect of moderate exercise training, especially if it begins during adolescence. In addition, improvement in glucose–insulin homeostasis might be involved in this process.
A unified, contemporary approach to teaching energy in introductory physics
Authors: Chabay Ruth , Sherwood Bruce , Titus Aaron
Published: June 2019

Students in introductory physics courses frequently struggle with various aspects of energy analyses. We argue that inconsistencies and errors in the traditional treatment of energy contribute to these student confusions. As an alternative to creating multiple activities to ameliorate student difficulties, we describe a more coherent, contemporary approach to the teaching of energy that offers students a principled way to avoid confusions.
Non-science majors learn about heat, temperature, and thermodynamics using the particulate nature of matter and guided-inquiry instruction
Authors: Bauer Christopher F. , Chan Julia Y. K.
Published: June 2019

Using a strong cooperative learning structure, an inquiry-based course Fire & Ice for non-science majors addresses the concepts of heat and temperature, as well as the historical development of these ideas. A coherent line of inquiry is developed based on the particulate nature of matter which guides students in constructing the concepts of kinetic molecular theory, absolute zero, thermal equilibrium, thermal conduction, energy conservation, and energy degradation. This is accomplished by interleaving hands-on explorations, question-based team discussions, data sharing, and whole class reviews. Student performance on an established thermal concept inventory shows significant improvement. Students also provided more mechanistic and detailed descriptions even as they struggle with precision of language. They perceived this course as different, challenging, accessible, social, and true to the label “inquiry.” A complete video and materials record of the course is available at the UNH Scholars Repository.