bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cation Diffusion Facilitator Gene cdf-2 Mediates Zinc Metabolism in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Davis Diana E , Roh Hyun Cheol , Deshmukh Krupa , Bruinsma Janelle J , Schneider Daniel L , Guthrie James , Robertson J David , Kornfeld Kerry
Published: May 2009

Zinc is essential for many cellular processes. To use Caenorhabditis elegans to study zinc metabolism, we developed culture conditions allowing full control of dietary zinc and methods to measure zinc content of animals. Dietary zinc dramatically affected growth and zinc content; wild-type worms survived from 7 μm to 1.3 mm dietary zinc, and zinc content varied 27-fold. We investigated cdf-2, which encodes a predicted zinc transporter in the cation diffusion facilitator family. cdf-2 mRNA levels were increased by high dietary zinc, suggesting cdf-2 promotes zinc homeostasis. CDF-2 protein was expressed in intestinal cells and localized to cytosolic vesicles. A cdf-2 loss-of-function mutant displayed impaired growth and reduced zinc content, indicating that CDF-2 stores zinc by transport into the lumen of vesicles. The relationships between three cdf genes, cdf-1, cdf-2, and sur-7, were analyzed in double and triple mutant animals. A cdf-1 mutant displayed increased zinc content, whereas a cdf-1 cdf-2 double mutant had intermediate zinc content, suggesting cdf-1 and cdf-2 have antagonistic functions. These studies advance C. elegans as a model of zinc metabolism and identify cdf-2 as a new gene that has a critical role in zinc storage.
Statistical study of no-erosion filter (NEF) test results
Authors: Tabatabaie Shourijeh P. , Soroush A.
Published: May 2009

Filter design criteria predicated on no-erosion filter (NEF) test results are widely adopted for filter substantiation in earth dams. Hitherto, repetitions of NEF tests on various base-soil–filter combinations have suggested some anomalies between test results and accepted filter criteria. This treatment analyses a large database of NEF tests available in the literature, and carefully assesses the influences of different base-soil properties, including d85, fines content, clay content, plasticity index and sand content on the experimentally defined boundary filter (i.e. D15b). The parametric study presented, alongside the available criteria, may improve the design of optimum—that is, safe and economical—filters.
The impact of native competitors on an alien invasive: temporal niche shifts to avoid interspecific aggression
Authors: Harrington Lauren A. , Harrington Andrew L. , Yamaguchi Nobuyuki , Thom Michael D. , Ferreras Pablo , Windham Thomas R. , Macdonald David W.
Published: May 2009

The American mink, Neovison vison, is an established, alien invasive species in the United Kingdom that originally colonized the country at a time when two native mustelids (otters, Lutra lutra, and polecats, Mustela putorius) were largely absent. Both of these species are now recovering their populations nationally. We compared the relative abundance and the behavior of mink in the 1990s and in the 2000s in an area of southern England where both otters and polecats were absent in the 1990s but reappeared in the intervening years. We found that mink were still abundant in the 2000s in the presence of otters and polecats, but that they appeared to have altered some aspects of their behavior. In accordance with previous studies, we found that mink consumed fewer fish in the presence of otters. We also found that mink were predominantly nocturnal in the 1990s (in the absence of competitors) but were predominantly diurnal in the 2000s (in the presence of competitors). We hypothesize that this temporal shift may be an avoidance mechanism allowing the coexistence of mink with the otter and the polecat, although we are unable to attribute the shift to one or the other species. We also found that mink in the presence of competitors weighed less but remained the same size, suggesting the possibility of a competitor‐mediated decline in overall body condition.

This is one of very few field studies demonstrating a complete temporal shift in apparent response to competitors. The implications of this study are that recovering otter populations may not lead to significant and long‐term reductions in the number of invasive mink in the United Kingdom as has been suggested in the media, although we cannot exclude the possibility of a decline in mink in the longer‐term.
Effects of long‐term consumer manipulations on invasion in oak savanna communities
Authors: Seabloom Eric W. , Borer Elizabeth T. , Martin Burl A. , Orrock John L.
Published: May 2009

Consumer–plant interactions can alter the outcome of biological invasions when native and exotic plants differ systematically in their resistance to and/or tolerance of consumer impacts. Given evidence for indirect interactions and shifts in plant communities from the few existing long‐term studies, it is clear that long‐term studies are a critical component for understanding the role of consumers in plant invasions. Moreover, studies of the role of consumers in mediating invasions have focused on the effects of exotic consumers, while the effects of native consumers on invasion have received little attention. Here we examine the long‐term impact of a largely native vertebrate consumer community on native and exotic understory plants and recruitment of native oaks in a California oak savanna. We sampled plant community composition, oak recruitment, and soils inside and outside of 10 exclosures (mean area = 1000 m2) that had been in place for an average of 32 years. Plots with consumers present had 41% more exotic species, 31% higher cover of exotic species, and 33% lower richness of native herbaceous perennials, suggesting that native consumers may play an important role in mediating invasion in this system. The presence of oak canopies had a strong impact on the plant community independent of consumer effects, with greater recruitment of oaks, higher cover of native shrubs, and lower cover of exotic species cover under oak canopies. The concordant variation of native tree canopy and native woody plants suggests that adult oaks provide a refuge for their seedlings and other native woody plants. Thus, the widespread loss of native oaks has likely increased exotic invasion into an important refuge for native species in the California oak savanna ecosystem.
Effect of flower shape and size on foraging performance and trade‐offs in a tropical hummingbird
Authors: Temeles Ethan J. , Koulouris Carolyn R. , Sander Sarah E. , Kress W. John
Published: May 2009

Matches between the bills of hummingbirds and the flowers they visit have been interpreted as examples of coadaptation and feeding specialization. Observations of birds feeding at flowers longer or shorter than their bills combined with a lack of experimental evidence for foraging trade‐offs, however, fail to support these interpretations. We addressed these inconsistencies by considering a seldom‐studied dimension of hummingbird–flower relationships, the shape of bills and flowers, through experiments on the Purple‐throated Carib, Eulampis jugularis, and its major food plant, Heliconia, in the eastern Caribbean. Bills of male E. jugularis are considerably shorter and straighter than bills of females. We examined foraging performances and trade‐offs during visits to natural heliconias and 34 artificial flowers of differing length and curvature. Supporting predictions based on matches between bill and flower morphology, handling times of females were significantly shorter than those of males at the long, curved flowers of a green morph of H. bihai. Contrary to predictions, handling times of males were not significantly shorter than handling times of females at the short flowers of H. caribaea. At artificial flowers, maximum extraction depths of females were significantly longer than maximum extraction depths of males at all curved flowers, but not at straight flowers. Handling times of females were significantly shorter than handling times of males at the longest artificial flowers for all curvatures, whereas handling times of males were significantly shorter at short, straight, artificial flowers, but only while hover‐feeding without a perch. Within each sex, handling times were inversely related to bill length at long flowers for all shapes. Taken together, these performance trade‐offs suggest that the long, curved bills of females are adapted for feeding from long, curved flowers, whereas the short bills of males are adapted for hover‐feeding from short, straighter flowers. In addition, the finding that differences in feeding performance occur at the extremes of floral phenotypes suggests that the evolution of bill morphology may be driven by a small subset of the flowers visited by a hummingbird species.
Does productivity drive diversity or vice versa? A test of the multivariate productivity–diversity hypothesis in streams
Authors: Cardinale Bradley J. , Bennett Danuta M. , Nelson Craig E. , Gross Kevin
Published: May 2009

The idea that productivity regulates species diversity is deeply ingrained in the field of ecology. Yet, over the past few decades, an increasing number of experiments have shown that species diversity controls, rather than simply responds to, biomass production. These contrasting perspectives have led to a seeming paradox: Is diversity the cause or the consequence of biological production? Here we present empirical evidence for the multivariate productivity–diversity (MPD) hypothesis, which argues that differing perspectives on productivity–diversity relationships can be resolved by recognizing that historical research has focused on how resource supply regulates both the productivity and richness of local competitors, whereas more recent studies have focused on how the richness of a colonist pool regulates the efficiency by which resources are captured and converted into new tissue. The MPD hypothesis predicts that three pathways operate concurrently to generate productivity–diversity relationships in nature: (1) resource supply directly limits the standing biomass and/or rate of new production by primary producers, (2) producer biomass is directly influenced by the richness of species that locally compete for resources, and (3) resource supply rate indirectly affects producer biomass by influencing the fraction of species from a colonist pool that locally coexist. To examine whether this set of pathways explains covariation between productivity and diversity in natural streams, we used nutrient‐diffusing agar “patches” to manipulate resource supply rates in 20 streams throughout the Sierra Nevada mountain range, California, USA. We then measured the fraction of periphyton species from the stream colonist pool co‐occurring on each nutrient patch, as well as the standing biomass and rates of primary production. Natural patterns of covariation agreed with predictions of the MPD hypothesis. Algal biomass was an increasing function of nutrient supply, and an increasing function of local richness. The fraction of species from the colonist pool found co‐occurring on a patch was a concave‐down function of nutrient supply, causing nutrients to indirectly affect biomass via control over local richness. These results suggest that the MPD hypothesis is a viable explanation of patterns of diversity and productivity in natural stream ecosystems, and that it has potential to merge the historical view that productivity drives diversity with a parallel view that diversity drives productivity.
Cost-Related Medication Underuse: A Window Into Patients' Medication-Related Concerns
Authors: Piette John D.
Published: May 2009

In Brief

Although medication costs pose a very real barrier to diabetic patients' adherence, decisions to forgo treatment due to cost pressures often reflect other issues, including patients' suspicions about medication safety and efficacy. Clinicians should inquire about cost pressures for each treatment in their patients' regimens and open a discussion about potential medication-related concerns that may be driving patients' adherence behavior.
Update on Insulin Management in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Neumiller Joshua J. , Odegard Peggy Soule , Wysham Carol H.
Published: May 2009

In Brief

This article provides a brief overview of the various insulin products currently available on the market and discusses considerations regarding insulin therapy in people with type 2 diabetes. Issues involving the initiation, titration, and optimization of insulin therapy to meet individual patient treatment goals are discussed.
La Corse et le despotisme éclairé.
Authors: Rovere Ange
Published: May 2009

Conquered by the Monarchy in 1769, Corsica entered into the French orbit at the time when the « Ancien Régime », confronted with the crisis was to do away with it, undertook a series of reforms, inspired by the principles of an enlightened despotism. In an effort at modernisation and rationalisation, in these steps to find, by applying pysiocratic principles a passageway that was original towards capitalism, the island became a testing ground, global and privileged. Hence the interest in the « Corsican Case ». It enables us to measure, as in a laboratory whether the Monarchy possessed the capacity to reform itself or whether, on the contrary, the passage of « Legal Despotism » was not a factor that accelerated and amplified the crisis.

Ange Rovere.
Le Comité de Sûreté Générale en 1793-1794.
Authors: Eude Michel
Published: May 2009

The Committee of General Security forms withe Committee of Public Safety the major organizations of the Revolutionary Government. The present essay tries to study it duting the most steady period of its history, the Reign of Terror, when, under the direction of Vadier (deputy of Ariège), it plays the part of a real Political Police Ministry, in charge of arresting the enemies of the Revolution. But the Committee of General Security had also a political role. Its relations with the Committee of Public Safery are here investigated. In fact, more than between both committees, the real opposition lies between Robespierre and his friends on one part, the whole of the deputies on the other part. In the crisis which broke on the 8th thermidor wit Robespierre's speech, 3 deputies, in fact, played the prominent part : Voulland (Gard), Dubarran (Gers), and Elie Lacoste (Dordogne).

Michel EUDE.
Un discours de Barère avant la Révolution
Authors: Yamazaki Kōichi
Published: May 2009

A SPEECH OF BARERE (1788)

Bertrand Barère of Vieuzac (1755-1841), one of the members of the committee of public safety, tried to embark on a literary career before the Revolution, and from 1782 he wrote several discourses and eulogies, which brought him a certain degree of local renown. As a result he was elected member of the Academy of the Floral Games at Toulouse in 1788. His entrance discourse seems to have caused a certain sensation, if not a scandal, and we have some remarks written at the time, but the text itself was considered to be lost. I have found a dictated copy of the discourse at the municipal library in Bagneres-de-Bigorre, and I reproduce it here with this brief comment. It is interesting because it illuminates aspects of Barère's theory of history and his ideas about philosophy. It reveals the last formative stage in the intellectual development of Barère in the period before the Revolution.

Koichi YAMAZUKI.
L'homme de masse sans les masses ou le déchristianisateur malheureux
Authors: Goujard Philippe
Published: May 2009

Un exemple local, celui de Vastey, agent national du district de Cany dans la Seine Inférieure en l'an II fournit à l'auteur l'occasion d'une interrogation sur les modalités d'application de la politique jacobine par un « intermédiaire culturel » confronté aux difficultés du contact avec les masses populaires et qui tente de trouver dans l'activisme déchristianisateur un moyen de résoudre les contradictions du moment.
Aux origines de la déchristianisation dans la Nièvre : Fouché, Chaumette ou les jacobins nivernais ?
Authors: Bossut Nicole
Published: May 2009

L'historiographie est partagée sur la façon dont naît le mouvement déchristianisateur dans la Nièvre, qui en a été l'un des epicentres. L'initiative revient-elle à Fouché, représentant en Mission, ou à Chaumette qui le visite alors, et aurait pu diffuser une nouveauté parisienne. L'auteur s'interroge sur les comportements et les idées d'un groupe de jacobins locaux qui vont être les animateurs du mouvement et n'ont attendu ni Fouché, ni Chaumette pour poser les bases d'un activisme anticlérical, dans lequel ils voient un moyen de conquérir les masses populaires.
Une utopie physiocratisante : l' « Ile inconnue » de Guillaume Grivel.
Authors: Conan Jules
Published: May 2009

L'auteur Guillaume Grivel reste assez mal connu, même si l'on peut suivre sa production et sa carrière des années 1760 à la Révolution Française où il enseigne dans une école Centrale puis à sa mort en 1810.

Il a publié en 1783 cette utopie de « L'Ile inconnue ou Mémoires du Chevalier de Gastines », qui a eu un certain succès si l'on en juge par ses rééditions. L'auteur replace la contribution de Grivel dans le contexte de la « secte » physiocratique dans les années de sa publication. Grivel est un adhérent convaincu, mais non inconditionnel. Sous la fiction romanesque classique de l'Ile déserte repeuplée par un couple de naufragés politique, il propose l'utopie d'une société idéale où l'influence des idées physiocratiques est manifeste. On s'interroge sur l'audience de cet essai et sur sa portée à l'époque de la Révolution française, discours archaïsant ou tourné vers l'avenir ?
A travers son courrier, Blaauw, homme politique néerlandais, témoin de son temps
Authors: Alexandre Jean , Perrin-Chevrier Marie-Rose
Published: May 2009

Cet article prend la suite d'une contribution publiée dans les A.H.R.F. n° 261 sous le titre « Un gentilhomme paisible... », et qui a fait connaître la figure de ce jacobin batave jusqu'en 1798. Marginalisé à partir de cette date, la plupart du temps en France, le héros qui mourra en 1829, poursuit jusqu'à la chute de l'Empire une abondante correspondance avec différents partenaires. On y retrouve non seulement l'écho des problèmes néerlandais (où s'exprime son anti-orangisme) mais celui des problèmes du gouvernement impérial, qui s'achève sur une chronique très personnelle de l'année 1814.
Voies nouvelles pour une étude de la bureaucratie révolutionnaire
Authors: Kawa Catherine
Published: May 2009

While working on a research project, the author encountered certain problems of method and observed that the historiography of the Fench Revolution has been little concerned with the question of the approching birth of a modern bureaucracy: the credit for the few monographies that exist on the subject has been left historians of Law. However, in another area of study, theoretical questions have been formuled using Max Weber's findings and have led to a wider conception of the phenomenon of bureaucracy. Relating to these references the approach used here is based on a study of the personnel and the functioning of the ministry of the Interior under the Revolution. A sociology of the group in that service is established by the use of computer treatment of data; above and beyond a simple description, this treatment of a file will make it possible to follow within this group both what is at stake and the factors of career mobility and strategy.
L'historiographie de la Révolution Française à la veille du bicentenaire.
Authors: Vovelle Michel
Published: May 2009

This study makes a survey of the current debates concerning the French Revolution; it analyzes their development over the last thirty years and the opposition between « Jacobin » and « revisionist » interpretations. However, the stress is put more on the new research fields and territories: the rediscovery of political history, the interest in biography, in regional studies and cultural aspects of the revolutionary period in the provinces, and finally the interest in the whole world of imagination produced by the Revolution.
France révolutionnaire, France révolutionnée, France en Révolution : pour une clarification des rythmes et des concepts.
Authors: Mazauric Claude
Published: May 2009

As a contribution to current discussions), the author sets out to delineate three referential categories: revolutionary France, France during the process of revolution and France as a product of revolution. The first one applies to the whole of the social and ideological forces at work in the political process; the second defines the active and the re-active milieu within which the process took place; as for revolutionized France, although its roots go back long before, it concerns the period after Thermidor; a France which is the result of the conservative dream, that of putting an end to the Revolution by finishing it, the ambition of establishing a social order and political stability based on the administration first and foremost of private interests and of private living.
Enquête sur les Volontaires de 1792
Authors: Bertaud Jean-Paul
Published: May 2009

Cet article présente la synthèse de toute une série d'enquêtes menées et dirigées par l'auteur (mémoires de maîtrises, thèses) pour prolonger l'ouvrage du Commandant Dumont sur l'effort de guerre, dont le propos s'arrête en 1791, en traitant l'immense dossier des Volontaires de 1792. Une masse d'enquêtes monographiques autorisent aujourd'hui une perception à l'échelle nationale des succès et des échecs de la levée, une description (sociologie, comportements, mentalités) des volontaires. Une particulière attention est portée au problème de l'encadrement religieux (les aumôniers militaires).
Bonaparte, l'Orient et la «Grande Nation».
Authors: Laurens Henry
Published: May 2009

We have Bonaparte to thank for the notion and even the expression « la grande nation », in any case it was the who transmitted it to the Directoire in July 1797, like an echo of an expression used by a delegation of the people from peninsular Greece. The author follows the path of the idea — half-way between truth and myth— and sets it back into the context of Bonaparte's Ottoman policy; the author studies the latter's vision of a Greek national revival and on a wider scale the ideas he took from Volney who launched the theme in his Ruins. Bonaparte's thinking on the near East and his contacts with the Ottoman world allow him to define, through the Grande Nation concept, a symbolic expression of a republican revival, partly the fruit of his victories but which, in its deepest reality, already announces the Empire. In any case, the expression taken up and has great and immediate success in the context of the Directoire's propaganda war.
Un canton « rouge » en Autunois aux XIXe et XXe siècles : Issy-l'Évêque.
Authors: Lévêque Pierre
Published: May 2009

The author describes the economic and social structures of the canton of Issy-1'Evêque where the parish priest Carion made a name for himself in 1790; these structures were to last throughout the nineteenth century: it was a poor and isolated area marked both by the overwhelming supremacy of great land holdings in the hands of local and often absolutist notables and by the poverty not only of the day laborers but also of the main group of tenant farmers constantly under pressure from the fermiers généraux. Physical destitution, illiteracy, and purely routine religion complete the picture which was only to change much later. For this impoverished peasantry, political mobilization was a possibility and became a reality during the crisis of 1848 during which a kind of left-wing tradition began to develop led by a certain number of local notables. The author weighs on one hand the influence of such social conditions and, on the other, the influence of the memory of the French Revolution on the community's political option.
Comportements révolutionnaires en Morvan Central au milieu du XIXe siècle : structures foncières, sociales et mentales. Souvenirs de l'Ancien Régime et de la Révolution.
Authors: Vigreux Marcel
Published: May 2009

Differents forms of revolutionary action spring up in the Central Morvan area in the mid-nineteenth century and in particular under the Second Republic. The author explains these both by the change of political régime and by the circumstances of the economic depression which hit agriculture and even more forestry. But the study also stresses, as a part of any explanation, the importance of the very unequalitarian land structures, the small farmers and the poor are predominant by their very numbers and to understand these phenomena, their fierce indépendance has to be taken into account. The article evokes the nature of these actions: rural peurs, the taxing of corn, conflicts over the forest, actions against the nobles.

But the many memories of the great Revolution must also be taken into account as 1789 and 1793 remained in the collective memory of simple people; they were revived and recalled by the village leaders from 1848 to 1851. In the main, this nineteenth century revolution is a repetition of the 1789 one, This is revealed by the development of the people's actions in a more and more revolutionary direction.
Avatars d'un mythe. "La mort de Danton", drame de Georg Büchner et son histoire
Authors: Ek Sverker R.
Published: May 2009

This is part of a major study; the analysis of the most important productions of the « Death of Danton » in Northern Europe is published here. Certain productions were truly events at the time: from that of Max Reinhart in Berlin in 1916 to Kurt Strom's production in Goteborg in 1920; then a new generation of productions was done among which Michael Menschke's in 1971 within the cercle of the Stockholm Riksdag is doubtless the most remarkable.
Les sociétés populaires dans le département de Paris sous la Révolution
Authors: Monnier Raymonde
Published: May 2009

The density of popular societies in the towns around Paris was quite remarkable even if some of them were established quite late. They contributed greatly to the growth of political awareness in rural communities which acted as relays for the influence of Paris. This is clear from the frequency of contacts between the rural communities and Parisian agents, both representatives and commissioners, and from the constant influence of the Cordelier movement. This kind of activity could hardly avoid running into difficulties with the authorities. The author makes a sociological study of the group of militants that sprang up. The societies knew periods of intense activity especially during the dechristianization episode. From the spring of Year II through Year III, the societies were strictly controlled, made to conform and finally vanished. Nevertheless, under the influence of the Cordeliers, they formed an original experiment in direct democracy.
Troubles populaires au XVIIIème siècle et conscience de classe : une préface à la Révolution Française
Authors: Lemarchand Guy
Published: May 2009

Basing his remarks on recent studies of popular disturbances in the XVIIIth century, the author questions the idea that was put forward not long ago concerning the decline of « emotions » at the end of the « Ancien Régime ». Althought there were no longer any great outbursts such as those of the pre- ceeding century, new and more frequent disturbances took place on specific occasions. Their character changed : one notes the decline of the religious element, the modification of anti-fiscal uprisings, but, in a contrapuntal fashion, disturbances took place more and more over the subsistance question, or the anti-seignorial struggle, and in conflicts about work or between age groups. The beginnings of political awareness accompanied these confrontations and brought forth new themes such as the famine pact or the figure of the «accapareur ». 1789 hardly appears « like a thunderbolt out of a clear, blue sky ». Popular action cannot be reduced to a simple rearguard struggle about backward- looking themes. It truly defined the specificity of the French social struggles which the Revolution was to come to grips with.
Montesquieu dans la Révolution Française
Authors: Barny Roger
Published: May 2009

Although he did not provide the most frequently expressed ideological themes of the French Revolution, Montesquieu was nevertheless often referred to : but for the most part by the adversaries of the patriots in spite of the exception of the Count d'Antraigues, who at the time of the nobles' revolt was a convinced follower of Rousseau. The members of Parlement used Montesquieu both to formulate a doctrine in favor of a moderate monarchy, based on the union of the monarch and the nobility and supported by the intermediate powers, and to defend the vote by order. Theses which were fought against by their adversaries even if Mounier qualified his initial hostility: and so it was that, at the beiginning of the Revolution, Montesquieu provided arguments for the Monarchiens on the theme of the balance of powers evoked in order to defend the principle of two chambers and the royal veto. In the same fashion they drew from his reference to classic natural law their sometimes paradoxical arguments in the defence of established order and historical continuity.
Jacques Godechot (1907-1989)
Authors: Petitfrère Claude
Published: May 2009

Claude Petitfrère : Jacques Godechot (1907-1989).

Sous la plume d'un des élèves du Doyen Godechot, une biographie qui retrace les grandes étapes de cette carrière longue et exemplaire, des études en Lorraine, jusqu'aux premiers postes et aux premières recherches, sous la direction d'Albert Mathiez puis de Georges Lefebvre, à la césure de la seconde guerre mondiale, et à la nomination à Toulouse où Jacques Godechot enseigna durant trente-cinq ans. L'auteur évoque les aspects pédagogiques de ce parcours, et analyse l'ample bibliographie d'un historien particulièrement fécond.
Étudiants brésiliens à Montpellier et Révolution française
Authors: Chacon Vamireh
Published: May 2009

Vamireh Chacon : Étudiants brésiliens à Montpellier et Révolution française.

La pénétration des idées des lumières au Brésil a créé une situation prérévolutionnaire qui s'est exprimée dans les conspirations réprimées du Minas Gérais, de Rio de Janeiro, et de Salvador de Bahia. On étudie ici les milieux éclairés réceptifs aux idées nouvelles, l'influence de la Révolution américaine, puis de la France où un certain nombre de Brésiliens ont fait leurs études à l'Université de Montpellier dans les dernières années de l'Ancien Régime, et sont entrés en contact avec Jefferson. Les bibliothèques de l'élite brésilienne témoignent de cette influence, notamment de celle des écrits de l'abbé Raynal que ces étudiants avaient ramenés de Montpellier.
Jean-François Varlet après la Révolution
Authors: Blavier Yves
Published: May 2009

Yves Blavier : Jean-François Varlet après la Révolution.

Varlet's career after his years of revolutionary activity is little known. The main episodes are traced in this study. He took no part in the babouvist conspiracy but he did join the Neojacobins in the Club du Manège. In 1814 he was a patriotic bonapar- tist. He settled in Nantes during the Restoration, gravitated in republican cercles and became active in politics again in 1831 when he was candidate to the Electoral College. He kept in touch with Parisian groups and in 1834 he was in charge of the Nantes section of the Society far the Rights of Man. He came back to Corbeil where he was carefully watched by the authorities and he died in 1837.
Histoire de la presse et Révolution
Authors: Bertaud Jean-Paul
Published: May 2009

Jean-Paul Bertaud : The History of the Press during the Revolution.

This synthesis describes the current state of research on the revolutionary press. The article makes an inventory of recent historiography and of classic studies. It analyses the areas that have been researched recently : group portraits of journalists, the kinds of production, the weight of the political press of both the patriots and the opposition, the current interest in the provincial press. But Bertaud also emphasizes the areas of research still to be prospected : the administration of the press, its circulation and audience, the typology of transmitters and receivers. The article presents the perspectives that have been opened up by the critical bibliography of the press of the year II and encourages scholars to multiply the monographs in the field.
La Révolution française vue de l'ambassade de Danemark à Paris (1788-1794)
Authors: Bizière Jean-Maurice
Published: May 2009

Jean-Maurice Bizière : The French Revolution as seen from the Danish embassy in Paris (1788-1794).

The correspondance of the Danish diplomatic agents in Paris during the Revolution is particularly valuable because of its impressive time span. Otto Von Blome stayed in Paris until July 1793 ; he was replaced by a legation secretary, Johan Kønemann until July 1797 and then by a new ambassador Christopher Vilhelm Dreyer. These different correspondants drew up a rich chronicle of the revolutionary years which mirrors their definitely hostile reactions to the events but also their criticisms of the Ancien Régime and their appreciation of certain positive aspects of revolutionary policy. They did not underestimate the very scale of the revolutionary changes.
Paris au printemps 1791, les Sociétés Fraternelles et le problème de la souveraineté
Authors: Monnier Raymonde
Published: May 2009

Raymonde Monnier, Paris in the Spring of 1791 : The Fraternal Societies and the Question of Sovereignty.

If a good deal has been written about the part played by the Parisian Section Societies during Year II, much still remains to be studied concerning the development of the ideas and political behaviour which brought the sans-culotte to life. This is especially true in the spring of 1791. The growing role of the Fraternal Societies merged with the activity of the press and of leaders to create a new democratic culture. The author analyses the number, activity and geographical location of these societies and their struggles against the policies of the City Government and the Assembly. This history of Robert and the Central Committee of Patriotic Societies is studied, as well as that of the Social Cercle and the Friends of Truth. After the flight to Varennes, the campaign in favour of a republic cannot be separated from the questions of sovereignty and representation : universal suffrage and the people's acceptance of laws were called for as the necessary instruments of a true democracy.
Une histoire oubliée : les assignats dans l'historiographie
Authors: Albertone Manuela
Published: May 2009

Manuela Albertone, A Forgotten History : the Assignats and Historiography.

The author examines the part played by the assignat in the history of the French Revolution through a historiographical analysis beginning with the attitudes of contemporaries from Edmond Burke to Mme de Staël. The Nineteenth Century historians such as Thiers or Mignet also evaluated the experience and its history was somewhat reexamined by Louis Blanc and Jean Jaurès. Twentieth Century French historiography from Mathiez to Lefebvre and Soboul considered more particularly the social consequences of the assignat connected with the sale of biens nationaux. English and American historians such as Harris or White studied the question as did scholars from Soviet Union such as Smirnov and Falkner in a context which invited comparisons. The most recent French studies can be divided into the technical analyses produced by scholars of monetary history and the often polemic essays which assess the strengths and weaknesses of the French economy under the Revolution.
La Révolution française et le problème colonial : le cas Robespierre
Authors: Gauthier Florence
Published: May 2009

Florence Gauthier, La Révolution française et le problème colonial. Le Cas Robespierre.

Le titre de cet article reprend des interrogations formulées, en 1961, par Aimé Césaire : Robespierre posa la question coloniale dans toute son ampleur et sa vraie dimension en 1791 , mais on ne le voit plus réintervenir par la suite. Pourquoi ce silence ?

A partir d'une documentation restée inexplorée jusqu'ici, cette étude montre que ni Robespierre, ni le Club des Jacobins ne sont restés inertes sur le problème colonial en 1793-1794, contrairement à ce que l'on a cru.

L'abolition de l'esclavage, déclarée le 16 pluviôse an II-4 février 1794, a été préparée par toute une série de manifestations et de décisions d'ordre constitutionnel, et suivie par les actes du Comité de salut public. Les sources de cette occultation sont également mises en lumière.
Projets d'occupation des colonies hispano-américaines (1792-1793)
Authors: Olivares Itamar
Published: May 2009

Itamar Olivares, Projets d'occupation des colonies hispano-américaines (1792-1793).

On analyse dans cette étude une série de projets présentés sous la Convention girondine ou montagnarde, visant à provoquer l'occupation des colonies espagnoles d'Amérique, singulièrement la Louisiane et les Caraïbes. Les auteurs en sont des militaires, des politiques ou simplement des aventuriers, français ou américains. Leurs entreprises visent à profiter de la fragilité de l'implantation espagnole, principalement en Louisiane pour y entreprendre une subversion opérée par des groupes armés soutenus par la population, avec l'aide plus ou moins discrète de la France. On en espère une déstabilisation qui pourrait gagner d'autres parties de l'empire espagnol. Ces projets, plus avantageux pour les États-Unis que pour la France, n'ont pas abouti dans la mesure où la Révolution, retenue par d'autres urgences, ne leur a prêté qu'un intérêt limité, et n'avait pas les moyens d'une politique aussi aventurée.
Quelques remarques concernant la politique étrangère de Vienne, de Paris et de la faction Duport-Lameth après le 20 avril 1792
Authors: Wolf Gehrard
Published: May 2009

Gehrard Wolf, Quelques remarques concernant la politique étrangère de Vienne, de Paris et de la faction Duport Lameth après le 20 avril 1792.

Menée à partir des sources diplomatiques à Paris comme à Vienne, pour la période du printemps 1792, avant et après la déclaration de guerre, cette étude pose le problème des rapports entre les leaders du parti feuillant, en particulier Duport avec le cabinet de Vienne avec lequel ils avaient été en contact en 1791. En fait, il semble que ceux-ci n'aient pas pu profiter du séjour prolongé à Vienne de l'ambassadeur de Noailles. Pour l'Empereur et ses conseillers les feuillants hostiles à la guerre ne représentaient plus un contact intéressant, et l'heure n'était plus à la diplomatie.
Iconographie des monnaies et médailles des républiques sœurs italiennes (1796-1802)
Authors: Benzaken Jean-Charles
Published: May 2009

Jean-Charles Benzaken : The Iconography of Coins and Medals of the Italian Sister Republics (1796-1802).

This study makes an exhaustive inventory of the issues of currency and medals during the revolutionary "triennio" and up until 1802. Different representations were used depending on the states and on the local context. The author compares the Italian allegorical symbols with those of France and emphasizes in certain cases the specificity of the Italian examples. The derivative character of the Italian representations is often obvious but the weight of tradition and the survival of models from the earlier coins are also underlined here.
« De supplément indépendant à un rez-de-chaussée sous le filet »
Authors: Oscarsson Ingemar
Published: May 2009

Ingemar Oscarsson, From the indépendant supplement to an under rule. Some notes on the feuilleton in the french press during the 1790 's and the beginning of the 19th century.

During the 1790's the word feuilleton (serial story) started to loose its technical significance (little journal or single sheet). It refers to a supplement of a newspaper. In 1800 (Journal des Débats) the supplement is incorporated in the newspaper itself at the bottom of the page. The author studies the contains of many feuilletons in the revolutionary and consulate press. The qualitative and quantitative importance of politics during the revolution and the technical restraint of the printing of newspapers forced them to push back all the other informations in a space, separated from the political section. From 1800 the contents of the feuilleton become largely cultural.
L'esclavage sur la scène révolutionnaire
Authors: Halpern Jean-Claude
Published: May 2009

Jean-Claude Halpern, Slavery on the revolutionary stage.

Only eight plays, between 1789 and 1799, dealt directly with the question of colonial slavery. Even when they shared the antislavery of the "Amis des Noirs" or other revolutionaries, they preferred liberty accorded by generous whites to freedom achieved by the blacks themselves. The revolutionary theatre could not find the right tone when it came to showing blacks. Despite the generous feelings of some authors, we see above all the embarrassment of the majority of the French concerning blacks, who were only known to the slavers, and concerning the colonial situation which was of course disapproved of but whose abolition aroused fear.
Un Jacobin esclavagiste, Benoît Gouly.
Authors: Wanquet Claude
Published: May 2009

Claude Wanquet, Un giacobino schiavista : Benoît Gouly.

Benoît Gouly fu deputato alla Convenzione dell'Ile de France. Approve in apparenza il decreto di abolizione del 16 Piovoso delPanno II, usando poi con maestria un linguaggio estremamente ambiguo. Filosoficamente contro la schiavitù la giudicava indispensabile sul piano economico e politico. Usô tutti gli argomenti per ritardare Papplicazione del decreto : bisognava lasciar decidere le amministrazioni locali e più particolarmente le colonie dell'Oceano Indiano in cui la situazione era specifica, voile anche rivalutare Pimpresa coloniale e sostenne che i Neri sarebbero stati per primi le vittime di un' abolizione troppo rapida.
La Fraternité au temps du dénigrement (1800-1814)
Authors: David Marcel
Published: May 2009

Marcel David, La Fraternità al tempo della denigrazione.

I valori promossi dal periodo napoleonico furono la salvaguardia delle leggi e delle proprietà, l'amore, la gloria. Se la libertà e l'uguaglianza giuridiche continuarono a figurare nella filosofia del regime, non c'era nessun posto per la fraternità, valore vicino alla réciprocité ed alla filantropia.

La massoneria risorgente in particolare nell'esercito sembra anche aver fatto silenzio su questo valore intorno al quale si era pure costituita.

I regni che dirigono i fratelli dell'Imperatore sono ancora più lontani dalla fraternità rivoluzionaria, eppure scarsa, che aveva unito un tempo la Francia aile « Républiques Sœurs ».

È infine verso il romanticismo cristiano (Chateaubriand) che si rifugia una fraternità che non ha più niente di repubblicana.
Qui étaient les "Jacobins" hauts-normands ? Objectifs, sources, méthodes d'une enquête prosopographique
Authors: Pingue Danièle
Published: May 2009

Danielle Pingue, Who were the Jacobins of Haute-Normandie? Objectives, sources, methods of a prosopographic survey.

Danielle Pingue has recorded nearly 8,000 members of 358 popular societies in Haute-Normandie. Based on registers of deliberations of these societies, censuses of the communal population and tax rolls, she concludes by establishing a collective portrait.
Histoire comparée de deux trajectoires jacobines : les sociétés de Compiègnes et de Langres (1791-1799)
Authors: Bernet Jacques
Published: May 2009

Jacques Bernet, Storia comparata di due cammini giacobini : le società di Compiègne e di Langres (1791-1799).

Nel 1789, Compiègne e Langres erano due città dalla dimensione e dalla struttura sociale equivalenti.

La società giacobina di Compiègne fu costituita da notabili locali. Dall'indirizzo moderato, scompari nel Marzo del 1792. Rinacque nel Settembre del 1792 dall'impulso di un tipografo e segui allora il decorso della Rivoluzione : fu girondina, montagnarda, termidoriana. Non ci fu nessun neo-giacobinismo a Compiègne sotto il Direttorio.

La società di Langres, dominata da commercianti ed artigiani, fu fondata nella lotta contro il clero non giurato, ha combattuto precocemente le prerogative reali, fu montagnarda ed alcuni membri nutrirono simpatie hébertistes. Ci furono a Langres ricomparse neo-giacobine. Nonostante la loro differenza, queste due società entrarono in conflitto con gli elementi rivoluzionari estranei alle città.
Acculturation politique dans les structures religieuses
Authors: Lerou Paule
Published: May 2009

Paule Lerou, Political Acculturation in the Religious Structures : the example of confraternities.

Certain confraternities (confraternity of devotion, charitable confraternity, craft confraternity), though suppressed by the law of 18 August 1792, were able to continue their activities throughout the Revolution under diverse disguises. A lot of the other ones came back in 1797. The confraternities of devotion were the most harmed by the revolutionary interruption.
L'enjeu de l'école dans le Gard de la Révolution à la monarchie de Juillet
Authors: Duport Anne-Marie
Published: May 2009

Anne-Marie Duport, L'enjeu de l'école dans le Gard de la Révolution à la monarchie de Juillet.

Dans le département du Gard, le contact conflictuel entre les catholiques, blancs sous la Révolution, et les protestants patriotes, explique le fort investissement de chaque camp dans l'éducation. Sous la Restauration, les protestants multiplièrent les écoles où était pratiqué l'enseignement mutuel. Sous la monarchie de Juillet, catholiques et protestants se rapprochèrent dans un nouvel effort de scolarisation conçu comme un moyen de prévention contre la violence populaire.
La représentation populaire de l'image royale avant Varennes
Authors: Elyada Ouzi
Published: May 2009

Ouzi Elyada, Popular Representation of the Royal Image Before Varenne.

Le Père Duchesne of the brothers Dufour, appearing from September 1790 to July 1791, spoke of Louis XVI in increasingly critical terms. Then, from the moment where the fear of the King's flight became widespread, it utilised increasingly insulting (if not derisive) terms. For its part, Le Club Monarchique responded with some pamphlets that also utilised the name Duchesne.
Le calendrier républicain dans les annuaires datés de l'an IV à l'an XIII
Authors: Frand Pascal
Published: May 2009

Pascal Frand, The republican calendar in the Year Books between Year IV and Year XIII.

The national or departmental year books were official. Consequently, their approaches to the republican calendar reveal the conceptions of authorities towards the calendar.

With some differences between the national and local levels, the authorities fervently supported the new calendar until the end of the Consulate. With the exception of the Year VII, they tolerated its coexistence with the Gregorian calendar. However, from the Year IV, the discourse lost its political and moral accent and support for the calendar was only predicated on the grounds of rationality.
L'idée républicaine au Brésil
Authors: Fonseca Célia Freire A.
Published: May 2009

Celia Freire, A. Fonseca, The republican idea in Brazil.

Retracing the history of Brazil between independence (1822) and the proclamation of the republic (1889), the author notes that, in Brazil, the republicanism was a function of the principles of the French Revolution and the institutional conceptions of United States federalism. This explains why the republican idea was stronger in the provinces than at Rio de Janeiro where the royal government and Court were seated and the beneficiary of the centralization inherited from the colonial period.
Y a-t-il une politique des colonies en l'an II ?
Authors: Gauthier Florence
Published: May 2009

Florence Gauthier, Y a-t-il une politique des colonies en l'an II ?

F. G. situe les débats concernant les colonies en l'an II dans l'histoire de ceux-ci depuis la prérévolution. Elle met en évidence le rôle joué par les Américains de couleur installés en France, dont les campagnes préparèrent la réception de la nouvelle de l'abolition portée à la Convention par la deputation de Saint-Domingue insurgée. F. G. souligne la concordance chronologique entre les avancées démocratiques de la révolution en France et les avancées dans les décisions et les actes antiesclavagistes et anticolonialistes de la Convention.