bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neutral zone or conventional mandibular complete dentures: a randomised crossover trial comparing oral health‐related quality of life
Authors: Geerts G. A. V. M.
Published: June 2017

There is widespread consensus that the neutral zone (NZ) concept contributes to improved stability for mandibular complete dentures (CDs). However, little is known about its impact on oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of edentulous patients compared to conventionally (CV) manufactured dentures. In this prospective crossover trial, performed at the Oral Health Centre of the University of the Western Cape, CV and NZ mandibular dentures were made for each patient. Scores from the 20‐item oral health impact profile (OHIP‐20) for both types of dentures were compared with pre‐treatment scores using paired t‐tests. Treatment effect size (ES) was established. Associations of OHIP‐20 scores and several patient variables (age, gender, period of edentulousness, quality of the denture‐bearing tissue, denture dimensions, preference) were performed using the generalised linear model. Significance was set at P = 0·05. Records of thirty‐five participants were included in the study (mean age of 62·3 years, range 47–85 years). There were highly significant differences between pre‐treatment and both post‐treatment OHIP‐20 scores with t = 6·470 for CV and t = 6·713 for NZ. Treatment ES was large for both types of dentures (>0·8). Difference of ES between NZ and CV dentures was small (ES < 0·2). None of the patient variables showed significant associations with OHIP‐20 scores of the two types of dentures, except for preference and NZ OHIP‐20 scores. For this group of patients, both treatment methods improved OHRQoL significantly and patient‐related factors did not influence impact on OHRQoL differently for both interventions.
Exploring approaches for classifying ornamental garden plant purchasers
Authors: Grygorczyk Alexandra , Jenkins Amy , Bowen Amy J.
Published: June 2017

Involvement scales have been widely used to measure the extent to which a product is associated with an individual's self‐concept, and the hedonic pleasure evoked by the activity or product. A number of studies have linked involvement with higher overall spending on a product. This study aimed to determine whether gardening involvement predicted increased garden plant purchasing behavior in Canada and to understand the implications of high gardening involvement by comparison with other measures, both subjective (self‐assessed expertise) and objective (hours spent gardening, objective gardening knowledge). Gardening involvement did not predict purchasing behavior nor did self‐assessed gardening expertise. However, objective measures (hours spent gardening and objective gardening knowledge) were found to predict plant purchasing. It is suggested that the involvement scale be used in combination with objective measures to distinguish between consumers with high product interest but low present use and those with high interest and high product use.

Practical applications

Although involvement was not found to predict garden plant‐purchasing behavior, by measuring involvement it is possible to identify individuals who have a high level of interest in a product or activity. In doing so, involvement helps to identify all potential users, some of whom may not be captured with questions around current product purchasing behavior. These users can be subdivided with objective measures according to those that are presently high product users and those that are low product users. Low product users with high involvement may require an additional incentive to engage with the product/activity due to barriers such as lack of knowledge or time. By combining the involvement scale with product usage information, it is possible to identify two sub‐groups of high product involvement individuals who can be targeted with customized advertising or versions of a product in order to attract a broader audience.
Neonatal surgery in a developing country: Outcome of co‐ordinated interdisciplinary collaboration
Authors: Ekenze Sebastian O , Modekwe Victor O , Ajuzieogu Obinna V , Asinobi Isaac O , Sanusi Jubril
Published: June 2017

Aim

Neonatal surgery in low‐income and middle‐income countries has a poorer outcome when compared with high‐income countries. This study evaluated the management challenges and outcomes of neonatal surgery before and after the introduction of focused interdisciplinary team management in 2013.

Methods

We retrospectively analysed neonatal surgery undertaken at two referral hospitals in Enugu, south‐eastern Nigeria from January 2011 to November 2015. Cases managed prior to July 2013 (group A) were compared with those managed from July 2013 (group B).

Results

There were 91 cases (group A, 47; group B, 44). The common neonatal conditions were oesophageal atresia (21), anorectal malformation (18) and intestinal atresia (18). The surgical conditions, birthweight, age at presentation and associated anomalies did not differ in the two groups. The treatment was also similar except in oesophageal atresia, where cardiac banding was added to the temporary gastrostomy in late presenting cases with undernutrition in group B. Postoperative complications occurred in 43 (47.3%) cases (group A, 55.3%; group B, 38.6%; P > 0.05), and the overall mortality was 33 (35.3%: group A, 48.9%; group B, 22.7%: P < 0.05). Causes of mortality were unremitting sepsis (group A, 11; group B, 5), anaesthesia complications (group A, 5; group B, 0) and respiratory complication (group A, 7; group B, 5). Delayed presentation, inadequate facilities and defective health insurance scheme were challenges in the two groups.

Conclusion

Despite the persisting challenges, co‐ordinated team management may result in the modest improvement of outcomes of neonatal surgery in our setting. Addressing these challenges may further improve outcomes.
Differences in parasitism of Meloidogyne incognita and two genotypes of M. arenaria on Solanum torvum in Japan
Authors: Uehara Taketo , Tateishi Yasushi , Kadota Yasuhiro , Iwahori Hideaki
Published: June 2017

Two genotypes of root‐knot nematode, Meloidogyne arenaria (A2‐O and A2‐J), are found in Japan. They were distinguished from each other based on mitochondrial DNA sequences. The primer set (C2F3/1108) amplified a 1.7‐kb fragment from A2‐J, whereas a 1.1‐kb fragment was amplified from A2‐O. M. arenaria (A2‐O) was detected in local regions of southern Japan, whereas M. arenaria (A2‐J) was widespread from the Kyushu region to the Tohoku region. The distribution of M. arenaria (A2‐J) overlaps with the cultivation area of eggplant. Solanum torvum is used worldwide as a rootstock for eggplant cultivation, and it is resistant to Meloidogyne spp. In particular, it is reported that S. torvum is resistant to M. arenaria outside Japan. In this study, we inoculated S. torvum rootstock cultivars with M. arenaria (A2‐J), M. arenaria (A2‐O) and Meloidogyne incognita populations. Although M. incognita and M. arenaria (A2‐O) produced only a few egg masses on S. torvum, thereby confirming its resistance, the four geographical populations of M. arenaria (A2‐J) produced large numbers of egg masses on S. torvum. This study confirmed that S. torvum is resistant to M. incognita and M. arenaria (A2‐O) populations, but susceptible to populations of M. arenaria (A2‐J) in the eggplant production area of Japan.
A scoping review of epidemiologic risk factors for pediatric obesity: Implications for future childhood obesity and dental caries prevention research
Authors: Chi Donald L. , Luu Monique , Chu Frances
Published: June 2017

Research Questions

What are the non‐modifiable (socioeconomic, genetic) and modifiable factors (physical activity, dietary behaviors) related to childhood (under age 12) obesity? How can this knowledge be applied to oral health professionals' efforts to prevent or manage dental caries in children?

Objectives

Studies have identified risk factors for childhood obesity. The purpose of this scoping review was to develop a conceptual model to identify non‐modifiable and modifiable risk factors for childhood obesity and to illustrate how these findings are relevant in developing interventions aimed at preventing obesity and dental caries in children.

Methods

The authors searched PubMed and Embase and limited the study to English‐language publications. A total of 2,572 studies were identified. After de‐duplication, 2,479 studies remained and were downloaded into a citation‐management tool. Two authors screened the titles and abstracts for relevance. Two hundred and sixty studies remained and were retrieved for a full‐text review, and 80 studies were excluded, resulting in 180 studies included in the scoping review. An inductive content analytic methods was used to organize all statistically significant obesity risk factors into seven domains, which were classified as non‐modifiable or modifiable; then a conceptual model of common risk factors associated with childhood obesity and dental caries was developed.

Results

Non‐modifiable obesity risk factors include biological and developmental (e.g., genes, developmental conditions, puberty), sociodemographic and household (e.g., race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parent education, unemployment), cultural (e.g., degree of acculturation), and community (e.g., neighborhood composition). Modifiable risk factors included behavioral (e.g., diet, physical activity, weight), psychosocial (e.g., maternal stress, family functioning, parenting practices, child temperament), and medical (e.g., parent smoking, maternal health, child health).

Conclusions

Identifying common risk factors has important implications for future oral health research aimed at preventing childhood obesity and dental caries. Epidemiologic knowledge gleaned from the literature can be used to develop rigorous interventions and programs aimed at preventing these highly prevalent diseases and improving health outcomes for children.
Adaptive evolution of coagulation and blood properties in hypoxia tolerantSpalaxin Israel
Authors: Danial‐Farran N. , Nasser N. J. , Beiles A. , Brenner B. , Sarig G. , Nevo E.
Published: June 2017

The subterranean blind mole rat (Spalax) is adapted to underground life stresses genomically, proteomically, and phenomically. It has been studied multidisciplinarily as an evolutionary model, and a potential medical therapy resource. The four parapatric species in Israel, are climatically adapted. Here, we examine coagulation, and blood properties of one population in each of the fourspecies. Our results show thatSpalax galilipossesses the shortest average bleeding time compared to the otherSpalaxspecies (P < 0.04). Likewise,Spalax galilipossesses the shortest average activated partial thromboplastin time. Prothrombin time is 16.34 ± 4.25, 23.3 ± 8.99, 15.71 ± 4.24, and 17.37 ± 6.02 s inSpalax galili,Spalax golani,Spalax carmeliandSpalax judaei, respectively, with significant differences betweenSpalax galiliandSpalax golani, and betweenSpalax golaniandSpalax carmelipopulations (P < 0.05). Blood hemoglobin is higher inSpalax galiliandSpalax golanicompared toSpalax carmeliandSpalax judaeipopulations. Bleeding time, coagulation profiles, and blood properties differ partly between the examined populations. These differences appear adaptive, associated with climatic variation, population density, and the risk of injury during digging, fighting and preying. The population under the highest injury risk displayed the shortest bleeding time.
Higher maternal vitamin D concentrations are associated with longer leukocyte telomeres in newborns
Authors: Kim Jung‐Ha , Kim Gwang Jun , Lee Donghee , Ko Jae‐Hong , Lim Inja , Bang Hyoweon , Koes Bart W. , Seong Byeongchan , Lee Duk‐Chul
Published: June 2017

Gestational vitamin D insufficiency is related with increased risks of various diseases and poor health outcomes later in life. Telomere length at birth or early in life is known to be a predictor of individual health. Both vitamin D and telomere length are related with various health conditions, and vitamin D concentrations are associated with leukocyte telomere lengths in women. We investigated the association between maternal vitamin D concentrations and newborn leukocyte telomere lengths. This cross‐sectional study included 106 healthy pregnant women without adverse obstetric outcomes and their offspring. We examined the maternal age, weight before pregnancy, health behaviours, and nutritional intakes, along with each newborn's sex and birthweight, and we measured maternal height, telomere length, total white blood cell count, and glycosylated haemoglobin as covariates. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated to evaluate the relationship between the baseline variables and newborn leukocyte telomere lengths. To confirm that there was an independent association between newborn leukocyte telomere lengths and maternal vitamin D concentrations, we performed a stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Newborn leukocyte telomere lengths correlated positively with maternal leukocyte telomere lengths (r = .76,p < .01), maternal 25‐hydroxyvitamin D concentrations (r = .72,p < .01), maternal energy intakes (r = .22,p = .03), and newborn body weights (r = .51,p < .01). In the multivariate model, newborn leukocyte telomere lengths were associated with maternal vitamin D concentrations (β = .33,p < .01). These findings suggest that the maternal vitamin D concentration during pregnancy may be a significant determinant of the offspring's telomere length.
Rosa rugosa flavonoids alleviate myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in mice by suppressing JNK and p38 MAPK
Authors: Zhang Xuehui , Wang Yuhui , Shen Wanli , Ma Shangzhi , Chen Wen , Qi Rong
Published: June 2017

Objective

Although Rosa rugosa has been applied for preventing coronary artery disease, the pharmacological mechanism is little explored. In this study, the effects and mechanisms of Rosa rugosa flavonoids (RRF) on myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury (MIRI) were investigated.

Methods

Mice were pretreated by intragastric administration of 600 mg/kg RRF for 7 days. Then MIRI was induced by 45 minutes coronary artery ligation and 3 hours reperfusion. Myocardial infarct size (MIS) and histopathology, activities of myocardial enzymes, and effects of RRF on inflammation and apoptosis were evaluated.

Results

Pretreating the mice with RRF significantly reduced MIS and inhibited activity of plasma myocardial enzymes. Activity of the enzymes associated with anti‐oxidation, SOD, and TEAC, and mRNA expression of NOX2 were significantly elevated. RRF pretreatment significantly decreased the translocation of p65 from the cytoplasm into the nucleus and reduced the expression of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines, IL‐6 and IL‐1β. RRF pretreatment also significantly prevented the expression of caspase‐3 and Bax, and increased the expression of Bcl‐2. And RRF inhibited the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK.

Conclusions

RRF significantly inhibited MIRI through anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory, and anti‐apoptosis effects, and mechanisms were associated with its inhibition on phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK.
Migratory preferences of humpback whales between feeding and breeding grounds in the eastern South Pacific
Authors: Acevedo Jorge , Aguayo‐Lobo Anelio , Allen Judith , Botero‐Acosta Natalia , Capella Juan , Castro Cristina , Rosa Luciano Dalla , Denkinger Judith , Félix Fernando , Flórez‐González Lilian , Garita Frank , Guzmán Héctor M. , Haase Ben , Kaufman Gregory , Llano Martha , Olavarría Carlos , Pacheco Aldo S. , Plana Jordi , Rasmussen Kristin , Scheidat Meike , Secchi Eduardo R. , Silva Sebastian , Stevick Peter T.
Published: June 2017

Latitudinal preferences within the breeding range have been suggested for Breeding Stock G humpback whales that summer in different feeding areas of the eastern South Pacific. To address this hypothesis, humpback whales photo‐identified from the Antarctic Peninsula and the Fueguian Archipelago (southern Chile) were compared with whales photo‐identified from lower latitudes extending from northern Peru to Costa Rica. This comparison was performed over a time span that includes 18 austral seasons. A total of 238 whales identified from the Antarctic Peninsula and 25 whales from the Fueguian Archipelago were among those photo‐identified at the breeding grounds. Our findings showed that humpback whales from each feeding area were resighted unevenly across the breeding grounds, which suggests a degree of spatial structuring in the migratory pathway. Humpback whales that feed at the Antarctic Peninsula were more likely to migrate to the southern breeding range between northern Peru and Colombia, whereas whales that feed at the Fueguian Archipelago were more likely to be found in the northern range of the breeding ground off Panama. Further photo‐identification efforts and genetic sampling from poorly sampled or unsampled areas are recommended to confirm these reported connectivity patterns.
Reflections on patient involvement in research and clinical practice: A secondary analysis of women's perceptions and experiences of egg aspiration in fertility treatment
Authors: Handberg Charlotte , Beedholm Kirsten , Bregnballe Vibeke , Nellemann Annette Nielsen , Seibæk Lene
Published: June 2017

The importance of patient involvement is increasing in healthcare, and initiatives are constantly implemented to reach the ideal of involved and educated patients. This secondary analysis was initially embedded in a randomized controlled study where the aim was to gain insight into perceptions and experiences within a group of women undergoing fertility treatment through two focus group interviews. In this secondary analysis, we investigated how patient involvement was strived for in both clinical practice and research. During the analysis, it became apparent that the women exercised and maintained a clear perspective on their hope for a child, Project Child, while the interviewer pursued a treatment perspective, Project Treatment. Despite different perspectives, the conversation during the interviews seemed effortless, and it became apparent how the interviewer and the participants were actually focusing partly on the same, but primarily on different issues but without addressing or acknowledging this. Knowledge and awareness of the difference in perspectives is important when healthcare professionals seek to involve patients both in clinical practice and in research. Patient involvement in both research and clinical practice has shown to be a challenge and entails that pathways are organized and decisions shared by healthcare professionals.
New roles for neuronal estrogen receptors
Authors: Lu C.‐L. , Herndon C.
Published: June 2017

Estrogens encompass steroid hormones which display physiological roles not only in the female reproductive system but also in other organ systems of non‐reproductive controls, including the peripheral and central nervous systems. Traditionally, estrogen signals in neurons through a “genomic pathway”: binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) which then interact with nuclear estrogen response elements to initiate transcription. This effect is usually delayed at onset (within several hours to days) and prolonged in duration. In addition to these classical ERs, recent data suggest that other ERs function through pregenomic signaling pathways. Estrogen's pregenomic pathways cause intracellular changes within seconds to minutes and go through a novel, 7‐transmembrane spanning G protein‐coupled receptor (GPER, formerly known as GPR30). In this review, we will briefly cover the cellular and molecular mechanisms of GPER and then discuss newly discovered roles of GPER in cognition, depression, homeostasis, pain processing, and other associated neuronal functions.
An In Vitro Model for Fibroblast Photoaging Comparing Single and Repeated UVA Irradiations
Authors: Nakyai Wongnapa , Saraphanchotiwitthaya Aurasorn , Viennet Céline , Humbert Philippe , Viyoch Jarupa
Published: June 2017

The current method for efficient evaluation of antiphotoaging compounds is an in vitro skin culture model using a single ultraviolet A (UVA) irradiation of fibroblasts. However, skin photoaging is caused by repeated exposure to UVA radiation. The objective of this study was to develop an appropriate model for in vitro skin photoaging by comparing the different effects of single (5 J cm−2) and repeated exposures (5 J cm−2 × 3 times) of fibroblasts to UVA irradiation. Our results demonstrated that a single and repeated exposure to UVA irradiation had different effects on fibroblasts. In the single UVA‐irradiated group, collagen lattice contraction and the protein levels of type I procollagen and matrix metalloproteinase‐1 (MMP‐1) increased, while the levels of fibronectin and alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA) were unchanged, compared to levels in the non‐UVA‐irradiated group (control). In contrast, repeated UVA exposure significantly induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, reduced collagen lattice contraction and type I procollagen and fibronectin expression, and increased MMP‐1 expression. There was no difference in α‐SMA expression when comparing repeatedly irradiated and non‐UVA‐irradiated fibroblasts. Our findings clearly indicate that repeated UVA irradiation of cells induces malfunctions found in photoaged skin and is an appropriate in vitro skin model of photoaging.
Descartes and the Curious Case of the Origin of Sensory Ideas
Authors: De Rosa Raffaella
Published: June 2017

Descartes endorses the two prima facie inconsistent claims that sensory ideas are innate (Claim A) and caused in us by bodies (Claim B). Most scholars believe that Claims A and B can be reconciled by appealing to the notion of occasional or triggering causation. I claim that this notion does not solve the theoretical problems it is introduced to solve and it generates additional difficulties. I argue that these difficulties result from conflating two questions that need to be kept distinct while inquiring about the origin of ideas: the psychological question of the mechanisms by which we acquire ideas and the metaphysical question of how the content of these ideas is determined. I conclude by proposing a new way of reconciling Descartes's Claims A and B in light of this distinction. On my account, Descartes's very views on innateness explain why bodily states must be causes of sensory ideas.
Promotion, Protection, and Entrepreneurship: Stakeholder Participation and Policy Change in the 21st Century Cures Initiative
Authors: Brant Hanna K. , Myers Nathan , Runge Katherine L.
Published: June 2017

The Energy and Commerce Committee in the U.S. House of Representatives developed the 21st Century Cures Act through a fact‐finding process that involved many different stakeholders in the biotechnology field. This effort can be viewed as an example of policy entrepreneurship in that the committee was trying to accelerate the development of new drugs and treatments. Some members of the committee were very active in this process, while others were less engaged. This article investigates what factors influenced individual legislators’ participation level in the initiative. We consider whether there is evidence that legislator characteristics and the types of groups actively involved in the initiative contributed to some important viewpoints going unaddressed. The evidence supports a contention in the literature that legislators approach biotechnology with a promotional focus as opposed to placing an emphasis on protecting the public from harm, which may have led to potentially problematic changes in areas such as informed consent.

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China's Solution to Global Cyber Governance: Unpacking the Domestic Discourse of “Internet Sovereignty”
Authors: Zeng Jinghan , Stevens Tim , Chen Yaru
Published: June 2017

Under Xi Jinping's leadership, China has actively promoted “Internet sovereignty” as a means to reshape the discourse and practices of global cyber governance. By analyzing Chinese‐language literature, this article unpacks the Chinese discourse of Internet sovereignty. Despite significant interest in promoting it as China's normative position on cyberspace, we find that Chinese formulations of Internet sovereignty are fragmented, diverse, and underdeveloped. There are substantial disagreements and uncertainty over what Internet sovereignty is and how it can be put into practice. This is principally due to the evolving pattern of Chinese policy formation, whereby political ideas are often not clearly defined when first proposed by Chinese leaders. This article argues that an underdeveloped domestic discourse of Internet sovereignty has significantly restricted China's capacity to provide alternative norms in global cyberspace. Appreciating this ambiguity, diversity, and, sometimes, inconsistency is vital to accurate understanding of transformations in global cyber governance occasioned by China's rise.

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Holbig,Heike, andBruceGilley.2010. “.”Politics & Policy38():395‐422.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00241.x/full
The Impact of Punitive Immigrant Laws on the Health of Latina/o Populations
Authors: Vargas Edward D. , Sanchez Gabriel R. , Juárez Melina D.
Published: June 2017

This study examines how anti‐immigrant policies affect the physical health of Latina/os in the United States. Merging two unique datasets: sum of anti‐immigrant policies by state from 2005 to 2011 and a 2011 Robert Wood Johnson Center for Health Policy nationally representative sample of Latina/os (n = 1,200), we estimate a series of logistic regressions to understand how anti‐immigrant legislations are affecting the health of Latina/os. Our modeling approach takes into consideration Latinos’ diverse experience, a context that is widely overlooked in datasets that treat Latina/os as a homogeneous ethnic group. Our findings suggest that an increase in anti‐immigrant laws enacted by a state decreases the probability of respondents reporting optimal health, even when controlling for other relevant factors, such as citizenship status, language of interview, and interethnic variation. The implication and significance of this work has tremendous impacts for scholars, policy makers, health service providers, and applied researchers interested in reducing health disparities among minority populations.

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Turner, Robert C., and
William Sharry. 2012. “.” Politics & Policy 40 (): 983‐1018. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2012.00392.x/abstract

Barnes, Nielan. 2011. “.” Politics & Policy 39 (): 69‐89. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00283.x/full
Impacts of management and antecedent site condition on restoration outcomes in a sand prairie
Authors: Matthews Jeffrey W. , Molano‐Flores Brenda , Ellis James , Marcum Paul B. , Handel William , Zylka Jason , Phillippe Loy R.
Published: June 2017

Landscape context and site history, including antecedent site conditions, may constrain restoration potential despite the efforts of restoration practitioners. However, few experimental studies have investigated the relative importance of antecedent site conditions and the intensity of on‐site management in driving restoration outcomes. We established small‐scale prairie restoration experiments within the Lost Mound Unit of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge in Illinois, U.S.A. We investigated the effectiveness of two restoration treatments, herbicide application and seeding of native plants, on removal of invasive crown‐vetch (Securigera varia) and recovery of sand prairie plant communities. We replicated treatment plots across 15 locations with three levels of antecedent condition and fire treatment (burned, undegraded; burned, degraded; and unburned, degraded) to determine whether antecedent condition constrained the effectiveness of on‐site restoration. Two years after initial herbicide application crown‐vetch cover was significantly reduced relative to untreated controls. This effect was more pronounced in plots treated twice with herbicide. However, removal of crown‐vetch facilitated invasion by Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis). Addition of native prairie seed had little effect on restoration outcomes, regardless of herbicide application. Native community recovery was greater in plots restored in less degraded locations. Herbicide application tended to increase native species cover, but importantly, this effect was significant only in the least degraded locations. Intensive restoration management conducted in degraded landscapes can result in undesirable outcomes such as secondary species invasion. Reestablishment of native species following restoration is more likely where the surrounding remnant communities are intact.
Prevalence of malocclusion in individuals with and without intellectual disability: A comparative study
Authors: Cabrita Joana P. , Bizarra Maria de Fátima , Graça Sandra Ribeiro
Published: June 2017

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the prevalence malocclusion between individuals with intellectual disability (ID) and a control group without disability (NID).

Methods

A total of 202 individuals (123 with ID and 79 with no impairment) were included in the study. Data were collected through oral examinations using the Angle classification of malocclusion and the dental aesthetic index (DAI).

Results

According to Angle's classification of malocclusion, it was found that 37.6% of all participants presented malocclusion. Class II malocclusion was the most common form of malocclusion in both groups, whereas class III cases were present almost exclusively in ID group (91.7%). The mean DAI score was 30.85 (± 13.7), being higher in the ID group (32.80) than in the control group (27.81; p = 0.003). A total of 45 (22.3%) participants had DAI scores of 36 and above, which indicate a handicapping malocclusion requiring mandatory orthodontic treatment. From those needing mandatory orthodontic treatment, the majority (84.4%) belonged to ID group. Mandibular irregularity (56.4%) and incisal segment crowding (45%) were the most common features of the malocclusion. Linear regression indicates that having an intellectual disability predicts severe or very severe malocclusion.

Conclusions

In this study, the prevalence of malocclusion was found to be higher and more severe in intellectual disabled participants. The dental practitioner should understand the particular relevance of this problem especially in patients with intellectual disabilities where impaired oral functions and poor appearance may further complicate oral health and increase negative social responses.
Biogeographic mirages? Molecular evidence for dispersal‐driven evolution in Hydrobiusini water scavenger beetles
Authors: TOUSSAINT EMMANUEL F. A. , SHORT ANDREW E. Z.
Published: June 2017

Water beetles of the tribe Hydrobiusini are globally distributed in the northern hemisphere and all austral continents except Antarctica. A remarkable clade also occurs in the Hawaiian Islands. The phylogenetic relationships among genera were recently investigated using a combination of molecules and morphology. Here, we use this phylogenetic framework to address the biogeographic evolution of this group using Bayesian fossil‐based divergence times, and model‐based maximum likelihood ancestral range estimations. We recover an origin of the tribe in the Cretaceous ca. 100 Ma. Our biogeographic analyses support an origin of the tribe in Laurasia followed by the colonization of Australia. However, a Gondwanan origin of the group cannot be ruled out when considering the fossil record. The timeframe of the tribe's evolution as well as the model‐based approach of ancestral range estimation favour a scenario invoking multiple transoceanic dispersal events over a Gondwana vicariance hypothesis. The Hawaiian radiation originated from long‐distance dispersal to now‐submerged islands, paired with dispersal to new islands as they formed.
Burden of cytomegalovirus disease in solid organ transplant recipients: a national matched cohort study in an inpatient setting
Authors: Hakimi Zalmai , Aballéa Samuel , Ferchichi Sameh , Scharn Micky , Odeyemi Isaac A. , Toumi Mondher , Saliba Faouzi
Published: June 2017

Background

We investigated the impact of early‐ (E‐CMV) and late onset (L‐CMV) cytomegalovirus disease on the probability of graft rejection, graft failure, mortality, and healthcare resource use, following solid organ transplantation (SOT) in France.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of data from the French ‘Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information’ database (2007‐2011) was conducted to identify SOT recipients who developed CMV disease in an inpatient setting. Recipients were stratified by time to CMV disease onset: E‐CMV (≤3 months), L‐CMV‐3M (>3‐24 months), and L‐CMV‐6M (>6‐24 months). Data were analyzed by comparing recipients with CMV disease or without (controls) in a 1:2 ratio, matched according to age, gender, target organ, and previous/simultaneous occurrence of graft rejection. Graft failure, graft rejection, all‐cause in‐hospital mortality, and resource utilization (including hospitalization costs) were assessed over 12 months following CMV disease diagnosis.

Results

Among 20 473 SOT recipients, 2430 (11.86%) were reported to have CMV disease within 24 months after transplantation. CMV disease was significantly associated with an increased risk of graft rejection and mortality, as indicated by logistic regression analysis. Odd ratios (ORs) for the risk of graft rejection were E‐CMV=1.43, L‐CMV‐3M=1.50, and L‐CMV‐6M=1.61 (all P<.05), while ORs for mortality were E‐CMV=2.85, L‐CMV‐3M=4.22, and L‐CMV‐6M=4.77 (all P<.0001). Only L‐CMV was significantly correlated with a higher risk of graft failure: E‐CMV=1.18 (P=.1906), L‐CMV‐3M=1.77 (P=.0013), and L‐CMV‐6M=3.12 (P<.0001). Hospitalization costs increased by €7078 (range €6270‐€22 111), €6523 (range €5328‐€10 295), and €6311 (range €5295‐€9184) in recipients with E‐CMV, L‐CMV‐3M, and L‐CMV‐6‐M, respectively.

Conclusion

This study, based on French national data, demonstrates the considerable burden of CMV disease in SOT recipients and highlights the importance of developing new strategies to prevent and manage CMV disease and improve clinical outcomes for SOT patients.
Uncertain futures and everyday hedging in a humanitarian city
Authors: Newhouse Léonie S
Published: June 2017

In this paper, I take up diverse ways in which the uncertain future mobilises action in the now, and consider what kinds of socialities and economies such actions toward the future produce. Thinking from the vantage point of Juba, South Sudan, I show how the openness of space and time to emergence shape the everyday practices of anticipating, hedging for and living through a future and present that is radically uncertain. I argue that the defining features of such everyday hedging are (i) an implicitly spatial frame of comparison, (ii) a fraught interdependence between lack of reliable knowledge and calculative practices and finally (iii) their capacity to generate value in the face of risk. I consider futurity and elsewheres as modalities of difference – that is, as conditions for the unfolding of becoming and the emergence of the new, as well as requirements for surprise. Although Juba may be considered a limit case, I argue that practices of everyday hedging – whatever their particularities – are critical to better understanding futurity and the complex socialities on which the economic relies.
Evaluating Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) leukocyte differential counts comparing the CellaVision DM96 and the manual method
Authors: Zaias Julia , Bradley Christine , Richardson Jill , Eskelinen Holli C. , Ikpatt Frances , Cray Carolyn
Published: June 2017

Background

The leukocyte differential count is an excellent diagnostic tool; however, the manual differential count has several drawbacks, especially for nontraditional species. Automated cell analyzers commonly used in veterinary practices require species‐specific validation for use in nondomestic species other than dogs and cats.

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to examine the potential of the CellaVision DM96 (DM96), an automated image analysis system, as a rapid and accurate method for providing a WBC differential count in comparison to the manual WBC differential count in bottlenose dolphins.

Methods

Ten fresh, EDTA anticoagulated blood samples were collected, blood smears were made and stained, and the differential WBC counts were performed on the DM96 and compared with manual differential WBC counts. Agreement, means, and errors were compared between the methods.

Results

There was good agreement between the DM96 and manual differential WBC counts for neutrophils; however, there was significant variation when comparing lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts. No basophils were seen by any method.

Conclusions

Despite a small sample size, the DM96 appeared to provide a viable alternative for automated neutrophil counting in blood of bottlenose dolphins. Whether the counts are comparable in animals with highly pathologic differential counts must be addressed in follow‐up studies, preferably with more study animals.
Temporal dynamics of relative abundances and bacterial succession in chronic wound communities
Authors: Tipton Craig D. , Mathew Marilyn E. , Wolcott Richard A. , Wolcott Randall D. , Kingston Tigga , Phillips Caleb D.
Published: June 2017

Polymicrobial bacterial infection is an important factor contributing to wound chronicity. Consequently, clinicians frequently adopt a biofilm‐based wound care approach, in which wounds are treated utilizing DNA sequencing information about microbial communities. While more successful than treatment not using community information, there is little information about temporal dynamics of wound communities and optimal approaches over the course of treatment. To characterize these dynamics, temporal analysis over three sampling points was conducted for 167 chronic wounds. Across sampling intervals, wound communities from the same patients changed in composition, and most commonly shared less than 50% of observed species. There was a significant relationship between community similarity and time between sampling. Classifying wounds into state types, we found that communities frequently transitioned from Pseudomonas or Staphylococcus dominated, into a highly variable state type. Although low abundance microbial species are typically disregarded due to uncertainty of biological importance, we found that 80% of wound microbiomes included common or dominant species at subsequent time points that were in low abundance in earlier samples. Moreover, these species were often those known to frequently infect wounds. Results document compositional shifts through the course of treatment and suggest that routine consideration of low abundance species may improve biofilm‐based wound care. Moreover, findings indicate that integrating ecological modeling to understand wound microbiome succession may lead to more informed therapy.
The beneficial metabolic effects of insulin sensitizers are not attenuated by mitochondrial pyruvate carrier 2 hypomorphism
Authors: Vigueira Patrick A. , McCommis Kyle S. , Hodges Wesley T. , Schweitzer George G. , Cole Serena L. , Oonthonpan Lalita , Taylor Eric B. , McDonald William G. , Kletzien Rolf F. , Colca Jerry R. , Finck Brian N.
Published: June 2017

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The antidiabetic effects of thiazolidinedione (TZD) drugs may be mediated in part by a molecular interaction with the constituent proteins of the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier complex (MPC1 and MPC2). We examined the ability of a mutant mouse strain expressing an N‐terminal truncation of MPC2 (Mpc2Δ16 mice) to respond to TZD treatment.

What is the main finding and its importance?

The response of Mpc2Δ16 mice to TZD treatment was not significantly different from that of wild‐type C57BL6/J control animals, suggesting that the 16 N‐terminal amino acids of MPC2 are dispensable for the effects of TZD treatment.

Rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are thiazolidinedione (TZD) compounds that have been used clinically as insulin‐sensitizing drugs and are generally believed to mediate their effects via activation of the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Recent work has shown that it is possible to synthesize TZD compounds with potent insulin‐sensitizing effects and markedly diminished affinity for PPARγ. Both clinically used TZDs and investigational PPARγ‐sparing TZDs, such as MSDC‐0602, interact with the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and inhibit its activity. The MPC complex is composed of two proteins, MPC1 and MPC2. Herein, we used mice expressing a hypomorphic MPC2 protein missing 16 amino acids in the N‐terminus (Mpc2Δ16 mice) to determine the effects of these residues in mediating the insulin‐sensitizing effects of TZDs in diet‐induced obese mice. We found that both pioglitazone and MSDC‐0602 elicited their beneficial metabolic effects, including improvement in glucose tolerance, attenuation of hepatic steatosis, reduction of adipose tissue inflammation and stimulation of adipocyte browning, in both wild‐type and Mpc2Δ16 mice after high‐fat diet feeding. In addition, truncation of MPC2 failed to attenuate the interaction between TZDs and the MPC in a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer‐based assay or to affect the suppression of pyruvate‐stimulated respiration in cells. Collectively, these data suggest that the interaction between TZDs and MPC2 is not affected by loss of the N‐terminal 16 amino acids nor are these residues required for the insulin‐sensitizing effects of these compounds.
Application of Digital Human Models to Physiotherapy Training
Authors: Kakizaki Takao , Endo Mai , Urii Jiro , Endo Mitsuru
Published: June 2017

The importance of physiotherapy is becoming more significant with the increasing number of countries with aging populations. Thus, the education of physiotherapists is a crucial concern in many countries. Information and communications technologies, such as motion capture systems, have been introduced to sophisticate the training methods used in physiotherapy. However, the methods employed in most training schools for physiotherapists and occupational therapists remain dependent on more conventional materials. These materials include conventional textbooks with samples of traditional gait motion photographs and video archives of patients' walking motion. Actual on-site clinical training is also utilized in current physiotherapy education programs. The present paper addresses an application of a previously developed digital human model called the kinematic digital human (KDH) to physiotherapy education with a focus on improving students' understanding of the gait motion of disabled patients. KDH models for use in physiotherapy were constructed based on Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center (RLANRC) terminology, which is considered the preferred standard among clinicians. The developed KDH models were employed to allow the three-dimensional visualization of the gait motion of a hemiplegic patient.
Torque Distribution Strategies for Energy-Efficient Electric Vehicles With Multiple Drivetrains
Authors: Lenzo B. , De Filippis G. , Dizqah A. M. , Sorniotti A. , Gruber P. , Fallah S. , De Nijs W.
Published: June 2017

The paper discusses novel computationally efficient torque distribution strategies for electric vehicles with individually controlled drivetrains, aimed at minimizing the overall power losses while providing the required level of wheel torque and yaw moment. Analytical solutions of the torque control allocation problem are derived and effects of load transfers due to driving/braking and cornering are studied and discussed in detail. Influences of different drivetrain characteristics on the front and rear axles are described. The results of an analytically derived algorithm are contrasted with those from two other control allocation strategies, based on the offline numerical solution of more detailed formulations of the control allocation problem (i.e., a multiparametric nonlinear programming (mp-NLP) problem). The control allocation algorithms are experimentally validated with an electric vehicle with four identical drivetrains along multiple driving cycles and in steady-state cornering. The experiments show that the computationally efficient algorithms represent a very good compromise between low energy consumption and controller complexity.
Sensitivity of Input Epistemic Uncertainty on Nondeterministic Performance Estimates Using Nondeterministic Simulations
Authors: Hale Lawrence , Patil Mayuresh , Roy Christopher J.
Published: June 2017

This paper examines various sensitivity analysis methods which can be used to determine the relative importance of input epistemic uncertainties on the uncertainty quantified performance estimate. The results from such analyses would then indicate which input uncertainties would merit additional study. The following existing sensitivity analysis methods are examined and described: local sensitivity analysis by finite difference, scatter plot analysis, variance-based analysis, and p-box-based analysis. As none of these methods are ideally suited for analysis of dynamic systems with epistemic uncertainty, an alternate method is proposed. This method uses aspects of both local sensitivity analysis and p-box-based analysis to provide improved computational speed while removing dependence on the assumed nominal model parameters.
Investigation on Microstructure and Martensitic Transformation Mechanism for the Warm-Stamped Third-Generation Automotive Medium-Mn Steel
Authors: Li Xiaodong , Chang Ying , Wang Cunyu , Han Shuo , Ren Daxin , Hu Ping , Dong Han
Published: June 2017

With the development of the automotive industry, the application of the high-strength steel (HSS) becomes an effective way to improve the lightweight and safety. In this paper, the third-generation automotive medium-Mn steel (TAMM steel) is studied. The warm-stamped TAMM steel holds the complete and fine-grained martensitic microstructure without decarbonization layer, which contributes to high and well-balanced mechanical properties. Furthermore, the martensitic transformation mechanism of the TAMM steel is investigated by the dilatation tests. The results indicate that the effects of the loading method on the Ms temperature under different loads are different. The Ms temperature is hardly influenced under the tensile loads and low compressive load. However, it is slightly decreased under the high compressive load. Moreover, the effects of the strain and strain rate on the Ms temperature are insignificant and can be neglected. As a result, this research proves that the martensitic transformation of the TAMM steel is rarely influenced by the process parameters, such as stamping temperature, loading method, load, strain, and strain rate. The actual stamping process can be designed and controlled accurately referring to the continuous cooling transformation (CCT) curves to realize the required properties and improve the formability of the automotive part.