bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aristolochia gurinderii (Aristolochiaceae): a new species from Great Nicobar Island, India
Authors: Ravikumar K , Tiwari Umeshkumar L , Balachandran N
Published: June 2014

Aristolochia gurinderiidescribed here as a new species, was collected from North-South Road, Campbell Bay, Great Nicobar Island (Andaman and Nicobar Islands), India.  Stem woody with corky fissured bark; lamina deltoid or hastate; cauliflorous inflorescences in scorpioid cyme up to 55 cm long, small size of flowers; seeds winged with distinctive ridge at the center are the distinguishable characters from its allied species A. jackii Steudel. With a detailed description, illustration, photo plates are provided.
The identity of Saussurea rhytidocarpa, and a new species of Saussurea (Asteraceae) from China
Authors: Chen Yousheng
Published: June 2014

Examination of the type material of Saussurea rhytidocarpa confirms that it is a synonym of S. leontodontoides. The commonly recognized S. rhytidocarpa in Chinese herbaria and literature is different from its type material, and belongs to a new species, S. shangrilaensis Y. S. Chen.
On the occurrence of a new variety of Amomum villosum (Family Zingiberaceae) in Central Hills of Sri Lanka
Authors: Karunarathne Piyal , Yakandawala Deepthi , Samaraweera Preminda
Published: June 2014

During a study to re-assess the genus Amomum Roxb. in Sri Lanka, we encountered a new variety of Amomum from Seven Virgin Hills of Peak Wilderness Sanctuary, Sri Lanka. This new specimen shows similar morphological characters to Amomum villosum var. villosum and var. xanthioides but it exhibits significant differences in some important characters such as lamina shape, ligule hairs, bract and bracteole hairs, non-tubular bracteoles and labellum color patterns which warrant the recognition of a new variety under A. villosum. All the important features of this new taxon (Amomum villosum var. zeylanicus) including morphology, habitat, geographical separation, ecology, and IUCN status assessment are described and illustrated for the first time.
A new troglobiotic species of Hyalella (Crustacea, Amphipoda, Hyalellidae) with a taxonomic key for the Brazilian species
Authors: RODRIGUES STELLA GOMES , DE PÁDUA BUENO ALESSANDRA ANGÉLICA , FERREIRA RODRIGO LOPES
Published: June 2014

The freshwater crustaceans from the order Amphipoda occur mainly in cold and temperate climates. However, in the tropics, these animals can be more abundant in subterranean environments, where the temperatures are milder than in surface. Despite being accepted that the number of species of freshwater amphipods in South America is lower when compared to other regions, recent descriptions have shown that its diversity is certainly underestimated. In this study, a new species of the genus Hyalella is described for Brazil, the fourth troglobiotic species of Hyalella for the country and the sixth in the world. The new species was found on the epikarst of a cave in São Paulo state, Southeastern Brazil. Besides, the new species shows typical characteristics from organisms adapted to the subterranean environments, a pattern also observed in the other troglobiotic species of the genus.
Meschiidae, a new family of Lygaeoidea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from India and Australia, with descriptions of a new genus and two new species
Authors: MALIPATIL M. B.
Published: June 2014

Meschiidae fam. nov. is erected for the genera Meschia Distant, 1910, containing four species: M. pugnax Distant, 1910 and M. quadrimaculata Distant, 1910 from India, M. woodwardi Scudder, 1957 from Queensland, Australia, and M. barrowensis sp. nov. from Barrow Island, Western Australia, and the related Neomeschia gen. nov. with type species N. queenslandensis sp. nov. from Queensland, Australia. A key to all Australian species and genera is provided. Redescriptions are provided for Meschia, its type species M. pugnax, and M. woodwardi. Relationships, and reasons for the new family placement of Meschia, are discussed.
Two new species and two new records of deep-water caridean shrimps from Brazil (Decapoda: Pandalidae, Palaemonidae, Crangonidae)
Authors: ANKER ARTHUR , PACHELLE PAULO P.G. , TAVARES MARCOS
Published: June 2014

The present study deals with four species of benthic deep-water caridean shrimps collected on the continental slope off southeastern Brazil, between 360 m and 900 m. The deepwater pandalid Bitias stocki Fransen, 1990, previously known only from a few localities in the eastern Atlantic, is reported for the first time from the western Atlantic (Brazil). The Brazilian material of B. stocki also represents the first record of the genus Bitias Fransen, 1990 in the western Atlantic. The palaemonid Periclimenes tenellus (Smith, 1882), previously known only from South Carolina and New Jersey, USA, is reported for the first time from Brazil, representing a considerable range extension of this uncommon species into the southwestern Atlantic. Another deepwater palaemonid shrimp is described as new: Periclimenes bathyalis sp. nov. The new species is morphologically closest to the echinoid associates Periclimenes milleri Bruce, 1986 and Periclimenes ingressicolumbi Berggren & Svane, 1989. Finally, the bizarre deepwater crangonid genus Prionocrangon Wood-Mason in Wood-Mason & Alcock, 1891 is reported for the first time from Brazil and the southwestern Atlantic, where it is represented by a new species, Prionocrangon brasiliensis sp. nov.
Summer Arctic Atmospheric Circulation Response to Spring Eurasian Snow Cover and Its Possible Linkage to Accelerated Sea Ice Decrease
Authors: Matsumura Shinji , Zhang Xiangdong , Yamazaki Koji
Published: June 2014

Anticyclonic circulation has intensified over the Arctic Ocean in summer during recent decades. However, the underlying mechanism is, as yet, not well understood. Here, it is shown that earlier spring Eurasian snowmelt leads to anomalously negative sea level pressure (SLP) over Eurasia and positive SLP over the Arctic, which has strong projection on the negative phase of the northern annular mode (NAM) in summer through the wave–mean flow interaction. Specifically, earlier spring snowmelt over Eurasia leads to a warmer land surface, because of reduced surface albedo. The warmed surface amplifies stationary Rossby waves, leading to a deceleration of the subpolar jet. As a consequence, rising motion is enhanced over the land, and compensating subsidence and adiabatic heating occur in the Arctic troposphere, forming the negative NAM. The intensified anticyclonic circulation has played a contributing role in accelerating the sea ice decline observed during the last two decades. The results here provide important information for improving seasonal prediction of summer sea ice cover.
Relationship between Surface Temperature and Extreme Rainfalls: A Multi-Time-Scale and Event-Based Analysis*
Authors: Panthou Gérémy , Mailhot Alain , Laurence Edward , Talbot Guillaume
Published: June 2014

Recent studies have examined the relationship between the intensity of extreme rainfall and temperature. Two main reasons justify this interest. First, the moisture-holding capacity of the atmosphere is governed by the Clausius–Clapeyron (CC) equation. Second, the temperature dependence of extreme-intensity rainfalls should follow a similar relationship assuming relative humidity remains constant and extreme rainfalls are driven by the actual water content of the atmosphere. The relationship between extreme rainfall intensity and air temperature (Pextr–Ta) was assessed by analyzing maximum daily rainfall intensities for durations ranging from 5 min to 12 h for more than 100 meteorological stations across Canada. Different factors that could influence this relationship have been analyzed. It appears that the duration and the climatic region have a strong influence on this relationship. For short durations, the Pextr–Ta relationship is close to the CC scaling for coastal regions while a super-CC scaling followed by an upper limit is observed for inland regions. As the duration increases, the slope of the relationship Pextr–Ta decreases for all regions. The shape of the Pextr–Ta curve is not sensitive to the percentile or season. Complementary analyses have been carried out to understand the departures from the expected Clausius–Clapeyron scaling. The relationship between dewpoint temperature and extreme rainfall intensity shows that the relative humidity is a limiting factor for inland regions, but not for coastal regions. Using hourly rainfall series, an event-based analysis is proposed in order to understand other deviations (super-CC, sub-CC, and monotonic decrease). The analyses suggest that the observed scaling is primarily due to the rainfall event dynamic.
Long-Lived Concentric Eyewalls in Typhoon Soulik (2013)
Authors: Yang Yi-Ting , Hendricks Eric A. , Kuo Hung-Chi , Peng Melinda S.
Published: June 2014

The authors report on western North Pacific Typhoon Soulik (2013), which had two anomalously long-lived concentric eyewall (CE) episodes, as identified from microwave satellite data, radar data, and total precipitable water data. The first period was 25 h long and occurred while Soulik was at category 4 intensity. The second period was 34 h long and occurred when Soulik was at category 2 intensity. A large moat and outer eyewall width were present in both CE periods, and there was a significant contraction of the inner eyewall radius from the first period to the second period. The typhoon intensity decrease was partially due to encountering unfavorable environmental conditions of low ocean heat content and dry air, even though inner eyewall contraction would generally support intensification. The T–Vmax diagram (where T is the brightness temperature and Vmax is the best track–estimated intensity) is used to analyze the time sequence of the intensity and convective activity. The convective activity (and thus the integrated kinetic energy) increased during the CE periods despite the weakening of intensity.
Divergent Pathways of Gentrification
Authors: Hwang Jackelyn , Sampson Robert J.
Published: June 2014

Gentrification has inspired considerable debate, but direct examination of its uneven evolution across time and space is rare. We address this gap by developing a conceptual framework on the social pathways of gentrification and introducing a method of systematic social observation using Google Street View to detect visible cues of neighborhood change. We argue that a durable racial hierarchy governs residential selection and, in turn, gentrifying neighborhoods. Integrating census data, police records, prior street-level observations, community surveys, proximity to amenities, and city budget data on capital investments, we find that the pace of gentrification in Chicago from 2007 to 2009 was negatively associated with the concentration of blacks and Latinos in neighborhoods that either showed signs of gentrification or were adjacent and still disinvested in 1995. Racial composition has a threshold effect, however, attenuating gentrification when the share of blacks in a neighborhood is greater than 40 percent. Consistent with theories of neighborhood stigma, we also find that collective perceptions of disorder, which are higher in poor minority neighborhoods, deter gentrification, while observed disorder does not. These results help explain the reproduction of neighborhood racial inequality amid urban transformation.
A Neuroscientific Renaissance of Humanistic Psychology
Authors: DeRobertis Eugene M.
Published: June 2014

Advances in cognitive neuroscience are creating a significant theoretical rapprochement between neuroscience and humanistic psychology. Since the decade of the brain, there has been a steady increase in neuroscientific research on characteristically humanistic topics such as selfhood, choice, and collaborative meaning making. Moreover, the fundamental postulates of humanistic psychology are playing a central role in a host of contemporary viewpoints within neuroscience. As a result, neuroscience is paving the way for a renewed appreciation of humanistic psychology. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the contemporary currents of neuroscientific thought that are most notably supportive of humanistic psychology’s general understanding of human existence. The theoretical rapprochement between neuroscience and humanistic psychology suggests that humanistic psychology may benefit from enhancing its developmental and multicultural aspects. Humanistic psychology stands to further benefit from the development of an integrated, distinctly humanistic neuroscience viewpoint.
The “New” Head and Neck Cancer Patient—Young, Nonsmoker, Nondrinker, and HPV Positive: Evaluation
Authors: Deschler Daniel G. , Richmon Jeremy D. , Khariwala Samir S. , Ferris Robert L. , Wang Marilene B.
Published: June 2014

Objective

The near epidemic rise of the incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPSCC) presents the practitioner with a “new” head and neck cancer patient, vastly different from those with the traditional risk factors who formed the basis of most practitioners’ training experience. Accordingly, a thorough and disease‐specific evaluation process is necessitated. This article will review the evaluation of the HPV‐related cancer patient, including a review of the HPV‐positive oropharyngeal cancer epidemic from the surgeon's perspective, evaluation of the primary lesion, evaluation of the neck mass, and role of imaging, to provide a framework for addressing the challenging questions patients may ask.

Data Sources

Available peer‐reviewed literature and practice guidelines.

Review Methods

Assessment of selected specific topics by authors solicited from the Head and Neck Surgery and Oncology Committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Foundation and the American Head and Neck Society.

Conclusions and Implications for Practice

The dramatic rise in OPSSC related to HPV is characterized by a “new” cancer patient who is younger and lacks traditional risk factors. Today's caregiver must be prepared to appropriately evaluate, counsel, and treat these patients with HPV‐positive disease with the expectation that traditional treatment algorithms will evolve to maintain or improve current excellent cure rates while lessening treatment related side effects.
Clinical effectiveness of Novolin® 30R versus Lantus® combined with Glucobay® treatment in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus controlled by oral hypoglycaemic agents: A randomized study
Authors: Sun Yixuan , Shao Li , Niu Xianping , Liu Yue , Ge Jianli , Jiang Hua , Zhang Hua
Published: June 2014

Objective

To compare the treatment effects of Novolin® 30Ra, versus Lantus®a combined with acarbose (Glucobay®), in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Methods

Patients (aged > 60 years) with type 2 diabetes mellitus were randomized to receive either Novolin® 30Ra (initial dose 0.5 IU/kg) or Lantus®a (initial dose 0.2 IU/kg) combined with 50 mg acarbose. After a 32-week treatment period, the following parameters were measured: blood glucose control; blood lipid levels; body mass index; proportion of patients achieving a glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level <7.5%; rate of hypoglycaemic events; change in fasting blood glucose levels from baseline in patients stratified according to their baseline HbA1c level.

Results

A total of 188 patients were enrolled in the study. After 32 weeks’ treatment, compared with baseline levels, there were significant reductions in FBG, 2 h-postprandial blood glucose during an oral glucose tolerance test, HbA1c, total cholesterol, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values in both groups. Although there were fewer hypoglycaemic events in the Lantus® combined with Glucobay® group compared with the Novolin® 30R group, the difference was not significant.

Conclusion

Novolin® 30R and Lantus® combined with acarbose both had beneficial effects on blood glucose control and blood lipid levels in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Relationship between toll-like receptor 4 levels in aorta and severity of atherosclerosis
Authors: Xing Shanshan , Zheng Fei , Zhang Wei , Wang Dong , Xing Qichong
Published: June 2014

Objective

To investigate the relationship between levels of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) protein in aortic tissue and the severity of atherosclerosis in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.

Methods

Samples of ascending aorta and renal artery were collected from patients undergoing CABG surgery or kidney donation, respectively. TLR4 levels were determined by immunohistochemistry. Coronary angiography was performed to determine atherosclerosis severity via Gensini score.

Results

TLR4 was present at high levels in aortic tissues from patients ( n = 46), and was absent from renal artery tissue (controls; n = 11). There was a significant positive correlation between Gensini score and TLR4 level in the patient group.

Conclusions

TLR4 may play an important role in atherosclerosis and could be a potential therapeutic target for treatment of coronary artery disease. Discarded aortic tissue obtained during CABG surgery provides a new approach to the study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.
Academic urban legends
Authors: Rekdal Ole Bjørn
Published: June 2014

Many of the messages presented in respectable scientific publications are, in fact, based on various forms of rumors. Some of these rumors appear so frequently, and in such complex, colorful, and entertaining ways that we can think of them as academic urban legends. The explanation for this phenomenon is usually that authors have lazily, sloppily, or fraudulently employed sources, and peer reviewers and editors have not discovered these weaknesses in the manuscripts during evaluation. To illustrate this phenomenon, I draw upon a remarkable case in which a decimal point error appears to have misled millions into believing that spinach is a good nutritional source of iron. Through this example, I demonstrate how an academic urban legend can be conceived and born, and can continue to grow and reproduce within academia and beyond.
Rejecting knowledge claims inside and outside science
Authors: Collins Harry
Published: June 2014

Citizens, policy-makers and scientists all face the problem of assessing maverick scientific claims. Via a case study, I show the different resources available to experts and non-experts when they make these judgements and reflect upon what this means for technological decision-making in the public domain.
Dig where you stand: Working life biographies as a challenge to the neoliberal classroom
Authors: Stephenson Carol , Stirling John , Wray David
Published: June 2014

Neoliberal interpretations of the social world reject structural explanations in favour of those that see agency as primary. This orthodoxy presents a challenge to teachers who seek to support the development of a sociological understanding, particularly where disadvantaged students are undermined by the stigma associated with these interpretations. This article explores a teaching strategy which draws upon readings of auto/biography on the part of both teachers and students to develop a critical understanding of the relationship between agency and structure. We argue that such an approach can take sociology back to its radical roots as a transformative and radicalising discipline.
Introduction to the special section: Urban neoliberalism, strategies for urban struggles, and ‘the right to the city’
Authors: Çelik Özlem , Gough Jamie
Published: June 2014

The strategy and demand for the ‘right to the city’ was first advanced by Henri Lefebvre in the late-1960s. The concept has been used as a slogan by urban movements in various countries since the 2000s, and has also been discussed in left academic literature. This special section of Capital & Class contains interviews on contemporary urban politics and the right to the city by two Marxist urbanists, Neil Smith and Jamie Gough. These are preceded by a brief history by Jamie Gough of the idea and use of the slogan. Neil Smith died in September 2012. Jamie Gough begins this special section with an appreciation of Neil’s enormous contribution to Marxist geography.
Cardiovascular Effects of Continuous Dexmedetomidine Infusion Without a Loading Dose in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Cummings Brian M. , Cowl Allison S. , Yager Phoebe H. , El Saleeby Chadi M. , Shank Erik S. , Noviski Natan
Published: June 2014

Background:

Use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric critical care is common, despite lack of prospective studies on its hemodynamic effects.

Objective:

To describe cardiovascular effects in critically ill children treated with a constant continuous infusion of dexmedetomidine without a loading dose at highest Food and Drug Administration-approved adult dose.

Methods:

Prospective, pilot study of 17 patients with dexmedetomidine infused at a rate of 0.7 μg/kg/h for 6 to 24 hours. Heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) values over time were analyzed by a random effects mixed model.

Results:

Patients with median age of 1.6 years (1 month to 17 years) and median weight of 11.8 kg (2.8-84 kg) received an infusion for a mean of 16 ± 7.2 hours. There were no cardiac conduction abnormalities. One patient required discontinuation of infusion for predetermined low HR termination criteria at hour 13 of infusion; there was no clinical compromise and it coincided with planned extubation. Decreased HR of 20% from baseline was found in 35% of patients. The mean HR reduction was largest at hour 13 of infusion with a decrease of 13 ± 17 bpm from baseline, but HR changes over time were not statistically significant. Blood pressure effects included a decrease in 12% and an increase in 29%. There was a small but statistically significant increase in systolic BP of 0.4 mm Hg/h of infusion, P < .001.

Conclusion:

A continuous infusion of 0.7 μg/kg/h of dexmedetomidine without a loading dose for up to 24 hours in critically ill children had tolerable effects on HR and BP.
Spanking of Young Children
Authors: Lee Shawna J. , Altschul Inna
Published: June 2014

Building on prior research showing fewer parenting risk behaviors and lower levels of harsh punishment among less acculturated Hispanic parents, we tested the hypothesis that foreign-born (FB; immigrant) Hispanic parents use less spanking toward children at 3 years and 5 years of age than U.S.-born Hispanic parents. We also examined whether other indicators of acculturation—endorsement of traditional gender norms and religiosity—showed any direct or indirect effects in explaining the hypothesized association. Path model analyses were conducted with a sample of Hispanic mothers ( n = 1,089) and fathers ( n = 650). Cross-sectional and time lagged path models controlling for a wide range of psychosocial and demographic confounds indicated that, when compared with U.S.-born Hispanic parents, FB Hispanic mothers and fathers used less spanking toward their young children. In cross-sectional analysis only, mothers’ greater endorsement of traditional gender norms had small protective effects on spanking. Although fathers’ endorsement of traditional gender norms was not a significant direct predictor of spanking, there was a significant indirect effect of nativity status on spanking mediated by endorsement of traditional gender norms. Religiosity showed no relation to spanking for either mothers or fathers. Immigrant status may be an important protective factor that is associated with lower levels of parenting aggression among Hispanic mothers and fathers living in the United States.
Social Desirability and Partner Agreement of Men’s Reporting of Intimate Partner Violence in Substance Abuse Treatment Settings
Authors: Freeman Andrew J. , Schumacher Julie A. , Coffey Scott F.
Published: June 2014

Estimates indicate that intimate partner violence (IPV) occurs in approximately 30% of relationships and up to 85% of the relationships of men in substance abuse treatment. However, partners consistently display poor agreement in reporting the presence of IPV. Social desirability is frequently offered as the primary reason for under-reporting of IPV by perpetrators. The goal of the current study was to explicitly test the social desirability hypothesis using both partners’ reports of negotiation, psychological aggression, physical aggression, sexual aggression, and injuries in a substance abuse treatment sample. A total of 54 males and their female partners were recruited from a residential adult substance use treatment facility. Consistent with prior literature, partners displayed poor agreement about the presence of different types of IPV. The male partner’s social desirability was not associated with his reporting of male-to-female physical aggression, psychological aggression, or injuries. Men who engaged in higher levels of self-deceptive enhancement and lower levels of impression management were more likely to under-report male-to-female sexual coercion. Overall, the findings question the generalized importance of social desirability in IPV reporting in substance abuse treatment populations.
Content Analysis: Its Application to the Study of the History of Costume
Authors: Paoletti Jo B.
Published: June 2014

Content analysis is a technique developed in the social sciences for converting verbal and nonverbal communications into quantitative data. In this article, the advantages and limitations o f content analysis methodology are discussed in the context of its potential application to costume history. Examples o f its use are drawn from two recent studies: (1) a comparison o f the designs found in two fashion magazines, 1875-1885, and (2) a study o f cartoons about men's clothing, 1880-1910. Based on these examples, content analysis can be recommended as a useful adjunct to traditional impressionistic research, particularly when the source material being studied is so plentiful or complex that objectivity is hard to maintain.
Disseminating Energy Efficient Clothing Information: A Comparison of Two Methods
Authors: Butler Sara L. , Francis Sally K.
Published: June 2014

As energy conservation practices have become commonplace, publications regarding energy efficient clothing are increasingly available. This study focused on the effect of the method of dissemination of energy efficient clothing information on knowledge, attitudes and behavior. A booklet and a slidetape program were the experimental treatments designed for this study. One-way analysis of variance and Newman-Keuls follow-up procedures were used to examine the differences between two treatment groups and a control group on the knowledge, attitudes and behavior variables. Results indicated that knowledge of energy efficient clothing was higher among subjects exposed to either print or visual material than among those who were not. No differences were found in energy conservation attitudes and few differences were found in behavior change between the three groups.
Relationship of Fiber Content and Fabric Properties to Comfort of Socks
Authors: Morris Mary Ann , Prato Harriet H. , White Nancy L.
Published: June 2014

The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship of fiber content and fabric properties to the subjective evaluation of comfort of socks and to determine the subjective evaluations and laboratory measurements that best predict comfort. Socks made from all synthetic or predominantly cotton fibers were worn during exercise. Laboratory measurements were made on samples of sock fabrics which had been washed but not worn.

Subjective evaluations obtained from the participants during the wear study indicated that the socks made from synthetic fibers were slightly more comfortable than the predominantly cotton socks. Prior to the wear study the majority of participants had indicated that they would select cotton socks for maximum comfort. The subjective evaluations of sock softness and foot dryness were found to be the significant determinants of comfort. Neither fiber content nor any of the laboratory measurements (weight, thickness, moisture absorption, air permeability, compressibility, and compressional resiliency) were found to be good predictors of comfort.
Taxonomy for Independent Living Used to Classify Clothing Research
Authors: Newton Audrey
Published: June 2014

An investigation of research on clothing for special needs was made to test Bloom's domain taxonomy as a system of classification. The author used theses and dissertations from 1966 to 1980 to classify objectives of research. The results have implications for research direction and are a model which could provide a means of interrelating all areas of independent living.
Apparel Selection Criteria Related to Female Consumers' Lifestyle
Authors: Cassill Nancy L. , Drake Mary Frances
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of lifestyle and evaluative criteria for apparel. A random sample of 2,000 female consumers, ages 25-44, was sent questionnaires resulting in a 45 percent return rate (n=842). Principal Components Factor Analysis with Varimax Rotation was used to reduce the number of lifestyle and evaluative criteria items to twelve factors. Coefficients of correlation were used to establish relationships between the lifestyle and evaluative criteria factors. Nineteen significant relationships existed between lifestyle and evaluative criteria verifying that consumers choose apparel products thatfit specific roles in their lifestyle. Results will benefit retailers in understanding consumers, educators in preparing students for apparel merchandising positions, and marketing specialists in planning product promotion strategies.
Renewed Focus on Learning through Cognitive Learning Styles in Fashion Merchandising Programs
Authors: Heitmeyer Jeanne R. , Neil Marion
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to examine cognitive learning styles in a specific field of study—fashion merchandising. The Witkin Group Embedded Figures Test and the Kolb Learning Style Inventory classified 173 fashion merchandising students and six instructors into cognitive learning style categories. The Herold Teaching Strategy Observation Checklist categorized six clothing/textile classes into instructional styles of field independent orfield dependent. Results showed students in the selected field offashion merchandising did have a predominant cognitive learning style; fifty nine percent of the students were field dependent on the Witkin instrument and 44.5% were Divergers on the Kolb inventory. No relationship wasfound between: (1) aparticular cognitive learning style and academic achievement, (2) a match or mismatch ofcognitive learning style ofstudent and instructional setting and student achievement, (3) the Kolb and Witkin instruments in classification of students into learning style categories, nor (4) personal cognitive learning style of teachers and their style of teaching.
An Evaluation of Antioxidants for the Conservation of Museum Textiles
Authors: Asche Kimberly , Cox Crews Patricia
Published: June 2014

Selected antioxidants were evaluated for their ability to reduce yellowing, fading, and strength loss of textiles when applied by an immersion technique similar to cleaning procedures used by museum conservators. Undyed silk, wool, linen and cotton specimens, along with wool specimens dyed with three natural dyes, were treated with seven antioxidants representing three chemical classes—phenols, phosphites and propionates. The treated fabric specimens were exposed to 80 AFU's of xenon light, followed by instrumental color evaluations using a Hunterlab D25-M tristimulus colorimeter and breaking strengt. measurements using a CRE-500 Scott tensile strength tester.

Results showed that two phosphite antioxidants significantly reduced yellowing of all four undyed natural fibers, but none of the antioxidants reduced fading of wool dyed with natural dyes. Some antioxidants slightly suppressed fiber degradation of undyed silk, wool, and linen. In general, antioxidant treatments did not reduce strength losses in naturally dyed wool. Based on these results antioxidants examined in the study cannot be recommended for use on colored museum textiles. However, two phosphite antioxidants showed promise for use on undyed museum textiles such as table linens, quilts and christening gowns.
Color Analysis in the Marketplace
Authors: Hilliker Jo Ann S. , Rogers Jean C.
Published: June 2014

The impact of color analysis in the marketplace as perceived by managers of women's apparel in specialty and department stores was examined. Participants indicated that color analysis has been increasing in importance to specialty and department stores since 1983 and is predicted to be even more important to both types of stores by 1989. Results indicated that both specialty and department stores display and merchandise by related colors and code item on racks by color analysis groups. Sales associates use knowledge of color analysis as a sales tool.
The Appearance of Youthful Subculture: A Theoretical Perspective on Deviance
Authors: Richards Lynne
Published: June 2014

A number of theoretical perspectives can be united to form a comprehensive explanation of the formation and dissolution of deviant subcultures. Using this theoretical framework, the role of appearance is herein promulgated as being a primary and contributing factor to this subcultural process. Examining the Teddy Boy subculture of the 1950s and the Hippie subculture of the 1960s, it is shown that appearance factors 1) add credibility to the deviant role; 2) provide a descriptive embodiment of the deviance, to which society reacts; 3) serve as flaunted symbols of deviance in retaliatory counterpride displays; and 4) contribute cues for imitation by mass society, thereby initiating social repair.
Pairwise Comparisons of Means in Clothing and Textiles Research
Authors: Lix Lisa M.
Published: June 2014

A ten-year review of the Clothing and Textiles Research Journal, Home Economics Research Journal, and Journal of Consumer Studies and Home Economics was conducted to investigate methods used by clothing and textiles researchers for pairwise mean comparisons. The mostpopular methods included Fisher's Least Significant Difference, Duncan's Multiple Range, and the Scheffe and Newman-Keuls procedures. Problems of familywise Type I error control associated with the Fisher, Duncan, and Newman-Keuls methods, and the potential lack of power of Scheffe's test are discussed Some alternative multiple comparison methods, for both independent and correlated groups designs, are considered Methods for obtaining numerical results for these procedures are discussed, and illustrative examples are provided.
Consumers of Clothing from Alternative Trading Organizations: Societal Attitudes and Purchase Evaluative Criteria
Authors: Dickson Marsha A. , Littrell Mary A.
Published: June 2014

Consumers of ethnic clothing from alternative trading organizations (ATOs) were compared with non-purchasers on their values and attitudes. Additionally, a more detailed analysis was undertaken to identify the evaluative criteria used by ethnic clothing consumers as they make decisions to buy from ATOs. Clothing Purchasers (n = 192), Other Product Purchasers (n = 100), and Non-Purchasers (n = 84) from the mailing list of Pueblo to People (PTP), an ATO that imports handcrafted products from Latin America, completed a self-administered mail questionnaire. Multiple discriminant analysis identified that the variable most differentiating the three groups was quality. Compared with Non-Purchasers and Other Purchasers, Clothing Purchasers described Pueblo to People's clothing as being higher quality. Additionally, Clothing Purchasers had stronger belief in the work performed by ATOs, were more concerned about Latin American people, had traveled more extensively in Latin America, and were more highly educated than Non-Purchasers and Other Purchasers. Recommendations were made on strategies that ATOs might use to increase sales. Finally, many research topics, aimed toward thoroughly examining the alternative trading marketing system, were proposed.
Physical Attractiveness, Age and Body Type: Further Evidence
Authors: Lennon Sharron J.
Published: June 2014

It is known that a woman's age and her body type or size affect judgments of her physical attractiveness. In the U.S. thinness and youth are desirable characteristics in the 1990s in much the same way that physical attractiveness is a desirable characteristic. The current study was designed to test a functional analogy between age, body type or size, and physical attractiveness by ascertaining the degree of similarity between middle-aged subjects' attitudes and assumed attitudes of a variety of models. Middle-aged midwestern women viewed and rated black and white photos of women of various age and sizes. Data analyses provide no support for an analogy between age, size and physical attractiveness. However, these results (a) extend earlier research by underscoring the inextricability of age, size, and physical attractiveness and (b) confirm that a cultural ideal of thinness and youth is held by middle-aged women.
Encouraging Critical Thinking in the Classroom: An Example from Aesthetics
Authors: DeLong Marilyn , Hegland Jane , Nelson Nancy
Published: June 2014

This paper illustrates how critical thinking techniques could be used in teaching aesthetics. Exploring unfamiliar territory and moving freely between reflective and active thought processes are components important to both aesthetics and critical thinking. In keeping with the objectives of critical thinking, a classroom exercise titled "Getting Outside of Your Own Skin" was designed to help students acknowledge and address assumptions and biases they may hold about older consumers and the aging process. Students were encouraged to move beyond personal experiences to broaden their thinking about individuals unlike themselves. By working through the project, students were given the opportunity to examine their perceptions and attitudes toward the aging process and to consider their effect on this growing market.
Managing Variation In Textile Science Abstracts and Reports Through A Comprehensive Format and Generic Structure
Authors: Kadolph Sara J. , Scheller Heidi P.
Published: June 2014

Analysis of published textile science research papers revealed structural and rhetorical variations within and across published works suggesting that the needs and expectations of readers were not being met. This paper proposes a format and generic structure for both abstracts and full research papers so that written works in textile science are effective tools of communication. The format and structure identifies eleven critical elements and suggests a framework that helps readers of research recognize the validity, reliability, significance, and credibility of any research. Contributions to the development of the field of textile science through the use of the format and generic structure are offered.
Environmental Messages in Fashion Advertisements: Impact on Consumer Responses
Authors: Kim Youn-Kyung , Forney Judith , Arnold Elizabeth
Published: June 2014

This study examined if consumers' environmental concerns influence their responses to fashion advertisements. Photographs of models wearing fashionable casual apparel, either in nature or non-nature settings, were combined with environmental or fashion advertising claims and were reproduced as slides. Independent variables were advertising message (environmental vs. non-environmental) and environmental concern (high vs. low); the dependent variable was the affective response to advertisements. Female college students (N = 120), enrolled in merchandising classes, recorded affective responses while viewing stimulus advertising slides. Environmentally-concerned subjects reacted more positively to fashion advertisements than did non-environmentally-concerned subjects, regardless of advertising message. As an interaction effect, environmentally-concerned subjects reacted more positively to the fashion advertisements with an environmental message; subjects who were not environmentally concerned reacted more positively to fashion advertisements without an environmental message. These findings demonstrate the importance of consumers' environmental concerns as a mediator of affective response to fashion advertisements, and suggest the need for further research.
Knowledge and Partisan Bias
Authors: Tworzecki Hubert , Markowski Radosław
Published: June 2014

The conventional argument in studies of political knowledge among members of the general public is that greater interest and engagement in politics leads to a better grasp of the relevant facts. However, this may not always be the case: When the facts themselves become politicized, interest and engagement in politics may mean learning the facts not as they are, but as competing partisan and media elites want them to be. In this article, based on the 2010 Polish National Election Survey, we investigate the following questions: Does partisanship boost incorrect perceptions of contested facts when the correct answer is unfavorable to the respondent’s preferred party? Does partisan/ideological selectivity in exposure to media outlets do likewise? Are stronger partisans more likely to be misinformed about politically contested facts even if they are knowledgeable about the uncontested ones?
Blood-Stained Colostrum and Human Milk during Pregnancy and Early Lactation
Authors: Barco Israel , Vidal MªCarmen , Barco José , Badia Àngels , Piqueras Mercè , García Antonio , Pessarrodona Antoni
Published: June 2014

Blood-stained colostrum occurs occasionally during pregnancy and lactation due to a conspicuous increase in lobuloalveolar growth. We report on a case of bilateral frank blood-stained colostrum secreted during pregnancy and early postpartum, emphasizing the transitory nature of this condition and the need to reinforce breastfeeding.
Elastodynamics of a two-limb Schönflies motion generator
Authors: Taghvaeipour Afshin , Angeles Jorge , Lessard Larry
Published: June 2014

The elastodynamic analysis of a two-limb Schönflies motion generators is the subject of this paper. This analysis calls for the calculation of the stiffness and mass matrices. By resorting to the generalized spring concept, the posture-dependent stiffness matrix of the robot is computed. With the motors locked, the motion caused by the flexible components leads to the robot mass matrix. The generalized springs help to simplify the model. Although this simplification filters out the higher natural frequencies, it eases the computation of the posture-dependent stiffness and mass matrices. This provides a valuable tool to simplify the evaluation of the robot performance from an elastodynamic point of view, while the robot executes a given task. Finally, the modal analysis of the McGill Schönflies motion generator, while executing a pick-and-place operation, is conducted; under these conditions, the evolution of the first six natural frequencies is obtained. The elastodynamic performance of the robot for the given task is assessed using the results of the analysis.
Determination of local heat transfer coefficients in precision castings by genetic optimisation aided by numerical simulation
Authors: Vasileiou AN , Vosniakos G-C , Pantelis DI
Published: June 2014

The heat transfer coefficient between casting and mould is the most crucial parameter in predicting the evolution of solidification and the resulting properties of the part. In numerical simulations setting, heat transfer coefficient value is considered an ill-posed, inverse problem that requires experimental data, whose solution, if at all possible to reach, is often numerically correct but physically meaningless. In this paper, it is proposed to use a Genetic Algorithm which stochastically explores alternative heat transfer coefficient values. These are evaluated by running a numerical simulation and comparing the resulting cooling curves at a number of nodes of interest to their experimentally measured counterparts until a close enough match is achieved. The combinatorial complexity of determining different heat transfer coefficients corresponding to different regions of complex castings, which are selected due to their differing casting moduli, is possible to tackle in this way with reasonable computational resources. Furthermore, different well-established forms of heat transfer coefficient function can be tried, notably heat transfer coefficient as a function of time (either stepwise or exponential) and as a stepwise function of temperature. Integer encoding in the Genetic Algorithm and a database of accumulating simulation results are features that were developed in order to reduce computational load. The approach is successfully demonstrated on a brass part produced by investment casting, exhibiting three sections of different casting moduli.
Protective effects of saffron (its active constituent, crocin) on nephropathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Altinoz E , Oner Z , Elbe H , Cigremis Y , Turkoz Y
Published: June 2014

The reactive oxygen species take role in pathogenesis of many diseases including hypoxia, hypercholesterolemia, atherosclerosis, nephropathy, hypertension, ischemia–reperfusion damage, and heart defects. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether crocin administration could protect kidney injury from oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The rats were randomly divided into 3 groups each containing 10 animals as follows: group 1, control group; group 2, diabetes mellitus (DM) group; and group 3, DM + crocin group. At the end of the study, trunk blood was collected to determine the plasma levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (Cr). The kidney tissue was removed, and biochemical and histological changes were examined. Diabetes caused a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and xanthine oxidase (XO) activities and a decrease in glutathione (GSH) contents (  p < 0.01) when compared with control group in the rat kidneys. Crocin given to DM rats significantly decreased MDA (  p < 0.01) and XO (  p < 0.05) activities and elevated GSH (  p < 0.05) contents when compared with DM group. Plasma levels of BUN and Cr were significantly higher in the DM group when compared with the control group (  p < 0.01). Pretreatment of the DM animals with crocin decreased the high level of serum Cr and BUN. Control group was normal in histological appearance, but congestion, severe inflammation, tubular desquamation, tubular necrosis, and hydropic degeneration in tubular cells were observed in the DM group. Histopathological changes markedly reduced, and appearance of kidney was nearly similar to control group in DM + crocin group. Our results show that crocin could be beneficial in reducing diabetes-induced renal injury.
Tests for equivalence of two survival functions: Alternative to the tests under proportional hazards
Authors: Martinez Elvis E , Sinha Debajyoti , Wang Wenting , Lipsitz Stuart R , Chappell Richard J
Published: June 2014

For either the equivalence trial or the non-inferiority trial with survivor outcomes from two treatment groups, the most popular testing procedure is the extension (e.g., Wellek, A log-rank test for equivalence of two survivor functions, Biometrics, 1993; 49: 877–881) of log-rank based test under proportional hazards model. We show that the actual type I error rate for the popular procedure of Wellek is higher than the intended nominal rate when survival responses from two treatment arms satisfy the proportional odds survival model. When the true model is proportional odds survival model, we show that the hypothesis of equivalence of two survival functions can be formulated as a statistical hypothesis involving only the survival odds ratio parameter. We further show that our new equivalence test, formulation, and related procedures are applicable even in the presence of additional covariates beyond treatment arms, and the associated equivalence test procedures have correct type I error rates under the proportional hazards model as well as the proportional odds survival model. These results show that use of our test will be a safer statistical practice for equivalence trials of survival responses than the commonly used log-rank based tests.