bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influência de fatores genéticos e ambientais sobre as características produtivas no rebanho eqüino do Exército Brasileiro
Authors: Campos Vinício Aurélio Lagoas , McManus Concepta , Fuck Beatriz Helena , Cassiano Lizângela , Pinto Bruno Freitas , Braga Auro , Louvandini Helder , Dias Laila Talarico , Teixeira Rodrigo de Almeida
Published: March 2007

Objetivou-se estimar parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos para peso e altura (4.860 registros) em cavalos de quatro grupos genéticos - Brasileiro de Hipismo (BH), Puro-Sangue Inglês (PSI), Hanoveriano (HAN) e Sem Raça Definida (SRD) - por meio de informações de 1629 animais do Exército Brasileiro coletadas entre 1977 e 2002. Foram considerados fixos os efeitos de ano e mês de nascimento, idade da mãe, sexo do potro, ano e mês de mensuração e grupo genético. O mês de nascimento não afetou a altura ou o peso na população, exceto nos animais mais velhos. O sexo influenciou a altura, mas não afetou o peso dos animais de 21 meses e dos adultos e a raça influenciou a altura somente nos animais de 18 a 21 meses de idade e nos adultos. A influência dos efeitos fixos foi menor nos animais BH que nos SRD. As herdabilidades para o peso dos animais BH foram altas nas diversas idades, mas foram baixas para a altura. O comportamento do peso e da altura foi semelhante para as raças BH e SRD. De modo geral, nos dois grupos genéticos (BH e SRD), a herdabilidade do peso aumentou conforme as faixas etárias.
Abordagens freqüentista e bayesiana para avaliação genética de bovinos da raça Canchim para características de crescimento
Authors: Toral Fábio Luiz Buranelo , Alencar Maurício Mello de , Freitas Alfredo Ribeiro de
Published: March 2007

Este trabalho foi realizado com os objetivos de: a) comparar os componentes de (co)variância obtidos por meio dos métodos da Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita (REML) e da inferência bayesiana (IB); b) realizar a avaliação genética do peso à desmama (P240) e aos 18 meses de idade (P550) de bovinos da raça Canchim, padronizados ou não para 240 e 550 dias de idade, respectivamente, utilizando-se a metodologia dos modelos mistos e a obtenção dos componentes de (co)variância por REML ou IB; e c) verificar a semelhança entre os animais selecionados considerando-se a avaliação genética realizada com os pesos reais ou padronizados e por meio de abordagens freqüentista ou bayesiana. Foram obtidos os componentes de (co)variância, herdabilidade e correlação genética para P240 e P550. Os valores genéticos obtidos foram utilizados para simular um processo de seleção em que 10% dos touros e 50% das vacas com os maiores valores genéticos aditivos diretos teriam chance de reproduzir. Os componentes de (co)variância e os parâmetros genéticos estimados por REML, na maioria dos casos, foram inferiores às médias a posteriori obtidas por IB. Ocorreram diferenças quanto aos animais selecionados, provavelmente em decorrência das diferenças entre os componentes de (co)variância e dos parâmetros genéticos obtidos. Adotando-se a IB, a inclusão da idade do animal no momento da pesagem como covariável no modelo estatístico não provocou grande alteração dos touros e vacas selecionados.
Óleo de soja e própolis na alimentação de cabras leiteiras: consumo de matéria seca e de nutrientes e parâmetros de fermentação ruminal
Authors: Lana Rogério de Paula , Camardelli Maíra Machado Leal , Rodrigues Marcelo Teixeira , Eifert Eduardo da Costa , Oliveira Marcus Vinícius Morais de , Stradiotti Júnior Deolindo , Oliveira Juliana Silva de
Published: March 2007

Objetivou-se avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de óleo de soja (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5; 6,0; e 7,5% da MS), extrato etanólico de própolis (0; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0; 8,0 e 12,0 mL/animal/dia, 50% p/v de própolis moída em solução alcoólica a 70% em água) e própolis bruta moída (0; 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 4,0 e 6,0 g/animal/dia) na alimentação de cabras leiteiras. Avaliaram-se o consumo de MS e de nutrientes e alguns parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, como pH, amônia (NH3), ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) e atividade específica de produção de amônia (AEPA) pela microbiota ruminal. Foram utilizadas seis cabras Alpinas fistuladas no rúmen, em seis períodos experimentais. As dietas foram compostas de 67% de silagem de milho e 33% de concentrado à base de fubá de milho e farelo de soja. Os animais foram submetidos ao tratamento controle e, em seguida, a cinco níveis crescentes de óleo de soja, extrato etanólico de própolis e própolis bruta moída utilizando-se dois animais para cada produto testado, em seis períodos experimentais. Não houve efeito de níveis de óleo de soja, extrato etanólico de própolis e própolis bruta moída sobre o consumo de MS e de nutrientes e sobre os parâmetros ruminais estudados. Sugere-se, no entanto, a realização de mais pesquisas com a adição de própolis na alimentação de ruminantes, pois existem efeitos antimicrobianos comprovados in vitro e evidências de que seu fornecimento a esses animais reduz a relação acetato:propionato e a concentração de butirato no rúmen.
Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos no período diurno em pastagem de azevém anual em diferentes estádios fenológicos
Authors: Medeiros Renato Borges de , Pedroso Carlos Eduardo da Silva , Jornada João Batista Jornada da , Silva Marcelo Abreu da , Saibro João Carlos de
Published: March 2007

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento ingestivo no período diurno de ovelhas Corriedale em final de gestação e início de lactação sob pastejo em uma área de 1,3 ha de azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) nos estádios vegetativo, pré-florescimento e de florescimento. Foram determinados o tempo de pastejo, a taxa de bocado, o tamanho de bocado, o teor de PB da forragem e os consumos de MS e PB. Os maiores tempos de pastejo e de consumo de MS e PB, para os três estádios do azevém, foram observados ao final da tarde. Nos estádios vegetativo e pré-florescimento, os tempos de pastejo e os consumos de MS e PB registrados no início da manhã (7 às 7h50) foram semelhantes aos verificados no final da tarde. No estádio pré-florescimento, registraram-se ainda nestes horários de pico de pastejo as maiores taxas de bocado e peso de bocado, as quais, associadas ao maior tempo de pastejo, determinaram os maiores consumos de forragem ao longo do dia. Os menores tempos de pastejo ocorreram das 8 às 9h50 durante o estádio vegetativo; das 8 às 8h50 e das 12 às 12h50 durante o pré-florescimento; e das 7 às 8h50 durante o florescimento. Conseqüentemente, nesses mesmos horários foram verificados os menores consumos de MS e PB para os três estádios fenológicos estudados.
Seasonal variations in blood parameters of the Amazonian manatee, Trichechus inunguis
Authors: Colares Elton P. , Colares Ioni G. , Bianchini Adalto , Santos Euclydes A.
Published: March 2007

Seasonal variations in body weight, food consumption and blood glucose, total lipids, urea, total proteins, albumin and globulins of captive Amazonian manatees, Trichechus inunguis, were determined. Body weight changed significantly along the year, increasing from autumn to spring and decreasing in summer. The mean daily food intake of paragrass remained almost unchanged along the year. Paragrass administered to the manatees showed important variations in crude protein and lipid content along the year. No significant differences in blood parameters were registered between males and females in all seasons. Further, there were no significant differences in blood total proteins, albumin and globulins along the year. On the other hand, significant differences in the mean blood glucose, lipids and urea were registered. An increase in the blood glucose in the spring and summer was observed. Blood urea and lipids levels were positively related to paragrass protein and lipids content. These two correlations suggested that these blood parameters are good indicators of the animal nutritional status in the Amazonian manatee.
Structure, composition and spatial distribution of tree species in a remnant of the semideciduous seasonal Alluvial Forest of the upper Paraná River Floodplain
Authors: Campos João Batista , Romagnolo Mariza Barion , Souza Maria Conceição de
Published: March 2007

The aim of this investigation was to study the structure, distribution patterns, and dynamics of tree species in a remnant of the Semideciduous Seasonal Alluvial Forest in the Upper Paraná River Floodplain, Brazil. Spatial variation of the vegetation was considered mainly in relation to soil and topographic characteristics. The 5,946 m² study area extended along a transect from the bank of the Paraná River across the floodplain, passing through a lake. Phytosociological analysis were performed for 36 plots, each 150 m². Subanalysis were performed for 300 m² zones. Soil characteristics and topographic profile and their relationship to the vegetation were analyzed. Hydrodynamic and sediment processes were the most important factors in vegetation establishment and succession, determining species selection and formation and evolution of the substrate. These processes and their local spatial variability fundamentally affected the dynamics, structure, and patterns of distribution.
Longitudinal distribution of Hypostomus punctatus (Osteichthyes, Loricariidae) in a coastal stream from Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Menezes Márcia S. de , Caramaschi Érica P.
Published: March 2007

Hypostomus punctatus was collected between June/1987 and July/1988, in three sampling stations with different features, along the Ubatiba stream (Maricá, Rio de Janeiro state). Sampling stations 2 and 3 were more similar (50% similarity) to each other. The species was frequent and persistent in all sampling stations. The size varied from 1.0 to 22.2 cm. The occurrence of different size classes along the stream was probably related to the kind of environment. Young forms prevailed in the total sample and were mainly collected next to the submersed riparian vegetation. Adults occurred just in sampling stations 1 and 2, and were found most often in rapids with rocky bottom, and in pools among submersed branches.
Anatomy of pneumatophore of Mauritia vinifera mart
Authors: Pereira Luiz Alfredo Rodrigues , Calbo Maria Elisa Ribeiro , Ferreira Claiton Juvenir
Published: March 2007

Pneumatophores of Mauritia vinifera Mart. were collected from six month-old plants maintained submerged in fresh water to induce pneumatophore formation. Twenty day-old pneumatophores had a quite prominent root cap. The epidermis was composed of hexagonal cells, tangentially distributed along the cylindric surface of the organ. In transverse section these pneumatophores had a simple epidermis over several layers of sclerified parenchyma, which covered an aerenchyma with large intercellular spaces. The endodermal cells had Casparian strips. The vascular cylinder was polyarch, with a pith and surrounded by a unisseriate pericycle. Anatomically the 4 month-old pneumatophores were similar to the younger ones, except for the absence of the epidermis. The epidermis is replaced by a protective tissue, whose lignified and suberized cells projected themselves outwards, giving it a filamentous aspect. There was no accumulation of starch or tannins in the pneumatophores, except for the presence of statoliths in the root cap. No lenticels were observed in pneumatophores of M. vinifera. The main function of the pneumatophores of M. vinifera is to allow gas exchange, facilitating the supply of oxygen to the submerged root portions.
Allochthonous matter input in two different stretches of a headstream (Itatinga, São Paulo, Brazil)
Authors: Afonso Ana Adelina de O. , Henry Raoul , Rodella Rita C.S.Maimoni
Published: March 2007

In two streches of the Itaúna stream, one in a gallery forest and the other in an herbaceous vegetation zone, litter matter input (sorted by leaves, ligneous and reproductive components) were measured during a year. In the gallery forest stretch, the direct input and lateral transport attained 713 g.m-2.year-1 and 421 g.m-1. year-1, respectively. In contrast, the herbaceous vegetation stretch showed a direct litter input and lateral transport of only 86 g.m-2.year-1 and 124 g.m-1. year-1, respectively. The empoverishment of riparian vegetation had a significant effect on the decrease of allochthonous input to stream mainly by direct input. Peaks of direct input into Itaúna stream occurred during late dry season and in the early wet season. They were attributed to leaf fall from riparian trees and to enviromental conditions, such as wind. In March, which was the rainy season in this region, a peak of lateral transport was observed mainly in the herbaceous vegetation stretch, probably induced by runoff.
Effect of surface treatments on the bond strength of a zirconia-reinforced ceramic to composite resin
Authors: Bona Alvaro Della , Borba Márcia , Benetti Paula , Cecchetti Dileta
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to evaluate the tensile (sigmat) and shear bond strength (sigmas) of a glass-infiltrated alumina-based zirconia-reinforced ceramic (IZ - Vita In-Ceram Zirconia) to a composite resin, testing the hypothesis that silica coating (SC - Cojet, 3M-Espe) produces higher bond strength values than other ceramic surface treatments. Specimens were fabricated and tested according to the manufacturers' instructions, and to ISO6872 and ISO11405 specifications. Sixty IZ disk specimens were polished through 1 µm and divided into 3 groups (n = 20) according to the following surface treatments: HF - 9.5% hydrofluoric acid (Ultradent) for 1 min; SB - sandblasting with 25-µm aluminum oxide particles for 10 s; SC - silica coating for 10 s. Silane (3M-Espe), adhesive (Single Bond, 3M-Espe) and a composite resin cylinder (Z100, 3M-Espe) were applied and polymerized to the treated bonding area (3.5 mm in diameter). Ten specimens from each group (n = 10) were tested for sigmat and ten specimens were tested for sigmas, using a universal testing machine (EMIC DL 2000) at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (alpha = 0.05). The mean and standard deviation values (MPa) and statistical groupings for sigmat were: HF - 3.5 ± 1.0a; SB - 7.6 ± 1.2b; and SC - 10.4 ± 1.8c. For sigmas, the values were: HF - 10.4 ± 3.1A; SB - 13.9 ± 3.1B; and SC - 21.6 ± 1.7C (p < 0.05). The groups presented the same statistical ranking of mean values for both test methods. The SC-treated IZ ceramic presented a significant increase in mean bond strength values for both test methods, confirming the study hypothesis.
Brazilian gutta-percha points. Part II: thermal properties
Authors: Maniglia-Ferreira Cláudio , Gurgel-Filho Eduardo Diogo , Silva Jr João Batista Araújo , Paula Regina Célia Monteiro de , Feitosa Judith Pessoa Andrade , Gomes Brenda Paula Figueiredo de Almeida , Souza-Filho Francisco José de
Published: March 2007

This study was undertaken to explore the effect of heating on gutta-percha, analyzing the occurrence of endothermic peaks corresponding to the transformation that occurs in the crystalline structure of the polymer during thermal manipulation. This study also seeked to determine the temperature at which these peaks occur, causing a transformation from the beta- to the alpha-form, and from the alpha- to the amorphous phase. Eight nonstandardized gutta-percha points commercially available in Brazil (Konne, Tanari, Endopoint, Odous, Dentsply 0.04, Dentsply 0.06, Dentsply TP, Dentsply FM) and pure gutta-percha (control) were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). The transition temperatures were determined and analysed. With the exception of Dentsply 0.04 and Dentsply 0.06, the majority of the products showed thermal behaviour typical of beta-gutta-percha, with two endothermic peaks, exhibiting two crystalline transformations upon heating from ambient temperature to 130°. Upon cooling and reheating, few samples presented two endothermic peaks. It was concluded that heating dental gutta-percha to 130°C causes changes to its chemical structure which permanently alter its physical properties.
Adverse Events Associated with High‐Dose Ribavirin: Evidence from the Toronto Outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
Authors: Muller Matthew P. , Dresser Linda , Raboud Janet , McGeer Allison , Rea Elizabeth , Richardson Susan E. , Mazzulli Tony , Loeb Mark , Louie Marie
Published: March 2007

Study Objectives. To distinguish adverse events related to ribavirin therapy from those attributable to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and to determine the rate of potential ribavirin‐related adverse events.

Design. Retrospective cohort study.

Setting. Hospitals in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Patients. A cohort of 306 patients with confirmed or probable SARS, 183 of whom received ribavirin and 123 of whom did not, between February 23, 2003, and July 1, 2003. Of the 183 treated patients, 155 (85%) received very high‐dose ribavirin; the other 28 treated patients received lower‐dose regimens.

Measurements and Main Results. Data on all patients with SARS admitted to hospitals in Toronto were abstracted from charts and electronic databases onto a standardized form by trained research nurses. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between ribavirin use and each adverse event (progressive anemia, hypomagnesemia, hypocalcemia, bradycardia, transaminitis, and hyperamylasemia) after adjusting for SARS‐related prognostic factors and corticosteroid use. In the primary logistic regression analysis, ribavirin use was strongly associated with anemia (odds ratio [OR] 3.0, 99% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–6.1, p<0.0001), hypomagnesemia (OR 21, 99% CI 5.8–73, p<0.0001), and bradycardia (OR 2.3, 99% CI 1.0–5.1, p=0.007). Hypocalcemia, transaminitis, and hyperamylasemia were not associated with ribavirin use. The risk of anemia, hypomagnesemia, and bradycardia attributable to ribavirin use was 27%, 45%, and 17%, respectively.

Conclusions. High‐dose ribavirin is associated with a high rate of adverse events. The use of high‐dose ribavirin is appropriate only for the treatment of infectious diseases for which ribavirin has proven clinical efficacy, or in the context of a clinical trial. Ribavirin should not be used empirically for the treatment of viral syndromes of unknown origin.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers for the Treatment of Heart Failure: A Class Effect?
Authors: Hudson Marie , Humphries Karin , Tu Jack V. , Behlouli Hassan , Sheppard Richard , Pilote Louise
Published: March 2007

Study Objective. To examine the class effect of angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) on mortality in patients with heart failure who were aged 65 years or older.

Design. Retrospective population‐based study.

Data Source. Administrative database that stores information on hospital discharge summaries for the Canadian provinces of Quebec, Ontario, and British Columbia.

Patients. A total of 6876 patients aged 65 years or older who were discharged with a primary diagnosis of heart failure between January 1, 1998, and March 31, 2003, and who filled at least one prescription for an ARB within 90 days of discharge.

Measurements and Main Results. Times to all‐cause death in patients receiving individual ARBs were compared. Models were adjusted for demographic, clinical, physician, and hospital characteristics; models were also adjusted for dosage categories, which were represented by time‐dependent variables. The cohort of 6876 patients had a mean ± SD age of 78 ± 7 years, and most (62%) were women. Losartan was the most frequently prescribed ARB (61%), followed by irbesartan (14%), valsartan (13%), candesartan (10%), and telmisartan (2%). Irbesartan, valsartan, and candesartan were associated with better survival rates than losartan (adjusted hazard ratios [HRs] and 95% confidence intervals [CIs] 0.65 [0.53–0.79], 0.63 [0.51–0.79], and 0.71 [0.57–0.90], respectively). No difference was noted in mortality in patients prescribed telmisartan compared with those receiving losartan (HR 0.92 [95% CI 0.55–1.54]).

Conclusions. Elderly patients with heart failure who were prescribed losartan had worse survival rates compared with those prescribed other commonly used ARBs. The absence of a class effect for ARBs is consistent with data showing pharmacologic differences among the drugs.
Heparin‐Induced Thrombocytopenia: Treatment Options and Special Considerations
Authors: Dager William E. , Dougherty John A. , Nguyen Phuong H. , Militello Michael A. , Smythe Maureen A.
Published: March 2007

Heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune‐mediated adverse effect that typically manifests several days after the start of heparin therapy, although both rapid‐ and delayed‐onset HIT have been described. Its most serious complication is thrombosis. Although not all patients develop thrombosis, it can be life threatening. The risk of developing HIT is related to many factors, including the type of heparin product administered, route of administration, duration of therapy, patient population, and previous exposure to heparin. The diagnosis of HIT is typically based on clinical presentation, exposure to heparin, and presence of thrombocytopenia with or without thrombosis. Antigen and activation laboratory assays are available to support the diagnosis of HIT. However, because of the limited sensitivity and specificity of these assays, bedside probability scales for HIT were developed. When HIT is suspected, prompt cessation of all heparin therapy is necessary, along with initiation of alternative anticoagulant therapy. Two direct thrombin inhibitors—argatroban and lepirudin—are approved for the management of HIT in the United States, and bivalirudin is approved for use in patients with HIT who are undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. Other agents, although not approved to manage HIT, have also been used; however, their role in therapy requires further evaluation. A comprehensive HIT management strategy involves the evaluation of numerous factors. Many patients, including those undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, those with acute coronary syndromes, those with hepatic or renal insufficiency, and children, require special attention. Clinicians must become familiar with the available information on this serious adverse effect and its treatment so that optimum patient management strategies may be formulated.
Evaluation of Alginate-Starch Polymers for Preparation of Enzyme Microcapsules
Authors: Kailasapathy Kasipathy , Perera Chaminda , Phillips Michael
Published: March 2007

Flavourzyme® (a protease-peptidase complex) was microencapsulated with sodium alginate and Hi-MaizeTM starch in varying concentrations and proportions for maximising encapsulation efficiency (EE). Seventy two percent EE was achieved for immobilising Flavourzyme® using 1.8% (w/v) sodium alginate and 1% Hi-Maize[TM] starch with 30 min hardening of capsules in 0.1M calcium chloride solution. Hi-MaizeTM starch as a filler material improved EE and reduced the enzyme release during capsular hardening in calcium chloride solution. Increasing the concentration of sodium alginate solution (1.2 to 1.8 %, w/v) and calcium chloride concentration (0.05M to 1.0M) increased the EE. The optimum hardening time for the microcapsules in calcium chloride solution was 30 min. Shrinkage of microcapsules during hardening in calcium chloride was less with higher concentration of alginate. More spherical capsules were produced with up to 1.8% (w/v) sodium alginate and 1% Hi-MaizeTM starch solutions.
Some Considerations on theRuralesof Porfirian Mexico
Authors: Kitchens John W.
Published: March 2007

Las Fuerzas Rurales de la Federación, commonly called therurales, were a prominent institution of Porfirian Mexico and a significant instrument of the dictator's power. Contemporary travelers, journalists, and political propagandists either praised or condemned them and compared them to the Texas Rangers, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the SpanishGuardia Civil, Rosas’Mazorca, and even to Ivan the Terrible'sOprichniki.Almost all histories of Porfirian Mexico mention theruralesand indicate their significance to Diaz’ prolonged absolute control of the country. Without specific study and serious scholarship, however, the origin, nature, and exploits of theruraleshave acquired legendary characteristics. Because of their relative success in curbing brigandage on the one hand and their alleged brutality on the other, they became symbolic of both the order and the ruthlessness of Porfirian Mexico. The popular accounts of theruralesare easily divided into two categories—viz., those of Diaz’ apologists and those of his detractors. The following observation by Ethel Brilliana Tweedie is typical of the former.
Land Reform in Chile
Authors: Becket James
Published: March 2007

Of all the generalizations about Chile, those dealing with geography are the most accurate. Geographical facts have given shape and character to Chilean life and Chilean problems. Nature gave the heart of Chile patches of excellent soil and a climate kind to man. But this central valley is isolated, bounded on the north by desert, the east by towering mountains, the west by a cold and tempestuous ocean, and the south by the end of the world. Ownership of the land has been the keystone of Chilean history, and the fertile land is in the core region of the nation. There, in Mediterranean Chile, live three-quarters of the nation's population, there resides the political power in a unitary republic in which the president appoints provincial governors and there are no provincial assemblies, there are owned and managed the enterprises of north and south.
Political Radicalism in Colombia: Electoral Dynamics of 1962 and 1964
Authors: Johnson Kenneth F.
Published: March 2007

Who is to blame when the political rhythm of an organized society slips into atrophy and chaos? This enigmatic question towers in the background of recent Colombian history. A country of relative political stability since the birth of Liberalism in the 1930's, Colombia's political life was suddenly rent in 1948 by a horrendous bloodletting which threatened to raze Bogotá and plunged the nation into anarchy. The real villain, wrote Vernon Fluharty, was the system itself. Although the civil war proportions of the violence that followed thebogotazowere ended during the military government of Gustavo Rojas Pinilla (1953-57), a fierce sequence of guerrilla activities continued to plague the countryside. Much of the violence was precipitated by young men who, having deserted their primary groups after the assassination of Gaitán, carried on the war against humanity as a way of life, often in the absence of any ostensible political motive or economic gain.
Guatemala: Indian Attitudes toward Land Tenure
Authors: Naylor Robert A.
Published: March 2007

The formulation of policy alternatives for shaping the future of Guatemala is inextricably interwoven with the Indian and his relation to the land. Available figures indicate that the majority of the population of Guatemala is culturally designated as Indian and has retained a marked dependence on the land. Guatemalan problems and prospects, therefore, cannot be fully grasped without a clear understanding of the historic role of land within the surviving Indian cultures and the prevailing Indian attitude toward land tenure. Although the traditional pattern of “communal ownership” has been subjected periodically to pressures designed to convert the Indian to an apprehension and acceptance of “private property” as a prerequisite for socioeconomic advance, the nature and extent of the conversion are not really known. Basic though such an understanding would seem to be, the matter has not been fully explored and definite conclusions are therefore lacking.
Bolivia's Social Revolution, 1952-1959: A Discussion of Sources
Authors: Arnade Charles W.
Published: March 2007

Recent events have once again focussed attention upon the Republic of Bolivia and the efforts of its governing party, the Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario, to grapple with the realities of a chaotic economy and a changing social and political order.

Yet, studies of the development of the Bolivian social revolution have not kept pace with Bolivia's increased prominence in news reports, perhaps because of the inavailability and widely-scattered nature of source materials. Bolivian source materials cannot be considered in a vacuum, however, and a brief survey of recent Bolivian history is in order here.
Venezuela's “Generation of ’28’: The Genesis of Political Democracy
Authors: Martz John D.
Published: March 2007

Following the broad pattern of the nineteenth century, Venezuelan government in the 1900's continued to serve as the personal preserve ofcaudillos. A shift in regional emphasis had been registered in 1899 when Cipriano Castro descended from the Andean southwest and marched to Caracas and the presidency. Less than a decade later, afflicted with collapsing health induced by extreme moral dissolution, simultaneously victimized by his principal lieutenant, Castro left Venezuela. Remaining in exile until his death sixteen years later, he saw power fall into the hands of his former colleague from the mountains of Táchira, Juan Vicente Gómez.
The Swan Islands Dispute
Authors: Wells Tom Henderson
Published: March 2007

Few Americans realize that the United States is involved in a longstanding and friendly but apparently unresolvable controversy with Honduras over three tiny islands ninety-six miles off the coast of that country. This group, known collectively as the Swan Islands, consists of Great Swan Island, one and two-thirds miles long and a half-mile wide; Little Swan Island, a mile and a half long and a half-mile wide; and Booby Cay, a neighboring reef. Great Swan Island rises to a height of sixty feet on the south side and has plantings of the beautiful coconut palms which give such islands a lovely, romantic appearance. The smaller island is closely matted with vegetation.
Problems of Food Supply in Brazil
Authors: Webb Kempton E.
Published: March 2007

Food is one of the most basic resources which the land, aided by man, can bring forth. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the effectiveness and viability of Brazil's food resources as reflected in the actual process of supplying food to consuming centers. In other words, how efficiently is man utilizing his food resource base? Is enough food being produced? And, equally important, is there adequate means for getting the food to the consumer?
Folclore da Guerra do Paraguai
Authors: Carvalho Neto Paulo de
Published: March 2007

Creio na existencia de um ciclo folclórico da Guerra da Tríplice Alianga, Guerra do Paraguai ou aínda Guerra Grande (1865-1870). Ñao por haver colhido dados de campo expressamente a respeito, pois Ñao tomei essa deliberacáo durante os dois anos que vivi em Asunción (1950-1951). Mas devido às fontes bibliográficas que reúno, dia a dia. Se isoladas não são realmente expressivas, em conjunto, Ñao obstante, revelam-nos, inequívocamente, dito ciclo. Mediante o alarme déstes fatos — um simples síntoma — chamo a atenção dos estudiosos, sugerindo- Ihes a importância de urna pesquisa a fundo, não só nãs bibliotecas como entre informantes.
Land Distribution and Tenure in Colombia
Authors: Beyer Robert Caryle
Published: March 2007

Before Fidel Castro entered Habana, one heard very little about land reform as the number one problem of Cuba. In 1950, the World Bank in its prodigious 1051-page study of the Cuban economy gave only four pages to the problem of land distribution and land tenure, and among the hundreds of recommendations made in this report, those that referred to agrarian reform were very few, general, and cautious.
Realidad y Ruta de la Economia Interamericana
Authors: Maestri Raúl
Published: March 2007

Las Americas, desde el punto de vista económico, ofrecen en estos momentos el espectáculo de una familia cuyos miembros no se guardaran, entre sí, las debidas consideraciones y que, en consecuencia, atravesara una etapa de crisis, sobre todo potencial.

Habría que agregar que a ninguno de los parientes, en trance de contradicción y distanciamiento, puede convenir el quebrantamiento de la unidad e inteligencia familiar. Ni hoy, ni para mañana y, menos que menos, para pasado mañana.

Así las Americas. La América Latina crepita en la sartén de un desarrollo económico insuficiente, errático, aleatorio. Estados Unidos parece estimar que los problemas económicos existentes en el continente se pueden y deben resolver sobre la marcha, a la manera de incidentes casuísticos que no justificaran, en todo caso, más que alteraciones de pulso o dosificación dentro de un cierto tratamiento establecido.
The Development of Accion Democratica de Venezuela
Authors: Kantor Harry
Published: March 2007

The election of Rómulo Betancourt as constitutional President of Venezuela for the 1959-1964 term marks a turning point in that country's political evolution and a high point in the tide of reform now sweeping Latin American toward stable constitutional government. The new president of Venezuela and the party he leads, Acción Democrática, represent the same type of reformist movement as those now flourishing in many other countries of Latin America. As a result, dictatorship in the spring of 1959 is confined to the Dominican Republic, Nicaragua, and Paraguay. The situation in Haiti is unclear, but in the other sixteen republics the governments are controlled by parties and leaders which are to a greater or lesser degree trying to get away from the past and seem to have the support of their populations in their efforts. This marks a great change from most of the past history of the Latin American Republics in which the population was ruled by dictatorial cliques dedicated to the preservation of a status quo which meant the perpetuation of poverty and backwardness for most of the Latin Americans.
Reform of the OAS
Authors: Manger William
Published: March 2007

On February 27, 1967, representatives of the member nations of the Organization of American States, meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentina, signed the Protocol of Amendment to the 1948 Charter of Bogotá. It will become effective when ratified by two-thirds of the signatory states.

The Protocol reflects the current mood toward the inter-American regional system, and perhaps toward international organization in general. Contrasted with the 1948 Charter, the Protocol has its elements of strength and of weakness. The spirit of internationalism today, however, is much weaker than it was in 1948, and from the standpoint of the Organization the elements of weakness within the Protocol are much greater than the elements of strength.
The Crisis of Legitimacy and the Origins of Social Revolution
Authors: Klein Herbert S.
Published: March 2007

One of the most neglected fields in current social science research until quite recently has been the problem of revolution. While some progress has been made in defining the stages of development once a revolutionary process has begun, and in clarifying the differences between revolts and social revolutions in the context of the underdeveloped world, the whole area of origins still remains a largely unexplored field. The debate is still quite fierce as to whether revolutionaries are marginal or integrated persons; or whether revolutions begin because of too rapid industrialization or because of too little; because of actual exploitation or because of rising expectations. In short, there has been a multiplicity of theories, but few concrete tests of many of these propositions.
La Interpretación Sociopolítica de Residencia en la Tierra
Authors: Lozada Alfredo
Published: March 2007

“¡Ay, el tiempo avanza con ceniza, con aire y con agua! … Y entonces, ¿qué queda de las pequeñas podredumbres, de las pequeñas conspiraciones del silencio, de los pequeños frios sucios de la hostilidad? Nada, y en la casa de la poesía no permanece nada sino lo que fue escrito con sangre para ser escuchado por la sangre”.

(Conducta y poesía)

La nota de amargura circunstancial, ya observada, en Crepusculario (1923), el primer libro publicado por Pablo Neruda, proviene de la percepción crítica y compasiva de ciertos detalles de la vida chilena, tanto de la capital como de la provincia; la constatación amarga de músicos ciegos, mercachifles venidos de otras tierras, sucios barrios sin luz, maestranzas desoladas, y prostitutas deshechas por la miseria, se expresa sobre todo en poemas publicados ya en la capital.
El Crecimiento Economico de Mexico: Perspectivas y Problemas
Authors: Alfredo Navarrete R.
Published: March 2007

La actual Constitución de México establece un régimen democrático para regular la vida de los 32 millones de habitantes de la nación que viven en una área de 2 millones de kilómetros cuadrados, o sea approximadamente una cuarta parte del territorio continental de Estados Unidos. Redactada y promulgada en 1917, la Constitución establece las aspiraciones legítimas de su pueblo, originadas en el profundo movimiento social, político y económico conocido como la Revolución Mexicana — el primero de los múltiples movimientos similares que en el siglo XX se han presentado en diversas partes del mundo — iniciado en 1910 contra la dictadura que gobernó al país durante 30 años.
Argentine Political Parties: 1957-1958
Authors: Potash Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Since Perón's ouster in 1955, Argentine political parties have been in a state of flux with traditional groups fragmenting and organizations wholly unknown during the Perón era making their appearance on the political scene. This process of political realignment is still under way and it would be idle to claim as definitive or even as valid for the next few years any listing of political groups. Nevertheless, for those who must rely on U. S. press coverage or comparably limited sources to follow the Argentine political scene, a description of the political party spectrum as it existed in 1957-1958 can serve as a guide to the current political maze and as a bench mark from which to measure subsequent change.
Gabriela Mistral: “…. temblor de alma en temblor de carne”
Authors: Rudd Margaret T.
Published: March 2007

The life of Gabriela Mistral, born Lucila Godoy y Alcayaga, was a miraculous journey filled with “a trembling of the soul in a trembling of the flesh.” It took her from a hidden valley in the Chilean Andes, where she was born in 1889, to a regal hall in Stockholm, where she received the Nobel Prize for literature from the hands of King Gustavus V in 1945.

Gabriela related the beginning and the ending of her journey in a few Unes of poetry:

Todas íbamos a ser reinas,de cuatro reinos sobre el mar:Rosalía con Efigeniay Lucila con Soledad.

En el Valle de Elqui, ceñidode cien montañas o de más,

Y Lucila, que hablaba a río,a montaña y cañaveral,en las lunas de la locurarecibió reino de verdad.
La Novela Chilena Contemporánea
Authors: Torres-Ríoseco Arturo
Published: March 2007

Cualquier diccionario nos señala los límites de la palabra “contemporáneo”; actual; algo que existe al mismo tiempo que otra persona o cosa. No hay aquí ningún problema de semántica; lo que existe al mismo tiempo que nosotros son los escritores vivos, aunque hayan dejado de escribir.

Para nuestros propósitos, entonces, debemos prescindir de la presencia de novelistas ya desaparecidos, como Augusto D'Halmar, Pedro Prado y Mariano Latorre, que aunque continúan siendo representantes de Chile, no deben figurar entre los novelistas contemporáneos.
The Chilean Press: 1823-1842
Authors: Campbell Margaret V.
Published: March 2007

A backward glance, a thumbnail sketch of the Chilean press from the colonial period to 1823, sets the stage for the story of the press from 1823 to 1842. To begin with, Chile was off to a late start — 1747. Mexico had a press in 1540; Lima, 1584; Santo Domingo, 1600; and Paraguay, 1715. Second, the press was closely related with the struggle for independence. Foreign influences were felt through a number of colorful figures such as Mateo Arnaldo Hoevel, a Swedish refugee involved in the assassination of Gustave III, the North-American Procopio Polloc, and three North-American typesetters. Camilo Henríquez, a priest, was “the mentor of the revolution,” while the prócer, Bernardo O'Higgins, also played an important role.
A Monarquia Brasileira e as Repúblicas Americanas
Authors: Luz Nicla Villela
Published: March 2007

As nações americanas, provenientes de origens européias diversas cujas diferentes culturas e tradições imprimiram marcas profundas nos seus respectivos destinos no nôvo mundo não deixaram entretanto de sofrer experiências comuns que, por sua vez, conferiram certas analogias às sociedades que, no hemisfério, se formaram. Negá-lo tornaria impossível á compreensão da história dos povos americanos que têm mesmo consistido, em linhas gerais, num conflito mais ou menos intenso entre o passado europeu e a experiência americana.

Uns, como os colonos anglo-americanos, regeitando, ao se deslo carem para o Nôvo Mundo, certas formas institucionais da Europa, embora retendo outras, entregaram-se mais confiantes e mais livres ao nôvo destino. Já os latino-americanos, pelas condições em que se processou a colonização, permaneceram mais atados às suas origens européias. E quanto mais fortes foram êsses laços, mais dramática foi a gestação das novas sociedades, como no caso hispano-americano.
The Servant Class in a Developing Country: Ecuador
Authors: Nett Emily M.
Published: March 2007

Emphasis today is on the political and economic factors in social change in undeveloped countries. This approach, combined with the wholehearted acceptance of the role of the middle class as a psychological leavening agent in such countries, tends to obscure the presence of other factors. Especially are there other categories of human beings who are responding to the forces put into play by world changes and by the increasing pressures exerted upon the social systems of which they are a part. Recently, some of these groups have been given more notice, such as students, intellectuals, labor union members, etc. Another such important category is the servant class which for the most part has been ignored and yet which appears significant, even though not as a political group, in terms of both the effects it has on changes being attempted in social organizations and on the personality development of nationals in such countries.
Population and Development in a Peruvian Community
Authors: Oscar Alers J.
Published: March 2007

In December of 1951, the Cornell Peru Project, created under an agreement signed by Cornell University and the government of Peru, undertook a systematic program of research and development in the depressed highland Indian hacienda of Vicos, located in the Callejón de Huaylas, an intermontane valley some 270 miles north of Lima. In subsequent years Project personnel, in co-operation with functionaries of the Peruvian government, carried out a comprehensive program of development that significantly transformed the economic, educational, medical, and political institutions of the community. This program has included the introduction of innovations in farming techniques, the construction of an educational system, the building of a medical facility, and the transfer of local political power into the hands of the Indians.

This paper considers some of the ways in which the activities of the Project have affected population structure and change in the community and, in turn, how some of these population changes have affected, and are likely to affect, the efforts of the Project in the development of the community.
International Law and the United States Cuban Quarantine of 1962
Authors: Wilson Larman C.
Published: March 2007

In carrying out this order [“Interdiction of the Delivery of Offensive Weapons to Cuba“], force shall not be used except in case of failure or refusal to comply with directions, or with regulations or directives of the Secretary of Defense after reasonable efforts have been made to communicate them to the vessel or craft, or in case of self-defense. In any case, force shall be used only to the extent necessary.

President Kennedy

On October 16, 1962, the President of the United States — the late President Kennedy — was informed of the results of aerial surveillance of Cuba: missiles with a definite “offensive” capability were being prepared for launching! Six days later, on October 22, in an evening radio and television address to the nation, President Kennedy presented, in no mistakable terms, the new military threat to the United States posed by Cuba, and announced actions to be taken that were equally unequivocal and dramatic.
Los Partidos Populares de America Latina
Authors: Kantor Harry
Published: March 2007

El acontecimiento político más importante en América Latina durante el período entre las dos guerras mundiales fue el desarrollo de partidos indígeno-reformistas. Dedicados a la reconstrucción de la sociedad en Latinoamérica sobre una base más equitativa de lo que había sido la regla general en el pasado, estos partidos cambiaron considerablemente el complejo de la vida política latinoamericana. Los partidos populares que han logrado mayor estabilidad son aquellos que tratan de crear fórmulas políticas y formas de organización adaptables a las condiciones de América Latina. Prácticamente todos los partidos populares han llevado una existencia precaria, perseguidos por las tiranías militares que durante años han desgobernado a las naciones latinoamericanas. Sin embargo, los partidos populares han logrado estimular a nuevos elementos para que participen en la actividad política y muchos de estos partidos han asumido el poder en sus países durante períodos más o menos largos.
The Marketing Concept and Economic Development: Peru
Authors: Glade William P. , Udell Jon G.
Published: March 2007

In the literature of development, it is recognized that the possibilities for national economic growth are strongly conditioned by prevailing institutional patterns. Exogenous factors, such as international market trends, the supply of foreign investment funds, and terms of trade, define outer constraints on the growth of many less developed countries; but within these boundaries, the realizable growth depends on endogenously set parameters that influence public policy alternatives, the level and direction of domestic capital formation, and the scope and rapidity of structural economic changes. It is in this latter area that the study of institutional performance becomes relevant.

To date, the focus of institutional analysis has been on a variety of social organizations that influence the economic process at one point or another, e.g., trade unions, political parties, financial intermediaries, land tenure systems, and government agencies.
The Revolution and Mexican Foreign Policy
Authors: Engel James F.
Published: March 2007

In recent years the foreign policy of Mexico has often been criticized in the United States. The reaction of Mexico to steps taken by the United States in Latin America—in Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and elsewhere—has led to statements about Mexican foreign policy that indicate little understanding of Mexican mentality, history, and approach to international problems. Of primary concern in any attempt to shed light on the foreign policy of Mexico is the place of the Mexican Revolution in shaping the nation's approach to international problems.

The Mexican Revolution has had profound effects on the development of the country. Since the beginning of the Revolution in 1910, Mexico has followed a path to political stability unique in Latin America. The Revolution and its effects on subsequent Mexican attitudes have been studied by many scholars in attempts to learn lessons for the other developing nations of the hemisphere.