bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Into B or not into B? The limited impact of interpreting direction on target text fluency and complexity
Authors: Kajzer-Wietrzny Marta , Chmiel Agnieszka
Published: November 2024

Understood as a language rarely learned by non-native speakers (Whyatt & Pavlović 2021), Polish might be considered a language of limited diffusion. As a result, interpreters frequently work both into and from Polish. This stands in stark contrast with the approach to interpreting directionality preferred in many international organizations and representatives of the prominent Paris School, according to which retour (A-B) interpreting results in lower quality than B-A interpreting (Seleskovitch & Lederer 1989). As directionality is “one of the oldest issues discussed in the translation and interpreting community” (Gile 2005), it has managed to attract a number of scholars supporting either the ‘into B’ or the ‘not-into B’ approach. This paper aims to contribute to this long debate by focusing on the analysis of fluency and target text complexity as modulated by interpreting directionality. In order to see whether directionality influences interpreting quality, we identified potential differences in interpretations provided by the same interpreters working into A (Polish) or into B (English) and provided into English as either A language (traditional interpreting direction) or B language (retour interpreting). We used three subcorpora from PINC (Polish Interpreting Corpus) (Chmiel et al. 2023) and analysed a set of target text fluency and complexity measures. Our analysis showed mixed results when we compared the same interpreters’ performance in two directions: fluency was higher in interpreting into B based on four measures (shorter silent pauses, fewer and shorter filled pauses, higher speech proportion) but lower based on three measures (more numerous silent pauses, shorter runs, lower articulation rate). When comparing interpreting into English as A or B language, we found lower fluency in interpreting into B based on five measures (longer silent pauses, more filled pauses, shorter runs, lower articulation rate and speech proportion) and no difference in the number of silent pauses and mean length of filled pauses. We also found no difference in target text complexity based on all measures with the exception of dependency distance: retour interpretations were more syntactically complex than interpretations into A language in the case of speeches delivered impromptu. Overall, our study shows that production fluency and complexity in retour interpreting are not consistently lower as compared to interpreting into A language. The findings thus weaken the case for interpreting into one’s native language only. URL: http://www.skase.sk/
Literary Translation from Basque: A Study of Contemporary Translation Flows
Authors: Manterola Agirrezabalaga Elizabete
Published: November 2024

Smaller languages have fewer speakers than major languages, are less commonly taught as a second language and are often attributed a lower status. At the same time, translation is at the core of their everyday activity. Focusing on the outreach of contemporary Basque literature, the study presented here permits us to reflect on literary exchanges from a smaller language context and to assess cultural policies for the promotion of Basque literature abroad. The paper first considers the specificities of the multilingual context in which the source literature is set, the minority nature of the language, and the usual translation flows in the global literary system. By observing quantitative data on literature translated from Basque, our research seeks to identify new trends in the exportation of Basque literature in recent years. In addition, it aims to shed light on the role of agents participating in the translation process, such as translators, publishers, and institutions for the promotion and dissemination of Basque literature. The paper offers revealing information about significant elements that benefit the circulation of translations, such as grants for translations, translator training programmes, and literary prizes. URL: http://www.skase.sk/
The Translation of Video Game Titles in the Chinese Market
Authors: Xu Tingfang , Enríquez-Aranda Mercedes
Published: November 2024

This work discusses the translation solutions applied to the localization of video game titles in the Chinese market and how they are influenced by cultural, political, media, and consumer factors. It starts with an introductory contextualization of the unique features of the translation of video game titles in China through history, then examines the translation solutions adopted in the case of the most widely accepted versions of top-rated video games in the Chinese target market, revealing that literal, meaning-preserving approaches have become predominant over time, surpassing semantic-altering methods. Nevertheless, various types of modifications have been observed in the translation of video game titles due to linguistic and cultural differences. Even mistranslations are officially adopted as long as they have gained widespread recognition. In the future, video games imported into the Chinese market may receive a unified Chinese title for both distribution platforms and social media, prompting further research. URL: http://www.skase.sk/
Formation of a “Coat” of Copper Sulfate Around the Copper Cathode Depending on the Voltage Between the Electrodes in an Aqueous Suspension
Authors: Ibraimov T. , Tashpolotov Y. , Sadykov E.
Published: November 2024

This article studies the process of formation of copper sulfate crystallohydrate (CuSO4×5H2O) in an aqueous suspension when voltage is applied to copper electrodes. The factors influencing the intensity of the formation of copper sulfate, including the applied voltage, the distance between the electrodes and the composition of the water, are considered. Copper electrodes measuring 10×2 cm was used in the experiments. The distance between the electrodes varied from 2 to 10 cm. The electrodes were supplied with a voltage in the range from 2 to 29 V. The results of experiments, an analysis of the influence of various parameters on the crystallization process, as well as a discussion of possible reaction mechanisms are presented.
Areas and Resources of the Satureja L. Genus in Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)
Authors: Suleymanova Sh.
Published: November 2024

The study of the habitats and resources of 4 species of Satureja: Satureja hortensis L., S. laxiflora K. Koch, S. macrantha C. A. Mey. and S. mutica Fisch. et C. A. Mey. from the Lamiaceae family being a valuable essential oil plant. S. macrantha previously, single specimens were found in the Kyzylkaya and Negram-Dorosham mountains. 2018 we managed to identify the mountains of Darydag of Julfa district. In 2018, we managed to develop the Darydag, then 4 new locations in Mamadein, Keleki, Damir and Lalali mountain in the Ordubad district (1400–2800 m). Here Satureja grandiflora forms hitherto undescribed formations and associations covering vast rocky areas. S. laxiflora and S. mutica are newly identified species. It has been established that this species is a spinning, essential oil, medicinal and anti-erosion plant. We studied environmental conditions, the role in the formation of rock-talus vegetation in the region, economic importance, rational use and protection. We recommend expedient, planned and reasonable use of natural resources, the species of Satureja laxiflora, S. grandiflora, will expand crops, plantations of the cultivated species S. hortensis L.
Accumulation of Heavy Metals in the Leaves of Some Woody Plants in Osh City
Authors: Absatarov R. , Mamasadykuulu A. , Zhusupaliuulu T. , Mametova K.
Published: November 2024

Pollution of the environment with harmful substances occupies a leading place among global environmental problems. This phenomenon is closely related to anthropogenic activity, especially in cities. The origin and chemical nature of harmful substances are different, but heavy metals occupy a special place among them. Over the past ten years, research aimed at studying the distribution of heavy metals in the environment and their accumulation in plants has significantly developed. Because the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the UN in 2015 provide for by 2030, to reduce the negative environmental impact of cities per capita, including by paying special attention to air quality and the removal of urban and other waste. The purpose of our research was to determine the characteristics of the accumulation of heavy metals in the leaves of trees and shrubs growing in the park areas of Osh. The trees selected as objects were Salix babylonica L., Acer pseudoplatanus L., Populus ×canescens (Aiton) Sm., Platanus orientalis L., Juniperus virginiana L., planted in park areas near highways. The concentration of heavy metals was determined by the atomic absorption method in the Central Laboratory State Enterprise under the Ministry of Natural Resources, Ecology and Technical Control of the Kyrgyz Republic. Quantitative analysis revealed the presence of some heavy metals: manganese, copper, lead, strontium and zinc in all plant samples. Laboratory tests showed a high concentration of copper, exceeding the MAC. Based on the research results, we note the need to continue studying the influence of heavy metals on the physiological processes of various tree species in Osh and expanding the geography of research in the city’s microdistricts.
Special Protection of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic Natural Areas
Authors: Babayeva S.
Published: November 2024

The presented article provides information on specially protected natural areas of Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic. The environmental strategy implemented under the leadership of Heydar Aliyev since the 70s of the last centuries is successfully continuing in Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic today. The article also pays special attention to the beauty of the nature of Nakhchivan and the potential of ecotourism. As a result of the research, it was found that in the past period, in order to improve the environmental situation and protect biodiversity, the negative impact on the environment was minimized, and modern technologies were used in economic development. Specially protected natural territories have been created to protect the flora and fauna species of the territories that fascinate with aesthetic beauty, ecological balance, protection and restoration of biodiversity, the uniqueness of the natural environment, rare and endangered species. The article also contains detailed information about the territories of the Ordubad State Nature Reserve, Ordubad National Park, Shahbuz State Nature Reserve, Arpachay State Nature Reserve and Arazboyu State Nature Reserve, their geographical position, flora and fauna species listed in the Red Book. also reflected. Created and protected reserves, reserves and parks are also of particular importance in terms of visibility when conducting production experiments for high school students.
The Problem of Drought in the Territory of Azerbaijan and Combat Measures
Authors: Rahimova A. , Talibova J.
Published: November 2024

The article considers global and local climate change, and the problems associated with these changes. The increase in drought in the world and in Azerbaijan. The influence of various types of anthropogenic impact on the environment is studied. Measures to reduce their negative consequences are proposed. 52.4% of the total land fund of Azerbaijan is suitable for agriculture. The bulk of the soil is in arid areas (Kura-Araz lowland, including the Salyan, Mil, Mugan, Shirvan and Karabakh plains). Drought is also observed in the foothills of the Lesser Caucasus. Growing crops without irrigation is impossible. Problems arise in irrigating crop areas in dry years. The presence of drought in the summer months and a decrease in water resources negatively affect agriculture. The total water deficit in Azerbaijan in 2020 amounted to more than 0.2 km3. The water deficit may increase to 1.3 km3 in 2030 but may amount to 4-5 km3 in 2050. It is proposed to use current technologies in the country's natural resource management system.
Pathogens of Plant Diseases in Osh City and Their Connection with Climatic Conditions of Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Koshueva K. , Zhumabaeva T.
Published: November 2024

The article discusses the issues of improving the environmental situation, creating a favorable environment for health and, therefore, the need to combat plant pathology in large cities of Kyrgyzstan. Methods of increasing sustainability are analyzed and recommendations for improving the efficiency of the urban green space system are proposed. Based on this, the purpose of the work is to study the possibilities of improving the ecological condition of cities in modern conditions by controlling pests of urban plants. During the research, methods of qualitative identification and analysis of pests of urban plants were used. The information and empirical base of the study was our own laboratory research data. The scientific novelty lies in the identification and identification of pests of planted woody, shrubby and ornamental plants in Osh city. Based on the analysis of pests of planted woody, shrubby and ornamental plants in the city of Osh, it is proposed to strengthen control and research in the field of phytopathology to improve the urban environment by greening urban areas with resistant species to the identified pathologies of woody, shrubby and ornamental plant species. The necessity of forming a pest control system for plants and protecting the ecology of cities is substantiated. As a result of the study, the main types of pests of planted woody, shrubby and ornamental plants in urban areas of Osh were identified.
A Comparative Study of Resource Management Approaches in Kubernetes and Docker Swarm: Efficiency and Scalability
Authors: Tiumentsev D.
Published: November 2024

This article presents a comparative analysis of resource management (RM) approaches in two popular container orchestration platforms, Kubernetes and Docker Swarm. The key differences in RM, scheduling, and scaling are discussed, with a focus on the flexibility and granularity of Kubernetes compared to the simplicity and ease of use of Docker Swarm. The advantages and disadvantages of each tool are also analyzed to provide a more complete understanding of their applicability. -
Assessment of Morphological Changes in the Oral Mucosa of Laboratory Rats when Exposed to Salt
Authors: Bogatyreva M. , Kakeev B. , Kutlikova A.
Published: November 2024

According to a report by the World Health Organization on July 31, 2023, the tobacco epidemic remains one of the main threats to the health of the world’s population, more than 7 million people die from tobacco exposure and 1.3 million deaths are caused by exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke. In Central Asia, the most popular form of smokeless tobacco use is nasvai. To study histological changes in the oral mucosa in laboratory rats when exposed to salt. 40 male laboratory rats weighing 170-240 g were selected for the study. The animals involved in the experiment were divided into two groups: experimental and intact, with twenty individuals in each. The restoration of the methodology in the experimental group included protective placement of tobacco, the dose of tobacco products was determined depending on the body weight of laboratory rats. The rodents were fed with ordinary feed pellets and kept in ventilated cages with controlled humidity and temperature. Nasvai was placed in the oral cavity between the cheek and gum once a day two hours before meals. According to the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrates ETSN no. 123, after a 30-day experiment, laboratory animals were removed from the experiment by overdosing on general anesthesia. Oral tissue samples were extracted and fixed in a 10% formalin solution with further routine degreasing and dehydration methods. During the further stage of the experiment, sections with a thickness of 7 microns were prepared and hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to identify the characteristics of the tissues of the oral cavity by microscopy. When studying the histological structure of the oral mucosa of laboratory rats, as a result of exposure to nasvai, obvious signs of the immuno-inflammatory process and hyperkeratosis were revealed.
Features of Computer Static Perimetry in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Usenko V. , Kerimkulova M.
Published: November 2024

Examined 110 eyes (55 patients) with POGC and type 2 diabetes mellitus; 40 eyes (20 patients) with POGC without diabetes mellitus and 60 eyes (30 patients) with diabetes without glaucoma. In addition to the generally accepted methods of research, the following were carried out: perimetry (static Octopus), ophthalmoscopy with Goldmann lens, binocular ophthalmoscope (Schepensa), and lens Volk-90,0D (USA), gonioscopy with lenses (Krasnova, Goldmana), tonometria by Maccov, NIidek (Japan) NT-2000 pneumometry, Tonography (Glau test-60). OCT disc optic nerve and yellow spot (Carl Zeiss Cirrus, HD OCT Model 4000/5000 Germany), OST retinal vessels with calibre meter (Cirrus HD-OCT Carl Zeiss), ultrasonic diagnosis (UZD) of central artery vessels and retinal vein (UZ-system of expert class Sono Scapesq), ultrasound of the eyes. Conducted studies of static perimetry in patients with POGC and type 2 diabetes suggest the influence of the severity of diabetic retinopathy on the course and progression of glaucoma.
Experience of Surgical Treatment of Patients with Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
Authors: Sydygaliev K. , Imanov B. , Syrgaev D. , Aknazarov K. , Zhalgasbaev Zh. , Osmonaliev K. , Aknazarov S.
Published: November 2024

Acute pancreatitis occurs as a result of autolysis of pancreatic tissue by lipolytic and activated proteolytic enzymes, which leads to a wide range of changes from edema to focal and extensive necrosis and ranks third in the development of the surgical structure of the abdominal cavity. Destructive forms occur in 30-60% of cases, and mortality fluctuates between 30-85%. The frequency of purulent results reaches 21%. The article presents a technique for the surgical treatment of patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis.
Acute Decompensation of Chronic Cardiac Failure in Elderly and Senile Persons: Focus on Renal Dysfunction
Authors: Abdilazizova E. , Sabirov I.
Published: November 2024

The heart and kidneys, as well as their synergy, are necessary conditions for maintaining hemodynamic homeostasis in the human body. Since the beginning of the 19th century, it has been recognized that cardiovascular and renal diseases often coexist and have a mutually aggravating effect on each other. During the aging process, involutive changes in organs and body systems, especially the cardiovascular and urinary systems, lead to many physiological and functional changes that can increase the risk of developing acute complications, including acute decompensation of chronic heart failure (CHF). The prevalence of CHF is increasing among the population of older age groups all over the world, which is explained not only by involutive changes in the cardiovascular system of the body, but also by the high frequency of concomitant diseases, in particular chronic kidney disease. Age-related changes in the urinary system also play an important role in maintaining homeostasis of the body, however, during the aging process, along with a decrease in the number of nephrons, a decrease in the concentration function of the kidneys is observed, as well as a change in their structural integrity. These involutive changes in renal tissue may complicate the diagnosis and treatment of conditions associated with acute decompensation of CHF. Therefore, consideration of age-related changes in the cardiovascular and urinary systems and their contribution to the development of acute decompensation of CHF represents an important area for further research and practical applications aimed at improving medical care and quality of life in older people. The review article examines scientific literature data on cardiorenal relationships in acute decompensation of chronic heart failure in elderly and senile people.
Structure of Medication Therapy in Patients with Complex Hand Bone Fractures in Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Tukeshov S.
Published: November 2024

This article analyzes the structure of medication therapy in patients with complex hand bone fractures in the Kyrgyz Republic. Complex hand fractures are common injuries requiring a multi-stage treatment approach, including surgery, immobilization, and adequate medication therapy. The article examines various therapeutic regimens used at different stages of treatment: the first-line therapy includes analgesics and anti-inflammatory drugs, the second-line therapy adds hormonal medications and tissue regeneration stimulants, and alternative methods incorporate biologically active agents and physiotherapy. Effectiveness was evaluated based on clinical indicators such as pain level, bone healing rate, complication frequency, and restoration of hand function. The article also discusses gender-specific differences in therapeutic approaches, necessitating the consideration of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in men and women. This study highlights the need for the development of standardized treatment protocols adapted to local healthcare conditions to improve treatment efficacy and reduce complications.
Pathogenetic Role of Osteoprotegerin and Osteopontin in the Development of Cardiovascular Complications in Comorbid Pathology
Authors: Chyngyshpaev D.
Published: November 2024

This study investigated the pathogenetic role of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and osteopontin (OPN) in the development of cardiovascular complications and osteoporotic fractures in women with chronic heart failure (CHF), osteoporosis, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). A total of 150 postmenopausal women participated in the study. The serum levels of OPG and OPN were assessed, along with their relationship with the frequency of adverse cardiovascular events (CVE) and osteoporotic fractures. It was found that patients with elevated OPG levels (>50 mmol/L) had a significantly higher rate of CVE (65%) compared to those with lower levels. Increased OPN levels (>250 ng/mL) were associated with a rise in osteoporotic fractures, reaching up to 60%. Patients with high levels of both biomarkers showed the highest risk for both cardiovascular events and fractures. Statistical analysis revealed a strong correlation between OPG levels and CVE frequency (r=0.62, p<0.001), as well as between OPN levels and fracture frequency (r=0.58, p<0.001). These results highlight the critical role of OPG and OPN in the pathogenesis of comorbid conditions and their potential clinical significance as markers for predicting complication risks. The identified relationships could be used to develop new diagnostic and preventive strategies for cardiovascular and osteoporotic complications in patients with comorbid pathologies.
The Role of the International Classification of Functioning in Early Rehabilitation of Patients with Ischemic Stroke in Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Turuzbekova B.
Published: November 2024

The subject of the study is the process of early rehabilitation of patients after stroke. The aim of the study is to assess the role of the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) in the early rehabilitation of patients with ischemic stroke. This classifier was used to analyze the functional state of patients and develop individualized rehabilitation programs aimed at the most complete restoration of lost functions and improving the quality of life. As a result, it was found that the integration of the International Classification of Functioning into clinical practice contributes to a more effective and targeted recovery of patients after stroke. The classifier is a key point in determining short-term and long-term goals for the patient, assessing the rehabilitation potential and prognosis, drawing up and changing an individual medical rehabilitation plan, managing the medical rehabilitation process and forming further recommendations upon discharge, as well as involving related specialists to solve problems with barriers. It is recommended to implement the ICF at all stages of rehabilitation of patients after a stroke.
Mediation in the Kyrgyz Republic: the Principle of Voluntariness
Authors: Tursunbaeva N.
Published: November 2024

This article is devoted to mediation in the Kyrgyz Republic. The article considers the principle of voluntariness as one of the basic principles of the mediation institute. The article indicates that the principle of voluntary mediation is reduced to such aspects as not forcing the parties to settle the dispute through mediation, not forcing the mediator to assist in resolving the dispute through mediation and voluntary fulfillment of the agreements reached by the parties to mediation. It has been established that the legislator in the Kyrgyz Republic reasonably does not provide for the enforcement of a mediation agreement in the basic law on mediation, while providing the parties with other measures to ensure the implementation of its provisions. The article considers the possibility of introducing mandatory mediation in the Kyrgyz Republic in the light of the principle of voluntariness. It is argued that mandatory mediation may contradict the principle of voluntariness, since the parties, by their very nature, freely and consciously choose to participate in mediation to resolve the conflict. If the parties participate in the process against their will, this may reduce their motivation to reach a mutual agreement, which may negatively affect the effectiveness of mediation. Also, the forced participation of the parties in mediation may lead to a formal approach on the part of the participants, which weakens the meaning of mediation as a tool based on goodwill and cooperation.
Social and Psychological Factors Influencing Drug Use Among Young People: Analysis of Modern Society
Authors: Akmatova A.
Published: November 2024

The article examines key aspects influencing the spread of drug use among young people. The main focus is on the analysis of social and psychological factors, such as the influence of family and immediate environment, the role of social networks and media, as well as the influence of peers and group dynamics. It also examines psychological aspects, including stress, anxiety, depression, personality characteristics and emotional instability, which can contribute to the formation of a tendency to use drugs. The article examines cultural and economic differences in drug use, revealing the impact of economic inequality, unemployment and changing social norms on the behavior of young people. Based on a comprehensive analysis of data from various sources, the article seeks to identify the main causes and mechanisms behind drug use among young people and offers recommendations for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies.
Analysis of the Epistemological Potential of Critical Thinking at the Present Stage of the Educational Model
Authors: Pekareva V. , Pechersky D. , Frolovskaya Yu.
Published: November 2024

The central focus of our study is the issue of the significance of critical thinking in the system of educational paradigm. The primary goal set by the authors within the framework of the article is the definition of critical thinking of the surrounding reality both at the theoretical and practical levels of knowledge approbation. Essential emphasis in the work is made on the directions of integrative education, didactic approach to understanding the educational system, consideration of species and genus segments of critical thinking, designation of interactive technologies in the dynamics of elements of cognition and consideration of issues in the context of distance learning process. The authors provide a number of doctrinal foundations within the concepts of thinking; binomial system, which includes the concepts of thinking and criticism - critical thinking, as well as the introduction of specific methodologies in the educational hierarchy.
Development of Research Skills in Students of Pedagogical Science in the Communicative Method of Teaching
Authors: Kalmatova G. , Tentimishova A.
Published: November 2024

Research abilities of students of pedagogical university are an integral quality of personality, which is expressed in the recognition of the value of such activity, in the possession of the methodology of investigative work, in the formation and development of the ability to investigative work, in solving investigative problems and their use in further professional activity. The article provides evidence of the importance of the development of communication and research skills as a guarantee of successful training of student teachers. The authors provide key skills of scientific-research and communicative approach of teaching.
Pelatihan Pengelolaan Produk Perjalanan Wisata di Desa Wisata Kabupaten Enrekang
Authors: Aini Windra , Amirullah Amirullah , Machmud Mukarramah , Rusdi Muh , Rinda Ruth , Djabbar Atriana , Maryati Sri
Published: November 2024

Kabupaten Enrekang memiliki 25 desa wisata yang tersebar di seluruh daerah kecamatan. Kehadiran desa wisata ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan masyarakat melalui pemberdayaan potensi desa melalui kepariwisataan. Salah satu komponen penting dari kehadiran desa wisata adalah membuat paket wisata. Penyusunan paket wisasta menjadi hal yang penting karena mampu mensinergikan potensi desa secara merata. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka kegiatan pengabdian masyarakat program studi Usaha Perjalanan Wisata – Politeknik Pariwisata Makassar membuat pelatihan/bimbingan teknik pengembangan produk paket wisata. Metode yang digunakan adalah ceramah dan simulasi. Hasil pelatihan ini menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pemahaman peserta terhadap peran penting produk paket wisata dan peserta telah dapat menyusun paket wisata desanya sendiri.
Dynamic insights into incomplete neutralisation in Beijing Mandarin: retroflex suffixation and rime merger through GAMM analyses
Authors: Wang Yutong , Sabev Mitko , Post Brechtje
Published: November 2024

Incomplete neutralisation (IN), wherein phonologically neutralised categories yield phonetically non-neutralising outputs, has been documented in a variety of languages. Frequently-discussed evidence includes American /t/-flapping (Braver, 2014) and German final devoicing (Oostendorp, 2008). This study examines IN in Beijing Mandarin (BM) through retroflex suffixation (BRS) using generalised additive mixed models (GAMMs, Hastie & Tibshirani, 1986). In BRS, an [ɚ] suffix denotes diminutiveness, altering rime quality and potentially merging phonological contrasts. A production experiment was conducted with 11 native BM speakers producing 136 rime pairs, both suffixed and unsuffixed. Acoustic data, including formant frequencies and F0 values, were extracted at 21 equidistant points of rime course and analysed through GAMMs, with 77 models fitted to capture dynamic changes across rime and tonal conditions. The findings indicate that BRS induces significant spectral alterations across rimes, with varying degrees of vowel raising, lowering, or retraction. Low-nuclear vowels like [a], [ai], and [an] merge fully after suffixation, while high-nuclear rime groups with [i] and [y] nuclei show partial merger. Mid-nuclear vowel [ɤ] remains distinct after suffixation. Tone contours are preserved, though F0 values generally decrease. Such phonetic incompleteness or gradience challenges the assumption that phonologically-neutralised contrast, which is categorical, should not yield gradient surface distinctions. Therefore, it poses challenges to the traditional modular feed-forward phonology-phonetics interface (Bermúdez-Otero, 2007; Chomsky & Halle, 1991; Kenstowicz, 1994; Pierrehumbert, 2002), which posits that phonetics only has access to the discrete phonological output that does not contain any gradient phonetic information.
The Expansive Scope of Conflict: An Interdisciplinary Reflection
Authors: Franco Massimo
Published: November 2024

Conflict is an inherent and persistent facet of human society. Whether it be at the international level, within nation-states, or even within communities and organizations, conflict has the power to shape political landscapes, public opinion, and the trajectory of societies. In an increasingly interconnected and volatile world, the study of conflict has never been more critical.
"Realism" for The 21st Century: Climate Change, Nuclear Winter and A Changed Threat Environment
Authors: Jurgensen Arnd
Published: November 2024

This article argues that the existential threats to the security of states that climate change, and the “nuclear winter” phenomenon represent requires a fundamental reconsideration of the core of “realist” theories of international relations. The core assumption of the “realist” understanding of international relations is that the primary existential threat faced by states are the military capacities of other states and that states are “rational” in the pursuit of security. For the vast majority of states in the international system other states are no longer the primary threat to their survival. The unintended consequences of an intentional or accidental use of nuclear weapons culminating in a nuclear exchange between other states and the resulting “nuclear winter”, as well as climate change represent the most clear and present danger. This implies that states, who’s primary function is to maintain their security, must embrace global governance, cooperation and diplomacy as the only viable security strategy in confronting these threats. The failure of the dominant states (U.S., Russia, China, France, U.K.) to adopt this approach to security reflects the excessive influence of domestic interests such as the fossil fuel industry and the “military industrial complex”.
Baricitinib as monotherapy and with topical corticosteroids in moderate-to-severe atopic dermatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of dose-response
Authors: Almoghayer Ibrahim H. I. , Soomro Abdul Mateen , Dev Shah , Turesh Muskan , Kumar Ateesh , Kumar Ravi , Meghjiani Aashish , Lamiya Mir Syeda , Hassaan Muhammad , Qureshi Rehan , Kumar Vishal , Ashraf Taimoor , Deepak F. N. U. , Siddiq Mohammad Arham , Haseeb Abdul , Kumar Ayush
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that affects millions worldwide, presenting challenges in managing symptoms and quality of life. Current treatments include topical corticosteroids (TCS), but novel approaches, such as Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors, show promise. Baricitinib, a selective JAK1 and JAK2 inhibitor, targets cytokines involved in AD and offers potential benefits beyond traditional therapies.

Methods

A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was performed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of baricitinib in treating moderate-to-severe AD. We followed PRISMA guidelines and assessed data from PubMed, Cochrane Central, ScienceDirect, and ClinicalTrials.gov up to August 2024. The analysis included trials comparing baricitinib to placebo, with or without TCS, evaluating outcomes such as Investigator's Global Assessment (IGA) scores, Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI) scores, and safety profiles.

Results

Six RCTs involving 2,595 participants met the inclusion criteria. Baricitinib demonstrated significant improvements in IGA scores, EASI scores, Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI), and other outcome measures compared to placebo. The efficacy was consistent across different dosages (1 mg, 2 mg, 4 mg) and whether baricitinib was used with or without TCS. Safety analyses revealed a significant increase in treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), particularly with the 2 mg and 4 mg dosages and with TCS.

Conclusion

Baricitinib, both alone and in combination with TCS, significantly improves symptoms and quality of life in patients with moderate-to-severe AD, with efficacy consistent across dosages. The safety profile is overall acceptable, though a significant increase in TEAEs was observed, particularly with higher dosages and when used with TCS. Ongoing monitoring of TEAEs is recommended, and future trials with longer follow-up periods are suggested to better understand long-term outcomes.
The application of machine learning in inner built environment: scientometric analysis, limitations, and future directions
Authors: Dwiek Samah Al , Bast Safaa Al
Published: November 2024

Introduction

This article investigates the revolutionary influence of artificial intelligence (AI) on interior design, with an emphasis on the incorporation of machine learning ML techniques. The advent of AI has resulted in a paradigm change in design methods, prompting a thorough review of research gaps and the potential for ML applications in a variety of areas of interior design.

Methods

A systematic review process was implemented to fill these gaps, consisting of an in-depth evaluation of 28 research publications from Scopus databases categorized into eight themes. The investigation sought to address a pair of primary inquiries: what opportunities exist for using ML in interior design conditions, and what challenges limit its effective implementation.

Result

The study discovered a significant gap in the existing literature, demanding a full assessment to highlight challenges in ML implementation and the potential for applied ML development throughout the whole spectrum of interior design.

Discussion

The findings are intended to provide researchers and enthusiasts with an extensive understanding of ML-based gaps in interior design conditions and to provide various solutions for filling these gaps. This understanding may assist in the development of intelligent ML-driven apps, promoting interior contexts that improve user well-being and psychological comfort.
Chromosome alignment and Kif18A action rely on spindle-localized control of Cdk1 activity
Authors: Serpico Angela Flavia , Pisauro Caterina , Trano Asia , Grieco Domenico
Published: November 2024

Introduction

During mitosis, chromosome alignment at the mitotic spindle equator grants correct chromosome segregation and proper nuclei formation in daughter cells. The kinesin 8 family member Kif18A plays a crucial role for chromosome alignment by localizing at the kinetochore-microtubule (K-MT) plus ends to dampen MT dynamics and stabilize K-MT attachments. Kif18A action is directly antagonized by the master mitotic kinase cyclin B-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) and is promoted by protein phosphatase 1 (PP1). Since chromosome alignment precedes Cdk1 inactivation by cyclin B proteolysis, it is unclear how Kif18A evades Cdk1 inhibition.

Methods

We analyzed chromosome alignment and Kif18A in mitotic cells upon genetic perturbation of the phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory control of Cdk1 activity by immunofluorescence and cell fractionation experiments.

Results

We show here that chromosome alignment in human cells relies on a recently identified fraction of Cdk1 that is inhibited by Wee1-dependent phosphorylation in mitosis (i-Cdk1, standing for inhibited/inactive-Cdk1) and that localized at spindle structures where it promotes proper spindle assembly. Indeed, the reduction of i-Cdk1 led to several spindle defects including spindles with misaligned, bipolarly attached chromosomes showing poor Kif18A localization at their K-MT plus ends. Restoring i-Cdk1 reversed both alignment defects and Kif18A localization. In cells with lowered i-Cdk1, expressing a phosphonull Kif18A mutant version at the sites that serve as Cdk1 substrate significantly rescued the alignment defects.

Discussion

Mechanistically, our evidence suggests that i-Cdk1 and active PP1 facilitated the dephosphorylation and reactivation of spindle-localized Kif18A. Considering the relevance of Kif18A for survival of aneuploid cancer cells and the potential therapeutic targeting of both Kif18A and Wee1, these findings could also be relevant for cancer therapy.
Synthesis of branched and linear galactooligosaccharides related to glucuronoxylomannogalactan of Cryptococcus neoformans
Authors: Dorokhova Vera S. , Komarova Bozhena S. , Previato José O. , Mendonça Previato Lúcia , Krylov Vadim B. , Nifantiev Nikolay E.
Published: November 2024

This study focuses on the synthesis of a series of oligo-α-(1→6)-D-galactopyranosides bearing β-D-galactofuranosyl residues at O-2 and/or O-3, which relate structurally to fragments of glucuronoxylomannogalactan (GXMGal) from the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans that causes severe diseases in immunocompromised patients. The preparation of target compounds is based on the use of a selectively O-protected N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidoyl galactopyranoside donor with an allyl group at O-2, levulinoyl group (Lev) at O-3, pentafluorobenzoyl (PFB) group at O-4, and fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) group at O-6. The choice of protecting groups for this donor ensures the stereospecific formation of α-(1→6)-glycosidic bonds due to the stereodirecting effect of acyls at O-3, O-4, and O-6. At the same time, this combination of O-substituents permits the selective recovery of free OH groups at O-2, O-3, and O-6 for chain elongation via the introduction of β-D-galactofuranosyl and α-D-galactopyranosyl residues. The reported compounds are obtained as aminopropyl glycosides, which are transformed into biotinylated conjugates for further use as coating antigens in immunological studies. The obtained oligosaccharides were subjected to detailed 13C NMR analysis to show the spatial similarity of the obtained hexasaccharide with the corresponding fragment in the GXMGal chain, making this compound suitable for further immunological studies of C. neoformans.
Multiple cross displacement amplification-based lateral flow biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Chen Yanfei , Zhou Juan , Wang Jiao , He Xi , Huang Xiaolan , Xiao Fei , Jia Nan , Wang Yi , Zhong Xuemei
Published: November 2024

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori, HP), recognized globally as one of the most widespread bacteria, serves as primary etiological agent for numerous gastroduodenal diseases, highlighting the urgent need to develop rapid and sensitive diagnostic method for H. pylori infection. Here, we devised a new diagnostic test that merged multiple cross displacement amplification (MCDA) with nanoparticle‐based lateral flow biosensor (LFB), termed HP‐MCDA‐LFB, to facilitate the rapid and sensitive detection of H. pylori. The whole detection workflow, which includes stages such as DNA template extraction (~15 min), MCDA pre-amplification (~40 min), and result readout (~2 min), was efficiently completed within 1 h. After optimization, the HP-MCDA-LFB assay demonstrated remarkable sensitivity in detecting H. pylori, with a detection threshold as low as 60 fg of genomic DNA (~56 copies) per microliter. Furthermore, the HP-MCDA-LFB assay also achieved a perfect specificity rate of 100%, exhibiting no cross-reactivity with non-Helicobacter isolates. Particularly, the clinical feasibility of HP-MCDA-LFB assay was validated using 40 antral mucosa samples, among which 17 tested positive for H. pylori, which was in complete agreement with the results obtained from the rapid urease test. In conclusion, the HP‐MCDA‐LFB method developed in this study is a rapid, sensitive, and specific method for diagnosing H. pylori infection, indicating great potential for H. pylori eradication therapy.
Clinical value of heparin-binding protein in adult bacterial intracranial infection
Authors: Guan Linsai , Wang Feiyao , Chen Jingni , Xu Yanxin , Zhang Weixing , Zhu Jianping
Published: November 2024

Background

The accurate and sensitive diagnosis of intracranial infection continues to pose a critical challenge. This study aimed to probe into the clinical value of heparin binding protein (HBP) in bacterial intracranial infection.

Methods

Patients suspected of having bacterial intracranial infection and admitted to Shanghai General Hospital from November 2021 to November 2023 were selected as study subjects and divided into an infected group and a non-infected group. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was constructed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of HBP, procalcitonin (PCT), and C-reactive protein (CRP), as well as their value in differentiating Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative bacterial infections.

Results

According to the results of bacterial identification, the infected groups were divided into a Gram-negative bacteria group (n = 142) and a Gram-positive bacteria group (n = 128), while the non-infected group comprised 120 patients after neurosurgery involving dura opening. Statistically significant differences were observed in the levels of HBP, PCT, and CRP between the infected group and the non-infected group (all p< 0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of HBP was 0.935, and the AUCs of PCT and CRP were 0.931 and 0.863, respectively. In the comparison of HBP, PCT, and CRP levels in the Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria groups, the AUCs were 0.816, 0.602, and 0.591, respectively. When the cutoff value of HBP was 72.34 ng/mL, its specificity reached 96.1% and its sensitivity was 57.8%. When PCT and CRP levels were less than 1.67 ng/mL and 23.12 ng/mL, respectively, both the sensitivity (52.3%, 53.1%) and specificity (66.9%, 59.9%) were relatively low.

Conclusion

HBP, PCT, and CRP can be employed as diagnostic indicators for bacterial intracranial infection. HBP (>72.34 ng/mL) can act as an important index for the diagnosis of Gram-negative bacteria in patients with intracranial infection.
Deciphering the pathogen heterogeneity for precise diagnosis and personalized therapeutics of infections after kidney transplantation: insights from metagenomic next-generation sequencing
Authors: Ye Xin , Lin Yuxin , Yang Jiangnan , Qi Baocui , Wei Xuedong , Huang Yuhua , Wang Liangliang
Published: November 2024

Introduction

The aim of this study was to compare the detection performance of mNGS against that of conventional tests (CT) in patients suffering from infection after kidney transplantation.

Methods

A total of 138 samples from 85 kidney transplant patients with acute or chronic infections were simultaneously analyzed using mNGS and CT from July 2021 to August 2023.

Results

Compared with CT, mNGS demonstrated a higher sensitivity (95.96% vs. 27.27%) but lower specificity (48.72% vs. 84.62%) in pathogen detection. Moreover, mNGS exhibited significant advantages in detecting mixed and rare infections. The pathogens commonly identified in kidney transplant patients were severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), followed by Pneumocystis jirovecii and Cytomegalovirus (CMV). mNGS guided the precise clinical diagnosis in 89.13% of cases and assisted in altering therapeutics from empirical antibiotic approaches to personalized plans in 56.10% of cases, including treatment escalation (40.65%), initiation (11.38%), drug adjustment (3.25%), and de-escalation (0.81%).

Discussion

Our study demonstrated the superior detection performance of mNGS and its significant clinical value. This reflected the great potential of mNGS as a complementary clinical detection technology for kidney transplant patients.