bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XCL1 (lymphotactin) chemokine produced by activated CD8 T cells during the chronic stage of infection withMycobacterium tuberculosisnegatively affects production of IFN-γ by CD4 T cells and participates in granuloma stability
Authors: Ordway Diane , Higgins David M , Sanchez-Campillo Joaquin , Spencer John S , Henao-Tamayo Marcela , Harton Marisa , Orme Ian M , Gonzalez Juarrero Mercedes
Published: August 2007

CD8 T cell immune responses are known not to be essential during the initial stages of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), but their presence becomes important as the chronic infection ensues. The basis of this is still not clear. In previous studies, we showed that CD8 T cells have a distinctive positioning in the architecture of the granuloma lesion, with further changes throughout the course of the chronic infection. We have also hypothesized that further movement of lymphocytes once they are within the lung lesions could be associated with the levels of expression of the chemokine XCL1 (lymphotactin). XCL1 is produced mainly by activated CD8 T cells, and its chemotactic activity seems primarily controlling movement of CD4 and CD8 T cells. In this study, using a murine low-dose aerosol infection model coupled with antibody depletion of T cell subsets, we investigated the role of CD8 T cells in the control of the bacterial growth and in the pathogenesis of the disease in mice at early, mid, or late stages of the chronic disease state. Additionally, we also describe for the first time that during Mtb infection, activated CD8 T cells in the lungs produce XCL1 and that this chemokine is capable of controlling IFN-γ production by CD4 T cells.
Wnt signaling mediates regional specification in the vertebrate face
Authors: Brugmann Samantha A. , Goodnough L. Henry , Gregorieff Alex , Leucht Philipp , ten Berge Derk , Fuerer Christophe , Clevers Hans , Nusse Roel , Helms Jill A.
Published: August 2007

At early stages of development, the faces of vertebrate embryos look remarkably similar, yet within a very short timeframe they adopt species-specific facial characteristics. What are the mechanisms underlying this regional specification of the vertebrate face? Using transgenic Wnt reporter embryos we found a highly conserved pattern of Wnt responsiveness in the developing mouse face that later corresponded to derivatives of the frontonasal and maxillary prominences. We explored the consequences of disrupting Wnt signaling, first using a genetic approach. Mice carrying compound null mutations in the nuclear mediators Lef1 and Tcf4 exhibited radically altered facial features that culminated in a hyperteloric appearance and a foreshortened midface. We also used a biochemical approach to perturb Wnt signaling and found that in utero delivery of a Wnt antagonist, Dkk1,produced similar midfacial malformations. We tested the hypothesis that Wnt signaling is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism controlling facial morphogenesis by determining the pattern of Wnt responsiveness in avian faces,and then by evaluating the consequences of Wnt inhibition in the chick face. Collectively, these data elucidate a new role for Wnt signaling in regional specification of the vertebrate face, and suggest possible mechanisms whereby species-specific facial features are generated.
BMP signalling inhibits premature neural differentiation in the mouse embryo
Authors: Di-Gregorio Aida , Sancho Margarida , Stuckey Daniel W. , Crompton Lucy A. , Godwin Jonathan , Mishina Yuji , Rodriguez Tristan A.
Published: August 2007

The specification of a subset of epiblast cells to acquire a neural fate constitutes the first step in the generation of the nervous system. Little is known about the signals required for neural induction in the mouse. We have analysed the role of BMP signalling in this process. We demonstrate that prior to gastrulation, Bmp2/4 signalling via Bmpr1a maintains epiblast pluripotency and prevents precocious neural differentiation of this tissue, at least in part by maintaining Nodal signalling. We find that during gastrulation, BMPs of the 60A subgroup cooperate with Bmp2/4 to maintain pluripotency. The inhibition of neural fate by BMPs is independent of FGF signalling, as inhibition of FGF signalling between 5.5 and 7.5 days post-coitum does not block neural differentiation in the mouse embryo. Together, our results demonstrate that inhibition of BMP signalling has a central role during neural induction in mammals and suggest that FGFs do not act as neural inducers in the post-implantation mouse embryo.
Methanol-Associated Matrix Effects in Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Annesley Thomas M
Published: August 2007

Background: Matrix effects can profoundly reduce the performance of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Preliminary observations indicated that the methanol used in the mobile phase could be a source of differential ionization or ion suppression.

Methods: Drug stability studies, analysis of biological extracts, mixing experiments, and postcolumn infusions were used to test 9 commercial methanols for ionization differences in liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assays for immunosuppressants. Area responses for the drugs and internal standards were compared for mobile phases prepared with each selected methanol. Postcolumn infusion experiments were performed to confirm the degree of ionization differences occurring at the ion source, and to evaluate the proportions of ammonium, sodium, and potassium adducts.

Results: The decrease in signal for the immunosuppressant drugs was shown to result from differential ionization associated with the selected methanols. Product ion intensity varied by 10-fold among the methanols tested. For sirolimus, tacrolimus, and mycophenolic acid, the percentage change in ionization was the same for the drug and its corresponding internal standard. Postcolumn sirolimus infusion evaluation revealed that a 1000-fold analyte concentration difference did not affect ionization. The proportions of ammonium, sodium, and potassium adducts of sirolimus precursor ions differed in relation to the source of methanol.

Conclusions: Organic solvents used in mobile phases and extract preparation of biological samples may be associated with ion suppression, affecting adduct formation and assay sensitivity.
Lernobjekt-Metadatenerstellung in Zeiten des Web 2.0 (Learning Object Metadata Generation in the Web 2.0 Era)
Authors: Dahl Daniel , Vossen Gottfried
Published: August 2007

Die Ziele, die mit der Einführung des Metadatenstandards LOM verfolgt wurden (z. B. die Auffindbarkeit und die Wiederverwendbarkeit von Lernobjekten) werden aktuell trotz einer weit reichenden Verbreitung und Akzeptanz nur in geringem Maße erreicht: Aufgrund der großen Komplexität des Standards steht dem in der Theorie immensen Potential eine deutliche Zurückhaltung in der Praxis gegenüber. Dies lässt sich u. a. darauf zurückführen, dass der Prozess der Metadatenerstellung (wer erstellt wann wie welche Attribute) bislang nicht im Detail definiert ist. Dieses Papier zeigt einen Weg auf, der gleichzeitig eine hohe Quantität wie Qualität bei der Erstellung von Lernobjekt-Metadaten sicherstellt. Dafür werden bekannte Ansätze der Metadatenerstellung kombiniert und erstmals die Potentiale des im Kontext der Web 2.0-Entwicklungen vorbildlich umgesetzten User-zentrierten Paradigmas zur Communitygetriebenen Metadatenerstellung von Lernobjekten genutzt. Am konkreten Beispiel des Einsatzes einer Lernplattform wird definiert, wer wann welche Metadatenattribute des Standards auf welche Art und Weise füllt.
Design, Entwicklung und Evaluation von Benutzerschnittstellen für Wearable Computer (Design, Development and Evaluation of User Interfaces for Wearable Computers)
Authors: Witt Hendrik
Published: August 2007

Benutzerschnittstellen für das Wearable Computing Paradigma unterscheiden sich signifikant von ihrem Pendant aus der Desktop Computing Welt. Dieser Artikel schlägt die Entwicklung eines systematischen Entwicklungsprozesses für die Erstellung von Benutzerschnittstellen für Wearable Computer und dessen Integrationsmöglichkeit in existierende und zukünftige Software-Entwicklungsmodelle vor. Zur Unterstützung der vorgeschlagenen Prozesse werden zwei spezielle Werkzeuge, das „WUI-Toolkit” und der „HotWire Primäraufgaben Simulator” verwendet, die speziell auf die Anforderungen des Wearable Computings im Bereich der Implementierungs- und anschließenden Evaluationsphase von Schnittstellen abgestimmt wurden.
Use of Shear Waves to Measure Poisson’s Ratio in Polar Firn
Authors: King Edward C. , Jarvis Eric P.
Published: August 2007

We conducted a seismic experiment on polar firn on Adelaide Island, Antarctica. We measured the speed of compressional and shear waves at different depths in the firn by sampling waves that return to the surface following continuous refraction. To overcome the difficulty of picking shear wave arrivals in the presence of dispersed compressional waves, we made separate recordings using seismic sources applied to first one side of a pit, then the other, using first a hammer as the energy source and then small explosive charges. When the polarity of one of the records was reversed and then the two records summed together, the compressional wave arrivals were almost completely attenuated and the shear waves enhanced. The results provide the variation of P- and S-wave speeds with depth in the range [Formula: see text], which were then used to derive the variation of Poisson’s Ratio with depth. We find, for a location that experiences positive air temperatures during some summer days, that Poisson’s ratio is around 0.2 at the surface, rises rapidly to around 0.3 over the first ten meters, and then rises more slowly to a maximum of 0.34 at [Formula: see text] depth. Our greatest depth of investigation was [Formula: see text] where Poisson’s ratio was 0. 326, close to the theoretical value for ice at [Formula: see text].
A Critical Review of the Low-Frequency Electrical Properties of Ice Sheets and Glaciers
Authors: Kulessa Bernd
Published: August 2007

I review current understanding of the low-frequency electrical properties of glaciers and ice sheets, and identify future research directions that challenge near-surface geophysicists and glaciologists. In cold ice electrical conduction occurs principally via [a] movement of protonic point defects in the lattice in low-impurity ice; [b] networks of impurities at grain boundaries in ice of moderate impurity content; and [c] triple junctions and grain boundaries in ice of high impurity content. I infer that in temperate ice Archie-type conduction is likely dominant. Arrhenius and Looyenga type models, respectively, describe well the increase in bulk resistivity with decreasing ice temperature and density. The activation energy in cold ice and firn is constant at [Formula: see text] but poorly constrained in temperate ice and snow. The bulk resistivity of cold ice ranges from [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text], and is much higher in temperate ice (up to [Formula: see text]). The effects of impurity characteristics, temperature, and density on complex conductivity are poorly understood, although selected real conductivity components apparently increase with frequency, impurity concentration, or temperature. Future research should exploit more rigorously low-frequency electrical techniques in the field and laboratory, and develop or adapt from other areas of electrical geophysics novel mathematical and statistical concepts for joint data inversion and integration, for glaciological purposes such as ice core logging and investigations of glacier dynamics, ice fracturing, and glacier hydrology. I conclude that low-frequency electrical techniques have unduly been neglected in glaciology as compared with higher-frequency radar techniques over the past few decades, suggesting opportunities for concerted research efforts into these techniques.
Lake Glacial History of the Ross Sea Sector of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet: Evidence from Englacial Layering at Talos Dome, East Antarctica
Authors: Siegert Martin J. , Leysinger Vieli Gwendolyn J.-M. C.
Published: August 2007

The timing of West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) expansion and retreat during the last glacial cycle is crucial to evaluating the processes controlling ice sheet fluctuations. There is currently debate as to whether grounded ice across what is now the Ross Ice Shelf decayed during the early Holocene or at a time coincident with meltwater pulse 1a. Here we show, from analysis of englacial radio-echo layering across Talos Dome in Oates Land, East Antarctica, that the pattern of snowfall has been relatively consistent for the past [Formula: see text]. This was preceded by a transition from glacial maximum-type accumulation at between 10,000 and [Formula: see text]. We interpret glacial maximum accumulation rates to correspond with the expansion of the grounded WAIS across the Ross shelf, so preventing storm tracks from accessing Victoria Land as they do today (as identified previously at Taylor Dome). The return to modern-type accumulation after [Formula: see text] is consistent with geological evidence for WAIS retreat. No large-scale alteration in accumulation is observed around [Formula: see text] ago, during the time of meltwater pulse 1a.
Implications of Coupling Fractional Flow and Geochemistry for CO2 Injection in Aquifers
Authors: Noh M. , Lake L. W. , Bryant S. L. , Araque-Martinez A.
Published: August 2007

The geochemical changes caused by carbon dioxide (CO2) injection into aquifers include acidification and carbonation of the native brine. There are also potential mineral-dissolution and mineral-precipitation reactions caused by the aqueous-composition changes. The latter are important for evaluating the potential CO2-storage capacity in the form of minerals. Reactions also may influence the performance of the injection well.

The theories of geochemical flows and of fractional flow provide useful insight into several aspects of CO2 sequestration. This paper gives the mathematical formalism of combined geochemical reactions and multiphase flow. If the local-equilibrium assumption applies, the theory leads to a graphical solution, from which it is easy to see when and under what conditions mineralization will occur. The theory also illustrates the modes of CO2 trapping (hydrodynamic, solubility, mineral, residual saturation). Trapping mechanisms are identified analytically. We also show that the natural groundwater flow alters the modes of trapping significantly.
Preformed Particle Gel for Conformance Control: Factors Affecting Its Properties and Applications
Authors: Bai Baojun , Li Liangxiong , Liu Yuzhang , Liu He , Wang Zhongguo , You Chunmei
Published: August 2007

Preformed particle gel (PPG) is a particled superabsorbent crossklinking polymer that can swell up to 200 times its orginal size in brine. The use of PPG as a fluid-diverting agent to control conformance is a novel process designed to overcome some distinct drawbacks inherent in in-situ gelation systems. This paper introduces the effect of gelant compositions and reservoir environments on the two properties of PPG: swollen gel strength and swelling capacity. Results have shown that PPG properties are influenced by gelant compositions, temperature, brine salinity, and pH below 6. Temperature increases PPG swelling capacity but decreases its swollen gel strength. Salinity decreases PPG swelling capacity but increases its swollen gel strength. PPG is thermostable at an elevated temperature of 120°C if a special additive agent is added into its gelant as a composition. PPG is strength- and size-controlled, environmentally friendly, and not sensitive to reservoir minerals and formation water salinity.

Two field applications are introduced to illustrate the criteria of well candidate selection and the design and operation process of PPG treatments. Field applications show that PPG treatment is a cost-effective method to correct permeability heterogeneity for the reservoirs with fractures or channels, both of which are widely found in mature waterflooded oil fields.
Geomechanical Effects on the SAGD Process
Authors: Collins Patrick M.
Published: August 2007

Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a robust thermal process that has revolutionized the economic recovery of heavy oil and bitumen from the immense oil-sands deposits in western Canada, which have 1.6 to 2.5 trillion bbl of oil in place. With steam injection, reservoir pressures and temperatures are raised. These elevated pressures and temperatures alter the rock stresses sufficiently to cause shear failure within and beyond the growing steam chamber. The associated increases in porosity, permeability, and water transmissibility accelerate the process. Pressures ahead of the steam chamber are substantially increased, promoting future growth of the steam chamber. A methodology for determining the optimum injection pressure for geomechanical enhancement is presented that allows operators to customize steam pressures to their reservoirs.

In response, these geomechanical enhancements of porosity, permeability, and mobility alter the growth pattern of the steam chamber. The stresses in the rock will determine the directionality of the steam chamber growth; these are largely a function of the reservoir depth and tectonic loading. By anticipating the SAGD growth pattern, operators can optimize on the orientation and spacing of their wells.

Core tests are essential for the determination of reservoir properties, yet oil sand core disturbance is endemic. Most core results are invalid, given the high core-disturbance results in test specimens. Discussion on the causes and mitigation of core disturbance is presented.

Monitoring of the SAGD process is central to understanding where the process has been successful. Methods of monitoring the steam chamber are presented, including the use of satellite radar interferometry. Monitoring is particularly important to ensure caprock integrity because it is paramount that SAGD operations be contained within the reservoir.

There are several quarter-billion-dollar SAGD projects in western Canada that are currently in the design stage. It is essential that these designs use a fuller understanding of the SAGD process to optimize well placement and facilities design. Only by including the interaction of SAGD and geomechanics can we achieve a more complete understanding of the process.
Gas/Water Flow in Porous Media in the Presence of Adsorbed Polymer: Experimental Study on Non-Darcy Effects
Authors: Blanchard V. , Lasseux D. , Bertin H. , Pichery T. , Chauveteau G. , Tabary R. , Zaitoun A.
Published: August 2007

The objective of this paper is to report some experimental investigations on the effect of polymer adsorption on gas/water flow in non-Darcy regimes in homogeneous porous media, in contrast to previously available analyses focused mainly on the Darcy regime. Our investigation concentrates on gas flow either at low mean pressure, when Klinkenberg effects (or gas slippage) must be considered, or at high flow rates, when inertial effects are significant.

The experimental study reported here consists of water and nitrogen injections into various silicon carbide model granular packs having different permeabilities. Experiments are carried out at different water saturations before and after polymer adsorption over flow regimes ranging from slip flow to inertial flow. In good agreement with previous works, in the Darcy regime, we observe an increase in irreducible water saturation and a strong reduction in the relative permeability to water, while the relative permeability to gas is slightly affected. At low mean pressure in the gas phase, the magnitude of the Klinkenberg effect is found to increase with water saturation in the absence of polymer, whereas for the same water saturation, the presence of an adsorbed polymer layer reduces this effect. In the inertial regime, a reduction of inertial effects is observed when gas is injected after polymer adsorption, taking into account water-saturation and permeability modifications. Experimental data are discussed according to hypotheses put forth to explain these effects. Consequences for practical use are also put under prospect.
Gauging Growth: How to Judge No Child Left Behind?
Authors: Fuller Bruce , Wright Joseph , Gesicki Kathryn , Kang Erin
Published: August 2007

Many policymakers feel pressure to claim that No Child Left Behind (NCLB) is boosting student performance, as Congress reconsiders the federal government’s role in school reform. But how should politicians and activists gauge NCLB’s effects? The authors offer evidence on three barometers of student performance, drawing from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) and state data spanning the 1992–2006 period. Focusing on the performance of fourth graders, where gains have been strongest since the early 1970s, the authors find that earlier test score growth has largely faded since enactment of NCLB in 2002. Gains in math achievement have persisted in the post-NCLB period, albeit at a slower rate of growth. Performance in many states continues to apparently climb. But the bar defining proficiency is set much lower in most states, compared with the NAEP definition, and the disparity between state and federal results has grown since 2001. Progress seen in the 1990s in narrowing achievement gaps has largely disappeared in the post-NCLB era.
Overcoming the Volatility in School-Level Gain Scores: A New Approach to Identifying Value Added With Cross-Sectional Data
Authors: Kelly Sean , Monczunski Laura
Published: August 2007

Traditionally, state accountability systems have measured school-level achievement gains using cross-sectional data, for example, by comparing scores of one year’s eighth graders to scores of the next year’s eighth graders. This approach produces extremely volatile estimates of value added from year to year. This volatility suggests that the traditional use of cross-sectional data cannot reliably estimate the production of achievement by schools, and therefore schools may be unfairly sanctioned under such a system. In this analysis, the authors consider an alternative use of cross-sectional data, identifying differences in relative subject matter performance within schools. They illustrate this approach using data on public middle schools in Wisconsin during the years 1998 to 2001. Compared to school-level gain scores, relative subject matter performance is much more stable from year to year. The authors conclude that in lieu of more reliable measures of value added, state educational agencies should consider alternative uses of standardized test data.
Beneficial versus harmful effects of Angiotensin (1-7) on impulse propagation and cardiac arrhythmias in the failing heart
Authors: De Mello Walmor C , Ferrario Carlos M , Jessup Jewell A
Published: August 2007

Introduction. The presence of Angiotensin (1-7) (Ang 1-7) and ACE 2 in the ventricle of cardiomyopathic hamsters as well as the influence of Ang (1-7) on membrane potential, impulse propagation and cardiac excitability were investigated.

Methods. Histology and immunochemistry were used to demonstrate the presence of Ang (1-7) and ACE 2 in the ventricle of cardiomyopathic hamsters. Measurements of transmembrane potentials, conduction velocity and refractoriness were made using conventional intracellular microelectrodes. The influence of Ang (1-7) on sodium pump current was investigated in voltageclamped myocytes isolated from the ventricle.

Results. The results indicated the presence of Ang (1-7) and ACE 2 in myocytes of cardiomyopathic hamsters. Moreover, Ang (1-7) (10-8 M) hyperpolarised the heart cell, increased the conduction velocity, and I reduced transiently the action potential duration. The cardiac refractoriness was also increased by the heptapeptide, an effect in part reduced by an inhibitor of mas receptor. These findings indicate that Ang (1-7) has important antiarrhythmic properties. However, the beneficial effects of Ang (1-7) are dose-dependent because at higher concentration (10-7 M) the heptapeptide elicited an appreciable increase of action potential duration and early-after depolarisations. Since losartan (10-7 M) did not counteract this effect of the high dose of the heptapeptide, it is possible to conclude that activation of AT1-receptors is not involved in this effect of Ang (1-7).To investigate the mechanism of the hyperpolarising action of Ang (1-7) the influence of the heptapeptide on the sodium potassium pump current was studied in myocytes isolated from the ventricle of cardiomyopathic hamsters. The peak pump current density was measured under voltage clamp using the whole cell configuration. The results indicated that Ang (1-7) (10—8 M) enhanced the electrogenic sodium pump, an effect suppressed by ouabain (10—7 M).

Conclusions. Ang (1-7) has beneficial effects on the failing heart by activating the sodium pump, hyperpolarising the cell membrane and increasing the conduction velocity. These effects as well as the increment of refractoriness indicate that Ang (1-7) has antiarrhythmic properties. At higher concentrations (10—7 M), however, the heptapeptide induced early-after depolarisations which leads to the conclusion that an optimal generation of Ang (1-7) must be achieved to permit a protective role of Ang (1-7) on cardiac arrhythmias.
Synthesis and Correlation of Spectral Properties of Some Substituted 1,3-Diphenyl-2-Propen-1-Ones
Authors: Ahmed M Giasuddin , Romman UKR , Ahmed S Mosaddeq , Akhter Kawsari , Halim Md. Ershad
Published: August 2007

Seven arylideneacetophenones: 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one (1a), 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one (1b) , 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3-phenyl-2- propen-1-one (1c) , 1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-phenyl-2-propen-1-one (1d) , 1-(4- chlorophenyl)-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (1e) , 1-(4-methylphenyl)-3-(4- methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (1f) and 1,3-di(4-methoxyphenyl)-2-propen-1-one (1g) were synthesized from the corresponding substituted acetophenones and benzaldehydes in presence of sodium hydroxide in aqueous ethanol. The structures of the compounds 1a-g were confirmed by their UV, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR spectral data.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(1), 45-52, 2007
Composition of Oil from the Seeds of Cassia Sophera Linn.
Authors: Mostafa M , Ahmed Momtaz , Jahan Ismet Ara , Choudhury Jasim Uddin
Published: August 2007

The oil obtained from the seeds of Cassia sophera Linn was analyzed by GC-MS and a total of 42 compounds have been identified. The major constituents are palmitic acid (22.82 %), linoleic acid (8.32 %), elaidic acid (19.16 %), stearic acid (9.86 %), 5-isopropyl -6-methyl-3-heptyne-2,5-diol (6.44 %), undecyl lauric acid (6.61 %), oleic acid (2.1 %), arachidic acid (3.57 %) and 3α, 7β-dihyodxy -5β, 6β-epoxycholestane (5.9 %).

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(1), 75-78, 2007
Efficacy in-vivo of Different Fungicides in Controlling Stemphylium Blight of Lentil During 1998-2001
Authors: Huq M Ihsanul , Khan AZM Nowsher Ali
Published: August 2007

In an experiment with seven different fungicides such as Rovral 50WP @ 0.2 %, Dithane M-45 @ 0.2 %, Tilt 250EC @ 0.05 %, Cupravit @ 0.3 %, Macuprax @ 0.25 %, Ridomil MZ-72 @ 0.2 % and Bavistin 50WP @ 0.15 % were tested in the field during 1998-2001 to control Stemphylium blight lentil. Among the fungicides Rovral 50WP @ 0.2 % was noted as the most effective fungicide followed by Dithane M-45 @ 0.2 % and Tilt 250EC @ 0.05 %.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(1), 89-96, 2007
A Comparative Analysis on the Growth Related Factors of Pila globosa (Swainson) (Gastropoda: Pilidae)
Authors: Nargis A , Ahmed KN , Pramanik SHA
Published: August 2007

No abstract available.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 42(1), 101, 2007
Sales and Marketing Management
Authors: Gorchels Linda
Published: August 2007

The term “marketing” is misunderstood and misapplied in many companies and industries. To improve the understanding, it may be helpful specifying what marketing
is not
. Marketing is
not
synonymous with advertising or sales. Marketing is an umbrella term covering a host of activities involved with strategy and planning. Advertising and sales are “after” activities involved with executing the plans. Both are
part
of the marketing function in an organization. Advertising often plays a rather substantial role in encouraging
consumers
to buy products and services for
household
use (or to support the sales effort in business‐to‐business sales). Selling often plays a rather substantial role in encouraging
business
purchasers to buy products and services for
organizational
use (or in negotiating with trade partners to stock consumer products).

Introduction

Fundamental Principles

Market Intelligence

Targeting Customers

Brand Image and Positioning

Marketing Strategy & Planning

Implementing Strategies & Plans

Concluding Remarks
Information Theory of Modulation Codes and Waveforms
Authors: Georghiades Costas N.
Published: August 2007

The fundamental problem of communication is the conveying of information (which may take several different forms) from a generating source through a communication medium to a desired destination. This conveyance of information, invariably, is achieved by transmitting signals that contain the desired information in some form and that efficiently carry the information through the communication medium. We refer to the process of superimposing an information signal onto another for efficient transmission as
modulation
.

Introduction

Analog Modulation

Digital Modulation
Climatic variability and the population dynamics of historical hunter–gatherers: The case of Sami of Northern Finland
Authors: Helle Samuli , Helama Samuli
Published: August 2007

Our current knowledge on climate‐mediated effects on human population dynamics is based on preindustrial agrarian societies where climate‐induced crop failures had a major impact on fertility and mortality rates. However, because most of the human evolutionary history has been shaped by hunter–gatherer lifestyle relying on diverse plant and animal food sources, it is also important to understand how climate affected the population dynamics of hunter–gatherers. We thus studied whether climate, measured as a reconstructed annual mean temperature, had concurrent or delayed effects on the key components of population dynamics, annual births and deaths, in three historical (1722–1850) Sami populations of Northern Finland that depended mainly on fishing, hunting, and reindeer herding for their livelihood. We found only weak concurrent effects of mean temperature on annual births and deaths, although in general warm years correlated with increased birth and reduced mortality rates. Likewise, temperature‐mediated delayed effects were mainly absent: in one population only, a warm previous year tended to reduce the number of births. By contrast, annual numbers of births and deaths were more closely associated, as indicated by negative correlations between births and deaths up to three previous years. To summarize, in contrast to historical agrarian societies, the population dynamics of historical Sami seemed to be only weakly associated with annual mean temperature, which may indicate that these populations, probably due to their dietary breadth, were rather unaffected by climatic variation. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Compulsive singing: another aspect of punding in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bonvin Christophe , Horvath Judit , Christe Blaise , Landis Theodor , Burkhard Pierre R.
Published: August 2007

We report on two patients with advanced Parkinson's disease who were exhibiting a peculiar and stereotyped behavior characterized by an irrepressible need to sing compulsively when under high‐dose dopamine replacement therapy. Sharing many features with punding, this singing behavior is proposed as a distinct manifestation of the dopamine dysregulation syndrome in Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2007
Synthesis and characterization of new aromatic polyesters containing biphenyl side groups
Authors: Honkhambe Pandurang N. , Avadhani C. V. , Wadgaonkar Prakash P. , Salunkhe Manikrao M.
Published: August 2007

Aromatic polyesters containing biphenyl side groups were synthesized by phase‐transfer catalyzed interfacial polycondensation of 1‐(4‐biphenylyl)‐1,1‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl) ethane (BBHPE) with terephthaloyl chloride (TPC), isophthaloyl chloride (IPC), and a mixture of TPC/IPC (50 : 50 mol ratio). Copolyesters were synthesized by utilizing different molar proportions of BBHPE and 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol (BPA) with IPC and TPC. The inherent viscosities of polyesters were in the range 0.44–1.26 dL/g. All the polyesters were soluble in organic solvents such as dichloromethane, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, meta‐cresol, pyridine, N,N‐dimethylformamide, N,N‐dimethylacetamide, and 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone. Tough, transparent, and flexible films could be cast from chloroform solutions of these polyesters. WAXD measurements indicated that all the polyesters and copolyesters were amorphous in nature. Glass transition temperature of polyesters were in the range 198–256°C, while the initial degradation temperature of polyesters were in the range 444–481°C. Copolyesters derived from BBHPE exhibited improved solubility and higher glass transition temperatures compared to the corresponding polyesters based on BPA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Supported SiO2‐nBuSnCl3/MAO/(nBuCp)2ZrCl2 catalyzing MAO cocatalyst‐free ethylene polymerization: Study of hydrogen responsiveness
Authors: Atiqullah M. , Moman A. A. , Akhtar M. N. , Al‐Muallem H. A. , Abu‐Raqabah A. H. , Ahmed Neaz
Published: August 2007

A supported metallocene catalyst was synthesized by sequentially loading methylaluminoxane (MAO) (30 wt % in toluene) and (nBuCp)2ZrCl2 on partially dehydroxylated silica ES 70 modified by nBuSnCl3. Its shock load hydrogen responsiveness was evaluated by polymerizing ethylene for 1 h at 8.5 bar (g) and 75°C without separately feeding the MAO cocatalyst.

The shock load hydrogen feeding increased the ethylene consumption (at a fairly constant rate), catalyst productivity, as well as the resin bulk density and average particle size at ΔP (of hydrogen) ≥∼3.0 psi. The bulk density increased from 0.25 to 0.31 g/cm3. This shows a procedure for overcoming the inherent drop in catalyst productivity caused by heterogenization of metallocenes (that is a method for catalyst activation) and improving the resulting resin bulk density. The volume‐weighted mean particle diameter of the resulting polyethylenes was found to be 5.80–11.12‐fold that of the catalyst corresponding to ΔP = 0.00–7.11 psi, respectively. The resulting kinetic profiles showed to be fairly stable. However, Mw and polydispersity index were not affected. The particle size distribution, average particle size, and the scanning electron microscope photographs of the resulting resin particles confirmed the occurrence of the replication phenomenon. On the basis of the above findings, the mechanism of ethylene polymerization under the present experimental conditions has been revisited. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Rigid poly(vinyl chloride) gelation in a Brabender measuring mixer. III. Transformation in the torque maximum
Authors: Tomaszewska Jolanta , Sterzyński Tomasz , Piszczek Kazimierz
Published: August 2007

The processing and structural effects occurring in a poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compound processed in a plastograph, at the time at which the maximum value of the torque (point X on the torque curve) was reached, were studied. The unplasticized PVC compound was processed at various temperatures (150–200°C) with a kneader operating at rotors speeds of 5–40 min−1. The changes in the temperature of the compound due to kneading and its influence on the progress of PVC gelation were analyzed. The gelation progress was studied with differential scanning calorimetry, rheological measurements, and scanning electron microscopy. The maximum value of the torque occurred within the temperature range (170–180°C) of the PVC compound, and it was independent of the adjusted temperature of the mixing chamber. The processing of the PVC compound in the kneader, with high mechanical charges and a comparatively low adjusted temperature (150–170°C), spontaneously generated an effect of self‐heating, resulting in an increasing temperature of the compound. Despite the surprisingly high degree of gelation (80–98%) of the PVC compound processed under these conditions (as determined by differential scanning calorimetry), the scanning electron microscopy observations indicated significant nonhomogeneity of the fracture surface. Consequently, the kneaded PVC compound at point X of the torque curve could be treated as a two‐phase system composed of a liquid, amorphous phase and elements of a grain structure. The transformation of both phases (particularly the quantitative and qualitative changes), which was significantly dependent on the PVC temperature and the shear rate applied by the rotors, determined the state of the melted compound at this point of the torque curve. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Damping behavior of hygrothermally conditioned carbon fiber/epoxy laminates
Authors: Botelho E. C. , Pardini L. C. , Rezende M. C.
Published: August 2007

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites have been used in wide variety of applications including, aerospace, marine, sporting equipment as well as in the defense sector due to their outstanding properties at low density. In many of their applications, moisture absorption takes place which may result in a reduction in mechanical properties even at lower temperature service. In this work, the viscoelastic properties, such as storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″), were obtained through vibration damping tests for three carbon fiber/epoxy composite families up to the saturation point (6 weeks). Three carbon fiber/epoxy composites having [0/0]s, [0/90]s, and [±45]s orientations were studied. During vibration tests the storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) were monitored as a function of moisture uptake, and it was observed that the natural frequencies and E′ values decreased with the increase during hygrothermal conditioning due to the matrix plasticization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
CVD of Thin Ruby Films on Si(100) and Stainless Steel for Surface Temperature Sensor Applications
Authors: Pflitsch C. , Viefhaus D. , Atakan B.
Published: August 2007

Surface temperature measurements are crucial in many applications; one promising approach is the use of thermographic phosphors. The temperatures of surfaces coated with such a material can easily be detected by measuring and evaluating the luminescence. In the present study, the CVD of chromium‐doped aluminum oxide films (ruby) on Si(100) and stainless steel substrates is investigated with respect to this application. Films are deposited in a cold‐wall reactor from oxygen and the acetylacetonates of aluminum and chromium under pressures between 200 hPa (200 mbar) and 240 hPa, and at temperatures between 1273 K and 1473 K. The growth of aluminum oxide, containing 1 % chromium, is confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. While films grown at 1273 K are mainly γ‐Al2O3 and θ‐Al2O3, α‐Al2O3 films are grown at higher temperatures. The films are analyzed by laser excitation with regard to the temperature‐dependent luminescence. The films consisting of mainly α‐Al2O3 are promising as temperature sensors, they show the typical phosphorescence of ruby, with phosphorescence lifetimes between 2.3 ms at 298 K and 6 μs at 813 K.
Visualization of Vortex Flow Patterns with a Uniformly Perforated Showerhead in a Model Lamp Heat, Single‐Wafer Thermal Processor
Authors: Cheng T. C. , Lin T. F. , Yang J. Y. , Jian S.‐R.
Published: August 2007

Following the rapid progress in the growth of semiconductor thin crystal films, rapid thermal (RT) CVD not only allows for minimization of processing and cycle time, but also enables a significant reduction in the thermal budget. The flow recirculation in the processing chamber driven by the large buoyancy resulting from the temperature differences between the wafer and input gases is known to produce detrimental effects on the film properties. In this study, the proposed 8″ rapid thermal processor (RTP) with a showerhead inlet contains three basic types of flow patterns (plug, mixed, and buoyancy‐induced flow). The physical parameters, gas flow rate, and pressure of processing chamber are investigated in detail.
Experimenteller Bau einer frei geformten Mauerwerksschale
Authors: Wendland David , Jäger Wolfram , Schulten Christoph
Published: August 2007

An einer frei geformten Schalenkonstruktion werden die Möglichkeiten des Mauerwerks jenseits von senkrechten ebenen Bauelementen ausgelotet. Die Form wurde mit skulpturalen Arbeitstechniken entwickelt und auf Basis einer numerischen Modellierung schrittweise so weit optimiert, dass sie standfest wurde. In der Umsetzung im Maßstab 1:1 konnte die praktische Realisierbarkeit demonstriert werden.

Das Projekt zeigt die Formbarkeit von Mauerwerk auch im Rahmen der allgemeinen technischen Anforderungen an Mauerwerksbau sowie die Wege, wie sich dies erreichen lässt. Dabei erweist sich auch die Machbarkeit geometrisch komplexer Schalenkonstruktionen aus Mauerwerk.

Eine weitere Besonderheit des Projekts liegt in dem Ansatz, mit Hilfe moderner Informationstechnik wie in einem industriellen Prozess einen direkten Informationsfluss von der Planung zur Fertigung zu etablieren. Für die Randträger der Schale wurde ein Konstruktionsdetail zur Bewehrung des Mauerwerks quer zur Lagerfuge entwickelt.
Kann der Mauerwerksbau noch vom ETV Beton der ehemaligen DDR profitieren?
Authors: Gerstner Horst , Jäger Wolfram , Nguyen Song Ha
Published: August 2007

In der ehemaligen DDR ist man 1981 bei der Berechnung und Nachweisführung im Betonbau mit dem Einheitlichen Technischen Vorschriftenwerk (ETV) Beton [1] auf ein semiprobabilistisches Sicherheitskonzept übergegangen. Ziel war die Einsparung von Material, um den stärker werdenden wirtschaftlichen Zwängen Rechnung zu tragen und um die Zusammenarbeit im Rahmen des Rates für gegenseitige Wirtschaftshilfe (RGW) zu verbessern. Die erzielten Effekte konnten durch eine differenzierte und den realen Beanspruchungsbedingungen besser angepasste Festlegung der Teilsicherheitsbeiwerte sowohl auf der Einwirkungsseite als auch auf der Widerstandsseite erzielt werden. Es wird in diesem Beitrag ein kurzer Überblick über dieses Normenwerk und seine Hintergründe gegeben. Mögliche Auswirkungen für den Mauerwerksbau werden aufgezeigt.
Ausführung von Mauerwerk – so nicht!
Authors: Schubert Peter , Reis Josef
Published: August 2007

Eine wesentliche Voraussetzung für die Gewährleistung der planmäßigen Funktionsfähigkeit von Mauerwerkbauteilen und ‐bauwerken ist deren regel‐ und sachgerechte Ausführung. Leider entspricht die Ausführungsqualität in zunehmender Anzahl der Fälle nicht den Technischen Regelwerken. Dass diesbezüglich Handlungsbedarf besteht, wird an einem konkreten Beispiel verdeutlicht.
Modernisierung erhaltenswerter Bausubstanz: Baustoff für leichte Innenwände
Authors: Schröder Olaf
Published: August 2007

Deutschlands Ein‐ und Mehrfamilienhäuser kommen in die Jahre. 60 Prozent der 34 Millionen Wohnbauten sind mehr als fünfzig Jahre alt, lassen sich aber durch Sanierung, Um‐ und/oder Anbau heutigen Nutzungsanforderungen anpassen. Der Jahresumsatz der Bauwirtschaft wird nicht mehr in erster Linie im Neubaubereich gemacht, sondern zunehmend beim Bauen im Bestand. Um Umfang und finanziellen Aufwand einer Modernisierung konkret planen zu können, ist eine Bestandsaufnahme durch einen Fachmann, z. B. einen Architekten, dringend angeraten. Nur aus Expertensicht sollte beurteilt werden, welche Wände ohne Beeinträchtigung der Standsicherheit entfernt werden dürfen und welcher Baustoff sich für den Einbau neuer Zwischenwände eignet.
Neue Impulse für den Wohnungsbau. Deutschland ist gebaut?
Authors: Gerij Kunibert
Published: August 2007

Das politische Meinungsbild “Deutschland sei gebaut” hat zu fatalen Folgen für das Baugewerbe sowie für die Bau‐ und Wohnungswirtschaft geführt. Die unterdurchschnittliche Eigentumsquote im internationalen Vergleich, die Altersstruktur des Wohnungsbestandes und die aufgrund der demographischen Entwicklung veränderten Wohnbedürfnisse werden in fahrlässiger Weise nicht gewürdigt.
Mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney: Cytopathologic findings
Authors: Owens Christopher L. , Argani Pedram , Ali Syed Z.
Published: August 2007

A 54‐year‐old woman was hospitalized for flank pain and acute renal failure when imaging studies revealed a 5.2 cm mass in the left kidney. She was referred for fine needle aspiration of the lesion, which showed an epithelial tumor with round to oval nuclei associated with strands of metachromatic stromal tissue. Cytopathologic diagnosis was consistent with renal cell carcinoma. Subsequent nephrectomy was performed and the surgical pathology specimen showed a mucinous tubular and spindle cell carcinoma of the kidney. The patient has done well post‐operatively with 10 months of benign follow‐up. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:593‐596. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy diagnosis of metastatic prostate carcinoma to inguinal lymph node
Authors: Rosa Marilin , Chopra Harpreet K. , Sahoo Sunati
Published: August 2007

Carcinoma of the prostate is predominantly a disease of older men. Men younger than 50 years of age account for approximately 1% of all patients diagnosed with prostate cancer. Patients generally present with urinary symptoms and rarely with metastatic disease. Lymphatic spread typically occurs to the obturator and internal iliac nodes. We report a case of an aggressive prostate adenocarcinoma in a 47‐year‐old white male who presented with nausea, vomiting, and enlarged inguinal lymph nodes for 1 month. A fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and immunohistochemical stains performed on the FNAB revealed metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma. The initial clinical presentation of inguinal lymphadenopathy, the age of the patient and the cytologic features made this an unusual case. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:565‐567. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of agreement between conventional and liquid‐based cytology in cervical cancer early detection based on analysis of 2,091 smears: Experience at the Brazilian National Cancer Institute
Authors: Girianelli Vania Reis , Thuler Luiz Claudio Santos
Published: August 2007

The aim of this work was to evaluate the agreement between conventional cytology (CC) and liquid‐based cytology (LBC) in cervical cancer early detection.

The results of CC and LBC (DNACitoliq®) in 2,059 women aged 25–59 years were compared. The percent agreement, kappa coefficient, prevalence‐adjusted bias‐adjusted kappa coefficient (PABAK), and Chamberlain's percent positive agreement (PPA) were calculated.

The percent agreement between the two methods was very good (80% and 79%, respectively, for normal versus ASCUS+; and normal versus ASCUS, AGUS and LSIL+ vs. HSIL+). The kappa coefficient indicates slight agreement (0.26 and 0.23, respectively), but when PABAK was used the agreement was good (0.61 and 0.68, respectively). PPA was high for normal results (79.2%) and low for the remaining categories.

To conclude, in this study, agreement between LBC and CC was only good for normal results, which involves the majority of cases and positively influences the overall agreement rate. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007;35:545‐549. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.