bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Life-Meanings Survey
Authors: Shapiro Stewart B.
Published: September 2011

This paper's purpose was to describe an interview which purports to survey some important areas in life meanings. The “Life-meanings Survey” is a semi-structured, depth interview which has been used to assess the outcomes of various humanistically oriented, confluent educational projects. It attempts to reach a deeper, more personal level of response than the usual paper-and-pencil personality, attitude, or achievement measures by probing into relatively enduring effects which make a difference in the lives of the participants. It investigates some of the major philosophical-psychological domains of what is substantially worth believing in, doing and living for, and what is a coherent, useful philosophy of life. Divided into five areas of meaning, the interview technique includes intentionality, significance, symbols, sense and the meaningful impact of a given project. Research results are reported from three studies: the effects of confluent education on high school students, the outcomes of a humanistically oriented medical program, and the results of a 1-yr. program in confluent education for school administrators. These studies indicate that quantitative assessments can be made using this instrument Rough reliability and validity measures of the interview have also indicated its usefulness and stability.
Reinforcement of Autistic Children's Responses to Music
Authors: Schmidt David C. , Franklin Robert , Edwards Joseph S.
Published: September 2011

Appropriate and inappropriate behavior of three autistically labeled boys was observed and recorded during alternating individual and group sessions under two conditions: Condition A, 1:1 reinforcement and shaping, and Condition B, differential reinforcement. Music served as an effective curriculum (to teach appropriate musical responses) and as a context to shape and alter other individual and social behaviors. Increases in appropriate behaviors were accompanied by variable decreases in inappropriate behaviors.
Development and Standardization of Measures of Stereotypic Sex-Role Concepts and of Sex-Role Adoption in Adults
Authors: Newman Robert C.
Published: September 2011

The Self-descriptive List, a measure of adult stereotypic sex-role concepts of masculinity, and the Rating Scale for Adults, a measure of sex-role adoption, were developed and standardized. The former has 12 items which were determined by a Q-sort procedure to be neutral on social desirability and either high or low on masculinity. The latter has 20 sex-typed, behavioral statements. Both instruments were administered twice to college students and their spouses. Subjects were Caucasian, second generation U. S. citizens of the middle socioeconomic class who were 18 yr. of age or older. Both instruments reliably differentiated between the sexes; furthermore, scores on scales were positively correlated.
Career Attitudes of Female Professors
Authors: Mayfield Betty , Nash William R.
Published: September 2011

Women professors at Texas A'M University were surveyed to determine the effects of a career on personal and family lifestyle, the nature of difficulties and fulfillments women experience in work, and the efficacy of career counseling. The data indicate that they have benefited through personal fulfillment, financial gain, and increased opportunities. They have encountered very little sex discrimination and few personal or family conflicts have arisen as a result of their careers. None of the women were influenced in their career choice by counselors, and most felt that they would not have benefited from career counseling. A large majority of the women would make the same choice again and would encourage other women to pursue a similar career.
Avoidance-Trained Rats Do Not “Anticipate” Periodically Scheduled Free Shock
Authors: Roberts Albert E. , Collier Catherine R.
Published: September 2011

Four rats, trained under a free-operant avoidance schedule, received a response-independent shock (US) every 6 min. Signalled and unsignalled US conditions were given in separate blocks of sessions. Response rate was elevated temporarily following the delivery of the US but was relatively stable over the remainder of the 6-min. period, i.e., unchanged between USs. Only when a signal (CS) preceded US did avoidance change during the US cycle. For two subjects initially given CS-US, impaired avoidance developed during the CS. For the two subjects initially given unsignalled US, inserting the CS led to enhanced avoidance during the CS periods.
Cajal-Retzius Cells as Electrostatic Guides for Migrating Neurons
Authors: Persinger Michael A. , Robb N. Ian
Published: September 2011

A model is presented to explain one of the possible functions of the Cajal-Retzius cells which are known to mature perinatally but not to survive into late infantile life. In this model the processes of the Cajal-Retzius (C. R.) cells and the ventricular surface act as a transient capacitor-like mechanism during neural migration. Neurons which are connected to the ventricular surface during migration by an end foot are consequently guided by the Cajal-Retzius cell processes located in the upper strata of the cortical molecular layer. Once the end foot is severed migration stops and differentiation begins. When the period of migration nears completion postnatally, the mechanism is destroyed as these cells die or lose their connection with the cortical pial surface. Calculations are given to support the feasibility of this model.
Note on Measuring Stability of Personality Traits
Authors: Berk Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

This note suggests an application of the G index of agreement for improving the measurement of trait stability. Implications for the item-selection process and estimation of retest or intraclass reliability coefficients across occasions are discussed.
Relationship between Moral Development Test Scores of Juvenile Delinquents and Their Inclusion in a Moral Dilemma Discussion Group
Authors: Fleetwood Robert S. , Parish Thomas S.
Published: September 2011

This study sought to determine whether or not the discussion of moral dilemmas was related to the gain scores obtained by juvenile delinquents on a test of moral development. 13 female and 16 male juvenile delinquents were assigned to a developmental group or a control group. The Defining Issues Test was administered as a pretest to determine levels of moral development. Subjects in the developmental group were then exposed to moral dilemmas which were used to stimulate group discussion moderated by the first investigator. The group discussion consisted of 6 l½-hr. sessions over a 4-wk. period. Comparison of pretest and posttest scores on the issues test showed that group membership was significantly related to gain scores. Subjects in the developmental group—but not the control group—scored substantially higher on the posttest than on the pretest. While the moral enhancement procedure used in this study may constitute a viable foundation for working with juvenile delinquents' responses on a moral judgment scale, it still remains to be seen if these procedures would interact in a similar fashion with the actual level of their moral behaviors.
Locus of Control, Anxiety, and Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Organ Dennis W.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to see if relationships between locus of control and information-processing ability could be explained by overlapping variance with trait anxiety. Stress conditions were varied in order to see if internal subjects' superiority in proofreading and incidental learning occurred only under conditions in which anxiety was negatively related to those criteria. Results from a study with 60 graduate students showed that neither external locus of control nor anxiety correlated significantly with information-processing measures in a non-stressful condition, while both personality variables correlated significantly and negatively with criteria in a stressful condition of arousal; and only anxiety reliably predicted performance criteria in an ambiguously stressful condition with 50 undergraduates.
Psychology of the Scientist: XXXV. Terminal and Instrumental Values of American Graduate Students in Psychology
Authors: Silverman Bernie I. , Bishop George F. , Jaffe Joshua
Published: September 2011

The terminal and instrumental values of 954 graduate students from 98 psychology departments across the United States were compared with the values of a national subsample of Americans matched on age, race and educational background. Comparisons were also made between graduate students specializing in nine different fields of psychology. The results showed little agreement between the graduate students and the national comparison group on the importance of various values. Among those majoring in the different specialties, disparities were less marked, but clinical majors tended to emphasize interpersonal affective values such as true friendship, loving and helpful, while experimental majors placed relatively greater emphasis on cognitive competency values such as logical and intellectual.
Behavior and Traditional Therapy Applied to Pedophiliac Exhibitionism: A Case Study
Authors: Miller Howard L. , Haney John R.
Published: September 2011

A 36-year-old male, who was hospitalized or imprisoned from the age of 12 yr. primarily for sexual deviancy, was treated with combined aversion, aversion relief, social and sexual skill training, and traditional support and insight-oriented therapy. The client's major symptom was pedophiliac exhibitionism both in compulsive practice and in almost constant obsession. At the conclusion of a 3-mo. therapeutic program (and after a 1½-yr- follow-up) all symptoms were remitted and the client was able to maintain himself in the community for the first time in his adult life.
Relationship between Paranoid Tendencies and Projective Behavior
Authors: Chalus Gary Anton
Published: September 2011

An effort was made to test the widely accepted psychiatric notion that use of the projective defense is especially characteristic of individuals with paranoid tendencies. Male and female college students took the Rorschach test and were led to believe that they possessed either strong or average hostile tendencies. The negative feedback significantly increased the experimental subjects' levels of subjective anxiety, and the subjects who received high hostility feedback projected significantly more hostility onto others than did the controls. However, the highly paranoid subjects, detected by the MMPI Paranoia scale, did not project any more hostility than did the low paranoids, thereby providing no support for the psychiatric hypothesis. Possible reasons for this negative result were discussed.
Patterns of Interaction in Family Triads with High-Achieving and Low-Achieving Children
Authors: Krige Patricia
Published: September 2011

The patterns of interaction between the parents and the child in family triads of high-achieving and low-achieving boys and girls and their parents were compared. Forty family triads were studied. The mean age of the children was 12 yr., 1 mo. Fathers of boys and girls did not differ in over-all dominance in the family process. Parents shared dominance but fathers of boys differed from fathers of girls in how this dominance was applied. Fathers' interactional pattern with their wives was flexible, influenced by the sex and achievement level of the children. These factors influenced fathers' interaction with their children and also mothers' interaction with their husbands. Mothers' behaviour toward their children was influenced by sex but much less so by achievement level. The sex of the child significantly influenced his behaviour toward his mother but the achievement level not to the same extent. In essence, the interaction of the parental pair with their children seemed to be the important factor in achievement.
The College Self-Expression Scale: Israeli Data
Authors: Kipper David A. , Jaffe Yoram
Published: September 2011

The Hebrew translation of the College Self-expression Scale was administered to 137 females and to 47 males, all Israeli students. Data were similar to previously reported American data with respect to normative scores, lack of sex differences and positive relationship with age. Further, length of stay in Israel correlated positively with assertiveness while ethnic background did not.
Mind-Body Revisited: Every 28 Days
Authors: Richman Charles L. , Patty Rosemarie Anderson , Fisher Terri D.
Published: September 2011

Male and female undergraduates were administered the Gough-Heilbrun Adjective Check List and a questionnaire assessing menstrual regularity. The females' reported regularity was positively correlated with scales for self-control, order, and endurance, demonstrating that women who describe themselves as orderly, methodical, persevering, and dependable are more likely to report a regular menstrual cycle than women reporting an irregular cycle. In contrast, men who projected themselves as women showed a negative relationship between orderly, rigid, and methodical behaviors and regular cycles.
Personality and Motivational Factors on an Intentional-Incidental Learning Task
Authors: Dixon Paul N. , Cameron Audrey E.
Published: September 2011

Locus of control, other-direction, and academic achievement motivation were investigated as a function of acceptance of motivational cues in intentional-incidental learning. Correlations among the three personality constructs were also calculated. The subjects were 134 college students studied under high and low learning motivation for each personality construct. It was hypothesized that high academic achievement motivation would be associated with increased intentional learning and that internal subjects would have consistent intentional and incidental learning under both levels of motivation. The externals, accepting experimenter's instructions, would show a funneling effect toward greater intentional learning under high motivation with corresponding decreases in incidental learning. No significant differences on the learning task by locus of control or other-direction were found. Subjects high in achievement motivation performed significantly better on the intentional task than those low in achievement motivation. The highly motivated group performed significantly better than those who were low on the incidental task, suggesting that the motivation may focus the subject's attention toward embedded incidental cues. Significant intercorrelations were obtained among the three personality constructs.
Effects of Alcohol on Specific and Environmental Fear
Authors: Dickerson Lawrence L. , Ferraro Douglas Peter
Published: September 2011

64 rats were exposed to a conditioned emotional response situation in which a stimulus warned of the imminent delivery of shock. That half of the rats which received 1.2 gm/kg alcohol before experiencing this situation exhibited some reduction in fear of the specific warning stimulus and a significant reduction in fear of the general environment.
Self-Monitoring and Self-Reinforcement of Studying by College Students
Authors: Tichenor James L.
Published: September 2011

The present study involves examination of self-monitoring and self-reinforcement of studying to partial out the relative contributions of self-monitoring and self-reinforcement to change of behavior in number of minutes studied and test score. Undergraduate students were divided into groups and were asked to observe and record the number of minutes studied for an introductory psychology course. Reinforcers were points toward the student's course grade. It was predicted that study output would increase and thereby increase scores on course tests. After a 6-wk. experimental period, those students who self-reinforced in their natural environment significantly increased their study time. There was no significant difference between groups in test scores. These findings suggest self-reinforcement in a naturalistic context may increase time of study but not grades. The lack of relationship between time in study and test performance was discussed.
Situational and Victims' Characteristics in Simulated Penal Judgments
Authors: Howitt Dennis
Published: September 2011

Two hypotheses were tested: that ratings of appropriate prison sentences would be increased by the vulnerability of the victim, and that these ratings would be increased by the extent to which the victim was responsible for the crime. For 90 introductory social psychology students as subjects the first hypothesis was supported, but the second hypothesis rejected since a marginally significant effect was found in the direction opposite to the one predicted. Females gave greater prison terms (marginally statistically significant) but this seemed to be due to features of the crime involved rather than a general tendency for females to be more punitive.
Secondary Reinforcement Established with Intracranial Stimulation in Rat
Authors: Hagen Richard L.
Published: September 2011

Using a single-subject design with the rat secondary reinforcement was demonstrated with intracranial stimulation as the primary reinforcer. The presence of a buzzer (the S') which had previously signalled the availability of intracranial stimulation significantly extended responding during extinction. It was pointed out that previous failures to demonstrate this phenomenon had attempted to apply Bugelski's (1938) classic design without appropriate attention to the discriminative stimulus hypothesis. A careful application of the hypothesis led to the present design which produced strong, replicable results.
The Parolee's Dilemma: Effect of Interpersonal Attraction on Recommendations for Parole
Authors: Vecchio Robert P.
Published: September 2011

In a study of the contaminating effects of interpersonal attraction on decision-making 104 undergraduate males made parole recommendations for fictitious convicts. Two levels of four factors (severity of crime committed, rehabilitation officer's recommendation for parole, interpersonal attraction, and subject's authoritarianism) were employed in a factorial design. Results of multivariate analysis of variance indicated that severity of crime committed, officer's recommendation, and subject's authoritarianism directly affected the parole recommendations made by the subjects. Also significant was a three-way interaction (severity × recommendation × authoritarianism). Contrary to previous findings, interpersonal attraction induced through differing levels of proportion of similar attitudes did not have a significant effect on recommendations for parole.
Effects of Emotions on Altruism and Social Inference in Retarded Adolescents
Authors: Karpf Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

The effects of positive and negative emotions on concern for others (altruism) and awareness of others (social inference) were investigated with 60 male and 61 female public school educable (IQ 50–80) retarded 13-, 14-, and 15-yr.-old adolescents. That induced positive affect would increase altruism was supported. A significant, positive correlation (.27 and .25) was found between altruism and social inference.
Strategies for Measurement of Different Aspects of Self-Disclosure
Authors: Anchor Kenneth N. , Cherones Jacqueline , Broder Steve
Published: September 2011

Several tests given 65 male outpatients suggested different aspens of self-disclosure require separate study. Level of assertiveness of a subject was correlated .57 with capability for establishing access to outlets for intimacy.
Sex and Psychological Differentiation
Authors: Taylor Lorne J.
Published: September 2011

The present research examined sex differences in relation to psychological differentiation in boys and girls of kindergarten and Grades 1, 2, 3, and 5. The expected differences were not found, and findings relating to family environments suggest reasons for no difference. The effect of age on the development of differentiation was also examined, with present data, on the whole, confirming previous research.
Ranking of Some Mathematics Skills of Preschoolers
Authors: Dixon Michael H.
Published: September 2011

24 preschool children were given tests on number reciting, set counting, subset counting, numeral matching, numeral selecting, and numeral naming. The findings differ with those of Wang, Resnick, and Boozer (1971) with respect to the ranking of the skill of numeral recitation with respect to other counting skills. They also suggest an explanation for the differences between the findings of Wang, et al., and those of Spradlin, Cotter, Stevens, and Friedman (1974) who studied similar skills of a retarded sample.
Anxiety and Personal Control Effects in Biracial Dyads
Authors: Jacobson Cardell K.
Published: September 2011

36 black and 36 white junior high school boys participated in a biracial group task. Based on initial testing on the task the subjects were paired with a partner of the opposite race. One third were paired with a slower partner, one third with a faster partner, and one third with a partner of approximately equal ability. However, debilitating anxiety among some of the black students affected their performance on the initial task so that the performance biracially was confounded. The implications of this anxiety and its changes over time are, discussed briefly.
Measurement of Mouse Squeals for 23 Hours as Evidence of Long-Term Effects of Alcohol on Aggression in Pairs of Mice
Authors: Bertilson H. S. , Mead J. D. , Morgret M. K. , Dengerink H. A.
Published: September 2011

A squeal-detection circuit was used to infer the effects of alcohol on aggressive behavior in pairs of mice over a period. Four conditions were compared, a no-injection control and injections of 30% alcohol, 10% alcohol, and a saline solution. Mouse squeals, the dependent variable, decreased with increases in alcohol dosage. The decrease in aggression-related squeals occurred during peak aggression periods up to 13 hr. after injection.
Aging and Intelligence in Young Retarded Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study of Fluid Abilities in Three Samples
Authors: Goodman Joan F.
Published: September 2011

The effects of aging on fluid mental abilities of 90 mentally retarded adults from three settings were investigated in a cross-sectional study. To test the hypothesis that the early adult retarded show the same decline in fluid abilities as the non-retarded, the Raven Progressive Matrices, Porteus Mazes and a paired-associate memory test were administered to subjects ranging in age from 19 to 43 yr., all of whom had received WAIS IQs in the mildly retarded range when in their late teens. Scores on the three tests correlated negatively with the teenage WAIS Verbal IQ but positively with the teenage Performance IQ. Contrary to studies of normal adults, the older retarded subjects did somewhat better than the younger ones. Significant differences between age groups emerged only on the paired-associate scores. The results raise the possibility that fluid mental abilities show a later decline in the mildly retarded than in the non-retarded.
“Weapons Effect” without Demand Characteristics
Authors: Page David , O'Neal Edgar
Published: September 2011

In a study to replicate the “weapons effect” (enhancement of aggression by the presence of weapons) under conditions which would minimize demand characteristics and determine the effects of weapon orientation, angered and non-angered subjects ( n = 72) viewed slides of weapons pointing toward or away from them or neutral slides. Aggressive behavior was greater for those subjects who viewed slides of weapons than those who viewed neutral slides.
Principles of Beauty
Authors: Margulies Stuart
Published: September 2011

The principles of beauty in chess were derived from the judgments of expert chess players. The principles were: (1) successfully violate heuristics, (2) use the weakest possible piece, (3) use all of the piece's power, (4) give more esthetic weight to the critical squares, (5) use one giant piece in place of several minor pieces, (6) employ themes, (7) avoid bland stereotopy, and (8) neither strangeness nor difficulty produce beauty.
Day School or Residential School: Which is Better for Development of Creative Thinking Abilities of Blind Children?
Authors: Halpin Glennelle
Published: September 2011

The creative thinking abilities of 81 functionally blind 6-through 12-yr.-old boys and girls attending public day schools or residential schools for the blind were studied. Both types of schools seem to be equally good with regard to the development of the creativity of blind children for the boys and girls in this study who attended day schools or residential schools did not differ significantly in verbal fluency, flexibility, or originality. The younger and older children in both types of schools were comparably fluent and original; the older children were more flexible than the younger.
Parent Effectiveness Training: A Review
Authors: Rinn Roger C. , Markle Allan
Published: September 2011

Parent Effectiveness Training (PET) has become a popular approach for educating parents in child-rearing practices. PET is based, in part, upon the teachings of Carl Rogers and trains parents in listening techniques, communication skills, and child-parent problem solving. This paper summarizes and critically evaluates the research literature regarding the effects of PET on parents and their children. The existing research was judged by the authors as limited in scope and inadequate in design. Specifically problems regarding random assignment of subjects to groups, a relative lack of objective behavioral measures, inappropriate statistical methods, absent or inappropriate control conditions, and a lack of follow ups typify the research. Over-all, the effectiveness of PET as a prevention or intervention strategy was not supported.
Machiavellianism, Job Satisfaction, Job Strain, and Upward Mobility: Some Cross-Organizational Evidence
Authors: Heisler W. J. , Gemmill Gary R.
Published: September 2011

Machiavellianism is shown to be consistently related to job satisfaction and job strain across a variety of organizational settings, including 34 managers of a small, family-owned firm and 52 managers in a state government agency. Consistent, but modest, trends with organizational mobility are also demonstrated. Factors which may account for differences in the magnitude of these relationships are suggested.
Preliminary Examination of Assessment of Assertive Behavior in Retarded Persons
Authors: Doleys Daniel M. , Meredith R. L. , Poire Roger , Campbell Lowell M. , Cook Michael
Published: September 2011

Informants' rating, self-report questionnaires and observers' ratings were compared in the assessment of assertive skills of five mildly retarded young adults. Of the three standard assertion scales administered, only the Wolpe-Lazarus correlated positively with behavioral ratings obtained from role-playing. Scores on the Wolpe-Lazarus scale, however, were negatively correlated with those obtained on the Rathus and Adult Self-expression scales. Neither the informants' ratings nor self-reports correlated with behavioral ratings. These data suggest a multi-modal assessment of assertive behavior is needed. The implications for treatment and further research are considered.
Retention of Avoidance: Time since Original Training or Time since Shock
Authors: Goomas David T.
Published: September 2011

4 groups of 9 Holtzman rats were run on a brightness discrimination task in a T-maze under the conditions of shock-train-shock-retest or transfer. Under like manipulation intervals of 1 hr. or 24 hr. between shock-train and shock-retest or transfer and with constant 24-hr. intervals between train-shock, there was no decrement in avoidance for the 1-hr. retest group nor an increment for the 24-hr. transfer group. This supports memory retrieval rather than behavioral inhibition.
The Scope of Personality Psychology References in the Annual Review, 1950–1975
Authors: Meltzer H.
Published: September 2011

In this study are presented the results of an investigation of the scope of personality psychology as indicated by the contributions in the Annual Review of Psychology from 1950 to 1975 inclusive. To make possible a more comprehensive comparison by decades as well as to depict the facts concerning trends and changes, the tabulated data for the 50's, 60's and 70's are presented separately. The findings show growth in increased frequency of both book and general references, increased knowledge as indicated by more topics covered in the field, increased complexity of issues considered, and greater diversity. In the 50's all contributions were under one caption—Personality. The 60's were characterized by conflicting consideration of personality structure versus personality dynamics. In the 70's attention was given to measurement and assessment and also emphasis on clinical approach. Some but not sufficient attention is given by a few of the contributors to economics, political and social determinants. Attitudes expressed by the contributors range from extreme pessimism to eternal optimism. Considering the increased resourcefulness in the selection of themes, increased rigor in methodology, the attitude warranted is one of skeptical optimism.
The Profile of Mood States: Normative Data on a Delinquent Population
Authors: Lira Frank T. , Fagan Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

Normative data for 246 young adult delinquents representing black, white, and Puerto Rican ethnic groups are presented and compared with normative data previously reported for college males. Delinquents scored significantly lower on three of the six factors, Confusion, Tension, and Fatigue. Results are discussed in terms of differences in the diagnostic and demographic characteristics of the populations compared.
Personality Dimensions of Drug Abusers Who Enter a Drug-Free Therapeutic Community
Authors: Patalano Frank
Published: September 2011

The MMPI was administered to 160 drug abusers (40 white males, 40 white females, 40 black males, and 40 black females) who entered a residential drug-free therapeutic community. Results indicated that (1) the composite three-point MMPI code for the total sample was 489, (2) the males scored higher than the females on the K, D, Hy, Pt, Do, and Re scales, and lower on the Si scale, (3) the white subjects scored higher than the black subjects on the D, Hy, Pt, and Si scales, and lower on the L scale, and (4) there was no interaction between sex and race in the MMPI scores of the subjects. These data were discussed with respect to previous research and the background characteristics of the subjects.
Resistance to Extinction as a Function of Reinforcement Schedule and Training Level: A Test of Theios and Brelsford's Theory
Authors: Boyer William N. , Cross Henry A. , Avery David D.
Published: September 2011

Two experiments were run in which one group of rats received 100% reward with 16 pellets per trial (100%-16), a second group received 50% reward with 16 pellets on rewarded trials (50%-16), and a third group got 50% reward with 32 pellets on rewarded trials (50%-32). From Theios and Brelsford's theory it was predicted that Group 50%-32 should show less resistance to extinction than Group 50%-16, since both were equated for habit strength but differed on incentive motivation. In Exp. 1 all groups had 32 acquisition trials whereas in Exp. 2 all groups had 64 acquisition trials. Aside from this difference the two experiments were identical. The partial reinforcement extinction effect occurred in both studies. In Exp. 1, Group 50%-32 did not show less resistance to extinction than Group 50%-16, however, in Exp. 2 this result was obtained and confirmed the prediction under test.
Psychiatric Screening with the Comrey Personality Scales
Authors: Comrey Andrew L. , Soufi Alla , Backer Thomas E.
Published: September 2011

In order to investigate further the utility of the Comrey Personality Scales for screening of psychiatric populations, scores on this multitrait paper-and-pencil personality inventory for 62 psychiatric outpatients and 76 inpatients were compared with those of normal adults. Chi square tests were made to determine whether the psychiatric patients exhibited significantly more extreme scores in either direction than would be expected in non-psychiatric populations, using a normal distribution of trait scores based on available normative data. Results showed that members of unclassified psychiatric populations are apt to have low scores on the Emotional Stability vs Neuroticism (S) scale, consistent with previous research. Significantly deviant scores on several other scales also were found. It is concluded that the Comrey Personality Scales may indeed be a useful supplement to other techniques for psychiatric screening.
Comparative Study of Persisters and Leavers in Seminary Training
Authors: Houck Raymond L. , Dawson Joseph G.
Published: September 2011

The present research investigated the comparison of Rorschach responses of 152 male Catholic seminarians with the expected norms for the general adult population. The seminarians were also divided into two groups, 98 persisters and 54 leavers. A comparison of Rorschach responses between these groups was made by means of a univariate analysis of variance. Personality correlates of these responses were proposed and discussed. Results indicated that a majority of seminarians' responses differed significantly from the norms and suggested that seminarians are introversive, non-conforming, and not at ease in their ability to maintain interpersonal relationships. They tend to be anxious but with adaptive ego strength which is less rigid than expected. They also tend to have more blatant sexual content and less self-devaluation than expected. Results also indicated that persisters differed from leavers mainly in amount and quality of anxiety. Anxiety for leavers appeared related to aggressive impulses pushing for expression while persisters experienced anxiety over a lack of emotional fulfillment related to need for affection and interpersonal relationships. Difficulties in the homogeneity of groups and further study were discussed.
Social Acceptance of Recovered Alcoholics: Toward the Development of a Predictive Index
Authors: Gurel Mehmet
Published: September 2011

80 female nursing students' social acceptance of recovered alcoholic persons and attitudes toward alcoholism were assessed with a questionnaire. Two attitudinal factors affected the level of social acceptance of recovered alcoholic persons; these factors were the alcoholics' inability to control drinking and their ability to recover.
Effects of Withheld Evidence on Juridic Decisions
Authors: Shaffer David R. , Sadowski Cyril , Hendrick Clyde
Published: September 2011

The present experiment tested the hypotheses that a criminal defendant will be judged more likely guilty, more deserving of conviction, and more undesirable or unattractive as his intent to withhold evidence becomes increasingly obvious. Subject-jurors (60 male and 60 female students) read a trial transcript in which a male defendant responded to the prosecutor's questioning in one of four ways, thus providing a graded manipulation of evidence withholding. Subjects' judgments of the defendant and his probable involvement in the crime confirmed the hypotheses.
Effect of Sample-Response Requirement on Matching-to-Sample Accuracy of Exceptional Children
Authors: Osborne J. Grayson , Heaps R. Steven , Phelps-Bowden Jan
Published: September 2011

10 exceptional children ages 3 to 16 yr. matched-to-sample with either one response (single sample-response condition) or 5 or 10 responses (multiple sample-response condition) requited on the sample to produce the comparison stimuli. Accuracy increased going from the single to the multiple sample-response condition and decreased when the multiple sample-response requirement was changed to a single sample response. Acquisition of the task by two of the subjects was facilitated by the increased sample-response requirement.
Psychological Adjustment of Persons Seeking Sensitivity Group Experiences
Authors: Vestre Norris D. , Greene Roger L. , Marks Michael W.
Published: September 2011

College students ( N = 37) who volunteered to participate in sensitivity training groups were compared on a number of measures of psychological adjustment with a random sample ( N = 40) of those who did not volunteer to participate. Subjects were administered the Mini-Mult form of the MMPI, the MMPI Social Introversion scale, the Beck Depression Inventory, a problem checklist, and a questionnaire dealing with history of, and treatment for, mental and emotional problems. Statistical analyses indicated no significant differences between volunteers and nonvolunteers on any of the indices of psychological adjustment.
Self-Actualization in an Educational Psychology Course for College Freshman Honors Students
Authors: Husa Harold E.
Published: September 2011

38 college freshman honors students (15 men, 23 women) were enrolled in an educational psychology course designed to promote self-actualization through self-awareness and exploration procedures. Pre- and post-course administrations of the Personal Orientation Inventory showed statistically significant positive changes in self-actualization values. Shostrom's clinically judged Non-self-actualized and Self-actualized groups were used as normative samples. Pre-course scores of the students were comparable to scores of the former norms whereas students' scores after the course were comparable to the Self-actualized norms, mean changes being ≥ 2 points, range of .7 to 8.6.
Philosophies of Human Nature and Policemen: Study of Differences between Recruits and Veterans
Authors: Pope William Ray , Littlepage Glenn E. , Ellis Don E.
Published: September 2011

20 recruits and 23 veteran police officers were administered the Philosophies of Human Nature Scale. Compared with recruits, veteran officers showed a stronger tendency to believe others were altruistic. A significant negative correlation (—.49) was found between length of police experience and the Strength of Will and Rationality subscale, indicating police officers with many years of experience believed others were less self-determined and rational. Years of experience was also negatively related to the Independence subscale (—.49), implying that with increasing years of experience, veterans see others as less independent. However, age and years of experience correlated .90 and these relationships could be an artifact of age or age-related factors rather than years of experience. Other subscales did not differ for recruits and veterans and were not related to length of police experience. The mixed results are consistent with suggestions that, once established, philosophies of human nature are reasonably resistant to change.
Attitudes toward Female Professors: A Scale with Some Data on its Reliability and Validity
Authors: Brant William D.
Published: September 2011

The literature shows that there are no instruments available which measure specific or localized aspects of sexism, e.g., in the professions. As available scales measure sexism in general, that is, general attitudes toward women and women's rights, a Likert-type scale was developed to measure attitudes toward women as university professors. The split-half reliability coefficient is 0.88. The test-retest reliability coefficient determined over a 5-wk. period is 0.95. Its validity, when compared with subjects' level of general authoritarianism (measured by Rokeach's Dogmatism Scale) is —0.63, indicating that subjects who hold favorable attitudes toward women professors are also low in dogmatism. This is consistent with previous findings on the relationship between dogmatism and attitudes toward women. Differences in sex and major field of study are also reported. The utility of this scale in studies of sexist attitudes toward women professors is discussed.
Authoritarian Traits as Predictors of Candidate Preference in 1976 United States Presidential Election
Authors: Brant William D. , Larsen Knud S. , Langenberg Don
Published: September 2011

Responses of 39 males and 41 females to a questionnaire containing items from the dogmatism and F scales showed Wallace/Reagan supporters were higher on authoritarianism than Ford/Carter adherents and left-liberal supporters were lowest. Data do not support Rokeach's theory.
Reciprocal Relationships between Concept Identification Tasks and Preference-Test Performance in Children
Authors: Johnson Peder J. , Silleroy Rene
Published: September 2011

A test of the reciprocal effects of stimulus preference test and concept task upon each other showed no effects. Furthermore, concept performance was predicted by the preference task administered either before or after the concept task.
Change and Stability of Self-Concepts of Iranian Psychiatric Patients and Normals
Authors: Mojdehi Hossein
Published: September 2011

Using a Semantic Differential type of questionnaire, the self-concept, ideal-self, and the discrepancies between them were measured for 45 male and 36 female Iranian psychiatric patients admitted to a University-affiliated hospital in the first 48 hr. of hospitalization and compared with those of a group of 24 normals. Significant differences were found in self-concept and self-concept/ideal-self discrepancy between the two groups. After a 4-wk. interval, the testing was repeated and changes as to self-concept, and self-concept—ideal-self discrepancy of patients were investigated and contrasted with the same for normals. Results indicated that, while the self-concept and discrepancy of self-concept/ideal-self of the normals remained stable, those of mental patients significantly improved but were still lower than those of normals.
Rural, Suburban, and Central City Children: Sex-Type Roles in Occupations
Authors: Scheresky Ruth F.
Published: September 2011

Children's views of occupational roles which ate traditionally sex-typed by society were explored as differences among the views of children located in rural, suburban, or central city area. Their acceptance of occupational roles for men and for women was explored. For a sample of 270 children, 90 children at each of the location factors, rural, suburban, and central city, the occupational role views were measured. The degree of sex-typing was high among all subjects. Children viewed occupations as the role of one sex or the other, according to traditional sex-typed views.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: II. Weather Factors as Predictors of Local Social Indicators of Maladaptation in Two Non-Urban Areas
Authors: Banziger George , Owens Karen
Published: September 2011

The relative predictive strengths of eight weather factors were examined using as separate dependent variables monthly figures for community mental health intake, welfare caseload, calls to a telephone hotline, medical patient caseload, felony arrests, juvenile complaints, drunk-driving arrests, and mortality rates in two non-urban areas of Ohio. Z-score transformations of subjective discomfort of the weather factors as indicated by three independent samples were analyzed with a stepwise multiple regression. With the exception of hotline calls, each of the social indicators in the two localities was significantly predicted by a different weather factor, and the weather factors, taken together, accounted for about 10% of the variance of each social indicator. For each geographical area, combined weather factors accounted for no more than 30% of the variance of any local social indicator. Problems of overgeneralization and exaggeration of the effects of weather factors on social indicators in previous studies were discussed. A balanced approach to behavioral effects of geophysical variables must be achieved (Ammons, 1978).
Effects of Modeling Processes and Resources on Sharing among Black Children
Authors: Sims Sandra A.
Published: September 2011

270 9- to 10-yr.-old black children in Grade 4 were exposed to an adult who either demonstrated sharing (modeling by behavioral example), focused on the positive and negative consequences of sharing with others in the absence (modeling by general induction) or presence (modeling by racial-identification induction) of a group appeal concept, or did not exert any social influence (no-modeling); and were given either 5, 10, or 20 M&Ms to share with 10 other children. Only modeling by racial-identification induction was effective in facilitating children's sharing. Sharing increased with an increase in the number of resources. However, an interaction between type of modeling and amount of resources indicated that children exposed to modeling by racial-identification induction, compared to the other three modeling conditions, only donated significantly more with 10 or 20 M&Ms.
Selection of Jury Foremen as a Measure of the Social Status of Women
Authors: Beckham B. , Aronson H.
Published: September 2011

A measure of social status was proposed which employed the ratio of available jurors to the number raised to foremen. It was hypothesized the measure might determine the status of a minority or subgroup. To ascertain the availability of information and to obtain data for comparison, a feasibility study was conducted with females as the minority group. It determined the proportion of female to male jury foremen elected in two Federal Court Districts in the Southwest, 1971–74. In 155 juries, women were elected as jury foremen one-fifth as often as expected by their number.
Comparison of Conservation Training Procedures
Authors: Anderson David R. , Clark Alice T.
Published: September 2011

Direct comparisons were made among four different conservation training procedures, reversibility training, compensation training, addidition/subtraction training and a verbal reinforcement method in order to determine which might best facilitate conservation acquisition in previously nonconserving first grade students. The data indicated that verbal methods stressing principles of reversibility and addition/subtraction resulted in the acquisition of concepts of conservation statistically comparable to that of a group of natural conservers.
Extraversion-Introversion and Self-Rated Academic Success
Authors: Irfani Suroosh
Published: September 2011

It was hypothesized that students' view of themselves as academically successful or unsuccessful is influenced by their personalities and also their actual academic performance. Three groups of 209 and 101 Iranian and 128 Turkish students ( n = 438) were given Eysenck's Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism Inventory, appended with the test item, “Do you regard yourself as an academically successful student?.” Subjects scoring high and low on extraversion were, respectively, classified as extraverts and introverts, separately for each of the three samples. Comparison of extraverts' and introverts' self-ratings of academic success showed that the number of extraverts rating themselves ‘successful’ was consistently higher in each of the groups compared, lending some support to the above hypothesis.
Stereotypes of the Powerless: A Social Psychological Analysis
Authors: Sunar Diane G.
Published: September 2011

This paper advances a theory of stereotypes of powerless groups in terms of the psychological functions served by the stereotypes. In a coercive power relationship certain behavioral constraints are imposed on the powerless group. Members of the powerful group observe the resulting behavior and make inferences about the character of the powerless group. These observations and inferences fulfill a knowledge function by providing information and interpretations about a part of the environment. However, because of the structure of the power relationship, the powerful group is dependent on the powerless group and violates its own justice norms. These potential threats to self-esteem are defended against by attributing the behavior of the powerless group to its inherent nature and not to its powerless position. These observations and attributions are legitimated as part of a larger system of explanation, and members of the powerful group accept them, not only to satisfy the knowledge and ego defense functions, but to maintain the group's approval and their own sense of identity with the group. In short, in relationships based on coercive power, stereotypes of the powerless group simultaneously satisfy the knowledge, ego defense, and social adjustment functions for members of the powerful group.