bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Managing risk under the children act 1989: Diversion in child care?
Authors: Masson Judith
Published: June 2007

The idea of diversion has dominated the theory and practice of juvenile justice for some time. Developments in child care practice in the 1980s mirror those which produced diversion. Diversion provides an alternative conceptual framework within which the changes to child care law introduced by the Children Act 1989 can be analysed, particularly the interrelation of s.1(5), the so‐called non‐intervention principle, and Part III, which establishes the duty of local authorities to provide services for children in need. These provisions and current child care practices may be seen to promote four distinct forms of diversion: (1) diversion from court; (2) diversion from care or residential provision; (3) diversion from procedures; and (4) diversion from social work. Examining the law and practice in terms of diversion focuses on the potential gains and losses resulting from the Children Act's emphasis on partnership, planning and bureaucracy without presuming that losses will be compensated for by the provision of services. It also suggests the need to consider child care in terms of net widening and tariff raising.
The right to be different: Implications for child protection
Authors: Degener Theresia
Published: June 2007

This paper traces the historical emphasis of defining the disabled child or adult as ‘abnormal’—to be made ‘normal’! Such an emphasis disempowers the child, who comes to believe that his or her difference is as ‘bad’, ‘unacceptable’, and readily allows him or her to be viewed as ‘useless’. Such disabilist attitudes have fostered the belief that child protection services would not be relevant for this child population. The experiences of disabled women are explored, and clear messages emerge that can help us consider the environment of disabilism and the effects of this on disabled children. It helps us to see that, even before the disabled child is abused, his or her experience is one of oppression.
Can't hear or won't hear? — the evidential experience of children with disabilities
Authors: Kelly Liz
Published: June 2007

Twin brothers aged 12 attended a special needs boarding school which had provision for children with emotional disturbances and other disabilities. While they were at home during the holidays, their mother overheard a conversation between them which led her to suspect abuse. She asked them several questions and decided to contact the police. An investigation began which also included interviewing several other boys, some of whom had been removed from the twins' school and were attending a school elsewhere.

The evidence obtained from a number of the boys was considered to be strong enough for the Crown Prosecution Service to take the case forward. Almost a year after the mother's initial referral the committal hearing took place. Lobbying from a local voluntary organization resulted in screens being used in the courtroom which would otherwise not have been provided. The case was heard and transferred to the Crown Court for trial. The magistrate in the committal hearing made clear recommendations that the children's disabilities and the delay there had already been in bringing the case to court should determine that the subsequent trial needed to take place as soon as possible. However, more delays ensued and the final date was established almost a year later.

The children each spent between 2 and 6 hours in the witness‐box. The defence counsel frequently focused on their disabilities in questioning the validity of their evidence. The twins were expecting to give evidence by video‐link, but the delays meant they were considered too old to be ‘vulnerable’ witnesses and had to speak in open court. The first twin's evidence was not completed in one day and the mother was told that she could not talk to either of them about the case, nor could they stay together that night. She was told that she had to choose which of her distressed sons to take home and that she had to make alternative arrangements for the other child. She was given no support in making the decision. In addition to this distress, during the day she had witnessed the defence counsel's attitude to her son, who had severe hearing difficulties. The defence counsel had laughed at the child's difficulty in hearing and said, ‘Can't hear or is it that you don't want to answer?’

One of the other children was humiliated by the defence counsel saying, ‘Who would want a smelly, shitty boy on their lap, no‐one hugs smelly, shitty boys like you?’. The child was giving evidence on video‐link and became so upset he was ‘switched off’ so that he was no longer visible to the court. Another child had epilepsy and counsel argued that he could not put questions to the child in case the child had a fit. In addition, an ‘expert’ witness who had seen some of the children 5 years previously stated categorically that ‘these children are born liars’.

The outcome of this trial was that the headmaster was found guilty on several counts and received an 18‐month prison sentence.
Identifying the needs of parents with learning disabilities: A review
Authors: McGaw Sue , Sturmey Peter
Published: June 2007

Despite the success of some programmes in raising the parental competency of parents who have learning disabilities, many services are still providing only minimal support to such families, often following crisis intervention. Recent legislative changes within the UK have meant that statutory services are now required to adopt a preventative approach to children and families in need. A review of the literature reveals that children of learning‐disabled parents are particularly vulnerable to abuse/neglect and removal from their natural family. This article addresses the difficulties that many clinicians currently experience in the early identification of parents who have learning disabilities. It also emphasizes the need for a systematic approach in the assessment of these parents prior to the implementation of parental teaching programmes.
Child protection: Principles and applications
Authors: Munir Abu Bakar B.
Published: June 2007

The protection of children worldwide requires a framework and criteria agreed upon by the international community. The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and the World Summit for Children have gone some way in setting out agreed minimum standards for children's survival, health and education and the minimum protection required by children against abuse, exploitation and neglect in war, at work or in the home. These principles need to be applied at a national as well as an international level. The current situation in Asian countries is presented and discussed.
Assessment of the likelihood of primary school teachers believing children's disclosures of sexual abuse
Authors: Lawlor Maria
Published: June 2007

Primary school teachers are reasonably well informed about sexual abuse but many have inaccurate knowledge about the age groups of victims and abusers. Male teachers were less well informed and less likely to believe a child's disclosure of sexual abuse than their female colleagues. Professional experience of an abused child did not affect teachers' level of knowledge or their likelihood of believing a disclosure.
Developing an objective approach to assessing allegations of sexual abuse
Authors: Bradford Roger
Published: June 2007

The decision to prosecute in a case of alleged child sexual abuse is a function of whether it is in the child's and the public's interest and whether the case is likely to be successful. This in turn rests largely upon what the child says during a joint investigative interview, the adequacy of that interview in terms of whether it meets the necessary legal requirements and whether other evidence is available, and the weight given to it. This paper describes an approach to evaluating what a child says during the interview which has been used widely in Europe to aid the decision‐making process of teams and courts in their dealings with allegations of child sexual abuse. It is concluded that despite a number of methodological problems with the technique, known as statement validity analysis, joint investigating teams and the Crown Prosecution Service are likely to find it of assistance in clarifying their decision‐making concerning children's evidence and, in particular, whether it is likely to be sufficiently strong to succeed within our current legal framework.
Supplementary (abuse) cards for the family relations test
Authors: Mertin Peter , Rooney Jenny
Published: June 2007

The Bene–Anthony Family Relations Test is a potentially valuable clinical technique in the assessment of young children suspected of having been abused. Fourteen supplementary cards have been developed which offer the possibility of a narrow investigative focus, as their content points more directly to abusive behaviour. Used carefully, it is considered that these cards, within the context of the Family Relations Test, provide a young child with a non‐threatening, non‐directive and age‐appropriate context within which to relate their experiences.
Defining child abuse in Hong Kong
Authors: O'Brian Charles , Lau Laurel S. W.
Published: June 2007

Definitions of child abuse are culturally driven. Hong Kong, with a predominantly Chinese population, has managed to eradicate much of the societal abuse that children suffer elsewhere in Asia. Professional and government attention has now shifted to child abuse and neglect within the family. The paper, based on interviews with key professionals. analysis of policy documents and practice records examines traditional Chinese parent‐child relationships. the status of parental authority and corporal punishment and changes in contemporary Hong Kong family life. It goes on to outline the development of responses to child abuse in Hong Kong, some of the dilemmas that professionals face in defining abuse and areas for future research.
Sexual and physical child abuse and the developtnent of dissociative personality traits. Canadian and British evidence from adolescent child welfare and child care populations
Authors: Bagley Christopher , Rodberg Gloria , Wellings David , Mehmoona  , Moosa‐Mitha  , Young Loretta
Published: June 2007

An attempt was made to construct a measure of dissociative personality traits from file review of 61 Canadian adolescents with a known history of sexual abuse before the age of six. The study was then extended to 55 British adolescents in residential care and therapy centres. Between 18 and 29% of adolescents displayed several features of dissociative personality, implying the possibility of multiple personality disorder. Those with two or more indicators of dissociative personality style tended to have more problematic behavioural histories, including a particularly high prevalence of deliberate self‐harm. In the UK group the Dissociative Experiences Scale (Bernstein and Putnam, 1986) completed by 55 adolescents correlated 0.67 with the dissociative personality trait index constructed from case file review. Implications for treatment of abused children are discussed.
A case of suspected child abuse by an adolescent mother: The use of short‐term psychotherapy
Authors: Trad Paul V.
Published: June 2007

The incidence of pregnancy during adolescence has escalated dramatically in recent years, with an estimated half a million infants born to teenagers each year in the United States. A disproportionately high amount of child abuse and/or neglect is encountered among adolescent parents, underscoring the need for an effective intervention strategy. Short‐term psychotherapy may be beneficial in these cases for forging a therapeutic alliance expeditiously and rigorously challenging the patient's resistance. The case described involves alleged abuse by a 16‐year‐old mother. An intervention was designed to clarify the allegations surrounding the abusive incident, help the mother confront episodes of loss in her own life and overcome feelings of hopelessness engendered by separation from her infant.
A review of the epidemiological research on child sexual abuse. Clinical samples
Authors: Pilkington Bridget , Kremer John
Published: June 2007

This article reviews the major empirical studies which have been carried out in an attempt to estimate the prevalence of child sexual abuse among females in clinical inpatient and outpatient samples. Along with the earlier review (Pilkington and Kremer, 1995) dealing with community and student samples, this paper likewise highlights a number of unresolved methodological issues which may contribute to the variance in reported prevalence rates. These include a myriad of definitions of child sexual abuse and different methods of eliciting information on possible histories of abuse. These issues are here discussed in the context of the findings of both review articles.
Child labour: A hidden form of child abuse
Authors: Reddy Nandana
Published: June 2007

There is a widespread but hidden area of child abuse: child labour. One‐fifth of the world's population is linked with child labour; yet it receives very little or no attention throughout the world. Where is our sense of urgency? Poverty is the repeatedly cited reason for child labour. This is an oversimplification. The origins of the problem are multi‐faceted. involving such variables of development as culture, human rights, economy, population, indigenous people and environment. It is the existing paradigm of development, determined by the elite, which is responsible for the problem of child labour. Obviously, the shift from the ‘need’‐based economy to the ‘want’‐based economy has taken a heavy toll of children the world over. We need to forge partnerships of different groups across the world, especially in light of the increasing integration of countries across the globe and because child labour is re‐emerging and assuming wide proportions in the developed countries. As we tread the path to a new paradigm of development, we must remember to walk in step with the children. For we have a lot to learn from them, and tomorrow is their concern, as it is their future.
Health care workers' reactions to AIDS victims: Perception of risk and attribution of responsibility
Authors: Mannetti Lucia , Pierro Antonio
Published: June 2007

Reactions of health care workers to AIDS and its patients were investigated in a survey conducted in state health care institutions in different areas of Italy. Results show that health care workers (differently from the general population) do not see themselves as less vulnerable to AIDS risk than the typical citizen. Furthermore, nurses perceive themselves to be exposed to higher risk than doctors. AIDS patients are judged as personally responsible for getting infected, even though ‘intolerant’ reactions towards them are seen as very unlikely. Finally, results show that attribution of responsibility is higher for drug addicts, followed by homosexuals, ‘promiscuous’ heterosexuals and monogamous heterosexuals.
Group affiliation and confidence in denominational categorization in Northern Ireland
Authors: Millar David , Stringer Maurice
Published: June 2007

The effects of group affiliation on group categorization confidence were examined in Northern Ireland. Subjects were presented with stereotypic name, school and location cues and a group affiliation scale devised by Brown, Condor, Mathews, Wade and Williams (1986). The results suggest that group affiliation has no effect on subjects' confidence in making denominational categorizations.
AIDS‐related stigma, personal risks and career objectives among makerere medical students
Authors: Baguma Peter K.
Published: June 2007

The aims of this study were to investigate variables that influence AIDS‐related stigma and to assess occupational risks, behavioural change, and career objectives of students in face of the AIDS epidemic. Data available on 150 randomly selected medical students were analysed statistically. Results indicated that sex and year of study significantly influenced AIDS‐related stigma while age, religion and tribe did not. The majority of students recommended screening and health education for high‐risk people and reported high levels of perceived risk. Various occupational hazards and behavioural changes were reported, but students still wanted to remain in the medical profession. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Work, leisure, and psychological well‐being in a sample of young adults
Authors: Haworth J. T. , Hill S.
Published: June 2007

This study of 20 ‘white‐collar’ workers aged 20–30 measured motivation, enjoyment and access to various categories of experience in both work and leisure, and examined their relationship with psychological well‐being on a number of dimensions. The method used a short questionnaire, psychological scales and the innovatory ‘experience sampling methodology’ (ESM) where respondents answer questions in a diary on the receipt of a signal from a pre‐programmed watch or radio pager eight times a day for 1 week. The results show, in line with other studies, that intrinsic motivation in daily life is correlated with happiness but that, not previously reported, when motivation at work is examined both extrinsic motivation and instances where a person had to do the activity but did not wish to be doing something else, i.e. ‘positive motivational change’, are correlated with positive aspects of psychological well‐being, while instances where a person wanted to do the activity but wished to be doing something else, i.e. ‘negative motivational change’, correlated with negative aspects. The results also show that enjoyment in both work and leisure correlates with aspects of psychological wellbeing; and that macro ‘flow’ experiences, where high skills and high challenges are perceived as equal, are enjoyable and interesting and come primarily from work. The study also shows that categories of experience considered important for psychological well‐being and deemed to come primarily from work can be obtained in leisure. The results are discussed in the context of person—situation interactions and processes, and it is advocated that these should be studied in a variety of samples.
Seeing the real through the eyes of the ideal: Some comments on Traeen, Lewin and Sundet's (1992) account of gender differences in Norwegian young people's sexual behaviour
Authors: Ingham Roger
Published: June 2007

Traeen et al. (1992) present some interesting survey data on sexual behaviour amongst young Norwegians, and propose explanations of the results obtained in terms of cultural phenomena. This commentary draws on the author's own, as well as others', research to raise some questions regarding Traeen et al.'s claims. In particular, attention is drawn to some of the problems involved in the terminology used in asking questions about the contexts of sexual behaviour, and the ambiguities which have been found concerning such areas as ‘knowledge of partner’ and ‘length of knowing partners prior to intercourse’. The cultural explanations of the results reported are questioned on the grounds that they ignore the very strong data obtained in other countries concerning gendered power relations. Whilst there is no doubt that information is urgently needed on sexual activity amongst young people, it is argued that care needs to be taken in how far data derived purely from questionnaire studies can be used to enable full explanations to contextual issues. Some dangers of designing interventions on partial or misleading explanations are pointed out.
Severity of sleep problems in children with severe learning difficulties: Description and correlates
Authors: Quine Lyn
Published: June 2007

In this study we have examined the percentage occurrence of settling and waking problems and of sleeping in the parents' bed in a sample of children with sleep problems. We found that about two‐thirds had settling problems, nearly nine‐tenths had waking problems, and one‐third slept regularly in their parents' bed. Parents of children with sleep problems were more likely to experience a range of family problems than were parents of children without problems, and they were more likely to report a range of symptoms of stress. Most children with settling problems took at least two hours to settle to sleep at night. This behaviour was mainly tolerated or accepted by the parents. Parents gave a variety of suggestions as to triggers for settling problems, from being upset during the day to fears, illness and alterations in routine. Most parents thought the underlying explanation was the child's intellectual impairment. Over half the children with waking problems woke up every night, while 85% woke up at least three nights a week. One‐third woke up three or more times a night. About two‐thirds took up to half an hour to resettle, with one‐third taking up to an hour. Parents (mainly mothers) tended to get up to attend to the waking child. About half of the children were thought to need attention because of physical disabilities. Illness, alteration in routine, becoming ‘overtired’ and ‘upset’ were thought to trigger waking problems. Intellectual impairment was again seen as the more general underlying reason for waking problems. Very few children were receiving treatment for their problems—7% were receiving medication and one was receiving a behavioural programme. Few parents had a systematic bedtime routine for their child and few had a consistent agreed response to settling or waking problems. When we examined the relationship between certain family variables and severity of sleep problems a number of relationships were found. Sleep problem severity was related to maternal responsiveness, maternal stress, impact of the child on the family, maternal behaviour towards the child, maternal attitudes towards the child and marital satisfaction. Severity of sleep problems was also related to certain child characteristics. Children with more severe problems tended to present more problems in their daytime behaviour. Sleep problem severity was also found to be related to child communication skills. These findings, together with those from other pilot studies, suggest that using behavioural methods of managing sleep problems might prove a promising way forward.
Changes in self‐concept during occupational socialization of new recruits to the police
Authors: Stradling S. G. , Crowe G. , Tuohy A. P.
Published: June 2007

In a cross‐sectional study five groups of male recruits (n = 369; ages 21 to 36) to a large English provincial police force were tested: one group at entry, three groups at different stages of their 2‐year probationary period (one at one‐quarter, one at one‐half and one at three‐quarters of the way through) and one immediately after the probationary period. Significant group effects were found on all 27 items of a set of self‐concept statements, suggesting effects of entry‐level occupational socialization on recruits' self‐image. Changes from group to group during the course of training were examined using discriminant function analysis. Factor analysis yielded four clusters of items: isolation/vulnerability, tension/apprehension, self‐worth and commitment/empathy; scores on all four fluctuated during training. Isolation and apprehension rose from a low base during training, and self‐worth fell from a high base, but entry levels were recovered by completion of training, giving support for a weak version of the U‐curve hypothesis of adaptation. However, high levels of commitment and empathy at entry were significantly depressed on completion of training. In addition, older trainees reported lower self‐worth and higher apprehension. Results are interpreted in terms of adaptation during occupational socialization towards a more instrumental and cynical operational style.
Culture and body image: Body perception and weight concern in young Asian and Caucasian British women
Authors: Wardle Jane , Bindra Renu , Fairclough Beverley , Westcombe Alex
Published: June 2007

The comparatively lower prevalence of eating disorders among Asian and Afro‐Caribbean than Caucasian women in the UK has often been attributed to cultural differences in pressures for slimness. However, there have been no attempts to evaluate cultural differences in ideals for female physique directly among women in the at risk age groups. In the present study, cultural influences on body image were evaluated by comparing the body size ideals, body image and dieting concerns in a sample of 274 young white and Asian British women. The results indicate that Asian women are less likely to describe themselves as too fat, were less dissatisfied with their body size, less likely to want to lose weight and less restrained. However, Asian women were slimmer than white women and, after controlling for the difference in body size, the effects were reduced. The hypothesis that any body satisfaction differences could be explained by differences in ideal body size between the two groups were not supported; Asian women favoured even slimmer ideal body sizes than white women. Alternative explanations in terms of cultural differences in evaluation of fatness are discussed.
Radio psychology: A comparison of listeners and non‐listeners
Authors: Raviv Amiram
Published: June 2007

The major objective of this study was the application of help‐seeking models to the study of radio psychology. A total of 443 subjects was divided into two research groups, non‐listeners (n = 246) and listeners (n = 197) to at least one of two Israeli radio counselling programmes dealing with parent‐child and interpersonal relationships. Through telephone interviews the subjects' responses to the instruments designed specifically for this type of study were reported: listening motivations, attitudes towards psychological help and reasons for non‐listening. The results revealed that while listeners do not necessarily perceive themselves as help‐seekers they, as well as the non‐listeners, attributed listening to the motivations of curiosity, comparison with others and attaining psychological knowledge. The results suggested that listening to radio psychology programmes is a means of facilitating the earlier stages of the help‐seeking process.
Participating in social enquiry and action
Authors: Bostock Janet , Beck David
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the collaborative endeavours of residents and a wide range of professional workers in a particular area of Nottingham, with reference to a community psychology approach to addressing sources of psychological distress. The activities include a survey of people's views about living in the area and the factors they identify as affecting their health; and initiatives in community participation and action. One hundred and twenty three people were interviewed by members of the Sneinton and Bakersfield Community Forum. Harmful influences upon health and causes of stress were revealed as litter, dog dirt, air and traffic pollution, feeling unsafe to go out at night and lifestyle‐related issues such as smoking and diet. Public meetings, the local press and short written reports were used to publicize these results and encourage further involvement. Many local residents and professionals are now active in a network of groups which address social and environmental concerns.
Integrating sociological and psychological perspectives on informal care
Authors: Orbell Sheina , Hopkins Nicholas
Published: June 2007

In this response to Ungerson we present evidence to support the respresentativeness of the sample and argue that the exclusion of ‘minimal’ carers from caregiving research is not justified. Ungerson's arguments for the consideration of large scale social processes are addressed by examining the role of gender as a determinant or moderator of care outcomes. No support was found for a model in which care work satisfaction mediated associations between gender and willingness to care. Nor did gender moderate associations between care work and appraised impact. Gender was found to moderate associations between two of the seven measures of care work and willingness to care. These findings suggest that the impact of care work on carers is not gender specific, but that women experiencing similar levels of negative impact as men may feel greater obligation to continue caring.
Work characteristics and well‐being among psychiatric health‐care staff
Authors: Parkes Katharine R. , Von Rabenau Caroline
Published: June 2007

Research into stress among health care professionals has tended to neglect staff employed in psychiatric settings. This article reports a study of psychiatric health care workers which focuses on objective work factors (job type, and community versus hospital setting) and the subjective work environment (perceived demand, discretion, and supervisor and co‐worker support) as predictors of two affective outcomes (somatic symptoms and job satisfaction). Data were collected by questionnaire (n = 145) and analysed within the framework of the demand–discretion model of job stress. Objective job characteristics were significantly related to the perceived environment measures. Hierarchical regression was used to examine the extent to which each outcome was predicted by age, gender and negative affectivity (NA), by job type and work setting, and by the work environment measures. For somatic symptoms, the major predictors were NA, job type (higher occupational levels being associated with lower symptom scores), and perceived demand. In contrast, satisfaction was predicted by discretion, by both measures of support, and by the demand–discretion interaction; markedly low satisfaction was associated with high demand, low discretion conditions. Over and above these effects, NA, job type and hospital versus community work setting were significant predictors of outcome. These results are discussed in relation to the literature on stress in psychiatric health‐care, and job stress more generally.
Relationship, task and system stressors in the health care workplace
Authors: Schaefer Jeanne A. , Moos Rudolf H.
Published: June 2007

This paper describes the development of the Work Stressors Inventory (WSI), which assesses six types of work stressors within three major domains: relationship, task and system stressors. The WSI was developed on data from 435 staff in 14 long‐term care facilities. Compared with nursing assistants, registered nurses and licensed vocational nurses experienced more work stressors, especially task and system stressors. More experienced staff reported more work stressors than inexperienced staff. Work environments with more work pressure and with less job involvement, supervisor support, clarity and control were associated with more work stressors. As expected, staff who experienced more work stressors reported less job satisfaction and had less intention to stay in their job. In contrast, more patient care task stressors were associated with better job performance. Some research and practical applications of the WSI are presented, including the use of profiles that depict the salient stressors in a specific health care workplace.
Individual, group and agency strategies for coping with job stressors in residential child care programmes
Authors: Shinn Marybeth , Mørch Hanne , Robinson Paul E. , Neuner Roy A
Published: June 2007

This article describes job stressors experienced by workers in residential child care programmes, and coping strategies undertaken by individual workers, their co‐workers and their organizations. It also examines the associations of stressors and problem‐focused and emotion‐focused coping strategies at each level with four measures of job attitudes and distress. Stressful job circumstances and coping responses were coded from transcripts of in‐depth, open‐ended interviews with 82 male and female child care workers employed by 14 residential child care agencies. Job attitudes and distress, assessed with standard Likert‐style scales, served as dependent measures in regression analyses. Stressors unique to human service work, although frequently mentioned, were generally less potent predictors of distress than were stressors that are common to other professions, such as lack of agency support. Coping efforts by co‐workers and by agencies made substantial contributions to individual well‐being, above and beyond the rather weak effects of individual coping efforts. It appears useful to extend theories of individual coping to group and organizational strategies, especially in job situations, where many stressors are beyond individual control.
Session impact and outcome in stress management training
Authors: Reynolds Shirley , Taylor Emma , Shapiro David
Published: June 2007

The evaluation of stress management training (SMT) programmes suggest that benefits to participants may be due to non‐specific factors and not to the technical components of SMT. The current study employed a method of psychotherapy process research to assess the extent to which task, i.e. technique driven, impacts and non‐specific impacts are related to outcome. Sixty‐two female health service workers participated in six standardized sessions of SMT, each of which contained specific techniques. After training participants reported significantly lower levels of psychological distress but no changes in job or non‐job satisfaction. Specific task impacts, such as insight and problem definition, and non‐specific impacts, support, relief and involvement were significantly related to non‐job satisfaction one month after training. In addition, the slope of interpersonal impacts (support and relief) was associated with less psychological distress at one‐ and three‐month follow‐up. Process research methods appear to be a promising way of maximizing the benefits attributed to SMT and developing more effective interventions.
Distributive justice in marriage: Equality or equity?
Authors: Burgoyne Carole B. , Lewis Alan
Published: June 2007

Experimental studies of distributive justice suggest that men prefer an equity rule for allocating rewards, whereas women prefer equality. These differences are likely to carry implications for distributive justice in the context of marriage. There is a popular view in Western societies that marriage should be regarded as a partnership of equals, and this is also an implicit assumption in microeconomic accounts of the family. However, inequality between spouses is still commonplace, with the husband more likely to have overall financial control and greater access to money for personal spending (PSM). This paper investigates the issue of sharing in marriage, with particular reference to PSM, using data from an in‐depth interview study supplemented by some follow‐up questionnaires. The participants were 13 women and nine of their partners, mainly ‘middle class’ and aged between 30 and 50. After classifying each couple's system of financial management, the paper focuses upon eight couples with a philosophy of sharing. The findings show that, despite attempts to equalize outcomes for both partners, a sense of ‘ownership’ associated with having earned the money seemed to render it more salient than other, non‐financial contributions to the marriage. As a result, patterns of control and personal spending appeared to be based upon equity rather than equality.
Unemployment and self‐conception: A symbolic interactionist analysis
Authors: Sheeran Paschal , Abraham Charles
Published: June 2007

A symbolic interactionist analysis of the relationship between unemployment and self‐conception was tested using a cross‐sectional questionnaire design (n = 88). Job loss had significant negative associations with reflected appraisals (perceived evaluations) from friends, family, employers, unemployed people and people in general. Significant relationships between reflected appraisals and the evaluative, consistency and involvement dimensions of self‐concept were also observed. Consistent with symbolic interactionist theory, path analysis showed that reflected appraisals mediated the relationship between employment status and self‐conception. Unemployment duration and gender both moderated the effects of reflected appraisal upon self‐conception such that reflected appraisals were associated with different self‐concept dimensions for unemployed men versus unemployed women and ‘shorter’ versus ‘longer‐term’ unemployed people. Results are discussed in the context of recent developments in the social psychology of the self‐concept. Suggestions for future research are outlined.
The differential impact on carers dealing with clients with challenging behaviours
Authors: Freeman Marnie
Published: June 2007

This study addresses the effects of organizational culture on the ways in which carers in small community homes cope with clients with challenging behaviours. Results indicated that carers socialized in a traditional setting (i.e. large institutions) responded to challenging behaviours by becoming more negative in their attitudes towards clients. Strain levels in carers socialized in the Social Services were related directly to client challenging behaviours, and unrelated to their attitudes which remained positive.
School pupils' perceptions of the police that visit schools: Not all police are ‘pigs’
Authors: Hopkins Nick
Published: June 2007

This paper presents data concerning young people's perceptions of the police taking part in a police—schools liaison programme. Eighty‐one 14‐year‐old school pupils took part in 28 semi‐structured group discussions concerning their perceptions of the ‘typicality’ of police officers working in their schools. Pupils clearly differentiated between these and those ‘on the street’. Central to this differentiation was the issue of police power; the perceived atypicality of the police in schools was intimately bound up with pupils' perceptions of the qualitatively different social relations that obtain between young people and the police ‘in the school’ and ‘on the street’. The implications of these data for the literatures concerning the ‘contact hypothesis’ and police—schools liaison are discussed.
Child protection investigations: Discourse analysis and the management of incommensurability
Authors: Lee Nick
Published: June 2007

This paper asks whether discourse analytic approaches in social psychology have yet produced methodologies adequate to the investigation of institutional ‘gaze’. Institutional language has been explored to the extent that state agencies construct members of the public by speaking about them in particular ways. This has often provided insight into the co‐existence and competition of incommensurable discourses. However, studies of representation in the sense of speaking for have been notably absent from social psychology. It is argued that this aspect of discourse is a vital component in the study of contemporary governmental multi‐agency strategy in the area of child protection, where recent legislation and policy aims at the coordination of incommensurable discourses. A methodology for studying this strategy is outlined through an account of the actor network approach in science studies, accounts of the State under the post‐modern condition, and analyses of sections of interviews with social workers.
Coping in context. Strategic and tactical coping in carers of stroke survivors and carers of older confused people
Authors: Matson Neil
Published: June 2007

This paper seeks to describe and examine the concept of coping in the context of two chronic and debilitating conditions commonly occurring among older age groups, namely strokes and the two main dementias of Alzheimer's Disease and Multi‐infarct Dementia. Using behaviour problems as the focus, carers described the various ways in which they tried to cope. The results suggested that coping could be considered in two main ways. First, there were general orientations or philosophies of coping with caring, not necessarily related to particular behaviour problems—these were described as ‘strategies’ of coping (Active‐involved, Non‐confronting, and Value coping). Second, there were coping responses directed at specific behaviour problems—described as ‘tactical’ coping and considered in the paper at a descriptive level but also in terms of a possible typology. Some implications of this work for clinical interventions are considered and it is suggested that there may be a need to obtain more descriptive data on coping, and relate this to specific outcome indices, before advocating specific coping interventions.
Exploring the sexual world of the unemployed adolescent
Authors: Buzwell Simone , Rosenthal Doreen
Published: June 2007

Unemployed adolescents may be at substantial risk of the negative consequences of sexuality. This study investigated the sexual perceptions and practices of 125 unemployed adolescents. Gender, but not age, differences were found in sexual perceptions and practices. Overall, this sample was engaging in high levels of sexual activity with a low rate of condom use.
Negative affectivity and consumption of alcohol: A general population study
Authors: Watten Reidulf G.
Published: June 2007

The present paper investigates a possible association between components of negative affectivity and alcohol habits in an ethnically and linguistically homogenous nationwide sample of non‐institutionalized adults (N = 8096). Negative affectivity was assessed employing the Hopkins Symptom Check List [HCSL; Derogatis et al. (1974) Behavioural Science, 19, 1–15]. A weak, positive, bivariate correlation between manifest anxiety and use of alcohol was found. Phobic anxiety, depression and somatizing were negatively correlated with alcohol habits. Sociodemographic variables such as age, level of education and family income were more strongly associated with use of alcohol than self‐reported negative affect. Controlled for the sociodemographic variables in logistic regression analyses, manifest anxiety and somatizing were still significantly related to alcohol habits.
Computer games, self‐esteem and gratification of needs in adolescents
Authors: Colwell John , Grady Clare , Rhaiti Sarah
Published: June 2007

Playing computer games has become an increasingly popular leisure time activity amongst adolescents, but concerns have been expressed over possible associated consequences. One research area has investigated reasons for playing, and two prior explanations relate it to the functional concepts of ‘electronic friendship’ and ‘self‐esteem’. A questionnaire study was conducted among 120 adolescents to obtain information on a number of measures including gratification of needs and self‐esteem. Results showed that playing computer games is equally popular with males and females, but males spend more time on it. Positive correlations between playing and items on the needs scales were obtained. In particular males who were heavy players scored highly on the ‘preference to friends’ need, but interestingly they were also likely to see their friends more often outside school, thus providing no support for the theory that computer games are taking the place of normal social interaction. For females there was evidence of a negative relationship between self‐esteem and need gratification through playing computer games. However more adolescents spend much more time watching television than playing computer games. These results are discussed in the context of previous research.
Job‐role quality and women's psychological well‐being: Locus of control and social support as moderators
Authors: Noor Noraini M.
Published: June 2007

Despite the recognition that the stress‐buffering effect of social support may in part be due to its relation to locus of control, no study on women's roles to date has considered both locus of control and social support in the prediction of psychological functioning. The present study was intended to test the three‐way interaction between job‐role quality, locus of control and support in relation to two measures of women's psychological well‐being (happiness and symptoms of distress). This study was based on cross‐sectional data.

In the English sample of 109 employed women, the results provided evidence of the threee‐way interaction between job challenge, locus of control and work support in predicting happiness. Neither locus of control nor work support independently moderated the effects of job challenge. However, locus of control and work support combined interactively to moderate the impact of job challenge on happiness. As predicted, support interacted with job challenge only for internals; no such interaction effect was observed for externals. For distress, no significant interaction was found.
Synthesen in der heterocyclischen Reihe, II. Synthesen von 4.5‐disubstituierten Pyrimidinen und ihre Um‐setzungen zu Purinen, Oxazolo‐ und Pyrazolo‐pyrimidinen
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Effenberger Franz , Schweizer Ernst H.
Published: June 2007

Aus 4‐Chlor‐5‐carbäthoxy‐pyrimidin erhält man mit Aminen, Alkoholaten und Mercaptiden Substituentenaustausch am C‐4. 8‐Hydroxy‐purin läßt sich aus 4‐Amino‐pyrimidin‐carbonsäure‐(5)‐amid bzw. ‐hydrazid einstufig durch Hofmann'schen bzw. Curtius'schen Abbau darstellen. Analog erhält man aus 4‐Hydroxy‐pyrimidin‐carbonsäure‐(5)‐hydrazid das 2‐Hydroxy‐oxazolo [5.4‐d]pyrimidin. Zu 3‐Hydroxy‐pyrazolo[3.4‐d] pyrimidinen kommt man durch Ringschlußreaktionen von 4‐Chlor‐5‐carbäthoxy‐pyrimidin mit Hydrazinen.
Über die Herstellung von m‐und p‐N.N′Dimethyl‐xylylendiamin
Authors: Sander Manfred , Burmeister Dieter
Published: June 2007

Durch Ausführen von Lithiumalanat‐Reduktionen in einer Soxhletschen Extraktionsapparatur gelang es, die in Äthern sehr schwer löslichen m‐ und p‐Xylylendi‐formamide sowie Isophthalsäure‐bis‐methylamid zu den entsprechenden symm. N.N′‐Dimethyl‐xylylen‐diaminen, die auf anderem Wege nicht hergestellt werden konnten, zu reduzieren.
Zur Chemie der p‐Chinole, IV. Neue Östranabkömmlinge mit verschiedenen Substituenten in 3‐Stellung
Authors: Hecker Erich
Published: June 2007

Reaktionen von 3‐Amino‐Δ1.3.5(10)‐östratrienol‐(17β)‐acetat nach Sandmeyer‐GATTERMANN‐LEUCKART werden beschrieben. Man erhält neue östranabkömmlinge, die sich formal vom östradiol‐(17β) durch Ersatz der phenolischen Hydroxylgruppe ableiten.
Glyoxalderivate von Monosacchariden
Authors: Micheel Fritz , Burmeister Dieter
Published: June 2007

Kondensationsprodukte des Glyoxals mit je 2 Moll. α‐Methyl‐D‐galaktosid〈1.5〉 und α‐Methyl‐D‐mannosid〈1.5〉 werden beschrieben. Die Glyoxalreste bildern eine Brücke zwischen zwei Monosaccharidresten.
Synthese und Struktur der 6‐[N‐Benzoyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminido]‐D‐glucose
Authors: Micheel Fritz , Drescher Erwin
Published: June 2007

Die nach der Oxazolinmethode synthetisierte 6‐[n‐Benzoyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminido]‐D‐glucose, für deren Darstellung ein verbessertes Verfahren angegeben wird, und ihr α‐Methylglykosid werden in die α‐und β‐Heptamethyläther überführt. Aus der Struktur der durch Hydrolyse der Methyläther erhaltenen isolierten 2.3.4‐Trimethyl‐D‐Glucose und dem N‐Benzoyl‐3.4.6‐trimethyl‐D‐glucosamin ergibt sich die Struktur des Disaccharides in übereinstimmung mit den Ergebnissen de Synthese.
Peptidsynthesen in Eisessig, II. Synthesen mit Phthalylderivaten
Authors: Weygand Friedrich , Kaelicke Joachim
Published: June 2007

Aminosäuren lassen sich durch Erhitzen mit Phthalsäure‐diphenylester in Gegenwart von 1 Mol. Triäthylamin in befriedigenden Ausbeuten unter Erhaltung der opt. Aktivität phthalylieren. Die bei Z‐Aminosäure‐thiophenylestern ausgearbeitete Kondensation mit Aminosäuren in siedendem Eisessig wurde auf die Phth‐Verbindungen angewandt und ergab in den untersuchten Fällen racemisierungsfreie Phth‐Peptide. Die Eisessig‐Methode liefert bei Synthesen mit sterisch gehinderten Aminosäuren (Valin, Leucin) Phth‐Peptide in nur mäßigen Ausbeuten.
Über Verbindungen mit Urotropin‐Struktur, XXII. Zur Kenntnis des Adamantyl‐(1)‐acetylens
Authors: Stetter Hermann , Goebel Peter
Published: June 2007

Die Herstellung des Adamantyl‐(1)‐acetylens, ausgehend von 1‐Brom‐adamantan und Vinylbromid über die Stufe des 1.1‐Dibrom‐2‐[adamantyl‐(1)]‐äthans, wird beschrieben. Aus dieser Verbindung wurden eine Reihe charakteristischer Derivate hergestellt.