bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Qu'est-ce qui incite les finissants universitaires à postuler chez un employeur ?
Authors: Beaudry Catherine , Laflamme Josée , Deschênes Andrée-Anne , Aguir Mounir
Published: February 2014

Cet article dresse un palmarès des facteurs déterminants qui incitent les finissants universitaires à postuler chez un employeur. Les résultats de l’enquête révèlent que le contenu du travail, et plus spécifiquement la possibilité de relever des défis variés, est le critère le plus considéré. Si le contenu du travail est très important, les conditions de travail, telles que le salaire, la sécurité d’emploi et les horaires de travail, sont également décisives quant à l’intention de poser sa candidature chez un employeur. La qualité de vie associée à la région où l’organisation est établie constitue aussi un facteur clé dans l’intention des étudiants universitaires de poser leur candidature. À partir de ces résultats, il est recommandé aux employeurs de faire valoir les caractéristiques à la fois organisationnelles et régionales qui les distinguent, notamment au moyen de modes de recrutement non traditionnels.
L'écolonomie au pays des Ch'tis. POCHECO : de l'enveloppe à l'écoveloppe ®
Authors: Cardinal Jacqueline
Published: February 2014

En 1997, la société française POCHECO, de Forest-sur-Marque, qui fabrique des enveloppes de mise sous pli automatique, est au bord de la faillite. Son principal actionnaire a le choix : ou bien il ferme l’usine, ou bien il engage son fils comme président. Avec l’accord de son coactionnaire, il choisira la deuxième solution. Emmanuel Druon, qui prend alors la tête de l’entreprise, exige toutefois de pouvoir gérer celle-ci à sa façon. Et sa façon consiste à appliquer l’écolonomie, soit l’alliage de l’écologie et de l’économie. Il mettra en œuvre trois principes auxquels il tient fermement : la baisse de l’impact sur l’environnement, la baisse de la dangerosité et de la pénibilité du travail ainsi que l’amélioration de la productivité. Cet article relate de quelle manière le président s’y est pris pour rendre son entreprise à la fois prospère et respectueuse de l’environnement.
Pan-Bcl-2 Inhibitor, GX15-070 (Obatoclax), Decreases Human T Regulatory Lymphocytes while Preserving Effector T Lymphocytes: A Rationale for Its Use in Combination Immunotherapy
Authors: Kim Peter S. , Jochems Caroline , Grenga Italia , Donahue Renee N. , Tsang Kwong Y. , Gulley James L. , Schlom Jeffrey , Farsaci Benedetto
Published: February 2014

Bcl-2 inhibitors are currently being evaluated in clinical studies for treatment of patients with solid tumors and hematopoietic malignancies. In this study we explored the potential for combining the pan-Bcl-2 inhibitor GX15-070 (GX15; obatoclax) with immunotherapeutic modalities. We evaluated the in vitro effects of GX15 on human T cell subsets obtained from PBMCs in terms of activation, memory, and suppressive function. Our results indicated that in healthy-donor PBMCs, mature-activated T cells were more resistant to GX15 than early-activated T cells, and that GX15 preserved memory but not non-memory T cell populations. Furthermore, GX15 increased the apoptosis of regulatory T cells (Tregs), profoundly downregulated FOXP3 and CTLA-4 in a dose-dependent manner, and decreased their suppressive function. Treating PBMCs obtained from ovarian cancer patients with GX15 also resulted in increased CD8+:Treg and CD4+:Treg ratios. These results support preclinical studies in which mice vaccinated before treatment with GX15 showed the greatest reduction in metastatic lung tumors as a result of increased apoptotic resistance of mature CD8+ T cells and decreased Treg function brought about by GX15. Taken together, these findings suggest that when a Bcl-2 inhibitor is combined with active immunotherapy in humans, such as the use of a vaccine or immune checkpoint inhibitor, immunotherapy should precede administration of the Bcl-2 inhibitor to allow T cells to become mature, and thus resistant to the cytotoxic effects of the Bcl-2 inhibitor.
The DC-HIL/Syndecan-4 Pathway Regulates Autoimmune Responses through Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Chung Jin-Sung , Tamura Kyoichi , Akiyoshi Hideo , Cruz Ponciano D. , Ariizumi Kiyoshi
Published: February 2014

Having discovered that the dendritic cell (DC)–associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan–dependent integrin ligand (DC-HIL) receptor on APCs inhibits T cell activation by binding to syndecan-4 (SD-4) on T cells, we hypothesized that the DC-HIL/SD-4 pathway may regulate autoimmune responses. Using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a disease model, we noted an increase in SD-4+ T cells in lymphoid organs of wild-type (WT) mice immunized for EAE. The autoimmune disease was also more severely induced (clinically, histologically, and immunophenotypically) in mice knocked out for SD-4 compared with WT cohorts. Moreover, infusion of SD-4−/− naive T cells during EAE induction into Rag2−/− mice also led to increased severity of EAE in these animals. Similar to SD-4 on T cells, DC-HIL expression was upregulated on myeloid cells during EAE induction, with CD11b+Gr-1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as the most expanded population and most potent T cell suppressor among the myeloid cells examined. The critical role of DC-HIL was supported by DC-HIL gene deletion or anti–DC-HIL treatment, which abrogated T cell suppressor activity of MDSCs, and also by DC-HIL activation inducing MDSC expression of IFN-γ, NO, and reactive oxygen species. Akin to SD-4−/− mice, DC-HIL−/− mice manifested exacerbated EAE. Adoptive transfer of MDSCs from EAE-affected WT mice into DC-HIL−/− mice reduced EAE severity to the level of EAE-immunized WT mice, an outcome that was precluded by depleting DC-HIL+ cells from the infused MDSC preparation. Our findings indicate that the DC-HIL/SD-4 pathway regulates autoimmune responses by mediating the T cell suppressor function of MDSCs.
Critical Role of MicroRNA-155 in Herpes Simplex Encephalitis
Authors: Bhela Siddheshvar , Mulik Sachin , Reddy Pradeep B. J. , Richardson Raphael L. , Gimenez Fernanda , Rajasagi Naveen K. , Veiga-Parga Tamara , Osmand Alexander P. , Rouse Barry T.
Published: February 2014

HSV infection of adult humans occasionally results in life-threatening herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) for reasons that remain to be defined. An animal system that could prove useful to model HSE could be microRNA-155 knockout (miR-155KO) mice. Thus, we observe that mice with a deficiency of miR-155 are highly susceptible to HSE with a majority of animals (75–80%) experiencing development of HSE after ocular infection with HSV-1. The lesions appeared to primarily represent the destructive consequences of viral replication, and animals could be protected from HSE by acyclovir treatment provided 4 d after ocular infection. The miR-155KO animals were also more susceptible to development of zosteriform lesions, a reflection of viral replication and dissemination within the nervous system. One explanation for the heightened susceptibility to HSE and zosteriform lesions could be because miR-155KO animals develop diminished CD8 T cell responses when the numbers, functionality, and homing capacity of effector CD8 T cell responses were compared. Indeed, adoptive transfer of HSV-immune CD8 T cells to infected miR-155KO mice at 24 h postinfection provided protection from HSE. Deficiencies in CD8 T cell numbers and function also explained the observation that miR-155KO animals were less able than control animals to maintain HSV latency. To our knowledge, our observations may be the first to link miR-155 expression with increased susceptibility of the nervous system to virus infection.
National trauma work and the depiction of women in two Afrikaans historical Karoo novels: Fiela’s child and Sorg
Authors: Du Plooy Belinda
Published: February 2014

Fiela’s child and Sorg are two female-authored popular Afrikaans novels that entertain as subtext dynamics of female agency in the same region and historical period, namely the Little Karoo of the late 19th century. The two novels present a pertinent counter-discursive paradigm to the more mainstream master narrative representations of women of the time. The novels were written and published during the late-apartheid and early post-apartheid years, 1985 and 2006, respectively, and as a result of these dynamics of production, they also engage with the socio-politics of this time, maybe even more so than with the British imperial colonialist period in which the novels are set. As such, both novels step into the discursive streams that flow in and around the trauma work that is associated with South Africa’s contemporary engagement with its colonial and apartheid legacies and heritage. Both texts also contribute to the creation and popularisation of new national master narratives. It is then in this context that these texts can be seen as participating in the multivocal discursive project of new identity construction, specifically identity construction through the writing of a new heterogeneous national autobiography.
Initial and Long-Term Costs of Patients Hospitalized with West Nile Virus Disease
Authors: Staples J. Erin , Shankar Manjunath B. , Sejvar James J. , Meltzer Martin I. , Fischer Marc
Published: February 2014

There are no published data on the economic burden for specific West Nile virus (WNV) clinical syndromes (i.e., fever, meningitis, encephalitis, and acute flaccid paralysis [AFP]). We estimated initial hospital and lost-productivity costs from 80 patients hospitalized with WNV disease in Colorado during 2003; 38 of these patients were followed for 5 years to determine long-term medical and lost-productivity costs. Initial costs were highest for patients with AFP (median $25,117; range $5,385–$283,381) and encephalitis (median $20,105; range $3,965–$324,167). Long-term costs were highest for patients with AFP (median $22,628; range $624–$439,945) and meningitis (median $10,556; range $0–$260,748). Extrapolating from this small cohort to national surveillance data, we estimated the total cumulative costs of reported WNV hospitalized cases from 1999 through 2012 to be $778 million (95% confidence interval $673 million–$1.01 billion). These estimates can be used in assessing the cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent WNV disease.
Development of a Specimen-Sparing Multichannel Bead Assay to Detect Antiparasite IgG4 for the Diagnosis of Schistosoma and Wuchereria Infections on the Coast of Kenya
Authors: DuVall Adam S. , Fairley Jessica K. , Sutherland Laura , Bustinduy Amaya L. , Mungai Peter L. , Muchiri Eric M. , Malhotra Indu , Kitron Uriel , King Charles H.
Published: February 2014

To better delineate the impact of parasitic coinfection in coastal Kenya, we developed a novel specimen-sparing bead assay using multiplex flow immunoassay (MFI) technology to simultaneously measure serum or plasma immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) against Brugia malayi antigen (BMA) and Schistosoma haematobium soluble worm antigen (SWAP). Properties of the bead assay were estimated by latent class analysis using data from S. haematobium egg counts/filarial rapid diagnostic cards (RDTs), parasite-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), and the multichannel IgG4 assay. For schistosomiasis, the bead assay had an estimated sensitivity of 81% and a specificity of 45%, and it was more sensitive than ELISA or urine egg counts for diagnosing infection. For filariasis, it had a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 39%, and it was more sensitive than ELISA or RDT. Measuring antibody by MFI is feasible and may provide more accurate epidemiological information than current parasitological tests, especially in the setting of low-intensity infections.
Combining MODIS, AVHRR and in situ data for evapotranspiration estimation over heterogeneous landscape of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Ma Y. , Zhu Z. , Zhong L. , Wang B. , Han C. , Wang Z. , Wang Y. , Lu L. , Amatya P. M. , Ma W. , Hu Z.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In this study, a parameterization method based on MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data, AVHRR (Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometer) data and in situ data is introduced and tested for estimating the regional evaporative fraction Λ over a heterogeneous landscape. As a case study, the algorithm was applied to the Tibetan Plateau (TP) area. Eight MODIS data images (17 January, 14 April, 23 July and 16 October in 2003; 30 January, 15 April, 1 August and 25 October in 2007) and four AVHRR data images (17 January, 14 April, 23 July and 16 October in 2003) were used in this study to compare winter, spring, summer and autumn values and for annual variation analysis. The results were validated using the "ground truth" measured at Tibetan Observation and Research Platform (TORP) and the CAMP/Tibet (CEOP (Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period) Asia-Australia Monsoon Project (CAMP) on the Tibetan Plateau) meteorological stations. The results show that the estimated evaporative fraction Λ in the four different seasons over the TP is in clear accordance with the land surface status. The Λ fractions show a wide range due to the strongly contrasting surface features found on the TP. Also, the estimated Λ values are in good agreement with "ground truth" measurements, and their absolute percentage difference (APD) is less than 10.0% at the validation sites. The AVHRR data were also in agreement with the MODIS data, with the latter usually displaying a higher level of accuracy. It was therefore concluded that the proposed algorithm was successful in retrieving the evaporative fraction Λ using MODIS, AVHRR and in situ data over the TP. MODIS data are the most accurate and should be used widely in evapotranspiration (ET) research in this region.
Dynamic light absorption of biomass-burning organic carbon photochemically aged under natural sunlight
Authors: Zhong M. , Jang M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Wood-burning aerosol produced under smoldering conditions was photochemically aged with different relative humidity (RH) and NOx conditions using a 104 m3 dual outdoor chamber under natural sunlight. Light absorption of organic carbon (OC) was measured over the course of photooxidation using a UV–visible spectrometer connected to an integrating sphere. At high RH, the color decayed rapidly. NOx slightly prolonged the color of wood smoke, suggesting that NOx promotes the formation of chromophores via secondary processes. Overall, the mass absorption cross section (integrated between 280 and 600 nm) of OC increased by 11–54% (except high RH) in the morning and then gradually decreased by 19–68% in the afternoon. This dynamic change in light absorption of wood-burning OC can be explained by two mechanisms: chromophore formation and sunlight bleaching. To investigate the effect of chemical transformation on light absorption, wood smoke particles were characterized using various spectrometers. The intensity of fluorescence, which is mainly related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), rapidly decreased with time, indicating the potential bleaching of PAHs. A decline of levoglucosan concentrations evinced the change of primary organic aerosol with time. The aerosol water content measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that wood-burning aerosol became less hygroscopic as photooxidation proceeded. A similar trend in light absorption changes has been observed in ambient smoke aerosol originating from the 2012 County Line wildfire in Florida. We conclude that the biomass-burning OC becomes less light absorbing after 8–9 h sunlight exposure compared to fresh wood-burning OC.
Semicontinuous measurements of gas–particle partitioning of organic acids in a ponderosa pine forest using a MOVI-HRToF-CIMS
Authors: Yatavelli R. L. N. , Stark H. , Thompson S. L. , Kimmel J. R. , Cubison M. J. , Day D. A. , Campuzano-Jost P. , Palm B. B. , Hodzic A. , Thornton J. A. , Jayne J. T. , Worsnop D. R. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Hundreds of gas- and particle-phase organic acids were measured in a rural ponderosa pine forest in Colorado, USA, during BEACHON-RoMBAS (Bio-hydro-atmosphere interactions of Energy, Aerosols, Carbon, H2O, Organics & Nitrogen – Rocky Mountain Biogenic Aerosol Study). A recently developed micro-orifice volatilization impactor high-resolution time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometer (MOVI-HRToF-CIMS) using acetate (CH3C(O)O−) as the reagent ion was used to selectively ionize and detect acids semicontinuously from 20 to 30 August 2011, with a measurement time resolution of ~1.5 h. At this site 98% of the organic acid mass is estimated to be in the gas phase, with only ~2% in the particle phase. We investigated gas–particle partitioning, quantified as the fraction in the particle phase (Fp), of C1–C18 alkanoic acids, six known terpenoic acids, and bulk organic acids vs. carbon number. Data were compared to the absorptive partitioning model and suggest that bulk organic acids at this site follow absorptive partitioning to the organic aerosol mass. The rapid response (<1–2 h) of partitioning to temperature changes for bulk acids suggests that kinetic limitations to equilibrium are minor, which is in contrast to conclusions of some recent laboratory and field studies, possibly due to lack of very low ambient relative humidities at this site. Time trends for partitioning of individual and groups of acids were mostly captured by the model, with varying degrees of absolute agreement. Species with predicted substantial fractions in both the gas and particle phases show better absolute agreement, while species with very low predicted fractions in one phase often show poor agreement, potentially due to thermal decomposition, inlet adsorption, or other issues. Partitioning to the aqueous phase is predicted to be smaller than to the organic phase for alkanoic and bulk acids, and has different trends with time and carbon number than observed experimentally. This is due to the limited additional functionalization observed for the bulk acids. Partitioning to water appears to only play a role for the most oxidized acids during periods of high aerosol liquid water. Based on measurement–model comparison we conclude that species carbon number and oxygen content, together with ambient temperature, control the volatility of organic acids and are good predictors for partitioning at this site. Partitioning of bulk acids is more consistent with model predictions for hydroxy acids, hydroperoxyacids, or polyacids, and less so for keto acids.
Direct quantification of total and biological ice nuclei in cloud water
Authors: Joly M. , Amato P. , Deguillaume L. , Monier M. , Hoose C. , Delort A.-M.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The distribution, abundance and nature of ice nucleation active particles in the atmosphere are major sources of uncertainty in the prediction of cloud coverage, precipitation patterns and climate. Some biological ice nuclei (IN) induce freezing at temperatures at which most other atmospheric particles exhibit no detectable activity (> −10 °C). Their actual contribution to the pool of IN in clouds remains poorly known, but numerical studies suggested their likely significance in atmospheric processes. In this study, cloud water was collected aseptically from the summit of puy de Dôme (1465 m a.s.l., France) within contrasted meteorological and physico-chemical conditions. Total and biological (i.e. heat sensitive) IN were quantified by droplet-freezing assay between −5 °C and −14 °C. Freezing was systematically induced by the presence of biological material, between −6 °C and −8 °C in 92% of the samples. Its removal by heat treatment led to a decrease of the temperature of freezing by 3 °C to 4 °C. At −10 °C, there were 0 to ~220 biological IN mL−1 of cloud water (i.e. 0 to ~22 m−3 of cloudy air based on cloud liquid water content estimates) and these represented 65% to 100% of the total IN. Based on back-trajectory plots and on physico-chemical analyses, the high variability observed resulted probably from a source effect, with IN originating mostly from continental sources. Assuming that biological IN were all bacteria, at maximum 0.6 % of the bacterial cells present in cloud water samples could have acted as IN at −8 °C, 1.5% at −10 °C, and 3.1% at −12 °C. The dataset generated here will help elucidating the role of biological and bacterial IN on cloud's microphysics by numeric modelling, and their impact on precipitation at local scale.
Definition of the energy norm induced metric and its application on the atmosphere
Authors: Wan F. , Koh T.-Y.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. We suggest that some energy metrics are based on linearization and hence it may not be appropriate to apply these metrics when two states are far apart such as encountered in the real atmosphere. A new approach of defining the energy metric is proposed which is based on rigorous mathematical principles and can be applied to both linear and nonlinear models. The new energy norm induced metric is derived for atmospheric models of various levels of sophistication: the 2-D barotropic model, the shallow-water model, the 3-D compressible dry model in different vertical coordinates. Numerical calculations of the new energy metric are illustrated with analytic dynamical systems as well as with global reanalysis data. The differences from other expressions of the energy metric in the literature are discussed and possible shortcomings in certain expressions are explained in the context of the new expression.
The thermodynamic structure of summer Arctic stratocumulus and the dynamic coupling to the surface
Authors: Sotiropoulou G. , Sedlar J. , Tjernström M. , Shupe M. D. , Brooks I. M. , Persson P. O. G.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. The vertical structure of Arctic low-level clouds and Arctic boundary layer is studied, using observations from ASCOS (Arctic Summer Cloud Ocean Study), in the central Arctic, in late summer 2008. Two general types of cloud structures are examined: the "neutrally-stratified" and "stably-stratified" clouds. Neutrally-stratified are mixed-phase clouds where radiative-cooling near cloud top produces turbulence that creates a cloud-driven mixed layer. When this layer mixes with the surface-generated turbulence, the cloud layer is coupled to the surface, whereas when such an interaction does not occur, it remains decoupled; the latter state is most frequently observed. The decoupled clouds are usually higher compared to the coupled; differences in thickness or cloud water properties between the two cases are however not found. The surface fluxes are also very similar for both states. The decoupled clouds exhibit a bimodal thermodynamic structure, depending on the depth of the sub-cloud mixed layer (SML): clouds with shallower SMLs are disconnected from the surface by weak inversions, whereas those that lay over a deeper SML are associated with stronger inversions at the decoupling height. Neutrally-stratified clouds generally precipitate; the evaporation/sublimation of precipitation often enhances the decoupling state. Finally, stably-stratified clouds are usually lower, geometrically and optically thinner, non-precipitating liquid-water clouds, not containing enough liquid to drive efficient mixing through cloud-top cooling.
Seasonal variation in diurnal atmospheric grass pollen concentration profiles
Authors: Peel R. G. , Ørby P. V. , Skjøth C. A. , Kennedy R. , Schlünssen V. , Smith M. , Sommer J. , Hertel O.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In this study, the diurnal atmospheric grass pollen concentration profile within the Danish city of Aarhus was shown to change in a systematic manner as the pollen season progressed. Although diurnal grass pollen profiles can differ greatly from day-to-day, it is common practice to establish the time of day when peak concentrations are most likely to occur using seasonally averaged diurnal profiles. Atmospheric pollen loads are highly dependent upon emissions, and different species of grass are known to flower and emit pollen at different times of the day and during different periods of the pollen season. Pollen concentrations are also influenced by meteorological factors – directly through those parameters that govern pollen dispersion and transport, and indirectly through the weather-driven flowering process. We found that three different profiles dominated the grass pollen season in Aarhus – a twin peak profile during the early season, a single evening profile during the middle of the season, and a single midday peak during the late season. Whilst this variation could not be explained by meteorological factors, no inconsistencies were found with the theory that it was driven by a succession of different grass species with different diurnal flowering patterns dominating atmospheric pollen loads as the season progressed. The potential for exposure was found to be significantly greater during the late-season period than during either the early- or mid-season periods.
Landscape-scale changes in forest structure and functional traits along an Andes-to-Amazon elevation gradient
Authors: Asner G. P. , Anderson C. B. , Martin R. E. , Knapp D. E. , Tupayachi R. , Sinca F. , Malhi Y.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Elevation gradients provide opportunities to explore environmental controls on forest structure and functioning. We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and lidar (light detection and ranging) to quantify changes in three-dimensional forest structure and canopy functional traits in twenty 25 ha landscapes distributed along a 3300 m elevation gradient from lowland Amazonia to treeline in the Peruvian Andes. Elevation was positively correlated with lidar-estimated canopy gap density and understory vegetation cover, and negatively related to canopy height and the vertical partitioning of vegetation in canopies. Increases in canopy gap density were tightly linked to increases in understory plant cover, and larger gaps (20–200 m2) produced 25–30 times the response in understory cover than did smaller gaps (< 5 m2). Vegetation NDVI and photosynthetic fractional cover decreased, while exposed non-photosynthetic vegetation and bare soil increased, with elevation. Scaling of gap size to gap frequency (λ) was, however, nearly constant along the elevation gradient. When combined with other canopy structural and functional trait information, this suggests near-constant canopy turnover rates from the lowlands to treeline, which occurs independent of decreasing biomass or productivity with increasing elevation. Our results provide the first landscape-scale quantification of forest structure and canopy functional traits with changing elevation, thereby improving our understanding of disturbance, demography and ecosystem processes in the Andes-to-Amazon corridor.
Evaluating remote sensing of deciduous forest phenology at multiple spatial scales using PhenoCam imagery
Authors: Klosterman S. T. , Hufkens K. , Gray J. M. , Melaas E. , Sonnentag O. , Lavine I. , Mitchell L. , Norman R. , Friedl M. A. , Richardson A. D.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Plant phenology regulates ecosystem services at local and global scales and is a sensitive indicator of global change. Estimates of phenophase transition dates, such as the start of spring or end of autumn, can be derived from sensor-based time series data at the near-surface and remote scales, but must be interpreted in terms of biologically relevant events. We use the PhenoCam archive of digital repeat photography to implement a consistent protocol for visual assessment of canopy phenology at 13 temperate deciduous forest sites throughout eastern North America, as well as to perform digital image analysis for time series-based estimates of phenology dates. We then compare these near-surface results to remote sensing metrics of phenology at the landscape scale, derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) sensors. We present a new type of curve fit, using a generalized sigmoid, to estimate phenology dates. We quantify the statistical uncertainty of phenophase transition dates estimated using this method and show that the generalized sigmoid results in less statistical uncertainty than other curve-fitting methods. Additionally, we find that dates derived from analysis of high-frequency PhenoCam imagery have smaller uncertainties than remote sensing metrics of phenology, and that dates derived from the remotely-sensed enhanced vegetation index (EVI) have smaller uncertainty than those derived from the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Near-surface time series estimates for the start of spring are found to closely match visual assessment of leaf out, as well as remote sensing-derived estimates of the start of spring. However late spring and autumn phenology exhibit larger differences between near-surface and remote scales. Differences in late spring phenology between near-surface and remote scales are found to correlate with a landscape metric of deciduous forest cover. These results quantify the effect of landscape heterogeneity when aggregating to the coarser spatial scales of remote sensing, and demonstrate the importance of accurate curve fitting and vegetation index selection when analyzing and interpreting phenology time series.
Multi-scale hydrometeorological observation and modelling for flash-flood understanding
Authors: Braud I. , Ayral P.-A. , Bouvier C. , Branger F. , Delrieu G. , Le Coz J. , Nord G. , Vandervaere J.-P. , Anquetin S. , Adamovic M. , Andrieu J. , Batiot C. , Boudevillain B. , Brunet P. , Carreau J. , Confoland A. , Didon-Lescot J.-F. , Domergue J.-M. , Douvinet J. , Dramais G. , Freydier R. , Gérard S. , Huza J. , Leblois E. , Le Bourgeois O. , Le Boursicaud R. , Marchand P. , Martin P. , Nottale L. , Patris N. , Renard B. , Seidel J.-L. , Taupin J.-D. , Vannier O. , Vincendon B. , Wijbrans A.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. This paper presents a coupled observation and modelling strategy aiming at improving the understanding of processes triggering flash floods. This strategy is illustrated for the Mediterranean area using two French catchments (Gard and Ardèche) larger than 2000 km2. The approach is based on the monitoring of nested spatial scales: (1) the hillslope scale, where processes influencing the runoff generation and its concentration can be tackled; (2) the small to medium catchment scale (1–100 km2) where the impact of the network structure and of the spatial variability of rainfall, landscape and initial soil moisture can be quantified; (3) the larger scale (100–1000 km2) where the river routing and flooding processes become important. These observations are part of the HyMeX (Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment) Enhanced Observation Period (EOP) and lasts four years (2012–2015). In terms of hydrological modelling the objective is to set up models at the regional scale, while addressing small and generally ungauged catchments, which is the scale of interest for flooding risk assessment. Top-down and bottom-up approaches are combined and the models are used as "hypothesis testing" tools by coupling model development with data analyses, in order to incrementally evaluate the validity of model hypotheses. The paper first presents the rationale behind the experimental set up and the instrumentation itself. Second, we discuss the associated modelling strategy. Results illustrate the potential of the approach in advancing our understanding of flash flood processes at various scales.
Characterizing coarse-resolution watershed soil moisture heterogeneity using fine-scale simulations
Authors: Riley W. J. , Shen C.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Watershed-scale hydrological and biogeochemical models are usually discretized at resolutions coarser than where significant heterogeneities in topographic, subsurface abiotic and biotic, and surface vegetation exist. Here we report on a method to use fine-resolution (220 m gridcells) hydrological model predictions to build reduced order models of the statistical properties of near-surface soil moisture at coarse-resolution (25 times coarser; ~7 km). We applied a watershed-scale hydrological model (PAWS+CLM) that has been previously tested in several watersheds and developed simple, relatively accurate (R2 ~ 0.7–0.8) reduced order models for the relationship between mean and higher-order moments of near-surface soil moisture during the non-frozen periods over five years. When applied to transient predictions, soil moisture variance and skewness were relatively accurately predicted (R2 ~ 0.7–0.8), while the kurtosis was less accurately predicted (R2 ~ 0.5). We tested sixteen system attributes hypothesized to explain the negative relationship between soil moisture mean and variance toward the wetter end of the distribution and found that, in the model, 59% of the variance of this relationship can be explained by the elevation gradient convolved with mean evapotranspiration. We did not find significant relationships between the time rate of change of soil moisture variance and covariances between mean moisture and evapotranspiration, drainage, or soil properties, as has been reported in other modeling studies. As seen in previous observational studies, the predicted soil moisture skewness was predominantly positive and negative in drier and wetter regions, respectively. In individual coarse-resolution gridcells, the transition between positive and negative skewness occurred at a mean soil moisture of ~0.25–0.3. The type of numerical modeling experiments presented here can improve understanding of the causes of soil moisture heterogeneity across scales, and inform the types of observations required to more accurately represent unresolved spatial heterogeneity in regional and global hydrological models.
Soil erosion in an avalanche release site (Valle d'Aosta: Italy): towards a winter factor for RUSLE in the Alps
Authors: Stanchi S. , Freppaz M. , Ceaglio E. , Maggioni M. , Meusburger K. , Alewell C. , Zanini E.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. Soil erosion is largely affecting Alpine areas. In this work we compared 137Cs-based measurement of soil redistribution and soil loss estimated with RUSLE in a mountain slope affected by full depth snow-glide avalanches, in order to assess the relative importance of winter erosion processes through a correction factor (W – winter factor). Three subareas were considered: SB, snow bridge areas; RA, release area, and TA, track area, characterized by different prevalent winter processes. The RUSLE estimates and the 137Cs redistribution gave significantly different results (higher for 137Cs method), confirming a relevant role of winter erosion. W ranges evidenced relevant differences in the role of winter erosion in the considered subareas, and the application of an avalanche simulation model corroborated these findings. Despite the limited sample size (11 points) the inclusion of a W factor into RUSLE seems promising for the improvement of soil erosion estimates in Alpine environments affected by snow movements.
Velocity structure and the role of fluids in the West Bohemia Seismic Zone
Authors: Alexandrakis C. , Calò M. , Bouchaala F. , Vavryčuk V.
Published: February 2014

Abstract. In this study, we apply the double-difference tomography method to investigate the detailed 3-D structure within and around the Nový Kostel seismic zone, an area in the Czech Republic known for frequent occurrences of earthquake swarms. We use data from the extensively analyzed 2008 swarm, which has known focal mechanisms, principal faults, tectonic stress, source migration and other basic characteristics. We selected about 500 microearthquakes recorded at 22 local seismic stations of the West Bohemia Network (WEBNET). Applying double-difference tomography, combined with Weighted Average Model post-processing to correct for parameter dependence effects, we produce and interpret 3-D models of the Vp-to-Vs ratio (Vp/Vs) in and around the focal zone. The modeled Vp-to-Vs ratio shows several distinct structures, namely an area of high Vp-to-Vs ratio correlating with the microearthquakes, and a layer of low values directly above it. These structures may reflect changes in lithology and/or fluid concentration. The overlaying low Vp-to-Vs ratio layer coincides with high density metamorphic unit associated with the Fichtelgebirge (Smrčiny) granitic intrusion. It is possible that the base of the layer acts as a fluid trap, resulting in the observed periodic swarms.
Value Conflicts Embedded in Service-Oriented Academic Professions
Authors: Reino Anne , Jaakson Krista
Published: February 2014

The academic profession traditionally consists of three roles: teaching, research and service. The service role includes not only university–industry and university–society relationships, but also academic professionals' obligations to their internal stakeholders, such as administrators and colleagues. This paper argues that the paradigm shift in universities in favour of the service role has generated several value conflicts for academic employees. Using a case study methodology, focus group interviews with academic employees of a public university in Estonia revealed numerous value conflicts regarding the service role. It is argued that such conflicts cause job stress and dissatisfaction and impede necessary changes being made by the organization. The authors discuss possible strategies for coping with these value conflicts.
Entrepreneurial Intentions of University Students
Authors: Ubierna Francisco , Arranz Nieves , de Arroyabe J.C. Fdez
Published: February 2014

This paper presents an analysis of the entrepreneurial intentions of university undergraduate students, with particular regard to those studying design. Attitudinal, social and capabilities variables are analysed in order to determine the profile of an entrepreneur. Using a sample of 521 undergraduate students, the findings show that design students demonstrate a high entrepreneurial intention (62%). In addition, it was found that attitudinal factors outweighed the students' self-perceived inability to develop their own businesses.
Entrepreneurs Held Hostage: Hang-Ups at Travelhangar.Com
Authors: Ensign Prescott C. , Woods Anthony A.
Published: February 2014

The Case Study section of the International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation serves two purposes. First, the case studies presented are concerned with problematical issues that are pertinent to students of entrepreneurship. Thus they constitute appropriate teaching and learning vehicles on a variety of postgraduate and undergraduate programmes. Each case study is accompanied by a set of guidelines for the use of tutors. Second, it is envisaged that those engaged in entrepreneurial activities will find the cases both interesting and useful.

This case addresses how students might actually proceed in starting their own Internet company. It is inevitable that many students will currently be thinking about their big idea that will reshape the Internet. A story from this business area is easy to relate to for most students, and discussion flows readily. The case revolves around the two founders' issues with their business as they move further away from the university setting. When the venture was created, they did all the work, including sales. As they moved on to careers, they found students to replace them on the sales front. As they slowly moved out of the day-to-day workings of the enterprise, a problem arose with their new key sales person – he was doing all the work and only getting a portion of the returns.
Entrepreneurial Remixing: Bricolage and Postmodern Resources
Authors: Valliere Dave , Gegenhuber Thomas
Published: February 2014

The innovation of organizations has been likened to the improvisation capacity of musicians playing jazz – a modernist form of music that emphasizes improvisation within the boundaries of a particular genre. But recent bricolage research suggests that this metaphor is incomplete when applied to entrepreneurs. The innovation of entrepreneurs lies not only in the improvisational combining of resources, but also in the eclectic selection of resources and the embedding of these innovative combinations into novel contexts. This makes entrepreneurs less like jazz musicians and more like hip-hop DJs – a postmodern form of music that emphasizes sampling and remixing of musical fragments from diverse genres. This paper places entrepreneurial bricolage into a larger postmodern context and thereby identifies other unexplored implications for entrepreneurial value creation. By drawing from postmodern theorists, it explicates broader design principles that are latent only in the current narrow bricolage perspectives. A model is developed for how entrepreneurs enact postmodern resources and markets through hyperdifferentiation, how they develop novel pastiches using techniques such as bricolage, and how they embed these pastiches into novel contexts that create value from three distinct sources. Specific propositions and implications for entrepreneurs and researchers are developed.
Géométries instrumentales : entre médium et message
Authors: LeBlanc Jimmie
Published: February 2014

Alors que la fin du xixe siècle confirme l’établissement de certains genres musicaux comme la symphonie et le concerto, ainsi que de certaines formations instrumentales comme l’orchestre moderne et le quatuor à cordes, le xxe siècle voit apparaître des géométries instrumentales inédites, essentiellement motivées par de nouvelles nécessités esthétiques. Pour bien des compositeurs de l’après-Seconde Guerre mondiale, ces combinaisons instrumentales originales devenaient une nouvelle référence en matière d’expression musicale, mais aussi une manière de se soustraire aux connotations socioculturelles qui se rattachent aux modèles hérités de la tradition. Le recours à des formes ou genres du passé a souvent été l’objet de questionnements, voire de critiques plutôt sévères, mais qu’en est-il de ces enjeux aujourd’hui? Dans quelle mesure le médium détermine-t-il le message? Cette enquête sonde l’opinion de sept acteurs du milieu musical, compositeurs, chefs d’orchestre, directeurs artistiques et interprètes.
Automated quantitative histology reveals vascular morphodynamics during Arabidopsis hypocotyl secondary growth
Authors: Sankar Martial , Nieminen Kaisa , Ragni Laura , Xenarios Ioannis , Hardtke Christian S
Published: February 2014

Among various advantages, their small size makes model organisms preferred subjects of investigation. Yet, even in model systems detailed analysis of numerous developmental processes at cellular level is severely hampered by their scale. For instance, secondary growth of Arabidopsis hypocotyls creates a radial pattern of highly specialized tissues that comprises several thousand cells starting from a few dozen. This dynamic process is difficult to follow because of its scale and because it can only be investigated invasively, precluding comprehensive understanding of the cell proliferation, differentiation, and patterning events involved. To overcome such limitation, we established an automated quantitative histology approach. We acquired hypocotyl cross-sections from tiled high-resolution images and extracted their information content using custom high-throughput image processing and segmentation. Coupled with automated cell type recognition through machine learning, we could establish a cellular resolution atlas that reveals vascular morphodynamics during secondary growth, for example equidistant phloem pole formation.
Plasticity of both planar cell polarity and cell identity during the development of Drosophila
Authors: Saavedra Pedro , Vincent Jean-Paul , Palacios Isabel M , Lawrence Peter A , Casal José
Published: February 2014

Drosophila has helped us understand the genetic mechanisms of pattern formation. Particularly useful have been those organs in which different cell identities and polarities are displayed cell by cell in the cuticle and epidermis (Lawrence, 1992; Bejsovec and Wieschaus, 1993; Freeman, 1997). Here we use the pattern of larval denticles and muscle attachments and ask how this pattern is maintained and renewed over the larval moult cycles. During larval growth each epidermal cell increases manyfold in size but neither divides nor dies. We follow individuals from moult to moult, tracking marked cells and find that, as cells are repositioned and alter their neighbours, their identities change to compensate and the pattern is conserved. Single cells adopting a new fate may even acquire a new polarity: an identified cell that makes a forward-pointing denticle in the first larval stage may make a backward-pointing denticle in the second and third larval stages.
Diversity and plasticity in Rab GTPase nucleotide release mechanism has consequences for Rab activation and inactivation
Authors: Langemeyer Lars , Nunes Bastos Ricardo , Cai Yiying , Itzen Aymelt , Reinisch Karin M , Barr Francis A
Published: February 2014

Ras superfamily GTPase activation and inactivation occur by canonical nucleotide exchange and GTP hydrolysis mechanisms. Despite conservation of active-site residues, the Ras-related Rab GTPase activation pathway differs from Ras and between different Rabs. Analysis of DENND1-Rab35, Rabex-Rab5, TRAPP-Rab1 and DrrA-Rab1 suggests Rabs have the potential for activation by distinct GDP-release pathways. Conserved active-site residues in the Rab switch II region stabilising the nucleotide-free form differentiate these pathways. For DENND1-Rab35 and DrrA-Rab1 the Rab active-site glutamine, often mutated to create constitutively active forms, is involved in GEF mediated GDP-release. By contrast, in Rab5 the switch II aspartate is required for Rabex mediated GDP-release. Furthermore, Rab1 switch II glutamine mutants refractory to activation by DrrA can be activated by TRAPP, showing that a single Rab can be activated by more than one mechanistically distinct GDP-release pathway. These findings highlight plasticity in the activation mechanisms of closely related Rab GTPases.
Munc18-1 is a dynamically regulated PKC target during short-term enhancement of transmitter release
Authors: Genç Özgür , Kochubey Olexiy , Toonen Ruud F , Verhage Matthijs , Schneggenburger Ralf
Published: February 2014

Transmitter release at synapses is regulated by preceding neuronal activity, which can give rise to short-term enhancement of release like post-tetanic potentiation (PTP). Diacylglycerol (DAG) and Protein-kinase C (PKC) signaling in the nerve terminal have been widely implicated in the short-term modulation of transmitter release, but the target protein of PKC phosphorylation during short-term enhancement has remained unknown. Here, we use a gene-replacement strategy at the calyx of Held, a large CNS model synapse that expresses robust PTP, to study the molecular mechanisms of PTP. We find that two PKC phosphorylation sites of Munc18-1 are critically important for PTP, which identifies the presynaptic target protein for the action of PKC during PTP. Pharmacological experiments show that a phosphatase normally limits the duration of PTP, and that PTP is initiated by the action of a ‘conventional’ PKC isoform. Thus, a dynamic PKC phosphorylation/de-phosphorylation cycle of Munc18-1 drives short-term enhancement of transmitter release during PTP.