bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Analysis of Dauer Formation inCaenorhabditis briggsae
Authors: Inoue Takao , Ailion Michael , Poon Shirley , Kim Hannah K , Thomas James H , Sternberg Paul W
Published: July 2007

Molecular changes that underlie evolutionary changes in behavior and physiology are not well understood. Dauer formation in Caenorhabditis elegans is a temperature-sensitive process controlled through a network of signaling pathways associated with sensory neurons and is potentially an excellent system in which to investigate molecular changes in neuronal function during evolution. To begin to investigate the evolution of dauer formation in the genus Caenorhabditis at the molecular level, we isolated dauer-formation mutations in C. briggsae, a species closely related to the model organism C. elegans. We identified mutations in orthologs of C. elegans genes daf-2 (insulin receptor), daf-3 (Smad), and daf-4 (TGF-β type 2 receptor), as well as genes required for formation of sensory cilia. Phenotypic analyses revealed that functions of these genes are conserved between C. elegans and C. briggsae. Analysis of C. briggsae mutations also revealed a significant difference between the two species in their responses to high temperatures (>26°). C. elegans is strongly induced to form dauers at temperatures above 26°, near the upper limit for growth of C. elegans. In contrast, C. briggsae, which is capable of growth at higher temperatures than C. elegans, lacks this response.
Estimating Meiotic Gene Conversion Rates From Population Genetic Data
Authors: Gay J , Myers S , McVean G
Published: July 2007

Gene conversion plays an important part in shaping genetic diversity in populations, yet estimating the rate at which it occurs is difficult because of the short lengths of DNA involved. We have developed a new statistical approach to estimating gene conversion rates from genetic variation, by extending an existing model for haplotype data in the presence of crossover events. We show, by simulation, that when the rate of gene conversion events is at least comparable to the rate of crossover events, the method provides a powerful approach to the detection of gene conversion and estimation of its rate. Application of the method to data from the telomeric X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster, in which crossover activity is suppressed, indicates that gene conversion occurs ∼400 times more often than crossover events. We also extend the method to estimating variable crossover and gene conversion rates and estimate the rate of gene conversion to be ∼1.5 times higher than the crossover rate in a region of human chromosome 1 with known recombination hotspots.
An experimental study on the flexural behaviour of RC beams strengthened with high-strength bars
Authors: Shin K.-J. , Lim J.-H. , Oh Y.-S. , Moon J.-H.
Published: July 2007

External unbonded strengthening offers advantages in speed and simplicity of installation over other strengthening techniques. Unlike externally bonded steel plate or carbon fibre sheet, surface preparation of the concrete for installation of a high-tension bar is not required and installation is not affected by environmental conditions. An anchoring pin or anchoring plate is installed at the end of the beam to connect the high-tension bar to the concrete beam. The deviators are used so that supplementary external bars follow the curvature of the tested beam. The main test parameters are the section area of strengthening bar, the depth of deviator and the number of deviators. The current paper provides a general description of the structural behaviour of beams strengthened using the technique. The test results of a strengthened beam are compared with those from a reference specimen. It is shown that the reinforcing technique can provide greater strength enhancements to an unstrengthened beam and that the provision of deviator enhances efficiency. The ultimate moment of the specimen with two deviators was higher than that of specimens with one deviator.
CUI BONO? A REVIEW OF BREAKING THE SPELL: RELIGION AS A NATURAL PHENOMENON BY DANIEL C. DENNETT
Authors: Rachlin Howard
Published: July 2007

The three requirements for a Darwinian evolutionary process are replication, variation and selection. Dennett (2006) discusses various theories of how these three processes, especially selection, may have operated in the evolution of religion. He believes that the origins of religion, like the origins of language and music, may be approached scientifically. He hopes that such investigations will open a dialog between science and religion leading to moderation of current religious extremism. One problem with Dennett's program, illustrating the difficulty of breaking away from creationist thinking, is Dennett's own failure to consider how Darwinian methods may be used to study evolution of behavioral patterns over the lifetime of individual organisms.
QTL Analysis and Epistasis Effects Dissection of Fiber Qualities in an Elite Cotton Hybrid Grown in Second Generation
Authors: Wang Baohua , Wu Yaoting , Guo Wangzhen , Zhu Xiefei , Huang Naitai , Zhang Tianzhen
Published: July 2007

The purpose of the research presented here was to explore the genetic basis of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber quality traits through quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis and epistasis effects dissection, and further discuss the mechanism of heterosis. An immortalized F2 population was developed by intercrossing Xiangzamian 2–derived recombinant inbred lines (RILs) (XZM2). Fiber quality traits were investigated in F1 and F2 generations of hybrid XZM2, its two parents, and the immortalized F2 population in multiple environments in China. The low level of heterosis in XZM2 and in the immortalized F2 population suggested a lack of dominant and dominant × dominant interaction. In general, the low correlations of genotypic heterozygosity with trait performance and midparent heterosis showed that heterozygosity was not always advantageous for performance, and they excluded overdominance as a major genetic basis of heterosis. A total of 50 QTLs for fiber quality were identified by single‐locus QTL analysis. Although partial dominance and overdominance were detected, additive genetic variance was predominant. Common QTLs were detected both in the homozygous RILs and in the heterozygous immortalized F2 populations. Additionally, single‐locus heterotic effects and epistasis effects at the two‐locus level were detected. Our results indicated that additive gene action was the primary mechanism responsible for genetic variability in fiber quality traits. Additionally, we found that single‐locus heterotic effects and epistasis effects contributed to heterosis of fiber quality traits in XZM2.
Crop Mineral Nutrient and Yield Responses to Aphids or Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus in Spring Wheat and Oat
Authors: Riedell Walter E. , Osborne Shannon L. , Jaradat Abdullah A.
Published: July 2007

Root system biomass reductions caused by aphid feeding or aphid‐transmitted viral disease may affect root system function in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or oat (Avena sativa L.). A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to determine how leaf mineral nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu), chlorophyll (chl), and agronomic traits (leaf area index [LAI], leaf area plant−1, midday differential canopy temperature deviation from control [dT], yield, and yield components) responded to crop stress imposed by aphid feeding (greenbugs [GB], Schizaphis graminum Rondani; Russian wheat aphids [RWA], Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko; bird cherry‐oat aphids [BCOA], Rhopalosiphum padi L.) or by an aphid‐vectored virus (barley yellow dwarf virus, Luteovirus, PAV strain [BYDV]). Leaf chl, N, Ca, and Mg concentrations (measured at the boot development stage) were about 25% less in BYDV‐infected than control treatments. Grain yield deviation from control (dY) was most negative for BYDV treatment (−2164.5 kg ha−1) and least negative for GB treatment (−745.5 kg ha−1), with RWA (−900.6 kg ha−1) and BCOA (−789 kg ha−1) treatments having intermediate effects. Mineral nutrients (N, K, Mg, and Mn) and chl were significantly correlated (Canonical r = 0.94, p < 0.0001) with agronomic traits (LAI, dT, leaf area, and grain yield), and explained 62.1% of the variation in agronomic traits. Thus, leaf concentrations of certain chemical constituents of cereal plants are highly correlative to agronomic traits important in cereal plant responses to stress caused by aphid‐feeding damage or aphid‐vectored disease.
Synthesis and isomerism of hydrazones of 2-(5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetohydrazide
Authors: Kuodis Zenonas , Rutavičius Albertas , Matijoška Algirdas , Eicher-Lorka Olegas
Published: July 2007

New hydrazones of 2-(5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)acetohydrazide have been obtained and the percentages of anti/syn - conformers were determined. Based on the analyses of 1H NMR spectra, it was concluded that for hydrazones obtained from the 2- hydroxybenzaldehydes and 2’-hydroxycetophenones the ratio between the anti-and syn-conformers depends on the strength of intramolecular hydrogen bond (IMHB) between the nitrogen atom of the imino group and the proton of the 2-hydroxy group. It was shown that increase in IMHB strength results in stabilization of the anti-conformer in solution.
Practical Kedem-Katchalsky equations and their modification
Authors: Jarzyńska Maria
Published: July 2007

The research problem presented in this work concerns modification of the Kedem-Katchalsky (K-K) equation for volume flow (J v) through system (h|M|l), consisting of a membrane M and boundary layers h and l. Such boundary layers appear in the vicinity of the membrane on both sides due to the lack of mixing of solutions. This paper also includes the derivation of the equation for volume flow (J vr) dissipated on concentration boundary layers h and l. The derivation of these equations concerns the case in which the substance transport through the membrane is generated by the osmotic pressure gradient $$\Delta \dot \prod $$ . On the basis of the equations for the volume flows (J v) and (J vr), some calculations for a nephrophane membrane, used in medicine, and for aqueous glucose solutions have been carried out. In order to test the equations for (J v) and (J vr), we have also carried out calculations for the volume flow (J′ v) that is transferred through the membrane in the case of mixed solutions on both sides of the membrane. This volume flux has been calculated on the basis of the original (K-K) equation. The results are presented in Fig. 2.
Fossil cercopithecidae from the Middle Pleistocene Dawaitoli formation, Middle Awash valley, Afar region, Ethiopia
Authors: Frost Stephen R.
Published: July 2007

A series of fossil cercopithecoids has been recovered from the Dawaitoli Formaiton, in the Middle Awash study area, Ethiopia. The Dawaitoli Fm. has been dated to ∼600 Ka. This series includes several partial crania of Theropithecus oswaldi leakeyi as well as other cranial and postcranial fragments. This material is some of the most complete to date and adds considerably to what is known of this widespread and abundant taxon. There are also two isolated papionin molars here allocated to Papio cf. hamadryas based largely on size grounds and similarity to contemporary material from other sites in the Afar Depression. Cercopithecoids are rare in the Dawaitoli Fm., and among them only large papionins are known. This is unique among known Pleistocene sites in the Afar region, but is most similar to the Daka Member of the Bouri Formation. It is quite different from the other known Middle Pleistocene sites in the Afar: Asbole and the geologically younger Andalee where cercopithecoids are abundant and colobines predominate. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantiomerically Enriched Cyclopropene Derivatives: Versatile Building Blocks in Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Marek Ilan , Simaan Samah , Masarwa Ahmad
Published: July 2007

Enantiomerically enriched cyclopropene derivatives, the smallest possible unsaturated carbocycles, are of great synthetic interest since they serve as versatile reactive building blocks. Their reactivity results from the relief of the ring strain in the small molecule. They can be transformed into a wide variety of complex chiral structures and a special emphasis will be directed towards the preparation of enantiomerically enriched methylene‐ and alkylidenecyclopropane derivatives. The ready availability of a wide range of these chiral entities now provides an excellent opportunity to discover new and unique transformations that can further enrich mainstream synthetic methodology.
Retracted: Synthesis, characterization and reactivity towards first‐row d‐transition metals and biological significance of new pyridinyl derived N‐substituted sulfonamides
Authors: Naseer Muhammad M. , Chohan Zahid H.
Published: July 2007

Retraction: The following article from the Journal of Applied Organometallic Chemistry, ‘Synthesis, characterization and reactivity towards first‐row d‐transition metals and biological significance of new pyridinyl derived N‐substituted sulfonamides’ by Muhammad M. Naseer and Zahid H. Chohan, published online on 20 July 2007 in Wiley Interscience (www3.interscience.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the authors, the journal Editor in Chief, Peter J. Craig and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. The retraction has been agreed at the authors' request.
Synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and biocidal activity of some diorganotin(IV) complexes of salicylaldehydethiosemicarbazones and related ligands. Molecular and supramolecular structures of [R2Sn(OArCHNNCSNH2)], where R = Me, Ph and Ar =  C6H4, C6H3(5‐Br) and C6H3(5‐Cl), and of [Me2Sn{OC6H3(5‐Br)CHNNCSNH2}]·OH2
Authors: Sarma Moumita Sen , Mazumder Shibnath , Ghosh Debabrata , Roy Abhijit , Duthie Andrew , Tiekink Edward R. T.
Published: July 2007

Nine diorganotin(IV) compounds of Schiff bases derived from salicylaldehyde/substituted salicylaldehyde and thiosemicarbazide were synthesized. The compounds, with general formulae [R2Sn(OArCHNNCSNH2)], where R = Me, n‐Bu, Ph and Ar =  C6H4, C6H3(5‐Cl), C6H3(5‐Br), were characterized by UV and IR spectroscopy, NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn) spectroscopy and elemental analysis. X‐ray crystallographic studies of five of these complexes indicate penta‐coordination of tin within a distorted C2NOS trigonal bipyramidal geometry in each case. The crystal packing in four of the structures features {··· NCNH}2 synthons, but in [Ph2Sn(OArCHNNCSNH2)] the {··· SCNH}2 synthon is predominant. The biological activity of these compounds against four fungal pathogens (Curvularia eragrostidis, Alternaria porri, Dreschlerea oryzae and Macrophomina phaseolina) of four different crops (Camellia sineusis, Guizotia abyssinica, Oryzae sativa and Solanum melongena) and some bacteria (Aeromonas hydrophila, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella flexnri, Escheria coli, Salmonella aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were investigated. Their cytotoxicity was also investigated against several human cancer cell lines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on alkali‐catalyzed gasification of coal black liquor slurry cokes made up by five different coals
Authors: Jian‐ping Kuang , Jun‐hu Zhou , Zhi‐jun Zhou , Jian‐zhong Liu , Ke‐fa Cen
Published: July 2007

The black liquor from paper mills contains large quantities of sodium compounds and other organic matter, such as lignin and cellulose. The sodium compounds will provide the catalytic action in coal black liquor slurry (CBLS) gasification, while lignin and cellulose can enhance the heat value in the process of gasification. Five black liquor slurries were made from coals from different regions: Xin Wen, Huang Ling, Zao Zhuang, Shen Mu and Shen Hua. Alkali‐catalyzed gasification experiments on the different samples of CBLS and coal water slurry (CWS) were made on a thermobalance and a fixed‐bed reactor. The residues of gasification were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The results reveal that many mesopores and micropores exist on the surface of the CBLS coke, which play a key role in the catalytic gasification process, and sodium as a catalyst can quicken the gasification reaction rate. XRD shows that NaCl and sodium silicate are the main crystal components in dry samples of CBLS and CWS. The C‐O stretching vibration peak shifting to a lower wavenumber means that the energy for the C‐O stretching vibration in the CBLS carbon matrix decreases after partial gasification. Not only the coal rank but also the oxygen‐containing groups and minerals influence coal coke's gasification activity. Of the five different CBLS, the gasification reactivity of CBLS made by the Huang Ling coal was found to be higher than that of the others. The higher the degree of coalification, the lower the activity of the coke. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Archaeological questions and geophysical solutions: ground‐penetrating radar and induced polarization investigations in Munigua, Spain
Authors: Meyer Cornelius , Ullrich Burkart , Barlieb Christophe D.M.
Published: July 2007

Un accordance with archaeological programmes several geophysical investigation campaigns were conducted at the Roman site of Munigua (Province of Seville, Spain). First, building structures such as the city wall and production sites extra muro were investigated by means of ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) measurements. A new method is presented, ZODIAC, which enables virtual or physical reconstruction of archaeological features in the ground; ZODIAC uses the original geophysical data and avoids the speculative aspect of previous reconstruction techniques. Second, two geophysical survey campaigns on Roman archaeo‐metallurgical remains were undertaken at Munigua in November 2003 and April 2005. Methods of complex resistivity were used for a non‐destructive survey on slag heaps. The slag heaps are well‐defined by induced polarization effects from the bedrock with a phase angle of more than 30 mrad. The extension and depth of the slag heaps are estimated using two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional images of resistivity ρ and phase angle φ. The results fulfilled all expectations and for the first time allow an estimation of the amount of processed metal in Munigua. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multi‐temporal geophysical survey of a Roman bath complex in Montegrotto Terme (Padova, northern Italy)
Authors: Finzi E. , Praticelli N. , Vettore L. , Zaja A.
Published: July 2007

Between 2000 and 2005, several geophysical surveys were carried out by the staff of the Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, on the site of the Terme Neroniane in Montegrotto, near Padova, covering a whole complex of Roman spa buildings. This work represented a good opportunity to compare the effectiveness of various techniques (ground‐penetrating radar, magnetic gradiometry and electrical resistivity tomography) and to seek the reasons for differing results. Depth, contrast between composition of the geological background and building materials, good state of structural preservation, and the lack of settlement following the Roman age supported experimental results. Old and more recent excavations, conducted in parallel with the University of Padova surveys, enabled continual comparisons between geophysical models and evidence from the site. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A superconducting quantum interference device system for geomagnetic archaeometry
Authors: Schultze Volkmar , Chwala Andreas , Stolz Ronny , Schulz Marco , Linzen Sven , Meyer Hans‐Georg , Schüler Tim
Published: July 2007

A unique system for geomagnetic archaeometry is presented. It uses extremely sensitive superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) as magnetic field sensors, laid out as intrinsic gradiometers. These sensors are mounted on a non‐metallic cart, which guarantees smooth movement even at high speeds. Using a differential global positioning system (GPS) together with an inertial system the measured magnetic field gradient data are located on the mapped area with centimetre resolution and the height profile is also provided using the GPS. All data are stored in a data logger and partially online displayed on a laptop computer.

At the time of this report, the system is pushed manually and has been tested on a Neolithic double ring ditch near Weimar, Germany. In a gateway through the rings, remains of palisades and buildings have been well resolved, confirming the high sensitivity of the SQUID‐based system. An excavation at the ring ditch showed that material with enhanced susceptibility was the origin of the magnetic field gradient signals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diltiazem in rats: comparing single vs repeated subcutaneous injectionsin vivo
Authors: Yeung Pollen K. F. , Alcos Angelita , Tang Jinglan , Tsui Ban
Published: July 2007

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of repeated administration on the pharmacokinetics and metabolism of diltiazem (DTZ) using anin vivorat model. Male SD rats (n= 6–10 per group) weighing 350–450 g were used. Each rat received either a single 20 mg/kg dose of DTZ by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection or 5 mg/kg s.c. twice daily for five doses. Plasma concentrations of DTZ and its major metabolites were determined by HPLC for up to 8 h. Compared with the single dose, repeated administration resulted in higher dose normalized plasma concentrations of DTZ (AUC26.4±14.2 vs 13.9±11.5 µg‐h/ml), longer apparent half‐life (t1/2= 12.5±14.6 vs 3.7±1.4 h) and lower systemic clearance (CL= 1.1±1.0 vs 2.9±2.7 l/h/kg). Higher dose normalized plasma concentrations, longertmax, but shorter apparentt1/2of the major metabolites were observed following the repeated administration. The results also suggest that possible binding of DTZ may occur at the site of injection when administered subcutaneously in the higher dose. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Australian survey on community knowledge and attitudes regarding the fortification of food with folic acid
Authors: Molster Caron , Bower Carol , O'Leary Peter
Published: July 2007

BACKGROUND:

In response to the proposal that mandatory fortification be introduced in Australia to reduce the incidence of NTDs, the purpose of this study was to establish, for the adult community, baseline data on knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors towards the fortification of foods with folic acid.

METHODS:

A cross‐sectional, Computer Assisted Telephone Interviewing survey with respondents recruited randomly from the electronic version of the Western Australian telephone directory was used. One thousand members of the community aged 18 years or older were interviewed for the study.

RESULTS:

Interviews were conducted in September 2006, with a response rate of 76%. Half the respondents were aware folate is currently added to some breakfast cereals (59%) and some breads (53%), but awareness of other food types that may be voluntarily fortified with folate was much lower. Only 13% of respondents were concerned about folate being added to bread, 10% believed folate should not be added to foods, and 9% said they would avoid foods with added folate. Generally, around half the respondents were uncertain about the benefits of fortifying foods with folate and around a quarter were uncertain about any risks or concerns with this practice.

CONCLUSIONS:

The community appears no more concerned about the fortification of bread with folate than they are about other existing fortification programs in Australia, and appear more likely to support rather than oppose the fortification of foods with folate, particularly if they are informed of the benefits of such a program. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A momentum‐based deformation system for granular material
Authors: Zeng Ya‐Lun , Tan Charlie Irawan , Tai Wen‐Kai , Yang Mau‐Tsuen , Chiang Cheng‐Chin , Chang Chin‐Chen
Published: July 2007

Computer graphics animation often lacks interaction between rigid object and granular material. In this paper, we propose a method for the deformation of the ground surface that consists of granular material when it is penetrated by a rigid body object in motion. Meanwhile, the motion of the rigid object is also affected due to the collision with the ground surface. Our simulation model concerns: updating the motion of object, the collision detection between the rigid object and the ground surface, the distribution of the ground granular material and the deformation of the ground surface. Our contribution is that we present a method to simulate the interaction between the ground granular material and the rigid body object in motion. Moreover, a render to texture method is presented to accelerate the ray casting collision detection between the ground surface and the object. And, our implementation for the method can be simulated at interactive frame rates. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of boosted regression trees (BRTs) and two‐step BRT procedures to model and predict blood‐brain barrier passage
Authors: Deconinck Eric , Zhang Menghui H. , Coomans Danny , Heyden Yvan Vander
Published: July 2007

Two new approaches, boosted regression trees (BRTs) and two‐step BRT, were evaluated for modelling and predicting the blood–brain barrier (BBB) passage of drugs. Classification and regression trees (CART) were used as a base learner in BRT. In two‐step BRT, a linear model (stepwise multiple linear regression (MLR) or partial least squares (PLS)) was built first, then BRT was applied to model the residuals of the linear model and both models were added. Both approaches were compared with the CART, MLR and PLS models. It was observed that BRT could improve the descriptive and predictive abilities compared to a single CART and that the stepwise MLR–BRT results in slightly improved descriptive and predictive properties compared to the MLR model. The combination of PLS and BRT did not result in an improvement, compared to the individual PLS model. The best models were obtained with stepwise MLR–BRT and PLS. It was shown that the combination of linear models with BRT is an approach that has potential and can be considered for future QSAR modelling. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Self‐Assembly Vesicles Made from a Cyclodextrin Supramolecular Complex
Authors: Jing Bo , Chen Xiao , Wang Xudong , Yang Chunjie , Xie Yizhou , Qiu Huayu
Published: July 2007

Self‐assembly vesicles have been made from a cyclodextrin (CD) supramolecular complex, which is cooperatively formed with natural β‐CD, 1‐naphthylammonium chloride (NA), and sodium bis(2‐ethyl‐1‐hexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) by weak noncovalent interactions. In the complex structure, a NA molecule is included inside a β‐CD molecule while it is coupled with an AOT molecule on one side. The supramolecular structure and morphology of the vesicles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS), respectively. The mechanism of vesicle formation and transition is discussed along with the data obtained from induced circular dichroism (ICD) and UV/visible spectroscopy, polarized optical microscopy (POM), and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Both the fabrication and the transition of vesicles are controlled by the inclusion equilibria and the cooperative binding of noncovalent interactions, which include the “key–lock” principle, electrostatic interactions, π–π stacking, and amphiphilic hydrophobic association.
In Situ and On‐Line Monitoring of Hydrodynamic Flow Profiles in Microfluidic Channels Based on Microelectrochemistry: Optimization of Channel Geometrical Parameters for Best Performance of Flow Profile Reconstruction
Authors: Amatore Christian , Klymenko Oleksiy V. , Oleinick Alexander , Svir Irina
Published: July 2007

A theoretical approach for flow profile reconstruction in a rectangular microfluidic channel equipped with one or two microband electrodes working in generator–collector and generator–generator regimes was proposed by us previously (ChemPhysChem 2005, 6, 1581–1589; ChemPhysChem 2006, 7, 482–487). The purpose of the current study is to determine the ranges of dimensionless parameters corresponding to the highest sensitivity of the minimized functional to the shape of the flow profile. By application of a cubic spline to approximate the flow profile and analysis of the least‐squares functional, which can then be represented as a function of one variable, we derive the area of optimal method performance. Thus, mathematical confirmation of our previous theoretical physical predictions could be obtained.
Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity of Diazoketiminato Complexes of Platinum(II) and Palladium(II): Cytotoxic Properties of a Platinum Complex
Authors: Lal Pratihar Jahar , Shee Biswaranjan , Pattanayak Poulami , Patra Debprasad , Bhattacharyya Arindam , Puranik Vedavati G. , Hung C. H. , Chattopadhyay Surajit
Published: July 2007

Reaction of the 2‐(arylazo)anilines Ar‐N=N‐C6H4NH2[HLnNH2; Ar = C6H5(HL1),p‐CH3C6H4(HL2),p‐ClC6H4(HL3)] with K2PtCl4in dmso affords the new PtIIazoimine complexes [(HLnNH)Pt(dmso)Cl] where the chloride and dmso ligands are mutuallycis. In contrast, treatment of Na2PdCl4with HLnNH2in dmso gives the chloro‐bridged palladium dimer [{(HLnNH)PdCl}2] as the major product along with [(HLnNH)2Pd] as the minor product. Further, the reaction of HLnNHCH2Ph with K2PtCl4in dmso also gives [(HLnNH)Pt(dmso)Cl] whereas Na2PdCl4affords the orthopalladated complexes [(LnNHCH2Ph)PdCl]. This means that the N–C(CH2Ph) bond is selectively cleaved by K2PtCl4. The reaction of [(HLnNH)Pt(dmso)Cl] with acetylacetone (acacH) gives the heteroleptic complex [(HLnNH)Pt(acac)]. [(HLnNH)Pt(dmso)Cl] and [(HLnNH)Pt(acac)] display a reversible reductive response at –1.20 and –1.46 V vs. SCE, respectively, in their cyclic voltammograms. The nature of the redox orbitals has been determined semi‐empirically employing the EHMO method. The cytotoxicity of [(HL1NH)Pt(dmso)Cl] has been examined with HeLa cells and the sub‐lethal dose (8 μM) determined by dose‐dependence studies. The relative degree of apoptotic and necrotic cell death using a sub‐lethal dose were measured by flow cytometry.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Characterization of DOTA‐(amide)4 Derivatives: Equilibrium and Kinetic Behavior of Their Lanthanide(III) Complexes
Authors: Pasha Azhar , Tircsó Gyula , Benyó Enikő Tircsóné , Brücher Ernő , Sherry A. Dean
Published: July 2007

Lanthanide complexes of tetraamide derivatives of DOTA are of interest today because of their application as chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The protonation constants of some simple tetraamide derivatives of DOTA and the stability constants of the complexes formed with some endogenous metal ions, namely Mg2+, Ca2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and lanthanide(III) ions, have been studied. These complexes were found to be considerably less stable than the corresponding [M(DOTA)]2– complexes, largely due to the lower basicity of the tetraamide ligands. The Mg2+ and Ca2+ complexes are well described by formation of only ML species at equilibrium while the Zn2+ and Cu2+ complexes exhibit one and two additional deprotonation steps above a pH of around 6, respectively. The extra deprotonation that occurs at high pH for the [Zn{DOTA‐(amide)4}]2+ complexes has been assigned to an amide deprotonation by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The first deprotonation step for the Cu2+ complexes was traced to formation of the ternary hydroxo complexes ML(OH) (by UV/Vis spectrophotometry) while the second step corresponds to deprotonation of an amide group to form ML(OH)H–1‐type complexes. The trends in the stability constants of the [Ln{DOTA‐(amide)4}]3+ complexes follow similar trends with respect to ion size as those reported previously for the corresponding [Ln(DOTA)]– complexes, but again, the stability constants are about 10–11 orders of magnitude lower. A kinetic analysis of complex formation has shown that complexes are directly formed between a Ln3+ cation and fully deprotonated L without formation of a protonated intermediate. [Ln{DOTA‐(MeAm)4}]3+ complex formation occurs at a rate that is two to three orders of magnitude slower than those of the corresponding [Ln(DOTA)]– complexes, while the variation in complex formation rates with Ln3+ ion size is opposite to that observed for the corresponding [Ln(DOTA)]– complexes. The Ce3+ and Eu3+ complexes of DOTA‐(MeAm)4 are kinetically inert with respect to acid‐catalyzed dissociation, which suggests that these complexes may potentially be safe for use in vivo. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
3D Architectures of InOOH: Ultrasonic‐Assisted Synthesis, Growth Mechanism, and Optical Properties
Authors: Chen Liyong , Ma Xuchu , Liu Yankuan , Zhang Yan'ge , Wang Weizhi , Liang Yi , Zhang Zude
Published: July 2007

An ultrasonic‐assisted solvothermal route based on the hydrolysis of In3+ was utilized to synthesize InOOH with a hierarchic three‐dimensional (3D) architecture, which was assembled by single‐crystalline nanowires with diameters of about 10 nm and lengths up to several hundred nanometers. X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and FTIR spectra were used to characterize the obtained products. Alkaline media and solvent play crucial roles in influencing the phase and the morphology of the products. A possible mechanism was proposed to explain the formation process of the InOOH 3D nanostructure. The optical properties of InOOH was also investigated by ultraviolet and visible (UV/Vis) spectroscopy, which indicated that InOOH is a wide band‐gap semiconductor.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Charge‐Transfer Complexes between the Sulfur Molecules SO2, S2O, S3, SONH, and SOCl2 and the Amine Donors NH3 and NMe3 – A Theoretical Study
Authors: Steudel Ralf , Steudel Yana
Published: July 2007

The formation of adducts between the acceptor molecules SO2, S2O, S3, and SOCl2 and the donor molecules ammonia and trimethylamine has been studied by high‐level G3X(MP2) theory, in most cases for the first time. Minimum energy structures with a 1:1 composition and with sulfur–nitrogen bonds have been located for all complexes. The thermodynamic properties, vibrational spectra, and atomic charges of these molecules have been calculated. Of the 10 investigated complexes, only SO2·NMe3 (2) and S2O·NMe3 (4) are predicted to be thermodynamically stable in the gas phase under standard conditions (ΔG°298 < 0). However, all adducts except S3·NH3 (5), SOCl2·NH3 (7), and SOCl2·NMe3 (8) are stable thermodynamically at 77 K. In a polar continuum with a dielectric constant (ϵ) of 40, complexes 2, 4, and S3·NMe3 (6) are stable even at 25 °C. However, if the adducts are formed in the polar continuum from the gaseous components, all adducts except S3·NH3 are formed not only exothermally but also exergonically. Complexes 2, 4, and 8 are the only species known in the solid state so far. The charge transfer from donor to acceptor in the various complexes in the gas phase ranges from 0.08 to 0.39 electrostatic units and correlates inversely with the S–N bond length, which ranges from 198 to 295 pm. In general, the charge transfer weakens the bonds within the acceptor molecule, which therefore may be considered to become activated. The formation of thionyl imide (SONH) from SOCl2 and NH3 is exergonic in the gas phase and the interaction between SONH and NH3 is very weak. In the case of SO2, the 1:2 complexes SO2·2NH3 (1a) and SO2·2NMe3 (2a), which contain two S–N bonds, are unstable with respect to their three‐component molecules both in the gas phase and in a polar medium at 25 °C, but they are stable in the polar phase with respect to the gaseous components.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Preparation and Structure of Oligomeric Iodosylbenzene Sulfate (PhIO)3·SO3: Stable and Water‐Soluble Analog of Iodosylbenzene
Authors: Koposov Alexey Y. , Netzel Brian C. , Yusubov Mekhman S. , Nemykin Victor N. , Nazarenko Alexander Y. , Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: July 2007

New phenyliodine(III) sulfate (PhIO)3·SO3, which has a complex polymeric structure of the trimeric iodosylbenzene units linked by sulfate anions, can be conveniently prepared by treatment of (diacetoxy)iodobenzene with sodium bisulfate in the presence of water. This sulfate can find practical application as a readily available, stable, and water‐soluble hypervalent iodine reagent with a reactivity pattern similar tothat of iodosylbenzene. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Counterfactual thinking following negative outcomes: evidence for group and self‐protective biases
Authors: McCrea Sean M.
Published: July 2007

Despite the robustness of self‐serving and group‐serving biases in attribution, there has been only limited evidence for these effects in counterfactual thinking. The present studies demonstrate that, following a negative outcome, individuals counterfactualize external factors relatively more than internal factors when they are identified with the target (i.e. ingroup members or the self) than when they are not. However, these effects are found only for external factors that are in some way disadvantageous to the target and could have led to the negative outcome. Implications of these findings for understanding the relationship between counterfactual thinking and judgments of causality, blame and affect are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Channel flow competence and sediment transport in upland streams in southeast Australia
Authors: Thompson Chris , Croke Jacky
Published: July 2007

Bedload transport data from planebed and step‐pool reach types are used to determine grain size transport thresholds for selected upland streams in southeast Australia. Morphological differences between the reach types allow the effects of frictional losses from bedforms, microtopography and bed packing to be incorporated into the dimensionless critical shear stress value. Local sediment transport data are also included in a regime model and applied to mountain streams, to investigate whether empirical data improve the delineation of reach types on the basis of dimensionless discharge per unit width (q*) and dimensionless bedload transport (qb*).

Instrumented planebed and step‐pool sites are not competent to transport surface median grains (D50s) at bankfull discharge (Qbf). Application of a locally parametrized entrainment equation to the full range of reach types in the study area indicates that the majority of cascades, cascade‐pools, step‐pools and planebeds are also not competent at Qbf and require a 10 year recurrence interval flood to mobilize their D50s. Consequently, the hydraulic parameters of the regime diagram, which assume equilibrium conditions at bankfull, are ill suited to these streams and provide a poor basis of channel delineation. Modifying the diagram to better reflect the dominant transported bedload size (equivalent to the D16 of surface sediment) made only slight improvements to reach delineation and had greatest effect on the morphologies with smaller surface grain sizes such as forced pool‐riffles and planebeds. Likewise, the Corey shape factor was incorporated into the regime diagram as an objective method for adjusting a base dimensionless critical shear stress (τ*c50b) to account for lithologically controlled grain shape on bed packing and entrainment. However, it too provided only minor adjustments to reach type delineation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hillslope–channel sediment transfer in a slope failure event: Wet Swine Gill, Lake District, northern England
Authors: Johnson R. M. , Warburton J. , Mills A. J.
Published: July 2007

This paper describes and analyses a hillslope–channel slope failure event that occurred at Wet Swine Gill, Lake District, northern England. This comprised a hillslope slide (180 m3, c. 203 ± 36 t), which coupled with the adjacent stream, resulting in a channelized debris flow and fluvial flood. The timing of the event is constrained between January and March 2002. The hillslope failure occurred in response to a rainfall/snowmelt trigger, on ground recently disturbed by a heather moorland fire and modified by artificial drainage. Slide and flow dynamics are estimated using reconstructed velocity and discharge values along the sediment transfer path. There is a rapid downstream reduction in both maximum velocity, from 9·8 to 1·3 m s−1; and maximum discharge, ranging from 33·5 to 2·4 m3 s−1. A volumetric sediment budget quantified a high degree of coupling between the hillslope and immediate channel (∼92%: 167 m3), but virtually all of the sediment was retained in the first‐order tributary channel. Approximately 44% (81 m3) of the slide volume was retained in the run‐up deposit, and termination of the debris flow prior to the main river meant that the remainder did not discharge into the fluvial system downstream. These results suggest poor transmission of sediment to the main river at the time of the event, but importantly an increase in available material for post‐event sediment transfer processes within the small upland tributary. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The 6 and 12 month outcomes of older medical inpatients who recover from delirium
Authors: Cole Martin G. , You Yue , McCusker Jane , Ciampi Antonio , Belzile Eric
Published: July 2007

Objective

To compare the 6 and 12 month outcomes of patients who recovered from delirium by 8 weeks with those who did not have an index episode.

Methods

Older medical inpatients were assessed for delirium using the Confusion Assessment Method. All patients with delirium and a sample of patients without delirium were enrolled. Recovery from delirium at 8 weeks was determined using the Delirium Index and an algorithm based on DSM‐III‐R criteria. The primary composite outcome was cognitive or functional decline, institutional residence or death at 6 and 12 months. We fitted two logistic regression models to predict outcome odds ratio (OR) of delirium‐recovered vs no delirium groups, adjusting for co‐morbidity, severity of physical illness and demographic variables. In secondary analyses, we examined each component of the primary outcome separately.

Results

Of 361 patients enrolled, 59 died, 33 withdrew and one was lost to follow‐up before 8 weeks. Of 268 patients assessed at 8 weeks, 115 and 95 were in delirium‐recovered and no delirium groups, respectively. The 6 month OR for the primary composite outcome was 0.89 (95% CI 0.46, 1.70); the 12 month OR was 1.5 (95% CI 0.77, 2.90). Secondary analyses revealed a clinically important increase in mortality at 6 and 12 months.

Conclusion

Among patients who survived, there were no significant differences in cognition, function or institutional status between delirium‐recovered and no delirium groups at 6 and 12 months. If replicated, these findings have potentially important implications for clinical practice and research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic complexity and classification: a simple data reconstruction approach
Authors: Sivakumar B. , Jayawardena A. W. , Li W. K.
Published: July 2007

Technological advances, by facilitating extensive data collection, better data sharing, formulation of sophisticated methods, and development of complex models, have brought hydrologic research to a whole new level. Despite these obvious advances, there are also concerns about their general use in practice. On the one hand, it is natural to develop more complex models than perhaps needed (i.e. representations having too many parameters and requiring too much data); on the other hand, it is often difficult to ‘translate’ results from one specific situation to another. Recent studies have addressed these concerns, albeit in different forms, such as dominant processes, thresholds, model integration, and model simplification. A common aspect in some of these studies is that they recognize the need for a globally agreed upon ‘classification system’ in hydrology. The present study explores this classification issue further from a simple phase‐space data reconstruction perspective. The reconstruction involves representation of the given multidimensional hydrologic system using only an available single‐variable series through a delay coordinate procedure. The ‘extent of complexity’ of the system (defined especially in the context of variability of relevant data) is identified by the ‘region of attraction of trajectories’ in the phase space, which is then used to classify the system as potentially low‐, medium‐ or high‐dimensional. A host of river‐related data, representing different geographic and climatic regions, temporal scales, and processes, are studied. Yielding ‘attractors’ that range from ‘very clear’ ones to ‘very blurred’ ones, depending on data, the results indicate the usefulness of this simple reconstruction concept for studying hydrologic system complexity and classification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brn3 transcription factors control terminal osteoclastogenesis
Authors: Schulze‐Späte Ulrike , Battaglino Ricardo , Fu Jia , Sharma Anupriya , Vokes Martha , Stashenko Philip
Published: July 2007

Osteoclastic bone resorption is a central mechanism in skeletal development, remodeling and pathology. RANKL is a mandatory factor controlling osteoclastogenesis; however, the underlying signaling pathways are only partially characterized. Using a screening array for the investigation of differential transcription factor activation, we identified activation of the Brn3 transcription factor family as a downstream event of RANKL signaling during terminal osteoclastogenesis. RANKL stimulation induces expression of Brn3a and b and maximal transcriptional activity of Brn3 family members concurrent with osteoclastic giant cell formation. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed both nuclear and cytoplasmic localization of Brn3a and b in mature osteoclasts. Functional inhibition of Brn3 transcription factors resulted in inhibition of pre‐osteoclast fusion and reduction in bone resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. Furthermore, we identified synaptotagmin‐1, a regulator of membrane and vesicular fusion, as downstream target of Brn3 with a role in osteoclast function. We conclude that Brn‐3 represents a novel molecular differentiation factor that controls osteoclast maturation and function, suggesting an important role in bone metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 102: 1–12, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.