bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Correlation of performance with endoscopic and radiographic assessment of epiglottic hypoplasia in racehorses with epiglottic entrapment corrected by use of contact neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser
Authors: Tulleners Eric P.
Published: December 2023

Epiglottic entrapment in 35 Thoroughbred and 44 Standardbred horses was corrected transendoscopically by use of a neodymium:yttrium aluminum garnet laser. Before surgery, the entrapped epiglottis was classified as hypoplastic or normal in each horse on the basis of endoscopic appearance alone. Using a digitizer, thyroepiglottic length was determined from lateral-view laryngeal radiographs. For 78 racehorses, earnings (<$5,000 or >$5,000) were compared before and after surgery. Earnings category and racing performance after surgery were tested for association with endoscopically determined epiglottic hypoplasia and radiographically determined thyroepiglottic length.

Endoscopy and radiography were useful methods of evaluating the epiglottis in horses with epiglottic entrapment. Mean (±sd) thyroepiglottic length for both breeds of horses with epiglottic entrapment was significantly (P = 0.0001) smaller (Thoroughbreds, 7.28 ± 0.67 cm; Standardbreds, 7.21 ± 0.62 cm), compared with thyroepiglottic length measured from control groups composed of clinically normal Thoroughbred (8.56 ± 0.29 cm) and Standardbred (8.74 ± 0.38 cm) racehorses. Both breeds of horses with epiglottic entrapment that had endoscopically apparent hypoplastic epiglottis had significantly (P < 0.0001) smaller thyroepiglottic length (Thoroughbreds, 6.64 ± 0.60 cm; Standardbred, 6.93 ± 0.72 cm) than did horses with epiglottic entrapment that had endoscopically normal epiglottis (Thoroughbreds, 7.57 ± 0.47 cm, Standardbreds, 7.36 ± 0.50 cm). Significant difference was not detected in endoscopic appearance of the epiglottis among age, gender, or breed distributions.

For either breed, earnings and performance were not significantly associated with endoscopically determined epiglottic hypoplasia or radiographically determined thyroepiglottic length. Prognosis for racing performance after laser correction of epiglottic entrapment should be based on assessment of the endoscopic and radiographic appearances of the epiglottis, pharynx, and larynx, determination of thyroepiglottic length, and a knowledge of the horse's earnings and racing performance prior to surgery.
Chylothorax in cats: 37 cases (1969-1989)
Authors: Fossum Theresa W. , Forrester S. Dru , Swenson Cheryl L. , Miller Matthew W. , Cohen Noah D. , Boothe Harry W. , Birchard Stephen J.
Published: December 2023

Case records of 37 cats with chylothorax examined at 2 institutions were retrospectively evaluated. Dyspnea and coughing were the most common abnormalities noticed by the owners, and most cats were dyspneic on initial examination. There was no statistically significant difference in the gender distribution of cats studied when compared with reference populations; however, purebred cats appeared to be overrepresented in the study population. Four of the cats had unilateral pleural effusion (2 left side, 2 right side) and 9 cats had effusions that were primarily, but not exclusively, on the right side. Surgery was performed on 20 cats. Fifteen cats underwent thoracic duct or cisterna chyli ligation; 20% had complete resolution of pleural fluid. There was no significant difference in the survival rate of cats that underwent thoracic duct ligation and those that were treated by other means. Six cats had mesenteric lymphangiography performed; 2 cats had normal results, and the remainder had various degrees of thoracic lymphangiectasia. Two cats in which pleuroperitoneal shunts were placed and 2 of 3 cats that underwent pleurodesis were euthanatized or died after surgery.
Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cytologic findings in horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia
Authors: Rossier Yves , Sweeney Corinne R. , Ziemer Ellen L.
Published: December 2023

Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 22 horses with pneumonia or pleuropneumonia. All horses had clinical evidence of pneumonia or pleuropneumonia on the basis of physical, radiographic, ultrasonographic, tracheobronchial aspirate or postmortem findings. Results of lavage fluid analysis were normal in 9 horses, equivocal in 3 horses, and abnormal in 10 horses. Abnormal lavage fluid had increased total cell count, increased relative and absolute neutrophil counts, degenerative neutrophils, and decreased relative and absolute macrophage and lymphocyte counts.
Annual disease incidence in Colorado cow-calf herds participating in rounds 2 and 3 of the National Animal Health Monitoring System from 1986 to 1988
Authors: Salman M. D. , King M. E. , Odde K. G. , Mortimer R. G.
Published: December 2023

Thirty-nine and 47 randomly selected Colorado cow-calf operations participated in the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS) during rounds 2 (October 1986 to September 1987) and 3 (October 1987 to September 1988), respectively. Data on the incidence of disease conditions within each herd were collected by federal and state Veterinary Medical Officers and university veterinarians through monthly visits to the ranches. Annual disease incidence for disease classes and the most frequently reported individual disease conditions were determined and expressed on a per 100 cow basis.

The mean annual disease incidences for all diseases in these herds were 48.8 and 47.7 new cases per 100 cows for rounds 2 and 3, respectively. The ranges for herd annual disease incidence were wide in both study years.

The enteric disease class had the highest mean annual disease incidence in both years of the study, and this was primarily because of diarrhea of unknown cause in calves. Diarrhea of unknown cause accounted for approximately 25% of all new disease cases in both rounds of the study. The mean annual disease incidences were not different for any disease class between the two rounds.

The data indicate that, on the average, diarrhea of unknown cause, pneumonia, dystocia, foot rot (interdigital necrobacillosis), pinkeye (infectious keratoconjunctivitis), respiratory tract infection, death of unknown cause, and nonpregnancy had the highest incidences in these Colorado beef herds during the study period. However, because of the wide variation of the predominant disease problems between herds, a herd's disease history as well as the common disease problems in the geographic area of a herd must be considered in designing a herd health program.
Malignant hyperthermia in dogs
Authors: Nelson Thomas E.
Published: December 2023

Malignant hyperthermia (mh) is an anesthetic agent-induced hypermetabolic state. Human beings and several other animal species, including dogs, have been described to be genetically predisposed to development of mh. The halothane-triggered mh syndrome was characterized in genetically predisposed dogs, and in vitro contracture sensitivity of biopsied gracilis muscle exposed to halothane and caffeine was quantitated. Within 1 hour of halothane administration, each mh-susceptible dog developed rapid increases in CO2 production and rectal temperature. Reversal of the hypermetabolic state was achieved when halothane was discontinued and dantrolene sodium was given iv. Biopsied gracilis muscle from mh-susceptible dogs had abnormal in vitro contracture responses to halothane and caffeine. These findings were consistent with those observed for mh-susceptible human beings and pigs in which a loss in regulation of muscle cell Ca++ is believed to be the primary etiologic event for induction of mh.
Costs of veterinary services and vaccines/drugs used for prevention and treatment of diseases in 60 Tennessee cow-calf operations (1987-1988)
Authors: New J. C.
Published: December 2023

Four percent of the total cost of disease in 60 Tennessee cow-calf herds in 1987 to 1988 was attributable to veterinary services, and 2.3% was attributable to the purchase of drugs to treat sick animals. When producers spent money on therapeutic veterinary services, it was most often attributable to diseases of the reproductive system ($0.69/cow annually), especially dystocia ($0.51 /cow annually). When drugs were used therapeutically, the most was spent on products to treat respiratory tract disease ($0.37/cow annually). The cost of preventive veterinary services accounted for 8.8% of the total cost of preventive actions. Pregnancy examinations (considered here as a preventive action) was the most costly preventive service ($0.62/cow annually). The cost of drugs and biologicals used to prevent disease accounted for 69.4% of the total cost of preventive actions, with drugs to prevent intestinal and external parasites being the most costly ($7.79/cow annually). These figures are based on cow-calf herds randomly selected by use of a 2-stage, stratified plan. Herds were visited once a month for 1 year. Results of this study support other work that showed that beef producers perceive veterinarians as primary sources of information on diagnosis and treatment of sick animals and on reproduction/breeding, but less knowledgeable or cost effective in the areas of animal/herd management, feed nutrition, and agribusiness/economics.
Serum free thyroxine concentration in healthy dogs, dogs with hypothyroidism, and euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Ihle S. L. , Feldman E. C. , Bottoms G. D.
Published: December 2023

Serum free thyroxine (fT4), thyroxine (T4), and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined in 62 healthy dogs, 51 dogs with hypothyroidism, and 59 euthyroid dogs with concurrent dermatopathy or concurrent illness for which hypothyroidism was a diagnostic consideration. Status of thyroid function was based on history, physical findings, results of thyrotropin response testing, requirement for thyroid hormone replacement therapy, and in 31 dogs, on results of histologic examination of a thyroid gland biopsy specimen. Serum fT4 concentration was determined, using a single-stage radioimmunoassay. Mean (±sd)serumfT4 concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) greater in healthy dogs vs dogs with hypothyroidism (0.51 ± 0.27 ng/dl vs 0.10 ± 0.07 ng/dl). Significant difference in mean serum fT4 concentration was not evident between dogs with hypothyroidism and euthyroid dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (0.16 ± 0.13 ng/dl) or peripheral neuropathy (0.19 ± 0.10 ng/dl). Mean serum fT4 concentration in all other groups of euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness was similar to values in healthy dogs and was significantly (P < 0.05) greater, compared with values in dogs with hypothyroidism.

Similar results were found for mean serum T4 concentration. Comparison of serum fT4 vs T4 concentration revealed: sensitivity, 0.97 vs 0.98; specificity, 0.78 vs 0.73; predictive value for a positive test result, 0.79 vs 0.80; predictive value for a negative test result, 0.97 vs 0.97; and accuracy, 0.78 vs 0.86, respectively. Ten (17%) and 12 (20%) of 59 serum fT4 and T4 concentrations, respectively, were inappropriately low in euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness. Of euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness, those with hyperadrenocorticism, peripheral neuropathy, or idiopathic generalized megaesophagus had the lowest serum fT4 and T4 concentrations. Significant difference in mean serum T3 concentration was not detected among healthy dogs, dogs with hypothyroidism, or euthyroid dogs with concurrent illness. Measurement of serum fT4 concentration using the single-stage radioimmunoassay, did not provide additional information about thyroid gland function other than that gained by measurement of serum T4 concentration.
Toxicoses associated with administration of mitoxantrone to dogs with malignant tumors
Authors: Ogilvie Gregory K. , Obradovich Joyce E. , Elmslie Robyn E. , Vail David M. , Moore A. S. , Curtis Charles R. , Straw Rodney C. , Dickinson Krista , Cooper Mary F. , Withrow Stephen J.
Published: December 2023

One hundred twenty-nine dogs with histologically confirmed malignant tumors were used in a prospective study to determine the toxicity of the new dihydroxyquinone derivative of anthracene, mitoxantrone, which was administered iv at 21-day intervals at dosages ranging from 2.5 to 5 mg/m2 body surface area. Each dog was evaluated for signs of toxicosis for 3 weeks after each dose was administered or until the dog died, whichever came first. The number of dogs in each evaluation period were as follows: 1 dose (n = 129), 2 doses (n = 82), 3 doses (n = 43), 4 doses (n = 26), 5 doses (n = 19), 6 doses (n = 9), 7 doses (n = 6), 8 doses (n = 5), 9 doses (n = 3), and 10 doses (n = 1). The most common signs of toxicosis were vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and sepsis secondary to myelosuppression. None of the dogs died of complications resulting from mitoxantrone treatment. Dogs with signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from administration of the first dose of mitoxantrone were 95 times (P = 0.003) more likely to develop signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from the second dose of mitoxantrone. Similarly, dogs that developed signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from the administration of the second dose were 34 times (P < 0.001) more likely to develop signs of toxicosis during the 21-day interval from the administration of the third dose. With each 1 mg/m2 increase in mitoxantrone, the odds of developing signs of toxicosis increased by 5.9 fold (P < 0.001). The performance status (modified Karnofsky performance scheme) of each dog was not adversely affected to a significant extent by mitoxantrone-induced toxicosis until the fifth dose (P = 0.0008). Cardiac toxicosis was not detected. Mitoxantrone was also administered iv to 4 clinically normal dogs, at a dosage of 5 mg/m2 of body surface area, a decrease in the neutrophil count was seen, with the nadir occurring on day 10 (mean ± sem: 1,159 ± 253 cells/μl; range, 480 to 1,680 cells/μl). Tumor-bearing dogs did not seem to have the same degree of myelosuppression (mean ± sem, 6,263 ± 1,230 cells/μl; range, 228 to 18,600 cells/μl).
In vitro and in vivo rates of fluid flow through catheters in peripheral veins of dogs
Authors: Fulton Robert B. , Hauptman Joe G.
Published: December 2023

In vitro and in vivo fluid flow rates of 14-, 16-, 18-, and 20-gauge catheters at fluid heights of 0.91 and 1.75 m above the catheters were determined. Flow rates were significantly faster in vitro than in vivo, at a greater height, and with larger catheter radius. In vivo flow rates averaged 7% less than in vitro flow rates. Fluid flow increased approximately 50% for each gauge catheter when the height was raised from 0.91 to 1.75 m. Flow rates increased linearly with increasing catheter radius. The flow rate of each gauge of catheter was significantly different from flow rates of all other gauges that were used. In vivo flow rates for 14-, 16-, 18-, and 20-gauge catheters at fluid heights of 0.91 and 1.75 m were 137, 88, 75, and 45 ml/min and 206, 152, 114, and 75 ml/min, respectively.

Knowledge of flow rates allows selection of a catheter gauge that will provide adequate volume loading for the size of patient being treated in the time needed.
Xanthine-containing urinary calculi in dogs given allopurinol
Authors: Ling Gerald V. , Ruby Annette L. , Harrold Doris R. , Johnson Deedra L.
Published: December 2023

Clinical features and laboratory findings were evaluated in 10 dogs that formed xanthine-containing urinary calculi during the period that they were given allopurinol (9 to 38 mg/kg of body weight/d). Duration of allopurinol treatment was 5 weeks to 6 years. Of the 10 dogs, 9 (all Dalmatians) had formed uric acid-containing calculi at least once before allopurinol treatment was initiated. It was not possible to recognize xanthine as a crystalline component of the calculi by use of a chemical colorimetric method or by polarized light microscopy. We concluded that the best diagnostic method for recognition of xanthine-containing calculi was high-pressure liquid chromatography because it is quantitative, sensitive, and accurate, and can be conducted on a small amount (1 to 2 mg) of crystalline material.
Evaluation of surgical scrub and antiseptic solutions for surgical preparation of canine paws
Authors: Swaim Steven F. , Riddell Kay P. , Geiger Dorothy L. , Hathcock Terri L. , McGuire John A.
Published: December 2023

The purpose of the prospective study reported here was to evaluate surgical preparation of canine paws. Three combinations of surgical scrub solutions and antiseptic solutions were used: (1) 7.5% povidone-iodine scrub/10% povidone-iodine solution; (2) 2% chlorhexidine acetate scrub/2% chlorhexidine diacetate solution; and (3) tincture of green soap/70% isopropyl alcohol. The control was warm (38 to 42 C) tap water.

Four microbial colony counts were used to evaluate surgical preparation of 4 paws of 8 dogs. Specimens were obtained from the paws for a baseline microbial flora count. After surgical scrub was performed, additional specimens were obtained for bacteriologic culturing. Antiseptic was applied followed by collection of another specimen for bacteriologic culturing. A final specimen was obtained following a 24-hour period under a sterile occlusive bandage.

The 3 scrub solutions and the tap water control resulted in lower colony counts following scrubbing of the paws; however, only the 3 antiseptic solutions resulted in further colony count reduction after their application. Evaluation of residual colony counts isolated from specimens taken after a 24-hour period under a sterile occlusive bandage revealed chlorhexidine and povidone-iodine scrub/antiseptic combinations to be similar in antibacterial activity, with significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower colony counts than those from specimens of paws treated with either the tincture of green soap/isopropyl alcohol combination or the tap water control. The lack of a significant difference between the bacterial counts immediately after surgical preparation with povidone-iodine and chlorhexidine and their respective 24-hour residual counts, indicated no particular advantage to surgical preparation and occlusive bandaging 24 hours prior to surgery. However, with their residual activity, either of these antiseptics under a bandage could help keep bacterial counts low after surgery in the absence of heavy wound drainage.
Mosquito bite-caused eosinophilic dermatitis in cats
Authors: Mason Kenneth V. , Evans Anne G.
Published: December 2023

Eight cats had lesions on the nasal bridge, ears, and footpads, with histologic and hematologic features of a recently described seasonal form of eosinophilic granuloma complex. Four cats were examined in detail, and it was established that 2 of the 4 reacted to mosquito extract on intradermal skin testing read at 20 minutes. Neither of the 2 cats tested had deposits of immunoglobulins in lesional or perilesional skin. Lesions on all 4 cats resolved when kept at home behind insect screening, but flared up if the screening was removed. Mosquitoes that were observed to be biting and causing lesions were collected and identified. Other species of laboratory-reared mosquitoes were allowed to bite nonlesional skin of 1 affected cat, causing pruritus, erythematous crusting, and ulcerative lesions at the bite site, which was characterized histologically as eosinophilic dermatitis.
Clinical relevance of radiographic findings in proximal sesamoid bones of two-year-old Standardbreds in their first year of race training
Authors: Hardy Joanne , Marcoux Marcel , Breton Luc
Published: December 2023

Radiographs of all 4 fetlocks of 71 Standardbred racehorses were obtained at 3-month intervals for 1 year. Radiographic findings in the abaxial surface of the proximal sesamoid bones were classified into 3 types according to the severity of lesions, and correlation was made with clinical findings at time of examination. Type-1 lesions (1 or 2 linear defects ≤ 1 mm wide) were detected in 55% of horses at the start of training; clinical signs of disease were not manifested, and lesions did not become clinically relevant.

Type-2 lesions (3 or more linear defects ≤1 mm wide) were detected in horses not manifesting clinical signs of disease, and were more frequently observed after 3 months of training. However, 66% of horses affected with diseases of the suspensory apparatus, including superficial flexor tendinitis and suspensory desmitis, also manifested this type of lesion. When lameness was observed, it was associated with the soft tissue problem, and the sesamoid bone changes were considered secondary.

Type-3 lesions (wide, abnormally shaped linear defects) were detected in 7 horses at the start of the study; lesions remained in horses throughout the study and were consistently associated with lameness during training. Type-3 lesions were considered clinically relevant and indicative of primary sesamoiditis.
Comparison between diagnostic ultrasonography and radiography in the evaluation of horses and cattle with thoracic disease: 56 cases (1984-1985)
Authors: Reef Virginia B. , Boy Mary G. , Reid Charles F. , Elser Andrew
Published: December 2023

The results of radiography and ultrasonography were compared on 56 horses and cows with lower respiratory tract disease. Ultrasonography was more sensitive than radiography for the detection of small pleural effusions and consolidations in large animals. The side of the thorax affected and the character of the pleural fluid and lung in large animals with pleural effusion can be evaluated ultrasonographically. The periphery of the lung must be affected to characterize pulmonary lesions ultrasonographically. Radiography is the best technique to characterize lesions deep within the lung when the periphery of the lung is normal.
Staggers induced by consumption of perennial ryegrass in cattle and sheep from northern California
Authors: Galey Francis D. , Tracy Mark L. , Craigmill Arthur L. , Barr Bradd C. , Markegard Gary , Peterson Richard , O'Connor Michael
Published: December 2023

Staggers was diagnosed in sheep and cattle from the northern California coast. The diagnosis was made on the basis of history of ingestion of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) stubble, clinical signs of transient ataxia, which was aggravated by stimulation, and nearly complete recovery after removal of ryegrass as the primary forage. Morbidity was high, but death did not occur in any affected animals. The toxic endophyte, Acremonium lolii, was in most lower leaf sheaths from the ryegrass. Injection of extracts of the ryegrass from affected farms into mice induced signs of toxicosis. Additionally, ryegrass from all 3 farms contained the tremorgenic mycotoxin, lolitrem-B.
Corrosion potential of steel bird shot in dogs
Authors: Bartels Kenneth E. , Stair E. L. , Cohen Rachael E.
Published: December 2023

Each year many dogs are accidentally or purposely wounded with shotguns. When lead pellets were used exclusively in the past, clinical problems from chronically embedded shot seldom developed except for rare cases of lead toxicosis. However, because expended lead shot ingested unintentionally by waterfowl and other avian species is fatal, the US Fish and Wildlife Service mandated exclusive use of steel shot for waterfowl hunting beginning in 1991.

To discover the effects of implanted steel shot in a biological system, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. Severe surface corrosion was evident when steel shot was placed in physiologic saline solution and sterile canine plasma. Eight laboratory dogs were surgically implanted with sterile steel shot in various superficial locations for intervals of 2 to 26 weeks. Corrosion of implants and tissue inflammation was observed in all biopsy specimens examined.

It has been shown that steel shot embedded in tissues will corrode and result in a severe inflammatory response. If the accompanying inflammation is complicated by bacterial contamination, foreign body reactions resulting in infected, draining tracts could develop. Veterinarians and dog owners should be aware that treatment and prognosis for wounds caused by steel shot may differ from those for similar wounds caused by lead shot.
Clinical evaluation of 1% cyclosporine for topical treatment of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs
Authors: Olivero Dennis K. , Davidson Michael G. , English Robert V. , Nasisse Mark P. , Jamieson Vivian E. , Gerig Thomas M.
Published: December 2023

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (kcs) is a prevalent and often vision-threatening condition in dogs. In several reports, 2% cyclosporine (cyclosporin A, CsA) was described as effective in modulating the clinical signs of kcs. This study was designed to compare the efficacy of 1% CsA vs a placebo, using a randomized double-blind clinical trial. Topical administration of 1% CsA significantly improved Schirmer wetting values and subjective markers of corneal health as compared with the placebo. In the dogs treated with topical administration of 1% CsA, the clinical signs of kcs were improved in 81.8% of cases.
Early events in the immunopathogenesis of feline retrovirus infections
Authors: Tompkins Mary B. , Nelson Phillip D. , English Robert V. , Novotney Carol
Published: December 2023

Feline leukemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) are lymphotropic retroviruses that cause a wide range of diseases in domestic cats. Although it is known that both viruses are capable of infecting T lymphocytes and that infected cats are lymphopenic, it was not known how infection with either virus might alter specific lymphocyte subpopulations. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies to feline lymphocyte subpopulations, we examined, by use of flow cytometric analysis, lymphocyte changes in cats naturally infected with FeLV or fiv and explored the early stages in the immunopathogenesis of experimentally induced infection with these viruses. Both groups of naturally infected cats had T-cell lymphopenia. In the fiv-infected cats, the T-cell decrease was principally attributable to loss of CD4+ cells, whereas CD8+ and B-cell numbers remained normal. This led to inversion of the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in these cats. In contrast, the T-cell lymphopenia in FeLV-infected cats resulted from decrease in CD4+ and CD8+ cells, which led to a CD4+ to CD8+ ratio within normal limits. Experimentally induced infection with these 2 viruses supported these findings. Infection with FIV induced early (10 weeks after infection), chronic inversion of the CD4+ to CD8+ ratio. In contrast, infection with FeLV did not alter CD4+ to CD8+ ratio in the first 20 weeks after infection.
Neoplasia associated with feline immunodeficiency virus infection in cats of Southern California
Authors: Hutson Christina A. , Rideout Bruce A. , Pedersen Niels C.
Published: December 2023

Between 1988 and 1991, feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) infection status was evaluated in 1,160 cats examined at an oncology referral and general practice in Los Angeles, California. Twenty-nine (2.5%) cats were fiv positive. Neoplasia was present in 18 of the 29 (62%) cats. Sampling for neoplasia was intentionally biased in the oncology referral group. However, 33% (6/18) of fiv-infected cats with neoplasia originated from the general practice. Three neoplastic processes were observed; myeloproliferative disease (mpd; 5/18), lymphoma (lsa; 5/18), and squamous cell carcinoma (scc; 7/18). One cat had lsa and scc.

Extranodal sites of lsa were common (66%) in fiv-infected cats. Sites of lsa were submandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, periorbital area, and diffuse (heart, pancreas, bladder). Sites of scc were sublingual (n = 2), nasal planum (n = 3), nasal planum and eyelids (n = 1), and mandible (n = 2). Feline leukemia virus co-infection was observed in 17% (5/29) of fiv-infected cats. The fiv-infected cats with mpd were young (range, 8 months to 13 years; median, 4 years) and had short survival duration (2, 6, 21, 134, 249 days) even in response to aggressive treatment. The fiv-infected cats with lsa were older (median age, 8 years; range, 4 to 14 years) and survived 60 days if untreated. Cats administered chemotherapy survived 39, 45, 217, and 243 days; the latter 2 cats had partial remission of 2 months' duration. Older fiv-infected cats had scc (median age, 12 years; remission range, 7 to 16 years) because of more frequent association of both diseases in older cats with outdoor environment.

Lymphocytic-plasmacytic lymphadenopathy was seen in 10 necropsied fiv-infected cats (4 without neoplasia, 3 with lsa, 1 with scc, and 2 with mpd). Lymphadenopathy associated with fiv may develop in one lymph node, and lymphoma may develop in another lymph node. Clinically, fiv-induced lymphadenopathy may be confused with progressive lymphoma.
Comparative study of diagnostic testing for feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Jacobson Richard H. , Lopez Noel A.
Published: December 2023

Results of commercially available diagnostic test kits and commercial laboratory test results were compared for ability to detect FeLV antigen. Results of the immunofluorescent antibody (ifa) test were compared with test kit elisa results and with results of a system in which samples were applied to an absorbent material, dried, sent to a laboratory, eluted, and assayed by a plate elisa. Test kits were generally highly sensitive and specific, compared with the ifa test performed at a commercial laboratory. Feline heterophile antibody, specific for mouse immunoglobulin, was detected in approximately 0.14 to 0.57% of the cat population. Test kits B, E, and D contain reagents that correct for antimouse antibodies. During 1989 and 1990, 2,229 feline serum samples were tested for FeLV antigen (gsa p27); positive elisa results were obtained for 204 (9%) of the samples. Results for 32 (1.4%) samples were interpreted as equivocal (color development slightly exceeded that of the negative control, but was much less than that of the positive control). Collectively, the data indicate that when testing serum or saliva, a negative test result may be a good predictor that a cat is not infected. In populations of cats in which FeLV prevalence is low, a positive test result may not be reliable and thus, a confirmatory test should be performed.
Efficacy and safety field trials of a recombinant DNA vaccine against feline leukemia virus infection
Authors: Clark Nancy , Kushner N.N. , Barrett C.B. , Kensil Charlotte R. , Salsbury D. , Cotter Susan
Published: December 2023

A new recombinant gp70 vaccine was found to be safe and effective for prevention of infection by FeLV. The vaccine incorporates a unique purified saponin adjuvant with the recombinant antigen. Serious systemic reactions were not observed during the efficacy trial. Local reactions were transient and mild. More than 2,000 doses were administered to a cross section of household cats in a field safety trial. Only 1 cat had hypersensitivity reaction, which resolved. Among veterinarians who used the vaccine and the cat owners, the vaccine was judged satisfactory and safe.

After rigorous intraperitoneal challenge exposure without use of immunosuppressants, 100% of the controls in the efficacy trial became infected, 70% of which remained persistently infected with FeLV. Among vaccinates, 45% were never viremic and 40% cleared transient infection within 12 weeks after challenge exposure. Of the 20 vaccinated cats, 3 were persistently infected. Overall, 85% of cats vaccinated with this recombinant dna FeLV vaccine resisted persistent FeLV infection after stringent challenge exposure, which translates to preventable fraction of 78.6%.
Vaccination of cats experimentally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus, using a recombinant feline leukemia virus vaccine
Authors: Lehmann R. , Franchini M. , Aubert A. , Wolfensberger C. , Cronier J. , Lutz H.
Published: December 2023

A group of 15 cats experimentally infected with a Swiss isolate of feline immunodeficiency virus (fiv) and a group of 15 fiv-negative control cats were inoculated with an FeLV vaccine containing recombinant FeLV-envelope. High elisa antibody titer developed after vaccination in fiv-positive and fiv-negative cats. Vaccinated and nonvaccinated controls were later challenge exposed by intraperitoneal administration of virulent FeLV subtype A (Glasgow). Although 12 of 12 nonvaccinated controls became infected with FeLV (10 persistently, 2 transiently), only 1 of 18 vaccinated (9 fiv positive, 9 fiv negative) cats had persistent and 2 of 18 had transient viremia.

From these data and other observations, 2 conclusions were drawn: In the early phase of fiv infection, the immune system is not depressed appreciably, and therefore, cats may be successfully immunized; a recombinant FeLV vaccine was efficacious in protecting cats against intraperitoneal challenge exposure with FeLV.
Economic decision analysis model of a paratuberculosis test and cull program
Authors: Collins M. T. , Morgan I. R.
Published: December 2023

A spreadsheet program was written to perform decision tree analysis for control of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease), when testing all adults in a herd and culling all animals with positive test results. The program incorporated diagnostic test sensitivity, specificity, and test cost with the cost or value of each of the 4 possible outcomes; true-positive, true-negative, false-positive, and false-negative test results. The program was designed to repeat the analysis for the independent variable pretest paratuberculosis prevalence (0 to 100%). Model output was graphed as profit or loss in dollars vs pretest prevalence. The threshold was defined as the pretest prevalence at which benefit-cost equaled zero. Reed-Frost disease modeling techniques were used to predict the number of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected replacement heifers resulting from infected cows during a control program. Sensitivity analysis was performed on variables of the decision tree model; test sensitivity, specificity, test cost, and factors affecting the cost of paratuberculosis to a commercial dairy. A test and cull program was profitable when paratuberculosis caused ≥ 6% decrease in milk production if the pretest prevalence was > 6%, test sensitivity was 50%, test specificity was 98%, and the testing cost was $4/cow. Test specificities > 98% did not markedly affect the threshold for tests with a 50% sensitivity and costing $4/cow. Test sensitivity had minimal effect on the threshold. Using a diagnostic test with a 50% sensitivity and a 98% specificity as an example, test cost was shown to affect the threshold prevalence at which the test and cull program became profitable. Any test costing ≤ $8/ cow was roughly equivalent in profit threshold. Given the characteristics of most diagnostic tests for paratuberculosis in use today, and assuming that paratuberculosis causes at least a 6% decrease in milk production of cows, the decision analysis model suggested a test and cull program should be profitable when pretest paratuberculosis herd prevalence is > 5%.
Primary hyperparathyroidism in cats: Seven cases (1984-1989)
Authors: Kallet Andrew J. , Richter Keith P. , Feldman Edward C. , Brum Douglas E.
Published: December 2023

The medical records of 7 hypercalcemic cats with primary hyperparathyroidism were evaluated. Mean age was 12.9 years, with ages ranging from 8 to 15 years; 5 were female; 5 were Siamese, and 2 were of mixed breed. The most common clinical signs detected by owners were anorexia and lethargy. A cervical mass was palpable in 4 cats. Serum calcium concentrations were 11.1 to 22.8 mg/dl, with a mean of 15.8 mg/dl calculated from each cat's highest preoperative value. The serum phosphorus concentration was low in 2 cats, within reference limits in 4, and slightly high in 1 cat. The bun concentration was > 60 mg/dl in 2 cats, 31 to 35 mg/dl in 2 cats, and < 30 mg/dl in 3 cats. Abnormalities were detected in serum alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, and alkaline phosphatase activities from 2 or 3 cats. Parathormone (pth) concentrations were measured in 2 cats before and after surgery. The preoperative pth concentration was within reference limits in 1 cat and was high in 1 cat. The pth concentrations were lower after surgery in both cats tested. A solitary parathyroid adenoma was surgically removed from 5 cats, bilateral parathyroid cystadenomas were surgically resected in 1 cat, and a parathyroid carcinoma was diagnosed at necropsy in 1 cat. None of the cats had clinical problems with hypocalcemia after surgery, although 2 cats developed hypocalcemia without tetany, one of which was controlled with oral administration of dihydrotachysterol and the other with oral administration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D. All 5 of the cats that underwent removal of an adenoma were alive at least 240 days after surgery. Four of these 5 cats were normocalcemic at the last examination. The cat that had bilateral cystadenomas was lost to follow-up evaluation 110 days after surgery. One of the cats with a parathyroid adenoma was reevaluated 569 days after the first surgery. It was found to be hypercalcemic (21.5 mg/dl), subsequently died, and was identified as having a parathyroid adenoma and a parathyroid carcinoma on histologic evaluation of tissue removed from the neck at necropsy.
Pet populations in the catchment area of the Purdue Comparative Oncology Program
Authors: Lengerich Eugene J. , Teclaw Robert F. , Mendlein James M. , Mariolis Peter , Garbe Paul L.
Published: December 2023

Using a 1-stage random-digit dial telephone survey, we estimated the number of pet dogs and cats and cancer case ascertainment in the principal catchment area of an animal tumor registry in Indiana, the Purdue Comparative Oncology Program (PCOP). These findings will assist in the estimation of pet cancer incidence rates for the PCOP. The estimated canine and feline populations for Marion County were 144,039 (95% confidence interval, 121,555 to 166,523) and 94,998 (74,384 to 115,648), respectively. For Tippecanoe County (excluding university housing residences), the estimated canine population was 18,000 (14,445 to 21,555), whereas the estimated feline population was 17,165 (12,569 to 21,761). The estimated cancer case ascertainment was 88.3% (dogs, 92.5%; cats, 83.0%) with no statistically significant difference in the estimated ascertainment by county of residence or by species of pet. The amount that owners report themselves willing to pay for treatment of cancer in dogs or cats, however, differed in counties polled. This method's appropriateness for estimating pet populations in general and the validity of the data gathered were supported by response rate of 88.0% and by concurrence with census data for household characteristics previously documented to be associated with pet dog and cat ownership.
Patterns associated with season and facilities for atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in slaughter swine
Authors: Cowart Ross P. , Boessen Christian R. , Kliebenstein James B.
Published: December 2023

Three slaughter checks were performed for each of 21 swine producers at 6-month intervals. Two slaughter checks were performed during the winter, and 1 slaughter check was performed during the summer. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia were evaluated during the slaughter checks. Two types of farrowing facilities and 4 types of grower/finisher facilities were used by the swine producers. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia were compared among seasons and among types of facilities.

Lesions of both atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia varied with season. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis were more severe among hogs slaughtered in the summer, whereas lesions of pneumonia were more severe among hogs slaughtered in the winter. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis were more severe in hogs farrowed in central, enclosed farrowing houses and finished in enclosed, mechanically ventilated buildings than in hogs farrowed individually in sow huts and finished on dirt lots. Knowledge of disease patterns associated with season and facilities is useful for assessment of herd health status and for implementation of control programs.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in raccoons
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Hamir A. N. , Hanlon C. A. , Rupprecht C. E.
Published: December 2023

Serum samples from 427 raccoons (93 from Pennsylvania, 45 from New Jersey, 72 from South Carolina, 68 from Virginia, 30 from Iowa, and 119 from Ohio) were evaluated for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in dilutions of 1:25, 1:50, and 1:500. The distribution of T gondii antibody titers was < 1:25 for 212 raccoons (49.6%), 1:25 for 34 raccoons (7.9%), 1:50 for 117 raccoons (27.4%), and ≥ 1:500 for 64 raccoons (14.9%). Tissue cysts were seen in the liver, and tachyzoites were in the brain of a raccoon with abnormal neurologic signs and concurrent infection with canine distemper virus. Organisms in the liver were stained with anti-T gondii serum, and the raccoon had a T gondii titer of 1:160 in the agglutination test.
Validity of skin testing for diagnosis of food allergy in dogs
Authors: Kunkle Gail , Horner Stacy
Published: December 2023

One hundred suspected allergic dogs were skin-tested with 9 food extracts, in addition to other inhalant and insect allergens. Forty-eight of the dogs had +2 or greater intradermal reactions to 1 or more food extracts at concentration of 1,000 protein nitrogen units/ml. Thirty of the food extract-positive dogs were fed a restrictive hypoallergenic diet. Of these 30 dogs, 3 improved, then allergy signs worsened when they were challenge-exposed with the original diet. Fifty-two dogs did not have skin test reactivity to any of the 9 food extracts. Of these 52 dogs, 35 were fed a restrictive diet. Six improved, then allergy signs worsened when dogs were challenge-exposed with the original diet. Skin-testing with selected allergenic food extracts was not useful in identifying food-sensitive dogs.
Trends in transfusion medicine in dogs at a veterinary school clinic: 315 cases (1986-1989)
Authors: Stone Elizabeth , Badner Donna , Cotter Susan M.
Published: December 2023

Transfusion practices in dogs treated at Tufts University Foster Hospital for Small Animals were monitored for 1 year before and 2 years after receipt (by the School) of a Transfusion Medicine Academic Award, a 5-year National Institutes of Health curriculum and career development grant. The most important changes observed were increased use of packed rbc instead of fresh whole blood for initial treatment of anemia and hemorrhage attributable to coagulopathies and surgery. In addition, increased use of plasma was part of the treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Change was not observed in the use of plasma for dogs with hypoalbuminemia.
Evaluation of zones of iris hypoplasia in horses and ponies
Authors: Buyukmihci Nedim C. , MacMillan Alan , Scagliotti Randall H.
Published: December 2023

Mass-like lesions of the iris were evaluated in 15 horses or ponies of various ages and breeds. Breed or gender predilection was not found. These lesions were most often found in blue irides at the 12 o'clock region. Because the lesions transilluminated and changed shape rapidly with changes in pupillary size, they were hypothesized to be zones of iris hypoplasia. Histologic evaluation of one specimen supported this interpretation. The lesions were not associated with any other ocular or systemic abnormality.
Study of prostatic disease in dogs: 177 cases (1981-1986)
Authors: Krawiec Donald R. , Heflin Dena
Published: December 2023

Historical and physical signs associated with prostatic disease diagnosed in dogs over a 5.5-year period were defined. One hundred seventy-seven male dogs were determined to have prostatic abnormality. Of the 177 dogs, 87 were determined to have specific prostatic disease. The most common prostatic disease identified in this study was bacterial prostatitis, followed by prostatic cyst, prostatic adenocarcinoma, and benign hyperplasia. The most common prostatic disease identified in neutered dogs was prostatic adenocarcinoma. Mean age at onset of prostatic disease was 8.9 years; statistically significant difference was not observed between age at onset of the various types of prostatic disease identified. Doberman Pinscher was the most common breed with prostate disease. Twenty-nine percent of dogs with a specifically identifiable prostatic disease had signs of systemic illness, 41% had signs of lower urinary tract disease, 28% had signs of gastrointestinal tract abnormalities, and 13% had signs of locomotor difficulty.
Effects of antibiotic prophylaxis on postoperative complications after rumenotomy in cattle
Authors: Haven Michelle L. , Wichtel Jeffrey J. , Bristol David G. , Fetrow John F. , Spears Jerry W.
Published: December 2023

A single preoperative dose of antibiotic proved as effective as a preoperative and 7-day postoperative course in reducing complications following rumenotomy in cattle. Exploratory rumenotomy was performed on 29 healthy Angus steers, which were allotted to the following treatment groups: (1) no antibiotic therapy, (2) single-dose, preoperative, antibiotic prophylaxis, using potassium penicillin G, and (3) preoperative potassium penicillin G prophylaxis, followed by a 7-day postoperative course of procaine penicillin G. Steers receiving antibiotics had significantly greater postoperative feed intake, lower rectal temperatures, and fewer abscesses at the surgical site than those receiving no antibiotics. There was no significant difference between animals receiving a single preoperative dose of antibiotic and those treated for an additional 7 days after surgery. In human medicine, it is generally agreed that a single preoperative dose of antibiotic offers effective prophylaxis. There are few published reports on antimicrobial prophylaxis in the veterinary literature, particularly in regard to large animals. Considering USDA requirements for milk withholding times and withdrawal times prior to slaughter for food animals receiving antibiotics, the findings of this study have medical as well as economic value.
Effect of topically administered atropine on tear production in dogs
Authors: Hollingsworth Steven R. , Canton David D. , Buyukmihci Nedim C. , Farver Thomas B.
Published: December 2023

Baseline tear production values were established for both eyes of 19 dogs, using the Schirmer tear test. Atropine sulfate, 1% solution, was administered topically in the left eye of each dog once daily for 14 days. Tear production was then determined for both eyes at 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 minutes, and 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 days. A final Schirmer tear test reading was obtained for each eye 5 weeks after the last atropine treatment to check for the possibility of prolonged effect. Both eyes had statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in tear production that was most marked at 120 minutes after atropine instillation, then returned to baseline values by 300 minutes after instillation. Although atropine was placed in the left eye only, statistically significant difference was not apparent in Schirmer tear test values between the left and right eyes. Tear production continued to decrease in both eyes over time, becoming statistically significant (P < 0.05) on day 9. However, on days 12 and 15, tear production in the untreated eye plateaued, but that in the treated eye continued to decrease. Five weeks after the last treatment with atropine, both eyes still had a statistically significant (P < 0.05) decrease in tear production, although Schirmer tear test values had increased from day-15 values and appeared to be returning to baseline. Association was not evident between age or body weight and magnitude of response to topically applied atropine.