bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS GANGGUAN PSIKOSOSIAL DAN EMOSIONAL AUD DI RA NURUL IMAN MEDAN BELAWAN SELAMA PEMBELAJARAN BERBASIS DARING
Authors: Fauziah Ismi , Ernita Ernita , Octavia Diah Rini , Dwiyanti Muzliani
Published: September 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis: (1) Ragam gangguan psikososial dan emosional AUD selama pembelajaran berbasis daring, (2) upaya penanganan gangguan psikososial dan emosional AUD. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di RA Nurul Iman Medan Belawan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah metode kualitatif berbasis studi kasus, dengan teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan ialah observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Sumber data pada penelitian ini Siswa, Guru dan Orang tua siswa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Perubahan sikap tersebut di antarnya, untuk psikososial adanya sikap Pembangkangan (Negativism), Agresi (Aggression), Mementingkan Diri Sendiri (Selfishness), sedangkan untuk gangguan psikoemosional Sikap Pemalu, Emosi berlebihan (arogansi). Adapun upaya atau solusi yang dilakukan terhadap gangguan itu ialah sebagai berikut Mengalihkan anak dengan kegiatan bermain, Metode keteladanan, Kegiatan bermain kelompok dan Metode Nasihat.
Special Issue on NIED Frontier Research on Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience 2020
Authors: Hayashi Haruo , Misumi Ryohei
Published: September 2020

We are very pleased to publish the Special Issue on NIED Frontier Research on Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction and Resilience 2020. There are nine papers in this issue.

The first two papers concern hazard and risk information systems: Sano et al. constructed a real-time risk information map for flood and landslide disasters, and Hirashima et al. created an alert system for snow removal from rooftops. These systems are already in use on the NIED website. The next three papers are case studies of recent storm disasters in Japan and the United States: Cui et al. analyzed the time variation in the distribution of damage reports in the headquarters for heavy-rainfall disaster control in Fukuoka, Shakti et al. studied flood disasters caused by Typhoon Hagibis (2019), and Iizuka and Sakai conducted a meteorological analysis of Hurricane Harvey (2017). Regarding volcanic disasters, Tanada and Nakamura reported the results of an electromagnetic survey of Mt. Nasudake.

This special issue also includes three papers on large-scale model experimentation: Danjo and Ishizawa studied the rainfall infiltration process using NIED’s Large-Scale Rainfall Simulator, Kawamata and Nakazawa conducted experiments concerning liquefaction, and Nakazawa et al. reported the results of experiments on seismic retrofits for road embankments. The experiments used E-Defense, the world’s largest three-dimensional shaking table.

We hope this issue will provide useful information for all readers studying natural disasters.
Penerapan Imputasi Ganda dengan Metode Predictive Mean Matching (PMM) untuk Pendugaan Data Hilang pada Model Regresi Linear
Authors: Wilsen Wilsen , Rahayu Widyanti , Santi Vera Maya
Published: September 2020

Permasalahan data hilang pada analisis regresi linear telah menjadi hal yang umum. Meskipun demikian, beberapa peneliti mengabaikan masalah data hilang. Akibatnya, tingkat ketepatan model yang diperoleh akan menurun. Bahkan, dugaan parameter yang dihasilkan cenderung bias. Salah satu teknik yang digunakan untuk mengatasi masalah data hilang pada model regresi linear adalah imputasi ganda dengan metode Predictive Mean Matching (PMM). Kajian dalam tulisan ini difokuskan untuk mengatasi permasalahan data hilang yang terdapat pada variabel bebas dengan pola monoton dan mekanisme Missing At Random (MAR). Imputasi ganda dengan metode PMM diterapkan pada kasus tingkat efisiensi bahan bakar (City mpg). Variabel bebas yang digunakan dalam kasus tersebut adalah Compression ratio, Bore, dan Stroke. Persentase data hilang sebesar 2% yang tersebar di variabel Bore dan Stroke. Hasil data imputasi memenuhi batas toleransi dari nilai efisiensi relatif sebesar 5%. Bahkan, Compression ratio, Bore, dan Stroke memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap tingkat efisiensi bahan bakar (City mpg) berdasarkan Uji Wald dan Uji t dengan taraf signfikansi sebesar 5% (Î±=5%).
PENGARUH AMBIGUITAS PERAN, KONFLIK PERAN, DAN KEPATUHAN PADA KODE ETIK TERHADAP INDEPENDENSI APARAT PENGAWASAN INTERN PEMERINTAH
Authors: Sutaryo Sutaryo
Published: September 2020

This research is conducted to find out empirical evidence of the effect of role ambiguity, role conflict, and code of ethics compliance on the state internal auditor to state internal auditor independence in Jawa Timur. This research, which uses quantitative approach, uses data sources by taking sample of 170 state internal auditors in Jawa Timur. The collected data is then analysed by multiple linear regression analysis mehtod. The result reveals that role ambiguity and role conflict have negative effect to the state internal auditor independence, however code of ethics compliance has positive effect to the state internal auditor independence. The higher the situation of ambiguity and role conflict preceived by APIP, it will further weaken its commitment to maintain independence in duty. But not so with compliance with the code of ethics, the higher the compliance of APIP to the code of ethics, it will further increase its commitment to maintain independence in the duty.
PENGARUH HARGA SAHAM, RETURN ON EQUITY, DAN KAPITALISASI BIAYA TERHADAP INCOME SMOOTHING
Authors: Armeliza Diah
Published: September 2020

Penelitian ini memiliki tujuan untuk menguji pengaruh harga saham, return on equity dan kapitalisasi biaya terhadap income smoothing pada sub-sektor perkebunan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia. Periode penelitian adalah lima tahun yaitu tahun 2014-2018. Penelitian menggunakan data sekunder berupa laporan keuangan dari Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Sampel penelitian adalah perusahaan-perusahaan yang terdaftar dalam Sektor Pertanian Sub Sektor Perkebunan secara berturut-turut pada periode 2014-2018. Teknik penelitian menggunakan metode purposive sampling dengan banyaknya sampel sebesar 32. Teknik analisis data menggunakan regresi linier berganda dengan taraf signifikansi sebesar 5%.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harga saham dan return on equity tidak berpengaruh terhadap praktik income smoothing. Sedangkan kapitalisasi biaya berpengaruh terhadap praktik income smoothing yang diproksikan dengan menggunakan indeks eckel.
External Magnetic Field Measurements in UME Kibble Balance
Authors: Ahmedov Haci , Korutlu Beste , Dorosinskiy Lev , Orhan Recep , Tuncel Ozlen
Published: September 2020

The new definition of kilogram in terms of the fixed value of Planck constant ensures the long-term stability of SI mass unit and enables traceability from more than one source. Kibble balance experiments offer an effective primary realization method for the new definition of kilogram. Kibble Balance apparatus operating at National Metrology Institute of Turkey is designed with a stationary coil and an oscillating magnet. In contradistinction to traditional moving coil Kibble balance experiments, external magnetic field brings an asymmetry between the Ampere’s law of force and the Faraday’s law of induction in moving magnet experiments. In this paper, we develop a method based on the external magnetic flux density difference measurements in vertical direction to take into account the effect of the external magnetic field on the realization of kilogram. The proposed model in this approach fits well with the data such that the kilogram realization requirement is met within the accuracy of the measuring instrument.
Factors Influencing the Distribution of Maximum Specific Absorption Rates in Far Field Human Exposure Scenarios
Authors: Bejenaru Ovidiu , Lazarescu Catalin , Paulet Marius Valerian , Salceanu Alexandru , Ursachianu Marius Vasile
Published: September 2020

The biological and health effects of electromagnetic fields are a current concern. With the aim of evaluating these effects, it is essential to estimate the levels of human exposure to various types of electromagnetic sources within different environments. These assessments could be performed by determining the current density distributions inside organs or tissues, by modeling the different mechanisms of electromagnetic exposure or even by modelling the development of effects in living beings. Everything should be done while considering various exposure scenarios. In this paper, we have determined, through simulations employing CST Suite Studio software, the specific absorption rates (SARs) values for a human body, averaged from the values for different 10 grams of tissue in different areas of the body, in the case of its exposure to an electromagnetic field generated by a source placed in the far field domain, where the human body is located in an empty room inside a building. We have used our previously tested 3D human body model that has the geometry of an elliptical cylinder. The simulated SAR values have been also compared with the reference levels accepted by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection and IEEE Standards for Safety Levels for both public and professional exposure.
An effective frequency-domain feature of atrial fibrillation based on time-frequency analysis
Authors: Hu Yusong , Zhao Yantao , Liu Jihong , Pang Jin , Zhang Chen , Li Peizhe
Published: September 2020

Background: Atrial fibrillation is a type of persistent arrhythmia that can lead to serious complications. Therefore, accurate and quick detection of atrial fibrillation by surface electrocardiogram has great importance on further treatment. The practical electrocardiogram signals contain various interferences in different frequencies, such as myoelectricity interference, power interference and so on. Detection speed and accuracy largely depend on the atrial fibrillation signal features extracted by the algorithm. But some of the discovered atrial fibrillation features are not well distinguishable, resulting in poor classification effect. Methods: This paper proposed a high distinguishable frequency feature - the frequency corresponding to the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum. We used the R-R interval detection method optimized with the mathematical morphology method and combined with the wavelet transform method for analysis. According to the two features - the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum and R-R interval irregular, we could recognize atrial fibrillation signals in electrocardiogram signals by decision tree classification algorithm. Results: The data used in the experiment come from the MIT-BIH database, which is publicly accessible via the web and with ethical approval and consent. Based on the input of time-domain and frequency-domain features, we classified sinus rhythm signals and AF signals using the decision tree generated by classification and regression tree (CART) algorithm. From the confusion matrix, we got the accuracy was 98.9%, sensitivity was 97.93% and specificity was 99.63%. Conclusions: The experimental results can prove the validity of the maximum amplitude in the frequency spectrum and the practicability and accuracy of the detection method, which applied this frequency-domain feature. Through the detection method, we obtained good accuracy of classifying sinus rhythm signals and atrial fibrillation signals. And the sensitivity and specificity of our method were pretty good by comparison with other studies.
DHA supplementation improves behavioral memory impairment and alleviates oxidative stress in hippocampal caused by repeated anesthesia of sevoflurane in aged rats
Authors: Tian Ming , Li Kezhong , Zhao Xiaoling
Published: September 2020

Backgroud: The current study aimed to explore the effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on the behavioral memory impairment induced by repeated anesthesia of sevoflurane in aged rats. Methods: A total of 54 Sprague‑Dawley (SD) aged rats were randomly divided into five groups: Blank control group (Control), sevoflurane group (Model), DHA group (3g/kg), Sev + DHA (0.3g/kg) group, Sev + DHA (1g/kg) group and Sev + DHA (3g/kg) group. Morris water maze experiment was used to evaluate the learning and memory ability. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining was used to observe histological changes in the hippocampus. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the content of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis were used to determine the expression of the Nuclear factor erythroid-2 (NF-E2)-related factor 2(Nrf2)/ hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. Results: Rats were indicated to exhibit prolonged escape latency following sevoflurane anesthesia. The number of times taken to cross the platform and the time for target quadrant stay were also demonstrated to be significantly reduced. Rats treated with different doses of DHA were revealed to exhibit reduced escape latency. The number of times taken to cross the platform and the time for target quadrant stay increased. Histopathological examination indicated that DHA ameliorated the brain function of the rats that were repeatedly anesthetized using sevoflurane. Furthermore, the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 protein were demonstrated to be significantly increased. Conclusions: The present study revealed that DHA has a protective effect on learning and memory impairment in aged rats induced by repeated sevoflurane anesthesia, and the mechanism may be associated with the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
Genome mining and UHPLC–QTOF–MS/MS to identify the potential antimicrobial compounds and determine the specificity of biosynthetic gene clusters in Bacillus subtilis NCD-2
Authors: Su Zhenhe , Chen Xiuye , Liu Xiaomeng , Guo Qinggang , Li Shezeng , Lu Xiuyun , Zhang Xiaoyun , Wang PeiPei , Dong Lihong , Zhao Weisong , Ma Ping
Published: September 2020

Background: Bacillus subtilis strain NCD-2 is an excellent biocontrol agent against plant soil-borne diseases and shows broad-spectrum antifungal activities. This study aimed to explore some secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and related antimicrobial compounds in strain NCD-2. An integrative approach combing genome mining and structural identification technologies using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), was adopted to interpret the chemical origins of metabolites with significant biological activities.Results: Genome mining revealed nine gene clusters encoding secondary metabolites with predicted functions, including fengycin, surfactin, bacillaene, subtilosin, bacillibactin, bacilysin and three unknown products. Fengycin, surfactin, bacillaene and bacillibactin were successfully detected from the fermentation broth of strain NCD-2 by UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The biosynthetic gene clusters of bacillaene, subtilosin, bacillibactin, and bacilysin showed 100% amino acid sequence identities with those in B. velezensis strain FZB42, whereas the identities of the surfactin and fengycin gene clusters were only 83% and 92%, respectively. Further comparison revealed that strain NCD-2 had lost the fenC and fenD genes in the fengycin biosynthetic operon. The biosynthetic enzyme-related gene srfAB for surfactin was divided into two parts. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that FenE in strain NCD-2 had a similar function to FenE and FenC in strain FZB42, and that FenA in strain NCD-2 had a similar function to FenA and FenD in strain FZB42. Five different kinds of fengycins, with 26 homologs, and surfactin, with 4 homologs, were detected from strain NCD-2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of a non-typical gene cluster related to fengycin synthesis.Conclusions: Our study revealed a number of gene clusters encoding antimicrobial compounds in the genome of strain NCD-2, including a fengycin synthetic gene cluster that might be unique by using genome mining and UHPLC–QTOF–MS/MS. The production of fengycin, surfactin, bacillaene and bacillibactin might explain the biological activities of strain NCD-2.
Nondestructive estimation of potato yield using relative variables derived from multi-period LAI and hyperspectral data based on weighted growth stage
Authors: Luo Shanjun , He Yingbin , Li Qian , Jiao Weihua , Zhu Yaqiu , Zhao Xihai
Published: September 2020

Background: The accurate estimation of potato yield at regional scale is crucial for food security, precision agriculture and agricultural sustainable development. Methods: In this study, we developed a new method using multi-period relative vegetation indices (rVIs) and relative leaf area index (rLAI) data to improve the accuracy of potato yield estimation based on the weighted growth stage. Two experiments of field and greenhouse (water and nitrogen fertilizer experiments) in 2018 were performed to obtain the spectra and LAI data of the whole growth stage of potato. Then the weighted growth stage was determined by three weighting methods (improved analytic hierarchy process method, IAHP; entropy weight method, EW; and optimal combination weighting method, OCW) and the Slogistic model. A comparison of the estimation performance of rVI-based and rLAI-based models with a single and weighted stage was completed. Results: The results showed that among the six test rVIs, the relative red edge chlorophyll index (rCI red edge ) was the optimal index of the single-stage estimation models with the correlation with potato yield. The most suitable single stage for potato yield estimation was the tuber expansion stage. For weighted growth stage models, the OCW-LAI model was determined as the best one to accurately predict the potato yield with an adjusted R 2 value of 0.8333, and the estimation error about 8%. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of inconsistent contributions of multi-period or different types of data to the results when they are used together, and the weights need to be considered.
A predictive noise correction methodology for manufacturing process datasets
Authors: Oleghe Omogbai
Published: September 2020

In manufacturing processes, datasets intended for data driven decisions are majorly generated from time-sequenced sensor readings. Industrial sensor systems are prone to transmit inaccurate readings, which result in noisy datasets. Noisy datasets inhibit machine learning and knowledge discovery. Using a multi-stage, multi-output process dataset as an experimental case, this article reports a methodology for replacing erroneous sensor values with their predicted likely values. In the methodology, invalid values specified by process owners are first converted to missing values. Then, ReliefF algorithm is used to select the most relevant features to progress for prediction modelling, and also to boost the performance of the prediction model. A Random Forest classifier model is built to predict replacement values for the missing values. Finally, predicted values are inserted into the dataset to fill in the missing entries. With many attributes having a significant number of erroneous values, the invalid values replacement is done one attribute at a time. To do this systematically, the process flow direction and stages in the manufacturing process are exploited to partition the dataset into subsets for model building. The results indicate that the methodology is able to replace erroneous values with likely true values, to a very high degree of accuracy. There is a paucity of this type of methodology for dealing with invalid entries in process datasets. The methodology is useful for both missing and invalid value correction in process datasets. In the future, the plan is to inject the prediction models into streaming data to simultaneously enable erroneous value correction and predictive process monitoring in real-time.
Cyberbullying in Rabat area Morocco: A Middle School Student Survey
Authors: Miami Nezha , Belahcen Amina , Lahlou Laila , Abouqal Redouane , ouanass Abderrazzak
Published: September 2020

Background:Despite being a widely debated health issue in several countries around the globe, in Morocco there is still little research on this phenomenon of cyber bulling.To examine the occurrence of cyber bullying among students in middle schools in Rabat area and to discover risk factors among students’ cyberbullying profiles is the main purpose of the present study.Methods: The study that is a cross sectional one is based on a nameless self –report questionnaire about subjected cyber bullying in the course of the previous twelve months. Indeed, it was in16 middle –schools in the urban areas of Rabat that data were collected. Aged 12 to 16 years, a number of 1914 students took part in the survey.Seeking the interconnection between the cyber bulling groups and independent variables we used a Multinomial Logistic Regression.Results:Cyber bullying has been announced by 54,5%(n=1043) CI 95% (52,26-56,72) of the sample, of which 18,8%(n=360), being victims only, 11,7% (n=224) being perpetrators only, and 24,0% (n=459) being perpetrators/victims. But there wasn’t any important difference to be mentioned in profile between genders. Text messages and exclusion from internet groups were the most common genre of cyber bullying behavior. Concerning traditional bullying, the prevalence were 35% (n=669) of whom 16,4% (n=313) victims only, 7,6% (n=145) perpetrators only and 11%(n=211) perpetrators/victims. Our research showed that traditional bullying was the basic risk factor of cyber bullying. Conclusion:In brief cyber bullying is one of the most widely spread phenomenon among adolescents in middle schools in Rabat area. Being involved in traditional bullying is the main risk. Consequently, urgent is the need to take actions against it either to eradicate violence in schools or at least reduce it.
Mensural Hygiene Management in Schools of Oromia Region, Ethiopia
Authors: Kaba Mirgissa , Geletu Zelalem Adugna
Published: September 2020

Background: Management of menstruation as a biological occurrence for women of reproductive age and men’s role is determined by socio-cultural factors. There is dearth of evidence on men in general and boys support on menstrual hygiene and management. This study aims to identify school based menstrual hygiene and management interventions and the role of boys in Oromia region, Ethiopia.Method: The study was carried out in 2017-18 academic year in eight Oromia Development Association (ODA) supported public schools with sport for life interventions. Schoolboys and girls aged 12-15, parents and school teachers participated in the study. Focus Group Discussion with boys, girls, and key informant interviews with parents were completed. Data were transcribed and translated into English and themes were developed following the objectives. Interpretation and presentation of the findings were substantiated with quoted shared opinions. Result: Finding shows that after two years of school based sport for life intervention, study participants invariably recognized menstruation as a natural occurrence and is a blessing rather than a curse. Girls who used to shy and abstain from school for fear of bullying and teasing attended their classes regularly and became competitors in their academic performance. Common arguments by all participants alike show that ‘We learnt that menstruation is a mark of healthy growth of girls. The absence of it that should be the source of concern’ . With dedicated room and availability of water and sanitary napkin; and support from boys and schoolteachers and management of menstrual hygiene has improved at school level. Boys not only stopped teasing girls but also started contributing money to purchase sanitary napkins. Liaising such school level intervention with parents has extended support to girls at home level. Conclusion: School level non-curricular intervention that has involved not only students but also the school community and parents have brought fundamental change to the way menstruation was understood and its implications. Menstruation is no more a source of shame and reason to tease and bully girls with its far reaching implication on the school performance of girls. Further study using mixed method may help document specific changes and sustainability.
Hsa_circ_0004831 serves as a blood-based prognostic biomarker for colorectal cancer and its potentially circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network construction
Authors: Xing Linlin , Xia Mengyan , Jiao Xin , Fan Ling
Published: September 2020

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common malignant tumor with unsatisfactory overall prognosis. CircRNAs could be promising prognostic biomarkers in cancers, and play important role in the process of tumorigenesis and progression. Here, we explored the role of hsa_circ_0004831 in blood extracellular vesicles and its prognostic value in CRC. Methods: The circRNA and mRNA expression level matrix in extracellular vesicles of CRC and normal samples were obtained from the exoRBase database. The corresponding miRNA expression level matrix in extracellular vesicles was downloaded from the BBCancer database. Differentially expressed circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were identified using the limma package of R software at the cut-off criteria of fold change (FC) > 2 and adj. p < 0.05. RT-qPCR assay was conducted to measure hsa_circ_0004831 expression level in CRC blood samples. A circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network of hsa_circ_0004831 was constructed based on competitive endogenous RNA mechanism and differentially expressed genes. The mRNAs co-expressed with hsa_circ_0004831 were screened at the cut-off criteria of pearson |R| > 0.3 and p < 0.05. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) based on co-expressed mRNAs was used to explore the potential molecular function of hsa_circ_0004831. Results: Differentially expressed circRNAs, miRNAs and mRNAs were identified and hsa_circ_0004831 had a FC value of 3.92 in CRC blood extracellular vesicles. The RT-qPCR assay showed that the hsa_circ_0004831 was up-regulated in CRC blood samples. The overall survival analysis found that high expression of hsa_circ_0004831 was linked with poorer prognosis. Finally, a circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network of hsa_circ_0004831 was constructed based on down-regulated miR-4326 and 12 up-regulated mRNAs. GSEA indicated that mRNAs co-expressed with hsa_circ_0004831 were involved in EMT, WNT and p53 signaling pathways.Conclusions: The study confirmed the up-regulation of hsa_circ_0004831 in CRC, and it may act as a vital prognostic biomarker. The circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory network of hsa_circ_0004831 could be used to uncover the tumorigenesis and progression of CRC.
The impact of coronavirus lockdown on oral healthcare and its associated issues in pre-schoolers in China: An online cross-sectional survey
Authors: Liu Chang , Zhang Shuang , Zhang Chenzheng , Tai Baojun , Jiang Han , Du Minquan
Published: September 2020

Background
The sudden outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) epidemic influenced people’s daily life. During lockdown of Wuhan city, the oral health and its associated issues of preschool children were investigated and guidance for dental clinics when the epidemic were controlled in the future were also provided.
Methods
A national online survey was conducted among preschool children and completed by their caregivers. The questionnaire related to children’s oral health status and care behaviour, caregivers' attitudes. The information was statistically analyzed between Wuhan residents and others residents.
Results
4495 valid questionnaires were collected. In oral health status, during Wuhan lockdown, 60.8%, 35.5% and 18.3% children had self-reported dental caries, toothache and halitosis respectively. In oral health attitudes, respondents who would increase attention to oral health was more than that would decrease. In oral hygiene behaviour, compared to non-Wuhan children, the children in Wuhan became more active in brushing their teeth. In utilization of dental services in the future, less Wuhan residents would choose to have dental visit directly, 28.5% Wuhan residents and 34.7% non-Wuhan residents agreed all of procedures could be done if proper protected.
Conclusions
Oral health status and associated issues of preschool children in Wuhan were significantly different from that of others during lockdown of Wuhan city and in the future. Effective measures should be taken as early as possible to protect children's oral health.
Pedestrians in Iran: Determinants of unsafe traffic behaviors of pedestrians
Authors: Aghdam Fatemeh Bakhtari , Sadeghi-Bazargani Homayoyn , Sarbakhsh Parvin , Pashaie Tahere , Ponent Koen , Nicknejad Maryam
Published: September 2020

Background

Pedestrians are among the most vulnerable groups in traffic accidents. This study investigates the determinants of traffic behaviors of pedestrians.
Methods

In this cross-sectional study, the behavior of 600 pedestrians in the city of Urmia, northwestern Iran, was evaluated from May to October 2018, using a pedestrian traffic behavior questionnaire consisting of five dimensions: traffic violations, traffic distraction, adherence to traffic rules, aggressive behavior, and positive behaviors. Cluster sampling was conducted among 30% of the health centers in each district of the city. Thereafter, individuals were randomly selected from each center depending on the covered population.
Results

Although 17% of the pedestrians demonstrated safe traffic behaviors, over 85% were distracted, more than 80% did not comply with traffic laws, the majority violated rules and displayed no positive traffic behaviors, and half of the participants were aggressive. Age, gender, marital status, education level, daily walking rate, and transportation mode were significant predictors of traffic behavior.
Conclusion

Most pedestrians demonstrate unsafe traffic behaviors. The youth, those who were single, those with lower education, and those with less walking rate showcased higher unsafe behaviors. Training and intervention programs should be implemented to improve all domains of pedestrian traffic behaviors factoring in age and other predictors.
Exploratory development of PCR-fluorescent probes in rapid detection of mutations associated with extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis
Authors: Liang JIANQIN , Zhou JIN , Liu YUQIN , Gao YUAN , Xiang GUANGXIN , Chen ZHI , Xing WANLI
Published: September 2020

Background
The diagnosis and treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis (TB) especially multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis are the critical and difficult factors in the prevention and control of tuberculosis. The development of rapid molecular diagnostic tools become more and more significant to improve the cure rate, decrease the risk of recurrence and death rate. Currently, molecular mechanisms of drug resistance and major drug-resistant genes of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) have been analyzed and elucidated. We put into use PCR-fluorescent probes to detect the mutation gene associated with XDR-TB and evaluate the clinical value of PCR-fluorescent probes.
Methods
The molecular species identification of 900 sputum specimens was performed with the use of PCR-fluorescent probe method, wherein the mutations of the drug resistance genes including rpoB, katG, inhA, embB, rpsL, rrs and gyrA were detected, and the conventional drug susceptibility testing(DST)and PCR-directed sequencing(PCR-DS) was carried out as control.
Results
Among the 900 positive sputum specimens, the result of DST demonstrated that there were 501 strains of rifampicin-resistance, 451 strains of isoniazid-resistance, 293 strains of quinolone-resistance, 425 strains of streptomycin-resistance, 235 strains of ethambutol-resistance, and 204 strains of Amikacin-resistance. 427(47.44%) strains were MDR-TB. 146 (16.22%) strains were XDR-TB. The mutations of the rpoB, katG, inhA, embB, rpsL, rrs, and gyrA genes were detected in 751 of 900 specimens of MTB by PCR-fluorescent probe method, and the detection rate of drug resistance was 751/900 (83.44%). No mutant genes were detected in the other 149 specimens. Compared with DST, the mutant detection rate of rpoB, katG/inhA, rpsL, rrs, embB, and gyrA of six drugs (RIF,INH,SM,AM,EMB,FQs) were larger than 88%, five of six drugs were larger than 90% except for SM༈88.11%༉. The MDR mutant gene types were found in 398 specimens (42.22%), and XDR mutant gene types were found in 137 specimens (15.22%). PCR-DS was also employed and confirmed the PCR-fluorescent probe method with the accordance rate of 100%.
Conclusion
The PCR-fluorescent probe method is simple and rapid in detection of genotypes of XDR-TB and is worthy to be applied in the hospital.
Transcriptome analysis reveals major transcriptional changes during regrowth after mowing of red clover (Trifolium pratense)
Authors: Herbert Denise B , Gross Thomas , Rupp Oliver , Becker Annette
Published: September 2020

BackgroundRed clover (Trifolium pratense) is globally used as a fodder plant due its high nutritional value and soil improving qualities. In response to mowing, red clover exhibits specific morphological traits to compensate the loss of biomass. The morphological reaction is well described, but the underlying molecular mechanisms and its role for plants grown in the field are unclear. ResultsHere, we characterize the global transcriptional response to mowing of red clover by comparing plants grown under greenhouse conditions with plants growing on agriculturally used fields. Unexpectedly, we found that biotic and abiotic stress related changes of plants grown in the field overlay their regrowth related transcriptional changes and characterized transcription related protein families involved in these processes. Further, we can show that gibberellins, among other phytohormones, also contribute to the developmental processes related to regrowth after biomass-loss. ConclusionsOur findings show that massive biomass loss triggers less transcriptional changes in field grown plants than their struggle with biotic and abiotic stresses and that gibberellins also play a role in the developmental program related to regrowth after mowing in red clover. Our results provide first insights into the physiological and developmental processes of mowing on red clover and may serve as a base for red clover yield improvement.
Small Cell Carcinoma as an Independent Prognostic Factor for Cervical Cancer Patients: A Population-Based Analysis
Authors: Miao Wang , Qiuji Wu , Song Congkuan , Yixin Liu , Xulong Wang , Boyu Zhang , Guizhen Qin , Jun Zhang , Wei Yongchang
Published: September 2020

Background: Small cell carcinoma (SmCC) of cervix was a rare neoplasm with little recognition. Population-based study describing difference in characteristics and outcomes between SmCC and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), usual type, was limited. Here, we used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to compare SmCC with SCC and investigated the prognostic values of the clinicopathological characteristics and survival outcomes in SmCC of cervix.Methods: Patients diagnosed with cervical SmCC and SCC in SEER database from 2004-2015 were enrolled in analysis. Propensity-score matching analysis (PSM) was used to balance baseline characteristics between patients who were cervical SmCC and those who were cervical SCC. Cox regression models and Kaplan-Meier methods were conducted to analyze survival data before and after PSM. Stratified analyses were performed to investigate the risk of mortality at different stage. Results: In total, 25345 patients including 287 cervical SmCC patients and 25058 cervical SCC patients were enrolled our analysis. Both histological subtypes were more common in unmarried women and in white populations. Compared with cervical SCC patients, cervical SmCC patients showed a higher rate of larger tumor size (tumor size ≥4 cm, 33.8% vs 51.9%, P<0.001), higher grade disease (grade III-IV, 32.2% vs 58.9%, P<0.001), regional lymph node involvement (22.5% vs 49.5%, P<0.001) and distant metastasis (10.3% vs 32.4%, P<0.001). Before PSM, multivariate regression model revealed that SmCC histology (P<0.001) and advanced FIGO stages (P<0.001) were principal prognostic factors of poor survival for cervical patients. After PSM, 1060 patients in SCC group were 4:1 matched with 278 patients in SmCC group. Multivariate regression model in PSM cohort showed histology and FIGO stage were crucial prognostic factors for survival. Kaplan-Meier survival curves clearly showed that cervical SmCC patients had worse survival than that of patients with SCC in all stages, stage I-II, III, IV before and after PSM analysis.Conclusion: Compared to patients with cervical SCC, those with cervical SmCC showed a worse survival before and after adjustment baseline characteristic in all stages. SmCC was an independent poor prognostic factor in cervical cancer patients.
The Study of Cerebral Blood Flow Variations Following Radiation Dose Gradients for Brain Metastasis Patients During Radiotherapy
Authors: Hou Chuanke , Gong Guanzhong , Wang Lizhen , Su Ya , Lu Jie , Yin Yong
Published: September 2020

Brackground: Changes of cereberal blood flow in different brain regions of patients with brain metastases after radiotherapy are worth exploring. This study aims to investigate the radiation dose range of normal brain tissue and tumor target area by evaluating the cerebral blood flow(CBF) for brain metastases (BMs) patients applying with 3D arterial spin labeling (ASL).Methods: A total of 26 patients harboring 54 BMs treated with radiotherapy (RT) were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR) before and 30-40Gy post RT. The high signal area of BMs on enhanced T1-weighted images (T1WI), normal brain tissue, and peritumoral edema region were defined as regions of interest (ROIs). Changes and correlation of largest cross-sectional area and maximum CBF in BMs before and after RT were analyzed. Maximum CBF change in the three ROIs under different gradients created by thresholding the individual dose maps at 10 Gy steps were assessed.Results: In terms of 54 BMs, a significant decrease of CBF of 29.64% (P<0.05) compared to largest cross-sectional area of 26.46% (P<0.05). The decrease of CBF was more pronounced for 30-40 Gy (33.75%) than for 40-50Gy and >50Gy (24.61% and 27.55%). In normal brain tissue with dose gradients of 30-40Gy, CBF decreased to the maximum, 20.23% (P<0.05),which was similar to BMs. In contrast, the decrement rate of CBF in the peritumoral edema region increased as the dose gradients increased.Conclusions: CBF decreased significantly during the course of RT. According to CBF variations, the dose to the normal brain tissue should be controlled below 30 Gy as much as possible, whereas tumor with high perfusion and peritumoral edema region should be given a higher dose.
Structure Comparison of Two Coexistent Weevil Rostra on Ailanthus: The Response to Ecological Demands of Egg Deposition
Authors: Zhang Ganyu , Guo Wenjuan , Wang Xiaoyi , Wang Qian , Cui Jin , Wen Junbao
Published: September 2020

Background: Elongated rostra play an important role in the egg-laying of weevils, and its emergence is a key event in the adaptive radiation of weevils. Eucryptorrhynchus scrobiculatus Motschulsky and E. brandti Harold co-occur on the same only host Ailanthus altissima, while their oviposition sites are different. In order to understand the adaptation between the rostra of the two weevils and their oviposition sites, the structural differentiation of rostra in E. scrobiculatus and E. brandti was compared. Results: The present study reveals that: (1) The rostra length of E. scrobiculatus and E. brandti was found to be correlated with body size, larger specimens have a proportionally longer rostrum. The increased rostra length is probably a by-product of the larger body sizes. (2) There were significant differences in the external shape of the two rostra, especially the shape of the mandibles of the mouthparts at the apex of the rostra used to excavate an oviposition cavity. (3) There was no difference in the size of the abductor muscles that control the extension of the mandibles, but there were significant differences in the size of the adductor muscles that control the contraction of the mandibles. Conclusion: These structural differences reflect the functional potential ovipositional tactics of rostra, which is considered to be a response to the ecological demands of egg deposition, and also provide new insights into the coexistence of two weevil species in the same host A. altissima.
Sleep Health and Its Related Influencing Factors in Primary and Middle School Students in Fuzhou: a Large Multi-Center Crowd-based Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Xu Xingyan , Zheng Fuhao , Cai Yingying , Lin Jie , Zeng Zhaonan , Wei Shichao , Wu Siying
Published: September 2020

BackgroundThis current study set out to investigate the status of sleep health in 7-20-year-old students in Fuzhou and explore the related influencing factors of sleep health. MethodsA total of 38467 children and adolescents in Fuzhou were included in the study through a random stratified cluster sampling. Data were collected from May-June 2019, in 18 primary schools and 18 middle schools from 9 Districts, Fuzhou. Children's parents and adolescents of sampled classes were invited to fill a series of questionnaires about the performance of the last 6 months (sociodemographic characteristics, family sleep habits and routine activities before bedtime). Multiple linear regression was carried out to analyze data. ResultsOf the total 40888 questionnaires we released, 38467 were valid and effective with the response rate was 94.08%. The age of the surveyed participants was 11.85±3.1, including 20013 boys and 18454 girls. The multiple linear regression analysis identified factors associated with sleep health (P<0.05): Grl (coef=-0.073, 95%CI: -0.115--0.03), Age (coeff=0.234, 95%CI: 0.224-0.243), Key school (coeff=-0.149, 95%CI: -0.193- -0.105), Urban (coeff=-0.096, 95%CI: -0.139--0.054), Excessive daytime sleepiness (coeff=0.535, 95%CI: 0.432-0.639), Unhealthy sleep habits (coeff=0.363, 95%CI: 0.307-0.419), Using electronic products in bedroom (coeff=0.074, 95%CI: 0.028-0.121), Screen time per day during school (coeff=0.260, 95%CI: 0.235-0.284), Frequency of using electronics 30 minutes before bedtime (coeff=0.150, 95%CI: 0.134-0.166), Eating before sleep (coeff=0.578, 95%CI: 0.527-0.63), Sleep alone (coeff=-0.204, 95%CI: -0.262--0.147) Intense relationship with parents (coeff=0.361, 95%CI: 0.27-0.452), Intense relationship with peers (coeff=0.267, 95%CI: 0.171-0.363), Excessive homework or learning (coeff=0.189, 95%CI: 0.141-0.237), Time for doing homework (coeff=0.266, 95%CI: 0.245-0.287) and Mood swings frequently (coeff=1.174, 95%CI: 1.127-1.221) had greater impact on sleep health than other factors. ConclusionsSleep health is associated with factors covered sociodemographic characteristics, family sleep habits and routine activities before bedtime, and multiple measures should be taken to improve sleep quality in a targeted manner.
Butorphanol Mitigates Emergence Agitation in Patients Undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery: A Randomised Controlled Clinical Trail
Authors: Qi Siyi , Dai Wanbing , Tian Weitian , Zhang Yizhe , Zheng Li , Yu Weifeng , Tian Jie , Su Diansan , Huai Xiaorong
Published: September 2020

Background: This study explored the effectiveness of preoperative intravenous injection of butorphanol in the alleviation of emergence agitation (EA) in patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).Methods: Patients (n = 708) were randomized into two groups. The butorphanol group (Group B, n=358) received butorphanol infusion (20 ug/kg) before anaesthesia induction, while the control group (Group C, n=350) received an equal volume of normal saline infusion. General anaesthesia was induced with sufentanil, propofol and rocuronium, and was maintained with sevoflurane and remifentanil. Vasoactive drugs maintained the haemodynamic indices within 20% of the baseline.Results: The incidence of EA (Group B vs. C: 24.3 vs. 31.4%, P = 0.034). The times to spontaneous breathing (26.5 min vs. 23.7 min, P = 0.011), verbal response (36.0 min vs. 33.4 min, P = 0.012) and extubation (31.0 min vs. 28.7 min, P = 0.025) were longer in Group B, and the grade of cough (0.33 vs. 0.43, P = 0.024) at extubation in Group B was lower than that in Group C (P = 0.024). The mean arterial pressure at the end of the operation (P = 0.004) and at 5 min after extubation (P = 0.008) was higher and hypotension was less prominent (0.6% vs. 2.6%, P = 0.030) in Group B.Conclusions: Preoperative intravenous injection of butorphanol decreased the incidence of EA after FESS, and provided smooth and haemodynamically stable emergence without extending the stay in post-anaesthesia care unit.Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT03398759. Registered 21 December 2017, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03398759?term=03398759&draw=2&rank=1
A stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work: a qualitative study of healthcare professionals’ experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result
Authors: Missel Malene , Bernild Camilla , Dagyaran Ilkay , Christensen Signe Westh , Berg Selina Kikkenborg
Published: September 2020

Background: Extensive measures to reduce person-to-person transmission of COVID-19 are required to control the current outbreak. Special attention is directed at healthcare professionals as reducing the risk of infection in healthcare is essential. The purpose of this study was to explore healthcare professionals’ experiences of awaiting a test result for a potential COVID-19 infection.Methods: Qualitative interviews with 15 healthcare professionals were performed, underpinned by a phenomenological hermeneutical analytical framework. Results: The participating healthcare professionals’ experiences of awaiting a COVID-19 test result were found to be associated with a stoic and altruistic orientation towards their work. These healthcare professionals presented a strong professional identity overriding most concerns about their own health. The result of the coronavirus test was a decisive parameter for whether healthcare professionals could return to work. The healthcare professionals were aware that their family and friends were having a hard time knowing that the COVID-19 infection risk was part of their jobs. This concern did not, however, cause the healthcare professionals to falter in their belief that they were doing the right thing by focusing on their core area. The threat to own health ran through the minds of the healthcare professionals occasionally, which makes access to testing particularly important.Conclusion: The participating healthcare professionals had a strong professional identity. However, a discrepancy between an altruistic role as a healthcare professional and the expectations that come from the community was illuminated. A mental health coronavirus hotline for healthcare professionals is suggested.