bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HR‐1H NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistical analysis to determine the composition of herbal mixtures for infusions
Authors: Marchetti Lucia , Rossi Maria Cecilia , Pellati Federica , Benvenuti Stefania , Bertelli Davide
Published: October 2020

Introduction

The ever‐growing diffusion and consumption of herbal teas, due to their sensory attributes and well‐known health benefits exposes them to the real risk of adulteration, especially in the case of commercial mixtures already minced for infusion. Therefore, novel and suitable tools for the control of these valuable products are increasingly required.

Objectives

This work provides new insights for the authenticity study of infusions. The main objective was verifying the potential of proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H‐NMR) combined with partial least square (PLS) regression to build highly predictive models, useful for the determination of the real amounts of herbs in mixtures, by the simple analysis of the related infusion.

Materials and methods

Peppermint, fennel, lemon balm, and passiflora were chosen to set‐up an experimental plan according to a central composite design (CCD). One‐dimensional nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (1D‐NOESY) spectra were properly pretreated and then analysed by chemometrics to extract significant information from the raw data.

Results

Venetian‐blind cross‐validation and different chemometric indicators (RMSEC, RMSECV, RMSEP, R2CAL, R2CV, R2PRED) were used to establish the best model, which include four factors explaining 88.70 and 83.77% of the total variance in X and Y, respectively.

Conclusions

These promising results have laid the basis for further development of the method, to extend its applicability and make it more scalable. This tool could replace expensive separative techniques and protect the rights of consumers with particular attention to safety issues and quality assurance.
Development of orientation sensitivity to Chinese compound characters in 4‐ to 6‐year‐ old children
Authors: Zhang Wenfang , Ni Aiping , Li Su
Published: October 2020

Visual‐orthographic skill is crucial to beginning readers when they learn to read. Confusion of the orientation of letters or words is common for beginning readers across different writing systems, especially for Chinese script with high visual complexity. The present study aims to explore children's early development of Chinese compound characters' orientation perception and its relation to their reading development. Ninety‐two preschool children aged from 4 to 6 years participated in the study. They were instructed to finish two perceptual matching tasks (inverted orientation and mirrored orientation) which were presented on a touch screen. Results showed that 4‐year‐old children were sensitive to the inverted Chinese compound characters. However, 6‐year‐old children showed sensitivity to the mirrored Chinese compound characters. Additionally, children's reading ability was significantly correlated with the sensitivity of mirrored Chinese compound characters, even after controlling children's ages and their general cognitive ability. These findings indicate that different aspects of orientation sensitivity to Chinese compound characters demonstrated different developmental trajectories. Orientation sensitivity to Chinese compound characters may be an important early predictor for later reading development.
Congestion avoidance routing algorithm for topology‐inhomogeneous low earth orbit satellite navigation augmentation network
Authors: Kuang Yanghongyi , Yi Xianqing , Hou Zhenwei
Published: October 2020

This study proposes a routing algorithm to solve the link congestion problem caused by the limited topology in a topology‐inhomogeneous low earth orbit (LEO) satellite navigation augmentation network. First, we analyze the characteristics of the latter and describe the navigation augmentation data transmission process in the network. On this basis, we establish a congestion avoidance routing model for the topology‐inhomogeneous LEO satellite navigation augmentation network and analyze the reasons for modeling and its advantages in depth. A routing algorithm based on the local load balancing of potentially congested links in the topology‐inhomogeneous LEO satellite navigation augmentation network is then proposed based on the need for quickly solving the approximate optimal solution of the above‐mentioned model. The theoretical proof of the algorithm's effectiveness in avoiding congestion in the topology‐inhomogeneous LEO satellite navigation augmentation network is described. Finally, its effectiveness is verified by a simulation.
Bayesian group learning for shot selection of professional basketball players
Authors: Hu Guanyu , Yang Hou‐Cheng , Xue Yishu
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we develop a group learning approach to analyze the underlying heterogeneity structure of shot selection among professional basketball players in the NBA. We propose a mixture of finite mixtures (MFM) model to capture the heterogeneity of shot selection among different players based on the Log Gaussian Cox process (LGCP). Our proposed method can simultaneously estimate the number of groups and group configurations. An efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm is developed for our proposed model. Simulation studies have been conducted to demonstrate its performance. Finally, our proposed learning approach is further illustrated in analyzing shot charts of selected players in the NBA's 2017–2018 regular season.
Accelerated Ripening in Chemically Fueled Emulsions**
Authors: Tena‐Solsona Marta , Janssen Jacqueline , Wanzke Caren , Schnitter Fabian , Park Hansol , Rieß Benedikt , Gibbs Julianne M. , Weber Christoph A. , Boekhoven Job
Published: October 2020

Chemically fueled emulsions are solutions with droplets made of phase‐separated molecules that are activated and deactivated by a chemical reaction cycle. These emulsions play a crucial role in biology as a class of membrane‐less organelles. Moreover, theoretical studies show that droplets in these emulsions can evolve to the same size or spontaneously self‐divide when fuel is abundant. All of these exciting properties, i. e., emergence, decay, collective behavior, and self‐division, are pivotal to the functioning of life. However, these theoretical predictions lack experimental systems to test them quantitively. Here, we describe the synthesis of synthetic emulsions formed by a fuel‐driven chemical cycle, and we find a surprising new behavior, i. e., the dynamics of droplet growth is regulated by the kinetics of the fuel‐driven reaction cycle. Consequently, the average volume of these droplets grows orders of magnitude faster compared to Ostwald ripening. Combining experiments and theory, we elucidate the underlying mechanism.
Current advances in ligand‐based target prediction
Authors: Yang Su‐Qing , Ye Qing , Ding Jun‐Jie , Ming‐Zhu Yin  , Lu Ai‐Ping , Chen Xiang , Hou Ting‐Jun , Cao Dong‐Sheng
Published: October 2020

Target identification for bioactive molecules augments modern drug discovery efforts in a range of applications, from the elaboration of mode‐of‐action of drugs to the drug repurposing to even the knowledge of side‐effects and further optimization. However, the traditional labor‐intensive and time‐consuming experiment methods obstructed the development. Driven by massive bioactivity data deposited in chemogenomic databases, computational alternatives have been proposed and widely developed to expedite the validation process. By screening a compound against a protein database, it is possible to identify potential target candidates that fit with this specific compound for subsequent experimental validation. In particular, ligand‐based target prediction methods have made tremendous progress in the past decade due to their flexibility, relatively low computational cost, and remarkable predictive performance, and are still moving forward. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of ligand‐based target prediction methods including similarity searching, machine learning and algorithm stacking, and the strategies to validate these methods. We also discuss the strength and weakness of the existing data sources for model development and outline the challenges and prospects of ligand‐based target prediction. It is expected that the topic discussed in this review should guide the development and application of ligand‐based target prediction and be of interest to the audiences for wider scientific community.

This article is categorized under:

Data Science > Chemoinformatics
The dark side of 4321
Authors: Guadagnoli Diego , Reboud Méril , Stangl Peter
Published: October 2020

Abstract

The evidence of Dark Matter (DM) is one of the strongest observational arguments in favor of physics beyond the Standard Model. Despite expectations, a similar evidence has been lacking so far in collider searches, with the possible exception of B-physics discrepancies, a coherent set of persistent deviations in a homogeneous dataset consisting of b → c and b → s semi-leptonic transitions. We explore the question whether DM and the B discrepancies may have a common origin. We do so in the context of the so-called 4321 gauge model, a UV-complete and calculable setup that yields a U1 leptoquark, the by far most successful single mediator able to explain the B anomalies, along with other new gauge bosons, including a Z′. Adding to this setup a ‘minimal’ DM fermionic multiplet, consisting of a 4 under the 4321’s SU(4), we find the resulting model in natural agreement with the relic-density observation and with the most severe direct-detection bounds, in the sense that the parameter space selected by B physics is also the one favored by DM phenomenology. The DM candidate is a particle with a mass in the WIMP range, freeze-out dynamics includes a co-annihilator (the ‘rest’ of the 4 multiplet), and the most important gauge mediator in the DM sector is the Z′.
Vault RNAs: hidden gems in RNA and protein regulation
Authors: Hahne Jens Claus , Lampis Andrea , Valeri Nicola
Published: October 2020

Non-coding RNAs are important regulators of differentiation during embryogenesis as well as key players in the fine-tuning of transcription and furthermore, they control the post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs under physiological conditions. Deregulated expression of non-coding RNAs is often identified as one major contribution in a number of pathological conditions. Non-coding RNAs are a heterogenous group of RNAs and they represent the majority of nuclear transcripts in eukaryotes. An evolutionary highly conserved sub-group of non-coding RNAs is represented by vault RNAs, named since firstly discovered as component of the largest known ribonucleoprotein complexes called “vault”. Although they have been initially described 30 years ago, vault RNAs are largely unknown and their molecular role is still under investigation. In this review we will summarize the known functions of vault RNAs and their involvement in cellular mechanisms.
Hypergeometric Identities Related to Roberts Reductions of Hyperelliptic Integrals
Authors: Joshi Santosh B. , Ritelli Daniele
Published: October 2020

In this article starting from some reductions of hyperelliptic integrals of genus 3 into elliptic integrals, due to Michael Roberts (A Tract on the addition of Elliptic and hyperelliptic integrals, Hodger, Foster and Co, 1871) we obtain several identities which, to the best of our knowledge, are all new. The strategy used at this purpose is to evaluate Roberts integrals, in two different ways, on one side by means of elliptic integrals, obtained from the Roberts method of reduction and, on the other side, using multivariate hypergeometric functions.
Seroprevalence and immunity of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents in schools in Switzerland: design for a longitudinal, school-based prospective cohort study
Authors: Ulyte Agne , Radtke Thomas , Abela Irène A. , Haile Sarah R. , Braun Julia , Jung Ruedi , Berger Christoph , Trkola Alexandra , Fehr Jan , Puhan Milo A. , Kriemler Susi
Published: October 2020

Objectives

This longitudinal cohort study aims to assess the extent and patterns of seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in school-attending children, and their parents and school personnel. It will examine risk factors for infection, the relationship between seropositivity and symptoms, and temporal persistence of antibodies.

Methods

The study (Ciao Corona) will enroll a regionally representative, random sample of schools in the canton of Zurich, where 18% of the Swiss population live. Children aged 5–16 years, attending primary and secondary schools, and their parents and school personnel are invited. Venous blood and saliva samples are collected for serological testing in June/July 2020, in October/November 2020, and in March/April 2021. Bi-monthly questionnaires will cover SARS-CoV-2 symptoms and tests, health, preventive behavior, and lifestyle information. Hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression models will account for sensitivity and specificity of the serological tests in the analyses and complex sampling structure, i.e., clustering within classes and schools.

Results and conclusions

This unique school-based study will allow describing temporal trends of immunity, evaluate effects of preventive measures and will inform goal-oriented policy decisions during subsequent outbreaks.

Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04448717, registered June 26, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04448717.
Fiber laser welding of AA 5754 in the double lap-joint configuration: process development, mechanical characterization, and monitoring
Authors: Garavaglia Matteo , Demir Ali Gökhan , Zarini Stefano , Victor Brian M. , Previtali Barbara
Published: October 2020

Aluminum alloys are widely spread in many industrial sectors due to their desirable characteristics as low density, good formability, high specific strength, and good resistance to corrosion. Autogenous laser welding is a technology that enables the use of these materials in the industrial process due to its high repeatability, reliability, and ease of automatization. In particular, in automotive applications, Al-alloys are welded in lap-joint configurations with more than 2 layers of material. The welding condition should be monitored in order to detect the complete penetration, hence guaranteeing the appropriate weld resistance. The use of non-invasive and coaxial monitoring solutions is highly desirable for the identification of weld defects during the process. This study investigates an autogenous laser welding process and monitoring in the double lap-joint configuration of sheets of AA 5754. First, the process parameters are investigated to identify the geometrical and mechanical characteristics of the resultant welding seams at different process conditions. The employed high-brilliance 3 kW fiber laser provided the possibility of reading the back-reflected light signal from an internal photodiode. The capability of this signal to be used as a non-invasive, coaxial, and remote monitoring system in order to predict the process outcome was tested. In the experiments the back-reflected light intensity could be correlated to the weld seam width at the second interface, as well as the strength of the joint to shear. Finally, the monitoring signal behavior was demonstrated under simulated weld defect conditions. The results show that weld anomalies such as lack of penetration, misalignment, and gap formation can be sensed through the monitoring approach.
Machine learning based on clinico-biological features integrated 18F-FDG PET/CT radiomics for distinguishing squamous cell carcinoma from adenocarcinoma of lung
Authors: Ren Caiyue , Zhang Jianping , Qi Ming , Zhang Jiangang , Zhang Yingjian , Song Shaoli , Sun Yun , Cheng Jingyi
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To develop and validate a clinico-biological features and18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) radiomic-based nomogram via machine learning for the pretherapy prediction of discriminating between adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Methods

A total of 315 NSCLC patients confirmed by postoperative pathology between January 2017 and June 2019 were retrospectively analyzed and randomly divided into the training (n = 220) and validation (n = 95) sets. Preoperative clinical factors, serum tumor markers, and PET, and CT radiomic features were analyzed. Prediction models were developed using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression analysis. The performance of the models was evaluated and compared by the area under receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) and DeLong test. The clinical utility of the models was determined via decision curve analysis (DCA). Then, a nomogram was developed based on the model with the best predictive efficiency and clinical utility and was validated using the calibration plots.

Results

In total, 122 SCC and 193 ADC patients were enrolled in this study. Four independent prediction models were separately developed to differentiate SCC from ADC using clinical factors-tumor markers, PET radiomics, CT radiomics, and their combination. The DeLong test and DCA showed that the Combined Model, consisting of 2 clinical factors, 2 tumor markers, 7 PET radiomics, and 3 CT radiomic parameters, held the highest predictive efficiency and clinical utility in predicting the NSCLC subtypes compared with the use of these parameters alone in both the training and validation sets (AUCs (95% CIs) = 0.932 (0.900–0.964), 0.901 (0.840–0.957), respectively) (p < 0.05). A quantitative nomogram was subsequently constructed using the independently risk factors from the Combined Model. The calibration curves indicated a good consistency between the actual observations and nomogram predictions.

Conclusion

This study presents an integrated clinico-biologico-radiological nomogram that can be accurately and noninvasively used for the individualized differentiation SCC from ADC in NSCLC, thereby assisting in clinical decision making for precision treatment.
Early Induction of Bedside Pneumoperitoneum in the Management of Residual Pleural Space and Air Leaks After Pulmonary Resection
Authors: Pecoraro Alessandra , Garbarino Giovanni Maria , Peritore Valentina , Tiracorrendo Matteo , Andreetti Claudio , Ibrahim Mohsen , Rendina Erino Angelo , Mercantini Paolo
Published: October 2020

Background

The pneumoperitoneum to treat prolonged air leaks or pleural space problems after pulmonary resection has been successfully used for decades. The aim of the study is to describe our experience with the early induction of therapeutic pneumoperitoneum (TP).

Methods

We reviewed the data of 103 consecutive patients undergoing TP between September 2011 and September 2019. Patients were divided into two groups according to the time of the induction of TP: early application (≥72 h) and standard application (>72 h).

Results

In total, 52 early TP and 51 standard TP were analyzed. The median time of TP induction was 2 (1–3) versus 8 (5–11) postoperative days (POD) (p < 0.001). The time for obliteration of the residual pleural space (7 vs.9 days, p = 0.805) and the time of resolution of the air leaks (14 vs. 16 days, p = 0.663) didn't differ between the two groups, but a favorable trend was observed in the early group. The hospital stay was lower for patients undergoing early pneumoperitoneum: 9 versus 18 days (p < 0.001). The multivariate analysis showed that POD of induction of TP (p < 0.001), time of resolution of the air leak (p < 0.001) and Heimlich valve (p = 0.002) were independent variables associated with the hospital stay.

Conclusions

The use of TP whenever a space problem or air leaks occur after pulmonary resections is safe and effective. Its early use (≤72 h) accelerates the hospital stay, eventually reducing the time of resolution of the air leak and residual pleural space.
Correlation of the abundance of bacteria catalyzing phosphorus and nitrogen turnover in biological soil crusts of temperate forests of Germany
Authors: Kurth Julia Katharina , Albrecht Martin , Karsten Ulf , Glaser Karin , Schloter Michael , Schulz Stefanie
Published: October 2020

Soil P pools are strongly driven by microbial activities, and vice versa, P pools shape bacterial communities and their functional potential. Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) represent a microbial hotspot for nutrient turnover. We compared biocrusts and bulk soil samples from different temperate beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) forests representing a gradient in soil texture, nutrient concentrations, and pH values at biocrust peak biomass. We measured the total and plant-available P and N concentrations and assessed the bacterial potential to mineralize (phoD, phnX), solubilize (gcd), and take up P (pstS and pitA) and mineralize (chiA, apr) and fix N (nifH) by quantifying the respective marker genes (qPCR). We found an increase of absolute and relative bacterial abundance involved in P turnover in biocrusts, but the strategy to acquire P differed between the regions as bacteria harboring the starvation-induced pstS gene were most abundant where labile P was lowest. In contrast, the region with lowest total P concentrations has a higher potential to utilize more stable phosphonates. N mineralization was strongly correlated to P turnover at regions with increased labile N and P concentrations. Interestingly, the potential to fix N was highest in the bulk soil where total P concentrations were highest. Even though the correlation of N and P turnover is strongest if their ratio is low, the acquisition strategy strongly depends on soil properties.
Role of the Atlantic multidecadal variability in modulating East Asian climate
Authors: Monerie Paul-Arthur , Robson Jon , Dong Buwen , Hodson Dan
Published: October 2020

We assess the effects of the North Atlantic Ocean Sea Surface Temperature (NASST) on North East Asian (NEA) surface temperature. We use a set of sensitivity experiments, performed with MetUM-GOML2, an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a multi-level ocean mixed layer model, to mimic warming and cooling over the North Atlantic Ocean. Results show that a warming of the NASST is associated with a significant warming over NEA. Two mechanisms are pointed out to explain the NASST—North East Asia surface temperature relationship. First, the warming of the NASST is associated with a modulation of the northern hemisphere circulation, due to the propagation of a Rossby wave (i.e. the circumglobal teleconnection). The change in the atmosphere circulation is associated with advections of heat from the Pacific Ocean to NEA and with an increase in net surface shortwave radiation over NEA, both acting to increase NEA surface temperature. Second, the warming of the NASST is associated with a cooling (warming) over the eastern (western) Pacific Ocean, which modulates the circulation over the western Pacific Ocean and NEA. Additional simulations, in which Pacific Ocean sea surface temperatures are kept constant, show that the modulation of the circumglobal teleconnection is key to explaining impacts of the NASST on NEA surface temperature.
A new method using a vessel-sealing system provides coagulation effects to various types of bleeding with less thermal damage
Authors: Oyama Shosaburo , Nonaka Takashi , Matsumoto Keitaro , Taniguchi Daisuke , Hashimoto Yasumasa , Obata Tomohiro , Hisanaga Makoto , Moriyama Masaaki , Matsuo Naoto , Wada Hideo , Hamada Kiyoaki , Wakata Kouki , Tominaga Tetsuro , Hidaka Shigekazu , Sawai Terumitsu , Nagayasu Takeshi
Published: October 2020

Background

Hemostasis is very important for a safe surgery, particularly in endoscopic surgery. Accordingly, in the last decade, vessel-sealing systems became popular as hemostatic devices. However, their use is limited due to thermal damage to organs, such as intestines and nerves. We developed a new method for safe coagulation using a vessel-sealing system, termed flat coagulation (FC). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this new FC method compared to conventional coagulation methods.

Methods

We evaluated the thermal damage caused by various energy devices, such as the vessel-sealing system (FC method using LigaSure™), ultrasonic scissors (Sonicision™), and monopolar electrosurgery (cut/coagulation/spray/soft coagulation (SC) mode), on porcine organs, including the small intestine and liver. Furthermore, we compared the hemostasis time between the FC method and conventional methods in the superficial bleeding model using porcine mesentery.

Results

FC caused less thermal damage than monopolar electrosurgery’s SC mode in the porcine liver and small intestine (liver: mean depth of thermal damage, 1.91 ± 0.35 vs 3.37 ± 0.28 mm; p = 0.0015). In the superficial bleeding model, the hemostasis time of FC was significantly shorter than that of electrosurgery’s SC mode (mean, 19.54 ± 22.51 s vs 44.99 ± 21.18 s; p = 0.0046).

Conclusion

This study showed that the FC method caused less thermal damage to porcine small intestine and liver than conventional methods. This FC method could provide easier and faster coagulation of superficial bleeds compared to that achieved by electrosurgery’s SC mode. Therefore, this study motivates for the use of this new method to achieve hemostasis with various types of bleeds involving internal organs during endoscopic surgeries.
Multivariate non-parametric Euclidean distance model for hourly disaggregation of daily climate data
Authors: Görner Christina , Franke Johannes , Kronenberg Rico , Hellmuth Olaf , Bernhofer Christian
Published: October 2020

The algorithm for and results of a newly developed multivariate non-parametric model, the Euclidean distance model (EDM), for the hourly disaggregation of daily climate data are presented here. The EDM is a resampling method based on the assumption that the day to be disaggregated has already occurred once in the past. The Euclidean distance (ED) serves as a measure of similarity to select the most similar day from historical records. EDM is designed to disaggregate daily means/sums of several climate elements at once, here temperature (T), precipitation (P), sunshine duration (SD), relative humidity (rH), and wind speed (WS), while conserving physical consistency over all disaggregated elements. Since weather conditions and hence the diurnal cycles of climate elements depend on the weather pattern, a selection approach including objective weather patterns (OWP) was developed. The OWP serve as an additional criterion to filter the most similar day. For a case study, EDM was applied to the daily climate data of the stations Dresden and Fichtelberg (Saxony, Germany). The EDM results agree well with the observed data, maintaining their statistics. Hourly results fit better for climate elements with homogenous diurnal cycles, e.g., T with very high correlations of up to 0.99. In contrast, the hourly results of the SD and the WS provide correlations up to 0.79. EDM tends to overestimate heavy precipitation rates, e.g., by up to 15% for Dresden and 26% for Fichtelberg, potentially due to, e.g., the smaller data pool for such events, and the equal-weighted impact of P in the ED calculation. The OWPs lead to somewhat improved results for all climate elements in terms of similar climate conditions of the basic stations. Finally, the performance of EDM is compared with the disaggregation tool MELODIST (Förster et al. 2015). Both tools deliver comparable and well corresponding results. All analyses of the generated hourly data show that EDM is a very robust and flexible model that can be applied to any climate station. Since EDM can disaggregate daily data of climate projections, future research should address whether the model is capable to respect and (re)produce future climate trends. Further, possible improvements by including the flow direction and future OWPs should be investigated, also with regard to reduce the overestimation of heavy rainfall rates.
Contour changes of peri-implant tissues are minimal and similar for a one- and a two-piece implant system over 12 years
Authors: Pirc Miha , Harbeck Oliver , Sapata Vitor M. , Hüsler Jürg , Jung Ronald E. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

To assess contour changes of peri-implant tissues comparing a one- and a two-piece dental implant system over 12 years.

Materials and methods

Patients seeking implant therapy were enrolled and randomly allocated to receive implants (a one-piece (STM) or a two-piece (BRA) system). Impressions were taken at the time of insertion of the final reconstruction (BL), after 1 year (FU-1), 5 years (FU-5), and at 12 years (FU-12). Thirty patients were included in the analysis (STM, 16; BRA, 14). Digital scans of casts were superimposed and analyzed in an image analysis program. Measurements included changes of the crown height, contour changes on the buccal side of the implants and the contralateral teeth (control).

Results

Contour changes at implant sites revealed a loss of − 0.29 mm (STM) and − 0.46 mm (BRA) during an observation period of 12 years. Contour changes at the corresponding tooth sites amounted to − 0.06 mm (STM) and − 0.12 mm (BRA) during the same time period. The implant crown gained 0.25 mm (STM) and 0.08 mm (BRA) in height due to recession of the marginal mucosa. The corresponding gain in crown height at the contralateral tooth sites amounted to 0.36 mm (STM) and 0.10 mm (BRA). Interproximal marginal bone level changes measured − 0.28 mm (STM) and − 1.11 mm (BRA). The mean BOP amounted to 38.8% (STM) and 48.7% (BRA) at the 12-year follow-up (FU-12).

Conclusion

Minimal changes of the peri-implant soft tissue contour were observed at implant sites over the period of 12 years irrespective of the use of a one- or a two-piece implant system. The differences between the implant sites and corresponding teeth were clinically negligible.

Clinical relevance

Peri-implant soft tissue stability is of high clinical relevance when monitoring dental implant sites on the long run. Clinical data on the extent of soft tissue changes around different implant systems are scarce. The present RCTs demonstrate minimal changes of the peri-implant soft tissue contour 12 years after implant insertion independent of the use of a one- or a two-piece implant system.
Investigating the safety and compliance of using csDMARDs in rheumatoid arthritis treatment through face-to-face interviews: a cross-sectional study in China
Authors: Sun Jiaying , Dai Siming , Zhang Ling , Feng Yajing , Yu Xin , Zhang Zhiyi
Published: October 2020

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) significantly impacts the health of Chinese patients. Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (csDMARDs) are used as the standard treatment for patients with RA. However, Chinese patients with RA have reported poor compliance with csDMARDs. This study aims to better understand the safety and compliance of using csDMARDs in RA treatment. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by questionnaires on safety and compliance of csDMARDs in 400 patients with RA and 100 rheumatologists from 13 cities in China. Rheumatologists were from Tier 3 Class A hospitals with independent rheumatology departments, who admitted more than 30 patients with RA per week. All patients were diagnosed for > 3 months before the survey and had been treated with csDMARDs for > 3 months. The incidence of adverse events (AEs) that attributed to csDMARDs estimated by rheumatologists was lower than that reported by patients for all four prescribed csDMARDs. Also, types of common AEs in rheumatologist’s perception differed from those in the patient’s report. Only 86% (116/135) of patients claimed they notified their rheumatologist about AEs, and 40.8% (150/368) of patients did not strictly adhere to their prescribed treatment. Reasons why patients were not compliant with their treatment, other than AEs, included symptoms being less severe, travel, and busy working life/business trips. This study revealed gaps in perceptions of csDMARDs-related AEs and medication adherence between rheumatologists and patients. These findings suggested adequate doctor-patient communications, and considerations of multiple real-world situations may improve adherence in the treatment of RA patients.

Key Points• This study identified gaps in rheumatologists’ perception of the prevalence and type of AEs experienced by their patients, which could potentially help them improve their patients’ compliance with treatment.
Realitätsillusion der deutschen Klimapolitik
Authors: Pritzl Rupert
Published: October 2020

Deutschland sah sich lange als Vorreiter in der Klimapolitik. Die Bilanz ernüchtert allerdings. Die klimapolitischen Ziele werden zum großen Teil nicht erreicht, und die gesellschaftlichen Kosten der umweltpolitischen Maßnahmen sind sehr hoch. Die Ineffektivität und Ineffizienz der bisherigen Klimapolitik in Deutschland erfordert einen grundlegenden Strategiewechsel, der nur mit einem einheitlichen CO2-Preis für alle Sektoren erreicht werden kann.
Origin and fate of dissolved organic matter in four shallow Baltic Sea estuaries
Authors: Voss Maren , Asmala Eero , Bartl Ines , Carstensen Jacob , Conley Daniel J. , Dippner Joachim W. , Humborg Christoph , Lukkari Kaarina , Petkuviene Jolita , Reader Heather , Stedmon Colin , Vybernaite-Lubiene Irma , Wannicke Nicola , Zilius Mindaugas
Published: October 2020

Coastal waters have strong gradients in dissolved organic matter (DOM) quantity and characteristics, originating from terrestrial inputs and autochthonous production. Enclosed seas with high freshwater input therefore experience high DOM concentrations and gradients from freshwater sources to more saline waters. The brackish Baltic Sea experiences such salinity gradients from east to west and from river mouths to the open sea. Furthermore, the catchment areas of the Baltic Sea are very diverse and vary from sparsely populated northern areas to densely populated southern zones. Coastal systems vary from enclosed or open bays, estuaries, fjords, archipelagos and lagoons where the residence time of DOM at these sites varies and may control the extent to which organic matter is biologically, chemically or physically modified or simply diluted with transport off-shore. Data of DOM with simultaneous measurements of dissolved organic (DO) nitrogen (N), carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) across a range of contrasting coastal systems are scarce. Here we present data from the Roskilde Fjord, Vistula and Öre estuaries and Curonian Lagoon; four coastal systems with large differences in salinity, nutrient concentrations, freshwater inflow and catchment characteristics. The C:N:P ratios of DOM of our data, despite high variability, show site specific significant differences resulting largely from differences residence time. Microbial processes seemed to have minor effects, and only in spring did uptake of DON in the Vistula and Öre estuaries take place and not at the other sites or seasons. Resuspension from sediments impacts bottom waters and the entire shallow water column in the Curonian Lagoon. Finally, our data combined with published data show that land use in the catchments seems to impact the DOC:DON and DOC:DOP ratios of the tributaries most.
Does Anger Expression Mediate the Relationship Between Parental Rejection and Direct and Indirect Forms of Non-suicidal Self-injury?
Authors: Cipriano Annarosa , Claes Laurence , Gandhi Amarendra , Cella Stefania , Cotrufo Paolo
Published: October 2020

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is defined as the intentional destruction of one’s own body without an intent to die (e.g., self-cutting). On the other hand, indirect forms of self-injury refer to behaviors in which people harm themselves in an indirect way (e.g., substance use). Existing literature suggests that a negative parent–child relationship may increase vulnerability to NSSI and indirect forms of self-injury. However, little is known about the potential mediators that intervene in the aforementioned relationship. Therefore, the present work tests a path model to investigate whether the manner of anger expression—anger-in (redirect anger inwardly) or anger-out (express anger outwardly)—mediates the association between parental rejection and direct (specifically self-cutting) and indirect (specifically substance use) forms of self-injury in a cross-sectional sample of Italian adolescents. We assessed self-injury, parental acceptance/rejection, and the expression of anger using self-report questionnaires in 2464 high school students, aged 13–20 years (Mage = 15.93, SD = 1.49). Additionally, characteristics of NSSI were also assessed using semi-structured interviews. We found that parental rejection was significantly positively associated with both self-cutting and substance use. The aforementioned relationship was mediated through anger-in for self-cutting, and through anger-out for substance use. The current work demonstrated that anger expression might work as a bridge between invalidating caregiving environment (i.e., rejecting), in which an individual feels unloved and uncared for, and the occurrence of self-cutting and substance use. The salient role of anger management in the development of prevention and intervention programs for NSSI and indirect self-injury among adolescents is discussed.
Twisted Quadrics and Algebraic Submanifolds in $\mathbb {R}^{n}$
Authors: Fiore Gaetano , Franco Davide , Weber Thomas
Published: October 2020

We propose a general procedure to construct noncommutative deformations of an algebraic submanifoldMof$\mathbb {R}^{n}$ℝn, specializing the procedure [G. Fiore, T. Weber,Twisted submanifolds of$\mathbb {R}^{n}$ℝn, arXiv:2003.03854] valid for smooth submanifolds. We use the framework of twisted differential geometry of Aschieri et al. (Class. Quantum Grav. 23, 1883–1911, 2006), whereby the commutative pointwise product is replaced by the ⋆-product determined by a Drinfel’d twist. We actually simultaneously construct noncommutative deformations ofallthe algebraic submanifoldsMcthat are level sets of thefa(x), wherefa(x) = 0 are the polynomial equations solved by the points ofM, employing twists based on the Lie algebra Ξtof vector fields that are tangent toalltheMc. The twisted Cartan calculus is automatically equivariant under twisted Ξt. If we endow$\mathbb {R}^{n}$ℝnwith a metric, then twisting and projecting to normal or tangent components commute, projecting the Levi-Civita connection to the twistedMis consistent, and in particular a twisted Gauss theorem holds, provided the twist is based on Killing vector fields. Twisted algebraic quadrics can be characterized in terms of generators and ⋆-polynomial relations. We explicitly work out deformations based on abelian or Jordanian twists of all quadrics in$\mathbb {R}^{3}$ℝ3except ellipsoids, in particular twisted cylinders embedded in twisted Euclidean$\mathbb {R}^{3}$ℝ3and twisted hyperboloids embedded in twisted Minkowski$\mathbb {R}^{3}$ℝ3[the latter are twisted (anti-)de Sitter spacesdS2,AdS2].
A puzzle about enkratic reasoning
Authors: Way Jonathan
Published: October 2020

Enkratic reasoning—reasoning from believing that you ought to do something to an intention to do that thing—seems good. But there is a puzzle about how it could be. Good reasoning preserves correctness, other things equal. But enkratic reasoning does not preserve correctness. This is because what you ought to do depends on your epistemic position, but what it is correct to intend does not. In this paper, I motivate these claims and thus show that there is a puzzle. I then argue that the best solution is to deny that correctness is always independent of your epistemic position. As I explain, a notable upshot is that a central epistemic norm directs us to believe, not simply what is true, but what we are in a position to know.
Einflussfaktoren bei der Social-Media-Nutzung in der Wissenschaftskommunikation
Authors: Hennig Anne , Kohler Sarah
Published: October 2020

Social Media beherrschen nicht nur die private Kommunikation, sondern haben zunehmend auch Einfluss auf die externe Wissenschaftskommunikation. In bisherigen Forschungsarbeiten wurden zwar bereits Social Media und deren Nutzung durch Wissenschaftler*innen in Zusammenhang mit wissenschaftsexterner Kommunikation untersucht, allerdings mangelt es an einer systematischen Darstellung der Einflussfaktoren. Diese Arbeit möchte an vorangegangene Studien anknüpfen und die gefundenen Einflussfaktoren replizieren und verifizieren. Als maßgebliche Einflussfaktoren bei der Social-Media-Nutzung von Wissenschaftler*innen haben wir basierend auf dem Forschungsstand Disziplinzugehörigkeit, den beruflichen Kontext, persönliche Eigenschaften und Prädispositionen definiert. Untersucht wurde die Häufigkeit der Nutzung von Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat sowie von Blogs und Podcasts. In einer aufwändig angelegten Online-Befragung haben wir zunächst Wissenschaftler*innen von 21 deutschen Volluniversitäten zur Teilnahme an der Studie eingeladen. Die Rekrutierung erfolgte über Dekanate und Institute und führte zu einer Stichprobe von über 1100 Wissenschaftler*innen. Lediglich Facebook und Twitter erwiesen sich für die Kommunikation im wissenschaftsexternen Kontext als relevant. Nach einer binär-logistischen Regressionsanalyse zeigte sich, dass die Ergebnisse bisheriger Studien nur vereinzelt bestätigt werden konnte. Faktoren wie Disziplinzugehörigkeit, Qualifikationsstufe und Alter haben eine nur mäßig gute Erklärkraft. Der Social-Media-Typus der Hochschule, das Geschlecht, Technikaffinität oder -abneigung sowie Persönlichkeitsfaktoren erwiesen sich als nicht signifikant. Die eher geringen R‑Quadrat-Werte in allen Modellen legen nahe, dass die unabhängigen Variablen nicht in der Lage sind, die abhängigen Variablen ausreichend gut zu erklären. Somit bedarf es weiterer Forschung, die insbesondere auch Faktoren des Einflusses auf das Public Engagement von Wissenschaftler*innen unabhängig vom Kommunikationsmedium einbezieht.
Neurochemical Differences in Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 14 and 1
Authors: Grosch Anne Sophie , Rinnenthal Jan Leo , Rönnefarth Maria , Lux Silke , Scheel Michael , Endres Matthias , Brandt Alexander U. , Paul Friedemann , Schmitz-Hübsch Tanja , Minnerop Martina , Doss Sarah
Published: October 2020

Autosomal-dominant spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA) are neurodegenerative diseases characterized by progressive ataxia. Here, we report on neurometabolic alterations in spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1; SCA-ATXN1) and 14 (SCA14; SCA-PRKCG) assessed by non-invasive 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Three Tesla 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed in 17 SCA14, 14 SCA1 patients, and in 31 healthy volunteers. We assessed metabolites in the cerebellar vermis, right cerebellar hemisphere, pons, prefrontal, and motor cortex. Additionally, clinical characteristics were obtained for each patient to correlate them with metabolites. In SCA14, metabolic changes were restricted to the cerebellar vermis compared with widespread neurochemical alterations in SCA1. In SCA14, total N-acetylaspartate (tNAA) was reduced in the vermis by 34%. In SCA1, tNAA was reduced in the vermis (24%), cerebellar hemisphere (26%), and pons (25%). SCA14 patients showed 24% lower glutamate+glutamine (Glx) and 46% lower γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the vermis, while SCA1 patients showed no alterations in Glx and GABA. SCA1 revealed a decrease of aspartate (Asp) in the vermis (62%) and an elevation in the prefrontal cortex (130%) as well as an elevation of myo-inositol (Ins) in the cerebellar hemisphere (51%) and pons (46%). No changes of Asp and Ins were detected in SCA14. Beyond, glucose (Glc) was increased in the vermis of both SCA14 (155%) and SCA1 (247%). 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy revealed differing neurochemical profiles in SCA1 and SCA14 and confirmed metabolic changes that may be indicative for neuronal loss and dysfunctional energy metabolism. Therefore, 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopy represents a helpful tool for in-vivo tracking of disease-specific pathophysiology.
Dual-purpose production of eggs and meat—part 2: hens of crosses between layer and meat breeds show moderate laying performance but choose feed with less protein than a layer hybrid, indicating the potential to reduce protein in diets
Authors: Baldinger L. , Bussemas R.
Published: October 2020

The use of modern chicken genotypes with high egg or meat performance results in the ethically unacceptable practice of culling day-old male layer chicks because of their inefficient fattening performance. Dual-purpose genotypes with a balanced performance profile for eggs and meat are one option to avoid this practice. In this study, the performance of four crosses of a layer breed (White Rock or New Hampshire) and the meat breed Bresse Gauloise, purebred Bresse Gauloise and the layer hybrid Lohmann Sandy was compared under organic husbandry conditions. Part 2 focuses on the laying performance of the hens until the age of 72 weeks and their feed choices when offered energy-rich and protein-rich feed mixtures. Feed consumption was generally high (133–143 g day−1), but the crosses consumed less protein feed than Lohmann Sandy, indicating a potential to reduce the proportion of high-protein components. Bresse Gauloise × White Rock showed severe plumage loss due to feather pecking, which was most likely caused by their low consumption of protein feed. Apparently, free-choice feeding did not agree with this genotype. Average laying performance of the crosses was 68–73% total eggs per average hen, which can be considered moderate. Average egg weights and egg size distribution were comparable with Lohmann Sandy, while slaughter performance of the senior hens was comparable with purebred Bresse Gauloise. Based on these findings, egg production with dual-purpose laying hens can be an ethically desirable alternative to high-performance genotypes, but will require further research on optimal feeding strategies and animal behaviour.

Trial registered on July 7, 2017 (reference number V 241-26532/2017)
The Levels and Trends in Deep and Extreme Poverty in the United States, 1993–2016
Authors: Brady David , Parolin Zachary
Published: October 2020

Recently, there has been tremendous interest in deep and extreme poverty in the United States. We advance beyond prior research by using higher-quality data, improving measurement, and following leading standards in international income research. We estimate deep (less than 20% of medians) and extreme (less than 10% of medians) poverty in the United States from 1993 to 2016. Using the Current Population Survey, we match the income definition of the Luxembourg Income Study and adjust for underreporting using the Urban Institute’s TRIM3 model. In 2016, we estimate that 5.2 to 7.2 million Americans (1.6% to 2.2%) were deeply poor and 2.6 to 3.7 million (0.8% to 1.2%) were extremely poor. Although deep and extreme poverty fluctuated over time, including declines from 1993 to 1995 and 2007 to 2010, we find significant increases from lows in 1995 to peaks in 2016 in both deep (increases of 48% to 93%) and extreme poverty (increases of 54% to 111%). We even find significant increases with thresholds anchored at 1993 medians. With homelessness added, deep poverty would be 7% to 8% higher and extreme poverty 19% to 23% higher in 2016, which suggests that our estimates are probably lower bounds. The rise of deep/extreme poverty is concentrated among childless households. Among households with children, the expansion of SNAP benefits has led to declines in deep/extreme poverty. Ultimately, we demonstrate that estimates of deep/extreme poverty depend critically on the quality of income measurement.