bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ibuprofen with Acetaminophen for Postoperative Pain Control following Tonsillectomy Does Not Increase Emergency Department Utilization
Authors: Bedwell Joshua R. , Pierce Matthew , Levy Michelle , Shah Rahul K.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To compare the performance of ibuprofen vs codeine for postoperative pain management after tonsillectomy as measured by need for emergency department (ED) treatment for pain and/or dehydration.

Study Design

Retrospective case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary children's hospital.

Subjects and Methods

Consecutive series of patients who underwent tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy at a tertiary children's hospital. Patients were categorized based on the type of postoperative pain management (acetaminophen with codeine vs acetaminophen and ibuprofen). The main outcome measure was the proportion of patients requiring ED visits or inpatient admissions for inadequate pain control or dehydration. Secondary measures included antibiotic use, postoperative hemorrhage, need for return to the operating room, vomiting, and oral diet tolerance.

Results

Patients in the ibuprofen/acetaminophen group were younger than those in the codeine/acetaminophen group (6.2 vs 8.1 years, P <. 05). Patients in the codeine/acetaminophen group were more likely to use antibiotics in the postoperative period (50.3% vs 5.9%, P <. 05). The proportion of patients requiring ED visits or inpatient admission for dehydration was not significantly different between the groups (5.1% for codeine, 2.7% for ibuprofen, P =. 12). Multivariable analysis controlling for age and antibiotic use showed no difference in ED visits or admission for dehydration (P =. 09). There was no difference between the groups for any of the secondary measures.

Conclusions

Ibuprofen with acetaminophen represents a safe and acceptable analgesic alternative to codeine and acetaminophen in patients undergoing pediatric tonsillectomy.
Early Parenting Moderates the Association Between Parental Depression and Neural Reactivity to Rewards and Losses in Offspring
Authors: Kujawa Autumn , Proudfit Greg H. , Laptook Rebecca , Klein Daniel N.
Published: September 2014

Children of parents with depression exhibit neural abnormalities in reward processing. Examining contributions of parenting could provide insight into the development of these abnormalities and the etiology of depression. We evaluated whether early parenting moderates the effects of parental depression on a neural measure of reward and loss processing in mid- to late childhood. Parenting was assessed when children were preschoolers. At age 9, children completed an event-related potential assessment, and the feedback negativity (FN) was measured following rewards and losses ( N = 344). Maternal authoritative parenting moderated the effect of maternal depression; among offspring of mothers with histories of depression, low authoritative parenting predicted a blunted FN. Observed maternal positive parenting interacted with paternal depression in a comparable manner, indicating that maternal parenting may buffer the effects of paternal depression. Early parenting may be important in shaping the neural systems involved in reward processing among children at high risk for depression.
MiR-146a regulates the TRAF6/TNF-axis in donor T cells during GVHD
Authors: Stickel Natalie , Prinz Gabriele , Pfeifer Dietmar , Hasselblatt Peter , Schmitt-Graeff Annette , Follo Marie , Thimme Robert , Finke Jürgen , Duyster Justus , Salzer Ulrich , Zeiser Robert
Published: September 2014

Key Points

This study deciphers the regulatory role of miR-146a during GVHD in mice. In humans, the minor genotype of the SNP rs2910164, which reduces expression of miR-146a, was associated with higher GVHD severity.
Three-dimensional inversion of magnetotelluric data from the Central Andean continental margin
Authors: Kühn Christine , Küster Jonas , Brasse Heinrich
Published: September 2014

Magnetotelluric data were collected in the late 1990s in the Central Andes of Chile and Bolivia, with the aim to delineate the electrical conductivity distribution in the subsurface and its relations to subduction processes. In previous studies, these data were interpreted based on 2-D models. The principal result was a vast conductivity zone beneath the Altiplano high plateau at mid and lower crustal depths and a much smaller, though significant conductor associated with the Precordillera Fault System. However, there are some significant 3-D effects in the investigation area, in particular near the coast and on the eastern Altiplano. The aim of this work is to give a reinterpretation based on new 3-D inversion of these data. The 3-D inversion not only provides a better fit to the data compared to 2-D results but furthermore allows to include sites with strong telluric distortion which were ignored in previous studies. We are now able to explain anomalous phases above 90° and induction arrows pointing subparallel to the coast as observed at several sites in the Coastal Cordillera. These strongly distorted data are caused by highly conductive near-surface structures that are partly connected to the Pacific Ocean, forcing currents to flow around the sites. The lower crust beneath the Coastal Cordillera resembles a poorly conductive, nearly homogeneous half-space and is electrically unremarkable. Besides, we can now image the Precordillera conductor as a continuous, elongated feature. The volcanic arc of the Western Cordillera is highly resistive with the exception of a few conductive spots which may be associated with certain individual volcanoes or geothermal resources, respectively. The Altiplano conductor is again the dominant electrical feature in the Central Andes, indicating widespread melting of the middle and lower back-arc crust.
Erythropoietin and organ protection: lessons from negative clinical trials
Authors: Pearl Ronald G
Published: September 2014

Based on its pleiotropic effects, erythropoietin can decrease inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Erythropoietin provides organ protection for the heart, brain, and kidney in diverse preclinical animal studies, especially models that include ischemia-reperfusion injury and/or inflammation. However, large clinical studies in coronary reperfusion, heart failure, stroke, acute kidney injury, and chronic renal disease have failed to demonstrate improved outcomes. A study in a previous issue of Critical Care examining the ability of erythropoietin to prevent or ameliorate acute kidney injury in patients undergoing complex valvular heart surgery is similarly negative. The failure of erythropoietin in clinical studies may be due to an inadequate dose, since the receptors responsible for organ protection may require higher concentrations than those responsible for erythropoiesis. However, as has occurred in studies in sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, the negative studies probably reflect an inadequate understanding of the complexity of the underlying processes with multiple redundant and interacting pathways that may differ among the large number of different cell types involved. As tools to understand this complexity and integrate it on an organismal basis continue to evolve, we will develop the ability to use erythropoietin and related nonhematopoietic agents for organ protection.
Enhanced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 production in aging mice exaggerates cardiac depression during endotoxemia
Authors: Slimani Hanan , Zhai Yufeng , Yousif Nasser G , Ao Lihua , Zeng Qingchun , Fullerton David A , Meng Xianzhong
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Endotoxemia and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome have a significant impact on post-surgery outcome, particularly in the elderly. The cytokine response to endotoxin is altered by aging. We tested the hypothesis that vulnerability to endotoxemic cardiac depression increases with aging due to age-related augmentation of myocardial inflammatory responses.

Methods

Adult (4 to 6 months) and old (20 to 22 months) C57/BL6 mice were treated with endotoxin (0.5 mg/kg, iv). Left ventricle (LV) function was assessed using a microcatheter system. Chemokines and cytokines in plasma and myocardium were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Mononuclear cells in the myocardium were examined using immunofluorescence staining.

Results

Old mice displayed worse LV function (cardiac output: 3.0 ± 0.2 mL/min versus 4.4 ± 0.3 mL/min in adult mice) following endotoxin treatment. The exaggerated cardiac depression in old mice was associated with higher levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and keratinocyte chemoattractant (KC) in plasma and myocardium, greater myocardial accumulation of mononuclear cells, and greater levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in plasma and myocardium. Neutralization of MCP-1 resulted in greater reductions in myocardial mononuclear cell accumulation and cytokine production, and greater improvement in LV function in old mice while neutralization of KC had a minimal effect on LV function.

Conclusion

Old mice have enhanced inflammatory responses to endotoxemia that lead to exaggerated cardiac functional depression. MCP-1 promotes myocardial mononuclear cell accumulation and cardiodepressant cytokines production, and plays an important role in the endotoxemic cardiomyopathy in old mice. The findings suggest that special attention is needed to protect the heart in the elderly with endotoxemia.
Mitochondrial dysfunction in some triple-negative breast cancer cell lines: role of mTOR pathway and therapeutic potential
Authors: Pelicano Hélène , Zhang Wan , Liu Jinyun , Hammoudi Naima , Dai Jiale , Xu Rui-Hua , Pusztai Lajos , Huang Peng
Published: September 2014

Introduction

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype of highly malignant breast cancer with poor prognosis. TNBC is not amenable to endocrine therapy and often exhibit resistance to current chemotherapeutic agents, therefore, further understanding of the biological properties of these cancer cells and development of effective therapeutic approaches are urgently needed.

Methods

We first investigated the metabolic alterations in TNBC cells in comparison with other subtypes of breast cancer cells using molecular and metabolic analyses. We further demonstrated that targeting these alterations using specific inhibitors and siRNA approach could render TNBC cells more sensitive to cell death compared to other breast cancer subtypes.

Results

We found that TNBC cells compared to estrogen receptor (ER) positive cells possess special metabolic characteristics manifested by high glucose uptake, increased lactate production, and low mitochondrial respiration which is correlated with attenuation of mTOR pathway and decreased expression of p70S6K. Re-expression of p70S6K in TNBC cells reverses their glycolytic phenotype to an active oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) state, while knockdown of p70S6K in ER positive cells leads to suppression of mitochondrial OXPHOS. Furthermore, lower OXPHOS activity in TNBC cells renders them highly dependent on glycolysis and the inhibition of glycolysis is highly effective in targeting TNBC cells despite their resistance to other anticancer agents.

Conclusions

Our study shows that TNBC cells have profound metabolic alterations characterized by decreased mitochondrial respiration and increased glycolysis. Due to their impaired mitochondrial function, TNBC cells are highly sensitive to glycolytic inhibition, suggesting that such metabolic intervention may be an effective therapeutic strategy for this subtype of breast cancer cells.
The role of social networking in the life of under-age persons with special needs
Authors: Михеев Артур , Mikheev Artur
Published: September 2014

The article present the results of research into the role of social networking in the life of under-age (aged 10–18) people with special needs (the number of respondents —120 under-age people). The aim of the research is to identify the degree of influence that social networks have on the process of social adaptation of under-age people with special needs. Each of the social networks under scrutiny was analyzed as to the user opportunities it has to offer and the user needs it can satisfy.

The author also provides a definition of (1) the concept of a social network, (2) a social graph as a major element of a social network, (3) a person with special needs, and (4) population disability.
An analysis of normative legal documents regulating job management processes in the consumer services sphere
Authors: Ларионова Анна , Larionova Anna , Погребова Елена , Pogrebova Elena
Published: September 2014

The article is devoted to the analysis of the standard and legal documents regulating processes of the organization of work in the sphere of consumer services which was carried out in the framework of the development of a branch frame of qualifications in the consumer services sector. The need for a change in the operating system of qualifications for the sphere of consumer services is considered. Special attention is paid to the consideration of standard and legal documents regulating the order of development, approval and implementation of professional standards, coordination of interaction of all the parties interested in the development and approval of the standards. A characteristic of the professional standard is given, and its contents are considered. The authors provide an analysis of the uniform tariff and qualification reference books (as approved in 1984–1986 and a number of issues approved in 1996) for the sphere of consumer services, and substantiate the need for a replacement of these reference books by a system of professional standards. At present, there is no monitoring of the changes of requirements for Russian consumer services’ structure of working professions, knowledge and skills of workers, nor is there an institutional reinforcement or a timely introduction of these changes into the system of education.
Tourist destination development: Modeling and forecasting
Authors: Морозов Михаил , Morozov Mikhail , Морозова Наталья , Morozova Natalya
Published: September 2014

This article deals with the creation and development of the tourist destinations. The authors describe different types of development-related destination appeal, propose a logically interconnected sequence of stages in the formation of the desired profile of a tourist destination, and show that, in order to ensure effective functioning, it is imperative that economic and mathematical modeling to assess the potential of the current and achievable competitiveness of tourist destinations be used. The proposed model allows to calculate the quantitative effect of attracting investment to the development of tourist destinations. The defining characteristics are the coefficient of efficiency of economic activity of a tourist destination, and the efficiency ratio of a tourist destination. The authors introduce a new measure — the coefficient of tourist loyalty to a destination (coefficient of return tourist business) and propose a formula for calculating the integral index of the efficiency (competitiveness) of a tourist destination. In the article, the authors consider the basic principles of forecasting, which are to be taken into account in the course of the development-forecast model construction; provide a description of forecast models, and identify the properties required of an efficient forecasting model.
Embroidery as an aesthetic constituent of the garment
Authors: Ефимова Людмила , Efimova Lyudmila
Published: September 2014

The aesthetically beautiful promotes the generation and development of morals, which is demonstrated by the art of embroidery. Dating back into the ancient times, the traditions and practice of embroidery have been consistently developed and passed from master to apprentice. The author regards elements of embroidery as symbols created as a result of the philosophical and aesthetic interpretation of the world. According to the author, towel embroidery has reflected folk world outlook, thoughts and customs connected with fertility and filial piety. Beauty as a symbol originating from the spiritual reveals itself in the embroidery ornaments, which identify human life and art with eternity. Embroidery resembles nature, as neither tolerates vacuum and is always rich in aesthetics and

sense. Embroidery does not only reflect the historical and cultural development of people but is its active and direct participant.
North vs. South or New Jerusalem vs. New Troy
Authors: Gajek Marcin
Published: September 2014

One of the best‑known American founding myths is that of New Jerusalem – presenting an ‘American experiment’ in terms of building ‘a city upon a hill.’ This myth originated in New England and reflected Puritans’ highly moralistic and, to a great extent, utopian disposition of thinking about political and social community. What is often forgotten is the fact that the southern colonies developed their own myth – that of New Troy – which differed substantially from its northern counterpart with respect to the basic convictions concerning the nature, as well as the role and functions, of political order. The present paper discusses and compares both founding myths, and goes further to argue that these myths reflect substantial differences in mentality between Americans living in the two regions, and resulted in the development of incompatible sets of political beliefs and aspirations. While the northern myth favored the disposition to judge an existing social and political order by moral standards and thus fostered constant reforms and changes, the southern myth strengthened the conservative attitude of accepting and defending traditional institutions and mores. These differences contributed to the rise of mutual misunderstanding and animosity, which, accompanied by political and economic factors, made reaching a consensus in 1860 extremely difficult, if not impossible.
Syntezator mowy jako narzędzie wspierające pracę tłumacza
Authors: Figiel Wojciech
Published: September 2014

The speech synthesiser as a tool supporting the job of the translator

The present paper discusses the speech synthesis technology and its potential use as a tool supporting translators. The growing popularity, improving quality and ubiquity of speech synthesis on the one hand and continuously falling prices of solutions that adopt this technology lead to a situation in which the use of synthesizers as a tool supporting the job of translators becomes a real perspective. The article suggest the use of speech synthesis for proof reading and editing of translated documents. Speech synthesis can help eliminate those mistakes that cannot be detected by auto correction, such as some spelling errors, punctuation mistakes, mistakes in proper names, lacking words. The article also presents advantages and disadvantages of using synthetic speech.
Przekład środowiskowy na rzecz uchodźców w Polsce – między mitem i rzeczywistością
Authors: NDiaye Iwona Anna
Published: September 2014

Community Translation for refugees in Poland – Between Myth and Reality

Increase in emigration, family reunification, the opening of borders, etc. Due to these processes, there have appeared issues with community interpreting occurring in various institutional contexts, between participants of unequal status. In this unique act of communication, a translator becomes an active participant in roles ranging from a negotiator to a lawyer. The author of the article attempts to specify the needs of community interpreting while at the same time defining it. She focuses on the community interpreting specifically for Russian‑speaking refugees.
,,Realizm” polityczny w kierownictwie PZPR – płaszczyzny i interpretacje
Authors: Szumiło Mirosław
Published: September 2014

Political “realism” in the leadership of PUWP – aspects and interpretations

The subject of this article are interpretations of the policy of PUWP in which the activities of the party leadership was presented as manifestations of political realism. Author analyzes two aspects of this policy: 1) relations with the Soviet Union under the rule of Wladyslaw Gomulka and Edward Gierek, 2) two different strategies used by the party leadership to resolve socio‑political crisis in Poland in the years 1980‑1981. Until 1970 the main argument in favor of such “realism” was the fact that the Soviet Union was the guarantor of the western Polish border. In the 70’s Gierek allegedly led the game with Moscow: for the price of dependence on USSR he modernized the state and developed contacts with the West. Imposition of martial law in 1981 in the interpretation of Jaruzelski prevented Soviet intervention and destabilization of the situation in the country. In fact, the alleged realistic attitude PUWP leadership meant the choice of such a strategy which allowed to remain in power.
Program Stowarzyszenia PAX
Authors: Dudek Antoni
Published: September 2014

The program of the PAX association. Realism, opportunism or utopia?

The article concerns political concepts of Bolesław Piasecki – the leader of the PAX. The PAX was the organization of Catholics supporting the Communist regime. Piasecki was trying to reconcile Catholicism and communism. It resulted in the conflict with the Catholic Church. The communist authorities while using the PAX as a war tool in a battle with the Catholic Church, did not trust Piasecki. This resulted in the PAX and Piasecki being under permanent surveillance of secret police. The PAX did not grow in importance until after 1956 when, Władysław Gomułka had come into power. Gomułka allowed development of the PAX structures throughout the country. At the same time he criticized the ideology of the association.
Problem realizmu w polskiej myśli politycznej na uchodźstwie po II wojnie światowej – pytania i tezy
Authors: Kornat Marek
Published: September 2014

Problems of political realism in Polish political thought in exile after World War II – questions and theses

The study is devoted on the problem of political realism in Polish political thought in exile after World War II (1945‑1989). The author concludes that the categories of “political realism” and “political idealism” are generally inadequate to the history of Polish political thought. There is rather difficult to find the “political realism” or “political idealism” in a clear substantial phenomenon. Very often, political ideas incorporate idealism and realism. Realist analysis of the realities could lead to a moral capitulation under the conviction that the change of the conditions is impossible. Sometimes it permit to keep the “idealist” aims but also avoiding the hopeless decisions (insurrections). Obviously, a future restoration of Polish independence after Yalta required a great geopolitical revolution in Europe. Poles had no means to achieve this aim acting in isolation. They also had no idea to reconcile themselves with the realities of Soviet domination. Polish political thought after Yalta was an exercise in resolving the impossible questions. The most prominent Polish political writer in exile Juliusz Mieroszewski argued that the categories of “realism” and “idealism” are changing in history. Their real sense depends on geopolitical constellation of a given nation in a given time. A perfect policy is idealist in the sphere of aims and realist in the domain of methods as Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski thought. Political thinkers of Polish emigration tried to reconsider the lesson of the past – especially from the tragedy of Warsaw Uprising of 1944 – and not to permit for a new insurrection in 1956. Significant internal autonomy of the Polish People’s Republic after 1956 was considered not as a final achievement but only an “stage” on the rather long way to future independence. Mieroszewski’s „evolutionism” was not a sort of reconciliation with the communist order and the dependence on the USSR but a conception based on the conviction that only the internal changes inside the communist regime could bring the real progress in the fight for independence.
„Niesłychanie pożyteczni szaleńcy”
Authors: Gąsowski Tomasz
Published: September 2014

“Extremely useful madmen”. Opposition in Poland before the “Solidarity” movement in search of a realistic formula for action

To assess a level of realism of the opposition in Poland before the “Solidarity” movement we must first determine its effects. The estimate as modest. Polish opposition members from the 70s failed to effectively influence the public mood to initiate systemic change in the country. There have also developed valuable doctrine, or any political approach to be applicable in a free country. From this perspective, political activities in the 70s was completely devoid of realism. This does not mean, however, that the efforts of this people have gone completely down the drain. The achievements of the opposition in non‑democratic system, which was a communist, another measure should be assessed. Undoubted achievements of the five‑years activity of several opposition tendencies was to create a new elite that since the birth of “Solidarity” to this day the tone of public life in Poland. It was also planting at different points of the country and different social group the seeds of contention for further life in the communist lie.
Okrągły stół
Authors: Terlecki Ryszard
Published: September 2014

The Round Table. Was it worth it?

In 1989 Realists were on both sides of the political contention. Realists from the Communist party thought it was necessary to make changes that would prevent the outbreak of social discontent. They also wanted to partly shift the responsibility for the condition of the state onto the opposition. Realists from the Solidarity camp thought the offer of the Communist was acceptable, and that the Solidarity should wait for further developments strengthening itself. Each group had to overcome its inner opponents and eventually a concept of the compromise prevailed. It saved the first group from bearing consequences for the times of dictatorship, and allowed the second group to build up a sovereign, democratic state. However, the victory of the latter turned out to be illusory as Communists settled down within democratic structures, infesting them with pathologies of the their system: corruption, bribery, impunity of secret services, dependency of courts and ideological deviations.
Czy prymasa Wyszyńskiego można określać mianem realisty politycznego?
Authors: Łatka Rafał
Published: September 2014

Can we call cardinal Wyszyński the political realist?

The Roman Catholic Church was main enemy of communist government in Polish People Republic. Wise leadership of cardinal Stefan Wyszyński prevented this institution from destruction or lost independence. All of his activity had one main purpose – give protection from the plans of communist dignities. So I try to show that cardinal Wyszyński was probably the most realistic person in the history of the Polish People Republic. His attitude was main reason that polish Catholic Church didn’t lost their independence from communist system.
Czy niezależne pisma emigracyjne mogą zmienić rzeczywistość polskiej diaspory?
Authors: Chwastyk‑Kowalczyk Jolanta
Published: September 2014

Can independent emigration press change the reality of Polish diaspora?

The article analyses the subject of utilizing the potential of the columns of the independent Polish press and the internet to consolidate the emigration environment in order to preserve their national identity and improve their living standards abroad. It compares the social activities and the articles of the “Polish Daily and Soldier’s Daily” – the organ of the “steadfast” generation with similar activities of the independent periodical “The New Time”, which is issued in London from the year 2006 to the present day and serves as the representative of Polish intelligence abroad.
Funkcjonowanie polityków w nowych mediach – pomiędzy kreowaniem wizerunku a agresją elektroniczną
Authors: Kaczmarek‑Śliwińska Monika
Published: September 2014

New media and politicians – between image creation and electronic aggression

New Media brought new roles for all actors engaged in politics: politicians and their coworkers, potential voters and media itself. As users of new media are active politicians have broaden their scope of communication with an external environment and opportunities to construct their social image. Also the social control of general public and media over the politicians’ activities is nowadays much stronger. Unfortunately some features of new media may also be utilized in negative actions such as so called electronic aggression against a politician or his/her image. In this context the new media play a negative role for a politician using them to build his/her image.
Media jako źródło informacji o wymiarze sprawiedliwości
Authors: Daniel Krystyna
Published: September 2014

The Media as the Source about Administration of Justice

According to the results of the study one of the most surprising changes that can be observed in the Polish society is a significant decrease of social confidence toward courts. It is worth noticing that society under communism and during the first years after its collapse had a rather positive attitude toward court activity. The explanation of this visible paradox concerning a little social confidence in courts in the post communist Poland is mostly created by the way in which media (television, radio, press and Internet) present court and judges. It should be noted that media very often concentrate on the negative as well as sensational aspects of administration of justice. It is also worth noticing that such not always objective and just evaluation can undermine the social trust toward jurisdiction and thus to the whole social and legal order.
Agenda mediów a ich stronniczość (telewizyjne serwisy informacyjne)
Authors: Zawalska Magdalena
Published: September 2014

Media agenda and its bias (television news services) The article deals with the concept of “agenda setting” in media as well as focuses on the first level of this process (a selection and a prioritization of the particular events that are presented in the television news). Namely, these events become a basic source of information about the contemporary political world. Any bias manifestations have been omitted deliberately as it goes in tandem with manipulation techniques (such as assessment, for instance). Moreover, it has been assumed that the degree of bias is an inherent feature of the media as it constitutes the crucial element of the central‑level politics. Moreover, not only has been stated that this bias may be resulted in the pressure of politicians, but also that this phenomenon is downright an unavoidable feature of media. Thus, the differences between agendas of the various television news were analyzed and presented on the basis of both the data and the own research.
Prywatność w mediach – obraz polityka w tygodniku opinii „Wprost”
Authors: Szwed Anna
Published: September 2014

Privacy in the media – the policy image in the weekly „Wprost”

In the election campaign, politicians use the media to improve the image. They also want to discredit political opponents. They use rumors and factoids. Politicians in „Wprost” before the parliamentary election in 2011, in Poland, they created positive image and they competed about the place on the election list. Because of celebritisation of politics disappeared border between the public sphere and the private sphere of the activities. Politicians in the pre‑election interviews are telling about family, hobby, the private life and friendships. In this way, they let journalists on continuing the subject of their private life on. The text illustrated with examples taken from polish politics before the parliamentary election in 2011.
Wojna sprawiedliwa versus wojna święta
Authors: Rau Zbigniew , Tulejski Tomasz
Published: September 2014

Just war versus holy war. The doctrinal issues of the historical confrontation In the first part of their article, the Authors outline the relations between the meaning of realism, pacifism, and the notion of just war. They claim that the premises of realism and pacifism are included in the notion of just war and analyze the content of the latter as stated by the ancient as well as medieval Christian tradition. It includes the insights of Aristotle, Cicero, Augustine, Aquinas, and others. The notion of just war that all these thinkers supported had a universal dimension and combined the justified reasons for war, the way it should be conducted and its true end which was the lasting and just peace. The Authors indicate that in the Middle Ages this notion was radically challenged by the idea of holy war. The thinkers who promoted it (Guibert of Nogent, Robert the Monk, Bernard of Clairvaux) rejected the universal normative force of the notion of just war. In fact, they applied it exclusively to the relations among Christian nations. Those who were not Christians, that is, Muslims as well as pagans, were to be considered not the subjects of war efforts but rather their objects. As such, they were to be defeated and destroyed, as the Muslims confronted by the crusaders or to be converted to Christianity by force as the Northern and Eastern European pagans invaded by the Teutonic Order.
Polemika między komunitarianizmem a kontraktualistami jako nowa odsłona sporu między iusnaturalizmem a pozytywizmem prawniczym
Authors: Chmieli Maciej
Published: September 2014

The controversy between communitarians and contract theorists as a new scene in the dispute between the natural law theory and legal positivism The Author convinces that the dispute between legal positivism and the natural law theory takes place not only in terms of the philosophy of law, but also within political philosophy. At the end of the twentieth century this dispute within political philosophy took the form of polemics between communitarianism and social contract theories. The models of law characteristic of these two political philosophies turn out to be analogous to the models offered by the natural law theory and legal positivism. The natural law theory is present in the communitarian standpoint, while the legal‑ positivist approach is relevant to social contract theories. Parallelism does not obviously stand for identity and therefore there may indeed appear new and original features of these two competing approaches to law.
Modernizacja Unii Europejskiej w dobie kryzysu i kształtowania się nowego ładu globalnego
Authors: Fiszer Józef M.
Published: September 2014

Modernization of the European Union in the times of crisis and the new global order. Threats and opportunities

This study is devoted to the modernization of the European Union and constitutes an endeavour to present the heart of the matter, the internal and external circumstances, beginning with the UE’s political system, its policies and leaders and concluding with the financial and economic crisis and the processes of building a new international order and of globalisation. The study comprises two primary sections. In the first, the author sets out the essence, the circumstances for the modernization of the European Union and the objectives thereof, while the second part looks at the opportunities for, and threats to, that modernization. The entire work is rounded off with a summary, from which it emerges, expressis verbis, that the EU has been drifting for years and is in urgent need of a far‑reaching modernization which will renderit an active entity in international relation and a vital link in a multipolar global order. The alternative to this scenario is increasing erosion and, finally, the disintegration of the European Union, which would constitute a critical threat to both Europe and the individual states. The work was compiled on the basis of a broad spectrum of source materials and in line with the research methodology employed in the social sciences, particularly when it comes to political science and the science of international relations. In calling upon such methods as the analysis, description and exegesis of documents and comparative research, the author attained the research objective he had set for himself and what we are dealing with here is both a solid diagnosis of the EU’s present situation and status and a picture of the opportunities for, and threats to, its future in a multipolar world.
Kierunki rozwoju systemów partyjnych w państwach postjugosłowiańskich
Authors: Morawski Konrad Sebastian
Published: September 2014

The Directions of Party System Development in the Post‑ Yugoslav States

By analyzing the party systems in the post‑ Yugoslav states by means of the effective number of parties index and the fractionalization index, it was possible to outline directions of future development and propose various scenarios of this development after the year 2010. The analyzed time span included the period from the early 1990s, which marked the rise of the first sovereign states (Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia up to the transformations of the 2000s, which saw the breakup of the “Third Yugoslavia” and the rise of the second group of independent states (Serbia, Montenegro and Kosovo).
Wobec problemu tożsamości kulturowej – Aleksander Hercen
Authors: Liburska Lidia
Published: September 2014

В отношении вопроса культурной идентичности – Александр Герцен

Статья рассматривает куртрологический аспект понимания Герценом религии и народности в качестае личностного и собирательного опыта в поисках идентичности. Потребность в обяснении интелектуальной биографии мыслителя приводит нас к наиболее интересным сторонам культурного самосознания в первой половине XIX века в России. Мыслитеь яавляется представителем эпохи, которая под влиянием мистико‑ рационалистических систем Шеллинга, Гегеля и религии человекобожия у Фейербаха, пыталась заместить традиционное восприятие и понимание религиозной культуры – атеизмом. Герцен, подверг переоценке роль христианства в истории европейского общества, обрывая связь человека с Богом. Для писателя, индивидуальная свобода есть метафизический Абсолют, в котором каждый человек признает своё тождество с другими. В размышлениях о национальности, Герцен исходит из того, что многообразные особенности жизни русской нации, состовляющие суть ее отличия от других, имеют основу во внутренней связи с православием и церковной традицей. Это в явном виде выражает его русский социализм, который можно считать духовным возвращением Герцена к народу, самораскрытием его национального существа.
Paradygmat synergijny – szansa na integrację humanistyki
Authors: Kuffel Józef
Published: September 2014

Синергийная парадигма – шанс на интеграцию гуманистики

Главная цель этой статьи заключается в том, чтобы в общих чертах показать новое философское направление инспированное святоотеческой исихасткой литературой, которое определяет себя как синергийная (или синергическая) антропология. Оно появилось в России в конце 80. – начале 90. годов прошлого столетия. Здесь представлена деятельность Института Синергийной Антропологии – Московского центра, который выступает с предложением создания универсального дискурса, т. е. цельной, междисциплинарной системы знаний, понятий и методов, использующей материал разъединенных друг с другом областей творческой деятельности человека. Эта цельная система – в намерении адептов синергизма – должна исполнить интегрирующую роль в современной культуре и науке. В этой программе как средство объединяющее – в первой очереди для гуманитарных наук, но также и других – разрабaтываетя новая антропологическая парадигма. В статье сделан просмотр отзывов польских ученых на программные положения и издаваемые, главным образом на русском языке, работы представителей синергийной антропологии. Кроме того в ней намечены некоторые перспективы использования научных результатов и методов новой школы в исследованиях православной культуры. На основании „Аналитического словаря исихастской антропологии” Сергия Хоружего, одного из основоположников синергизма – харатеризуются методы описаний стратегии православной мистики и аскезы, соответсвующие стандартам совремменного антропологического дискурса. С этой целью – как пример их приложения – в окончании печатается польский перевод фрагмента Словаря обясняющий смысл понятия «подвиг» в исхастской традиции.
Miejsce kultury sowieckiej w kształtowaniu świadomości zbiorowej współczesnych Rosjan
Authors: Żak Elżbieta
Published: September 2014

Место советской культуры в формировании коллективного сознания жителей современной России

В настоящей статье обращается внимание на советскую культуру, представленную как подбор определенных культурных кодов, которые формировались в условиях централизированной государственной культурной политиги и поэтому остались узнаваемыми. Эти коды уже тогда в коллективном сознании приобретали многозначный смысл, с одной стороны официальный, допускаемый цензурой, но одновременно народ обогащал их своим переносным смыслом, более универсальным. Подбор такого рода кодов положил основу для целой сферы культуры повседневной жизни, своеобразие которой в долговременной перспективе воспринимается все более положительно. Ссылки, ностальгия, воспоминания о советских временах начинают в сегодняшней России занимать все больше места в формировании современной русской идентисности, обеспечивая чувство своеобразности и индивидуальности в контрасте к западной культуре. Раньше подобные культурные коды играли роль «медиаторов» (понятие Марка Липовецкого) – становились точкой прикосновения для официальной и неофициальной сфер, однако в настоящее время элементы советской культуры оказались на стыке двух противоположных измерений – узнаваемой и однообразной культуры жителя СССР и туманной, запутанной действительности гражданина сегодняшней России. Все чаще появляются голоса, что советская культура вместе с ее мифами превращается в основополагающую часть для сегодняшней русской тождественности. Вышеуказанные тезисы в настоящей статье илюстрируются примерами в области кино‑ кодов (фигура Штирлица), телепрограмм (Старая квартира, Старые песни о главном), проекта Намедни. Наша эра и других.
Gentryfikacja, własność i polski kapitalizm polityczny
Authors: Pobłocki Kacper
Published: September 2014

Gentrification, property and political capitalism in Poland My point of departure in this piece is the putative “under‑urbanization” of East and Central European cities, still very much entrenched in the global urban studies literature. I explain this by harking back to the classic of Polish urban studies (such as Paweł Rybicki and Marcin Czerwiński) and their concept of umiastowienie, as opposed to urbanization. They employed it in order to explain the “urbanization without cities” that unfolded in the socialist Poland. I then turn towards an analysis of the idiosyncracies of the “territorial logic of power” (Giovanni Arrighi and David Harvey’s term) in Poland. I agrue that its stems from the way “scale” and “property” work in Polish cities. Drawing my examples form the city of Poznań, I describe what Katherine Verdery dubbed as “fuzzy” property regime and explain how this results in the absence of the “gentrification frontier” – a concept coined by Neil Smith. Instaed, I argue that gentrification is more scattered and we can speak of a shifting “gentrificaiton front”, wherein the speculative and largelly local capital initiates the gentrification cycle from the “weakest link” in the chain of property structure.
Awans symboliczny mimochodem
Authors: Sosnowska Anna
Published: September 2014

Upward mobility without moving. Polish Greenpoint Community Leaders and Gentrification of the Neighborhood The text presents an interpretation of the Greenpoint (Brooklyn, New York City) Polish immigrant community leaders’ benevolent attitude toward gentrification of the neighborhood. Referring to the evidence from the fieldwork in the neighborhood in 2006 and 2010, including 50 leaders’ oral histories, it is argued here that this benevolence can be explained by the fact that gentrification brings to the leaders – as individuals, and members of families and ethnic group – both material and symbolic upward mobility. This is ‘upward mobility without moving’, without leaders’ agency and despite the fact they have done nothing to have it happened. It is indicated that, contrary to the dominant trend in gentrification studies that expects lower class’ resistance to gentrification, the lower classes members might welcome gentrification because they perceive it as an advantage to their social status and mobility. Additionally, the article points out to immigrants – omitted in gentrification studies – as individuals who are highly achievement oriented and at the same time uncertain about their status in receiving society, and therefore perceiving gentrification as an occasion for personal, their children’s and ethnic group’s social mobility into the mainstream.
Baskijskie polityki miejskie: konstruowanie nowej symboliki i nowego oblicza Bilbao
Authors: Orzechowska‑Wacławska Joanna
Published: September 2014

Basqueurban policies: the construction of new symbolism and the new image of Bilbao In the article, I analyze the process of the revitalization of Bilbao. Taken the success of the revitalization strategy and the profound change of Bilbao’s image, which in less than a decade from a decaying postindustrial city transformed into a modern and innovative centre, Bilbaonian revitalization model is often used as a best practice for the planning and the execution of revitalization activities in postindustrial areas. The flagship investment of Bilbao’s transformation was the restoration of Abandoibarra, the postindustrial centrally located city’s waterfront. The most recognizable object located in this area is Guggenheim Museum, which soon after its building became a showcase of the city and the symbol of it’s regeneration. From the very beginning the museum attracted international attention becoming a magnet for tourists. This is one of reasons, why the success of the Bilbaonian revitalization has commonly been known as the so‑called “Guggenheim effect”. Even though the museum has become a symbol of modern Bilbao, the equating of the whole project with one emblematic building is unjustified. In fact, what stood behind the “Bilbao effect” and made it possible, was not one object as such, but the strategy that was based on long‑term planning and the cooperation between public and private organizations.
Muzeum w rytmie miasta – nowe wyzwania dla tradycyjnej elity
Authors: Nieroba Elżbieta
Published: September 2014

Museum in the rhythm of the city – the new challenges for traditional elite
City museums have been guardians of city treasures. They illuminate the city’s finest hours and the high points of its history. A careful observation of changes happening in ways and styles of life in societies of late modernity shows limitations resulting from the Enlightenment museum discourse. A postmodernist blurring of a borderline between a high and low culture constitutes a starting point for going beyond fixed modes of thinking about museums as just dignified art institutions and temples of knowledge. Thus, museologists make efforts to make new exhibition arrangements adjusted to the present‑day expectations of the audience building and supporting bonds with the visitors, encouraging for discovering a potential of the artefacts presented, stimulating for a discussion with a suggested vision of the world or, generally speaking, to encourage undertaking cultural practices. Today is perhaps a greater recognition than before that city museums are dealing not just with city treasures, but with the lives of people and their interaction with each other and with their urban environment. Museum can be a unique resource for the better understanding of the city’s present – it can provide an informed platform for planning the city’s future, it can be a forum for debate and discussion to enable city people to contribute actively to their city’s development.