bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educational Outcomes in Children and Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes and Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Liu Shengxin , Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Lichtenstein Paul , Gudbjörnsdottir Soffia , Taylor Mark J. , Larsson Henrik , Kuja-Halkola Ralf , Butwicka Agnieszka
Published: April 2023

Importance

Research shows that children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1D), compared with their peers without diabetes, have a greater risk of psychiatric disorders. However, no study has comprehensively examined whether having psychiatric disorders is associated with educational outcomes in children and adolescents with T1D.

Objective

To investigate educational outcomes in children and adolescents with T1D with and without psychiatric disorders.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cohort study used data from multiple Swedish registers. The main study cohort included individuals born in Sweden between January 1, 1973, and December 31, 1997, who were followed up from birth through December 31, 2013. Data analyses were conducted from March 1 to June 30, 2022.

Exposures

Type 1 diabetes and psychiatric disorders (including neurodevelopmental disorders, depression, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, bipolar disorder, psychotic disorder, and substance misuse) diagnosed before 16 years of age.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Achieving educational milestones (completing compulsory school [primary and lower secondary education], being eligible to and finishing upper secondary school, and starting and finishing university) and compulsory school performances.

Results

Of 2 454 862 individuals (51.3% male), 13 294 (0.5%; 53.9% male) were diagnosed with T1D (median [IQR] age at diagnosis, 9.5 [6.0-12.5] years), among whom 1012 (7.6%) also had at least 1 psychiatric disorder. Compared with healthy individuals (without T1D and psychiatric disorders), individuals with T1D alone had slightly lower odds of achieving the examined educational milestones. However, those with both T1D and any psychiatric disorder had much lower odds of achieving milestones, including completing compulsory school (odds ratio [OR], 0.17; 95% CI, 0.13-0.21), being eligible for (OR, 0.25; 95% CI, 0.21-0.30) and finishing (OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14-0.26) upper secondary school, and starting (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.29-0.46) and finishing (OR, 0.30; 95% CI, 0.20-0.47) university. They also showed lower grade point averages for compulsory school subjects. These findings remained similar in sibling comparison analyses, suggesting independence from familial confounding.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study of Swedish-born children and adolescents, those with T1D alone had minor difficulties with their educational outcomes, whereas those with both T1D and psychiatric disorders had universal long-term educational underachievement. These findings highlight the importance of identifying psychiatric disorders in pediatric patients with T1D and the need for targeted educational intervention and support to minimize the education gap between the affected children and their peers.
Evaluation of Body Mass Index, Overweight and Obesity Status, and Cholesterol Levels in Younger Children
Authors: Sustar Ursa , Kordonouri Olga , Arens Stefan , Kovac Jernej , Sedej Katarina , Battelino Tadej , Groselj Urh
Published: April 2023

This cohort study examines cholesterol levels in children with overweight or obesity.
Association of Organizational Pathways With the Delay of Emergency Surgery
Authors: Lepercq Delphine , Gauss Tobias , Godier Anne , Bellet Julie , Bouhours Guillaume , Bouzat Pierre , Cailliau Emeline , Cook Fabrice , David Jean-Stéphane , Drame Fatou , Gauthier Marvin , Lamblin Antoine , Pottecher Julien , Tavernier Benoit , Garrigue-Huet Delphine
Published: April 2023

Importance

Delayed admission of patients with surgical emergencies to the operating room occurs frequently and is associated with poor outcomes. In France, where 3 distinct organizational pathways in hospitals exist (a dedicated emergency operating room and team [DET], a dedicated operating room in a central operating theater [DOR], and no dedicated structure or team [NOR]), neither the incidence nor the influence of delayed urgent surgery is known, and no guidelines are available to date.

Objective

To examine the overall frequency of delayed admission of patients with surgical emergencies to the operating room across the 3 organizational pathways in hospitals in France.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This prospective multicenter cohort study was conducted in 10 French tertiary hospitals. All consecutive adult patients admitted for emergency surgery from October 5 to 16, 2020, were included and prospectively monitored. Patients requiring pediatric surgery, obstetrics, interventional radiology, or endoscopic procedures were excluded.

Exposures

Emergency surgery.

Main Outcomes and Measures

The main outcome was the global incidence of delayed emergency surgery across 3 predefined organizational pathways: DET, DOR, and NOR. The ratio between the actual time to surgery (observed duration between surgical indication and incision) and the ideal time to surgery (predefined optimal duration between surgical indication and incision according to the Non-Elective Surgery Triage classification) was calculated for each patient. Surgery was considered delayed when this ratio was greater than 1.

Results

A total of 1149 patients were included (mean [SD] age, 55 [21] years; 685 [59.9%] males): 649 in the DET group, 320 in the DOR group, and 171 in the NOR group (missing data: n = 5). The global frequency of surgical delay was 32.5% (95% CI, 29.8%-35.3%) and varied across the 3 organizational pathways: DET, 28.4% (95% CI, 24.8%-31.9%); DOR, 32.2% (95% CI, 27.0%-37.4%); and NOR, 49.1% (95% CI, 41.6%-56.7%) (P < .001). The adjusted odds ratio for delay was 1.80 (95% CI, 1.17-2.78) when comparing NOR with DET.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this cohort study, the frequency of delayed emergency surgery in France was 32.5%. Reduced delays were found in organizational pathways that included dedicated theaters and teams. These preliminary results may pave the way for comprehensive large-scale studies, from which results may potentially inform new guidelines for quicker and safer access to emergency surgery.
Nonhealing Cutaneous Ulcers in a Patient With Myelodysplastic Syndrome
Authors: Jordan Aryanna I. , Zhang Ling , Yun Seongseok
Published: April 2023

A 75-year-old man with myelodysplastic syndrome that has been well controlled with lenalidomide develops multiple nonhealing cutaneous ulcers. What is your diagnosis?
Epidemiology of Retinopathy of Prematurity in the US From 2003 to 2019
Authors: Bhatnagar Anshul , Skrehot Henry C. , Bhatt Amit , Herce Honey , Weng Christina Y.
Published: April 2023

Importance

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a potentially blinding retinal disease with poorly defined epidemiology. Understanding of which infants are most at risk for developing ROP may foster targeted detection and prevention efforts.

Objective

To identify changes in ROP incidence in the US from 2003 to 2019.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This retrospective database cohort study used the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Kids’ Inpatient Databases. These nationwide databases are produced every 3 years, include data from over 4000 hospitals, and are designed to generate national estimates of health care trends in the US. Participants included pediatric newborns at risk for ROP development between 2003 and 2019. Data were analyzed from September 30, 2021, to January 13, 2022.

Exposures

Premature or low-birth-weight infants with relevant International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision or Tenth Revision codes were considered ROP candidates. Infants with ROP were identified using relevant codes.

Main Outcomes and Measures

ROP incidence in selected subpopulations (based on database-reported race and ethnicity, sex, location, income) was measured. To determine whether incidences varied across time or subpopulations, χ2 tests of independence were used.

Results

This study included 125 212 ROP discharges (64 715 male infants [51.7%]) from 23 187 683 births. The proportion of premature infants diagnosed with ROP increased from 4.4% (11 720 of 265 650) in 2003 to 8.1% (27 160 of 336 117) in 2019. Premature infants from the lowest median household income quartile had the greatest proportional increase of ROP diagnoses from 4.9% (3244 of 66 871) to 9.0% (9386 of 104 235; P < .001). Premature Black infants experienced the largest increase from 5.8% (2124 of 36 476) to 11.6% (7430 of 63 925; P < .001) relative to other groups (2.71%; 95% CI, 2.56%-2.87%; P < .001). Hispanic infants experienced the second largest increase from 4.6% (1796 of 39 106) to 8.2% (4675 of 57 298; P < .001) relative to other groups (−0.16%; 95% CI, −0.29% to −0.03%; P = .02). The Southern US experienced the greatest proportional growth of ROP diagnoses, increasing from 3.7% (3930 of 106 772) to 8.3% (11 952 of 144 013; P < .001) relative to other groups (1.61%; 95% CI, 1.51%-1.71%; P < .001). ROP diagnoses proportionally increased in urban areas and decreased in rural areas.

Conclusions and Relevance

This cohort study found that ROP incidence among premature infants increased from 2003 to 2019, especially among Black and Hispanic infants. Infants from the lowest-income areas persistently had the highest proportional incidence of ROP, and all regions experienced a significant increase in ROP incidence with the most drastic changes occurring in the South. These trends suggest that ROP is a growing problem in the US and may be disproportionately affecting historically marginalized groups.
Endocytic proteins mediating GPR15 receptor internalization provide insight into the underlying mechanisms
Authors: Deng Yufang , Moo Ee Von , Inoue Asuka , Bräuner‐Osborne Hans
Published: April 2023

GPR15 is a G protein‐coupled receptor involved in immune disorders such as human immunodeficiency virus‐induced enteropathy, multiple sclerosis, and colitis. Yet, the important endocytosis mechanism of GPR15 remained unclear. This study determined the participation of endocytic machinery proteins, including Gα proteins, G protein‐coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), protein kinase C, arrestins, clathrin, caveolin, and dynamin in GPR15 internalization. The results demonstrate that GPR15 internalization is moderately dependent on GRKs and clathrin, and highly dependent on caveolin and dynamin. Moreover, a bystander arrestin recruitment assay showed that GPR15 recruits arrestin‐3 to the cell membrane upon agonist stimulation, although GPR15 internalizes in an arrestin‐independent manner. Overall, our study provides novel insights into β‐arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization mechanisms for the recently deorphanized GPR15.
Reactive Oxygen Species‐Scavenging Nanosystems in the Treatment of Diabetic Wounds
Authors: Xiong Yuan , Chu Xiangyu , Yu Tao , Knoedler Samuel , Schroeter Andreas , Lu Li , Zha Kangkang , Lin Ze , Jiang Dongsheng , Rinkevich Yuval , Panayi Adriana C. , Mi Bobin , Liu Guohui , Zhao Yanli
Published: April 2023

Diabetic wounds are characterized by drug‐resistant bacterial infections, biofilm formation, impaired angiogenesis and perfusion, and oxidative damage to the microenvironment. Given their complex nature, diabetic wounds remain a major challenge in clinical practice. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been shown to trigger hyperinflammation and excessive cellular apoptosis, play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetic wounds. ROS‐scavenging nanosystems have recently emerged as smart and multifunctional nanomedicines with broad synergistic applicability. The documented anti‐inflammatory and pro‐angiogenic ability of ROS‐scavenging treatments predestines these nanosystems as promising options for the treatment of diabetic wounds. Yet, in this context, the therapeutic applicability and efficacy of ROS‐scavenging nanosystems remain to be elucidated. Herein, the role of ROS in diabetic wounds is deciphered, and the properties and strengths of nanosystems with ROS‐scavenging capacity for the treatment of diabetic wounds are summarized. In addition, the current challenges of such nanosystems and their potential future directions are discussed through a clinical‐translational lens.
Mixed Matrix Membranes with Surface Functionalized Metal–Organic Framework Sieves for Efficient Propylene/Propane Separation
Authors: Cheng Youdong , Joarder Biplab , Datta Shuvo Jit , Alsadun Norah , Poloneeva Daria , Fan Dong , Khairova Rushana , Bavykina Anastasiya , Jia Jiangtao , Shekhah Osama , Shkurenko Aleksander , Maurin Guillaume , Gascon Jorge , Eddaoudi Mohamed
Published: April 2023

Membrane technology, regarded as an environmentally friendly and sustainable approach, offers great potential to address the large energy penalty associated with the energy‐intensive propylene/propane separation. Quest for molecular sieving membranes for this important separation is of tremendous interest. Here, a fluorinated metal–organic framework (MOF) material, known as KAUST‐7 (KAUST: King Abdullah University of Science and Technology) with well‐defined narrow 1D channels that can effectively discriminate propylene from propane based on a size‐sieving mechanism, is successfully incorporated into a polyimide matrix to fabricate molecular sieving mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Markedly, the surface functionalization of KAUST‐7 nanoparticles with carbene moieties affords the requisite interfacial compatibility, with minimal nonselective defects at polymer–filler interfaces, for the fabrication of a molecular sieving MMM. The optimal membrane with a high MOF loading (up to 45 wt.%) displays a propylene permeability of ≈95 barrer and a mixed propylene/propane selectivity of ≈20, far exceeding the state‐of‐the‐art upper bound limits. Moreover, the resultant membrane exhibits robust structural stability under practical conditions, including high pressures (up to 8 bar) and temperatures (up to 100 °C). The observed outstanding performance attests to the importance of surface engineering for the preparation and plausible deployment of high‐performance MMMs for industrial applications.
Large‐Scale Formation of Uniform Porous Ge Nanostructures with Tunable Physical Properties
Authors: Hanuš Tadeáš , Arias‐Zapata Javier , Ilahi Bouraoui , Provost Philippe‐Olivier , Cho Jinyoun , Dessein Kristof , Boucherif Abderraouf
Published: April 2023

Porous germanium (PGe) nanostructures attract a lot of attention for various emerging applications due to their unique properties. Consequently, there is an increasing need for the development of low‐cost synthesis routes that are compatible with large‐scale production. Bipolar electrochemical etching (BEE) is a widely used solution for producing porous Ge layers. However, the lack of controllable production of large‐scale uniform PGe layers is the limiting factor for mainstream applications. Large‐scale homogeneous PGe layers formation is demonstrated by improving the BEE process. The PGe structures demonstrate excellent homogeneity in thickness and porosity, with a relative variation of below 2% across the 100 mm wafer. Furthermore, this process enables accurate tuning of the PGe's physical properties through variation of the etching parameters. PGe structures with porosity ranging from 40% to 80% and an adjustable thickness, while preserving low surface roughness are demonstrated, giving access to a large variety of PGe nanostructures for a wide range of applications. Ellipsometry and X‐ray reflectivity are employed to measure the porosity and thickness of PGe layers, providing fast and non‐destructive methods of characterization. These findings lay the groundwork for the large‐scale production of high‐quality PGe layers with on‐demand characteristics.
Subwavelength Broadband Perfect Absorption for Unidimensional Open‐Duct Problems
Authors: Meng Yang , Romero‐García Vicente , Gabard Gwénaël , Groby Jean‐Philippe , Bricault Charlie , Goudé Sébastien
Published: April 2023

Passive metamaterials provide efficient solutions for sound absorption in the low‐frequency regime with deep subwavelength dimensions. They have been extensively applied in unidimensional reciprocal problems considering that an incident wave is either reflected or transmitted at the outlet boundary. However, the generalized problem with impedance boundary condition is not well understood yet. This work presents a general design methodology of metamaterial absorbers for open‐duct problems, which is a special case of impedance outlet boundary encountered in broad practical applications, for example, noise‐attenuation problems in heat ventilation and air conditioning systems. By properly using monopolar point scatterers made of arrays of Helmholtz resonators, the design process is significantly simplified; the transfer matrix modeling is sufficiently accurate to describe the acoustic response of the system. A single monopolar point scatterer is insufficient to attenuate both the reflected and radiated waves; a frequency‐dependent maximum absorption exists and is derived analytically. To go beyond this absorption bound and achieve perfect absorption, at least two point scatterers are necessary. Specific designs are provided and validated experimentally for maximum or perfect absorption, either at single frequencies or over specific frequency bands.
Giant Enhancement of Electron–Phonon Coupling in Dimensionality‐Controlled SrRuO3 Heterostructures
Authors: Choi In Hyeok , Jeong Seung Gyo , Min Taewon , Lee Jaekwang , Choi Woo Seok , Lee Jong Seok
Published: April 2023

Electrons in crystals interact closely with quantized lattice degree of freedom, determining fundamental electrodynamic behaviors and versatile correlated functionalities. However, the strength of the electron–phonon interaction is so far determined as an intrinsic value of a given material, restricting the development of potential electronic and phononic applications employing the tunable coupling strength. Here, it is demonstrated that the electron–phonon coupling in SrRuO3 can be largely controlled by multiple intuitive tuning knobs available in synthetic crystals. The coupling strength of quasi‐2D SrRuO3 is enhanced by ≈300‐fold compared with that of bulk SrRuO3. This enormous enhancement is attributed to the non‐local nature of the electron–phonon coupling within the well‐defined synthetic atomic network, which becomes dominant in the limit of the 2D electronic state. These results provide valuable opportunities for engineering the electron–phonon coupling, leading to a deeper understanding of the strongly coupled charge and lattice dynamics in quantum materials.
Congeneric temperate orchids recruit similar—yet differentially abundant—endophytic bacterial communities that are uncoupled from soil, but linked to host phenology and population size
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Harder Christoffer B. , Sharma Jyotsna
Published: April 2023

Premise

Besides the beneficial plant‐fungus symbiosis in mycorrhizal plants, bacteria also enhance plant fitness via tripartite interactions. While bacterial associations are presumably just as important for the obligate mycorrhizal family Orchidaceae, little is known about orchid associating bacteria (OAB).

Methods

We examined the OAB communities of two, congeneric, terrestrial orchids, Platanthera cooperi and Platanthera praeclara, which represent widely disparate North American ecosystems. We tested whether they recruit distinct OAB communities, and whether variability in OAB communities can be linked to phenology, population size, or habitat soil. Genomic DNAs from roots of seedling, vegetative, and reproductive plants and from soil were subjected to Illumina sequencing of V4 and V5 regions of the 16S rRNA gene.

Results

We obtained 809 OAB Zero‐radius Operational Taxonomic Units (ZOTUs). Despite an overlap of 209 ZOTUs that accounted for >75% relative abundances of their respective OAB communities, the overall community structures of the two orchids were distinct. Within each orchid, distinctions were detected in the OAB communities of large and small populations and the three phenological stages. The OAB ZOTUs were either absent or present with low abundances in soil associated with both orchids.

Conclusions

The two orchids exhibited preferential recruitment of known growth‐promoting OAB communities from soil. Their OAB communities also showed considerable overlap despite the large environmental and geographical separation of the two host taxa. Our results lend further support to the emerging evidence that not only the fungi, but root‐associated bacteria also have functional importance for orchid ecology.
Utilizing Graphene Oxide (GO) Catalysed Cascade in the Synthesis of Tetracyclic Pyrano[3,4‐b]indole Derivatives
Authors: Myrsing Efficiency , Vinod Adithya , Mouli H. M. Chandra , Ravichandiran V. , Jana Anupam
Published: April 2023

A simple, highly effective synthesis of tetracyclic pyrano[3,4‐b]indoles derivatives from simple 2‐indolylmethanols and trione alkenes has been accomplished through oxa‐Michael addition‐Friedel–Crafts reaction‐cyclization cascade promoted by a cheap and green graphene oxide catalyst. Under mild conditions, the reaction afforded a range of pyrano[3,4‐b]indole scaffolds, which are an important structural unit of different bioactive molecules, in excellent yields. Most importantly, in the cascade reaction of 2‐indolylmethanols with trione alkenes, the nanocatalyst not only activates trione alkene substrates by forming hydrogen‐bonding, but also promotes the following intramolecular ring formation and dehydration. Moreover, graphene oxide showed high recyclability in this reaction and could be used in gram scale synthesis. To the best of our knowledge, graphene oxide is used for the first time in the synthesis of functionalized tetracyclic dihydropyranoindole derivatives.
Photocatalysis as an Effective Tool for Upcycling Polymers into Value‐Added Molecules
Authors: Eisenreich Fabian
Published: April 2023

Shaping a sustainable future is closely tied to the development of advanced plastic recycling technologies. As global recycling rates remain low, the lion's share of post‐consumer plastics is either incinerated or disposed of in landfills. This unbalanced plastic waste management not only poses severe environmental risks, but also entails an irrevocable loss of chemical resources that are embedded in synthetic polymers. To give plastic waste a new life, a series of photocatalytic methods has recently been reported that convert polymers directly into value‐added organic molecules. These approaches operate at ambient temperature, show high reactivity/selectivity, and provide alternative reaction pathways as compared to thermal depolymerizations. This Minireview highlights the scientific breakthroughs in upcycling polymers through state‐of‐the‐art photocatalysis under environmentally benign conditions.
Carbon Deposit Analysis in Catalyst Deactivation, Regeneration, and Rejuvenation
Authors: Vogt Eelco T. C. , Fu Donglong , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: April 2023

Hydrocarbon conversion catalysts suffer from deactivation by deposition or formation of carbon deposits. Carbon deposit formation is thermodynamically favored above 350 °C, even in some hydrogen‐rich environments. We discuss four basic mechanisms: a carbenium‐ion based mechanism taking place on acid sites of zeolites or bifunctional catalysts, a metal‐induced formation of soft coke (i.e., oligomers of small olefins) on bifunctional catalysts, a radical‐mediated mechanism in higher‐temperature processes, and fast‐growing carbon filament formation. Catalysts deactivate because carbon deposits block pores at different length scales, or directly block active sites. Some deactivated catalysts can be re‐used, others can be regenerated or have to be discarded. Catalyst and process design can mitigate the effects of deactivation. New analytical tools allow for the direct observation (in some cases even under in situ or operando conditions) of the 3D‐distribution of coke‐type species as a function of catalyst structure and lifetime.
Electrode Materials for Desalination of Water via Capacitive Deionization
Authors: Kumar Sushil , Aldaqqa Najat Maher , Alhseinat Emad , Shetty Dinesh
Published: April 2023

Recent years have seen the emergence of capacitive deionization (CDI) as a promising desalination technique for converting sea and wastewater into potable water, due to its energy efficiency and eco‐friendly nature. However, its low salt removal capacity and parasitic reactions have limited its effectiveness. As a result, the development of porous carbon nanomaterials as electrode materials have been explored, while taking into account of material characteristics such as morphology, wettability, high conductivity, chemical robustness, cyclic stability, specific surface area, and ease of production. To tackle the parasitic reaction issue, membrane capacitive deionization (mCDI) was proposed which utilizes ion‐exchange membranes coupled to the electrode. Fabrication techniques along with the experimental parameters used to evaluate the desalination performance of different materials are discussed in this review to provide an overview of improvements made for CDI and mCDI desalination purposes
Near‐Infrared Photodynamic Chemiluminescent Probes for Cancer Therapy and Metastasis Detection
Authors: Huang Jingsheng , Zhang Chi , Wang Xinzhu , Wei Xin , Pu Kanyi
Published: April 2023

There is growing interest in the development of chemiluminescence (CL) probes for phototheranostics because of their minimized tissue autofluorescence. However, due to a lack of near‐infrared (NIR)‐absorbing chemiluminophores, current probes for NIR CL‐guided phototherapy are based on nanoparticles made up of multiple components. We report bright unimolecular chemiluminophores with NIR absorptions and emissions, long CL half‐lives and ideal photodynamic efficiency. One luminophore is modified into an activatable probe, DBPOL, with a turn‐on CL signal and photodynamic activity that are specific to a cancer biomarker. The highly sensitive DBPOL allows CL‐guided photodynamic therapy which completely inhibits tumor growth and lung metastasis in mouse models, and can be applied for noninvasive monitoring of lung metastasis. We provide molecular guidelines for NIR‐absorbing CL probes for imaging‐guided phototherapy.
Performance study of self‐excited oscillatory cyclone drainage tool to improve the efficiency of natural gas well drainage and gas recovery
Authors: Liang Huizhen , Jiang Xiukun , Li Chengzhen , Ma Jian , Mu Lin , Han Wenbo
Published: April 2023

The accumulation of fluid in the wellbore of a natural gas well can seriously affect the production of the well and can even lead to the well flooding and stopping production. The conventional cyclone tool has low kinetic energy, serious energy loss and short effective distance of spiral flow in the process of gas well drainage and gas recovery, thus affecting the efficiency of gas well drainage and gas recovery. In response to the above problems, this paper proposes a new cyclonic drainage solution combining self‐excited oscillating pulse jet and cyclonic flow. The liquid‐carrying air flow through the oscillating chamber forms a large vortex ring and the flow pattern squeezes the central air flow inwards, allowing the return vortex at the wall to develop effectively, increasing the return vortex velocity and increasing the velocity at the centre of the squeezed pulsating flow. In this paper, based on theoretical analysis and experimental research, the numerical simulation results are compared with the various drainage performance of conventional cyclone tools. The results show that the pressure drop and critical fluid‐carrying velocity of the cyclone section are significantly reduced, and the average tangential velocity of the cyclone section and the effective action distance of the cyclone tool are significantly increased, indicating that the new cyclone tool can improve the fluid‐carrying capacity of gas wells by changing the flow pattern of the gas–liquid medium without increasing energy consumption.
The synergistic improvement in mechanical strength and toughness obtained in epoxy‐based composites incorporating with carbon nanotubes‐polymer hybrid construction
Authors: Ding Xiaoyu , He Delong , Yin Lei , Zhang Na , Zhao Hang , Bai Jinbo
Published: April 2023

In order to meet the ever‐increasing demands of complex engineering applications, it is necessary to design the polymer‐based composites with the synergistic improvements in strength and toughness. Herein, the novel carbon nanotubes (CNT)‐bismaleimide (BMI) hybrid construction (CBH) was prepared through mechanical blending and pulverizing. The as‐prepared CBH with a stable structure and well‐regulated morphological construction was employed as a special functional filler to endow the epoxy‐based composites with a significantly enhanced overall mechanical property. Due to CBH can provide a multiscaled interfacial interaction with matrix, the composite loaded with 1 wt% CBH exhibited the synchronously improved both tensile modulus (1.31 GPa) and toughness (1.89 MJ m−3), which are 27.18% and 209.83% higher than those of pure epoxy, respectively. Moreover, good interfacial compatibility between CBH and matrix allows the composite loaded with 1 wt% CBH to exhibit the thermal conductivity of 0.18 W m−1 K−1, which was 28.57% higher than pure epoxy (0.14 W m−1 K−1). Be different from many other CNTs‐loaded counterparts, the aligned‐CNTs loaded composite showed a well‐maintained insulating feature. The novel carbon nanotubes‐polymer hybrid construction expands the application range of epoxy‐based insulating composites by optimizing their mechanical and thermal properties.
Driving adoption of new technologies in biopharmaceutical manufacturing
Authors: Schaefer Gene , Balchunas John , Charlebois Timothy , Erickson John , Hart Roger , Kedia Sandeep B. , Lee Kelvin H.
Published: April 2023

The challenge of introducing new technologies into established industries is not a problem unique to the biopharmaceutical industry. However, it may be critical to the long‐term competitiveness of individual manufacturers and, more importantly, the ability to deliver therapies to patients. This is especially true for new treatment modalities including cell and gene therapies. We review several barriers to technology adoption which have been identified in various public forums including business, regulatory, technology, and people‐driven concerns. We also summarize suitable enablers addressing one or more of these barriers along with suggestions for developing synergies or connections between innovation in product discovery and manufacturing or across the supplier, discovery, manufacturing, and regulatory arms of the holistic innovation engine.
Point‐of‐care detection of Japanese encephalitis virus biomarker in clinical samples using a portable smartphone‐enabled electrochemical “Sensit” device
Authors: Roberts Akanksha , Dhanze Himani , Sharma G. Taru , Gandhi Sonu
Published: April 2023

Japanese encephalitis (JE), a neglected tropical zoonotic disease prevalent in south‐east Asian and western pacific countries, caused by the flavivirus JE virus (JEV), has a dearth of electrochemical point‐of‐care (PoC) diagnostic tools available to manage endemic breakouts. To overcome this, we have developed a screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) immunosensor for rapid PoC detection of JEV nonstructural 1 (NS1) antigen (Ag), found circulating in serum of infected individuals using a smartphone based portable “Sensit” device. The modification of SPCE surface with JEV NS1 antibody (Ab) was confirmed via observation of globular protein structures via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), increase in electrode surface hydrophilicity via contact angle measurement and decrease in current via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The fabrication and testing parameters were optimized based on highest current output obtained using DPV. The SPCE was tested for detection limit of target JEV NS1 Ag ranging from 1 fM to 1 μM, which was determined as 0.45 fM in spiked serum. The disposable immunosensor was also found to be highly specific in detecting JEV NS1 Ag over other flaviviral NS1 Ag. Finally, the modified SPCE was clinically validated by testing 62 clinical JEV samples using both a portable miniaturized electrochemical “Sensit” device coupled with a smartphone and a laboratory‐based potentiostat. The results were corroborated with gold‐standard RT‐PCR and showed 96.77% accuracy, 96.15% sensitivity, and 97.22% specificity. Hence, this technique may further be developed into a one‐step rapid diagnostic tool for JEV, especially in rural areas.
Efficient Chemical and Enzymatic Syntheses of FAD Nucleobase Analogues and Their Analysis as Enzyme Cofactors**
Authors: Shah Ateek , Kumar Yashwant , Rohan S. , Hazra Amrita B.
Published: April 2023

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is an essential redox cofactor in cellular metabolism. The organic synthesis of FAD typically involves coupling flavin mononucleotide (FMN) with adenosine monophosphate, however, existing synthesis routes present limitations such as multiple steps, low yields, and/or difficult‐to‐obtain starting materials. In this study, we report the synthesis of FAD nucleobase analogues with guanine/cytosine/uracil in place of adenine and deoxyadenosine in place of adenosine using chemical and enzymatic approaches with readily available starting materials, achieved in 1–3 steps with moderate yields (10–57 %). We find that the enzymatic route using Methanocaldococcus jannaschii FMN adenylyltransferase (MjFMNAT) is versatile and can produce these FAD analogues in high yields. Further, we demonstrate that Escherichia coli glutathione reductase is capable of binding and using these analogues as cofactors. Finally, we show that FAD nucleobase analogues can be synthesized inside a cell from cellular substrates FMN and nucleoside triphosphates by the heterologous expression of MjFMNAT. This lays the foundation for their use in studying the molecular role of FAD in cellular metabolism and as biorthogonal reagents in biotechnology and synthetic biology.
Type 3 of progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (PFIC‐3): Case report
Authors: Almoshantaf Mohammad Badr , Alasaad Suja , Alzabibi Mhd Amin , Shibani Mosa , Ezzdean Weaam
Published: April 2023

Genetic testing should always be advised in both parents and children of families with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis as early detection will provide more options to a better qualitative life.
Dorsal intradural spinal arteriovenous fistula associated with giant intradural spinal aneurysm, a case report
Authors: Mohammad Hosseini Ehsan , Rasekhi Alireza , Vahdat Noushin , Eghbal Keyvan , Jamali Mohammad , Rahmanian Abdolkarim , Sourani Arman , Foroughi Mina , Baradaran Mahdavi Sadegh
Published: April 2023

Arteriovenous fistula and spinal aneurysms like other vascular malformations can mimic radiculopathy and low back pain. Precise imaging work combined with a hybrid endovascular‐microsurgical approach is the key element for the best clinical outcome.
Amino‐Modified Polymer Immobilized Ionic Liquid Stabilized Ruthenium Nanoparticles: Efficient and Selective Catalysts for the Partial and Complete Reduction of Quinolines
Authors: Alharbi Adhwa A. , Wills Corinne , Chamberlain Thomas W. , Bourne Richard A. , Griffiths Anthony , Collins Sean M. , Wu Kejun , Mueller Pia , Knight Julian G. , Doherty Simon
Published: April 2023

RuNPs stabilised by amino‐decorated imidazolium‐based polymer immobilized ionic liquids catalyse the dimethylamine borane mediated reduction of quinolines to 1,2‐dihydroquinoline (DHQ) and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline (THQ). Partial reduction of 3‐substituted quinolines to the corresponding 1,2‐dihydroquinoline was achieved with 100 % selectivity in toluene under mild conditions. This is the first report of the selective partial reduction of 3‐substituted quinolines to the corresponding 1,2‐dihydroquinolines with a heterogeneous nanoparticle‐based catalyst. A wide range of substituted quinolines have also been reduced to the corresponding 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinoline with high selectivity and good yields by adjusting the reaction time. The 1,2‐dihydroquinolines readily release dihydrogen in toluene at 60 °C in the absence of catalyst with no evidence for disproportionation and as such are potential organo‐hydride reagents. The initial TOF of 610 mol quinoline converted mol Ru−1 h−1 for the reduction of quinoline is among the highest to be reported for a metal nanoparticle‐based catalyst and the conversion of 96 % obtained after 4 h at 65 °C is significantly higher than its platinum nanoparticle counterpart PtNP@NH2‐PEGPIILS as well as 5 wt/% Ru/C, which only reached 9 % and 11 % conversion, respectively, at the same time. Hot filtration experiments showed that the active species was heterogeneous.
Iodine(III)‐Mediated Oxidation of Anilines to Construct Dibenzazepines**
Authors: White Carmen Margaret , Zorigt Naranchimeg , Deng Tianning , Driver Tom G.
Published: April 2023

The development of an efficient process that produces bioactive medium‐sized N‐heterocyclic scaffolds from 2‐substituted anilines using either iodosobenzene or (bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo)‐benzene is reported. The tether between the sulfonamide and the aryl group can be varied to access dihydroacridine‐, dibenzazepine‐, or dibenzazocine scaffolds. While substitution on the aniline portion is limited to electron‐neutral‐ or electron‐poor groups, a broader range of functional groups are tolerated on the ortho‐aryl substituent and site selective C−NAr bond formation can be achieved. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that medium‐ring formation occurs via radical reactive intermediates.
Label distribution learning with high‐order label correlations
Authors: Li Yulin , Lin Yaojin , Yu Xiehua , Guo Lei , Li Shaozi
Published: April 2023

Label distribution learning (LDL) is an emerging learning paradigm, which can be used to solve the label ambiguity problem. In spite of the recent great progress in LDL algorithms considering label correlations, the majority of existing methods only measure pairwise label correlations through the commonly used similarity metric, which is incapable of accurately reflecting the complex relationship between labels. To solve this problem, a novel label distribution learning method—based on high‐order label correlations (LDL‐HLC) is proposed. By virtue of the ‐regularization sparse reconstruction of the label space, the high‐order label correlations matrix is firstly obtained. Then, a new regular term can be constructed to fit the final prediction label distribution via the correction matrix. Furthermore, efficient classification performance and complete feature selection are guaranteed by common features learning via ‐regularization. Finally, the performance and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm are well illustrated through extensive experiments on 14 label distribution datasets and comparisons with some existing algorithms.
Ovarian cancer detection in computed tomography images using ensembled deep optimized learning classifier
Authors: Boyanapalli Arathi , Shanthini A.
Published: April 2023

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common deadly diseases threatening women worldwide. In day to day life, a challenging task still exists for identifying OC in the early stages. There are different existing deep learning (DL) classification methods applied for OC detection but has some limitations: difficult to locate the exact position of the tumor and more complex. In order to overcome these problems, the proposed ensemble deep optimized classifier‐improved aquila optimization (EDOC‐IAO) classifier is introduced to detect different types of OC in computed tomography images. The image is resized and filtered in pre‐processing using the modified wiener filter (MWF). The pre‐processed image is given to the optimized ensemble classifier (ResNet, VGG‐16, and LeNet). The IAO is utilized for improving accuracy and overfitting. The fusion is done by average weighted fusion (AWF), and the image features are extracted. Finally, the softmax layer performs the OC classification and detects different ovarian tumor classes. Python is the simulation tool used. The open source TCGA‐OV dataset is used for OC classification. The proposed OC classification using the EDOC‐IAO model obtained higher accuracy (96.532%) for detecting OC than other methods.
Introducing an adaptive model forauto‐scalingcloud computing based on workload classification
Authors: Alidoost Alanagh Yoosef , Firouzi Mojtaba , Rasouli Kenari Abdolreza , Shamsi Mahboubeh
Published: April 2023

With the increasing expansion of cloud computing services, one of the main goals of researchers is to solve its major challenges. Cloud service providers must satisfy the service level agreement for customers and prevent resource wastage as much as possible. Without a precise, optimal, and dynamic policy, this is unattainable. The key idea is the ability to acquire resources as you need them and release resources when you no longer need them, named “Cloud Elasticity.” Elasticity is a trade‐off between resource acquisition and release, and if this optimization is done best, the service level agreement will be fully achieved and the cloud provider will have the least waste of resources. The researchers used machine learning techniques to predict user workload and decide to scale up/out the resources. A challenging issue is the different characteristics of the users' workloads. The results show that each prediction algorithm works well on a class of users' workloads not all. Hence, in this study, a new architecture has been suggested to automatically classify the workloads based on their sequential statistical characteristics. First, the sequential statistical characteristics of the users' workload are extracted and then a trained neural network classifies the user's workload. The developed adaptive model chooses the best suitable algorithm among LR, SVM, and ARIMA to predict the workload. The results indicate a 10% improvement in forecast error.
Design, synthesis, anticancer, and antibacterial evaluation of some quinazolinone‐based derivatives as DHFR inhibitors
Authors: Osman Eman O. , Emam Soha H. , Sonousi Amr , Kandil Mai M. , Abdou Amr M. , Hassan Rasha A.
Published: April 2023

Two series of quinazolinone derivatives were designed and synthesized as dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors. All compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial and antitumor activities. Antibacterial activity was evaluated against three strains of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. Compound 3d exhibited the highest inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus DHFR (SaDHFR) with IC50 of 0.769 ± 0.04 μM compared to 0.255 ± 0.014 μM for trimethoprim. Compound 3e was also more potent than trimethoprim against Escherichia coli DHFR (EcDHFR) with IC50 of 0.158 ± 0.01 μM and 0.226 ± 0.014 μM, respectively. Compound 3e exhibited a promising antiproliferative effect against most of the tested cancer cells. It also showed potent activity against leukemia (CCRF‐CEM, and RPMI‐8226); lung NCI‐H522, and CNS U251 with GI% of 65.2, 63.22, 73.28, and 97.22, respectively. The cytotoxic activity of compound 3e was almost half the activity of doxorubicin against CCRF‐CEM cell line with IC50 of 1.569 ± 0.06 μM and 0.822 ± 0.03 µM, respectively. In addition, compound 3e inhibited human DHFR with IC50 value of 0.527 ± 0.028 µM in comparison to methotrexate (IC50 = 0.118 ± 0.006 µM). Compound 3e caused an arrest of the cell cycle mainly at the S phase and caused a rise in the overall apoptotic percentage from 2.03% to 48.51%. (23.89‐fold). Treatment of CCRF‐CEM cells with compound 3e produced a significant increase in the active caspase‐3 level by 6.25‐fold compared to untreated cells. Molecular modeling studies were performed to evaluate the binding pattern of the most active compounds in the bacterial and human DHFR.
The opposing roles of lethal and nonlethal effects of parasites on host resource consumption
Authors: Resetarits Emlyn J. , Ellis William T. , Byers James E.
Published: April 2023

Although parasites can kill their hosts, they also commonly cause nonlethal effects on their hosts, such as altered behaviors or feeding rates. Both the lethal and nonlethal effects of parasites can influence host resource consumption. However, few studies have explicitly examined the joint lethal and nonlethal effects of parasites to understand the net impacts of parasitism on host resource consumption. To do this, we adapted equations used in the indirect effects literature to quantify how parasites jointly influence basal resource consumption through nonlethal effects (altered host feeding rate) and lethal effects (increased host mortality). To parametrize these equations and to examine the potential temperature sensitivity of parasite influences, we conducted a fully factorial lab experiment (crossing trematode infection status and a range of temperatures) to quantify feeding rates and survivorship curves of snail hosts. We found that infected snails had significantly higher mortality and ate nearly twice as much as uninfected snails and had significantly higher mortality, resulting in negative lethal effects and positive nonlethal effects of trematodes on host resource consumption. The net effects of parasites on resource consumption were overall positive in this system, but did vary with temperature and experimental duration, highlighting the context dependency of outcomes for the host and ecosystem. Our work demonstrates the importance of jointly investigating lethal and nonlethal effects of parasites and provides a novel framework for doing so.
Patterns of understory invasion in invasive timber stands of a tropical sky island
Authors: Jobin Varughese , Das Arundhati , Harikrishnan C. P. , Chanda Ritobroto , Lawrence Swapna , Robin V. V.
Published: April 2023

Current climate and land cover change threaten global mountaintops with increased spread of invasive species. Long‐established plantations of invasive trees on these mountaintops can alter their surroundings, further increasing invader‐facilitated invasion. Identifying the ecological conditions promoting such associations can help develop better management interventions. The Western Ghats's Shola Sky Islands (>1400 m MSL) host vast stretches of invasive tree plantations that sustain the colonization of other invasive woody, herbaceous, and fern species in their understories. Here, we analyzed vegetation and landscape variables from 232 systematically placed plots in randomly selected grids using non‐metric multidimensional scaling and Phi coefficient approaches to examine patterns of association (positive interactions) between understory invasive species with specific invasive overstory species. We also conducted GLMM with zero inflation to determine the influence of environmental variables where such associations occur. We find that understory invasion of multiple species under the canopy of other invasives is widespread across the Shola Sky Islands. Stands ofEucalyptushost the colonization of 70% of non‐native invasive species surveyed across the Shola Sky Islands. In particular, theLantana camarainvasion is strongly associated withEucalyptusstands. We also found that climatic variables affect the colonization of understory woody invasive species, while invasion by exotic herbaceous species is associated with the density of road networks. Canopy cover impacts all invasives negatively, while fire incidence was negatively associated with invasion byLantanaspp. and thePteridiumspp. While the restoration of natural habitats primarily targets the highly invasiveAcacia, less invasiveEucalyptusandPinusare often not included. Our study suggests that retaining such invasive species in natural habitats, particularly protected areas, can hinder ongoing grassland restoration efforts by facilitating further invasions by multiple woody and herbaceous species.