bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient cardiac arrhythmias related to lopinavir/ritonavir in two patients with HIV infection
Authors: Chaubey Santosh K. , Sinha Ashim K. , Phillips Elizabeth , Russell Darren B. , Falhammar Henrik
Published: August 2011

A 42-year-old Thai man was administered the combination drugs liponavir/ritonavir and abacavir/lamivudine. On day 3 he was admitted and his electrocardiogram demonstrated sinus arrest with junctional escape rhythm with a rate of 42 min−1. Three days after stopping the medication he reverted to normal sinus rhythm. A 55-year-old Caucasian man was admitted to hospital with triple vessel disease. He had a permanent pace maker inserted 4 years previously for Mobitz type II AV block detected on stress electrocardiogram, which developed 1 month after initiation of lopinavir/ritonavir. These two cases highlight the importance of considering lopinavir/ritonavir induced arrhythmias when dealing with HIV-positive individuals.
Safe sex pioneers: class identity, peer education and emerging masculinities among youth in Mozambique
Authors: Groes-Green Christian
Published: August 2011

Studies on sexual behaviour within the area of HIV prevention in sub-Saharan Africa have largely focussed on unsafe sex and obstacles to condom use rather than examined factors potentially favouring safe sex. The present study examines how class, gender and peer education affects safe sex in male youth and identifies the reasons behind condom use by combining a questionnaire survey with ethnographic fieldwork. Findings from the field study among male secondary school youth in Maputo, Mozambique point to middle class youth from urban schools as more likely to use condoms than working class youth from suburban schools. Examining the meanings behind use or non-use of condoms the study identified narratives in middle class youth favouring safe sex in response to better social conditions, career opportunities and ‘modern’ masculinities, whereas working class youth explained non-use of condoms as due to lack of hope and job opportunities and by reference to fatalist ideas that life is out of their hands and that it’s better to ‘live in the moment’.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae infection in urban Sydney women: prevalence and predictors
Authors: McDonagh Paula , Ryder Nathan , McNulty Anna M. , Freedman Eleanor
Published: August 2011

Background: The notification rate of female gonorrhoea in urban Sydney is very low. With the increasing use of nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT), demonstrating a low prevalence of gonorrhoea in women would have important implications for the reliability of positive results. We determined the prevalence of female cervical gonorrhoea in our urban sexual health clinic and identified associated clinical, behavioural and demographic variables that may allow more targeted screening practices. Methods: The Sydney Sexual Health Centre database was used to identify women tested for cervical gonorrhoea between 1997 and 2007. Diagnostic, demographic and behavioural information were extracted to ascertain the prevalence of gonorrhoea and describe variables associated with infection. Additionally, a case control study was conducted of cervical gonorrhoea cases from January 2000 to December 2005, with two gonorrhoea negative women selected for each case as controls. A blinded researcher examined each medical record to determine genital symptoms, being a contact of gonorrhoea, sex work, sex outside of Australia, injecting drug use. Results: Between 1997 and 2007, 77 women were diagnosed with cervical gonorrhoea, a prevalence of 0.37%. Results of the case control study reveal that women with gonorrhoea were more likely to be symptomatic [odds ratio (OR) 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.7–8.4], be a known contact of gonorrhoea (OR 264, 95% CI 149–470), or have had recent sex overseas, or with a partner from overseas (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.11–2.75). Conclusion: Cervical gonorrhoea infection is rare in our urban sexual health clinic, and even more unlikely in asymptomatic women without risk factors. This low prevalence of gonorrhoea, particularly in asymptomatic women, decreases the reliability of positive NAAT test results. This has important implications for the screening of asymptomatic women presenting to urban sexual health clinics in Australia.
A physiological assessment of the use of water point closures to control kangaroo numbers
Authors: Underhill S. , Grigg G. C. , Pople A. R. , Yates D. J.
Published: August 2011

Controlling kangaroo grazing pressure in national parks without harvesting or culling presents a significant challenge. Fencing off waterpoints is often tried or contemplated as a control measure, but its success obviously depends upon the extent to which kangaroos require access to discrete sources of drinking water. To assess the necessity for red kangaroos to supplement dietary water intake under different conditions by drinking free water, we followed changes in diet and in forage water and energy content as severe drought deepened at Idalia National Park in central Queensland from February to July 2002, the driest of 13 years for which records exist. Animals smaller than 15 kg in February and 25 kg in April did not need free water, but larger individuals needed to drink throughout the period. By July all animals needed to drink. The influence of body size arises because water requirements scale almost proportionally with body mass (M0.92) while energy requirements scale with a lower exponent (M0.74). Because of the sexual dimorphism in red kangaroos, adult females are therefore better able than adult males to survive water shortage. The results help define the constraints that physiological capabilities confer upon the usefulness of fencing off water points to control kangaroos. Smaller (younger) males and females could tolerate dry, cool conditions without drinking, even in this very dry year, but kangaroos of all body sizes needed to drink as the drought became more severe. The effectiveness of water closure will therefore depend on what forage is available, will target larger animals selectively, and will be most effective in semiarid areas like Idalia National Park in very dry years and late in the dry season when temperatures are rising and water requirements increase because of additional requirements for thermoregulation.
Time-budget and feeding behaviour of the squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) in remnant linear habitat
Authors: Holland Greg J. , Bennett Andrew F. , van der Ree Rodney
Published: August 2011

The squirrel glider (Petaurus norfolcensis) occurs in forests and woodlands in eastern Australia. In Victoria it is now largely restricted to small, fragmented areas and is considered endangered. In this study, the time-budget, feeding behaviour and related habitat use of the squirrel glider were investigated in a linear remnant of roadside vegetation near Euroa, Victoria. Timed observations of three males and three females, fitted with radio-collars, were made in each of four seasons. Gliders were observed for a total of 53.2 h, during which they devoted 72% of time to foraging activities. Grooming accounted for 16% of observation time. Exudates associated with homopterous insects were the primary food items consumed throughout the year. Arthropods, nectar and pollen, and Acacia gum formed the remainder of the diet. The proportion of time devoted to harvesting these food items showed marked seasonal variation. The primary dependence on homopterous insect exudates in this study area contrasts with other investigations at sites of greater floristic diversity where nectar and pollen were the most important dietary resources. This highlights the need to obtain ecological information from the range of habitats occupied by a species. Large trees are a vital habitat component of remnant linear vegetation in this study area, providing gliders with critical foraging resources. Retention of such trees is essential for the longevity of glider populations.
Microhabitat use by the brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) and burrowing bettong (B. lesueur) in semiarid New South Wales: implications for reintroduction programs
Authors: Pizzuto Theresa A. , Finlayson Graeme R. , Crowther Mathew S. , Dickman Chris R.
Published: August 2011

Detailed studies of how endangered species use their environments at varied habitat scales are crucial if they are to be conserved and managed effectively. In this study, we used spool-and-line tracking to investigate the microhabitats used by the brush-tailed bettong (Bettongia penicillata) and the burrowing bettong (B. lesueur), two species with geographical ranges that have been dramatically reduced since European settlement in Australia. The study was carried out at Scotia Sanctuary, in semiarid western New South Wales, where both species have been recently reintroduced. The nocturnal movements and foraging of bettongs were associated with sites containing more canopy cover (mean 10–25%) than was available on average (0–10%). Models generated to predict the probability of bettong movements or activity points showed positive correlations with ground vegetation cover and ground vegetation height. Other microhabitat components of varying importance, including sand cover, litter cover, litter depth, crust cover, and distance to shrub/tree, were incorporated into these models. Species comparisons indicated that, although slight differences occurred in the way each species moved through the habitat, both species foraged in areas with similar microhabitat characteristics. While the models should have broad utility for the selection of favourable habitat for future release sites for B. penicillata and B. lesueur, further studies of diet and food availability are recommended to refine them further.
Rabbit conservation: models to evaluate the effects of timing of restocking on recipient and donor populations
Authors: Cotilla Irene , Villafuerte Rafael
Published: August 2011

In recent decades, the translocation of European wild rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus) has been a common strategy used by gamekeepers and conservationists to improve populations with low rabbit abundance. Using a non-spatial, mixed stochastic–deterministic model, we assessed the effects of the timing of restocking of rabbits on the persistence of wild rabbit populations, as well as the effects of extraction on donor populations. Different age-structured restocking strategies and extraction rates were tested. We also assessed the number of restocking batches that a donor population can supply while remaining stable. Our results indicate that the best months to introduce individuals are October–March, with the highest success in January. In contrast, the best timing for extraction is during summer, when the number of individuals is high. Authorities should therefore include the timing and number of rabbits released or captured in their management strategies, especially where these factors have been previously overlooked.
Persistence of sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) in fox baits and implications for fox management in south-eastern Australia
Authors: Gentle M. N. , Saunders G. R. , Dickman C. R.
Published: August 2011

The persistence of 1080 in two commonly used fox baits, Foxoff® and chicken wingettes, was assessed under different climatic and rainfall conditions in central-western New South Wales. The rate of 1080 degradation did not change significantly between the Central Tablelands and the relatively hotter and drier environment of the Western Slopes. Loss of 1080 from wingettes was independent of the rainfall and climate conditions, with wingettes remaining lethal to foxes for, on average, 0.9 weeks. Foxoff® baits remained lethal for longer than wingettes under all tested conditions, although their rate of degradation increased generally with increasing rainfall. As a result, areas baited with Foxoff® will require longer withholding periods for working dogs than those baited with wingettes, especially during dry periods. Wingettes may have advantages for use in sensitive areas where long-term hazards from toxic baits are undesirable. We found significant variations in 1080 concentration in freshly prepared baits that may result in efficacy, non-target and regulatory concerns for baiting campaigns. As a result, the superior quality control and shelf-stability of manufactured Foxoff® may be important criteria for favouring its use over freshly prepared bait types. However, use strategies for any bait type must ensure that foxes consume lethal doses of 1080 to avoid potential problems such as the development of learned aversion to baits or pesticide resistance.
The pest status of Australian white ibis (Threskiornis molucca) in urban situations and the effectiveness of egg-oil in reproductive control
Authors: Martin John M. , French Kris , Major Richard E.
Published: August 2011

The Australian white ibis (Threskiornis molucca) is considered to be an urban pest along the east coast of Australia. The non-specific diet and broad habitat requirements of ibis have facilitated their successful exploitation of the urban environment. Ibis are considered a pest because they pose a threat to aircraft safety, scavenge food at waste-management sites, cafés and parks, and compete with other native species for food and habitat. This study assesses a new ibis-management technique, the application of ‘egg-oil’ to suppress hatching. On other species, egg-oiling has been shown to be environmentally safe and socially preferable to culling adult birds. Approximately 5 mL of food-grade canola oil was sprayed upon each egg, and both incubator and field trials were used to investigate the efficacy of this technique on ibis and to determine the optimal application time and frequency of egg-oil. Treatment eggs were given an application of oil during the 23-day incubation period either once per week, or once early (<7 days), mid (~14 days) or late (>18 days) incubation. All four treatments were observed to be 100% effective at preventing ibis eggs from hatching during the laboratory trial and more than 98% effective during the field trial. These results indicate that applying canola oil to ibis eggs once, at any time, during the 23-day incubation period is sufficient to prevent ibis eggs from hatching. The field trial also showed that 30% of ibis, across the four oiling treatments, continued to incubate the unviable eggs for up to 54 days longer than the normal incubation period. Given that ibis are multibrooded, raising up to three successful clutches in a breeding season, the increased time devoted to incubating oil-treated eggs could reduce the opportunity for multiple broods, compared with conventional egg destruction. The egg-oil technique offers an additional tool for land managers to conduct ibis reproduction control, which should reduce the amount of time required to conduct ibis management, consequently reducing the cost to land managers.
Cane toads reduce the abundance and site occupancy of Merten's water monitor (Varanus mertensi)
Authors: Griffiths Anthony D. , McKay J. Lindley
Published: August 2011

Introduced into Australia in 1935, the cane toad (Chaunus [Bufo] marinus) threatens native vertebrate predators. However, there have been few rigorous quantitative studies on species threatened by this toxic invasive species. This study examines the changes in abundance and proportion of sites occupied by Merten’s water monitor (Varanus mertensi) at a site in the Northern Territory following invasion by cane toads. The study was located at Manton Dam Recreation Area, 70 km south of Darwin, and ran for 18 months. Cane toads were first detected at the study site in February 2005, three months after the first survey, and their abundance remained low until February 2006, when an increase was observed. The abundance of V. mertensi declined substantially 8 months after the arrival of cane toads and remained low. The probability of detection of V. mertensi varied considerably within and among surveys, and was higher in the wet season surveys. The proportion of sites occupied by V. mertensi at the start of the study was 0.95 ± 0.03. Site occupancy remained high for 6 months after the arrival of cane toads, but declined gradually to a low of 0.15 ± 0.16 within 12 months. There has been demonstrable change in the abundance and proportion of sites occupied by V. mertensi following the colonisation of cane toads, but the population has been able to persist. Monitoring of populations impacted by cane toads may provide unique opportunities to understand processes underlying local extinction and colonisation of native predators following the impact of invasive species.
The importance of grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea preissii) as habitat for mardo (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster) during post-fire recovery
Authors: Swinburn Marnie L. , Fleming Patricia A. , Craig Michael D. , Grigg Andrew H. , Garkaklis Mark J. , Hobbs Richard J. , Hardy Giles E. St.J.
Published: August 2011

Grasstrees (Xanthorrhoea) are an important structural component of many Australian ecosystems and also an important resource for many fauna species. Grasstrees have distinctive morphologies, with a crown of long thin leaves and skirts, the latter of which are accumulated dead leaves; both are incinerated by fire. This study determined the morphological features of Xanthorrhoea preissii, which change in response to fire from 6 months to 21 years post-burn. In addition, using radio-telemetry and spool-tracking, we determined that grasstrees are utilised as foraging and nesting resources for mardos (Antechinus flavipes leucogaster (Gray, 1841), Marsupialia: Dasyuridae). Recently burnt grasstrees (6 months post-burn) appeared not to be used by mardos at all. We found few mardos in these recently burnt sites, and the one individual we managed to track for 126 m utilised only a single grasstree: a 2-m-tall multiple-crowned grasstree that had escaped the fire was used as a nest site. For sites 5 years post-burn, mardos selectively utilised grasstrees with larger crown areas and those with a greater number of crowns compared with a random sample of available trees. At the 14-year post-burn sites, mardos still demonstrated some selection for grasstrees, although no specific single feature could be determined as most significant. We recorded humidity and temperature buffering effects in association with post-burn accumulation of grasstree skirt material and found that even dead grasstree ‘logs’ were an important resource for nests. We conclude that mardos utilise both live and dead grasstrees for foraging and nest sites, possibly owing to the availability of dense cover, a buffered microclimate, and potentially also food resources. Fire-management policies that promote habitat heterogeneity and retain several intact-skirted grasstrees within the landscape are likely to benefit mardos.
Syntax and prosodic consequences in ASL
Authors: Churng Sarah
Published: August 2011

This study investigates three different multiple wh-question types in American Sign Language (ASL). While the three are strikingly similar, subtle but systematic differences in their prosody make them semantically distinct. I derive these distinctions from their syntax, via extensions of Koopman and Szabolcsi’s (2000) remnant movement and Sportiche’s (1988) stranded movement, and I propose that multiple wh-questions in ASL involve Parallel Merge structures of the kind proposed by Citko (2005). I also present new generalizations to characterize their prosody, whereby A-bar movement gives rise to prosodic breaks and ‘prosodic resets’.
Negation in Turkish Sign Language
Authors: Gökgöz Kadir
Published: August 2011

This paper presents a detailed description of manual and nonmanual markers (NMMs) in negative sentences in Turkish Sign Language (TİD). It has been argued that TİD has a manual dominant pattern for negation with a backward head tilt being the major NMM in negative sentences. By contrast, in this paper I argue that, when it comes to negation, TİD is not a strictly manual dominant language. I will consider spreading of NMMs such as headshake, brow-lowering, and brow-raising and argue that these spreading NMMs play a syntactic role in TİD negative sentences. They mark the syntactic domain of negation, either through c-command, a spec-head-relation or both. In addition, I offer a generative analysis of the syntax of negation in TİD based on the syntactic background provided for TİD and the distributional patterns of NMMs.
Mouth gestures in British Sign Language
Authors: Lewin Donna , Schembri Adam C.
Published: August 2011

This article investigates the claim that tongue protrusion (‘th’) acts as a nonmanual adverbial morpheme in British Sign Language (BSL) (Brennan 1992; Sutton-Spence & Woll 1999) drawing on narrative data produced by two deaf native signers as part of the European Cultural Heritage Online (ECHO) corpus. Data from ten BSL narratives have been analysed to observe the frequency and form of tongue protrusion. The results from this preliminary investigation indicate tongue protrusion occurs as part of the phonological formation of lexical signs (i.e., ‘echo phonology’, see Woll 2001), as well as a separate meaningful unit that co-occurs (sometimes as part of constructed action) with classifier constructions and lexical verb signs. In the latter cases, the results suggest ‘th’ sometimes appears to function as an adverbial morpheme in BSL, but with a greater variety of meanings than previously suggested in the BSL literature. One use of the adverbial appears similar to a nonmanual signal in American Sign Language described by Liddell (1980), although the form of the mouth gesture in our BSL data differs from what is reported in Liddell’s work. Thus, these findings suggest the mouth gesture ‘th’ in BSL has a broad range of functions. Some uses of tongue protrusion, however, remain difficult to categorise and further research with a larger dataset is needed.
Nonmanual markings for topic constructions in Hong Kong Sign Language
Authors: Sze Felix
Published: August 2011

Across sign languages, topic constructions are marked by nonmanual features such as a brow raise and head tilt. This study investigates whether a topic constituent is marked nonmanually in Hong Kong Sign Language. Spontaneous and elicited data show that the majority of ‘scene-setting’ topics, which provide a temporal, spatial or individual framework for the proposition in the sentence, are accompanied with a brow raise and a specific head/body position different from the rest of the sentence. In contrast, ‘aboutness’ topics that represent what a sentence is about are neither marked by nonmanuals consistently nor separated intonationally from the rest of the sentence. Grammatical objects fronted to the sentence-initial position are not marked nonmanually, either. The findings suggest that there are cross-linguistic differences with respect to the functions of nonmanuals in the information structuring of sign languages.
Nonmanuals, semantic operators, domain marking, and the solution to two outstanding puzzles in ASL
Authors: Wilbur Ronnie B.
Published: August 2011

This paper provides an analysis of certain nonmanuals from a semantic perspective with respect to the different types of semantic operators they are associated with. The categories of operators include simple/monadic and tripartite/dyadic. This semantic analysis will explain different phonological spreading among upper face/head nonmanuals: negative headshake, brow lowering, and structurally varied use of brow raise. Negative headshake and [+wh]-question brow lowering spread over their c-command domain. However, brow raise does not spread over its c-command domain, and its spreading domain is harder to characterize. The operator analysis provides a coherent explanation for the spreading domain. This distinction underlies a new analysis of the derived sign understand′, and helps resolve two puzzling issues related to its use: (1) why it has brow raise; and (2) what position it occupies in CP. This solution offers additional evidence in support of the claim that ASL has the spec,CP on the left.
Linguistics as structure in computer animation
Authors: Wolfe Rosalee , Cook Peter , McDonald John C. , Schnepp Jerry
Published: August 2011

Computer-generated three-dimensional animation holds great promise for synthesizing utterances in American Sign Language (ASL) that are not only grammatical, but well-tolerated by members of the Deaf community. Unfortunately, animation poses several challenges stemming from the necessity of grappling with massive amounts of data. However, the linguistics of ASL may aid in surmounting the challenge by providing structure and rules for organizing animation data. An exploration of the linguistic and extralinguistic behavior of the brows from an animator’s viewpoint yields a new approach for synthesizing nonmanuals that differs from the conventional animation of anatomy and instead offers a different approach for animating the effects of interacting levels of linguistic function. Results of formal testing with Deaf users have indicated that this is a promising approach.
The future of general tendencies in translation
Authors: Jiménez-Crespo Miguel A.
Published: August 2011

Explicitation has long been considered a tendency in translation and has been empirically investigated by a number of scholars. This paper responds to Chesterman´s (2004a: 47) call to test explicitation phenomena on different translation modalities and types, and tests the explicitation hypothesis against a comparable web corpus containing 40m words. The fast evolving field of web localization was selected given that (1) if explicitation is a potential universal or general tendency, it should be equally present in current and future translation types; (2) localization is a specific case of translation in which explicitation might not be expected due to space constraints and web usability guidelines; (3) research using comparable web corpora has produced evidence contradicting other proposed general tendencies, such as conventionalization (Jiménez-Crespo 2009a;Kenny 2001). The results of the study confirm that despite specific constraints, localized texts show explicitation if contrasted with non-translated web texts belonging to the same digital genre.
When and why do translators add connectives?
Authors: Becher Viktor
Published: August 2011

Additions and omissions of connectives (e.g. conjunctions, connective adverbs, etc.) are a frequent phenomenon in translation. The present article reports on a study whose aim was to elucidate translators’ motivations for performing such shifts, focusing on the addition of connectives. The study was carried out on a bidirectional parallel corpus containing translations of business texts between English and German. Connective additions and omissions were identified, counted and analyzed taking into account the surrounding linguistic context of the shift in question, possibly associated shifts performed by the translator, alternative translation options, etc. It was found that the vast majority of identified shifts were attributable to previously established English-German contrasts in terms of syntax, lexis, and communicative norms. The findings suggest that it is unnecessary to assume that translators follow a “universal strategy” of explicitation, as it has often been done in the literature (cf. e.g. Blum-Kulka’s Explicitation Hypothesis).
The use of deictic reference in identifying point of view in Grazia Deledda’s Canne al Vento and its translation into English
Authors: Johnson Jane
Published: August 2011

Point of view in narrative has been identified in literary stylistics through the use of deixis, modality, transitivity and Free Indirect Discourse. These findings have also been applied to literature in translation (Bosseaux 2007). This article focuses on deictic cues in the narrative structure of Canne al Vento by Grazia Deledda in the original Italian and the English translation, following an earlier study focussing on constructing a particular point of view through mental processes of perception, the translation of which did not always reflect that point of view (Johnson 2010). Data emerging from a corpus-assisted study is examined qualitatively using a systemic-functional model in order to assess to what extent the point of view constructed by these cues in the ST is conveyed in the novel in translation.
Censorship and translated children’s literature in the Soviet Union
Authors: Inggs Judith A.
Published: August 2011

The study of translation and censorship is of particular interest in the context of Russia and the Soviet Union. With the aim of stimulating further discussion, particularly in relation to recent developments in the sociology of translation, this article takes the example of L. Frank Baum’s The Wizard of Oz (1900) and its adaptation by Alexander Volkov as The Wizard of the Emerald City (Volshebnik izumrudnogo goroda) (1939) in order to explore the relationship between the multiple forces at work in the translation of children’s literature under conditions of censorship. By means of an analysis of the differences between the two texts I conclude that censorship is a complex phenomenon which provides fertile ground for the creative manipulation and appropriation of texts and can be considered as an active participant in the creation of an image of a foreign body of literature and its location in a particular literary field.
The death of the translator in machine translation
Authors: Lee Tong King
Published: August 2011

This paper explores the notion of the death of the Translator, inspired by Barthes’ formulation of the death of the Author. It argues that the death of the Translator is caused by a loss of human agency in translation and is therefore most clearly exemplified in machine translation. Based on an avant-garde bilingual poetry project by a Taiwanese poet, the paper demonstrates that machine translation can produce unexpected new meanings through unpredictable routes of semantic and syntactic divergences from the source text. The poet’s use of transparency as physical medium and of machine translation as mediator raises the following questions: does translation actually allow us to ‘read through’ a source text? If so, to what extent is such translation ‘transparent’? How should we even come to terms with the concept of ‘transparency’ with respect to the meaning of a literary text in translation? The paper argues that in the bilingual project in question, machine translation plays the crucial function of bringing the reader’s attention back to the target language by way of delaying/blocking comprehension, hence rendering the corporeality of the target language ‘transparent’.
Language variation in source texts and their translations
Authors: Corrius Montse , Zabalbeascoa Patrick
Published: August 2011

In addition to the two languages essentially involved in translation, that of the source text (L1) and that of the target text (L2), we propose a third language (L3) to refer to any other language(s) found either or both texts. L3 may appear in the source text (ST) or the target text (TT), actually appearing more frequently in STs in our case studies. We present a range of combinations for the convergence and divergence of L1, L2 and L3, for the case of feature films and their translations using examples from dubbed and subtitled versions of films, but we are hopeful that our tentative conclusions may be relevant to other modalities of translation, audiovisual and otherwise. When L3 appears in an audiovisual ST, we find a variety of solutions whereby L3 is deleted from or adapted to the TT. In the latter case, L3 might be rendered in a number of ways, depending on factors such as the audience’s familiarity with L3, and the possibility that L3 in the ST is an invented language.
Long‐Term and Interannual Dynamics of Walleye and Yellow Perch in Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron
Authors: Ivan Lori N. , Höök Tomas O. , Thomas Michael V. , Fielder David G.
Published: August 2011

Walleye Sander vitreus and yellow perch Perca flavescens are well‐studied, ecologically important fish species that co‐occur in a wide range of systems and experience complex interactions; on the one hand, they are physiologically and ecologically similar and therefore may respond analogously to environmental variation, while on the other hand they interact antagonistically as competitors, predators, and prey. In Saginaw Bay, Lake Huron, walleyes and yellow perch have supported a combination of commercial and recreational fisheries and have been exposed to a series of ecosystem‐level stressors and management actions that may have impacted these populations via multiple pathways. We used dynamic factor analysis and correlation analysis of walleye and yellow perch annual fall trawl catch data to elucidate the overall trends in walleye and yellow perch populations in Saginaw Bay. The results suggest that walleyes and yellow perch trend differently; while the relative abundance of age‐0–2 walleyes generally increased and their mean length decreased from 1980 to 2008, the trends in yellow perch abundance and length differed among the young‐of‐year, yearling, and age‐2 age‐classes. Moreover, interannual negative associations between yellow perch relative abundance and mean size are suggestive of compensatory, density‐dependent control on growth, while similar evidence is lacking for walleyes. Correlation analyses indicate that walleye year‐class strength is set by the fall of age 0, while the age at which recruitment is set for yellow perch is less clear and may not occur until the fall of age 1. Thus, we suggest that future studies evaluating environmental determinants of year‐class strength in Saginaw Bay evaluate age‐0 walleyes and age‐1 yellow perch. Finally, while age‐0 yellow perch and age‐0 walleyes appear to respond similarly to annual environmental conditions, the recent increase in walleye abundance and decrease in the mean size of age‐0 yellow perch may have contributed to the reduced abundance of adult yellow perch via walleye predation and overwinter mortality.
Reproductive Development and Related Observations during the Spawning Migration of Hickory Shad
Authors: Murauskas J. G. , Rulifson R. A.
Published: August 2011

Hickory shad Alosa mediocris were sampled for two consecutive years in coastal North Carolina at various points of their ascent in salt water, brackish water, and freshwater to examine reproductive development and related variables during the spawning migration. Fish averaged 3 years of age; however, the proportion of repeat spawners and the proportion of individuals in older age‐classes were greater for females than for males, and females were larger than males of the same age. Nearly all fish had identifiable food items in their stomachs early in migration. Feeding decreased significantly as fish entered freshwater, and energy reserves became depleted with movements upstream. Reproductive development was positively correlated with inland movements, as indicated by increases in the gonadosomatic index and oocyte size and based on histological examination. Separate oocyte size‐classes were observed within the same individuals, and postovulatory follicles were also present; these observations indicate that hickory shad are batch spawners with indeterminate fecundity and group‐synchronous development of oocytes. Postspawn females with yolked oocytes were captured while feeding in the estuary after the reproductive season. Migratory timing was similar in both years, and a strong positive correlation between water temperature and fish movements was evident. Results indicate that reproductive development in migrating hickory shad is significantly related to size, age, energy reserves, geographic location, and time of year. This information contributes to a better understanding of the relatively unstudied hickory shad and serves as a basis for further research on alosine fishes in the eastern United States.
Ontogenetic Diet Comparison of Atlantic Cod and White Hake Occurring at Historically Low Population Abundances
Authors: Hanson John Mark
Published: August 2011

Abundances of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua and white hake Urophycis tenuis have dropped to historically low levels in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. Stomach samples were collected during late summer 2001 and 2002 to compare ontogenetic diet patterns at a time when food presumably was not limiting. White hake had a narrow diet and showed an abrupt ontogenetic diet change: fish less than 35 cm total length (TL) consumed benthic invertebrates (sevenspine bay shrimp Crangon septemspinosa, gammarid amphipods, or polychaetes), while those at least 35 cm TL preyed mainly on Atlantic herring Clupea harengus. Atlantic cod had a broad diet initially dominated by benthic and pelagic invertebrates (Arctic argid Argis dentata, Aesop shrimp Pandalus montagui, Eualus spp., mysids, northern propeller clams Cyrtodaria siliqua, and polychaetes). Fish (mainly Atlantic herring, capelin Mallotus villosus, and small demersal species) were gradually incorporated into the Atlantic cod diet but did not comprise more than 50% of prey biomass until the cod reached a length of 50–60 cm TL. The incidence of cannibalism was low for both fishes. Diet overlap was low between all sizes of Atlantic cod and white hake but was high between adjacent size‐classes of Atlantic cod and for all size‐classes of white hake greater than 35 cm TL (where Atlantic herring comprised more than 70% of prey biomass).
Studying spirituality scientifically: reflections, considerations, recommendations
Authors: MacDonald Douglas A.
Published: August 2011

Spirituality has become the focus of growing attention by scholars over the past few decades in a variety of disciplines including psychology, nursing, medicine, social work, counseling, and business. Despite this attention, confusion and controversy exists regarding what spirituality is and whether or not it is even worthy of being considered a scientific construct. In this essay, the author provides an overview of the methodology and philosophy of science issues that accompany the study of spirituality. Thereafter, he proffers an empirically derived descriptive taxonomic model of spirituality for use in research and theory development. The essay ends with recommendations for future investigations on spirituality.
Workplace spirituality and organizational commitment: an integrative model
Authors: Vandenberghe Christian
Published: August 2011

In this article, the model of spiritual leadership of Fry and colleagues is built on to envision how spiritual leaders can influence employee commitment in the workplace, and ultimately job performance, organizational citizenship behaviors, retention, and psychological well-being. The model presented proposes sense of calling and sense of membership as mediators of the effects of spiritual leadership on four components of commitment (affective, normative, continuance-sacrifices, and continuance-alternatives). Three moderators of spiritual leadership are proposed: climate for spirituality, personal spirituality, and materialism. Based on recent research on commitment and its meaning with regard to spirituality, I derive a number of testable propositions that can guide further research on spiritual leadership and commitment. Finally, I discuss levels of analysis and generalizability of the model as key issues that research should address in the future.
Exploring linkages among transformational leadership, workplace spirituality and well-being in health care workers
Authors: McKee Margaret C. , Driscoll Cathy , Kelloway E. Kevin , Kelley Elizabeth
Published: August 2011

Considerable data have accumulated showing positive relationships between leadership and well-being, and spirituality and well-being, but few have explored relationships among all three phenomena. In the current study, multilevel modeling was used to analyze survey data from a sample
of 178 health care workers and test a proposed mediation model. As hypothesized, regression and mediation analyses revealed the effects of transformational leadership on measures of employees’ mental and spiritual well-being were fully mediated by workplace spirituality and, more specifically,
respondents’ sense of community. Our results suggest that leaders influence individual well-being through their ability to enhance employees’ sense of community in the workplace.
The role of inspiration in organizational life
Authors: O’Grady Kari A.
Published: August 2011

Twenty first century workers require more than financial rewards to achieve workplace satisfaction. Many seek a sense of spiritual fulfillment and purpose from their employment. Some employers and employees believe that assistance from a higher power can help them navigate everyday challenges in the workplace, contribute more effectively in the workplace, and achieve greater satisfaction in their careers. Studies, including the O’Grady and Richards (2011, in press) studies on inspiration in professional life, indicate that some professionals experience inspiration through (a) a sense of calling, (b) divine guidance, (c) help in solving problems, (d) a heightening of abilities, and (e) a fulfilling way of being. Implications for creating spiritually friendly organizations are described in the article.
Can a submaximal exercise test predict peak exercise performance in dancers?
Authors: Vissers Dirk , Roussel Nathalie , Mistiaen Wilhelm , Crickemans Bram , Truijen Steven , Nijs Jo , De Backer Wilfried
Published: August 2011

Professional dancers are artistic athletes who require high aerobic conditioning to perform at their best. Moreover, high aerobic conditioning may control overtraining and prevent injuries. A submaximal exercise test that is easy to administer and allows prediction of maximal oxygen consumption in dancers would be a powerful tool for coaches, physiotherapists, and sports medicine physicians to screen physical fitness and evaluate the effects of aerobic exercise training. In the present study, the values recorded for a submaximal exercise test called the Aerobic Power Index were compared with peak aerobic power values in 44 dance students. The Aerobic Power Index proved to be an acceptable submaximal field test for evaluating aerobic power and predicting peak oxygen consumption in dancers.
Bilateral deficit in power production during multi‐joint leg extensions
Authors: Dickin D. Clark , Sandow Ron , Dolny Dennis G.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of the bilateral deficit both as a function of overall and individual joint power. Most studies addressing the deficit have assessed force; however, in most sporting events maximal power is more important than maximal force production. To address this, in the current study we assessed the bilateral deficit for multi‐joint movements as measured by overall lower extremity and individual joint power. We assessed power production using an isokinetic machine permitting both unilateral and bilateral leg extensions. Several significant effects and interactions between the contraction type (unilateral, bilateral, alternating unilateral), side of the body, lower extremity joint, and percentage of a 1‐RM load were revealed. All interactions were between the lower extremity joints (hip, knee, ankle) and involved the contraction protocol (P=0.001), the percentage of 1‐RM load (P=0.0002), and the side of the body (P=0.0003). Taken together, the results indicate that the bilateral deficit is manifested using a measure of power, but more importantly, the deficit has differential implications based on the overall resistance, and various joints involved in the movement. In conclusion, a reduction in power generation was evidenced for both simultaneous contractions of the leg extensors as well as reciprocal contractions. With reduced contributions from the knee joint during bilateral and reciprocal contractions, combined with past research demonstrating differential activation of mono‐articular knee joint muscles, evidence for reduced contributions from the peripheral nervous system are suggested based on the results of this study.
On the period map for prime Fano threefolds of degree 10
Authors: Debarre Olivier , Iliev Atanas , Manivel Laurent
Published: August 2011

We study, after Logachev, the geometry of smooth complex Fano threefoldsXXwith Picard number11, index11, and degree1010, and their period map to the moduli space of 10-dimensional principally polarized abelian varieties. We prove that a general suchXXhas no nontrival automorphisms. By a simple deformation argument and a parameter count, we show thatXXisnotbirational to a quartic double solid, disproving a conjecture of Tyurin.

Through a detailed study of the variety of conics contained inXX, a smooth projective irreducible surface of general type with globally generated cotangent bundle, we construct two smooth projective two-dimensional components of the fiber of the period map through a generalXX: one is isomorphic to the variety of conics inXX, modulo an involution, another is birationally isomorphic to a moduli space of semistable rank-22torsion-free sheaves onXX, modulo an involution. The threefolds corresponding to points of these components are obtained fromXXvia conic and line (birational) transformations. The general fiber of the period map is the disjoint union of an even number of smooth projective surfaces of this type.
Future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss
Authors: Visconti Piero , Pressey Robert L. , Giorgini Daniele , Maiorano Luigi , Bakkenes Michel , Boitani Luigi , Alkemade Rob , Falcucci Alessandra , Chiozza Federica , Rondinini Carlo
Published: August 2011

Current levels of endangerment and historical trends of species and habitats are the main criteria used to direct conservation efforts globally. Estimates of future declines, which might indicate different priorities than past declines, have been limited by the lack of appropriate data and models. Given that much of conservation is about anticipating and responding to future threats, our inability to look forward at a global scale has been a major constraint on effective action. Here, we assess the geography and extent of projected future changes in suitable habitat for terrestrial mammals within their present ranges. We used a global earth-system model, IMAGE, coupled with fine-scale habitat suitability models and parametrized according to four global scenarios of human development. We identified the most affected countries by 2050 for each scenario, assuming that no additional conservation actions other than those described in the scenarios take place. We found that, with some exceptions, most of the countries with the largest predicted losses of suitable habitat for mammals are in Africa and the Americas. African and North American countries were also predicted to host the most species with large proportional global declines. Most of the countries we identified as future hotspots of terrestrial mammal loss have little or no overlap with the present global conservation priorities, thus confirming the need for forward-looking analyses in conservation priority setting. The expected growth in human populations and consumption in hotspots of future mammal loss mean that local conservation actions such as protected areas might not be sufficient to mitigate losses. Other policies, directed towards the root causes of biodiversity loss, are required, both in Africa and other parts of the world.