bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of platinum compounds/superfine aluminum hydroxide/ultrafine calcium carbonate on the flame retardation and smoke suppression of silicone foams
Authors: Deng Jun , Kang Fu‐Ru , Xiao Yang , Shu Chi‐Min , Wang Wei‐Feng , Laiwang Bin , Liu Zhi‐Chao
Published: March 2019

Environmentally friendly, flame‐retardant, and relatively low‐density (0.25–0.31 g cm−3) silicone foams (SiFs) were successfully obtained through dehydrogenation at room temperature (RT = 25.0 °C). Moreover, a flame‐retardant system for SiFs was obtained through a synergistic combination of platinum (Pt) compounds, superfine aluminum hydroxide (ATH), and ultrafine calcium carbonate (CC). The smoke suppression, flame retardance, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of SiFs with Pt compounds, ATH, and CC were tested using the limited oxygen index (LOI), UL‐94 test, smoke density test, cone calorimeter, and thermogravimetry–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. With only 0.6 wt % Pt compounds, the pure SiF achieved the UL‐94‐V1 rating (3 mm thick), had an LOI value of 29.6%, and the maximum smoke density (MSD) was 6.5%. After adding ATH and CC, SiF composites could achieve the UL‐94‐V0 rating (3 mm thick), the LOI increase to 35.2%, and MSD decrease by 45%. Furthermore, the SiF with 0.6 wt % Pt compounds, 15.0 wt % ATH, and 15.0 wt % CC exhibited the optimal comprehensive properties for smoke suppression, flame retardance, mechanical performance, and thermal stability. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 47679.
Synthesis of atactic polypropylene: Propylene polymerization reactions with TiCl4–Al(C2H5)2Cl/Mg(C4H9)2 catalyst
Authors: Rishina Laura А. , Kissin Yury V. , Lalayan Svetlana S. , Krasheninnikov Vadim G.
Published: March 2019

The Ziegler catalyst, a combination of TiCl4 and Al(C2H5)2Cl, is a very poor catalyst for propylene polymerization. However, the addition of Mg(C4H9)2 to the Ziegler catalyst at a [Mg]:[Al] molar ratio < 0.5 leads to the formation of a potent catalyst system for homopolymerization of propylene. Polymers produced with the TiCl4–Al(C2H5)2Cl/Mg(C4H9)2 catalyst are mostly atactic and amorphous, their minor partially crystalline isotactic components constitute merely 5–10% of the combined polymer material. Principal advantages of the TiCl4–Al(C2H5)2Cl/Mg(C4H9)2 catalyst for the manufacture of atactic PP include high activity, low cost, and the ease of use: the catalyst is prepared in situ from three commercially available components. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47692.
Spatiotemporally different expression of alternatively spliced GABA receptor subunit transcripts in the housefly Musca domestica
Authors: Kita Tomo , Mino Hayata , Ozoe Fumiyo , Ozoe Yoshihisa
Published: March 2019

Insect γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors are important as major inhibitory neurotransmitter receptors and targets for insecticides. The housefly GABA receptor subunit gene MdRdl is alternatively spliced at exons 3 (a or b) and 6 (c or d) to yield the variants of ac, ad, bc, and bd combinations. In the present study, the expression of the
MdRdl transcript in the body parts and in the developmental stages of the housefly
Musca domestica was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction using specific primers that amplify the combinations of alternative exons. The results indicated that the transcripts of
MdRdl, including four combinations, were highly expressed in the adult stage.
MdRdlbd was the most abundant in the adult head. The expression pattern did not change in the adult stage over 7 days after eclosion. The expression level of the
MdRdl
bd transcript in the female head was similar to that of the male head. In contrast,
MdRdl
bc was the predominant transcript in the pupal head and the adult leg. Because the homomeric Rdl
bc GABA receptor has a high affinity for GABA, our results provide grounds for designing agonist or competitive‐antagonist insecticides that target the orthosteric site of the GABA receptor containing this Rdl variant.
Antennal transcriptome analysis of the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais: Identification and tissue expression profiling of candidate odorant‐binding protein genes
Authors: Tang Qing‐Feng , Shen Chen , Zhang Ying , Yang Zhi‐Peng , Han Rong‐Rong , Wang Jian
Published: March 2019

Our bioassays reviewed that antennae played crucial roles in the responses of maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) to food and sex volatiles. In order to identify the maize weevil odorant‐binding protein (OBP) genes, we analyzed its antennal transcriptome. In total, 21,587,928 high‐quality clean reads were obtained from RNA‐seq, 52,206 unigenes were assembled, and 25,744 unigenes showed significant similarity (
E value < 10
−5) to known proteins in the NCBI nonredundant protein database. From those unigenes, we identified 41 candidate OBP proteins, which could be categorized into dimeric OBPs subfamily, minus‐C OBPs subfamily, and classical OBPs subfamily. Phylogenic analysis indicated that most maize weevil OBPs were closely related to their orthologues in other beetles of the Superfamily
Curculionoidea. We further investigated the expression profiles of those candidate OBP genes by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Twenty‐six of forty‐one maize weevil OBP genes were highly expressed in the antennae or other parts of the head. The rest were expressed in the legs, wings, or other tested tissues. The antennal transcriptomic data and candidate OBP genes described here provide a basis for the functional studies of the maize weevil chemical perception, which are potential novel targets for pest control strategies.
Residue analysis of tebufenozide and indoxacarb in chicken muscle, milk, egg and aquatic animal products using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Choi Jeong‐Min , Zheng Weijia , Abd El‐Aty A. M. , Kim Seong‐Kwan , Park Da‐Hee , Yoo Kyung‐Hee , Lee Gyu‐Hee , Baranenko Denis A. , Hacımüftüoğlu Ahmet , Jeong Ji Hoon , Kang Young‐Sun , Shin Ho‐Chul
Published: March 2019

We developed an analytical method using liquid–liquid extraction (LLE) and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) to detect and quantify tebufenozide (TEB) and indoxacarb (IND) residues in animal and aquatic products (chicken muscle, milk, egg, eel, flatfish, and shrimp). The target compounds were extracted using 1% acetic acid (0.1% acetic acid for egg only) in acetonitrile and purified using n‐hexane. The analytes were separated on a Gemini‐NX C18 column using (a) distilled water with 0.1% formic acid and 5 mm ammonium acetate and (b) methanol with 0.1% formic acid as the mobile phase. All six‐point matrix‐matched calibration curves showed good linearity with coefficients of determination (R2) ≥0.9864 over a concentration range of 5–50 μg/kg. Intra‐ and inter‐day accuracy was expressed as the recovery rate at three spiking levels and ranged between 73.22 and 114.93% in all matrices, with a relative standard deviation (RSD, corresponding to precision) ≤13.87%. The limits of quantification (LOQ) of all target analytes ranged from 2 to 20 μg/kg, which were substantially lower than the maximum residue limits (MRLs) specified by the regulatory agencies of different countries. All samples were collected from different markets in Seoul, Republic of Korea, and tested negative for tebufenozide and indoxacarb residues. These results show that the method developed is robust and may be a promising tool to detect trace levels of the target analytes in animal products.
Simultaneous determination of tandospirone and its active metabolite, 1‐[2‐pyrimidyl]‐piperazine in rat plasma by LC–MS/MS and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Hu Wenya , Jia Mi , He Siyan , Xie Huiru , Jiang Xuehua , Wang Ling
Published: March 2019

A rapid, sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of tandospirone (TDS) and its active metabolite 1‐[2‐pyrimidyl]‐piperazine (1‐PP) in Sprague–Dawley rat plasma is described. It was employed in a pharmacokinetic study. These analytes and the internal standards were extracted from plasma using protein precipitation with acetonitrile, then separated on a CAPCELL PAK ADME C18 column using a mobile phase of acetonitrile and 5 mm ammonium formate acidified with formic acid (0.1%, v/v) at a total flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The detection was performed with a tandem mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionization source. The method was validated to quantify the concentration ranges of 1.000–500.0 ng/mL for TDS and 10.00–500.0 ng/mL for 1‐PP. Total time for each chromatograph was 3.0 min.

The intra‐day precision was between 1.42 and 6.69% and the accuracy ranged from 95.74 to 110.18% for all analytes. Inter‐day precision and accuracy ranged from 2.47 to 6.02% and from 98.37 to 105.62%, respectively. The lower limits of quantification were 1.000 ng/mL for TDS and 10.00 ng/mL for 1‐PP. This method provided a fast, sensitive and selective analytical tool for quantification of tandospirone and its metabolite 1‐PP in plasma necessary for the pharmacokinetic investigation.
High‐dose Methotrexate plus temozolomide with or without rituximab in patients with untreated primary central nervous system lymphoma: A retrospective study from China
Authors: Chen Cui , Sun Peng , Cui Juan , Yan Shumei , Chen Hao , Xia Yi , Bi Xiwen , Liu Panpan , Wang Yu , Yang Hang , Nie Man , Zhang Xue‐Wen , Jiang Wenqi , Li Zhi‐Ming
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this retrospective study was to compare the efficacy and toxicity of high‐dose methotrexate plus temozolomide (MT regimen) and rituximab plus MT (RMT regimen) in patients with untreated primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). A total of 62 patients with untreated PCNSL were enrolled between January 2005 and December 2015, with the median age of 53.5 years (range 29‐77).In this study, 32 patients received RMT as induction therapy, and 30 received MT. Objective responses were noted in 93.7% of the patients in the RMT group and in 69.0% of the patients in the MT group (P = 0.018), while complete responses were noted in 53.2% of the patients in the RMT group and 27.6% of the patients in the MT group (P < 0.001). The 2‐ and 5‐year PFS rates were 81.3% and 53.3%, respectively, for the RMT group and 46.5% and 29.1%, respectively, for the MT group (P = 0.019). The 2‐ and 5‐year overall survival (OS) rates were 82.3% and 82.3%, respectively, for the RMT group and 65.7% and 50.0%, respectively, for the MT group (P = 0.015). Multivariate analyses showed that therapeutic regimen (RMT vs MT) was an independent prognostic factor for PFS and OS. Our encouraging results suggest that the RMT regimen may be a feasible and safe therapeutic approach for first‐line treatment of PCNSL.
Football and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Authors: Wood J. Luke , Degeneffe Charles Edmund
Published: March 2019

This chapter addresses the ethical implications of chronic traumatic encephalopathy for community colleges with intercollegiate football teams.
Community College Governing Boards and Foundation Boards: Ethics and the Pursuit of Extraordinary Organizational Purpose
Authors: Craft William M. , Guy Kathleen E.
Published: March 2019

Community college leadership, including governing and foundation board members, must have an ethical framework while using philanthropic fundraising to increase revenues available for community colleges to realize their heroic mission.
A Leg to Stand On: Developing Core Beliefs and a Leadership Philosophy for Sound Ethical Decision‐Making
Authors: Gonzales Steven R.
Published: March 2019

Possessing core beliefs and a leadership philosophy is essential to undergird the work of college leaders, particularly during a time of systemic organizational change. This chapter delineates what college leaders should do to establish ethical decision‐making and ethical leadership practices.
Ethical Decision‐Making Needs for Emerging Community College Leaders
Authors: Smith Douglas A. , Fox Emily C.
Published: March 2019

To accurately anticipate future ethical decision‐making needs for emerging community college leaders, we must first understand current presidential ethical practice and their perspectives on the future needs of next‐generation leaders. This understanding helps us consider implications for the future preparation of community college leaders.
Methanol Sensing by a Luminescent Zinc(II)‐Based Metal−Organic Framework
Authors: Durini Sara , Ilić Nebojša , Ramazanova Kyzgaldak , Grell Toni , Lönnecke Peter , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: March 2019

A luminescent zinc‐based metal‐organic framework (MOF; 1) was synthesized from a highly conjugated tridentate ligand, 1,3,5‐tris[(1E)‐2′‐(4′′‐benzoic acid)vinyl]benzene. X‐ray single crystal analysis reveals the organization of 1 in a three‐dimensional porous framework. Thermogravimetric analysis shows that 1 has a good thermal stability, and resists decomposition up to 420 °C. The removal of the solvent molecules from the cavities leads to a temporary loss of crystallinity, which can be regained by heating the MOF in diethylformamide, the solvent used for the synthesis, as shown by powder X‐ray diffraction. In addition, 1 shows luminescent features influenced by the chemical environment, making it suitable as optical sensor. Detection of methanol with a turn‐on effect was possible in low concentration in mixtures with water (50 μL/3 mL and 10 μL/3 mL) and as vapor.
Energy‐efficient device‐to‐device communication using adaptive resource‐block allocation
Authors: Gandotra Pimmy , Jha Rakesh Kumar
Published: March 2019

Device‐to‐device (D2D) communication in the fifth‐generation (5G) wireless communication networks (WCNs) reuses the cellular spectrum to communicate over the direct links and offers significant performance benefits. Since the scarce radio spectrum is the most precious resource for the mobile‐network operators (MNOs), optimizing the resource allocation in WCNs is a major challenge. This paper proposes an adaptive resource‐block (RB) allocation scheme for adequate RB availability to every D2D pair in a trisectored cell of the 5G WCN. The hidden Markov model (HMM) is used to allocate RBs adaptively, promoting high resource efficiency. The stringent quality‐of‐service (QoS) and quality‐of‐experience (QoE) requirements of the evolutionary 5G WCNs must not surpass the transmission power levels. This is also addressed while using HMM for RB allocation. Thus, an energy‐efficient RB allocation is performed, with higher access rate and mean opinion score (MOS). Cell sectoring effectively manages the interference in the 5G networks amid ultrauser density. The potency of the proposed adaptive scheme has been verified through simulations. The proposed scheme is an essential approach to green communication in 5G WCNs.
Landscape genetic structure of Scirpus mariqueter reveals a putatively adaptive differentiation under strong gene flow in estuaries
Authors: Yang Mei , Xu Chengyuan , Duchesne Pierre , Ma Qiang , Yin Ganqiang , Fang Yang , Lu Fan , Zhang Wenju
Published: March 2019

Estuarine organisms grow in highly heterogeneous habitats, and their genetic differentiation is driven by selective and neutral processes as well as population colonization history. However, the relative importance of the processes that underlie genetic structure is still puzzling. Scirpus mariqueter is a perennial grass almost limited in the Changjiang River estuary and its adjacent Qiantang River estuary. Here, using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), a moderate‐high level of genetic differentiation among populations (range FST: 0.0310–0.3325) was showed despite large ongoing dispersal. FLOCK assigned all individuals to 13 clusters and revealed a complex genetic structure. Some genetic clusters were limited in peripheries compared with very mixing constitution in center populations, suggesting local adaptation was more likely to occur in peripheral populations. 21 candidate outliers under positive selection were detected, and further, the differentiation patterns correlated with geographic distance, salinity difference, and colonization history were analyzed with or without the outliers. Combined results of AMOVA and IBD based on different dataset, it was found that the effects of geographic distance and population colonization history on isolation seemed to be promoted by divergent selection. However, none‐liner IBE pattern indicates the effects of salinity were overwhelmed by spatial distance or other ecological processes in certain areas and also suggests that salinity was not the only selective factor driving population differentiation. These results together indicate that geographic distance, salinity difference, and colonization history co‐contributed in shaping the genetic structure of S. mariqueter and that their relative importance was correlated with spatial scale and environment gradient.
Toward accurate species‐level metabarcoding of arthropod communities from the tropical forest canopy
Authors: Creedy Thomas J. , Ng Wui Shen , Vogler Alfried P.
Published: March 2019

Metabarcoding of arthropod communities can be used for assessing species diversity in tropical forests but the methodology requires validation for accurate and repeatable species occurrences in complex mixtures. This study investigates how the composition of ecological samples affects the accuracy of species recovery.

Starting with field‐collected bulk samples from the tropical canopy, the recovery of specimens was tested for subsets of different body sizes and major taxa, by assembling these subsets into increasingly complex composite pools. After metabarcoding, we track whether richness, diversity, and most importantly composition of any size class or taxonomic subset are affected by the presence of other subsets in the mixture.

Operational taxonomic units (OTUs) greatly exceeded the number of morphospecies in most taxa, even under very stringent sequencing read filtering. There was no significant effect on the recovered OTU richness of small and medium‐sized arthropods when metabarcoded alongside larger arthropods, despite substantial biomass differences in the mixture. The recovery of taxonomic subsets was not generally influenced by the presence of other taxa, although with some exceptions likely due to primer mismatches. Considerable compositional variation within size and taxon‐based subcommunities was evident resulting in high beta‐diversity among samples from within a single tree canopy, but this beta‐diversity was not affected by experimental manipulation.

We conclude that OTU recovery in complex arthropod communities, with sufficient sequencing depth and within reasonable size ranges, is not skewed by variable biomass of the constituent species. This could remove the need for time‐intensive manual sorting prior to metabarcoding. However, there remains a chance of taxonomic bias, which may be primer‐dependent. There will never be a panacea primer; instead, metabarcoding studies should carefully consider whether the aim is broadscale turnover, in which case these biases may not be important, or species lists, in which case separate PCRs and sequencing might be necessary. OTU number inflation remains an issue in metabarcoding and requires bioinformatic development, particularly in read filtering and OTU clustering, and/or greater use of species‐identifying sequences generated outside of bulk sequencing.
Constraining N cycling in the ecosystem model LandscapeDNDC with the stable isotope model SIMONE
Authors: Denk Tobias R. A. , Kraus David , Kiese Ralf , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Wolf Benjamin
Published: March 2019

The isotopic composition (ic) of soil nitrogen (N) and, more recently, the intramolecular distribution of 15N in the N2O molecule (site preference, SP) are powerful instruments to identify dominant N turnover processes, and to attribute N2O emissions to their source processes. Despite the process information contained in the ic of N species and the associated potential for model validation, the implementation of isotopes in ecosystem models has lagged behind. To foster the validation of ecosystem models based on the ic of N species, we developed the stable isotope model for nutrient cycles (SIMONE). SIMONE uses fluxes between ecosystem N pools (soil organic N, mineral N, plants, microbes) calculated by biogeochemical models, and literature isotope effects for these processes to calculate the ic of N species. Here, we present the concept of SIMONE, apply it to simulations of the biogeochemical model LandscapeDNDC, and assess the capability of 15N‐N2O and, to our knowledge for the first time, SP, to constrain simulated N fluxes by LandscapeDNDC. LandscapeDNDC successfully simulated N2O emission, soil nitrate, and ammonium, as well as soil environmental conditions of an intensively managed grassland site in Switzerland. Accordingly, the dynamics of 15N‐N2O and SP of soil N2O fluxes as simulated by SIMONE agreed well with measurements, though 15N‐N2O was on average underestimated and SP overestimated (root‐mean‐square error [RMSE] of 8.4‰ and 7.3‰, respectively). Although 15N‐N2O could not constrain the N cycling process descriptions of LandscapeDNDC, the overestimation of SP indicated an overestimation of simulated nitrification rates by 10–59% at low water content, suggesting the revision of the corresponding model parameterization. Our findings show that N isotope modeling in combination with only recently available high‐ frequency measurements of the N2O ic are promising tools to identify and address weaknesses in N cycling of ecosystem models. This will finally contribute to augmenting the development of model‐based strategies for mitigating N pollution.
Internal Hydrogen Bond Influences the Formation of [2+2] Schiff Base Macrocycle: Open‐Chain Vs. Hemiaminal and Macrocycle Forms
Authors: Bil Andrzej , Gregoliński Janusz , Biczysko Malgorzata
Published: March 2019

Open‐chain vs. hemiaminal and macrocycle forms of the condensation product of 2,6‐diformylpyridine and opposite enantiomers oftrans‐1,2‐diaminocyclopentane have been studied using DFT methods to reveal that the macrocycle (with a water molecule co‐product) is the thermochemically preferred form. The mechanistic picture of formation of [[2+2]] Schiff base macrocycle from its chain precursor has been supplemented with the electron localization function analysis revealing the crucial electronic aspects underlying the covalent bonds evolution. The macrocycle formation may proceed along two paths, through two distinct diastereoisomerc hemiaminal intermediates. The reaction rate limiting water elimination step exhibits the considerably lower and unusually flat energy barrier for the path involving S hemiaminal due to the strong decoupling of the CO bond cleavage from the proton migration to form the water molecule.
Analysis of Bio‐Oil Derived from Catalytic Pyrolysis of Pine Sawdust over Sodium Salts‐Supported γ‐Al2O3
Authors: Xue Xiangfei , Pan Zeyou , Zhang Changsen , Wang Dengtai , Xie Yunyun , Zhang Ruiqin
Published: March 2019

Catalytic pyrolysis of pine sawdust with five sodium salts‐supported γ‐Al2O3 was performed in a fixed‐bed reactor at 500°C for liquid products. The liquid products were analyzed for its physics and chemical properties, such as product yield, oil phase proportion and yield, water content, chemical composition, elemental analysis, and calorific value. The results indicate that liquid yields decreased with the five catalysts compared with non‐catalytic pyrolysis, whereas phase separation (oil and aqueous phases) was observed. The oil phase water content drops sharply to around 10% compared to non‐catalytic bio‐oil (30%). The acid was not observed in the chemical composition of the oil phase product when the catalysts were present. The oxygen content of the oil phase products was significantly reduced. Of the five catalysts, Na2SiO3/γ‐Al2O3 catalyst showed better catalytic performance for its maximum oil phase product yield and oil quality. High heat value of the five oil phase products was all above 30.0 MJ/kg with this catalytic system. The new sodium ion species generated from the combination of sodium salts and γ‐Al2O3, which may be responsible to the improvement of bio‐oil quality. Furthermore, the excess sodium salts on the γ‐Al2O3 surface play an important role on the fast pyrolysis of pine sawdust. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Thermodynamic modeling and validation of in‐cylinder flow in diesel engines
Authors: Neshat Elaheh , Nazemian Mehrdad , Honnery Damon
Published: March 2019

The formation of a suitable air and fuel mixture in diesel engines is one of the most important factors in quality of combustion and engine exhaust emissions. The mixture formation depends on mass transfer phenomenon inside the combustion chamber. This study presents a new thermodynamic model to simulate the mass transfer phenomenon in diesel engines. Diesel engine is simulated utilizing a thermodynamic multi zone model coupled to a semi‐detailed chemical kinetics mechanism. Heat and mass transfer submodels are linked to the multi zone model. Bulk flow and diffusion mass transfer between zones are considered in the mass transfer submodel. Bulk mass transfer simulates fluid motion between different zones caused by piston speed and difference in zonal temperature and pressure. Diffusion mass transfer occurs due only to difference in composition of different zones. The results indicate diesel engine performance and exhaust emissions can be predicted accurately applying mass transfer submodels. Bulk mass transfer mechanism has more significant effects on engine performance and emission compared to diffusion mechanism. Neglecting mass transfer submodels, calculated in‐cylinder peak pressure is under predicted and both of exhaust NOx and soot are over predicted. The rates of soot oxidation reactions decrease and rates of NOx important reactions increase when mass transfer submodels are ignored. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13146, 2019
Evaluation Capacity Building for Informal STEM Education: Working for Success Across the Field
Authors: Bequette Marjorie , Cardiel Christopher L. B. , Cohn Sarah , Kollmann Elizabeth Kunz , Lawrenz Frances
Published: March 2019

Informal STEM education (ISE) organizations, especially museums, have used evaluation productively but unevenly. We argue that advancing evaluation in ISE requires that evaluation capacity building (ECB) broadens to include not only professional evaluators but also other professionals such as educators, exhibit developers, activity facilitators, and institutional leaders. We identify four categories of evaluation capacity: evaluation skill and knowledge, use of evaluation, organizational systems related to conducting or integrating evaluation, and values related to evaluation. We studied a field‐wide effort to build evaluation capacity across a network of organizations and found it important to address individuals’ evaluation capacities as well as capacities at the organizational level. Organizational factors that support ECB included redundancy of evaluation capacities across multiple people in an organization, institutional coherence around the value of evaluation, and recognition that ECB can be led from multiple levels of an organizational hierarchy. We argue that the increasing emphasis on evaluation in the ISE field represents an exciting opportunity and that, with targeted strategies and investments, ECB holds great promise for the future of ISE and ISE evaluation.
Impact of hybrid flame retardant on the flammability and thermomechanical properties of wood sawdust polymer composite panel
Authors: Suoware Timine O. , Edelugo Sylvester O. , Ezema Ikechukwu C.
Published: March 2019

Wood‐based polymer composites represent a growing interest in the building industry. The fire response of this composite type is a concern to many end users. This study utilizes wood sawdust as reinforcement to develop flame retarded wood sawdust polyester composite (WSPC) panel. Flame retardant (FR) chemicals such as aluminium tri‐hydroxide (ATH), intumescent FR (ammonium polyphosphate [APP] Gum Arabic Powder [GAP]), and the combination of ATH and APP‐GAP (hybrid) at 0%, 12%, and 18% were used to modify the WSPC panel using hand lay‐up compression moulding technique. Tensile and flexural properties, thermal and flammability properties, and macroscopic image observations (MIOs) were examined using universal testing machine, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC), and the cone calorimeter apparatus (CCA), respectively. The results obtained show that the added nonhybrid FR in the WSPC panel enhanced the tensile and flexural strength while a reduction in the tensile modulus was observed. In the thermal stability, TGA analysis reveals that the added hybrid FR did not exhibit significant change in the thermal stability of the WSPC panel while cone calorimeter results show significant improvement in some fire properties. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR when incorporated in WSPC panel can be of great benefit to the building industry.
The role of education, occupational match on job satisfaction in the behavioral and social science workforce
Authors: Hur Hyungjo , Maurer Julie A. , Hawley Joshua
Published: March 2019

While many studies that have been conducted in recent years examining the education and workforce outcomes of STEM graduates, few have focused on the behavioral and social sciences (BSS). Federal agencies, such as National Institutes of Health (NIH), are implementing policies to foster multidisciplinary research in an effort to find more effective solutions to complex problems. As a result, there is growing interest in the career pathways of BSS scientists. This study seeks to increase our understanding of how BSS graduates, particularly women and underrepresented minorities, transition to employment within their respective fields. The focus of this research is the impact of horizontal mismatch, defined as the misalignment between a worker's degree and occupational fields, on job satisfaction and wage outcomes. This analysis of returns to education when mismatch occurs, including a comparison among majors and various demographic groups, provides insights into the labor market experiences of these scientists. Mismatched graduates were found to be much more vulnerable, earning less, and having lower job satisfaction, than their counterparts employed in jobs that aligned with their field of study. Additional job‐related training was found to have a positive influence on these outcomes. Also of interest in this study were variations in wage penalties and job satisfaction between groups having different gender and race diversity characteristics. These findings are useful to human resource development (HRD) professionals, governmental policymakers, and other stakeholders seeking strategies to improve the workforce outcomes of BSS scientists.
Improving Financial Inclusion through Communal Financial Orientation: How Financial Service Providers Can Better Engage Consumers in Banking Deserts
Authors: Mende Martin , Salisbury Linda Court , Nenkov Gergana Y. , Scott Maura L.
Published: March 2019

Banking deserts, vulnerable communities that lack access to mainstream banks, represent a serious societal problem. Mainstream banks successfully entering banking deserts can help to assuage this problem. Drawing from research on the psychological consequences of poverty, we propose that mainstream banks can more successfully operate in banking deserts by increasing consumers’ perception of communal financial orientation as a bank benefit (i.e., consumers’ perception that engaging with the bank is beneficial for their community's well‐being). Two field studies, comparing customers of a credit union who live in a banking desert and those who do not, show that the perception of communal financial orientation as a bank benefit increases banking‐desert consumers’ beliefs that engaging with the credit union is beneficial and increases their likelihood of patronizing and recommending it; consumers living outside banking deserts do not display these effects. These findings provide novel insights into psychological mechanisms distinctly associated with banking‐desert consumers and establish the importance of communal financial orientation. This is a win‐win proposal for under‐served communities and financial service providers because it helps both improve financial inclusion and increase the viability of serving banking deserts.
Secondary findings: How did we get here, and where are we going?
Authors: Ormond Kelly E. , O'Daniel Julianne M. , Kalia Sarah S.
Published: March 2019

The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) recommendations for reporting of incidental (now “secondary”) findings in clinical exome and genome sequencing (Green et al., Genet Med 15:565, 2013) is an often cited and sometimes misapplied professional guideline. To best approach the current state of secondary findings (SFs) in genomic medicine, and consider their impact, it is helpful to understand how and why the guideline was created. Of particular importance is the context ‐ the state of the science and clinical practice during 2011–2012 when the guideline were initially developed. This paper will review the setting before the guidelines were published, and empiric research and discussion that has occurred since.
Challenges of infertility genetic counseling: Impact on counselors' personal and professional lives
Authors: Liker Karina , Black Lauri , Weil Jon , Bruce Janine , Bereknyei Merrell Sylvia , Bivona Stephanie , Ormond Kelly E.
Published: March 2019

Infertility genetic counselors (GCs) work with patients struggling to become pregnant who desire genetic testing of embryos and preconception genetic testing or carrier screening. Because personal and professional challenges have not been examined in this relatively new genetic counseling specialty, we investigated the difficulties infertility GCs face in their professional roles. Past and present infertility GCs in patient‐facing roles were recruited through the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Purposive sampling ensured participants were diverse in clinical setting, reproductive history, and other demographics. Nineteen participants completed a semi‐structured interview, at which time data saturation occurred. Thematic analysis revealed infertility GCs consider their patients more emotionally stressed than patients in other specialties. Infertility GCs relate easily to patients, build long‐term patient relationships, and feel invested in the reproductive successes of patients. Participants reported heightened concern for their own fertility, leading to high personal uptake of preconception genetic and fertility tests. Participants described discomfort when counseling while visibly pregnant and reluctance to disclose their own reproductive histories. Further research is needed on the complex interactions of GCs' personal and professional lives. Peer support groups and professional dialogue about the personal effects of the role may be beneficial for infertility GCs.
Inter‐annual variation of tropical cyclones simulated by GEOS‐5 AGCM with modified convection scheme
Authors: Seo Eunkyo , Lee Myong‐In , Kim Dongmin , Lim Young‐Kwon , Schubert Siegfried D. , Kim Kyu‐Myong
Published: March 2019

The Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS‐5) global climate model with a 50‐km horizontal resolution is forced by observed sea surface temperature (SST) to examine the fidelity of the seasonal‐mean and inter‐annual variation of tropical cyclones (TCs) in the western North Pacific (WNP) and the North Atlantic (NATL). The standard Relaxed Arakawa Schubert (RAS) deep convection scheme is modified to improve the representation of TCs, where the scheme implements a stochastic limit of the cumulus entrainment rate. The modification drives mid‐ and upper‐tropospheric cooling and low‐ to mid‐tropospheric drying in the background state, which tends to increase atmospheric instability. This enables the model to increase convective variability on an intra‐seasonal timescale and improve the simulation of intense storms.

Five‐member ensemble runs with the modified RAS scheme for 12 years (1998–2009) exhibit realistic spatial distributions in the climatological‐mean TC development area and their pathways over WNP and NATL. The GCM is able to reproduce the inter‐annual variation of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE) by prescribing yearly varying observed SST even though the individual TC intensity is still underpredicted. A sensitivity of TC activity to El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phase is also reproduced realistically over WNP in terms of the spatial pattern changes in the main development region and TC pathways. However, the model exhibits a notable deficiency in NATL in reproducing the observed inter‐annual variation of TC activity and the sensitivity to the ENSO.
Identification of geographical origin of Keemun black tea based on its volatile composition coupled with multivariate statistical analyses
Authors: Fang Shimao , Ning Jingming , Huang Wen‐Jing , Zhang Gang , Deng Wei‐Wei , Zhang Zhengzhu
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Keemun black tea (KBT) is one of the most popular tea beverages in China as a result of its unique flavor and potential health benefits. The geographical origin of KBT influences its quality and price. The present study aimed to apply a head‐space solid phase microextraction approach and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry combined with chemometric analysis to profile the volatile compounds of KBT collected from five production areas.

RESULTS

Thirty‐one peaks were detected in 61 KBT samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis, principal component analysis (PCA), k‐nearest neighbor (k‐NN) and stepwise linear discriminant analysis (SLDA) were employed to visualize the volatile fractions. The results of unsupervised statistical tools were compared using a test for similarities and distinctions, which showed that different sources may be associated. A satisfying combination of average recognition (91.7%) and cross‐validation prediction abilities (84.6%) was obtained for the PCA–k‐NN. Among all of the statistical tools, SLDA provided promising results, with 100% recognition and 96.4% prediction ability.

CONCLUSION

The results obtained in the present study indicate that the volatile compounds can be used as indicators to identify the geographical origin of KBT. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Readmissions following ambulatory pediatric endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: McKeon Mallory , Medina Genevieve , Kawai Kosuke , Cunningham Michael , Adil Eelam
Published: March 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) is indicated in select pediatric patients with medically refractory sinus disease. Our objectives were to examine indications and rates of readmission following ambulatory pediatric ESS and identify specific subgroups that may benefit from inpatient admission.

Study Design

Retrospective database review.

Methods

The Pediatric Health Information Systems (PHIS) 2004–2016 database was retrospectively reviewed for patients age <18 years who underwent ambulatory ESS between January 2011 and December 2016 and were readmitted within 30 days postoperatively. Data regarding demographics, extent of surgery, comorbidities, adjunctive procedures, and cost were collected. A multivariable mixed‐effects logistic regression model was employed for analysis.

Results

We identified 3,669 unique pediatric ESS cases with 128 readmissions within 30 days (3.5%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.9%‐4.1%). Median cost of readmission was $980 (mean, $5,890; standard deviation, $13,421). The most common indication for readmission was epistaxis (17.2%), followed by nausea/abdominal pain (14.1%). Respiratory infection (13.3%) and sinusitis (10.2%) presented a combined readmission rate exceeding that of epistaxis alone. Multivariable analysis indicated age <3 years (odds ratio [OR]: 3.41, 95% CI: 1.96‐5.93) and a prior diagnosis of asthma (OR: 2.88, 95% CI: 1.99‐4.18) or cystic fibrosis (OR: 1.57, 95% CI: 1.00‐2.44) significantly increased the risk of readmission. Extent of ESS and simultaneous adenoidectomy, septoplasty, or turbinate reduction had no significant impact on readmission rates.

Conclusions

ESS is a relatively safe outpatient surgical procedure in pediatric patients, with an overall readmission rate of 3.5%. Clinicians should consider careful preoperative evaluation of very young patients and those with cystic fibrosis or asthma to optimize perioperative management and determine if postoperative admission is warranted, given their significantly higher readmission rates.

Level of Evidence

NA

Laryngoscope, 129:2681–2686, 2019
Functionalization of WS2 Nanotubes with Fluorescent C‐dots and Conductive Polythiophenes
Authors: Kumar Vijay Bhooshan , Harel Yifat , Ben‐Ishay Rivka , Lellouche Jean‐Paul , Gedanken Aharon
Published: March 2019

Multifunctional nanoparticles have attracted significant interest for their multifunctional applications. Described herein is the building of a new hybrid nanocomposite particle, conjugating tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanotubes (NTs) to fluorescent carbon dots (C‐dots). Hybrid WS2‐C‐dots hyb‐NTs nanomaterials are prepared by a hydrothermal reaction of PEDOTAc‐WS2 NTs, where the PEDOTAc (poly 2,3‐dihydrothieno[3,4‐b][1,4]dioxine‐2‐carboxylic acid) polymer serves as the C‐dots precursor. The physical and chemical properties of the as‐synthesized WS2‐C‐dots hyb‐NTs are determined by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), CHNSO analysis, and fluorescence, Raman, and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The WS2‐C‐dots hyb‐NTs are shown to be very stable at normal room temperature and pressure and could be useful for multicolor cell imaging and targeted cell killing.
Patterns of community assembly in the developing chicken microbiome reveal rapid primary succession
Authors: Jurburg Stephanie D. , Brouwer Michael S. M. , Ceccarelli Daniela , van der Goot Jeanet , Jansman Alfons J. M. , Bossers Alex
Published: March 2019

The fine‐scale temporal dynamics of the chicken gut microbiome are unexplored, but thought to be critical for chicken health and productivity. Here, we monitored the fecal microbiome of healthy chickens on days 1–7, 10, 14, 21, 28, and 35 after hatching, and performed 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing in order to obtain a high‐resolution census of the fecal microbiome over time. In the period studied, the fecal microbiomes of the developing chickens showed a linear‐log increase in community richness and consistent shifts in community composition. Three successional stages were detected: the first stage was dominated by vertically transmitted or rapidly colonizing taxa including Streptococcus and Escherichia/Shigella; in the second stage beginning on day 4, these taxa were displaced by rapid‐growing taxa including Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcus‐like species variants; and in the third stage, starting on day 10, slow‐growing, specialist taxa including Candidatus Arthrobacter and Romboutsia were detected. The patterns of displacement and the previously reported ecological characteristics of many of the dominant taxa observed suggest that resource competition plays an important role in regulating successional dynamics in the developing chicken gut. We propose that the boundaries between successional stages (3–4 and 14–21 days after hatching) may be optimal times for microbiome interventions.
Price discrimination and the emergence of secondary markets
Authors: Radoias Vlad
Published: March 2019

A frequently used explanations for the emergence of secondary markets for live entertainment and the ability of resellers to charge a markup over face‐value prices is that promoters do not price discriminate optimally. We test this hypothesis empirically, using instrumental variables techniques on a sample of 45 popular music concerts and find that secondary market markups are not caused by the level of price discrimination used by promoters on primary markets. The experience and success of the artist drive both primary market pricing and secondary market markups, which are consistent with theories of social influence and pricing of complementary products.
States seek to build reliable systems to identify crisis‐bed availability
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: March 2019

Funding from the federal government is helping nearly half the states to develop or improve upon registries offering up‐to‐date information on where beds are available for individuals experiencing a psychiatric crisis. The intent is to reduce or eliminate wait times that in many cases force individuals in crisis to languish in a hospital emergency room, in a jail or at home.
Tennessee budget to support MH, suicide prevention efforts
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: March 2019

As budget proposal season heats up for most states, the governor of Tennessee announced his proposal as a way to prioritize the state's mental health safety net and suicide prevention efforts.
Controlling Aedes aegypti populations by limited Wolbachia‐based strategies in a seasonal environment
Authors: Rafikov Marat , Meza Magno Enrique Mendoza , Ferruzzo Correa Diego Paolo , Wyse Ana Paula
Published: March 2019

In this work, the linear feedback limited control strategy is proposed to indicate how the Wolbachia‐infected mosquitoes should be introduced in the seasonal environment to reduce the non‐Wolbachia mosquito population. The numerical simulations show that the proposed strategy reduces the population level of non‐Wolbachia mosquitos, avoiding mosquito spread and, consequently, reducing the number of cases of vector‐borne diseases.
Multigrid method for coupled semilinear elliptic equation
Authors: Xu Fei , Ma Hongkun , Zhai Jian
Published: March 2019

This paper introduces a kind of multigrid finite element method for the coupled semilinear elliptic equations. Instead of the common way of directly solving the coupled semilinear elliptic problems on some fine spaces, the presented method transforms the solution of the coupled semilinear elliptic problem into a series of solutions of the corresponding decoupled linear boundary value problems on the sequence of multilevel finite element spaces and some coupled semilinear elliptic problems on a very low dimensional space. The decoupled linearized boundary value problems can be solved by some multigrid iterations efficiently. The optimal error estimate and optimal computational work are proved theoretically and demonstrated numerically. Moreover, the requirement of bounded second‐order derivatives of the nonlinear term in the existing multigrid method is reduced to a Lipschitz continuous condition in the proposed method.
Dipole filtering antenna with quasi‐elliptic peak gain response using parasitic elements
Authors: Niu Bing‐Jian , Tan Jie‐Hong
Published: March 2019

A dipole filtering antenna with a quasi‐elliptic peak gain frequency response is proposed. It consists of a driven dipole, a parasitic resonator and a parasitic meandered resonator with the same resonant length. By introducing these two parasitic elements, the proposed antenna has two reflection zeros in the passband and two radiation nulls in the stopbands. An antenna prototype centering at 1.85 GHz is fabricated. Measured peak gain and radiation efficiency achieve minimum values of −7.95 dBi and 4.23% at 1.73 GHz and −4.17 dBi and 7.78% at 1.92 GHz, respectively. The roll‐off factor of peak gain is 182.52 dB/GHz at the lower sideband and 281.27 dB/GHz at the upper sideband, respectively. Measured results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design. Compared to conventional dipole antennas, the proposed antenna achieves widen impedance bandwidth as well as filtering frequency performance such as flat passband gain, steep sideband selectivity and high stopband suppression.