bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds and subsequent photochemical production of secondary organic aerosol in mesocosm studies of temperate and tropical plant species
Authors: Wyche K. P. , Ryan A. C. , Hewitt C. N. , Alfarra M. R. , McFiggans G. , Carr T. , Monks P. S. , Smallbone K. L. , Capes G. , Hamilton J. F. , Pugh T. A. M. , MacKenzie A. R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Silver birch (Betula pendula) and three Southeast Asian tropical plant species (Ficus cyathistipula, Ficus benjamina and Caryota millis) from the pantropical fig and palm genera were grown in a purpose-built and environment-controlled whole-tree chamber. The volatile organic compounds emitted from these trees were characterised and fed into a linked photochemical reaction chamber where they underwent photooxidation under a range of controlled conditions (RH ∼65–89%, VOC/NOx ∼3–9 and NOx ∼2 ppbV). Both the gas phase and the aerosol phase of the reaction chamber were monitored in detail using a comprehensive suite of on-line and off-line, chemical and physical measurement techniques. Silver birch was found to be a high monoterpene and sesquiterpene, but low isoprene emitter, and its emissions were observed to produce measureable amounts of SOA via both nucleation and condensation onto pre-existing seed aerosol (YSOA 26–39%). In contrast, all three tropical species were found to be high isoprene emitters with trace emissions of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. In tropical plant experiments without seed aerosol there was no measurable SOA nucleation, but aerosol mass was shown to increase when seed aerosol was present. Although principally isoprene emitting, the aerosol mass produced from tropical fig was mostly consistent (i.e., in 78 out of 120 aerosol mass calculations using plausible parameter sets of various precursor specific yields) with condensation of photooxidation products of the minor VOCs co-emitted; no significant aerosol yield from condensation of isoprene oxidation products was required in the interpretations of the experimental results. This finding is in line with previous reports of organic aerosol loadings consistent with production from minor biogenic VOCs co-emitted with isoprene in principally-isoprene emitting landscapes in Southeast Asia. Moreover, in general the amount of aerosol mass produced from the emissions of the principally-isoprene-emitting plants, was less than would be expected from published single-VOC experiments, if co-emitted species were solely responsible for the final SOA mass. Interpretation of the results obtained from the fig data sets, leaves room for a potential role for isoprene in inhibiting SOA formation under certain ambient atmospheric conditions, although instrumental and experimental constraints impose a level of caution in the interpretation of the results. Concomitant gas and aerosol phase composition measurements also provide a detailed overview of numerous key oxidation mechanisms at work within the systems studied and their combined analysis provides insight into the nature of the SOA formed.
Validation of nine-years of MOPITT V5 NIR using MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements: biases and long term stability
Authors: de Laat A. T. J. , Aben I. , Deeter M. , Nédélec P. , Eskes H. , Attié J.-L. , Ricaud P. , Abida R. , El Amraoui L. , Landgraf J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Validation results from a comparison between Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT) V5 Near InfraRed (NIR) Carbon Monoxide (CO) total column measurements and Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapour on Airbus in-service Aircraft (MOZAIC)/In-Service Aircraft for a Global Observing System (IAGOS) aircraft measurements are presented. A good agreement is found between MOPITT and MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements, consistent with results from earlier studies using different validation data and despite large variability in MOPITT CO total columns along the spatial footprint of the MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements. Validation results improve when taking the large spatial footprint of the MOZAIC/IAGOS data into account. No statistically significant drift was detected in the validation results over the period 2002–2010 at global, continental and local (airport) scales. Furthermore, for those situations where MOZAIC/IAGOS measurements differed from the MOPITT a priori, the MOPITT measurements clearly outperformed the MOPITT a priori data, indicating that MOPITT NIR retrievals add value to the MOPITT a priori. Results from a high spatial resolution simulation of the chemistry-transport model MOCAGE (MOdèle de Chimie Atmosphérique à Grande Echelle) showed that the most likely explanation for the large MOPITT variability along the MOZAIC-IAGOS profile flight path is related to spatio-temporal CO variability, which should be kept in mind when using MOZAIC/IAGOS profile measurements for validating satellite nadir observations.
Criterion for analyzing experimental data on eddy diffusion coefficients
Authors: Vlasov M. N. , Kelley M. C.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Problems exist in estimating the eddy heat transport coefficient, Keh, from experimental data. These problems are due to uncertainty in determining the turbulent energy dissipation rate and to the uncertainty of Keh dependence on the energy dissipation rate. In this paper, a new criterion for estimating the eddy heat transport coefficient is suggested. This criterion is based on the effect of eddy turbulence on the energy budget of the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The calculations show high cooling around and above the Keh peak for Keh values inferred from experimental data. The cooling rates are much higher than cooling rates corresponding to the temperature given by the MSIS-E-90 model or to temperatures measured during the experiments. The main contribution to high cooling rates is due to the term with eddy heat conduction, which strongly depends on the Keh gradient. According to our results, the heating/cooling values below the Keh peak altitude correspond to the temperature given by the MSIS-E-90 model, but at the peak and above, the cooling rates are larger by a factor of 2–3 than the rates corresponding to the temperatures. This means that the Keh values in the peak and above may be overestimated. Application of this criterion to the Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX) data shows that eddy diffusions inferred from observing chemical tracers in TOMEX are strongly overestimated.
The sensitivity of carbon turnover in the Community Land Model to modified assumptions about soil processes
Authors: Foereid B. , Ward D. S. , Mahowald N. , Paterson E. , Lehmann J.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Soil organic matter (SOM) is the largest store of organic carbon (C) in the biosphere, but the turnover of SOM is still incompletely understood and not well described in global C cycle models. Here we use the Community Land Model (CLM) and compare the output for soil organic C stocks (SOC) to estimates from a global data set. We also modify the assumptions about SOC turnover in two ways: (1) we assume distinct temperature sensitivities of SOC pools with different turnover time and (2) we assume a priming effect, such that the decomposition rate of native SOC increases in response to a supply of fresh organic matter. The standard model predicted the global distribution of SOC reasonably well in most areas, but it failed to predict the very high stocks of SOC at high latitudes. It also predicted too much SOC in areas with high plant productivity, such as tropical rainforests and some midlatitude areas. Total SOC at equilibrium was reduced by a small amount (<1% globally) when we assume that the temperature sensitivity of SOC decomposition is dependent on the turnover rate of the component pools. Including a priming effect reduced total global SOC more (6.6% globally) and led to decreased SOC in areas with high plant input (tropical and temperate forests), which were also the areas where the unmodified model overpredicted SOC (by about 40%). The model was then run with climate change prediction until 2100 for the standard and modified versions. Future simulations showed that differences between the standard and modified versions were maintained in a future with climate change (4–6 and 23–47 Pg difference in soil carbon between standard simulation and the modified simulation with temperature sensitivity and priming respectively). Although the relative changes are small, they are likely to be larger in a fully coupled simulation, and thus warrant future work.
Extreme temperature days and potential impacts in Southern Europe
Authors: Cardil A. , Molina D. M. , Kobziar L. N.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. Extreme temperature events have consequences for human health and mortality, forest disturbance patterns, agricultural productivity, and the economic repercussions of these consequences combined. To gain insight into whether extreme temperature events are changing in light of global climate dynamics, the annual numbers of high temperature days (those with temperatures higher than 20, 22.5 and 25 °C at 850 hPa) were analyzed across Southern Europe from years 1978–2012. A significant increase in the frequency of these days was found in many areas over the time period analyzed, and patterns in the spatial distribution of these changes were identified. We discuss the potential consequences of the increases in high temperature days with regards to forest fire risk, human health, agriculture, energy demands, and some potential economic repercussions.
Fine-scale features on the sea surface in SAR satellite imagery – Part 2: Numerical modeling
Authors: Matt S. , Fujimura A. , Soloviev A. , Rhee S. H. , Romeiser R.
Published: June 2014

Abstract. With the advent of the new generation of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) satellites, it has become possible to resolve fine-scale features on the sea surface on the scale of meters. The proper identification of sea surface signatures in SAR imagery can be challenging, since some features may be due to atmospheric distortions (gravity waves, squall lines) or anthropogenic influences (slicks), and may not be related to dynamic processes in the upper ocean. In order to improve our understanding of the nature of fine-scale features on the sea surface and their signature in SAR, we have conducted high-resolution numerical simulations combining a three-dimensional non-hydrostatic computational fluid dynamics model with a radar imaging model. The surface velocity field from the hydrodynamic model is used as input to the radar imaging model. The combined approach reproduces the sea surface signatures in SAR of ship wakes, low-density plumes, and internal waves in a stratified environment. The numerical results are consistent with observations reported in a companion paper on in situ measurements during SAR satellite overpasses. Ocean surface and internal waves are also known to produce a measurable signal in the ocean magnetic field. This paper explores the use of computational fluid dynamics to investigate the magnetic signatures of oceanic processes. This potentially provides a link between SAR signatures of transient ocean dynamics and magnetic field fluctuations in the ocean. We suggest that combining SAR imagery with data from ocean magnetometers may be useful as an additional maritime sensing method. The new approach presented in this work can be extended to other dynamic processes in the upper ocean, including fronts and eddies, and can be a valuable tool for the interpretation of SAR images of the ocean surface.
Arguing for the Immortality of the Soul in the Palinode of thePhaedrus
Authors: Moore Christopher
Published: June 2014

This article argues that in his second speech of the Phaedrus (the “palinode”), Socrates gives an intentionally fallacious argument. He gives this argument, starting “all/every soul is immortal” (245c6–246a2), to show his speech-loving friend Phaedrus how—rather than simply to tell him that—analytic as much as imagistic speech can persuade without deserving conviction. This argument joins four others that recent Phaedrus scholarship has shown to be deliberately misconstructed. The entire dialogue has Socrates demonstrating to Phaedrus that the proper attitude to speech is active and critical scrutiny. “Philosophy”—toward which Socrates wants to turn Phaedrus—is not the rhetorical mode “speaking in sequential inferences” but is instead a kind of shared listening and conversation, an association committed to “making a person most thoughtful.” Yet inducting someone into philosophy still depends on some rhetorical mode: the kind that reveals a person's need for a commitment to investigation.
Effect of conjugated linoleic acid, high-oleic sunflower oil and fish oil dietary supplementation on laying hen egg quality
Authors: Cachaldora P. , García-Rebollar P. , Álvarez C. , Méndez J. , De Blas J.C.
Published: June 2014

An experiment was performed to determine the effect of supplementing the diet of laying hens with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), fish oil (FO) and high-oleic sunflower oil (HOSO) on hen performance, egg yolk fatty acid (FA) concentrations, and egg sensorial quality and firmness. Four treatments were factorially designed involving two levels of supplementation of FO (0 and 17 g kg-1) and HOSO (30 and 35 g kg-1) for diets containing 3 g kg-1 of CLA. A control diet was also designed, with 30 g kg-1 HOSO but with no CLA or FO. Twenty five 38 week-old Warren laying hens were randomly assigned to 28 d dietary treatments with the above diets, following a pre-experimental period of 21 d. The type of diet did not affect egg production characteristics. The addition of CLA increased the yolk fat concentrations of CLA, saturated FA and C sub(22:5 n-3), but reduced those of monounsaturated FA and C sub(20:4 n-6). Supplementation with FO increased long-chain n-3 FA concentrations but reduced those of long-chain n-6 FAs, t sub(10),c sub(12) and tt-CLA. Supplementation with HOSO had little influence on yolk fat composition. Supplementation with CLA and FO impaired egg sensorial quality in an additive fashion, although yolk firmness was not affected. Eggs from hens fed diets with 3 g CLA kg-1 and 30 g HOSO kg-1 but no added FO contained 9 g CLA kg-1 yolk fat and were of acceptable sensorial quality to trained panellists. However, no eggs double-enriched in CLA and n-3 FA were obtained that were also sensorially acceptable.
Pre-sowing magnetic treatment of tomato seeds: effects on the growth and yield of plants cultivated late in the season
Authors: De Souza A. , García D. , Sueiro L. , Licea L. , Porras E.
Published: June 2014

The effects of pre-sowing magnetic treatments on the growth and yield of tomatoes (cv. Vyta), cultivated late in the season, were studied under field conditions. Tomato seeds were exposed either to a 120 mT dynamic magnetic field (induced by an experimental electromagnet) for 10 min or to a 80 mT field for 5 min. Non-treated seeds were used as controls. Plants were grown in experimental plots (20.2 square m) and cultivated according to standard agriculture practices. At physiological maturity, the plants were harvested from each plot and the number of fruits, mean fruit weight, fruit yield per plant and fruit yield per area determined. In the nursery stage, the treatments led to a significant increase in root length, fresh and dry root weight, stem length, fresh and dry stem weight, leaf area and foliole dry weight. During the vegetative stage, the leaf, stem and root relative growth rates of plants derived from magnetically-treated seeds were greater than those shown by control plants. In the generative stage, the relative growth rate of the fruits belonging to the "magnetically treated plants" was greater than that of control plant fruits. At the fruit maturity stage, the magnetically treated seeds produced plants with significantly more fruits (17.9-21.3%), with a significantly greater mean fruit weight (22.3-25.5%), and with a greater fruit yield per plant (47.3-51.7%) and per area (48.6-50.8%) than did the control plants. Pre-sowing magnetic treatments would appear to enhance the growth and yield of tomatoes cultivated late in the season.
Inheritance of seed physical traits in upland cotton under different temperature regimes
Authors: Rahman H. , Malik S.A. , Saleem M.
Published: June 2014

Physical seed traits such as seed weight, volume and density are determinants of seed vigour in cotton, while seed surface area is of prime importance in lint production. Two Pak-upland cotton crosses, plus their parental, F2 and back cross generations were evaluated over two years to determine the inheritance pattern of their seed physical traits under heat stress and non-stress field regimes. The heat stress regime suppressed the average expression of seed traits in all generations. The results showed there to be low genetic variability with respect to physical seed traits, particularly seed volume, seed density and seed surface area, among several generations of the two cotton crosses. The inheritance of seed physical traits was complex in both crosses due to the presence of substantial non-allelic interactions (digenic epistatic effects) and the influence of generation x temperature regime interaction. The two crosses expressed different patterns of inheritance for seed physical traits. Those governing seed volume and seed surface area were highly sensitive to the temperature regime in both crosses and were controlled by additive genetic effects under heat stress conditions, and by dominant genetic effects under non-stress regime. The non-stress regime favoured the expression of dominant genetic effects. From a breeding point of view, the heat stress regime could be a more favourable environment for enhancing selection efficiency.
Peake, Linda i Rieker, Martina (eds.) (2013). Rethinking feminist interventions into the urban
Authors: Ortiz Guitart Anna
Published: June 2014

Peake, Linda i Rieker, Martina (eds.) (2013).Rethinking feminist interventions into the urbanOxon: Routledge, 214 p.ISBN 978-0-415-51881-9
Coparentalitat i custòdia compartida a Catalunya
Authors: Solsona Montse , Brullet Cristina , Spijker Jeroen J. A.
Published: June 2014

L’article aborda la problemàtica de la custòdia compartida legal dels fills menors d’edat en el postdivorci dins d’un context de creixent diversitat de les pràctiques parentals. S’hi presenta el marc sociojurídic actual existent a Espanya i a Catalunya entorn de la figura jurídica i la pràctica de la custòdia compartida. A més, s’hi analitzen les dades de sentències judicials de nul·litats, separacions i divorcis en referència al període 2007-2012 procedents de l’INE sobre Catalunya i uns altres territoris de l’Estat espanyol. En els resultats, hi destaca l’especificitat de Catalunya en el context de l’Estat espanyol, amb nivells més alts de divorci, consens entre els cònjuges i custòdia compartida. Concloem que el formidable increment de la custòdia compartida es podria explicar per l’adaptació de la pràctica judicial a nous models de coparentalitat en el predivorci. S’hi planteja la necessitat d’avançar en la recerca qualitativa per conèixer l’impacte real de la custòdia compartida en la vida quotidiana dels nens i els seus progenitors, perquè interpretem que, en la pràctica, aquesta figura jurídica conté i amaga acords ben diversos i crea escenaris molt complexos en el postdivorci.
Devenir mujeres en la escuela. Apuntes críticos sobre las identidades de género
Authors: Tomasini Marina , Bertarelli Paula
Published: June 2014

En este artículo nos proponemos abordar un conjunto de discusiones en torno al concepto de identidad de género, recuperando los análisis producidos a lo largo del trabajo de campo de dos investigaciones realizadas en Córdoba, Argentina. Mostramos cómo un grupo de jóvenes asumen de manera situacional posicionamientos de género no necesariamente contradictorios. Posicionamientos que son, más bien, contingentes en la medida que dependen de las demandas identitarias que emergen en distintos escenarios de interacción aún en un mismo ámbito como la escuela. En suma, consideramos las identidades como plurales, situacionales y en transformación, a partir del análisis de relaciones sociales situadas.
La producción de narrativas como herramienta de investigación y acción sobre el dispositivo de sexo/género: Construyendo nuevos relatos
Authors: Martínez-Guzmán Antar , Montenegro Marisela
Published: June 2014

Los abordajes narrativos muestran una creciente presencia en las ciencias sociales y con frecuencia se argumenta su utilidad para el estudio de la identidad. En este trabajo pretendemos discutir algunas las implicaciones de los abordajes narrativos para el estudio de las identidades sexo-genéricas. En un primer momento, mostramos algunas las diferencias relevantes que existen la aproximación narrativa y otras formas de análisis del discurso. Posteriormente, discutimos las potencialidades de la perspectiva narrativa para el estudio del sexo-género como dispositivo semiótico-material. Finalmente, elaboramos una propuesta particular de comprensión y desarrollo de abordaje narrativo en torno a las identidades sexo-genéricas, donde los relatos o narraciones no son sólo instrumentos de producción de conocimientos sino también vehículos para la acción social. A manera de ilustración, citamos dos experiencias de investigación utilizando la metodología de las producciones narrativas.
Epistemología, metodología y métodos. ¿Qué herramientas para qué feminismo? Reflexiones a partir del estudio del cuidado
Authors: Martín Palomo María Teresa , Muñoz Terrón José María
Published: June 2014

En este trabajo pretendemos profundizar en los aspectos epistemológicos y en la práctica de la investigación social desde la perspectiva de los estudios de género. Partiendo de la complejidad de la metodología de la investigación y de la diversidad de enfoques feministas, se trabajará en la clarificación de algunos conceptos en torno a qué significa “investigación feminista” y se intentará dar respuesta a algunas de las cuestiones en ella implicadas. ¿Existe un método feminista? ¿Es posible considerar unos tipos de metodología más acordes con el feminismo que otros? Desde las investigaciones con un punto de vista de género se han planteado fuertes críticas a las epistemologías y metodologías tradicionales que, entre otros muchos aspectos cuestionables, servían a la pretensión de legitimar o justificar situaciones de subordinación, marginación o exclusión de las mujeres en determinados ámbitos. Eliminar los sesgos sexistas y androcéntricos que lastran el conocimiento desde tiempo inmemorial es un punto principal de los programas feministas de investigación, que cada vez más centran su atención en los métodos mediante los que se obtienen las “evidencias” sobre las que se construyen los diferentes saberes.
Practicing Intersectionality in Spain
Authors: Goñalons Pons Pilar , Ferree Myra Marx
Published: June 2014

Intersectionality has become a very popular term in academic, policy and activist circles. We understand intersectionality as a theoretical project concerned with elucidating the relationships between different principles of inequality and oppression. We identify three conceptual moves that distinguish intersectionality from other theoretical frameworks about inequality and power: a movement from additive to interactive models, a movement from categorical to process-based frameworks, and a movement from autonomous individuals to embedded social relations as foundations for social theory. We deploy examples related to the paid domestic work in Spain to demonstrate the usefulness of these conceptual moves.
Pertenencia, pertinencia y diferencia: discurrir por las fronteras del género
Authors: Bonilla Campos Amparo
Published: June 2014

En este trabajo, me aproximo a algunos marcos teóricos y epistemológicos utilizados en la investigación en distintos ámbitos, desde una perspectiva de género, considerando las implicaciones que tienen en la transformación de la realidad social y en la construcción del conocimiento diversas formas de mirar las diferencias, desigualdades y relaciones entre sexos, y mostrando la relevancia que ha tenido en todo ello la crítica feminista a la ciencia, a través de distintos planteamientos.
Debates en la teoría feminista contemporánea: sujeto, ética y vida común
Authors: Gil Silvia L.
Published: June 2014

Frente a la idea de que la crítica al sujeto «Mujer» implica el final de la acción feminista, encontramos en la teoría feminista contemporánea herramientas indispensables para pensar una realidad de diferencias: su abordaje del sujeto, la ética como problematización de sí y el desafío de construir una vida en común. No solo no se renuncia a la política, sino que situar la diferencia como parte inherente del ser permite repensar la vida en común.
Género, nuevos retos teórico-metodológicos
Authors: Selva Olid Clara , Vitores Anna
Published: June 2014

Presentación del número monográfico de "Quaderns de Psicologia" dedicado a visibilizar algunas de las herramientas teóricas, conceptuales y metodológicas utilizadas en la investigación sobre el género, las relaciones de género y las diferencias sexuales: “Género, nuevos retos teórico-metodológicos".
Zveřejnit či nechat skryté: Jak čtenáři Blesku zdůvodňují politickou relevanci informací o soukromí politiků
Authors: Volek Martin
Published: June 2014

Politicians as public persons are under increasing review by both the media and the general public. This review focuses not only on acts in public office, both official and unofficial, but also on the behavior of politicians in private life that could, in a real or imagined way, influence their performance in public office. This paper presents the perceptions of the boundaries between the public and private lives of politicians by readers of the most popular Czech tabloid, Blesk. The qualitative analysis based on in-depth interviews and a focus group with readers presents arguments that readers use to categorize information about politicians into that that belongs in the public domain and should be therefore published, and that that belongs to the private sphere and should not be published. In the readers’ views, citizens have the right to know about a politician’s private life, such as information that reflects a politician’s character and about possible influences from their private life on their performance in public office. The readers also consider how it feels for a politician to be a private person in public office under public scrutiny. These readers then often advocate the right of a politician to have his privacy respected, since these readers themselves would not be pleased to be under such a high level of public scrutiny regarding their own lives. It seems that the readers’ arguments are largely based on their personal history. We finally suggest that research on political participation would be enriched by including the perspective of everyday life experiences of the general public.
Parentalité et déficience intellectuelle : enjeux de l’intervention auprès des familles
Authors: Milot Élise , Turcotte Daniel , Tétreault Sylvie
Published: June 2014

Dans les sociétés contemporaines, un nombre croissant de personnes vivant avec une déficience ou une lenteur intellectuelle choisissent de devenir parents. Cette recension des écrits, s’inscrivant dans le cadre d’une recherche doctorale, propose d’examiner différents aspects de cette parentalité particulière au Québec et ailleurs. Elle aborde également les défis et les enjeux de l’intervention éducative et psychosociale. Prenant appui sur ces éléments, elle propose des recommandations ou des stratégies pertinentes à mettre en place au Québec en vue de favoriser le bien-être de ces parents.
Maximiser l’utilisation des bases de données administratives en recherche sociale au bénéfice des enfants vulnérables
Authors: Lacerte Denis , Nadeau Danielle , Tremblay-Roy Julie
Published: June 2014

Cet article discute du potentiel d’exploitation des données anonymes provenant des dossiers informatisés des jeunes desservis par les centres jeunesse, à des fins de recherche et pour soutenir l’organisation des services. Nous démystifions quelques enjeux méthodologiques associés à la pertinence d’exploiter les données administratives en recherche sociale et les situons à l’aide d’exemples concrets dans le contexte plus particulier de la protection de l’enfance au Québec. Des considérations méthodologiques concernant des travaux futurs pour la recherche et la pratique sont abordées en conclusion.
Use of a Kirschner Wire for Distraction and Capsular Flaps in the Keller Interpositional Arthroplasty
Authors: de Bengoa Vallejo Ricardo Becerro , Iglesias Marta Elena Losa , Tirado Fermin Viejo , Frutos Juan Carlos Prados , Jules Kevin T.
Published: June 2014

We describe a simplified capsular interpositional technique for the Keller bunionectomy that uses a Kirschner wire to interpose the capsule into the first metatarsophalangeal joint without requiring sutures. The capsule acts as a biologic spacer in the first metatarsophalangeal joint, allowing for fibrosis to fill the void created, with the Kirschner wire maintaining the distance between the metatarsal head and the stump of the proximal phalanx. This creation of a nonpainful pseudarthrosis prevents shortening of the hallux and retraction of the base of the proximal phalanx on the metatarsal head.
Projections of the Supply of and Demand for Podiatric Physicians in the United States, 2005 to 2030
Authors: Wing Paul , Forte Gaetano J. , Dionne Mark G. , Christina James R.
Published: June 2014

Background: An unanticipated decrease in applications to podiatric medical schools in the late 1990s has resulted in a decline in the number of podiatric physicians per capita in the United States. This study explores the implications of five possible scenarios for addressing this decline.

Methods: With the help of an advisory committee and data from the American Podiatric Medical Association, projections of the supply of podiatric physicians were developed using five different scenarios of the future. Projections of several factors related to the demand for podiatric physicians were also developed based on a review of the literature.

Results: The projections reveal that unless the number of graduations of new podiatric physicians increases dramatically, the supply will not keep up with the increasing demand for their services.

Conclusion: The growing supply-demand gap revealed by this study will be an important challenge for the podiatric medical profession to overcome during the next couple of decades.
Numerical modeling of erosional and depositional bank processes in migrating river bends with self‐formed width: Morphodynamics of bar push and bank pull
Authors: Eke Esther , Parker Gary , Shimizu Yasuyuki
Published: June 2014

Meandering rivers display active communication between bank erosion and bar deposition processes. How does this occur? How does the river select its width? To answer these questions, we implement a model for meander migration where both bank processes (erosion and deposition) are considered independently. Bank erosion is modeled as erosion of purely noncohesive bank material damped by natural slump block armoring; channel deposition is modeled via flow‐retarded vegetal encroachment. Both processes are tied to a slope‐dependent channel forming Shields number; banks with near‐bank Shields number below this value undergo deposition, and those above it undergo erosion. Channel‐forming Shields number must increase with slope, as dictated by available data and model performance. Straight channel modeling shows that a channel arrives at an equilibrium width from any initial condition. For the channel bend, the river always approaches an asymptotic state where width reduces slowly in time and where bank erosion and deposition occur at nearly equal rates. Before this state is reached, however, the river follows a phase‐plane trajectory with four possible regimes: (a) both banks erode, (b) both banks deposit, (c) both banks migrate outward, but with a faster depositing bank (bar push), and (d) both banks migrate outward, but with a faster eroding bank (bank pull). The trajectory of migration on the phase plane depends on initial conditions and input parameters controlling the rate of depositional and erosional migration. All input parameters have specific physical meaning, and the potential to be measured in the field.
What does CloudSat reveal about global land precipitation detection by other spaceborne sensors?
Authors: Behrangi Ali , Tian Yudong , Lambrigtsen Bjorn H. , Stephens Graeme L.
Published: May 2014

Current orbital land precipitation products have serious shortcomings in detecting light rain and snowfall, the most frequent types of global precipitation. The missed precipitation is then propagated into the merged precipitation products that are widely used. Precipitation characteristics such as frequency and intensity and their regional distribution are expected to change in a warming climate. It is important to accurately capture those characteristics to understand and model the current state of the Earth's climate and predict future changes. In this work, the precipitation detection performance of a suite of precipitation sensors, commonly used in generating the merged precipitation products, are investigated. The high sensitivity of CloudSat Cloud Profiling Radar (CPR) to liquid and frozen hydrometeors enables superior estimates of light rainfall and snowfall within 80°S–80°N. Three years (2007–2009) of CloudSat precipitation data were collected to construct a climatology reference for guiding our analysis. In addition, auxiliary data such as infrared brightness temperature, surface air temperature, and cloud types were used for a more detailed assessment. The analysis shows that no more than 50% of the tropical (40°S–40°N) precipitation occurrence is captured by the current suite of precipitation measuring sensors. Poleward of 50° latitude, a combination of various factors such as an abundance of light rainfall, snowfall, shallow precipitation‐bearing clouds, and frozen surfaces reduces the space‐based precipitation detection rate to less than 20%. This shows that for a better understanding of precipitation from space, especially at higher latitudes, there is a critical need to improve current precipitation retrieval techniques and sensors.
Physical properties of ambient and laboratory‐generated secondary organic aerosol
Authors: O'Brien Rachel E. , Neu Alexander , Epstein Scott A. , MacMillan Amanda C. , Wang Bingbing , Kelly Stephen T. , Nizkorodov Sergey A. , Laskin Alexander , Moffet Ryan C. , Gilles Mary K.
Published: June 2014

The size and thickness of organic aerosol particles collected by impaction in five field campaigns were compared to those of laboratory‐generated secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Scanning transmission X‐ray microscopy was used to measure the total carbon absorbance (TCA) by individual particles as a function of their projection areas on the substrate. Particles with higher viscosity/surface tension can be identified by a steeper slope on a plot of TCA versus size because they flatten less upon impaction. The slopes of the ambient data are statistically similar indicating a small range of average viscosities/surface tensions across five field campaigns. Steeper slopes were observed for the plots corresponding to ambient particles, while smaller slopes were indicative of the laboratory‐generated SOA. This comparison indicates that ambient organic particles have higher viscosities/surface tensions than those typically generated in laboratory SOA studies.
Direct Imaging of Cl‐ and Cu‐Induced Short‐Circuit Efficiency Changes in CdTe Solar Cells
Authors: Poplawsky Jonathan D. , Paudel Naba R. , Li Chen , Parish Chad M. , Leonard Donovan , Yan Yanfa , Pennycook Stephen J.
Published: May 2014

To achieve high‐efficiency polycrystalline CdTe‐based thin‐film solar cells, the CdTe absorbers must go through a post‐deposition CdCl2 heat treatment followed by a Cu diffusion step. To better understand the roles of each treatment with regard to improving grains, grain boundaries, and interfaces, CdTe solar cells with and without Cu diffusion and CdCl2 heat treatments are investigated using cross‐sectional electron beam induced current, electron backscatter diffraction, and scanning transmission electron microscope techniques. The evolution of the cross‐sectional carrier collection profile due to these treatments that cause an increase in short‐circuit current and higher open‐circuit voltage are identified. Additionally, an increased carrier collection in grain boundaries after either/both of these treatments is revealed. The increased current at the grain boundaries is shown to be due to the presence of a space charge region with an intrinsic carrier collection profile width of ≈350 nm. Scanning transmission electron microscope electron‐energy loss spectroscopy shows a decreased Te and increased Cl concentration in grain boundaries after treatment, which causes the inversion. Each treatment improves the overall carrier collection efficiency of the cell separately, and, therefore, the benefits realized by each treatment are shown to be independent of each other.
Visualisierung von Maustumoren mit einem lipidierten Cathepsin‐S‐Substrat
Authors: Hu Hai‐Yu , Vats Divya , Vizovisek Matej , Kramer Lovro , Germanier Catherine , Wendt K. Ulrich , Rudin Markus , Turk Boris , Plettenburg Oliver , Schultz Carsten
Published: May 2014

Die Synthese und Anwendung zweier für Cathepsin S spezifischer Sonden wird beschrieben. Um den langfristigen Verbleib der Sonden am Zielort und eine hohes Signal/Rausch‐Verhältnis zu erzielen, wurde ein Lipidierungsansatz über das Einfügen eines Palmitinsäurerestes eingesetzt. Nach Cathepsin‐S‐induzierter Spaltung in Zellen und im transplantierten Tumormausmodell stieg die Fluoreszenz durch Entlöschen stark an, und wir beobachteten eine intrazelluläre Anreicherung der Fluoreszenz im Tumorgewebe. Im Vergleich zur nichtlipidierten Sonde lieferte die lipidierte Sonde ein anhaltendes starkes Fluoreszenzsignal im Tumor. Dies zeigt, dass nichtinvasive Tumoridentifikation per Fluoreszenz möglich ist. Das Prinzip der Lipidierungs‐vermittelten Verabreichung kann potenziell auch auf zytotoxische Verbindungen erweitert werden, um Tumormasse zu reduzieren.
Coordination and Redox Isomerization in the Reduction of a Uranium(III) Monoarene Complex
Authors: La Pierre Henry S. , Kameo Hajime , Halter Dominik P. , Heinemann Frank W. , Meyer Karsten
Published: May 2014

Synthetic studies on the redox chemistry of trivalent uranium monoarene complexes were undertaken with a complex derived from the chelating tris(aryloxide)arene ligand (Ad,MeArO)3mes3−. Cyclic voltammetry of [{(Ad,MeArO)3mes}UIII] (1) revealed a nearly reversible and chemically accessible reduction at −2.495 V vs. Fc/Fc+—the first electrochemical evidence for a formally divalent uranium complex. Chemical reduction of 1 indicates that reduction induces coordination and redox isomerization to form a uranium(IV) hydride, and addition of a crown ether results in hydride insertion into the coordinated arene to afford uranium(IV) complexes. This stoichiometric reaction sequence provides structural insight into the mechanism of arene functionalization at diuranium inverted sandwich complexes.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Uranium(II) Monoarene Complex Supported by δ Backbonding
Authors: La Pierre Henry S. , Scheurer Andreas , Heinemann Frank W. , Hieringer Wolfgang , Meyer Karsten
Published: May 2014

The low‐temperature (<−35 °C) reduction of the trivalent uranium monoarene complex [{(Ad,MeArO)3mes}U] (1), with potassium spheres in the presence of a slight excess of 2.2.2‐cryptand, affords the quantitative conversion of 1 into the uranium(II) monoarene complex [K(2.2.2‐crypt)][((Ad,MeArO)3mes)U] (1‐K). The molecular and electronic structure of 1‐K was established experimentally by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, variable‐temperature 1H NMR and X‐band EPR spectroscopy, solution‐state and solid‐state magnetism studies, and optical absorption spectroscopy. The electronic structure of the complex was further investigated by DFT calculations. The complete body of evidence confirms that 1‐K is a uranium(II) monoarene complex with a 5f 4 electronic configuration supported by δ backbonding and that the nearly reversible, room‐temperature reduction observed for 1 at −2.495 V vs. Fc/Fc+ is principally metal‐centered.
Thermally Driven Polymorphic Transition Prompting a Naked‐Eye‐Detectable Bending and Straightening Motion of Single Crystals
Authors: Shima Tatsuya , Muraoka Takahiro , Hoshino Norihisa , Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Kobayashi Yuka , Kinbara Kazushi
Published: May 2014

The amplification of molecular motions so that they can be detected by the naked eye (107‐fold amplification from the ångström to the millimeter scale) is a challenging issue in the development of mechanical molecular devices. In this context, the perfectly ordered molecular alignment of the crystalline phase has advantages, as demonstrated by the macroscale mechanical motions of single crystals upon the photochemical transformation of molecules. In the course of our studies on thermoresponsive amphiphiles containing tetra(ethylene glycol) (TEG) moieties, we serendipitously found that thermal conformational changes of TEG units trigger a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal polymorphic phase transition. The single crystal of the amphiphile undergoes bending and straightening motion during both heating and cooling processes at the phase‐transition temperatures. Thus, the thermally triggered conformational change of PEG units may have the advantage of inducing mechanical motion in bulk materials.
A 3D Aluminoborate Open Framework Interpenetrated by 2D Zinc–Amine Coordination‐Polymer Networks in Its 11‐Ring Channels
Authors: Wei Li , Wei Qi , Lin Zhi‐En , Meng Qin , He Huan , Yang Bai‐Feng , Yang Guo‐Yu
Published: May 2014

A new inorganic–organic hybrid solid, [Zn(dap)2][AlB5O10], combining the structural features of 3D open‐framework inorganic solids and 2D metal–organic coordination polymers has been synthesized under solvothermal conditions. The compound displays extensive luminescence and moderate second‐harmonic‐generation efficiency.
A Bioinspired Catalytic Oxygenase Cascade to Generate Complex Oxindoles
Authors: Wang Yao , Bauer Jonathan O. , Strohmann Carsten , Kumar Kamal
Published: May 2014

Catalytic, selective, and controlled oxidative functionalization of CH bonds using molecular oxygen as an oxidant remains highly desirable and equally challenging in the development of synthetic methodologies. Presented herein is a one‐pot oxygenase cascade reaction wherein a copper(I)‐catalyzed oxygenase reaction transforms the allylic methyl group in 3‐methylidene oxindoles into an aldehyde, which then undergoes an aldol–oxa‐Michael addition sequence with β‐ketoesters to yield dihydrofuran‐bearing oxindoles.
Substratinduzierte Konformationsänderungen in Klasse‐I‐Terpencyclasen
Authors: Baer Philipp , Rabe Patrick , Fischer Katrin , Citron Christian A. , Klapschinski Tim A. , Groll Michael , Dickschat Jeroen S.
Published: May 2014

Wir präsentieren kristallographische und funktionelle Daten einer Selina‐4(15),7(11)‐dien‐Synthase (SdS) aus Streptomyces pristinaespiralis in offener und geschlossener (Ligand‐gebundener) Konformation. Durch Analyse einer Substrat‐induzierten Konformationsänderung des G1/2‐Helixbruchmotivs wurde ein Induced‐Fit‐Mechanismus identifiziert. Diese Konformationsänderung hebt eine bis dahin unbeschriebene Effektortriade, bestehend aus dem Pyrophosphat‐Sensor Arg178, dem Linker Asp181 und dem Effektor Gly182‐O, hervor. Dieses Strukturmotiv ist hoch konserviert in Klasse‐I‐Terpencyclasen von Bakterien, Pilzen und Pflanzen, einschließlich der epi‐Isozizaen‐Synthase (3KB9), der Aristolochen‐Synthase (4KUX), der Bornyldiphosphat‐Synthase (1N20), der Limonen‐Synthase (2ONG), der 5‐epi‐Aristolochen‐Synthase (5EAT) und der Taxa‐4(5),11(12)‐dien‐Synthase (3P5R). Strukturbasierte Mutageneseexperimente in Kombination mit der Analyse der Produktspektren stützen die mechanistischen Modelle der Carbokationbildung und ‐stabilisierung in der SdS.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Insertion of an Allene into an Aminal: Aminomethylamination of Allenes by CN Bond Activation
Authors: Hu Jianhua , Xie Yinjun , Huang Hanmin
Published: May 2014

A new and atom‐economic palladium‐catalyzed aminomethylamination of allenes with aminals by CN bond activation is described. This direct and operationally simple method provides a fundamentally novel approach for the synthesis of 1,3‐diamines. Mechanistic studies suggest that a unique cationic π‐allylpalladium complex containing an aminomethyl moiety is generated as a key intermediate through the carbopalladation of the allene with a cyclometalated palladium–alkyl species.
A Reagent for the One‐Step Preparation of Potassium Acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) from Aryl‐ and Heteroarylhalides
Authors: Erős Gábor , Kushida Yo , Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2014

Potassium acyltrifluoroborates (KATs) are fascinating functional groups whose further exploration is limited by poor synthetic access. Documented herein is the design and synthesis of a new reagent for their one‐step preparation from aryl‐ and heteroarylhalides. The reagent is a stable, soluble zwitterion prepared by S‐alkylation of a novel thioformamide trifluoroboronate. The KATs are prepared by adding one equivalent of nBuLi to a mixture of the aryl halide and the reagent at −78 °C. This protocol is suitable for the preparation of KATs containing pyridines, esters, nitro groups, and halides.
Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Benzylallene‐Alkynes through CH Activation
Authors: Kawaguchi Yasuaki , Yasuda Shigeo , Kaneko Akira , Oura Yuki , Mukai Chisato
Published: May 2014

The efficient RhI‐catalyzed cycloisomerization of benzylallene‐alkynes produced the tricyclo[9.4.0.03,8]pentadecapentaene skeleton through a CH bond activation in good yields. A plausible reaction mechanism proceeds via oxidative addition of the acetylenic CH bond to RhI, an ene‐type cyclization to the vinylidenecarbene–RhI intermediate, and an electrophilic aromatic substitution with the vinylidenecarbene species. It was proposed based on deuteration and competition experiments.
A Tantalum Nitride Photoanode Modified with a Hole‐Storage Layer for Highly Stable Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Liu Guiji , Shi Jingying , Zhang Fuxiang , Chen Zheng , Han Jingfeng , Ding Chunmei , Chen Shanshan , Wang Zhiliang , Han Hongxian , Li Can
Published: May 2014

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is an ideal approach for renewable solar fuel production. One of the major problems is that narrow bandgap semiconductors, such as tantalum nitride, though possessing desirable band alignment for water splitting, suffer from poor photostability for water oxidation. For the first time it is shown that the presence of a ferrihydrite layer permits sustainable water oxidation at the tantalum nitride photoanode for at least 6 h with a benchmark photocurrent over 5 mA cm−2, whereas the bare photoanode rapidly degrades within minutes. The remarkably enhanced photostability stems from the ferrihydrite, which acts as a hole‐storage layer. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that it can be a general strategy for protecting narrow bandgap semiconductors against photocorrosion in solar water splitting.
In Vivo Imaging of Mouse Tumors by a Lipidated Cathepsin S Substrate
Authors: Hu Hai‐Yu , Vats Divya , Vizovisek Matej , Kramer Lovro , Germanier Catherine , Wendt K. Ulrich , Rudin Markus , Turk Boris , Plettenburg Oliver , Schultz Carsten
Published: May 2014

The synthesis and evaluation of two cathepsin S‐specific probes is described. For long‐term retention of the probe at the target site and a high signal‐to‐noise ratio, we introduced a lipidation approach via the simple attachment of palmitoic acid to the reporter. After cathepsin S‐specific cleavage in cultured cells and in a grafted tumor mouse model, fluorescence increased owing to dequenching and we observed an intracellular accumulation of the fluorescence in the target tissue. The lipidated probe provided a prolonged and strongly fluorescent signal in tumors when compared to the very similar non‐lipidated probe, demonstrating that non‐invasive tumor identification is feasable. The homing principle by probe lipidation might also work for selective administration of cytotoxic compounds to specifically reduce tumor mass.