bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling root water uptake under deficit irrigation and rewetting in Northwest China
Authors: Wang Xiaowen , Cai Huanjie , Zheng Zhen , Yu Lianyu , Wang Zishen , Li Liang
Published: January 2020

The spatial and temporal distribution of root water uptake (RWU) under deficit irrigation are critical factors for crop growth. The SWAP (soil–water–atmosphere–plant) model was applied to analyze the pattern of RWU for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under three irrigation levels: no water deficit (100% evapotranspiration [ET]), moderate water deficit (80% ET) and severe water deficit (60% ET). The 2–yr experiments indicated that SWAP was highly accurate (mean relative error [MRE] <21.7%, root mean square error [RMSE] <0.07 cm3 cm−3) in simulating the soil water content (SWC). Root water uptake was significantly (P < 0.01) different in the 0‐ to 60‐cm soil layer. The 0‐ to 60‐cm soil layer was the main source of RWU, and the average value accounted for 89.4% of the total root zone. Water stress had the greatest adverse effect on heading to grain filling, reducing RWU by 0.0026 cm3 cm−3 d−1. The critical SWC was 67.9% of the field capacity, when the RWU dropped to 95% of the control treatment. After rewetting, compensation and hysteresis effects on RWU were observed. The ranking of RWU recovery ability after rewetting was: emergence to jointing > jointing to heading > grain filling to maturity > heading to grain filling. Recovery time of RWU was 2 to 11 d and gradually increased with growth stage. The simplified RWU model established using path analysis and regression performed well (R2 = 0.836; P < 0.01) for RWU. This provided a more convenient way to accurately estimate RWU with fewer variables.
Interseeding cover crops in corn
Authors: Brooker Aaron P. , Renner Karen A. , Sprague Christy L.
Published: January 2020

Farmers benefit from ecosystem services that cover crops provide, but time constraints limit the opportunity to seed cover crops following corn (Zea mays L.) harvest in the upper Midwest. Interseeding cover crops in corn during the early vegetative growth stages lengthens the cover crop growing season; however, cover crops may have difficulty establishing in standing corn, or conversely, compete with corn and reduce yield. The objectives of this research were to determine cover crop establishment when broadcast interseeded in corn from the V2–V7 growth stages, suppression of weeds by cover crops, and effects of cover crops on corn grain yield. Annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.), oilseed radish (Raphanus sativus L.), and a three‐species mixture were interseeded in four site‐years in Michigan. Annual ryegrass density was highest compared with oilseed radish and crimson clover 30 d after interseeding and at harvest in October. Cover crop density was highest at the V4–V7 interseeding timings. Annual ryegrass produced more fall biomass (186 kg ha−1) compared with crimson clover (112 kg ha−1), and fall biomass was greatest at the V2, V3, and V5 interseeding timings. Spring biomass was 384 and 180 kg ha−1 for annual ryegrass and the cover crop mixture, respectively; these treatments reduced winter annual weed biomass. Corn grain yield was unaffected by cover crops at any interseeding timing. Crimson clover did not establish well in this experiment. Annual ryegrass and oilseed radish interseeded in V2–V7 corn did not reduce corn grain yield.
Guiding soil sampling strategies using classical and spatial statistics: A review
Authors: Lawrence Patrick G. , Roper Wayne , Morris Thomas F. , Guillard Karl
Published: January 2020

Soil analysis is a key practice to increase the efficiency of nutrient management in agriculture. Since the early 20th century, increasingly sophisticated methods have been developed to describe and manipulate the inherent spatial variability in soil chemical properties within the realms of classical and spatial statistics. In this paper, we reviewed design‐based (classical) and model‐based (geostatistical) sampling to suggest field‐scale sampling strategies consistent with common agronomic management goals in annual crop production systems. To assess the relevance of common sampling methods in relation to practice, current extension recommendations across the United States were compared with results from peer‐reviewed literature. Despite decades of research, specific recommendations for sample sizes, sampling depths, numbers of soil cores, and layouts were highly variable for classical and geostatistical approaches. Mobile nutrients, such as NO3, are frequently lacking in spatial structure and rarely are recommended for site‐specific management. Nonmobile nutrients, such as P, are more spatially dependent and exhibit nested spatial structures that are inconsistent across fields. For these reasons, we recommend design‐based sampling in most situations for simplicity, cost, and objectivity. The common design‐based sampling protocol prescribes collection of individual cores in a zig‐zag pattern that are combined to produce a composite sample. This protocol should be amended because it is not sufficiently randomized and is inadequate for log‐normally distributed variables. To facilitate site‐specific management, we recommend structured approaches for delineating management zones or strata and for researchers to systematically enumerate confounding variables while explicitly defining the scope of inference for future soil sampling studies.
Crop density affects weed suppression in organically managed Sunflower
Authors: Mouillon Pauline , Caldwell Brian A. , Cordeau Stéphane , Pelzer Chris J. , Wayman Sandra , Ryan Matthew R.
Published: January 2020

A field experiment in central New York evaluated the effect of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) density on weed biomass and yield in organic sunflower production. Two varieties of sunflower, Badger DMR and N5LM307, were seeded at 6.1 and 8.6 seeds m−2, and grown using organic management practices at one site in 2016 and two sites in 2017. Sunflower density, weed biomass, and sunflower yield were quantified at crop maturity. Weed biomass was lower (P < .05) in plots with sunflower seeded at 8.6 seeds m−2 compared to 6.1 seeds m−2 in only one variety in one site‐year. However, a negative relationship (P < .05) was observed between sunflower density and weed biomass when data were pooled over site‐years. No difference was observed in sunflower seed yield between varieties or seeding rate treatments. Sunflower seed yield was higher in 2016 (354 g m−2) when conditions were extremely dry, and in one site‐year in 2017 (308 g m−2), when conditions were extremely wet and seeding was delayed by a month. In the other site‐year in 2017, sunflower seed yield was lower (225 g m−2), which was likely due to weed competition as weed biomass was an order of magnitude greater in this site‐year than the other two site‐years. Although more research is needed to refine management recommendations for organic sunflower production, our results suggest that increasing sunflower density can contribute to weed suppression.
Strip‐till, other management strategies, and their interactive effects on corn grain and soybean seed yield
Authors: Potratz Derek J. , Mourtzinis Spyridon , Gaska John , Lauer Joseph , Arriaga Francisco J. , Conley Shawn P.
Published: January 2020

Alleviation of cold, wet, compacted soils is of great importance for earlier planting that can lead to improved yield in short growing season environments. Strip‐till adoption in corn (Zea mays L.) has increased as a sustainable means to improve soil conditions and yield; however, the response of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] to strip‐till has been less consistent. This study aims to: (i) quantify the effect of strip‐till, row spacing (soybean only), crop rotation (corn only), fertilizer placement, and in‐furrow fungicide application on corn and soybean plant population, canopy coverage, and grain or seed yield, (ii) evaluate the effect of strip‐till on soil temperature and penetration resistance, and (iii) determine best management recommendations for strip‐till use in Wisconsin corn and soybean production systems. A small‐plot experiment was conducted in Arlington, WI, during the 2016, 2017, and 2018 growing seasons. In soybean, banded fertilizer resulted in 0.3 Mg ha–1 (6.5%) greater yield than surface‐applied fertilizer. Greatest soybean seed yield was obtained by combining strip‐till, in‐furrow fungicide, and 38‐cm row spacing. In corn, strip‐till yielded 0.8 Mg ha–1 (5.7%) greater than no‐till and banded fertilizer yielded 0.7 Mg ha–1 (4.9%) higher than surface‐applied fertilizer. In soybean, yields in strip‐till were generally equivalent to no‐till and yield benefits associated with strip‐till were dependent on other management factors. In corn, banded fertilizer, strip‐till, and the corn in corn–soybean (CS) rotation with in‐furrow fungicide resulted in greatest yields. Strip‐till was a beneficial soil management tool for improving grain yield in Wisconsin.
The role of ridge‐furrow with plastic film mulching system on stem lodging resistance of winter wheat in a dry semi‐humid region
Authors: Li Changjiang , Li Changzhen , Ma Baoluo , Wu Wei
Published: January 2020

Ridge‐furrow with plastic film mulching (RFPFM) is widely used as a water‐saving strategy for the improvement of crop yield. However, lodging susceptibility under RFPFM practices has not yet been determined. A 2‐yr field study comprising of three cultivation strategies (rain‐fed flat planting [FP], RFPFM, and well‐water planting [WW]) and two N application rates (75 and 225 kg N ha–1) was conducted to assess the risk of lodging and the relationship between lodging resistance and grain yields of two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Xinong979 as lodging resistant and Xiaoyan22 as lodging susceptible). The results showed that higher N application increased lodging index under FP and RFPFM, and the lodging index was 33% lower under RFPFM than under WW. In both years, there was a positive relationship between grain yield and lodging susceptibility (R2 = 0.62** and 0.57**) implying that promoting crop yield by using RFPFM strategy accelerates the risk of lodging. When compared with WW, RFPFM significantly reduced the lodging index, while sustaining a comparable grain yield. Overall, RFPFM could be highly recommended as a promising strategy for winter wheat producers in dry, semi‐humid regions. The close relationships of breaking resistance and lodging index with both mass density and stem wall thickness of basal internode suggest that selection for increased stem strength trait could lead to improved lodging resistance and higher yields in future programs for winter wheat cultivar improvement.
Cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome with KRAS gene mutation presenting as chylopericardium
Authors: Akahoshi Shogo , Hirano Akinori , Nagamine Hiroki , Miura Masaru
Published: January 2020

A 12‐year‐old female patient with cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome in the presence of a KRAS gene mutation had episodes of pericardial effusion on ultrasound, later confirmed to be chylopericardium, which resolved after a lymphangiography. We discussed herein the pathophysiological background of this rare case and the efficacy of lymphangiography in the treatment of chylopericardium.
Estimated birth prevalence of mucopolysaccharidoses in Brazil
Authors: Federhen Andressa , Pasqualim Gabriela , de Freitas Talita Freitas , Gonzalez Esteban Alberto , Trapp Franciele , Matte Ursula , Giugliani Roberto
Published: January 2020

Several studies have been published on the frequency of the mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) in different countries. The objective of the present study was to estimate the birth prevalence (BP) of MPS in Brazil. MPS diagnosis registered at MPS‐Brazil Network and in Instituto Vidas Raras were reviewed. BP was estimated by (a) the number of registered patients born between 1994 and 2015 was divided by the number of live births (LBs), and (b) a sample of 1,000 healthy individuals was tested for the most frequent variant in IDUA gene in MPS I (p.Trp402Ter) to estimate the frequency of heterozygosity and homozygosity. (a) The BP based on total number of LBs was (cases per 100,000 LBs): MPS overall: 1.25; MPS I: 0.24; MPS II: 0.37; MPS III: 0.21; MPS IV: 0.14; MPS VI: 0.28; MPS VII: 0.02. (b) The overall frequency of p.Trp402Ter was 0.002. Considering the frequency of heterozygotes for the p.Trp402Ter IDUA variant in the RS state, the frequency of this variant among MPS I patients and the relative frequency of the different MPSs, we estimated the birth prevalence of MPS in total and of each MPS type, as follows: MPS overall: 4.62; MPS I: 0.95; MPS II: 1.32; MPS III: 0.56; MPS IV: 0.57; MPS VI: 1.02; MPS VII: 0.05. This study provided original data about BP and relative frequency of the MPS types, in Brazil, based on the frequency of the commonest IDUA pathogenic variant and in the records of two large patient databases.
Expanding the genotype–phenotype correlation ofde novoheterozygous missense variants inYWHAGas a cause of developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Kanani Farah , Titheradge Hannah , Cooper Nicola , Elmslie Frances , Lees Melissa M. , Juusola Jane , Pisani Laura , McKenna Carolyn , Mignot Cyril , Valence Stephanie , Keren Boris , Lachlan Katherine ,   DDD Study, Balasubramanian Meena
Published: January 2020

Developmental and Epileptic encephalopathies (DEE) describe heterogeneous epilepsy syndromes, characterized by early‐onset, refractory seizures and developmental delay (DD). Several DEE associated genes have been reported. With increased access to whole exome sequencing (WES), new candidate genes are being identified although there are fewer large cohort papers describing the clinical phenotype in such patients. We describe 6 unreported individuals and provide updated information on an additional previously reported individual with heterozygous de novo missense variants inYWHAG. We describe a syndromal phenotype, report 5 novel, and a recurrent p.Arg132CysYWHAGvariant and compare developmental trajectory and treatment strategies in this cohort. We provide further evidence of causality inYWHAGvariants. WES was performed in five patients via Deciphering Developmental Disorders Study and the remaining two were identified via Genematcher and AnnEX databases. De novo variants identified from exome data were validated using Sanger sequencing. Seven out of seven patients in the cohort have de novo, heterozygous missense variants inYWHAGincluding 2/7 patients with a recurrent c.394C > T, p.Arg132Cys variant; 1/7 has a second, pathogenic variant inSTAG1. Characteristic features included: early‐onset seizures, predominantly generalized tonic–clonic and absence type (7/7) with good response to standard anti‐epileptic medications; moderate DD; Intellectual Disability (ID) (5/7) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (3/7). De novoYWHAGmissense variants cause EE, characterized by early‐onset epilepsy, ID and DD, supporting the hypothesis that YWHAG loss‐of‐function causes a neurological phenotype. Although the exact mechanism of disease resulting from alterations inYWHAGis not fully known, it is possible that haploinsufficiency of YWHAG in developing cerebral cortex may lead to abnormal neuronal migration resulting in DEE.
Sex differences in the patterning of age‐related bone loss in the human hallucal metatarsal in rural and urban populations
Authors: Wilson Laura A. B. , De Groote Isabelle , Humphrey Louise T.
Published: January 2020

Objectives

Age‐degenerative features of the metatarsals are poorly known despite the importance of metatarsal bone properties for investigating mobility patterns. We assessed the role of habitual activity in shaping the patterning and magnitude of sexual dimorphism in age‐related bone loss in the hallucal metatarsal.

Materials and methods

Cross‐sections were extracted at midshaft from micro‐computed tomography scan models of individuals from medieval rural (Abingdon Vineyard) and early industrial urban (Spitalfields) settings (n = 71). A suite of cross‐sectional geometry dimensions and biomechanical properties were compared between populations.

Results

The rural group display generally stronger and larger metatarsals that show a greater capacity to resist torsion and that have comparatively greater bending strength along the medio‐lateral plane. Men in both groups show greater values of cortical area than women, but only in the urban group do men show lower magnitudes of age‐related decline compared to females. Women in rural and urban populations show different patterns of age‐related decline in bone mass, particularly old women in the urban group show a marked decline in cortical area that is absent for women in the rural group.

Discussion

Lifetime exposure to hard, physical activity in an agricultural setting has contributed to the attainment of greater bone mass and stronger bones in young adults. Furthermore, over the life‐course, less of this greater amount of bone is lost, such that sustained activity levels may have acted to buffer against age‐related decline, and this is most pronounced for women, who are expected to experience greater bone loss later in life than men.
Cobalt‐based catalytic system for the chemical fixation of CO2 under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Wu Fengtian , Lin Yu
Published: January 2020

We have described a novel and efficient method for synthesizing cyclic carbonates with ‘Co (NO3)2.6H2O/L6’‐catalyzed coupling of epoxides and CO2 under solvent‐free conditions. We proposed a possible reaction mechanism based on some control experiments. Phenylpropiolic acid could be provided by using the same method.
Synthesis and characterization of new spirobisindane‐based poly(imide)s: Structure effects on solubility, thermal behavior, and gas transport properties
Authors: Jessop I. A. , Bravo D. , Durán E. , Rodríguez‐González F. E. , Tagle L. H. , Coll D. , Ortiz P. , Mirabal Y. , Aguilar‐Vega M. , Martin‐Trasanco R. , Terraza C. A. , Tundidor‐Camba A.
Published: January 2020

Two new poly(imide)s (PIs) are derived from a biphenylspirobisindane‐diamine monomer and the commercial dianhydrides: 4,4′‐hexafluoroisopropyliden diphthalic anhydride (6FDA) and pyromellitic anhydride (PMDA). Using polycondensation reactions, these new PIs were synthesized, in high yields (>95%), successfully. The presence of the spirocenter in the main chain of newly synthesized PIs make them soluble in most common organic solvents, whereas the rigidity of the dianhydride monomer makes them be thermically stable at about 500 °C (Td10%). PI derived from 6FDA had 1.2‐time higher permeability to the gases, based on gas transport measurements, than those derived from PMDA, which showed slightly higher selectivity values. Nevertheless, both PIs of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs‐PI) are more selective to gas pairs, considerably, compared to the previously reported PIs that have same dianhydride in the monomer spirocenter, but instead of biphenyl has an oxodibenzene moiety (PI‐1‐6FDA) one. In this work, correlation between the structural rigidity of PIMs‐PI and their selectivity to the gases (PIM‐PI‐B > PIM‐PI‐A > PI‐1‐6FDA) is reported. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48944.
The influence of processing conditions on the mechanical properties of poly(aryl‐ether‐ketone)/polybenzimidazole blends
Authors: Jiang Zhiyuan , Liu Peng , Chen Qihui , Sue Hung‐Jue , Bremner Tim , DiSano Lorenzo P.
Published: January 2020

Interest in developing high‐performance blends for niche applications has grown significantly in efforts to meet ever‐increasing harsh environment demands. In this work, four model poly(aryl‐ether‐ketone)/polybenzimidazole (PAEK/PBI) blends were chosen to study the influence of premixing methods, processing, and matrix polymers, on their mechanical properties. Among the model poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) and PBI blends, mechanical properties are greatly enhanced by melt premixing. The molding process mainly affects the matrix crystallinity, which in turn greatly influences fracture toughness of the blend. Poly(ether ketone ketone) (PEKK) and PBI blend exhibits a slightly lower tensile strength and fracture toughness than PEEK/PBI due to the differences in inherent properties of PEEK and PEKK matrices and their interfacial interaction with PBI. The processing−structure–property relationship of PAEK/PBI blends is established to help guide optimal design of high‐performance polymer blends for structural applications. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48966.
Modelling habitat use by the Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis, in south‐eastern Brazil: Effects of environmental and anthropogenic variables, and the adequacy of current management measures
Authors: Tardin Rodrigo H. , Maciel Israel S. , Espécie Mariana A. , Melo‐Santos Gabriel , Simão Sheila M. , Alves Maria Alice S.
Published: January 2020

Species distribution modelling has been used to identify critical habitats for the delimitation of Marine Protected Areas. Although Marine Protected Areas may often overlap with the distribution of key marine species, illegal human activities often continue within these areas, causing negative impacts on the local biodiversity.

A generalized linear model with spatial eigenvector mapping was used to investigate, for the first time, the influence of environmental variables and anthropic activities on the number of Guiana dolphin, Sotalia guianensis sightings/grid, and to determine whether a Marine Reserve, in south‐eastern Brazil, is adequate for the protection of the local population. Data were collected between May 2007 and October 2013 onboard a 7.5‐m vessel with an inboard engine.

The models for the different periods (annual, dry, and rainy seasons) all indicated that depth, the distance to seafood farms and fishing grounds, and mean sea surface temperatures influenced the distribution of the dolphins within the study area. The annual and seasonal models predicted that the dolphins prefer a continuous area between Cedro and Pico Islands, a large area that lies outside the limits of the Marine Reserve.

Although the habitat of Ilha Grande bay is still much less degraded than that inhabited by other nearby Guiana dolphin populations, the results of the present study indicate that anthropic activities in this area influence habitat use by the dolphins. Less than 30% of the area used by the dolphins is protected by the Tamoios Ecological Station (ESEC Tamoios).

Sotalia guianensis is classified as ‘Vulnerable’ in Brazil, although the marine reserve (ESEC Tamoios) does not protect the core area used by the local dolphin population. The results of the present study provide specific locations for the creation of a new multiple‐use MPA, as suggested by the Brazilian National Action Plan for the Conservation of Small Cetaceans, or the inclusion of a special management programme for the area between Cedro and Pico islands to better protect the dolphins in the ESEC Tamoios buffer zone. The continuation of surveys to better understand the current and future impacts of human activities, and the development of a closer interaction with both the local community and local stakeholders will help to safeguard Ilha Grande Bay and the local Guiana dolphin population.
Effects of osthol on activity, mRNA and protein expression of Cyp3a in rats in vivo
Authors: Huang Wei , Xiong Yu‐qing , Xia Chun‐hua , Hu Xiao
Published: January 2020

Osthol (OST) has a wide range of pharmacological effects and has long been used in clinical medicine in China. Previous studies have indicated that osthol has weak inhibitory effects on CYP3A4 in human liver microsomes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the inhibition of Cyp3a by osthol in rats in vivo. A substrate assay was used to corroborate the inhibitory effect on Cyp3a by osthol in rats, and the substrate probe (midazolam) was detected by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR (SqRT‐PCR) analysis was used to study the effect of osthol on Cyp3a1 and Cyp3a2 mRNA expression and Western blot analysis was used to investigate the effect of OST on Cyp3a1 and Cyp3a2 protein expression. Our study confirmed the inhibitory effect of osthol on Cyp3a and indicated that the inhibitory effect on Cyp3a was stronger in the group receiving multiple doses compared with the single dose group. The SqRT‐PCR analysis results showed that medium and high doses of osthol (20 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) had an inhibitory effect on Cyp3a1 mRNA expression but not on Cyp3a2 mRNA expression. Western blot analysis results indicated that the inhibitory effect of the medium and high osthol doses on Cyp3a1 and Cyp3a2 protein expression was significantly different. It was also demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of osthol on Cyp3a in rats resulted from the comprehensive effect of the direct inhibition of the Cyp3a enzyme, as well as the down‐regulation of its mRNA and protein expression level.
The role of teratogens in neural crest development
Authors: Cerrizuela Santiago , Vega‐Lopez Guillermo A. , Aybar Manuel J.
Published: January 2020

The neural crest (NC), discovered by Wilhelm His 150 years ago, gives rise to a multipotent migratory embryonic cell population that generates a remarkably diverse and important array of cell types during the development of the vertebrate embryo. These cells originate in the neural plate border (NPB), which is the ectoderm between the neural plate and the epidermis. They give rise to the neurons and glia of the peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, chondrocytes, smooth muscle cells, odontoblasts and neuroendocrine cells, among others. Neurocristopathies are a class of congenital diseases resulting from the abnormal induction, specification, migration, differentiation or death of NC cells (NCCs) during embryonic development and have an important medical and societal impact. In general, congenital defects affect an appreciable percentage of newborns worldwide. Some of these defects are caused by teratogens, which are agents that negatively impact the formation of tissues and organs during development. In this review, we will discuss the teratogens linked to the development of many birth defects, with a strong focus on those that specifically affect the development of the NC, thereby producing neurocristopathies. Although increasing attention is being paid to the effect of teratogens on embryonic development in general, there is a strong need to critically evaluate the specific role of these agents in NC development. Therefore, increased understanding of the role of these factors in NC development will contribute to the planning of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of human neurocristopathies, whose etiology was previously not considered.
Risk-adjusted benchmarks in laparoscopic liver surgery in a national cohort
Authors: Russolillo N , Aldrighetti L , Cillo U , Guglielmi A , Ettorre G M , Giuliante F , Mazzaferro V , Dalla Valle R , De Carlis L , Jovine E , Ferrero A , Ratti F , Lo Tesoriere R , Gringeri E , Ruzzenente A , Levi Sandri G B , Ardito F , Virdis M , Iaria M , Ferla F , Lombardi R , Di Benedetto F , Gruttadauria S , Boggi U , Torzilli G , Rossi E , Vincenti L , Berti S , Ceccarelli G , Belli G , Zamboni F , Calise F , Coratti A , Santambrogio R , Brolese A , Navarra G , Mezzatesta P , Zimmitti G , Ravaioli M
Published: January 2020

Background

This study aimed to assess the best achievable outcomes in laparoscopic liver resection (LLR) after risk adjustment based on surgical technical difficulty using a national registry.

Methods

LLRs registered in the Italian Group of Minimally Invasive Liver Surgery registry from November 2014 to March 2018 were considered. Benchmarks were calculated according to the Achievable Benchmark of Care (ABC™). LLRs at each centre were divided into three clusters (groups I, II and III) based on the Kawaguchi classification. ABCs for overall and major morbidity were calculated in each cluster. Multivariable analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for overall and major morbidity. Significant variables were used in further risk adjustment.

Results

A total of 1752 of 2263 patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria: 1096 (62·6 per cent) in group I, 435 (24·8 per cent) in group II and 221 (12·6 per cent) in group III. The ABCs for overall morbidity (7·8, 14·2 and 26·4 per cent for grades I, II and II respectively) and major morbidity (1·4, 2·2 and 5·7 per cent) increased with the difficulty of LLR. Multivariable analysis showed an increased risk of overall morbidity associated with multiple LLRs (odds ratio (OR) 1·35), simultaneous intestinal resection (OR 3·76) and cirrhosis (OR 1·83), and an increased risk of major morbidity with intestinal resection (OR 4·61). ABCs for overall and major morbidity were 14·4 and 3·2 per cent respectively for multiple LLRs, 30 and 11·1 per cent for intestinal resection, and 14·9 and 4·8 per cent for cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Overall morbidity benchmarks for LLR ranged from 7·8 to 26·4 per cent, and those for major morbidity from 1·4 to 5·7 per cent, depending on complexity. Benchmark values should be adjusted according to multiple LLRs or simultaneous intestinal resection and cirrhosis.
Nationwide in-hospital mortality rate following rectal resection for rectal cancer according to annual hospital volume in Germany
Authors: Diers J , Wagner J , Baum P , Lichthardt S , Kastner C , Matthes N , Matthes H , Germer C-T , Löb S , Wiegering A
Published: January 2020

Background

The impact of hospital volume after rectal cancer surgery is seldom investigated. This study aimed to analyse the impact of annual rectal cancer surgery cases per hospital on postoperative mortality and failure to rescue.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with rectal cancer and who had a rectal resection procedure code from 2012 to 2015 were identified from nationwide administrative hospital data. Hospitals were grouped into five quintiles according to caseload. The absolute number of patients, postoperative deaths and failure to rescue (defined as in-hospital mortality after a documented postoperative complication) for severe postoperative complications were determined.

Results

Some 64 349 patients were identified. The overall in-house mortality rate was 3·9 per cent. The crude in-hospital mortality rate ranged from 5·3 per cent in very low-volume hospitals to 2·6 per cent in very high-volume centres, with a distinct trend between volume categories (P < 0·001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis using hospital volume as random effect, very high-volume hospitals (53 interventions/year) had a risk-adjusted odds ratio of 0·58 (95 per cent c.i. 0·47 to 0·73), compared with the baseline in-house mortality rate in very low-volume hospitals (6 interventions per year) (P < 0·001). The overall postoperative complication rate was comparable between different volume quintiles, but failure to rescue decreased significantly with increasing caseload (15·6 per cent after pulmonary embolism in the highest volume quintile versus 38 per cent in the lowest quintile; P = 0·010).

Conclusion

Patients who had rectal cancer surgery in high-volume hospitals showed better outcomes and reduced failure to rescue rates for severe complications than those treated in low-volume hospitals.
Eupatilin regulates proliferation and cell cycle of cervical cancer by regulating hedgehog signalling pathway
Authors: Wu Zhao , Zou Bingyu , Zhang Xun , Peng Xue
Published: January 2020

Eupatilin (5,7‐dihydroxy‐3′,4′,6‐trimethoxyflavone) is a natural active substance found in génépi group plants, and its pharmacological activities has been proven to be useful in the treatment of various cancers. However, whether eupatilin demonstrates anti‐cancer activity in cervical cancer is still under evaluation. To clarify this, cancer cell lines and nude mouse model were used in this study. The results indicated that eupatilin could inhibit the occurrence of cervical cancer both in vivo and in vitro. Cervical cancer cell lines (C4‐1, HeLa, Caski, and Siha) and Ect1/E6E7 cells were incubated with eupatilin (40μM) for 48 hours. Compared with the control group, the viability of cervical cancer cells decreased significantly, while the apoptotic cells increased significantly. Cell cycle analysis showed that eupatilin treatment of HeLa and Caski cells reduced the proliferation index. Eupatilin at 40 mg/kg also inhibited tumour growth in tumour‐bearing mice. Interestingly, weakened hedgehog signalling was observed in cervical cancer cells and tumours from tumour‐bearing mice after eupatilin treatment. Our results reveal the inhibitory effect of eupatilin on cervical cancer and shed new light on the molecular mechanism of its therapeutic effect.

Significance of the study

Eupatilin inhibited proliferation via promoting apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HeLa and Caski cervical cancer cell lines. In addition, nude mouse tumourigenicity assay proved that eupatilin can suppress tumour growth in vivo. Dramatically, these activities might be involved in hedgehog signal pathway.
Recanalization of superior mesenteric artery chronic total occlusion using hybrid algorithm and dissection reentry device
Authors: Memon Sehrish , Janzer Sean , Kalra Sanjog , George Jon C.
Published: January 2020

Chronic total occlusion (CTO) of mesenteric arteries with associated chronic mesenteric ischemia (CMI) is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Endovascular intervention has been associated with high technical success with high rates of freedom from symptoms and long‐term patency. However, to achieve high procedural success, use of optimal vascular access and expertise in CTO hybrid algorithm including advanced dissection reentry strategies are essential. We present a case of CMI from severe celiac artery (CA) stenosis and CTO of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA). After treatment of CA stenosis, we were unsuccessful in our first attempt at recanalization of SMA CTO. On second attempt, left brachial artery (BA) access was obtained and the hybrid algorithm along with use of Stingray Reentry balloon (Boston Scientific) for dissection reentry into true lumen was successful in recanalizing the SMA CTO with placement of balloon expandable covered stents (CS). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report utilizing Sting‐ray Reentry balloon in the mesenteric arteries.
Atypical presentation of cerebellar posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in a patient with HIV
Authors: Raya Michael , Nasir Imaad , Liu Antonio
Published: January 2020

This case report is meant to widen the scope of lesion locations in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) to include the brainstem, frontal lobe, and basal ganglia in order to increase the diagnosis and treatment of PRES.
Utility of genetic testing in athletes
Authors: Gray Belinda , Semsarian Christopher
Published: January 2020

Athletes are some of the fittest members of our society, yet paradoxically carry an increased risk of sudden cardiac death (SCD). The athlete's underlying risk of SCD in sports may be increased due to a number of underlying structural, arrhythmic and inherited cardiac conditions (ICCs). There are also physiological adaptations, which occur in the cardiovascular system in athletes as a result of high‐level athletic activity and may be misinterpreted as pathology. Differentiation of “athlete's heart” from heart disease may be challenging due to the effects of exercise on the electrical and structural cardiac remodeling. Features such as prolongation of the QT interval, left ventricular hypertrophy and cavity dilatation, create significant overlap between physiology and inherited channelopathies and cardiomyopathies. Most inherited cardiac conditions have an underlying genetic basis to disease and genetic testing in an athlete can have diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic implications, including guiding exercise recommendations. Therefore, genetic testing can be a useful diagnostic tool when used carefully and appropriately by a trained cardio‐genetics expert.
Single‐ and Multiple‐Dose Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetic Profiles of ASP8062: Results From 2 Phase 1 Studies
Authors: Walzer Mark , Marek Gerard J. , Wu Ruishan , Nagata Masanori , Han David
Published: January 2020

ASP8062 is an orally active γ‐amino‐butyric acid type B (GABAB) receptor positive allosteric modulator currently in phase 2 development. Safety and pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles of ASP8062 were evaluated in 2 studies in healthy subjects. The first study (a first‐in‐human study) evaluated single ascending doses (SAD) of ASP8062. The second study was composed of 2 parts: part 1 evaluated multiple ascending doses (MAD) of ASP8062 for 14 days, and part 2 was a single‐dose arm to assess the PK of ASP8062 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Fifty‐six men (SAD) and 56 subjects (24 women and 32 men; MAD) were enrolled. Across the SAD dosing range, area under the concentration‐time curve was dose proportional; increases in maximum plasma concentration appeared linear but were slightly less than dose proportional. Time to maximal concentration and half‐life were 1‐4 hours and ∼40‐50 hours, respectively; no food effect was observed. ASP8062 PK properties at steady state were similar to those following a single dose. Steady state was achieved by ∼day 9 with ∼2‐fold accumulation, and ASP8062 was detected in CSF. ASP8062 was well tolerated; no clear evidence of ASP8062's effects on safety, cognition, drug withdrawal, or suicidal ideation/behavior was observed. These data support the development of ASP8062 in indications where the GABAB receptor is a target.
Predicting crop yields and soil‐plant nitrogen dynamics in the US Corn Belt
Authors: Archontoulis Sotirios V. , Castellano Michael J. , Licht Mark A. , Nichols Virginia , Baum Mitch , Huber Isaiah , Martinez‐Feria Rafael , Puntel Laila , Ordóñez Raziel A. , Iqbal Javed , Wright Emily E. , Dietzel Ranae N. , Helmers Matt , Vanloocke Andy , Liebman Matt , Hatfield Jerry L. , Herzmann Daryl , Córdova S. Carolina , Edmonds Patrick , Togliatti Kaitlin , Kessler Ashlyn , Danalatos Gerasimos , Pasley Heather , Pederson Carl , Lamkey Kendall R.
Published: January 2020

We used the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) to predict and explain maize and soybean yields, phenology, and soil water and nitrogen (N) dynamics during the growing season in Iowa, USA. Historical, current and forecasted weather data were used to drive simulations, which were released in public four weeks after planting. In this paper, we (1) describe the methodology used to perform forecasts; (2) evaluate model prediction accuracy against data collected from 10 locations over four years; and (3) identify inputs that are key in forecasting yields and soil N dynamics. We found that the predicted median yield at planting was a very good indicator of end‐of‐season yields (relative root mean square error [RRMSE] of ∼20%). For reference, the prediction at maturity, when all the weather was known, had a RRMSE of 14%. The good prediction at planting time was explained by the existence of shallow water tables, which decreased model sensitivity to unknown summer precipitation by 50–64%. Model initial conditions and management information accounted for one‐fourth of the variation in maize yield. End of season model evaluations indicated that the model simulated well crop phenology (R2 = 0.88), root depth (R2 = 0.83), biomass production (R2 = 0.93), grain yield (R2 = 0.90), plant N uptake (R2 = 0.87), soil moisture (R2 = 0.42), soil temperature (R2 = 0.93), soil nitrate (R2 = 0.77), and water table depth (R2 = 0.41). We concluded that model set‐up by the user (e.g. inclusion of water table), initial conditions, and early season measurements are very important for accurate predictions of soil water, N and crop yields in this environment.
Spatiotemporal control of gene expression boundaries using a feedforward loop
Authors: Bandodkar Prasad U. , Al Asafen Hadel , Reeves Gregory T.
Published: January 2020

Background

A feedforward loop (FFL) is commonly observed in several biological networks. The FFL network motif has been mostly studied with respect to variation of the input signal in time, with only a few studies of FFL activity in a spatially distributed system such as morphogen‐mediated tissue patterning. However, most morphogen gradients also evolve in time.

Results

We studied the spatiotemporal behavior of a coherent FFL in two contexts: (a) a generic, oscillating morphogen gradient and (b) the dorsal‐ventral patterning of the early Drosophila embryo by a gradient of the NF‐κB homolog dorsal with its early target Twist. In both models, we found features in the dynamics of the intermediate node—phase difference and noise filtering—that were largely independent of the parameterization of the models, and thus were functions of the structure of the FFL itself. In the dorsal gradient model, we also found that proper target gene expression was not possible without including the effect of maternal pioneer factor Zelda.

Conclusions

An FFL buffers fluctuation to changes in the morphogen signal ensuring stable gene expression boundaries.
Use of sodium–glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors in patients with and without type 2 diabetes: implications for incident and prevalent heart failure
Authors: Butler Javed , Handelsman Yehuda , Bakris George , Verma Subodh
Published: January 2020

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of heart failure (HF), with recent reports indicating that HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) may be more common than HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in patients with T2D. T2D and HF result in worse outcomes than either disease alone. Sodium–glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT‐2is) have significantly improved HF outcomes in patients with T2D and may represent a new therapeutic alternative for patients with T2D at risk for or with HF. Current guidelines recommend prevention of HF through risk factor management. Once developed, treatment of HFrEF should include neurohormonal and haemodynamic modulations; however, there are no specific treatments available for HFpEF. SGLT‐2is are the first class of glucose‐lowering therapy to prevent HF in clinical trials and real‐world studies in patients with T2D (with or without established cardiovascular disease and with or without baseline HF). Mechanistic studies suggest that SGLT‐2is have beneficial effects on both systolic and diastolic function and additional systemic effects that could benefit HF outcomes. In patients with HFrEF, SGLT‐2i treatment as add‐on to standard HF therapy has had beneficial effects on HF outcomes, irrespective of T2D status. These results and those of ongoing outcomes trials with SGLT‐2is may help establish this drug class as a treatment for HF in patients with HFrEF and HFpEF, as well as HF in patients without T2D.
A Novel Mechanically Robust Leaf‐Shaped Tin Dioxide Li‐Ion Battery Anode and Its Dynamic Structural Transformation and Electron‐Transfer Simulation
Authors: Liu Jinyun , Cheng Mengying , Han Tianli , Lu Qianqian , Zhang Haikuo , Zhou Ping , Ni Yonghong , Li Jinjin
Published: January 2020

Current high‐energy‐density secondary battery electrodes have several issues, in major part due to mechanical instabilities. Herein, a novel, mechanically robust anode is presented, which consists of a leaf‐shaped architecture with high lithium‐storage performance. As a demonstrative example, a leaf‐shaped tin dioxide (SnO2) anode is prepared through a templated layer‐by‐layer approach. The robust mechanical properties of the SnO2 anode are demonstrated through density functional theory (DFT) in which principle stress caused by lithiation is calculated. Real‐time lithiation is observed using in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technology. The presented anode shows a stable capacity of 760 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 C, and a high capacity retention of 99% is achieved after three rounds of measurements.
Sensitivity of Boana pulchella (Anura: Hylidae) Tadpoles to Environmentally Relevant Concentrations of Chlorpyrifos: Effects at the Individual and Biochemical Levels
Authors: Barreto Evelina , Salgado Costa Carolina , Demetrio Pablo , Lascano Cecilia , Venturino Andrés , Natale Guillermo S.
Published: January 2020

We report sublethal effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of chlorpyrifos at the individual (swimming alterations) and biochemical (esterase activities and antioxidant enzymes) levels in the Montevideo tree frog Boana pulchella larvae. The 50% lethal concentration at 96 h (LC50-96h) for chlorpyrifos in stage-29 B. pulchella tadpoles was 0.98 mg/L, which was close to the 65th percentile of published anuran species sensitivity. In B. pulchella, chlorpyrifos disrupted biochemical processes: tadpoles showed a significant inhibition of esterase activity and a significant induction of antioxidant enzymes, indicating a response to an environmental challenge causing oxidative stress. Using principal components analysis, we could associate chlorpyrifos reduction in esterase activity with swimming alterations at 0.5 mg/L of the toxicant. The biochemical biomarkers reported in the present study respond at levels 20 times lower than the LC50-96h and were associated with a biologically important response—swimming behavior. The link of responses across different levels of biological organization was demonstrated. The species is suitable as a model for ecotoxicological studies at different levels, including the individual and biochemical levels, and may be considered a good reference organism in environmental control programs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:834–841. © 2020 SETAC

Abstract

Experimental design performed to evaluate the toxicity of the insecticide chlorpyrifos on Boana pulchella larvae, at the individual and biochemical level. The multivariate approach allowed integrating all evaluated endpoints.
A high‐accurate content popularity prediction computational modeling for mobile edge computing using matrix completion technology
Authors: Tan Jiawei , Liu Wei , Wang Tian , Zhao Ming , Liu Anfeng , Zhang Shaobo
Published: January 2020

Mobile edge computing (MEC) is envisioned as a promising platform for supporting emerging computation‐intensive applications on capacity and resource constrained mobile devices (MDs). In this platform, the task with high computing resource demand can be offloaded to edge nodes for computing. Moreover, the computing result can be cached to edge nodes. When other MDs request the task that has been cached, the edge nodes can directly return the result to MD. However, the storage capacity of edge nodes is limited, the effective task prediction and caching scheme is one of the key issues for MEC. In this article, a matrix completion technology based content popularity prediction joint cache placement (MCTCPP‐CP) scheme is proposed to tackle this issue for MEC. On the one hand, the MCTCPP‐CP scheme is the first scheme using matrix completion (MC) technology to content popularity prediction. It proved by experiments that the accuracy of using MC technology to estimate caching content is improved compared with the previous methods. On the other hand, a cache placement decision approach based on the benefit of unit storage is proposed. Extensive numerical studies demonstrate the superior performance of our MCTCPP‐CP scheme. The key performance indicators such as task duration, hit rate, estimated error are better than previous schemes by about: 0.13% to 14.01%, 17.28% to 37.65%, and 8.17%.