bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Repercusión en Twitter de las metodologías activas ABP, Flipped Classroom y Gamificación
Authors: Roig Vila Rosabel , Álvarez Herrero Juan Francisco
Published: June 2019

Twitter es una red social donde los usuarios interactúan en un espacio digital común, formando conexiones que, en sí, configuran, a su vez, redes propias de interacción a partir del intercambio de contenido. En este artículo, se ha abordado esta temática en torno a la repercusión que las metodologías activas tienen en Twitter. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una investigación donde se utilizó la técnica de análisis de redes sociales, tanto en el análisis del tipo de mensaje como su representación gráfica. Las metodologías activas analizadas fueron el Aprendizaje basado en Proyectos (ABP), el Flipped Classroom y la Gamificación a través de los correspondientes hashtags, tuits y retuits. Los resultados nos permitieron conocer el grado de repercusión y análisis de las relaciones que se establecieron entre los diferentes usuarios de Twitter sobre metodologías activas, así como comprobar cuál de ellas posee una mayor relevancia, y qué o quiénes están detrás de este interés por las metodologías activas. Se concluye que, cuando un usuario adopta un papel protagonista retuiteando tuits de otras cuentas, favorece que los tuits y retuits propios sean más visibles y, a su vez, más retuiteados. Respecto a las estructuras de red que se configuran de cada metodología activa, cabe decir que no siguen un modelo único, aunque todos ellos se ajustan a la clasificación propuesta por Himelboim, Smith, Rainie, Shneiderman y Espina (2017).
Voluntary and involuntary contributions to perceptually guided saccadic choices resolved with millisecond precision
Authors: Salinas Emilio , Steinberg Benjamin R , Sussman Lauren A , Fry Sophia M , Hauser Christopher K , Anderson Denise D , Stanford Terrence R
Published: June 2019

In the antisaccade task, which is considered a sensitive assay of cognitive function, a salient visual cue appears and the participant must look away from it. This requires sensory, motor-planning, and cognitive neural mechanisms, but what are their unique contributions to performance, and when exactly are they engaged? Here, by manipulating task urgency, we generate a psychophysical curve that tracks the evolution of the saccadic choice process with millisecond precision, and resolve the distinct contributions of reflexive (exogenous) and voluntary (endogenous) perceptual mechanisms to antisaccade performance over time. Both progress extremely rapidly, the former driving the eyes toward the cue early on (∼100 ms after cue onset) and the latter directing them away from the cue ∼40 ms later. The behavioral and modeling results provide a detailed, dynamical characterization of attentional and oculomotor capture that is not only qualitatively consistent across participants, but also indicative of their individual perceptual capacities.
A new home for microbes
Authors: Eisenhofer Raphael , Cooper Alan
Published: June 2019

Modern microorganisms growing in fossils provide major challenges for researchers trying to detect ancient molecules in the same fossils.
Functional divergence of Plexin B structural motifs in distinct steps of Drosophila olfactory circuit assembly
Authors: Guajardo Ricardo , Luginbuhl David J , Han Shuo , Luo Liqun , Li Jiefu
Published: June 2019

Plexins exhibit multitudinous, evolutionarily conserved functions in neural development. How Plexins employ their diverse structural motifs in vivo to perform distinct roles is unclear. We previously reported that Plexin B (PlexB) controls multiple steps during the assembly of the Drosophila olfactory circuit (Li et al., 2018b). Here, we systematically mutagenized structural motifs of PlexB and examined the function of these variants in these multiple steps: axon fasciculation, trajectory choice, and synaptic partner selection. We found that the extracellular Sema domain is essential for all three steps, the catalytic site of the intracellular RapGAP is engaged in none, and the intracellular GTPase-binding motifs are essential for trajectory choice and synaptic partner selection, but are dispensable for fasciculation. Moreover, extracellular PlexB cleavage serves as a regulatory mechanism of PlexB signaling. Thus, the divergent roles of PlexB motifs in distinct steps of neural development contribute to its functional versatility in neural circuit assembly.
Decoupled recovery of ecological communities after reclamation
Authors: Sylvain Zachary A. , Branson David H. , Rand Tatyana A. , West Natalie M. , Espeland Erin K.
Published: June 2019

Grassland restoration is largely focused on creating plant communities that match reference conditions. However, these communities reflect only a subset of the biodiversity of grassland systems. We conducted a multi-trophic study to assess ecosystem recovery following energy development for oil and gas extraction in northern US Great Plains rangelands. We compared soil factors, plant species composition and cover, and nematode trophic structuring between reclaimed oil and gas well sites (“reclaims”) that comprise a chronosequence of two—33 years since reclamation and adjacent, undeveloped rangeland at distances of 50 m and 150 m from reclaim edges. Soils and plant communities in reclaims did not match those on undeveloped rangeland even after 33 years. Reclaimed soils had higher salt concentrations and pH than undeveloped soils. Reclaims had lower overall plant cover, a greater proportion of exotic and ruderal plant cover and lower native plant species richness than undeveloped rangeland. However, nematode communities appear to have recovered following reclamation. Although total and omni-carnivorous nematode abundances differed between reclaimed well sites and undeveloped rangeland, community composition and structure did not. These findings suggest that current reclamation practices recover the functional composition of nematode communities, but not soil conditions or plant communities. Our results show that plant communities have failed to recover through reclamation: high soil salinity may create a persistent impediment to native plant growth and ecosystem recovery.
A Method to Select Plus Tree for Flower Purpose in Forestry
Authors: Trung Phung Dinh , Manh Tran Duc , Thang Nguyen Toan , Thuyet Dang Van , Duc Dao Trung , Linh Mai Thi , Tuan Nguyen Van , Phuong Nguyen Thi Thu , Khuong Ninh Viet , Quy Tran Hoang , Nguyen Tran Cao , Ha Dang Thi Hai , Lam Vu Tien , Thinh Nguyen Huu , Son Hoang Thanh , Bon Trinh Ngoc , Luong Ho Trung , Huyen Ly Thi Thanh , Thanh Hoang Van , Thuan Vu Van , Do Tran Van
Published: June 2019

Plus tree selection is the first step to improve production and quality in forestry. An individual-based method is widely used to select plus trees for timber production, timber form, freedom from diseases and insects. In this study, a method to select plus trees for flower production is described and named as a crown-area-based method. Both individual-based and crown-area-based methods were used to select plus trees for Camellia impressinervis, a golden camellia; its yellow flowers have been used to treat sore throat and diarrhea, and to prevent cancers in China and Vietnam. Flower production of 21 concerned individuals was compared to the population mean and it was generated as a percentage. The population mean of the individual-based method is the mean of production of 21 trees as mean production/tree. While population mean of the crown-area-based method is mean production/m2 crown area (first production/m2 crown area for each tree was generated, then mean for population). The results indicated that both methods show seven individual trees with flower production >100% population mean. However, individual trees are different. Only five of 7 trees are the same in both methods. The tree rankings by flower production percentage in both methods are totally different. The highest ranking by individual-based method (310% mean) is 4th ranking by crown-area-based method (181% mean). While the highest ranking by crown-area-based method (270% mean) is third ranking by individual-based method (260% mean). It is concluded that crown-area-based method is better in selecting plus trees for flower purpose, as it considers the crown area which is known as a productive part of a tree to form flowers.
Effect of Artificial Detasseling and Defoliation on Maize Seed Production
Authors: Czepak Marcio Paulo , Kliemann Marcio , Schmildt Omar , Araujo Rubens Neres , Oliveira Vinicius de Souza , Junior Lucas Moreira Borges , Zanala Ana Gabriela Berger , Zanala Ana Gabriela Berger , Santos Karina Tiemi Hassuda dos , Santos Jéssica Sayuri Hassuda , Santos Gleyce Pereira , Schmildt Edilson Romais
Published: June 2019

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of artificial detasseling and defoliation on the production of Pioneer 30F90 simple hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) seeds. The experiment was set up in a randomized complete block design, consisting of seven treatments (Control; detasseling; detasseling + defoliation of the top leaf; detasseling + defoliation of the two upper leaves; detasseling + defoliation of the three upper leaves; detasseling + defoliation of the upper four leaves; detasseling + defoliation of the upper five leaves), with 4 replicates. The plots were composed of 6 spaced rows of 0.90 cm by 6.00 m in length. At the time of the issue of 50% of the tassel were carried out the treatments. For the evaluations the two central lines of each plot were collected, eliminating 1.00 m from each end, totaling a useful area of 7.2 m². At harvest, the crop presented a final stand of 5 plants m² (50000 ha-1). According to the results obtained, it was concluded that the detasseling positively influenced the production components, due to the decrease of the auto-shading. The higher the level of defoliation, the lower the active photosynthetic area of the plant, and consequently the lower the productivity. The most affected production components in defoliation are grain numbers in the row, grain numbers in the ear and weight of 1000 grains. detasseling and defoliation do not interfere with the germination of corn seeds.
Application of Questionnaire Concerning the State of Conservation of Trucks and Highway BR-163 in the State of Mato Grosso - Brazil
Authors: Pereira Pedro Silvério Xavier , Bianchini Aloisio , Caneppele Carlos , Silva Antônio Renan Berchol Da , Pallaoro Dryelle Sifuentes , Daros Rodrigo Fernandes , Machado Rosana Sifuentes
Published: June 2019

Grain transport losses occur due to road conditions, trucks' state of repair, types of bodies, overload, loading and transport speed. These losses, besides affecting the economy, are also considered waste of food, environmental and social aspects. The objective of this work was to collect information from the drivers, through the application of questionnaires, on the type, age and state of conservation of trucks, car bodies, roof covers and tires, as well as conservation conservation of BR-163 highway in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. The study was carried out on the BR-163 highway, which is the one with the highest cargo flow for maize in the state of Mato Grosso. Interviews were conducted with approximately 500 truck drivers transporting grain cargoes of maize, in order to obtain information regarding: (a) State of conservation of the highways where they travel; (b) which part of the highways the greatest grain losses occur; (c) which grain is the most lost in road transport; (d) whether the truck driver has received any specific training to avoid grain losses; (e) whether the trucker adopts any procedure to reduce grain losses; among other information relevant to the study in question. It was observed that 59.70% of the trucks are owned by the companies, the other 40.30% are owned by the driver or are not tied to any company. It was observed that 42.90% of the trucks were manufactured between 2011 and 2015, that is, they are less than 8 years old. Of the evaluated trucks 39% of the evaluated trucks are bitrens, 32% rodotrens. The predominant bodies in the transport of grain in bulk are of the bulk type and bucket, with great predominance for grain. The data indicate that 87% of the trucks and 84% of the bodies are in good or excellent condition. The grain that is most lost in transportation, according to the drivers, is corn and soy, which together account for approximately 40% of the losses. It is concluded that grain losses in corn transport are occurring mainly due to poor conservation of BR-163 in the state of Mato Grosso. Holes and trepidation are the main culprits.
Antibiogram Analysis and Characterization of Bacterial Pathogens from Leucorrhea Patients
Authors: Ali Nazish Mazhar , Shahzad Muhammad , Bano Muqadas , Liaqat Iram , Mazhar Bushra , Zain Samina , Yaqub Atif
Published: June 2019

In recent research work bacteria were isolated from samples of leucorrhea patients admitted in Lady Wellington hospital Lahore (gynae ward) and Basheer welfare hospital Shahdara Lahore. The sampling was done from pregnant and non-pregnant leucorrhea patients aged 18 to 30 years by using sterile culture sticks from vagina. The samples were spread on agar plates and incubated for overnight, bacterial strains were isolated by streak plate method. The strains were named L1, L2, L3 and L4. Identification was carried out by various morphological and biochemical tests. Molecular characterization was also done to characterize bacteria up to species level. L1 strain was identified as Streptococcus pyogens, L2 as Staphylococcus aureus, L3 as Neisseria gonorrheae and L4 as Escherchia coli. Antibiotic resistance was analyzed by disc plate method.  L1, L2 and L3 strains showed maximum sensitivity with Cefepime antibiotics having values 17.74 µg/ml, 13.63 µg/ml and 12 µg/ml respectively. L4 showed max sensitivity with Azithromycin and Cloxacillin antibiotics i.e., 6.25 µg/ml and 6.4 µg/ml respectively. Optimum pH was 6.5 for L1 and L2, while 7 for L3 and L4. Optimum temperature was 37 for all strains.
Aptitude in Second Language Acquisition
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: June 2019

Aptitude for language learning is a theoretical construct, operationalized in the form of a test, which aims to predict individual differences between learners in the extent of successful second language acquisition. This entry describes traditional measures of language‐learning aptitude, such as the Modern Language Aptitude Test, and then argues for the need to develop new tests of aptitude which are situationally and developmentally sensitive, in the sense that they can predict successful learning in different implicit, incidental or explicit learning conditions, and the situations that give rise to them, and across the range of proficiency levels, from beginner to advanced stages of second language development.
Learner Beliefs in Second Language Learning
Authors: Kalaja Paula , Barcelos Ana Maria Ferreira
Published: June 2019

Second and foreign‐language learners of all ages have beliefs (or opinions) about language learning. This is true whether their learning takes place in formal contexts such as regular English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms and immersion programs or informal contexts such as home and workplace. (And the same is true of their teachers.) It has only recently been acknowledged how important a role these beliefs play in the learning (and teaching) of second or foreign languages, making it possible either for learners to make progress in their studies or prevent them from doing so.

This entry reviews developments in research into learner beliefs in applied linguistics. First the classics in the field are described, followed by an attempt to outline research pursued within two approaches and illustrate work carried out over the past few decades by summarizing a few key studies. Developments are noted in definitions, terminology and methodologies used over the years or within approaches adopted by scholars. The entry closes with a call for further research in the field, with suggestions of what to focus on in future studies.
Explicit Knowledge and Grammar Explanation in Second Language Instruction
Authors: Erlam Rosemary
Published: June 2019

Explicit knowledge, or knowledge about language, is important because it helps learners pay attention to language and this facilitates learning. In the past, grammar explanation was usually separate from the rest of a language lesson, but increasingly research evidence suggests that a focus on grammar will be most effective in contexts where students are using the language to communicate. There are many ways of drawing learners' attention to grammar. For example, when a teacher wants to introduce learners to rules or patterns in a language they can either give them the rules (deductive approach), or encourage them to “induce” or work these out for themselves (inductive approach). These are just some of the options available for explaining grammar and a differentiated approach may be most effective. Teachers also need to think about what aspects of language are important to explain or focus on. Those features of language that are already partially acquired by learners may, for example, be best. Grammar explanation may be more effective for adolescent or older learners, who are more likely to have developed analytic skills, than for younger learners. It is important to remember that explaining grammar does not usually lead to immediate results in terms of students using the targeted forms correctly, rather, it may take time for the effects of teaching about language to be evident.
History of Translation
Authors: Wakabayashi Judy
Published: June 2019

Translation historiography explores changes in the practice and conceptualization of translation over time and space, as well as their causes. This entry focuses on methodological and conceptual issues in and approaches to studying translation history, by drawing on insights from both translation studies and the field of history and by situating the work of translators within broader contexts. The approaches discussed include microhistory, book history,
histoire croisée
, and connected history (including the study of professional and intellectual networks), the history of the reception of translations, sociological approaches, the intellectual history of translation, and quantitative approaches. The conceptual issues discussed include periodization and the roles of individuals versus larger forces or systems.
Learner Corpora
Authors: Granger Sylviane
Published: June 2019

Learner corpora are electronic collections of natural or near‐natural data produced by foreign or second language learners, designed on the basis of strict criteria. They can be categorized along the following three dimensions: generic versus local, cross‐sectional versus longitudinal, and spoken versus written. A valuable addition to the data types used in applied linguistics, they are all the more useful when annotated with linguistic information, either automatically (e.g., part of speech tagging) or manually (e.g., error tagging). One of the most popular methodologies used to analyze them is contrastive interlanguage analysis, which consists in comparing samples of learner language among themselves or with a control corpus of expert or native production. Learner corpus research has brought to light a wide range of features typical of learners at different proficiency levels, many of which have proved to be due to transfer from the learner's mother tongue. It has played a particularly significant role in highlighting aspects of formulaicity in learner language. Exploration of learner corpora provides very rich information on learner language, which can be used to inform a wide range of applications: materials design and testing, classroom methodology, and natural language processing applications such as automated scoring and automatic feedback generation.
Lexicogrammar
Authors: Sardinha Tony Berber
Published: June 2019

Lexicogrammar (or lexico‐grammar) is a level of linguistic structure where lexis, or vocabulary, and grammar, or syntax, combine into one. At this level, words and grammatical structures are not seen as independent, but rather mutually dependent, with one level interfacing with the other. This entry focuses on systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and corpus linguistics (CL), because these two theoretical‐methodological frameworks have close ties to applied linguistics, and in both of them lexicogrammar plays a central role. Lexicogrammar has been studied in various ways, through such notions as collocation, colligation, phraseology, lexical pattern, chunk, lexical bundle, formulaic language, and lexical frame, among others. The separation between lexis and grammar has been one of the cornerstones of linguistic scholarship, being incarnated in the dictionary and grammar, the two main reference points for language study. However, systemic functional linguistics and corpus linguistics, each in its own way, reunite these two levels, and, despite some divergence, advocate the uninterrupted continuity between and/or fusion of lexis and grammar.
Pattern Grammar
Authors: Hunston Susan
Published: June 2019

Pattern grammar is based on the corpus investigation of individual words, especially adjectives, nouns, and verbs. It exploits the fact that each word is regularly complemented by specific phrase or clause types and not with others. Phrase types include noun phrases and prepositional phrases. Clause types include that‐clauses and to‐infinitive clauses. Pattern grammar has been used to give grammar information in learners' dictionaries and to produce reference books that list the patterns of English and the words that occur with them. The words that share a pattern tend also to share aspects of meaning. This observation has been used in language teaching and also in discourse analysis. Pattern grammar arises from the approach to language description associated with Sinclair and units of meaning. It has also been aligned with construction grammar from the cognitive linguistics tradition.
Role of Linguistic Human Rights in Language Policy and Planning
Authors: Skutnabb‐Kangas Tove
Published: June 2019

Granting (or not granting) linguistic human rights (LHRs) to everybody should be seen as part of a country's or region's language policy and planning (LPP). Recourse to LHRs represents one strategy in LPP. It can use international law as an instrument to modify the linguistic environment. This can be done top‐down, by official bodies in status, corpus, acquisition, and technological planning, and in implementing language policy. It can also be done bottom‐up, trying to influence governments that are negative toward LHRs. LPP also happens through innumerable daily actions when people choose which language to speak to whom and when (discourse planning). This entry discusses how governments can increase or decrease the supply of linguistic services and how the people concerned can demand increase of the supply. Researchers and people concerned about their LHRs debate what kind of language rights can be justified on what bases, and to what extent the languages of Indigenous people and minorities should be seen as “handicaps” to be tolerated for one generation or got rid of, or as something precious and important, not only for users of the languages but for the future of the world, through the diversity that they represent. The linguistic capital dispossession that the denial of LHRs in education amounts to also dispossesses the world of much of the knowledge of how to maintain biodiversity, vital for the existence of humans on the planet. The entry ends by asking under which circumstances an LHRs approach can “deliver” under neoliberalism.
On the need for tuning the dosimetric leaf gap for stereotactic treatment plans in the Eclipse treatment planning system
Authors: Vieillevigne Laure , Khamphan Catherine , Saez Jordi , Hernandez Victor
Published: June 2019

The dosimetric leaf gap (DLG) and tongue‐and‐groove (T&G) effects are critical aspects in the modeling of multileaf collimators (MLC) in the treatment planning system (TPS). In this study, we investigated the dosimetric impact of limitations associated with the T&G modeling in stereotactic plans and its relationship with the need for tuning the DLG in the Eclipse TPS. Measurements were carried out using Varian TrueBeam STx systems from two different institutions. Test fields presenting MLC patterns with several MLC gap sizes (meanGap) and different amounts of T&G effect (TGi) were first evaluated. Secondly, dynamic conformal arc (DCA) and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) deliveries of stereotactic cases were analyzed in terms of meanGap and TGi. Two DLG values were used in the TPS: the measured DLG (DLGmeas) and an optimal DLG (DLGopt). Measured and calculated doses were compared according to dose differences and gamma passing rates (GPR) with strict local gamma criteria of 2%/2 mm. The discrepancies were analyzed for DLGmeas and DLGopt, and their relationships with both TGi and meanGap were investigated. DCA arcs involved significantly lower TGi and larger meanGap than VMAT arcs (P < 0.0001). By using DLGmeas in the TPS, the dose discrepancies increased as TGi increased and meanGap decreased for both test fields and clinical plans. Dose discrepancies dramatically increased with the ratio TGi/meanGap. Adjusting the DLG value was then required to achieve acceptable calculations and configuring the TPS with DLGopt led to an excellent agreement with median GPRs (2%/2 mm) > 99% for both institutions. We also showed that DLGopt could be obtained from the results of the test fields. We demonstrated that the need for tuning the DLG is due to the limitations of the T&G modeling in the Eclipse TPS. A set of sweeping gap tests modified to incorporate T&G effects can be used to determine the optimal DLG value.
Advocates highlight greater significance of congressional resolution on counselors
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: June 2019

A proposed U.S. House resolution of a few paragraphs likely won't steal the spotlight from a bitter congressional divide or a simmering presidential campaign this summer, but advocates in the substance use treatment community hope it will lay the foundation for a greater recognition of the addiction counseling profession's needs via a number of legislative vehicles.
Imaging with Optogenetically Engineered Living Cells as a Photodetector
Authors: Li Gongxin , Wang Feifei , Yang Wenguang , Wang Wenxue , Li Guangyong , Wang Yuechao , Liu Lianqing
Published: June 2019

Biosyncretic systems integrating biological components with electromechanical devices have recently become a promising technology, in which biological components are used as actuators or sensing elements with higher‐level performance than artificial systems. Here, a biosyncretic imaging system using an optogenetically engineered living cell as a photodetector is shown. The photoresponsive properties of the cell, such as spectrum and response range, dynamic characteristics, are measured and indicate that the cell functions as an excellent photodetector. In the system, the cell is directly utilized to generate light‐triggered ionic currents, which encode the spatial image information and therefore are used to reconstruct the scenes under the view based on compressive sensing. Imaging with the cell‐based photodetector is successfully performed by acquiring high‐definition images using the system. The system also displays function superiority to a commercial photodiode, such as wider dynamic responsivity range. This work represents a step toward directly imaging with living materials and paves a new road for the development of future on‐body bionic devices.
Micromechanical Characterization of Metal Foams
Authors: Jung Anne , Diebels Stefan
Published: June 2019

Cellular materials such as foams, honeycombs, or auxetic structures are an interesting type of structural materials for lightweight constructions or dynamic energy absorbers. These microheterogeneous materials consist of a hierarchical structure. Foams can be separated into a macro scale, meso scale, and micro scale dealing with the entire specimen or component, individual pores, and individual struts, respectively. As a result, the macroscopic foam properties are strongly related to the mesoscopic and microscopic properties as a superposition of geometrical structural response and material properties. Whereas the geometry can be easily determined, e.g., by computer tomography measurements, the evaluation of real micro material properties of individual struts or cell walls is still a very challenging task. The material properties of these constituents of open‐cell or closed‐cell foams significantly differ from bulk material properties due to changes in boundary condition during production and different scaling effects, such as different surface‐to‐volume ratios of oxide layers or different cooling conditions due to less material in struts than in the bulk. However, the need for reliable micro material properties for the realistic forecast of macroscopic properties of components made of foam by numerical simulations makes the micromechanical characterization and testing of metal foams to an emerging field of research. The present contribution deals with the most relevant achievements in the field from the beginnings to the present day.
Precise Modulation of Gold Nanorods for Protecting against Malignant Ventricular Arrhythmias via Near‐Infrared Neuromodulation
Authors: Ye Tianyu , Lai Yanqiu , Wang Zhenya , Zhang Xingang , Meng Guannan , Zhou Liping , Zhang Yifeng , Zhou Zhen , Deng Jielin , Wang Meng , Wang Yuhong , Zhang Qianqian , Zhou Xiaoya , Yu Lilei , Jiang Hong , Xiao Xiangheng
Published: June 2019

Hyperactivity of the left stellate ganglion (LSG) contributes to the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias (VAs). Recently, advances in neuromodulation have been achieved with near‐infrared (NIR)‐sensitive gold nanorods (AuNRs). Here, AuNRs are precisely regulated and applied to inhibit LSG function as well as neural activity, thus ameliorating myocardial ischemia‐induced VAs in a canine model. Specifically, the optimized AuNRs are synthesized and microinjected into the LSG of anesthetized dogs, and then followed by 5 min of NIR laser irradiation at a wavelength of 808 nm. The results demonstrate that 5 min NIR laser irradiation on the PEG‐AuNR‐treated LSG can reversely inhibit LSG function and neural activity, thereby ameliorating myocardial ischemia‐induced VAs. With the tissue‐penetrating NIR and excellent photothermal effect of AuNRs, this method may become a promising and noninvasive therapeutic strategy for suppressing hyperactivity of the cardiac sympathetic nerves, therefore benefiting patients with VAs in the future.
Optimization of Von Mises Stress Distribution in Mesoporous α‐Fe2O3/C Hollow Bowls Synergistically Boosts Gravimetric/Volumetric Capacity and High‐Rate Stability in Alkali‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Qin Mingli , Zhang Zili , Zhao Yongzhi , Liu Luan , Jia Baorui , Han Kun , Wu Haoyang , Liu Ye , Wang Lijun , Min Xin , Xi Kai , Lao Cheng‐Yen , Wang Wei (Alex) , Qu Xuanhui , Kumar Ramachandran Vasant
Published: June 2019

Hollow structures are often used to relieve the intrinsic strain on metal oxide electrodes in alkali‐ion batteries. Nevertheless, one common drawback is that the large interior space leads to low volumetric energy density and inferior electric conductivity. Here, the von Mises stress distribution on a mesoporous hollow bowl (HB) is simulated via the finite element method, and the vital role of the porous HB structure on strain‐relaxation behavior is confirmed. Then, N‐doped‐C coated mesoporous α‐Fe2O3 HBs are designed and synthesized using a multistep soft/hard‐templating strategy. The material has several advantages: (i) there is space to accommodate strains without sacrificing volumetric energy density, unlike with hollow spheres; (ii) the mesoporous hollow structure shortens ion diffusion lengths and allows for high‐rate induced lithiation reactivation; and (iii) the N‐doped carbon nanolayer can enhance conductivity. As an anode in lithium‐ion batteries, the material exhibits a very high reversible capacity of 1452 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1, excellent cycling stability of 1600 cycles (964 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), and outstanding rate performance (609 mAh g−1 at 8 A g−1). Notably, the volumetric specific capacity of composite electrode is 42% greater than that of hollow spheres. When used in potassium‐ion batteries, the material also shows high capacity and cycle stability.
The Road Towards Planar Microbatteries and Micro‐Supercapacitors: From 2D to 3D Device Geometries
Authors: Zheng Shuanghao , Shi Xiaoyu , Das Pratteek , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Bao Xinhe
Published: June 2019

The rapid development and further modularization of miniaturized and self‐powered electronic systems have substantially stimulated the urgent demand for microscale electrochemical energy storage devices, e.g., microbatteries (MBs) and micro‐supercapacitors (MSCs). Recently, planar MBs and MSCs, composed of isolated thin‐film microelectrodes with extremely short ionic diffusion path and free of separator on a single substrate, have become particularly attractive because they can be directly integrated with microelectronic devices on the same side of one single substrate to act as a standalone microsized power source or complement miniaturized energy‐harvesting units. The development of and recent advances in planar MBs and MSCs from the fundamentals and design principle to the fabrication methods of 2D and 3D planar microdevices in both in‐plane and stacked geometries are highlighted. Additonally, a comprehensive analysis of the primary aspects that eventually affect the performance metrics of microscale energy storage devices, such as electrode materials, electrolyte, device architecture, and microfabrication techniques are presented. The technical challenges and prospective solutions for high‐energy‐density planar MBs and MSCs with multifunctionalities are proposed.
An Acidic‐Microenvironment‐Driven DNA Nanomachine Enables Specific ATP Imaging in the Extracellular Milieu of Tumor
Authors: Di Zhenghan , Zhao Jian , Chu Hongqian , Xue Wenting , Zhao Yuliang , Li Lele
Published: June 2019

Extracellular ATP is an emerging target for cancer treatment because it is a key messenger for shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME) and regulating tumor progression. However, it remains a great challenge to design biochemical probes for targeted imaging of extracellular ATP in the TME. A TME‐driven DNA nanomachine (Apt‐LIP) that permits spatially controlled imaging of ATP in the extracellular milieu of tumors with ultrahigh signal‐to‐background ratio is reported. It operates in response to the mild acidity in the TME with the pH (low) insertion peptide (pHLIP) module, thus allowing the specific anchoring of the structure‐switching signaling aptamer unit to the membrane of tumor cells for “off–on” fluorescence imaging of the extracellular ATP. Apt‐LIP allows for acidity driven visualization of different extracellular concentrations of exogenous ATP, as well as the monitoring of endogenous ATP release from cells. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that Apt‐LIP represents a promising platform for the specific imaging of the extracellular ATP in both primary and metastatic tumors. Ultimately, since diverse aptamers are obtained through in vitro selection, this design strategy can be further applied for precise detection of various extracellular targets in the TME.
Large‐Area Fabrication of Highly Tunable Hybrid Plasmonic–Photonic Structures Based on Colloidal Lithography and a Photoreconfigurable Polymer
Authors: Wang Shiqiang , Dong Hao , Sun Fuwei , Zhang Wanlin , Liang Yun , Tian Li , Wang Peng , Yin Xianpeng , Li Guangtao
Published: June 2019

In this work, based on colloidal lithography, a strategy is developed to produce a new type of hybrid plasmonic–photonic system comprising a periodic array of nanoholes in a photoreconfigurable polymer layer deposited on a gold surface. By controlling the experimental conditions, the geometric parameters of the nanoholes can be easily adjusted; hence, the optical properties of the systems are widely tunable. Importantly, the shape and topology of the round nanohole arrays can be easily reconfigured with proper photoirradiation, providing a means to modulate the optical properties and produce new functionalities, as exemplified by the formation of arrays with anisotropic or gradient structural features. Moreover, rubbing dielectric spheres into the formed nanoholes can further tune the topological structures of the dielectric components in the hybrid system, leading to a dramatic modification of the spatial energy distributions and inducing the formation of uniform electromagnetic fields confined near the embedded sphere surfaces, which are more beneficial for practical applications. All the results indicate that the combined use of the unique properties of both a photoreconfigurable polymer and colloidal lithography opens a new avenue with great potential for efficient and large‐area fabrication of hybrid plasmonic–photonic systems with a high degree of optical tunability.
Immunomodulatory Nanosystems
Authors: Feng Xiangru , Xu Weiguo , Li Zhongmin , Song Wantong , Ding Jianxun , Chen Xuesi
Published: June 2019

Immunotherapy has emerged as an effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, infectious diseases, inflammatory diseases, and autoimmune diseases. Immunomodulatory nanosystems can readily improve the therapeutic effects and simultaneously overcome many obstacles facing the treatment method, such as inadequate immune stimulation, off‐target side effects, and bioactivity loss of immune agents during circulation. In recent years, researchers have continuously developed nanomaterials with new structures, properties, and functions. This Review provides the most recent advances of nanotechnology for immunostimulation and immunosuppression. In cancer immunotherapy, nanosystems play an essential role in immune cell activation and tumor microenvironment modulation, as well as combination with other antitumor approaches. In infectious diseases, many encouraging outcomes from using nanomaterial vaccines against viral and bacterial infections have been reported. In addition, nanoparticles also potentiate the effects of immunosuppressive immune cells for the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Finally, the challenges and prospects of applying nanotechnology to modulate immunotherapy are discussed.
Modifying La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 Perovskites with Cr Incorporation for Fast Isothermal CO2‐Splitting Kinetics in Solar‐Driven Thermochemical Cycles
Authors: Carrillo Alfonso J. , Bork Alexander H. , Moser Thierry , Sediva Eva , Hood Zachary D. , Rupp Jennifer L. M.
Published: June 2019

Perovskites are promising oxygen carriers for solar‐driven thermochemical fuel production due to higher oxygen exchange capacity. Despite their higher fuel yield capacity, La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 perovskite materials present slow CO2‐splitting kinetics compared with state‐of‐the‐art CeO2. In order to improve the CO production rates, the incorporation of Cr in La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 is explored based on thermodynamic calculations that suggest an enhanced driving force toward CO2 splitting at high temperatures for La0.6Sr0.4CrxMn1−xO3 perovskites. Here, reported is a threefold faster CO fuel production for La0.6Sr0.4Cr0.85Mn0.15O3 compared to conventional La0.6Sr0.4MnO3, and twofold faster than CeO2 under isothermal redox cycling at 1400 °C, and high stability upon long‐term cycling without any evidence of microstructural degradation. The findings suggest that with the proper design in terms of transition metal ion doping, it is possible to adjust perovskite compositions and reactor conditions for improved solar‐to‐fuel thermochemical production under nonconventional solar‐driven thermochemical cycling schemes such as the here presented near isothermal operation.
Epstein–barr virus and multiple sclerosis risk in the finnish maternity cohort
Authors: Munger Kassandra L. , Hongell Kira , Cortese Marianna , Åivo Julia , Soilu‐Hänninen Merja , Surcel Heljä‐Marja , Ascherio Alberto
Published: June 2019

Objective

To determine whether maternal Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) IgG antibody levels are associated with risk of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the offspring.

Methods

We conducted a prospective nested case–control study in the Finnish Maternity Cohort (FMC) with serum samples from >800,000 women collected during pregnancy since 1983. Cases of MS among offspring born between 1983 and 1991 were identified via hospital and prescription registries; 176 cases were matched to up to 3 controls (n = 326) on region and dates of birth, sample collection, and mother's birth. We used conditional logistic regression to estimate relative risks (RRs) and adjusted models for sex of the child, gestational age at sample collection, and maternal serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and cotinine levels. Similar analyses were conducted among 1,049 women with MS and 1,867 matched controls in the FMC.

Results

Maternal viral capsid antigen IgG levels during pregnancy were associated with an increased MS risk among offspring (RRtop vs bottom quintile = 2.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.20–5.00, p trend = 0.004); no associations were found between maternal EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA‐1), diffuse early antigen, or cytomegalovirus IgG levels and offspring MS risk. Among women in the FMC, those in the highest versus lowest quintile of EBNA‐1 IgG levels had a 3‐fold higher risk of MS (RR = 3.21, 95% CI = 2.37–4.35, p trend <1.11e‐16). These associations were not confounded or modified by 25‐hydroxyvitamin D.

Interpretation

Offspring of mothers with high viral capsid antigen IgG during pregnancy appear to have an increased risk of MS. The increase in MS risk among women with elevated prediagnostic EBNA‐1 IgG levels is consistent with previous results. ANN NEUROL 2019;86:436–442
Effect of inorganic oxide supports on the activity of chromium‐based catalysts in ethylene trimerization
Authors: Fallahi Maryam , Ahmadi Ebrahim , Mohamadnia Zahra
Published: June 2019

Novel heterogeneous catalysts were prepared using immobilization of bis(2‐decylsulfanylethyl)amine–CrCl3 (Cr‐SNS‐D) on various supports, namely commercial TiO2, Al2O3 and magnetic Fe3O4@SiO2 nanoparticles, to yield solid catalysts denoted as support@Cr‐SNS‐D. The structure of the catalysts was confirmed on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, N2 adsorption–desorption and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) analysis. The surface areas of Al2O3@Cr‐SNS‐D, Fe3O4@SiO2@Cr‐SNS‐D and TiO2@Cr‐SNS‐D catalysts were determined to be 70, 23 and 41 m2 g−1, respectively. A decrease in surface area from that of the supports clearly establishes accurate immobilization of Cr‐SNS‐D catalyst on the surface of the parent carriers. The loading of Cr was determined to be 0.02, 0.16 and 0.11 mmol g−1 for Cr‐SNS‐D supported on TiO2, Al2O3 and Fe3O4@SiO2, respectively, using ICP analysis. After preparation and full characterization of the catalysts, ethylene trimerization reaction was accomplished in 40 ml of dry toluene, at 80°C and 25 bar ethylene pressure and in the presence of methylaluminoxane (Al/Cr = 700) within 30 min. The supported chromium catalysts were found to be efficient and selective for the ethylene trimerization reaction. The highest activity (74 650 g1‐hexene gCr−1 h−1), as well as no polyethylene formation during reaction processes, was observed when TiO2 was used as the catalyst support.
PdO nanoparticles supported on triazole functionalized porous triazine polymer as an efficient heterogeneous catalyst for carbonylation of aryl halides
Authors: Sadhasivam Velu , Balasaravanan Rajendran , Siva Ayyanar
Published: June 2019

A well‐defined triazole functionalized porous triazine based polymers act as solid heterogeneous catalyst after incorporating palladium oxide nanoparticles (PdO@TTAS) have been synthesized and thoroughly characterized by various techniques such as, FT‐IR, UV‐DRS, solid state 13C CP‐MAS, XPS, powder X‐ray diffraction, TGA, SEM and TEM analysis has been detailed illustrated. It is important to note that synthesized catalytic performance for carbonylation of aryl halides (X = I, Br) with EDC.HCl (N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N′‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride), and formic acid was found to be an effective CO source in the presence of triethylamine as a base and DMF as a solvent medium at 80 °C for about 3 hr. The PdO@TTAS catalyst exhibits superior catalytic performance and along with good yield (up to 90%). Moreover, studying the heterogeneity and reusability of the environmentally friendly solid catalyst can be easily separated by simple filtration and then recycled for several times. In this reaction method, we avoided ligand, additive, promoters and CO gas, due to additional problem arise by using gaseous CO, highly toxic greenhouse gases and high pressurized reaction setup.
Rose‐like Nanocomposite of Fe‐Ni Phosphides/Iron Oxide as Efficient Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Peng Xuerong , Chen Xuchun , Liu Tao , Lu Changfang , Sun Mengmeng , Ding Fang , Wang Yanying , Zou Ping , Wang Xianxiang , Zhao Qingbiao , Rao Hanbing
Published: June 2019

In order to accelerate the reaction rate of water splitting, it is of immense importance to develop low‐cost, stable and efficient catalysts. In this study, the facile synthesis of a novel rose‐like nanocomposite catalyst (Ni2P/Fe2P/Fe3O4) is reported. The synthesis process includes a solvothermal step and a phosphatization step to combine iron oxides and iron‐nickel phosphides. Ni2P/Fe2P/Fe3O4 performs well in catalyzing oxygen evolution reaction, with a very low overpotential of 365 mV to reach 10 mA cm−2 current density. The Tafel slope is as low as 59 mV dec−1. Ni2P/Fe2P/Fe3O4 has a large double‐layer capacitance that contributes to a high electrochemically active area. Moreover, this catalyst is very stable for long‐term use. Therefore, the Ni2P/Fe2P/Fe3O4 catalyst has a high potential for use in oxygen evolution reactions.
Identification of Non‐Carbonaceous Cathodes in Al Batteries: Potential Applicability of Black and Blue Phosphorene Monolayers
Authors: Bhauriyal Preeti , Pathak Biswarup
Published: June 2019

In the present era of growing energy demands, low‐dimensional materials are emerging as the suitable choices for energy storage due to their excellent ion transport properties, improved reversible capacity, fine rate performance and good cycling stability. In this context, we have investigated the applicability of black and blue phosphorene monolayers as potential cathodes for Al batteries. Both black and blue phosphorene monolayers show similar electrochemical behavior as that of experimentally reported graphite with a charge transfer from the surface in order to bind the tetrahedral geometry of AlCl4 during the charging process. The adsorption of AlCl4 drives semiconductor‐to‐metallic transformation of black/blue phosphorene, which ensures constant conductivity in Al batteries. Following the systematic adsorption of AlCl4, the voltage for black and blue phosphorene is calculated to be ≈1.50 V and ≈1.80 V with storage capacities of 144 mAh g−1 and 108 mAh g−1, respectively. Besides, low diffusion barriers of 0.11 eV and 0.14 eV are predicted for AlCl4 on the respective systems of black and blue phosphorene monolayers. Our work suggests that both black and blue phosphorene monolayers can be potential cathodes for Al batteries with delivery of high storage capacity and high voltage, respectively.