bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protein stains for proteomic applications:Which, when, why?
Authors: Miller Ingrid , Crawford Johanne , Gianazza Elisabetta
Published: September 2006

This review recollects literature data on sensitivity and dynamic range for the most commonly used colorimetric and fluorescent dyes for general protein staining, and summarizes procedures for the most common PTM‐specific detection methods. It also compiles some important points to be considered in imaging and evaluation. In addition to theoretical considerations, examples are provided to illustrate differential staining of specific proteins with different detection methods. This includes a large body of original data on the comparative evaluation of several pre‐ and post‐electrophoresis stains used in parallel on a single specimen, horse serum run in 2‐DE (IPG‐DALT). A number of proteins/protein spots are found to be over‐ or under‐revealed with some of the staining procedures.
Impact of providing audiotapes of primary treatment consultations to men with prostate cancer: a multi‐site, randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Hack Thomas F. , Pickles Tom , Bultz Barry D. , Dean Ruether J. , Degner Lesley F.
Published: September 2006

Background: The purpose of this investigation was to systematically examine the efficacy of providing men with prostate cancer with an audiotape of their primary treatment consultation.

Method: Participants included 425 men newly diagnosed with prostate cancer and 15 radiation oncologists from 4 cancer centers in Canada. Patients were block randomized to one of four consultation groups: 1. Standard care control—not audio‐taped; 2. Audio‐taped—no audiotape given; 3. Audio‐taped—patient given audiotape; and 4. Audio‐taped—patient offered choice of receiving audiotape or not (4 patients declined; 94 accepted). Patient outcomes were measured at 12 weeks post‐consultation: perceived degree of information provision; audiotape satisfaction and use; communication satisfaction with oncologist; mood state; and cancer‐specific quality of life.

Results: Patients receiving the consultation audiotape reported having been provided with significantly more disease and treatment information in general (p=0.04), and more information about treatment alternatives (p=0.04) and treatment side effects (p=0.01) in particular, than patients who did not receive the audiotape. Audiotape benefit was not significantly related to patient satisfaction with communication, mood state or quality of life at 12 weeks post‐consultation, and was not significantly affected by choice of receiving the audiotape. Patients rated the audiotape intervention positively, with an average score of 83.0 out of 100.

Conclusion: Consultation audiotapes are rated highly by men with prostate cancer, and these audiotapes help to enhance their perception of having been provided with critical disease‐ and treatment‐related information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pitfalls in non‐therapeutic research in children
Authors: Mallory George B.
Published: September 2006

Research has brought significant medical advances in modern times benefiting virtually all people. Children as a class should not be excluded from research studies. However, non‐therapeutic research is potentially problematic in children because they must be afforded special protection from harm and exploitation by care‐givers, researchers, and institutional review boards. An article in this month's journal provides an opportunity for a systematic analysis using the methodology provided by the United States Code of Federal Regulations. The research design of this particular study does not appear to stand up to the requirements of the Code. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41:1014–1016. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Lung function measurements in a preterm animal model of respiratory failure: Comparison of two different neonatal ventilators
Authors: Yoder Bradley A. , Martin Helen , McCurnin Donald C.
Published: September 2006

A variety of ventilators are used in the NICU. Ventilator and lung function measures are often applied in weaning protocols or as outcome variables. The effect of different ventilators on these measures has not been well studied. Our objective was to compare ventilator and lung function measurements in a chronic preterm animal model managed with two different neonatal ventilators. Timed baboon pregnancies exposed to antenatal steroids were delivered by C/S at 125 days (term = 185 days). Infants were immediately intubated, given surfactant, and ventilated with low tidal volumes (4–6 ml/kg) for 6–14 days using well‐defined protocols. One group was ventilated via InfantStar (IS) and the other by VIP‐Bird (VIP). Physiologic and pulmonary function data were serially recorded with the VitalTrends plethysmography system. Between ventilator comparisons were made. InfantStar (IS) was used on 22 infants in 2002–03, VIP was used on 29 infants in 2004–05. No differences were found for gestation, birth weight, gender, paO2, paCO2, FiO2, arterial/alveolar ratio, dynamic compliance, inspiratory resistance, or tidal volumes. From 24 to 336 h, peak and mean airway pressure, ventilator rate, and ventilatory efficiency index (VEI: PIP × R × CO2/1,000) were significantly greater in the VIP group at multiple time points. VIP use was associated with a significant increase in expiratory airway resistance (Rexp − cmH2O/L/s) at all but one‐time points studied. Compared to the IS, use of the VIP‐Bird ventilator in surfactant treated immature baboons with RDS was associated with increased expiratory airway resistance and indices of impaired ventilation, but not oxygenation. Ventilator management in the NICU, especially weaning, may be affected by the specific ventilator in use. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41:1069–1076. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mucoid impaction: An unusual form of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis in a patient with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Cakir E. , Uyan Z.S. , Ersu R. Hamutcu , Karadag B. , Karakoc F. , Dagli E.
Published: September 2006

We reported a child with cystic fibrosis (CF) who developed mucoid impaction related to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA). This is the first reported case of mucoid impaction related to ABPA in CF described to date in the literature. The case was successfully treated by corticosteroids and itraconazole therapy, but relapsed 6 months later. During exacerbation therapy, cataract formation complicated the corticosteroid treatment. We want to emphasize that 6‐months therapy may be inadequate for the treatment of ABPA, and it is important to monitor for possible complications of corticosteroids therapy. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41:1103–1107. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral oximetry improves detection of sickle cell patients at risk for nocturnal cerebral hypoxia
Authors: Raj Ashok B. , O'Brien Louise M. , Bertolone Salvatore J. , Gozal David , Edmonds Harvey L.
Published: September 2006

We previously used cerebral oximetry to identify low cerebral venous oxygen saturation in waking children with sickle cell disease (SCD). Because arterial oxyhemoglobin desaturation is common during sleep in SCD patients, this study compared both waking and sleeping systemic arterial and cerebral venous oxygenation dynamics in children with and without SCD. Seventeen African‐American (AA) children with homozygous SCD [8 (4–15) years; 29% male; normal transcranial Doppler velocities] were compared with a control cohort (CON) comprised of six healthy AA children [9 (4–16) years, 33% male]. Standard all‐night polysomnographic recordings were performed, including measurement of arterial oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry (SpO2). Regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) was measured non‐invasively with cerebral oximetry. Intra‐cohort comparisons examined the influence of sleep on SpO2 and rSO2 in the subjects. Inter‐cohort comparisons of SpO2, rSO2, and the rSO2/SpO2 ratio assessed the impact of SCD on systemic and cerebral oxygenation during wakefulness and sleep. Cohort differences in SpO2 were not statistically significant in either wakefulness or sleep. However, only in the SCD cohort was the magnitude of SpO2 change statistically significant (P = 0.002). In contrast, both waking and sleep rSO2 cohort median values did differ significantly [awake: CON 76 (67–86) vs. SCD 62 (58–71), P = 0.01; sleep: CON 65 (60–77) vs. SCD 55 (48–61), P = 0.01)]. The waking rSO2/SpO2 ratio was also significantly lower in the SCD group [CON 0.78 (0.68–0.88) vs. SCD of 0.66 (0.61–0.72); P = 0.015]. During sleep, the ratio was also significantly lower in the SCD group [CON 0.71 (0.66–0.81) vs. SCD 0.59 (0.52–0.65); P = 0.011]. Our findings suggest that SCD patients may be at increased risk of cerebral hypoxia during both wakefulness and sleep. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2006, 41:1088–1094. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of peptide aldehydes
Authors: Moulin Aline , Martinez Jean , Fehrentz Jean‐Alain
Published: September 2006

The functionalization of peptides and proteins by aldehyde groups has become the subject of intensive research since the discovery of the inhibition properties of peptide aldehydes towards various enzymes. Furthermore, peptide aldehydes are of great interest for peptide backbone modification or ligation reactions. This review focuses upon their synthesis, which has been developed following two main strategies. The first strategy consists of prior synthesis of the peptide, followed by the introduction of the aldehyde function. The second possible strategy uses α‐amino aldehydes as starting materials. After protection of the aldehyde, peptide elongation occurs. At the end of the synthesis, the aldehyde function can be unmasked. Copyright © 2006 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electret states and current oscillations in the ferroelectric semiconductor TlGaSe2
Authors: Seyidov MirHasan Yu. , Sahin Y. , Erbahar D. , Suleymanov R. A.
Published: September 2006

Low‐frequency current oscillations (LFCOs) have been observed for the first time in the ferroelectric semiconductor TlGaSe2. It is shown that LFCOs can be observed in specially undoped high‐resistivity single crystals and in crystals after annealing for some hours within the incommensurate phase. LFCOs are shown to be due to non‐linear current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the crystals. The origin of the non‐linearity of the I–V characteristics is based on the formation of electret states due to the capture of carriers by deep impurity centres. The possible influence of electret states on the peculiarities of different physical properties observed in these crystals is discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
X‐ray diffuse‐scattering study of defects in α‐sapphire
Authors: Gronkowski Jerzy , Borowski Janusz , Zielińska‐Rohozińska Elżbieta , Kowalska Małgorzata , Pakuła Krzysztof
Published: September 2006

Strains and defects due to deposition of layered GaN/AlGaN heteroepitaxial structures generated both in α‐sapphire substrates and the layers were studied by X‐ray high‐resolution diffraction and diffuse scattering. Dislocation loops in α‐sapphire were identified by calculations of diffuse‐scattering intensity in the reciprocal‐space maps. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Brillouin scattering study of orthorhombic LiNiPO4 single crystal
Authors: Kurnosov V. S. , Peschanskii A. V. , Fomin V. I. , Yeremenko A. V.
Published: September 2006

Elastic moduli of LiNiPO4 linear magnetoelectric single crystal were determined using Brillouin light scattering measurements at room temperature. The obtained values of the elastic moduli are the following: c 11 = 189.6 ± 0.2, c 22 = 192.6 ± 0.4, c 33 = 229.6 ± 0.2, c 44 = 58.9 ± 0.5, c 55 = 70.4 ± 0.6, c 66 = 75.7 ± 0.5, c 12 = 71.4 ± 0.9, c 13 = 71.0 ± 0.8, and c 23 = 54.5 ± 0.9 in units of 1010 dyn/cm2. Determination of refractive indices at a He–Ne laser wavelength of 632.8 nm was also carried out by means of measurements of Brewster angle, and the following values were obtained: na = 1.713 ± 0.003, nb = 1.698 ± 0.005, and nc = 1.709 ± 0.006. The estimation of the crystal Debye temperature θ D = 645 K was made using elastic constant values. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structural and electronic properties of chalcopyrite semiconductors AgXY2 (X = In, Ga; Y = S, Se, Te) under pressure
Authors: Chahed A. , Benhelal O. , Rozale H. , Laksari S. , Abbouni N.
Published: September 2006

Results are presented of a first‐principles calculation of the direct band‐gap pressure coefficient ag for a series of Al, Ga and In chalcopyrite semiconductor compounds AgXY2 (X = Ga, In; Y = S, Se, Te) and the corresponding zinc‐blende structure. Good agreement was found between the calculated and experimental pressure coefficients. It was found that ag in chalcopyrites are dramatically reduced relative to zinc‐blende compounds, and that the Al → Ga → In substitution lowers ag in chalcopyrites more than in zinc‐blende compounds. As a result, the empirical rule suggested for zinc‐blende compounds, stating that for a given transition (e.g. Γ15v → Γ1c) ag does not depend on substitutions, has to be modified for chalcopyrites. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantitative determination of oxidative defects on single walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Jung Adrian , Graupner Ralf , Ley Lothar , Hirsch Andreas
Published: September 2006

A large variety of functional groups (i.e. carboxyl, carbonyl, aldehyde, alcohol) – representing the different oxidation states of carbon – can be produced by oxidative treatment of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), depending on duration and temperature of the process. For subsequent functionalization steps it is essential to know the quantitative amount of the functional groups being converted in a chemical reaction. X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) proved to be a useful tool for such determination. Here, the asymmetry of the C1s core level in SWCNTs and the unknown peak positions of the functional groups prevented a detailed analysis of the produced oxidized carbon species. In this work we present an effective method to overcome this problem using XPS correlated with ab‐initio calculations of the Mulliken charges in functionalized SWCNTs. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of exciton distribution on external quantum efficiency in bilayer organic solar cells
Authors: Breyer Ch. , Vogel M. , Mohr M. , Johnev B. , Fostiropoulos K.
Published: September 2006

The spatially resolved photogeneration of excitons in bilayer organic solar cells (OSC) was simulated by a detailed optical model. A layering scheme involving up to six different ultrathin films on the substrate was taken into account, including the optical constants, interference effects and resulting standing waves. Thus a strong dependency of local exciton generation on the specific geometry and the wavelength was shown. To determine the distribution of the generated excitons the continuity equation was solved. By defining the quenching properties of cell interfaces the influence of interface exciton dissociation was demonstrated. With given exciton diffusion lengths the generation of charge carriers and the quantum efficiency of phthalocyanine‐C60 OSCs was calculated. The applicability of the model is discussed by comparison with experimental data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electromigrated molecular junctions
Authors: van der Zant H. S. J. , Osorio E. A. , Poot M. , O'Neill K.
Published: September 2006

We report on the fabrication and characterization of molecular junctions which are fabricated with electromigration and subsequent trapping of the molecule from solution. Transport measurements show molecule‐specific features (vibrational modes; gate coupling) and indicate the presence of a single molecule in the gap. Electromigrated junctions can be very stable and allow for temperature dependent measurements, which provide, next to gate dependent measurements, an additional tool to perform detailed studies of transmolecular conduction mechanisms. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction of the important species HNO and HFSO2 in the atmosphere: Theoretical study of the NH and SH blue‐shifted hydrogen bonds
Authors: Liu Ying , Liu Wenqing , Li Haiyang , Yang Yong , Cheng Shuang
Published: September 2006

Ab initio molecular orbital and density functional theory (DFT) in conjunction with different basis sets calculations were performed to study the NH…O and SH…O blue‐shifted H‐bonds in the HNO…HFSO2 complex. The geometric structures, vibrational frequencies, and interaction energies were calculated by both standard and CP‐corrected methods. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was used to investigate the origin of blue‐shifted H‐bonds, showing that the decrease in the σ*(NH) and σ*(SH) is due to the electron density redistribution effect. The structure reorganization effect on the blue‐shifted hydrogen bonds was discussed in detail. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Optimizing the formula of rare earth‐bearing materials: A computational chemistry investigation
Authors: Bertolus Marjorie , Defranceschi Mireille
Published: September 2006

We present a computational investigation into the nature of bonds formed by rare earth elements (REE) in materials. This study focuses on the incorporation of neodymium in minerals called apatites, which are derived from fluorapatite: Ca10(PO4)6F2. These minerals, which allow many substitutions on all three Ca, P, and F sites, are considered as potential host phases for radioactive elements separated from nuclear waste. Nd and trivalent actinides have very similar physical and chemical properties, and Nd is not radioactive and much more easily handled. It is therefore very often used as a surrogate for actinides with oxidation degree three in experimental studies. Several formulas can be considered to substitute Nd3+ to Ca2+ and maintain charge balance of the apatite. Existing experimental and theoretical studies, however, mostly concern the Ca9Nd(PO4)5SiO4F2 formula, where the Nd incorporation is compensated by the replacement of one PO by a SiO group. Moreover, only the cation position has been studied, whereas the silicate position and its influence on stability are unknown. We present a more general investigation of possible charge compensations on the one hand, and of the various resulting configurations on the other. All possible configurations of the two formulas Ca9Nd(PO4)5 SiO4F2 and Ca8NdNa(PO4)6F2 have been considered. Calculations have been performed within the framework of density functional theory (DFT). A computation scheme that permits good accuracy in these systems within reasonable computation times is determined. The results obtained for cohesion energies, geometries, and electronic densities are discussed. As for the formulation, it is shown that the Ca8NdNa(PO4)6F2 formula is less stable than the fluorapatite, while Ca9Nd(PO4)5 SiO4F2 is more stable. For the structures, it is found that Nd substitutes preferably in the second cationic site. Moreover, the most stable structures exhibit the shortest Na–Nd or Nd–Si distances. Local charge balance therefore seems favorable. Then, it is shown that Nd forms covalent bonds both in apatite and in britholite, while Na forms ionic bonds. Finally, a first correlation between the material stability and the covalent character of the bonds formed is established. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Hosoya polynomials of armchair open‐ended nanotubes
Authors: Xu Shoujun , Zhang Heping
Published: September 2006

For a connected graph G we denote by d(G,k) the number of vertex pairs at distance k. The Hosoya polynomial of G is H(G,x) = ∑k≥0 d(G,k)xk. In this paper, analytical formulae for calculating the polynomials of armchair open‐ended nanotubes are given. Furthermore, the Wiener index, derived from the first derivative of the Hosoya polynomial in x = 1, and the hyper‐Wiener index, from one‐half of the second derivative of the Hosoya polynomial multiplied by x in x = 1, can be calculated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Atmospheric pressure ion/molecule reactions for the selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives using acetonitrile and air as reagents
Authors: Song Yishu , Cooks R. Graham
Published: September 2006

Acetonitrile vapor and air are useful reagents for the selective detection of nitroaromatic compounds using atmospheric pressure ion/molecule reactions. Reagent ions CH2CN− and CN− generated from acetonitrile, and O−., OH− and OOH− produced from the oxygen in air, react with vapor‐phase and condensed‐phase nitroaromatics in the course of atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI), respectively. The homogeneous and the heterogeneous phase reactions both lead to the formation of the same anionic adducts. These adducts have characteristic fragmentation patterns upon collisional activation, which makes these two reagents valuable for the selective detection of particular nitroaromatics, including explosives present as components of complex mixtures. Complementary information is available from the two reagents because their different chemistry facilitates analyte identification. DAPCI is demonstrated to be a useful ambient detection method for nitroaromatic explosives absorbed on surfaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modified rain attenuation model for tropical regions for Ku‐Band signals
Authors: Ramachandran V. , Kumar V.
Published: September 2006

Attenuation measurement on Ku‐ band satellite signal in a tropical site, Fiji is presented. Rain‐attenuation prediction by ITU‐R and the Crane Global models showed noticeable deviation to the measured values. Unlike the monotonic decrease predicted by these models, exceedance of rain‐rate and attenuation in Fiji and other tropical regions showed the presence of breakpoints. For Suva, the breakpoint in rain‐rate and attenuation were at 58 mm/h and 9.4 dB with exceedances of 0.009 and 0.018%, respectively. Modifications to the ITU‐R model are proposed in this paper, for adopting it in the tropics. These modifications are based on the properties that in the tropics (i) the accumulation time factor at the breakpoints is an invariant (ii) for elevation angles <60° and at high rain rates multiple rain cells intersect the slant path. The attenuation exceedance is predicted by two expressions similar to the ITU‐R model, one for rain‐rates lower than the breakpoint rain‐rate and the other above it. The modified prediction model show remarkable agreement with the measured Ku‐band attenuation in seven tropical sites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
AES depth profiling with a tilted sample in front of a cylindrical mirror analyzer: quantification and profile shape changes according to an extension of the conventional MRI model
Authors: Hofmann S. , Wang J. Y.
Published: September 2006

The influence of the tilt angle of a sample in front of a cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA) on AES depth profiles is calculated with the conventional mixing‐roughness‐information (MRI) depth model and an extended MRI model. While the conventional model works with an average electron escape depth value, the extended model takes into account the intensity from different segments along the azimuth angle corresponding to different escape depth values before summing up for the total, measured intensity. The deviation between both approaches is generally less than 4%, even for the worst case at 47.7° tilt angle. The shape of the profile is slightly different for both approaches. Because, for a CMA with coaxial gun, the sample tilt angle varies as the electron beam incidence angle, the influence of the latter has to be additionally taken into account for quantification of AES. In reasonable agreement with experimental results it is shown that above 45° the Auger peak intensity of Cu (914 eV) increases up to about a factor of two for an incidence angle of 85°. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling smoking history using a comprehensive smoking index: application to lung cancer
Authors: Leffondré Karen , Abrahamowicz Michal , Xiao Yongling , Siemiatycki Jack
Published: September 2006

The mathematical representation of smoking history is an important tool in analysis of epidemiological and clinical data. Hoffmann and colleagues recently proposed a single aggregate measure of smoking exposure that incorporates intensity, duration, and time since cessation. This comprehensive smoking index (CSI), which may be incorporated in any regression model, depends on a half‐life (τ) and a lag (δ) parameters that have to be fixed a priori, or estimated by maximizing the fit. The CSI has not previously been used for analysis of cancer data. Following some preliminary results on smoking and lung cancer, the authors proposed a new version of the CSI for lung cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the performance of the original and the new versions of the CSI in the analysis of three data sets from two case–control studies of lung cancer undertaken in Montreal, in 1979–1985 in males, and in 1996–2000 in both males and females. The estimates of τ and δ for both versions of the CSI were similar across data sets. The new version of the CSI fitted the three data sets systematically although moderately better than the original version, and at least as well as other representations of lifetime smoking history that used separate variables for time since cessation and cumulative amount of cigarettes smoked. The results suggest that the CSI may be an attractive and parsimonious alternative to conventional modelling of different aspects of smoking history for lung cancer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yin and Yang in BMP signaling: Impact on the pathology of diseases and potential for tissue regeneration
Authors: Hartung Anke , Sieber Christina , Knaus Petra
Published: September 2006

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are multi‐functional growth factors belonging to the transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) superfamily. BMPs are expressed in a large variety of tissues and organs, where they exhibit pleiotropic functions during development as well as in the adult organism. Thus maintenance of the BMP signaling pathways requires strict control and regulation by antagonists, co‐receptors and inhibitors. BMPs exert their signals by binding to hetero‐oligomeric signaling complexes composed of type I and type II receptors with serine/threonine kinase activity. They play a decisive role in the development of several diseases but are also involved in self‐renewal of stem cells and tissue regeneration. These insights may lead to the design of future therapeutic treatments. This review focuses on the differential BMP signaling pathways initiated at distinct oligomerized signaling complexes as well as on the pathological aspects of BMP signaling in diseases and their potential for tissue regeneration.
Continuous evolution through software architecture evaluation: a case study
Authors: Del Rosso Christian
Published: September 2006

The need for software architecture evaluation is based on the realization that software development, like all engineering disciplines, is a process of continuous modeling and refinement. Detecting architectural problems before the bulk of development work is done allows re‐architecting activities to take place in due time, without having to rework what has already been done. At the same time, tuning activities allow software performance to be enhanced and maintained during the software lifetime. When dealing with product families, architectural evaluations have an even more crucial role: the evaluations are targeted to a set of common products. We have tried different approaches to software assessments with our mobile phone software, an embedded real‐time software platform, which must support an increasingly large number of different product variants. In this paper, we present a case study and discuss the experiences gained with three different assessment techniques that we have worked on during the past five years. The assessment techniques presented include scenario‐based software architecture assessment, software performance assessment and experience‐based assessment. The various evaluation techniques are complementary and, when used together, constitute a tool which a software architect must be aware of in order to maintain and evolve a large software intensive system. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Yak Milk Casein as a Functional Ingredient: Preparation and Identification of Angiotensin-I-Converting Enzyme Inhibitory Peptides
Authors: Jiang Jingli , Chen Shangwu , Ren Fazheng , Luo Zhang , Zeng Steve S
Published: September 2006

Yak milk casein derived from Qula, a traditional Tibetan acid curd cheese, was hydrolyzed by six commercially available proteases (Trypsin, Pepsin, Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Papain and Neutrase). These hydrolysates were assayed for their inhibitory activity of Angiotensin-I-converting enzyme (ACE). The hydrolysates obtained by Neutrase from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens showed the highest ACE inhibitory activity. The IC50 value of Neutrase-hydrolysate was 0·38 mg/ml. The hydrolysate obtained by Neutrase was further separated by consecutive ultra-filtration with 10 kDa and then with 6 kDa molecular weight cut-offs into different permeated parts and fractionated by gel filtration chromatography with a Sephadex G-25 column. The active fraction was subjected to RP-HPLC, in which five peaks were purified and identified. Amino acid sequence analysis confirmed that the peptides and origins were as follows: YQKFPQY (αs2-CN; f89–95), LPQNIPPL (β-CN; f70–77), SKVLPVPQK (β-CN; f168–176), LPYPYY (κ-CN; f56–61) and FLPYPYY (κ-CN; f55–61). Their amino acid sequences matched well with those of known bioactive peptides from bovine casein. The results indicated that yak milk casein could be a resource to generate antihypertensive peptides and be used as multifunctional active ingredients for many value-added functional foods as well as a traditional food protein.
Determination of bovine lactoferrin in lactoferrin-supplemented dairy products and raw milk by an automated latex assay
Authors: Soejima Takashi , Yamauchi Koji , Yamamoto Tomoko , Ohara Yasuko , Nagao Eiji , Kanbara Keiichi , Fujisawa Munetoshi , Okuda Yuko , Namba Shyunji
Published: September 2006

Latex immune agglutination method with a multipurpose auto-analyser (the automated latex assay) was validated for determination of bovine lactoferrin (BLF) in various dairy products. Reproducibility-within-laboratory (intermediate precision) due to day for infant formula, UHT milk and yogurt supplemented with BLF at 50 mg/100 g for infant formula and UHT milk, and at 100 mg/100 g for yogurt were 1·62 to 3·10 mg/100 g. Reproducibility-within-laboratory due to analysis (morning, noon, and evening) for raw milk was 1·59 mg/100 g. Trueness, accuracy in determining known amounts added for BLF-supplemented dairy products was −4·7 to −2·0 mg/100 g. BLF concentration in raw milks was 20·3 to 21·8 mg/100 g. Although interference by the matrixes took place in infant formula and raw milk, BLF assays were accurately carried out by 2000-fold dilution or standard-addition method. Automated latex assay for BLF is simple, rapid, precise and accurate enough for a routine method in various dairy products containing BLF.
Mao in Perspective
Authors: Gray Jack
Published: September 2006

Editor's preface. It is unusual for The China Quarterly to publish anything in unfinished form, but the provenance of this piece by Jack Gray is equally unusual. In the second half of the 20th century, Jack was one of the UK's more important figures in contemporary Chinese studies, perhaps most noted for the text he produced in retirement, Rebellions and Revolutions: China from the 1800s to 2000. What follows here is an extracted version of a set of ideas he set down in 2003–04 for a manuscript on Mao Zedong, still in note form at the time of his passing in late 2004. It forms the core of a mini-symposium on reconsidering Mao on the 30-year anniversary of his death in September 1976. Mark Selden, Chris Bramall and Rebecca Karl offer responses to Jack Gray's views, and to the question of Mao's legacy in general.
Mao and Agriculture in China's Industrialization: Three Antitheses in a 50-Year Perspective
Authors: Kueh Y. Y.
Published: September 2006

Accelerated agricultural collectivization in China was an inescapable consequence of the broader economic goal of socialist industrialization. Rightly or wrongly, this wider vision of China's future was imposed by Mao, and to judge the High Tide of agricultural collectivization of 1955–56 without regard to these wider objectives is a mistake. The collectivization represented an extensive growth that relied on labour mobilization to expand factor supply and to extend the crop sown area in a manner rationalized by the theories of Ragnar Nurkse. This strategy inevitably required bureaucratic control and coercion, depressed peasant consumption and the forced siphoning off of the agricultural surplus. As such its outcome should not be evaluated in terms of the neoclassical economic norms of income maximization, peasant incentives or efficiency in cropping patterns based on market prices.

In this framework, the post-Mao decollectivization and the readjustment of the agriculture-industry balance can be seen as a transition to an intensive agricultural growth strategy that was built upon the precise material legacy (expanded irrigation and drainage capacity) left behind by Mao. This strategy has proved to be remarkably successful in further releasing industrial growth from the agricultural constraint.
Why Did It Go So High? Political Mobilization and Agricultural Collectivization in China
Authors: Liu Yu
Published: September 2006

This paper tries to explain the relative lack of resistance during China's agricultural collectivization campaign, in contrast to the Soviet Union experience in which agricultural collectivization encountered much heavier social resistance. Five factors are analysed: the effects of the Land Reform; the innovative class system; the social control system; the basic-level Party apparatus; the legitimizing discourse. Analyses of these factors reveal that the High Tide in rural China was an organizational success: the organizers were dense, cohesive and efficient, the organized were divided, dependent and spatially paralysed, and the two were well connected through historical experiences and symbolic discourse, all of which point to the success of mass mobilization.
What the Americans are Up To: Inside the Lillian Goldman Law Library at Yale Law School
Authors: Kauffman Blair , Kelsey Mary Jane
Published: September 2006

This article by Blair Kauffman, the Director, and Mary Jane Kelsey, the Associate Director, of Yale's Lillian Goldman Law Library offers a brief overview of the direction being taken by one of America's better-known research libraries. The library has staked out a leading position in its innovative use of technologies while continuing its commitment to building and preserving collections in all of the formats demanded by its diverse clientele.
US Law Report Sources
Authors: Cook Roger
Published: September 2006

Roger Cook of Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw has produced a guide to the most important and accessible sources of US law reports which is aimed at those of us who do not necessarily need constant access to such sources.
Of Birds, Rats and Mice: the Protection of Laboratory Animals in US Federal Law
Authors: Paulus-Jagric Deborah
Published: September 2006

Deborah Paulus-Jagric, Reference Librarian at N.Y.U. Law School Library, uses a case study to illustrate the workings of the US administration and gives us an insight into how to conduct legislative history research in the US. The footnotes contain much extremely useful bibliographic information.
US Corporation Information Resources: a Combination of Tools, Tricks, and Alchemy
Authors: Rogers Dave
Published: September 2006

Dave Rogers from Sidley Austin in Chicago provides an overview of the major corporate information resources that we are likely to need.
What Cost “Bad” Information?
Authors: Crowhurst Jonathan
Published: September 2006

Bad information can have a number of undesired consequences for those people and organizations supplying it, whilst those affected by its provision have a number of legal remedies open to them. Jonathan Crowhurst discusses these issues after some definitions of information and bad information have been suggested. Concluding remarks suggest that information is not neutral, that bad information is largely down to lack of end user education and lack of investment in training, and that technology does not supply all the answers.
The Bucerius Law School Ltd Hamburg (Germany)
Authors: Vorberg Martin
Published: September 2006

Martin Vorberg provides a useful accompaniment to Katherine Read's account of her recent trip to visit various German law libraries, by describing the first privately-owned law library in Germany.
RECOVERING THE FULL PALETTE OF POSSIBILITIES FOR WILHELMINE GERMANY 1890–1914: A NEW GERMAN SPECIAL WAY?
Authors: ERMARTH MICHAEL
Published: September 2006

Kevin Repp, Reformers, Critics, and the Paths of German Modernity: Anti-politics and the Search for Alternatives, 1890–1914 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000)

Suzanne Marchand and David Lindenfeld, eds., Germany at the Fin de Siecle: Culture, Politics, and Ideas (Baton Rouge: Lousiana State University Press, 2004)

As in the colorization of old black-and-white films, large swaths of modern German history have been undergoing a major makeover through full-spectrum, high-definition re-colorization. Stark black and white—and in between steely gray-on-gray—hardly suffice any longer for representing the full spectrum of the German past in its manifold formations and transformations. As compellingly set forth in the two works reviewed here, this changing retrospective view of change itself is revamping the history of the Wilhelmine Reich of 1890–1914. And just as in the colorization of old films, this shift has the uncanny parallax effect of making a bygone period-piece seem somehow closer to our sensibly “more modern” present-day world—even while the earlier period is also plainly lodged in a distant timeframe. The new history has some very interesting and unsettling special effects and nowhere do they come into play more palpably than in treating the special “German question” in relation to the larger question of Western mainstream modernity.
MODERN ANGLOPHONE PHILOSOPHY: BETWEEN THE SEMINAR ROOM AND THE COLD WAR
Authors: KUKLICK BRUCE
Published: September 2006

George A. Reisch, How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science: To the Icy Slopes of Logic (Cambridge and New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005)

Scott Soames, Philosophical Analysis in the Twentieth Century. Vol. 1, The Dawn of Analysis; Vol. 2, The Age of Meaning (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2003)

Although How the Cold War Transformed Philosophy of Science is narrower in scope, the two books included in this review by and large cover the same ground—the history of anglophone philosophy in the first two-thirds of the twentieth century. Nonetheless, the two authors occupy two different universes, and it is instructive to examine the issues and styles of thought that separate their comprehension of analytic philosophy.
IN MEMORIAM: FRITZ RINGER
Authors: Vopa Anthony La
Published: September 2006

Fritz K. Ringer, a member of the MIH editorial board, died in February of this year, less than five years after he retired from a Mellon Professorship at the University of Pittsburgh. I was not one of his students, but from my graduate years onward his influence on my own scholarship was profound. In recent years his friendship helped keep me anchored in times of crisis.
Positive and Negative Affective States in a Performance-Related Setting
Authors: Gaudreau Patrick , Sanchez Xavier , Blondin Jean-Pierre
Published: September 2006

The objective of the present study was to compare alternative factorial structures of the French-Canadian version of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, & Tellegen, 1988 ) across samples of athletes at different stages of a sport competition. The first sample (N = 305) was used to assess, compare, and improve the measurement model of the PANAS. The second sample (N = 217) was used to cross-validate the model that provided the best fit with the calibration sample. Results of confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a modified three-factor model with cross-loadings provided a better fit to the data than either the hypothesized or the modified two-factor models. This model was partially replicated on the second sample. Results of a multiple-group confirmatory factor analysis have shown that the model was partially invariant across the two samples.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the White Bear Suppression Inventory and the Thought Control Questionnaire
Authors: Luciano Juan V. , Belloch Amparo , Algarabel Salvador , Tomás José M. , Morillo Carmen , Lucero Mariela
Published: September 2006

The White Bear Suppression Inventory (WBSI) was developed to assess chronic thought suppression, whereas the Thought Control Questionnaire (TCQ) measures different strategies to suppress unpleasant intrusive thoughts. The present study examines the latent factor structure of these instruments in a sample of 540 normal subjects using confirmatory factor analyses (CFA). Regarding the WBSI, the CFAs indicated that the tested models did not provide a good fit for the data. Data analysis showed that the TCQ with five factors and 30 items did not reach a reasonable fit. Therefore, in order to present a five-factor structure with an adequate fit, those items with problematic factor loadings were eliminated. Correlational analyses indicated that the WBSI had a significant association with depression, obsessive-compulsive symptoms, and pathological worry, whereas only two TCQ subscales, punishment and worry, were related to these psychopathological symptoms.
Evidence for asymmetric nonvolcanic rifting and slow incipient oceanic accretion from seismic reflection data on the Newfoundland margin
Authors: Shillington Donna J. , Holbrook W. Steven , Van Avendonk Harm J. A. , Tucholke Brian E. , Hopper John R. , Louden Keith E. , Larsen Hans Christian , Nunes Gregory T.
Published: September 2006

Prestack depth migrations of seismic reflection data collected around the Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Leg 210 transect on the Newfoundland nonvolcanic margin delineate three domains: (1) extended continental crust, (2) transitional basement, and (3) apparent slow spreading oceanic basement beyond anomaly M3 and indicate first‐order differences between this margin and its well‐studied conjugate, the Iberia margin. Extended continental crust thins abruptly with few observed faults, in stark contrast with the system of seaward dipping normal faults and detachments imaged within continental crust off Iberia. Transition zone basement typically appears featureless in seismic reflection profiles, but where its character can be discerned, it does not resemble most images of exhumed peridotite off Iberia. Seismic observations allow three explanations for transitional basement: (1) slow spreading oceanic basement produced by unstable early seafloor spreading, (2) exhumed, serpentinized mantle with different properties from that off Iberia, and (3) thinned continental crust, likely emplaced by one or more detachment or rolling‐hinge faults. Although we cannot definitively discriminate between these possibilities, seismic reflection profiles together with coincident wide‐angle seismic refraction data tentatively suggest that the majority of transitional basement is thinned continental crust emplaced during the late stages of rifting. Finally, seismic profiles image abundant faults and significant basement topography in apparent oceanic basement. These observations, together with magnetic anomaly interpretations and the recovery of mantle peridotites at ODP Site 1277, appear to be best explained by the interplay of extension and magmatism during the transition from nonvolcanic rifting to a slow spreading oceanic accretion system.
Correction for interferometric synthetic aperture radar atmospheric phase artifacts using time series of zenith wet delay observations from a GPS network
Authors: Onn F. , Zebker H. A.
Published: September 2006

Radar interferograms provide precise (millimeter level) measurements of crustal deformation at fine resolution over wide areas. The dominant error source in many interferograms results from spatial heterogeneity of the wet component of atmospheric refractivity, resulting in excess path length of the radar signal propagating through the neutral atmosphere. In this report, we introduce a method to compensate for atmospheric phase artifacts in a radar interferogram using spatially interpolated zenith wet delay (ZWD) data obtained from a network of Global Positioning System (GPS) receivers in the region imaged by the radar. Our method, based on Taylor's “frozen‐flow” hypothesis, uses GPS data recorded prior to and after the individual radar acquisition times to infer denser spatial networks of control points for interpolation than is suggested by the sparse and irregular spatial distribution of GPS receivers. We test this approach by correcting phase fluctuations observed in a radar interferogram over an area covered by the Southern California Integrated GPS Network stations, using maps of atmospheric delay interpolated from the denser network of GPS ZWD measurements generated by our method. We find that the largest improvement results from removing an altitude‐dependent model derived from the GPS data: the uncorrected interferogram in our example has an RMS fluctuation of 16.1 mm, which falls to 8.6 mm after the altitude correction. A map derived from ZWD measurements recorded only at the instances of radar acquisition reduced overall fluctuations in the data from 8.6 to 8.1 mm RMS, while using the inferred denser network reduces the error further to 7.5 mm RMS. Most of this residual variation is due to decorrelation of the signal and does not result from atmospheric propagation, however. After smoothing to remove decorrelation noise, the residual drops from 4.7 to 3.9 mm (GPS stations only) and then to 2.7 mm RMS when the denser network algorithm is used.