bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Signal transduction mediated by endostatin directly modulates cellular function of lung cancer cells in vitro
Authors: Cui Ri , Ohashi Rina , Takahashi Fumiyuki , Yoshioka Masakata , Tominaga Shigeru , Sasaki Shinichi , Gu Tao , Takagi Yumiko , Takahashi Kazuhisa
Published: April 2007

Endostatin (ED) is a carboxyl‐terminal fragment of collagen XVIII with strong antiangiogenic activity. ED has been considered as a highly specific inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation and migration through interaction with its receptor on the surface of endothelial cells. Recently, direct antitumor effects of ED in colon cancer cells and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma cells has been reported. However, its effect on lung cancer cells has not been clarified. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect of ED on in vitro lung cancer cell function and to identify its receptor on lung cancer cells. We revealed that α5 integrin is capable of being a functional ED receptor among several integrins that are expressed on murine lung cancer (Lewis lung cancer [LLC]) cells. We further demonstrated that the ED–integrin interaction modulates various in vitro biological functions of LLC cells as we revealed that immobilized ED helps in LLC cell adhesion and migration in an integrin‐dependent manner. Furthermore, ED inhibited LLC cell proliferation and induced apoptosis. Interestingly, ED did not demonstrate any antiproliferative activity against the other murine lung cancer cell line, KLN205, that lacks α5 integrin but binds to immobilized ED through the β1 integrin. In addition, the binding of ED to α5 integrin on LLC cells induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. Taken together, these results suggest that the interaction between ED and α5 integrin may play an important role in lung cancer cell function. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 830–837)
Heparanase gene haplotype (CGC) is associated with stage of disease in patients with ovarian carcinoma
Authors: Ralph Shirley , Brenchley Paul E. C. , Summers Angela , Rosa Daniela D. , Swindell Ric , Jayson Gordon C.
Published: April 2007

Heparanase (HSPE‐1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), proangiogenic growth factors, play important roles in the metastatic biology of ovarian cancer. The aim of the present study was to test for association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HSPE‐1 and VEGF and outcome in ovarian cancer. A mutational analysis was performed on the coding sequence of the HSPE‐1 gene to define high‐frequency SNPs. HSPE‐1 polymorphisms, together with two SNPs in the VEGF gene, were studied in 136 patients with ovarian cancer. Patients were categorized into two groups, those with FIGO stages 1 and 2 (group 1) and those with stages 3 and 4 (group 2). We identified 10 polymorphisms in the HSPE‐1 gene, those in introns 2, 3 and 5b, and exons 8, 13a and 13b occurring at a minor allele frequency of ≥10%. There was an increase in frequency of those individuals with a genotype that carried at least one copy of the intron 2 (C), exon 8 (G), exon 13a (C) haplotype (CGC) in group 2. Specifically there were 24% with this haplotype in group 2 versus 5% in group 1 (P = 0.0184, odds ratio 5.986, 95% confidence interval 1.340–26.752). Most of this association was captured by the intron 2 genotype, where carriage of the C allele was associated with stage (P = 0.0148, odds ratio 6.524, 95% confidence interval 1.401–27.921). There was no association between VEGF SNPs and stage of disease. The CGC HSPE‐1 haplotype associates with stage in ovarian cancer. This haplotype may affect splicing of the HSPE‐1 gene, as in silico it alters the presence of a splicing motif. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 844–849)
Depletion of the lipid raft constituents, sphingomyelin and ganglioside, decreases serotonin binding at human 5‐HT7(a) receptors in HeLa cells
Authors: Sjögren B. , Svenningsson P.
Published: April 2007

Aim:  The localization and function of several G protein‐coupled receptors, including β‐adrenergic receptors and NK 1 receptors, are regulated via lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. These domains are enriched in cholesterol, gangliosides and sphingolipids, and play an important role in regulating signal transduction in most cell types. Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT), acting via 14 different receptors, regulates as diverse effects as mood, metabolism and smooth muscle contraction. 5‐HT7 receptors are involved in the regulation of depression, circadian rhythms, thermoregulation and vasodilatation. Ligand binding and signalling via the 5‐HT7 receptor are regulated by membranous cholesterol. Here we investigated the role of sphingomyelin and gangliosides on binding of 5‐HT to 5‐HT7 receptors to further examine the role of lipid raft constituents on 5‐HT7 receptor function.

Methods:  HeLa cells stably transfected with the human 5‐HT7 receptor were treated with Fumonisin B1 or (±)‐threo‐1‐Phenyl‐2‐decanoylamino‐3‐morpholino‐1‐propanol (PDMP) to reduce sphingomyelin or ganglioside levels, respectively. The effects of these treatments were investigated by the 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl‐tetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assay, cholesterol analysis and [3H]5‐HT binding studies on intact cells.

Results:  Treatments with 20 μm Fumonisin B1 for 24 h or with 10 μm PDMP for 48 h had no effects of total levels if 5‐HT7 receptors, but caused significant decreases in maximum [3H]5‐HT binding to 5‐HT7 receptors. The effects were cholesterol‐independent as levels of cholesterol remained unaffected by either treatment.

Conclusion:  These data demonstrate a role for sphingomyelin and gangliosides in regulating binding of [3H]5‐HT to 5‐HT7 receptors. These observations further strengthen that actions of 5‐HT via 5‐HT7 receptors are dependent upon lipid raft integrity.
Adenosine is not a direct GHSR agonist – artificial cross‐talk between GHSR and adenosine receptor pathways
Authors: Hermansson N.‐O. , Morgan D. G. A. , Drmota T. , Larsson N.
Published: April 2007

Aim: To assess if adenosine is a direct growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) agonist by investigating the mechanism behind adenosine induced calcium release in human embryonic kidney 293s (HEK) cells expressing GHSR.

Methods: Calcium mobilization, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and IP3experiments were performed using HEK cells stably expressing GHSR and/or adenosine A2Breceptor (A2BR).

Results: Adenosine has been widely reported as a GHSR agonist. In our hands, adenosine and forskolin stimulated calcium release from IP3controlled stores in HEK–GHSR cells but not in non‐transfected HEK cells. This release was not accompanied by increased IP3levels. The calcium release was both cholera toxin and U73122 sensitive, indicating the involvement of both Gαs/adenylyl cyclase and Gαq/11/phospholipase C pathways. Importantly, the GHSR inverse agonist [D‐Arg1D‐Phe5D‐Trp7,9Leu11]‐Substance P (SP‐analogue) blocked the adenosine stimulated calcium release, demonstrating that GHSR is involved. Assessment of the GHSR‐dependent calcium release using adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists resulted in a rank order of potencies resembling the profile of A2BR. A2BR over‐expression in HEK–GHSR cells enhanced potency and efficacy of the adenosine induced calcium release without increasing IP3production. Moreover, A2BR over‐expression in HEK cells potentiated NECA‐induced cAMP production. However, GHSR expression had no effect on intracellular cAMP production.

Conclusion: In HEK–GHSR cells adenosine activates endogenously expressed A2BR resulting in calcium mobilization. We hypothesize that the responsible mechanism is cAMP‐dependent sensitization of IP3receptors for the high basal level of IP3caused by GHSR constitutive activity. Altogether, our results demonstrate that adenosine is not a direct GHSR agonist.
Eliminating the antilipolytic adenosine A1 receptor does not lead to compensatory changes in the antilipolytic actions of PGE2 and nicotinic acid
Authors: Johansson S. M. , Yang J.‐N. , Lindgren E. , Fredholm B. B.
Published: April 2007

Aim:  We examined whether compensatory changes after adenosine A1 receptor knockout [A1R (−/−)] eliminate the antilipolytic actions mediated by this receptor.

Methods:  Lipolysis experiments were performed on adipocytes prepared from the wild type A1R (+/+), A1R (−/−) and heterozygous mice. Gene expression was assayed with cDNA microarray technique and real‐time PCR; protein expression with immunoblotting.

Results:  The A1R was the only adenosine receptor involved in lipolysis. The effects of adenosine deaminase and 2‐chloroadenosine were abolished in A1R (−/−) mice. The IC50 value of 2‐chloroadenosine doubled from 16.6 to 33.6 nm when half of the A1Rs were eliminated. Adrenergic α2 agonists had no effects on lipolysis. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibited lipolysis with an IC50 value of 5.8 nm (4.7–7.2 nm) in the A1R (+/+) mice and 10.6 nm (9.0–12.6 nm) in the A1R (−/−) mice. Nicotinic acid inhibited lipolysis with an IC50 value of 0.30 μm (0.19–0.46 μm) in the A1R (+/+) mice and 0.24 μm (0.16–0.37 μm) in the A1R (−/−) mice. Giα1 mRNA was significantly up‐regulated in adipose tissue from A1R (−/−) mice. However, immunoblotting showed that Giα1 was not up‐regulated at the protein level.

Conclusion:  The A1R mediates the antilipolytic actions of adenosine. Deletion of the A1R in mice does not result in compensatory increases in G‐protein‐mediated antilipolytic actions of PGE2 or nicotinic acid.
Novel aspects of G‐protein‐coupled receptor signalling – different ways to achieve specificity
Authors: Schulte G. , Levy F. O.
Published: April 2007

Our understanding of signal transduction via G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCR) has developed dramatically during the last decades. The initial idea of linear signalling pathways transferring information from the cell membrane to the nucleus has evolved into a complicated network of signalling pathways offering the possibility of crosstalk, fine tuning and specific regulation at multiple levels. During the recent meeting on GPCRs at the Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm novel aspects of GPCR signalling were presented and discussed. Here, we will discuss several possibilities for GPCRs to achieve specificity in signal transduction, such as the phenomenon of biased agonism, receptor multimerization, the role of co‐receptors, the regulation of heterotrimeric G proteins as well as multiple Gs‐dependent pathways to extracellular single‐regulated protein kinases.
CONTROL OF CARROT FLY ON CELERY, WITH NOTES ON OTHER PESTS
Authors: Bevan W. J.
Published: April 2007

Diazinon, mecarbam, fenchlorphos, disulfoton, chlorfenvinphos and trichlorphon, gave good control of carrot fly on celery on peat soil. Ethion was less effective but gave a commercial control, comparable to gamma‐BHC dips made from an oil‐free liquid formulation. Diazinon dip made from a wettable powder formulation was slightly less effective than the latter and caused slightly more check to the transplants. Fenchlorphos dip was not effective.

The most promising and practical treatment was the application of granule formulations of diazinon, mecarbam, chlorfenvinphos and disulfoton, using a granule applicator mounted on a mechanical planter. The granules were delivered into the soil around the plant roots. The incorporation of dieldrin, fenchlorphos and diazinon into potting soil, used for making soil blocks into which seedlings are pricked out, controlled heavy attacks of carrot fly on self‐blanching celery. Mecarbam was phytotoxic when mixed into the potting soil.

Infestations of aphids, Cavariella spp, and leaf miner, PMlophylla heraclei (F.) were kept at low levels by soil treatments of disulfoton, trichlorphon and mecarbam.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF EELWORM IN A NATURALLY‐INFESTED STOCK OF NARCISSUS
Authors: Hesling J. J.
Published: April 2007

A survey of a stock of narcissus naturally‐infested with Dity‐lenchus dipsaci showed that 11 per cent of the bulbs were infested. Bulbs were graded as rotten, ‘infested’ and ‘non‐infested’ by cutting across their necks, and, later, samples of the bulbs were dissected and eelworm damage scored. The eelworm populations in the bulbs and in the bulb trash were estimated. The variability of the eelworm population was very high. A few bulbs classed as infested contained no eelworms; and 23 per cent of apparently non‐infested bulbs harboured eelworm. Bulb trash contained eelworm at a rate of 210,000 eelworms per 1000 bulbs. The importance of bulb trash as a source of eelworm, and the influence of bulb husbandry methods on eelworm persistence are discussed.
STHE EFFECTS OF LATE‐SEASON ATTACK ON NARCISSUS BY STEM EELWORM
Authors: Hesling J. J.
Published: April 2007

Inoculation of narcissus with known numbers of Ditylenchus dipsaci in the last months of growth produces externally symptomless infested plants and bulbs. Variability of eelworm numbers in foliage and bulb is high and late‐season inoculation cannot be relied on to produce a uniformly infested bulb stock for experimental work. Eelworm numbers in the foliage fall when this dies; at this time eelworms probably emigrate into the soil from the foliage and bulb.
COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR SCORING ROOT DAMAGE BY CABBAGE ROOT FLY LARVAE
Authors: Wardlow L. R. , Winfield A. L.
Published: April 2007

In an insecticide experiment on the control of cabbage root fly on summer cauliflowers, 1,524 root systems were scored for root damage by two methods. Similar conclusions about the effectiveness of the treatments could be drawn by using either method, but one detected very low levels of root damage and distinguished between different levels of severe damage. This method was more time‐consuming and costly, and could be done over only a short harvesting period. The second method was simpler, cheaper, and could be used over a prolonged harvesting period, but was less sensitive for low, or very high, levels of root damage.
CHLOROTIC STUNT OF LETTUCE CAUSED BY ARABIS MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Walkey D. G. A.
Published: April 2007

A severe lettuce disease, designated ‘Chlorotic Stunt’, found in 1965 on a fenland farm in Norfolk, was caused by a strain of arabis mosaic virus. Diseased plants were severely chlorotic, necrotic, stunted and failed to heart. The causal virus was sap‐transmitted and inactivated in sap after 10 min at 60°C. Purified preparations contained polyhedral particles 25mμ in diameter and the virus reacted with antisera of arabis mosaic virus.
SOME EFFECTS OF 2,4‐DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACID HERBICIDES ON NEMATODE‐INFESTED CEREALS
Authors: Webster J. M.
Published: April 2007

After spraying an aqueous solution of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4‐D (140 mg/100 ml/sq. yd) onto nematode susceptible (cv. Sun II) and resistant (cv. Manod) oats infested with Ditylenchus dipsaci the final number of nematodes per plant after eight weeks in both resistant and susceptible cultivars was greater in the sprayed than in the unsprayed plants. Seedlings (18 days old) sprayed two weeks after nematode inoculation tended to contain the largest number of nematodes. Spraying of Shell D50, a commercial 2,4‐D herbicide (10 ml of concentrate /250ml/4 sq. yd) on nematode‐infested oats resulted in a larger number of nematodes per plant than in the unsprayed plants but the difference was insignificant. The 2,4‐D spray, which decreased the resistance of oats, but not of barley, to nematodes, caused plant cell hypertrophy and proliferation, which is a necessary response for favourable nematode development.
SOURCES OF INFECTION BY PHYSIOLOGICAL RACES OF PSEUDOMONAS PHASEOLICOLA BURKHOLDER (DOWSON) IN DWARF BEANS
Authors: Wharton A. L.
Published: April 2007

Forty‐seven isolates of Pseudomonas phaseolicola were recovered and race‐typed from stocks of infected dwarf bean seed and from diseased crops of dwarf and runner beans grown in southern England during 1964 and 1965. It appears that race 1 may be indigenous in runner bean crops but that race 2 was largely introduced in infected stocks of dwarf bean seed.
A SLOW‐WILT OF PYRETHRUMS (CHRYSANTHEMUM COCCINEUM WILLD.) CAUSED BY A SPECIES OF CEPHALOSPORIUM
Authors: Robertson N. F.
Published: April 2007

Isolations from pyrethrums (Chrysanthemum coccineum Willd.) affected by a slow‐wilt disease demonstrated that there was a consistent association with a Cephalosporium sp. Inoculation of seedling pyrethrums followed by infection, the development of symptoms and re‐isolation, showed that the organism was pathogenic.

A randomized comparison of plants vegetatively propagated from inoculated and non‐inoculated stocks of pyrethrum demonstrated that the vigour of infected plants, as measured by the numbers of flowering heads produced, was reduced and also showed that the disease could spread laterally from infected to healthy plants.

The fungus in the Cephalosporium stage was similar to C. chrysanthemi but it also produced, sparsely in culture and more frequently on autoclaved pyrethrum stems, pycnidia referable to the genus Deuteroplioma.
VA SURVEY OF BARLEY YELLOW DWARF VIRUS IN S.24 PERENNIAL RYEGRASS IN ENGLAND AND WALES, 1966
Authors: Doodson J. K.
Published: April 2007

A survey of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) in S.24 perennial ryegrass in England and Wales was carried out between January and March 1966. Of the 112 samples tested, 104 were infected and this included many samples which appeared healthy. Many of the virus isolates were severe strains and these were mainly transmitted by Rhopalosiphum padi, the most efficient vector. There was no evidence of regional distribution of the virus.
Potato Stem Infection by Phoma solanicola Prill, and Delacr. f. foveata (Foister) Malcolmson
Authors: Logan C.
Published: April 2007

Field trial observations have provided evidence that a proportion of stems produced by gangrene‐affected tubers become infected with P. solanicola f. foveata and ripen off earlier than healthy stems, the disease becoming manifest by the production of pycnidia on stem surfaces above soil level. Pycnidia were mature at least three weeks before harvest and pycnospores reproduced gangrene symptoms when artificially inoculated into potato tubers. Pycnospores from infected stems washed into the soil by rain increased the inoculum potential for tuber contamination. These findings indicate that the inoculum for infection of tubers can be increased by planting affected tubers.
Observations on the Infection of Zea mays by Ophiobolus graminis
Authors: Robinson R. K. , Lucas R. L.
Published: April 2007

Investigations showed that maize can become severely infected by Ophiobolus graminis during the early stages of its growth, but such infection does not appear to be progressive. However, a considerable number of roots may become infected in this way, and it is significant that a susceptible host following such diseased maize may acquire a more severe infection than it does following a resistant crop such as oats.
Aphids and the Increase of Potato Leaf Roll Virus in Seed Potatoes on the Wolds of the East Riding of Yorkshire
Authors: Fidler J. H. , Neild J. R. A. , Murdoch G.
Published: April 2007

It is shown that aphid infestation in seed potato crops in the East Riding Wolds can be assessed by reference to five sites indicated as representative of the area as a whole.

The concept of virus multiplication in seed potato stocks is shown not to be related to aphid infestations expressed as Angles of Colonization for the East Riding Wolds in the seasons 1962 to 1964.

It is suggested that most of the observed increase in leaf roll virus can be accounted for as additions to the virus content of the parent stock attributed to introduction by migrant alate aphids from ware potato areas.
A Note on Two Isolates of Rhizoctonia solani Kühn from Wheat
Authors: Elnur E. , Chesters C. G. C.
Published: April 2007

Two Strains of Rhizoctonia solani which were distinctly different in their morphological characters and their pathogenicity were isolated from wheat and wheat stubble. Isolate 1 had broad hyphae with large brown sclerotia usually produced on the aerial mycelium. Isolate 2 had narrow hyphae with small white sclerotia on potato dextrose agar and malt agar, but brown‐black sclerotia on oatmeal agar. It had a slower growth rate and a lower optimum temperature than isolate 1.

In glasshouse experiments, isolate 1 produced sharp eyespot symptoms on winter wheat ‘Cappelle Desprez’ and a severe foot rot of broad beans. Isolate 2 produced both sharp eyespot and root rots of winter wheat.
Small Doses of D‐D Soil Fumigant to Control Free‐living Nematodes Injurious to Sugar Beet
Authors: Whitehead A. G. , Tite D. J.
Published: April 2007

Small doses of D‐D kill many free‐living nematodes in sandy soil and can significantly increase yields of sugar and barley grain. The fumigant can be placed during ploughing and its position indicated by drilling rows of winter wheat at intervals on the ploughed land. The rows of wheat act as markers in the spring and allow spring‐sown crops to be drilled in the fumigated bands of soil.
The Effect of Soil Fumigation on the Growth of Sugar Beet
Authors: Greet D. N.
Published: April 2007

In four trials in sandy soils where beet had previously grown poorly, only slight improvements in growth and yield were obtained after fumigating the soil with dichloropropene‐dichloropropane mixture or chloropicrin. Sugar yields from D‐D treated plots, however, tended to be depressed. Neither the needle nematode (Longidorus attenuatus) nor stubby root nematodes (Trichodorus spp.) were abundant at the four sites.
Junctions between Epidermal Cells as Sites of Appressorium Formation by Plant Pathogenic Fungi
Authors: Preece T. F. , Barnes G. , Bayley Jill M.
Published: April 2007

Using a technique described, the majority of germinating conidia of Erysiphe polygoni on red clover leaves, and Peronospora parasitica on cauliflower leaves, were found to have formed appressoria in the junction areas between the anticlinal walls of adjoining epidermal cells.
A Note on the Occurrence of Watercore Breakdown in Apples during 1966
Authors: Sharples R. O.
Published: April 2007

The occurrence and appearance of early watercore breakdown in mature ‘Red Miller’ and ‘Miller's Seedling’ apple fruits is described. The incidence of the disorder was positively correlated with the potassium and magnesium status of the fruits and negatively correlated with the calcium content.

I am indebted to Dr. J. C. Fidler of the Ditton Laboratory for aid in identifying this disorder and for permission to publish Plate IV; also to Mrs. S. Vinson of East Kent Packers Ltd. for bringing fruit with this disorder to our attention and for obtaining the samples of Red Miller apples.
A Fruit Rot of Strawberries caused by Zythia fragariae
Authors: Shipton P. J.
Published: April 2007

The symptoms of a fruit rot of strawberries caused by Zythia fragariae are described for the first time. The rot has been seen during several seasons in Hampshire, England.
The Overwintering of Aphids and Viruses on Sugar Beet Seed Crops in England, 1963‐1966
Authors: Heathcote G. D.
Published: April 2007

Samples of leaves and shoots from approximately one third of all English sugar beet seed crops were checked for infesting aphids in late May, June or early July, from 1963 to 1966. Sixty‐eight per cent of all samples contained no aphids, 25 per cent were infested, if lightly, with Aphis fabae and seven per cent with Myzus persicae. M. persicae, the main vector of beet viruses, overwintered on beet seed crops in appreciable numbers only in Kent in 1966; these infested crops were sprayed with insecticide once the aphids were discovered.

Sugar beet seed crops in Britain are small and widely scattered, and so they represent a considerable hazard to the sugar beet root crop if they are diseased, although only about 3,000 acres are grown. Producers of sugar beet seed take adequate precautions to prevent virus disease from spreading, but should be encouraged to grow these crops away from sugar beet root crops.
DDT Toxicity in Rye (Secale spp.)
Authors: Jones J. Morgan , Hayes J. D.
Published: April 2007

The occurrence of toxicity to DDT in rye and of genetic resistance is recorded. Resistance, due to a recessive factor, is widely distributed at low frequencies in cultivated and wild populations of Secale cereale and in other species of Secale. The significance of these discoveries in underlining the importance of plant breeding for widening the scope of plant protection by means of chemicals is discussed briefly.
The Effect of Cultivations on Slugs of Arable Land
Authors: Hunter P. J.
Published: April 2007

The effect of various cultivations on populations of Agriolimax reticulatus (Müller), Arion hortensis Férussac and Milax budapestensis (Hazay) was assessed. Reduction in numbers of all species was obtained in three separate experiments. (1) The ground was ploughed once during winter (2) The soil was broken up into a fine tilth and firmly compacted; grass was then sown and kept at a height of 1 to 3 in. for three and a half months. (3) The soil was broken up into a fine tilth but not later compacted or sown with grass.
Studies on Resistance in Oats to the Frit Fly
Authors: Peregrine W. T. H. , Catling W. S.
Published: April 2007

Oat cultivars reported resistant to frit fly attack in the tiller and panicle stages were investigated. Doefleurs Weihenstephan, Hohenheimer V, von Lochow's Yellow, Hede Havre and Summer proved to be the least susceptible. The resistance possessed by these cultivars was found to be only relative and appeared to be associated with swift initial development and erectness. Since it appeared doubtful that these cultivars would maintain superiority in pure stands, it is considered that their inclusion in a breeding programme is not merited.
Control of Arabis Mosaic Virus in Strawberry with Nematicides
Authors: Dale W. T. , Hendy A. F.
Published: April 2007

Soil injection in March 1961 with D‐D (400 lb/acre), chloropicrin P4 gal/acre) or metham‐sodium (110 gal/acre) did not kill enough of its eelworm vectors (Xiphinema diversicaudatum) adequately to control arabis mosaic virus in strawberries planted in May, on a site where a crop grubbed in 1960 had shown severe and widespread infection. After further clearance of this site in August 1962, retreatment the same month and replanting in October, the D‐D and chloropicrin treatments kept vector numbers very low for nearly three years, greatly decreased virus spread, and increased both plant vigour and yield. Chloropicrin gave consistently more vigour than D‐D, as well as more and better fruit, probably not due to superior vector or virus control, but to more pronounced side effects. Dazomet granules at 200 lb/acre had little effect.
The Spray Warning Scheme for Control of Sugar Beet Yellows in England Summary of Results between 1959–66
Authors: Hull R.
Published: April 2007

Sugar beet growers in England have been advised since 1959 to spray their crops with systemic insecticide to control spread of yellows viruses when infestation with the vector aphids (mainly Myzus persicae Sulz.) in May and June reaches 0.25 aphids/plant. The data collected up to 1966 show that aphid infestation at any one time is not proportionally related to eventual yellows incidence. Graphs of mean aphid infestation and yellows incidence in different areas are presented, which are a guide to issuing spray warnings.
Alternatives to DDT for the Control of Pea Moth on Dry Harvesting Peas
Authors: Gould H. J. , Legowski T. J.
Published: April 2007

During 14 trials on dry harvesting peas two sprays of fenthion, “Supracide”, and in one trial Bayer 37344, reduced the pod infestation by pea moth by over 90 per cent which was significantly better than DDT. Fenitrothion, dimethoate, azinphos‐methyl, TDE, R.D.18040 and carbaryl usually gave similar results to DDT. Bacillus thuringiensis used in one trial only gave no control.

Single sprays of DDT, fenthion, azinphos‐methyl or parathion gave a poor control. Low volume sprays of 30 g.p.a. at three sites and applications at 50–60 g.p.a. gave similar results to high volume sprays with the spraying equipment used.
Cereal Leaf Miner in the South‐east Region
Authors: Duthoit Cecily M. G.
Published: April 2007

A short view of the status of cereal leaf miner and other species responsible for damage is given, with special reference to the South‐east Region of England.
Saddle Gall Midge Survey on Barley 1967
Authors: Woodville H. C.
Published: April 2007

A survey of 79 barley crops in Eastern England in 1967 showed an average of 5⋅8 per cent of stems galled by Haplodiplosis equestris Wagn. This situation is compared with infestations recorded on the continent of Europe in recent years.
The Identification of Plum Pox (Sharka) Virus in England
Authors: Cropley R.
Published: April 2007

Plum pox (sharka) virus was identified in two young cv. Italian Prune plum trees. Graft transmission to peach seedlings caused chlorotic vein banding and ‘corkscrew’ twisting of the leaves. Cheno‐podium foetidum and Nicotiana clevelandii plants were infected by sap inoculation, and the virus was transmitted from N. ctevelandii to N. clevelandii by Myzuspersicae. Circumstantial evidence indicated that
Physiologic Race Changes in Barley Mildew 1964–67
Authors: Wolfe M. S.
Published: April 2007

Physiologic race surveys of the populations of Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei were made in the years 1964–67. The differential host cultivars used for race determinations were the standard set of 10 barley cultivars used in Europe.

In the four years a total of 28 races was identified, 24 of which also occur in other parts of Europe. The race frequencies changed from season to season and this appeared to be dependent upon the acreage of host cultivars with particular resistance genes. The most obvious example was in the case of cv. Impala which possesses the two mildew resistance genes M1g and M1a6. Concurrently with the increase of this cultivar from 0 to 15 per cent of the spring barley acreage between the early 1960's and 1967, the proportion of physiologic races capable of attacking Impala and therefore possessing the two complementary virulence genes Vg and Va6, increased from 0 per cent in 1964 to 75 per cent in 1967 of all barley mildew samples investigated.
Tests with Insecticides for the Control of Resistant Myzus persicae (Sulzer) on Year‐Round Chrysanthemums
Authors: Gould H. J.
Published: April 2007

Nineteen pesticides were compared for the control of a strain of Myzus persicae resistant to contact organophosphorus pesticides. The tests were done on year‐round chrysanthemums growing in pots.

Good results were obtained with drenches and sprays of oxydemetonmethyl and demeton‐S‐methyl, drenches of vamidothion and granules ofthe carbamate UC21149.

The other pesticides gave variable results but monocrotophos granules seem to be worth further investigation.

Many of the pesticides tested and particularly the carbamates were phytotoxic to the cultivars used.
Movement and Oviposition of Wheat Bulb Flies
Authors: Bardner. R. , Lofty J. R. , Huston P. , Maskell F. E.
Published: April 2007

Water traps examined weekly were used to assess the activity of adult wheat bulb flies during the oviposition period in late July, August and eariy September. Traps were placed at various distances up to 1 mile (1–6 km) from known sources of infestation at Whittlesey, Cambridgeshire and at Rothamsted. Most flies were caught down wind from possible emergence sites and few were caught more than 1/4‐1/2 mile (0.4–0.8 km) away. The distribution of flies between traps was similar in both the first and second halves of the trapping period. At Whittlesey there was a significant positive correlation between the number of flies caught in a trap and the number of eggs laid in the field containing the trap.
Mass‐Rearing of Phytoseiulus riegeli Dosse for Use in Commercial Horticulture
Authors: Scopes N. E. A.
Published: April 2007

A method of rearing Phytoseiulus riegeli in the laboratory is described. The production costs for controlling Tetranychus urticae on cucumbers are estimated.
Control of Wheat Bulb Fly by Large Area Cropping Restrictions
Authors: Legowski T. J. , Maskell F. E. , Williams C. M.
Published: April 2007

An ‘ecological’ method of wheat bulb fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.)) control was investigated in 1966/1967. This involved the exclusion of winter wheat and winter rye in 1966 from about 2,000 acres (800 ha) of organic soil in an area usually subject to heavy attacks. In the centre of this experimental area, the mean egg count was reduced from 763,000 per acre (1,885,000/ha) in 1966 to 198,000 per acre (489,000/ha) in 1967 and in the intermediate area from 1,058,000 to 677,000 eggs per acre (2,614,000 to 1,673,000/ha). There was no egg reduction in the fields adjacent to the experimental area. This and the observations on adults suggest that most flies do not travel much over 1/4‐1/2 mile (0⋅4–0⋅8 km) from their emergence sites.

The examination of wild host grasses in and surrounding a number of fields indicated that they are inefficient hosts and therefore unimportant in the build‐up and maintenance of wheat bulb fly populations.

Although this method of wheat bulb fly control is feasible, the substitution of spring sown cereals for winter wheat has several disadvantages which are briefly discussed.
Experiments to Control Wheat Bulb Fly with a Flame Thrower
Authors: Legowski T. J.
Published: April 2007

An attempt to control the wheat bulb fly at three sites by killing the eggs with a flame thrower had not been successful.
A Pathological Problem Associated with Pre‐packaging of Potato Tubers
Authors: Scholey J. , Marshall C. , Whitbread R.
Published: April 2007

The effect of pre‐packaging procedures on the subsequent development of soft rots in potato tubers in polyethylene bags and on the bag atmospheres is described. The pre‐packaging of ‘uncured’ tubers but not of ‘cured’ tubers in polyethylene led to a substantial incidence of rotting. Both riddling tubers and washing them in water contaminated with Erwinia carolovora increased the number of tubers developing rots.
Gall Mites on Plum
Authors: Vernon J. D. R.
Published: April 2007

The distribution of Eriophyes padi and E. similis on plum in Europe is summarized.

Serious damage to fruit by E. padi occurred in two areas in England in 1963 and 1964 and this is discussed in the light of previous records.

Sprays of demeton‐methyl and carbaryl applied to one infested plum orchard failed to achieve adequate control ofE.padi.
Development of Dieldrin Resistance in Carrot Fly in England
Authors: Wright D. W. , Coaker T. H.
Published: April 2007

Failure to control carrot fly with aldrin and dieldrin was first noticed on carrot crops in East Anglia in 1965, 12 years after these insecticides were first used in England for this purpose. Laboratory tests on adult flies obtained from several sites confirmed that where the expected high level of control was not achieved the carrot fly populations had developed resistance to aldrin, dieldrin and gamma‐BHC.
Irrigation of Potatoes and the Control of Common Scah
Authors: Wellings L. W. , Rosser W. R.
Published: April 2007

Irrigation reduced the incidence of common scab (Streptomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Waksman and Henrici) on both cv. King Edward and cv. Majestic potato tubers grown on sandy soil. Moist soil conditions for two to three weeks after the crop achieved 20 per cent ground cover gave a significant control of the disease. Commercial control was obtained by irrigating the soil to field capacity when the plants were just touching along the drills.
Some Quantitative Effects of Soil‐applied Organophosphorus Insecticides on Crop Growth
Authors: Scopes N. E. A.
Published: April 2007

The growth of wheat, field beans and sugar beet was studied, in sand or soil (pH 6⋅1) treated with either disulfoton, phorate, thionazin or menazon. Menazon was only slightly phytotoxic, phorate and disulfoton were intermediate and thionazin most severe in effect.
Crop and Weed Plants Compared as Hosts of Viruliferous Longidorus elongatus (de Man)
Authors: Thomas P. R.
Published: April 2007

Crop and weed plants were compared as hosts for Longidorus elongatus and the viruses it transmits, raspberry ringspot (RRV) and tomato black ring(TBRV). For the nematode, strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa), grasses and clovers were the most favourable hosts but most of the crop plants were poor or non‐hosts. All the weeds except Agropyron repens supported significantly greater populations of L. elongatus than the fallow controls.

RRV and/or TBRV were detected in most of the experimental plant species during, or after, the 15‐wk exposure to viruliferous nema‐todes. The frequency of infection was generally highest amongst the weeds and was usually but not always related to suitability as a host for the nematode vector. The one is therefore not necessarily an index of the other.

Feeding by L. elongatus caused distortion or swelling of the sub‐terminal portion of a few roots in many of the plant species tested. On a favourable host at least 12 eggs were produced by a female.
Chemical Control of Wireworms in Winter Wheat in the East Midlands, 1966–68
Authors: Golightly W. H. , Mathias P. L. , Roberts P. F.
Published: April 2007

Two trials were laid down with organochlorine seed dressings (gamma‐BHC, aldrin and dieldrin) and one spray application (aldrin) as standards. Various organophosphorus seed dressings and granules (applied broadcast before drilling or combine‐drilled) were also used. All treatments yielded significantly better than the controls in both trials except chlorfenvinphos, ‘Dursban’ and N2790, the first being significantly lower in the 1966–67 trial at the five per cent level and almost so in 1967–68. Parathion granules proved particularly effective, comparable to the best organochlorine, with the broadcast slightly better than the combine‐drilled treatment. Trichloronate and N2790 gave lower yields than parathion, but those from the latter were reduced by waterlogging. Phytotoxicity resulted in a poor establishment with the ‘Dursban’ formulation as did the liquid dressing of chlorfenvinphos in the 1967–68 trial, although this was not so apparent in the earlier trial with the 2 oz per bushel (2 g/kg) powder dressing. Ethion did not delay germination and, whilst it appeared to show activity during the autumn feeding phase, there was evidence that it, and chlorfenvinphos, afforded little protection later in the season.
Trials of Organophosphorus and Carbamate Seed Dressings against Wheat Bulb Fly Leptohylemyia coarctata in 1966–68
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Scott G. C. , Maskell F. E. , Roberts P. F.
Published: April 2007

Seed dressings of organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides, at 0⋅1 per cent and 0⋅5 per cent active ingredient to weight of seed, were compared with heptachlor and ethion standards for control of wheat bulb fly during 1966–68. Short rows of treated seeds were sown in autumn on sites infested with wheat bulb fly eggs, and sample plants were examined in spring. The effective new materials, judged by the percentage of damaged shoots and the percentage of plants containing live larvae, were R 42211 (0,0‐diethyl 0‐(2‐diethylamino‐6‐methyl‐pyri‐midin‐4‐yl) phosphorothioate), B 77488 (0,0‐diethyl phosphorothioate 0‐ester with phenylglyoxylonitrile oxime), B 80833 (0‐methyl 0‐3,4‐dichlorophenyl methyl phosphonothionate), ‘Dursban’ (0,0‐diethyl O‐3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl phosphorothioate) and bromophos‐ethyl. However, both doses of ‘Dursban’ and bromophos‐ethyl. and the larger dose of B 80833 damaged young seedlings. There was only slight damage with the large dose of B 77488 and none with R 42211, so these two compounds were the most promising new materials tested.
Further Investigations on the Chemical Control of Wheat Bulh Fly in the East Midlands, 1966–68
Authors: Mathias P. L. , Roberts P. F.
Published: April 2007

The series of trials reported on by Mathias and Roberts (1967) were continued in the Region, but under much lower levels of wheat bulb fly attack. The best materials from previous trials, chlorfenvinphos (powder and liquid dressings), ethion (powder only) and carbophe‐nothion (powder and liquid dressings) were compared with a standard dieldrin dressing in the 1966–67 Branston trial. At this site, granules of chlorfenvinphos and trichloronate were also used, but at lower rates than used previously. At Branston all insecticidal treatments were significantly better than control (38⋅9 per cent tiller attack). There was little difference between powder and liquid formulations of the same chemical. Damage was slight at the 1967–68 Harpswell trial, all treatments except ‘Dursban’ and chlormequat chloride being significantly better than control.
The Occurrence of Fusarium nivale in Soil
Authors: Rawlinson C. J. , Colhoun J.
Published: April 2007

Eusarium nivale (Fr.) Ces. was not isolated directly from soil using Warcup plates of pentachloronitrobenzene agar. When seeds of oats, untreated or treated with an organomercury disinfectant, were sown in soil from this same source and the roots or mesocotyls of seedlings given serial washings in sterile distilled water, the fungus readily grew into agar. The fungus was not isolated directly from the samples of the seed, but in pot experiments could be isolated from ungerminated, non‐disinfected seed sown two months previously. Lesions attributed to attack by E. nivale were not present on the plants. It is suggested that the plants became infected from inoculum surviving in the soil.
Changes in the Reaction to Powdery Mildew of Certain Barley Cultivars
Authors: Doling D. A.
Published: April 2007

Changes in the reaction to mildew of most of the 24 spring barley cultivars possessing race‐specific resistance genes and included in National Institute of Agricultural Botany performance trials during the period 1957–67 are recorded.

The number of years which elapsed between the first year of inclusion in trials and the first record of 10 per cent mildew varied for the cultivars in each resistance group. In the Mlg group, comprising 14 cultivars, the resistance of the six introduced in the earlier years was overcome as quickly as the eight introduced in the later years. The need for the Vg virulent race to adapt itself to each cultivar and thereby overcome non‐specific resistance factors is suggested.

Physiologic races virulent on the Mlg group of cultivars appeared more rapidly than races virulent on the Mla6 group. This is thought to be due to the large commercial acreage either in Europe or in England and Wales of many of the cultivars possessing the Mlg gene, before and during the trials period. In contrast there was a complete absence from commerce of any Mla6 cultivars until well after the completion of the initial N.I.A.B. trials series.

The record of behaviour of cv. Deba Abed during seven years of trials and commercial production suggest that stable mildew resistance can be incorporated into spring barley cultivars.
Shallot Aphid in South‐east England
Authors: Hurst G. W.
Published: April 2007

A relationship has been established between the departures from average of temperatures in February and March and the subsequent level of infestation of strawberry crops by the shallot aphid in south‐east England. Broadly, if temperatures in February (especially) and March areaverage or below, a low level of infestation can be expected. If these months are mild, moderate or severe infestation is probable.
Cephalosporium gramineum causing Leaf Stripe in Grasses, and its Sporodochial Stage, Hymenula cerealis, on Cereals and Grasses
Authors: Howell M. J. , Burgess Patricia A.
Published: April 2007

Cephalosporium leaf stripe, caused by Cephalosporium gramineum has previously been recorded in Great Britain in wheat and bariey but not m grasses. Recent field investigations have shown that Dactylis glomerata. Avena fatua and Bromus sterilis harbour the disease, and symptoms are described. In the laboratory, formation of the sporo‐dochial stages, Hymenula cerealis, was observed on infected material of cereals and grasses.

Glasshouse studies showed that a number of grasses, including the agriculturally important ryegrasses, could be invaded through the soil, and differences in susceptibility between strains within the same species were apparent.
Observations on the Control of Phomopsis Root Rot of Cucumber
Authors: Wiggell P. , Simpson Carol J.
Published: April 2007

A description is given of the symptoms of black root rot of cucumber caused by the fungus Phomopsis sclerotioides. Cucumber Plants grown on straw bales ‘made‐up’ with infested border soil soon became diseased and yields were poor irrespective of any superimposed treatment. Plants grown on straw bales ‘made‐up’ with Levington compost gave much higher yields. Physical isolation of the beds using polythene sheeting reduced root infection whereas neither methyl bromide at 1·5 lb per 100 sq. ft (0·681 kg per 9·3 sq. m), nor any of the fungicidal drenches gave control of the disease. Plants grafted onto Curcurbita ficifolia achieved a good yield at the end of the season but the level of root rotting was still high. Ten cucumber cultivars were tested for resistance to P. sclerotioides but none showed any resistance.
Experiments on the Control of Carrot‐willow Aphid in South‐west England 1961–1964
Authors: Vernon J. D. R. , Evans S. G.
Published: April 2007

Six trials were carried out in Gloucestershire and Wiltshire on the control of Cavariella aegopodii Scop, on carrots between 1961 and 1964. The results of these trials are given and discussed.

In each year, except 1962, the first alatae occurred on carrots during May and built up to a peak in June or early July. April sowings of carrots were more subject to attack than May sowings whereas June sowings mainly escaped attack altogether. Two to four sprays of demeton‐methyl and a single spray of demeton‐methyl plus a later spray of menazon gave effective aphid control. Granular apPl.ications of disulfoton and of menazon used as a top‐dressing to seedling carrots also gave good control, though their initial action was slower than with the spray treatments. Menazon granules applied below the seed gave good aphid control, but produced no corresponding yield increase.

In 1962, aphid infestations were much later building up, with the first alatae only appearing on the crop in mid‐June. Consequently, early sprays of demeton‐methyl and menazon applied on 1 June were ineffective, so that the combined results of the two sprays gave poorer control than in other years.

Carrot motley dwarf was only present to a small degree and so was unlikely to have any effect on yield.
Phytotoxicity of Methyl Bromide to Some plant Hosts of San Jose Scale
Authors: Gostick K. G.
Published: April 2007

Two or three cultivars each of rose, apple, pear, Pl.um, red currant and black currant, bushes or trees were exposed to methyl bromide in a fumigation chamber, at a range of concentration‐time products and temperatures. Fumigation at 30°C was especially phytotoxic to the Plants tested.
Studies on the Overwintering of Tomato Mosaic in Root Debris
Authors: Fletcher J. T.
Published: April 2007

Experiments have shown that tomato mosaic virus (TMV) although eliminated from thin tomato roots at temperatures of 180°F (82·2°C) for 10 min, can withstand 212°F (100°C) for 15 min in thick roots. Storage of infected roots for five months resulted in a decrease in virus concentration but TMV was not eliminated from these roots by treatment at 180°F (82·2°C) for 15 min.

A survey of commercial soil–treatment on 24 nurseries all using methods of steam sterilization showed considerable variation in results. On many nurseries the temperatures achieved were not high enough to eliminate TMV from root debris. Tests of debris collected from 13 tomato nurseries showed the presence of TMV in all samples but one.

A steam and air mixture treatment of soil on a tomato nursery did not eliminate TMV.

The development of tomato mosaic was recorded on four nurseries. Infection of most of the Plants resulted from spread from a small number of infected Plants which were found within the first 4–6 wk from planting. On one nursery the distribution suggested that the main source of the virus was soil‐borne inoculum. It is suggested that the rapid increase in the numbers of Plants showing symptoms in early May is the direct result of increased handling of the crop when harvesting begins in April.