bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimism, Pessimism . . . and Repeat
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

The achievement of federalism may not have happened all at once as the European Movement had hoped, but the federalist idea had clearly put Europe’s institutions on a strong trajectory toward actuating ultrasociality. Formal integration steadily proceeded, even alongside the challenge of expanding membership in the project. From the 1970s onward, the European Economic Community continued on a steady path of both enlargement of membership and deeper integration. The narrative behind the origins and purpose of the European Union proved to be attractive to those eligible to join, showing the magnetism of the European project and the transformational idea it represented. Importantly, the relative speed of integration coincided with the rise and fall in popularity of the federalist idea rather than economic self-interest.
International Cooperation and the Space Race
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Competition during the Space Race was certainly present, but a close look at the archival record shows that the main actors involved kept returning to the Spaceflight Idea. Even during the height of the Cold War, nearly every aspect of the activities leading to space exploration were cooperative in nature, even between the two rival superpowers (the United States and the USSR) themselves—once again, highlighting the crucial draw of ultrasociality. Even though it continued to be a challenging area in which to overcome the barriers of the Cold War, the actors involved remained committed to it. They viewed space as categorically different from other areas of endeavor.
Conclusion
Authors: Davis Cross Mai'a K.
Published: November 2023

Looking ahead, the book concludes with an acknowledgement of future challenges. After all, the ultrasocial landscape can be overwhelmed, exerting less of a pull on society, when good ideas are not forthcoming and leadership is lacking. In today’s world, we are missing much-needed new ideas on how to stop radicalization, global inequality, and failed states. And formerly strong ideas are starting to lose ground, such as democracy, liberalism, and free trade. We are particularly vulnerable in the face of unprecedented crises. However, we do not need to simply ride the tide of ultrasociality. We can capitalize on it and use its logic to make empathic cooperation and new forms of global governance more likely. Thus, the final chapter of the book looks to the future and translates the findings of the book into a road map for how we might cultivate ultrasociality.
Technologies and applications
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

Energy storage encompasses a range of diverse concepts, technologies, and applications. This chapter gives a prioritized overview of all major types of energy storage: mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, and electrochemical. For the nine most widely deployed technologies, it covers their suitability for different use cases, history, current status, general pros and cons, and current innovation focus. It also introduces a wider range of novel storage technologies at earlier stages of commercialization. The chapter then gives an overview of the energy storage industry, including company activity along the product value chain of each major technology. It finishes by introducing the various applications that energy storage can provide within electricity systems, how these can be consolidated into 13 archetypal services, and how their deployment potential can be characterized by the uptake of variable renewable generation.
Methods
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

This extended chapter describes the methods, formulas, and data used to perform the analyses in this book. It is tailored to academics and analysts with a focus on depth and transparency, rather than brevity and high-level insights. The purpose is to build credibility in the derived insights and allow readers to build their own analyses from scratch. It takes a critical approach, reflecting on the respective advantages and disadvantages, and procedural limitations. The chapter covers the key techniques used across all chapters of the book: breaking down the cost of electricity storage systems, selecting major technologies and applications, deriving experience curves for projecting future prices, calculating lifetime cost of storage, conducting sensitivity, Monte Carlo and probability analysis of projected costs, assessing technology competitiveness and market value, modelling arbitrage value and financial appraisal, and analysing the potential system value of energy storage.
Conclusion
Authors: Schmidt Oliver , Staffell Iain
Published: November 2023

The ambition of this book is to provide you with a comprehensive toolkit to assess how the benefits of energy storage stack up against its costs. This conclusion reinforces how the individual chapters contribute to this ambition, reflects on the wider implications of the derived insights for energy storage, and draws out how you can use the derived insights and methods to assess whether energy storage makes money.
Coding ‘Carnal Knowledge’ into Carceral Systems
Authors: McInerney Kerry
Published: November 2023

This chapter demonstrates the inherently gendered and racialised nature of predictive policing technologies through an interrogation of the way that domestic, sexual, and gender-based forms of violence are represented in predictive policing tools and in the discourse around predictive policing. It reveals how predictive policing technologies not only reproduce existing patriarchal approaches to gender-based violence, but also possess the potential to shape and produce how gender-based violence is understood, identified, policed, and prosecuted. McInerney argues that as prisons and other carceral institutions are arenas of state-sanctioned sexual violence, these tools cannot be successfully employed for feminist ends.
Of Techno-Ethics and Techno-Affects
Authors: Amrute Sareeta
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, Amrute argues that techno-ethics can and should be revitalised through attendance to techno-affects. As scandals over predictive policing, data mining and algorithmic racism unfold, digital labourers need both to be accounted for in analyses of algorithmic technologies and to be counted among the designers of these platforms. Amrute’s chapter attempts to do both of these by highlighting particular cases in which digital labour frames embodied subjects, and to propose ways digital workers might train themselves to recognise ethical problems as they are emerging, and ultimately uses the idea of attunements as a way to grasp what these forms of care might look like for the digital worker.
AI and Structural Injustice
Authors: Browne Jude
Published: November 2023

Browne explores the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) to exacerbate structural injustice. First, she introduces the seminal account of structural injustice by the feminist theorist Iris Marion Young and discusses one of its definitive elements, ‘untraceability’. Drawing on Arendt’s concept of ‘thoughtlessness’ and the work of other scholars such as Benjamin, Browne goes on to consider structural injustice in relation to algorithmic decision making, which, itself, is becoming increasingly untraceable. Browne concludes with some suggestions on how we might think about mitigating the structural injustice that AI poses through democratic governance mechanisms. By way of example, she advocates adopting several elements of the mini-public approach within regulatory public-body landscapes to form a new pluralistic lay-centric ‘AI Public Body’.
Afrofeminist Data Futures
Authors: Neema Iyer , Chenai Chair , Garnett Achieng
Published: November 2023

This overview of many years of research, which aims to improve government service-delivery, locates injustices in specific areas of AI development and deployment across Africa. It provides qualitative and quantitative evidence of its claims, as well as recommendations for policy and governance responses. As the authors explain, data collection in African contexts is both the poison and the remedy: colonialist data practices extract data from African regions for the benefit of Western tech companies, and datafication poses significant risks to women and girls’ privacy. However, data—especially Big Data—can improve NGO and governmental responses to issues affecting African women by providing insight into elements of their lives that are difficult to capture through other data collection modalities. This is why, they argue, it is so important to work with feminist methods and theory when creating, processing and interpreting data.
External Borders
Authors: Bulley Dan
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores how external borders are used to accept and deflect responsibility for immigrants. Increasingly, responsibilities are pre-decided before strangers appear at the border. The first section examines the classification of mobile populations, seeking to welcome very specific types of immigrants: the exceptionally wealthy and ‘talented’. The chapter then turns to trickier cases of when immigration is attempted outside state-authorised welcomes, classified as threatening, ‘irregular’, ‘undocumented’, or ‘illegal’. The second section explores how states in the global north have begun to thicken and outsource their external borders through deflections of responsibility for migrants, irrespective of their relational ties or legal requirements. The third section examines how relational ties come to the fore in Colombia and Turkey when forced migrants are welcomed outside of legal responsibilities. Although deeply imperfect, these examples demonstrate that other mappings of responsibility are feasible; a hospitality that accepts responsibility remains demonstrably possible.
Internal Borders
Authors: Bulley Dan
Published: November 2023

Internal borders refer to the formal and informal ways in which experiences of belonging and non-belonging are policed and enforced. They create hostile environments in which immigrants feel their ‘guestness’. This chapter asks how such internal borders are created through formal and informal practices. The first half looks at postcolonial Tanzania which, famed for its hospitality, offered a pan-African socialist welcome and an ambiguous form of belonging. Internal borders were used to promote and constrain belonging through spatial restrictions and generous social provision. Such generosity, however, did not survive the imposition of a neoliberal economic ethos. The second half inspects the UK’s the hostile environment and how its proliferation of internal borders sought to make life unliveable for those immigrants deemed ‘undeserving’ of hospitality. Rejecting responsibility in favour of abandonment, the UK effectively practiced an ethos of racialised autochthony.
Market Fragmentation
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

When a security trades in multiple venues, orders submitted to the different venues do not necessarily contribute jointly to price formation, and the market for the security is said to be “fragmented.” Market fragmentation raises several concerns at the forefront of recent regulatory debates in the United States and in Europe. Market fragmentation may lead to excessive “price dispersion,” meaning that the same security may trade at different prices at the same instant. Another concern is that market fragmentation could raise trading costs for investors compared to centralized trading. This chapter discusses the costs of fragmentation and liquidity externalities, as well as the benefits of fragmentation. It also describes two recent changes in regulation in the United States (RegNMS) and Europe (MiFID), designed precisely to deal with the issue of fragmentation and organize competition among trading platforms.
Liquidity and Asset Prices
Authors: Foucault Thierry , Pagano Marco , Röell Ailsa
Published: November 2023

This chapter first explains how liquidity affects the returns required by investors, and hence asset prices. It then examines how prices in illiquid markets may diverge from underlying long-run values, especially in the context of market freezes and financial crises. It also highlights that noise trading can play an important role in pushing securities prices away from fundamental values. This occurs especially when noise trading is correlated among investors and over time.
The Reward System
Authors: Zatorre Robert
Published: November 2023

The reward system interconnects several structures in the midbrain, basal forebrain, especially the striatum and inferior frontal cortex, among others. It is involved in many aspects of cognition, including motivation, emotion, and hedonic responses. Inputs from the auditory system reach the reward system via the ventral and dorsal streams, which connect topographically to distinct regions of the striatum. Activity of dopamine neurons in the reward system is linked to the delivery of reward but also to the expectation of future delivery of reward. The difference between expected and obtained reward constitutes reward prediction error, which serves as a learning signal driving behavior. Reward activity occurs both to biological rewards important for survival and also to more abstract rewards, including information that reduces uncertainty. Both dopamine and opioid neurotransmission are implicated in reward.
Why Does Music Engage the Reward System?
Authors: Zatorre Robert
Published: November 2023

Musical pleasure arises when auditory cortical processing systems exchange information with the reward system. When an unexpected musical event occurs, it generates a prediction error in the cortical auditory pathways, which is then propagated to the reward system where hedonic value is computed. Positively valenced prediction errors, leading to pleasure, are generated when an anticipated input is better than expected in terms of its informational value. Sound patterns that are neither too predictable nor too random provide optimal information that reduces uncertainty and is intrinsically rewarding. Activation of reward circuitry also enables learning, so that knowledge of musical relationships grows with increased exposure, leading to more precise internal models of musical structure. Personality variables can modulate the response of the reward system.
Human Dignity and Respect for All
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses the significance of human dignity, which connotes that all human beings possess equal and inherent value. Human dignity lies at the core of human rights. After recognizing that views of human rights differed across countries, the leaders of the United Nations decided to create a document that would articulate the UN’s vision of human rights and guide the implementation of human rights worldwide. Human rights appear in numerous national constitutions and as the bases for domestic legal frameworks. The author explains the perspective of human rights included in the UN’s Universal Declaration of Human Rights and an alternative view.
Diversity, Privilege, and Oppression
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on diversity, privilege, and oppression. Recognizing diversity is about acknowledging the differences among people without using them as the basis of discrimination, marginalization, or oppression. The chapter explains how privileges are benefits that accrue to certain members of society. On the other hand, oppression involves creating systems and institutions that allow dominant groups to exert control over other groups by withholding resources and benefits and violating human rights. According to Iris Marion Young, the five types of oppression are exploitation, marginalization, cultural imperialism, powerlessness, and violence. The chapter highlights how social workers strive to develop situations that enhance a sense of belonging in an effort to diminish the notion of othering.
Environmental Justice
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on environmental justice. It explains how environmental issues restrict an individual’s or a community’s ability to enjoy a specific right that is guaranteed to them. In the 1980s, the environmental justice movement came into its own after protestors opposed the dumping of PCB-contaminated soil into the landfill of a community where primarily Black and poor persons resided. The environmental justice movement is concerned with the complexity of overlapping environmental issues, human rights, and ecological sustainability. The chapter provides information about the emergence and components of the global environmental crisis: climate change, human-caused environmental degradation, and environmental justice.
Conclusion
Authors: Gatenio Gabel Shirley
Published: November 2023

This concluding chapter reviews the foundation and future of social work. Despite the diversity of interests, people taking up social work as a profession have the desire to make a social situation better. The founders of the social work profession understood that systemic changes were needed to bring justice to the lives of individuals and communities. The chapter explains how a human rights-based approach to justice in social work practice reverses the declining progressivity of the social work profession and the division between micro-practitioners and macro-practitioners of social work. It highlights how a rights-based approach values the interrelatedness of social issues and individuals, groups, communities, the environment, and policies.
The Historic Suburban Landscapes of Los Angeles
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

The historic suburban landscapes of Los Angeles are a crucial starting point for understanding suburban life in the region. They established how communities would look, be built, serviced, and regulated, and how open they would be to change. LA’s suburban identity originated in the early twentieth century, when city leaders developed a set of ideas and innovative land development practices centered on the suburban ideal. This vision embraced decentralized development as well as racial segregation. Influenced by a regional eugenics movement, LA leaders pioneered and honed tools of racial exclusion in suburbia. With this suburban vision in place, distinct built landscapes emerged. Over 130 years, LA’s historic suburban landscapes included borderlands, streetcar suburbs, picturesque enclaves and garden suburbs, modest subdivisions before 1940, sitcom suburbs, and edge cities and corporate suburbs. Each landscape left a legacy for later generations in the housing stock, the design of communities, and local regulatory cultures.
Learning Suburban Affluence
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

In San Marino, a picturesque enclave that began as a highly restricted affluent white suburb, Asian newcomers after 1970 learned the ways of suburban affluence and participation. San Marino was a town steeped in long-running local traditions. When immigrant newcomers confronted this firmly settled milieu, their only real path to local acceptance was assimilation. To gain this acceptance and protect their suburb, they embraced local design aesthetics, participated in critical hubs of social life, served in political roles, and upheld the tools of class exclusion. The confluence of Asian in-migration and fiscal upheaval from Proposition 13 created a synergy that facilitated the integration of new Chinese settlers into the social milieu of the suburb, defined by privilege, wealth, participation, and a devotion to children. In learning suburban affluence, Chinese suburbanites reproduced the internal elements that ensured the high status of the suburb.
The Death and Life of a Working-Class Suburb
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: November 2023

As a gateway suburb in southeast Los Angeles, South Gate experienced the rise then devastating decline of industry, accompanied by an abrupt transition from white to Latino. Mirroring national patterns, Latinos migrated right into suburbs suffering from disinvestment and white flight, seizing opportunity where others abandoned it. In the midst of this radical upheaval, South Gate clung tightly to traditional suburban ideals. Homeowner priorities dominated local politics even as homeowners were gradually outnumbered by renters. To rein in the everyday practices of working-class Latinos, Anglo and Latino leaders imposed tighter regulations, constricting the opportunity to make the most of one’s suburban property that early white residents once used as a crucial basis of economic security. South Gate changed from an unregulated to a regulated suburb. Yet immigrants still found spaces for community engagement, particularly in neighborhood schools, which became the most enduring, robust sites of participation for Latino newcomers.
Varro the Conservative?
Authors: Volk Katharina
Published: November 2023

This essay examines the intellectual and cultural context of Varro of Reate. According to one traditional view, Varro was an arch-conservative, who was born among the backward-looking Sabines and hankered after an ideal past. Along these lines, his linguistic scholarship would be an attempt to reconstruct and revive practices and usages from this paradise lost of “pure Latinity.” On the contrary, Volk argues that Varro is remarkably sanguine about historical and linguistic change, viewing it as a natural aspect of human life generally. Varro thus provides a valuable contrast to the view of later scholars and grammarians, particularly from the Augustan age onward, who yearned more overtly for the revival of an idealized linguistic past.
Epilogue
Authors: Kaster Robert A.
Published: November 2023

The book concludes with an autobiographical epilogue by Robert Kaster, recounting the circumstances and motivations behind writing Guardians of Language, with an emphasis on the role of serendipity. The list of prosopographical addenda to the list of known ancient grammarians incorporates the last thirty years of research into the historical context of ancient grammar.
Andy Warhol in Stitches
Authors: Conrath Ryan
Published: November 2023

In the summer of 1968, amid the white walls of an otherwise unremarkable sixth-floor office space in Manhattan, Valerie Solanas aims a gun at Andy Warhol and shoots him. This was at once an event of relation and of montage, one that inextricably intertwined the fates of two lives through the violent “editing” of the body of the most famous artist in the world, setting into motion an entirely new sequence of images and works. In subsequent years, Warhol’s cut-and-sutured body entered into a complex constellation of images and practices, first in portraits by Richard Avedon and Alice Neel, and later in Warhol’s rarely discussed “bonus photographs,” knitting drawings, and sewn photographs. This chapter traces the circulation of Warhol’s stricken body (and its attendant wounds) across this unlikely constellation of works, before turning to a close engagement with what was arguably the artist’s longest-running project, the “stitched photographs,” made up of multiple identical photographs stitched together with thread. This chapter argues that the true content of these objects lies not in the pictures themselves but in the visible threads holding them together. Against a conception of the cut as a threatening or even traumatic space, Chapter 1 places Warhol’s unorthodox objects (and his photographic practice in general) in conversation with the film-theoretical discourse of suture.
Automating Vulnerability
Authors: McStay Andrew
Published: November 2023

This chapter has two parts. It first examines the significance of cars and an automobile sector that is increasingly feeling-into fatigue and the affective and emotional states of drivers and passengers. It then considers suggestion that public safety and ethical concerns about autonomous vehicles may be solved by equipping cars with feelings. To examine automated empathy in relation to occupants the chapter assesses European policy support for this monitoring under the auspice of safety, ethical questions raised, and data-protection problems regarding the processing of occupant data in relation to questions of identification and third-party access. The second part of this chapter explores how cars would simulate vulnerability to injury through something akin to an autonomic nervous system. This is argued to be classically cybernetic involving goals, self-preservation, regulation, homeostasis, and behaviour. For empathy and emotion interests, this vulnerability is observed to represent an embodied and visceral approach to ethics. The chapter assesses this observation in relation to the infamous trolley problem, in which an onlooker has the choice to save five people in danger of being hit by a vehicle by diverting the moving vehicle to kill one person.
Selling Emotions
Authors: McStay Andrew
Published: November 2023

This chapter investigates whether it is acceptable or not for people to sell data generated by automated empathy. It reviews literature and practices of ‘data trusts’ and ‘personal data store apps’ highlighting that while ‘infomediaries’ are not new, they now receive policy support. That Sir Tim Berners Lee and the UK’s British Broadcasting Corporation have taken an interest in decentralised data ownership is also found to lend heft. The chapter then assesses the moral and political philosophy of selling data about intimate states. In addition to collectivist and free market philosophies it considers Michael Sandel’s ‘Moral Limits of Markets’ thesis on whether certain aspects of human life should be beyond monetisation. In reference to survey data from the Emotional AI Lab (that McStay directs) the chapter concludes that there is scope to sell data to organisations that citizens believe to serve the public good in relation to health.
The First Jewish Environmentalist
Authors: Jobani Yuval
Published: November 2023

Hailed by Martin Buber as “the true teacher,” pioneer, philosopher, and dreamer, Aharon David Gordon (Russian Empire–Land of Israel, 1856–1922) is increasingly being recognized as the first Jewish environmentalist. Long before global warming became a major threat, Gordon warned against the mounting dangers of human assault on nature and urged us to open ourselves to nature and re-attune to it. Rather than trying to conquer nature, Gordon argued, we should merge with it; rather than being a master or slave of nature, we should become nature’s friend and ally. Since childhood, nature fertilized and shaped Gordon’s mindscape, as it eventually did his philosophical writings. Gordon’s fresh insights on critical contemporary issues—such as ecology, gender, social justice, and postsecularism—have recently been inspiring not only a rapidly growing body of scholarly literature, but also communal readings and study among young readers whose imagination was captured by Gordon’s thoughts and dreams. Introducing Gordon’s ideas and setting them in their historical context, The First Jewish Environmentalist sheds new light on the interconnections between religion, culture, education, and the environment. Expanding his canonical status beyond the realm of Hebrew culture, The First Jewish Environmentalist situates Gordon in the tradition of nature-intoxicated prophets such as Rousseau, Thoreau, and Tolstoy and extracts from Man and Nature empowerment and inspiration for seekers advocating the protection of the planet.
Philosophical Foundations
Authors: Jobani Yuval
Published: November 2023

Providing a grand synoptic view of existence in its entirety, Gordon’s philosophical system embraces the unity of ontology, ethics, religion, and aesthetics. The aim of this chapter is to shed new light on the dialectical infrastructure and main concepts of Gordon’s timely and much needed call for humanity to reorient itself toward nature. Its main argument is that Gordon upheld the principle of contradiction as the organizing principle of existence and the driving force of life. Accordingly, he argued that the good life is grounded in a dialectic interplay between opposites such as egoism and altruism, conscious and unconscious, and individualism and collectivism. It is also grounded in interplay between the tendency to detach oneself from nature in order to understand it and the tendency to unify with nature in order to experience it.
A Religion of Nature
Authors: Jobani Yuval
Published: November 2023

Gordon gradually disengaged himself from the “shackles” of the halakha (the Jewish ceremonial law). However, he never distanced himself from the Jewish tradition. Schooled in an Orthodox Eastern European community, Gordon knew the Jewish tradition well and worked within it, even though he was moving beyond its established rituals toward the liminal sacred realm where man and nature merge. By attributing religious significance to the cultivation of the Land of Israel, Gordon substituted a hoe for phylacteries (tefillin), and the sacred silence of the tiller of the land for the traditionally verbal prayer. Placing Gordon in the tradition of nature-intoxicated thinkers and writers such as Rousseau, Thoreau, and Tolstoy, the chapter explores the unique array of concepts, arguments, and poetic images that Gordon contributed to the canon of environmental literature and ecocriticism.
Epilogue
Authors: Jobani Yuval
Published: November 2023

Deeply committed to Jewish national renewal but fully aware of the dangers inherent in nationalism, Gordon offered an alternative non-statist pacifist vision of Zionism. Viewing domineering and aggression in the spheres of politics and gender as a transfiguration of human domineering and aggression against nature, Gordon called for the establishment of small, independent, and gender-equal agricultural communities that cohabit peacefully with their Arab neighbors. In these communities, animals would be protected, cared for, and not treated as if their value were reducible to their usefulness to humans. Indeed, it is the vulnerability and helplessness of animals, Gordon argued, that turns our treatment of them to a litmus test of our morality. By examining Gordon’s call for animal liberation, the epilogue of the book extracts from Gordon’s engagement with the Jewish tradition insights and inspiration for green seekers of all faiths.
CRY
Authors: Dodds Sherril
Published: November 2023

The CRY chapter analyzes Maddie Ziegler’s emotive performance as a surrogate face for Sia in her music video “Big Girls Cry.” The video shows Ziegler performing an arty facial choreography that both moves and disturbs: young female spectators and music critics speak of the affective capacity of her performance, and feminist scholarship illuminates how it critiques the expectations placed on girls and women that reduces their emotional expression to that of cry-babies but which needs to be kept in check as adult women. Yet literature on celebrity and whiteness reveals how Sia replaces her own face with that of a beautiful child star to ensure that her economic and racial privilege is maintained. The chapter develops the idea of a manipulative cry to show how the facial choreography produces affective connections between Sia, Ziegler, and their fans, but that it stages an ethically questionable performance of a young girl.
Expressivism
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces expressivism, focusing on its application to the ethical domain. It details the concerns that have been particularly influential in the emergence and development of ethical expressivism and explains how the related view of speaker subjectivism can be seen as an early attempt to deal with these concerns. It is shown that while ethical expressivism addresses the problem of moral disagreement besetting speaker subjectivism, it faces challenges of its own. In particular, the chapter presents the Frege-Geach Problem, the Many Attitudes Problem, and the Wishful Thinking Problem for expressivism as well as the Problem of Creeping Minimalism affecting certain sophisticated forms of expressivism.
Inferential Expressivism
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces inferential expressivism, the view that the meaning of certain linguistic items is given by the inferences to attitude expressions they license. It is argued that the bilateralist programme in logic, which holds that the meaning of the logical constants is given by conditions on assertion and rejection, is best regarded as a form of inferential expressivism about negation. And while traditional expressivism about negation falls prey to the Frege-Geach Problem, its inferential counterpart has the resources to solve it. The chapter goes on to develop a version of bilateral logic in which strong and weak rejections are distinguished. This opens the door to multilateralism, the view that the meaning of linguistic expressions is given by conditions on more than two distinct speech acts.
Moral Vocabulary
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter applies the inferential expressivist approach to moral vocabulary. It extends the multilateral framework with expressions of non-cognitive moral attitudes and shows how one can use this framework to inferentially explain the meaning of wrong in terms of the expression of disapproval and the meaning of right in terms of the expression of approval. The chapter then argues that the inferential expressivist account of moral vocabulary solves the Frege-Geach Problem, including its negation version and iterations thereof. The chapter concludes by showing how inferential ethical expressivism addresses the Wishful Thinking Problem for expressivism, accounts for the phenomenon of moral Moorean sentences, and explains the motivating power of moral judgements.
Conditionals
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an inferential expressivist treatment of indicative and subjunctive conditionals. The previous chapters have focused on speech acts, such as assertion, whose force applies to a single sentence. This chapter begins by arguing for the existence of binary speech acts, such as conditional assertion, whose force relates two sentences. The chapter then explains the meaning of embeddable conditional operators in terms of their inferential relation to unembeddable conditional speech acts. The chapter goes on to show how the resulting account of the indicative conditional meets the challenge posed by the Gibbard Collapse Argument and, when combined with the theory of truth from the previous chapter, solves Curry’s Paradox. The chapter ends by implementing the distinction between content and inferential conditionals in the framework of the book and arguing for the existence of a plurality of conditionals.
The Road Ahead
Authors: Incurvati Luca , Schlöder Julian J.
Published: November 2023

This chapter reviews and brings together the findings of the previous chapters, arguing that they establish inferential expressivism as a new semantic paradigm. Special attention is paid to the distinctive pragmatist methodology of inferential expressivism and what sets it apart from referentialist approaches in semantics. The chapter goes on to outline a number of directions for future work. These include specifying the relation between conditionals and probability within the inferential expressivist framework, providing inferential expressivist accounts of phenomenological self-reports and predicates of personal taste, explaining how to understand compositionality from the perspective adopted in the book, and determining the exact expressive power afforded by the formal systems developed in the book.
Appreciating the Art of the Filmmaker
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

This chapter compares modes of appreciating the filmmaker’s art. The approaches of those in disciplines and fields of study other than cinema are commented on. The nature of audience engagement (experiential, emotional, following the story) is seen as vital to the reader’s understanding of cinematic art. Aspects are discussed of the appreciation of the critic (informed opinion), film studies scholar (traditional and contemporary theories), film theorist, film historian (style), philosopher (continental—existentialism, phenomenology; analytic), psychologist (“character” as mimetic of the human psyche), sociologist (human and social world of a film, social commentary in film), and moralizer. “Correct” agendas are considered obstacles to the understanding of the filmmaker’s art, while the difference between liking a film and understanding its art is stated. The chapter notes the distinctive approach the book presents to its reader.
Moonlight
Authors: Markham Peter
Published: November 2023

Moonlight’s opening sequence is analyzed in this chapter in the order of its two sections, the announcing of Juan and the announcing of Little, the latter subdivided into Little and the bullies and Little and Juan. Each section is structured as follows: summary, questions (for audience, for reader), commentary, and conclusion (incorporating information conveyed, emotion, visceral sensation, and vision). Screenshots and forensic commentary provide step-by-step critical insights into the art of the filmmaker, in regard to storytelling, flow of emotion, staging, shooting and editing, and address to the audience. The chapter considers both cinematic art in general and the filmmaker’s chosen discourse for his film, providing specific instances of his art related to universal principles. The analysis explores the introduction of Juan and the protagonist Little, following the former’s arrival and subsequent dealings as head of the local illicit drugs trade, which is contrasted with Little’s flight from bullies—from whom he takes refuge in an abandoned apartment used as a crack house, where Juan finds and rescues him. Camera, editing, articulation of narrative POV, and practical aesthetics are demonstrated as integral to emotion and story throughout. The screenplay and film are compared, and there follows consideration of the transition into the film’s first act or movement and its opening scene.
The Revolution Stalls
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter looks into the major strategies adopted by the domestic violence revolution in the terms of safety, accountability, and empowerment. The revolution primarily aims for the safety of battered women and the accountability of offenders. Battery threatens the dignity, autonomy, and liberty of millions of people, which simultaneously inhibits social and political progress similar to slavery in the United States. Even though the revolution significantly reduced the risk of severe and fatal physical assault against all partners, the unfortunate reality is that the changes appear to have of greater benefit to abusive men than their victims, partner homicides of men have declined far more sharply than partner homicides of women and the proportion of women exposed to the most serious form of partner abuse remains unchanged. Abusive men move seamlessly in and out of their community and family’s lives while shelters provide a revolving door to temporary respite rather than a pathway to independent living.
The Entrapment Enigma
Authors: Stark Evan
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the entrapment enigma which confounds those who try to explain why many women remain with abusive partners despite the violence and the opportunity to leave. Battered women suffer disproportionately from a range of psychological and behavioral problems that increase their dependence and vulnerability to abuse and control. Moreover. women’s dependence on abusive men and the problems they develop in this context are byproducts of violence-induced trauma. The chapter lists economic disadvantages, sexual inequality, the normalization of violence and intimacy as some of the other reasons that inhibit women’s decision to break off any relationship. But none of these explanations adequately account for the duration of abusive relationships. Abused women appear to be entrapped by objective features of their circumstance rather than by psychological adaptations, trauma or situational disadvantages.
Lanceheads in Land-Bridge Islands of Brazil
Authors: Sawaya Ricardo J , . Barbo Fausto E , Grazziotin Felipe G , Marques Otavio A. V. , Martins Marcio
Published: November 2023

Gigantism and dwarfism are relatively well-known phenomena in island vertebrates. Land-bridge islands off the Brazilian coast house subsets of the Atlantic Forest biota and can be considered as natural experiments for evolutionary studies. The common lancehead, Bothrops jararaca, is a medium-sized pitviper widely distributed throughout the Atlantic Forest. It feeds on ectothermic frogs, lizards, and centipedes when juvenile, and on endothermic mammals and birds when adult. Four out of six insular species of lanceheads could be considered as dwarfs when compared to the mainland forms (53.7% to 85.3% of snout-vent length). As there are no mammals on the islands, insular forms feed on ectothermic prey, supporting the “diet alteration hypothesis,” in which body size is the outcome of prey availability. Phenotypic plasticity regarding body morphology and diet may have played important roles in the evolution of body size in this snake complex.
Paradise Lost
Authors: Robert Sandfoss Mark
Published: November 2023

A robust insular population of Florida Cottonmouth snakes, Agkistrodon conanti, formerly inhabited Seahorse Key and was characterized by an unusual trophic association with colonially nesting waterbirds. Unexpectedly, in April of 2015, the entire colony of waterbirds abandoned Seahorse Key for nesting purposes. The loss of rookery provided an opportunity to assess the ability of cottonmouths to respond to the loss of a major food resource. Analyses of data collected from snakes pre- and post-bird abandonment on measures of abundance, body condition, diet, and home range, combined with comparative studies of stress physiology and immune performance, revealed the abandonment event has had a rapid, negative effect on the cottonmouth snakes. When and if bird nesting activities will return to Seahorse Key remains an open question. Some waterbird nesting activity that formerly occurred on Seahorse Key has shifted to nearby Snake Key and appears to be benefitting cottonmouths on that island.
Welcome to Paradise
Authors: Claunch Natalie M , Clancy Keara L. , Harman Madison E. A. , Hengstebeck Kodiak C , Juárez-Sánchez Diego , Haro Daniel , Hartmann Arik , Vilchez Mariaguadalupe , McKee Rebecca K , Sutton Amber , Romagosa Christina M
Published: November 2023

Globalization has led to the transport of commodities and plant and animal stowaways to once isolated islands. In some cases, these non-native stowaways become established and alter the island ecosystems where introduced. The introduction of the Brown Treesnake, Boiga irregularis, to Guam is perhaps the better-documented example of an introduced snake on an island. However, it is not the first or only example: among others, California Kingsnakes (Lampropeltis californiae) have established in the Canary Islands, several species have established on the Balearic Islands, and Brahminy Blind Snakes (Indotyphlops braminus) have established on islands worldwide. This chapter summarizes documented introductions of snakes to islands, highlighting the pathways attributed to their introduction, impacts associated with these introductions, and response and prevention efforts in place to manage snake introductions on islands. Throughout, the authors integrate information gained from study of Boiga with parallels and differences to other snake species introduced to islands.
Beyond Codification
Authors: Fossen Thomas
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the views of practical judgment that are (implicitly) presupposed by current approaches to political legitimacy. In social science, Max Weber’s redefinition of legitimacy as a descriptive term remains a source of confusion because it drives a wedge between the concept’s practical use and its scholarly meaning. Meanwhile, the predominant moralist and realist approaches in political philosophy construe the task of a theory of legitimacy as a codification project: a quest for the right principles to adjudicate struggles for legitimacy. As such, they share a basic normativist assumption: that judging legitimacy is a matter of applying such principles to a case at hand. Contrary to appearances, Rawls and Habermas do not endorse this quest for a theoretical solution to the question of legitimacy, and their accounts of the principles of legitimacy offer clues toward an alternative, pragmatist account of judgment.
Judgment as Timecraft
Authors: Fossen Thomas
Published: November 2023

How do events, like a revolution, a coup, or a contested election, bear on the legitimacy of a regime? This question is addressed by rethinking the relations among legitimacy, judgment, and time. Existing universalist and contextualist theories of legitimacy fail to capture the significance of events because they treat the meaning of events as given to judgment. By contrast, the view proposed here casts the temporality of judgment “in the present progressive,” as responding to and partaking in events. The chapter reconceptualizes political time and clarifies the idea of multiple temporalities. It introduces the notion of timecraft to analyze how multiple timelines intersect and clash in struggles for legitimacy. This is illustrated with reference to the Tahrir Square uprisings in Egypt and a protest against the Dutch monarchy. The chapter closes by reflecting on three virtues of judgment in relation to time: kairos, virtù, and responsiveness.
Change of the Guard
Authors: Inbari Motti , Bumin Kirill
Published: November 2023

In late March 2021, we commissioned a survey among 700 evangelical and born-again Christians under thirty. Chapter 4 discusses a significant and growing generational divide within the U.S. evangelical community. More than 4 out of 10 young evangelicals told us that their views of the Israeli–Palestinian dispute and their sympathies for Israel or Palestinians are not impacted by their religion. We also find that perceptions of Palestinian treatment matter greatly to these under-30 evangelicals. Among those respondents who perceive the Palestinian treatment by Israel as mostly fair, the odds of expressing strong support for Israel rise almost twofold in comparison to respondents who perceive the Palestinians’ situation as largely unfair. Our study also confirms that both postmillennialist and amillennialist eschatological views reduce support for Israel, but we also show that postmillennialism’s impact is significantly more deleterious and provide a conceptual framework to explain why this is the case.
Young Evangelicals Speak for Themselves
Authors: Inbari Motti , Bumin Kirill
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 seeks to understand how young evangelicals rationalize and justify their attitudes toward the Israeli–Palestinian dispute, and how they articulate those positions in their own words. Content analysis of under-30 respondents’ written comments generates some novel insights. For example, we find that religious justifications for support dominate only among those who are sympathetic toward Israel. Close to 60% of young evangelicals who support Israel ground their preference in religious reasoning (particularly, in the biblical promises of the Abrahamic covenant), while a plurality (48%) of Palestinian supporters use political/social justice arguments and references to the Palestinian victimhood as reasons for their support for the Palestinians. Thus, despite the declining popularity of premillennialism, biblical literalism rooted in the Abrahamic covenant remains a powerful force in shaping evangelical attitudes toward Israel. We also demonstrate that intuition can function as a powerful shortcut that shapes young evangelicals’ political preferences about the Israeli–Palestinian dispute.