bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluate on the Alkaline Resistance Properties of Bio-Based Nylon 56 Fiber Compared with the Normal Nylon Fiber
Authors: Guo Ya Fei , Hao Xin Min , Li Yue Ling , Yang Yuan , Chen Xiao , Wang Jian Ming
Published: October 2014

The new kind of bio-based nylon 56 fiber has been synthesized by adipic acid and 1,5-pentanediamine, which was prepared by fermenting a variety of starch in straw. The resistance of the nylon 56 fiber to acid need to be evaluated because the problem of nylon fabrics often encounter reactions of chemical reagents in their processing, finishing and dressing. Temperature and concentration play the main role on the alkali resistance among the factors that influence alkali resistant of nylon fibers: temperature, time, and concentration of alkali. Strength lose of bio-based nylon 56 and nylon 6 are slightly larger than that of nylon 66 when treated in caustic soda of 100 g/L at 98°C for 120 minutes, which means that nylon 56 fiber have good alkali resistant.
A DFT Study of Geometric Structure and Stability of Iron-Silicon Clusters
Authors: Yu Shuai Qin , Ye Hong Nan
Published: October 2014

Geometric structures of Fe6-xSix(x=1-5) clusters have been systematically studied at the BPW91 level by density-functional theory (DFT). Calculated results show that the Fe atoms of the lowest-energy structures of Fe6-xSix clusters tend to go together, and Si atoms tend to occupy surface site bonding with iron atoms as many as possible. Further, we analyze the stability of the lowest-energy structures of Fe6-xSix clusters, and the corresponding results of the HOMO, LUMO as well as the HOMO-LUMO energy gap show that the Fe5Si and Fe4Si2 clusters have special stability.
Full Scale Evaluation on Anionic Polyacrylamide Applied in Ferric Flocs Sludge Treatment
Authors: Zhang Li Qing
Published: October 2014

The Polyacrylamide (PAM) is a frequently used flocculant for high concentration suspensions removal in water treatment characterized by the generation of large and dense flocs. In this paper, by using the anionic PAM as flocculant, a full-scale experimental study was carried out on flocculating ferric flocs sludge with pelleting flocculation blanket process under scale of 19~38 m3/h. The investigation aimed to optimum the dosage of the PAM and evaluate the application of the PAM in ferric flocs sludge treatment. The experimental results indicated that the increasing of PAM dosage could improve both outlet turbidity and thicken sludge concentration obviously, under the raw wastes concentration of 285~1022 mg/L, the system could achieve ideal operation effect with PAM dosage of 0.3~2.7 mg/L and treatment unit surface loading of 19~38 m3/m2·H. The investigation results also proved that there exists an approximately linear relationship between optimal PAM dosage and raw sludge concentration, that is, the increasing of raw sludge concentration would require synchronously rising of the optimal dosage. While the relationship between maximum surface loading and raw sludge concentration appeared negatively linear dependence, the maximum surface loading would decreased linearly with the increasing of inlet sludge concentration.
Influence of Carbon Source for Carbon Nanotubes Synthesis from Controllable Flame
Authors: Liu Yuan Chao , Che Jun Tie , Ren Jing Hao
Published: October 2014

The flame method is a kind of new method for preparation of carbon nanotubes. The hydrocarbon gas (acetylene, ethylene, methane) or carbon monoxide is often selected as carbon source gas in this method. Carbon monoxide is a kind of effective carbon source gas in preparation of carbon nanotubes from the high temperature flame compared with hydrocarbon gases. The pentacarbonyl iron is served as catalyst precursor in the experiment. Austenitic stainless steel type316 is selected as sampling substrate in the flame experiment. The carbon nanotubes from the controllable flame have graphite well-crystallized and less structural defects relatively. The nanotube diameter consistency is also relatively good. Carbon monoxide began to decompose at higher temperature than that of hydrocarbon gas and its decomposition rate is suitable for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes in the flame. In addition, the carbon monoxide has the ability to split large iron catalyst particles and prefers to react with iron catalyst. But only a few carbon nanotubes mixed with lots of iron catalyst particles, soot and amorphous carbon particles come into being when low mass flow of carbon monoxide is provided.
Process Optimization for the Finish of PP Spunbonded Nonwovens with Photo-Catalytic Microcapsule
Authors: Wang Xiao Mei , Chen Cai Shen
Published: October 2014

Microcapsules were prepared using the complex coacervation method with nanoanatase TiO2 as the core material, gelatin/Arabia gum as the wall material. Then the obtained microcapsules were finished to the PP nonwovens to investigate the photocatalytic properties to the nonwovens. The breaking strength decrease of the finished polypropylene nonwoven after irradiated with the artificial UV lamp was the optimization evaluation index, and the four factors including finishing temperature, adhesive concentration, microcapsule concentration and finishing time were used to design the experimental scheme using the second order orthogonal rotation combination design. The data were processed with SAS software, the obtained optimal finish process is: finishing temperature is 22°C, adhesive concentration is 75g/L, microcapsule concentration is 36g/L, and finishing time 25min.
Study on Surveillance of Proactive Network Using Frame Work
Authors: Vani M.P.
Published: October 2014

Proactive network offers several to communicate on protocol. Protocol has various features. Proactive protocol PNP is a general purpose communication. It has only one TCP port. Proactive communication is performed using proactive communication protocol. Procative network protocol is used over SSL. It uses ciphering which is used in order to perform secure communication. The IP address and TCP on which the message router is bound is printed on the standard output.
Design of a Workflow Engine Based on Product Structure
Authors: Liu Wei , Zhu Xiao Dong , Liu Yuan Ning , Deng Ning , He Fei
Published: October 2014

The workflow management, in which the main line is the product, is used widely. The emergence of product structure makes workflow management more complex. This thesis focuses on the realization method of workflow engine based on product structure. Firstly, this paper describes the formal definition of the workflow based on product structure, and then gives the algorithm of instantiating workflow, the startup algorithms and the advance algorithms involved in the workflow execution in detail, finally, this paper shows the realization of the engine based on these algorithms. These algorithms described in this paper allow users to make decisions on designing and establishing the composition of the product structure flexible, to define the approval process of the task node flexible, and to advance the process according to the results of the instantiation automatically.
Four Axis NC Machining Turbine Blade Method Research
Authors: Kong Min , Ji Hai Bo , Wang Xiao Xu
Published: October 2014

The steam turbine blade is one of the important parts of steam turbine, its quality fit and unfit quality directly impact on the performance of steam turbine. Turbine blade has its type surface complex, requiring precision higher and other characteristics, so it was a difficult problem in the field of machinery manufacturing. Therefore, how to adopt appropriate methods to improve the manufacturing quality of blade is of great significance. This paper has discuses the big distortion, the variable cross-section of turbine blade NC machining method, completed numerical control simulation and all the process and post processing in Cimatron E8.5 software environment. For similar modalities surface parts of NC machining provided a good idea.
Study on Undegummed Pineapple Leaf Fibers’ Moisture Absorptions
Authors: Li Ming Fu , Zhuang Zhi Kai , Zhang Jin , Deng Gan Ran , Lian Wen Wei , He Jun Yan , Huang Tao
Published: October 2014

Programmable constant-temperature/humidity test chamber owned by Natural Fiber Laboratory, Institute of Agricultural Machinery, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, is adopted to analyze undegummed pineapple fibers’ moisture absorptions. Study and analysis on moisture absorptions, moisture-absorption isothermsand moisture-absorption isohumes with constant temperature and inconstant humidities are carried out and the results show that fibers’moisture absorptions present roughly a regularity of such three stages as 0~20%, 20~80% and 80~100% (RH). In low-moisture stage, moisture absorption rates are higher; in middle-moisture stage, they level off; in high- moisture stage, moisture absorption rates are the highest. Fibers’moisture absorption amounts decrease along with temperature rise; but under the condition of high humidity, they increase along with temperature rise and also increase along with humidity rise. Study on undegummed pineapple fibers’moisture absorptions may provide theoretical basis for undegummed pineapple fiber preservation and textile processing in some special industries.
Research on the Performance Comparison of Several Solid Poly-Acrylic Acid Sizes
Authors: Shen Yan Qin , Wu Hai Liang , Zhou Dan , Tang Yi Chen
Published: October 2014

Size plays an important role in sizing. The sort of size is various, and its various performance indicators are not comprehensive, so it brings very great difficulty to sizing workers. Through a large number of experiments, LX-6, PAM, SFB, LM, FY five kinds of solid poly-acrylic acid size of various performances had been tested, contrasted and analyzed. Meanwhile, the film-forming ability, and the adhesion of pure cotton roving and polyester-cotton roving were tested. Moreover, we did experiments on polyester cotton yarns, which were sized with these five kinds of size, and the sized yarn hairiness reduction rate, moisture regain, enhancement rate, reduction rate and other performance indicators had been tested, contrasted and analyzed. Results provide reference for the use of these five kinds of size.
Fibrocytes Are Not an Essential Source of Type I Collagen during Lung Fibrosis
Authors: Kleaveland Kathryn R. , Velikoff Miranda , Yang Jibing , Agarwal Manisha , Rippe Richard A. , Moore Bethany B. , Kim Kevin K.
Published: October 2014

Progressive fibrosis involves accumulation of activated collagen-producing mesenchymal cells. Fibrocytes are hematopoietic-derived cells with mesenchymal features that potentially have a unique and critical function during fibrosis. Fibrocytes have been proposed as an important direct contributor of type I collagen deposition during fibrosis based largely on fate-mapping studies. To determine the functional contribution of hematopoietic cell-derived type I collagen to fibrogenesis, we use a double-transgenic system to specifically delete the type I collagen gene across a broad population of hematopoietic cells. These mice develop a robust fibrotic response similar to littermate genotype control mice injured with bleomycin indicating that fibrocytes are not a necessary source of type I collagen. Using collagen–promoter GFP mice, we find that fibrocytes express type I collagen. However, fibrocytes with confirmed deletion of the type I collagen gene have readily detectable intracellular type I collagen indicating that uptake of collagen from neighboring cells account for much of the fibrocyte collagen. Collectively, these results clarify several seemingly conflicting reports regarding the direct contribution of fibrocytes to collagen deposition.
Single Dose of Glycoengineered Anti-CD19 Antibody (MEDI551) Disrupts Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis by Inhibiting Pathogenic Adaptive Immune Responses in the Bone Marrow and Spinal Cord while Preserving Peripheral Regulatory Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Ding , Blazek Monica , Ireland Sara , Ortega Sterling , Kong Xiangmei , Meeuwissen Anouk , Stowe Ann , Carter Laura , Wang Yue , Herbst Ronald , Monson Nancy L.
Published: October 2014

Plasma cells and the autoreactive Abs they produce are suspected to contribute to the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, but recent attempts to target these components of humoral immunity have failed. MEDI551, an anti-CD19 Ab that depletes mature B cells including plasma cells may offer a compelling alternative that reduces pathogenic adaptive immune responses while sparing regulatory mechanisms. Indeed, our data demonstrate that a single dose of MEDI551, given before or during ongoing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, disrupts development of the disease. Leukocyte infiltration into the spinal cord is significantly reduced, as well as short-lived and long-lived autoreactive CD138+ plasma cells in the spleen and bone marrow, respectively. In addition, potentially protective CD1dhiCD5+ regulatory B cells show resistance to depletion, and myelin-specific Foxp3+ regulatory T cells are expanded. Taken together, these results demonstrate that MEDI551 disrupts experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by inhibiting multiple proinflammatory components whereas preserving regulatory populations.
Update on Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Early Breast Cancer
Authors: Rampurwala Murtuza M. , Rocque Gabrielle B. , Burkard Mark E.
Published: October 2014

Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Although most women are diagnosed with early breast cancer, a substantial number recur due to persistent micro-metastatic disease. Systemic adjuvant chemotherapy improves outcomes and has advanced from first-generation regimens to modern dose-dense combinations. Although chemotherapy is the cornerstone of adjuvant therapy, new biomarkers are identifying patients who can forego such treatment. Neo-adjuvant therapy is a promising platform for drug development, but investigators should recognize the limitations of surrogate endpoints and clinical trials. Previous decades have focused on discovering, developing, and intensifying adjuvant chemotherapy. Future efforts should focus on customizing therapy and reducing chemotherapy for patients unlikely to benefit. In some cases, it may be possible to replace chemotherapy with treatments directed at specific genetic or molecular breast cancer subtypes. Yet, we anticipate that chemotherapy will remain a critical component of adjuvant therapy for years to come.
Characterisation of an inlet pre-injector laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the measurement of atmospheric hydroxyl radicals
Authors: Novelli A. , Hens K. , Tatum Ernest C. , Kubistin D. , Regelin E. , Elste T. , Plass-Dülmer C. , Martinez M. , Lelieveld J. , Harder H.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Atmospheric measurements of hydroxyl radicals (OH) are challenging due to a high reactivity and consequently low concentration. The importance of OH as an atmospheric oxidant has motivated a sustained effort leading to the development of a number of highly sensitive analytical techniques. Recent work has indicated that the laser-induced fluorescence of the OH molecules method based on the fluorescence assay by gas expansion technique (LIF-FAGE) for the measurement of atmospheric OH in some environments may be influenced by artificial OH generated within the instrument, and a chemical method to remove this interference was implemented in a LIF-FAGE system by Mao et al. (2012). While it is not clear whether other LIF-FAGE instruments suffer from the same interference, we have applied this method to our LIF-FAGE HORUS (Hydroxyl Radical Measurement Unit based on fluorescence Spectroscopy) system, and developed and deployed an inlet pre-injector (IPI) to determine the chemical zero level in the instrument via scavenging the ambient OH radical. We describe and characterise this technique in addition to its application at field sites in forested locations in Finland, Spain and Germany. Ambient measurements show that OH generated within the HORUS instrument is a non-negligible fraction of the total OH signal, which can comprise 30 to 80% during daytime and 60 to 100% during the night. The contribution of the background OH varied greatly between measurement sites and was likely related to the type and concentration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present at each particular location. Two inter-comparisons in contrasting environments between the HORUS instrument and two different chemical ionisation mass spectrometers (CIMS) are described to demonstrate the efficacy of IPI and the necessity of the chemical zeroing method for our LIF-FAGE instrument in such environments.
Carbon and greenhouse gas balances in an age sequence of temperate pine plantations
Authors: Peichl M. , Arain A. M. , Moore T. R. , Brodeur J. J. , Khomik M. , Ullah S. , Restrepo-Coupé N. , McLaren J. , Pejam M. R.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. This study investigated differences in the magnitude and partitioning of the carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in an age sequence of four white pine (Pinus strobus L.) afforestation stands (7, 20, 35 and 70 years old as of 2009) in southern Ontario, Canada. The 4-year (2004–2008) mean annual carbon dioxide (CO2) exchanges, based on biometric and eddy covariance data, were combined with the 2-year means of static chamber measurements of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes (2006–2007) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) export below 1 m soil depth (2004–2005). The total ecosystem C pool increased with age from 46 to 197 t C ha−1 across the four stands. Rates of organic matter cycling (i.e. litterfall and decomposition) were similar among the three older stands. In contrast, considerable differences related to stand age and site quality were observed in the magnitude and partitioning of individual CO2 fluxes, showing a peak in production and respiration rates in the middle-age (20-year-old) stand growing on fertile post-agricultural soil. The DOC export accounted for 10% of net ecosystem production (NEP) at the 7-year-old stand but <2% at the three older stands. The GHG balance from the combined exchanges of CO2, CH4 and N2O was 2.6, 21.6, 13.5 and 4.8 t CO2 equivalent ha−1 year−1 for the 7-, 20-, 35- and 70-year-old stands, respectively. The maximum annual contribution from the combined exchanges of CH4 and N2O to the GHG balance was 13 and 8% in the 7- and 70-year-old stands, respectively, but <1% in the two highly productive middle-age (20- and 35-year-old) stands. Averaged over the entire age sequence, the CO2 exchange was the main driver of the GHG balance in these forests. The cumulative CO2 sequestration over the 70 years was estimated at 129 t C and 297 t C ha−1 year−1 for stands growing on low- and high-productivity sites, respectively. This study highlights the importance of accounting for age and site quality effects on forest C and GHG balances. It further demonstrates a large potential for net C sequestration and climate benefits gained through afforestation of marginal agricultural and fallow lands in temperate regions.
Quantifying the effects of clear-cutting and strip-cutting on nitrate dynamics in a forested watershed using triple oxygen isotopes as tracers
Authors: Tsunogai U. , Komatsu D. D. , Ohyama T. , Suzuki A. , Nakagawa F. , Noguchi I. , Takagi K. , Nomura M. , Fukuzawa K. , Shibata H.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. Temporal variations in the stable isotopic compositions of nitrate dissolved in stream water eluted from a cool–temperate forested watershed (8 ha) were measured to quantify the biogeochemical effects of clear-cutting of trees and subsequent strip-cutting of the understory vegetation, dwarf bamboo (Sasa senanensis), with special emphasis on changes in the fate of atmospheric nitrate that had been deposited onto the watershed based on Δ17O values of nitrate. A significant increase in stream nitrate concentration to 15 μmol L−1 in spring of 2004 was correlated with a significant increase in the Δ17O values of nitrate. Additionally, the high Δ17O values of +14.3‰ suggest that the direct drainage of atmospheric nitrate accounted for more than 50% of total nitrate exported from the forested watershed peaking in spring. Similar increases in both concentrations and Δ17O values were also found in spring of 2005. Conversely, low Δ17O values less than +1.5‰ were observed in other seasons, regardless of increases in stream nitrate concentration, indicating that the majority of nitrate exported from the forested watershed during seasons other than spring was remineralized nitrate: those retained in the forested ecosystem as either organic N or ammonium and then been converted to nitrate via microbial nitrification. When compared with the values prior to strip-cutting, the annual export of atmospheric nitrate and remineralized nitrate increased more than 16-fold and fourfold, respectively, in 2004, and more than 13-fold and fivefold, respectively, in 2005. The understory vegetation (Sasa) was particularly important to enhancing biological consumption of atmospheric nitrate.
A spectral nudging method for the ACCESS1.3 atmospheric model
Authors: Uhe P. , Thatcher M.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. A convolution based method of spectral nudging of atmospheric fields is developed in the Australian Community Climate and Earth Systems Simulator (ACCESS) version 1.3 which uses the UK Met Office Unified Model version 7.3 as its atmospheric component. The use of convolutions allow flexibility in application to different atmospheric grids. An approximation using one-dimensional convolutions is applied, improving the time taken by the nudging scheme by 10 to 30 times compared with a version using a two-dimensional convolution, without measurably degrading its performance. Care needs to be taken in the order of the convolutions and the frequency of nudging to obtain the best outcome. The spectral nudging scheme is benchmarked against a Newtonian relaxation method, nudging winds and air temperature towards ERA-Interim reanalyses. We find that the convolution approach can produce results that are competitive with Newtonian relaxation in both the effectiveness and efficiency of the scheme, while giving the added flexibility of choosing which length scales to nudge.
Global patterns of lightning properties derived by OTD and LIS
Authors: Beirle S. , Koshak W. , Blakeslee R. , Wagner T.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. The satellite instruments Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) provide unique empirical data about the frequency of lightning flashes around the globe (OTD), and the tropics (LIS), which have been used before to compile a well-received global climatology of flash rate densities. Here we present a statistical analysis of various additional lightning properties derived from OTD / LIS, i.e., the number of so-called "events" and "groups" per flash, as well as the mean flash duration, footprint and radiance. These normalized quantities, which can be associated with the flash "strength", show consistent spatial patterns; most strikingly, oceanic flashes show higher values than continental flashes for all properties. Over land, regions with high (eastern US) and low (India) flash strength can be clearly identified. We discuss possible causes for and implications of the observed regional differences. Although a direct quantitative interpretation of the investigated flash properties is difficult, the observed spatial patterns provide valuable information for the interpretation and application of climatological flash rates. Due to the systematic regional variations of physical flash characteristics, viewing conditions, and/or measurement sensitivities, parametrizations of lightning NOx based on total flash rate densities alone are probably affected by regional biases.
A novel approach to comparing simultaneous size-segregated particulate matter (PM) concentration ratios by means of a dedicated triangular diagram using the Agri Valley PM measurements as an example
Authors: Speranza A. , Caggiano R. , Margiotta S. , Trippetta S.
Published: October 2014

Abstract. This work presents a novel approach to comparing and graphically representing simultaneous concentration measurements of PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 (i.e., aerosol particles with aerodynamic diameters less than 10, 2.5 and 1 μm, respectively) with similar data reported in the literature using PM2.5/PM10 and PM1/PM10 concentration ratios. With this aim, a dedicated triangular diagram was used. The proposed approach was applied to size-segregated particulate matter (PM) concentrations recorded in the Agri Valley (Basilicata region – southern Italy). Results show that the PM10, PM2.5 and PM1 concentrations recorded in the Agri Valley are comparable both in terms of PM concentration ratios and PM levels to an urban site.
Women Authors with/without Gender Studies: the Gendered Regimes of Authority in Hungarian Literary Criticism Today
Authors: Horváth Györgyi
Published: October 2014

While in contemporary Hungarian literature women authors are constantly emerging and make themselves much more visible than ever before, the gender bias underlying literary evaluations seem to remain nearly intact. In her study Györgyi Horváth discusses three aspects of the gendered regimes of authority in order to give deeper insights into how gender bias re-produces within the Hungarian context. First, she focuses on lists of literary prize winners and critical rankings of published works (showing how many women writers are present on such lists in absolute numbers and in what percentages, and how their numbers have changed over time). Secondly, she explores the practice of critique writing itself, by analyzing the book review pages in two literary journals between 2007 and 2009 focusing on cases when the issue of “gender” itself comes up in the rhetoric of critics trying to underpin their aesthetic judgments on a given work. And finally, she examines briefly the attitude of contemporary women writers towards Gender Studies. Horváth concludes that Gender Studies in Hungary has not contributed significantly to increasing the prestige of contemporary women writers, most of whom, in turn, do not want to be involved with Gender Studies or feminism at all. She also points out that at present in Hungary there is a general blindness in understanding how gender/power relations permeate aesthetic judgments.
Opkrabbelen na de verrassingsaanval
Authors: van Lent Daan
Published: October 2014

How the Dutch cultural sector survived severe budget cuts

In 2012 the Dutch government decided to implement severe budget cuts for the cultural sector, more than in almost any other European country. Not only for austerity reasons but also due to ideological motives 200 million in subsidies to the cultural sector were cut by the central government. Also local government cut their cultural budgets, but only for economic reasons. After an outrage among artists and cultural institutions they started to adapt. But cultural entrepreneurship proved difficult in an era of economic crisis. Sponsorship and donations were difficult to get. Visitors saved on their expenses for visits to theatres. Nevertheless just a small number of cultural institutions stopped their activities. Most cut their staff and are only working with freelancers. The consequences of cuts are mostly felt by individual artists. With the institutions they are trying to find new ways for reaching audiences. But it is too early to tell if they will survive. The government is developing new indicators for judging the performances of the cultural institutions. That has the danger of a cultural utilitarianism, without a vision on other values for society that the cultural sector could provide.
Publiek-Private Samenwerking
Authors: Sanders Maurits
Published: October 2014

Public-private partnerships as a remedial strategy

Government employs Public-Private Partnerships as a remedial strategy directed at compensating for failures that typically occur in pure market arrangements, networks or pure hierarchical government settings. It is then possible to engage in Public-Private Partnerships corresponding with the three basic forms of social organization: market, network and government. The distinction between: (1) market-PPP, (2) network-PPP and (3) public authority-PPP is elaborated.
Zoeken naar een evenwichtig veiligheidsbeleid: risicomanagement, onzekerheid en crises
Authors: Resodihardjo Sandra Larissa
Published: October 2014

Zoeken naar een evenwichtig veiligheidsbeleid: risicomanagement, onzekerheid en crises

How far should governments go to keep their citizens safe? Not an easy question to answer, but the three books reviewed in this essay provide food for thought on this matter. Power (2004) describes how risk management could become such a dominant feature in today’s society while warning for the danger of risk management being misused to save one’s reputation if things do go wrong. Boutellier (2013) paints a picture of Dutch societal uncertainty and explains how crime became a part of Dutch risk society. According to Boutellier, Dutch government tries to deal with this complexity in an improvising manner. Van Duin, Wijkhuijs, and Jong (2013) present an edited volume of crises and incidents which happened in 2012. Lessons are drawn and warnings given, including the warning that it is impossible to prepare for all possible incidents, let alone plan everything ahead and distil those plans in rules and regulations.
Phylogenetic relationships of selected genera of Lutjanidae inferred from mitochondrial regions, with a note on the taxonomic status of Pinjalo pinjalo
Authors: Chu Cecilia , Rizman-Idid Mohammed , Ving Ching Chong
Published: October 2014

Phylogenetic relationships of 43 species in 11 genera, representing four subfamilies of the family Lutjanidae and two genera of the family Caesionidae, were inferred using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Further assessment using the mtDNA control region (CR) was carried out to infer the relationship between the Indian and western Pacific types of Lutjanus russellii collected from the coast of Peninsular Malaysia. A total of 11 and 12 species were sequenced for COI and CR genes, respectively. Clade formation reflects, to some extent, the species groupings based on morphological characteristics and their biogeography. The close phylogenetic relationship between Pinjalo pinjalo and the Lutjanus red snappers (Lutjanus malabaricus and Lutjanus sebae) warrants a taxonomic revision of the former as the two genera are currently separated based on non-exclusive morphological characters. A sequence divergence of 4.2% between the Indian and western Pacific types of L. russellii as well as the morphological and biogeographical differences may suggest two separate species.
Modeling radiation belt electron acceleration by ULF fast mode waves, launched by solar wind dynamic pressure fluctuations
Authors: Degeling A. W. , Rankin R. , Zong Q.‐G.
Published: October 2014

We investigate the magnetospheric MHD and energetic electron response to a Storm Sudden Commencement (SSC) and subsequent magnetopause buffeting, focusing on an interval following an SSC event on 25 November 2001. We find that the electron flux signatures observed by LANL, Cluster, and GOES spacecraft during this event can largely be reproduced using an advective kinetic model for electron phase space density, using externally prescribed electromagnetic field inputs, (herein described as a “test‐kinetic model”) with electromagnetic field inputs provided by a 2‐D linear ideal MHD model for ULF waves. In particular, we find modulations in electron flux phase shifted by 90° from the local azimuthal ULF wave electric field (Eφ) and a net enhancement in electron flux after 1.5 h for energies between 500 keV and 1.5 MeV near geosynchronous orbit. We also demonstrate that electrons in this energy range satisfy the drift resonance condition for the ULF waves produced by the MHD model. This confirms the conclusions reached by Tan et al. (2011), that the energization process in this case is dominated by drift‐resonant interactions between electrons and MHD fast mode waves, produced by fluctuations in solar wind dynamic pressure.
How heterogeneity in the shear dilation of a deposit controls the mechanics of breaching slope failure
Authors: You Yao , Flemings Peter , Mohrig David , Germaine John
Published: October 2014

Breaching is a type of retrogressive submarine slope failure associated with pore pressure drops in both space and time, and this drop strengthens the failing deposit. Breaching is characterized by a near‐vertical failure surface that retreats with a relatively constant velocity, on the order of a millimeter per second. Breaching is controlled by interactions between shear‐dilation‐generated pore pressure drops and pore pressure dissipation through intergranular fluid flow. Laboratory measurements show that shear dilation in a deposit increases with increasing effective stress ratio between the major principal effective stress and the minor principal effective stress as well as decreasing confining stress. We present a two‐dimensional numerical model that indicates how effective stress ratio and confining stress produce spatially varying dilation, affecting the mechanics of breaching. Experimental results show that dilation in a breaching deposit increases with proximity to the failure surface. As a result, the maximum magnitude of pore pressure drop is very close to the failure surface. The numerical model confirms that the sediment release is dominated by pore pressure dissipation through intergranular fluid flow in the horizontal direction. This allows the erosion rate to be treated as a constant in the vertical direction. Numerical model results also show that because dilation decreases with increasing vertical depth, the deposit becomes less stable with depth, suggesting a potential upper limit for the thickness of the deposit undergoing breaching.
“Category‐6” supertyphoon Haiyan in global warming hiatus: Contribution from subsurface ocean warming
Authors: Lin I.‐I. , Pun Iam‐Fei , Lien Chun‐Chi
Published: October 2014

With the extra‐ordinary intensity of 170 kts, supertyphoon Haiyan devastated the Philippines in November 2013. This intensity is among the highest ever observed for tropical cyclones (TCs) globally, 35 kts well above the threshold (135kts) of the existing highest category of 5. Though there is speculation to associate global warming with such intensity, existing research indicate that we have been in a warming hiatus period, with the hiatus attributed to the La Niña‐like multi‐decadal phenomenon. It is thus intriguing to understand why Haiyan can occur during hiatus. It is suggested that as the western Pacific manifestation of the La Niña‐like phenomenon is to pile up warm subsurface water to the west, the western North Pacific experienced evident subsurface warming and created a very favorable ocean pre‐condition for Haiyan. Together with its fast traveling speed, the air‐sea flux supply was 158% as compared to normal for intensification.
Knobby terrain on ancient volcanoes as an indication of dominant early explosive volcanism on Mars
Authors: Huang Jun , Xiao Long
Published: October 2014

Determining if the mechanically weak materials of the upper crust are products of early explosive volcanism or generated by modification of extensive effusive lava flows is important for understanding the geologic and thermal history of Mars. We examined 75 recently identified preserved ancient volcanoes, whose eruption styles are representative of early volcanism. We describe a unique knobby terrain that is associated with 17 of these volcanoes. This newly identified terrain is characterized by a combination of high‐resolution images and thermophysical and thermal infrared hyperspectral data. The morphology characteristics of these knobby terrains are similar to terrestrial eroded ignimbrites, and the thermophysical properties indicate that they are composed of unconsolidated fine‐grained materials. The spectral analysis indicates that they experienced some aqueous alteration. We explain the knobby terrain associated with these ancient volcanoes as the products of an early explosive volcanic phase in Martian history, followed by subsequent modification of these deposits.
Hydrogen atoms in the inner heliosphere: SWAN‐SOHO and MASCS‐MESSENGER observations
Authors: Quémerais Eric , McClintock Bill , Holsclaw Greg , Katushkina Olga , Izmodenov Vlad
Published: October 2014

We present here a study made by two instruments, Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) on MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) and Solar Wind Anisotropy (SWAN) on SOHO that observed the interplanetary background in 2010. The combination of these two data sets allows us to perform the first study of the distribution of hydrogen atoms inside the Earth's orbit. Triangulation of the position of the maximum emissivity region (MER) was performed for the data of the Ultraviolet and Visible Spectrometer (UVVS) channel of the MASCS‐MESSENGER instrument. We find that the ecliptic longitude of the MER is 253.2°±2.0°. This is the same value that was found from the analysis of the SWAN‐SOHO H cell data obtained in 1996. This strongly suggests that the direction of the interstellar hydrogen wind has not changed between 1996 and 2010. We have also determined the distance of the MER to the Sun. We find that the volume emission rate peaks at 2.37 AU ± 0.2 AU from the Sun. This value is a good test for the solar parameters for total H ionization and radiation pressure used in models. Comparison between the two data sets obtained by the UVVS‐MASCS channel and SWAN on SOHO allow to derive the intensity between the two spacecraft at peak emission. Based on the SWAN‐SOHO calibration, we find an intensity of 80 R ± 36 R. This corresponds to a column density of 1540 m−3 AU × 2.3 ×1014m−2. When divided by the distance between the two spacecraft, we find an average number density of 2300 m−3.
The study of heterogeneous two‐phase flow around small‐scale heterogeneity in porous sandstone by measured elastic wave velocities and lattice Boltzmann method simulation
Authors: Kitamura Keigo , Jiang Fei , Valocchi Albert J. , Chiyonobu Shun , Tsuji Takeshi , Christensen Kenneth T.
Published: October 2014

Two‐phase fluid flow is strongly controlled by small‐scale (subcore‐scale) heterogeneity of porous sandstone. We monitor the heterogeneous/anisotropic two‐phase flow (CO2 and water) in porous sandstone and conduct multichannel VP and VP anisotropy measurements under super critical CO2 conditions during CO2 injection (drainage) and water reinjection (imbibition) processes. In drainage, VP shows large reduction (~10%) in all sections of the core sample and changes from the bottom inlet side to upper outlet side. It is considered that VP reduction reflects the CO2 movement in the specimen. The VP anisotropy of the upper two planes indicates clear increase. The results of this experiment indicate the heterogeneous CO2 flow around laminae in porous sandstone and characteristic behavior of these laminae as a barrier for CO2. On the other hand, flow of water is not affected by this barrier. This characteristic CO2 water flow around laminae is observed in the numerical simulation results. This simulation study also indicates that the capillary number is not directly affected on two‐phase fluid flow around small‐scale heterogeneity in porous sandstone. These results suggest that the small‐scale heterogeneity behaves as a CO2 gate and strongly controls CO2 behavior in porous sandstone.
Does the worsening galactic cosmic radiation environment observed by CRaTER preclude future manned deep space exploration?
Authors: Schwadron N. A. , Blake J. B. , Case A. W. , Joyce C. J. , Kasper J. , Mazur J. , Petro N. , Quinn M. , Porter J. A. , Smith C. W. , Smith S. , Spence H. E. , Townsend L. W. , Turner R. , Wilson J. K. , Zeitlin C.
Published: October 2014

The Sun and its solar wind are currently exhibiting extremely low densities and magnetic field strengths, representing states that have never been observed during the space age. The highly abnormal solar activity between cycles 23 and 24 has caused the longest solar minimum in over 80 years and continues into the unusually small solar maximum of cycle 24. As a result of the remarkably weak solar activity, we have also observed the highest fluxes of galactic cosmic rays in the space age and relatively small solar energetic particle events. We use observations from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter to examine the implications of these highly unusual solar conditions for human space exploration. We show that while these conditions are not a show stopper for long‐duration missions (e.g., to the Moon, an asteroid, or Mars), galactic cosmic ray radiation remains a significant and worsening factor that limits mission durations. While solar energetic particle events in cycle 24 present some hazard, the accumulated doses for astronauts behind 10 g/cm2 shielding are well below current dose limits. Galactic cosmic radiation presents a more significant challenge: the time to 3% risk of exposure‐induced death (REID) in interplanetary space was less than 400 days for a 30 year old male and less than 300 days for a 30 year old female in the last cycle 23–24 minimum. The time to 3% REID is estimated to be ∼20% lower in the coming cycle 24–25 minimum. If the heliospheric magnetic field continues to weaken over time, as is likely, then allowable mission durations will decrease correspondingly. Thus, we estimate exposures in extreme solar minimum conditions and the corresponding effects on allowable durations.
Novel Co‐Mn‐O nanosheet catalyst for CO preferential oxidation toward hydrogen purification
Authors: Zhao Zhongkui , Lin Jinhan , Wang Guiru , Muhammad Turghun
Published: October 2014

Co‐Mn‐O composite oxide nanosheet catalyst was successfully prepared using a facile urea‐assisted one‐step hydrothermal method in the absence of organic or organic templating reagent. Co‐Mn‐O nanosheet catalyst was optimized by varying hydrothermal process parameters such as molar ratio of Co‐Mn to urea, hydrothermal temperature, and hydrothermal time. Various characterization techniques including scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and H2 temperature‐programmed reduction were used to reveal the relationship between catalyst nature and catalytic performance in CO preferential oxidation (CO PROX) in excess H2. The developed Co‐Mn‐O nanosheet catalyst have demonstrated much superior catalytic performance to Co‐Mn‐O nanoparticle, particularly in the low temperature range, and 100% CO conversion over the developed Co‐Mn‐O nanosheet can be achieved in temperature range of 50 to 150°C at 10,000 mL g−1 h−1 of gas hourly space velocity in the standard feed. Furthermore, the almost complete CO removal over Co‐Mn‐O nanosheet at 125°C of low temperature with 94.9% selectivity can be achieved even in the simulated reformed gas. The excellent catalytic performance is ascribed to nanosheet morphology, more surface Co3+, smaller average crystallite size, higher reducibility, and strong Co‐Mn interaction. Catalytic stability investigation indicates the developed nanostructured catalyst exhibits high catalytic stability for CO PROX reaction in simulated gas. The developed Co‐Mn‐O nanosheet catalyst can be a potential candidate for catalytic elimination of trace CO from H2‐rich gas for Proton exchange membrane fuel cell applications. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 239–252, 2015
Modeling of continuous self‐classifying spiral jet mills part 1: Model structure and validation using mill experiments
Authors: Starkey Derek , Taylor Cathy , Morgan Nathan , Winston Katie , Svoronos Spyros , Mecholsky John , Powers Kevin , Iacocca Ron
Published: October 2014

The objective of this work is to develop a milling model for a continuous self‐classifying spiral air jet mill. Its foundation is a population balance model with selection and breakage distribution functions that have been related to a minimal number of mill‐dependent and powder‐dependent parameters. Initially, experimentation is required to determine the mill‐dependent parameters for a specific mill, by milling a “base” powder at multiple operating conditions. Powder‐dependent parameters can be determined from either mill experiments or from material characterization measurements that require small amounts of powder (presented in Part 2). Ultimately, the milling model presented successfully predicts the product particle size using as inputs the feed particle‐size distribution and mill operating conditions. Three crystalline powders, sodium bicarbonate, lactose monohydrate, and sucrose, have been used to test the proposed milling model. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 4086–4095, 2014
Synthesis of Aminonaphthopyranones and Aminonaphthochromenones by Blaise‐Reaction‐Initiated Cascade Procedures
Authors: He Yan , Zhang Xinying , Fan Xuesen
Published: October 2014

An efficient one‐pot synthesis of aminonaphthopyranones through the tandem reaction of 2‐(4‐hydroxybut‐1‐ynyl)benzonitriles with Reformatsky reagents has been developed. Using a similar strategy, aminonaphthochromenones were obtained smoothly starting from 2‐[(2‐hydroxyphenyl)ethynyl]benzonitriles. Furthermore, by taking advantage of the versatile reactivity of the amino group, structural manipulations of aminonaphthopyranone were readily undertaken to give naphthopyranone, 10‐hydroxynaphthopyranone and a functionalized 1,1′‐binaphthyl of potential interest for synthetic and medicinal chemistry studies.
Are acute infarcts the cause of leukoaraiosis? Brain mapping for 16 consecutive weeks
Authors: Conklin John , Silver Frank L. , Mikulis David J. , Mandell Daniel M.
Published: October 2014

Neuroimaging of older adults commonly reveals abnormality (leukoaraiosis) in the cerebral white matter. Studies have established that extensive leukoaraiosis predicts dementia and disability, but the pathogenesis of leukoaraiosis remains unclear. We recruited 5 patients with leukoaraiosis and performed magnetic resonance mapping of the brain for 16 consecutive weeks. We observed tiny lesions arising de novo in the cerebral white matter. These lesions were clinically silent. They had the signature features of acute ischemic stroke. With time, the characteristics of these lesions approached those of pre‐existing leukoaraiosis. Together, these findings suggest that tiny silent acute infarcts are a cause of leukoaraiosis. Ann Neurol 2014;76:899–904