bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salvaging science literacy
Authors: Feinstein Noah
Published: September 2010

There is little evidence that the prevailing strategies of science education have an impact on the use and interpretation of science in daily life. Most science educators and science education researchers nonetheless believe that science education is intrinsically useful for students who do not go on to scientific or technical careers. This essay focuses on the “usefulness” aspect of science literacy, which I contend has largely been reduced to a rhetorical claim. A truly useful version of science literacy must be connected to the real uses of science in daily life—what is sometimes called public engagement with science. A small number of science education researchers have already begun to connect science education and the broader field of public engagement with science. Their work, as well as the work of researchers who study public engagement, suggests that it is possible to salvage the “usefulness” of science literacy by helping students become competent outsiders with respect to science. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95: 168–185, 2011
An integration experience of a software architecture and a monitoring infrastructure to deploy applications with non‐functional requirements in computing grids
Authors: Sztajnberg Alexandre , Granja Rodrigo Souza , Cesário Jeane , Monteiro André Felipe Almeida
Published: September 2010

Resource management is an important aspect to consider regarding applications that might have different non‐functional or operational requirements, when running in distributed and heterogeneous environments. In this context, it is necessary to provide the means to specify the required resource constraints and an infrastructure that can adapt the applications in light of the changes in resource availability. We adopted a contract‐based approach to describe and maintain parallel applications that have non‐functional requirements in a Computing Grid context, called ZeliGrid. To form the supporting infrastructure we have designed a software architecture that integrates some of the Globus services, the LDAP and the NWS monitoring services. Some modules that map the contract approach into software artifacts were also integrated to this architecture. This paper addresses the architecture and integration issues of our approach, as well as how we put the pieces together highlighting deployment and implementation details, which have to consider diverse aspects such as monitoring, security and dynamic reconfiguration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serving undocumented students: Current law and policy
Authors: Gildersleeve Ryan Evely , Rumann Corey , Mondragón Rodolfo
Published: September 2010

The legal rights and privileges afforded undocumented students in the United States vary by state. It is important that student affairs professionals understand the laws and policies that shape the personal and academic experiences of undocumented students on their campus to meet their unique needs.
“Cursed and blessed”: Examining the socioemotional and academic experiences of undocumented Latina and Latino college students
Authors: Pérez William , Cortés Richard D. , Ramos Karina , Coronado Heidi
Published: September 2010

Although many undocumented high school students are demonstrated student leaders with records of outstanding academic achievement, their higher education prospects in the United States are limited due to their legal status. Many of these students enter higher education with academic and emotional challenges that need to be understood and addressed by student affairs professionals.
Transplantation of GABAergic Neurons from ESCs Attenuates Tactile Hypersensitivity Following Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Kim Dae-Sung , Jung Se Jung , Nam Taick Sang , Jeon Young Hoon , Lee Dongjin R. , Lee Jae Souk , Leem Joong Woo , Kim Dong-Wook
Published: September 2010

We investigated the therapeutic potential of mouse ESC-derived gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons (∼74% of total neurons in vitro) to reduce neuropathic pain following spinal cord injury (SCI) in rats. Spinal cord hemisection at the T13 segment, which is used as a rat SCI pain model, induced tactile hypersensitivity of the hind paw, as evidenced by decreased paw withdrawal thresholds in response to von Frey filaments, and also induced hyperexcitability of wide dynamic range neurons in the lumbar spinal cord in response to natural cutaneous stimuli. At 2 weeks posthemisection, GABAergic neurons (500,000 cells) were transplanted into the subarachnoid space of the spinal lumbar enlargement via a modified lumbar puncture technique. The transplantation of GABAergic neurons led to long-term attenuation of hemisection-induced tactile hypersensitivity and neuronal hyperexcitability as compared with vehicle-treated controls. These attenuations were reversed by the application of bicuculline and CGP52432, GABA-A and GABA-B receptor antagonists, respectively, but not by application of the serotonergic receptor antagonist methylsergide, indicating a specific restoration of spinal GABAergic inhibition. Histological data from sections of the lumbar cord in grafts demonstrated that 43.5% of surviving engrafted cells were neurons and located densely in the lower-medial portion of the dorsal funiculi in the spinal white matter. Among the observed neurons, 26.2% were GABAergic. The results suggest that subarachnoid transplantation of ESC-derived GABAergic neurons appear to restore spinal GABAergic inhibitory tone and can be a promising strategy to treat SCI-induced pain.
Non‐linear chirp based UWB waveform design for suppression of NBI
Authors: Bai Zhiquan , Li Xiaotong , Yuan Dongfeng , Kwak Kyungsup
Published: September 2010

In order to alleviate the narrowband interference (NBI) to ultra wideband (UWB) systems, we propose two non‐linear UWB chirp waveforms based on the arctrigonometric and archyperbolic function in this paper. The proposed UWB pulses can obtain good performance in NBI suppression. Both of the two chirp pulses require only the time domain processing because of the inherent relationship between the frequency domain and the time domain. Theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the direct sequence pulse binary amplitude modulation (DS‐BPAM) UWB systems with the proposed chirp waveforms can achieve excellent NBI suppression performance and outperform the linear chirp waveform based UWB system significantly. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicted stresses in die‐carrier assemblies in “stretchable” electronics: is there an incentive for using a compliant bond?
Authors: Suhir E.
Published: September 2010

A die‐carrier assembly subjected to external tensile forces or to bending moments applied to the “stretchable” carrier is considered. The main objective of the analysis is to develop simple, easy‐to‐use and physically meaningful predictive analytical (“mathematical”) models for the evaluation of the interfacial shearing (in the case of tensile forces) and peeling (in the case of bending moments) stresses in the bonding material, as well as of the normal stress acting in the cross‐sections of the die. Another objective of the analysis is to find out if a compliant bond could provide a sufficient buffering effect, so that the stress in the die is reduced to the allowable level. Our calculations based on the developed models indicate that there exists indeed an incentive for using highly compliant bonds for lower stresses in “stretchable” electronics.
A programming model for BSP with partitioned synchronisation
Authors: Stewart Alan
Published: September 2010

A BSP superstep is a
distributed
computation comprising a number of simultaneously executing processes which may generate asynchronous messages. A superstep terminates with a barrier which enforces a global synchronisation and delivers all ongoing communications. Multilevel supersteps can utilise barriers in which subsets of processes, interacting through
shared
memories, are locally synchronised (partitioned synchronisation). In this paper a state-based semantics, closely related to the classical sequential programming model, is derived for distributed BSP with partitioned synchronisation.
Chest Wall Resection for Adult Soft Tissue Sarcomas and Chondrosarcomas: Analysis of Prognostic Factors
Authors: van Geel Albertus N. , Wouters Michel W. J. M. , Lans Titia E. , Schmitz Paul I. M. , Verhoef Cornelis
Published: September 2010

Background

Wide resection with tumor‐free margins is necessary in soft‐tissue sarcomas to minimize local recurrence and to contribute to long‐term survival. Information about treatment outcome and prognostic factors of adult sarcoma requiring chest wall resection (CWR) is limited.

Methods

Sixty consecutive patients were retrospectively studied for overall survival (OS), local recurrence‐free survival (LRFS), and disease‐free survival (DFS). Twenty‐one prognostic factors regarding survival were analyzed by univariate analysis using the Kaplan‐Meier method and the log‐rank test.

Results

With a median survival of 2.5 years, the OS was 46% (33%) at 5 (10) years. The LRFS was 64% at 5 and 10 years, and the DFS was 30% and 25% at 5 and 10 years. At the end of the study period, 26 patients (43%) were alive, of which 20 patients (33%) had no evidence of disease and 40 patients (67%) had no chest wall recurrence. In the group of 9 patients with a radiation‐induced soft‐tissue sarcoma, the median survival was 8 months. Favorable outcome in univariate analysis in OS and LRFS applied for the low‐grade sarcoma, bone invasion, and sternal resection. For OS only, age below 60 years and no radiotherapy were significant factors contributing to an improved survival. CWR was considered radical (R0) at the pathological examination in 43 patients. There were 52 patients with an uneventful recovery. There was one postoperative death.

Conclusions

CWR for soft‐tissue sarcoma is a safe surgical procedure with low morbidity and a mortality rate of less than 1%. With proper patient selection acceptable survival can be reached in a large group of patients. Care must be given to patients with radiation‐induced soft‐tissue sarcoma who have a significantly worse prognosis.
Self‐Efficacy in Service‐Learning Community Action Research: Theory, Research, and Practice
Authors: Reeb Roger N. , Folger Susan F. , Langsner Stacey , Ryan Courtney , Crouse Jake
Published: September 2010

The purpose of this article is threefold: In the first section, an overview of research and theory on the self‐efficacy construct is provided, and the central role of self‐efficacy in service‐learning community action research is demonstrated. The second section reviews over 10 years of research validating the Community Service Self‐Efficacy Scale (CSSES), which measures the individual's confidence in his or her own ability to make clinically (meaningfully) significant contributions to the community through service. Within the context of this review, recent (previously unpublished) validation research is also reviewed. Alternate versions of the CSSES, each of which was developed for a specific purpose, are presented. The third section provides recommendations for further research focused on (a) validating the CSSES and (b) examining self‐efficacy as an outcome, moderator, and mediating variable in service‐learning community action research.
Melorheostosis of the Thumb and Trapezium Bone
Authors: Fernandes Carlos H. , Nakachima Luis R. , Santos João B. G. , Fernandes Artur R. C. , Jannini Marcelo G. , Faloppa Flávio
Published: September 2010

Melorheostosis of the hand is rare. We report a 28-year-old woman with persistent pain associated with a slowly growing mass on the dorsum of the right thumb. The radiographs, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging were used to examine characteristic of melorheostosis involving the trapezium bone, first metacarpal, and proximal phalange. The lesions underwent a surgical debulking of the hyperostotic cortex and a cortical fenestration.
One-Pot Synthesis of Biocompatible CdSe/CdS Quantum Dots and Their Applications as Fluorescent Biological Labels
Authors: Zhai Chuanxin , Zhang Hui , Du Ning , Chen Bingdi , Huang Hai , Wu Yulian , Yang Deren
Published: September 2010

We developed a novel one-pot polyol approach for the synthesis of biocompatible CdSe quantum dots (QDs) using poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as a capping ligand at 240°C. The morphological and structural characterization confirmed the formation of biocompatible and monodisperse CdSe QDs with several nanometers in size. The encapsulation of CdS thin layers on the surface of CdSe QDs (CdSe/CdS core–shell QDs) was used for passivating the defect emission (650 nm) and enhancing the fluorescent quantum yields up to 30% of band-to-band emission (530–600 nm). Moreover, the PL emission peak of CdSe/CdS core–shell QDs could be tuned from 530 to 600 nm by the size of CdSe core. The as-prepared CdSe/CdS core–shell QDs with small size, well water solubility, good monodispersity, and bright PL emission showed high performance as fluorescent cell labels in vitro. The viability of QDs-labeled 293T cells was evaluated using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol)-2-diphenyltertrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The results showed the satisfactory (>80%) biocompatibility of as-synthesized PAA-capped QDs at the Cd concentration of 15 μg/ml.
TAZ interacts with zonula occludens‐1 and ‐2 proteins in a PDZ‐1 dependent manner
Authors: Remue Eline , Meerschaert Kris , Oka Tsutomu , Boucherie Ciska , Vandekerckhove Joël , Sudol Marius , Gettemans Jan
Published: September 2010

MINT‐7994937: ZO‐2 (uniprotkb:Q95168) binds (MI:0407) to TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9EPK5) by pull down (MI:0096) MINT‐7994900, MINT‐7994835, MINT‐7994885: ZO‐1 (uniprotkb:Q07157) physically interacts (MI:0915) with TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9EPK5) by pull down (MI:0096) MINT‐7995020: ZO‐2 (uniprotkb:Q9UDY2) and TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9GZV5) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416)MINT‐7994953: ZO‐1 (uniprotkb:Q07157) binds (MI:0407) to TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9EPK5) by pull down (MI:0096) MINT‐7994970: TAZ (uniprotkb:73990382) and ZO‐2 (uniprotkb:Q95168) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416) MINT‐7994867: TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9EPK5) physically interacts (MI:0915) with ZO‐2 (uniprotkb:Q9UDY2) by pull down (MI:0096) MINT‐7994988: TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9GZV5) and ZO‐1 (uniprotkb:Q07157) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416) MINT‐7994999: TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9EPK5) and ZO‐2 (uniprotkb:Q95168) colocalize (MI:0403) by fluorescence microscopy (MI:0416) MINT‐7994922, MINT‐7994853: ZO‐2 (uniprotkb:Q95168) physically interacts (MI:0915) with TAZ (uniprotkb:Q9EPK5) by pull down (MI:0096)
Influence of age on reactivity to diverse emotional challenges in low‐ and high‐anxiety rats
Authors: de Oliveira Luciana C. , Gomes Margareth Z. , Brandão Marcus L.
Published: September 2010

Studies have revealed that the extent of reactivity of high‐anxiety rats to diverse challenges is different than low‐anxiety rats and have provided important insights into the psychopathology of anxiety. Various factors intervene to allow defensive mechanisms to react to diverse threatening challenges, including ontogeny and the nature of the emotional challenge (e.g., conditioned vs. unconditioned). The present study investigated the extent to which a particular type of fear extrapolates to other emotional responses to diverse threatening challenges. Groups of 30‐ and 60‐day‐old rats were assigned to low freezing behavior (LFB) and high freezing behavior (HFB) groups using the contextual fear conditioning paradigm and subjected to either the fear‐potentiated startle (FPS) test, novelty‐induced ultrasound vocalizations (USVs) or elevated plus‐maze (EPM) tests. At 30 days of age, HFB rats exhibited greater FPS than LFB rats. In contrast, prior selection of HFB and LFB did not affect the performance of 30‐day‐old animals in the EPM and novelty‐induced USVs. Sixty‐day‐old animals exhibited a performance deficit in all three tests. These data suggest that the performance of young rats in animal models of anxiety parallels their selection as LFB and HFB in the contextual fear conditioning paradigm. However, the increased fear‐like behavior exhibited by the 60‐day‐old HFB rats may elicit performance deficits in conditioned and unconditioned fear tests. These results suggest that the interaction between hyperanxiety and age may cause a performance deficit despite the animals' increased fear‐like behavior when facing emotional challenges, thus resembling psychiatric patients in many respects.
A spring and wooded habitat at FLK Zinj and their relevance to origins of human behavior
Authors: Ashley Gail M. , Barboni Doris , Dominguez-Rodrigo Manuel , Bunn Henry T. , Mabulla Audax Z.P. , Diez-Martin Fernando , Barba Rebeca , Baquedano Enrique
Published: September 2010

The 1959 discovery of the hominin fossilZinjanthropus boiseibrought the world's attention to the rich records at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. Subsequent excavations of archaeological level 22 (FLK Zinj) Bed I uncovered remains ofHomo habilisand a high-density collection of fossils and Oldowan stone tools. The occurrence of this unusual collection of bones and tools at this specific location has been controversial for decades. We present paleoecological data that provide new insights into the origin of FLK Zinj. Our recent excavations 200 m north of the site uncovered a 0.5-m-thick tufa mound draped by Tuff IC, in the same stratigraphic horizon as level 22. Stable isotope analyses indicate that the carbonates were deposited by a freshwater spring. Phytolith analysis of the waxy clay under Tuff IC revealed abundant woody dicotyledon and palm phytoliths, indicating that the site was wooded to densely wooded. The time equivalency and close physical proximity of the two environments indicate the two are related. This study has provided the first documented evidence of springs in Bed I and these data have important implications for the interpretation of hominin behavior in meat acquisition and the ongoing debate on scavenging versus hunting.
Geomorphic and climatic change over the past 12,900 yr at Swiftcurrent Lake, Glacier National Park, Montana, USA
Authors: MacGregor Kelly R. , Riihimaki Catherine A. , Myrbo Amy , Shapley Mark D. , Jankowski Krista
Published: September 2010

Glaciated alpine landscapes are sensitive to changes in climate. Shifts in temperature and precipitation can cause significant changes to glacier size and terminus position, the production and delivery of organic mass, and in the hydrologic energy related to the transport of water and sediment through proglacial environments. A sediment core representing a 12,900-yr record collected from Swiftcurrent Lake, located on the eastern side of Glacier National Park, Montana, was analyzed to assess variability in Holocene and latest Pleistocene environment. The spectral signature of total organic carbon content (%TOC) since ~ 7.6 ka matches that of solar forcing over 70–500 yr timescales. Periodic inputs of dolomite to the lake reflect an increased footprint of Grinnell Glacier, and occur during periods when sediment sinks are reduced, glacial erosion is increased, and hydrologic energy is increased. Grain size, carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios, and %TOC broadly define the termination of the Younger Dryas chronozone at Swiftcurrent Lake, as well as major Holocene climate transitions. Variability in core parameters is linked to other records of temperature and aridity in the northern Rocky Mountains over the late Pleistocene and Holocene.
Vocal quality of patients treated for laryngeal tuberculosis, before and after speech therapy
Authors: Ruas A C Nunes , Rolla V Cavalcanti , de Araújo-Melo M H , Moreira J Soares , Valete-Rosalino C M
Published: September 2010

Objectives:

To evaluate dysphonia in patients treated for laryngeal tuberculosis, and to assess the effect of speech therapy on patients' vocal quality.

Materials and methods:

Seven of 23 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of laryngeal tuberculosis, treated at the Evandro Chagas Institute of Clinical Research, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, underwent speech therapy for six months. These seven patients were evaluated by videolaryngoscopy and vocal acoustic analysis, before, during and after a course of speech therapy.

Results:

The 23 patients with laryngeal tuberculosis comprised five women and 18 men, with ages ranging from 25 to 83 years (mean 41.3 years). Dysphonia was present in 91.3 per cent of these laryngeal tuberculosis patients, being present as the first symptom in 82.6 per cent. In laryngeal tuberculosis patients with dysphonia, laryngeal tuberculosis treatment resulted in dysphonia resolution in only 15.8 per cent. After speech therapy, dysphonia patients had better vocal quality, as demonstrated by statistical analysis of jitter, shimmer, fundamental frequency variability, maximum phonation time, and the ratio between maximum phonation time for voiceless and voiced fricative sounds.

Conclusions:

Following treatment of laryngeal tuberculosis, the incidence of dysphonia was very high. Speech therapy improved patients' vocal quality.
Epistaxis in patients taking oral anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication: prospective cohort study
Authors: Smith J , Siddiq S , Dyer C , Rainsbury J , Kim D
Published: September 2010

Objectives:

Epistaxis can be caused or exacerbated by anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy. This prospective study assessed the prevalence of epistaxis in patients taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication, and monitored differences in patients’ clinical courses.

Method:

Prospective data were collected for consecutive patients referred with epistaxis from the emergency department over a seven-month period. Emergency department records were used to investigate prevalence and referral rates.

Results:

Over the study period, 290 patients presented to the emergency department with epistaxis; this represented 0.9 per cent of all emergency attendances. Of these patients, 119 (39 per cent) were referred on to the ENT department, 62 per cent of whom were currently taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. Patients taking anticoagulant and antiplatelet medication were a significantly older group (relative risk 1.50 (1.08–2.28),p = 0.01) requiring longer in-patient stays (relative risk 2.50 (1.01–4.97),p = 0.01) and more aggressive local haemostasis measures. Most patients taking warfarin had an international normalised ratio outside the appropriate range for their disease. Hypertension was not a factor in these patients’ clinical course.

Conclusion:

Increasingly, emergency and ENT departments are being presented with epistaxis in patients taking anticoagulant or antiplatelet medication. A better understanding of such medication and its effects may enable more effective management of these patients.
Of biodiversity and boundaries: a case study of community-based natural resource management practice in the Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia
Authors: LO CASCIO AMANDA , BEILIN RUTH
Published: September 2010

In the Cardamom Ranges (Cambodia) community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) is proposed by the international non-governmental organizations (NGOs) community as a natural resource management strategy to achieve the targeted outcomes associated with the protected area (PA) management plan. Local people are expected to participate in CBNRM projects such as community forestry (CF) in order that the protected area management plan can be realized. The experiences of the local people are juxtaposed against the aims of these local biodiversity projects. Overall, it is accepted by the NGOs and government agencies that communities need to be involved in the design and management of the PA and that the protection of biodiversity resources can only occur with the provision of alternatives for local livelihood options to decrease land clearing for agriculture and harvesting of wild foods and animals. This case points to a basic misalignment between biodiversity conservation and CBNRM. Participants in this study contested the meaning and usefulness of the PA and the CF projects. Their concerns were cultural, social, economic and political, exposing uneven relations of power and uncertainty associated with the long term outcomes. Participation itself required scrutiny in this situation, as did the promotion of a global biodiversity ‘good’ over local understandings of place and landscape. Lessons from more than 20 years of participatory CBNRM may be used to reconfigure the CBNRM ideal, to assist planners and implementers towards an integrated approach with biodiversity values reflected in both conservation and local production systems, acknowledging that these systems are culturally constituted.
A respected central government and other obstacles to community-based management of the matsutake mushroom in Bhutan
Authors: BROOKS JEREMY S. , TSHERING DOLEY
Published: September 2010

Despite sound logic supporting decentralized resource management, the results of community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) efforts have been mixed. Many conditions are thought to contribute to the sustainable use of common pool resources, but as practitioners evaluate the likelihood of CBNRM success, it is necessary to understand which particular conditions have the greatest impact and how these differ across contexts. This paper describes the harvest of the matsutake mushroom and its decline in two rural communities in Bhutan that possess many of the conditions thought to facilitate resource management. Data from surveys, informal interviews and focus group meetings suggest the decline in the matsutake harvest can be attributed to the absence of a small number of enabling characteristics and an additional factor that is often overlooked in the CBNRM literature. Factors contributing to the decline include environmental dynamics, lack of leadership, and the difficulty of monitoring and enforcing harvesting guidelines. However, communities are reluctant to absorb the costs of developing institutions owing to the lack of perceived scarcity and salience of matsutake and, perhaps most importantly, to a historical dependence on a paternalistic government. This reliance on the government may preclude communities from assuming the responsibilities of matsutake management and enforcing rules to assure a sustainable harvest, a trend seen elsewhere in Bhutan. CBNRM may succeed if governments can simultaneously build capacity in communities while empowering them to take ownership over resource management. Though a relatively small number of factors have impeded CBNRM in this case, many of the obstacles can be overcome and these efforts should be considered a work in progress in Bhutan.
Dissolved inorganic carbon dynamics and air‐sea carbon dioxide fluxes during coccolithophore blooms in the northwest European continental margin (northern Bay of Biscay)
Authors: Suykens K. , Delille B. , Chou L. , De Bodt C. , Harlay J. , Borges A. V.
Published: September 2010

We report a data set of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) obtained during three cruises in the northern Bay of Biscay carried out in June 2006, May 2007, and May 2008. During these cruises, blooms of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi occurred, as indicated by patches of high reflectance on remote sensing images, phytoplankton pigment signatures, and microscopic examinations. Total alkalinity showed a nonconservative behavior as a function of salinity due to the cumulative effect of net community calcification (NCC) on seawater carbonate chemistry during bloom development. The cumulative effect of NCC and net community production (NCP) on DIC and the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) were evaluated. The decrease of DIC (and increase of pCO2) due to NCC was overwhelmingly lower than the decrease of DIC (and decrease of pCO2) due to NCP (NCC:NCP ≪ 1). During the cruises, the northern Bay of Biscay acted as a sink of atmospheric CO2 (on average ∼−9.7 mmol C m−2 d−1 for the three cruises). The overall effect of NCC in decreasing the CO2 sink during the cruises was low (on average ∼12% of total air‐sea CO2 flux). If this is a general feature in naturally occurring phytoplankton blooms in the North Atlantic Ocean (where blooms of coccolithophores are the most intense and recurrent), and in the global ocean, then the potential feedback on increasing atmospheric CO2 of the projected decrease of pelagic calcification due to thermodynamic CO2 “production” from calcification is probably minor compared to potential feedbacks related to changes of NCP.
Evolution from fore‐arc oceanic crust to island arc crust: A seismic study along the Izu‐Bonin fore arc
Authors: Kodaira Shuichi , Noguchi Naoto , Takahashi Narumi , Ishizuka Osamu , Kaneda Yoshiyuki
Published: September 2010

Petrological studies have suggested that oceanic crust is formed during the initial stage of subduction. However, there is little geophysical evidence for the formation of oceanic crust in the fore‐arc region. We conducted an active‐source seismic survey in the fore‐arc region of the Izu‐Bonin intraoceanic arc to examine processes of crustal formation associated with the initiation of subduction. We used seismic refraction tomography to obtain a detailed seismic velocity model and diffraction‐stack migration of picked reflection travel times to derive reflectivity images. These data show a remarkably thin crust (<10 km thick) along the northern half of the Bonin ridge and abrupt crustal thickening (to ∼20 km) toward the south of the ridge. Comparison of velocity–depth profiles of the thin fore‐arc crust of the Bonin ridge with those of typical oceanic crusts showed them to be seismologically identical. Boninitic magmatism is evident in the area of thin crust and tholeiitic–calcalkaline andesitic volcanism in the area of thick crust. High‐precision dating of the volcanic rocks showed that the thin fore‐arc oceanic crust was created soon after initiation of subduction (48–45 Ma) and that the nonoceanic thick crust was created with tholeiitic–calcalkaline andesitic magmatism after the boninitic magmatism was ceased. Our seismological image strongly supports the view that fore‐arc oceanic crust was formed by fore‐arc spreading during the initial stage of subduction along the Izu‐Bonin intraoceanic arc.
QBO and ENSO variability in temperature and ozone from SHADOZ, 1998–2005
Authors: Lee S. , Shelow D. M. , Thompson A. M. , Miller S. K.
Published: September 2010

Temperature and ozone profiles from SHADOZ (1998–2005) radiosonde and ozonesonde profiles are analyzed. Data from four representative stations are used to investigate regional differences as well as QBO and ENSO influences on vertically fine structure. Principal components of the ozone profile time series at Kuala Lumpur (101°E, 3°N) are adopted as a stratospheric QBO index to study tropospheric temperature and ozone signatures associated with the QBO. A downward propagating QBO ozone signal extends to the mid‐troposphere where the phase analysis of the temperature anomalies implies that the driving force is a zonal mean overturning circulation associated with thermal wind adjustment. The maximum tropospheric ozone anomalies associated with the QBO are ≈8 ppbv, about 10–20% that of typical tropical tropospheric ozone values, and differ in phase at the four sites. Temperature and ozone fields, linearly regressed against the QBO index, suggest that dynamical processes, including horizontal transport, play an important role in the observed tropospheric ozone anomalies. Temperature profiles, regressed against the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), reveal anomalously cool, but also wavy lower stratospheric temperature anomalies over Kuala Lumpur and Nairobi (37°E, 1°S). Tropospheric ozone profiles associated with the SOI show a statistically significant signal that is consistent with anomalous vertical motions that are known to occur during ENSO, but also exhibit fluctuations at a 40–50 day time scale.
Effects of stratosphere‐troposphere chemistry coupling on tropospheric ozone
Authors: Tian Wenshou , Chipperfield Martyn P. , Stevenson David S. , Damoah Richard , Dhomse Sandip , Dudhia Anu , Pumphrey Hugh , Bernath Peter
Published: September 2010

A new, computationally efficient coupled stratosphere‐troposphere chemistry‐climate model (S/T‐CCM) has been developed based on three well‐documented components: a 64‐level general circulation model from the UK Met Office Unified Model, the tropospheric chemistry transport model (STOCHEM), and the UMSLIMCAT stratospheric chemistry module. This newly developed S/T‐CCM has been evaluated with various observations, and it shows good performance in simulating important chemical species and their interdependence in both the troposphere and stratosphere. The modeled total column ozone agrees well with Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer observations. Modeled ozone profiles in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere are significantly improved compared to runs with the stratospheric chemistry and tropospheric chemistry models alone, and they are in good agreement with Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding satellite ozone profiles. The observed CO tape recorder is also successfully captured by the new CCM, and ozone‐CO correlations are in accordance with Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment observations. However, because of limitations in vertical resolution, intrusion of CO‐rich air in the stratosphere from the mesosphere could not be simulated in the current version of S/T‐CCM. Additionally, the simulated stratosphere‐to‐troposphere ozone flux, which controls upper tropospheric OH and O3 concentrations, is found to be more realistic in the new coupled model compared to STOCHEM.
Source water controls on the character and origin of dissolved organic matter in streams of the Yukon River basin, Alaska
Authors: O'Donnell Jonathan A. , Aiken George R. , Kane Evan S. , Jones Jeremy B.
Published: September 2010

Climate warming and permafrost degradation at high latitudes will likely impact watershed hydrology, and consequently, alter the concentration and character of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in northern rivers. We examined seasonal variation of DOC chemistry in 16 streams of the Yukon River basin, Alaska. Our primary objective was to evaluate the relationship between source water (shallow versus deep groundwater flow paths) and DOC chemical composition. Using base cation chemistry and principal component analysis, we observed high contributions of deep groundwater to glacial and clearwater streams, whereas blackwater streams received larger contributions from shallow groundwater sources. DOC concentration and specific ultraviolet absorbance peaked during spring snowmelt in all streams, and were consistently higher in blackwater streams than in glacial and clearwater streams. The hydrophobic acid fraction of DOC dominated across all streams and seasons, comprising between 35% and 56% of total DOC. The hydrophilic acid fraction of DOC was more prominent in glacial (23% ± 3%) and clearwater streams (19% ± 1%) than in blackwater streams (16% ± 1%), and was enriched during winter base flow (29% ± 1%) relative to snowmelt and summer base flow. We observed that an increase in the contribution of deep groundwater to streamflow resulted in decreased DOC concentration, aromaticity, and DOC‐to‐dissolved organic nitrogen ratio, and an increase in the proportion of hydrophilic acids relative to hydrophobic acids. Our findings suggest that future permafrost degradation and higher contributions of groundwater to streamflow may result in a higher fraction of labile DOM in streams of the Yukon basin.
Repose time and cumulative moment magnitude: A new tool for forecasting eruptions?
Authors: Thelen W. A. , Malone S. D. , West M. E.
Published: September 2010

During earthquake swarms on active volcanoes, one of the primary challenges facing scientists is determining the likelihood of an eruption. Here we present the relation between repose time and the cumulative moment magnitude (CMM) as a tool to aid in differentiating between an eruption and a period of unrest. In several case studies, the CMM is lower at shorter repose times than it is at longer repose times. The relationship between repose time and CMM may be linear in log‐log space, particularly at Mount St. Helens. We suggest that the volume and competence of the plug within the conduit drives the strength of the precursory CMM.
Magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling at Jupiter: Effect of field‐aligned potentials on angular momentum transport
Authors: Ray L. C. , Ergun R. E. , Delamere P. A. , Bagenal F.
Published: September 2010

We present a time‐independent model of Jupiter's rotation‐driven aurora based on angular momentum conservation, including the effects of a field‐aligned potential () and an ionospheric conductivity that is modified by precipitating electrons. We argue that arises from a limit to field‐aligned current at high latitudes, and hence, we apply a current‐voltage relation, which takes into account the low plasma densities at high latitudes. The resulting set of nonlinear equations that govern the behavior of angular momentum transfer is underconstrained and leads to a set of solutions, including those derived in earlier work. We show that solutions with high angular momentum transfer, large radial currents, and small mass transport rates ( ≤ 1000 kg/s) exist. Our set of solutions can reproduce many of the observed characteristics of Jupiter's main auroral oval, including the energy of the precipitating electrons, the energy flux into the ionosphere, the width of the aurora at the ionosphere, and net radial current across the field for a radial mass transport value of ∼500 kg/s.
Direct retrieval of sulfur dioxide amount and altitude from spaceborne hyperspectral UV measurements: Theory and application
Authors: Yang Kai , Liu Xiong , Bhartia Pawan K. , Krotkov Nickolay A. , Carn Simon A. , Hughes Eric J. , Krueger Arlin J. , Spurr Robert J. D. , Trahan Samuel G.
Published: September 2010

We describe the physical processes by which a vertically localized absorber perturbs the top‐of‐atmosphere solar backscattered ultraviolet (UV) radiance. The distinct spectral responses to perturbations of an absorber in its column amount and layer altitude provide the basis for a practical satellite retrieval technique, the Extended Iterative Spectral Fitting (EISF) algorithm, for the simultaneous retrieval of these quantities of a SO2 plume. In addition, the EISF retrieval provides an improved UV aerosol index for quantifying the spectral contrast of apparent scene reflectance at the bottom of atmosphere bounded by the surface and/or cloud; hence it can be used for detection of the presence or absence of UV absorbing aerosols. We study the performance and characterize the uncertainties of the EISF algorithm using synthetic backscattered UV radiances, retrievals from which can be compared with those used in the simulation. Our findings indicate that the presence of aerosols (both absorbing and nonabsorbing) does not cause large errors in EISF retrievals under most observing conditions when they are located below the SO2 plume. The EISF retrievals assuming a homogeneous field of view can provide accurate column amounts for inhomogeneous scenes, but they always underestimate the plume altitudes. The EISF algorithm reduces systematic errors present in existing linear retrieval algorithms that use prescribed SO2 plume heights. Applying the EISF algorithm to Ozone Monitoring Instrument satellite observations of the recent Kasatochi volcanic eruption, we demonstrate the successful retrieval of effective plume altitude of volcanic SO2, and we also show the improvement in accuracy in the corresponding SO2 columns.
Effects of mineral aerosols on the summertime climate of southwest Asia: Incorporating subgrid variability in a dust emission scheme
Authors: Marcella M. P. , Eltahir E. A. B.
Published: September 2010

Improvements in modeling mineral aerosols over southwest Asia are made to the dust scheme in a regional climate model by representing subgrid variability of both wind speed and surface roughness length. The new module quantifies wind variability by using model meteorology while assuming that wind speed follows a Gaussian distribution. More specifically, wind variability is approximated by dry convective eddies within the planetary boundary layer, forced by sensible heat fluxes at the surface. Incorporating subgrid variability of wind increases aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the region by nearly 35% while reducing incoming shortwave radiation by an additional 5–10 W/m2. Likewise, the dust scheme is modified to include the variability of surface roughness length over southwest Asia. Here an empirical distribution of roughness length for each grid cell is calculated based on the USGS's 4 km resolution land cover data set. However, incorporating roughness length variability does not significantly alter dust emissions over the region due to the relatively homogeneous land cover conditions. Nevertheless, including spatial variability for wind results in aerosol optical depth values closer to observational data sets, particularly MISR, which performs better than MODIS over this region. However, RegCM3's dust model still underestimates AOD over southwest Asia. In addition to improvements made in RegCM3's dust model, this work examines the effects of mineral aerosols on the mean monthly, surface summertime climate of southwest Asia. It is shown that dust emissions reduce average summertime surface temperatures by approximately 0.5°C while attenuating shortwave incident radiation by nearly 25 W/m2. Thus, the emission of dust is an important surface process in shaping the summertime climate over southwest Asia. However, both a warm bias in surface temperatures and overestimation of incoming shortwave radiation still exist in RegCM3 and need to be further addressed.
Annual and semiannual VTEC effects at low solar activity based on GPS observations at different geomagnetic latitudes
Authors: Natali M. P. , Meza A.
Published: September 2010

The aim of this work is the analysis of the annual, semiannual, and seasonal effects in the total electron content (TEC) of the terrestrial atmosphere during low solar activity. Spatial and temporal ionospheric variability are investigated from global International Global Navigation Satellite System Service (IGS) VTEC maps during low solar activity in 2006. Two different techniques, principal component analysis (PCA) and Fourier analysis, are applied to the data set. Applying the PCA technique on a time series of global IGS VTEC maps gives us a method to analyze the main ionospheric anomalies on a global scale. The Fourier series provide us a comparison with the results obtained with PCA. The behavior of VTEC variations at 2 h periods centered at 1200 and 2200 local time (LT) are analyzed. Particular characteristics associated with each period and with the geomagnetic region are highlighted. All the stations show an annual behavior, which means that the maxima variations of the VTEC occur in summer while minimum variations are in winter, except in the stations located at the Northern Hemisphere at noon. Some regions show patterns of the semiannual anomaly during local noon, and it is also possible to see a higher peak of VTEC during spring rather than autumn in the Northern Hemisphere. However, if we analyze the pattern in the Southern Hemisphere, both peaks in equinox are of the same magnitude. Results obtained with Fourier series are comparable with the ones mentioned above.
Waist Circumference, BMI, and Visceral Adipose Tissue in White Women and Women of African Descent
Authors: Sumner Anne E. , Micklesfield Lisa K. , Ricks Madia , Tambay Anita V. , Avila Nilo A. , Thomas Francine , Lambert Estelle V. , Levitt Naomi S. , Evans Juliet , Rotimi Charles N. , Tulloch‐Reid Marshall K. , Goedecke Julia H.
Published: September 2010

Although waist circumference (WC) is a marker of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), WC cut‐points are based on BMI category. We compared WC‐BMI and WC‐VAT relationships in blacks and whites. Combining data from five studies, BMI and WC were measured in 1,409 premenopausal women (148 white South Africans, 607 African‐Americans, 186 black South Africans, 445 West Africans, 23 black Africans living in United States). In three of five studies, participants had VAT measured by computerized tomography (n = 456). Compared to whites, blacks had higher BMI (29.6 ± 7.6 (mean ± s.d.) vs. 27.6 ± 6.6 kg/m2, P = 0.001), similar WC (92 ± 16 vs. 90 ± 15 cm, P = 0.27) and lower VAT (64 ± 42 vs. 101 ± 59 cm2, P < 0.001). The WC‐BMI relationship did not differ by race (blacks: β (s.e.) WC = 0.42 (.01), whites: β (s.e.) WC = 0.40 (0.01), P = 0.73). The WC‐VAT relationship was different in blacks and whites (blacks: β (s.e.) WC = 1.38 (0.11), whites: β (s.e.) WC = 3.18 (0.21), P < 0.001). Whites had a greater increase in VAT per unit increase in WC. WC‐BMI and WC‐VAT relationships did not differ among black populations. As WC‐BMI relationship did not differ by race, the same BMI‐based WC guidelines may be appropriate for black and white women. However, if WC is defined by VAT, race‐specific WC thresholds are required.
The Rationale for Biofuels
Authors: Crocker Mark , Andrews Rodney
Published: September 2010

As world demand for liquid transportation fuels grows, the surplus production capacity of traditional petroleum reservoirs is approaching a vanishingly small margin, resulting in upward pressure on the global price of petroleum. The utilization of biomass represents one approach, among many that will be required, for meeting future energy needs and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Although biomass can be utilized in its raw state as an energy source, for example, by co-combustion with fossil fuels for electricity generation, there are compelling reasons to find ways of converting biomass into liquid fuels. Routes for the conversion of biomass to liquid fuels can be classified into two main types: those based on thermochemical processes and those utilizing biological means. Thermochemical processes use heat, sometimes in combination with heterogeneous catalysts, to convert biomass or biorefinery residues, e.g., lignin, to intermediates such as pyrolysis oil and syngas. These intermediates can be used directly as raw fuels, or may be upgraded to produce fuels and chemicals that are interchangeable with existing commodities such as liquid transportation fuels and hydrogen.
The Biorefinery Concept – Thermochemical Production of Building Blocks and Syngas
Authors: Kamm Birgit , Gerhardt Mirko , Leiß Sebastian
Published: September 2010

Plant biomass always consists of the basic precursor: carbohydrates, lignin, proteins and fats, beside various substances such as vitamins, dyes, flavours, and aromatic essences. Biorefineries combine the essential technologies between biological raw materials and the industrial intermediates and final products. In this chapter, the lignocellulosic feedstock system, technologies and products are considered. In particular, focus is directed on the platform chemicals (building blocks) furfural, levulinic acid, hydroxymethylfurfural, sugar alcohols, and lactic acid obtained by thermochemical conversion methods, as well as synthesis gas. The article gives an overview over different production methods and several applications of these building blocks.
Bioderived Syngas to Alcohols
Authors: Egbebi Adefemi , Spivey James
Published: September 2010

The catalytic synthesis of alcohols from biomass-derived syngas is an important process for utilization of this bioresource as a renewable source of energy. Although the synthesis of methanol from syngas is a mature technology, the synthesis of higher alcohols from syngas has been plagued by low yields and is yet to be commercialized. Interest in the formation of C2+ (“higher”) alcohols appears to be increasing as these compounds are finding uses as fuel additives and hydrogen carriers. Formation of these higher alcohols from syngas is fundamentally different from methanol synthesis, since both C-H bonds and C-OH bonds must be formed from the CO and CO2 in the syngas.

This chapter discusses various catalyst systems that have been investigated for the formation of alcohols from bio-derived syngas. Typically, alkali doping of traditional methanol and FT synthesis catalysts is necessary to promote chain growth and increase selectivity to higher alcohols. The effect of the presence of CO2 in bio-derived syngas on alcohol synthesis is also addressed.