bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Relationship of Fatigue, Anxiety and Depression Levels in Individuals with the Precautions Taken in the COVID-19 Pandemic Process
Authors: KÜÇÜKKENDİRCİ Hasan , YÜCEL Mehtap , DURDURAN Yasemin
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effects of the COVID-19 process and the measures taken on fatigue, anxiety and depression levels in individuals, and the factors that may cause this effect.

Methods: The study is of cross-sectional type. A total of 281 participants who applied to the pandemic outpatient clinic were included in the study. Data collection form with 27 questions and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) with 14 questions were used in the study. Relationships between data were evaluated with t-test and chi-square test in independent groups. The importance levels of the factors affecting the anxiety and depression scores were determined by the Chaid Analysis. Statistically, cases with p
Medication Review in Turkish Older Adults at Community Pharmacy: A Pilot Study by Using Medication Appropriateness Index
Authors: DAL Şefika , UÇAR Nazlıcan , ALTIPARMAK Öznur , SANCAR Mesut , OKUYAN Betül
Published: September 2022

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate medication review in older adults (≥65 years) at a community pharmacy by identifying the prevalence of potentiality inappropriate medication and calculating medication appropriateness index.

Methods: This descriptive study was carried out in a community pharmacy for six months. The older adults (≥65 years) using one or more medications were included. During clinical pharmacist-led medication review; the medication appropriateness index was calculated for each medication of older adults. Potentially inappropriate medications were evaluated according to the 2019 American Geriatrics Society Beers Criteria®.

Result: Among a hundred older adults, 46.0% were female. The median age of the patients was 75.5 (IQR, 68.0-78.8). The median number of medications was 9.0 (7.0-10.0). Polypharmacy has been detected in 97.0% of the patients. At least one potentially inappropriate medication was detected in 63.0% of them. The median score of medication appropriateness index score was 53.0 (IQR: 38.6-67.9).

Conclusion: To best our knowledge, this is the first study of clinical pharmacist-led medication review by calculating the medication appropriateness index carried out at a community pharmacy in Turkey. There was a high rate of potentially inappropriate medication with a higher score of medication appropriateness in older adults. This study highlights the importance of medication review led by the clinical pharmacist at community pharmacy to optimize medication usage in older adults.
Informed Consent in Dentomaxillofacial Radiology: A Cross- Sectional Study
Authors: AKAY Gülsün , ÖZDEDE Melih , KARADAĞ Özge
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study assessed the opinions and attitudes of dentomaxillofacial (DMF) radiology physicians worldwide about informed consent in terms of oral radiology applications.

Methods: DMF radiology physicians in various countries were invited to this study via e-mail. The participants answered their demographic information (gender, age, years of experience, title, institution, and country), and questions about informed consent. The Pearson chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used for statistical analysis

Results: From 22 countries, 46 male (51.7%) and 43 female (48.3%) DMR radiology physicians completed the questionnaire. More than half of the participants (53.9%) were working in the university hospital, and the highest number of participants (32.6%) was from the European region. Most of the surveyors (70.8%) stated that consent is required in dental radiology. No statistically significant difference was found in the radiographic methods (intraoral, panoramic/extraoral, and cone-beam CT) applied in terms of obtaining consent (p > 0.05). While middle-aged physicians (30 –45 age) thought that patients should not be informed about the risk of radiation causing cancer, experienced participants (45 age and above) stated that information should be given about the cancer risk (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that most of the DMF radiology physicians stated that they have responsibility for getting informed consent and only one-third of the participants inform patients about the risks of radiation.
A Multi-center Retrospective Analysis of Healthcare Workers after COVID-19: Epidemiological and Clinical Features
Authors: DERİN Okan , AKSOY Nilay , ÇAYDAŞI Ozge , YILMAZ Mehmet , MERT Ali
Published: September 2022

Objective: Concerns regarding the high-level risk of infection among healthcare workers (HCWs) increased after COVID19 was declared as a pandemic in March 2020. Inadequate infection control owing to a shortage of personal protective equipment or an inconvenient usage of infection control measures may play a significant role in transmission to/among healthcare personnel. The study aimed to determine the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients who are healthcare workers along with possible transmission routes of COVID-19 in four different healthcare facilities in Istanbul.

Methods: All hospital records were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic and clinical characteristics of HCWs were documented, and all infected HCWs were subjected to a phone-based mini-questionnaire and three-dimensional test (TDT). All statistical analyses were done using statistical packages SPSS Demo Ver 22 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA).

Results: Clinical features of COVID-19 were similar to the general public’s characteristics. The most frequent symptoms were cough, fever, and headache. HCWs with the O blood group tend to have asymptomatic COVID-19 infection. Hospital workers other than medical professionals have a lack of convenience of infection control measures. The median duration of PCR negativity was 9 days. HCWs who had a sore throat at the beginning of COVID-19 have a longer PCR-positive duration.

Conclusion: Understanding the clinical features or characteristics of asymptomatic COVID-19 carriers may aid in the implementation of a feasible screening program for early detection. It is strongly advised that proper infection control precautions, education, and auditing of nonclinical staff be implemented. As a result, transmission among healthcare workers can be avoided.
Effect of Polishing Systems on the Color and Surface Properties of Resin Composites in the Process of Accelerated Artificial Aging
Authors: FİDAN Muhammet , DERELİ Zeynep
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of polishing system on the color stability, surface roughness, and hardness of resin composites in the presence and absence of accelerated artificial aging (AAA). Methods: Six resin composites (Universal Restorative 200, G-Aenial Anterior, Ceram-X Duo, Admira, IPS Empress Direct, Clearfil Majesty Esthetic) were evaluated. Thirty disc-shaped samples were prepared for each composite group. Resin composite groups were divided into three subgroups: control (Mylar strip), disc (Optidisc), and rubber (Dimanto) (n=10). Color change (ΔE00) was calculated using the CIEDE 2000 formula. Before and after AAA, the surface roughness (Ra, μm) and hardness (VHN) values were measured. Data were analysed using ANOVA, the Bonferroni test, and Pearson correlation (p
Developing a Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults and its Psychometric Properties
Authors: YAVUZ Kübra , EROL Saime
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study was conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of a “Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults.”

Methods: The sample for this research of methodological design consisted of 500 individuals, ages 18-90, who had presented at a state hospital in Istanbul during the period October 2018-April 2019 with or without a diagnosis of diabetes. Data for the study were collected with a “Sociodemographic Characteristics Descriptive Questionnaire” and the “Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults (DKSA).” The validity of the scale was evaluated with the content validity index and construct validity testing (exploratory, confirmatory factor analyses). Its reliability was assessed with KR-20 internal consistency analysis, item-total correlation testing, the item discrimination, item difficulty indexes, and test-retest analysis.

Results: The content validity index for the 28-item scale was found to be 0.92. The exploratory factor analysis revealed five subscales that explained 62.15% of scale variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis, GFI= 0.88 CFI= 0.93, AGFI= 0.86, SRMR= 0.01 and χ²/ df = 2.43, confirmed a good and acceptable level of goodness of fit for the scale. The scale’s KR-20 reliability coefficient was 0.94, item-total correlations were above .45 and the correlation between the test-retests administered two weeks apart was found to be r=0.99

Conclusion: DKSA is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to determine the knowledge level of between the ages of 18-90 adults about diabetes.
The Effect on Birth Pain and Process of the Freedom of Movement in the First Stage of Labor: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: KARAMAN Özen Esra , YILDIZ Hatice
Published: September 2022

Objective: To determine the effect of freedom of movement implemented in the dilatation stage, which is the first stage of labor, on the labor process in pregnant women who will give their first birth. Methods: This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. The study consisted of 70 primiparous women, including 35 in the study group (SG) and 35 in the control group (CG). Freedom of movement was provided to the study group in the first stage of labor. Data were collected using a Personal Information Questionnaire, a Labor Assessment Form, and the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) for perceived pain. Results: The SG was observed to be walking when dilatations were 4-7 cm and mostly squatting when 8-10 cm (94.2%). The level of effacement, frequency of contraction, and descent of the fetal head were faster (p
The Effects of Therapeutic Intermittent Hypoxia Implementation on Complete Blood Count Parameters: An Experimental Animal Model
Authors: KILIÇ Talha , SENGOR Mustafa , ÜSTÜNOVA Savaş , KILIC Aysu , DAŞKAYA Hayrettin , ÖZER Aysel Yıldız
Published: September 2022

Objective: Intermittent hypoxia (IH) implementation is a method performed by intermittently decreasing oxygen concentration in inhaled air at specific rate. This method varies between studies in terms of its application. This study aims to examine the changes in Complete Blood Count (CBC) parameters caused by IH implementation at therapeutic dose ranges with a single model.

Methods: Ten Sprague Dawley type adult male rats were divided into two groups. In the study group, FiO2 level of inhaled air, was reduced to 10% in hypoxic cycle. 5 minutes normoxia-hypoxia cycle was used in each 30 minutes experiment period for study group. Control group remained in normoxic air for 30 minutes. 1 cc of blood was taken from mandibular vein from all rats at the end of 6th day. CBC analyzes were performed and differences between two groups were investigated.

Results: Significant differences were detected in some CBC parameters between the two groups. It was determined that significant increase in MONO (p
Interventions Preventing Osteoporosis in Primary Care: A Systematic Review
Authors: BAZ Selma , UYSAL TORAMAN Aynur
Published: September 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic review to find interventions in primary health care that would increase osteoporosis prevention behaviors.

Methods: Systematic searches of CINAHL, Eric, Medline complete, PsycInfo, Ovid, Web of Science, Cochrane Library (N=1270). A total of 17 published articles met our inclusion criteria. English-language articles published between January 2000-May 2019, in primary care settings, participants with healthy or risk of osteoporosis, investigated osteoporosis preventing behaviors. The data extracted included population characteristics, diagnosis, mean age and setting, intervention and control groups, and outcomes of significance to the review question and specific objectives. In this review, a meta-analysis could not be performed due to the heterogeneity of the data.

Results: The majority of studies have been found to use multiple strategies to prevent osteoporosis. Eight studies focused only on the female gender and seven studies focused only on older adults. Compared to the control groups, it was found that the participants’ osteoporosis knowledge increased significantly (p
The Relationship Between Nurses' Professional Values and Their Attitudes Towards Care Giving Roles: A Structural Equation Model
Authors: BAKIR Hasan , SU Serpil
Published: September 2022

Objective: The study was carried out to examine the relationship between nurses' professional values and caregiver roles.

Methods: This study is based on a descriptive correlational research design using a structural equation model. 366 nurses participated in the study. It was gathered using Nurse Promotion Form the Professional Values Scale of Nurses and the Attitude Scale for Their Caregiver Roles.

Results: The total mean score of the Nurses' Professional Values Scale was determined as 94.73±17.87. Nurses' Perceptions of Caregiving Roles Attitude Scale total score mean was determined as 62.41±9.22. According to the Structural Equation model, professional values of nurses explain 39% of the change in the value of the attitude towards caregiver roles (R2 =0.39).

Conclusion: Nurses' professional values and attitudes towards caregiver roles are at a good level and professional values of nurses partially affect the attitude towards caregiver roles.
Evaluating the Clinical Leadership Levels of Nurse Managers
Authors: ÖZKOL KILINÇ Kadriye , KURT Şule , ÖZTÜRK Havva
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study aims to determine the clinical leadership levels of nurse managers and related factors

Methods: This descriptive study was conducted on 109 nurse managers working at six hospitals – including four public hospitals, one private hospital, and one university hospital. The data was collected using Clinical Leadership Scale (CLS) including their personal and demographic information, as well as their clinical leadership traits.

Results: The participants had a total mean score of 2.72±0.19 on clinical leadership scale. The mean scores of the improving services subscale were higher in female nurse managers than those of male counterparts. Participants who formally studied on management earned higher mean scores for the overall CLS and its setting direction subscale than those who did not. Likewise, the participants who formally studied on leadership earned higher mean scores for the overall CLS and its personal qualities subscale than those who did not. These findings were statistically significant (p
Case Report: Motor and Sensory Development of a Case Followed with Suspicion of Neonatal Thiamine Metabolism Dysfunction Syndrome
Authors: ADIGÜZEL Hatice , KAYIHAN Hülya , SARIKABADAYI Ünal , ELBASAN Bülent
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study was to follow early motor and sensory development of the infant with Thiamine Metabolism Dysfunction Syndrome (TMDS). Newborn with 38 weeks gestational age, 2600 kilograms weight admitted to neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) due to respiratory distress, absence of suction reflex, and floppy appearance. Case had respiratory support during 5 weeks. Infant was referred to SANKO University

Physiotherapy unit on postterm 12th week due to hypotonia after discharge. Prechtl’s General Movements (GMs) and Hammersmith Infant Neurological Evaluation (HINE) was performed at 3rd and 4th months. Sensory processing parameters were evaluated with the Newborn Sensory Profile-2 (NSP-2). Case had no Fidgety movements (FMs). The HINE score was 37-45 in the 3th and 4th month respectively. Total score

in NSP-2 was 33 in the 3rd month (general = 12, auditory = 7, visual = 8, tactile = 2, movement = 2, oral sensory processing = 1). While the case’s Newborn Sensory Profile-2 (NSP-2) total score was in newborn norms, visual, tactile, movement but oral sensory parameters and auditory parameters were in low limits. The low motor performance was associated with low NSP-2 score and showed interaction with motor-sensory development. It is concluded that early physiotherapy program can be effective.
Examining the Relationships Between Adolescents' Emotion Regulation Levels and Social Media Addiction
Authors: PEKER Adem , NEBİOĞLU YILDIZ Melike
Published: September 2022

Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between adolescents’ emotional regulation strategies and social media addiction.

Methods: 1151 adolescents aged between 14 and 18 participated in the study (Mage = 14.44, SD =4.97). 63.8% of the participants in the study were girls and 36.2% were male. Researchers used the Emotion Regulation Scale and the Social Media Addiction Scale. In the study, we performed correlation analysis to determine the relationships between the variables. We used the structural equation model to test the predictive relationship between emotion regulation on social media addiction. We used SPSS 22, LISREL 9.1 program for statistical analysis.

Results: The results show that there are low-level, negative correlations between social media addiction and reappraisal of emotions. Similarly, there are low-level, positively significant relationships between suppression of emotions and social media addiction. Another result of the study reveals that reappraisal and suppression of emotions have a predictive effect on social media addiction.

Conclusion: The results show that reappraisal emotions reduce social media addiction, while suppression increases social media addiction.
Evaluation of the Gender Perception of Students of the Faculty of Medicine; a Public University Faculty of Medicine in Western of Turkey
Authors: AYGAR Hatice , IŞIKTEKİN ATALAY Burcu , AKBULUT ZENCİRCİ Sevil , ÜNSAL Alaettin , ARSLANTAS Didem
Published: September 2022

Objective: The aim of the study was to determine the level of perception of gender in medical school students and to examine some variables that are thought to be related.

Methods: Study was carried at a public university faculty of medicine in 2018-2019 academic year and it consists of 1213 students without attendance problems and 1023 (84.3%) students were reached. The questionnaire form included some sociodemographic characteristics of the individuals, some variables thought to be related with gender perception and questions of the Perception of Gender Scale.

Results: In this study, medical students’ gender perception levels and variables affecting it were evaluated and it was concluded that the students’ gender perceptions were positive.

Conclusion: Medical faculty students should be role models in society’s adoption of equality by looking at all practices from a gender equality perspective.
University Students’ Attitudes Toward Homophobia	and Related Factors
Authors: VEFİKULUÇAY YILMAZ Duygu , DEĞİRMENCİ Filiz , AKSOY Ahu , BULDUM Aysu , AKSU Aslihan
Published: September 2022

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the levels of homophobic attitudes and related factors among senior students at a university in Turkey.

Methods: The descriptive study sample consisted of 317 senior undergraduate students who met the inclusion criteria and accepted to participate in the study between March 20 and April 24, 2017. The study data were collected using the “Personal Information Form” to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of the students and “Hudson-Ricketts Index of Homophobia” to determine their homophobic attitudes. Descriptive statistics, the independent samples t-test (Student’s t-test) for the comparison of two groups and the one-way ANOVA test for the comparison of the means of more than two groups were used in the analysis of the data.

Results: In the study, it was determined that 156 (49.2%) students had low levels homophobic attitudes and 148 (46.7%) students had high levels homophobic attitudes. In addition, it was found that 13 (4.1%) students got 87 points and had neutral level homophobic attitudes. Among the students who participated in the study. it was found that the homophobic attitude levels of the students who were women and who had individuals with different sexual orientation in their social environment were found to be lower (p
Investigation of Changes in Liver Microanatomy in the Steatosis Model Created by Permanent Canula in Rats
Authors: NALBANT Asrın , ŞAKUL Bayram Ufuk , YÜCEL Ferruh
Published: September 2022

Objective: The knowledge of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) is limited to the findings from available suitable models for this disease. A number of rodent models have been described in which relevant liver pathology develops in an appropriate metabolic context. In this experimental study, it was aimed to create a new liver fat model by giving fat from the portal vein of rats and to visualize the changes in the liver with advanced microscopic techniques.
Methods: 28 female rats were used in the study. Permanent intraabdominal cannulas were inserted into the portal vein of the rats. Rats were randomly divided four group. Intralipid 20% substance was injected through cannula to the experimental groups during the test period. Control group received saline at the same rate. At the end of the experiment, the animals were visualized with a laser speckle microscope and livers were divided into sections according to the stereological method. The sections were painted with Hematoxylin-Eosin, Oil red o, Masson trichoma, Bodipy, Nile red. Sections were evaluated under a microscope.
Results: Ballooning, inflammation and fibrosis were observed in the 2 week intralipid group. In the 1 week intralipid group, the rate of parenchyma decreased while the sinusoid rate increased, and sinusoid rate increased significantly in the 2 week intralipid (p˂0.05).
Conclusion: According to the findings, steatohepatitis was detected in the 2 week intralipid, whereas only steatosis was observed in the 1 week intralipid. Thus, it was concluded that the newly formed rat model causes steatosis.
VDBP and VDR Mutations May Cause In-Stent Restenosis
Authors: KIRAÇ Deniz , YAMAN Aysun Erdem , GEZMİŞ Hazal , YEŞİLÇİMEN Kemal , AVCILAR Tuba , GÜNEY İlter , ALTUNOK Elif Çiğdem , KOÇ Gülşah , AKKANAT Rabican , İŞBİR Turgay
Published: September 2022

Objective: In-stent restenosis (ISR) is the narrowing of a stented coronary artery lesion. A considerable number of patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) are affected by ISR. The predominant mechanism in the development of ISR is an inflammatory response to vessel wall injury during PCI. Vitamin D is reported to have anti-inflammatory properties, so it may also be related with ISR. Therefore, in this study the relationship between vitamin D receptor (VDR), vitamin D binding protein (VDBP) gene variations and ISR were investigated.

Methods: Fifty-eight ISR patients who have chest pain, underwent angiography and were found to have restenosis in the previously inserted stent were included in the patient group and thirty-five patients who have chest pain and were not found to have restenosis in their previous stent in coronary angiography were included in the control group. rs7041 and rs4588 variations in VDBP; rs1544410 and rs2228570 variations in VDR were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results were evaluated statistically.

Results: The CC genotype of rs2228570 variation of VDR and the CA genotype of rs4588 variation of VDBP were found statistically high in patient group. rs7041 variation was found statistically high in patients who had myocardial infarction history before stent implantation. Additionally, it was demonstrated that vitamin D deficiency (vitamin D level
A Comparison of Actual Cardiovascular Disease Risks to the Perceptions of Middle-aged Men: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: TOPUZ İbrahim , GÖZÜM Sebahat
Published: September 2022

Objective: To determine the actual cardiovascular diseases risk and to compare it with the perceived risk in 40-65 years old men.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a population determined to be 21.039 men and sample consisted of 400 men. The actual cardiovascular diseases risks of these respondents were calculated using HeartScore, classified as low, moderate, high, or very high. The respondents’ perception of their cardiovascular disease’s risks was categorized as wrong optimists/pessimists and realists. We used multivariate logistic regression models to determine the relationships between perceived cardiovascular diseases risk and independent variables (age, diabetes, hypertension, etc.). Required ethics committee and institutional permissions were obtained for the duly conduct of the study.

Results: It was determined in our study that while 8.3% (n=33) of the men had a high-risk level for cardiovascular disease, 52.5% (n=210) had a very high level. Forty-eight percent of the participants perceive their CVD risks to be lower than they are and 23.8% to perceive it higher than they are. Correct estimation rate of CVD risk was 28.2%. The variables affecting the actual cardiovascular diseases risk were diastolic blood pressure, body mass index, and level of physical activity. 13.3% (n=53) of respondents perceived their cardiovascular diseases risks as high and 8% (n=32) as very high. The variables affecting an incorrect perceived cardiovascular diseases risk are being 61-65 years of age (odds ratio=0.34, 95% confidence interval: 0.16-0.73) and a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (odds ratio=0.45, 95% confidence interval: 0.20-0.99).

Conclusion: We observed that more than half of the residents were at a very high level of risk for cardiovascular disease, and approximately one out of every two respondents perceived their risk of cardiovascular disease to be lower than the actual risk. It is recommended risk reducing behaviors be developed and awareness of risk be raised.
Which Phenotypic Method Is the Most Accurate for Detection of Extended – Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) in Escherichia coli ?
Authors: AMRO Montaser M.y. , GÜLER Emrah , SÜER Kaya , GÜVENİR Meryem
Published: September 2022

Objective: The aim of the study is to determine the Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) by three different phenotypic methods of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains that isolated from various clinical samples.

Methods: A total of 93 E. coli samples were isolated from hospitalized patients. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were done by automated system Phoenix 100 (Becton Dickinson, Sparks, MD, USA). ESBL production was tested by double disc synergy test (DDST), combined disc test (CDT) and three-dimensional test (TDT). All statistical analyses were done using statistical packages SPSS Demo Ver 22 (SPSS Inc. Chicago, IL, USA).

Results: In the investigation of ESBL production among E. coli species, 87 (93.5%) strains were ESBL positive by DDST, 73 (78.5%) strains were ESBL positive by CDT, 71 (76.3%) strains were ESBL positive by TDT. According to statistical analysis: There were statistical differences between DDST-CDT (p=
The Relationship between Work Environments and Intention to Leave in Nursing: A Cross-sectional and Correlational Study
Authors: AYDOĞMUŞ Saliha , ÖZLÜK Bilgen
Published: September 2022

Objective: Unfavorable work environments are among the factors that affect nurses’ intention to leave. This study was explored to examine the relationship between nurses’ work environments and their intention to leave.

Methods: This cross-sectional and correlational design study was carried out with 547 nurses working in a university, a private hospital, and a teaching hospital between November 2016 and February 2017. The Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index and a question about intention to leave was used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used in the analysis of the data.

Results: The mean total score of scale was found to be M= 2.30±0.56 and nurses' perceptions of work environments to be unfavorable. It was found that; 13.9% of the nurses did not intend to leave, 35.5% had a low, and 50.8% had a high intention to leave. It was determined that unfavorable work environments increases intention to leave (R= .370, R2= .137, p
Development and Validation of a Rapid HPLC-DAD Method for Determination of Favipiravir in Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: TAŞKIN Duygu
Published: September 2022

Objective: The aim of this work was to develop and validate a rapid and simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with a diode- array detector (HPLC-DAD) for determination of favipiravir in bulk and tablet formulations.

Methods: The chromatographic analysis was performed at 30 °C with a Poroshell 120EC-C18 column (4.6 x 50 mm, 2.7 µm). The mobile phase was a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile (90:10, v/v). The run time was 5 min at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min.

Results: The proposed method was successfully validated in terms of precision, accuracy, linearity, robustness, limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) parameters. The calibration plot was linear over a concentration range of 10-100 µg/mL. The LOD and LOQ values were found to be 0.58 µg/mL and 2.03 µg/mL, respectively. The average recovery values were found to vary from 99.45 percent to 104.29 percent.

Conclusion: As a result, it was concluded that the developed method can be used successfully in the determination of favipiravir in pharmaceutical preparations.
Holoplexity: Theory of Consciousness
Authors: Sturdevant Adam M.
Published: September 2022

In Holoplexity, consciousness is hypothesized as predating the universe and as ultimately comprising all matter and energy. It comprises the very architecture of reality, including spatial dimensions (as we perceive them), and is even the causal factor of time itself. This theory then goes on to argue that consciousness is hidden from us, is timeless (but still generates time), and is the source from which all things flow. Humans are only able to appreciate and apprehend the aftermath of this interaction. Consciousness is then believed to exist in all things as manifested in both matter and electromagnetism, as well as non-spatial, non-temporal, phenomenal existence itself. Holoplexity seeks to offer an explanation for how information becomes human experience. From the advent of time to the reading of these words, the Holoplexity Theory of Consciousness makes a coherent explanation for it all.
La Justicia indígena desde el contexto del pluralismo jurídico en Ecuador
Authors: Gárate Amoroso Julio César , Tixi Torres Maria Gabriela , González Veintimilla Mariela Isabel
Published: September 2022

El presente documento tiene que ver con la justicia indígena desde el contexto del pluralismo jurídico en Ecuador, persigue como objetivo destacar el reconocimiento constitucional al respecto, y establecer que es imperiosa la necesidad para que en, el ejercicio de las competencias en las jurisdicción indígena y la jurisdicción ordinaria en Ecuador, es urgente y necesario que se concreten los mecanismos para la coordinación y cooperación, dentro del principio de interculturalidad; para ello, nos sustentamos en las fuentes del Derecho: Constitución, Doctrina, Jurisprudencia y la Costumbre, se utiliza una metodología descriptiva, con la pertinente revisión bibliográfica y documental; relievando las discrepancias existentes a raíz de que la Corte Constitucional en sentencia desconoce a la justicia originaria para juzgar y sancionar delitos contra la contra la vida; se pone sobre el tapete esta falta de armonía y las posibles soluciones; a efecto de que jurídicamente se pueda armonizar las dos jurisdicciones en respeto al principio de interculturalidad.
Caridade Privada na Cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Closs Jose Guilherme , Portella Vitor Guatelli Portella , Lichtenfels Ana Julia de Faria Coimbra , Veras Mariana Matera
Published: September 2022

Pensando o recorte cronológico que vai do momento das convulsões trabalhistas nos anos 1910 até os primeiros anos da década de 1940, há uma forte tendência de entender este como o momento de tentativas improvisadas, por parte das elites e do Estado, de utilizar a caridade e a filantropia preexistentes como via de acesso e incremento a estabelecimentos assistenciais. Tomando como base documental a apreciação sumária dos dados extraídos da seção de “Caridade Particular” do Anuários Estatísticos do Estado de São Paulo no período que compreende os dados de 1917 a 1941, nosso principal objetivo é verificar, através dos dados oficiais divulgados na época, o comportamento dessa rede filantrópica de assistência médica, considerando apenas a cidade de São Paulo (Capital).
Rüzgâr Enerji Santrali Değerlemesinde Reel Opsiyonların Kullanılması
Authors: BIYIKLI Duygu , SESLİ Faik Ahmet , KASAP Pelin
Published: September 2022

Rüzgâr Enerji Santrali (RES) gibi büyük bütçeli yatırım projelerinin değerlemesinde, değerleme yönteminin seçimi en önemli kararların başında gelmektedir. Geleneksel değerleme yöntemlerinin, yatırımın ekonomik ömür süresince risk ve belirsizlikleri dikkate almaması, herhangi bir dönemde olası durumlara karşı genişleme, terk etme ya da erteleme gibi esnek çözümler sunmaması, uygulamalarda olumsuz durumlar yaratmaktadır. Reel opsiyonlar, yatırımdaki risk ve belirsizliğin, olasılık dağılımı yoluyla çeşitli analitik yöntemler ya da simülasyonlar kullanarak ele alınmasını sağlamaktadır. Yatırıma 2021 yılı Haziran ayında başlandığı düşünülerek, bu konuda daha önce hazırlanmış ön fizibilite raporlarından yararlanılmıştır ve piyasa değerleri de göz önünce bulundurularak proje paramereleri belirlenmiştir. Sinop ilinde ki 5 MW elektrik üretimi kapasiteli, %35 kapasite faktörüne ve 15 yıllık ekonomik ömre sahip bu RES için, ilk olarak geleneksel değerleme yöntemlerinden literatürde sıklıkla kullanılan, İndirgenmiş Nakit Akışlar (İNA) yöntemi ile Net Bugünkü Değer (NBD) elde edilmiştir. İkinci olarak, reel opsiyonlarla değerleme sürecinde ise analitik yöntemlerden Black-Scholes değerleme yöntemi ile opsiyon değeri ve projenin uygulanabilir olup olmadığının değerlendirilmesi için Genişletilmiş Net Bugünkü Değer (GNBD) elde edilmiştir. Yatırım projesinin uygulanabilir olması için kullanılan değerleme yöntemi ile elde edilen NBD’nin pozitif sonuç vermesi ve yatırımcının da ekonomik ömür süresi sonunda kâr elde etmiş olması gerekmektedir. Negatif sonuç veren yatırım için proje uygulanabilir olmamaktadır. RES için yapılan değerleme çalışmasında ki amaç, NBD ile negatif sonuç elde edilmesi ile birlikte proje uygulanabilir onayı alamazken, risk ve belirsizliği projeye dahil ederek reel opsiyonlarla pozitif sonuç elde edilmesi ile birlikte projenin uygulanabilir onayı alabildiği sonucu elde edilmiştir. Bu durumda reel opsiyonların geleneksel yöntemlere göre üstünlüğü gösterilmiş olunmakla birlikte geleneksel yöntemlerin uygulamalarda ki yerini reel opsiyonlara bırakması gerektiği sonucuna da varılmıştır.
الحماية الدولية لمنطقة اعالي البحار من التلوث النووي
Authors: جعفر محمود خليل , ابراهيم نور خالد
Published: September 2022

أن مصادر تلوث البيئة البحرية متعددة ,حيث تتعدد استنادا لتنوع الأنشطة المقامة في المنطقة ,منها أنشطة استغلال قاع البحار ؛عملية إغراق النفايات والتخلص منها في البيئة البحرية ؛ أنشطة السفن ؛ من عمليات الإسقاط من الجو ,ويمكن تصنيف مصادر تلوث البيئة البحرية :التلوث من المصادر الأرضية ؛التلوث من الأنشطة في أعالي البحار ؛التلوث من الجو .والتلوث النووي سريع الانتشار ويمتد لمساحات واسعة .

    وتعد التفجيرات  النووية في أعالي البحار سواء كانت هذه التفجيرات للأغراض السلمية أو العسكرية  من اخطر مسببات التلوث للبيئة البحرية ,إذا أثبتت الدراسات العلمية عن وجود أنواع من الذرات المشعة في أمعاء الأسماك التي تم صيدها بعد إعقاب التجارب النووية الأمريكية ,حيث أظهرت التقارير بوجود الأسماك الملوثة بالإشعاعات في المحيط الهادي بعد حادثة سفن الصيد اليابانية ,وأيضا الحوادث التي تقع إثناء نقل المواد المشعة أو الحوادث التي تقع في المحطات النووية في دول قريبة على منطقة أعالي البحار مسببة التلوث البحري .

وتأسيسا على ذلك, سنقسم هذا البحث إلى مبحثين ستناول في المبحث الأول: ابرز الاتفاقيات العامة, أما المبحث الثاني :الاتفاقيات الإقليمية .للوقوف على النصوص القانونية الخاصة بكيفية  حماية البيئة البحرية من التلوث , والجزاء القانوني المترتب على الإخلال بهذه النصوص ,نتيجة  قيام المسؤولية الدولية
جزاء الاخلال بالمسؤولية عن المفاوضات في العقود الحكومية
Authors: جعفر رشا محمد , خلف سهى محمد
Published: September 2022

أن المفاوضات في العقود الإدارية تمثل مرحلة تحضيرية مهمة تجري فيها المناقشات والمباحثات بين السلطة الإدارية والطرف الراغب في التعاقد معها حول قضية من القضايا تتعلق بالعقد المراد إبرامه يتم بموجبها تقريب وجهات النظر المختلفة لأطراف العلاقة التعاقدية لتبادل أو تحقيق مصالح مشتركة.    

 ان أهمية المفاوضات في العقود الإدارية ودورها الكبير والفعال في حماية أموال الدولة. وقصور التشريع العراقي في وضع إطار قانوني متكامل لهذه المرحلة المهمة، وكثرة المشاكل التي تظهر في هذه المرحلة التي تسبق إبرام العقد، دفعتنا إلى دراسة أهمية هذه المرحلة وأثرها الخطير والكبير في حماية المركز المالي والاقتصادي للدولة. محاولة منا للتوصل إلى حلول واقتراحات تسد ما في التشريع العراقي من نقص وما يشوب هذه المرحلة من إشكالات كثيرة, فضلاً عن إن الإجراءات التي تتم بين الإدارة والإفراد خلال مرحلة المفاوضات لا تنشئ بذاتها اية التزامات تعاقدية، مع الأخذ بنظر الاعتبار المسؤولية الناشئة بسبب الأضرار التي قد تصيب أحد الأطراف جراء خطأ يرتكبه الطرف الآخر.
شروط و إجراءات تأسيس الاحزاب السياسية في القانون العراقي
Authors: طالب مصدق عادل , بلاسم حسام عبد الحسين
Published: September 2022

ان تأسيس الأحزاب السياسية في القانون العراقي يخضع لعدة شروط من بينها الشروط الخاصة بمبادئ الأحزاب واهدافها وشروط التي تتعلق بالعضوية  في الاحزاب وكذلك يمر تأسيسها بعدد من الاجراءات وان هذه الشروط والاجراءات يحكمها قانون الاحزاب السياسية رقم (36) لسنة 2015 اذ تضمن قانون الاحزاب نصوص مخالفة للدستور واخرى تمثل تقييد يرد على حرية تأسيس الاحزاب السياسية وتخرج من اطار التنظيم المخول به المشرع العادي بموجب الاحالة الدستورية بناءً على نص المادة (39) من الدستور الى التقييد ومصادرة حرية تأسيس الاحزاب السياسية ، وقد توصلنا من خلال البحث الى مجموعة من التوصيات لمعالجة تلك النصوص التي يشوبها بعض القصور.
صون التراث غير المادي اثناء النزاعات المسلحة
Authors: خلف حسام عبد الامير , الاركوازي محمد اسماعيل
Published: September 2022

هناك العديد من الآليات التي يمكن اللجوء اليها لصون التراث الثقافي غير المادي اثناء النزاعات المسلحة سواء بصورة غير مباشرة من خلال النصوص الدولية الخاصة بالنزاعات  المسلحة, وذلك من منظور صون العادات والتقاليد والعقائد الدينية, او بصورة مباشرة من خلال إدراج هذا التراث في لوائح اليونسكو. كما يمكن صون هذا التراث من مفهوم مبادئ حقوق الانسان والتي يمكن تطبيقها خلال النزاعات المسلحة . فضلاً عن ذلك ان افضل وسيلة لصون هذا التراث تتمثل بمحاكمة ومعاقبة منتهكي احكام صون هذا التراث سواء في المحاكم الجنائية الوطنية او الجنائية الدولية .
معيار الحل الوظيفي في إطار تعدد الجنسية
Authors: عبد مصطفى سالم , فانوس حوراء قاسم
Published: September 2022

تُعد أبرز الإشكاليات التي تثيرها ظاهرة تعدد الجنسية مسألة تعيين القانون الواجب التطبيق على النزاع المشوب بعنصر أجنبي عندما تشير قواعد الإسناد الوطنية فيه إلى تطبيق القانون الشخصي, الأمر الذي ترتب عليه إجتهاد الفقه والقضاء في هذا المجال إلى معايير عدّة يمكن تطبيقها لترجيح أحدى الجنسيات التي يحملها متعدد الجنسية, فضلاً عن موقف التشريعات الوطنية الحديثة التي تبنت بعض ما رجح من هذه المعايير, ويمكن تجسيدها في إتجاهين تقليدي يمثله معياري قانون القاضي وقانون الجنسية الفعلية, ويتمثل الإتجاه الحديث بمعيار الحل الوظيفي.
ذاتية عقوبة العمل للنفع العام
Authors: العامري سامر سعدون , جالي فريال صالح
Published: September 2022

العمل للنفع العام (الخدمة المجتمعية) عقوبة جزائية مقيِّدة للحرية، تتمثل بأداء المحكوم عليه عملاً بلا أجر للصالح العام، يحدد القاضي في الحكم عدد ساعات العمل ومدة الإنجاز ضمن الحدود التي يرسمها القانون. وهي عقوبة جديدة وفريدة من نوعها تنطوي على معاملة عقابية خارج أسوار السجون. أفرزتها ضرورات العدالة التأهيلية لمواجهة أزمة العقوبة السالبة للحرية القصيرة المدة. فالهدف الأساس من عقوبة العمل للنفع العام هو تأهيل المحكوم عليه، لإعادة اندماجه اجتماعياً وهو الهدف الذي يحتل المرتبة الأولى من بين أهداف العقوبة في ظل السياسة العقابية المعاصرة. وقد حققت هذه العقوبة نجاحاً كبيراً في مجال العدالة الجنائية، لما تنطوي عليه من مزايا تأهيلية، واجتماعية، واقتصادية، جعلتها تحتل مركز الصدارة في قائمة البدائل العقابية.
سلطة القاضي التقديرية في فض منازعات التفريق القضائي
Authors: ابراهيم حارث علي , هلال سليمان محمد
Published: September 2022

إن الزوجية هي في الحقيقة سنة من سنن الله في خلقه وهي الأسلوب الوحيد الذي جعله الله عز وجل الطريق الصحيح للتولد والتكاثر واستمرار الحياة بين الناس ولم يجعل الله سبحانه وتعالى الإنسان مثل غيره من المخلوقات فلم يترك غرائزه تنطلق بدون نظام وطريق صحيح لها فلم يترك للفوضى في الغريزة مكان بل ارشد ووجه الخلق إلى الطريق والمنهج الصحيح للحياة بين الناس والتكاثر بما يحفظ كرامة الإنسان وعرضه من الفوضى .وإن استقرار الحياة بين الزوجين هي الغاية المهمة التي حرص الإسلام على تحقيقها فجعل الصلة والعلاقة بين الزوجين من أوثق الصلات والعلاقات فجعل عقد الزواج عقدا للتأبيد والاستمرار .ومع ذلك فقد يعتري الحياة الزوجية بعض المشاكل والمصاعب والخلاف أو الشقاق بين الزوجين ويصل لدرجة أن يمنع استمرار الحياة المشتركة بينهما فيبغي ويعتدي احد الزوجين على حق الأخر فيتطلب الأمر رد المعتدي إلى الصواب . وبما أن الطلاق بيد الرجل وليس بيد الزوجة وهو يستخدمه متى شاء ومع ذلك فان الشريعة قد أعطت للمرأة ما يحفظ لها حقها وكرامتها من تعدي زوجها وإضراره بها فمنحت للزوجة حق طلب التفريق القضائي وإنهاء الزواج .
مفهوم الالتزامات تجاه الكافة في القانون الدولي
Authors: المالكي هادي نعيم , علي علي فارس
Published: September 2022

أثارت محكمة العدل الدولية، باعتبارها الجهاز القضائي الرئيسي للأمم المتحدة في حكمها المتعلق بقضية Barcelona Traction مفهوم الالتزامات تجاه الكافة Erga Omnes  في القانون الدولي، ولكن هذا المصطلح اللاتيني Erga Omnes قد استخدم بمعاني ودلالات مختلفة، فمن خلال إستقراء فقه محكمة العدل الدولية نلاحظ إنها أستخدمت المصطلح في إطار معناه التقليدي للتعبير عن المسائل المتعلقة بالاحتجاج والمصلحة القانونية في بعض الأحيان، ومسألة إنفاذ القانون الدولي في أحيان آخرى، كما أنها أستخدمت المصطلح ذاته لتبرير إنصراف آثار بعض المعاهدات الدولية على دول ليست أطرافاً فيها، أو تطبيق قرارات منظمة الأمم المتحدة على الدول غير الأعضاء، فضلاً عن توظيفها للمفهوم ذاته لغرض فرض ولايتها على بعض المنازعات التي تخرج من اختصاصها وتوسيع دائرة نطاق الدول الملزمة بقراراتها.
الطبيعة القانونية لعقود الاستثمار
Authors: الموسوي علي فوزي , كاظم حيدر محمود
Published: September 2022

يعد عقد الاستثمار المشوب بعنصر اجنبي من العقود التي لها وزنها القانوني والاقتصادي العالمي، لما تمثلها من دور في اقتصاد الدول كافة، وتحقيق التقدم في شتى المجالات التي تتدخل عملية الاستثمار في موضوعها من حيث البناء والانشاء،  فهو محظ انظار الجميع، كما ان تعدد الآراء واختلاف المضامين المعطاة لهذه العقود، والخلط بينها وبين العقود الدولية الأخرى، والاهتمام البالغ لفقهاء القانون بهذه العقود حال دون التوصل لتعريف قانوني لها، اذ ان معظم التعريفات هي اقتصادية وهي اكثر من كونها قانونية،  ذلك يعود ان القانون يتولى حمايتها وتنظيم العلاقات الاقتصادية  ويوفر لها الاستقرار والأمان ويعمل على تطويرها، كما ان تحديد الطبيعة القانونية لها، تحظى ايضاً بأهمية كبيرة، وان تحديد القانون الحاكم لها يتم تحديده من خلال معرفة الطبيعة القانونية، ومن ثم ردها الى ما هو معمول به في العلاقات الدولية الخاصة، اذ ما كان العقد يتمتع بطبيعة إدارية فهو يخضع للقضاء الإداري، وبالتالي تخضع العلاقة الى قواعد القانون العام، اما اذا كانت العلاقة تتصف بالصفة التجارية والمدنية فهي تخضع لأحكام القواعد المدنية ويحكمها القانون الخاص.
القضاء الضريبي ضمانة للحقوق والحريات الاقتصادية في العراق
Authors: محمد محمد علوم , طعمة زينب سعدون
Published: September 2022

يعد النظام القانوني الضريبي بما ينطوي عليه من قواعد تخص فرض الضريبة وتقديرها وكيفية تحصيلها من المسائل التي يحرص المكلف على متابعتها والاهتمام بها بيد ان النظام المذكور تتنازعه مصلحتان متعارضتان مصلحة المكلف الذي تمثل الضريبة في نظرة اداة اقطاع لامواله ووسيلة حرمان من ثروته دائماً لسلطة فرض الضرائب التي تسعى الى ضمان تدفق الموارد المالية الى الخزينة العامة بانتظام واطراد مما يستدعي وجود جهة قضائية تعهد اليها مهمة تأمين التوازن بين هاتين المصلحتين المتعارضتين من المسائل التي تعد نفسها بقوة في الميدان الضريبي ، ان للقضاء الضريبي دورا مهما وفاعلا في الحفاظ على الحقوق والحريات الاقتصادية والتي تعد جزءً من حقوق الانسان وحرياته العامة وهي من اقدم الحقوق نشأة حيث ظهرت مع انتقال الانسان من مرحلة الصيد الى مرحلة الرعي والزراعة والذي ترافق مع التملك وبوجود حاجة الانسان الى تبادل السلع مع الاخرين فكان ضمن النشاط ليسجل ولادة النشاط التجاري وكذلك النهضة الصناعية ، مما يستدعي بداية ظهور الصراع الانساني حول حقوق وحريات السلطة المالية وسلطتها .
التعدي على حقوق منتجي التسجيلات الصوتية(القرصنة)
Authors: حسن حيدر فليح , عبد الحسن سلام هاشم
Published: September 2022

تعتبر القرصنة من أهم المشاكل التي يعاني منها منتجو التسجيلات الصوتية، كونها مشكلة تتطور بتطور الزمن والتكنولوجية، وعلى الرغم من أن القرصنة ليست بالمشكلة الجديدة، بيد انها حظيت باهتمام كبير في السنوات الأخيرة، وذلك بسبب الوسيلة التي تحدث بها(وهي الأنترنت) وحجم الخسائر التي تنتج عنها، حتى ان العديد من المحاكم تصفها بـ(جريمة العصر الإلكتروني) نظراً لما يترتب عليها من ضرر كبير يصيب جميع الفئات المشتركة في إنتاج التسجيل الصوتي، ذلك لان هناك ثلاث فئات تساهم في عملية إنتاج التسجيل الصوتي وهم (مؤلف العمل الذي يتم تسجيله،  والفنان الذي يؤدي العمل، والمُنتج الذي يقوم بعملية تسجيل الاداء ونقله إلى التسجيلات وتوزيعه)، فهذه الفئات الثلاث المذكورة انفاً هي المتضررة من عملية القرصنة بصور عامة، فغالباً ما يكون أجر المؤلف والفنان نسبة معينة من الارباح التي يحققها التسجيل الصوتي، لذلك فعند قرصنة هذا التسجيل بأي شكل سوف يترتب عليه فقدان جزء كبير من الارباح، وبالتالي التأثير على المقابل المالي الذي تحصل عليه الفئات الثلاثة المذكورة سابقا.
الاستثناءات الواردة على قاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة
Authors: عبدالقادر بان صلاح , نعمة رغد عبدالله
Published: September 2022

الموازنة هي البرنامج المالي السنوي للدولة الذي تسير به المرافق العامة فيها والذي يحتوي على النفقات والايرادات وتخضع الموازنة العامة لعدة مبادئ منها واهمها مبدأ عمومية الموازنة العامة والذي يضمن صياغة سليمة للبرنامج المالي من خلال الاستناد على قاعدتين هما قاعدة تخصيص النفقات العامة وقاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة.

وفي بحثنا هذا نسلط الضوء على الاستثناءات الواردة على قاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة وكيفية حصر هذه الاستثناءات وماهي وضوابط واحكام تطبيقها حفاظاً على مبدأ الشفافية في إدارة المال العام حيث جاء بحثنا بعنوان (الاستثناءات الواردة على قاعدة عدم تخصيص الإيرادات العامة) وتناولنا الموضوع في ثلاثة مباحث في المبحث الأول بيننا القروض العامة تعريفا وخصائص وأنواع وكيفية انقضاء القرض العام. أما المبحث الثاني فتناونا الضرائب الجديدة تعريفها وقواعدها واهداف فرضها وكيفية تخصيصها. أما المبحث الثالث فتناولنا الإيرادات المخصصة لأغراض محددة كالأغراض الاجتماعية واغراض الاعمار.
مفهوم مزود خدمة الدفع الإلكتروني للأموال
Authors: حسين اكرم محمد , محمد زهراء رعد
Published: September 2022

أن مزود خدمة الدفع الالكتروني للأموال هو مؤسسة مالية تقوم بتقديم خدمات الدفع الالكتروني للمستخدمين ، تم استحداث هذه الجهه في ضوء التطورات التي طرأت على وسائل الدفع ، وحاجة التجارة الالكترونية لها ، وفي العراق تم وضع نظام خدمات الدفع الالكتروني للأموال رقم 3 لسنة 2014 ، ونظم فيه جميع الاحكام الخاصة بمزود خدمات الدفع مع ترك المسائل العامة خاضعة للقواعد العامة في قانون المصارف وقانون البنك المركزي والقوانين ذات الصلة ، ويتميز مزود خدمة الدفع الالكتروني للأموال بطبيعته القانونية المختلفة ، أذ قد يكون مصرفاً أو يكون مؤسسة مالية غير مصرفية خاضعه لأشراف ورقابة البنك المركزي العراقي ، ويقدم مزود خدمة الدفع خدمات الدفع التي تقدمها المصارف عدا الخدمات الخاصة بالتسهيلات الائتمانية ( القروض والسلف ) فقد منع البنك المركزي المزود من تقديم هذه الخدمات لكونها تتعارض مع احكام قانون المصارف رقم 94 لسنة 2004.
التنظيم القانوني لتفتيش العمل في العراق
Authors: رشيد صبا نعمان , جياد ضاري مطرود
Published: September 2022

قد يتعرض مفتش العمل –اثناء قيامه بوظائفه المكلف بها قانونا- الى التهديد او الاعتداء عليه من قبل اصحاب العمل مما تستحيل معه قدرة المفتش على القيام بتلك الوظائف. وهذا الامر قد دفع معايير تفتيش العمل الدولية والعربية وكذلك قوانين العمل الوطنية الى التأكيد على ضرورة توفير الدعم الامني والحماية القانونية لمفتش العمل والى معاقبة المخالفين من اصحاب العمل وذلك بهدف بسط سلطان الدولة وهيبتها وتحقيق كفالة انفاذ القوانين وبالتالي تحقيق الاهداف التي من اجلها شُرعت.
الاساس القانوني للحق في المدينة (دراسة مقارنة)
Authors: عبدالله فراس عبدالمنعم , حيدر حيان ابراهيم
Published: September 2022

يحتل موضوع حقوق الانسان اهمية كبيرة في الجانب الاكاديمي والواقع المعاش على حد سواء، وخصوصاً بعد شيوع الافكار المرتبطة بهذه الحقوق من جهة وكثرة الانتهاكات التي تتعرض لها من جهة اخرى، وهو ما يتطلب ازاء هذا الوضع ضرورة السعي لوضع معالجات جوهرية لمعوقات تنفيذ حقوق الانسان وعلى كافة الاصعدة.

      ولقد تناولنا في هذا البحث المعنون (الاساس القانوني للحق في المدينة: دراسة مقارنة) تصوراً جديداً لحقوق الانسان وبحثنا الاساس الذي يستند اليه في المواثيق الدولية والدساتير والقوانين الداخلية.