bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HUBUNGAN PERSEPSI PENDERITA TB PARU TENTANG PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN DENGAN UPAYA PENCEGAHAN PENULARAN TB PARU
Authors: Wahyuningsih Binarti Dwi
Published: September 2020

Pulmonary TB patients often do not have the habit of closing the mouth when coughing, it certainly can make the transmission of pulmonary TB in healthy persons in the vicinity. This study aims to analyze the relationship of pulmonary TB patient perceptions about prevention of transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis with pulmonary TB prevention efforts. The design used in this study is an analytic correlation with cross sectional. This study uses total sampling so that the sample is 22 respondents. Independent variable in this study is the perception of pulmonary tuberculosis patients on prevention of transmission and the dependent variable is the prevention of pulmonary TB transmission. Data were collected using a questionnaire and analyzed using cross tabulation. The results showed the majority of respondents had a negative perception take steps to prevent transmission of pulmonary tuberculosis with unfavorable by 10 respondents (83.3%). Results of cross-tabulation showed there is a relationship between the perception of pulmonary tuberculosis patients on prevention of transmission to the prevention of pulmonary TB transmission. The more positive perception of the better prevention was done, and vice versa. In order for pulmonary tuberculosis prevention efforts well underway, much needed positive perception about the prevention of pulmonary TB transmission.
HUBUNGAN KEPATUHAN CUCI TANGAN ENAM LANGKAH LIMA MOMEN PERAWAT DENGAN KEJADIAN PHLEBITIS DI RSUD DR. WAHIDIN SUDIRO HUSODO MOJOKERTO
Authors: Basuki Duwi , Nofita Martika
Published: September 2020

Pendahuluan: Kejadian phlebitis di RSUD dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo Mojokerto lebih tinggi dibandingkan infeksi lain. Rendahnya kepatuhan cuci tangan perawat menjadi salah satu penyebab tingginya insidensi phlebitis. Langkah efektif memutuskan rantai transmisi infeksi yang mengakibatkan phlebitis adalah cuci tangan yang benar. Tujuan penelitian adalah mengetahui hubungan kepatuhan cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen perawat dengan kejadian phlebitis di RSUD dr. Wahidin Sudiro Husodo Mojokerto. Metode: Desain penelitian analitik korelasi dengan pendekatan kohort. Populasinya seluruh perawat IGD dengan sampel total populasi sebanyak 20 orang dan sampel pasien 20 orang dengan consecutive sampling. Variabel independen kepatuhan  cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen perawat, variabel dependen kejadian phlebitis. Pengumpulan data menggunakan lembar observasi. Pengolahan dan analisa data menggunakan uji statistik spearman. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan p = 0,007 <  α=0,05, sehingga H0 ditolak artinya ada hubungan antara kepatuhan cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen perawat dengan kejadian phlebitis, dengan nilai r=0,579 yang menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan keeratan korelasi sedang. Diskusi: Ketidakpatuhan perawat dalam melakukan cuci tangan mengakibatkan terjadinya transmisi bakteri dari tangan perawat ke tangan pasien. Bakteri masuk ke dalam vena melalui luka tusukan infus, kemudian bakteri mengakibatkan terjadinya infeksi di sekitar luka tusukan infus, sehingga terjadilah phlebitis. Perawat diharuskan membiasakan diri untuk melakukan prosedur cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen sesuai SPO dengan demikian kejadian phlebitis bisa dicegah. Semakin tinggi kepatuhan perawat dalam melakukan cuci tangan enam langkah lima momen, semakin rendah kejadian phlebitis.
CONTROL ENVIRONMENT AND FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF SAVINGS AND CREDIT COOPERATIVES (SACCOs) IN MID-WESTERN UGANDA
Authors: Kule Baguma John Muhunga , Kamukama Nixon , Kijjambu Nsambu Frederick
Published: September 2020

Purpose: To establish the relationship between control environment and financial performance of SACCOs in Mid-Western Uganda.Methodology: A cross-sectional research design and positivist paradigm were used to collect data from 93 SACCOs in Mid-Western Uganda. A closed-ended questionnaire was used to collect data. Correlation and standard linear regression analyses were conducted.Findings: The study findings reveal a strong, positive and significant relationship between control environment and financial performance of SACCOs in Mid-Western Uganda.Unique contribution to practice and policy: This study emphasizes the need for top management to emphasize the importance of designing and implementing effective and efficient control environment. In addition, the government of Uganda needs to review its strategies that are geared at ensuring that SACCOs achieve sustainable financial performance
Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Pringsewu Lampung
Authors: Atmasari Yeti , Sanjaya Riona , Fauziah Nur Alfi
Published: September 2020

Smoking behavior is related to public health. Smoking is a behavior that has a tendency to begin during adolescence. Factors that are closely related to smoking behavior in adolescents are knowledge. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge about cigarettes and smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High Schools in 2019. The design used in this research is quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were male students at North Pagelaran Vocational High School 2018/2019 in 98 students. The sampling technique used in this study is total sampling. The sample in this study were 98 respondents. The results of univariate analysis revealed that respondents who had good knowledge were 62 respondents (63.3 percent) and respondents who were light smokers were 46 respondents (46.9 percent). There is a relationship between the level of knowledge about smoking in smoking behavior in adolescents in North State Vocational High School Year 2019 with a p-value of 0,001. For adolescents to start doing healthy behaviors such as exercising regularly as an effort to stop smoking or avoid smoking. Abstrak: Perilaku merokok berkaitan dengan kesehatan masyarakat.Merokok merupakan perilaku yang memiliki kecendrungan dimulai saat masa remaja. Faktor yang berkaitan erat dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja adalah pengetahuan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui hubungan tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok dengan perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun 2019. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitan ini penelitian kuantitatif dengan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa laki-laki di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun ajaran 2018/2019 sebanyak 98 siswa. Tekhnik sampling yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Total sampling. Sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 98 responden. Hasil Analisa univariat diketahui responden yang memiliki pengetahuan baik sebanyak 62 responden (63,3 persen) dan responden yang merupakan perokok ringan sebanyak 46 responden (46,9 persen). Ada hubungan  antara tingkat pengetahuan tentang rokok perilaku merokok pada remaja di SMKN Pagelaran Utara Tahun 2019 dengan p-value sebesar 0,001. Bagi remaja untuk memulai melakukan perilaku hidup sehat seperti melakukan olah raga secara teratur sebgai upaya berhenti merokok maupun menghindari merokok.
LOS FUNDAMENTOS FILOSÓFICOS Y JURÍDICOS QUE JUSTIFICAN EL RECONOCIMIENTO DE LA MADRE TIERRA COMO SUJETO DE DERECHO
Authors: Casazola Ccama Juan
Published: September 2020

Este trabajo desarrolla los fundamentos filosóficos y jurídicos para adjudicar y reconocer derechos a la Madre Tierra, concretamente, se plantea la necesidad de que la Madre Tierra sea reconocida como sujeto de derechos, sin embargo, al respecto, existen algunas dudas sobre su viabilidad y, especialmente, sobre los fundamentos que la avalan, por esa razón, el objetivo de la investigación fue establecer las posturas – o corrientes– filosóficas y jurídicas que fundamentan el reconocimiento de la Madre Tierra como sujeto de derechos. Los métodos empleados fueron el análisis documental y hermenéutico, a su vez, la técnica usada fue la observación-directa que consistió en analizar la bibliografía pertinente al tema de estudio. Finalmente, los resultados a los que se han arribado son: (i) las posturas filosóficas como filosofía de la liberación y la filosofía andina, y, (ii) las posturas jurídicas como el derecho indígena y el pluralismo jurídico, en ambos casos, fundamentan y justifican el reconocimiento de derechos a la naturaleza, a su vez, promueven el tránsito del antropocentrismo –centralidad del hombre y su dignidad– hacia el biocentrismo –centralidad de la vida y el respeto de la diversidad de especies–. Con lo cual queda expuesta la presencia de fundamentación filosófica y jurídica para el reconocimiento de la madre tierra como sujeto de derechos.
IMPORTANCIA DE LA CALIDAD DE PARTIDOS Y MOVIMIENTOS POLITICOS Y SU INFLUENCIA EN LA GESTION DE LOS GOBIERNOS LOCALES (REGION PUNO 2006-2010)
Authors: Pineda Calvo José
Published: September 2020

Se concibe que, la política por su finalidad, está referida fundamentalmente a la conquista y control del poder y del gobierno. Éste, puede ser nacional, regional o local. Esta actividad tiene su expresión a través de la exposición y concreción de calidad de los partidos y movimientos políticos. En nuestro medio, la actividad política se ejerce a través de partidos, movimientos, frentes o alianzas políticas, luego también, a través de organismos populares o gremiales, instituciones sociales, culturales y civiles. No existe hecho político que no implique lucha o disputa sea en el plano ideológico o programático; también en el plano fáctico. En este último caso, los enfrentamientos alcanzan ribetes de violencia. Dentro ese contexto político, la calidad de los partidos y movimientos políticos tienen su origen en la necesidad de una planeación estratégica, en la obligación de su cumplimiento, para que la comunidad se sienta identificada a través de sus necesidades y quienes se comprometen a administrar, tengan definida una ruta que permita cumplir la voluntad del pueblo que, así lo exige al momento de la elección. De esta manera se debe votar por la calidad de la organización política, el programa de gobierno y por una persona con capacidad para hacerlo realidad. Los objetivos del Programa de Gobierno presentado al pueblo deben estar encaminados a desarrollar la Región Puno en todos sus sectores, con la participación democrática de sus habitantes, trabajando solidariamente, teniendo en cuenta que debe prevalecer el interés general sobre el particular, la convivencia pacífica, la eficiencia y la eficacia administrativa. Porque, sólo con la voluntad y la vocación de nuestro pueblo será posible su desarrollo y es, con el pueblo, con quien se tiene que gobernar, ya que de él, depende la soberanía del Estado. Dentro los muchos objetivos de un programa político, debemos considerar: Promover y garantizar la participación ciudadana; proteger el ambiente para garantizar la sostenibilidad de la Región; prestar los servicios públicos que determine la ley; construir las obras que demande el progreso local; impulsar el mejoramiento social y cultural de sus habitantes; cumplir las demás funciones que le asigne la Constitución y la ley. También es fundamental el rescate de nuestros valores, el fortalecimiento de nuestra identidad, el desarrollo armónico, con un gobierno de puertas abiertas y de cara al pueblo. En ese sentido, se tiende a promover organizaciones políticas de calidad, revalorar un programa o plan de gobierno municipal como única garantía para el éxito de un buen gobierno municipal.
DOLO O CULPA EN LA RESPONSABILIDAD POR MALA PRAXIS DE LOS PROFESIONALES DE LA SALUD
Authors: Deza Colque Rene Raul
Published: September 2020

En la presente investigación presentamos algunos criterios para determinar la responsabilidad penal de los profesionales de la salud (médicos) en sus diversas intervenciones de su praxis médica. Con lo que no pretendemos dejar agotado el problema pues se trata de una realidad que hoy en día se ha convertido en viral. Tenemos como objetivo que los operadores del derecho cuenten con mejores posibilidades de aplicación de las teorías que brinda el derecho penal, para efectos de determinar si constituye dolo eventual o culpa consiente, cuando con una mala praxis médica se lesionen bienes jurídicos tutelados como la vida o la salud de las personas. Para lo cual se ha revisado los diferentes criterios doctrinarios que han desarrollado en relación al dolo y culpa, además de tener en consideración la jurisprudencia que hasta el momento ha sido emitida por el Poder Judicial. Se ha logrado determinar que si el profesional de salud tiene conocimiento de que con su conducta incrementa el riesgo, esto sustentado en circunstancias específicas, como no tener condiciones de infraestructura adecuada, implementaciones de equipos de medicina para la posible atención de alguna emergencia, no tener ambulancia, no contar con personal asistencial adecuado, tener conocimiento que el lugar en que realiza una intervención quirúrgica no cuenta con autorización del Ministerio de Salud, y de la Municipalidad correspondiente, actúa con el elemento del conocimiento que requiere el dolo eventual. Así mismo el elemento volitivo del dolo eventual, está representado por decisión que toma el profesional de la salud, de continuar con la intervención quirúrgica en esas condiciones.
EL DELITO DE LA OMISIÓN A LA ASISTENCIA FAMILIAR DESDE LA CRIMINOLOGÍA CLÍNICA
Authors: Coarite Andrade Alberto Javier , Cáceres Arbieto Marianne Paola , Yujra Mamani Jackelin , Hilasaca Huamaní Luana Sharamira
Published: September 2020

La omisión de la asistencia familiar, dentro del argot criollo, se relaciona a una criminología de deudas, a la ausencia de pago de alimentos a los hijos. Pero la esfera que este protege es mayor, mayor a un aspecto monetario, es una pieza fundamental de reconocimiento constitucional, de defensa a los integrantes de la familia. Por lo tanto, un conocimiento y estudio del agente, desde el enfoque de la criminología clínica, puede ayudar a comprender los motivos los cuales pueden llevar a cometer esta conducta antisocial. Ahora. La criminología clínica comprende el estudio del individuo desde tres enfoques: biológico, psicológico y social, motivo por el cual el objetivo será determinar cuáles son las circunstancias predominantes en cada uno de estos aspectos por parte del agente omisor. Desde el ámbito biológico, se recogió información de artículos científicos que otorguen información de cuáles son las características biológicas, hormonales, que dirigen a los agentes a realizar dicha conducta y cuál es su influencia en el comportamiento humano y por qué está más relacionado al agente con el género masculino. De lo anterior, no se ha realizado un acercamiento minucioso a causa de que se si desea tener certeza con datos estadísticos, estos se deben realizar en base a exámenes de sangre, pero que nos hemos visto limitados por razones de dinero y tiempo. En el ámbito psicológico, a través de fuentes de autoridad y en concordancia del estudio de un caso en concreto y real, nos ha develado que existe una gran relevancia de las relaciones paterno-filiales en los primeros años de vida para la comisión de este delito, relación que llegan a repercutir en la vida adulta y desarrollo de otros tipos de relaciones. Desde el enfoque social, nos ha ayudado a comprender que el carácter educativo y la implementación de las Políticas de Estado son factores de gran influencia, sumado a ello, el ritmo de vida acelerado que se vive en nuestros días y la falta de practica de valores, crean espacios para la exteriorización de esta conducta antisocial. De todo lo anterior, nos ofrecerá una mayor perspectiva de lo que existe detrás de la comisión de la omisión a la asistencia familiar y que el crimen, a pesar de estar tipificado en nuestro código penal, alberga vertientes que la ley no logra enfocar, una vertiente más humanitaria.
Observational evidence of EPP–NOx interaction with chlorine curbing Antarctic ozone loss
Authors: Gordon Emily M. , Seppälä Annika , Funke Bernd , Tamminen Johanna , Walker Kaley A.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. We investigate the impact of the so-called energetic particle precipitation (EPP) indirect effect on lower stratospheric ozone, ClO and ClONO2 in the Antarctic springtime. We use observations from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) on Aura, Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment – Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE-FTS) on SciSat, and Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sound (MIPAS) on Envisat, covering the overall period of 2005–2017. Using the Ap index to proxy EPP, we find consistent ozone increases with elevated EPP during years with easterly phase of the quasi biennial oscillation (QBO) in both OMI and MLS observations. While these increases are opposite to what has been previously reported at higher altitudes, the pattern in the MLS O3 follows the typical descent patterns of EPP–NOx. The ozone enhancements are also present in the OMI total O3 column observations. Analogous to the descent patterns found in O3, we also found consistent decreases in springtime MLS ClO following winters of elevated EPP. To verify if this is due to a previously proposed mechanism of conversion of ClO to the reservoir species ClONO2 in reaction with NO2, we used ClONO2 observations from ACE-FTS and MIPAS. As ClO and NO2 are both catalysts in ozone destruction, the conversion into ClONO2 would result in ozone increase. We find a positive correlation between EPP and ClONO2 in the upper stratosphere in the early spring, and the lower stratosphere in late spring, providing the first observational evidence supporting the previously proposed mechanism relating to EPP–NOx modulating Clx driven ozone loss. Our findings suggest that EPP has played an important role in modulating ozone depletion in the last 15 years. As chlorine loading in the polar stratosphere continues to decrease in the future, this buffering mechanism will become less effective and catalytic ozone destruction by EPP–NOx will likely become a major contributor to Antarctic ozone loss.
Analysis of 3D Cloud Effects in OCO-2 XCO2 Retrievals
Authors: Massie Steven T. , Cronk Heather , Merrelli Aronne , Schmidt K. Sebastian , Chen Hong , Baker David
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The presence of 3D cloud radiative effects in OCO-2 retrievals is demonstrated from an analysis of 2014–2019 OCO-2 XCO2raw retrievals, bias corrected XCO2bc data, ground based Total Carbon Column Observation Network (TCCON) XCO2, and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) cloud and radiance fields. Averaged over the year, 40 % and 75 % of OCO-2 Quality Flag QF = 0 (best quality) and QF = 1 (lesser quality) retrievals are within 4 km of clouds. 3D radiative transfer calculations indicate that 3D cloud radiative perturbations at this cloud distance, for an isolated low altitude cloud, are larger in absolute value than those due to a 1 ppm increase in CO2. OCO-2 measurements are therefore susceptible to 3D cloud effects. Four 3D cloud metrics, based upon MODIS radiance and cloud fields and stand-alone OCO-2 measurements, relate XCO2bc-TCCON averages to 3D cloud effects. This analysis indicates that the operational bias correction has a non-zero residual 3D cloud bias for both QF = 0 and QF = 1 data. XCO2bc −TCCON averages at small cloud distances differ from those at large cloud distances by −0.4 and −2.2 ppm for the QF = 0 and QF = 1 data over the ocean. Mitigation of 3D cloud biases by a Table look-up technique, that utilizes nearest cloud distance (Distkm) and spatial radiance heterogeneity (CSNoiseRatio) 3D metrics, reduces QF = 1 ocean and land XCO2bc −TCCON averages from −1 ppm to near ± 0.2 ppm. The ocean QF = 1 XCO2bc-TCCON averages can be reduced to the 0.5 ppm level if 60 % (70 %) of the QF = 1 data points are utilized, by applying Distkm (CSNoiseRatio) metrics in a data screening process. Over land the QF = 1 XCO2bc–TCCON averages are reduced to the 0.5 (0.8) ppm level if 65 (63) % of the data points are utilized by applying Diastkm (CSNoiseRatio) data screening. The addition of more terms to the linear regression equations used in the current bias correction processing, without data screening, however, did not introduce an appreciable improvement in the standard deviations of the XCO2bc-TCCON statistics.
Two-dimensional and multi-channel feature detection algorithm for
the CALIPSO lidar measurements
Authors: Vaillant de Guélis Thibault , Vaughan Mark A. , Winker David M. , Liu Zhaoyan
Published: September 2020

Abstract. In this paper we describe a new two-dimensional and multi-channel feature detection algorithm (2D-McDA) and demonstrate its application to lidar backscatter measurements from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission. Unlike previous layer detection schemes, this context sensitive feature finder algorithm is applied to a 2D lidar scene i.e., to the image formed by many successive lidar profiles. Features are identified when an extended and contiguous 2D region of enhanced backscatter signal rises significantly above the expected clear air value. Using an iterated 2D feature detection algorithm dramatically improves the fine details of feature shapes and can accurately identify previously undetected layers (e.g., subvisible cirrus) that are very thin vertically but horizontally persistent. Because the algorithm looks for consistent 2D patterns, it potentially offers improved discrimination of juxtaposed cloud and aerosol layers. Moreover, the 2D detection algorithm uses the backscatter signals from all available channels: 532 nm parallel, 532 nm perpendicular, and 1064 nm total. Since the backscatter from some aerosol or cloud particle types can be more pronounced in one channel than another, simultaneously assessing the signals from all channels greatly improves the layer detection. For example, ice particles in subvisible cirrus strongly depolarize the lidar signal and, consequently, are easier to detect in the 532 nm perpendicular channel. Use of the 1064 nm channel greatly improves the detection of dense smoke layers, because smoke extinction at 532 nm is much larger than at 1064 nm, and hence the range-dependent reduction in lidar signals due to attenuation occurs much faster at 532 nm than at 1064 nm. Moreover, the photomultiplier tubes used at 532 nm are known to generate artifacts in an extended area below highly reflective liquid clouds, introducing false detections that artificially lower the apparent cloud base altitude, i.e. the cloud base when the cloud is transparent or the level of complete attenuation of the lidar signal when it is opaque. By adding the information available in the 1064 nm channel, this new algorithm can better identify the true apparent cloud base altitudes of such clouds.
Comparison of Ozone Measurement Methods in Biomass Burning Smoke: An evaluation under field and laboratory conditions
Authors: Long Russell W. , Whitehill Andrew , Habel Andrew , Urbanski Shawn , Halliday Hannah , Colón Maribel , Kaushik Surender , Landis Matthew S.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. In recent years wildland fires in the United States have had significant impacts on local and regional air quality and negative human health outcomes. Although the primary health concerns from wildland fires come from fine particulate matter (PM2.5), large increases in ozone (O3) are also observed downwind of wildland fire plumes. Conditions generated in and around wildland fire plumes, including the presence of interfering chemical species, can make the accurate measurement of O3 concentrations using the ultraviolet (UV) photometric method challenging if not impossible. UV photometric method instruments are prone to interferences by volatile organic compounds (VOCs) that are present at high concentrations in wildland fire smoke. Four different O3 measurement methodologies were deployed in a mobile sampling platform downwind of active prescribed grassland fire lines in Kansas and Oregon and during controlled chamber burns at the United States Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station Fire Sciences Laboratory in Missoula, Montana. We demonstrate that the Federal Reference Method (FRM) nitric oxide (NO) chemiluminescence monitors and Federal Equivalent Method (FEM) gas-phase (NO) chemical scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors are relatively interference-free, even in near-field combustion plumes. In contrast, FEM UV photometric O3 monitors using solid-phase catalytic scrubbers show positive artifacts that are positively correlated with carbon monoxide (CO) and total gas phase hydrocarbons (THC), two indicator species of biomass burning. Of the two catalytic scrubber UV photometric methods evaluated, the instruments that included a Nafion® tube dryer in the sample introduction system had artifacts an order of magnitude smaller than the instrument with no humidity correction. We hypothesize that Nafion®--permeable VOCs (such as aromatic hydrocarbons) could be a significant source of interference for catalytic scrubber UV photometric O3 monitors, and that the inclusion of a Nafion® tube dryer assists with the mitigation of these interferences. The interference-free chemiluminescence FRM method is highly recommended for accurate measurements of O3 in wildland fire plume studies and at regulatory ambient monitoring sites frequently impacted by wildland fire smoke.
Comparison of the oxygen isotope signatures in speleothem records and iHadCM3 model simulations for the last millennium
Authors: Bühler Janica Carmen , Roesch Carla , Kirschner Moritz , Sime Louise , Holloway Max D , Rehfeld Kira
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Global changes in the climate, especially the warming trend in mean temperature, have received increasing public and scientific attention. Improving the understanding of changes in the mean and variability of climate variables as well as their interrelation is crucial for reliable climate change projections. Comparisons between general circulation models and paleoclimate archives using indirect proxies for temperature and/or precipitation have been used to test and validate the capability of climate models to represent climate changes. The oxygen isotopic ratio δ18O is routinely measured in speleothem samples at decadal or higher resolution and single specimens can cover full Glacial-Interglacial cycles. The calcium carbonate cave deposits are precisely dateable and provide well preserved (semi-) continuous, albeit multivariate climate signals in the lower and mid-latitudes, where the measured δ18O in the mineral does not directly represent temperature or precipitation. Therefore, speleothems represent suitable archives to assess simulated climate model abilities for the simulation of climate variability beyond the timescales covered by meteorological observations (10–100 yr). Here, we present three transient isotope enabled simulations from the Hadley Center Climate Model version 3 (iHadCM3) covering the last millennium (850–1850 CE) and compare these to a large global dataset of speleothem δ18O records from the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis (SISAL) database version 2 (Comas-Bru et al., 2020). We evaluate systematically offsets in mean and variance of simulated δ18O and test for the main climate drivers for individual records or regions. The time-mean spatial offsets between the simulated δ18O and the speleothem data are fairly small. However, using robust filters and spectral analysis, we show that the observed proxy-based variability of δ18O is lower (higher) than simulated by iHadCM3 on decadal (centennial) timescales. Most of this difference can likely be attributed to the records' lower temporal resolution and averaging processes affecting the δ18O signal. Using cross-correlation analyses at site-level and modeled gridbox level, we find evidence for highly variable but generally low signal-to-noise ratios in the proxy data. This points at a high influence of cave-internal processes and regional climate particularities and could suggest low regional representativity of individual sites. Long-range strong positive correlations dominate the speleothem correlation network but are much weaker in the simulation. One reason for this could lie in a lack of longterm internal climate variability in these model simulations, which could be tested by repeating similar comparisons with other isotope-enabled climate models and paleoclimate databases.
Atmospheric radiative profiles during EUREC4A
Authors: Albright Anna Lea , Fildier Benjamin , Touzé-Peiffer Ludovic , Pincus Robert , Vial Jessica , Muller Caroline
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The couplings among clouds, convection, and circulation in trade-wind regimes remain a fundamental puzzle that limits our ability to constrain future climate change. Radiative heating plays an important role in these couplings. Here we calculate the clear-sky radiative profiles from 2001 in-situ soundings (978 dropsondes and 1023 radiosondes) collected during the EUREC4A field campaign, which took place south and east of Barbados in January–February 2020. We describe the method used to calculate these radiative profiles and present preliminary results sampling variability at multiple scales, from the variability across all soundings to groupings by diurnal cycle and mesoscale organization state, as well as individual soundings associated with elevated moisture layers. This clear-sky radiative profiles data set can provide important missing detail to what can be learned from calculations based on passive remote sensing and help in investigating the role of radiation in dynamic and thermodynamic variability in trade-wind regimes. All data are archived and freely available for public access on AERIS (Albright et al. (2020), https://doi.org/10.25326/78).
A bed load transport equation based on the spatial distribution of shear stress – Oak Creek revisited
Authors: Monsalve Angel , Segura Catalina , Hucke Nicole , Katz Scott
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Bed load transport formulations for gravel-bed rivers are often based on reach-averaged shear stress values. However, the complexity of the flow field in these systems results in wide distributions of shear stress, whose effects on bed load transport are not well captured by the frequently used equations, leading to inaccurate estimates of sediment transport. Here, we modified a subsurface-based bed load transport equation to include the complete distributions of shear stress generated by a given flow within a reach. The equation was calibrated and verified using bed load data measured at Oak Creek, OR. The spatially variable flow field characterization was obtained using a two-dimensional flow model calibrated
over a wide range of flows between 0.1 and 1.0 of bankfull discharge. The
shape of the distributions of shear stress was remarkably similar across
different discharge levels, which allowed it to be parameterized in terms of
discharge using a gamma function. When discharge is high enough to mobilize
the pavement layer (1.0 m3 s−1 in Oak Creek), the proposed transport equation had a similar performance to the original formulation based on reach-averaged shear stress values. In addition, the proposed equation predicts bed load transport rates for lower flows when the pavement layer is still present because it accounts for bed load transport occurring in a small fraction of the channel bed that experiences high values of shear stress. This is an improvement over the original equation, which fails to estimate this bed load flux by relying solely on reach-average shear stress values.
Development and performance optimization of a parallel
computing infrastructure for an unstructured-mesh
modelling framework
Authors: Liu Zhuang , Zhang Yi , Huang Xiaomeng , Li Jian , Wang Dong , Wang Mingqing , Huang Xing
Published: September 2020

Abstract. This paper describes the development and performance optimization of a parallel computing infrastructure for an unstructured-mesh global model (GRIST; Global-to-Regional Integrated forecast SysTem). The focus is on three major aspects that facilitate rapid iterative development, including parallel computing, index optimization and an efficient group I/O strategy. For parallel computing, the METIS tool is used for the partition of the global mesh, which is flexible and convenient for both the quasi-uniform and variable-resolution simulations. The scaling tests show that the partition method is efficient. To improve the cache efficiency, several mesh index reordering strategies are investigated to optimize the performance of the indirect addressing scheme used in the stencil calculations. The numerical results show that the indexing strategies are able to speed up the calculations, especially for running with a small number of processes. To overcome the bottleneck of poor I/O efficiency for the high-resolution or massively parallel simulations, a group parallel I/O method is implemented and proven to be of high efficiency in the numerical experiments. Altogether, these three aspects of the parallel computing toolkits are encapsulated in a few interfaces, which can be used for general parallel modelling on unstructured meshes.
Effects of Coupling a Stochastic Convective Parameterization with Zhang-McFarlane Scheme on Precipitation Simulation in the DOE E3SMv1 Atmosphere Model
Authors: Wang Yong , Zhang Guang J. , Xie Shaocheng , Lin Wuyin , Craig George C. , Tang Qi , Ma Hsi-Yen
Published: September 2020

Abstract. A stochastic deep convection parameterization is implemented into the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) Atmosphere Model version 1 (EAMv1). This study evaluates its performance on the precipitation simulation. Compared to the default model, the probability distribution function (PDF) of rainfall intensity in the new simulation is greatly improved. Especially, the well-known problem of too much light rain and too little heavy rain is alleviated over the tropics. As a result, the contribution from different rain rates to the total precipitation amount is shifted toward heavier rain. The less frequent occurrence of convection contributes to the suppressed light rain, while both more intense large-scale and convective precipitation contribute to the enhanced heavy total rain. The synoptic and intraseasonal variabilities of precipitation are enhanced as well to be closer to observations. A sensitivity of the rainfall intensity PDF to the model vertical resolution is identified and explained in terms of the relationships between convective precipitation and convective available potential energy (CAPE) and between large-scale precipitation and resolved-scale upward moisture flux. The annual mean precipitation is largely unchanged with the use of the stochastic scheme except over the tropical western Pacific, where a moderate increase in precipitation represents a slight improvement. The responses of precipitation and its extremes to climate warming are similar with or without the stochastic deep convection scheme.
Runoff sensitivity to spatial rainfall variability: A hydrological modeling study with dense rain gauge observations
Authors: Hohmann Clara , Kirchengast Gottfried , O Sungmin , Rieger Wolfgang , Foelsche Ulrich
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Precipitation is a key input to hydrological models. While rain gauges provide the most direct precipitation measurements, their accuracy in capturing rain patterns highly depends on the spatial variability of rainfall events and the gauge network density. In this study, we employ a high-resolution meteorological station network (mean station distance of 1.4 km), the WegenerNet in southeastern Austria, to investigate the impact of station density and interpolation schemes on runoff simulations. We first simulate runoff during heavy precipitation (three short-duration and three long-duration events) using a physically based hydrological model with precipitation input obtained from a full network of 158 stations. The same simulations are then repeated with precipitation inputs from subnetworks of 5, 8, 16, 32, and 64 stations, using three different interpolation schemes – Inverse Distance Weighting with a weighting power of 2 and of 3, respectively, and Thiessen polygon interpolation. We find that the performance of runoff simulations is greatly influenced by the spatial variability of precipitation input, especially for short-duration rainfall events and in small catchments. For long-duration events, reliable runoff simulations in the study area can be obtained with a subnetwork of 16 or more well-distributed gauges (mean station distance of about 6 km). We find a clear effect of interpolation schemes on runoff modeling as well, but only for low-density gauge networks. The sensitivity to the precipitation input is smaller for long-duration heavy precipitation events and bigger catchments. As a next step we suggest to study an ensemble of precipitation datasets in combination with runoff modeling to be able to decompose the effects of precipitation measurement uncertainties and its spatial variability.
Onset and propagation of drought into soil moisture and vegetation responses during the 2012–2019 drought in Southern California
Authors: Warter Maria Magdalena , Singer Michael Bliss , Cuthbert Mark O. , Roberts Dar , Caylor Kelly K. , Sabathier Romy , Stella John
Published: September 2020

Abstract. Despite clear signals of regional impacts of the recent severe drought in California within Central Valley groundwater storage and Sierra Nevada forests, our understanding of how this drought affected soil moisture and vegetation responses in lowland grasslands is limited. In order to better understand the resulting vulnerability of these landscapes to fire and ecosystem degradation, we aimed to generalize drought-induced changes in subsurface soil moisture and to explore its effects within grassland ecosystems of Southern California. We used a decadal in situ dataset of high-resolution climate and soil moisture from two grassland sites (coastal and inland), alongside greenness (NDVI) data from Landsat to explore drought dynamics in environments with similar precipitation but contrasting evaporative demand. Analysis of data from 2008 to 2019 showed that the negative impacts of prolonged net precipitation (netP) deficits on vegetation at the inlands site were buffered by fog and moderate temperatures at the coastal site. During the drought, the region experienced an early onset of the dry season, resulting in premature senescence of grasses by mid-April. We developed a parsimonious soil moisture balance model that captures dynamic vegetation–evapotranspiration feedbacks using netP–NDVI relationships as a leading indicator. We then analyzed the links between climate, soil moisture, and vegetation greenness over decadal timescales, exploring the impacts of plausible climate change scenarios that reflect changes to precipitation amounts, their seasonal distribution, and evaporative demand. We found that all scenarios generate early, extreme soil moisture deficits during drought below a vegetation stress threshold, further intensifying early dry season onset and vegetation die-off. These changes suggest potential increases in the risk of wildfires in this and similar regions under climate change, as well as increased grassland ecosystem vulnerability.
Short Communication: Quantifying and Correcting for Pre-Assay
CO2 Loss in Short-Term Carbon Mineralization Assays
Authors: Belanger Matthew A. , Vizza Carmella , Robertson G. Philip , Roley Sarah S.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The active fraction of soil organic carbon (SOC) is an important component of soil health and often is quickly assessed as the amount of CO2 released by re-wetting dried soils in short-term (24–72 h) assays. However, soils can lose carbon (C) as they dry and if soil samples vary in moisture content at sampling, differential C loss during the pre-assay dry-down period may complicate interpretations of C availability. We examined pre-assay CO2 loss and its influence on apparent C availability in the same soil at initial moisture contents of 30, 50, and 70 % water-filled pore space (WFPS). We found that 50 and 70 % WFPS treatments lost more C during drying than those in the 30 % WFPS treatment, which led to a 26–32 % underestimate of C availability in wetter soil. We developed a soil-specific correction factor to account for these initial soil moisture effects. Future C mineralization studies may benefit from similar corrections.
Correlations of power output fluctuations in an offshore wind farm using
high-resolution SCADA data
Authors: Seifert Janna K. , Kraft Martin , Kühn Martin , Lukassen Laura J.
Published: September 2020

Abstract. The correlation of power output fluctuations of wind turbines in free field are investigated, taking into account the challenge of varying correlation states due to variable flow and wind turbine conditions within the wind farm. Based on eight months of 1 Hz SCADA data, measured at an offshore wind farm with 80 wind turbines, the influence of different parameters on the correlation of power output fluctuations is analysed. It is found that the correlation of power output fluctuations of wind turbines depends on the location of the wind turbines within the wind farm as well as the inflow conditions (free-stream or wake). Wind direction investigations show that the correlation is highest for streamwise aligned pairs and decreases towards spanwise pairs. Most importantly, the highly variable measurement data in a free-field wind farm has considerable influence on the identification of different correlation states. To account for that, the clustering algorithm k-means is used to group wind turbine pairs with similar correlations. The main outcome is that next to the location of a wind turbine pair in the wind farm the standard deviation in their power output and their power differences are suitable parameters to describe the correlation of power output fluctuations.
Abstracts of the 6th International Academic Medical Congress of Maranhão (VI COIMAMA) 2019
Authors: Executive Committee of IJMS IJMS
Published: September 2020

Abstracts of the 6th International Academic Medical Congress of Maranhão (VI COIMAMA) 2019
Copper Toxicity to Tropical Water Flea Daphnia carinata and Freshwater Micro-algae Scenedesmus
Authors: Dang Khoa Dinh Hoang , Pham Thi Thu Hang , Pham Ngoc Tu Anh , Le Hien Minh Tam , Nhi Tran Thi Yen , Phuong Nguyen Thi Thanh , Nga Le Phi , Khoa Dinh Hoang Dang
Published: September 2020

Sai Gon river is one most the most important river of South-eastern region of Vietnam by providing water resources and others vital natural services for millions of people in this area. In recent years, proportion with the sharply increasing of human activities in industry and agriculture, the river is continuously loaded with xenobiotics released by anthropogenic activities. Among pollutants, heavy metals are considered as the most toxic elements to aquatic living organisms and human health. The aim of this study is to assess the sensibility of freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus and water flea Daphnia carinata, two fresh water species from Vietnam to copper (Cu). After physical and chemical characterization, field water samples from upstream Sai Gon River was used as dilution water in toxicity tests. With water flea D. carinata, the EC50 value of 48h immobilization experiment was 1.90 µg/L. Growth inhibition of the Scenedesmus algae cells was determined following exposure for 72 h, and EC50 values was 78.2 µg/L. The results showed that Cu is highly toxic to both species, and water flea D. carinata was more sensitive than freshwater algae Scenedesmus. Based on the observed high sensitivity with Cu, both D. carinata and algae Scenedesmus are potential tools for the assessment of copper pollution in fresh water of Sai Gon river.
Histology at transurethral resection of bladder tumor and radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: Insights from population-based data
Authors: Dyer Tina , Siemens D. Robert , Nippak Pria , Meyer Julien , Booth Christopher M.
Published: September 2020

Transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) is the definitive diagnostic procedure for bladder cancer. Pathological findings including extent of disease (T stage), grade, and histology dictate subsequent steps in management. Pathological review at TURBT is, therefore, crucial to guide management.1 Like any diagnostic biopsy, TURBT provides a limited pathological sample to characterize the extent and biological risk of bladder cancer. There is little published data about quality of reporting and concordance between TURBT and radical cystectomy (RC) in routine clinical practice. In this study, we compare and contrast pathological findings at TURBT with subsequent findings at RC among all patients treated in Ontario from 2009–2013.
Research on Rural Fathers' Involvement in Early Childhood Education in China-Based on a Survey on 400 Families
Authors: Gu Jihui
Published: September 2020

To understand rural fathers' involvement in early childhood education, an anonymous self-report questionnaire was distributed to 400 fathers of children in six kindergartens in Sichuan Province. Mean of the scale is 3.78, in which the subscale of Mother Support (4.09±1.06) scores the highest, while Attentiveness (3.28±0.88) scores the lowest. Fathers different in education, occupations and number of children involves in children’s education differently. It was found that rural fathers’ involvement in early childhood education of Sichuan is comparatively low. It is necessary to reveal the factors hindering their participation through further research and find methods to improve it.
Cigarette Butt Disposal Behavior: A Case Study of a Public Beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA
Authors: Miller Maranda R. , Burbach Mark E.
Published: September 2020

Improperly discarded cigarette butts are a substantial environmental problem. This study explored factors influencing cigarette butt discarding behavior on a public beach on Jekyll Island, Georgia, USA. A mixed-mode design utilized quantitative and qualitative data to study improper cigarette butt disposal. We surveyed smokers regarding their place attachment, environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habit as predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal. Environmental attitudes, environmental awareness, and habits were significant predictors of improper cigarette butt disposal behavior. A qualitative inquiry further explored the phenomenon of cigarette butt disposal from the smokers’ perspectives. Interviews illustrated that “improper disposers” experienced themes involving uncertainty that cigarette butts are litter, a lack of knowledge, problems with cigarette butt receptacles currently in place, the requirement of a conscious choice about how and where to discard a butt, and statements that contradicted the behavior observed. Themes that emerged from interviews with “proper disposers” included cigarette butts are clearly litter, awareness of social constructs that disapprove of smokers and their behavior, awareness of the cumulative effects of cigarette butts on the beach, minimal obstacles to discarding properly, and feelings of personal responsibility. Implications of the study results are discussed.
Global Environmental Pollution and Coronavirus
Authors: Quader M. A.
Published: September 2020

Discussions, analyses and modelling are based on global level data. The natural environment is causing deaths to its habitants. The ongoing coronavirus is also doing damage to the lives of the glove. Worldwide people are too much worried putting extra ordinary efforts to contain the coronavirus pandemic. But the damage being done to the lives of the people on the glove by natural environment problems is substantially higher than that done by the coronavirus. Air pollution death rate is 6.02 times of death rate due to coronavirus and the total environmental death rate is 10.85 times that of coronavirus death rate.

Three statistical models regarding coronavirus development, coronavirus spread and coronavirus fatality are developed.
Reviewer acknowledgements for Environment and Pollution, Vol. 9, No. 2
Authors: John Albert
Published: September 2020

Reviewer acknowledgements for Environment and Pollution, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2020.