bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Utility of immunocytochemistry in diagnosing leptomeningeal metastases from an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Chaudhary Shweta , Klein Melissa , Mehrotra Bhoomi , Morgenstern Nora J.
Published: January 2013

Isolated spinal leptomeningeal metastases (LMM) without brain metastases are infrequent, accounting for about 1% of all solid tumors. In LMM, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analyses are mostly abnormal. Demonstrations of intrathecal tumor markers are highly suggestive, but only a positive cytology is diagnostic. The initial CSF cytology can give a false negative result in up to 40–50% of patients with pathologically proven LMM on autopsy. We report a case of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with spinal LMM confirmed using cytokeratin7 and pancytokeratin (AE1/AE3) immunocytochemical studies on paucicellular cerebrospinal fluid cytospin preparation. Given the paucicellularity of the smears and difficult morphologic categorization, immunocytochemistry is vital for confirmatory diagnosis and can help reduce false negative results. To the best of our knowledgethis is the first case report of cytologically confirmed LMM from an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma while the patient was undergoing treatment. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:54–57. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Individual differences in fear potentiated startle in behaviorally inhibited children
Authors: Barker Tyson V. , Reeb‐Sutherland Bethany C. , Fox Nathan A.
Published: January 2013

Behavioral inhibition (BI) is a temperament characterized during early childhood by increased fearfulness to novelty, social reticence to unfamiliar peers, and heightened risk for the development of anxiety. Heightened startle responses to safety cues have been found among behaviorally inhibited adolescents who have an anxiety disorder suggesting that this measure may serve as a biomarker for the development of anxiety amongst this risk population. However, it is unknown if these aberrant startle patterns emerge prior to the manifestation of anxiety in this temperament group. The current study examined potentiated startle in 7‐year‐old children characterized with BI early in life. High behaviorally inhibited children displayed increased startle magnitude to safety cues, particularly during the first half of the task, and faster startle responses compared to low behaviorally inhibited children. These findings suggest that aberrant startle responses are apparent in behaviorally inhibited children during early childhood prior to the onset of a disorder and may serve as a possible endophenotype for the development of anxiety. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 133–141, 2014.
Binge ethanol intoxication heightens subsequent ethanol intake in adolescent, but not adult, rats
Authors: Fabio María Carolina , Nizhnikov Michael E. , Spear Norman E. , Pautassi Ricardo Marcos
Published: January 2013

A question still to be answered is whether ethanol initiation has a greater effect on ethanol consumption if it occurs during adolescence than in adulthood. This study assessed the effect of ethanol initiation during adolescence or adulthood on voluntary ethanol consumption when animals were still within the same age range. Adolescent or adult rats were given 5, 2, or 0 ethanol exposures. The animals were tested for ethanol consumption through two‐bottle choice tests, before undergoing a 1‐week deprivation. A two‐bottle assessment was conducted after the deprivation. Adolescents, but not adults, given two ethanol administrations during initiation exhibited significantly higher ethanol intake during the pre‐deprivation period. These adolescents also exhibited a threefold increase in ethanol intake after 7 days of drug withdrawal, when compared with controls. These findings suggest that very brief experience with binge ethanol intoxication in adolescence, but not in adulthood, impacts later predisposition to drink. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 56: 574–583, 2014.
Contributions of Syntactic Awareness to Reading in Chinese‐speaking Adolescent Readers with and without Dyslexia
Authors: Chung Kevin K. H. , Ho Connie S‐H , Chan David W. , Tsang Suk‐Man , Lee Suk‐Han
Published: January 2013

This study investigated the relative contribution of syntactic awareness to Chinese reading among Chinese‐speaking adolescent readers with and without dyslexia. A total of 78 junior high school students in Hong Kong, 26 dyslexic adolescent readers, 26 average adolescent readers of the same age (chronological age control group) and 26 younger readers matched with the same reading level (reading‐level group) participated and were administered measures of IQ, syntactic awareness, morphological awareness, vocabulary knowledge, working memory, word reading, and reading comprehension. Results showed that dyslexic readers scored significantly lower than chronological age but similarly to reading level control groups in most measures, especially in the areas of syntactic skills. Analyses of individual data also revealed that over half of the dyslexic readers exhibited certain aspects of deficits in syntactic skills. In regression analyses, syntactic skills were the strongest predictors of ability in word reading and reading comprehension measures. This study highlights the uniquely important correlates of syntactic skills in Chinese reading acquisition and impairment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simplified analysis techniques for VLF wave propagation in the earth–ionosphere waveguide
Authors: Itoh Hitoshi , Ando Yoshiaki , Hayakawa Masashi
Published: January 2013

VLF (very low frequency; 3 to 30 kHz) wave propagation in the earth–ionosphere waveguide can be simply analyzed by the method developed in this paper. The finite‐diﬀerence time‐domain (FDTD) method is used with a conductivity tensor to model the ionosphere, and the applicability is limited to monotonic cases. The proposed method is compared with the wideband method, and it is concluded that the newly developed method can be used as a VLF wave simulator without errors. Conformal FDTD is also introduced to allow for the curvature of the earth's surface, and we have clarified the diﬀerence between two‐dimensional modeling in Cartesian coordinates and cylindrical coordinates. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 183(1): 25–31, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22302
Application of Different Zeolites for Improvement of the Characteristics of a pH‐FET Biosensor Based on Immobilized Urease
Authors: Soldatkin O. O. , Kucherenko I. S. , Shelyakina M. K. , Soy E. , Kirdeciler K. , Öztürk S. , Jaffrezic‐Renault N. , Akata B. , Dzyadevych S. V. , Soldatkin A. P.
Published: January 2013

Different modifications of the zeolites Na+‐Beta and LTA were applied for improving the working characteristics of a urea biosensor. The bioselective membrane of the biosensor was based on urease and different zeolites co‐immobilized with bovine serum albumin on the surface of a pH‐FET. It was shown that the biosensors modified with the zeolites H+‐Beta30 and H+‐Beta50 are characterized by increased sensitivity to urea. The influence of the zeolite concentration on the sensitivity of the biosensors was studied. The optimal concentration of the zeolites H+‐Beta30 and H+‐Beta50 in the bioselective membrane was 15 %. Different variants of co‐immobilization of urease and zeolite H+‐Beta30 were studied and the optimal method was selected. Thus, a general conclusion is that the urea biosensor sensitivity can be improved using zeolite H+‐Beta30 for urease immobilization in the bioselective membrane.
Season of Birth Bias and Bulimia Nervosa—Results from a Multi‐centre Collaboration
Authors: Winje Eirin , Torgalsbøen Anne‐Kari , Brunborg Cathrine , Lask Bryan
Published: January 2013

Background

Season of birth bias has been observed for people with a number of disorders, including women with bulimia nervosa. However, inconsistent results and methodological weaknesses render previous conclusions about such bias uncertain. With an enhanced methodology, this study aims to test whether there is a season of birth bias for women with bulimia nervosa.

Method

Women with bulimia nervosa at five secondary and tertiary services in Norway, born between 1966 and 1988 (n = 549), were compared with women in the general population in a chi‐square test for contingency tables, with known population parameters testing monthly deviations.

Results

There was no statistically significant association between month of birth and the distribution of births in the two groups (Cramer's V = .09).

Conclusion

There appears not to be any season of birth bias in women with bulimia nervosa in Norway. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Lipase: A potential biocatalyst for the synthesis of valuable flavour and fragrance ester compounds
Authors: Dhake Kishor P. , Thakare Dinesh D. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: January 2013

Biocatalysis has attracted special attention for the synthesis of industrially valuable ester compounds. This review focuses mainly on lipases obtained from different sources (commercially available or newly isolated) as biocatalysts for the synthesis of flavour and fragrance esters in solvent‐free as well as in non‐aqueous reaction media (i.e. organic and neoteric solvents). Neoteric solvents such as ionic liquids and supercritical fluids are greener and environmentally benign; their use in lipase‐catalysed ester synthesis is reviewed. The impact of an immobilization strategy to achieve higher yields (up to 99%) is discussed. The review also highlights the kinetic resolution of some important flavour/fragrance compounds synthesized using several chemo‐enzymatic strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Olfactory ensheathing cells: The primary innate immunocytes in the olfactory pathway to engulf apoptotic olfactory nerve debris
Authors: Su Zhida , Chen Jingjing , Qiu Yang , Yuan Yimin , Zhu Feng , Zhu Yanling , Liu Xiujie , Pu Yingyan , He Cheng
Published: January 2013

The olfactory system is an unusual tissue in which olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) are continuously replaced throughout the life of mammals. Clearance of the apoptotic ORNs corpses is a fundamental process serving important functions in the regulation of olfactory nerve turnover and regeneration. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are a unique type of glial cells that wrap olfactory axons and support their continual regeneration from the olfactory epithelium to the bulb. In the present study, OECs were identified to exist in two different states, resting and reactive, in which resting OECs could be activated by LPS stimulation and functioned as phagocytes for cleaning apoptotic ORNs corpses. Confocal analysis revealed that dead ORNs debris were engulfed by OECs and co‐localized with lysosome associated membrane protein 1. Moreover, phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor was identified to express on OECs, which allowed OECs to recognize apoptotic ORNs by binding to PS. Importantly, engulfment of olfactory nerve debris by OECs was found in olfactory mucosa under normal turnover and was significantly increased in the animal model of olfactory bulbectomy, while little phagocytosis by Iba‐1‐positive microglia/macrophages was observed. Together, these results implicate OEC as a primary innate immunocyte in the olfactory pathway, and suggest a cellular and molecular mechanism by which ORNs corpses are removed during olfactory nerve turnover and regeneration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Astrocytes are a neural target of morphine action via glucocorticoid receptor‐dependent signaling
Authors: Slezak Michal , Korostynski Michal , Gieryk Agnieszka , Golda Slawomir , Dzbek Jaroslaw , Piechota Marcin , Wlazlo Eliza , Bilecki Wiktor , Przewlocki Ryszard
Published: January 2013

Chronic opioid use leads to the structural reorganization of neuronal networks, involving genetic reprogramming in neurons and glial cells. Our previous in vivo studies have revealed that a significant fraction of the morphine‐induced alterations to the striatal transcriptome included glucocorticoid (GC) receptor (GR)‐dependent genes. Additional analyses suggested glial cells to be the locus of these changes. In the current study, we aimed to differentiate the direct transcriptional effects of morphine and a GR agonist on primary striatal neurons and astrocytes. Whole‐genome transcriptional profiling revealed that while morphine had no significant effect on gene expression in both cell types, dexamethasone significantly altered the transcriptional profile in astrocytes but not neurons. We obtained a complete dataset of genes undergoing the regulation, which includes genes related to glucose metabolism (Pdk4), circadian activity (Per1) and cell differentiation (Sox2). There was also an overlap between morphine‐induced transcripts in striatum and GR‐dependent transcripts in cultured astrocytes. We further analyzed the regulation of expression of one gene belonging to both groups, serum and GC regulated kinase 1 (Sgk1). We identified two transcriptional variants of Sgk1 that displayed selective GR‐dependent upregulation in cultured astrocytes but not neurons. Moreover, these variants were the only two that were found to be upregulated in vivo by morphine in a GR‐dependent fashion. Our data suggest that the morphine‐induced, GR‐dependent component of transcriptome alterations in the striatum is confined to astrocytes. Identification of this mechanism opens new directions for research on the role of astrocytes in the central effects of opioids. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
FETAL HEALTH SHOCKS AND EARLY INEQUALITIES IN HEALTH CAPITAL ACCUMULATION
Authors: Wehby George L. , Nyarko Kwame A. , Lopez‐Camelo Jorge S.
Published: January 2013

Several studies report socioeconomic inequalities in child health and consequences of early disease. However, not much is known about inequalities in health capital accumulation in the womb in response to fetal health shocks, which is essential for finding the earliest sensitive periods for interventions to reduce inequalities. We identify inequalities in birth weight accumulation as a result of fetal health shocks from the occurrence of one of the most common birth defects, oral clefts, within the first 9 weeks of pregnancy, using quantile regression and two datasets from South America and the USA. Infants born at lower birth weight quantiles are significantly more adversely affected by the health shock compared with those born at higher birth weight quantiles, with overall comparable results between the South American and US samples. These results suggest that fetal health shocks increase child health disparities by widening the spread of the birth weight distribution and that health inequalities begin in the womb, requiring interventions before pregnancy. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PRICE CONTROLS FOR MEDICAL INNOVATIONS IN A LIFE CYCLE PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Sorek Gilad
Published: January 2013

We study the market for new medical technologies from a life cycle perspective, incorporating the fact that healthcare utilization is biased towards old age. Contrary to conventional wisdom, we find that price controls on medical innovations can expand investment in medical R&D and results in Pareto superior social outcomes, a consequence of the price controls' ability to increase saving. Importantly, this finding occurs only when the price cap regime is extensive: selective regulation on few technologies – such as pharmaceuticals alone – have the conventional negative effect on innovation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regioselective [3+3] Cyclization of 1,3‐Bis(silyloxy)buta‐1,3‐dienes with 1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐4‐(silyloxy)alk‐3‐en‐2‐ones: New and Convenient Synthesis of Functionalized 5‐Alkyl‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenols
Authors: Büttner Stefan , Bunescu Alina , Reimann Sebastian , Tam Dang T. H. , Pundt Thomas , Klassen Renske , Schmidt Andreas , Kelzhanova Nazken K. , Abilov Zharylkasyn A. , Ghochikyan Tariel V. , Saghiyan Ashot S. , Villinger Alexander , Reinke Helmut , Spannenberg Anke , Langer Peter
Published: January 2013

Functionalized 5‐alkyl‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)phenols were prepared by formal [3+3] cyclization of 1,3‐bis(silyloxy)buta‐1,3‐dienes with 1,1,1‐trifluoro‐4‐(silyloxy)alk‐3‐en‐2‐ones derived from 1,1,1‐trifluoroalkane‐2,4‐diones. The latter were prepared by condensation of the dianion of 1,1,1‐trifluoropentane‐2,4‐dione with alkyl halides.
Synthesis of 4‐Aryl‐4,6‐dihydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyridazine‐2,5(1H,3H)‐diones from Biginelli Compounds
Authors: Patra Gopal Chandra , Bhunia Sankar Chandra , Roy Monoj Kumar , Pal Sudhir Chandra
Published: January 2013

Biginelli compounds 1 were first brominated at MeC(6) with 2,4,4,6‐tetrabromocyclohex‐2,5‐dien‐1‐one to give Br2CHC(6) derivatives 2. The hydrolysis of the 6‐(dibromomethyl) group of 2c to give the 6‐formyl derivative 3c in the presence of an expensive Ag salt followed by reaction with N2H4⋅H2O yielded tetrahydropyrimido[4,5‐d]pyridazine‐2,5(1H,3H)‐dione (4c; Scheme 1). However, treatment of the 6‐(dibromomethyl) derivatives 2 directly with N2H4⋅H2O led to the fused heterocycles 4 in better overall yield (Schemes 1 and 2; Table).
Three‐Step Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐2‐sulfanylthieno[2,3‐b]‐, ‐[2,3‐c]‐, or ‐[3,2‐c]pyridines from the Corresponding Aryl(halopyridinyl)methanones
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Suzuki Teruhiko , Egara Yuko
Published: January 2013

A convenient three‐step procedure for the synthesis of three types of 3‐aryl‐2‐sulfanylthienopyridines 4, 8, and 12 has been developed. The first step of the synthesis of thieno[2,3‐b]pyridine derivatives 4 is the replacement of the halo with a (sulfanylmethyl)sulfanyl group in aryl(2‐halopyridin‐3‐yl)methanones 1 by successive treatment with Na2S⋅9 H2O and chloromethyl sulfides to give aryl{2‐[(sulfanylmethyl)sulfanyl]pyridin‐3‐yl}methanones 2. In the second step, these were treated with LDA (LiNiPr2) to give 3‐aryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐2‐sulfanylthieno[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐ols 3, which were dehydrated in the last step with SOCl2 in the presence of pyridine to give the desired products. Similarly, thieno[2,3‐c]pyridine and thieno[3,2‐c]pyridine derivatives, 8 and 12, respectively, can be prepared from aryl(3‐chloropyridin‐4‐yl)methanones 5 and aryl(4‐chloropyridin‐3‐yl)methanones 9, respectively.
Five New Cycloartane‐Type Triterpenoid Saponins from Nervilia fordii
Authors: Wei Liu‐Bin , Yuan Hong‐E , Chen Jin‐Man , Wang Qing‐Qing , Wang Hui , Ye Wen‐Cai , Zhou Guang‐Xiong
Published: January 2013

Five new cycloartane glycosides, nervisides D–H (1–5), were isolated from the AcOEt‐ and H2O‐soluble portions of the 90% EtOH extract of the aerial part of the plant Nervilia fordii. The structures of the isolated glycosides were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including HR‐ESI‐MS and NMR data. The isolated nervisides D–H were evaluated for the cytotoxic activity in vitro against human‐tumor cell lines (CNE, Hep‐2 and HepG2) with the MTT method.
Zn2+ Complexes of 3,5‐Bis[(1,5,9‐triazacyclododecan‐3‐yloxy)methyl]phenyl Conjugates of Oligonucleotides as Artificial RNases: The Effect of Oligonucleotide Conjugation on Uridine Selectivity of the Cleaving Agent
Authors: Niittymäki Teija , Burakova Ekaterina , Laitinen Evelina , Leisvuori Anna , Virta Pasi , Lönnberg Harri
Published: January 2013

2‐(3,5‐Bis{[1,5,9‐tris(trifluoroacetyl)‐1,5,9‐triazacyclododecan‐3‐yloxy]methyl}phenoxy)ethanol was synthesized and converted to a O‐(2‐cyanoethyl)‐N,N‐diisopropylphosphoramidite building block, 12. 2′‐O‐Methyl oligoribonucleotides incorporating a 2‐[(2S,4S,5R)‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran‐2‐yl)ethyl 4‐oxopentanoate or a 2‐{2‐[2‐({[(2R,4S,5R)‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran‐2‐yl]acetyl}amino)ethoxy]ethoxy}ethyl 4‐oxopentanoate non‐nucleosidic unit close to the 3′‐terminus were assembled on a solid support, the 4‐oxopentanoyl protecting groups were removed by treatment with hydrazinium acetate on‐support, and 12 was coupled to the exposed OH function. The deprotected conjugates were purified by HPLC, and their ability to cleave a complementary RNA containing either uridine or some other nucleoside at the potential cleaving site was compared. Somewhat unexpectedly, conjugation to an oligonucleotide did not enhance the catalytic activity of the Zn2+bis(azacrown) complex and virtually abolished its selectivity towards the uridine sites.
Rhopeptin A: First Cyclopeptide Isolated from Rhodobryum giganteum
Authors: Jiao Wei , Wu Zhijun , Chen Xiaozhen , Lu Runhua , Shao Huawu
Published: January 2013

Rhopeptin A was isolated as the first cyclopentapeptide from the moss Rhodobyum giganteum [Schwaegr.] Par. This novel compound consists of proline, phenylalanine, and 3‐hydroxyproline ring‐bonded amino acid residues connected to a tyrosine fragment via an ether bridge. Attached to a 3‐hydroxyproline unit is a side chain of pyroglutamic acid residue. The structure of the peptide was deduced from the 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR and MS data.
Synthesis of 2,N,N‐Trisubstituted 1H‐Indole‐1‐carbothioamides from 2‐(Acylmethyl)phenyl Isocyanides
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuhiro , Yamane Kazuya , Fukamachi Shuhei
Published: January 2013

A convenient procedure for the synthesis of 2,N,N‐trisubstituted 1H‐indole‐1‐carbothioamides from 2‐(acylmethyl)phenyl isocyanides has been developed. Thus, these isocyanides are converted into (Z)‐ [1‐alkyl (or phenyl)‐2‐(2‐isothiocyanatophenyl)ethenyl] 1,1‐dimethylethyl carbonates via an easy two‐step sequence. Treatment with secondary amines gave thiourea intermediates which afforded with CF3COOH (TFA) the desired products in fair‐to‐good yields.
Organic Stereochemistry. Part 1. Symmetry Elements and Operations, Classification of Stereoisomers
Authors: Testa Bernard , Vistoli Giulio , Pedretti Alessandro
Published: January 2013

This review initiates a general presentation of the principles of stereochemistry with special reference to medicinal compounds. The format is essentially identical with that of a previous Series of seven reviews on the Metabolism of Drugs and Other Xenobiotics published between October 2006 and October 2009 by B. T. and Stefanie Krämer in Chemistry & Biodiversity. Here, there will be eight reviews published in Helvetica Chimica Acta, to be grouped and published in book form together with some additional material. Part 1 introduces this new series by presenting and illustrating basic concepts on which the edifice of stereochemistry is built. At the most basic level of such foundations, we find symmetry as presented here in terms of its elements, operations, and point groups. This is followed by a classification of isomeric molecular structures, as well as a classification of steric relationships between molecular fragments.
ANALYSING THE GENDER GAP IN EDUCATION ATTAINMENT: A SIMPLE FRAMEWORK WITH APPLICATION TO GHANA
Authors: Nguyen Minh Cong , Wodon Quentin
Published: January 2013

A simple decomposition is provided to analyse the gender gap in educational attainment with an application to Ghana. The decomposition considers six conditional steps required for completing high school, namely starting and completing primary school, starting and completing junior high school, and starting and completing senior high school. Using household surveys parameters are estimated conditionally on having completed the previous step. By estimating the decomposition over time and comparing parameters between groups, we are able to assess whether the gender gap is being reduced over time and where dropping out takes place in the education system for various groups. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A convenient method to produce [14C]carbon monoxide and its application to the radiosynthesis of [carboxyl‐14C]celivarone, [carboxyl‐14C]SSR149744
Authors: Whitehead David M. , Hartmann Sascha , Ilyas Tenzeela , Taylor Keith R. , Kohler Andrew D. , Ellames George J.
Published: January 2013

[carboxyl‐14C]Celivarone was synthesised from barium [14C]carbonate with overall radiochemical yields in the range 49–53%. The synthetic route involves [14C]carbonylation methodology, which both decreased the number of synthetic steps and increased the yields obtained from previous synthetic routes.
Subtype CRF01_AE dominate the sexually transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 epidemic in Guangxi, China
Authors: Li Lin , Chen Lili , Liang Shujia , Liu Wei , Li Tianyi , Liu Yongjian , Li Hanping , Bao Zuoyi , Wang Xiaolin , Li Jingyun
Published: January 2013

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) infection by sexual transmission in Guangxi, China had increased dramatically. However, limited information is available on the genetic characterization of the HIV‐1 epidemic. In this study, HIV‐1 seropositive drug‐naïve patients infected by heterosexual transmission were enrolled. The full length gag and pol genes were sequenced followed by phylogenetic analysis, recombinant analysis and drug resistant analysis. Multiple subtypes were identified, including CRF01_AE (80.1%), CRF07_BC (6.4%), CRF08_BC (10.2%), subtype B (1.7%), and URFs (1.7%). In the phylogenetic tree, two large CRF01_AE clusters were identified. One cluster is originating from Vietnam strains as being reported previously in intravenous drug users. One novel cluster was identified and showed close relationship to strains from Fujian province. Inter‐subtype recombination among CRF01_AE, subtype B and C was identified. Low level drug‐resistance in drug‐naïve heterosexually transmitted infections was found. The results suggested that multiple originating CRF01_AE strains dominated the HIV‐1 epidemic in heterosexual transmission in Guangxi province. J. Med. Virol. 85:388–395, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Environmental surveillance of enterovirus in Northern India using an integrated shell vial culture with a semi‐nested RT PCR and partial sequencing of the VP1 gene
Authors: Shukla Deepti , Kumar Arvind , Srivastava Shalini , Idris Mohammad Z. , Dhole Tapan N.
Published: January 2013

Enteroviruses have been reported in epidemic form during last 10 years in northern India. Environmental surveillance of sewage is the method of choice in limited resources countries for detection of enterovirus serotypes circulating in the community. Twenty‐four sewage samples collected between January, 2009 and December, 2010 were tested for enterovirus by using a new modified integrated shell vial culture (ISVC) with a semi‐nested RT‐PCR of a partial VP1 gene and virus isolation integrated with semi‐nested RT‐PCR of a partial VP1 gene. Twenty‐one (87.5%) out of 24 samples were positive for enterovirus by the conventional method and all samples (100%) by the ISVC–RT‐PCR. The additional positive samples detected by ISVC–RT‐PCR was typed as six different enterovirus serotypes (Sabin poliovirus 3, Coxsackievirus B3, Coxsackievirus A13, Coxsackievirus A17, Echovirus 33, and Enterovirus 75). Phylogenetic analysis of a partial VP1 gene of Echovirus 19 showed that one genetic lineage clustered with isolates from Georgia suggesting their importation into northern India. Detection of wild poliovirus in the absence of clinical cases with 16 different co‐circulating enterovirus serotypes supports the need of increased molecular surveillance of sewage. Rapid identification and characterization of enterovirus serotypes is necessary to study their transmission and evolution in different geographical regions to prevent future outbreak. J. Med. Virol. 85:505–511, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The two faces of high self‐monitors: Chameleonic moderating effects of self‐monitoring on the relationships between personality traits and counterproductive work behaviors
Authors: Oh In‐Sue , Charlier Steven D. , Mount Michael K. , Berry Christopher M.
Published: January 2013

This study examines whether and how self‐monitoring moderates the relationships between two personality traits (agreeableness and conscientiousness) and counterproductive work behavior directed toward the organization (CWB‐O) and toward other employees (CWB‐I). High self‐monitors strive to attain personal goals related to status and prestige enhancement by adjusting their behavior to what the situation requires or allows for. We propose that the status enhancement motive can take on two different yet related forms—impression management (interpersonal potency) and opportunism (win‐at‐all‐costs)—depending on relevant situational cues. We hypothesize that in public, interpersonal settings where their behavior is visible to others, high self‐monitors' desire to enhance their status by looking good to others suppresses the natural expression of low agreeableness via increased engagement in CWB‐I. Conversely, we hypothesize that in private, non‐interpersonal settings where their behavior is rarely visible to others, high self‐monitors' desire to enhance their status by doing whatever it takes to get what they want intensifies the natural expression of low conscientiousness via increased engagement in CWB‐O. On the basis of two independent samples of participants, results of moderated multiple regression analyses provided support for the hypotheses. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic Studies of Substitution Reactions of Uranyl(VI) Schiff Base Complexes with Tributylphosphine
Authors: Asadi Zahra , Shorkaei Mohammad Ranjkesh
Published: January 2013

The kinetics of the substitution reaction of uranyl Schiff base complexes with tributylphosphine was studied spectrophotometrically in acetonitrile. Uranyl complexes have a pentagonal bipyramidal structure with a trans‐UO2 moiety at the axial positions. In uranyl tetradentate Schiff base complexes, the fifth position of the equatorial plane is occupied by the solvent molecule, which weakly coordinates to the U center. In a substitution reaction, tributylphosphine can easily replace the solvent molecule. By considering the excellent linearity of kobs versus the molar concentration of tributylphosphine, the large negative values of Δ S#, and the small values of Δ H#, an associative (A) mechanism has been suggested. By comparing the rate constants (k2) and the activation parameters, it is obvious that two parameters are effective in the rate of substitution reactions; The first parameter is the steric effect that the rate of reaction has been decreased by increasing this factor, and the other parameter is the electronic property that the electron‐withdrawing group leads to increase the rate of reaction and the electron donor group decreases it. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 45: 168–174, 2013
Macromol. Biosci. 1/2013
Authors: Mandal Biman B. , Gil Eun Seok , Panilaitis Bruce , Kaplan David L.
Published: January 2013

Front Cover: Highly aligned 3D silk scaffolds using directional freezing in a custom designed chamber was demonstrated. The method is versatile and holds potential to produce complex, multicomponent aligned structures for various tissue engineering and biomedical applications, needing immediate cell alignment to mimic native tissue hierarchy and function. Further details can be found in the article by B. B. Mandal, E. S. Gil, B. Panilaitis, and D. L. Kaplan* on page 48.

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Redox Intitiated Cationic Polymerization
Authors: Crivello James V.
Published: January 2013

Two novel redox initiator systems have been developed for carrying out the cationic polymerizations of vinyl and heterocyclic monomers. The initiators are based on various onium salts as the oxidant together with an alkylborane or an organosilane as the reducing agent. Using both redox cationic initiator systems, the polymerizations of a wide variety of monomers can be carried out at or below room temperature in the presence or absence of unreactive solvents. Also described in this communication is the novel use of a two‐component redox system in which the reducing agent, a silane, is delivered to the monomer sample in the vapor state. Optical pyrometry (infrared thermography) was employed as a convenient method with which to monitor the polymerizations in real‐time. A study of the effects of variations in the structures of the onium salt, the silane and the type of noble metal catalyst were carried out. The use of these initiator systems for carrying out commercially attractive crosslinking polymerizations for coatings, composites and electronic encapsulations is discussed.
Polyisobutylene Based Supramolecular Networks via Living Carbocationic Polymerization
Authors: Hackethal Katharina , Binder Wolfgang H.
Published: January 2013

Functionalized, styrene based monomers were investigated for copolymerization with isobutylene (IB) via living carbocationic polymerization. The achieved incorporation of polar moieties into the polymer backbone yielded supramolecular networks, which were analyzed and characterized via rheological measurements.
Anionic Polymerization Behavior of α‐Methylene‐N‐methylpyrrolidone
Authors: Ishizone Takashi , Kitazawa Keita , Suzuki Takashi , Kawauchi Susumu
Published: January 2013

Anionic polymerization of α‐methylene‐N‐methylpyrrolidone (MMP) was carried out in THF at −78∼0 °C with diphenylmethylpotassium (Ph2CHK) and with diphenylmethyllithium (Ph2CHLi) in the presence of Lewis acidic diethylzinc (Et2Zn). Poly(MMP)s possessing predicted molecular weights based on the molar ratios between monomer and initiators and narrow molecular weight distributions (Mw/Mn < 1.1) were obtained in quantitative yields. It was demonstrated that the propagating chain end of poly(MMP) was stable at −30 °C to form the polymers with well‐defined chain structures. From the polymerizations at the various temperatures ranging from −50 to −30 °C, the apparent rate constant and the activation energy of the polymerization were estimated as follows: ln k = −6.93 × 103/T + 25.7 and 57 ± 5 kJ mol−1, respectively.
Synthesis and Characterization of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and Poly(vinyl acetate) Diblock Copolymers via MADIX Process
Authors: Özgüç Çimen , Helvacıoğlu Ekmel , Nugay Nihan , Nugay Turgut
Published: January 2013

The synthesis of diblock copolymers of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc) was performed by macromolecular design via interchange of xanthates (MADIX) process. Following the preparation of methyl (isopropoxycarbonothioyl) sulfanyl acetate (MIPCTSA) as chain transfer agent, it was reacted with vinyl acetate to obtain PVAc macro‐chain transfer agent. Then, block copolymerization was completed by successive addition of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM). 1H NMR spectroscopy confirmed the presence of both blocks in the copolymer structure, with the expected composition based on the feed ratio. Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) was used to investigate the relative values of molecular characteristics. Only 20% of PVAc was converted to block copolymer. The resultant block copolymer structures were further examined in terms of their morphologies as well as critical micelle concentration (CMC) by using ESEM and Fluorescence Excitation Spectroscopic techniques, respectively. Morphological characterization confirmed amphiphilic block copolymer formation with the existence of mainly ca. 100 nm well distributed micelles. The thermo responsive amphiphilic behavior of the block copolymer solutions were followed by Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique.
In Situ Quenching Methods Toward exo‐Olefin‐Terminated Polyisobutylene
Authors: Ummadisetty Subramanyam , Morgan David L. , Stokes Casey D. , Harrison J.J. , Campbell Christopher G. , Storey Robson F.
Published: January 2013

exo‐Olefin‐terminated polyisobutylene was obtained directly from living isobutylene polymerizations by addition of a quenching compound to the living chain ends. Three broad classes of compounds were evaluated including hindered bases such as hindered pyridines and piperidines, N‐hydro‐2,5‐disubstitutedpyrroles, and sulfides, ethers, and silylethers. The proposed mechanism of quenching unique to each class was discussed, with supporting kinetic, spectroscopic, and structure‐based evidence presented. Hindered bases were proposed to operate by E2 elimination reaction of free base at the carbenium ion. N‐Hydro‐2,5‐disubstitutedpyrroles were proposed to form the η5‐2,5‐disubstitutedpyrrolyltrichloro‐titanium(IV) coordination complex, which serves as the true quencher. Sulfides, ethers, and silylethers were proposed to operate by first converting the PIB chain ends quantitatively to the onium adduct, which is then decomposed to form exo‐olefin PIB. Sulfides and ethers were the best performing quenchers of all the types studied, particularly bulky ones such di‐tert‐butylsulfide and diisopropyl ether.
Efficient thermal properties enhancement to hyperbranched aromatic polyamide grafted aluminum nitride in epoxy composites
Authors: Qian Rong , Yu Jinhong , Xie Liyuan , Li Yanan , Jiang Pingkai
Published: January 2013

Aluminum nitride (AlN) nanoparticles were firstly treated with a silane coupling agent, γ‐aminopropyl‐triethoxysilane (γ‐APS), to introduce amine groups (AlN‐APS), then grafting of the hyperbranched aromatic polyamide started from the modified surface (AlN‐HBP). The surface modified AlN nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermogravimetric analyzer. Then the nanoparticles with these three different interface structures were selected as reinforcing fillers for epoxy composites. The study reports the influence of interfacial structure of nanoparticles on the morphology and thermal properties of epoxy composites. It was found that the AlN‐HBP nanoparticles result in a strong interface and thus the incorporation of the AlN‐HBP nanoparticles not only improved the dispersion of the nanoparticles in the epoxy matrix but also enhanced the thermal conductivity, thermal stability, glass transition temperatures, and dynamical thermomechanical properties. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation on the Friction Sensitivity of a Matchhead Composition Influenced by the Surface Roughness of Contact Materials
Authors: Nalla Mohamed Mohamed Ismail , Sivapirakasam Suthandathan Paramashivan , Surianarayanan Mahadevan
Published: January 2013

Fire and explosions in the processing of matchhead compositions are reported due to the friction sensitivity of materials used. This investigation is aimed at investigating the influence of different types of contact materials and their surface roughness on the friction sensitivity of a matchhead composition. The friction sensitivity of the matchhead composition was found to be dependent on the contact materials and their roughness. The results demonstrated that the contact materials and their surface roughness imparted variations to the sensitivity, ranging from 108 to 360 N. The sensitivity response of the energetic mixture was quicker in case of aluminum plate‐aluminum pin combinations than those when steel plate‐steel pin and brass plate‐brass pin combinations were used. For the first time, the experimental investigation identified a new value based on the material’s surface roughnesses called critical surface roughness, at which the matchhead composition ignited at a minimum frictional load. The matchhead composition was found to be highly hazardous at the critical surface roughness values of 1.09, 1.01, and 1.05 μm for aluminum, brass, and steel surfaces, respectively. Based on the experimental results this paper also discusses mechanism of ignition caused by the frictional load.
Experimental Research on Cohesion and Internal Friction Angle of the Double‐base Propellant
Authors: Zhang Jianbin , Ju Yutao , Zhou Changsheng
Published: January 2013

A conventional triaxial confining pressure test was designed to suit the working environment of propellant grain. The mechanical properties of the double‐base propellant under varied confining pressure conditions were studied and analyzed. The results show that confining pressures have a pronounced influence on the mechanical properties of propellant materials. The yield value and compressive strength of propellant material increase as the confining pressure increases. The propellant material shows great ductility before it is destroyed, the ductility of propellant material increases with an increase in the confining pressure. The yield values and failure values of the propellant materials show linear relationships with the confining pressures. According to the Mohr‐Coulomb theory, the cohesion and internal friction angle of the double‐base propellant material were obtained. The influence factors of cohesion and internal friction angle of the double‐base propellant material are analyzed. The failure process and mechanism of propellant materials under varying confining pressures were studied. These projects have contributed to the understanding of the innate character of propellant materials and explain the damage and destruction of the structures and components. With this information, measures can be taken to improve the quality and structural performance of propellant grain. The information collected herein may lay the foundation for yield criteria and viscoelastic‐plastic constitutive model of propellant materials.
The use of spin desalting columns in DMSO‐quenched H/D‐exchange NMR experiments
Authors: Chandak Mahesh S. , Nakamura Takashi , Takenaka Toshio , Chaudhuri Tapan K. , Yagi‐Utsumi Maho , Chen Jin , Kato Koichi , Kuwajima Kunihiro
Published: January 2013

Dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)‐quenched hydrogen/deuterium (H/D)‐exchange is a powerful method to characterize the H/D‐exchange behaviors of proteins and protein assemblies, and it is potentially useful for investigating non‐protected fast‐exchanging amide protons in the unfolded state. However, the method has not been used for studies on fully unfolded proteins in a concentrated denaturant or protein solutions at high salt concentrations. In all of the current DMSO‐quenched H/D‐exchange studies of proteins so far reported, lyophilization was used to remove D2O from the protein solution, and the lyophilized protein was dissolved in the DMSO solution to quench the H/D exchange reactions and to measure the amide proton signals by two‐dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectra. The denaturants or salts remaining after lyophilization thus prevent the measurement of good NMR spectra. In this article, we report that the use of spin desalting columns is a very effective alternative to lyophilization for the medium exchange from the D2O buffer to the DMSO solution. We show that the medium exchange by a spin desalting column takes only about 10 min in contrast to an overnight length of time required for lyophilization, and that the use of spin desalting columns has made it possible to monitor the H/D‐exchange behavior of a fully unfolded protein in a concentrated denaturant. We report the results of unfolded ubiquitin in 6.0M guanidinium chloride.
Ethno‐Economic Satellite: the Case of Korean Residential Clusters in Auckland
Authors: Hong Seong‐Yun , Yoon Hong‐key
Published: January 2013

Recent studies on the residential patterns of Asian immigrants in Pacific Rim countries have revealed a new form of suburban ethnic settlements – ethnoburbs. The geographic distribution of Koreans in Auckland indicates that an ethnoburb‐like concentration has been developed in this small but rapidly increasing population group: Koreans are residentially clustered but not isolated from other population groups in an absolute sense. Interestingly, however, the economic structure of this ethnic community is somewhat different from that of ethnoburbs observed in North American cities. Statistical analysis of ethnic‐specific business directories demonstrates that the economic structure within the Korean residential clusters in Auckland is dependent on the state of their home country's economy. In this regard, Korean businesses are more like economic satellites rather than independent economic entities in the transnational market, as observed in other suburban ethnic settlements. The residential clustering of Koreans in Auckland is an important example of how suburban ethnic settlements can vary in terms of their economic structures. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migrants' Remittances, Poverty and Social Protection in the South Pacific: Fiji and Tonga
Authors: Brown Richard P. C. , Connell John , Jimenez‐Soto Eliana V.
Published: January 2013

Small island states are increasingly characterised by the growing role of international migration and remittances as components of national and household incomes. Recent household‐level survey data on migration and remittances in two Pacific island states, Fiji and Tonga, demonstrate that where formal social protection systems are largely absent, migration and remittances can perform a similar function informally, contributing significantly to development objectives. Remittances also have a positive effect on poverty alleviation and wealth creation, although the impacts on income distribution are mixed. From a policy perspective, these informal social protection and poverty alleviation mechanisms may be more effective in promoting development than policies designed to incorporate remittances into the formal financial systems. Migration and remittances play an increasingly valuable role in small states where domestic development opportunities are limited. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gain characteristic of dilute nitride HELLISH‐VCSOA for 1.3 µm wavelength operation
Authors: Chaqmaqche F. A. I. , Mazzucato S. , Balkan N. , Hugues M. , Hopkinson M.
Published: January 2013

Optical amplification of more than 3 dB is demonstrated using the Hot Electron Light Emitting and Lasing Semiconductor Heterostructure device in a Vertical Cavity Semiconductor Optical Amplifier configuration (HELLISH‐VCSOA). The device consists of dilute nitride quantum wells Ga0.35In0.65N0.02As0.08/GaAs multiple quantum well (MQW) layers placed in the active region between the doped GaAs claddings and undoped GaAs/AlAs DBRs. Compared to standard VCSOAs in the HELLISH device, the current here does not flow across the distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) but is injected longitudinally into the p‐ and n‐doped cladding layers. Therefore DBR layers can be undoped, and heating problems en countered in conventional VCSOAs can be avoided. Current‐voltage and spectral characteristics are measured at room temperature under different optical and electrical excitation conditions to demonstrate the possibility of employing this device for amplification purposes (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Role of light emission and sub‐bandgap defects in the dielectric response of electroluminescent diodes
Authors: Bansal Kanika
Published: January 2013

Connection between junction impedance and modulated electroluminescence characteristics of light emitting devices of III‐V compounds is probed at low frequencies (≤100 kHz). Negative capacitance effect is observed accompanied by the onset of qualitatively similar modulated light emission as a systematic function of modulation frequency. Interdependent optical and electrical response at such low frequencies is explained by the role of defects in charge recombination dynamics which can cause reduction of radiative recombination efficiency for high frequency applications. Time domain behaviour of the negative capacitance has also been studied. Occurrence of negative capacitance can be identified by the monotonically decreasing shape of the current transient derivative. The characterization techniques used here can be helpful in optimizing the design of devices based on nitrides of III‐V compounds. However a more rigorous theoretical frame work is required for further analysis which may not follow the conventional semiconductor diode models based on depletion approximation and electrostatic description. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)