bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF PLEURAL BIOPSY IN BRONCHOPULMONARY CARCINOMA
Authors: Pagel Walter , Goldfarb Susan
Published: June 2007

The diagnosis of bronchopulmonary carcinoma was either corroborated or arrived at in 13 out of a total of 26 cases by pleural biopsy. Taken as a whole, pleural biopsy is inferior to repeated examination of the pleural exudate for neoplastic cells. In individual observations, however, the former can be found positive at a time when neither the pleural fluid nor any other material provide a diagnostic clue.

In an instance of primary pleural growth (mesothelioma) its nature was recognizable in the pleural biopsy material.

Pleural biopsy can correctly lead to the diagnostic exclusion of growth in favour of tuberculosis.

Pleural biopsy can be suggestive of the rheumatic aetiology of changes.

A pleural biopsy positive for carcinoma can be obtained on both sides.

All stages, from early submesothelial deposition of individual neoplastic cells to the dense infiltration of the subserous connective and fat tissue, were observed.
THE BUCCAL MUCOSA IN ANAEMIA
Authors: Jacobs Allan
Published: June 2007

The histological features of the buccal mucosa have been examined in 50 cases of iron-deficiency anaemia, 14 cases of megaloblastic anaemia, and 50 normal subjects. Differences between the anaemic and normal groups have been found and in some anaemic patients striking morphological changes have been seen. These might be due to a direct effect of iron or vitamin B12deficiency on the metabolism of the epithelial cells.
MULTIPLE PRIMARY CANCERS: PRIMARY MALIGNANT LYMPHOMAS AND CARCINOMAS OF THE INTESTINAL TRACT IN THE SAME PATIENT
Authors: Cornes John S.
Published: June 2007

Three cases of primary malignant lymphoma and primary mucus-secreting adenocarcinoma of the intestinal tract, occurring in the same patients, are described, and three similar cases reported in the literature are discussed. The carcinomas were present at the same time as the lymphomas, or developed after the lymphomas had been removed. The relationship between malignant lymphoma and carcinoma is uncertain, but there is some evidence to suggest a possible relationship between them. It is important not to assume that a second growth in the intestinal tract is always a recurrence or a metastasis from the original primary tumour.
THE WEIGHTS OF KIDNEYS IN LATE INTRA-UTERINE LIFE AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Emery John L. , Mithal Avinash
Published: June 2007

Statistical tables including 50 and 95 percentile ranges are presented of the combined kidney weights compared with body weight, crown-rump length, and gestation age of foetuses and newborn children, and also a table of kidney weights related to post-natal age. The importance of relating kidney weight to more than one general body criterion in the perinatal period is illustrated.
THE DETERMINATION OF MAGNESIUM IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS AND TISSUES BY FLAME SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
Authors: Alcock Nancy , MacIntyre I. , Radde Ingeborg
Published: June 2007

A flame spectrophotometric method for estimating magnesium in biological fluids and tissues is described. It may be applied to the Zeiss spectrophotometer PMQ II with flame attachment. Interferences are small, and recoveries from plasma and urine and from ashed faeces, soft tissue, and bone are satisfactory. Calcium can be measured on the same dilutions of plasma and urine and faecal ash. Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium can be estimated on the same dilutions of soft tissue and bone ash.

The plasma magnesium concentration of normal subjects falls within a narrow range. Differences between mean normal values previously reported may be partly attributed to the magnesium salt used in preparation of standard solutions.
SERUM PROTEINS AND BLOOD ALPHA AMINO NITROGEN IN CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: Burman David , Rembolt R. R.
Published: June 2007

The mean serum proteins of 30 children over the age of 3 suffering from cerebral palsy was 7.20 with a standard deviation of 0.49 g. per 100 ml. No difference was found between children with the spastic and athetoid types of cerebral palsy. The electrophoretic pattern of the serum proteins did not differ in the two types, but the alpha 2 globulin diminished significantly with increasing age. There was no difference that could be considered “clinically significant” between the total serum proteins or their electrophoretic pattern in children with cerebral palsy and in four published series of normal children.

The plasma and whole blood alpha amino nitrogen showed no significant difference between the two types of cerebral palsy.
A COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND ESTIMATED OSMOLARITIES OF URINE
Authors: Roscoe M. H.
Published: June 2007

Osmolarity has been calculated from estimated cations and organic solutes in 200 samples of urine and compared with that found by direct osmometry.

In three-fifths of the samples the calculated value differs from the found by less than 5%, but in some differences of over 30 m.osmoles/l. and percentage differences of over 20 are found.

Calculated values are frequently too high, this overestimation being particularly marked in alkaline urines, and a change in reaction of the urine in one subject can alter the relationship of the calculated to the true osmolarity in the course of a few hours.

The findings in a small series of samples where the principal anions are estimated suggest that the osmolar activities of the solutes are less in the more alkaline urines than in the more acid ones.
THE ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF HAEMOPHILUS SPP. FROM UNUSUAL LESIONS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Rogers K. B. , Zinnemann K. , Foster W. P.
Published: June 2007

From a high proportion of children sent to hospitalH. influenzaecan be isolated if suitable culture media are used. A number ofH. influenzaestrains were isolated from unusual sites, such as (1) blood cultures after tonsillectomy or tonsillotomy in five cases; (2) urine or the urinary tract in eight cases; (3) the lumen of appendices removed at operation in 11 cases (4%); (4) osteomyelitis or pyarthrosis in six cases; (5) miscellaneous infections including two perianal abscesses, three cases of paronychia, one infected thyroglossal cyst, and several skin infections.

It is suggested that infections of the skeletal system and the urinary tract arise from haematogenous spread ofH. influenzae, as demonstrated by positive blood cultures after tonsillectomy and in two cases of skeletal infection. Infection of the appendix, perianal abscesses, paronychia, and skin infections probably arise by the direct route, either by immediate contact or by passage of viable organisms through the alimentary canal.
The cleaning of ward floors and the bacteriological study of floor-cleaning machines
Authors: Bate J. G.
Published: June 2007

Current trends in ward flooring materials and cleaning methods are considered from the point of view of the hospital bacteriologist. Methods employed in an investigation into the bacteriological safety of a number of floor-cleaning machines are described, and some considerations governing the choice of vacuum cleaners for ward use are discussed.
Staphylococci in septic fingers
Authors: Wesley-James O. , Alder V. G.
Published: June 2007

The phage patterns of 123 cultures ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated from septic fingers were compared with 124 strains isolated from the noses of healthy volunteers. It was found that strains with certain phage patterns were comparatively numerous in septic fingers, and that the lesions caused by them tended to be exceptionally severe.
Sclerosing osteogenic sarcomatosis
Authors: Wolman Lionel
Published: June 2007

A case is reported in which the amputation of a leg for a sclerosing type of osteogenic sarcoma was followed five years later by a metastasis of similar appearance in the skull. This was excised but subsequent necropsy revealed multiple bony tumours in the lungs.

The rarity of multiple osteogenic sarcoma is recalled as shown by a review of the literature. Although some are thought to be of multicentric origin owing to the short history, an early haematogenous spread cannot be excluded and this latter process had certainly occurred in the present case.

The characteristic radiological appearances in the skull are stressed as being diagnostic. The differential points in the histological diagnosis of the condition, especially in the invaded part of the calvarium, are described and should help to exclude a meningioma or other bone tumours.
The pathology of 111 cases of primary hepatic malignancy collected in the Liverpool region
Authors: Cruickshank A. H.
Published: June 2007

The clinical records and preserved specimens of 111 cases of primary malignant disease of the liver have been analysed. All were diagnosed in the Merseyside area, chiefly in Liverpool and Birkenhead, and all but nine were Europeans. Necropsy was done in 89.

The tumours consisted of 108 carcinomas, two sarcomas, and one mixed tumour. Liver cell carcinoma was nearly four times more frequent than carcinoma of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Both types were commoner in males, the difference between the sexes being greater in the case of liver cell carcinoma. Predisposing conditions included portal cirrhosis, haemochromatosis, and cystic malformations of bile ducts. The gross and microscopic appearances are described and the pathological effects discussed. Liver cell carcinoma tends to invade and permeate veins within the liver but seems, nevertheless, to remain limited to the liver for longer than carcinoma of the intrahepatic bile ducts. Liver cell carcinoma is more characteristic microscopically. The commonest occupation among the male cases was seafarer.
A note on platelet adhesiveness in ischaemic heart disease
Authors: Nestel P. J.
Published: June 2007

Platelet adhesiveness was measuredin vitroin a group of patients with ischaemic heart disease and in a group of matched healthy subjects using either 1% EDTA or 3.8% sodium citrate as anticoagulant. When sodium citrate was used platelet adhesiveness was significantly greater in the group with ischaemic heart disease. However, no difference was found when EDTA was used.

In both groups platelet adhesiveness was found to be significantly greater with sodium citrate than with EDTA.
The influence of penicillin onLactobacillus leichmanniiserum B12assay
Authors: Boczarow Borys
Published: June 2007

The influence of penicillin on vitamin B12assay usingL. leichmanniias the test organism was investigated, and it was found that penicillin even in a low serum concentration invalidated the test.
Human listerial meningitis
Authors: Librach I. M. , Seth R. K.
Published: June 2007

A case of Listerial meningitis is described in a man of 60 years. The aetiology of listeriosis is discussed.
Hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Harris-Jones J. N. , Ward D. J.
Published: June 2007

An association of essential hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes mellitus is postulated. Case records are included to illustrate hypercholesterolaemia secondary to acute diabetes mellitus, and essential hypercholesterolaemia, independent of, but accompanying diabetes mellitus. Whereas in the former the serum cholesterol returns to normal and its attendant clinical manifestations resolve when the diabetes is controlled, this is not so in the latter type.

Evidence is presented to show that impaired carbohydrate tolerance is not a feature of essential hypercholesterolaemia.
A latex fixation test using British latex and bovine gamma globulin
Authors: Payne R. B.
Published: June 2007

A British polystyrene latex-bovine gamma globulin fixation test which can be used for serum titrations is described. It is technically easier to perform than the latex fixation test of Singer and Plotz (1956) and appears to be equally sensitive. There was agreement with a sensitized sheep cell agglutination test in 264 of 300 cases (88%).
The testing of sterilizers
Authors: Kelsey J. C.
Published: June 2007

Satisfactory spore preparations for testing hospital sterilizers can be made fromB. stearothermophilusand comparatively simple methods for loading and drying the papers are considered to be valid. Each batch of spore papers should be calibrated by plotting dose-response curves for exposure to steam. A minimum standard in terms of the L.D.50 to moist heat is proposed and confidence limits suggested when such papers are used in pairs or small multiples.
The significance of Howell-Jolly bodies and giant metamyelocytes in marrow smears
Authors: Dawson D. W. , Bury H. P. R.
Published: June 2007

Howell-Jolly bodies in erythroid precursors can be found in the marrow in a variety of diseases. More than 1% in the later erythroblasts is rarely found except in vitamin B12or folic acid deficiency states.

Giant metamyelocytes are probably always the result of vitamin B12or folic acid deficiency. A distinction is drawn between the deficiency of, and therapeutic need for, vitamin B12and folic acid.
The estimation of magnesium in small biological samples by flame spectrophotometry
Authors: Montgomery R. D.
Published: June 2007

Studies of human magnesium metabolism in this laboratory called for a simple and reliable method of estimating the magnesium content of large numbers of small biological specimens (Montgomery, 1960). It has been found that a technique involving the Unicam S.P. 900 flame spectrophotometer fulfils this need.

Estimations have been made on serum, red cells, urine, and acid digests of muscle and faeces. A standard instrument was used, burning acetylene and air, with a new standard atomiser containing a metal jet. Readings were made at the atomic line of 285·2 mμ.
The rapid slide agglutination test in the diagnosis of typhoid fevers and typhus
Authors: Werbin B. Z. , Kasher A.
Published: June 2007

Of 10,000 sera examined for infectious diseases by both the rapid slide agglutination and the tube agglutination tests, 128 were found positive for typhus fever and 257 for typhoid and paratyphoid infections. Of 84 of the last mentioned cases of typhoid and paratyphoid, which were confirmed by cultural examination, 45 (53·5%) were negative to the tube test, whereas only one (1·2%) was negative to the slide test. Taking the total of 385 cases in which the clinical picture was typical and either one of the two serological tests positive, the tube test was negative in 183 cases (47·2%) whereas the slide test was negative once only (0·3%).

Of 201 cases in which both the slide and tube tests were positive, the slide test gave the result, on an average, six days earlier in 19 cases (10%).

A control test of 139 sera from patients suffering from various other diseases gave a negative result on the slide test.
The antithrombin activity of glucuronic esters of bilirubin
Authors: Kopeć M. , Darocha T. , Niewiarowski S. , Stachurska J.
Published: June 2007

The plasma of patients with pronounced jaundice as well as that of cats with experimental obstructive jaundice inhibits the clotting of normal plasma with thrombin. The influence of different bile constituents—bilirubin, bilirubin glucuronides, sodium salts of bile acid—on the clotting of plasma or fibrinogen with thrombin was examined. Bilirubin glucuronides in concentrations above 8 mg.% showed antithrombic activity but other substances were inactive. Glucuronic acid and phenolphthalein glucuronide in concentrations up to 100 mg.% did not have any influence on the thrombin time.
Factors concerned in the efficient steam sterilization of surgical dressings
Authors: Fallon R. J.
Published: June 2007

Some of the factors affecting the efficient steam sterilization of dressings have been examined. A jacketed sterilizer will process a load more quickly than a sterilizer without a jacket. The level of fore-vacuum is critical and must reach an absolute pressure of 20 mm. Hg (29·2 in.Hg vacuum) or less. This will overcome all conditions of overpacking studied. The level of after-vacuum should be 100 mm. Hg absolute or less, preferably near 50 mm. Hg absolute.

Overpacking cannot be defined in terms of weight of a fabric per unit volume of container but occurs when a load is compressed in its container.
Renal enlargement in chronic cor pulmonale
Authors: Ellis P. A.
Published: June 2007

Examination of the post-mortem records of 1,391 unselected cases showed that the commonest condition associated with excessive diffuse enlargement of the kidneys was chronic cor pulmonale. A less striking enlargement was found in some cases of chronic rheumatic heart disease.

A hypothesis is put forward in which the renal enlargement is regarded as a work hypertrophy brought about by the kidneys' efforts to compensate for a chronic respiratory acidosis.
The tongue and oesophagus in iron-deficiency anaemia and the effect of iron therapy
Authors: Baird I. McLean , Dodge O. G. , Palmer F. J. , Wawman R. J.
Published: June 2007

Biopsies of the tongue and oesophagus were performed on 14 patients with uncomplicated iron-deficiency anaemia before and after treatment with iron. Haemoglobin and serum iron estimations were performed at the same time.

Nine patients had clinical evidence of atrophic changes in the tongue before therapy was started. Evidence of regeneration appeared within one or two weeks of starting iron therapy. Two patients showed persistent atrophy. Angular stomatitis and koilonychia were longer in disappearing.

Biopsies confirmed that filiform papillae and kerato-hyalin granules are frequently absent from the epithelium of the smooth tongues of iron-deficient patients. Iron therapy is followed by the re-appearance of keratohyalin granules and keratinized filiform papillae.

Two patients complained of dysphagia, which disappeared after treatment. No abnormality in the oesophageal epithelium was found in any of the patients either before or after therapy. The relationship of oesophageal carcinoma to antecedent iron-deficiency epithelial changes is considered suspect.
Platelets in blood stored in untreated and siliconed glass bottles and plastic bags
Authors: Kissmeyer-Nielsen F. , Madsen C. B. , Nedergaard Jytte
Published: June 2007

Platelet survival was determined using untreated and siliconed glass bottles and plastic bags (Fenwal) for collecting and storing blood. The platelets were taggedin vivowith P32in six polycythaemic patients undergoing treatment with P32. The results showed that fresh ACD blood collected in untreated glass, siliconed glass, and plastic gave the same recovery of platelets in the recipients. The use of EDTA (Fenwal formula) as anticoagulant gave results inferior to those obtained with blood using ACD as anticoagulant. Even after storage up to 24 hours in untreated glass bottles (ordinary bank blood) a satisfactory recovery of platelets was observed. After storage for 72 hours the recovery was less but not negligible.
The development of the serum protein pattern in Africans
Authors: Edozien J. C.
Published: June 2007

The serum protein of African and European mothers, African and European umbilical cord blood, and African children up to 6½ years of age have been investigated. African umbilical cord blood contains significantly higher concentrations of γ globulin than European umbilical cord blood. Significant differences were not found in the other protein fractions. The level of γ globulin in the serum of African mothers is significantly higher than the corresponding level in European mothers. Significant differences were not observed in the other protein fractions. The changes in serum proteins in pregnancy in African women follow the pattern described in European women. Close correlation was demonstrated between the level of maternal and cord blood γ globulin. The significance of this finding has been discussed.

It is concluded that hereditary factors cannot be excluded until further information on the level of γ globulin of Europeans and other races subjected to the conditions of life of the average African is available.
A note on the determination of serum beta-glucuronidase activity
Authors: Plaice Constance H. J.
Published: June 2007

A modification of the method of Fishman, Springer, and Brunetti (1948) for determining serum β-glucuronidase activity is described. Normal values are presented and some of the factors which might influence the serum enzyme determination have been investigated.
Monitoring sterilization of dressings in high-vacuum pressure-steam sterilizers
Authors: Fallon R. J.
Published: June 2007

Undetected air leaks in a high-vacuum sterilizer can defeat the sterilization process. For this reason the maintenance and supervision of these sterilizers needs expert engineering care. The importance of controlling the high-vacuum sterilization process from the centre of a load rather than the chamber drain is emphasized, and a method of detecting any failure in a high-vacuum process is described. The dynamics of the high-vacuum sterilization process are discussed and the possible disadvantages of an integrator are noted. The wisdom of using a temperature of 134°C. for three minutes is questioned.
Four cases of human infection withAchromobacter anitratus
Authors: Ashley D. J. B. , Kwantes W.
Published: June 2007

Four cases of human infection withAchromobacter anitratus,one of which was fatal, are described. They all occurred at one hospital within a period of two months.

The bacteriology, antibiotic sensitivity, and pathogenicity of the organisms are discussed. One of the strains was found to differ from the other three.
Histological changes in the thyroid in cirrhosis of the liver
Authors: Nicol A. , Sclare G.
Published: June 2007

The thyroid has been examined histologically in 77 cases of cirrhosis of the liver and in an equal number of control cases. Contrary to expectation, no difference was found between the incidence or the severity of lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid in the two groups. A conspicuous fibrosis or `cirrhosis' of the thyroid, not related to lymphocytic infiltration, was associated with cirrhosis of the liver, especially in elderly women. The significance of this lesion is not clear but its origin is probably to be sought in liver dysfunction rather than in auto-immunization.
Precipitin reaction between serum and lysed erythrocytes
Authors: Wilson J. F. , Warren Gillian
Published: June 2007

The albumin fraction of all normal sera contains a factor which precipitates with part of the normal haemoglobin molecule, the reaction occurring in the proportions of 1 ml. serum to 6 to 15 mg. haemoglobin.
An experiment in the prevention of meningococcal meningitis in Nigeria
Authors: Vollum R. L. , Griffiths P. W. W.
Published: June 2007

In a population of approximately 100,000, 99% of the population was treated with at least one dose of sulphadimidine snuff and 94% with three or four doses over a period of two days. A dramatic reduction in the incidence of cerebrospinal meningitis followed immediately thereafter in the treated population, while the incidence continued to rise in adjacent comparable districts which had not been treated.
Isolation of a protective gamma-globulin fraction interfering with the zinc sulphate turbidity test
Authors: Naganna B. , Rao B. Rama , Venkaiah K. R. , Rao P. Lakshmana
Published: June 2007

The serum of a case of hyperglobulinaemia with negative thymol and zinc sulphate turbidity reactions was studied. The serum when added to pathological sera with high turbidity values brought about a marked reduction in the original turbidity values. Also, the serum did not give the usual copper proteinate precipitate when added to copper sulphate solutions. The anomalous protein fraction responsible for the above properties was isolated from the γ globulins by precipitation at 28% saturation with ammonium sulphate. It was found to be neither a macroglobulin (Waldenstrom's), a cryoglobulin, nor a collagen protein. Its occurrence in the very γ globulin fraction which is responsible for many of the turbidity reactions is of great significance in the interpretation of these tests. It is suggested that the normal turbidity and flocculation reactions reported in some cases of multiple myelomatosis might be due to some such anomalous proteins.
A comparison of tests for thyroglobulin antibody
Authors: Rawstron J. R. , Farthing C. P.
Published: June 2007

A comparison is made of tests for thyroglobulin antibody, using gel diffusion, electroprecipitin, bentonite flocculation, tanned red cell agglutination, and latex slide agglutination techniques on sera from cases of Hashimoto's disease and other thyroid disorders. Any increase in γ globulin was also noted from the serum electrophoretic pattern. The gel diffusion and electroprecipitin tests are shown to be comparable in their sensitivity, as are the bentonite flocculation and tanned red cell agglutination tests. The flocculation and agglutination tests were oversensitive. The latex slide test in conjunction with the electro-precipitin test is recommended for routine use in the detection of Hashimoto's disease.
A comparison of the measurement of gamma globulin in cerebrospinal fluid by electrophoretic and immunological methods
Authors: Colover Jack , Feinberg J. G. , Temple Anne , Tooley Marian
Published: June 2007

The results of measurement of γ globulin in the cerebrospinal fluid by electrophoresis and by an immunological technique are compared. In some fluids marked discrepancies were found. Such discrepancies, when substantiated and better understood, may have diagnostic significance.
Ewing's tumours and neuroblastomas
Authors: Marsden H. B. , Steward J. K.
Published: June 2007

From a study of 59 cases of neuroblastoma and 21 patients classified as cases of Ewing's tumour there appear to be differences in age incidence, duration of disease, gross and microscopical appearance, and metastatic spread. The normal rate of excretion of catecholamines by patients with Ewing's tumour is an additional differentiating feature.
Tumours of the central nervous system in children
Authors: Yates Peter O.
Published: June 2007

One hundred and fifty-five tumours of the central nervous system which occurred in children in the north west of England during a period of nine years are analysed from a pathological point of view. It is probable that these represent over 90% of all such tumours occurring in the region at that time and that the relative incidence of various tumour types is, therefore, a true one: just over a fifth (35) were medulloblastomas; just under a fifth (29) were juvenile astrocytomas; a similar group (33) were of the adult astrocytic type; there were 24 ependymomas and 34 in miscellaneous minor groups.
Carcinoma of the thyroid in myxoedema
Authors: Sclare G. , Nicol A.
Published: June 2007

Three cases of carcinoma of the thyroid have been found in a post-mortem study of 37 cases of myxoedema. Each example of invasive carcinoma was accompanied by more widespread epithelial abnormalities which, though histologically similar, were not themselves demonstrably malignant.

It is probable that in myxoedema, as in chronic thyroiditis, excessive secretion of thyrotropic hormone leads to an increased susceptibility to carcinoma of the thyroid.
Carcinomatous metastasis to the vertebral bodies
Authors: Drury R. A. B. , Palmer P. H. , Highman Wilma J.
Published: June 2007

The spread of carcinoma to the vertebral bodies has been studied by the long vertebral slice technique. Vertebral secondaries were found in one third of all patients with carcinoma, and in almost one half of those dying with distant metastases. Haematogenous dissemination and direct lymphatic spread both appeared to produce vertebral metastases. Radiology and less effective investigation of the skeleton at necropsy underestimate the incidence of bony metastases. This method is recommended as an easy and rapid one of examining the bone marrow, and gives a good indication of the presence of metastases in the whole of the skeletal system.
Systemic idiopathic fibrosis and systemic Weber-Christian disease
Authors: Mitchinson M. J.
Published: June 2007

Idiopathic retroperitoneal fibrosis is represented as one of the manifestations of a widespread disease, systemic idiopathic fibrosis. Some evidence is presented which suggests its origin as an inflammatory disease of adipose tissue. Although relatively rare, the idiopathic diseases of adipose tissue and its blood vessels are worthy of closer study.
Serum enzymes in diseases of the thyroid gland
Authors: Griffiths P. D.
Published: June 2007

Serum enzyme assays have been carried out in 66 patients suffering from diseases of the thyroid gland. Sixty per cent. of the hypothyroid patients had increased levels of aldolase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, and 90% had high activities of creatine kinase. The significance of these findings, especially with regard to creatine kinase, is discussed.
Electrophoretic behaviour of human urinary amylase
Authors: Franzini C.
Published: June 2007

A saccharogenic method is described for estimating amylase activity in human urine. Results accord with those reported elsewhere except that in this study the peak in the beta zone is a new finding. Comparison between normal and pathological urines suggests that the amylase activity of the beta peak is not of pancreatic origin.
Fibrinolytic activity in blood and urine
Authors: Charlton C. A. C.
Published: June 2007

The blood and urinary fibrinolytic activities were simultaneously estimated in 14 `normal' patients under basal conditions on successive days. No direct correlation between the fibrinolytic activities in the blood and urine was demonstrated. The origin of urokinase is discussed.
Granulocyte changes in infectious mononucleosis
Authors: Carter R. L.
Published: June 2007

Various changes in the granulocytes have been investigated in a large series of patients with infectious mononucleosis. A high proportion of cases regularly show a neutropenia with a shift to the left during the first three to four weeks of the disease; these changes, though transient, may be profound. The band cells present during the acute phase of the disease also show certain alterations in cytochemical staining and low alkaline phosphatase scores are common at this time. The maturation and release of leucocytes from the bone marrow is apparently normal. Theoretical mechanisms for the neutropenia are briefly discussed, including the possible role of excessive peripheral destruction.
Micro methods and micro apparatus for chemical pathology with special reference to paediatrics
Authors: Clayton Barbara E. , Jenkins P.
Published: June 2007

This article describes methods and apparatus which permit the estimation of a particular substance without requiring more blood than can conveniently and safely be removed from a child by capillary puncture. No reference will be made to the use of methods on the Technicon Auto-Analyzer as that machine is not yet generally geared to paediatric work, although a few centres have made their own modifications to permit certain methods to be performed on capillary samples of blood.
Use of silicon photovoltaic cells to provide a second channel in flame emission photometry
Authors: Hurst R. J. , Bold A. M.
Published: June 2007

Sodium and potassium may be measured simultaneously, using a modified Eppendorf flame photometer. After automatic sampling and dilution of the plasma, the potassium content is measured, using the existing Eppendorf optical and photomultiplier system. The sodium emission is measured by three silicon photovoltaic cells mounted behind an interference filter for sodium, sited on the atomiser casing. The outputs from the photomultiplier and from the silicon cells are recorded by two sensitive recorders. Sixty samples an hour may be estimated, using only 0·12 ml. plasma. Reproducibility tests showed a coefficient of variation of 0·4%.
Basaloid carcinoma of the anal canal
Authors: Pang Lillian S. C. , Morson B. C.
Published: June 2007

The pathology and results of treatment of 36 cases of basaloid carcinomas of the anal canal are described. This variant of squamous cell carcinoma of the anal region arises from the entodermal-ectodermal junctional zone of the anal canal at or above the dentate line. Basaloid carcinomas have histological characteristics which resemble basal cell carcinoma of the skin, in particular the presence of palisading of the nuclei at the periphery of the clumps of tumour cells, but are potentially metastasizing tumours. They have been subdivided into three grades of malignancy, namely, well-differentiated, moderately differentiated, and anaplastic basaloid carcinoma. It has been shown that cases of well-differentiated and moderately differentiated basaloids have a good prognosis even when lymph node metastasis has already taken place. Those of anaplastic basaloid carcinoma have a very poor prognosis even in the absence of lymphatic metastases.
Autoantibodies reacting with heart muscle tissue in coronary heart disease
Authors: Strausz I. , Dóbiás Gy.
Published: June 2007

By the use of the thrombocyte consumption test (T.C.T.) autoantibodies reacting with heart muscle tissue have been demonstrated in 63·3% of the cases of coronary heart disease accompanied by different grades of insufficiency of the blood supply to the heart muscle. These autoantibodies could be detected two to three weeks after the onset in most patients experiencing a coronary attack for the first time, and persisted for about three to eight weeks following single attacks, whereas following recurrence in patients affected for several months or years the autoantibodies appeared in the serum most frequently within one week, and when the painful attacks were repeated, the T.C.T. remained positive for months, with only short interruptions.

In cases of acute myocardial infarction the finding of a positive T.C.T. and its duration did not depend on the severity of the clinical symptoms nor on the measure of the laboratory changes but positive results were obtained more frequently in patients with acute coronary insufficiency (intermediate coronary syndrome) or angina pectoris with intense pain and frequent attacks than in patients in whom the attacks were infrequent producing slight symptoms.

There was no evidence that these autoantibodies had any damaging effect.
Screening lead workers for the presence of stippled erythrocytes
Authors: Clark R. L. , Jones J. H. , Jones J. F.
Published: June 2007

The number of stippled erythrocytes in the blood of lead workers counted under dark ground microscopy show a marked fall when blood is taken into an anticoagulant. The significance of this finding is studied and alternative methods of screening workers are examined.
Regulation of intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels in the rat
Authors: Watson W. C. , Murray Elspeth S. , Gardner Mary D.
Published: June 2007

Bilateral adrenalectomy produces a reduction in the alkaline phosphatase concentration in rat intestine, which is not prevented by the administration of saline, but is prevented by the administration of cortisone. The administration of A.C.T.H. to normal rats leads to a rise in intestinal alkaline phosphatase levels associated with a small increase in the weight of the adrenals, while the administration of hydrocortisone produces large increases in the enzyme, even with doses which cause significant hypoplasia of the adrenal glands.

The significance of these findings in relation to mechanisms of fat absorption and the treatment of steatorrhoea is discussed.
A system of screening for the presence of a number of common drugs
Authors: Dunlop Merle , Curnow D. H.
Published: June 2007

A method is described to provide a rapid screening technique for the presence of barbiturates, glutethimide, carbromal, meprobamate, salicylate, phenothiazine derivatives, bromide, carbon monoxide, and alcohol.

Phenothiazines are detected by a spot urine test. The first four drugs are identified, within 60 minutes of blood collection, on thin-layer chromatoplates of microscope slide dimensions. The estimations of bromide, salicylate, carbon monoxide, and of alcohol levels are started in that period so the overall time for the screening is less than two hours, and the amount of blood required is only 10 ml.
A comparison of two methods for the immunoassay of intrinsic factor
Authors: Bardhan K. D. , Wangel A. G. , Callender Sheila T.
Published: June 2007

The intrinsic factor content of 263 samples of gastric juice was determined by immunoassay using charcoal absorption and by immunoelectrophoresis on acrylamide gel. There was good correlation between the results of the two techniques and, with a few exceptions, both made it possible to predict which patients would have malabsorption of radioactive vitamin B12.

Of the two methods, immunoassay using charcoal absorption generally gave the higher readings. Further study showed that this could not be attributed to the recognized difference in the principles of the two methods but that it was more likely to be due to the dissimilarity of the experimental conditions.
Staging and classification of testicular tumours: pitfalls from macroscopy to diagnosis
Authors: Berney D M
Published: June 2007

The accurate assessment of testicular tumours is vital for appropriate treatment to be instituted. The assessment begins at specimen receipt, as careful macroscopic examination is vital for staging, and this, in part, determines whether adjuvant treatment is given. More challenging specimens may include partial orchidectomies, biopsies and resection of lymph node or visceral metastases. Accurate histological typing is also a potential source of error as two classifications are in use, and this may lead to misunderstanding between clinician and pathologist. A specialist and multidisciplinary approach is advocated. Microscopic staging includes assessment of vascular invasion which may be complicated by artifactual spread at the dissecting bench, local invasion, assessment of the cord and occasionally lymph node deposits. From careful macroscopic examination, to accurate histological typing and reporting of adverse pathological parameters, the pathologist plays a major role in the successful treatment of a group of rare, but largely treatable, tumours.
Comparison between a microdiffusion and an ion exchange method for the determination of plasma ammonium
Authors: Acland J. D. , Strong R.
Published: June 2007

The results of plasma-ammonium determinations by an ion-exchange method and by a microdiffusion method were compared on the same specimens with each other and with ammonium determinations carried out on the corresponding whole-blood specimens by the microdiffusion method. The plasma-ammonium levels of whole-blood specimens were higher than those of the corresponding plasma specimens, but the difference was not constant. Recoveries of added NH4from plasma by the microdiffusion method ranged from 65 to 144%. Recoveries of NH4from the same specimens by the ion-exchange method ranged from 93 to 96%. Of the two, the ion-exchange method was the only one of value.
New aspect of hepatic nuclear glycogenosis in diabetes
Authors: Caramia F. , Ghergo F. G. , Branciari C. , Menghini G.
Published: June 2007

Three cases of nuclear glycogenosis in the liver of diabetic patients have been studied by electron microscopy. In addition to the glycogen deposits described by others, an unusual intranuclear glycogen-filled body was found in all three cases. This body occurred alone or in close contact with the major glycogen deposit.
Significance for the diagnosis of iron overload of histochemical and chemical iron in the liver of control subjects
Authors: Weinfeld A. , Lundin P. , Lundvall O.
Published: June 2007

Storage iron was examined in surgical liver biopsy specimens in 43 haematologically normal and otherwise healthy adult individuals. These patients had no history of unphysiological iron losses nor of unphysiological iron intake. Histochemical iron was estimated in parenchymal and Kupffer cells and graded from 0 to 4+. Stainable iron of grade 1+ or more was present in parenchymal cells in 23 of the 27 men. Six of them had a 3+ grade. In nine cases iron was also visible in Kupffer cells. Visible iron was absent in most of the menstruating women. The mean total nonhaemin iron concentration for the male group was 80·2 (19·4 to 227·0), for the postmenopausal women 50·7 (19·3 to 106·6), and for the menstruating women 23·5 (5·5 to 65·9) mg./100 g. dry weight. The mean value for the women was significantly lower than the mean value for the men. There was a significant correlation between the histochemical grades of iron and chemically determined nonhaemin iron, but the degree of overlapping was considerable.

The presence of stainable iron in the parenchymal liver cells is a normal finding. The significance of the present results with reference to familial studies of haemochromatosis is discussed.
Consistency in the histological diagnosis of epithelial abnormalities of the cervix uteri
Authors: Cocker J. , Fox H. , Langley F. A.
Published: June 2007

A group of pathologists, all working in the same laboratory and all applying the same diagnostic criteria to the diagnosis of epithelial abnormalities in the uterine cervix, have studied the consistency with which they have applied these criteria. Epithelial abnormalities were ranked, and a series of sections were diagnosed separately by each pathologist at various times over a number of years. Both consistency and trend were studied by a graphed statistical method and it was shown that not only were there serious inconsistencies in diagnosis between the various pathologists but also between the diagnoses made by individual pathologists studying the same section at various times.

It is suggested that this inconsistency in the application of agreed diagnostic criteria is of importance when considering discrepancies between reported series of cervical epithelial abnormalities and that the type of study described is of value in assessing both variations in diagnostic criteria between different laboratories and the consistency of pathologists in training. Any slight change in the application of diagnostic criteria for any individual pathologist with the passage of time may also be detected by this technique.
Sensitivity of penicillinase-forming strains ofStaphylococcus aureusand of their penicillinase-negative variants to cephaloridine, cephalothin, methicillin, and benzylpenicillin
Authors: Hewitt J. H. , Parker M. T.
Published: June 2007

Twenty-eight penicillinase-forming cultures ofStaphylococcus aureusand their penicillinase-negative variants were examined for resistance to benzylpenicillin, methicillin, cephalothin, and cephaloridine. The results supported the view that cephaloridine was more easily destroyed by staphylococcal penicillinase than was cephalothin.

In our tube-dilution tests, the minimum inhibitory concentration (M.I.C.) of cephaloridine for methicillin-sensitive cultures was never as high as some of the values reported by other workers who used apparently comparable methods. This was probably due to small differences in technique. The M.I.C. is an unsatisfactory measure of the antibiotic sensitivity of an organism which produces an enzyme which destroys the antibiotic.

Methicillin-resistant strains ofStaph. aureushave an intrinsic resistance of `heterogenous' type also to benzylpenicillin, cephalothin, and cephaloridine.
Classification ofStaphylococcus albusstrains isolated from the urinary tract
Authors: Mitchell R. G.
Published: June 2007

Strains of Gram-positive, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative cocci isolated from urine specimens were classified by the system of Baird-Parker (1963). Urinary infections attributed to instrumentation or pathological abnormalities of the urinary tract were caused almost entirely by various Staphylococcus subgroups. These showed a wide range of antibiotic sensitivities, unrelated to subgroups and not obviously related to previous chemotherapy. Attacks of cystitis occurring in otherwise healthy women were usually caused by Micrococcus subgroup 3 strains.
A comparative study of Kaposi's sarcoma and granuloma pyogenicum in Uganda
Authors: Lee F. D.
Published: June 2007

A comparison has been made between two vasoformative lesions, Kaposi's sarcoma and granuloma pyogenicum, as they are encountered in Uganda. Both are predominantly skin lesions arising in the distal extremities, may resemble each other clinically, and are widespread in their distribution in Ugandan communities. They bear a reciprocal relationship to each other as regards age and sex incidence, Kaposi's sarcoma being mainly a disease of adult males and granuloma pyogenicum a disease of immature males and females. Histologically there are many similarities between them, the essential difference being the presence of a spindle-cell sarcomatous element in Kaposi's sarcoma. The clinical behaviour reflects this difference in that granuloma pyogenicum develops quickly and appears to be self-limiting, while Kaposi's sarcoma is slowly progressive and shows much less tendency to regress.

On the basis of these findings it is concluded that, although these two lesions may be completely unrelated, it is possible that both represent a response of the vasoformative elements in the skin to a similar form of initiating stimulus and that hormonal or sex-linked genetic factors determine which lesion will develop in response to this stimulus.

The presence of intracytoplasmic inclusion in the tumour cells of Kaposi's sarcoma might be of significance in the histogenesis of this tumour, and of value in its histological differentiation from granuloma pyogenicum.
Fibrinolysis in leukaemia
Authors: Ogston D. , McAndrew G. M. , Ogston C. M.
Published: June 2007

Components of the blood fibrinolytic system were measured in 43 patients with leukaemia. Increased fibrinolytic activity, indicated by a reduced plasma plasminogen level, was found in 14 patients. The combination of severe thrombocytopenia and increased fibrinolysis appeared to be a determinant in the production of a haemorrhagic tendency in leukaemia.
Fibrin breakdown products and fibrinolysis in renal disease
Authors: Wardle E. N. , Taylor G.
Published: June 2007

In chronic renal failure and after acute renal failure, fibrinogen levels are raised and there is diminished fibrinolysis as the result of renal damage. A similar situation is found in nephrosis, possibly due to fibrinolytic inhibitors.

Increased levels of cryofibrinogen were found in one quarter of cases of acute nephritis, nephrosis, and acute and chronic renal failure. In addition, after acute renal failure low platelet counts, prolonged thrombin times, and high levels of fibrin degradation products, yet with diminished fibrinolysis, indicate that intravascular coagulation has occurred. A positive result for fibrin degradation products was found in 17 of 20 cases of acute renal failure but in none of 10 cases of chronic uraemia.

Intravascular coagulation is a process in which fibrin is deposited in the glomerular filters and may account for anuria, and, in the renal vasculature, where it may cause ischaemic tubular necrosis.
Effect of fibrinogen degradation products on platelet aggregation
Authors: Wilson Patricia A. , McNicol G. P. , Douglas A. S.
Published: June 2007

The digestion of fibrinogen with various concentrations of trypsin results in the formation of a variety of degradation products. Degradation products formed in this way have been purified by DEAE cellulose column chromatography and their effects on platelet aggregation investigated.

Two methods have been used to study platelet aggregation: a turbidimetric method which assesses platelet aggregation by the ability of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to clump platelets and a method which assesses platelet adhesiveness by their ability to adhere to glass and to each other (modified Hellem technique, 1960).

Three breakdown products produced by trypsin-digested fibrinogen were studied and all showed `antithrombin' activity: two inhibited platelet aggregation, but one accelerated aggregation in both systems. Another product prepared by digestion of fibrinogen with urokinase-activated plasminogen has been shown to possess the ability to enhance ADP-induced platelet aggregation.