bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Beyond main effects of gene‐sets: harsh parenting moderates the association between a dopamine gene‐set and child externalizing behavior
Authors: Windhorst Dafna A. , Mileva‐Seitz Viara R. , Rippe Ralph C. A. , Tiemeier Henning , Jaddoe Vincent W. V. , Verhulst Frank C. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. , Bakermans‐Kranenburg Marian J.
Published: June 2016

Background

In a longitudinal cohort study, we investigated the interplay of harsh parenting and genetic variation across a set of functionally related dopamine genes, in association with children's externalizing behavior. This is one of the first studies to employ gene‐based and gene‐set approaches in tests of Gene by Environment (G × E) effects on complex behavior. This approach can offer an important alternative or complement to candidate gene and genome‐wide environmental interaction (GWEI) studies in the search for genetic variation underlying individual differences in behavior.

Methods

Genetic variants in 12 autosomal dopaminergic genes were available in an ethnically homogenous part of a population‐based cohort. Harsh parenting was assessed with maternal (n = 1881) and paternal (n = 1710) reports at age 3. Externalizing behavior was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at age 5 (71 ± 3.7 months). We conducted gene‐set analyses of the association between variation in dopaminergic genes and externalizing behavior, stratified for harsh parenting.

Results

The association was statistically significant or approached significance for children without harsh parenting experiences, but was absent in the group with harsh parenting. Similarly, significant associations between single genes and externalizing behavior were only found in the group without harsh parenting. Effect sizes in the groups with and without harsh parenting did not differ significantly. Gene‐environment interaction tests were conducted for individual genetic variants, resulting in two significant interaction effects (rs1497023 and rs4922132) after correction for multiple testing.

Conclusion

Our findings are suggestive of G × E interplay, with associations between dopamine genes and externalizing behavior present in children without harsh parenting, but not in children with harsh parenting experiences. Harsh parenting may overrule the role of genetic factors in externalizing behavior. Gene‐based and gene‐set analyses offer promising new alternatives to analyses focusing on single candidate polymorphisms when examining the interplay between genetic and environmental factors.
Tecto‐GIRz: Engineered Group I Ribozyme the Catalytic Ability of Which Can Be Controlled by Self‐Dimerization
Authors: Tanaka Takahiro , Matsumura Shigeyoshi , Furuta Hiroyuki , Ikawa Yoshiya
Published: June 2016

RNA is a promising biomaterial for self‐assembly of nano‐sized structures with a wide range of applications in nanotechnology and synthetic biology. Several RNA‐based nanostructures have been reported, but most are unrelated to intracellular RNA, which possesses modular structures that are sufficiently large and complex to serve as catalysts to promote sophisticated chemical reactions. In this study, we designed dimeric RNA structures based on the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme. The resulting dimeric RNAs (tecto group I ribozyme; tecto‐GIRz) exhibit catalytic ability that depended on controlled dimerization, by which a pair of ribozymes can be activated to perform cleavage and splicing reactions of two distinct substrates. Modular redesign of complex RNA structures affords large ribozymes for use as modules in RNA nanotechnology and RNA synthetic biology.
Hepatocyte growth factor‐induced differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells toward hepatocyte‐like cells occurs through nuclear factor‐kappa B signaling in vitro
Authors: Yang Tongxi , Wang Yi , Jiang Shasha , Liu Xiaoping , Yu Zhongjie
Published: June 2016

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is multifaceted cytokine that regulates proliferation, differentiation, morphology, and motility within numerous stem cells. More recently, HGF has been reported to induce the differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into mature hepatocytes, but the underlying biochemical and molecular signaling is largely unknown. We isolated BMSC from the bone marrow of rats, which were then cultured and exposed to HGF for 15 days. We subsequently assayed these cells for liver functionality and markers, and blocked NF‐кB signaling at various stages of the pathway. The present results demonstrate that HGF induces the differentiation of BMSCs toward hepatocyte‐like cells through the NF‐кB signaling. More specifically, HGF upregulated the translocation of NF‐кB to the nucleus.
Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease: a rare disease with an unusual presentation
Authors: Khan Muhammad Waqas , Hadley Terrance , Kesler Melissa , Gul Zartash
Published: June 2016

Key Clinical Message

IgG4‐RD can also present in the skeletal muscle, mimicking several other diseases. It is unusual for this relatively new classification of diseases to present in the muscles and can be mistakenly diagnosed as other autoimmune diseases rendering a delay in the appropriate management and progression of the disease.
Predicting Career Adaptability From Positive Psychological Traits
Authors: Buyukgoze‐Kavas Aysenur
Published: June 2016

This study investigated positive psychological traits as predictors of career adaptability in a group of emerging adults. A total of 415 undergraduate students (185 men, 230 women) from a large state‐funded university in Turkey responded to Turkish versions of the Career Adaptability subscale of the Career Futures Inventory (Rottinghaus et al., ), the Dispositional Hope Scale (Snyder et al., ), the Life Orientation Test (Scheier & Carver, ), and the Ego Resiliency Scale (Block & Kremen, ). Results indicated moderate to strong correlations among the variables and suggested that students who are more resilient, hopeful, and optimistic are more likely to perceive themselves as more adaptable in their careers. Simultaneous multiple regression analysis indicated that career adaptability was significantly predicted by hope, resilience, and optimism. In light of these results, when designing career interventions to enhance the career adaptability of emerging adults, counselors should integrate various strategies to foster hope, resilience, and optimism.
Tolerance of Uncertainty: Links to Happenstance, Career Decision Self‐Efficacy, and Career Satisfaction
Authors: Kim Boyoung , Rhee Eunjeong , Ha Gyuyoung , Yang Joonyoung , Lee Sang Min
Published: June 2016

This study investigated the extent to which tolerance of uncertainty affects the relationship between happenstance skills and career satisfaction via career decision self‐efficacy. Moderated mediation analysis was conducted on data collected from 321 graduates (175 men, 146 women) of Korean universities making the school‐to‐work transition. Results showed that career decision self‐efficacy fully mediated the relationship between happenstance skills and career satisfaction. Furthermore, the moderation effect of tolerance of uncertainty had a significant impact on the relationship between happenstance skills and career decision self‐efficacy. Tolerance of uncertainty should be considered an important variable in happenstance career theory and intervention. Unplanned influences should also be considered important factors in the career decision‐making process.
Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Electronic Structures of Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)tetrathiaisophlorin Dioxide
Authors: Mishra Vijay Lakshmi , Furuyama Taniyuki , Kobayashi Nagao , Goto Kenta , Miyazaki Takaaki , Yang Jye‐Shane , Shinmyozu Teruo
Published: June 2016

The synthesis, structure, optical and redox properties, and electronic structure of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)tetrathiaisophlorin dioxide (12) are reported. Oxidation of tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)tetrathiaisophlorin (11) with dimethyldioxirane afforded the oxidized product, which was the tetrathiaisophlorin with two thiophene 1‐oxide moieties (12). More significant nonplanarity and greater bond length alternation in 12 than those of 11 were observed by X‐ray structural analysis. The absorption spectrum of 12 contains two bands at λ=348 and 276 nm, with a weak tail that extends to λ≈650 nm. Analysis of the magnetic circular dichroism spectrum of 12, based on Michl's 4N‐perimeter model and molecular orbital calculations, indicate that the broad band at λ=348 nm appears to contain N2 and P2 bands, and 12 is classified as a 4nπ system, similar to 11. The nuclear‐independent chemical shift values and 1H NMR spectroscopy data indicate that 12 has more antiaromatic character than 11.
Azlactone Reaction Developments
Authors: de Castro Pedro P. , Carpanez Arthur G. , Amarante Giovanni W.
Published: June 2016

Azlactones (also known as oxazolones) are heterocycles usually employed in the stereoselective synthesis of α,α‐amino acids, heterocycles and natural products. The versatility of the azlactone scaffold arises from the numerous reactive sites, allowing its application in a diversity of transformations. This review aims to cover classical and recent applications of oxazolones, especially those involving stereoselective processes. After a short introduction on their structures and intrinsic reactivities, dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) processes as well as reactions involving stereoselective formation of a new σ C−C bond, such as alkylation/allylation/arylation, aldol, ene, Michael and Mannich reactions will be exposed. Additionally, cycloadditions, Steglich rearrangement and sulfenylation reactions will also be discussed. Recent developments of the well‐known Erlenmeyer azlactones will be described. For the most examples, the proposed mechanism, activation modes and/or key reaction intermediates will be exposed to rationalize both the final product and the observed stereochemistry. Finally, this review gives an overview of the synthetic utility of oxazolones.
Hermetically Coated and Well‐Separated Co3O4 Nanophase within Porous Graphitic Carbon Nanosheets: Synthesis, Confinement Effect, and Improved Lithium‐Storage Capacity and Durability
Authors: Zhang Jingfei , Ren Wangyu , Zhou Yunyun , Li Pei , Xu Lin , Sun Dongmei , Wu Ping , Zhou Yiming , Tang Yawen
Published: June 2016

Considerable lithium‐driven volume changes and loss of crystallinity on cycling have impeded the sustainable use of transition metal oxides (MOs) as attractive anode materials for advanced lithium‐ion batteries that have almost six times the capacity of carbon per unit volume. Herein, Co3O4 was used as a model MO in a facile process involving two pyrolysis steps for in situ encapsulation of nanosized MO in porous two‐dimensional graphitic carbon nanosheets (2D‐GCNs) with high surface areas and abundant active sites to overcome the above‐mentioned problems. The proposed method is inexpensive, industrially scalable, and easy to operate with a high yield. TEM revealed that the encaged Co3O4 is well separated and uniformly dispersed with surrounding onionlike graphitic layers. By taking advantage of the high electronic conductivity and confinement effect of the surrounding 2D‐GCNs, a hierarchical GCNs‐coated Co3O4 (Co3O4@GCNs) anode with 43.5 wt % entrapped active nanoparticles delivered a remarkable initial specific capacity of 1816 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1. After 50 cycles, the retained capacity is as high as 987 mAh g−1. When the current density was increased to 1000 mA g−1, the anode showed a capacity retention of 416 mAh g−1. Enhanced reversible rate capability and prolonged cycling stability were found for Co3O4@GCN compared to pure GCNs and Co3O4. The Co3O4@GCNs hybrid holds promise as an efficient candidate material for anodes due to its low cost, environmentally friendly nature, high capacity, and stability.
Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica Nanoparticles with Controlled Morphologies and High Drug/Dye Loadings for Multicargo Delivery in Cancer Cells
Authors: Croissant Jonas G. , Fatieiev Yevhen , Omar Haneen , Anjum Dalaver H. , Gurinov Andrey , Lu Jie , Tamanoi Fuyuhiko , Zink Jeffrey I. , Khashab Niveen M.
Published: June 2016

Despite the worldwide interest generated by periodic mesoporous organosilica (PMO) bulk materials, the design of PMO nanomaterials with controlled morphology remains largely unexplored and their properties unknown. In this work, we describe the first study of PMO nanoparticles (NPs) based on meta‐phenylene bridges, and we conducted a comparative structure–property relationship investigation with para‐phenylene‐bridged PMO NPs. Our findings indicate that the change of the isomer drastically affects the structure, morphology, size, porosity and thermal stability of PMO materials. We observed a much higher porosity and thermal stability of the para‐based PMO which was likely due to a higher molecular periodicity. Additionally, the para isomer could generate multipodal NPs at very low stirring speed and upon this discovery we designed a phenylene–ethylene bridged PMO with a controlled Janus morphology. Unprecedentedly high payloads could be obtained from 40 to 110 wt % regardless of the organic bridge of PMOs. Finally, we demonstrate for the first time the co‐delivery of two cargos by PMO NPs. Importantly, the cargo stability in PMOs did not require the capping of the pores, unlike pure silica, and the delivery could be autonomously triggered in cancer cells by acidic pH with nearly 70 % cell killing.
Facile Fabrication of Well‐Dispersed Pt Nanoparticles in Mesoporous Silica with Large Open Spaces and Their Catalytic Applications
Authors: Liu Xianchun , Chen Dashu , Chen Lin , Jin Renxi , Xing Shuangxi , Xing Hongzhu , Xing Yan , Su Zhongmin
Published: June 2016

In this paper, a facile strategy is reported for the preparation of well‐dispersed Pt nanoparticles in ordered mesoporous silica (Pt@OMS) by using a hybrid mesoporous phenolic resin‐silica nanocomposite as the parent material. The phenolic resin polymer is proposed herein to be the key in preventing the aggregation of Pt nanoparticles during their formation process and making contributions both to enhance the surface area and enlarge the pore size of the support. The Pt@OMS proves to be a highly active and stable catalyst for both gas‐phase oxidation of CO and liquid‐phase hydrogenation of 4‐nitrophenol. This work might open new avenues for the preparation of noble metal nanoparticles in mesoporous silica with unique structures for catalytic applications.
Enhancing Tumor Cell Response to Chemotherapy through the Targeted Delivery of Platinum Drugs Mediated by Highly Stable, Multifunctional Carboxymethylcellulose‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Medříková Zdenka , Novohradsky Vojtech , Zajac Juraj , Vrána Oldřich , Kasparkova Jana , Bakandritsos Aristides , Petr Martin , Zbořil Radek , Brabec Viktor
Published: June 2016

The fabrication of nanoparticles using different formulations, and which can be used for the delivery of chemotherapeutics, has recently attracted considerable attention. We describe herein an innovative approach that may ultimately allow for the selective delivery of anticancer drugs to tumor cells by using an external magnet. A conventional antitumor drug, cisplatin, has been incorporated into new carboxymethylcellulose‐stabilized magnetite nanoparticles conjugated with the fluorescent marker Alexa Fluor 488 or folic acid as targeting agent. The magnetic nanocarriers possess exceptionally high biocompatibility and colloidal stability. These cisplatin‐loaded nanoparticles overcome the resistance mechanisms typical of free cisplatin. Moreover, experiments aimed at the localization of the nanoparticles driven by an external magnet in a medium that mimics physiological conditions confirmed that this localization can inhibit tumor cell growth site‐specifically.
Evidence of Splitting 1,2,3‐Triazole into an Alkyne and Azide by Low Mechanical Force in the Presence of Other Covalent Bonds
Authors: Khanal Ashok , Long Fei , Cao Bin , Shahbazian‐Yassar Reza , Fang Shiyue
Published: June 2016

The cycloaddition reaction of an alkyne and azide to form a 1,2,3‐triazole is widely used in many areas. However, the stability of the triazole moiety under mechanical stress is unclear. To see if a triazole could be selectively split into an alkyne and azide in the presence of other typical covalent bonds, a mica surface functionalized with a molecule containing a triazole moiety in the middle and an activated ester at the end was prepared. An atomic force microscope (AFM) tip with amino groups on its surface was ramped over the mica surface at predefined locations, which could temporarily link the tip to the surface through amide bond formation. During retraction, the triazole or another bond in the linkage broke, and a force was recorded. The forces varied widely at different ramps from close to 0 pN to 860 pN due to nonspecific adhesions and to the inherent inconsistency of single bond rupture. If some of the forces were from triazole cycloreversion, there would be alkynes at the predefined ramping locations. The surface was reacted with an azide carboxylic acid followed by labeling with amino Au nanoparticles (AuNPs). AFM imaging revealed AuNPs at the predicted locations, which provided evidence that under certain conditions triazole could be split selectively in the presence of other bonds at forces below 860 pN.
Study on the Ultrahigh Quantum Yield of Fluorescent P,O‐g‐C3N4 Nanodots and its Application in Cell Imaging
Authors: Rong Mingcong , Cai Zhixiong , Xie Lei , Lin Chunshui , Song Xinhong , Luo Feng , Wang Yiru , Chen Xi
Published: June 2016

Graphitic carbon nitride nanodots (g‐C3N4 nanodots), as a new kind of heavy‐metal‐free quantum dots, have attracted considerable attention because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Although various methods to obtain g‐C3N4 nanodots have been reported, it is still a challenge to synthesize g‐C3N4 nanodots with ultrahigh fluorescence quantum yield (QY). In this study, highly fluorescent phosphorus/oxygen‐doped graphitic carbon nitride (P,O‐g‐C3N4) nanodots were prepared by chemical oxidation and hydrothermal etching of bulk P‐g‐C3N4 derived from the pyrolysis of phytic acid and melamine. The as‐prepared P,O‐g‐C3N4 nanodots showed strong blue fluorescence and a relatively high QY of up to 90.2 %, which can be ascribed to intrinsic phosphorus/oxygen‐containing groups, and surface‐oxidation‐related fluorescence enhancement. In addition, the P,O‐g‐C3N4 nanodots were explored for cell imaging with excellent stability and biocompatibility, which suggest that they have great potential in biological applications.
Breakthrough in Xenon Capture and Purification Using Adsorbent‐Supported Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Deliere Ludovic , Coasne Benoit , Topin Sylvain , Gréau Claire , Moulin Christophe , Farrusseng David
Published: June 2016

Rare gas capture and purification is a major challenge for energy, environment, and health applications. Of utmost importance for the nuclear industry, novel separation processes for Xe are urgently needed for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing and nuclear activity monitoring. The recovered, non‐radioactive Xe is also of high economic value for lighting, surgical anesthetic, etc. Here, using adsorption and breakthrough experiments and statistical mechanics molecular simulation, we show the outstanding performance of zeolite‐supported silver nanoparticles to capture/separate Xe at low concentrations (0.087–100 ppm). We also establish the efficiency of temperature swing adsorption based on such adsorbents for Xe separation from Kr/Xe mixtures and air streams corresponding to off‐gases generated by nuclear reprocessing. This study paves the way for the development of novel, cost‐efficient technologies relying on the large selectivity/capacity of adsorbent‐supported silver nanoparticles which surpass all materials ever tested.
Nucleophilicity of Alkyl Zirconocene and Titanocene Precatalysts, and Kinetics of Activation by Carbenium Ions and by B(C6F5)3
Authors: Berionni Guillaume , Kurouchi Hiroaki , Eisenburger Lucien , Mayr Herbert
Published: June 2016

Kinetics of activation of methyl and benzyl metallocene precatalysts by benzhydrylium ions, tritylium ions, and triarylborane B(C6F5)3were measured spectrophotometrically. The rate constants correlate linearly with the electrophilicity parameterEof the benzhydrylium and tritylium ions employed, allowing us to determine the σ‐nucleophilicities of the metal–carbon bond of several zirconocenes and titanocenes. Bridging, substitution, metal, and ligand effects on the rates of metal–alkyl bond cleavage (M=Zr, Ti) were studied and structure–reactivity correlations were used to predict the kinetics of generation of metallocenium ions pairs, which are active catalysts in polymerization reactions and are highly electrophilic Lewis acids in frustrated Lewis pair catalysis.
Desymmetrization of an Octahedral Coordination Complex Inside a Self‐Assembled Exoskeleton
Authors: Johnstone Mark D. , Schwarze Eike K. , Ahrens Jennifer , Schwarzer Dirk , Holstein Julian J. , Dittrich Birger , Pfeffer Frederick M. , Clever Guido H.
Published: June 2016

The synthesis of a centrally functionalized, ribbon‐shaped [6]polynorbornane ligand L that self‐assembles with PdII cations into a {Pd2L4} coordination cage is reported. The shape‐persistent {Pd2L4} cage contains two axial cationic centers and an array of four equatorial H‐bond donors pointing directly towards the center of the cavity. This precisely defined supramolecular environment is complementary to the geometry of classic octahedral complexes [M(XY)6] with six diatomic ligands. Very strong binding of [Pt(CN)6]2− to the cage was observed, with the structure of the host–guest complex {[Pt(CN)6]@Pd2L4} supported by NMR spectroscopy, MS, and X‐ray data. The self‐assembled shell imprints its geometry on the encapsulated guest, and desymmetrization of the octahedral platinum species by the influence of the D4h‐symmetric second coordination sphere was evidenced by IR spectroscopy. [Fe(CN)6]3− and square‐planar [Pt(CN)4]2− were strongly bound. Smaller octahedral anions such as [SiF6]2−, neutral carbonyl complexes ([M(CO)6]; M=Cr, Mo, W) and the linear [Ag(CN)2]− anion were only weakly bound, showing that both size and charge match are key factors for high‐affinity binding.
Designing Upconversion Nanocrystals Capable of 745 nm Sensitization and 803 nm Emission for Deep‐Tissue Imaging
Authors: Liang Liangliang , Xie Xiaoji , Loong Daniel Teh Boon , All Angelo Homayoun , Huang Ling , Liu Xiaogang
Published: June 2016

A crystal design strategy is described that generates hexagonal‐phased NaYF4:Nd/Yb@NaYF4:Yb/Tm luminescent nanocrystals with the ability to emit light at 803 nm when illuminated at 745 nm. This is accomplished by taking advantage of the large absorption cross‐section of Nd3+ between 720 and 760 nm plus efficient spatial energy transfer and migration through Nd3+→Yb3+→Yb3+→Tm3+. Mechanistic investigations suggest that a cascaded two‐photon energy transfer upconversion process underlies the emission mechanism. This protocol enables deep‐tissue imaging to be achieved while mitigating the attenuation effect associated with the visible emission and the overheating constraint imposed by conventional 980 nm excitation.
Cost‐effectiveness of alternative colonoscopy surveillance strategies to mitigate metachronous colorectal cancer incidence
Authors: Erenay Fatih Safa , Alagoz Oguzhan , Banerjee Ritesh , Said Adnan , Cima Robert R.
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUND

The incidence of metachronous colorectal cancer (MCRC) among colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors varies significantly, and the optimal colonoscopy surveillance practice for mitigating MCRC incidence is unknown.

METHODS

A cost‐effectiveness analysis was used to compare the performances of the US Multi‐Society Task Force guideline and all clinically reasonable colonoscopy surveillance strategies for 50‐ to 79‐year‐old posttreatment CRC patients with a computer simulation model.

RESULTS

The US guideline [(1,3,5)] recommends the first colonoscopy 1 year after treatment, whereas the second and third colonoscopies are to be repeated at 3‐ and 5‐year intervals. Some promising alternative cost‐effective strategies were identified. In comparison with the US guideline, under various scenarios for a 20‐year period, 1) reducing the surveillance interval of the guideline after the first colonoscopy by 1 year [(1,2,5)] would save up to 78 discounted life‐years (LYs) and prevent 23 MCRCs per 1000 patients (incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio [ICER] ≤ $23,270/LY), 2) reducing the intervals after the first and second negative colonoscopies by 1 year [(1,2,4)] would save/prevent up to 109 discounted LYs and 36 MCRCs (ICER ≤ $52,155/LY), and 3) reducing the surveillance intervals after the first and second negative colonoscopy by 1 and 2 years [(1,2,3)] would save/prevent up to 141 discounted LYs and 50 MCRCs (ICER ≤ $63,822/LY). These strategies would require up to 1100 additional colonoscopies per 1000 patients. Although the US guideline might not be cost‐effective in comparison with a less intensive oncology guideline [(3,3,5); the ICER could be as high as $140,000/LY], the promising strategies would be cost‐effective in comparison with such less intensive guidelines unless the cumulative MCRC incidence were very low.

CONCLUSIONS

The US guideline might be improved by a slight increase in the surveillance intensity at the expense of moderately increased cost. More research is warranted to explore the benefits/harms of such practices. Cancer 2016;122:2560–70. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Preparation of Extracellular Matrices Produced by Cultured and Primary Fibroblasts
Authors: Franco‐Barraza Janusz , Beacham Dorothy A. , Amatangelo Michael D. , Cukierman Edna
Published: June 2016

Fibroblasts secrete and organize extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides structural support for their adhesion, migration, and tissue organization, besides regulating cellular functions such as growth and survival. Cell‐to‐matrix interactions are vital for vertebrate development. Disorders in these processes have been associated with fibrosis, developmental malformations, cancer, and other diseases. This unit describes a method for preparing a three‐dimensional matrix derived from fibroblastic cells; the matrix is three‐dimensional, cell and debris free, and attached to a two‐dimensional culture surface. Cell adhesion and spreading are normal on these matrices. This matrix can also be compressed into a two‐dimensional matrix and solubilized to study the matrix biochemically. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Overview of Mouse Models of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: From Past to Present
Authors: Jacobs Ans , Warda Anne‐Sophie , Verbeek Jef , Cassiman David , Spincemaille Pieter
Published: June 2016

Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease in the Western world. It is associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes and represents a spectrum of histological abnormalities ranging from simple steatosis to non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can further progress to fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and liver failure. To gain insight into the pathogenesis and evaluate treatment options, mouse models of NAFLD/NASH are of utmost importance. There is a high phenotypical variety in the available mouse models, however, models that truly display the full spectrum of histopathological and metabolic features associated with human NASH are rare. In this review, we summarize the most important NAFLD/NASH mouse models that have been developed over the years and briefly highlight the pros and cons. Also, we illustrate the preclinical research in which these models have been used. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Graphene from Alginate Pyrolysis as a Metal‐Free Catalyst for Hydrogenation of Nitro Compounds
Authors: Trandafir Mihaela‐Mirela , Florea Mihaela , Neaţu Florentina , Primo Ana , Parvulescu Vasile I. , García Hermenegildo
Published: June 2016

Graphene obtained by pyrolysis of alginate at 900 °C under inert atmosphere and exfoliation is used as a metal‐free catalyst for reduction of nitro to amino groups with hydrogen as a reagent. The process is general for aromatic and aliphatic, conjugated and isolated nitro groups, and occurs with low selectivity over hydrogenation of carbon–carbon double bonds.
Atomic Layer Deposition of Bismuth Vanadates for Solar Energy Materials
Authors: Stefik Morgan
Published: June 2016

The fabrication of porous nanocomposites is key to the advancement of energy conversion and storage devices that interface with electrolytes. Bismuth vanadate, BiVO4, is a promising oxide for solar water splitting where the controlled fabrication of BiVO4 layers within porous, conducting scaffolds has remained a challenge. Here, the atomic layer deposition of bismuth vanadates is reported from BiPh3, vanadium(V) oxytriisopropoxide, and water. The resulting films have tunable stoichiometry and may be crystallized to form the photoactive scheelite structure of BiVO4. A selective etching process was used with vanadium‐rich depositions to enable the synthesis of phase‐pure BiVO4 after spinodal decomposition. BiVO4 thin films were measured for photoelectrochemical performance under AM 1.5 illumination. The average photocurrents were 1.17 mA cm−2 at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode using a hole‐scavenging sulfite electrolyte. The capability to deposit conformal bismuth vanadates will enable a new generation of nanocomposite architectures for solar water splitting.
Parathyroid lesions: Difficult diagnosis on cytology
Authors: Agarwal Charu , Kaushal Manju
Published: June 2016

Cytology of parathyroid lesion (PL) is often confused with that of thyroid lesions. Differentiation between thyroid and PL is very difficult on cytomorphology because of their similar features and close anatomical proximity. Three cases of PLs reported on cytology in last one year were retrieved from archives of cytology department. Their cytomorphological details were studied and were correlated with the available biochemical parameters. Histopathology was available in two cases. Radiological assistance and parathyroid hormone (PTH) assessment in our cases formed the basis of diagnosing PLs on cytology. We discuss the differential diagnosis and pitfalls in cytological diagnosis of PLs. However, histopathology remains the gold standard for diagnosis. Interpretation of PLs on cytology remains problematic due to its rarity and limited available literature. The cytomorphology combined with clinical and biochemical data supported by histopathology are necessary to improve the diagnostic sensitivity of PLs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:704–709. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heart failure epidemiology 2000–2013: insights from the German Federal Health Monitoring System
Authors: Christ Michael , Störk Stefan , Dörr Marcus , Heppner Hans J. , Müller Christian , Wachter Rolf , Riemer Uwe ,   for the Trend HF Germany Project
Published: June 2016

Aims

Considerable differences in the long‐term trends of heart failure (HF) exist between different countries. To extend the existing knowledge on HF epidemiology in Germany, we analysed trends of HF‐related hospitalizations, hospital days and in‐hospital deaths during a 14‐year period (2000–2013).

Methods and results

Data were derived from the official German Federal Health Monitoring System, which includes an annual and complete enumeration of inpatients at the time of discharge from the hospital. HF cases were identified by the primary diagnosis code for HF (I50). From 2000 to 2013, the absolute number of HF‐related hospitalizations increased by 65.4% (239 694–396 380 cases) and by 28.4% after age‐standardization (261–335 per 100 000 population). Accordingly, the absolute number of HF‐related hospital days increased by 22.1% (3.4–4.2 million hospital days), despite a marked decrease by 25.9% in average length of stay (14.3–10.6 days). With approximately 35 000 in‐hospital deaths (∼45 per 100 000 population), the annual number of HF‐related in‐hospital deaths remained consistently high, and in‐hospital mortality rate in HF patients constituted 9.3% in 2013. Patients aged >65 years were disproportionately affected. In 2013, HF was the leading cause of disease‐related hospitalizations and in‐hospital deaths, representing 2.1% and 8.8% of all cases, respectively.

Conclusion

In Germany, the burden of HF is growing further, and the risk of death in HF remains high. These trends can only be partly attributed to demographic developments suggesting an exigent need for increased awareness and enhanced efforts in the prevention and management of HF.
Electrochemiluminescence Arrays for Studies of Metabolite‐related Toxicity
Authors: Bano Kiran , Rusling James F.
Published: June 2016

This article reviews recent progress from our laboratory in electrochemiluminescence (ECL) arrays designed for screening toxicity‐related chemistry of chemical and drug candidates. Cytochrome P450s and metabolic bioconjugation enzymes convert lipophilic chemicals in our bodies by oxidation and bioconjugation that can lead to toxic metabolites. DNA can be used as an easily measurable toxicity‐related endpoint, targeting DNA oxidation and addcut formation with metabolites. ECL using guanosines in the DNA strands as co‐reactants have been used in high throughput arrays utilizing DNA‐enzyme films fabricated layer‐by‐layer. This review describes approaches developed to provide new high throughput ECL arrays to aid in toxicity assessment for drug and chemical product development.
Conservation culturomics
Authors: Ladle Richard J , Correia Ricardo A , Do Yuno , Joo Gea‐Jae , Malhado Ana CM , Proulx Raphaël , Roberge Jean‐Michel , Jepson Paul
Published: June 2016

Culturomics is an emerging field of study that seeks to understand human culture through the quantitative analysis of changes in word frequencies in large bodies of digital texts. Culturomics research can help practitioners in nature conservation respond to cultural trends, building and reinvigorating its societal relevance. We identify five areas where culturomics can be used to advance the practice and science of conservation: (1) recognizing conservation‐oriented constituencies and demonstrating public interest in nature, (2) identifying conservation emblems, (3) providing new metrics and tools for near‐real‐time environmental monitoring and to support conservation decision making, (4) assessing the cultural impact of conservation interventions, and (5) framing conservation issues and promoting public understanding. More generally, culturomics opens up an exciting new area of research, equipping conservationists with novel tools to explore and shape human interactions with the natural world.
Looking beyond the mountain: dispersal barriers in a changing world
Authors: Caplat Paul , Edelaar Pim , Dudaniec Rachael Y , Green Andy J , Okamura Beth , Cote Julien , Ekroos Johan , Jonsson Per R , Löndahl Jakob , Tesson Sylvie VM , Petit Eric J
Published: June 2016

Dispersal barriers have demographic, evolutionary, and ecosystem‐wide consequences. With ongoing changes in the environment, some dispersal barriers will likely disappear while new ones will appear, and it is crucial to understand these dynamics to forecast species' distributions and adaptive potential. Here we review recent literature on the ecological and evolutionary aspects of dispersal to highlight key dynamics of dispersal barriers in the face of global change. After defining dispersal barriers, we explain that a better understanding of their dynamics requires identifying the barrier types that are most susceptible to change and predicting species' responses. This knowledge is a prerequisite for designing management strategies to increase or reduce connectivity, and maintain adaptive potential. Our intent is to motivate researchers to explicitly consider dispersal barriers in order to better forecast the dynamics of species and ecosystems subject to global change.
Unmanned aircraft systems in wildlife research: current and future applications of a transformative technology
Authors: Christie Katherine S , Gilbert Sophie L , Brown Casey L , Hatfield Michael , Hanson Leanne
Published: June 2016

Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) – also called unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) or drones – are an emerging tool that may provide a safer, more cost‐effective, and quieter alternative to traditional research methods. We review examples where UAS have been used to document wildlife abundance, behavior, and habitat, and illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of this technology with two case studies. We summarize research on behavioral responses of wildlife to UAS, and discuss the need to understand how recreational and commercial applications of this technology could disturb certain species. Currently, the widespread implementation of UAS by scientists is limited by flight range, regulatory frameworks, and a lack of validation. UAS are most effective when used to examine smaller areas close to their launch sites, whereas manned aircraft are recommended for surveying greater distances. The growing demand for UAS in research and industry is driving rapid regulatory and technological progress, which in turn will make them more accessible and effective as analytical tools.
Wildfire risk as a socioecological pathology
Authors: Fischer A Paige , Spies Thomas A , Steelman Toddi A , Moseley Cassandra , Johnson Bart R , Bailey John D , Ager Alan A , Bourgeron Patrick , Charnley Susan , Collins Brandon M , Kline Jeffrey D , Leahy Jessica E , Littell Jeremy S , Millington James DA , Nielsen‐Pincus Max , Olsen Christine S , Paveglio Travis B , Roos Christopher I , Steen‐Adams Michelle M , Stevens Forrest R , Vukomanovic Jelena , White Eric M , Bowman David MJS
Published: June 2016

Wildfire risk in temperate forests has become a nearly intractable problem that can be characterized as a socioecological “pathology”: that is, a set of complex and problematic interactions among social and ecological systems across multiple spatial and temporal scales. Assessments of wildfire risk could benefit from recognizing and accounting for these interactions in terms of socioecological systems, also known as coupled natural and human systems (CNHS). We characterize the primary social and ecological dimensions of the wildfire risk pathology, paying particular attention to the governance system around wildfire risk, and suggest strategies to mitigate the pathology through innovative planning approaches, analytical tools, and policies. We caution that even with a clear understanding of the problem and possible solutions, the system by which human actors govern fire‐prone forests may evolve incrementally in imperfect ways and can be expected to resist change even as we learn better ways to manageCNHS.
Corrosion Investigation of Chromium Nitride and Chromium Carbide Coatings for PEM Fuel Cell Bipolar Plates in Simulated Cathode Condition
Authors: Haghighat Ghahfarokhi H. , Saatchi A. , Monirvaghefi S. M.
Published: June 2016

Transition metals nitrides and carbides are used as coatings on bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) due to their suitable electrical conductivity and corrosion resistance. Chromium electroplated AISI 316L stainless steel bipolar plates were treated by plasma nitriding and solid carburizing to form chromium nitride and chromium carbide, respectively. The presence of CrN/Cr2N and Cr7C3/Cr23C6 was verified by X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) in chromium nitride and chromium carbide coatings, respectively. The corrosion behavior of coatings was investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, potentiostatic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in simulated cathode condition. Coated samples showed better corrosion behavior than untreated bare sample. EIS results indicated decrease in corrosion current density after 500 hours, however coatings acted as barrier against solution access to substrate. Corrosion current densities of coatings were close to targets of United Stated department of energy (DOE).
Cystine/glutamate antiporter blockage induces myelin degeneration
Authors: Soria Federico N. , Zabala Alazne , Pampliega Olatz , Palomino Aitor , Miguelez Cristina , Ugedo Luisa , Sato Hideyo , Matute Carlos , Domercq María
Published: June 2016

The cystine/glutamate antiporter is a membrane transport system responsible for the uptake of extracellular cystine and release of intracellular glutamate. It is the major source of cystine in most cells, and a key regulator of extrasynaptic glutamate in the CNS. Because cystine is the limiting factor in the biosynthesis of glutathione, and glutamate is the most abundant neurotransmitter, the cystine/glutamate antiporter is a central player both in antioxidant defense and glutamatergic signaling, two events critical to brain function. However, distribution of cystine/glutamate antiporter in CNS has not been well characterized. Here, we analyzed expression of the catalytic subunit of the cystine/glutamate antiporter, xCT, by immunohistochemistry in histological sections of the forebrain and spinal cord. We detected labeling in neurons, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells, but not in GFAP+ astrocytes. In addition, we examined xCT expression and function by qPCR and cystine uptake in primary rat cultures of CNS, detecting higher levels of antiporter expression in neurons and oligodendrocytes. Chronic inhibition of cystine/glutamate antiporter caused high toxicity to cultured oligodendrocytes. In accordance, chronic blockage of cystine/glutamate antiporter as well as glutathione depletion caused myelin disruption in organotypic cerebellar slices. Finally, mice chronically treated with sulfasalazine, a cystine/glutamate antiporter inhibitor, showed a reduction in the levels of myelin and an increase in the myelinated fiber g‐ratio. Together, these results reveal that cystine/glutamate antiporter is expressed in oligodendrocytes, where it is a key factor to the maintenance of cell homeostasis. GLIA 2016. GLIA 2016;64:1381–1395
L‐type voltage‐operated calcium channels contribute to astrocyte activation In vitro
Authors: Cheli Veronica T. , Santiago González Diara A. , Smith Jessica , Spreuer Vilma , Murphy Geoffrey G. , Paez Pablo M.
Published: June 2016

We have found a significant upregulation of L‐type voltage‐operated Ca++ channels (VOCCs) in reactive astrocytes. To test if VOCCs are centrally involved in triggering astrocyte reactivity, we used in vitro models of astrocyte activation in combination with pharmacological inhibitors, siRNAs and the Cre/lox system to reduce the activity of L‐type VOCCs in primary cortical astrocytes. The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as high extracellular K+, glutamate, and ATP promote astrogliosis in vitro. L‐type VOCC inhibitors drastically reduce the number of reactive cells, astrocyte hypertrophy, and cell proliferation after these treatments. Astrocytes transfected with siRNAs for the Cav1.2 subunit that conducts L‐type Ca++ currents as well as Cav1.2 knockout astrocytes showed reduce Ca++ influx by ∼80% after plasma membrane depolarization. Importantly, Cav1.2 knock‐down/out prevents astrocyte activation and proliferation induced by LPS. Similar results were found using the scratch wound assay. After injuring the astrocyte monolayer, cells extend processes toward the cell‐free scratch region and subsequently migrate and populate the scratch. We found a significant increase in the activity of L‐type VOCCs in reactive astrocytes located in the growing line in comparison to quiescent astrocytes situated away from the scratch. Moreover, the migration of astrocytes from the scratching line as well as the number of proliferating astrocytes was reduced in Cav1.2 knock‐down/out cultures. In summary, our results suggest that Cav1.2 L‐type VOCCs play a fundamental role in the induction and/or proliferation of reactive astrocytes, and indicate that the inhibition of these Ca++ channels may be an effective way to prevent astrocyte activation. GLIA 2016. GLIA 2016;64:1396–1415
Comparison between resting state fMRI networks and responsive cortical stimulations in glioma patients
Authors: Cochereau Jérôme , Deverdun Jérémy , Herbet Guillaume , Charroud Céline , Boyer Anthony , Moritz‐Gasser Sylvie , Le Bars Emmanuelle , Molino François , Bonafé Alain , Menjot de Champfleur Nicolas , Duffau Hugues
Published: June 2016

Objectives

To validate the functional relevance of resting state networks (RSNs) by means of a comparison of resting state connectivity (RSC) between language regions elicited by direct cortical stimulation versus RSC between random regions; and to evaluate the accuracy of resting state fMRI in surgical planning by assessing the overlap between RSNs and intraoperative functional mapping results.

Methods

Sensorimotor and language eloquent sites were identified by direct electrical cortical stimulation in 98 patients with a diffuse low‐grade glioma. A seed to voxel analysis with inter‐language stimulation point connectivity versus inter‐random ROIs connectivity was performed (19 patients). An independant component analysis (ICA) was also applied to rsfMRI data. Language and sensorimotor components were selected over 20 independent components and compared to the corresponding stimulation points and resected cortex masks (31 and 90 patients, respectively).

Results

Mean connectivity value between language seeds was significantly higher than the one between random seeds (0.68 ± 0.39 and 0.12 ± 0.21 respectively, P < 10−10). 96 ± 11% of sensorimotor stimulation points were located within 10 mm from sensorimotor ICA maps versus 92 ± 21% for language. 3.1 and 15% of resected cortex overlapped sensorimotor and language networks, respectively. Mean sensorimotor stimulation points and resected cortex z‐scores were 2.0 ± 1.2 and −0.050 ± 0.60, respectively (P < 10−10). Mean language stimulation points and resected cortex z‐scores were 1.6 ± 1.9 and 0.68 ± 0.91, respectively, P < 0.005.

Conclusion

The significantly higher RSC between language seeds than between random seeds validated the functional relevance of RSC. ICA partly succeeded to distinguish eloquent versus surgically removable areas and may be possibly used as a complementary tool to intraoperative mapping. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3721–3732, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Critical Leadership Pedagogy: Engaging Power, Identity, and Culture in Leadership Education for College Students of Color
Authors: Pendakur Vijay , Furr Sara C.
Published: June 2016

This chapter focuses on how the application of critical pedagogy to leadership education allows for issues of identity, power, and culture to shape the process of leadership learning. Examples from the authors’ work with various populations of students of color are used to illustrate critical leadership pedagogy.
Developing Critical Thinking Through Leadership Education
Authors: Jenkins Daniel M. , Andenoro Anthony C.
Published: June 2016

This chapter provides the critical leadership logic model as a tool to help educators develop leadership‐learning opportunities. This proactive logic model includes curricular and co‐curricular educational experiences to ensure critical thinking through leadership education.
Leadership Competency Development: A Higher Education Responsibility
Authors: Seemiller Corey
Published: June 2016

Moving from why, how, and what, this chapter closes with a focus on how we know the outcomes of leadership education. This final chapter provides an overview of leadership competency development as a critical component of higher education.