bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structural differentiation of isomeric N‐oxides
Authors: Rondeau Roger E. , Steppel Richard N. , Rosenberg Herbert M. , Knaak Lawrence E.
Published: March 2009

The recently reported photochemical isomerization of 1‐(2‐pyridyl)benzotriazole 3‐oxide to the 2‐oxide created a need for a method of distinguishing between the structural isomers. Nmr experiments using Eu(fod)3 established the position of the oxygen atoms and also yielded convincing evidence regarding attachment of the lanthanide shift reagent to these multi‐functional compounds. Double irradiation experiments were used to resolve the structural problem while shift gradient considerations led to probable sites of coordination.
The crystal structure of 10‐acetonylphenoxatellurine nitrate, C15H13NO5Te
Authors: Smith M. R. , Mangion M. M. , Meyers E. A.
Published: March 2009

The crystal structure of C15 H13NO5Te was determined from X‐ray diffractometer data. The unit cell is triclinic (BĪ): a = 17.118(5), b = 7.402(2), c = 12.225(2) Å, α = 87.96(1), β = 93.31 (1), γ = 92.13(2)° at 22°C, Z = 4/cell, and the conventional R = 0.025 for 2497 independent reflections. The molecule is folded along the Te‐ring oxygen axis (135° ). The average Te‐ring carbon distance is 2.101 Å, the Te‐acetonyl carbon distance is 2.129 Å and the average C‐ring oxygen distance is 1.388 Å. The acetonyl group and phenyl rings have normal distances and angles, and the nitrate group is nearly regular, with Te…ONO2 = 2.775 Å. The coordination around Te is that of an extremely distorted trigonal bipyramid, with apical positions occupied by one ring carbon and the ONO2 group (167.4°), and two axial positions occupied by the acetonyl carbon and the other ring carbon (94.6°). Coordinates of all hydrogen atoms were determined.
The crystal structure of bisphenoxatelluronium dinitrate, C24H16O9N2Te2
Authors: Mangion M. M. , Smith M. R. , Meyers E. A.
Published: March 2009

Bisphenoxatelluronium dinitrate is monoelinie, P21/c: a = 11.638(4), b = 28.266(8), c = 8.546(3) å, β = 119.73(2)°, z = 4 at t = 22°. All atoms including hydrogen were located. The two ring systems, I and II, are folded along their Te‐O axes, 147° and 163°, respectively. The average ring bond distances are: Te‐C = 2.091, C‐C = 1.377, C‐O = 1.370 Å. Each Te is bonded to one NO3 group, Te1‐ON1 = 2.485(5), Te2‐ON4 = 2.393(4) Å, and an oxygen bridge connects the ring systems, Te1‐OB = 1.966(4), Te2‐OB = 2.001(4) Å, Te1‐OB‐Te2 = 125.0(2)°. The bond distances and angles of the structure are compared to those of related compounds.
Pyrrolopyridazines. 1. Synthesis and reactivity of pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazine 5‐oxides
Authors: Dan Cook P. , Castle Raymond N.
Published: March 2009

Reaction of ethyl 4‐ethoxymethyleneamino‐3‐methoxy‐5‐pyridazinylpyruvate 1‐oxide (8) under various conditions constitutes a new approach to substituted pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazines. The resulting substituted pyrrolo[2,3‐d]pyridazine 5‐oxides were allowed to react further to provide a number of new compounds in this ring system.
Etude en serie as‐triazine. X. Réactions nucleophiles sur les triazines‐1,2,4 ones‐5
Authors: Daunis Jaeques , Jacquier Et Robert
Published: March 2009

L'action des réactifs de Grignard sur la méthyl‐6 triazinone‐5 et sur ses dérivés méthylés, permet de mettre en évidence plusieurs types d'addition; l'orientation vers l'une ou l'autre des réactions dépend de la structure de la triazinone‐5 et de l'eneombrement du réactif. Dans chaque cas un schéma reudant compte du déroulement de la réaction est proposé. L'action de l'hydrure d'aluminium et de lithium est étudiée à titre de comparaison.
Pyridazines. LIX. An unusual reaction of azidoazolopyridazines with diethylamine
Authors: Polanc S. , Stanovnik B. , Tiller M.
Published: March 2009

6‐Azidoazolopyridazines and 6‐azidopyridotetrazolopyridazines react in the presence of diethylamine to give various products. Among them, the corresponding diethylaminomethylene‐amino derivatives were formed in a novel reaction.
Azole chemistry. VI.. tetrazolo[5,4‐b] [1,3] thiazinium salts
Authors: Alper Howard , Stout Richard W.
Published: March 2009

Cyclodehydration of tetrazolyl γ‐keto sulfides, prepared by treatment of β‐halo ketones with 5‐mereapto‐1‐substituted‐1,2,3,4‐tetrazoles (1), gave 1,5‐diaryl‐7H‐tetrazolo[5,4‐6 ] [1,3] thiazinium salts in reasonable yields. Reaction of1with epoxy bromides afforded 6‐hydroxy‐1‐substiluled‐6,7‐dihydro‐5H‐letrazolo[5,4‐b] [ 1,3]thiazinium bromides. The spectral properties of the fused thiazinium salts are discussed.
A novel crystalline tetrazolo‐azido isomer pair: Pyrido[ 2,3‐e] tetrazolo[5,1‐c]‐as‐triazine and 3‐azidopyrido[2,3‐e]‐as‐triazine; the synthesis of tetrazolo[5,1‐c] benzo‐as‐triazine and pyrido[2,3‐e]‐s‐triazolo[3,4‐c] ‐as‐triazine
Authors: Messmer A. , Hajós Cy. , Benkó P. , Pallas L.
Published: March 2009

The deoxygenated derivative of 3‐azidobenzo‐as‐triazine 1‐oxide (II) exists in solution predominantly as 3‐azidobenzo‐as‐triazine form (IVa) but in the crystalline state as tetrazolo[5,]‐c]‐benzo‐as‐triazine (IVb), a new fused heteroaromatie ring system. With the pyrido[2,3‐e]‐as‐triazine derivatives, however, both 3‐azidopyrido[2,3‐e]‐as‐triazine (X) and pyrido[2,3‐e] tetra‐zolo[5,1‐e]‐as‐triazine (XI) can be isolated in crystalline form, and these are interconvertible. Another new ring system, the pyrido[2,3‐e] triazolo [3,4‐c]‐as‐triazine (XVII) and its derivatives has also been synthesized.
[1]Benzothieno[2,3‐d]pyridazines V. Etude des Réactions de substitution des Benzothiéno[2,3‐d]pyridazinethiones
Authors: Robba M. , Dore G. , Bonhomme Et M.
Published: March 2009

Les réactions de substitution et d'addition de la 2H‐[ 1] benzothiéno[2,3‐d]pyridazinethione‐l et de la 3H‐[1 ]benzothiéno[2,3‐d]pyridazinethione‐4 conduisent á des dérivés S‐ ou N‐sub‐stitués ainsi qu'á des mélanges. Les structures sont établies à l'aide des spectres IRet de RMN.
Chiral 1,4‐bensodiazepines. V. ‐ synthesis and properties of 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones containing α‐amino acids as a part of the 1,4‐diazepine ring
Authors: Šunjiè V. , Kajfež F. , Štromar I. , Blaževié N. , Kolbah D.
Published: March 2009

Chiral 1,4‐benzodiazepin‐2‐ones XIII‐XXIIII (Scheme 1) were prepared starting from N‐protected α‐amino acids and 2‐amino‐5chlorobenzeophenone; the intermediates I‐XII were isolated and identified. Spectroscopie propertiec of these componds are discussed (ir, nmr); their optical stability, as well as the cyclization rate for XII‐XIII in buffer solution have been determined.
Cyclopentyl derivatives of 8‐azahypoxanthine and 8‐azaadenine. Carbocyclic analogs of 8‐azainosine and 8‐azaadenosine
Authors: Shealy Y. Fulmer , Clayton Joe D. , Allen O'Dell C.
Published: March 2009

Four types of carboeyclic analogs of 8‐azahypoxanthine and 8‐azaadenine nucleosides have been prepared. This group of analogs is comprised of derivatives having the (±)‐as‐3‐(hydroxy‐methyl)cyclopentyl,(±)‐trans‐3‐hydroxy‐cis‐4‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl), (±)‐trans‐2‐hydroxy‐cis‐4‐(hydroxymethyl)cyclopentyl, and (±)‐trans‐2,trans‐3‐dihydroxy‐cis‐4‐(hydroxymethyl)‐cyelopentyl groups at position 3 of 3,6‐dihydro‐7H‐v‐triazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidm‐7‐one and of 7‐amino‐3H‐v‐triazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidine. Diazotization of (5‐amino‐6‐chloropyrimidin‐4‐yl‐amino)eyclopentane derivatives and acidic hydrolysis, without isolation of the resulting 7‐chloro‐3H‐v‐triazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidines yielded the 8‐azahypoxanthine derivatives (III). Treatment of unpurified 7‐chloro‐3H‐v‐triazolo[4,5‐d]pyrimidines with anhydrous ammonia gave the 8‐azaadenine derivatives (IV). The cyclopentane analogs of 8‐azaadenylic acid and of 8‐aza‐adenosine 3′,5′ ‐cyclic monophosphate were prepared from the 8‐azaadenosine analog.
Synthesis of 5,5′[[[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]imino]]bis[3‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole] and related thiadiazoles as antimalarial agents
Authors: Faslager Edward F. , Johnson Judith , Werbel Leslie M.
Published: March 2009

The condensation of 5‐chloro‐3‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole (VIII) with N,N‐dimelhyl‐1,3‐propanediamine gave 5‐¶ [3‐(dimethylammo)propyl]amino¶‐3‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐thia‐diazole(5) and 5,5′‐¶[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]imino)¶bis[3‐(triehloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐tliiadiazole] (14), together with 5,5′‐[(3‐¶ methyl[ 3‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazol‐5‐yl ]amino Jpropyl)‐imino]bis[3‐(trichloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole] (17) which was formed via an unusual displacement of the distal methyl group of 14. The remarkable antimalarial activity of 14 prompted the synthesis of an array of 5‐amino‐3‐(trichloromethyl, methyl, and 3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazoles and 5,5′‐¶[(dialkylamino)alkyl]imino¶bis[3‐(trichloromethyl, methyl, and 3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazoles] from an amine and the requisite 5‐chloro‐3‐substituted‐1,2,4‐thiadiazoles, which were prepared from the appropriate amidine and trichloromethylsull'enyl chloride. 5‐¶3‐[(Diethylamino)methyl]‐p‐anisidino ¶‐3‐(triehloromethyl)‐1,2,4‐thiadiazole (13) was active against a chloroquine‐resistant line of Plasrnodium berghei in the mouse, and compound 14, the most promising member of the series overall, was designated for expanded antimalarial and toxicological studies. Structure‐activity relationships against P. berghei in mice and P. gallinaceum in chicks are discussed.
Nitration of substituted chromans
Authors: Brancaccio G. , Lettieri G. , Viterbo R.
Published: March 2009

The nitration of substituted chromans has been studied and the structure of the nitro compounds has been confirmed by chemical and spectral data.
Synthesis and antimalarial effects of 2‐(3,4‐dichloroanilino)‐7‐[[[(dialkylamino)alkyl]amino]]‐5‐methyl‐s‐triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Werbel Leslie M. , Elslager Edward F. , Chu Vera P.
Published: March 2009

3,4‐Dichlorophenylisothioeyanate (10) was allowed to react with 2‐methy1‐2‐thiopseudourea to give methyl 4‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)(dithioaltophanimidate (11) (41%), which upon treatment with hydrazine afforded 3‐amino‐5‐(3,4‐dichloroanilino)‐s‐triazole (12) (54‐91%). Ring‐closure with ethyl acetoacetale in acetic acid afforded 2‐(3,4‐dichloroanilino)‐5‐methyl‐s‐triazolo[ 1,5‐α ]‐pyrimidin‐7‐ol (13) (81%). Chlorination with phosphorus oxychloride gave 7‐chloro‐2‐(3,4‐dichloroanilino)‐5‐methyl‐s‐triazolo[1,5‐α ]pyrimidine (14) (98%), which was condensed with various amines to yield the desired 2‐(3,4‐diehloroanilino)‐7‐¶[(dialkylamino)alkyl]arnino¶‐5‐methyl‐s‐triazolo[ 1,5‐α]pyrimidines (6a‐d). The structures of the s‐triazolo[ 1,5‐α ]pyrimidines were based on nmr spectroscopy and ring stability considerations. Several of the amino‐s‐triazolo[ 1,5‐α ]pyrimidines possessed antimalarial activity against P. berghei in mice.
Challenges and opportunities in Academic Hospital Medicine: Report from the Academic Hospital Medicine Summit
Authors: Flanders Scott A. , Centor Bob , Weber Valerie , McGinn Thomas , DeSalvo Karen , Auerbach Andrew
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND:

The field of hospital medicine is growing rapidly in academic medical centers. However, few organizations have explicitly considered the opportunities for and barriers to hospital medicine's development as an academic field in internal medicine.

OBJECTIVE:

The objective was to develop consensus around key areas limiting or facilitating hospital medicine's development as an academic discipline.

DESIGN:

The design was a consensus format conference of key stakeholders in academic hospital medicine.

RESULTS:

The consensus group identified several issues impeding the development of academic hospital medicine as a recognized entity in academic settings, including extraordinarily rapid growth, increasingly preponderant nonteaching roles, and demands to perform nonclinical duties (such as quality improvement) not generally viewed as academic pursuits. The consensus group developed recommendations for addressing these concerns, specifically: 1) characterizing the optimal job description for an academic hospitalist, 2) developing better local and at‐a‐distance opportunities for training academic hospitalists in key aspects of early career success, and 3) advocating for the development of fellows and junior faculty researchers in hospital medicine.

Fostering academic hospital medicine will help address these issues more effectively and will help the field while also attracting the next generation of generalists needed to care for an increasingly complex inpatient population. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:240–246. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Synthesis of novel WAY 100635 derivatives containing a norbornene group and radiofluorination of [18F]AH1.MZ as a serotonin 5‐HT1A receptor antagonist for molecular imaging
Authors: Herth Matthias M. , Kramer Vasko , Rösch Frank
Published: March 2009

5‐HT1A receptors are involved in a variety of psychiatric disorders and in vivo molecular imaging of the 5‐HT1A status represents an important approach to analyze and treat these disorders. We report herein the synthesis of three new fluoroethylated 5‐HT1A ligands (AH1.MZ, AH2.MZ and AH3.MZ) as arylpiperazine derivatives containing a norbornene group. AH1.MZ (Ki= 4.2 nM) and AH2.MZ (Ki=30 nM) showed reasonable in vitro affinities to the 5‐HT1A receptor, whereas AH3.MZ appeared to be non‐affine toward the 5‐HT1A receptor. The receptor profile of AH1.MZ and AH2.MZ showed selectivity within the 5‐HT system. 18F‐labelling via [18F]FETos to [18F]AH1.MZ was carried out in radiochemical yields of >70%. The final formulation of injectable solutions including [18F]FETos synthon synthesis, radiosynthesis and semi‐preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation took no longer than 130 min and provided [18F]AH1.MZ with a purity of  >98% as indicated by analytical HPLC analyses. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of cloudiness over the values of erythemal radiation in Valencia, Spain
Authors: Esteve A. R. , Marín M. J. , Tena F. , Utrillas M. P. , Martínez‐Lozano J. A.
Published: March 2009

The influence of cloudiness over experimental UV erythemal radiation (UVER) has been studied. This influence has been analysed considering total cloudiness and low clouds. The measurements of cloudiness correspond to the daily values registered at 13:00 GMT at the Meteorological Centre of Valencia, which is part of the State Agency of Meteorology of Spain (AEMET). The UVER measurements were made using a YES UVB‐1 radiometer located on the roof terrace of the Physics Faculty at the Burjassot Campus, Valencia (latitude 39.508° , longitude − 0.418° , 60 m above sea level). First, a statistical analysis of cloudiness at 13:00 GMT in Valencia was carried out, confirming that the situation is mainly clear skies or very few clouds. Next, the influence of cloudiness on experimental UVER values was analysed, for both total cloudiness and low clouds. The experimental UVER values decrease as cloudiness increases for all solar zenith angles (SZA), and this reduction increases with the zenith angle. Next, the cloud modification factor (CMF) has been defined to reduce the influence of the zenith angle and ozone over the UVER. In order to quantify the relationship between CMF and the degree of cloudiness in oktas, linear, quadratic and potential regressions for both total cloudiness and low clouds have been calculated. Transmissivity due to total cloudiness and for overcast skies reaches 40%. On the other hand, the analysis of the influence over the zenith angle shows that CMF reduces as the zenith angle increases in the case of both total cloudiness and low clouds. With regard to the low cloud CMF, the results are comparable to those proposed by the COST‐713 Action “UV‐B Forecasting” for partially cloudy or cloudy skies (70% and 50%, respectively). Finally, the relationship between the CMF and the clearness index (kT) has been analysed, as both parameters are simple indicators of cloudiness. It has been proved that such relationship is close to unity for zenith angles in the mid‐range, while the CMF is greater than kT for lower SZA and is less than kT for high SZA, which indicates a certain dependence of these two parameters on the zenith angle. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Synthesis and Raman spectroscopic study of Mg/Al,Fe hydrotalcites with variable cationic ratios
Authors: Palmer Sara J. , Frost Ray L. , Spratt Henry J.
Published: March 2009

Hydrotalcites of formula Mg6(Al,Fe)2(OH)16(CO3)·4H2O formed by intercalation with the carbonate anion as a function of divalent/trivalent cationic ratio have been successfully synthesised. The XRD patterns show variation in the d‐spacing attributed to the size of the cation. Raman and infrared bands in the OH stretching region are assigned to (1) brucite layer OH stretching vibrations, (2) water stretching bands and (3) water strongly hydrogen bonded to the carbonate anion. Multiple (CO3)2− symmetric stretching bands suggest that different types of (CO3)2− exist in the hydrotalcite interlayer. Increasing the cation ratio (Mg/Al,Fe) resulted in an increase in the combined intensity of the two Raman bands at around 3600 cm−1, attributed to MgOH stretching modes, and a shift of the overall band profile to higher wavenumbers. These observations are believed to be a result of the increase in magnesium in the structure. Raman spectroscopy shows a reduction in the symmetry of the carbonate, leading to the conclusion that the anions are bonded to the brucite‐like hydroxyl surface and to the water in the interlayer. Water bending modes are identified in the infrared spectra at positions greater than 1630 cm−1, indicating that water is strongly hydrogen bonded to both interlayer anions and the brucite‐like surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl mineral natrouranospinite (Na2,Ca)[(UO2)(AsO4)]2· 5H2O
Authors: Čejka Jiří , Sejkora Jiří , Frost Ray L. , Keeffe Eloise C.
Published: March 2009

Raman spectra of natrouranospinite complemented with infrared spectra were studied and related to the structure of the mineral. Observed bands were assigned to the stretching and bending vibrations of (UO2)2+ and (AsO4)3− units and of water molecules. UO bond lengths in uranyl and OH···O hydrogen bond lengths were calculated from the Raman and infrared spectra. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multipeak fitting analysis of Raman spectra on DLCH film
Authors: Tai F. C. , Lee S. C. , Chen J. , Wei C. , Chang S. H.
Published: March 2009

The hydrogenated diamond‐like carbon (DLCH) film with 1‐µm thickness is deposited by direct hydrocarbon gas ion beam method on silicon wafer and annealed at 400 °C. Detailed Raman spectra feature are fitted from nine sets of different peak fitting functions, including Gaussian, Lorentzian and Breit‐Wigner‐Fano (BWF) functions. These fitting results obtained from a two‐peak combination show some specific variances on the G peak position, FWHMG and ID/IG ratio for as‐deposited and as‐annealed DLCH films. The most popular two‐peak fitting method with full Gaussian function tends to exhibit a higher ratio of the G peak position shift and higher ID/IG ratio than others fitting methods, the drastic difference among the most popular G (G) & G (D) and B (G) & L (D) schemes also have brought out in ID/IG ratio. However, for a more complex four‐peak Gaussian function fitting Raman spectra, the ID/IG ratio is close to that of a two‐peak fitting function with a mixture functions of BWF (G) and L (D). Furthermore, a series of systematic peak fitting procedures and comparisons of Raman spectra have been discussed in this study. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Direct observation of surface‐enhanced Raman scattering in ZnO nanocrystals
Authors: Wang Yanfei , Ruan Weidong , Zhang Junhu , Yang Bai , Xu Weiqing , Zhao Bing , Lombardi John R.
Published: March 2009

We have been able to observe the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from 4‐mercaptopyridine (4‐Mpy) molecules adsorbed on ZnO nanocrystals, which display 103 enhancement factors (EFs). An excitation wavelength‐dependent behavior is clearly observed. Another molecule BVPP is also observed to have surface‐enhanced Raman signals. The chemical enhancement is most likely responsible for the observed enhancement, since plasmon resonances are ruled out. The research is important not only for a better understanding of the SERS mechanism, but also for extension of the application of Raman spectroscopy to a variety of adsorption problems on a semiconductor surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast detection of sulphate minerals (gypsum, anglesite, baryte) by a portable Raman spectrometer
Authors: Jehlička J. , Vítek P. , Edwards H.G.M. , Hargreaves M. D. , Čapoun T.
Published: March 2009

Well‐resolved Raman spectra of gypsum, anglesite and baryte were detected using a portable Raman instrument (Ahura First Defender XL) in the laboratory and outdoor under atmospheric conditions. Spectra were obtained using a 785‐nm excitation. The portable spectrometers display generally lower spectral resolution compared with the laboratory confocal instrument but permit the fast, unambiguous detection of minerals under field conditions. Portable Raman instruments can be advocated as excellent tools for field geological, environmental as well as exobiological applications. A miniaturized Raman instrument will be included in the Pasteur analytical package of the ESA ExoMars mission and interesting research applications can now be proposed for in situ field planetary studies. Additionally, portable Raman instruments represent an ideal tool for demonstrating possible applications of Raman spectroscopic techniques outdoor. In geosciences this approach represents a new field which could completely change classical field work. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The p.Asp216His TOR1A allele effect is not found in the French population
Authors: Frédéric Mélissa Yana , Clot Fabienne , Blanchard Arnaud , Dhaenens Claire‐Marie , Lesca Gaëtan , Cif Laura , Dürr Alexandra , Vidailhet Marie , Sablonniere Bernard , Calender Alain , Martinez Maria , Molinari Nicolas , Brice Alexis , Claustres Mireille , Tuffery‐Giraud Sylvie , Collod‐Beroud Gwenaëlle
Published: March 2009

DYT1 dystonia are one of the exceptions in human genetics with its unique and recurrent mutation (c.907delGAG). In this rare movement disorder, the mutation is associated with incomplete penetrance as well as great clinical variability, making this disease a benchmark to search for genetic modifiers. Recently, Risch et al. have demonstrated the implication of the rs1801968 SNP in disease penetrance. We attempted to replicate this result in an exhaustive DYT1 French population with no success. Our results argue that the rs1801968 H allele effect is not part of the modifiers in the French population of DYT1 patients and that others have to be identified in our population. © 2008 Movement Disorder Society
Coping strategies and IQ in psychogenic movement disorders and paralysis
Authors: van Beilen M. , Griffioen Brecht T. , Leenders Klaus L.
Published: March 2009

Inadequate coping strategies may cause some patients to develop psychogenic symptoms in periods of stress. This may be more prominent in patients with lower intelligence levels. Twenty‐six patients with psychogenic neurological disorders (PND) were tested for coping abilities and intelligence and compared with 18 healthy controls and 26 patients with various nonpsychogenic disorders. Patients with PND have slightly lower IQ levels and active coping skills compared with healthy controls but not to nonpsychogenic patients. Low IQ was not associated with low active coping skills in either of the groups. Low active coping is not the result of low IQ and is not specific for psychogenic symptoms. At least part of the lower coping skills reported in patients with psychogenic symptoms may be the result of having an illness in general. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
Concentric and single fiber needle electrodes yield comparable jitter results in myasthenia gravis
Authors: Farrugia Maria E. , Weir Andrew I. , Cleary Marie , Cooper Sarah , Metcalfe Richard , Mallik Arup
Published: March 2009

The single fiber needle electrode (SFNE), which is designed to isolate single muscle fiber action potentials, has played an important role in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis (MG). However, the concentric needle electrode (CNE) has been recently adopted by some workers to study neuromuscular instability in MG, and reference data have also been obtained in healthy subjects. In this study we wanted to establish whether data acquired using the SFNE is comparable to that obtained using the CNE when studying patients with MG. We established reference data for our laboratory using the CNE for orbicularis oculi (OO) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC). We compared data from 24 MG patients using both SFNE and CNE and found no significant differences in mean jitter values for either muscles. We correlated the neurophysiological data obtained by either electrode with various clinical assessments, the ice pack test, OO and EDC strength measurement, and MGFA classification of disease, and we found no significant relation. We compared discomfort scores for the two needle electrodes for each muscle and found that the discomfort scores for CNE are significantly lower (P = 0.0004). We conclude that the CNE is a useful alternative electrode for studying single fiber potentials, but more reference data from normal control subjects is desirable. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Correlating extent of neuromuscular instability with acetylcholine receptor antibodies
Authors: Farrugia Maria E. , Jacob Saiju , Sarrigiannis Ptolemaios G. , Kennett Robin P.
Published: March 2009

In a retrospective study of 86 patients with myasthenia gravis (MG), we correlated the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titers with single‐fiber EMG studies to explore whether a relationship exists between these parameters. We found that the AChR antibody titers correlated significantly with the mean of the mean consecutive difference of orbicularis oculi (OO, P < 0.0001) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC, P < 0.0001). The correlation was found to be stronger in OO. The antibody titers also correlated with the percentage of potential pairs with increased jitter in both muscles and, again, the correlation was more significant in OO (P < 0.0001) than in EDC (P = 0.001). We speculate that this relationship is stronger in OO than in the limb muscles, because the architectural and immunological differences in the motor unit render OO more vulnerable and sensitive to disturbances in neuromuscular transmission. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Epidemiologic variability of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with different diagnostic criteria: Study of a UK population
Authors: Rajabally Yusuf A. , Simpson Benjamin S. , Beri Sushil , Bankart John , Gosalakkal Jayaprakash A.
Published: March 2009

Epidemiologic data on chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) is limited, and previous studies have shown variable results. The frequencies of CIDP subtypes remain unknown. Variations due to use of different diagnostic criteria have not been studied. We examined the prevalence and incidence of CIDP in Leicestershire and Rutland, UK (population 963,600). Prevalence day was 1 May 2008. The prevalence of CIDP fulfilling the 2006 clinical and electrophysiologic European Federation of Neurological Societies/Peripheral Nerve Society (EFNS/PNS) criteria was 4.77 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.49–6.37). Using the 1991 American Academy of Neurology (AAN) criteria, the prevalence was 1.97 per 100,000 in this population (95% CI 1.19–3.08). Lewis–Sumner syndrome was diagnosed in 15.2% of patients, and 23.9% had pure sensory onset. Over 40% required no immunotherapy, and 84.6% of those treated responded. More than 80% of the AAN criteria–negative but EFNS/PNS criteria–positive patients were responsive to treatment. Both sets of criteria were equally likely to identify patients who required therapy. The mean annual incidence rate over the 3 years preceding the prevalence day was 0.70 per 100,000/year using EFNS/PNS criteria (95% CI 0.43–1.08), and 0.35 per 100,000/year using AAN criteria (95% CI 0.17–0.64). We conclude that the AAN criteria may underestimate prevalence and incidence of the disease. The EFNS/PNS criteria provide higher diagnostic sensitivity and are of greater clinical relevance, and they also offer a useful breakdown of the epidemiologic data for CIDP subtypes. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Reliability of quantitative sudomotor axon reflex testing and quantitative sensory testing in neuropathy of impaired glucose regulation
Authors: Peltier Amanda , Smith A. Gordon , Russell James W. , Sheikh Kiran , Bixby Billie , Howard James , Goldstein Jonathan , Song Yanna , Wang Lily , Feldman Eva L. , Singleton J. Robinson
Published: March 2009

Reproducible neurophysiologic testing paradigms are critical for multicenter studies of neuropathy associated with impaired glucose regulation (IGR), yet the best methodologies and endpoints remain to be established. This study evaluates the reproducibility of neurophysiologic tests within a multicenter research setting. Twenty‐three participants with neuropathy and IGR were recruited from two study sites. The reproducibility of quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART) and quantitative sensory test (QST) (using the CASE IV system) was determined in a subset of patients at two sessions, and it was calculated from intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). QST (cold detection threshold: ICC = 0.80; vibration detection threshold: ICC = 0.75) was more reproducible than QSART (ICC foot = 0.52). The performance of multiple tests in one setting did not improve reproducibility of QST. QST reproducibility in our IGR patients was similar to reports of other studies. QSART reproducibility was significantly lower than QST. In this group of patients, the reproducibility of QSART was unacceptable for use as a secondary endpoint measure in clinical research trials. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Preclinical drug trials in the mdx mouse: Assessment of reliable and sensitive outcome measures
Authors: Spurney Christopher F. , Gordish‐Dressman Heather , Guerron Alfredo D. , Sali Arpana , Pandey Gouri S. , Rawat Rashmi , Van Der Meulen Jack H. , Cha Hee‐Jae , Pistilli Emidio E. , Partridge Terence A. , Hoffman Eric P. , Nagaraju Kanneboyina
Published: March 2009

The availability of animal models for Duchenne muscular dystrophy has led to extensive preclinical research on potential therapeutics. Few studies have focused on reliability and sensitivity of endpoints for mdx mouse drug trials. Therefore, we sought to compare a wide variety of reported and novel endpoint measures in exercised mdx and normal control mice at 10, 20, and 40 weeks of age. Statistical analysis as well as power calculations for expected effect sizes in mdx preclinical drug trials across different ages showed that body weight, normalized grip strength, horizontal activity, rest time, cardiac function measurements, blood pressure, total central/peripheral nuclei per fiber, and serum creatine kinase are the most effective measurements for detecting drug‐induced changes. These data provide an experimental basis upon which standardization of preclinical drug testing can be developed. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Temporal characteristics of lower extremity moment generation in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Downing Andrea L. , Ganley Kathleen J. , Fay Deanne R. , Abbas James J.
Published: March 2009

Lower extremity weakness has been documented in children with cerebral palsy (CP). However, the temporal characteristics of moment generation have not been characterized, and they may be important to function. This study tested ankle, knee, and hip flexion and extension moment generation capabilities in children with CP and in able‐bodied children. Maximum voluntary isometric contractions (MVIC), the maximum rates of moment development and relaxation, and the time to produce and reduce the moments were quantified. Relationships between the temporal measures, Gross Motor Function Measure‐66 (GMFM‐66), and MVICs were also examined. Children with CP had significantly reduced MVICs, maximum development, and relaxation rates, and increased times to produce and reduce moments. The maximum rates of moment development and relaxation at some joints were correlated with the GMFM‐66 and MVICs. These results suggest that both the magnitude and temporal characteristics of moment generation need to be targeted during therapeutic interventions for children with CP. Muscle Nerve, 2008
Electrophysiology in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy with IGIV
Authors: Bril Vera , Katzberg Hans , Donofrio Peter , Banach Marta , Dalakas Marinos C. , Deng Chunqin , Hanna Kim , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Hughes Richard A.C. , Latov Norman , Merkies Ingemar S.J. , Van Doorn Pieter A. ,   ICE Study Group
Published: March 2009

Patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) received immune globulin intravenous, 10% caprylate/chromatography purified (IGIV‐C, Gamunex; n = 59) or placebo (n = 58) every 3 weeks for up to 24 weeks (first period) in a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group, response‐conditional, crossover study. Motor and sensory nerves were assessed at baseline and endpoint/week 24. A nonsignificant trend toward improvement in the proximal amplitude of the most severely affected motor nerve was observed with IGIV‐C (0.69 ± 1.86 mV) versus placebo (0.47 ± 2.29 mV), and a greater improvement of 1.08 ± 2.15 mV with IGIV‐C versus 0.46 ± 2.03 mV with placebo (P = 0.089) was observed with exclusion of data from Erb's point stimulation. Greater improvements from baseline favoring IGIV‐C were observed for 127/142 electrophysiologic parameters. The averaged motor amplitudes from all motor nerves significantly improved with IGIV‐C versus placebo [treatment difference, 0.62 mV; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.05, 1.20; P = 0.035], and conduction block decreased significantly (treatment difference, −5.54%; 95% CI, −10.43, −0.64; P = 0.027), particularly in the lower limbs. Overall, the data suggest that IGIV‐C improves electrophysiologic parameters in CIDP. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Histomorphological and functional impacts of postoperative motor training in rats after allograft sciatic nerve transplantation under low‐dose FK 506
Authors: Rustemeyer Jan , Krajacic Aleksandra , Dicke Ursula
Published: March 2009

This study aimed to determine the effect of motor training on recovery after nerve transplantation under low‐dose FK 506. Rats (n= 30) of two strains were randomly assigned to three groups. Group I served as untreated controls; groups II and III received allograft transplants for reconstruction of the sciatic nerve and FK 506 (0.1 mg/kg/d). Nonoperated limbs served as intra‐animal controls. Group III received postoperative motor training. Functional and histomorphological outcomes were assessed by walking track analysis and by blob analysis for myelinization of nerve sections. Regeneration occurred in both groups II and III. The control sections of the nonoperated limbs in group III showed significantly higher myelinization compared with group I and II; regeneration of the operated side was superior in group II. With regard to postoperative motor training, no benefit could be seen; however, the impact of postoperative motor training on the nonoperated limb were identified. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Anatomic variation of the innervation of the flexor digitorum profundus muscle and its clinical implications
Authors: Oh Chang‐Seok , Won Hyung‐Sun , Lee Kyu‐Seok , Chung In‐Hyuk , Kim Seung Min
Published: March 2009

In anterior interosseous nerve syndrome and ulnar neuropathy, paralysis or weakness of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) muscles has been shown to vary according to the degree of involvement of the median and ulnar nerves, respectively. We traced these nerves in 50 cadaveric specimens in which each FDP was completely separated. The specimens were classified into six anatomic and another six presumptive electromyography (EMG) types according to the innervation patterns of the entire and the proximal one‐third of the FDP muscles, respectively. The diverse anatomic and presumptive EMG types in this study suggest that the FDP muscles of the 2nd to the 5th digits should be examined by functional tests and EMG in lesions of the median or ulnar nerve. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in MG: To be or not to be?
Authors: Punga Anna Rostedt , Stålberg Erik
Published: March 2009

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is an autoimmune disorder usually caused by antibodies against either the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) or muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK) at the neuromuscular junction. Neuromuscular transmission failure results in muscle fatigue and weakness that can be treated symptomatically with acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs). Long‐term treatment with nonselective AChEIs may have considerable drawbacks; thus, this medication is ideally tapered when strength improves. Patients with AChR antibodies respond beneficially to treatment, whereas patients with MuSK antibodies generally do not. Recently, the selective AChEI EN101, which specifically targets the isoform of “read‐through” AChE (AChE‐R), has been developed and may be of importance for symptomatic relief in AChR‐antibody seropositive MG. This article is a review of the mechanisms, therapeutic effects, and drawbacks, with both old and new AChEIs in MG. Muscle Nerve, 2009
Eine Strukturbiologie für Membranproteine
Authors: Smits Sander H. J. , Schmitt Lutz
Published: March 2009

Für viele Wissenschaftler sind Membranproteine ein faszinierendes Forschungsobjekt, für viele aber auch der schlimmste Alptraum, dem sie je begegnet sind. Letztere kämpfen mit intrinsischen Problemen: Expression, Reinigung, Stabilität, biochemische und biophysikalische Charakterisierung; die anderen begeistert die Funktion von Membranproteinen — Informationsaustausch über biologische Membranen, ohne die wahrscheinlich das Leben, wie wir es heute kennen, nicht existieren würde.
Dreidimensionale Materialanalysen im Nanometerbereich
Authors: Krystek Petra , Verheijen Marcel , Weemaes Robbert , Kaiser Monja
Published: March 2009

Ionenstrahl‐Techniken und deren Kombination mit der Elektronenmikroskopie machen Materialfehler in nanometerdünnen Schichten sichtbar.
Was wir von Geckos lernen können
Authors: Kroner Elmar , Arzt Eduard
Published: March 2009

Elmar Kroner, Eduard Arzt

Geckos können sich auf nahezu allen Oberflächen bewegen, egal ob glatt oder rau. Dabei entwickeln sie Haftkräfte, die ein Vielfaches ihres Körpergewichts tragen können. Ihr Haftsystem ist selbstreinigend, rückstandsfrei und nachwachsend. Grund genug, sich dieses einmal genauer anzusehen.
”Unsere Lehre ist nicht schlecht“
Authors: Remenyi Christian
Published: March 2009

Das Sprachrohr der Chemie‐Hochschullehrer ist die Aduc — die Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Universitätsprofessoren der Chemie. Mit ihrem Vorsitzenden Jürgen Janek sprachen die Nachrichten aus der Chemie.
Gebrochene Symmetrie und molekulare Systeme
Authors: Berger Robert
Published: March 2009

Für die theoretische Beschreibung von spontanen Symmetriebrechungen mit Methoden der Quantenfeldtheorie erhielt Yoichiro Nambu den Physiknobelpreis 2008. Er teilt sich den Preis mit Makato Kobayashi und Toshihide Maskawa, welche die Brechung einer fundamentalen Symmetrie im Standardmodell der Teilchenphysik verankerten. Diese Symmetrieverletzung hat wiederum Konsequenzen für molekulare Systeme.
Qualitätsmanagement in China
Authors: Simon Lydia
Published: March 2009

Der Skandal des Melamin in der Milch hat in China das Vertrauen der Bevölkerung in die eigenen Unternehmen erschüttert. Das Vertrauen vieler westlicher Unternehmen war schon seit langem angeschlagen. Vertrauen ist gut, Kontrolle ist besser — dies gilt auch bei Geschäften in China.
Einstieg in die kombinatorische Chemie und das Wirkstoffdesign
Authors: Engel Thomas
Published: March 2009

Das Programm Chemosoft für Moleküldesign umfasst Chemoinformatik‐ und Molecular‐Modelling‐Werkzeuge in einem Basispaket mit drei Erweiterungssets.
Neues bei der GDCh‐Gehaltsumfrage
Authors: Schmitz Karin
Published: March 2009

Einiges neu ist in diesem Jahr bei der Gehaltsumfrage: Sie wird durch die Universität Würzburg, die die Daten auswertet, wissenschaftlich begleitet. Jeder Teilnehmer erhält eine nicht veränderbare Teilnehmernummer. Die Fragebögen für GDCh‐Mitglieder in der Industrie liegen diesen Nachrichten bei.
Prevalence of painful bladder syndrome (PBS) symptoms in adult women in the general population in Japan
Authors: Inoue Yoji , Mita Koji , Kakehashi Masayuki , Kato Masao , Usui Tsuguru
Published: March 2009

Aims

The aim of this study was to clarify the prevalence of painful bladder syndrome (PBS) symptoms in adult women in the general population in Japan.

Methods

Web‐based survey through an internet‐based market research company that enrolled 561,631 men and women in Japan was conducted from January 9 to January 11, 2007. After the women allocated to four age groups; 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s or older, a total of 80,367 women, comprising an almost equal number from each age group, were then randomly invited to participate. The O'Leary and Sant symptom index was used as the questionnaire. The following classification was defined on the basis of the total points score: 0 to 3 points for negligible PBS symptoms, 4 to 6 points for mild symptoms, 7 to 11 points for moderate symptoms, and 12 to 20 points for severe symptoms. A category of possible cases of PBS was defined as severe PBS symptoms including nocturia (twice or more) and pain (2 points or more).

Results

A total of 32,074 women ranging in age from 20 to 88 years participated. 76.6% of respondents had negligible PBS symptoms, 17.3% had mild symptoms, 5.6% had moderate symptoms, and 0.5% had severe symptoms, respectively. The incidence rate of women with possible cases of PBS was 0.265% (85/32,074).

Conclusions

Comparison with previous reports revealed no difference in the prevalence of PBS symptom in adult women in the general population between Japan and Western countries. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:214–218, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Status of international consensus on interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome/painful bladder syndrome: 2008 snapshot
Authors: Hanno Philip , Dmochowski Roger
Published: March 2009

Over the last 6 years there have been ongoing efforts around the world to standardize nomenclature, definition, and evaluation of interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome/painful bladder syndrome. The convergence this year of several new projects stimulated an effort to bring together thought leaders from around the world to give a snapshot of current thinking with regard to this disorder. The Society for Urodynamics and Female Urology brought together thought leaders from Europe, Asia, and the United States to Miami, and a broad, structured discussion ensued which is the subject of this report. The most appropriate name of the disease remains an area of contention. A final “definition” of BPS/IC did garner substantial agreement among participants: An unpleasant sensation (pain, pressure, discomfort) perceived to be related to the urinary bladder, associated with lower urinary tract symptoms of more than 6 weeks duration, in the absence of infection or other identifiable causes. It seems that the world is moving to a presumptive diagnosis based on history and physical examination, and relying on invasive procedures for more complex cases, although this is by no means a universal opinion, being more prevalent in the United States and Asia than in Europe. It is hoped that the conference proceedings can serve as a basis for future efforts to develop formal definitions, guidelines, and best practice policies to further advancement of the field. Neurourol. Urodynam. 28:274–286, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Correlations between the ICIQ‐UI short form and urodynamic diagnosis
Authors: Rotar Melita , Tršinar Bojan , Kisner Karel , Barbič Matija , Sedlar Aleš , Gruden Jožica , Vodušek David B.
Published: March 2009

Aims

Urinary incontinence is a common symptom in many diseases as well as in general population. To measure the impact of urinary incontinence (UI) on individual's quality of life the English short form International Consultation on Incontinence questionnaire (ICIQ‐UI Short Form) has been developed, which consists of three scored and one self‐diagnostic question. Our aim was to translate the ICIQ‐UI Short Form into Slovene, re‐validate it, and test the diagnostic value of the questionnaire in determining the type of UI.

Methods

ICIQ‐UI Short Form was translated into Slovene and re‐validated. In the validation process we included urology and gynecology outpatient clinics attendants, elderly institutionalized patients, and a community sample. One group of patients underwent urodynamic testing and the results were compared to their responses to question six of the ICIQ‐UI Short Form. Both sets of answers were compared using the Kappa (κ) statistics.

Results

The Slovene version of the ICIQ‐UI Short Form was found to be valid (excellent test–retest reliability, good internal consistency, good responsiveness to change, and reflected well underlying theories). The questionnaire correlated well with urodynamic findings. The perceived cause of leakage (Question 6) was a good indicator of objectively proven cause of incontinence (Kappa value 0.77).

Conclusions

We found that the Slovene version of the ICIQ‐UI Short Form is a valid and reliable questionnaire for assessment of UI. In addition to its ability to assess the impact of UI on individual's quality of life it also has a diagnostic value of the cause of incontinence. Neurourol. Urodyn. 28:501–505, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Continent catheterizable vesicostomy in an adult population: Success at high costs
Authors: Van der Aa Frank , Joniau Steven , De Baets Karen , De Ridder Dirk
Published: March 2009

Aims

To evaluate the long term outcome, to review the complication ratio and to analyze predicting factors of catheterizable continent vesicostomy in an adult population. To deduct a proper patient counseling policy.

Methods

We identified all patients that underwent a continent vesicostomy between 1998 and 2008. We did not consider patients that underwent orthotopic bladder reconstruction. Patient satisfaction, urinary leakage, catheterization problems were assessed by chart review or interview. Type of primary surgery, revisions (number and type), renal function and complications were assessed by chart review.

Results

Thirty‐four patients underwent continent vesicostomy using an ileal segment (Monti or Spiral‐Monti/Casale technique) or the appendix (Mitrofanoff). One patient underwent a detrusor wall flap. Twenty‐one out of 35 patients underwent concomitant bladder augmentation and 2/35 patients bladder neck closure. Mean age at the time of the procedure was 44 years (range 21–80 years). Mean follow up is 60 months (range 6–117 months). Six out of 35 patients undergo surgical excision of the conduit because of untreatable problems. One patient has a permanent indwelling catheter. Two patients voided normal after sacral nerve stimulation. Ten out of 35 patients undergo stoma related revisions. Sixteen out of 35 patients undergo no stoma related revisions. Finally 26/35 patients were continent and had an easy catheterizable stoma.

Conclusions

Continent urinary diversion in an adult population is associated with a high complication and revision rate. Although conversion rate to an ileal conduit is appreciable, the majority of patients (26/35) finally achieve full continence and unobstructed access to the bladder. Neurourol. Urodyn. 28:487–491, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.