bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploiting Computer-Based Simulations for Language-Learning Purposes
Authors: Jordan Geoff
Published: March 2007

The article examines how computer-based simulations can be best exploited for language learning purposes. A distinction is made between three environments: the classroom, a computer room, and self-access. Various types of simulations are examined in terms of what activities they encourage, and the best environment for those activities is suggested.
How to Facilitate a Debriefing
Authors: Steinwachs Barbara
Published: March 2007

Preparing to facilitate the debriefing part of a simulation game requires as much care and attention as preparing to lead the introductory and play parts. This article provides a sort of mini-manual; explaining the nature of facilitating and then guiding the reader through the three phases of description, analysis/analogy, and application. It suggests questions a facilitator might use during each of these phases.
A Path Analytic Approach to Some Correlates of Students' Satisfaction with a Computerized Management Simulation
Authors: White Charles S.
Published: March 2007

Student satisfaction, participation, and academic credit were investigated in a junior-level, semester-long management simulation. Self-reported survey data supported the relationship between rewards, student participation, and resulting student satisfaction. Participation was found to affect satisfaction by way of a direct path, as well as through an indirect path via increased academic credit.
Simulations One Man's Experience and a New Challenge
Authors: Rausch Erwin
Published: March 2007

This article describes the author's work and the history of Didactic Systems with manual, paper-and-pencil simulations, specifically the Economic Decision Game Series, Simulation Games for Business and Industry, and didactic simulation/games. Plans for a new comprehensive computer-based simulation are also mentioned.
Formal Planning and the Performance of Business Simulation Teams
Authors: Hornaday Robert W. , Curran Kent E.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the relationship between formal planning and the performance of student teams competing in a comprehensive business simulation. The study uses a sample of 182 teams organized into 32 competitive sets. After controlling for the effect of differences in competitive sets and exogenous conditions, statistical testing indicated that planning teams performed significantly better than nonplanning teams.
In Conversation: Transforming Experience into Learning
Authors: Baker Ann C. , Jensen Patricia J. , Kolb David A.
Published: March 2007

To transform experience into learning, reflection that often occurs through the medium of conversation is necessary. Specifically, we focus on conversation in debriefing and processing sessions following simulations and games as opportunities for transforming experience into learning. We suggest approaching debriefing sessions with a redefined role of the facilitator as one who has profound respect for the wisdom and voice of each participant and an openness to surprise and personal learning. Careful attention needs to be given to creating a hospitable and receptive space to hold and nurture the debriefing conversations. Specific contextual considerations in creating that space include making a conscious effort, attending to concerns of perceived safety, moderating the energy level, confronting conflict in ways that are growth promoting, valuing and encouraging the integration of the head and the heart of each participant, and valuing reflective listening as highly as active speaking.
Experiential Learning and the Effectiveness of Economic Simulation Games
Authors: Herz Bernhard , Merz Wolfgang
Published: March 2007

Kolb's theory of experiential learning provides a natural setting to evaluate simulation games. In this article, an experimental design is developed to test whether economic simulation games support the learning process corresponding to Kolb's experiential learning cycle. The empirical results indicate that simulation games support the four learning stages more efficiently than traditional teaching methods.
Technical Assistance in Community Mental Health: A Model for Social Work Consultants
Authors: Sullivan William Patrick
Published: March 2007

This article describes a program of technical assistance consultation sponsored jointly by the University of Kansas, School of Social Welfare, and the Kansas State Department of Mental Health and Retardation. Using the grounded theory method as developed by Glaser and Strauss, the results of 2 years' experience with this project were studied. This retrospective analysis resulted in the development of a heuristic model of consultation that can be employed by social workers in a variety of settings. Seven factors for success were identified.
Empirical Support for the Effectiveness of Respite Care in Reducing Caregiver Burden: A Single-Case Analysis
Authors: Richey Cheryl A. , Hodges Vanessa G.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effectiveness of respite care in reducing feelings of entrapment and resentment experienced by a 69-year-old daughter who was sole caregiver for her frail, 99-year-old mother. Outcome measures collected weekly over a 2-month period included caregiver reports of amount and enjoyment of time away from home and attitude toward mother. An experimental single-system (ABAB) design allowed comparison of caregiver burden during times when respite care was and was not available. All measures evidenced statistically significant changes in predicted directions when respite care was in place. Issues discussed include operationalization of burden and the clinical significance of findings. The case study offers an exemplar of how empirical support for respite care can be garnered to promote social welfare policies and programs that are responsive to the needs of families pursuing caregiving functions.
A Controlled Evaluation of Comprehensive Social Services Provided to Teenage Mothers Receiving AFDC
Authors: Lie Gwat-Yong , Moroney Robert M.
Published: March 2007

This article reports the evaluation of a community-based program designed to assist teenage mothers receiving Aid to Families With Dependent Children to become self-sufficient. The program began with 204 young mothers randomly assigned to a control (N = 100) or an experimental group (N = 104). At the completion of the demonstration period, total sample size had been reduced to 144, with 83 in the experimental group and 61 in the control group. The results suggest that with labor-intensive casework services, conscientious case management, and systematic linkages to a network of critical supportive social work services and resources, it is possible to align adolescent welfare mothers on the path toward self-sufficiency in a number of critical life areas. However, the benefits of the community intervention were not realized within the first year of involvement in the program; the desired outcomes emerged after nearly 2 years of intensive services.
Evaluating Narrative Family Therapy Using Single-System Research Designs
Authors: Besa David
Published: March 2007

This study assessed the effectiveness of Narrative Therapy in reducing parent/child conflicts. Parents measured their child's progress by counting the frequency of specific behaviors during baseline and intervention phases. The practitioner-researcher used single-case methodology with a treatment package strategy, and the results were evaluated using three multiple baseline designs. Six families were treated using several Narrative Therapy techniques including: externalization, relative influence questioning, identifying unique outcomes and unique ac counts, bringing forth unique redescriptions, facilitating unique circulation, and assigning between-session tasks. Compared to baseline rates, five of six families showed improvements in parent/child conflict, rangingfrom an 88% to a 98% decrease in conflict. Improvements occurred only when Narrative Therapy was applied and were not observed in its absence.
The Institute for Health and Human Services Research: A Profile
Authors: McNeece C. Aaron
Published: March 2007

The Institute for Health and Human Services Research was established to respond to state government and private sector research needs in health and human services. The institute brings together the expertise and experience of a wide range of faculty drawn from several different schools and colleges of Florida State University andfrom research associates in state government or the private sector. Together they conduct applied research that addresses specific organizational and policy issues in health and human services. The goal of the institute is to provide research useful in informing policy decisions at the state level.
An Examination of the Scholarly Productivity of Social Work Journal Editorial Board Members and Guest Reviewers
Authors: Pardeck John T. , Woo Sik Chung  , Murphy John W.
Published: March 2007

This article reports findings on the scholarly productivity of editorial boards and guest reviewers for selected social work journals. This is the first study to analyze the scholarly productivity of those who serve as guest reviewers for social work journals. Scholarly productivity was defined by the number of citation counts and articles published by editorial board members and guest reviewers for the years 1987 through 1990. As reported in prior studies, many editorial board members appeared to have modest levels of scholarly productivity as defined by citation counts and numbers of articles published. Similar findings are reported for guest reviewers. The researchers conclude that these findings are notable and have serious implications for the academic and professional credibility of social work.
The Effects of Anger Control Training on Adolescent Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Nugent William R. , Champlin Denice , Wiinimaki Liz
Published: March 2007

This article describes research on the effects of an anger control training (ACT) program conducted in a group home for adolescents in state custody for unruly and delinquent behavior. Comparisons were made between changes in antisocial behavior shown by adolescents who went through ACT and those shown by (a) a random sample of comparable adolescents in state custody and (b) adolescents in a comparison group home. Results suggest that adolescents who received ACT showed greater improvement in overcoming antisocial behavior than did adoles cents in either comparison group and that greater improvements were associated with longer involvement in ACT. Time-series data on rate of acting out incidents per week per client over a period of 61 weeks also were analyzed. Results suggest that statistically reliable improvements in rate of antisocial behavior began with the start of ACT and then began to deteriorate after an unplanned cessation of the ACT program.
Psychopharmacological Treatment of Major Depression
Authors: Dziegielewski Sophia F. , Leon Ana M.
Published: March 2007

This article provides an overview of the medication issues and concerns that social workers may encounter when participating in the treatment of clients who suffer from major depression. This overview includes information about the condition of major depression, the medications used to treat this disorder, their short- and long-term efficacy, side effects, and other important considerations for effective social work.
Taking a View: Qualitative Research as Representation
Authors: Cheek Julianne
Published: March 2007

Qualitative approaches to research have gained increased prominence in many contemporary health-related disciplinary fields. In such an era of increasing interest and recognition of the opportunities afforded by these approaches, it is easy to lose sight of the fact that any research approach encodes assumptions and values about the social world. Research perspectives have organizing effects on both the material gathered in research studies and on the way this material is represented as "data" or findings. Our understanding of qualitative research can be enhanced by exploring the frameworks, representations, and discourses that have positioned, and are positioning, us as readers of qualitative research texts. This article explores such positioning.
Conducting Effective Focus Groups in the Context of Diversity: Theoretical Underpinnings and Practical Implications
Authors: Dreachslin Janice L.
Published: March 2007

Demographic trends reveal that the socially and culturally relevant diversity of patients, caregivers, and managers in health care organizations will continue to increase. In addition, social attitudes are moving from a goal of assimilation or homogenization to one of differentiation and maintenance of subgroup identity. These shifts in demographics and social attitudes require the associated development of theory and practice guidelines for focus groups conducted in the context of diversity. Diversity has a profound impact on factors ranging from study design to the selection and training of facilitators and the analysis of results. Racial identity development theory, models of communication style differences, ethnographic studies of cultural archetypes or ethnic markers, and the author's experiences in facilitating focus groups that explore the sensitive topic of race/ethnicity provide insights for researchers and practitioners who want to ensure that focus groups conducted in the context of diversity produce valid results.
Changing the Nature and Conditions of Employment: Stimulating Critical Reflection
Authors: Humphries Maria , Dyer Suzette
Published: March 2007

Building on the liberatory aspirations for management education promoted by Boyce, the authors have devised a classroom exercise to illustrate our unconscious participation in the reorganization of employment. The exercise is designed to interest students in critical theory as an approach to learning that encourages asking challenging questions of our organizations and of ourselves. It may be used as a precursor to wider discussions about what responsibilities we each have for the well-being of other human beings and how various life circumstances influence our decisions and our emotions.
Encouraging Participation in Case Discussions: A Comparison of the Mica and the Harvard Case Methods
Authors: Desiraju Ramarao , Gopinath C.
Published: March 2007

This article investigates the relative merits of two methods of case discussion. The first is the Harvard Case Method (HCM), and the other is the McAleer Interactive Case Analysis (MICA) method. In the literature, MICA has been proposed as a remedy for the weaknesses of HCM. Here, we report the results from an experiment that assesses the relative effectiveness of these two methods. Our results support the claim that MICA is better than HCM. In particular, we find that MICA enhances student participation in case discussions. This is useful, inasmuch as one important component of active learning is participation.
“Yes and...”: Introducing Improvisational Theatre Techniques to the Management Classroom
Authors: Moshavi Dan
Published: March 2007

Improvisational theatre techniques can help management educators enhance class discussion and role-play, build teamwork, encourage risk taking, and stimulate creativity. This article draws from the existing body of work on improvisation found in organization theory and creates a framework for improvisation’s use in the management classroom. Specific exercises are presented and their benefits are discussed.
Consultant Learning: A Model for Student-Directed Learning in Management Education
Authors: Kunkel Scott W.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a teaching methodology called consultant learning,anew method of structuring courses in management and other business disciplines in a way that empowers students and places them in control of their own learning process. The consultant learning approach turns the classroom into a laboratory for the free enterprise system, using price as the allocation mechanism for grades earned. Students determine their own grades by earning consulting fees by completing projects. The amount of consulting fees earned determines each student’s grade.
Seeing the Forest and the Trees: Balancing Functional and Integrative Knowledge Using Large-Scale Simulations in Capstone Business Strategy Classes
Authors: Stephen John , Parente Diane H. , Brown Randy C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of capstone classes in business administration is to integrate prior coursework into a solid foundation from which to begin business careers. This study assesses the extent to which a large-scale simulation pedagogy results in students’ acquisition of an integrative perspective by the end of the course. The authors empirically test three hypotheses that specifically involve the use of either a functional or an integrative lens. The results provide promising evidence that the large-scale simulation approach is effective in helping students recognize the importance of integrating functional knowledge and developing an integrative lens.
Educating Tomorrow's Managers
Authors: Waddock Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

Four major trends that will affect future management education are identified, and data from a study of MBAs is used to develop a perspective on how management education needs to change to address these concerns. Critical future skills include written and oral communication, people skills, analytic skills, a broad perspective on management, and technical knowledge. The findings of this study support the need for greater integration of specific types of skills into the MBA or undergraduate management curriculum. Implications of these findings for management education are discussed.
Experiencing Management: A Comprehensive, "Hands-on" Model for the Introductory Undergraduate Management Course
Authors: Miller John A.
Published: March 2007

This article describes an innovative experiential approach to a comprehensive introductory management course, designed to meet the specific needs of undergraduates, whose lack of full-time organizational experience and expectations regarding class-room processes render traditional approaches relatively ineffective. Students in Management 101 design and manage real business and service projects. The model has evolved and been replicated, with over 3,000 students in 87 company project course sections, over the last decade at Bucknell University.
Adopting a Contingency Approach to One's Leadership Style: From Cognitive Awareness to Actual Practice—As Easy as it Appears?
Authors: Day Dave
Published: March 2007

Implied in the contingency approach to leadership is the need for leaders to be flexible in their choice of leadership style based on the situation. Thus, if the leader's initial attempt to influence a group is unsuccessful, one suggested course of action available to the leader is to adopt an alternative style of leadership more compatible with elements of the situation. This article examines the likelihood that awareness by the leader that the present leadership style "is not working" is sufficient to result in the leader's changing his or her style. It is contended that once a leader encounters resistance to his or her attempts to influence a group, a more likely response of many leaders is to rely even further on the approach to leadership that he or she is most comfortable with. Leadership style(s) used by an organizational behavior (OB) instructor in relating to several OB classes that varied greatly in terms of performance and classroom participation are examined.
Reflections on the AF Managerial Assessment Exercise
Authors: Akin Gib
Published: March 2007

This article responds to Andre's AF Managerial Assessment Excercise. The ethics of using deception in an experiential-learning context are explored, and people's susceptibility to and the effects of deception are discussed in the context of situational ethics in the classroom.
A Problem-Solving Model for Analyzing Low Student Performance in Technical Courses
Authors: Sankowsky Daniel
Published: March 2007

The prevalence of low student problem solving and analytical performance in required technical/theoretical courses is lamented by professors and yet also perceived as inevitably linked to the task. To suggest ways to ameliorate the situation, this article develops a framework, called the "ladder of reasoning," to describe individuals' internal processes in the context of nonroutine problem solving and case analysis. The pivotal aspect of this construct is a belief system regulating how to approach the task. The main point is that professors and students tend to use different systems: professors are "reflective," whereas students are "self-protective." It is recommended that professors make explicit and then teach the reflective system to students, to help them perform more effectively.
Power and Diversity: Sensitizing Yourself and others through Self-Reflection and Storytelling
Authors: Schor Susan M. , Sims Ronald R. , Dennehy Robert F.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a two-part classroom exercise that can be used to increase students' sensitivity to workforce diversity and related issues of power. Through reflections on past experiences, storytelling, and interaction with others, students heighten their awareness of their own and others' experiences with human diversity and begin to develop links between diversity and power dynamics. Lessons about power, the workplace, and self-understanding are discussed.
Scorcese's the Age of Innocence: An Escalation Interpretation
Authors: Ross Jerry
Published: March 2007

Escalation theory provides an explanation for why individuals and organizations often continue with failing courses of action. Contemporary models of escalation involve multiple determinants differentially influencing persistence over time. This article examines how Martin Scorcese's film The Age of Innocence, can provide an effective teaching illustration of contemporary escalation theory. The article then discusses the broader implications of this demonstration for management theory and management education.
Strategic Ceremonial as a Pedagogical Exercise
Authors: Maranville Steven J.
Published: March 2007

The capstone management course has been celebrated as a particularly rich course for integrating functional disciplines and for introducing emerging issues of competitive strategy. Studies suggest, however, that the richness is not being achieved. A considerable barrier to realizing the richness of the strategic management course results from the difficulties in framing course activities within a context that is comparably rich to the actual experience. This article submits the strategic ceremonial as a rich context for observing the practice of strategy formulation, and proposes the strategic ceremonial exercise as a choice context for learning.
A Model for Reflective Pedagogy
Authors: Bailey James R. , Saparito Patrick , Kressel Kenneth , Christensen Edward , Hooijberg Robert
Published: March 2007

This article argues that quality business requires rediscovering pedagogy as a professional calling and studied activity. The authors chronicle forces driving reform in business and higher education. They then explore both the growing importance of reflective learning in professional education and a model that they have developed and implemented for encouraging such practice. The results of their training program are discussed in terms of interventions that promote reflective pedagogy by capitalizing on the competencies that faculty professionals already possess as researchers.
Graduate Students as Mentors: An Approach for the Undergraduate Class Project
Authors: Barker Randolph T. , Pitts Michael W.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the expanded role of mentoring in management education. The study describes and evaluates a suggested course activity that uses graduate MBA students to mentor undergraduate project teams, reviews literature on mentoring, and discusses the role of mentoring in management learning and effectiveness.
Reflections on Artful Teaching
Authors: Bickford Deborah J. , Van Vleck James
Published: March 2007

Artfulness is an essential but often ignored element in effective teaching and learning. This article uses the art metaphor to reframe teaching as a creative, holistic learning process for both student and teacher. It challenges the traditional view of knowledge as exclusively scientific and objective and develops the idea of an equally important intuitive way of knowing. It also challenges the traditional hierarchical structure of the classroom and suggests that a collaborative web structure is much more appropriate for building a community of learners and a student-centered classroom.
Beyond O. J.: Examining Race Relations in the Workplace
Authors: Powell Gary N. , Taylor Kevin B.
Published: March 2007

Public events frequently occur that raise issues about race relations in the workplace. This article describes a diversity exercise centered on a classroom skit about reactions to a highly publicized event, the O. J. Simpson murder trial. The skit may be adapted for future use to examine three issues: (a) how members of different races and cultures communicate in the workplace, (b) what needs to happen for these communications to have a positive rather than a negative affect on race relations, and (c) how critical public events may become tools for learning about workplace relationships between people of different races and cultures.
A Matter of Life or Death: Organizational Change in the Real World
Authors: Taylor Christopher , Schwartz Gary E. , Russek Linda G. , Sechrest Lee
Published: March 2007

There are times when even academics have a chance to get their feet wet in the real world-to use their expertise in a collaborative effort to help make a difference on a matter of deep public concern. This article describes the efforts of a handful of academic researchers from varying disciplinary backgrounds who pooled their respective expertise in an attempt to influence a real life-or-death situation (the impending execution of a potentially innocent person). The challenges to personal and organizational change are described and discussed.
Collaborative Teaching over the Internet
Authors: W. Treadwell Thomas , A. Leach Evan , Kellar Hannah , Lewis Ralph , Mittan Bob
Published: March 2007

This article presents a description of a method to integrate Internet technology into classroom instruction. Two classes, one located in a state university in California and the other located in a state university in Pennsylvania, were linked via the Internet into a collaborative learning environment. Gophers, listservs, the World Wide Web (WWW), and usenet groups were used to post course syllabi, collaborative course expectations, and sample student research papers. Course content differed for both groups: one emphasized leadership and motivation theory and the other emphasized research design. Students from each class had to collaborate on a joint research project that tested one of the leadership or motivation theories. The assets and liabilities of this approach as well as observations about developing collaborative learning experiences are discussed.
Discourse as A Catalyst for Change in Management Education
Authors: Lease Judy E. , McConnell Renee V. , Nord Martha
Published: March 2007

How do we reshape management education beyond the design of courses and programs? This article helps us better understand the role of language and dialogue in discourse to effect change. To illustrate the power of language and dialogue in effecting change, we provide two examples which describe a student profile attributes framework and work portfolios as catalysts to actualize these profiles. Finally, we discuss challenges for management education and include questions reflecting important issues related to discourse and change and involve the reader in the dialogue: How do we talk about what we do?
Analysis of Student Feedback Improves Instructor Effectiveness
Authors: McKone Kathleen E.
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes the student evaluation forms at the Darden Graduate School of Business. Through structural equation modeling, the author describes the relationships between “course effectiveness” and “instructor effectiveness” constructs. Her research suggests that instructors can alter the delivery of their courses to improve the quality of their instruction. The author also suggests that administrators modify the assessment form and improve the evaluation process. The changes recommended will result in a better assessment process, more useful feedback to faculty, and an improvement in the quality of instruction.
Preparing for the Learning Organization
Authors: Salner Marcia
Published: March 2007

This article explores ways to increase individuals' capacities to engage in the activities of a learning organization. A general education seminar is analyzed as a case example of teaching that follows William Perry's theory of intellectual and ethical development. First, the learning organization is defined. Second, organizational learning is linked to theories of individual learning. How the seminar was conducted is discussed, and the implications of the experience are explored in relation to management education. The article concludes with a plea for greater integration of general education objectives and management education objectives in light of efforts to change organizational behavior.
The Importance of Nonverbal Communication during the Preanesthesia Period
Authors: Sawada Namie Okino , Mendes Isabel Amélia Costa , Galvão Cristina Maria , Trevizan Maria Auxiliadora
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the phenomenon of nonverbal communication as evidenced between preoperative patients and the nurses attending them. Ten such patients and the nursing group assigned to them were directly observed for frequency of nonverbal interaction during the period immediately preceding surgery. Patients' nonverbal expressions of tension, fear, anxiety, and so on were noted, videotaped, and then analyzed according to three categories of interaction: positive, neutral, and negative. Of 2,173 registered nonverbal interactions, 65.1% (1,416) were rated as negative, finding that should alert nurses to the need to identify patients' manifestations of anxiety so as to provide assurance and a sense of courage preceding surgery. Positive means of communicating nonverbally are discussed.
The Parent Expectations Survey
Authors: Reece Susan McClennan
Published: March 2007

Self-efficacy in early parenting is the confidence that a mother has in her ability to meet the demands of the role of new parent. The Parent Expectations Survey (PES) was developed to measure perceptions of self-efficacy in early parenting. This article traces the development and psychometric testing of the PES. The PES was tested on 82 primiparas at 1 and 3 months postpartum. It demonstrated internal consistency reliability and concurrent validity. Those mothers who had higher self-efficacy early in the transition to parenthood had greater confidence in parenting and less stress 1 year after delivery, thus establishing the predictive validity of the instrument The PES, both easy to use and to score, may be used by clinicians during the perinatal period to ascertain a mother's early perceptions of self-efficacy in parenting. For those mothers with low self-efficacy, interventions to empower them in that new role may then follow.
Predictors of Taiwanese Nurses' Intention to Care for Patients who are HIV Positive
Authors: Tsai Yun-Fang , Keller Mary L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to explore the knowledge of, attitudes toward, and intention to care for HIV-positive patients among 223 Taiwanese nurses. They worked in many different settings and had a variety of levels of exposure to HIV-positive patients. The findings of this research revealed that most Taiwanese nurses lacked sufficient knowledge to prevent themselves from becoming infected in the workplace. Their attitude about giving care to HIV-positive patients was generally negative; most nurses stated that they did not intend to care for these patients. A regression analysis revealed that knowledge was not a significant predictor of intention. Attitudes about societal treatment of HIV-positive people and nursing care were significant predictors of intention. Implications for practice and education of Taiwanese nurses are discussed.
Participation of Nurses in Decision Making for Seriously III Adults
Authors: Kennard Mary J. , Speroff Theodore , Puopolo Ann Louise , Follen Marilyn A. , Mallatratt Lee , Phillips Russell , Desbiens Norman , Califf Robert M. , Connors Alfred F.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study is to describe the involvement of nurses in the decision-making process of seriously ill hospitalized adults. Nurses (696) completed interviews with 1,427 patients. Patient, surrogate, and physician interviews were also completed. Patients and surrogates perceive the nurse as more influential in decision making than does the nurse or physician. Many nurses reported having no (31%) or little (36%) knowledge of their patients' preferences, and 53% of the nurses did not advocate for their patients' preferences. Only 50% of the nurses reported educating their patients about the treatment plan chosen or discussing treatment options with their patients, and few (17%) discuss prognosis. This study indicates nurses are not actively involved in the decision-making process of their patients, especially older or more experienced nurses and those working in intensive care units.
Individually Reported Effectiveness of Therapy for Chronic Pain
Authors: Donovan Marilee , Laack Kathryn D.
Published: March 2007

In 1996, a primary care-based multidisciplinary group model for treating patients with chronic pain was begun in a large HMO. Prior to the visits, patients completed an assessment, which included their description of previous and current therapies and their effectiveness (inventory developed by A. G. Lipman). This article describes the reports of the first 163 patients. Females were referred three times more often than males; the average age was 52 (range 18 to 88); average years in pain =11 range 0.3-50). Most patients reported more than one source of pain. No therapy was reported to be effective for everyone; what was highly effective for one could actually increase pain in another. Side effects caused patients to discontinue even effective therapy. Costly does not mean more effective. It is, therefore, essential that a systematic process of accessment, evaluation, and titration be employed with every intervention.
Good-Bye Dodo Bird (Raphus cucullatus)
Authors: Geisler Eliezer
Published: March 2007

Social, organizational, and managerial knowledge regarding human interactions develops incrementally in a cumulative-expansive manner. This article lists seven reasons why. A primary reason is that unlike biological organisms, social knowledge that is rejected becomes knowledge in disuse and is not extinct. It remains in the knowledge pool and may reappear at a later date and under different conditions. Social knowledge is not evolutionary, as claimed by evolutionary epistemologists. Because social knowledge is generated from unique social phenomena, it expands and accumulates by a process of selection and classification that differs considerably from biological evolution. Implications for research in organizations and management issues are listed, particularly with regard to the selection of theories in these areas.
“It’s Not Just a Job”
Authors: Wrzesniewski Amy
Published: March 2007

This article explores the impact of the World Trade Center disaster on the meanings that people attach to their work. In the wake of the attacks, several examples of people changing occupations appeared in the media. An analysis of people’s need for increased meaning in their work, and their exodus into work that they view as a calling, is given. It appears that for many, the disaster served to focus attention on what their work was contributing to the wider world. As a result, thousands of people in the United States have decided to pursue different careers.
Debt
Authors: Hiwt Michael A. , Smart Dennis L.
Published: March 2007

Some scholars have argued that the use of leverage can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of firms by disciplining managers. In fact, many U.S. corporations significantly increased their use of leverage during the 1980s. However, a number of these highly leveraged corporations have encountered severe performance problems in recent times. The reductions in performance are often attributed to extraordinary debt and, consequently, the value of debt as a disciplining force in the modern corporation is being questioned. Herein, the authors explore inconsistencies in the logic underlying popularly held views regarding the use of debt as a managerial disciplining force. They also highlight investment tradeoffs associated with high debt. Although they do not advocate the elimination of debt, they argue that it must be effectively balanced with other governance mechanisms to ensure maximum firm performance.
A Reevaluation of Equity Theory
Authors: Kilbourne Lynda M. , O'Leary-Kelly Anne M.
Published: March 2007

The authors decompose equity theory into its component parts, evaluating related cross-cultural research to determine how culture would influence the operation of the theory. They explore complexities of and questions raised about equity theory via an analysis of this research, including methodological issues and suggestions for future research.
Greening Business Education
Authors: Shrivastava Paul
Published: March 2007

The rise of environmentalism has created new demands on business corporations. The public now expects companies to deal with a host of problems involving environmental protection, worker and public safety, and health risks emerging from corporate activities. If managers are to cope with these new challenges, their education and training must be revised appropriately. Management education must provide appropriate values, conceptual frameworks, and technical information-as well as skills-needed to manage effectively in an increasingly green world. This article explores the possibilities for greening business education by articulating a conception of "eccentric pedagogy."
Owner-Presidents
Authors: Walter Gordon A.
Published: March 2007

The author serves as a "boundary spanner" to compare and contrast the academic world and the world of the owner-chief executive officer (CEO). Insights gained from 6 years of working closely with these CEOs are directed at helping the academic OB field see itself in a broader perspective and to encourage a shift in emphasis. Implications for teaching, research, and the conduct of one's own career are drawn from this odyssey.
Commentary on Varieties of Dialectic Change Processes
Authors: Mason Richard O.
Published: March 2007

Although there are many varieties of dialectics, they all have a common starting point: a contradiction. This commentary augments Nielsen's categorization by pointing out similarities among Socrates, Hegel, Marx, Argyris, and Schön, and Churchman's conceptions of dialectic as they evolve from this common source. In this context, Hegel's theory is robust. Some minor exceptions to Nielsen's argument are also presented.
Brittle and Ductile Damage of Stochastically Homogeneous Solids
Authors: Murzewski Janusz W.
Published: March 2007

The damage variable is interpreted as the probability of failure of micro- elements in a quasi-homogeneous solid; cleavage and slip-type failures are taken into con sideration. Elastic and plastic phases of the solid are defined with regard to the type of damage. The ductile damage of the plastic phase depends on the micro-stress according to an extended Huber-Mises condition. The brittle damage of the elastic phase depends on the principal micro-stresses, and it is characterized by a second-rank tensor. Micro- stresses are amplified so that they increase more than the local stresses of the solid. The instability effect of the stress field originates its rupture. Hooke's law degenerates in the presence of micro-cracks, and the local stress-strain relations of the elastic phase are nonlinear after an averaging procedure of the random micro-stress and strain. Similarity of the deviators and incompressibility conditions are assumed in the plastic phase. Fur thermore, the internal equilibrium, continuity, and compatibility conditions of the elastic and plastic phases are taken into account, and constitutive equations for the two-phase ag gregate are derived. The basic concepts come from some of my earlier works; however, they have been revised and developed in a more consistent way.
Pre-Hardening Effect on Low Cycle Fatigue
Authors: Wang June
Published: March 2007

A continuum damage mechanics model which accounts for the coupling effect among plastic damage, fatigue damage and creep damage is proposed. The model is capable of identifying the beneficial effects of pre-hardening on fatigue life of metals. It is shown that the proposed damage model can predict the fatigue lifetime of RS50 steel subjected to single pre-hardening load and double pre-hardening load yielding satisfactory agreement with experimental results. The model can also be applied to analyze the non linear damage accumulation behavior of two-level fatigue tests.
European Arms Industries in the 1980s: A Study in Corporate Crime
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: March 2007

U.S. scholarship on corporate and governmental illegality has often drawn examples from the U.S. defense industry, but comparative and international examples have not been widely used. European defense corporations have likewise been involved in extensive abuses and criminal activities, which have often involved the illegal export of weapons to prohibited destinations. This is illustrated by the massive sanctions violations perpetrated by arms manufacturers during the Iran-Iraq War of 1980-1988, when a clandestine corporate network emerged to meet the illicit demand for weapons. This study considers the economic and political roots of the widespread corporate deviance that was apparent in those years and further emphasizes the parallels between that situation and instances of organized or syndicate criminality.
The European Sourcebook on Crime and Criminal Justice Statistics
Authors: Barclay Gordon C.
Published: March 2007

This note presents the background to and current progress in a project undertaken by the Council of Europe to develop a European sourcebook on crime and criminal justice statistics. First results from the work in progress are included, highlighting the difficulties of such comparative studies and the need to match statistical data with background definitional information.
Prisoner Release and Conflict Resolution: International Lessons for Northern Ireland
Authors: McEvoy Kieran
Published: March 2007

This article is drawn from a major piece of international comparative research on the release and reintegration of politically motivated prisoners in South Africa, Israel and Palestine, Italy, Spain, the Irish Republic, and Northern Ireland. The research was designed to inform the ongoing debate in Northern Ireland regarding the release of prisoners in light of the IRA and Loyalist cease-fires of 1994 and the renewal of the IRA cease-fire in 1997. Using the international experience, the author seeks to draw out the key themes that are relevant to the prisoner issue in Northern Ireland.
Change Agent Bias: What They View Determines What They Do
Authors: Tichy Noel M. , Nisberg Jay N.
Published: March 2007

Seventy-five organization development consultants attending an NTL- sponsored conference were presented with the same case study and asked to list the ten "most important" diagnostic questions they would want answered before accepting the contract. The diagnostic questions were seen as a function of the change agent's organizational model and as predictive of the kind of interventions these consultants would plan. Scenarios based on the type of consultation offered are described and the consultant's personal style is discussed in terms of Jung's personality categories. The conclusions are compared with previous research findings.
Temporal Persistence of Attitudes Induced Through Required Training
Authors: Tansik David A. , Driskill John D.
Published: March 2007

A posttest-only control group design procedure was used with a semantic differential questionnaire to examine the persistence of changes in racial attitudes induced via a required training course for supervisors at a large military installation. Overall, a general, but small, positive change in attitude was observed immediately following the course. This attitude change subsequently decayed over a twelve- to thirteen-week period. Surprisingly, a "sleeper effect" seemed to emerge four to five weeks after the training session, resulting in significant, but short-term, positive attitude changes. The sleeper effect emerged in the absence of previously postulated conditions for its occurrence, such as close interaction of participants and reward systems to encourage behavior consistent with the changed attitudes.
OD in Military Organizations
Authors: jones john e.
Published: March 2007

Is organization development (OD) possible in military organiza tions, where one would think the typical norms and values (openness, participation, etc.) associated with OD are in direct conflict with those found in the system? Whether or not OD is possible under such condi tions, it is most certainly being attempted. Denis Umstot, Lt. Col. USAF, is well qualified to review the extent of OD efforts in the U.S. military, although he remains appropriately cautious regarding out comes. Dr. Umstot was winner of the 1976 dissertation award given by the Industrial-Organizational Psychology division of the American Psychological Association for an experimental study of the effects of job enrichment. He has taught at the Air Force Institute of Technology since 1975 and has been active in Air Force OD efforts.
Negotiating: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Mastenbroek Willem F.G.
Published: March 2007

The ability to negotiate is vital to cope with conflicting interests. Knowledge-handed down by practitioners and behavioral scientists-is very fragmented regarding specific social skills and precise insights used in negotiating. This article offers a conceptual model based on two en compassing perspectives: (1) negotiating as a set of dilemmas that are derived from the cooperation-"fighting" polarity and (2) negotiating as a composition of four kinds of activities, each connected to a different intention.
Organizational Context and Upward Influence: An Experimental Study of the Use of Power Tactics
Authors: Cheng Joseph L. C.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effects of organizational context on sub ordinates' use of power tactics in upward influence attempts. A simulation design similar to that used by Staw and Ross (1980) was employed. Subjects were randomly assigned one of two forms of an organizational scenario. The following organizational character istics were described as either all positive or all negative in the scenarios: (1) managerial competence, (2) supervisory support, (3) fairness in reward, and (4) rule enforcement. Between-group com parisons show that (a) respondents to the positive scenario were more likely to choose rational power tactics, and (b) respondents to the negative scenario were more likely to choose political power tactics (ingratiation, threat, and blocking). These results reinforce the utility of considering organizational context as a potential source of variation in individual responses. Theoretical, research, and prac tical implications are discussed.
An Accurate Look at a "Quick" Scoring Algorithm: A Response to Roskin and Redlack
Authors: Buco Steven M. , Lane Irving M. , Mathews Robert C.
Published: March 2007

We have demonstrated that Roskin's criticisms of the Lane et al. algorithm are based on (a) a misinterpretation of the fundamental mathematical law cited by him, and (b) non sequitur reasoning. In addition, his technique for scoring ranking tasks is impractical, inaccurate, and biased. Therefore, we recommend the use of the Lane et al. algorithm, which results in a true measure of a group's ability.