bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bullying and Victimization Trajectories in the First Years of Secondary Education: Implications for Status and Affection
Authors: de Vries Elsje , Kaufman Tessa M. L. , Veenstra René , Laninga-Wijnen Lydia , Huitsing Gijs
Published: January 2021

Bullying is known to be associated with social status, but it remains unclear how bullying involvement over time relates to social position (status and affection), especially in the first years at a new school. The aim of this study was to investigate whether (the development of) bullying and victimization was related to the attainment of status (perceived popularity) and affection (friendships, acceptance, rejection) in the first years of secondary education (six waves). Using longitudinal data spanning the first- and second year of secondary education of 824 adolescents (51.5% girls;MageT1 = 12.54,SD = 0.45) in the SNARE-study, joint bullying and victimization trajectories were estimated using parallel Latent Class Growth Analysis (LCGA). The four trajectories (decreasing bully, stable high bully, decreasing victim, uninvolved) were related to adolescents’ social position using multigroup analysis that examined differences in slope and intercepts (T1 and T6) of social positions, and indicated that the relative social position of the different joint trajectories was determined at the start of secondary education and did not change over time, with one exception: adolescents continuing bullying were besides being popular also increasingly rejected over time. Although bullying is functional behavior that serves to optimize adolescents’ social position, anti-bullying interventions may account for the increasing lack of affection that may hinder bullies’ long-term social development.
Challenges of Credit Reference Based on Big Data Technology in China
Authors: Liu Cheng-yong , Hou Chih-Chun
Published: January 2021

Big data-based credit reference system gradually attracts wide attention due to its ad-vantages in remedying the shortages of traditional credit reference and dealing with new challenges arising from financial credit management. Nevertheless, this new method is also adapted through different studies and experiments to be problematic with island of credit information and information security. Some researchers begin exploring the possibility of applying blockchain technology to the individual credit reference field. The business links in the individual credit reference can be innovated through the blockchain mechanism so that credit data from different industries get collected through peering points, secure communication and anonymous protection on the basis of such techniques as distributed storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism and encryption algorithm. In this way, it is feasible to solve island of information and enhance the protection of user information security. A promising future can be expected about the big data-based credit reference, but there are also many problems with blockchain-based credit reference in China.
Multiple objects tracking in the UAV system based on hierarchical deep high-resolution network
Authors: Huang Wei , Zhou Xiaoshu , Dong Mingchao , Xu Huaiyu
Published: January 2021

Robust and high-performance visual multi-object tracking is a big challenge in computer vision, especially in a drone scenario. In this paper, an online Multi-Object Tracking (MOT) approach in the UAV system is proposed to handle small target detections and class imbalance challenges, which integrates the merits of deep high-resolution representation network and data association method in a unified framework. Specifically, while applying tracking-by-detection architecture to our tracking framework, a Hierarchical Deep High-resolution network (HDHNet) is proposed, which encourages the model to handle different types and scales of targets, and extract more effective and comprehensive features during online learning. After that, the extracted features are fed into different prediction networks for interesting targets recognition. Besides, an adjustable fusion loss function is proposed by combining focal loss and GIoU loss to solve the problems of class imbalance and hard samples. During the tracking process, these detection results are applied to an improved DeepSORT MOT algorithm in each frame, which is available to make full use of the target appearance features to match one by one on a practical basis. The experimental results on the VisDrone2019 MOT benchmark show that the proposed UAV MOT system achieves the highest accuracy and the best robustness compared with state-of-the-art methods.
Unpaired medical image colorization using generative adversarial network
Authors: Liang Yihuai , Lee Dongho , Li Yan , Shin Byeong-Seok
Published: January 2021

We consider medical image transformation problems where a grayscale image is transformed into a color image. The colorized medical image should have the same features as the input image because extra synthesized features can increase the possibility of diagnostic errors. In this paper, to secure colorized medical images and improve the quality of synthesized images, as well as to leverage unpaired training image data, a colorization network is proposed based on the cycle generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) model, combining a perceptual loss function and a total variation (TV) loss function. Visual comparisons and experimental indicators from the NRMSE, PSNR, and SSIM metrics are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. The experimental results show that GAN-based style conversion can be applied to colorization of medical images. As well, the introduction of perceptual loss and TV loss can improve the quality of images produced as a result of colorization better than the result generated by only using the CycleGAN model.
The Concept of Feasibility: A Multivocal Account
Authors: Guillery Daniel
Published: January 2021

A common objection to a proposal or theory in political philosophy is that it is not feasible to realise what it calls for. This is commonly taken to be sufficient to reject a proposal or theory: feasibility, on this common view, operates as a straightforward constraint on moral and political theory, whatever is not feasible is simply ruled out. This paper seeks to understand what we mean when we say that some proposal or outcome is or is not feasible. It will argue that no single binary definition can be given. Rather, there is a whole range of possible specifications of the term ‘feasible’, each of which selects a range of facts of the world to hold fixed. No single one of these possible specifications, though, is obviously privileged as giving the appropriate understanding of ‘feasibility’ tout court. The upshot of my account of feasibility, then, will be that the common view of feasibility as a straightforward constraint cannot be maintained: in order to reject a moral theory, it will not be sufficient simply to say that it is not feasible.
Rossby Waves in Astrophysics
Authors: Zaqarashvili T. V. , Albekioni M. , Ballester J. L. , Bekki Y. , Biancofiore L. , Birch A. C. , Dikpati M. , Gizon L. , Gurgenashvili E. , Heifetz E. , Lanza A. F. , McIntosh S. W. , Ofman L. , Oliver R. , Proxauf B. , Umurhan O. M. , Yellin-Bergovoy R.
Published: January 2021

Rossby waves are a pervasive feature of the large-scale motions of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. These waves (also known as planetary waves and r-modes) also play an important role in the large-scale dynamics of different astrophysical objects such as the solar atmosphere and interior, astrophysical discs, rapidly rotating stars, planetary and exoplanetary atmospheres. This paper provides a review of theoretical and observational aspects of Rossby waves on different spatial and temporal scales in various astrophysical settings. The physical role played by Rossby-type waves and associated instabilities is discussed in the context of solar and stellar magnetic activity, angular momentum transport in astrophysical discs, planet formation, and other astrophysical processes. Possible directions of future research in theoretical and observational aspects of astrophysical Rossby waves are outlined.
The Social Production of Invited Spaces: Toward an Understanding of the Invitational Character of Spaces for Citizens’ Initiatives
Authors: Visser Vivian , van Popering-Verkerk Jitske , van Buuren Arwin
Published: January 2021

The rise of citizens’ initiatives is changing the relation between governments and citizens. This paper contributes to the discussion of how governments can productively relate to these self-organizing citizens. The study analyzes the relation between the social production of invited spaces and the invitational character of such spaces, as perceived by governments and citizens. Invited spaces are the (institutional, legal, organizational, political and policy) spaces that are created by governments for citizens to take on initiatives to create public value. We characterize four types of invited spaces and compare four cases in Dutch planning to analyze how these types of invited spaces are perceived as invitational. From the analysis, we draw specific lessons for governments that want to stimulate citizens’ initiatives. We conclude with a general insight for public administration scholars; in addition to formal rules and structures, scholars should pay more attention to interactions, attitudes and meaning making of both government officials and citizens.
Interpretation of Baladeva and Yamunā at Harivaṃśa 83
Authors: Brodbeck Simon
Published: January 2021

InHarivaṃśachapter 83, Kṛṣṇa’s brother Baladeva changes the course of the river Yamunā, using his plough. This article reviews previous interpretations of Baladeva’s deed by André Couture and Lavanya Vemsani and develops in detail an interpretation briefly proposed by A. Whitney Sanford, whereby the deed is viewed, among many superimposed views, as at some level a sexual assault. This angle is explored in the article in various ways, with close reference to the Sanskrit text. The article includes discussion of the dialogue between Baladeva and the personified Yamunā, Baladeva’s connection to plough agriculture, the dynamic between Baladeva and Kṛṣṇa, and Vaiśaṃpāyana’s commentary on the events.
Berufliche Belastungen, psychische Beanspruchung und Gesundheitskompetenz bei Pflegekräften in der ambulanten Altenpflege: Eine quantitative Online-Befragung in ausgewählten bayerischen Großstädten
Authors: Janson Patrick , Rathmann Katharina
Published: January 2021

Hintergrund

In ihrer täglichen Arbeit sind Altenpflegekräfte einer Vielzahl von Belastungsfaktoren ausgesetzt. Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) kann hierbei als protektiver Faktor aufgefasst werden.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziele der Befragung sind berufliche Belastungen, psychische Beanspruchung und GK von ambulanten Pflegekräften zu erfassen. Darüber hinaus werden die Zusammenhänge zwischen beruflichen Belastungen und häufigen Gedanken an einen Berufswechsel sowie zwischen der GK und häufigen Gedanken an einen Berufswechsel analysiert.

Material und Methode

Berufliche Belastungen und psychische Beanspruchung wurden mit dem Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire (COPSOQ) und die GK mit der Kurzform des European Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q16) im Rahmen einer Online-Befragung in sieben bayerischen Großstädten erfasst. Neben uni- und bivariaten Auswertungen wurden auch multivariate statistische Analysen durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse

Von den 261 befragten Pflegekräften werden innerhalb der beruflichen Belastungen v. a. Work-Privacy-Konflikte (87,4 %) genannt, bei den psychischen Beanspruchungen sind es mit 58,5 % häufige Gedanken an einen Berufswechsel. Ein Großteil der Befragten (51,0 %) berichtet über Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit gesundheitsbezogenen Informationen. Befragte, die über hohe physische Anforderungen (Odds Ratio [OR]: 6,89; p < 0,001; 95 %-Konfidenzintervall [KI]: 2,75–17,23) und Work-Privacy-Konflikte (OR: 4,45; p < 0,01; 95 %-KI: 1,61–12,26) berichten, sowie Schwierigkeiten im Umgang mit gesundheitsbezogenen Informationen (OR: 13,48; p < 0,001; 95 %-KI: 6,55–27,76) besitzen, weisen ein erhöhtes Risiko auf häufige Gedanken an einen Berufswechsel zu verspüren.

Schlussfolgerungen

Die Reduktion von beruflichen Belastungen und die Förderung der GK kann eine wirksame Maßnahme darstellen, um Gedanken an einen Berufswechsel zu reduzieren.
Agiles Sprintlernen wirkt – aber warum? Theoriegeleitete Analyse der Wirkprinzipien eines Gestaltungsansatzes für arbeitsbezogene Kompetenzentwicklung
Authors: Jungclaus Joana , Schaper Niclas
Published: January 2021

Dieser Beitrag der Zeitschrift Gruppe. Interaktion. Organisation. (GIO) stellt eine theoriegeleitete Analyse der Wirkprinzipien des Agilen Sprintlernens vor. Agiles Sprintlernen ist ein neuartiger Gestaltungsansatz für arbeitsbezogene Kompetenzentwicklung. Die bisherige Forschung zeigt positive Ergebnisse hinsichtlich des erfolgreichen Kompetenzerwerbs, der Zufriedenheit mit dem Lernerfolg sowie der Bewertung und Akzeptanz der Lernform. Bislang wurde jedoch nicht durchgängig untersucht, wie und warum das agile Sprintlernen wirksam ist. Dem methodischen Ansatz der Programmevaluation folgend, wird analysiert, welche lerntheoretischen Konstrukte den Gestaltungsansatz im Besonderen kennzeichnen und inwieweit diese die Wirkweise des agilen Sprintlernens erklären können.

Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das agile Sprintlernen durch neun zentrale Gestaltungs- und Wirkungselemente gekennzeichnet ist: Zielorientierung und Zielverfolgung, Transparenz und Klarheit, Planung des Lernens, Eigenaktivität und Eigenverantwortung, Feedback, Selbstreflexion, Autonomie, Kompetenzerleben und soziale Eingebundenheit. Zur theoretischen Fundierung und Herleitung potenzieller Wirkmechanismen im agilen Sprintlernen werden mehrere lerntheoretische Bezugspunkte herangezogen – u. a. die Zielsetzungstheorie und die Theorie der sozialen Interdependenz. Die Ergebnisse werden abschließend diskutiert.
Shared Makeup Cosmetics as a Route of Demodex folliculorum Infections
Authors: Sędzikowska Aleksandra , Bartosik Katarzyna , Przydatek-Tyrajska Renata , Dybicz Monika
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The aim of the study was to examine Demodex survival in makeup cosmetics, i.e., powder cream, mascara, and lipstick, and to determine whether cosmetics shared with others can be a source of D. folliculorum infection.

Methods

Live D. folliculorum adults were placed in cosmetic samples and their motility was observed under a microscope. The mites were fully or partially immersed in the powder cream and lipstick, and only partially immersed in the mascara. Partial immersion means that only the opisthosoma was covered by the cosmetic, whereas the gnathosoma and podosoma had no contact with the cosmetic. Cessation of motility was regarded as a sign of death.

Results

In the control (mites placed on a microscope slide with no cosmetics), the survival time was 41.2 h. D. folliculorum that were immersed fully or partially in the lipstick substrate were viable for 38.5 h and 148 h, respectively. The survival time of the mites at full and partial immersion in the powder cream was 0.78 h and 2.16 h, respectively. The average survival time in the mascara was 21 h.

Conclusions

Makeup cosmetics used by different individuals at short intervals (from several hours to several days) can be a source of transmission of Demodex sp. mites.
Quality of life among female childhood cancer survivors with and without premature ovarian insufficiency
Authors: Ida Hjelmér , Alicia Gustafsson Kylberg , Anna Fridenborg , Irene Leijonhufvud , Anna Nyström , Helena Mörse , Maria Elfving , Emir Henic , Hannah Nenonen
Published: January 2021

Purpose

Due to an increase in survival, a growing population of childhood cancer survivors (CCS) is present. However, female CCS are at risk of developing premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) after cancer treatment. POI involves a decreased chance of conceiving and the increased infertility state has a large impact on affected individuals’ health and mental life. The objective of this study was to investigate health state and well-being among female CCS with and without POI and healthy controls (HC).

Methods

Female CCS treated in southern Sweden between 1964 and 2008 were included. Each patient was matched with a HC. The final study population included 167 female CCS and 164 HC that were examined between October 2010 and January 2015 at the Reproductive Medicine Centre at Skåne University Hospital in Malmö, Sweden. All participants, except for two HCs, answered an EQ-5D-3L questionnaire for measuring health state including a visual analogue scale (VAS) for estimating well-being.

Results

There were 22 CCS with POI, none of the HC had POI. The mean health state differed among groups (unadjusted: P = 0.002; adjusted: P = 0.007). A difference in mean experienced well-being among groups was noted (unadjusted: P = 0.003; adjusted: P = 0.012). Lowest well-being was found in the CCS group with POI (P = 0.024).

Conclusions

Female CCS have a significantly decreased health state and well-being. Female CCS with POI additionally have the lowest self-estimated well-being.

Implications for Cancer Survivors

Female CCS with POI should be identified early in order to give them adequate information and support.
Influence of the Maximum Blur Radius on Depth Sensor Based on Liquid Crystal Lens
Authors: Zheng Liming , Chen Xiaoxi , Zhang Yalei , Ye Mao
Published: January 2021

This paper describes how the maximum blur radius affects the depth results by depth from the defocus (DFD) method based on liquid crystal (LC) lens. Boundary frequency is determined by the maximum blur radius. It is found that if the maximum blur radius used in the calculation is larger than the real value, the depth resolution obtained is reduced; on the other hand, if one smaller than the real value is used, the depth resolution in the middle range of the scene is increased, but errors occur in the near and far planes. Using the maximum blur radius close to the real one results in the best depth results.
Prenatal Diagnosis of Agnathia/Otocephaly: Associations and Outcomes-Large Case Series and Review of Literature
Authors: Sabu Brinda , Raja Vijayalakshmi , Srinivasan Lata , Suresh Indrani , Seshadri Suresh
Published: January 2021

Agnathia/Otocephaly is a rare lethal syndrome characterised by mandibular hypoplasia/aplasia, ventromedial malposition or fusion of ears, microstomia and microglossia/aglossia. We present 26 cases of prenatally diagnosed agnathia/otocephaly, the largest published series so far, with a broad review of available literature and updated concepts on the etiopathogenesis. This is a retrospective case series identified between May 2000 and April 2018 in a tertiary fetal medicine centre in South India where we evaluated the ultrasound features of agnathia/ otocephaly and assessed the associated anomalies and syndromes. Out of 26 cases identified, 42% were isolated and 58% were associated with other anomalies. The most common associations were skeletal (7) followed by central nervous system anomalies (4) and genitourinary anomalies (2). Syndromes identified were Nager acrofacial dysostoses, Treacher Collins, Al Awadi Raas Rothschild and Femoral Facies syndrome. A simple method of observing the mandibular dot in-line with the maxilla in the sagittal view and the absence of the same would help to raise the suspicion of agnathia/severe micrognathia. The difference between these two and syndromic associations may not be brought out in ultrasound. Postnatal clinical assessment or pathologic diagnosis is mandatory as it helps in the counselling process and in the guidance of subsequent pregnancies.
Identification of effective spreaders in contact networks using dynamical influence
Authors: Clark Ruaridh A. , Macdonald Malcolm
Published: January 2021

Contact networks provide insights on disease spread due to the duration of close proximity interactions. For systems governed by consensus dynamics, network structure is key to optimising the spread of information. For disease spread over contact networks, the structure would be expected to be similarly influential. However, metrics that are essentially agnostic to the network’s structure, such as weighted degree (strength) centrality and its variants, perform near-optimally in selecting effective spreaders. These degree-based metrics outperform eigenvector centrality, despite disease spread over a network being a random walk process. This paper improves eigenvector-based spreader selection by introducing the non-linear relationship between contact time and the probability of disease transmission into the assessment of network dynamics. This approximation of disease spread dynamics is achieved by altering the Laplacian matrix, which in turn highlights why nodes with a high degree are such influential disease spreaders. From this approach, a trichotomy emerges on the definition of an effective spreader where, for susceptible-infected simulations, eigenvector-based selections can either optimise the initial rate of infection, the average rate of infection, or produce the fastest time to full infection of the network. Simulated and real-world human contact networks are examined, with insights also drawn on the effective adaptation of ant colony contact networks to reduce pathogen spread and protect the queen ant.
Performance issues in wireless body area networks for the healthcare application: a survey and future prospects
Authors: Liu Qingling , Mkongwa Kefa G. , Zhang Chaozhu
Published: January 2021

This study presents a survey of the current issues, application areas, findings, and performance challenges in wireless body area networks (WBAN). The survey discusses selected areas in WBAN signal processing, network reliability, spectrum management, security, and WBAN integration with other technologies for highly efficient future healthcare applications. The foundation of the study bases on the recent growing advances in microelectronic technology and commercialization, which ease device availability, miniaturization, and communication. The survey considers a systemic review conducted using reports, standard documents, and peer-reviewed articles. Based on the comprehensive review, we find WBANs faces several operational, standardization, and security issues, affecting performance and maintenance of user safety and privacy. We envision the increasing dependency of future healthcare on WBAN for medical and non-medical applications due to internet connectivity advances. In this view, despite the WBAN advantages in remote health monitoring, further studies need to be conducted for performance optimization. Therefore we finalize our study by proposing various current and future research directions and open issues in WBAN’s performance enhancement.
Active prevention of snow accumulation on cameras of autonomous vehicles
Authors: Mohammadian Behrouz , Sarayloo Mehdi , Heil Jamie , Hong Haiping , Patil Sunil , Robertson Michael , Tran Tommy , Krishnan Venkatesh , Sojoudi Hossein
Published: January 2021

Accumulation of atmospheric icing, particularly wet snow, on the visual sensors/navigators of autonomous vehicles (AVs) increases the possibility of accidents by obstructing the lenses of the sensors. Here, two navigator designs were suggested that use airflow across the lens surfaces of the AVs to prevent snow accumulation on them. The impact of airflow intensity across the lens, wind velocity (relative velocity of wind with respect to vehicle), and liquid water content of snow on prevention of snow accumulation on the lenses of the AVs was explored experimentally. Here, artificial snow grains were formed using a novel snow gun and their average sizes at low liquid water content (LWC of ≈ 8%) and high liquid water content (LWC of ≈ 28%) were measured to study the impact of grain sizes on snow accumulation on camera lenses. The effects of wind velocity, snow density, and diameter of the snow grains on their trajectory in the testing section were also studied numerically. The results indicated that the snow grains with higher velocity, density, or diameter possessed higher inertia forces and were more prone to collide with the navigator, increasing collision efficiency of snow grains. We realized that the airflow across the lens effectively prevented snow accumulation on the lens at vehicle/wind velocities of up to 20 mph. The proposed designs actively reduced the snow accumulation on the camera lens, promising to be applied in future AVs.

Graphic abstract
Post-fire serviceability and residual strength of composite post-tensioned concrete T-beams
Authors: Izzet Amer F. , Oukaili Nazar , Harbi Nibras A.
Published: January 2021

In this study, the response of ten composite post-tensioned concrete beams topped by a reinforced concrete deck with adequate reinforcing shear connectors is investigated. Depending on the concrete compressive strength of the deck slab (20, 30, and 40 MPa), beams are grouped into three categories. Seven of these beams are exposed to a fire attack of 700 and 800 °C temperature simultaneously with or without the presence of a uniformly distributed sustained static loading. After cooling back to ambient temperature, these composite beams are loaded up to failure, using a force control module, by monotonic static loading in a four-point-bending setup with two symmetrical concentrated loads applied in the middle third of the effective span. The objectives of this study include investigating the behavior of the composite prestressed concrete beams under and after the exposure to a direct fire flame, as well as finding their residual load-carrying capacity. Tests demonstrate significant deteriorations caused by exposure to high temperatures associated with the increase of the member’s camber. The increase of the midspan camber after heating exposure reached approximately 200%. On the other hand, the 1-h steady-state exposure of test specimens to temperatures of 700 and 800 °C led to reduce the load-carrying capacity of the heat-deteriorated beams up to 45% and 54%, respectively.
Exposure levels of radiofrequency magnetic fields and static magnetic fields in 1.5 and 3.0 T MRI units
Authors: Rathebe P. , Weyers C. , Raphela F.
Published: January 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) staff is exposed to a complex mixture of electromagnetic fields from MRI units. Exposure to these fields results in the development of transient exposure-related symptoms. This study aimed to investigate the exposure levels of radiofrequency (RF) magnetic fields and static magnetic fields (SMFs) from 1.5 and 3.0 T MRI scanners in two public hospitals in the Mangaung Metropolitan region, South Africa. The exposure levels of SMFs and RF magnetic fields were measured using the THM1176 3-Axis hall magnetometer and TM-196 3 Axis RF field strength meter, respectively. Measurements were collected at a distance of 1 m (m) and 2 m from the gantry for SMFs when the brain, cervical spine and extremities were scanned. Measurements for RF magnetic fields were collected at a distance of 1 m with an average scan duration of six minutes. Friedman’s test was used to compared exposure mean values from two 1.5 T scanners, and Wilcoxon test with Bonferroni adjustment was used to identify where the difference between exist. The Shapiro–Wilk test was also used to test for normality between exposure levels in 1.5 and 3.0 T scanners. The measured peak values for SMFs from the 3.0 T scanner at hospital A were 1300 milliTesla (mT) and 726 mT from 1.5 T scanner in hospital B. The difference in terms of SMFs exposure levels was observed between two 1.5 T scanners at a distance of 2 m. The difference between 1.5 T scanners at 1 m was also observed during repeated measurements when brain, cervical spine and extremities scans were performed. Scanners’ configurations, magnet type, clinical setting and location were identified as factors that could influence different propagation of SMFs between scanners of the same nominal B0. The RF pulse design, sequence setting flip-angle and scans performed influenced the measured RF magnetic fields. Three scanners were complaint with occupational exposure guidelines stipulated by the ICNIRP; however, peak levels that exist at 1 m could be managed through adoption of occupational health and safety programs.
Assessment of prophylactic Antibiotic Prescription Pattern in elective surgery patients in accordance with national and international guidelines
Authors: Pak Haleh , Maghsoudi Leila Haji , Ahmadinejad Mojtaba , Kabir Kourosh , Soltanian Ali , Vasi Mohammad
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:

Prophylactic antibiotics are administered preoperatively to reduce the incidence of surgical site infection. The aim of this study was to determine the pattern of administration of prophylactic antibiotic among elective surgery patients in accordance with national and international guidelines.

Method:

This retrospective descriptive was conducted on the patients who underwent elective surgery at (XXX) Educational and Medical Center. Patients’ file was used to obtain the following data: demographic information including patients' age and gender, prescribing prophylactic antibiotics, type, dose and time of administration with the indications mentioned in the guidelines for prevention of SSI of the World Health Organization (2017) and the instructions of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education of Iran compared. Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical program.

Result:

The time, type, dose, duration and intervals of prophylactic antibiotic administration in the present study were 64.8%, 42.5%, 36%, 52.8% and 32%, respectively, according to national guidelines and were 58.8%, 40%, 31.5%, 45.5% and 28%, respectively, according to international guidelines. Administration of prophylactics in terms of time dose, duration and intervals in accordance with national and international guidelines were not associated with the type of surgery, p < 0.05.

Conclusions:

The results of the present study showed that the type, duration and intervals of prophylactic antibiotic administration varies in accordance national and international guidelines. Further studies are required to determine the effects of these parameters under national and international guideline on postoperative outcomes like surgical site infection.

Highlights
Ecstatic Encounters
Authors: Port Mattijs van de
Published: January 2021

For over a hundred years, writers, artists, anthropologists and tourists have travelled to Bahia, Brazil, in search of the spirit possession cult called Candomblé. Thus, successive generations of cultists have seen a long, steady stream of curious outsiders coming to their temples with notebooks and cameras, questions and inquisitive gazes, or ogling eyes and the hope of inclusion. This study asks what seduced these outsiders to seek access to the Afro-Brazilian religious universe and, conversely, how did cultists respond to the overwhelming interest in their creed and to becoming an object of the outsiders? imaginations.
ARt Image Exploration Space (ARIES): A response to the image needs of art library patrons
Authors: Deutch Samantha
Published: January 2021

ARt Image Exploration Space (ARIES) is a free, cloud-based dynamic environment offering art historians and others an extensive array of practical tools for analysing images. It is the product of a successful collaboration between art historians, librarians, computer scientists, and engineers from the Frick Art Reference Library, New York University's Tandon School of Engineering, and Brazil's Universidade Federal Fluminense. ARIES is a powerful tool for art historians, both replicating and augmenting traditional methods they have long-used to study images.1 With the advent of the prevalent use of digital photos, art historians lacked the technology capable of replacing what they had previously been able to accomplish in the analogue world. Wood Ruby and Deutch realized that art historians needed an out-of-the-box solution that didn't require extensive knowledge of other disciplines (computer science and engineering). The result of successful collaborations and a generous donation, ARIES is now available in BETA form at www.artimageexplorationspace.com.
Viewpoint: Art library publishing during a crisis: a librarian's own research
Authors: Binkowski Kraig
Published: January 2021

Like most librarians, when I have a research question, I go to the databases to search the literature for comparable questions and possible solutions. The onslaught of COVID-19 and its impact on libraries (let alone every other aspect of life) has thrown librarians for a loop and disrupted all our standard modes of enquiry. In a matter of days in the spring of 2020, librarians went from business as usual to locking the doors behind us and trying to figure out how to run a Zoom research support session from the dining room table.
Human security as biosecurity
Authors: Albert Craig , Baez Amado , Rutland Joshua
Published: January 2021

Research within security studies has struggled to determine whether infectious disease (ID) represents an existential threat to national and international security. With the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), it is imperative to reexamine the relationship between ID and global security. This article addresses the specific threat to security from COVID-19, asking, “Is COVID-19 a threat to national and international security?” To investigate this question, this article uses two theoretical approaches: human security and biosecurity. It argues that COVID-19 is a threat to global security by the ontological crisis posed to individuals through human security theory and through high politics, as evidenced by biosecurity. By viewing security threats through the lens of the individual and the state, it becomes clear that ID should be considered an international security threat. This article examines the relevant literature and applies the theoretical framework to a case study analysis focused on the United States.
Massive deposition of Sahelian dust on the Canary Island Lanzarote during North Atlantic Heinrich Events
Authors: Heinrich Hartmut , Schmidt Christoph , Ziemen Florian , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Roettig Christopher-Bastian
Published: January 2021

New IRSL ages of eolianites close to Muñique (Lanzarote) demonstrate the influence of millennial scale climatic variability on the sedimentary dynamics on the Canary Islands during the last glacial cycle. The repetitive succession of interstadial and stadial climatic conditions formed multiple sequences of eolian deposits, each in general comprising three depositional types. DepoType 1 and DepoType 2 consist mainly of marine biogenic carbonate detritus with small amounts of dust from the Sahara representing interstadial conditions. DepoType 2 compared to DepoType 1 is characterized by larger amounts of land snails and calcified brood cells. A DepoType 3 rich in dust from African subtropical/tropical Latisols terminates a sequence. IRSL dating on DepoType 3 type deposits clearly shows that these were deposited during Heinrich Events under stadial conditions. The stadial cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean caused a southern shift of climate zones that culminated during Heinrich Events when the arctic climate reaches its most southerly extent. As a consequence, atmospheric changes led to massive dust supply from the then-dry Sahel. The increase in dust and precipitation from the dry DepoTypes 1 to the more humid DepoTypes 3 originates from a modified atmospheric dynamic during a millennial cycle.
PARLIAMENTARY ENCLOSURE AND THE EMERGENCE OF AN ENGLISH AGRICULTURAL PROLETARIAT
Authors: Shaw-Taylor Leigh
Published: January 2021

It has often been argued that parliamentary enclosure decisively increased the wage dependence of English agricultural laborers, primarily by extinguishing their rights to keep cows on common land. Yet the extent to which laborers had in fact enjoyed common pasture rights has never been demonstrated. This article fills that gap, by documenting the extent of laborers' common rights for ten settlements in the south and east Midlands. It finds that most laborers in these villages did not have common rights prior to enclosure and cannot, therefore, have been proletarianized by their loss.
English for North Korean refugees in South Korea
Authors: Jang Eun-Young , Kim Eun-Yong
Published: January 2021

Mee-Soo was a good student in North Korea. She came to South Korea in her early teens, and South Korean state policy for North Korean defectors enabled her to gain entry into a decent university in Seoul. She majored in Business Management and, when she had to choose her sub-major, she chose Accounting over Marketing and Human Resources because she thought she could avoid English. Achieving CPA (Certified Public Accountant) status was the goal for Accounting majors. Passing a score of 700 in the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) was a requirement to take the CPA exam. Mee-Soo worked hard studying for TOEIC and took the test ten times. Her score rose from the 400s to the 600s, but she could not pass the 700 threshold and was left behind while other South Korean students passed the English requirement. She could not even begin to study for the CPA exam itself. She once sighed and told me (one of the authors), ‘I wish I could have a life without English.’ I responded, ‘I didn't think English would be so important to North Koreans in South Korea.’ To this, Mee-Soo exclaimed, ‘It is a matter of survival.’

Given there have now been over 70 years of separation between North and South Korea since the Korean War, it is unquestionable that North Korean migrants face and struggle with a variety of troubles in their attempts to settle into South Korean society. In this context, why does English constitute a ‘matter of survival’ for North Koreans when there are so many other critical issues for these individuals, who crossed several borders at the risk of their lives? This phenomena, that ‘English’ represents a major difficulty for North Korean defectors in their process of settling in South Korea (Jung & Lim, 2009), constitutes an interesting linguistic phenomena in an intra-ethnic contact. However, by itself, this statement somewhat simplifies how English actually affects the migrant group. Instead, its influence works in a surprisingly diverse number of ways across different ranges and layers within the North Korean population, depending on their regional and social background, age, time of migration, and possibly many other factors. A meaningful pattern we discuss here is the changing relations between English and North Korean migrants according to age; it is the North Korean young adults who seem to be particularly affected by English and disproportionately in need of English teaching. We also note, though, that this pattern itself is changing, as we are seeing the recent increase of children of North Korean migrants born and educated in South Korea or in China.
INVESTIGATING TEXTUAL ENHANCEMENT AND CAPTIONS IN L2 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
Authors: Cintrón-Valentín Myrna C. , García-Amaya Lorenzo
Published: January 2021

To probe the limits of attention raising through form-focused instruction, second-language research must adapt to the needs of a technologically driven learning environment. In this study, we used a randomized control design to investigate the effect of captioned media on the learning of vocabulary and grammar in L2 Spanish (n = 369 learners). Through four data-collection sessions, participants were presented with a grammar-lesson video and a multimodal video with one of three captioning formats: textually enhanced target vocabulary, textually enhanced target grammar, or no captioning. Results show strong immediate effects of captioning on target vocabulary, with additional effects of captioning on some, but not all, target-grammar structures. The findings demonstrate that (a) the learning of some grammatical structures is more conducive to captioning than others, and (b) there is space for future investigation into the factors that may influence the effectiveness of multimodal interventions, such as prior knowledge or frequency of use.
PhD Abstracts
Authors: HUTTON GRAHAM
Published: January 2021

Many students complete PhDs in functional programming each year. As a service to the community, twice per year the Journal of Functional Programming publishes the abstracts from PhD dissertations completed during the previous year.
COVID-19 and Fieldwork: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Krause Peter , Szekely Ora , Bloom Mia , Christia Fotini , Daly Sarah Zukerman , Lawson Chappell , Marks Zoe , Milliff Aidan , Miura Kacie , Nielsen Richard , Reno William , Souleimanov Emil Aslan , Zakayo Aliyu
Published: January 2021

This reflection article presents insights on conducting fieldwork during and after COVID-19 from a diverse collection of political scientists—from department heads to graduate students based at public and private universities in the United States and abroad. Many of them contributed to a newly published volume, Stories from the Field: A Guide to Navigating Fieldwork in Political Science (Krause and Szekely 2020). As in the book, these contributors draw on their years of experience in the field to identify the unique ethical and logistical challenges posed by COVID-19 and offer suggestions for how to adjust and continue research in the face of the pandemic’s disruptions. Key themes include how contingency planning must now be a central part of our research designs; how cyberspace has increasingly become “the field” for the time being; and how scholars can build lasting, mutually beneficial partnerships with “field citizens,” now and in the future.
Incremental and Modular Context-sensitive Analysis
Authors: GARCIA-CONTRERAS ISABEL , MORALES JOSÉ F. , HERMENEGILDO MANUEL V.
Published: January 2021

Context-sensitive global analysis of large code bases can be expensive, which can make its use impractical during software development. However, there are many situations in which modifications are small and isolated within a few components, and it is desirable to reuse as much as possible previous analysis results. This has been achieved to date through incremental global analysis fixpoint algorithms that achieve cost reductions at fine levels of granularity, such as changes in program lines. However, these fine-grained techniques are neither directly applicable to modular programs nor are they designed to take advantage of modular structures. This paper describes, implements, and evaluates an algorithm that performs efficient context-sensitive analysis incrementally on modular partitions of programs. The experimental results show that the proposed modular algorithm shows significant improvements, in both time and memory consumption, when compared to existing non-modular, fine-grain incremental analysis techniques. Furthermore, thanks to the proposed intermodular propagation of analysis information, our algorithm also outperforms traditional modular analysis even when analyzing from scratch.
India‐Elan Bank‐East Antarctica Breakup, Crustal Architecture, and Margin Evolution: Results From Constrained Potential Field and Process‐Oriented Gravity Modeling of Conjugate Margin Segments
Authors: Rao G. Srinivasa , Radhakrishna M.
Published: January 2021

We present here the results of a seismically well‐constrained potential field modeling along with process‐oriented gravity modeling across the Eastern Continental Margin of India (ECMI) and its conjugate East Antarctica Continental Margin (EACM). The study revealed both along‐strike variations in crustal architecture and effective elastic thickness (Te), showing a locally asymmetric pattern. Crustal stretching factors (β) estimated at these margins range between 1.5 and 4.0 with slightly lower values varying over the narrow zone in the Cauvery basin‐western Enderby basin and relatively higher values in other margin segments. The models reveal typical magma‐poor margin characteristics in the Krishna‐Godavari (K‐G) and Cauvery basin segments of ECMI. The ocean‐continent transition (OCT) in the K‐G basin and its conjugate (central Enderby basin) indicates asymmetric rifting marked by the development of a detachment fault separating the combined India‐Elan Bank margin and the EACM. The higher β values and magmatic underplating at OCT in the Mahanadi basin segment of ECMI may be related to the post‐breakup magmatic emplacement associated with the proximal activity of the Kerguelen plume after the separation of Elan Bank from India by a ridge jump during M2/M0 (124–120 Ma). The pre‐rift reconstruction model through the palinspastic restoration of margins suggests that the central part of ECMI (16–20°) is the ideal pre‐rift location for the Elan bank.
Insights on Controlling Factors of Hydraulically Induced Seismicity in the Duvernay East Shale Basin
Authors: Hui Gang , Chen Shengnan , Gu Fei , Pang Yu , Yu Xinran , Zhang Linyang
Published: January 2021

Historically, the Duvernay East Shale Basin had been regarded as a seismicity‐quiescent region. However, an ML 4.18‐magnitude earthquake on 04/03/2019 was triggered due to hydraulic fracturing of two horizontal wells. The physical mechanism and controlling factors of this large‐magnitude earthquake are not well understood. In this work, the coupled modeling of the ML 4.18 case is conducted to quantify the poroelastic effects during fluid injection and to reveal the triggering mechanism of this earthquake cluster. Additional simulations of tested cases with different hydraulic, geomechanical, and operational parameters are also conducted to quantify the effects of these factors on hydraulically induced seismicity. It is found that the hydraulic fractures of two wells propagated within the Duvernay formation and connected with the inferred fault. The increase in pore pressure reduced the shear stress of the fault and caused the fault slip. The hydraulically induced seismicity is susceptible to the low permeable injection layer and high‐permeable fault, less rigid fault with low‐Biot's coefficient, large fluid injection, and proximity of hydraulic fracturing‐fault distance. Enlarging the distance between the stimulated well and seismogenic fault is the first‐order choice to mitigate seismic risks. Under the proximity of well‐fault distance, reducing the fracturing size job would be an effective approach to reduce the expected magnitude of hydraulically induced seismicity.
Interaction of Space Weather Phenomena with Mars Plasma Environment During Solar Minimum 23/24
Authors: Kajdič P. , Sánchez‐Cano B. , Neves‐Ribeiro L. , Witasse O. , Bernal G. C. , Rojas‐Castillo D. , Nilsson H. , Fedorov A.
Published: January 2021

We study the interaction of three solar wind (SW) structures, two stream interaction regions, and one interplanetary coronal mass ejection, with Mars’ plasma environment during November 20–27, 2007. This period corresponds to the solar minimum between the solar cycles 23 and 24 which was characterized by very low values of the SW density and dynamic pressure and low interplanetary magnetic field magnitude. During that time the Mars Express orbit was in the terminator plane, while the Earth, Sun, and Mars were almost aligned, so we use the Advance Composition Explorer and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory probes as SW monitors in order to identify and characterize the structures that later hit Mars. We find that the passage of these structures caused strong variations in the bow shock location (between 2.2 and 3.0 RM), compression of the magnetospheric cavity (up to 45%), and an increased transterminator flow below 2 RM (by a factor of ≤ 8). This study shows that during times of low solar activity, modest space weather phenomena may cause large variations of plasma flow at Mars.