bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The branching pattern of the middle cerebral artery: is the intermediate trunk real or not? An anatomical study correlating with simple angiography
Authors: Kahilogullari Gokmen , Ugur Hasan Caglar , Comert Ayhan , Tekdemir Ibrahim , Kanpolat Yucel
Published: February 2012

Object

The branching structure of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) remains a debated issue. In this study the authors aimed to describe this branching structure in detail.

Methods

Twenty-seven fresh, human brains (54 hemispheres) obtained from routine autopsies were used. The cerebral arteries were first filled with colored latex and contrast agent, followed by fixation with formaldehyde. All dissections were done under a microscope. During examination, the trunk structures of the MCA and their relations with cortical branches were demonstrated. Lateral radiographs of the same hemispheres were then obtained and comparisons were made. Angles between the MCA trunks were measured on 3D CT cerebral angiography images in 25 patients (50 hemispheres), and their correlations with the angles obtained in the cadaver brains were evaluated.

Results

A new classification was made in relation to the terminology of the intermediate trunk, which is still a subject of debate. The intermediate trunk was present in 61% of cadavers and originated from a superior trunk in 55% and from an inferior trunk in 45%. Cortical branches supplying the motor cortex (precentral, central, and postcentral arteries) significantly originated from the intermediate trunk, and the diameter of the intermediate trunk significantly increased when it originated from the superior trunk. In measurements of the angles between the superior and intermediate trunks, it was found that the intermediate trunk had significant dominance in supplying the motor cortex as the angle increased. The intermediate trunk was classified into 3 types based on the angle values and the distance to the bifurcation point as Group A (pseudotrifurcation type), Group B (proximal type), and Group C (distal type). Group A trunks were seemingly closer to the trifurcation structure that has been reported on in the literature and was seen in 15%. Group B trunks were the most common type (55%), and Group C trunks were characterized as the farthest from the bifurcation point. Group C trunks also had the smallest diameter and fewest cortical branches. Similarities were found between the angles in cadaver specimens and on 3D CT cerebral angiography images. Beyond the separation point of the MCA, trunk structures always included the superior trunk and inferior trunk, and sometimes the intermediate trunk.

Conclusions

Interrelations of these vascular structures and their influences on the cortical branches originating from them are clinically important. The information presented in this study will ensure reliable diagnostic approaches and safer surgical interventions, particularly with MCA selective angiography.
Indocyanine green fluorescence endoscopy for visual differentiation of pituitary tumor from surrounding structures
Authors: Litvack Zachary N. , Zada Gabriel , Laws Edward R.
Published: February 2012

Object

As demonstrated by histological and neuroimaging studies, pituitary adenomas have a capillary vascular density that differs significantly from that of surrounding structures. The authors hypothesized that intraoperative indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence endoscopy could be used to visually differentiate tumor from surrounding tissues, including normal pituitary gland and dura.

Methods

After institutional review board approval, 16 patients undergoing endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery for benign pituitary lesions were prospectively enrolled in the study. A standard endoscopic endonasal approach to the sella was completed. Each patient then underwent endoscopic examination of the sellar dura and then the exposed pituitary adenoma after ICG bolus injection (12.5–25 mg). This examination was performed using a custom endoscope with a near-infrared light source and excitation wavelength filter.

Results

The authors successfully recorded ICG fluorescence from sellar dura, pituitary, and surrounding structures in 12 of 16 patients enrolled. There were 3 technical failures of intraoperative ICG endoscopy, and 1 patient was excluded following discovery of a dye cross-allergy. A standard dose of 25 mg of ICG in 10 ml of aqueous solution optimized visualization of sellar region microvasculature within 45 seconds of peripheral bolus injection. Adenoma was less fluorescent than normal pituitary gland. Dural invasion by tumor was identifiable by a marked increase in fluorescence compared with native dura. The ICG endoscopic examination added 15–20 minutes of operative time under general anesthesia. There were no complications that resulted from use of ICG or the fluorescent light source.

Conclusions

Indocyanine green fluorescence endoscopy shows promise as an intraoperative modality to visually distinguish pituitary tumors from normal tissue and to visually identify areas of dural invasion, thereby facilitating complete tumor resection and minimizing injury to surrounding structures. These results support the continued development of fluorescence endoscopic resection techniques.
Antiviral Activities and Putative Identification of Compounds in Microbial Extracts from the Hawaiian Coastal Waters
Authors: Tong Jing , Trapido-Rosenthal Hank , Wang Jun , Wang Youwei , Li Qing X. , Lu Yuanan
Published: February 2012

Marine environments are a rich source of significant bioactive compounds. The Hawaiian archipelago, located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, hosts diverse microorganisms, including many endemic species. Thirty-eight microbial extracts from Hawaiian coastal waters were evaluated for their antiviral activity against four mammalian viruses including herpes simplex virus type one (HSV-1), vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), vaccinia virus and poliovirus type one (poliovirus-1) using in vitro cell culture assay. Nine of the 38 microbial crude extracts showed antiviral potencies and three of these nine microbial extracts exhibited significant activity against the enveloped viruses. A secosteroid, 5α(H),17α(H),(20R)-beta-acetoxyergost-8(14)-ene was putatively identified and confirmed to be the active compound in these marine microbial extracts. These results warrant future in-depth tests on the isolation of these active elements in order to explore and validate their antiviral potential as important therapeutic remedies.
Syntheses and Cell-Based Phenotypic Screen of Novel 7-Amino pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carbonitrile Derivatives as Potential Antiproliferative Agents
Authors: Yang Tao , He Hong , Ang Wei , Yang Ying-Hong , Yang Jian-Zhong , Lin Yan-Ni , Yang Hua-Cheng , Pi Wei-Yi , Li Zi-Cheng , Zhao Ying-Lan , Luo You-Fu , Wei Yuquan
Published: February 2012

A series of N-3-substituted 7-aminopyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-6-carbonitrile derivatives was readily synthesized and their anti-proliferative activities on five types of tumor cells were evaluated through a cell-based phenotypic screening approach. Compound 3k was found to be potent on human colon cancer SW620 cells with an IC50 value of 12.5 mM. Structural optimization of compound 3k led to compound 4a with improved anti-proliferative potency on SW620 cells with an IC50 value of 6.9 mM. Further cell-cycle analyses suggested that compound 4a induced apoptosis of SW620 cells in a concentration-dependent manner.
Beauvericin, a Bioactive Compound Produced by Fungi: A Short Review
Authors: Wang Qinggui , Xu Lijian
Published: February 2012

Beauvericin is a cyclic hexadepsipeptide mycotoxin, which has insecticidal, antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic activities. It is a potential agent for pesticides and medicines. This paper reviews the bioactivity, fermentation and biosynthesis of the fungal product beauvericin.
Les marques de potiers sur terra sigillata découvertes en Algérie. IV/2. [Sigillée italique]
Authors: Guéry Roger
Published: February 2012

Avec cet article s'achève l'étude consacrée aux marques italiques (Ant. afr., 1992, p. 15-131). C'est également le dernier volet d'une série de catalogues des estampilles sur terra sigillata découvertes en Algérie. Les études précédentes avaient été respectivement réservées aux timbres hispaniques et gallo-romains (Ant. afr., 1979, p. 23-97), tardo-italiques (Ant. afr., 1987, p. 149-191), oriental, pseudo-tripolitains et d'origines diverses (Ant. afr., 1990, p. 87-112).
Le tombeau d'Abalessa (Hoggar, Algérie). [Contribution à l'étude du mobilier funéraire]
Authors: Grébénart Danilo
Published: February 2012

Associé à la légende de Tin-Hinan, ancêtre des Touaregs du Hoggar, le tombeau d'Abalessa est une construction où se rejoignent des influences culturelles méditerranéenne, saharienne et soudanaise. C'est un monument bâti sur le modèle des grands mausolées berbères à chambres multiples renfermant un personnage, très certainement de sexe masculin, dont l'inhumation est à la fois datée par le 14 C et par une empreinte de monnaie à l'effigie de l'empereur romain Constantin le Grand, émise entre 308 et 324 ap. J.-C. Le corps était paré de nombreux bijoux dont 15 bracelets en or et en argent. Le but de cet article est de montrer les affinités de ces bracelets avec ceux en alliages cuivreux fabriqués plus au sud autour d'Agadés, au début de l'ère chrétienne. La légende de Tin-Hinan est une création récente, 200 à 300 ans, conjoncturelle, créée par les Touaregs Kel Rela pour des raisons d'ordre politique, afin de conserver le pouvoir et leur suprématie sur tous les Kel Ahaggar. Elle est donc totalement étrangère au tombeau et au personnage qu'il contenait.
Julien Auguste et l'aristocratie municipale d'Afrique. [Réflexions méthodologiques]
Authors: Kotula Tadeusz
Published: February 2012

Les textes épigraphiques en l'honneur des empereurs, peuvent-ils exprimer les sentiments véritables des provinciaux ? Ce problème méthodologique est examiné à la lumière des inscriptions africaines dédiées à Julien Auguste (361-363) par les conseils de décurions des cités de Numidie. L'A. s'oppose à l'opinion de E. Pack qui insiste sur la banalité notoire des sources officielles de ce type. On est plutôt amené à penser que le programme de reparatio civitatium lancé par Julien et la politique religieuse de l'Apostat purent lui gagner la sympathie vive et sincère de l'aristocratie municipale africaine. Elle s'exprimait sans doute, malgré leur banalité habituelle dans les dédicaces impériales, et les formules Ob reparationem civitatis, curiarum recreator, restitutor Romanae religionis etc.. paraissent en témoigner (CIL, VIII, 4 326+ 18 529, Casae ; ILAlg., II, 4674, Thibilis ; et - comme analogie extra-africaine - AE 1969/70, 631, Palestine). Ceci concerne également les milliaires comportant des louanges peu communes à l'adresse de Julien Auguste. Sont invoqués aussi les témoignages littéraires (saint Augustin) qui prouvent, pour leur part, l'attachement des élites municipales africaines à la cause de Julien.

Il est donc bien probable que dans certaines situations historiques, même les documents officiels stéréotypés qu'étaient les textes en l'honneur des princes, ont pu refléter, derrière leurs slogans usuels, les options politiques des hautes couches sociales. Le règne de Julien l'Apostat, bref mais franchement révolutionnaire, demeure particulièrement instructif à cet égard.
Assessing allometric models to predict vegetative growth of mango (Mangifera indica; Anacardiaceae) at the current‐year branch scale
Authors: Normand Frédéric , Lauri Pierre‐Éric
Published: February 2012

•Premise of the study:Accurate and reliable predictive models are necessary to estimate nondestructively key variables for plant growth studies such as leaf area and leaf, stem, and total biomass. Predictive models are lacking at the current‐year branch scale despite the importance of this scale in plant science.

•Methods:We calibrated allometric models to estimate leaf area and stem and branch (leaves + stem) mass of current‐year branches, i.e., branches several months old studied at the end of the vegetative growth season, of four mango cultivars on the basis of their basal cross‐sectional area. The effects of year, site, and cultivar were tested. Models were validated with independent data and prediction accuracy was evaluated with the appropriate statistics.

•Key results:Models revealed a positive allometry between dependent and independent variables, whosey‐intercept but not the slope, was affected by the cultivar. The effects of year and site were negligible. For each branch characteristic, cultivar‐specific models were more accurate than common models built with pooled data from the four cultivars. Prediction quality was satisfactory but with data dispersion around the models, particularly for large values.

•Conclusions:Leaf area and stem and branch mass of mango current‐year branches could be satisfactorily estimated on the basis of branch basal cross‐sectional area with cultivar‐specific allometric models. The results suggested that, in addition to the heteroscedastic behavior of the variables studied, model accuracy was probably related to the functional plasticity of branches in relation to the light environment and/or to the number of growth units composing the branches.
Comment transmettre un patrimoine séculaire sans perdre son esprit séculier ?
Authors: Baumann Denise , Gillig Marie-Hélène
Published: February 2012

Résumé Les sœurs de la Charité, qui œuvrent depuis 1734 au service de l’homme souffrant, transmettent leur patrimoine (hôpitaux, maisons de retraite, maisons d’accueil pour jeunes en difficulté) à des laïcs. Comment pourront-ils le faire vivre dans une culture sécularisée ?
Study on the electrical resistance of the sleeper-fastening elements system in railway tracks
Authors: Barroso F. J. , Guarner P. , López C.
Published: February 2012

The electrical resistance of the sleeper-fastening elements system in a wet railway track is a very important parameter. This is because the rails are electric conductors in the circuit of signaling and traction systems. This electrical resistance, defined as a characteristic value of the sleeper-fastening elements-water system is a measurand obtained with reference measurement procedures as described in international standards. But it is subject to many kinds of undefinitions that result in a very high dispersion. In this work the dependence of this parameter on variables such as the water conductivity, the temperature and the relative humidity is shown, and several ways to reduce it to minimum values are also established.
Microperimetry: a review of fundus related perimetry
Authors: Crossland Michael , Jackson Mary-Lou , Seiple William H.
Published: February 2012

Visual field assessment is a key part of optometry and ophthalmology practice. However, in people with non-central or unstable fixation, it is not possible to relate defects on a visual field map to a specific retinal location. Microperimetry (or fundus related perimetry) is a technique that images the retina during visual field testing, enabling a correlation to be made between visual function and retinal structure. In this article, the history of fundus related perimetry is reviewed. Three modern microperimeters (MP-1, OCT/SLO and MAIA) are described and their relative merits identified. Finally, the uses of microperimetry in optometric practice are discussed.
SILICA-RICH FILLER FOR THE REINFORCEMENT IN NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Boonkerd Kanoktip , Chuayjuljit Saowaroj , Abdulraman Dalip , Jaranrangsup Weerakul
Published: February 2012

The aim of the study was to determine the reinforcing efficacy of a silica-rich filler, pottery stone (PS), in natural rubber (NR). The effects of amount and particle size of PS on curing and mechanical properties of the NR compounds were determined. The PS was first divided into four groups. Two of these were raw PS without grinding, which were sieved to particle sizes of less than 106 μm (PS(<106)) and less than 38 μm (PS(<38)). The other two were ground PS, one by current jet milling to obtain PS(JM), and the other by wet ball milling to obtain PS(BM). The particle size distribution of the four different PS prior to ultrasonication was in the ranked order (largest to smallest size), based upon their d(0.5) and d(0.9), of PS(BM), PS(<106), PS(<38), and PS(JM). However, after ultrasonication for 10 min, PS(BM) had the smallest d(0.5) at less than a micron, while the remaining three PS groups showed nearly the same d(0.5) being within the range of 3–5 μm. The presence of PS shortened the cure time, with PS(BM) inducing the greatest decrease in the cure time, while this was somewhat dose independent for at least PS(JM) and PS(<106). For all four PS groups, when present at 20 phr or more, the delta torque of the PS filled NR was higher than that of the unfilled one. However, the addition of PS had no significant effect on the number of crosslinks. With respect to the mechanical properties of the NR filled with PS, it was generally observed that NR filled with PS(BM) at 20–50 phr gave a higher tear and tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and hardness than both the unfilled NR and also the NR filled with the other three PS groups. The optimum PS(BM) loading was at 30 phr.
NOVEL IN SITU SILICA/POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE NANOCOMPOSITES: FACILE ONE-POT SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION
Authors: Roy Nabarun , Bhowmick Anil K.
Published: February 2012

Synthesis of in situ silica/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) nanocomposites by using tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) as the precursor for silica and octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane for the polymer in presence of base was undertaken. Simultaneous generation of silica and polymer and dispersion of the nanofiller in the polymer have been reported for the first time. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used as a tool to monitor the reaction conditions. The structure–property relationship of in situ silica/PDMS nanocomposites has been highlighted. Transmission electron microscopic studies reveal finest extent of dispersion of the in situ generated nanosilica, which is found to undergo polymorphic modification determined from wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Nanocomposites exhibit huge improvement in mechanical properties (>150% improvement in tensile strength for just 2 phr TEOS-filled sample) and room temperature storage modulus (>460% improvement in storage modulus for 8 phr TEOS-loaded sample). Polymer–filler interaction significantly improves oxidative thermal stability of the nanocomposites.
NATURAL RUBBER HYBRID NANOCOMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH SWELLED ORGANOCLAY AND NANO-CALCIUM CARBONATE
Authors: Ghari Hedayatollah Sadeghi , Shakouri Zahra
Published: February 2012

Two natural rubber (NR) nanocomposites have been prepared with organoclay(MMT) and swelled organoclay (SMMT) using melt intercalation method. The effect of these two MMTss on the morphology, rheometery, and mechanical behaviors of NR has been evaluated. Scorch times for the MMT-filled compounds were very short compared to unfilled compounds. A more pronounced effect was achieved by using SMMT as reinforcing agent. The obtained results reveal that nanocomposites reinforced by SMMT have more adequate morphology, rheometery, and mechanical behaviors as well as swelling resistance. The microstructure of the NR/MMT systems was studied by x-ray diffraction and field emission scanning electron microscopy. Following, the effect of different content of nano-calcium carbonate on dispersion of MMT layers in NR/SMMT nanocomposites was investigated. The results show that the optimized value of filler in dual fillers-based nanocomposite systems was equal to 10 phr nano-calcium carbonate. NR based hybrid nanocomposites containing SMMT and nano-calcium carbonate was showed 445% increase in tensile strength, 144% stress improvement at 100% strain, and only 3% increase in elongation at break compared to pure NR.
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES AND CURE TEST OF A NATURAL RUBBER/POLY(VINYL ALCOHOL) BLEND
Authors: Riyajan Sa-Ad , Chaiponban Suwit , Chusri Sasitorn , Voravuthikunchai Supayang Piyawan
Published: February 2012

Properties and antibacterial activity of polymer blend films prepared from polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and natural rubber (NR) blends, in the presence of maleic acid as a cross-linking agent were studied. The effect of the maleic acid content, curing temperature, and curing time on the properties of the polymer blend was investigated. Cross-linking between PVA and maleic acid was observed by attenuated total reflection mode–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy at 1152 cm−1. The swelling ratio of the polymer blend decreased as a function of the increase of the maleic acid content. The tensile strength of the polymer blend increased with an increase of both the maleic acid and the curing time. The highest tensile strength of the samples was observed with 40% w/w maleic acid after a 24 h curing time at 120 °C. The elongation at the break of 60/40 NR/PVA was ∼500% at 120 °C for 1 h. In addition, the polymer blend showed good antibacterial activity with Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, and Acinetobacter baumannii JVC 1053 and could find many applications.
The Preparation of (2R,5S)‐2‐t‐Butyl‐3,5‐Dimethylimidazolidin‐4‐One
Authors: Graham Thomas H. , Horning Benjamin D. , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: February 2012

Acetyl chloride

L‐Alanine methyl ester hydrochloride

Benzyl chloroformate, carbobenzoxy chloride

Methylamine

Pivaldehyde, trimethylacetaldehyde

Triethylamine,N,N‐diethyl‐ethanamine
Discussion Addendum for: Asymmetric Synthesis of (M)‐2‐Hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐Hydroxy‐4,6‐Dimethylphenyl)NaphthaleneVIAAConfigurationally Unstable Biaryl Lactone
Authors: Bringmann G. , Gulder T.A.M. , Gulder T.
Published: February 2012

(M)‐2‐hydroxymethyl‐1‐(2‐hydroxy‐4,6‐dimethylphenyl)naphthalene

6’‐O‐methylknipholone

korupensamine A

korupensamine B

knipholone

isokotanin A

benanomicin B

O‐nucleophile

mastigophorene A

mastigophorene B

(+)‐isoschizandrine [(M)‐35]
Discussion Addendum for: Palladium Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of (
Z
)‐1‐Heptenyldimethylsilanol with 4‐Iodoanisole: (
Z
)‐(1‐Heptenyl)‐4‐Methoxybenzene
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Liu Jack Hung‐Chang
Published: February 2012

(
Z
)‐1‐heptenyldimethylsilanol

4‐iodoanisole

(
Z
)‐(1‐heptenyl)‐4‐methoxybenzene

(+)‐brasilenyne

1,4‐bissilyl‐1,3‐butadiene

papulacandin D
Phosphine‐Catalyzed [3 + 2] Annulation: Synthesis of Ethyl 5‐(tert‐Butyl)‐2‐Phenyl‐1‐Tosyl‐3‐Pyrroline‐3‐Carboxylate
Authors: Andrews Ian P. , Kwon Ohyun
Published: February 2012

Ethyl 5,5‐dimethylhexa‐2,3‐dienoate

Ethyl (triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate

3,3‐Dimethylbutyryl chloride

Triethylamine

Ethyl 5‐(tert‐butyl)‐2‐phenyl‐1‐tosyl‐3‐pyrroline‐3‐carboxylate (E)‐N‐Benzylidene‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonamide

Tributylphosphine
Discussion Addendum for: 5‐ENDO‐TRIGCyclization of 1,1‐Difluoro‐1‐Alkenes: Synthesis of 3‐Butyl‐2‐Fluoro‐1‐Tosylindole (1H‐Indole, 3‐Butyl‐2‐Fluoro‐1‐[(4‐Methylphenyl)Sulfonyl]‐)
Authors: Ichikawa Junji
Published: February 2012

1,1‐difluoro‐1‐alkenes

3‐butyl‐2‐fluoro‐1‐tosylindole (1H‐indole, 3‐butyl‐2‐fluoro‐1‐[(4‐methylphenyl)sulfonyl]‐)

dialkyl(2,2‐difluorovinyl)borane

N‐butylmagnesio‐o‐iodoaniline

o‐iodo‐p‐toluenesufonanilide
Synthesis of (S,S)‐Diisopropyl Tartrate (E)‐Crotylboronate and Its Reaction with Aldehydes: (2R,3R,4R)‐1,2‐Dideoxy‐2‐Ethenyl‐4,5‐O‐(1‐Methylethylidene)‐Xylitol
Authors: Sun Huikai , Roush William R
Published: February 2012

Potassiumtert‐butoxide

Trans‐butene

Triisopropylborane

(S,S)‐Diisopropyl tartrate ((S,S)‐DIPT)

(S,S)‐Diisopropyl tartrate (E)‐crotylboronate

(R,R)‐Diisopropyl tartrate (E)‐crotylboronate

(S,S)‐Diisopropyl tartrate (Z)‐crotylboronate

(R,R)‐Diisopropyl tartrate (Z)‐crotylboronate

D‐(R)‐glyceraldehyde acetonide

(3R,4R,5R)‐3‐Methyl‐5,6‐O‐isopropylidene‐hex‐1‐ene‐4‐ol ((2R,3R,4R)‐

1,2‐dideoxy‐2‐ethenyl‐4,5‐O‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐xylitol

(3S,4S,5R)‐3‐Methyl‐5,6‐O‐isopropylidene‐hex‐1‐ene‐4‐ol

(3S,4R,5R)‐3‐Methyl‐5,6‐O‐isopropylidene‐hex‐1‐ene‐4‐ol
Cu‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition: Preparation of Tris((1‐Benzyl‐1
H
‐1,2,3‐Triazolyl)Methyl)Amine
Authors: Hein Jason E. , Krasnova Larissa B. , Iwasaki Masayuki , Fokin Valery V.
Published: February 2012

Tripropargylamine

Benzyl azide

Copper(II) acetate, monohydrate

Sodium ascorbate
Discussion Addendum for: Synthesis of Indoles By Palladium Catalyzed Reductive
N
‐Heteroannulation of 2‐Nitrostyrenes: Methyl Indole‐4‐Carboxylate
Authors: Södeberg Björn C.
Published: February 2012

triphenylphosphine

triphenylphosphine oxide

3,4,7,8‐tetramethyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline

palladium ditrifluoroacetate

bis(diphenylphosphino)propane

Pinacolborane

3‐methyl‐1‐azatricyclo[5.2.1.0]decane
Synthesis of (
S
)‐8
a
‐Methyl‐3,4,8,8
a
‐Tetrahydro‐1,6‐(2
H
,7
H
)‐Naphthalenedione via

N

‐tosyl‐(

S

a

)‐binam‐l‐prolinamide Organocatalysis
Authors: Bradshaw Ben , Etxebarria‐Jardí Gorka , Bonjoch Josep , Viózquez Santiago F. , Guillena Gabriela , Nájera Carmen
Published: February 2012

(
S
)‐8a‐Methyl‐3,4,8,8a‐tetrahydro‐1,6(2
H
,7
H
)‐naphtalenedione

2‐Methyl‐2‐(3‐oxobutyl)‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione

2‐Methyl‐1,3‐cyclohexanedione

N
‐Tosyl‐(

S
a

)‐binam‐L‐prolinamide

Methyl vinyl ketone
Stereoselective Nickel‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Hydroboration of 1,3‐Dienes
Authors: Ely Robert J. , Morken James P.
Published: February 2012

Methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide

Potassium
tert
‐butoxide

(
E
)‐Deca‐1,3‐diene

(
Z
)‐Dec‐2‐en‐1‐ol

Hydrogen peroxide

trans
‐2‐Nonenal

Ni(cod)
2
Bis(cyclooctadiene)nickel(0)

Tricyclohexylphosphine

4,4,5,5‐Tetramethyl‐1,3,2‐dioxaborolane
Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles via Palladium‐Catalyzed Annulation of Internal Alk Ynes: 3‐Methyl‐2‐(Trimethylsilyl)Indole
Authors: Chen Yu , Markina Nataliya A. , Yao Tuanli , Larock Richard C.
Published: February 2012

Palladium acetate

Triphenylphosphine

Sodium carbonate

Tetra‐
n
‐butylammonium chloride
N,N
‐Dimethylformamide
1‐Trimethylsilyl‐1‐propyne
An IntramolecularAmination of Aryl Halides with a Combination of Copper (I) Iodide and Cesium Acetate: Preparation of 5,6‐Dimethoxyindole‐1,2‐Dicarboxylic Acid 1‐Benzyl Ester 2‐Methyl Ester
Authors: Noji Toshiharu , Okano Kentaro , Fukuyama Tohru , Tokuyama Hidetoshi
Published: February 2012

6‐Bromoveratraldehyde

Acetic acid, 2‐(dimethoxyphosphinyl)‐2‐[[(phenylmethoxy)carbonyl]‐

amino]‐, methyl ester
1,1,3,3‐Tetramethylguanidine

Dichloromethane

Cesium acetate

Copper(I) iodide

Dimethyl sulfoxide
(

R

)‐3,3′‐bis(9‐Phenanthryl)‐1,1′‐Binaphthalene‐2,2′‐Diyl Hydrogen Phosphate
Authors: Hu Wenhao , Zhou Jing , Xu Xinfang , Liu Weijun , Gong Liuzhu
Published: February 2012

(
R
)‐(+)‐2,2′‐Bis(methoxymethoxy)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl
n
‐Butyllithium

Iodine 9‐Phenanthreneboronic acid

Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) palladium(0)

Phosphorus oxychloridea (
R
)‐2,2′‐Bis(methoxymethoxy)‐3,3′‐diiodo‐1,1′‐ binaphthalene (
R
)‐2,2′‐Bis(methoxymethoxy)‐3,3′‐bis(9‐phenanthryl)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene (
R
)‐3,3′‐Bis(9‐phenanthryl)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐diol (
R
)‐3,3′‐Bis(9‐phenanthryl)‐1,1′‐binaphthalene‐2,2′‐diyl hydrogen phosphate
Mild Conversion of Tertiary Amides to Aldehydes using Cp
2
Zr(H)Cl (Schwartz's Reagent)
Authors: W. Leighty Matthew , T. Spletstoser Jared , I. Georg Gunda
Published: February 2012

Diethylamine

Zirconocene chloride hydride

3,4,5‐Trimethoxybenzoyl chloride

3,4,5‐Trimethoxybenzaldehyde

N,N
‐Diethyl‐3,4,5‐trimethoxybenzamide
A Longitudinal Study of English as Foreign Language Learning: L1 Predictors in Italian Students
Authors: Ferrari Marcella , Palladino Paola
Published: February 2012

The present paper reports findings from a longitudinal study examining the development of English as foreign language learning in a sample of 86 Italian students tested at Grade 6 (mean age 11:3) and Grade 8 (mean age 13:3) . Two measures were examined: one relating to sustained learning ( i.e., English learning attainment), and one to short period development,(i.e., change in English proficiency). Different pattern of predictors were identified among L1 reading (speed and comprehension) and mathematics skills. The main findings indicated that calculation components of mathematics skills and reading comprehension predicted English learning attainments at Grade 8, whilst L1 reading speed at Grade 6 strongly predicted changes in English learning proficiency. The theoretical and empirical implications of the results are discussed in the specificity of a learning direction from a transparent L1 to a non‐transparent L2. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inverse optimal neural control for a class of discrete‐time nonlinear positive systems
Authors: Leon Blanca S. , Alanis Alma Y. , Sanchez Edgar N. , Ruiz‐Velazquez Eduardo , Ornelas‐Tellez Fernando
Published: February 2012

In this paper, a discrete‐time inverse optimal trajectory tracking for a class of nonlinear positive systems is proposed. The scheme is developed for MIMO affine discrete‐time positive nonlinear systems. This optimal controller is based on discrete time passivity and positive systems theory. The advantage of this scheme is that it avoids solving the associated Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation and minimizes a meaningful cost function. The affine discrete‐time positive nonlinear system is obtained from an online neural identifier, which uses a recurrent neural network, trained with the extended Kalman filter. The applicability of the proposed approach is illustrated via simulation by trajectory tracking control of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive approach to the range‐only station‐keeping problem
Authors: Cao Ming , Stephen Morse A.
Published: February 2012

With the use of concepts from switched adaptive control theory plus a special parameterization of the class of 2 × 2 nonsingular matrices, a tractable and provably correct solution is given to the three landmark station‐keeping problems in the plane in which range measurements are the only sensed signals upon which station keeping is to be based. The performance of the overall system degrades gracefully in the face of increasing measurement and misalignment errors, provided that the measurement errors are not too large. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
State‐of‐the‐art and progress in the optimization‐based simultaneous design and control for chemical processes
Authors: Yuan Zhihong , Chen Bingzhen , Sin Gürkan , Gani Rafiqul
Published: February 2012

Significant progress in the area of simultaneous design and control for chemical processes has been achieved and various methodologies have been put forward to address this issue over the last several decades. These methods can be classified in two categories (1) controllability indicator‐based frameworks that are capable of screening alternative designs, and (2) optimization‐based frameworks that integrate the process design and control system design. The major objective is to give an up‐to‐date review of the state‐of‐the‐art and progress in the challenging area of optimization‐based simultaneous design and control. First, motivations and significances of simultaneous design and control are illustrated. Second, a general classification of existing methodologies of optimization‐based simultaneous design and control is outlined. Subsequently, the mathematical formulations and relevant theoretical solution algorithms, their merits, strengths and shortcomings are highlighted. Last, based on the recent advances in this field, challenges and future research directions are discussed briefly. An attempt is made with the help of this review article to stimulate further research and disseminate the simultaneous design methods to challenging problem areas. In particular, the application of optimization‐based simultaneous design and control methods to large‐scale systems with highly inherent nonlinear dynamics often the case in industrial chemical processes remains a challenging task and yet to be solved. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 58: 1640–1659, 2012
Gas holdup of rotating foam reactors measured by γ‐tomography—effect of solid foam pore size and liquid viscosity
Authors: Tschentscher Roman , Schubert Markus , Bieberle Andre , Nijhuis T. Alexander , van der Schaaf John , Hampel Uwe , Schouten Jaap C.
Published: February 2012

Rotating foam reactors have already shown to give high mass transfer rates compared to stirred tank reactors. For a deeper insight into the hydrodynamics of these reactors, the hydrodynamics of rotating foam reactors were studied using γ‐ray tomography. The two‐phase flow through the foam block stirrer is mainly influenced by the solid foam pore size and the liquid viscosity. For low viscosity, the optimal foam block pore size was identified in the range between 10 and 20 pores per inch (ppi). With smaller pore size, the gas holdup inside the foam block strongly increases due to bubble entrapment. For higher viscosity, pore sizes larger than 10 ppi have to be used to achieve a sufficient liquid flow rate through the foam block to avoid a strong gradient over the reactor height. The effect of the hydrodynamics on the gas–liquid and liquid–solid mass transfer and the reactor performance are discussed. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 146–154, 2013
Population‐based screening for anemia using first‐time blood donors
Authors: Mast Alan E. , Steele Whitney R. , Johnson Bryce , Wright David J. , Cable Ritchard G. , Carey Patricia , Gottschall Jerome L. , Kiss Joseph E. , Simon Toby L. , Murphy Edward L. ,   for the NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II) Investigators
Published: February 2012

Anemia is an important public health concern. Data from population‐based surveys such as the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) are the gold standard, but are obtained infrequently and include only small samples from certain minority groups. We assessed whether readily available databases of blood donor hemoglobin values could be used as a surrogate for population hemoglobin values from NHANES. Blood donor venous and fingerstick hemoglobin values were compared to 10,254 NHANES 2005‐2008 venous hemoglobin values using demographically stratified analyses and ANOVA. Fingerstick hemoglobins or hematocrits were converted to venous hemoglobin estimates using regression analysis. Venous hemoglobin values from 1,609 first time donors correlated extremely well with NHANES data across different ages, genders, and demographic groups. Cigarette smoking increased hemoglobin by 0.26–0.59 g/dL depending on the intensity. Converted fingerstick hemoglobin from 36,793 first time donors agreed well with NHANES hemoglobin (weighted mean hemoglobin of 15.53 g/dL for donors and 15.73 g/dL for NHANES) with similar variation in mean hemoglobin by age. However, compared to NHANES, the larger donor data set showed reduced differences in mean hemoglobin between Blacks and other races/ethnicities. Overall, first‐time donor fingerstick hemoglobins approximate US population data and represent a readily available public health resource for ongoing anemia surveillance. Am. J. Hematol. 87:496–502, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Seizure‐induced brain‐borne inflammation sustains seizure recurrence and blood–brain barrier damage
Authors: Librizzi Laura , Noè Francesco , Vezzani Annamaria , de Curtis Marco , Ravizza Teresa
Published: February 2012

Objective:

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent seizures often unresponsive to pharmacological treatment. Brain inflammation is considered a crucial etiopathogenetic mechanism of epilepsy that could be targeted to control seizures. Specific inflammatory mediators overexpressed in human epileptogenic foci are known to promote seizures in animal models. We investigated whether seizures induce brain inflammation independently on extracerebral factors. We also investigated whether brain‐borne inflammation is required and sufficient to maintain seizure activity and whether it causes blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment. We addressed these questions by studying the relation between seizures, inflammation, and BBB permeability in a brain preparation isolated from extracerebral compartments.

Methods:

Epileptiform activity was induced by arterial perfusion of bicuculline in the in vitro isolated guinea pig brain. Seizure‐induced brain inflammation was evaluated by quantitative immunohistochemical analysis of interleukin (IL)‐1β in parenchymal cells. BBB damage was assessed by extravasation of intravascular fluorescein isothiocyanate–albumin. The effects of arterially perfused anakinra, a human recombinant IL‐1β receptor antagonist, were investigated on epileptiform discharges, brain inflammation, and BBB damage.

Results:

Seizure induction in the absence of extracerebral factors promoted the release of IL‐1β from brain resident cells and enhanced its biosynthesis in astrocytes. Anakinra rapidly terminated seizures, prevented their recurrence, and resolved seizure‐associated BBB breakdown.

Interpretation:

Seizures initiate brain inflammation in glia and promote BBB damage that is independent of either leukocytes or blood‐borne inflammatory molecules. Brain inflammation contributes to the duration and recurrence of seizures. This study supports the use of specific anti‐inflammatory drugs in clinical conditions that present with intractable recurrent seizures. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:82–90
CD36 in the periphery and brain synergizes in stroke injury in hyperlipidemia
Authors: Kim Eunhee , Febbraio Maria , Bao Yi , Tolhurst Aaron T. , Epstein Jeffrey M. , Cho Sunghee
Published: February 2012

Objective:

Hyperlipidemia exacerbates ischemic stroke outcome and increases CD36 expression in the postischemic brain as well as in peripheral monocytes/macrophages. By exchanging bone marrow‐derived cells between CD36‐expressing and CD36‐deficient mice, this study investigates the contribution of peripheral CD36 in comparison with that of brain CD36 to stroke pathology in hyperlipidemia.

Methods:

Following bone marrow transplantation, mice were fed a high‐fat diet for 11 weeks and then subjected to ischemic stroke. Stroke outcome, expression of brain CD36, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), CCR2, and plasma MCP‐1 levels were determined at 3 days postischemia. CD36 and CCR2 expression were also determined in splenocytes incubated with serum obtained from CD36‐expressing or CD36‐deficient mice.

Results:

Infiltrating immune cells from the periphery are the major source of CD36 in the postischemic brain and contribute to stroke‐induced brain injury. This CD36 effect was dependent on the modulation of MCP‐1 and CCR2 expression in peripheral immune cells as well as CD36‐expressing cells in the host brain.

Interpretation:

This study demonstrates that CD36 expressed in the periphery and brain synergize in ischemic brain injury through regulation of the MCP‐1/CCR2 chemokine axis in hyperlipidemic conditions. ANN NEUROL 2012;71:753–764
Switching off micturition using deep brain stimulation at midbrain sites
Authors: Green Alexander L. , Stone Ella , Sitsapesan Holly , Turney Benjamin W. , Coote John H. , Aziz Tipu Z. , Hyam Jonny A. , Lovick Thelma A.
Published: February 2012

Most of the time the bladder is locked in storage mode, switching to voiding only when it is judged safe and/or socially appropriate to urinate. Here we show, in humans and rodents, that deep brain stimulation in the periaqueductal gray matter can rapidly and reversibly manipulate switching within the micturition control circuitry, to defer voiding and maintain urinary continence, even when the bladder is full. Manipulation of neural continence pathways by deep brain stimulation may offer new avenues for the treatment of urinary incontinence of central origin. Ann Neurol 2012;72:144–147
Eine faszinierende Reise in die Geschichte: Isonitrile als Ausgangsverbindungen für komplexe Amide
Authors: Wilson Rebecca M. , Stockdill Jennifer L. , Wu Xiangyang , Li Xuechen , Vadola Paul A. , Park Peter K. , Wang Ping , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: February 2012

In diesem Aufsatz berichten wir über unsere jüngsten Forschungen auf dem Gebiet der Isonitrile, die zur Entwicklung mehrerer breit anwendbarer Kupplungsmethoden zur Bildung von Peptidyl‐ und Glycopeptidyl‐Amidbindungen geführt haben. Weiterhin beschreiben wir die Anwendung dieser Methoden auf die Synthesen komplexer Verbindungen, darunter das cyclische Peptid Cyclosporin A, konformativ gehinderte Peptide und Heterocyclen.
A Fascinating Journey into History: Exploration of the World of Isonitriles En Route to Complex Amides
Authors: Wilson Rebecca M. , Stockdill Jennifer L. , Wu Xiangyang , Li Xuechen , Vadola Paul A. , Park Peter K. , Wang Ping , Danishefsky Samuel J.
Published: February 2012

We describe herein our recent explorations in the field of isonitrile chemistry. An array of broadly useful coupling methodologies has been developed for the formation of peptidyl and glycopeptidyl amide bonds. We further describe the application of these methods to the syntheses of complex systems, including the cyclic peptide cyclosporine A, constrained peptide systems, and heterocycles.
Application of the parallel adaptive genetic simulated annealing algorithm for the synthesis of heat exchanger networks
Authors: Zhao Chao , Xu Qiaoling , An Aimin
Published: February 2012

A robust hybrid genetic algorithm that can be used to solve process synthesis problems with mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) models is developed. The proposed hybrid approach constructs an efficient genetic simulated annealing algorithm for global search, whereas the iterative hill climbing method as a local search technique is incorporated into genetic simulated annealing loop to speed up the convergence of the algorithm. To efficiently locate quality solutions to complex nonconvex MINLP problems, a self‐adaptive scheme is developed in the parallel adaptive genetic simulated annealing to maintain a better tradeoff between the global and local search, which can improve the convergence speed and computational efficiency compared with some other hybrid genetic algorithm methods. For the evaluations, we use some well‐known standard benchmark functions. The computational results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the present approach. Further, the proposed algorithm is tailored to find optimum solution to heat exchanger network synthesis problem. The results presented prove that the proposed method is a very efficient global optimization tool for large dimensional, nonconvex MINLP problems. © 2012 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Immobilization of copper(II)‐poly(N‐vinylimidazole) complex on magnetic nanoparticles and its catalysis of oxidative polymerization of 2,6‐dimethylphenol in water
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhang Wenli , Shentu Baoqing , Gu Cheng , Weng Zhixue
Published: February 2012

Poly(N‐vinylimidazole) (PVI) was grafted onto magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles through siloxane bonds to produce PVI‐grafted Fe3O4 nanoparticles (shortened as Fe3O4‐g‐PVI). The amount of imidazolyl groups in Fe3O4‐g‐PVI was estimated to be 1.16 mmol/g by elemental analysis and thermal gravimetric analysis. The Fe3O4‐g‐PVI coordinated with Cu(II) to form the immobilized Cu(II)‐PVI complex. The stoichiometric ratio between imidazolyl groups in Fe3O4‐g‐PVI and Cu(II) was found to be 4 and the complex formation constant (K) was calculated to be 5.6 × 1014 mol−4 L4. The immobilized Cu(II)‐PVI complex was employed to catalyze the oxidative polymerization of 2,6‐dimethylphenol (DMP) in water and showed excellent CO/CC selectivity to form PPO. After polymerization, the immobilized Cu(II)‐PVI complex catalyst was collected by an external magnetic field and reused in the next run with additional immobilized catalyst and copper ions. After three runs of oxidative polymerization of DMP, the recovery rate of the immobilized Cu(II)‐PVI catalyst was above 95% and the yield of PPO maintained as high as 79.2% with the addition of supplementary catalysts. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Development and characterization of a novolac resin/BaTiO3 nanoparticles composite system
Authors: Asimakopoulos I. , Zoumpoulakis L. , Psarras G. C.
Published: February 2012

Polymer composites incorporating ferroelectric and piezoelectric crystal particles, randomly distributed within the host matrix, represent a novel class of materials. In this study, composite materials consisted of novolac resin and barium titanate nanoparticles were prepared and examined, varying the nanofiller content. Structural characterization was conducted via X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Mechanical and dielectric properties were examined by employing bending and shear strength tests and broadband dielectric spectroscopy, respectively. Bending and shear strength found to decrease with the filler content. Dielectric permittivity was found to increase significantly with filler content, and the detected relaxation processes were attributed to interfacial polarization, glass to rubber transition of the matrix, and reorientation of polar side groups of the polymer chain. Although, the mechanical performance of the examined systems seems not to be attractive in applications due to its brittleness, nanocomposites' dielectric response could be proved interesting in electrical and electronic devices applications. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Evaluation of the complex hygrothermal behaviors of epoxy–amine systems
Authors: Choi Sungwon , Phantu Andrea , Douglas Elliot P.
Published: February 2012

In this study, the complex hygrothermal behavior of two epoxy systems used for strengthening applications was studied. In these systems, property loss by plasticization simultaneously occurred with property gain during additional curing. A comparison of the changes in the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and crosslink density with water immersion at different temperatures clearly showed that the two effects of additional curing by a postcuring reaction and plasticization by water absorption were in competition with each other during the exposure. The changes in the conversion with different exposure conditions suggested that water accelerated the postcuring reaction, even at low temperatures; this resulted in a significant difference in the postcuring reaction between unexposed and exposed epoxies. The construction of the plot of Tg versus conversion for the unexposed system and the placement of the Tg for exposed systems onto this master plot provided a method for evaluating the plasticization effect while excluding the influence of additional curing. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
On the characterization of sodium alginate/gelatine‐based hydrogels for wound dressing
Authors: Saarai Amarjargal , Sedlacek Tomas , Kasparkova Vera , Kitano Takeshi , Saha Petr
Published: February 2012

In this study, sodium alginate/gelatine (SA/G) hydrogels were prepared to obtain wound dressing with good, moist, healing, and biocompatibility properties. The physicochemical properties of hydrogels were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a swelling test. Dynamic viscoelastic properties including the storage, loss moduli, G′ and G″, and loss angle, tan delta of both freshly prepared and swelled gels were examined in oscillatory experiments. Its results revealed that tested SA/G hydrogels exhibit highly elastic behavior similar to the viscoelastic response of human skin. Based on the performed analysis, it could be suggested that the SA/G hydrogel is a potential wound dressing material providing and maintaining the adequate moist environment required to prevent scab formation and the dehydration of the wound bed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012