bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Privacy Issues in Internet Surveys
Authors: Cho Hyunyi , Larose Robert
Published: April 2009

Surveys administered over the Internet have been plagued by low response rates and at times have provoked respondent rebellions against researchers who stand accused of broadcasting noxious unwanted e-mail or “spam.” This article examines the issue from the perspective of social science research on privacy in an effort to understand the unique privacy context of Internet-based survey research. Online surveyors commit multiple violations of physical, informational, and psychological privacy that can be more intense than those found in conventional survey methods. Internet surveys also invade the interactional privacy of online communities, a form of privacy invasion seldom encountered with traditional survey methods. The article concludes with recommendations for improving response rates to online surveys using accepted privacy protection practices already found on the Internet as well as emerging Internet technologies.
Organizational Social Capital and Nonprofits
Authors: Schneider Jo Anne
Published: April 2009

Social capital has become a popular concept in nonprofit studies but, given confusion over its definition, it is not as widely used as it could be in organizational analysis. In addition, much of the social capital research in nonprofit studies focuses either on the role of nonprofits in fostering civic engagement or on the ways that nonprofits build social capital for individuals associated with the organization. This article has a different focus. It examines the role of organizational social capital in nonprofits.
Glacial remobilization cycles as revealed by lateral moraine sediment, Bødalsbreen glacier foreland, western Norway
Authors: Burki Valentin , Larsen Eiliv , Fredin Ola , Nesje Atle
Published: April 2009

The proglacial area of Bødalsbreen glacier in western Norway contains nine moraine ridges formed at the maximum of the `Little Ice Age' (~AD 1755) and during the subsequent glacier retreat (AD 1767—2000). The frontal moraines are composed of a sandy diamicton, whereas the lateral ones consist of only boulder-sized clasts without any matrix. These lateral moraines seemingly are composed of a very high proportion of mature clasts, a notion supported by detailed clast roundness and shape analyses. Furthermore, there is evidence for a decline in clast maturity between the outer (older) three and the inner (younger) three moraine ridges. This decline is interpreted as a change from recycled to freshly plucked clasts. Thus, the more mature clasts in the outer moraines are thought to consist of sediment that has been recycled in the glacial system, whereas the less mature clasts on the inner moraine ridges comprise younger glacially, freshly plucked material. The Holocene glacial history of the study area with a considerably fluctuating ice margin allowed much of the sediment in the catchment to undergo several cycles of erosion, transport and deposition. Moreover, an undulating subglacial topography with several major depressions may have acted as efficient sediment traps during deglaciation phases and as sediment sources during glacial advances. The concept of glacial sediment recycling may thus be applicable to many glaciers around the world, particularly those with a history of intensive glacier fluctuations.
Talus structure and evolution on sandstone mountains in NW Scotland
Authors: Hinchliffe Simon , Ballantyne Colin K.
Published: April 2009

Twelve gully-wall sections excavated in the upper rectilinear slope of three talus accumulations in NW Scotland reveal a common stratigraphy, similar to that previously described elsewhere in upland Britain: a lower unit of in situ rockfall debris and an upper unit of debris-flow and/or slopewash deposits, often overlying or intercalated with buried organic soils. The upper unit indicates downslope reworking of sediments derived from the top of the talus. Radiocarbon dating of buried organic soils implies that the onset of talus reworking was asynchronous, and occurred before 6.6—7.0 cal. kyr BP at one site (roughly 5.0 kyr after deglaciation) but after c. 2.7 cal. kyr BP at another. A general model for talus evolution in upland Britain is proposed, based on the geomorphological, stratigraphic and dating evidence of this and earlier studies. This comprises: (1) initial accumulation of rockfall debris within a few millennia following deglaciation; (2) near-cessation of rockfall accumulation and development of gullies near the talus crest, with concomitant redistribution of eroded talus sediments on the upper slope by debris flows and slopewash; (3) downslope extension of gullies with associated erosion of both talus and overlying debris-flow and slopewash deposits, and redistribution of these sediments as slope-foot debris cones. This sequence can be explained as an intrinsic response to diminution of paraglacial rockfall inputs, and does not necessarily imply any change in climate, frequency of extreme rainstorm events or other extrinsic effects.
Tentativeness and insistence in the expression of politeness in Margaret Cavendish’s Sociable Letters
Authors: Fitzmaurice Susan
Published: April 2009

This article explores some of the ways in which speaker subjectivity, especially the expression of tentativeness and insistence, is grammaticalized in the language of CCXI Sociable Letters, written by Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle (1664). Specifically, I examine some semantic-pragmatic meanings that might be associated with the English modal verbs can, may and will in Cavendish’s epistolary discourse. I argue that although these verbs exhibit the syntactic properties of fully-fledged auxiliaries by this time, their modern grammatical meanings (such as future time reference) are not yet fixed, allowing the pragmatic inference of a range of speaker-meanings in the context of this text. These meanings play a role in constructing different modal stances or attitudes for Cavendish’s speaker, such as tentativeness and its converse, insistence. I am interested in how the modal verbs might be understood as contributing to the linguistic expression of politeness in these early modern epistolary essays.1
‘Barometer Couple’: balance and parallelism in Margaret Atwood’s Power Politics
Authors: Somacarrera Pilar
Published: April 2009

Feminist criticism has traditionally interpreted Margaret Atwood’s poetry collection Power Politics (1971) as an account of victimization of women by men, in spite of the author’s complaints about this limitation of the meaning of these texts. Rather than being victims, the subjects of these poems (‘you’/‘I’) constitute an inseparable dyad who inflict pain on each other while they are ineluctably dependent on each other. In this article I use terms from classical rhetoric (isocolon, chiasmus, anadiplosis and epanorthosis) in the analysis of the poems, with a view to explicating the nature of the relationship between their two subjects. I focus on the study of parallelism, which although it has been recognized as a feature of Margaret Atwood’s poetry, has not been studied systematically. The use of this rhetorical scheme in Power Politics is related to three main functions: definition, balance and reasoning. Through the rhetorical analysis of these functions, I argue that the poems are written with the persuasive intention of undermining certain destructive myths which have prevailed in the relationships between men and women.
Salient ordering of free verse and its translation
Authors: Wójcik-Leese Elzbieta
Published: April 2009

In the first Polish attempt to systematically describe free verse Urbafska (1995) argues that this poetic form requires ‘visual perception during mental (silent) reading’. As free verse gradually adapts to late 20th-century culture, where the visual supersedes the oral, the intonation and rhythm of a poem increasingly come to depend on its graphic segmentation. Consequently, the visual design of the poem constitutes its meaning. As cognitive linguistics admits that sensory imagery, also visual, ‘plays a substantial role in conceptual and semantic structure’ (Langacker, 1983), it seems possible to employ the cognitive parameters of focal adjustments to analyse a poem composed in free verse. If we assume that reading such a poem involves ‘scanning through a domain’ of the page and ‘along a line’ of the poem ‘until a contrast is registered’ (Langacker, 1983), then we can discuss the whole poem in terms of the figure/ground organization. The whole poem can thus be treated both as the figure in itself and as the background to each of the verses, which demands from its readers constant readjustment of the viewpoint. Therefore the awareness of the cognitive strategies of focal adjustments may help to analyse syntactic and stylistic resources of the salient ordering offered by free verse. Moreover, it may assist the translation of poems composed in free verse and the assessment of translated texts.
Negation in discourse: a text world approach to Joseph Heller’s Catch-22
Authors: Hidalgo-Downing Laura
Published: April 2009

This article presents a discourse-based approach to negation by applying text world theory to the analysis of negation in the novel Catch-22, by Joseph Heller (1986 [1961]), The model developed for the analysis of negation is based on Werth’s (1999) notion of negation as a subworld which modifies information which is present in the common ground of the discourse. By so doing, negation contributes to the general discourse function of updating information in the text world. Additionally, negation may form part of contradictory structures which, being self-contained units, do not contribute to the updating discourse function but, rather, seem to block the flow of information. The analysis of the functions of negation is framed within a broader framework of stylistic analysis, where the objective is to discuss how the foregrounded nature of negation as a recursive feature in Catch-22 may have a defamiliarizing effect. The argument put forward in this article is that negation plays a crucial role in the expression of a conflict between what is presented as real and what is presented as not real in the fictional world; this conflict, in its turn, has important consequences for the way the story develops and the way major themes of the novel are treated.
Linguistic metaphor identification in two extracts from novels
Authors: Heywood John , Semino Elena , Short Mick
Published: April 2009

This article examines a series of issues involved in identifying metaphors in texts. Metaphor identification is, in turn, a fundamental part of the more complex issue of how to relate linguistic metaphors in texts to the conceptual metaphors of cognitive metaphor theory. In section 1 we list a number of general issues involved in metaphor identification. In sections 2 and 3 we examine two short fictional extracts from novels written in the 1990s (one from popular fiction and one from serious fiction), relating our detailed analyses to the general questions raised at the beginning of the article. We thus raise and exemplify a series of issues which do not have easy resolutions but which must be grasped (a) if a corpus-based approach to metaphor is to become a reality and (b) if the relations between conceptual and linguistic metaphors are to be fully understood. Interestingly, this attempt to be extremely detailed and systematic in turn leads us to comment on differences in aesthetic effects between the use of metaphors in the two extracts examined.
Metaphor identification and analysis, classification and quantification
Authors: Crisp Peter , Heywood John , Steen Gerard
Published: April 2009

Identifying metaphorically used words in the way we have proposed in the other articles in this special issue inevitably leads to the detection of recurring structural patterns of metaphor usage. It is the aim of the present article to explore these patterns in a systematic fashion and develop a taxomony of the propositional structure of metaphors. As a preliminary step, a decision has to be made about the units of discourse within which one may examine patterns of the propositional structure of metaphorical language. This article has adopted the position that all non-downgraded clauses, in the manner of Mann and Thompson’s Rhetorical Structure Theory (1988), would be the most eligible candidate.

Inside the boundaries of these text units, we have found single as opposed to multiple metaphor, simple as opposed to complex metaphor, pure as opposed to mixed metaphor, and restricted as opposed to extended metaphor. Moreover, these four oppositions may also be combined with each other. Of the 16 logically possible combinations, 2 are ruled out, but the other 14 combinations present just as many structural types of metaphor.

We then move on to discuss how such a taxonomy may be used in the quantitative characterization of the metaphorical style of an author. We show how the taxonomy may be applied at various levels of measurement, ranging from the word through the proposition to the text unit itself. Another possibility is to perform these measurements at the level of metaphorical mappings, which is the option we have chosen to apply to two stretches of fiction, by Sara Maitland and Salman Rushdie. The provisional results of this analysis are then finally presented and discussed.
Temporal traps: simultaneous phase and narrative transitions in Conrad
Authors: Ireland Ken
Published: April 2009

The article surveys the device of simultaneous phase and its subdivisions, as a category of narrative transition within the larger rubric of sequential dynamics. Nineteenth-century examples, from Gaskell and Flaubert to Hardy and James, display various overt types, often anticipating cinematic techniques, while other categories of transition, in Maupassant and Moore, feature both overt and covert forms of ellipsis. Two decades prior to Joyce’s large-scale exploitation of multiple simultaneous phase, in his ‘Wandering Rocks’ chapter of Ulysses, Conrad supplies a striking instance of false simultaneous phase in his short story, Typhoon, of 1903. Its covert effect is confirmed only in retrospect by the delayed presentation of temporal data, and its juxtaposition of different temporal levels is apparent only to a specialist reader. Not only does the example bridge the technical devices employed by the earlier and later Conrad, but it raises intriguing questions about reader expectations, competence and the value of the retrospective illumination of texts.
‘I want to be a prime minister’, or what linguistic choice can do for campaigning politicians
Authors: Tenorio Encarnación Hidalgo
Published: April 2009

The aim of this article is to analyse the strategies that politicians can use in order to defeat their political adversaries. To this end, I have put some ideas developed by discourse analysts to the test, taping some of the speeches, interviews and debates of the 2000 electoral campaign in Andalusia (Spain), scrutinizing the four main candidates’ most significant discursive devices and paying special attention to the way they interact with each other, their interviewers and the audience in their political meetings. In this way, I have tried to see whether their different political persuasions may produce a characteristically different distinctive linguistic style, whether gender might influence their choice of discourse structures, and the extent to which the winning candidate’s linguistic idiosyncrasies might have contributed to his success.
Towards a theory of poetic change
Authors: McCully C. B.
Published: April 2009

This article1 provides an overview of the processes of structural change in poetic form(s), and aims to put those processes into a diachronic and conceptual framework. It is argued here, with reference to a wide range of examples drawn mainly (though not exclusively) from English, that poetic change can be seen to fall into four broad categories, adaptive change, assimilative change, typological change, and reactive change. The article concludes with an analysis of the reactive changes involved in the coming of non-metrical verse to the English poetic canon.
Speaking sincerely: public reactions to the death of Diana
Authors: Montgomery Martin
Published: April 2009

This article explores some aspects of public speaking in the mediated public sphere by examining the verbal tributes offered by the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair, by the Queen and by Earl Spencer in the aftermath of the death of Diana, Princess of Wales. It considers some of the linguistic properties of these three public utterances, but focuses mainly on the ways in which they were assessed by members of ‘the public’, in order to explore possible changes to the discursive character of the public sphere.1
From text to performance: interpretation or traduction? Trevor Griffiths’ Fatherland, as directed by Ken Loach
Authors: Clark Romy
Published: April 2009

In the collaborative arts such as the theatre and the cinema the struggle over interpretation is central. In order to explore the issue of interpretation, in this article I compare the print text (screenplay) of Trevor Griffiths’ Fatherland with the realized performance text as directed by Ken Loach. I argue that because of Loach’s views about the role of the written text, the role of the actor/character and his concept of naturalism in performance, he goes beyond legitimate interpretation of the written text and ends up traducing it. I also suggest that the circumstances of production of the film - a European co-production for cinema and television distribution with an ‘international’ cast - contribute to this traduction. I illustrate my argument by comparing the discursive practices of Griffiths and Loach and by analysing one key scene.
Common language: corpus, creativity and cognition
Authors: Carter Ronald
Published: April 2009

This article takes further debates concerning the nature of literary language and the presence of literariness in a range of discourses by exploring the extent to which everyday conversational discourse displays literary properties. The article argues that the inherent creativity of so-called ‘ordinary’, ‘everyday’ language has been overlooked by researchers, who have tended to focus on literary texts or on more obviously creative discourse such as advertising language. The data explored in this article are drawn from the CANCODE project which is one of the most extensive collections of informal spoken English currently available. The main argument developed is that both social and psychological models are needed to explain the phenomena of ‘pattern-developing’ and ‘pattern-forming’ which are described in the collected data.1
The pragmatics of detection: Paul Auster’s City of Glass
Authors: Chapman Siobhan , Routledge Christopher
Published: April 2009

This article considers the agreed conventions that underlie linguistic interaction. In particular, it treats literary texts as a form of language in use, dependent on the same principles of interaction as any other discourse. An analysis of Paul Auster’s City of Glass demonstrates that presuppositions operating between characters in the novel, and between the novel and the reader, are liable to failure, without catastrophic effect on the discourse. Generic conventions (in this case those of detective fiction) are defined as a set of presuppositions, in that they consist of agreed parameters or ‘limits’ for the discourse. Auster’s novel suggests that generic conventions and presuppositions in discourse are equally normative; as such their stability is not guaranteed. This approach problematizes Sperber and Wilson’s (1995: 261) implication that the search for relevance in human interaction is involuntary in that it suggests that the process by which meaning is constructed in discourse is normative, and can therefore be suspended.
Level of Formalisation of Human Resource Management in Small and Medium Enterprises in India
Authors: Singh Manjari , Vohra Neharika
Published: April 2009

In this article, the current state of management of human resources in Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in India is explored. The owner-managers play important roles in managing human resources in SMEs. The direct involvement of the owner manager also leads to ad hoc and informal HR practices. However, formal HRM systems can help increase performance. This study specifically examines the level of formalisation of human resource management in small and medium enterprises in India. Formalisation is defined as the extent to which regular and written-up procedures exists, a stated policy is in place, and a specialist designs and executes the HR systems. Data were collected using a questionnaire from 89 small enterprises and 54 medium enterprises on the level of formalisation of twelve HR functions. It was found that the level of formalisation of HRM systems in SMEs was low and owner-managers played a central role in the HR functions of their enterprises. Compared to small enterprises, the level of formalisation was found to be higher for medium enterprises. The level of formalisation increased with increase in employee strength. An inverse relationship between the extent of involvement of the owner-manager in managing human resources and the existence of a formal policy for HRM was evidenced. Implications of decisions by owner-managers to keep HR functions informal or formal in small and medium enterprises are discussed. It is necessary for SMEs to find ways in which formal and flexible systems can co-exist.
Party Politics and Political Violence in Bangladesh
Authors: Moniruzzaman M.
Published: April 2009

This article analyses the causes, manifestation and consequences of political violence in Bangladesh. The analysis is based on two arguments: first, that there is a cyclical relationship between inter-party conflict, political violence, and inter-party enmity; and secondly, inter-party conflict and violence at the horizontal level leads to political non-cooperation and stalemate at the vertical level between the ruling party and the opposition. Political violence emerges from a deep rooted political culture of intolerance, antagonism, revenge and arrogance. Apparent immediate causes of political violence are expressions of underlying differences and rifts along the lines of ideological, political, religious and institutional dimensions. Political violence results in distrust, institutionalisation of violence as a legitimate means of political expression and socialisation of violence-politics for the new generation of party loyalists.
The Effectiveness of Three Inpatient Intervention Strategies for Chemically Dependent Women
Authors: Dodge Karen , Potocky-Tripodi Miriam
Published: April 2009

Objective: This study investigated the effectiveness of three inpatient substance abuse intervention strategies for women: female-sensitive treatment, mixed-gender treatment, and combination mixed-gender/female-sensitive treatment. Method: Eighty-nine women in three treatment facilities were evaluated over a 3-month period on levels of self-esteem, social support, depression, and severity of addiction. It was hypothesized that (1) these women would exhibit lower levels of self-esteem and perceived social support and higher levels of depression compared to the median scores of each instrument and (2) women in all three groups would experience improvement on the outcome variables over the 3-month period, with the female-sensitive intervention producing the greatest improvement. Results: Results supported Hypothesis 1 for social support but not depression or self-esteem. Hypothesis 2 was not supported; none of the groups improved on any outcome measures. Conclusion: The results underscore the necessity for more research on effectiveness of various treatment approaches for chemically dependent women.
Evaluating Brief Structured Group Treatment of Depression
Authors: Rice Angie H.
Published: April 2009

Objective: An evaluation of the effectiveness of an innovative brief group treatment model for depression. Method: Data were analyzed using seven outcome measures on 59 participants at an outpatient community mental health center. The structured model was compared to a brief supportive group model and a wait-list control group. Results: Findings indicated that members of the structured groups improved significantly on five of the seven measures in relation to the wait-list control group, whereas the alternate groups improved significantly on only two measures in relation to the wait-list control group. However, there were no statistically significant differences between the structured and alternate groups on the measures. Group leadership and group process measures were also analyzed and found to have no significant effects. Conclusion: The brief structured group model is an effective treatment for depression with a community mental health center population in relation to a wait-list control group.
The Status of Community Organizing in 2001: Community Practice Context, Complexities, Contradictions, and Contributions
Authors: Mizrahi Terry
Published: April 2009

As social work begins its second century, it has a “back to the community” ring to it. Community practice in myriad forms is commanding a greater space and place in social work education and practice, not only as a major area of specialization but also in the generalist BSW and MSW curricula. Community practice is also growing because of special interest groups such as the Association for Community Organization and Social Administration and the research and program development interests of faculty in community collaborations and other innovations in the field. Job opportunities, programs, conditions, and policies of these times all point to the growing need for skilled and principled professionals to collectively address the issues facing the people and places left out of the U.S. economic boom at the end of the 20th century and to sustain thriving and inclusive communities.
Coming to Terms With the Business of Direct Practice Social Work
Authors: Franklin Cynthia
Published: April 2009

This article discusses the current work experiences of direct practice social workers. Examples from the practices of social workers are used to illustrate that the work settings of direct practitioners are extremely competitive and marketing oriented. This article also discusses the business practices of social work versus the stated mission of the profession. Information is presented to conclude that the emphasis on charity and social reform should be reconsidered and framed differently in light of the social work profession’s professional status and the work experiences of direct practitioners.
Can Empirical Clinical Practice Techniques Improve Social Work Outcomes?
Authors: Faul Anna C. , McMurtry Steven L. , Hudson Walter W.
Published: April 2009

Objective: To determine whether empirical clinical practice (ECP) techniques such as the use of standardized scales and single-subject designs are associated with improved outcomes for clients. Method: One group of clients was served by workers who used ECP techniques in combination with a standard intervention; a second group was served by workers who used only the intervention. Results: Clients whose workers used ECP techniques showed significantly greater reductions in problem severity than clients in the comparison group. No significant differences were found between groups with respect to reductions in number of client problems or client satisfaction at posttest. Conclusions: Design limitations, including the study’s inability to randomly assign workers to groups, mean its findings must be considered tentative. However, the results suggest that combining an intervention with the use of ECP techniques may positively affect client outcomes beyond the effect of the intervention alone.
Reliability and Validity of the Daily Living Activities Scale: A Functional Assessment Measure for Severe Mental Disorders
Authors: Scott Roger L. , Presmanes Willa S.
Published: April 2009

Objective: Two studies evaluated the validity and reliability of the Daily Living Activities Scale (DLA), a 20-item functional assessment measure for adults with severe mental disorders. Method: The first study evaluated the internal consistency and interrater reliability of the DLA scoring for 85 clients with severe mental disorders currently receiving services from one of five different treatment programs. In the second study, symptomatology and functional assessment data were collected for 886 clients at time of admission to three different levels of care in community treatment and support services and at the time of 6-month progress reviews. Results: Internal consistency and interrater reliability were adequate. Criterion-related validity was evidenced by the ability of DLA scores to differentiate consumers in different levels of care and by diagnostic categories. Conclusions: Study findings provide evidence of the usefulness of the DLA to support the functional assessment data needs of service providers.
Patient Satisfaction with Manualized Versus Standard Interventions in a Managed Care Context
Authors: Mitchell Christopher G.
Published: April 2009

Objective: This article reviews the current debate surrounding the use of manualized treatments within behavioral health settings and presents the results of an exploratory study (N = 230) that examined client satisfaction with structured, time-limited treatment versus unstructured individualized treatment. Method: The study employed a survey design using the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-8) to determine levels of client satisfaction with the two distinct treatment options: standardized group treatment versus unstructured, individual therapy. Results: The data suggest that clients are equally satisfied with both types of intervention and that this satisfaction is consistent across descriptive variables. Conclusions: The report concludes with a discussion of the implications of these findings for social work practitioners and administrators and the implications for future research.
An Assessment of the Utility of the Child Behavior Checklist/4-18 for Social Work Practice
Authors: Early Theresa J. , Gregoire Thomas K. , McDonald Thomas P.
Published: April 2009

The objective of this article was to analyze the structure of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), which is often used to measure children’s emotional and behavioral problems. Considering its potential uses in social work, we logically deduced the optimal format for each use. Confirmatory factor analysis of the CBCL problem scales was the method conducted. Three alternative models were also proposed and tested. Data analyzed were parent responses from two clinical samples consisting of 542 children ages 3 to 18 years old living in Oregon or North Carolina. The CBCL author’s eight-correlated-factor model was confirmed. The data also fit the three alternative models to varying degrees. Conclusions reached were that the original model was judged most useful for diagnosis; the one-, two-, and three-factor models all were useful for screening; and individual items were most useful for treatment planning and outcome assessment. Using only the original internalizing and externalizing scores is not recommended.
Development and Evaluation of the Adherence Attitude Inventory
Authors: Lewis Sarah J. , Abell Neil
Published: April 2009

The Adherence Attitude Inventory is a 28-item Likert-type scaled rapid assessment instrument that consists of four distinct constructs (cognitive functioning, patient-provider communication, self-efficacy, and commitment to adherence) that are related to adherence to medication. Although the Adherence Attitude Inventory is not HIV specific, the authors created it in response to a call by the HIV community for instrument development. The focus of this article is on instrument development and pilot testing of psychometric properties.
The Institute for the Advancement of Social Work Research: Strengthening Social Work Research in Practice and Policy
Authors: Zlotnik Joan Levy , Biegel David E. , Solt Barbara E.
Published: April 2009

This article discusses efforts over the past decade to strengthen social work research; in particular, the role of the Institute for the Advancement of Social Work Research (IASWR) is highlighted. Activities that IASWR has undertaken to build research infrastructure, to advance the knowledge base of the profession, and to strengthen the relationship of research to practice and policy are discussed. The article concludes with a review of the current status of social work research and the presentation of IASWR’s 3-year Strategic Plan, 2001-2003, focused on continued efforts to strengthen social work research through Research Development, Research to Practice, and Research to Policy.
The Politics of Social Work Research
Authors: Karger Howard J.
Published: April 2009

Although the author agrees that refereed journals play a key role in knowledge dissemination, Pardeck and Meinert only look at a small piece of the problem. Missing is the politics of how social work research is judged worthy of dissemination. The response examines how social work organizations promote scholarship that is political rather than content driven. The author argues that the latent role of the Social Work editorial board is political gatekeeping, keeping out ideas that threaten the ideology of the social work profession. This is done by not providing a welcome environment or a fair hearing for research that contradicts the ideological assumptions of the profession. The result is a lack of intellectual diversity in Social Work.
Ensuring Standards in Social Work Research
Authors: Lindsey Duncan
Published: April 2009

The strength of a profession derives from its knowledge base. Researchers in medicine, engineering, and business have amassed a critical body of empirically tested knowledge that empowers their practitioners. The development of a knowledge base requires social institutions that encourage and reward research. One of the most critical institutions for the development of knowledge is a profession’s peer review journals. The journals allow the profession to accurately and fairly assess the quality and importance of research occurring within the profession. The concept of peer review ensures researchers that editorial board members who have demonstrated the knowledge and background necessary to understand the complexities of submitted work are judging their work. Pardeck and Meinert’s findings raise doubts about the adequacy of the peer-review process for the profession’s main journal, Social Work. The author argues that the problem is even wider, affecting appointments to the Encyclopedia, endowed chairs, and more.
Clinical Practice Guidelines: Should Social Work Develop Them?
Authors: Jackson Vivian H.
Published: April 2009

The author affirms the need for social work practice guidelines but poses some cautions and challenges regarding their development. Guidelines represent an important tool to support both the practice and the advocacy missions of the profession. The content of these guidelines must be flexible, reflect interdisciplinary practice, and address the multiple roles that social workers play with clients and their families. The guideline development process will need to confront the practical challenges that have the potential for derailing this type of endeavor. Those challenges include resistance to change, inadequate financing, and struggle about auspice.
Practice Guidelines in Social Work: A Reply, or “Our Glass Is Half Full”
Authors: Williams Janet B. W. , Lanigan John
Published: April 2009

To facilitate the development of truly useful practice guidelines, the authors suggest the development of a social work practice network for research, involving a nationwide pool of clinical social workers coordinated by a central committee of researchers and practitioners. This network would generate naturalistic social work research much more relevant to practice than isolated controlled studies. Steps toward developing such a practice network are described.
The Effects of Aggression Replacement Training on Male and Female Antisocial Behavior in a Runaway Shelter
Authors: Nugent William R. , Bruley Charlene , Allen Patricia
Published: April 2009

Objective: A field study was conducted to test the effect of Aggression Replacement Training on male and female antisocial behavior in a runaway shelter. Method: An interrupted time series design was used in this study. The case records of 522 adolescents who stayed in a runaway shelter over a 519-day period were reviewed and measures of antisocial behavior obtained. Results: The results suggested that the implementation of the Aggression Replacement Training was associated with a decrease in male and female antisocial behavior in the shelter and that the effect on male antisocial behavior depended on the number of males in the shelter. Conclusion: The results suggested that the Aggression Replacement Training may be a useful component of a multicomponent approach to reducing juvenile antisocial behavior in a short-term residential setting.
Establishing Individualized Goals in a Supported Education Intervention: Program Influences on Goal-Setting and Attainment
Authors: Collins Mary Elizabeth , Mowbray Carol T. , Bybee Deborah
Published: April 2009

Objectives: Support for goal-setting and attainment is a frequent component of social work interventions aimed at fostering client growth. This study investigated goal-setting and attainment in the Michigan Supported Education Research Project, an intervention that provides support for adults with psychiatric disabilities to engage in postsecondary education. Method: An experimental design with three conditions was used and data was collected at five time points. The sample included 397 adults. Results: Results indicate increased complexity of goal statements over time. Goals became more specific for those in the treatment conditions and for those who were high participants. Multivariate models found that selecting school as the most important goal was a significant factor in predicting later enrollment. Conclusions: Interventions can influence the goals that are set by individuals. Because of its importance to social work practice, researchers and practitioners should pay more explicit attention to goal-setting.
Cancer Support Groups: Client Outcome and the Context of Group Process
Authors: Magen Randy H. , Glajchen Myra
Published: April 2009

Objective: This project had two questions: (a) To what extent did clients improve after participation in the cancer support groups? and (b) What was the relationship between outcome and clients’ perceptions of group process? Method: Clients participating in 12 cancer support groups were administered the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), a consumer satisfaction questionnaire, and a self-report version of Yalom’s Curative Factors Questionnaire. Results: BSI results pointed to statistically significant reductions in emotional distress. About one third of the clients moved into the normative distribution of the BSI from the distressed distribution. The group processes with the highest mean scores were cohesion, existential factors, instillation of hope, altruism, and universality. There were no significant correlations between BSI scores and group processes. Conclusion: These results are discussed in terms of the need to identify both the outcome and process of support group participation as well as establish an empirical link between the two.
Multiple Family Groups: An Alternative for Reducing Disruptive Behavioral Difficulties of Urban Children
Authors: McKay Mary M. , Gonzales Jude , Quintana Elena , Kim Lisa , Abdul-Adil Jaleel
Published: April 2009

Objective: This article presents an evaluation of a multiple family group intervention (MFG) designed to meet the mental health needs of low-income minority children and families. Method: Children participating in the MFG are compared with children demographically and clinically similar who received individual or family therapy services at an urban mental health center. Results: Of the children referred for MFG, 59% were still in service by the 16th group meeting. Of the children assigned to individual or family therapy, only 39% were in service after 16 weeks. Data from the subsamples that attended 16 weeks of MFG or therapy sessions were analyzed, and significant decreases in total disruptive behavior, conduct problems, learning difficulties, hyperactivity, and impulsivity were associated with MFG participation. Conclusion: Follow-up interviews revealed that 70% of MFG parents noted child improvements, in comparison to 54% of parents whose children received individual family therapy.
Evaluating Group Process in a Stress Management Intervention: Relationships Between Perceived Process and Cardiovascular Reactivity to Stress
Authors: O’Brien William H. , Korchynsky Roksana , Fabrizio Jennifer , McGrath Jennifer , Swank Aaron
Published: April 2009

Objective: The authors evaluated relationships among group process and treatment outcomes in a stress management intervention. Method: A group-based stress management intervention was provided to a sample of self-referred adults. After each therapy session, group members completed a process measure. Before and after the intervention, group members underwent a psychophysiological assessment of negative moods, daily stress, physical symptoms, and cardiovascular reactivity to stress. Results: Group process was comprised of three dimensions: positive process, satisfaction, and negative process. Ratings of positive process and satisfaction significantly increased across sessions. In addition, satisfaction ratings were inversely correlated with cardiovascular reactivity, whereas negative process ratings were positively correlated with cardiovascular reactivity. Conclusion: The finding of increasing positive process and satisfaction may be related to the structure of the intervention, which allowed for more frequent and diverse interaction during later sessions. Correlations between negative process and cardiovascular reactivity may reflect the influence of hostile traits.
Evaluating the Outcomes of Family-Based Intervention for Troubled Children: A Pretest-Posttest Study
Authors: Harrison R. Steven , Boyle Scott W. , Farley O. William
Published: April 2009

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of a 12-week family-based intervention for troubled children. One important element was to strengthen families. Method: Psychological, social, and demographic data on 176 parents and 160 children receiving weekly skills and relationship training were analyzed. Results: Significant improvements were found for family cohesion, family conflict, family time together, time spent in community, mental health of parents, and parenting style. Furthermore, significantly positive gains were found on the total and most subscale scores of the Child Behavior Checklist. Conclusions: Family-based intervention provided by social workers were associated with improved psychosocial functioning on the part of parents and children with child behavioral problems.
Health-Related Quality of Life After Stroke
Authors: Muus Ingrid , Petzold Max , Ringsberg Karin C.
Published: April 2009

A Danish version of the Stroke-Specific Quality of Life Scale (SSQOL-DK) has been developed for self-reporting; it contains 12 physical and psychosocial domains. The purpose of this study was (a) to assess the reliability of the proxy version of the SSQOL-DK and (b) to evaluate the influence of frequency of proxy contact on agreement. In all, 143 patients completed the SSQOL-DK 1 to 5 years post-stroke. A patient chosen proxy completed a proxy version of the same questionnaire. The proxy version showed satisfactory internal consistency (Cronbach's α = .85-.95). Agreement was generally high. Proxies rated the amount of trouble significantly smaller (higher score) than the patients only in the domain Social Roles. The amount of trouble in the domain Family Roles received significantly higher ratings from noncohabitant proxies when compared with patients (lower score). The proxy version of the SSQOL-DK appears to be reliable for use with stroke patients up to a few years following a stroke.
Marijuana Effectiveness as an HIV Self-Care Strategy
Authors: Corless Inge B. , Lindgren Teri , Holzemer William , Robinson Linda , Moezzi Shahnaz , Kirksey Kenn , Coleman Christopher , Tsai Yun-Fang , Sanzero Eller Lucille , Hamilton Mary Jane , Sefcik Elizabeth F. , Canaval Gladys E. , Rivero Mendez Marta , Kemppainen Jeanne K. , Bunch Eli H. , Nicholas Patrice K. , Nokes Kathleen M. , Dole Pamela , Reynolds Nancy
Published: April 2009

Persons living with HIV/AIDS use self-care for symptom management. This study assesses the use of marijuana as a symptom management approach for six common symptoms for persons living with HIV/AIDS--anxiety, depression, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and peripheral neuropathy. This sub-analysis of the efficacy of a symptom management manual encompasses the experiences of participants from sites in the U.S., Africa, and Puerto Rico. Baseline data are analyzed to examine differences in the use and efficacy of marijuana as compared with prescribed and over-the-counter medications as well as the impact on adherence and quality of life.
The Clinical Significance of Neuroendocrine Differentiation in T3-T4 Node-Negative Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Yong Beom Cho  , Shin Suk Yang  , Woo Yong Lee  , Sang Yong Song  , Kim Seok-Hyung , Hee Jung Shin  , Seong Hyeon Yun  , Chun Ho-Kyung
Published: April 2009

This study was conducted to determine the clinical significance of neuroendocrine differentiation in cases of T3—T4 node-negative colorectal cancer. Eighty-nine patients diagnosed with T3—T4 node-negative colorectal cancer who underwent curative resection were enrolled. Tumors expressing neuroendocrine markers were classified as either low expression (≤2% cells staining positive for a neuroendocrine marker) or high expression (>" xbd="1775" xhg="1752" ybd="1323" yhg="1286"/>2% cells staining positive for a neuroendocrine marker). Immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin A and synaptophysin revealed high expression in 27 (30.3%) and 69 (77.5%) of the 89 patients, respectively. All tumors that showed high expression of chromogranin A also displayed high expression of synaptophysin. With the exception of preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen, no statistically significant correlation was found between neuroendocrine differentiation and all other clinicopathologic variables. Analysis using the Kaplan—Meier method and multivariate Cox regression model demonstrated that neuroendocrine differentiation for chromogranin A and synaptophysin was not associated with disease-free survival. Therefore, neuroendocrine differentiation markers would not be useful variables for prognostic assessment of patients with T3—T4 node-negative colorectal cancer.
Composite Biclonal Marginal Zone Lymphoma of Lung and Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Pathologic, Phenotypic, Cytogenetic, and Molecular Study
Authors: Bhagavathi Sharathkumar , Micale Mark A. , Douglas-Nikitin Vonda , Ballouz Samer , Neumann Kurt , Blenc Ann Marie
Published: April 2009

The simultaneous diagnosis of marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) is rare. This study reports a patient with composite synchronous biclonal occurrence of MALT lymphoma of the lung and CLL/SLL. The morphology of the lung and peripheral blood showed features of MALT lymphoma and CLL, respectively. The cytogenetic evaluation of the lung specimen revealed a t(1;14) (p22;q32), a frequent genetic abnormality in MALT lymphoma. Flow cytometry analysis of the lung tissue showed features of MALT lymphoma and CLL/SLL with different light chain restriction, whereas the blood showed phenotypic evidence of CLL/SLL. Fluorescence in situ hybridization study of the blood showed a deletion of 13q14 and 17p13. Immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene rearrangement study of the lung tissue and blood showed a monoclonal IgH gene rearrangement with distinct light chain restriction, suggesting that the immunophenotypically different cell populations originated from separate clones.