bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unequal Expenditure Switching: Evidence from Switzerland
Authors: Auer Raphael , Burstein Ariel , Lein Sarah , Vogel Jonathan
Published: October 2023

What are the unequal effects of changes in consumer prices on the cost of living? In the context of changes in import prices (driven by, e.g. changes in trade costs or exchange rates), most analyses focus on variation across households in initial expenditure shares on imported goods. However, the unequal welfare effects of non-marginal foreign price changes also depend on differences in how consumers substitute between imported and domestic goods, on which there is scant evidence. Using data from Switzerland surrounding the 2015 appreciation of the Swiss franc, we provide evidence that lower-income households have higher price elasticities. We quantify the contribution of heterogeneous elasticities for the unequal welfare effects of observed price changes between 2014 and 2015 and for counterfactual shocks to the mean and dispersion of import price changes.
Comparison of patients with biopsy positive and negative primary angiitis of the central nervous system
Authors: Nehme Ahmad , Arquizan Caroline , Régent Alexis , Isabel Clothilde , Dequatre Nelly , Guillon Benoît , Capron Jean , Detante Olivier , Lanthier Sylvain , Poppe Alexandre Y , Boulouis Grégoire , Godard Sophie , Terrier Benjamin , Pagnoux Christian , Aouba Achille , Touzé Emmanuel , de Boysson Hubert ,   the Cohort of Patients with PACNS Study Group, Ayrignac Xavier , Zéphir Hélène , Néel Antoine , Mekinian Arsène , Létourneau-Guillon Laurent , Derex Laurent , Gerfaud-Valentin Mathieu , Quénardelle Véronique , Kremer Laurent Daniel , Gollion Cédric , Weisenburger David , Vautier Matthieu , Machado Stéphanie , Maarouf Adil , Humbertjean Lisa , Vannier Stéphane , Denier Christian , Casolla Barbara , Bresch Saskia , Levraut Michael , Hosseini Hassan , Lambert Nicolas , Subreville Marie , Papo Thomas , Sibon Igor , Comarmond-Ortoli Chloé , Mazighi Mikael , Kerschen Philippe , Sablot Denis , Gaudron Marie , Audemard-Verger Alexandra , Closs-Prophette Fabienne , Papassin Jérémie , Daelman Laure , Zuber Mathieu , Obadia Michael , Pico Fernando , Cantagrel Paul , Graveleau Julie , Poncet-Megemont Louis , Ancel Thomas
Published: October 2023

Objective

There is limited evidence on when to obtain a central nervous system (CNS) biopsy in suspected primary angiitis of the central nervous system (PACNS). Our objective was to identify which clinical and radiological characteristics were associated with a positive biopsy in PACNS.

Methods

From the multicentre retrospective Cohort of Patients with Primary Vasculitis of the CNS (COVAC), we included adults with PACNS based on a positive CNS biopsy or otherwise unexplained intracranial stenoses with additional findings supportive of vasculitis. Baseline findings were compared between patients with a positive and negative biopsy using logistic regression models.

Results

Two hundred patients with PACNS were included, among which a biopsy was obtained in 100 (50%) and was positive in 61 (31%). Patients with a positive biopsy were more frequently female (odds ratio [OR] 2.90; 95% CI: 1.25, 7.10; P = 0.01) and more often presented with seizures (OR 8.31; 95% CI: 2.77, 33.04; P < 0.001) or cognitive impairment (OR 2.58; 95% CI: 1.11, 6.10; P = 0.03). On imaging, biopsy positive patients more often had non-ischaemic parenchymal or leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement (OR 52.80; 95% CI: 15.72, 233.06; P < 0.001) or ≥1 cerebral microbleed (OR 8.08; 95% CI: 3.03, 25.13; P < 0.001), and less often had ≥1 acute brain infarct (OR 0.02; 95% CI: 0.004, 0.08; P < 0.001). In the multivariable model, non-ischaemic parenchymal or leptomeningeal gadolinium enhancement (adjusted OR 8.27; 95% CI: 1.78, 38.46; P < 0.01) and absence of ≥1 acute brain infarct (adjusted OR 0.13; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.65; P = 0.01) were significantly associated with a positive biopsy.

Conclusion

Baseline clinical and radiological characteristics differed between biopsy positive and negative PACNS. These results may help physicians individualize the decision to obtain a CNS biopsy in suspected PACNS.
Toward the Development of the Regulatory Framework of Legislative Drafting and Law-Making Process in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alharbi Rakan
Published: October 2023

The legislative drafting process has recently undergone dramatic changes in Saudi Arabia. This development was motivated by the country’s desire to create a more transparent, efficient, and effective legal system. Despite the advancements achieved in legislative drafting, there remain significant challenges that impede the quality of proposed legislation in the country. This article aims to contribute to the evolution of the regulatory framework governing the legislative drafting and law-making process. It embarks on a comprehensive examination of the existing legislative drafting mechanisms, highlighting the need for further improvement in the regulatory framework of legislative drafting to improve the efficiency and clarity of legislation. Furthermore, the article elucidates the complexities and challenges associated with drafting effective laws within the legal system and clarifies the pivotal function of manual drafting and regulatory impact assessments in augmenting the effectiveness and quality of enacted laws. This article concludes with various recommendations such as the need to launch a drafting manual and systematic approach to regulatory impact assessment which can strengthen the evidence base for the development and review of proposed and existing legislation. This article is expected to serve as a cornerstone for similar studies in other jurisdictions within the Middle East.
Autologous Airway Basal Cell Transplantation Alleviates Airway Epithelium Defect in Recurrent Benign Tracheal Stenosis
Authors: Ye Yong-Shun , Chen Di-Fei , Liu Ming , Luo Yu-Long , Chen Huan-Jie , Zeng Hai-Kang , Liu Jing-Wei , Zhu Yi-Ping , Song Xin-Yu , Lin Chang-Qin , Su Zhu-Quan , Li Shi-Yue
Published: October 2023

Background

Airway epithelium defects are a hallmark of recurrent benign tracheal stenosis (RBTS). Reconstructing an intact airway epithelium is of great importance in airway homeostasis and epithelial wound healing and has great potential for treating tracheal stenosis.

Methods

An experimental study was conducted in canines to explore the therapeutic effect of autologous basal cell transplantation in restoring airway homeostasis. First, airway mucosae from human patients with recurrent tracheal stenosis were analyzed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Canines were then randomly divided into tracheal stenosis, Stent, Stent + Cells, and Stent + Cells + Biogel groups. Autologous airway basal cells of canines in the Stent + Cells and Stent + Cells + Biogel groups were transplanted onto the stenotic airway after modeling. A biogel was coated on the airway prior to basal cell transplantation in the Stent + Cells + Biogel group. After bronchoscopic treatments, canines were followed up for 16 weeks.

Results

Single-cell RNA sequencing demonstrated packed airway basal cells and an absence of normal airway epithelial cells in patients with RBTS. Autologous airway basal cell transplantation, together with biogel coating, was successfully performed in the canine model. Follow-up observation indicated that survival time in the Stent + Cells + Biogel group was significantly prolonged, with a higher (100%) survival rate compared with the other groups. In terms of pathological and bronchoscopic findings, canines that received autologous basal cell transplantation showed a reduction in granulation hyperplasia as well as airway re-epithelialization with functionally mature epithelial cells.

Conclusions

Autologous airway basal cell transplantation might serve as a novel regenerative therapy for airway re-epithelialization and inhibit recurrent granulation hyperplasia in benign tracheal stenosis.
TIAM2S‐positive microglia enhance inflammation and neurotoxicity through soluble ICAM‐1‐mediated immune priming
Authors: Chu Chun‐Hsien , Chen Jia‐Shing , Chan Ya‐Ling , Lu Wei‐Jen , Huang Yi‐Te , Mao Pin‐Cheng , Sze Chun‐I , Sun H. Sunny
Published: October 2023

TIAM Rac1‐associated GEF 2 short form (TIAM2S) as an oncoprotein alters the immunity of peripheral immune cells to construct an inflammatory tumor microenvironment. However, its role in the activation of microglia, the primary innate immune cells of the brain, and neuroinflammation remains unknown. This study investigated the mechanism underlying TIAM2S shapes immune properties of microglia to facilitate neuron damage. Human microglial clone 3 cell line (HMC3) and human brain samples were applied to determine the presence of TIAM2S in microglia by western blots and double immunostaining. Furthermore, TIAM2S transgenic mice combined with multiple reconstituted primary neuron–glial culture systems and a cytokine array were performed to explore how TIAM2S shaped immune priming of microglia and participated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neuron damage. TIAM2S protein was detectable in HMC3 cells and presented in a small portion (~11.1%) of microglia in human brains referred to as TIAM2S‐positive microglia. With the property of secreted soluble factor‐mediated immune priming, TIAM2S‐positive microglia enhanced LPS‐induced neuroinflammation and neural damage in vivo and in vitro. The gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments showed soluble intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) participated in neurotoxic immune priming of TIAM2S+ microglia. Together, this study demonstrated a novel TIAM2S‐positive microglia subpopulation enhances inflammation and neurotoxicity through sICAM‐1‐mediated immune priming.
RUNX1 promotes proliferation and migration in non‐small cell lung cancer cell lines via the mTOR pathway
Authors: Ma Huan , Jiang Siyu , Yuan Yinan , Li Ji , Li Yizhuo , Lv Yanping , Du Tengjiao , Guan Jingqian , Jiang Xizi , Tian Lei , Zheng Qianqian , Yang Lianhe , Li Qingchang
Published: October 2023

RUNX1, a member of the RUNX family of metazoan transcription factors, participates in the regulation of differentiation, proliferation, and other processes involved in growth and development. It also functions in the occurrence and development of tumors. However, the role and mechanism of action of RUNX1 in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are not yet clear. We used a bioinformatics approach as well as in vitro and in vivo assays to evaluate the role of RUNX1 in NSCLC as the molecular mechanisms underlying its effects. Using the TCGA, GEO, GEPIA (Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis), and Kaplan–Meier databases, we screened the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and found that RUNX1 was highly expressed in lung cancer and was associated with a poor prognosis. Immunohistochemical staining based on tissue chips from 110 samples showed that the expression of RUNX1 in lung cancer tissues was higher than that in adjacent normal tissues and was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and TNM staging. In vitro experiments, we found that RUNX1 overexpression promoted cell proliferation and migration functions and affected downstream functional proteins by regulating the activity of the mTOR pathway, as confirmed by an analysis using the mTOR pathway inhibitor rapamycin. In addition, RUNX1 affected PD‐L1 expression via the mTOR pathway. These results indicate that RUNX1 is a potential therapeutic target for NSCLC.
Skill demand and labour market concentration: evidence from Italian vacancies
Authors: Colombo Emilio , Marcato Alberto
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The authors provide a novel interpretation of the relationship between skill demand and labour market concentration based on the training rationale.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors use a novel data set on Italian online job vacancies during 2013–2018 to analyse the relationship between labour market concentration and employers' skill demand. The authors construct measures of market concentration and skill intensity in the local labour market. The authors regress the measures of skill demand on market concentration, controlling for sector, occupations and other features of the labour market. The authors also use the Hausman–Nevo instrument for market concentration.

Findings

The authors show that employers in a highly concentrated labour market demand competencies associated with the ability of workers to learn faster (e.g. social skills) rather than actual knowledge. They also require less experience but higher education. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that employers in more concentrated labour markets are more prone to train their employees. Instead of looking for workers who already have job-specific skills, they look for workers who can acquire them faster and efficiently. The authors provide a theoretical framework within which to analyse these aspects as well as providing a test for the relevant hypotheses.

Practical implications

In addition to cross-countries differences in labour market regulations, the authors' findings suggest that policy authorities should consider the local labour market structure when studying workforce development programmes aimed at bridging the skill gap of displaced workers. Moreover, the authors show that market concentration can have relevant implications for human resource (HR) managers by affecting their recruitment behaviour through the demand for skills. In fact, concentrated markets tend to favour firms' collusion and anti-competitive behaviour that could strongly affect HR management practices.

Originality/value

The authors' paper innovates on the literature in a number of ways. First, the authors provide evidence of local labour market concentration in Italy. Second, the authors provide evidence of skill demand at the local level using a detailed skill taxonomy that goes beyond the classical distinction between high and low skills. Third, and most importantly, the authors provide evidence of the relationship between skill demand and labour market concentration. By analysing detailed skills and competencies, the authors take one step beyond understanding the features of labour demand in monopsonistic markets.
Do (gendered) ageism and ethnic minorities explain workplace bullying?
Authors: Jaakson Krista , Dedova Mariya
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This study aims to answer two research questions: first, to what extent can workplace bullying be explained by ageism? And second, does the likelihood of workplace bullying increase when age interacts with gender and ethnic minority?

Design/methodology/approach

The authors report results from a survey carried out in 11 organizations in Estonia (N = 1,614) using the Negative Acts Questionnaire-Revised (Einarsen et al., 2009).

Findings

The results show that ageism does not explain bullying in Estonia. As in some earlier studies, older age correlates negatively with negative acts, and women report less work-related bullying than men. These findings were unexpected because Estonia's post-socialist background and the highest gender wage gap in Europe suggested otherwise. However, there is gendered ageism in work-related bullying such that older women report more negative acts in their workplace. Respondents from ethnic minority groups do not experience more bullying in general, nor in combination with age. Surprisingly, managers reported both person- and work-related bullying more than employees with no subordinates.

Originality/value

The study contributes to intersectionality literature with a view to workplace bullying in post-socialist study context.
Chinese older adults' social media use: a study of WeChat from a social practice perspective
Authors: McKenna Brad , Cai Wenjie , Yoon Hyunsun
Published: October 2023

Purpose

Research into older adults' use of social media remains limited. Driven by increasing digitalisation in China, the authors focus on Chinese older adults (aged 60–75)’ use of WeChat.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used a qualitative interpretive approach and interviewed Chinese older adults to uncover their social practices of WeChat use in everyday life.

Findings

By using social practice theory (SPT), the paper unfolds Chinese older adults' social practices of WeChat use in everyday life and reveals how they adopt and resist the drastic changes in Chinese society.

Originality/value

The study contributes to new understandings of SPT from technology use by emphasising the dynamic characteristics of its three elements. The authors synthesise both adoptions and resistance in SPT and highlight the importance of understanding three elements interdependently within specific contexts, which are conditioned by structure and agency.
Principal systems thinking and senior management team effectiveness: the mediating role of senior management team learning
Authors: Nadav Nechama , Benoliel Pascale , Schechter Chen
Published: October 2023

Purpose

The role of leadership through senior management teams (SMT) has received increasing attention over the past several decades. Such leadership requires principals to play a key role in promoting SMT effectiveness. Therefore, according to the input–mediator–outcome model (Ilgen et al., 2005), this study's purpose is to investigate the mediating role of school SMT learning in the relationship between principal systems thinking (PST) and SMT effectiveness after accounting for students' socioeconomic backgrounds and SMT members' tenure.

Design/methodology/approach

A three-source survey design with self-reported and non-self-reported data was used, from a sample of 282 participants from 71 elementary schools in Israel. The sample included principals and SMTs. Data were aggregated at the school level of analysis.

Findings

The results from structural equation modeling and bootstrapping analysis indicated that SMT learning fully mediates the relationship between PST and SMT effectiveness, irrespective of the students' socioeconomic backgrounds.

Originality/value

This study provides important insights into the role of SMT learning as a mediator in the relationship between PST and SMT effectiveness. In addition, the study responds to the call of previous studies to examine the effects of PST on characteristics and outcomes at the group level. Moreover, the proposed integrative model highlights the importance of SMT learning and suggests new ways to encourage it.
PCK in place and with a purpose: a case of historic site-based professional development on hallowed ground at Gettysburg
Authors: Powell Dave
Published: October 2023

Purpose

This paper aims to describe a professional development workshop designed to enhance teachers' pedagogical content knowledge.

Design/methodology/approach

The program draws on a carefully articulated definition of pedagogical knowledge as elaborated by Shulman, and features the work of scholars focused on pushing new interpretations of the meaning of Gettysburg, especially in polarized political times.

Findings

Teacher participants have been found to draw new meaning from their visit that, for many, has had a profound impact on the way they make sense of Gettysburg as a historic site of political importance.

Originality/value

The program offers a model for professional development providers interested in enhancing the pedagogical content knowledge of teachers and engaging them in examination of the past for the purpose of re-examining contemporary political concerns.
Ultrasonographic findings in nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis: What differentiates this tumor from other soft tissue tumors?
Authors: Nakanishi Yukiko , Shinkuma Satoru , Mitsui Yasuhiro , Ogawa Kohei , Hirai Toshiko , Asada Hideo , Shobatake Chinatsu
Published: October 2023

Nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis is a rare, benign hamartoma characterized by mature adipocyte proliferation in the dermis. It is frequently difficult to distinguish clinically from soft tissue tumors, including lipoma, neurofibroma, venous malformation, and angiolipoma. Notably, the classical form, which shows multiple and sometimes enlarged nodules, is difficult to differentiate from liposarcoma based on clinical examination, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. Therefore, to ascertain the utility of ultrasonography in diagnosing nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis, sonographic examinations were performed on eight patients with nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis. All patients had ill‐defined hyperechoic masses in the dermis or from the dermis to the subcutis, and the posterior echoes were attenuated in seven patients. Color Doppler sonography revealed no blood flow to the lesions. Ultrasound images were created using the reflections of ultrasound waves at interfaces with different acoustic impedances. Therefore, it is assumed that, in nevus lipomatosus cutaneous superficialis, the ultrasound beam is scattered by ectopic mature adipocytes intermingled with collagen bundles, which are shown as hyperechoic masses. Furthermore, the scattering of the ultrasound beam is thought to reduce tissue penetration, which may attenuate the posterior echo.
Factors associated with 30‐ and 90‐day mortality in intubations among critically ill patients
Authors: Li Yi , Lighthall Geoffrey
Published: October 2023

Background

Emergency intubations are commonly associated with adverse events when performed in critically ill patients. A detailed look at intubation factors and their association with procedural success and mortality has yet to be fully conducted.

Methods

A total of 299 successive intubations at a tertiary Veteran Affair hospital were analyzed. Situational factors, personnel involved, intubation indications, induction agents, and airway management techniques were prospectively collected and entered into univariable and multivariable analyses to identify factors associated with procedural difficulty and mortality.

Results

The use of paralytics was associated with easier intubations (OR: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.11–0.87, p = .03). The use of direct laryngoscopy or video laryngoscopy had no significant association with difficult intubation. Factors associated with increased 30‐day mortality were cardiac arrest (OR: 7.90, 95% CI: 2.77–22.50, p < .001), hypoxia as indication for intubation (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.23–4.35, p = .009), and nadir SpO2 < 90% (OR: 2.70, 95% CI: 1.01–7.21, p = .048). Presence of an attending anesthesiologist during intubation was associated with a lower 30‐day mortality (OR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.04–0.29, p < .001). Factors associated with increased 90‐day mortality were cardiac arrest (OR: 6.57, 95% CI: 2.23–19.34, p = .001), hypoxia as indication for intubation (OR: 1.97, 95% CI: 1.10–3.55, p = .023), and older age (OR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.07–1.78, p = .013). Similarly, presence of an attending anesthesiologist was found to be associated with a lower 90‐day mortality (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.07–0.50, p = .001).

Conclusion

Cardiovascular and respiratory instability were associated with increased 30‐ and 90‐day mortality. Presence of an attending anesthesiologist was associated with a better survival following intubation outside operating room.
Systematic review: What is the impact of triage implementation on clinical outcomes and process measures in low‐ and middle‐income country emergency departments?
Authors: Mitchell Rob , Fang Wendy , Tee Qiao Wen , O'Reilly Gerard , Romero Lorena , Mitchell Rebecca , Bornstein Sarah , Cameron Peter
Published: October 2023

Introduction

Triage is widely regarded as an essential function of emergency care (EC) systems, especially in resource‐limited settings. Through a systematic search and review of the literature, we investigated the effect of triage implementation on clinical outcomes and process measures in low‐ and middle‐income country (LMIC) emergency departments (EDs).

Methods

Structured searches were conducted using MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Global Health. Eligible articles identified through screening and full‐text review underwent risk‐of‐bias assessment using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale. The quality of evidence for each effect measure was summarized using GRADE.

Results

Among 10,394 articles identified through the search strategy, 58 underwent full‐text review and 16 were included in the final synthesis. All utilized pre‐/postintervention methods and a majority were single center. Effect measures included mortality, waiting time, length of stay, admission rate, and patient satisfaction. Of these, ED mortality and time to clinician assessment were evaluated most frequently. The majority of studies using these outcomes identified a positive effect, namely a reduction in deaths and waiting time among patients presenting for EC. The quality of the evidence was moderate for these measures but low or very low for all other outcomes and process indicators.

Conclusions

There is moderate quality of evidence supporting an association between the introduction of triage and a reduction in deaths and waiting time. Although the available data support the value of triage in LMIC EDs, the risk of confounding and publication bias is significant. Future studies will benefit from more rigorous research methods.
Genetic risk of glaucoma is associated with vascular and retinal nerve fibre wedge defects
Authors: Saks Danit G. , Schulz Angela , Qassim Ayub , Marshall Henry , Hewitt Alex W. , MacGregor Stuart , Craig Jamie E. , Graham Stuart L.
Published: October 2023

Purpose

To evaluate the association between localised vascular and retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) loss and genetic risk for glaucoma and cardiovascular disease using polygenic risk scores (PRS).

Methods

858 eyes were included from 455 individuals with suspect and early manifest primary open angle glaucoma. Eyes were characterised as having localised vascular and/or RNFL wedge‐shaped defects by scrutiny of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and OCT images, respectively. Investigations included associations with pre‐established scores for genetic risk of glaucoma and cardiovascular disease in the context of glaucoma risk factors and systemic vascular disease outcomes.

Results

Higher genetic risk for glaucoma was associated with both vascular wedge defects and RNFL defects (p < 0.001 and p = 0.020, respectively). A greater genetic risk of glaucoma was associated with the presence of multiple vascular wedges per eye (p = 0.005). Glaucoma progression based on global RNFL loss was associated with vascular and RNFL wedge defects (p ≤ 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). The glaucoma PRS was significantly associated with vascular, but not RNFL, wedge defects after controlling for disc haemorrhage (p = 0.007 and p = 0.070, respectively). Vascular wedge defects were not related to the cardiovascular PRS.

Conclusion

Individuals with a higher genetic risk of glaucoma based on the PRS were more likely to have retinal vascular defects, as well as structural glaucomatous loss, but this did not relate to systemic cardiovascular risk. This possibly implies a local pathophysiology for the vascular defects in some cases, which may have clinical relevance in the early stages of glaucoma and in individuals at high genetic risk.
Refiguring habits of subjectivity, communication, and space in online video calls
Authors: Koh Lucy , Lapworth Andrew
Published: October 2023

The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic has brought profound change to many areas of our lives, and perhaps most of all in terms of how we communicate. A testament to our vital need for social connection, millions of people have sought to shed the physical constraints of isolation and restricted mobility by using online video calling to reaffirm relations with friends, colleagues and wider communities. Drawing on qualitative in‐depth interviews with users of online video call platforms, this paper explores the social and subjective impacts of video calling, and how they are transforming habitual modes of relating to ourselves and others. The paper argues that grasping the impact of such technological encounters requires new modes of thinking attuned to the less conscious and more material processes though which technologies come to shape how we think and behave. In theorising these unconscious and non‐representational potentials, the paper engages with Félix Ravaisson's innovative theorisation of habit. In contrast to those thinkers who would reduce habit to the unthinking and automatic repetition of the same, we explore how Ravaisson's theorisation of habit offers a dynamic ontology for understanding how bodies change and how change comes to be registered in bodies through encounters with technology. We argue that this conceptualisation of habit opens a powerful way of thinking about how the repeated use of online video calls has become bound with the production of new habits of attention, transforming the embodied ways in which we perceive and relate to our own subjectivities, other people, and the spaces in which we live and work.
Rethinking the definition of ‘less intensive’ for venetoclax‐combining regimens in acute myeloid leukaemia patients
Authors: Borlenghi E. , Roccaro A. M. , Cattaneo C.
Published: October 2023

Invasive fungal infections (IFIs), mainly due to pulmonary aspergillosis, are considered a serious complication in acute leukaemia, with an unfavourable impact on patient. In this well‐conducted retrospective study, Reynolds et al. suggest that the use of posaconazole prophylaxis in association with venetoclax plus hypomethylating agents or chemotherapy leads to a reduction of IFI incidence. Therapeutic drug monitoring of posaconazole levels is suggested, even if no correlation with IFI risk has been demonstrated.

Commentary on: Reynolds et al. Invasive fungal infection following venetoclax and posaconazole co‐administration. Br J Haematol 2023;203:593‐598.
Vesical Imaging‐Reporting and Data System use predicting the outcome of neoadjuvant pembrolizumab in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Necchi Andrea , Basile Giuseppe , Gibb Ewan A. , Raggi Daniele , Calareso Giuseppina , de Padua Tiago Costa , Patanè Damiano , Crupi Emanuele , Mercinelli Chiara , Cigliola Antonio , Tateo Valentina , Giannatempo Patrizia , Moschini Marco , Briganti Alberto , Montorsi Francesco , Messina Antonella , Ross Jeffrey S. , Pavlick Dean , De Cobelli Francesco , Brembilla Giorgio
Published: October 2023

Objective

To evaluate the predictive capability of the pre‐ and post‐pembrolizumab Vesical Imaging–Reporting and Data System (VI‐RADS) to identify ypT0N0 or ypT≤1N0 response in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) within the PURE‐01 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02736266).

Patients and Methods

Patients were staged with bladder multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) before and after treatment (three cycles of pembrolizumab) prior to radical cystectomy (RC). Logistic regression models were used to analyse the pre‐ and post‐ pembrolizumab VI‐RADS against ypT≤1N0 and ypT0N0 response. The VI‐RADS scores were dichotomised between 0 and 3 (0 = no evidence of disease) and 4–5. Event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) analyses were performed. Comprehensive genomic profiling and transcriptome‐wide expression profiling data were matched with the VI‐RADS scores.

Results

In total, 110 patients underwent centrally reviewed scans (N = 220 mpMRI), treated between February 2017 and July 2020. Both pre‐ and post‐pembrolizumab VI‐RADS 0–3 scores were the only significant covariates that predicted the ypT≤1N0 endpoint in multivariable analyses, and the strongest effect was seen with post‐pembrolizumab VI‐RADS 0–3 predicting the ypT≤1N0 response (P < 0.001). The area under the curve for this model was 0.90. Post‐pembrolizumab VI‐RADS 0–3 also predicted a longer EFS (P < 0.001) and OS (P = 0.044). The scores of several gene signatures from baseline tumours differed between the pre‐pembrolizumab VI‐RADS 0–3 and 4–5 categories.

Conclusion

Post‐pembrolizumab VI‐RADS scores are strongly associated with pathological downstaging and survival. VI‐RADS scores were also characterised by distinct biomarker features. These results indicate that the VI‐RADS is emerging as an important tool for designing next‐generation trials for MIBC.
The non‐protesting children in the 2018 Parkland school shooting protests and their freedom not to express views in child participation spaces
Authors: Salva Roberto S.
Published: October 2023

Using mixed methods, we looked into USA children's reasons behind their non‐participation in the 2018 Parkland school shooting protests from newsletters of randomly sampled 57 middle (MS) and high schools (HS) across USA. We found five themes of reasons that point to non‐protesting children's concern about protest method and issues. The MS and HS non‐protesters' concerns overlapped and differed. The reasons reveal the protests to pose adherence issues to most CRC articles on and almost all of the basic requirements of child participation. We attribute the adherence issues to problems on assigning duties in non‐adult‐provided child participation spaces like protests. To identify protest as child participation necessitate propping children's freedom of expression as the animating force behind child participation's first key element and children's right to information a prerequisite for both. In this reframing, organizing/leading children become duty‐bearers while adults primarily remain so.
Postoperative decline in renal function after rectal resection and all‐cause mortality: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Borucki Joseph P. , Woods Rebecca , Fielding Alexandra , Webb Lucy‐Ann , Hernon James M. , Lines Simon W. , Stearns Adam T.
Published: October 2023

Aim

Fluid loss, dehydration and resultant kidney injury are common when a diverting ileostomy is formed during rectal cancer surgery, the consequences of which are unknown. The aim of this retrospective single‐site cohort study is to evaluate the impact of sustained postoperative renal dysfunction after rectal resection on long‐term renal impairment and survival.

Method

All patients with rectal adenocarcinoma undergoing resection between January 2003 and March 2017 were included, with follow‐up to June 2020. The primary outcome was impact on long‐term mortality attributed to a 25% or greater drop in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) following rectal resection. Secondary outcomes were the long‐term effect on renal function resulting from the same drop in eGFR and the effect on long‐term mortality and renal function of a 50% drop in eGFR. We also calculated the effect on mortality of a 1% drop in eGFR.

Results

A total of 1159 patients were identified. Postoperative reductions in eGFR of 25% and 50% were associated with long‐term overall mortality with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.84 (1.22–2.77) (p = 0.004) and 2.88 (1.45–5.71) (p = 0.002). The median survival of these groups was 86.0 (64.0–108.0) months and 53.3 (7.8–98.8) months compared with 144.5 (128.1–160.9) months for controls. Long‐term effects on renal function were demonstrated, with those who sustained a >25% drop in renal function having a 38.8% mean decline in eGFR at 10 years compared with 10.2% in controls.

Conclusion

Persistent postoperative declines in renal function may be linked to long‐term mortality. Further research is needed to assess causal relationships and prevention.
Growth patterns in individuals with CDKL5 deficiency disorder
Authors: Wong Kingsley , Davies George , Leonard Helen , Downs Jenny , Junaid Mohammed , Amin Sam
Published: October 2023

Aim

To compare growth in individuals with cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) deficiency disorder with population norms and to investigate the effect of gastrostomy on growth.

Method

The longitudinal study included 353 individuals from the International CDKL5 Disorder Database with any anthropometric measurement in baseline and/or follow‐up questionnaires. The British 1990 growth reference was used to determine the age‐ and sex‐standardized z‐score. Repeated cross‐sectional data were fitted using a Gaussian linear regression model with generalized estimating equations.

Results

All growth parameters were below the general population norm (mean z‐scores: weight −0.97, height −0.65, body mass index [BMI] −0.81, head circumference −2.12). The disparity was particularly pronounced for all anthropometric measurements after 4 years of age except for BMI. Moreover, individuals with gastrostomy placement were shown to have a larger decrease than those without.

Interpretation

In addition to weight, height, and BMI, head circumference was also compromised in this disorder. Microcephaly could be considered a helpful diagnostic feature, especially in adults. Any benefit of gastrostomy on weight and BMI was mainly seen in the early years.
Modular training model for education of students in restorative and prosthodontic dentistry
Authors: Höhne Christian , del Hougne Michael , Gärtner Laura , Winter Anna , Schmitter Marc
Published: October 2023

Introduction

At the moment, no commercial model solution is available for the individualisation of the dentition depending on the clinical case scenario. Furthermore, the realistic training of most restorative and prosthodontic procedures on a single dental study model is not possible. The aim of this study was the creation of a new training model to fill this gap.

Materials and Methods

Complete upper and lower jaw models were created based on existing scans and radiological data from a patient. All components for 100 complete models and 1128 teeth for the training were produced with a SLA‐printer. Overall, 94 voluntary students attending the first and second preclinical course in prosthodontics tested the functionality of the model with three different tooth types against a standard dental study model and real teeth. After the training, the model was rated in a questionnaire.

Results

The production of the models and teeth was feasible. The overall rating of the different teeth was worse for type I (Ø 3.6 ± 1.1), significantly better for type II (Ø 2.5 ± 1.0) and type III (Ø 2.4 ± 1.0) than a standard typodont tooth (Ø 2.7 ± 1.1). The new model was rated significantly better overall (Ø 2.6 ± 1.0) than the standard training model (Ø 3.0 ± 1.1).

Conclusions

The aim of this study was fulfilled. A superior training model was created with equivalent and better tooth types. The new teeth were outstanding in terms of cost‐efficiency, appearance and feeling during preparation.
Short‐term induced hyperinsulinaemia and dexamethasone challenge do not affect circulating total adiponectin concentrations in insulin‐sensitive ponies
Authors: Barnabé Marine A. , Elliott Jonathan , Harris Patricia A. , Menzies‐Gow Nicola J.
Published: October 2023

Background

Hypoadiponectinaemia is a risk factor for endocrinopathic laminitis, but the directionality and nature of its association with insulin dysregulation is unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the effects of short‐term induced hyperinsulinaemia and dexamethasone challenge on circulating [total adiponectin] and whole blood expression of adiponectin (AdipoR1 and AdipoR2), insulin, and insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) receptors in insulin‐sensitive ponies.

Study design

In vivo experiment.

Methods

Six never‐laminitic, insulin‐sensitive, native‐breed UK ponies first underwent a dexamethasone challenge (0.08 mg/kg i.v.) with blood samples collected every 15 min over 3 h. After a 14‐day washout period, hyperinsulinaemia was induced for 9 h via a euglycaemic–hyperinsulinaemic clamp (EHC), with blood samples collected every 30 min. Serum [insulin], plasma [total adiponectin], and plasma [IGF‐1] were measured using validated assays and receptor gene expression was assessed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Finally, whole blood was incubated with 10–1000 ng/mL dexamethasone for 3 h at 37°C to investigate its direct effects on gene expression.

Results

There were no adverse effects observed during either protocol. Dexamethasone challenge did not alter circulating [insulin] or [total adiponectin] at any time‐point, but significantly upregulated AdipoR1 and IGF‐1R expression at 150 and 180 min. Ex vivo incubation of whole blood with dexamethasone did not alter expression of the genes examined. There was no change in [total adiponectin] or expression of the genes examined associated with EHC‐induced hyperinsulinemia.

Main limitations

This was a small sample size that included only native‐breed ponies; total adiponectin was measured rather than high‐molecular‐weight adiponectin.

Conclusions

Short‐term induced hyperinsulinaemia and dexamethasone challenge did not affect circulating [total adiponectin] in insulin‐sensitive ponies. However, dexamethasone administration was associated with upregulation of two receptors linked to adiponectin signalling, suggesting that a physiological response occurred possibly to counteract dexamethasone‐associated changes in tissue insulin sensitivity.
Relationships between total adiponectin concentrations and obesity in native‐breed ponies in England
Authors: Barnabé Marine A. , Elliott Jonathan , Harris Patricia A. , Menzies‐Gow Nicola J.
Published: October 2023

Background

Equine metabolic syndrome is a collection of risk factors associated with an increased risk of endocrinopathic laminitis. All affected animals display insulin dysregulation and some may show adiponectin dysregulation and/or excessive adiposity. However, the relationship between obesity and hypoadiponectinaemia in equids remains unclear.

Objectives

To investigate the relationship between obesity and circulating plasma total adiponectin (TA) concentrations in native‐breed ponies in England.

Study design

Secondary data analysis.

Methods

Data collected for three previous studies were retrospectively analysed and cohorts were pooled where possible (maximum sample size: n = 734 ponies). Correlations between [TA], age, and morphometric measures were assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. [TA] was compared between animals of different body condition score (BCS) classification (ideal‐weight, overweight, and obese), breed, and body shape using Kruskal–Wallis with Dunn's post hoc tests, and sex using Mann–Whitney U test. The proportions of obese and ideal‐weight ponies with basal hyperinsulinaemia and/or hypoadiponectinaemia were compared using a Chi‐square test of homogeneity and post hoc z‐test. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that may discriminate ponies with hypoadiponectinaemia.

Results

[TA] was weakly positively correlated with BCS, height, weight, and weight:height ratio (Spearman's ρ = 0.14–0.29, p < 0.05). There were significant differences in [TA] in ponies with different BCS group classification, body shape, and breed. A greater percentage of obese (54.6%) than ideal‐weight ponies (33.1%, p < 0.001) had both normal [TA] and [basal insulin], and a greater percentage of ideal‐weight (38.6%) than obese ponies (16.5%, p < 0.001) showed hypoadiponectinaemia. Weight:height and BCS group were significant variables in a logistic regression of hypoadiponectinaemia but model fit and predictive accuracy were poor.

Main limitations

Retrospective study design, only native‐breed ponies included.

Conclusions

Morphometric measures such as BCS do not closely reflect [TA]. Circulating [TA] and [basal insulin] should be determined in all animals with predisposing factors, regardless of obesity status.
Outcome and racing performance following standing fracture repair in 245 horses
Authors: Colgate Victoria A. , Robinson Natalie , Barnett Timothy P. , Bathe Andrew P. , Coleridge Matthew O. D. , Smith Lewis C. R. , Payne Richard J.
Published: October 2023

Background

Repair of sagittal proximal phalanx (P1) and parasagittal metacarpal/metatarsal III (MC/MTIII) fractures has evolved over recent decades from a procedure carried out solely under general anaesthesia, to one commonly performed under standing sedation. To date, standing fracture repair has not been evaluated for large cohorts.

Objectives

To determine short‐term (survival to discharge) and long‐term (return to racing) outcomes of horses undergoing standing repair of MC/MTIII and P1 fractures, and to compare pre‐surgical and post‐surgical racing performance.

Study design

Single‐centre retrospective cohort study.

Methods

Retrospective clinical record review of 245 cases undergoing standing repair of MC/MTIII or P1 fractures, 1 January 2007–30 June 2021. Data on signalment, fracture configuration and complications were collected and full race records were retrieved from the Racing Post Database (wwww.racingpost.com). Chi‐squared and Mann–Whitney U tests were used to determine any difference in variables between horses that raced after surgery compared to those that did not. McNemar change and Wilcoxon signed‐rank tests were used to compare pre‐ and post‐surgical racing performance, p ≤ 0.05.

Results

Ninety‐eight percent [95% confidence interval (CI): 96.2%–99.7%] of horses survived hospital discharge, and 75.1% (95% CI: 68.9%–81.4%) raced after surgery, a median of 241 days later. Horses that raced post‐surgery were significantly less likely to have suffered from complications during hospitalisation than those that did not race again [17.3% (95% CI: 11%–24%) vs. 36.5% (95% CI: 23%–50%), p = 0.005]. Comparing pre‐ and post‐operative racing performance, there was no significant difference in earnings per start [median £628.00, interquartile range (IQR) 115.90–1934.80 vs. £653.20, 51.00–1886.40, p = 0.7] or proportion of horses winning [51% (95% CI: 41%–61%) vs. 54% (95% CI: 44%–64%), p = 0.8] or being placed first–third [77% (95% CI: 68%–85%) vs. 71% (95% CI: 62%–80%, p = 0.5] in at least one race.

Main limitations

Retrospective nature of study with reliance on clinical records and public databases, limiting data available for analysis.

Conclusions

Standing fracture repair is a viable treatment option for MC/MTIII or P1 fractures that returns horses to the racetrack within an acceptable time frame and is capable of restoring pre‐surgical athletic ability.
Distinctive microfossil supports early Paleoproterozoic rise in complex cellular organisation
Authors: Barlow Erica V. , House Christopher H. , Liu Ming‐Chang , Wetherington Maxwell T. , Van Kranendonk Martin J.
Published: October 2023

The great oxidation event (GOE), ~2.4 billion years ago, caused fundamental changes to the chemistry of Earth's surface environments. However, the effect of these changes on the biosphere is unknown, due to a worldwide lack of well‐preserved fossils from this time. Here, we investigate exceptionally preserved, large spherical aggregate (SA) microfossils permineralised in chert from the c. 2.4 Ga Turee Creek Group in Western Australia. Field and petrographic observations, Raman spectroscopic mapping, and in situ carbon isotopic analyses uncover insights into the morphology, habitat, reproduction and metabolism of this unusual form, whose distinctive, SA morphology has no known counterpart in the fossil record. Comparative analysis with microfossils from before the GOE reveals the large SA microfossils represent a step‐up in cellular organisation. Morphological comparison to extant micro‐organisms indicates the SAs have more in common with coenobial algae than coccoidal bacteria, emphasising the complexity of this microfossil form. The remarkable preservation here provides a unique window into the biosphere, revealing an increase in the complexity of life coinciding with the GOE.