bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El asesinato de Miguel Ángel Blanco como ejemplo de key event en el tratamiento mediático de los atentados mortales de ETA
Authors: Caminos Marcet José María , Armentia Vizuete José Ignacio , Marín Murillo Flora
Published: January 2014

A partir de 1995, ETA da un giro muy importante a su estrategia terrorista. Coloca a los medios de comunicación y a los periodistas en su punto de mira, inicia su presión mediante asesinatos al Poder Judicial y comienza una serie negra de atentados contra representantes de partidos políticos democráticamente elegidos, fundamentalmente del Partido Popular y del Partido Socialista. Este giro estratégico tiene su vértice culminante el 12 de julio de 1997, fecha en la que después de mantener secuestrado durante dos días al concejal del PP en Ermua Miguel Ángel Blanco, acaba por asesinarlo. La muerte del edil popular marca un antes y después en el tratamiento periodístico de los atentados de ETA, por lo que podría ser considerado un ejemplo de lo que autores como Kepplinger y Habermeier (1995) denominan key event. Desde esa fecha ya nada va seguir igual y los medios de comunicación adoptan una posición activa en la lucha contra ETA. Este texto analiza ese antes y después del tratamiento de los atentados mortales de ETA tras el asesinato del concejal del Partido Popular, tomando en consideración para ello las aportaciones realizadas desde la Teoría del Framing.
How to Build a Time‐Gated Luminescence Microscope
Authors: Jin Dayong , Lu Yiqing , Leif Robert C. , Yang Sean , Rajendran Megha , Miller Lawrence W.
Published: January 2014

The sensitivity of filter‐based fluorescence microscopy techniques is limited by autofluorescence background. Time‐gated detection is a practical way to suppress autofluorescence, enabling higher contrast and improved sensitivity. In the past few years, three groups of authors have demonstrated independent approaches to build robust versions of time‐gated luminescence microscopes. Three detailed, step‐by‐step protocols are provided here for modifying standard fluorescent microscopes to permit imaging time‐gated luminescence. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 67:2.22.1‐2.22.36. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Gravity wave characteristics in the mesopause region revealed from OH airglow imager observations over Northern Colorado
Authors: Tang Yihuan , Dou Xiankang , Li Tao , Nakamura Takuji , Xue Xianghui , Huang Can , Manson Alan , Meek Chris , Thorsen Denise , Avery Susan
Published: January 2014

Using 5 years of all‐sky OH airglow imager data over Yucca Ridge Field Station, CO (40.7°N, 104.9°W), from September 2003 to September 2008, we extract and deduce quasi‐monochromatic gravity wave (GW) characteristics in the mesopause region. The intrinsic periods are clustered between approximately 4 and 10 min, and many of them are unstable and evanescent. GW occurrence frequency exhibits a clear semiannual variation with equinoctial minima, which is likely related to the seasonal variation of background wind. The anomalous propagation direction in January 2006, with strong southward before major warming starting in 21 January and weak southward propagation afterward, was most likely affected by stratospheric sudden warming. The momentum fluxes show strongly anticorrelated with the tides, with ~180° out of phase in the zonal component. While in the meridional component, the easterly maximum occurred approximately 2–6 h after maximum easterly tidal wind. However, the anticorrelations are both weakest during the summer. The dissipating and breaking of small‐scale and high‐frequency GW's components could have a potential impact on the general circulation in the mesopause region.
Vapor‐Based Multicomponent Coatings for Antifouling and Biofunctional Synergic Modifications
Authors: Tsai Meng‐Yu , Chen Yung‐Chih , Lin Ting‐Ju , Hsu Yin‐Chu , Lin Ching‐Yu , Yuan Ruei‐Hung , Yu Jiashing , Teng Ming‐Sheng , Hirtz Michael , Chen Mark Hung‐Chih , Chang Chih‐Hao , Chen Hsien‐Yeh
Published: January 2014

A general concept is introduced featuring an ideal multifunctional surface that can avoid fouling problems while allowing the installed groups to perform with the high efficacy and accuracy necessary for delivering cascading and spontaneous biological activities. The idea is realized by using a direct synthesis of a multicomponent coating containing the two functionalities of 4‐methyl‐propiolate and 4‐N‐maleimidomethyl that is achieved via chemical vapor deposition copolymerization on various substrates. The novel coating can simultaneously perform specific bio‐orthogonal reactions, including the azide‐alkyne click reaction and a thiol‐maleimide coupling reaction. In the study, azide‐terminated polyethylene glycols are first immobilized on the methyl propiolate groups to impart an antifouling property, while bioactivity is enabled by tethering biotinylated thiols or Cys‐Arg‐Glu‐Asp‐Val (CREDV) peptides on the maleimide groups. The induced antifouling properties and bioactivities are confirmed by quartz crystal microbalance and cell culture studies. Finally, precisely manipulated endothelial cells, namely, human umbilical vein endothelial cells and bovine arterial endothelial cells, are observed on a complex stent substrate and on confined areas of the poly(methyl methacrylate) substrates.
Highly Efficient Organic Light‐Emitting Devices Prepared with a Phosphorescent Heteroleptic Iridium (III) Complex Containing 7,8‐Benzoquinoline as the Cyclometalated Ligand
Authors: Dumur Frédéric , Lepeltier Marc , Siboni Hossein Zamani , Gigmes Didier , Aziz Hany
Published: January 2014

The performance of a heteroleptic bis‐cyclometalated complex based on 7,8‐benzoquinoline ligands is investigated as a new emitter in phosphorescent OLEDs. The devices show very high efficiency at various dopant concentrations and maximum efficiency is achieved at 8% dopant concentration. A comparison of the performance of PHOLEDs with the new emitter versus those with Ir(ppy)3 emitter reveals an improvement of efficiency at all dopant concentrations. These preliminary results obtained with the first bzq‐based emitter indicate that this family of cyclometalated proligands is a promising compound for the development of highly emissive complexes.
Robust and high performance pressure retarded osmosis hollow fiber membranes for osmotic power generation
Authors: Han Gang , Chung Tai‐Shung
Published: January 2014

Novel fabrication perspectives have been demonstrated to molecularly construct robust hollow fiber membrane supports for high performance thin‐film composite (TFC) pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) membranes. For the first time, we found that the desirable hollow fiber supports should possess high stretch resistance and acceptable ductility. The microstructure strength of the hollow fiber support may have more weights on overall robustness of the TFC PRO membranes than the apparent cross‐section morphology. Effectively manipulating the kinetics of phase inversion during spinning by maneuvering bore fluid chemistry, and polymer solution composition is a promising method to tailor the strength of hollow fiber supports. Prestabilization of the TFC membranes at elevated lumen pressures can significantly improve their PRO performance. The newly developed TFC PRO hollow fiber membranes exhibit a power density as high as 16.5 W/m2 and a very low specific reverse salt flux (Js/Jw) of 0.015 mol/L at a hydraulic pressure of 15 bar using synthetic seawater brine (1.0 M NaCl) as the draw solution. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 1107–1119, 2014
Analysis and optimization of continuous organic solvent nanofiltration by membrane cascade for pharmaceutical separation
Authors: Abejón Ricardo , Garea Aurora , Irabien Angel
Published: January 2014

The major part of the production costs of pharmaceuticals can be imputed to the downstream processing, where membrane technologies have to deal with some challenges as separations involving solutes with similar sizes or solvent recovery and recycling. This work contributes to the progress in the design of continuous organic solvent nanofiltration systems for this purpose and includes the configuration of dual membrane cascades, sensitivity analysis of the operation variables, and economic optimization as innovations. Analyzed configurations include multistage cascades up to three stages, and dual membrane cascades up to five stages. The total costs (TC) were chosen as the formulated objective function to minimize in the economic optimization strategy. The treatment of the residual stream leaving the system resulted the main cost of the process (more than 85% for dual cascades), but the solvent recovery units can significantly reduce the TC (64–77% depending on the required solvent quality). © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 931–948, 2014
Prediction of adverse events during intensive induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia or high‐grade myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Buckley Sarah A. , Othus Megan , Vainstein Vladimir , Abkowitz Janis L. , Estey Elihu H. , Walter Roland B.
Published: January 2014

Intensive chemotherapy for newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) is associated with significant treatment‐related morbidity and mortality. Herein, we investigate how pretreatment characteristics relate to early adverse outcomes in such patients, studying 205 consecutive individuals receiving curative‐intent induction chemotherapy with cytarabine and an anthracycline (“7 + 3”;n = 175) or a “7 + 3”‐like regimen (n = 30). Among the entire cohort, baseline grade 4 neutropenia (i.e., absolute neutrophil count <500 cells/µL) was associated with development of fever (P = 0.04), documented infection (P < 0.0001), and bacteremia (P = 0.002) but not requirement for intensive care unit‐level care; after exclusion of the 30 patients who received “7 + 3”‐like induction, baseline grade 4 neutropenia remained associated with documented infection (P < 0.0001) and bacteremia (P = 0.0005). Among patients achieving a complete remission with the initial treatment cycle, grade 4 neutropenia was associated with delayed neutrophil count recovery (P < 0.0001). Low monocyte and lymphocyte counts at baseline were similarly associated with increased risk of documented infection or bacteremia. After adjustment for age, gender, disease type, cytogenetic/molecular risk, and performance status, the risk of fever, documented infection, or bacteremia was 1.87 (95% confidence interval: 1.04–3.34;P=0.04)‐fold, 4.95 (2.20–11.16; P<0.001)‐fold, and 3.14 (0.99–9.98;P=0.05)‐fold higher in patients with initial grade 4 neutropenia. Together, our studies identify severe baseline neutropenia as a risk factor for infection‐associated adverse events after induction chemotherapy and may provide the rationale for the risk‐adapted testing of myeloid growth factor support in this high‐risk AML/MDS patient subset. Am. J. Hematol. 89:423–428, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Malodorous consequences: What comprises negligence in anosmia litigation?
Authors: Svider Peter F. , Mauro Andrew C. , Eloy Jean Anderson , Setzen Michael , Carron Michael A. , Folbe Adam J.
Published: January 2014

Background

Our objectives were to evaluate factors raised in malpractice litigation in which plaintiffs alleged that physician negligence led to olfactory dysfunction.

Methods

We analyzed publically available federal and court records using Westlaw, a widely used computerized legal database. Pertinent jury verdicts and settlements were comprehensively examined for alleged causes of malpractice (including procedures for iatrogenic causes), defendant specialty, patient demographics, and other factors raised in legal proceedings.

Results

Of 25 malpractice proceedings meeting inclusion criteria, 60.0% were resolved for the defendant, 12.0% were settled, and 28.0% had jury‐awarded damages. Median payments were significant ($300,000 and $412,500 for settlements and awards, respectively). Otolaryngologists were the most frequently named defendants (68.0%), with the majority of iatrogenic cases (55.0%) related to rhinologic procedures. Associated medical events accompanying anosmia included dysgeusia, cerebrospinal fluid leaks, and meningitis. Other alleged factors included requiring additional surgery (80.0%), unnecessary procedures (47.4% of iatrogenic procedural cases), untimely diagnosis leading to anosmia (44.0%), inadequate informed consent (35.0%), dysgeusia (56.0%), and psychological sequelae (24.0%).

Conclusion

Olfactory dysfunction can adversely affect quality of life and thus is a potential area for malpractice litigation. This is particularly true for iatrogenic causes of anosmia, especially following rhinologic procedures. Settlements and damages awarded were considerable, making an understanding of factors detailed in this analysis of paramount importance for the practicing otolaryngologist. This analysis reinforces the importance of explicitly including anosmia in a comprehensive informed consent process for any rhinologic procedure.
The association between allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis with and without nasal polyps: an evidence‐based review with recommendations
Authors: Wilson Kevin F. , McMains K. Christopher , Orlandi Richard R.
Published: January 2014

Background

The relationship between allergy and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) remains ill‐defined and controversial. The association between the 2 is unclear, making an evidence‐based decision of whether to evaluate and treat allergies in CRS patients difficult. The purposes of this systematic review are to (1) examine the relationship between allergy and CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP), (2) examine the same for allergy and CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and (3) recommend evaluation and treatment based on the evidence.

Methods

A structured literature search was performed to identify articles examining the link between allergy and CRSsNP and CRSwNP. Pertinent articles were examined for evidence for an association between allergy and CRSsNP and/or CRSwNP.

Results

A total of 24 articles were found that met the inclusion criteria; 18 articles examined the relationship between allergy and CRSwNP, with 10 articles showing an association, 7 articles showing no association, and 1 article showing a possible association. Nine articles examined the relationship between allergy and CRSsNP, with 4 articles showing an association and 5 articles showing no association. Four studies directly compared the role of allergy in CRSwNP and CRSsNP, and, again, the results were mixed. No articles examined the outcomes of CRSsNP or CRSwNP following allergy treatment.

Conclusion

The role of allergy in CRSwNP and CRSsNP continues to be controversial, with the level of evidence poor. Based on the available data, the recommendation is that allergy testing and treatment are an option in CRSwNP and CRSsNP.
Isolated unilateral infarction of the cerebellar tonsil: Ocular motor findings
Authors: Lee Seung‐Han , Park Seong‐Ho , Kim Ji‐Soo , Kim Hyo‐Jung , Yunusov Farkhod , Zee David S.
Published: January 2014

The oculomotor abnormalities with isolated infarction of the cerebellar tonsil are unknown. In a patient with acute infarction of the right tonsil, we found (1) nearly completely abolished ipsilateral smooth pursuit and impaired contralateral pursuit, (2) a low‐amplitude ipsilesional right‐beating nystagmus without fixation, (3) gaze‐holding deficits, and (4) normal vestibulo‐ocular reflex. These findings contrast with striking vestibular abnormalities reported with unilateral flocculus and anterior tonsil infarction. Taken together, these findings allow more diagnostic certainty in cerebellar patients, help resolve controversies about interpretation of experimental findings in monkeys, and clarify homologies between the monkey and human cerebellum. Ann Neurol 2014;75:429–434
Long‐term survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: A population‐based study
Authors: Pupillo Elisabetta , Messina Paolo , Logroscino Giancarlo , Beghi Ettore ,   the SLALOM Group
Published: January 2014

Objective

To determine the long‐term survival in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and identify predictors of prolonged survival in a population‐based cohort of newly diagnosed patients.

Methods

An incident cohort from a population‐based registry during the years 1998 through 2002 in Lombardy, Italy was followed until death or to February 28, 2013. Age, sex, date of onset of symptoms, site of onset, date of diagnosis, and El Escorial diagnostic category were collected. Survival was assessed using Kaplan–Meier curves. Cox proportional hazards function was used to identify independent prognostic predictors. Standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) were used to assess the 5‐year and 10‐year excess mortality of ALS patients.

Results

Included were 280 men and 203 women aged 18 to 93 years. Spinal onset ALS was present in 312 cases (64.6%). Definite ALS was diagnosed in 213 cases (44.1%), probable ALS in 130 (26.9%), possible ALS in 93 (19.3%), and suspected ALS in 47 (9.7%). The cumulative time‐dependent survival at 1, 5, and 10 years from diagnosis was 76.2%, 23.4%, and 11.8%, respectively. Independent predictors included younger age, the diagnosis of possible/suspected ALS, spinal onset, and symptoms having started >12 months previously at diagnosis. SMR was 9.4 at 5 years and 5.4 at 10 years. SMR at 10 years was higher until age 75 year, predominating in women, and became nonsignificant for males thereafter.

Interpretation

The outcome in ALS varies with phenotype. Longer survival is predicted by younger age, spinal onset, male gender, and suspected ALS. After age 75 years, 10‐year survival in men with ALS is similar to the general population. Ann Neurol 2014;75:287–297
Mixed Transition‐Metal Oxides: Design, Synthesis, and Energy‐Related Applications
Authors: Yuan Changzhou , Wu Hao Bin , Xie Yi , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: January 2014

A promising family of mixed transition‐metal oxides (MTMOs) (designated as AxB3‐xO4; A, B=Co, Ni, Zn, Mn, Fe, etc.) with stoichiometric or even non‐stoichiometric compositions, typically in a spinel structure, has recently attracted increasing research interest worldwide. Benefiting from their remarkable electrochemical properties, these MTMOs will play significant roles for low‐cost and environmentally friendly energy storage/conversion technologies. In this Review, we summarize recent research advances in the rational design and efficient synthesis of MTMOs with controlled shapes, sizes, compositions, and micro‐/nanostructures, along with their applications as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors, and efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction in metal–air batteries and fuel cells. Some future trends and prospects to further develop advanced MTMOs for next‐generation electrochemical energy storage/conversion systems are also presented.
The Cambridge Structural Database in Retrospect and Prospect
Authors: Groom Colin R. , Allen Frank H.
Published: January 2014

The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) was established in 1965 to record numerical, chemical and bibliographic data relating to published organic and metal–organic crystal structures. The Cambridge Structural Database (CSD) now stores data for nearly 700 000 structures and is a comprehensive and fully retrospective historical archive of small‐molecule crystallography. Nearly 40 000 new structures are added each year. As X‐ray crystallography celebrates its centenary as a subject, and the CCDC approaches its own 50th year, this article traces the origins of the CCDC as a publicly funded organization and its onward development into a self‐financing charitable institution. Principally, however, we describe the growth of the CSD and its extensive associated software system, and summarize its impact and value as a basis for research in structural chemistry, materials science and the life sciences, including drug discovery and drug development. Finally, the article considers the CCDC’s funding model in relation to open access and open data paradigms.
Thiirane resins cured with polythiourethane hardeners as novel supports for metal complex catalysts
Authors: Strzelec Krzysztof , Bączek Natalia , Szynkowska Małgorzata , Grams Jacek
Published: January 2014

The application of thiirane resin cured with polythiourethane (PTU) hardeners as novel and efficient support for palladium complex catalyst is reported. Stability and activity efficiency in Heck reactions were determined. IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy provided information of metal coordination to the polymer matrix. Characterization of polymer supports and palladium catalysts has involved the measurements of the structural parameters in the dry state by the nitrogen BET adsorption, time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The results of this study indicate that PTU used to cure thiirane resin can greatly affect the catalytic properties of the episufide resin‐supported palladium catalyst. These new type of polymer supports comparing to other organic carriers offers several practical advantages such as ability to control the crosslinking density, porosity and the chemical structure of the polymeric matrix, which influence the catalytic properties of the immobilized metal complex. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014, 131, 40330.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Non‐Volatile Memory Device Application of an N‐Substituted Heteroacene
Authors: Wang Chengyuan , Wang Jiangxin , Li Pei‐Zhou , Gao Junkuo , Tan Si Yu , Xiong Wei‐Wei , Hu Benlin , Lee Pooi See , Zhao Yanli , Zhang Qichun
Published: January 2014

N‐substituted heteroacenes have been widely used as electroactive layers in organic electronic devices, and only a few of them have been investigated in organic resistive memory devices. Here, a novel N‐substituted heteroacene 2‐(4′‐(diphenylamino)phenyl)‐4,11‐bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐b]phenazine (DBIP) has been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Sandwich‐structure memory devices based on DBIP have been fabricated and the devices show non‐volatile and stable memory character with good endurance performance.
High‐Temperature Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Using Poly(vinylphosphonic acid) as an Electrolyte Shows a Remarkable Durability
Authors: Berber Mohamed R. , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: January 2014

The development of a high‐performance, durable, and less expensive membrane electrode assembly (MEA) composed of a polymer electrolyte membrane and electrocatalysts is important for developing fuel cells. Herein, we described the design and fabrication of an electrocatalyst with carbon black, polybenzimidazole doped with poly(vinylphosphonic acid) (PVPA), and platinum nanoparticles as an electron‐conducting support material, an electrolyte, and a metal catalyst, respectively. Most importantly, we used PVPA in place of phosphoric acid, which is a widely used acid dopant, as the acid dopant for both the electrocatalyst and the polymer electrolyte membrane. We reported that the use of PVPA is crucial for the high performance of the MEA because it prevented the leaching of acid molecules from the MEA, which led to high durability compared to that of the phosphoric acid‐doped MEAs.
Comparative Study of the Electrochemical Promotion of CO2 Hydrogenation over Ru‐Supported Catalysts using Electronegative and Electropositive Promoters
Authors: Theleritis Demetrios , Makri Marialena , Souentie Stamatios , Caravaca Angel , Katsaounis Alexandros , Vayenas Constantinos G.
Published: January 2014

The kinetics and the electrochemical promotion of the hydrogenation of CO2 over Ru‐catalyst electrodes deposited on yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and (Na+)‐β“‐Al2O3 solid electrolytes are investigated at temperatures between 200 and 340 °C and pressures up to 5 bar. In the case of both the O2− conductor (YSZ) and the Na+ conductor (β”‐Al2O3), the selectivity for CH4 production is enhanced significantly when using a positive potential by supplying of O2− to, or removal of Na+ from, the catalyst surface. The opposite effect is observed when using a negative applied potential, which suppresses CH4 formation and enhances the production of CO through the reverse water–gas shift reaction. However, at low Na coverage, and under reducing conditions, both methanation and H2 production are promoted by the application of a negative potential. The observed electrochemical promotion behavior in conjunction with the reaction kinetics is consistent with the rules of electrochemical and chemical promotion.
Highly Flexible and Nonflammable Inorganic Hydroxyapatite Paper
Authors: Lu Bing‐Qiang , Zhu Ying‐Jie , Chen Feng
Published: January 2014

A highly flexible and nonflammable inorganic hydroxyapatite (HAP) paper made from HAP ultralong nanowires is reported. The paper can be used for printing and writing and is promising for the permanent and safe storage of information, such as archives and important documents. The HAP paper is also an excellent and recyclable adsorbent for organic pollutants.
ChemInform Abstract: Mixed‐Valent Neptunium(IV/V) Compound with Cation—Cation‐Bound Six‐Membered Neptunyl Rings.
Authors: Jin Geng Bang
Published: January 2014

NaxNpIV(NpVO2)6 (OH)1+xCl9(H2O)8‐x (0 < x ≤ 1) is synthesized by evaporation of a neptunium(V) acidic (HCl) stock solution over several months to complete dryness.
ChemInform Abstract: Olivine‐Type NaCd(AsO4).
Authors: Weil Matthias
Published: January 2014

The title compound is prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Cd(OAc)2 and Na2HAsO4 (H2O, autoclave, 338 K, 10 d).
ChemInform Abstract: DFT Calculations of Electronic and Transport Properties of Substituted Mn4Si7.
Authors: Allam A. , Boulet P. , Record M.‐C.
Published: January 2014

Electronic and transport properties of substituted Mn4Si7 are evaluated by DFT calculations with Co, Mo, Ru, Rh, Cd, Ir, and Sb, Te, Pb, Bi as substituents for Mn and Si, resp.
ChemInform Abstract: Superconductivity in the Narrow‐Gap Semiconductor CsBi4Te6.
Authors: Malliakas Christos D. , Chung Duck Young , Claus Helmut , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: January 2014

Centimeter‐sized crystals of the title compound are prepared by reaction of Bi2Te3 with Cs in the vapor phase at 670 °C followed by melting and slow cooling.
ChemInform Abstract: On the 500 °C Isothermal Section of the Ternary Eu—Ag—Ga System up to 33.3 at.% Eu.
Authors: Verbovytskyy Yu. , Pereira M. F. C. , Goncalves A. P.
Published: January 2014

The isothermal section of the ternary Eu‐Ag‐Ga system is studied at 500 °C for the 0‐33.3 at.% Eu concentration region.
ChemInform Abstract: Two Isostructural 3D Metal—Organic Frameworks Constructed from 1D [H2Mo4O14]n2n‐ Chains and the Flexible Bis‐pyridyl‐bis‐amide Ligand.
Authors: Lin Hongyan , Xu Chuang , Wang Xiuli , Chang Zhihan , Tian Aixiang , Liu Guocheng , Zhang Juwen
Published: January 2014

The new isostructural compounds (IIIa, b) crystallize in the triclinic space group P$\bar 1$ with Z = 1 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Environmentally Benign Deprotection of Dithioacetals Using 30% Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Fe(acac)3 and Sodium Iodide.
Authors: Kirihara Masayuki , Suzuki Satoshi , Ishizuka Yuki , Yamazaki Kento , Matsushima Ryoji , Suzuki Takaya , Iwai Toshiaki
Published: January 2014

The reaction of dithioacetals with excess aqueous hydrogen peroxide in the presence of catalytic amounts of iron(III) acetylacetonate and sodium iodide efficiently produces the corresponding carbonyl compounds in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydroxylic Additives Enhance Yield and Scalability of Silicon‐Directed Nazarov Reaction.
Authors: Joy Shaon , Nakanishi Waka , West F. G.
Published: January 2014

Optimized reaction conditions including methanol or water as additives allow the Nazarov cyclization of silyldienone substrates which are previously shown to be low yielding or completely unreactive under conventional conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Fluorinated Cyclobutenes Based on β‐Polyfluoroalkyl β‐Keto Sulfones, Sulfamides, and Phosphonates.
Authors: Timoshenko Vadim M. , Markitanov Yuriy M. , Shermolovich Yuriy G.
Published: January 2014

Title compounds of type (I) react with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (II) and triphenyl phosphine to give cyclobutenes of type (III).
ChemInform Abstract: N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes. Part 7. Abietane‐Based Adamantylimidazolium Salts.
Authors: Gorbunov A. A. , Denisov M. S. , Karmanov V. I. , Glushkov V. A.
Published: January 2014

The title compounds are tested as ligands in Sonogashira coupling reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel C2‐Symmetric Bis‐Oxazoline Ligands.
Authors: Veselovsky V. V. , Lozanova A. V. , Mistryukov E. A.
Published: January 2014

Two newly synthesized chiral catalysts are tested in the enantioselective Henry reaction of aldehyde (I) with nitromethane (II) to give the corresponding alcohol albeit with poor enantioselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Thiazolyl‐Phosphine Hydrochloride Salts: Effective Auxiliary Ligands for Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Nitrile Hydration Reactions and Related Amide Bond Forming Processes in Water.
Authors: Garcia‐Alvarez Rocio , Zablocka Maria , Crochet Pascale , Duhayon Carine , Majoral Jean‐Pierre , Cadierno Victorio
Published: January 2014

A novel ruthenium thiazolyl‐phosphine complex is prepared and successfully applied as a catalyst for the synthesis of amides from nitriles, aldoximes, and aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Preparation of Functionalized Dienes from Allylic Phosphonium Salts Through the Wittig Reaction.
Authors: Sa Marcus M. , Meier Lidiane
Published: January 2014

Optimum reaction conditions are examined for the title reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative C—H/C—H Cross‐Coupling of 2,3‐Substituted Indolines with Arenes at the C7 Position.
Authors: Jiao Lin‐Yu , Oestreich Martin
Published: January 2014

Yield of these reactions is determined by GC‐analysis using an internal standard.
ChemInform Abstract: Porous Material‐Immobilized Iodo‐Bodipy as an Efficient Photocatalyst for Photoredox Catalytic Organic Reaction to Prepare Pyrrolo[2,1‐a]isoquinoline.
Authors: Guo Song , Zhang Hongli , Huang Ling , Guo Zhendong , Xiong Guang , Zhao Jianzhang
Published: January 2014

The reaction is conducted with visible light.
ChemInform Abstract: Modification of Biologically Active Amides and Amines with Fluorine‐Containing Heterocycles. Part 7. Fluorine‐Containing Heterocyclic Derivatives of the Acetazolamide.
Authors: Sokolov V. B. , Aksinenko A. Yu.
Published: January 2014

6 Fluorine‐containing heterocyclic derivatives of acetazolamide of type (V), (VII), or (VIII) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Unsymmetrically Substituted 1,4‐Dihydroisonicotinic Acid and Its Derivatives.
Authors: Goba I. , Turovska B. , Belyakov S. , Liepinsh E.
Published: January 2014

An efficient method for the synthesis of the title compounds bearing cyano and acetyl groups in positions C‐3 and C‐5 using a three‐component Hantzsch reaction and their transformation into esters are described.
ChemInform Abstract: Review: Protonation, Complex‐formation Equilibria, and Metal‐ligand Interaction of Salicylaldehyde Schiff Bases
Authors: El‐Sherif Ahmed A. , Aljahdali Mutlaq S.
Published: January 2014

Review: 120 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Supramolecular Helices: Chirality Transfer from Conjugated Molecules to Structures
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhang Yajie , Wei Zhixiang
Published: January 2014

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Expansions of Vinyloxiranes, ‐thiiranes, and ‐aziridines: Synthetic Approaches, Challenges, and Catalytic Success Stories
Authors: Ilardi Elizabeth A. , Njardarson Jon T.
Published: January 2014

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Methods for Asymmetric C—C Bond Formation
Authors: Scheffler Ulf , Mahrwald Rainer
Published: January 2014

Review: 311 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Caged Nucleotides/Nucleosides and Their Photochemical Biology
Authors: Tang Xinjing , Zhang Jinhao , Sun Jingjing , Wang Yuan , Wu Junzhou , Zhang Lihe
Published: January 2014

Review: 41 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal/N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes: Opportunities for the Development of Anticancer Metallodrugs
Authors: Cisnetti Federico , Gautier Arnaud
Published: January 2014

Review: 23 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Spectroscopic Analysis of the Interaction of Human Serum Albumin with Tricationic Phosphorus Porphyrins Bearing Axial Pyridinio Groups
Authors: Matsumoto Jin , Kubo Tomoya , Shinbara Tomohiko , Matsuda Naomi , Shiragami Tsutomu , Fujitsuka Mamoru , Majima Tetsuro , Yasuda Masahide
Published: January 2014

Review: 37 refs.
Climate change and the population collapse during the “Great Famine” in pre‐industrial Europe
Authors: Lima Mauricio
Published: January 2014

Population dynamics, economy, and human demography started with Malthus, the idea that population growth is limited by resources and “positive checks” occur when population growth overshoots the available resources. In fact, historical evidence indicates that long‐term climate changes have destabilized civilizations and caused population collapses via food shortages, diseases, and wars. One of the worst population collapses of human societies occurred during the early fourteenth century in northern Europe; the “Great Famine” was the consequence of the dramatic effects of climate deterioration on human population growth. Thus, part of my motivation was to demonstrate that simple theoretical‐based models can be helpful in understanding the causes of population change in preindustrial societies. Here, the results suggest that a logistic model with temperature as a “lateral” perturbation effect is the key element for explaining the population collapse exhibited by the European population during the “Great Famine”.
Worsening renal function during renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system inhibitor initiation and long‐term outcomes in patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction
Authors: Clark Hannah , Krum Henry , Hopper Ingrid
Published: January 2014

Aims

Impaired renal function is associated with worse clinical outcomes in patients with LV systolic dysfunction (LVSD) and heart failure. Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitors provide clinical benefit in these settings and often worsen renal function. It is not clear whether worsening renal function (WRF) in patients exposed to these agents predicts a worse prognosis or merely reflects the pharmacological action of the drug on the kidney.

Methods and results

We performed a meta‐analysis of all RAAS inhibitor LVSD trials reporting on outcomes according to WRF (as per individual study definition) in both active intervention and placebo groups. Five major studies (SOLVD, SAVE, RALES, Val‐HeFT and EPHESUS) contributed, with 20 573 patients. Compared with placebo, RAAS inhibitors reduced all‐cause mortality overall [n = 20 573, relative risk ratio (RR) 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.86–0.95, P = 0.0003], in the group with no WRF (n = 18 209, RR 0.91, 95% CI 0.83–0.99, P = 0.04), and in the WRF group (n = 2364, RR 0.72, 95% CI 0.62–0.84, P < 0.0001). Compared with no WRF, WRF was associated with increased all‐cause mortality; however, this was less in the RAAS inhibitor group (n = 8905, RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.10–1.36, P = 0.0003) than in the placebo group (n = 9304, RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.37–1.69, P < 0.00001).

Conclusions

WRF shortly after randomization is associated with worsened outcomes compared with no WRF; however, the reduction in all‐cause mortality associated with the use of RAAS inhibitors was significantly greater in the presence of WRF than in the no WRF group. Clinicians should not be deterred from using RAAS inhibitors in the setting of WRF.
Structural and Thermal Characterization of the Incorporation of Lithium into ZnO
Authors: Pavlyuk Volodymyr , Misztal Renata , Ciesielski Wojciech
Published: January 2014

The process of the incorporation of lithium atoms into the binary oxide ZnO and the structure of the ternary phase Li2xZn1–xO have been investigated experimentally (by means of X‐ray single‐crystal and powder diffraction analyses, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry) and theoretically (electronic structure calculations with the program TB‐LMTO‐ASA, TB‐LMTO = tight‐binding linear muffin‐tin orbital). The formation of the disordered Li2xZn1–xO phase occurs under the action of two processes: the inclusion of additional lithium atoms at the 2a site (x = 0, y = 0, z = 0.124) and the the partial substitution of zinc atoms by lithium atoms at the 2b site (x = 1/3, y = 2/3, z = 0.379). At temperatures higher than 700 °C, the ternary phase begins to decompose.
On the Mechanism of Reduction of Maleate Ions by NiI Complexes with Tetraazamacrocyclic Ligands in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Schutz Osnat , Masarwa Alexandra , Zilbermann Israel , Maimon Eric , Cohen Haim , Meyerstein Dan
Published: January 2014

Recently, it was shown that NiI and CoI complexes with tetraazamacrocyclic ligands [namely, trans‐III‐NiIL3+ (L3 = 1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane), NiIcyclam and rac‐CoIL1+ (L1 = 5,7,7,12,14,14‐hexamethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradeca‐4,11‐diene, dien)] reduce maleate ions in aqueous solutions. It was decided to expand the study to further NiILi+ complexes. In the present study, the reactions of rac‐NiIL1+ and meso‐NiIL2+ (L2 = 5,5,7,12,12,14‐hexamethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane) with maleate ions were investigated. The effect of the addition of maleic acid to aqueous solutions containing these low‐valent metal complexes, prepared by the pulse radiolysis technique, was studied. The d→π* complexes formed between monovalent nickel complexes and maleate ions were detected and characterised by UV/Vis spectroscopy. The nature of the final products formed depends strongly on the nature of the metal and the ligand. Detailed mechanisms of the reduction processes are proposed and compared with those previously reported. The results indicate that the electronic configuration of the central cation as well as the reduction potential of the complex and steric hindrance induced by the ligand affect the reduction mechanism of maleate ions by these analogous complexes.
α‐Nitro Epoxides in Organic Synthesis: Development of a One‐Pot Organocatalytic Strategy for the Synthesis of Quinoxalines
Authors: Ibrahim Mohammad M. , Grau Dominik , Hampel Frank , Tsogoeva Svetlana B.
Published: January 2014

A new strategy for the synthesis of biologically active quinoxalines by using versatile α‐nitro epoxides as starting compounds has been developed. In addition, the in situ organocatalytic epoxidation of electron‐poor nitro olefins followed by condensation with 1,2‐phenylenediamines to provide quinoxalines in one pot has been demonstrated.
[8+2] Formal Cycloaddition Reactions of Tropones with Azlactones under Brønsted Acid Catalysis and Synthesis of α‐(2‐Tropyl), α‐Alkyl α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Esteban Francisco , Alfaro Ricardo , Yuste Francisco , Parra Alejandro , Ruano José Luis García , Alemán José
Published: January 2014

The reaction of tropones with azlactones catalyzed by Brønsted acids affords a variety of dihydro‐2H‐cyclohepta[b]furan derivatives, corresponding to a formal [8+2] cycloaddition process. They can easily be opened by nucleophiles to afford a new type of α,α‐disubstituted α‐amino acid (or peptide) containing seven‐membered rings at the quaternary position.
Does physical activity reduce burden in carers of people with dementia? A literature review
Authors: Orgeta Vasiliki , Miranda‐Castillo Claudia
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Physical exercise has been associated with a range of positive outcomes including improvements in psychological well‐being. The aim of the present study was to review current evidence on the effects of physical activity interventions for carers of people with dementia.

Methods

Systematic review. We searched electronic databases and key articles of studies that have evaluated the effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving psychological well‐being in carers of people with dementia. Relevant papers were scored according to established criteria set by the Cochrane Review Group. Selection criteria for studies were a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, and comparing physical activity with a control group receiving no specific physical activity intervention. Two reviewers worked independently to select trials, extract data, and assess risk of bias.

Results

A total of four RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Studies evaluated home‐based supervised physical activity of low to moderate intensity, which included either aerobic exercise, or endurance training. Pooled data showed that physical activity reduced subjective caregiver burden in carers, standardized mean difference −0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI) −0.81 to −0.04, in comparison to a control group of usual care.

Conclusions

There is evidence from two RCTs that physical activity reduces subjective caregiver burden for carers of people with dementia. Although statistically significant, the observed benefits should be interpreted with caution as the studies conducted so far have limitations. Further high‐quality trials are needed for evaluating the effectiveness of physical activity in improving psychological well‐being in carers of people with dementia. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of Carbon‐based Engineered Nanoparticles in Marketed Fish by Microwave‐assisted Extraction and Liquid Chromatography‐atmospheric Pressure Photoionization‐tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chen Hsin‐Chang , Kuo Han‐Wen , Ding Wang‐Hsien
Published: January 2014

An optimized method for the determination of two major carbon‐based engineered nanoparticles (C60 and C70) in marketed fish samples is described. The method involves the use of microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) coupled with liquid chromatography ‐ tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure photoionization (LC‐APPI‐MS/MS). Factors affecting the extraction efficiency of the analytes from fish samples were optimized by a central composite design method. The optimal extraction temperature and time for MAE were found to be 233 °C for 22 min, and the extraction solution was composed of toluene and acetone in a ratio of 4.64:1. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) were 0.1 and 0.05 ng/g for C60 and C70, respectively. The precision for these analytes at two spiked levels, as indicated by relative standard deviations (RSDs), were less than 10% for both intra‐ and inter‐day analysis. Accuracy, expressed as the mean extraction recovery, was between 85 and 98%. The method was further validated based on EU Commission Decision 2002/657/EC, including a decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) for marketed fish samples.
One‐pot Synthesis of Octahydroqinazolinones Derivatives Catalyzed by [C4(mim)2](FeCl4)2 under Solvent Free Conditions
Authors: Godajdar Bijan Mombani , Soleimani Soghra
Published: January 2014

In this investigation, a practical green chemistry procedure for synthesis of octahydroqinazolinones and thiones derivatives via condensation of aldehyde, 1,3‐cyclohexanedione/dimedone and urea or thiourea catalyzed by magnetic room temperature dicationic liquid under solvent free conditions is described. The catalyst was studied by UV spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and thermogravimetric analysis. This methodology is of interest due to several advantages such as environmental benign, easy experimental procedure, good yield and reusable catalyst.
Antimicrobial susceptibility and antibiotic resistance gene transfer analysis of foodborne, clinical, and environmental Listeria spp. isolates including Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Bertsch David , Muelli Mirjam , Weller Monika , Uruty Anaïs , Lacroix Christophe , Meile Leo
Published: January 2014

The aims of this study were to assess antibiotic resistance pheno‐ and genotypes in foodborne, clinical, and environmental Listeria isolates, as well as to elucidate the horizontal gene transfer potential of detected resistance genes. A small fraction of in total 524 Listeria spp. isolates (3.1%) displayed acquired antibiotic resistance mainly to tetracycline (n = 11), but also to clindamycin (n = 4) and trimethoprim (n = 3), which was genotypically confirmed. In two cases, a tetracycline resistance phenotype was observed together with a trimethoprim resistance phenotype, namely in a clinical L. monocytogenes strain and in a foodborne L. innocua isolate. Depending on the applied guidelines, a differing number of isolates (n = 2 or n = 20) showed values for ampicillin that are on the edge between intermediate susceptibility and resistance. Transferability of the antibiotic resistance genes from the Listeria donors, elucidated in vitro by filter matings, was demonstrated for genes located on transposons of the Tn916 family and for an unknown clindamycin resistance determinant. Transfer rates of up to 10−5 transconjugants per donor were obtained with a L. monocytogenes recipient and up to 10−7 with an Enterococcus faecalis recipient, respectively. Although the prevalence of acquired antibiotic resistance in Listeria isolates from this study was rather low, the transferability of these resistances enables further spread in the future. This endorses the importance of surveillance of L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in terms of antibiotic susceptibility.
Effects of deep brain stimulation frequency on bradykinesia of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Huang He , Watts Ray L. , Montgomery Erwin B.
Published: January 2014

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequency‐dependent. Past studies of the effect of DBS frequency, however, involved scrutiny of too few frequencies to eliminate risk of undersampling. Also, these studies presented averaged measures across subjects; high intersubject variability makes these measures problematic. In this study, 6 subjects with PD were tested in a drug‐minimal state. Following 10 minutes of stimulation at the new frequency, all available frequencies were tested. Hand‐opening and hand‐closing amplitude and frequency were measured in 3 epochs of 15 seconds each. Multiple frequencies (low and high) resulted in peaks of increased movement amplitudes. Peaks were specific and varied among individuals. No clear relationship between stimulation frequency and movement frequency was discovered. In light of the findings, a wider range of stimulation frequencies should be examined, particularly lower frequencies. Most current theories of PD pathophysiology and DBS mechanisms of action fail to explain results of the kind demonstrated herein. © 2013 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Die Temperatur im Reaktor
Authors: Pohl Thomas
Published: January 2014

Reaktortemperierungen in Chemielabors sowie in Industrie‐ und Versuchsanlagen erfordern dynamische Temperiersysteme. Sie müssen endo‐ und exotherme Reaktionen im Reaktorinneren überwachen und Temperaturanstiege wie ‐abfälle extrem schnell und sicher kompensieren. Es kommt daher darauf an, alle Bedingungen und Einflussfaktoren zu berücksichtigen.
Truth-Grounding and Transitivity
Authors: Tahko Tuomas E. ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: January 2014

It is argued that if we take grounding to be univocal, then there is a serious tension between truth-grounding and one commonly assumed structural principle for grounding, namely transitivity. The primary claim of the article is that truth-grounding cannot be transitive. Accordingly, it is either the case that grounding is not transitive or that truth-grounding is not grounding, or both.