bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Astaxanthin stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis in insulin resistant muscle via activation of AMPK pathway
Authors: Nishida Yasuhiro , Nawaz Allah , Kado Tomonobu , Takikawa Akiko , Igarashi Yoshiko , Onogi Yasuhiro , Wada Tsutomu , Sasaoka Toshiyasu , Yamamoto Seiji , Sasahara Masakiyo , Imura Johji , Tokuyama Kumpei , Usui Isao , Nakagawa Takashi , Fujisaka Shiho , Kunimasa Yagi , Tobe Kazuyuki
Published: January 2020

Background

Skeletal muscle is mainly responsible for insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal. Dysfunction in skeletal muscle metabolism especially during obesity contributes to the insulin resistance. Astaxanthin (AX), a natural antioxidant, has been shown to ameliorate hepatic insulin resistance in obese mice. However, its effects in skeletal muscle are poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the molecular target of AX in ameliorating skeletal muscle insulin resistance.

Methods

We fed 6‐week‐old male C57BL/6J mice with normal chow (NC) or NC supplemented with AX (NC+AX) and high‐fat‐diet (HFD) or HFD supplemented with AX for 24 weeks. We determined the effect of AX on various parameters including insulin sensitivity, glucose uptake, inflammation, kinase signaling, gene expression, and mitochondrial function in muscle. We also determined energy metabolism in intact C2C12 cells treated with AX using the Seahorse XFe96 Extracellular Flux Analyzer and assessed the effect of AX on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial biogenesis.

Results

AX‐treated HFD mice showed improved metabolic status with significant reduction in blood glucose, serum total triglycerides, and cholesterol (p< 0.05). AX‐treated HFD mice also showed improved glucose metabolism by enhancing glucose incorporation into peripheral target tissues, such as the skeletal muscle, rather than by suppressing gluconeogenesis in the liver as shown by hyperinsulinemic–euglycemic clamp study. AX activated AMPK in the skeletal muscle of the HFD mice and upregulated the expressions of transcriptional factors and coactivator, thereby inducing mitochondrial remodeling, including increased mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation component and free fatty acid metabolism. We also assessed the effects of AX on mitochondrial biogenesis in the siRNA‐mediated AMPK‐depleted C2C12 cells and showed that the effect of AX was lost in the genetically AMPK‐depleted C2C12 cells. Collectively, AX treatment (i) significantly ameliorated insulin resistance and glucose intolerance through regulation of AMPK activation in the muscle, (ii) stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis in the muscle, (iii) enhanced exercise tolerance and exercise‐induced fatty acid metabolism, and (iv) exerted antiinflammatory effects via its antioxidant activity in adipose tissue.

Conclusions

We concluded that AX treatment stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis and significantly ameliorated insulin resistance through activation of AMPK pathway in the skeletal muscle.
Contribution of glycerol addition and algal–bacterial cooperation to nutrients recovery: a study on the mechanisms of microalgae‐based wastewater remediation
Authors: Xu Mingyu , Zeng Qingqing , Li Huankai , Zhong Yuming , Tong Linying , Ruan Roger , Liu Hui
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

Microalgae biotechnology is considered as a promising way to recover nutrients from centrate wastewater for value‐added biomass production, but it is rarely adopted in a real‐world application. Current study confirmed that carbon deficiency and suspended solids are two problems jeopardizing the microalgae‐based wastewater remediation. In this regard, glycerol was added into centrate wastewater as exogenous carbon source and algal–bacterial cooperation for nutrients recovery assessment.

RESULTS

The results showed that glycerol addition increased the biomass yield of algae from 1.54 to 2.58 g L−1 in 5‐day culture and, at the same time, improved the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, which were further assessed by pilot‐scale experiments. Bacterial community analysis indicated that algal–bacterial cooperation involves carbon dioxide and oxygen exchange, phosphorus absorption, and solid organics degradation, forming a complementary nexus beneficial for wastewater treatment.

CONCLUSION

Glycerol is proven to be a good carbon source for microalgae growth in the centrate wastewater. Additionally, the cooperation between microalgae and bacteria plays a key role in the nutrients removal during centrate wastewater. It is expected the technology and knowledge provided by current work can further promote the industrialization of microalgae‐based wastewater remediation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative pollen and foliar micromorphological studies using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy of some selected species of Lamiaceae from Alpine Zone of Deosai Plateau, Western Himalayas
Authors: Bano Abida , Rashid Sofia , Ahmad Mushtaq , Bhatti Ghulam R. , Yaseen Ghulam , Anjum Farida , Ahmed Sidra N. , Zafar Muhammad , Asma Maliha , Sultana Shazia , Adeel Muhammad , Ozdemir Fethi A. , Kilic Omer
Published: January 2020

The study was conducted to highlight a detailed account of morphology of pollen chosen species of Lamiaceae through scanning electron microscopy, and the anatomical characteristics of leaf epidermis of seven species using simple light microscopy. In results, Anisomeles indica and Otostegia aucheri belong to subfamily Lamioideae because it has tricolpate pollen while the rest eight species belong to subfamily Nepetoideae (hexacolpate pollen). The exine sculpturing of pollen of studied species was found to be reticulate. In the family Lamiaceae, four kinds of stomata were found anomocytic, anisocytic, diacytic, and actinocytic, respectively. The cell wall patterns of epidermal cells were irregular or polygonal with straight or undulate walls. It was noted that the variety of the epidermal trichomes seems of taxonomically important for the identification of species of Lamiaceae. Both nonglandular and glandular trichomes were analyzed. The nonglandular trichomes were characterized with long, thin, and pointed apical unicellular cells. The nonglandular trichomes were A‐shaped in Thymus linearis. In Perovskia abrotanoides, stellate glandular trichomes were observed whereas in A. indica and Mentha royleana both glandular and nonglandular trichomes were found. In A. indica, the nonglandular trichomes were sessile and peltate in M. royleana. For the first time in this study, pollen and foliar micromorphological features of selected species of this area are carried out. These taxonomic characters were found to be important in discrimination of species from each other. In future, the detailed study with comprehensive morphology coupled with other important characters is required for delimitation of taxa at various levels.
Another Nelson Touch: A Leader/Follower Synergy
Authors: Pascoe Bruce
Published: January 2020

Nelson called his battle plan for the Battle of Trafalgar “The Nelson Touch.” Bold and audacious—like Nelson himself—it relied on another “Nelson Touch” for the officers and men of the British fleet to win the day—his way of creating a powerful synergy between leaders and followers that the French could not hope to overcome. Nelson intuitively understood the importance of both leadership and followership. While he was a brilliant leader who could inspire his followers as only very few can and exceedingly few can emulate Nelson's special traits, many can learn to emulate his behaviors.
Knockdown of otubain 2 inhibits liver cancer cell growth by suppressing NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Gu Zhen‐Lin , Huang Jing , Zhen Lin‐Lin
Published: January 2020

The deubiquitinase otubain 2 (OTUB2) has been reported to play significant roles in the tumorigenesis of several cancers, but the role of OTUB2 in liver cancer is not investigated yet. In the present study, OTUB2 was found significantly upregulated in liver cancer tumor tissues and cell lines, and elevated OTUB2 indicated as a negative index for the overall survival of liver cancer patients. At the cellular level, knockdown of OTUB2 markedly inhibited liver cancer cell growth. Our further investigations revealed that knockdown of OTUB2 significantly suppressed NF‐κB‐driving luciferase activity, and markedly inhibited the phosphorylation of NF‐κB p65 in liver cancer cells, which indicated that OTUB2 mediated liver cancer cell growth by regulating NF‐κB signaling. Additionally, we found that liver cancer cell lines harboring higher OTUB2 expression were more sensitive to NF‐κB inhibitors, and overexpression of OTUB2 could significantly reduce the antitumor effects of NF‐κB inhibitors in liver cancer cells. This study indicated that OTUB2 could be a promising target for the treatment of liver cancer in the future.
FDA approval sought for new schizophrenia, bipolar treatment
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: January 2020

Observing the need for an expanded treatment option for patients with schizophrenia and bipolar I disorder, a global biopharmaceutical company on Jan. 28 announced that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted for review the company's New Drug Application (NDA) seeking approval for an antipsychotic drug for the treatment of those mental health disorders.
Double‐tuned 31P/1H human head array with high performance at both frequencies for spectroscopic imaging at 9.4T
Authors: Avdievich Nikolai I. , Ruhm Loreen , Dorst Johanna , Scheffler Klaus , Korzowski Andreas , Henning Anke
Published: January 2020

Purpose

To develop a robust design of a human head double‐tuned 31P/1H array, which provides good performance at both 31P and 1H frequencies for MR spectroscopic imaging at 9.4T.

Methods

Increasing the number of surface loops in a human head array improves the peripheral signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR), while the central SNR doesn’t substantially change. High peripheral SNR can contaminate MR spectroscopic imaging data at both 1H and 31P frequency. To minimize this effect, we limited the number of elements in the 31P array to 10, i.e., 8 transceiver surface loops circumscribing the head and 2 receive “vertical” loops placed at the superior location. The 1H‐portion of the array also consists of 10 elements, i.e., 8 transceiver surface loops circumscribing the head and 2 transceiver “vertical” loops at the superior location of the head. Both the 31P array and 1H array are placed in a single layer at the same distance to the head, which provides high loading and, thus, a good performance for both arrays.

Results

Transmit efficiency of the 1H‐portion of the double‐tuned array was very similar to that of the single‐tuned arrays of similar size. Also, addition of the cross‐loops substantially improved the brain coverage.

Conclusion

We developed a novel 31P/1H double‐tuned array for MR spectroscopic imaging of a human brain at 9.4T. Placing both 31P and 1H loops in a single layer provides for high transmit efficiency at both frequencies without compromising SNR near the brain center at the 31P‐frequency. Addition of the cross‐loops at the superior location improves the brain coverage.
Dynamic 1H‐MRS for detection of 13C‐labeled glucose metabolism in the human brain at 3T
Authors: Dehghani Masoumeh , Zhang Steven , Kumaragamage Chathura , Rosa‐Neto Pedro , Near Jamie
Published: January 2020

Purpose

In 2004, Boumezbeur et al proposed a simple yet powerful approach to detect the metabolism of 13C‐enriched substrates in the brain. Their approach consisted of dynamic 1H‐MRS, without a 13C radiofrequency (RF) channel, and its successful application was demonstrated in monkeys. Since then, this promising method has yet to be applied rigorously in humans. In this study, we revisit the use of dynamic 1H‐MRS to measure the metabolism of 13C‐enriched substrates and demonstrate its application in the human brain.

Methods

In healthy participants, 1H‐MRS data were acquired dynamically before and following a bolus infusion of [1‐13C] glucose. Data were acquired on a 3T clinical MRI scanner using a short‐TE SPECIAL sequence, with regions of interest in both anterior and posterior cingulate cortex. Using simulated basis spectra to model signal changes in both 12C‐bonded and 13C‐coupled resonances, the acquired spectra were fit in LCModel to obtain labeling time courses for glutmate and glutamine at both C4 and C3 positions.

Results

Presence of the 13C label was clearly detectable, owing to the pronounced effect of heteronuclear (13C‐1H) scalar coupling on the observed 1H spectra. A decrease in signal from 12C‐bonded protons and an increase in signal from 13C‐coupled protons were observed. The fractional enrichment of Glu‐C4, (Glu+Gln)‐C4, and (Glu+Gln)‐C3 at 30 minutes following infusion of [1‐13C] glucose was similar in both regions: 11% to 13%, 9% to 12% and 3% to 5%, respectively.

Conclusion

These preliminary results confirm the feasibility of the use of dynamic 1H‐MRS to monitor 13C labeling in the human brain, without a 13C RF channel.
Finding vacuolated lymphocytes in fetal effusions improves the prenatal diagnosis of lysosomal storage diseases
Authors: Taconet Sarah , Dreux Sophie , Guimiot Fabien , Pettazzoni Magali , Allaf Bichr , Spaggiari Emmanuel , Rosenblatt Jonathan , Khung‐Savatovsky Suonavy
Published: January 2020

Objectives

There are many causes of fetal effusions, including the rare lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Vacuolated lymphocytes (VLs) are found in the blood of infants with LSDs, and their presence in fetal effusion could increase the risk of underlying LSD.

Methods

Between 2006 and 2018, all fetal effusions samples from 43 fetal multidisciplinary centers were referred to a single laboratory. Cells were counted, and, if observed, VLs were categorized and counted. Screening for LSDs was performed by metabolite analyses on amniotic fluid supernatant. The diagnosis of an LSD was confirmed by measuring the activity of the corresponding enzyme and/or mutation analysis.

Results

Our laboratory received 614 ascitic fluids and 280 pleural fluids sampled between 22 and 33 weeks of gestation. The final diagnosis was LSD in 16 cases (1.8%). VLs were reported in all these 16 cases, in a mix of lymphocytes with and without vacuoles. Vacuoles in VLs varied in size and number. In most cases, VLs were easy to recognize, with numerous, large, round, well‐defined vacuoles, but in three cases of LSDs, VLs were atypical.

Conclusion

The finding of VLs in fetal effusions is an inexpensive first‐line test that may help to prioritize biochemical and genetic tests for LSDs.
Simulation of the Injection Stretch Blow Molding Process: An Anisotropic Visco‐Hyperelastic Model for Polyethylene Terephthalate Behavior
Authors: Luo Yun‐Mei , Chevalier Luc , Monteiro Eric , Yan Shiyong , Menary Gary
Published: January 2020

The mechanical behavior of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) under the severe loading conditions of the injection stretch blow molding process is strongly dependent on strain rate, strain, and temperature. In this process, the PET near the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) highlights a strongly nonlinear elastic and viscous behavior. In the author's previous works, a nonlinear visco‐hyperelastic model has been build and identified from equi‐biaxial tensile experimental results. Despite the good agreement with biaxial test results, the model fails to reproduce the sequential biaxial test (with constant width during first step) and the shape evolution during the free blowing of preforms. In this work, an anisotropic version of this visco‐hyperelastic model is proposed and identified form both equi and constant width results. The new version of the nonlinear visco‐hyperelastic model is implemented into the Abaqus environment and used to simulate the free‐blowing process. The comparison with the experimental results managed in Queen's University of Belfast validates the approach in terms of bubble shape and thickness distribution. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 60:823–831, 2020. © 2020 Society of Plastics Engineers
Polyethylene glycol/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane as an in situ photocrosslinkable polymeric nanohybrid
Authors: Karamishamloo Morteza , Mirmohammadi Seyed Amin , Davachi Seyed Mohammad
Published: January 2020

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)/poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) biodegradable nanohybrids were synthesized in which modified POSS was chemically incorporated into the polymer chain as reinforcing nanoparticles during a blue light photocuring process. First, POSS diacrylate (POSSA) was prepared by the simple reaction of POSS with acryloyl chloride and the product obtained was identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 13C NMR. Second, POSSA was incorporated into the PEGDA matrix in various concentrations in the presence as well as the absence of a reactive diluent. Finally, some characterizations such as XRD, TEM, equilibrium swelling, viscoelastic behavior, mechanical properties and cytocompatibility tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness of these nanoparticles within the PEGDA polymer matrix. The results revealed that POSSA acted as a crosslinking agent as well as an inorganic nanofiller to enhance the properties of PEGDA and also that the most effective content of these nanoparticles should be optimized in the range 1.5–3 wt%. This study suggests acrylated POSS as an effective nanoparticle to promote the efficiency of photocured nanohybrids used in medical applications. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry
Assessing and accessing high human potential: A brief history of giftedness and what it means to school psychologists
Authors: Dai David Yun
Published: January 2020

The history of giftedness pertains to historical changes regarding how giftedness is conceptualized and defined, and how it serves the practical purpose of identifying gifted children and providing them an appropriate education. The past century has witnessed debates and controversies about what constitutes this elusive human quality we deem “gifted.” Overall, it has undergone significant changes from monolithic, static to more pluralistic, dynamic conceptions. The first part of this article delineates historical changes in the past 100 years in our understanding of the nature and development of giftedness, followed by the second part on the changing ways we define, assess, and identify gifted children or gifted potential for intervention purposes. The final part of this article depicts a broad trend toward expanding gifted education to a wider range of students, with the understanding that gifts and talents are widely distributed in student populations, and the deliberate cultivation of human potential should not be confined to a selected few.
Single‐stage plasma‐chemical synthesis and characterization of carbon nanoparticle‐polymer suspensions
Authors: Danilaev Maxim P. , Bogoslov Evgeniy A. , Kuklin Vladimir A. , Vakhitov Iskander R. , Kamaliev Bulat Z. , Lounev Ivan V. , Evtyugin Vladimir G. , Rogov Alexey M. , Osin Yury N. , Tagirov Lenar R.
Published: January 2020

A thin‐film styrene polymer–carbon nanoparticle composite was obtained in a single‐stage alternating current dielectric barrier discharge plasma‐chemical process. The allotropic forms of the carbon nanoparticle filler were traced by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). TEM revealed an extraordinary adhesive encapsulation of the carbon nanoparticles by the polymer. It was found that the corona discharge regime provides an onion‐like carbon filler that enhances the mechanical strength and chemical resistance of the synthesized polymer–carbon nanoparticle film. Measurements of the electrical properties of the films implicitly confirmed the uniformity of the carbon filler distribution.
Atmospheric pressure plasma jet‐assisted copolymerization of sulfobetaine methacrylate and acrylic acid
Authors: Huang Yueh‐Han , Wang Meng‐Jiy
Published: January 2020

In this study, the copolymerization of sulfobetaine methacrylate (SBMA) and acrylic acid (AA) was carried out by atmospheric pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment. By applying APPJ on the precursor solutions, OH radicals and the other reactive species were generated to induce the polymerization processes in solutions. The molecular weight and composition of the resultant poly(SBMA‐co‐AA) can be easily modulated by varying the plasma parameters including treatment time and applied power. The anti‐biofouling effects of the resultant poly(SBMA‐co‐AA) against biomolecules including lysozyme, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and L‐929 mouse fibroblast cells revealed excellent fouling resistance. This study demonstrated that APPJ‐assisted copolymerization is a chemical initiator free process and can provide a simpler alternative route for the preparation of copolymers with designated compositions and advantageous functions.
Soybean seed treatment: how do fungicides translocate in plants?
Authors: Fadel Sartori Felipe , Floriano Pimpinato Rodrigo , Tornisielo Valdemar L , Dieminger Engroff Thaise , de Souza Jaccoud‐Filho David , Menten José O , Dorrance Anne E , Dourado‐Neto Durval
Published: January 2020

BACKGROUND

Soybean seed treatment with fungicides is a well‐established disease management strategy. However, the movement of these fungicides within seedlings is not always well characterized. Thus, the objectives of this study were to determine the pattern of translocation of three fungicides with different modes of action applied as a seed treatment, and the effect of soil type on translocation.

RESULTS

Most of the absorbed radioactivity was concentrated in the cotyledons and the maximum sum of the rates of absorption by roots, stems, and leaves of the plants was 15%. In most cases, absorption by roots, stems, and leaves were lower than 5% for 14C‐pyraclostrobin and 14C‐metalaxyl, and 1.6% for 14C‐carbendazim. Fungicides absorbed by the roots and the whole seedlings were higher when plants were grown in soil with lower organic matter content. Fungicides in the cotyledons are unlikely to be redistributed and are lost when cotyledons fall off the plants.

CONCLUSION

Cotyledons are the part of the plant where fungicides are most absorbed, regardless of the fungicide. Soil type affects the absorption of fungicides, and in this study it was most likely caused by soil organic matter. These data improve knowledge of the movement of seed treatment fungicides in soybean seedlings and may help the development of seed treatment chemistry to manage seed and soilborne pathogens.
The Theoretical Optical Gain of Ge1−xSnx Nanowires
Authors: Xiong Wen , Fan Wei-Jun , Song Zhi-Gang , Tan Chuan-Seng
Published: January 2020

The electronic structures of Ge1−xSnx nanowires at the direct Γ‐valley and indirect L‐valley is calculated using k·p effective‐mass theory, and the results demonstrate that Ge1−xSnx nanowires with large diameter and Sn content can easily be engineered to be the direct‐band‐gap semiconductor. Furthermore, the optical gain of Ge1−xSnx nanowires as functions of the injected electron concentration and diameter are obtained. Compared with pure Ge nanowires, a remarkable peak gain can appear in Ge1−xSnx nanowires even though the injected electron concentration decreases. This is because incorporating Sn into Ge can reduce even reverse the energy difference of minimum bandgap between the direct Γ‐valley and indirect L‐valley. Therefore, considering the free‐carrier absorption loss, one can achieve a positive net peak gain in Ge1−xSnx nanowires, which indicates that Ge1−xSnx nanowires can be used as an ideal laser diode candidate in the field of Si‐photonics.
Upconversion Nanoparticles–Based Multiplex Protein Activation to Neuron Ablation for Locomotion Regulation
Authors: Zhang Yan , Zhang Wanmei , Zeng Kanghua , Ao Yanxiao , Wang Mengdie , Yu Zhongzheng , Qi Fukang , Yu Weiwei , Mao Heng , Tao Louis , Zhang Cuntai , Tan Timothy Thatt Yang , Yang Xiangliang , Pu Kanyi , Gao Shangbang
Published: January 2020

The optogenetic neuron ablation approach enables noninvasive remote decoding of specific neuron function within a complex living organism in high spatiotemporal resolution. However, it suffers from shallow tissue penetration of visible light with low ablation efficiency. This study reports a upconversion nanoparticle (UCNP)–based multiplex proteins activation tool to ablate deep‐tissue neurons for locomotion modulation. By optimizing the dopant contents and nanoarchitecure, over 300‐fold enhancement of blue (450–470 nm) and red (590–610 nm) emissions from UCNPs is achieved upon 808 nm irradiation. Such emissions simultaneously activate mini singlet oxygen generator and Chrimson, leading to boosted near infrared (NIR) light–induced neuronal ablation efficiency due to the synergism between singlet oxygen generation and intracellular Ca2+ elevation. The loss of neurons severely inhibits reverse locomotion, revealing the instructive role of neurons in controlling motor activity. The deep penetrance NIR light makes the current system feasible for in vivo deep‐tissue neuron elimination. The results not only provide a rapidly adoptable platform to efficient photoablate single‐ and multiple‐cells, but also define the neural circuits underlying behavior, with potential for development of remote therapy in diseases.
Robust Biological Fibers Based on Widely Available Proteins: Facile Fabrication and Suturing Application
Authors: Zhang Jinrui , Sun Jing , Li Bo , Yang Chenjing , Shen Jianlei , Wang Nan , Gu Rui , Wang Daguang , Chen Dong , Hu Honggang , Fan Chunhai , Zhang Hongjie , Liu Kai
Published: January 2020

Lightweight and mechanically strong protein fibers are promising for many technical applications. Despite the widespread investigation of biological fibers based on spider silk and silkworm proteins, it remains a challenge to develop low‐cost proteins and convenient spinning technology for the fabrication of robust biological fibers. Since there are plenty of widely available proteins in nature, it is meaningful to investigate the preparation of fibers by the proteins and explore their biomedical applications. Here, a facile microfluidic strategy is developed for the scalable construction of biological fibers via a series of easily accessible spherical and linear proteins including chicken egg, quail egg, goose egg, bovine serum albumin, milk, and collagen. It is found that the crosslinking effect in microfluidic chips and double‐drawn treatment after spinning are crucial for the formation of fibers. Thus, high tensile strength and toughness are realized in the fibers, which are comparable or even higher than that of many recombinant spider silks or regenerated silkworm fibers. Moreover, the suturing applications in rat and minipig models are realized by employing the mechanically strong fibers. Therefore, this work opens a new direction for the production of biological fibers from natural sources.
Mortality of Endangered Juvenile Lost River Suckers Associated with Cyanobacteria Blooms in Mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon
Authors: Burdick Summer M. , Hereford Danielle M. , Conway Carla M. , Banet Nathan V. , Powers Rachel , Martin Barbara A. , Elliott Diane G.
Published: January 2020

Unsustainably high mortality within the first 2 years of life prevents endangered Lost River Suckers Deltistes luxatus in Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon, from recruiting to spawning populations. Massive blooms of the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos‐aquae and their subsequent death and decay in the lake (bloom‐crashes) are associated with high pH, low percent oxygen saturation, high total ammonia concentrations, and spikes in the cyanotoxin microcystin. Poor water quality within the lake is considered the most likely cause of juvenile sucker mortality, but mechanisms causing the high mortality are not known. We introduced PIT‐tagged age‐1 Lost River suckers into three continuously monitored mesocosms in Upper Klamath Lake to determine the timing of juvenile sucker mortality relative to pH, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. Mortality was inferred from a lack of movement detected on remote PIT tag detection equipment within each mesocosm. Mortality was compared among mesocosms and an indoor tank‐held control group. We fitted time‐varying Cox hazard models to test hypotheses about short‐term and chronic effects of single and co‐occurring water quality parameters on the daily hazard rate. Presumed healthy or moribund fish that were collected pre‐season, mid‐season, or at the end of the study were examined macroscopically and histologically to generate inferences about the causes of mortality. Models did not indicate a plausible association between water quality variables and mortality. Hypoxia preceded periods of higher mortality at two of three sites but did not co‐occur with mortality. Hatchery‐reared Lost River Suckers confined to mesocosms may not represent the behavior of wild fish, and it is unclear whether the same factors affect the mortality of wild age‐0 suckers.
Place and language: Links between speech, region, and connection to place
Authors: Reed Paul E.
Published: January 2020

The relationship to place and language has been central to linguistic research since the beginning. Several distinctive eras of investigation into place and language have taken place, from focusing on relatively nonmobile elderly speakers to deep investigations of how different speakers relate to a particular place. Place impacts language in a variety of ways, from large differences between national varieties to ecological and social distinctions in varieties associated with a small local area or neighborhood. Further, place interacts with other social factors and contributes to linguistic variation in an additive (or perhaps even multiplicative) fashion. As the investigation into the impact of place has developed and evolved, researchers have noted that it is not merely place itself that is the most important, rather the speaker'srelationshipto place that is perhaps the most crucial aspect. In fact, a speaker with a close connection to place might use features that are associated with a particular place even if those features are stigmatized, because those features represent the speaker's connection to place. Without consideration of how a speaker orients—whether toward or away—any investigation into place or regionality and language will be incomplete.

This article is categorized under:

Linguistics > Linguistic Theory

Psychology > Language
Organelle size scaling over embryonic development
Authors: Wesley Chase C. , Mishra Sampada , Levy Daniel L.
Published: January 2020

Cell division without growth results in progressive cell size reductions during early embryonic development. How do the sizes of intracellular structures and organelles scale with cell size and what are the functional implications of such scaling relationships? Model organisms, in particular Caenorhabditis elegans worms, Drosophila melanogaster flies, Xenopus laevis frogs, and Mus musculus mice, have provided insights into developmental size scaling of the nucleus, mitotic spindle, and chromosomes. Nuclear size is regulated by nucleocytoplasmic transport, nuclear envelope proteins, and the cytoskeleton. Regulators of microtubule dynamics and chromatin compaction modulate spindle and mitotic chromosome size scaling, respectively. Developmental scaling relationships for membrane‐bound organelles, like the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, mitochondria, and lysosomes, have been less studied, although new imaging approaches promise to rectify this deficiency. While models that invoke limiting components and dynamic regulation of assembly and disassembly can account for some size scaling relationships in early embryos, it will be exciting to investigate the contribution of newer concepts in cell biology such as phase separation and interorganellar contacts. With a growing understanding of the underlying mechanisms of organelle size scaling, future studies promise to uncover the significance of proper scaling for cell function and embryonic development, as well as how aberrant scaling contributes to disease.

This article is categorized under:

Establishment of Spatial and Temporal Patterns > Regulation of Size, Proportion, and Timing

Early Embryonic Development > Fertilization to Gastrulation

Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems
Torsion and anomalies in the warped limit of Lifschitz theories
Authors: Copetti Christian
Published: January 2020

Abstract

We describe the physics of fermionic Lifschitz theories once the anisotropic scaling exponent is made arbitrarily small. In this limit the system acquires an enhanced (Carrollian) boost symmetry. We show, both through the explicit computation of the path integral Jacobian and through the solution of the Wess-Zumino consistency conditions, that the translation symmetry in the anisotropic direction becomes anomalous. This turns out to be a mixed anomaly between boosts and translations. In a Newton-Cartan formulation of the space-time geometry such anomaly is sourced by torsion. We use these results to give an effective field theory description of the anomalous transport coefficients, which were originally computed through Kubo formulas in [1]. Along the way we provide a link with warped CFTs.
The NSVZ β-function for theories regularized by higher covariant derivatives: the all-loop sum of matter and ghost singularities
Authors: Stepanyantz K. V.
Published: January 2020

Abstract

The contributions of the matter superfields and of the Faddeev-Popov ghosts to the β-function of

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 1 supersymmetric gauge theories defined in terms of the bare couplings are calculated in all orders in the case of using the higher covariant derivative regularization. For this purpose we use the recently proved statement that the β-function in these theories is given by integrals of double total derivatives with respect to the loop momenta. These integrals do not vanish due to singularities of the integrands. This implies that the β-function beyond the one-loop approximation is given by the sum of the singular contributions, which is calculated in all orders for singularities produced by the matter superfields and by the Faddeev-Popov ghosts. The result is expressed in terms of the anomalous dimensions of these superfields. It coincides with the corresponding part of the new form of the NSVZ equation, which can be reduced to the original one with the help of the non-renormalization theorem for the triple gauge-ghost vertices.
Langsam progrediente Gelenkzerstörung bei einem älteren Mann als Ausdruck einer Hydroxylapatiterkrankung. Fallbericht und Literaturübersicht
Authors: Zipfel N. , Dießel L. , Delank K.-S. , Keyßer G. , Schäfer C.
Published: January 2020

Wir berichten über einen 75-jährigen männlichen Patienten mit seit 10 Jahren bestehenden Arthralgien der großen Gelenke. Klinisch fand sich eine Bursitis des rechten Ellenbogengelenkes. Laborchemisch zeigte sich eine Entzündungskonstellation, und röntgenologisch ergaben sich erosive Gelenkdestruktionen. Es erfolgte eine operative Bursektomie. Histologisch konnten in der Alizarinrotfärbung Hydroxylapatitkristalle nachgewiesen und die Diagnose einer Kristallarthropathie gestellt werden. Die Diagnostik ist schwierig, da die Kristalle nur elektronenmikroskopisch oder mittels Spezialfärbungen nachgewiesen werden können.
In-vivo evaluation of a reinforced ovine biologic: a comparative study to available hernia mesh repair materials
Authors: Overbeck N. , Nagvajara G. M. , Ferzoco S. , May B. C. H. , Beierschmitt A. , Qi S.
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Two innovative reinforced biologic materials were studied in a non-human primate hernia repair model. The test articles, which combine layers of ovine decellularized extracellular matrix with minimal amounts of synthetic polymer, were evaluated for their biologic performance as measured by inflammatory response, healing kinetics, integration, and remodeling into functional host tissue. For comparison, seven clinically used biologic and synthetic meshes were also studied.

Methods

Animals were implanted with test articles in surgically created full-thickness midline abdominal wall defects, and evaluated macroscopically and histologically at 4, 12, and 24 weeks.

Results

Macroscopically, biologics resorbed and remodeled into naturally appearing tissue; the reinforced biologics appeared similar, but remodeled earlier and were less prone to stretch. Synthetics developed a layer of reactive tissue above and separate from the contracted mesh structure. At early time points, the collagen networks of biologics and reinforced biologics were infiltrated by host cells primarily as a peripheral layer on the biologics. As early as 12 weeks, the collagen networks associated with the reinforced biologics remodeled into organized host collagen. By 24 weeks, both reinforced biologics and biologics had low levels of inflammation. In contrast, a foreign body response persisted at 24 weeks with the synthetics, which had developed less organized collagen, separate in space from the actual mesh.

Conclusions

The current study shows a favorable response to reinforced biologics, which were associated with an initial inflammatory response, resolving by later time points, followed by active remodeling, and the formation of new morphologically functional collagen.
Identification of children with chronic kidney disease through school urinary screening using urinary protein/creatinine ratio measurement: an observational study
Authors: Kajiwara Nobuyuki , Hayashi Kazuyuki , Fujiwara Makoto , Nakayama Hirofumi , Ozaki Yoshikazu
Published: January 2020

Background

School urinary screening has been performed in Japan.

Methods

Ikeda City and Toyono Town introduced, in 2012 and 2013, urinary protein/creatinine (Cr) ratio measurement into the urine-screening protocols designed for students aged between 4 and 15 years. For each student whose urinary protein/Cr ratio was ≥ 0.15 g/gCr (positive case), an appointment was made with a specialist at Ikeda City Hospital. The results of these screening urinalyses conducted through 2018 are summarized.

Results

14,606 junior high and elementary school students aged between 6 and 15 years were included. On average, they underwent 4.16 screening tests. 77 positive cases were detected, and seven students were diagnosed with high-risk chronic kidney disease (CKD). Of these, four underwent renal biopsy, and two, one, and one were diagnosed with IgA nephropathy, MPGN, and FSGS, respectively. In three students, detection of CKD would have been difficult without urinary screening. Incident rates of high-risk CKD and IgA nephropathy are estimated as 11.5 and 3.3 cases/100,000 students/year. 78.0% of positive cases without high-risk CKD showed no urinary abnormality after one year. 2301 kindergarten students aged between 4 and 6 years received an average of 1.74 screening urinalyses; none was positive or high-risk CKD. The estimated cost of detecting one high-risk CKD student whose detection would have been difficult without this screening was 3,156,711 Japanese yen.

Conclusion

School urinary screening using the urinary protein/Cr ratio can efficiently refer to a specialist. It detects a few children with high-risk CKD early with spending high cost.
Natural and Anthropogenic Conditions of the Chemical Composition of Pit Lake Waters (Based on Example Pit Lakes from Central Europe)
Authors: Molenda Tadeusz , Kidawa Joanna
Published: January 2020

自然因素和人为影响下矿坑湖水化学组分 (基于中欧矿坑湖案例)

文章描述了矿坑湖水化学类型分类。虽然自然因素对水化学组分具有重要作用,但是人为影响也能引起水化学类型的很大差异。矿坑湖水的化学组成主要由矿坑内的岩石类型所决定。同时,次生的人为影响也会使水化学组分发生改变。利用多维聚类分析,将矿坑湖划分为三种水化学类型。矿坑湖水三种化学类型:重碳酸-镁-钙水型(HCO3 - Mg - Ca)、重碳酸盐-钙水型(HCO3 - Ca)和硫酸-钙水型(SO4 - Ca)。
Predicting the Willingness to Engage in Non-Consensual Forwarding of Sexts: The Role of Pornography and Instrumental Notions of Sex
Authors: van Oosten Johanna M. F. , Vandenbosch Laura
Published: January 2020

Although non-consensual forwarding of sexts (NCFS) is an important type of online sexual harassment behavior, the predictors of this behavior are currently understudied. The present study aimed to fill this gap by investigating online pornography use as a predictor of adolescents’ and emerging adults’ willingness to engage in NCFS in different contexts (i.e., forwarding a sexually explicit picture of a dating partner, relationship partner, friend, stranger or ex-partner). Based on previous literature on the role of pornography in the prediction of sexual harassment, we hypothesized that this relationship would depend on individuals’ prior endorsement of sexual stereotypical attitudes (i.e., instrumental attitudes toward sex). We further investigated whether this would differ for adolescent and young adult males and females. We used data from a two-wave short-term (2 months between waves) longitudinal survey among 1947 participants (aged 13–25 years). Results from cross-lagged autoregressive latent SEM models showed that pornography use significantly predicted a higher willingness to forward sexts from a stranger, but mostly among adolescent boys (aged 13–17) with high levels of instrumental attitudes toward sex.
What recent primary studies tell us about ovarian teratomas in children: a scoping review
Authors: Łuczak Justyna , Bagłaj Maciej , Dryjański Piotr
Published: January 2020

Our knowledge of ovarian teratomas in children is still far from complete, and much remains to be discovered. Here, we conduct a scoping review of the primary research related to ovarian teratomas in pediatric age. To our knowledge, there is no published synthesis of the literature surrounding ovarian teratomas in children using scoping review methodology. We identified 24 studies from 11 countries; 18 studies were retrospective, 3 were prospective, and 3 were experimental. There were 6 studies concerning mature teratomas, 5 concerning immature teratomas, and 13 that included both tumor types. Overall, 9 out of all the studies concerned more than 50 patients. We revealed 7 major branches of research within the topic of ovarian teratoma in pediatric population: recurrence rate/relapse and follow-up strategy, malignant potential, prognostic factors, use of sparing surgery, differences between the use of laparoscopy and laparotomy, use of chemotherapy, and additional examinations to test the character of the lesion (immature vs. mature). This scoping review has revealed a number of knowledge gaps in the evidence base for pediatric ovarian teratomas. Overall, this topic has not been extensively explored, and more research dedicated exclusively to this tumor and patient population is required.
Factors of variability in the accumulation of waste in a mountain region of southern Poland
Authors: Przydatek Grzegorz , Ciągło Klaudia
Published: January 2020

The analysis of change factors in waste management in the period from 2012 to 2015 in three municipalities in a mountainous region of southern Poland exhibited strong differentiation. This was recognised based on multiple indicators of waste accumulation. Such differences were investigated between two periods, which highlighted the effect of changes in waste management primarily resulting from Directive 2008/98/EC. These changes relate to the development of selective waste collection based on eight types of waste. On this basis, an increase was observed in the amount of waste collected in the communities. Particular attention was paid to the community with the highest number of tourists, the waste accumulation rate (452.74 kg per capita) and the cost per year. An increase in the number of tourists is an important factor in terms of waste accumulation, and other factors made it possible to recognise the direction of the changes taking place in waste management. In terms of changes in waste accumulation, the implementation of the European Union law into the national law in the field of waste management is a significant factor.
The Concept of Manas in Jaina Philosophy
Authors: Soni Jayandra
Published: January 2020

The first time Umāsvāti uses the word manas in his Tattvārtha-sūtra (TAS), the standard work for matters concerning Jaina philosophy, is when he lists the means of knowledge: mati, śruta, avadhi, manaḥ-paryāya and kevala (TAS 1, 9). These are the pramāṇas (TAS 1, 10). In TAS 1, 14 mati or sense perception is said to be caused by indriya and aninindriya; Pūjyapāda’s commentary says that anindriya, antaḥ-karaṇa and manas are synonyms. This obviously raises questions about the specific role and function of the manas/anindriya in mati, manaḥ-paryāya and śruta, and how these retain their exclusivity without reducing the function of any of them to another means of cognition. In the Sāṅkhya system manas is seen as both an organ of cognition (buddhīndriya) and an organ of action (karmendriya, SK 27). It is interesting for a better understanding of the role of manas in Jaina thought to compare some aspects of it with the Sāṅkhya system.
Hollywood studio filmmaking in the age of Netflix: a tale of two institutional logics
Authors: Hadida Allègre L. , Lampel Joseph , Walls W. David , Joshi Amit
Published: January 2020

Online streaming services are challenging long-standing decision-making processes in the traditional motion picture industry, thus placing Hollywood major studios at a crossroads. We use the institutional logics perspective to examine how both traditional studios and online streaming services make strategic decisions on which films to produce and how these films are to be distributed. We then apply scenario analysis to explore how their interaction will likely evolve. We argue that the key criteria that studio executives use to make production and distribution decisions are shaped by what we define as a commitment institutional logic: decision-making heuristics that focus their attention on theatrical release and box-office intakes. In contrast, online streaming services follow a convenience institutional logic, the product of advanced data analytics to increase subscriptions. In the convenience institutional logic, the need to drive online traffic by providing users with an extensive catalogue of movies guides film production and distribution decisions. Whereas the commitment logic aims for mass-market hits in cinemas, the convenience logic seeks to reach a wide range of subscribers at home with micro-segmented offerings. We compare the two logics, develop four scenarios of how the interaction between them may shape the film industry, and offer recommendations.
Species and thermal radiation on micropolar hydromagnetic dusty fluid flow across a paraboloid revolution
Authors: Gnaneswara Reddy M. , Ferdows M.
Published: January 2020

Hydromagnetic flow of energy and species transfer behaviour of micropolar dusty fluid across a paraboloid revolution has been investigated. Heat and mass transfer phenomena are inspected through radiation, joule heating and chemical reaction. The boundary layer equations are modelled and transformed to a system of ODE’S with the aid of similarity transformations and solved numerically by utilizing Runge–Kutta integration scheme. The graphical analysis has been emphasized for the fluid and dust phase velocity, angular velocity, energy and species fields to the influence of sundry dynamical flow quantities. In addition, friction factor, Nusselt number and Sherwood number are presented in plots and tables and discussed elaborately and nice validation is emphasized. The obtained numerical results are checked with the earlier published articles. The boundary layers of angular velocity, temperature and concentration distributions increase for escalating values of magnetic parameter. For escalating values of material parameter, velocity profile increases for both momentum velocity and dusty velocity and opposite trend is seen in angular velocity profile. Concentration and boundary layer thickness diminish for escalating values of kr. Local friction factor declines for boost up values of magnetic parameter and porosity permeability parameter. The rate of heat transfer decreases for increasing values of Eckert number and radiation parameter, and rate of mass transfer increases for increasing values of Schmidt number and chemical reaction parameter.