bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Additional Patient With 3q27.3 Microdeletion Syndrome
Authors: Castori Marco , Bottillo Irene , Laino Luigi , Morlino Silvia , Grammatico Barbara , Grammatico Paola
Published: July 2014

The 3q27.3 microdeletion syndrome has been recently delineated in 7 subjects from 5 families sharing a 1.4 Mb smallest region of overlap. This condition appears recognizable by the association of Marfanoid habitus, mild but distinctive facial dysmorphism, intellectual disability, psychosis, and mood disorder. Here, we describe an additional 17-year-old man with an ~7.7-Mb deletion encompassing the 3q27.3 microdeletion critical region, previously run undetected at standard karyotyping. The constellation of major clinical findings overlaps with those reported in the 7 previously published patients and thus confirms the existence of a strongly recognizable syndrome linked to imbalance of 3q27.3. The role of AHSG and, possibly, of other genes in determining the3q27.3 microdeletion habitus is discussed by comparison of the deleted segments. The involvement of adjacent loci and genes, such as OPA1 and GP5, may contribute in this patient to novel satellite features, such as optic atrophy and subclinical coagulopathy.
The Epidemiology of Epilepsy in Children
Authors: Ünver Olcay , Keskin Sabiha Paktuna , Uysal Serap , Ünver Afşin
Published: July 2014

This retrospective cohort study aims to assess the distribution of seizure types and epileptic syndromes in children with epilepsy who were followed up in a tertiary outpatient pediatric neurology clinic between January 2004 and December 2009. The findings of 533 children aged between 2 months and 16 years were evaluated. The International League Against Epilepsy criteria (of 1981 and 1989) were used for diagnosis and classification. The rate of partial seizures (56.5%) was higher than that of generalized seizures (43.5%). Partial seizures were more common during late childhood ( P < .001). Localization-related epilepsies (53.3%) were more frequent than generalized epilepsies (37.1%). Generalized epilepsies were more frequent during the first year of life, whereas localization-related epilepsies were more common at later ages ( P < .001). The majority had a symptomatic etiology (47.1%). The increased frequency of symptomatic etiologies attributed to perinatal insults suggests that intractable epilepsies during childhood represent an important health issue for developing countries.
Etiologic Spectrum of Biopsy-Proven Peripheral Neuropathies in Childhood from a Resource-Poor Setting
Authors: Krishnan Pramod , Mahadevan Anita , Bindu Parayil Sankaran , Chickabasaviah Yasha T. , Taly Arun B.
Published: July 2014

There are only a few studies describing the etiologic spectrum of biopsy-proven peripheral neuropathies in children. This study reviewed the clinical, electrophysiological, and pathologic profile of 239 children (≤18 years of age) who have undergone nerve biopsy in a tertiary care centre for neurologic disorders and analyzed the etiologic spectrum and utility of nerve biopsy. The clinical profile, neuropathologic findings, and other investigations were combined to infer the final diagnosis. Neuropathy was detected in 199 biopsies; axonal pathology in 43%; demyelination in 41%; mixed pattern in 8%; and nonspecific findings in 8%. The major diagnostic categories included hereditary neuropathies (48%), heredodegenerative and metabolic disorders (27%), and inflammatory neuropathies (12%). Nerve biopsy proved most helpful in diagnosis of demyelinating and inflammatory neuropathies, reiterating its usefulness in specific situations.
Epilepsy in Children With Menkes Disease
Authors: Verrotti Alberto , Carelli Alessia , Coppola Giangennaro
Published: July 2014

Menkes disease is a lethal multisystemic disorder of copper metabolism characterized by connective tissue abnormalities, progressive neurodegeneration and peculiar “kinky hair.” Epilepsy is one of the main clinical features of this disease but it has been described in detail by only a few authors. Most patients develop seizures from 2 to 3 months of age, accompanied by a neurodevelopmental regression. The history of epilepsy is usually characterized by 3 stages: an early stage with focal clonic seizures and status epilepticus, an intermediate stage with infantile spasms, and a late stage with multifocal, myoclonic, and tonic seizures. At the onset, epilepsy can be controlled with anticonvulsant therapy, whereas with the progression of disease, it becomes extremely resistant to all antiepileptic drugs. In this article, we analyze clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) characteristics of epilepsy in patients with this syndrome.
High Factor VIII and Von Willebrand Factor Levels Are Not Risk Factors of Cryptogenic Arterial Ischemic Stroke in Thai Children
Authors: Sirachainan Nongnuch , Boonyatarp Manasjitt , Kadegasem Praguywan , Sasanakul Werasak , Visudtibhan Anannit , Natesirinilkul Rungrote , Chuansumrit Ampaiwan , Wongwerawattanakoon Pakawan
Published: July 2014

High factor VIII levels and a risk factor of arterial ischemic stroke is controversial. Levels of factor VIII depend on ethnicity, age, and sex. This report included 24 Thai children with cryptogenic arterial ischemic stroke and 41 controls, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 11.5 (6.3) and 9.0 (4.7), respectively. The study was performed during the post–arterial ischemic stroke events to avoid acute phase reaction of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor. The levels of factor VIII activity and von Willebrand factor antigen in patients were not significantly different compared to controls (119.8 ± 41.3% vs 138.0 ± 48.7%, P = .29 and 92.8 ± 29.8% vs 103.7 ± 39.1%, P = .4, respectively). Therefore, high factor VIII and von Willebrand factor antigen levels were not risk factors of cryptogenic arterial ischemic stroke in Thai children.
Diverting Victims of Commercial Sexual Exploitation From Juvenile Detention
Authors: Salisbury Emily J. , Dabney Jonathan D. , Russell Kelli
Published: July 2014

Identifying victims of commercial sexual exploitation in the juvenile justice system is a challenging complexity requiring concerted organizational commitment. Using a three-tiered, trauma-informed screening process, a 3½-month pilot intervention was implemented in Clark County Juvenile Court (Washington) to identify victims in an effort to connect them to community youth advocates and sexual assault resources. A total of 535 boys and girls ages 9 to 19 were screened during intake; 47 of these youth reported risk factors associated with commercial sexual exploitation of children (CSEC) and were subsequently referred to community advocates. Six youth (all girls) were confirmed CSEC victims and were successfully diverted from juvenile detention. Study results suggest that despite the lack of reliable data surrounding the prevalence of CSEC, juvenile justice agencies need to become educated on the risk factors to triage victims to services.
Compensation Surveys
Authors: Canavan Judy
Published: July 2014

This article examines the current state of compensation surveys, including a review of the broad range of compensation surveys available ranging from large published surveys to magazine surveys and repackaged survey data. The issues surrounding participation, quality and the applicability of the data are discussed. The article also suggests actions that compensation stakeholders can take to improve the integrity of external market pay data as a reliable tool.
Leaving a Bequest
Authors: Routley Claire , Sargeant Adrian
Published: July 2014

Decisions taken in respect of the disposition of possessions often parallel a life transition or change in identity. In this article, we examine decisions taken in a will where disposition can be viewed not as a representation of the identities an individual wishes to shed, but rather as the continuation of those for which the deceased wishes to be remembered. We examine the meaning that such donors ascribe to their giving and the rich pattern of utility it offers both the individual and those he or she will ultimately leave behind. Using grounded theory, we report the results of 20 in-depth interviews conducted with individuals who had pledged a bequest to at least one U.K. charity. We demonstrate how the bequest gift is laden with symbolism, a function of the reminiscences of the individual and reflective of the need for the self to live on and achieve a degree of symbolic immortality.
When Knowledge Is Demotivating
Authors: Hadar Liat , Sood Sanjay
Published: July 2014

People find it appealing to have more options to choose from, but the provision of choice often leads to adverse consequences for decision makers’ motivation, satisfaction, and willingness to act. We propose that the effect of the number of choice options on willingness to purchase is moderated by people’s subjective knowledge (SK). The results of three studies provide converging evidence that, paradoxically, people who feel unknowledgeable (low-SK people) in a certain domain are especially willing to purchase when more choice options are available, which is consistent with the notion of “more is better.” This pattern is reversed for people who feel knowledgeable (high-SK people), which is consistent with prior evidence for choice overload. We also show that this pattern is influenced by the informativeness of the features of the available choice options and that subjective knowledge mediates this effect.
Diatom response to Asian monsoon variability during the Late Glacial to Holocene in a small treeline lake, SW China
Authors: Chen Xu , Li Yanling , Metcalfe Sarah , Xiao Xiayun , Yang Xiangdong , Zhang Enlou
Published: July 2014

Analyses of diatoms, grain size, magnetic susceptibility, total organic carbon, and total nitrogen were applied to a 9.26 m long sediment core, spanning the last 12.2 kyr, from a small treeline lake (Tiancai Lake, ~3898 m a.s.l.) in southwest China. Diatom assemblages are dominated by Cyclotella distinguenda, Aulacoseira species, and small fragilarioid taxa, all of which are sensitive to changes in water pH and light conditions that are probably related to vegetation development and runoff processes triggered by variations in the Asian monsoon. High abundances of C. distinguenda and Pseudostaurosira brevistriata reflected cold and dry climates during the Late Glacial (12.2–11.4 kyr BP). In the early Holocene (11.4–9.4 kyr BP), a steep decline in C. distinguenda and a visible increase in Aulacoseira alpigena responded to a strengthening monsoon intensity. The persistent increases in A. alpigena mirrored strong monsoon intensity in the middle Holocene (9.4–4.6 kyr BP). After 4.6 kyr BP, the reduction of A. alpigena was related to weak monsoon intensity in the late Holocene. The main trends of diatom evolution show a general correspondence to variations in solar insolation. Three visible excursions, with an increase in P. brevistriata and a drop in A. alpigena, centered at around 8.4, 2.5, and 0.3 kyr BP, correlate with low sunspot numbers and known cold events in the North Atlantic. Some similarities and correlations between the Holocene diatom data, the North Atlantic record, and solar insolation indicate that variations in the Asian monsoon response to changes in solar forcing and the North Atlantic climate.
Paleoenvironmental shifts and precipitation variations recorded in tropical maar lake sediments during the Holocene in Southern China
Authors: Yang Xiaoqiang , Wei Gangjian , Yang Jie , Jia Guodong , Huang Chenchen , Xie Luhua , Huang Wenya , Argyrios Kapsiotis
Published: July 2014

Tropical ocean–atmosphere system exerts powerful control on the precipitation variations around the Pacific Ocean area where interactions among monsoon system, Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) migration, and other tropical ocean circulations modulate the regional climate changes in centennial-scale. However, little high-resolution information is known about the paleoenvironment changes in this area during the Holocene. In this study, a composite sediment profile, approximately 16 m in length, recovered from Shuangchiling (SCL) maar lake in Hainan Island, northern margin of western tropical Pacific, was selected to investigate the lake-level fluctuations, net precipitation variations, and the influence of the ocean–atmosphere system. Stable isotope (δ13C, δ15N) analyses, total organic carbon (TOC), and total nitrogen (TN) concentration measurements, as well as grain-size estimations revealed a two-stage evolution scenario for the lake dating back to 9 cal. kyr BP. The first stage spans a period of time from ~9 to ~3 cal. kyr BP, once the lake was characterized by shallow or ephemeral conditions. The second stage occurred from 3 to 0.6 cal. kyr BP and was characterized by a deeper water environment with substantial lake-level changes. All climate proxies suggest that the ocean–atmosphere variabilities, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) activities, had a dominant influence on the regional net precipitation (the difference between precipitation and evaporation) and lake-level fluctuations. A three-step change of clay percentage at ~3, ~2.2, and ~1.3 cal. kyr BP correlate well with the ENSO proxy records from the eastern tropical Pacific.
Double propensity-score adjustment: A solution to design bias or bias due to incomplete matching
Authors: Austin Peter C
Published: July 2014

Propensity-score matching is frequently used to reduce the effects of confounding when using observational data to estimate the effects of treatments. Matching allows one to estimate the average effect of treatment in the treated. Rosenbaum and Rubin coined the term “bias due to incomplete matching” to describe the bias that can occur when some treated subjects are excluded from the matched sample because no appropriate control subject was available. The presence of incomplete matching raises important questions around the generalizability of estimated treatment effects to the entire population of treated subjects. We describe an analytic solution to address the bias due to incomplete matching. Our method is based on using optimal or nearest neighbor matching, rather than caliper matching (which frequently results in the exclusion of some treated subjects). Within the sample matched on the propensity score, covariate adjustment using the propensity score is then employed to impute missing potential outcomes under lack of treatment for each treated subject. Using Monte Carlo simulations, we found that the proposed method resulted in estimates of treatment effect that were essentially unbiased. This method resulted in decreased bias compared to caliper matching alone and compared to either optimal matching or nearest neighbor matching alone. Caliper matching alone resulted in design bias or bias due to incomplete matching, while optimal matching or nearest neighbor matching alone resulted in bias due to residual confounding. The proposed method also tended to result in estimates with decreased mean squared error compared to when caliper matching was used.
Transform-both-sides nonlinear models for in vitro pharmacokinetic experiments
Authors: Latif AHM Mahbub , Gilmour Steven G
Published: July 2014

Transform-both-sides nonlinear models have proved useful in many experimental applications including those in pharmaceutical sciences and biochemistry. The maximum likelihood method is commonly used to fit transform-both-sides nonlinear models, where the regression and transformation parameters are estimated simultaneously. In this paper, an analysis of variance-based method is described in detail for estimating transform-both-sides nonlinear models from randomized experiments. It estimates the transformation parameter from the full treatment model and then the regression parameters are estimated conditionally on this estimate of the transformation parameter. The analysis of variance method is computationally simpler compared with the maximum likelihood method of estimation and allows a more natural separation of different sources of lack of fit. Simulation studies show that the analysis of variance method can provide unbiased estimators of complex transform-both-sides nonlinear models, such as transform-both-sides random coefficient nonlinear regression models and transform-both-sides fixed coefficient nonlinear regression models with random block effects.
Dependent censoring in piecewise exponential survival models
Authors: Staplin ND , Kimber AC , Collett D , Roderick PJ
Published: July 2014

There are often reasons to suppose that there is dependence between the time to event and time to censoring, or dependent censoring, for survival data, particularly when considering medical data. This is because the decision to treat or not is often made according to prognosis, usually with the most ill patients being prioritised. Due to identifiability issues, sensitivity analyses are often used to assess whether independent censoring can lead to misleading results. In this paper, a sensitivity analysis method for piecewise exponential survival models is presented. This method assesses the sensitivity of the results of standard survival models to small amounts of dependence between the time to failure and time to censoring variables. It uses the same assumption about the dependence between the time to failure and time to censoring as previous sensitivity analyses for both standard parametric survival models and the Cox model. However, the method presented in this paper allows the use of more flexible models for the marginal distributions whilst remaining computationally simple. A simulation study is used to assess the accuracy of the sensitivity analysis method and identify the situations in which it is suitable to use this method. The study found that the sensitivity analysis performs well in many situations, but not when the data have a high proportion of censoring.
Prevalence and Factors Associated With Physical Fighting Among Malaysian Adolescents
Authors: Mat Hussin Siti Fatimah , Abd Aziz Nur Shahida , Hasim Hazrin , Sahril Norhafizah
Published: July 2014

Physical fighting among adolescents is one manifestation of interpersonal violence that is an important issue globally, but attention to this problem in Malaysia has been limited. We analyzed data available from the Malaysia Global School-Based Health Survey conducted in 2012. Of the 25 507 respondents, 27.4% reported having been in a physical fight in the past 12 months. Being bullied (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 3.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.67-3.39) was significantly and highly associated with involvement in physical fighting. Smoking (aOR = 2.56; 95% CI = 2.20-2.97), males (aOR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.62-1.93), using drugs (aOR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.09-2.15), and drinking alcohol (aOR = 1.42; 95% CI = 1.24-1.63) were other factors associated with physical fighting. Parental supervision showed no significant association with physical fighting. These findings indicate that more attention needs to be given to bullying at school by school authorities and parents.
Parental Smoking Status, Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Are Associated With Susceptibility to Smoking Among Non-Smoking School Adolescents in Malaysia
Authors: Lim Kuang Hock , Chong Zhuolin , Khoo Yi Yi , Kaur Jasvindar
Published: July 2014

Susceptibility to smoking is a reliable predictor of smoking initiation. This article describes its prevalence and associated factors among Malaysian school adolescents. Data were obtained from the Global School-Based Student Health Survey (GSHS) 2012, a nationwide representative sample of school adolescents. The overall prevalence of susceptibility to smoking was 6.0% and significantly higher among males (9.5%) compared with females (3.6%). Multivariable analyses revealed that males (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.34, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.70-4.18) and school adolescents of indigenous Sabahan or Sarawakian descents (aOR 1.62, 95%CI 1.21-2.18) were significantly more likely to be susceptible to smoking. Susceptible school adolescents had a slightly higher likelihood to have symptoms of stress (aOR 1.31, 95% CI 1.02-1.70), anxiety (aOR 1.19, 95% CI 1.01-1.40), depression (aOR 1.56, 95% CI 1.25-1.96), including those whose one or both parents/guardians were smokers (aOR 1.48, 95% CI 1.21-1.82; aOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.22-4.44, respectively). The findings from this study point out the need for proactive measures to reduce smoking initiation among Malaysian adolescents with particular attention toward factors associated with susceptibility to smoking,
Best Practice for Fever Management With Intravenous Acetaminophen in Pediatric Oncology
Authors: Dokko Dorothy
Published: July 2014

Intravenous (IV) acetaminophen was introduced in the United States in 2011 for use as an analgesic and antipyretic agent. While no studies have looked at its utilization specifically in the pediatric oncology population, existing literature suggests IV acetaminophen is safe and effective to use in both children and adults. This article aims to review and apply current data in evaluating whether or not children with cancer can safely benefit from its use. This article provides clinical indications, safety and efficacy profiles, and nursing implications along with recommendations for future study regarding the use of IV acetaminophen in this population.
Usability Testing of an Online Self-Management Program for Adolescents With Cancer
Authors: Stinson Jennifer , Gupta Abha , Dupuis France , Dick Bruce , Laverdière Caroline , LeMay Sylvie , Sung Lillian , Dettmer Elizabeth , Gomer Stephanie , Lober Janie , Chan Carol Y.
Published: July 2014

The objective of this study was to explore the usability of a bilingual (English and French) Internet-based self-management program for adolescents with cancer and their parents and refine the Internet program. A qualitative study design with semistructured, audio-taped interviews and observation was undertaken with 4 iterative cycles. A purposive sample of English-speaking and French-speaking adolescents with cancer and one of their parents/caregivers was recruited. Adolescents and parents provided similar feedback on how to improve the usability of the Internet program. Most changes to the website were completed after the initial cycles of English and French testing. Both groups also found information presented on the website to be appropriate, credible, and relevant to their experiences of going through cancer. Participants reported the program would have been extremely helpful when they were first diagnosed with cancer. Usability testing uncovered some issues that affected the usability of the website that led to refinements in the online program.
Social Workers’ Orientation Toward the Evidence-Based Practice Process
Authors: van der Zwet Renske J. M. , Kolmer Deirdre M. Beneken genaamd , Schalk René
Published: July 2014

Objectives:

This study assesses social workers’ orientation toward the evidence-based practice (EBP) process and explores which specific variables (e.g. age) are associated.

Methods:

Data were collected from 341 Dutch social workers through an online survey which included a Dutch translation of the EBP Process Assessment Scale (EBPPAS), along with 13 background/demographic questions.

Results:

The overall level of orientation toward the EBP process is relatively low. Although respondents are slightly familiar with it and have slightly positive attitudes about it, their intentions to engage in it and their actual engagement are relatively low. Respondents who followed a course on the EBP process as a student are more oriented toward it than those who did not. Social workers under 29 are more familiar with the EBP process than those over 29.

Conclusions:

We recommend educators to take a more active role in teaching the EBP process to students and social workers.
Adapting Parent–Child Interaction Therapy to Foster Care
Authors: Mersky Joshua P. , Topitzes James , Grant-Savela Stacey D. , Brondino Michael J. , McNeil Cheryl B.
Published: July 2014

Objective:

This study presents outcomes from a randomized trial of a novel Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) model for foster families. Differential effects of two intervention doses on child externalizing and internalizing symptoms are examined.

Method:

A sample of 102 foster children was assigned to one of three conditions—brief PCIT, extended PCIT, or wait-list control. The brief and extended groups received 2 days of PCIT training and 8 weeks of telephone consultation. The extended PCIT group received an additional booster training plus 6 more weeks of consultation. Wait-list controls received services as usual. Tests of change over time were estimated using mixed-model repeated measures analysis of covariance.

Results:

Compared to controls, children in both PCIT groups exhibited a greater reduction in externalizing and internalizing scores over time. Pairwise contrasts of the two PCIT conditions yielded mixed results.

Conclusion:

Results indicate that PCIT can be tailored efficaciously for foster families using alternative treatment modalities.
A nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model considering strength degradation and its applications to fatigue reliability analysis
Authors: Yuan Rong , Li Haiqing , Huang Hong-Zhong , Zhu Shun-Peng , Gao Huiying
Published: July 2014

Fatigue is a damage accumulation process in which the material property deteriorates and degenerates continuously under cyclic loading. The analysis of damage accumulation plays a key role in preventing the occurrence of fatigue failures, and the damage evolution mechanism is one of the important focuses of fatigue behavior. In this paper, a residual strength degradation model according to the stress–strength interference (SSI) model is introduced firstly; then a modified nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model based on the Manson–Halford theory is proposed. Combining the proposed nonlinear damage accumulation model with the residual strength degradation model, a new method is developed for fatigue life prediction under constant and variable amplitude loading, which considers not only the effects of load interactions, but also the phenomenon of strength degradation of materials induced by loading history, and it can be used to predict the reliability and fatigue life of mechanical components. Moreover, the material parameter for the residual strength degradation can be obtained directly from S–N curve without running extra experiments. Finally, experimental data are used to compare with the predicted value in order to demonstrate the proposed residual strength degradation model. In addition, two sets of experimental data are also used to verify the proposed nonlinear fatigue damage accumulation model which is applied to predict fatigue life under two-stress level loading and reliability prediction under multi-stress level loading. The results show that the proposed method has a good agreement between the experimental data and predicted values.
Obinutuzumab
Authors: Shah Arpita
Published: July 2014

Objective: To review and summarize data on obinutuzumab, which was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in November 2013 for use in combination with chlorambucil for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Data Sources: A PubMed literature search (August 2002 to March 2014) was conducted using the terms obinutuzumab, GA101, anti-CD20 antibody, and CLL. Data were also obtained through the FDA briefing documents and American Society of Hematology abstracts. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The literature search was limited to human studies published in English. Priority was placed on trials of obinutuzumab in previously untreated CLL. Data Synthesis: Obinutuzumab is a novel glycoengineered type II anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, with a higher affinity for CD20 epitope, leading to superior cytotoxicity compared with rituximab. The FDA approval was based on a phase III, randomized trial of chlorambucil monotherapy (n = 118), chlorambucil plus obinutuzumab (n = 333), or rituximab (n =330) in previously untreated elderly CLL patients. Obinutuzumab was administered intravenously as 1000 mg on days 1, 8, and 15 of cycle 1 and day 1 for subsequent cycles. Median progression-free survival was 26.7 months in the chlorambucil plus obinutuzumab arm. The incidence of grade 3 or higher adverse events in the obinutuzumab plus chlorambucil arm was as follows: neutropenia (33%), infusion-related reactions (20%), thrombocytopenia (10%), and infections (7%). Conclusion: Obinutuzumab in combination with chlorambucil is a safe and effective new treatment option for previously untreated elderly CLL patients. It should become the new preferred therapy for these patients with significant comorbidities who are not candidates for fludarabine-based therapy.
The Lambda Sign
Authors: Ryan LTC Paul , Hills MAJ Chad , Chang James , Wilson CPT David
Published: July 2014

Background:

Latent syndesmotic instability is a common cause of chronic ankle pain. The diagnosis is not readily apparent on static imaging as the fibula remains reduced. The hypothesis of this study was that a previously undescribed novel finding on coronal MRI (lambda sign) is an independent indicator of latent syndesmosis instability. We also report on the utility of classic radiographic and physical exam findings.

Methods:

A total of 23 patients with latent syndesmotic instability diagnosed via arthroscopy (group I) were compared to a cohort of 40 patients who were found to have a stable syndesmosis during arthroscopy for unrelated conditions (group II). A retrospective chart review was performed evaluating their clinical history, preoperative physical examination, and radiologic findings. The lambda sign is a high intensity signal seen on coronal MR imaging that resembles the Greek letter lambda.

Results:

All of the physical exam findings tested were statistically significant. Pain at the syndesmosis had the highest sensitivity (83%), while pain reproduced with the proximal squeeze test resulted in the highest specificity (89%). The external rotation stress test had the highest positive predictive value (75%). Of the radiographic examinations performed, only the lambda sign was found to have statistical significance with a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 63%. The presence of a lambda sign on the MRI of patients with physical exam findings suggestive of syndesmotic pain was highly sensitive (75%) and specific (85%).

Conclusion:

The lambda sign noted on the coronal MRI was both sensitive and specific for injuries involving greater than 2 mm of diastasis on arthroscopic stress examination of the syndesmosis. While neither the lambda sign nor any other finding on physical or radiographic examination represented an independent predictor of syndesmotic instability, the presence of a lambda sign in concert with positive physical exam findings might help health care providers determine which patients might benefit from operative intervention or referral.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, case control study.
Extending the Construct Validity of Dependency Among Conjugally Bereaved Adults
Authors: Denckla Christy A. , Bornstein Robert F. , Mancini Anthony D. , Bonanno George A.
Published: July 2014

The Relationship Profile Test is a widely used measure of dependency, detachment, and healthy dependency that has been examined in both clinical and nonclinical settings, though researchers have yet to validate this measure among conjugally bereaved adults. The present study examines the construct validity of a three-facet model of dependency–detachment by comparing relationships among self-report, semistructured interview–rated, and knowledgeable informant–rated functioning among conjugally bereaved adults. Participants ( N = 112) included bereaved adults ( M = 51.1 years; SD = 9.7) who had experienced the loss of a spouse 1.5 to 3 years prior to taking part in this study. Findings indicate adequate psychometric properties and theoretically expected associations with various measures of wellness and health including satisfaction with life, coping flexibility, somatic complaints, and ego resiliency. Results draw attention to adaptive correlates of dependency, suggesting potentially beneficial mental health interventions.
Indonesian Men’s Perceptions of Violence Against Women
Authors: Nilan Pam , Demartoto Argyo , Broom Alex , Germov John
Published: July 2014

This article explores male perceptions and attitudes toward violence against women in Indonesia. It analyzes interview data from Indonesian men collected as part of a large multimethod Australian government–funded project on masculinities and violence in two Asian countries. Reluctance to talk about violence against women was evident, and the accounts of those men who did respond referred to three justificatory discourses: denial, blaming the victim, and exonerating the male perpetrator. The findings support continuation of government and nongovernmental organization (NGO) projects aimed at both empowering women and reeducating men.
Facial Disfigurement Stigma
Authors: Furr L. Allen
Published: July 2014

In India, the incidence of fire attacks on women has risen dramatically. Although studies and media accounts describe how and why these attacks occur, no research has investigated the lives of survivors. Qualitative analysis of the texts of two focus groups of women scarred by domestic attacks by fire reveals that these women are heavily stigmatized. Using Yang et al.’s theory that stigma is a response to perceived threats to values of everyday life and feminist theory as guides, the study identified two patterns of moral threat related to disfigurement: (a) Disfigurement challenges values and practices of women’s family roles, and (b) disfigurement threatens normative religious sensibilities.
Recovery Sleep Does Not Mitigate the Effects of Prior Sleep Loss on Paclitaxel-Induced Mechanical Hypersensitivity in Sprague-Dawley Rats
Authors: Kozachik Sharon L. , Opp Mark R. , Page Gayle G.
Published: July 2014

Society has a rapidly growing accumulative sleep debt due to employment obligations and lifestyle choices that limit sleep opportunities. The degree to which poor sleep may set the stage for adverse symptom outcomes among more than 1.7 million persons who will be diagnosed with cancer is not entirely understood. Paclitaxel (PAC), a commonly used chemotherapy agent, is associated with painful, debilitating peripheral neuropathy of the hands and feet, which may persist long after adjuvant therapy is completed. The aims of this preclinical study were to determine the accumulative and sustained effects of sleep restriction on PAC-induced mechanical sensitivity in animals and whether there are male–female differences in mechanical sensitivity in PAC-injected animals. Sixty-two adult Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 31 females) were assigned to three cycles of intraperitoneal injections of PAC (1 mg/kg) versus vehicle (VEH; 1 ml/kg) every other day at light onset for 7 days, followed by seven drug-free days and to sleep restriction versus unperturbed sleep. Sleep restriction involved gentle handling to maintain wakefulness during the first 6 hr of lights on immediately following an injection; otherwise, sleep was unperturbed. Mechanical sensitivity was assessed via von Frey filaments, using the up–down method. Mechanical sensitivity data were Log10 transformed to meet the assumption of normality for repeated measures analysis of variance. Chronic sleep restriction of the PAC-injected animals resulted in significantly increased mechanical sensitivity that progressively worsened despite sleep recovery opportunities. If these relationships hold in humans, targeted sleep interventions employed during a PAC protocol may improve pain outcomes.
Communication in pediatric critical care
Authors: Carnevale Franco A , Farrell Catherine , Cremer Robin , Séguret Sylvie , Canouï Pierre , Leclerc Francis , Lacroix Jacques , Hubert Philippe
Published: July 2014

The aim of this investigation was to conduct a comprehensive examination of communication between parents and health care professionals (HCPs) in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). A secondary analysis was performed on data from 3 previous qualitative studies, which included 30 physicians, 37 nurses, and 38 parents in France and Quebec (Canada). All three studies examined a mix of cases where children either survived or died. All data referring to communication between parents (and patients when applicable) and HCPs were examined to identity themes that related to communication. Thematic categories for parents and HCPs were developed. Three interrelated dimensions of communication were identified: (1) informational communication, (2) relational communication, and (3) communication and parental coping. Specific themes were identified for each of these 3 dimensions in relation to parental concerns as well as HCP concerns. This investigation builds on prior research by advancing a comprehensive analysis of PICU communication that includes (a) cases where life-sustaining treatments were withdrawn or withheld as well as cases where they were maintained, (b) data from HCPs as well as parents, and (c) investigations conducted in 4 different sites. An evidence-informed conceptual framework is proposed for PICU communication between parents and HCPs. We also outline priorities for the development of practice, education, and research.
Aspects of ocular war injuries
Authors: Scott Robert AH , Blanch Richard J , Morgan-Warren Peter J
Published: July 2014

Eye injuries are common in warfare with an incidence of approximately 10%. They carry a high morbidity, as they can determine an injured person’s future independence and employability. The majority are a combination of primary and secondary blast mechanisms, though tertiary and quaternary types are common. There is some evidence of quinary types from toxic elements from the explosion. Eye protection significantly reduces the incidence and severity of ballistic eye injury but does not eliminate it. Thermal ocular burns are relatively common in warfare. The treatment goal is to minimise limbal stem cell damage. Human amniotic membrane can be used to promote this. Retinal and optic nerve injury following closed eye trauma are currently untreatable, but neuroprotective and neuroregenerative agents are being developed to improve outcomes. Sensory substitution of the sense of touch for sight can help orientate blinded individual in their surroundings. Ophthalmology has a major impact on the lives of the war wounded.
Reliability and concurrent validity of a peripheral pulse oximeter and health–app system for the quantification of heart rate in healthy adults
Authors: Losa-Iglesias Marta Elena , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Vallejo Ricardo , Becerro-de-Bengoa-Losa Klark Ricardo
Published: July 2014

There are downloadable applications (Apps) for cell phones that can measure heart rate in a simple and painless manner. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability of this type of App for a Smartphone using an Android system, compared to the radial pulse and a portable pulse oximeter. We performed a pilot observational study of diagnostic accuracy, randomized in 46 healthy volunteers. The patients’ demographic data and cardiac pulse were collected. Radial pulse was measured by palpation of the radial artery with three fingers at the wrist over the radius; a low-cost portable, liquid crystal display finger pulse oximeter; and a Heart Rate Plus for Samsung Galaxy Note®. This study demonstrated high reliability and consistency between systems with respect to the heart rate parameter of healthy adults using three systems. For all parameters, ICC was > 0.93, indicating excellent reliability. Moreover, CVME values for all parameters were between 1.66−4.06 %. We found significant correlation coefficients and no systematic differences between radial pulse palpation and pulse oximeter and a high precision. Low-cost pulse oximeter and App systems can serve as valid instruments for the assessment of heart rate in healthy adults.
Socioeconomic Stereotypes
Authors: Ragusa Jordan Michael
Published: July 2014

Motivated by research showing that policy preferences are driven by social-interests rather than strict self-interest, this article examines if stereotypes of “the rich” shape Americans’ tax policy preferences. For this project, an original free-response survey was designed asking respondents to describe “the rich.” Respondents offered 1,570 unique descriptions, ranging from “hard working” and “job producer” to “selfish” and “inheritance.” In the analysis, these stereotypes were modeled in three ways: (a) as affective stereotypes, (b) as discrete categories, and (c) as deservingness stereotypes. There are three main findings. First, political ideology and affective stereotypes have large and statistically indistinguishable effects on tax policy preferences. Second, deservingness stereotypes—in particular, whether the rich exhibit dispositional and prosocial characteristics—have particularly large effects on preferences for taxing the wealthy. And third, both affective and deservingness stereotypes have an interactive effect with personal ideology. For self-described liberals, preferences for taxing the wealthy are largely a function of ideological considerations. For conservatives, however, tax policy preferences are determined by a mix of ideology and stereotypes. In sum, the findings suggest that stereotypes affect policy preferences even when the target belongs to an advantaged group and the policy domain is nonracial.
A Critical Approach to Social Emotional Learning Instruction Through Community-Based Service Learning
Authors: McKay-Jackson Cassandra
Published: July 2014

The traditional teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic alone will not fully prepare students to lead with integrity, govern fairly, analyze problems, and work collectively with people different from themselves. Social emotional learning (SEL) has been described as one of the missing links in academic education, but a restrictive approach to SEL instruction focuses primarily on emotional and behavioral containment rather than development of active citizenry. Out-of-school programs that provide opportunities for youths to conduct community service learning projects, however, can be a valued resource for supporting critical social emotional learning and social political development. The Chicago Freedom School (CFS) is one such program. This article features the voices of youths’ ages 14–16 who participated in CFS during the 2008–2009 Freedom Fellowship, using content analysis. It also discusses future implications for school mental health professionals and SEL instruction.
Intensive Rehabilitation Treatment in Early Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Frazzitta Giuseppe , Maestri Roberto , Bertotti Gabriella , Riboldazzi Giulio , Boveri Natalia , Perini Michele , Uccellini Davide , Turla Marinella , Comi Cristoforo , Pezzoli Gianni , Ghilardi M. Felice
Published: July 2014

Background. Although physical exercise improves motor aspects of Parkinson’s disease (PD), it is not clear whether it may also have a neuroprotective effect. Objective. In this 2-year follow-up study, we determined whether intensive exercise in the early stages of the disease slows down PD progression. Methods. Forty newly diagnosed patients with PD were treated with rasagiline and randomly assigned to 2 groups: MIRT Group (two 28-day multidisciplinary intensive rehabilitation treatments [MIRT], at 1-year interval) and Control Group (only drug). In both groups, Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale Section II (UPDRS II), UPDRS III, 6-minute walking test (6MWT), Timed Up-and-Go test (TUG); PD Disability Scale (PDDS), and l-dopa equivalents were assessed at baseline (T0), 6 months (T1), 1 year (T2), 18 months (T3), and 2 years (T4) later. Results. Over 2 years, UPDRS II, UPDRS III, TUG, and PDDS differentially progressed in the 2 groups: In the MIRT Group, all scores at T4 were better than at T0 (all Ps < .03). No changes were noted in the Control Group. l-dopa equivalent dosages increased significantly only in the Control Group ( P = .0015), with a decrease in the percentages of patients in monotherapy (T1 40%; T2, T3, and T4 20%). In the MIRT Group, the percentages of such patients remained higher (T1 and T2 100%; T3 89%; T4 75%). Conclusions. These results suggest that MIRT might slow down the progression of motor decay, it might delay the need for increasing drug treatment, and thus, it might have a neuroprotective effect.
Tanning Shade Gradations of Models in Mainstream Fitness and Muscle Enthusiast Magazines
Authors: Basch Corey H. , Hillyer Grace Clarke , Ethan Danna , Berdnik Alyssa , Basch Charles E.
Published: July 2014

Tanned skin has been associated with perceptions of fitness and social desirability. Portrayal of models in magazines may reflect and perpetuate these perceptions. Limited research has investigated tanning shade gradations of models in men’s versus women’s fitness and muscle enthusiast magazines. Such findings are relevant in light of increased incidence and prevalence of melanoma in the United States. This study evaluated and compared tanning shade gradations of adult Caucasian male and female model images in mainstream fitness and muscle enthusiast magazines. Sixty-nine U.S. magazine issues (spring and summer, 2013) were utilized. Two independent reviewers rated tanning shade gradations of adult Caucasian male and female model images on magazines’ covers, advertisements, and feature articles. Shade gradations were assessed using stock photographs of Caucasian models with varying levels of tanned skin on an 8-shade scale. A total of 4,683 images were evaluated. Darkest tanning shades were found among males in muscle enthusiast magazines and lightest among females in women’s mainstream fitness magazines. By gender, male model images were 54% more likely to portray a darker tanning shade. In this study, images in men’s (vs. women’s) fitness and muscle enthusiast magazines portrayed Caucasian models with darker skin shades. Despite these magazines’ fitness-related messages, protanning images may promote attitudes and behaviors associated with higher skin cancer risk. To date, this is the first study to explore tanning shades in men’s magazines of these genres. Further research is necessary to identify effects of exposure to these images among male readers.
Troubling Humanities: Literary Jurisprudence and Crimes Against Humanity in Ishiguro’s Remains of the Day and McEwan’s Atonement
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: July 2014

This commentary poses the question of the human by asking how the “human” of crimes against humanity relates to the “human” of the humanities. It does so by first considering Hannah Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem (1961) as a text that establishes the representational aporias of banality and ineffability raised by crimes against humanity, not just through its analytical content but also through the use of literary form. The commentary then offers a close reading of two novels, Kazuo Ishiguro’s The Remains of the Day (1989) and Ian McEwan’s Atonement (2001), tracking the ways their “literary jurisprudence,” or engagement with problems of judgment, emerge from the representational cruxes located by Arendt. Rather than read these literary texts as desirable substitutes for legal forms, or as providing ways out of legal aporias, I argue that their literary jurisprudences reveal the challenges of facing the afterlife of judgment, particularly for a humanity left in the wake of ambiguous forms of condemnation and restitution.
What can government talk tell us about punitiveness? The case of Norway post 22 July 2011
Authors: Waggoner Kimberlee G
Published: July 2014

Highlighting the culturally contingent nature of state reactions to crime, the present case study uses content analysis to examine state talk issued by the Norwegian government following the 22 July 2011 terrorist attacks to illustrate how more moderate responses to horrific events are accomplished through government talk emphasizing themes thought to constrain as opposed to facilitate a more punitive response. Situating state discourse in the context of the Scandinavian welfare state, the present study argues that government talk surrounding the Breivik case reflects and reinforces Norway’s comparatively less volatile and competitive social order. Analysis of less incendiary government talk is needed to better understand the role of government rhetoric in shaping responses to crisis.