bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
«Crazy paving» – verrückte Pflastersteine in der thorakalen Computertomographie
Authors: Euler André , Bremerich Jens , Niemann Tilo
Published: March 2014

Der Begriff «Crazy paving» beschreibt ein häufig angetroffenes Muster in der thorakalen Computertomographie, das bildmorphologisch einem Pflastersteinrelief ähnelt. Ätiologisch ist es einer Reihe von Differenzialdiagnosen zuzuordnen, unter anderem der alveolären Hämorrhagie, der alveolären Proteinose, der lipoiden Pneumonie sowie des Adenokarzinoms in situ. Das Wissen um den Zusammenhang zwischen radiologischem Muster, histopathologischem Korrelat und klinischer Repräsentation erleichtert dem Kliniker das adäquate Verständnis des Befundes mit entsprechender therapeutischer Relevanz. Im vorliegenden Review beschreiben wir im Detail den relevanten Kontext der am häufigsten in der radiologischen Routine anzutreffenden Entitäten.
Kinetic Modeling without Accounting for the Vascular Component Impairs the Quantification of [11C]PBR28 Brain PET Data
Authors: Rizzo Gaia , Veronese Mattia , Tonietto Matteo , Zanotti-Fregonara Paolo , Turkheimer Federico E , Bertoldo Alessandra
Published: March 2014

The positron emission tomography radioligand [11C]PBR28 targets translocator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO) and is a potential marker of neuroinflammation. [11C]PBR28 binding is commonly quantified using a two-tissue compartment model and an arterial input function. Previous studies with [11C]HRJ-PK11195 demonstrated a slow irreversible binding component to the TSPO proteins localized in the endothelium of brain vessels, such as venous sinuses and arteries. However, the impact of this component on the quantification of [11C]PBR28 data has never been investigated. In this work we propose a novel kinetic model for [11C]PBR28. This model hypothesizes the existence of an additional irreversible component from the blood to the endothelium. The model was tested on a data set of 19 healthy subjects. A simulation was also performed to quantify the error generated by the standard two-tissue compartmental model when the presence of the irreversible component is not taken into account. Our results show that when the vascular component is included in the model the estimates that include the vascular component (2TCM-1K) are more than three-fold smaller, have a higher time stability and are better correlated to brain mRNA TSPO expression than those that do not include the model (2TCM).
Degradation of 4-chloro-3-nitrophenol via a novel intermediate, 4-chlororesorcinol by Pseudomonas sp. JHN
Authors: Arora Pankaj Kumar , Srivastava Alok , Singh Vijay Pal
Published: March 2014

A 4-chloro-3-nitrophenol (4C3NP)-mineralizing bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. JHN was isolated from a waste water sample collected from a chemically-contaminated area, India by an enrichment method. Pseudomonas sp. JHN utilized 4C3NP as a sole carbon and energy source and degraded it with the release of stoichiometric amounts of chloride and nitrite ions. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detected 4-chlororesorcinol as a major metabolite of the 4C3NP degradation pathway. Inhibition studies using 2,2′-dipyridyl showed that 4-chlororesorcinol is a terminal aromatic compound in the degradation pathway of 4C3NP. The activity for 4C3NP-monooxygenase was detected in the crude extracts of the 4C3NP-induced JHN cells that confirmed the formation of 4-chlororesorcinol from 4C3NP. The capillary assay showed that Pseudomonas sp. JHN exhibited chemotaxis toward 4C3NP. The bioremediation capability of Pseudomonas sp. JHN was monitored to carry out the microcosm experiments using sterile and non-sterile soils spiked with 4C3NP. Strain JHN degraded 4C3NP in sterile and non-sterile soil with same degradation rates. This is the first report of (i) bacterial degradation and bioremediation of 4C3NP, (ii) formation of 4-chlororesorcinol in the degradation pathway of 4C3NP, (iii) bacterial chemotaxis toward 4C3NP.
Conversion of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural to a cyclopentanone derivative by ring rearrangement over supported Au nanoparticles
Authors: Ohyama Junya , Kanao Ryusuke , Esaki Akihiko , Satsuma Atsushi
Published: March 2014

Supported Au nanoparticles showed efficient catalytic performance for the ring rearrangement of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) to a cyclopentanone derivative, 3-hydroxymethylcyclopentanone (HCPN).
Sterically controlled self-assembly of tetrahedral M6L4cages via cationic N-donor ligands
Authors: Peuronen Anssi , Forsblom Samu , Lahtinen Manu
Published: March 2014

Inter-ligand steric effects dictate the self-assembly between tripodal cationic ligandLand MII(M = Cu, Pd) generating an unusual tetrahedral M6L4cage instead of the expected M6L8species.
A supramolecular Co(ii)14-metal–organic cube in a hydrogen-bonded network and a Co(ii)–organic framework with a flexible methoxy substituent
Authors: Mondal Suvendu Sekhar , Bhunia Asamanjoy , Kelling Alexandra , Schilde Uwe , Janiak Christoph , Holdt Hans-Jürgen
Published: March 2014

The reaction of 4,5-dicyano-2-methoxyimidazole (L1) with Co(NO3)2·6H2O under solvothermal conditions in DMF, a MOF, IFP-8 and a hydrogen-bonded network consisting of tetradecanuclear Co(ii)14-metal–organic cube (1) are achieved.
Identification of an emitting molecular species by time-resolved fluorescence applied to the excited state dynamics of pigment yellow 101
Authors: Lee Seung Noh , Park Jaeheung , Lim Manho , Joo Taiha
Published: March 2014

Time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) with a resolution higher than the periods of vibrations may provide the vibrational spectrum of an emitting species by directly recording the vibrational wave packet motions in time.
A facile large-scale microwave synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon dots from benzenediol isomers
Authors: Wang Jun , Cheng Changming , Huang Ying , Zheng Baozhan , Yuan Hongyan , Bo Lin , Zheng Ming-Wu , Yang Sheng-Yong , Guo Yong , Xiao Dan
Published: March 2014

Three different carbon dots with high quantum yields were prepared via microwave method within 2 min. The hydroquinone-derived CDs could easily penetrate cells in 30 min.
Monolayer detection of ion binding at a crown ether-functionalised supramolecular surface via an integrated optical Bragg grating
Authors: Parker Richard M. , Wales Dominic J. , Gates James C. , Frey Jeremy G. , Smith Peter G. R. , Grossel Martin C.
Published: March 2014

The formation, detection and validation of a self-assembled monolayer by an integrated optical Bragg grating is reported, allowing investigation into the surface-localised change in refractive index upon ion binding at a supramolecular monolayer.
Molecular modelling and synthesis of a polymer for the extraction of amiloride and triamterene from human urine
Authors: Tsyrulneva Iuna , Zaporozhets Olga , Piletska Elena , Piletsky Sergey
Published: March 2014

A new solid-phase extraction resin with high affinity towards amiloride and triamterene was developed with the assistance of computational modelling.
Palladium-catalyzed synthesis of polysubstituted quinolines from 2-amino aromatic ketones and alkynes
Authors: Zhou Wang , Lei Jianhua
Published: March 2014

A palladium-catalyzed one-pot method for the synthesis of quinolines from commercial or readily available 2-amino aromatic ketones and alkynes is reported for the first time.
Iron-catalysed asymmetric tandem spiro-cyclization using dioxygen in air as the hydrogen acceptor
Authors: Oguma Takuya , Katsuki Tsutomu
Published: March 2014

A tandem combination of ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) formation/Michael addition/asymmetric dearomatization, which is catalysed by an iron–salan complex in air with high enantioselectivity, provides an efficient method for spirocyclic (2H)-dihydrobenzofuran synthesis from 2-naphthols and phenols.
Complexation of alkyl groups and ghrelin in a deep, water-soluble cavitand
Authors: Zhang Kang-Da , Ajami Dariush , Gavette Jesse V. , Rebek Julius
Published: March 2014

A cavitand with ionic, but nonionizable “feet” folds around hydrophobic guests in D2O.
Metal ion-mediated synthesis and shape-dependent magnetic properties of single-crystalline α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles
Authors: Wu Wei , Yang Shuanglei , Pan Jun , Sun Lingling , Zhou Juan , Dai Zhigao , Xiao Xiangheng , Zhang Hongbo , Jiang Changzhong
Published: March 2014

Some useful insights into the synthesis and shape-dependent magnetic properties of iron oxide nanoparticles with different morphologies are presented.
Investigating the dissolution of the metastable triclinic polymorph of carbamazepine using in situ microscopy
Authors: O'Mahony M. , Seaton C. C. , Croker D. M. , Veesler S. , Rasmuson Å. C. , Hodnett B. K.
Published: March 2014

Despite the tendency to undergo solution-mediated transformation, the dissolution behaviour of the metastable FI polymorph of carbamazepine was studied. The results are rationalized on the basis of its crystal structure.
Coordination polymers based on a glycine-derivative ligand
Authors: Vilela Sérgio M. F. , Ananias Duarte , Silva Patrícia , Nolasco Mariela , Carlos Luís D. , de Zea Bermudez Verónica , Rocha João , Tomé João P. C. , Almeida Paz Filipe A.
Published: March 2014

The combination of a glycine-derivative supramolecular salt with lanthanide(iii) chloride hydrates under hydrothermal conditions (120 °C, 48 h) produced a family of isotypical materials formulated as [Ln(bodt)(Hbodt)].
CoFe2O4 and/or Co3Fe7 loaded porous activated carbon balls as a lightweight microwave absorbent
Authors: Li Guomin , Wang Liancheng , Li Wanxi , Ding Ruimin , Xu Yao
Published: March 2014

A microwave reflection loss of −32 dB was obtained for lightweight composites of CoFe2O4 and/or Co3Fe7 particles within porous activated carbon balls.
Mesoporous Zr–SBA-16 catalysts for glycerol valorization processes: towards biorenewable formulations
Authors: Gonzalez-Arellano Camino , Parra-Rodriguez Leticia , Luque Rafael
Published: March 2014

Zr-containing SBA-16 materials were utilized in glycerol valorization for the production of esters (via reaction with levulinic acid) and glycerol formal (GF) via acetalisation with paraformaldehyde.
Impact of humidity on speciation and bioaccessibility of Pb, Zn, Co and Se in house dust
Authors: Rasmussen Pat E. , Beauchemin Suzanne , Maclean Lachlan C. W. , Chénier Marc , Levesque Christine , Gardner H. David
Published: March 2014

Humidity increases the bioaccessibility of Pb and Zn in dust that collects in damp microenvironments (such as window troughs).
Evaluating N-benzylgalactonoamidines as putative transition state analogs for β-galactoside hydrolysis
Authors: Fan Qiu-Hua , Striegler Susanne , Langston Rebekah G. , Barnett James D.
Published: March 2014

The kinetic evaluation of severalN-benzylgalactonoamidines identifiedp-methylbenzylgalactonoamidine as a putative transition state analog for the enzymatic hydrolysis of β-galactopyranosides by β-galactosidase (A. oryzae).
Efficient construction of C–S and C–N bonds via metal-free reductive coupling of N-tosylhydrazones with benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiol
Authors: Lin Yuqing , Luo Puying , Zheng Qiang , Liu Yumei , Sang Xiaoyan , Ding Qiuping
Published: March 2014

An efficient procedure for the synthesis of diverse benzo[d]thiazole derivatives has been developed via metal-free reductive coupling of N-tosylhydrazones with benzo[d]thiazole-2-thiols.
Plasmonic-enhanced self-cleaning activity on asymmetric Ag/ZnO surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates under UV and visible light irradiation
Authors: Zang Yashu , Yin Jun , He Xu , Yue Chuang , Wu Zhiming , Li Jing , Kang Junyong
Published: March 2014

Plasmonic-enhanced photocatalytic self-cleaning activity under both UV and visible irradiation is demonstrated on asymmetric Ag/ZnO surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates.
Highly efficient coordination of Hg2+and Pb2+metals in water with squaramide-coated Fe3O4nanoparticles
Authors: López Kenia A. , Piña M. Nieves , Quiñonero David , Ballester Pablo , Morey Jeroni
Published: March 2014

The synthesis and binding properties of squaramide-coated Fe3O4nanoparticles upon coordination with heavy metals in water are described.
Non-preferential fuelling of the Na+/K+-ATPase pump
Authors: Fernández-Moncada Ignacio , Barros L. Felipe
Published: March 2014

There is abundant evidence that glycolysis and the Na+/K+-ATPase pump are functionally coupled, and it is thought that the nature of the coupling is energetic, with glycolysis providing the ATP that fuels the pump. This notion has been instrumental to current models of brain energy metabolism. However, structural and biophysical considerations suggest that the pump should also have access to mitochondrial ATP, which is much more abundant. In the present study, we have investigated the source of ATP that fuels the Na+ pump in astrocytes, taking advantage of the high temporal resolution of recently available FRET nanosensors for glucose, lactate and ATP. The activity of the Na+ pump was assessed in parallel with the Na+-sensitive dye SBFI AM (Na+-binding benzofuran isophthalate acetoxymethyl ester). OXPHOS (oxidative phosphorylation) inhibition resulted in bulk ATP depletion and a 5-fold stimulation of glycolytic flux, in spite of which Na+ pumping was inhibited by 90%. Mathematical modelling of ATP dynamics showed that the observed pump failure is inconsistent with preferential fuelling of the Na+ pump by glycolytic ATP. We conclude that the nature of the functional coupling between the Na+ pump and the glycolytic machinery is not energetic and that the pump is mainly fuelled by mitochondrial ATP.
Hausärztliche Perspektiven zum geplanten Darmkrebsfrüherkennungsprogramm – ein Stimmungsbild
Authors: Guethlin C. , Siebenhofer A.
Published: March 2014

Gruppendiskussionen mit Hausärzten zum geplanten nationalen Darmkrebs-Screening-Programm mit Einladungsverfahren zeigten, dass bei einem Einbezug dieser wichtigen Gruppe Kosten-Nutzen-Bewertungen an zentraler Stelle kommuniziert werden sollten.
Stellungnahme des Fachausschuss Psychiatrie des BVÖGD zur Novellierung der PsychKGs in den Bundesländern
Authors: Albers M.
Published: March 2014

Es wird empfohlen, in allen Bundesländern PsychKGs zu erlassen, in denen ambulante Hilfen für psychisch kranke Menschen mit dem Ziel der Abwendung von zwangsweisen Unterbringungen verknüpft werden. Das gemeindepsychiatrische Versorgungssystem íst so weiter zu entwickeln, dass ambulante Behandlungs- und Unterstützungsangebote niederschwellig, unverzüglich und wenn erforderlich, in der häuslichen Umgebung zur Verfügung stehen. Hierzu ist die Koordinierungsaufgabe des Sozialpsychiatrischen Dienstes zu konkretisieren, die Schaffung Gemeindepsychiatrischer Verbünde verbindlich vorzuschreiben, Psychiatriegremien auf Landesebene einzurichten, eine Psychiatrieberichterstattung (inkl. Unterbringungen nach PsychKG wie BtR) sicherzustellen und die Aufgabe der Besuchskommission auf alle mit Vor- und Nachsorge befassten Einrichtungen und Dienste auszudehnen.
Single photon energy dispersive x-ray diffraction
Authors: Higginbotham Andrew , Patel Shamim , Hawreliak James A. , Ciricosta Orlando , Collins Gilbert W. , Coppari Federica , Eggert Jon H. , Suggit Matthew J. , Tang Henry , Wark Justin S.
Published: March 2014

With the pressure range accessible to laser driven compression experiments on solid material rising rapidly, new challenges in the diagnosis of samples in harsh laser environments are emerging. When driving to TPa pressures (conditions highly relevant to planetary interiors), traditional x-ray diffraction techniques are plagued by increased sources of background and noise, as well as a potential reduction in signal. In this paper we present a new diffraction diagnostic designed to record x-ray diffraction in low signal-to-noise environments. By utilising single photon counting techniques we demonstrate the ability to record diffraction patterns on nanosecond timescales, and subsequently separate, photon-by-photon, signal from background. In doing this, we mitigate many of the issues surrounding the use of high intensity lasers to drive samples to extremes of pressure, allowing for structural information to be obtained in a regime which is currently largely unexplored.
Development of the nano-dust analyzer (NDA) for detection and compositional analysis of nanometer-size dust particles originating in the inner heliosphere
Authors: O’Brien L. , Auer S. , Gemer A. , Grün E. , Horanyi M. , Juhasz A. , Kempf S. , Malaspina D. , Mocker A. , Moebius E. , Srama R. , Sternovsky Z.
Published: March 2014

A linear time-of-flight mass spectrometer is developed for the detection and chemical analysis of nanometer-sized particles originating near the Sun. Nano-dust particles are thought to be produced by mutual collisions between interplanetary dust particles slowly spiraling toward the Sun and are accelerated outward to high velocities by interaction with the solar wind plasma. The WAVES instruments on the two STEREO spacecraft reported the detection, strong temporal variation, and potentially high flux of these particles. Here we report on the optimization and the results from the detailed characterization of the instrument's performance using submicrometer sized dust particles accelerated to 8–60 km/s. The Nano Dust Analyzer (NDA) concept is derived from previously developed detectors. It has a 200 cm2 effective target area and a mass resolution of approximately m/Δm = 50. The NDA instrument is designed to reliably detect and analyze nanometer-sized dust particles while being pointed close to the Sun's direction, from where they are expected to arrive. Measurements by such an instrument will determine the size-dependent flux of the nano-dust particles and its variations, it will characterize the composition of the nano-dust and, ultimately, it may determine their source. The flight version of the NDA instrument is estimated to be <5 kg and requires <10 W for operation.
Theoretical volume profiles as a tool for probing transition states: Folding kinetics
Authors: Wiebe H. , Weinberg N.
Published: March 2014

The mechanism by which conformational changes, particularly folding and unfolding, occur in proteins and other biopolymers has been widely discussed in the literature. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of protein folding present a formidable challenge since these conformational changes occur on a time scale much longer than what can be afforded at the current level of computational technology. Transition state (TS) theory offers a more economic description of kinetic properties of a reaction system by relating them to the properties of the TS, or for flexible systems, the TS ensemble (TSE). The application of TS theory to protein folding is limited by ambiguity in the definition of the TSE for this process. We propose to identify the TSE for conformational changes in flexible systems by comparison of its experimentally determined volumetric property, known as the volume of activation, to the structure-specific volume profile of the process calculated using MD. We illustrate this approach by its successful application to unfolding of a model chain system.
The new TORPEX in-vessel toroidal conductor for the generation of a poloidal magnetic field
Authors: Avino F. , Fasoli A. , Furno I.
Published: March 2014

TORoidal Plasma EXperiment (TORPEX) is a Simple Magnetized Torus featuring open helical magnetic field lines obtained from the superposition of a small vertical component on the main toroidal field. This work introduces the experimental setup developed to include a poloidal magnetic field. The toroidal and poloidal fields generate a rotational transform, making the magnetic geometry of TORPEX closer to that of a tokamak. This upgrade opens the possibility to deal with closed and open flux surfaces, as well as with the transition region across the last closed flux surface. The main technical solutions are discussed together with the physical considerations at the basis of the system design. Selected examples of the magnetic configurations accessible with the set of magnetic field coils available on TORPEX are discussed, ranging from single-null X-points to magnetic snowflakes. The simplest magnetic configuration of quasi-circular concentric flux surfaces is tested experimentally. Measurements of the two-dimensional electron plasma density profiles and the particle confinement time are presented, together with the first steps towards the understanding of plasma production mechanisms.
A novel integrated tension-compression design for a mini split Hopkinson bar apparatus
Authors: Chen Ximin , Liu Zhanwei , He Guang , Xie Huimin
Published: March 2014

A miniature integrated Split Hopkinson Bar (SHB) apparatus based on an innovative three-loading bar technique and a multi-stage electromagnetic driving technique was developed for both impact compression and tensile tests. The design principles of these techniques and the whole structure of this new device are discussed in detail. Compared to the traditional SHB apparatus which has a single-function, this new device can realize the integration of compression and tensile tests. Furthermore, due to the application of the electromagnetic driving technique, the whole structure of the SHB apparatus can be miniaturized with good reproducibility, reliability, and no noise, making it easier to move to different locations without the need for heavy gas launching systems used for some specialist tests. Under both impact compression and tensile conditions, a series of verification experiments were carried out on 2A12 aluminum alloy, proving that the new apparatus can conduct impact tension and compression tests for small specimen with high accuracy and reliability. The dynamic behavior of electrodeposited nickel fabricated by micromachining was investigated at a high strain rate of 1.2 × 104 s−1 using this new setup, the obtained results indicating that the Lithographie Galanoformung Abformung (LIGA) deposited nickel is very sensitive to strain rate.
An environment-dependent semi-empirical tight binding model suitable for electron transport in bulk metals, metal alloys, metallic interfaces, and metallic nanostructures. II. Application—Effect of quantum confinement and homogeneous strain on Cu conductance
Authors: Hegde Ganesh , Povolotskyi Michael , Kubis Tillmann , Charles James , Klimeck Gerhard
Published: March 2014

The Semi-Empirical tight binding model developed in Part I Hegde et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 115, 123703 (2014)] is applied to metal transport problems of current relevance in Part II. A systematic study of the effect of quantum confinement, transport orientation, and homogeneous strain on electronic transport properties of Cu is carried out. It is found that quantum confinement from bulk to nanowire boundary conditions leads to significant anisotropy in conductance of Cu along different transport orientations. Compressive homogeneous strain is found to reduce resistivity by increasing the density of conducting modes in Cu. The [110] transport orientation in Cu nanowires is found to be the most favorable for mitigating conductivity degradation since it shows least reduction in conductance with confinement and responds most favorably to compressive strain.
Controlling the dispersion and orientation of nanorods in polymer melt under shear: Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation study
Authors: Park Jay Hoon , Kalra Vibha , Joo Yong Lak
Published: March 2014

Incorporation of nanorods (NRs) into a polymer matrix can greatly enhance the material properties, but the aggregation of NRs prevents the full realization of their potential. Using coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation with the dissipative particle dynamics thermostat, we have systematically examined how key material and processing parameters, such as aspect ratio, particle diameter, rigidity and concentration of NR, polymer chain length, and shear rate can influence the placement and orientation of the self-aggregating NRs in a model polymer melt under shear. When compared with nanoparticles (NPs), the NRs tend to aggregate more severely even under strong shear flow. To improve the dispersion of NRs within the polymer matrix under a given flow condition, we incorporated additional NPs with selective interactions into polymer/NR composites, demonstrating that the current mesoscale simulation study offers insights on how to control the dispersion and orientation of NRs in polymer under shear flow.
Note: Methodology for the analysis of Bluetooth gateways in an implemented scatternet
Authors: Etxaniz J. , Monje P. M. , Aranguren G.
Published: March 2014

This Note introduces a novel methodology to analyze the time performance of Bluetooth gateways in multi-hop networks, known as scatternets. The methodology is focused on distinguishing between the processing time and the time that each communication between nodes takes along an implemented scatternet. This technique is not only valid for Bluetooth networks but also for other wireless networks that offer access to their middleware in order to include beacons in the operation of the nodes. We show in this Note the results of the tests carried out on a Bluetooth scatternet in order to highlight the reliability and effectiveness of the methodology. The results also validate this technique showing convergence in the results when subtracting the time for the beacons from the delay measurements.
Structure and properties of the algebra of partially transposed permutation operators
Authors: Mozrzymas Marek , Horodecki Michał , Studziński Michał
Published: March 2014

We consider the structure of algebra of operators, acting in n-fold tensor product space, which are partially transposed on the last term. Using purely algebraical methods we show that this algebra is semi-simple and then, considering its regular representation, we derive basic properties of the algebra. In particular, we describe all irreducible representations of the algebra of partially transposed operators and derive expressions for matrix elements of the representations. It appears that there are two kinds of irreducible representations of the algebra. The first one is strictly connected with the representations of the group S(n − 1) induced by irreducible representations of the group S(n − 2). The second kind is structurally connected with irreducible representations of the group S(n − 1).
Low resistivity, super-saturation phosphorus-in-silicon monolayer doping
Authors: McKibbin S. R. , Polley C. M. , Scappucci G. , Keizer J. G. , Simmons M. Y.
Published: March 2014

We develop a super-saturation technique to extend the previously established doping density limit for ultra-high vacuum monolayer doping of silicon with phosphorus. Through an optimized sequence of PH3 dosing and annealing of the silicon surface, we demonstrate a 2D free carrier density of ns = (3.6 ± 0.1) × 1014 cm−2, ∼50% higher than previously reported values. We perform extensive characterization of the dopant layer resistivity, including room temperature depth-dependent in situ four point probe measurements. The dopant layers remain conductive at less than 1 nm from the sample surface and importantly, surpass the semiconductor industry target for ultra-shallow junction scaling of <900 Ω◻−1 at a depth of 7 nm.
The structural organization of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone + water mixtures: A densitometry, x-ray diffraction, and molecular dynamics study
Authors: Usula M. , Mocci F. , Marincola F. Cesare , Porcedda S. , Gontrani L. , Caminiti R.
Published: March 2014

A combined approach of molecular dynamics simulations, wide angle X-ray scattering experiments, and density measurements was employed to study the structural properties of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) + water mixtures over the whole concentration range. Remarkably, a very good agreement between computed and experimental densities and diffraction patterns was achieved, especially if the effect of the mixture composition on NMP charges is taken into account. Analysis of the intermolecular organization, as revealed by the radial and spatial distribution functions of relevant solvent atoms, nicely explained the density maximum observed experimentally.
Novel implementation of memristive systems for data encryption and obfuscation
Authors: Du Nan , Manjunath Niveditha , Shuai Yao , Bürger Danilo , Skorupa Ilona , Schüffny René , Mayr Christian , Basov Dimitri N. , Di Ventra Massimiliano , Schmidt Oliver G. , Schmidt Heidemarie
Published: March 2014

With the rise of big data handling, new solutions are required to drive cryptographic algorithms for maintaining data security. Here, we exploit the nonvolatile, nonlinear resistance change in BiFeO3 memristors [Shuai et al., J. Appl. Phys. 109, 124117 (2011)] by applying a voltage for the generation of second and higher harmonics and develop a new memristor-based encoding system from it to encrypt and obfuscate data. It is found that a BiFeO3 memristor in high and low resistance state can be used to generate two clearly distinguishable sets of second and higher harmonics as recently predicted theoretically [Cohen et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 133109 (2012)]. The computed autocorrelation of encrypted data using higher harmonics generated by a BiFeO3 memristor shows that the encoded data distribute randomly.
Dynamic contraction of the positive column of a self-sustained glow discharge in air flow
Authors: Shneider M. N. , Mokrov M. S. , Milikh G. M.
Published: March 2014

We study the dynamic contraction of a self-sustained glow discharge in air in a rectangular duct with convective cooling. A two dimensional numerical model of the plasma contraction was developed in a cylindrical frame. The process is described by a set of time-dependent continuity equations for the electrons, positive and negative ions; gas and vibrational temperature; and equations which account for the convective heat and plasma losses by the transverse flux. Transition from the uniform to contracted state was analyzed. It was shown that such transition experiences a hysteresis, and that the critical current of the transition increases when the gas density drops. Possible coexistence of the contracted and uniform state of the plasma in the discharge, where the current flows along the density gradient of the background gas, is discussed.
Thermodynamic and kinetic control of the lateral Si wire growth
Authors: Dedyulin Sergey N. , Goncharova Lyudmila V.
Published: March 2014

Reproducible lateral Si wire growth has been realized on the Si (100) surface. In this paper, we present experimental evidence showing the unique role that carbon plays in initiating lateral growth of Si wires on a Si (100) substrate. Once initiated in the presence of ≈5 ML of C, lateral growth can be achieved in the range of temperatures, T = 450–650 °C, and further controlled by the interplay of the flux of incoming Si atoms with the size and areal density of Au droplets. Critical thermodynamic and kinetic aspects of the growth are discussed in detail.
Piezoelectricity above the Curie temperature? Combining flexoelectricity and functional grading to enable high-temperature electromechanical coupling
Authors: Mbarki R. , Baccam N. , Dayal Kaushik , Sharma P.
Published: March 2014

Most technologically relevant ferroelectrics typically lose piezoelectricity above the Curie temperature. This limits their use to relatively low temperatures. In this Letter, exploiting a combination of flexoelectricity and simple functional grading, we propose a strategy for high-temperature electromechanical coupling in a standard thin film configuration. We use continuum modeling to quantitatively demonstrate the possibility of achieving apparent piezoelectric materials with large and temperature-stable electromechanical coupling across a wide temperature range that extends significantly above the Curie temperature. With Barium and Strontium Titanate, as example materials, a significant electromechanical coupling that is potentially temperature-stable up to 900 °C is possible.
Electrical detection of microwave assisted magnetization reversal by spin pumping
Authors: Rao Siddharth , Subhra Mukherjee Sankha , Elyasi Mehrdad , Singh Bhatia Charanjit , Yang Hyunsoo
Published: March 2014

Microwave assisted magnetization reversal has been investigated in a bilayer system of Pt/ferromagnet by detecting a change in the polarity of the spin pumping signal. The reversal process is studied in two material systems, Pt/CoFeB and Pt/NiFe, for different aspect ratios. The onset of the switching behavior is indicated by a sharp transition in the spin pumping voltage. At a threshold value of the external field, the switching process changes from partial to full reversal with increasing microwave power. The proposed method provides a simple way to detect microwave assisted magnetization reversal.
Highly confined, enhanced surface fluorescence imaging with two-dimensional silver nanoparticle sheets
Authors: Usukura Eiji , Shinohara Shuhei , Okamoto Koichi , Lim Jaehoon , Char Kookheon , Tamada Kaoru
Published: March 2014

A method of obtaining highly confined, enhanced surface fluorescence imaging is proposed using two-dimensional (2D) silver nanoparticle (AgMy) sheets. This technique is based on the localized surface plasmon resonance excited homogeneously on a 2D silver nanoparticle sheet. The AgMy sheets are fabricated at the air–water interface by self-assembly and transferred onto hydrophobic glass substrates. These sheets can enhance the fluorescence only when the excitation wavelength overlaps with the plasmon resonance wavelength. To confirm the validity of this technique, two separate test experiments are performed. One is the epifluorescence microscope imaging of a quantum dot 2D sheet on the AgMy 2D sheet with a SiO2 spacer layer, where the fluorescence is maximized with the 20 nm SiO2 layer, determined by the Förster resonance energy transfer distances. The second experiment is the imaging of a single fluorescence bead with a total internal reflection fluorescent microscope. We confirmed that the AgMy sheet provides a 4-fold increase in fluorescence with a 160-nm spatial resolution at 30 ms/frame snapshot. The AgMy sheet will be a powerful tool for high sensitivity and high-resolution real time bioimaging at nanointerfaces.
Array integration of thousands of photonic crystal nanolasers
Authors: Watanabe Takumi , Abe Hiroshi , Nishijima Yoshiaki , Baba Toshihiko
Published: March 2014

Photonic crystal (PC) nanolasers often consist of air-bridge PC slab, which enhances optical confinement while limiting its size to 30 × 30 μm2 due to the mechanical fragileness. This limit is broken by resin-mediated bonding of the PC slab on a host substrate. In this paper, we demonstrate a GaInAsP PC slab with a size of over 100 × 100 μm2 in which 1089, 2376, and 11 664 nanolasers showing high-yield laser operation are integrated.
Regioselective Multicomponent Sequential Synthesis of Oxa-Aza[3.3.3]propellanes
Authors: Alizadeh Abdolali , Bayat Fahimeh , Zhu Long-Guan
Published: March 2014

A concise and efficient sequential four-component approach to oxa-aza[3.3.3]propellanes has been developed by reaction of aryl isothiocyanates, malonate compounds, ninhydrin, and malononitrile in the presence of NaH in DMF. The value of this method lies in its regioselectivity, good yields, lack of a metal-catalyst, ease of handling, and creating five new bonds in one operation. No inert atmosphere or separation by column chromatography is necessary.
Modification of the expression of two NPR1 suppressors, SNC1 and SNI1, in soybean confers partial resistance to the soybean cyst nematode, Heterodera glycines
Authors: Maldonado Andrea , Youssef Reham , McDonald Margaret , Brewer Eric , Beard Hunter , Matthews Benjamin
Published: March 2014

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an enhanced defence response triggered when plants detect a pathogen. The response is extended to uninfected organs to protect against future attack. NPR1 is a nuclear leucine-rich repeat protein with a key role in SAR. It binds specifically to salicylic acid, and acts as a transcriptional coregulator of SAR activators and an inhibitor of transcriptional repressors. The proteins encoded by Suppressor of NPR1, Constitutive (SNC1) and Suppressor of NPR1, Inducible (SNI1) interact with NPR1 to regulate the expression of pathogenesis-related genes. The Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. snc1 mutant exhibits a constitutive resistance response, but in the sni1 mutant, the SNI1 protein is rendered incapable of suppressing pathogen resistance genes. To study the influence of SNC1 and SNI1 on resistance to the soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines), soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) roots were separately transformed with four constructs designed to: (i) overexpress GmSNC1, the soybean orthologue of AtSNC1; (ii) overexpress AtSNI1; (iii) silence GmSNC1 and (iv) silence GmSNI1. A significant reduction of the female nematode population was observed in Treatments (i) and (iv). The expression of SAR marker genes was analysed in these treatments. The unusual pattern of expression of pathogen resistance genes shows there are differences in the effect resistance genes have on soybean and A. thaliana. Although NPR1 is involved in the cross-talk between the salicylic acid, jasmonic acid and ethylene pathways, understanding the nematode resistance mechanism in plants is still imprecise. These results provide further insights into the soybean defence response.
On the origin of enhanced sensitivity in nanoscale FET-based biosensors
Authors: Shoorideh Kaveh , Chui Chi On
Published: March 2014

Significance

It is widely believed that surface area-to-volume ratio is directly related to the sensitivity of field-effect transistor-based biosensors; this has led to a massive drive to use nanowires, which are costly and difficult to make, for use in such sensors. Although nanowires do exhibit superior performance in certain situations, we believe increased surface area-to-volume ratio is not the cause. We find that in general, smaller wires do worse, unless they are placed on an insulating substrate. In the corners between the nanowire and the substrate, the electrolyte exhibits weaker Debye screening and smaller capacitance density, causing the sensor to have larger charge sensitivity. Our understanding enables researchers to design better biosensors, possibly using large-scale structures that are cheaper to make.
Evidence that protons act as neurotransmitters at vestibular hair cell–calyx afferent synapses
Authors: Highstein Stephen M. , Holstein Gay R. , Mann Mary Anne , Rabbitt Richard D.
Published: March 2014

Significance

Recent evidence from the neuromuscular junction in
Drosophila
and
C. elegans
shows that protons are important intercellular signaling molecules operating to modulate presynaptic release or ion channels in adjacent cells. Here, we present evidence that protons also act directly as a nonquantal neurotransmitter in a contemporary amniote to convey excitatory stimuli from type I inner ear vestibular hair cells to their partner postsynaptic calyx nerve terminals. Protonergic neurotransmission works in concert with classical mechanisms and endows this system with a metabolically efficient mechanism to evoke tonic depolarizations of the postsynaptic neuron. Similar intercellular proton signaling mechanisms might be at play in the CNS.
Precise and in situ genetic humanization of 6 Mb of mouse immunoglobulin genes
Authors: Macdonald Lynn E. , Karow Margaret , Stevens Sean , Auerbach Wojtek , Poueymirou William T. , Yasenchak Jason , Frendewey David , Valenzuela David M. , Giallourakis Cosmas C. , Alt Frederick W. , Yancopoulos George D. , Murphy Andrew J.
Published: March 2014

Significance

This paper describes a major advance in genomic engineering, describing by far the largest genetic humanization of the mouse ever attempted. Six megabases of mouse immune genes were replaced in a precise manner and “in situ” (in the orthologous position) with the corresponding human immune genes using largechimeric bacterial artificial chromosome targeting vectors. The accompanying manuscript demonstrates that the engineered mice function with high efficiency and have already generated therapeutic candidates that have progressed into human trials.
Mice with megabase humanization of their immunoglobulin genes generate antibodies as efficiently as normal mice
Authors: Murphy Andrew J. , Macdonald Lynn E. , Stevens Sean , Karow Margaret , Dore Anthony T. , Pobursky Kevin , Huang Tammy T. , Poueymirou William T. , Esau Lakeisha , Meola Melissa , Mikulka Warren , Krueger Pamela , Fairhurst Jeanette , Valenzuela David M. , Papadopoulos Nicholas , Yancopoulos George D.
Published: March 2014

Significance

The accompanying paper describes the precise, in situ replacement of six megabases of mouse immune genes with the corresponding human immune genes. This manuscript shows that this genomic engineering feat resulted in a unique kind of “HumAb” mouse. Dubbed VelocImmune, these mice efficiently generate antibodies that can be rapidly reformatted into therapeutics. VelocImmune mice have proven to be extraordinarily efficient and productive, generating over a dozen therapeutic candidates that have already progressed into human clinical trials for a variety of important diseases.
Genome sequencing of disease and carriage isolates of nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
identifies discrete population structure
Authors: De Chiara Matteo , Hood Derek , Muzzi Alessandro , Pickard Derek J. , Perkins Tim , Pizza Mariagrazia , Dougan Gordon , Rappuoli Rino , Moxon E. Richard , Soriani Marco , Donati Claudio
Published: March 2014

Significance

Several human pathogens exploit genomic variability to adapt to the host environment. Genome sequencing of collections of isolates and classification of strains according to their genomic content are pivotal to the formulation of vaccines able to elicit broad protection. We sequenced a collection of carriage and disease isolates of nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
, a component of the microbial flora of the upper respiratory tract that can cause a spectrum of diseases, including otitis media and meningitis. We identified distinct evolutionary clades that correlate with the presence of selected surface-associated proteins and virulence determinants. The high-resolution definition of the population structure of nontypeable
Haemophilus influenzae
allowed by whole-genome sequencing will be key for the development of efficacious containment strategies for this important human pathogen.
After Cameron: the New New Right and the unchaining of Britannia
Authors: Lakin Matthew
Published: March 2014

This article looks at an emerging and ideologically influential grouping within the Conservative Party that presents a challenge to the dominant contemporary Cameronite interpretation of Conservatism. This grouping is fashioned as the ‘New New Right’ composed of an identifiable number of the ‘2010 generation’ of Conservative politicians. The most prominent among these are the five authors of After the Coalition and Britannia Unchained: Kwasi Kwarteng, Priti Patel, Dominic Raab, Chris Skidmore and Elizabeth Truss. Employing Michael Freeden's ‘morphological approach’ to ideology, in addition to utilising interviews with key members of this group, this article situates and interrogates the explicitly post-Cameronite thinking of the New New Right drawing on three central features of its thinking: the rejection of the rhetorical ‘de-neoliberalisation’ of British society after the financial crisis of 2007–08, a resistance to ‘anti-market socialisation’ and the promotion of a ‘thin’ conception of social rights. The difference between ‘Cameronite’ Conservatism and the New New Right is more quantitative than qualitative, as, while they occupy the same semantic field, the latter poses a threat to the former's commitment to civic conservatism. This ideological innovation is not a revival of Thatcherism; it is more conservative fiscally and largely anti-statist on a gamut of social issues. The New New Right potentially provides the ideological template for the next generation of Conservatism after Cameronism.
Genetic prion disease: no role for the immune system in disease pathogenesis?
Authors: Friedman-Levi Yael , Binyamin Orli , Frid Kati , Ovadia Haim , Gabizon Ruth
Published: March 2014

Prion diseases, which can manifest by transmissible, sporadic or genetic etiologies, share several common features, such as a fatal neurodegenerative outcome and the aberrant accumulation of proteinase K (PK)-resistant PrP forms in the CNS. In infectious prion diseases, such as scrapie in mice, prions first replicate in immune organs, then invade the CNS via ascending peripheral tracts, finally causing death. Accelerated neuroinvasion and death occurs when activated prion-infected immune cells infiltrate into the CNS, as is the case for scrapie-infected mice induced for experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a CNS inflammatory insult. To establish whether the immune system plays such a central role also in genetic prion diseases, we induced EAE in TgMHu2ME199K mice, a line mimicking for late onset genetic Creutzfeldt Jacob disease (gCJD), a human prion disease. We show here that EAE induction of TgMHu2ME199K mice neither accelerated nor aggravated prion disease manifestation. Concomitantly, we present evidence that PK-resistant PrP forms were absent from CNS immune infiltrates, and most surprisingly also from lymph nodes and spleens of TgMHu2ME199K mice at all ages and stages of disease. These results imply that the mechanism of genetic prion disease differs widely from that of the infectious presentation, and that the conversion of mutant PrPs into PK resistant forms occurs mostly/only in the CNS. If the absence of pathogenic PrP forms form immune organs is also true for gCJD patients, it may suggest their blood is devoid of prion infectivity.
Testing for Designer Stimulants: Metabolic Profiles of 16 Synthetic Cathinones Excreted Free in Human Urine
Authors: Uralets Victor , Rana Sumandeep , Morgan Stewart , Ross Wayne
Published: March 2014

The study of 34,561 urine specimens, submitted for designer stimulant testing between February 2011 and January 2013, provided an opportunity: to estimate the range of synthetic cathinones (SC) abused in the USA, to observe multiple examples of metabolic profiles for each drug in various stages of excretion in human urine, to evaluate the extent of metabolism of specific SC and to select metabolites or parent drugs for routine testing. Sixteen SC were found in random patient samples: buphedrone; butylone; 3,4-dimethylmethcathinone; ethcathinone; N-ethylbuphedrone; ethylone; flephedrone; mephedrone; 4-methylbuphedrone; 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV); 4-methyl-N-ethylcathinone; methylone; pentedrone; pentylone; α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone (PBP) and α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (PVP). After liquid/liquid extraction and trifluoroacetylation, specimens were screened by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) for drugs and metabolites excreted free in urine. Each SC exhibited a characteristic metabolic profile, as shown by multiple examples. Metabolites' structures were postulated on the basis of their mass spectra. A large group of SC appears to metabolize extensively by carbonyl reduction into respective substituted ephedrines and further by N-dealkylation into norephedrines. Abundant metabolites in this group are essential markers of the parent drug use. Unchanged drugs are far less abundant or not found at all. SC with methylenedioxy attachment to the aromatic ring, metabolize by carbonyl reduction to a much lesser extent and are best detected as such in free urine fraction. PBP and PVP can be detected either unchanged or as metabolites, resulting from pyrrolidine ring degradation into primary amine followed by carbonyl reduction. MDPV appears in urine as such with no apparent free metabolites.