bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le plaisir et le temps dans le livre X de l’Éthique a Nicomaque
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite ,   Editua Polirom
Published: October 2019

Aristotle begins the discussion of pleasure in Book X of the Nicomachean Ethics with the claim that pleasure “is thought to be most properly connected with our kind,” (EN X 1, 1172a19‑23). In his positive account of pleasure in X 4, he suggests that we can somehow experience pleasure otherwise than “in time” (1174b2‑10). The aim of this article is to show how the claim that pleasure does not occur ‘in time’ might illuminate the claim that pleasure is most properly connected to our kind. The point, I will argue, is not only that pleasure is complete at every moment – that will be true of many activities – but also that pleasure has the same structure as the best activity available to us, and a structure different from the best activity available to other kinds. Several passages indicate that Aristotle believes that all living things act for the sake of immortality, understood as divine and eternal life, and connect the pursuit of eternal life with the activities that are natural to a species. These offer us a way to understand why the pleasure of contemplation is the best pleasure, and why pleasure is most intimately connected with our kind. I begin in section (ii) with an exploration of the pleasures proper to different activities which are in turn proper to different kinds. In subsequent sections (iii) I take a closer look at contemplation, particularly insofar as it is an activity that does not take place ‘in time’ but rather ‘in a moment’, and consider Aristotle’s reasons for describing such activities as wholes, or indivisible, or without parts ; and (iv) I turn to the relation between the activities and pleasures proper to different kinds and the possibilities available to those different kinds for approximating divine life. In the final section (v) I return to question of pleasure and its intimate connection with our kind.
Authenticity in A Real Young Girl (Catherine Breillat, 1976)
Authors: Belot Sophie
Published: October 2019

In French cinema, representations of girls have often been associated with films
made by women, as demonstrated by Carrie Tarr with Brigitte Rollet (2001). They
claim that the young girl is the major cinematographic topic for a
woman’s first film, and names, such as Céline Sciamma in the late
2000s, Diane Kurys and Catherine Breillat in the 1970s, substantiate this
position. However, Breillat’s A Real Young Girl was
different, as it attracted critics’ acerbic reception and was
subsequently banned for its open depiction of a young girl’s sexual
experiences. It is argued that Breillat’s images of the young
girl’s sexual initiation in the 1970s brings to the fore the significance
of the idea of authenticity in relation to sex and cinema. Examining the
representation of the ‘real young girl’ highlights the ideas of
reflexivity and creativity attached to the existentialist notion of
authenticity. This article aims to show that the young girl stands as a metaphor
for Breillat’s auteurist approach to challenging existing filmic
conventions.
Achievements of Engineer, Entrepreneur and Teacher Jānis Baumanis (1878–1945)
Authors: Gaitniece Lāsma , Zigmunde Alīda
Published: October 2019

The article is devoted to engineer, teacher and one of mayors of Lie- pāja City Municipality – Jānis Baumanis – who obtained university education not only at Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), but also at the University of Electricity (Ecole supérieure d’electricité) in Paris, France. The biography of J. Baumanis shows that he has been purposeful, feared no challenge and has repeatedly proved himself as entrepreneur establishing and successfully managing companies. These qualities also describe J. Baumanis as the Mayor of Liepāja City Municipality, but the desire to take initiative in implementing various, brave at that time, ideas were interfering, thus he held the position less than a year. After resigning, he left Liepāja city for Riga, where he worked for a company and turned to pedagogical work. The aim of the article is to summarize the life of J. Baumanis and to discover his achievements in various fields of activity.
Graduate of Riga Polytechnic Institute, Engineer, Inventor and Athlete Arno Līcis
Authors: Lanka Ērika , Zigmunde Alīda
Published: October 2019

The article summarizes the career of a graduate of the Faculty of Mechanics (1964) of Riga Polytechnic Institute Arno Līcis. The article reveals and describes his work while being an engineer at the Riga Electromachine Building Factory (RER), at the Latvian Scientific Research Institute of Trauma- tology and Orthopaedics (LSRITO) and in the printing house «Jāņa sēta», as well as being an inventor. It has been discovered that he had promoted orienteering sports and had significant achievements in competitions of various scale, inclu- ding mass competition named «Magnēts» managed by him, which had been taking place since 1969. This is the first research on the life and professional activities of engineer A. Līcis, which is dedicated to his 80th birthday to be ce- lebrated in July 2019. Data from the personal archive of A. Līcis, documents of the Latvian State Historical Archives and the collection of the National Library of Latvia are collected in this article.
Aeronautical Periodicals (1783–1945) – A Reflection of Air Power
Authors: Sollinger Guenther
Published: October 2019

Periodical publications have played an important role in the development of aeronautics, providing a platform for scientific exchange and informing the public about the ongoing progress. This study analyzes periodicals covering the issues related to aeronautics from 1783 to 1945 on a worldwide scale. It assumes that the number and diversification of periodicals dedicated to aeronautics published in a given country depend directly on the level of development of air power in that country. The result shows that periodicals from only four countries dominated, three fourths of all titles published coming from France, Germany, Great Britain and the United States. In 1945, by the end of the period under study, these four countries, together with the Soviet Union and Japan, were also the world’s dominant air powers in terms of both civil and military air activities. The study also analyzes the development of periodicals over time, the diversification of periodicals by major subject areas and the interdependence of information flows between the four major air powers.
Arhitektes Dainas Dannebergas devums arhitektūrā 20. gadsimta otrajā pusē
Authors: Gudro Ilze , Krastiņš Jānis
Published: October 2019

Rakstā atspoguļots ievērojamās latviešu arhitektes Dainas Dannebergas devums Latvijas arhitektūrā, kā arī dzīves nozīmīgie notikumi un izaugsme. Dzīvojot un strādājot padomju varas gados, arhitekte projektējusi gan dzīvojamās, gan sabiedriskās ēkas, kas joprojām tiek izmantotas un kuru kultūrvēsturiskās nozīmes līmenis laika gaitā ir noteikti audzis. Atpazīstamākais arhitektes projektētais objekts ir Rīgas Politehniskā institūta (RPI), tagad Rīgas Tehniskās universitātes (RTU), studentu pilsētiņa Ķīpsalā. Pie tās  projektēšanas D. Danneberga strādāja no 1969. līdz 1986. gadam. Arhitekte izstrādājusi arī vairāku citu mācību iestāžu, kā arī sabiedrisko un dzīvojamo ēku projektus, kas realizēti gan Latvijā, gan ārpus tās.The article reflects the contribution of the renowned Latvian architect Daina Danneberga to Latvian architecture, as well as the significant events  and growth of her life. While living and working in Soviet times, the architect has designed both residential and public buildings, which are still in use and whose cultural and historical significance has surely increased over time. The most recognizable object designed by the architect is the Student Campus of Riga Polytechnic Institute (RPI), now Riga Technical University (RTU), on the Ķīpsala Island. It was designed by D. Danneberga from 1969 to 1986. The architect has also developed projects for several other educational institutions as well as public and residential buildings, both in Latvia and abroad.
Utfordringer ved bruk og deling av visuelle uttrykk i en digital tidsalder
Authors: Bergman Silje
Published: October 2019

De siste tiårenes teknologiske utvikling av bilderedigering og bildedeling har forandret hvordan bilder brukes som medium i kunst, kultur og kommunikasjon. Dette fører med seg andre problemstillinger knyttet til bruk og bearbeidelse av bilder enn det som var vanlig før. Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i utfordringer lærere står overfor når de skal undervise morgendagens konsumenter og produsenter av visuelt materiale, og spør hva lærere må være klar over og ta hensyn til i sin undervisning, slik at elevene tilegner seg de verktøyene de trenger for å være informerte, kritiske og ansvarlige i sine handlinger. Artikkelen har som mål å presentere og åpne opp noe av kompleksiteten i Åndsverkloven, og brette ut ulike temaer som har betydning i en visuell og digital tid, både i en skolekontekst og i samfunnet generelt. Teksten er fagdidaktisk, og ser problemstillingene med et utgangspunkt fra fagområdet design, kunst og håndverk.

Omslagsbilde: MarilynMaria by Jugacaro, 2014
Investigation on Effect of Stress on Dissolution Stability of Drug Product by Applying Thermal and NonThermal Methods of Analysis
Authors: Gupta Krishna R. , Chaudhari Rahul P. , Pounikar Anita R. , Ganorkar Anvesha V.
Published: October 2019

Aim: The aim of the research work has to development and validation of dissolution test method for Tapentadol using HPLC method, investigate the effects of stress on dissolution stability by thermal and non-thermal methods. The present research work mainly focused on the evaluation and compares the influence of accelerated-aging conditions on the drug content and in vitro dissolution stability.

Place and duration of Study: Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Smt. Kishoritai Bhoyar College of Pharmacy, New Kamptee, Nagpur (MS).

Methodology and Results: Saturated solubility study of tapentadol were carried out using different dissolution media and different conditions such as type of dissolution medium, volume of dissolution medium and rotation speed of paddle were evaluated. Basis of it, dissolution testing were carried out on a suitably calibrated USP Apparatus II (TDT-06L) at 50 ± 1 rpm, under sink conditions in 900 mL of deaerated distilled water at 37±0.5ºC for each test and selected most optimized dissolution parameter  which given maximum % release of drug. The drug release was evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatographic method. Also proposed method were validated as per ICH guidelines with respect to system suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, range,  robustness, ruggedness and solution stability parameters were evaluated  and the obtained results were within the acceptable range. The stress on dissolution stability of standard powdered drug, tablet formulation and packed strip formulation were investigated by using thermal and non thermal methods. The results obtained in all stress conditions such as thermal, humidity, UV light and visible light were evaluated for drug content and drug release. The results were statistically evaluated by applying two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Bonferroni test and their results represented as a graphical plot.

Conclusion: In our investigation of stress dissolution of drug it was found that Tapentadol HCl std. drug was susceptible to degradation. The tablet and packaged formulation were susceptible to photolytic degradation indicated by difference in drug content while the release was more affected under UV exposed to tablet and strip packaged formulation as compared to other stress conditions.
Gamma Irradiated Synthesis of Polyethylene Oxide (PEO)-N, N-Dimethyacrylamide (DMA) Hydrogel and Chitosan
Authors: Ahmed Sony , Bhoumik Milon , Islam Shafiul , Shuvo Saurav
Published: October 2019

Hydrogel which can swell rapidly and retain large volumes of water in their swollen structure have shown a significant contribution for wound healing. More recently, hydrogel synthesized by radiation polymerization and grafting have been reported which did not require any crosslinking agent. In this study, Crosslinked Poly ethylene oxide (PEO) / N, N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) hydrogel containing chitosan for wound dressing has been prepared by gamma radiation technique. Chitosan solutions with different concentration (0.5-1.5%,10%) have been blended with 5% aqueous solution of Poly ethylene oxide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide and irradiated at the doses 5-20 kGy by gamma rays. The copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and their physical chemical properties of hydrogels were evaluated in terms of gel fraction, swelling ratio, elongation at break and mechanical properties (tensile Strength). It was found that under maximum condition of incorporation 1% chitosan with irradiation dose of 10 kGy, Poly ethylene oxide - N, N-dimethylacrylamide -chitosan hydrogels with high gel fraction (80%), swelling ratio (4152%) and elongation at break (110%) were obtained.
Engineering Properties of Different Commercial Grades of Sago (Sabudana)
Authors: Krishnakumar T. , Sajeev M. S. , Raju Saravanan , A. Giri Namrata , Pradeepika Chintha , Kumaran V. Senthil , Bansode Venkatraman
Published: October 2019

Sago is a traditional food product of India made exclusively from fresh wet cassava starch. The engineering properties of different commercial grades of sago, developed by roasting and steaming process were investigated. The physical properties (moisture content, size, shape (sphericity), bulk density, particle density, porosity), functional properties (solubility index, swelling power, cooking time, cooking loss, oil absorption index), pasting and dynamic rheological properties were studied. The size of the roasted commercial and steamed nylon sago varied from 3.57 to 4.11 mm and from 2.50 to 5.88 mm, respectively. The shape (sphericity) of different grades of sago ranged from 0.63 to 0.86. The bulk density and particle density of the different commercial and nylon sago varied from 420 kg m-3 to 800 kg m-3. The swelling power (39.59 g/g) of the steamed nylon sago was high as compared to that of roasted sago. The steamed nylon sago showed a reduction in peak viscosity, breakdown and final viscosity as compared with the roasted commercial sago. A decrease in cooking loss with an increase in cooking time was noticed in the roasted commercial sago, whereas increase in cooking loss with increase in cooking time was noticed in the steamed nylon sago. The elevated peak viscosity value showed reduction in pasting temperature for both steamed and roasted sago. The different grades of sago gel behaved like a dilute solution due to increase in loss modulus over storage modulus.
Comparing Organic Matter Content under Four Different Land Uses in Uloanondugba, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Onyegbule O. U. , Azu Donatus E. O. , Ike S. A. , Akagha U.
Published: October 2019

The variability of organic matter across four contrasting land uses namely oil palm plantation OPPL, sand mining site SM,  tenuously cultivated land CCL and primary Forest (PFL) were evaluated in Imo State. Results obtained showed that the percentage of sand decreased down the depths in all the land uses: PFL, CCL, OPPL, SM which were 76.6, 76.1, 77.7 and 70% respectively. The soils ranged from sandy loam to sandy clay loam in texture. The SM had the highest mean bulk density of 1.76 g/cm3 against the lowest mean value of 1.52 g/cm3 in the PFL. Similarly the PFL had the highest mean percentage organic matter of 2.12% as well as the lowest coefficient of variation 7.8% compared to the high coefficient of variations observed in the other land uses. The sand mining had 68% coefficient of variation while the CCL, OPPL had coefficient variations of 58% and 52% respectively indicating high variations .There was little or no variations in the percentage total nitrogen as well as available phosphorus in the PFL compared to the high variation in the other land uses. Land uses that depleted the essential nutrients in the soil should be avoided. Mulching and conservation tillage that tends to restore the soils nutrient ability should be adopted and sustained.
Study of Clinical Characteristics and Clinical Complications of Norovirus gastroenteritis in Admitted Children to the Hospital
Authors: Nateghian Alireza , Moshfegh Fereshteh , Shoja Zabihollah
Published: October 2019

Aim: The current study aimed to detect Norovirus infections based on the use of sensitive and specific Multiplex PCR and to evaluate their clinical symptoms among children.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed among patients with acute gastroenteritis (99 subjects) admitted to Ali Asghar Hospital, Tehran, Iran, between 2014 and 2015. Fecal specimens were examined for Norovirus using Multiplex PCR. Clinical characteristics and severity of diarrhea were provided as a comparison of two groups (norovirus-positive and -negative children) using Chi-squared and independent Samples t-test.

Results: The prevalence of Norovirus infection was determined as 18%, among all samples genotyped, all genogroup was determined as GII and the GI was not identified in any of the samples. The age of non-Norovirus patients (16 months) was found to be significantly higher than that of Norovirus-positive patients (9 months) (P = 0.001). Based on the data presented herein, patients with Norovirus infection were diagnosed with fever in more than 50% of them followed by diarrhea (90%), vomiting (over 80%), and abnormalities (over 80%). however, no clear difference was found as comparison of both groups. The serum potassium level in non-Norovirus patients was found to be increased as compared to Norovirus positive patients (0.011) and the presence of hypoxia (Po2) in patients with Norovirus infection suffering from diarrhea was markedly higher when comparing with non-Norovirus types (P = 0.014). Moreover, MCV levels in Norovirus positive patients were significantly lower as compared to subjects with non-Norovirus diarrhea (p = 0.045).

Conclusions: Our data suggested that this genotyping of Norovirus, due to their higher rate of attack, is likely to cause a severe viral outbreak. The most important result of this study is the change in the level of potassium in patients with heart problems.
Prediction of a miRNA‐mRNA functional synergistic network for cervical squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Sun Dan , Han Lu , Cao Rui , Wang Huali , Jiang Jiyong , Deng Yanjie , Yu Xiaohui
Published: October 2019

Cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) accounts for a significant proportion of cervical cancer; thus, there is a need for novel and noninvasive diagnostic biomarkers for this malignancy. In this study, we performed integrated analysis of a dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) between CSCC, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and healthy control subjects. We further established protein‐protein interaction and DEmiRNA‐target gene interaction networks, and performed functional annotation of the target genes of DEmiRNAs. In total, we identified 1375 DEGs and 19 DEmiRNAs in CIN versus normal control, and 2235 DEGs and 33 DEmiRNAs in CSCC versus CIN by integrated analysis. Our protein‐protein interaction network indicates that the common DEGs, Cyclin B/cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (CDK1), CCND1, ESR1 and Aurora kinase A (AURKA), are the top four hub genes. P53 and prostate cancer were identified as significantly enriched signaling pathways of common DEGs and DEmiRNA targets, respectively. We validated that expression levels of three DEGs (TYMS, SASH1 and CDK1) and one DEmiRNA of hsa‐miR‐99a were altered in blood samples of patients with CSCC. In conclusion, a total of four DEGs (TYMS, SASH1, CDK1 and AURKA) and two DEmiRNAs (hsa‐miR‐21 and hsa‐miR‐99a) may be involved in the pathogenesis of CIN and the progression of CIN into CSCC. Of these, TYMS is predicted to be regulated by hsa‐miR‐99a and SASH1 to be regulated by hsa‐miR‐21.
Improving the viability of tissue‐resident stem cells using an organ‐preservation solution
Authors: Suzuki Takaya , Ota Chiharu , Fujino Naoya , Tando Yukiko , Suzuki Satoshi , Yamada Mitsuhiro , Kondo Takashi , Okada Yoshinori , Kubo Hiroshi
Published: October 2019

Human clinical specimens are a valuable source of tissue‐resident stem cells, but such cells need to be collected immediately after tissue collection. To extend the timescale for collection from fresh human samples, we developed a new extracellular fluid (ECF)‐type preservation solution based on a high‐sodium and low‐potassium solution containing low‐molecular‐weight dextran and glucose, which is used for preservation of organs for transplantation. In this study, we compared the preservation of tissue‐resident stem cells using our ECF solution with that using three other solutions: PBS, Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium and Euro‐Collins solution. These solutions represent a common buffer, a common culture medium and a benchmark organ‐preservation solution, respectively. Lung tissues were removed from mice and preserved for 72 h under low‐temperature conditions. Of the solutions tested, only preservation in the ECF‐type solution could maintain the proliferation and differentiation capacity of mouse lung tissue‐resident stem cells. In addition, the ECF solution could preserve the viability and proliferation of human alveolar epithelial progenitor cells when stored for more than 7 days at 4 °C. The mean viability of human alveolar type II cells at 2, 5, 8 and 14 days of low‐temperature preservation was 90.9%, 84.8%, 85.7% and 66.3%, respectively, with no significant differences up to 8 days. Overall, our findings show that use of our ECF‐type preservation solution may maintain the viability and function of tissue‐resident stem cells. Use of this preservation solution may facilitate the investigation of currently unobtainable human tissue specimens for human stem cell biology.
Disorder‐to‐order transition in PE–PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis augments the pro‐pathogen immune response
Authors: Ahmad Javeed , Khubaib Mohd , Sheikh Javaid Ahmad , Pancsa Rita , Kumar Saroj , Srinivasan Alagiri , Babu Mohan Madan , Hasnain Seyed E. , Ehtesham Nasreen Z.
Published: October 2019

A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that intrinsically disordered proteins often mediate host–pathogen interactions and modulate host functions for pathogen survival and virulence. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has evolved largely through reductive evolution, with a few exceptions such as the glycine–alanine‐rich PE–PPE/PGRS protein family, which has been expanding in pathogenic mycobacteria. Here, our analyses of the M.tb proteome and secretome revealed that the PE–PGRS subfamily is enriched for disordered regions and disordered binding sites, pointing to their importance in host–pathogen interactions. As a case study, the secondary structure of PE35–PPE68 and PE32–PPE65 of the pathogenesis‐related RD1 and RD8 regions was analyzed through Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy. These disordered proteins displayed a considerable structural shift from disordered to ordered while engaged in the formation of complexes. While these proteins are immunogenic individually and enhance the pro‐pathogen response, their corresponding complexes enhanced the responses manifold as displayed here by PE35 and PPE68. It is likely that M.tb exploits such disorder–order structural dynamics as a strategy to mount a pro‐pathogen response and subvert host defense for productive infection. This functional gain also serves as a means to compensate genomic content loss due to reductive evolution.
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Mg–14Li–3Al–2Gd Alloy Processed by Multilayer Accumulative Roll Bonding
Authors: Zheng Haipeng , Wu Ruizhi , Hou Legan , Qiu Min , Gao Fan , Zhang Jinghuai , Zhang Milin
Published: October 2019

Herein, evolution of the grain refinement mechanism, interface behavior, and mechanical properties of Mg–14Li–3Al–2Gd sheets prepared by multilayer accumulative roll bonding (MARB) is investigated. The grain refinement mechanism mainly consists of continuous dynamic recrystallization (CDRX) caused by violent dislocation movement under restrictive conditions and high‐energy interfaces. The bonding mechanism changes from pressure bonding and metallurgical bonding to dynamic recrystallization bonding with increase in the MARB cycle. A new process, two‐step rolling in one MARB cycle, sufficiently improves the bonding of new interfaces introduced in the previous cycle. With the increase in MARB cycles, the strength and hardness of the Mg–14Li–3Al–2Gd sheets are enhanced. Fine grain strengthening, strain hardening, and dispersion strengthening are the strengthening mechanisms. In the first stage, fine grain strengthening dominates. In the later period, the strengthening effect is governed by strain hardening. At the same time, the interface bonding performance is the basis for the strengthening effect.
Efficient Ni2Co4P3 Nanowires Catalysts Enhance Ultrahigh‐Loading Lithium–Sulfur Conversion in a Microreactor‐Like Battery
Authors: Shen Zihan , Cao Mengqiu , Zhang Zili , Pu Jun , Zhong Chenglin , Li Jiachen , Ma Haixia , Li Fujun , Zhu Jia , Pan Feng , Zhang Huigang
Published: October 2019

High‐loading lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries suffer from poor electrochemical properties. Electrocatalysts can accelerate polysulfides conversion and suppress their migration to improve battery cyclability. However, catalysts for Li–S batteries usually lack a rational design. A d‐band tuning strategy is reported by alloying cobalt to metal sites of Ni2P to enhance the interaction between polysulfides and catalysts. A molecular or atomic level analysis reveals that Ni2Co4P3 is able to weaken the SS bonds and lower the activation energy of polysulfides conversion, which is confirmed with temperature‐dependent experiments. Ni2Co4P3 nanowires are further fabricated on a porous nickel scaffold to unfold the catalytic activity by its large surface area. Using a simple ion‐selective filtration shell, a microreactor‐like S cathode (MLSC) is constructed to realize ultrahigh S loading (25 mg cm−2). As such, a microreactor design integrates reaction and separation in one cell and can effectively address the polysulfide issues, the MLSC cell demonstrates excellent properties of cyclability and high capacity (1223 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C). More importantly, the catalyst's designs and microreactor strategies provide new approaches for addressing the complicated issues of Li–S batteries.
Host–Guest Recognition on 2D Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Nanosensing
Authors: Wang Yan , Zhang Run , Zhang Zhanying , Cao Jianliang , Ma Tianyi
Published: October 2019

In recent years, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has attracted much attention due to its unique properties and excellent performance in the field of sensors, which has inspired the authors to compile this review. Although there are many reviews on the synthesis and applications of g‐C3N4 materials, a targeted, systematic, comprehensive summary of applications in sensors and the sensing mechanisms of g‐C3N4‐based nanomaterials are not published. In this review, the preparation methods and synthetic conditions for preparing g‐C3N4 with different morphologies, such as conventional bulk g‐C3N4, g‐C3N4 nanosheets, and g‐C3N4 quantum dots, are introduced in detail. By reviewing recent advances in g‐C3N4‐based nanomaterials in ion sensors, biosensors, gas sensors, and humidity sensors, this study provides more comprehensive and in‐depth information for the further design of g‐C3N4‐based sensors with enhanced performance. A brief outlook of g‐C3N4‐based sensors is presented as the conclusion of this review.
Hybrid 2D‐Material Photonics with Bound States in the Continuum
Authors: Yu Zejie , Wang Yi , Sun Beilei , Tong Yeyu , Xu Jian‐Bin , Tsang Hon Ki , Sun Xiankai
Published: October 2019

Integration of 2D materials on dielectric planar optical waveguides can make available new functionalities from the 2D materials' enhanced optoelectronic properties, such as nonlinearity, light emission, modulation, photodetection, and saturable absorption. However, the conventional integration schemes involving either the transfer of 2D materials onto prepatterned nonplanarized topology of photonic integrated circuits (PICs) or the growth and patterning of dielectric materials on 2D materials can degrade the properties of either the dielectric or the 2D material. Here, a fundamentally new and practical scheme is introduced for integrating 2D materials with PICs on a planar surface. The scheme can maintain large optical overlap with the 2D material by harnessing bound states in the continuum. This approach applies to integration of any 2D material on any single‐crystal dielectric substrate, and inherently offers strong light–matter interactions. Here, the approach is demonstrated with various hybrid photonic devices including thermo‐optic switches and filters, ultrafast photodetectors with 40‐GHz detection bandwidth, and ultrafast electro‐optic modulators with 5‐GHz modulation bandwidth. Therefore, the new platform will significantly expand the hybrid integration between 2D materials and single‐crystal dielectrics to achieve unexpected photonic functionalities.
Extracellular Vesicles in Cancer Immune Microenvironment and Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Xie Feng , Zhou Xiaoxue , Fang Meiyu , Li Heyu , Su Peng , Tu Yifei , Zhang Long , Zhou Fangfang
Published: October 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are secreted by almost all cells. They contain proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids which are delivered from the parent cells to the recipient cells. Thereby, they function as mediators of intercellular communication and molecular transfer. Recent evidences suggest that exosomes, a small subset of EVs, are involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes and play essential roles in remodeling the tumor immune microenvironment even before the occurrence and metastasis of cancer. Exosomes derived from tumor cells and host cells mediate their mutual regulation locally or remotely, thereby determining the responsiveness of cancer therapies. As such, tumor‐derived circulating exosomes are considered as noninvasive biomarkers for early detection and diagnosis of tumor. Exosome‐based therapies are also emerging as cutting‐edge and promising strategies that could be applied to suppress tumor progression or enhance anti‐tumor immunity. Herein, the current understanding of exosomes and their key roles in modulating immune responses, as well as their potential therapeutic applications are outlined. The limitations of current studies are also presented and directions for future research are described.
Targeted Gene Delivery into Various Plastids Mediated by Clustered Cell‐Penetrating and Chloroplast‐Targeting Peptides
Authors: Thagun Chonprakun , Chuah Jo‐Ann , Numata Keiji
Published: October 2019

The plastid is an organelle that functions as a cell factory to supply food and oxygen to the plant cell and is therefore a potential target for genetic engineering to acquire plants with novel photosynthetic traits or the ability to produce valuable biomolecules. Conventional plastid genome engineering technologies are laborious for the preparation of plant material, require expensive experimental instruments, and are time consuming for obtaining a transplastomic plant line that produces significant levels of the biomolecule of interest. Herein, a transient plastid transformation technique is presented using a peptide‐based gene carrier. By formulating peptide/plasmid DNA complexes that combine the functions of both a cell‐penetrating peptide and a chloroplast‐targeting peptide, DNA molecules are translocated across the plant cell membrane and delivered to the plastid efficiently via vesicle formation and intracellular vesicle trafficking. A simple infiltration method enables the introduction of a complex solution into intact plants, and plastid‐localized transgene expression is expeditiously observed in various types of plastids in differentiated cell types of several plants. The gene delivery technology thus provides a useful tool to rapidly engineer plastids in crop species.
SETD2 related overgrowth syndrome: Presentation of four new patients and review of the literature
Authors: Marzin Pauline , Rondeau Sophie , Aldinger Kimberly A. , Alessandri Jean‐Luc , Isidor Bertrand , Heron Delphine , Keren Boris , Dobyns William B. , Cormier‐Daire Valérie
Published: October 2019

The common genes responsible for overgrowth syndromes play key roles in regulating transcription through histone modification and chromatin modeling. The SETD2 gene encoding a H3K36 trimethyltransferase is implicated in Sotos‐like syndrome. This syndrome is characterized by postnatal overgrowth, macrocephaly, obesity, speech delay, and advanced carpal ossification. We report four new patients with constitutional SETD2 mutations and review nine earlier reported patients. Almost all patients presented with macrocephaly associated with advanced stature and obesity in half of the cases. In addition to these principal manifestations, neurodevelopmental disorders are common such as intellectual disability (83%), autism spectrum disorders (89%), and behavioral difficulties (100%) with aggressive outbursts (83%). A variety of features such as joint hypermobility (29%), hirsutism (33%), and naevi (50%) were also reported. Constitutional SETD2 mutations are intragenic loss‐of‐function variants with truncating (69%) and missense (31%) mutations. Functional studies are necessary to improve understanding of the pathogenicity of some missense SETD2 mutations.
Tunable On‐Chip Sources with Aperiodic Metasurface
Authors: Xu Yuehong , Yang Quanlong , Zhang Ying , Li Shaoxian , Xu Quan , Zhang Xueqian , Li Yanfeng , Gu Jianqiang , Zhang Wentao , Hu Cong , Han Jiaguang , Zhang Weili
Published: October 2019

Surface plasmons show tremendous capability in integrated communication, quantum computing and sensing. Excitations and manipulations of surface plasmons are essential in developing integrated photonic devices. Here, a systematic study of tunable emission of surface plasmons with an eightfold quasicrystal metasurface, which acts as an on‐chip source, is presented. It is shown that the quasicrystal structure can switch on or off the surface plasmons propagation channels in the desired direction. Meanwhile, such a quasicrystal structure can be polarization‐dependent or polarization‐independent based on different constituent slit pairs. The proposed quasicrystal design provides more freedom for steering surface plasmons in the launching process. Thus, it may significantly simplify the design and fabrication of integrated plasmonic devices.
Electrostatic Potential Anomaly in 2D Janus Transition Metal Dichalcogenides
Authors: Lian Ji‐Chun , Huang Wei‐Qing , Hu Wangyu , Huang Gui‐Fang
Published: October 2019

Symmetry breaking induced exotic physical properties is an eternal topic in scientific community. Due to lack of mirror symmetry, 2D Janus transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit many bizarre features; however, the physical mechanisms of most of these intrinsic properties are still unclear. Herein, a generalized and effective approach is developed to disclose the physical mechanism of electrostatic potential anomaly in 2D Janus TMDs, based on fast Fourier transform and Moore–Penrose generalized inverse matrix for separating Hartree potential and ionic potential from electrostatic potential, and conversely, calculating charge density distribution through Hartree potential. Through extensive numerical simulations and theoretical analyses, the electrostatic potential anomaly is expounded successfully, which is a pending issue in 2D Janus TMDs: the electrostatic potential energy at Se atomic layer is larger than that at S and Te atomic layers, which breaks the periodic law. Such an anomaly could be attributed to the competition between Hartree potential energy and ionic potential energy that emerges as a result of asymmetric charge transfer, atomic layer distance, and atomic species. This approach possesses universality, and is proved to be a robust method in dealing with the issues related to electrostatic potential.
Photokatalyse und Elektrochemie: Ein neues Bündnis in der organischen Synthese
Authors: Capaldo Luca , Quadri Lorenzo L. , Ravelli Davide
Published: October 2019

Die Verknüpfung eines homogenen photokatalytischen Systems mit einer elektrochemischen Zelle, die lediglich über den Austausch von Elektronen miteinander verbunden sind, wurde kürzlich demonstriert. Diese Kombination eröffnet neue Wege in der Synthese und ermöglicht es, oxidative photokatalytische Prozesse in Abwesenheit eines chemischen Oxidationsmittels zu realisieren. Beispiel, über die berichtet wurde, sind 1) C‐H‐Alkylierungen von Heteroarenen und 2) die Kupplung von Azolen mit Arenen in Gegenwart eines elektrogenerierten Photokatalysators.
Fulvalene‐Embedded Perylene Diimide and Its Stable Radical Anion
Authors: Zhang Andong , Jiang Wei , Wang Zhaohui
Published: October 2019

The first example of a two‐state (neutral and reduced), stable electron‐accepting material and its radical anion is presented. FV‐PDI, generated from cyclocarbonylation and then a carbonyl coupling reaction, shows a largely degenerate LUMO of −4.38 eV based on the delocalization of π‐electrons across the whole molecular skeleton through a fulvalene bridge. The stability and electron affinity allow spontaneous electron transfer to afford a stable radical anion. Spectroscopic characterization and structural elucidation showed that the radical anion [FV‐PDI].− has remarkable stability and near‐infrared absorptions extending to 1200 nm. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed significant changes in the molecular shape and packing arrangement of the formed radical anion. The central C−C bond linking the two PDI halves is lengthened from approximately 1.33 to 1.43 Å, and the alternating arrangement of positively and negatively charged units favor the stable charge‐transfer complex.
How integration of cyber security management and incident response enables organizational learning
Authors: Ahmad Atif , Desouza Kevin C. , Maynard Sean B. , Naseer Humza , Baskerville Richard L.
Published: October 2019

Digital assets of organizations are under constant threat from a wide assortment of nefarious actors. When threats materialize, the consequences can be significant. Most large organizations invest in a dedicated information security management (ISM) function to ensure that digital assets are protected. The ISM function conducts risk assessments, develops strategy, provides policies and training to define roles and guide behavior, and implements technological controls such as firewalls, antivirus, and encryption to restrict unauthorized access. Despite these protective measures, incidents (security breaches) will occur. Alongside the security management function, many organizations also retain an incident response (IR) function to mitigate damage from an attack and promptly restore digital services. However, few organizations integrate and learn from experiences of these functions in an optimal manner that enables them to not only respond to security incidents, but also proactively maneuver the threat environment. In this article we draw on organizational learning theory to develop a conceptual framework that explains how the ISM and IR functions can be better integrated. The strong integration of ISM and IR functions, in turn, creates learning opportunities that lead to organizational security benefits including: increased awareness of security risks, compilation of threat intelligence, removal of flaws in security defenses, evaluation of security defensive logic, and enhanced security response.
Screening for autism spectrum disorder in a naturalistic home setting using the systematic observation of red flags (SORF) at 18–24 months
Authors: Dow Deanna , Day Taylor N. , Kutta Timothy J. , Nottke Charly , Wetherby Amy M.
Published: October 2019

The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Systematic Observation of Red Flags (SORF; Dow et al., 2016) as a level 2 screener for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in toddlers during a naturalistic video‐recorded home observation. Psychometric properties of the SORF were examined in a sample of 228 toddlers—84 with ASD, 82 with developmental delay (DD), and 62 with typical development (TD). Trained undergraduate research assistants blind to diagnosis rated 22 red flags (RF) of ASD associated with DSM‐5 diagnostic criteria using a 4‐point scale. The following scores were computed: a total score summing all items, domain scores summing social communication and restricted, repetitive behavior items, and number of RF counting items with scores of 2 or 3 indicating clear symptom presence. The performance of the total, domain, and RF scores and individual items were examined. A composite score was formed with six items with the best psychometric performance: poor eye gaze directed to faces, limited showing and pointing, limited coordination of nonverbal communication, less interest in people than objects, repetitive use of objects, and excessive interest in particular objects, actions, or activities. The 6‐item composite provides a brief measure with optimal performance, while the RF may be instrumental for clinicians who are interested in characterizing the range of observed symptoms. The SORF shows promise as a practical alternative to currently available screening methods for implementation by nonexperts with the potential to increase feasibility and reduce common obstacles to access to care. Autism Res 2020, 13: 122–133. © The Authors. Autism Research published by International Society for Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Research suggests that current autism spectrum disorder (ASD) screening tools are not accurate enough to use in routine screening. The Systematic Observation of Red Flags was developed as a practical option for children at high risk for ASD. It can be used with video‐recorded samples of parent–child interactions in the home and by raters who are not experts in ASD. It shows promise in predicting ASD risk in toddlers to determine if a full diagnostic evaluation is necessary.
Clinical and epidemiologic factors associated with breast cancer and its subtypes among Northeast Chinese women
Authors: Ye Dong‐Man , Li Qiang , Yu Tao , Wang Hao‐Tian , Luo Ya‐Hong , Li Wen‐Qing
Published: October 2019

The incidence of breast cancer has increased dramatically in China. We evaluated the clinical and epidemiologic factors associated with breast cancer, and its stage in a case‐control study of Northeast Chinese women. We also examined whether these factors were differentially distributed among molecular subtypes of breast cancer in a case‐only analysis. We identified 1118 breast cancer patients and 2284 healthy women from Cancer Hospital of Medical University between January 2014 and December 2017. Logistic regression models were used to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). We found that postmenopausal women had a decreased risk of breast cancer (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 0.33, 95% CI:0.25‐0.43), and tended to have breast cancer of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐overexpressing (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 2.99, 95% CI: 1.49‐5.97) and triple‐negative (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 2.16, 95% CI: 1.02‐4.56) subtypes, compared with the luminal B subtype. Women with history of abortion had an increased risk of breast cancer (multivariate‐adjusted OR = 4.70, 95% CI: 3.60‐6.14). Women with high breast density and high Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BIRADS) scores of lesions tended to have breast cancer of advanced stage, but were not differentially distributed among its molecular subtypes. In conclusion, postmenopausal women had decreased risk of breast cancer, and tended to have nonluminal subtype, while women with history of abortion had increased risk of breast cancer. Women with high breast density and BIRADS scores of lesions tended to have advanced stage breast cancer. We provide evidence on the epidemiologic factors for breast cancer and its subtypes, which may help with breast cancer risk stratification.
Predicting pathological complete response by comparing MRI‐based radiomics pre‐ and postneoadjuvant radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: Li Yuqiang , Liu Wenxue , Pei Qian , Zhao Lilan , Güngör Cenap , Zhu Hong , Song Xiangping , Li Chenglong , Zhou Zhongyi , Xu Yang , Wang Dan , Tan Fengbo , Yang Pei , Pei Haiping
Published: October 2019

Background

Total mesorectal excision following neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) is recommended in the latest treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC).

Objective

To predict whether patients with LARC can achieve pathologic complete response (pCR), comparing MRI‐based radiomics between before and after neoadjuvant radiotherapy (nRT) was performed.

Methods

One hundred and sixty‐five MRI‐based radiomics features in axial T2‐weighted images were obtained quantitatively from Imaging Biomarker Explorer Software. The specific features of conventional and developing radiomics were selected with the analysis of least absolute shrinkage and selection operator logistic regression, of which the predictive performance was analyzed with receiver operating curve and calibration curve, and applied to an independent cohort.

Results

One hundred and thirty‐one target patients were enrolled in the present study. A radiomics signature founded on seven radiomics features was generated in the primary cohort. A remarkable difference about Rad‐score between pCR and non‐pCR group occurred in both of primary (P < .001) or validation cohorts (P < .001). The value of area under the curves was 0.92 (95% CI, 0.86‐0.99) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.74‐1.00) in the primary and validation cohorts, respectively. The Rad‐score (OR = 23.581; P < .001) from multivariate logistic regression analysis was significant as an independent factor of pCR.

Conclusion

Our predictive model based on radiomics features was an independent predictor for pCR in LARC and could be a candidate in clinical practice.
Sampling Potential Energy Surfaces in the Condensed Phase with Many‐Body Electronic Structure Methods
Authors: Rybkin Vladimir V.
Published: October 2019

Sampling potential energy surfaces (PES) is pivotal for understanding chemical structure, energetics and reactivity and is of special importance for complex condensed‐phase systems. Until recently such simulations based on electronic structure theory have been performed only by density functional theory and semiempirical methods. Many‐body electronic structure methods, almost routinely used for molecules, have been practically unavailable for sampling PES in the condensed‐phase. This has changed during the last few years, as efficient algorithms and software implementations for the evaluation of electronic energies and forces on atoms have been developed, allowing for geometry optimization, molecular dynamics and Monte‐Carlo simulations, which was previously unthinkable. Herein, we introduce the theory and software developments and overview the applications in the field, the most encouraging results being obtained for aqueous chemistry. Requiring state‐of‐the‐art computer resources PES sampling with many‐body electronic structure methods in the condensed phase provides high‐quality benchmarks and will gradually become more available due to fast progress in reduced scaling algorithms and computational technologies.