bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sentential Modality
Authors: Portner Paul
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1, I distinguished three linguistic domains in which modality operates: sentential, sub-sentential, and discourse. Sentential modality operates, as the name suggests, at the level of the entire clause. Most treatments of modality take sentential modality to be the central case; for example, in English, we see an emphasis on the semantics of modal auxiliaries. While these modals may be important at the sub-sentential and discourse levels as well, they clearly are grammatically linked to the sentence, and they have an obvious effect on sentence meaning. They interact syntactically and semantically with other clause-level elements, such as negation, tense, and aspect. It is their sentence-level meaning and sentence-level grammar which we aim to understand better in this chapter.
Medical And Psychological Characteristics Of Patients With Chronic Daily Headache With Migrainous Features: Compared With Migraineurs In The French General Population. GRIM 3 Survey
Authors: Lucas C , Lantéri-Minet M , Massiou H , Radat F , Pradalier A , Nachit-Ouinekh F , Hasnaoui A El
Published: November 2023

Chronic daily headache (CDH) with migrainous features more than 15 days/month and for at least 3 months is one of the main reasons for visits to specialized headache centres and accounts for up to 3 per cent of primary headaches. Investigations of migraine comorbidity have confirmed its association with diverse psychiatric conditions. This association appears to be strongest for major depression and anxiety disorders. Relatively small studies have reported a level of higher psychological distress in patients with CDH than in patients with episodic migraine.
Electronic Charts And Diaries In A Headache Clinic
Authors: Cutrer Michael
Published: November 2023

The rise of computerized record keeping and reporting revolutionized many aspects of life in the late twentieth century. The development of small, portable peripheral devices that can download information via the internet has fuelled much of this change. The availability of this technology has significant implications for the practice of medicine in general and, if judiciously applied, may be an important means of improving the standard of care. These technologies certainly increase the convenience of gathering more detailed and accurate information from patients and allow for improvements in the efficiency of medical practice. A headache subspecialty practice is particularly well suited to profit from the advantages afforded by these technologies.
Can Anyone Really Be Talking About Ethically Modifying Human Nature?
Authors: Daniels* Norman
Published: November 2023

The discussion of human enhancement remains, in my view, confounded by a failure to distinguish important concepts, issues, and cases. Improving specific individuals phenotypically, including with regard to important cognitive and behavioral traits, is something we do all the time. Indeed, we see doing so as our obligation as parents, teachers, health care providers, managers, and citizens through environmental manipulation (sometimes biological, sometimes social) that affects gene-environment interactions. Yet many novel biological and especially genetic interventions, including embryonic selection, are feared as threats to human nature. The suggestion made by some, that we might ethically improve human nature, presupposes we have a clear idea what that means, let alone that it may become feasible.
Should We Improve Human Nature? An Interrogation from an Asian Perspective
Authors: Ida* Ryuichi
Published: November 2023

Advances in the life sciences and in associated technologies has tremendously increased the possibilities offered by medicine. Today we have the capacity to replace parts of the human body and to increase its functions beyond normal levels. We call this ‘ ‘improvement ‘ ‘ or ‘ ‘enhancement ‘ ‘ of the human body and of nature. However, consideration of the attitudes of Japanese and other Asian people may lead to a different understanding of human nature to that common in the West, in particular with respect to the relation of human beings to the natural world.
Life Enhancement Technologies: The Significance of Social Category Membership
Authors: Overall Christine
Published: November 2023

Sceptical about the benefits of deliberately manufactured life enhancement, Michael Sandel advocates that we not ‘ ‘override a child ‘s natural capacities [by means of artificial life-enhancement technologies] but permit them to flourish ‘ ‘ (Sandel 2004, 8). Perhaps no one would disagree that natural capacities should be allowed to flourish. But what is not clear is what constitutes a ‘ ‘natural ‘ ‘ capacity. Since every human environment is a social environment, ‘ ‘natural ‘ ‘ capacities do not and cannot reveal themselves as such. What is perceived as a capacity, whether it is recognized in a particular individual, and how and to what extent people believe it should be developed and permitted to flourish, are socially determined processes that make the existence of raw ‘ ‘natural ‘ ‘ abilities an illusion.
The Wisdom of Nature: An Evolutionary Heuristic for Human Enhancement
Authors: Bostrom Nick , Sandberg Anders
Published: November 2023

Human beings are a marvel of evolved complexity. Such systems can be difficult to enhance. When we manipulate complex evolved systems, which are poorly understood, our interventions often fail or backfire. It can appear as if there is a ‘ ‘wisdom of nature ‘ ‘ which we ignore at our peril. Sometimes the belief in nature ‘s wisdom— and corresponding doubts about the prudence of tampering with nature, especially human nature— manifest as diffusely moral objections against enhancement. Such objections may be expressed as intuitions about the superiority of the natural or the troublesomeness of hubris, or as an evaluative bias in favor of the status quo. This chapter explores the extent to which such prudence-derived anti-enhancement sentiments are justifled.
Eubacteria
Authors: Battistuzzi Fabia U , Hedge S Blair
Published: November 2023

Extremophiles are common among species in the Super kingdom Eubacteria (also called “Bacteria,” Fig. 1) is subdivided into 25 recognized phyla (1), although other classifications have been proposed (2) and putative lineages await taxonomic assignment (e.g., 3, 4). In contrast to most eukaryotic groups, eubacterial phylogeny has been di1cult to resolve at the highest level (i.e., phyla and class relationships) despite the availability of many complete genome sequences. The small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene has been widely used to study prokaryote phylogeny and first revealed the distinction of eubacteria from archaebacteria (Archaea) (5, 6). However, because of its limited length and the large genetic distances among prokaryote species, it is also subject to biases such as long-branch attraction, base composition differences, and a generally poor resolving power. theseissues mostly have been addressed in more recent years by using genome-scale data sets (e.g., multiple genes, gene content, and insertion–deletion events) and increased taxonomic sampling (7–19, 88). While these studies have shown increasing support for lower-level phylogenetic clusters (e.g., classes and below), they have also shown the susceptibility of eubacterial phylogeny to biases such as horizontal gene transfer (HGT) (20, 21).
Eukaryotes (Eukaryota)
Authors: Bhattacharya Debashish , Yoon Hwan Su , Hedgesand S Blair , Hackett Jeremiah D
Published: November 2023

Resolving the tree of life for eukaryotes is an important challenge for biologists. 7is challenge has largely been taken on by molecular evolutionists because of the increasing availability and ability of genome data to resolve ancient relationships, combined with the lack of an extensive fossil record from this period in eukaryotic history. theearliest eukaryote fossil that can be assigned to a living lineage is the sexual red algal fossil Bangiomorpha, which is dated at 1200 Ma (1, 2), and only a handful of other taxonomically resolved eukaryotes are known between then and the Ediacaran Period (635 Ma) (3–5). All multicellular clades trace their roots to protist—eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi (6)—ancestors, therefore solving the basal splits in the tree with regard to protists (Fig. 1) as well providing a timeline for these events are of paramount importance.
Diatoms (Bacillariophyta)
Authors: Medlin Linda K
Published: November 2023

The diatoms are one of the most easily recognizable groups of major eukaryotic algae, because of their unique siliciAed cell walls (frustules), which consist of two overlapping thecae, each in turn consisting of a valve and a number of hooplike or segmental girdle bands (1). Well-preserved frustules are found in the earliest known deposits of fossil diatoms, from the early Albian (125 Ma) of what is now the Weddell Sea, Antarctica, but these diatoms bear no resemblance to modern diatoms in their morphology (2).
Asterids
Authors: Bremer Birgitta
Published: November 2023

Asterids constitute one of the major clades of the Powering plants (Fig. 1). It comprises more than 80,000 species or nearly one-third of all Powering plants. 7ey are grouped in 10 orders and about 100 families (1, 2). Two of the Ave most species-rich Powering plant families are asterids, the sun Power Family Asteraceae with 23,000 species and the coffee or madder Family Rubiaceae with about 13,000 species. 7ere are hundreds of economically important species within the asterids, and some families are particularly important sources for foods, spices, Pavorings, or drugs. Active chemical substances (e.g., alkaloids) are common in many species. themost important are coBee (CoZea arabica in Rubiaceae) and tea (Camellia sinensis in 7eaceae), which both contain caBeine and similar alkaloids. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) with its active substance nicotine is a member of Solanaceae, a family that contains several other poisonous and hallucinogenic plants. Periwinkles (Catharanthus roseus) of the Apocynaceae yield potent alkaloid drugs, which have drastically lowered mortality in leukemia.
Eurosid II
Authors: Forest Félix , Chase Mark W
Published: November 2023

Rosids are divided into two main assemblages, Eurosid I and II, and a certain number of unplaced families and orders. This chapter deals with Eurosid II (malvids) and the putatively closely related families and orders (Geraniales, Crossosomatales, Aphloiaceae, Ixerbaceae, Strasburgeriaceae). Eurosid II comprises the Orders Sapindales, Malvales, Brassicales, and Huerteales, and the small Family Gerrardinaceae of uncertain position within the group. Eurosid II was established based on DNA sequence studies whereas morphological characters uniting it remain elusive. They diverged from their closest relatives 104–97 million years ago (Ma) and representatives of each order were present from the early Paleocene (66–56 Ma).
Bees, ants, and stinging wasps (Aculeata)
Authors: Bradya Seán G , Larkin, Leah , Danforth Bryan N
Published: November 2023

Aculeate wasps are characterized by the modification of the ovipositor into a sting. All other Hymenoptera deposit their eggs through their ovipositor, while aculeates instead lay their eggs from the base of their sting, and this structure now serves to inject venom into prey and enemies. All members of Aculeata form a monophyletic lineage comprising three superfamilies: Chrysidoidea (seven families), Apoidea (11 families; includes bees and digger wasps; Fig. 1), and Vespoidea (10 families; includes spider wasps, hornets, and ants). Aculeata contains most major groups of eusocial insects, including social wasps, bees, and ants. We review the relationships and divergence times of Aculeata with particular reference to bees and ants, the two taxa that have been the focus of previously published molecular dating studies in this group.
Notothenioid fishes (Notothenioidei)
Authors: Near Thomas J
Published: November 2023

Notothenioids represent an adaptive radiation of teleost Ashes in the frigid waters of the Southern Ocean surrounding Antarctica (1). Of the 129 recognized species, 101 are found in marine costal habitats of Antarctica (Fig. 1), and the remaining species are distributed along costal areas of southern South America, the Falkland Islands, southern New Zealand, southern Australia, and Tasmania (2). In addition to a diverse array of adaptations to survive in the freezing Antarctic marine habitats, notothenioids are unique in that they completely dominate the Ash fauna of the Southern Ocean. Among benthic Ash samples taken on the Antarctic shelf, notothenioids comprise nearly 77% of the species diversity, more than 91% of the species abundance, and 91% of the biomass (3).
Turtles (Testudines)
Authors: Shaffer H Bradley
Published: November 2023

As a group, the turtles, tortoises, terrapins, and marine turtles (collectively, the Order Testudines) are one of the most instantly recognizable and well-known clades of non-avian reptiles (Fig. 1). Whether kept as pets, revered in temples, or slaughtered for the marketplace, turtles and tortoises are an integral and sometimes sacred part of many societies. Recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies (the latter are primarily mitochondrial) have led to considerable reshueing of generic boundaries and taxonomic instability as apparently nonmonophyletic groups have been identified and reclassiAed (1). However, at deeper levels, most researchers agree that the 313 living turtle species are distributed among 14 monophyletic families (2). Although species-level diversity is modest, turtles are found in most major habitats and continents on Earth and many island systems.
Waterfowl and gamefowl (Galloanserae)
Authors: Pereiraa Sérgio L , Bakera,B Allan J
Published: November 2023

Galloanserae is an ancient clade of birds including the Orders Anseriformes (waterfowl; Fig. 1) and Galliformes (gamefowl). Waterfowl are strong Pyers, and most members are also good swimmers. 7ere are about 48 extant genera and 161 species distributed in four families (1). theFamily Anhimidae includes three species of South American screamers, named aJer loud calls emitted when threatened. themonotypic Anseranatidae includes the Australian Magpe Goose, which is unusual among waterfowl because it is the least aquatic species, has partial molt of Pight feathers and copulates on land instead of water. theFamily Dendrocygnidae groups all eight species of tropical and subtropical whistling ducks in only one genus. Whistling ducks have long necks and legs, and longer hind toes than most ducks. Unlike other families in the order, the Anatidae is more diverse, with 45 genera and about 150 species of geese and swans (Subfamily Anserinae) and true ducks (Subfamily Anatinae). 7ey have fully webbed feet and a worldwide distribution. thefamily can be divided in two subfamilies: Anserinae (geese and swans) and Anatinae (true ducks).
Diurnal birds of prey (Falconiformes)
Authors: Browna Joseph w. , Mindell david p.
Published: November 2023

the diurnal birds of prey constitute the Order Falconiformes, and are generally classiAed into Ave reciprocally monophyletic families (1): Cathartidae (New World vultures, seven species; North and South America), Sagittariidae (Secretary Bird, one species; Africa), Pandionidae (Osprey, one species; cosmopolitan), Accipitridae (hawks, eagles, kites, and Old World vultures, 240 species; cosmopolitan) (Fig. 1), and Falconidae (falcons and caracaras, 64 species; cosmopolitan). Falconiform taxa are generally characterized by morphological adaptations to predation, be it active hunting (hooked bills and strong talons) or eating carrion (long necks and unfeathered heads), although extensive specialization exists in the order. Here, the relationships and divergence times of the families of Falconiformes are reviewed. Among the traditional avian orders, the controversy currently surrounding the status of Falconiformes as a natural (monophyletic) group is eclipsed only by that of Pelecaniformes (tropicbirds, boobies and gannets cormorants and shags, anhingas, pelicans, and frigatebirds) and Caprimulgiformes (nightbirds). Falconiformes has been variously considered monophyletic, polyphyletic, and paraphyletic (2). thebasis for this debate involves both the possible inclusion of traditionally nonfalconiform taxa (owls) into Falconiformes, and the possible exclusion of families traditionally thought to belong to the order.
Woodpeckers, toucans, barbets, and allies (Piciformes)
Authors: Moorea William S , Migliab Kathleen J
Published: November 2023

The Order Piciformes is a diverse assemblage of bird species that vary greatly in size, appearance, distribution, ecology, and life history. To the extent one can make descriptive generalizations, they tend to be stocky, brightly colored birds with disproportionately large bills—taken to an extreme in the toucans—and arboreal habits (Fig. 1). 7eir distributions are restricted to the Asian, African, and New World tropics, with the exception of the woodpeckers, which collectively have a more expansive distribution that includes the Old and New World temperate regions. Most species are insectivorous but many eat fruit at least occasionally and the barbets are primarily frugivorous. Cavity nesting is pervasive in the order, as is particularly well known for the woodpeckers, which have adaptations of the bill, skull, and associated musculature and enervation that renders them extraordinarily effective at excavating nest cavities in wood. thehoneyguides are nest parasites, but parasitize only cavity-nesting species. Here we review the relationships and divergence times of the Order Piciformes and its constituent clades to the level of families.
Monotremes (Prototheria)
Authors: Springer Mark S , Krajewskib Carey W
Published: November 2023

Monotremes are the sole living representatives of the mammalian Subclass Prototheria (1). Living monotremes have traditionally been viewed as the descendants of pre-tribosphenic mammalian ancestors that lacked the distinctive tribosphenic molar that is capable of both shearing and grinding functions. Following the recent discoveries of several tribosphenic mammals from the Mesozoic of Gondwana, Luo et al. (2, 3) proposed that tribospheny evolved independently in the Laurasian clade Boreosphenida, which includes marsupials and placentals, and the Gondwanan clade Australosphenida, which includes monotremes. Other authors argue in favor of a single origin for tribosphenic mammals that excludes living and fossil monotremes (4, 5). Extant Monotremata are the Duckbilled Platypus and four species of echidnas (Tachyglossidae; Fig. 1), which are conAned to Australia and New Guinea (6). Platypuses and echidnas exhibit a mosaic of reptile-like primitive features that were inherited from early therapsids, more derived features such as hair and three middle ear ossicles that are shared with other living mammals, and evolutionary specializations that are unique to Monotremata and to each monotreme family. Primitive features include a cloaca and the retention of certain bones in the skull and shoulder girdle. Monotremes also lay shell-covered eggs that are hatched outside of the body of the mother. Here, we review relationships and divergence times of the monotremes.
Rhinoceroses, tapirs, and horses (Perissodactyla)
Authors: Ryder Oliver A
Published: November 2023

Perissodactyls comprise the odd-toed ungulates, an order of mammals that was once more species-rich and that occupied a wide variety of terrestrial habitats. thesurviving species of this order include the horses, asses, zebras of the Family Equidae (Fig. 1), four extant species of tapirs that are included in a monogeneric family, Tapiridae, and the surviving species of rhinoceros that constitute the four genera of the Rhinocerotidae (1). theEquidae contains seven extant species (2). Four species of tapir survive, and Ave extant species of rhinoceros survive in Africa and Asia (1).
On Every type of quantificational expression in Chinese*
Authors: Cheng Lisa Laishen
Published: November 2023

I would like to thank Anastasia Giannakidou, Helen de Hoop, Riny Huybregts, Manfred Krifka, and Rint Sybesma for discussions and suggestions. I also thank the audience in the Workshop on DP structure, nominalization, and the role of DP, EACL 4, the 11th Symposium on Contemporary Linguistics, as well as audiences in Utrecht and Nijmegen. I thank Boya Li, Chinhui Lin, and Guozheng Peng for making time to discuss their judgements with me.
A Dynamic Approach to the Syntax-Phonology Interface: A Case Study from Greek∗
Authors: Revithiadou Anthi , Spyropoulos Vassilios
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we investigate the consequences of the Multiple Spell-Out Hypothesis (henceforth, MSOH; Uriagereka 1999b; Chomsky 2000 et seq.) for prosodic constituency based on evidence from Greek phrasing. More specifically, our focus of investigation falls on the phrasing of clitic-doubled DP objects and that of subjects. The basic idea in the MSO program is that certain pieces of structure abandon the main syntactic computation before its completion and thus, become inaccessible to further computation. Consequently, such derivational cascades can be argued to be independently processed at the PF interface, predicting an isomorphism between syntactic and prosodic islands, i.e. opaque domains for the application of both syntactic and phonological rules.
Spelling Out Prosodic Domains: A Multiple Spell-Out Account∗
Authors: Sato Yosuke
Published: November 2023

This chapter proposes a general syntax-prosody mapping hypothesis couched within the recent derivational model of syntactic computation known as the Multiple Spell-Out Hypothesis, or MSO (Uriagereka 1999b and Chomsky 2000, 2001, 2004a, 2008; see also Epstein et al. 1998). This hypothesis, which uniquely maps mid-derivational complex objects in syntax to prosodic domains at the PF component, correctly demarcates a set of structural domains within which a variety of prosodic alternations across languages are found and possible. Specifically, the proposed syntax-prosody hypothesis, couched within Uriagereka’s version of the MSO model, makes correct predictions about possible domains within which Taiwanese tone sandhi, French liaison, Gilyak lenition, and Kinyambo high tone deletion are found. However, a certain pattern of soft consonant mutation across CP vs TP boundaries in Welsh poses an apparent problem to the proposed analysis because Uriagereka’s system would not be able to draw a distinction pertinent to the Spell-Out operation between these two categorial nodes. I argue that this problem receives a straightforward explanation once the proposed hypothesis is expanded to incorporate another version of the MSO model known as Phase Theory (Chomsky 2000 et seq.), in particular the notion of CP phase.
Right-Node Raising and Delayed Spell-Out
Authors: Bachrach Asaf , Katzir Roni
Published: November 2023

Across the Board (ATB) movement is generally subject to the same islands that constrain regular wh-movement:

(1) Whoi did [a man who loves t  i dance], and [a woman who hates t  i go home]?
The Significance of Desire
Authors: Brink David O
Published: November 2023

There is a venerable tradition of treating practical reason and theories of the good, especially the agent’s own good, as grounded ultimately in facts about the responses that an agent does or would have to various situations and options upon suitable reflection. These are response-dependent conceptions of practical reason and the good. An important form of response-dependence is a reductive form that aims to reduce facts about reasons and the good to facts about desire. Such desiderative conceptions of response-dependence treat practical reason and the good as consisting in facts about what an agent would desire to care about and pursue upon suitable reflection. Even those who deny that all reasons or intrinsic goods are grounded in desire often assume that some are desire-dependent. Though I will address the more modest claim that some aspects of practical reason or the good are desiredependent, it will be easier to begin with pure desiderative conceptions. One possible focus is desiderative conceptions of practical reason. But many of the same issues arise for desiderative conceptions of the good as well, and it will be useful to discuss these at points. Indeed, it may be most plausible to assign desire an ultimate role when we turn our attention from practical reason or the good, as such, to the narrower topic of a person’s good or well-being.
Treatment
Authors: Emery Alan E H
Published: November 2023

Above all, patients and their families should have a positive attitude to the disease. This involves three Ps:

This means having a good well-balanced diet, avoiding obesity, taking physiotherapy, using special orthoses, and even surgery to correct scoliosis. There are also methods of assisted ventilation that are now available that can transform an individual’s life in the later stages of the disease.
Education and employment
Authors: Emery Alan E H
Published: November 2023

In planning the future education and possible employment of those with dystrophy, careful consideration has to be given to the possible effects of the disease on intellectual ability and the severity of the disease. In all cases it is important to plan ahead.

In the case of Duchenne muscular dystrophy those boys who prove to be severely mentally handicapped may well require special care. Otherwise the boys’ interests are usually best served by attending a normal school as long as possible.
The future
Authors: Emery Alan E H
Published: November 2023

Until a few years ago, there seemed little chance of ever really understanding what caused muscular dystrophy, let alone finding a cure. Because the muscle histology (Chapter 3) in each of these disorders was so similar, there was a general feeling that they all might therefore share the same cause.

At first it was thought they might be due to some defect in the blood supply to the muscle. This was not a new idea because Duchenne had entertained a similar notion over 100 years ago, but the proponents never managed to produce any really convincing evidence. Then in 1970, based largely on electromyographic work, the idea that dystrophy might be due to a defect in the muscle’s nerve supply came into vogue. It was suggested that perhaps some hypothetical substance that normally passed down a nerve to ‘feed’ the muscle (the so-called trophic factor) was missing or defective in muscular dystrophy. A great deal of research effort was expended on this idea, but when the original nerve studies on which it was based were seriously questioned the whole concept was thrown into doubt.
Omnisubjectivity
Authors: Zagzebski Linda
Published: November 2023

In this paper I describe and begin a defence of the possibility of a divine attribute I call omnisubjectivity. Omnisubjectivity is, roughly, the property of consciously grasping with perfect accuracy and completeness the first-person perspective of every conscious being. I argue that omnisubjectivity is entailed by omniscience or, at any rate, by cognitive perfection. If God is omni subjective, that would solve two puzzles of omniscience: (1) an omniscient being ought to be able to tell the difference between the different qualia of conscious beings, and (2) an omniscient being ought to be able to tell the difference between the first-person and third-person perspectives on the same state of affairs. Using the model of human empathy, I argue that it is possible for a being to assume the first-person perspective of another being without assuming identity with the other being or forgetting who he is. I end by briefly identifying some interesting metaphysical, moral, and theological consequences of omni subjectivity.
Quine and Tarski on Nominalism
Authors: Mancosu Paolo
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I would like to trace the trajectory of two important nominalists in twentieth-century analytic philosophy, Quine and Tarski. Each one of them had his own trajectory with regard to nominalism but their paths intersected at two important points: the academic year 1940 – 1 when both were at Harvard (together with Carnap) and in 1953 at the conference in Amersfoort organized by Beth on ‘ ‘Platonism and Nominalism in Contemporary Logic ‘ ‘. These two points of intersection will be important in the exposition but I will also be interested in their individual development with respect to the topic at hand.
On Locating Composite Objects
Authors: Brzozowski Jacek
Published: November 2023

The world contains a number of objects composed of other objects. A table is composed of a few pieces of wood and some nails; an H2O molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom; and some say there is something composed of the table and the H2O molecule. When some things compose some further thing, the former are proper parts of the latter. (A proper part of a thing is a part that is not identical to that thing.) The proper parts compose a composite object and a composite object decomposes into its proper parts.
Gunk, Topology, and Measure
Authors: Arntzenius Frank
Published: November 2023

It is standardly assumed that space and time consist of extensionless points. It is also a fairly standard assumption that all matter in the universe has point-sized parts. We are not often explicitly reminded of these very basic assumptions. But they are there. For instance, one standardly assumes that one can represent the states of material objects, and of fields, by functions from points in space and time to the relevant point values. Electric fields, mass densities, gravitational potentials, etc are standardly represented as functions from points in space and time to point values. This practice would seem to make no sense if time and space did not have points as parts.
Beware of the Blob: Cautions for Would-Be Metaphysicians
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I will voice a discomfort that some of us have entertained with respect to the waves of philosophical speculation about the constitution of matter that have become abundant within the past fifteen years or so (for want of a better term, I ‘ll dub this literature ‘ ‘the new metaphysics ‘ ‘). In rough measure, such investigations revolve around sweeping questions of the sort, ‘ ‘How might an extended object be comprised of smaller parts? ‘ ‘ In many ways, musings of this general character appear familiar enough, for they display many affinities with discussions found in noted savants of the past such as Leibniz, Kant, Bolzano, and Whitehead. Nonetheless, that was then and this is now, a consideration that leaves the discomfited puzzled by the fact that the modern discussions forge ahead relying upon the strongly classical terminology of older days.
The Development of Ethics
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

The Development of Ethics is a selective historical and critical study of moral philosophy in the Socratic tradition, with special attention to Aristotelian naturalism. It discusses the main topics of moral philosophy as they have developed historically, including: the human good, human nature, justice, friendship, and morality; the methods of moral inquiry; the virtues and their connexions; will, freedom, and responsibility; reason and emotion; relativism, subjectivism, and realism; the theological aspect of morality. This volume examines early modern moral philosophy from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. Volume 3 will continue the story up to Rawls’s Theory of Justice. The present volume begins with Suarez’s interpretation of Scholastic moral philosophy, and examines seventeenth- and eighteenth-century responses to the Scholastic outlook, to see how far they constitute a distinctively different conception of moral philosophy. The treatments of natural law by Grotius, Hobbes, Cumberland, and Pufendorf are treated in some detail. Disputes about moral facts, moral judgments, and moral motivation, are traced through Cudworth, Clarke, Balguy, Hutcheson, Hume, Price, and Reid. Butler’s defence of a naturalist account of morality is examined and compared with the Aristotelian and Scholastic views discussed in Volume 1. The volume ends with a survey of the persistence of voluntarism in English moral philosophy, and a brief discussion of the contrasts and connexions between Rousseau and earlier views on natural law. The emphasis of the book is not purely descriptive, narrative, or exegetical, but also philosophical. Irwin discusses the comparative merits of different views, the difficulties that they raise, and how some of the difficulties might be resolved. The book tries to present the leading moral philosophers of the past as participants in a rational discussion that is still being carried on, and tries to help the reader to participate in this discussion.
Natural Law And ‘Modern’ Moral Philosophy
Authors: Irwin Terence
Published: November 2023

The mid-17th century is often taken to mark the beginning of ‘modern’ philosophy, because of Descartes’s attack on his Scholastic predecessors. Since this is also the period of the ‘Scientific Revolution’ and of the emergence of the modern nation-state, it would be satisfying (to some historians) to find a similarly sharp break in the history of moral philosophy. This desire to see the origin of a new age in the 17th century is shared by some 17th and 18th-century writers. Hobbes takes himself to turn away from the errors of the ‘old moral philosophers’ by explaining the virtues as ways of fulfilling natural law. He is not alone in supposing that moral philosophers have taken a new direction by identifying moral philosophy with the study of natural law.
Sound Structure in Language
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

This book presents Jørgen Rischel's most important work on language and sound structure. It includes some of the most original and groundbreaking research of four decades. The chapters focus on stress, syllabification, accent, and vowel harmony, and their interactions with other aspects of language. They include exemplary descriptions of the sound systems of a wide range of languages, cover both synchronic and diachronic analysis, and reflect the authors lifelong interest in typology. The book will interest phonologists, phoneticians, and language typologists throughout the world.
Morphemic Tone and Word Tone in Eastern Norwegian
Authors: Rischel Jørgen
Published: November 2023

The tonal accents of Norwegian (generally referred to as tone 1 and tone 2) are traditionally described as described as word tones, i.e. tonemes associated with words. It seems to be implied by the label ‘word tone’ that there is a basic one-to-one relationship, every word containing one tonal accent, no matter how the word is structured.
The Copula and Semantic Continuity in Plato’ S Sophist
Authors: Leigh Fiona
Published: November 2023

Lesley Brown first made a radical claim about uses of the Greek verb ‘to be’ (einai) in Plato’s Sophist some twenty years ago (1986). The view has proved quite influential. It has attracted support from scholars such as Myles Burnyeat and Charles Kahn, who endorse it in works that treat of ancient texts besides the Sophist. Brown’s paper has been anthologized in a well-received and popular collection of papers on Platonic metaphysics and epistemology. The proposal concerning einai was subsequently developed by her beyond the Sophist —and beyond Plato—in an essay on the verb that appeared in a collection of papers on language in ancient Greek thought. And in recent papers on the Sophist , Job van Eck and Blake Hestir have each assumed the validity of Brown’s reading without question.
Kinēsis Vs. Energeia : A Much-Read Passage in (But Not of) Aristotle’S Metaphysics
Authors: Burnyeat M F
Published: November 2023

We are to discuss what is now one of the most famous passages in Aristotle: Metaphysics Θ 6, 1048b18–35, on the distinction between and. The Passage, as I shall capitalize it, has been endlessly analysed by philosophical enthusiasts. It is a particular favourite with those trained in analytic philosophy. But few of these enthusiasts have attempted to explain how it fits into the overall programme of U.2 Ignoring context is usually a fault. But not here, for the good reason that the Passage does not fit into the overall programme of U, was not written for U, and should not be printed in the place we read it today. So I shall argue.
Testing the assumption of complexity invariance: the case of Elfdalian and Swedish
Authors: Dahl ÖSten
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 1, Geoffrey Sampson discusses what he calls “the assumption of (total) invariance of grammatical complexity ”, and quotes the claim by Hockett (1958): “the total grammatical complexity of any language, counting both morphology and syntax, is about the same as that of any other. ”
Ways of Being
Authors: Mcdaniel Kris
Published: November 2023

There are many kinds of beings — stones, persons, artifacts, numbers, pro- positions— but are there also many kinds of being? The world contains a variety of objects, each of which exists — but do some objects exist in different ways? The historically ppular answer is yes.
Carnap and Ontological Pluralism∗*
Authors: Eklund Matti
Published: November 2023

My focus here will be Rudolf Carnap’s views on ontology, as these are presented in the seminal “Empiricism, Semantics and Ontology” (1950). I will first describe how I think Carnap’s distinction between external andinternal questions is best understood. Then I will turn to broader issues regarding Carnap̓s views on ontology. With certain reservations, I will ascribe to Carnap an ontological pluralist position roughly similar to the positions of Eli Hirsch and the later Hilary Putnam. Then I turn to some interrelated arguments against the pluralist view. The arguments are not demonstrative. Some possible escape routes for the pluralist are outlined. But I think the arguments constitute a formidable challenge. There should be serious doubt as to whether the pluralist view, as it emerges after discussion of these arguments, will be worth defending. Moreover, there is an alternative ontological view which equally well subserves the motivations underlying ontological pluralism.
Must Existence-Questions have Answers?1
Authors: Yablo Stephen
Published: November 2023

I suppose, to go by the analogy with ethics, that first-order or ‘·‘normative ‘·‘ ontologists debate what really exists, while second-order or meta-ontologists ponder those first-order debates.
Shared decision-making in health care: Achieving evidence-based patient choice
Authors: Edwards Adrian , Elwyn Glyn
Published: November 2023

The relationship between a patient and their health professional is viewed as one of the most complex interpersonal relationships. It involves the interaction between people in unequal positions, often non-voluntary, often addressing vitally important issues, emotionally laden, and requiring close co-operation (Ong et al., 1995). It has also long been recognized as a vital influence on the course of illness: Hippocrates observed that ‘some patients, though conscious that their condition is perilous, recover their health simply through their contentment with the goodness of the physician’ (Heritage and Maynard, 2006). There is a long history of studying the doctor–patient relationship in social sciences with seminal work from several authors, identifying the importance of the ‘sick role’ for the patient (Parsons, 1951), but also how doctor-centred behaviours attenuate therapeutic possibilities (Byrne and Long, 1976), and how the extent to which patients adopt passive roles and accept medical expertise and authority vary with the character time scale and severity of their illness and its treatment or options for self-treatment (Szasz and Hollander, 1956).
Patient involvement in decision-making: The importance of a broad conceptualization
Authors: Entwistle Vikki
Published: November 2023

The idea that patients should be enabled to be involved in decision-making about their own health care is now widely accepted – at least in general terms. But behind the broad consensus that patient involvement is ‘a good thing’, there are differences of opinion about why it is important, what it might look like, and how it should be promoted in practice.
Evidence-based health care decision-making: Roles for health professionals
Authors: Stacey Dawn , Légaré, France , Kryworuchko Jennifer
Published: November 2023

A goal of evidence-based health care is to optimize decision-making by integrating clinical expertise and patients’ values with the best available evidence (Sackett et al., 2000). This is consistent with shared decision-making, defined as a decision-making process jointly shared by patients and their health care provider. It aims to help patients play an active role in decisions concerning their health, which is the ultimate goal of patient-centered care.
The physician–patient encounter: An agency relationship?
Authors: Gafni Amiram , Charles Cathy
Published: November 2023

The nature of the relationship between the physician and her patient has long fascinated social scientists and others. One feature, commonly agreed upon, that characterizes this relationship is the asymmetry of information between the patient and the doctor. Typically, a doctor is required to determine the patient’s diagnosis on the basis of which a choice of treatment will be made. The doctor is also expected to know about available treatments, appropriate for the patient’s specific case. As a result, the doctor–patient relationship has frequently been viewed, particularly in health economics, as an agency relationship where the physician is seen as an agent of the patient (Culyer, 1989; Evans, 1984; Feldstein, 1974; Phelps, 1992; Williams, 1988).
Informed Choice: A construct in search of a name
Authors: Marteau Theresa M
Published: November 2023

‘Informed choice’ is a relatively recent addition to the lexicon of health care providers and policy makers. This reflects broader social trends in the changing status and roles of consumers and professionals and a revolution in the accessibility of information.
Developing expert patients
Authors: Rogers Anne
Published: November 2023

In the recent past, the concept of an ‘Expert Patient’ has been associated with patient-centred consultations within health care, and primary care in particular. In the ground breaking publication ‘A Meeting Between Experts’ by David Tuckett and colleagues, patients were viewed as experts by virtue of the experience of living with an illness which placed them on an equal, if different, footing with health professionals in the consultation (Tuckett, 1985). The notion has recently been re-surfaced in the UK policy context of the Expert Patients’ Programme which is associated with a particular vision of a future ideal-type patient A patient perspective in health care policy and practice is not new and a philosophy of ‘consumerism’ has been evident in many health policies over the last 20 years (Calnan, 2001). However, the fulfilment of the contemporary policy vision of chronic disease management goes further, requiring a certain type of patient – the ‘empowered’ or ‘expert’ self-caring individual, and includes the need for individuals to have the capacity to be more confident and internalize control. This is in order to promote the monitoring and management of chronic conditions whilst allowing a person to be influenced by external supply constraints such as the need to limit demands on services (Chapple, 1999).
Shared decision-making: From conceptual models to implementation in clinical practice
Authors: Elwyn Glyn , Charles Cathy
Published: November 2023

Shared decision-making (SDM) has been a topic of growing interest among health care providers, medical ethicists, social scientists, and others. A number of SDM models have been developed. Makoul and Clayman’s (2006) review concluded that whilst full agreement had not been achieved, the model developed by Charles et al. (1997) was the one most commonly cited in the relevant literature. It was this model that was the starting point for the competencies described by Elwyn et al. (2000), and it is the one we use in this chapter.
Risk communication – making evidence part of patient choices
Authors: Edwards Adrian
Published: November 2023

Risk communication is an essential part of shared decision-making and evidence-based patient choice. It also needs to meet some complex needs for consumers, and is difficult to achieve well. The following quotations from Prior’s study of risk discussions in genetics clinics illustrate the challenging ‘pragmatic’ setting in which any proposals need to be implemented (Wood et al., 2003).
A Mathematical Classification of Conservation Prioritization Problems
Authors: Moilanen Atte , Possingham Hugh P , Polasky Stephen
Published: November 2023

The conservation prioritization problem concerns efficient and informed allocation of resources available for conservation (Margules and Pressey 2000; Sarkar et al. 2006; Chapters 1 and 2). This problem is of relevance to anyone working in conservation management or science, and it has been approached using a variety of heuristic, qualitative, and quantitative solution methods (Chapter 1). In this chapter we define this problem as a classical optimization problem and show how approaches found in the conservation planning literature and the rest of the chapters of this book fit into this standard framework. Closely related chapters include those describing optimization techniques (Chapters 4 and 5), metapopulations (Chapter 8), population viability analysis (PVA; Chapter 9), sequential planning (Chapter 10), and climate change (Chapter 13). Chapters about software tools (Chapters 14–17) demonstrate methods to implement and solve variants of the conservation prioritization problem. We also discuss data requirements and computational complexity of the problem variants and implications for solution methods.
Heuristic and Approximate Optimization Methods for Spatial Conservation Prioritization
Authors: Moilanen Atte , Ball Ian
Published: November 2023

This chapter discusses optimization techniques that can be applied to the solution of the conservation resource allocation problem (Chapters 1 and 3), some variants of which exhibit characteristics that make the problem unsuitable or impractical for solution using exact optimization methods (Chapter 4). Such characteristics include non-linear objectives or constraints, problems that are large (many planning units and/or feature constraints), spatially non-linear formulations, dynamic feedback mechanisms in the system model, or any form of stochastic dynamics. For example, a species-specific extinction probability could be derived from a complex stochastic non-linear process (e.g. PVA model, Chapter 9) that includes a complex relationship between landscape characteristics and life-history parameters. Such a problem is not amenable for analysis using exact optimization methods. In this chapter we review heuristic and approximate optimization methods that can be applied to practically any spatial conservation prioritization problem. These algorithms can be found in the literature under different names, including site selection algorithms, reserve selection algorithms, reserve network design, spatial optimization, and conservation prioritization.