bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spotlight on Zebrafish: Translational Impact
Authors: Patton E. Elizabeth , Dhillon Paraminder , Amatruda James F. , Ramakrishnan Lalita
Published: June 2014

In recent years, the zebrafish has emerged as an increasingly prominent model in biomedical research. To showcase the translational impact of the model across multiple disease areas, Disease Models & Mechanisms has compiled a Special Issue that includes thought-provoking reviews, original research reporting new and important insights into disease mechanisms, and novel resources that expand the zebrafish toolkit. This Editorial provides a summary of the issue’s contents, highlighting the diversity of zebrafish disease models and their clinical applications.
Synthesis of High-purity Vaterite from Calcium Sulfate and Ammonium Carbonate
Authors: Zhao Jingcai , Song Xingfu , Sun Ze , Chen Bo , Yu Jianguo
Published: June 2014

High-purity calcium carbonate of vaterite type was directly obtained from calcium sulfate and ammonium carbonate in ammonium sulfate matrix. This matrix can successfully break the limitations of reactant concentration, temperature, and stirring speed on vaterite. An orthogonal experiment combined with back propagation neural network was then performed to optimize the impurity in vaterite. Under the optimum conditions, 99.9% vaterite was obtained.
Micro-Loans, Insecticide-Treated Bednets, and Malaria: Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Orissa, India
Authors: Tarozzi Alessandro , Mahajan Aprajit , Blackburn Brian , Kopf Dan , Krishnan Lakshmi , Yoong Joanne
Published: June 2014

We describe findings from the first large-scale cluster randomized controlled trial in a developing country that evaluates the uptake of a health-protecting technology, insecticide-treated bednets (ITNs), through micro-consumer loans, as compared to free distribution and control conditions. Despite a relatively high price, 52 percent of sample households purchased ITNs, highlighting the role of liquidity constraints in explaining earlier low adoption rates. We find mixed evidence of improvements in malaria indices. We interpret the results and their implications within the debate about cost sharing, sustainability and liquidity constraints in public health initiatives in developing countries. (JEL D12, G21, H51, I12, I18, O15, O18)
Mafia and Public Spending: Evidence on the Fiscal Multiplier from a Quasi-Experiment
Authors: Acconcia Antonio , Corsetti Giancarlo , Simonelli Saverio
Published: June 2014

A law issued to combat political corruption and Mafia infiltration of city councils in Italy has resulted in episodes of large, unanticipated, temporary contractions in local public spending. Using these episodes as instruments, we estimate the output multiplier of spending cuts at provincial level—controlling for national monetary and fiscal policy, and holding the tax burden of local residents constant—to be 1.5. Assuming that lagged spending is exogenous to current output brings the estimate of the overall multiplier up to 1.9. These results suggest that local spending adjustment may be quite consequential for local activity. (JEL D72, E62, H71, K42)
Household Bargaining and Excess Fertility: An Experimental Study in Zambia
Authors: Ashraf Nava , Field Erica , Lee Jean
Published: June 2014

We posit that household decision-making over fertility is characterized by moral hazard since most contraception can only be perfectly observed by the woman. Using an experiment in Zambia that varied whether women were given access to contraceptives alone or with their husbands, we find that women given access with their husbands were 19 percent less likely to seek family planning services, 25 percent less likely to use concealable contraception, and 27 percent more likely to give birth. However, women given access to contraception alone report a lower subjective well-being, suggesting a psychosocial cost of making contraceptives more concealable. (JEL C78, D12, D82, I31, J13, J16, O15)
How do eubacterial organisms manage aggregation-prone proteome?
Authors: Das Roy Rishi , Bhardwaj Manju , Bhatnagar Vasudha , Chakraborty Kausik , Dash Debasis
Published: June 2014

Eubacterial genomes vary considerably in their nucleotide composition. The percentage of genetic material constituted by guanosine and cytosine (GC) nucleotides ranges from 20% to 70%.  It has been posited that GC-poor organisms are more dependent on protein folding machinery. Previous studies have ascribed this to the accumulation of mildly deleterious mutations in these organisms due to population bottlenecks. This phenomenon has been supported by protein folding simulations, which showed that proteins encoded by GC-poor organisms are more prone to aggregation than proteins encoded by GC-rich organisms. To test this proposition using a genome-wide approach, we classified different eubacterial proteomes in terms of their aggregation propensity and chaperone-dependence using multiple machine learning models. In contrast to the expected decrease in protein aggregation with an increase in GC richness, we found that the aggregation propensity of proteomes increases with GC content. A similar and even more significant correlation was obtained with the GroEL-dependence of proteomes: GC-poor proteomes have evolved to be less dependent on GroEL than GC-rich proteomes. We thus propose that a decrease in eubacterial GC content may have been selected in organisms facing proteostasis problems.
On the taxonomic status of the enigmatic Phycolepidoziaceae (Marchantiophyta: Jungermanniales) with description of a new species,Phycolepidozia indica
Authors: Gradstein S. Robbert , Laenen Benjamin , Frahm Jan-Peter , Schwarz Uwe , Crandall-Stotler Barbara J. , Engel John J. , Von Konrat Matthew , Stotler Raymond E. , Shaw Blanka , Shaw A. Jonathan
Published: June 2014

The monospecific Phycolepidoziaceae with the single neotropical speciesPhycolepidoziaexigua is a highly specialized leafy liverwort without vegetative leaves. The extreme reduction of morphological and anatomical characters ofPhycolepidoziahas caused uncertainties as to the systematic position of the genus and family. In 2012, a second species ofPhycolepidoziawas detected in the Western Ghats, South India. The Indian plant differs from P. exigua in several respects and is described here as P. (subg.Metaphycolepidozia)indicaGradst., J.‐P.Frahm & U.Schwarz. Differences include the massive stem of P.indica, the larger perianth with a crenate, 3‐lobed mouth, and the epidermis of the capsule wall made up of non‐tiered cells with nodular thickenings on both longitudinal and transverse walls. A phylogenetic analysis using four different chloroplast regions (psbA, psbT, rps4, rbcL) ofP. indicaand putatively related groups shows thatPhycolepidoziais nested within the leafy liverwort family Cephaloziellaceae. Consequently, Phycolepidoziaceae is placed in the synonymy of Cephaloziellaceae. The discovery ofP. indicaadds a further example to the list of amphi‐Pacific tropical disjunctions in bryophytes.
A phylogenetic solution to the Acacia problem
Authors: Miller Joseph T. , Seigler David , Mishler Brent D.
Published: June 2014

Acacia has a complicated taxonomic history including a recent controversial retypification. We suggest that the entire recent Acacia debate is due to inadequacies of the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN), particularly that it requires that all taxa be classified in ranks. The ICN system was not designed for phylogenetic classification and the Acacia nomenclatural fallout reflects this shortfall. We recommend an alternate phylogenetic classification based on the PhyloCode. We propose the name Acacia for the most inclusive clade including the non‐monophyletic ICN‐based genus Acacia s.l., thereby retaining the name Acacia for use on all descendant lineages including Mimosa and Ingeae. Additionally we provide PhyloCode‐based names for five monophyletic lineages of genus Acacia s.l. but not for a sixth until additional information is available. This rankless phylogenetic classification system provides an elegant solution to the Acacia controversy and provides stable, relevant information about this branch of the tree of life.
Lectotypification of Centaurea alpina L. (Compositae) and the identity of Centaurea linaresii Lázaro Ibiza
Authors: Ferrer-Gallego P. Pablo , Susanna Alfonso , Laguna Emilio , Guara Miguel
Published: June 2014

A lectotype for the name Centaurea alpina (≡ Rhaponticoides alpina, Compositae) is herein designated from original material conserved in the Clifford Herbarium (BM). A previously accepted name, Centaurea linaresii, is treated as a synonym; this name was previously typified from original material conserved in MAF, but was wrongly considered as holotype. Thereafter, it is here corrected to lectotype.
Systematics of the genus Geastrum (Fungi: Basidiomycota) revisited
Authors: Zamora Juan Carlos , de Diego Calonge Francisco , Hosaka Kentaro , Martín María Paz
Published: June 2014

Various infrageneric classifications of the genus Geastrum have been proposed, all of them exclusively based on morphology. They are highly divergent due to the different relative value that each author gave to particular morphological features. There is no consensus about any of these classifications, and therefore most modern studies avoid classifying Geastrum species in supraspecific units. Here, a new subdivision of the genus Geastrum is presented, based on phylogenetic analyses of four molecular markers, viz., 5.8S nrDNA, nrLSU, rpb1, and atp6. This classification is also supported by chemical reactions with syringaldazine and guiaiac gum, and by some morphological characters. Most reliable morphological characters include both classically studied features (e.g., endoperidial surface, peristome structure, mycelial layer), and recently discovered ones (e.g., rhizomorph crystals). Previously published infrageneric classifications are reviewed, showing many discrepancies with the phylogenetic data. A new infrageneric subdivision is proposed: sect. Campestria sect. nov., sect. Corollina sect. nov. (including subsect. Lageniformia subsect. nov., subsect. Marginata, and subsect. Plicostomata), sect. Elegantia sect. nov., sect. Exareolata, sect. Fimbriata, sect. Fornicata, sect. Geastrum (including subsect. Arenaria subsect. nov., subsect. Geastrum, subsect. Quadrifida subsect. nov., and subsect. Sulcostomata), sect. Hariotia sect. nov., sect. Hieronymia sect. nov., sect. Myceliostroma (including subsect. Epigaea and subsect. Velutina subsect. nov.), sect. Papillata, sect. Pseudolimbata sect. nov., sect. Schmidelia sect. nov., and sect. Trichaster. The phylogenetic and morphological boundaries among three genera of Geastraceae, viz., Geastrum, Myriostoma, and Radiigera, are also evaluated. Myriostoma likely represents a different phylogenetic lineage within Geastraceae and is confirmed as distinct from Geastrum. However, Radiigera is nested in Geastrum, and therefore it is confirmed as a synonym of Geastrum.
Botanical exploration of the Cape Verde Islands: From the pre‐Linnaean records and collections to late 18th century floristic accounts and expeditions
Authors: Romeiras Maria M. , Duarte Maria Cristina , Santos-Guerra Arnoldo , Carine Mark , Francisco-Ortega Javier
Published: June 2014

This paper reviews the development of knowledge of the flora of the Cape Verde archipelago, the only portion of Macaronesia located in the tropics, from the discovery of the islands in the 15th century until the end of the 18th century. The first settlers of the islands came from Portugal and their accounts recorded that the dense forests and lush vegetation found in neighbouring regions of Africa were not present on these dry islands. Claims for John Kirckwood and Vespasien Robin collecting in the Cape Verdes during the 17th century are doubtful and it is likely that they refer to the Cape Verde promontory located in Senegal. Lotus jacobaeus (Fabaceae) is the earliest documented record for the endemic flora (year 1699). The first documented systematic plant hunting expedition was conducted by Johann R. Forster and his son George Forster during the second voyage of Captain Cook around the world. The Forsters visited Santiago on 14 August 1772, collected herbarium specimens, provided records for 39 species and described four new species based on this material. James Robertson and George Staunton also collected plant material in the Cape Verde Islands in the late 18th century. However, it was João da Silva Feijó who undertook the first extensive plant exploration of the archipelago between 1783 and 1789, under the patronage of the Portuguese government. His material was the basis for 14 new species descriptions made by Philip Barker Webb in 1849. The growth of knowledge of the Cape Verde flora contrasts markedly with that of the Canary Islands and Madeira, the floras of which were much more extensively documented by the mid‐18th century.
Phylogenetic relationships in Helichrysum (Compositae: Gnaphalieae) and related genera: Incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies, biogeographic and morphological patterns, and implications for generic delimitation
Authors: Galbany-Casals Mercè , Unwin Matthew , Garcia-Jacas Núria , Smissen Rob D. , Susanna Alfonso , Bayer Randall J.
Published: June 2014

The Helichrysum‐Anaphalis‐Pseudognaphalium (HAP) clade is a major component of the tribe Gnaphalieae (Compositae) and includes the genera Helichrysum, Anaphalis, Achyrocline and Pseudognaphalium. Allopolyploid origins for at least two clades within the HAP clade have previously been suggested, one involving the genus Anaphalis and the Mediterranean‐Asian Helichrysum species, and a second one involving part of Pseudognaphalium. In the present paper, with the use of two nuclear ribosomal and two plastid DNA markers and an extensive sampling of the HAP clade, further evidence relevant to the origin, composition and closest relatives of these clades is provided, and additional cases of incongruence are discussed. The superposition of distribution areas on the phylogeny suggests that the HAP clade originated in the Cape region of southern Africa and subsequently dispersed to and diversified in the Afromontane regions of east southern Africa, mainly the Drakensberg, before spreading northward and giving rise to several lineages in Afromontane and Afroalpine areas of central tropical Africa and in Madagascar. Allopolyploidy may have preceded the dispersal and diversification of the HAP lineage out of Africa to the Mediterranean area, and to the Americas and Asia. Finally, discussion on the distribution of several morphological characters in the phylogeny and their taxonomic relevance is also provided, with views on the need for a new generic delimitation.
How many species of bracken (Pteridium) are there? Assessing the Chinese brackens using molecular evidence
Authors: Zhou Shiliang , Dong Wenpan , Chen Xiaoqing , Zhang Xianchun , Wen Jun , Schneider Harald
Published: June 2014

Pteridium (the bracken) is a genus of common and widely distributed ferns throughout the world. The variation patterns of morphology in the genus are highly complex and no consensus has been reached among taxonomists regarding the number of species as well as subdivision of the variable species. To address the question of how many species and subspecies of Pteridium occur in Asia, 75 populations were sampled in Bolivia, China, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico and Peru. Sequence data of three chloroplast DNA regions, rps4‐trnSGGA, rpl16 and trnSGCU‐trnGUCC and the genotype data of three microsatellite loci were collected. The newly generated sequence data combined with the sequences already available from GenBank for samples from all over the world were subjected to several phylogenetic analyses and species delimitation tests. The results support recognition of two diploid species, P. aquilinum in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa and P. esculentum in South America and Australia. Evidence was found to recognize one Asian tetraploid species, P. semihastatum. The Eurasian occurrences of P. aquilinum can be further subdivided into subsp. aquilinum occurring in Africa, Europe and Asia Minor; subsp. japonicum occurring from East Asia to eastern Europe; subsp. wightianum occurring from central China to Malesia (Malay Peninsula, New Caledonia, New Zealand) and northern Australia. The North American subsp. latiusculum was also found in India. Some local “species” recorded in Flora of China likely represent hybrids between subsp. japonicum and subsp. wightianum.
On creating an advanced postal address space
Authors: Биргер Евгений , Birger Evgeniy
Published: June 2014

The primary function of a postal system is to create and to service a national postal area which, according to the Treaty of Bern, is integrated into the Universal Postal Union. The term refers to a total of postal addresses serviced by the national universal postal service. However, until recently, the concept of “address”, particularly “postal address”, has not been legitimized within Russian regulatory and legal framework despite its importance for all the sphere of activity, especially for relationship at law.
Mediating in Good Faith in the English and Welsh Jurisdiction: Lessons from other Common Law Countries
Authors: Brooker Penny
Published: June 2014

Litigants are now required to consider mediation and can be penalized under the Civil Procedure Rules if they unreasonably refuse to use an ADR procedure. As litigants are expected to participate in mediation, there are mounting concerns, particularly in common law countries that mandate attendance before accessing the courts, that parties are obstructing the process by engaging in ‘bad faith’. Some common law countries have used the concept of ‘good faith’ negotiation to design rules or codes to regulate conduct in mediation. The English and Welsh jurisdiction identifies mediation as a type of negotiation, but has no developed concept of negotiating in ‘good faith’. This paper first reviews the case law on good faith negotiation in England and Wales, before considering the concept of ‘good faith’ in mediation and assessing whether or how the conduct of parties in mediation could be controlled. The concept of good faith in mediation may not provide the answer because of definitional difficulties and a review of Australia, Hong Kong and the USA indicates that many rules or procedural codes are confined to a ‘minimum level’ of participation. Furthermore, court control of conduct is limited by the rules of without prejudice in negotiation and confidentiality rules in mediation, which limits court review unless there is substantial impropriety such as blackmail or duress. This paper proposes that the issue of the conduct of parties in mediation must be given serious consideration, particularly in view of judicial pressures in some quarters for courts to be given increased powers to direct litigants to mediate. Mandating mediation may lead to more incidences of bad faith or to party involvement without serious engagement. An argument is made to draw on the already developed principles of unreasonable behaviour in litigation in order to define the expectations of reasonable conduct in mediation.
Japanized flamenco: Sensory shifts in a transcultural relocation of a dance genre
Authors: Ede Yolanda Van
Published: June 2014

The indigenization and domestication of foreign (western) culture in Japan has, according to Koichi Iwabuchi, led to an increasing variety of ‘modes of indigenized modernities’. Flamenco dancing, I argue, presents one such mode. Since the 1980s, Japanese women have been appropriating and adapting flamenco, an assumed local, ‘authentic’ Spanish genre turned into a so-called world music/dance, to their cosmopolitan dreams. They have turned flamenco in Japan into modern dance. This case shows that the relocation of a global genre through cultural adaptation should never be taken as a mere act of imitation, since the embedding of the genre into a new sociocultural environment requires adjustments to both the pre-existing ways of learning in the new environment as well as to the new meanings the genre may have for its apprentices. This is so, even in a society as reputed for cultural imitation as Japan. In this case, it is exactly the local social developments concerning femininity and modernity that explain flamenco’s appeal to Japanese women. The genre’s sound-based quality, as identified through a sensory analysis of their learning and transmission processes, revealed itself to be quintessential in terms of these women expressing their newly found sense of self. Adaptation of form and content has rendered a distinct, female and Japanized flamenco.
Inside/outside lessons for contemporary dance: Contemporary dance in Guatemala and the challenge of raising an audience
Authors: Gallusser Sabrina Castillo
Published: June 2014

This article is written from the perspective of the author’s 24-year experience as a choreographer in contemporary dance in Guatemala. It starts with an overview of traditional dances and their religious motives. It outlines the experience of presenting contemporary choreographic works in the streets and theatres. Some of the questions that arise during the creative process, as well as the ones that come up in the encounters with spectators are discussed. An experiment called ‘Three Voices for a Dance’, aimed at drawing audiences closer to dance, is described. In this activity, the experience of a dancer, the choreographer, and a spectator are designed as vocal choirs that accompany the dance. After the experience of eight performances, from 2010 to 2011, the author believes that a different response from the audience was observed when compared to other approaches.
‘I learned to be free’: Empowering the self through dance in 2012 Egypt
Authors: Khoury Krystel
Published: June 2014

In 2012, amid a critical and transitional socio-political situation in Egypt, Bibliotheca Alexandrina started an initiative aiming at developing contemporary dance. The project included the organization of dance workshops for amateurs in various cities of Egypt. Led by eleven local dancers, these workshops consisted of trainings aimed at forming trainers. The methodologies used appeared to have strengthened the awareness of the close relationship between body and mind, revealing new perceptions of the body’s potential and awakening a strong feeling of empowerment. By bringing these dynamics to light and examining their implications on the individuals involved in the workshops, the following article aims to open further discussion on how transcultural use of somatic practices can actively participate in enhancing the autonomy of the emergent Egyptian contemporary dance field. It revisits the outcomes of this pioneering project of dance transmission and examines its impact on both dancers and participants.
Educar para la sociedad informacional: Hacia el multialfabetismo
Authors: Area Moreira Manuel
Published: June 2014

Este artigo analisa o analfabetismo digital como um dos problemas educacionais decorrentes da chamada sociedade da informação. Identificam-se várias abordagens ou visões sobre a alfabetização digital. Propõe-se o termo multialfabetização como um conceito abrangente e inclusivo de diferentes alfabetizações (audiovisual, digital, informacional). Também se identificam as diferentes competências e habilidades envolvidas neste processo: instrumentais, cognitivas, atitudinais e éticas.
Le Clemi, étude de cas d’une éducation aux médias à la française
Authors: Bevort Evelyne
Published: June 2014

Em França, desde há vinte e cinco anos que a educação para os media é da responsabilidade oficial do Ministério da Educação Nacional. No entanto, ela não beneficia, ainda, de um reconhecimento completo, já que a sua concretização depende da vontade dos professores, não tendo, estes, obrigação formal de a implementarem. A educação para os media associa, de forma original, os parceiros dos media e os investigadores e inscreve-se, geralmente, numa perspectiva internacional. O Clemi propõe uma educação para os media centrada na informação e na educação para a cidadania e numa abordagem baseada no distanciamento
crítico e no apoio à produção de mensagens mediáticas. Actualmente, esta abordagem é completamente legitimada pelo uso dos media digitais e da web 2.0. No contexto da política europeia que se debruça sobre este domínio, a educação para os media deverá ter um reconhecimento mais amplo nos próximos anos.
Videojogos: Um (novo) média para a educação
Authors: Teixeira Luís Filipe B.
Published: June 2014

Com este ensaio pretende-se, em linhas gerais, reflectir sobre as potenciais capacidades (aditivas) dos videojogos. Com efeito, mesmo alguns dos auto-rotulados ‘videojogos violentos’ cumprem (ou podem cumprir) o seu papel cognitivo, social, nomeadamente, ao ajudarem a resolver problemas e ao simularem contextos históricos antigos (exemplo dos jogos de estratégia tipo Sid Meier’s Civilization (Microprose, 1991), Rome Total War (Creative Assembly, 2004) ou Portugal 1111 (Ciberbit, 2004)) ou ainda, ao possibilitarem ao jogador movimentar-se num espaço de simulação (quer de fantasia quer de ‘replicação’ do real), fazendo-o aceder a contextos educacionais novos ou melhorados, ou, mesmo, permitindo formas de catarse e/ou de terapias (será o caso, por exemplo, dos jogos utilizados para o tratamento pós-traumático dos ex-combatentes de guerra). Assim sendo, a “experiência ergódica de jogabilidade” e de “mediação”, para além dessa dimensão (aditiva) de violência, em muitos casos, também presente noutros contextos de (outros) médias, também possui essa capacidade geradora (e mesmo motivadora) de (novos e essenciais) conhecimentos/competências em novos contextos de acção.
Alfabetización digital y adolescentes: un desafío para el sistema escolar
Authors: Kaechele Mónica , Rodríguez Illera José Luis
Published: June 2014

Este artigo apresenta uma reflexão em torno da experiência escolar e alfabetização digital dos jovens, baseada num estudo empírico da experiência digital de adolescentes cujas práticas com as tecnologias constituem um desafio para a instituição escolar. Discute-se o conceito de alfabetização digital como prática social e apresentam-se os resultados de um estudo empírico baseado na observação e em entrevistas em contextos distintos de prática.
El Sistema de Clasificación de Gradiente para la discriminación del conocimiento en Internet
Authors: Edel-Navarro Rubén , García-Santillán Arturo , Abascal-Sánchez Miguel Angel
Published: June 2014

Actualmente temos acesso a uma grande quantidade de informação suportada por diversos meios: revistas, bibliotecas, bancos de dados, etc., e particularmente através da Internet, o meio mais comum para aceder à informação a nível mundial. O problema é que não existe uma forma de classificar a informação, o que obriga o utilizador a investir tempo na sua discriminação. Realizou-se um estudo experimental com uma amostra probabilística de 116 alunos universitários e uma amostra não probabilística de 5 doutores, docentes da universidade. O resultado do estudo foi positivo e estatisticamente significativo, o que prova que o Sistema de Classificação de Gradiente aumenta a eficácia na discriminação da fonte de informação.
A escola e a alfabetização no Brasil, um olhar histórico
Authors: Luz Ricardo Hecker
Published: June 2014

Esse artigo discute a escola e alfabetização no Brasil. Mostra o desafio de inserir crianças no mundo da leitura e os resultados de pesquisas que apontam uma grave ineficiência do sistema de ensino do País. Para mudar essa realidade, é necessária uma postura completamente diferente de professores, pais, da escola e das autoridades públicas: educar para libertar. A escola precisa assumir um novo papel, o qual historicamente não tem sido cumprido, de reflexão e transformação social.
Efeitos da retenção escolar, segundo os estudos científicos, e orientações para uma intervenção eficaz: Uma revisão
Authors: Rebelo José A. S.
Published: June 2014

Apresenta-se neste artigo uma revisão de estudos científicos sobre os efeitos que a retenção de alunos, no mesmo ano escolar que frequentaram, tem na sua aprendizagem, personalidade e no seu comportamento. Porque a maioria dos estudos constata, nestes três domínios, consequências negativas nos alunos reprovados e parece haver, da parte de todos, um consenso generalizado sobre a ineficácia da retenção na aprendizagem, sobretudo a longo prazo, são apresentadas aqui orientações pedagógicas, alternativas à retenção, para apoiar alunos com resultados escolares baixos.
O Instituto de Coimbra e o Ensino Secundário em Portugal de 1836 a 1910. O caso das Ciências Físico-Químicas
Authors: Leonardo António José F. , Martins Décio R. , Fiolhais Carlos
Published: June 2014

Tendo por base a revista O Instituto, analisamos a sucessão das várias reformas do ensino secundário em Portugal de 1836 a 1910, com particular ênfase no ensino da Física e da Química. Essa publicação do Instituto de Coimbra (IC) – a sociedade académica fundada em 1852 por professores da Universidade de Coimbra (UC) – saiu desde o ano de fundação do IC até 1981. Ao longo dos vários volumes, foram publicados numerosos artigos assinados por sócios do IC, portugueses e estrangeiros, sobre o ensino secundário em Portugal. Os primeiros dez volumes contêm os relatórios de Conselho Superior de Instrução Pública, o organismo de aconselhamento educativo então sedeado em Coimbra. No seu conjunto, esse corpo permite estudar a instrução pública em Portugal no secundário, na perspectiva dos sócios do IC. Sendo na sua maioria professores da UC, alguns deles tiveram protagonismo na proposta e concretização de várias das reformas do ensino nacional.
Educação Social para Crianças em Situação de Rua no Brasil
Authors: Schirò Eva Diniz Bensaja dei , Koller Silvia Helena , Paludo Simone dos Santos
Published: June 2014

Este artigo tem como objectivo apresentar a relação das crianças e adolescentes brasileiros em situação de rua com a escola, como um espaço de educação social. São apresentadas as modificações que ocorreram no sistema escolar público no Brasil, ao longo do século XX, e as repercussões nas vidas destas crianças até a atualidade. A escola e as necessidades da sua população-alvo mostraram-se discordantes. São apresentados estudos brasileiros que mostraram como a importância da escola foi reconhecida formalmente, contudo quem não tira dela benefício direto? Por esse motivo a frequência escolar acaba por ser trocada por actividades asseguradoras das suas necessidades primárias. Além disso, foi também mencionada por estes estudos a dificuldade de integração de crianças em situação de risco social e pessoal na comunidade escolar tradicional. É neste contexto que aparece no sistema de ensino brasileiro a “escola aberta”, com um sistema de ensino flexível adaptado à rotina e às necessidades da criança que vive na rua. Estas escolas têm como objectivo a transição dos seus estudantes para o sistema formal de ensino. A escola deve ser considerada como um espaço de desenvolvimento, no qual seja conciliado o lúdico e o pedagógico. Já que as crianças esperam mais da escola do que apenas adquirir conhecimentos, é necessário que esta as encare como seres de direitos inseridos ecologicamente num contexto de desenvolvimento. Os vários elementos deste contexto escolar devem integrar a transformação e a aprendizagem.
Competências para promover a saúde
Authors: Loureiro Isabel
Published: June 2014

É apresentado um breve historial da evolução do conceito de saúde, e a sua relação com o desenvolvimento social. São chamados vários protagonistas para o desempenho das funções de Promoção da Saúde, desde profissionais de saúde, a professores, técnicos de autarquias e outros agentes de desenvolvimento comunitário. A saúde e a educação como direitos fundamentais reconhecidos. O empowerment é visto como uma estratégia para que aumente a participação e a autonomia e a capacidade de controlo sobre os determinantes individuais e
sociais da saúde.
Avaliação do Desempenho Docente: Um novo enquadramento para o exercício do ensino
Authors: Viegas Hermínia
Published: June 2014

Partindo da experiência de formação desenvolvida junto dos educadores e professores no âmbito da implementação do novo modelo de avaliação do desempenho docente, apresentamos algumas contribuições para a compreensão dos seus pressupostos que implicam transformações não só ao nível do exercício do ensino, mas também ao nível das diversas estruturas
que o enquadram. A complexidade de que se reveste qualquer modelo de avaliação de desempenho docente não deve obstar a que as escolas desenvolvam um espírito crítico, no sentido de identificarem e operacionalizarem aquilo que é realmente importante considerar. O desafio consiste em combinar o propósito formativo e de supervisão, com vista ao desenvolvimento profissional, com o propósito sumativo, da responsabilização pelo sucesso académico dos alunos. As propostas de melhoria do sistema de avaliação de professores que, no final, enunciamos afiguram-se pertinentes, devendo contribuir para a adequada concretização de uma avaliação com cujos objectivos os professores se identifiquem.
Desonestidade nos trabalhos escolares: Dados de um estudo português
Authors: Fonseca António Castro
Published: June 2014

O objectivo deste estudo era analisar as dimensões da desonestidade e sua evolução na população portuguesa, desde a infância até ao fim da adolescência. Para isso utilizaram-se dados de um estudo longitudinal em que a desonestidade nos trabalhos escolares foi avaliada, várias vezes, em diversos níveis de escolaridade. Os resultados mostraram que a fraude académica aumenta progressivamente ao longo da adolescência de tal maneira que, na escola secundária, a grande maioria dos estudantes confessava ter copiado uma ou duas vezes nos testes, durante o último ano. Porém, apenas uma pequena percentagem admitiu ter feito isso várias vezes no último ano. Do mesmo modo, só poucos referiram ter-se envolvido nesse tipo de conduta em todas as fases desta investigação, ou seja, do ensino básico até ao fim da escola secundária. Por sua vez, a comparação entre os alunos com e sem desonestidade académica revelou que os dois grupos apresentavam entre si, de modo sistemático, muito poucas diferenças estatisticamente significativas. Estas surgiam, sobretudo, no domínio dos comportamentos anti-sociais, do consumo de droga e dos problemas de atenção/impulsividade. Tais resultados sugerem que a fraude académica, embora muito comum no fim da adolescência, é simplesmente uma manifestação de uma tendência ou traço anti-social subjacente. Mas, além desta característica da personalidade, outros factores, de natureza individual ou situacional, contribuem para a explicação da falta de honestidade académica, nestas idades.
Examining floristic boundaries between garden types at the global scale
Authors: Padullés Cubino Josep , Vila Subirós Josep , Barriocanal Lozano Carles
Published: June 2014

Gardens represent important sources of goods and services for their owners. This functionality translates directly into the types of plants cultivated in a given garden, and terminology has been developed to distinguish each category of garden according to its purpose. The factors explaining the differentiation and distribution of gardens have not previously been explored at the global scale. In this study, the plant lists for 44 sets of gardens from around the world were analyzed to explore their taxonomic similarities and the factors shaping each garden. Several biophysical and socioeconomic variables were examined at the appropriate scale for their roles in garden species distribution. Physical and climatic factors (temperature, rainfall, potential evapotranspiration and distance between settlements) were found to be significantly related with species makeup; all of these factors were less important than GDP per person, a proxy for household income, which was determined to be the primary driver of garden composition. All of the studied socioeconomic factors, such as language similarity among settlements and population density, were significant drivers of species distribution. However, the present analysis omits a number of variables due to data unavailability, such as garden size and owner gender, which have been previously recognized as influences on garden plant composition. The genera cultivated in different gardens were found to be very different from each other, and the definitions of each type are hard to establish from these data alone. Finally, the implications of likely future income variations, such those caused by severe economic crisis, and global climate change on bio-cultural diversity and food security are discussed.
DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN SPOT AND TORUS MODELS OF HIGH-FREQUENCY QUASIPERIODIC OSCILLATIONS
Authors: Karas Vladimír , Bakala Pavel , Török Gabriel , Dovčiak Michal , Wildner Martin , Wzientek Dalibor , Šrámková Eva , Abramowicz Marek , Goluchová Kateřina , Mazur Grzegorz P. , Vincent Frédéric H.
Published: June 2014

In the context of high-frequency quasi-periodic oscillation (HF QPOs) we further explore the appearance of an observable signal generated by hot spots moving along quasi-elliptic trajectories close to the innermost stable circular orbit in the Schwarzschild spacetime. The aim of our investigation is to reveal whether observable characteristics of the Fourier power-spectral density can help us to distinguish between the two competing models, namely, the idea of bright spots orbiting on the surface of an accretion torus versus the scenario of intrinsic oscillations of the torus itself. We take the capabilities of the present observatories (represented by the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer, RXTE) into account, and we also consider the proposed future instruments (represented here by the Large Observatory for X-ray Timing, LOFT).
“PI OF THE SKY” OFF-LINE EXPERIMENT WITH GLORIA
Authors: Majcher Ariel , Cwiek Arkadiusz , Cwiok Mikołaj , Mankiewicz Lech , Zaremba Marcin , Zarnecki Aleksander F.
Published: June 2014

GLORIA is the first free and open-access network of robotic telescopes in the world. Based on the Web 2.0 environment, amateur and professional users can do research in astronomy by observing with robotic telescope, and/or analyzing data acquired with GLORIA, or from other free access databases. The GLORIA project develops free standards, protocols and tools for controlling Robotic Telescopes and related instrumentation, for scheduling observations in the telescope network, and for conducting so-called off-line experiments based on the analysis of astronomical data. This contribution summarizes the implementation and results from the first research level off-line demonstrator experiment implemented in GLORIA, which was based on data collected with the “Pi of the Sky” telescope in Chile.
STIRRED FLUIDIZED-BED DRYER OF REGENERATED ION EXCHANGER PARTICLES
Authors: Pěnička Michal , Hoffman Pavel , Fořt Ivan
Published: June 2014

This article describes intensification of the fluidized-bed drying process for regenerated spherical-shape ion exchanger particles in the batch mode, achieved by a mechanical stirrer in the fluidized bed layer of the dried particles. The effect of the mechanical stirring system on the drying process was examined.

Calculations as well as results of comparison measurements provide evidence of a favourable effect of stirring on the total drying time as compared to the initial unstirred system. The regenerated ion exchanger particles pass to the fluid state in a shorter time and the ultimate total drying time is thus more than 60% shorter.
LOW-MASS BINARY X-RAY SOURCES: MONITORING WITH VARIOUS SATELLITES
Authors: Šimon Vojtěch
Published: June 2014

We show the importance of observing low-mass binary (LMXB) X-ray sources with the X-ray monitors onboard satellites. This enables us to study the physical processes governing the longterm activity of LMXBs. They are excellent targets for monitoring because of their strong activity. We recall that various physical processes operating in LMXBs produce specific large-amplitude variations of X-ray luminosity which can be investigated even in a single-band X-ray light curve as often provided by the monitors. We also emphasize the role of the spectral region of the X-ray monitor. Choosing the spectral region often strongly influences the profile of the observed intensity curve because different emission components may dominate in different X-ray energy ranges. We show several examples of LMXBs which undergo various types of unpredictable activity (e.g. outbursts, superorbital cycles).
Linguagens e Experiência em Educação de Jovens e Adultos
Authors: Alvarenga Marcia Soares
Published: June 2014

O alargamento de horizontes da produção do conhecimento nas ciências sociais e humanas tem provocado muitos deslocamentos sobre a linguagem tanto como fonte quanto forma de comunicação de pesquisas. No campo da Educação de Jovens e Adultos, a esfera da linguagem verbal tem sido predominante como fonte de pesquisa, sobretudo no que diz respeito à dualidade entre oralidade e escrita que tensiona processos e aprendizagens na alfabetização e ensino da língua. Com base em atividades realizadas junto a estudantes jovens e adultos em escola pública de periferia urbana, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, interrogamos e analisamos possibilidades recíprocas entre linguagem verbal e linguagem imagética mobilizadas pelas experiências de jovens e adultos na produção de sentidos e aprendizagens em contexto escolar.
Pesquisa Colaborativa: a (per) feição de uma nova pesquisa na Educação de Jovens e Adultos e a implicação dos sujeitos
Authors: Freitas Marinaide Lima de Queiroz , Ribeiro Nadja Naira Aguiar
Published: June 2014

Este artigo, recorte de uma pesquisa longitudinal em andamento (2012-2015), tem por objetivo refletir sobre os procedimentos da pesquisa colaborativa que, ao favorecer espaços de aprendizagens entre escola e universidade, põe em relevo os movimentos de alteridade entre os sujeitos envolvidos na atividade investigativa. Empenhadas na ideia de realizar uma pesquisa com os docentes de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA) da rede pública de ensino e não sobre eles, elegeu-se esse tipo de abordagem para colocar em foco o ensino da leitura. Como apoio teórico e metodológico a determinadas categorias que compõem a discussão deste artigo, buscou-se interlocução com Bakhtin (2003), Freire (2006, 1981, 1979), Ibiapina (2008) entre outros que contribuem com o tema em tela. As sessões de reflexão realizadas, a exemplo do episódio analisado neste trabalho, têm revelado que os fundamentos epistemológicos e encaminhamentos metodológicos da pesquisa colaborativa, além de subverterem o modelo positivista de ciência, vêm contribuindo com a formação continuada desses professores de EJA, com o contexto escolar, bem como com os próprios pesquisadores da universidade.
Prediction of Initial Temperature Effects on Shock Initiation of Solid Explosives by Using Mesoscopic Reaction Rate Model
Authors: Duan Zhuo-Ping , Liu Yi-Ru , Zhang Zhen-Yu , Ou Zhuo-Cheng , Huang Feng-Lei
Published: June 2014

A kind of mesoscopic reaction rate model is reexamined in this paper with the aim of getting rid of the temperature dependence of its experiential parameters and making it available to predict the shock initiation of solid explosives under different initial temperatures. It is found that the initial temperature effect is induced mainly by the temperature dependence of the local chemical reaction rate and the initial density of the explosives, and, via the introduction of such temperature dependence, the reaction rate model can predict well the shock initiation processes under different initial temperatures, in which just the experiential parameters under a certain temperature (e.g. the normal temperature) are needed. Moreover, for verification, the shock initiation processes of PBX-9501 under different initial temperatures were simulated numerically by using the DYNA2D software. The numerical results on the run distance to detonation are found to be in good agreement with previous experimental data.
Optimal motion trajectory for the four-stroke free-piston engine
with irreversible Miller cycle via a Gauss pseudospectral method
Authors: Lin Jiming , Chang Siqin , Xu Zhaoping
Published: June 2014

A four-stroke free-piston engine with internal and external
irreversibilities of finite combustion rate of the fuel, heat transfer and
friction is investigated in this paper. Under the condition of the fixed
fuel consumption per cycle, the optimal piston motion trajectory for
maximizing the net work output of different cases is derived by applying
optimal control theory. Considering the path constraints and boundary
conditions of this free-piston Miller cycle, a Gauss pseudospectral method
(GPM) is presented for solving optimal motion trajectory. The results show
that the optimal piston trajectory improves the efficiency by more
than 10% and also
suitably reduces the heat transfer losses
compared to the conventional piston motion. By optimizing the piston
motion around the top dead center (TDC), the in-cylinder gas pressure and
temperature have a remarkable improvement while the heat transfer losses have
a suitable reduction. The effects of other parameters, such as combustion
duration and the frictional coefficient on the piston trajectory, are also
investigated. It is shown that optimizing the piston motion trajectory is a
good approach for the free-piston engine to improve the efficiency and it
can provide guidelines for the optimal control of the practical free-piston
engine.
Comparison of the Pore Volume in Concrete as Determined Using ASTM C642 and Vacuum Saturation
Authors: Bu Y. , Spragg R. , Weiss W. J.
Published: June 2014

For the prediction of concrete performance, it is often beneficial to know the volume of pores in the concrete. ASTM C642-13 [Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA] was originally introduced in 1969 as a “standard test method for density, absorption and voids in hardened concrete.” This technical note will compare the total pore volume (voids) obtained using ASTM C642-13 with that obtained using vacuum saturation for a typical bridge deck concrete. This technical note suggests that ASTM C642-13 may provide a consistent measure of the pores (voids) in the paste matrix of the concrete; however, it does not provide a measure of the total porosity that may be expected if all the pores in concrete are filled with water. Although an approach like ASTM C642-13 may be sufficient for some applications, the fact that it does not measure the total porosity should be considered by users of the test. This is important because this test method is being frequently applied to concrete durability and transport-related problems that require the total pore volume to be known.
Evaluation of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Materials from Ultra-Thin Bonded Bituminous Surface
Authors: Musty H. , Hossain M.
Published: June 2014

Ultra-thin bonded bituminous surface (UBBS) is a surface treatment that consists of a thin, gap-graded hot-mix asphalt (HMA) layer applied over a thick polymer-modified emulsion membrane. The aggregates and asphalt used in UBBS are of very high quality. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) materials from existing UBBS layers can be used in chip seal and Superpave mixtures. UBBS RAP were studied with two different polymer-modified emulsions to assess their performance as precoated aggregates in chip seal using ASTM D7000-04 sweep test. Three different Superpave mix designs were developed for both 12.5-mm and 9.5-mm nominal maximum aggregate sizes (NMAS) using three different percentages (0 %, 10 %, and 20 %) of UBBS RAP materials. The designed Superpave mixes were then tested using the Hamburg wheel tracking device (HWTD) and the modified Lottman tests. Sweep test results showed that UBBS millings did not improve chip retention. Superpave mix design data indicated volumetric properties of Superpave mixes with UBBS millings met all requirements. HWTD and modified Lottman test results indicated all designed mixes performed better with the addition of UBBS RAP materials.