bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A role for AID in chromosome translocations between c-myc and the IgH variable region
Authors: Dorsett Yair , Robbiani Davide F. , Jankovic Mila , Reina-San-Martin Bernardo , Eisenreich Thomas R. , Nussenzweig Michel C.
Published: August 2007

Chromosome translocations between oncogenes and the region spanning the immunoglobulin (Ig) heavy chain (IgH) variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) gene segments (Ig V-JH region) are found in several mature B cell lymphomas in humans and mice. The breakpoints are frequently adjacent to the recombination signal sequences targeted by recombination activating genes 1 and 2 during antigen receptor assembly in pre–B cells, suggesting that these translocations might be the result of aberrant V(D)J recombination. However, in mature B cells undergoing activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-dependent somatic hypermutation (SHM), duplications or deletions that would necessitate a double-strand break make up 6% of all the Ig V-JH region–associated somatic mutations. Furthermore, DNA breaks can be detected at this locus in B cells undergoing SHM. To determine whether SHM might induce c-myc to Ig V-JH translocations, we searched for such events in both interleukin (IL) 6 transgenic (IL-6 tg) and AID−/− IL-6 tg mice. Here, we report that AID is required for c-myc to Ig V-JH translocations induced by IL-6.
On the role of zealotry in the voter model
Authors: Mobilia M , Petersen A , Redner S
Published: August 2007

We study the voter model with a finite density of zealots—voters that never change
opinion. For equal numbers of zealots of each species, the distribution of magnetization
(opinions) is Gaussian in the mean-field limit, as well as in one and two dimensions, with a
width that is proportional to , where Z
is the number of zealots, independent of the total number of voters. Thus just a few zealots
can prevent consensus or even the formation of a robust majority.
CTree: comparison of clusters between phylogenetic trees made easy
Authors: Archer John , Robertson David L.
Published: August 2007

Summary:  CTree has been designed for the quantification of clusters within viral phylogenetic tree topologies. Clusters are stored as individual data structures from which statistical data, such as the Subtype Diversity Ratio (SDR), Subtype Diversity Variance (SDV) and pairwise distances can be extracted. This simplifies the quantification of tree topologies in relation to inter- and intra-cluster diversity. Here the novel features incorporated within CTree, including the implementation of a heuristic algorithm for identifying clusters, are outlined along with the more usual features found within general tree viewing software.

Availability:  CTree is available as an executable jar file from: http://www.manchester.ac.uk/bioinformatics/ctree

Contact:  john.archer@postgrad.manchester.ac.uk
Exploring of Antimicrobial Activity of Triphala Mashi—An Ayurvedic Formulation
Authors: Biradar Yogesh S. , Jagatap Sheetal , Khandelwal K. R. , Singhania Smita S.
Published: August 2007

Triphala Mashi is an ayurvedic formulation that was prepared in our lab. Aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both Triphala and Triphala Mashi were used, to evaluate antimicrobial activity. Comparative phytochemical profile of Triphala and Triphala Mashi was done by preliminary phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and thin layer chromatography (TLC). Antimicrobial activity includes isolation of pathogens from clinical samples, its characterization, testing its multiple drug resistance against standard antibiotics and antimicrobial activity of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of both Triphala and Triphala Mashi against these organisms by using agar gel diffusion method. Triphala Mashi containing phenolic compounds, tannins exhibited comparable antimicrobial activity in relation to Triphala against all the microorganisms tested. It inhibits the dose‐dependent growth of Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacteria. In conclusion, it appears that Triphala Mashi has non‐specific antimicrobial activity.
Chimpanzees use self-distraction to cope with impulsivity
Authors: Evans Theodore A , Beran Michael J
Published: August 2007

It is unknown whether animals, like humans, can employ behavioural strategies to cope with impulsivity. To examine this question, we tested whether chimpanzees (
Pan troglodytes
) would use self-distraction as a coping strategy in a situation in which they had to continually inhibit responses to accumulating candies in order to earn a greater amount of those rewards. We tested animals in three conditions in which they were sometimes given a set of toys and were sometimes allowed physical access to the accumulating candies. Chimpanzees allowed the rewards to accumulate longer before responding when they could divert their attention to the toys, and they manipulated the toys more when the candies were physically accessible. Thus, chimpanzees engaged in self-distraction with the toys when such behaviour was most beneficial as a coping mechanism.
RUNX1/EVI1, which blocks myeloid differentiation, inhibits CCAAT–enhancer binding protein α function
Authors: Tokita Katsuya , Maki Kazuhiro , Mitani Kinuko
Published: August 2007

The RUNX1/EVI1 chimeric transcription factor produced by t(3;21) causes leukemic transformation in hematopoietic stem cell tumors, possibly through a differentiation block of malignant myeloid progenitors. A dominant negative effect over wild‐type RUNX1 has been shown to constitute one of the underlying molecular mechanisms. We introduced RUNX1/EVI1 cDNA into LG‐3 cells that differentiate along the myeloid lineage upon exposure to granulocyte colony stimulating factor, and confirmed that RUNX1/EVI1 suppressed the differentiation. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms of RUNX1/EVI1‐mediated differentiation block, we analyzed RUNX1/EVI1's effect on the functions of CCAAT–enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα), a key transcriptional regulator that induces granulocytic differentiation. RUNX1/EVI1 was found to associate with C/EBPα. By using a reporter assay with the CEBPA promoter, we observed a dominant negative effect of RUNX1/EVI1 over C/EBPα‐mediated transcriptional activation via the carboxyl terminal‐binding protein (CtBP)‐binding site in the EVI1 portion. In a gel‐shift assay, RUNX1/EVI1 downregulated the DNA‐binding activity of C/EBPα. Therefore, recruitment of histone deacetylase via CtBP and disruption of DNA binding could be likely scenarios for the RUNX1/EVI1‐induced dominant repression on C/EBPα. Importantly, coexpression of C/EBPα restored the differentiation ability of the RUNX1/EVI1‐expressing LG‐3 cells. All of these data argue that inhibition of C/EBPα function may be causatively related to the leukemogenic potential of RUNX1/EVI1. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1752–1757)
Inhibitory effect of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, a plant lignan, on Helicobacter pylori‐associated gastric carcinogenesis in Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Toyoda Takeshi , Tsukamoto Tetsuya , Mizoshita Tsutomu , Nishibe Sansei , Deyama Takeshi , Takenaka Yoshiharu , Hirano Naoki , Tanaka Harunari , Takasu Shinji , Ban Hisayo , Kumagai Toshiko , Inada Ken‐ichi , Utsunomiya Hirotoshi , Tatematsu Masae
Published: August 2007

Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that consumption of certain natural products can lower cancer risk in humans. For example, plant‐derived lignans have been shown to exert chemopreventive effects against cancer in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, the effects of three such lignans, termed arctiin, arctigenin, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), on the proliferation of Helicobacter pylori and the prevention of H. pylori‐associated gastric cancer were investigated in Mongolian gerbils. To examine the effects of arctigenin and NDGA on stomach carcinogenesis, specific pathogen‐free male, 5‐week‐old gerbils were infected with H. pylori, administered 10 p.p.m. N‐methyl‐N‐nitrosourea in their drinking water and fed diets containing various concentrations of lignans until they were killed after 52 weeks. At a dietary level of 0.25%, NDGA significantly decreased the incidence of gastric adenocarcinomas. Arctigenin, in contrast, failed to attenuate neoplasia at a level of 0.1%. Both NDGA and arctigenin significantly reduced serum 8‐hydroxy‐2′‐deoxyguanosine levels at doses of 0.25 and 0.05% (NDGA), and 0.1% (arctigenin). Administration of 0.25% NDGA significantly suppressed the formation of intestinal metaplasia both in the antrum and the corpus. Although all three lignans dose‐dependently inhibited the in vitro proliferation of H. pylori, there were no differences in the titers of anti‐H. pylori antibodies or the amount of the H. pylori‐specific urease A gene among all H. pylori‐infected groups. These results suggest that NDGA might be effective for prevention of gastric carcinogenesis. The possible mechanisms appear to be related to inhibitory effects on progression of gastritis and antioxidative activity rather than direct antimicrobial influence. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 1689–1695)
Taurine and zebu admixture in Near Eastern cattle: a comparison of mitochondrial, autosomal and Y‐chromosomal data
Authors: Edwards C. J. , Baird J. F. , MacHugh D. E.
Published: August 2007

Eight Bos taurus cattle breeds from the Near East region were screened with a Bos indicus (zebu)‐diagnostic Y‐specific microsatellite (INRA124) to estimate the proportion of zebu Y chromosomes in each population. This value was compared with previously published values for zebu introgression for both the mitochondrial and autosomal gene pools of the same breeds. All breeds revealed considerable levels of introgression from B. indicus cattle when the autosomal data were taken into consideration; this was particularly apparent in cattle populations from Iraq in the east, and declined in the populations further west towards Anatolia. This non‐random pattern of introgression and admixture is suggestive of the introduction of zebu cattle from the region corresponding to present‐day Iran and northern Pakistan. In addition, the maternal and paternal markers demonstrate that the movement of cattle into and within the Near East was complex.
Species richness and distribution of eastern Australian lake chironomids and chaoborids
Authors: WRIGHT IAN A. , BURGIN SHELLEY
Published: August 2007

1. Chironomids and chaoborids were collected across eastern Australia and Tasmania in dune, glacial, sinkhole and maar lakes. Based on sampling exuviae from these relatively undisturbed freshwater lakes, we observed that species richness on the Australian continent was substantially greater than previously reported, and challenge the long‐standing view that chironomid species richness is depauperate in Australian lakes, compared with the northern hemisphere.

2. While chironomid species richness was equivalent across the four geographical regions sampled (tropical northern Queensland, Fraser Island, south‐eastern mainland Australia and Tasmania), there were only five ‘cosmopolitan’ species found across all regions. In general, species distributions were more closely associated with geographical region than with lake characteristics, and there were species assemblage differences among biogeographical regions. More than half of the 134 identified species were restricted to a single geographical region. Overall, Tasmanian lakes had the highest proportion of locally endemic species.

3. Latitude and altitude more strongly influenced species assemblages than did lake chemistry, although species richness sometimes varied among lake geomorphic types within a region.
The sensitivity of phytoplankton in Loch Leven (U.K.) to changes in nutrient load and water temperature
Authors: ALEX ELLIOTT J. , MAY LINDA
Published: August 2007

1. Loch Leven is a shallow, eutrophic lake in Scotland, U.K. It has experienced much change over the 30 years that it has been studied; this has primarily been due to reduced nutrient loads to the lake through active catchment management. Its recovery has been slow and, therefore, we used a phytoplankton community model (PROTECH) to test its sensitivity to changing nutrient loads and water temperature.

2. PROTECH was initialized to simulate the observed phytoplankton community in 1995 and was then repeatedly run through a combination of step‐wise changes in water temperature and nutrient load (two treatments were simulated for nutrient load: one changing both nitrate and phosphorus, and one changing just phosphorus). The effect on total chlorophyll‐a concentration, cyanobacteria abundance and phytoplankton diversity was examined.

3. Whilst changes in temperature had little effect, variations in the nutrient load produced a range of responses. Increasing only the phosphorus load caused a large increase in Anabaena abundance and total chlorophyll‐a concentration. However, the opposite response was recorded when nitrate load was changed as well, with Anabaena increasing its biomass under reduced nutrient load scenarios.

4. The key factor determining the type of response appeared to be nitrogen availability. Anabaena, a nitrogen fixer, could exploit the phosphorus resource of Loch Leven under limiting nitrogen conditions, allowing it to dominate under most of the scenarios tested apart from those supplying extra nitrogen to the lake. The model predictions agree with the observed data, which show that Anabaena continues to dominate the summer phytoplankton bloom in Loch Leven despite the considerable reduction in phosphorus supply from the catchment. This research provides a possible explanation for this.
An elevational shift in butterfly species richness and composition accompanying recent climate change
Authors: WILSON ROBERT J. , GUTIÉRREZ DAVID , GUTIÉRREZ JAVIER , MONSERRAT VÍCTOR J.
Published: August 2007

The geographic ranges of many species have shifted polewards and uphill in elevation associated with climate warming, leading to increases in species richness at high latitudes and elevations. However, few studies have addressed community‐level responses to climate change across the entire elevational gradients of mountain ranges, or at warm lower latitudes where ecological diversity is expected to decline. Here, we show uphill shifts in butterfly species richness and composition in the Sierra de Guadarrama (central Spain) between 1967–1973 and 2004–2005. Butterfly communities with comparable species compositions shifted uphill by 293 m (± SE 26), consistent with an upward shift of approximately 225 m in mean annual isotherms. Species richness had a humped relationship with elevation, but declined between surveys, particularly at low elevations. Changes to species richness and composition primarily reflect the loss from lower elevations of species whose regional distributions are restricted to the mountains. The few colonizations by specialist low‐elevation species failed to compensate for the loss of high‐elevation species, because there are few low‐elevation species in the region and the habitat requirements of some of these prevent them from colonizing the mountain range. As a result, we estimated a net decline in species richness in approximately 90% of the region, and increasing community domination by widespread species. The results suggest that climate warming, combined with habitat loss and other drivers of biological change, could lead to significant losses in ecological diversity in mountains and other regions where species encounter their lower latitudinal‐range margins.
Feigned mental disorder in prisoners referred to forensic mental health services
Authors: POLLOCK P. H. , QUIGLEY B. , WORLEY K. O. , BASHFORD C.
Published: August 2007

Feigned mental disorder in prisoners referred to forensic mental health services

This paper describes a study that aimed to identify the extent to which feigning of mental illness represents a significant problem in prisoners referred to a medium secure unit. A clinical method was used to assess the prisoners, employing the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS) and selected Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory‐2 (MMPI‐2) validity indices. Stringent criteria were used to classify 60 consecutive referrals to a secure unit as feigning mental disorder or not. In addition, the study examined characteristic differences, on a number of selected variables, between those prisoners who feign and those who respond honestly. The personality profiles of prisoners who feign were also investigated. Analysis of data showed that 32% of the sample (P < 0.01) could be classified as fabricating or exaggerating symptoms of mental illness. It is suggested that such presentations may be more prevalent than previously considered. Few differences were observed between the groups on selected variables, although prisoners who feigned mental illness demonstrated significantly higher dependent and anxious (avoidant) personality types. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to available models of feigned presentations.
Normalization: analysis and application within a special hospital
Authors: RIDING T. M.
Published: August 2007

The concept of normalization has provided the underpinning philosophy in learning disability nursing for more than 20 years. Despite its universality, however, it remains widely misinterpreted and misunderstood, and such problems are likely to be compounded within the context of secure services. This paper analyses the concept of normalization in an attempt to clarify the misconceptions and to stimulate a more widespread application of its principles. A theoretical review precedes an ethnographic examination within a forensic learning disability service. A final analytical phase then suggests directions for future developments.
Research in brief
Authors: Tilley Steve , Chambers Mary , GRAY RICHARD , SMEDLEY NICOLA , THOMAS BEN
Published: August 2007

The use of PRN or‘as required’medication by mental health nurses is an important, yet little explored aspect of psychiatric inpatient care. In a survey of 100 inpatients in Canada (Craven et al. 1987), it was reported that 88% had been prescribed PRN medication. The most frequently administered drugs were antipsychotics, anticholinergics, and benzodiazepines. Similar results were found in a study by Walker (1991). Craven et al. (1987) also highlight that people over the age of 50 are more likely to be given PRN medication, and suggest that gender and legal status do not influence administration. Vitello et al. (1991), in a study of factors affecting the administration of PRN medication on a children's psychiatric unit, demonstrated that 91% of administrations were given orally (compared to 9% via intramuscular injection); however it is unclear if this finding can be generalized to an adult psychiatric setting. Mental health nurses’reasons for administering PRN medication have not been examined.
Book review article
Authors: Norman Ian
Published: August 2007

Mental Health in a Multi‐ethnic Society: A Multi‐disciplinary Handbook

Community Care ‐ Asking the Users
Suitability of Martian Environmental Conditions for Crop Growth on Mars
Authors: Hender M. R.
Published: August 2007

This article has applied the results of plant growth experimentation under various conditions, including high carbon dioxide concentrations; low light, water, and nutrient levels; and the effect of low pressure and magnetic fields to plant growth and, more specifically, crop productivity. By examining the outcomes of these experiments the feasibility of crop growth under conditions that would be expected on Mars can be demonstrated. It is shown that stress factors likely to be encountered on Mars, including low light water and nutrient levels, can be compensated for through the use of an enriched CO2 environment. Other environmental factors are shown to be either not limiting on crop productivity, or easily compensated for in a managed greenhouse.
Effects of cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata) feeding on the pancreatic exocrine secretion of pigs
Authors: Umapathy E. , Erlwanger K. H. , Makkar H. P. S. , Becker K. , Pierzynowski S. G.
Published: August 2007

Introduction  Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) is a valuable protein source that can contribute towards overcoming a predicted protein deficit equivalent to more than 1 000 000 t oilcake in Southern Africa by the year 2000 (Nell et al. 1992). However, like most other legumes, cowpeas contain antinutritional factors (ANFs) (Makinde et al. 1996). It has also been shown that feeding raw cowpea causes reduced growth and histomorphometric changes in the various segments of the intestine (Makinde et al. 1997) attributable to ANFs. The major ANFs in the cowpea are trypsin inhibitors, tannins and phytates (Aletor and Aladetimi 1989). Although the protease inhibitors are found in most legumes, only soybean inhibitors have been thoroughly investigated (Liener and Kakade 1980), and trypsin inhibitors in other legumes have received little attention.
Zinc absorption and excretion in adult rats at zinc deficiency induced by dietary phytate additions: I. Quantitative zinc metabolism of 65Zn‐labelled adult rats at zinc deficiency
Authors: Windisch By W. , Kirchgessner M.
Published: August 2007

Introduction  Model studies on zinc (Zn) deficiency are usually performed with growing individuals (e.g. rats). Under such conditions, severe symptoms of Zn deficiency can be induced within a few days by feeding purified diets poor in Zn. The major reason for the quick experimental response is the high dietary Zn requirement for growth. However, the results retrieved from model studies with growing animals may be coupled with the intensive anabolic situation of the organism and they may therefore not fully represent the metabolism of adult individuals living close to the maintenance level, like most humans for example. On the other hand, in adult individuals it may take a long time to induce an experimental Zn deficiency of sufficient severity solely on the basis of purifed diets. One reason is the substantial drop in Zn requirements when growing individuals approach their final body weight and become adult (Roth and Kirchgessner 1980; Windisch and Kirchgessner 1994a). Another reason is the fact that purified diets do not usually contain relevant amounts of complexing agents such as phytate, which would increase the dietary requirement of Zn (Davis and Nightingale 1975; Morris and Ellis 1980, 1989; Forbes et al. 1984). It was therefore the aim of the present experiment to add a purified phytate formulation to semisynthetic diets and to study their potential to induce Zn deficiency of controlled severity in adult rats as a model to individuals living at the metabolic level of maintenance.
Tissue zinc distribution and exchange in adult rats at zinc deficiency induced by dietary phytate additions: II. Quantitative zinc metabolism of 65Zn‐labelled adult rats at zinc deficiency
Authors: Windisch W. , Kirchgessner M.
Published: August 2007

Introduction  Model studies on the effect of zinc (Zn) deficiency on tissue Zn are usually based on fast‐growing animals (e.g. rats). However, the interactions to the anabolic metabolism during growth may limit the possibility of transferring the result to adult individuals living at maintenance level. Furthermore, there is still little knowledge about the quantitative role of complete tissue fractions with respect to the effect of Zn deficiency on whole‐body Zn exchange because most studies focus only on the analysis of some single tissue samples which are regarded as representative. The scarcity of experimental data on tissue Zn at maintenance level results from the difficulty in inducing Zn deficiency of sufficient severity in adult animals on the basis of a semisynthetic diet poor in Zn. The major reasons are the low Zn requirement of an adult individual and the necessity of avoiding dietary components containing complexing agents such as phytate because such components usually also contain considerable amounts of Zn. But phytate per se may intensify Zn deficiency in growing animals (Davis and Nightingale 1975; Morris and Ellis 1980, 1989; Forbes et al. 1984). The same applies to adult rats. As shown by Windisch and Kirchgessner (1999), raising additions of a purified phytate formulation in semisynthetic diets was successful in inducing an experimental Zn deficiency of graded severity. The respective measurements on the quantitative distribution and exchange of Zn in complete tissue fractions are reported here.
Peri‐oestrus Hormone Profiles and Follicle Growth in Lactating Sows with Oestrus Induced by Intermittent Suckling
Authors: Gerritsen R , Soede NM , Langendijk P , Dieleman SJ , Hazeleger W , Kemp B
Published: August 2007

Contents

This study describes follicle dynamics, endocrine profiles in multiparous sows with lactational oestrus compared with conventionally weaned sows (C). Lactational oestrus was induced by Intermittent Suckling (IS) with separation of sows and piglets for either 12 consecutive hours per day (IS12, n = 14) or twice per day for 6 h per occasion (IS6, n = 13) from day 14 of lactation onwards. Control sows (n = 23) were weaned at day 21 of lactation. Pre‐ovulatory follicles (≥6 mm) were observed in 100% of IS12, 92% of IS6 and 26% of C sows before day 21 of lactation and in the remaining 74% C sows within 7 days after weaning. All sows with pre‐ovulatory follicles showed oestrus, but not all sows showed ovulation. Four IS6 sows and one IS12 sow developed cystic follicles of which two IS6 sows partially ovulated. Follicle growth, ovulation rate and time of ovulation were similar. E2 levels tended to be higher in IS sows (p = 0.06), the pre‐ovulatory LH surge tended to be lower in IS12 (5.1 ± 1.7 ng/ml) than in C sows (8.4 ± 5.0 ng/ml; p = 0.08) and P4 levels were lower in IS12 and IS6 than in C sows (at 75 h after ovulation: 8.8 ± 2.4 ng/ml vs 7.0 ± 1.4 ng/ml vs 17.1 ± 4.4 ng/ml; p < 0.01). In conclusion, sows with lactational oestrus induced by IS are similar to weaned sows in the timing of oestrus, early follicle development and ovulation rates, but the pre‐ovulatory LH surge and post‐ovulatory P4 increase are lower.
Relationships between Ultrasonographic Image Attributes, Histomorphology and Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen Expression of Bovine Antral Follicles and Corpora Lutea ex situ
Authors: Liu X , Hart EJ , Petrik JJ , Nykamp SG , Bartlewski PM
Published: August 2007

Contents

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between quantitative ultrasonographic image characteristics, histological attributes and cell proliferating ability of bovine antral follicles and corpora lutea (CL) ex situ. Bovine ovaries (n = 30) from animals at various reproductive states (metoestrus‐early dioestrus, n = 8; mid‐dioestrus, n = 12; oestrous phase of peripubertal heifers, n = 6; and pregnancy, n = 4) were collected at the slaughterhouse. High‐resolution ultrasonographic images of the ovaries were obtained in the water bath, digitized and subjected to computerized image analyses. The analyses utilized line and spot techniques designed to determine pixel values of the follicular wall (the largest follicles >2 mm in diameter in each ovary) and CL, respectively. Individual ovarian structures were dissected and processed for histology and immunohistochemical detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The mean follicular diameter was negatively correlated with total cell density (r = −0.45, p < 0.05), granulosa layer thickness (r = −0.67, p < 0.001) and the percentage of PCNA‐positive cells (r = −0.57, p < 0.001). Numerical pixel values and heterogeneity of the follicular wall were positively correlated with total cell density (r = 0.42, p < 0.05 and r = 0.62, p < 0.05; respectively), granulosa layer thickness (both r = 0.39, p < 0.05), and the percentage of PCNA‐positive cells (r = 0.54, p < 0.01 and r = 0.69, p < 0.001, respectively). Estimates of cell density and proliferating cell index were not correlated with the ultrasonographic image attributes of CL. We conclude that follicular size and echotextural variables, as determined by computer‐assisted image analysis of ovaries ex situ, are reliable markers of the histophysiological properties of bovine antral follicles, but the ultrasonographic characteristics are not indicative of cell density and proliferation in the bovine CL.
Prolonged Foetal Retention in a Bitch Resulting in Trichogranulomatuous Panmetritis and Re‐establishment of Fertility After Unilateral Ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Günzel‐Apel AR , Fehr M , Seefeldt A , Reischauer A , Schoon HA
Published: August 2007

Contents

This case report describes the clinical course, the diagnostic and therapeutic management as well as histopathological findings in a case of foetal retention for about 5 months in a 5‐year‐old Boxer. Clinical symptoms included mucosanguinous vaginal discharge and a firm ovoid mass of about duck egg size palpable in mid abdomen. Sonographic examination was not suitable to visualize uterine contents, while radiography revealed a conglomeration of foetal bones focally visible in the right uterine horn, which was surgically removed together with the ipsilateral ovary in order to maintain the fertility of the bitch. After lancing the uterine wall the osseous skeleton as well as parts of hairy skin and muscles of the foetus attaching the uterine wall were detected. Histologically a unilateral necrotizing panmetritis with almost complete destruction of the endometrial structures was diagnosed. Furthermore, the endometrium, the myometrium as well as the serosa revealed a severe trichogranulomatuous inflammation with numerous foetal hairs visible within the inflammatory alterations. After treatment of the bitch with prostaglandin F2α and an antibiotic agent she became pregnant in the second heat after surgery and gave birth to two healthy puppies. This is the first report on foetal retention for several months followed by unilateral ovariohysterectomy with subsequent recovery of fertility. Furthermore, this case report describes for the first time the histomorphological diagnosis of a unilateral trichogranulomatuous panmetritis in a bitch.
Bilateral Malignant Seminoma with Metastases in the Mule: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Galofaro V , Consiglio C , Rapisarda G , Marino F
Published: August 2007

Contents

We report two cases of bilateral malignant seminoma in the bursula testium of two mules, which had been slaughtered normally. Histologically, the testicular tumours consisted predominantly of large round to polyhedral cells with frequent mitotic figures. Metastases were found in the sublumbar lymph nodes. A final histopathological diagnosis of malignant seminoma with metastasis was made. To our knowledge, this paper appears to be the first report of two cases of bilateral malignant seminoma with metastases, in the mule.
Effects of audio stimulation on gastric myoelectrical activity and sympathovagal balance in healthy adolescents and adults
Authors: Chen Dennis D , Xu Xiaohong , Zhao Qian , Yin Jieyun , Sallam Hanaa , Chen Jiande DZ
Published: August 2007

Aim:  The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different audio stimulations on gastric myoelectrical activity and sympathovagal balance in adolescents compared with adults.

Methods:  The study was performed in 11 adults and 12 adolescents. Each subject underwent two sessions, one for classical music, and the other for noise. Each session consisted of 30 min of baseline, 30 min of fasting audio stimulation, a test meal, 30 min of fed audio stimulation, and 30 min of recovery. Electrocardiogram and electrogastrogram were both recorded throughout each session.

Results:  (i) In the fasting state, both classical music and noise impaired gastric slow wave activity in adolescents. In adults, noise had no effects while classical music moderately improved slow wave rhythmicity. (ii) In the fed state, neither noise nor music had any effects on gastric slow waves. (iii) In the fasting state, both noise and music increased the sympathovagal balance in adolescents; in adults only noise had such an effect. (iv) The test meal increased the sympathovagal balance in all groups.

Conclusions:  Gastric slow waves and the sympathovagal balance are more strongly affected by audio stimulation in adolescents than in adults. The test meal normalizes the audio stimulation‐induced differences between the groups.
Clinical features of Japanese patients with colonic angiodysplasia
Authors: Ueno Satoru , Nakase Hiroshi , Kasahara Katsuhiro , Uza Norimitsu , Kitamura Hiroshi , Inoue Satoko , Mikami Sakae , Matsuura Minoru , Chiba Tsutomu
Published: August 2007

Background and Aim:  With improvements in endoscopic resolution, angiodysplasia (AGD) has become an increasingly recognized disorder. The aim of this study was to describe the clinical features of Japanese patients with colonic AGD and compare them to the clinical features of Western patients.

Methods:  Retrospective analyses were performed in all patients who had undergone colonoscopical examination from March 2003 to October 2005 at the Kyoto University Hospital. Four independent literature searches were performed to document the characteristics of colonic AGD in Western countries. The characteristics of 41 Japanese patients diagnosed as having colonic AGD were compared with those of Western patients.

Results:  The incidence of colonic AGD increased with age, and the most prevalent underlying disease in patients with colonic AGD was cardiovascular disease (56.1%). These tendencies were similar in the Japanese and Western data. Colonic AGD in Japanese patients was predominantly located in the left colon (41.7%), whereas in Western patients, it was mainly located in the right colon (54%−81.9%). The percentage of colonic AGD with a size of more than 5 mm or elevated type detected in Japanese patients was significantly higher than that in Western patients.

Conclusion:  The characteristics of Japanese patients with colonic AGD were similar to those of Western patients, except for its localization, size, and type.
Solitary upper ureteral malakoplakia successfully diagnosed by ureteroscopic biopsy and treated conservatively
Authors: Inoue Takamitsu , Nishiyama Hiroyuki , Yoshimura Koji , Ito Noriyuki , Kamoto Toshiyuki , Habuchi Tomonori , Ogawa Osamu
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Malakoplakia of the urinary tract is a granulomatous inflammatory disease due to bacterial infection and can usually be treated conservatively, whereas all of the past reported patients with solitary ureteral malakoplakia underwent surgical excision. We report a patient with solitary isolated upper ureteral malakoplakia that was successfully diagnosed by ureteroscopic biopsy. After conservative treatment with levofloxacin, bethanechol chloride and ascorbic acid, her right hydronephrosis and the lesion were reduced for more than six months.
Obstinate cough as a sole presenting symptom of non‐metastatic renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Okubo Yuhei , Yonese Junji , Kawakami Satoru , Yamamoto Sinya , Komai Yoshinobu , Takeshita Hideki , Ishikawa Yuichi , Fukui Iwao
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) causes many kinds of symptoms such as hypercalcemia, hypertension, polycythemia and fever. Here we describe a rare case of RCC presenting with a persistent cough. After radical nephrectomy, the obstinate cough disappeared. When the tumor recurred locally, the cough also recurred. Furthermore, the cough disappeared completely again after the removal of the recurrent tumor. Although all the clinical findings suggested that the RCC caused the cough, we could not identify a specific humoral substance responsible for the cough.
Influence of the great earthquake in the Chuetsu district on patients managing urination with clean intermittent self‐urethral catheterization
Authors: Hoshii Tatsuhiko , Nishiyama Tsutomu , Takahashi Kota
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Natural disasters cause several medical problems for victims, especially for physically challenged people. The great earthquake in the Chuetsu district in Niigata Prefecture that occurred on October 23, 2004 caused serious damage in the disaster area. We investigated the effect of this earthquake on patients managing urination with clean intermittent self‐urethral catheterization (CIC) using a questionnaire by mailing. The questionnaire was collected from 86 patients (60 men, 25 women, one sex unknown). The average age was 64.6 years old (males 64.1, females 65.8). By the first week after the earthquake, the patients with urological symptoms made up 3.8% of subjects surveyed. All of the patients had insufficient fluid intake, and did not live in their own homes, or perform CIC at home, for the period of time after the earthquake. During disasters, it is important that we secure CIC patients a living space, where they can perform CIC, with sufficient drinking water.
Ectopic ureter accompanied by giant ureteral stone and pyonephrosis
Authors: Izumi Kouji , Kono Masanori , Kato Hiroaki , Tsukahara Kenji , Namiki Mikio
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  We report a rare case of ectopic ureter accompanied by a giant ureteral stone and pyonephrosis. A 19‐year‐old Japanese woman consulted our hospital due to low‐grade fever and pain in the left flank. The patient had seeping urinary incontinence since childhood. Ultrasonography demonstrated left dysplastic lumbar kidney with hydronephrosis and plain kidney‐ureter‐bladder film showed a left giant ureteral stone. The left kidney showed no excretion of contrast medium on drip infusion pyelography. After further examination, a diagnosis of left simple ectopic ureter emptying into the vagina was made. Percutaneous nephrostomy penetrating the major psoas muscle was carried out for intractable pyonephrosis, followed by left nephroureterectomy and lithectomy. These procedures resulted in improvement in the patient's symptoms.
Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma of the renal pelvis
Authors: Haga Kazunori , Aoyagi Toshiki , Kashiwagi Akira , Yamashiro Katushige , Nagamori Satoshi
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Lymphoepithelioma‐like carcinoma (LELC), best known to occur in the nasopharynx, can arise in a variety of sites, such as the salivary gland, thymus, lung, stomach, skin and uroepithelium. Primary LELC of the uroepithelium is very rare and there is only limited information in the published reports. We managed a case of a 75‐year‐old woman who presented with nausea and gross painless hematuria. She was treated with laparoscopic nephroureterectomy and was diagnosed with a T1N1M0 LELC of the renal pelvis. Unlike nasopharyngeal lymphoepithelioma, immunohistochemical analysis of this urinary LELC was negative for the Epstein‐Barr virus. Herein we report on one more case of primary LELC of the renal pelvis and review of the published reports, particularly those concerning Epstein‐Barr virus expressions. Recognition of this tumor and complete resection are essential for saving patients.
Lymphangiogenesis concurrent with haemangiogenesis in the human cornea
Authors: Regina Meredith , Zimmerman Robert , Malik Gulraiz , Gausas Roberta
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Background:  Corneal transplant rejection can occur with and without neovascularization; therefore, it is necessary to elucidate what other factors allow for rejection. It has been suggested that the lymphatic system may play a role in graft failure, but it has also been held that the cornea is devoid of lymphatics. Use of a new monoclonal antibody against a lymphatic endothelial marker, D2‐40, has been used to detect lymphatics in other tissues. The purpose of this study was to use this new tool to determine if the human cornea can undergo lymphangiogenesis.

Methods:  Twelve corneal buttons submitted for routine pathology were subjected to immunohistochemical staining with a monoclonal antibody against D2‐40 to detect the presence/absence of lymphatics by light microscopy.

Results:  By the criteria defined, lymphatic vessels were identified in seven out of 12 corneal buttons. In these cases, there was also evidence of neovascularization. Lymphatic positive buttons included four cases where there were histological markers of inflammation. There were no identifiable lymphatics in the remaining five cases and no sign of vascularization.

Conclusions:  Corneal lymphatics were identified in association with corneal neovascularization, via the use of a monoclonal antibody against D2‐40. In non‐vascularized corneas, lymphatics were absent.
Influence of residual stresses from shot peening on fretting fatigue crack growth
Authors: CADARIO A. , ALFREDSSON B.
Published: August 2007

One method to improve fretting fatigue life is to shot peen the contact surfaces. Experimental fretting life results from specimens in a Titanium alloy with and without shot peened surfaces were evaluated numerically. The residual stresses were measured at different depths below the fretting scar and compared to the corresponding residual stress profile of an unfretted surface. Thus, the amount of stress relaxation during fretting tests was estimated. Elastic–plastic finite element computations showed that stress relaxation was locally more significant than that captured in the measurements. Three different numerical fatigue crack growth models were compared. The best agreement between experimental and numerical fatigue lives for both peened and unpeened specimens was achieved with a parametric fatigue growth procedure that took into consideration the growth behaviour along the whole front of a semi‐elliptical surface crack. Furthermore, the improved fretting fatigue life from shot peening was explained by slower crack growth rates in the shallow surface layer with compressive residual stresses from shot peening. The successful life analyses hinged on three important issues: an accurate residual stress profile, a sufficiently small start crack and a valid crack growth model.
IMPG1 gene variation in rhesus macular drusen
Authors: Singh Krishna K. , Dawson William W. , Krawczak Michael , Schmidtke Jörg
Published: August 2007

Drusen is a hallmark of human age‐related maculopathy. Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) represent a natural model of age‐related maculopathy with drusen. We have already mapped the macular drusen susceptibility locus in rhesus macaques to the homolog of human chromosome 6q14–15 and shown that a particular IMPG1 gene SNP haplotype was apparently associated with drusen formation in the rhesus macaques maintained by the Caribbean Primate Research Center (CPRC), Puerto Rico, USA. The aim of the present study was to verify this finding in the macaques kept at the German Primate Research Center (DPZ), Germany. The study group comprised 64 animals (34 affected, 30 unaffected). These monkeys were genotyped for all known variations in the IMPG1 gene and haplotype analysis was performed. A total absence of the previously identified risk haplotype of the IMPG1 gene, and a much lower drusen prevalence in comparison to the CPRC group, was observed in the DPZ samples. This prompted a re‐analysis of the original disease association in the CPRC, which revealed that the implied risk haplotype was in fact a sequencing artifact. Taken together, the data highlight that additional factors, other than IMPG1 variation, must play a role in drusen pathogenesis in rhesus macaques.
Severe, unilateral, unresponsive keratoconjunctivitis sicca in 16 juvenile Yorkshire Terriers
Authors: Herrera Héctor Daniel , Weichsler Nathalie , Gómez José Rodríguez , De Jalón José Antonio García
Published: August 2007

Objective To present ophthalmic findings, clinical data, and treatment outcomes of 16 juvenile Yorkshire Terriers with severe unilateral keratoconjunctivitis sicca.

Results Each of the 16 dogs exhibited extreme unilateral dryness associated with blepharospasm, mucoid discharge, and corneal vascularization. Ages of affected dogs at presentation ranged from 5 months to 4 years. Mean Schirmer tear test (STT) result for affected eyes was 1 mm/min. Topical application of 0.2% cyclosporine to the affected eye was not associated with improvement in STT values in any dog. Clinical signs subjectively improved with topical application of 20% chondroitin sulfate ophthalmic solution in some dogs, and transposition of the parotid duct was performed in three dogs. Histopathologic examination in one dog failed to show evidence of orbital lacrimal gland tissue. Clinical signs, age of presentation, disease severity, and lack of response to treatment are consistent with breed‐related unilateral aplasia or hypoplasia of the lacrimal gland.

Conclusion Lacrimal gland aplasia or hypoplasia should be considered in young dogs with severe unilateral ocular dryness, especially female Yorkshire Terriers.
Keratoacanthoma of the spectacle in a Boa constrictor
Authors: Hardon Tommy , Fledelius Beth , Heegaard Steffen
Published: August 2007

Animal studied  A Royal Boa constrictor presented with retained spectacle of the right eye and a tumor‐like appearance of the left eye.

Procedure  The snake was euthanized, the head fixed in buffered formaldehyde, and histologic examination of both spectacles and both eyes performed.

Results  The left orbital rim encircled a solid, scaly mass projecting 5–6 mm from the spectacular area. A cup‐shaped tumor with a central keratin plug was observed microscopically. There was a thickening of the proliferating squamous epithelium, with squamous eddies and single cell keratinization. A few mitotic figures were seen in the basal layers but the tumor showed no infiltrative growth. The same morphology was observed in the right eye but to a lesser extent. The remaining parts of the eye were normal.

Conclusions  The diagnosis was keratoacanthoma and this is the first reported keratoacanthoma of the spectacle in a reptile. Keratoacanthoma should be considered as a differential diagnosis when trying to remove retained spectacles from a reptile eye.
Effect of long‐term treatment with rosiglitazone on arterial elasticity and metabolic parameters in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Shargorodsky M. , Michaelova K. , Boaz M. , Gavish D. , Zimlichman R.
Published: August 2007

Aims  Thiazolidinediones may influence the atherogenic process by improving cardiovascular risk factors. The present study was designed to determine the long‐term effect of rosiglitazone on arterial compliance and metabolic parameters in patients with Type 2 diabetes.

Methods  In an open‐label, prospective study, 65 diabetic patients received rosiglitazone orally (4–8 mg/day) for 6 months. After 6 months, the patients continued an open follow‐up study and were divided into two groups: group 1 included patients continuing rosiglitazone for 2 years, group 2 included patients discontinuing rosiglitazone and receiving other oral glucose‐lowering agents. Lipid profile, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), insulin, C‐peptide, fibrinogen, high‐sensitivity‐CRP and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance were measured. Arterial elasticity was assessed using pulse wave contour analysis.

Results  In patients treated with rosiglitazone for 2 years: the large artery elasticity index (LAEI) increased from 10.0 ± 4.6 to 13.9 ± 4.7 ml/mmHg × 100 after 2 years (P = 0.003). The small artery elasticity (SAEI) index increased significantly from 3.2 ± 1.2 to 5.1 ± 1.9 (P < 0.0001). In patients who discontinued rosiglitazone: LAEI did not change after 6 months, but decreased from 12.1 ± 5.4 to 8.9 ± 3.9 ml/mmHg × 10 (P < 0.0001) at the end of 2 years. SAEI increased during the first 6 months of treatment, from 3.9 ± 1.8 to 5.1 ± 1.5 ml/mmHg × 100 (P < 0.0001) and decreased after discontinuation of rosiglitazone (P = 0.042).

Conclusions  Prolonged treatment with rosiglitazone improved arterial elasticity. However, significant deterioration in LAEI and SAEI was observed in patients who discontinued rosiglitazone. The beneficial vascular effect of rosiglitazone on arterial elasticity was independent of glycaemic control.