bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Raman spectroscopy of dipyrrins: nonresonant, resonant and surface‐enhanced cross‐sections and enhancement factors
Authors: McLean Tracey M. , Cleland Deidre , Gordon Keith C. , Telfer Shane G. , Waterland Mark R.
Published: November 2011

Detailed studies of the mechanism of surface‐enhanced (resonance) Raman spectroscopy (SE(R)RS), and its applications, place a number of demands on the properties of SERS scatterers. With large Raman cross‐sections, versatile synthetic chemistry and complete lack of fluorescence, free dipyrrins meet these demands but the Raman and SE(R)RS spectroscopy of free dipyrrins is largely unknown. The first study of the Raman spectroscopy of free dipyrrins is therefore presented in this work. The nonresonant Raman, resonant Raman and surface‐enhanced Raman spectra of a typical meso aryl‐substituted‐dipyrrin are reported. Absolute differential cross‐sections are obtained for excitation wavelengths in the near infrared and visible region, in solution phase and for dipyrrin adsorbed on the surface of silver nanoparticles. Raman enhancement factors for SERRS and resonance Raman are calculated from the observed differential cross‐sections. The magnitudes of the resonantly enhanced cross‐sections are similar to those recently reported for strong SERS dyes such as Rhodamine 6G and Crystal Violet. Free dipyrrins offer the advantages of existing SERS dyes but without the drawback of strong fluorescence. Free dipyrrins should therefore find applications in all areas of Raman spectroscopy including fundamental studies of the mechanisms of SERS and bioanalytical and environmental applications. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low Versus High Sensation‐seeking Tourists: a Study of Backpackers' Experience Risk Perception
Authors: Fuchs Galia
Published: November 2011

This study investigates the relationships between the personality trait of sensation seeking and backpackers' risk perceptions by relying on a survey of 579 Israeli students who experienced backpacking. Some of the findings suggest that sensation seeking and travel risk perceptions are negatively correlated. For example, backpackers who were characterized as high social stimulus seekers were less concerned with socially oriented threats, such as crowded and commercialized places. However, other findings indicate that the relationships between the two concepts are more complex and might not be negatively correlated. For instance, the findings also indicate that the respondents were concerned about risks they were most likely to confront, given their anticipated behavior and nature of experiences that might be determined by their personality trait of sensation seeking. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endoscopic anatomy of the palatovaginal canal (palatosphenoidal canal)
Authors: Pinheiro‐Neto Carlos D. , Fernandez‐Miranda Juan C. , Rivera‐Serrano Carlos M. , Paluzzi Alessandro , Snyderman Carl H. , Gardner Paul A. , Sennes Luiz U.
Published: November 2011

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Demonstrate the endoscopic anatomy of the palatovaginal (PV) canal and artery for identification and dissection of the vidian nerve during endoscopic transpterygoid approaches. Evaluate the length of the PV canal and its relation with the vidian nerve. Show that the traditionally known PV canal is a misnomer and should be renamed.

Study Design:

Experimental study: anatomical and radiological.

Methods:

Dissection of eight cadaveric heads was performed to demonstrate the endoscopic anatomy of the PV canal. Computed tomography scan analysis of 20 patients was used to evaluate the length of the PV canal, the angle formed between this canal and the vidian nerve, and the distance between the vidian canal and the PV canal. Study of 10 dry skull bases was performed to verify the structures involved in the formation of the PV canal.

Results:

Anatomic steps and foundations for dissection of the vidian nerve using the PV canal as a landmark were described. The mean length of the PV canal was 7.15 mm. The mean proximal distance between the vidian and the PV canal was 1.95 mm, and the mean distal distance was 4.14 mm. The mean angle between those canals was 48 degrees. The osteology study showed the vaginal process of the sphenoid bone did not contribute to the formation of the PV canal.

Conclusions:

Our anatomic investigations, radiologic studies, and surgical experience demonstrate the important anatomic relationship of the PV canal with the vidian canal and the relevance of the PV canal as a surgical landmark in endoscopic endonasal transpterygoid approaches. Anatomically, PV canal is a misnomer and should be replaced with palatosphenoidal canal.
Production of lysophospholipids rich in DHA
Authors: Pencreac'h Gaëlle , Ergan Françoise , Poisson Laurent
Published: November 2011

Lysophospholipids (LPLs) play crucial biological roles, mainly as signaling molecules and are widely used as emulsifiers in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an important polyunsaturated fatty acid of the omega 3 family with involvement in health now clearly proved. In cells and in blood DHA is mainly esterified on phospholipids and LPLs. The production of DHA‐rich LPLs may therefore be of great relevance to lipid biochemistry as well as industrial applications. Starting from phospholipids obtained from convenient sources, DHA‐rich LPLs can be obtained by lipase‐catalyzed deacylation of the sn‐1 position. Attention must be paid to the possible intramolecular migration of the remaining acyl moiety occurring during enzymatic reaction, purification or storage.
Co2 laser turbinectomies for chronic, obstructive rhinitis
Authors: Mittelman Harry
Published: November 2011

A CO2 laser approach to partial inferior nasal turbinectomies for patients with severe, obstructive, chronic, perennial rhinitis that is refractory to nonsurgical therapeutic regimens is presented. CO2 laser vaporization of the anterior one fourth to one half of the inferior turbinate was done under topical and local anesthesia, as an office outpatient procedure. It does not require nasal packing. It allows the patient to return to his daily routine upon completion of the procedure. Along with these advantages, bleeding risks are decreased compared to conventional nasal turbinectomy techniques.
The establishment of precise physical parameters for the treatment of the port wine stain with the argon laser
Authors: Carruth J.A.S.
Published: November 2011

The use of the argon laser in the treatment of the port wine stain is discussed and its mode of action and the features of a port wine stain, which may be used to predict a good response to therapy, are described.

Reference is made to the wide variation in techniques used in treatment in different centers and the need to establish precise physical parameters for therapy is stressed.

An attachment to the standard handpiece is described that will enable accurate power densities to be recorded.
The clinical use of CO2 laser beam in the surgery of kidney parenchyma
Authors: Barzilay Benjamin , Lijovetzky Graciela , Shapiro Amos , Caine Marco
Published: November 2011

Encouraged by the experimental work done on 40 kidneys in 20 dogs using the CO2 laser beam for partial nephrectomies, we decided to use the laser in four patients. Three of them underwent lower partial nephrectomy, and the fourth underwent bivalving of kidney through the anatrophic line. The use of this new instrument was very helpful in reducing blood loss, shortening the time of hemostasis, and minimizing parenchymal damage. Case No. 1 is the first published case of xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis that underwent partial nephrectomy with success.
Assessment of the transforming potential of novel anaplastic lymphoma kinase point mutants
Authors: McDuff Fiona K.E , Lim Su‐Vern , Dalbay Melis , Turner Suzanne D.
Published: November 2011

Anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) has emerged as an important oncogene in a number of human malignancies ranging from non‐Hodgkin lymphoma to neuroblastoma. In the former case, ALK is activated as a consequence of a chromosomal translocation and in the latter due to point mutations. In both cases the transforming potential of these oncogenic forms of ALK have been shown in vitro employing traditional cellular transformation assays including 3T3 foci formation. We reasoned that other ALK mutants which have been identified by the Cancer Genome Project may likewise possess transformation potential. We have selected seven ALK mutants identified in cell lines representative of a variety of human cancers based on position within the ALK protein, zygosity and frequency of detection including R1192Q, K1525E, C1021Y, R412C, A1252V, D1311A, K1518N and have compared their transformation capability in comparison to the published neuroblastoma‐associated F1174L ALK mutant when expressed in immortalized p53−/− murine embryonic fibroblasts. Whilst the F1174L mutant reproducibly drives foci formation in vitro, the other ALK mutants fail in this task. Furthermore, apart from the F1174L ALK mutant, the ALK protein is not phosphorylated on tyrosine residue 1604 suggesting that they are kinase‐inactive in this cellular context. We conclude that not all ALK mutants have transformation potential and may represent “passenger” mutations in the evolution of cancer. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quercetin‐3‐methyl ether inhibits lapatinib‐sensitive and ‐resistant breast cancer cell growth by inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis
Authors: Li Jixia , Zhu Feng , Lubet Ronald A. , De Luca Antonella , Grubbs Clinton , Ericson Marna E. , D'Alessio Amelia , Normanno Nicola , Dong Zigang , Bode Ann M.
Published: November 2011

Lapatinib, an oral, small‐molecule, reversible inhibitor of both EGFR and HER2, is highly active in HER2 positive breast cancer as a single agent and in combination with other therapeutics. However, resistance against lapatinib is an unresolved problem in clinical oncology. Recently, interest in the use of natural compounds to prevent or treat cancers has gained increasing interest because of presumed low toxicity. Quercetin‐3‐methyl ether, a naturally occurring compound present in various plants, has potent anticancer activity. Here, we found that quercetin‐3‐methyl ether caused a significant growth inhibition of lapatinib‐sensitive and ‐resistant breast cancer cells. Western blot data showed that quercetin‐3‐methyl ether had no effect on Akt or ERKs signaling in resistant cells. However, quercetin‐3‐methyl ether caused a pronounced G2/M block mainly through the Chk1‐Cdc25c‐cyclin B1/Cdk1 pathway in lapatinib‐sensitive and ‐resistant cells. In contrast, lapatinib produced an accumulation of cells in the G1 phase mediated through cyclin D1, but only in lapatinib‐sensitive cells. Moreover, quercetin‐3‐methyl ether induced significant apoptosis, accompanied with increased levels of cleaved caspase 3, caspase 7, and poly(ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) in both cell lines. Overall, these results suggested that quercetin‐3‐methyl ether might be a novel and promising therapeutic agent in lapatinib‐sensitive or ‐resistant breast cancer patients. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward an Optimal Approach for Variable Selection in Counter‐Propagation Neural Networks: Modeling Protein‐Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitory of Flavanoids Using Substituent Electronic Descriptors
Authors: Hemmateenejad Bahram , Mehdipour Ahmadreza , Deeb Omar , Sanchooli Mahmood , Miri Ramin
Published: November 2011

Counter propagation neural network (CPNN) is one of the attractive tools of classification in QSAR studies. A major obstacle in classification by CPNN is finding the best subset of variables. In this study, the performance of some different feature selection algorithms including F score‐based ranking, eigenvalue ranking of PCs obtained from data set, Non‐Error‐Rate (NER) ranking of both descriptors and PCs, and 3‐way handling of data, Parallel Factor Analysis (PARAFAC), was evaluated in order to find the best classification model. The methods were applied for modeling protein‐tyrosine kinase inhibitory of some flavonoid derivatives using substituent electronic descriptors (SED) as novel source of electronic descriptors. The results showed that the best performance was achieved by F‐score ranking while the NER ranking of principal components (PCs) showed very fluctuate results and the worst performance was belonging to PARAFAC‐CPNN. Furthermore, comparison of results of these nonlinear algorithms with linear discriminate analysis method revealed better predictions by the former.
Estimation of melt film variables during the steady‐state penetration phase of thermoplastic vibration welding using a generalized newtonian fluid model
Authors: Patham Bhaskar , Foss Peter H.
Published: November 2011

The thickness of the melt film and the temperature profiles within the melt film in the weld zone are key process variables governing the development of weld‐zone microstructures and the resulting development of weld strengths, during vibration welding of thermoplastics. The mathematical model described in this report is aimed at investigating the role of the rheology of the melt—specifically the magnitude and shear‐rate as well as temperature dependence of the melt viscosity—in governing the process variables such as the molten film thickness and the viscosities, stresses, and the temperatures within the melt film during vibration welding. The analysis is focused on the steady‐state penetration phase (phase III) of vibration welding. The coupled steady‐state momentum balance and heat transfer within the melt film, formulated using the Cross‐WLF (Williams‐Landel‐Ferry) relationship for viscosity, are solved in an iterative finite element framework. The model has been implemented for two different polymers displaying significant differences in viscosities and shear thinning behaviors. An attempt has been made to correlate the trends in the estimated melt film variables with the experimentally measured weld quality. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2012. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Morphology development in the gate region of microinjection‐molded thermoplastics
Authors: Chu Jing‐Song , Kamal Musa R. , Derdouri Abdessalem , Hrymak Andy
Published: November 2011

The melt experiences extremely high shear rates as it travels through the very small gate, in the microinjection molding process. The combination of the high shear rates, extensive viscous heating, and the large thermal gradients has a profound influence on the characteristics of the moldings. However, many of these interactions are not clearly understood. In this study, the morphology of moldings in the gate region was observed using a polarized light microscope. Moreover, the specimens from different regions of micromoldings were analyzed using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Two materials were selected for the study: polyoxymethylene (POM) and high‐density polyethylene. Three special morphological features were observed in the gate region for POM but not for polyethylene. The results obtained using the DSC were explained in light of the microstructural features observed using polarized light microscopy. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Jacketed homopolymer with bipolar dendritic side groups and its applications in electroluminescent devices
Authors: Zhang Wei , Jin Hao , Wang Dan , Chu Zengze , Shen Zhihao , Zou Dechun , Fan Xinghe
Published: November 2011

A dendritic monomer with bipolar side groups containing dendritic carbazole and oxadiazole structures was synthesized by a convergent strategy. The homopolymer was synthesized through a conventional radical polymerization. The number‐average molecular weight determined by gel permeation chromatography was 40,000 g/mol. Its 5% weight loss temperature was 358 °C. Its photophysical properties were studied in solution and in film. The photoluminescent emission peak of the film was at 408 nm, which had a blue shift of 9 nm compared with that of the tetrahydrofuran solution. And there was an energy transfer from oxadiazole to carbazole. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lower unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels calculated from cyclic voltammetry data were ‐5.55 and ‐2.52 eV, respectively, and the band gap was 3.03 eV, which suggested that the polymer had both hole‐ and electron‐transporting capabilities. The efficiencies of the single‐layer device based on this homopolymer were much higher than those of the same‐generation homopolymer without the oxadiazole moiety. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Influence of silver dopant on the morphology and ultraviolet emission in aligned ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Fan Donghua , Zhang Rong , Wang Xianghu , Huang Shaolong , Peng Huiren
Published: November 2011

Silver‐doped ZnO nanostructures were prepared by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Compared with pure ZnO, the doped samples have a lower crystallinity and a shift of the (002) diffraction peak to lower angle. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results testify the incorporation of silver (Ag) into the ZnO nanostructures with the ratio of Ag/Zn = 1.22%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs show that the introduction of Ag leads to morphological changes, and that the prepared nanostructures are single crystalline and grow along the (0002) direction. The detailed growth mechanism of the nanostructures is proposed and discussed. The room‐temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra indicate that the introduction of Ag can improve the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) emission, suggesting the great application prospect in UV optoelectronic devices. The temperature‐dependent PL spectra reveal that the nature of UV emission in Ag‐doped ZnO nanostructures should be related with the free‐exciton (FX) longitudinal optical (LO) phonon replicas, and the enhanced UV emission could be attributed to the increasing concentration of excitons caused by Ag doping.
Lattice distortion in ion beam synthesized silicon nanocrystals in SiOx thin films
Authors: Saxena Nupur , Kumar Pragati , Agarwal Avinash , Kanjilal Dinakar
Published: November 2011

Lattice deformation is observed in nanocrystalline silicon synthesized by ion beam induced phase separation of SiOx films. The separation of silicon and silicon dioxide phases is achieved in the suboxide films after irradiation with a 100‐MeV Ag beam. The interaction of a high‐energy heavy ion beam with the material is dominated by an electronic energy loss process. A large amount of energy is deposited uniformly in the material through this process. Glancing angle X‐ray diffraction (GAXRD), micro‐Raman spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), selected‐area electron diffraction (SAED), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) measurements were carried out. The results confirm the occurrence of phase separation in non‐stoichiometric silicon oxide by means of ion‐beam irradiation leading to the formation of silicon nanocrystals in the films. The lattice of silicon nanocrystals is found to be deformed (contracted). The X‐ray diffraction studies and HRTEM studies reveal the occurrence of two different phases of silicon, viz. cubic (fcc) phase and high‐pressure (contracted lattice) phase, simultaneously. The observations are explained on the basis of ion beam induced pressure and thermal spike in the ion track.
Global optimization of the infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR MALDESI) source for mass spectrometry using statistical design of experiments
Authors: Barry Jeremy A. , Muddiman David C.
Published: November 2011

Design of experiments (DOE) is a systematic and cost‐effective approach to system optimization by which the effects of multiple parameters and parameter interactions on a given response can be measured in few experiments. Herein, we describe the use of statistical DOE to improve a few of the analytical figures of merit of the infrared matrix‐assisted laser desorption electrospray ionization (IR‐MALDESI) source for mass spectrometry. In a typical experiment, bovine cytochrome c was ionized via electrospray, and equine cytochrome c was desorbed and ionized by IR‐MALDESI such that the ratio of equine:bovine was used as a measure of the ionization efficiency of IR‐MALDESI. This response was used to rank the importance of seven source parameters including flow rate, laser fluence, laser repetition rate, ESI emitter to mass spectrometer inlet distance, sample stage height, sample plate voltage, and the sample to mass spectrometer inlet distance. A screening fractional factorial DOE was conducted to designate which of the seven parameters induced the greatest amount of change in the response. These important parameters (flow rate, stage height, sample to mass spectrometer inlet distance, and laser fluence) were then studied at higher resolution using a full factorial DOE to obtain the globally optimized combination of parameter settings. The optimum combination of settings was then compared with our previously determined settings to quantify the degree of improvement in detection limit. The limit of detection for the optimized conditions was approximately 10 attomoles compared with 100 femtomoles for the previous settings, which corresponds to a four orders of magnitude improvement in the detection limit of equine cytochrome c. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Peptide polarity and the position of arginine as sources of selectivity during positive electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry
Authors: Abaye Daniel A. , Pullen Frank S. , Nielsen Birthe V.
Published: November 2011

Electrospray ionisation (ESI) is a selective process and, for similar sized analytes, the intrinsic properties of the molecules affect the ionisation process and their response. This research sets out to determine the effect of some of these properties in peptides: peptide polarity and the presence of arginine at positions 1 and 4 in the amino acid sequence on the ESI response. Six peptides; molecular mass ranges 1.3–1.6 kDa; substance P (SP) and glutamate fibrinopeptide (GFP) and 3.2–3.7 kDa; calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP1) and defensin human neutropeptide 2 (DHNP2), were investigated. We have demonstrated that in positive ESI, for similar sized peptides and the same charge state, the responsiveness is in the order: Peptides with N or C terminal arginine > most non‐polar peptides > least non‐polar peptides. Therefore, arginine at the terminal position is a source of selectivity. Data from matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionisation (MALDI) analysis supports that of the ESI experiments: Peptides with a terminal arginine residue generated higher signal intensities. Our observations extend our understanding of the ESI process and provide a rational approach to optimising sensitivity of electrospray conditions where a narrow mass range of peptides are poorly chromatographically resolved. This information will provide for a more effective method development process, especially during label‐free quantitative determination of peptides extracted in solution. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of dynamic treatment strategies for maintenance therapy of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: an application of history‐adjusted marginal structural models
Authors: Rosthøj S. , Keiding N. , Schmiegelow K.
Published: November 2011

Childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is treated with long‐term intensive chemotherapy. During the latter part of the treatment, the maintenance therapy, the patients receive oral doses of two cytostatics. The doses are tailored to blood counts measured on a weekly basis, and the treatment is therefore highly dynamic.

In 1992–1996, the Nordic Society of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology (NOPHO) conducted a randomised study (NOPHO‐ALL‐92) to investigate the effect of a new and more sophisticated dynamic treatment strategy. Unexpectedly, the new strategy worsened the outcome for the girls, whereas there were no treatment differences for the boys. There are as yet no general guidelines for optimising the treatment.

On basis of the data from this study, our goal is to formulate an alternative dosing strategy. We use recently developed methods proposed by van der Laan et al. [1] to obtain statistical models that may be used in the guidance of how the physicians should assign the doses to the patients to obtain the target of the treatment. We present a possible strategy and discuss the reliability of this strategy. The implementation is complicated, and we touch upon the limitations of the methods in relation to the formulation of alternative dosing strategies for the maintenance therapy. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coconstructing Meaning: Interactive Literary Discussions in Kindergarten Read‐Alouds
Authors: Hoffman Jessica L.
Published: November 2011

The new age of digital media and information technologies demands more complex interpretive meaning‐making from readers than ever before. Early childhood teachers must therefore incorporate higher‐level literacy instruction focused on interpretative meaning to prepare students to meet these increasing literacy demands. This study redesigned the kindergarten classroom read aloud into an instructional context for interpretive meaning‐making, rather than only literal level comprehension, where the meaning was constructed through interactive discussion. This article presents four teacher instructional supports for early childhood read aloud discussions designed to foster student engagement in interpretive meaning‐making. Integration of the instructional supports created a read aloud climate centered on co‐construction of interpretive meaning among the teacher and her students.
Influence of Preoperative Chemotherapy on the Intraoperative and Postoperative Course of Liver Resection for Colorectal Cancer Metastases
Authors: Spelt Lidewij , Hermansson Lina , Tingstedt Bobby , Andersson Roland
Published: November 2011

Background

Liver resection is a possibly curative treatment for colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastases. Preoperative chemotherapy may make initially irresectable tumors resectable. The aim of this study was to compare perioperative course and short‐term mortality after liver resection for CRC metastases between patients who were and were not treated with preoperative chemotherapy.

Methods

Patients who had undergone liver resection for CRC metastases were included. A total of 97 patients treated with preoperative chemotherapy (group A) were compared with 136 who were not (group B). Intraoperative bleeding, operating time, complications, duration of stay, and mortality were compared using Pearson’s χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test, and the Mann–Whitney U‐test.

Results

Mean intraoperative bleeding, duration of stay, and operating time were not significantly different. Complications occurred in 62.9% and 63.2% in groups A and B, respectively. The 30‐ and 90‐day mortality rates were zero in group A, comparable to 1.5% in group B.

Conclusions

There were no significant differences in the perioperative course or postoperative mortality when comparing CRC patients with or without chemotherapy prior to liver resection. Consequently, this study suggests that preoperative chemotherapy before liver resection for CRC metastases does not negatively influence perioperative outcome and can therefore be applied if “downstaging” is indicated.
Primary Closure Following Laparoscopic Common Bile Duct Exploration Combined with Intraoperative Cholangiography and Choledochoscopy
Authors: Cai Huihua , Sun Donglin , Sun Yueming , Bai Jianfeng , Zhao Hanlin , Miao Yi
Published: November 2011

Background

Laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) has become one of the main options for treating choledocholithiasis associated with cholelithiasis. Our objective was to assess the short‐term outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic primary closure of the common bile duct (CBD) compared with laparoscopic choledochotomy plus T‐tube drainage.

Methods

We retrospectively studied 137 patients undergoing primary closure following LCBDE (group A) compared with 102 cases with laparoscopic choledochotomy plus T‐tube drainage (group B) between January 2007 and January 2010. Intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) and choledochoscopy were performed in all patients.

Results

Three patients in group A (2.2%) were converted to open surgery and two (2.0%) in group B because of serious adherence. According to routine IOC, unexpected CBD stones were found in 16 cases (6.8%). The duration of the operation in group A was shorter than in group B (92.4 ± 15.2 vs. 125.7± 32.6 min, P < 0.05), as was length of postoperative stay (3.1± 2.4 vs. 5.7± 4.3 days, P < 0.05). Postoperative bile leakage occurred in six patients (4.5%) in group A and four cases (4.0%) in group B; all of the patients recovered after simple drainage without reoperation. Bile peritonitis was seen in one case after T‐tube removal. The median follow‐up was 26 months. There were no recurrences.

Conclusions

Laparoscopic primary closure of the CBD is safe and successful for the management of CBD stones. Application of IOC and choledochoscopy to ensure clearance of the CBD and careful suturing are essential for primary closure.
Popular Magazines and the Making of a Nation: The Healthy Baby Contest Organized by The Young Companion in 1926–27
Authors: Wang Zhenzhu
Published: November 2011

The Young Companion, an important representative of Republican Shanghai’s popular magazines, organized a Healthy Baby Contest from August 1926 to March 1927. Though its slogan, “Strong babies promise strong people, strong people guarantee a strong nation” expressed a nationalistic spirit, this contest was rather a commercial activity organized by a popular magazine and its commercial sponsor exploiting nationalistic discourse. Such an integration of nationalistic discourse and commercial interests profoundly influenced mass culture and ultimately promoted China’s modernization and its development as a nation. With this contest as an example, this paper sheds light on the relationship between popular journals and the making of a nation.
The Early Philosophical Discourse on Language and Reality and Lu Ji’s and Liu Xie’s Theories of Literary Creation
Authors: Cai Zong-qi
Published: November 2011

This paper is an attempt to investigate how Lu Ji and Liu Xie develop their theories of literary creation on the foundation of the early philosophical discourse on language and reality. The first part of the paper examines various key terms, concepts, and paradigms developed in the philosophical discourse. The second part pursues a close reading of Lu’s and Liu’s texts to demonstrate how ingeniously they adapt and integrate those terms, concepts, and paradigms to accomplish two important tasks: to establish a broad framework for conceptualizing literary creation and to differentiate the complex mental and linguistic endeavors at different stages of the creative process. The paper ends with some general reflections on the impact of the two essays on the subsequent development of Chinese literary and aesthetic thoughts.
Cultural and Ritual Empowerment of Women in the Northern Courts: Yu Xin’s Epitaphic Writings
Authors: Nanxiu QIAN
Published: November 2011

Yu Xin (513–581) was famous for writing muzhiming epitaphs. Of his nineteen extant pieces written for the Xianbei nobles in the Northern courts, thirteen were for women. In this regard, Yu Xin surpassed his contemporary men of letters of the entire Southern and Northern dynasties (420–589), both by quantity and by quality. As the leading man of letters from the South, Yu Xin was retained by the Northern courts for cultural strengthening. His epitaphic writing obviously resulted from the court’s order for this purpose. His emphasis on women was however rooted in his personal experience as well as the intellectual trends and social customs of his time. Influenced by the Wei-Jin (220–420) self-awakening, women in the Southern and Northern dynasties enjoyed relatively more spiritual freedom and less social confinement than their Han predecessors. While this Wei-Jin legacy continued in the South more from the intellectual respect, in the North it found unison from tribal regimes’ inherited esteem for women. Yu Xin’s epitaphs for women clearly combined all these cultural and social influences. Using ornate parallel prose (pianwen) style, Yu Xin wove cultural traditions into Northern women’s daily lives, bestowing these women with collective cultural status as well as intimate personal profiles. The genre of epitaph, as a ritual language, also highly ritualized these women’s social status. Both effectively empowered women in the Northern court. Meanwhile, these works also reflected Yu Xin’s own vision of an ideal womanhood.
What Industrial Buyers Prefer Salespeople to Know and do and What Salespeople Believe They Prefer
Authors: Pascoe Graham W.
Published: November 2011

An exploratory study of industrial buyers and sellers in Australia reveals some discrepancies between what buyers prefer salespeople to know and do and what salespeople believe buyers prefer. Individual, in-depth personal interviews were conducted with 53 buyers and 42 sales representatives. Three aspects of salespersons’ on-the-job behaviour were investigated: knowledge, behaviour and competence. Results are reported for three categories of industrial selling situations: selling to supermarkets, selling to the trade (excluding supermarkets), and new business and technical selling situations. The research suggests that salespeople may have some inaccurate beliefs about buyers’ preferences. Sales representatives who sell to in-store supermarket buyers seem especially to suffer from this problem. On the other hand, salespeople engaged in new business and technical selling seem to have correct beliefs about buyers’ preferences.
On generation of sound in wall-bounded shear flows: back action of sound and global acoustic coupling
Authors: Wu Xuesong
Published: November 2011

In two previous papers (Wu, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 453, 2002, p. 289, and Wu & Hogg, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 550, 2006, p. 307), a formal asymptotic procedure was developed to calculate the sound radiated by unsteady boundary-layer flows that are described by the triple-deck theory. That approach requires lengthy calculations, and so is now improved to construct a simpler composite theory, which retains the capacity of systematically identifying and approximating the relevant sources, but also naturally includes the effect of mean-flow refraction and more importantly the back action of the emitted sound on the source itself. The combined effect of refraction and back action is represented by an ‘impedance coefficient’, and the present analysis yields an analytical expression for this parameter, which was usually introduced on a semi-empirical basis. The expression indicates that for Mach number $M= O(1)$, the mean-flow refraction and back action of the sound have a leading-order effect on the acoustic field within the shallow angles to the streamwise directions. A parametric study suggests that the back effect of sound is actually appreciable in a sizeable portion of the acoustic field for $M\gt 0. 5$, becomes more pronounced, and eventually influences the entire acoustic field in the transonic limit. In the supersonic regime, the acoustic field is characterized by distinctive Mach-wave beams, which exert a leading-order influence on the source. The analysis also indicates that acoustic radiation in the subsonic and supersonic regimes is fundamentally different. In the subsonic regime, the sound is produced by small-wavenumber components of the hydrodynamic motion, and can be characterized by acoustic multipoles, whereas in the supersonic regime, broadband finite-wavenumber components of the hydrodynamic motion contribute and the concept of a multipolar source becomes untenable. The global acoustic feedback loop is investigated using a model consisting of two well-separated roughness elements, in which the sound wave emitted due to the scattering of a Tollmien–Schlichting (T–S) wave by the downstream roughness propagates upstream and impinges on the upstream roughness to regenerate the T–S wave. Numerical calculations suggest that at high Reynolds numbers and for moderate roughness heights, the long-range acoustic coupling may lead to global instability, which is characterized by self-sustained oscillations at discrete frequencies. The dominant peak frequency may jump from one value to another as the Reynolds number or the distance between the roughness elements is varied gradually.
Beyond the Ends of the Earth: Donald Rumsfeld, the Mantra of Progress, and an Outer-Space View of America's War on Terror
Authors: GARDNER LLOYD , SEWELL BEVAN
Published: November 2011

This essay examines the way that US secretary of defense Donald Rumsfeld sought to apply one of the central lessons of the Vietnam War to the George W. Bush administration's War on Terror after 9/11. Following the disastrous withdrawal from Vietnam, Rumsfeld had argued that one of the major lessons to be taken forward was that, in future conflicts, the US needed to ensure that the war was portrayed to the public in a way that would ensure ongoing success. The way to do this, Rumsfeld subsequently averred, was to convey a message of perpetual, unstoppable, but not too rapid, progress; victory was at hand, but it would take some time to achieve. As part of this process, Rumsfeld developed an elaborate narrative based around a keyhole satellite picture of the Korean peninsula at night – one half, that of South Korea, bathed in the light of progress; the other, North Korea, nearly completely dark. This photo, Rumsfeld suggested, told you all you needed to know about the fact that the US would ultimately succeed in the War on Terror. In taking this approach, however, Rumsfeld unwittingly revealed an inherent contradiction that has continued to blight the administration of Barack Obama: that there is a very fine line between progress toward an inevitable endpoint of victory and progress toward a position whereby the US is able to withdraw. For Rumsfeld, progress was toward an endpoint of victory and it was only the change in political context after 2006 that derailed his attempts to set out this message; for Obama, on the other hand, progress has become a prerequisite for getting out of Afghanistan and Iraq.
Regarding the Pain of Others: Scenarios of Obligation in Post-9/11 US Cinema
Authors: WESTWELL GUY
Published: November 2011

This article examines how the experience of the 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks has prompted both a hardening of a narrow version of US national identity figured in prejudicial terms and, conversely, an increased willingness to explore difference as it occurs both within the US (i.e. in the relations between Americans) and abroad (i.e. in the relations between Americans and foreigners). Through close textual analysis of two feature films – 25th Hour (Spike Lee, 2002) and Rendition (Gavin Hood, 2007) – this article profiles this increased willingness to explore difference as it is indexed in both the form and content of the films under discussion.
Vowels of Upper Tanana Athabascan
Authors: Tuttle Siri G. , Lovick Olga , Núñez-Ortiz Isabel
Published: November 2011

This paper provides a detailed phonetic, synchronic description of the oral vowels of Upper Tanana, an Athabascan language spoken in eastern interior Alaska and the western Yukon Territory. Upper Tanana has, depending on the dialect, six or seven oral monophthongs that can be modified for (low) tone, nasalization, and length. Previous accounts are auditory. They disagree regarding the articulation of two of the vowels (which we represent as /ɘ/ and /ʌ/), and raise the question of whether ‘length’ indicates a quantity or a quality distinction. In contrast to earlier accounts, we provide acoustic measurements of F1, F2, and the duration of the vowels of two Alaskan dialects of Upper Tanana: Northway and Tetlin. We find that the phonetic realization of one of the vowels is quite different from the earlier auditory descriptions. For the other vowels and for the quantity distinction, our findings support earlier descriptions while supplying new details. Several co-articulation effects, previously undescribed, are also identified.
XVI.—On the great Almery for relics of late in the Abbey Church of Selby, with notes on some other receptacles for relics
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

One of the greatest disasters that has befallen an important historical monument in this country for over half a century was the burning of the Abbey Church of Selby in the early hours of the 20th of October last.
XVIII.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1906.
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: November 2011

The report which I have the honour of submitting to the Society, on behalf of my colleagues, of the work carried out by the Executive Committee of the Silchester Excavation Fund in 1906, is the seventeenth successive account of our investigations.
II.—Origin of the Neolithic Celt
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: November 2011

According to the text-books, the celt is the predominant type of implement in the neolithic period, just as the coup de poing (hand-axe) is in the palaeolithic; and it is curious that the relationship between these two widely distributed forms should not have been already demonstrated. It is reasonable to expect that there was some link between at least the commoner implements of these two parts of the Stone Age, now that the great hiatus is reduced to insignificant dimensions; and it is natural to look for transition forms in the great Cave-period, ranging from Le Moustier to the pygmy period (also named after Tardenois). A plausible theory is that the tranchet or fan-shaped implement of the Danish kitchen-middens, with its cutting-edge formed by detaching a single transverse flake, was the parent of the neolithic celt; but the tranchet is rare outside the Danish area, and quite unknown in the greater part of Europe. On this account alone its claim might be rejected, as the Danish form would hardly explain the celts of Britain and western Europe, not to mention examples in other continents; and its priority in Denmark itself is challenged by still earlier finds (Maglemose), which reveal other and different forms, not associated with the kitchen-midden axe, but linking the early Danish Stone Age with the culture of La Madeleine. In spite of this, the prevalent notion is that the kitchen-middens are the earliest neolithic remains in existence, and that among them must therefore be found the prototype of the celt.
I.—Excavations at Caerwent, Monmouthshire, on the Site of the Romano-British City of Venta Silurum, in the year 1908
Authors: Ashby Thomas , Hudd Alfred E. , King Frank
Published: November 2011

The excavations of 1908 began on 15th June, and were continued until 6th November, under the direction of Messrs. Ashby, Hudd, and Jones, assisted by Mr. F. King as architect.
XI.—The Album Amicorum
Authors: Rosenheim Max
Published: November 2011

The Album Amicorum, or Stammbuch as it was called in Germany, where it originated, consisted of a collection of blank leaves of paper or vellum, sometimes kept loose, more often bound up as a book, the leaves being destined to receive the signatures and armorial bearings of the owner's friends and acquaintances; often the signatory added his motto or device, some classical or biblical quotations or sentences, some good advice, and a dedication. Generally speaking, the custom or fashion of the Album did not extend beyond Germany and Switzerland, and only few of them are met with in the Low Countries, Italy, and France. English Albums I have not met with, but at the British Museum (17083) there is a Scottish one to which I shall refer later on.
XV.—Canterbury Cathedral Choir during the Commonwealth and after, with special reference to two oil paintings
Authors: Caröe W. D.
Published: November 2011

I am not quite sure how far the later records of Canterbury Cathedral are of sufficient importance to interest this Society, but, as we have long learnt that neither archaeology nor traditional architecture stop short in the middle of the sixteenth century, I exhibit two oil paintings of the interior of the choir of Canterbury Cathedral as in the latter half of the seventeenth century, and offer some notes upon them. A study of later documents, chiefly relating to destructions or replacements, certainly helps to throw light upon earlier history.
II.—An unsolved problem in Gothic architecture: the permanent outer roof
Authors: Cranage D. H. S.
Published: November 2011

The destruction at Rheims has called attention to a weakness which is found in almost all Gothic churches—the inflammable nature of the outer roof. The inner vault of the cathedral church is intact, but the outer roof was consumed in the great fire of 1914. It was of lead resting on a fine piece of carpentry at an unusually steep angle. The sweep of the roof from end to end was one of the great attractions of the external effect of the church. The present appearance (pl. I) is almost that of a great bath with high walls, for the distance between the two roofs was much greater than in the case of many contemporary churches. The outline of the extrados of the vault is somewhat obscured by the debris which has fallen on to it.
IV.—Hoards of Neolithic Celts
Authors: Smith Reginald A.
Published: November 2011

More than anywhere else in Europe the Neolithic Period has been studied in Scandinavia, where finds are exceptionally rich, and circumstances have made a sequence possible. Isolated attempts have been made to formulate an evolution series in France (Déchelette, Manuel, i, 514-16; L'Homme préhistorique, 1907, p. 71) and Germany (Prähistorische Zeitschrift, vi (1914), p. 29), but the material is not so abundant, and association of types in hoards or burials not frequent enough to complete the undertaking. Our Fellow Mr. E. C. R. Armstrong has described some associated finds of Irish neolithic celts in Proc. Royal Irish Academy, xxxiv, c, no. 6, but attention in England has been rather distracted by the abundance of Drift implements, and there has been a tendency to class all surface finds as neolithic, internal evidence alone being deemed insufficient to justify a chronological arrangement. Groups of contemporary specimens buried as hoards or deposited with the dead in any kind of grave have been provokingly rare; and an offer made by Mr. Algernon A. Hankey to exhibit a hoard of celts to the Society and subsequently to present them to the British Museum was therefore accepted with enthusiasm. Opportunity was taken to borrow from Mr. Russell J. Colman, who readily acceded to the request, another hoard of five celts found near Norwich; and since the paper was read, the Earl of Leicester kindly lent the President a group of four, also from Norfolk, for examination and inclusion in the present series, to which the Curator of Norwich Castle Museum has also contributed, through Miss G. V. Barnard, outlines of two other hoards from the same county. There are probably other datable groups in public or private collections, but it would be futile to delay publication of those above mentioned till a thorough search of all the literature and museums in the kingdom had been undertaken. These will at least form the basis of a chronological scheme for neolithic celts, the value of which can be estimated by the ease or difficulty of incorporating other groups that may come to light.