bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A phylogeny of Pouteria (Sapotaceae) from Malesia and Australasia
Authors: Triono Teguh , Brown Anthony H. D. , West Judy G. , Crisp Michael D.
Published: April 2007

The genus Pouteria Aublet is a pantropical group and many of its species produce high-quality timber and edible fruit. In 1991, on the basis of morphological characters, Pennington combined the genus Planchonella Pierre with Pouteria, expanding the latter genus to nine sections and 325 species. However, many Planchonella species were not included in his account and doubt remains about the generic limits of Pouteria sensu Pennington. This paper re-assesses the generic delimitation of Pouteria and its affinities with Planchonella from molecular data generated from the nuclear-encoded internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region. The analysis includes 22 Planchonella species and three Pouteria species sensu van Royen collected from Malesia and Australia, and seven additional Planchonella species from New Caledonia with molecular data available from GenBank. Other genera from Sapotaceae included in the analysis were Chrysophyllum, Niemeyera, Pichonia, Pycnandra and Xantolis (tribe Chrysophylleae) and Mimusops, Palaquium and Manilkara (outgroups from other tribes). The resulting ITS cladograms from both Bayesian and maximum parsimony analyses indicated that Malesian and Australasian Pouteria species are not monophyletic and comprise three separate lineages, therefore providing evidence against the broad circumscription of this genus by Pennington. Tertiary leaf venation type (reticulate, parallel or ramified), when mapped onto the phylogeny, correlated with these groupings, indicating that this character is taxonomically informative.
Phylogeny of Carpha and related genera (Schoeneae, Cyperaceae) inferred from morphological and molecular data
Authors: Zhang Xiufu , Bruhl Jeremy J. , Wilson Karen L. , Marchant Adam
Published: April 2007

The limits, definitions and relationships of Carpha have been controversial and unclear. This study using cladistic analyses of morphological and combined morphological and molecular data indicates that: (1) Carpha sensu latu is paraphyletic and its species form two clades, consistent with the definitions of Carpha sensu stricto and Asterochaete respectively (i.e. the data support the division of Carpha sensu latu into two genera: Carpha sensu stricto and Asterochaete); (2) the morphological data show a high degree of homoplasy within Schoeneae; (3) Schoeneae is not a monophyletic tribe; (4) Schoenus and Tricostularia are polyphyletic; (5) it is better to place Schoenoides back in Oreobolus; (6) separation of Capeobolus brevicaulis from Costularia or Tetraria is supported; and (7) both genera Costularia and Tetraria should be maintained. The study resolves some phylogenetic relationships between Carpha and its relatives. Many aspects of these relationships are in agreement with previous studies, but some of these relationships have no support. The study also resolves the phylogenetic relationships of species of Carpha, although with lack of support for some clades, highlighting the need for other sources of data.
An allosteric model of circadian KaiC phosphorylation
Authors: van Zon Jeroen S. , Lubensky David K. , Altena Pim R. H. , ten Wolde Pieter Rein
Published: April 2007

In a recent series of ground-breaking experiments, Nakajima
et al.
[Nakajima M, Imai K, Ito H, Nishiwaki T, Murayama Y, Iwasaki H, Oyama T, Kondo T (2005)
Science
308:414–415] showed that the three cyanobacterial clock proteins KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC are sufficient
in vitro
to generate circadian phosphorylation of KaiC. Here, we present a mathematical model of the Kai system. At its heart is the assumption that KaiC can exist in two conformational states, one favoring phosphorylation and the other dephosphorylation. Each individual KaiC hexamer then has a propensity to be phosphorylated in a cyclic manner. To generate macroscopic oscillations, however, the phosphorylation cycles of the different hexamers must be synchronized. We propose a novel synchronization mechanism based on differential affinity: KaiA stimulates KaiC phosphorylation, but the limited supply of KaiA dimers binds preferentially to those KaiC hexamers that are falling behind in the oscillation. KaiB sequesters KaiA and stabilizes the dephosphorylating KaiC state. We show that our model can reproduce a wide range of published data, including the observed insensitivity of the oscillation period to variations in temperature, and that it makes nontrivial predictions about the effects of varying the concentrations of the Kai proteins.
Perinatal exposure to a noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyl alters tonotopy, receptive fields, and plasticity in rat primary auditory cortex
Authors: Kenet T. , Froemke R. C. , Schreiner C. E. , Pessah I. N. , Merzenich M. M.
Published: April 2007

Noncoplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are widely dispersed in human environment and tissues. Here, an exemplar noncoplanar PCB was fed to rat dams during gestation and throughout three subsequent nursing weeks. Although the hearing sensitivity and brainstem auditory responses of pups were normal, exposure resulted in the abnormal development of the primary auditory cortex (A1). A1 was irregularly shaped and marked by internal nonresponsive zones, its topographic organization was grossly abnormal or reversed in about half of the exposed pups, the balance of neuronal inhibition to excitation for A1 neurons was disturbed, and the critical period plasticity that underlies normal postnatal auditory system development was significantly altered. These findings demonstrate that developmental exposure to this class of environmental contaminant alters cortical development. It is proposed that exposure to noncoplanar PCBs may contribute to common developmental disorders, especially in populations with heritable imbalances in neurotransmitter systems that regulate the ratio of inhibition and excitation in the brain. We conclude that the health implications associated with exposure to noncoplanar PCBs in human populations merit a more careful examination.
Functional, structural, and spectroscopic characterization of a glutathione-ligated [2Fe–2S] cluster in poplar glutaredoxin C1
Authors: Rouhier Nicolas , Unno Hideaki , Bandyopadhyay Sibali , Masip Lluis , Kim Sung-Kun , Hirasawa Masakazu , Gualberto José Manuel , Lattard Virginie , Kusunoki Masami , Knaff David B. , Georgiou George , Hase Toshiharu , Johnson Michael K. , Jacquot Jean-Pierre
Published: April 2007

When expressed in
Escherichia coli
, cytosolic poplar glutaredoxin C1 (CGYC active site) exists as a dimeric iron–sulfur-containing holoprotein or as a monomeric apoprotein in solution. Analytical and spectroscopic studies of wild-type protein and site-directed variants and structural characterization of the holoprotein by using x-ray crystallography indicate that the holoprotein contains a subunit-bridging [2Fe–2S] cluster that is ligated by the catalytic cysteines of two glutaredoxins and the cysteines of two glutathiones. Mutagenesis data on a variety of poplar glutaredoxins suggest that the incorporation of an iron–sulfur cluster could be a general feature of plant glutaredoxins possessing a glycine adjacent to the catalytic cysteine. In light of these results, the possible involvement of plant glutaredoxins in oxidative stress sensing or iron–sulfur biosynthesis is discussed with respect to their intracellular localization.
Muon (g − 2): experiment and theory
Authors: Miller James P , de Rafael Eduardo , Lee Roberts B
Published: April 2007

A review of the experimental and theoretical determinations of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon is given. The anomaly is defined bya= (g− 2)/2, where the Landég-factor is the proportionality constant that relates the spin to the magnetic moment. For the muon, as well as for the electron and tauon, the anomalyadiffers slightly from zero (of the order 10−3) because of radiative corrections. In the Standard Model, contributions to the anomaly come from virtual ‘loops’ containing photons and the known massive particles. The relative contribution from heavy particles scales as the square of the lepton mass over the heavy mass, leading to small differences in the anomaly fore, μ and τ. If there are heavy new particles outside the Standard Model which couple to photons and/or leptons, the relative effect on the muon anomaly will be ∼ (mμ/me)2≈ 43 × 103larger compared with the electron anomaly. Because both the theoretical and experimental values of the muon anomaly are determined to high precision, it is an excellent place to search for the effects of new physics or to constrain speculative extensions to the Standard Model. Details of the current theoretical evaluation and of the series of experiments that culminates with E821 at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, are given. At present the theoretical and the experimental values are known with a similar relative precision of 0.5 ppm. There is, however, a 3.4 standard-deviation difference between the two, strongly suggesting the need for continued experimental and theoretical study.
CTX-BLAST: context sensitive version of protein BLAST
Authors: Gambin Anna , Wojtalewicz Piotr
Published: April 2007

Summary: We present a software tool CTX-BLAST that incorporates contextual alignment model into the popular protein BLAST program. Our alignment tool allows us to investigate the effect of context-dependency in the protein alignment much more efficient than using previous dynamic algorithms. The software makes use of non-symmetric contextual substitution tables and calculates the statistical significance of a given alignment according to the contextual statistical model.

Availability: CTX-BLAST is an open source software freely available from www.sourceforge.net/projects/CTX-BLAST. A program for statistical estimation of E-value parameters and the contextual substitution table CTX-BLOSUM62 are also provided.

Contact: aniag@mimuw.edu.pl

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mapping the genetic architecture of complex traits in experimental populations
Authors: Yang Jian , Zhu Jun , Williams Robert W.
Published: April 2007

Summary: Understanding how interactions among set of genes affect diverse phenotypes is having a greater impact on biomedical research, agriculture and evolutionary biology. Mapping and characterizing the isolated effects of single quantitative trait locus (QTL) is a first step, but we also need to assemble networks of QTLs and define non-additive interactions (epistasis) together with a host of potential environmental modulators. In this article, we present a full-QTL model with which to explore the genetic architecture of complex trait in multiple environments. Our model includes the effects of multiple QTLs, epistasis, QTL-by-environment interactions and epistasis-by-environment interactions. A new mapping strategy, including marker interval selection, detection of marker interval interactions and genome scans, is used to evaluate putative locations of multiple QTLs and their interactions. All the mapping procedures are performed in the framework of mixed linear model that are flexible to model environmental factors regardless of fix or random effects being assumed. An F-statistic based on Henderson method III is used for hypothesis tests. This method is less computationally greedy than corresponding likelihood ratio test. In each of the mapping procedures, permutation testing is exploited to control for genome-wide false positive rate, and model selection is used to reduce ghost peaks in F-statistic profile. Parameters of the full-QTL model are estimated using a Bayesian method via Gibbs sampling. Monte Carlo simulations help define the reliability and efficiency of the method. Two real-world phenotypes (BXD mouse olfactory bulb weight data and rice yield data) are used as exemplars to demonstrate our methods.

Availability: A software package is freely available at http://ibi.zju.edu.cn/software/qtlnetwork

Contact:  jzhu@zju.edu.cn

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Management of Facial Nerve Schwannoma in Patients With Favorable Facial Function
Authors: Lee Jong Dae , Kim Sung Huhn , Song Mee Hyun , Lee Ho‐Ki , Lee Won‐Sang
Published: April 2007

Objective: We report six cases of facial nerve schwannomas in which surgical management allowed the preservation of facial nerve function. Specifically, this paper reports that a stripping surgery may provide favorable functional outcomes.

Study Design: A retrospective review of preoperative and postoperative data for six patients with facial nerve schwannoma that had normal facial nerve function or a House‐Brackmann grade II facial palsy before the surgery.

Methods: Stripping surgery, which removed the schwannoma from the remaining nerve fascicle, was attempted on the six patients. Postoperative facial nerve function and imaging (magnetic resonance imaging) were evaluated.

Results: Stripping surgery with gross total tumor removal of the mass was performed in four cases. In the two remaining cases, the stripping surgery was not possible, and decompression alone was performed. Favorable preservation of facial function was achieved in all six cases.

Conclusion: It was possible to preserve facial function after surgery to remove facial nerve schwannoma. We suggest that stripping surgery, focused on the preservation of continuity of the facial nerve, may be attempted for facial nerve schwannoma in which favorable facial function has been preserved.
SOLID REACTIONS AT 1000° TO 1200°C BETWEEN MgO OR BeO AND Ni, Fe, Cr, Mn, AND THEIR OXIDES*
Authors: Navias Louis
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The elements, Ni, Fe, Cr, and Mn, and their oxides, NiO, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, and MnO2, in a finely divided state, were brought into contact with granular fused MgO in loose form and in pressed disks and also into contact with slabs of high‐fired MgO and BeO. The maximum temperatures reached were 1000°C, 1100°C, and 1200°C in air firings. The degree of reaction was noted by the extent of discoloration of the MgO and BeO near the contact material. Ni showed the least reactivity, Fe and Cr came next, and Mn showed the most reaction. The oxides gave the same order of reactivity, NiO, Fe2O3 and Cr2O3, and MnO2, the most. The elements in oxidizing caused more reaction than their oxides in all cases. There was less reaction with BeO than with MgO for corresponding contact material.

Firings were also made with these elements and oxides in contact: with pressed disks of fused MgO but in a hydrogen atmosphere. Ni and Fe showed no reaction; Cr, a very slight reaction; and Mn, slightly more reaction. NiO and Fe2O3 were reduced to their elements without reaction, whereas Cr2O3 did not reduce and gave no reaction. MnO2 became semi‐sintered and gave a very slight reaction.

Other experiments were made by passing air or N2, dry or through water, into mixtures of granular fused MgO and Mn, MnO2, or Cr, respectively. At 1200°C, reaction was greatest with moist air.
STRESS RELEASE IN GLASS A PHENOMENON INVOLVING VISCOSITY AS A VARIABLE WITH TIME*
Authors: Lillie Howard R.
Published: April 2007

This paper contains a discussion of the well‐known Adams and Williamson annealing law which makes the rate of release of stress in glass proportional to the second power of the stress and points out certain fundamental objections to such a law. A new expression free from these objections and taking into consideration the change of viscosity with time at constant temperature is given as ‐df/dt= Mfφ, where M is a modulus and φ the instantaneous fluidity. Experiments made with an ordinary lime glass show that this law holds for the release of mechanical stresses imposed on strain‐free glass as well as for the release of thermal stresses in chilled samples. The value of M found for these two types of stress at two different temperatures is 5.9 (±0.5) × 1010 dynes/cm.2.
EFFECT OF MILL PRACTICE AND MILL ADDITIONS ON THE OPACITY OF ENAMELS*
Authors: Bryant G. L. , Porter F. R.
Published: April 2007

The results are presented on work done to increase the opacity of enamels by mill practice and mill additions, such as milling to abnormal fineness, addition of opacifiers at the end of the milling period, the effect of the addition of feldspar, and the effect of different types of clays.
INFLUENCE OF GLAZE COMPOSITION ON THE MECHANICAL STRENGTH OF ELECTRICAL PORCELAIN*
Authors: Thiess L. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The influence of the glaze composition upon glaze fit and mechanical strength has been studied on a series of commercial and twelve experimental glazes. The latter have a RO constant of 0.3 K2O, 0.7 CaO, 0.4 to 0.7 Al2O3, and 2.4 to 5.6 SiO2. The coefficient of thermal expansion was determined by calculation. Glazes high in fluxes (feldspar and whiting) appear to be unfavorable to high strength and good glaze fit.
RECENT REVISIONS OF HIGH TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Wensel H. T.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

This paper points out that, to convert temperature values recorded in the literature to the present International Temperature Scale, a correction must be applied which is calculated from the constants that define the particular scale upon which the recorded values are expressed. Applying the same corrections to all previous scales leads, in many cases, to values which depart from the present scale more than the values actually recorded.

Examples are given showing the proper method of converting temperature values based on Wien's Law to the International Scale.
EFFECT OF MILL ADDITIONS ON THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF SHEET‐IRON GROUND‐COAT ENAMELS*
Authors: Fellows R. L. , Howe E. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Since the effect on thermal expansion of clay, feldspar, and silica, when introduced as mill additions to a sheet‐iron ground‐coat enamel, has not hitherto been clearly shown, thermal‐expansion studies were made on a two‐frit ground‐coat enamel for sheet iron, varying the amounts of clay, feldspar, and silica within reasonable limits of mill additions.

It is common practice to use a combination of a hard and a soft frit ground coat to give greater flexibility in firing and operation, but it is not known whether the two frits form a single glass upon firing to give an expansion dependent upon the relative amounts of each frit present. Thermal‐expansion tests, therefore, were also made on enamels containing varying proportions of high‐ and low‐expansion frits.

Results were obtained by the use of the interferometer, and the rod method of making specimens as used by Andrews and Smith1 was compared to the plate method described in this paper. Through the use of these two methods of preparing the samples, a comparison of the relative solubility of the mill additions in the ground‐coat frit was secured.
X‐RAY STUDIES OF CRYSTALLINE SUBSTANCES IN GLASSES*
Authors: Hicks Victor
Published: April 2007

Abstract

X‐ray diffraction methods may be used not only to determine the atomic arrangements in the vitreous state, but also to detect the substances responsible for color, opalescence, or opacity, and to establish the existence of selective molecular orientation in surface films. By such methods it has been shown that a solid solution of cadmium sulfide and cadmium selenide is responsible for the color of certain ruby glasses. Similarly, the opacity of certain annealed soda‐lime‐silica‐fluoride opal glasses has been attributed either to quartz or to cristobalite, depending on the thermal history; if alumina is added to these glasses, tridymite appears after a similar heat treatment. Chromic oxide has been found to crystallize from certain enamel glasses but not cobalto‐cobaltic oxide. No detectable selective molecular orientation occurs in the surface layers of the resinous films used in certain safety glasses.
A COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING REFLECTANCE*
Authors: Bryant G. L. , Porter F. R.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The reflectance of a set of six standard white porcelain enameled panels of various enamel thicknesses was measured by six different types of reflectivity instruments used for the purpose. A brief description of each instrument and also the comparative measurements are given.
I. THE MICROBIOLOGY OF AGING CLAYS*
Authors: Glick Dudley P.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The literature pertaining to microorganisms in clay and the aging of clay is reviewed. Preliminary to attempting to determine the effect of microörganisms upon the aging of clay, six clay bodies have been examined and the numbers and kinds of microorganisms have been determined. The numbers of bacteria found, the variety of species, and then‐growth upon a medium prepared from an extract of ball clay are indicative of their activity. The bacteria identified are typical soil and water organisms. A method has been devised for the examination of the interior of lumps of native clay. One such clay gave no evidence of harboring living organisms beneath its surface, whereas the surface was highly contaminated, probably from external sources.
DATA ON THE INFLUENCE OF FIRING TIME ON THE PROPERTIES OF SOME WHITEWARE BODIES*
Authors: Watts Arthur S.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Data have been obtained by firing a variety of whiteware bodies in commercial kilns to a given pyrometric cone deformation at different rates of temperature increase, indicating that the faster rate of firing gives lower water absorption and greater firing shrinkage.
PHYSICAL‐CHEMICAL REACTIONS IN FIRING WHITEWARE*
Authors: McVay T. N.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The present knowledge concerning reactions which take place during the heat treatment of clay, feldspar, and silica is discussed as well as the relations of these three to the ternary system K2O‐Al2O3‐SiO2. The manner of growth of mullite crystals in feldspar has been studied. Additional experimental data as evidenced by the thermal‐expansion curves of day‐feldspar and clay‐silica mixtures previously fired at high temperatures are presented.
REFRACTORIES IN METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES*
Authors: Sullivan John D.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Refractory performance, requirements, and life in the major metallurgical industries are discussed and the effect of improvements of refractories on metallurgical products and the life of furnaces are outlined. Newer refractory products are discussed and the place they are finding in the metallurgical industries mentioned.
III. THE EFFECTS OF VARIOUS TREATMENTS UPON THE AGING OF A CERAMIC BODY*
Authors: Glick Dudley P.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A preliminary study of the effects of various substances upon the aging of a ceramic body in the sterile and in the natural states is presented. The influence of each treatment on the growth of microörganisms is noted. In the case of tannic acid, the effect upon the physical properties of the body in the absence of microbial activity was especially pronounced. There is presented what is believed to be the first instance of the measurement of oxidation‐reduction potential in a ceramic material. Oxidation‐reduction potential is suggested as an index to microbiological activity in aging clay.
FRIT SOLUBILITY: I, COMPARISON OF METHODS OF DETERMINATION AND RELATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS TO ENAMEL SLIP CONSISTENCY*
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Bevis R. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Frit solubilities were determined (1) by extraction in a standard Soxhlet extraction apparatus and (2) by milling in the usual manner. Titrations were made by the potentiometrie method, using the glass electrode, and compared to the usual indicator method.

The relationship between these soluble portions of the frit and enamel‐slip consistency was studied.
EFFECT OF NEUTRALIZING SOLUTIONS ON GROUND‐COAT DRAINING*
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Gerdes P. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Six commercial neutralizes were introduced into enamel ground‐coat slips in proportion to their relative carry‐over with the steel. The effect on ground‐coat draining was studied by mobilometer data and weight measurements on standard test plates.
THE ANALYSIS OF FELDSPAR* Method for Determination of Normalities of Potassium Bromate and Sodium Thiosulfate in the Knowles‐Redmond Volumetric Procedure for the Determination of Alumina
Authors: Koenig K. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A method is described whereby the normalities of the oxidation‐reduction solutions used in the volumetric determination of alumina in feldspar, after separation as quinolate, are determined without the use of standards other than those which enter the reaction in the routine procedure.
A COMPARISON OF THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF USED SILICA BRICK FROM AN INSULATED AND AN UNINSULATED OPEN‐HEARTH FURNACE ROOF*
Authors: Pierce R. H. H. , Austin J. B.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Measurements of the linear thermal expansion of different zones in the used silica roof brick whose composition and structure have been described by Harvey show that along the length of the brick there are two abrupt changes in expansion. The first, whose existencè was predicted by Harvey and by Miller, coincides with the limit of penetration of iron oxide and arises from the fact that in the presence of iron oxide the silica, originally present as cristobalite, has been largely converted to tridymite, which has a different expansion. The limit of penetration of iron oxide is taken as that level at which the average temperature is 1100°C (2010°F), the temperature of the ternary eutectic in the system CaO‐FeO‐SiO2; consequently, the abrupt change in expansion, and therefore a zone of weakness, is to be expected after equilibrium has been established in any open‐hearth roof brick whose cold end is below 1100°C (2010°F). The second change, which is also due to a discontinuity in the distribution of cristobalite, occurs at that level in the brick at which the average temperature was 1470°C (2080°F), the lower limit of the stable range for cristobalite. In each case the change in expansion arises directly from a difference in the length‐change at the cristobalite inversion, which takes place at approximately 250°C (480°F), so that failure or spalling is most likely to occur when the roof is cooled below or heated through this temperature. The expansion data also show that the inversion temperature of cristobalite increases regularly with the temperature at which it was formed or at which it was brought to equilibrium.

The data obtained enable the determination of the average distribution of tempera ture through the brick in service, which, combined with existing data on thermal conductivity of silica brick, permits an estimation of the mean thermal conductivity of that part of the brick into which iron oxide has penetrated. This conductivity is greater than that of the rest of the brick and has a negative temperature coefficient in contrast to the positive coefficient for the unaltered part.
NOTE ON A NEW DRY‐PRESS DE‐AIRING DEVICE*
Authors: Curtis C. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Three general methods for de‐airing a dry press are (1) double‐pressing, (2) use of an easily condensable, gas, and (3) direct de‐airing. In an investigation of the latter it was found best to evacuate the mold box through holes drilled in the die pads. To keep the holes free of clay, a device called a “cleaning grid” was developed. A description of the construction and operation of an installation of this device is given.
MULLITE DEVELOPMENT IN SUPER‐DUTY FIRECLAY BRICK*
Authors: Harvey Fred A. , Birch Raymond E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Specimens of super‐fireclay brick, fired to cones 11, 13, and 18, were compared to determine the amount of mullite developed. X‐ray diffraction patterns of the three specimens compared with standard samples containing 40, 50, and 60% mullite indicated that all three specimens contained approximately 50% mullite. Petrographic examination showed distinct mullite crystals in the specimen fired to cone 18, while no mullite crystals could be identified in the specimen fired to cone 11. It is concluded that firing to higher temperatures than cone 11 increases the size of the mullite crystals but probably not the total amount of mullite present.
DELAYED GROUND‐COAT BLISTERING*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. , Theodore James J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Blistering is described and an investigation as to its causes is reported.
SOLUBILITY CHARACTERISTICS OF GLASSES BASICALLY DIFFERENT IN COMPOSITION*
Authors: Taylor W. C. , Smith R. D.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Comparative results are given using the American Ceramic Society No. 1 powder method on several glasses representing lime, lead, and borosilicate compositions. The effect of temperature on the rate of attack and some comparisons of surface attack to the powder method are given.
MICROSCOPIC STUDIES OF REBOILING PHENOMONA*
Authors: Connelly D. S. , Lord J. O.
Published: April 2007

Photomicrographs of enameled sheets at high temperatures, giving the different stages of the reboiling cycle and observations and deductions therefrom, are presented.
THE MODULUS OF ELASTICITY OF GLASS*: I Preliminary Studies: (a) Effect of Thermal History; (b) Effect of Temperature Change
Authors: Stong Guy E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

An apparatus has been set up with which the modulus of elasticity of glass may be determined with a probable error of ±0.2%. Results are presented showing that the modulus of this glass varies over R range of 7%, depending upon its previous thermal history, the modulus being higher for low‐temperature heat treatments. Determinations of the modulus have been made up to 450°C upon samples having different thermal histories. It has been found that the modulus decreases regularly, the rate of change increasing with rising temperature.
BALANCING HOLLOW‐WARE DIES WITHOUT THE USE OF DRAGS THEREBY INCREASING CAPACITY*
Authors: Longenecker H. L.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

To produce ware which will not crack in the drier, tile must be extruded from a die at a uniform velocity across the die. It is sometimes difficult to make the clay fill the corners of a large die. In common practice, a die is balanced by placing drags on the rear ends of the core post at the section of the die which runs fast, retarding the clay flow at that point sufficiently to equalize the flow across the die. The difficulty in filling the corners is overcome by making deep semicircular gouges in the die behind the corners.

It has been found better practice to speed the slow parts of the die by altering the taper of cores, shifting the cores sidewise to increase the web thickness at the slow sections, and thinning the web thickness at the fast sections. Gouging the corners is a form of dragging which is overcome by using better design.

Experimental data, drawings, photographs, instructions for die building and balancing, and proper taper of dies and cores are given. A die balanced without drags increases the tonnage per hour and reduces the power requirements.
THE SCRATCH‐RESISTING POWER OF GLASS AND ITS MEASUREMENT*
Authors: Bailey James
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Methods used by previous investigators yield valuable data but do not give the order of hardness of different glasses, nor do the results agree in many instances with usual conceptions of relative hardness. A study of the problem had indicated that the scratch resistance of a glass surface depends upon factors other than the mechanical strength of the body of the glass. An examination of used glass articles showed that the scratches could be divided roughly into two classes: surface abrasions and scratches produced by crushing the surface. The ability of one material to scratch another depends upon the velocity of motion and upon the refractoriness of the material forming the point.

Preliminary work has shown that a test for the scratch‐resisting power of a glass surface should test the surface as it exists upon the article. The conditions causing the initial rupture of the surface should be used as a measure of the scratch‐resisting power of the particular surface.

The method adopted for testing the surface consisted of rolling a 1/8‐inch diameter steel ball over the surface in such a manner that the pressure increased as the ball rolled along. The pressure at which the first conchoidal breaks occurred was used as a measure of the hardness.

Natural surfaces such as those of drawn window glass vary in hardness. Fused silica glass has a value of 10 to 12 pounds, common window glass has values of about 25 pounds, while some glass with a high alumina content has much higher values. Ground and polished surfaces are softer than fire‐polished surfaces on the same glass, and strained glass has a harder surface than the same glass in the annealed state.

Illustrations of various types of new scratches, weathering effects along scratches, weathering effects in cracks and fractures, and a series of the ball tracks left in a glass surface by the tests are shown.
MECHANICS OF ENAMEL ADHERENCE: XIII, A REVIEW OF THE THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS FOR FORMATION OF METAL PARTICLES IN “COBALT” GROUND COATS AND SOME PERTINENT EXPERIMENTS*
Authors: King R. M.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Luther's rule has been suggested to explain the action of FeO, or its solid solutions with oxygen, in forming both Fe and Fe3O4. The theories of Ebell and others have also been reviewed. An X‐ray analysis of previously fired “cobalt” ground coat and a photomicrograph of an iron‐oxide enamel are given.
THE EFFECT OF ZrO2, AND TiO2 UPON THE RESISTANCE TO CRAZING OF A TYPICAL GLAZE FOR SEMIVITREOUS DINNERWARE*
Authors: Hepplewhite J. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The results of additions of ZrO2 and TiO2 to a typical glaze for semivitreous dinner‐ware are given with reference to the resistance to crazing, color, and texture of the resulting glazes.
CAROLINA STONE*
Authors: Weis J. H. , Boyd J. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Analytical descriptions are given of feldspars available in North Carolina to show the possibilities of producing material similar in composition to English Cornwall stone.
COLOR MEASUREMENTS*
Authors: Michaelson J. L.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

There is a growing need in the enamel industry for accurate specification of color. This paper is a discussion of the objective method of color specification and instruments for measuring color.
ADHESION OF ENAMEL TO STEEL PRODUCED BY THE ELECTRODEPOSITION OF Mo(OH)3 ON THE STEEL*
Authors: Amberg C. R , Prior H. D. , Richmond J. C.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

It has been found that the deposit of Mo(OH)3, produced when steel is made the cathode in a solution of ammonium molybdate, will cause a white enamel to adhere to steel. A theory is advanced, as a possible explanation, that the deposited coating prevents the formation of excess iron oxide which would weaken the enamel‐iron bond.
DE‐AIRING IN AN ORDINARY PUG MILL*
Authors: Stettinius Kenneth
Published: April 2007

Abstract

In the top of the pug mill, in the region where the relatively air‐free press cakes are being churned and compacted, carbonic acid gas is substituted by displacement for the small amount of air which usually becomes entrapped. Visible gas blebs in the pug are eliminated or minimized, drying losses are greatly reduced, and the integrity of the product is improved. Methods of testing, visual and quantitative, are described to develop and indicate the presence of gases in the pugged clay. The results are illustrated.
COLORED CERAMIC AGGREGATE FOR DECORATIVE CONCRETE*
Authors: Planje C. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The formulation and preparation of colored ceramic aggregate for concrete was investigated. Studies indicate that these aggregates can be used in concrete facings to produce colorful and decorative effects. Physical tests of ceramic aggregates in concrete are also discussed.
DISCUSSION ON LORD'S PAPER*
Authors: Kautz Karl
Published: April 2007

Author's Note: There seem to he some points which are not clear and some omissions which have caused confusion in the paper1 presented by the writer. Owing to the length of this paper, some data were purposely omitted for the sake of brevity. The writer wishes to thank Professor Lord for bringing these points to his attention and also for permitting this discussion of the preceding paper.
TALC IN WHITEWARE*
Authors: Geller R. F. , Creamer A. S.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Three talcs, representative of low, medium, and high CaO content, were used in preparing twenty‐four bodies which were heated at four temperatures. The products ranged from the highly porous earthenware type to porcelain, and test results indicate some possibilities and limitations which the white‐ware industry may expect of white‐ware bodies made with 14 to 40% talc.
THE USE OF SYENITES IN SEMIVITREOUS WARE: II, PLANT TRIALS*
Authors: Koenig C. J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Five‐inch plates indicating promising results were made from semivitreous bodies prepared (1) by introducing the syenite in reduced amounts and (2) by counteracting the greater fluxing action of the syenites as compared to feldspar by reducing the firing temperature. These plates passed autoclave, heat shock, impact, and chipping tests satisfactorily. When the plates embodying syenite failed after repeated tests, the failure was caused by dunting. In no case did crazing occur. Bodies in which equal parts of syenites were substituted for feldspar gave increased values for modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity, but for the same degree of absorption the values fell within the same range. The syenite bodies showed less tendency to warpage than the feldspar body. The linear coefficient of expansion of the syenite bodies is greater than the corresponding feldspar body, and bodies combining feldspar and syenite are intermediate in this respect. Photomicrographs of body structure are included.
THE EFFECT OF SMALL ADDITIONS OF BENTONITE AND BALL CLAY TO A WHITEWARE MIXTURE*
Authors: Whittemore J. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Varying amounts of ball clay and bentonite were added to a whiteware mixture. The effect of the additions on the plasticity and other physical properties was studied.
PROGRESS REPORT ON OCCURRENCE AND REFINING OF SOME OF THE TENNESSEE VALLEY PRIMARY KAOLINS, THEIR USE IN VITREOUS CERAMIC WHITEWARE BODIES, AND RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS RUN TO DEVELOP A MODIFIED TYPE OF VITREOUS TRANSLUCENT DINNERWARE MADE FROM ALL‐AMERICAN MATERIALS*
Authors:   The Tennessee Valley Authority Ceramic Laboratory Staff
Published: April 2007

Abstract

This report is a collection of papers dealing with the occurrence and refining of primary North Carolina kaolins, their use in a vitreous china or porcelain‐type dinnerware body, some notes on casting and plastic forming of these bodies, and some preliminary results in determining the best firing schedules.

The report also includes a statement of the purposes and aims of the laboratory and a description of the building and part of the equipment.
PART VI, PLASTIC FORMING OF VITREOUS BODIES OF TRUE PORCELAIN OR CHINA TYPE, USING AMERICAN KAOLINS AS PLASTIC CONSTITUENTS, WITH NOTES ON A NEW METHOD OF MANUFACTURING STRAIGHT FLAT WARE
Authors: Gould R. E.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The plastic forming of bodies previously described in Parts IV and V was easily and simply done by the usual semivitreous methods on all articles except flat ware which could be jiggered but which deformed in the firing process. A new method is described in which the plates are held rigid during the bisque‐firing process by braces made from the same body as the plates, supporting the points of the plates which tend to deform owing to the pull of gravity or internal stresses. One method of manufacturing these braces is described, which is apparently successful in most of its features. The method appears to be practical in that internal stresses induced during the manufacturing can be disregarded, thus making possible the use of simpler automatic forming machines and devices. Complete success has not yet been obtained, but failures have all been traceable to mechanical defects. Using this method requires a much higher degree of mechanical perfection than is common to the ceramic dinnerware industry but which is entirely within the bounds of practical possibility.
THE EFFECT OF ALUMINA ON THE SURFACE TENSION OF MOLTEN GLASS*
Authors: Parmelee By C. W. , Harman C. G.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The maximum bubble‐pressure method has been used to determine the surface tensions of molten glasses. The compositions of the glasses were those typical of certain types of commercial products. A brief summary of the theory and application of the method is presented. The surface tensions of the glasses studied were of the order of 300 dynes per centimeter and the temperature coefficients were — 0.017 dyne per centimeter per degree centigrade. It was found that A12O3 raised the surface tension of soda‐lime‐silica glass, the increase being almost linear between 2% Al2O3 and 8% Al2O3.
ANALYSIS OF FELDSPAR—DETERMINATION OF. FERRIC OXIDE: I, DECOMPOSITION OF SAMPLE*
Authors: Koenig By E. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

A modified method for the decomposition of the feldspar sample, preliminary to the determination of percentage ferric oxide, is described.
INTEGRAL EXPANSION OF VITREOUS ENAMELS BETWEEN THE SOFTENING POINT AND ROOM TEMPERATURE*
Authors: Rosbnbero J. H. , Langerman A.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The differential expansion of vitreous enamels and base metal is estimated from the mechanical properties of a closed ring of the sheet metal covered on the outside with enamel. An equation is derived relating the tangential static force necessary to overcome the stress in the ring to the coefficient of expansion and elastic properties of the enamel. The equation is reduced to linear form and a plot gives accurately (as–ae) ΔT, where as and ae are, respectively, the average coefficients of the steel and the enamel in the temperature interval, ΔT, between the softening point of the enamel and room temperature. The results by this method are in good agreement with those obtained by interferometer measurements.
X‐RAY INVESTIGATION OF THE PYROCHEMICAL CHANGES IN MISSOURI HALLOYSITE*
Authors: Zvanut Frank J. , Wood Lyman J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Results are presented of an X‐ray study of the chemical changes that take place during the progressive firing of Missouri halloysite. A General Electric multiple‐diffraction unit was used to obtain patterns of samples that had been fired at temperatures ranging from 350 °C to the melting point (about 1800 °C) at 50 ° intervals. Twenty‐three of these samples were fired for 12‐hour periods, five for 200‐hour periods, and a few at the higher temperatures for shorter periods of time. The results seem to indicate the dehydration of the kaolin mineral to be near 450 °C, the precipitation of a modified phase of gamma‐alumina at 900 °C, the appearance of mullite at 1150 °C, and the crystallization of cristobalite at about 1350 °C, with its subsequent disappearance above 1500 °C. A short summary of the results of the chemical and petrographic studies which were made with the X‐ray study is appended.
I, Effect of Small Imposed Loads on Shrinkage Behavior and Plastic Properties of Some Clays*
Authors: Schurkcht H. G. , Lampman C. Major
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Marked differences in shrinkage behavior and plastic deformations are caused by pressures commonly present in large shapes and in ware stacked during the drying period. Strains resulting from these variations may explain excessive cracking frequently encountered in large shapes and in the lower pieces in drier car settings. Plastic clays tested under the conditions of this test showed two yield values instead of one as was the ease with tests made with the Bingham plastometer. The tensile strength of a clay during drying was found to be a linear function of its water content.
SILICATE SCIENCE*
Authors: Morey George W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

An attempt is made to correlate, by means of the changing properties of silica in a crystallizing rock magma, the various branches of science and technology which are concerned with the properties of silicates. Such a discussion serves to bring out both similarities and differences between the processes taking place in nature and those characteristic of the many branches of technology dependent on the properties of silicates.
THE EFFECT OF IRON SURFACE PREPARATION UPON ENAMEL ADHERENCE*
Authors: Kautz Karl
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Photomicrographs of iron surfaces prepared for enameling by various methods and these iron surfaces with attached ground‐coat enamels at different stages of firing are shown. The results of adherence tests upon these various enameled surfaces are given.
EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOME SILICA‐ALUMINA GLASSES*
Authors: Thompson C. L. , Parmelee C. W.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

Glasses made from Florida kaolin and quartz so that the compositions lie in the field in which mullite is the primary phase showed characteristic changes in their thermal expansion when heated. These may be due in part to stresses in the glass and in part to the crystallization of submicroscopic mullite.

Cristobalite or tridymite also crystallized from the glasses when they were heated to 1230°C.
PRACTICAL DE‐AIRING*
Authors: Isenhour John H.
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The following points are discussed in this paper: (1) theoretical de‐airing: (a) theory of colloids, (b) effect of de‐aired material on metal, (c) nature of different materials relative to de‐airing, (d) unequal density, and (e) lamination; (2) drying: (a) rate of drying, (b) drying strength, and (c) shrinkage; (3) firing; and (4) practical experiments with de‐airing from the machine to the finished product, using three different clays and their combinations.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON THE STRUCTURE OF SOAPSTONE*
Authors: Wilson Hewitt , Pask J. A.
Published: April 2007

Arstract

Samples of soapstone from a deposit in the Cascade Mountains of Washington were heated to various temperatures, draw trials were made, and the effect of temperature on the structure and texture was studied microscopically. The results obtained indicate a change of the talc to enstatite at about 1000°C. with a further change to clinoenstatite at about 1200°C. At the higher temperatures iron impurities have united with silica, probably to form fayalitc along the original impure schistosic planes of the soapstone.
REVIEW OF CERAMIC MATERIALS FOR HIGH‐FREQUENCY INSULATION*
Authors: Thurnauer Hans
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The requirements of physical properties for high‐frequency insulators arc outlined The three groups of ceramic materials especially suitable for high‐frequency insulation arc steatite, cordierite, and rutile bodies The properties and manufacturing problems in connection with these three groups of materials arc discussed.
Dual inhibition of ras and bcr‐abl signalling pathways in chronic myeloid leukaemia: a phase I/II study in patients in complete haematological remission
Authors: Pavlu Jiri , Andreasson Catharina , Chuah Charles , Kaeda Jaspal , Goldman John M. , Apperley Jane F. , Marin David
Published: April 2007

Zoledronic acid inhibits the prenylation of ras‐related proteins downstream of bcr‐abl and preclinical studies have shown augmentation of the inhibitory effects of imatinib in BCR‐ABL expressing cells. A Phase I/II study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of the addition of zoledronic acid to imatinib in patients with chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) with a suboptimal response to imatinib alone. Ten patients with CML who had been treated with imatinib for at least 2 years and had achieved and maintained a complete haematological response were included. Zoledronic acid was administered intravenously on one occasion every 28 d. The initial dose of 4 mg was given for three consecutive months; in the absence of significant toxicity and/or response the dose was escalated to 8 mg for an additional 3 months. Efficacy was assessed by serial monitoring of blood levels of BCR‐ABL transcripts and bone marrow cytogenetics. Addition of zoledronic acid to imatinib caused no haematological toxicity. There were no grade III or IV non‐haematological adverse effects. Grade I fatigue, hypocalcaemia and fever were common side effects. No responses were demonstrated after 6 months on the combination.