bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Sex-Dependent, Tropic Role for Leptin in the Somatotrope as a Regulator of POU1F1 and POU1F1-Dependent Hormones
Authors: Odle Angela K. , Allensworth-James Melody L. , Akhter Noor , Syed Mohsin , Haney Anessa C. , MacNicol Melanie , MacNicol Angus M. , Childs Gwen V.
Published: August 2016

Pituitary somatotropes perform the key function of coordinating organismic growth and body composition with metabolic signals. However, the mechanism by which they sense and respond to metabolic signals via the adipokine leptin is unknown. The complex interplay between the heterogeneous cell types of the pituitary confounds the identification of somatotrope-specific mechanisms. Somatotropes represent 30%–40% of the anterior pituitary population and are derived from a lineage of cells that are activated by the Pit-Oct-Unc domain family domain class 1 transcription factor 1 (POU1F1) to produce GH, prolactin (PRL). and TSH. To determine the mechanism by which leptin controls somatotrope function, we used Cre-LoxP technology and fluorescence-activated cell sorting to purify and study control or leptin receptor-deleted (Lepr null) somatotropes. We report that Lepr-null somatotropes show significant reductions in GH protein (GH) and Gh mRNA. By contrast, enzyme immunoassays detected no changes in ACTH, LH, and FSH levels in mutants, indicating that the control of these hormones is independent of leptin signaling to somatotropes. Reduced TSH and PRL levels were also observed, but interestingly, this reduction occurred only in in Lepr-null somatotropes from mutant females and not from males. Consistent with the sex-specific reduction in Gh mRNA, TSH, and PRL, enzyme immunoassays detected a sex-specific reduction in POU1F1 protein levels in adult female Lepr-null somatotropes. Collectively, this study of purified Lepr-null somatotropes has uncovered an unexpected tropic role for leptin in the control of POU1F1 and all POU1F1-dependent hormones. This supports a broader role for somatotropes as metabolic sensors including sex-specific responses to leptin.
Use of Multimedia Technologies in Formation of Professional Competence of Students of Technical University
Authors: Тен  , Ten Marina
Published: August 2016

This article presents the integrated approach of the professional competencies of students of the correspondence form of evening-technical college training. The essence of the approach is the use of traditional forms of education, complemented by innovative forms: interactive content of descriptive geometry teacher in multimedia environments, the use of graphical editors in the learning process. These developments were due to the orientation of modern education on the priority development of creative qualities of professional engineer, the development of which, according to many experts, is possible in a graphical environment [3; 9]. On the other hand, there are the problems of mastering the course of descriptive geometry for the students in absentia-evening form of a technical college education related to insufficient spatial representations. The intensification of the educational process, especially training programs with restrictions on hours of classroom courses assimilation, brought to the fore the search for ways to solve this problem. The rapid development of the Information Society have significantly revised teaching methods, individualizing the educational trajectory. Implementation of the developed pedagogical impact of the measures has shown that the uptake rate of descriptive geometry substantially improved without increasing the teaching hours.
Computer psychodiagnostics on the basis of automated workplace of psychologist PsychoTest of the ministry of internal affairs
Authors: Авдеева  , Avdeeva Elena
Published: August 2016

Computer technologies are gradually transformed in the transition from the auxiliary into binding agents of psihopraktik. The article discusses the possibility of a workstation PsychoTest for psychologist and especially its use in conducting psychodiagnostic survey of personnel of internal affairs bodies.
On the Interconnection of a Range and the Second-Order Cluster
Authors: Графский  , Grafskiy O.
Published: August 2016

In accordance with “Specialized sections of affine,

projective and computational geometry” syllabus for Master’s

degree program in “Multimedia systems and computer graphics”

developed at the Far Eastern State Transport University, the subject

“Projective theory of the second-order curves” is considered [4;

14; 18]. Both at the sources mentioned and the textbook [11] projective method of the second-order curves formation as a range of

the second order and its dual form – a second-order cluster (with

regard to well-known theorems and relations, including Pascal and

Brianchon theorems) is discernible.

However, the graphical interpretations represented at the sources

mentioned have general abstract character: to form the secondorder

range two projective clusters of the first-order with the corresponding

right lines are defined, and to design the second-order

range – two projective series with the corresponding points. Techniques

of high value can be observed when constructing outlines with the

second-order curves; in this case, depending on engineering discriminant

values, these curves can be constructed both using Pascal

lines and qualities of the engineering discriminant itself, that is

paying attention to the fact that tangents to the second-order curves

makes the second-order cluster.

Naturally, intent arises not to set the corresponding points on

projective ranges, but to get them by elaboration, disclosing upon

that regularities when constructing different second-order curves

(the first aspect of research). The second aspect is in the consider -

ation of the particular cases which would have definite secondorder

clusters. In this case the task would be to model the secondorder

range as a dual form of cluster. Thus it would be possible to

get the interconnection of the definite cluster and the second-order

cluster.
Mutual Support and Usage of CAD Systems
Authors: Овчаренко  , Ovcharenko O.
Published: August 2016

In speaking of modern higher education, we mean an

educational system that allows young specialists to fit into the labour

market. Such specialists need to be equipped with the necessary

knowledge and skills not only to perform work on the project, but

also to attack the problem creatively. The task of higher school is

to provide the necessary set of knowledge and skills that will allow

young specialists to work successfully and to be on the march. The

language of communication of engineers is drawings. Computer

drawings allow reducing the working time considerably in the development,

production, remediation, transfer, and retention. Therefore, the ability to use drawing program for working with images is

necessary. Despite all the powerful design tools and visualization,

a key moment in computer design is the documentation of the

product and its design in accordance with accepted standards that

is considered to be an integral part of the design process. After the

successful development of a 2D environment, the expert can confidently

move on to 3D modeling that facilitates the receipt of

drawings and models at times and gives you the opportunity to

inspect the settings of the virtual model and, if necessary, to improve

them significantly. Usage of different CAD-systems for communication

engineers- partners is a reality. Therefore it is very useful for

a specialist to be able to use different programs. Modern graphic

programs (AutoCAD, SolidEdge) have many similar opportunities,

but they also have some differences. Knowledge of several drawing

programs is necessary and reduces the amount of time for the skills

development for usage of each CAD-system is the problem of the

future engineer.

The article compares two different programs and the possibility

of using the both CAD-systems for working with drawings.
Problems of Judicial Protection of Social Rights of Citizens of the Russian Federation
Authors: Андриченко Людмила , Andrichyenko Lyudmila
Published: August 2016

The article defines the methods for the protection of social rights of citizens of the Russian Federation, the most effective of which is recognized to be judicial protection. Primarily, attention is focused on the practices of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation with regard to the constitutional norms and principles relating to the protection of social rights of the Russian citizens, including equality, justice, state guarantees of the rights and freedoms of individuals and citizens, state compensation for damages caused by unlawful acts committed by state and municipal authorities acting in their official capacity. The article contains the analysis of the role of constitutional courts of the Russian Federation with regard to the protection of social rights. The decisions thereof do not only allow assess the status of constitutional legality in various regions, but also offer guidance for legislative and law enforcement bodies of state power of subjects of the Russian Federation and local self-government. The author notes that a great number of cases relating to the protection of fundamental social rights in courts of general jurisdiction is indicative of inefficiencies in the field of social rights of citizens.
Trends in the Legislation of the Russian Federation in the Sphere of Regulated Procurements
Authors: Беляева Ольга , Byelyayeva Olga
Published: August 2016

The article contains the analysis of the Russian legislation on regulated purchases during the period starting the year 2012. It contains substantiated civil nature of purchasing relations, the circle of people whose purchasing activities are subordinated to the effects of legislation regulating the contractual system and to the Federal law “Of purchase of goods, works and services by certain types of legal entities”. The author traces the trends that are relevant to the development of legislation on purchasing practices. Specially outlined is the trend of extrapolation of the law when this law has no specific group of participants to regulate, and the tendency of creating “the purchasing code”, in other words, to eliminate differentiated legal regulation and to establish common purchase standards to be applied to the whole of contract system. The article describes the possible pending changes in the contract legislation. Also, an attempt is made to assess the effectiveness of the regulated procurements legislation which helps to identify problem areas such as distortions in the meaning of the law the way it is interpreted in by-laws, existence of legal gaps and collisions, lack of uniform law-enforcement standards.
The Concept of Beneficial Ownership in Russian Judicial Practice (Private Law Aspects)
Authors: Канашевский Владимир , Kanashevskiy Vladimir
Published: August 2016

The author studies the definitions and features of the concept of “beneficial ownership” and its application by Russian courts. Although the Russian civil law does not recognize the concept of beneficial ownership which comes from the English law of equity, this concept is beginning to be recognized by Russian judicial practice, in particular, in the recent resolutions of the Russian Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. The cases in question relate to the division of the joint property acquired by spouses during the marriage (the Russian courts consider the property (assets) of the offshore company or trust controlled by spouse (acting as a beneficiary) as a joint spouses’ property); recognition of the rights of beneficiary for challenging the decisions of the companies controlled by such beneficiary; levy of execution upon the property of the offshore companies and trusts controlled by beneficiary for the beneficiary’s debts. It is obvious that decisions of Russian courts are in the line with trends of development of foreign case law. One of the manifestations of the beneficial ownership concept in Russian law is the institute of “a person having factual right for the income”, fixed by Russian tax law. Considering the deoffshorization policy in Russia, it is obvious that this institute will continue to be reflected in the national tax law. The author attends to, inter alia, the questions of applicable law to beneficial ownership, including applicable law to the relations with offshore companies and trusts. In particular, the legal regime of foreign trust’s or offshore company’s property shall be determined by the law of the relevant foreign jurisdiction but not by the rules of Russian law.
Legislation in Social Sphere: Measuring Efficiency
Authors: Волкова Наталья , Volkova Natalya , Еремина Ольга , Yeryemina Olga
Published: August 2016

The author undertook to study the evaluation of efficiency with regard to legislation, which regulates social sphere. The article speaks of the special approach adopted to determine the efficiency of social legislation. There have been identified the criteria for such efficiency. The author further analyses the criteria used to determine the social effects of law as well as the ways used to apply said criteria. Subject to analysis is the applicability of various indicators employed to establish the efficiency of a given normative act. The author formulates the principle which helps to establish the efficiency of legislative acts. Specific examples are cited from among the currently effective social legislation. The authors come to conclude of the complexity to determine the degree of efficiency in the sphere of legislation which is largely conditional on the substance of relations regulated by law.
Essence, Functions and Legal Forms of Funds
Authors: Кучеров Илья , Kuchyerov Ilya
Published: August 2016

The article attempts to identify existing legal forms of funds through the prism of the performance of the basic functions. It explains fundamental role money has to play: a function of medium of exchange, a measure of value, means of accumulation, means of payment and the function of world money. The function of medium of exchange involves the use of funds in the area of trading. Use of money as a common counting unit is connected with the economical function of the measure of value. This function means that money serves as the universal means of indicating the price of goods, works and services. As a means of accumulating it is materialized through accumulation, which have the feature of value stability. As means of payment money works through payments out of any direct connection with the downturn area. Finally, the functioning of world money is associated with the use of the currency of a state in international payments. The author considers other functions of money. Special attention is paid to the legal currency, foreign currency and monetary metals.
Criminal Law Practices and Stability of Crediting System
Authors: Савенков Александр , Savenkov Aleksandr
Published: August 2016

The article is devoted to ensuring the financial security of the Russian state in connection with the implementation of the criminal policy. It underlines the need of decriminalization of the area of economic activity for the related legal relations protection. It defines the economic security threat to the country in the context of state strategic planning. It pays special attention to combating crime in the financial sphere. It covers changes in legislature in this sphere that result in expansion of legal practice of prosecution for crimes committed in such area, and that are aimed at preventing illegal financial transactions, as well as the organization of inter-agency cooperation in criminal cases of this category. Microfinance institutions in the form of firm-“ephemeral”, “pyramid schemes” and participating in illegal lending market, which is due to the ability to create imperfection of legal regulation of their activities are detected as a significant threat to stability of functioning of the financial and credit system. It indicates that the mechanism of criminal repression without other complex legislation is inadequate method to counter such crimes. It contains results of the analysis of prevention and detection of criminal acts of problems in this area and proposals for their resolution, including the normative character, and others.
Grounds for International Responsibility of States: Theoretical and Practical Aspects
Authors: Курдюков Геннадий , Kurdyukov Gennadiy , Кривенкова Мария , Krivenkova Mariya
Published: August 2016

The article deals with the doctrinal approaches to the meaning of the term “grounds” for international responsibility. The authors analyze the points of view expressed by national writers on to the problem in question as well as and the norms of international law which specify the situations where a state may be called upon to be held liable internationally. Given the existing complexities, determination of such grounds calls for a greater regulation of states’ liability which may entail international liability. Meanwhile the existing practical difficulties in the process of finding of these grounds show the necessity for a detailed regulation of obligations of states.
Institute of Recognition of States in International Law and Self-Proclaimed Territorial Entities
Authors: Караев Рауф , Karaev Rauf
Published: August 2016

In the system of international law the institute of international legal recognition of states acquired a special urgency. It is connected with a problem that arises with the emergence of unrecognized territorial entities which claim the status of independent states. The author gives the classification of such territorial formations. As the result of analysis, the author concludes, that only those territorial entities, that are created in conformity with the norms and principles of international law can claim to be recognized. Conversely, territorial entities that are created in the violation of international law cannot be recognized. In such cases, those States whose territorial unity was destructed by such illegal separatist and unrecognized community creation, can use any methods to liquidate such formations (for example, Islamic State and Levant).
Weather and the Psychology of Purchasing Outdoor Movie Tickets
Authors: Buchheim Lukas , Kolaska Thomas
Published: August 2016

The consequences of many economic decisions materialize only in the future. To make informed choices in such decision problems, consumers need to anticipate the likelihood of future states of the world, the state dependence of their preferences, and the choice alternatives that may become relevant. This complex task may expose consumers to psychological biases like extrapolative expectations, projection bias, or salience. We test whether customers are affected by such biases when they buy advance tickets for an outdoor movie theater, a real-world situation that, because of the availability of reliable weather forecasts, closely resembles a stylized decision problem under risk. We find that customers’ decisions are heavily influenced by the weather at the time of purchase, even though the latter is irrelevant for the experience of visiting the theater in the future. The empirical evidence cannot be fully explained by a range of candidate rational explanations, but is consistent with the presence of the aforementioned psychological mechanisms.

This paper was accepted by John List, behavioral economics.
Multitasking, Multiarmed Bandits, and the Italian Judiciary
Authors: Bray Robert L. , Coviello Decio , Ichino Andrea , Persico Nicola
Published: August 2016

We model how a judge schedules cases as a multiarmed bandit problem. The model indicates that a first-in-first-out (FIFO) scheduling policy is optimal when the case completion hazard rate function is monotonic. But there are two ways to implement FIFO in this context: at the hearing level or at the case level. Our model indicates that the former policy, prioritizing the oldest hearing, is optimal when the case completion hazard rate function decreases, and the latter policy, prioritizing the oldest case, is optimal when the case completion hazard rate function increases. This result convinced six judges of the Roman Labor Court of Appeals—a court that exhibits increasing hazard rates—to switch from hearing-level FIFO to case-level FIFO. Tracking these judges for eight years, we estimate that our intervention decreased the average case duration by 12% and the probability of a decision being appealed to the Italian supreme court by 3.8%, relative to a 44-judge control sample.
An Exact Method for Vehicle Routing and Truck Driver Scheduling Problems
Authors: Goel Asvin , Irnich Stefan
Published: August 2016

In most developed countries working hours of truck drivers are constrained by hours of service regulations. When optimizing vehicle routes, trucking companies must consider these constraints to assure that drivers can comply with the regulations. This paper studies the combined vehicle routing and truck driver scheduling problem (VRTDSP), which generalizes the well-known vehicle routing problem with time windows by considering working hour constraints. A branch-and-price algorithm for solving the VRTDSP is presented. This is the first algorithm that solves the VRTDSP to proven optimality.
Dietary knowledge Among Female Diabetic Patients in Amman, Jordan
Authors: El-Qudah Jafar
Published: August 2016

The aim of this study was to assess dietary knowledge among females with diabetes in Amman, Jordan. We performed a cross-sectional study of diabetic patients attending outpatient diabetes clinics, at several hospitals in Amman . A questionnaires and 24-hour dietary recall were completed by the participants. The study used a face to face interview during which a questionnaire was filled by the investigator about knowledge and attitudes of diabetic patients. The study sample was composed of 180 females. Most of the patients have diabetes for more than two years (78.3%) and had a positive family history of diabetes as a first degree relative. About 50% suffered from diabetes related health disease and about half of the patients were overweight and 32.2% were obese. More than half of patients (56.1%) gave wrong answers for meals recommended for diabetes/day and that should be used with hypoglycemia (44.5%), food rich in protein (47.6%), number of snacks (50.6%) and their role (43.1%), drinks permitted with unlimited amounts (61.4%) and suitable time to drink juice (78.1%). Most of the patients gave correct answers for food rich in fats (48.4%), cholesterol (47.8%), and controlling blood sugar (51.7%), right and number of snacks recommended (68.7%) and food which raises blood sugar (49.1%). According to the results, the dietary knowledge of diabetic patients is inadequate and need improvement. The study recommends that there is a need to set up a health education programme on diabetes mellitus which would also include a self-monitoring programme.
Post-Harvest Practices, Constraints and Opportunities Along Cassava Value Chain in Kenya
Authors: Abong George , Shibairo Solomon , Wanjekeche Elizabeth , Ogendo Joshua , Wambua Tom , Lamuka Peter , Arama Peter , Okoth Michael , Mulwa Richard , Kamidi Margaret , Mcosore Zadoc , Masha Christine
Published: August 2016

Despite its great potential as a food, feed and for industrial application, its processing and marketing remains economically unexploited. A cross-sectional baseline survey was undertaken in Western (Migori and Busia) and Coastal (Kilifi and Kwale) regions of Kenya between March 2013 and February 2014 using structured questionnaires to assess the post-harvest practices, opportunities and constraints in cassava processing. Results indicate that cassava processing is predominantly (58%) a women affair, males accounting for 42% with modal processors age being 32 years. Flour was the most common processed cassava product in the Coast (33%) while dried chips was highly produced in Migori and Busia in equal proportion of 43%. Other important products included cassava crisps and composite flour. Coast region had a greater diversity of products which are none existent in other regions. Most of the processing across the regions are small scale with workers mostly being the owners and activities take place in open yards with majority of these being in Busia (85 %) followed by Migori (67 %) and Coast region (57 %). Constraints during cassava processing were ranked in the following order: irregular and inadequate supply coupled with low seasonal demand for cassava and cassava products; high perishability of cassava roots; lack of value addition and processing tools; poor group dynamics, cohesion and management structure; lack of capacity building in production and processing technologies. There is very limited value addition to cassava in the study regions and hence the need to develop innovative technologies as well as new domestic and industrial products. Consumer sensitization and awareness on utilization of cassava and cassava products may be key to its promotion.
Ethnoastronomy-The Baduy agricultural calendar and prediction of environmental perturbations
Authors: ISKANDAR JOHAN , ISKANDAR BUDIAWATI S.
Published: August 2016

Iskandar J, Iskandar BS 2016. Ethnoastronomy-The Baduy agricultural calendar and prediction of environmental perturbations. Biodiversitas 17: 694-703. In the past, the village farmers of Java and other islands owned extensive the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on climate or pranata mangsa. It had culturally practiced as guidance to various agricultural activities, such as planting rice which is considered and fixed with dynamic climate conditions. Nowadays, however, the pranata mangsa has eroded and neglected by the majority irrigated rice (sawah) farmers. Unlike the sawah farmers, the Baduy people have culturally maintained the pranata mangsa (called by Baduy as pananggalan) for annual practicing the swidden farming (ngahuma). This paper discusses the way in which cultural practices of Baduy swidden farming based on traditional calendar. Method used in this study qualitative which is based on ethnoecology or ethnoastronomy approach. The result of study shows that the Baduy rice farming cycle isfixed annually with reference to an agricultural calendar. It has slightly affected by the various environmental perturbations, because the Baduy people have developed some strategies, such as by organizing the traditional calendar and applying the traditional agroforestry that productions can be used for both subsistence and commercial purposes.
Insiden Hiponatremia Pasca operasi Mayor pada Anak di Ruang Rawat Intensif
Authors: Septhiandi Nathanne , Dewi Rismala , Yanuarso Piprim B , Ifran Evita Kariani B. , Amelia Novie , Hidayati Eka Laksmi
Published: August 2016

Latar belakang. Penggunaan cairan yang tidak tepat sering menimbulkan peningkatan kejadian hiponatremia yang berhubungan erat dengan meningkatnya berbagai komplikasi, seperti edema otak, kejang, bahkan kematian.Tujuan. Mengetahui insiden hiponatremia pada anak pasca tindakan operasi mayor.Metode. Studi retrospektif potong lintang dilakukan terhadap anak usia 1 bulan hingga 18 tahun yang menjalani tindakan operasi mayor dan masuk ruang rawat intensif. Penelusuran status medik sesuai kriteria inklusi dilakukan sampai jumlah sampel terpenuhi. Dicatat data subjek pre operasi, intra operasi, serta pemantauan pasca operasi. Definisi hiponatremia <135 mEq/L, diklasifikasikan sesuai derajat hiponatremia dan dilakukan pencarian lebih lanjut terhadap komplikasi.Hasil. Didapat 90 subjek, terdiri atas 56,7% laki-laki (51,1%) dan  rentang usia 1 bulan hingga 17 tahun. Tindakan laparatomi dengan berbagai indikasi dijalani 47,8% subjek. Hampir semua subjek (9 3,3%) mendapat cairan hipotonik pasca operasi. Insiden hiponatremia pasca operasi 28,9%, 11,1% di antaranya hiponatremia sedang-berat. Rerata kadar natrium pasca operasi (130,1±4,1) mEq/L, rerata total cairan (79,8±27,4) mL/kg. Pada 30,9% subjek yang mendapatkan cairan hipotonik pasca operasi mengalami kejadian hiponatremia, rerata lama rawat 5,6±4 hari. Terdapat 1/26 subjek yang mengalami komplikasi berupa kejang dan edema otak.Kesimpulan. Insiden hiponatremia pasca tindakan operasi mayor di ruang rawat intensif hampir mencapai 30% dan sebagian besar mendapat cairan hipotonik pasca operasi. Penelitian lebih lanjut perlu dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemberian cairan pasca operasi yang tepat untuk mencegah hiponatremia.
Profil Pemberian Cairan Perioperatif serta Pengaruhnya terhadap Keseimbangan Asam Basa, Elektrolit, dan Kadar Glukosa Darah
Authors: Puspita Ratih , Pudjiadi Antonius , Pusponegoro Hardiono , Pardede Sudung  Pardede O , Karyanti Mulya R , Roeslani Rosalina D
Published: August 2016

Latar belakang. Pemberian cairan intravena perioperatif yang tidak tepat dapat menimbulkan komplikasi asidosis metabolik, hiponatremia, hipoglikemi, atau hiperglikemia.Tujuan. Mengetahui profil pemberian cairan perioperatif serta pengaruhnya terhadap keseimbangan asam basa, elektrolit dan gula darah serum.Metode. Studi deskriptif kohort prospektif pada anak yang menjalani tindakan bedah elektif di RSCM. Pada subyek dilakukan pemeriksaan laboratorium sesaat sebelum dan setelah tindakan bedah, serta 6 jam setelah pemberian cairan postoperatif.Hasil. Terdapat 61 subyek, 65,6% tidak mendapat cairan preoperatif. Cairan terbanyak digunakan intraoperatif adalah ringer asetat malat (RAM) (77%) dan untuk postoperatif adalah kristaloid hipotonik (83,6%). Jumlah cairan preoperatif dan postoperatif sebagian besar sesuai formula Holliday-Segar. Subyek yang mendapat cairan preoperatif D10 1/5 NS + KCl (10) lebih banyak mengalami hiponatremia (13,4% vs 5%) dan gangguan kadar gula darah (20% vs 0%) dibandingkan dengan yang tidak mendapat cairan. Asidosis metabolik kelompok cairan intraoperatif RAM (36,2%) maupun Ringer asetat (36,4%). Hiponatremia pasca cairan postoperatif 57,1% subyek yang tidak mendapat cairan, 44,4% pada kelompok KA-EN3B®, dan 21,9% pada kelompok D10 1/5 NS + KCl (10). Hiperglikemia 15,6% subyek yang mendapat D10 1/5 NS + KCl (10).Kesimpulan. Pemberian cairan perioperatif di RSCM bervariasi. Angka kejadian hiponatremia pasca pemberian kristaloid hipotonik 13,4%-44,4%. Hiponatremia dan gangguan kadar gula darah terjadi pada subyek yang mendapat cairan D10 1/5 NS + KCl (10).
Occult Infection pada Anak Setelah 10 Tahun Mendapat Imunisasi Hepatitis B
Authors: Asrawati Asrawati , Jurnalis Yusri Dianne , Yanwirasti Yanwirasti
Published: August 2016

Latar belakang. Occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) adalah suatu keadaan ditemukannya deoxyribose-nucleic acid (DNA) virus Hepatitis B (VHB) pada pemeriksaan HBsAg negatif. Mutasi pada preS2/S menyebabkan sekresi HBsAg menurun sehingga kadar HBsAg dalam serum terlalu rendah yang menyebabkan HBsAg tidak terdeteksi. Virus hepatitis B cenderung mengalami mutasi sebab tidak memiliki sistem koreksi selama replikasi karena tidak adanya 3’,5’exonuclease untuk mengkoreksi kesalahan insersi nukleotida saat transkripsi balik.Tujuan. Mengetahui insiden occult infection setelah 10 tahun mendapat imunisasi hepatitis B.Metode. Penelitian observasional dengan menggunakan desain cross sectional study pada anak sekolah dasar di Kota Padang dengan jumlah subjek penelitian 40 anak.Hasil. Jenis kelamin perempuan lebih banyak daripada laki-laki dan status gizi baik lebih banyak dari status gizi kurang. Insiden occult infection ditemukan 10% pada anak setelah 10 tahun mendapat imunisasi hepatitis B. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara antiHBs dengan occult infection.Kesimpulan. Occult infection pada anak setelah 10 tahun mendapat imunisasi hepatitis B adalah 10 %.
Sensitivitas dan Spesifisitas α-Globin Strip Assay dalam Mendeteksi Mutasi Thalassemia-α
Authors: Sari Dian Puspita , Wahidiyat Pustika Amalia
Published: August 2016

Latar belakang. Thalassemia-α merupakan kelainan genetik yang dapat menyebabkan gejala klinis berat pada pasien. Deteksi mutasi thalassemia-α di Indonesia umumnya menggunakan metode PCR sebagai baku emas. Saat ini, telah dikembangkan suatu metode tes strip α-globin strip assay yang lebih mudah, cepat, dan murah pengerjaannya.Tujuan. Mengetahui sensitivitas dan spesifisitas α-globin strip assay dalam mendeteksi mutasi thalassemia-α dibandingkan dengan PCR rutin.Metode. Uji diagnostik dilakukan mulai bulan Oktober 2014 sampai Maret 2015 terhadap seluruh pasien thalassemia-α beserta keluarga intinya yang berobat di RS Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Lembaga Biomolekular Eijkman. Seluruh subyek diperiksa darah perifer lengkap, indeks eritrosit, analisis Hb, morfologi darah tepi, PCR dan α-globin strip assay. Dihitung kesesuaian, sensitivitas dan spesifisitas α-globin strip assay terhadap PCR rutin dalam mendeteksi mutasi thalassemia-α.Hasil. Didapatkan 35 subyek, 17 pasien thalassemia-α dan 18 keluarga intinya. Tujuh jenis mutasi ditemukan, mutasi Hb CS dan 3,7 kb merupakan jenis dengan jumlah terbanyak (25,7% dan 17,1%). Empat subyek yang merupakan orang tua pasien ditemukan tidak memiliki mutasi. Pemeriksaan α-globin strip assay memiliki kesesuaian penuh terhadap PCR rutin sehingga didapatkan nilai sensitivitas dan spesifisitas sebesar 100%.Kesimpulan. Metode α-globin strip assay akurat dalam mendeteksi mutasi thalassemia-α sehingga dapat menjadi alternatif yang baik terhadap PCR rutin.
Korelasi antara Kadar Eosinofil Sekret Hidung dan Darah Tepi pada Anak dengan Rinitis Alergika
Authors: Karyani Enny , Wistiani Wistiani
Published: August 2016

Latar belakang. Pada pasien rinitis alergika dapat ditemukan eosinofil di sirkulasi darah maupun pada sekret hidung. Belum diketahui apakah terdapat hubungan dua hal tersebut pada rinitis alergikaTujuan. Membuktikan adanya korelasi antara eosinofil sekret hidung dan eosinofil darah tepi pada anak dengan rinitis alergika.Metode. Rancangan penelitian cross sectional dengan subyek penderita rinitis alergika anak pada poliklinik RSUP dr. Kariadi dan RSUD Kota Semarang yang didiagnosis sesuai dengan kriteria ARIA 2008. Pengambilan sampel dengan cara consecutive sampling. Dilakukan pengukuran kadar eosinofil sekret hidung dan eosinofil darah tepi. Kadar eosinofil diinterpretasikan dalam bentuk persentase. Kadar eosinofil dianalisis menggunakan uji korelasi Spermann untuk menentukan adanya korelasi antara kadar eosinofil pada sekret hidung dan darah tepi pada anak dengan rinitis alergika.Hasil. Didapatkan 34 anak rinitis alergika. Median kadar eosinofil sekret hidung 1,0 (0-5,0)%, kadar eosinofil darah tepi 5,0 (4-14,5)%. Terdapat korelasi bermakna antara kadar eosinofil sekret hidung dan eosinofil darah tepi pada penderita rinitis alergika dengan arah korelasi positif dan dengan kekuatan korelasi kuat. (p=0,0001, r=0,871).Kesimpulan. Terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara kadar eosinofil sekret hidung dan darah tepi pada anak dengan rinitis alergika.
Validitas Stroke Volume Variation dengan Ultrasonic Cardiac Output Monitor (USCOM) untuk Menilai Fluid Responsiveness
Authors: Hartawan I Nyoman Budi , Pudjiadi Antonius H , Latief Abdul , Dewi Rismala , Yuniar Irene
Published: August 2016

Latar belakang. Stroke volume variation (SVV) adalah parameter hemodinamik untuk menilai fluid responsiveness. Pengukuran SVV dapat dilakukan dengan USCOM yang merupakan alat pemantauan hemodinamik non invasif berbasis ekokardiografi Doppler.Tujuan. Mengetahui nilai cut-off point (titik potong optimal) SVV dengan USCOM sebagai prediktor fluid responsiveness pada pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik.Metode. Penelitan dilaksanakan di Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) dan Unit Gawat Darurat (UGD) Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), Jakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan uji diagnostik dengan menggunakan peningkatan stroke volume (SV) setelah challenge cairan ringer laktat 10 mL/kg berat badan selama 15 menit sebagai indek. Subyek penelitian adalah pasien dengan usia ≥1 bulan dan ≤18 tahun yang menggunakan ventilasi mekanik. Peningkatan nilai SV ≥10% disebut responder dan <10% disebut non responder. Pengukuran SV dengan USCOM dilakukan sebelum dan setelah fluid challenge, dan pengukuran SVV dilakukan sebelum challenge cairan.Hasil. Terdapat 32 subyek ikut serta dalam penelitian. Area under curve (AUC) subyek ventilasi mekanik adalah 76,6% (IK95%:60,1%-93,1%), p<0,05. Titik potong optimal SVV adalah 30%, dengan sensitivitas 72,7% dan spesisifitas 70%.Kesimpulan. Ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) memiliki validitas yang baik untuk menilai SVV pada pasien dengan ventilasi mekanik.
Uji Diagnostik C-Reactive Protein pada Pneumonia Bakteri Komunitas Anak
Authors: Marzony Ikhsan , Yani Finny Fitry , Efrida Efrida
Published: August 2016

Latar belakang. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) merupakan teknik untuk menentukan agen penyebab pneumonia dengan sensitivitas dan spesifisitas yang tinggi, tetapi harganya mahal dan tidak tersedia di semua tempat. C-reactive protein (CRP) juga dapat digunakan untuk memprediksi infeksi bakteri dan memiliki keunggulan yang lain, yakni harganya yang murah dan hampir tersedia di semua laboratorium.Tujuan. Mengetahui sensitivitas, spesifisitas, nilai prediksi positif, dan nilai prediksi negatif CRP pada pneumonia bakteri komunitas anak.Metode. Penelitian cross sectional pada 62 subjek di Bagian Ilmu Kesehatan Anak RS. Dr. M. Djamil Padang dari Desember 2013 sampai Oktober 2014. Subjek dipilih dengan teknik konsekutif. Dilakukan uji CRP dan teknik PCR sebagai baku emas. Duapuluh tiga sampel diekslusi karena menderita penyakit jantung bawaan (7), sepsis (6), telah mendapatkan antibiotik (4), dan orang tua menolak pemeriksaan (6) sehingga total sampel menjadi 39 anak.Hasil. Sebagian besar subjek penelitian adalah laki-laki (59%) dan kelompok umur terbanyak 2-11 bulan (48,7%). Sensitivitas CRP dengan cut off point 8 mg/L adalah 51,6%, spesifisitas 75%, nilai prediksi positif 88,8%, nilai prediksi negatif 28,6%. Pada cut off point 10 mg/L, sensitivitas CRP adalah 41,9%, spesifisitas 87,5%, nilai prediksi positif 92,9%, nilai prediksi negatif 28%.Kesimpulan. C-reactive protein tidak dapat digunakan sebagai uji tapis terhadap pneumonia bakteri komunitas anak.
Droplet Digital PCR Analysis of GSTM1 Deletion Polymorphism in Psoriatic Subjects Treated with Goeckerman Therapy
Authors: Beránek Martin , Fiala Zdeněk , Kremláček Jan , Andrýs Ctirad , Hamáková Květoslava , Palička Vladimír , Borská Lenka
Published: August 2016

Goeckerman therapy (GT) represents an effective treatment of psoriasis including a combination of pharmaceutical grade crude coal tar (CCT) and ultraviolet irradiation (UV-R). Coal tar contains a mixture of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. The best known carcinogenic polyaromate – benzo[a]pyrene is metabolized into a highly reactive benzo[a]pyrene-7,8-diol-9,10-epoxide (BPDE). Glutathione S-transferase M1 (GSTM1) catalyses the conjugation of drugs, toxins and products of oxidative stress with glutathione. The aim of the study is to found possible associations between GSTM1 genotypes and the level of BPDE-DNA adducts in 46 psoriatic patients treated with GT. For genotyping, droplet digital PCR was applied. The GSTM1 copy number was normalized to β-globin reference gene. In five GSTM1*1/*1 subjects, the GSTM1 to β-globin ratio moved from 0.99 to 1.03 with a median of 1.01. GSTM1*0/*1 heterozygotes (n = 20) contained only one GSTM1 function allele which conditioned the ratio 0.47–0.53 (median 0.50). GSTM1*0/*0 individuals (n = 21) showed no amplification of the null variants because of the large deletion in GSTM1. BPDE-DNA concentrations ranged from 1.8 to 66.3 ng/µg with a median of 12.3 ng/µg. GSTM1*0/*0 and GSTM1*0/*1 genotypes showed non-significantly higher concentrations of BPDE-DNA adducts than the GSTM1*1/*1 one (12.3 and 12.4 vs 7.8 ng/µg). The non-significant relationship between BPDE-DNA adducts and GSTM1 genotypes in psoriatic patients could be associated with relatively low doses of CCT and short-term UV-R exposures used in GT.
Insidious, Invasive, Invisible: Academic Dishonesty and On-Going Assessments in Higher Education
Authors: Singh Parmjit , Thambusamy Roslind Xaviour , Druckman Zachariah Aidin
Published: August 2016

Academic or Scholastic Dishonesty is defined as misconduct including, but not limited to, plagiarism, cheating, and collusion. Various concerns have been raised by many studies which focus mainly on the issue of plagiarism and not on traditional academic dishonesty (AD) of cheating and collusion. Hence, this study seeks to address the issue of the traditional scholastic dishonesty on cheating and collusion by analyzing the prevalence and seriousness of cheating on quizzes, exams, and coursework (i.e. assignments), to gain an insight into students' perceptions of such academic dishonesty. The study adopted a quantitative approach utilizing a descriptive design. A questionnaire was administered to 1132 undergraduates from five colleges within Klang Valley. The findings reveal that more than two-thirds of the students concede that AD is a serious problem despite efforts made by institutions in overcoming the issue. When asked about the occurrences of AD in exams, quizzes and assignments, the sample consider cheating in quizzes to be the most serious among the three, followed by assignments and quizzes. The results also reveal that the students' understanding of policies regarding AD in exams is significantly higher than that concerning quizzes and assignments. This is corroborated by the students' perception that lecturers' implementation of AD policies in exams is higher than that for quizzes and assignments. It is suggested that future research attempt to identify the factors leading to AD in quizzes and ways to formulate instructional policies concerning the matter.
Fine Tuning of a Study Abroad Course for Japanese EFL Students
Authors: Maune John F.
Published: August 2016

The study abroad (SA) program of the Hokusei University Junior College English Department has been a vital part of the curriculum for more than 25 years. First year students spend their second semester, about four months, studying EFL courses at various colleges or universities throughout the world. Classes held prior to departure have to deal with many issues, from the mundane (i.e., school and visa applications, airline tickets, etc.) to cultural comparisons and learning goals. As with any course, how to utilize class time is of utmost importance. Thus, studies to discern which class activities were effective for best preparing departing SA students were undertaken. Students, upon completion of their EFL classes at their SA schools, answered surveys and then were interviewed. Students were mostly positive about interactions with previous SA students, and somewhat surprisingly, it seems that the very unimaginative act of filling out applications (e.g., course, home stay, or visa) was a useful task. These and other results are discussed in this paper.
Teachers' Attitudes Towards Inclusion of Special Needs Children Into Primary Level Mainstream Schools in Karachi
Authors: Ismail Zeenat , Basheer Ismat , Khan Jehanzeb Hassan
Published: August 2016

The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of regular and special education teachers towards inclusion of special needs children into mainstream schools and to account for any differences in those perceptions. The study also aimed to investigate how these teachers' attitudes impact the implementation of inclusion into the regular education classroom. This study sampled 55 teachers from several elementary schools in Karachi. The instrument utilized for the study was the Opinions Relative to Integration of Students with Disabilities (ORI), a six-point Likert attitudinal scale, developed by Antonak and Larrivee (1995). The main finding of the study revealed that there was no significant difference in the perceptions of special education teachers and regular teachers with regards to the benefits of inclusion.
Correlation of Affiliation Needs With Intensity of Using Facebook in Young Adulthood
Authors: Marissa Aski
Published: August 2016

Facebook is geared towards relationship building with others, so individuals who have a high level of need for affiliation, will tend to use it more frequently. This research sets out to examine the correlation between affiliation needs with the intensity of using Facebook in young adulthood. The research uses the quantitative approach and the data was collected using purposive sampling of 122 people. The data collection instrument was a scale of affiliation needs and the scale of intensity of using Facebook. Analysis of the data was done based on descriptive analysis and product moment correlation. Based on the results of correlation between variables, the correlation between variables of affiliation needs with intensity of using Facebook is 0.868 with a significance level of p = 0.000 (0.05) which demonstrates the significant relationship between affiliation needs with intensity of using Facebook.
Representation of the Dominant Political Ideology Within a Cartoon Series: A Turkish Case
Authors: Kazanoğlu Nazli
Published: August 2016

Media plays a significant role in the reproduction and dissemination of government ideology due to its ability to reach billions of people. The aim of this study is to evaluate the first Turkish cartoon series “Pepee” in relation to the Turkish ruling party AKP’s ideology. This is a descriptive study utilizing a qualitative research design. The sample of the study consists of eight seasons of “Pepee” that comprised 211 episodes. Research data was analysed using both content analysis and discourse analysis. Based on the analysis, it was observed that the cartoon series did contain several messages in line with the AKP ideology. AKP’s ideas about patriarchy, family values, Westernization, Islam and gender dimensions were strongly reflected within the cartoon series through the language used in the episodes, food and beverages, colours and style of clothing, the games played by the characters and the socio-cultural and socio-economic status of the characters throughout the episodes.
Removal From Play After Concussion and Recovery Time
Authors: Elbin R.J. , Sufrinko Alicia , Schatz Philip , French Jon , Henry Luke , Burkhart Scott , Collins Michael W. , Kontos Anthony P.
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE:

Despite increases in education and awareness, many athletes continue to play with signs and symptoms of a sport-related concussion (SRC). The impact that continuing to play has on recovery is unknown. This study compared recovery time and related outcomes between athletes who were immediately removed from play and athletes who continued to play with an SRC.

METHODS:

A prospective, repeated measures design was used to compare neurocognitive performance, symptoms, and recovery time between 35 athletes (mean ± SD age, 15.61 ± 1.65 years) immediately removed after an SRC (REMOVED group) compared with 34 athletes (mean ± SD age, 15.35 ± 1.73 years) who continued to play (PLAYED group) with SRC. Neurocognitive and symptom data were obtained at baseline and at 1 to 7 days and 8 to 30 days after an SRC.

RESULTS:

The PLAYED group took longer to recover than the REMOVED group (44.4 ± 36.0 vs 22.0 ± 18.7 days; P = .003) and were 8.80 times more likely to demonstrate protracted recovery (≥21 days) (P < .001). Removal from play status was associated with the greatest risk of protracted recovery (adjusted odds ratio, 14.27; P = .001) compared with other predictors (eg, sex). The PLAYED group exhibited significantly worse neurocognitive and greater symptoms than the REMOVED group.

CONCLUSIONS:

SRC recovery time may be reduced if athletes are removed from participation. Immediate removal from play is the first step in mitigating prolonged SRC recovery, and these data support current consensus statements and management guidelines.