bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Emulsification Techniques to Optimize the Properties of Chalcone Nanoemulsions for Antifungal Applications
Authors: Nascimento Joice Farias do , Abreu Flavia Oliveira Monteiro da Silva , Holanda Taysse , Oliveira dos Santos Fontenelle Raquel , Prado Júlio César Sousa , Marinho Emmanuel Silva , da Rocha Matheus Nunes , Guedes Jesyka Macêdo , Cavalcanti Bruno Coelho , Ribeiro Wesley Lyeverton Correia , Marinho Márcia Machado , Santos Helcio Silva dos
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Nanoemulsions (NEs) possess properties that enhance the solubility, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Chalcones are compounds known for their antifungal properties. In this study, we evaluated different emulsification techniques to create alginate nanoemulsions containing chalcone (1E,4E)-1,5-bis (4-methoxyphenyl) penta-1,4-dien-3-one (DB4OCH3). Our goal was to develop an antifungal formulation targeting Candida albicans strains. Methods: Ultrasound and ultrasound combined with high-speed homogenization techniques were used to prepare alginate-stabilized nanoemulsions. Particle size, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated. Additionally, in vitro release studies were conducted. Results: The combined emulsification technique produced stable nanoparticles with high encapsulation efficiency and antifungal activity, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 8.75 μg/mL for the nanoemulsions compared to 312 µg/mL for free DB4OCH3. NEs’ effectiveness can be attributed to their ability to form nanodroplets efficiently, facilitating the solubilization of the chalcone in the oily phase. The particle size varied between 195.70 ± 2.69 and 243.40 ± 4.49 nm, with an increase in chalcone concentration leading to larger particle sizes. The zeta potential showed values from −91.77 ± 5.58 to −76.90 ± 4.44 mV. The UHS-7 sample exhibited an encapsulation efficiency of 92.10% ± 0.77, with a controlled in vitro release of 83% after 34 h. Molecular docking simulations showed that the aromatic nature of DB4OCH3 resulted in the formation of apolar interactions with aromatic residues located in the active site of the TMK, as observed in their respective co-crystallized inhibitors, within an affinity energy range that enables optimum specificity of the ligand for these two pathways. Pharmacokinetic analyses indicated high passive cell permeability and low hepatic clearance, and phase I metabolism reduces its oral bioavailability and metabolic stability, suggesting a promising active ingredient as an oral drug with control of the daily oral dose administered. Conclusions: The combined nanoemulsification technique led to the formation of finely dispersed nanodroplets that favored the solubilization of the chalcone in the oil phase, which led to a better performance in the antifungal properties. DB4OCH3 shows promise as an oral drug with controlled dosing.
NIR-Guided Coating Optimization of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Mini Soft Capsules with Pitavastatin and Ezetimibe
Authors: Han Hye-Ri , Choi Ji Hoon , Yoo Je Hwa , Jeong Jin-Hyuk , Na Sang-Beom , Kang Ji-Hyun , Kim Dong-Wook , Park Chun-Woong
Published: October 2024

Background: This study aimed to optimize the coating process of Omega-3 fatty acid (OM3-FA) mini soft capsules containing the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) pitavastatin and ezetimibe using near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for in-process monitoring. Cardiovascular disease treatments benefit from combining OM3-FA with lipid-lowering agents, but formulating such combinations in mini soft capsules presents challenges in maintaining stability and mechanical integrity. Methods: The coating process was developed using a pan coater and real-time NIR monitoring to ensure uniformity and quality. NIR spectroscopy enabled precise control of coating thickness, ensuring consistent drug distribution across the capsule surface. Results: The optimized process minimized OM3-FA oxidation and preserved the mechanical integrity of the capsules, as confirmed by texture analysis and in-vitro dissolution testing. This integration of NIR spectroscopy as a process analytical technology (PAT) significantly improved coating quality control, resulting in a stable and effective combination therapy for pitavastatin and ezetimibe in a mini soft capsule form. Conclusion: This approach offers an efficient solution for enhancing patient adherence in cardiovascular disease management. The application of NIR spectroscopy for real-time monitoring highlights its broader significance in pharmaceutical manufacturing, where it can serve as a versatile tool for ensuring product quality and optimizing production efficiency in diverse formulation processes. By incorporating NIR-based PAT, manufacturers can not only achieve product-specific improvements but also establish a foundation for continuous manufacturing and automated quality assurance systems, ultimately contributing to a more streamlined and robust production environment.
Targeted Delivery of Celastrol by GA-Modified Liposomal Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles to Enhance Antitumor Efficacy Against Breast Cancer
Authors: Zhang Wei , Li Jiping , Yue Liling , Ji Chenfeng
Published: October 2024

Background/Objectives: Breast cancer, a leading health threat affecting millions worldwide, requires effective therapeutic interventions. Celastrol (CEL), despite its antitumor potential, is limited by poor solubility and stability. This study aimed to enhance CEL’s efficacy by encapsulating it within glycyrrhizic acid (GA)-modified lipid calcium carbonate (LCC) nanoparticles for targeted breast cancer therapy. Methods: The 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells were used for the study. GA-LCC-CEL nanoparticles were prepared using a gas diffusion method and a thin-film dispersion method. GA-LCC-CEL were characterized using the zeta-potential, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The in vitro release behavior of nanoparticles was assessed using the in vitro dialysis diffusion method. Cellular uptake was examined using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Intracellular ROS and Rhodamine 123 levels were observed under fluorescence microscopy. MTT and colony formation assays assessed cytotoxicity and proliferation, and apoptosis was analyzed by Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Wound healing and transwell assays evaluated migration, and Western blotting confirmed protein expression changes related to apoptosis and migration. Results: GA-LCC-CEL nanoparticles displayed a well-defined core-shell structure with a uniform size distribution. They showed enhanced anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic effects against 4T1 cells and significantly reduced breast cancer cell invasion and migration. Additionally, GA-LCC-CEL modulated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) protein expression, downregulating Snail and ZEB1, and upregulating E-cadherin. Conclusions: GA-LCC-CEL nanoparticles represent a promising targeted drug delivery approach for breast cancer, enhancing CEL’s antitumor efficacy and potentially inhibiting cancer progression by modulating EMT-related proteins.
Drug Release via Ultrasound-Activated Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment: A Review
Authors: Al Refaai Khaled Armouch , AlSawaftah Nour A. , Abuwatfa Waad , Husseini Ghaleb A.
Published: October 2024

Conventional cancer chemotherapy often struggles with safely and effectively delivering anticancer therapeutics to target tissues, frequently leading to dose-limiting toxicity and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. This has created a need for novel therapies that offer greater efficacy, enhanced safety, and improved toxicological profiles. Nanocarriers are nanosized particles specifically designed to enhance the selectivity and effectiveness of chemotherapy drugs while reducing their toxicity. A subset of drug delivery systems utilizes stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, which enable on-demand drug release, prevent premature release, and offer spatial and temporal control over drug delivery. These stimuli can be internal (such as pH and enzymes) or external (such as ultrasound, magnetic fields, and light). This review focuses on the mechanics of ultrasound-induced drug delivery and the various nanocarriers used in conjunction with ultrasound. It will also provide a comprehensive overview of key aspects related to ultrasound-induced drug delivery, including ultrasound parameters and the biological effects of ultrasound waves.
Development of High-Aspect-Ratio Soft Magnetic Microarrays for Magneto-Mechanical Actuation via Field-Induced Injection Molding
Authors: Shin Da Seul , Park Jin Wook , Gal Chang Woo , Kim Jina , Yang Woo Seok , Yang Seon Yeong , Kim Min Jik , Kwak Ho Jae , Park Sang Min , Kim Jong Hyun
Published: October 2024

Magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) are in demand in the field of high-tech microindustries and nanoindustries such as biomedical applications and soft robotics due to their exquisite magneto-sensitive response. Among various MRE applications, programmable actuators are emerging as promising soft robots because of their combined advantages of excellent flexibility and precise controllability in a magnetic system. Here, we present the development of magnetically programmable soft magnetic microarray actuators through field-induced injection molding using MREs, which consist of styrene-ethylene/butylene styrene (SEBS) elastomer and carbonyl iron powder (CIP). The ratio of the CIP/SEBS matrix was designed to maximize the CIP fraction based on a critical solids loading. Further, as part of the design of the magnetization distribution in micropillar arrays, the magnetorheological response of the molten composites was analyzed using the static and dynamic viscosity results for both the on and off magnetic states, which reflected the particle dipole interaction and subsequent particle alignment during the field-induced injection molding process. To develop a high-aspect-ratio soft magnetic microarray, X-ray lithography was applied to prepare the sacrificial molds with a height-to-width ratio of 10. The alignment of the CIP was designed to achieve a parallel magnetic direction along the micropillar columns, and consequently, the micropillar arrays successfully achieved the uniform and large bending actuation of up to approximately 81° with an applied magnetic field. This study suggests that the injection molding process offers a promising manufacturing approach to build a programmable soft magnetic microarray actuator.
Development of Technology for Providing Antimicrobial Properties to Medical Disposable Masks
Authors: Dubinskaitė Kristina , Rubežienė Vitalija , Sankauskaitė Audronė , Skurkytė-Papievienė Virginija
Published: October 2024

Wearing masks to protect against communicable diseases is an effective tool used in many countries affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. The antibacterial activity, antibacterial efficiency, microbial purity, and breathability properties of medical disposable masks are very important. Ag is most commonly applied to antimicrobial textiles. In this work, three antimicrobial additives were used. Four compositions of the binders with antimicrobial additives were prepared and applied to one-layer non-woven PP material. The influence of the binder antimicrobial polymer coating on the breathability and antibacterial activity of the non-woven PP material was evaluated. The results show that the composition of the polyacrylic acid binder had the least effect on their breathability and samples with the silver chloride formulation showed the best antimicrobial response. Based on the microbiological and air permeability results of the samples of the one-layer non-woven material with coating, the samples of two layers and three layers of the medical mask model were prepared. Microbiological studies have shown that a three-layered medical mask model with silver chloride composition in the middle layer, on both sides of the model, has antibacterial efficiency against three pathogens (E. Coli, K. Pneumoniae, and S. Aureus). The performance of this medical mask model has been found to meet the requirements for type I medical masks according to the EN 14863 standard. Studies have shown that the microbial purity of the mask model is CFU/g < 3.
On the Properties of Styrene–Maleic Acid Copolymer–Lipid Nanoparticles: A Solution NMR Perspective
Authors: Motov Vladislav V. , Kot Erik F. , Kislova Svetlana O. , Bocharov Eduard V. , Arseniev Alexander S. , Boldyrev Ivan A. , Goncharuk Sergey A. , Mineev Konstantin S.
Published: October 2024

The production of functionally active membrane proteins (MPs) in an adequate membrane environment is a key step in structural biology. Polymer–lipid particles based on styrene and maleic acid (SMA) represent a promising type of membrane mimic, as they can extract properly folded MPs directly from their native lipid environment. However, the original SMA polymer is sensitive to acidic pH levels, which has led to the development of several modifications: SMA-EA, SMA-QA, and others. Here, we introduce a novel SMA derivative with a negatively charged taurine moiety, SMA-tau, and investigate the formation and characteristics of lipid–SMA-EA and lipid–SMA-tau membrane-mimicking particles. Our findings demonstrate that both polymers can form nanodiscs with a patch of lipid bilayer that can undergo phase transitions at temperatures close to those of the lipid bilayer membranes. Finally, we discuss the potential applications of these SMAs for NMR spectroscopy.
Developing Screen-Printing Processes for Silver Electrodes Towards All-Solution Coating Processes for Solar Cells
Authors: Chung Tsui-Yun , Cha Hou-Chin , Chuang Chih-Min , Tsao Cheng-Si , Glowienka Damian , Wang Yi-Han , Wu Hui-Chun , Huang Yu-Ching
Published: October 2024

In recent years, third-generation solar cells have experienced a remarkable growth in efficiency, making them a highly promising alternative energy solution. Currently, high-efficiency solar cells often use top electrodes fabricated by thermal evaporation, which rely on high-cost and high energy-consumption vacuum equipment, raising significant concerns for mass production. This study develops a method for fabricating silver electrodes using the screen-printing process, aiming to achieve solar cell production through an all-solution coating process. By selecting appropriate blocking-layer materials and optimizing the process, we have achieved device efficiencies for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) with screen-printed silver electrodes comparable to those with silver electrodes fabricated by thermal evaporation. Furthermore, we developed a method to cure the silver ink using near-infrared (NIR) annealing, significantly reducing the curing time from 30 min with hot air annealing to just 5 s. Additionally, by employing sheet-to-sheet (S2S) slot-die coating, we scaled up the device area and completed module development, successfully verifying stability in ambient air. We have also extended the application of screen-printed silver electrodes to perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
Synthesis and Evaluation of Starch-Grafted-Poly[(Acrylic Acid)-Co-Acrylamide] Based Nanoclay Polymer Composite Fertilizers for Slow Release of Nitrogen in Soil
Authors: Saini Ravi , Manjaiah Kanchikeri Math , Roy Dibakar , Kumar Rajesh , Gawdiya Sandeep , Meena Siyaram , Naveenkumar A. , Kumar Anil , El-Hendawy Salah , Mattar Mohamed A.
Published: October 2024

Nitrogen (N) losses from conventional N fertilizers contribute to environmental degradation and low N use efficiency. Highlighting the need for slow-release fertilizers (SRFs) to mitigate these problems, this study aims to develop slow-release N fertilizers using starch-grafted-poly[(acrylic acid)-co-acrylamide] based nanoclay polymer composites (NCPCs) and investigate their efficacy for slow N delivery in soil. Three types of NCPCs, NCPC(A) (poly [(acrylic acid)-co-acrylamide]), NCPC(W) (wheat starch-grafted-poly[(acrylic acid)-co-acrylamide), and NCPC(M) (maize starch-grafted-poly[(acrylic acid)-co-acrylamide) were prepared and characterized using FTIR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. N-release behaviour of the products was assessed under two distinct soils, i.e., Assam (Typic Hapludults, pH 4.2) and Delhi (Typic Haplustepts, pH 7.9) soils. Additionally, the effects of varying soil moisture and temperature levels on N release were studied in the Assam soil. The N-release kinetics of the synthesized fertilizers were assessed using zero-order, first-order, Higuchi, and Korsmeyer−Peppas models. Degradability of the NCPCs was evaluated by measuring evolved CO2–C under various soil conditions as an indicator of microbial degradation. The results indicated that NCPC fertilizers significantly slowed down the release of N compared to urea. According to the R2 values obtained, it was evident that the first-order kinetic model most accurately describes the N release from both urea and NCPC-based N fertilizers in the studied soils. Among the formulations, NCPC(A) exhibited the lowest N release (42.94–53.76%), followed by NCPC(M) (51.05–61.70%), NCPC(W) (54.86–67.75%), and urea (74.33–84.27%) after 21 days of incubation. The rate of N release was lower in the Assam soil compared to the Delhi soil, with higher soil moisture and temperature levels accelerating the release. Starch addition improved the biodegradability of the NCPCs, with NCPC(W) showing the highest cumulative CO2-C evolution (18.18–22.62 mg g−1), followed by NCPC(M) (15.54–20.97 mg g−1) and NCPC(A) (10.89–19.53 mg g−1). In conclusion, NCPC-based slow-release fertilizers demonstrated a more gradual N release compared to conventional urea and the inclusion of starch enhanced their degradability in the soil, which confirms their potential for sustainable agricultural applications. However, soil properties and environmental factors influenced the N release and degradation rates of NCPCs.
Poly(HEMA-co-MMA) Hydrogel Scaffold for Tissue Engineering with Controllable Morphology and Mechanical Properties Through Self-Assembly
Authors: Kim Ja-Rok , Cho Yong Sang , Park Jae-Hong , Kim Tae-Hyun
Published: October 2024

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) has been widely used in medical materials for several decades. However, the poor mechanical properties of this material have limited its application in the field of tissue engineering. The purpose of this study was to fabricate a scaffold with suitable mechanical properties and in vitro cell responses for soft tissue by using poly(HEMA-co-MMA) with various concentration ratios of hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). To customize the concentration ratio of HEMA and MMA, the characteristics of the fabricated scaffold with various concentration ratios were investigated through structural morphology, FT-IR, mechanical property, and contact angle analyses. Moreover, in vitro cell responses were observed according to the various concentration ratios of HEMA and MMA. Consequently, various morphologies and pore sizes were observed by changing the HEMA and MMA ratio. The mechanical properties and contact angle of the fabricated scaffolds were measured according to the HEMA and MMA concentration ratio. The results were as follows: compressive maximum stress: 254.24–932.42 KPa; tensile maximum stress: 4.37–30.64 KPa; compressive modulus: 16.14–38.80 KPa; tensile modulus: 0.5–2 KPa; and contact angle: 36.89–74.74°. In terms of the in vitro cell response, the suitable cell adhesion and proliferation of human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells were observed in the whole scaffold. Therefore, a synthetic hydrogel scaffold with enhanced mechanical properties and suitable fibroblast cell responses could be easily fabricated for use with soft tissue using a specific HEMA and MMA concentration ratio.
Bio-Based and Biodegradable Polymeric Materials for a Circular Economy
Authors: Oliver-Cuenca Víctor , Salaris Valentina , Muñoz-Gimena Pedro Francisco , Agüero Ángel , Peltzer Mercedes A. , Montero Victoria Alcázar , Arrieta Marina P. , Sempere-Torregrosa Jaume , Pavon Cristina , Samper Maria Dolores , Crespo Gema Rodríguez , Kenny Jose M. , López Daniel , Peponi Laura
Published: October 2024

Nowadays, plastic contamination worldwide is a concerning reality that can be addressed with appropriate society education as well as looking for innovative polymeric alternatives based on the reuse of waste and recycling with a circular economy point of view, thus taking into consideration that a future world without plastic is quite impossible to conceive. In this regard, in this review, we focus on sustainable polymeric materials, biodegradable and bio-based polymers, additives, and micro/nanoparticles to be used to obtain new environmentally friendly polymeric-based materials. Although biodegradable polymers possess poorer overall properties than traditional ones, they have gained a huge interest in many industrial sectors due to their inherent biodegradability in natural environments. Therefore, several strategies have been proposed to improve their properties and extend their industrial applications. Blending strategies, as well as the development of composites and nanocomposites, have shown promising perspectives for improving their performances, emphasizing biopolymeric blend formulations and bio-based micro and nanoparticles to produce fully sustainable polymeric-based materials. The Review also summarizes recent developments in polymeric blends, composites, and nanocomposite plasticization, with a particular focus on naturally derived plasticizers and their chemical modifications to increase their compatibility with the polymeric matrices. The current state of the art of the most important bio-based and biodegradable polymers is also reviewed, mainly focusing on their synthesis and processing methods scalable to the industrial sector, such as melt and solution blending approaches like melt-extrusion, injection molding, film forming as well as solution electrospinning, among others, without neglecting their degradation processes.
Novel Preparation and Characterization of Zinc Ricinoleate Through Alkali Catalysis
Authors: Cohen Sarah , Chajanovsky Itamar , Suckeveriene Ran Yosef
Published: October 2024

The enhanced thermal and chemical stability of Zinc oxide-based materials make them excellent candidates for the removal of odor-producing pollutants and compounds. The zinc salt of ricinoleic acid, commonly known as zinc ricinoleate, is viewed as the top performer. This article describes an innovative two-step synthesis of zinc ricinoleate, where the first step consists of the preparation of an intermediate compound, methyl ricinoleate, which is synthesized via transesterification of castor oil with methanol and catalyzed by sodium hydroxide. The second step comprises the preparation of zinc ricinoleate through the saponification of methyl ricinoleate in the presence of zinc oxide particles. XRD, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopies confirmed the synthesis of methyl ricinoleate and zinc ricinoleate. HR-SEM and AFM images showed the formation of larger particles, while the thermal stability of the materials was confirmed by TGA.
Sources and Methods for the Production of Xyloglucan, a Promising Stimulus-Sensitive Biopolymer: A Review
Authors: Bakhrushina Elena O. , Pyzhov Victor S. , Yuntunen Jana A. , Gulenkov Alexander S. , Arislanov Shoyad D. , Eremeeva Ksenia V. , Belyatskaya Anastasiya V. , Demina Natalia B. , Krasnyuk Ivan I. , Krasnyuk Ivan I.
Published: October 2024

Xyloglucan is a highly promising ‘green’ polymer that has found its application in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Due to its molecular structure similarity to mucin, it has remarkable mucoadhesion properties, which has led to a high research interest in this excipient for the development of transmucosal delivery systems. Thermosensitivity is another promising property of xyloglucan derivatives, which is mainly exhibited by synthetic block copolymers such as pluronics and PLGA derivatives. Delivery systems whose mechanism of active ingredient release is based on temperature sensitivity are widely used in many medical fields, ranging from antitumour therapy to intranasal delivery. Thus, conducting research on the possibility of obtaining and using a new mucoadhesive, fully biocompatible and affordable polymer—xyloglucan—is a promising task.
Illuminating Causality: The Role of Light in Thomas Aquinas’s Metaphysics of Being
Authors: Arbeláez Jorge Eduardo , Soto-Bruna María Jesús
Published: October 2024

In this article, we hold a strong thesis, i.e., that light is the conceptual resource that best explains the creative act in Thomas Aquinas’s metaphysics. Thus, inasmuch as being is the luminous act of the Uncreated Being, it bears resemblance to the Uncreated Being in its very principle. In this sense, we seek to present the role of light, in its meaning as manifestation, as an act that belongs to being. Indeed, in contrast with some contemporary interpretations, which place light within the order of formal causality, we argue that light, in its belonging to Aquinas’s participatory metaphysics, pertains to the order of efficient causality. Therefore, we hold that light has strong explanatory pretensions in Aquinas’ thought. Accordingly, after an introduction (1), this article is divided into the following sections: (2) The Meaning of Divine Causality; (3) Being as Light; (4) The Manifestative Character of Light; (5) Light Images: Analogies and Metaphors; and (6) Conclusions.
Comparison of Different Quantitative Precipitation Estimation Methods Based on a Severe Rainfall Event in Tuscany, Italy, November 2023
Authors: Biondi Alessio , Facheris Luca , Argenti Fabrizio , Cuccoli Fabrizio
Published: October 2024

Accurate quantitative precipitation estimation (QPE) is fundamental for a large number of hydrometeorological applications, especially when addressing extreme rainfall phenomena. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of various rainfall estimation methods, specifically those relying on weather radar data, rain gauge data, and their fusion. The study evaluates the accuracy and reliability of each method in estimating rainfall for a severe event that occurred in Tuscany, Italy. The results obtained confirm that merging radar and rain gauge data outperforms both individual approaches by reducing errors and improving the overall reliability of precipitation estimates. This study highlights the importance of data fusion in enhancing the accuracy of QPE and also supports its application in operational contexts, providing further evidence for the greater reliability of merging methods.
Evaluation and Prediction of Ecological Benefits in Song-Liao River Basin
Authors: Cao Jiaxi , Liang Meng , Hu Xiaodan , Zhang Jian , Li Jiao , Bai Bin , Chen Ye , Hu Yue , Wu Shuhong
Published: October 2024

The evaluation and prediction of ecological benefits are significant for regional resource development planning and path designing. This study established a novel ecological benefits evaluation system by integrating macro-ecosystem structure, Ecosystem service index (ESI), and ecological quality index (EQI). Based on this system, this study evaluated the spatiotemporal characteristics and changing trend of ecological benefits in Song-Liao River Basin (SRB) from 1990 to 2020. The results show that the macro-ecosystem structure in Song-Liao River Basin remains stable, and the ecosystem service and ecological quality generally show a trend of first decline and then increase. The average growth rates of ESI and EQI were 0.6% and 0.4%, respectively, during 1990–2020. The ecological benefits of natural areas with widely distributed forest areas are higher, while those of areas with frequent human activities are lower. The prediction model based on machine learning has achieved good modeling effect, which shows that the ecological benefits of SRB will be on the rise in the future. Based on the evaluation results, we suggest that more environmental protection policies on the basis of maintaining the existing development plan should be promoted to reduce the contradiction between human and nature in the development process. For the abundant natural forests in this area, reasonable forest management should be carried out to improve the carbon-fixation capacity of vegetation, and a Methodology for managing natural forests should be constructed to make full use of the existing carbon sinks. For the new afforestation project being promoted, carbon-sink afforestation projects of CCER (Chinese Certified Emission Reduction) should be promoted to realize the synergy between economic development and environmental protection.
Parametric Analytical Modulation Transfer Function Model in Turbid Atmosphere with Application to Image Restoration
Authors: Guo Mengxing , Wu Pengfei , Fan Zizhao , Lu Hao , Rao Ruizhong
Published: October 2024

To address the issues of image blurring and color distortion in hazy conditions, an image restoration method based on a parametric analytical modulation transfer function model is proposed under turbid atmospheric conditions. A source database is established using a numerical radiative transfer method based on discrete ordinate. Through multivariate nonlinear fitting and linear interpolation, the quantitative relationships among critical spatial frequency, turbid atmospheric MTF, and key atmospheric optical parameters—such as optical thickness, single scattering albedo, and asymmetry factor—are examined. A fast and efficient parametric analytical MTF model for turbid atmospheres is developed and applied to restore images affected by fog. The results demonstrate that, within the applicable range of the model, the model’s maximum mean relative error and the root mean square error are 7.16% and 0.0454, respectively. The computational speed is nearly a thousand times faster than that of the numerical radiative transfer method, achieving high accuracy and ease of application. Images restored using this model exhibit enhanced clarity and quality, effectively compensating for the degradation in image quality caused by turbid atmospheres. This approach represents a novel solution to the challenges of image processing in complex atmospheric environments.
A Methodological Framework for High-Resolution Surface Urban Heat Island Mapping: Integration of UAS Remote Sensing, GIS, and the Local Climate Zoning Concept
Authors: Dimitrov Stelian , Iliev Martin , Borisova Bilyana , Semerdzhieva Lidiya , Petrov Stefan
Published: October 2024

The urban heat island effect (UHI) is among the major challenges of urban climate, which is continuously intensifying its impact on urban life and functioning. Against the backdrop of increasingly prolonged heatwaves observed in recent years, practical questions about adaptation measures in cities are growing—questions that traditional meteorological monitoring can hardly answer adequately. On the other hand, UHI has long been the focus of research interest, but due to the technological complexity of providing accurate spatially referenced data at high spatial resolution and the requirement to survey at strictly defined parts of the day, information provision is becoming a major challenge. This is one of the main reasons why UHI research results are less often used directly in urban spatial planning. However, advances in geospatial technologies, including unmanned aerial systems (UASs), are providing more and more reliable tools that can be applied to achieve better and higher-quality information resources that adequately characterize the UHI phenomenon. This paper presents a developed and tested methodology for the rapid and efficient assessment and mapping of the effects of surface urban heat island (SUHI). It is entirely based on the integrated use of data from unmanned aerial systems (UAS)-based remote sensing methods, including thermal photogrammetry and GIS-based analysis methods. The study follows the understanding that correct SUHI research depends on a proper understanding of the urban geosystem, its spatial and structural heterogeneity, and its functional systems, which in turn can only be achieved by supporting the research process with accurate and reliable information resources. In this regard, the possibilities offered by the proposed methodological scheme for efficient geospatial registration of SUHI variations at the microscale, including the calculation of intra-urban SUHI intensity, are discussed in detail. The methodology builds on classical approaches for using local climate zoning (LCZ), adding capabilities for precise delineation of individual zone types and for geostatistical characterization of the urban surface heat island (SUHI). Finally, the proposed scheme is based on state-of-the-art technological tools that provide flexible and automated capabilities to investigate the phenomenon at microscales, including by enabling flexible observation of its dynamics in terms of heat wave manifestation and evolution. Results are presented from a series of sequential tests conducted on the largest residential area in Bulgaria’s capital city, Sofia, in terms of area and population, over a relatively long period from 2021 to 2024.
Disinfection in Archives—A Short Review of the Sustainable Approaches and Green Perspectives of Using Radiation for Mass Disinfection
Authors: Cicero Cristina , Vadrucci Monia , Doni Giulia , Trogu Enrico
Published: October 2024

The conservation of the immense archival heritage of a country like Italy presents scholars with the enormous challenge of finding techniques and procedures that enable rapid and large-scale interventions, especially in cases of biodeterioration. The volume of material to be preserved and often the inadequacy of the storage conditions constitute crucial factors that promote microbial growth on substrates such as paper, leather, and parchment. These materials serve as primary sources of sustenance for fungi and bacteria which can infect the collections, and so it is frequently necessary to adopt chemical mass-disinfection treatments. These treatments are often expensive, polluting, and hazardous to the assets, the operators, and the environment. The use of ionizing radiation can provide an environmentally sustainable alternative to the traditional mass disinfection treatments of library and archive materials, which currently involve chemical agents (such as ethylene oxide) that impact the environment and human health. The use of such chemicals is increasingly subject to stringent restrictions. In this work, we report and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of physical disinfection methods, focusing on the use of radiation for disinfection treatments and their effects.
Synergizing Systems Thinking and Technology-Enhanced Learning for Sustainable Education Using the Flow Theory Framework
Authors: Kurent Brina , Avsec Stanislav
Published: October 2024

In an era where digital technologies are integral to daily life and sustainable education is increasingly critical, developing higher-order thinking skills with appropriate information and communication technology (ICT) support is crucial for achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The purpose of this study was to examine synergies of systems thinking and technology-enhanced learning from the perspective of flow theory within the context of sustainable education. We surveyed more than 65 pre-service preschool teachers engaged in a design, technology, and engineering (DTE) course at the University of Ljubljana. Mapping of systems thinking revealed that pre-service preschool teachers needed support regarding feedback and understanding the interrelationship dimension of systems thinking—essential components of sustainable education. Predictive and mediation analyses yielded noteworthy results. Participants in the ICT-enhanced DTE course rated their cognitive and social engagement above the mid-point of the scale, with this higher engagement correlating with higher systems thinking crucial for sustainable education. In contrast, their aesthetic engagement was below the mid-point of the scale. Experiencing a flow state during ICT activities positively influenced systems thinking, particularly in terms of clear goals and autotelic experiences. Flow theory thus emerges as a solid and appropriate framework to use for studying synergies in technology-enhanced systems thinking for sustainable education. These findings underscore the importance of integrating systems thinking into curricula to enhance learning outcomes and prepare students for future challenges, thereby contributing to the achievement of SDGs through sustainable education.
Do’s and Don’ts in Climate Impact Assessment of University Campuses: Towards Responsible, Transparent and Comprehensive Reporting
Authors: Helmers Eckard
Published: October 2024

With the commitment of more and more universities to decrease greenhouse gas emissions, standardizing the modeling is now becoming urgent. To date, published climate-relevant emissions can be based on completely different and incomparable accounting methods, as shown with results between 6 and 2696 t CO2e for the use phase of the same campus. This article aims to identify, compare, and evaluate the different modeling approaches behind this. For this purpose, this article proposes basic attributes of emissions modeling and reporting. Of the three established approaches to emissions accounting, sector logic (territorial carbon accounting) produces the lowest figures. Reporting in accordance with the greenhouse gas protocol, which has become established worldwide, can also shift the responsibility outside the institutional consumer. Life-cycle assessment, instead, essentially includes provision costs triggered by the consumer. The different modeling approaches also overlap with different coverage of emission sources, for which a standard set is being proposed. Such emissions modeling should finally lead to the determination of university-specific climate performances, i.e., the CO2e emissions per capita and per m2 of gross floor area. Infrastructure and procurement expenses must be recorded in addition and converted to an annual average.
Content Analysis of Disaster Risk Reduction in Secondary School Geography Textbooks in China and the United States: Promoting Disaster Resilience through Geography Education
Authors: Sun Hongbo , Song Fangjing , Ai Xin , Duan Yushan
Published: October 2024

Geography education plays an important role in the promotion of disaster resilience; however, the relationship between geography education and disaster resilience has failed to attract systematic attention in China and the United States (US). This study compares the contents regarding disaster risk reduction in secondary school geography textbooks in China and the US to explore the contributions of geography education to promoting disaster resilience. These textbooks are analyzed using content analysis based on the Sendai Framework with four actions. This study finds that geography textbooks in China and the US include disaster risk reduction content; however, the contents are unevenly distributed, with “understanding disaster risk” and “enhancing disaster preparedness” accounting for a higher proportion, whereas “strengthening disaster risk governance” and “investing in disaster risk management to enhance resilience” account for a lower proportion. The results indicate that geography education plays an important role in enhancing disaster resilience and can strengthen students’ understanding and preparedness for disaster risks. Meanwhile, this study points out the shortcomings in current disaster risk reduction education and provides a reference for improving educational practice and policy formulation.
The Art of Balancing Price and Plug: Developing a Theoretical Model for Dynamic Pricing in the Electric Vehicle Market
Authors: Jia Zhining , Chen Qi , Xu Qi
Published: October 2024

This study presents a novel approach to understanding the complex dynamics of the electric vehicle (EV) market through the lens of differential game theory. We developed a comprehensive model that captures the strategic interactions between EV manufacturers and charging network operators, while incorporating the effects of consumer behavior, market uncertainties, and reference price effects. Using differential game theory, we examined the impact of reference price effects and the charging network’s influence on pricing strategies, focusing on three distinct approaches: basic pricing, static pricing considering reference price effects, and dynamic pricing strategies. Our model offers new insights into consumer behavior and price expectations in the rapidly evolving EV market. The key findings reveal that under static or dynamic pricing strategies, the optimal pricing for EV manufacturers is positively correlated with the initial reference price. When the initial reference price is high (low), the optimal pricing strategy resembles skimming pricing (penetration pricing). As the effort level of charging network operators increases and their influence on consumers’ purchase decisions grows stronger, EV manufacturers tend to set higher prices. Notably, while dynamic pricing strategies can optimize EV manufacturers’ profits, the profits of charging network operators may decrease compared with static pricing strategies. This integrated approach significantly contributes to the field by bridging gaps among market dynamics, pricing strategies, and the infrastructure’s development in the context of electric mobility, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding and optimizing the EV ecosystem. Ultimately, this study advances sustainable business models that balance profitability, consumer behavior, and the infrastructure’s growth in the rapidly evolving EV market.
An Improved Neural Network Algorithm for Energy Consumption Forecasting
Authors: Bai Jing , Wang Jiahui , Ran Jin , Li Xingyuan , Tu Chuang
Published: October 2024

Accurate and efficient forecasting of energy consumption is a crucial prerequisite for effective energy planning and policymaking. The BP neural network has been widely used in forecasting, machine learning, and various other fields due to its nonlinear fitting ability. In order to improve the prediction accuracy of the BP neural network, this paper introduces the concept of forecast lead time and establishes a mathematical model accordingly. Prior to training the neural network, the input layer data are preprocessed based on the forecast lead time model. The training and forecasting results of the BP neural network when and when not considering forecast lead time are compared and verified. The findings demonstrate that the forecast lead time model can significantly improve the prediction speed and accuracy, proving to be highly applicable for short-term energy consumption forecasting.
The Synergy Between CO2 and Air Pollution Emissions in Chinese Cities by 2060: An Assessment Based on the Emissions Inventory and Dynamic Projection Model
Authors: Wang Guosheng , Xia Wei , Xiao Yang , Guan Xiujing , Zhang Xin
Published: October 2024

Synergizing air pollution control and climate change mitigation has been of significant academic and policy concern. The synergy between air pollution and carbon emissions is one of the measures to understand the characteristics and process of the air pollution–carbon synergistic control, which will also provide valuable information for collaboratively achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) (such as SDGs 11 and 13). This study establishes a systematic framework integrating emissions inventory and projection models, correlation mining and typology analysis methods to predictively evaluate the synergy and comprehensive coordination between air pollution and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Chinese cities by 2030, 2050, and 2060 under different policy scenarios for air pollution and CO2 emissions control. The results reveal the significant effects of synergistically implementing clean air and aggressive carbon-reducing policies on mitigating air pollution and CO2 emissions. Under the On-time Peak-Net Zero-Clean Air and Early Peak-Net Zero-Clean Air scenarios, the total reduction and synergy for air pollution and CO2 emissions will be more significant, particularly by 2050 and 2060. This study is the first to integrate scenario projection and synergy evaluation in air pollution and CO2 research, providing a novel supplement to the air pollution–climate change synergy methodology based on co-benefit estimation. The methods and findings will also contribute to measuring the achievement and analyzing the interaction of the SDGs.
Proof of Work with Random Selection (PoWR): An Energy Saving Consensus Algorithm with Proof of Work and the Random Selection Function
Authors: Jung Jin Woo , Islam Md. Mainul , In Hoh Peter
Published: October 2024

Bitcoin, which has been used for 13 years, has a role in transactions and investments as a major cryptocurrency. However, as the number of users increases, Bitcoin faces difficulties, such as scalability for transaction throughput and energy-consumption problems due to the concentration of the mining pool. When Bitcoin first started to come out, it began to develop gradually through the mining of individuals. Nevertheless, as the price of the cryptocurrency gradually climbed, large mining corporation groups entered the mining competition with integrated circuit (IC) chips. Consequently, the substantial increase in power consumption is raising concerns regarding energy expenditure. This paper confirms that the verifiable random selection consensus protocol based on proof of work facilitates a fair and efficient system, enabling the participation of numerous individual miners in the mining competition while counteracting the monopolization of the hash rate by large mining corporations, thereby preserving the decentralization of mining. The protocol demonstrates the potential to mitigate substantial energy consumption. Moreover, it embodies features that create barriers to the adoption of high-energy-consuming application-specific integrated circuit equipment, significantly diminishing the principal factors contributing to extensive power utilization.
Impact of Entrepreneurial Mindset and Alertness on Converting Education into Entrepreneurial Intentions: A Study of Pakistani University Students
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad Azeem , Rahim Mohammad Zulkifli bin Abdul , Qureshi Imran Munawar , Hanif Muhammad
Published: October 2024

Entrepreneurial education is an established phenomenon that enhances entrepreneurship, which is critical for economic sustainability. The study investigated converting entrepreneurial education into entrepreneurial intentions in graduating university students. It was expected that entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial alertness play a significant role in this process. A questionnaire was developed, and data was collected from students either graduating or in their last year of undergraduate studies. Regression analysis using AMOS was conducted to test the relationships among study variables. Results indicate that entrepreneurial mindset and entrepreneurial alertness have mediating roles in the process separately. Entrepreneurial alertness is the most significant mediator in converting the effect of entrepreneurship education into entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurial mindset also partially mediates the effect of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intentions. The findings of this study are essential for educational planners and organizations in the entrepreneurial ecosystem to evaluate the effectiveness of entrepreneurial education in training programs. Future studies may consider replicating this study in different physical and cultural settings.