bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of methanol and water extracts of orange peel on stability of refined palm kernel oil
Authors: Arawande JO , Amoo IA , Lajide L
Published: March 2015

The antioxidative effect of methanol and water orange peel extracts on Refined Palm Kernel Oil (RPKO) stored for twelve months at room temperature (270C-330C) was determined by monitoring the colour, refractive index, free fatty acid (FFA), acid value (AV) and peroxide value (PV). The oil was dosed with different concentrations (200 ppm to 1000 ppm) of the extracts and butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) (Cone. 200 ppm. The colour and refractive index of RPKO containing the extracts ranged between 11.0-13.0 units and 1.458-1.460 respectively whereas the colour and refractive index of RPKO with no additive (0 ppm) and 200 ppm BHT were 10.0 units and 1.460 accordingly. Free fathy acid (FFA) and acid value (AV) of RPKO containing methanol and water orange peel extracts were lower than RPKO containing 200 ppm BHT and they were significantly different at P<0.05 from RPKO that contained no additive (0 ppm). PV of RPKO containing additives were slightly lower than PV of RPKO that contained no additive but they were not significantly different at P<0.05.The methanol and water orange peel extracts are more effective in combating hydrolytic rancidity than oxidative rancidity of RPKO. The methanol and water orange peel extracts have better antioxidant activity than butylatedhydroxytoluene DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i4.22628 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(4), 249-254, 2014
Investigation on physical properties of patia clay (Chittagong), Bangladesh
Authors: Dewan AH , Mustafi S , Ahsan M , Ullah MS
Published: March 2015

The physical and microstructural characteristics of Patia clay of different areas (Hydgaon-1, Hydgaon-2 and Kanchannagar) were investigated. Patia clays were beneficiated by repeated sedimentation method. The chemical compositions of raw (unwashed) and washed clay was determined. The physical properties of fired Patia clay were measured. Results show that the water absorption values decrease and the firing shrinkage values increase with increasing firing temperatures in all types of Patia clays (raw and washed) of three different areas. The microstructures of Patia clay pronounce that they contain kaolinite, illite and quartz as major phases and mica, gibbsite and hematite are present as minor phases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v49i4.22629 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 49(4), 255-262, 2014
The ‘Peculiar Case’ of Betsey Stockton: Gender, Race and the Role of an Assistant Missionary to the Sandwich Islands (1822–1825)
Authors: Ott Alice T.
Published: March 2015

Betsey Stockton was a missionary to the Sandwich Islands from 1822 to 1825, serving under the ABCFM. As the first single woman and the first African American to serve with the American Board, she provides a unique nexus of gender and race within a Caucasian missionary society. Betsey's relationship with the Board was a ‘peculiar case’ that was regulated by an ambiguous contract, which claimed, on the one hand, that she was ‘like any other missionary’, yet on the other hand, was to be ‘treated neither as an equal nor as a servant, but as a humble Christian friend’. With regard to her race, Betsey experienced both acceptance by fellow missionaries and racial prejudice. As a single woman, Betsey contributed to the mission endeavour through domestic help for the Charles Stewart family and through teaching native Hawaiians, both commoners and nobles. She fulfilled ministries commensurate to gender-specific expectations, similar to her other female missionary colleagues.
Bathsheba as an Object Lesson: Gender, Modernity and Biblical Examples in Wang Mingdao's Sermons and Writings
Authors: Tseng Gloria S.
Published: March 2015

Western and Chinese scholarship on Wang Mingdao has with good reason focused exclusively on the apologetic aspect of Wang's ministry, his polemics against modernist theology and his resistance to the Chinese Communist regime in the 1950s. Yet a significant, albeit smaller, portion of his writings and preaching emphasised practical Christian living. In Wang Mingdao Wenku, a seven-volume collection of Wang's sermons and writings, there are a total of twenty-one articles, sermons or allegorical stories dealing specifically with women, marriage or family relations: six from the 1930s, fourteen from the 1940s and one from 1950. They span Wang's most productive years, and some deal with issues specific to China's dramatic social changes in the Republican era, such as concubinage, widowhood and women's fashion. Many of these profound changes, especially changes in gender relations, were advanced by the May Fourth Movement. One sees in Wang's writings and sermons on marriage, women and family relations a concrete example of the indigenisation of Christianity in China, as this Chinese Christian leader wrestled with the implications of his Christian faith in a process complicated by China's encounter with Western modernity.
Challenges of Managing Animals in Disasters in the U.S.
Authors: Heath Sebastian , Linnabary Robert
Published: March 2015

Common to many of the repeated issues surrounding animals in disasters in the U.S. is a pre-existing weak animal health infrastructure that is under constant pressure resulting from pet overpopulation. Unless this root cause is addressed, communities remain vulnerable to similar issues with animals they and others have faced in past disasters. In the US the plight of animals in disasters is frequently viewed primarily as a response issue and frequently handled by groups that are not integrated with the affected community’s emergency management. In contrast, animals, their owners, and communities would greatly benefit from integrating animal issues into an overall emergency management strategy for the community. There is no other factor contributing as much to human evacuation failure in disasters that is under the control of emergency management when a threat is imminent as pet ownership. Emergency managers can take advantage of the bond people have with their animals to instill appropriate behavior amongst pet owners in disasters.
Mechanisms of Photoaging and Cutaneous Photocarcinogenesis, and Photoprotective Strategies with Phytochemicals
Authors: Bosch Ricardo , Philips Neena , Suárez-Pérez Jorge , Juarranz Angeles , Devmurari Avani , Chalensouk-Khaosaat Jovinna , González Salvador
Published: March 2015

Photoaging and photocarcinogenesis are primarily due to solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which alters DNA, cellular antioxidant balance, signal transduction pathways, immunology, and the extracellular matrix (ECM). The DNA alterations include UV radiation induced thymine-thymine dimers and loss of tumor suppressor gene p53. UV radiation reduces cellular antioxidant status by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the resultant oxidative stress alters signal transduction pathways such as the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the nuclear factor-kappa beta (NF-κB)/p65, the janus kinase (JAK), signal transduction and activation of transcription (STAT) and the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). UV radiation induces pro-inflammatory genes and causes immunosuppression by depleting the number and activity of the epidermal Langerhans cells. Further, UV radiation remodels the ECM by increasing matrixmetalloproteinases (MMP) and reducing structural collagen and elastin. The photoprotective strategies to prevent/treat photoaging and photocarcinogenesis include oral or topical agents that act as sunscreens or counteract the effects of UV radiation on DNA, cellular antioxidant balance, signal transduction pathways, immunology and the ECM. Many of these agents are phytochemical derivatives and include polyphenols and non-polyphenols. The flavonoids are polyphenols and include catechins, isoflavones, proanthocyanidins, and anthocyanins, whereas the non-flavonoids comprise mono phenolic acids and stilbenes. The natural sources of polyphenols include tea, cocoa, grape/wine, soy, pomegranate, and Polypodium leucotomos. The non-phenolic phytochemicals include carotenoids, caffeine and sulphoraphance (SFN). In addition, there are other phytochemical derivatives or whole extracts such as baicalin, flavangenol, raspberry extract, and Photomorphe umbellata with photoprotective activity against UVB radiation, and thereby carcinogenesis.
A Signal-On Fluorosensor Based on Quench-Release Principle for Sensitive Detection of Antibiotic Rapamycin
Authors: Jeong Hee-Jin , Itayama Shuya , Ueda Hiroshi
Published: March 2015

An antibiotic rapamycin is one of the most commonly used immunosuppressive drugs, and also implicated for its anti-cancer activity. Hence, the determination of its blood level after organ transplantation or tumor treatment is of great concern in medicine. Although there are several rapamycin detection methods, many of them have limited sensitivity, and/or need complicated procedures and long assay time. As a novel fluorescent biosensor for rapamycin, here we propose “Q’-body”, which works on the fluorescence quench-release principle inspired by the antibody-based quenchbody (Q-body) technology. We constructed rapamycin Q’-bodies by linking the two interacting domains FKBP12 and FRB, whose association is triggered by rapamycin. The fusion proteins were each incorporated position-specifically with one of fluorescence dyes ATTO520, tetramethylrhodamine, or ATTO590 using a cell-free translation system. As a result, rapid rapamycin dose-dependent fluorescence increase derived of Q’-bodies was observed, especially for those with ATTO520 with a lowest detection limit of 0.65 nM, which indicates its utility as a novel fluorescent biosensor for rapamycin.
Evolution by Pervasive Gene Fusion in Antibiotic Resistance and Antibiotic Synthesizing Genes
Authors: Coleman Orla , Hogan Ruth , McGoldrick Nicole , Rudden Niamh , McInerney James
Published: March 2015

Phylogenetic (tree-based) approaches to understanding evolutionary history are unable to incorporate convergent evolutionary events where two genes merge into one. In this study, as exemplars of what can be achieved when a tree is not assumed a priori, we have analysed the evolutionary histories of polyketide synthase genes and antibiotic resistance genes and have shown that their history is replete with convergent events as well as divergent events. We demonstrate that the overall histories of these genes more closely resembles the remodelling that might be seen with the children’s toy Lego, than the standard model of the phylogenetic tree. This work demonstrates further that genes can act as public goods, available for re-use and incorporation into other genetic goods.
Quantum Discord and Information Deficit in Spin Chains
Authors: Canosa Norma , Ciliberti Leonardo , Rossignoli Raúl
Published: March 2015

We examine the behavior of quantum correlations of spin pairs in a finite anisotropic XY spin chain immersed in a transverse magnetic field, through the analysis of the quantum discord and the conventional and quadratic one-way information deficits. We first provide a brief review of these measures, showing that the last ones can be obtained as particular cases of a generalized information deficit based on general entropic forms. All of these measures coincide with an entanglement entropy in the case of pure states, but can be non-zero in separable mixed states, vanishing just for classically correlated states. It is then shown that their behavior in the exact ground state of the chain exhibits similar features, deviating significantly from that of the pair entanglement below the critical field. In contrast with entanglement, they reach full range in this region, becoming independent of the pair separation and coupling range in the immediate vicinity of the factorizing field. It is also shown, however, that significant differences between the quantum discord and the information deficits arise in the local minimizing measurement that defines them. Both analytical and numerical results are provided.
Maximum Entropy and Probability Kinematics Constrained by Conditionals
Authors: Lukits Stefan
Published: March 2015

Two open questions of inductive reasoning are solved: (1) does the principle of maximum entropy (PME) give a solution to the obverse Majerník problem; and (2) isWagner correct when he claims that Jeffrey’s updating principle (JUP) contradicts PME? Majerník shows that PME provides unique and plausible marginal probabilities, given conditional probabilities. The obverse problem posed here is whether PME also provides such conditional probabilities, given certain marginal probabilities. The theorem developed to solve the obverse Majerník problem demonstrates that in the special case introduced by Wagner PME does not contradict JUP, but elegantly generalizes it and offers a more integrated approach to probability updating.
Forces and Moments on Flat Plates of Small Aspect Ratio with Application to PV Wind Loads and Small Wind Turbine Blades
Authors: Ortiz Xavier , Rival David , Wood David
Published: March 2015

To improve knowledge of the wind loads on photovoltaic structures mounted on flat roofs at the high angles required in high latitudes, and to study starting flow on low aspect ratio wind turbine blades, a series of wind tunnel tests were undertaken. Thin flat plates of aspect ratios between 0.4 and 9.0 were mounted on a sensitive three-component instantaneous force and moment sensor. The Reynolds numbers varied from 6 × 104 to 2 × 105. Measurements were made for angles of attack between 0° and 90° both in the free stream and in wall proximity with increased turbulence and mean shear. The ratio of drag to lift closely follows the inverse tangent of the angle of incidence for virtually all measurements. This implies that the forces of interest are due largely to the instantaneous pressure distribution around the plate and are not significantly influenced by shear stresses. The instantaneous forces appear most complex for the smaller aspect ratios but the intensity of the normal force fluctuations is between 10% and 20% in the free-steam but can exceed 30% near the wall. As the wind tunnel floor is approached, the lift and drag reduce with increasing aspect ratio, and there is a reduction in the high frequency components of the forces. It is shown that the centre of pressure is closer to the centre of the plates than the quarter-chord position for nearly all cases.
Evaluation of Zygosaccharomyces bailii to Metabolize Residual Sugar Present in Partially-Fermented Red Wines
Authors: Zuehlke Jesse , Childs Bradford , Edwards Charles
Published: March 2015

An alternative approach to remove residual sugar from red wines using strains of Zygosaccharomyces bailli was studied. Fructose (40 or 60 g/L) and alcohol (13%, 15%, or 17% v/v) were added to a Cabernet Sauvignon wine before inoculation of Z. bailii B2, B6, or W3, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118. Most yeasts maintained populations ≥106 cfu/mL up to 100 days—the exceptions being W3 and EC1118, which declined to ≤30 cfu/mL in 17% alcohol wines beyond day 75. Wines containing 40 g/L fructose and 13% alcohol achieved dryness (<2 g/L), except those inoculated with B6. At 15% alcohol, B6, W3, and EC1118 consumed large levels of fructose (>80% of the 40 g/L; >50% of the 60 g/L) but limited amounts from wines containing 17% alcohol. Volatile acidities were higher in wines inoculated with strains of Z. bailli compared to S. cerevisiae (0.88 and 0.75 g/L, respectively). Fructose utilization in a partially-fermented Syrah wine varied, with dryness achieved by EC1118 or a mixed culture of B2 and B6. While Z. bailii metabolized residual fructose in wines of varying alcohol content, the use of S. cerevisiae EC1118 was generally as effective and did not produce as much volatile acidity.
Analytical Estimation of Map Readability
Authors: Harrie Lars , Stigmar Hanna , Djordjevic Milan
Published: March 2015

Readability is a major issue with all maps. In this study, we evaluated whether we can predict map readability using analytical measures, both single measures and composites of measures. A user test was conducted regarding the perceived readability of a number of test map samples. Evaluations were then performed to determine how well single measures and composites of measures could describe the map readability. The evaluation of single measures showed that the amount of information was most important, followed by the spatial distribution of information. The measures of object complexity and graphical resolution were not useful for explaining the map readability of our test data. The evaluations of composites of measures included three methods: threshold evaluation, multiple linear regression and support vector machine. We found that the use of composites of measures was better for describing map readability than single measures, but we could not identify any major differences in the results of the three composite methods. The results of this study can be used to recommend readability measures for triggering and controlling the map generalization process of online maps.
Resistance Training Regulates Cardiac Function through Modulation of miRNA-214
Authors: Melo Stéphano , Barauna Valério , Júnior Miguel , Bozi Luiz , Drummond Lucas , Natali Antônio , De Oliveira Edilamar
Published: March 2015

Aims: To determine the effects of resistance training (RT) on the expression of microRNA (miRNA)-214 and its target in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a), and on the morphological and mechanical properties of isolated left ventricular myocytes. Main methods: Male Wistar rats were divided into two groups (n = 7/group): Control (CO) or trained (TR). The exercise-training protocol consisted of: 4 × 12 bouts, 5×/week during 8 weeks, with 80% of one repetition maximum. Key findings: RT increased the left ventricular myocyte width by 15% and volume by 12%, compared with control animals (p < 0.05). The time to half relaxation and time to peak were 8.4% and 4.4% lower, respectively, in cells from TR group as compared to CO group (p < 0.05). RT decreased miRNA-214 level by 18.5% while its target SERCA2a expression were 18.5% higher (p < 0.05). Significance: Our findings showed that RT increases single left ventricular myocyte dimensions and also leads to faster cell contraction and relaxation. These mechanical adaptations may be related to the augmented expression of SERCA2a which, in turn, may be associated with the epigenetic modification of decreased miRNA-214 expression.
Exploring the Balance between Folding and Functional Dynamics in Proteins and RNA
Authors: Jackson Jovaun , Nguyen Kien , Whitford Paul
Published: March 2015

As our understanding of biological dynamics continues to be refined, it is becoming clear that biomolecules can undergo transitions between ordered and disordered states as they execute functional processes. From a computational perspective, studying disorder events poses a challenge, as they typically occur on long timescales, and the associated molecules are often large (i.e., hundreds of residues). These size and time requirements make it advantageous to use computationally inexpensive models to characterize large-scale dynamics, where more highly detailed models can provide information about individual sub-steps associated with function. To reduce computational demand, one often uses a coarse-grained representation of the molecule or a simplified description of the energetics. In order to use simpler models to identify transient disorder in RNA and proteins, it is imperative that these models can accurately capture structural fluctuations about folded configurations, as well as the overall stability of each molecule. Here, we explore a class of simplified model for which all non-hydrogen atoms are explicitly represented. We find that this model can provide a consistent description of protein folding and native-basin dynamics for several representative biomolecules. We additionally show that the native-basin fluctuations of tRNA and the ribosome are robust to variations in the model. Finally, the extended variable loop in tRNAIle is predicted to be very dynamic, which may facilitate biologically-relevant rearrangements. Together, this study provides a foundation that will aid in the application of simplified models to study disorder during function in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) assemblies.
Functionalization of Magnetite Nanoparticles as Oil Spill Collector
Authors: Atta Ayman , Al-Lohedan Hamad , Al-Hussain Sami
Published: March 2015

In the present study, a new magnetic powder based on magnetite can be used as a petroleum crude oil collector. Amidoximes based on rosin as a natural product can be prepared from a reaction between hydroxylamine and rosin/acrylonitrile adducts. The produced rosin amidoximes were used as capping agents for magnetite nanoparticles to prepare hydrophobic coated magnetic powders. A new class of monodisperse hydrophobic magnetite nanoparticles was prepared by a simple and inexpensive co-precipitation method. Iron ions and iodine were prepared by the reaction between ferric chloride and potassium iodide. The structure and morphology of magnetite capped with rosin amidoxime were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), zeta potential, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The magnetic properties were determined from vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) analyses. These prepared magnetite nanoparticles were tested as bioactive nanosystems and their antimicrobial effects were investigated. The prepared nanomaterials were examined as a crude oil collector using magnetic fields. The results show promising data for the separation of the petroleum crude oil from aqueous solution in environmental pollution cleanup.
An MVC-based Intelligent Document Model Using UIML
Authors: Shi Yunmei , Liu Xuhong , Li Ning , Hou Xia
Published: March 2015

Aiming at the common problems of intelligent document platform-dependency, this paper proposes an MVC-based (Model View Controller-based) intelligent document model using UIML (User Interface Markup Language). The model is made on the basis of the previous work of our team, and the difference is that the new model separates user interface and interaction descriptions from the view component to make the intelligent document model much more independent of platform and programming language. To verify the intelligent document model, we implemented a prototype, which can support intelligent operations. The test result shows that our approach is correct. The model not only follows MVC framework, but also provides good flexibility and independence.
Sick Leave and Factors Influencing Sick Leave in Adult Patients with Atopic Dermatitis: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Van Os-Medendorp Harmieke , Appelman-Noordermeer Simone , Bruijnzeel-Koomen Carla , De Bruin-Weller Marjolein
Published: March 2015

Background: Little is known about the prevalence of sick leave due to atopic dermatitis (AD). The current literature on factors influencing sick leave is mostly derived from other chronic inflammatory diseases. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of sick leave due to AD and to identify influencing factors. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in adult patients with AD. Outcome measures: sick leave during the two-week and one-year periods, socio-demographic characteristics, disease severity, quality of life and socio-occupational factors. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine influencing factors on sick leave over the two-week period. Results: In total, 253 patients were included; 12% of the patients had to take sick leave in the last two weeks due to AD and 42% in the past year. A higher level of symptom interference (OR 1.26; 95% CI 1.13–1.40) or perfectionism/diligence (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.83–0.96) may respectively increase or decrease the number of sick leave days. Conclusion: Sick leave in patients with AD is a common problem and symptom interference and perfectionism/diligence appeared to influence it. Novel approaches are needed to deal with symptoms at work or school to reduce the amount of sick leave due to AD.
Prediction of the Maximum Temperature for Life Based on the Stability of Metabolites to Decomposition in Water
Authors: Bains William , Xiao Yao , Yu Changyong
Published: March 2015

The components of life must survive in a cell long enough to perform their function in that cell. Because the rate of attack by water increases with temperature, we can, in principle, predict a maximum temperature above which an active terrestrial metabolism cannot function by analysis of the decomposition rates of the components of life, and comparison of those rates with the metabolites’ minimum metabolic half-lives. The present study is a first step in this direction, providing an analytical framework and method, and analyzing the stability of 63 small molecule metabolites based on literature data. Assuming that attack by water follows a first order rate equation, we extracted decomposition rate constants from literature data and estimated their statistical reliability. The resulting rate equations were then used to give a measure of confidence in the half-life of the metabolite concerned at different temperatures. There is little reliable data on metabolite decomposition or hydrolysis rates in the literature, the data is mostly confined to a small number of classes of chemicals, and the data available are sometimes mutually contradictory because of varying reaction conditions. However, a preliminary analysis suggests that terrestrial biochemistry is limited to environments below ~150–180 °C. We comment briefly on why pressure is likely to have a small effect on this.
Enhancing Alkane Production in Cyanobacterial Lipid Droplets: A Model Platform for Industrially Relevant Compound Production
Authors: Peramuna Anantha , Morton Ray , Summers Michael
Published: March 2015

Cyanobacterial lipid droplets (LDs) are packed with hydrophobic energy-dense compounds and have great potential for biotechnological expression and the compartmentalization of high value compounds. Nostoc punctiforme normally accumulates LDs containing neutral lipids, and small amounts of heptadecane, during the stationary phase of growth. In this study, we further enhanced heptadecane production in N. punctiforme by introducing extrachromosomal copies of aar/adc genes, and report the discovery of a putative novel lipase encoded by Npun_F5141, which further enhanced alkane production. Extra copies of all three genes in high light conditions resulted in a 16-fold higher accumulation of heptadecane compared to the wild type strain in the exponential phase. LD accumulation during exponential phase also increased massively to accommodate the heptadecane production. A large number of small, less fluorescent LDs were observed at the cell periphery in exponential growth phase, whereas fewer number of highly fluorescent, much larger LDs were localized towards the center of the cell in the stationary phase. These advances demonstrate that cyanobacterial LDs are an ideal model platform to make industrially relevant compounds, such as alkanes, during exponential growth, and provide insight into LD formation in cyanobacteria.
New 1-(3-Nitrophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,5]benzodiazepines: Synthesis and Computational Study
Authors: Kosychova Lidija , Karalius Antanas , Staniulytė Zita , Sirutkaitis Romualdas , Palaima Algirdas , Laurynėnas Audrius , Anusevičius Žilvinas
Published: March 2015

Triazole derivatives constitute an important group of heterocyclic compounds have have been the subject of extensive study in the recent past. These compounds have shown a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. In this work, new fused tricyclic 1-(3-nitrophenyl)-5,6-dihydro-4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,5]-benzodiazepines have been synthesized by the thermal cyclization of N'-(2,3-dihydro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepin-4-yl)-3-nitrobenzohydrazides. After screening ethanol, toluene and 1-butanol as solvents, butanol-1 was found to be the best choice for the cyclization reaction in order to obtain the highest yields of tricyclic derivatives. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated by the analysis of their IR, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectral data. For tentative rationalization of the reaction processes, the global and local reactivity indices of certain compounds, taking part in the reaction pathway, were assessed by means of quantum mechanical calculations using the conceptual density functional theory (DFT) approach. This work could be useful for the synthesis of new heterocyclic compounds bearing a fused triazole ring.
Sea Surface Wind Retrievals from SIR-C/X-SAR Data: A Revisit
Authors: Ren Yongzheng , Li Xiao-Ming , Zhou Guoqing
Published: March 2015

The Geophysical Model Function (GMF) XMOD1 provides a linear algorithm for sea surface wind field retrievals for the Spaceborne Imaging Radar-C/X-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SIR-C/X-SAR). However, the relationship between the normalized radar cross section (NRCS) and the sea surface wind speed, wind direction and incidence angles is non-linear. Therefore, in this paper, XMOD1 is revisited using the full dataset of X-SAR acquired over the ocean. We analyze the detailed relationship between the X-SAR NRCS, incidence angle and sea surface wind speed. Based on the C-band GMF CMOD_IFR2, an updated empirical retrieval model of the sea surface wind field called SIRX-MOD is derived. In situ buoy measurements and the scatterometer data of ERS-1/SCAT are used to validate the retrieved sea surface wind speeds from the X-SAR data with SIRX-MOD, which respectively yield biases of 0.13 m/s and 0.16 m/s and root mean square (RMS) errors of 1.83 m/s and 1.63 m/s.
Automated Extraction of Archaeological Traces by a Modified Variance Analysis
Authors: D'Orazio Tiziana , Da Pelo Paolo , Marani Roberto , Guaragnella Cataldo
Published: March 2015

This paper considers the problem of detecting archaeological traces in digital aerial images by analyzing the pixel variance over regions around selected points. In order to decide if a point belongs to an archaeological trace or not, its surrounding regions are considered. The one-way ANalysis Of VAriance (ANOVA) is applied several times to detect the differences among these regions; in particular the expected shape of the mark to be detected is used in each region. Furthermore, an effect size parameter is defined by comparing the statistics of these regions with the statistics of the entire population in order to measure how strongly the trace is appreciable. Experiments on synthetic and real images demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach with respect to some state-of-the-art methodologies.
Cyanobacteria and Algae Blooms: Review of Health and Environmental Data from the Harmful Algal Bloom-Related Illness Surveillance System (HABISS) 2007–2011
Authors: Backer Lorraine , Manassaram-Baptiste Deana , LePrell Rebecca , Bolton Birgit
Published: March 2015

Algae and cyanobacteria are present in all aquatic environments. We do not have a good sense of the extent of human and animal exposures to cyanobacteria or their toxins, nor do we understand the public health impacts from acute exposures associated with recreational activities or chronic exposures associated with drinking water. We describe the Harmful Algal Bloom-related Illness Surveillance System (HABISS) and summarize the collected reports describing bloom events and associated adverse human and animal health events. For the period of 2007–2011, Departments of Health and/or Environment from 11 states funded by the National Center for Environmental Health (NCEH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention contributed reports for 4534 events. For 2007, states contributed 173 reports from historical data. The states participating in the HABISS program built response capacity through targeted public outreach and prevention activities, including supporting routine cyanobacteria monitoring for public recreation waters. During 2007–2010, states used monitoring data to support196 public health advisories or beach closures. The information recorded in HABISS and the application of these data to develop a wide range of public health prevention and response activities indicate that cyanobacteria and algae blooms are an environmental public health issue that needs continuing attention.
Stick–slip behaviour on Au(111) with adsorption of copper and sulfate
Authors: Podgaynyy Nikolay , Wezisla Sabine , Molls Christoph , Iqbal Shahid , Baltruschat Helmut
Published: March 2015

Several transitions in the friction coefficient with increasing load are found on Au(111) in sulfuric acid electrolyte containing Cu ions when a monolayer (or submonolayer) of Cu is adsorbed. At the corresponding normal loads, a transition to double or multiple slips in stick–slip friction is observed. The stick length in this case corresponds to multiples of the lattice distance of the adsorbed sulfate, which is adsorbed in a √3 × √7 superstructure on the copper monolayer. Stick–slip behaviour for the copper monolayer as well as for 2/3 coverage can be observed atFN≥ 15 nN. At this normal load, a change from a small to a large friction coefficient occurs. This leads to the interpretation that the tip penetrates the electrochemical double layer at this point. At the potential (or point) of zero charge (pzc), stick–slip resolution persists at all normal forces investigated.
Adiponectin and Interleukin-6, but not Adipose Tissue, are Associated with Worse Neurocognitive Function in HIV-Infected Men
Authors: Lake Jordan E , Vo Quynh T , Jacobson Lisa P , Sacktor Ned , Miller Eric N , Post Wendy S , Becker James T , Palella Frank J , Ragin Ann , Martin Eileen , Munro Cynthia A , Brown Todd T
Published: March 2015

Background

Generalized obesity has been associated with cognitive decline, a process potentially mediated by adipocytokines. The effects of regional adipose tissue (AT) on cognition, however, are not well understood. We explored cross-sectional relationships between regional AT, adipocytokines, inflammatory markers and neuropsychological (NP) test scores among HIV+ and HIV- men enrolled in the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study.

Methods

Visceral, subcutaneous abdominal and subcutaneous thigh AT areas were quantified by computed tomography (CT). NP tests (Trail Making Test parts A and B, and Symbol-Digit Modalities) obtained within 2 years of CT screened for psychomotor speed and executive function. Adiponectin, leptin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured.

Results

Of 509 HIV+ and 271 HIV- participants, HIV+ men (98% on antiretroviral therapy, 81% HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml) had lower median subcutaneous AT and adiponectin levels and higher hs-CRP levels, but visceral AT, body mass index, IL-6 and NP scores did not vary by HIV serostatus. In multivariable analysis, older age, ≤ high school education and African American race, but not AT area or site, were associated with worse NP test scores among all participants. In HIV+ only, higher adiponectin and IL-6 were associated with worse cognitive function independent of AT area. No HIV-specific factors were associated with NP test scores.

Conclusions

Demographic factors were associated with NP test performance, but regional adiposity was not. In HIV+ only, higher adiponectin and IL-6 were associated with worse NP test scores, supporting a role for chronic inflammation and adipocytokine imbalance in neurocognitive decline in HIV+ persons.
Taxonomy and distribution of the ant Cataglyphis setipes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Wachkoo Aijaz , Bharti Himender
Published: March 2015

Taxonomy and distribution of the ant species Cataglyphis setipes (Forel, 1894) is herewith detailed. C. setipes is redescribed, based on workers, queens, and males. Photomontage images of all castes are provided. Information on the distribution and ecology of this species is also given. A key to the Indian species of Cataglyphis is presented.
Clientélisme et contestation : l’exemple de la mobilisation des travailleurs de Spinneys au Liban
Authors: Scala Michele
Published: March 2015

Parallèlement à l’avènement des changements politiques majeurs qui ont touché nombre de pays arabes, à partir de 2011, le Liban a connu un regain de luttes sociales s’exprimant principalement - mais pas uniquement - par le biais de batailles syndicales. Dans le secteur privé, l’éclosion de formes de résistance et de contestation sociale considérées comme « improbables » à cause de la présence et de la coexistence de réseaux de contrôle clientélistes et de modes de gestion ultra libéraux remet en question l’idée reçue d’un secteur où la mobilisation serait « sous-contrôle ». À partir de l’étude de cas de la mobilisation des travailleurs de la chaîne de supermarchés multinationale Spinneys, cet article se propose d’une part de questionner les modalités d’éclosion de ce conflit salarial et, d’autre part, de remettre en cause l’hypothèse de la résistance absolue des systèmes clientélistes aux formes de contestation collective.
Les violences contre les femmes en Turquie : entre modernisation et traditionnalisme
Authors: Merçil Ípek
Published: March 2015

Les femmes turques sont particulièrement touchées par de nombreuses formes de violence qui se déroulent le plus souvent au sein de la famille. La violence domestique, les suicides forcés, les assassinats d’honneur, les mariages forcés ou/et précoces, la pression paternelle et/ou conjugale, l’inceste, la polygamie, la maternité adolescente sont différentes formes de violence subies par les femmes turques. Dans cet article, nous essayerons d’analyser les motifs de ces différents types de violence et le système patriarcal qui persiste au changement malgré les efforts d’occidentalisation et de modernisation de la Turquie par les élites kémalistes et les modifications juridiques faites en vue de l’adhésion à l’Union Européenne.
Représentations et attitudes à l’égard de l’homosexualité et de la prostitution dans les productions littéraires de Hicham Tahir
Authors: Zaganiaris Jean
Published: March 2015

Si le Maroc passe pour un pays où la sexualité est taboue, force est de constater que sa place au sein des espaces publics reste complexe. À partir de la reconstitution des stratégies littéraires et de « l’entrée en littérature » de Hicham Tahir, jeune écrivain ayant publié en 2012 un recueil de nouvelles très remarqué intitulé Jaabouq , il s’agit de comprendre la nature des positions socialement construites à l’égard des phénomènes considérés comme déviants. En parlant de l’homosexualité sans se déclarer lui-même homosexuel ou bien en évoquant la vie des migrants subsahariens au Maroc en traitant la question de la prostitution, Hicham Tahir s’est socialement positionné dans l’espace littéraire marocain comme un auteur ambivalent, capable de transcender l’opposition entre le « normal » et le « pathologique ».
Victimation et climat scolaire au collège : les vestiaires d’éducation physique et sportive
Authors: Vors Olivier , Joing Isabelle
Published: March 2015

L’objet de notre travail est de proposer une approche spatiale du bien-être à l’école sur la base d’une enquête de victimation et de climat scolaire. Une focalisation sur les vestiaires d’EPS permet d’examiner un lieu singulier qui échappe la plupart du temps au regard et à la vigilance de l’adulte. Mille quarante-neuf élèves, issus de 13 collèges ont été interrogés. Les résultats montrent qu’il y a bien des lieux propices aux manifestations de violence au sein du collège selon le point de vue des élèves. Les victimations dans les vestiaires apparaissent singulièrement élevées dans cet espace et en particulier les moqueries, le voyeurisme, les bagarres collectives ou encore les dissimulations d’objets.
Des méthodes et des hommes. La production sociale du savoir sur l’efficacité de la peine de mort
Authors: Raoult Sacha
Published: March 2015

La recherche sur l’effet dissuasif des peines donne lieu à une impressionnante production quantitative, souvent indigeste et discordante. Une exploration des équipes qui travaillent sur la corrélation exécutions-homicides permet d’identifier une « minorité bruyante » de recherches très favorable à la peine de mort. Connaître l’auteur d’un article dans ce domaine est un meilleur prédicteur des corrélations trouvées que le type de données utilisées. On découvre alors un profil de l’auteur qui a une proportion importante de résultats favorables à la peine de mort : il s’agit d’un économiste américain qui ne se présente pas comme spécialiste du crime et qui enseigne dans une faculté moins prestigieuse que celle où il a soutenu sa thèse, alors que les sociologues et les économistes des facultés hautement classés ont tendance à trouver des résultats plus proches d’un effet « zéro » de la peine de mort sur l’homicide.
Quelques notes à propos de la peur et de la phobie
Authors: Birraux Annie
Published: March 2015

La phobie n’est pas la peur mais une gestion de l’angoisse. Elle est un symptôme normal dans le développement de l’enfant et de l’adolescence et, en ce sens qu’elle accompagne les deux temps, génital et prégénital, d’intégration de l’Œdipe. Son élaboration est partie prenante de l’appropriation du corps et du processus de séparation.
Transmission des phobies dans la famille
Authors: Romano Elida , Payen de la Garanderie Jérôme
Published: March 2015

L’augmentation des consultations familiales concernant les phobies scolaires ou sociales interroge le rôle de la famille à la fois comme agent causal du symptôme et ressource thérapeutique. Ce n’est bien sûr pas un hasard si ces phobies explosent au moment de l’adolescence, qui est un moment charnière de construction identitaire, où se questionne de manière intense la dialectique autonomie/appartenance. La phobie d’un adolescent pose implicitement la question de la circulation de la peur ou plutôt de sa non-circulation dans la famille. Le sentiment d’existence de l’adolescent commence par se tisser d’abord dans sa famille en fonction de loyautés propres à l’histoire de la famille ainsi que de son adhésion au mythe familial. Deux histoires de familles, différentes dans leur fonctionnement, illustrent la réappropriation par l’adolescent d’une peur qui n’est pas la sienne.
No Life
Authors: Virole Benoît
Published: March 2015

Le terme No Life désigne, dans le parler adolescent, ces jeunes qui jouent intensivement à des jeux vidéo en ligne, perdent progressivement toute référence à la vie réelle, ignorent les rythmes alimentaires et de sommeil, se déscolarisent et fuient toute sollicitation. L’interprétation, en négatif, comme phobie scolaire ou sociale est erronée dans la mesure où le choix du No Life est d’abord celui de l’investissement, en positif, d’une nouvelle réalité.
Quand la phobie s’empare du corps : à propos de l’émétophobie
Authors: Benoit Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2015

L’émétophobie (ou peur de vomir) est un symptôme phobique appartenant aux troubles anxieux. Il s’agit d’un symptôme mal connu. Son étiologie est plurifactorielle au carrefour des causalités somatiques et psychiques. Son évolution est souvent chronique. L’émétophobie est responsable de difficultés d’intégration sociale et tend à limiter et restreindre le mode de vie des patients. Chez l’enfant et l’adolescent, elle évolue souvent sur un terrain d’angoisse de séparation.
École : j’y vais... je ne peux pas... j’aimerais bien !
Authors: Baveux Christine
Published: March 2015

Cet article présente le travail de l’enseignante à la Maison de Solenn pour accompagner la déscolarisation puis la rescolarisation des jeunes en refus scolaire. Il met en évidence la collaboration nécessaire entre les institutions scolaire et médicale, encadrée par la loi 2005 du handicap afin d’aménager le temps et l’organisation scolaires.
Les phobies d’impulsion en période périnatale
Authors: Moretton Nadia
Published: March 2015

Pour toute femme, la période dite périnatale est marquée de désirs contradictoires et de sentiments ambivalents qui construisent peu à peu un lien d’attachement à l’enfant. Chez toutes ces mères, nous voyons l’avènement, avoué ou non, de pensées agressives en lien avec les renoncements infantiles nécessaires et le « dévouement » indispensable à l’accès à la position maternelle. Chez certaines patientes, les pensées agressives ne peuvent plus être contenues, et font effraction dans le psychisme, provoquant une désorganisation pouvant mettre en péril l’équilibre thymique maternel, l’accès à la maternalité, voire l’instauration du lien mère/enfant. À travers une observation clinique, nous présenterons un exemple de traitement de l’une de ces situations à risque complexe, nous tenterons ensuite de donner quelques pistes de compréhension de ce phénomène, et nous proposerons une approche thérapeutique, en lien avec la littérature et notre pratique clinique.
Prématurité et parentalité
Authors: Ravier Anaïs , Pedinielli Jean-Louis
Published: March 2015

La naissance prématurée d’un enfant influe sur le processus de parentalité. Elle peut provoquer un vécu traumatique chez les parents et le nourrisson. Les enfants nés prématurés présentent des caractéristiques qui, dans un processus circulaire, influencent les interactions. Les troubles de l’attachement sont plus fréquents chez les anciens prématurés et rendent difficiles les premières séparations. Le vécu traumatique parental peut entraîner des mécanismes de surprotection et de surinvestissement qui mettent à mal les processus de séparation et d’individuation chez l’enfant. Des difficultés (instabilité psychomotrice, troubles du comportement...) peuvent alors apparaître lors des premières socialisations. Ces troubles provoquent chez les parents une résurgence du vécu traumatique. Dans la clinique, ces mécanismes doivent être pris en compte pour permettre un accueil thérapeutique pour l’enfant né prématuré et ses parents.
Les enjeux de la planification spatiale en Angleterre et en France : regards croisés
Authors: Demazière Christophe
Published: March 2015

Le développement durable est depuis vingt ans un référentiel prégnant dans l’action publique, en Angleterre et en France. Cet article compare les évolutions de la planification spatiale dans ces deux pays, qui se distinguent par leur degré de (dé)centralisation. Puis il analyse comment le « verdissement » de la planification est entravé par des systèmes institutionnels, qui évoluent lentement. Dans chaque pays, la planification a été étudiée dans quatre grands territoires agglomérés, au regard de la consommation foncière dédiée aux zones d’activités économiques. La décentralisation des décisions en matière de planification est forte en France et la recherche de cohérence et de durabilité est très variable selon les territoires. En Angleterre, les orientations nationales sont plus fidèlement retranscrites dans les plans locaux. L’hétéronomie des collectivités locales semble un élément important pour la déclinaison territoriale du développement durable.
L’apprentissage local d’une politique de l’emploi dans le Pays Valencien (Espagne)
Authors: Gallego-Bono Juan R. , Pitxer Josep V.
Published: March 2015

Les partenariats entre acteurs publics et partenaires sociaux, aux plans local et régional, constituent un terrain propice à l’expérimentation de politiques publiques négociées. Axé sur les Pactes territoriaux pour l’emploi dans le Pays Valencien, cet article montre qu’en Espagne la capacité des agents locaux à développer ces partenariats passe par une double transformation de leurs organisations : la mise en place d’une gouvernance verticale coopérative en leur sein, pour que l’ensemble de ces organisations (y compris celles des niveaux supérieurs, étatique et régional) s’approprient les objectifs territoriaux. Cet article montre un cas réussi de processus d’apprentissage dans une gouvernance coopérative, à la fois inter- et intra-organisationnelle.