bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Corn Earworm Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Smith J. C.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in Isle of Wight County, Va., to evaluate the efficacy of 4 insecticides against a mixed population of small (first and second instars), medium (third and fourth instars), and large (fifth and sixth instars) CEW. Peanuts planted 2 May were treated by the cooperating producer on 15 Aug with Pydrin 2.4 EC for control of an early-season CEW infestation. Test insecticides were applied 13 Sep using a conventional 4-row sprayer, with 3 D2-23 disk-core hollow-cone nozzles/row, at 4.2 kg/cm2 and delivering a volume of 140.3 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design with 2 replicates was used. Individual plots were 4 rows (0.9-m spacing) by 66.2 m. Treatments were evaluated prior to application (0 DAT) and 1, 5, and 9 DAT by comparing the number of larvae/0.9 m of row using the standard ground cloth technique.
Flea Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Weiss Michael J. , Schatz Blaine G. , Hanson Bryan K.
Published: March 2022

Plots were seeded with a small plot seeder May 9 at Carrington, N. Dak., and May 12 at Langdon, N. Dak. Row spacing was 12 inches at Carrington and 6 inches at Langdon. Plot size at Carrington was 4 by 22 ft (4 rows wide) and 3.5 by 16 ft (7 rows wide) at Langdon. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates of each treatment at each location. Granular materials were applied with the seed at planting and foliar applications were applied when flea beetles were present. Ten gallons of solution/acre of foliar materials was applied at 40 psi with a small-plot sprayer mounted on an all-terrain vehicle. At Langdon stand counts were taken by counting the number of plants in 3 ft of row in 2 locations within each plot. At Carrington, a videotape was made of one of the middle rows within each plot and the number of plants counted on a video screen. Yield information was based on harvesting the entire plot at Langdon and 14 ft of row of the 2 middle rows at Carrington. Both locations had a loam type soil. Conditions were extremely dry throughout the growing season.
Control of Rice Water Weevil, 1988
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 8 treatments and 4 replicates. Each plot was 8 by 16 ft and surrounded by a metal barrier to prevent contamination between plots. Plots were fertilized with urea at 68 lb nitrogen/acre and drill seeded at 100 lb seed/acre 14 Apr. Distance between rows was 7 inches. The plots were flooded 15 Apr and drained 24 h later. Thiobencarb at 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied 20 Apr. Rice emerged 24 Apr. Plots were flush irrigated 25 Apr and 10 May. Propanil at 3.0 lb (AI)/acre and Bentazon at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre were applied on 13 May. Urea at 51 lb nitrogen/acre was applied 17 May. The permanent flood (4 inches deep) was applied 17 May. On 20 May (3 d after the onset of the permanent flood) treatments were applied with a hand-held 4-nozzle spray rig. Nozzles were Tee-Jet 800067. The propellant used was CO2 at a pressure of 22 psi. Finished spray volume was 14.2 gal/acre. At the time of application, wind speed was less than 5 mph. Immediately prior to application and at 3, 7, and 14 DAT, 15 randomly selected plants in each plot were inspected for adult RWW feeding scars.
Mid-Season ERM Control, 1988
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: March 2022

Control trials were conducted at the Horticultural Research Farm, University of Missouri, near New Franklin, Mo. Treatments were applied on 22 Jul and 2 Aug to 3 single-tree replicates of ‘Golden Delicious’ trees approximately 15 yr old. Sprays were applied to the point of drip with an FMC DP-20 handgun sprayer at 375 psi, using approximately 5 gal finished spray/tree. Mite counts were taken by collecting 50 leaves randomly from the periphery of each tree and brushing the leaves with a Leedom mite brush. All adult ERM, their eggs, and PM were counted. Pretreatment counts were made 21 Jul, and posttreatment counts were done 10 d after each application, on 2 Aug and 16 Aug. Pretreatment mite densities averaged 2-3/leaf. At 10 DAT, none of the treatments resulted in significantly lower densities of ERM, but Danitol at 3 oz, and UBI-1335 resulted in fewer adult ERM. At 10 DAT for the second treatment, all compounds except Brigade, Kelthane, and Asana resulted in significantly fewer adult ERM. Similar patterns follow for ERM eggs. All treatments resulted in significantly fewer PM than did the untreated control, but there were no differences among them.
Corn Earworm Control, 1988
Authors: Herbert D. A.
Published: March 2022

This test was designed to evaluate 4 insecticides against CEW in late planted, double-cropped soybean after wheat. Soybeans, planted 15 Jun, were treated with test insecticides 31 Aug when plants were in the early pod fill stage. Applications were made using a CO2-pressurized air sprayer, with 8002 EVS flat spray nozzles at 1.97 kg/cm2 that delivered a volume of 128.1 liters/ha. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications. Individual plots were 6 rows (50.8-cm spacing) by 7.6 m. Treatments were evaluated prior to appalication and at 1, 5, 7, and 14 DAT by comparing the number of CEW larvae/0.9 m row. Pod damage was compared by counting the pods and damaged pods on 5 plants/plot.
Control of Soybean Looper, 1988
Authors: Mink J. S. , Boethel D. J. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

Three tests were conducted to study the efficacy of selected insecticides against soybean loopers on soybean. Test 1 was conducted 31 Aug and Test 2 was conducted 6 Sep with ‘Centennial’ soybean (R5) in Iberville Parish, La. Plots were 50 ft long and 8, 36-inch rows wide. The entire experimental area for Test 1 was treated with methyl parathion at 0.5 lb (AI)/acre on 18 Aug in an attempt to induce an outbreak of soybean loopers. Test insecticides were applied using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 18 gal of finished product/acre at 30 psi through 8002 nozzles. Samples were taken at 2, 7, and 14 DAT using 2 25-sweep samples/plot with a 15-inch-diam sweep net. Test 1 plots received 0.55 inches of rain between treatment and 2 DAT, 1.61 inches between 3 and 7 DAT, and 0.53 inches between 8 and 14 DAT. Test 2 plots received 0.53 inches of rain between 3 and 7 DAT and 1.17 inches between 8 and 14 DAT. Test 3 treatments were applied on 12 Sep to ‘Davis’ soybean (R4) in Tensas Parish. Plots were 30 ft long and 4, 40-inch rows wide. Test insecticides were applied with a compressed-air tractor-mounted boom calibrated to deliver 10 gal of finished product/acre at 36 psi through 80015 nozzles.
Soybean Looper Control, 1988
Authors: Taylor J. D. , McPherson R. M.
Published: March 2022

Ten insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling soybean loopers in soybean. Insecticides were applied to foliage 14 Sep on ‘Thomas’ soybeans planted on a 36-inch row spacing. Soybeans were planted 20 May in conventionally prepared seedbeds at the University of Georgia Southeastern Branch Station at Midville. Individual plots were 4 rows by 50 ft with 6-ft alleys at the beginning and end of plots. A complete randomized block experimental design was used with 4 replicates. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered compressed-air sprayer, with TX-12 nozzles, at 35 psi (at the boom) that delivered 14.0 gal for formulation/acre. Individual treatments were evaluated at 2, 7, and 14 DAT by comparing the number of insect pests/25 sweeps in the treated plots with those in the untreated controls. A 15-inch-diam net was passed through the foliage of a single row on each sampling date.
Soybean Pest Control, 1988
Authors: Way M. O. , Wallace R. G.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted at the Texas A&M University Agricultural Research and Extension Center at Beaumont. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 treatments and 4 replicates. Each plot was 40 ft by 6 rows (32-inch spacing) with an additional 2 buffer rows between adjacent plots. Soybeans were planted at 10 seeds/linear ft on 25 May and emerged 29 May. Insecticides were applied with a CO2-pressurized hand sprayer at 22.5 psi with 10.8 gal finished spray/acre. The boom had 4 nozzles (TeeJet 800067) spaced 20 inches apart. Plants were in the R5 growth stage at time of application (8 Sep), which coincided with increasing caterpillar populations. Conditions were calm and dry at time of application. Nine ft of row in each plot was sampled with a vertical beat sheet (similar to a ground cloth) one day before and at 1, 4, 7, and 14 DAT. Captured insects were placed in a plastic bag and frozen for later identification and enumeration. At maturity, 20 ft of the middle 2 rows of each plot was harvested for yield, which was adjusted to 13% moisture.
Soil Systemic vs. Foliar Insecticide Combinations and Sunflower Seed Yield; Trial 1, 1986
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Wiersma John
Published: March 2022

Sunflower seed was planted 20 May at the Northwest Experiment Station, Crookston, Minn. Plots were 4 rows by 30 ft, replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Liquid and granular soil systemics were applied in a 4-6-inch band 48 h after seeding and were covered with soil. Soil moisture in these finely textured soils was excellent. Foliar insecticides were applied 26 Jun, 10 Jul, and 27 Jul with a hand-held CO2 sprayer at 40 psi and 17 gal total material/acre. Larval counts were taken 15 Jul. Plant height, stem infestations (not reported), and percentage of lodging were measured the third week of August. Yields were collected from a 5- by 10-ft area in the center 2 plot rows.
Tobacco Aphid Control, 1988
Authors: McPherson R. M. , Taylor J. D.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted at the Bowen Farm site at >the Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, Ga., 28 Apr in a field of Ocilla loamy sand. Plots 2 rows wide (44 inches apart) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows, and blocks were separated by 5-ft vacant alleys. Seven insecticide treatments were applied 26 May with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 9.5 gal formulation/acre at 48 psi. A single TX-12 hojlow-cone nozzle, directed over the center of each row, was used to deliver the product. Numbers of live tobacco aphids/4 upper leaves were recorded on plants 3 and 5 of each plot 3, 7, 11, and 14 DAT. Percentage of control was determined by comparing the number of live aphids in the treated plots with those in the untreated controls.
Control of Foliage Pests, 1988
Authors: Southern P. Sterling , Browne Micou M.
Published: March 2022

A test was established on a commercial farm in Craven County, N.C. Plots were 0.02 acres, 4 rows wide, separated laterally by a vacant row and on each end by a 16-ft alley. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Pretransplanting applications were made 25 Apr. Granular bands (10 inches) were applied with an electrically driven Noble granular applicator; granules were applied to the soil surface and incorporated by bedding. Granules were broadcast with the same equipment and incorporated by disking twice followed by bedding. Liquids were broadcast at 23.5 gal/acre at 25 psi through 8004 flat-fan nozzles on 20-inch centers; incorporated by disking twice followed by bedding. Tobacco was transplanted into a moist Portsmouth fine sandy loam soil (pH 5.3) 26 Apr. Granules were sidedressed 10 May in a narrow band deposited just below the soil surface and 4 inches to one side of the row center with a fertilizer shank. Flea beetles and flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 5 consecutive plants from a random start in each of the middle 2 rows of the plot. Myzus nicotianae infestation levels were rated on 10 consecutive plants from a random start in each of the middle 2 rows of the plot.
Russian Wheat Aphid Control, 1988
Authors: Michels G. J. , Behle R. W. , Bible J. B. , Edwards J. M.
Published: March 2022

The wheat field was located in Deaf Smith County, 4 miles north of Dawn, Tex. Each plot was 12 by 50 ft and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied 6 Apr with a 4-nozzle hand-held spray boom at 30 psi and 22 gal/acre total spray volume. The irrigated wheat was less than 12 inches tall and preboot at the time of application. Evaluations consisted of counting live RWA on 10 symptomatic tillers (tillers with curled leaves and white or purple streaking) from each plot and were taken at 2, 7, 14, and 29 DAT. Yield evaluations were based on machine-harvested yields from 4- by 50-ft samples from each plot.
Southern Red Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Stephenson J. C. , Miller G. L. , Hendricks H. J. , Williams M. L.
Published: March 2022

Infested dormant azaleas, growing in trade gallon (3-liter) black plastic containers of an amended pine bark medium, were selected for a single foliar-applied treatment. Chevron spray sticker (0.5 pt/100 gal water) was added to all chemical treatments. Sprays were applied to all leaf surfaces to run-off with an R&D CO2-pressurized test pilot sprayer (35 psi) equipped with a single Spray Systems cone-jet T nozzle. Four single-plant replicates were arranged in a completely randomized design and held in an open, unheated glass greenhouse. Live mites were counted at 7, 21, 35, and 63 DAT with the aid of a Llanfair Orchard leaf-brushing machine and a microscope. Each sample consisted of 3 randomly selected 6-cm terminals/plant. Terminals were clipped and brushed, and the number of mites landing on the counting disk was recorded.
Fall Control of Southern Masked Chafer, 1988
Authors: Johnson James W.
Published: March 2022

Sod plugs were potted into 6-inch-diam by 6-inch-deep plastic pots in June. SMC larvae were placed in pots on 23 Sep at a rate of 4/pot. Treatments were applied 27 Sep to pots arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Pots were placed in a 5- by 5-ft plot with treatments applied to this area. Liquid treatments were applied with an R&D Systems CO2 pistol belt sprayer with Delavan LF-3 nozzles calibrated to deliver 130.5 gal of dilute spray/acre at 30 psi. Granular treatments were applied with a shaker bottle to apply the product evenly over the treatment area. Clay granules were added to granular treatments to a uniform weight of 30 g to ensure even distribution of the products. Approximately 0.5 inches of water was applied with sprinklers to all plots within 2 h after application. Three rates of XRD-429 were kept dry by covering the plots during irrigation. Normal rainfall maintained adequate moisture during the trial. Data were taken on 4 Oct (1 wk), 11 Oct (2 wk), and 25 Oct (4 wk). Sample pots were carefully torn apart, and all SMC grubs were recovered from each replicate. The number of living and dead SMC grubs was recorded. The summary figure represents all replicates over all 3 time periods; a total of 36 grubs was used in calculations.
Beet Armyworm Control, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Chrysanthemum foliage was dipped into treatment dilutions and placed wet into 1-pt wide-mouth ice cream containers fitted with nylon mesh lids for ventilation. Recently emerged adult female beet armyworms were introduced 10/container; there were 3 replicate containers/treatment. Mortality (%) was recorded for adults in each container after 24 h. Adults used in the bioassay were from an established laboratory colony reared on artificial diet; sex determinations were made at the pupa stage.
Control of Thrips, 1988
Authors: Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Finished pots in full bloom were obtained from local grower and placed on greenhouse benches at 85°F. The plants were inoculated with Frankliniella bispinosa collected from heavily infested citrus blooms and held for several days to allow reproduction and establishment. All unopened flower buds were removed prior to the first spray application, and applications began when larvae and blemished petals were in evidence on all pots. Treatments were assigned according to a randomized complete block with 4 replicate pots/treatment. Two sprays were made to the point of wetness at 7-d intervals with hand-pressurized sprayers. No adjuvants were used. Evaluations consisted of breaking apart 2 to 6 blooms/replicate pot, counting all live larvae, then dividing by the number of flowers sampled. Evaluations were made 7 d after each application.
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on a home lawn in Somerset, Pa., consisting primarily of fine-leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid and wettable powder formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine-grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 96°F; soil temperature at 1 in depth, 72°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, sandy loam, soil particle size analysis: 60% sand, 23% silt, 17% clay; soil moisture condition, very dry; organic matter, 3.0% water pH, 8.0; soil pH, 5.4; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 8 Aug, 7 DAT. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6-inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during 15 min. Three floatation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a square-foot count. An average of 98.9 hairy chinch bug nymphs and adults/ft2 was recorded 1 Aug before treatment.
Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1988
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Schwartz Mary Ann
Published: March 2022

Green peach aphid control was evaluated 12 Jun on greenhouse-grown hibiscus. The plants were in 4-inch plots evenly spaced on a greenhouse bench. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until run-off with a Gilmore all purpose trigger sprayer. A surfactant, Triton B 1956, was added to all treatments (3½ oz/100 gal), except for the RH 7988 treatments for which Triton AG 98 was used (8 oz/100 gal). Infestations were determined by examining 4 buds and 16 terminal leaves/plant and totaling the number of live aphids at 1, 7, and 14 DAT.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly, 1988
Authors: Cawley Bryant , Warkentin Dennis
Published: March 2022

Rooted poinsettias were greenhouse grown at 85°F in 6-inch pots containing Metro Mix 500 media for 6 d, then transferred for 24 h to an open-sided greenhouse containing stock plants heavily infested with whiteflies. Plants were then returned to the greenhouse, treated with the test materials with a hand-held mist bottle, and held in a whitefly-free enclosure for 10 d. There were 9 replicate plants/ treatment. Egg eclosion success and larval mortality were assessed after 10 d by removing individual leaves and scoring these developmental stages as alive or dead. Sampling continued until a combined total of 100 larvae and unhatched eggs was obtained for each replicate plant.
Control of Black Vine Weevil, 1986
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

A large taxus (20-m circumference) growing at the Secrest Arboretum in Ohio was used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against newly emerged black vine weevil adults. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle was used to apply treatments to run-off to 91-cm-wide sections of the taxus on 22 Jul with conditions sunny, 24°C, and 8-16 km/h breeze. Between each treatment was a 91-cm-wide unsprayed buffer area. Samples were taken at 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT by randomly clipping 6 12-cm sprigs from each treatment area. Two sprigs were placed in each of 3 9- by 16-cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon organdy cloth lids, along with 5 ovipositing weevils. Mortality was assessed 72 h after placing weevils on foliage. Moribund adults were fed unsprayed foliage for an additional 72 h before final mortality was assessed.
Control of Black Vine Weevil Adults, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus sprigs (10-15 cm) protruding from culture tubes were used to evaluate topical toxicity of soaps against black vine weevil adults. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 20 psi was used 26 Aug to apply materials to run-off to 3 taxus sprigs harboring a total of 15 ovipositing weevils. One sprayed sprig was placed in each of 3 9- by 16-cm cylindrical paper cartons fitted with nylon organdy cloth lids, along with 5 of the sprayed weevils. Treatment effects were evaluated 5 d later.
Control of Green Garden Looper, 1988
Authors: Hara A. H. , Mello C. L. , Tsutsumi L. H. Arita
Published: March 2022

Green garden loopers were reared on Bio-Mixed 9000 in the laboratory; fifth instars were used in the test. One-inch-square ti-leaves were dipped in the insecticide solution and allowed to dry for 2 h on paper towels. After drying each square ti-leaf was placed in a 60- by 15-mm Petri dish on filter paper moistened with 0.5 ml distilled water. One green garden looper was placed in each dish. Each treatment consisted of 10 loopers and was replicated 3 times in time. Mortality was assessed at 1, 3, and 6 DAT. Artificial diet was added to the dishes in which the loopers consumed 100% of the ti-leaf.
Japanese Beetle Control, 1988
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , McCutcheon T. W.
Published: March 2022

Two species of entomogenous nematode combined with isazophos were applied 24 Aug to a golf course rough for control of Japanese beetle. Plot size was 10 by 10 ft and replicated 4 times in a completely random design. Treatments were applied as a mixture of 1 liter water containing the species of nematode and 1 liter water containing isazophos; the two were combined in a sprinkling can just before application. Treatments were irrigated with 11.3 liters water immediately after application. Environmental and soil conditions at treatment time were as follows: air temperature, 84°F; ground surface RH, 76%; partly cloudy during application with 0.25 inches of rainfall about 2 h after application; soil temperature (2 inches), 77°F; soil moisture, 23.5%; soil pH, 6.2. Thatch varied from one-eighth to three-quarters inches (not compressed). Rainfall during trial period at 28, 35, and 49 DAT was 6.15, 6.15, and 6.60 inches, respectively. Treatments were evaluated by sampling 4 locations in each plot using a cup changer (4.25 inches diam).
Summer Control of Apple Aphid with Insecticidal Soap, Conventional Insecticides, and Combination Sprays of Soap and Insecticides on Flowering Crabapple in Bucks County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Twelve insecticide treatments were evaluated to control apple aphid on 6-8-ft heavily infested flowering crabapples located at a commercial nursery in Bucks County, Pa. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree replicates. Foliar sprays (420 ml) were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. Each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre) on 15 Jun under clear, sunny skies. At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 65°F; 90% RH; water pH 5.0. Prespray treatment counts consisted of marking 4 twigs on each replicate, and counting the number of aphid life stages for 15 s on each twig. Posttreatment counts were made on 20 Jun by completing 15-s counts on each twig.
Control of Hackberry Psyllids with Soil-Injected Insecticides, Fort Collins, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at a nursery of the City of Fort Collins, Colo., planted to even-aged hackberry approximately 12 to 15 ft high. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Treatments were applied using a low-pressure Kioritz Soil Injector applying 1.0 fl oz per injection approximately 6 inches below ground. Insertions were made within the dripline of the tree with one insertion for each half inch of tree diameter at 4.5 ft height on trunk (dbh). Metasystox-R was applied as a 1:1 dilution with water; Dimethoate 400 in a 1:3 dilution with water (Dimethoate-water). Applications were timed immediately prior to bud break (4 May) or flights of the budgall psyllid (14 Jun). Evaluations of nipple galls were made by counting all galls on leaves of the lower 6 ft of the tree 18 Jun. Bud gall evaluations were made 21 Sep by counting all galls on 4 branches/tree.
Control of Spider Mites and Rust Mites on Honeylocust with Danitol and Orthene, Ft. Collins, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Patrick Darryl
Published: March 2022

Plots were located in an established nursery planting located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm. Prior to application high levels of spider mites and rust mites were observed and extensive leaf bronzing was evident. Applications were made 29 Jul to whole trees using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer. Plots consisted of whole trees, separated by untreated trees, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Evaluations were made 4, 14, and 21 DAT. Evaluations involved examining 4 leaflets on each of 6 randomly collected leaves/plot.
Honeylocust Pest Control, FT. Collins, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Plots involved an established nursery planting of 12-15-ft honeylocust trees maintained by the City of Ft. Collins. Plots were single trees and experimental design involved a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Initial target insect for the study was the honeylocust pod gall midge. However, failure of this insect to develop sufficient populations shifted the emphasis to the common mite species. A soil injection of Metasystox-R was made using a Kioritz Soil Injector applying a 1:1 water-insecticide mixture at the time of bud break (1 May). Evaluation of plots 14 Jun involved counts, of all newly formed, second-generation pod galls on the terminal 1 ft of growth of 10 branches/tree. Onset of third-generation gall midge egg laying was observed at that time, so remaining foliar sprays were applied using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer to run-off. Subsequent evaluation of mites involved counting randomly selected leaflets on 5 leaves/plot.
Control of Honeylocust Leafhoppers and Plant Bugs, Fort Collins, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Established honeylocust trees on the Colorado State University campus were used for the trial. Treatments were applied 30 May to the terminal 3-ft growth of lower branches by spraying to run-off with a hand-operated mister. Plot design was a randomized complete block with 7 replications. Treatment evaluations were made 1 Jun by shaking treated branches over a food tray and counting dislodged insects.
Mite Control on Honeylocust, Ft. Collins, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm in Ft. Collins in an established nursery honeylocust planting, 15-18 ft high. Plot design involved single trees, bordered by untreated trees, arranged in a randomized complete block with 5 replications. All treatments were applied with a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer to run-off Dormant oil applications were made during bud swell, 25 Apr. Other treatments were made to coincide with peak spider mite populations 17 Jul. Evaluations were made by counting mites on a 4-leaflet subsample from 5 leaves/plot.
Control of Bagworm on White Pine, Marietta, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Infested white pines (2-3 m tall) growing as a windbreak were used to evaluate efficacy of selected insecticides against bagworms. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on setting 3 for 30 s was used to apply treatments. A flag was placed near the highest density of active bagworms for each tree: 600 ml of finished spray was applied to that 1-m2 area 13 Jul under partly cloudy skies, 26°C, and 10-16 km/h breeze. Larval head capsule width averaged 2.54 mm. Treatment effectiveness as evaluated at 7 DAT by collecting 10 bagworms from each of the 4 single-tree replicates/treatment and assessing larval mortality.
Insecticide Evaluation, 1987
Authors: Wright C. G. , Dupree H. E.
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative effectiveness of self-pressurized sprays containing abamectin, microencap-sulated chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifos + Dimilin, or chlorpyrifos + fenoxycarb; compressed-air sprays of acephate, acephate + deodorant, or microencapsulated chlorpyrifos; and an abamectin bait in pellet form. Self-pressurized sprays (Whitmire Research Laboratories, St. Louis, Mo.) were directed into cracks and crevices. Compressed-air sprays from a 3.78-liter compressed-air sprayer were applied as a pinstream spot application directed toward cracks and crevices. Baits contained in plastic containers with one adhesive surface were stuck to sheltered surfaces in kitchens. Single-family dwellings, located in Nash or Sampson Counties, N.C., served as test sites. Only kitchens with a minimum of 25 German cockroaches sighted in a preliminary survey were used. Preapplication visual tallies in the kitchen compared with specified intervals afterward determined the control. The amount of insecticide applied/kitchen was recorded. Initial application only treatments were the chlorpyrifos + Dimilin and the chlorpyrifos + fenoxycarb formulations. When necessary, additional insecticide applications with the other formulations were made and the amounts used were recorded where living cockroaches were observed on reinspection. Other rooms also were treated to minimize migration, but cockroach numbers and insecticide amounts were not recorded. Each formulation was replicated 5 times. Analyses were calculated on the percentage reductions of cockroaches using a general linear models procedure.
Insect Control, Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott D. S
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to run-off using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.1-4.2 gal spray/tree or 300-403 gal/acre. Trees were 24 yr old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on the EMU rootstock. The XRD-473, XRD-473 + Lorsban, Lorsban, Guthion 3 F, and Guthion 35 W treatments were all tested in a seasonal program with sprays applied at pink, 4 May; petal fall, 23 May; and in cover sprays on 7 Jun, 21 Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. Pounce and Pounce/ALT were both applied at pink and petal fall then followed by cover sprays of Imidan on j Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug; Thiodan was substituted for aphid control on the 21 Jun cover. Further treatments included Orthene at pink, followed by Guthion at petal fall and on 21 Jun, Danitol on 7 Jun, and Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. A similar treatment used the same schedule except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin; Danitol at pink and 7 Jun, followed by Guthion at petal fall and 21 Jun and Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin and Surfel applied on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. A final treatment was the same as the preceding treatment except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin. Additional applications over the entire block included Difolatan 80 S 12.5 lb/acre, 6 Apr; Dithane M45 80 W 6 lb/acre + Rubigan 1 EC 6 oz/acre, 20 May, 27 May, and 9 Jun; and Dithane M45 80 W 6 lb/acre, 30 Jun. Naphthaleneacetic acid (Kling-tite formulation) was applied in thinning sprays on 27 May using up to 15 ppm depending upon the cultivar and fruit set. European apple sawfly, plum curculio, and rosy apple aphid were evaluated prior to the “June drop” by examining all of the apples in 25 fruiting clusters on one ‘McIntosh’ and one ‘Cortland’ or on one Golden Delicious’ and one ‘Cortland’ tree/plot on 6 Jun. Apple and spirea aphids were evaluated by examining 25 terminals on one ‘McIntosh’ tree/plot on 10 Jun and 24 Jun and on one ‘McIntosh’ and one ‘Cortland’ tree/plot on 16 Jun. Spotted tentiform leafminer was evaluated 19 Sep by counting the mines on 25 ‘Greening’ leaves/plot on 19 Sep. Insect damage to fruit was assessed at harvest by examining 100 apples/cultivar/plot from ‘Jersey Mac,’ 5 Aug; ‘McIntosh,’ 19 Sep; and ‘Golden Delicious,’ 7 Oct. ‘Golden Delicious’ fruit finish was evaluated using a russet rating from 0 (best finish) to 3 (worst finish). Rainfall was less than normal during April, June, and August, but above normal during July. Temperatures were above normal during June, July, and August. An extended bloom period with certain cultivars in bloom while the petals had fallen on others, resulted in greater than normal insect pressure especially from European apple sawfly and plum curculio. The extremely warm summer temperatures resulted in significant third-brood white apple leafhopper and spotted tentiform leafminer pressure.
Expar 1% Pour-On for Lice Control on Beef Cattle, 1987
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. , Seville R.
Published: March 2022

Experimental steer and heifer calves of mixed breeds and originating in eastern Wyoming were housed in separate pens in groups of 6 animals each. The cattle in one pen served as untreated controls. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, Bovicola bovis (Bb), the longnosed cattle louse, Linognathus vituli (Lv), and the little blue cattle louse, Solenopotes capillatus (Sc). The hair was parted and louse density was estimated by observing and recording the number of each species at sample sites on the host. The body regions examined were one 5- X 15-cm area on the topline, one 5- x 15-cm area on the withers, two 10- X 15-cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes, two 5- x 10-cm areas on the right and left cheeks, one 5- x 25-cm area on the muzzle, and one 5- x 15-cm area on the dewlap. Following pretreatment louse counts, the animals were ranked according to louse density and divided into pairs of approximately equal density. The members of the pairs were then assigned randomly to either the Expar 1% Pour-On treatment or to an untreated group. Expar 1% was applied according to label directions. Undiluted insecticide was poured along the back and down the face of each animal at 0.5 fl oz/100 lb body weight of animal on 9 Mar and again on 23 Mar.
Dietary Activity of Chitin Synthesis Inhibitors, 1987-1988
Authors: DeMark J. J. , Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests compared the efficacy of 6 chitin synthesis inhibitors (benzolyphenyl ureas) fed to German cockroach nymphs for the duration of the fifth (last) nymphal stage. These compounds were hexafluron (XRD-473), triflumuron (alsystin), diflubenzuron (dimilin), UC 84572, chlorfluazuron (CGA 112913), and flufenoxuron (EY-059). The compounds were formulated into diets prepared by finely grinding Wayne Rodent Blox into 5-g portions and reconstituting each with 6 ml water and 3 ml of an acetone solution of technical compound. The mixture was mixed thoroughly, pressed into plexiglass molds, and allowed to dry for 48 h in an evacuation hood, yielding pelletized diets (75-100 mg) of the desired concentration (ppm on weight basis). Six to nine different dietary concentrations were evaluated to achieve a clear representation of each compound’s effectiveness. Groups of 10 unsexed, newly eclosed (<24 h) fifth-stage nymphs were placed into 100- by 25-mm vented plastic Petri dishes supplied with test diet, water vial, and cardboard harborage. Mortality was defined as nymphs that died molting to adults and moribund adults dying within 1 wk after molting. Each diet concentration was replicated 6 times, for a total of 60 nymphs/dilution rate. Regression analysis of the percent probit mortality data against the log10 values of diet concentration was used for lethal diet concentration (LC50, and LC95) calculations.
Evaluation of Experimental Propoxur Baits, 1988
Authors: Hamilton R. , Schal C.
Published: March 2022

Three experimental baits were prepared using peanut butter, flour, Propoxur, and boric acid. Effectiveness of the experimental baits on susceptible and resistant cockroaches was compared to commercial Combat bait stations containing 1.65% hydramethylnon. The experimental baits tested were 2% Propoxur in peanut butter, 2% Propoxur + 25% flour in peanut butter, and 2% Propoxur + 40% boric acid in peanut butter. Fifty susceptible or Propoxur-resistant adult male German cockroaches were introduced into 22- by 12- by 8-inch clear plastic cages with water, harborage, dog food, and experimental bait that had been placed in a sealed plastic bait tray. Experimental conditions were maintained at 25°C with a photoperiod of 12:12 (L:D). Insects were considered dead if they did not move when gently prodded with forceps. Mortality readings were taken hourly for the first 8 h, and daily thereafter for 1 wk. Probit analyses generated LT25, LT50, LT95 values in h, and 95% fiducial limits for each treatment.
Bioassay Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Kumar R. , Lloyd J. E.
Published: March 2022

Russian wheat aphids were collected near Cheyenne, Wyo., and maintained on wheat plants in the laboratory at the University of Wyoming in Laramie. Technical grade insecticide was dissolved in 10 ml of reagent grade acetone with a small amount of Triton X-100 emulsifier. The acetone-insecticide solution was added to deionized water to make a stock solution (wt/vol basis). The commercially formulated insecticides were mixed directly with deionized water. Appropriate serial dilutions of insecticides were prepared.
Evaluation of Dursban And Reldan, 1988
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

A laboratory study was conducted to determine sensitivity in two strains of German cockroach (University of Nebraska resistant and Orlando normal strains) to Reldan EC and Dursban EC. Ten male German cockroaches from each strain were anesthetized and 1 μ1 of insecticide was topically applied to the thoracic sterna of each cockroach. This procedure was repeated for each dose (100, 300, 500, 1,000, 1,500, and 2,000 ppm), the acetone controls, and for each insecticide. After topical application cockroaches were held in plastic Petri dishes under ambient conditions (23-25°C, 10:14 (L:D) photoperiod, 30-50% RH). Each strain-insecticide-dose combination was replicated 3 times. Percentage mortality (moribund cock-roaches were considered dead) was recorded 24 h after insecticide application. Dose response curves were constructed using probit analysis of mortality data, yielding mean LD50 values for each insecticide-strain combination.
Materials Under Trial
Authors: Larson L. L.
Published: March 2022

The indexing done in this section is designed to provide the reader with basic information on the composition, formulation, and suppliers of the products listed. Where such information is unavailable, the reader is directed to contact either the manufacturer of the product or the writer of the report in which the product was cited. The index contains the following four parts.
First-Generation walh Insecticide Experiment, 1987
Authors: Beers E. H. , Eisner E. A.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Treatments designated as early timing (E) were applied on 28 Apr, except for the early treatment of UC-84572, which was applied 1 May. Those marked standard (S) were applied on 8 May. The early sprays were timed to coincide with 75 degree-days after codling moth biofix, the timing used for insect growth regulators against codling moth. The standard timing coincided with the first appearance of WALH fourth instars. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface.
Insecticide Evaluations, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Mature pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate pesticides for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 5 single-tree replicates in a randomized block design. Treatments were applied 3 or 4 times depending on materials and schedules tested. Treatments were evaluated for PP and mite control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 5-beating-tray sample/replication. PP nymphs and phytophagous mites were counted from a 50-leaf sample/replication. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle of each of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and slides were examined with a binocular dissecting microscope. PP russet was rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh market ‘Bartlett’ pears on 2 samples of 25 mature fruits/replication. Factors of fruit quality, including firmness, soluble solids, and size, were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples/replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicitv after each treatment.
Grape Mealybug Control, 1988
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a mature orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Each treatment consisted of 3 applications: 28 Mar (delayed dormant, which included a superior spray oil 6 gal/acre or 1.5%), 27 Apr (petal fall), and 15 Jul (2nd generation crawler hatch). All treatments were applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi, with the exception of the Guthion-Guthion-Parathion treatment, for which the first and third applications were made with an airblast sprayer (simulating the usual grower program). Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. GMB densities were determined on the first 4 dates by counting crawlers on 10-20 clusters/tree by means of a dissecting microscope. The 28 Jun sample consisted of 10 randomly selected shoots/tree. The 3 Oct (harvest) sample consisted of 50 randomly selected fruits/tree.
Residual Control of Citrus Pests, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design of 2 trees/plot replicated 4 times. For the control of Fuller rose beetle, all treatments were applied to run-offon 9 Jun with a high-pressure truck-mounted sprayer operating at 400-450 psi. Treatments for the control of citrus root weevil were applied to run-off on 19 Aug with John Bean sprayer operating at 300 psi. Wild adult Fuller rose beetles and citrus root weevils, collected in adjacent citrus plantings, were placed in screen limb bags (5 of the same species/bag), which were attached to treated leaf terminals and secured to prevent escape. Two limb bags were attached to each tree, and adult mortality (residual control) was measured at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 wk after treatment.
Control of Aphids on Pecan, 1988
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F. , Sibbett G. S.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 10-yr-old ‘Wichita’ pecan trees in a commercial orchard near Visalia, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. There was one untreated buffer tree in each direction separating each experimental tree. Materials were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 360 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Materials were applied on 9 Jun. Control was evaluated by counting all aphids on 5 compound leaves/tree at weekly intervals from 9 Jun through 7 Jul. Yellow pecan aphids and blackmargined aphids were combined into yellow aphid complex.
Thiodan Residue Bioassay, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 7-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. Materials were applied on 9 Aug to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Control trees were left unsprayed. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Twenty leaves were collected from experimental trees at 4, 8, 15, and 22 DAT. Five fourth and fifth instars were exposed to residues on treated leaves for 48 h and then evaluated.
Grape Mealybug Control Test, 1987
Authors: Eisner E. A. , Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a mature commercial orchard near Orondo, Wash. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Materials were applied on 2 Jul to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 400-500 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Sprays were timed to coincide with the first substantial movement of second-generation crawlers. GMB populations were assessed by counting the crawlers on 5 shoots/tree.
Flea Beetle Control, 1986:
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Liewehr David J.
Published: March 2022

‘Spartan Early’ broccoli was transplanted 6 Jun at the Colorado State University Horticulture Research Center, Larimer County, Colo. Plots were 2 rows, 4 plants (6 ft) long, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied 17 Jun using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer delivering 45 gal/acre. Plots were evaluated by examining 4 plants/plot in early morning and counting all beetles on the plants.
Control of Beet Armyworm in South Texas, 1988:
Authors: Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Round Dutch’ cabbage was direct seeded to plots at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex., on 19 Feb 1987. Experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replicates, and plots were 2 beds wide, 1 row/bed, by 40 ft long. On 13 Apr, two randomly selected plants/plot were caged using 1 gal cylindrical cartons with cotton organdy material tops. Ten 6-d-old beet armyworm larvae were released into each cage 6 h after application of insecticide treatments. Insecticide applications were made with a tractor-mounted spray boom operating at 40 psi with 4 nozzles/bed at a rate of 10 gal/acre. Cages were removed from plants on 18 Apr and all live beet armyworm larvae counted. Data were subjected to ANOVA.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Winter Wheat, 1989
Authors: Noetzel David , Stucker Robert
Published: March 2022

'Coker 916' wheat was planted on 15 Oct 1988 at Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Soil type was Mountview silt loam, 2 - 5% slope. Ten treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 7 ft × 30 ft separated from each other by 2 ft alleys. Blocks were separated by 8 ft alleys. Pre-treatment counts of cereal leaf beetle larvae (CLBL) averaged 5.22 larvae/stem. Insecticide treatments were applied on 2 May using 2.5 gal compressed CO2 sprayers at 40 psi and 50 gal/acre. CLBL counts were made from 20 randomly selected wheat stems at 7 and 14 DAT. A 3 ft × 30 ft area was harvested from each plot on 8 Jul for yield determination and adjusted to 15.8% moisture.