bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Usefulness of the Adenosine Triphosphate with a Sufficient Observation Period for Detecting Reconduction after Pulmonary Vein Isolation
Authors: NINOMIYA YUICHI , IRIKI YASUHISA , ISHIDA SANEMASA , OKETANI NAOYA , MATSUSHITA TAKEHIKO , ICHIKI HITOSHI , OKUI HIDEKI , KATAOKA TETSURO , YOSHIKAWA AKIKO , OGAWA MASAKAZU , SAIHARA KEISHI , SHINSATO TAKURO , MIYATA MASAAKI , HAMASAKI SHUICHI , TEI CHUWA
Published: September 2009

Background: Although reconduction after pulmonary vein (PV) isolation is considered to play a key role in the recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), there have been few reports regarding the precise time course of early reconduction. Several studies have suggested that transient PV reconduction facilitated by adenosine may predict long‐term AF recurrence. This study was designed to clarify the incidence and time course of early reconduction after PVI during the procedure and to confirm whether the use of ATP after a certain observation period was useful to detect early reconduction after PVI.

Methods: In 21 patients (18 males, 56 ± 11 years) with drug refractory AF, radiofrequency circumferential PV antrum ablation was performed in all 4 PVs. After the completion of isolation, electrograms in each PV were repeatedly recorded (1.98 ± 0.57 times per PV) using a circular mapping catheter for an observation period of 87 ± 29 minutes. After isolation of all 4 PVs, 30 mg of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was administered during isoproterenol infusion.

Results: PV electrical isolation was initially achieved in all 81 PVs. During the observation period, 12 (15%) PVs in 10 (48%) of 21 patients exhibited spontaneous reconduction. Among the remaining 69 PVs, 8 (12%) additional PVs had reconduction with the use of ATP. All PV reconduction was successfully eliminated by 4.5 ± 2.2 additional radiofrequency applications.

Conclusion: A sufficient observation period and the use of ATP are useful to detect early reconduction after PV isolation.
Sudden Pacemaker Failure
Authors: ELMAYERGI NADER , JASSAL DAVINDER S. , SINHA SACH , LIEBRECHT KERRY , SEIFER COLETTE
Published: September 2009

Two cases of sudden pacemaker failure due to fractured wires supplying power to the generator are described. Both devices were Kappa KD703 (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, MN, USA) implanted in a prepectoral subcutaneous pocket. In 2002, Medtronic issued an advisory regarding Kappa 700/600 devices. A number of these devices, all subpectoral implants, had presented with intermittent or no output due to fractured wires supplying power to the devices, leading to recommendations to replace susceptible devices in pacemaker‐dependent patients. These two cases may warrant extension of this advisory to include all these devices, regardless of implant location.
Effect of a Psychoeducational Intervention on Depression, Anxiety, and Health Resource Use in Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Patients
Authors: DUNBAR SANDRA B. , LANGBERG JONATHAN J. , REILLY CAROLYN M. , VISWANATHAN BINDU , MCCARTY FRANCES , CULLER STEVEN D. , O’BRIEN MARIAN C. , WEINTRAUB WILLIAM S.
Published: September 2009

Background: Psychological responses have been reported for some patients after the insertion of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). This study tested the effects of a psychoeducational intervention on anxiety, depressive symptoms, functional status, and health resource use during the first year after ICD implantation.

Methods: ICD patients (n = 246) were randomized to usual care (UC), group (GRP), or telephone counseling (TC) intervention that included education, symptom management, and coping skill training. Participants were 58 ± 11 years, 73% men, and 23% minorities. Anxiety (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory [STAI]), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory II [BDI‐II]), and functional status (Duke Activity Status Inventory [DASI]) were measured at baseline and after 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Health resource use and disability days were tracked. Analyses were repeated‐measures analysis of covariance to assess Group × Time effects,χ2for percentage with clinically significant anxiety and depression at each time point, and logistic regression.

Results: All groups experienced decreased anxiety and depressive symptoms over the 12 months; GRP intervention had lower STAI (P = 0.03) than UC at 3 months. Logistic regression revealed group differences for predicted probability of having depressive symptoms at 12 months (UC = 0.31, GRP = 0.17, TC = 0.13, P = 0.03). UC had greater calls to providers at 1 and 6 months (P < 0.05) and more sick/disability days at 12 months (P = 0.01) than intervention groups.

Conclusions: A psychoeducational intervention reduced anxiety and depressive symptoms early after ICD implant, lowered probability of depressive symptoms at 1 year, and decreased disability days/calls to providers. These findings support further study and clinical use of both group and telephone interventions to yield better psychological outcomes after ICD implant.
Novel bait stations for attract‐and‐kill of pestiferous fruit flies
Authors: Piñero Jaime C. , Mau Ronald F. L. , McQuate Grant T. , Vargas Roger I.
Published: September 2009

A novel, visually‐attractive bait station was developed in Hawaii for application of insecticidal baits against oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel), melon fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae (Coquillett), and Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (all Diptera: Tephritidae). The bait station developed represents a supernormal visual stimulus of papaya foliage and takes advantage of the flies’ strong response to the high light‐reflecting properties of yellow color and of their need for shelter, while fully protecting the bait against rainfall. Field studies revealed that the behavioral response of female fruit flies, in particular C. capitata and B. cucurbitae, to yellow‐painted bait stations sprayed with GF‐120 NF Naturalyte Fruit Fly Bait was significantly enhanced compared with similarly sprayed bait stations that mimicked the green color of fully grown papaya leaves. Field studies conducted with B. cucurbitae indicated that the period of bait attractiveness can be extended for at least 1 week after bait application due to the rain‐fastness properties of the bait stations and the use of a visually‐attractive color. Our studies provide the behavioral basis for the development of improved attract‐and‐kill bait stations for fruit flies in Hawaii. These devices also provide a standardized way of evaluating bait spray formulations, thus allowing for proper comparisons over time, across species, and among geographical areas.
IMP‐3 expression in melanocytic lesions
Authors: Yu Limin , Xu Haodong , Wasco Matthew J. , Bourne Patricia A. , Ma Linglei
Published: September 2009

Background: Insulin‐like growth factor‐II mRNA‐binding protein 3 (IMP‐3 ), a member of the insulin‐like growth factor mRNA‐binding protein family, is expressed in several human malignancies, including melanomas. However, the expression of IMP‐3 has not been explored in melanoma in situ, various histologic subtypes of invasive melanomas and atypical Spitz tumors.

Methods: IMP‐3 immunostain was performed in 157 melanocytic lesions.

Results: Nearly all benign (8/8), dysplastic (8/8) and Spitz nevi (8/9) were negative for IMP‐3. Focal IMP‐3 positivity was observed in 5/12 melanoma in situ and 4/15 superficial melanomas (Breslow depth ≤1 mm). Half (10/20) of deep melanomas (Breslow depth >1 mm) and 25/52 metastatic melanomas demonstrated strong IMP‐3 staining. IMP‐3 expression differs significantly between non‐desmoplastic melanomas (superficial and deep) and benign or dysplastic or Spitz nevi (p = 0.0427, respectively). Four of 23 desmoplastic melanomas expressed IMP‐3 , which was significantly different from deep melanomas (p = 0.0109). IMP‐3 stained 7 of 10 atypical Spitz tumors. The difference between atypical Spitz tumors and Spitz nevi was statistically significant (p = 0.0256).

Conclusion: A malignant circumstance, such as non‐desmoplastic melanoma or atypical Spitz tumor, can be inferred when IMP‐3 is expressed, suggesting potential diagnostic value of IMP‐3 in melanocytic lesions.

Yu L, Xu H, Wasco MJ, Bourne PA, Ma L. IMP‐3 expression in melanocytic lesions.
Blimp‐1: a marker of terminal differentiation but not of sebocytic progenitor cells
Authors: Sellheyer Klaus , Krahl Dieter
Published: September 2009

Background: The role of stem cells in maintaining the sebaceous gland throughout the various stages of life is not satisfactorily resolved. In a recent article, the transcription factor B lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein 1 (Blimp‐1) was proposed as a marker of a population of unipotent progenitor cells that reside in the sebaceous gland, regulating its size and activity.

Methods: We used standard immunohistochemical methods to examine Blimp‐1 expression in samples from embryonic, fetal and adult human skin and in 119 sebaceous lesions comprising all major categories of sebocytic lineage, including hamartomas, cysts and benign and malignant neoplasms.

Results: Blimp‐1 is expressed late in embryonic development and is restricted to the evolving sebaceous gland, the terminally differentiating components of the hair follicle and nail organ and the granular layer. This pattern is preserved into adult life. In all sebaceous lesions, Blimp‐1 labels only the most mature cellular constituents.

Conclusions: The reported expression pattern is difficult to reconcile with a function of Blimp‐1 as a marker for sebocytic progenitor cells but indicates a major role in terminal differentiation. Within the interfollicular epidermis, its exclusive localization to the granular layer suggests a central function in skin barrier homeostasis in the human.

Sellheyer K, Krahl D. Blimp‐1: a marker of terminal differentiation but not of sebocytic progenitor cells. A comparative analysis of embryonic and adult human skin with sebaceous neoplasms.
The management of mandibular body fractures in young children
Authors: Aizenbud Dror , Hazan‐Molina Hagai , Emodi Omri , Rachmiel Adi
Published: September 2009

Abstract –  This article reviews the management of mandibular body fractures in young children. Treatment principles of this fracture type differ from that of adults due to concerns regarding mandibular growth processes and dentition development. The goal of this fracture treatment is to restore the underlying bony architecture to its preinjury position in a stable fashion as non‐invasively as possible and with minimal residual esthetic and functional impairment. The management of mandibular body fractures in children depends on the fracture type and the stage of skeletal and dental development; treatment modalities range from conservative non‐invasive, through closed reduction and immobilization methods to open reduction with internal fixation. Disruption of the periosteal envelope of the mandibular body may have an unpredictable effect on growth. Thus, if intervention is required closed reduction is favored.
Olfactory responses of Aphidius gifuensis to odors of host plants and aphid‐plant complexes
Authors: Yang Song , Xu Rui , Yang Shuo‐Yuan , Kuang Rong‐Ping
Published: September 2009

Abstract  The olfactory responses of Aphidius gifuensis to odors from two host plants (Nicotiana tabacum and Brassica napus ssp.) and their complexes with different infestation levels of two host aphids (Myzus persicae and Lipaphis erysimi) were respectively examined in an olfactometer. The results showed that female A. gifuensis did not respond to odors of undamaged or mechanically damaged host plants, but significantly responded to odors of aphid/plant complexes. Moreover, A. gifuensis responded significantly to odors of both M. persicae and L. erysimi/plant complexes when host plants were infested by high levels of aphids, suggesting that quantity of aphid‐induced volatiles could be important for attracting A. gifuensis. When tested between aphid/plant complexes, A. gifuensis did not show its preference for either complex. The efficiency of A. gifuensis against aphids in open fields potentially could be improved by using its olfactory response to aphid/plant complexes.
Different headspace profiles in wild crucifer species in response to Plutella xylostella herbivory and exogenous jasmonic acid application
Authors: Zhang Peng‐Jun , Shu Jin‐Ping , Dicke Marcel , Liu Shu‐Sheng
Published: September 2009

Abstract  Although exogenous treatment of plants with jasmonic acid (JA) may result in induced responses similar to plant defences induced by herbivory, few studies have compared the details of insect herbivory and JA‐mimicked responses. We compared volatiles of two crucifer species, Cardamine impatiens and Lepidium virginicum, in response to Plutella xylostella larval feeding and exogenous application of JA, over the entire period of time when induced changes were detectable. Significant differences in the composition and timing of volatiles occurred between herbivory and JA treatments in both plants. The quantity of nitrile and isothiocyanate released in response to herbivory was significantly larger than that upon JA treatment. In each of the two plant species, most volatile components were emitted immediately upon larval feeding and their quantity dropped rapidly once feeding ceased. In contrast, the emission of volatiles in response to JA treatment lasted for a longer period of time, and the maximum emission rate was recorded 2 and 3 days after JA treatment in L. virginicum and C. impatiens respectively. These findings are discussed in the context of signal‐transduction pathways and mechanisms involved in induced emissions of plant volatiles, as well as induced defences mediated by plant volatiles.
GLYCOLYTIC POTENTIAL IN SEMIMEMBRANOSUS MUSCLE OF ITALIAN LARGE WHITE PIGS
Authors: COSTA L. NANNI , TASSONE F. , DAVOLI R. , FONTANESI L. , DALL'OLIO S. , COLOMBO M. , BUTTAZZONI L. , RUSSO V.
Published: September 2009

The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of glycolytic potential (GP) and its relationships with meat pH and the estimated breeding values (EBVs) of some traits in Italian Large White pigs. GP was determined on samples taken from the semimembranosus muscle at 120 min postmortem. Values of GP were normally distributed around a mean value of µmol/g 103.5 ± 23.0. Increasing GP was associated with decreasing pH at 2 and 24 h postmortem. A nonlinear relationship was found between GP and pHu. GP also showed no relationship with the EBVs of daily gain and feed : gain ratio and a weak relationship with EBVs of carcass traits such as backfat thickness and lean cut weight. The positive but weak correlation between GP and EBV of ham weight loss during the first salting period may suggest a potential risk of using meat with high GP in dry‐cured ham production.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Glycolytic potential is considered to be a determinant parameter for pork quality, especially when the meat is going to be processed. A better knowledge of its variation and its relationship with other valuable traits in vivo and postmortem is important in a breed such as the Italian Large White, largely used in the production of heavy pigs destined to produce meat for seasoned products. Data reported here on the variation of GP could suggest to breeder association the need to control this parameter in selection programs irrespectively to the presence of the RN‐ negative allele, as the relationship of GP with processing losses could hinder dry‐cured ham producers.
INCLUDING CHESTNUTS AND SUGAR BEET PULP IN DIETS FOR PIGS: THE EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF PORK MEAT AND THE SENSORY PROPERTIES OF DRY‐CURED SAUSAGE (CHORIZO GALLEGO)
Authors: DÍAZ OLGA , ROS CRISTINA , VEIGA ADÁN , COBOS ÁNGEL
Published: September 2009

This research was aimed at evaluating how the inclusion of dried chestnuts and dried sugar beet pulp in diets for pigs affected the quality of pork meat and the sensory properties of dry‐cured sausage (chorizo gallego). The meat from pigs that received a diet with chestnuts and sugar beet pulp (CBP) showed lower thiobarbituric acid values and higher water‐holding capacity than meat from pigs fed a conventional diet (C). Significant differences were also observed between both batches in color parameters and fatty acid composition of the meat. In the sensory analysis of chorizo, the sausages manufactured with meat from pigs fed the CBP diet were significantly better rated than those with meat from pigs fed a C diet in appearance, odor, flavor, texture and overall score.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The inclusion of dried chestnuts and dried sugar beet pulp in diets for pigs during the fattening period allowed us to recover some of the ingredients more traditionally used in the feeding of pigs. This inclusion modifies some parameters of the resulting pork meat quality; (it decreases lipid oxidation and increases water‐holding capacity and polyunsaturated fatty acid content) and also improves the sensory properties of any dry‐cured product made with this pork meat.
An exploratory study of nurse aides’ communication behaviours: giving ‘positive regard’ as a strategy
Authors: Medvene Louis J. , Lann‐Wolcott Hannah
Published: September 2009

medvene l.J. & lann‐wolcott h. (2009) An exploratory study of nurse aides’ communication behaviours: giving ‘positive regard’ as a strategy. International Journal of Older People Nursing 5, 41–50 doi: 10.1111/j.1748‐3743.2009.00183.x

Aim.  The aim of this study was to identify the communication behaviours and strategies used by socially skilled geriatric nurse aides working with residents in long term care facilities.

Background.  Communication skills are recognized as tools for establishing relationships and accomplishing care related tasks. A small but growing research literature exists within gerontology around geriatric nurse aide/resident communication. The present study was intended to contribute to this literature.

Design.  This study used an exploratory qualitative design involving personal interviews with geriatric nurse aides.

Methods.  Interviewers carried out 90‐minute interviews with 16 nurse aides who worked at an assisted living facility or a nursing home. Of interest was the extent to which established systems for coding interactions could be used to code nurse aide/resident interactions, or whether new categories would emerge.

Results.  The novel finding that all of the aides used a communication strategy that could be characterized as ‘giving positive regard’, defined as acknowledging the resident, treating the resident with respect.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The category of ‘giving positive regard’ included specific behaviours which can be included as content in communication skill training programs.
A pilot study of the SNOT 22 score in adults with no sinonasal disease
Authors: Gillett S. , Hopkins C. , Slack R. , Browne J.P.
Published: September 2009

Objective:  To determine the SNOT 22 score in a normal population.

Study design:  Analysis of SNOT 22 scores participants with no sinonasal disease.

Setting:  Bath, UK.

Participants:  116 participants from a local hospital and tennis club.

Results:  Results were obtained from 54 men and 62 women with a mean age of 40 (range 19–75). SNOT score ranged from 0–50 with a mean score of 9.3 (95% confidence interval range of 7.5–11.1). The modal score was 0 and the median score 7 (95% confidence interval range of 5–8).

Conclusion:  Due to the scewed nature of the data, the median score (7) is taken as the normal SNOT 22 score. We recommend that in an clincial situation a SNOT 22 score of 7 be used a a guide for “normal”, and that care should be taken when suggesting treatment on patients with a score below this level.
A systematic review to assess the anatomical correlates of the notches in acoustic rhinometry
Authors: Eduardo Nigro C. , Faria Aguar Nigro J. , Mion O. , Ferreira Mello Jr J. , Louis Voegels R. , Roithmann R.
Published: September 2009

Background:  The graph obtained by Acoustic Rhinometry in most studies of normal adult Caucasian individuals clearly shows two notches at the beginning of the rhinogram. However, we found different opinions in the literature regarding the anatomical correlation of the anterior notches.

Objective of review:  The aim of this study was to identify and to discuss papers providing objective evidence of anatomic correlation of two anterior notches.

Type of review:  A systematic review of the literature using a defined search strategy. Papers were included based on pre‐defined criteria, which included standardization of techniques.

Search strategy:  Systematic literature searches of MEDLINE and SCIELO (1989–2008).

Evaluation method:  Review of all randomized controlled trials by two authors and grading of articles for quality. A meta‐analysis of data was attempted.

Results:  21 articles were identified. Five of which were prospective studies with randomized controlled trials.

Conclusions: The majority of Acoustic Rhinometry studies affirm that the first notch is the nasal valve and the second is the anterior end of the inferior turbinate. These findings were based on papers that had not studied the anatomical correlation of these notches. Other studies claim that the first notch is the nostril and the second is the nasal valve as a whole. The conclusion that can be drawn concerning anatomic correlation of the first two notches is that there are conflicting opinions about this correlation in the literature and that more studies are needed to provide more convincing data.
Niche Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Endosteum
Authors: Arai Fumio , Yoshihara Hiroki , Hosokawa Kentaro , Nakamura Yuka , Gomei Yumiko , Iwasaki Hiroko , Suda Toshio
Published: September 2009

During postnatal life, the bone marrow (BM) supports both the self‐renewal and differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in specialized niches. The interaction of HSCs with their niches also regulates the quiescence of HSCs. HSC quiescence is critical to ensure lifelong hematopoiesis and to protect the HSC pool from myelotoxic insult and premature exhaustion under conditions of hematopoietic stress. Here we identified long‐term (LT)‐HSCs expressing the thrombopoietin (THPO) receptor, Mpl, as a quiescent population in adult BM. THPO was produced by bone‐lining cells in the endosteum. Inhibition and stimulation of the THPO/Mpl pathway produced opposite effects on the quiescence of LT‐HSC. Exogenous THPO transiently increased the quiescent LT‐HSC population, such as side‐population and pyronin Y–negative cells. In contrast, administration of an anti‐Mpl neutralizing antibody, AMM2, suppressed the quiescence of LT‐HSCs and enabled HSC engraftment without irradiation, indicating that inhibition of THPO/Mpl signaling reduces HSC–niche interactions. Moreover, it suggests that inhibiting the HSC–niche interaction could represent a novel technique for bone marrow transplantation without irradiation. Altogether, these data suggest that the THPO/Mpl signaling pathway is a novel niche component in the endosteum, and in the steady‐state condition, this signaling pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of LT‐HSCs in the osteoblastic niche.
Natural Genetic Diversity as a Means to Uncover Stem Cell Regulatory Pathways
Authors: Van Zant Gary , Liang Ying
Published: September 2009

Natural genetic diversity is a largely untapped reservoir for use in the discovery of stem cell regulatory pathways. Here we explore the means by which phenotypic diversity in mice can lead to the discovery of novel genes affecting stem cell regulation. We use as an example the discovery that latexin is a regulator of the natural size of the hematopoietic stem cell population in mice. The fact that it is a negative regulator of stem cell numbers, and thus served as a brake on stem cell expansion, led us to consider the possibility that it acts as a tumor suppressor. Experimental evidence supporting this hypothesis is reviewed.
Dysregulation of Myeloid‐specific Transcription Factors in Congenital Neutropenia
Authors: Skokowa Julia , Welte Karl
Published: September 2009

Severe congenital neutropenia (CN) is a heterogeneous hematopoietic syndrome with a typical “maturation arrest” of granulocytic precursors at the promyelocytic stage, inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive manner. Intriguingly, CN patients have the same bone marrow and blood phenotypes irrespective of inheritance. This suggests that mutations in various genes may lead to the dysregulation of the common myeloid transcription factor(s) in CN. To the extensively studied myeloid‐specific transcription factors belong CCAAT/enhancer‐binding proteins (C/EBPs) (‐α, ‐β, ‐ɛ) and PU.1. The relative levels of PU.1 and C/EBPα in granulocytic–macrophage progenitors have been suggested to regulate monocyte versus neutrophil cell‐fate choice. In CN patients, the myelopoietic maturation program is sharply shifted toward monocytopoiesis, with increased levels of monocytes and no granulocytes in the peripheral blood. We found that in myeloid cells from CN patients C/EBPα and its target gene inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1) are abrogated due to a lack of lymphoid enhancer‐binding factor 1 (LEF‐1) expression but PU.1 is slightly upregulated. Based on these findings, we conclude that in LEF‐1‐deficient myeloid cells from CN patients misbalanced C/EBPα/Id1:PU.1 ratio with a strong shift toward PU.1 could play a decisive role in the improper regulation of myelopoiesis with defective granulocytopoiesis and elevated monocytic differentiation. Recently, we identified nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), also known as pre–B cell colony enhancing factor (PBEF), as an essential enzyme mediating granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF)‐triggered granulopoiesis in healthy individuals and in individuals with CN. Since CN patients respond to G‐CSF treatment even in the absence of LEF‐1 and C/EBPα, we conclude that treatment of CN patients with pharmacological doses of G‐CSF activates NAMPT/NAD+/SIRT1‐dependent “emergency” granulopoiesis via C/EBPß.
Transformation from Committed Progenitor to Leukemia Stem Cells
Authors: Krivtsov Andrei V. , Feng Zhaohui , Armstrong Scott A.
Published: September 2009

Leukemias are composed of a hierarchy of cells, only a fraction of which have stem cell–like properties and are capable of self‐renewal. Mixed lineage leukemia (MLL) fusion proteins produced by translocations involving the MLL gene on chromosome 11q23 confer stem cell–like properties on committed hematopoietic progenitors. This provides an opportunity to assess changes in immunophenotype, gene expression, and epigenetic programs during the transition from a hematopoietic cell with minimal inherent self‐renewal capability to cells capable of leukemic self‐renewal.
Recent Insights into PDGF‐Induced Gliomagenesis
Authors: Calzolari Filippo , Malatesta Paolo
Published: September 2009

Gliomas are aggressive and almost incurable glial brain tumors which frequently display abnormal platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) signaling. Evidence gained from studies on several in vivo animal models has firmly established a causal connection between aberrant PDGF signaling and the formation of some gliomas. However, only recently has significant knowledge been gained regarding crucial issues such as the glioma cell of origin and the relationship between the transforming stimulus and the cellular characteristics of the resulting tumor. Based on recent evidence, we propose that PDGF can bias cell‐fate decisions, driving the acquisition of cell type‐specific features by the progeny of multipotent neural progenitors, thus determining the shape and direction of the transformation path. Furthermore, recent data about the cellular mechanisms of PDGF‐driven glioma progression and maintenance indicate that PDGF may be required, unexpectedly, to override cell contact inhibition and promote glioma cell infiltration rather than to stimulate cell proliferation.
Daily rhythms of serum and salivary parameters in goats
Authors: Assenza A , Fazio F , Marcenò G , Piccione G , Caola G
Published: September 2009

Objective  Determine the daily rhythms of urea, bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium and inorganic phosphorus secretion in the serum and saliva of goats and whether there is a relationship between them.

Design  Ten non‐gravid, non‐lactating does underwent a 30‐day preconditioning period (natural 24‐h photoperiod, environmental temperature 19–21°C, relative humidity 40–50%, the same feeding regimen, offered as a single meal at 07:00 hours, and water ad libitum), following which saliva and blood samples were collected from each subject every 4 h for 2 days (starting at 08:00 hours) for measurement of urea and electrolytes.

Results  Data analysis was conducted by one‐way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by the single cosinor method. ANOVA showed a significant effect of time (0.001 < P < 0.01) on all the studied parameters in saliva and serum on both days. Cosinor analysis identified the periodic parameters and their acrophases (expressed in hours) during the 2 days of monitoring. Serum and salivary acrophases were all diurnal and were observed between 11:40 and 16:24 hours. No circadian rhythmicity was found for bicarbonate, magnesium or potassium in either saliva or serum.

Conclusion  There was a daily rhythm of secretion for the majority of the measured parameters, suggesting the potential role of saliva as an additional, reliable index for physiological, clinical, nutritional and chronophysiological studies.
Impact of amino acid substitutions in the core region of HCV on multistep hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Fukuhara Takasuke , Takeishi Kazuki , Toshima Takeo , Morita Kazutoyo , Ueda Shigeru , Iguchi Tomohiro , Nagata Shigeyuki , Sugimachi Keishi , Ikegami Toru , Gion Tomonobu , Soejima Yuji , Taketomi Akinobu , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: September 2009

Aim: The core protein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) has multiple functions for not only viral replication but also hepatocellular carcinogenesis. A significant association of the substitutions in the core region with hepatocarcinogenesis has recently been reported. In this report, we evaluated the association of the substitutions in the core region with multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.

Methods: Sixty‐nine non‐cancerous and cancerous liver tissues were obtained from the patients with primary developed hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) due to HCV and 17 cirrhotic liver tissues were obtained from the patients without HCC. A sequence analysis of the core protein of HCV was performed and the association between the substitution rates in the core gene and the degree of fibrosis or steatosis during the primary development of HCC and tumor differentiation was analyzed.

Results: The substitution rates of amino acid 70, 75, 91 and 147 exceeded 25% (amino acid 70, 51%; 75, 45%; 91, 36%; 147, 30%). All substitution rates were comparable among cancerous and non‐cancerous region of patients with HCC and non‐cancerous region without HCC. The substitution rates of these four amino acids were not associated with the degree of fibrosis, steatosis or tumor differentiation during the primary development of HCC. In addition, the substitution rates were comparable between the patients with or without HCC. The cumulative substitution numbers in the core region were also not associated with the degree of fibrosis and steatosis.

Conclusions: It is possible that the substitutions in the core region are not associated with HCV‐related multistep hepatocarcinogenesis.
Susceptibility to experimental biliary atresia linked to different hepatic gene expression profiles in two mouse strains
Authors: Leonhardt Johannes , Kuebler Joachim F. , Turowski Carmen , Tschernig Thomas , Geffers Robert , Petersen Claus
Published: September 2009

Aim:  To compare hepatic gene expression during the development of experimental biliary atresia (BA) in two different mouse strains.

Methods:  Balb/c mice and C57Black/6 (Black/6) mice were infected with rhesus rotavirus (RRV) postpartum, clinical signs of BA and survival were noted. Liver sections were assessed for cluster of differentiation antigen (CD) 3, CD4 and CD8 expression, and the hepatic virus load was determined. Second, mice of both strains were sacrificed three days after infection. Isolated hepatic RNA was subjected to gene expression analysis using Affymetrix Gene Chip MOE 430 2.0.

Results:  The incidence of BA was significantly lower in Black/6 mice compared to Balb/c mice (13.5% vs. 67%, P < 0.05). The mean virus titers were higher in mice with BA compared to mice without BA. Different gene profiles three days after virus infection were noted, with differential expression of 201 genes, including those regulating apoptosis, nucleic acid binding, transport function and particularly the immune response (chemokine C‐C motif ligand 2, toll‐like receptor 3, CD antigen 14, chemokine (C‐X‐C motif) ligands 10 and 11). This correlated with a significant increase of CD4 positive cells only in Balb/c mice with BA compared to healthy mice (13.5 vs. 5.0; P < 0.05). Black/6 mice did not exhibit any significant increase of CD3 or CD4 leukocytes despite cholestasis.

Conclusion:  The different susceptibility to experimental BA was associated with an increase of CD4 T‐cells in the liver of Balb/c mice, which is linked to different gene profiles at the onset of bile duct obstruction.
Antiangiogenesis gene armed tumor‐targeting adenovirus yields multiple antitumor activities in human HCC xenografts in nude mice
Authors: Fang Lin , Pu Ying‐yan , Hu Xiao‐cui , Sun Li‐jun , Luo Hong‐mei , Pan Shao‐kun , Gu Jian‐zhong , Cao Xiang‐rong , Su Chang‐qing
Published: September 2009

Aim:  Gene therapy represents a promising therapeutic strategy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). To improve the ratio of killing efficacy on tumor cells to side‐effect on normal cells, we constructed an oncolytic adenovirus vector, AdSu‐hE, expressing the human endostatin (hE) gene, in which the chimeric promoter of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 enhancer and human telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter was used to control the adenoviral E1a gene.

Methods:  Tumor‐selective replication of adenovirus AdSu‐hE and its concomitant expression of endostatin were measured by 50% tissue culture infective dose method, fluorescent protein expression, Western blot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in cancer and normal cell lines. The antitumor efficacy was observed in nude mice bearing human HCCs.

Results:  The oncolytic adenovirus AdSu‐hE replicated restrictedly in telomerase‐positive cancer cells and resulted in oncolysis, but did not replicate in normal cell lines. Along with virus replication, AdSu‐hE mediated 5‐fold increased expression of endostatin in tumor cells compared with that in normal cells. Moreover, AdSu‐hE expressed more endostatin in cancer cells than the non‐replicative adenovirus vector Ad‐hE. In vivo administration of the oncolytic adenovirus AdSu‐hE into HCC‐bearing nude mice produced a significant tumor reduction by synergistic effects of virus oncolysis and endostatin antiangiogenesis.

Conclusion:  The oncolytic virus with antiangiogenesis gene driven by the chimeric promoter has an improved killing efficacy on tumor cells, and may be useful for cancer gene therapy.
Evolution of a Novel Phenolic Pathway for Pollen Development
Authors: Matsuno, Michiyo , Compagnon Vincent , Schoch Guillaume A. , Schmitt Martine , Debayle Delphine , Bassard Jean-Etienne , Pollet Brigitte , Hehn Alain , Heintz Dimitri , Ullmann Pascaline , Lapierre Catherine , Bernier François , Ehlting Jürgen , Werck-Reichhart Danièle
Published: September 2009

From Retrogene to Phenolic Metabolism

Metabolic plasticity, which involves the creation of new genes, is an essential feature of plant adaptation and speciation. Studying plants from the mustard family,

Matsuno
et al.

(p.
1688
) show that variants of the cytochrome P450 enzyme family were derived through retroposition, duplication, and subsequent mutaton. Evolutionary changes increased the volume of the substrate pocket altering with what sorts of substrates the enzymes could interact. The enzymes formed the basis for a new metabolic pathway, the products of which include constituents of pollen and of phenylpropanoid metabolism.
Onshore Geologic Storage of CO
2
Authors: Orr Franklin M.
Published: September 2009

The possibility that substantial quantities of CO
2
can be injected into subsurface porous rock formations has been investigated sufficiently to show that pore space available to contain the CO
2
is abundant. Multiple rock types and physical mechanisms can be used to trap the CO
2
indefinitely. With careful site selection and operations, leakage to the near-surface region can be avoided. The next step is to test these injection processes at the scale of a large power plant.
Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Offshore Sediments
Authors: Schrag Daniel P.
Published: September 2009

The battle to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and prevent the most dangerous consequences of climate change will be waged across multiple fronts, including efforts to increase energy efficiency; efforts to deploy nonfossil fuel sources, including renewable and nuclear energy; and investment in adaptation to reduce the impacts of the climate change that will occur regardless of the actions we take. But with more than 80% of the world’s energy coming from fossil fuel, winning the battle also requires capturing CO
2
from large stationary sources and storing that CO
2
in geologic repositories. Offshore geological repositories have received relatively little attention as potential CO
2
storage sites, despite their having a number of important advantages over onshore sites, and should be considered more closely.
Emergent or Just Complex?
Authors: Balazs Anna C. , Epstein Irving R.
Published: September 2009

Efforts toward creating artificial cells are shedding light on how life may have emerged.
Character and Spatial Distribution of OH/H
2
O on the Surface of the Moon Seen by M
3
on Chandrayaan-1
Authors: Pieters C. M. , Goswami J. N. , Clark R. N. , Annadurai M. , Boardman J. , Buratti B. , Combe J.-P. , Dyar M. D. , Green R. , Head J. W. , Hibbitts C. , Hicks M. , Isaacson P. , Klima R. , Kramer G. , Kumar S. , Livo E. , Lundeen S. , Malaret E. , McCord T. , Mustard J. , Nettles J. , Petro N. , Runyon C. , Staid M. , Sunshine J. , Taylor L. A. , Tompkins S. , Varanasi P.
Published: September 2009

Lunar Water

The Moon has been thought to be primarily anhydrous, although there has been some evidence for accumulated ice in permanently shadowed craters near its poles (see the Perspective by

Lucey

, published online 24 September). By analyzing recent infrared mapping by Chandrayaan-1 and Deep Impact, and reexamining Cassini data obtained during its early flyby of the Moon,

Pieters
et al.

(p.
568
, published online 24 September),

Sunshine
et al.

(p.
565
, published online 24 September), and

Clark
et al.

(p.
562
, published online 24 September) reveal a noticeable absorption signal for H
2
O and OH across much of the surface. Some variability in water abundance is seen over the course of the lunar day. The data imply that solar wind is depositing and/or somehow forming water and OH in minerals near the lunar surface, and that this trapped water is dynamic.
Evolving Cell Signals
Authors: Collins Mark O.
Published: September 2009

Cell signaling may be understood in terms of the evolution of the topology and distribution of protein phosphorylation sites.
Obama Facing Tough Decision on Whether to Keep Aiming for the Moon
Authors: Lawler Andrew
Published: September 2009

Last week, the chair of a presidential panel on human space flight told two congressional panels that NASA doesn't have enough money to carry out the current plan to build a big rocket to take humans back to the moon and that the United States should consider other destinations and launchers.
Grants 'Below Payline' Rise to Help New Investigators
Authors: Kaiser Jocelyn
Published: September 2009

A new analysis of the grantsmaking process at the National Institutes of Health lifts the veil on how many grant proposals are funded even though they fall below a cutoff based on peer-review scores.
Round and Round: A Guide to the Carbon Cycle
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: September 2009

The atmosphere is only one component in an enormous complex of nested physical and chemical processes, some of which remain poorly understood.
Science
offers this user's guide to the carbon cycle.
China Grapples With A Burning Question
Authors: Fenn Josh
Published: September 2009

Two new projects, one in Inner Mongolia and the other in Tianjin, mark the coal-hungry country's first major steps toward trapping carbon emissions.
Complex analysis of cyclin D1 expression in mantle cell lymphoma: two cyclin D1-negative cases detected
Authors: Stefancikova L , Moulis M , Fabian P , Falkova I , Vasova I , Kren L , Macak J , Smardova J
Published: September 2009

Background and Aim:

The cytogenetic and diagnostic hallmark of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is translocation t(11;14)(q13;q32), resulting in overexpression of cyclin D1. Cyclin D1 expression was analysed in 32 cases of MCL.

Methods:

The t(11;14) translocation was detected by fluorescence in situ hybridisation, level of cyclin D1 mRNA by competitive RT-PCR, and level of cyclin D1 and D2 proteins by immunohistochemistry and/or immunoblotting.

Results:

In 30 cases, the presence of translocation t(11;14), a high level of cyclin D1 mRNA, and a high level of the cyclin D1 protein were confirmed. Two cyclin D1-negative cases overexpressing cyclin D2 were detected by immunoblotting.

Conclusions:

There are rare cyclin D1-negative cases of MCL overexpressing cyclin D2. Anti-cyclin D1 antibodies with low specificity can bind both cyclin D1 and cyclin D2, thus providing false cyclin D1-positive signals in immunohistochemical analysis.
Uterine adenosarcomas overgrown by sex-cord-like tumour: report of two cases
Authors: Stolnicu S , Balachandran K , Aleykutty M A , Loghin A , Preda O , Goez E , Nogales F F
Published: September 2009

Müllerian adenosarcomas are tumours of low malignant potential with proliferation of benign glands and low grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LGESS). Unusually, the latter may include foci of uterine tumours resembling ovarian sex-cord tumours (UTROSCT). Two cases of uterine adenosarcomas massively overgrown by UTROSCT are reported, for the first time. The patients, aged 71 and 64, one receiving tamoxifen, presented with intracavitary polypoid adenosarcomas; each was overgrown by an immunopathologically characteristic UTROSCT that constituted more than 75% of its volume. Periglandular CD10+LGESS represented less than 25%. Both are alive and well after 5 and 3 years, respectively. Compared to the poor prognosis of adenosarcomas overgrown by high grade sarcomata, the cases reported here had a benign behaviour. Quantitative assessment of volume percentage of the potentially aggressive LGESS, CD10+ areas should be considered as a relevant prognostic histological parameter in these tumours.
Primary cutaneous Ewing sarcoma/primitive neuroectodermal tumour: a clinicopathological analysis of seven cases highlighting diagnostic pitfalls and the role of FISH testing in diagnosis
Authors: Shingde M V , Buckland M , Busam K J , McCarthy S W , Wilmott J , Thompson J F , Scolyer R A
Published: September 2009

Aims:

To perform a clinicopathological analysis of a series of primary cutaneous Ewing sarcomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumours (ES/PNET) to highlight the pathological features, discuss the differential diagnosis, emphasise the role of molecular testing (particularly fluorescence in situ hybridisation, FISH) in diagnosis and outline the patients’ clinical course.

Methods:

Seven cases of primary cutaneous ES/PNET were identified from the authors’ consultation files.

Results:

The patients were aged 16–61 years (median 25). Five were female and two were male. Five cases involved the limbs and two the trunk. Five were initially misdiagnosed (three as carcinoma and two as melanoma). All cases were characterised histologically by sheet-like growth of small round cells with little cytoplasm and showed strong membranous staining for CD99 and positive but variable staining for FLI-1. Six patients showed an EWS rearrangement (five on FISH analysis and one on RT-PCR). All tumours were completely excised. Three patients received adjuvant chemotherapy, one of whom also received radiotherapy. Follow-up was available in all cases (range 11–57 months; median 41). No recurrences or metastases occurred.

Conclusions:

Although rare, primary cutaneous ES/PNET should be considered in the differential diagnosis of cutaneous “small blue cell tumours”. Immunostaining for FLI-1 and molecular testing for evidence of an EWS rearrangement are useful ancillary investigations to confirm the diagnosis. The prognosis of primary cutaneous ES/PNET appears to be more favourable than extracutaneous ES/PNET.
Prevalence of haemoglobinopathies in 34 030 healthy adults in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Ashtiani M T H , Monajemzadeh M , Sina A H , Berenji F , Abdollahi M , Said M G , Alam M
Published: September 2009

Background:

Haemoglobinopathies are a group of inherited disorders of haemoglobin synthesis. Their frequency varies considerably with geographic location and ethnic group.

Aims:

To establish the prevalence of haemoglobinopathies in a mainly healthy Iranian population.

Methods:

All files of the haematology unit of the Boghrat laboratory over a period of 10 years (1998–2007) were analysed in relation to the age, sex, full blood count, haemoglobin electrophoresis results, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) findings, and iron profile of healthy subjects referred for consultation before marriage. Other tests were performed if indicated.

Results:

There were 34 030 files; 13 432 (39.5%) were for men, and 20 567 (60.4%) for women. 0.74% of subjects (255) showed a haemoglobinopathy. The distribution of variant haemoglobins in these 255 subjects was: Hb D 75.67% (193 cases), Hb S 4.7%, Hb E 3.13%, Hb O-Arab 1.96% and Hb Lepore 0.39%. A fast haemoglobin was found in 4.71% of subjects. Of the subjects tested, 13.2% (4478) had β-thalassaemia minor, 0.2% (52) β-thalassaemia intermedia and 0.1% (30) β-thalassaemia major.

Conclusions:

In comparison with other parts of world, there is a different pattern of haemoglobinopathy with a high prevalence of Hb D, which appears to be Hb D Iran.
Sarcomatous transformation in a cellular angiofibroma: a case report
Authors: Kandil D H , Kida M , Laub D R , Cooper K
Published: September 2009

Cellular angiofibroma is a rare benign mesenchymal tumour of middle-aged adults. This tumour is usually located in the vulvovaginal or inguinoscrotal region. This report describes the case of a patient with a 3.5 cm subcutaneous mass, 2 cm below the left anterior superior iliac spine. Grossly, the mass had tan-white cut surface with a 1.5 cm tan-yellow, whorled, well-delineated nodule. Histologically, the tumour was composed primarily of cytologically bland spindle cells set in a collagenous stroma, with multiple dilated vessels. Other areas showed an abrupt transition to hypercellular sarcomatous elements, including pleomorphic cells with high mitotic activity. The tumour cells were diffusely positive for vimentin and factor XIIIa, and weakly positive for CD34. The patient did not develop any recurrences or metastases, and expired 3 years later of metastatic poorly differentiated carcinoma of unknown origin. This is believed to be the first reported case of sarcomatous transformation in a cellular angiofibroma.