bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Publishers Market
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Despite antebellum publishers’ public self-congratulation, they nevertheless had to struggle continually to find ways to get their books to the actual consumers. The rapid development of the publishing industry on the first wave of American industrialization created, along with increased production, a good deal of chaos within the trade. This disorganization made it difficult to construct a common stock of wisdom about the market—or about treating one another as professional publishers. Though production in the trade was small by late nineteenth-century standards, before the Civil War publishing became one of the first industries in which individual firms were required to move hundreds of thousands of units of diverse, highly complex goods to thousands of consumers, few of whom actually needed any of the particular items. Unlike the cheap fabrics of the Waltham and Lowell mills, the clocks of Seth Thomas, or the cast-iron stoves and fences of the Troy foundries-each of which had a clear use value and could always sink to a price at which someone would buy them—many, many books never found any market.
Population Genetics-Genes
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

From the earliest days after the rediscovery and confirmation of Mendel’s rules of inheritance in 1900, there has been a fundamental split in biologists’ view of how Mendelian principles operate in populations and through evolutionary time. T. H. Morgan wrote three books with evolution as the primary subject (1903, 1925, 1932). The last book was written after many of the fundamentals of population genetics had been elucidated by the triumvirate Fisher, Wright, and Haldane, yet Morgan’s view incorporated little if any populational thinking. From a solely genetic point of view, Morgan thought evolution was a very simple process: Individuals homozygous for the “normal” most-fit allele, that is, the wild type in classical genetics, were in the vast majority in natural populations. Occasionally a new mutation arose that was fitter than the predominant wild type; it quickly swept through the population, and a new wild type was estalblished. I have purposely used the term “population” above, rather than “species,” as Morgan did not believe in the existence of species, considering them merely scholastic constructs needed by simple-minded taxonomists.
Ecology
Authors: Powell Jeffrey R
Published: November 2023

No one can doubt that Drosophila are excellent organisms for genetic studies. However, full understanding of evolutionary patterns and mechanisms requires relating the genetics of the organism to the environment in which it is living. That is, the genetic knowledge needs to be placed in an ecological context. Unfortunately, to the majority of Drosophila geneticists, the ecology of Drosophila can be defined simply as that half-pint bottle in the constant temperature incubator partly filled with a starch--sugaragar mixture. In this chapter we dispel this notion. In the next chapter we consider studies that connect the kinds of genetic variation discussed in chapters 2 and 3 to the ecology discussed here.
Ontogenetic Self-Organization and Learning
Authors: Singer Wolf
Published: November 2023

From a reductionist point of view, learning consists of a stimulus and hence activity dependent neuronal process that leads to a lasting change of stimulus-response relations. The formation of a memory trace may thus be considered a modification of the neuronal program that specifies input-output functions. This program is contained in the architecture of interneuronal connectivity and in the differential weighing of the transfer functions of these connections. Thus any activity-dependent process that modifies, in a sufficiently stable and long-lasting way, the excitatory or inhibitory interactions between pairs of neurons could serve as a mechanism of learning, and any long-lasting alteration of intercellular communication can be considered an engram.
Studying the Individual: The Case Study Method and Other Genres
Authors: Wallace Doris B
Published: November 2023

Things have not happened to me: on the contrary it is I who have happened to them; and all my happenings have taken the form of books and plays. Read them, or spectate them; and you have my whole story. This is the statement of a person who does not separate life and work. His life is his work. Through it he has shaped his story. His most valued and best known qualities are those that are unique to him. If, therefore, we wish to understand what he did and how, we must study Shaw at work. And so with every creative person.
Introduction
Authors: Rauschkolb Roy S , Hornsby Arthur G
Published: November 2023

Events of the recent past have been moving agriculture rapidly toward the point where it can no longer be concerned with production of food and fiber alone. One of the principal reasons for the change in attitudes has been the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendment of 1972, commonly referred to as Public Law 92–500. Within this law, Section 208 deals with area-wide water quality management planning. It requires each state to develop waste water management strategies. Specific outputs resulting from Section 208 planning include a regulatory program to control or treat all point and nonpoint pollution sources, including accumulated levels of pollution. This represents only one of many outputs that are expected from Section 208 planning. It is the one that is especially important with respect to nitrogen management in irrigated agriculture.
Superstition and Coincidence
Authors: Vyse Stuart A
Published: November 2023

Bjorn Borg, the five-time Wimbledon champion, comes from a superstitious family. He and his relatives are known for a variety of personal superstitions, several of which center around spitting. As she sat in the competitors’ box during the 1979 Wimbledon final, Borg’s mother, Margarethe, ate candy for good luck. When Bjorn reached triple match point against Roscoe Tanner, she spat out the piece she had been chewing perhaps in preparation for a victory cheer. Before she knew it, Tanner had rallied to deuce. Sensing she had made a mistake, Margarethe retrieved the candy from the dirty floor and replaced it in her mouth. Soon her son had won the championship for the fourth time. Earlier that same year, Borg’s father, Rune, and his grandfather, Martin Andersson, were fishing and listening to the French Open final on the radio. Bjorn was playing Victor Pecci of Paraguay. Borg’s grandfather spat in the water, and just at that instant, Borg won a point. Andersson continued to spit throughout the match, going home with a sore throat. Borg won in four sets.
Growing Up Superstitious
Authors: Vyse Stuart A
Published: November 2023

In the mid-1950s, Philip Goldberg was a young Dodgers fan growing up in Brooklyn. He and his friends played stickball in the streets with mop handles and hairless pink rubber balls known as ‘‘spaldeens.’’ As many as fifteen times a season, he passed through the gates of Ebbets Field to see the great Jackie Robinson take the field, and he watched many other games on television, either at home or at a neighborhood luncheonette. But Goldberg was not merely a passive observer. He helped the Dodgers win. He had a lucky blue Dodgers hat that he wore during every game, and a yellowed Dodgers T-shirt that was imbued with magical powers. Like many boys, he was concerned that the bill of his cap have just the right degree of curl, so at the end of the day, he would roll it into a cylinder and stick it in a drinking glass overnight. Soon he came to believe that this nightly ritual maintained the hat’s power to make the Dodgers win. Although Goldberg’s own baseball magic benefited the Dodgers, his mother was a jinx. On several occasions, when he and his father were watching crucial games, such as those against the Giants in the 1951 National League playoffs, the team’s fortunes changed as soon as Mrs. Goldberg entered the room. Bobby Thomson hit a home run to win the pennant for the Giants, or some other calamity befell the home team.
Boundary Element Methods in Manufacturing
Authors: Chandra Abhijit , Mukherjee Subrata
Published: November 2023

Manufacturing processes have existed, in some form, since the dawn of civilization. Modelling and numerical simulation of mechanics of such processes, however, are of fairly recent vintage; made possible, mainly by improved understanding of the fundamental mechanics and physics of these processes as well as by the availability of ever more powerful computers. Our capabilities of designing manufacturing processes, however, significantly lag behind our abilities in simulating such processes. In fact, research in the area of design of manufacturing processes is barely a decade old. Analysis of manufacturing processes, and its integration into the design cycle of these processes, are the dual themes of this book. The boundary element method (BEM) is the computational method of choice. This versatile and powerful method has enjoyed extensive development during the last two decades and has been applied to virtually all areas of engieering mechanics (both linear and nonlinear) as well as in other areas. The BEM infra-structure is presented in Chapters 2, 3, and 4. Chapters 2 and 3, respectively provide reviews of the fundamentals of nonlinear and thermal problems. Material and geometric nonlinearities are ubiquitous in manufacturing processes such as forming and machining while thermal issues play significant roles in casting and machining processes. Chapter 4 discusses design sensitivity analysis, and provides an avenue for utilizing insights gained from analysis toward design synthesis of manufacturing processes. Chapters 5 through 9 are devoted to detailed discussions of a broad range of manufacturing processes—forming, solidification, machining, and ceramic grinding. The unique features of this book are its emphasis on numerical simulation as well as on design of manufacturing processes, and the use of the boundary element method as the computational method of choice.
Explanations and Arguments
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M
Published: November 2023

In their early conversations, young children first reveal a mentalistic understanding of desires and, somewhat later, of thoughts and beliefs as well. We believe that children’s early understanding of desires and beliefs is part of a larger conceptual enterprise, an understanding of persons’ actions, minds, and lives. To explore this larger understanding, we must characterize children’s references to beliefs and de sires in reasoning about and with people. There are two obvious sorts of extended reasoning to consider: children’s explanations of action, and their disputes with others. Children’s explanations of action bear on the larger topic of their under standing of causality and early talk about causation (e.g., Hood & Bloom, 1979). Children’s disputes are part of the larger topic of how their understanding of mind affects their real-life social relations (e.g., Dunn, 1994).
Alternatives and Controversies
Authors: Bartsch Karen , Wellman Henry M
Published: November 2023

Children’s understanding of mind has been extensively discussed and researched lately. New clarity and consensus have emerged from these efforts; investigators increasingly agree on descriptions and findings that were unknown or controversial just 5 or 10 years ago. At the same time, however, conflicting interpretations and predictions have been inspired by contrasting basic characterizations of everyday understanding of mind and contrasting explanations for developmental change. In the last chapter, we argued that children’s talk about the mind can be characterized as reflecting several phases in their development of a theory of mind. In this chapter, we discuss some alternative accounts, compare them to the one we have offered, and examine how they fare when tested against our natural language findings.
Marshall Court, 1801-1836
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

On the north and south walls of the Supreme Court Chamber in Washing ton are carved two marble panels depicting processions of historical law givers. Of the eighteen figures on the panels only one is there because of his work as a judge, and he is the one American represented: John Marshall. This is more than mere coincidence, for it sharply illustrates a basic differ ence between the making of law in the United States and in other coun tries. The great lawgivers in other systems have been mighty monarchs of the type of Hammurabi and Justinian, divinely inspired prophets like Moses, philosophers such as Confucius, or scholars like Hugo Grotius and Sir William Blackstone. We in the United States have certainly had our share of the last two types of lawgiver-particularly among the men who drew up the organic documents upon which our polity is based. Signifi cantly enough, however, it is not a Jefferson or a Madison who is depicted as the American lawgiver, but the great Chief Justice who, more than any one person, has left his imprint upon the development of our constitu tional law.
Chase and Waite Courts,1864-1888
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

A. Douglas that the Declaration of Independence, in declaring “that all men are created equal,” was only “speaking of British subjects on this continent being equal to British subjects born and residing in Great Britain.” Lincoln emphatically rejected this interpretation. The authors of the Declaration, he said, “intended to include all men. They meant to set up a standard maxim for free society, which should be familiar to all, and revered by all; constantly spreading and deepening its influence, and augmenting the happiness and value of life to all people of all colors everywhere. “l
White and Taft Courts,1910-1930
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

William Howard Taft, the only man who was both President and Chief Justice, once said that the Supreme Court was his notion of what heaven must be like. This led Justice Frankfurter to say that “he had a very different notion of heaven than any I know anything about.”
Burger Court, 1969-1986
Authors: Schwartz Bernard
Published: November 2023

Before Warren E. Burger became ChiefJustice, all Supreme Court documents were typed with as many carbon copies as needed. Thus the memoranda on in forma pauperis (or Miscellaneous Docket) petitions sent to each Justice required many copies. Because it was necessary to use very thin paper, these memoranda were called flimsies. The junior Justices, who received the last copies, often had difficulty reading them.
Agraphia
Authors: Ullrich Lauren , Roeltgen David P
Published: November 2023

Benedikt(1865) applied the term agraphia disorders of writing in 1865. Ogle (1867) found that, although aphasia and agraphia usually occur together, they were separable. He concluded that there were distinct cerebral centers for writing and speaking that were anatomically proximate. In contrast, Lichtheim (1885) proposed that disorders of writing usually were the same as disorders of speech. The exception was agraphia due to disruption of the “center from which the organs of writing are innervated. (pg 437)” Lichtheim proposed that agraphia and aphasia were similar because the acquisition of writing (and spelling) was superimposed on speech, and therefore utilized previously acquired speech centers. Head (1926) also stressed this relationship. Goldstein (1948) emphasized two types of agraphia: primary agraphia resulting from disruption of the motor act of writing, and secondary agraphia, resulting from disturbances of speech.
Acalculia and Disturbances of the Body Schema
Authors: Denburg Natalie L , Tranel Daniel
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we review the recent literature on acalculia body schema disturbances Neither of these conditions has been consistently defined, and there is little consensus about their neuropsychological and neuroanatomical correlates. These conditions are uncommon, and there is a paucity of well-standardized and validated assessment procedures. Nevertheless, there has been a resurgence of interest in various aspects of the neural basis of number (cf. Butterworth, 1999) and body schema processing (cf. Damasio, 1999), many utilizing functional imaging approaches (e.g., Arzy, Thut, Mohr, Michel, & Blanke, 2006; Downing, Chan, Peelen, Dodds, & Kanwisher, 2006; Morris, Pelphrey, & McCarthy, 2006; Peelen & Downing, 2007), that have tackled basic questions about the neural substrates of number processing (e.g., Lee, 2000; Dehaene, Molko, Cohen, & Wilson, 2004) and body representation (e.g., Schwoebel & Coslett, 2005; Peelen & Downing, 2007; Hodzic, Muckli, Singer, & Stirn, 2009). This work has added considerably to our understanding of what might go awry in the conditions of acalculia and body schema disturbances.
Principles of neuropsychological Rehabilitation
Authors: Prigatano George P
Published: November 2023

Without guiding principles, clinicians can easily get lost in the maze of problems that a brain-damaged patient presents. This book underlines the importance of patients' subjective experience of brain disease or injury, and the frustration and confusion they undergo. It shows that the symptom picture is a mixture of premorbid cognitive and personal characteristics with the neuropsychological changes directly associated with brain pathology. By closely observing the patient's behavior, the clinician can teach him or her about the direct and indirect effects of brain damage. The book provides guidelines both for the remediation of higher cerebral disturbances and the management of patients interpersonal problems. It presents a new perspective on disorders of self-awareness and recovery as well as deterioration phenomena after brain injury. It will be an invaluable resource for psychologists, neurologists, and psychiatrists involved in neuropsychological rehabilitation.
The Representation of Themes in Memory
Authors: Rubin David C
Published: November 2023

The eye can review, that is, retrospect: the ear and mouth cannot. The composer-reciter works steadily forward, and only forward, and the memory that repeats the composition works forward also. This means that what we are tempted to call correspondence or symmetry is really a process of continual anticipation.
A Jean Toomer Reader
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

Includes correspondence, poetry, short fiction, and essays.
The New Race
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

There is a new race in America. I am a member of this new race. It is neither white nor black nor in-between. It is the American race, differing as much from white and black as white and black differ from each other. It is possible that there are Negro and Indian bloods in my descent along with English, Spanish, Welsh, Scotch, French, Dutch, and German. This is common in America; and it is from all these strains that the American race is being born. But the old divisions into white, black, brown, red, are outworn in this country. They have had their day. Now is the time of the birth of a new order, a new vision, a new ideal of man. I proclaim this new order. My marriage to Margery Latimer is the marriage of two Americans.
Chicago
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

In Chicago things stand out. A curious very vivid grey-white light seems to illumine and reveal each form and feature. Nothing can hide. Few things can be hidden. All of Chicago is exposed. Its buildings—the Palmolive, the Tribune Tower, the Wrigley Building—stand out. In a corresponding way its life—the underworld and gangland, politics, civic institutions, social groups, society—stand out. For some extremely interesting reasons Chicago, more than any other city I know, is glaringly evident. This is why it has impressed itself upon its residents and upon its neighbors, near and far, as no other modern city has.
California
Authors: Rusch Frederik L
Published: November 2023

Its geography has something to do with it. The flat openness of the prairies over-rides the outskirts and sweeps full through the entire city. The snug North Shore suburbs cannot keep the prairie out. The western suburbs, and Chicago’s fringe of ragged houses, cannot keep the prairie out. South Chicago and the human settlements to the south cannot keep the prairie out. The men of Chicago, as it were, built a wall around their city, staking off from the vast lands a human-sized plot of ground. Growing Chicago spreads ever farther north, west and south. Each year it conquers and seems to convert more and more of the surrounding flat lands. But the vast openness of the prairies over-sweeps the walls, inundates the growth, washes the city, and joins hands with the spread of Lake Michigan. One feels the prairie in the Loop, in Michigan Boulevard, in all streets and parks, and even in the houses
Eggs
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

The biology of eggs and egglaying is perhaps as complicated as anything that animals do. The oology of birds and their close relatives is more complex than that of most animals because birds’ eggs are shelled. As a consequence, birds are freed of certain constraints, although they must attend to a range of others that are insignificant to most animals. The aggregate body of knowledge pertaining to birds’ eggs is considerable, and a good fraction of it has to do with their shells, to which a major part of this chapter will testify.
The brood reduction strategy
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

The material discussed in Chapter 18 outlines the considerable range of environ mental variables that influence reproductive success. Two variables, clutch size and mortality of eggs, prove to be critical factors in reproductive success. Columba livia has a practically invariant clutch size of two eggs (Chapter 6), which sets an obviously low maximum to the number of offspring that can be reared at any one nesting effort. But this limit has an interesting corollary: the variance in reproductive success is not great relative to average reproductive success, a point considered later in this chapter. When nestling mortality occurs, the normal brood is reduced to one or zero.
Pigeon colonies
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Feral pigeon pairs may nest alone, sometimes at good distances from other pairs, and they may nest in groups. Using even restrictive definitions of coloniality that require nesting pairs to be close to one another, generally to feed outside the nesting area, and to be organized by a number of social and flock-organized phenomena (e.g., Kharitonov and Siegel-Causey 1988), feral pigeons are straight forward colonial birds. That ferals can also nest singly, widely dispersed from other pairs, simply means that colonial behavior is not obligatory for ferals, along with the other species subsumed in the epigraph above.
Abundance and density
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

The numbers of pigeons in cities are difficult to estimate. But, estimates are likely to be proportional to actual numbers, and they have relative utility, as in comparing abundance in various parts of a city. Big cities usually have larger populations of pigeons than smaller cities (e.g. Gorski and G6rska 1979). But, such a relationship may well be violated, even though feral pigeons are known to have strong commensal ties to humans. Speirs et al. (1970) present data showing that presence of pigeons may depend only vaguely on the human population and commercial structure of a town.
Heavy metals and other pollutants
Authors: Johnston Richard F , Janiga Marián
Published: November 2023

Two broad categories of factors of the physical environment can be recognized. The first, climatic or weather factors are importantly associated with events during breeding, wintering, commuting, feeding, and so forth. All such factors- temperature, photoperiod, wind, rainfall, humidity, etc.-have been reviewed in earlier chapters. The aim of this chapter is to discuss a second group of environ mental factors, which, in the general scheme of things, are called pollutants. Although they are products of human activity, we decided to give them space in a special chapter, because they significantly impact the lives of feral pigeons; there is, as a consequence, a considerable literature on the subject.
Nonhomogeneous dynamical systems
Authors: Sandefur James T
Published: November 2023

Let’s reconsider our study of savings accounts. The affine dynamical system escribes a savings account paying 100I per cent interest, compounded annually, in which we add an additional b dollars each year. In reality, our salary will hopefully be increasing, so each year we will be able to add more money to our savings account than we did the previous year. To study this, we need to consider dynamical systems in which we do not add a constant b, but instead add an amount that is a function of time, that is, dynamical systems of the form This is called a first-order nonhomogeneous dynamical system.
Introduction
Authors: Moore Janice
Published: November 2023

Here we have the stuff of science fiction: Alien beings enter hosts and twist host behavior to sinister purposes This literary device has been used by many writers as a vehicle for exploring the nature of free will and the value of independent behavior. The thought of some slimy, abhorrent glob inhabiting one’s body (the aliens rarely look like Greek gods) can also be trusted to evoke a mixture of loathing, disgust, and alarm in the reader, thereby making the story that much more engrossing.
Life Cycles: Blueprints For R
0
Authors: Moore Janice
Published: November 2023

If parasite transmission, avoidance, or resistance are processes that greatly influence R0, then parasite life cycles are the blueprints of those processes, the keys to understanding when and how transmission happens, when and how it can be avoided. Because the purpose of this chapter is to enhance appreciation of parasitological phenomena that subtend behavioral aspects of the Basic Model, it is organized according to modes of transmission.
Behavioral Alterations and Avoiding Parasites
Authors: Moore Janice
Published: November 2023

If you are ever in India or Nepal during the fly season and have occasion to watch captive elephants (of the sort that take tourists into the jungle), you may have the opportunity to see yet another kind of behavior imposed by the presence of parasites. Elephants that swat their backs and sides with branches are not performing stereotypic behavior out of boredom. They are not necessarily cooling themselves. They are using tools to repel blood-feeding flies (fig. 4.1). Switching intensifies with fly activity, and elephants that are given branches can reduce median fly count by almost half (Hart and Hart 1994).
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Moore Janice
Published: November 2023

The study of parasites and host behavior is a field that is overdue some attention. This may seem like a strange comment as we squint through the dust flurries, not yet settled, surrounding Hamilton and Zuk’s (1982) suggestion that parasites should influence mate selection. It is true that the proposal of that hypothesis set off something akin to a scientific stampede. The resulting literature was rich and exposed new questions and new ways to look at mate selection.
The Neurobiology of Disturbances of the Self Autonoetic Agnosia in Schizophrenia
Authors: Keefe Richard S E
Published: November 2023

Phenomenology of Autonoetic Agnosia in Schizophrenia

The characteristics that embody the self are so broad that it is difficult to reach consensus on a circumscribed definition of self. According to Webster’s American Collegiate Dictionary, the definition of the self is “the union of elements (as body, emotions, thoughts, and sensations) that constitute the individuality and identity of a person.” In this sense, individuality refers to the quality or state of being indivisible, as well as having a separate and distinct existence from others. Thus, one of the primary features of the self is an embodiment of what is intemal, as distinguished from what is external to it.
Impaired Insight in Schizophrenia Advances from Psychosocial Treatment Research
Authors: Lysaker Paul H , Bell Morris D
Published: November 2023

Lack of insight or unawareness of illness has long been observed in individuals with schizophrenia (Wilson, Ban & Guy, 1986; Greenfield, Strauss, Bowers, & Mandelkern, 1989). It represents a puzzling phenomenon in which patients, despite all evidence to the contrary, appear not to know they are ill and behave in a manner grossly inconsistent with their own best interests. For example, such a patient may tell his clinicians he has no symptoms, enjoys life, and needs no medication despite the fact that he lives in perpetual fear of an anonymous assassin, has no friends, is unable to work, and appears sleepless, unkempt, and malnourished.
Extinction Patterns In The North American Pleistocene Herpetofauana
Authors: Holman J Alan
Published: November 2023

The “why” of the extinction of mammalian fantilies, genera, and species-and to a somewhat lesser extent, bird taxa-during and at the end of the Pleistocene has been a hotly debated issue in recent decades (e.g., Martin and Wright, 1967; Kurten and Anderson, 1980; Martin and Klein, 1984). The general impression among paleoherpetologists, however, is that the continental North American herpetofauna has been in a sort of “holding pattern” for the past 1.9 million years (Holman, 1991b).The truth of the matter is that many paleoherpetologists choose not to study Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles because they think there is not much exciting to learn. On the contrary, it would seem that if this herpetological stability in the face of Pleistocene changes is really true, the question “What attributes have allowed the herpetofauna to survive the stresses that have caused dramatic extinctions in other classes during the Pleistocene?” is an extremely provocative one. We shall first consider extinction patterns in continental North America (excluding Mexico) based on an analysis of the 170 faunas detailed in this book thus far. This will include a short discussion of the validity of some of the Pleistocene herpetological taxa that are currently considered to be extinct. Then we shall discuss some possible modifications of what we call the “Pleistocene herpetological stability concept,” and finally we will address “whys” of this proposed stability and possible future areas of study.
Modeling Interactions of Carbon Dioxide, Forests, and Climate
Authors: Luxmoore Robert J , Baldocchi Dennis D
Published: November 2023

Atmospheric CO2 levels are rising, forests are responding, and climate is changing. This combination of facts and premises may be evaluated on a range of temporal and spatial scales with the aid of computer simulators describing the interrelationships among forest vegetation, litter and soil characteristics, and meteorological variables. In this chapter, some insights into the effects of climate on the transfer of carbon and the converse, effects of carbon transfer on climate, are offered as a basis for assessing the significance of feedbacks between vegetation and climate under conditions of rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.
Vegetation Geography and Global Carbon Storage Changes
Authors: Prentice I Colin , Sykes Martin T
Published: November 2023

The terrestrial biosphere currently stores”“ 560 petagrams (Pg) (=1015 g) carbon in plant biomass and a further”“ 1500 Pg carbon in soil organic matter (these and other figures in this paragraph are from W. H. Schlesinger 1991 and are representative of values in the current literature). Residence times of this carbon range widely, from <1 year for deciduous leaves and fine roots to >1000 years for refractory soil compounds. About 120 Pg carbon are taken up from the atmosphere annually through (gross) primary production, and a similar amount is returned to the atmosphere through autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration. These annual fluxes amount to a considerable fraction of the 720 Pg carbon currently in the atmosphere. Atmospheric CO2 takes centuries to equilibrate with the large reservoir of carbon in the ocean; thus, any consistent trend in the annual balance of primary production and respiration (net ecosystem production [NEP]) can significantly influence the evolution of atmospheric CO2 over the time scales of global change.
Will the Warming Speed the Warming?
Authors: Woodwell George M , Mackenzie Fred T , Houghton R A , Apps Michael J , Gorham Eville , Davidson Eric A
Published: November 2023

A significant body of experience, much of it summarized in the preceding chapters, suggests that there are mechanisms entrained by a change in global climate that tend to increase the trend of temperature change, whatever the trend and its original cause may be. In the case of a warming, there is a possibility that the warming itself may cause a series of further changes in the earth that will speed the warming. If so, what are the mechanisms involved and how seriously might our current appraisals of the speed and severity of the warming be in error? Will the warming speed the warming? If so, for how long and by how much? The global climatic system involves a complicated array of primary and secondary causes that influence global temperature and many other climatic factors.
Passion and Reason
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

In Passion and Reason, Lazarus draws on his four decades of pioneering research to bring readers the first book to move beyond both clinical jargon and feel-good’ popular psychology. In plain, accessible language, Lazarus explains how emotions are aroused, how they are managed, and how they critically shape our views of ourselves and the world around us. Dr Lazarus explores the latest findings on the short and long-term causes and effects of various emotions, including the often conflicting research on stress management and links between negative emotions and heart disease, cancer, and other aspects of physical and psychological health.
The Nasty Emotions: Anger, Envy, and Jealousy
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Anger, Envy, And Jealousy are among the most powerful and socially troublesome emotions. It is fitting, therefore, that we begin with this trio. We call them the nasty emotions because to some extent all share a desire to harm others, or oneself, and so may lead to all sorts of problems for individuals, their community, and our society at large.
Coping and the Self-Management of Emotion
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

This Chapter Is Dedicated to coping because it is so central to our health and daily experiences. Coping shapes our emotions, but its most important function is to manage those emotions once aroused, as well as the sometimes troubling situations that provoke them. Coping is what we do and think in an effort to manage stress and the emotions associated with it whether or not these efforts are successful. In other words, even if we fail at a coping task, a great deal of energy, thought, and action has gone into it. When a goal has been blocked or its integrity threatened, people struggle to prevent the harm from happening or to overcome it. If nothing can be done, they work hard to accept and deal with the reality, and get on with their lives.
How Biology and Culture Affect Our Emotions
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

Emotions Seem Irresistible and difficult to control at times, triggered whether we want them or not. And each emotion seems to have its own distinctive and recognizable pattern, regardless of who is experiencing it. All this suggests a strong biological component.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Lazarus Richard S , Lazarus Bernice N
Published: November 2023

In Our Introduction we emphasized two themes. The first is that emotions are a product of personal meanings that depend on what is important to us-in other words, our commitments-and what we believe about our selves and the world in which we live. The second is that each emotion has its own dramatic plot or story, defined by the personal meanings we give to an experience. To understand our emotions requires that we know these plots. Throughout the book we have elaborated on these themes, enlarged them, and looked at additional issues and features of emotions, providing case histories to concretize what we have been saying.
The Scope of Cognitive Science
Authors: Dodwell Peter
Published: November 2023

Picturing the nature of self and mind has always been at the forefront of human inquiry, the earliest myths and legends gradually yielding to rational thought and eventually to scientific investigation. In its most recent version this enterprise is now called cognitive science.

Inquiries into the human condition have always been polarized into two camps. On the one hand are the passionate advocates of humanity’s special status at the pinnacle of creation, seeing man as a being of freedom and unbounded creative potential—the idealistic view.
Mathematics and the Mind
Authors: Dodwell Peter
Published: November 2023

In chapter 6 we had an example of how a mathematical model can form the basis for a theory of perception, perhaps of more general aspects of cognition also. But the existence of mathematics and mathematical thinking has another and even more fundamental bearing on our inquiry. The existence of mathematics and mathematical thinking in fact pose prodigious problems for cognitive science, especially as this is expressed in the standard model. On the one hand mathematics can be seen as a pure product of human creativity, but on the other it gives us a uniquely powerful means of coming to grips with the natural world. It is in us, but it also binds us to what is external to our conscious mentation. So, mathematics and mathematical thinking can, and must, play a very special role in any attempt to understand cognition, not least in the business of trying to identify cognitive activity with brain processes. Hence, this whole chapter is devoted to the topic—and it will again assume a prominent place in the final chapter.
Brain Damage in Aphasia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

By definition, aphasia is the result of brain damage; therefore, a neuropathology of aphasia exists. Both the type of pathology and the location of the brain lesion are significant to the clinicians caring for an aphasic patient. Techniques that demonstrate lesion type and site are crucial to the neuropathology of aphasia. Several generalizations can be offered (Benson, 1979a):

Aphasia is produced lry damage to brain structures. Neuropathological pro cesses that involve nonbrain portions of the nervous system (e.g., cranial nerves) and secondary neurological dysfunctions such as systemic or psychogenic disorders do not produce aphasic language syndromes. Metabolic and toxic disorders (e.g., hepatic encephalopathy) produce a broad, overall disruption of brain function, not a focal aphasia. Also, because language loss, by definition, is a requirement for aphasia, congenital and developmental disorders in which language failed to develop cannot be considered sources of aphasia.
Communication Disturbances in Aging and Dementia
Authors: Benson D Frank , Ardila Alfredo
Published: November 2023

As a cognitive ability, language is relatively insensitive to age effects (Bayles and Kaszniak, 1987). In fact, an individual’s language capabilities commonly increase during the lifespan, with continued improvement observed into the 60s. Some deterioration in language capability can be seen during normal aging, however, becoming evident around age 75 (Albert, 1988) to 80 (Benton, Eslinger, and Da masio, 1981). In addition, linguistic decline is evident in some types of dementia. Language disorder is a distinguishing feature of Alzheimer’s disease (Cummings and Benson, 1992) and it can be the initial, and for some time the only, cognitive impairment in progressive aphasia (Kirshner et al., 1984; Mesulam, 1982). In contrast, speech disorders are features of a number of subcortical disorders that produce dementia (e.g., Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease). To characterize the communication disturbances of dementia, the language alterations that occur with normal aging must first be reviewed.
Packaging The Presidency
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall
Published: November 2023

Packaging the Presidency, third edition, is Jamieson's updated study of history of presidential campaign advertising. It offers an examination and criticism of every presidential election from 1952 to 1992.
From Garbagne to the Coast of Bohemia, or, Assume a Japan
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

“If I want to imagine a fictive nation, I can give it an invented name, treat it declaratively as a novelistic object, create a new Garbagne, so as to compromise no real country by my fantasy ... I can also-though in no way claiming to represent or analyze reality itself ( these being the major gestures of Western discourse )-isolate somewhere in the world (far away) a certain number of features ... , and out of these features deliberately form a system. It is this system which I shall call Japan.” “For the real environment is altogether too big, too complex, and too fleeting for direct acquaintance. We are not equipped to deal with so much subtlety, so much variety, so many permutations and combinations. And although we have to act in that environment, we have to construct it on a simpler model before we can manage with it. To traverse the world men must have maps of the world.
The Case of the Automobile Industry
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

In the 1920s U.S. automobiles dominated world trade, and motor vehicles dominated American manufacturing exports. It is central to our story that a half century later the Toyota system duplicated Henry Ford’s great achievement in revolutionizing the industry and transforming its nation’s producers into world leaders. The automobile is the machine that remade the world 3; it is also the core of the Japanese drive to export preeminence in the postwar period. While automobiles were only 2.4 percent of Japan’s total exports in 1960, they accounted for nearly 10 percent a decade later, over 20 percent of the total in 1980 (the year Japan became the number one auto exporter), and more than a quarter of all exports by 1986. After that, Japanese strategy was to service foreign markets from localized production facilities, although exports from Japan continued to be a serious bone of contention because they made up most of the U.S. trade deficit. Forty-five percent of Japanese automotive production is exported. The leader of the charge was Toyota, which in the mid-1980s held 30 percent of exports and an even more impressive 43 percent of the market domestically (which was divided among ten Japanese producers and a few European luxury cars).
The Industrial Relations Regime
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

The literature on Japan stresses the greater efficiency of technology and the organization of production with a bow to the high savings rate, good work habits, and education system. Debate over the role of the state and alleged mercantilist policies typically rounds out the discussion. Just as we have seen that the Japanese developmentalist state needs to be understood historically in the context of the complexities of Japan’s unique development, so, too, is the idea that Japanese work hard needs to be interrogated with some care. The emphasis in this chapter is on ways in which the social relations structure production and the uniqueness of the Japanese industrial relations regime about which there are some disagreements, as this chapter’s epigraphs convey.
Overaccumulation, Speculation, and Corruption
Authors: Tabb William K
Published: November 2023

“‘Everyone gets a part of the action when you corner a share, especially the politicians,’ he complained. In return, the politicians were able to introduce banking contacts to speculators. Suzuki noticed that ruling Diet members Toshia Komoto and Entaro Itoyama conducted two of the greatest corporate raids of the early 1970s. These were, however, exceptionally high-profile instances of stock market killings channelled into politics. The preferred route was a collusive arrangement among the speculators, politicians and a local bank manager who provided a large line of credit.
Some Characteristics of a Developmental Theory for Early-Onset Delinquency
Authors: Patterson Gerald R
Published: November 2023

The task of a developmental theory for delinquent behavior is to explain both the stability and the changes in a form that characterizes the trajectories of antisocial individuals over time. In what sense can a behavioral event be both stable and yet change over time? The research strategies and findings that relate to this crucial question constitute a section in the discussions that follows. Given that the focus for the theory is crime, there are several additional concerns that must be addressed, such as why crime rates vary across nations and across time. These issues force us to consider developmental mechanisms in broader contexts and form a second major focus of this chapter.
Wavefront Reconstruction and Control Systems
Authors: Hardy John W
Published: November 2023

The control system is the vital link between the wave front sensor and the wavefront corrector in all adaptive optics systems. Its function is to convert the wavefront measurements made by the sensor into a set of commands that are applied to the wavefront corrector to satisfy a suitable performance criterion, such as minimizing the residual wavefront error. The main functions in a typical adaptive optics control loop are shown in figure 8.1. The wavefront sensor generates an array of wavefront slope or curvature measurements that are first reconstructed spatially into a continuous two-dimensional representation of the wavefront error. The wavefront predictor minimizes temporal noise by smoothing the data in time and makes the best estimate of the wavefront error for the next correction cycle. The commands to be applied to the wavefront corrector are then computed, taking into account the spatial and temporal characteristics of the wavefront disturbances and the correction system.
The Iowa-Benton School Of Neuropsychological Assessment
Authors: Tranel Daniel
Published: November 2023

The Iowa-Benton (I-B) school of neuropsychological assessment dates back more than four decades. In 1950, Arthur Benton set up a small neuropsychology unit at the invitation of Dr. Adolph Sahs, who was the Head of the Department of Neurology at the University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (UIHC). Benton’s service was placed in the Department of Neurology, where it has remained until the current day, and this close affiliation with neurology has been an important influence in the development of the Iowa approach. In the initial arrangement, Benton agreed to evaluate patients referred by either Dr. Sahs or Dr. Russell Meyers, who was the Chair of the Division of Neurosurgery at UIHC. In return, Benton and his students were permitted to use case material from neurology and neurosurgery for research purposes.
Neuropsychological Consequences of Drug Abuse
Authors: Carlin Alberts. , O’malley Stephanie
Published: November 2023

Neuropsychological consequences of drug abuse continue to be of considerable importance in neuropsychiatric populations. Many patients consume licit or illicit psychoactive substances in prescribed or uncontrolled ways. This chapter reviews the evidence of various relationships between drug consumption and behavior, with particular reference to the long-term neurobehavioral impact of drug abuse. It is commonly assumed that the abuse of most psychoactive substances results in neuropsychological deficit. Whether this attitude reflects a sense of moral retribution or the belief that repeated trips across the blood-brain barrier must exact their toll is an open question. Certainly, most psychoactive drugs affect neuropsychological functioning acutely. The acute effects can be studied in a straightforward way by administering the drug under study in known dosage to subjects and then comparing either pre-post or drug-placebo performance.