bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of anisotropy in detachment rates for force production and cargo transport by a team of motor proteins
Authors: Takshak Anjneya , Kunwar Ambarish
Published: February 2016

Many cellular processes are driven by collective forces generated by a team consisting of multiple molecular motor proteins. One aspect that has received less attention is the detachment rate of molecular motors under mechanical force/load. While detachment rate of kinesin motors measured under backward force increases rapidly for forces beyond stall‐force; this scenario is just reversed for non‐yeast dynein motors where detachment rate from microtubule decreases, exhibiting a catch‐bond type behavior. It has been shown recently that yeast dynein responds anisotropically to applied load, i.e. detachment rates are different under forward and backward pulling. Here, we use computational modeling to show that these anisotropic detachment rates might help yeast dynein motors to improve their collective force generation in the absence of catch‐bond behavior. We further show that the travel distance of cargos would be longer if detachment rates are anisotropic. Our results suggest that anisotropic detachment rates could be an alternative strategy for motors to improve the transport properties and force production by the team.
Aerosol mixing over an urban region: radiative effects
Authors: Srivastava Rohit , Ramachandran S. , Rajesh T. A.
Published: February 2016

Aerosols in urban regions have a distinct character as they can exhibit significant seasonal and interannual variabilities owing to variations in local emissions and long‐range transport. This diversity in aerosol sources can give rise to a complex aerosol mixture over urban regions which can influence resultant aerosol optical properties and their radiative effects. Seasonal variation in aerosol mixing state and aerosol radiative effects over Ahmedabad, an urban region in western India, are deduced from measured aerosol optical properties and a radiative transfer model. Aerosol mixing states for near‐surface single scattering albedo (SSA) at 0.55 μ m are different from those obtained for columnar SSA at 0.50 μ m in each season, emphasizing that aerosol mixing state can vary with altitude determining differences in SSA. In winter, mineral dust coated by water‐soluble aerosols emerges as the mixing state for near‐surface SSA (0.69), while black carbon coated by water‐soluble aerosols emerges as the probable mixing state for columnar SSA (0.94). Aerosol radiative forcing at the surface estimated for probable mixing states of columnar SSA follows observations during all seasons except the monsoon. Heating rate is higher for near‐surface SSA than for column SSA. Heating rates for near‐surface SSA during winter and post‐monsoon are 1 K day−1 below 3 km, but ≤0.5 K day−1 for columnar SSA. A secondary peak in heating rate profile is seen between 2 and 4 km during pre‐monsoon which is due to presence of absorbing aerosols at these altitudes. External mixing emerges as a probable mixing state during pre‐monsoon and monsoon, indicating that mixing depends on aerosol types, their abundance and meteorological conditions. These results can serve as standard regional representatives for aerosol mixing and radiative effects over urban regions. The proposed approach can be applied to other environments to determine extreme bounds of core–shell mixing of aerosols.
Functional molecules and materials by π‐Interaction based quantum theoretical design
Authors: Aliakbar Tehrani Zahra , Kim Kwang S.
Published: February 2016

The intermolecular and intramolecular noncovalent interactions involving π‐aromatic compounds have attracted increasing attention over the last decades in chemistry, biology and material sciences. In this review, we discuss contemporary computational studies on the nature and strength of H‐π, π‐π, and anion‐π interactions. We emphasize how modern quantum theoretical approaches ahead of experiment can provide insight into the design of new materials and devices by tuning the π‐interactions in cooperative and competitive manners. Usefulness of such approaches towards designing new materials is demonstrated with some examples of molecular recognition/sensing, self‐assembly/engineering, receptors, catalysts, supramolecules, graphene, and other two‐dimensional (2D) materials/devices. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the estimation of the second largest eigenvalue of Markov ciphers
Authors: Xue Weijia , Lin Tingting , Shun Xin , Xue Fenglei , Lai Xuejia
Published: February 2016

Differential cryptanalysis is an effective tool in modern cryptanalysis. The differential chain of a Markov cipher forms a Markov chain, and the second largest eigenvalue (SLE) of the transition matrix determines the number of iterations such that the Markov cipher can resist differential cryptanalysis. Owing to the huge scale of the transition matrix, it is infeasible to compute the SLE. Thus, an estimation method would be desirable. We find two methods to estimate the SLE by using the elements of the row‐stochastic matrix in the literature. Their advantage is parallel computing, without generating the complete matrix. We apply these two methods to the transition matrix of International Data Encryption Algorithm(8) and investigate the accuracy of such estimation. Because the International Data Encryption Algorithm is a primitive Markov cipher, its transition matrix will converge to a uniform distribution. We use the power of the initial transition matrix to estimate the SLE for different number of rounds and compare the results. The errors of the estimation will be acceptable after several rounds when there are less zero elements in the transition matrix and the distribution is more uniform. Moreover, we present a simple relation between the SLE and the number of iterations that the Markov cipher requires against differential cryptanalysis and show the necessary condition of the matrix decomposition method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrative genomic testing of cancer survival using semiparametric linear transformation models
Authors: Huang Yen‐Tsung , Cai Tianxi , Kim Eunhee
Published: February 2016

The wide availability of multi‐dimensional genomic data has spurred increasing interests in integrating multi‐platform genomic data. Integrative analysis of cancer genome landscape can potentially lead to deeper understanding of the biological process of cancer. We integrate epigenetics (DNA methylation and microRNA expression) and gene expression data in tumor genome to delineate the association between different aspects of the biological processes and brain tumor survival. To model the association, we employ a flexible semiparametric linear transformation model that incorporates both the main effects of these genomic measures as well as the possible interactions among them. We develop variance component tests to examine different coordinated effects by testing various subsets of model coefficients for the genomic markers. A Monte Carlo perturbation procedure is constructed to approximate the null distribution of the proposed test statistics. We further propose omnibus testing procedures to synthesize information from fitting various parsimonious sub‐models to improve power. Simulation results suggest that our proposed testing procedures maintain proper size under the null and outperform standard score tests. We further illustrate the utility of our procedure in two genomic analyses for survival of glioblastoma multiforme patients. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative Magnetic Separation of Particles and Cells Using Gradient Magnetic Ratcheting
Authors: Murray Coleman , Pao Edward , Tseng Peter , Aftab Shayan , Kulkarni Rajan , Rettig Matthew , Di Carlo Dino
Published: February 2016

Extraction of rare target cells from biosamples is enabling for life science research. Traditional rare cell separation techniques, such as magnetic activated cell sorting, are robust but perform coarse, qualitative separations based on surface antigen expression. A quantitative magnetic separation technology is reported using high‐force magnetic ratcheting over arrays of magnetically soft micropillars with gradient spacing, and the system is used to separate and concentrate magnetic beads based on iron oxide content (IOC) and cells based on surface expression. The system consists of a microchip of permalloy micropillar arrays with increasing lateral pitch and a mechatronic device to generate a cycling magnetic field. Particles with higher IOC separate and equilibrate along the miropillar array at larger pitches. A semi‐analytical model is developed that predicts behavior for particles and cells. Using the system, LNCaP cells are separated based on the bound quantity of 1 μm anti‐epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) particles as a metric for expression. The ratcheting cytometry system is able to resolve a ±13 bound particle differential, successfully distinguishing LNCaP from PC3 populations based on EpCAM expression, correlating with flow cytometry analysis. As a proof‐of‐concept, EpCAM‐labeled cells from patient blood are isolated with 74% purity, demonstrating potential toward a quantitative magnetic separation instrument.
Effect of sodium alginate and its guluronic acid/mannuronic acid ratio on the physicochemical properties of high‐amylose cornstarch
Authors: Zhao Yang , Chen HaiHua , Wang YuSheng , Li QianQian
Published: February 2016

To investigate the effect of sodium alginate (AGNa) and its guluronic acid/mannuronic acid (G/M) ratio on the physicochemical properties of high‐AM cornstarch (HACS), the pasting, thermal, rheological, and gelling properties of AGNa‐HACS mixtures were measured by rapid viscosity analysis (RVA), DSC, dynamic rheometry, and texture analysis. Compared with HACS alone, the peak viscosity and final viscosity of AGNa‐HACS were increased by 71–84 RVU and 97–106 RVU, respectively, the breakdown value was reduced by 20 RVU, and ΔH was increased by 2.44–3.31 J/g. The retrogradation rate of HACS after storage for 3–14 days decreased, as well the gel hardness, whereas the apparent viscosity (ηa) and loss tangent (tanδ) increased with the addition of AGNa. The G/M ratio of AGNa influenced the gelatinization, gelling, and retrogradation properties of HACS. The ΔH, storage modulus (G′), and gel hardness were increased by AGNa with a high G content. Short‐term retrogradation was retarded by AGNa with a low G acid content.
Facile one‐pot phytosynthesis of magnetic nanoparticles using potato extract and their catalytic activity
Authors: Buazar Foad , Baghlani‐Nejazd Mina H. , Badri Mohamad , Kashisaz Mehdi , Khaledi‐Nasab Ali , Kroushawi Feisal
Published: February 2016

In the current study, a novel green chemistry recipe is presented for elite phytosynthesis of magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs), using homemade starch‐rich potato extract in water as the reaction medium. In this approach, starch‐rich potato extract operates as the reducing agent and a stabilizing layer on newly fabricated Fe3O4 NPs. Furthermore, the crystal structure, morphology, durability, chemical composition, purity, and magnetite properties of Fe3O4 NPs are scrutinized, using XRD, TEM, TGA, FTIR, SEM/EDX, and VSM, respectively. The presence of potato extract functional groups on the surface of the magnetite NPs is confirmed via TGA and FTIR analyses. XRD and TEM probes reveal that the magnetite NPs are face centered cubic (FCC) in a shape with the size of which is about 40 ± 2.2 nm. EDX results demonstrate that the sample contains mainly iron oxide NPs. In addition, VSM measurement confirmed that the powder is superparamagnetic, showing the saturation magnetization value of 28.78 emu/g. UV‐Vis color intensity of increased productivity of NPs was shown at 375 nm. Fe3O4 NPs also exhibits fine catalytic activity for the removal of an organic methylene blue contaminant in waste water at room temperature. Finally, a possible mechanism of the as‐synthesized magnetite NPs is discussed.
The Oxygen Environment at Birth Specifies the Population of Alveolar Epithelial Stem Cells in the Adult Lung
Authors: Yee Min , Gelein Robert , Mariani Thomas J. , Lawrence B. Paige , O'Reilly Michael A.
Published: February 2016

Alveolar epithelial type II cells (AEC2) maintain pulmonary homeostasis by producing surfactant, expressing innate immune molecules, and functioning as adult progenitor cells for themselves and alveolar epithelial type I cells (AEC1). How the proper number of alveolar epithelial cells is determined in the adult lung is not well understood. Here, BrdU labeling, genetic lineage tracing, and targeted expression of the anti-oxidant extracellular superoxide dismutase in AEC2s are used to show how the oxygen environment at birth influences postnatal expansion of AEC2s and AEC1s in mice. Birth into low (12%) or high (≥60%) oxygen stimulated expansion of AEC2s through self-renewal and differentiation of the airway Scgb1a1 + lineage. This non-linear or hormesis response to oxygen was specific for the alveolar epithelium because low oxygen stimulated and high oxygen inhibited angiogenesis as defined by changes in V-cadherin and PECAM (CD31). Although genetic lineage tracing studies confirmed adult AEC2s are stem cells for AEC1s, we found no evidence that postnatal growth of AEC1s were derived from self-renewing Sftpc + or the Scbg1a1 + lineage of AEC2s. Taken together, our results show how a non-linear response to oxygen at birth promotes expansion of AEC2s through two distinct lineages. Since neither lineage contributes to the postnatal expansion of AEC1s, the ability of AEC2s to function as stem cells for AEC1s appears to be restricted to the adult lung.
Concise Review: Plasma and Nuclear Membranes Convey Mechanical Information to Regulate Mesenchymal Stem Cell Lineage
Authors: Uzer Gunes , Fuchs Robyn K. , Rubin Janet , Thompson William R.
Published: February 2016

Numerous factors including chemical, hormonal, spatial, and physical cues determine stem cell fate. While the regulation of stem cell differentiation by soluble factors is well-characterized, the role of mechanical force in the determination of lineage fate is just beginning to be understood. Investigation of the role of force on cell function has largely focused on “outside-in” signaling, initiated at the plasma membrane. When interfaced with the extracellular matrix, the cell uses integral membrane proteins, such as those found in focal adhesion complexes to translate force into biochemical signals. Akin to these outside-in connections, the internal cytoskeleton is physically linked to the nucleus, via proteins that span the nuclear membrane. Although structurally and biochemically distinct, these two forms of mechanical coupling influence stem cell lineage fate and, when disrupted, often lead to disease. Here we provide an overview of how mechanical coupling occurs at the plasma and nuclear membranes. We also discuss the role of force on stem cell differentiation, with focus on the biochemical signals generated at the cell membrane and the nucleus, and how those signals influence various diseases. While the interaction of stem cells with their physical environment and how they respond to force is complex, an understanding of the mechanical regulation of these cells is critical in the design of novel therapeutics to combat diseases associated with aging, cancer, and osteoporosis.
Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Suppressive Macrophages Through Phagocytosis in a Mouse Model of Asthma
Authors: Braza Faouzi , Dirou Stéphanie , Forest Virginie , Sauzeau Vincent , Hassoun Dorian , Chesné Julie , Cheminant-Muller Marie-Aude , Sagan Christine , Magnan Antoine , Lemarchand Patricia
Published: February 2016

Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) immunosuppressive functions make them attractive candidates for anti-inflammatory therapy in allergic asthma. However, the mechanisms by which they ensure therapeutic effects remain to be elucidated. In an acute mouse model of house dust mite (Der f)-induced asthma, one i.v. MSC injection was sufficient to normalize and stabilize lung function in Der f-sensitized mice as compared to control mice. MSC injection decreased in vivo airway responsiveness and decreased ex vivo carbachol-induced bronchial contraction, maintaining bronchial expression of the inhibitory type 2 muscarinic receptor. To evaluate in vivo MSC survival, MSCs were labeled with PKH26 fluorescent marker prior to i.v. injection, and 1 to 10 days later total lungs were digested to obtain single-cell suspensions. 91.5 ± 2.3% and 86.6 ± 6.3% of the recovered PKH26+ lung cells expressed specific macrophage markers in control and Der f mice, respectively, suggesting that macrophages had phagocyted in vivo the injected MSCs. Interestingly, only PKH26+ macrophages expressed M2 phenotype, while the innate PKH26− macrophages expressed M1 phenotype. Finally, the remaining 0.5% PKH26+ MSCs expressed 10- to 100-fold more COX-2 than before injection, suggesting in vivo MSC phenotype modification. Together, the results of this study indicate that MSCs attenuate asthma by being phagocyted by lung macrophages, which in turn acquire a M2 suppressive phenotype.
Concise Review: Control of Cell Fate Through Cell Cycle and Pluripotency Networks
Authors: Boward Ben , Wu Tianming , Dalton Stephen
Published: February 2016

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) proliferate rapidly with a characteristic cell cycle structure consisting of short G1- and G2-gap phases. This applies broadly to PSCs of peri-implantation stage embryos, cultures of embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and embryonal carcinoma cells. During the early stages of PSC differentiation however, cell division times increase as a consequence of cell cycle remodeling. Most notably, this is indicated by elongation of the G1-phase. Observations linking changes in the cell cycle with exit from pluripotency have raised questions about the role of cell cycle control in maintenance of the pluripotent state. Until recently however, this has been a difficult question to address because of limitations associated with experimental tools. Recent studies now show that pluripotency and cell cycle regulatory networks are intertwined and that cell cycle control mechanisms are an integral, mechanistic part of the PSC state. Studies in embryonal carcinoma, some 30 years ago, first suggested that pluripotent cells initiate differentiation when in the G1-phase. More recently, a molecular “priming” mechanism has been proposed to explain these observations in human embryonic stem cells. Complexity in this area has been increased by the realization that pluripotent cells exist in multiple developmental states and that in addition to each having their own characteristic gene expression and epigenetic signatures, they potentially have alternate modes of cell cycle regulation. This review will summarize current knowledge in these areas and will highlight important aspects of interconnections between the cell cycle, self-renewal, pluripotency, and cell fate decisions.
Modification of the simplified method of crack control included in EN 1992‐3
Authors: Zych Mariusz
Published: February 2016

The methods of crack control for liquid‐retaining RC tank walls are analysed taking into account external load (EN 1992‐1‐1) and imposed strain occurring at the construction stage (EN 1992‐3), i.e. during the concrete‐hardening period. The convergence ranges of the s implified method of crack control included in EN 1992‐3 and the detailed calculation methods included in EN 1992‐1‐1 and EN 1992‐3 are defined. Apart from the compatibility areas, overestimation of the acceptable reinforcing bar diameter φs*, illustrated in Fig. 7.103N in EN 1992‐3, was proved. Coefficients kφ1 and kφ2 are defined, which enable the calculation of the acceptable reinforcing bar diameter φs* in order to obtain the values complying with the direct calculations. For practical purposes, graphs have been plotted to facilitate the definition of coefficients kφ1 and kφ2 without performing direct calculations. On the basis of the analyses performed and the relations proposed, it can be concluded that there is a possibility or a necessity to increase or decrease the acceptable reinforcing bar diameter φs* depending on the concrete mechanical properties and geometrical properties of an RC tank wall.
The structural redistribution coefficient KRd: a numerical approach to its evaluation
Authors: di Prisco Marco , Martinelli Paolo , Dozio Daniele
Published: February 2016

Structures made of a material with a very high standard deviation, such as fibre‐reinforced concrete, exhibit an exceptionally safe prediction of the maximum bearing capacity when this is derived from characteristic values identified by means of small specimens. This is emphasized when the structures are characterized by high redundancy. In this regard, two reference tests representing two extreme situations are considered: a) simply supported unnotched full‐scale beams characterized by a statically determinate loading scheme and b) full‐scale slabs on the ground characterized by a statically indeterminate loading scheme. The Italian standard and, more recently, the fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 have introduced a coefficient (structural redistribution factor) that is able to take into account the reduced variability of mechanical bearing capacity when associated with a large volume involved in the failure process and/or when the structure is able to redistribute stresses significantly, thus favouring the average rather than the minimum strength. A numerical procedure taking into account the expected heterogeneity of the mechanical characteristics in the structure is introduced for the first time to evaluate the redistribution factor.
Derivation of design rules for innovative shear connectors in steel‐concrete composites through the systematic use of non‐linear finite element analysis (FEA)
Authors: Classen Martin , Herbrand Martin , Kueres Dominik , Hegger Josef
Published: February 2016

Today, the development of innovative shear connectors for steel‐concrete composites is accompanied by a large number of experimental investigations, which are obligatory when proposing suitable design formula and carving out their limitations of use. Using the example of the so‐called pin connector, the present paper illustrates to what extent validated finite element models of novel shear connectors can be used to replace expensive and time‐consuming shear tests and how these finite element models can support the deduction of design concepts. The pin connector considered was developed for connecting steel sections to very slender high‐strength concrete slabs in which conventional shear connectors such as headed studs cannot be used due to the limited embedment depth. In order to clarify the shear behaviour and load‐carrying mechanisms of these novel connectors, non‐linear finite element models were set up using the commercial FE software Abaqus. Subsequently, the FE models were used to perform systematic parametric studies. This paper describes the numerical results and also explains the stepwise development of an entire engineering model for determining the longitudinal shear capacity of small‐scale pin connectors, including all the necessary limitations of use. The proposed modelling strategy and the methodology for the deduction of design rules can be transferred and assigned to other types of shear connectors.
Development of stiffness and ultrasonic pulse velocity of fatigue loaded concrete
Authors: von der Haar Christoph , Marx Steffen
Published: February 2016

Damage processes in fatigue loaded concrete structures depend on the number and amplitude of the load cycles applied. Damage evolution is linked to a reduction in concrete stiffness, and it is thought that this reduction causes stress redistributions at component level which have a favourable impact on the service life of a structure. Until now, the stiffness reduction and stress redistribution have never been successfully measured in laboratory tests or in situ. It is only known that the real service life is longer than the calculated one and that indicators of stiffness reduction, such as component deflection, increase with the number of load cycles applied.

Ultrasonic measurement techniques are considered to be well suited to detecting degradation processes caused by cyclic loading. It is expected that the stiffness reduction in fatigue loaded concrete structures can be recorded reliably with ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements. In the light of this, fatigue tests were performed on small‐scale concrete specimens. The aims of the tests were to understand the correlation between the observed stiffness degradation of the specimens and the results of ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements and to estimate the potential for using ultrasonic pulse velocity measurements in continuous structural health monitoring.
Influence of shearing on crystallization of polyoxymethylene/high density polyethylene blend
Authors: Liu Pengju , Bai Shibing
Published: February 2016

The influence of rotating shear on morphology, crystallization behavior, and crystalline structure of polyoxymethylene (POM) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) blend was investigated by polarized light microscopy (PLM) connected with a CSS450 shearing hot‐stage, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X‐ray diffraction. The experimental results showed that the crystalline and dispersion morphology of POM/HDPE (50/50) blend were strongly affected by shearing, while the crystallization temperature and rate of crystallization of POM in the sheared blend increased with no significant change in the crystalline structure of the blend. In the unsheared blend, phase separation appeared between POM and HDPE which crystallized separately and the bicontinuous phase morphology was formed. But for the sheared blend, a large number of compact and regular shish‐kebabs emerged in POM phase and the phase domains of HDPE oriented along the direction of shear flow separating from one another so that the shearing aggravated the phase separation. There is no special interaction between POM and HDPE and these two polymers crystallized individually, differing from that of POM/PEO blend. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 24:147–153, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Power allocation, relay selection and energy cooperation strategies in energy harvesting cooperative wireless networks
Authors: Baidas Mohammed W. , Alsusa Emad A.
Published: February 2016

In this paper, optimal power allocation and relay selection strategies in energy harvesting cooperative wireless networks are studied. In particular, signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR)‐maximizing based power allocation and relay selection without and with energy cooperation—via wireless energy transfer—are considered. Moreover, total relay power minimization subject to target end‐to‐end SNR is investigated. The different optimal strategies are formulated as optimization problems, which are non‐convex. Thus, intelligent transformations are applied to transform non‐convex problems into convex ones, and polynomial‐time solution procedures are proposed. Simulation results illustrate that power allocation strategies achieve higher end‐to‐end SNR than relay selection ones. Finally, energy cooperation is shown to be effective in improving end‐to‐end SNR, while total relay power minimization balances end‐to‐end SNR, transmit power consumption, and harvested energy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Achieving energy‐neutral data transmission by adjusting transmission power for energy‐harvesting wireless sensor networks
Authors: Tan Qian , An Wei , Han Yanni , Luo Haiyan , Liu Yanwei , Ci Song , Tang Hui
Published: February 2016

Recently, benefiting from rapid development of energy harvesting technologies, the research trend of wireless sensor networks has shifted from the battery‐powered network to the one that can harvest energy from ambient environments. In such networks, a proper use of harvested energy poses plenty of challenges caused by numerous influence factors and complex application environments. Although numerous works have been based on the energy status of sensor nodes, no work refers to the issue of minimizing the overall data transmission cost by adjusting transmission power of nodes in energy‐harvesting wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we consider the optimization problem of deriving the energy‐neutral minimum cost paths between the source nodes and the sink node. By introducing the concept of energy‐neutral operation, we first propose a polynomial‐time optimal algorithm for finding the optimal path from a single source to the sink by adjusting the transmission powers. Based on the work earlier, another polynomial‐time algorithm is further proposed for finding the approximated optimal paths from multiple sources to the sink node. Also, we analyze the network capacity and present a near‐optimal algorithm based on the Ford–Fulkerson algorithm for approaching the maximum flow in the given network. We have validated our algorithms by various numerical results in terms of path capacity, least energy of nodes, energy ratio, and path cost. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms achieve significant performance enhancements over existing schemes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transmit antenna selection of correlated MIMO multiuser cognitive radio networks in Nakagami‐m fading channels
Authors: Abd El‐Malek Ahmed H. , Al‐Qahtani Fawaz S. , Zummo Salam A. , Alnuweiri Hussein
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we examine the impact of antenna correlation on transmit antenna selection with receive maximal ratio combining (TAS/MRC) in multiple‐input multiple‐output multiuser underlay cognitive radio network (MIMO‐MCN) over a Nakagami‐m fading environment. The secondary network under consideration consists of a single source and M destinations equipped with multiple correlated antennas at each node. The primary network composed of L primary users, each of which is equipped with multiple correlated antennas. For the considered underlay spectrum sharing paradigm, the transmission power of the proposed secondary system is limited by the peak interference limit on the primary network and the maximum transmission power at the secondary network. In particular, we derive exact closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and average symbol error rate of the proposed secondary system. To gain further insights, simple asymptotic closed‐form expressions for the outage probability and symbol error rate are provided to obtain the achievable diversity order and coding gain of the system. In addition, the impact of antenna correlation on the secondary user ergodic capacity has been investigated by deriving closed‐form expressions for the secondary user capacity. The derived analytical formulas herein are supported by numerical and simulation results to clarify the main contributions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring Leader Identity and Development
Authors: Priest Kerry L. , Middleton Eric
Published: February 2016

Taking on a leader identity can be a motivating force for pursuing leader development. This chapter explores the reciprocal and recursive nature of identity development and leader development, emphasizing how shifting views of self influence one's motivation to develop as a leader.
Thinking About Thinking About Leadership: Metacognitive Ability and Leader Developmental Readiness
Authors: Black Hunter , Soto Lisa , Spurlin Sam
Published: February 2016

This chapter describes the role of metacognitive ability in leadership development while providing practical ideas and tools for the development of metacognitive abilities for current and future leaders.
Discovery prospects of a light scalar in the NMSSM
Authors: Ellwanger Ulrich , Rodríguez-Vázquez Matías
Published: February 2016

Abstract

We study a region in the NMSSM parameter space in which the mass of the SM-like Higgs boson is uplifted by ∼ 4 − 17 GeV, allowing for stop masses and |A

t
| ≤ 1 TeV alleviating the little fine tuning problem of the MSSM. An uplift of the mass of the SM-like Higgs boson is possible in two distinct regions in the NMSSM parameter space: either for large λ and small tan β or, through singlet-doublet mixing, for small λ and large tan β. For a mostly singlet-like Higgs state H

S
with a mass below 125 GeV we investigate possible direct or indirect search channels at the run II of the LHC as function of the NMSSM-specific uplift of the mass of the SM-like Higgs boson: direct production of H

S
in gluon fusion with H

S
decaying into diphotons, modified reduced couplings of the SM-like Higgs state, and the possible production of H

S
in ggF → A → Z +H

S
. We find that the region featuring singlet-doublet mixing can be tested if searches at the LHC at 13 TeV for BSM Higgs bosons in the mass range 88 − 102 GeV decaying into diphotons become sensitive to signal cross sections σ(gg → H

S
→ γγ) ∼ 20fb, or if measurements of the reduced coupling κ

V
(H

SM
) of the SM Higgs boson to electroweak gauge boson exclude (or confirm) the region κ

V
(H

SM
) ≲ 0.93.
Higher Acetabular Anteversion in Direct Anterior Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
Authors: Chen Antonia F. , Chen Chi-Lung , Low Sara , Lin Wei-Ming , Chinnakkannu Karthikeyan , Orozco Fabio R. , Ong Alvin C. , Post Zachary D.
Published: February 2016

Background

Surgical approach is known as a risk factor that influences cup malposition while performing total hip arthroplasty (THA). However, no study has been conducted comparing cup positioning between the supine direct anterior (DA) and supine direct lateral (DL) THA approaches.

Questions/Purposes

(1) Is there a difference in acetabular cup positioning between supine DA and supine DL THA approaches? (2) Are there differences in complications based on acetabular cup positioning between the two approaches?

Methods

From 2012 to 2014, 186 patients who underwent primary THAs using DA approach were matched with 186 patients using DL approach by body mass index, age, and gender. Cup anteversion and abduction angles were measured from standing anteroposterior pelvis radiographs by two blinded observers. The Lewinnek safe zone was used as the standard for cup positioning. Cup anteversion, abduction angles, and complications were recorded and compared.

Results

Cup anteversion was on average 3° higher in the DA approach compared to the DL approach. The abduction angle for the DA approach was equivalent to the DL approach both averaging 46° to 47°. There were more DA hips outside of the safe zone (10%) for anteversion than DL (3%) hips. There were no differences in complications between DA and DL approaches.

Conclusion

There is a tendency to antevert the acetabular cup when performing THAs using the DA approach, and one must be mindful of this when implanting the acetabular component.
Bioactive Compounds in Virgin Olive Oil of the PDO Montoro‐Adamuz
Authors: Romero C. , Ruiz‐Méndez Mª. V. , Brenes Manuel
Published: February 2016

Virgin olive oil (VOO) is generally recognized as a healthy fat because of its fatty acid composition and content in minor compounds but a wide range of these substances can be found in commercial oils. The concentration of compounds with attributed health benefits were analyzed in VOO of the PDO Montoro‐Adamuz. Oleic acid represented around 79 % of the total fatty acids, and the mean squalene and tocopherols concentrations were 5800 and 247 mg/kg respectively. Despite the changes found in polyphenols concentration in the oils analyzed for six consecutive crops, these substances accounted for more than 700 mg/kg. Moreover, the effect of irrigation regime and sun radiation on the content in bioactive substances of these oils was also assessed. No significant differences were detected between oils from trees irrigated ad libitum or rain‐feed. In contrast, the level of tree radiation exerted a great effect on the concentration of bioactive substances in oils. Oils from trees cultivated in a sunny area (south orientation) had a higher percentage of oleic acid and concentration in phenolic compounds than those from shady areas (north orientation). The opposite was detected for tocopherols and squalene which were more concentrated in oils from olives of the shady area. The results obtained in this study point out VOO of the PDO Montoro‐Adamuz as a very healthy fat due to their composition in bioactive substances, in particular their richness in phenolic compounds.
Evaluating the Talent Search TRIO program: A Benefit-Cost Analysis and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis
Authors: Bowden A. Brooks , Belfield Clive
Published: February 2016

Talent Search was created to improve high school completion and college enrollment for disadvantaged students. Since the program’s inception in 1967, there has not been a valid study on its economic value. In this paper, we perform a full economic evaluation, yielding direct information on the value of Talent Search and highlighting key methodological issues relating to economic evaluations of education programs. We provide rigorous estimates of social costs using the ingredients method. Using prior estimates of impacts from Constantine et al. [(2006). Study Of The Effect of The Talent Search Program On Secondary And Postsecondary Outcomes In Florida, Indiana And Texas: Final Report From Phase II of The National Evaluation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Education Office of Planning, Evaluation and Policy Development, Policy and Program Studies Service], we perform a cost-benefit analysis based on new estimates of shadow prices. Finally, to examine site-specific differences in impacts and costs, we undertake cost-effectiveness analysis and derive confidence intervals that illustrate key sensitivity issues. Regarding costs, we find significant resource use beyond federal funding amounts; but we also find that the present value benefits of Talent Search almost certainly exceed the present value of costs by a substantial margin. With regard to cost-effectiveness, we find significant differences across sites and extremely wide confidence intervals. We conclude with an outline of key research issues that need to be addressed to enhance future economic evaluations in educational settings with wide site-specific variation.
Considering Valuation of Noncognitive Skills in Benefit-Cost Analysis of Programs for Children
Authors: Jones Damon E. , Karoly Lynn A. , Max Crowley D. , Greenberg Mark T.
Published: February 2016

The prospect of improving “noncognitive” skills through intervention increases the need to understand how to represent them in evaluations. Economic assessment of such efforts rarely incorporates these factors, especially when a benefit-cost approach is employed. Programs targeting such skills are more likely to be assessed through approaches that do not monetize noncognitive ability (e.g., using cost-effectiveness analysis). This could lead to ineffective policy formulations in situations where policy is swayed toward programs that can show monetized effects. Benefit-cost analyses (BCAs) that are employed for programs that target noncognitive competencies currently may underestimate the true economic impact if such skills are left out of the equation. The limitations in valuing these skills impede thorough economic assessment for important and effective programs that target noncognitive competencies. This is especially the case for programs for younger children where readily monetized outcomes are few. The targeted outcomes in programs for children are often noncognitive skills, skills that are perceived as vital to healthy human development and valued by parents, teachers, and educators.

In this paper, we review the state of valuation of key noncognitive skills that are often targeted in social policy intervention directed toward children in youth. We examine the state of valuation of noncognitive skills through a summary of the frameworks in research for characterizing noncognitive ability and by considering the measurement approaches for noncognitive skills in terms of origin (interpersonal versus intrapersonal) and measurement type (observed versus assessed). We review examples of recent BCAs that have employed shadow prices for certain noncognitive skills. Finally, we consider what research is necessary to facilitate valuation in BCA in the future. Shadow price methodology should be carried out in a rigorous manner that recognizes uncertainty in cost projections. Improved methodologies in this area will increase the potential for more comprehensive BCA in evaluations of programs for children and youth.
The Economic Value of Social and Emotional Learning
Authors: Belfield Clive , Bowden A. Brooks , Klapp Alli , Levin Henry , Shand Robert , Zander Sabine
Published: February 2016

There is a growing body of research emphasizing the advantages of teaching students social and emotional (SE) skills in school. Here we examine the economic value of these skills within a benefit-cost analysis (BCA) framework. Our examination has three parts. First, we describe how the current method of BCA must be expanded to adequately evaluate SE skills, and we identify important decisions analysts must make. Second, we review the evidence on the benefits of SE skills, again noting key methodological issues with respect to shadow pricing. Finally, we perform BCA of four selected social and emotional learning (SEL) interventions: 4Rs; Second Step, Life Skills Training; and Responsive Classroom. These analyses illustrate both methodological and empirical challenges in estimating net present values for these interventions. Even with these challenges, we find that the benefits of these interventions substantially outweigh the costs. We highlight promising areas of research for improving the application of BCA to SEL.
Characteristics of bolus formation and propagation from breaking internal waves on shelf slopes
Authors: Moore Christine D. , Koseff Jeffrey R. , Hult Erin L.
Published: February 2016

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to study the formation of internal boluses through the run up of periodic internal wave trains on a uniform slope/shelf topography in a two-layer stratified fluid system. In the experiments, the forcing parameters of the incident waves (wave amplitude and frequency) are varied for constant slope angle and layer depths. Simultaneous particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements are used to calculate high resolution, two-dimensional velocity and density fields. Over the range of wave forcing conditions, four bolus formation types were observed: backward overturning into a coherent bolus, top breaking into a turbulent bolus, top breaking into a turbulent surge and forward breaking into a turbulent surge. Wave forcing parameters, including a wave Froude number $Fr$, a wave Reynolds number $Re$ and a wave steepness parameter $ka_{0}$, are used to relate initial wave forcing to a dominant bolus formation mechanism. Bolus characteristics, including the bolus propagation speed and turbulent components, are also related to wave forcing. Results indicate that for $Fr>0.20$ and $ka_{0}>0.40$, the generated boluses become more turbulent in nature. As wave forcing continues to increase further, boluses are no longer able to form.
Levels of innate immune factors in preterm and term mothers’ breast milk during the 1st month postpartum
Authors: Trend Stephanie , Strunk Tobias , Lloyd Megan L. , Kok Chooi Heen , Metcalfe Jessica , Geddes Donna T. , Lai Ching Tat , Richmond Peter , Doherty Dorota A. , Simmer Karen , Currie Andrew
Published: February 2016

There is a paucity of data on the effect of preterm birth on the immunological composition of breast milk throughout the different stages of lactation. We aimed to characterise the effects of preterm birth on the levels of immune factors in milk during the 1st month postpartum, to determine whether preterm milk is deficient in antimicrobial factors. Colostrum (days 2–5 postpartum), transitional milk (days 8–12) and mature milk (days 26–30) were collected from mothers of extremely preterm (<28 weeks of gestation,n15), very preterm (28–<32 weeks of gestation,n15), moderately preterm (32–<37 weeks of gestation,n15) and term infants (37–41 weeks of gestation,n15). Total protein, lactoferrin, secretory IgA, soluble CD14 receptor (sCD14), transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2),αdefensin 5 (HD5),βdefensins 1 (HBD1) and 2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-13, interferon-γ, TNF-αand lysozyme (LZ) were quantified in milk. We examined the effects of lactation stage, gestational age, volume of milk expressed, mode of delivery, parity and maternal infection on milk immune factor concentrations using repeated-measures regression analysis. The concentrations of all factors except LZ and HD5 decreased over the 1st month postpartum. Extremely preterm mothers had significantly higher concentrations of HBD1 and TGF-β2 in colostrum than term mothers did. After controlling for other variables in regression analyses, preterm birth was associated with higher concentrations of HBD1, LZ and sCD14 in milk samples. In conclusion, preterm breast milk contains significantly higher concentrations of some immune proteins than term breast milk.
Usage du français et préférences politiques des néo-Québécois
Authors: Bilodeau Antoine
Published: February 2016

Cette étude examine l'hypothèse qu'il existe un lien entre l'usage de la langue française chez les néo-Québécois et leurs relations aux communautés politiques québécoise et canadienne. L’étude examine séparément la première et la seconde génération de néo-Québécois appartenant à une minorité visible. Conformément aux autres études sur le sujet, la présente recherche montre qu'un plus grand usage du français est associé à une plus forte préférence pour la communauté politique québécoise. L’étude suggère également que la fréquentation de l’école francophone est associée à une plus forte préférence pour la communauté politique québécoise. Dans les deux cas, les relations sont observées autant chez la première que chez la seconde génération. Néanmoins, les résultats montrent que même lorsqu'ils ont fréquenté l’école francophone et qu'ils font usage de la langue française dans leur vie quotidienne, les néo-Québécois affichent une préférence pour la communauté politique québécoise plus faible que celle observée chez la population majoritaire francophone.
Active middle-ear implant fixation in an unusual place: clinical and audiological outcomes
Authors: Polanski J F , Soares A D , Dos Santos Z M , Mendonça Cruz O L
Published: February 2016

Objective:

The Vibrant Soundbridge is an active middle-ear implant for hearing rehabilitation that is usually placed in the long process of the incus or round window. This study reports on the unusual implant attachment to the short process of the incus in a patient with ear malformation, and describes their audiological and clinical outcomes.

Methods:

Case report and literature review.

Results:

Audiological evaluation with the Vibrant Soundbridge implant showed a pure tone average of 31 dB. The speech test, at 65 dB HL, revealed correct recognition of 92 per cent of disyllabic words. The Glasgow Hearing Aid Benefit Profile showed high levels of satisfaction, hearing aid use and benefit.

Conclusion:

Fixation of the Vibrant Soundbridge implant on the short process of the incus is a feasible option, with good clinical and audiological outcomes. Coupling the floating mass transducer to the short process of the incus is a good surgical option, especially when the long process and the oval or round window are inaccessible.