bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Cause of Bilateral Chylothorax: A Case of Mesothelioma without Pleural Involvement during Initial Diagnosis
Authors: Kurtipek Ercan , Eren Karanis Meryem İlkay , Düzgün Nuri , Esme Hıdır , Çaycı Mustafa
Published: September 2015

Chylothorax is characterized by fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity containing chylomicrons due to disruption of lymphatic drainage in the thoracic ductus and development of chylothorax. A 60-year-old male patient presented to our clinic with shortness of breath and displayed bilateral pleural effusion and diffuse mediastinal lymph nodes in his computed chest tomography images. There were no thickening and nodular formation on the pleural surfaces. PET-CT showed no pathological FDG uptake. Thoracentesis showed a chylous effusion. Drainage reduced during monitoring could not be stopped; therefore, surgical intervention was considered. The patient underwent right thoracotomy. There were no pathological findings in the parietal and visceral pleura during the surgery. Initially lymphoma was considered. Perioperative samples were collected from the mediastinal lymph node. The pathology analysis reported metastasis of malignant mesothelioma. Evaluation of a repeated chest computed tomography showed nodular formations on the pleural surfaces. Mediastinal lymph nodes compressed the ductus thoracicus, resulting with chylothorax. The present case, with malignant mesothelioma, bilateral chylothorax, and mediastinal lymph node without any pleural involvement during initial diagnosis, is rare and will hence contribute to the literature.
A Cooperative Optimization Algorithm Inspired by Chaos–Order Transition
Authors: Ge Fangzhen , Hong Liurong , Wu Qilin , Shi Li
Published: September 2015

The growing complexity of optimization problems in distributed systems (DSs) has motivated computer scientists to strive for efficient approaches. This paper presents a novel cooperative algorithm inspired by chaos–order transition in a chaotic ant swarm (CAS). This work analyzes the basic dynamic characteristics of a DS in light of a networked multiagent system at microlevel and models a mapping from state set to self-organization mechanism set under the guide of system theory at macrolevel. A collaborative optimization algorithm (COA) in DS based on the chaos–order transition of CAS is then devised. To verify the validity of the proposed model and algorithm, we solve a locality-based task allocation in a networked multiagent system that uses COA. Simulations show that our algorithm is feasible and effective compared with previous task allocation approaches, thereby illustrating that our design ideas are correct.
The FGFR Landscape in Cancer: Analysis of 4,853 Tumors by Next-Generation Sequencing
Authors: Helsten Teresa , Elkin Sheryl , Arthur Elisa , Tomson Brett N. , Carter Jennifer , Kurzrock Razelle
Published: September 2015

Purpose: Molecular profiling may have prognostic and predictive value, and is increasingly used in the clinical setting. There are more than a dozen fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitors in development. Optimal therapeutic application of FGFR inhibitors requires knowledge of the rates and types of FGFR aberrations in a variety of cancer types.

Experimental Design: We analyzed frequencies of FGFR aberrations in 4,853 solid tumors that were, on physician request, tested in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) laboratory (Foundation Medicine) using next-generation sequencing (182 or 236 genes), and analyzed by N-of-One.

Results: FGFR aberrations were found in 7.1% of cancers, with the majority being gene amplification (66% of the aberrations), followed by mutations (26%) and rearrangements (8%). FGFR1 (mostly amplification) was affected in 3.5% of 4,853 patients; FGFR2 in 1.5%; FGFR3 in 2.0%; and FGFR4 in 0.5%. Almost every type of malignancy examined showed some patients with FGFR aberrations, but the cancers most commonly affected were urothelial (32% FGFR-aberrant); breast (18%); endometrial (∼13%), squamous lung cancers (∼13%), and ovarian cancer (∼9%). Among 35 unique FGFR mutations seen in this dataset, all but two are found in COSMIC. Seventeen of the 35 are known to be activating, and 11 are transforming.

Conclusions: FGFR aberrations are common in a wide variety of cancers, with the majority being gene amplifications or activating mutations. These data suggest that FGFR inhibition could be an important therapeutic option across multiple tumor types. Clin Cancer Res; 22(1); 259–67. ©2015 AACR.
PD-L1 and HLA Class I Antigen Expression and Clinical Course of the Disease in Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Sabbatino Francesco , Villani Vincenzo , Yearley Jennifer H. , Deshpande Vikram , Cai Lei , Konstantinidis Ioannis T. , Moon Christina , Nota Sjoerd , Wang Yangyang , Al-Sukaini Ahmad , Zhu Andrew X. , Goyal Lipika , Ting David T. , Bardeesy Nabeel , Hong Theodore S. , Fernandez-del Castillo Carlos , Tanabe Kenneth K. , Lillemoe Keith D. , Ferrone Soldano , Ferrone Cristina R.
Published: September 2015

Purpose: More effective therapy is needed for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). The encouraging clinical results obtained with checkpoint molecule-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have prompted us to investigate whether this type of immunotherapy may be applicable to ICC. The aims of this study were to determine whether (i) patients mount a T-cell immune response to their ICC, (ii) checkpoint molecules are expressed on both T cells and tumor cells, and (iii) tumor cells are susceptible to recognition by cognate T cells.

Experimental Design: Twenty-seven ICC tumors were analyzed for (i) lymphocyte infiltrate, (ii) HLA class I and HLA class II expression, and (iii) PD-1 and PD-L1 expression by T cells and ICC cells, respectively. The results of this analysis were correlated with the clinicopathologic characteristics of the patients investigated.

Results: Lymphocyte infiltrates were identified in all tumors. PD-L1 expression and HLA class I antigen expression by ICC cells was observed in 8 and 11, respectively, of the 27 tumors analyzed. HLA class I antigen expression correlated with CD8+ T-cell infiltrate. Furthermore, positive HLA class I antigen expression in combination with negative/rare PD-L1 expression was associated with favorable clinical course of the disease.

Conclusions: ICC patients are likely to mount a T-cell immune response against their own tumors. Defects in HLA class I antigen expression in combination with PD-L1 expression by ICC cells provide them with an immune escape mechanism. This mechanism justifies the implementation of immunotherapy with checkpoint molecule-specific mAbs in patients bearing ICC tumors without defects in HLA class I antigen expression. Clin Cancer Res; 22(2); 470–8. ©2015 AACR.
Is Having Clonal Cytogenetic Abnormalities the Same as Having Leukaemia?
Authors: Farina Mirko , Rossi Giuseppe , Bellotti Daniella , Marchina Eleonora , Gale Robert Peter
Published: September 2015

A finding of cytogenetic abnormalities, even when these are clonal and even when the abnormalities are typically associated with leukaemia, is not the same as a person having leukaemia. We describe a person who had acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and achieved a complete haematological remission and who then had persistent and transient clonal cytogenetic abnormalities for 22 years but no recurrence of leukaemia. These data suggest that clones of myeloid cells with mutations and capable of expanding to levels detectable by routine cytogenetic analyses do not all eventuate in leukaemia, even after a prolonged observation interval. The possibility of incorrectly diagnosing a person as having leukaemia becomes even greater when employing more sensitive techniques to detect mutations such as by polymerase chain reaction and whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing. Caution is needed when interpreting clonal abnormalities in AML patients with normal blood and bone marrow parameters.
Purinergic Mechanisms and Prostaglandin E Receptors Involved in ATP-Induced Relaxation of Porcine Retinal Arterioles in vitro
Authors: Riis-Vestergaard Mette Ji , Bek Toke
Published: September 2015

Purpose: Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is involved in the tone regulation of retinal arterioles, and the effect may be direct, through ATP degradation or mediated by cyclo-oxygenase products. However, the relative contribution of these mechanisms and the extent to which the mechanisms are active in the retinal vascular wall or depend on the perivascular retinal tissue are unknown. Methods: Porcine retinal arterioles with perivascular retinal tissue were mounted in a wire myograph for isometric tone recordings. The relaxing effects of ATP and the non-degradable analogue ATP-γS were studied in the presence of antagonists to ATP, adenosine and prostaglandin E (EP) receptors. The experiments were repeated after removal of the perivascular retinal tissue. Results: ATP induced a significant concentration-dependent relaxation of retinal arterioles (p < 0.05) which was reduced after removal of perivascular retinal tissue. The effect was due to non-degraded ATP and a degradation product of ATP acting via adenosine receptors. Relaxation was reduced by ibuprofen and blocking of EP1 receptors. Conclusion: ATP-induced relaxation of retinal arterioles is mediated by ATP, ATP degradation products and by stimulation of EP1 receptors, involving both the perivascular retina and the vascular wall. The findings emphasize the complexity of purinergic effects in the regulation of retinal vascular tone.
Case of Primary Intraocular Lymphoma with Extraocular Extension
Authors: Kuro Maki , Matsuyama Kayako , Matsuoka Masato , Kosaki Ryo , Shikata Nobuaki , Nishimura Tetsuya , Takahashi Kanji
Published: September 2015

Purpose: To describe a case of primary intraocular lymphoma (PIOL) with an extension through the sclera that was confirmed to be part of the PIOL by histopathological examinations. Case: An 89-year-old woman was referred to a local clinic with a 1-year history of persistent blurred vision in her left eye. After 2 years without aggressive treatments, she had a marked reduction of vision and pain in her left eye. The clinical diagnosis was panophthalmitis, and the eye was enucleated and submitted for histopathological study. Results: Light microscope examination showed that atypical lymphocytic cells had infiltrated into both the intraocular and extraocular areas. The anterior chamber angle was blocked by infiltrating tumor cells, which were also detected around the optic nerve. The tumor cells destroyed Bruch's membrane and infiltrated around the perineural and perivascular areas within the sclera. Immunohistochemistry showed that the tumor cells were positive for B-lymphocyte surface antigen (CD20), B-cell antigen receptor complex-associated protein alpha chain (CD79-alpha), and had a high positive rate for anti-Ki-67 antibody. Conclusion: The finding in our case indicates that early diagnosis and treatment are important for eyes with PIOL because the tumor can spread and penetrate the sclera and invade extraocular tissues.
Use of Long-Acting Somatostatin Analogue (Lanreotide) in an Adolescent with Diazoxide-Responsive Congenital Hyperinsulinism and Its Psychological Impact
Authors: Shah Pratik , Rahman Sofia A. , McElroy Sharon , Gilbert Clare , Morgan Kate , Hinchey Louise , Senniappan Senthil , Levy Hannah , Amin Rakesh , Hussain Khalid
Published: September 2015

Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is a common cause of hypoglycaemia due to unregulated insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells. Medical management includes use of oral diazoxide (a KATP channel agonist) and daily injectable octreotide (somatostatin analogue) therapy. However, diazoxide is associated with severe sideeffects such as coarse facies, hypertrichosis and psychosocial/compliance issues in adolescents. Lanreotide (a long-acting somatostatin analogue) is used in adults with neuroendocrine tumours; however, its role in patients with CHI has not been well described. A 15-year-old girl with diazoxide-responsive CHI had severe hypertrichosis secondary to diazoxide and subsequent compliance/psychosocial issues. She was commenced on 30 mg of lanreotide every 4 weeks as a deep subcutaneous injection, in an attempt to address these issues. She was able to come off diazoxide treatment 2 months after starting lanreotide. Presently, after 2.5 years of lanreotide treatment, her blood glucose control is stable with complete resolution of hypertrichosis. Clinically significant improvements in the self-reported Paediatric Quality of Life (PedsQL) questionnaire and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) were reported after 1 year on lanreotide. No side effects were found, and her liver/thyroid function and abdominal ultrasound have been normal. We report the first case on the use of lanreotide in an adolescent girl with diazoxide-responsive CHI with significant improvement of quality of life.
A New Etiology for the Abdominal Compartment Syndrome: Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Authors: Sabbagh Charles , Vaillandet Colette , Tuech Jean-Jacques , Regimbeau Jean-Marc
Published: September 2015

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare diagnosis with an incidence of 1-2 per million. Most cases originate from an appendix which ruptures and releases mucin into the peritoneal cavity. The progression of the disease results in obstruction and cutaneous leak. Abdominal compartment syndrome is an uncommon complication of peritoneal pseudomyxoma. In the present article, we report the case of a patient with PMP and abdominal compartment syndrome. A laparotomy to decrease the abdominal pressure was performed. Three months later, a peritonectomy with hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy was performed. The patient was still alive 1 year after the procedure without any recurrence. In conclusion, acute abdominal pain and respiratory failure in patients with peritoneal PMP should lead to the measurement of the abdominal pressure but are not a contra indication for curative treatment of PMP.
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing and Prognosis in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Coats Caroline J. , Rantell Khadija , Bartnik Aleksandra , Patel Amour , Mist Bryan , McKenna William J. , Elliott Perry M.
Published: September 2015

Background—

Exercise testing is performed in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to evaluate blood pressure response, a risk factor for sudden cardiac death. The prognostic role of exercise gas exchange variables is unknown.

Methods and Results—

Between 1998 and 2010, 1898 patients (age 47±15 years, range 16–86 years; 67% male) with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing. A total of 178 (9.4%) patients reached the primary end point of all-cause mortality or heart transplant (death/transplant) during a median follow-up of 5.6 years (interquartile range 2.6–8.9), giving an annual event rate of 1.6% per person year. Peak oxygen consumption (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.77–0.88,
P
<0.001), ventilatory efficiency (adjusted HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.00–1.22,
P
=0.049), and ventilatory anaerobic threshold (adjusted HR 0.82, 95% CI 0.70–0.96,
P
=0.016) were predictors of the primary outcome after correction for age, sex, left atrial size, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, and ejection fraction. The overall adjusted death/transplant estimates for patients in the lowest quartile with peak oxygen consumption ≤15.3 mL/kg/min were 14% at 5 years and 31% at 10 years. Peak oxygen consumption (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.77–0.86,
P
<0.01) and ventilation to carbon dioxide production (HR 1.10, 95% CI 1.08–1.13,
P
<0.001) were predictors of death because of heart failure or transplantation but not sudden cardiac death or implantable cardioverter defibrillator shocks.

Conclusions—

Cardiopulmonary exercise testing provides prognostic information in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Submaximal exercise parameters, such as ventilatory efficiency and anaerobic threshold, measured alone or in combination with peak oxygen consumption, predict death from heart failure.
Plato on the Philosophical Benefits of Musical Education
Authors: Thaler Naly
Published: September 2015

I argue that musical education in Plato’sRepublicis not aimed at developing a moral discriminatory faculty in the spirited part, but rather that its benefits are predominantly intellectual, and become fully apparent only at the philosophical stage of the guardians’ education. In order to prove this point, I discuss the intellectual state which the guardians’ philosophical education is meant to bring about, and then show why it is dependent on the earlier cognitive effects of musical education. Ultimately, I show that musical education allows guardians to provide a unified analysis of both culture and nature.
Des traces vétérotestamentaires dans quelques variantes du Codex de Bèze traditionnellement jugées harmonisantes
Authors: Pinchard Laurent
Published: September 2015

Codex Bezae is traditionally famous for its harmonising tendency compared to other early majuscule manuscripts of the Gospels. In this article we suggest that, based on two examples drawn from Matthew, some of its variant readings have striking lexical correspondence with passages from the Old Testament. As a result, it is more likely that they probably transmit an original reading as opposed to being the result of a less capable scribe, who would have corrected an earlier text to make it closer to the parallel passages from the Synoptics. The passages examined are Jesus’ arrest on the Mount of Olives (Mt 26.55) and the women’s encounter at the tomb on Easter day (Mt 28.8).
In Association with the Ancestral Customs
Authors: Krause Andrew R.
Published: September 2015

Scholars have long believed that the “ancestral customs” of the Pharisees mentioned in texts such as Antiquitates judaicae 13.297 and Matt 15:1-9 were proto-rabbinic oral tradition, based on apparently corroborating readings of Rabbinic works. However, in this article, I will show that this terminology should be understood within the context of the codes of Graeco-Roman associations. Such language is consistent with both the use of association terminology elsewhere in Josephus, as well as with the corpus of association-related inscriptions and papyri presently extant. The idea of the Pharisees as a semi-private association is not unique, though this terminology provides further corroboration that the Pharisees were understood as a semi-private, itinerant association by contemporary Jewish writers.
The Exegetical Middah דבר הלמד מענינו and the New Testament
Authors: Sargent Benjamin
Published: September 2015

This short study examines the use of the exegetical middah דבר הלמד מענינו in rabbinic literature and notes that the “context” appealed to is literary context: that texts are to be interpreted in the light of other texts immediately before or after them within the scriptural book from which they are read. This observation is intended to clarify the use of the rule for scholars working on the use of Scripture in the New Testament who have often assumed that the “context” it refers to is historical context: that a text is to be interpreted on the basis of its assumed time of origin, often in relation to the time of origin of another text with which they are compared.
A New Ecumenical Reference Text?
Authors: Koffeman Leo J.
Published: September 2015

This introductory article first of all presents some background information regarding the document that is under discussion in this issue, the Faith and Order report The Church (2013), including the history of the ecclesiology study project it is the result of. Further, it introduces the five articles, from different confessional and geographic backgrounds, that form the main content of this issue. In addition, it offers some personal theological reflections on the document, and it tries to answer the question if The Church has the potential to become the main ecumenical reference text. It concludes with some remarks on an issue hardly covered in ecumenical dialogue so far, i.e. the institutionality of the church.
The Church: Towards a Common Vision
Authors: Bordeianu Radu
Published: September 2015

The 2013 convergence document, The Church: Towards a Common Vision (ctcv) incorporates several aspects of the response of the Napa Inter-Orthodox Consultation to The Nature and Mission of the Church (nmc) which, as its subtitle suggests, was A Stage on the Way to a Common Statement, namely The Church. Eastern and Oriental Orthodox responders (jointly!) point to the imprecise use of the term, ‘church’, the World Council of Churches (wcc)’s understanding of ‘the limits of the Church’, and to the ‘branch theory’ implicit in nmc, an ecclesiology toned down in ctcv. Bordeianu proposes a subjective recognition of the fullness of the church in one’s community as a possible way forward. Simultaneously, Orthodox representatives have grown into a common, ecumenical understanding of the relationship between the Kingdom of God and the church’s work for justice; attentiveness to the role of women in the church; and accepting new forms of teaching authority in an ecumenical context. The positions of various churches are no longer parallel monologues, but reflect earnest change and convergence.
Identity of Porotrichum perplexans (Neckeraceae, Musci) from China

Authors: Enroth Johannes
Published: September 2015

Porotrichum perplexans Dix. from Central China is reduced to synonymy with Homaliodendron papillosum Broth.
Corrigenda to “Taxonomic revision of Chenopodiaceae in Nepal” [Phytotaxa 191: 10–44. 2014]
Authors: Sukhorukov Alexander P. , Kushunina Maria
Published: September 2015

The first treatment of the family Chenopodiaceae for the flora of Nepal (Central and Eastern Himalaya) has been recently published (Sukhorukov & Kushunina 2014). However, after a detailed investigation of original material concerning Chenopodium pallidum Moquin-Tandon (1840: 30), which is a part of Jacquemont’s collection from India (Herbarium P), we can state that all these specimens indeed belong to Atriplex Linnaeus (1753: 1052). The morphological differences between Atriplex and Chenopodium Linnaeus (1753: 218) are clear in mature plants only, whereas the plants in the type material were gathered in vegetative or early blooming stage (with flower buds only). This explains why the specimens have remained misidentified for such a long time. The characters which support our statement are: (1) Kranz leaf anatomy, which is typical of many Atriplex species (Sukhorukov 2006) placed into the large ‘C4-clade’ (Kadereit et al. 2010), but never observed in Chenopodium, (2) unisexual flowers (only male flower buds were found, because female flowers are absent at early blooming stage) which of all Chenopodieae in its current circumscription are present only in Atriplex (Sukhorukov & Zhang 2013). The “Eastern India” (Fr.: “Indes Orientales” after Jacquemont, 1834), where the plants were collected, applies to the territories of present-day West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, Rajasthan (northern part), Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu & Kashmir, Punjab (India, Pakistan), and bordering parts of Xizang (China). Only some Atriplex species with Kranz leaf anatomy occur in this region (Zhu et al. 2003, Klimeš & Dickoré 2005, Sukhorukov 2006), such as: A. centralasiatica Iljin (1936: 124), A. pamirica Iljin (1936: 124), and A. schugnanica Iljin (1936: 123). However, the plants known as A. schugnanica are the best match to the Jacquemont’s specimens due to aphyllous or bracteose (not leafy) inflorescence. According to Art. 11 of ICN (McNeill et al. 2012), the name Chenopodium pallidum appears to be an older name at specific rank for Atriplex schugnanica Iljin (1936: 123), and thus a new combination is proposed in the present paper. Besides, new Chenopodium species, previously named Chenopodium pallidum, is described from Nepal.
Synopsis of Melochia L. (Byttnerioideae, Malvaceae) in southeastern Brazil
Authors: Gonçalez Victor Martins , Esteves Gerleni Lopes
Published: September 2015

Melochia occurs in the Southeast Region of Brazil, comprising ten species and two varieties, which corresponds to about 50% of the Brazilian species. The genus is mainly distributed in the Cerrado. This study provides a taxonomic treatment including an identification key, illustrations, comments on morphology, habitat, geographical data and conservation status. Some species cited for the region, but not found in the present research are referenced with additional notes. Also, a new status (Melochia regnellii), a lectotypification, five new records for the Southeast Region, and a Scanning Electron Microscopy study (unpublished for the genus) are here presented.
Philcoxia rhizomatosa (Gratioleae, Plantaginaceae): a new carnivorous species from Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: SCATIGNA ANDRÉ VITO , SOUZA VINICIUS CASTRO , PEREIRA CAIO GUILHERME , SARTORI MARCOS AURÉLIO , SIMÕES ANDRÉ OLMOS
Published: September 2015

Philcoxia rhizomatosa, a new species of the carnivorous genus Philcoxia from tribe Gratioleae (Plantaginaceae), is here described and illustrated. The species has larger leaves than the other members of the genus, presents a conspicuous and branched rhizome and is the only one with entirely glabrous inflorescence, pedicel and calyx. This taxon is possibly endemic to a sandy outcrop in the transition vegetation between the Cerrado and the Caatinga in the municipality of Botumirim, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Preliminary tests for carnivory were performed and showed the presence of nematodes and activity of phosphatase on leaf surfaces, suggesting that P. rhizomatosa is a carnivorous plant.
Modulation of Land-Use Change Impacts on Temperature Extremes via Land–Atmosphere Coupling over Australia
Authors: Hirsch A L. , Pitman A. J. , Kala J. , Lorenz R. , Donat M. G.
Published: September 2015

The role of land–atmosphere coupling in modulating the impact of land-use change (LUC) on regional climate extremes remains uncertain. Using the Weather and Research Forecasting Model, this study combines the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment with regional LUC to assess the combined impact of land–atmosphere coupling and LUC on simulated temperature extremes. The experiment is applied to an ensemble of planetary boundary layer (PBL) and cumulus parameterizations to determine the sensitivity of the results to model physics. Results show a consistent weakening in the soil moisture–maximum temperature coupling strength with LUC irrespective of the model physics. In contrast, temperature extremes show an asymmetric response to LUC dependent on the choice of PBL scheme, which is linked to differences in the parameterization of vertical transport. This influences convective precipitation, contributing a positive feedback on soil moisture and consequently on the partitioning of the surface turbulent fluxes. The results suggest that the impact of LUC on temperature extremes depends on the land–atmosphere coupling that in turn depends on the choice of PBL. Indeed, the sign of the temperature change in hot extremes resulting from LUC can be changed simply by altering the choice of PBL. The authors also note concerns over the metrics used to measure coupling strength that reflect changes in variance but may not respond to LUC-type perturbations.
A Thermodynamically Based Model for Actual Evapotranspiration of an Extensive Grass Field Close to FAO Reference, Suitable for Remote Sensing Application
Authors: de Bruin H. A. R. , Trigo I. F. , Bosveld F. C. , Meirink J. F.
Published: September 2015

A thermodynamically based model is presented to estimate daily actual evapotranspiration (ET) of a grass site closely resembling reference grass as defined by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) under nonadvective conditions, from Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) imagery. The model presented here is derived from the thermodynamic theory by Schmidt combined with an atmospheric boundary layer model. Daily net radiation over the (reference) grass surface is parameterized as a function of global radiation, which can be estimated from MSG observations. It is then shown that ET over the grass area can be estimated using remotely sensed daily global radiation and air temperature as input only. The validation relied on observations gathered in Cabauw, a site closely resembling the reference grass, as defined by the FAO. The comparison with in situ data indicated a bias of 2.8 W m−2 and an RMSE of 7.7 W m−2. The possibility of using the approach developed here to provide reference crop evapotranspiration ETo is discussed. Because of the ambiguousness of ETo definition regarding local advection effects, it should be noted that explicitly advection-free conditions are dealt with. It is pointed out that in semiarid regions local advection cannot be ignored.
From Talk to Thought
Authors: Taumoepeau Mele
Published: September 2015

In a sample of Pacific Island families living in New Zealand ( N = 45), this study tested the relation between caregivers’ strength of ethnic identity and their use of desire, cognitive, and emotion language with their toddlers during a picture description task at 15, 20, 26, 33, and 39 months. Using multi-level growth modeling, caregivers’ strength of ethnic identity predicted the change trajectories of caregivers’ mental state talk over and above the effects of education levels, and these individual estimates were predictive of their children’s performance on an emotion situation and knowledge access tasks at 39 months. We discuss the results in the light of theories regarding the role of culture and mental state language socialization of young children.
Change in Adolescents’ Alcohol-Use Patterns, From Non-Drinking to Non-Heavy Drinking or Heavy Drinking
Authors: Cheng Tyrone C. , Lo Celia C.
Published: September 2015

This study examined risk and protective factors at work when adolescents change from a non-drinking alcohol-use pattern to either non-heavy drinking or heavy drinking. Using a sample of 1,725 non-drinkers extracted from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we conducted multinomial logistic regression and found that likelihood of change from non-drinking to non-heavy drinking was associated positively with safe neighborhood, female, peers’ drinking, emotional maltreatment, and delinquent behaviors. We found a negative association between such likelihood and being African American. We found that likelihood of change from non-drinking to heavy drinking was associated positively with peers’ drinking, depressive feelings, drug use, and repeating a grade(s) at school. We found a negative association between such likelihood and having a married mother, being African American or some other non-Hispanic minority ethnicity, and maternal supervision. Implications for intervention and future research are discussed.
Routes Into Opioid Analgesic Misuse
Authors: Harocopos Alex , Allen Bennett
Published: September 2015

Non-medical use of opioid analgesics (OAs) has increased in the United States over the past decade, yet there has been little in-depth exploration into the circumstances of initiation of OA misuse. This study is based on qualitative data from five focus groups conducted with individuals who misused OAs in New York City. Participants ( n = 19) were aged between 20 and 47 years. The majority were male ( n = 14) and non-Hispanic White ( n = 12). Three initiate groups were identified: recreational initiates, who typically began misusing OAs in their teens through non-medical sources; medical initiates, who initiated OA use through medical treatment; and experienced opioid users, who initiated OA use through both recreational and medical channels but whose entry into misuse followed a history of heroin use. Findings show heterogeneous patterns of initiation, indicating the need for prevention and intervention strategies to be tailored to particular groups.
Sleep in a legal context: The role of the expert witness
Authors: Idzikowski Chris , Rumbold John
Published: September 2015

Sleep experts are called to assist the jury in deciding the mental state of the accused at the time of their alleged criminal behaviour. This task is difficult as the literature on many sleep disorders, particularly sleepwalking and other parasomnias, is still largely a matter of case reports and case series. The probative value of much of the evidence given is not known. Sleep behaviour in the courts present a number of difficulties which illustrate the dilemmas that face an expert witness faced with ambiguous data and uncertain principles with which to interpret them. Additionally there are substantial policy issues involved which are not always adequately addressed in expert evidence. We outline the role of expert witnesses in such cases.
Applying dynamic relaxation techniques to form-find and manufacture curve-crease folded panels
Authors: Bhooshan Shajay , Bhooshan Vishu , ElSayed Mostafa , Chandra Suryansh , Richens Paul , Shepherd Paul
Published: September 2015

The research incorporated in the paper stems from the design and fabrication of a self-supporting, multi-panel installation for the Venice Biennale 2012 and operates against the backdrop of the exciting potentials that the field of curved-crease folding offers in the development of curved surfaces that can be manufactured from sheet material. The two main challenges were developing an intuitive design strategy and production of information adhering to manufacturing constraints. The essential contribution of the paper is a proposed interactive form-finding method for curve-crease geometries that could negotiate the multiple objectives of ease of use in exploratory design, and manufacturing constraints of their architectural-scale assemblies.
Interpreting Japan’s contested memory: Conservative and progressive traditions
Authors: Dian Matteo
Published: September 2015

This article applies an interpretive approach to account for the process of definition and contestation over wartime memory in Japan. It first locates the role of memory in interpretive theory, emphasising how beliefs about the past are a crucial component of foreign policy traditions. Second, it highlights how the process of contestation over a country’s memory is fundamentally intertwined with attempts to legitimise or resist key foreign policy decisions in response to contemporaneous dilemmas that force a confrontation with historical traditions. This is illustrated through an analysis of the Yoshida Doctrine’s problematic compromise between conservative and progressive traditions of thought about Japan’s role in the Second World War, beginning with the period of US Occupation, moving through the Cold War years and ending with the death of the Shōwa Emperor in 1989. Finally, it studies the ‘normalisation’ of Japanese foreign policy during the post-Cold War Heisei period, the dilemmas caused by the debate over wartime memory and the effort to achieve reconciliation with other Asian nations. The central argument is that post-war Japanese foreign policy has generally represented an uneasy and evolving compromise between the conservative and progressive traditions.
Interpreting sanctions in Africa and Southeast Asia
Authors: Hellquist Elin
Published: September 2015

The Organization of African Unity (OAU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) were both born to stabilise vulnerable state borders by practising non-interference in domestic affairs. Today, the OAU’s successor, the African Union (AU), uses sanctions against unconstitutional changes of government, while ASEAN continues to rule out any collective punitive action against members. To explain these divergent trajectories, this article first shows how different traditions produced different ways of engaging with sanctions in the early formative cases of South Africa and Vietnam. Thereafter, it examines how these traditions were selectively re-thought when confronted with the dilemmas of international sanctions against Libya and Myanmar. The interpretive approach enables a nuanced account of continuity and change in beliefs about sanctions. The AU’s sanctions doctrine has updated rather than broken with a traditional interpretation of non-interference. For ASEAN, the longstanding tradition of informality – and not strict adherence to non-interference – has continued to rule out regional sanctions.
Regional powers and regional security governance: An interpretive perspective on the policies of Nigeria and Brazil
Authors: Lopez-Lucia Elisa
Published: September 2015

The study of regional powers has become an increasingly prominent part of debates in the academic field of International Relations (IR), particularly regarding their role in creating the conditions for international security. While the IR literature tends to focus on the causal effect of material and ideational factors to explain the policy of regional powers, this article uses an interpretive approach, centring on the study of historical representations. Through a comparative analysis of the foreign policies of Brazil and Nigeria since the 1990s, it argues that a focus on the traditions and dilemmas of regional powers enables a better explanation of their policy, one which illustrates how material factors are refracted through the representations of foreign policy elites in the two countries and expressed in their foreign policy practices as regional powers.
The end of ambivalence and the triumph of pragmatism? Franco-British defence cooperation and European and Atlantic defence policy traditions
Authors: Ostermann Falk
Published: September 2015

This article investigates the Franco-British rapprochement in security and defence cooperation under Nicolas Sarkozy, Gordon Brown and David Cameron from 2008 to 2012. While in the past British Atlanticism and the French Europeanist tradition had stood in the way of close bilateral cooperation, the conclusion of several treaties of defence cooperation in this period delivered closer ties. By adopting an interpretivist perspective on events, this article argues that the rapprochement can be explained with reference principally to changes in the French tradition, which took it closer to the British Atlanticist tradition. Drawing on parliamentary and executive statements, the article traces the influence of, and changes in, the balance between Europeanism and Atlanticism in the defence policy traditions in the two countries. The article argues that the dilemmas that compelled a revision of the traditions particularly in France arose from a series of new beliefs at elite level about sovereignty over defence policy, national role conceptions and the recognition of dire budgetary constraints. In this context, Franco-British rapprochement served both countries’ national interests.
Unusual Necrotizing Encephalitis in Raccoons and Skunks Concurrently Infected With Canine Distemper Virus and Sarcocystis sp
Authors: Kubiski S. V. , Sisó S. , Church M. E. , Cartoceti A. N. , Barr B. , Pesavento P. A.
Published: September 2015

Canine distemper virus commonly infects free-ranging, terrestrial mesopredators throughout the United States. Due to the immunosuppressive effects of the virus, concurrent opportunistic infections are also common. Among these, secondary systemic protozoal infections have been described in a number of species. We report an unusual presentation of necrotizing encephalitis associated with Sarcocystis sp in four raccoons and one skunk concurrently infected with canine distemper virus. Lesions were characterized by variably sized necrotizing cavitations composed of abundant mineral admixed with inflammatory cells and protozoa. Sarcocystis sp was confirmed via immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody to Sarcocystis neurona. The pathologic changes are similar to lesions in human AIDS patients infected with Toxoplasma gondii.
Pathologic Findings and Trends in Mortality in the Beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) Population of the St Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada, From 1983 to 2012
Authors: Lair S. , Measures L. N. , Martineau D.
Published: September 2015

An isolated population of beluga ( Delphinapterus leucas) inhabits the St Lawrence Estuary, Quebec, Canada. This population has failed to recover despite the prohibition of hunting >30 years ago, suggesting the presence of other limiting factors. The authors summarize the reported causes of death and propose risk factors to explain the lack of recovery of this population. From 1983 to 2012, a total of 472 beluga were found stranded. Complete necropsies were carried out on 222 beluga, including 178 adults, 25 juveniles, and 19 newborn calves. Infectious diseases, the most prevalent cause of mortality in this population, accounted for the death of one-third of all beluga (32%). Verminous pneumonia was the cause of mortality of 13 juvenile beluga (52% of juvenile beluga). A total of 39 malignant neoplasms, diagnosed in 35 beluga, caused the death of 31 beluga (20% of beluga >19 years old). Median age at diagnosis of cancer was 48 years (range, 30–61 years). Dystocia and postpartum complications were the cause of death in 18 beluga, accounting for 19% of the females >19 years old examined. The occurrence of parturition-associated complications, as well as mortality of calves <1 year old, have increased recently in this population and may be the probable cause of the recent decrease in the size of this population. One of the hypotheses proposed to explain the unusually high occurrence of some of the pathologic conditions observed in this population is chronic exposure to environmental contaminants.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy
Authors: Jeste Shafali Spurling , Tuchman Roberto
Published: September 2015

Autism spectrum disorders and epilepsy commonly co-occur. In this review, we consider some unresolved questions regarding the temporal relationship, causal mechanisms, and clinical stratification of this comorbidity, highlighting throughout the interplay between autism spectrum disorder, epilepsy, and intellectual disability. We present data on the clinical characterization of children with autism spectrum disorder and epilepsy, discussing distinctive phenotypes in children with this comorbidity. Although some distinctive clinical features emerge, this comorbidity also informs convergent pathways in genetic variants that cause synaptic dysfunction. We then move beyond diagnostic categorization and consider the extent to which electrophysiology as a quantitative biomarker may help guide efforts in clinical stratification and outcome prediction. Epilepsy, and atypical electrophysiological patterns, in autism spectrum disorder may inform the definition of biologically meaningful subgroups within the spectrum that, in turn, can shed light on potential targets for intervention.
Making “Friends” in a Virtual World
Authors: Utz Sonja , Jankowski Jaroslaw
Published: September 2015

Graphical virtual worlds add two new layers to the old question what determines friendship formation. First, it is possible to distinguish between off-line (player) and online (avatar) characteristics. Second, these environments offer new possibilities for studying friendship formation. By tracking friendship requests and their acceptance rate, researchers are able to distinguish between with whom players want to become friends and with whom they actually do become friends. This article examined friendship formation in Timik, a graphical virtual world targeted at Polish teenagers. Homophily, preferential attachment and status were tested as possible underlying mechanisms. Results showed that preferential attachment and status drove invitations: Players wanted to become friends with high-status players. However, high-status players were also more likely to reject offers. Homophily only played a minor role. Players preferred players of the same avatar class and similar age but of the opposite sex. Too similar avatars were disliked. The results are discussed in the light of the generalizability of off-line theories of friendship formation to online worlds.
Does Resuscitation Training Reduce Neonatal Deaths in Low-Resource Communities? A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Sousa Sarah , Mielke John G.
Published: September 2015

Every year, nearly 1 million babies succumb to birth asphyxia (BA) within the Asia-Pacific region. The present study sought to determine whether educational interventions containing some element of resuscitation training would decrease the relative risk (RR) of neonatal mortality attributable to BA in low-resource communities. We systematically reviewed 3 electronic databases and identified 14 relevant reports. For community deliveries, providing traditional birth attendants (TBAs) with neonatal resuscitation training modestly reduced the RR in 3 of 4 studies. For institutional deliveries, training a range of clinical staff clearly reduced the RR within 2 of 8 studies. When resuscitation-specific training was directed to community and institutional health care workers, a slight benefit was observed in 1 of 2 studies. Specific training in neonatal resuscitation appears most effective when provided to TBAs (specifically, those presented with ongoing opportunities to review and update their skills), but this particular intervention alone may not appreciably reduce mortality.
Back to School and Beyond
Authors: Bartolome Sarah J.
Published: September 2015

As the excitement of the Back to School season begins to wane, connections with colleagues and professional development opportunities provide support in the face of everyday challenges.
HIV-related stigma, asset inheritance and chronic poverty: Vulnerability and resilience of widows and caregiving children and youth in Tanzania and Uganda
Authors: Evans Ruth
Published: September 2015

This article develops a framework of risk and protective factors to conceptualize the relationship between HIV-related stigma, asset inheritance and chronic poverty among widows and caregiving children and youth in Eastern Africa. Analysis of two qualitative studies with 85 participants in rural and urban areas of Tanzania and Uganda reveals that gendered and generational inequalities and stigmatization sometimes leads to property grabbing and chronic poverty. Human and social capital and preventative measures however may help widows and caregiving young people in HIV-affected households to safeguard land and other assets, within a wider supportive environment that seeks to tackle structural inequalities.
Serendipity and stealth, resistance and retribution: Policy development in the Mongolian mining sector
Authors: Blunt Peter , Sainkhuu Ganbaatar
Published: September 2015

The article analyzes a policy development process designed to advance the sustainable development of mining-affected communities in Mongolia and, indirectly, to invigorate debate concerning resource nationalism and community resistance to corporate predation. The policy process arose from a research report on community development agreements whose findings reached interested parties in Mongolia despite the ban placed on them by the donor research sponsor. The findings highlight, first, the lengths to which development assistance will go in its defence of foreign mining interests and the corporate-led assault on the commons; second, the serendipitous and vigorously contested nature of policy development; and third, the swift, variegated, muddled, uncompromising, yet effective, reactions of power to perceived threat. It is argued that Mongolia’s interests will best be served by a strong form of resource nationalism and that its predominantly indigenous population will be crucial to achieving this and to the defence of the commons.