bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Drag Reduction Technology with Nanomaterial ShUNP2-10 in Oilfield
Authors: Gu Chun Yuan , Di Qin Feng , Shi Li Yi , Zhang Jian Ping , Cheng Yi Chong
Published: September 2013

Drag reduction with the nanomaterial is a new technique for EOR aiming at the problem of high injection pressure but shortage of injection rate in oilfield. The ShUNP2-10 is a nanomaterial which was prepared for this drag reduction technology. The structure and properties of nanomaterial ShUNP2-10 were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), laser particle analyzer (LPA) and other methods. The microstructure and the wettability of the core surface before and after adsorbed by ShUNP2-10 were investigated. Drag reduction effects of the nanomaterial ShUNP2-10 in microchannels was studied by core displacement experiments (CDE) and field tests. The results show that the ShUNP2-10 is a spherical particle with 10~20nm in diameter, and particle surface have many hydrophilic groups and many hydrophobic groups, but the nanomaterial exhibits high hydrophobic. It was observed that many nanoparticles adsorbed firmly on core surface and formed nanoparticle layers with micro-and nanostructure. The nanolayers changed the core surface wettability from strong hydrophilicity to high hydrophobicity. The water phase permeability (WPP) of these cores displaced with the nanomaterial increased averagely more than 130.6% by CDE and a maximum injection pressure reduction of 12.5 MPa was achieved in-situ test. All these results indicate this nanomaterial ShUNP2-10 has significant drag reduction property and important practical value in Oilfield.
Investigation of CO2 Diffusion in Oil-Saturated Porous Media by Using X-Ray Computer-Assisted Tomography
Authors: Tang Ling Yue , Liu Yu , Song Yong Chen , Shen Zi Jian , Zhou Xin Huan
Published: September 2013

In petroleum industry injection of carbon dioxide has a lot of economical advantages for oil recovery. The diffusion coefficient of CO2 in oil-saturated porous media is a critical parameter. However, there is no universally applicable technique for measuring the diffusion coefficients of gas in oil-saturated porous media. The main objective of this work is to develop a possible experimental method for measuring CO2 diffusion coefficients in oil-saturated porous media by CT technique. At last the relationship between pressure and diffusivity at T= 29 °C is discussed.
A New Method of Fall-Off Test in Water Injection Well in Tahe Oilfield
Authors: Wang Qiang , Huang Wan Long , Xu Hai Min
Published: September 2013

In pressure drop well test of the clasolite water injection well of Tahe oilfield, through nonlinear automatic fitting method in the multi-complex reservoir mode for water injection wells, we got layer permeability, skin factor, well bore storage coefficient and flood front radius, and then we calculated the residual oil saturation distribution. Through the examples of the four wells of Tahe oilfield analyzed by our software, we found that the method is one of the most powerful analysis tools.
Volcanic Diagenesis and Influence on the Reservoir Space Evolution of Yingcheng Formation in Xunjiaweizi Fault Depression
Authors: Zhang Jing Jun , Liu Cheng Zhi , Yang Yong Liang
Published: September 2013

The research on volcanic diagenesis have important value in volcanic secondary pore formation, evolution and reservoir prediction. Using core, slice, imaging logging and geochemical analysis, from lithology-lithofacies characteristics of Yingcheng Formation in Xujiaweizi depression, Songliao Basin, study on volcanic diagenesis, types, characteristics and relationship of reservoir space. The results are shown that: The volcanic mainly developed dissolution 13 diagenesis types, and base on the formation mechanism and effect to the reservoir space, it is divided further into constructive and destructive categories In the study area; Reservoir performance of reservoir space depend on the type, combination form and development degree, and the diagenesis is main control factor of rservoir space (pore, crack) formation, preservation, damage evolution characteristics; volcanic diagenetic complexity is the main reason of reservoir space complexity and diversity.
Laboratory Study on Carbon Dioxide and Surfactant Assisted with Steam Flooding in Qi 40
Authors: Chen Tao Ping , Wang Yu Guo
Published: September 2013

The natural oil sand from Qi 40 block formation is made into 5 teams total 10 high temperature and pressure long double tube reservoir nonhomogeneity models .The experimental oil is simulation oil which is made by mixing the wellhead crude oil with diesel. On the base that steam soaking and steamdriving recovery reach to the current oilfield average level, we do 1 group double tube steam +CO2 .The natural oil sand from Qi 40 block formation is made into 5 teams total 10 high temperature and pressure long double tube reservoir nonhomogeneity models .The experimental oil is simulation oil which is made by mixing the wellhead crude oil with diesel. On the base that steam soaking and steamdriving recovery reach to the current oilfield average level, we do 1 group double tube steam +CO2 composite displacement experiment and 4 group double tube surfactant adjustable profile + steam +CO2 composite displacement experiment. And record after steamflooding steam drive with carbon dioxide and surfactant improvement value. The results show that in the steam composite flooding, enhanced oil recovery rate increases as the number of composite plug PV growing. Carbon dioxide and steam are injecter by 1:1 alternately and composite plug is 0.3PV, in which enhanced oil recovery rate can reach 19% and cost of oil displacement agent is 38.77 Yuan/ton of oil. Carbon dioxide and II thermostability discharge aiding agent are injecter by 1:1 alternately and thebest composite slug is 0.3PV, in which enhanced oil recovery rate can reach 23.7% and cost of oil displacement agent is 289.66 Yuan/ton of oil. When the plug PV number is same(0.3), surfactant + CO2 composite plug can improve more 4.7% than steam +CO2. Hence, thermostability discharge aiding agent have some effects on improving recovery.
The Application of Acoustic Emission Technology in Oil and Gas Storage and Transportation Equipment
Authors: Chen Jian Fei , Bi Hai Sheng , Wang Qiang , Wang An Quan , Sheng Hua , Rong Hai Xia
Published: September 2013

Acoustic emission (AE) testing (AET) is an effective, nondestructive testing (NDT) method which is widely used throughout the petrochemical industry. It especially plays an important role in inspecting of atmospheric storage tank floor corrosion, oil and gas pipeline leakage and pressure vessel cracking. The AET methods and evaluation of storage tank, pipeline, sphere and other equipment in oil and gas storage and transportation system are reviewed in this paper, and the development trends of AE technique also be introduced. This technique has important significance in ensuring the security.
Preparation of La-Mg-Ni Hydrogen Storage Composite Alloys by Mechanical Alloying
Authors: Yan Shi Jian , Zou Xin Wei , Zhang Min Gang
Published: September 2013

LaNi5-xwt%Mg hydrogen storage alloys with different Mg content were made from pure La, Mg and Ni metal powder by mechanical alloying, selecting appropriate ball-milling parameters in 0.4MPa hydrogen atmosphere. The characterizations for hydrogen storage alloy show that a multi-phase alloy composed of MgH2, LaH3, Mg2NiH4 and Ni was obtained, the alloy have two hydrogen desorption temperature range, and the alloy with 25wt% Mg content can desorb hydrogen up to 4.02wt%.
Preparation and Electrocatalysis of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Electrode
Authors: Chen Jia Yue
Published: September 2013

This paper studied the preparation method of the multi-walled carbon ITO nanotubes electrode, which was prepared by ITO electrode self-assembled after adsorbing n-Dodecanethiol.The multi-walled carbon ITO nanotubes electrode was prepared by self-assembled after adsorbed n-Dodecanethiol.The electrode was characterized with DA as the representative. The effects on electrochemical behavior of NaOH treatment and pH were discussed. The results showed that after NaOH treatment increased the electrocatalysis to DA. The electrode was used for detection of DA in the 1×10-5 mol/L ascorbic acid (AA) in the presence DA. The linear range was 1×10-8~1.5×10-7 mol/L, the detection limit was 5.0×10-9 mol/L. It could effectively removed the disturb of AA.
Contrastive Analysis of Pores for the CFRP Laminates and Corner of L-Shape CFRP Components
Authors: Chen Yue Chao , Yang Chen Long , Li Zhao , Zheng Hui Feng
Published: September 2013

The compare of distribution and morphology for the pores in the CFRP laminates and the corner of L-shape CFRP components is analyzed, and the conclusions are as follows. The pores in the corner of L-shape CFRP components and CFRP laminates are all spherical or ellipsoidal and the sizes are small when the porosity is small. As the porosity increases, the pores in the laminates become elongated type, while the pores in the corners become centralized. When the porosity is further increased, irregular pores in the fiber bundle of the corners appear, and the tenuous pores in interlayer of the laminates appear. The average porosity of the corners is smaller than that of laminates in general. The length, width and area of the pores both in the corners and laminates increase as the porosity increases. The length variation of the corners is less than that of laminates, and the width variation of the corners is larger than that of laminates. With the porosity increases, the pore width to length ratio both of the corners and laminates decreases. When compared to laminates, the change range of the ratio for the corners is little. The pore morphology and ultrasonic attenuation exists corresponding relationship.
Determination of Trace Cobalt in Water by Microwave Digestion-Catalytic Fading Spectrophotometry
Authors: Zhao Li Jie , Jiang Chen , Zhao Li Ping
Published: September 2013

A simple and sensitive catalytic fading spectrophometry was developted for determination the trace cobalt in water treated by microwave digestion. The method is based on catalysis of cobalt on the oxidation of acid chrome blue K by potassium periodate with polyethylene glycol-200 as an activator in boric acid-sodium borate buffer solution. Major factors such as microwave digestion conditions, kinds and dosages of media, reagents and activators, the reaction temperature, the reaction time and coexisting irons were investigated and the optimal experimental conditions are determination wavelength 525 nm, at 80°C reacton for 12 min. The linear range and the detection limit of the method are determinated.The maximum relative standard deviation is 5.68 %, and the recoveries are 96.4 % to 105.9 %. The maximum relative error compared with GB( national standard of china 3838-2002) is below 5.52 %.
Effect of Diluent Polarity on Extraction Equilibria of Acrylic Acid from its Aqueous Solutions by Tri-n-Octylaime
Authors: Hong Yeon Ki , Lee Hyoung Wook , Bae Sung Min
Published: September 2013

Acrylic acid and its derivatives are raw materials for polymeric, paint additives, adhesive, textile and leather treating products. The increasing demand of acrylic acid is great attention for its recovery from dilute aqueous solutions. With this aim, the amine based extraction of acrylic acid from its aqueous solutions in polar diluents was investigated. In the extraction, the tri-n-octylamine in polar diluents was found to provide higher extraction efficiency than that in nonpolar diluents. It was presumed that the acid-amine complex formation is difficult and the low solubility of acid-amine complex is low in nonpolar diluents. Higher extraction efficiency for acrylic acid was obtained with the polarity of active diluents due to higher solubility for acid-amine complex with polarity of diluents.
A DFT Study of TiO2 Adsorption on GaN(0001)Line Defect Surface
Authors: Liang Xiao Qin , Qiu Li Fen , Huang Ping , Yang Chun
Published: September 2013

TiO2adsorption on GaN(0001) line defect surface has been explored by employing density functional theory. The total energy, density of states, surface energy (adsorption energy), formation energy and electron density of the various models have been obtained. Our calculations indicate that the model containing [11 line defect and one O atom at the vacancy of line defect for Ga-terminated surfaces prefers to adsorb TiO2, and the smallest adsorption energy is-11.258 eV. This study also shows that the TiO2adsorption on line defect of [11 direction is also associated with the initial adsorption position of TiO2.
Teacher's Teaching Quality Assessment in College Based on AHP and Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
Authors: Hou Shou Ping
Published: September 2013

A set of multilevel, multiindex and comprehensive analysis index system of teaching quality assessment in college is proposed in the research by combining hierarchy analysis with the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation. The weight of each index is defined by using analytic hierarchy process , this make teaching assessment become more scientific, reasonable and justic. At last, the practicability of the method is verified by a practical example. The teaching quality in college may be assessed objectively and equitably by using the method. It is very necessary for teachers to know their practical level and improve their teaching level.
Adaptive Access Mechanism for WSNs of Eco-Environments
Authors: He Shu Qian , Shi Chun , Deng Zheng Jie
Published: September 2013

To solve the data transmission of eco-environment monitor by using WSNs, a new adaptive access mechanism is presented. The adaptive access mechanism senses the channel status information and the events of data transmissions, success or collision in the channel. Based on the measurement of idle slot intervals between two data transmission, nodes adjust parameters of access mechanism, which can adapt to the dynamic network configurations. The analysis and computer simulation demonstrate the validity and good scalability of the proposed access mechanism.
Analysis on the Investment Scale and Structure of Ecological Infrastructure in Harbin
Authors: Tao Ping , Yan Jia Chen , Lao Yu Shi
Published: September 2013

In this paper, it analyzed the investment status of Harbin ecological infrastructure by the statistical data from the scale of investment, the total investment and trends, and investment structure. it pointed out that there are a lot of problems in Harbin ecological infrastructure projects, such as insufficient investment scale in environmental pollution governance, imperfect structure, low efficiency of the service; demand for infrastructure funding gap and a single financing channels ,etc.. Only it is necessary that the private capital would be incentives to invest into the ecological infrastructure project by establishing a good financial environment, the Mechanism of regulation and incentives, and formulating preferential policies to optimize the mode of financing and financing structure.
The Speciation Characteristics of Heavy Metals and Composition of Sediments in Lanjian Mine of Panzhihua
Authors: Xu Zheng Qi , Li Ping , Zhang Cheng Jiang
Published: September 2013

In this study, nine samples were collected along the trenches of LANJIAN mine and its water system in order to study the effect of Panzhihua Vanadium Titano-Magnetite on water during mining. Particle sizes of the sediments were analyzed with the laser, mineral composition of the sediments were analyzed with the X-ray diffraction analyzer, the content of CuPbZnHgCdAsCrCoNiMnVTiFe and the Speciation characteristics of part of them were analyzed with the atomic absorption spectrophotometer and ICP-MS. These provide a reference for the environmental governance of mine.
Characteristics and the Basic Kinetics of Ammonium Removal by Heterotrophic Nitrifying Bacteria at Low Temperature
Authors: Huang Xiao Fei , Li Wei Guang , Zhang Duo Ying , Qin Wen
Published: September 2013

A oligotrophic heterotrophic nitrifying bacterium Y21 was isolated from Songhua River at low temperature. The influence of temperature, pH, rotating speed of shaker as well as the carbon sources on the strain Y21 was investigated in this study. The experimental results showed that for the strain Y21, the optimum conditions were found to be temperature of 15 °C, pH of 7.4~8.2, shaking speed of 140 rmp respectively, with sodium acetate as carbon source. The strain Y21 has high activity under the culture condition at low temperature. The basic dynamic equation for the degradation of ammonia-nitrogen was obtained.
Kinetics Studies for Catalytic Oxidation of Methyl Orange over the Heterogeneous Fe/Beta Catalysts
Authors: Guo Fang , Xu Jun Qiang , Li Jun
Published: September 2013

The Fe/Beta catalysts were prepared by conventional incipient wetness impregnation. The catalysis oxidation degradation of methyl orange was carried out in catalyst and H2O2 process. The results indicated that the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide were more benefit to degradation of methyl orange. The reaction condition was optimized. The optimum reaction process was as follow: iron amount of catalyst was 1.25%, the catalyst dosage and H2O2 concentration was 1 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, and reaction temperature was 70 °C. The apparent activation energy (65 KJ/mol) was obtained according to the arrhenius formula, which was benefit to study the reaction mechanism.
Synthesis and Properties of Imidazolium Derivatived Biocidals
Authors: Li Bing Zhen , Li Yi He , Zhang Zhe , Xiao Hua , Jiang Zhen Hua , Li Gong Yi , Ahn Kwang Duk
Published: September 2013

A promising series of biocidals based on imidazolium derivates were synthesized to develop new antiseptics and disinfectants. Biocidal Imidazoliums with hydrophobic alkyl substituents and hydrophilic substituents were prepared, and its antimicrobial activity (AM) was determined by Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs). It was found that the MIC value of the as-synthesized imidazole derivatives increase as the number of alkyl carbons increases up to 12 carbons,and its AM efficiency is relatively high.
The Study of Soil Arsenic Pollution in the Slag Field of Plateau Lake Yangzonghai Lake Area
Authors: Li Fa Rong , Wang Jiang Tao , Huang Jun , Chen Yun Jin , Yu Dong , Liu Xi
Published: September 2013

To figure out the arsenic pollution source and characteristics in the slag field around the Yangzonghai Lake, we made deep monitoring analysis. We employed the X fluorescence metal scene analyzer and also the traditional atomic fluorescence spectrometry method for precision analysis. It finds out the arsenic pollution level, spatial change regulation, the vertical distribution characteristics, and pollution diffusion path. The work could provide effectively technical support for the soil arsenic pollution prevention in the area.
Preparation of Graphene by Green Reduction Method and Characterization
Authors: Chen Dong Zhi , Lin Xue Mei
Published: September 2013

Graphite oxide was prepared by Hummers method and got graphene oxide by ultrasonic dispersion in water, and using a cheap and environment-friendly fructose as reductant, graphene oxide could be reduced into graphene under mild condition. Meanwhile, the structure and morphology of obtained product was characterized and analyzed by testing methods such as Fourier transform Infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Laser Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscope and so on. In addition, the electrical conductivity of obtained graphene was determinated.The experimental results show that graphite oxide can be reduced by fructose under mild conditions and can get graphene with good structure and dispersibility. And the electrical conductivity of graphene prepared by the reduction of graphite oxide with fructose is 35.7 Scm-1, which has great improvement on conducting performance compared with graphite oxide. Moreover, It is non-toxic, non-polluting and friendly to the environment in preparation process of graphene, which lays the groundwork for mass production of graphene materials.
Catalytic Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine by Palladium/ Iron Bimetallic Composite Catalytic Fiber
Authors: Wu Qiong , Zhang Huan , Wei Jun Fu , Ma Xiao Yue , Wang Han Yi , Fan Hu
Published: September 2013

The polypropylene (PP) fibers were chosen as substrate materials. Functional fibers containing iron were prepared by UV irradiation-coordination method, and then Pd/Fe bimetallic composite catalytic fibers were prepared by replacement reaction and used for the removement of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). The effect of monomer concentration, the pH of the reaction system and reaction temperature on NDMA catalytic degradation was investigated. The results indicate that the degradation rate of NDMA can reach 69.97% when the AA monomer concentration is 20%, which is the best catalytic reduction effect of composite catalytic fiber on NDMA. The pH of solution and reaction temperature can not greatly influence the catalytic reduction of NDMA.
Density Functional Theory Study on the Absorption of CO2 by the Ionic Liquid of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate
Authors: Chen Yan Fei , Cui Yan Hong , Deng Dong Shun , Ai Ning
Published: September 2013

The absorptions of CO2on the 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmi [Ac]) with different substituents are calculated systematically at GGA/PW91 level. Three hydrogen bonds are formed between [A and cations of 1-n-[Bmi [A ([NBmi+) and 1-tert-[Bmi [A ([TBmi+). The interaction between CO2and the [NBmi [A by a C-O bond is much weaker than that with the [TBmi [A by forming a O...O...C...C four member-ring. The chemisorption of CO2on the ion pairs of [NBmi [A is much weaker than that on the [TBmi [A, resulted from the absorption energies analysis. The frontier molecular orbitals shows the electronic density overlap between absorbed CO2and the [A in CO2-[NBmi [A is much weaker than that in [TBmi [A. Therefore, the chemisorption of CO2on the ion pair of [NBmi [A is much weaker than that on the [TBmi [A. The ionic liquids based [NBmi+can be used repetitively, and the adsorbed CO2would be easier desorbed.
Preparation and Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of AgCl-TiO2 Composite under Simulated Solar Light
Authors: Yi Wen Tao , Yan Chun Yan , Yan Peng , Liu Shu Yin
Published: September 2013

AgCl-TiO2 nanocomposites with a core-shell structure were successfully prepared by hydrothermal treatment. And the products were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer Emmett teller (BET) Analysis, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS). It is found that the composites consist of anatase TiO2 and cubic phase AgCl, which has higher surface area, stronger spectral response in visible region compared with pure TiO2. The photocatalytic activity of these samples was evaluated by photocatalytic decoloration of methyl orange (MO) under simulated solar light. The results show AgCl-TiO2 composite has much higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure TiO2, and it also has very good stability. The kinetic study showed that this photocatalytic process coincided with the Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) pseudo first order reaction model.
Study on the Photosynthetic Efficiency of the Bischofia javanica Leaves by Using Photo-Acoustic Tomography Technology
Authors: Lie Gan Wen , Lie Guang Hua , Mao Hou Zhu , Li Dong Yu
Published: September 2013

By using a new kind of single-beam normalized photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy (PAS-CT) technology with non-damage detection, the photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy, optical absorption properties and photosynthetic pigment content of green and red leaves ofBischofia javanicawere studied. The results show that: the photo-acoustic tomography spectroscopy ofBischofia javanicaleaves could be obtained from different chopping frequency and different sample positions, and photosynthetic pigment content of their leaves is closely related to their photosynthetic intensity. The more photosynthetic pigment content the leaves ofBischofia javanicacontain, the bigger optical absorption coefficient and the higher photosynthetic efficiency they have. The photosynthetic pigment content of the green leaves ofBischofia javanicais higher than that of the red ones. As a result, the photosynthesis of green leaves is better than that of the red ones. According to the results of our research, the photosynthetic efficiency ofBischofia javanicacould be improved and its growth time could be effectively controlled to enhance the growth ofBischofia javanica. Furthermore, it could play an important role on the development of forestry, and meet the need of forest for 6 billion people. The research showed high science value to study and applications of the photosynthesis of plants.
Assessing Human Exposure Risk to Cadmium through Dietary Intake in a W-Mo Mining Area, South China
Authors: Liu Xue Lian , Cheng Hong Guang , Xie Jing , Wang Lin
Published: September 2013

In order to estimate the present exposure risk of Cadmium dietary intake by inhabitants in a W-Mo mining area, South China, a dietary investigation was conducted with stratified cluster random sampling method. According to the result, a total of 7 food groups, including rice, vegetable, meat, chicken and egg, were sampled from contaminated areas using the total dietary study method. Rice consumption took up 81.5% of food consumption. Cadmium content in 45.8% of 306 rice samples, 11.1% of 252 vegetable samples, and 4.8% of 21 chicken samples exceeded the limit. Risks of cadmium in study area are between 1.0E-06 and 1.0E-03, which is acceptable but need further attention to reduce them. Rice products were the highest contribution, which took up about 80.1%. The results showed that Cadmium intake was much higher around W-Mo ore deposit than that in reference area.
Wall-Attachment Fan Drum Enclosed Dust Removal Theory and Technology of Mechanized Working Face
Authors: Cheng Wei Min , Wang Yun , Zhou Gang , Wang Hao
Published: September 2013

FLUENT software and SIMPLE algorithm which was based on parity grid was used to carry out the numerical simulation of spraying dust gas-particle two-phase flow field of the mechanized working face with a single pressure pumping hybrid ventilation system. The dust distribution law of the mechanized working face was mastered and the main dust prevention area was determined to be the middle of the roadway and wall-attachment fan drum enclosed dust removal system of mechanized working face was also planned to be established according to the simulation result. It had been proved that fully-mechanized coal winning machine enclosed dust removal system had a large advantage in reducing dust by computer simulation and field application, the dust suppression effect was remarkable.
Content and Distribution of Lead in Household Dust near a Smelter in Yunnan
Authors: Xie Jing , Cheng Hong Guang , Liu Xue Lian , Wang Lin
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate lead (Pb) level and spatial distribution pattern in the household dust around a smelter in Yunnan. The Pb content in the dust ranges from 191~13371mg/kg, with significant differences among the investigated villages, and 89.33% of the samples exceed the secondary limit of Chinese Soil Environmental Quality Standard for Pb. Spatial analysis shows that the pollution center was close to CH-co, and the radial distribution pattern is consistent with the predominant wind derection. The investigation proved that, lead emitted from the smelting process via atomospheric deposit is the main source of the Pb in the indoor dust, which may cause a potential adverse effect on people in the studying district.
Distributions and Sources of Heavy Metals in Seawater of the Northern Beibu Gulf
Authors: Zhu Zu Hao , Zheng Ai Rong
Published: September 2013

Seawater heavy metals' (Cr, Cu, As, Pb) distributions and sources were analyzed based on results of two voyages in April and August 2011 of the Northern Beibu Gulf. Average contents of Cr and As in spring and summer were less than the grade-one seawater quality standard of China, but over limit-ratios of Cu and Pb were 3% and 19% respectively relative to the grade-one standard. Contents of heavy metals which affected by runoff, drainage, atmospheric deposition, biological action and hydrodynamics were high in offshore while low in far-shore and high in central while low all around. The correlation analysis shows that Cu and Cr were strongly correlated in spring and summer, so as to Cu, Cr, Pb to nitrate ion in summer. Principle component and background value analysis show that As was related to rivers' input and background value of the studied area, while Cu, Pb and Cr were related to the sewage disposal of point source of industry.
Prime Discussion on the Development of City Environmental Protection Industries
Authors: Yu Yan
Published: September 2013

In recent years, due to increase in urban construction, China's cities are constantly developing and become more and more modern. Meanwhile, city pollution expands at the same rate or even faster. Excessive expansion has caused many adverse reactions of city living environment and has threatened the city's development. Therefore, how to solve the environmental problems of the city becomes one of the essential problems in the development of the city.
Effect of Limited Irrigation and Nitrogen on Ecological Index and Water Use of Arabica Coffee
Authors: Liu Xiao Gang , Zhong Yuan , Wang Xin Le , Yang Qi Liang
Published: September 2013

The objective of this study was to explore the water and nitrogen coupling use efficiency and optimal control of water and nitrogen environment, Pot experiment was conducted in intelligent greenhouse, and the interactive impact of water and nitrogen on ecological characteristics and water use of arabica coffee was investigated. Using four irrigation levels, i.e. sufficient irrigation (SI, soil moisture content was 75%~85% of soil field capacity), light deficit irrigation (DI1, soil moisture content was 65%~75% of soil field capacity), medium deficit irrigation (DI2, soil moisture content was 55%~65% of soil field capacity) and serious deficit irrigation (DI3, soil moisture content was 45%~55% of soil field capacity), and four fertilizer levels of N, i.e. high nitrogen (NH), medium nitrogen (NM ), low nitrogen (NL), non-nitrogen (NN). The results showed that increase of irrigation or N rate was helpful to improve the ecological and morphological index of arabica coffee (plant height, basal stem, leaf area and shoot length). Compared to the NN treatment, N application could increase dry mass accumulation and water use efficiency (WUE) by 10.88%~37.49% and 24.73%~33.01% respectively. Compared to the DI3 treatment, increase of irrigation could increase dry mass accumulation and WUE by 82.54%~163.27% and 34.40%~39.66% respectively. Low nitrogen combined sufficient irrigation treatment could promote morphological characteristics of arabica coffee seedling and ensure higher dry mass accumulation and WUE simultaneously.
The Status, Predicament and Countermeasures of Global Ecological Crisis
Authors: Jiang Li , He Xiang Lin , Hiltunen Erkki
Published: September 2013

With the rapid development of science and technology, human cognition towards the nature has obtained great progress. They have created abundant wealth and caused serious damage to nature as well. The extent of environmental pollution has never been serious than ever before. Bad behaviors from human have initiated a series of global problems, such as natural resources shortage, ecology imbalance, population expansion, air pollution, water pollution, desertification, species extinction, acid rain, global warming, climate change, and so on. These problems have conversely threatened the existence and development of contemporary human beings and deeply influenced the development of society and its future generations. The aim for this paper is to analyze the roots of ecological crisis and explore the roadmap of harmonious development of human and nature in order to achieve sustainable development.
Study on the Environmental Protection Responsibility of Enterprises in China
Authors: Xiang Bo , Shi Jian Hua
Published: September 2013

As an important component of the society, enterprises also bring a series of environmental problems when pursuing their own economic interests. Nowadays, the people pay more and more attention to the environmental protection, and urge to make the coordinated development between people and environment; therefore, the enterprises shall take their due responsibilities on the environmental protection actively, and make their own correct choices for the society and their own development.
Game Behavior Analysis of Social Proportion on Low Carbon Energy Technology Innovation Risk
Authors: Zhao Shi , Xie Ke Fan
Published: September 2013

With the prominence of energy crisis and environmental pollution problem, low carbon energy technology innovation is becoming the key of global economy sustainable development. But, for the particularity of technology, the low carbon energy technology innovation has enormous risk. Therefore proportion of low carbon energy technology innovation risk through social channels slowly becomes the crux to promoting the development of low carbon energy technology innovation. As the core subjects in risk proportion of technological innovation, enterprises and social risk-sharing organizations all start to select and adjust their strategy in exploration and trial and error and to seek equilibrium point of interest, thus form a dynamic game process. In this paper, the premise of bounded rationality assumptions of evolutionary game theory has been used as an analytical tool to construct evolutionary game model of social proportion of technological innovation risk, and thus to the stability analysis for both the main strategy of evolution. Results of the evolutionary game analysis show that the participation of a third promoting force play a decisive role in the operation and development of social proportion system of technological innovation risk, thus this paper raised conceptions and recommendations for the government that they should take part in the risk prevention system of low carbon energy technology innovation as a conductor and coordinator.
The Study on Ecological Ethics of "Unity of Man and Nature"
Authors: Li Dong , Qiu Zhong Hai
Published: September 2013

"Unity of Man and Nature" is one of the main thoughts in Chinese traditional culture. Its core significance is mainly manifested in the understanding of the relationship between heaven and man. Based on the longitudinal review and brief analysis of the thought of "Unity of Man and Nature" in "Zhouyi", the Confucian culture, Taoist culture and Buddhist culture, we attempt to mix the ecological ethics idea into the thought of "Unity of Man and Nature"; tries to make this traditional culture exude a new brilliance so that it can cope with the serious ecological crisis, and provide intellectual support and theoretical support for the protection of the ecological environment.
Biomedical Perspectives of Polyaniline Based Biosensors
Authors: Al-Ahmed Amir , Bahaidarah Haitham M. , Mazumder Mohammad A. Jafar
Published: September 2013

Electrically conducting polymers (ECPs) are finding applications in various fields of science owing to their fascinating characteristic properties such as binding molecules, tuning their properties, direct communication to produce a range of analytical signals and new analytical applications. Polyaniline (PANI) is one such ECP that has been extensively used and investigated over the last decade for direct electron transfer leading towards fabrication of mediator-less biosensors. In this review article, significant attention has been paid to the various polymerization techniques of polyaniline as a transducer material, and their use in enzymes/biomolecules immobilization methods to study their bio-catalytic properties as a biosensor for potential biomedical applications.
Bottom-Gate Thin-Film Transistors Fabricated by Excimer Laser Annealing
Authors: Wang Jyh Liang , Tsai Chun Chien , Hwang Chuan Chou , Hsieh Tsang Yen
Published: September 2013

High performance and device uniformity n-channel low-temperature poly-silicon (LTPS) bottom-gate (BG) thin film transistors (TFTs) with artificially-controlled lateral grain growth have been performed by excimer laser crystallization (ELC). The BG TFTs (W/L = 1.5 μm/1.5 μm) demonstrate field-effect-mobility of 323 cm2/Vs and high Ion/Ioff of 9.5 × 108. The proposed BG TFTs reveal the superior electrical characteristics, device uniformity, and reliability than conventional top-gate ones.
Durability Analysis Testing on Reactive Powder Concrete
Authors: Chuang Mei Ling , Huang Wei Hsing
Published: September 2013

Reactive powder concrete (RPC) has been proposed as barrier materials for the construction of engineered barrier in Taiwan. The durability characteristics of RPC in such applications become paramount for the success of the containment of the wastes. The adverse environmental conditions at the disposal site could attack concrete barrier and results in degradation of the material.Laboratory tests will be conducted on RPC with various compositions to investigate the durability test of RPC. These include chloride ion ingress, and sulfate attack of RPC. In this study, the resistance of concrete to sulfate attack was tested by submerging RPC specimens in Na2SO4 solution. Based on the volume change data for a period of1 year, the RPC with higher water to binder ratio (W/B) exhibited lower resistance to sulfate attack. The electrochemical technique is applied to accelerate chloride-ion migration test for RPC. The RPCs chloride migration coefficient is significantly decreased by the use of pozzolanic material, compared with ordinary concrete.
Development of Performance Optimization of Recycled Aggregate
Authors: Li Wei , Li Ying , Zhang Hai Ying
Published: September 2013

Recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) differ from natural aggregate concrete in mechanical and durability properties. The poorer qualities of recycled aggregate (RA) limit utilization of RAC in engineering. Cement mortar attached on the surface of recycled aggregate result in higher water absorption rate. Also, interfacial zone between recycled aggregate and new mortar consist of loose and porous hydrates. Investigation is devoted to effects of different approaches on improving performance of RA to compensate the lower quality of RA. The pre-soaking treatment approach reduces the old cement mortar and removes the weaker link in interfacial zone. Moreover, The two-stage mixing approach (TSMA) is adopted, leads to the formation of a thin layer of cement slurry on the surface of RA which permeates into the porous old cement mortar, filling up the old cracks and voids for increasing compressive strength. Correlations in methods have been obtained and discussed.
Extraction of Heavy Metals from the Ash Using Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Ma Guo Xian , Zhang Hai Ying
Published: September 2013

This study aims to develop a methodology for analysis of extraction of heavy metals from air pollution control (APC) ash using hydrochloric acid. In this work, the ash was firstly characterized and then hydrochloric acid was used to extract Ni, Zn, Pb and Cu out from the ash. In addition, influence of hydrochloric acid concentration on removal ratio of the four heavy metals was studied. It was found that removal ratio followed the decreasing sequence of Pb > Zn > Cd > Cu for acid extraction using hydrochloric acid. The optimal acid concentration was 4 mol/L, which resulted in a removal ratio of 91% for Pb, 84% for Zn, around 53% for Cd and around 41% for Cu.
Analytical Study of the Thermal and Optical Properties Effect on the Collinear Deflection Method
Authors: Park Kuen Tea , Lee Moon G. , Jeong Dae Sik , Kim Dong Kwon , Kim Moo Joong , Yoo Jai Suk , Kim Hyun Jung
Published: September 2013

Recently, study of transparent materials, such as thin film form, have an important field for the development of advanced electronic devices. Therefore, the need for the precision thermal property measurement techniques of transparent thin film materials becomes increasing according to the development of these material. The ideal methods for optically measurements of these properties are noncontact method. However, optically measurements are often difficult due to the transparency. So, transparent materials have not enough temperature gradient in the air layer above thin films. To solve this problem, we used the collinear deflection method which is one of the photothermal deflection methods. In the measurement process, both of the pump beam and probe beam are irradiated vertically on the transparent sample. And the probe beam is deflected by refractive index variation of samples due to the temperature gradient inside samples.The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of thermal and optical properties analytically on the collinear deflection method for variable materials.
The Uncertainty in Sugar Solution Concentration Measurement Based on Density Approach
Authors: Klongratog B. , Suesut T. , Nunak N.
Published: September 2013

The concentration of solution used in osmotic process is an important factor to dehydrate water from food, which is an effect to the rate of mass transfer. Therefore, the in line measurement and control of the concentration in osmotic process is taken into account. The density of sugar solution can be computed by volume and weight in order to determine the concentration in degree of Brix. This instrument will complete when accompanied by a statement of its uncertainty. The calibration equation established the relationship between the reading values of sensor and the values of concentration also need to clarify. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the uncertainty of predicted values of calibration equation; therefore, the uncertainty is determined in this study, and to compare the obtained results from the classical method in linear equation and the inverse method. Furthermore, the data from Monte Carlo simulations also are compared to the measured data.
Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior for Friction Stir Welded Al-1.1Mg-0.98Si Alloy with Annealing Time
Authors: Lee Seung Jun , Jeong Jae Yong , Kim Seong Jong
Published: September 2013

Recently, demand for environment protection and reduction of energy consumption has led to active development of technology to reduce the weight of transportation devices. Furthermore, due to the development of the ocean leisure industry, there is a increasing number of small shipbuilding including yacht using aluminum. However, there are a lot of problems to be solved in aluminum ship welding from the technological, economic and environmental perspectives. An alternative to solve these problems is the friction stir welding technique. But, inflow frictional heat is generated in case of friction stir welding of 6061-T6 alloy, and the crystalline structure grows, resulting in weak mechanical strength. Accordingly, this study is to improve the mechanical characteristics and corrosion resistance of FSWed 6061-T6 alloy through annealing heat treatment. This study compared the characteristics with time of heat treatment at a constant temperature for the annealing heat treatment. Results of electrochemical experiments, the stir zone in annealing time 60min. showed the low corrosion current density. Micro-Vickers hardness in 60min. presents the higher value than the other conditions.
Some Statistical Models vs. Models Based on SC for High Frequency Financial Time Series Applied to Bonds of Commercial Banks
Authors: Marcek Dusan
Published: September 2013

In neural networks modeling approach, a non-linear model is estimated based on machine learning methods. The study discusses, analytically and numerically demonstrates the quality and interpretability of the obtained prediction accuracy results from prediction models based on advanced statistical methods and models based on neural networks (intelligent methods). Both proposed approaches are applied to the financial time series of s of VUB bond prices. We found that it is possible to achieve significant risk reduction in managerial decision-making by applying intelligent forecasting models based on the latest information technologies. In a comparative study is shown, that both presented modeling approaches are able to model and predict high frequency data with reasonable accuracy, but the neural network approach is more effective.
Dynamic Analysis of Micro Devices with Squeeze-Film Damping Effect Using Hybrid Numerical Scheme
Authors: Liu Chin Chia
Published: September 2013

Using traditional methods such as perturbation theory or Galerkin approach method to analyze the dynamic response of electrostatic devices is not easy due to the complexity of the interactions between the electrostatic coupling effect, the fringing field effect, the residual stress, the nonlinear electrostatic force and squeeze-film damping effect. Accordingly, the present study proposes a new approach for analyzing the dynamic response of such devices using a hybrid numerical scheme comprising the differential transformation method and the finite difference method by pure DC or combined DC / AC loading. The validity of the proposed scheme is confirmed by comparing the results obtained for the pull-in voltage of the micro-beam with those presented in the literature derived using a variety of schemes. Overall, the results show that the hybrid numerical scheme provides a suitable means of analyzing the nonlinear dynamic behavior of a wide variety of common electrostatically-actuated microstructures.
Supporting Development Processes: UBCS as a Software Tool for Hardware Selection
Authors: Stolze Thomas , Kramer Klaus Dietrich
Published: September 2013

Todays digitized world is shaped by various electronic devices. Quite everyone takes it for granted to live with all the helpers, comfort functions and all-day electronics. But like every other product, electronic components have to go through a development process, where as one of the very first stages some kind of hardware selection process takes place. Engineers have to decide which components to use so that the final product can be properly used. Especially when using processor controlled devices, the selection affects the whole product, since the processor must be suitable for the requirements by means of calculation power and peripheral support as well as future development through updates. Moreover, it also contributes to the products costs and time to market. Because there are thousands of devices on the market, engineers face a huge problem when having to make the correct decision. Therefore, the paper introduces a software tool called UBCS, the Universal Benchmark and Compare System, intended to support engineers when selecting appropriate processors for their device. It describes the structure and functionality of UBCS and gives hints to the reader how it makes the selection process more substantiated, easier and faster.
Application of Bifurcation Theory to Voltage Stability in Power System
Authors: Zhou Xue Song , Chen Mo , Ma You Jie
Published: September 2013

In order to study on the problem of voltage stability of power system, this paper describes the static bifurcation analysis and the dynamic bifurcation analysis in voltage stabilization analysis of power system and its relationship with the voltage stability,discusses the voltage instability caused by two main bifurcation formal definition, the occurrence of the conditions and the calculation of the bifurcation point, and points out advantages and disadvantages of various algorithms. Finally the paper looks forward to further study of the bifurcation theory in terms of voltage stability.