bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photonic response and temperature evolution of SiO2/TiO2 multilayers
Authors: Christidis George , Fabrichnaya Olga B. , Koepfli Stefan M. , Poloni Erik , Winiger Joel , Fedoryshyn Yuriy M. , Gusarov Andrey V. , Ilatovskaia Mariia , Saenko Ivan , Savinykh Galina , Shklover Valery , Leuthold Juerg
Published: October 2021

The microstructural and optical reflectivity response of photonic SiO2/TiO2 nanomultilayers have been investigated as a function of temperature and up to the material system’s melting point. The nanomultilayers exhibit high, broadband reflectivities up to 1350 °C with values that exceed 75% for a 1 μm broad wavelength range (600–1600 nm). The optimized nanometer sized, dielectric multilayers undergo phase transformations from anatase TiO2 and amorphous SiO2 to the thermodynamically stable phases, rutile and cristobalite, respectively, that alter their structural morphology from the initial multilayers to that of a scatterer. Nonetheless, they retain their photonic characteristics, when characterized on top of selected substrate foils. The thermal behavior of the nanometer sized multilayers has been investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA) and compared to that of commercially available, mm-sized, annealed powders. The same melting reactions were observed, but the temperatures were lower for the nm-sized samples. The samples were characterized using X-ray powder diffraction before DTA and after annealing at temperatures of 1350 and 1700 °C. The microstructural evolution and phase compositions were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy measurements. The limited mutual solubility of one material to another, in combination with the preservation of their optical reflectivity response even after annealing, makes them an interesting material system for high-temperature, photonic coatings, such as photovoltaics, aerospace re-entry and gas turbines, where ultra-high temperatures and intense thermal radiation are present.
Can we trust measures of trust? a comparison of results from open and closed questions
Authors: Brosius Anna , Hameleers Michael , van der Meer Toni G. L. A.
Published: October 2021

Many public opinion surveys compare trust in a number of different information and (mediated) knowledge sources, typically using closed questions with a set of answer categories that are imposed by researchers. We aim to validate these categories by quantitatively comparing survey responses about trustworthy sources using open and closed questions, and by qualitatively analyzing the open answers. The results show that answer options typically used for closed questions in academic research are generally valid and closely match categories that respondents come up with unprimed. In some cases, answers to open questions can be non-exhaustive, particularly when sources are considered trustworthy but are not salient for respondents. Open questions, however, may still be useful for exploratory research or more detailed investigations of media diets on the outlet-level. Qualitative approaches to open questions can also give more insight into motivations for distrust, e.g. perceptions of inconsistency or a fundamental rejection of the shared factual basis of an issue. In addition, our results indicate that respondents’ interpretation of answer categories may change reported levels of trust: those that think of more specific outlets tend to report higher general media trust. This study provides new insights into how question design, and particularly the choice of answer options, may influence reported levels and sources of trust, and how qualitative and quantitative approaches to trust measurement can be combined.
Pore-water pressure development in a frozen saline clay under isotropic loading and undrained shearing
Authors: Lyu Chuangxin , Nishimura Satoshi , Amiri Seyed Ali Ghoreishian , Zhu Feng , Eiksund Gudmund Reidar , Grimstad Gustav
Published: October 2021

A systematical testing program on frozen Onsøy clay under isotropic loading and undrained shearing at different temperatures (− 3 ~ − 10 °C), strain rates (0.2~5%/h) and initial Terzaghi effective stress (20~400 kPa) was conducted with the focus on pore pressure development. It is meant to increase the understanding and facilitate the development of an ‘effective stress’-based model for multi-physical analysis for frozen soils. This study adopted the pore pressure measurement method suggested by Arenson and Springman (Can Geotech J 42 (2):412–430, 2005. https://doi.org/10.1139/t04-111) and developed a new testing procedure for frozen soils, including a ‘slow’ freezing method for sample preparation and post-freezing consolidation for securing hydraulic pressure equilibrium. The B-value of frozen soils is less than 1 and significantly dependent on temperature and loading history. The dilative tendency or pore pressure development in an undrained shearing condition is found to be dependent on both unfrozen water content and mean stress, which is consistent with unfrozen soils. Besides, the experimental results reported in the literature regarding uniaxial tests show that the shear strength does not share the same temperature- and salinity-dependency for different frozen soil types. The rate dependency of frozen soils is characterized between rate dependency of pure ice and that of the unfrozen soil and is therefore highly determined by the content of ice and the viscous behavior of ice (through temperature dependency). This paper also explains the pore pressure response in freezing and thawing is dependent on volumetric evolution of soil skeleton.
The influence of hafnium impurities on the electrochemical performance of tantalum substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 solid electrolytes
Authors: Mann Markus , Küpers Michael , Häuschen Grit , Finsterbusch Martin , Fattakhova-Rohlfing Dina , Guillon Olivier
Published: October 2021

Garnet-based Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) is considered one of the most promising oxide-ceramic solid electrolyte materials for inorganic all-solid-state batteries. Dopants and substituents like Al, Ta, Nb, Ga, and W were shown to have a high impact on the total ionic conductivity, increasing it from 10−6 S/cm up to 10−3 S/cm. However, natural zirconium sources always contain a small amount of hafnium which could also act as dopant, but the separation of these two elements is complicated and expensive. In this work, we investigate the influence of various Hf-impurity concentrations on the performance of tantalum-doped LLZO. We synthesised Li6.45Al0.05La3Zr1.6−xHfxTa0.4O12 (LLZHO with x = 0 – 1.6) via conventional solid-state synthesis and have demonstrated that up to x = 0.1, hafnium impurities do not have a significant impact on the performance of the material. Above this concentration, the Li-ion conductivity is steadily reduced to around 70% when zirconium is fully substituted by hafnium resulting in Li6.45Al0.05La3Hf1.6Ta0.4O12. As the purity of Zr precursors has a great impact on their price, these findings can help to reduce the price of LLZO in general, as lower grade zirconium can be used in industrial scale applications.
Social differentiation and well-being in the Italian Iron Age: exploring the relationship between sex, age, biological stress, and burial complexity among the Picenes of Novilara (8th–7th c. BC)
Authors: Laffranchi Zita , Beck De Lotto Michael A. , Delpino C. , Lösch Sandra , Milella Marco
Published: October 2021

The possible association between “biological” and “social” status in the past is a central topic in bioarchaeological studies. For the Italian Iron Age, previous research comparing skeletal and funerary variables depicts a multifaceted scenario consistent with nuanced biocultural patterns. This calls for additional studies on a broader series of archaeological contexts and skeletal assemblages. Here, we contribute new data about the biological correlates of social differentiation during the Italian Iron Age by comparing paleopathological and funerary variables in the Picene necropolis of Novilara (Marche region, 8th–7th c. BC). Novilara is one of the largest Picene necropolises in the Italian Peninsula and one of the most important funerary sites of the Italian Iron Age. The skeletal sample includes 147 individuals (females: 70; males: 35; 10 unsexed adults; 32 non-adults). We use linear enamel hypoplasia, cribra orbitalia, porotic hyperostosis, non-specific periosteal lesions, and stature to approximate non-specific stressors and compare them with archaeological variables summarizing funerary variability by means of logistic models, Mann–Whitney and Spearman tests. Results are heterogeneous and vary according to the considered variables. On average, they however show that (a) adults featuring a more complex funerary treatment have a lower probability of showing stress-related skeletal changes, and (b) even though funerary features suggests a strong gender differentiation, frequencies of paleopathological variables do not differ between sexes. Our analyses point to a complex link between biological and social status in this population and call for a critical reflection about the theoretical and methodological issues affecting similar studies.
Being Mindful of What is Absent
Authors: Anālayo Bhikkhu
Published: October 2021

The cultivation of mindfulness in early Buddhist soteriology can comprise awareness of an absence. Such absence can be specific, in the sense of the absence of a particular mental condition. It can also take on a general sense, in that certain meditation practices that involve mindfulness can take as their object the notion that there is nothing at all. Besides being the standard approach for cultivating one of the immaterial spheres, a pre-Buddhist form of practice, the same notion that there is nothing can also be related to insight. Such insight could be retrospectively applied to the attainment of the immaterial sphere of nothingness, or else insight could be cultivated in conjunction with tranquility in a way that involves the same notion of nothingness, testifying to the interrelatedness of these two modalities of meditation in early Buddhism. In addition, the term nothingness can also serve as an epithet for the final goal of Nirvana, a usage that can also be related to mindfulness.
Gecko-Like Dry Adhesive Surfaces and Their Applications: A Review
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Yang , Xie Zongwu
Published: October 2021

Gecko has the ability to climb flexibly on various natural surfaces because of its fine layered adhesion system of foot, which has motivated researchers to carry out a lot of researches on it. Significant progresses have been made in the gecko-like dry adhesive surfaces in the past 2 decades, such as the mechanical measurement of adhesive characteristics, the theoretical modeling of adhesive mechanism and the production of synthetic dry adhesive surfaces. Relevant application researches have been carried out as well. This paper focuses on the investigations made in recent years on the gecko-like dry adhesive surfaces, so as to lay the foundation for further research breakthroughs. First, the adhesion system of gecko’s foot and its excellent adhesive characteristics are reviewed, and the adhesive models describing the gecko adhesion are summarily reviewed according to the different contact modes. Then, some gecko-like dry adhesive surfaces with outstanding adhesive characteristics are presented. Next, some application researches based on the gecko-like dry adhesive surfaces are introduced. Finally, the full text is summarized and the problems to be solved on the gecko-like dry adhesive surfaces are prospected.
Qualitative Comparative Analysis Using R
Authors: Oana Ioana-Elena , Schneider Carsten Q. , Thomann Eva
Published: October 2021

A comprehensive introduction and teaching resource for state-of-the-art Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA) using R software. This guide facilitates the efficient teaching, independent learning, and use of QCA with the best available software, reducing the time and effort required when encountering not just the logic of a new method, but also new software. With its applied and practical focus, the book offers a genuinely simple and intuitive resource for implementing the most complete protocol of QCA. To make the lives of students, teachers, researchers, and practitioners as easy as possible, the book includes learning goals, core points, empirical examples, and tips for good practices. The freely available online material provides a rich body of additional resources to aid users in their learning process. Beyond performing core analyses with the R package QCA, the book also facilitates a close integration with the R package SetMethods allowing for a host of additional protocols for building a more solid and well-rounded QCA.
JOINT MODELING OF CLAIM FREQUENCIES AND BEHAVIORAL SIGNALS IN MOTOR INSURANCE
Authors: Corradin Alexandre , Denuit Michel , Detyniecki Marcin , Grari Vincent , Sammarco Matteo , Trufin Julien
Published: October 2021

Telematicsdevices installed in insured vehicles provide actuaries with new risk factors, such as the time of the day, average speeds, and other driving habits. This paper extends the multivariate mixed model describing the joint dynamics of telematics data and claim frequencies proposed by Denuit et al. (2019a) by allowing for signals with various formats, not necessarily integer-valued, and by replacing the estimation procedure with the Expected Conditional Maximization algorithm. A numerical study performed on a database related to Pay-How-You-Drive, or PHYD motor insurance illustrates the relevance of the proposed approach for practice.
Machine learning and artificial intelligence: applications in healthcare epidemiology
Authors: Hamilton Alisa J. , Strauss Alexandra T. , Martinez Diego A. , Hinson Jeremiah S. , Levin Scott , Lin Gary , Klein Eili Y.
Published: October 2021

Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the performance of tasks by machines ordinarily associated with human intelligence. Machine learning (ML) is a subtype of AI; it refers to the ability of computers to draw conclusions (ie, learn) from data without being directly programmed. ML builds from traditional statistical methods and has drawn significant interest in healthcare epidemiology due to its potential for improving disease prediction and patient care. This review provides an overview of ML in healthcare epidemiology and practical examples of ML tools used to support healthcare decision making at 4 stages of hospital-based care: triage, diagnosis, treatment, and discharge. Examples include model-building efforts to assist emergency department triage, predicting time before septic shock onset, detecting community-acquired pneumonia, and classifying COVID-19 disposition risk level. Increasing availability and quality of electronic health record (EHR) data as well as computing power provides opportunities for ML to increase patient safety, improve the efficiency of clinical management, and reduce healthcare costs.
Sharing data among clinical trials of therapeutics in COVID-19: Barriers and facilitators to collaborating in a crisis
Authors: Palm Marisha E. , Lindsell Christopher J. , Selker Harry P.
Published: October 2021

Background:

The Clinical and Translational Science Award Program (CTSA) Trial Innovation Network (TIN) was launched in 2016 to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of multisite trials by supporting the development of national infrastructure. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, it was therefore well-positioned to support clinical trial collaboration. The TIN was leveraged to support two initiatives: (1) to create and evaluate a mechanism for coordinating Data and Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) activities among multiple ongoing trials of the same therapeutic agents, and (2) to share data across clinical trials so that smaller, likely underpowered studies, could be combined to produce meaningful and actionable data through pooled analyses. The success of these initiatives was understood to be dependent upon the willingness of investigators, study teams, and US National Institutes of Health research networks to collaborate and share information.

Methods:

To inform these two initiatives, we conducted semistructured interviews with members of CTSA hubs and clinical research stakeholders that probed barriers and facilitators to collaboration. Thematic analysis identified topics relevant across institutions, individuals, and DSMBs.

Results:

The DSMB coordination initiative was viewed as less controversial, while the data pooling initiative was seen as complex because of its potential impact on publication, authorship, and the rewards of discovery. Barriers related to resources, centralization, and technical work were significant, but interviewees suggested these could be handled by the provision of central funding and supportive frameworks. The more intractable findings were related to issues around credit and ownership of data.

Conclusion:

Based on our interviews, we conclude with nine recommended actions that can be implemented to support collaboration.
Invest in Innovation or Not? How Managerial Cognition and Attention Allocation Shape Corporate Responses to Performance Shortfalls
Authors: He Lerong , Huang Liying , Yang Guangqing
Published: October 2021

This study investigates the influence of managerial cognition and attention allocation on firms’ responses to negative performance feedback. We explore how managerial cognition, as shaped by managers’ experiences, connections, positions, and industry environments, affects underperforming firms’ attention allocation and, consequently, their decisions to invest in innovation. Utilizing a longitudinal sample of Chinese high-tech firms from 2009 to 2017, we find that firms increase investment in research and development (R&D) when performance falls below aspiration levels. We also document that underperforming firms are associated with an even larger R&D investment increase when their CEOs have an R&D or engineering background, serve simultaneously as the board chair, or are not politically connected. In addition, we highlight the moderating effects of industry competition and industry norms on the relationship between firm underperformance and R&D intensity. We conclude that managerial cognition affects firms’ allocation of attention to innovation as a solution for closing performance gaps and shapes corporate responses to negative performance feedback.
Superior semicircular canal dehiscence: a narrative review
Authors: Kontorinis G , Lenarz T
Published: October 2021

Background

Described just over 20 years ago, superior semicircular canal dehiscence remains a relatively unknown and easily missed cause of dizziness and auditory symptoms.

Objective

This review focused on the origin, presenting symptoms and underlying pathophysiology of superior semicircular canal dehiscence, and the available treatment options.

Main findings and conclusion

The bony dehiscence acts as a ‘third window’, affecting inner-ear homeostasis, and resulting in hypersensitivity and a vestibular response to lower sound level stimuli. The third window effect explains the pressure- and sound-induced vertigo, oscillopsia, and nystagmus, as well as autophony, conductive hyperacusis and tinnitus. The origin of superior semicircular canal dehiscence is linked to the combination of a congenital or developmental factor, and a ‘second event’ like head trauma, rapid pressure changes or age-related factors. Computed tomography of the temporal bone and reduced vestibular-evoked myogenic potential thresholds can confirm the diagnosis. Despite only retrospective cohorts, surgery is considered a safe treatment option, targeting mainly vestibular but also auditory symptoms, with transmastoid approaches gaining popularity.
Effect of high-endurance exercise intervention on sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation in individuals with schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Lo Lincoln Lik Hang , Lee Edwin Ho Ming , Hui Christy Lai Ming , Chong Catherine Shiu Yin , Chang Wing Chung , Chan Sherry Kit Wa , Lin Jessie Jingxia , Lo William Tak Lam , Chen Eric Yu Hai
Published: October 2021

Background

Little is known about the effects of physical exercise on sleep-dependent consolidation of procedural memory in individuals with schizophrenia. We conducted a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to assess the effectiveness of physical exercise in improving this cognitive function in schizophrenia.

Methods

A three-arm parallel open-labeled RCT took place in a university hospital. Participants were randomized and allocated into either the high-intensity-interval-training group (HIIT), aerobic-endurance exercise group (AE), or psychoeducation group for 12 weeks, with three sessions per week. Seventy-nine individuals with schizophrenia spectrum disorder were contacted and screened for their eligibility. A total of 51 were successfully recruited in the study. The primary outcome was sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation performance as measured by the finger-tapping motor sequence task (MST). Assessments were conducted during baseline and follow-up on week 12.

Results

The MST performance scored significantly higher in the HIIT (n = 17) compared to the psychoeducation group (n = 18) after the week 12 intervention (p < 0.001). The performance differences between the AE (n = 16) and the psychoeducation (p = 0.057), and between the AE and the HIIT (p = 0.999) were not significant. Yet, both HIIT (p < 0.0001) and AE (p < 0.05) showed significant within-group post-intervention improvement.

Conclusions

Our results show that HIIT and AE were effective at reverting the defective sleep-dependent procedural memory consolidation in individuals with schizophrenia. Moreover, HIIT had a more distinctive effect compared to the control group. These findings suggest that HIIT may be a more effective treatment to improve sleep-dependent memory functions in individuals with schizophrenia than AE alone.
THE FOUNDERS OF WESTERN PONTIC CITIES
Authors: Nawotka Krzysztof
Published: October 2021

The Greek cities of the western coast of the Black Sea knew both foundation myths and the phenomenon of the second foundation, associated with the rebuilding of civic life after the invasion of Burebista, the king of the Getae and Dacian tribes from 82bceto 44bce. In most foundation stories the ktistes is either a god (in the case of the city of Dionysopolis) or a hero (in the cases of the cities of Kallatis, Tomis and Anchialos), and the stories date mostly to the Antonine age. The story of Tomos of Tomis stands out owing to its wide acceptance among the local elite, while that of Melsas of Mesambria may have never gained official acceptance: it was created in the late Hellenistic age, probably reviving a Thracian tale of Melsas, perhaps a hero, known from early-third centurybcecoins. The Melsas story is a prime example of cultural transfers from the native population to Greek-majority Mesambria in the Hellenistic and early Roman ages.
Associations between dental problems and underweight status among rural women in Burkina Faso: results from the first WHO Stepwise Approach to Surveillance (STEPS) survey
Authors: Diendéré Jeoffray , Zeba Augustin Nawidimbasba , Kiemtoré Sibraogo , Sombié Olivier Ouahamin , Fayemendy Philippe , Jésus Pierre , Millogo Athanase , Savadogo Aly , Tinto Halidou , Desport Jean-Claude
Published: October 2021

Objective:

To explore the relationships between dental problems and underweight status among rural women in Burkina Faso by using nationally representative data.

Design:

This was a cross-sectional secondary study of primary data obtained by the 2013 WHO Stepwise Approach to Surveillance survey conducted in Burkina Faso. Descriptive and analytical analyses were performed using Student’s t test, ANOVA, the χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test and logistic regression.

Setting:

All thirteen Burkinabè regions were categorised using quartiles of urbanisation rates.

Participants:

The participants were 1730 rural women aged 25–64 years.

Results:

The prevalence of underweight was 16·0 %, and 24·1 % of participants experienced dental problems during the 12-month period. The women with dental problems were more frequently underweight (19·9 % and 14·7 %; P < 0·05) and had a lower mean BMI (21·1 ± 3·2 and 21·6 ± 3·7 kg/m2, P < 0·01) than those without dental problems. More risk factors for underweight were observed in less urbanised regions among elderly individuals (> 49 years old) and smokeless tobacco users. Age > 49 years, professions with inconsistent income, a lack of education, smokeless tobacco use and low BMI were factors that were significantly associated with dental problems, while residency in a low-urbanisation area was a protective factor.

Conclusion:

The prevalence of underweight in rural Burkinabè women is among the highest in sub-Saharan Africa, and women with dental problems are more frequently affected than those without dental problems. Public health measures for the prevention of these disorders should specifically target women aged over 49 years and smokeless tobacco users.
Barriers and facilitators to implementing a cancer risk assessment tool (QCancer) in primary care: a qualitative study
Authors: Akanuwe Joseph N. A. , Black Sharon , Owen Sara , Siriwardena Aloysius Niroshan
Published: October 2021

Aim:

We aimed to explore service users’ and primary care practitioners’ perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to implementing a cancer risk assessment tool (RAT), QCancer, in general practice consultations.

Background:

Cancer RATs, including QCancer, are designed to estimate the chances of previously undiagnosed cancer in symptomatic individuals. Little is known about the barriers and facilitators to implementing cancer RATs in primary care consultations.

Methods:

We used a qualitative design, conducting semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups with a convenience sample of service users and primary care practitioners.

Findings:

In all, 36 participants (19 service users, 17 practitioners) living in Lincolnshire, were included in the interviews and focus groups. Before asking for their views, participants were introduced to QCancer and shown an example of how it estimated cancer risk. Participants identified barriers to implementing the tool namely: additional consultation time; unnecessary worry; potential for over-referral; practitioner scepticism; need for training on use of the tool; need for evidence of effectiveness; and need to integrate the tool in general practice systems. Participants also identified facilitators to implementing the tool as: supporting decision-making; modifying health behaviours; improving speed of referral; and personalising care.

Conclusions:

The barriers and facilitators identified should be considered when seeking to implement QCancer in primary care. In addition, further evidence is needed that the use of this tool improves diagnosis rates without an unacceptable increase in harm from unnecessary investigation.
Building Indigenous health workforce capacity and capability through leadership – the Miwatj health leadership model
Authors: Harfield Stephen , Davy Carol , Dawson Anna , Mulholland Eddie , Braunack-Mayer Annette , Brown Alex
Published: October 2021

Aim:

In the crowded field of leadership research, Indigenous leadership remains under-researched. This article explores the Leadership Model of an Aboriginal Community Controlled Primary Health Care Organisation providing services to the Yolngu people of remote northern Australia: the Miwatj Health Aboriginal Corporation (Miwatj).

Background:

The limited research which does exist on Indigenous leadership points to unique challenges for Indigenous leaders. These challenges relate to fostering self-determination in their communities, managing significant community expectations, and navigating a path between culturally divergent approaches to management and leadership.

Methods:

Guided by Indigenous methodology and using a mixed methods approach, semi-structured interviews, self-reported health service data, organisational and publicly available documents, and literature were analysed using a framework method of thematic analysis to identify key themes of the Miwatj Leadership Model.

Findings:

The Miwatj Leadership Model is underpinned by three distinctive elements: it offers Yolngu people employment opportunities; it supports staff who want to move into leadership positions and provides capacity building through certificates and diplomas; and it provides for the physical, emotional, and cultural wellbeing of all Yolngu staff. Furthermore, the model respects traditional Yolngu forms of authority and empowers the community to develop, manage and sustain their own health. The Miwatj Leadership Model has been successful in providing formal pathways to support Indigenous staff to take on leadership roles, and has improved the accessibility and acceptability of health care services as a result of Yolngu employment and improved cultural safety.

Conclusions:

Translating the Miwatj Leadership Model into other health services will require considerable thought and commitment. The Miwatj Leadership Model can be adapted to meet the needs of other health care services in consideration of the unique context within which they operate. This study has demonstrated the importance of having a formal leadership model that promotes recruitment, retention, and career progression for Indigenous staff.
Relational Learning and Teaching with BME Students in Social Work Education
Authors: Dillon Jean , Pritchard Diana J
Published: October 2021

Given the imperative to redress the education inequalities between Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) and White students, this contribution explores advances and challenges from within Social Work education (SWE) in relation to the experiences of Black social work students. Drawing on critical race theories and the concept of racial battle fatigue, it explores the impacts of race and racism on students’ academic experience and wellbeing. It proposes the significance of relational wellbeing which has been a constant strand within Social Work education and comprises a valuable approach to the decolonisation process within higher education (HE). Linking this to critical pedagogy, it highlights the role of staff to build safety, confidence and trust to support students to overcome prior education experiences of under-attainment, disadvantage and social marginalisation. Despite the pervasiveness of managerialism within HE, which compromises the teacher-student relationship and emphasises measured changes in student ‘outcomes’, Social Work educators are invited to nurture safe and transformational learning environments.
Protecting working welfare recipients through human rights experimentalism
Authors: Dermine Elise , Eleveld Anja
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we adopt an experimentalist approach to determining the content of international human rights for assessing national mandatory work programmes for recipients of social assistance (MWPs). This approach implies going back and forth between law and experience in order to determine the better way to secure human rights in an ever-changing environment. After having identified six criteria for evaluating MWPs in the soft case-law of international bodies, we confront this emerging international human rights framework with an empirical study on MWP practices in the Netherlands. This confrontation reveals that specific aspects of the capability for voice of working welfare recipients are absent in the human rights framework and that the framework is not gender-neutral. Including these aspects, we construct an experimentalist human-rights-based instrument that is suitable for evaluating national MWPs.
Screening of final beneficiaries – a red line in humanitarian operations. An emerging concern in development work
Authors: Gillard Emanuela-Chiara , Goswami Sangeeta , van Deventer Fulco
Published: October 2021

Funding agreements for humanitarian action frequently include restrictions and requirements in their grants that aim to ensure that recipients of the funding comply with counterterrorism measures and sanctions adopted by the donor. These measures can be problematic if they prevent humanitarian actors from operating in accordance with humanitarian principles or are incompatible with international humanitarian law. While attention has focused primarily on requirements in grants for humanitarian action, increasingly donors to development work have also started including sanctions- and counterterrorism-related restrictions in their grants. The present article focuses on one such measure that is currently a live concern: requirements to screen and, thus, potentially exclude final beneficiaries. It explains why these requirements go over and above what sanctions and counterterrorism measures require, and why they are inconsistent with humanitarian principles and international humanitarian law. The article also explores the position in relation to development interventions.
Erstellung und Validierung einer Kurzversion des Fragebogens zur Erfassung aversiver und protektiver Kindheitserfahrung (APK-18)
Authors: Volz Matthias , Zimmermann Johannes , Schauenburg Henning , Dinger Ulrike , Nikendei Christoph , Friederich Hans-Christoph , Ehrenthal Johannes C.
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung. Die Erfassung von Kindheitserfahrungen stellt einen wichtigen Baustein für Verständnis und Behandlung psychischer Belastungen im Erwachsenenalter dar. Dabei kommt der Erfassung protektiver Kindheitserfahrungen neben etablierten aversiven Erlebnissen eine wachsende Bedeutung zu. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist die Erstellung einer validen, reliablen und zeitökonomischen Kurzform des Fragebogens zur Erfassung aversiver und protektiver Kindheitserfahrungen (APK). Mithilfe des Ant-Colony Optimization (ACO) Algorithmus wurden an einer klinisch-psychotherapeutischen Stichprobe ( n = 701) aus den 59 Items der Langversion ein Set von 18 Items identifiziert und an einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe ( n = 643) validiert. Die Kurzversion (APK-18) zeigte gute Reliabilität und Validität und unterschied anhand latenter Mittelwertunterschiede zuverlässig zwischen klinischen und nicht-klinischen Teilnehmenden. Einschränkungen bezüglich der Reliabilität ergaben sich bei 2 der insgesamt 8 Sub-Skalen, „Sonstige traumatische Ereignisse“ und „Trennungserfahrungen“. Mit der Kurzversion APK–18 liegt ein ökonomisches und valides Messinstrument vor, welches in klinische Routineerhebungen integriert werden kann.
Chronic and Traumatic Stress Among Emergency Medical Services Personnel
Authors: Karrasch Sarah , Hitzler Melissa , Behnke Alexander , Tumani Visal , Kolassa Iris-Tatjana , Rojas Roberto
Published: October 2021

Abstract. Background: Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel are frequently confronted with multiple stressful and potentially traumatic events as well as adverse working conditions. Objective: This narrative review provides an overview of the impact of adverse mission experiences and working conditions on the mental and physical health of EMS personnel. Methods: We summarize the empirical findings on prevalence rates as well as individual vulnerability factors and resilience. Results: EMS personnel show the highest prevalence rates of stress-related health problems among first responders. The article outlines prevention and intervention approaches that contribute to maintaining and improving the mental and physical health of EMS personnel. Conclusion: In the future, further evidence-based intervention measures should be developed to adequately support this professional group.
Risikofaktoren und ihre Bedeutung für den Entwicklungsverlauf von Kindern in Pflegeverhältnissen
Authors: Ehrenberg Daniela , Lohaus Arnold , Konrad Kerstin , Heinrichs Nina
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Kinder in Pflegeverhältnissen (KiP) sind häufig schon früh im Leben verschiedenen Risikofaktoren ausgesetzt, die ihre weitere Entwicklung prägen können. Fragestellung: Ziel ist die Analyse der Stärke der Zusammenhänge unterschiedlicher Risikofaktoren mit der psychopathologischen Entwicklung von KiP. Methode: Es wurden zunächst eine Reihe von Risikofaktoren erhoben, ein Jahr später das Ausmaß an internalisierenden und externalisierenden Verhaltensproblemen, sowie die kindliche Beziehungsgestaltung bei Kindern in Familien mit und ohne Pflegeaufgaben untersucht. Ergebnisse: Diese sozial-emotionalen Entwicklungsdimensionen wiesen über den untersuchten Zeitraum hinweg eine hohe korrelative Stabilität auf. Keiner der untersuchten Risikofaktoren trug signifikant zur weiteren Varianzaufklärung bei, KiP wiesen zu allen Messzeitpunkten höhere Belastungswerte auf. Schlussfolgerung: Die Stabilität und erhöhten Ausprägungen der Verhaltensprobleme sind gerade für Familien mit Pflegeaufgaben eine Herausforderung.
The bacterial gut microbiome of probiotic-treated very-preterm infants: changes from admission to discharge
Authors: Westaway Jacob A. F. , Huerlimann Roger , Kandasamy Yoga , Miller Catherine M. , Norton Robert , Staunton Kyran M. , Watson David , Rudd Donna
Published: October 2021

Background

Preterm birth is associated with the development of acute and chronic disease, potentially, through the disruption of normal gut microbiome development. Probiotics may correct for microbial imbalances and mitigate disease risk. Here, we used amplicon sequencing to characterise the gut microbiome of probiotic-treated premature infants. We aimed to identify and understand variation in bacterial gut flora from admission to discharge and in association with clinical variables.

Methods

Infants born <32 weeks gestation and <1500 g, and who received probiotic treatment, were recruited in North Queensland Australia. Meconium and faecal samples were collected at admission and discharge. All samples underwent 16S rRNA short amplicon sequencing, and subsequently, a combination of univariate and multivariate analyses.

Results

71 admission and 63 discharge samples were collected. Univariate analyses showed significant changes in the gut flora from admission to discharge. Mixed-effects modelling showed significantly lower alpha diversity in infants diagnosed with either sepsis or retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and those fed formula. In addition, chorioamnionitis, preeclampsia, sepsis, necrotising enterocolitis and ROP were also all associated with the differential abundance of several taxa.

Conclusions

The lower microbial diversity seen in infants with diagnosed disorders or formula-fed, as well as differing abundances of several taxa across multiple variables, highlights the role of the microbiome in the development of health and disease. This study supports the need for promoting healthy microbiome development in preterm neonates.

Impact

Low diversity and differing taxonomic abundances in preterm gut microbiota demonstrated in formula-fed infants and those identified with postnatal conditions, as well as differences in taxonomy associated with preeclampsia and chorioamnionitis, reinforcing the association of the microbiome composition changes due to maternal and infant disease.

The largest study exploring an association between the preterm infant microbiome and ROP.

A novel association between the preterm infant gut microbiome and preeclampsia in a unique cohort of very-premature probiotic-supplemented infants.
Fecal diversion does not support healing of anus-near pressure ulcers in patients with spinal cord injury—results of a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Pussin Andreas M. , Lichtenthäler Luisa C. , Aach Mirko , Schildhauer Thomas A. , Brechmann Thorsten
Published: October 2021

Study Design

Retrospective cohort study including spinal cord injured patients with anus-near pressure ulcers.

Objective

The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of stool diversion via stoma on the decubital wound healing. Secondary objectives included the risk of complications and ulcer recurrence. Associations between the wound healing and potentially interfering parameters were determined.

Setting

University hospital with a spinal cord injury unit.

Methods

A total of 463 consecutive patients who presented with a decubitus were retrospectively included. Patients with and without a stoma were compared using descriptive and explorative statistics including multiple regression analysis.

Results

The severity of the pressure ulcers was determined as stage 3 in two-thirds and stage 4 in one-third of all cases. The wound healing lasted longer in the 71 stoma-presenting patients than in the 392 patients with undeviated defecation (77 vs. 59 days,p = 0.02). The age (regression coefficientb = 0.41,p = 0.02), the ASA classification (b = 16.04,p = 0.001) and the stage of the ulcers (b = 19.65,p = 0.001) were associated with prolonged ulcer treatment in the univariate analysis. The multiple regression analysis revealed that the fecal diversion (b = −18.19,p = 0.03) and the stage of the ulcers (b = 21.62,p = 0.001) were the only predictors of delayed wound healing.

Conclusion

The presence of a stoma is not related to improved wound healing of ulcers near the anus. On the contrary, stoma patients needed more time until complete wound healing, conceivably related to selection bias. Nonetheless, we currently do not recommend fecal diversion to be the standard concept for decubitus treatment.
A transcriptomic atlas of mouse cerebellar cortex comprehensively defines cell types
Authors: Kozareva Velina , Martin Caroline , Osorno Tomas , Rudolph Stephanie , Guo Chong , Vanderburg Charles , Nadaf Naeem , Regev Aviv , Regehr Wade G. , Macosko Evan
Published: October 2021

The cerebellar cortex is a well-studied brain structure with diverse roles in motor learning, coordination, cognition and autonomic regulation. However,  a complete inventory of cerebellar cell types is currently lacking. Here, using recent advances in high-throughput transcriptional profiling1–3, we molecularly define cell types across individual lobules of the adult mouse cerebellum. Purkinje neurons showed considerable regional specialization, with the greatest diversity occurring in the posterior lobules. For several types of cerebellar interneuron, the molecular variation within each type was more continuous, rather than discrete. In particular, for the unipolar brush cells—an interneuron population previously subdivided into discrete populations—the continuous variation in gene expression was associated with a graded continuum of electrophysiological properties. Notably, we found that molecular layer interneurons were composed of two molecularly and functionally distinct types. Both types show a continuum of morphological variation through the thickness of the molecular layer, but electrophysiological recordings revealed marked differences between the two types in spontaneous firing, excitability and electrical coupling. Together, these findings provide a comprehensive cellular atlas of the cerebellar cortex, and outline a methodological and conceptual framework for the integration of molecular, morphological and physiological ontologies for defining brain cell types.
Spatially resolved cell atlas of the mouse primary motor cortex by MERFISH
Authors: Zhang Meng , Eichhorn Stephen W. , Zingg Brian , Yao Zizhen , Cotter Kaelan , Zeng Hongkui , Dong Hongwei , Zhuang Xiaowei
Published: October 2021

A mammalian brain is composed of numerous cell types organized in an intricate manner to form functional neural circuits. Single-cell RNA sequencing allows systematic identification of cell types based on their gene expression profiles and has revealed many distinct cell populations in the brain1,2. Single-cell epigenomic profiling3,4 further provides information on gene-regulatory signatures of different cell types. Understanding how different cell types contribute to brain function, however, requires knowledge of their spatial organization and connectivity, which is not preserved in sequencing-based methods that involve cell dissociation. Here we used a single-cell transcriptome-imaging method, multiplexed error-robust fluorescence in situ hybridization (MERFISH)5, to generate a molecularly defined and spatially resolved cell atlas of the mouse primary motor cortex. We profiled approximately 300,000 cells in the mouse primary motor cortex and its adjacent areas, identified 95 neuronal and non-neuronal cell clusters, and revealed a complex spatial map in which not only excitatory but also most inhibitory neuronal clusters adopted laminar organizations. Intratelencephalic neurons formed a largely continuous gradient along the cortical depth axis, in which the gene expression of individual cells correlated with their cortical depths. Furthermore, we integrated MERFISH with retrograde labelling to probe projection targets of neurons of the mouse primary motor cortex and found that their cortical projections formed a complex network in which individual neuronal clusters project to multiple target regions and individual target regions receive inputs from multiple neuronal clusters.
Genetic dissection of the glutamatergic neuron system in cerebral cortex
Authors: Matho Katherine S. , Huilgol Dhananjay , Galbavy William , He Miao , Kim Gukhan , An Xu , Lu Jiangteng , Wu Priscilla , Di Bella Daniela J. , Shetty Ashwin S. , Palaniswamy Ramesh , Hatfield Joshua , Raudales Ricardo , Narasimhan Arun , Gamache Eric , Levine Jesse M. , Tucciarone Jason , Szelenyi Eric , Harris Julie A. , Mitra Partha P. , Osten Pavel , Arlotta Paola , Huang Z. Josh
Published: October 2021

Diverse types of glutamatergic pyramidal neurons mediate the myriad processing streams and output channels of the cerebral cortex1,2, yet all derive from neural progenitors of the embryonic dorsal telencephalon3,4. Here we establish genetic strategies and tools for dissecting and fate-mapping subpopulations of pyramidal neurons on the basis of their developmental and molecular programs. We leverage key transcription factors and effector genes to systematically target temporal patterning programs in progenitors and differentiation programs in postmitotic neurons. We generated over a dozen temporally inducible mouse Cre and Flp knock-in driver lines to enable the combinatorial targeting of major progenitor types and projection classes. Combinatorial strategies confer viral access to subsets of pyramidal neurons defined by developmental origin, marker expression, anatomical location and projection targets. These strategies establish an experimental framework for understanding the hierarchical organization and developmental trajectory of subpopulations of pyramidal neurons that assemble cortical processing networks and output channels.