bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil transmitted helminth infection in primary school children varies with ecozone in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, Tanzania
Authors: Eltantawy Manar , Orsel Karin , Schroeder Ashley , Morona Domenica , Mazigo Humphrey D. , Kutz Susan , Hatfield Jennifer , Manyama Mange , van der Meer Frank
Published: March 2021

Background

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis is a neglected tropical disease, thriving in environments of poverty and disadvantage. Our objective was to determine the prevalence and intensity of four soil transmitted helminths (STH) among primary school children in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA), Tanzania.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed between May 15thand June 2nd, 2014. Six of 20 primary schools were chosen, based on elevation, designated low elevation ecozone (LEE) or high elevation ecozone (HEE). A total of 340 children from standards one to four were recruited. Height and weight of each child was determined and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Stool samples were analyzed using the Kato-Katz, Wisconsin, and Baermann techniques to detect STH eggs and larvae. An interviewer-administered questionnaire on socio-demographic variables was used to capture information from the school’s headmaster and a checklist was used to assess sanitation facilities.

Results

STHs identified includedAscaris(presumablylumbricoides),Trichuris(presumablytrichiura), hookworms (presumablyAncylostoma duodenaleand/orNecator americanus), andStrongyloides(presumablystercoralis). The overall prevalence of STH infection was 29.0% in LEE and 34.0% in HEE. Prevalence was 34.3% and 28.2% in males versus females, respectively.Ascarissp.were only identified in HEE, prevalence ofTrichurissp. and hookworms were significantly higher in HEE compared to LEE, andStrongyloidesspp. prevalence was lower in HEE. Intensity ofTrichurissp. was significantly higher in HEE and lower for hookworms. We did not detect a significant relationship between BMI and helminth intensity; however, BMI was lower in lower elevations and in males vs. females. Sanitation practices are taught at the schools, but challenges were identified when implementing. Latrine facilities were available and latrine-cleaning routines were practiced; however, hand washing practices were challenging due to restricted water availability.

Conclusions

Significant differences in prevalence in HEE and LEE exist, and STH infections are still very common among school children suggesting that anthelminthic intervention and education may be necessary in this region. Based on this outcome, the study area in the NCA would be classified as a medium risk area, where periodic treatment recommendations should be based on prevalence estimations in the different ecozones.

Trial registration

Ethics approval was obtained from the Catholic University of Health and Allied Sciences (CUHAS; Lake Zone Institutional Review Board MR/53/100/307)); the Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board (CHREB) at the University of Calgary in Canada (Study ID REB14-0127); the National Institute of Medical Research (NIMR) of Tanzania; and the Tanzania Commission for Science and Technology (COSTEC).
On the three-dimensional spatial correlations of curved dislocation systems
Authors: Anderson Joseph Pierre , El-Azab Anter
Published: March 2021

Coarse-grained descriptions of dislocation motion in crystalline metals inherently represent a loss of information regarding dislocation-dislocation interactions. In the present work, we consider a coarse-graining framework capable of re-capturing these interactions by means of the dislocation-dislocation correlation functions. The framework depends on a convolution length to define slip-system-specific dislocation densities. Following a statistical definition of this coarse-graining process, we define a spatial correlation function which will allow the arrangement of the discrete line system at two points—and thus the strength of their interactions at short range—to be recaptured into a mean field description of dislocation dynamics. Through a statistical homogeneity argument, we present a method of evaluating this correlation function from discrete dislocation dynamics simulations. Finally, results of this evaluation are shown in the form of the correlation of dislocation densities on the same slip-system. These correlation functions are seen to depend weakly on plastic strain, and in turn, the dislocation density, but are seen to depend strongly on the convolution length. Implications of these correlation functions in regard to continuum dislocation dynamics as well as future directions of investigation are also discussed.
Association of homocysteine with ankylosing spondylitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Li Hui-hui , Li Xue-quan , Sai Lin-tao , Cui Yi , Xu Jia-hui , Zhou Chi , Zheng Jing , Li Xing-fu , Liu Hua-xiang , Zhao Ying-jie
Published: March 2021

Background

Hyperhomocysteinemia is associated with autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current findings regarding plasma/serum homocysteine (HCY) levels in AS patients are inconsistent. This study aims to systematically evaluate the association between circulating HCY levels and AS.

Methods

Online electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, ScienceDirect, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Wanfang data) were used to retrieve all relevant articles published up to May 7, 2020. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated using the random-effect model, Stata16 software.

Results

Nine articles containing 778 AS patients and 522 controls were included in this meta-analysis. No significant differences in HCY levels were found between AS and control groups (pooled SMD = 0.46, 95% CI = − 0.30 to 1.23, P = 0.23). However, subgroup analysis suggested that HCY levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the AS group treated with methotrexate (MTX) compared with the control group. In contrast, HCY levels were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the AS group receiving anti-TNF-α treatment compared with the control group. No significant differences were detected between HCY levels and disease activity scores (Bath AS disease activity index, BASDAI), and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T genotype.

Conclusion

This meta-analysis indicates that HCY levels are similar between AS and controls, and do not correlate with disease activity. However, different medical treatments cause fluctuations of circulating HCY levels in AS patients. Further and larger-scale studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Trial registration

This study was registered at international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO), registration number: CRD42020184426.
Association between GABRG2 rs211037 polymorphism and febrile seizures: a meta-analysis
Authors: Yang Xiaohui , Chi Jing , Wang Xiaomeng , Wei Hongyun , Zheng Xueping , Hu Yi , Hu Song , Mao Yongjun , Chi Xiaosa
Published: March 2021

Background

Emerging evidence has implied that the GABRG2 gene play a role in the mechanism of febrile seizure (FS), however, the relationship between GABRG2 rs211037 polymorphism and the risk of FS remains controversial. This meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the relationship of GABRG2 rs211037 polymorphism with the susceptibility to FS.

Methods

MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library and CNKI databases were searched (until April 6, 2019) for eligible studies on the relationship between GABRG2 rs211037 polymorphism and FS. We calculated the odds ratios (ORs) by a fixed or random model with the STATA 15.0 software. Subgroup analyses for the ethnicity, the source of the control, and age and sex matching of controls were conducted.

Results

A total of 8 studies consisting of 775 FS patients and 5162 controls were included in this study. Based on the overall data, he GABRG2 rs211037 polymorphism was not significantly associated with the risk of FS (TT + CT vs CC: OR = 0.95, 95%CI 0.64–1.41, P = 0.80). Notably, the GABRG2 rs211037 variant was significantly associated with decreased risk of FS in Asian populations (TT vs CT + CC: OR = 0.63, 95%CI 0.45–0.88, P = 0.006), but increased risk in Caucasian populations (CT vs CC: OR = 1.56, 95%CI 1.14–2.15, P = 0.006). Significant associations were also detected when healthy controls out of the whole controls were employed for comparison (TT vs CT + CC: OR = 0.59, 95% CI 0.45–0.77, P < 0.001) and when data from studies with age- and sex-matched controls were used (TT + CT vs CC: OR = 0.60, 95% CI 0.43–0.86, P = 0.001).

Conclusion

The GABRG2 rs211037 polymorphism may decrease the risk of FS in Asian populations, while increasing the risk in Caucasian populations. Further well-designed studies with large sample sizes are essential to verify the conclusions in other ethnicities.
Risperidone-associated enuresis—a case report
Authors: Sarangi Ashish , Mkhantar Zachary , Weaver Preston
Published: March 2021

Background

Risperidone has been reported to be effective in treating both the positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia, aggression, and behavioral disorders. While the metabolic side effect profile of this medication has been broadly studied, studies related to this medication’s bladder effects are relatively rare. We present a case of risperidone-induced enuresis in an adult male with schizophrenia that resolved upon discontinuation of the offending medication.

Case presentation

We describe a case of a 32-year-old man with a primary psychotic disorder who developed debilitating enuresis secondary to taking risperidone. Enuresis resolved upon switching to Seroquel.

Conclusion

Enuresis secondary to risperidone is not commonly discussed prior to initiation by the treating psychiatrist however can be debilitating. Discussing this potential side effect is critical to informed decision making on the patient’s part.
Detecting fault zone characteristics and paleovalley incision using electrical resistivity: Loma Blanca Fault, New Mexico
Authors: Barnes Heather , Hinojosa Johnny R. , Spinelli Glenn A. , Mozley Peter S. , Koning Daniel , Sproule Tyler G. , Wilson John L.
Published: March 2021

We have combined electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), geologic information from boreholes and outcrops, and hydrogeologic data to investigate field-scale fault-zone cementation of the Loma Blanca Fault in the Rio Grande Rift. We have collected electrical resistivity data from 16 transects and geologic samples from 29 boreholes (completed as groundwater wells to 30 m depth) across and around the fault. The 2D ERT profiles, whose interpretations are constrained by geologic data, indicate (1) a high resistivity zone in cemented portions of the fault below the water table and (2) in the unsaturated zone, a low-resistivity feature along the cemented portions of the fault. The high-resistivity zone below the water table is consistent with a 10% reduction in porosity due to the fault zone cementation. With the same porosity in the unsaturated zone, the low-resistivity feature in the cemented fault zone is consistent with saturation >0.7, in contrast to saturation 0.2–0.7 for sediment outside of the cemented fault zone. In addition, subsurface samples and ERT profiles delineate a buttress unconformity (i.e., steeply dipping erosional contact) corresponding to a paleovalley margin. This unconformity truncates the cemented fault zone and separates Pliocene axial-fluvial sand (deposited by an ancestral Rio Grande) from late Quaternary sand and gravel (deposited by the Rio Salado, a Rio Grande tributary). The cemented fault zone in the southern portion of the study area is a hydrogeologic barrier; north of the buttress unconformity, where the cemented fault zone has been removed by erosion, the fault is not a hydrogeologic barrier. The integration of geologic, geophysical, and hydrogeologic observations is key to developing our understanding of this complex system, and it allows us to demonstrate the utility of ERT in detecting subsurface fault-zone cementation.
Image-guided ray tracing and its applications
Authors: Filpo Eduardo , Costa Jessé , Schleicher Jörg
Published: March 2021

Eikonal solvers have important applications in seismic data processing and inversion, the so-called image-guided methods. To this day, in image-guided applications, the solution of the eikonal equation is implemented using partial-differential-equation solvers, such as fast-marching or fast-sweeping methods. We have found that alternatively, one can numerically integrate the dynamic Hamiltonian system defined by the image-guided eikonal equation and reconstruct the solution with image-guided rays. We evaluate interesting applications of image-guided ray tracing to seismic data processing, demonstrating the use of the resulting rays in image-guided interpolation and smoothing, well-log interpolation, image flattening, and residual-moveout picking. Some of these applications make use of properties of the ray-tracing system that are not directly obtained by eikonal solvers, such as ray position, ray density, wavefront curvature, and ray curvature. These ray properties open space for a different set of applications of the image-guided eikonal equation, beyond the original motivation of accelerating the construction of minimum distance tables. We stress that image-guided ray tracing is an embarrassingly parallel problem that makes its implementation highly efficient on massively parallel platforms. Image-guided ray tracing is advantageous for most applications involving the tracking of seismic events and imaging-guided interpolation. Our numerical experiments using synthetic and real data sets indicate the efficiency and robustness of image-guided rays for the selected applications.
Mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sedimentation on the Miocene Pearl River continental shelf, northeastern South China Sea: Implications for exploring lithologic traps
Authors: Zhang Xiangtao , Li Xiaoping , Du Jiayuan , Ding Lin , Li Xiaoyan , Li Xiao , Wu Yuxiang , Xiang Qiaowei
Published: March 2021

During the Miocene, when the Zhujiang Formation was deposited, the eastern part of the Pearl River Mouth Basin, northern South China Sea, underwent intense mixed siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentation, particularly on the platform of the marginal ramp of the Dongsha Rise, northeastern margin of the South China Sea. Cores and well logs from industrial boreholes were collected and systematically investigated to reveal the sedimentary-petrographic characteristics of the mixed deposits and their formative processes. Four lithotypes were differentiated in the deposits, that is, (1) sandstone, (2) dolomitic sandstone and calcitic sandstone, (3) sandy dolomite and sandy limestone, and (4) dolomite, bioclastic limestone, and micrite limestone, which were formed by three major types of mixing processes: punctuated, facies, and in situ mixing processes. The porosity and permeability of the mixed deposits indicated that the siliciclastic component of the mixed deposits that experienced punctuated mixing formed the most high-quality hydrocarbon reservoirs. Exploration revealed that the lithologic reserves in the study area were mainly developed in mixed sedimentation areas. Our results suggest that the mixed sedimentation area, particularly with pure sandstone sedimentation or bioclastic sandstone, that underwent compaction or structural fracture activities, may be the next preference for lithologic exploration.
Monitoring for Chemotherapy-Related Cardiotoxicity in the Form of Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction: A Review of Current Recommendations
Authors: Stone Jeremy R. , Kanneganti Radha , Abbasi Muhannad , Akhtari Mojtaba
Published: March 2021

Cardiotoxicity is a well-established complication of multiple cancer therapeutics, and the one of the most prominent effects that limits the use of these agents is in the form of left ventricular dysfunction, otherwise known as chemotherapy-induced cardiomyopathy (CIMP). Because CIMP can worsen patient outcomes and interfere with a patient's life-saving cancer treatments, it is important to implement a monitoring strategy for patients undergoing potentially cardiotoxic treatments. Efforts have been made by multiple societies to provide recommendations for screening and monitoring for CIMP in at-risk patients, with slight variations between guideline documents and expert consensuses. Most of the recommendations for monitoring for CIMP are specific to anthracyclines and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-antagonist trastuzumab, with very limited guidance for other cardiotoxic agents such as Tyr kinase inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors, which we cover in this article. Echocardiography remains the mainstay for imaging surveillance because of its safety profile and widespread availability, but the accuracy of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) makes it an important modality when there are discrepancies in left ventricular ejection fraction assessment. Subclinical cardiotoxicity may be detected using laboratory biomarkers such as cardiac troponin and brain natriuretic peptide as well as myocardial deformation (strain) imaging by echocardiography or CMR. Specific recommendations for timing and frequency of laboratory biomarker assessment remain up for debate, but myocardial deformation imaging should be performed with every echocardiogram or CMR assessment. Future studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of established surveillance recommendations and to develop specific recommendations for novel cancer therapeutics.
Mixed signals – howTrypanosoma cruziexploits host-cell communication and signaling to establish infection
Authors: Nájera Carlos Acides , Batista Marina Ferreira , Meneghelli Isabela , Bahia Diana
Published: March 2021

Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) is a ‘neglected’ pathology that affects millions of people worldwide, mainly in Latin America. Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent, is an obligate intracellular parasite with a complex and diverse biology that infects several mammalian species, including humans. Because of genetic variability among strains and the presence of four biochemically and morphologically distinct parasite forms, the outcome of T. cruzi infection varies considerably depending on host cell type and parasite strain. During the initial contact, cellular communication is established by host-recognition-mediated responses, followed by parasite adherence and penetration. For this purpose, T. cruzi expresses a variety of proteins that modify the host cell, enabling it to safely reach the cytoplasm. After entry into the host cell, T. cruzi forms a transitory structure termed ‘parasitophorous vacuole’ (PV), followed by its cytoplasmic replication and differentiation after PV rupture, and subsequent invasion of other cells. The success of infection, maintenance and survival inside host cells is facilitated by the ability of T. cruzi to subvert various host signaling mechanisms. We focus in this Review on the various mechanisms that induce host cytoskeletal rearrangements, activation of autophagy-related proteins and crosstalk among major immune response regulators, as well as recent studies on the JAK-STAT pathway.
Examining implicit beliefs in a replication attempt of a time-reversed priming task
Authors: Schlitz Marilyn , Delorme Arnaud
Published: March 2021

Background:Psi research is a controversial area of science that examines telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, and psychokinesis (mind over matter). Central to the debate over the existence of psi is of whether independent investigators can replicate reportedly successful psi experiments. One important variable involves the beliefs of experimenters and participants. A preregistered experiment is presented that sought to replicate and extend previously published parapsychology experiments suggestive of precognition by examining implicit beliefs.

Methods:On each trial of the standard (non-psi) priming task, a pleasant or unpleasant word (the "prime") is briefly shown on computer screen, followed immediately by a pleasant or unpleasant picture. Trials on which the image and the priming word have different valences are termed “Incongruent”; trials on which the picture and the priming word share a common valence are termed “Congruent”. Participants in such experiments typically respond more slowly on Incongruent trials than on Congruent trials. In this "time-reversed" psi version of the experiment, the presumed cause-effect sequence is reversed so that the prime is not flashed untilafterthe participant has already recorded his or her judgment. The experimental hypothesis remains the same: response times will be longer on trials with Incongruent prime/picture pairs than on trials with Congruent prime/picture pairs. Additionally, the study assesses expectations of success on the psi task of 32 experimenters—each testing 12 participants—using self-report questionnaires and the Implicit Association Task (IAT).

Results:A significant correlation was found between the Implicit Association Test (IAT) effect and the participants’ reported beliefs in psi, with the effect in the direction opposite to the hypothesized correlation.

Conclusions:This study offers an innovative approach to the role of beliefs in psi in a precognition study and speaks to the challenges of replication in controversial science.
Most Japanese individuals are genetically predisposed to recognize an immunogenic protein fragment shared between COVID-19 and common cold coronaviruses
Authors: Dijkstra Johannes M. , Frenette Aaron P. , Dixon Brian
Published: March 2021

In the spring of 2020, we and others hypothesized that T cells in COVID-19 patients may recognize identical protein fragments shared between the coronaviruses of the common cold and COVID-19 and thereby confer cross-virus immune memory. Here, we look at this issue by screening studies that, since that time, have experimentally addressed COVID-19 associated T cell specificities. Currently, the identical T cell epitope shared between COVID-19 and common cold coronaviruses most convincingly identified as immunogenic is the CD8+ T cell epitope VYIGDPAQL if presented by the MHC class I allele HLA-A*24:02. The HLA-A*24:02 allele is found in the majority of Japanese individuals and several indigenous populations in Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. In combination with histories of common cold infections, HLA-A*24:02 may affect their protection from COVID-19.
Large-scale assessment of 7-11-year-olds’ cognitive and sensorimotor function within the Born in Bradford longitudinal birth cohort study
Authors: Hill Liam JB , Shire Katy A. , Allen Richard J , Crossley Kirsty , Wood Megan L , Mason Dan , Waterman Amanda H
Published: March 2021

Background: Cognitive ability and sensorimotor function are crucial aspects of children’s development, and are associated with physical and mental health outcomes and educational attainment. The current project forms part of the Born in Bradford (BiB) longitudinal birth-cohort study, and involved measuring sensorimotor and cognitive function in over 15,000 children aged 7-10 years. This paper describes the large-scale data collection process and presents initial analyses of the data, including the relationship between cognition/sensorimotor ability and age and task difficulty, and associations between tasks.

Method: Data collection was completed in 86 schools between May 2016 and July 2019. Children were tested at school, individually, using a tablet computer with a digital stylus or finger touch for input. Assessments comprised a battery of three sensorimotor tasks (Tracking, Aiming, & Steering) and five cognitive tasks (three Working Memory tasks, Inhibition, and Processing Speed), which took approximately 40 minutes.

Results: Performance improved with increasing age and decreasing task difficulty, for each task. Performance on all three sensorimotor tasks was correlated, as was performance on the three working memory tasks. In addition, performance on a composite working memory score correlated with performance on both inhibition and processing speed. Interestingly, within age-group variation was much larger than between age-group variation.

Conclusions: The current project collected computerised measures of a range of cognitive and sensorimotor functions at 7-10 years of age in over 15,000 children. Performance varied as expected by age and task difficulty, and showed the predicted correlations between related tasks. Large within-age group variation highlights the need to consider the profile of individual children in studying cognitive and sensorimotor development. These data can be linked to the wider BiB dataset including measures of physical and mental health, biomarkers and genome-wide data, socio-demographic information, and routine data from local health and education services.
Using the Mothers Object Relations Scale for early childhood development research in rural India: Findings from the Early Life Stress Sub-study of the SPRING Cluster Randomised Controlled Trial (SPRING-ELS)
Authors: Bhopal Sunil S. , Roy Reetabrata , Verma Deepali , Kumar Divya , Khan Bushra , Soremekun Seyi , Oates John , Divan Gauri , Kirkwood Betty R.
Published: March 2021

Background: The World Health Organization and others promote responsive caregiving to support all children to thrive, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. The 14-item Mother’s Object Relations Scales – Short Form (MORS-SF) may be of use in research and public health programmes because of its basis in attachment theory and ability to capture parental feelings towards their child.

Methods: We culturally adapted the MORS-SF for use with mothers in the SPRING home visits trial when their infants were 12 months old. The same dyads were assessed using the HOME inventory concurrently and Bayley Scales of Infant Development III (BSID-III) at 18 months of age. Mixed effects linear regression was used to examine associations between MORS-SF (explanatory variable) and HOME-IT, and the cognitive, language and motor domains of BSID-III (outcome variables).

Results: 1273 dyads completed all assessments. For the motor and language BSID-III scales and for HOME-IT there were strong and positive associations with the MORS-SF warmth sub-scale, and strong and negative associations with the invasion sub-scale. Important but less strong associations were seen with the BSID-III cognitive scale. Evidence of interaction suggested that both are individually important for child development.

Conclusions: This is the first time MORS-SF has been used in India where optimising responsive caregiving is of importance in supporting all children to reach their potential. It is also the first time that the tool has been used in relation to child development. MORS-SF could be a valuable addition to evaluation in early childhood development.
Type 1 Diabetes and COVID-19: the level of anxiety, stress and the general mental health in comparison to healthy control
Authors: Cyranka Katarzyna , Matejko Bartłomiej , Klupa Tomasz , Małecki Maciej , Cyganek Katarzyna , Kieć-Wilk Beata , Dudek Dominika
Published: March 2021

Cel pracy

Ocena stanu psychicznego pacjentów z cukrzycą typu 1 - poziomu lęku, stresu oraz ogólnego stanu zdrowia psychicznego w stresujących warunkach pandemii. Ponadto sprawdzono czy reakcja stresowa na pandemię w grupie T1DM różni się od reakcji w grupie kontrolnej badanej w tym samym czasie lockdownu. Jest to pierwsze badanie, które dotyczy tych pytań w populacji chorych na cukrzycę typu 1 w Polsce.

Metoda

Do wszystkich pacjentów z T1DM znajdujących się pod opieką poradni diabetologicznej została wysłana wiadomość e-mail z informacją o możliwości konsultacji on-line z psychologiem / psychiatrą, z załączonym zestawem testów psychologicznych. W badaniu uwzględniono 49 pacjentów z T1DM, którzy odpowiedzieli na e-mail w ciągu pierwszego miesiąca i wyrazili zgodę na udział w badaniu. 38 osób z grupy kontrolnej rekrutowano losowo. Każda z osób wypełniła zestaw narzędzi badających poziom lęku stresu, styl radzenia sobie ze stresem i ogólny poziom psychopatologii.

Wyniki

W obu grupach poziom stresu był wyższy niż typowy dla populacji ogólnej w sytuacji bez działania stresora. Pacjenci z T1DM chorujący od ponad 10 lat częściej radzą sobie ze stresem poprzez zadaniowe podejście do sytuacji. Pacjenci, którzy chorują krócej, stosują strategię unikania. Kobiety z T1DM w pierwszej fazie pandemii częściej stosowały strategie unikania, szukały kontaktów z innymi, starały się odwrócić uwagę od kwestii związanych z pandemią. Pacjenci z cukrzycą i zaburzeniami psychicznymi reagują bardziej lękowo, a tym samym wymagają szczególnej troski w zakresie radzenia sobie z cukrzycą w sytuacji zagrożenia.

Wnioski

W sytuacji stresu jakim jest pandemia pacjenci chorujący na T1DM wymagają optymalizacji leczenia i współpracy specjalistów z zakresu diabetologii i psychologii/psychiatrii.
Vanishing Contagion Spreads
Authors: Duarte Diogo , Prieto Rodolfo , Rindisbacher Marcel , Saporito Yuri F.
Published: March 2021

We study default in a multifirm equilibrium setting with incomplete information. Defaults are consistent with the firm’s balance sheet and aggregation. We show that the endogenous volatility and jump size of debt and equity generated by other firms’ shocks vanish as the number of firms in the economy increases. As a result, credit spreads depend asymptotically only on the firms’ own cash flow risk. Our vanishing contagion spread result calls into question recent findings based on production economies, in which quantities of risk (volatilities and jump sizes of securities) are specified exogenously, that attribute credit spreads mostly to contagion.

This paper was accepted by Kay Giesecke, finance.
Destigmatization and Its Imbalanced Effects in Labor Markets
Authors: Negro Giacomo , Williams Melissa J. , Pontikes Elizabeth G. , Lopiano Gabrielle
Published: March 2021

Destigmatization is an understudied social process in which the negative outcomes for a previously stigmatized group improve. We theorize that during a period of destigmatization, the effects of stigma persist more strongly for people stigmatized by association than for those directly stigmatized. We propose that this occurs because, during periods of destigmatization, conscious prejudice has diminished but nonconscious prejudice remains, so people correct for their explicit biases toward individuals with the stigmatizing trait but are unaware of their ongoing implicit prejudice toward those stigmatized by association. Our evidence comes from archival data on individual employment in film during the cold war years in Hollywood. It shows that as the stigma of being on an anticommunist blacklist weakened, the employment penalty for being a coworker of a blacklisted artist was greater than the penalty for actually having been on the blacklist itself. A supplemental experiment, designed to address the limitations of archival data, shows the same imbalanced employment penalties in another stigma currently undergoing destigmatization (that of physical disability). Paradoxically, as stigmas recede, harmful effects persist more for associates of stigmatized individuals than for the stigmatized themselves.

This paper was accepted by David Simchi-Levi, organizations.
Corporate Political Connections and Favorable Environmental Regulatory Enforcement
Authors: Heitz Amanda , Wang Youan , Wang Zigan
Published: March 2021

We examine whether the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uniformly enforces the Clean Air Act for politically connected and unconnected firms using a close election setting. We find no difference in regulated pollutant emissions or EPA investigations between the two groups, although connected firms experience less regulatory enforcement and lower penalties. These results are more pronounced for firms connected to politicians capable of influencing regulatory bureaucrats and for connected firms that are more important to their supported politicians. Taken together, our results show that campaign contributions can indirectly benefit firms by way of reduced environmental regulatory enforcement and penalties.

This paper was accepted by Colin Mayer for the Special Issue of Management Science: Business and Climate Change.

Supplemental Material: The data files and online appendix are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2020.3931 .
Ganho de peso na gestação, segundo estado nutricional prévio e idade de puérperas atendidas na maternidade de um hospital público de Macaé, Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Freitas Patrícia Da Silva , Ribeiro Yasmin Garcia , Sperandio Naiara , Monteiro Luana Silva , Carmo Cleber Nascimento do , Capelli Jane De Carlos Santana , Braga Fernanda Amorim de Morais Nascimento , Lima Flávia Farias
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A gestação é uma etapa fisiológica que requer acompanhamento de saúde adequado, com vistas ao desfecho positivo para mãe e bebê. Dentre outros cuidados previstos no acompanhamento pré-natal, o ganho de peso é parâmetro a ser monitorado sistematicamente, diante de sua relevância para a saúde materno-infantil e da relação entre ganho de peso inadequado e intercorrências na saúde. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil de ganho de peso gestacional de puérperas assistidas em uma maternidade pública, segundo estado nutricional prévio e idade materna. Método: Estudo epidemiológico transversal descritivo, de base primária (prontuário hospitalar) e secundária (entrevista), realizado em 2014, com amostra de 113 mulheres de 20 a 40 anos com até 48h pós-parto. O estado nutricional pré-gestacional foi avaliado por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e a avaliação da adequação do ganho de peso gestacional considerou as recomendações do Institute Of Medicine (IOM). Resultado: 73,5% tinham idade entre 20-29 anos; 69,9% realizaram seis ou mais consultas de pré-natal e 42,2% tinham excesso de peso (sobrepeso ou obesidade) prévio à gestação. O estado nutricional pré-gestacional, segundo idade, revelou que 35,5%(n=79) daquelas entre 20-29 anos e 60%(n=30) das entre 30-40 anos apresentavam excesso de peso prévio. Houve associação significativa (p<0,01) entre as variáveis “ganho de peso gestacional” e “estado nutricional prévio”. Dentre as que tiveram ganho de peso excessivo, 73,1% tinham excesso de peso prévio. Conclusão: Parte expressiva das puérperas já possuía excesso de peso e teve ganho ponderal excessivo na gestação, sobretudo as mais velhas. Sugerem-se a idade materna e o estado nutricional prévio como fatores determinantes do ganho de peso e recomendam-se maior capilaridade e cobertura do acompanhamento nutricional pré-natal no sistema público de saúde como possibilidade de enfrentamento do ganho de peso excessivo, que contribui para o agravamento da epidemia de obesidade no Brasil.
Fatores associados ao elevado percentual de gordura corporal em indivíduos fisicamente ativos
Authors: Silveira Victor Nogueira da Cruz , Silva Saul Campos da , Padilha Luana Lopes , Moreira Jorvana Stanislav Brasil , Martins Isabelle Christine Vieira da Silva , Reis Andréa Dias , Santos Alexsandro Ferreira dos , Castro Ahirlan Silva de , Veloso Helma Jane Ferreira
Published: March 2021

Introdução: O exercício físico é praticado com diversos objetivos, destacando-se a promoção na mudança da composição corporal, com a redução de gordura e aumento de massa magra. Assim, compreender os fatores que podem estar associados nesta modificação se torna relevante. Objetivo: Analisar os fatores demográficos, estilo de vida, bioquímico, alimentares e de treinamento associados ao percentual de gordura corporal em praticantes de exercício físico em academias. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo transversal com 143 praticantes de exercícios físicos saudáveis, de ambos os sexos. Características sociodemográficas e estilo de vida foram obtidas através da aplicação de questionário. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de registros alimentares de 24h, considerando as médias de três dias. A composição corporal foi avaliada por meio de avaliação antropométrica e pelo teste de bioimpedância elétrica. A análise estatística contemplou o teste de Shapiro Wilk para verificação da normalidade; o qui-quadrado e exato de Fisher foram usados para avaliar a associação entre as variáveis categóricas e a variável resposta e os testes de Mann-Whitney e t de Student para as contínuas. A regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foi usada para determinar as associações entre variáveis estudadas. O software Stata versão 14.0 foi usado para análise estatística, tendo sido adotado o valor de p <0,05. Resultados: A prevalência de gordura corporal elevada foi de 49,3% nos homens e 79,2% nas mulheres. Os fatores associados foram o maior consumo de proteína e fibras nas mulheres e a concentração de monócitos nos homens. Conclusão: Apesar de se tratar de público fisicamente ativo, observou-se elevado percentual de gordura entre os participantes do estudo e os fatores associados reforçam o caráter multietiológico deste indicador.
Caracterização do perfil alimentar e nutricional dos sobreviventes de câncer de cavidade oral e grau de adesão às recomendações de prevenção ao câncer emitidas pelo Fundo Mundial de Pesquisa de câncer e Instituto Americano de Pesquisa de câncer
Authors: Bezerra Gislaine Barbosa , Martucci Renata Brum , Rodrigues Cristiane Ferreira
Published: March 2021

Introdução: Sobreviventes do câncer de cavidade oral (SCCO) em controle normalmente apresentam inúmeras sequelas derivadas do tratamento oncológico, o que pode comprometer sua alimentação e, por extensão, o atendimento às diretrizes de alimentação e peso adequado emitidas pelo Fundo Mundial para Pesquisa do Câncer/Instituto Americano de Pesquisa para o Câncer (WCRF/AICR). Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil alimentar e o estado nutricional de sobreviventes de câncer de cavidade oral e verificar o grau de sua adesão, as diretrizes de alimentação saudável e peso corporal emitidas pela WCRF / AICR. Método: Estudo transversal que avaliou o estado nutricional pela Avaliação Subjetiva Global produzida pelo paciente (ASG-PPP) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 20 pacientes. Dados como condição social e histórico clínico foram coletados em prontuário. O consumo alimentar foi avaliado por meio de um diário alimentar de 30 dias. Os dados alimentares e o peso corporal receberam um escore de pontos conforme maior ou menor grau de adesão às recomendações WCRF / AICR. Resultados: 80% dos pacientes encontravam-se com desnutrição moderada ou suspeita de desnutrição pela ASG-PPP. Pelo IMC, 10% dos participantes estavam desnutridos, 45% eutróficos e 35% apresentavam sobrepeso. Foi encontrado escore médio 2,64 ±0.55 de adesão às recomendações de peso adequado e alimentação saudável, demonstrando atendimento de menos de 50% das recomendações WCRF / AICR. Conclusão: Os pacientes SCCO do presente estudo apresentam risco de desnutrição ou estão com desnutrição moderada; e possuem alta sintomatologia, que impacta negativamente na ingestão alimentar e na adesão às recomendações da WCRF / AICR.
Aprimoramento e validação de conteúdo de instrumentos para avaliar a qualidade de dietas hospitalares
Authors: Silva Marlete Pereira , Brito Patricia Dias , Silva Fábio Morais , Almeida Cristiane Fonseca , Silva Paula Simplicio , Colares Luciléia Granhen Tavares
Published: March 2021

Introdução: A avaliação da qualidade das refeições hospitalares pode contribuir para a melhor aceitação pelo paciente. Objetivo: Aprimorar e validar o conteúdo de instrumentos para avaliar a qualidade das dietas hospitalares. Método: Estudo realizado em unidade hospitalar do Rio de Janeiro para aprimoramento de formulário próprio para fiscalização do fornecimento de refeições. Para atender a todas as dimensões da qualidade, o formulário foi desdobrado em dois instrumentos, para avaliação da qualidade sensorial (AQS) e da qualidade higiênico-sanitária (AQH), e seu conteúdo foi submetido à validação através de painel de especialistas e da técnica Delphi adaptada. Após aprovado, foi aplicado em 12 cardápios das grandes refeições para avaliação das conformidades. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética da instituição. Resultados: Tanto para AQS como para AQH, os itens relacionados a “apresentação/design”, “clareza semântica”, “facilidade de entendimento” e “facilidade de preenchimento” obtiveram concordância na primeira rodada. Uma segunda rodada foi necessária para readequação da “capacidade de avaliação” nos dois instrumentos. Após obtenção de no mínimo 91,7% de concordância para AQS e o mínimo de 90,1% para AQH, os instrumentos foram considerados validados. A média do índice de restos foi de 22%; as grandes refeições obtiveram percentuais maiores (32,4%) que as pequenas refeições (10,6%-21,5%). Para os cardápios das grandes refeições que apresentaram “não conformidade” para peso, textura, aparência, sabor e temperatura, foram solicitadas medidas de correção. Conclusão: As inconformidades observadas nas grandes refeições podem explicar o maior índice de restos, comparado às pequenas refeições. Espera-se que a aplicação rotineira dos instrumentos contribua para a melhor avaliação dietética dos pacientes hospitalizados e minimize o risco de desnutrição. Após adaptações, outras unidades de alimentação e nutrição podem fazer uso desses instrumentos para avaliar as dimensões da qualidade das refeições fornecidas.
PaRamEDIc assessment of laCTate in OHCA and survival to hospital (PREDICT protocol)
Authors: Charlton Karl , Moore Hayley
Published: March 2021

Background:

Studies suggest that blood lactate differs between survivors and non-survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who are transported to hospital. The prognostic role of lactate taken during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest remains unexplored.

Aims:

To measure the association between lactate taken during out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, survival to hospital and 30-day mortality.

Methods:

This is a feasibility, single-centre, prospective cohort study. Eligible for inclusion are patients aged ≥18 years suffering out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation, in the catchment of Newcastle or Gateshead hospitals, who are attended to by a study-trained specialist paramedic. Exclusions are known/apparent pregnancy, blunt or penetrating injury as primary cause of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and an absence of intravenous access. Between February 2020 and March 2021, 100 participants will be enrolled. Primary outcome is survival to hospital; secondary outcomes are return of spontaneous circulation at any time and 30-day mortality.
Prescribing for paramedics: pharmacodynamics
Authors: Patel Dil
Published: March 2021

In continuing the Prescribing Paramedic series, this article explores the nature of drug actions that occur within the body. An understanding of these principles allows the paramedic to make an informed decision on the medicines that may be offered, the likely outcomes and possible risks. Often considered a complex subject, this article aims to present a set of principles that the reader can apply to almost all drugs that one may encounter. Where appropriate, relevant case studies have been included to support theory and provide contextual examples.
Molecular characteristics and taxonomic status of morphologically similar barnacles (Amphibalanus) assessed using the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene
Authors: Riani Sri , PRABOWO ROMANUS EDY , Nuryanto Agus
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Riani S, Prabowo RE, Nuryanto A. 2021. Molecular characteristics and taxonomic status of morphologically similar barnacles (Amphibalanus) assessed using the cytochrome c oxidase 1 gene. Biodiversitas 22: 1456-1466. Amphibalanus variegatus and A. reticulatus have similar external morphology. Morphological similarities can be a severe problem for direct species-level identification. The problem can be overcome through anatomy-based identification and validated through molecular barcoding. Molecular characterization using the cytochrome c oxidase 1 (COI) gene provides a useful tool for precise species identification. This study attempted to assess the molecular characteristics of morphologically similar barnacle (Amphibalanus) specimens collected at five localities in Indonesia to validate their taxonomic status. Forty-five barnacle specimens were collected during the field trips in Lampung, Jakarta, Semarang, Bali, and Lombok. The COI gene was amplified using LCO1490 and HCO2198 primers. The gene was sequenced using bidirectional sequencing at 1st base Asia. The specimens' taxonomic status was determined based on sequence identity, genetic distance, monophyly, nucleotide compositions, and nucleotides in a particular position. Shell shapes-based identification placed barnacle specimens into A. reticulatus. However, anatomical-based identification placed barnacle samples into two different anatomic groups, which was further validated by molecular data that two anatomic groups of Amphibalanus samples have significant differences in their COI gene. Based on the molecular characteristics, 43 samples were identified as A. reticulatus, while the two remaining samples were identified as A. variegatus.
Identification of marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria and their application in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
Authors: MARZUKI ISMAIL , KAMARUDDIN MUDYAWATI , Ahmad Rasheed
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Marzuki I, Kamaruddin M, Ahmad R. 2021. Identification of marine sponges-symbiotic bacteria and their application in degrading polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Biodiversitas 22: 1481-1488. Diverse and abundant microbial species that occupy marine sponges may make important contributions to host metabolism. Sponges are filter feeders and devour microorganisms from the seawater around them. Each microbe that endures the sponges’ digestive and immune responses are related symbiotically. Marine sponges symbiont bacteria can comprise as much as 40% of sponge tissue volume, and these are known to exhibit a great potential on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) degradation. However, the potential use of marine sponges symbiont bacteria is unexplored. Therefore, we designed and conducted a study to identify bacterial isolates obtained from sponges. For this, we collected sponges samples (Hyrtios erectus, Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti), Niphates sp., and Callyspongia sp.) from the Spermonde islands in Indonesia. We successfully found eight bacterial isolates from four sponges, as molecular identification based on 16S rRNA approach revealed bacterial isolates of SpAB1, SpAB2, SpBB1, SpDB1, and SpDB2 from three sponges (Hyrtios erectus, Clathria (Thalysias) reinwardti), Niphates sp.). Interestingly, these were closely related to Pseudomonas, and a bacterial isolate from Callyspongia sp. (SpCB1) showed similarity to Bacillus. Bacillus and Pseudomonas bacteria isolated from hydrocarbon-contaminated sponges exhibited degradation of naphthalene and pyrene PAHs.