bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Development and Evaluation of an Electronic Health Record Efficiency Workshop for Providers
Authors: Scott Kara , Hathaway Elizabeth , Sharp Karen , Smailes Paula
Published: May 2020

Background The electronic health record (EHR) has historically been known to be a source of stress and dissatisfaction, leading to reduced efficiency and productivity for providers. This issue is complicated by constant changes in EHRs that are necessary to keep systems current with evolving functionality. Knowing the existence of this problem, an evidenced-based solution, known as an efficiency workshop, was developed by our information technology training and optimization team for providers as a means of ongoing professional development.

Objectives The objectives of this project were to identify EHR optimization needs for providers in various clinical departments and improve their EHR satisfaction. The development of a program focused on provider efficiency tools and personalization was key and, once piloted, how to measure program success.

Methods Efficiency workshops comprised members of the IT training team who set up on site training sessions during reserved time with providers during departmental meetings. Sessions focused on reviewing EHR efficiency tools using demonstration of existing system functionality. Participating providers were given continuing medical education (CME) credits upon completion of evaluations used as a quality improvement tool for the program.

Results Descriptive results showed that providers were satisfied with this method of EHR instruction. Subjective feedback yielded positive themes such as informative, well done, organized, and helpful.

Conclusion This initiative began as a pilot program and successfully expanded across clinical departments at our academic medical center. Future plans are to sustain and further invest in this program by using EHR reporting features to further customize these sessions and evaluate impact on system use.
Comparison of Shape Memory Staple and Gelled Platelet-Rich Plasma versus Shape Memory Staple alone for the Treatment of Waist Scaphoid Nonunion: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: De Vitis Rocco , Passiatore Marco , Perna Andrea , Fioravanti Cinci Giulio , Taccardo Giuseppe
Published: May 2020

Purpose The aim of this study was to analyze the results of two different methods of surgical treatment of waist scaphoid nonunions (SNUs). We retrospectively analyzed data from 87 patients referred to our department from January 2010 to December 2017 who were surgically treated for waist SNU.

Methods The mean period of time passed from trauma was 11.2 (±5.6) months. Patients were divided into two groups based on surgical treatment received: volar exposure osteosynthesis with shape memory staple (SMS) (group A) and volar exposure osteosynthesis with SMS and gelled platelet-rich plasma (GPRP) application at the bone defect level (group B). A cast (thumb excluded) was maintained for 4 weeks. Healing was checked clinically (pain, QuickDASH [Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand] score, Mayo Wrist Score) and radiologically (standard X-ray).

Results Union was achieved in 40 patients in group A (95.2%) and in all patients in group B (45 patients; 100%). A statistically significant difference was observed in the improvement of the Mayo Wrist Score, QuickDASH score, and pain (measured through the visual analog scale) after 3 months from surgery (p = 0.02).

Conclusion SMS is effective in treating waist SNU at more than 6 months from trauma. GPRP application can improve bone healing and upper limb function.

Level of Evidence This is a retrospective observational Level III study.
Videosprechstunden: Digitale Helfer in der Krise
Authors: Kucera Martin
Published: May 2020

Kratzen im Hals, Husten und Fieber – was mache ich jetzt? Diese Frage raubt derzeit nicht nur Risikogruppen den Schlaf. Hausärzte halten ihre Türen geschlossen, auch viele Krankenhäuser. Wohin also mit diesen Ängsten? Hier kann die Digitalisierung ihre Vorteile ausspielen, denn in der Krise boomt die Telemedizin, vor allem die virtuellen Sprechstunden.
Händehygiene: Kontrolle ist besser
Authors: Kucera Martin
Published: May 2020

Das Corona-Virus rückt einmal mehr in den Fokus, wie wichtig das regelmäßige Desinfizieren der Hände des Klinikpersonals ist. In Zeiten des Fachkräftemangels ist das für überarbeitete Ärzte und Pflegekräfte aber kein leichtes Unterfangen. Spezielle Monitoring-Systeme können Abhilfe schaffen.
Intensivtherapie: Covid-19-Patienten rechtzeitig und richtig beatmen
Authors: Ehrhardt-Joswig Jana
Published: May 2020

Beatmen oder nicht – das ist hier die Frage. Um einer teilweise überhitzten Debatte sachliche Argumente entgegenzusetzen, hat die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin ein Positionspapier zur Beatmung von Covid-19-Patienten vorgelegt.
Effects of axial magnetic field on discharge characteristics of inductively coupled plasma
Authors: Zhang Shengwu , Li Yiwen , Ma Wang , Wei Xiaolong , Zhang Wenyuan
Published: May 2020

To study the effects of an axial magnetic field on the discharge characteristics of Ar inductively coupled plasma, a set of discharge plasma generators was designed. The plasma parameters such as electron temperature and electron density were diagnosed with a Langmuir probe. The research showed that as the air pressure was 10 Pa, with the increase in axial magnetic field intensity, the electron temperature and electron density reduced continuously in the central discharge region, while the threshold power of discharge mode transition increased constantly. The analysis suggested that due to the circumnutation of charged particles acted upon by Lorentz force, the introduction of the axial magnetic field had a constraint effect on the particle movement and energy transfer and decreased the collision between the high-energy electron in the discharge sheath and the electron in the central region, thereby reducing the electron density and inductive coupling efficiency. From further analysis of the electron energy probability function, it could be found that in the E mode, the constraint effect of the axial magnetic field on electron motion was more obvious. The proportion of the high-energy electron (>27 eV) was apparently higher than that in the H mode, and the electron energy distribution was more even. This was caused by less electron collision.
In situ XPS spectroscopic study of thermal stability of W/Ni bilayer Ohmic contact to n-type 4H-SiC
Authors: Gao Meng-meng , Jiang Shu-yue , Cao Duo , Chen Zhi-zhan
Published: May 2020

The thermal stability of Ohmic contacts to n-type 4H-SiC using Au/Pt/Ni and Au/Pt/W/Ni layers has been systematically investigated after long-time aging in air at 300 °C and 400 °C. The specific contact resistance (ρc) is calculated from current–voltage (I–V) curves. The content of carbon in the contact layer is measured by Raman spectroscopy. A transmission electron microscope and a energy dispersive spectrometer are used to characterize the interface morphology and component distribution. The phase composition of the contact layer at different depths is analyzed in situ by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It is found that Ni2 − xWxSi decomposition plays an important role in improving the thermal stability of the Ohmic contact. The decomposition products (Ni, W, and Si atoms) react with oxygen, and the diffusion of oxygen to the Ni2Si/SiC interface can be reduced to some extent. Compared to Au/Pt/Si/SiC, the Au/Pt/W/Ni/SiC Ohmic contact exhibits better thermal stability. It is expected that the W/Ni/SiC Ohmic contact will be very suitable for high temperature applications.
Breakdown characteristics of carbon dioxide–ethane azeotropic mixtures near the critical point
Authors: Wei Jia , Park Chanyeop , Graber Lukas
Published: May 2020

The properties of traditional dielectric media have been a major limiting factor impacting the design and operation of many applications spanning from particle accelerators over x-ray radiography and radiotherapy to electrical power systems. Supercritical fluids (SCFs) combine the properties of high dielectric strength, low viscosity, and excellent heat transfer capability. Here, we show, for the first time, the anomalous breakdown strength characteristics of SCF mixtures, such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and ethane (C2H6) mixtures and their azeotropic mixture under supercritical conditions. Our experiments suggest that the dielectric behavior deviates significantly from the established theory of gas discharge known by the work of Townsend and Paschen. Our results reveal that not only pure substances such as CO2 exhibit a discontinuity of the dielectric strength near the critical point, but the supercritical mixture also manifests a discontinuity. The effect of random particle clustering in the pure substance and the mixture is observed, which impacts the mean free path of electrons. We present the measured breakdown voltage in a 0.1 mm gap with a uniform electric field over a wide range of mixture ratios and fluid densities and use a mathematical model by Stanley to show the density fluctuations that peak at around the critical point. By adjusting the mixing ratio, we prove that the mixture forms a useful combination of dielectric strengths and critical points and broadens the applicability of SC mixtures for a variety of purposes.
Au induced lateral crystallization of amorphous Ge with stress stimulation at 130 ○C
Authors: Nishijima Taiki , Shimizu Satoshi , Kusano Kinta , Kudo Kazuki , Furuta Masahiro , Kusuda Yutaka , Motoyama Shinichi , Naka Nobuyuki , Numata Tomoko , Takakura Kenichiro , Tsunoda Isao
Published: May 2020

The effect of stress stimulation on gold (Au) induced lateral crystallization (GILC) of amorphous Ge on insulating substrates is investigated. As a result, the GILC is significantly enhanced by using compressive residual stresses of up to 200 MPa in TEOS-SiO2. In addition, it is found that the annealing temperature necessary to cause the GILC for a short annealing time (60 min) can be decreased to 130 °C. We have demonstrated that the GILC enhancement was caused by the stress stimulation contributed to bond rearrangement and Au easily diffused into Ge. This study proposes a unique low temperature crystallization technique that introduces a residual film stress on metal induced lateral crystallization, paving the way for the low-cost fabrication of flexible electronic devices on low-softening temperature plastic substrates.
Strong two-photon absorption in ErFeO3 thin films studied using femtosecond near-infrared Z-scan technique
Authors: Gaur Anshu , Mohiddon Mahamad Ahamad , Soma Venugopal Rao
Published: May 2020

Ultrafast nonlinear optical (NLO) characterization of ErFeO3 thin films deposited by the solgel assisted spin coating technique is reported herein. In the present investigation, we have used femtosecond (fs) pulses for studying the nonlinear absorption and refraction properties of ErFeO3 thin films. Intensity dependent open and closed aperture Z-scan experiments were performed on ErFO3 films in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths of 600 nm, 800 nm, and 1200 nm. To explain the observed NLO results, phenomenological models of simultaneous multi-photon and excited sate absorption are developed for three-level model systems suitable for excitation wavelengths with (600 and 800 nm) and without (1200 nm) linear absorption, respectively. Optical limiting (OL) characteristic is shown to exist through the phenomenon of two-photon absorption in a certain intensity range at the three wavelengths and under the simultaneous saturation of linear absorption at 600 nm and 800 nm. The upper limit of the intensity for OL applications is demonstrated by the saturation effect. The non-linear absorption results are correlated with the linear absorption at these wavelengths, which involves electronic transitions between Fe d- and O p-orbitals.
The ONETEP linear-scaling density functional theory program
Authors: Prentice Joseph C. A. , Aarons Jolyon , Womack James C. , Allen Alice E. A. , Andrinopoulos Lampros , Anton Lucian , Bell Robert A. , Bhandari Arihant , Bramley Gabriel A. , Charlton Robert J. , Clements Rebecca J. , Cole Daniel J. , Constantinescu Gabriel , Corsetti Fabiano , Dubois Simon M.-M. , Duff Kevin K. B. , Escartín José María , Greco Andrea , Hill Quintin , Lee Louis P. , Linscott Edward , O’Regan David D. , Phipps Maximillian J. S. , Ratcliff Laura E. , Serrano Álvaro Ruiz , Tait Edward W. , Teobaldi Gilberto , Vitale Valerio , Yeung Nelson , Zuehlsdorff Tim J. , Dziedzic Jacek , Haynes Peter D. , Hine Nicholas D. M. , Mostofi Arash A. , Payne Mike C. , Skylaris Chris-Kriton
Published: May 2020

We present an overview of the onetep program for linear-scaling density functional theory (DFT) calculations with large basis set (plane-wave) accuracy on parallel computers. The DFT energy is computed from the density matrix, which is constructed from spatially localized orbitals we call Non-orthogonal Generalized Wannier Functions (NGWFs), expressed in terms of periodic sinc (psinc) functions. During the calculation, both the density matrix and the NGWFs are optimized with localization constraints. By taking advantage of localization, onetep is able to perform calculations including thousands of atoms with computational effort, which scales linearly with the number or atoms. The code has a large and diverse range of capabilities, explored in this paper, including different boundary conditions, various exchange–correlation functionals (with and without exact exchange), finite electronic temperature methods for metallic systems, methods for strongly correlated systems, molecular dynamics, vibrational calculations, time-dependent DFT, electronic transport, core loss spectroscopy, implicit solvation, quantum mechanical (QM)/molecular mechanical and QM-in-QM embedding, density of states calculations, distributed multipole analysis, and methods for partitioning charges and interactions between fragments. Calculations with onetep provide unique insights into large and complex systems that require an accurate atomic-level description, ranging from biomolecular to chemical, to materials, and to physical problems, as we show with a small selection of illustrative examples. onetep has always aimed to be at the cutting edge of method and software developments, and it serves as a platform for developing new methods of electronic structure simulation. We therefore conclude by describing some of the challenges and directions for its future developments and applications.
Large anisotropic topological Hall effect in a hexagonal non-collinear magnet Fe5Sn3
Authors: Li Hang , Ding Bei , Chen Jie , Li Zefang , Liu Enke , Xi Xuekui , Wu Guangheng , Wang Wenhong
Published: May 2020

We report the observation of a large anisotropic topological Hall effect (THE) in the hexagonal non-collinear magnet Fe5Sn3 single crystals. It is found that the sign of the topological Hall resistivity ρTH is negative when a magnetic field H is perpendicular to the bc-plane (H ⊥ bc-plane); however, it changes form negative to positive when H is parallel to the c-axis (H ∥ c-axis). The value of ρTH increased with the increasing temperature and reached approximately −2.12 μΩ cm (H ⊥ bc-plane) and 0.5 μΩ cm (H ∥c-axis) at 350 K, respectively. Quantitative analyses of the measured data suggest that the observed anisotropic THE may originate from the opposite scalar spin chirality induced by the magnetic fields perpendicular and parallel to the c-axis, respectively.
Coalescence of drops on the free-surface of a liquid pool at elevated temperatures
Authors: Kirar Pavan Kumar , Alvarenga Kathryn , Kolhe Pankaj , Biswas Gautam , Chandra Sahu Kirti
Published: May 2020

The coalescence dynamics of ethanol drops injected from a needle on the free-surface of an ethanol pool maintained at a higher temperature than the drop is experimentally studied using a high-speed imaging system. The drop is always kept at 25 °C, and the temperature of the ethanol pool is varied using a heater. The coalescence behavior depends on the size of the drop, the height of the needle tip from the free-surface, and the temperature of the ethanol pool. A parametric study is carried out by varying these parameters. The drop exhibits a residence period at low impact velocity, when it floats on the free-surface before the coalescence begins. Subsequently, the complete coalescence and partial coalescence dynamics are observed for different sets of parameters considered. It is found that increasing the temperature of the ethanol pool reduces the residence time of the drop. This phenomenon is explained by analyzing the forces acting on the drop and the capillary waves generated due to the temperature gradient between the drop and the ethanol pool. During partial coalescence, we also observed that the diameter of the daughter droplet decreases as the size of the primary drop and pool temperature are increased. As expected, due to the gravity effect, increasing the size of the drop also decreases the residence time. A regime map designating the complete coalescence and partial coalescence dynamics is plotted in the pool temperature and drop impact height space.
Breakthrough instruments and products Janis Research Company, LLC Cryogen free sub-Kelvin ARPES system
Authors: Korneta O. , Diep C. , Luppov V. , Zhao Z.
Published: May 2020

The Janis Research cryogen-free sub-K continuous flow cryostat for angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy is a convenient multi-functional tool, suitable for a wide range of research applications. In this article, the design and operating principles of the cryostat are described.
Impacts of nutrition on reproduction in female red deer: phenotypic flexibility within a photoperiod-mediated seasonal cycle
Authors: Asher G. W.
Published: May 2020

Red deer (Cervus elaphus) are widely distributed throughout cold northern temperate latitudes, where they have evolved to cope within highly seasonal continental environments. Naturalisation of red deer to the more moderate seasonal (but variable climatic) environment of New Zealand has been spectacularly successful, and they are widely farmed in the country’s pastoral environment for venison and antlers. The species is genetically programmed to exhibit photoperiodic control of voluntary feed intake, growth and reproduction, ensuring that energy demands are aligned with seasonally available resources and offspring are born in summer when climate is favourable for survival. However, despite genetic control of their endogenous seasonal cycles, there appears to be a strong ability for environmental factors such as nutrition to generate large phenotypic variation of seasonal traits. This may have contributed to their successful naturalisation to a wider range of seasonal environments than would be expected within their ancestral range. While precise timing of conception and duration of gestation length are the two fundamental mechanisms by which the strict seasonality of birth is maintained in seasonally breeding mammals, red deer exhibit considerable variation in both these traits. The present paper examines the outcomes of recent studies on farmed red deer on the impacts of lactation on conception date, the influence of nutrition during pregnancy on gestation length, and early life growth effects on the onset of female puberty. These studies have collectively demonstrated that while red deer are assumed to be under fairly rigorous genetic control of seasonality traits, they have a repertoire of phenotypic variation at various points of the reproductive cycle that may potentially allow a degree of adaptation to climatic variation that influences annual feed supply. This may explain the success of red deer in colonising a range of new environments that differ seasonally from their ancestral environment.
Production benefits of breeding for worm resistance in Merino sheep
Authors: Greeff J. C. , Karlsson L. J. E.
Published: May 2020

Context
Production losses, due to worms and anthelmintic costs to control the infection, can affect the profitability of sheep production systems.

Aims
This study was carried out to quantify the production benefits of worm-resistant sheep.

Methods
Genetically worm-resistant and unselected control Merino rams were mated annually to 150 ewes in each of the Resistant and Control lines respectively over an 8-year period. All ewes and their progeny were managed in small replicated paddocks to prevent any cross-contamination between paddocks and groups. Fertility, growth, wool production, wool quality and worm resistance were measured on the ewes and their progeny. The data were analysed using mixed model methodology.

Key results
The progeny of the Resistant sires were on average 21–25% more worm resistant than the progeny of the Control sires. No significant differences were recorded in reproduction between mature ewes of the Resistant and Control lines, or in the survival rate of their lambs. Resistant line progeny were on average 1.6 kg heavier at weaning, received 15–17% less drenching during the experiment and produced on average 0.3 μm finer wool at hogget shearing than the Control line progeny.

Conclusions
It is concluded that the Resistant line coped better with a worm challenge and that this resulted in increased production.

Implications
This study shows that apart from improved worm resistance, there are associated production benefits in breeding for worm resistance.
Variations in drought tolerance components and their association with yield components in finger millet (Eleusine coracana)
Authors: Talwar Harvinder S. , Kumar Shiwesh , Madhusudhana Ragimasalawada , Nanaiah Ganapathy K. , Ronanki Swarna , Tonapi Vilas A.
Published: May 2020

Finger millet has gained considerable attention worldwide due to its nutritional and health benefits. Being a rainfed crop of semiarid and arid regions, drought is one of the major constraints to its yield stabilisation. To address this, a set of 38 accessions of finger millet were evaluated in both field and mini-lysimeters under both well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS) conditions. The objectives of the study were to identify the range of variations for yield components, water-use (WU) and transpiration efficiency (TE) and to examine the potential of the mini-lysimeter system in assessing the genotypic performance in the field conditions. Approximately 2-fold variations in shoot biomass and ~9-fold variations in grain yield under WS conditions were observed. Reproductive growth was more sensitive to WS than the vegetative growth. Our results indicate that in addition to yield potential under WW conditions, WU followed by TE were the other two major contributors toward shoot biomass, whereas, HI followed by TE were the major contributors toward grain yield under WS. The close association between the yield components recorded in the field and in mini-lysimeters suggests that the lysimetric system has the great potential to reflect the genotypic performance under field conditions. Regression analyses suggest that HI explained almost all the variations in grain yield under WW conditions, whereas under WS treatment, next to HI, both TE and WU had also contributed significantly to grain yield. The absence of interrelationship between WU and TE suggests that both these components contribute independently toward the yield components under WW or WS conditions. The accessions with higher shoot biomass and grain yield extract much more water during the post-anthesis stages than the poor performers under WS. Results also suggests that higher WU contributed more towards shoot biomass and higher TE contributed more towards grain yield by improving the harvest index.
Machine translation and fair access to information
Authors: Nurminen Mary , Koponen Maarit
Published: May 2020

This article contributes to the discussion on fairness and ethics in MT by highlighting efforts that have been
made to use MT for the humanitarian purpose of increasing access to information for groups that are underserved. The article
provides an overview of example projects in which MT has been implemented for this purpose in three contexts: civic participation,
public health and safety, and media and culture. In addition, the article examines some of the ethical issues surrounding efforts
to use MT for accessibility, including issues of quality, acceptability, and the need to involve stakeholders in development.
The contribution of register analysis to the translation of Red Sorghum
Authors: Bazzi Samia , Shi Yuran
Published: May 2020

The Chinese novel Hóng Gāoliáng Jiāzú (红高粱家族, Red Sorghum
2008) was written by the Nobel-winning Chinese writer Mò Yán (莫言). Its Arabic translation (الذرة
الرفيعة الحمراء, al-Dhurra al-Rafī‘a al-Hamrā) was published in 2013. By comparing the Chinese source text with the Arabic target text, this paper aims to present an
assessment of the Arabic translation based on an awareness of translation theory and, in particular, translation quality
assessment or what is widely known as register analysis (House 1997) in order to
propose additional solutions for the translation of Chinese literature into Arabic. The paper also surveys the field of
translation studies specifically in regard to scholarship concerning translation between Chinese and Arabic, and it attempts to
add additional literature for Chinese-Arabic translators or translator trainees. Relying on textual analysis that relates to a
wider socio-cultural framework, the paper concludes that the original translation of the novel is not successful, as it lacks an
awareness of register characterization which plays an important part in the translation-oriented analysis of literary texts. This
results in the misrepresentation of Chinese cultural experience as well as an absence of evaluative meanings at an interpersonal
level. For this reason, this study offers alternative translation techniques into Arabic that foreground the author’s style
without modifying the cultural elements. This approach will be illustrated through a number of examples representative of many
examples translated and assessed by the authors. We suggest that an awareness of register variables results in a more appropriate
communication of the Chinese cultural context, and is therefore more likely to be viewed positively by the Arab audience, piquing
its curiosity in regard to the cultural specificities found in this foreign culture.
Supergravity on a three-torus: quantum linearization instabilities with a supergroup
Authors: Higuchi Atsushi , Schmieding Lasse
Published: May 2020

It is well known that linearized gravity in spacetimes with compact Cauchy surfaces and continuous symmetries suffers from linearization instabilities: solutions to classical linearized gravity in such a spacetime must satisfy so-called linearization stability conditions (or constraints) for them to extend to solutions in the full non-linear theory. Moncrief investigated implications of these conditions in linearized quantum gravity in such background spacetimes and found that the quantum linearization stability constraints lead to the requirement that all physical states must be invariant under the symmetries generated by these constraints. He studied these constraints for linearized quantum gravity in flat spacetime with the spatial sections of toroidal topology in detail. Subsequently, his result was reproduced by the method of group-averaging. In this paper the quantum linearization stability conditions are studied for

N
=
1

simple supergravity in this spacetime. In addition to the linearization stability conditions corresponding to the spacetime symmetries, i.e. spacetime translations, there are also fermionic linearization stability conditions corresponding to the background supersymmetry. We construct all states satisfying these quantum linearization stability conditions, including the fermionic ones, and show that they are obtained by group-averaging over the supergroup of the global supersymmetry of this theory.
Stationary quantum entanglement between a massive mechanical membrane and a low frequency LC circuit
Authors: Li Jie , Gröblacher Simon
Published: May 2020

We study electro-mechanical entanglement in a system where a massive membrane is capacitively coupled to a low frequency LC resonator. In opto- and electro-mechanics, the entanglement between a megahertz (MHz) mechanical resonator and a gigahertz (GHz) microwave LC resonator has been widely and well explored, and recently experimentally demonstrated. Typically, coupling is realized through a radiation pressure-like interaction, and entanglement is generated by adopting an appropriate microwave drive. Through this approach it is however not evident how to create entanglement in the case where both the mechanical and LC oscillators are of low frequency, e.g., around 1 MHz. Here we provide an effective approach to entangling two low-frequency resonators by further coupling the membrane to an optical cavity. The cavity is strongly driven by a red-detuned laser, sequentially cooling the mechanical and electrical modes, which results in stationary electro-mechanical entanglement at experimentally achievable temperatures. The entanglement directly originates from the electro-mechanical coupling itself and due to its quantum nature will allow testing quantum theories at a more macroscopic scale than currently possible.
Emerging spectra characterization of catastrophic instabilities in complex systems
Authors: Chakraborti Anirban , Sharma Kiran , Pharasi Hirdesh K , Bakar K Shuvo , Das Sourish , Seligman Thomas H
Published: May 2020

Random matrix theory has been widely applied in physics, and even beyond physics. Here, we apply such tools to study catastrophic events, which occur rarely but cause devastating effects. It is important to understand the complexity of the underlying dynamics and signatures of catastrophic events in complex systems, such as the financial market or the environment. We choose the USA S&P-500 and Japanese Nikkei-225 financial markets, as well as the environmental ozone system in the USA. We study the evolution of the cross-correlation matrices and their eigen spectra over different short time-intervals or ‘epochs’. A slight non-linear distortion is applied to the correlation matrix computed for any epoch, leading to the emerging spectrum of eigenvalues, mainly around zero. The statistical properties of the emerging spectrum are intriguing—the smallest eigenvalues and the shape of the emerging spectrum (characterized by the spectral entropy) capture the system instability or criticality. Importantly, the smallest eigenvalue could also signal a precursor to a market catastrophe as well as a ‘market bubble’. We demonstrate in two paradigms the capacity of the emerging spectrum to understand the nature of instability; this is a new and robust feature that can be broadly applied to other physical or complex systems.
An ultracold heavy Rydberg system formed from ultra-long-range molecules bound in a stairwell potential
Authors: Hummel F , Schmelcher P , Ott H , Sadeghpour H R
Published: May 2020

We propose a scheme to realize a heavy Rydberg system (HRS), a bound pair of oppositely charged ions, from a gas of ultracold atoms. The intermediate step to achieve large internuclear separations is the creation of a unique class of ultra-long-range Rydberg molecules bound in a stairwell potential energy curve. Here, a ground-state atom is bound to a Rydberg atom in an oscillatory potential emerging due to attractive singlet p-wave electron scattering. The utility of our approach originates in the large electronic dipole transition element between the Rydberg and the ionic molecule, while the nuclear configuration of the ultracold gas is preserved. The Rabi coupling between the Rydberg molecule and the heavy Rydberg system is typically in the MHz range and the permanent electric dipole moments of the HRS can be as large as one kilo-Debye. We identify specific transitions which place the creation of the heavy Rydberg system within immediate reach of experimental realization.
Bose–Einstein-like condensation due to diffusivity edge under periodic confinement
Authors: Mahault Benoît , Golestanian Ramin
Published: May 2020

A generic class of scalar active matter, characterized at the mean field level by the diffusivity vanishing above some threshold density, was recently introduced [Golestanian R 2019 Phys. Rev. E
100 010601(R)]. In the presence of harmonic confinement, such ‘diffusivity edge’ was shown to lead to condensation in the ground state, with the associated transition exhibiting formal similarities with Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC). In this work, the effect of a diffusivity edge is addressed in a periodic potential in arbitrary dimensions, where the system exhibits coexistence between many condensates. Using a generalized thermodynamic description of the system, it is found that the overall phenomenology of BEC holds even for finite energy barriers separating each neighbouring pair of condensates. Shallow potentials are shown to quantitatively affect the transition, and introduce non-universality in the values of the scaling exponents.
Aluminum cluster size effects in the phase diagram of disordered Fe-Al alloys
Authors: Santos-Filho J. B. , Santos Sá A. V. , de Araujo Batista T. S. , Plascak J. A.
Published: May 2020

A spin-1/2 Ising model, with nearest-neighbor exchange and next-nearest-neighbor superexchange interactions, is proposed to describe the phase diagram of disordered Fe
p
-Al
q
(p + q = 1) alloys in the body centered cubic lattice. The size of the aluminum clusters have been taken into account in order to induce a superexchange interaction among the Fe atoms. Extensive Monte Carlo simulations have been employed by using a hybrid algorithm consisting of Metropolis spin flip and Wolff cluster algorithm, together with single histograms techniques. A good fit to the experimental phase diagram has been achieved, including the anomalous region for Al concentration in the range q ≤ 0.2.
Tailoring the orientation of perovskite crystals via adding two-dimensional polymorphs for perovskite solar cells
Authors: Guo Renjun , Buyruk Ali , Jiang Xinyu , Chen Wei , Reb Lennart K , Scheel Manuel A , Ameri Tayebeh , Müller-Buschbaum Peter
Published: May 2020

Organic-inorganic perovskite materials are attracting increasing attention for their use in high-performance solar cells due to their outstanding properties, such as long diffusion lengths, low recombination rate, and tunable bandgap. Finding an effective method of defect passivation is thought to be a promising route for improvements toward narrowing the distribution of the power conversion efficiency (PCE) values, given by the spread in the PCE over different devices fabricated under identical conditions, for easier commercialization. In this work, we add 2‐(4‐fluoroph-enyl)ethyl ammonium iodide (p-f-PEAI) into the bulk of a mixed cation lead halide perovskite (CH3NH3PbBr3)0.15(HC(NH2)2PbI3)0.85 thin film. We investigate the influence of different p-f-PEAI concentrations on the optical properties, morphology, crystal orientation, charge carrier dynamics, and device performance. We observe that introducing the proper amount of p-f-PEAI changes the preferential orientation of the perovskite crystals, promotes the strength of the crystal textures, and suppresses non-radiative charge recombination. Thus, we obtain a narrower distribution of the PCE of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) without sacrificing the PCE values reached. This is an important step toward better reproducibility to realize the commercialization of PSCs.
On one-dimensionality of metric measure spaces
Authors: Schultz Timo
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we prove that a metric measure space which has at least one open set isometric to an interval, and for which the (possibly non-unique) optimal transport map exists from any absolutely continuous measure to an arbitrary measure, is a one-dimensional manifold (possibly with boundary). As an immediate corollary we obtain that if a metric measure space is a very strict

C
D
(
K
,
N
)

CD(K,N)

-space or an essentially non-branching

M
C
P
(
K
,
N
)

MCP(K,N)

-space with some open set isometric to an interval, then it is a one-dimensional manifold. We also obtain the same conclusion for a metric measure space which has a point in which the Gromov-Hausdorff tangent is unique and isometric to the real line, and for which the optimal transport maps not only exist but are unique. Again, we obtain an analogous corollary in the setting of essentially non-branching

M
C
P
(
K
,
N
)

MCP(K,N)

-spaces.
Shedding light on photosynthesis in carnivorous plants. A commentary on: ‘Nepenthes × ventrata photosynthesis under different nutrient applications’
Authors: Thorogood Chris , Bauer Ulrike
Published: May 2020

This article comments on:

Sebastià Capó-Bauçà, Marcel Font-Carrascosa, Miquel Ribas-Carbó, Andrej Pavlovč and Jeroni Galmés, Biochemical and mesophyll diffusional limits to photosynthesis are determined by prey and root nutrient uptake in the carnivorous pitcher plant Nepenthes × ventrata, Annals of Botany, Volume 126, Issue 1, 29 June 2020, Pages 25–37, https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa041.
Out in the open: behavior’s effect on predation risk and thermoregulation by aposematic caterpillars
Authors: Nielsen Matthew E , Mappes Johanna
Published: May 2020

Warning coloration should be under strong stabilizing selection but often displays considerable intraspecific variation. Opposing selection on color by predators and temperature is one potential explanation for this seeming paradox. Despite the importance of behavior for both predator avoidance and thermoregulation, its role in mediating selection by predators and temperature on warning coloration has received little attention. Wood tiger moth caterpillars, Arctia plantaginis, have aposematic coloration, an orange patch on the black body. The size of the orange patch varies considerably: individuals with larger patches are safer from predators, but having a small patch is beneficial in cool environments. We investigated microhabitat preference by these caterpillars and how it interacted with their coloration. We expected caterpillar behavior to reflect a balance between spending time exposed to maximize basking and spending time concealed to avoid detection by predators. Instead, we found that caterpillars preferred exposed locations regardless of their coloration. Whether caterpillars were exposed or concealed had a strong effect on both temperature and predation risk, but caterpillars in exposed locations were both much warmer and less likely to be attacked by a bird predator (great tits, Parus major). This shared optimum may explain why we observed so little variation in caterpillar behavior and demonstrates the important effects of behavior on multiple functions of coloration.
Socially foraging bats discriminate between group members based on search-phase echolocation calls
Authors: Kohles Jenna E , Carter Gerald G , Page Rachel A , Dechmann Dina K N
Published: May 2020

Animals have evolved diverse strategies to use social information for increasing foraging success and efficiency. Echolocating bats, for example, can eavesdrop on bats foraging nearby because they shift from search-phase calls to feeding buzzes when they detect prey. Feeding buzzes can directly convey information about prey presence, but it is unknown whether search-phase calls also convey social information. Here, we investigated whether search-phase echolocation calls, distinct calls produced by some bat species to scan large open areas for prey, can additionally convey individual identity. We tested this in Molossus molossus, a neotropical insectivorous bat that forages with group members, presumably to find ephemeral insect swarms more efficiently. We caught M. molossus from six different social groups and recorded their search-phase calls during a standardized release procedure, then recaptured and tested 19 marked bats with habituation–dishabituation playback experiments. We showed that they can discriminate between group members based on search-phase calls, and our statistical analysis of call parameters supported the presence of individual signatures in search-phase calls. Individual discrimination is a prerequisite of individual recognition, which may allow M. molossus to maintain contact with group members while foraging without using specialized signals for communication.
FastTargetPred: a program enabling the fast prediction of putative protein targets for input chemical databases
Authors: Chaput Ludovic , Guillaume Valentin , Singh Natesh , Deprez Benoit , Villoutreix Bruno O
Published: May 2020

Several web-based tools predict the putative targets of a small molecule query compound by similarity to molecules with known bioactivity data using molecular fingerprints. In numerous situations, it would however be valuable to be able to run such computations on a local computer. We present FastTargetPred, a new program for the prediction of protein targets for small molecule queries. Structural similarity computations rely on a large collection of confirmed protein–ligand activities extracted from the curated ChEMBL 25 database. The program allows to annotate an input chemical library of ∼100k compounds within a few hours on a simple personal computer.

Availability and implementation

FastTargetPred is written in Python 3 (≥3.7) and C languages. Python code depends only on the Python Standard Library. The program can be run on Linux, MacOS and Windows operating systems. Pre-compiled versions are available at https://github.com/ludovicchaput/FastTargetPred. FastTargetPred is licensed under the GNU GPLv3. The program calls some scripts from the free chemistry toolkit MayaChemTools.

Contact

bruno.villoutreix@inserm.fr

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Key long-proboscid fly pollinator overlooked: morphological and molecular analyses reveal a new Prosoeca (Nemestrinidae) species
Authors: Theron Genevieve L , Grenier Florent , Anderson Bruce C , Ellis Allan G , Johnson Steven D , Midgley John M , van der Niet Timotheüs
Published: May 2020

Long-proboscid nemestrinid flies are keystone pollinators of dozens of Southern African plants and, consequently, their taxonomic status might have important consequences for insect and plant conservation. We focus on Prosoeca peringueyi, considered to be a single, morphologically variable species, upon which a guild of ~28 plants in the winter rainfall region depends for pollination. We quantified morphological variation and established whether it was associated with genetic variation within and among sites. Phylogenetic analyses of the mitochondrial COI gene revealed two well-supported clades. One clade contains long-proboscid individuals that conform morphologically to the holotype of P. peringueyi. The sister clade contains individuals that frequently occur sympatrically with P. peringueyi and have shorter proboscides, with additional diagnostic characters that set it apart from P. peringueyi. A haplotype analysis based on nuclear ribosomal 28S DNA sequences of a subset of individuals corroborated these results. Based on our results, we propose the recognition of two species: P. peringueyi and Prosoeca torquata sp. nov., which is described here. Future research is required to quantify the interaction networks of these two fly species and the plant guilds with which they interact, to facilitate conservation in the global biodiversity hotspot where they occur.
On testing marginal versus conditional independence
Authors: Guo F Richard , Richardson Thomas S
Published: May 2020

We consider testing marginal independence versus conditional independence in a trivariate Gaussian setting. The two models are nonnested, and their intersection is a union of two marginal independences. We consider two sequences of such models, one from each type of independence, that are closest to each other in the Kullback–Leibler sense as they approach the intersection. They become indistinguishable if the signal strength, as measured by the product of two correlation parameters, decreases faster than the standard parametric rate. Under local alternatives at such a rate, we show that the asymptotic distribution of the likelihood ratio depends on where and how the local alternatives approach the intersection. To deal with this nonuniformity, we study a class of envelope distributions by taking pointwise suprema over asymptotic cumulative distribution functions. We show that these envelope distributions are well behaved and lead to model selection procedures with rate-free uniform error guarantees and near-optimal power. To control the error even when the two models are indistinguishable, rather than insist on a dichotomous choice, the proposed procedure will choose either or both models.
Are Minorities Subjected to, or Insulated from, Racialized Policing in Majority–Minority Community Contexts?
Authors: Gaston Shytierra , Brunson Rod K , Grossman Leigh S
Published: May 2020

Racial conflict theories suggest that racialized policing should wane in areas where people of colour are the majority and Whites, the minority. This article examines community-level predictors of racial/ethnic differences in drug arrests from 2011 to 2016 across 86 census tracts in Newark, NJ, a city where most officers and residents are persons of colour. We examine whether racial conflict indicators predict Black, White and Hispanic drug arrests, accounting for other factors. Findings indicate that racialized policing prevails within this majority–minority context. Officers tend to arrest Blacks in communities with greater White and Hispanic residents and Whites in predominantly Black areas. In contrast, Hispanic arrests are not attributable to racialized policing. We conclude with recommendations for future theoretical redevelopment.
The Dilemma Between the Freedom to Use and the Proscription against Appropriating Outer Space and Celestial Bodies
Authors: Zannoni Diego
Published: May 2020

Although a large-scale extraction of resources from outer space does not seem feasible yet, associated legal debates are already underway. Indeed, anticipating a race for space resources, some States are taking the lead in enacting legislation regulating future exploitation by their subjects. Sales of “extraterrestrial real estate” by private entities have been taking place for decades. This article addresses the topic of exploitation of space resources from an international law perspective—regardless of whether it will be firmly on the agenda tomorrow or in thirty years’ time. The crucial issue is to establish if, and eventually how, it is possible to conciliate the two principles at stake here: freedom to use outer space and celestial bodies, which arguably includes exploitation, and the impermissibility of their appropriation. It will be pointed out that, rather than proposing a comprehensive and rigid mechanism, the Outer Space Treaty and the Moon Agreement could represent a starting point, a proactive framework for achieving consensus among States and for seeking multilateral solutions for the exploitation of space resources.