bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avaliação por FT-IR de interações entre polímero energético e oxidante: GAP/ADN e GAP/AP
Authors: Oliveira José Irineu Sampaio de , Dutra Rita de Cássia Lazzarini , Sciamarelli Jairo , Diniz Milton Faria
Published: July 2015

A possibilidade de interação entre o sistema à base do polímero de azoteto de glicidila e da dinitramida de amônio (GAP/ADN) foi avaliada, por FT-IR, nas regiões do infravermelho médio (MIR) e infravermelho próximo (NIR). O sistema GAP e perclorato de amônio (GAP/AP), utilizando oxidante mais usual, foi analisado por MIR. Maiores alterações espectrométricas foram observadas para o sistema GAP/ADN. Foi observado um alargamento de bandas para ambos os sistemas na região entre 3100-3500cm-1, sugerindo interações entre os grupos OH do GAP e NH4+ do ADN ou AP. A diminuição da intensidade da banda do grupo N3 do GAP e o aumento de intensidade do nitroílo (NO2+) do ADN também foram notados, sugerindo interação entre esses grupos no sistema GAP/ADN.
Estudo das células Neuro2A sobre os biomateriais PCL e PLLA
Authors: Maturana Luiz Gabriel , Pierucci Amauri , Simões Gustavo Ferreira , Oliveira Alexandre Leite Rodrigues de , Duek Eliana Aparecida de Rezende
Published: July 2015

Os biomateriais poli L-ácido lático (PLLA) e o poli caprolactona (PCL) são os polímeros mais estudadas na área dos materiais bioreabsorvíveis. Dentre as suas principais características que contribuem para a interação celular, temos a especificidade química da superfície, elétrica, hidrofobicidade e topografia. Ainda, observa-se o tempo de degradação, porosidade, biocompatibilidade com o tecido biológico, bem como, a confecção com as mais variadas formas e dimensões. Já a prática da cultura celular, tem como objetivo estudar a adesão, migração, diferenciação e a proliferação celular utilizando-se um determinado material ou substância. Contudo, poucos trabalhos utilizando os biomateriais ora supracitados e a aplicação em células neuro2A foram realizados. Sabe-se que este tipo celular é derivado de células embrionárias da crista neural, as quais originam em neurônios simpáticos e apresentam como característica a imortalidade, portanto, são excelentes modelos em ensaios in vitro. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo avalia a adesão e a proliferação desta linhagem celular sobre os biopolímeros poli caprolactona (PCL) e poli L-ácido lático (PLLA).
Preparação e caracterização de nanocompósitos poliméricos baseados em quitosana e argilo minerais
Authors: Fiori Ana Paula Santos de Melo , Gabiraba Victor Parizio , Praxedes Ana Paula Perdigão , Nunes Marcelo Ramon da Silva , Balliano Tatiane L. , Silva Rosanny Christhinny da , Tonholo Josealdo , Ribeiro Adriana Santos
Published: July 2015

Neste trabalho foram preparados nanocompósitos baseados em quitosana e diferentes tipos de argilas usando polietileno glicol (PEG) como plastificante. As amostras foram caracterizadas por espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR), difração de raios X (DRX), análise termogravimétrica (TGA/DTG), e por análise mecânica (ensaio de tração) com o objetivo de avaliar as interações entre a quitosana e a argila. Os filmes de nanocompósitos preparados usando Bentonita sódica (Ben) apresentaram um aumento de 81,2% no valor da tensão máxima de ruptura e uma redução de 16,0% no módulo de elasticidade (Young) em relação aos filmes de quitosana com PEG (QuiPEG), evidenciando que a introdução da argila na matriz polimérica resultou em um filme mais flexível e resistente, cujo alongamento na ruptura foi 93,6% maior que o apresentado pelo filme de QuiPEG.
Reciclagem química do PET pós-consumo: caracterização estrutural do ácido tereftálico e efeito da hidrólise alcalina em baixa temperatura
Authors: Fonseca Talitha Granja , Almeida Yeda Medeiros Bastos de , Vinhas Glória Maria
Published: July 2015

Devido ao impacto ambiental causado pelo descarte de embalagens PET, a reciclagem desse material tem sido bastante discutida e avaliada. Em particular, a reciclagem química viabiliza a obtenção dos monômeros utilizados na fabricação da resina PET: o etilenoglicol (EG) e o ácido tereftálico (PTA). Por isso, estudos de otimização desse processo são importantes tanto do ponto de vista ambiental, quanto econômico. Neste trabalho foram investigados certos parâmetros que influenciam a reação de despolimerização do PET pós-consumo via hidrólise alcalina, a fim de obter o PTA. Os ensaios foram realizados à temperatura de 70 °C, variando a concentração da solução de hidróxido de sódio e o tempo de reação. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos para concentração de NaOH 10,82 mol L-1 e tempo de reação de 9 h. Consequentemente, foi possível comprovar a viabilidade do processo, uma vez que as análises por infravermelho e Ressonância Magnética Nuclear confirmaram a obtenção do PTA em todas as reações realizadas.
Falha por stress cracking em híbridos PET/argila
Authors: Teófilo Edvânia Trajano , Silva Emanuela Santos , Silva Suédina Maria Lima , Rabello Marcelo Silveira
Published: July 2015

O presente estudo investiga a falha por stress cracking em polímeros contendo argila montmorilonítica. Ensaios de tração e de relaxação de tensão foram conduzidos para avaliar a resistência ao stress cracking do PET puro e dos híbridos PET/argila em contato com soluções aquosas de hidróxido de sódio. As análises por difratometria de raios-X evidenciaram que a argila adicionada não gerou uma estrutura esfoliada e sim a obtenção de microcompósitos. Os resultados mostraram que a presença de argila dispersa no PET causa concentração de tensão, o que exerce forte influência no comportamento de stress cracking, com os efeitos sendo afetados pela ordenação lamelar e ao teor de carga, resultando em maiores taxas de relaxação de tensão. A argila com menor regularidade no empilhamento lamelar, embora ocasione menor concentração de tensão, favorece mais o fissuramento superficial da matriz, sugerindo que o efeito de barreira ao fluido não foi efetivo. Medidas de massa molar evidenciaram que a argila acelera o ataque químico da matriz quando elevadas concentrações de solução são utilizadas, porém diminui o efeito da tensão mecânica na degradação.
Preparo de nanocompósitos de poli(succinato de butileno) (PDS) e argila motmorilonita organofílica via polimerização in situ
Authors: Ferreira Letícia P. , Moreira Andrei N. , Souza Jr. Fernando G. de , Pinto José Carlos Costa da Silva
Published: July 2015

Nanocompósitos de poli(succinato de butileno) (PBS) e argila montmorilonita organofílica foram sintetizados via polimerização in situ, em três diferentes concentrações (4, 6 e 8% em massa). Os produtos obtidos foram caracterizados por diversas técnicas. Entre elas, a difração de raios X foi útil para comprovar o aumento do espaçamento interlamelar da argila devido à incorporação das cadeias de polímero. As técnicas de análise térmica mostraram que o método de polimerização in situ gerou materiais com menores estabilidades térmicas, comparadas ao polímero puro, devido à dificuldade de crescimento das cadeias de polímero na presença da argila. A técnica de RMN de baixo campo permitiu identificar que a estrutura esfoliada predomina nos nanocompósitos.
Filmes poliméricos baseados em amido e lignossulfonatos: preparação, propriedades e avaliação da biodegradação
Authors: Campagner Marina Rodrigues , Moris Virgínia Aparecida da Silva , Pitombo Leonardo Machado , Carmo Janaina Braga do , Paiva Jane Maria Faulstich de
Published: July 2015

Este trabalho envolveu a obtenção de filmes poliméricos a partir de amido de milho e incorporação de lignina na forma de lignossulfonato. A motivação deste trabalho está relacionada à utilização do amido na obtenção de filmes devido ao seu potencial de biodegradação, além do aproveitamento de resíduos de lignossulfonatos provenientes da indústria de celulose e papel. Para a obtenção dos filmes foram utilizados lignossulfonatos em pó e foram realizadas diversas moldagens com variação do tipo e da proporção (1% a 4%) de lignossulfonato utilizado. Algumas análises foram realizadas nos filmes poliméricos para comparar propriedades térmicas por DSC (Calorimetria Exploratória Diferencial), e propriedades de tração, em equipamento de DMTA (Análise Térmica Dinâmico-Mecânica). Neste estudo são destacadas as análises da biodegradação e da emissão dos gases liberados utilizando a técnica de Cromatografia Gasosa. De acordo com os resultados de DMTA, a maioria dos filmes poliméricos contendo lignossulfonatos apresentou resistência à tração inferior quando comparados aos filmes poliméricos sem lignossulfonatos (1,024 MPa). Porém, os filmes contendo lignossulfonato modificado com sódio (Vixil S) apresentaram maiores valores de resistência à tração quando comparado aos outros filmes contendo os lignossulfonatos utilizados (Vixil I e Vixil Tan). Nas análises térmicas foram notadas semelhanças entre os dois tipos principais de filmes poliméricos (amido; e amido com lignossulfonato), com alguns deslocamentos das temperaturas dos principais picos máximos dos filmes contendo lignossulfonato (4%, Vixil S). Na análise de biodegradabilidade foi verificado que os materiais são biodegradáveis e houve uma emissão maior de CO2 e N2O das amostras dos filmes contendo 4% lignossulfonato do tipo Vixil S, em comparação com as amostras sem lignossulfonato.
Selbstkonfiguration und automatisiertes Änderungsmanagement von MES-Systemen
Authors: Bukva Senad , Enste Udo , Uecker Felix
Published: July 2015

Anwendungen, die der MES-Ebene zugeordnet werden, eröffnen das Potential, erhöhte Wertschöpfungen aus Produktionsprozessen und der Anlagenbewirtschaftung zu erzielen. Ein Haupthindernis zur Nutzung dieser Anwendungen ist jedoch oftmals der Aufwand für deren Inbetriebnahme und dauerhaften Pflege. Ziel muss es daher sein, diesen Aufwand zu senken. Dieser Beitrag behandelt dazu konzeptionelle Voraussetzungen zur Nutzung von Automatismen der Systemintegration und Anwendungsbeispiele selbstkonfigurierender MES-Anwendungen aus der industriellen Praxis.
Walter Benjamin e as Passagens: uma narratividade poética do histórico
Authors: Diniz Davidson De Oliveira
Published: July 2015

O artigo propõe-se a refletir o vínculo entre método de análise histórica e a narrativa das Passagens, de Walter Benjamin, apresentando como o conceito de estilo desta obra decorre de uma teoria epistemológica enquanto marca autoral.
Imagem dialética na cidade – sobre o trânsito de um conceito ao desenho do menos idealista dos objetos
Authors: Velloso Rita
Published: July 2015

Imagem dialética na cidade – sobre o trânsito de um conceito ao desenho do menosidealista dos objetos
O trapeiro, a influenza e o esquecimento: O Mez da Grippe e a teoria estética de Walter Benjamin
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Vieira
Published: July 2015

O trapeiro, a influenza e o esquecimento:O Mez da Grippe e a teoria estética de Walter Benjamin
Escovando a história a contrapelo: a desaceleração da modernidade em Walter Benjamin
Authors: Otte Georg
Published: July 2015

O pensamento de Walter Benjamin é marcado por pares deopostos, tais como proximidade/distância, concentração/dispersão,singularidade/multiplicação, dinamismo/inércia etc. O presente ensaioprocura mostrar que essas polarizações fazem parte de uma dialéticafecunda, porém não sintetizante. A “dialética em suspensão” de Benjaminnão costura as rupturas existentes na modernidade, mas evidencia suastendências antagônicas.
Aharon Appelfeld: Mitteleuropa em língua hebraica
Authors: Krausz Luis S.
Published: July 2015

Obliterado pelo genocídio, o mundo judaico da Europa Central ganha umasurpreendente sobrevida na literatura de Aharon Appelfeld, criada na contra-mão doprojeto sionista de ruptura com o passado diaspórico. Por meio da recriação da aura e dosrastros do mundo de sua origem, Appelfeld preserva do esquecimento uma episteme, umconjunto de conceitos estruturantes da cultura dos judeus assimilados e germanizados doantigo Império Habsburgo, que se mantiveram apegados à língua e à cultura alemãs,permanecendo inconscientes das ameaças crescentes que se erguiam neste universo que,ainda uma geração antes de Appelfeld, fora o sinônimo da civilização.
Uma leitura benjaminiana do tempo em Dom Casmurro e Capitu
Authors: Oliveira Lara Luiza Spagnol
Published: July 2015

O presente artigo objetiva realizar aproximações entre a concepção temporal de Walter Benjamin - especificamente no que diz respeito às suas Teses Sobre o Conceito de História - e as obras Dom Casmurro, de Machado de Assis, e sua adaptação televisiva, a microssérie Capitu, dirigida por Luiz Fernando Carvalho. Almejamos compreender, especificamente, de que maneiras o tempo que percorre tais obras está próximo da imagem de um tempo constelar, múltiplo, não-linear e heterogêneo, tal qual conceituado por Benjamin.
Natureza e melancolia: uma leitura de A menina morta e Repouso de Cornélio Penna
Authors: Azevedo Guilherme Zubaran
Published: July 2015

O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a presença da natureza nos romances A menina morta e Repouso de Cornélio Penna. O enfoque se baseia na perspectiva segundo a qual essas duas obras narram eventos violentos e traumáticos relacionados com o declínio do mundo patriarcal. Assim, a decadência do patriarcalismo é representada na natureza que aparece em estado de abandono. Nesse sentido, há um olhar narrativo melancólico pelo qual a espacialidade adquire uma dimensão humana, na medida em que a sua decadência evidencia o declínio do sistema social e econômico da família patriarcal
Pampas argentinos: a percepção da monotonia
Authors: Mota Raquel Alves
Published: July 2015

No percurso da caravana do Dr. Real pelos pampas argentinos, em Las Nubes (2000), o médico narrador busca retratar o espaço em que deambula. A fugidia realidade que acompanha as personagens enfatiza a discussão promovida por Saer, nos seus escritos teóricos, a respeito, da possibilidade de apreensão da realidade ou da delimitação dos lugares do real e da ficção.
Característica de Walter Benjamin, por Jeanne Marie Gagnebin
Authors: Chaves Ernani
Published: July 2015

Característica de Walter Benjamin, porJeanne Marie Gagnebin
O narrador Ulisses
Authors: Süssekind Pedro
Published: July 2015

Este artigo tem como tema a interpretação que Adorno e Horkheimer fazem, na Dialética do esclarecimento, do episódio das sereias narrado no décimo segundo canto da Odisseia. Com base em comentários de Jeanne Marie Gagnebin sobre essa interpretação, ressalto não só a importância da questão da narrativa no episódio, como também os desdobramentos que a inclusão dessa questão oferece para a própria reflexão proposta pelos autores da Dialética do esclarecimento.
Salvar o passado? Proust e Benjamin
Authors: Douek Sybil Safdie
Published: July 2015

Este artigo pretende, inspirando-se em alguns escritos de Jeanne Marie Gagnebin, estabelecer correspondências entre a memória involuntária proustiana e o conceito benjaminiano de rememoração (Eingedenken). Opassado não volta tal como foi vivido, mas sim, renovado, recriado, um novo passado. O desejo de ‘salvar o passado’ parece ser compartilhado por Benjamin e Proust, embora para cada um dos autores, o significado de tal salvação ressoe de modo diverso.
Reflexões sobre uma odisseia por vir – um diálogo filosófico
Authors: Pessoa Patrick
Published: July 2015

O nosso texto apresenta um possível diálogo entre P, um dramaturgo empenhado na elaboração de uma versão teatral da Odisseia, de Homero, e JM, uma filósofa que escreveu alguns estudos importantes sobre a dialética do esclarecimento em Homero. Eles investigam juntos como seria possível traduzir a Odisseia para a linguagem do teatro contemporâneo sem sacrificar o poder embutido em sua distância histórica. Ao fim do diálogo, P lê para JM o argumento de sua odisseia por vir.
Desculpe minha franqueza
Authors: Pelbart Peter Pál
Published: July 2015

Desculpe minha franqueza
Por entre rastros e restos
Authors: Favaretto Celso
Published: July 2015

Uma reflexão sobre a designação “arte contemporânea”, empregada para o entendimento da variada atividade artística da atualidade. Propõe que depois que as proposições e ações artísticas levaram as operações modernas ao seu limite, ocorre uma generalização e difusão das experimentações artísticas, cuja eficácia depende não mais do acento no novo e na ruptura, mas da reflexão que se elabora nessas produções das tensões entre aqueles limites, acentuando seus rastros e seus restos, e os acontecimentos, configurando-se aí uma ideia de contemporâneo.
Entre a mediação e a exposição – sobre o idioleto de Walter Benjamin
Authors: Otte Georg
Published: July 2015

Quando Benjamin, na primeira frase do prefácio de Origem do drama barroco alemão, atribui um lugar central à questão da Darstellung (exposição, apresentação), ele se distancia do discurso acadêmico tradicional, baseado no uso sistemático de conceitos e seu papel mediador. Partindo da crítica de Jeanne Marie Gagnebin à tradução de Darstellung como “representação” e também dos questionamentos de Adorno, procuramos desenvolver uma distinção básica entre a mediação (Vermittlung) e a exposição (Darstellung) como duas opções distintas do discurso filosófico.
Telecommunications Disruption
Authors: Gregory Mark A
Published: July 2015

In this issue we consider how telecommunication companies around the world have been disrupted by the demand for improved network speeds, capacity and reliability and the growth of the smart device manufacturers that have become more closely linked with the handful of global digital giants. The pace of change has increased, if that is possible, and it is not unthinkable that further consolidation of the telecommunications market might occur in the next decade.
Demokratie und wirtschaftsordnung
Authors: Thesig Josef
Published: July 2015

The article analyses two concepts: democracy and economic order. Since 1989 the world was a witness of rapid changes as never before. In the world economy we can see a globalization, nations and regions are determine by global policy, world economy and global capital market. Democracy needs a substantial economics base. This base is main factor of its stability.
Economic and environmental impacts of household conversion to cleaner fuel in the czech republic
Authors: Šauer Petr , Dvořák Antonín , Paroha Lubomír , Carmin Joann , N. L. Andrews Richard
Published: July 2015

Air pollution ranks as one of the most serious environmental problems worldwide due to its impacts on human health, natural ecosystems, cultural and historical monuments, aesthetics and economic welfare. It is a particularly significant problem in the formerly communist states of central and Eastern Europe as a result of the large-scale use of low-quality lignite ( brown coal ) for heat, industrial production and electric power generation. The Czech Republic alone produced over 68.4 million tons of brown coal in 1992 along with 18.5 million tons of black coal and 5.7 million tons of coke. In turn, regulated pollution sources emitted an estimated nearly million tons of particulate and nearly 18 million tons of sulfur dioxide. Brown coal typically has relatively high sulfur and ash content and correspondingly low energy value compared to other fuels.
Inflation, wages and money
Authors: Izák Vratislav
Published: July 2015

The preliminary results seem to confirm a greater relevance of postkeynesian than monetaristic approaches in the inflation field. Whereas prices are co-integrated, according to CRDW in a static regression, with wages, they are not co-integrated with money, therefore the association between money and prices in four-years period is lower than expected at first sight. One must mention that in the Czech Republic the term exogenous supply of money, has a special meaning.
transformation indebtedness of cooperative farms
Authors: Divila Emil , Marchal Stanislav
Published: July 2015

Due to the previous dominant position of cooperatives ( collective farms ) in the Czech agriculture transformation of property rights in the post-November period was a key part of agricultural reform. Further outlook of the present (transformed) cooperatives which accounts for roughly a half of the total agricultural outputs represents a cardinal problem of the future agrarian structure in the Czech Republic. This outlook is, however, rather problematic. It is not only a result of some weak features of the cooperative as a specific business form (problems ensuing from the complicated ownership and interest structure in cooperatives). What makes the cooperative farms in the Czech Republic so vulnerable is their transformation indebtedness - extensive term liabilities due to entitled persons who took part in the transformation of property rights in cooperatives several years ago.
The role of commercial banks in the czech economy transformation process
Authors: Chvojka Petr
Published: July 2015

The "intuitive restructuring role of commercial banks can gradually gain the elements of a purposeful activity, especially with how the banks manage to : overcome the barrier of inadequate information about the real value relations between individual branches, enterprises, etc., the given nonexistence of the consistent economics research and analyses; react positively to the problem of nonexistence of a distinct structural national economy related concept, according to which they could orientated otherwise in their crediting; formulate under such condition its own strategic approaches, including not only the actual (bank) partial standpoints, but integrating in the objective behavior of banks the aspect of meeting the national economic, macroeconomic requirements and connections in the own interests of bank.
Czech derivatives market becomes more liquid
Authors: Jílek Josef
Published: July 2015

In the last a few years, the volume of derivatives trading steadily increased, the market being built, in particular, by major Czech banks (including subsidiaries of foreign banks) and branches of foreign banks. The most common derivatives are currency forwards and currency swaps up to 6 months. They are used by banks for trading (i.e. purchase or sale with other banks or clients) and hedging foreign exchange positions. More and more clients demand these instruments to hedge their own operations, mainly foreign trade and short-term loans. Equity options have so far been used to buy securities through major securities dealers who sell options to foreign investors. Some banks offer currency options to their clients. But clients have small expertise how to handle with options e.g. how to do effective option hedging.
Banks in the czech republic: the current state and prospects
Authors: Zahradník Petr
Published: July 2015

The transformation of the Czech banking sector was launched on the principles adopted even before November 1989, when the monobank structure of Czech banking was abolished on January 1st, 1990. The former State Bank of Czechoslovakia, which fulfilled the functions of both monetary policy and commercial banking under the conditions of a centrally planned economy, was delimited on that date and the responsibility for monetary policy became its prerogative. The functions of commercial banking began to be fulfilled by the existing commercial banks, until then visibly subordinate to the SBČS (Česká státní spořitelna, Československá obchodní banka, Živnostenská banka in the Czech Republic, and Slovenská Štátna sporitel'ňa in Slovakia), as well as by the newly-established successors to the SBCS in the commercial sphere (Komerční banka in the Czech Republic, Všeobecná úverová banka in Slovakia) supplemented by Investiční banka, already an established bank at that time, which took over some important activities of the former SBČS.
Foreign exchange positions and risks of czech banks
Authors: Jílek Josef , Jílková Jiřina
Published: July 2015

Almost every bank has some degree of foreign exchange exposure. A bank, which holds net open positions in foreign currencies is exposed to the risk that exchange rates may move against it. Net open positions are due to foreign exchange trading positions or because of exposures caused by firm's overall assets and liabilities. Czech National Bank has imposed limits of FX risks and is thus limiting maximum potential loss of the Czech banking system. The paper describes the way how to calculate a bank's open FX positions and the current state of FX positions in selected Czech commercial hanks. The FX risk is a part of market risk. The Capital Adequacy Directive (CAD) and Basle Committee on Banking Supervision in its document Amendment to the Capital Accord to Incorporate Market Risks set out the minimum capital requirements for credit institutions and investment firms with respect to market risk.
Regional labour mobility, wages and unemployment in the czech republic
Authors: Erbenová Michaela
Published: July 2015

Evidence on inter - regional migration in the Czech Republic shows that the relatively large flows of workers across region which prevailed through the 1980's are declining over time, in spite of the widening regional differences in the labour market conditions. However, the regression analysis shows that the current migration trends can be explained in an intuitive way by the economic conditions. The finding that the net flows are directed from high - to low - unemployment districts supports the conventional view of migration as a mechanism diminishing the regional disparities. Nevertheless, since the migration process is slow and other things (in particular wages and structural regional shocks) are not constant, this process may not be immediately apparent in the short run.
Environmental impairment liability in the czech republic
Authors: Tošovská Eva
Published: July 2015

The subject treated in this article is environmental impairment liability, which becomes a still more important legal and economic instrument of environmental policy complying with claim of denationalization. It is a market-conforming instrument not requiring that the public authorities will focus their activities on direct management of microeconomic agents. The article reflects: brief description of the functions and position of environmental impairment liability among the other tools of environmental policy; evaluation of the extent to which the initiatives aimed at European harmonisation have been successful; analysis of the present state of works on environmental impairment liability legislation in the Czech Republic.
Price liberalization in the czech republic: shock therapy versus gradualism
Authors: Hanousek Jan , Krkoška Libor
Published: July 2015

Reform of the price system is a keystone of transition to a market economy. In all Visegrad countries, competition was introduced quite successfully through price liberalisation, removal of customs barriers and reduction of subsidies. Technically price liberalisation is easy to implement: the government simply announces that all agents can set their own prices from a certain date. The problem is political: necessary price liberalisation leads to income redistribution, and political and social frictions. In order to prevent a sharp rise in inflation, any resetting of prices has to be complemented by certain steps. Namely, a competitive environment should exist before actual price liberalisation. This assumes extensive privatisation and restructuralisation programs in the former centrally planned economies.
The long way - a great illusion
Authors: Holman Robert
Published: July 2015

The article is a response to the contribution written by L. Mlčoch - Czech Privatisation: Penalties for Speed (Prague Economic Papers, 1997, No. 1). Drawbacks of a short way - that means of the way that was implemented - were described here, and they were confronted with advantages of a long way - of the way that was not implemented. The actual life (comprising many drawbacks and giving free space to criticism and condemnation) was compared with a hypothesis dwelling in the scientist's head only. But any comparison of the actual life and the hypothetical situation can hardly result in such sharply defined conclusions that were drawn by Mr. Mlčoch. We do not know what the outcome of that long way would be like if it were implemented. Or, did Mr. Mlčoch have in mind any implemented long way , e.g. the Hungarian one? If so, the Czech way and the Hungarian way should be compared including the results achieved in both countries. Unfortunately, such a comparison is missing in his article.
Conditional variance and fluctuation band
Authors: Kočenda Evžen
Published: July 2015

The exchange rate of the Czech koruna pegged to a currency basket is analyzed. The change of value of the basket is measured by its index. The central point of the analysis is how the change in the fluctuation band of the index affected volatility of the exchange rate. By allowing for a wider fluctuation band, the CNB let the exchange rate fluctuate more freely, thus reducing its potential nominal stability. Because of the fact that the currency basket was introduced to keep a relatively stable nominal exchange rate and to limit its volatility, a further implication is that allowing for a wider fluctuation band should lead to more pronounced movements and increased volatility of the koruna. The results of the analysis clearly indicate that allowing for a wider fluctuation band resulted in a decrease in volatility of the key currencies (DEM and USD). The other two currencies (CHF and FRF) exhibit different behavior that suggests increased volatility after the narrow fluctuation band was abolished.
Banking regulation and supervision: lessons from the czech republic
Authors: Matoušek Roman
Published: July 2015

We have concentrated on the current issues linked to the goals of banking regulation and supervision. Attention has been focused mainly on the problem of entry into and exit form the banking sector and the institutional framework banking supervision as a whole. Although we are aware that the present situation in emerging markets is far from that of standard economies, we argue that remarkable progress has been made in creating an appropriate banking system since the beginning of the 1996.
Czech economy in 1998: risks and challenges
Authors: Janáček Kamil , Čihák Martin , Frýdmanová Marie , Holub Tomáš , Zamrazilová Eva
Published: July 2015

Characteristic for 1997 was a significant slowdown of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth: within the first three quarters, GDP grew by 1.1 %, and our estimate for the whole year is 1.4 %. At the same time 1997 was a turning year with respect to some components of Gross Domestic Product. The growth rate of household consumption decreased substantially (by almost one half). After three years of very dynamic, double-digit growth of gross fixed capital formation, in 1997 investment in fixed capital was falling (a decrease of almost 5%). Government consumption practically stagnated. Growing exports were among the main components of GDP growth, especially in the second halt of 1997.
Development of foreign trade and balance of payments in the czech republic, hungary and poland
Authors: Tomšík Vladimír
Published: July 2015

The objective of this paper is to analyse one of the greatest problems in the process of transformation of these three economies in the years 1990-1996 - foreign trade development. Following political changes in the countries of Eastern and Central Europe, economic changes had to be implemented that also implied changes in foreign trade. These crucial changes include abolition of foreign trade monopoly and its liberalisation, introduction of stepwise convertibility of national currencies (for transactions of balance of payments on the current account at first), changes in exchange rate policy, price liberalisation and territorial reorientation of foreign trade. All these changes were reflected in foreign trade development in all three countries compared.
Model for support of decision making in environmental policy - negotiation between authority and polluters
Authors: Šauer Petr , Fiala Petr , Dvořák Antonín
Published: July 2015

Several approaches to solving pollution reduction problems have been published in the 40 years history of environmental economics. Some of these serve as a theoretical basis for the creation of systems of practical environmental policies. In the 1990's, a new trend in environmental policies seems to be developing. It is the voluntary participation of business (as one of most important polluters) in pollution problem solving. So-called environmental management system principles and standards are being developed and certified in many countries. A reasonable number of corporations have already introduced this system. Voluntary agreements between industry and authorities have occurred and have achieved benefits that are significant to both parties. This article contributes to the development of theories that could promote further progress in the field of business participation. It describes a relatively new approach to pollution reduction problem solving - negotiation between polluters and authorities - and discusses some possibilities for practical applications.
Econometric modelling of indonesian lumber and plywood products industry: a policy simulation analysis
Authors: Abdulbasah Kamil Anton
Published: July 2015

This study focuses on the Indonesian lumber and plywood products industry and evaluates the impacts of relevant policy alternatives on the domestic economy. An econometric model was outlined which consists of nine behavioral equations, two price linkage equations, two technical production equations and tour market identities to close the system. In the corresponding simultaneous equations, we shell use the two stage system of least squares method to estimate the parameters of the behavioral equations. The effect of 108 % devaluation's policy alternative for period 1983 - 1998 are simulated with an econometric model. The model distinctly features endogenous government policy intervention in the sectoral markets of the Indonesian lumber and plywood product industry.
Ten years on (some lessons from the transition)
Authors: Tošovský Josef
Published: July 2015

The article offers essential reflections on ten years of experience with the transformation of the former centrally planned economies into free market economies. Although there were large differences among individual transition countries, all of them faced similar challenges early in the 1990s. The unique initial conditions of the Central and Eastern European countries called for an approach fundamentally different from reforms applied in Latin America or Asia. CEE countries had to rebuild, from scratch, a private sector, create a market-compatible institutional environment, and correct the serious inherited deformations of the real economy. In addition, at the same time they were confronted with the international liberalization of flows of goods and capital. The article aims to distinguish and analyse both objective and subjective factors affecting the process of economic transformation.
The role of the czech national bank monetary instruments in interest rates targeting during transition
Authors: Dvorný Zdeněk
Published: July 2015

In this paper, the recent development of Czech interest rates during the Czech Republic's transition to a market economy is discussed. First, the situation in the economy and in the banking sector, as well as the monetary policy of the central bank during the period of 1990 - 1999 is presented. However, the main focus is on monetary policy instruments and their application during transition. The paper also describes the targeting of the central bank's policy by using direct limitations in banking during 1990 - 1991 and refinancing instruments exploited during the period of 1991 - 1992. Finally, the central bank's orientation towards free market operations, starting in 1993, is discussed.
International portfolio diversification in the central european region
Authors: Neubauer Milan
Published: July 2015

The aim of this paper is to investigate international portfolio diversification opportunities for German and the U.S. investors in the Central European region. We employ Johansen multivariate cointegration test to analyze long run relationships among the Czech, Slovak, Polish, Hungarian, German and the U.S. stock markets. In addition, we attempt to account for possible impact of the Czech capital market failure on the diversification opportunities in the region. As the cointegration tests bring evidence on long run relationships among the Central European and developed stock markets, expected diversification benefits indicated by the low values of correlations of returns may be overestimated particularly over the longer investment horizons. Since the strength of relationships decreases from past to present, the loss of attractivity of the Czech capital market appears to weaken the long run interdependence among the countries which may paradoxically increase the diversification potential of the Central European region.
Coalition formation and eastward expansion of the european union (implications for the council)
Authors: Silárszky Peter , Levínský René
Published: July 2015

In this paper we study the distribution of power in the Council of the European Union. The goal of this paper is to evaluate the implications of coalition formation and the entry of some Central and Eastern European countries on the voting power of the member states. The analysis is based on the Shapley-Shubik power index of simple cooperative games. Modified versions of the Shapley-Shubik index are used to analyze the influence of sub-systems of the EU on the distribution of power in the decision making process.
Czech banks in context of the economy\'s equilibrium, growth and competitiveness
Authors: Chvojka Petr
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with the problem of interrelated development of basic economic characteristics - growth, equilibrium and the resulting international competitiveness of an economy - and tries to find whether and in which way their inherent contradictions could be influenced by a suitable economic policy. The possibilities of applying a monetary policy with optimal results are discussed under the viewpoint of the specific conditions of the Czech economy's transformation (such as the problem of limited functioning of the financial and banking system in an uncompleted institutional, legal, control framework). These conditions are both limiting the possibilities of positive interaction between the macroeconomic policies and the development of the microsphere, and at the same time are producing the problem of disparity in the development of the monetary (financial) and real (production) spheres.
On educational attainment in transition economies
Authors: Duczynski Petr
Published: July 2015

The paper examines various indicators of educational attainment in transition countries. Both quantity indicators, such as average years of schooling, percentage of no schooling, and adult literacy rates, and quality indicators, such as pupil-teacher ratios, dropout rates, and repetition rates are taken into account. These indicators are compared among transition countries and developed and developing countries. In addition, developed transition countries are compared to less developed transition countries.
Investment appraisal of advanced manufacturing technology in the czech republic, usa and united kingdom
Authors: Hájek Ladislav , Hynek Josef , Janeček Václav , Lefley Frank , Wharton Frank
Published: July 2015

The results of a survey large Czech manufacturing companies are presented which shows the current levels of investment in advanced manufacturing technology (AMT), the techniques and criteria used to assess AMT capital projects, and attitudes to the need for further investment. Comparisons are made with the results of earlier identical surveys in the UK and the USA. The comparisons reveal numerous statistically significant differences. The current levels of AMT investment in the Czech Republic are relatively low, the techniques used for evaluation relatively unsophisticated, the investment criteria used are more short term, and there is less concern about the need for AMT.
Earnings disparities in the czech republic: evidence of the past decade and cross-national comparison
Authors: Večerník Jiří
Published: July 2015

Wage and income surveys are used to display changes in inequality of earnings and main factors of disparities. In the first part, increasing disparities in the Czech Republic and the decreasing weight of demographic characteristics in wage determination are observed. In the second part, available evidence on cross-national comparison is gathered in order to demonstrate the increasing similarity of the Czech wage structure with Western countries. We document that the introduction of the market economy has led to a significant increase in earnings disparities; the
Decade in transition economies - comparative analysis of economic growth
Authors: Jaroš Jiří
Published: July 2015

The aim of this paper is to empirically analyze the determinants of growth in transition economies of Central and Eastern Europe and countries of former Soviet Union, using panel data for 25 countries for the longest available period 1989 - 1999. The paper's main finding is that macroeconomic stabilization (represented by inflation) and structural reforms (represented by the liberalization index) together with a reduction of Government expenditures are vital keys for success in achieving sustainable economic growth. The econometric analysis proves that initial effects of reform measures are likely to be negative, but are over time outweighed by positive outcomes. The results also indicate that even though initial conditions hurt growth, their effect is likely to be small compared to other factors and tends to diminish with time. Other commonly mentioned variables, like political freedom, seem to have only marginal ability to explain various growth patterns in transforming economies.
Inflation targeting and monetary policy rule of the czech national bank
Authors: Horská Helena
Published: July 2015

This paper deals with the inflation targeting regime in the Czech Republic. The study argues that inflation targeting is a monetary policy strategy that can be adopted by the central banks in more advanced transition economies. A dynamic model of inflation targeting in the Czech Republic is discussed in the context of achieving monetary convergence to the European Union. The specified monetary policy rule describes the basic features of the Czech National Bank's behaviour in the period March 1996 to June 2000.
European union: stability or instability for small periphery economies
Authors: Çiftçioglu Serhan
Published: July 2015

The main focus of this paper is to analyze the likely consequences of the possible increase in the monetary instability and decrease in the rate of wage indexation in the EU (that can result from the completion of economic and monetary union) on the macroeconomic stability of small, open economies which are in the process of integration with the EU. Such periphery countries include countries as Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Turkey and others.
Fiscal issues in post-communist economies: a pragmatic and aggressive fiscal rule
Authors: Sergio Sergi Bruno
Published: July 2015

This paper illustrates why a tough fiscal policy in East Europe may be rethought. Western economic policy theories may be fashionable but sometimes fail when applied to transition economies. It is advanced a new proposal for guiding fiscal policy where top priority is given to the ratio government debt/GDP and not to implement a tough deficit policy. Selected transition economies have low debt, then a more pragmatic economic strategy combined with a feasible and wise budget rule on fiscal policy may build up a scenario of economic recovery and sustainable membership in a perspective enlarged European Union.
An analysis of the determinants of managerial pay in the czech republic
Authors: Eriksson Tor , Gottwald Jaromír , Mrázek Pavel
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this paper is to examine the determinants of the variation inCzech managers' pay levels. The main questions we attempted to answer: Arethe managers in stateowned firms compensated differently than those inprivate owned firms? How much of hte difference in pay is explained bydifferences in individual characteristics and job levels? What is theimportance of the regional location or the industry affiliation of the firmsfor managerial pay differentials? For this purpose we used data from across-section of Czech managers in 1996 and estimated earnings equationsaugmented with a host of explanatory variables related to firm and jobcharacteristics.
Depreciation rates in a transition economy: evidence from czech panel data
Authors: Lízal Lubomír
Published: July 2015

This paper examines industrial differences in depreciation rates and thesuitabilitz of financial data for a microeconomic analzsis. Depreciation isa main source of enterprise investment and serves as a source forreplacement of obsolete or used-up capital. The findings on capitalstructure in this paper are consistent with the common view that heavzindustrz firms have long-life capital while firms operating in electronics,or light industrz as a whole, have a capital structure containing a higherportion of a short-life capital. Also, larger firms are more likelz to havea higher portion of long-life capital, like real estate. The last conclusiondrawn from this analzsis is that certain tzpes of financial data might behighlz influenced bz seasonal effects which could operate a s a measurementerror and therefore distort estimates which are sensitive to them.
Economic growth and structural adjustment in transition (the case of the czech republic)
Authors: Kadeřábková Anna
Published: July 2015

The paper describes the problems of structural changes and structural policy within the framework of the relation between economic growth and structural changes, with attention given to the explanation of the principal growth and restructuring functions and their agents in the transition process. The basic alternative approaches to structural policy and their limits in achieving the designed goals are presented, including more general problems accompanying the structurally oriented economic policy-making. The paper is concluded with consideration of structural policy priorities in the transition process, and in support of adjustment capacity, influencing the costs of necessary structural changes.
The persistence of moderate inflation in the czech republic and the czk crisis of may 1997
Authors: C. Brada Josef , M. Kutan Ali
Published: July 2015

The paper deals with the exchange rate policy being implemented in combination with the mix of monetary and fiscal measures prior to the speculative attack on the CZK in 1997. The fixed nominal exchange rate may have been retained for too long and the monetary and fiscal policies were inappropriate. It explains the relation between Czech inflation, exchange rate and macroeconomic policies until the crisis of May 1997. While the Czech Republic weathered its currency crisis much better than did most other emerging economies, with the worst damage being a USD 2 billion loss of foreign reserves, the crisis failed to resolve all of the fundamental problems. It gives also some explanations for the persistence of inflation at a level around 10 % until mid-1998.
Technological innovations and r&d strategies in the czech republic
Authors: Bohatá Marie
Published: July 2015

The paper focuses on the conditions influencing the diffusion of technological innovations and R&D strategies in the CR. First it deals with the main principles of the transformation of R&D and of the legal framework. Attention is paid especially to privatization and the reform of R&D financing. Using evidence from case studies, companies innovation strategies as well as their views on governmental R&D policy are discussed.
Europe: west and east partners in the 2000
Authors: Sergio Sergi Bruno
Published: July 2015

This paper is about a perspective East-West European partnership in a framework of coordinated economic policies, especially monetary policy, and a single monetary authority. The data on inflation and the service sector used to test the degree of convergence of 15 European economies versus Germany show that selected economies in the East are about to attain western standards but eastward enlargement might take place only in case of more structural changes in the East. The Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland are the countries likely to qualify for membership and join soon.