bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L’autonomie relationnelle : un nouveau fondement pour les théories de la justice1
Authors: Ricard Laurence
Published: October 2013

La notion d’autonomie personnelle joue un rôle central dans les théories politiques contemporaines et, plus spécifiquement, dans les théories de la justice. Or, dans le paradigme libéral dominant, elle est définie par une compréhension rationaliste de l’agent individuel. La présente étude défend la nécessité de redéfinir ce concept d’autonomie à la lumière des développements philosophiques et psychologiques qui ont complexifié notre compréhension de la subjectivité. L’emploi du concept d’autonomie relationnelle développé par certains auteurs féministes et par certains théoriciens de la reconnaissance semble pour ce faire prometteur. Cet article cherche à montrer qu’une compréhension relationnelle de l’autonomie est nécessaire pour expliquer la motivation à la coopération sociale et pour redéfinir la justice et l’injustice de façon à ce qu’elles correspondent à l’expérience sociale vécue.
Jumping and Spinning by Carcharhinid Sharks: Another View
Authors: Schwartz Frank J.
Published: October 2013

Carcharhinus brevipinna (spinner) and Carcharhinus limbatus (blacktip) sharks make spectacular jumps and spinning leaps out of the water. Some believe these are: jumping responses to rid sharksuckers (Echeneis naucrates) that attach to their bodies, chaffing, shuttling, or heat hunter- cool rest behaviors. Examination of North Carolina shark data suggests that C. brevipinna and C. limbatus in temperate waters of North Carolina sense changes in abrupt ocean water temperatures. Echeneis naucrates is just along for the ride. Why after fourty-six years of longlining only one Echeneis naucrates occurred on C. brevipinna while many occurred on C. limbatus is unknown. Perhaps something in the skin texture, not shape, of C. brevipinna deters Echeneis from attaching.
History of Fish Investigations in the Yadkin–Pee Dee River Drainage of North Carolina and Virginia with an Analysis of Nonindigenous Species and Invasion Dynamics of Three Species of Suckers (Catostomidae)
Authors: Tracy Bryn H. , Jenkins Robert E. , Starnes Wayne C.
Published: October 2013

North Carolina's river drainages continue to lose their faunal distinctiveness as nonnative fish species establish themselves and expand their distributions, resulting in biotic homogenization. One such example is the Pee Dee drainage on the Atlantic Slope. It is the most speciose drainage in North Carolina, inhabited by 113 species of which 34 are nonindigenous, many introduced from adjacent drainages. The history of fish investigations in the Pee Dee in North Carolina and Virginia is detailed herein. The fauna was first sampled by Cope in 1869 at two conjoined sites—Yadkin River and Gobble Creek, a small tributary at the Yadkin River site (Cope 1870). Cope described numerous new taxa from the drainage, and many subsequent researchers provided data that show additions of nonnative faunal elements. As a case study, indications are that Hypentelium roanokense, Roanoke Hog Sucker, Hypentelium nigricans, Northern Hog Sucker, and Moxostoma rupiscartes, Striped Jumprock, were cryptically introduced after the late 1950s. The Roanoke Hog Sucker, introduced as recently as the 2000s, is found only in three tributaries of the Ararat subsystem in North Carolina and Virginia. The Northern Hog Sucker has expanded its range very little, confined primarily to the North Fork Reddies and Ararat subsystems and a short segment of the mainstem Yadkin River in North Carolina. The Striped Jumprock is now in much of the upper Yadkin system, but not in Virginia, and at several sites in the South Yadkin subsystem. Natural dispersal of all three species is limited by dams and impoundments, but the dispersal by Striped Jumprock has probably been aided by multiple bait bucket introductions. Consequences of nonindigenous species introductions in the drainage are well known for some species but unknown for the Roanoke Hog Sucker, Northern Hog Sucker, and Striped Jumprock.
Morphology Development in Amorphous Polymer:Fullerene Photovoltaic Blend Films During Solution Casting
Authors: Pearson Andrew J. , Wang Tao , Dunbar Alan D. F. , Yi Hunan , Watters Darren C. , Coles David M. , Staniec Paul A. , Iraqi Ahmed , Jones Richard A. L. , Lidzey David G.
Published: October 2013

The evolution of film structure is reported during solution casting of PCDTBT:PC70BM 1:4 wt%, a polymer:fullerene blend system that finds application in an organic photovoltaic device. Using the complimentary techniques of grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering and spectroscopic ellipsometry, a number of distinct processes that occur during film formation are identified. This includes the growth of fullerene molecules into nanoscale aggregates, the onset of which coincides with the solubility limit of the material in the casting solvent being reached. An apparent delay in Bragg scatter from the PCDTBT‐rich phase of the film suggests that, for the film composition studied here, the aggregation of PC70BM precedes weak self‐organisation of the conjugated polymer. This behaviour is compared with the drying dynamics of a number of different polymer:fullerene blends that each contain a high weight fraction of fullerene molecules, and a range of comparable solid concentrations are identified beyond which the precipitation of fullerene aggregates from solution occurs. These observations provide an insight into the development of structure in relatively amorphous polymer:fullerene blends for organic photovoltaic applications and potentially assists the future optimisation of this category of materials.
Targeting hunter distribution based on host resource selection and kill sites to manage disease risk
Authors: Dugal Cherie J. , van Beest Floris M. , Vander Wal Eric , Brook Ryan K.
Published: October 2013

Endemic and emerging diseases are rarely uniform in their spatial distribution or prevalence among cohorts of wildlife. Spatial models that quantify risk‐driven differences in resource selection and hunter mortality of animals at fine spatial scales can assist disease management by identifying high‐risk areas and individuals. We used resource selection functions (RSFs) and selection ratios (SRs) to quantify sex‐ and age‐specific resource selection patterns of collared (n = 67) and hunter‐killed (n = 796) nonmigratory elk (Cervus canadensis manitobensis) during the hunting season between 2002 and 2012, in southwesternManitoba,Canada. Distance to protected area was the most important covariate influencing resource selection and hunter‐kill sites of elk (AICw = 1.00). Collared adult males (which are most likely to be infected with bovine tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis) and chronic wasting disease) rarely selected for sites outside of parks during the hunting season in contrast to adult females and juvenile males. TheRSFs showed selection by adult females and juvenile males to be negatively associated with landscape‐level forest cover, high road density, and water cover, whereas hunter‐kill sites of these cohorts were positively associated with landscape‐level forest cover and increasing distance to streams and negatively associated with high road density. Local‐level forest was positively associated with collared animal locations and hunter‐kill sites; however, selection was stronger for collared juvenile males and hunter‐killed adult females. In instances where disease infects a metapopulation and eradication is infeasible, a principle goal of management is to limit the spread of disease among infected animals. We map high‐risk areas that are regularly used by potentially infectious hosts but currently underrepresented in the distribution of kill sites. We present a novel application of widely available data to target hunter distribution based on host resource selection and kill sites as a promising tool for applying selective hunting to the management of transmissible diseases in a game species.
Concurrence of Anorexia Nervosa and Noonan Syndrome
Authors: Arvaniti Aikaterini , Samakouri Maria , Keskeridou Flora , Veletza Stavroula
Published: October 2013

Noonan syndrome (NS) is a genetic disease inherited in an autosomal dominant mode; it presents significant genetic heterogeneity and varying penetrance. Mutations have been identified in several genes, and they account for 75% of all known cases. The majority of reported mutations are localized on PTPN11 gene, which encodes the non‐receptor type protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP‐2. Diagnosis, however, is mainly established after clinical examination. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by fear of gaining weight, refusal to maintain normal body weight and distorted perceptions of body image or body shape. AN is independently predicted by female sex and feeding problems in childhood, whereas NS symptoms include feeding difficulties. No comorbidity between NS and AN has been reported to date.

The authors reported the case of a 38‐year‐old female patient with AN who met the van der Burgt criteria for NS with confirmed (a) comorbidity of AN and NS and (b) the absence of the most common mutation in PTPN11 and presence of a novel T > A transversion within intron 8–9. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Poly (ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 Is a Key Mediator of Liver Inflammation and Fibrosis
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Partha , Rajesh Mohanraj , Cao Zongxian , Horváth Béla , Park Ogyi , Wang Hua , Erdelyi Katalin , Holovac Eileen , Wang Yuping , Liaudet Lucas , Hamdaoui Nabila , Lafdil Fouad , Haskó György , Szabo Csaba , Boulares Hamid A. , Gao Bin , Pacher Pal
Published: October 2013

Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) is a constitutive enzyme, the major isoform of the PARP family, which is involved in the regulation of DNA repair, cell death, metabolism, and inflammatory responses. Pharmacological inhibitors of PARP provide significant therapeutic benefits in various preclinical disease models associated with tissue injury and inflammation. However, our understanding the role of PARP activation in the pathophysiology of liver inflammation and fibrosis is limited. In this study we investigated the role of PARP-1 in liver inflammation and fibrosis using acute and chronic models of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced liver injury and fibrosis, a model of bile duct ligation (BDL)-induced hepatic fibrosis

in vivo

, and isolated liver-derived cells

ex vivo

. Pharmacological inhibition of PARP with structurally distinct inhibitors or genetic deletion of PARP-1 markedly attenuated CCl4-induced hepatocyte death, inflammation, and fibrosis. Interestingly, the chronic CCl4-induced liver injury was also characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and dysregulation of numerous genes involved in metabolism. Most of these pathological changes were attenuated by PARP inhibitors. PARP inhibition not only prevented CCl4-induced chronic liver inflammation and fibrosis, but was also able to reverse these pathological processes. PARP inhibitors also attenuated the development of BDL-induced hepatic fibrosis in mice. In liver biopsies of subjects with alcoholic or hepatitis B-induced cirrhosis, increased nitrative stress and PARP activation was noted.

Conclusion :

The reactive oxygen/nitrogen species-PARP pathway plays a pathogenetic role in the development of liver inflammation, metabolism, and fibrosis. PARP inhibitors are currently in clinical trials for oncological indications, and the current results indicate that liver inflammation and liver fibrosis may be additional clinical indications where PARP inhibition may be of translational potential. (Hepatology 2014;59:1998–2009)
A Co‐Evolutionary Framework for Systemic Family Therapy*
Authors: Hoffman Lyean
Published: October 2013

This piece presents a metaphoric scaffold, a Time Cable from which to build an invisible building. The scaffold is temporary, to be torn down when the building is finished, but it can be recreated when a new building is contemplated. As with all such geo‐spatial constructs, it is merely a diagram to hold in one's mind while mastering the systemic approach to family therapy pioneered by the Milan Associates. Since this is their own model, they do not need a scaffold. For me, trying to teach their model, it has proved useful as a working tool.
Beyond the Cringe: Family Therapy in an Australian Context
Authors: Cornwell Max
Published: October 2013

The practice of family therapy has become widespread in Australia during the past fifteen years. Beliefs here about family therapy mirror wider social trends and dilemmas. Several difficulties persist, which are anchored in the geography and colonial history of the society.
Early‐stage oxidation behavior of Co‐rich high‐temperature alloys
Authors: Deodeshmukh V. P. , Srivastava S. K. , Bai J.
Published: October 2013

The long‐term oxidation performance of an alloy is critically linked to the early‐stage oxidation behavior of high‐temperature alloys. This study investigates early‐stage oxidation behavior in terms of oxidation kinetics, scale evolution, and residual stresses developed within a scale of the commercially available cobalt‐rich alloys: HAYNES® 188, 6B, 25, and HR‐160® and a newly developed nitride‐dispersion strengthened NS‐163® alloy (HAYNES®, HR‐160®, NS‐163® are registered trademarks of Haynes International, Inc). Short‐term isothermal oxidation exposures were conducted in flowing air at 982 °C for durations of 1–50 h. Oxidation kinetics was assessed by weight‐change behavior, which showed that 188 alloy exhibited the lowest weight‐gain, while for similar times HR‐160 alloy underwent weight‐loss. SEM/EDS analysis was performed to characterize oxides formed in these alloys, while stresses developed in the oxides of different alloys were measured using synchrotron X‐ray radiation. The results in this paper clearly demonstrated the effects of alloy composition on the scale evolution and the amount of stresses developed in oxides.
An insight into the influence of morphological and compositional heterogeneity of an individual intermetallic particle on aluminium alloy corrosion initiation
Authors: Davoodi A. , Pan J. , Leygraf C. , Parvizi R. , Norgren S.
Published: October 2013

In this work, a multi‐analytical in situ and ex situ approach was used to provide information needed to identify the role of an individual heterogeneous intermetallic particle (IMP) in localized corrosion initiation of aluminium alloys. The heterogeneity of the IMP was studied by combining atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) and scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). A complex Al–Mn–Fe–Si IMP phase with different chemical composition in its inner and outer parts was characterized by SEM–EDS analysis. AFM results uniquely revealed a brain‐like feature of an IMP with 20 nm height variations. Submicron sized galvanic cell induced by morphological and compositional heterogeneity resulted in a localized corrosion attack inside the individual IMP. Various collected current levels measured by SECM were associated to the morphological and compositional heterogeneity of IMPs.
Comparison between corrosion behaviour of implant alloys Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4Zr in artificial saliva
Authors: Dilea M. , Mazare A. , Ionita D. , Demetrescu I.
Published: October 2013

The present paper investigates two different titanium alloys: Ti6Al7Nb – a well‐established implant biomaterial and Ti6Al4Zr – a relatively new titanium alloy. Roughness is evaluated with atomic force microscopy (AFM) and the hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance by contact angle measurements. Furthermore, an extensive characterization was done in order to evaluate and compare the electrochemical behaviour for both titanium alloys in artificial Fusayama and Afnor saliva, at different immersion times, and consisted of Tafel plots, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Also, metals ions release was measured using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). In both studied artificial saliva, Ti6Al4Zr alloy presents a better electrochemical behaviour according to corrosion rates from both electrochemical techniques and ICP‐MS.
A zinc dipping technique for Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy at room temperature
Authors: Zhang C.‐H. , Huang X.‐M. , Sheng N. , Gao L.‐L.
Published: October 2013

In order to obtain a high quality protective plating coating on Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy, a zinc dipping technique at room temperature was investigated. The zinc dipping technique included two immersion processes, the primary immersion process and the secondary immersion process. Primary zinc transition layers (PZTLs) and secondary zinc transition layers (SZTLs) were obtained after the primary and secondary immersion processes, respectively. The polarization curves, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize PZTLs and SZTLs. The results indicated that immersion time had obvious effects on PZTLs and SZTLs, the optimum primary immersion time and secondary immersion time were 5 min and 30 s, respectively. Then nickel‐plating coating deposited on the SZTL of Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy was investigated via EDS, SEM, polarization curves, and EIS. The results demonstrated that the nickel‐plating coating obviously improved corrosion resistance of Mg–16Li–5Al–0.5RE alloy and had good adherence property with the alloy because of the presence of zinc transition layer on the alloy.
Corrosion behavior of mechanical clad pipe welded joints in CO2‐saturated seawater under high temperature and high pressure
Authors: Xue F. , Xu L. Y. , Jing H. Y. , Han Y. D.
Published: October 2013

In the present study, a new welding procedure was developed according to the welding difficulties of mechanical clad pipe. The effect of temperature on the corrosion product layer of stainless steel welded joints exposed to a CO2‐containing solution was investigated. The measurement techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry, X‐ray diffraction, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, were used to systematically characterize the morphology and composition of the corrosion product layer. The corrosion rates were calculated by weight loss method. The corrosion mechanisms are studied and discussed. The results showed that temperature is an important factor in the corrosion rate of mechanical clad pipe welded joints.
Full surface inspection methods regarding reinforcement corrosion of concrete structures
Authors: Reichling K. , Raupach M. , Broomfield J. , Gulikers J. , L'Hostis V. , Kessler S. , Osterminski K. , Pepenar I. , Schneck U. , Sergi G. , Taché G.
Published: October 2013

For reinforced concrete structures a localisation of all significant critical areas can only be done by a full surface inspection. The economic advantages are obvious: uncritical areas have not to be repaired expensively 1. The first step of the assessment should always be a visual inspection 2. The range of deterioration causes can be limited and the degree of deterioration may be estimated roughly. The inspection program can be adjusted to the requirements. By means of a full surface potential mapping areas with a high risk for chloride induced reinforcement corrosion can be localised, although no deteriorations are visually detectable at the concrete surface. In combination with concrete cover depth and resistivity measurements areas with corrosion promoting exposure conditions can be localised even if the reinforcement is not yet depassivated. The following publication gives an overview about the essential full surface investigation methods to localise critical areas regarding corrosion of steel in concrete. The selection of methods is based on the inspection procedure given in 2.
Local detailed inspection methods regarding reinforcement corrosion of concrete structures
Authors: Reichling K. , Raupach M. , Broomfield J. , Gulikers J. , Nygaard P. V. , Schneck U. , Sergi G.
Published: October 2013

Full surface surveys which are likely to include e.g. a deterioration and potential mapping as well as a cover depth survey, should be the base to identify critical areas which are suspect to be suffering from reinforcement corrosion 1. Localised assessment in these areas should give further information about the type and extent of deterioration. It should include the determination of the chloride profile beyond the cover depth, the depth of carbonation and a direct visual assessment of the steel reinforcement by breaking away the cover concrete at selected locations. Further valuable information may be collected by determining the water content of the concrete or performing corrosion rate measurements. Within this publication the essential methods for local detailed inspections are discussed regarding the application and interpretation of the results. An overview of the survey procedure is given in ref. 2.
Inspection strategies for reinforcement corrosion surveys
Authors: Raupach M. , Reichling K. , Broomfield J. , Gulikers J. , Schneck U. , Serdar M. , Pepenar I.
Published: October 2013

This paper describes the procedure of the assessment of the condition of concrete structures regarding reinforcement corrosion and selection criteria for the methods to be used for inspection. It is based on the European Standard EN 1504 on Repair of Concrete Structures and the experience of the members of the task group.
Condition survey with embedded sensors regarding reinforcement corrosion
Authors: Raupach M. , Gulikers J. , Reichling K.
Published: October 2013

Besides visual inspections, taking cores or samples and measurements at the concrete surface, the use of embedded sensors can be an effective tool for the assessment of the condition of concrete structures. For new structures sensors can be placed in positions without the possibility of access during use and for existing structures sensors can be used to follow the condition of the structure at relevant selected points. Actually different types of sensor systems are available based on different electrochemical or other methods.
Case Studies
Authors: Broomfield J. , Fischer J. , Mietz J. , Schneck U.
Published: October 2013

In this paper, some quite different survey tasks are described, and it can be seen that corrosion surveys will follow a certain scheme of data acquisition (first NDT measurements, than detailed testing on suspect areas), but the individual scope of on‐site measurements may have a vast variety according to the local circumstances, and the interpretation always has to refer to a wider set of information than the data readings only.
Economic effects of full corrosion surveys for aging concrete structures
Authors: Polder R. B. , Peelen W. H. A. , Raupach M. , Reichling K.
Published: October 2013

This paper investigates the economic effects of full corrosion surveys of concrete structures. The background is that the existing concrete infrastructure is aging, while being exposed to aggressive influences, which increases the occurrence of corrosion and related concrete damage over time. The central proposition is that solely relying on visual inspection for interventions (repair) may result in unnecessarily high costs and associated risks. The reason is that visual inspection can only signal deterioration that is in a relatively advanced stage of development. Consequently, heavy and costly repairs are needed, while undetected degradations still go on developing, presenting future risks. On the other hand, carrying out full surface corrosion surveys may be considerably more economic. This is because using detailed survey information, degradation can be detected at an early stage. Prevention of corrosion is generally less costly than correction. Consequently, an optimal mix of preventive and corrective measures can be applied at the right time and at the right places. These alternative approaches to inspection may be considered elements in so‐called reactive and proactive strategies for maintenance of infrastructure, respectively.
Lateral and radial corrosion propagation behavior of 9–21% Cr and 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo stainless steel reinforcing materials in simulated concrete environments
Authors: Hurley M. F. , Scully J. R.
Published: October 2013

The life of a concrete structure exposed to deicing compounds or seawater is often been limited by chloride induced corrosion of the steel reinforcement. A complete assessment of the potential benefits afforded by new candidate rebar alloys must address both the lateral and radial corrosion propagation behavior in comparison to conventional steel as well as other factors that might affect the risk of corrosion‐induced concrete cracking. The radial (depth) and lateral (length) corrosion propagation behavior of 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo (S31653) stainless steel, 21% Cr (S32101) duplex stainless steel, and 9% Cr steel compared to plain ASTM A615 carbon steel were characterized in saturated Ca(OH)2 solution. Radial pit growth was found to be Ohmically controlled for all materials but repassivation occurred more readily at high applied potentials for 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo and 21% Cr stainless steels. Conversely, pit growth on plain steel propagated at all applied anodic potentials and did not repassivate until deactivation by cathodic polarization. Stainless steel also showed the highest resistance to lateral corrosion propagation from an active site during microelectrode array testing. 21% Cr duplex stainless and 9% Cr steel showed similar radial propagation behavior and corrosion morphology, which was intermediate to that of plain steel and S31653 stainless steel. Based on an existing concrete cracking model, it is expected that 9–21% Cr and 18% Cr + 2.8% Mo corrosion resistant rebar materials would require a greater depth of corrosion attack than carbon steel before damaging concrete via corrosion product formation.
Cerium chemical conversion coatings for corrosion protection of stainless steels in hot seawater environments
Authors: Xu J. , Xin S. S. , Han P. H. , Ma R. Y. , Li M. C.
Published: October 2013

In order to replace the hazardous chromate‐based surface treatment, a new cerium chemical conversion coating was developed on 316L stainless steel through a mixed solution of hydrated cerium nitrate, citric acid, and hydrogen peroxide. The chemical composition was characterized by energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscope. The dense conversion coating is composed of CeO2 with a small amount of Ce2O3 and has small grain size lower than 50 nm. Its thickness is about 47.4 nm as determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry analysis. Potentiodynamic polarization was used to study the corrosion behavior of the coatings in the concentrated artificial seawater at 72 °C. In comparison with the conventional nitric acid‐chromate passivated specimens, the cerium conversion coatings show much higher pitting potentials. It is suggested that the cerium conversion treatment is more effective than the nitric acid‐chromate passivation to improve the pitting resistance of 316L stainless steel used in the hot seawater environments.
Generation of nanostructured CuO by electrochemical method and its Zn–Ni–CuO composite thin films for corrosion protection
Authors: Chandrappa K. G. , Venkatesha T. V.
Published: October 2013

Nanocrystalline copper oxide (CuO) powder of varying sizes (22, 25, 28 and 36 nm) have been successfully synthesized by hybrid electrochemical method using aqueous sodium nitrate electrolyte with Cu electrodes under galvanostatic mode at room temperature. The as‐synthesized CuO sample was calcined for an hour at temperatures ranging from 60 to 900 °C. The crystallite size, morphology, and chemical state of the synthesized powders were characterized by powder XRD, XPS, SEM/EDAX, TEM, and UV–Vis spectral methods. The effect of calcination temperature on crystallite size and morphology was studied. The TEM result revealed that, the particles are hexagonal and the sizes are in 30–50 nm in diameter and 120–200 nm in length. The band gap values are 5.60 and 5.54 eV. The crystallite size increased with increase of calcination temperature. The CuO nanopowder is used to fabricate Zn–Ni–CuO composite thin films and its corrosion behaviour was analysed by Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results indicate that the Zn–Ni–CuO composite thin films provided good corrosion protection.
Quantum chemical and electrochemical studies on the corrosion inhibition of aluminium in 1 N HNO3 using 1,2,4‐triazine
Authors: John S. , Joseph A.
Published: October 2013

The present study describes the inhibition of aluminium in 1 N HNO3 with different concentrations of 1, 2, 4‐triazine precursors 4‐amino‐6‐methyl‐3‐thioxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(2H)‐one (AMTDT) and 4‐amino‐6‐benzyl‐3‐thioxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazin‐5(2H)‐one (ABTDT) using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy adsorption studies and quantum chemical calculations at 298 K. As the electron density around the inhibitor molecule increases due to substitution, the inhibition efficiency also increases correspondingly. Quantum chemical approach was used to calculate some electronic properties of the molecule to ascertain the correlation between inhibitive effect and molecular structure of the inhibitor. The corrosion inhibition efficiencies of these molecules and the global chemical reactivity relate to some parameters, such as EHOMO, ELUMO, gap energy (ΔE), electronegativity (χ), global hardness (η), and the fraction of electrons transferred from the inhibitor molecule to the metallic atom (ΔN). In addition, the local reactivity has been analyzed through the Fukui function and condensed softness indices.
Development of residual cutting tool life prediction algorithm by processing on CNC machine tool
Authors: Grigoriev S. N. , Gurin V. D. , Volosova M. A. , Cherkasova N. Y.
Published: October 2013

The paper is dedicated to the decision of a problem of cutting tool diagnostics and working out of a remaining cutting tool life prediction algorithm. The example for practical realization of such algorithm on the CNC machine tool by machining under specified conditions is given. The question of working error compensation by means of corrective adjustment is considered.
A study of self‐hardening bainitic cast steel
Authors: Zhou H. , Wu Z.‐W. , Fu H.
Published: October 2013

Bainitic cast steel is a kind of wear resistant material which has high strength and toughness, and can usually be obtained by isothermal quenching or molybdenum alloying. However, isothermal quenching has lower production efficiency and molybdenum alloying has higher production cost. In this paper, according to the characteristics that manganese and boron elements delayed the pearlitic transformation, the authors developed a new type of self‐hardening bainitic cast steel in which manganese and boron were main alloy elements and a small amount of titanium, nitrogen, calcium, barium and yttrium elements were also added in the steel that could refine and purify the solidification structure of steel. On this basis, the author studied the effect of tempering treatment on microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of bainitic cast steel. The results showed that impact toughness of bainitic cast steel increased ceaselessly with the increase of tempering temperature, and there was tempering brittleness while tempering from 450°C–500°C. Moreover, the hardness of bainitic cast steel decreased with the increase of tempering temperature, and hardness decreased slowly and maintained at 55HRC or above when tempering temperature was lower than 300°C. Under the condition of two‐body pin‐on‐disc wear, the wear resistance of bainitic cast steel decreased with the increase of tempering temperature, but bainitic cast steel tempering at 300°C had excellent wear resistance in the condition of impact wear. In the practical use, the bucket teeth of excavator and the hammer of crusher making from self‐hardening bainitic cast steel were safe and reliable, and their service life were increased by 120–150% than Hadfield manganese steel.
Resistin derived from diabetic perivascular adipose tissue up‐regulates vascular expression of osteopontin via the AP‐1 signalling pathway
Authors: Park So Youn , Kim Kyu Hee , Seo Kyo Won , Bae Jin Ung , Kim Yun Hak , Lee Seung Jin , Lee Won Suk , Kim Chi Dae
Published: October 2013

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is implicated in the development of vascular diseases; however, the roles of PVAT on OPN expression in diabetic vasculature remain to be determined. This study investigated the role of adipokines derived from diabetic PVAT in regulating the vascular expression of OPN and explored the mechanisms involved. Aortic sections of ob/ob and high‐fat diet (HFD)‐induced obese (DIO) mice showed an increased expression of OPN, which was paralleled by increased amounts of PVAT characterized by enlargement of adipocytes. In the earlier phase of HFD feeding, macrophage infiltration was mainly localized to the area of PVAT at which adipocytes were enlarged, suggesting a potential link of activated adipocytes to macrophage infiltration. PVAT sections of ob/ob and DIO mice revealed a significantly greater number of macrophages with increased expression of adipokines, including resistin and visfatin. The distribution of resistin in PVAT mostly co‐localized with macrophages, while visfatin was expressed in macrophages and other cells. In in vitro studies, OPN expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) co‐cultured with PVAT of DIO mice was significantly increased, which was attenuated by a resistin‐neutralizing antibody. Likewise, resistin up‐regulated expression of OPN mRNA and protein in cultured VSMCs and the pivotal role of AP‐1 in resistin‐induced OPN transcription was demonstrated. Resistin produced by PVAT plays a pivotal role in the up‐regulated expression of OPN in the diabetic vasculature via a signalling pathway that involves activation of AP‐1. © 2013 The Authors. Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain
and Ireland.
Recruiting Project Managers: A Comparative Analysis of Competencies and Recruitment Signals from Job Advertisements
Authors: Ahsan Kamrul , Ho Marcus , Khan Sabik
Published: October 2013

This research addresses the competencies organizations use through project manager job advertisements. We develop a list of project manager job competencies; break down the competency components into knowledge, skills, and abilities; and conduct a comparative analysis of the use of these competencies. We examine the online contents of project manager job advertisements in the public domain. Analysis shows that industry job advertisements emphasize “soft skills” and competencies in a manner different than that in the literature. Additionally, differences are found across countries and between industries. Implications from the findings highlight the incongruent dissemination of project manager competencies, regional and industrial demands, and the recruitment of project managers.
Implementing a Low-End Disruption Strategy through Multiproject Lineage Management: The Logan Case
Authors: Midler Christophe
Published: October 2013

This paper analyzes how multiproject management can build up and develop a low-end disruptive strategy. It is based on a deep longitudinal analysis of a case within the automotive industry, namely, the Logan case developed by the Renault group. The results bring new insights into both the multiproject management and innovation strategy fields. On the project organizing side, it characterizes the complex and in some way ambiguous relations between the firm governance and the pilot project initiating the disruptive strategy. The case also formalizes project-lineage management as a way to expand the initial move into a diversified range of products and a multi-continent deployment, while keeping the key specificities of the pilot project. On the innovation strategy side, it demonstrates how disruptive strategy and organizational ambidexterity research fields can benefit from input from the project organizing domain.
Characterisation of glycoproteins using a quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer configured for electron transfer dissociation
Authors: Williams Jonathan P. , Pringle Steven , Richardson Keith , Gethings Lee , Vissers Johannes P. C. , De Cecco Martin , Houel Stephane , Chakraborty Asish B. , Yu Ying Qing , Chen Weibin , Brown Jeffery M.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) within ion trapping mass spectrometers has proven to be a useful tool for the characterisation of post‐translational modifications. In this study, we describe the implementation of ETD upon a modified quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐ToF) system and methods for the analysis of glycoproteins.

METHODS

Liquid chromatography electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MS) was performed using a hybrid quadrupole/ion mobility/oa‐ToF mass spectrometer equipped with ETD functionality. 1,4‐Dicyanobenzene reagent anions necessary for the ETD reaction were generated from a glow discharge region located within the ESI source block. ETD reactions occurred in the stacked ring travelling wave ion guide (located after the quadrupole mass filter and prior to the oa‐ToF mass analyser). LC/ETD was performed upon 'super‐charged' tryptic glycopeptide ions produced from the recombinant monoclonal antibody trastuzumab. LC/ETD was also performed on ions from the smaller glycopeptides obtained from erythropoietin.

RESULTS

ETD performed upon the quadruply 'super‐charged' N‐linked glycopeptide ions of trastuzumab and the triply charged O‐linked glycopeptide ions of erythropoietin provided both glycosylation site assignments and full sequence information, respectively. Tandem mass (MS/MS) spectra employing collision‐induced dissociation (CID) were dominated by oxonium product ions hampering full peptide sequence characterisation.

CONCLUSIONS

LC/ETD on the Q‐ToF system proved effective at characterising a number of different N‐linked glyco‐forms of the tryptic peptide, EEQYNSTYR, from trastuzumab as well as glyco‐forms from the O‐linked tryptic peptide, EASIPPDAASAAPLR, from erythropoietin. The data demonstrates that the glycopeptide site heterogeneity of trastuzumab and erythropoietin can be accurately characterised. In addition, the post‐column mixing of the super‐charging reagent, m‐NBA, is an effective method to increase the precursor ion charge state and to improve ETD reaction efficiency. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ozonation degrades all detectable organic compound classes in oil sands process‐affected water; an application of high‐performance liquid chromatography/obitrap mass spectrometry
Authors: Pereira Alberto S. , Islam MD Shahinoor , Gamal El‐Din Mohamed , Martin Jonathan W.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Surface mining of bitumen in Northern Alberta, Canada, results in large volumes of toxic oil sands process‐affected water (OSPW) that must be contained in tailings ponds. Ozonation has shown great promise as an OSPW treatment process, by decreasing its toxicity and increasing its biodegradability, but the effect of ozonation on the thousands of dissolved organic chemical groups has not yet been examined.

METHODS

Reversed‐phase liquid chromatography with ultrahigh‐resolution linear ion trap‐orbitrap mass spectrometry was applied to the characterization of treated (utilized ozone doses of 20 and 50 mg O3/L) and untreated OSPW. The analysis was performed in positive and negative electrospray ionization modes for each sample (ESI+/ESI–).

RESULTS

Semi‐quantitative analysis of ozonated and unozonated samples allowed degradation to be monitored for naphthenic acids (i.e. O2 species in ESI– mode) and >2000 other organic species belonging to various heteroatom‐containing classes: Ox (where x = 1 to 6), NOx (where x = 1 to 4), SOx (where x = 1 to 4), NO2S, N, and S. No chlorinated byproducts were detected in any treated sample, but at the low dose (20 mg O3/L) some compound classes increased in abundance (e.g. the O5 class), indicating that they were formed as byproducts at faster rates than they were degraded. Nevertheless, all organic compound classes subsequently diminished at the higher dose (50 mg O3/L). For several Ox and SOx classes, species observed in ESI+ mode (e.g. O2+ species) were often more recalcitrant to ozonation than the corresponding species detected in ESI– mode (e.g. O2– species; naphthenic acids).

CONCLUSIONS

Ozonation appears to be a very suitable treatment option for OSPW, but the more recalcitrant groups of compounds may help to explain the residual toxicity of ozonated OSPW. Analysis of OSPW constituents in both ionization modes is warranted in all future OSPW fate studies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Complementary mass spectrometric approaches and scanning electron microscopy to study the structural stability of polyurethane tunneled dialysis catheters after exposure to ethanol solutions
Authors: Msakni Nizar , Galmier Marie‐Josèphe , Couret Marie‐Joëlle , Szczepaniak Claire , Bouchon Bernadette , Souweine Bertrand , Lartigue Claire
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Ethanol lock is an emerging therapeutic option for preventing and/or controlling catheter‐associated infection. A previous study of silicone catheters showed they underwent no polymer degradation when kept in 60% ethanol for 15 days at 37 °C. The stability of the more widely used polyurethane catheters was studied here in the same way.

METHODS

A qualitative and quantitative study of the stability of Carbothane® catheters was performed following their immersion at 37 °C in different solvents (0.9% sodium chloride as control medium and 40%, 60%, 95% ethanol solutions) for different periods of time (from 5 min to 15 days) using scanning electron microscopy and complementary mass spectrometry techniques.

RESULTS

Electron ionization analysis of the 95% ethanol storage solutions revealed the release of about 45 products (8 of which were major) subdivided into two groups according to their fragmentation patterns. Combining all the mass spectrometric data made it possible to propose structures. Group I (major) originated from the polycarbonate diol component (soft segment) and group II (minor) from the dicyclohexylmethane‐4,4′‐diisocyanate component (rigid segment). Semi‐quantitative gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis showed that no significantly higher release was observed after immersion for 30 min at 37 °C in 40% ethanol (mean ratio = 0.677 ± 0.068) than after immersion in reference 0.9% sodium chloride solution for 15 days (0.837 ± 0.127).

CONCLUSIONS

A 30 min‐40% (v/v) ethanol solution can be considered as safe for preventing the infectious complications of Carbothane® dialysis catheters, and a 30 min‐60% (v/v) ethanol treatment can be occasionally used to eradicate established biofilm. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recombinant " IMS TAG" proteins – A new method for validating bottom‐up matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation ion mobility separation mass spectrometry imaging
Authors: Cole Laura M. , Mahmoud Khaled , Haywood‐Small Sarah , Tozer Gillian M. , Smith David P. , Clench Malcolm R.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) provides a methodology to map the distribution of peptides generated by in situ tryptic digestion of biological tissue. It is challenging to correlate these peptides to the proteins from which they arise because of the many potentially overlapping and hence interfering peptide signals generated.

METHODS

A recombinant protein has been synthesised that when cleaved with trypsin yields a range of peptide standards for use as identification and quantification markers for multiple proteins in one MALDI‐IMS‐MSI experiment. Mass spectrometry images of the distribution of proteins in fresh frozen and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissue samples following in situ tryptic digestion were generated by isolating signals on the basis of their m/z value and ion mobility drift time, which were correlated to matching peptides in the recombinant standard.

RESULTS

Tryptic digestion of the IMS‐TAG protein and MALDI‐MS analysis yielded m/z values and ion mobility drift time for the signature peptides included in it. MALDI‐IMS‐MSI images for the distribution of the proteins HSP90 and vimentin, in FFPE EMT6 mouse tumours, and HSP90 and plectin in a fresh frozen mouse fibrosarcoma, were generated by extracting ion images at the corresponding m/z value and drift time from the tissue samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The IMS‐TAG approach provides a new means to confirm the identity of peptides generated by in situ digestion of biological tissue. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐precision measurement of phenylalanine δ15N values for environmental samples: A new approach coupling high‐pressure liquid chromatography purification and elemental analyzer isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Broek Taylor A. B. , Walker Brett D. , Andreasen Dyke H. , McCarthy Matthew D.
Published: October 2013

RATIONALE

Compound‐specific isotope analysis of individual amino acids (CSI‐AA) is a powerful new tool for tracing nitrogen (N) source and transformation in biogeochemical cycles. Specifically, the δ15N value of phenylalanine (δ15NPhe) represents an increasingly used proxy for source δ15N signatures, with particular promise for paleoceanographic applications. However, current derivatization/gas chromatography methods require expensive and relatively uncommon instrumentation, and have relatively low precision, making many potential applications impractical.

METHODS

A new offline approach has been developed for high‐precision δ15N measurements of amino acids (δ15NAA), optimized for δ15NPhe values. Amino acids (AAs) are first purified via high‐pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), using a mixed‐phase column and automated fraction collection. The δ15N values are determined via offline elemental analyzer‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA‐IRMS).

RESULTS

The combined HPLC/EA‐IRMS method separated most protein AAs with sufficient resolution to obtain accurate δ15N values, despite significant intra‐peak isotopic fractionation. For δ15NPhe values, the precision was ±0.16‰ for standards, 4× better than gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS; ±0.64‰). We also compared a δ15NPhe paleo‐record from a deep‐sea bamboo coral from Monterey Bay, CA, USA, using our method versus GC/C/IRMS. The two methods produced equivalent δ15NPhe values within error; however, the δ15NPhe values from HPLC/EA‐IRMS had approximately twice the precision of GC/C/IRMS (average stdev of 0.27‰ ± 0.14‰ vs 0.60‰ ± 0.20‰, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

These results demonstrate that offline HPLC represents a viable alternative to traditional GC/C/IMRS for δ15NAA measurement. HPLC/EA‐IRMS is more precise and widely available, and therefore useful in applications requiring increased precision for data interpretation (e.g. δ15N paleoproxies). Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.