bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct modulation of TRPM8 ion channels by rapamycin and analog macrolide immunosuppressants
Authors: Tóth Balázs István , Bazeli Bahar , Janssens Annelies , Lisztes Erika , Racskó Márk , Kelemen Balázs , Herczeg Mihály , Nagy Tamás Milán , Kövér Katalin E , Mitra Argha , Borics Attila , Bíró Tamás , Voets Thomas
Published: February 2025

Rapamycin (sirolimus), a macrolide compound isolated from the bacterium
Streptomyces hygroscopicus
, is widely used as oral medication for the prevention of transplant rejection and the treatment of lymphangioleiomyomatosis. It is also incorporated in coronary stent coatings to prevent restenosis and in topical preparations for the treatment of skin disorders. Rapamycin’s
in vivo
activities are generally ascribed to its binding to the protein FKBP12, leading to potent inhibition of the mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase (mTOR) by the FKBP12-rapamycin complex. The specific rapamycin-induced interaction between domains from mTOR and FKBP12 is also frequently employed in cell biological research, for rapid chemically-induced protein dimerization strategies. Here we show that rapamycin activates TRPM8, a cation channel expressed in sensory nerve endings that serves as the primary cold sensor in mammals. Using a combination of electrophysiology, Saturation Transfer Triple-Difference (STTD) NMR spectroscopy and molecular docking-based targeted mutagenesis, we demonstrate that rapamycin directly binds to TRPM8. We identify a rapamycin-binding site in the groove between voltage sensor-like domain and the pore domain, distinct from the interaction sites of cooling agents and known TRPM8 agonists menthol and icilin. Related macrolide immunosuppressants act as partial TRPM8 agonists, competing with rapamycin for the same binding site. These findings identify a novel molecular target for rapamycin and provide new insights into the mechanisms of TRPM8 activation, which may assist in the development of therapies targeting this ion channel. Moreover, our findings also indicate that caution is needed when using molecular approaches based on rapamycin-induced dimerization to study ion channel regulation.
Adaptive chunking improves effective working memory capacity in a prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia circuit
Authors: Soni Aneri , Frank Michael J
Published: February 2025

How and why is working memory (WM) capacity limited? Traditional cognitive accounts focus either on limitations on the number or items that can be stored (slots models), or loss of precision with increasing load (resource models). Here, we show that a neural network model of prefrontal cortex and basal ganglia can learn to reuse the same prefrontal populations to store multiple items, leading to resource-like constraints within a slot-like system, and inducing a trade-off between quantity and precision of information. Such ‘chunking’ strategies are adapted as a function of reinforcement learning and WM task demands, mimicking human performance and normative models. Moreover, adaptive performance requires a dynamic range of dopaminergic signals to adjust striatal gating policies, providing a new interpretation of WM difficulties in patient populations such as Parkinson’s disease, ADHD, and schizophrenia. These simulations also suggest a computational rather than anatomical limit to WM capacity.
Dynamics of compartment-specific proteomic landscapes of hepatotoxic and cholestatic models of liver fibrosis
Authors: Jirouskova Marketa , Harant Karel , Cejnar Pavel , Ojha Srikant , Korelova Katerina , Sarnova Lenka , Sticova Eva , Mayr Christoph H , Schiller Herbert B , Gregor Martin
Published: February 2025

Accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) in liver fibrosis is associated with changes in protein abundance and composition depending upon etiology of the underlying liver disease. Current efforts to unravel etiology-specific mechanisms and pharmacological targets rely on several models of experimental fibrosis. Here, we characterize and compare dynamics of hepatic proteome remodeling during fibrosis development and spontaneous healing in experimental models of hepatotoxic (carbon tetrachloride (CCl
4
) intoxication) and cholestatic (3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine (DDC) feeding) injury. Using detergent-based tissue extraction and mass spectrometry, we identified compartment-specific changes in the liver proteome with detailed attention to ECM composition and changes in protein solubility. Our analysis revealed distinct time-resolved CCl
4
and DDC signatures, with identified signaling pathways suggesting limited healing and a potential for carcinogenesis associated with cholestasis. Correlation of protein abundance profiles with fibrous deposits revealed extracellular chaperone clusterin with implicated role in fibrosis resolution. Dynamics of clusterin expression was validated in the context of human liver fibrosis. Atomic force microscopy of fibrotic livers complemented proteomics with profiles of disease-associated changes in local liver tissue mechanics. This study determined compartment-specific proteomic landscapes of liver fibrosis and delineated etiology-specific ECM components, providing thus a foundation for future antifibrotic therapies.
Normal Anomaly
Authors: Shi Jie
Published: February 2025

In the eleventh century Yang Ningshi 楊凝式 (873–954) was simultaneously praised as a supreme master of cursive script and dismissed as utterly incompetent with regular script. This article demonstrates that the Chive Flowers Letter (Jiuhua tie 韭花帖), the only one among Yang’s five surviving works written in regular script, is the key to solving this historical paradox. It argues that the Chive Flowers Letter followed the popular guides to letter writing (shuyi 書儀) in the epistolary culture of the late Tang and Five Dynasties and represents the tamed side of Yang’s calligraphy that was rejected by Huang Tingjian and many Northern Song “classical prose” (guwen 古文) scholar-officials for an ideological rather than aesthetic reason. This study also reveals how the traditional Chinese historiography on calligraphy and beyond might have been manipulated to serve ideological agendas.
Review of Sufis and Sharīʿa: The Forgotten School of Mercy
Authors: Morrissey Fitzroy
Published: February 2025

Sufis and Sharīʿa: The Forgotten School of Mercy. By Samer DaJani. Edinburgh University Press, 2022. Pp. vii + 391. $125.
Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children: A Case Series on Clinical Profile, Serotypes and Antibiotic Resistance from Southern India
Authors: Paul Nimmy , Babu Nirmal , Veeraraghavan Balaji , Nath Chitra C , Unnikrishnan KV
Published: February 2025

Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD) is defined as the isolation of pneumococci from normally sterile sites, including blood, cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, ascitic fluid and synovial fluid. Despite widespread vaccination, IPD continues to be a major public health concern worldwide. Studying antibiotic resistance in the context of emerging serotypes and vaccines for IPD is crucial for optimising clinical management, guiding vaccine strategies and forming public health policies. By understanding the interplay between serotype dynamics, antibiotic resistance and vaccination, researchers and healthcare professionals can better mitigate the impact of pneumococcal disease on global health. In this case series, the authors describe the clinical profile, serotypes and antibiotic resistance of five cases of IPD in the paediatric age group. All five children exhibited severe signs of IPD, such as meningitis or septicaemia. The serotypes identified were 15C (2 cases), 6B, 19F and 23F. All five cases were sensitive to chloramphenicol, vancomycin, linezolid and levofloxacin. All cases were resistant to penicillin, and only one case was sensitive to erythromycin; all others were resistant. Cefotaxime was sensitive in three cases and intermediate in two cases. Cotrimoxazole was resistant in three cases, sensitive in one and intermediate in another case. The currently available Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) offer substantial protection against IPD, but the occurrence of severe IPD cases, such as meningitis and septicaemia, necessitates the introduction of newer vaccines with broader coverage, such as PCV 15 and PCV 20.
Comparative Therapeutic Efficacy of Tacrolimus and Cyclosporine in Canine Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca
Authors: LODHI TRIPTI , SINGH BREJESH , TIWARI AMITA , GAUTAM VIDHI , DAS BABITA , MISHRA ANKITA , SHARMA TANU
Published: February 2025

Cyclosporine and tacrolimus are key immunosuppressive treatments in Canine Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca (KCS). While cyclosporine is widely used, tacrolimus may be more effective in refractory cases. Comparing their therapeutic efficacy is crucial for optimizing treatment and improving canine eye health. The present study was carried out in the Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science University (N.D.V.S.U.), Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh (M.P.). for a period of 6 months. The study aimed to compare the therapeutic efficacy of topical tacrolimus (0.03%) and cyclosporine (0.2%) ointments in the management of canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca. A total of 8 dogs diagnosed with idiopathic keratoconjunctivitis sicca were randomly divided into two treatment groups of 4 dogs each and Group G3 served as the apparently healthy control. Dogs in Group G1 were treated with cyclosporine (0.2%) ointment three times daily for 30 days, while those in Group G2 received tacrolimus (0.03%) ointment twice daily for the same duration. The therapeutic response of each treatment group was evaluated on days 15 and day 30 post-treatment using the Schirmer tear test (STT-I), tear film breakup time (TFBUT) and clinical ophthalmic grading score. The clinical ophthalmic grading score was determined by assessing conjunctivitis, ocular discharge, eye irritation, corneal opacity and pigmentation. G2 group showed a significant reduction in clinical signs except corneal opacity and pigmentation while G1 group showed non-significant reduction in clinical signs on day 30 (post treatment). There was no significant difference between both groups in efficacy. However, Group G2 demonstrated a more effective increase in tear production and better control of clinical signs by day 30 as compared to Group G1.
Applications of Nanotechnology in Agriculture: A Review
Authors: Revathi Jegan , Chougule Pankaj Suresh , HM Atheek Ur Rehaman , Shenoy Harish , Singh Devendra Bahadur , Neeraj  , P.Reddypriya
Published: February 2025

This review explores the transformative applications of nanotechnology in agriculture, focusing on its potential to address critical challenges such as pest control, soil degradation, water scarcity, and crop productivity. Nanomaterials, including metal nanoparticles, carbon-based nanoparticles, and nanocomposites, are being utilized to improve crop protection, fertilization, soil health, and water management. Key innovations include nano-pesticide formulations, slow-release nano-fertilizers, and nano-biosensors for early pest detection. The benefits of nanotechnology in agriculture are vast, offering increased efficiency, sustainability, and economic growth through precision applications and reduced environmental impact. However, concerns around environmental risks, health and safety, and regulatory issues need careful consideration. The review emphasizes the need for interdisciplinary research, collaboration, and the development of safe-use guidelines to harness the full potential of nanotechnology while addressing associated risks. It concludes by highlighting nanotechnology’s promise for sustainable agriculture and its role in securing global food security. Nanotechnology also improves water use efficiency and enables better management of post-harvest produce, offering solutions to issues like spoilage and shelf life.
WHEAT YIELD AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY UNDER CONTRASTING RESIDUE AND TILLAGE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN A SEMIARID AREA OF MOROCCO
Authors: Mrabet R.
Published: July 2002

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) production using no-tillage is becoming an increasingly accepted management technology. Major obstacles to its adoption in Morocco, however, are exportation of wheat straw from the field and stubble grazing. Among pertinent solutions is the control of these practices. A four-year field study was conducted to determine the effect of residue level under no-tillage on wheat grain and total dry-matter yields, water use and water-use efficiency, and to compare this with conventional tillage systems. The aim was to evaluate whether all the straw produced is needed for no-till cropping or whether partial removal of straw from the field is possible without any adverse effect on production. No-tillage and deep tillage with disk plough performed equally well and subsurface tillage with an off-set disk produced the lowest yields. Both bare and full no-tillage covers depressed wheat production. Uo to 30% of straw produced under no-tillage can be removed without jeopardizing wheat crop performance.
Masking and purging mutations following EMS treatment in haploid, diploid and tetraploid yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
Authors: MABLE BARBARA K. , OTTO SARAH P.
Published: July 2002

The yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was used as a model to investigate theories of ploidy
evolution. Mutagenesis experiments using the alkylating agent EMS (ethane methyl sulphonate)
were conducted to assess the relative importance that masking of deleterious mutations has on
response to and recovery from DNA damage. In particular, we tested whether cells with higher
ploidy levels have relatively higher fitnesses after mutagenesis, whether the advantages of masking
are more pronounced in tetraploids than in diploids, and whether purging of mutations allows
more rapid recovery of haploid cells than cells with higher ploidy levels. Separate experiments were
performed on asexually propagating stationary phase cells using (1) prototrophic haploid (MATα)
and diploid (MATa/α) strains and (2) isogenic haploid, diploid and tetraploid strains lacking a
functional mating type locus. In both sets of experiments, haploids showed a more pronounced
decrease in apparent growth rate than diploids, but both haploids and diploids appeared to
recover very rapidly. Tetraploids did not show increased benefits of masking compared with
diploids but volume measurements and FACScan analyses on the auxotrophic strains indicated
that all treated tetraploid strains decreased in ploidy level and that some of the treated haploid
lines increased in ploidy level. Results from these experiments confirm that while masking
deleterious mutations provides an immediate advantage to higher ploidy levels in the presence of
mutagens, selection is extremely efficient at removing induced mutations, leading growth rates to
increase rapidly over time at all ploidy levels. Furthermore, ploidy level is itself a mutable trait in
the presence of EMS, with both haploids and tetraploids often evolving towards diploidy (the
ancestral state of S. cerevisiae) during the course of the experiment.
The genetic basis of inbreeding depression
Authors: CHARLESWORTH BRIAN , CHARLESWORTH DEBORAH
Published: July 2002

Data on the effects of inbreeding on fitness components are reviewed in the light of population
genetic models of the possible genetic causes of inbreeding depression. Deleterious mutations
probably play a major role in causing inbreeding depression. Putting together the different kinds of
quantitative genetic data, it is difficult to account for the very large effects of inbreeding on fitness
in Drosophila and outcrossing plants without a significant contribution from variability maintained
by selection. Overdominant effects of alleles on fitness components seem not to be important in
most cases. Recessive or partially recessive deleterious effects of alleles, some maintained by
mutation pressure and some by balancing selection, thus seem to be the most important source of
inbreeding depression. Possible experimental approaches to resolving outstanding questions are
discussed.
Pre-Caledonian granulite and gabbro enclaves in the Western
Gneiss Region, Norway: indications of incomplete transition at
high pressure
Authors: KRABBENDAM M. , WAIN A. , ANDERSEN T. B.
Published: July 2002

The Western Gneiss Region of Norway is a continental terrane that experienced
Caledonian high-pressure and ultrahigh-pressure metamorphism. Most rocks in this terrane show
either peak-Caledonian eclogite-facies assemblages or are highly strained and equilibrated under late-Caledonian
amphibolite-facies conditions. However, three kilometre-size rock bodies (Flatraket,
Ulvesund and Kråkenes) in Outer Nordfjord preserve Pre-Caledonian igneous and granulite-facies
assemblages and structures. Where these assemblages are preserved, the rocks are consistently unaffected
by Caledonian deformation. The three bodies experienced high-pressure conditions
(20–23 kbar) but show only very localized (about 5%) eclogitization in felsic and mafic rocks, commonly
related to shear zones. The preservation of Pre-Caledonian felsic and mafic igneous and granulite-facies assemblages in these bodies, therefore, indicates widespread (∼ 95%) metastability at
pressures higher than other metastable domains in Norway. Late-Caledonian amphibolite-facies retrogression
was limited. The degree of reaction is related to the protolith composition and the interaction
of fluid and deformation during the orogenic cycle, whereby metastability is associated with a lack of
deformation and lack of fluids, either as a catalyst or as a component in hydration reactions. The three
bodies appear to have been far less reactive than the external gneisses in this region, even though they
followed a similar pressure–temperature evolution. The extent of metastable behaviour has implications
for the protolith of the Western Gneiss Region, for the density evolution of high-pressure
terranes and hence for the geodynamic evolution of mountain belts.
Dolomitic breccia veins as evidence for extension and fluid flow in the Dalradian of Argyll
Authors: PARNELL J. , BARON M. , DAVIDSON M. , ELMORE D. , ENGEL M.
Published: July 2002

Veins of red dolomite occur extensively in the Dalradian rocks of Argyll, Scotland and adjacent
areas. The veins represent brittle extensional deformation, preferentially reactivating Caledonian
quartz veins. The dolomite is associated with reddening of the adjacent Dalradian country rock, which
it partially replaced. Dolomite was also precipitated in overlying Old Red Sandstone, and probably
dates to late Carboniferous–early Permian. Fluid inclusion studies show that the veining involved moderate-
temperature (75 to 115 °C) fluids. Stable isotope data suggest that these fluids were basinal brines.
Traces of chalcopyrite, paragenetically late in the veins, may reflect the mineralization which occurs
more widely in the Dalradian rocks of Argyll. The red colour of the dolomite is due to abundant
haematite crystallites that grew in the dolomite crystal fabric. Palaeomagnetic analysis yields a consistent
late Permian–early Triassic age for the haematite growth in the dolomite veins and the reddened
Dalradian country rocks. This age represents the time of haematite precipitation from iron-rich
dolomite that may have been related to deep oxidizing weathering. Gold anomalies associated with
reddened basement rock must be of this age or younger.
Alpine high-pressure metamorphism at the Almyropotamos window (southern Evia, Greece)
Authors: SHAKED YONATHAN , AVIGAD DOV , GARFUNKEL ZVI
Published: July 2002

The Alpine orogenic belt of the Hellenides has been strongly reworked by ductile and brittle
extensional tectonics. Extensional structures have affected the central Aegean region and obliterated
much of the original orogenic architecture since at least early Miocene times. In the area of
Almyropotamos (on the island of Evia, flanking the western part of the Aegean) a unique remnant
compressional nappe stack involving Tertiary metamorphic rocks has been preserved. This nappe
sequence comprises a high-pressure rock unit on top of a lower grade unit. The upper unit (South Evia
Blueschist Belt) is thought to be the westward continuation of the Cycladic blueschist belt metamorphosed
at high-pressure conditions during Late Cretaceous–Eocene times. The underlying unit (the
Almyropotamos Unit) is a continental margin sequence covered by a flysch and containing Lutetian
nummulites, indicating that this unit accumulated sediments until at least late Eocene times.

In the present study we analyse the petrology of the Almyropotamos nappe stack and define the
P–T conditions of each of the different rock units exposed there. The presence of glaucophane, lawsonite
rimmed by epidote, and jadeite (70 mol.%) suggest that peak P–T conditions in the South Evia
Blueschist Belt reached approximately 10–12 kbar and 350–450 °C. Unlike previous studies, which
estimated that the underlying Almyropotamos Unit reached only greenschist-facies conditions, glaucophane
relics and Si-rich phengites were found by us in this unit. These indicate that high-pressure
metamorphism and crustal thickening in this part of the Aegean lasted until at least the late Eocene or
early Oligocene. We note that in this respect the architecture of southern Evia resembles that of northern
Greece (Olympos, Ossa). Our structural data indicate that rock units in the Almyropotamos area
record different folding phases, with the South Evia Blueschist Belt having a more complex fold history
than the underlying Almyropotamos Unit. The entire nappe stack shares large-scale folds which
are E–W trending, and locally overturned-to-the-south, and which may represent (at present coordinates)
N–S contraction and nappe transport.
The emplacement of peridotites and associated oceanic rocks from the Lizard Complex, southwest England
Authors: COOK C. A. , HOLDSWORTH R. E. , STYLES M. T.
Published: July 2002

Upper mantle peridotites and associated oceanic rocks from the Lizard Complex, southwest
England, preserve evidence for a multistage geological history. Steeply dipping pre-emplacement
fabrics record high-temperature (900–1100°C) shearing and exhumation of the mantle peridotites
apparently formed during localized NE–SW rifting in a pull-apart basin setting (c. 400–390 Ma).
Associated oceanic rocks (Landewednack amphibolites) preserve a pre-emplacement prograde brown
amphibole-bearing metamorphic assemblage and steeply dipping fabric thought to have formed as the
newly formed oceanic crust was juxtaposed with newly exhumed hot mantle peridotite during NE–SW
rifting. In both the peridotites and Landewednack amphibolites, steep pre-emplacement structures
are cross-cut by low-angle mylonitic fabrics thought to have formed during the initial phases of
emplacement of mantle over crustal rocks in a partially intra-oceanic setting (c. 390–375 Ma). The
fabrics in peridotites and amphibolites exhibit retrograde mineral assemblages (c. 500–800°C), with
the amphibolites preserving two superimposed assemblages, green amphibole + titanite and colourless
magnesio-hornblende, respectively, that are thought to record progressive down-temperature deformation
during thrusting. Emplacement-related structures in both the basal peridotites and amphibolites
consistently dip at low to moderate angles NW, with down-dip lineations and kinematic indicators
showing consistent top-to-the-NW senses of shear. Syn-emplacement magmatism is recorded by
intrusions of foliated Kennack Gneiss. Anastomosing serpentine-filled faults mark many existing low-angle
contacts between the peridotites and Landewednack amphibolites and appear to represent the
final, lowest-temperature (< 250°C) stages of emplacement (c. 370 Ma). This study shows that
‘dynamothermal aureoles’ in ophiolites may preserve evidence for tectonothermal events that pre-date
thrust emplacement.
Phalangiotarbid arachnids from the Coal Measures of Lancashire, UK
Authors: DUNLOP JASON A. , HORROCKS CARL A.
Published: July 2002

Four new specimens of phalangiotarbid (Arachnida: Phalangiotarbida)
from

the Upper

Carboniferous (upper Westphalian A) of Westhoughton, Lancashire, UK, are
referred

to Mesotarbus peteri

sp. nov. An additional Lancashire phalangiotarbid, Phalangiotarbus
subovalis

(Woodward, 1872), from the

Upper Carboniferous (lower/middle Westphalian A) of Burnley, is redescribed

and designated the neotype

of this species. This material allows new interpretations of the opisthosomal

segmentation and respiratory

organs of phalangiotarbids, and a reconstruction of Mesotarbus peteri

is presented.
Palaeozoic within-plate volcanic rocks in Nova Scotia

(Canada) reinterpreted: isotopic constraints on magmatic

source and palaeocontinental reconstructions
Authors: KEPPIE J. D. , DOSTAL J. , MURPHY J. B. , COUSENS B. L.
Published: July 2002

Palaeozoic volcanism in the Avalon Terrane of northern Nova Scotia

occurred during three time

intervals: Cambrian–early Ordovician, late Ordovician–early

Silurian and middle–late Devonian. In the

Meguma Terrane of southern Nova Scotia, Palaeozoic volcanism is limited

to the middle Ordovician.

Geochemical data show that most of these volcanic rocks are bimodal,

within-plate suites. Initial εNd signatures

range from +5.4 to −1.9 in the rhyolites and +6.8 to +2.7 in the

basalts, a difference attributable to the

absence or presence, respectively, of a significant crustal component.

The data and regional tectonic settings

of the Avalon and Meguma terranes suggest that the volcanism was generated

in three different within-plate

settings: (1) Cambrian–early Ordovician volcanism related to

thermal decay of late Proterozoic arc magmatism

during transtensional deformation; (2) middle Ordovician–early

Silurian volcanism during sinistral telescoping

between Laurentia and Gondwana where extensional bends in the

Appalachians produced rifting;

and (3) Devonian volcanism resulting from lithospheric delamination

during dextral transpression and telescoping.

In each setting, active faults served as conduits for the magmas. Nd

isotopic data indicate that the

source of the Palaeozoic felsic volcanic rocks is isotopically

indistinguishable beneath southern and northern

Nova Scotia and did not substantially change with time. This crustal

source appears to have separated from

the mantle during the Proterozoic, a conclusion consistent with the

hypothesis that the Palaeozoic rocks in

Nova Scotia were deposited upon a late Proterozoic oceanic–cratonic

volcanic arc terrane. The Nd data, when

combined with published faunal, palaeomagnetic and U–Pb

isotopic data, suggest that the Avalon Terrane

was peripheral to Gondwana off northwestern South America during

Neoproterozoic and early Palaeozoic times.
Miocene glaciomarine sedimentation in the northern Antarctic

Peninsula region: the stratigraphy and sedimentology of the Hobbs

Glacier Formation, James Ross Island
Authors: PIRRIE D. , CRAME J. A. , RIDING J. B. , BUTCHER A. R. , TAYLOR P. D.
Published: July 2002

The onshore record of Cenozoic glaciation in the Antarctic

Peninsula region is limited to a number

of isolated localities on Alexander Island, the South Shetland Islands

and in the James Ross Island area.

In the James Ross Island area, Late Cretaceous sedimentary rocks are

unconformably overlain by a unit of

diamictites and tuffs, which occur at the base of the James Ross Island

Volcanic Group. These rocks are here

defined as the Hobbs Glacier Formation, and on the basis of palynological

studies are assigned to a Miocene

(?late Miocene) age. The diamictites are interpreted as representing

glaciomarine sedimentation close to the

grounding line of either a floating ice shelf or a grounded tidewater

glacier in a marine basin. Provenance

studies indicate that the glacier was flowing from the Antarctic Peninsula

towards the southeast. Volcanic

tuffs conformably overlie the diamictites and are interpreted as

representing deposition in a periglacial delta

front setting in either a marine or non-marine basin, away from direct

glacial influence. The Hobbs Glacier

Formation and overlying James Ross Island Volcanic Group help to enhance
our

understanding of the Neogene glacial chronology of West Antarctica.
Relationship between joint spacing and bed thickness in
sedimentary rocks: effects of interbed slip
Authors: JI SHAOCHENG , ZHU ZHEMING , WANG ZICHAO
Published: July 2002

This paper consists of three parts. The first part presents a critical

review of previous
mechanical models on the relationship between joint spacing (s)
and
bed thickness (t) in sedimentary
rocks. The second part describes a new mechanical model dealing
with the effects of interbed slip on
joint spacing. The third part presents the comparison between
theoretical results of the model and
joint data measured from Cambrian flysch sediments at Plage Victor
in the Saint-Jean-Port-Joli area of
the Quebec Appalachians. This study demonstrates two formation
mechanisms of tensile joints: near-end
fracturing takes place in the layers with smaller tensile fracture
strength (C0<30 MPa) and smaller
interbed shear strength (τ0<20 MPa) while mid-point fracturing

occurs in those layers with larger C0
(>50 MPa) and τ0(>30 MPa) values. For the rocks with

moderate tensile fracture strength
(30<C0<50 MPa) and interbed shear strength
(20<τ0<30 MPa),
the near-end fracturing and mid-point
fracturing take place preferentially in the thicker and thinner
brittle layers, respectively. In the
regime of near-end fracturing, the correlation between s and t

is linear and independent of the thickness
of the bounding non-jointing layers (d). In the regime of mid-point

fracturing, however, the s–t
relationship can be either linear or non-linear, depending on the
variation of d value. The present study
also suggests that the near-end fracturing is probably the prevailing
process for the formation of tensile
joints in bedded sedimentary rocks and that the coefficient of
joint spacing (K) defined by the ratio
of s to t is considered as an indicator of
C0/(2τ0) for the jointed layer.
Deformation migration in an orogen-scale shear zone array:
an example from the Basal Briançonnais Thrust,
internal Franco-Italian Alps
Authors: FREEMAN S. R. , BUTLER R. W. H. , CLIFF R. A. , INGER S. , BARNICOAT A. C.
Published: July 2002

Combined structural, geochemical and isotopic studies have allowed

an understanding of the
timing and nature of an orogen-scale fault array. The results indicate

that the deformation loci within the
internal western Alps, during the Alpine collision, occurred as a
foreland propagating thrust sequence. The
east to west deformation migration within the internal zones is apparently

in-sequence in relation to the
external zones. Rb–Sr white mica dating of syn-kinematic
greenschist-facies mineral assemblages from the
Basal Briançonnais Thrust indicate that thrusting ceased between

27 and 32 Ma, several million years after
shearing in the hinterland and several million years prior to
shearing in the foreland. The Briançonnais
Domain, which constitutes the hanging wall to the Basal Briançonnais

Thrust, preserves two major shearing
episodes. The first, with a top-to-the-northwest overshear, has been
tentatively dated at 45 Ma. The second,
a very pervasive, east–west orientated, greenschist-facies event

was previously dated at 34 Ma on the hinterland
margin of the Briançonnais Domain and has now been dated at
27–32 Ma on the foreland margin of
the Briançonnais Domain. The period between 34 and 27 Ma
apparently dates the migration of deformation
through the relict European passive margin, represented by the
Briançonnais Domain. This is believed to be
in response to overthrusting of Adria/Africa and its associated
subduction complex. Structural mapping
indicates that the present Basal Briançonnais Thrust in the
Col du Petit St Bernard region, Franco-Italian
Alps, is a break-back thrust which cuts through an already imbricated
pile. Geochronological evidence suggests
that the early imbrication of the Briançonnais stratigraphy
occurred prior to full interaction of the
European and Adria/African plates, that is, during subduction,
docking and escape from the subduction
complex under Adria. Therefore, although the present Basal
Briançonnais Thrust is a break-back thrust in
terms of local structural geometries, it is an in-sequence foreland-propagating

structure. Geochronological,
micro-structural and micro-chemical data indicate that the
Briançonnais Domain in the Col du Petit St
Bernard zone is formed from granitoid material which intruded and
cooled at approximately 320 Ma.
During the Alpine event, deformation and metamorphism were
insufficient to affect the Sr isotopic system.
This suggests that this portion of the Briançonnais Domain was
probably subducted to much shallower
depths and underwent much less pervasive deformation than the other
internal European basement material.
Sequence stratigraphy of the Coniacian succession of the
Anglo-Paris Basin
Authors: GRANT SIMON F. , COE ANGELA L. , ARMSTRONG HOWARD A.
Published: July 2002

The Upper Cretaceous chalk of northwest Europe was deposited in
an open epicontinental
sea during a period of high global eustatic sea-level – a unique
depositional setting requiring modification
of the sequence-stratigraphical approach. In this paper, a framework for
the sequence-stratigraphical
analysis of the Upper Cretaceous chalk is discussed, and an ideal sequence
model presented.

Analysis of the Coniacian succession has identified eight third-order
(short-term) cycles of relative
sea-level change (∼400 Ka duration), superimposed upon a second-order
(longer term) cycle (∼3.2
Ma duration). The third-order cycles represent frequent, basin-wide oceanographic
changes for which
there are no known tectonic mechanisms. These cycles show a visual correlation
with both the δ13C
and the δ13C stable isotope curves, indicating a climatic
control on sedimentation, probably linked to a
Milankovitch eccentricity rhythm.

The long-term trend in independently derived δ13C stable
isotope values parallels the long-term relative
sea-level curve, reflecting increased production as the shelf area expands.
By contrast, the δ18C stable
isotope values show little change over the long term, suggesting that tectonics,
rather than climate,
was the controlling factor on second-order relative sea-level change. This
is corroborated by the fact
that the long-term cycle is coincident with a phase of increased activity
at the mid-ocean ridges, which
is thought to allow for a 60 m rise in global sea level.
Magma source and evolution of Late Neoproterozoic
granitoids in the Gabal El-Urf area, Eastern Desert, Egypt:
geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic constraints
Authors: MOGHAZI ABDEL-KADER M.
Published: July 2002

Granitoids in the Gabal El-Urf area in Eastern Egypt consist of a monzogranite pluton,
belonging to the Younger Granite province, emplaced in granodioritic rocks. Whole rock Rb–Sr dating
indicate ages of 650±95 Ma and 600±11 Ma for the granodiorites and monzogranites, respectively.
The granodiorites (65–70% SiO2) are calc-alkaline and metaluminous with low Rb/Sr, Th and Nb contents,
moderate enrichment in the LILE (K2O, Rb, and Ba) and display most of the chemical and field
characteristics of syn-to late-tectonic I-type granitoids described elsewhere in the
Arabian–Nubian Shield. The monzogranites (72–77% SiO2) are metaluminous to mildly peraluminous, highly
fractionated and depleted in Al2O3, MgO, CaO, TiO2, Sr and Ba with corresponding enrichment in
Rb, Nb, Zr, and Y. They can be correlated with the undeformed post-orogenic granites in the
Arabian–Nubian Shield that chemically resemble A-type granites emplaced in extensional settings. The
mineralogical and chemical variations within the granodiorites and monzogranites are consistent with
their evolution by fractional crystallization. The granodiorites have a low initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio (0.7024)
and high ∈Nd values (+6.9–+7.3) and are significantly different from those
(initial 87Sr/86Sr ratio=0.7029, ∈Nd values=+5.2–+5.8) of the monzogranites.
These data suggest a predominant mantle
derivation for both granite types and demonstrate that they originated from different source materials.

The granodiorite melt was most probably generated through vapour-saturated partial melting of an
early Neoproterozoic depleted mafic lower-crust reservoir due to crustal thickening associated with
orogenic compression and/or arc magma underplating. The mineralogical and geochemical data of
the A-type monzogranites are consistent with their derivation as a residual granitic liquid from a
LILE-enriched mafic magma through crystal-liquid fractionation of plagioclase, amphibole, Fe–Ti
oxides and apatite. The parental mafic magma was originated in the upper mantle due to crustal
thinning associated with extension in the late stage of the Neoproterozoic crustal evolution of north-eastern
Egypt.
Graptolite biozonation of the Wenlock Series (Silurian) of the
Builth Wells district, central Wales
Authors: ZALASIEWICZ JAN , WILLIAMS MARK
Published: July 2002

The graptolite biozonation of the Wenlock Series in the Builth Wells district is reassessed.
The graptolite fauna is dominated by relatively few, but variable, species of Monograptus s.s.,
Pristiograptus and Monoclimacis. These species are mostly long-ranging and are of limited biostratigraphical
use. Biozonation is based largely on the relatively rare cyrtograptids. The lower Wenlock
Series of the district comprises the widely recognized centrifugus, murchisoni and riccartonensis biozones.
The middle to upper Wenlock biostratigraphy differs from that previously recognized in the
UK. Above the riccartonensis Biozone, dubius, rigidus and lundgreni biozones are distinguished.
Separate flexilis and ellesae biozones are not recognized: Monograptus flexilis appears earlier than,
then largely co-exists with, Cyrtograptus rigidus s.l.; while Cyrtograptus ellesae appears later than
Cyrtograptus lundgreni. The uppermost Wenlock nassa–ludensis Biozone is sparsely fossiliferous; its
subdivision has not proved possible. This revised biostratigraphical scheme for the Wenlock Series of
the Builth Wells district suggests that the Sheinwoodian–Homerian boundary, as defined in the Welsh
Borderland, might occur within, rather than at the base of, the lundgreni Biozone. However, difficulties
in correlation with other Wenlock sequences, particularly overseas, suggest significant biofacies control,
with the Wenlock seas of the Builth Wells district appearing to have been periodically inhospitable to
graptolites.
Geochemical characterization, evolution and source of a
Mesozoic accretionary wedge: the Torlesse terrane,
New Zealand
Authors: ROSER B. P. , KORSCH R. J.
Published: July 2002

Whole-rock major and trace element compositions of quartzofeldspathic Permian–Cretaceous
sandstones of the Torlesse terrane, New Zealand, display progressive changes which compare
well with published petrographic data. Chemical indices in three Permian–early Late Triassic
Rakaia subterrane petrofacies show small contrasts, as do the modes, reflecting original source compositions.
A Late Triassic Rakaia petrofacies displays sharp increases in SiO2/Al2O3,
K2O/Na2O, Th/Sc, La/Sc, Ce/Sc,
LaN/YN and decreases in Ti/Zr and V/La, consistent with partial cannibalistic
recycling and a small influx of lithic volcanic detritus. In the post-collisional Late Jurassic–Early
Cretaceous Pahau subterrane, SiO2/Al2O3 remains high, but other indices decrease to levels seen in the
Permian, due to recycling of the earlier Rakaia petrofacies and influx of 10–30% mafic-intermediate
volcaniclastic detritus derived from inboard volcanogenic terranes. The results are confirmed by additional
suites, including mudstones, which cover a larger area, but also show that some spatial variation
occurs within the terrane as a whole. Whole-rock data and Chemical Index of Alteration indices
indicate that the Torlesse was derived from a relatively unweathered source with granodioritic bulk
composition. Comparisons with data from a proposed Rakaia source in the New England and
Hodgkinson orogens of eastern Australia suggest that the observed chemical and modal compositions
cannot be simply derived from that area as presently exposed.
SLANT SUBMANIFOLDS IN SASAKIAN
MANIFOLDS
Authors: Cabrerizo J.
L. , Carriazo A. , Fernández L.
M. , Fernández M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we
show new results on slant submanifolds of an almost contact metric manifold. We
study and characterize slant submanifolds of K-contact and
Sasakian manifolds. We also study the special class of three-dimensional slant
submanifolds. We give several examples of slant
submanifolds.

1991 Mathematics Subject Classification 53C15, 53C40.
The use of radiation interception and transpiration to predict the yield of healthy, droughted and virus-infected sugar beet
Authors: CLOVER G. R. G. , JAGGARD K. W. , SMITH H. G. , AZAM-ALI S. N.
Published: July 2002

This paper reports an analysis of the yield of sugar beet crops grown under experimental conditions
between 1993 and 1995 in the UK. Crops were either healthy (unstressed) or subjected to drought,
infection with Beet yellows virus (BYV) or a combination of both. The study investigated whether the
large differences in yield between the crops grown in different seasons and subjected to different
stresses could be accounted for by simple relationships between total biomass and radiation
interception (εs), transpiration (εw) or
εs and εw adjusted for mean saturation deficit
(Ωs and Ωw
respectively). Mean values of εs, εw,
Ωs and Ωw in healthy crops
were 1·42 g/MJ, 0·89 g/kg, 6·76 g/kPa/MJ and 4·29 g/kPa/kg
respectively. Variations in the dry matter yield between seasons
were best accounted for by Ωw and less well by εw or εs.
Ωs accounted for least variation in yield
between seasons. None of these relationships remained constant in stressed plants; both drought and
BYV-infection decreased εs (and Ωs) but Ωw
was increased by drought and decreased by BYV-infection.
However, in common with healthy crops, seasonal variation in yields was best accounted
for by Ωw. Mean values of εs, Ωs,
εw and Ωw for all healthy, infected and droughted crops accounted
for 61, 50, 88 and 97% of the variation in dry matter yield between experiments respectively.
Accurate prediction of the yield of stressed plants requires a knowledge of their infection and drought
status. If this information is unavailable then the mean value of Ωw for healthy, infected and
droughted crops will provide a reasonable prediction of the yield of such crops.
THE PREVALENCE AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN PAKISTAN
Authors: HUSSAIN R. , BITTLES A. H.
Published: July 2002

Consanguineous marriages are strongly preferred in much of West and South Asia. This paper examines the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of consanguineous unions in Pakistan using local and national data. Information from 1011 ever-married women living in four multi-ethnic and multi-lingual squatter settlements of Karachi, the main commercial centre of the country, are compared with data from the national 1990/91 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey (PDHS), based on information provided by 6611 women. Both sets of results indicate that approximately 60% of marriages were consanguineous, over 80% of which were between first cousins. The mean coefficients of inbreeding (F) in the present generation were 0·0316 and 0·0331 for the Karachi and PDHS data respectively. In both surveys the prevalence of consanguineous unions appeared to be unchanged over the past three to four decades. Consanguineous unions were more common among women who were illiterate or had only primary level education, were first or second generation migrants from rural areas of Pakistan or, in the PDHS, lived in rural areas, and whose parents were also consanguineously married.
Stability of vitamins during the storage of liquid infant milks
Authors: ALBALÁ-HURTADO SOLEDAD , VECIANA-NOGUÉS M. TERESA , RIERA-VALLS ENRIQUE , MARINÉ-FONT ABEL , VIDAL-CAROU M. CARMEN
Published: July 2002

The stability of the water-soluble B vitamins and the fat-soluble vitamins
A and E of three liquid infant milks was followed throughout 12 months of storage
at 20, 30 and 37 °C. Two samples were ‘follow-on’ milks from two different
manufacturers and the other a ‘junior’ milk from one of these. The levels of water-soluble vitamins and vitamin E remained constant during storage at the three
temperatures. In contrast, vitamin A decreased in samples from one manufacturer at
all storage temperatures, and in samples from the other only at 37 °C. A kinetic
equation was derived that made it possible to predict the influence of storage
temperature on the shelf life of these kinds of products, together with the storage
period during which levels of vitamin A recommended as adequate would remain.
Correlation of base consumption with the degree of hydrolysis in enzymic protein hydrolysis
Authors: CAMACHO FERNANDO , GONZÁLEZ-TELLO PEDRO , PÁEZ-DUEÑAS MARÍA-PURIFICACIÓN , GUADIX EMILIA-MARÍA , GUADIX ANTONIO
Published: July 2002

It is fairly easy to control the enzymic hydrolysis of proteins in alkaline conditions by measuring the base consumption required to keep the pH constant in the reactor. Unfortunately, however, base consumption is not related in any simple way to the degree of hydrolysis reached at any given moment and to establish this relationship it is essential to find out the mean pK of the α-amino groups released during the hydrolytic process. We have shown here that the correct mean pK value varies according to the pH of the working conditions and that the relationship between these values may depend upon the kind of protein and protease used. We have put forward a method for determining this relationship experimentally by using a given protein–protease system, consisting of an alkaline titration of the raw protein and when partially hydrolysed. We have tested the results predicted by our theoretical model by applying it to the hydrolysis of whey proteins with a bacterial protease from Bacillus licheniformis at 50 °C, pH 8·0. This model can easily be applied to any hydrolytic process involving the appearance of functional groups that are partially protonizable under the working conditions in question in order to follow the kinetics of the reaction via the consumption of the neutralizing agent required to keep pH constant.