bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discrimination
Authors: Starks Brian Chad
Published: November 2017

Discrimination, particularly related to race/ethnicity, has been widely documented in the criminal justice system at all phases. Both juvenile and adult minorities are disproportionately represented in each phase. Although there is evidence of this discrimination at each phase, one phase has been largely understudied in the criminal justice literature – pretrial. Adults accused of crimes and arrested have a constitutional right to a bail hearing; however, this right is not granted to juveniles. The absence of a traditional right to freedom discriminates against juveniles, regardless of the other characteristics typically associated with discrimination.
Delinquent Social Networks
Authors: Baerveldt Chris
Published: November 2017

Criminologists have long since studied delinquent groups. Whereas group studies focus on group members and group behavior, the relationships between people are the focal point of the social network approach. Many researchers have studied the distribution and development of delinquency within social networks. They found that befriended people more often had similar levels of delinquent behavior, and investigated selection and influence processes to explain that similarity. Network research methods added to the classical group studies of gangs. They revealed that leadership and intimacy were often less prominent than earlier group studies suggested, and that the structure of delinquent networks varies considerably. A social network approach can also be used to study the relationships of the delinquent network with its environment, and to develop and fine tune prevention.
K
ent
v
.
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Williams La Verne McQuiller
Published: November 2017

In the landmark decision
Kent v. United States
(383 U.S. 541 [1966]), the US Supreme Court established the principle that juvenile courts must afford due process protections to juveniles transferred to criminal courts. The Court held that before a juvenile is transferred to criminal court by a judge, they are entitled to a hearing, a written statement of the court's reasons for its decision, access to counsel, and the right of counsel to have access to documents used by the court in reaching its decision.
Risk and Needs Assessment
Authors: Baldry Anna Costanza , Sorrentino Anna
Published: November 2017

This entry addresses risk and needs assessment, which is the procedure to identify the personal, social, and contextual variables related to the antisocial and delinquent behavior of juveniles. This approach helps to establish the probability of recidivism of delinquency based on static and dynamic criminogenic factors, also called need factors. These help in addressing the most useful and efficient intervention for juveniles. The most used risk and needs assessment approaches are presented.
Neighborhood Influences
Authors: Doyon‐Martin Jacquelynn , Gibbons Samantha
Published: November 2017

For decades researchers have attempted to identify the influence of neighborhoods on juvenile delinquency, as there are a variety of community factors that increase the risk of, and may even contribute to delinquent behavior among youth. Over the past century, theorists have used social disorganization theory and more recently the concept of collective efficacy to explain the informal social controls that help to maintain neighborhood stability. These viewpoints, along with explanations of the various social, spatial, and physical influences of neighborhoods (i.e., socioeconomic status, geographical location, environmental factors) are considered.
Deprivation Theory
Authors: Narag Raymund E. , Heater Allison
Published: November 2017

Deprivation theory is one of the early explanations for juvenile delinquency. Its staying power in the criminological literature arises from the basic but simple notion that juveniles who experience deprivation are more likely to engage in delinquent acts or be drawn to a delinquent peer group. However, the manner in which deprivation is conceptualized and measured, and the specific pathways or mechanisms in which deprivation may lead to delinquency, has generated numerous debates. Among the issues are, whether to conceptualize deprivation at the macro‐ or micro‐level; the debate on what specific indictors are most valid in measuring deprivation; and what criminological perspective is most consistent to explain the role of deprivation in delinquency causation. Using a review of extant research, this entry summarizes and updates the controversies surrounding deprivation theory.
Delinquency Prevention
Authors: Phaneuf Shannon Womer
Published: November 2017

Delinquency prevention refers to a wide variety of programs and practices that attempt to prevent a juvenile from becoming delinquent. Beginning with one of the earliest examples of delinquency prevention in America, the establishment of the first juvenile court in Cook County, Illinois in 1899, an overview of the progression of delinquency prevention efforts is provided. Focus is also given to the programs and program characteristics that have been identified by research as being effective in preventing delinquency.
Self‐Destructive Behavior
Authors: Kerig Patricia K.
Published: November 2017

Self‐destructive behavior refers to a range of self‐harming acts, including suicidal thoughts and behavior, nonsuicidal self‐injury, and reckless behaviors, all of which are seen at high rates among youth who are involved in the juvenile justice system, especially among the high proportion of justice‐involved youth who have been exposed to psychological trauma. The prevalence of suicide among samples of youth who are in correctional facilities is between 3 to 18 times higher than national averages, with increased risks for youth who are White or Native American, have mental health problems, and have experienced maltreatment. Youth in the justice system also have higher than average rates of engaging in nonsuicidal self‐injury, especially amongst girls and youth who have been sexually abused. Reckless behavior also is associated with both delinquency and trauma and is conceptualized as a maladaptive strategy to create a sense of mastery over an uncontrollably stressful environment.
Australia
Authors: Sowerby Amy , Thomas Stuart D. M.
Published: November 2017

Youth crime represents a significant ongoing concern for the community and criminal justice agencies across Australia. Only a minority of youth offenders are held in detention, with all Australian states and territories embracing a range of diversionary options aimed at keeping young people away from formal contact with the criminal justice system. Particular concerns about increasing numbers of youths being held on remand and the continued overrepresentation of Indigenous youth in the Australian juvenile justice system are outlined.
Behavioral Modification System
Authors: Huang Ann X.
Published: November 2017

Behavioral principles have been widely used in the world, including in the field of juvenile criminal justice, as reflected in cognitive–behavioral therapy approaches. This entry gives a brief overview of behavioral modification in the context of juvenile offending. First, some basic concepts and underpinning theory are briefly explained. Several major characteristics of behavioral modification are then presented. The entry goes on to discuss why behavioral assessment, especially functional behavioral assessment, is important for effective behavioral modification. Finally, the entry provides an introduction to cognitive–behavioral therapy (CBT), an effective and low‐cost behavioral modification approach that was most widely used in corrections.
Juvenile Justice Reform in Massachusetts
Authors: Sparling Yvonne
Published: November 2017

In 1846, Massachusetts led juvenile justice reform by creating the nation's first juvenile justice correctional system based on the belief that juveniles were more likely to be rehabilitated than adults and therefore should be treated in facilities designed for youth. State‐run programs were developed in Massachusetts, known as training schools, where juveniles were housed and received education rather than being placed in adult institutions.
Group Homes
Authors: Huang Hui , Rhoden Michelle‐Ann , Ryan Joseph P.
Published: November 2017

Group homes represent one type of residential facilities used in child welfare and juvenile justice systems, and are defined as a long‐term facility in which residents are allowed extensive contact with the community, such as attending school or holding a job, and includes halfway houses. Most group homes hold a small number of residents, most less than 20. This entry discusses the effectiveness of group homes, problems such as recidivism, and the effect of various interventions.
Prescription Drug Abuse
Authors: Palacios Wilson R.
Published: November 2017

Diversion and abuse of controlled prescription drugs (CPDs) represent a threat to both public health and safety. CPD abuse has increased according to all key sentinel drug measures assessing both public health and safety. This entry provides a brief review of diversion and abuse of CPDs among juveniles.
Wilderness Programs
Authors: Archer Robert J. L.
Published: November 2017

Wilderness programs have sought to reduce the risk of problem‐oriented teenagers from becoming criminal offenders. Wilderness programs have suffered from a lack of a sound theoretical background, and are subject to limitations, much like many practices in juvenile delinquency. Despite these limitations, an increasing success rate has been apparent in wilderness rehabilitation programs for troubled youth that have successfully aimed to ease the transition for students entering the college lifestyle. These programs have also helped to alleviate interpersonal issues. This entry provides information on the limitations within wilderness programs and the increases in effectiveness for rehabilitation of adolescents that wilderness therapy aims to influence. The entry also outlines increasingly important issues for the future, in order further to evaluate and overcome the shortfalls of wilderness programs.
Confinement, Institutional
Authors: Parry David
Published: November 2017

Facilities providing secure institutional confinement for juvenile offenders have played a central role in American responses to delinquent behavior for nearly 200 years. Outfitted with locked security doors, bars over windows, gated perimeter fences, and/or other structural barriers restricting movement and egress, secure juvenile correctional institutions – variously referred to as juvenile correctional facilities, training schools, youth development centers, or, historically, reform schools or industrial schools – represent the most restrictive settings available within the juvenile justice system for long‐term placement of adjudicated offenders. Despite indisputable progress in reducing the number of secure correctional facilities and the number of youth confined in them, available evidence attests to the persistence of a wide array of stubbornly intractable problems within institutions.
Israel
Authors: Rubenstein Batya
Published: November 2017

Juvenile crime in Israel makes up roughly 8% of the total criminal cases annually. In 1948, when Israel gained its independence as a recognized nation, juvenile delinquency was a primary matter that law makers included in the creation of an ideological framework for their new country. In 1971 the Israeli parliament passed Israel's Youth Law, which reinforced the rehabilitative approach that the country had been practicing when dealing with juvenile delinquency. Today, juvenile probation officers are trained social workers who use forms of restorative justice to rehabilitate juvenile offenders in Israel. Juvenile delinquency in Israel is a unique issue unexplained by known criminological theories because of the singular nature of Israeli culture. Large waves of immigration and the constant duress of the threat of war are both considered to be strong contributory factors to Israel's juvenile delinquency.
Mental Illness and Competency
Authors: Dobrow Jason
Published: November 2017

Mental health and its relationship to an individual's competence to stand trial are among the more contentious issues in the criminal justice system. This entry traces the historical antecedents of determining competency to stand trial and the manner in which competency evaluations have progressed over time. The entry also addresses various auxiliary issues that surround competence evaluations and explores the relationship between mental health and the legal system in general.
Case Processing Data
Authors: Petrosino Anthony , Rana Farhan , Persson Hannah
Published: November 2017

What strategy should be implemented to achieve better results with less serious juvenile offenses? Should such offenders be formally processed through the system or diverted away from the juvenile justice system? This entry examines the juvenile case processing system as a whole, describing each of the key stages at which a juvenile offender moves along. Then, evidence from a systematic review of research on the effects of formal processing is summarized. This review indicates that traditional processing has an overall negative impact, encouraging further delinquency. The entry goes on to discuss labeling, a popular theory about why processing has a negative impact.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Authors: Muscari Mary , Ngo Hoang Minh M.
Published: November 2017

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder that creates a persistent behavioral pattern characterized by difficulty in paying attention, trouble controlling impulses, and/or hyperactivity. While children with both ADHD and conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder may be more likely to commit delinquent acts than those with ADHD alone, ADHD on its own, especially when accompanied by parental criminality and sibling delinquency, can also lead to negative behaviors. Children with untreated ADHD may still engage in behaviors that disrupt their family life, schooling, or peer relationships. Comorbidities are common in ADHD, including substance abuse and conduct disorder, and these comorbidities are more likely than ADHD alone to contribute to criminal offending behaviors. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary approach that targets each youth's individual needs, including poor academic performance, peer rejection, social isolation, risky impulsive behaviors, family dysfunction, addictive behaviors, and legal issues.
S
audi
A
rabia
Authors: Alasti Sanaz , Bronson Eric
Published: November 2017

The main source of the juvenile justice system in Saudi Arabia is
Shari'a
. The application of Islamic law in Saudi Arabian courts is mainly based on the rules of Shari'a in accordance with the interpretation of the
Hanbali
school – the fourth orthodox school of law within
Sunni
Islam. The criminal justice system in Saudi Arabia treats juvenile offenders like adults. In Saudi Arabia very little legislation explicitly addresses the rights of juvenile offenders, or how their cases are to be handled, leaving criminal justice systems officials with broad discretion in determining when to arrest juveniles, how long to detain them, and what punishments to impose. The criminal justice officials of Saudi Arabia fail to adequately categorize and separate detained juveniles, routinely mixing convicted juveniles with youths awaiting trial, and in some cases mixing children with adults. Also, other harsh punishments such as the death penalty, solitary confinement, and corporal punishment are common for juveniles.
J
apan
Authors: Riner Richard W.
Published: November 2017

Juvenile justice and delinquency in Japan can be broken down into three eras: pre‐World War II, post‐World War II, and post‐2000. All three eras have been heavily influenced by Japan's unique relationship with the United States. This has happened through legal developments in US courts that were adopted by the Japanese government, through the role the United States played as an occupying military force, and finally through cultural attitudes regarding victim's rights that have been recently embraced by Japanese citizens, which has prompted the Japanese to alter some of their policies regarding juvenile offenders.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders and Juvenile Delinquency
Authors: Simmes Diana R. , Mattson Sarah N.
Published: November 2017

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are caused by prenatal exposure to alcohol. There is a broad spectrum of deficits that can occur in children born to women who consume alcohol during pregnancy, including significant structural brain damage and neurobehavioral impairment. Recent prevalence estimates of the entire FASD continuum in the United States are in the range of 2% to 5% of school‐aged children, with 2 to 7 per 1,000 estimated to be affected by fetal alcohol syndrome, which represents the most extreme end of the spectrum. Prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with poor impulse control, impaired judgment, and the inability to delay gratification, making FASD relevant across the justice system trajectory from offense and arrest through adjudication and incarceration. Additionally, behavioral impairments common to FASD that may relate to potential for mistreatment in the justice system include diminished capacity, confusing fact from fiction, and false confessions.
Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care
Authors: Pretzer Katherine
Published: November 2017

Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care (MTFC) is a behavioral treatment program that serves as an alternative to residential placement intended for delinquent youth. MTFC has four key elements based on Social Learning Theory. These include a consistent reinforcing environment, a daily structure with defined expectations, close supervision, and establishing prosocial relations. MTFC has three versions designed for specific age groups between the ages of 3 and 17. MTFC has three components of interventions: the MTFC Family, the Biological Family, and the MTFC Treatment Team. MTFC has shown to be an effective program and reduces delinquent behaviors in the youth involved in the program.
Youth Development Centers
Authors: Cabage Leann N.
Published: November 2017

Youth development centers (YDCs) are located both in the community and in residential facilities. These centers provide treatment, education, leadership development, and rehabilitative services to juveniles. Rooted in positive youth development, the approach upholds the belief that youth are our most important asset. When the frameworks are fully implemented and the risk factors for the youth are reduced, the likelihood of the youth engaging in risky or delinquent behaviors is reduced.
Nelsonv.Heyne
Authors: Tostlebe Jennifer J.
Published: November 2017

Historically, juvenile offenders have had very limited constitutional protections regarding pre‐ and post‐adjudication matters and the rehabilitative treatment provided to them in juvenile correctional institutions. With the 1970s came an upsurge in the amount of attention given to these juvenile correctional institutions and the way they provided treatment. This entry provides a case study of the landmarkNelson v. Heynecase, which concluded by granting specific constitutional rights and protections to juveniles in correctional institutions.
Incest
Authors: Peric Franco V. , Thornton Tim
Published: November 2017

Incest is a behavior that is usually culturally and legally prohibited. As the concept of family has evolved over generations, the definition of incest has also expanded. However, an awareness of normative sexual development helps determine the extent to which an act of incest is problematic. Complicating matters is that incest can be any one of a combination of acts between adults and/or children. Unfortunately, such breadth further confounds efforts to identify prevalence statistics. For juvenile justice professionals, a number of areas must be considered when incest is part of a youth's history. Naturally, providing safety for all parties involved is essential. After safety has been established, treatment needs and risk factors should be identified to reduce recidivism risk. When incest has impacted a youth's life, some form of treatment will likely be beneficial, including individual, family, and/or group therapy.
Predicting the use of corporal punishment: Child aggression, parent religiosity, and the BDNF gene
Authors: Avinun Reut , Davidov Maayan , Mankuta David , Knafo‐Noam Ariel
Published: November 2017

Corporal punishment (CP) has been associated with deleterious child outcomes, highlighting the importance of understanding its underpinnings. Although several factors have been linked with parents’ CP use, genetic influences on CP have rarely been studied, and an integrative view examining the interplay between different predictors of CP is missing. We focused on the separate and joint effects of religiosity, child aggression, parent's gender, and a valine (Val) to methionine (Met) substitution in the brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Data came from a twin sample (51% male, aged 6.5 years). We used mothers’ and fathers’ self‐reports of CP and religiosity, and the other parent's report on child aggression. Complete data were available for 244 mothers and their 466 children, and for 217 fathers and their 409 children. The random split method was employed to examine replicability. For mothers, only the effect of religiosity appeared to replicate. For fathers, several effects predicting CP use replicated in both samples: child aggression, child sex, religiosity, and a three‐way (GxExE) interaction implicating fathers’ BDNF genotype, child aggression and religiosity. Religious fathers who carried the Met allele and had an aggressive child used CP more frequently; in contrast, secular fathers’ CP use was not affected by their BDNF genotype or child aggression. Results were also repeated longitudinally in a subsample with age 8–9 data. Findings highlight the utility of a bio‐ecological approach for studying CP use by shedding light on pertinent gene‐environment interaction processes. Possible implications for intervention and public policy are discussed.
Heroic Memory: Remembering the Details of Others' Heroism in the Aftermath of a Traumatic Public Event Can Foster Our Own Prosocial Response
Authors: Ford Jaclyn Hennessey , Gaesser Brendan , DiBiase Haley , Berro Tala , Young Liane , Kensinger Elizabeth
Published: November 2017

Humans, while not wholly altruistic, will often come together to selflessly support and provide aid to others in need. To date, little attention has been paid to how memory for such positive events in the aftermath of a traumatic event can influence subsequent behavior. The current study examined how the way in which people represent and remember helping events immediately following the 2013 Boston Marathon bombing related to their tendency to support Boston‐related charities in the following months. People who recalled helping‐related events in greater detail reported engaging in more helping behaviors in the following months. The relation between memory narratives and reports of helping behavior six months later has important implications for future work investigating the role of memory‐based mechanisms in citizens' decisions to provide aid in times of collective need.Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of Multifunctional Magnetic Nanoparticles with Amplified Catalytic Activities by Genetic Expression of Enzyme Arrays on Bacterial Magnetosomes
Authors: Mickoleit Frank , Schüler Dirk
Published: November 2017

Due to their highly regulated biosynthesis, magnetosomes biomineralized by magnetotactic bacteria represent natural magnetic nanoparticles with unique physical and chemical properties. They consist of a magnetite core that is surrounded by a biological membrane and are therefore reminiscent to magnetic “core–shell” nanoparticles. Their usability in many nanotechnological and biomedical applications would be further improved by the introduction of additional catalytic and imaging modalities. Here, a new in vivo strategy is explored for magnetosome display of foreign polypeptides with maximized protein‐to‐particle ratios. Arrays of up to five monomers of the model enzyme glucuronidase GusA plus the additional fluorophore mEGFP are genetically fused as single large hybrid proteins to highly expressed magnetosome protein anchors. In total, about 190 GusA monomers are covalently attached to individual particles. Assuming layers of GusA rows surrounding the particles, the monomers would thus cover up to 90% of the magnetosome surface. The approach generates nanoparticles that exhibit magnetism, fluorescence, and stable catalytic activities, which are stepwise increased with the number of GusA monomers. In summary, multicopy expression of arrayed foreign proteins represents a powerful methodology for the biosynthesis of tailored biohybrid magnetic nanoparticles with several genetically encoded and tunable functionalities.
Optimization of Strength‐Electrical Conductivity Properties in Al–2Fe Alloy by Severe Plastic Deformation and Heat Treatment
Authors: Medvedev Andrey E , Murashkin Maxim Y , Enikeev Nariman A , Valiev Ruslan Z , Hodgson Peter D , Lapovok Rimma
Published: November 2017

High‐pressure torsion at room temperature followed by two processing routes, either 1) annealing at 200 °C for 8 h or 2) elevated temperature (200 °C) high‐pressure torsion, are employed to obtain simultaneous increase in mechanical strength and electrical conductivity of Al–2 wt%Fe. The comparative study of microstructure, particle distribution, mechanical properties, and electrical conductivity for both processing routes gives the optimal combination of high mechanical strength and high electrical conductivity in Al–2Fe alloy. It is shown that while the mechanical strength is approximately the same for both processing routes (>320 MPa), high‐pressure torsion at elevated temperature results in higher conductivity (≥52% IACS) due to reduction of Fe solute atom concentration in Al matrix compared to annealing treatment. High‐pressure torsion at 200 °C has been demonstrated as a new and effective way for obtaining combination of high mechanical strength and electrical conductivity in Al–Fe alloys.
A Unique Disintegration–Reassembly Route to Mesoporous Titania Nanocrystalline Hollow Spheres with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Wang Xin , Bai Licheng , Liu Hongyan , Yu Xuefeng , Yin Yadong , Gao Chuanbo
Published: November 2017

A novel disintegration–reassembly route is reported for the synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 nanocrystalline hollow spheres with controlled crystallinity and enhanced photocatalytic activity. In this unique synthesis strategy, it is demonstrated that sol–gel‐derived mesoporous TiO2 colloidal spheres can be disintegrated into discrete small nanoparticles that are uniformly embedded in the polymer (polystyrene, PS) matrix by surface‐induced photocatalytic polymerization. Subsequent reassembly of these TiO2 nanoparticles can be induced by an annealing process after further coating of a resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) resin, which forms self‐supported hollow spheres of TiO2 at the PS/RF interface. The abundant phenolic groups on the RF resin serve as anchoring sites for the TiO2 nanoparticles, thus enable the reassembly of the TiO2 nanoparticles and prevent their sintering during the thermal crystallization process. This unique disintegration–reassembly process leads to the formation of self‐supported TiO2 hollow spheres with relatively large surface area, high crystallinity, and superior photocatalytic activity in dye degradation under UV light irradiation.
Surfactant‐Free β‐Galactosidase Micromotors for “On‐The‐Move” Lactose Hydrolysis
Authors: Maria‐Hormigos Roberto , Jurado‐Sánchez Beatriz , Escarpa Alberto
Published: November 2017

Surfactant‐free β‐galactosidase micromotors are explored here as moving biocatalyst for highly efficient lactose hydrolysis from raw milk. The coupling of the hydrolytic properties of such enzyme with the efficient movement of carbon nanotube tubular micromotors results in nearly 100% lactose hydrolysis and two fold removal efficiency as compared with static conditions and with free enzyme. The incorporation of an inner Ni layer allows its reusability to operate in batch mode. The rough micromotor surface area allows the immobilization of a high loading of β‐galactosidase and results in an increase in the enzyme affinity toward lactose. The new micromotor concept opens new avenues for the use of micromotors as moving immobilized biocatalyst to improve the technological process not only in food industry but also in other fields.
The Meeting Point of Carbonaceous Materials and Clays: Toward a New Generation of Functional Composites
Authors: Darder Margarita , Aranda Pilar , Ruiz‐García Cristina , Fernandes Francisco M. , Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo
Published: November 2017

Carbon and clays are worldwide‐spread natural resources known and used for centuries by humans. In spite of their differences, both have been combined to produce diverse types of functional materials, from conventional pencil cores to advanced hybrid composites. The presence of highly conductive graphene and/or carbon nanotubes allows for their use in applications ranging from elements of electrochemical devices to additives for polymer nanocomposites, pollution adsorbents, or active catalysts. Both top‐down and bottom‐up strategies can be applied to conveniently assemble carbon and clay counterparts. Moreover, such synthetic strategies can be tailored to produce adequate nanostructured materials and/or associate other species. This critical review presents the latest advances on this topic, addressing aspects related to the possibility to produce hybrid materials based on their functionalization capacity.
Hierarchical Multicomponent Inorganic Metamaterials: Intrinsically Driven Self‐Assembly at the Nanoscale
Authors: Levchenko Igor , Bazaka Kateryna , Keidar Michael , Xu Shuyan , Fang Jinghua
Published: November 2017

Increasingly intricate in their composition and structural organization, hierarchical multicomponent metamaterials with nonlinear spatially reconfigurable functionalities challenge the intrinsic constraints of natural materials, revealing tremendous potential for the advancement of biochemistry, nanophotonics, and medicine. Recent breakthroughs in high‐resolution nanofabrication utilizing ultranarrow, precisely controlled ion or laser beams have enabled assembly of architectures of unprecedented structural and functional complexity, yet costly, time‐ and energy‐consuming high‐resolution sequential techniques do not operate effectively at industry‐required scale. Inspired by the fictional Baron Munchausen's fruitless attempt to pull himself up, it is demonstrated that metamaterials can undergo intrinsically driven self‐assembly, metaphorically pulling themselves up into existence. These internal drivers hold a key to unlocking the potential of metamaterials and mapping a new direction for the large‐area, cost‐efficient self‐organized fabrication of practical devices. A systematic exploration of these efforts is presently missing, and the driving forces governing the intrinsically driven self‐assembly are yet to be fully understood. Here, recent progress in the self‐organized formation and self‐propelled growth of complex hierarchical multicomponent metamaterials is reviewed, with emphasis on key principles, salient features, and potential limitations of this family of approaches. Special stress is placed on self‐assembly driven by plasma, current in liquid, ultrasonic, and similar highly energetic effects, which enable self‐directed formation of metamaterials with unique properties and structures.
Implementing Quantum Search Algorithm with Metamaterials
Authors: Zhang Weixuan , Cheng Kaiyang , Wu Chao , Wang Yi , Li Hongqiang , Zhang Xiangdong
Published: November 2017

Metamaterials, artificially structured electromagnetic (EM) materials, have enabled the realization of many unconventional EM properties not found in nature, such as negative refractive index, magnetic response, invisibility cloaking, and so on. Based on these man‐made materials with novel EM properties, various devices are designed and realized. However, quantum analog devices based on metamaterials have not been achieved so far. Here, metamaterials are designed and printed to perform quantum search algorithm. The structures, comprising of an array of 2D subwavelength air holes with different radii perforated on the dielectric layer, are fabricated using a 3D‐printing technique. When an incident wave enters in the designed metamaterials, the profile of beam wavefront is processed iteratively as it propagates through the metamaterial periodically. After roundtrips, precisely the same as the efficiency of quantum search algorithm, searched items will be found with the incident wave all focusing on the marked positions. Such a metamaterial‐based quantum searching simulator may lead to remarkable achievements in wave‐based signal processors.
Manufacture of Citronellal by the Rhodium‐Catalyzed Homogeneous Hydrogenation of Neral
Authors: Holz Jens , Doerfelt Stephan , Börner Armin
Published: November 2017

The highly chemoselective hydrogenation of neral affording citronellal is described. The reaction has been conducted with homogeneous rhodium complexes. Among the set of ancillary diphosphane ligands tested, Xantphos was found to be superior. The relevant precatalyst has been generated from neutral metal sources such as Rh(acac)(CO)2 or the carbon monoxide‐free rhodium source Rh(acac)(cod) in the absence of any base. A high activity and chemoselectivity in favor of the desired citronellal is achieved at 0.1 MPa and room temperature. Under the same conditions, geranial is also reduced to citronellal. The addition of carbon monoxide to the hydrogen stream as used in an industrial process is not necessary.

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Broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric phenotypes associated with white matter disease in PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome
Authors: Balci Tugce B. , Davila Jorge , Lewis Denice , Boafo Addo , Sell Erick , Richer Julie , Nikkel Sarah M. , Armour Christine M. , Tomiak Eva , Lines Matthew A. , Sawyer Sarah L.
Published: November 2017

White matter lesions have been described in patients with PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome (PHTS). How these lesions correlate with the neurocognitive features associated with PTEN mutations, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or developmental delay, has not been well established. We report nine patients with PTEN mutations and white matter changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), eight of whom were referred for reasons other than developmental delay or ASD. Their clinical presentations ranged from asymptomatic macrocephaly with normal development/intellect, to obsessive compulsive disorder, and debilitating neurological disease. To our knowledge, this report constitutes the first detailed description of PTEN‐related white matter changes in adult patients and in children with normal development and intelligence. We present a detailed assessment of the neuropsychological phenotype of our patients and discuss the relationship between the wide array of neuropsychiatric features and observed white matter findings in the context of these individuals.
Enantioselective Reactions Catalyzed by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Zhao Ming , Zhang Yu‐Tong , Chen Jie , Zhou Ling
Published: November 2017

Enantioselective organocatalysis by using N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) has emerged as a powerful strategy for the construction of complex chiral molecules. Recently, remarkable advances have been made in enantioselective NHC‐catalyzed reactions that involve diverse activation intermediates, such as Breslow intermediates, homoenolate intermediates, α,β‐unsaturated acylazoliums, azolium enolates, and azolium dienolates, which are generated by the nucleophilic addition of NHCs to aldehydes. Furthermore, NHC‐catalyzed reactions that proceed through non‐covalent bonding interactions have also been developed.
Control of N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Catalyzed Reactions of Enals: Asymmetric Synthesis of Oxindole‐γ‐Amino Acid Derivatives
Authors: Chen Xiang‐Yu , Xiong Jia‐Wen , Liu Qiang , Li Sun , Sheng He , von Essen Carolina , Rissanen Kari , Enders Dieter
Published: November 2017

A strategy to control the switch between a non‐cycloaddition reaction and a cycloaddition reaction of enals, using N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalyisis, has been developed. The new scalable protocol leads to γ‐amino‐acid esters bearing a tetrasubstituted stereocenter in good yields and high stereoselectivities by homo‐Mannich reactions of enals and isatin‐derived ketimines. By simply changing the N‐ketimine substituent to an ortho‐hydroxy phenyl group, the corresponding spirocyclic oxindolo‐γ‐lactams are obtained.
Paläo‐inspirierte Systeme: Haltbarkeit, Nachhaltigkeit und bemerkenswerte Eigenschaften
Authors: Bertrand Loïc , Gervais Claire , Masic Admir , Robbiola Luc
Published: November 2017

Die Nachahmung von spezifischen (z. B. mechanischen, optischen und strukturellen) Eigenschaften, die in alten und historischen Systemen beobachtet werden, wird in diesem Kurzaufsatz als Paläo‐Inspiration bezeichnet. Zum Beispiel kann die Bergung in der Archäologie oder Paläontologie zur Identifikation von Materialien dienen, die a posteriori sehr widerstandsfähig gegen Veränderungen sind. Umso ermutigender ist die Tatsache, dass viele historische Materialien mit sanften chemischen Methoden hergestellt wurden, wobei oft nur geringe Energieressourcen und manchmal primitive Fertigungsmittel zur Verfügung standen. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden historische Systeme als Inspirationsquelle für innovatives Materialdesign im Anthropozän betrachtet.
A Redox‐Activated G‐Quadruplex DNA Binder Based on a Platinum(IV)–Salphen Complex
Authors: Bandeira Stephane , Gonzalez‐Garcia Jorge , Pensa Evangelina , Albrecht Tim , Vilar Ramon
Published: November 2017

There has been increasing interest in the development of small molecules that can selectively bind to G‐quadruplex DNA structures. The latter have been associated with a number of key biological processes and therefore are proposed to be potential targets for drug development. Herein, we report the first example of a reduction‐activated G‐quadruplex DNA binder. We show that a new octahedral platinum(IV)–salphen complex does not interact with DNA in aqueous media at pH 7.4; however, upon addition of bioreductants such as ascorbic acid or glutathione, the compound is readily reduced to the corresponding square planar platinum(II) complex. In contrast to the parent platinum(IV) complex, the in situ generated platinum(II) complex has good affinity for G‐quadruplex DNA.
Gram‐Scale Synthesis of the (−)‐Sparteine Surrogate and (−)‐Sparteine
Authors: Firth James D. , Canipa Steven J. , Ferris Leigh , O'Brien Peter
Published: November 2017

An 8‐step, gram‐scale synthesis of the (−)‐sparteine surrogate (22 % yield, with just 3 chromatographic purifications) and a 10‐step, gram‐scale synthesis of (−)‐sparteine (31 % yield) are reported. Both syntheses proceed with complete diastereocontrol and allow access to either antipode. Since the syntheses do not rely on natural product extraction, our work addresses long‐term supply issues relating to these widely used chiral ligands.
Controlled Sol–Gel Transitions of a Thermoresponsive Polymer in a Photoswitchable Azobenzene Ionic Liquid as a Molecular Trigger
Authors: Wang Caihong , Hashimoto Kei , Tamate Ryota , Kokubo Hisashi , Watanabe Masayoshi
Published: November 2017

Producing ionic liquids (ILs) that function as molecular trigger for macroscopic change is a challenging issue. Photoisomerization of an azobenzene IL at the molecular level evokes a macroscopic response (light‐controlled mechanical sol–gel transitions) for ABA triblock copolymer solutions. The A endblocks, poly(2‐phenylethyl methacrylate), show a lower critical solution temperature in the IL mixture containing azobenzene, while the B midblock, poly(methyl methacrylate), is compatible with the mixture. In a concentrated polymer solution, different gelation temperatures were observed in it under dark and UV conditions. Light‐controlled sol–gel transitions were achieved by a photoresponsive solubility change of the A endblocks upon photoisomerization of the azobenzene IL. Therefore, an azobenzene IL as a molecular switch can tune the self‐assembly of a thermoresponsive polymer, leading to macroscopic light‐controlled sol–gel transitions.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Metal‐Free Hydrosilylation of Alkenes through Selective Hydrogen Atom Transfer for Si−H Activation
Authors: Zhou Rong , Goh Yi Yiing , Liu Haiwang , Tao Hairong , Li Lihua , Wu Jie
Published: November 2017

Although there has been significant progress in the development of transition‐metal‐catalyzed hydrosilylations of alkenes over the past several decades, metal‐free hydrosilylation is still rare and highly desirable. Herein, we report a convenient visible‐light‐driven metal‐free hydrosilylation of both electron‐deficient and electron‐rich alkenes that proceeds through selective hydrogen atom transfer for Si−H activation. The synergistic combination of the organophotoredox catalyst 4CzIPN with quinuclidin‐3‐yl acetate enabled the hydrosilylation of electron‐deficient alkenes by selective Si−H activation while the hydrosilylation of electron‐rich alkenes was achieved by merging photoredox and polarity‐reversal catalysis.
Synthesis, structural characterization and molecular modelling of bidentate azo dye metal complexes: DNA interaction to antimicrobial and anticancer activities
Authors: El‐Ghamry Hoda A. , Fathalla Shaimaa K. , Gaber Mohamed
Published: November 2017

A novel azo dye ligand, namely 1‐[(5‐mercapto‐1H‐1,2,4‐triazole‐3‐yl)diazenyl]naphthalen‐2‐ol (HL), was synthesized. Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ and UO22+ complexes were also prepared by the treatment of HL with Mn(CH3COO)2⋅4H2O, Co(CH3COO)2⋅4H2O, Ni(CH3COO)2⋅4H2O, Cu(CH3COO)2⋅H2O, CuCl2⋅2H2O, Cu(NO3)2⋅6H2O and UO2(NO3)2⋅6H2O. The structures of these metal chelates were confirmed using elemental, spectral, magnetic moment, molar conductance and thermal analyses. The analytical data confirmed the formation of the chelates in 1:1 (metal‐to‐ligand) ratio having the formula [ML(H2O)X]Y⋅H2O, where M is Mn2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Cu2+ or UO22+; X is Cl−, NO3− or CH3COO−; and Y is H2O. The azo compound acts in a monobasic bidentate manner via the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of azo and hydroxyl groups, respectively. All complexes were found to have tetrahedral structures, except the UO22+ complex that showed octahedral geometry. The mode of interaction between the synthesized complexes and calf thymus DNA was explored by the aid of absorption spectroscopy and viscosity measurements. The azo dye and its chelates were evaluated against the growth of various bacterial and fungal strains (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus flavus and Candida albicans) with insight gained into the effect of type of metal centre, type of coordinated anion and position of the metal in the periodic table on the activity of the complexes. The geometric structure of the complexes was optimized using molecular modelling. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the synthesized compounds was tested against HEPG2 cell line.
Novel Cyclometalated Fe(II) Complex with NCN Pincer and BODIPY‐Appended 4'‐Ethynyl‐2,2':6',2”‐terpyridine as Mitochondria‐Targeted Photodynamic Anticancer Agents
Authors: Tabrizi Leila
Published: November 2017

BODIPY (boron dipyrromethene) derivatives and iron complexes are two types of functional compounds that have found wide applications in the fields of biology and medicine. The new class of cyclometalated Fe(II) complex with NCN pincer and meso‐phenyl‐4'‐ethynyl‐2,2':6',2”‐terpyridine BODIPY ligands of formula [Fe(L)(tpy‐BODIPY)], 1, in which HL:5‐methoxy‐1,3‐bis (1‐methyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)benzene, tpy‐BODIPY: 8‐(4‐phenyl‐4'‐ethynyl‐2,2':6',2”‐terpyridine) BODIPY, has been synthesized and studied as mitochondria‐targeted photodynamic therapy (PDT). Complex 1 showed photocytotoxicity in HeLa cells at 500 nm with low dark toxicity. The phototoxicity of complex 1 on the nontumorigenic MRC‐5 cell line showed the same trend observed for HeLa cells, that is moderately photocytotoxic against the nontumorigenic MRC‐5 cell line (IC50 = 36.21 μM). Moreover, complex 1 selectively localizes into mitochondria of the HeLa cells. The photophysical properties, cellular uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and cellular apoptosis of complex 1 have also been studied.Overall, the new Fe(II) complex with BODIPY moiety is significantly photocytotoxic in HeLa cells when irradiated with visible light of 500 nm giving as mitochondria targeting. Therefore, we present cyclometalated Fe(II) pincer complex induced mitochondria‐targeted PDT involving the BODIPY moiety that develops persuasively designed photoactivatable Fe(II) complexes.
Effect of hybrid hollow microspheres on thermal insulation performance and mechanical properties of silicone rubber composites
Authors: Zhao Xiong‐Wei , Zang Chong‐Guang , Sun Ya‐Lun , Zhang Yu‐Long , Wen Yu-Quan , Jiao Qing‐Jie
Published: November 2017

Hollow microspheres (HM) of ceramic, silica, and glass‐filled silicone rubber (SR) composites were prepared, and the effects of hybrid HM on thermal and mechanical properties of composites were investigated. The results indicate that hybrid HM can effectively improve the thermal insulation property of HM/SR composites. Especially, for sample 15S, the thermal conductivity and thermal degradation temperature reached 0.1273 W/m K and 521 °C (45 °C higher than that of neat SR), respectively. Besides, thermal insulation performance was improved, showing as a temperature of 103.2 °C after 15 min heating, which is 37.8 °C lower than that of SR. The tensile strength of composites was enhanced from 1.92 MPa at 11.56 vol % hollow silica microspheres (HSM) loading to 3.08 MPa at 21.88 vol % HSM loading. Moreover, the compressive strength was improved from 3.33 to 5.68 MPa by introducing more hollow ceramic microspheres into the matrix, in this case, from 7.79 to 15.33 vol %. Furthermore, the failure mechanism was analyzed. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46025.
Design and fabrication of flexible poly(vinyl chloride) dielectric composite reinforced with ZnO microvaristors
Authors: Mathews Jeen Maria , Santhosh Balanand , Abdul Azeez Peer Mohamed , Solaiappan Ananthakumar
Published: November 2017

Flexible poly(vinyl chloride)/varistor composites were fabricated by solution casting method. High‐field ZnO varistor particles processed from micron‐sized Zn dust is explored as multifunctional filler for PVC composites. Mechanical blending of Zn dust with La2O3‐CeO2 rare earths and varistor forming minor additives followed by sintering at 1250 °C resulted in fine‐grained ZnO varistors. Bulk varistor was subsequently milled to obtain ZnO microvaristor grains. The effect of microvaristor on the UV stability, dielectric, and mechanical properties of the PVC composite was analyzed. The varistor filler in PVC enhanced the microhardness and retained the tensile properties without any significant loss. After UV irradiation PVC/varistor composite shows remarkable mechanical stability retention (95%) compared to pure PVC (75%). Also, microvaristor reinforcement resulted in dielectric constant tunability (ɛ = 2–37) without any drastic change in the dielectric loss (0.02–0.05). Thus, Zn dust‐derived ZnO varistors could be potentially exploited to design functional PVC composites for electronic applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46031.