bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Method for Measuring the Motion of Culture
Authors: Urban Greg
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT  Beginning with Edward Tylor's (1889) definition of culture as socially “acquired,” I focus in this article on motion as social acquisition and transmission through “artifacts”—both durable (like ceramic pots) and fleeting (like sounds). Motion can be detected by comparison of the artifacts to which people are exposed with those they in turn produce. I examine rates of interaction with artifacts and changes in rates as evidence of the operation of “forces” such as interest and metaculture. I develop a set of axioms or laws of motion, growing out of fine‐grained research on naturally occurring discourse, and endeavor to demonstrate their utility through application to three empirical cases. Although I deal with relatively small‐scale artifacts, I conclude this article with the suggestion that its methods may prove useful in the broader study of cultural phenomena.
Research defines public dental health promotion in youth
Authors: van der Poel C
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  In the Netherlands, Dental Public Health Service workers work in the healthcare delivery system to promote dental health. Since 1994, research has been conducted in Flevoland on the condition of children's teeth. This research has shaped the content of the dental health promotion directed at children in this region. The research comprises two parts: questionnaires for parents and children above the age of 12 and a dental examination of children aged 6 and 12 in the regional primary schools. The dental examination registers the health of the children's teeth. Sound teeth are defined as being free of visible caries and/or restoration. Not sound teeth show at least one case of visible caries and/or restoration. The research results have shown great dental differences between the various schools and between municipalities. The percentage of children with sound teeth ranges between 28 and 100 per school. Based on the final results of the research, an information pack will be disseminated. In the case of high‐risk schools the dental health promotion will be conducted more intensively. The Dental Public Health Service workers will give information sessions to groups of parents and children, the dentist and the dental hygienist will provide individual information and prevention. At the child health clinic (consultatiebureau), education will be provided to parents of children ranging in age from 0 to 4. This combined approach has proven to be effective on a large majority of the children. To ensure uniform dental health promotion, information protocols are used in these promotion activities within Flevoland.
IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE MEASUREMENT OF CI INACTIVATOR (ALPHA 2 NEURAMINOGLYCOPROTEIN) ACTIVITY OF THE SURFACE OF HUMAN CARCINOMA CELLS
Authors: Osther Kurt , Linnemann Ryan
Published: August 2010

The authors have demonstrated in vitro that carcinoma cells are coated with C1inactivator. The presence of CI inactivator was determined by incubating the cells with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated rabbit anti human C1 inactivator* followed by measurement of cell fluorescence on a Leitz MPV I cytophotometer. The control material, consisting of cells from pleural and ascites fluid of patients suffering from non‐malignant diseases, showed statistically a significant difference from the malignant cells. The possibility that the C1 inactivator functions as a defence for the carcinoma cells against the humoral immune system is discussed.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: BERGAN TOM , MIDTVEDT TORE
Published: August 2010

A non‐lysogenic strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa maintained its phage sensitivity pattern and serogroup specificity unchanged for 10 weeks in ex‐germfree, mono‐contaminated rats before infection with phage. After infection with phage, phage conversions of serogroup specificity and lysotype were observed. With the same combination of bacterial and phage strains, the same serogroup was obtained in vitro and in vivo. In vitro conversion occurred also to serogroups that were not detected in vivo. Upon lyophilization, converted bacterial clones from the in vivo experiment lost their phage and simultaneously reverted to the original phage type and serogroup. These findings may have implications for the understanding of the degree of stability in epidemiological typing results for P. aeruginosa.
THE OCCURRENCE OF MYCOPLASMAS IN THE URINARY TRACT OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS
Authors: THOMSEN A. C.
Published: August 2010

Two groups of patients, each consisting of 40, were investigated for the occurrence of mycoplasmas in the urethra, bladder and upper urinary tract. Mycoplasmas were isolated significantly more frequently from the bladder urine of patients with chronic pyelonephritis than from patients with non‐infectious urinary tract diseases. Furthermore, mycoplasmas were isolated from the upper urinary tract of 5 patients with chronic pyelonephritis, while mycoplasmas could not be cultivated from the upper urinary tract of patients with non‐infectious urinary tract diease.
APPLICATION OF ELECTROPHORESIS FOR SEPARATION OF TRIMETHOPRIM AND SULPHAMETHOXAZOLE IN COMBINED THERAPY
Authors: CARLSTRÖM ANDERS , DORNBUSCH KATHRINE , HAGELBERG ANNIKA
Published: August 2010

Determination of the concentration of each drug in the combination trimethoprim: sulphamethoxazole was performed in patient sera by separation of the drugs by electrophoresis in agarose‐gel followed by microbiological assay. The electrophoretic method was equivalent to the methods used in the routine and showed good reproducibility.
THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CULTIVABLE TREPONEMES
Authors: HOUGEN K. HOVIND
Published: August 2010

Cells of Treponema genitalis were studied in the electron microscope by means of negative staining and ultrathin sectioning techniques. All cells were covered by a regularly structured surface layer. This layer appeared to consist of pairs of thin fibrils attached to an amorphous layer. This amorphous layer in turn is probably identical with the exterior part of the outer membrane of the organism. The pairs of thin fibrils located on this surface were interconnected by polygons. The treponemes were regularly coiled and had somewhat tapered ends with 2–4 flagella inserted at each end. The two bundles of flagella were entwined around the cytoplasmic body of the cell and interdigitated in the middle region of the organism. Treatment of cells of T. genitalis with Myxobacter AL‐1 protease 1, or with deoxycholate did not reveal intracytoplasmic tubules. This is in contrast to the results obtained with similar treatments of all other strains of species of Treponema hitherto examined.
INFLUENCE OF THERAPEUTIC CONCENTRATIONS OF PHENYLBUTAZONE ON GRANULOCYTE FUNCTION
Authors: SOLBERG GLAUS O.
Published: August 2010

The influence of therapeutic concentrations of phenylbutazone on human granulocyte function has been examined using a method which facilitates a precise in vitro evaluation of the phagocytic and bactericidal activities of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. Phenylbutazone caused a marked reduction in intracellular killing of bacteria by the granulocytes. Whether this inhibition of granulocyte function also takes place in vivo resulting in enhanced susceptibility to infection, remains unknown.
CORRELATION BETWEEN TWITCHING MOTILITY AND POSSESSION OF POLAR FIMBRIAE IN ACINETOBACTER CALCOACETICUS
Authors: HENTUCHSEN JØRGEN , BLOM JENS
Published: August 2010

Negatively stained preparations of 16 strains of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were examined in the electron microscope. Five of the strains did and 11 of the strains did not exhibit twitching motility. Two of the non‐twitching strains were substrains of twitching wild‐type strains. All twitching strains were found to possess fimbriae with a diameter of approximately 50 Å These fimbriae were shown to be of polar origin except in one strain where, for technical reasons, the origin could not be determined with certainty. Polar fimbriae could not be demonstrated in any of the strains that did not exhibit twitching motility. The demonstration of polar fimbriae was only regularly possible during the exponential growth phase, presumably because the fimbriae are shed by the bacteria during later growth phases. During the study, methods were developed for securing exponentially growing bacteria in concentrations suited for the preparation of negatively stained cells for electron microscopy. Peritrichously arranged fimbriae with a diameter of approximately 30 Å were demonstrated in nearly all strains studied, especially on cells in late growth phases. The occurrence of this kind of fimbriae was therefore not correlated with the occurrence of twitching motility.
FOUR NEW ESCHERICHIA COLI O ANTIGENS, O158, O159, O160 AND O161, AND TWO NEW H ANTIGENS, H53 AND H54
Authors: ØRSKOV I. , ØRSKOV F. , ROWE B.
Published: August 2010

Four Escherichia coli strains were established as antigenic test strains for four new O groups, O158, O159, O160 and O161. The strains of O158 and O159 were isolated from cases of infantile diarrhoea in Great Britain, while the O160 and O161 strains were isolated from faecal specimens in Arabia. The O161 strain was at the same time designated as test strain of a new H antigen, H54, while a strain belonging to O group 148 was established as antigenic test strain for H53; this strain was also isolated from human faeces in Arabia.
RADIOIMMUNOASSAY OF HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY IN DIALYSIS AND TRANSPLANT PATIENTS
Authors: SKINHØJ PETER , STEINESS IB
Published: August 2010

57 dialysis patients, 29 of whom had been exposed to hepatitis in 1968‐69, were re‐examined for hepatitis B antigen (HB‐Ag) and antibody (HB‐Ab) by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA) and counter immunoelectrophoresis (CIE). Infected patients were followed for five years. Compared to CIE, RIA did not detect additional HB‐Ag‐positive patients, but antibody could persistently be detected in seven out of fifteen patients previously supposed to have escaped infection. Nine surviving HB‐Ag‐positive transplant patients remained carriers for 50–72 months. None developed clinical signs of chronic hepatic failure.
TWITCHING MOTILITY AND POSSESSION OF POLAR FIMBRIAE IN SPREADING STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS ISOLATES FROM THE HUMAN THROAT
Authors: HENRIKSEN SVERRE DICK , HENRICHSEN JORGEN
Published: August 2010

A collection of 19 strains of alpha haemolytic streptococci, isolated from throat swabs and characterized by production of spreading zones around colonies on blood agar, was found to constitute a very homogeneous group with morphological, physiological and biochemical characters corresponding to those of streptococci of sero‐group H, or Streptococcus sanguis, and they all appeared to possess the group H antigen. They all had a common agglutinogen and, in addition, heterogeneous agglutinogens. The spreading growth, which appears to be a common property of S. sanguis, was due to twitching motility, and the spreading cultures possessed polar fimbriae. Neither twitching motility nor the possession of polar fimbriae have been observed in gram‐positive bacteria before.
ON TWITCHING MOTILITY AND ITS MECHANISM
Authors: HENRICHISEN JØRGEN
Published: August 2010

Previously published reports have established a correlation between twitching motility and the possession of polar fimbriae in all cases examined. Twitching motility was shown to be highly dependent on the availability of liquid at the agar surface. In the present paper experiments are reported that establish: 1) the dependence of twitching on the existence of a layer of liquid of a particular thickness, 2) the production of such a liquid layer surrounding areas of growing organisms, and 3) the affinity of twitching bacteria for the air‐water interface. Reasoning from these facts, it is postulated that the demonstrated affinity for the air‐water interface is conferred upon the cells by the polar fimbriae. It is also suggested how the movements might be generated.
BACTERAEMIA IN RED MICE (CLETHRIONOMYS G. GLAREOLUS SCHREB.) AFTER INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION OF LARGE DOSES OF TUBERCLE BACILLI
Authors: JESPERSEN ANDR.
Published: August 2010

Römer (1903) has demonstrated that white mice injected intraperitoneally with large doses of tubercle bacilli isolated from man survived longer than mice injected with tubercle bacilli isolated from cattle. The blood of the spontaneously dead animals contained large numbers of tubercle bacilli. In the present study, red mice are injected intraperitoneally with 10 mg doses of different species of mycobacteria, and the number of bacilli in the blood is estimated at various intervals within the first 24 hours after the inoculation. The number of bacteria is considerably higher in the blood of mice injected with M. bovis than in animals given M. tuberculosis or BCG. M. avium is found in as large numbers as M. bovis, but, in contrast to M. bovis, M. avium disappears rapidly from the blood stream. Supplementary experiments show that red mice injected with M. bovis have a shorter survival time than mice injected with M. tuberculosis, and that the bacteraemia induced by M. bovis into white mice is clearly less pronounced than in red mice.
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS: ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY AND PHAGE TYPES DURING THE LATEST DECADE
Authors: HOFF GERD EVA , HØIBY NIELS
Published: August 2010

During the recent decade, 1651 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from 111 patients with cystic fibrosis have been tested for antibiotic sensitivity and half of the isolates have been phage typed. All the patients were followed in one clinic and the policy of antibiotic treatment was consistent during this period. The results show a dynamic situation where ‘epidemic’ phage types during recent years have been gradually replaced by other types and, during the same period, the prevalence of strains resistant to more than one antibiotic decreased. Multiresistant strains including strains resistant to methicillin were infrequent in these patients. From 23 per cent of the patients, the same strains were repeatedly isolated for more than 1 year despite an apparently successful chemotherapy. Recently isolated strains were found to produce cell‐bound as well as extracellular protein A. Ninety‐one per cent of the strains produced extracellular lipase and only 8 per cent were resistant to mercury chloride. Eighty‐one per cent of the patients produced precipitating antibodies against S. aureus as judged by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. The investigated properties of S. aureus were not significantly correlated with the occurrence of precipitating antibodies against these bacteria. The possible significance of protein A in the pathology of the respiratory tract infection is discussed.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL MARKERS FOR PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA
Authors: BERGAN TOM , NIEMELÄ TAPIO , GYLLENBERG HELGE
Published: August 2010

A computer‐based numerical approach to the allocation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacterio‐phage patterns has been presented. This rendered a useful identification of similar phage types. The grouping had epidemiological relevance. Grouping of phage typing patterns of P. aeruginosa by numerical analysis showed that the patterns of related isolates may differ in one strong lysotype reaction, occasionally even in more reactions. This parallels previous findings which have been based on studies of the reproducibility of the method and evaluations of differences in epidemiologically related strains from the same sources.
A NEW VIRUS SPECIFIED DETERMINANT OF HEPATITIS B SURFACE ANTIGEN
Authors: Magnius Lars , Kaplan Lennart , Vyas Girish N. , Perkins Herbert A.
Published: August 2010

One hundred and three samples from hepatitis B surface antigen (HBSAg) positive Californian blood donors were subtyped in immunodiffusion with respect to d/y, w/r and a21, a23, a3. Spur formation with a human antiserum indicated a previously unrecognized determinant q, which was detected in 96 sera (4 a21yw, 15 a23yw, 69 a21dw and 8 adr). Out of 8 sera which by spur formation were demonstrated to lack q, 7 were further subtyped (2 a21dw and 5 a3dw). Hence all 5 a3 dw specimens were demonstrated to lack q, thus indicating that q is specified by the virus. The possible relation of q to x with further implications for the specification of x is discussed.
MICROBIAL GROWTH ON AGAR SURFACES STUDIED BY INCIDENT LIGHT DIFFERENTIAL INTERFERENCE CONTRAST MICROSCOPY
Authors: Frøholm Leif Oddvar
Published: August 2010

Microbial surface growth on routine opaque agar media was examined by various incident light microscopical techniques. Only differential interference contrast regularly gave good resolution and contrast. The arrangement of units approaching the size of individual bacteria may be judged by low power dry objectives.
LINCOMYCIN IN SELECTIVE MEDIUM FOR THE ISOLATION OF NEISSERIA GONORRHOEAE
Authors: Ødegaard Kristian , Solberg Otto , Lind Jean , Myhre Grete , Nyland Berit
Published: August 2010

For the isolation of gonococci, the selective culture medium containing colistin, vancomycin, nystatin and trimethoprim which is usually employed has been changed by substituting lincomycin for vancomycin. The best result was obtained if a concentration of 1/2 μg lincomycin/ml medium was used. This is a concentration of lincomycin considerably lower than that which by other investigators is considered most suitable for the purpose. However, the culture medium used by the latter did not contain trimethoprim. The use of 1/2 μg lincomycin/ml instead of vancomycin 3 μg/ml in the medium caused a slightly more pronounced growth of unwanted organisms. In spite of this, the results obtained by the medium containing lincomycin showed that the number of samples positive for gonococci was 7 per cent higher, and that the number of patients with gonococcal infections to be discovered was 4 per cent higher than the numbers obtained by the medium containing vancomycin. The results were considered highly favourable and, accordingly, by now our laboratory uses 1/2 μg lincomycin/ml medium in the routine isolation of gonococci.
TRANSPLANTABLE HAMSTER TUMORS INDUCED WITH THE BK VIRUS
Authors: NÄSE L. M. , KÄRKKÄINEN M. , MÄNTYJÄRVI R. A.
Published: August 2010

Two tumors induced by BK virus in hamsters of an inbred strain were serially transplanted by subcutaneous injection of tumor explants. Both the original tumors as well as the transplants grew as solid, localized, encapsulated tumors. Histologically tumors were classified as fusocellular fibrosarcomas. Polymorphic tumor tissue was characterized by an abundance of collagen fibers and multinucleated giant cells. Cell lines established from tumors contained nuclear T antigen which stained with sera from a number of tumor‐carrying hamsters, but also with SV40 T antiserum. Virion antigens were not detected in these cell lines, and no virus was isolated when tumor extracts were inoculated in Vero cells.
RADIORESPIROMETRIC STUDIES IN GENUS NEISSERIA
Authors: HOLTEN EIRIK
Published: August 2010

The catabolism of glucose in selected Neisseria species was studied by radiorespirometry. The Entner‐Doudoroff and pentose phosphate pathways were operating in all species, the greater part of the substrate being routed through the former, somewhat dependent on the medium used. Acetate was oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. In all species, a fraction of the triose was recycled through fructose phosphates to glucose 6‐phosphate. Phosphate inhibited the oxidation of acetate. In media devoid of phosphate and sodium (N. meningitidis and N. gonorrhoeae) or of phosphate and potassium (other saccharolytic Neisseria), the conversion of triose to pyruvate was inhibited. In these media the catabolism of glucose proceeded slowly, and no substrate was used for biosynthetic purposes. The results point to a difference in the regulation of glucose metabolism in pathogenic and non‐pathogenic Neisseria.
CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCOCCACEAE FROM THE URINARY TRACT
Authors: DIGRANES A. , OEDING P.
Published: August 2010

Two hundred and seven urinary strains of staphylococci and micrococci were classified biochemically according to Baird‐Parker (1963) and by means of a simplified schema. One hundred and thirteen strains belonged to Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis or S. saprophyticus (64 strains) according to the simplified schema, respectively to Baird‐Parker's subgroups SI, SII or M3. S. saprophyticus was isolated from young, female out‐patients, was relatively resistant to novobiocin and contained poly AβC (β‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid and β‐N‐acetylglucosaminyl glycerol teichoic acid). S. aureus and S. epidermidis were isolated from older, male in‐patients, were sensitive to novobiocin and contained poly A (N‐acetylglucosaminyl ribitol teichoic acid), respectively poly B (glucosyl glycerol teichoic acid). Ninety‐four strains belonging to other Staphylococcus or Micrococcus subgroups could not be classified by the simplified schema. With few exceptions, these strains were sensitive to novobiocin and either gave a precipitin reaction corresponding to poly C or were non‐typable with the teichoic acid reference systems used. The simplified schema is recommended for the classification of coagulase‐negative strains of Micrococcaceae.
DETERMINATION OF MEASLES VIRUS‐SPECIFIC NUCLEOCAPSID ANTIBODIES BY MEANS OF COUNTERIMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: NORDAL H. J. , VANDVIK B. , NORRBY E.
Published: August 2010

A counterimmunoelectrophoretic method for quantitative determination of antibodies against measles virus nucleocapsid is described. Unfractionated material from measles virus infected cell cultures was used as antigen, diluted to give only a nucleocapsid‐specific precipitate. Purified nucleocapsid and a rabbit hyperimmune serum against this antigen was used to establish the specificity of the test. The measles virus specific antibody titres determined by the method were comparable to those found in nucleocapsid complement fixation tests. It is concluded that the technique described offers a simple and sensitive method to determine nucleocapsidspecific antibodies
RAISING ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN LEUKOCYTE INTERFERON
Authors: MOGENSEN K. E. , PYHÄLÄ LIISA , CANTELL K.
Published: August 2010

Human leukocyte interferon proved to be a good immunogen in sheep, rabbits and guinea pigs. Sera from immunized animals neutralized the antiviral action of leukocyte interferon at high dilution. The highest anti‐interferon titres obtained were 1:1,200,000 for sheep, 1:150,000 for rabbits, 1:30,000 for guinea pigs. Partial purification of human leukocyte interferon, by ethanol precipitation, improved its qualities as an immunogen. While it appeared more efficient to give initial injections without adjuvant, the inclusion in booster injections, of Freund's complete adjuvant produced a markedly superior response and, in one sheep, maintained high levels of circulating antibody for several months.
SUBTYPING OF HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS
Authors: VAHLNE A. , BLOMBERG J. , OLOFSSON S. , LYCKE E.
Published: August 2010

A number of different techniques to be used for the subtyping of herpes simplex virus (HSV) strains were studied. The strains were inoculated on chorio‐allantoic membranes of embryonated eggs and on green monkey kidney (GMK) cells in order that the morphology of plaques produced might be observed. They were classified serologically by determination of K‐values and inoculated intracerebrally in mice in order that their pathogenicity for mice might be observed. The inhibitory effect of high concentrations of thymidine on the multiplication of the strains in GMK cells cultures and the heat‐stability of the virus‐induced thymidine kinases were investigated. Rates of inactivation of the strains in the presence of AgNO3 were compared and, finally, the association of focal liver necrosis in intraperitoneally inoculated mice with the results of the serological typing was observed. The results suggested that the liver necrosis test was simple as well as accurate and useful as a screening typing‐test. Reliable results were also obtained serologically and by the method demonstrating differences in the heat‐stability of viral thymidine kinase. Using the other methods studied, difficulties to obtain clear‐cut or reproducible typing results were encountered.
THE EFFECT OF BACITRACIN AND Mn(II)IONS UPON THE PRODUCER STRAIN BACILLUS LICHENIFORMIS
Authors: HAAVIK HANS I.
Published: August 2010

The peptide antibiotic bacitracin is inhibitory to growth of the producer strain Bacillus licheniformis only in the presence of excess manganese(II)ions. Both the early and the late growth are inhibited in a similar manner upon addition of bacitracin and manganese (II) ions. Thus, B. licheniformis does not develop resistance to its own antibiotic during growth. Added bacitracin is stimulatory to growth of B. licheniformis in media with a very low content of manganese (II)ions. These results support the hypothesis that bacitracin participates in the manganese transport of the producer strain B. licheniformis.
PLEURAL EFFUSION DISEASE IN RABBITS
Authors: FENNESTAD K. L. , JENSEN H.‐J. SKOVGAARD , MØLLER SUSANNE , BENTZON M. WEIS
Published: August 2010

In Denmark and probably in other countries as well, the infectious agent causing intercurrent death of rabbits by passages of Nichols pathogenic Treponema pallidum has been studied in rabbits in the absence of T. pallidum. This agent can be propagated in rabbits at intervals of 2 to 30 days and, depending on the interval between passages and the number of passages, the mortality may vary from zero to almost 70 per cent. Based on the post mortem findings in fatal cases, the name pleural effusion disease is suggested for this rabbit infection. Iridocyclitis, haematological and biochemical changes are signs of the disease not described previously. The source of the infectious agent is discussed.
RADIORESPIROMETRIC STUDIES IN GENUS NEISSERIA
Authors: Holten Eirik
Published: August 2010

The catabolism of pyruvate and acetate in selected Neisseria species was studied by radio‐respirometry. Both substrates were oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle. N. elongata and the “false neisserias” (N. catarrhalis, N. ovis and N. caviae) did oxidize acetate in the absence of other substrates. This can be explained if it is assumed that these species have glyoxylic acid cycle activity. In the “true neisserias” other than N. elongata, acetate was oxidized only in the presence of glutamate, indicating that these species do not possess a glyoxylic acid cycle.
OSMOTICALLY INDUCED CHANGES OF CELL SPACES IN NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS COMPETENCE VARIANTS
Authors: Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

The volume of the whole cell and the fraction of the intact cell bounded by the cytoplasmic membrane (protoplast volume) have been measured by dextran and 14C‐sucrose exclusion spaces in Neisseria meningitidis competence variants. Increase in external osmotic pressure causes contraction of the protoplast volume. Increasing osmolality due to NaCl and MgCl2 also causes contraction of the volume of the whole cell, whereas increasing concentrations of sucrose cause little or no change in the whole cell volume. The experiments demonstrate a significant difference between competent (cp+) and incompetent (cp‐) cells. The cp+ protoplast have a far higher capacity for swelling during decreasing osmolality, and for shrinkage during increasing osmolality. Comparison of spheroplasts obtained by autolysis as well as by the penicillin technique indicates that the average cp+ spheroplast is larger than the average cp‐ one. The significance of the difference in structure of cp+ and cp‐ protoplasts has been discussed.
MULTIPLICATION OF MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS AND MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN MICROTUS AGRESTIS (FIELD VOLE)
Authors: Jespersen Andr.
Published: August 2010

The multiplication of bacteria is examined by quantitative culture from the organs of two groups of field voles injected intraperitoneally with a large dose of M. tuberculosis or a small dose of M. bovis and killed at intervals during a period of up to 3 months after the injection. M. tuberculosis given in a dose of 7 times 105 viable units did not multiply, or multiplied only to a small extent. None of the animals in the group died from tuberculosis and the macroscopical lesions found at autopsy were insignificant. In contrast, a dose of 14 viable units of M. bovis provoked generalized tuberculosis running a rapid, fatal course. The bacteria multiplied almost uninhibited throughout the course of the infection.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE HAEMOLYSIS OF BORDETELLA BRONCHISEPTICA
Authors: Pedersen Knud Børge
Published: August 2010

Strain‐dependent variations in the ability of Bordetella bronchiseptica to produce haemolysis on solid media exist. Haemolysis is strongest at an acid reaction and will not take place if the reaction is too alkaline. Peptone and glutamine inhibit haemolysis and favour growth. The vigorous growth rapidly produces an alkaline reaction which inhibits the haemolysis.
SEPARATION OF NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS COMPETENCE VARIANTS BY SUCROSE GRADIENT CENTRIFUGATION
Authors: Jyssum Kaare
Published: August 2010

Transformable (cp+) and non transformable (cp‐) variants of the Neisseria meningitidis Strain M1 could be separated on the basis of their sedimentation velocity in sucrose gradients. The cp+ cells sedimented slightly more slowly than the cp‐ ones. This supports previous observations that the change from cp+ to cp‐ is followed by alterations in cell structures. In cp+ populations, the transformable fraction banded with the bulk of the cells in sucrose gradients, indicating that the density of the phenotypically competent cell is identical to the rest of the cp+ population.
IN VITRO EFFECT OF METRONIDAZOLE ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS DONNÉ
Authors: Nielsen Morten H.
Published: August 2010

The effect of metronidazole on the growth and fine structure of exponentially growing cells of Trichomonas vaginalis was examined. Cell division stopped about one hour after the addition of 1–4 μg/ml of metronidazole, and the cells were apparently arrested in the interphase. One to two hours after the addition of metronidazole, the movement of flagella and of the undulating membrane had decreased, but cell death had not occurred until 7–8 hours later. The fine structure of the cytoplasm was changed 30 to 60 minutes after addition of metronidazole. Proportionally, the number of polyribosomes had decreased whereas the number of single ribosomes in the cytoplasm had increased. The electron‐density of the cytoplasmic matrix was higher in cells which were treated with metronidazole than in cells from control cultures. The findings of the present study indicate that the initial effect of metronidazole on T. vag. cells in vitro is an inhibition of cell multiplication as well as an impairment of protein synthesis.
COMPARISON OF THE AGGLUTINATION AND THE CO‐AGGLUTINATION TECHNIQUES IN T‐TYPING OF STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Haug Rangdi Holth
Published: August 2010

A comparison of two different methods in T‐typing 200 Norwegian group A strains is reported. The traditional agglutination technique was compared with the co‐agglutination method of Christensen and co‐workers. Fifty‐five strains could not be typed by either method. The typing results for 128 of the strains were in agreement. The most common T types were the following: 1, 4, 8, 12, 13, 28, and strains belonging to the T pattern 5/11/12/27/44.
HETEROTYPIC ANTIBODIES IN LIBERIAN SERA CAUSING ANOMALOUS REACTIONS WHEN USING A COMMERCIAL HAEMAGGLUTINATION TEST FOR HEPATITIS‐B SURFACE ANTIGEN
Authors: Willcox M. C.
Published: August 2010

Agglutinins reacting with normal and tanned sheep erythrocytes were the probable cause of false positive reactions given by 51 of 214 Liberian sera when using a commercial passive‐haem‐agglutination test for hepatitis‐B surface antigen. Absorption showed these agglutinins to be identical to those described earlier in Nigerian sera. Rheumatoid factor and anti‐sheep‐serum antibodies although present in 12 and five per cent respectively of all sera were not responsible for any false positive reactions. The practical conclusion is that such tests, based on sheep erythrocytes are unsuitable for screening this population.
GENETIC MAPPING OF THE K1 AND K4 ANTIGENS (L) OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Ørskov Ida , Sharma Virendra , Ørskov Frits
Published: August 2010

Escherichia donor strains having antigen K1(L) or K4(L) transfer these K antigens to recipient cells at a genetic locus (kps A) similar to that of K10(L) and K54(L) linked to ser A. In crosses between the K10 donor strain and recipient strains O8:K8(L), O8:K27(A) and O9:K57(B) all recombinants which inherit donor K antigen also inherit K antigen of recipient. This result is interpreted as non‐allelism between donor and recipient K antigens, and it is assumed that the structure of all polysaccharide K antigens of strains having O antigens O8 or O9, whether termed L, A, or B, are controlled by genes which differ in their location on the chromosome from genes controlling polysaccharide K antigens associated with most other O antigens.
REACTIVITY OF RABBIT IgG‐FRAGMENTS IN SINGLE‐RADIAL‐IMMUNODIFFUSION
Authors: Haaheim Lars R.
Published: August 2010

The previously described method of assaying the antibody respons to influenza virus by single‐radial‐immunodiffusion is based on the formation of opalescent zones when immune sera are allowed to diffuse into gels containing large amount of purified influenza virus. The zones are not thought to be the result of immune aggregates of virus particles and antibody since the virus is immobile in the gel and the average distance between two neighbouring particles is approximately 50 times the virus diameter. The present study investigates how different rabbit IgG‐fragments react in this type of test. It was found that IgG, F(ab')2 and reduced (monovalent) IgG gave rise to distinct zones of opalescence. Fab', on the other hand, produced weak and hazy zones which could not be quantitated with any accuracy. We conclude that the most likely mechanism responsible for the zones is a light‐scattering effect caused by antibodies attached to the viral surface and that the quality of the opalescence to some extent seems to be dependent on the Fc‐fragment.
THE VACCINIA VIRUS HAEMAGGLUTININ: ENZYME SENSITIVITY AND SOME PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Gurvin I. , Haukenes G.
Published: August 2010

Purified vaccinia virus haemagglutinin (VHA) was found to be sensitive to trypsin both with regard to haemagglutinating capacity and antigenic property. Phospholipase C and lipase had no effect on the haemagglutination (HA). Both the HA and the antigenic property thus depend on the integrity of the protein part. The loss of HA after treatment with trypsin may be due to breakdown of an essential protein or to secondary rearrangement of the whole structure, including the lipid part. Cells infected with an HA negative mutant of vaccinia virus also lacked the antigenic part of VHA. The sedimentation constant of VHA from HeLa cells was about 50.
CELLULAR MONOSACCHARIDE PATTERNS OF NEISSERIACEAE
Authors: Jantzen Erik , Bryn Klaus , Bøvre Kjell
Published: August 2010

Sixty‐four strains of Neisseria, Moraxella, and Acinetobacter were screened for cellular monosaccharides by gas‐liquid chromatography and other chromatographic techniques. The four sugars ribose, glucose, glucosamine, and 2‐keto‐3‐deoxyoctonate (KDO) were detected in all strains. Heptose was detected only in “true neisseriae” (Neisseria gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, N. sicca, N. cinerea, N. flavescens, and N. elongata) and in the tentatively named species Moraxella urethralis. Some marked interspecies dissimilarities within groups were revealed. Thus, N. ovis and M. atlantae were characterized by the presence of mannose. Intraspecies differences were also encountered. N. meningitidis strains of serogroups B and C were distinguished from strains of serogroup A by their sialic acid content. This sugar was also detected in two out of three examined strains of M. nonliquefaciens. In Acinetobacter, heterogeneity of monosaccharide patterns was rather pronounced. The results show the applicability of gas chromatographic “monosaccharide” profiles of whole cells or extracted carbohydrate in bacterial classification and identification, including differentiation at the subspecies level. In addition, such profiles may be useful for monitoring during purification of cellular polysaccharides.
LOCALIZATION OF UREASE ACTIVITY IN UREAPLASMA UREALYTICUM CELLS
Authors: Vinther O.
Published: August 2010

Measurements of urease activity of various cell fractions of U. urealyticum showed that this activity was confined to the soluble fraction of the cytoplasm. It was attempted to devise a method for electron microscopic detection of the sites of urease activity based on precipitation of electron dense MnO2 at the alkaline pH created by hydrolysis of urea. The results obtained by this method supported the previous results indicating a cytoplasmatic localization of the urease activity in the cells. Helical ribosome patterns were observed when glutaraldehyde fixed cells were treated with the cytochemical test solutions.
PURIFICATION OF THE O ANTIGEN OF BACTEROIDES FRAGILIS SS. FRAGILIS NCTC 9343 FROM PHENOL‐WATER EXTRACTS BY GEL FILTRATION AND CHROMATOGRAPHY ON DEAE‐CELLULOSE AND HYDROXYLAPATITE
Authors: Hofstad Tor
Published: August 2010

O antigen extracted from whole cells of Bacteroides fragilis ss. fragilis NCTC 9343 with 45 per cent aqueous phenol has been purified by gel filtration and chromatography. First, the water phase was treated with RNase and DNase and passed through a column of agarose. The chromatographic procedures included ion exchange on a column of DEAE‐cellulose and adsorption to hydroxylapatite. The O antigen was eluted from the DEAE‐cellulose with a gradient of NaCl, and from the column of hydroxylapatite with 1 M phosphate buffer, pH 6.8. Inhibition of indirect haemagglutination was used to detect the O antigen in the eluates.
A TECHNIQUE FOR OBTAINING THIN SECTIONS OF COCCIDIAN OOCYSTS
Authors: Birch‐Andersen A. , Ferguson D. J. P. , Pontefract R. D.
Published: August 2010

A double sectioning technique is described for obtaining thin sections of coccidian oocysts. This method employs cryostat sectioning of unfixed oocysts prior to treatment by normal methods of fixation, dehydration, embedding and thin sectioning for electron microscopy. A number of the oocysts treated by this technique were well preserved and contained organelles with normal ultrastructure.
NDV‐O AGGLUTININS IN MYCOPLASMA PNEUMONIAE INFECTIONS: ASSOCIATION WITH PNEUMONIA
Authors: Pyhälä Reijo
Published: August 2010

Agglutinins against human group O erythrocytes modified by the B1 strain of Newcastle disease virus were studied in paired sera of 148 patients with a 4‐fold or greater rise in complement‐fixing M. pneumoniae antibodies. The proportion of cases with a significant rise in NDV‐O agglutinins was higher among the patients with pneumonia than among those with neurological or other clinical manifestations.
HUMAN INTERFERON AND CELL GROWTH INHIBITION I. Inhibitory Effect of Human Interferon on the Growth Rate of Cultured Human Cells
Authors: Dahl Helen , Degré Miklos
Published: August 2010

Human interferon inhibited the growth rate of cultured human cells. These included diploid fibroblast cells from embryonal lung and skin, established lines of HeLa and U‐amnion cells, all grown in monolayer;
IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIGENS WITHIN THE SO‐CALLED VACCINIA L‐S COMPLEX BY MEANS OF QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Prante P. H. , Haukenes G. , Gurvin I.
Published: August 2010

The so‐called L‐S antigen complex of vaccinia virus antigens was studied using gel diffusion and various immunoelectrophoresis methods. The low resolution power of the gel diffusion method and the inconsistency of the results obtained rendered this method unsuitable for identification of individual antigens and for comparative studies. The sensitivity and simplicity of counter current electrophoresis showed the superiority of this method for rapid diagnosis of pox‐virus infections. Simple rocket or line electrophoresis could not be used to distinguish the antigens. The height of the individual rockets and the position of the lines were greatly influenced by the strain of virus and the antibody composition of the antiserum. Crossed and crossed‐line electrophoresis gave distinct and reproducible precipitation patterns which may provide a basis for further studies of vaccinia precipitinogens. The presumed L‐S antigen complex was composed of two distinct antigens. The L antigen was more negatively charged and showed an approximate S value of 10 as compared to 7S for the S antigen.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF AN UNUSUAL CELL WALL POLYSACCHARIDE FROM ANIMAL COAGULASE‐POSITIVE STAPHYLOCOCCI
Authors: Endresen C. , Grov A.
Published: August 2010

Polysaccharide P (poly P) of canine coagulase‐positive staphylococci contains glycerol, glucose, glucosamine, muramic acid, phosphate, and the usual peptidoglycan amino acids, but does not cross‐react serologically with standard teichoic acids. Products from hydrolyses in hydrofluoric acid and alkali contained phosphates of glycerol and glucose as well as combinations of these, but neither glucosyl‐glycerol units nor glucosamine‐phosphates were observed. The teichoic acid of poly P is probably a polymer of a repeating unit consisting of alternating glycerol, phosphate and glucose.
AGAROSE ELECTROPHORESIS COMBINED WITH SECOND DIMENSIONAL CETAVLON PRECIPITATION. A NEW METHOD FOR DEMONSTRATION OF ACIDIC POLYSACCHARIDE K ANTIGENS
Authors: Ørskov Frits
Published: August 2010

A new method was developed for detection of acidic polysaccharides in bacterial extracts of E. coli using agarose electrophoresis of the extracts combined with Cetavlon precipitation in the second dimension.
FIVE NEW ESCHERICHIA COLI K ANTIGENS, K95, K96, K97, K98 AND K100
Authors: Ørskov Ida , Ørskov Frits
Published: August 2010

Five Escherichia coli strains were established as antigenic test strains for five new polysaccharide K antigens: K95, K96, K97, K98 and K100. K95 to K98 served already as test strains of O antigens O75, O77, O81 and O107, respectively. F147, which is test strain of K100, had O antigen O75.
SPONTANEOUS α‐TOXIN MUTANTS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
Authors: Dalen A. B.
Published: August 2010

Prolonged cultivation of strain Wood 46 in fluid cultures resulted in a selection of mutants with low or no haemolytic activity. In one group of mutants, four out of five strains showed no production of α‐toxin when examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by double diffusion in agar. Two major extracellular proteins which have been identified by other methods as degradation products of α‐toxin were also absent. The absence of α‐toxin did not affect growth in fluid or solid media. Fibrinolysin was produced by these mutants but at a much lower rate than by the wild type. A second group of mutants was characterized by a slow rate of growth on rabbit blood agar and showed a heterogeneous extracellular protein pattern. These mutants had a high growth rate in fluid medium consisting of acid hydrolysed proteins. Production of fibrinolysin was absent or low in three out of four mutants in the second group. The slow growth and low production of α‐haemolysin in rabbit blood agar probably was caused by deficient extracellular proteolytic activity of the mutants.
AGE‐ AND SEX‐RELATED DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIBODIES TO HEPATITIS B SURFACE AND CORE ANTIGENS IN A SWEDISH POPULATION
Authors: Hansson Bengt Göran
Published: August 2010

Serum samples from people born between the years 1895 and 1970 were collected and tested for antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs) by passive haemagglutination (PHA) and radioimmunoassay (RIA), and for antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) by immunoelectroosmophoresis (IEOP). Neither anti‐HBs nor anti‐HBc was detected in the serum from anyone under 15 years of age. The prevalence of anti‐HBs and anti‐HBc showed peaks of 9.2 and 8.3 per cent, respectively, in the age group of 40–49 years. The distribution of antibody was equal between men and women. Eighty per cent of the sera with anti‐HBs were also positive for anti‐HBc. All sera positive for anti‐HBc also contained anti‐HBs.
ANTIBODIES TO INFLUENZA A/SWINE‐LIKE VIRUSES (Hsw1N1) IN HUMAN SERA: ANTIGENIC STIMULATION AND CHANGES IN ANTIBODY STATUS
Authors: Pyhälä Reijo
Published: August 2010

Human sera collected at the end of 1975 were studied for HI antibodies to influenza A/Mayo Clinic/103/74 (Hsw1N1). The frequent occurrence of these antibodies in subjects born before 1930 suggested that they are present in about 25 per cent of the Finnish population. During the H3N2 epidemic in winter 1975–76 a low response of antibodies to A/swine‐like viruses was recorded in about half of the influenza patients with a pre‐existing titre, but not in any of the patients without pre‐existing antibodies. A comparison of samples collected in 1969 and 1975 suggested that at the community level the antibodies to A/swine‐like viruses have not decreased during the era of the H3N2 subtype.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES ON THE ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT OF EIMERIA BRUNETTI I. Schizogony
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Birch‐Andersen A. , Hutchison W. M. , Siim J. Chr.
Published: August 2010

The schizonts of Eimeria brunetti were studied in the epithelial cells of the small intestine of infected chickens. The morphology of the host/parasite relationship was typical of that reported for other Eimeria spp. The initial dedifferentiation of the infecting organism generally occurred within the parasite cytoplasm but it was also observed that cytoplasm containing organelles could be budded off into the parasitophorous vacuole. Development into the schizont was accompanied by cytoplasmic growth and nuclear division. During nuclear division an eccentrically located nuclear spindle was present. Merozoite formation was initiated just below the limiting membrane of the schizont and was associated with the final nuclear division. The merozoites developed as protrusions from the schizont surface and merozoite organelles developed within these cytoplasmic projections. From this early stage, the developing merozoite grew and matured and the fully formed merozoites were found attached to a small residual mass of schizont cytoplasm. The Ist generation schizont is the only one which can be separately characterized. It differs from those of subsequent generations in a) possessing a refractile body, b) being larger and producing a larger number of merozoites, c) possessing invaginations of the limiting membrane, and d) the intra vacuolar folds of its parasitophorous vacuole are more extensive.
CORRELATION OF THE CHARACTERS FERMENTATION OF TREHALOSE, NON‐TRANSMISSIBLE RESISTANCE TO TETRACYCLINE, AND RELATIVELY LONG FLAGELLAR WAVELENGTH IN PROTEUS MORGANII
Authors: Siboni K.
Published: August 2010

An investigation of strains of Proteus morganii isolated from patients in Odense, Denmark, and of 21 serotype strains revealed a close correlation between the fermentation of trehalose and a non‐transmissible resistance to tetracycline. The trehalose fermenting, tetracycline resistant strains had a longer flagellar wavelength than the non‐fermenting, sensitive strains. Resistance to chloramphenicol occurred only in strains of the former group.
FURTHER STUDIES OF TWITCHING STREPTOCOCCUS SANGUIS ISOLATED FROM THE HUMAN THROAT. ISOLATION OF STRAINS WITH A NEW ANTIGEN
Authors: Henriksen Sverre Dick , Henrichsen Jørgen
Published: August 2010

α‐haemolytic streptococci, classified as Streptococcus sanguis, with spreading growth due to twitching mobility were isolated from 41 per cent of 121 swab cultures from the human pharynx. Sixty‐five out of 70 isolates with spreading growth belonged to Lancefield's group H, while 5 isolates constituted a new serological entity. None of 159 non‐spreading α‐haemolytic streptococci isolated from the same cultures possessed either of these antigens. An examination of strains of types I, II and I/II described by Washburn et al., in the group H antisera employed in the present study indicated that type I and type I/II only differ from one another in the degree of cross‐reactivity with anti‐type II serum. (The type II antigen was not demonstrated in any of the isolated strains). We support the opinion that type II should not be considered as S. sanguis.