bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intratumoral regulatory T cells: markers, subsets and their impact on anti‐tumor immunity
Authors: Yano Hiroshi , Andrews Lawrence P. , Workman Creg J. , Vignali Dario A. A.
Published: May 2019

Regulatory T (Treg) cells play a crucial role in maintaining self‐tolerance and resolution of immune responses by employing multifaceted immunoregulatory mechanisms. However, Treg cells readily infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) and dampen anti‐tumor immune responses, thereby becoming a barrier to effective cancer immunotherapy. There has been a substantial expansion in the development of novel immunotherapies targeting various inhibitory receptors (IRs), such as CTLA4, PD1 and LAG3, but these approaches have mechanistically focused on the elicitation of anti‐tumor responses. However, enhanced inflammation in the TME could also play a detrimental role by facilitating the recruitment, stability and function of Treg cells by up‐regulating chemokines that promote Treg cell migration, and/or increasing inhibitory cytokine production. Furthermore, IR blockade may enhance Treg cell function and survival, thereby serving as a resistance mechanism against effective immunotherapy. Given that Treg cells are comprised of functionally and phenotypically heterogeneous sub‐populations that may alter their characteristics in a context‐dependent manner, it is critical to identify unique molecular pathways that are preferentially used by intratumoral Treg cells. In this review, we discuss markers that serve to identify certain Treg cell subsets, distinguished by chemokine receptors, IRs and cytokines that facilitate their migration, stability and function in the TME. We also discuss how these Treg cell subsets correlate with the clinical outcome of patients with various types of cancer and how they may serve as potential TME‐specific targets for novel cancer immunotherapies.
A new parameter for characterizing Eu3+ distribution in mixed‐valence Eu‐doped cubic LaF3‐based transparent glass‐ceramics
Authors: Li Xiaoman , Guo Hai , Liu Xueyun , Wei Rongfei , Hu Fangfang , Zhou Shaoshuai
Published: May 2019

Mixed‐valence Eu‐doped transparent oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics containing cubic LaF3 nanocrystals were fabricated by traditional melt‐quenching technique and consequent annealing processes. Their structural and luminescent properties were systemically investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy, absorption, excitation, emission spectra, and fluorescence lifetime measurements. Analyses of XRD patterns prove that the new precipitated nanocrystals disperse in glass‐ceramics crystallize in cubic LaF3. The spectroscopic investigations show that Eu2+ ions have been incorporated into the LaF3 nanocrystals preferentially, while Eu3+ ions still remain in the glass phase after crystallization. Based on the spectral results, a new parameter was defined to describe the changes of the environments of Eu3+ before and after crystallization more straightforwardly and more sensitively, where RPG and RGC represent the integrated intensity radio of 5D0 → 7F2 to 5D0 → 7F1 emissions of Eu3+ in PG and GC samples, respectively. Our investigation will not only enrich the understanding of fluoride nanocrystals‐based oxyfluoride glass‐ceramics, but also the distribution and luminescence behaviors of Eu3+ ions in them.
Hierarchical cellular scaffolds fabricated via direct foam writing using gelled colloidal particle‐stabilized foams as the ink
Authors: Ren Bo , Liu Jingjing , Wang Yali , Chen Yugu , Gan Ke , Rong Yedong , Yang Jinlong
Published: May 2019

Hierarchical cellular architectures hold great potential in a vast range of applications due to their superior mechanical properties and multifunctionality. In the present work, hierarchical structures composed of porous struts patterned in the form of quadrangular and triangular honeycombs were fabricated via direct foam writing (DFW) using colloidal particle‐stabilized Al2O3‐MgO‐SiO2 foams as the ink. Hydration process of MgO and subsequent formation of colloidal Mg(OH)2 network endowed the foam ink with viscoelasticity and high storage modulus. The resulting honeycombs with ultrahigh overall porosity (95.3%) and robust compressive strength (2.5 MPa) can be readily fabricated by DFW. The current work exhibits a significant step toward the scalable production of cellular ceramics with hierarchical architecture for various applications, including tissue scaffolds, catalyst supports, thermal insulation, and lightweight structures.
Estimating the Equity Risk Premium and Expected Equity Rates of Return: The Case of Canada
Authors: Booth Laurence
Published: May 2019

It is common to use the average excess return of equities over bonds estimated over long time periods as an expected equity risk premium on the grounds that going back far enough covers most possible economic scenarios. But although this data is useful in guiding the exercise of judgment, it cannot substitute for judgment. Adding more years of data to the near century of Canadian stock and bond returns that inform today's estimate of the equity risk premium will not produce a “random walk” for a simple reason: the historic bond series is the result of a specific historic monetary policy. This is particularly true of and important for the case of Canada, where today's very low current bond yields reflect the emergence of the Canadian dollar as a reserve currency as well as the impact of unconventional monetary policy elsewhere.

After analyzing the historic record of the Canadian equity risk premium and noting the need for adjustments when this premium is applied to the current anomalously low Canadian long‐term bond yields, the author reaches the following conclusions:

The historic Canadian equity risk premium is approximately 5.0% (based on arithmetic returns), which is slightly lower than the roughly 6.0% value for the U.S.

The historic equity risk premium has not been constant because of obvious changes in the Canadian bond market. To some extent, the huge cycle in which bond yields began their increase from the 4.0% level starting in 1957, when markets were liberalized, and then fell back to the 4.0% level in 2007‐2008 completed an adjustment to changes in fiscal versus monetary policy. However, in 2016, average long Canada bond yields dropped to an anomalously low 1.8%, which is below the long‐term inflation target of the Bank of Canada, and have barely recovered since. It is difficult to view this as an equilibrium rate determined by private investors.

Of the drop in bond yields, about 0.50% is unique to Government of Canada bonds as they became attractive to sovereign investors as a rare AAA‐rated issuer.

Using an indicator variable for the post‐2010 years, a simple regression analysis indicates that current long Canada bond yields should be about 2.75% higher but for the recent changes. And for 2018, this means that the 2.35% average long Canada bond yield should have been about 5.0%. Apart from the impact of higher government deficits, this is consistent with average yields before the 2008 financial crisis.

Adding an adjusted 5.0% long Canada bond yield to the historic equity risk premium in Canada of 4.50% gives 9.50% for the cost of the overall equity market or, given the Bank of Canada's target inflation rate of 2.0%, a real equity return of 7.5%, both slightly higher than the long‐run averages.

In sum, the conventional practice of adding a historic market risk premium to the current low Canada long bond yields would impart a sharp downward bias to current equity cost estimates; use of this method would not be appropriate until long Canada bond yields increase to at least the 4.0% level.
Fundamental movement skills in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities: A systematic review
Authors: Maïano Christophe , Hue Olivier , April Johanne
Published: May 2019

Background

This systematic review is a synthesis of studies concerning: (a) mastery, deficits, and/or delays in fundamental movement skills (FMS) among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities; (b) comparisons of FMS between children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities and those with typical development (TD); and (c) correlates of FMS.

Method

A systematic electronic search was performed in 12 databases. Seventeen studies, published between 1951 and 2017, met the inclusion criteria.

Results

Children with intellectual disabilities exhibited a lack of mastery and deficits/developmental delays in FMS. They tended to have significantly lower FMS performance than children with TD. Adolescents with intellectual disabilities had developmental delays in balance skills, but were not compared with adolescents with TD. Mastery or deficits in FMS were not explored. Several variables were significantly correlated with FMS among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities.

Conclusion

In future studies, FMS should be examined as an important outcome among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities.
Effects of Dementia Care Mapping on job satisfaction and caring skills of staff caring for older people with intellectual disabilities: A quasi‐experimental study
Authors: Schaap Feija D. , Finnema Evelyn J. , Stewart Roy E. , Dijkstra Geke J. , Reijneveld Sijmen A.
Published: May 2019

Background

The ageing of people with intellectual disabilities, involving consequences like dementia, creates a need for methods to support care staff. One promising method is Dementia Care Mapping (DCM). This study examined the effect of DCM on job satisfaction and care skills of ID‐care staff.

Methods

We performed a quasi‐experimental study in 23 group homes for older people with intellectual disabilities in the Netherlands. Among staff, we assessed job satisfaction and care skills as primary outcomes and work experience measures as secondary outcomes (N = 227).

Results

Dementia Care Mapping achieved no significantly better effect than care as usual (CAU) for primary outcomes on job satisfaction (MWSS‐HC) and working skills (P‐CAT). Effect sizes varied from −0.18 to −0.66. We also found no differences for any of the secondary outcomes.

Conclusion

Dementia Care Mapping does not increase job satisfaction and care skills of staff caring for older people with intellectual disabilities. This result differs from previous findings and deserves further study.
Similar responses of native and alien floras in European cities to climate
Authors: Kalusová Veronika , Čeplová Natálie , Chytrý Milan , Danihelka Jiří , Dřevojan Pavel , Fajmon Karel , Hájek Ondřej , Kalníková Veronika , Novák Pavel , Řehořek Vladimír , Těšitel Jakub , Tichý Lubomír , Wirth Tamás , Lososová Zdeňka
Published: May 2019

Aim

Climate is an important factor controlling plant distributions. However, it is not yet fully understood how climate interacts with human impacts or whether the effects of these factors differ between native and alien species. Facing ongoing climate change and urbanization, we explore the effects of climate on plant species richness and composition across European cities.

Location

Sixty cities in Western, Central and Southern Europe.

Taxon

Vascular plants.

Methods

Species presence was recorded in seven habitats in each city. Large‐scale climatic gradients were derived from 22 climatic variables using a partial principal component analysis that controlled for the effects of human population size and gross domestic product. The effects of climate and habitat type on the numbers of native and alien species were tested using linear mixed‐effect models. The native and alien compositional variation across cities and habitats was analysed using principal component analysis with variation partitioning.

Results

The Mediterranean‐to‐temperate climatic gradient had a significant effect on species numbers across all habitats. The numbers of both native and alien species increased from the Mediterranean to temperate Europe. Within each city, the proportion of alien species decreased from highly urbanized to less urbanized habitats. Climate had a stronger effect on the composition of alien plants than on the composition of native plants. The native species composition especially changed from the Mediterranean to temperate cities and alien species composition also from oceanic to continental cities.

Main conclusions

Urban native and alien species richness follow the pattern found for the whole European flora. Based on this observation, we suggest that the future shift of warm and dry conditions from the Mediterranean to the north that is expected under global change scenarios could affect richness and change the composition of European urban floras. However, this shift would not necessarily alter the proportions of aliens.
The International Consortium for Quality Research on Dietary Sodium/Salt (TRUE) position statement on the use of 24‐hour, spot, and short duration (<24 hours) timed urine collections to assess dietary sodium intake
Authors: Campbell Norm R. C. , He Feng J. , Tan Monique , Cappuccio Francesco P. , Neal Bruce , Woodward Mark , Cogswell Mary E. , McLean Rachael , Arcand Joanne , MacGregor Graham , Whelton Paul , Jula Antti , L'Abbe Mary R. , Cobb Laura K. , Lackland Daniel T.
Published: May 2019

The International Consortium for Quality Research on Dietary Sodium/Salt (TRUE) is a coalition of intentional and national health and scientific organizations formed because of concerns low‐quality research methods were creating controversy regarding dietary salt reduction. One of the main sources of controversy is believed related to errors in estimating sodium intake with urine studies. The recommendations and positions in this manuscript were generated following a series of systematic reviews and analyses by experts in hypertension, nutrition, statistics, and dietary sodium. To assess the population's current 24‐hour dietary sodium ingestion, single complete 24‐hour urine samples, collected over a series of days from a representative population sample, were recommended. To accurately estimate usual dietary sodium at the individual level, at least 3 non‐consecutive complete 24‐hour urine collections obtained over a series of days that reflect the usual short‐term variations in dietary pattern were recommended. Multiple 24‐hour urine collections over several years were recommended to estimate an individual's usual long‐term sodium intake. The role of single spot or short duration timed urine collections in assessing population average sodium intake requires more research. Single or multiple spot or short duration timed urine collections are not recommended for assessing an individual's sodium intake especially in relationship to health outcomes. The recommendations should be applied by scientific review committees, granting agencies, editors and journal reviewers, investigators, policymakers, and those developing and creating dietary sodium recommendations. Low‐quality research on dietary sodium/salt should not be funded, conducted, or published.
Stage‐dependent involvement of ADAM10 and its significance in epileptic seizures
Authors: Zhou Xu , Tao Hua , Cai Yujie , Cui Lili , Zhao Bin , Li Keshen
Published: May 2019

The prevalence of epileptic seizures in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years, and many cohort studies have found several risk factors associated with the genesis of seizures in AD. Among these factors, young age and severe dementia are seemingly contradictory and independent risk factors, indicating that the pathogenesis of epileptic seizures is, to a certain extent, stage‐dependent. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain‐containing protein 10 (ADAM10) is a crucial α‐secretase responsible for ectodomain shedding of its substrates; thus, the function of this protein depends on the biological effects of its substrates. Intriguingly, transgenic models have demonstrated ADAM10 to be associated with epilepsy. Based on the biological effects of its substrates, the potential pathogenic roles of ADAM10 in epileptic seizures can be classified into amyloidogenic processes in the ageing stage and cortical dysplasia in the developmental stage. Therefore, ADAM10 is reviewed here as a stage‐dependent modulator in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Current data regarding ADAM10 in epileptic seizures were collected and reviewed for potential pathogenic roles (ie amyloidogenic processes and cortical dysplasia) and regulatory mechanisms (ie transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation). These findings are then discussed in terms of the significance of the stage‐dependent functions of ADAM10 in epilepsy. Several potential targets for seizure control, such as candidate transcription factors and microRNAs that regulate ADAM10, as well as potential genetic screening tools for the early recognition of cortical dysplasia, have been suggested but must be studied in more detail.
Editorial: Correlation and causation: to study causality in psychopathology
Authors: Lervåg Arne
Published: May 2019

The desire to seek explanations and causal patterns is deeply embedded in human nature. This has long been acknowledged, and as early as 29 BC Virgil stated “Lucky is he who has been able to understand the causes of things” (Pearl & Mackenzie, 2018). Yet still, the science of causality is quite new, and has developed much more recently than for instance probability and significance testing (Pearl, 2018). However, during the last 10–15 years a new focus on causal inference has affected how scientists think in most empirical fields in a way that some even argue represents a causal revolution (Pearl, 2018). The increased understanding of the logic behind causal reasoning has also affected how we study psychopathological development. It is now well acknowledged that the complexity of development and developmental disorders means we require explanations on different levels, using different research designs. The articles in this issue illustrate this in various ways.
Chronic occupational exposure to lead leads to significant mucocutaneous changes in lead factory workers
Authors: Rerknimitr P. , Kantikosum K. , Chottawornsak N. , Tangkijngamvong N. , Kerr S.J. , Prueksapanich P. , Sithisarankul P. , Kumtornrut C. , Asawanonda P. , Sutheparuk S. , Panchaprateep R.
Published: May 2019

Background

Chronic lead toxicity is a worldwide public health problem. Lead possesses deleterious effects on many organ systems. However, little is known regarding its clinical and biophysical effects on the skin.

Objective

To investigate mucocutaneous signs and biophysical property changes in skin after chronic lead toxicity.

Methods

One hundred and eighty‐seven patients who were car battery workers participated in the study. Complete history and physical examination were performed. Blood was collected for laboratory analyses. Thorough skin examination by dermatologists was carried out in 134 subjects. Additionally, 96 patients with blood lead levels (BLL) >70 μg/dL were further evaluated for skin elasticity, sebum content, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), hydration, pH and pigmentation. An equal number of age‐, sex‐ and skin‐type‐matched subjects were recruited as controls.

Results

The mean BLL of all subjects was 74.15 ± 11.58 μg/dL. The most frequently observed signs were gingival brown pigmentation in 112 (83.6%), gingivitis in 111 (82.8%) and lead line in 66 (49.3%) patients. The lead line was found in subjects with significantly higher BLLs (adjusted mean difference 6.45, 95% CI 2.30–10.60 μg/dL, P = 0.003) and in association with gingivitis (adjusted OR 7.32, 95% CI 2.08–25.74, P = 0.002). Mean BLL of the patients who underwent biophysical assessment was 82.77 ± 9.80 μg/dL. Patients exhibited a statistically significant lower skin hydration observed by corneometer as well as elasticity. The adjusted ORs of having dry skin and lower elasticity were 15.32 (95% CI 4.41–53.24), P < 0.001) and 1.96 (95% CI 1.06–3.60), P = 0.031), respectively. These differences were not significant for sebum content, TEWL, pH and pigmentation.

Conclusion

Importantly, even in normal‐appearing skin, level of hydration and elasticity decreased in lead‐intoxicated patients. These results suggest that lead might possess harmful effects on the skin at measurable levels.
Associations of pigmentary and naevus phenotype with melanoma risk in two populations with comparable ancestry but contrasting levels of ambient sun exposure
Authors: Cust A.E. , Drummond M. , Bishop D.T. , Azizi L. , Schmid H. , Jenkins M.A. , Hopper J.L. , Armstrong B.K. , Aitken J.F. , Kefford R.F. , Giles G.G. , Demenais F. , Goldstein A.M. , Barrett J.H. , Kanetsky P.A. , Elder D.E. , Mann G.J. , Newton‐Bishop J.A.
Published: May 2019

Background

People at high risk of developing melanoma are usually identified by pigmentary and naevus phenotypes.

Objective

We examined whether associations of these phenotypes with melanoma risk differed by ambient sun exposure or participant characteristics in two population‐based, case–control studies with comparable ancestry but different ambient sun exposure.

Methods

Data were analysed from 616 cases and 496 controls from the Australian Melanoma Family Study and 2012 cases and 504 controls from the Leeds (UK) case–control study. Questionnaire, interview and dermatological skin examination data were collected using the same measurement protocols. Relative risks were estimated as odds ratios using unconditional logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders.

Results

Hair and skin colour were the strongest pigmentary phenotype risk factors. All associations of pigmentary phenotype with melanoma risk were similar across countries. The median number of clinically assessed naevi was approximately three times higher in Australia than Leeds, but the relative risks for melanoma associated with each additional common or dysplastic naevus were higher for Leeds than Australia, especially for naevi on the upper and lower limbs. Higher naevus counts on the head and neck were associated with a stronger relative risk for melanoma for women than men. The two countries had similar relative risks for melanoma based on self‐reported naevus density categories, but personal perceptions of naevus number differed by country. There was no consistent evidence of interactions between phenotypes on risk.

Conclusions

Classifying people at high risk of melanoma based on their number of naevi should ideally take into account their country of residence, type of counts (clinical or self‐reported), body site on which the naevus counts are measured and sex. The presence of naevi may be a stronger indicator of a genetic predisposition in the UK than in Australia based on less opportunity for sun exposure to influence naevus development.
Mother–embryo isotope fractionation in the pygmy devilray Mobula kuhlii cf. eregoodootenkee
Authors: Broadhurst Matt K. , Domit Camila , Trevizani Tailisi H. , Raoult Vincent , Millar Russell B.
Published: May 2019

We determined stable‐isotope ratios for replicate muscle tissues in 13 gravid Mobula kuhlii cf. eregoodootenkee (110.4–120.4 cm disc width; WD) and their embryos (7.0–42.3 cm WD) and also yolks and histrotroph, to assess the potential implications for juvenile nutrition and habitat use. Irrespective of their development in the uterus, embryos had similar δ13C values in their muscle tissue as the mothers and both had greater values than in the histotroph. During gestation, δ13C values increased across all sample types. However, while embryo muscle tissue and the histotroph were associated with increasing 15N levels during embryonic development, this was depleted in the mothers’ muscle tissue and yolk. Although speculative, the observed variation in stable‐isotope ratios might imply a dietary shift among gravid females during their early gestation. Irrespective of the underlying mechanisms, the results indicate neonates will have relatively greater δ15N values than post‐partum females, which would probably confound juvenile foraging‐ecology estimates.
Sexually dimorphic body proportions in the catshark genus Scyliorhinus (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae)
Authors: Soares Karla D. A.
Published: May 2019

Intersexual differences in morphometrics were investigated in five species of the catshark genus Scyliorhinus. ANCOVA was used to test 59 measurements, considering capture location and total length as covariates. In all examined species, pelvic–anal distances and pelvic‐fin inner margin lengths were greater in males than in females, representing a clear pattern for the genus.
Genetic variation in eggplant for Nitrogen Use Efficiency under contrasting NO3‐ supply
Authors: Mauceri Antonio , Bassolino Laura , Lupini Antonio , Badeck Franz , Rizza Fulvia , Schiavi Massimo , Toppino Laura , Abenavoli Maria Rosa , Rotino Giuseppe L. , Sunseri Francesco
Published: May 2019

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) yield is highly sensitive to N fertilization, the excessive use of which is responsible for environmental and human health damage. Lowering N input together with the selection of improved Nitrogen‐Use‐Efficiency (NUE) genotypes, more able to uptake, utilize, and remobilize N available in soils, can be challenging to maintain high crop yields in a sustainable agriculture. The aim of this study was to explore the natural variation among eggplant accessions from different origins, in response to Low (LN) and High (HN) Nitrate (NO3‐) supply, to identify NUE‐contrasting genotypes and their NUE‐related traits, in hydroponic and greenhouse pot experiments. Two eggplants, AM222 and AM22, were identified as N‐use efficient and inefficient, respectively, in hydroponic, and these results were confirmed in a pot experiment, when crop yield was also evaluated. Overall, our results indicated the key role of N‐utilization component (NUtE) to confer high NUE. The remobilization of N from leaves to fruits may be a strategy to enhance NUtE, suggesting glutamate synthase as a key enzyme. Further, omics technologies will be used for focusing on C‐N metabolism interacting networks. The availability of RILs from two other selected NUE‐contrasting genotypes will allow us to detect major genes/quantitative trait loci related to NUE.
Digital Workflow for Computer‐Guided Implant Surgery in Edentulous Patients with an Intraoral Scanner and Old Complete Denture
Authors: An Xueyin , Yang Hyun‐Woo , Choi Byung‐Ho
Published: May 2019

A double‐scan procedure is commonly performed in the process of fabricating an implant surgical template; however, this entails the disadvantage of recording 2 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans requiring additional time, effort, and costs. The purpose of this article is to introduce a digital protocol to acquire adequate preoperative diagnostic information for a fully edentulous patient, using the existing complete denture with a metal framework, an intraoral scanner, and CBCT.
Bootstrap Inference for Garch Models by the Least Absolute Deviation Estimation
Authors: Zhu Qianqian , Zeng Ruochen , Li Guodong
Published: May 2019

This article considers the generalized bootstrap method to approximate the least absolute deviation estimation and portmanteau test for generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic models. The generalized bootstrap approach is easy‐to‐implement, and includes many bootstrap methods as special cases, such as Efron's bootstrap, Bayesian bootstrap, and random‐weighting bootstrap. The proposed bootstrap procedure is shown to be asymptotically valid for both estimation and test. The finite‐sample performance is assessed by simulation studies, and its usefulness is illustrated by a real application to the Hang Seng Index.
Integrated transcriptome provides resources and insights into the adaptive evolution of colonized brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) in the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen Xiaowen , Wang Jun , Yue Wucheng , Lei Shuangyong , Puqiong  , Dobjay Solange , Li Zhihua , Wang Chenghui
Published: May 2019

The Tibetan Plateau is the world's largest plateau that is characterized by low temperature, low oxygen, and strong ultraviolet radiation. Colonized species that invade the plateau must change their characteristics to adapt to the harsh environment. However, research on the adaptation of introduced species on plateaus is limited. In this study, brown trout (Salmo trutta fario) was studied as a colonized species of the Tibetan Plateau, and a de novo transcriptome assembly was conducted to explore the genetic basis of plateau adaptation. A total of 38,606 unigenes were assembled, with over 90% of the unigenes annotated. Using comparative transcriptomics analysis, we identified 129 positively selected genes and 126 species‐specific gene families in colonized brown trout that were associated with energy metabolism, angiogenesis, heart development, ammonium transport, and DNA damage and repair, which may play essential roles in the adaptation to high altitude of colonized brown trout compared to other inland Salmonidae species. Our results provide an integrated and comprehensive transcriptomic resource for brown trout colonized in Tibet. These results potentially contribute to future studies aiming to identify candidate genes and pathways underlying the genetic basis of adaptation in the Tibetan plateau and assist in the population protection and aquaculture of brown trout in Tibet.
Rags, ragpickers, and early modern papermaking
Authors: Craig Heidi
Published: May 2019

In medieval and early modern Europe, paper for writing and printing was made from recycled linen rags. Before they could be made into paper, rags first had to be acquired by individuals. Ragmen, rag‐women, ragpickers, rag‐rakers, rag‐gatherers, and rag‐collectors collected rags from door‐to‐door and picked them out of refuse piles, and eventually conveyed them to papermakers. This article begins with a short description of early modern papermaking in Europe and then shifts to its main subject: ragpickers and their rags in early modern England as understudied historical subjects and as figures of metaphor in the period's discourse. As an underclass, then as now, ragpickers have not been the subject of sustained historical attention. Although ragpickers' work went unnoticed or unacknowledged by some early modern writers, other writers invoked ragpickers and their rags to express ideas about literary production, class, filth, disease, and the relationship between London and the provinces. Studies of ragpickers and rags therefore intersect with recent research on labor in rural and urban England in the early modern period; on waste objects; and on women in the early modern book trade. Because Western papermaking relied on rags for over five hundred years, and because rags and paper continually traversed geographical boundaries over that period, studies of the rag‐trade transcend traditional scholarly boundaries of nation and periodization. Therefore, while this article focuses on early modern England, it also offers possible directions for transnational, transhistorical, and comparative approaches to rags and ragpickers.
The early geological history of the Moon inferred from ancient lunar meteorite Miller Range 13317
Authors: Curran N. M. , Joy K. H. , Snape J. F. , Pernet‐Fisher J. F. , Gilmour J. D. , Nemchin A. A. , Whitehouse M. J. , Burgess R.
Published: May 2019

Miller Range (MIL) 13317 is a heterogeneous basalt‐bearing lunar regolith breccia that provides insights into the early magmatic history of the Moon. MIL 13317 is formed from a mixture of material with clasts having an affinity to Apollo ferroan anorthosites and basaltic volcanic rocks. Noble gas data indicate that MIL 13317 was consolidated into a breccia between 2610 ± 780 Ma and 1570 ± 470 Ma where it experienced a complex near‐surface irradiation history for ~835 ± 84 Myr, at an average depth of ~30 cm. The fusion crust has an intermediate composition (Al2O3 15.9 wt%; FeO 12.3 wt%) with an added incompatible trace element (Th 5.4 ppm) chemical component. Taking the fusion crust to be indicative of the bulk sample composition, this implies that MIL 13317 originated from a regolith that is associated with a mare‐highland boundary that is KREEP‐rich (i.e., K, rare earth elements, and P). A comparison of bulk chemical data from MIL 13317 with remote sensing data from the Lunar Prospector orbiter suggests that MIL 13317 likely originated from the northwest region of Oceanus Procellarum, east of Mare Nubium, or at the eastern edge of Mare Frigoris. All these potential source areas are on the near side of the Moon, indicating a close association with the Procellarum KREEP Terrane. Basalt clasts in MIL 13317 are from a very low‐Ti to low‐Ti (between 0.14 and 0.32 wt%) source region. The similar mineral fractionation trends of the different basalt clasts in the sample suggest they are comagmatic in origin. Zircon‐bearing phases and Ca‐phosphate grains in basalt clasts and matrix grains yield 207Pb/206Pb ages between 4344 ± 4 and 4333 ± 5 Ma. These ancient 207Pb/206Pb ages indicate that the meteorite has sampled a range of Pre‐Nectarian volcanic rocks that are poorly represented in the Apollo, Luna, and lunar meteorite collections. As such, MIL 13317 adds to the growing evidence that basaltic volcanic activity on the Moon started as early as ~4340 Ma, before the main period of lunar mare basalt volcanism at ~3850 Ma.
New views of humpback whale flow dynamics and oral morphology during prey engulfment
Authors: Werth Alexander J. , Kosma Madison M. , Chenoweth Ellen M. , Straley Janice M.
Published: May 2019

The rise of inexpensive, user‐friendly cameras and editing software promises to revolutionize data collection with minimal disturbance to marine mammals. Video sequences recorded by aerial drones and GoPro cameras provided close‐up views and unique perspectives of humpback whales engulfing juvenile salmon at or just below the water surface in Southeast Alaska and Prince William Sound. Although humpback feeding is famous for its flexibility, several stereotyped events were noted in the 47 lunges we analyzed. Engulfment was rapid (mean 2.07 s), and the entrance through which the tongue inverts into the ventral pouch was seen as water rushes in. Cranial elevation was a major contributor to gape, and pouch contraction sometimes began before full gape closure, with reverberating waves indicating rebounding flow of water within the expanded pouch. Expulsion of filtered water began with a small splash at the anterior of the mouth, followed by sustained excurrent flow in the mouth's central or posterior regions. Apart from a splash of rebounding water, water within the mouth was surprisingly turbulence‐free during engulfment, but submersion of the whale's head created visible surface whirlpools and vortices which may aggregate prey for subsequent engulfment.
Arabidopsis CHOLINE/ETHANOLAMINE KINASE 1 (CEK1) is a primary choline kinase localized at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and involved in ER stress tolerance
Authors: Lin Ying‐Chen , Kanehara Kazue , Nakamura Yuki
Published: May 2019

Choline kinase catalyzes the initial reaction step of choline metabolism that produces phosphocholine, a prerequisite for the biosynthesis of a primary phospholipid phosphatidylcholine. However, the primary choline kinase and its role in plant growth remained elusive in seed plants.

Here, we showed that Arabidopsis CHOLINE/ETHANOLAMINE KINASE 1 (CEK1) encodes functional CEK that prefers choline than ethanolamine as a substrate in vitro and affects contents of choline and phosphocholine but not phosphatidylcholine in vivo.

CEK1 is localized at endoplasmic reticulum (ER); upon tunicamycin‐induced ER stress, a null mutant of CEK1 showed hypersensitive phenotype in seedlings, albeit with no enhanced choline kinase activity.

Our results demonstrate that CEK1 is a primary ER‐localized choline kinase in vivo that is required for ER stress tolerance possibly through the modulation of choline metabolites.
Pediatric airway dimensions—A summary and presentation of existing data
Authors: Dave Mital H. , Kemper Michael , Schmidt Alexander R. , Both Christian P. , Weiss Markus
Published: May 2019

Background

Age‐related pediatric airway dimension reference values for cricoid, tracheal, and bronchial diameters as well as tracheal and bronchial lengths are essential for distinguishing normal from pathological airway findings and for manufacturing and selecting appropriately sized airway equipment.

Aim

The aim of this work was to summarize and present existing pediatric airway dimension data for the larynx, trachea, and main stem bronchi from fetus to adolescence.

Methods

A systematic literature search was carried out using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Google Scholar. Publications containing original data on pediatric airway dimensions as mean or median in tabular form and spanning narrow age groups of 1 or 2 years were included in our study. Original data such as diameters, lengths, and cross‐sectional areas of trachea, cricoid, left and right main bronchi in fetuses and children were collected and presented as figures.

Results

Pediatric airway dimension data were gathered and compiled from 15 studies fulfilling the inclusion criteria. Data were obtained from different measurement methods such as autopsy, chest X‐ray, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, rigid and flexible bronchoscopy as well as ultrasound examinations. There was considerable variation among age‐related data due to biologic heterogeneity, different presentation of data, different definitions, and various measurement techniques.

Conclusion

This investigation revealed heterogeneous data on pediatric airway dimensions, making it impossible to compile them into standard reference values for airway dimensions. New studies with structured and standardized measurements and data presentation in large populations of children are required to provide more valid pediatric airway dimension data.
Cold stress activates disease resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana through a salicylic acid dependent pathway
Authors: Wu Zhenjiang , Han Shiming , Zhou Hedan , Tuang Za Khai , Wang Yizhong , Jin Ye , Shi Huazhong , Yang Wannian
Published: May 2019

Exposure to short‐term cold stress influences disease resistance by mechanisms that remain poorly characterized. The molecular basis of cold‐activated immunity was therefore investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana inoculated with the bacterial pathogen Pst DC3000, using a transcriptomic analysis. Exposure to cold stress for 10 hr was sufficient to activate immunity, as well as H2O2 accumulation and callose deposition. Transcriptome changes induced by the 10‐hr cold treatment were similar to those caused by pathogen infection, including increased expression of the salicylic acid (SA) pathway marker genes, PR2 and PR5, and genes playing positive roles in defence against (hemi)‐biotrophs. In contrast, transcripts encoding jasmonic acid (JA) pathway markers such as PR4 and MYC2 and transcripts with positive roles in defence against necrotrophs were less abundant following the 10‐hr cold treatment. Cold‐activated immunity was dependent on SA, being partially dependent on NPR1 and ICS1/SID2. In addition, transcripts encoding SA biosynthesis enzymes such as ICS2, PAL1, PAL2, and PAL4 (but not ICS1/SID2) and MES9 were more abundant, whereas GH3.5/WES1 and SOT12 transcripts that encode components involved in SA modification were less abundant following cold stress treatment. These findings show that cold stress cross‐activates innate immune responses via a SA‐dependent pathway.
Perceptual learning induces active suppression of physically nonsalient shapes
Authors: Hu Liping , Ding Yulong , Qu Zhe
Published: May 2019

Visual attention can be attracted by salient‐but‐irrelevant features, a phenomenon called attentional capture. Accompanying attentional capture, a top‐down inhibitory mechanism is usually enacted to suppress the attentional shift. Our recent study showed that a physically nonsalient shape, which may be considered as a conjunction of basic features within the form domain, can also provoke a robust capture of attention as a consequence of perceptual learning, supporting an important role of prior experience in attentional deployment. It remains unclear, however, whether prior experience can also induce attentional suppression to conjunctions of features. Here, we examine whether and in which condition the brain would initiate an active suppression process to a physically nonsalient shape which has acquired an ability to capture attention after perceptual learning. We show that detectability of a shape after perceptual learning may be a key factor determining whether the shape would be actively suppressed or not. After extensive training as a target in visual search, a physically nonsalient shape could elicit an N2pc component when it was a distractor in a visual search task or a peripheral irrelevant stimulus in a central focused attention task, indicating a capture of attention induced by perceptual learning. Following the N2pc component, a Pd component would be elicited by the trained shape only if its detectability is relatively high. These findings suggest that an active suppression process could be applied not only to salient features but also to physically nonsalient shapes. A physically nonsalient shape could improve its salience through perceptual learning and would be actively suppressed when its learned salience reaches a certain level.
The effect of bpV(HOpic) on in vitro activation of primordial follicles in cultured swine ovarian cortical strips
Authors: Raffel Nathalie , Klemm Katrin , Dittrich Ralf , Hoffmann Inge , Söder Stefan , Beckmann Matthias W. , Lotz Laura
Published: May 2019

The vanadate‐derivative dipotassium bisperoxo (5‐hydroxy‐pyridine‐2‐carboxylic) oxovanadate (V) (bpV(HOpic)), a pharmacological inhibitor of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), has been used in ovarian follicle culture systems for activation of follicular growth in vitro and suggested to be responsible for primordial follicle survival through indirect Akt activation. For pig ovarian tissue, it is still not clear which culture medium needs to be used, as well as which factors and hormones could influence follicular development; this also applies to bpV(HOpic) exposure. Therefore, ovarian cortical strips from pigs were cultured in 1 µM bpV(HOpic) (N = 24) or control medium (N = 24) for 48 hr. Media were then replaced with control medium and all tissue pieces incubated for additional 4 days. The strips were embedded in paraffin for histological determination of follicle proportions at the end of the culture period and compared to histological sections from tissue pieces without cultivation, which had been embedded right after preparation; comparison of healthy follicles for each developmental stage was performed to quantify follicle survival and activation. After 6‐day culture, follicle activation occurred in tissue samples from both cultured groups but significantly more follicles showed progression of follicular development in the presence of 1 µM bpV(HOpic). The amount of non‐vital follicles was not significantly increased during cultivation. BpV(HOpic) affects pig ovarian follicle development by promoting the initiation of follicle growth and development, similar as in rodent species and humans.
Attachment and behavioral addictions in adolescents: The mediating and moderating role of coping strategies
Authors: Estevez Ana , Jauregui Paula , Lopez‐Gonzalez Hibai
Published: May 2019

Gambling, video gaming, and Internet use are typically included as everyday activities that could potentially become behavioral addictions. There is growing evidence that views non‐substance related addictions as coping mechanisms, and considers that attachment styles are likely to play a pivotal role on the development of such addictions, especially on young people. Therefore, the present study aimed to: (1) explore the association between attachment, coping, and behavioral addictions (i.e., gambling disorder, video game addiction, and problematic Internet use); and (2) to analyze the mediating/moderating effect that coping has in the relationship of attachment and these behavioral addictions. A sample consisting of 472 students from secondary education (Mean age = 15.6; SD = 1.33; 51.6% females) was recruited. The findings showed a negative association between attachment and behavioral addictions. Most coping strategies were found to be associated with attachment styles, except for self‐critique and emotional avoidance. In particular, problem avoidance was significantly correlated to all behavioral addictions. In addition, self‐blame and problem solving were significantly correlated to video game addiction and problematic Internet use. Finally, coping was found to act as a mediator and moderator between attachment and video game addiction and problematic Internet use.
No Name: The Allosemy View
Authors: Saab Andrés , Lo Guercio Nicolás
Published: May 2019

According to certain versions of predicativism, names denote metalinguistic predicates of a certain type, e.g. the namePerónas it occurs in the sentencePerón died in 1974denotes a predicate more or less paraphrasable as “being called Perón” (Burge 1973, Matushansky 2008 and Fara 2011, among others). The metalinguistic theory of names is claimed to be superior in nontrivial ways to direct reference theories, according to which names contribute an individual without the mediation of descriptions (Kripke 1980). The alleged triumph of predicativism is that by assuming the “being called N” property as basic, both referential and non‐referential uses of proper names can be given a uniform semantic analysis. By contrast, the referentialist needs to resort to homonymy or semantic ambiguity. In addition, there are some systematic connections between referential and predicative uses of names that at first glance also seem to favor predicativism. The goal of this paper is to present an alternative syntax, semantics and pragmatics of proper names. We assume that grammatical categories and the associated meanings that they are supposed to encode are not grammatical primitives, but epiphenomena that result from the particular way in which syntax combines functional material and lexical Roots. Before syntax, lexical Roots have no detectable meanings. On this account, there are no names before syntax, as there are no nouns, verbs or adjectives. Names are thus seen as the result of a particular syntactic configuration whose semantic realization is that of contributing an individual. Metalinguistic uses of names, and other derived uses, are involved in a different syntactic scheme, one that makes a name Root a predicate of a certain type. Besides their different syntactic basis, we argue that metalinguistic inferences in both referential and predicative uses of names have a pragmatic source. According to the theory we propose, then, the so‐called Being Called Condition is neither a syntactic nor a semantic primitive. Under this conception of proper names the uniformity argument does not hold and the adduced linguistic evidence cannot lead to any (meta‐)semantic consideration.