bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Początki kryminologii w Polsce. Od ery prepozytywistycznej do pełnego pozytywizmu
Authors: Widacki Jan
Published: February 2021

The publication of Cesare Lombroso’s The Criminal Man in 1876 is generally considered the birth of criminology. The new science did not emerge all of a sudden but resulted from a longer process. Various attempts, feasible for the scientific method at successive stages of its development, were made to explain the reasons for criminality before the arrival of the era of positivism and contemporary science, and the construction of Lombroso’s theory of the born criminal. Franz Joseph Gall proposed the theory of phrenology, claiming that the shape of the brain is decisive for criminal tendencies. Philippe Pinel perceived the cause of crime in “mania without delirium”, and James C. Prichard in “moral insanity”. The developing social sciences and the positivist physicalism governing them made it possible to handle the statistical aspects of the phenomenon (A.M. Guerry, A. Quetelet). Such novel scientific information reached Poland mostly through physicians, yet was hardly interesting for lawyers brought up on the foundations of the classical school. In criminal law, they a priori rejected determinism together with the achievements of contemporary science. The first of the Polish lawyers to support the concept of determinism in human and social behaviours was professor of criminal law Józef MichałRosenblatt. He also realised that the new discipline of criminology, distinct from criminal law, was being born. In 1888 Ludwik Krzywicki, a social philosopher, teacher, and sociologist could have been the first to use the term “kryminologia”in Poland. He also challenged Lombroso’s theory, criticising it from Marxist and sociological positions. However, one of the most fascinating Polish criminologists of the late 19th century was professor of forensic medicine Leon Wachholz.
Post-Neolithic occupation in Tunel Wielki Cave (southern Poland)
Authors: Kot Małgorzata , Wojenka Michal , Czajka Grzegorz , Kontny Bartosz , Gryczewska Natalia
Published: February 2021

Post-Neolithic cave occupation in Poland remains insufficiently recognised. The purpose of this paper is to present the results of the analysis of pottery and metal objects discovered in Tunel Wielki Cave (Ojców area, SE Poland). The artefacts were collected during three fieldwork campaigns in 1967–68 and 2018. The results show that the cave was occupied at least several times. The most ephemeral settlement traces can be dated to the Early Bronze Age and these may be related to the Trzciniec culture. The site was more intensively used in the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age by communities representing the Lusatian culture. Roman Period artefacts are very scarce. Traces of most intensive use of the cave come from the Middle Ages. One can determine artefacts conditionally dated from the 11th to the 12th century, as well as younger objects, dated to the 13th − early 14th c. Single pieces of pottery can be attributed to the Modern period. The obtained results point to multiple short-term visits. The cave fill does not bear traces of permanent occupation during the Post-Neolithic period.
UNESCO and the Challenge of Preserving the Digital Cultural Heritage
Authors: von Schorlemer Sabine
Published: February 2021

In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the need to preserve the digital cultural heritage, a part of which is at significant risk of being lost. In light of the pressing demands to develop informed and targeted strategies, this article analyses UNESCO’s approach towards the preservation of the digital cultural heritage. Being the lead UN agency in the field of cultural heritage preservation, the organization responded to the challenge early on, notably by adopting the Charter on the Preservation of Digital Heritage. The article thus outlines UNESCO’s competencies regarding the digital cultural heritage as well as its concept thereof, before examining the organization’s strategies for the preservation of digital cultural heritage. Furthermore, by providing an outlook on some emerging trends, i.e. increasing privatization and commercialization, future requirements are identified.
Misappropriation of Indigenous Cultural Heritage – Intellectual Property Rights in the Digital Era
Authors: Prażmowska Karolina
Published: February 2021

The digitization of cultural heritage has become a common practice among cultural and educational institutions. The Internet and the widespread of new technologies have made the heritage more accessible and facilitates cultural exchange. However, digitization both raises challenges and creates opportunities for the sustainable and appropriate treatment of Indigenous digital cultural heritage collections, as the use of new technologies may render such heritage more vulnerable to misappropriation and misuse. It is therefore vital to investigate the possibilities of Intellectual Property tools to protect, preserve, and promote such heritage. This article addresses the following questions with respect the Indigenous heritage: What is the nature of the relationship between IP protection and the safeguarding of intangible heritage?; What are the consequences of misappropriation and misuse of traditional cultural expressions for Indigenous Peoples?; and What is the impact of digitization on Indigenous cultural heritage?
“Narrative Museums” and Curators’ Rights: The Protection of a Museum Exhibition and Its Scenario under Polish Law
Authors: Jagielska-Burduk Alicja , Jakubowski Andrzej
Published: February 2021

Since at least the 1990s, museums have expanded to cover a variety of societal functions, often enabling inclusive and participatory spaces for critical dialogue about the past and the future, and bridging together various narratives and cultural experiences, contributing to social cohesion and reconciliation. The new functions of museums, involving novel technological forms of display and communication, pose several legal questions concerning the management of such institutions, their resources, and exhibitions, including issues of copyright and other intellectual property rights. While referring to a recent case concerning an alleged infringement of the moral rights of the authors of the permanent exhibition of the Museum of the Second World War in Gdansk (MWII), this article examines the scope of copyright protection in new, so-called, “narrative” museums under Polish law. First it briefly scrutinizes main facts and circumstances of this case. Secondly, it discusses the current legal framework on the copyright protection of museum exhibitions under Polish law. Next, in light of the judgment rendered in the MWII case, the standard of legal protection of moral interests resulting from a museum exhibition’s design and its scenario (script) is explored. Finally, the article concludes with a set of observations concerning the extent to which copyright law may serve as a tool for protecting the integrity of museum exhibitions and their original conceptual design.
The Decision of the German Federal Court of Justice against Facebook: Opportunity to Define Digital Heritage?
Authors: Dominicé Antoinette Maget , Haux Dario Henri
Published: February 2021

The German Federal Court of Justice recently ruled (27.08.2020 – III ZB 30/20) that Facebook must grant parents direct access to the account of their deceased daughter. At the same time, the parents are prohibited from actively using the account. In this way, the judges established binding standards for the use of social network accounts of deceased users. Beyond inheritance and data protection law, the judgment provides an opportunity to prompt ongoing discussions about sustainable ways of safeguarding, as well as providing access to, digital content. Against the backdrop of a jurisprudence sensitized to the humanities, the two authors encourage a reflection on “spaces”, “containers”, and more generally on the significance of digital media for our everyday lives and future generations.
Soft Law in Promoting the Return of Zhaoling Two Steeds in Tang Dynasty
Authors: Weifang Li
Published: February 2021

It is generally accepted that stolen cultural objects shall be returned, but it is still a more complex and comparatively ambiguous matter when it comes to solving cases left over by history. The Six Stone Horse Reliefs are one of the most influential works of art in Chinese history, but unfortunately the beginning of 20th century witnessed the political and social upheaval of China, which resulted not only in people’s suffering but also in the loss of the cultural relics. The Six Stone Horse Reliefs were stolen and broken in China. Two of the six stone horses, called Sa Luzi and Quan Maogua, were illegally shipped to the United States and today are exhibited at the University Museum of Pennsylvania. While referring to the example of the Six Stone Horse Reliefs, this article puts forward the argument for using soft-law instruments to break through the shortcomings of existing international treaties and the limitations of domestic law.
The Human Body in the Regime of Chinese Cultural Heritage Law
Authors: Zhiyong Zhao
Published: February 2021

For a long time, the concept of the human body has been governed by civil law. Today, this way of treating it is no longer certain. The human body can also be understood as an integral part of cultural heritage. On one hand, this is a question of the holder of the element of the intangible cultural heritage (ICH). On the other hand, it concerns the human body beyond the living person, protected as tangible heritage or cultural property. This article analyses these diverse dimensions of the human body under Chinese legislation on the protection of cultural relics and for the safeguarding of intangible cultural heritage, taking into consideration the respect for human dignity. In this regard, it offers a cross-cutting overview of the ethical and legal challenges surrounding the management and regulation of human remains.
The Enhancement of Immovable Cultural Heritage by Urban Planning Law: The French Experience
Authors: Collot Pierre-Alain
Published: February 2021

Despite the incremental development of the heritage dimension of local urban planning plans, as well as an ever-more substantial relationship between immovable cultural heritage law and urban planning law, these two elements remain susceptible to raising confusion, occasionally contradicting one another frontally. The French Act of 7 July 2016 on Freedom of Creation, Architecture, and Heritage had the initial ambition of harmonizing and simplifying the mechanisms for the protection and enhancement of immovable cultural heritage, including under urban planning law. Yet the Act of 23 November 2018 on Housing Development, Urban Planning, and Digital Technology has further contributed to weakening the heritage protection mechanisms and bestowed a priority on the construction of new buildings over the conservation and enhancement of old neighbourhoods and buildings.
Criticism and Silencing in Academia: The Ambivalence of Feedback
Authors: Lenz Martin
Published: February 2021

While criticism of management and other authorities might sometimes count as virtuous, it is often taken as a disturbance of business operations. Some people even think that criticism reflects badly on managers, as it supposedly shows that they do not have sufficient control over their employees. As I see it, then, feedback or criticism is framed in a highly ambivalent way: Although criticism is often invited as an opportunity for improvement, it is mostly received as a cause of reputational damage. A straightforward illustration of this fact is the treatment of so-called whistle blowers who might be viewed either as martyrs exposing problems to be addressed or as traitors revealing failings or misconduct. Yet, given the moral and institutional stakes in improving a problematic situation, it is still surprising that a portrayal of criticism as a disturbance is so often successful. So how is it possible to obscure the obvious downsides of shunning criticism? Zooming in on the ambivalent values associated with criticism, I shall argue that administrative hierarchies and distributions of tasks often provide incentives to suppress criticism and, by extension, collective action rooted in criticism of authorities in academia.
Czy mamy do czynienia z regresem małych polskich portów i przystani morskich?
Authors: Michalski Tomasz
Published: February 2021

The aim of the article is to show how the hitherto important functions of small Polish ports and marinas are disappearing. This was done by analyzing the volume of cargo turnover, the number of international passengers and the gross tonnage (GT) of cutters. The analysis covers the years 1996-2018. It was found that the transhipments increased in Gdańsk, Gdynia and Świnoujście while decrease was observed in Szczecin and small ports. International passenger traffic (after a peak in 1997-2001 in some of them) is currently at a minimal level. Also after Poland’s accession into the European Union, the gross tonnage (GT) of the cutter fleet significantly decreased. Therefore, it is evident that Polish small seaports and marinas should look for new functions that may become their development factors in the future. Tourism, including yacht tourism, should become one of such functions.
Theoretical Preconditions for [a] Change in the Student Assessment System: Toward Good Practices
Authors: Volbikienė Asta , Vilkaitė-Vaitonė Neringa , Bubnys Remigijus , Girdzijauskienė Rūta
Published: February 2021

Student formal assessment is the core axis of the educational process that affects the whole teaching / learning activity, its quality, students’ success experience, their self-respect and self-esteem, and the perception of self-efficacy. By recognising prospects as the main learning objective and defining the outcome as personal and authentic learner progress, the assessment raises the need to pay a due attention to reflection, deep consideration, and feedback to all participants of the educational process. Against this background, doubts are started to be raised about appropriateness of the grade, currently being one of the most popular methods of the formal student assessment, leading to the scientific problem of this article. Over the last few decades, a shift in the assessment has been observed, from the focus exclusively on the end result to a stronger orientation toward the whole educational process, with an emphasis on motivating students to learn and strengthening their involvement in the educational process. These changes are illustrated by the Finnish good practice where, in an environment based on mutual trust and respect, and without questioning the importance and need for testing learners’ knowledge, abilities, and skills in the teaching / learning process, alternative assessment methods: portfolio assessment and learning conversations, are successfully used. To transfer examples of the good practice and adapt them to the national context, it seems reasonable to apply theories and models of change management. Achieving a targeted and effective change in the area of the assessment requires a process-focused approach to the change management.
Attitudes of Early Education Teachers Towards Pedagogical Innovation
Authors: Smak Ewa
Published: February 2021

The subject of the research considerations are the attitudes of early education teachers towards pedagogical innovation, being a response to the permanently changing reality and the related necessity to introduce changes to education. The conducted surveys and their analysis prove that the majority of teachers share the view that application of innovation in pedagogical practice is necessary, noticing both its impact on their professional activity and pointing to significant obstacles in the field of deployment and implementation of innovations at school.
The Changing Nature of Work and a Need to Prepare Teachers for Involvement in Innovative Work During and After the Pandemic
Authors: Madalińska-Michalak Joanna , Raykov Milosh
Published: February 2021

The article presents a study which main objective was to expand knowledge on teachers’ experiences, readiness, and conditions for effective reaction to significantly changed social circumstances and conditions of their work. The study was performed amongst primary and secondary teachers in Poland, using a proprietary online survey. The study found that the majority of teachers have access to the required equipment and traditional educational resources. However, a significant number of teachers still need recourses required for the distance education. The study also found that the majority of teachers feel very well or adequately prepared for work in new conditions. Yet, a considerable number of teachers still indicate a need for additional training and support, although a vast majority of them are intensively involved in various forms of innovative work and self-directed learning. On a basis of the study results, the authors recommend a number of topics and directions for pre-service teacher education at universities and continuous professional development. These recommendations can contribute to the quality of education during the COVID-19 pandemic and in postpandemic conditions.
The Employee’s Personal Character and its Imperative in the Post-Covid-19 Pandemic World
Authors: Iddagoda Y. Anuradha
Published: February 2021

It is a known fact that all organizations, other than philanthropic ones, are concerned about increasing their financial performance. The Covid-19 pandemic indisputably affects the organizations’ triple bottom line, especially profit. Hence, it is essential to make plans for the post-Covid-19 pandemic world. Consequently, one solution is to pay more attention to the increase in the level of advantageous personal character traits among the employees. The personal character is a blend of virtues and vices. The highest level of virtues will enrich the level of the advantageous personal character traits. The aim of this paper was to provide a definition of the personal character and to present an instrument for the construct of the personal character. The importance of having a good personal character is also addressed as a part of this study.
Positive Impact of Teacher Activities on the Educational Career of Roma and Gypsy Women in Hungary
Authors: Óhidy Andrea
Published: February 2021

Roma and Gypsy women in Europe suffer from multiple deprivation (Council of the European Union 2011): Firstly, a large part of Roma and Gypsy people live in poverty. Secondly, their different cultural/ethnic traditions often lead to discrimination in school education. Thirdly, they also have disadvantages through the gender aspect, because the traditional Roma/Gypsy culture defines the place of women to be at home with the family and an educational career is not necessary for that (l. Forray, Hegedűs 2003; Durst 2015). That is why Roma and Gypsy women are often called the “minority of the minority” (Vincze 2010: 195). Despite of this multiple deprivation, Roma and Gypsy women are (not only in Hungary) more and more successful in the education system (Forray; Hegedűs 1991) and they increasingly take part in the political life as well (Bak., T.th 2008; K.cz. 2010). The research study focuses on Roma and Gypsy women who have come from a background of multiple deprivation but managed to achieve successful educational careers (defined by their university degree). To answer the research question “Which factors are regarded as beneficial for success in education from the perspective of Roma and Gypsy women?”, we chose the method of biographical narrative interviews. Additionally, we analysed statistical and empirical studies and used expert interviews as well. The aim of the research was to learn about the subjective theories of the interviewed women. The selection of the respondents was done through the snowball-system. The analysis of the interviews was based on the methodology of Fritz Schütze (Schütze 1983). The underclass theory of William Julius Wilson (Wilson, 1978; 1987) adapted by Iv.n Szel.nyi and J.nos Lad.nyi for the Hungarian situation (Lad.nyi; Szel.nyi, 2004) and the theory of Helmut Fend about the functions of the school in society (Fend, 1980; 2003) served as the theoretical framework for this study. For the interpretation we used the categorisation of factors for school success of Hungarian Roma and Gypsy women from Katalin Forray R. and Andr.s Hegedűs T. (Hegedűs, 1996; Forray, Hegedűs, 2003). The study shows that all interviewed women had a very strong learning motivation and were ready to have conflicts with the traditional female role model. Their parents and teachers played mostly a very positive role in this success, but the most important factor was their individual learning motivation.
Seeking Happiness in Consumer Society. Inspirations for Pedagogy
Authors: Tomaszewska Renata , Pawlicka Aleksandra
Published: February 2021

One of the tasks of education in preparing an individual to professional work. However, in the sphere of human’s work, dynamic transformations determined by many factors take place, including the development of consumer civilization, in which being happy is like a “duty”. The article ponders upon the concept that consumer civilization appears attractive owing to its development being based on the assumption that happiness is the ultimate goal one should strive for. Yet, happiness is understood as a kind of pleasure, which means that an individual adopts a hedonistic attitude. The tendency to identify happiness with possessing goods influences the lives of both the individual, along with their attitude towards work, and consequently – the whole society. By glorifying the consumption ethos as the factor behind social development and growing rich, the category of happiness becomes distorted and its correlates – neglected. The authors of the paper have devoted it to the analysis of the so-called happiness formula in the reality of consumer civilization. The aim of the reflections is the postulate for pedagogy to pay close research attention to the relations between an individual and happiness.
Erazm z Rotterdamu jako nauczyciel humanizmu chrześcijańskiego
Authors: Wrońska Katarzyna
Published: February 2021

The text presents the life and thought of Erasmus of Rotterdam as a humanist, educator and clergyman, and then tries to describe the Erasmus concept of humanistic religious education arising from these three levels and ways of thinking. The purpose of this research is twofold. On the one hand, it is about recreating this historical thought with the ambition to bring out its distinguishing features, on the other – it is assumed that this concept can be useful to us today, interested or responsible for today’s shape of religious education, in theory and practice.
Utrzymywanie się w żywiole myślenia jako zadanie pedagogiki
Authors: Zamojski Piotr
Published: February 2021

In this article I investigate the connection between thinking and pedagogy (understood as educational theory). I start with the critique of the domination of instrumental reason, where this domination is depicted as a form of thoughtlessness. Next I analyse a mode of pseudo-thinking, a term grasping the tendency to reduce educational research to intellectual play with multitude of discourses. Finally – following Heidegger – I try to relate to the essence of thinking itself which is grasped in terms of following a thing in its withdrawal. Consequently I develop a thesis that the task of pedagogy is the departure from and focus on things. In conclusion I make an attempt to display some consequences of this standpoint.
Philosophy of education in Lviv-Warsaw School. Twardowski’s and his students’ philosophical conceptions of education
Authors: Honcharenko Olha
Published: February 2021

A common feature of Lviv-Warsaw School (hereinafter – LWS) was not only the requirement of clear and precise thinking, but also a set of beliefs on the topic of philosophy and its role in the human and society life. This means that LWS had a certain philosophical conception of education. This is justified by the study of pedagogical aspects of Kazimierz Twardowski’s philosophy and philosophical aspects of pedagogy of his students Bogdan Nawroczyński and Kazimierz Sośnicki, as well as comprehending the idea of university and philosophical education in LWS. However, there is no integrated study of the LWS philosophy of education. This paper aims at reconstruction of LWS’s philosophy of education. Achieving this goal involves clarifying Twardowski’s role in developing philosophy of education at LWS and defining philosophical conceptions of education in his students’ works.
Wychowanie w świetle platońskiej filozofii transcendencji
Authors: Janas Adam
Published: February 2021

Education in the light of the Platonic philosophy of transcendence appears as ennobling the soul of man by participating in higher over-conceptual orders of existence and experiencing the presence of transcendence in immanence. The condition of education would therefore appear as admitting infinitely diverse – mental and phenomenal – pedagogical experience, the transcendent idea of education, what is in each experience over-immanent, over-conventional and ontologically independent. Education thus conceived opens to the richness of the experience of transcendence in immanence.
SHELF LIFE OF NORI FROM Gracilaria sp. WITH ALUMUNIUM FOIL PACKAGING BASED ON THE ACCELERATED SHELF LIFE TEST METHOD
Authors: Liviawaty Evi , Namira Sapinatun , Subiyanto Subiyanto , Afrianto Eddy
Published: February 2021

This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Fisheries Products Processing, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Sciences, Padjadjaran University, Jatinangor. The purpose of this research is to determine the shelf life of Nori from Gracilaria sp. with the Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) method Arrhenius Model using Aluminum Foil packaging. Aluminum foil packaging is a package composed of hermetic, flexible, and opaque metal so that it has high protection properties against water vapor, light, grease and gas. The determination of the shelf life of the ASLT method is carried out using parameters of environmental conditions that can accelerate the process of product quality degradation, namely by storing the product at several temperatures above normal storage temperature. The observations used in determining the shelf life of Gracilaria sp. using a sensory test and a water content test with storage for 35 days, at a temperature of 25oC and 35oC. The result of the Arrhenius model calculation, the appearance parameter is selected as the critical parameter because it has the lowest Activation Energy (Ea) in determining the shelf life of Gracilaria sp. which is packaged using PE plastic. The results show that the parameters used to determine the shelf life of the product are the taste parameters based on the order 1 reaction with the Arrhenius Plot Ln K = 0.026 – 1318.4 (1 / T) and Ea of 2619.66 Kj/mol. The shelf life of Nori Gracilaria sp. if stored at 25oC temperature is 89 hari 7 jam.
Kebutuhan Heliport dalam Operasional Helikopter di Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado
Authors: Rusman
Published: February 2021

Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado melayani pergerakan pesawat 70-80 per hari, untuk fixed wing dan rotary wing yang  terjadwal dan tidak terjadwal. Dalam pelayanan penerbangan memiliki 2 provider, yaitu PT Angkasa Pura I sebagai penyedia fasilitas sisi udara dan Perum LPPNPI sebagai penyedia layanan navigasi udara. Metode penelitian adalah metode analisis deskriptif, dengan menguji teori dan fakta di Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado terhadap prosedur dan ketentuan standar dalam dunia penerbangan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengkaji permukaan heliport untuk mengambil keselamatan, efisiensi, dan keamanan di Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah kebutuhan heliport untuk operasi helikopter di Bandara Internasional Sam Ratulangi Manado. Dimana heliport berada di permukaan tanah dan dilengkapi dengan marka dan fasilitas pendukung lainnya berdasarkan Lampiran 14 Heliport Volume 2 Aerodrome dan Peraturan Direktur Jenderal Perhubungan Udara Nomor: KP 40 Tahun 2015 Tentang Standar Teknis dan Operasional Peraturan Keselamatan Penerbangan Sipil Bagian 139 Standart CASR 139)
ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION OF THYMUS FALLAX FISCH. & C.A. MEY. AT DIFFERENT GROWING ALTITUDES IN MAZANDARAN, IRAN
Authors: GHELICHNIA Hassan
Published: February 2021

Thymus fallax Fisch. & C.A. Mey. (Lamiaceae) is a permanent plant that grows in some mountain rangelands of Mazandaran province in Iran. The aerial parts of Thymus fallax were collected during flowering stage from mountain rangelands of Mazandaran province, in North of Iran. Around samples were collected from three altitudes (2400 m, 2700 m and 3000 m a.s.l.), in mountain regions of Mazandaran province. The goal of current research was to assess the effect of altitude on the chemical composition and function of essential oil in Thymus fallax. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas spectrometry (GC-MS). Based on the results, the essential oil content is between 1.12 - 1.61% at different altitudes. The result of study shows that the highest concentrated essential oil (1.61%) was extracted in the lowest altitude (2400 m), while it was opposite, (0.1.12%) in the highest altitude (3000 m). The main compounds of essential oil are: thymol (5.95% - 10.06%), carvacrol (13.63% - 69.04%), p-cymene (4.19% - 12.18%) and borneol (4.72% - 5.66%). According to the results, altitude has a negative effect on the percentage of essential oils and essential oil decreases with increasing altitude. The altitude has a negative effect on the percentage of thymol and the content of thymol decreased with increasing altitude. The altitude has a positive effect on the percentage of carvacrol and the content of carvacrol increased with increasing altitude.
An examination on the word of b1 level Turkish reading texts
Authors:   Tokat Gaziosmanpasha University, Petek Erzhan
Published: February 2021

Language and culture are inseparable like meat and nails. Language teaching is not only teaching words or grammar, but also the culture in which that language develops. Reading texts in language teaching books have a special importance in order to ensure cultural transfer. In this study, an evaluation was made on the vocabulary in reading texts in B1 level Turkish books. In addition, this study was prepared to determine the frequency of use of words in Yedi İklim Turkish, Istanbul Turkish for Foreigners and Yesevi Turkish B1 level, which were prepared as the main source in teaching Turkish as a foreign language with the "Zemberek" analysis method, and how often which types of words were used.
Methods of Scientific Thinking in Experimental Teaching of Chemistry
Authors:   Taraz Regional University named after M.H.Dulaty, Serikbayeva Ayzhan , Kalmakhanova Marzhan , Abdulova Elmira ,   M.Auezov South Kazakhstan University
Published: February 2021

In order to adapt the requirements for the education of targeted highly qualified talents in the 21st century, it is necessary to develop students ' ability to think scientifically and innovate in teaching. Chemistry is based on experiments, and experiments play an important role in the search for knowledge, mastering the methods of studying science, experiencing the learning process, and developing students ' ability to think scientifically. In this paper, we have described the importance of scientific thinking methods in teaching at the University. How to cultivate students ' methods of scientific thinking, mainly introduced the course of inorganic and analytical chemistry. Stimulate students 'interest in learning, train students' scientific thinking, and make students master the methods of scientific experimentation and the learning experience process by reforming traditional teaching methods and content can effectively improve the efficiency and quality of students learning.
COLLEGE CONVERSION INTO QUARANTINE CENTER: STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON COVID-19 MITIGATION MEASURES AT KENYA MEDICAL TRAINING COLLEGE MOMBASA
Authors: Barawa Winnie , Ogendo Dr. Marsellah , Nchogu Rhoda , Mwende Rachael , Mramba Caroline , Mutonga Dominic , Ngechu Dorcas , Garama C.M. , Mwema Jeniffer , Miriti Rita , Ogada Japheth
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The aim of the study was to determine the perception of students towards COVID- 19 mitigation measures that were to be implemented by the institution before and after resumption of studies.Methodology: The study was done at KMTC-Mombasa using descriptive cross-sectional design. Participants (Students) were selected using multi stage sampling and sample size determination was done using Fischers statistical formula at a confidence level of (p=95%), n=253. Data was obtained using a structured questionnaire through online surveys and focused group discussions via online platform. Data analysis was done using SPSS and excel then results were presented using tables and narrations.Results: 60.5% (153) of respondents recommended fumigation of campus facilities especially hostels and classrooms while 11.5% (29) recommended physical distancing measures before reopening. 41.5% (105) of respondents suggested the college should provide masks, sanitization points and adequate hand washing facilities after reopening while 19.4% (49) suggested there should be physical distance indicators in classrooms. The respondents preferred the implementation of preventive measures before resumption (p=0.047). Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: During pandemic, students are keen on infection prevention and strategies put in place by institution management. Fumigation of college facilities, provision of masks, sanitizers and hand washing points were identified as key measures to be implemented for the safety of the students. After students have resumed they should be enlightened on COVID-19 through   multiple communication channels. COVID-19 Response Committee comprising of college staff and student representatives should be established.
Editorial
Authors: Perona Guido , Calixto Fabián
Published: February 2021

La Asociación Latinoamericana de Odontopediatría nos dió esta responsabilidad de poder gestar una publicación que recopile y difunda los trabajos de investigación de los odontopediatras latinoamericanos, para nosotros como editores es una gran satisfacción poder presentar el Vol 3 Nº 1 Enero-Junio 2013, es decir el cuarto número ininterrumpido de edición, este es un gran logro ya que la perioricidad de una publicación científica es uno de los principales escollos que encuentran las instituciones cuando desean publicar una revista, estamos seguros que poco a poco la odontopediatría latinoamericana tiene una tribuna donde acudir para la publicación de sus trabajos y vemos también el interés demostrado por plasmar sus trabajos en esta revista.
Introduction
Authors: Kesa Katerina , Escach Nicolas
Published: February 2021

L’espace baltique a régulièrement été essentialisé dans des recherches qui ont marqué la pluralité de ses géographies. Beaucoup de travaux scientifiques, alignés sur l’élan politique des décennies 1980–1990, ont traqué les signes d’un rapprochement entre les territoires riverains, sans toujours prendre le recul scalaire nécessaire. La quête d’une identité unique ou commune, virant volontiers à l’obsession, a détourné notre regard de la nature même des territoires riverains. La géographie de la Baltique en tant que telle, prise trop isolément, était peut- être moins riche que la géographie plurielle qui se trame en Baltique. Le piège de l’identité était une chausse-trape dans un espace si ouvert aux influences multiples.
Estonia “has not time”: Existential Politics at the End of Empire
Authors: Piirimäe Kaarel
Published: February 2021

This article is about the Estonian transition from the era of perestroika to the 1990s. It suggests that the Estonian national movement considered the existence of the nation to be threatened. Therefore, it used the window of opportunity presented by perestroika to take control of time and break free of the empire. This essay has the following theoretical premises. First, Estonia was not engaged in “normal politics” but in something that I will conceptualise, following the Copenhagen School, as “existential politics.” Second, the key feature of existential politics is time. I will draw on the distinction, made in the ancient Greek thought, between the gods Chronos and Kairos. By applying these concepts to Estonia, I suggest Kairos presented the opportunity to break the normal flow of time and the decay of Socialism (Chronos) in order to fight for the survival of the Estonian nation. The third starting point is Max Weber’s historical sociology, particularly his notion of “charisma,” developed in Stephen Hanson’s interpretation of the notions of time in Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism. Based on this, I will argue that Estonian elites thought they were living in extraordinary times that required the breaking of the normal flow of time, which was thought to be corroding the basis of the nation’s existence.
Cultures diplomatiques contemporaines des pays baltes : entre sécurité et idéalisme
Authors: Pundziute-Gallois Emilija
Published: February 2021

Cet article vise à comprendre certains aspects du comportement des pays baltes sur la scène internationale en étudiant les particularités des pratiques des diplomates estoniens, lettons et lituaniens. Nous mobilisons le concept de « culture diplomatique » pour expliquer comment les diplomates baltes se situent dans l’environnement international. La culture suppose un certain cadre structurant et contextualisé du comportement social : les idées et valeurs communes, les façons de percevoir le monde, qui habilitent et contraignent les actions. Le concept de culture nous permet de discerner les spécificités des pratiques diplomatiques baltes.
L’article s’appuie sur une étude ethnographique des diplomaties baltes : une centaine d’entretiens qualitatifs conduits entre 2013 et 2019 ainsi qu’une année d’observation participante au sein du ministère des Affaires étrangères lituanienne entre 2015 et 2016. L’étude constate que les pratiques diplomatiques baltes sont marquées par une logique sécuritaire. Cette logique provient du contexte géopolitique et historique mais aussi de l’expérience vécue avec la Russie voisine depuis 1990, ainsi que le sens donné par les diplomates baltes aux relations avec la Russie. Les pratiques diplomatiques baltes sont aussi marquées par un idéalisme : une croyance aux valeurs libérales et démocratiques et un sens de la justice internationale, surtout dans la défense du droit des peuples à disposer d’eux-mêmes.
Paysage urbain et identités collectives à Kaliningrad
Authors: Horenbeek Colin
Published: February 2021

Le paysage urbain est un révélateur de l’organisation d’une société ainsi que des stratégies politiques et sociales qui s’y développent. Kaliningrad n’est à ce titre pas en reste. La ville russe, dont la région éponyme est enclavée au sein de l’Union européenne, a connu de nombreuses ruptures historiques que l’on retrouve dans son aménagement. Königsberg, ville acquise par l’Union soviétique en 1946 après la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, est renommée Kaliningrad et doit modéliser sa nouvelle identité soviétique. Le passé allemand de la ville est effacé des narrations officielles. Véritable trophée de guerre, l’aménagement de la ville structure l’organisation de la vie sociale et célèbre la victoire soviétique par de nombreux monuments. À la fin du XXe siècle, Kaliningrad retrouve Königsberg, la ville allemande dont il ne reste que peu de traces matérielles. L’ouverture historiographique s’accompagne d’un processus de rematérialisation de l’identité allemande dans le paysage urbain, qui devient un nouvel attribut identitaire pour la ville autant qu’une attraction touristique dissonante. Cette période est synonyme d’autonomie importante pour les autorités locales à la suite de la chute de l’URSS, avant d’être interrompue au début des années 2000 par le renforcement de la verticale du pouvoir fédéral et l’affirmation nationale russe dans les espaces urbains à Kaliningrad. Les débats récurrents pour renommer la ville n’aboutiront pas. À travers ces ruptures, la population locale se ménage un espace identitaire propre, sans se distancier pour autant de l’appartenance russe. Un phénomène qu’illustre particulièrement l’appellation locale de la ville actuelle par ses jeunes habitants : « Kenig », forme raccourcie de Königsberg.
James Salgado: Anti-Spanish Sentiment and the Popish Plot
Authors: Cortijo Ocaña Antonio
Published: February 2021

The case of James Salgado, the Romish priest turned Protestant, is extremely interesting in the context of the Spanish Black Legend. Writing in the 1670s and 1680s, Salgado claims to be a Spanish ex-priest who was imprisoned by the Inquisition, served time rowing as a galley slave, escaped to Europe (France, the Low Countries), and finally arrived in England. Although his works contain anti-Spanish propaganda, his treatisedescription of bullfighting in particular includes numerous laudatory commentaries about Spanish culture that envision Spanish mores in a positive (or at least neutral) light. The ambiguity between the ideological and propagandistic purpose of his work and the author’s origins reflects the nature of much pamphlet literature about Spain as both the land of romance and religious fanaticism.
Discordant Visions: Spain and the Stages of London in 1823
Authors: Saglia Diego
Published: February 2021

This essay focuses on the presence of Spain on the London stage in 1823, the year of the French invasion that brought about the end of the liberal regime in Madrid. It specifically examines parliamentary debates (the theatre of politics), the Spanish Fete at Covent Garden, and ‘Spanish’ works performed in the patent theatres, especially the only two original Spanish-themed productions of that year – the operatic melodrama Cortez; or, The Conquest of Mexico and the farce Spanish Bonds; or, Wars in Wedlock. As these different spectacular manifestations reveal, British Romantic-era culture delineated Spain (and its former American colonies) by combining dissonant, ideologically charged materials which brought into focus conflicting political and cultural questions relevant to British, European and global contexts.
Introduction: On Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia across Time and Space
Authors: Rodríguez Pérez Yolanda
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter puts the case studies presented in this edited volume into a broader historical and theoretical context. It exposes the triangular literary, cultural and political relationship between Britain, the Low Countries and Spain in two very different – though strongly interconnected – historical periods, the early modern period and the nineteenth century. It contends that to fully understand how cultural representations of Spain and its cultural legacy have been forged, it is essential to expose the intricate historical dynamics of Hispanophobia and Hispanophilia. Furthermore, it exposes and problematizes certain historiographical biases regarding the cultural role of Spain and the historical asymmetry in the representation of Spain.
Contextos sociales y violencia
Authors: Hernández Pamela , Paniagua Gustavo , Velásquez Sara
Published: February 2021

No abstract available.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 68, No. 732, 2013: 75-104.
An improved cloud index for estimating downwelling surface solar
irradiance from various satellite imagers in the framework of a
Heliosat-V method
Authors: Tournadre Benoît , Gschwind Benoît , Saint-Drenan Yves-Marie , Blanc Philippe
Published: February 2021

Abstract. We develop a new way to retrieve the cloud index from a large variety of satellite instruments sensitive to reflected solar radiation, embedded on geostationary as non geostationary platforms. The cloud index is a widely used proxy for the effective cloud transmissivity, also called clear-sky index. This study is in the framework of the development of the Heliosat-V method for estimating downwelling solar irradiance at the surface of the Earth (DSSI) from satellite imagery. To reach its versatility, the method uses simulations from a fast radiative transfer model to estimate overcast (cloudy) and clear-sky (cloud-free) satellite scenes of the Earth’s reflectances. Simulations consider the anisotropy of the reflectances caused by both surface and atmosphere, and are adapted to the spectral sensitivity of the sensor. The anisotropy of ground reflectances is described by a bidirectional reflectance distribution function model and external satellite-derived data. An implementation of the method is applied to the visible imagery from a Meteosat Second Generation satellite, for 11 locations where high quality in situ measurements of DSSI are available from the Baseline Surface Radiation Network. Results from our preliminary implementation of Heliosat-V and ground-based measurements show a correlation coefficient reaching 0.948, for 15-minute means of DSSI, similar to operational and corrected satellite-based data products (0.950 for HelioClim3 version 5 and 0.937 for CAMS Radiation Service).
Finding food: Issues and challenges in using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to measure food access
Authors: Forsyth Ann , Lytle Leslie , Van Riper David
Published: February 2021

A significant amount of travel is to find food. This paper examines challenges in measuring access to food using GIS, of importance in studies of both travel and eating behavior. It compares different sources of data available including fieldwork, land use and parcel data, licensing information, commercial listings, taxation data, and online street-level photographs. It proposes how to classify different kinds of food sales places in a way that says something about their potential for delivering healthy food options. Analysts need to clearly conceptualize key variables, document measurement processes, and be clear about the strengths and weaknesses of data.
The impact of telecommuting on residential relocation and residential preferences: A latent class modelling approach
Authors: Ettema Dick
Published: February 2021

The advance of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has changed travellers’ appreciation of travel distance in various ways. In the context of telecommuting, ICT increasingly allows us to work from home one or more days per week. One hypothesis that has been put forward is that because ICTs reduce the frequency of commuting, it allows workers to accept longer commute distances, implying that telecommuters have a different valuation of travel distance than regular commuters and would also favour more peripheral residential locations. The question can be raised, however, whether telecommuters can be regarded as a homogeneous group with respect to their valuation of commute distance and residential preferences. To investigate the heterogeneity of commuters’ and telecommuters’ preferences, latent class discrete choice models of workers’ intended relocation probability and preferred residential environment were estimated. The results suggest that telecommuting is not a factor that can be used to identify segments with different residential preferences. However, within the group of telecommuters, two different classes can be identified, which can be characterised as being sensitive and insensitive to commute distance.