bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Study of Resuspended Particles from a Line Bed at the Wall of a Fluid Flow. Statistical Aspects
Authors: Maron Philippe , André Patrick
Published: May 2018

A statistical analysis of the dynamic behaviour of a bed of particles on the wall of a fluid flow is presented. By applying the different forces acting on each particle, i.e. fluid forces, adhesion to the wall and autohesion forces, conditions needed to obtain possible motions are determined and motions of the last downstream particle are described. It is shown that, above a critical value, increasing flow rate will promote the re‐entrainment process along the wall, whereas increasing adhesion and autohesion forces will maintain the line bed stationary. Moreover, in some circumstances, starting particles execute some small jumps before rolling and/or sliding along the wall, which reduces the residence time of the particle on the wall. These results confirms some published hypotheses.
Cylindrical Fibre Orientation Analysis by Light Scattering. Part 2: Experimental Aspects
Authors: Girasole Thierry , Gouesbet Gérard , Gréhan Gérard , Le Toulouzan Jean Noël , Mroczka Janusz , Ren Kuan F. , Wysoczanski Dariusz
Published: May 2018

An experimental set‐up has been designed to record maps of intensity distribution for two orthogonal polarizations allowing the retrieval of average information along the optical path. A wide variety of the signatures of different samples is given to characterize the spatial orientation of a cloud of infinite cylinders by using a light scattering method. The information contained in the images is discussed and compared with numerical predictions.
Accuracy of Phase‐Doppler Anemometry in the Presence of Flames
Authors: Tsushima Shohji , Akamatsu Fumiteru , Katsuki Masashi , Mizutani Yukio , Cho Yong‐Dae
Published: May 2018

The objectives of the present study were to clarify the influence of flames on phase‐Doppler anemometry (PDA) and to consider quantitatively the accuracy of measured sizes and velocities using a known‐size polystyrene particle and a Bunsen burner placed in the optical path in PDA simulating the variation of refractive index in a combusting field. It was found that fluctuations of a flame had some influence on the measurement, especially on size, while the velocities obtained in these experiments showed little influence of the flame. Furthermore, a compensation procedure for the error was discussed by comparing the scattered data in size measurement with the displacement of incident laser beams. As a result, it was found that the displacement of the laser beams can be related to the degree of errors caused by the influence of a flame on the optical path in PDA.
Simultaneous Droplet Size and Gas‐Phase Turbulence Measurements in a Spray Flow using Phase‐Doppler Interferometry
Authors: Saumweber Christian , Friedman Jacob A. , Renksizbulut Metin
Published: May 2018

A recently developed method to increase the sensitivity of a phase‐Doppler interferometer (PDI) has been applied to an annular air flow interacting with a spray under isothermal conditions in order to demonstrate the applicability of the method to obtaining velocity and turbulence characteristics of the gas‐phase in a two‐phase flow. A conventional PDI system operated in the first order refraction mode cannot be configured to efficiently detect small seed particles in the presence of large droplets due to the limited dynamic range of the photodetectors. It is therefore difficult or impossible to obtain seed particle detection rates sufficient for turbulence measurements. Doping the spray with a very small quantity of dye preferentially attenuates the light intensity scattered by large droplets, thus allowing the PDI system to detect small seed particles without damaging the photodetectors when large particles are present in the flow. Application of this method to a two‐phase flow produced by a pressure‐swirl atomizer coaxially located within an annular air jet has resulted in profiles of axial mean and fluctuating velocities and shear stresses as well as integral time scales and turbulent energy spectra.
Cohesivity and Colloidal Properties Affecting the Dispersibility of Ni/Sb‐Doped TiO2 Powders
Authors: Repidonis Elena M. , Feke Donald L. , Manas‐Zloczower Ica
Published: May 2018

The colloidal properties and cohesivity of Ni/SB‐doped TiO2 powders (normal sizes ranging from 0.7–1.3 (μm) have been studied. Pretreatment of the powders via washing proved to be necessary in order to obtain consistent and reproducible aqueous suspension behavior. The point‐of‐zero‐charge of the powders was found to range from pH 5.8‐7.8 from measurements of the sedimentation volume and particle size analyses performed for dispersions prepared at various pH values. Surface and mass titration studies corroborated these results. Stability characterization studied in nonaqueous solvents revealed the partial solubility parameters for the powders as well as the usefulness of drying the powder for the preparation of stable nonaqueous dispersions. In addition, tensile strength measurements revealed that drying the powders reduces their cohesivity. These results are useful for determining favorable processing strategies and optimal conditions for dispersibility in coatings formulations.
Single Fibre Collection and Adhesion Efficiency for Biological Particles
Authors: Maus Ralf , Umhauer Heinz
Published: May 2018

Good efficiency of fibrous filters requires not only single fibre collision efficiency but also single fibre adhesion efficiency. Especially at higher filtration velocities (>0.5 m/s) and for larger particles (>5 μm), particles may not adhere to the fibres after impact but rebound off the fibres. The particle bounce mechanisms on filter fibres are rarely investigated, particularly for biological particles (fungal spores, pollen) which are in the size range where particle bounce is dominant. With a special measuring device working with a modified optical particle counter, single fibre collection efficiencies could be determined for various biological and non‐biological particles and fibre materials. The results reveal that the single fibre collection efficiencies for biological and non‐biological materials are very similar and increase with increasing Stokes number to a maximum value of about 0.45. Beyond a Stokes number of about 2, the single fibre collection efficiency decreases with increasing Stokes number, indicating particles bouncing off the fibres. A comparison of the experimentally determined collection efficiencies with published theoretical considerations showed insufficient agreement, suggesting that the properties of the particle materials do not significantly affect the adhesion efficiency. Based on the experimental results, a mathematical correlation for the single fibre collection efficiency was derived which allows a more accurate prediction of the collection efficiency of fibrous filters.
Continuous Rotary Drum Granulation of N‐K Fertilizers
Authors: Reddy Bathala C. , Murthy Dodlaty V. S. , Rao Chamarti D. P.
Published: May 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of operating variables on the continuous rotary drum granulation of fertilizers. The fertilizers, viz. urea and potassium chloride with bentonite as a binder, were taken as feed materials. The effects of moisture content and feed rate on continuous rotary drum granulation are discussed. Step response experiments with respect to the above two variables were also conducted to investigate the dynamic behaviour of the system, which will be of use in the control of the granulator.
Prospects for management of whitefly using plant semiochemicals, compared with related pests
Authors: Schlaeger Stefanie , Pickett John A , Birkett Michael A
Published: May 2018

Whitefly (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) pests, including the tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, are important economically in agriculture. Whiteflies are controlled mainly by synthetic insecticides but resistance to these is evolving rapidly. A semiochemical‐based management strategy could provide an alternative to the use of insecticides, by exploiting natural volatile signalling processes to manipulate insect behaviour. Whitefly behaviour is affected by differences in plant odour blends. Selected compounds have been suggested as putative semiochemicals, but in only a few studies have potential volatiles been characterized by electrophysiology or olfactometry. Application of antennal preparation methods from closely related families, the aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and psyllids (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), may help to facilitate whitefly electroantennography. Behavioural bioassays are essential to identify the repellent or attractant effect of each semiochemical. The relevance of semiochemicals in whitefly management needs to be evaluated in the respective cultivation system. Although the value of semiochemicals against whiteflies has not been demonstrated in the field, there is an emerging range of possible field applications and some promising prospects. Overall, the olfactory system of whiteflies needs to be elucidated in more detail. © 2018 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
X‐Ray Structure Analysis of Ultra‐Thin Silver Films on the (0001) Surface of the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3
Authors: Roy Sumalay , Polyakov Andrey , Mohseni Katayoon , Meyerheim Holger L.
Published: May 2018

Using surface X‐ray diffraction we have studied the atomic structure of ultra‐thin sliver films deposited in the one monolayer thickness‐regime on the (0001) surface of the Topological Insulator Bi2Se3. Depending on the preparation of the substrate surface, different interface structures are formed. For sputter‐annealed single crystalline Bi2Se3 (0001) silver atoms substitute bismuth atoms within the first quintuple layer and simultaneously reside in surface hollow sites. When silver is deposited on a substrate grown by molecular beam epitaxy and which was only annealed prior to silver deposition, only adsorption in surface hollow sites is observed. Neither intercalation into the van der Waals gap nor its vertical expansion is observed in any case. An expansion induced appearance of surface states can be excluded.
Theoretical and Experimental Study of the Tandem Skew Rolling Process
Authors: Mao Fei Long , Shuang Yuan Hua , Wang Qing Hua , Wang Fu Jie , Gou Yu Jun , Zhao Chun Jiang
Published: May 2018

The deformation characteristics and the roll force are of significant importance in the rolling of seamless steel tubes with a tandem skew rolling (TSR) process. In this paper, finite element methods and dual stream functions are utilized to analyze tube rolling with the TSR process. Finite element simulations reveal the deformation characteristics of the seamless steel tube during the rolling process. In addition, the kinematically admissible velocity field and the strain rate field of the deforming tube are described and derived in terms of the dual stream functions. The roll force in theoretical analysis is obtained through upper bound analysis. Experiments are carried out in a TSR testing mill on a carbon steel, to show the validity of the analysis. The curve of the roll force in the process is obtained and the variation of the roll forces is analyzed in detail. Through the comparison between the theoretical, numerical, and experimental investigations, the constructed analysis model is used to study the TSR process and establish a theoretical basis for further development of the process.
Assessing the value of seasonal climate forecasts for decision‐making
Authors: Bruno Soares Marta , Daly Meaghan , Dessai Suraje
Published: May 2018

Seasonal climate forecasts (SCF) can support decision‐making and thus help society cope with and prepare for climate variability and change. The demand for understanding the value and benefits of using SCF in decision‐making processes can be associated with different logics. Two of these would be the need to justify public and private investment in the provision of SCF and demonstrating the gains and benefits of using SCF in specific decision‐making contexts. This paper reviews the main factors influencing how SCF is (or can be) valued in supporting decision‐making and the main methods and metrics currently used to perform such valuations. Our review results in four key findings: (a) there is a current emphasis on economic ex ante studies and the quantification of SCF value; (b) there are fundamental differences in how the value of SCF is defined and estimated across methods and approaches; (c) most valuation methods are unable to capture the differential benefits and risks of using SCF across spatiotemporal scales and groups; and (d) there is limited involvement of the decision‐makers in the valuation process. The paper concludes by providing some guiding principles towards more effective valuations of SCF, notably the need for a wider diversity and integration of methodological approaches. These should particularly embrace ex‐post, qualitative, and participatory approaches which allow co‐evaluation with decision‐makers so that more comprehensive and equitable SCF valuations can be developed in future.

This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation
Prepared for Mission? A Survey of Medical Personnel Training Needs Within the International Committee of the Red Cross
Authors: Haverkamp Frederike J. C. , Veen Harald , Hoencamp Rigo , Muhrbeck Måns , von Schreeb Johan , Wladis Andreas , Tan Edward C. T. H.
Published: May 2018

Background

Humanitarian organizations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) provide worldwide protection and medical assistance for victims of disaster and conflict. It is important to gain insight into the training needs of the medical professionals who are deployed to these resource scarce areas to optimally prepare them. This is the first study of its kind to assess the self‐perceived preparedness, deployment experiences, and learning needs concerning medical readiness for deployment of ICRC medical personnel.

Methods

All enlisted ICRC medical employees were invited to participate in a digital questionnaire conducted during March 2017. The survey contained questions about respondents’ personal background, pre‐deployment training, deployment experiences, self‐perceived preparedness, and the personal impact of deployment.

Results

The response rate (consisting of nurses, surgeons, and anesthesiologists) was 54% (153/284). Respondents rated their self‐perceived preparedness for adult trauma with a median score of 4.0 on a scale of 1 (very unprepared) to 5 (more than sufficient); and for pediatric trauma with a median score of 3.0. Higher rates of self‐perceived preparedness were found in respondents who had previously been deployed with other organizations, or who had attended at least one master class, e.g., the ICRC War Surgery Seminar (p < 0.05). Additional training was requested most frequently for pediatrics (65/150), fracture surgery (46/150), and burns treatment (45/150).

Conclusion

ICRC medical personnel felt sufficiently prepared for deployment. Key points for future ICRC pre‐deployment training are to focus on pediatrics, fracture surgery, and burns treatment, and to ensure greater participation in master classes.
Ferricretes of Sriperumbudur: Micromorphology and Geochemistry
Authors: Shah Rayees Ahmad , Achyuthan Hema , Jose Powel , Lone Aasif Mohmad , Geethanjali K.
Published: May 2018

Earlier studies on the ferricrete of Sriperumbudur Formation were focused on their types of occurrences and mode of formation. However, in the present study, an attempt is made to understand the physico-chemical changes across seven saprolite-ferricrete profiles developed over sedimentary protolith after upliftment to decipher the paleoenvironmental conditions to which the Sriperumbudur Formation was exposed and to understand the processes of ferricretisation. For this purpose, the ferricrete exposures around Sriperumbudur were surveyed and mapped for their occurrences and types of ferricretes, collected samples were examined for various physio-chemical aspects. Geochemical and petrographic studies exhibit a relatively high percentage of iron content. The Fe2O3 content varies from 7.71% to 14.9% followed by the higher concentration of Al2O3 and SiO2 as a result of deep weathering of the Sriperumbudur beds. Other major oxides such as CaO, MgO, Na2O, K2O, MnO and TiO2 show lower concentrations. The bulk X-ray diffraction of the ferricrete samples shows the occurrence of tourmaline, muscovite and magnetite. SEM analysis of the ferricrete samples exhibits solution channels and pits in the matrix, on the limonite, quartz and magnetite revealing intense chemical weathering. Petrographic studies show the occurrence of quartz in a variety of shapes, sizes and sediment sorting, cemented by iron oxides in varying stages. It also reveals iron oxide mobilization due to the alteration of ferruginous sandstone forming a hard ferricrete crust. Iron oxide cementation is due to leaching and re-cementing from the parent sedimentary rock with subsequent re-deposition of the earlier material taking place in a near shore environment and in wetter conditions after the Sriperumbudur beds were exposed since the lower Cretaceous period.
Evaluation of growth chart use among clinicians in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mosli Rana H.
Published: May 2018

Objective:

To identify types of growth charts and practices employed by clinicians to assess pediatric patients in Saudi Arabia; To assess clinicians' interpretation and comprehension of growth charts.

Methods:

This is a Cross-sectional study including 105 pediatricians and dietitians residing in Saudi Arabia. Participants completed an online questionnaire which assessed: region of residence, work facility, typical practices in pediatric patient assessment, and ability to correctly interpret and comprehend growth chart data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and chi-square statistics.

Results:

Majority of respondents (70.5%) reported typically using either the CDC or WHO growth charts. Only 52.4% reported always using growth charts and discussing weight status of pediatric patients during annual/regular visits, and 54.3% reported discussing the patient's weight status with his/her caregiver(s) under all circumstances. Only 23.8% correctly answered the interpretation question, while 50.5% correctly answered the comprehension question. A higher percentage of clinicians residing in the Southern, Central, and Western regions reported that they always or often discuss the patient's weight status with his/her caregiver(s) (100%, 89.2% and 81.4%, respectively) (P value = 0.004). Clinicians who worked in private hospitals only, and who typically used the Saudi growth charts were least likely to report that they always or often discuss the patient's weight status with his/her caregiver(s) (50% and 61.5%, respectively) (All Ps < .05).

Conclusion:

Growth chart utilization among clinicians in Saudi Arabia needs further evaluation. Clinicians residing in the Northern and Eastern regions, who worked in private hospitals only, and who typically used the Saudi growth charts showed poorer practices with regards to growth chart utilization.
Must Adaptive Preferences Be Prudentially Bad for Us?
Authors: TERLAZZO ROSA
Published: May 2018

In this paper, I argue for the counterintuitive conclusion that the same adaptive preference can be both prudentially good and prudentially bad for its holder: that is, it can be prudentially objectionable from one temporal perspective, but prudentially unobjectionable from another. Given the possibility of transformative experiences, there is an important sense in which even worrisome adaptive preferences can be prudentially good for us. That is, if transformative experiences lead us to develop adaptive preferences, then their objects can become prudentially better for our actual selves than the objects of their nonadaptive alternatives would now be. I also argue, however, that the same worrisome adaptive preferences might still be prospectively prudentially objectionable: that is, our pretransformation selves might be prudentially better off undergoing a nonadaptive alternative transformative experience instead. I argue that both claims hold across the range of the most broadly defended accounts of well-being in the literature.
“The Post-Election Violence Has Brought Shame on This Place”: Narratives, Place, and Moral Violence in Western Kenya
Authors: Pfeiffer Elizabeth
Published: May 2018

This article explores the intersections of violence, morality, and place to theorize the notion of moral violence. Using narratives collected during ethnographic research in a highway town in Kenya, it suggests that when people offer moralizing sentiments about this locality they are pointing to (and sometimes reproducing) the effects of and anxieties about the decades of violence and inequalities that have engulfed the lives of the residents. Particular attention is paid to the way in which narratives about political/ethnic violence and HIV/AIDS have blended to create and sustain moral violence as a chronic and particular, historically embedded variant of structural violence.
Organization or Community-Based Outbreak? Responding to Cases of Meningitis Under Epidemiologic Uncertainty
Authors: Burmaz Tea , Selle Vittorio , Baldo Vincenzo , Savoia Elena
Published: May 2018

Six cases of serogroup C invasive meningococcal disease were identified in Treviso district, Veneto region, Italy between December 13 and 15, 2007. The afflicted patients were found to have attended the same Latin-dance clubs on the same nights, and chemoprophylaxis was provided to potentially exposed individuals. Despite these efforts, 2 cases caused by the same meningococcal strain subsequently occurred in the same area, without any apparent epidemiological correlation to the initial cases. This may have resulted from a failure to neutralize the meningococcal carrier/s. The root cause analysis method applied to public health emergency preparedness was used to analyze the response to this critical incident. The root cause analysis revealed a need to develop regional guidelines for the classification and management of a meningococcal outbreak and for developing risk-communication strategies that include the identification of appropriate channels of communication for differing segments of the population. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2019;13:368–371)
Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France): Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures (I.C.J.)
Authors: Moiseienko Anton
Published: May 2018

On December 7, 2016, the International Court of Justice (ICJ) made an order indicating provisional measures in Immunities and Criminal Proceedings (Equatorial Guinea v. France), a case concerning the trial of Equatorial Guinea's second vice-president in charge of defense and security, Teodoro Nguema Obiang Mangue, for alleged money laundering in France. This ongoing case highlights the expansive jurisdictional reach of anti-money laundering laws but so far offers no guidance as to whether it may be limited by official immunities or the principle of non-interference in the internal affairs of states.
INFORMAL TRADE ALONG THE CHINA–NORTH KOREA BORDER
Authors: Hastings Justin V. , Wang Yaohui
Published: May 2018

Why do Chinese traders along the China–North Korea border turn to informal trade, and what does it provide for them? Using a unique set of interviews with Chinese formal and informal traders operating in North Korea, we argue that the strategies of informal trade are a calculated response to certain types of risk. In doing so, we introduce a typology of risks and the mechanisms by which informal trade allows traders to mitigate those risks. Because informal traders bypass trade regulations and border checkpoints, they are able to mitigate risk more cheaply than formal traders in some cases and can overcome barriers that can cause failure in formal trade. Informal traders can thus maintain trade in many circumstances, including across North Korean personnel instability and policy reversals, Chinese sanctions enforcement, and delays and smuggling crackdowns on both sides of the border.
The Effect of Quantum Fluctuations in Compact Star Observables
Authors: Pósfay P. , Barnaföldi G. G. , Jakovác A.
Published: May 2018

Astrophysical measurements regarding compact stars are just ahead of a big evolution jump, since the NICER experiment deployed on ISS on 2017 June 14. This will provide soon data that would enable the determination of compact star radius with less than 10% error. This can be further constrained by the new observation of gravitational waves originated from merging neutron stars, GW170817. This poses new challenges to nuclear models aiming to explain the structure of super dense nuclear matter found in neutron stars. Detailed studies of the QCD phase diagram show the importance of bosonic quantum fluctuations in the cold dense matter equation of state. Here we used a demonstrative model with one bosonic and one fermionic degree of freedom coupled by Yukawa coupling, we show the effect of bosonic quantum fluctuations on compact star observables such as mass, radius, and compactness. We have also calculated the difference in the value of compressibility which is caused by quantum fluctuations. The above-mentioned quantities are calculated in the mean field, one-loop, and in high order many loop approximation. The results show that the magnitude of these effects is in the range of 4–5%, which place it into the region where modern measurements may detect it. This forms a base for further investigations that how these results carry over to more complicated models.
Subduing attitude polarization?
Authors: Abril Eulàlia P.
Published: May 2018

Researchers have sought to understand the effects of like-minded versus contrary news exposure on attitude polarization, which can be a threat to democracy. The online news environment offers opportunities for exposure tobothtypes of news, albeit unequally. This study tests the effects of exposure to heterogeneous partisan news bundles (both like-minded and contrary news) on attitude polarization. Because media exposure can lead to bias, attitude polarization is tested as a directandindirect effect via hostile media perceptions. Data in this study are from a between-subjects experimental design about the issue of assisted suicide. Results indicate that even though the effect of the partisan news bundle on hostile media perceptions is significant, both direct and indirect effects on attitude polarization are null.
Breast cancer screening
Authors: Vanderburgh David
Published: May 2018

Cass R. Sunstein’s 2016 bookThe Ethics of Influence: Government in the Age of Behavioral Scienceprovides an extremely informative introduction to the science and ethics of the exercise of “influence” over others. As a longtime physician employed in both the public and private sectors, I now recognize that most of my formal training has been in the hard sciences, with little, if any, training in the appropriate influence of the decision-making processes of my patients and/or other health care professionals in institutional settings. Breast cancer screening is an excellent example of the conflicts of modern medicine, highlighting our collective inability to effectively “nudge” others in the pursuit of health and/or organizational effectiveness and efficiency. Using the framework of Sunstein’s ethical values of welfare, autonomy, dignity, and self-government, I discuss many of the conflicting issues in a nationwide breast cancer screening program and the effects of these issues on client nudging to determine whether mammography screening is ethical.
An introduction to “nudge science”
Authors: White Ronald F.
Published: May 2018

Let’s begin by addressing the most obvious question: given the vast number of books published on political science every year, why would the Association for Politics and the Life Sciences (APLS) and its journalPolitics and the Life Sciencesexpend time, energy, and resources publishing a multiple-author analysis of a series of books that contain little (if anything) about the life sciences, Darwin, or evolution? The answer is that Cass R. Sunstein’s recent research on “nudge science” provides an excellent opportunity for APLS to expand its commitment to interdisciplinarity, especially its long-standing interest in behavioral economics. Sunstein, a prolific author, has written many books and scholarly articles defending “libertarian paternalism.” Libertarian critics have long argued that the conjunction of “libertarian” and “paternalism” is oxymoronic and that the “liberty principle” or the “principle of autonomy” excludes paternalistic intervention on behalf of rational, competent adults. Over the years, with varying degrees of success, Sunstein has addressed many, if not most, lines of criticism emanating from the political left and right. Like many scholars, his views have evolved over time based on that criticism. This introductory essay will focus on some of the more enduring elements of the conceptual framework and issues that underlie nudge science in the larger context of behavioral economics, including choice architecture, political bans and mandates, political nudges, ethics, and paternalistic intervention.
Dates of Glyphosate Treatments on Weeds and Bermudagrass(Cynodon dactylon)
Authors: Johnson B. J. , Ware G. O.
Published: May 2018

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] consistently controls many winter annual weeds in dormant bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] but injures actively growing turf. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of dates of glyphosate treatments on control of winter annuals in different stages of maturity and on the tolerance of bermudagrass when applied to the turf at different stages of greenness from dormant turf in the winter to actively growing turf in the spring. Glyphosate was applied at rates of 0, 0.3, 0.6, 1.1, and 2.2 kg/ha to different plots of winter annuals and bermudagrass at 3-week intervals from February 13 to May 3. Glyphosate at 0.3 kg/ha controlled at least 90% of annual bluegrass(Poa annuaL.), spur weed(Soliva sessilisP. & K.), and corn speedwell(Veronica arvensisL.) within a 6-week period regardless of the date of treatment. All glyphosate treatments injured bermudagrass when applied to semi-dormant or actively growing turf. Bermudagrass treated with glyphosate at 0.3 kg/ha was injured the least and the turf had essentially recovered by 6 weeks after treatment. However, the injury from higher rates (0.6 to 2.2 kg/ha) was too severe to be acceptable in turf areas. Glyphosate did not severely injure bermudagrass when applied to dormant turf.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertility on Growth of Foxtail(Setaria)Taxa
Authors: Schreiber M. M. , Orwick P. L.
Published: May 2018

Yellow foxtail [Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.], giant foxtail(Setaria faberiHerrm.), giant green foxtail [Setaria viridisvar.major(Gaud.) Posp.], robust white foxtail(Setaria viridisvar.robusta-albaSchreiber), and robust purple foxtail(Setaria viridisvar.robusta-purpurea Schreiber)were grown from seed in pure stands in sand-soil nutrient solution cultures at various nitrogen levels. Within taxa dry weight of herbage differed significantly with nitrogen level, but dry weight of roots did not. Yellow foxtail produced more leaf area than the other four taxa regardless of nitrogen level. At the low nitrogen level, yellow foxtail produced significantly more root mass (dry weight) than the other taxa; giant foxtail was second in root-mass production. The order of root-mass production was the same at medium and high nitrogen levels, but only at a 12-h photoperiod. At a 16-h photoperiod, root production was equal in yellow foxtail and giant foxtail and was significantly greater in these taxa than in giant green foxtail, robust white foxtail, or robust purple foxtail. Generally similar relationships were evident in the root: shoot ratios. The chances for survival with giant foxtail taxa should be better for yellow foxtail than for the other foxtail taxa since yellow foxtail produced more root mass even at low nitrogen fertility, a condition common in undistrubed sites such as roadsides and fencerows.
A Small Plot Technique for Assessing Control of Submersed Weeds
Authors: Hollingsworth E. B.
Published: May 2018

A small enclosure was developed for isolating areas of submersed weeds within bodies of open water and for evaluating the efficacy of herbicides. The enclosure can be easily dismantled and transported between lakes and can be moved readily by flotation as a unit within a lake. Its use will permit smaller research plots, less herbicide per treatment, more plots within a uniform environment, and more accurate assessment of the relationship between herbicide concentration and length of exposure than are possible with the more commonly used techniques.
Temperature Effect of Phytotoxicity of Soil-Applied Herbicides
Authors: Mulder C. E. G. , Nalewaja J. D.
Published: May 2018

Experiments were conducted in controlled environmental chambers to determine the influence of temperature on the phytotoxicity of seven soil-applied herbicides. Diclofop {2-[4-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenoxy] propanoic acid} soil incorporated or surface applied, was more toxic to wild oat(Avena fatuaL.) shoots at 10 and 17 C than at 24 C. Efficacy of diclofop was enhanced with soil incorporation. Diclofop toxicity to wild oat roots was not influenced by a change in temperature. EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) stimulated sugarbeet(Beta vulgarisL. ‘American Crystal Hybrid B’) shoot dry weight production at 10 C and caused dry weight reduction at 24 C. Atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine] toxicity to barley(Hordeum vulgareL. ‘Larker’) and alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] toxicity to oats(Avena sativaL. ‘Chief’) increased with increased temperature from 10 to 17 C. Temperatures within the range of 10 to 24 C did not affect trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine) toxicity to barley or BAY-5653 [N-(2-benzothiazolyl)-N-methylurea] or chloamben (3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid) toxicity to oats.
Effects of Two Diphenylether Herbicides on Common Purslane(Portulaca oleracea)
Authors: Gorske S. F. , Hopen H. J.
Published: May 2018

Nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) and oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl) benzene] are 2 diphenylether herbicides which are phytoactive on common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.). The stomata of common purslane are normally open during the day and closed at night. Nitrofen and oxyfluorfen applications to common purslane leaves cause the stomata to close which is a result of increased membrane permeability. A slight increase (0.6 C) in leaf temperature and a decrease (2 bars) in the apparent water potential was evident after 6 h. Membrane degradation caused some cells to collapse and caused the leaves to appear pitted. Ethylene synthesis was stimulated (0.9 ppmv) causing a loss of plastids from the bundle sheath cells and finally leaf abscission, 8 to 24 h after treatment.
A Comparative SEM Study of Red Rice and Several Commerical Rice(Oryza sativa)Varieties
Authors: Hoagland R. E. , Paul R. N.
Published: May 2018

A comparative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study was performed on the surfaces of seeds and coleoptiles of several conspecific rice(Oryza sativaL.) varieties including the weed red rice and several cultivars: Mochi-Gommi and LA-110 (medium grained); Starbonnet, Labelle, and Bluebelle (long grained). Seed surfaces of red rice, LA-110 and Mochi-Gommi possessed trichomes that were more numerous at the seed apex than on other seed parts. Red rice also exhibited a large central awn extending from the seed apex. This awn had spines along its axis and numerous spines at its apical end. These characteristics were absent in the other varieties. No significant differences were noted in the seed-surface tubercles and in the quantity or structure of wax on the seed surface in all six samples. The coleoptiles of all samples had several similarities: the stomata were arranged in parallel rows on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces, the epicuticular wax structure on both surfaces was rodlet, prickle hairs were found on the adaxial coleoptile surface (but absent on abaxial), spines were present on the edge of the apical end (older portion) and decreased in number toward the basal end (younger portion), and two types of papillae (based on size and shape) were present on both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Although there were varietal differences among developing coleoptiles on a macroscopic scale, significant morphological differences were not discernible at the SEM level.
Weed Interference in Pickling Cucumbers(Cucumis sativus)
Authors: Friesen G. H.
Published: May 2018

In field experiments during 1975 to 1977 the final yield of cucumbers(Cucumis sativusL. ‘Salty’) was unaffected when a naturally occurring weed infestation remained in the plots for the first 12 days after emergence in 1975 and for the first 24 days in 1976 and 1977, provided the crop was kept weed-free subsequently. If the cucumbers were kept weed-free for the first 12 days after emergence in 1975, 24 days after emergence in 1976, and 36 days after emergence in 1977, there was no loss of yield caused by weeds that emerged later in the season. The critical period of weed interference was therefore between 12 and 36 days after crop emergence. In other experiments, cucumber yields were reduced significantly when only 5% of the weeds were allowed to remain in the plots longer than 24 days after crop emergence. The percentage of various commercial grades, based on cucumber size, was not altered by weed interference and appeared to be dependent on harvesting frequency.
Control of Foxtail Millet(Setaria italica)in New Seedings of Alfalfa(Medicago sativa)with EPTC Applied in Surface Lines
Authors: Dawson J. H. , Dell'Agostino Eduardo
Published: May 2018

At Hilario Ascasubi, Argentina, and Prosser, Washington, EPTC(S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate) was injected in sandy soil as two lines 5 cm deep and 6 cm apart. At 2 kg/ha (assuming the treated area was 12 cm wide), EPTC controlled 95 to 100% of foxtail millet [Setaria italica(L.) Beauv.] in a band 13 to 14 cm wide without significant injury to alfalfa(Medicago sativaL.) seeded 1.5 cm deep midway between the two lines of herbicide. At 3 and 4 kg/ha, EPTC sometimes injured alfalfa, but only temporarily, and at 1 kg/ha, it controlled 75 to 100% of the millet in a band 11 to 12 cm wide. Where alfalfa is seeded in rows, especially for seed production, subsurface line injection of EPTC could provide effective, efficient, and economical selective control of certain annual weeds.
Selectivity of Nitrofen and Oxyfluorfen BetweenPortulaca oleraceaEcotypes and Two Cabbage(Brassica oleraceavar.capitata)Cultivars
Authors: Gorske S. F. , Hopen H. J.
Published: May 2018

A collection of common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.) ecotypes from various locations around the world was assembled at the University of Illinois. Applications of nitrofen (2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether) to the various ecotypes showed that 3 of the 26 ecotypes [India, Mexico, and Florida (Sanford)] exhibited some degree of tolerance. This marginal tolerance rapidly disappeared as the rate of nitrofen increased beyond 0.56 kg/ha. All of the ecotypes tested were susceptible to applications of oxyfluorfen [2-chloro-2-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene]. Oxyfluorfen was toxic to common purslane plants at rates as low as 5 g/ha. Treatment of ‘Hybelle’ (tolerant) and ‘Rio Verde’ (susceptible) cabbage(Brassica oleracevar.capitataL.) cultivars with 3.36 kg/ha nitrofen reduced plant fresh weight to 82% and 62%, respectively, of control. Oxyfluorfen at 0.15 kg/ha reduced fresh weight to 60% and 27% for Hybelle and Rio Verde, respectively. Applications of nitrofen at 3.36 kg/ha reduced plant fresh weight in Hybelle the same amount as 100 g/ha oxyfluorfen and 70 g/ha in Rio Verde.
Protein and Nucleic Acid Syntheses in Dark-dormant Common Purslane(Portulaca oleracea)Seed
Authors: Reger Bonnie J. , Yates Ida E.
Published: May 2018

Dark-incubated common purslane(Portulaca oleraceaL.) seed synthesize very little protein and essentially no nucleic acids. Dark-incubated seed incorporate only 14 × 10−3nmoles14C-leucine/mg protein/12-h dark. In contrast, seed exposed to 12-h light following 24-h dark incubation incorporate 365 × 10−3-nmoles14C-leucine/mg protein/12-h light. Once dormancy is broken by exposure of seed to light, initiation of radicle protrusion occurs at 12 h. Protein synthesis gradually increases with time in the light and precedes nucleic acid synthesis which is associated with radicle protrusion. During the 12-h lag period preceding radicle protrusion protein synthesis increases significantly by 3 to 9 h in light, RNA synthesis by 9 h in light, and DNA synthesis by 12 h in light. After 12 h in light,32P can be detected in all nucleic acid fractions, DNA and RNAs.
Separation of Glyphosate and Possible Metabolites by Thin-Layer Chromatography
Authors: Sprankle Paul , Sandberg C. L. , Meggitt W. F. , Penner Donald
Published: May 2018

Glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] was separated from its potential metabolites, aminomethylphosphonic acid, glycine, and sarcosine by using 500 μm-thick cellulose plates developed with ethanol:water:15 N NH4OH:trichloroacetic acid (TCA):17 N acetic acid (55:35: 2.5:3.5 g:2, v/v/v/w/v with v in ml). This TLC system separated impurities from the14C-glyphosate standard and glyphosate from possible metabolites in treated field bindweed(Convolvulus arvensisL.).
Target Tissue for Napropamide Inhibition: Effects on Green and White Callus Cultures and Seedlings
Authors: Zilkah S. , Bocion P. F. , Gressel J.
Published: May 2018

We previously reported that napropamide [2-(α-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] was highly toxic to achlorophyllous callus of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘San Marzano’), whereas foliar application to seedlings was almost without effect. Experiments were performed to ascertain the effects of napropamide on green and achlorophyllous calli of tomato and broadleaf dock (Rumex obtusifolius L.). The growth of achlorophyllous tissues was more severely inhibited. Foliar applications were not as inhibitory in both species. Napropamide was applied to tomato seedlings via roots and cut shoots and root growth was more inhibited than shoot growth. Thus napropamide is toxic to achlorophyllous tissue and is either less toxic to, or detoxified by green tissue.
Can Flanders resist the measles outbreak? Assessing vaccination coverage in different age groups among Flemish residents
Authors: Braeckman T. , Theeten H. , Roelants M. , Blaizot S. , Hoppenbrouwers K. , Maertens K. , Van Damme P. , Vandermeulen C.
Published: May 2018

The Belgian strategic plan to eliminate measles contains several vaccination strategies including routine immunisation programmes and catch-up campaigns. A new expanded programme on immunisation-based survey (2016) assessed the uptake of the recommended measles–mumps–rubella (MMR) vaccine in three different cohorts: toddlers, adolescents and parents of toddlers. A two-stage cluster sampling technique was used to select 875 toddlers (age 18–24 months) and 1250 adolescents (born in 2000) from 107 municipalities in Flanders. After consent of the parent(s), 746 (85.2%) families of toddlers and 1012 (81.0%) families of adolescents were interviewed at home. Measles vaccination coverage was high at 18–24 months (96.2%) and 81.5% were vaccinated at recommended age. Toddlers who had two siblings or a non-working mother or changed vaccinator were more at risk for not being vaccinated. Coverage of the teenager dose reached 93.5% and was lower in adolescents with educational underachievement or whose mother was part-time working or with a non-Belgian background. Only 56.0% of mothers and 48.3% of fathers remembered having received at least one measles-containing vaccine. Although measles vaccination coverage in toddlers meets the required standards for elimination, administration of the teenager dose of MMR vaccine and parent compliance to the recent measles catch-up campaign in Flanders leave room for improvement.
Exploring the use of residues from the invasive Acacia sp. for weed control
Authors: Souza-Alonso Pablo , Puig Carolina G. , Pedrol Nuria , Freitas Helena , Rodríguez-Echeverría Susana , Lorenzo Paula
Published: May 2018

A sustainable practice for weed control and crop protection is the incorporation of green manures with phytotoxic potential. It is gaining attention as a way to reduce the use of synthetic herbicides in agriculture and so pot experiments and field trials were conducted to explore the possible use of residues of Acacia species to alleviate weed emergence. We assessed, under greenhouse conditions, the herbicidal effect of phytotoxic manures from Acacia dealbata and Acacia longifolia applied to soil at different doses (1.5 and 3% w/w) on maize growth, some accompanying weeds, and the physiological profile of soil microbes. Applied at a higher dose, A. dealbata residues reduced the emergence of dicotyledons in the short-term (P < 0.05) and, after 30 days, there was a decrease in total weed emergence (P < 0.005) and a mild effect on weed composition, while total weed biomass remained unaffected. Regardless of the inclusion of Acacia residues, the physiological profile of the soil bacterial community did not show significant alterations. Additionally, we tested A. dealbata residues as a mulch or a green manure at the field scale. Although the effects of manures were site-dependent and affected monocot and dicot weeds differentially, dicots were more sensitive. The herbicide potential of acacia residues was only evident for dicots at sites with low-weed density in the seed bank. Nevertheless, due to the absence of phytotoxic effects on maize and minor modifications in the functional profile of bacterial communities, residues of acacia could be used as a complementary tool used together with other practices to reduce the reliance on synthetic herbicides in maize-based cropping systems.
The problems, promise and pragmatism of community food growing
Authors: Maughan Chris , Laycock Pedersen Rebecca , Pitt Hannah
Published: May 2018

Alongside associated forms of socially and politically conscious food production, community food growing is routinely connected to a wide range of social and environmental benefits. However, robust evidence in support of these associations remains scant, and while the conversation has shifted in recent years to take account of the sometimes unintended or negative aspects of these activities, no consensus has been reached about how such forms of food growing should adapt to new conditions, or be scaled up to maximize their positive impacts. A July 2016 conference was organized to address this strategic shortfall. This themed issue presents the papers resulting from the conference.
Parylene coated waterproof washable inkjet-printed dual-band antenna on paper substrate
Authors: Kim Sangkil , Tentzeris Manos M.
Published: May 2018

In this paper, the first reported waterproof inkjet-printed dual-band monopole antenna on the flexible organic paper substrate is presented. The antenna, which operates at 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz, is inkjet-printed on commercially available photopaper using conductive silver nano-particle ink. To protect it from ambient humidity, a 1 µm thick Parylene-C layer was deposited on top of the antenna. To verify its waterproof capability, the Parylene-C coated antennas were submerged in distilled water for 48 days, and no significant performance degradation was observed in its performance.