bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Shakespeare’s Multiple Metamorphoses: Authenticity Agonistes
Authors: Fedderson Kim , Richardson J. Michael
Published: February 2009

The recently discovered Sanders portrait, allegedly an authentic and contemporary representation of Shakespeare, has again stirred up our pervasive anxieties about who Shakespeare is and what sort of man stands behind these highly influential plays and poems. The Sanders portrait feeds an appetite within our culture for a stable and sure foundation upon which we can ground our use of and interest in Shakespeare’s works. To be effective, this foundation must appear as necessary rather than contingent. It must appear as a fact of nature, not an artifact of culture. This double recognition—one, that we have a desire for a foundation, and two, that the foundations we desire may in fact be contingent upon our desire for them—contributes to our current ontological panic. Not being sure of the verities, we become ever more desirous of them.

This paper explores some of the manifestations of this anxiety in contemporary representations of Shakespeare, focusing primarily on Shakespearean cinematic adaptations. We conclude that it’s pointless to look for a definitive Shakespeare. No matter how deeply we dig, we will never get to get to a final uncontested center of things. The whole project of uncovering the “real” Shakespeare, whether it’s the “real” man (Shakespeare, Bacon, the Earl of Oxford etc.), the “real” biography (Honan, Rowse, Schoenbaum, etc.), the “real” texts, (prompt books, good quartos, bad quartos, etc.), is interminable, and thus like all things interminable is both endlessly tantalizing and inevitably disappointing.
Behind the Scenes with SHAKSPER: The Global Electronic Shakespeare Conference
Authors: Cook Hardy M.
Published: February 2009

SHAKSPER, founded as an “academic” conference and now in its nineteenth year, is an international “electronic seminar” that enables ongoing discussion of all things Shakespearean. Three extended discussions exemplify SHAKSPER at its best. In the spirit of reasserting SHAKSPER discursive role in the scholarly community, I initiated a new feature on SHAKSPER in January 2007, The SHAKSPER Roundtable. Another Roundtable is planned for spring 2008 and a peer-reviewed Book Review Feature will begin around that time. My hope is that these two changes, my being a more active moderator, as well as the possibility of further new features, will enable SHAKSPER to regain some of the excitement of its earlier years when scholars around the world had an alternative venue to conferences and publications to talk and to explore ideas of interest to Shakespeare studies.
The Perseus Garner: Early Modern Resources in the Digital Age
Authors: Wulfman Clifford E.
Published: February 2009

This paper describes the Perseus Garner, an experiment in encoding and displaying the dense interlinkage among primary and secondary texts of interest to students and scholars of the Early Modern period. Because these texts co-exist in an integrated digital library, readers can exploit a suite of tools to discover new relationships and ask new questions. Perseus’s dense interlinking does more than make connections explicit, however: it foregrounds them in a way that is troubling to those who worry that disturbing the traditional hierarchy of primary sources and secondary commentary will draw readers away from close contact with literature. Despite its shortcomings, the Perseus Garner suggests an aim for this research: a hypervariorum whose mode of conceptualizing and rendering the relationship of text and annotation challenges the traditional model of “perpetual commentary” and promises to denature synthetic criticism into a full, turbid stream of scholarly discovery and critical opinion.
Antibacterial, antiviral, and cytotoxic activities of some red and brown seaweeds from the Black Sea
Authors: Kamenarska Zornitsa , Serkedjieva Julia , Najdenski Hristo , Stefanov Kamen , Tsvetkova Iva , Dimitrova-Konaklieva Stefka , Popov Simeon
Published: February 2009

Chloroform extracts,n-butanol extracts, water extracts, and volatile compounds from seven species belonging to six Black Sea genera of brown algae and 10 species belonging to seven Black Sea genera of red algae were assessed for antibacterial, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties. Most of the extracts showed pronounced effects against the Gram (+) bacteriumStaphylococcus aureus. Activity towards the Gram (-) bacteriumEscherichia coliwas found in only few cases. A significant reduction in replication of influenza andHerpes simplexviruses in cell cultures was observed. Cytotoxic effect was established in a significant proportion of the algae investigated. The biological activities may be attributed to the presence of volatile compounds, some phenols, free fatty acids and their oxidized derivatives, eucalyptol, the methyl ester of phenyl acetic acid, and 1,2-dihydroxy ethane sulfonate.
Inter- and intra-individual variations of urinary endogenous metabolites in healthy male college students using 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Mi Park Eun , Lee Eunil , Jin Joo Hyun , Oh Eunha , Lee Joohyun , Lee Ji-Sung
Published: February 2009

: Most human metabolomics studies have shown that spectral outputs of

: We recruited 30 male college students to evaluate the factors affecting intra- and inter-individual variations in urinary endogenous metabolites. Statistical analysis for variations in urinary metabolites was performed after eliminating outliers found in principal component analysis (PCA) plots.

: Inter-individual variations were relatively low for 2-oxoglutarate, succinate, citrate, dimethylglycine, and taurine, but high for trimethylaminoxide (TMAO), hippurate, and lactate. Intra-individual variations for 2-oxoglutarate, citrate, dimethylglycine, and taurine were relatively low, but high for TMAO and hippurate. The factors affecting inter-individual variation of lactate were age, body mass index, beverages, and alcohol, whereas the factors affecting intra-individual variation of lactate were age and fish.

: Our results showed that inter- and intra-individual variations in urinary endogenous metabolites were very large, and significant factors affecting inter- and intra-individual variation were diverse, even after eliminating outliers in PCA analysis.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:188–94.
Preanalytical errors in primary healthcare: a questionnaire study of information search procedures, test request management and test tube labelling
Authors: Söderberg Johan , Brulin Christine , Grankvist Kjell , Wallin Olof
Published: February 2009

: Most errors in laboratory medicine occur in the preanalytical phase and are the result of human mistakes. This study investigated information search procedures, test request management and test tube labelling in primary healthcare compared to the same procedures amongst clinical laboratory staff.

: A questionnaire was completed by 317 venous blood sampling staff in 70 primary healthcare centres and in two clinical laboratories (response rate = 94%).

: Correct procedures were not always followed. Only 60% of the primary healthcare staff reported that they always sought information in the updated, online laboratory manual. Only 12% reported that they always labelled the test tubes prior to drawing blood samples. No major differences between primary healthcare centres and clinical laboratories were found, except for test tube labelling, whereby the laboratory staff reported better practices. Re-education and access to documented routines were not clearly associated with better practices.

: The preanalytical procedure in the surveyed primary healthcare centres was associated with a risk of errors which could affect patient safety. To improve patient safety in laboratory testing, all healthcare providers should survey their preanalytical procedures and improve the total testing process with a systems perspective.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:195–201.
Control and Function of the Homeostatic Sleep Response by Adenosine A1Receptors
Authors: Bjorness Theresa E. , Kelly Christine L. , Gao Tianshu , Poffenberger Virginia , Greene Robert W.
Published: February 2009

During sleep, the mammalian CNS undergoes widespread, synchronized slow-wave activity (SWA) that directly varies with previous waking duration (Borbély, 1982; Dijk et al., 1990). When sleep is restricted, an enhanced SWA response follows in the next sleep period. The enhancement of SWA is associated with improved cognitive performance (Huber et al., 2004), but it is unclear either how the SWA is enhanced or whether SWA is needed to maintain normal cognitive performance. A conditional, CNS knock-out of the adenosine receptor, AdoA1R gene, shows selective attenuation of the SWA rebound response to restricted sleep, but sleep duration is not affected. During sleep restriction, wild phenotype animals express a rebound SWA response and maintain cognitive performance in a working memory task. However, the knock-out animals not only show a reduced rebound SWA response but they also fail to maintain normal cognitive function, although this function is normal when sleep is not restricted. Thus, AdoA1R activation is needed for normal rebound SWA, and when the SWA rebound is reduced, there is a failure to maintain working memory function, suggesting a functional role for SWA homeostasis.
The FXG: A Presynaptic Fragile X Granule Expressed in a Subset of Developing Brain Circuits
Authors: Christie Sean B. , Akins Michael R. , Schwob James E. , Fallon Justin R.
Published: February 2009

The loss of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) causes Fragile X syndrome, the most common inherited mental retardation and single gene cause of autism. Although postsynaptic functions for FMRP are well established, potential roles at the presynaptic apparatus remain largely unexplored. Here, we characterize the expression of FMRP and its homologs, FXR1P and FXR2P, in the developing, mature and regenerating rodent nervous system, with a focus on presynaptic expression. As expected, FMRP is expressed in the somatodendritic domain in virtually all neurons. However, FMRP is also localized in discrete granules (Fragile X granules; FXGs) in a subset of brain regions including frontal cortex, hippocampal area CA3 and olfactory bulb glomeruli. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that FMRP is localized at presynaptic terminals and in axons within these FXG-rich regions. With the exception of the olfactory bulb, FXGs are prominent only in the developing brain. Experiments in regenerating olfactory circuits indicate that peak FXG expression occurs 2–4 weeks after neurogenesis, a period that correlates with synapse formation and refinement. Virtually all FXGs contain FXR2P, while region-selective subsets harbor FMRP and/or FXR1P. Genetic studies show that FXR2P is essential for FXG expression, while FMRP regulates FXG number and developmental profile. These findings suggest that Fragile X proteins play a distinct, presynaptic role during discrete developmental epochs in defined circuits of the mammalian CNS. We propose that the neurological defects in Fragile X syndrome, including the autistic features, could be due in part to the loss of FMRP function in presynaptic compartments.
Behavior-Dependent Coordination of Multiple Theta Dipoles in the Hippocampus
Authors: Montgomery Sean M. , Betancur Martha I. , Buzsáki György
Published: February 2009

Theta (4–10 Hz) oscillations in the hippocampus are thought to be important for plasticity, temporal coding, learning, and memory. The hippocampal system has been postulated to have two (or more) rhythmic sources of theta oscillations, but little is known about the behavior-dependent interplay of theta oscillations in different subregions and layers of the hippocampus. We tested rats in a hippocampus-dependent delayed spatial alternation task on a modified T-maze while simultaneously recording local field potentials from dendritic and somatic layers of the dentate gyrus, CA3, and CA1 regions using high-density, 96-site silicon probes. We found that while theta oscillations were generally coherent throughout the hippocampus, the power, coherence, and phase of theta oscillations fluctuated in a layer-specific manner, confirming the presence of multiple interdependent dipoles. Layer-dependent changes in the power and coherence of theta oscillations varied with aspects of both the memory and control (non-mnemonic) tasks, but only a small fraction of the variance could be explained by running speed or acceleration. Furthermore, the phase lag between theta oscillations in the CA3 and CA1 pyramidal layers was significantly smaller on the maze arm approaching the T-junction than on other arms of the alternation task or on comparable segments of control tasks. Overall, our findings reveal a consortium of layer-specific theta dipoles (current sinks and sources) generated by the rhythmic flow of ions into and out of hippocampal cells. Moreover, our data suggest that these different theta generators flexibly coordinate hippocampal regions and layers to support behavioral task performance.
The GABAAReceptor RDL Suppresses the Conditioned Stimulus Pathway for Olfactory Learning
Authors: Liu Xu , Buchanan Monica E. , Han Kyung-An , Davis Ronald L.
Published: February 2009

Assigning a gene's function to specific pathways used for classical conditioning, such as conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) pathway, is important for understanding the fundamental molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying memory formation. Prior studies have shown that the GABA receptor RDL inhibits aversive olfactory learning via its role in theDrosophilamushroom bodies (MBs). Here, we describe the results of further behavioral tests to further define the pathway involvement of RDL. The expression level ofRdlin the MBs influenced both appetitive and aversive olfactory learning, suggesting that it functions by suppressing a common pathway used for both forms of olfactory learning.Rdlknock down failed to enhance learning in animals carrying mutations in genes of the cAMP signaling pathway, such asrutabagaandNF1, suggesting that RDL works up stream of these functions in CS/US integration. Finally, knocking downRdlor over expressing the dopamine receptordDA1in the MBs enhanced olfactory learning, but no significant additional enhancement was detected with both manipulations. The combined data suggest that RDL suppresses olfactory learning via CS pathway involvement.
Variation in Oxytocin Receptor Density in the Nucleus Accumbens Has Differential Effects on Affiliative Behaviors in Monogamous and Polygamous Voles
Authors: Ross Heather E. , Freeman Sara M. , Spiegel Lauren L. , Ren Xianghui , Terwilliger Ernest F. , Young Larry J.
Published: February 2009

Oxytocin receptors in the nucleus accumbens have been implicated in the regulation of alloparental behavior and pair bond formation in the socially monogamous prairie vole. Oxytocin receptor density in the nucleus accumbens is positively correlated with alloparenting in juvenile and adult female prairie voles, and oxytocin receptor antagonist infused into the nucleus accumbens blocks this behavior. Furthermore, prairie voles have higher densities of oxytocin receptors in the accumbens than nonmonogamous rodent species, and blocking accumbal oxytocin receptors prevents mating-induced partner preference formation. Here we used adeno-associated viral vector gene transfer to examine the functional relationship between accumbal oxytocin receptor density and social behavior in prairie and meadow voles. Adult female prairie voles that overexpress oxytocin receptor in the nucleus accumbens displayed accelerated partner preference formation after cohabitation with a male, but did not display enhanced alloparental behavior. However, partner preference was not facilitated in nonmonogamous meadow voles by introducing oxytocin receptor into the nucleus accumbens. These data confirm a role for oxytocin receptor in the accumbens in the regulation of partner preferences in female prairie voles, and suggest that oxytocin receptor expression in the accumbens is not sufficient to promote partner preferences in nonmonogamous species. These data are the first to demonstrate a direct relationship between oxytocin receptor density in the nucleus accumbens and variation in social attachment behaviors. Thus, individual variation in oxytocin receptor expression in the striatum may contribute to natural diversity in social behaviors.
Transgenerational Rescue of a Genetic Defect in Long-Term Potentiation and Memory Formation by Juvenile Enrichment
Authors: Arai Junko A. , Li Shaomin , Hartley Dean M. , Feig Larry A.
Published: February 2009

The idea that qualities acquired from experience can be transmitted to future offspring has long been considered incompatible with current understanding of genetics. However, the recent documentation of non-Mendelian transgenerational inheritance makes such a “Lamarckian”-like phenomenon more plausible. Here, we demonstrate that exposure of 15-d-old mice to 2 weeks of an enriched environment (EE), that includes exposure to novel objects, elevated social interactions and voluntary exercise, enhances long-term potentiation (LTP) not only in these enriched mice but also in their future offspring through early adolescence, even if the offspring never experience EE. In both generations, LTP induction is augmented by a newly appearing cAMP/p38 MAP kinase-dependent signaling cascade. Strikingly, defective LTP and contextual fear conditioning memory normally associated withras-grfknock-out mice are both masked in the offspring of enriched mutant parents. The transgenerational transmission of this effect occurs from the enriched mother to her offspring during embryogenesis. If a similar phenomenon occurs in humans, the effectiveness of one's memory during adolescence, particularly in those with defective cell signaling mechanisms that control memory, can be influenced by environmental stimulation experienced by one's mother during her youth.
The Serum Response Factor and a Putative Novel Transcription Factor Regulate Expression of the Immediate-Early GeneArc/Arg3.1in Neurons
Authors: Pintchovski Sean A. , Peebles Carol L. , Joo Kim Hong , Verdin Eric , Finkbeiner Steven
Published: February 2009

The immediate-early effector geneArc/Arg3.1is robustly upregulated by synaptic activity associated with learning and memory. Here we show in primary cortical neuron culture that diverse stimuli induceArcexpression through new transcription. Searching for regulatory regions important forArctranscription, we found nine DNaseI-sensitive nucleosome-depleted sites at this genomic locus. A reporter gene encompassing these sites responded to synaptic activity in an NMDA receptor–dependent manner, consistent with endogenousArcmRNA. Responsiveness mapped to two enhancer regions ∼6.5 kb and ∼1.4 kb upstream ofArc. We dissected these regions further and found that the proximal enhancer contains a functional and conserved “Zeste-like” response element that binds a putative novel nuclear protein in neurons. Therefore, activity regulatesArctranscription partly by a novel signaling pathway. We also found that the distal enhancer has a functional and highly conserved serum response element. This element binds serum response factor, which is recruited by synaptic activity to regulateArc. Thus,Arcis the first target of serum response factor that functions at synapses to mediate plasticity.
Excitation functions of proton induced reactions on natural selenium up to 62 MeV
Authors: El-Azony Khalid , Suzuki Kazutoshi , Fukumura Toshimitsu , Szélecsényi Ferenc , Kovács Zoltán
Published: February 2009

Excitation functions of proton induced nuclear reactions on natSe leading to the formation of the radionuclides 82,80m,77,76,75Br, 75,73Se and 77,76,72,71As were measured from their respective thresholds up to 62 MeV. The selenium targets were prepared by vacuum deposition onto thin Al-backings. For the cross section measurements the conventional stacked-foil technique was used. Irradiations were performed at the AVF 930 cyclotron of the National Institute of Radiological Sciences in Chiba, Japan. Our results were compared with the available data in the literature, and some of the literature data obtained using isotopically enriched targets were used to validate our data. The experimental data sets generally showed good agreement. Integral yields of 75Br, 76Br, 77Br, 80mBr and 82Br were derived from the measured cross section data. The yield of 80mBr is quite high but, due to associated radionuclidic impurities, it is not meaningful to produce 80mBr using natSe as target material.
Genomewide Patterns of Substitution in Adaptively Evolving Populations of the RNA Bacteriophage MS2
Authors: Betancourt Andrea J
Published: February 2009

Experimental evolution of bacteriophage provides a powerful means of studying the genetics of adaptation, as every substitution contributing to adaptation can be identified and characterized. Here, I use experimental evolution of MS2, an RNA bacteriophage, to study its adaptive response to a novel environment. To this end, three lines of MS2 were adapted to rapid growth and lysis at cold temperature for a minimum of 50 phage generations and subjected to whole-genome sequencing. Using this system, I identified adaptive substitutions, monitored changes in frequency of adaptive mutations through the course of the experiment, and measured the effect on phage growth rate of each substitution. All three lines showed a substantial increase in fitness (a two- to threefold increase in growth rate) due to a modest number of substitutions (three to four). The data show some evidence that the substitutions occurring early in the experiment have larger beneficial effects than later ones, in accordance with the expected diminishing returns relationship between the fitness effects of a mutation and its order of substitution. Patterns of molecular evolution seen here—primarily a paucity of hitchhiking mutations—suggest an abundant supply of beneficial mutations in this system. Nevertheless, some beneficial mutations appear to have been lost, possibly due to accumulation of beneficial mutations on other genetic backgrounds, clonal interference, and negatively epistatic interactions with other beneficial mutations.
Approximate Bayesian Computation Without Summary Statistics: The Case of Admixture
Authors: Sousa Vitor C , Fritz Marielle , Beaumont Mark A , Chikhi Lounès
Published: February 2009

In recent years approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) methods have become popular in population genetics as an alternative to full-likelihood methods to make inferences under complex demographic models. Most ABC methods rely on the choice of a set of summary statistics to extract information from the data. In this article we tested the use of the full allelic distribution directly in an ABC framework. Although the ABC techniques are becoming more widely used, there is still uncertainty over how they perform in comparison with full-likelihood methods. We thus conducted a simulation study and provide a detailed examination of ABC in comparison with full likelihood in the case of a model of admixture. This model assumes that two parental populations mixed at a certain time in the past, creating a hybrid population, and that the three populations then evolve under pure drift. Several aspects of ABC methodology were investigated, such as the effect of the distance metric chosen to measure the similarity between simulated and observed data sets. Results show that in general ABC provides good approximations to the posterior distributions obtained with the full-likelihood method. This suggests that it is possible to apply ABC using allele frequencies to make inferences in cases where it is difficult to select a set of suitable summary statistics and when the complexity of the model or the size of the data set makes it computationally prohibitive to use full-likelihood methods.
Comparison of postoperative complications following bone harvesting from two different donor sites for autologous bone replacement (hipbone and proximal epiphysis of the tibia)
Authors: Bogdán Sándor , Németh Zsolt , Huszár Tamás , Ujpál Márta , Barabás József , Szabó György
Published: February 2009

Míg a múltban az autológ csontpótlást a maxillofacialis sebészetben szinte csak a mandibuladefektusok helyreállítására és a hasadékos betegek oszteoplasztikájához alkalmazták, addig ma már inkább implantológiai célokra használják fel a saját csont (spongiosa vagy corticalis, vagy mindkettő) szabad transzplantációját. A csontpótlás arany standardját még mindig az autológ csont jelenti. Ez annak ellenére így van, hogy a csontpótlók széles választéka áll rendelkezésre, és velük egyes esetekben a saját csonttal egyenértékű új csontot lehet képezni. Autológ csontot gyakran intraoralis forrásokból nyernek, de ha nagyobb mennyiségű spongiosára van szükség, ezek a helyek (mentum, alsó állcsont retromolaris területe, processus muscularis stb.) nem megfelelőek. Az extraoralis donorhelyek közül a leggyakrabban használt terület a crista ilei, de a tibia proximalis epiphysise is megfelelő erre a célra. Tekintettel arra, hogy intézetünkben az utóbbi időben mindkét helyről aránylag nagyobb számú betegen végeztünk csonttranszplantációt, a két donorhely morbiditási adatait kívántuk összehasonlítani. 2007. március és 2007. november között (tehát kilenc hónap alatt) 14 beteg esetében végeztünk tibiából vett csonttal sinuselevációt. Harmincnyolc beteg esetében vetünk crista ileiből csontot hasadék-oszteoplasztika miatt. Az összehasonlítás alapjául a posztoperatív klinikai vizsgálatok, a betegek panaszai és a donorhely morbiditásának objektív vizsgálata szolgált. Klinikailag a betegek mindkét műtétet jól tolerálták. A beavatkozás napján a mobilizálás megtörtént, lényeges posztoperatív szövődmény nem volt. Mindkét típusú műtét után 1-1 esetben kisebb haematoma jelentkezett. A betegek posztoperatív panaszai között lényeges különbség volt: a crista ileiből történő csontvétel után a járás még 10-14 napig – bár egyre kisebb mértékben, de – nehezített volt. A tibia esetében két nap múlva a betegeknek járáskor nem voltak fájdalmai. A donorhely morbiditása tekintetében a csípőműtét után elhúzódó (1-2 hét) ödéma, egy esetben a n. cutaneus femoris lateralis beidegzési területének paresztéziája jelentkezett, míg a tibia esetében csupán egy esetben észleltünk kisebb seromát. Klinikai tapasztalataink alapján megállapíthatjuk, hogy amennyiben augmentáció céljából 10-15 cm³ spongiosát szeretnénk nyerni, és nincs szükség corticalisra, a beteg számára kevésbé megterhelő a csontot a tibia proximalis epiphysiséből nyerni.
Assessing albuminuria in spot morning samples from diabetic patients
Authors: Sampaio Emerson , Delfino Vinicius Daher Alvares
Published: February 2009

Microalbuminuria assessment is essential for diagnosing incipient nephropathy in diabetic patients. The present study aim to evaluate whether urinary albumin concentration (UAC) and urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR) agree with 24 h urine collection in screening for albuminuria > 30 mg/24 h in type 1 and 2 diabetics. In this cross-sectional study were evaluated 293 diabetic patients (117 type 1 and 176 type 2). Albuminuria was determinated by turbidimetric immunoassay. The best discriminator value was 22 mg/l (sensitivity 82.5%, specificity 74.0%) for UAC and 27.3 mg/g creatinine (sensitivity 83.3%, specificity 80.9%) for UACR. Areas under ROC curves were 0.868 and 0.878, respectively (p = 0.53). Lower discriminators as 10 mg/l (sensitivity 94.2%, specificity 48.6%) and 10 mg/g creatinine (sensitivity 96.7%, specificity 49.1%) attained high sensitivities. UAC and UACR from spot morning urine had similar accuracy in screening microalbuminuria. The simplicity and lower cost of UAC justifies its preferential clinical use.
Physiological stress responses in the warm-water fish matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus ) subjected to a sudden cold shock
Authors: Inoue Luis Antonio Kioshi Aoki , Moraes Gilberto , Iwama George K. , Afonso Luis Orlando Bertola
Published: February 2009

The present work evaluated several aspects of the generalized stress response [endocrine (cortisol), metabolic (glucose), hematologic (hematocrit and hemoglobin) and cellular (HSP70)] in the Amazonian warm-water fish matrinxã (Brycon amazonicus ) subjected to an acute cold shock. This species farming has been done in South America, and growth and feed conversion rates have been interesting. However, in subtropical areas of Brazil, where the water temperature can rapidly change, high rates of matrinxã mortality have been associated with abrupt decrease in the water temperature. Thus, we subjected matrinxã to a sudden cold shock by transferring the fish directly to tanks in which the water temperature was 10ºC below the initial conditions (cold shock from 28ºC to 18ºC). After 1h the fish were returned to the original tanks (28ºC). The handling associated with tank transfer was also imposed on control groups (not exposed to cold shock). While exposure to cold shock did not alter the measured physiological conditions within 1h, fish returned to the ambient condition (water at 28º C) significantly increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels. Exposure to cold shock and return to the warm water did not affect HSP70 levels. The increased plasma cortisol and glucose levels after returning the fish to warm water suggest that matrinxã requires cortisol and glucose for adaptation to increased temperature.
Influência do oeríodo de cultivo de Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) na fitorremediação de solo contaminado com picloram
Authors: Carmo M.L. , Procopio S.O. , Pires F.R. , Cargnelutti Filho A. , Braz G.B.P. , Silva W.F.P. , Barroso A.L.L. , Silva G.P. , Carmo E.L. , Braz A.J.B.P. , Assis R.L.
Published: February 2009

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência do tempo de cultivo de Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) sobre a fitorremediação de solo contaminado com picloram. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação no período de setembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2007. Os fatores foram compostos pela combinação entre quatro períodos de cultivo da espécie vegetal Panicum maximum (cultivar Tanzânia) (0, 60, 80 e 100 dias) e três doses do picloram (0, 80 e 160 g ha-1), totalizando 12 tratamentos. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 4 x 3, com quatro repetições. Como substrato utilizaram-se amostras de solo classificado como Latossolo Vermelho eutroférrico. Após o tempo estabelecido de atuação da espécie fitorremediadora, efetuou-se a semeadura das espécies bioindicadoras da presença do picloram: tomate e soja. As espécies bioindicadoras demonstraram alta sensibilidade à presença do picloram no solo, sendo inviável o cultivo dessas culturas em áreas contaminadas com esse herbicida sem a execução de algum procedimento remediador. O cultivo prévio de Tanzânia por 60 dias garantiu crescimento inicial satisfatório das plantas de soja e tomate quando a contaminação inicial não foi maior que 80 g ha-1 de picloram. Acima desse valor, a fitorremediação ocorrida proporcionou menor crescimento das plantas de soja e tomate, sendo necessário maior tempo de descontaminação.
Períodos de interferência de Brachiaria plantaginea na cultura do milho na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Galon L. , Pinto J.J.O. , Rocha A.A. , Concenço G. , Silva A.F. , Aspiazú I. , Ferreira E.A. , França A.C. , Ferreira F.A. , Agostinetto D. , Pinho C.F.
Published: February 2009

Os períodos de convivência das espécies daninhas têm grande influência no crescimento das plantas e na produtividade das culturas. Desse modo, objetivou-se com este trabalho determinar os períodos de competição, anterior à interferência (PAI), o crítico de prevenção à interferência (PCPI) e o período total de prevenção da interferência (PTPI) de B. plantaginea sobre a cultura do milho na Região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, no sistema de cultivo convencional com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram em manter a cultura do milho na presença e ausência de B. plantaginea por 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 e 42 dias após a emergência (DAE) da cultura. B. plantaginea originou-se do banco de sementes do solo, com população média de 312 plantas m-2. Foram amostradas e analisadas 10 plantas de milho em cada unidade experimental, com vistas à avaliação da altura de plantas e da inserção da espiga (cm), do comprimento de espigas (cm), do número de fileiras por espiga, número de grãos por fileira e número de grãos por espiga, além da produtividade de grãos, que foi determinada pela colheita de três linhas centrais da área útil em cada unidade experimental. Considerando 5% de tolerância na redução da produção, conclui-se que o período total de prevenção à interferência (PTPI) foi de 27 DAE; o período que antecede a interferência (PAI), de 11 DAE; e o período crítico de prevenção à interferência (PCPI), de 11 a 27 DAE.
Duração do teste de germinação de Brachiaria brizantha cv. marandu (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) Stapf
Authors: Gaspar-Oliveira Carolina Maria , Martins Cibele Chalita , Nakagawa João , Cavariani Cláudio
Published: February 2009

O presente trabalho objetivou determinar o tempo mínimo necessário à realização do teste de germinação para sementes de B. brizantha cv. Marandu, o método de superação de dormência e a condição de temperatura que proporcionem a maior germinação no menor tempo. Numa primeira etapa, realizou-se o teste de germinação em trinta lotes de sementes, sob duas condições de temperaturas (15-35ºC e 20-35ºC), avaliadas em conjunto com três métodos para a superação de dormência (H2SO4, KNO3 e Controle), constituindo seis tratamentos. Realizaram-se contagens diárias da germinação para a determinação da data mais apropriada para o término do teste. Na segunda etapa, realizaram-se testes de germinação em oito lotes de diferentes níveis de vigor, utilizando-se os mesmos seis tratamentos e com encerramento do teste nas datas definidas na primeira etapa. Conclui-se que, para o teste de germinação de B. brizantha, a escarificação com H2SO4 e a temperatura de 20-35ºC são tratamentos que resultam na maior germinação em um menor tempo, possibilitando o encerramento do teste aos 11 dias após a semeadura.
Perfil dos consumidores de hortaliças minimamente processadas de Belo Horizonte
Authors: Perez Ronaldo , Ramos Afonso Mota , Binoti Mirella Lima , Sousa Paulo Henrique Machado de , Machado Gisela de Magalhães , Cruz Iara Borges
Published: February 2009

O consumidor vem apresentando cada vez maior consciência na escolha de sua alimentação, porém com menor tempo disponível para preparar refeições saudáveis. Diante disso, o mercado de hortaliças minimamente processadas tem aumentado rapidamente, proporcionando o surgimento de produtos convenientes, ou seja, produtos frescos que podem ser preparados e consumidos em pouco tempo. Assim, neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento de compra e o perfil dos consumidores de hortaliças minimamente processadas em supermercados de Belo Horizonte. Foram aplicados questionários aos consumidores de cinco estabelecimentos que vendiam hortaliças minimamente processadas (HMP) e os entrevistados foram escolhidos aleatoriamente no momento das compras, durante o mês de novembro de 2004. Foram entrevistadas 246 pessoas, das quais apenas 23% consumiam HMP. Os principais motivos para consumir foram comodidade e praticidade (46%), pouco tempo para o preparo (21%) das refeições e higiene (11%) dos produtos, e para não consumir foram preço elevado (31,9%), gosta de preparar e/ou escolher (23%) e desconfiança (17,8%) dos produtos ofertados. Os maiores consumidores são as pessoas com maior escolaridade e nível de renda mais elevado. A sobrevalorização dos HMP em relação aos produtos comuns variou de 2,4 vezes (batata) até 39,5 vezes (cenoura), sendo a média de sobrevalorização encontrada no mercado para as onze HMP de 10 vezes.
Densidade de plantas e número de drenos influenciando a produtividade de roseiras cultivadas em vaso
Authors: Viana Thales VA , Alves Alexandre M , Sousa Valdemício F de , Azevedo Benito M de , Furlan Raquel Aparecida
Published: February 2009

O cultivo de flores no estado do Ceará vem se ampliando nos últimos anos, principalmente nas regiões serranas que proporcionam clima favorável ao desenvolvimento de diversas culturas. Entretanto, poucos são os trabalhos desenvolvidos nessa área, fazendo com que os produtores se utilizem do empirismo no desenvolvimento dos cultivos. Por conseguinte, esse trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos do número de plantas (2, 3 e 4) e da quantidade de drenos (1 e 8) por vaso no número de hastes por vaso da roseira, em ambiente protegido. O experimento foi conduzido na Empresa Reijers, no município de São Benedito-CE, sendo o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial 3 x 2, com quatro repetições. Avaliou-se o número de hastes com 35, 40, 50 e 60 cm e, o número total de hastes por vasos de 12,0 L. As maiores quantidades de plantas por vaso proporcionaram um maior número de hastes por área, mas com predomínio de hastes de menor valor comercial. A utilização de um menor número de plantas por vaso resultou em um menor número de hastes por área, mas em maior número de hastes com maior valor comercial. A utilização de vasos com maior número de drenos reduziu o número total de hastes por vaso.
Diversificación y competencia religiosa en Guatemala: entre pentecostalismo y cultos "neotradicionales"
Authors: Pédron Colombani Sylvie
Published: February 2009

Guatemala es uno de los países de Latinoamérica más afectados por la amplitud del movimiento de conversiones de su población al protestantismo. El pentecostalismo es el impulso principal de este movimiento. En este artículo se argumenta que el extraordinario desarrollo del pentecostalismo en Guatemala se debe, en parte, al hecho de que propone un cambio de vida, se presenta como un generador de modernidad, pero, al mismo tiempo, se enraíza en las tradiciones religiosas locales. La proposición pentecostal está hecha a la vez de ruptura y de continuidad. Sin embargo, dado que la dinámica actual del campo religioso no se reduce a esta "explosión pentecostal", en este trabajo se describe la (re)aparición de movimientos tradicionales - o que se definen como tal. Así es el culto de Maximón - también llamado San Simón - cuya figura es el resultado de un largo proceso sincrético entre la religión católica y la religión maya. Actualmente, es continuamente reivindicado como un culto "tradicional", "maya", con una dimensión identitaria étnica fuerte, pero es también el lugar de numerosas adaptaciones y arreglos sincréticos entre poblaciones indias y ladinas. Además, el culto de Maximón se está adaptando al nuevo contexto de internacionalización y de competencia del universo religioso.
Educação complexa para uma nova política de civilização
Authors: Petraglia Izabel
Published: February 2009

Este artigo apresenta reflexões a partir de três eixos interdependentes e complementares, que têm norteado nossas ações educacionais. Inicialmente, procuramos conhecer o sujeito do processo educacional, considerando as influências recebidas da Modernidade e seus reflexos no presente. Para esse sujeito, que é antes de tudo um ser complexo, imerso no caldo cultural de seu tempo e lugar, apostamos numa educação complexa, capaz de promover questionamentos ético-políticos que possam influenciar o seu processo auto-organizador. Uma educação complexa também pode fazer emergir a tomada de consciência de nossa cidadania planetária e influir positivamente no devir do Planeta. Para isso é fundamental que se estabeleça uma nova política de civilização, que valorize a convivência saudável e amorosa do sujeito consigo mesmo, com o outro, com as diversidades, enfim com o meio ambiente.
"Conhecimento tradicional" e currículo multicultural: notas com base em uma experiência com estudantes indígenas Kaiowá/Guarani
Authors: Perrelli Maria Aparecida de Souza
Published: February 2009

Este artigo situa-se no campo dos estudos culturais que compreendem o currículo escolar como lugar de disputa pela legitimidade de expressão do conhecimento de distintas culturas. Nessa compreensão, e comprometido com o empoderamento do povo indígena Kaiowá/Guarani, este trabalho destina-se a conhecer as especificidades dos saberes das sociedades tradicionais e a levantar questões pertinentes à pesquisa e à inserção deste conhecimento no currículo escolar. Os dados foram obtidos com base em levantamento bibliográfico e por meio de depoimentos de estudantes do Curso de Formação de Professores Indígenas Kaiowá/Guarani de Mato Grosso do Sul. O texto traz uma breve apresentação desse povo indígena e da sua luta pela escola específica e intercultural. Caracteriza o conhecimento tradicional (formas de aquisição, distribuição e transmissão) e remete a discussões que argumentam a favor de um currículo escolar aberto aos conhecimentos de culturas historicamente silenciadas.
Aptidão física relacionada à saúde em escolares de Jequié, BA, Brasil
Authors: Dórea Valfredo , Ronque Enio Ricardo Vaz , Cyrino Edilson Serpeloni , Serassuelo Junior Helio , Gobbo Luís Alberto , Carvalho Ferdinando Oliveira , Souza Carine Ferreira de , Melo Juliana Cordeiro de , Gaion Patrícia Aparecida
Published: February 2009

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a aptidão física relacionada à saúde (AFRS) em escolares de Jequié, BA, Brasil. Para tanto, a AFRS de 182 meninos e 160 meninas (sete a 12 anos), escolares da rede pública de ensino, foi avaliada mediante a aplicação dos testes motores corrida/caminhada de nove minutos (indicador de resistência cardiorrespiratória), abdominal modificado em um minuto (indicador de força e resistência abdominal), sentar-e-alcançar (indicador de flexibilidade). O somatório das espessuras das dobras cutâneas tricipital e subescapular foi utilizado como indicador de gordura corporal. Os resultados encontrados indicaram maior prevalência de meninos e meninas abaixo (19% e 49%, respectivamente) do que acima (3% e 1%, respectivamente) dos critérios estabelecidos pela AAHPERD (1988) para indicadores de gordura corporal. Por outro lado, somente 51% dos meninos e 58% das meninas no sentar-e-alcançar; 11% e 7%, respectivamente, no abdominal modificado em um minuto, e 15% e 14%, respectivamente, na corrida/caminhada de nove minutos alcançaram os critérios estabelecidos. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que programas efetivos de intervenção parecem necessários para a promoção de mudanças no estado nutricional e na atividade física habitual de escolares de Jequié.
Edge effects and landscape matrix use by a small mammal community in fragments of semideciduous submontane forest in Mato Grosso, Brazil
Authors: Santos-Filho M. , da Silva DJ. , Sanaiotti TM.
Published: February 2009

A community of small mammals was studied in seasonal semideciduous submontane forest in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. This study evaluated the use of edge and matrix pasture, by different small mammal species. Overall, 31 areas were studied, with a total sampling effort of 33,800 trap x nights. Only seven of the 25 species captured in the study sites were able to use the pasture matrix; we classified these species as generalists. Fourteen species were found to be intermediate in habits, being able to use forest edges. We found only four species habitat specialists, occurring only on transect lines in the interior of the fragment, at least 150 m from the edge. Transects located in the pasture matrix and 50 m from the edge had significantly lower species richness and abundance than transects located in the fragment edge or in the interior of the fragment. All transects located within the fragment had similar species richness and abundance, but transects located 50 m from the edge had slightly lower, but non-significant, species richness than transects located 100 m apart from edges. Rarefaction curves demonstrated that only medium-sized fragments (100 300 ha) reached an asymptote of species accumulation. The other areas require further sampling, or more sampling transect, before species accumulation curves stabilize, due to a continued increase in species number.
Zooplankton community dynamics in relation to the seasonal cycle and nutrient inputs in an urban tropical estuary in Brazil
Authors: Araujo HMP. , Nascimento-Vieira DA. , Neumann-Leitão S. , Schwamborn R. , Lucas APO. , Alves JPH.
Published: February 2009

Micro- and mesozooplankton were studied in the Sergipe estuary, northeastern Brazil, in order to assess the temporal variability in abundance and biodiversity under stressed conditions (urban pollution). Zooplankton samples and abiotic data were collected at one station during a full tidal cycle in July 2001 and in February 2002, corresponding to the rainy and dry seasons, respectively. The salinity regime was euhaline-polyhaline. Phosphate and dissolved oxygen were higher in July 2001, and nitrite, nitrate and ammonia in February 2002. Chlorophyll-a concentrations were low as a result of light limitation, with 1.18 ± 0.88 µg.m-3 in February and 1.53 ± 1.48 µg.m-3 in July. Fifty-nine zooplankton taxa were identified. Microzooplankton were abundant, mainly the tintinnid Favella ehrenbergii, and ranged from 18,649 ind.m-3 in July to 678,009 ind.m-3 in February. Mesozooplankton ranged from 1,537 ind.m-3 in July to 37,062 ind.m-3 in February and were dominated by barnacle nauplii in July and by copepods in February. The cluster analysis by taxa revealed the existence of three distinct groups: resilient species, characteristic of estuarine areas and occurring during all the year; species mainly more abundant in July (indicators of a healthier environmental condition); and species more abundant in February (tolerant to poor water quality).
Biodiversity in the neotropics: ecological, economic and social values
Authors: Tundisi JG. , Matsumura-Tundisi T.
Published: February 2009

Biodiversity in the neotropical region is of enormous importance, specially related to the future exploitation of this natural resource for food production, medical applications and restoration ecology and technology. Knowledge of this biodiversity and its conservation represents an important step from the scientific and applied point of view. Neotropical biodiversity is endangered by human interventions. Loss of this large genetic and phenotypic base will affect the functioning of freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. Neotropical forests and floodplains, great internal deltas of rivers are active centers of evolution. Loss of neotropical biodiversity will represent the loss of processes, economic values and ecosystem services.
The study of aquatic macrophytes in Neotropics: a scientometrical view of the main trends and gaps
Authors: Padial AA. , Bini LM. , Thomaz SM.
Published: February 2009

Aquatic macrophytes comprises a diverse group of organisms including angiosperms, ferns, mosses, liverworts and some macroalgae that occur in seasonally or permanently wet environments. Among other implications, aquatic macrophytes are highly productive and with an important structuring role on aquatic environments. Ecological studies involving aquatic plants substantially increased in the last years. However, a precise view of researches devoted to aquatic macrophytes in Neotropics is necessary to reach a reliable evaluation of the scientific production. In the current study, we performed a scientometrics analysis of the scientific production devoted to Neotropical macrophytes in an attempt to find the main trends and gaps of researches concerning this group. The publication devoted to macrophytes in Neotropics increased conspicuously in the last two decades. Brazil, Argentina, Mexico and Chile were the most productive among Neotropical countries. Our analyses showed that the studies dealt mostly with the influences of aquatic macrophytes on organisms and abiotic features. Studies with a predictive approach or aiming to test ecological hypothesis are scarce. In addition, researches aiming to describe unknown species are still necessary. This is essential to support conservation efforts and to subsidize further investigations testing ecological hypotheses.