bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Production Planning
Authors: Sarker Bhaba R. , Webster Dennis B. , Ray Thomas G.
Published: February 2015

The rapid introduction of newer technology and better approaches to management have led to unprecedented increases in productivity, but at its heart, the objective of manufacturing is still to provide the right product in the right quantity at the right time with the right quality at the right price to its customers. This chapter shows how manufacturing organizations strive to meet this objective. Forecasting provides the manufacturer with a basis for anticipating customer demand so as to have adequate product on hand when it is demanded. Aggregate planning approaches establish overall production requirements, and materials requirements planning techniques provide a methodology for ensuring that adequate inventory is available to complete the work required on products needed to meet forecasted customer demands. Job‐sequencing methodologies are used to develop shop schedules for production processes to reduce the time for manufacturing products. Finally, Japanese manufacturing philosophy and supply chain management are discussed.
Metal Forming, Shaping, and Casting
Authors: Zohdi Magd E. , Biles William E.
Published: February 2015

Metal‐forming processes use a remarkable property of metals and their ability to flow plastically in the solid state without concurrent deterioration of properties. Metal‐forming processes are classified into two categories: hot‐working processes and cold‐working processes. Some of the hot‐working processes that are of major importance in modern manufacturing are: rolling, forging, extrusion and upsetting, pipe welding and piercing. The major cold‐working operations can be classified basically under the headings of squeezing, bending, shearing, and drawing. Metal casting provides versatility and flexibility that have maintained casting position as a primary production method for machine elements. Some of the most common molding processes discussed are: injection molding, coinjection molding, expandable‐bead molding, and blow molding. In powder metallurgy (PM), fine metal powders are pressed into a desired shape, usually in a metal die and under high pressure, and the compacted powder is then heated (sintered), with a protective atmosphere.
Computer‐Integrated Manufacturing
Authors: Biles William E. , Zohdi Magd E.
Published: February 2015

Modern manufacturing systems are advanced automation systems that use computers as an integral part of their control. The computer‐integrated manufacturing system (CIMS) combines computer‐aided design (CAD), computer‐aided manufacturing (CAM), computer‐aided inspection (CAI), and computer‐aided production planning (CAPP), along with automated material handling. This chapter focuses on CAM for both parts fabrication and assembly. It treats numerical control (NC) machining, robotics, and group technology. It shows how to integrate these functions with automated material storage and handling to form a CIM system. The chapter examines three types of models by which one can examine production operations: graphical models, manufacturing process models, and mathematical models of production activity. Flexible manufacturing systems combined with automatic assembly and product inspection, on the one hand, and integrated CAD/CAM systems, on the other hand, are the basic components of the CIMS.
Evaluating And Selecting Technology‐Based Projects
Authors: Thamhain Hans J.
Published: February 2015

Evaluating and selecting projects is both an art and a science that, for most cases, has to go beyond a simple cost‐benefit analysis. Virtually every organization selects and implements projects, ranging from product development to organizational improvements and from customer contracts to R&D activities and bid proposals. Well‐organized project evaluation and selection process provides the framework for systematic data gathering and informed decision making toward resource allocation. Quantitative approaches are often favored to support project evaluation and selections if the decisions require economic justification. Effective project evaluation and selection requires a broad‐scanning process across all segments of the enterprise and its environment to deal with the risks, uncertainties, ambiguities, and imperfections of data available for assessing the value of a new project venture relative to other opportunities. Finally, organizational strategy must be aligned and integrated with the evaluation/selection process, early and throughout its evaluation cycle.
Total Quality Management for Mechanical Engineers
Authors: Kemerling Alan
Published: February 2015

The processes in total quality management (TQM) provide paths that not only work but also can be understood by the wider audience of team members and upper management. There are two basic paths in TQM, one is called define, measure, analyze, improve/innovate, and control (DMAIIC) and the other is called define, measure, analyze, design, verify, and validate (DMADVV). Critical to quality analysis (CTQ) or as it is often known, CTQ cascade has become known as the process to trace features of key customer importance into the process. Two different paths of TQM have been presented for the mechanical engineer to be successful at leading projects of design or improvement. Questions were provided to guide the appropriate tool selection and to understand where the team is in the process. Mechanical engineers are encouraged to continue practicing the processes of TQM for their businesses and personal careers.
Registrations, Certifications, and Awards
Authors: Sabelhaus Cynthia M. , Stapp Eric H.
Published: February 2015

In recent decades, the concept of quality has evolved from inspection of items during or after production, to development and control of processes, to optimizing the entire quality management system. This chapter provides a general overview of the most widely recognized programs. An accreditation body will accredit, i.e., approve, a conformity assessment body such as a registrar. While the concept of certifying or registering quality systems to an industry or international standard has become the norm throughout the world, the terminology is often misunderstood. For all practical purposes, the terms certification and registration are interchangeable. Awards for quality and performance excellence have played an important role in the worldwide improvement of organizational performance over the past 30 or more years. Award criteria are updated regularly to reflect the best practices of successful organizations as well as emerging challenges.
Online Information Resources for Mechanical Engineers
Authors: Schwarzwalder Robert N.
Published: February 2015

This chapter provides an overview of how one can navigate the maze of professional information resources available through the Internet while minimizing the frustrations and pitfalls inherent with the Web. It discusses approaches for gaining access to suites of online services and content for mechanical engineers in a variety of job environments. The chapter also provides a listing of selected online resources for mechanical engineers. The Internet has become a major avenue to find and acquire technical information. Content providers and information services have rushed to establish businesses on the Web as more and more engineers, academicians, and business people have discovered the efficiencies of working online. The chapter presents an overview of the types of resources that can be used to locate engineering information. The advent of online citations and digital articles has allowed engineers to manage their personal libraries in new, more effective ways.
Sources of Mechanical Engineering Information
Authors: Dusold Fritz , Kutz Myer
Published: February 2015

This chapter is designed to enable the engineer to find mechanical engineering information efficiently and take advantage of all available information. The emphasis is placed on publications and services designed to identify and obtain information. The most important source of information is the primary literature. It consists mainly of the articles published in periodicals and of papers presented at conferences. In order to retrieve the desired/needed information, indexes and abstracts were prepared by individual libraries and professional societies. There are well over 300 encyclopedias and handbooks covering science and technology. Codes, specifications, and standards are produced by government agencies, professional societies, businesses, and organizations devoted almost exclusively to the production of standards. The U.S. government is probably the largest publisher in the world. Engineering societies have exerted a strong influence on the development of the profession. The most comprehensive collections of engineering information can be found at large research libraries.
Thermophysical Properties of Fluids
Authors: Liley Peter E.
Published: February 2015

This chapter on the thermophysical properties of fluids presents several of tables and figures. The information presented is in the System International des Unit's, called in English as the International System of Units and abbreviated as SI. Various tables of conversion factors from other unit systems into the SI system and vice versa are also available. Some tables presented in the chapter include tables on conversion factors, phase transition data for elements, phase transition data for compounds, thermodynamic properties of liquid and saturated vapor air ideal gas, thermophysical properties of air, and thermophysical properties U.S. standard atmosphere. The chapter also presents figures that are graphs. These include illustrations of the enthalpy‐log pressure diagram for carbon dioxide, the enthalpy‐log pressure diagram for mercury, and compressibility factor of refrigerant 134a, among others.
Thermodynamics Fundamentals
Authors: Bejan Adrian
Published: February 2015

This chapter reviews the first and second laws of thermodynamics and their implications in mechanical engineering. It reviews the analytical aspects (the formulas) of engineering thermodynamics primarily in terms of the behavior of a pure substance, as would be the case of the working fluid in a heat engine or in a refrigeration machine. The analytical forms of the first and second laws of thermodynamics contain properties such as internal energy, enthalpy, and entropy, which cannot be measured directly. The values of these properties are derived from measurements that can be carried out in the laboratory (e.g., pressure, volume, temperature, specific heat); the formulas connecting the derived properties to the measurable properties. It contains a summary of the equations obtained by applying the first and second laws of thermodynamics to the components encountered in most engineering systems, such as power cycles and refrigeration cycles.
Exergy Analysis, Entropy Generation Minimization, and the Constructal Law
Authors: Bejan Adrian
Published: February 2015

This chapter reviews three methods that account for much of the newer work in engineering thermodynamics and thermal design and optimization. The method of exergy analysis rests on thermodynamics alone. Entropy generation minimization (EGM) is a method of modeling and optimization. The search for design is being pursued on the basis of principle, the constructal law, which is the statement that as configurations changes on the designer's table the ones that survive are those that offer greater access to currents. The modeling and optimization progress made in EGM is illustrated by some of the simplest and most fundamental results of the method. The generation of power and refrigeration based on energy from the sun has been the subject of some of the oldest EGM studies, which now cover a wide territory. There are several EGM models and optima of power plants that have fundamental implications.
Furnaces
Authors: Cone Carroll
Published: February 2015

This chapter provides information needed for the solution of furnace engineering problems in areas of design, performance analysis, construction and operating cost estimates, and improvement programs. The modern industrial furnace design has evolved from a rectangular or cylindrical enclosure, built up of refractory shapes and held together by a structural steel binding. Heat may be transmitted in industrial furnaces by radiation—gas radiation from combustion gases to furnace walls or direct to load and solid‐state radiation from walls, radiant tubes, or electric heating elements to load—or by convection—from combustion gases to walls or load. In fuel‐fired furnaces, a fraction of the energy from combustion leaves the combustion chamber as sensible heat in waste gases and the latent heat of evaporation for any water vapor content resulting from the combustion of hydrogen. Heating times for furnace loads, loading patterns, and time‐temperature cycles can be calculated from data on radiation and non‐steady‐state conduction.
Heat Exchangers, Vaporizers, and Condensers
Authors: Palen Joseph W.
Published: February 2015

Heat exchangers permit exchange of energy from one fluid to another, usually without permitting physical contact between the fluids. The following configurations are commonly used in the power and process industries. They are Shell‐and‐Tube Heat Exchangers, Plate‐Type Heat Exchangers, Spiral Plate Heat Exchangers, Air‐Cooled Heat Exchangers, Boiler Feedwater Heaters, Recuperators and Regenerator. In determining the overall cost of a proposed process plant or power plant, the cost of heat exchangers is of significant importance. Different rating methods are used depending on exchanger geometry and process type. When heat exchangers fail to operate properly in practice, the entire process is often affected and sometimes must be shut down. For proper operation of condensers it is always necessary to provide for venting of noncondensables. Industrial experience has shown for a long time that arbitrary fouling factors may actually contribute to fouling by greatly oversizing exchangers and lowering velocities.
Air Heating
Authors: Reed Richard J.
Published: February 2015

Air can be heated by burning fuel or by recovering waste heat from another process. In either case, the heat can be transferred to air directly or indirectly through air heaters. This chapter lists the gross Btu of fuel input required to heat one standard cubic foot of air from a given inlet temperature to a given outlet temperature. In addition to the cost of the heat exchanger for preheating the combustion air, there are many other costs that have to be weighed. Changing temperatures from end to end of high‐temperature heat exchangers and from time to time during high‐temperature furnace cycles cause thermal stress, often resulting in leaks and shortened heat exchanger life. Corrosion, fouling, and condensation problems continue to limit the applications of heat recovery equipment of all kinds. Despite all the costs and warnings, there are many benefits associated with the use of combustion air preheating systems.
Biofuels for Transportation
Authors: Smith Aaron , Granda Cesar , Holtzapple Mark
Published: February 2015

Biofuels offer a responsible solution to potential crises in the near future. Biofuels are renewable and provide a means to become independent from fossil fuels. Oil exploration is becoming more costly as more remote locations must be explored to find oil. The purpose of this chapter is to educate practicing engineers and students about biofuels for transportation. Biofuels are made from renewable materials such as plants and organic waste. Conventional transportation fuels such as gasoline or diesel are made from petroleum. Although biofuels are alternative fuels, not all alternative fuels are biofuels. For example, natural gas and propane are alternative fuels, but not biofuels. It discusses ethanol, biodiesel, and hydrogen in detail. The chapter enumerates other biofuels that are less well known yet potentially valuable. Each of the three central biofuels is reviewed objectively. Advantages and disadvantages are discussed as well as engineering and research issues.
Solar Energy Measurements
Authors: Muneer Tariq , Tham Yieng Wei
Published: February 2015

The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has recommended a standard terminology for various radiation fluxes and the classification of the associated instruments. The units have been chosen on the basis of standard use and ease of physical interpretation. Some of the relevant basic concepts are explained in this chapter. According to the European Solar Radiation Atlas (ESRA), solar radiation measurements can be broadly classified as ground‐based measurements derived from geostationary satellites, which measures the energy reflected by the system in different wavelength bands. With any measurement there exist errors, some of which are systematic and others inherent of the equipment used. The sources of operation‐related errors itemized in the chapter are self‐explanatory. Delta‐T Device of Cambridge has produced a relatively new instrument that measures the horizontal global and diffuse irradiance as well as sunshine duration from a single, stationary sensor. Finally, the chapter summarizes a few data quality assessment methods.
Wind Power Generation
Authors: Nemec Todd S.
Published: February 2015

Wind power has long been used for grain‐milling and water‐pumping applications. The ability to predict and trade life‐cycle costs versus energy improvement from new technologies is a key contributor to efficient technology development and market success. The most popular configuration for power‐generating wind turbines is the upwind three‐bladed horizontal‐axis wind turbine (HAWT). Upwind refers to the position of the blades relative to the tower. Wind turbine performance is characterized by its power curve, which shows the gross power produced as a function of wind speed. The rotor and drive train are ultimately optimized to yield the best economics for the turbine's mission. Turbine siting tasks are designed to solve a wide range of economic, environmental, social, and technical issues. Computer modeling of wind farm concepts can both help estimate the wind resource and improve understanding of visual, acoustic, and environmental issues.
Hydrogen Energy
Authors: Stefanakos E. K. , Goswami D. Y. , Srinivasan S. S.
Published: February 2015

Hydrogen is a good alternative to fossil fuels for the production, distribution, and storage of energy. Steam reforming of natural gas, or steam methane reformation (SMR), is one of the most developed and commercially used technologies for hydrogen production. Partial oxidation (POX) refers to the conversion of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks into a mixture of H2, CO, and CO2 using superheated steam and oxygen. In the thermal path hydrogen can be produced in two ways: direct gasification and pyrolysis to produce liquid bio‐oil, followed by steam reforming. Fossil fuels, electricity, biomass, and sunlight are four potential resources to use in H2 production. Photochemical and photoelectrochemical systems are currently at a very early stage of development. Hydrogen storage is essential, especially for the on‐board vehicular applications that lead to a hydrogen‐based economy. This chapter presents various hydrogen storage methods with respect to their physical and chemical phenomena.
Kooperative Katalyse nicht‐kompatibler Katalysatoren durch Kompartimentierung: Wacker‐Oxidation und enzymatische Reduktion in einem Eintopf‐Verfahren im wässrigen Medium
Authors: Sato Hirofumi , Hummel Werner , Gröger Harald
Published: February 2015

Eine Wacker‐Oxidation unter Verwendung von CuCl/PdCl2 als Katalysatorsystem wurde erfolgreich mit einer enzymatischen Ketonreduktion zur enantioselektiven Umwandlung von Styrol in 1‐Phenylethanol in einem Eintopf‐Verfahren kombiniert, obwohl beide im wässrigen Medium verlaufende Reaktionen aufgrund der Enzymdeaktivierung durch Cu‐Ionen nicht miteinander kompatibel sind. Die Machbarkeit als Eintopf‐Verfahren wurde durch Kompartimentierung der beiden Reaktionen erreicht. Die Durchführung der Wacker‐Oxidation im inneren Bereich einer Polydimethylsiloxan‐Hülse erlaubt nur die Diffusion des organischen Substrats und Produkts in den Außenbereich, in dem die Biotransformation stattfindet. Somit werden die für das Enzym nachteiligen Cu‐Ionen vom Reaktionsmedium der Biotransformation ferngehalten. In diesem Eintopf‐Verfahren, welches formal einer asymmetrischen Hydrierung von Alkenen entspricht, werden eine Reihe von 1‐Arylethanolen mit hohen Umsätzen und 98–99 % ee gebildet. Zudem wurde das Katalysatorsystem für die Wacker‐Oxidation 15‐mal wiederverwendet, ohne signifikanten Rückgang an Umsatz.
Nanoglas‐Verkapselung funktionaler organischer Verbindungen für optisch anisotrope Beschichtungen
Authors: Stöter Matthias , Biersack Bernhard , Rosenfeldt Sabine , Leitl Markus J. , Kalo Hussein , Schobert Rainer , Yersin Hartmut , Ozin Geoffrey A. , Förster Stephan , Breu Josef
Published: February 2015

Funktionale Moleküle lassen sich mit einem neuen Verfahren zwischen zwei 1 nm dünnen Schichten verkapseln, die ähnlich wie Glas transparent und chemisch inert sind. Geordnete Wechsellagerungen von alternierenden organischen und osmotisch quellfähigen Na+‐Zwischenschichten delaminieren spontan zu Doppelschichten bestehend aus zwei Silicatschichten, welche die organische Zwischenschicht einschließen. Die neue Technik ist geeignet, um hydrophobe, funktionale Moleküle zu maskieren und vollständig in Wasser dispergierbar zu machen. Die Doppelschichten besitzen durch die laterale Ausdehnung von 5000 nm und die Dicke von 4.5 nm ein Aspektverhältnis von >1000. Die Kombination aus strukturimmanenter Anisotropie der Silicatschichten und der aus dem begrenzten Raum zwischen den Schichten resultierenden Vorzugsorientierung eingelagerter Moleküle erlaubt es, Nanokompositfilme mit einer definierten Orientierung der eingekapselten Moleküle herzustellen, die sich in der Folge durch anisotrope optische Eigenschaften auszeichnen.
Affinitätsbestimmung durch kompetitive Bindung mit Fluor‐19‐hyperpolarisierten Liganden
Authors: Kim Yaewon , Hilty Christian
Published: February 2015

Fluor‐19‐NMR‐Spektroskopie und ‐Hyperpolarisierung bilden eine leistungsfähige Kombination für die Suche nach pharmakologischen Wirkstoffen. Im kompetitiven Gleichgewicht mit einem ausgewählten fluorierten Reporterliganden ist die Dissoziationskonstante (KD) eines gewünschten Liganden durch einen einzelnen Scan eines Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill(CPMG)‐Experimentes messbar, ohne dass eine Titration notwendig ist. Diese Methode wird durch die Charakterisierung der Bindung dreier Liganden mit unterschiedlichen Affinitäten zur Serinprotease Trypsin demonstriert. Monte‐Carlo‐Simulationen zeigen, dass die größte Genauigkeit erreicht wird, wenn ungefähr die Hälfte des gebundenen Reporterliganden verdrängt wird. Diese Bedingung kann über einen großen Bereich von Affinitäten erreicht werden und ermöglicht die Untersuchung der Bindung nichtfluorierter Liganden in rascher Folge, wenn ein einzelner fluorierter Ligand für die gewünschte Bindungsstelle bekannt ist.
When Molecular Probes Meet Self‐Assembly: An Enhanced Quenching Effect
Authors: Ren Chunhua , Wang Huaimin , Mao Duo , Zhang Xiaoli , Fengzhao Qianqi , Shi Yang , Ding Dan , Kong Deling , Wang Ling , Yang Zhimou
Published: February 2015

We demonstrate that the incorporation of one or two amino acids of phenylalanine (F) or 4‐fluoro phenylalanine (fF) will greatly lower the background fluorescence intensities of conventional quenched probes with quenchers. This enhanced quenching effect was due to the synergetic effect of the aggregation caused quenching and the presence of a quencher. Such strategy will not greatly affect the enzyme recognition properties to the probes. We also demonstrated that our self‐assembled nanoprobe with the enhanced quenching effect showed a better performance in cells for the detection of cell apoptosis than the unassembled probes. Our study demonstrates that using molecular self‐assembly can optimize and improve the performance of molecular probes and it provides a simple but very useful strategy to boost the signal‐to‐noise ratios of fluorescence probes.
A Functionalized Ag2S Molecular Architecture: Facile Assembly of the Atomically Precise Ferrocene‐Decorated Nanocluster [Ag74S19(dppp)6(fc(C{O}OCH2CH2S)2)18]
Authors: Liu Yiyi , Khalili Najafabadi Bahareh , Azizpoor Fard Mahmood , Corrigan John F.
Published: February 2015

A ferrocene‐based dithiol 1,1′‐[fc(C{O}OCH2CH2SH)2] has been prepared and treated with a AgI salt to form the stable dithiolate compound [fc(C{O}OCH2CH2SAg)2]n (fc=[Fe(η5‐C5H4)2]). This is used as a reagent for the preparation of the nanocluster [Ag74S19(dppp)6(fc(C{O}OCH2CH2S)2)18] which was obtained in good yield (dppp=1,3‐bis(diphenylphosphino)propane).
Ion‐Specific Oil Repellency of Polyelectrolyte Multilayers in Water: Molecular Insights into the Hydrophilicity of Charged Surfaces
Authors: Liu Xiaokong , Leng Chuan , Yu Li , He Ke , Brown Lauren Joan , Chen Zhan , Cho Jinhan , Wang Dayang
Published: February 2015

Surface wetting on polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs), prepared by alternating deposition of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) and poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS), was investigated mainly in water‐solid‐oil systems. The surface‐wetting behavior of as‐prepared PEMs was well correlated to the molecular structures of the uncompensated ionic groups on the PEMs as revealed by sum frequency generation vibrational and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The orientation change of the benzenesulfonate groups on the PSS‐capped surfaces causes poor water wetting in oil or air and negligible oil wetting in water, while the orientation change of the quaternized pyrrolidine rings on the PDDA‐capped surfaces hardly affects their wetting behavior. The underwater oil repellency of PSS‐capped PEMs was successfully harnessed to manufacture highly efficient filters for oil‐water separation at high flux.
113Cd NMR Experiments Reveal an Unusual Metal Cluster in the Solution Structure of the Yeast Splicing Protein Bud31p
Authors: van Roon Anne‐Marie M. , Yang Ji‐Chun , Mathieu Daniel , Bermel Wolfgang , Nagai Kiyoshi , Neuhaus David
Published: February 2015

Establishing the binding topology of structural zinc ions in proteins is an essential part of their structure determination by NMR spectroscopy. Using 113Cd NMR experiments with 113Cd‐substituted samples is a useful approach but has previously been limited mainly to very small protein domains. Here we used 113Cd NMR spectroscopy during structure determination of Bud31p, a 157‐residue yeast protein containing an unusual Zn3Cys9 cluster, demonstrating that recent hardware developments make this approach feasible for significantly larger systems.
Structural Characterization of a Hydroperoxo Nickel Complex and Its Autoxidation: Mechanism of Interconversion between Peroxo, Superoxo, and Hydroperoxo Species
Authors: Rettenmeier Christoph A. , Wadepohl Hubert , Gade Lutz H.
Published: February 2015

Pincer‐stabilized nickel(I) complexes readily react with molecular oxygen to form dinuclear 1,2‐μ‐peroxo‐bridged nickel(II) complexes, which are the major components of a dynamic equilibrium with the corresponding mononuclear superoxo species. The peroxo complexes further react with hydrogen peroxide to give the corresponding nickel(II) hydroperoxides. One of these hitherto elusive species was characterized by X‐ray diffraction for the first time [O–O bond length: 1.492(2) Å].
Formation of Nickel Sulfide Nanoframes from Metal–Organic Frameworks with Enhanced Pseudocapacitive and Electrocatalytic Properties
Authors: Yu Xin‐Yao , Yu Le , Wu Hao Bin , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: February 2015

Nanoframe‐like hollow structures with unique three‐dimensional (3D) open architecture hold great promise for various applications. Current research efforts mainly focus on frame‐like noble metals and metal oxides. However, metal sulfides with frame‐like nanostructures have been rarely reported. Starting from metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), we demonstrate a novel structure‐induced anisotropic chemical etching/anion exchange method to transform Ni‐Co Prussian blue analogue (PBA) nanocubes into NiS nanoframes with tunable size. The reaction between Ni‐Co PBA nanocube templates and Na2S in solution leads to the formation of well‐defined NiS nanoframes. The different reactivity between the edges and the plane surface of the Ni‐Co PBA nanocubes is found to be the key factor for the formation of NiS nanoframes. Benefitting from their structural merits including 3D open structure, small size of primary nanoparticles, high specific surface area, and good structural robustness, the as‐derived NiS nanoframes manifest excellent electrochemical performance for electrochemical capacitors and hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyte.
Gold‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition Reactions of Ethyl Diazoacetate, Nitrosoarenes, and Vinyldiazo Carbonyl Compounds: Synthesis of Isoxazolidine and Benzo[b]azepine Derivatives
Authors: Pagar Vinayak Vishnu , Liu Rai‐Shung
Published: February 2015

Gold‐catalyzed cycloadditions of ethyl diazoacetate, nitrosoarenes, and vinyldiazo carbonyl species to yield isoxazolidine derivatives stereoselectively are described. Treatment of these isoxazolidine products with the same catalyst results in a novel 1,2‐H shift/[3,3] rearrangement to give benzo[b]azepine compounds. The mechanism of this skeletal rearrangement is elucidated with deuterium‐labeling experiments.
Nanomolar Inhibitors of the Transcription Factor STAT5b with High Selectivity over STAT5a
Authors: Elumalai Nagarajan , Berg Angela , Natarajan Kalaiselvi , Scharow Andrej , Berg Thorsten
Published: February 2015

Src homology 2 (SH2) domains play a central role in signal transduction. Although many SH2 domains have been validated as drug targets, their structural similarity makes development of specific inhibitors difficult. The cancer‐relevant transcription factors STAT5a and STAT5b are particularly challenging small‐molecule targets because their SH2 domains are 93 % identical on the amino acid level. Here we present the natural product‐inspired development of the low‐nanomolar inhibitor Stafib‐1, as the first small molecule which inhibits the STAT5b SH2 domain (Ki=44 nM) with more than 50‐fold selectivity over STAT5a. The binding site of the core moiety of Stafib‐1 was validated by functional analysis of point mutants. A prodrug of Stafib‐1 was shown to inhibit STAT5b with high selectivity over STAT5a in tumor cells. Stafib‐1 provides the first demonstration that naturally occurring SH2 domains with more than 90 % sequence identity can be selectively targeted with small organic molecules.
Affinity Screening Using Competitive Binding with Fluorine‐19 Hyperpolarized Ligands
Authors: Kim Yaewon , Hilty Christian
Published: February 2015

Fluorine‐19 NMR and hyperpolarization form a powerful combination for drug screening. Under a competitive equilibrium with a selected fluorinated reporter ligand, the dissociation constant (KD) of other ligands of interest is measurable using a single‐scan Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) experiment, without the need for a titration. This method is demonstrated by characterizing the binding of three ligands with different affinities for the serine protease trypsin. Monte Carlo simulations show that the highest accuracy is obtained when about one‐half of the bound reporter ligand is displaced in the binding competition. Such conditions can be achieved over a wide range of affinities, allowing for rapid screening of non‐fluorinated compounds when a single fluorinated ligand for the binding pocket of interest is known.
Cobalt(III)‐Catalyzed Directed CH Coupling with Diazo Compounds: Straightforward Access towards Extended π‐Systems
Authors: Zhao Dongbing , Kim Ju Hyun , Stegemann Linda , Strassert Cristian A. , Glorius Frank
Published: February 2015

The first highly efficient and scalable cobalt‐catalyzed directed CH functionalization with carbene precursors is presented. This methodology provides a modular route towards a new class of conjugated polycyclic hydrocarbons with tunable emission wavelengths both in solution and in the solid state.
Organoaluminum‐Mediated Direct Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Minami Hiroki , Saito Tatsuo , Wang Chao , Uchiyama Masanobu
Published: February 2015

We present a direct cross‐coupling reaction between arylaluminum compounds (ArAlMe2⋅LiCl) and organic halides RX (R=aryl, alkenyl, alkynyl; X=I, Br, and Cl) without any external catalyst. The reaction takes place smoothly, simply upon heating, thereby enabling the efficient and chemo‐/stereoselective formation of biaryl, alkene, and alkyne coupling products with broad functional group compatibility.
Synthesis of Well‐Defined Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose Oligomers
Authors: Kistemaker Hans A. V. , Lameijer Lucien N. , Meeuwenoord Nico J. , Overkleeft Herman S. , van der Marel Gijsbert A. , Filippov Dmitri V.
Published: February 2015

The post‐translational modification of proteins that is known as adenosine diphosphate ribosylation (ADPr) regulates a wide variety of important biological processes, such as DNA‐damage repair and cellular metabolism. This modification is also involved in carcinogenesis and the process of aging. Therefore, a better understanding of the function of ADP‐ribosylation is crucial for the development of novel therapeutics. To facilitate the elucidation of the biology of ADPr, the availability of well‐defined fragments of poly(ADP‐ribose) is essential. Herein we report a solid‐phase synthetic approach for the preparation of ADP‐ribose oligomers of exactly defined length. The methodology is exemplified by the first reported synthesis of an ADP‐ribose dimer and trimer.
Dehydrogenative Homocoupling of Terminal Alkenes on Copper Surfaces: A Route to Dienes
Authors: Sun Qiang , Cai Liangliang , Ding Yuanqi , Xie Lei , Zhang Chi , Tan Qinggang , Xu Wei
Published: February 2015

Homocouplings of hydrocarbon groups including alkynyl (sp1), alkyl (sp3), and aryl (sp2) have recently been investigated on surfaces with the interest of fabricating novel carbon nanostructures/nanomaterials and getting fundamental understanding. Investigated herein is the on‐surface homocoupling of an alkenyl group which is the last elementary unit of hydrocarbons. Through real‐space direct visualization (scanning tunneling microscopy imaging) and density functional theory calculations, the two terminal alkenyl groups were found to couple into a diene moiety on copper surfaces, and is contrary to the common dimerization products of alkenes in solution. Furthermore, detailed DFT‐based transition‐state searches were performed to unravel this new reaction pathway.
Electrochemically Mediated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization from a Substrate Surface Manipulated by Bipolar Electrolysis: Fabrication of Gradient and Patterned Polymer Brushes
Authors: Shida Naoki , Koizumi Yuki , Nishiyama Hiroki , Tomita Ikuyoshi , Inagi Shinsuke
Published: February 2015

We report the first ever use of electrochemically mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (eATRP) employing a bipolar electrochemical method for the fabrication of both gradient and patterned polymer brushes. A potential gradient generated on a bipolar electrode allowed the formation of a concentration gradient of a CuI polymerization catalyst through the one‐electron reduction of CuII, resulting in the gradient growth of poly(NIPAM) brushes from an initiator‐modified substrate surface set close to a bipolar electrode. These polymer brushes could be fabricated in three‐dimensional gradient shapes with control over thickness, steepness, and modified area by varying the electrolytic conditions. Moreover, by site‐selective application of potential during bipolar electrolysis, a polymer brush with a circular pattern was successfully formed. Polymerization was achieved using both a polar monomer (NIPAM) and a nonpolar monomer (MMA) with the eATRP system.
New Insights into the Hexaphenylethane Riddle: Formation of an α,o‐Dimer
Authors: Uchimura Yasuto , Takeda Takashi , Katoono Ryo , Fujiwara Kenshu , Suzuki Takanori
Published: February 2015

Upon reduction of a 1H‐cyclobuta[de]naphthalene‐4,5‐diylbis(diarylmethylium) species, a new CC bond is formed between the Cα and Cortho atoms of the two chromophores, which presents an unprecedented coupling pattern for the dimerization of two trityl units. By attaching an annulated cyclobutane ring at the opposite peri position of the naphthalene core, the distance between the Cα carbon atoms was elongated beyond the limit of σ‐bond formation through “scissor effects”. The suppression of CαCα bond formation, which would lead to hexaphenylethane‐type compounds, is key to the first successful isolation of the α,o‐adducts. The 5‐diarylmethylene‐6‐triarylmethyl‐1,3‐cyclohexadiene unit in the α,o‐adducts is stable, and isomerization of the cyclohexadiene unit into an aromatic system was not observed. The newly formed CαCortho bond was cleaved upon two‐electron oxidation to regenerate the dicationic dye.
Establishing marine protected areas through bottom‐up processes: insights from two contrasting initiatives in Chile
Authors: Oyanedel Rodrigo , Marín Andrés , Castilla Juan Carlos , Gelcich Stefan
Published: February 2015

Bottom‐up participatory processes to create and manage no‐take marine protected areas have been proposed as a way to scale‐up marine conservation and deal with the lack of support and compliance of top‐down conservation approaches. However, bottom‐up conservation does not always lead to positive outcomes, thus it is increasingly important to understand the conditions that determine the establishment and implementation of these initiatives.

Establishment and implementation processes were compared empirically for two contrasting bottom‐up no‐take marine protected areas that have been developing under the same political setting, however, one has been successful and the other has stalled.

Using mixed methods, stakeholders' (a) motivations to participate in the no‐take marine protected area initiatives, (b) communication, support and information flow networks, (c) perceived participation, and (d) satisfaction with the establishment process of the bottom‐up no‐take marine protected areas, were assessed.

Non‐significant differences were found between the two initiatives in terms of stakeholders' motivations to create a no‐take marine protected area.

Significant differences were found in stakeholders' communication, support and information flow networks, in addition to differences in participation, and satisfaction with the establishment and implementation process.

Results highlight that for the implementation and consolidation of bottom‐up no‐take marine protected areas initiatives, common interests do not necessarily lead to common action, partnerships will not emerge automatically in response to potential benefits.

Understanding disparities in participation, information sharing and communication are key aspects which must be considered for creating and supporting successful marine protected areas based on bottom‐up participatory processes.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Operational interactions between South American sea lions and gillnet fishing in southern Brazil
Authors: Machado Rodrigo , Ott Paulo Henrique , Moreno Ignacio Benites , Danilewicz Daniel , Tavares Maurício , Crespo Enrique Alberto , Siciliano Salvatore , Rosa De Oliveira Larissa
Published: February 2015

This study describes operational interactions between coastal gillnet fishing and South American sea lions (Otaria flavescens) off the southern Brazilian coast.

In total, 263 onboard surveys were carried out during three periods between 1992 and 2012 in fishing boats from two harbours on the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul State: Passo de Torres (29°19'S; 49°43'W) and Imbé (29°58'S; 50°07'W).

Interactions of South American sea lions were observed in 116 (24.0%) out of 484 fishing operations. These interactions were more frequent in fishing boats from Passo de Torres (frequency of occurrence FO = 42.8%) than those from Imbé (FO = 14.8%; P < 0.001) and during autumn and winter months.

Interactions between South American sea lions and fishing activities with fixed bottom gillnets in Imbé were most frequent during period III of the study (2011/2012) (FO = 52.0%; P = 0.032).

These results demonstrated that interactions are not as high as reported/complained about by the local fishermen who tend to exaggerate the impact of these interactions.

It is suggested that reduced fish stock and increased fishing effort during recent decades is raising the frequency of encounters with South American sea lions during fishing activities off the southern Brazilian coast. Therefore, the implementation of fishery management measures that reduce fishing effort and that integrate environmental education programmes are essential to reduce conflicts between fishing activities and the sea lions in the region.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of fine‐scale daily movement patterns of juvenile Pristis pectinata within a nursery habitat
Authors: Hollensead Lisa D. , Grubbs R. Dean , Carlson John K. , Bethea Dana M.
Published: February 2015

Habitat use studies can be used to investigate ecological and behavioural patterns of animals and serve as useful tools for conservation planners. However, specific habitats essential to survival can be difficult to determine for highly mobile marine animals, especially when these species are rare or endangered.

Active acoustic tracking telemetry was used to determine daily activity spaces and rates of movement of juvenile smalltooth sawfish (Pristis pectinata) in critical habitat areas of south‐west Florida, USA.

Activity space size and rates of movement were positively related with the size of the area where the animal was tracked. Overall, activity spaces were small and ranged from 0.07–0.17 km2 using 95% minimum convex polygons, 0.01–0.16 km2 based on 50% kernel density estimates (KDE), and 0.08–0.68 km2 based on 95% KDE. Rates of movement ranged from 2.4 to 6.1 m min–1.

There were no detectable differences in activity space or rates of movement between ebb and flood tide or high or low tide. Activity space decreased and rates of movement increased at night, possibly related to nocturnal foraging behaviour or predator avoidance. Comparisons of tracked animal locations and random locations suggested there was selection for those habitats in close proximity to mangrove shoreline.

Though daily activity spaces were small, juvenile smalltooth sawfish did exhibit a daily expansion in activity space over the monitoring period.

Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐ and Nano‐Technologies for Lipid Bilayer‐Based Ion‐Channel Functional Assays
Authors: Hirano‐Iwata Ayumi , Ishinari Yutaka , Yamamoto Hideaki , Niwano Michio
Published: February 2015

Ion channel proteins provide gated pores that allow ions to passively flow across cell membranes. Owing to their crucial roles in regulating transmembrane ion flow, ion channel proteins have attracted the attention of pharmaceutical investigators as drug targets for use in the studies of both therapeutics and side effects. In this review, we discuss the current technologies that are used in the formation of ion channel‐integrated bilayer lipid membranes (BLMs) in microfabricated devices as a potential platform for next‐generation drug screening systems. Advances in BLM fabrication methodology have allowed the preparation of BLMs in sophisticated formats, such as microfluidic, automated, and/or array systems, which can be combined with channel current recordings. A much more critical step is the integration of the target channels into BLMs. Current technologies for the functional reconstitution of ion channel proteins are presented and discussed. Finally, the remaining issues of the BLM‐based methods for recording ion channel activities and their potential applications as drug screening systems are discussed.
Effect of long‐term (2 years) exposure of mouse brains to global system for mobile communication (GSM) radiofrequency fields on astrocytic immunoreactivity
Authors: Court‐Kowalski Stefan , Finnie John W. , Manavis Jim , Blumbergs Peter C. , Helps Stephen C. , Vink Robert
Published: February 2015

This study was designed to determine whether long‐term (2 years) brain exposure to mobile telephone radiofrequency (RF) fields produces any astrocytic activation as these glia react to a wide range of neural perturbations by astrogliosis. Using a purpose‐designed exposure system at 900 MHz, mice were given a single, far‐field whole body exposure at a specific absorption rate of 4 W/kg on five successive days per week for 104 weeks. Control mice were sham‐exposed or freely mobile in a cage to control any stress caused by immobilization in the exposure module. Brains were perfusion‐fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde and three coronal levels immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). These brain slices were then examined by light microscopy and the amount of this immunomarker quantified using a color deconvolution method. There was no change in astrocytic GFAP immunostaining in brains after long‐term exposure to mobile telephony microwaves compared to control (sham‐exposed or freely moving caged mice). It was concluded that long‐term (2 years) exposure of murine brains to mobile telephone RF fields did not produce any astrocytic reaction (astrogliosis) detectable by GFAP immunostaining. Bioelectromagnetics. 36:245–250, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fluorescent probe for detection of Cu2+ using core‐shell CdTe/ZnS quantum dots
Authors: Bian Wei , Wang Fang , Zhang Hao , Zhang Lin , Wang Li , Shuang Shaomin
Published: February 2015

Core‐shell CdTe/ZnS quantum dots capped with 3‐mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were successfully synthesized in aqueous medium by hydrothermal synthesis. These quantum dots have advantages compared to traditional quantum dots with limited biological applications, high toxicity and tendency to aggregate. The concentration of Cu2+ has a significant impact on the fluorescence intensity of quantum dots (QDs), therefore, a rapid sensitive and selective fluorescence probe has been proposed for the detection of Cu2+ in aqueous solution. Under optimal conditions, the fluorescence intensity of CdTe/ZnS QDs was linearly proportional to the concentration of Cu2+ in the range from 2.5 × 10–9 M to 17.5 × 10–7 M with the limit of 1.5 × 10–9 M and relative standard deviation of 0.23%. The quenching mechanism is static quenching with recoveries of 97.30–102.75%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Proteopedia: Rossmann fold: A beta‐alpha‐beta fold at dinucleotide binding sites
Authors: Hanukoglu Israel
Published: February 2015

The Rossmann fold is one of the most common and widely distributed super‐secondary structures. It is composed of a series of alternating beta strand (β) and alpha helical (α) segments wherein the β‐strands are hydrogen bonded forming a β‐sheet. The initial beta‐alpha‐beta (βαβ) fold is the most conserved segment of Rossmann folds. As this segment is in contact with the ADP portion of dinucleotides such as FAD, NAD, and NADP it is also called as an "ADP‐binding βαβ fold". The Proteopedia entry on the Rossmann fold (Available at: http://proteopedia.org/w/Rossmann_fold) was generated to illustrate several structural aspects of super families of FAD and NAD(P) binding proteins: (1) The coenzymes FAD and NAD(P) share the basic adenosine diphosphate (ADP) structure. (2) The βαβ fold motif that is common to both FAD and NAD(P) binding enzymes accommodates the common ADP component of these two coenzymes. (3) In both FAD and NAD(P) binding sites, the tight turn between the first β‐strand and the α‐helix is in contact with the two phosphate groups of ADP. (4) This hairpin curve includes the first two conserved glycines (Gly‐x‐Gly) that allow the sharp turn of the polypeptide backbone. (5) The two β‐strands of the βαβ fold may constitute the core of a larger β‐sheet that may include up to seven β‐strands generally in parallel orientation. (6) The structures of segments between additional strands vary greatly and may be composed of a variety of structures such as multiple short helices or coils. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(3):206–209, 2015.