bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of Electrically Active Sb Atoms in Heavily Doped Silicon: Monte‐Carlo Simulation with Regard to Collective Phenomena
Authors: Fedotov S. A.
Published: July 2007

The mechanisms of electrically active impurity diffusion in heavily doped silicon during rapid thermal annealing (RTA) are considered. A computer simulation of impurity atom migration processes in the silicon lattice by the Monte‐Carlo (MC) method with regard of collective phenomena is carried out. On the basis of the comparison with experimental results on RTA of Sb impurity implanted into Si in a wide temperature region (from 1000 to 1200 °C) conclusions about the nature of the interaction between impurity atoms and defects are made. A good correspondence between the calculated and experimental results is achieved by the modification of the model with regard of the nonequilibrium vacancy distribution in the lattice.
On the Possibility to Control the Energy Spectrum in Coupled Quantum Wells Based on Magnetic Semiconductors by Means of Temperature
Authors: Kruclikov E. G. , Petrov V. A.
Published: July 2007

A possibility is pointed out to control tunnel resonance and electron wave function localization by means of temperature in asymmetric. coupled quantum wells based on a combination of diluted magnetic semiconductors. A numerical calculation of the electron spectrum and the wave functions is made for two structures based on CdMnTe and ZnMnSe. The possibilities of the experimental observation of the predicted effect are discussed.
Phase Diagrams of the Diluted Spin‐3/2 Blume‐Capel Model
Authors: Bakkali A. , Kerouad M. , Saber M.
Published: July 2007

The phase diagrams of the diluted spin‐3/2 Blume‐Capel Ising model on a honeycomb lattice are examined in detail, within the framework of an effective field theory based on the use of a probability distribution that correctly accounts for the single site kinematic relations. The thermal variation of the magnetization, the quadrupolar moment, and the higher‐order moment near critical concentrations are also investigated.
Fluorescence in Doubly Doped KCl: Eu2+, Sm2+ Crystals
Authors: Cywiński R.
Published: July 2007

Low temperature (4.2 K) emission spectra and fluorescence lifetime characteristics of Sm2+ ions are examined in doubly doped KCl:Eu2+, Sm2+ crystals. It is shown that except for the aggregation products composed of individual dopants, some aggregates containing both dopants simultaneously are formed. In crystals with high Eu2+ concentration the emission decay ascribed to the latter centres implies an effective energy transfer from Sm2+ to Eu2+ ions accompanied by a drastic drop of the decay constant.
Strain Effects on the Band Structures of GaN
Authors: Xie Jianjun , Zi Jian , Zhang Kaiming
Published: July 2007

The strain effects on the band structure of zincblende GaN are studied by using the ab initio linear muffin‐tin orbital (LMTO) method. The variations of energy splitting with the strain component are calculated for some of the important eigenvalues. The strain effects on the band shape and band gap are discussed. It is found that the compressive (expansive) strain parallel to the (100) surface gives a narrower (wider) Xc1‐Γv15 band gap and a wider (narrower) Xc1‐Γv15 band gap compared with that of the perfect zincblende GaN crystal. The band width along the Δ direction increases when the lattice parallel to the (100) surface a∥ is compressed and decreases when a∥ is expanded. However, the band width along the A direction decreases for both compressive and expansive strain parallel to the (100) surface.
Control system design for parametric uncertainty
Authors: Keel L. H. , Bhattacharyya S. P.
Published: July 2007

This paper introduces some recently developed frequency‐domain design techniques that are effective in the design of control systems that are required to be robust under parametric uncertainty. We have extended the well‐known classical control tools (i.e., Nyquist plot, Bode plot, and Nichols chart) developed for a fixed plant to the domain of families of plants where the uncertain parameter varies in intervals. Using this new family of plots, classical control design techniques can be used to design robust control systems. The technique is illustrated by examples.
Discrete‐time loop transfer recovery via generalized sampled‐data hold functions based compensator
Authors: Er M. J. , Anderson Brian D. O.
Published: July 2007

Loop transfer recovery (LTR) techniques are known to enhance the input or output robustness properties of linear quadratic gaussian (LQG) designs. One restriction of the existing discrete‐time LQG/LTR methods is that they can obtain arbitrarily good recovery only for minimum‐phase plants. A number of researchers have attempted to devise new techniques to cope with non‐minimum‐phase plants and have achieved some degrees of success.6‐9 Nevertheless, their methods only work for a restricted class of non‐minimum‐phase systems. Here, we explore the zero placement capability of generalized sampled‐data hold functions (GSHF) developed in Reference 14 and show that using the arbitrary zero placement capability of GSHF, the discretized plant can always be made minimum‐phase. As a consequence, we are able to achieve discrete‐time perfect recovery using a GSHF‐based compensator irrespective of whether the underlying continuous‐time plant is minimum‐phase or not.
Theory of Harmony of Proportions and Functions in Social Systems
Authors: Davydov A. A.
Published: July 2007

The basic postulates of the theory, which unites proportions in statics and dynamics, explain their ties with the social system functions. Verification of the theory has been carried out. Its value is explained in the concrete examples, not only for forecasting social processes and determining optimal correlations in society, but also for development of the general theory of systems.
A representation theorem for linear I/O systems
Authors: Ma Yonghao , Lin Yi
Published: July 2007

A fundamental theorem for linear systems studied by Mesarovic and Takahara c.f [5], [6] is investigated in the model of general systems given by Lin([1]).
Evolution learning and progress of science: An increase in variety and order
Authors: Paritsis Nicholas C.
Published: July 2007

The contribution of variety to the adaptation, the survival and development of a system described by the laws of requisite variety of experience and of optimal variety, respectively is presented. The contribution of order to evolution found in the work of Prigogine is also discussed. It is then concluded that ordered variety is a better marker or measure for evolution than the amount of entropy and of information. The application of these concepts to other forms of Natural Intelligence development such as learning and the progress of science together with methods of their protection and facilitation are discussed.
Quality of an Enterprise‐s Business Operations A Holistic View and Systems Approach
Authors: Kralj Janko
Published: July 2007

Abstract ‐ The paper deals with an original analytical approach (a holistic, systemic one) to the quality of business operations of an enterprise. It consists of an economic estimation of success and its components, which is supported by the reputation of the enterprise; both are consequences of its behavior of a permanent concern. The key components and variables of success are: efficiency (productivity, cost effectiveness), effectiveness (competitive marketability, flexibility). Reputation depends on orderliness (relations inside enterprise, creativity) and credibility (capability and reliability plus public and societal relations). Its motors are the entrepreneurship and entrepreneurships. The idea is presented in a figure and elaborated in a table, accompanied by explanations in text. It has been developed for decades and recently published in the author's new book (1992) on Enterprise‐s policy (in Slovenian). In this paper some refinements are made.
Measurement of the Services Quality from the Customers Perspective
Authors: Snoj Boris
Published: July 2007

Abstract ‐ Services are becoming more and more a primary force for economic growth, in modern society. National economies that want to cope with changes are in the midst of a quality revolution. Yet, little has been done in the marketing management of the quality of services. Hence the article reveals some problems in this area and focuses on the measurement of the quality of services from the customers perspective. The systemic approach to the measurement is introduced as well as some findings of the research of the quality of the Slovenian health spas‐ services.
Ecology and the poverty of humanism: A critical systems perspective
Authors: Midgley Gerald
Published: July 2007

This paper explores what we might mean by the terms “humanism” and “the ecological perspective” using a new kind of systems model. It is argued that humanism represents an uncritical acceptance of boundaries that always prioritise individual human beings, human societies and/or human communicative systems in analyses. The contention is that this can no longer be considered legitimate. If an uncritically prioritised boundary is always placed around the human element, then that which is seen as lying beyond the human boundary (our “environment”) will inevitably be marginalised, and will come to be regarded as profane. What is profane is subject to abuse, much of which is ritualised. Because we now realise that there is no real separation between “us” (human beings) and “it” (the environment), this is not ‘just’ environmental abuse ‐ it is self‐abuse. Our “selves” are wider than the uncritically prioritised boundaries of our human bodies. We therefore have to look for an alternative to humanism. One such alternative is the ecological perspective which allows choice between boundaries and refuses to prioritise the human element uncritically.
‘whole‐ing’ the parts and righting the wrongs
Authors: Ackoff Russell L.
Published: July 2007

The recent reports that popular panaceas are not working most of the time is not surprising; they are applied anti‐systemically. These failures have two principal sources. First, they manipulate the parts of systems without regard to how their manipulations affect the whole through interactions of the parts. Second, they tend to do the wrong things righter rather than the right things. It is better to do the right thing wrong that the wrong thing right; the former leads to learning; the latter to reinforcement of error.
Education in the world system
Authors: Boulding Kenneth E.
Published: July 2007

The key issue addressed by Kenneth Boulding in this paper is ‘How do we create a learning society, in which there is widespread love of learning, in which large numbers of people continue the learning process long after formal education in over for them, in which they raise questions and use encyclopedias, read books, form discussion groups, question authority, are active in the political learning process; and in which formal education is seen just as part of a much larger learning process?’.
The promise of critical IR, partially kept
Authors: MURPHY CRAIG N.
Published: July 2007

The critical turn in IR promised a continuous archeology of the field, an empathetic understanding of those we study, and a social science unwedded to the pursuit of universally valid laws. In the United States, this movement was rooted more in a critique of peace research, than in a critique of the ‘NeoNeo’ mainstream, to which it became sort of ‘official opposition’. The promise has not been fulfilled because the research strategies of critical theorists have rarely given them direct access to the understandings of those outside the privileged core of world society. Other research programmes, including that of the Human Development Reports and of some feminists and ethnographic scholars in IR, have been more successful.
Positive solutions for a class of nonlinear elliptic problems in RN
Authors: Molle R. , Musso M. , Passaseo D.
Published: July 2007

We are concerned with positive solutions decaying at infinity for a class of semilinear elliptic equations in all of RN having superlinear subcritical nonlinearity. The corresponding variational problem lacks compactness because of the unboundedness of the domain and, in particular, it cannot be solved by minimization methods. However, we prove the existence of a positive solution, corresponding to a higher critical value of the related functional, under a suitable fast decay condition on the coefficient of the linear term. Moreover, we analyse the behaviour of the solution as this coefficient goes to infinity and show that the solution tends to split as the sum of two positive functions sliding to infinity in opposite directions. Finally, we use this property to prove the existence of at least 2k − 1 distinct positive solutions, when this coefficient splits as the sum of k bumps sufficiently far apart.
Solutions of equivariance for a polynomial-like iterative equation
Authors: Zhang Weinian
Published: July 2007

Using fixed point theorems we discuss continuous solutions of Γ-equivariance for a polynomial-like iterative equation on the real line, where Γ is a closed subgroup of the general linear group GL(R). Our main results guarantee the existence of solutions with certain kinds of symmetry. We show that, under restrictive hypotheses, similar results can be proved in a higher-dimensional case, where the symmetry group is a topologically finitely generated subgroup of the group generated by rotations and dilations in N-dimensional Euclidean space.
Seeing Your Name in Print: Unpacking the Mysteries of the
Review Process at Political Science Scholarly
Journals
Authors: Polsky Andrew J.
Published: July 2007

“Publish or perish.” Every graduate student has heard the phrase.
Many junior scholars understand that it reflects the cold reality of
professional survival in any political science department that bases
tenure and promotion decisions, in whole or in part, on a record of
demonstrated scholarly achievement. Despite occasional
pronouncements by college presidents or faculty committees that
teaching should be given greater weight in personnel decisions, the
pressure to publish will not soon subside. If anything, it may be
becoming more acute, as graduate students entering the job market
struggle to publish some portion of their dissertation in a
respected scholarly journal so as to distinguish themselves from the
pack of applicants presenting otherwise similar credentials. I wish to thank Jack Jacobs, Lenny
Markovitz, Michael Hiscox, and the graduate students at the CUNY
Graduate Center and Harvard University for many useful
suggestions and comments on the presentations that served as the
basis for this article. I have incorporated ideas offered by Jim
Jackson, Marianne Stewart, and John Geer at an editors'
roundtable in which we participated at the 2006 Midwest
Political Science Association meeting. Bob Lineberry and two
anonymous referees helped me to clarify certain points in the
manuscript. I am responsible for any errors that
remain.
Diary of a Political Scientist IV, Winter 2006–2007:
Southern Politics, Sid Milkis, and 'Sixty-eight
Authors: Nelson Michael
Published: July 2007

Tom Mann is, well, beaming. Five months ago he wrote
a Sunday Outlook piece for the Washington Post
arguing that “the prevailing view in Washington today”—namely, that
“there's probably no way congressional Republicans can lose this
fall”—is “wrong.” Tom was vindicated on Election Day when the
Democrats won control of both houses of Congress, and here at the
“America Votes 2006” conference in Little Rock, co-sponsored by the
Clinton School of Public Service and the State Legislative Leaders
Foundation, he is accepting the congratulations of, among others,
me. Other elections prognosticators at the conference, such as
Charlie Cook and the Washington Post's Chris
Cillizza, have already moved on to speculating about what's going to
happen in 2008, but Tom is rightly enjoying the moment.
College in the State Capital: Does it Increase the Civic
Engagement of Political Science Undergraduate
Majors?
Authors: Jensen Jennifer M. , Hunt Lauren L.
Published: July 2007

A major public university is located in or very near over half of
American state capitals, and political science departments at these
universities advertise the special advantages that such a location
brings to their students. For example, the political science
department of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln advertises its
internship programs: “As Lincoln is the seat of state government,
students have an opportunity to observe government in action.
Political Science has a vibrant internship program where students
may intern with the state legislature, the governor's office, and
other agencies of state government. Internships are also available
with local interest groups, non-profit agencies, corporations, and
political parties” (University of Nebraska-Lincoln 2005). Such opportunities for students are
meaningful, however, only if they have some significant effect on
student learning or engagement. It is reasonable that colleges and
universities would emphasize the advantages that their location in a
state capital might offer; colleges use both their campus and their
local community to appeal to students (Choy and Ottinger 1998). Yet there is scant research to
confirm any of the effects that colleges advertise. An earlier version of this article was presented
at the 2005 meeting of the American Political Science
Association. The authors thank Lindsey Lupo, Charles Turner, and
the anonymous reviewers for their comments and
suggestions.
What Weapons Do We Have and What Can They
Do?
Authors: Wilson Isaiah
Published: July 2007

“What Kinds of Guns Are They Buying for Your Butter” was the subtitle
of a 1982 “People's Guide to National Defense.” It needs updating 25
years later. This essay cannot offer a comprehensive catalogue of
U.S. weaponry; its goal is to outline what every citizen should know
about the range and capabilities of our arsenal.
Drinking Water Quality is Unrelated to Public vs. Private
Ownership
Authors: Masters Roger D.
Published: July 2007

There is a passage in Richardson Dilworth's “Privatization, the World
Water Crisis, and the Social Contract” (PS, January
2007, 49) that requires careful attention.
Rita Nealon Cooley
Authors: Kazemi Farhad
Published: July 2007

Professor Rita Nealon Cooley died on October 1, 2006, in her home in
New York City. She was born in New York in 1919 and attended a
Catholic School in the Bronx where she won the Classics prize and
was the Class Valedictorian. After graduating from Hunter College in
1940, cum laude, Phi Beta Kappa, and as winner of
the Constitutional Law prize, she was awarded the Penfield
Fellowship by the department of politics at NYU in 1943 and began
taking courses in the graduate school.
Donald Rothchild
Authors: Harbeson John W.
Published: July 2007

Professor Donald Rothchild, one the foremost of the students of
African international relations, passed away on January 30, 2007, at
the age of 78 from complications related to lymphoma.
Sin, Sex, and Political Science
Authors: Burack Cynthia
Published: July 2007

Cynthia Burack is associate professor of women's studies at Ohio
State and is currently a visiting scholar at the Centennial Center.
Her new book is Sin, Sex, and Democracy: Antigay Rhetoric
and the Christian Right, forthcoming from SUNY Press in
2008. She is co-editor (with Jyl J. Josephson) of a new SUNY book
series: Queer Politics and Cultures.
The Relationship Between Psychological Buffers, Hopelessness, and Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Chioqueta Andrea P. , Stiles Tore C.
Published: July 2007

Abstract. In this study we examined the role of psychological buffers (life satisfaction, self-esteem, perception of family cohesion, and perception of social support) in the development of hopelessness and suicidal ideation. The participants were 314 university students, 71 males and 243 females, who were asked to complete a battery of instruments measuring the psychological buffers mentioned above. The results of a set of hierarchical multiple regression analyses suggested that life satisfaction and self-esteem are independent predictors of lower levels of hopelessness, while perception of social support seems to be the major predictor of lower levels of suicidal ideation independent of depression and hopelessness severity. Thus, hopelessness seems to be minimized by the level of life satisfaction and level of self-esteem exhibited by the individuals, while the key factor to the mitigation of suicidal ideas seems to be perception of social support.
Validation of ozone profiles retrieved from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment III limb scatter measurements
Authors: Rault Didier F. , Taha Ghassan
Published: July 2007

Ozone profiles retrieved from Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE III) limb scatter measurements are compared with correlative measurements made by occultation instruments (SAGE II, SAGE III, and HALOE), a limb scatter instrument (Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imager System (OSIRIS)), a series of ozonesondes and lidars, and a transport model, in order to ascertain the accuracy and precision of the SAGE III instrument in limb scatter mode. The measurement relative accuracy is found to be 5–10% from the tropopause to about 45 km, whereas the relative precision is found to be less than 10% from 20 to 38 km. The height registration, which is inferred directly from radiance data profiles, is found to have a standard deviation (“relative precision”) of about 350 m. Measurement repeatability, a measure of absolute precision, which is estimated by multiple measurements over the same geographical area in the tropics on consecutive orbits, is found to be ∼3%.
The negative regulation of Toll‐like receptor and associated pathways
Authors: Lang Tali , Mansell Ashley
Published: July 2007

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) are essential mediators of both innate and adaptive immunity by recognizing and eliciting responses upon invasion of pathogens. The response of TLRs must be stringently regulated as exaggerated expression of signalling components as well as pro‐inflammatory cytokines can have devastating effects on the host, resulting in chronic inflammatory diseases, autoimmune disorders and aid in the pathogenesis of TLR‐associated human diseases. Therefore, it is essential that negative regulators act at multiple levels within TLR signalling cascades, as well as through eliciting negative‐feedback mechanisms in order to synchronize the positive activation and negative regulation of signal transduction to avert potentially harmful immunological consequences. This review explores the various mechanisms employed by negative regulators to ensure the appropriate modulation of both immune and inflammatory responses.
Morphological Analysis in School-Age Children: Dynamic Assessment of a Word Learning Strategy
Authors: Larsen Jennifer A. , Nippold Marilyn A.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

Morphological analysis is the ability to use knowledge of root words and affixes to determine the meanings of unfamiliar, morphologically complex words. Beginning in the early elementary grades and continuing into the college years, it is a primary strategy that is used to increase one’s knowledge of difficult vocabulary. The purpose of this study was to investigate how well school-age children could use morphological analysis to explain word meanings. The study was also designed to examine individual differences in this domain in relation to children’s broader literacy skills.

Method

The ability of 50 typically developing sixth-grade children to explain the meanings of 15 low-frequency morphologically complex words was measured using a dynamic assessment procedure. Children were individually interviewed and were asked to define each word. As needed, varying degrees of adult scaffolding were provided. Children were also assessed for their word knowledge and reading comprehension.

Results

Performance on the dynamic assessment task revealed a wide range of skill levels in these children and was positively related to the children’s literacy levels. Although some children readily used morphological analysis to explain the meanings of unfamiliar words, others required greater amounts of adult scaffolding to be successful.

Implications

Suggestions are offered for ways to employ dynamic assessment to examine children’s ability to use morphological analysis as a word learning strategy.
On heat loading, novel divertors, and fusion reactors
Authors: Kotschenreuther M. , Valanju P. M. , Mahajan S. M. , Wiley J. C.
Published: July 2007

The limited thermal power handling capacity of the standard divertors (used in current as well as projected tokamaks) is likely to force extremely high (∼90%) radiation fractions frad in tokamak fusion reactors that have heating powers considerably larger than ITER [D. J. Campbell, Phys. Plasmas 8, 2041 (2001)]. Such enormous values of necessary frad could have serious and debilitating consequences on the core confinement, stability, and dependability for a fusion power reactor, especially in reactors with Internal Transport Barriers. A new class of divertors, called X-divertors (XD), which considerably enhance the divertor thermal capacity through a flaring of the field lines only near the divertor plates, may be necessary and sufficient to overcome these problems and lead to a dependable fusion power reactor with acceptable economics. X-divertors will lower the bar on the necessary confinement to bring it in the range of the present experimental results. Its ability to reduce the radiative burden imparts the X-divertor with a key advantage. Lower radiation demands allow sharply peaked density profiles that enhance the bootstrap fraction creating the possibility for a highly increased beta for the same beta normal discharges. The X-divertor emerges as a beta-enhancer capable of raising it by up to roughly a factor of 2.
Bimodal Floquet description of heteronuclear dipolar decoupling in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Leskes Michal , Thakur Rajendra Singh , Madhu P. K. , Kurur Narayanan D. , Vega Shimon
Published: July 2007

A theoretical treatment of heteronuclear dipolar decoupling in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance is presented here based on bimodal Floquet theory. The conditions necessary for good heteronuclear decoupling are derived. An analysis of a few of the decoupling schemes implemented until date is presented with regard to satisfying such decoupling conditions and efficiency of decoupling. Resonance conditions for efficient heteronuclear dipolar decoupling are derived with and without the homonuclear H1–H1 dipolar couplings and their influence on heteronuclear dipolar decoupling is pointed out. The analysis points to the superior efficiency of the newly introduced swept two-pulse phase-modulation (SWf-TPPM) sequence. It is shown that the experimental robustness of SWf-TPPM as compared to the original TPPM sequence results from an adiabatic sweeping of the modulation frequencies. Based on this finding alternative strategies are compared here. The theoretical findings are corroborated by both numerical simulations and representative experiments.
Improved sensitivity of dye-doped thermoplastic disks for holographic data storage
Authors: Shi Xiaolei , Erben Christoph , Lawrence Brian , Boden Eugene , Longley Kathryn L.
Published: July 2007

Holographic data storage materials based on dye-doped thermoplastics are currently under development. The materials are injection moldable into the standard disk format and have much lower shrinkage than photopolymer materials. Injection-molded disks with dyes from the class of o-nitrostilbenes presented acceptable capacities but a very low sensitivity. In this paper, theoretical analysis and experimental results on the sensitivity and sensitivity improvement for dye-doped thermoplastic disks are presented. Theoretical analysis shows that the quantum efficiency of the dye transformation is the key parameter for sensitivity improvement. An experimental method for measuring the quantum efficiency was developed. Dyes based on the diarylethene functionality with orders of magnitude higher quantum efficiency were identified. Sensitivities measured from the blended diarylethene/polycarbonate, injection-molded, 1.2mm thick disks showed sensitivities of ∼10–100cm∕J at both 532 and 405nm wavelengths.
Circularly polarized emission from colloidal nanocrystal quantum dots confined in microcavities formed by chiral mirrors
Authors: Zhang Fan , Xu Jian , Lakhtakia Akhlesh , Pursel Sean M. , Horn Mark W. , Wang Andrew
Published: July 2007

Colloidal semiconductor nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs) confined in a microcavity device emit resonance-enhanced, circularly polarized (CP) light, when the device consists of a pair of chiral sculptured-thin-film mirrors separated by layers of emissive nanocrystals and spacers that form a λ∕2-resonant cavity. The resonant emission from the NQDs within the microcavity is strongly directed normally to the mirror surfaces. It is speculated that the enhanced coupling between the NQD excitons and the confined electromagnetic field resulted in the observed CP emission from the embedded NQDs with significant improvements in the light output's directionality and color purity.
Low energy electron storage ring with tunable compaction factor
Authors: Lee S. Y. , Kolski J. , Liu Z. , Pang X. , Park C. , Tam W. , Wang F.
Published: July 2007

A low energy electron storage ring is designed to have many desirable properties, such as varying momentum compaction factor, damping partition numbers, favorable betatron tunes for multiturn accumulations, and excellent dynamic aperture. This storage ring can be used for debunching rf linac beams in one turn, for compression of linac pulses, and more importantly for a compact photon source based on inverse Compton scattering of laser beams.
Effects of chlorine residue in atomic layer deposition hafnium oxide: A density-functional-theory study
Authors: Sun Qing-Qing , Chen Wei , Ding Shi-Jin , Xu Min , Zhang David Wei , Wang Li-Kang
Published: July 2007

Hafnium tetrachloride is one of the most commonly used precursors for atomic layer deposition of HfO2. According to the experimental result, chlorine residue is almost unavoidably incorporated during the deposition process. We performed first-principles calculation to study the effects of chlorine residue in HfO2 and found that chlorine at the interstitial site serves as a source of negative fixed charge while chlorine at the oxygen substitutional site changes its charge state depending on the position of the electron chemical potential within the band gap of HfO2. Moreover, chlorine also reduces the band gap of HfO2 by raising the valence band maximum.
Education and Training in the Drug and Alcohol Field, with Special Reference to Programs at Macquarie University
Authors: Krivanck Jara A.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: A distinction is made between education and training. Education means that knowledge or information is gained. Training involves the acquisition of specific, usually practically oriented skills. Training and education often go hand in hand, but while it is possible to educate without training, training without prior education is difficult and never optimal.

At Macquarie University, education and training aspects of drug and alcohol issues have been separated into distinct programmes, and individual courses within these are tailored to somewhat different target groups.
Professional Training
Authors: Hawks David V.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The discernment and treatment of alcohol and other drug related problems, while continuing to involve those working in specialised agencies, will, if only because of the prevalence of such problems, need to engage the attention of professionals working in a variety of settings. For such professions to respond with competence and confidence to these problems will require that their training accord much more attention to these matters. Examples are given of initiatives being taken in Western Australia to ensure the

“institutionalisation” of training in the addictions in a variety of professional and vocational groupings.
Training in Alcohol and Drug Related Problems in the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners
Authors: Goldman Lou
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Alcohol and drug education programs conducted under the aegis of the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners are described and plans for the future are outlined.
Endogenous Opioids ‐ Multiple Peptides and Actions
Authors: Geffen L.B.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The opioid peptides and their synthesis are discussed and compared with the opiate plant alkaloids.
Chronic Pain in General Practice
Authors: Bowering Owen
Published: July 2007

Abstract: Under some circumstances it is a mistake not to use powerful narcotics when there is a clear indication to do so. Some acute situations are used to illustrate this view. When dealing with chronic pain, not relieved by non‐narcotic orthodox medical treatment, the likely outcome of the illness is the main consideration. When there is even a slim hope of recovery, where there is pain and distress, the thought of using powerful narcotics may make the attendant very uneasy. A major tranquilliser such as chlorpromazine (Largactil) helps emotionally and enhances the effect of narcotics. In home care it is sometimes difficult to persuade the family to give enough. The facility of communication with the family is to be preserved as far as possible, as it is so important to both sides.
Chronic Pain ‐ An Oncologist's Viewpoint
Authors: Olweny Charles L.M.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: It is currently estimated that one‐third of all cancers are preventable, one‐third are curable, and the remaining one‐third could benefit from appropriate pain relief. Pain in cancer patients can be due to the cancer itself, its treatment or may be the result of unrelated causes. The major goal in cancer pain management is to enable the patient to tolerate the necessary diagnostic and therapeutic procedures and to maintain as much functional activity as possible. Problems in cancer pain relief arise, inter alia, from the misconception regarding drug addiction, poor understanding of drug pharmacology and strict governmental control of narcotics. Analgesics for cancer pain should be prescribed by the clock on a regular basis rather than “as required”. Oral medication is preferable to parentral administration. Cancer pain management requires a multidisciplinary approach. Modalities like neurosurgical or nerve blocking procedures or radiotherapy can be effective.
Narcotic Dependence in Chronic Pain Patients Attending a Drug Dependence Clinic
Authors: Cushnie Josephine
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The composition and management of drug dependent patients whose addiction was acquired in association with a chronic pain problem and who attend the Adelaide Drug Dependence Clinic is discussed.
The Early Diagnosis of Iatrogenic Opioid Dependence Syndrome
Authors: Sacks T.L.
Published: July 2007

Abstract: The Opioid Dependence Syndrome is defined in terms of a pattern of opioid drug use which includes evidence of both physical and psychological dependence. While nearly all individuals receiving long‐term opioid analgesics for chronic pain will develop physical dependence on opioids, only a small proportion will develop the “pathological” Opioid Dependence Syndrome. Some possible attributes which may differentiate between those who are, and those who are not, likely to develop “pathological” opioid dependence are listed, as are the behaviour patterns which, if observed to develop in patients already receiving long‐term opioid analgesia, should raise one ‘s suspicions of its diagnosis. The problems of psychological dependence, such as maladaptive drug‐seeking behaviour, are discussed and the management of the opioid dependence syndrome, with special reference to those patients who have developed it iatrogenically, is outlined. An algorithm for the management of recurrent acute/chronic pain is proposed.
The disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM12 contributes to TGF-β signaling through interaction with the type II receptor
Authors: Atfi Azeddine , Dumont Emmanuelle , Colland Frédéric , Bonnier Dominique , L'Helgoualc'h Annie , Prunier Céline , Ferrand Nathalie , Clément Bruno , Wewer Ulla M. , Théret Nathalie
Published: July 2007

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) regulates a wide variety of biological processes through two types of Ser/Thr transmembrane receptors: the TGF-β type I receptor and the TGF-β type II receptor (TβRII). Upon ligand binding, TGF-β type I receptor activated by TβRII propagates signals to Smad proteins, which mediate the activation of TGF-β target genes. In this study, we identify ADAM12 (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12) as a component of the TGF-β signaling pathway that acts through association with TβRII. We found that ADAM12 functions by a mechanism independent of its protease activity to facilitate the activation of TGF-β signaling, including the phosphorylation of Smad2, association of Smad2 with Smad4, and transcriptional activation. Furthermore, ADAM12 induces the accumulation of TβRII in early endosomal vesicles and stabilizes the TβRII protein presumably by suppressing the association of TβRII with Smad7. These results define ADAM12 as a new partner of TβRII that facilitates its trafficking to early endosomes in which activation of the Smad pathway is initiated.
Idealized walking and running gaits minimize work
Authors: Srinivasan Manoj , Ruina Andy
Published: July 2007

Even though human legs allow a wide repertoire of movements, when people travel by foot they mostly use one of two locomotor patterns, namely, walking and running. The selection of these two gaits from the plethora of options might be because walking and running require less metabolic energy than other more unusual gaits. We addressed this possibility previously using numerical optimization of a minimal mathematical model of a biped. We had found that, for a given step-length, the two classical descriptions of walking and running, ‘inverted pendulum walking’ and ‘impulsive running’, do indeed minimize the amount of positive work required at low and high speeds respectively. Here, for the case of small step-lengths, we establish the previous results analytically. First, we simplify the two-dimensional particle trajectory problem to a one-dimensional ‘elevator’ problem. Then we use elementary geometric arguments on the resulting phase plane to show optimality of the two gaits: walking at low speeds and running at high speeds.
Biological solutions to transport network design
Authors: Bebber Daniel P , Hynes Juliet , Darrah Peter R , Boddy Lynne , Fricker Mark D
Published: July 2007

Transport networks are vital components of multicellular organisms, distributing nutrients and removing waste products. Animal and plant transport systems are branching trees whose architecture is linked to universal scaling laws in these organisms. In contrast, many fungi form reticulated mycelia via the branching and fusion of thread-like hyphae that continuously adapt to the environment. Fungal networks have evolved to explore and exploit a patchy environment, rather than ramify through a three-dimensional organism. However, there has been no explicit analysis of the network structures formed, their dynamic behaviour nor how either impact on their ecological function. Using the woodland saprotroph
Phanerochaete velutina
, we show that fungal networks can display both high transport capacity and robustness to damage. These properties are enhanced as the network grows, while the relative cost of building the network decreases. Thus, mycelia achieve the seemingly competing goals of efficient transport and robustness, with decreasing relative investment, by selective reinforcement and recycling of transport pathways. Fungal networks demonstrate that indeterminate, decentralized systems can yield highly adaptive networks. Understanding how these relatively simple organisms have found effective transport networks through a process of natural selection may inform the design of man-made networks.
Marmoricola aequoreus sp. nov., a novel actinobacterium isolated from marine sediment
Authors: Lee Soon Dong
Published: July 2007

A yellow-coloured, marine actinobacterium, designated SST-45T, was isolated from sandy sediment under the surface of a beach and taxonomically characterized by physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic methods. The cells of the isolate were Gram-positive, aerobic, non-sporulating, non-motile, spherical cells that occurred singly, in pairs, in clusters or as short chains. The isolate grew at 10–37 °C, an initial pH 5.1–12.1 and in the presence of 5 % (w/v) NaCl. The organism possessed ll-2,6-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell wall, MK-8(H4) as the major menaquinone, a polar lipid profile including diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and an unknown phospholipid, C18 : 1 and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids, and a DNA G+C content of 72.4 mol%. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the organism was related to members of the genera Marmoricola and Nocardioides. The closest neighbours were Marmoricola aurantiacus DSM 12652T (97.0 % sequence similarity) and Nocardioides jensenii KCTC 9134T (96.7 %). The combination of morphological and chemotaxonomic characters supported the assignment of the isolate to the genus Marmoricola. However, the organism is clearly distinguished phenotypically from the single described species of this genus, Marmoricola aurantiacus. Based on the data obtained, the organism has been assigned as a novel species, for which the name Marmoricola aequoreus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain SST-45T (=JCM 13812T=NRRL B-24464T).
Significance of arginine 20 in the 2A protease for swine vesicular disease virus pathogenicity
Authors: Inoue Toru , Zhang Zhidong , Wang Leyuan , West Laura , Bashiruddin John B. , Belsham Graham J.
Published: July 2007

Pathogenic and attenuated strains of swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV), an enterovirus, have been characterized previously and, by using chimeric infectious cDNA clones, the key determinants of pathogenicity in pigs have been mapped to the coding region for 1D–2A. Within this region, residue 20 of the 2A protease is particularly significant. Inoculation of pigs with mutant viruses containing single amino acid substitutions at this residue leads to the appearance of revertants, often containing an arginine at this position encoded by an AGA codon, one of six codons for this residue. The properties in pigs of two chimeric viruses, each with an arginine residue at this position but encoded by different codons, have been investigated in parallel with the parental pathogenic and attenuated strains. Presence of the arginine residue, but not of the AGA codon, is essential for induction of high viraemia and appearance of significant disease.
Compatibility of the gH homologues of Epstein–Barr virus and related lymphocryptoviruses
Authors: Wu Liguo , Hutt-Fletcher Lindsey M.
Published: July 2007

Glycoprotein gH, together with its chaperone gL and a third glycoprotein gB, is essential for cell–cell fusion and virus–cell fusion mediated by herpesviruses. Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), the prototype human lymphocryptovirus, requires a fourth glycoprotein gp42 to support fusion with B cells in addition to epithelial cells. Two other lymphocryptoviruses, the rhesus lymphocryptovirus (Rh-LCV) and the common marmoset lymphocryptovirus (CalHV3), have been sequenced in their entirety and each has a gp42 homologue. Combinations of proteins from EBV, Rh-LCV and CalHV3 were able to mediate fusion of epithelial cells, but, even when complexed with EBV gp42, only Rh-LCV and not CalHV3 proteins were able to mediate fusion with human B cells. CalHV3 gL was also unable to function effectively as a chaperone for EBV or Rh-LCV gH. The Rh-LCV gH homologue supported more fusion than EBV gH with an epithelial cell and supported the highest levels of fusion with a B cell. Chimeric constructs made from Rh-LCV gH and EBV gH that have 85.4 % sequence identity should prove useful for mapping the regions of gH that are of importance to fusion as a whole and to B-cell fusion in particular.
Vertical-transmission routes for deformed wing virus of honeybees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Yue Constanze , Schröder Marion , Gisder Sebastian , Genersch Elke
Published: July 2007

Deformed wing virus (DWV) is a viral pathogen of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera), associated with clinical symptoms and colony collapse when transmitted by the ectoparasitic miteVarroa destructor. In the absence ofV. destructor, DWV infection does not result in visible symptoms, suggesting that mite-independent transmission results in covert infections. True covert infections are a known infection strategy for insect viruses, resulting in long-term persistence of the virus in the population. They are characterized by the absence of disease symptoms in the presence of the virus and by vertical transmission of the virus. To demonstrate vertical transmission and, hence, true covert infections for DWV, a detailed study was performed on the vertical-transmission routes of DWV. In total, 192 unfertilized eggs originating from eight virgin queens, and the same number of fertilized eggs from the same queens after artificial insemination with DWV-negative (three queens) or DWV-positive (five queens) semen, were analysed individually. The F0 queens and drones and F1 drones and workers were also analysed for viral RNA. Byin situhybridization, viral sequences were detected in the ovary of an F0 queen that had laid DWV-positive unfertilized eggs and was inseminated with DWV-positive semen. In conclusion, vertical transmission of DWV from queens and drones to drone and worker offspring through unfertilized and fertilized eggs, respectively, was demonstrated. Viral sequences in fertilized eggs can originate from the queen, as well as from drones via DWV-positive semen.
Reconstructing the ancestor of Mycobacterium leprae: The dynamics of gene loss and genome reduction
Authors: Gómez-Valero Laura , Rocha Eduardo P.C. , Latorre Amparo , Silva Francisco J.
Published: July 2007

We have reconstructed the gene content and order of the last common ancestor of the human pathogens Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. During the reductive evolution of M. leprae, 1537 of 2977 ancestral genes were lost, among which we found 177 previously unnoticed pseudogenes. We find evidence that a massive gene inactivation took place very recently in the M. leprae lineage, leading to the loss of hundreds of ancestral genes. A large proportion of their nucleotide content (∼89%) still remains in the genome, which allowed us to characterize and date them. The age of the pseudogenes was computed using a new methodology based on the rates and patterns of substitution in the pseudogenes and functional orthologous genes of closely related genomes. The position of the genes that were lost in the ancestor’s genome revealed that the process of function loss and degradation mainly took place through a gene-to-gene inactivation process, followed by the gradual loss of their DNA. This suggests a scenario of massive genome reduction through many nearly simultaneous pseudogenization events, leading to a highly specialized pathogen.