bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Blended Online and Classroom Strategies to Deliver an Occupational Health Nursing Overview Course in a Multi-State Region in the United States
Authors: de Castro A. B. , Shapleigh Erin , Bruck Annie , Salazar Mary K.
Published: May 2015

This article describes how hybrid online and classroom learning approaches were used to design and offer an occupational health nursing review course throughout a multi-state region of the northwest United States. In response to demand from practicing occupational health nurses for board certification preparation, a series of asynchronous and synchronous continuing education modules was created covering a range of occupational health nursing topics. This review course illustrates how innovative educational delivery models can serve the needs of occupational health nurses challenged by geographic and time constraints.
Five Steps to Increasing Utilization of Your Employee Assistance Program
Authors: Carchietta Gail A.
Published: May 2015

Despite increased stress and free services, the national average for EAP use within a company continues to be 3% to 4%. This article describes the steps one company has taken to achieve a 16% utilization rate for the last 3 years.
Inherited genetic variation in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Moriyama Takaya , Relling Mary V. , Yang Jun J.
Published: May 2015

Although somatically acquired genomic alterations have long been recognized as the hallmarks of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), the last decade has shown that inherited genetic variations (germline) are important determinants of interpatient variability in ALL susceptibility, drug response, and toxicities of ALL therapy. In particular, unbiased genome-wide association studies have identified germline variants strongly associated with the predisposition to ALL in children, providing novel insight into the mechanisms of leukemogenesis and evidence for complex interactions between inherited and acquired genetic variations in ALL. Similar genome-wide approaches have also discovered novel germline genetic risk factors that independently influence ALL prognosis and those that strongly modify host susceptibility to adverse effects of antileukemic agents (eg, vincristine, asparaginase, glucocorticoids). There are examples of germline genomic associations that warrant routine clinical use in the treatment of childhood ALL (eg, TPMT and mercaptopurine dosing), but most have not reached this level of actionability. Future studies are needed to integrate both somatic and germline variants to predict risk of relapse and host toxicities, with the eventual goal of implementing genetics-driven precision-medicine approaches in ALL treatment.
Redefining ALL classification: toward detecting high-risk ALL and implementing precision medicine
Authors: Hunger Stephen P. , Mullighan Charles G.
Published: May 2015

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is the commonest childhood tumor and remains a leading cause of cancer death in the young. In the last decade, microarray and sequencing analysis of large ALL cohorts has revolutionized our understanding of the genetic basis of this disease. These studies have identified new ALL subtypes, each characterized by constellations of structural and sequence alterations that perturb key cellular pathways, including lymphoid development, cell-cycle regulation, and tumor suppression; cytokine receptor, kinase, and Ras signaling; and chromatin modifications. Several of these pathways, particularly kinase-activating lesions and epigenetic alterations, are logical targets for new precision medicine therapies. Genomic profiling has also identified important interactions between inherited genetic variants that influence the risk of leukemia development and the somatic genetic alterations that are required to establish the leukemic clone. Moreover, sequential sequencing studies at diagnosis, remission, and relapse have provided important insights into the relationship among genetic variants, clonal heterogeneity, and the risk of relapse. Ongoing studies are extending our understanding of coding and noncoding genetic alterations in B-progenitor and T-lineage ALL and using these insights to inform the development of faithful experimental models to test the efficacy of new treatment approaches.
Interleukin-15 is required for immunosurveillance and immunoprevention of HER2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis
Authors: Croci Stefania , Nanni Patrizia , Palladini Arianna , Nicoletti Giordano , Grosso Valentina , Benegiamo Giorgia , Landuzzi Lorena , Lamolinara Alessia , Ianzano Marianna L. , Ranieri Dario , Dall’Ora Massimiliano , Iezzi Manuela , De Giovanni Carla , Lollini Pier-Luigi
Published: May 2015

Introduction

We previously demonstrated that HER2/neu-driven mammary carcinogenesis can be prevented by an interleukin-12 (IL-12)-adjuvanted allogeneic HER2/neu-expressing cell vaccine. Since IL-12 can induce the release of interleukin-15 (IL-15), in the present study we investigated the role played by IL-15 in HER2/neu driven mammary carcinogenesis and in its immunoprevention.

Methods

HER2/neu transgenic mice with homozygous knockout of IL-15 (here referred to as IL15KO/NeuT mice) were compared to IL-15 wild-type HER2/neu transgenic mice (NeuT) regarding mammary carcinogenesis, profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes and splenocytes and humoral and cellular responses induced by the vaccine.

Results

IL15KO/NeuT mice showed a significantly earlier mammary cancer onset than NeuT mice, with median latency times of 16 and 20 weeks respectively, suggesting a role for IL-15 in cancer immunosurveillance. Natural killer (NK) and CD8+ lymphocytes were significantly lower in IL15KO/NeuT mice compared to mice with wild-type IL-15. The IL-12-adjuvanted allogeneic HER2/neu-expressing cell vaccine was still able to delay mammary cancer onset but efficacy in IL-15-lacking mice vanished earlier: all vaccinated IL15KO/NeuT mice developed tumors within 80 weeks of age (median latency of 53 weeks), whereas more than 70 % of vaccinated NeuT mice remained tumor-free up to 80 weeks of age. Vaccinated IL15KO/NeuT mice showed less necrotic tumors with fewer CD3+ lymphocyes and lacked perforin-positive infiltrating cells compared to NeuT mice. Concerning the anti-vaccine antibody response, antibody titer was unaffected by the lack of IL-15, but less antibodies of IgM and IgG1 isotypes were found in IL15KO/NeuT mice. A lower induction by vaccine of systemic interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin-5 (IL-5) was also observed in IL15KO/NeuT mice when compared to NeuT mice. Finally, we found a lower level of CD8+ memory cells in the peripheral blood of vaccinated IL15KO/NeuT mice compared to NeuT mice.

Conclusions

We demonstrated that IL-15 has a role in mammary cancer immunosurveillance and that IL-15-regulated NK and CD8+ memory cells play a role in long-lasting immunoprevention, further supporting the potential use of IL-15 as adjuvant in immunological strategies against tumors.
The preclinical pharmacology of the high affinity anti-IL-6R Nanobody® ALX-0061 supports its clinical development in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Van Roy Maarten , Ververken Cedric , Beirnaert Els , Hoefman Sven , Kolkman Joost , Vierboom Michel , Breedveld Elia , ‘t Hart Bert , Poelmans Sofie , Bontinck Lieselot , Hemeryck Alex , Jacobs Sandy , Baumeister Judith , Ulrichts Hans
Published: May 2015

Introduction

The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of different diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ALX-0061 is a bispecific Nanobody® with a high affinity and potency for IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), combined with an extended half-life by targeting human serum albumin. We describe here the relevant aspects of its in vitro and in vivo pharmacology.

Methods

ALX-0061 is composed of an affinity-matured IL-6R-targeting domain fused to an albumin-binding domain representing a minimized two-domain structure. A panel of different in vitro assays was used to characterize the biological activities of ALX-0061. The pharmacological properties of ALX-0061 were examined in cynomolgus monkeys, using plasma levels of total soluble (s)IL-6R as pharmacodynamic marker. Therapeutic effect was evaluated in a human IL-6-induced acute phase response model in the same species, and in a collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in rhesus monkeys, using tocilizumab as positive control.

Results

ALX-0061 was designed to confer the desired pharmacological properties. A 200-fold increase of target affinity was obtained through affinity maturation of the parental domain. The high affinity for sIL-6R (0.19 pM) translated to a concentration-dependent and complete neutralization of sIL-6R in vitro. In cynomolgus monkeys, ALX-0061 showed a dose-dependent and complete inhibition of hIL-6-induced inflammatory parameters, including plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen and platelets. An apparent plasma half-life of 6.6 days was observed after a single intravenous administration of 10 mg/kg ALX-0061 in cynomolgus monkeys, similar to the estimated expected half-life of serum albumin. ALX-0061 and tocilizumab demonstrated a marked decrease in serum CRP levels in a non-human primate CIA model. Clinical effect was confirmed in animals with active drug exposure throughout the study duration.

Conclusions

ALX-0061 represents a minimized bispecific biotherapeutic of 26 kDa, nearly six times smaller than monoclonal antibodies. High in vitro affinity and potency was demonstrated. Albumin binding as a half-life extension technology resulted in describable and expected pharmacokinetics. Strong IL-6R engagement was shown to translate to in vivo effect in non-human primates, demonstrated via biomarker deregulation as well as clinical effect. Presented results on preclinical pharmacological properties of ALX-0061 are supportive of clinical development in RA.
Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy attenuated lung and kidney injury but not brain damage in experimental cerebral malaria
Authors: Souza Mariana C , Silva Johnatas D , Pádua Tatiana A , Torres Natália D , Antunes Mariana A , Xisto Debora G , Abreu Thiago P , Capelozzi Vera L , Morales Marcelo M , Sá Pinheiro Ana A. , Caruso-Neves Celso , Henriques Maria G , Rocco Patricia RM
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Malaria is the most relevant parasitic disease worldwide, and still accounts for 1 million deaths each year. Since current antimalarial drugs are unable to prevent death in severe cases, new therapeutic strategies have been developed. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) confer host resistance against malaria; however, thus far, no study has evaluated the therapeutic effects of MSC therapy on brain and distal organ damage in experimental cerebral malaria.

Methods

Forty C57BL/6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 5 × 106Plasmodium berghei-infected erythrocytes or saline. After 24 h, mice received saline or bone marrow (BM)-derived MSC (1x105) intravenously and were housed individually in metabolic cages. After 4 days, lung and kidney morphofunction; cerebrum, spleen, and liver histology; and markers associated with inflammation, fibrogenesis, and epithelial and endothelial cell damage in lung tissue were analyzed.

Results

In P. berghei-infected mice, BM-MSCs: 1) reduced parasitemia and mortality; 2) increased phagocytic neutrophil content in brain, even though BM-MSCs did not affect the inflammatory process; 3) decreased malaria pigment detection in spleen, liver, and kidney; 4) reduced hepatocyte derangement, with an increased number of Kupffer cells; 5) decreased kidney damage, without effecting significant changes in serum creatinine levels or urinary flow; and 6) reduced neutrophil infiltration, interstitial edema, number of myofibroblasts within interstitial tissue, and collagen deposition in lungs, resulting in decreased lung static elastance. These morphological and functional changes were not associated with changes in levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, keratinocyte-derived chemokine (KC, a mouse analog of interleukin-8), or interferon-γ, which remained increased and similar to those of P. berghei animals treated with saline. BM-MSCs increased hepatocyte growth factor but decreased VEGF in the P. berghei group.

Conclusions

BM-MSC treatment increased survival and reduced parasitemia and malaria pigment accumulation in spleen, liver, kidney, and lung, but not in brain. The two main organs associated with worse prognosis in malaria, lung and kidney, sustained less histological damage after BM-MSC therapy, with a more pronounced improvement in lung function.
Osteopontin mediates survival, proliferation and migration of neural stem cells through the chemokine receptor CXCR4
Authors: Rabenstein Monika , Hucklenbroich Joerg , Willuweit Antje , Ladwig Anne , Fink Gereon Rudolf , Schroeter Michael , Langen Karl-Josef , Rueger Maria Adele
Published: May 2015

Introduction

Osteopontin (OPN) is a phosphoglycoprotein with important roles in tissue homeostasis, wound healing, immune regulation, and stress responses. It is expressed constitutively in the brain and upregulated during neuroinflammatory responses; for example, after focal cerebral ischemia. To date, its effects on neural stem cells (NSC) remain to be elucidated and are, accordingly, the subject of this study.

Method

Primary fetal rat NSC were cultured as homogenous monolayers and treated with different concentrations of OPN. Fundamental properties of NSC were assessed following OPN exposure, including proliferative activity, survival under oxidative stress, migration, and differentiation potential. To elucidate a putative action of OPN via the CXC chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4), the latter was blocked with AMD3100. To investigate effects of OPN on endogenous NSC in vivo, recombinant OPN was injected into the brain of healthy adult rats as well as rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Effects of OPN on NSC proliferation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone were studied immunohistochemically.

Results

OPN dose-dependently increased the number of NSC in vitro. As hypothesized, this effect was mediated through CXCR4. The increase in NSC number was due to both enhanced cell proliferation and increased survival, and was confirmed in vivo. Additionally, OPN dose-dependently stimulated the migration of NSC via CXCR4. Moreover, in the presence of OPN, differentiation of NSC led to a significant increase in neurogenesis both in vitro as well as in vivo after cerebral ischemia.

Conclusion

Data show positive effects of OPN on survival, proliferation, migration, and neuronal differentiation of NSC. At least in part these effects were mediated via CXCR4. Results suggest that OPN is a promising substance for the targeted activation of NSC in future experimental therapies for neurological disorders such as stroke.
Reciprocal associations between smoking cessation and depression in older smokers: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing
Authors: Shahab Lion , Gilchrist Gail , Hagger-Johnson Gareth , Shankar Aparna , West Elizabeth , West Robert
Published: May 2015

Background

Depression is a particular problem in older people and it is important to know how it affects and is affected by smoking cessation.

Aims

To identify reciprocal, longitudinal relationships between smoking cessation and depression among older smokers.

Method

Across four waves, covering six years (2002–2008), changes in smoking status and depression, measured using the 8-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, were assessed among recent ex-smokers and smokers (n = 2375) in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Results

In latent growth curve analysis, smoking at baseline predicted depression caseness longitudinally and vice versa. When both processes were modelled concurrently, depression predicted continued smoking longitudinally (B(β) = 0.21 (0.27); 95% CI = 0.08–0.35) but not the other way round. This was the case irrespective of mental health history and adjusting for a range of covariates.

Conclusions

In older smokers, depression appears to act as an important barrier to quitting, although quitting has no long-term impact on depression.
Staff Incentive Scheme for Tourism Services Providers As an Effective Tool to Increase Employees’ Loyalty
Authors: Лысенко  , Lysenko V.
Published: May 2015

The article identi es the main trends in the development of the tourist services market in the Belgorod region, analyzed employees’ satisfaction with their work,

develops a set of measures to build an e ective loyalty system using the methods of sta motivation, identi es customer requirements for the quali cation of

employees of tourism services providers, analyzes the main methods of training workers of the tourism industry. In order to deepen the research the author

conducted an analysis of meansof labor stimulation among tourism services providersof Belgorod region and conducted a survey of employees of tourism

services providers of Belgorod region with the aim of assessing incentive systems in modern organizations, classi ed working environment parameters that

must be corrected to increase the loyalty of tourism services providers’ employees. The results of the conducted research suggest that training and sta

development is an integral part of the formation of the tourism providers’ sta loyalty program. The study resulted in a proposition of the system of annual

events aimed at obtaining additional skills of the employees of Belgorod travel agencies.
About the Work of Dean and Head of the Department
Authors: Белый  , Belyy V. , Макеева  , Makeeva Dina
Published: May 2015

Modern theory and practice of faculty and department management are important for training qualifi ed personnel and for Russia’s growing economy. This is

associated with the formation and development of market relations, as well as expansion of integration into the world economy.Therefore improving the

management and the faculties and departmentsis an urgent problem of any university.Simultaneously a dean and a head of the department must be guided

by well-known job descriptions that defi ne the direction of their activities. Faculty and department management consists in the precise impact on the entire

staff of the department or faculty, as well as on their individual members (teachers), representing a set of processes for organizing the interaction between

managers and subordinates. The subject of faculty and department management is its Head, the sole leader, fully responsible for the functioning of higher

levels of control over the activities entrusted to him by the system. The object of management is a whole organizational system of department or faculty that

is managed through the management of people. Such groups of people have a number of sustainable features and characteristics of the management processes.

Some features of the department or faculty management are off ered for consideration on the basis of practical experience.
Research of the Moscow Employers’ Demands to Competencies of Young Specialists
Authors: Бударин  , Budarin P. , Анисимов  , Anisimov N. , Касьяник  , Kasyanik Yu.
Published: May 2015

Nowadays on a job interview the vast majority of the companies assess not the candidate’s knowledge of particular subjects, but his/her potential. Thus, the

key indicators of the graduates’ competitiveness are not their knowledge and skills but their personal and business qualities.

Unfortunately, as our experience shows, the evaluation and development of students’ personal and business qualities often is merely voluntary.

Therefore, to improve the situation, we have developed a model of universal competencies for young specialists –university graduates, which can serve as a

benchmark of development for students, as well as a tool for teacher’s self-refl ection and assessment of students.
Analysis of the Key Success Factors of Innovative Com-Panies
Authors: Линькова  , Linkova N. , Меркушева  , Merkusheva A.
Published: May 2015

Today, any company which wants to remain competitive, needs to get rid of stereotypic vision of daily processes and traditional business. It is important to fi nd new non-standard, eff ective solutions and to competently introduce them. Internal and external factors held responsible for enterprise’ innovation activityare identifi ed on the basis of current scientifi c approaches. Authors develop a companyanalysis model, which includes elements of 2S-system (self-organizing, self-developing system) — leadership, motivation, training, organizational structure and culture, and related key success factors.The key success factors were analyzed for a group of companies. The article presents the results of the research, describes the current state of each parameter, and gives recommendations are.
Potential of SMRP Test in Professional Selection
Authors: Сухова  , Sukhova E.
Published: May 2015

Subjective opinion of a personconducting a job interview can infl uence the result.Candidate can prepare for the interview and wear a “social mask”. Professional

selection is conducted in order to primarilyeliminate people who do not meet personal characteristics requirements.Implementation of “Standardized multivariable

research of personality” test prior to an interview will help to conduct it more eff ectively, to ask a candidate specifi c questions. Computer-based testing takes

from 30 to 40 minutes to complete. Testing was conducted among 98 men of middle age (39,6±2,6) and 142 women of middle age (39,7±2,9), all habitants of

Samara. None of them had expressed neuropsychic, psychosomatic or heavy, chronic somatopathies. The obtained data can be used as normative indexes in

the process of professional selection.
The Myth of Equality and the Quasi‑Constitutional Status of the Declaration of Independence
Authors: Gajek Marcin
Published: May 2015

Equality seems to be an inseparable element of the American Creed and political vocabulary. As Abraham Lincoln explained in his Gettysburg Address it is a principle upon which the American nation was founded – through its founding document, the Declaration of Independence – and, at the same time, an ideal the realization of which the American nation is “dedicated” to. The main thesis of the paper is that both the unquestionable place of equality in the American Creed and the quasi‑constitutional status of the Declaration of Independence (treated as a preamble to the Constitution) are both myths. On the basis of the works of Willmoore Kendall and Melvin Bradford I will present the argumentation suggesting that Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, in fact, marks a radical redefinition of the “American experiment” which, with time, became an official and binding interpretation of the founding documents. Many decades later Lincoln’s interpretation became an axiological and ideological basis for politicians and social activists and it still influences Americans’ understanding of their political tradition.
Waking Up from a Dream: The American Myth of Social Mobility
Authors: Grzeszczyk Ewa
Published: May 2015

This text deals with the myth of America as a country in which anyone who has any ability and passion to work hard can achieve a level of prosperity in accordance with his aspirations. I will refer to both faith in the American Dream, in light of not only historical but also the latest research on social mobility, and the universal belief that America is a more egalitarian country than the countries of Europe – which research has shown to be only a common belief, unconfirmed by facts. However, this well‑worn belief not only motivates Americans to increase their efforts, but also continues to attract many immigrants from all over the world, including those from Poland.
Myths Pertaining to Polish Americans in the Press of Communist Poland
Authors: Wojdon Joanna
Published: May 2015

This article is based on an analysis of about 400 articles published in the Polish press under the communist regime. It shows how communist propaganda addressed existing myths about the Polish diaspora in the United States and created new ones that corresponded with its needs. The following elements of the “Polish American myth” are discussed: the importance and strength of the Polish‑American ethnic group, Polish Americans as descendants of the peasant emigration of the turn of the 20th century, American prosperity and the American dream, Polish Americans as Americanized Poles and “Polonia” as “the fourth partition” of Poland, and the myth of the Polish‑American left.
Comic Books as the Modern American Mythology
Authors: Przywalny Dawid
Published: May 2015

This article describes comics as a modern form of mythology. Comic book artists not only adapt well‑known American myths, such as the power of money (Batman) or America as a home for immigrants (Superman), but they also co‑create new ones along with other cultural works. For one of the characteristics of mythology is taming, explaining and commenting on reality in the form of fantastic tales. All of American history and the image of society can be found in comics. The lives of immigrants in the early twentieth century and experiences of the World Wars were illustrated in short comics that appeared in the daily press. The events of the Cold War such as the arms race and the Vietnam War were portrayed through the eyes of famous characters such as the Fantastic Four and Iron Man. Comics were also the target of Puritan society. Just like the Hays Code concerning cinema, the system of self‑censorship called the Comics Code limited artistic freedom and forced some artists to create underground. In turn, the counterculture of the 1960’s led to a gradual liberalization, allowing the adventures of African and Afro‑American superheroes to be published. Likewise, the economic crisis of the 1970s, problems in American society and the Reagan era are reflected in such comics as The Watchmen and The Dark Knight Returns. Surprisingly, the economic boom of the 1990s brought about a creative crisis and financial troubles among publishers. Last but not least, the events of 9/11 gave comic book stories new power when superheroes began to fight against terrorists and to explore the issue of what is more important: national security or civil liberties. All of this indicates and highlights that the history of American comic books is closely linked with the history of the American nation.
Harley‑Davidson on Polish Roads: the Mythical Aspects of Automotive Fascination
Authors: Szymkowska‑Bartyzel Jolanta
Published: May 2015

Harley‑Davidson is one of the most recognizable brands of automotive products. The brand is saturated with mythical meanings which include defiance, rebellion, adventure and the desire for limitless freedom. Harley‑Davidson is also a synonym of America – the motorcycle was created to make a “trip of a lifetime or a groundbreaking journey of purification,” and open American spaces are the necessary condition for fulfilling this myth. In Poland, the myth of Harley‑Davidson is also carefully cherished by enthusiasts, for whom Harley‑Davidson is much more than just a motorcycle. This text is an attempt to analyze the functioning of the Harley myth in Poland. Some texts of Polish culture using the Harley‑Davidson will be discussed as well as forms of practical implementation of Harley‑Davidson passion (H‑D clubs, rallies, etc.).
Some Myths about the Jury System from the Perspective of American Cinematography
Authors: Laidler Paweł
Published: May 2015

The popularity of the jury in the US legal system makes it, on the one hand, an attractive research subject for many specialists in American Studies, and, on the other, a source of inspiration for Cultural Studies. Many films and TV series create general myths about the structure, operation and character of jury trials in the United States. Among the most typical myths are: the 12‑member requirement, the necessity to achieve unanimous verdicts, and vast politicization of the voir dire procedure. The topic of law and culture is very attractive among American scholars, as both areas have a significant impact on the everyday life of not only American society, but also other societies around the world. Facing the complexity of popular legal culture, the purpose of the article is to confront the most popular myths of jury trials shaped by specific works of American cinematography, such as 12 Angry Men, The Verdict, Runaway Jury, Murder One, and Law and Order. The most common misunderstandings of how the jury system works shall be revealed by a brief analysis of Supreme Court precedents referring to jury functioning in the contemporary US legal system.
Zakłócenia w dziedzinie podobieństwa w komunikacji językowej osób z autyzmem – i co z tego wynika
Authors: Kominek Andrzej
Published: May 2015

Similarity disturbances in the linguistic communication of autistic persons, and what follows from them

The paper refers to Roman Jakobson’s famous work on the bipolar nature of language, Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Distrubances. Every user of language leads a discourse, or discourses, by continuously switching between metaphor and metonymy, i.e. between imaging by similarity and focusing on contiguity. Jakobson observed that different types of aphasia are located between two polar types. In the first type, the relation of similarity disappears; in the second, the relation of contiguity. Metaphor is alien to the disturbance in the sphere of similarity; metonymy to the disturbance in the sphere of contiguity. Autistic persons do not understand metaphors, though the relation of contiguity remains undisturbed; this leads to specific cognitive consequences. The observations made in this paper require further detailed studies.
O internetowych ciasteczkach
Authors: Zabawa Marcin
Published: May 2015

On Internet cookies

The aim of the present article is to discuss the semantic loan ciasteczko (‘cookie’) used in Polish. The new meaning of the word, modelled on English, is connected with computers and the Internet. The new legal regulations in Poland require all Polish websites to inform the Internet users about the fact that a given website uses cookies. Quotations from various Polish websites are analyzed; it is clear that the form in question is far from fully assimilated into Polish, as there is a great deal of confusion seen among the authors of texts published on the Internet. Four main solutions are in operation: (1) the use of the English lexical borrowing only, (2) the use of the English semantic borrowing only, (3) the use of both the English semantic and lexical borrowing and (4) the use of the English lexical borrowing followed by a definition of the term in Polish. In addition, new collocations of the word are analyzed.
Teologia w służbie językoznawstwa
Authors: Rojszczak-Robińska Dorota
Published: May 2015

Theology at the service of linguistic studies. New perspectives in the research on the oldest Polish texts

The article examines how the inclusion of a theological perspective can change the interpretation of certain provisions and linguistic phenomena. Awareness of and knowledge about the sources of Rozmyślania Przemyskie, gives us the ability to reconstruct the process of formation of mediaeval texts. Some sources of Rozmyślania, the Scripture and the writings of the Fathers of the Church, are also fundamental for theological studies. At first, I only consider one fact: the author of Rozmyślania created his own harmony of the gospels, solely for the purpose of this particular text. As a result, we might differently perceive the language of many portions of Rozmyślania (in particular, its syntax). We may be interpreting some stylistic issues differently, or differently transcribe the text (and therefore differently interpret the tension between the text, which remains to the present day, and the supposed original text, the process of creating which we are now trying to reconstruct).
Ulotne interpretacje, wieczne zapisy
Authors: Szelachowska-Winiarzowa Ludwika
Published: May 2015

Fleeting interpretations, eternal records. A lexicographer’s experience from the work on biological terms for a supplement to Słownik staropolski ‘Old Polish dictionary’

The article presents the results of the author’s work on Old Polish biological terms for a supplement to Słownik staropolski ‘Old Polish dictionary’. Conducting a detailed analysis of several examples (mak, nasięźrze, onica, szlam or ślam, trzystab), the paper shows the errors made by publishers in the transliteration and transcription of the said terms during the reading from mediaeval manuscripts.
O wierności i uciążliwości, a o metaforze całkiem przy okazji (odpowiedź na krytykę Pani Profesor Elżbiety Muskat-Tabakowskiej)
Authors: Cockiewicz Wacław
Published: May 2015

On faithfulness and nuisance, and just by the way, on metaphor (A reply to prof. Elżbieta Muskat-Tabakowska’s criticism)

The present paper is a reply to a polemic published by prof. Elżbieta Muskat-Tabakowska under the title Pies wierny, ale uciążliwy, czyli o metaforze (Leśmiana i nie tylko) (‘A dog loyal but tiresome: on metaphor in Leśmian’s poetry and beyond’), in which she critically reviews this authors book Metaforyka Leśmiana. Analiza lingwistyczna (‘Metaphors in Leśmian’s poetry (A linguistic analysis)’). Most importantly, this paper rejects the principal accusation that the book is but a manifestation of its author’s dislike of the cognitive theory of metaphor. It also rebuts a series of minor complaints by showing that they are based on subjective interpretations and arbitrary assessments which are inconsistent with the letter of the text, and not supported by any proof. The author explains why he believes that the cognitive theory of metaphor is unhelpful in the empirical analysis of data.
Interpretation of the Source Language Text as a Means of Adjusting Translation to the Target Language Culture on the Example of Selected 18th Century Translations
Authors: Kałużna Agnieszka
Published: May 2015

Interpretacja języka źródłowego jako dostosowanie przekładu do wymogów kultury języka docelowego w oparciu o przykłady wybranych osiemnastowiecznych tłumaczeń

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie przykładów interpretacji języka źródłowego jako dostosowanie przekładu do wymogów kultury języka docelowego w oparciu o dwa osiemnastowieczne tłumaczenia. Wspomniane tłumaczenia obejmują: Robinsona Crusoe Daniela Defoe/Przypadki Robinsona Kruzoe – tłum. Jan Chrzciciel Albertrandi (1769) oraz The Merry Wives of Windsor Williama Szekspira/Samochwał albo Amant Wilkołak – tłum. Franciszek Zabłocki (1782). W części teoretycznej omówione są poglądy na przekład i kulturę pisarzy polskiego oświecenia. W części praktycznej z kolei analizowane są wybrane przykłady interpretacji/manipulacji języka źródłowego jako dostosowanie przekładu do wymogów kultury języka docelowego. Artykuł kończą stosowne wnioski.
Translatorskie losy pieśni Horacego „Ad Lydiam meretricem”
Authors: Łuka Agata
Published: May 2015

Horace’s Ode III 9 and Its Interpretations
The role of Horace in the history of European literature is obvious and tremendous, his works were paraphrased and translated by many authors (e.g. by B. Jonson, H. Tournier, J.H. Voss, E. Mörike, Fr. Gehlen, E. Geibel, M. Radnóti, and in Poland by L.H. Morstin, T.F. Hahn, S. Gołębiowski, A. Lam). His carmen “Ad Lydiam” (Carmina III 9) is Horace’s only ode composed as a dialogue. Translations of this ode are numerous and various, usually rhymed or rhythmic, occasionally isometric. Among the authors of the latter ones German translators excel; German as a language of quantity is ideal to show Horace’s metrical pattern both by keeping a fixed number of syllables (8 in every odd, 12 in every even verse) and the arrangement of stressed and unstressed elements. There are no Polish isometric translations of ode III 9, as they usually sound unnaturally or even oddly (from the 16th century onward Polish is not a language of quantity any more). In recent years excellent isometric translations of odes composed in the Second Asclepiadean were written by E. Buszewicz (Horacy, Carm. I 13; Sarbiewski, Lyr. I 19 and III 2). Isometric translation of Horace’s ode III 9 by a Hungarian poet Moklós Radnóti was in turn used by Ferenc Sebő as the lyrics of a song entitled “Lydiához”. The music of the song was then used by the Polish band Brathanki, although lyrics by Z. Książek do not refer to Horace’s Latin original. There is, however, something interesting about it: because of the fact, that the lyrics were written for already composed music, the vocalists of the band unknowingly sing the rythm of the ancient Second Asclepiadean II. The author of a paper presents her own isometric translation of carmen “Ad Lydiam” into Polish.
Engineering Effective Responses to Influenza Outbreaks
Authors: Finkelstein Stan N. , Larson Richard C. , Nigmatulina Karima , Teytelman Anna
Published: May 2015

We present a policy-oriented summary of our six-year “service-systems-focused” research into pandemic influenza. We cover three topics: (1) R0, the basic reproductive number for the flu; (2) NPIs, non-pharmaceutical inventions to reduce the chance of becoming infected; and (3) flu vaccine allocations. We use a service-systems framing and mathematical modeling approach incorporating theories and data on the spread and control of influenza. We examine how behavioral actions and governmental policies, thoughtfully derived, can minimize influenza’s societal impact. There is widespread misinterpretation that R0 is a numerical constant of a given virus. We argue that it is not, but rather that its value is largely determined by local conditions and actions, many under our individual and collective control. This control is, in the absence of vaccine, intelligent use of NPIs—highly effective in reducing the spread of influenza. Our vaccine analysis relies on government data depicting flu-like cases and vaccines administered during the 2009 H1N1 outbreak. During that outbreak, barely half of all states received allotments of vaccine in time to protect any citizens. The method of vaccine deployment—in proportion to census population—ignored the temporally uneven flu wave progression across the United States.
Ingenious ideas for schemas
Authors: Brodie Kathy , More Judy
Published: May 2015

Kathy Brodie suggests a range of bought and made ideas for resourcing your children's schematic play. Interlocking train tracks are great for exploring connection schema, while trains can be used for rotation and positioning.
Lead the way to the woods
Authors: Hart Karen
Published: May 2015

Forest school training could equip you to embark on an exciting new phase of early years practice, providing the skills required to help children develop resilience and independence outdoors.
Learning from letters
Authors: Hampshire Viv
Published: May 2015

It is nice to receive a card or a letter. Viv Hampshire takes a look at why and how we write letters, and what they should say, and she suggests activities that will encourage children to write.
Starting school serenely
Authors: Doyle Phoebe
Published: May 2015

There is no bigger milestone for a parent than when their child starts school and, inevitably, emotions run high. Pheobe Doyle provides pointers for parents to ensure the transition is a positive one.
The experience of co-residence: young adults returning to the parental home after graduation in England
Authors: Lewis Jane , West Anne , Roberts Jonathan , Noden Philip
Published: May 2015

Finishing full-time higher education is one of the main reasons for returning home to live. Graduates who return to co-residence with their parents experience a delay in achieving full adult independence, which may pose problems for them and for their parents. In this article we use face-to-face interview data to explore the feelings and perceptions of 27 co-resident graduate ‘returners’ and one of their parents. We classify parent–returner dyads into groups according to whether the members of each dyad are positive, negative or ambivalent about co-residence and identify the salient issues for each group. We find that more parents are negative about co-residence than adult children and that almost half the sample is ambivalent. We also discuss the factors accounting for differences between groups of dyads and between parents and adult children.
Alternative fabrics of hegemony: City squares and street graffiti as sites of resistance and interactive communication flow
Authors: Miladi Noureddine
Published: May 2015

This article discusses the symbolic use of town squares and street walls as sites of communicative spaces. This approach looks at the PR role of those locations, i.e. the discourse and the imagery (portrayed in public spaces, graffiti images and street wall writings) that permeate those communicative domains. The obvious motive of their expansion across various cities is to contest the mainstream media and PR industries in favour of a more interactive flow of information in society. Similarly to the stress put by few scholars on the significance of urban spaces in global cities, this article considers the symbolic power of public spaces in Tunisia during and after the revolution of 14 January 2011 as sites of social activism, which may sometimes rival the power of social media networks. I examine its multifaceted forms of youth action in Tunisia to probe the forms of power that have led to current social changes. The study reveals that such squares have played significant roles in developing social relations, establishing connections and building friendships between social groups. After the revolution such spaces have emerged as contested terrains redefined by the new social order. Also graffiti and street art have, on the one hand, signalled the flourishing of a multiplicity of voices that are serving as a watchdog to the Transition to Democracy. On the other hand, such forms of social activism have proven to be effective tools for breaking the government’s monopoly on information dissemination, public opinion and control over the communicative spheres.
Globalisierungs-Grenzen
Authors: Berndt Christian
Published: May 2015

Was heißt Globalisierung »wirklich«? Die Grenze zwischen Mexiko und den USA hat sich zum paradigmatischen »borderland« des globalen Zeitalters entwickelt. Das Buch führt die Leser an diese Grenze und begleitet Arbeitsmigranten in der nordmexikanischen Stadt Ciudad Juárez. Empirisch fundiert erzählt der Autor davon, was es bedeutet, für transnationale Konzerne und nördliche Konsumenten zu arbeiten. Auf diesem Wege wird eine vielfach gebrochene Stadt vorgestellt, deren Bewohner ihre Identitäten ständig neu verhandeln müssen und dabei soziale und kulturelle Differenzen in räumliche Grenzen überführen. Die Darstellung gleichsam globalisierter wie ortsgebundener Lebenswirklichkeiten ist eingelassen in einen anspruchsvollen theoretischen Rahmen und versteht sich als Plädoyer für eine post-territoriale Geographie.
»Not grace, then, but at least the body«
Authors: Sulk Kay
Published: May 2015

Die Romane und Erzählungen des Literaturnobelpreisträgers J.M. Coetzee bezeugen den südafrikanischen Gesellschaftswandel der 90er Jahre, vom offenen Rassismus über den faktischen Bürgerkrieg bis zur anvisierten Versöhnung. Die fiktionalen, meist gewaltdurchdrungenen Schicksale werden zudem global begreifbar und bedeutsam. Diese Studie untersucht Coetzees Schriften jenes bewegten Jahrzehnts mittels der Thesen des italienischen Philosophen Giorgio Agamben zu Biopolitik und Zeugenschaft. Von dieser Perspektive aus liefern die zahlreichen Verkörperungen der Ungnade, in die Coetzees Protagonisten fallen, ein Schlachtfeld heutiger Subjektivität und Erzählbarkeit.
Inklusion/Exklusion
Authors: Farzin Sina
Published: May 2015

Ist in der soziologischen Systemtheorie von Inklusion und Exklusion die Rede, wird ein kontroverser Theoriebereich berührt. Besonders umstritten ist der Begriff der Exklusion als Kern einer Systemtheorie sozialer Ungleichheit. Häufig übersehen wird dabei der theorieinterne Rahmen der Unterscheidung, ohne dessen Kenntnis die Widersprüche einer Systemtheorie sozialer Exklusion nicht gelöst werden können. Die Studie von Sina Farzin rekonstruiert systematisch die Ausarbeitung der Differenz Inklusion/Exklusion im Werk Niklas Luhmanns. Dabei treten deutlich die Begriffsverschiebungen hervor, die zur Problematisierung der Unterscheidung in der jüngeren Forschung geführt haben.
Global City Washington, D.C.
Authors: Gerhard Ulrike
Published: May 2015

Die Global City-Forschung bietet eine zeitgemäße Perspektive, die Bedeutungsveränderungen von Städten und ihre Abhängigkeit von globalen Entwicklungen zu untersuchen. Die bisherige Forschung wird dominiert von wirtschaftlichen Argumenten. Die vorliegende politische Stadtgeographie von Washington, D.C., rückt die sozialen Beziehungen und politischen Netzwerke in den Mittelpunkt. Die Stadt fungiert hier als Bühne für zivilgesellschaftliche Akteure, die das spezifische urbane Milieu nutzen und überaus kreativ die Entwicklung zu einer politischen Weltstadt prägen.
Ästhetisches Engineering
Authors: Grau Renate
Published: May 2015

Renate Grau systematisiert die organisatorischen Prozesse und Handlungspraktiken zur Verbreitung von Belletristik im Literaturbetrieb. Damit trägt sie zum Verständnis einer wichtigen, aber bisher wenig erforschten Industrie bei. Büchermachen betrachtet sie als Ästhetisches Engineering, also als Auseinandersetzung von Menschen und ästhetischen Dingen zur Herstellung von Objekten, die die Sinne ansprechen sollen. Das Ästhetische Engineering wird im umkämpften Buchmarkt insbesondere dann zum Erfolgsfaktor, wenn ein neuer fiktionaler Titel oder ein bisher unbekannter Autor durchgesetzt werden soll. Mithilfe von ausführlichem Beispielmaterial und erläuterten Strategien erfolgreicher Praktiker präsentiert dieses Buch innovative Ansätze zum Management neuer Belletristiktitel.
Voyages sans retour
Authors: Vurgun Sibel
Published: May 2015

Welcher Stellenwert kommt der Frage nach der Rückkehr in die ›Heimat‹ innerhalb der Interkulturalitätsproblematik zu? Das ist der Ausgangspunkt der Studie, deren Gegenstand die Literatur der so genannten ›zweiten Generation‹ nordafrikanischer Einwanderung in Frankreich ist. Die Annäherung an den Mythos der Rückkehr erfolgt über die sozio-historischen Bedingungen der Migration und theoretische Aspekte wie Fremdheitserfahrung, Identitäts- und Gedächtnisproblematik. Die Autorin entwickelt zwei sich ergänzende Ansätze: die doppelte Abwesenheit und die doppelte Anwesenheit, um das komplexe und hoch brisante Phänomen der Migration beispielhaft an Texten von Azouz Begag, Tahar Ben-Jelloun, Leïla Sebbar u.a. zu entschlüsseln.
Transnationale Direktinvestitionen und kulturelle Unterschiede
Authors: Depner Heiner
Published: May 2015

In dieser Studie wird auf breiter empirischer Grundlage dargestellt, auf welche Hindernisse deutsche Investoren stoßen können, wenn sie in einem anderen nationalen Kontext Joint Ventures mit heimischen Unternehmen bilden und versuchen, Vorprodukte von lokalen Lieferanten zu beziehen. Dem empirischen Beispiel deutscher Automobilzulieferer in Shanghai ist eine theoretische Begründung der auftretenden Abstimmungsprobleme vorangestellt. Resümierend werden Empfehlungen ausgesprochen, wie kulturelle Unterschiede überwunden werden können.
Fluide Subjekte
Authors: Volkart Yvonne
Published: May 2015

Die Thematik des fluiden Geschlechtskörpers in der Medienkunst deutet auf die Verhandlung »fluidisierender« Effekte in der Informationsgesellschaft. Sie werden mit Auflösungsfantasien sowie mit Vorstellungen von »Weiblichkeit« oder »postgender« kurzgeschlossen: Fluide Körperbilder zeugen - so die These dieser Studie - von Problemen der Subjektivität im globalen Kapitalismus. In einer symptomalen Lektüre werden medienkünstlerische Arbeiten gegen den Strich gelesen und die Rolle analysiert, die Gender in der Kunst bei der Naturalisierung bzw. Subvertierung kapitalistischer Machtverhältnisse spielt.