bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coenzyme Q10 has anti‐aging effects on human hair
Authors: Giesen M. , Welß T. , Zur Wiesche E. S. , Scheunemann V. , Gruedl S. , Oezkabakcioglu Y. , Poppe E. , Petersohn Dirk
Published: February 2009

IFSCC Magazine, 11 (2008) (1) 37–42

Ubiquinones are the most widespread and therefore best investigated bioquinones. Due to their hydrophobic isoprenoid side chain, ubiquinones can be solubilized in organic solvents or lipids but are insoluble in water. Using a specific emulsifier system it has been possible to deliver positive effects to biological systems also from aqueous formulations. Ubiquinone‐50, also referred to as coenzyme Q10, is well known in cosmetic science and especially in skin care because of its antioxidant activity. It is found in the membranes of peroxisomes, lysosomes, vesicles, the endoplasmic reticulum and notably in the inner membrane of the mitochondrion, where it is an important part of the electron transport chain. Using coenzyme Q10 in the proposed emulsifier system we could show that the molecule not only has relevance as an anti‐aging bioactive in skin care but also has positive effects on the human hair follicle. The hair follicle is a complex mini organ and synthesis of hair keratin, the major component of hair fibers, is an essential prerequisite for the growth of strong and healthy hair. But like all biological systems the hair follicle, the biologically active part of the hair, also undergoes an aging process associated among other things with a decline in certain hair keratins. Due to this age‐related shift in basic structural proteins of the hair shaft, mature hair often becomes fragile and difficult to manage. Therefore it is a challenge for cosmetic science to provide bioactives to fight age‐related changes and maintain a youthful appearance of hair. Using cultivated hair follicle keratinocytes we identified coenzyme Q10 as a potent bioactive that stimulates the gene expression of different hair keratins, especially those which are reduced during aging processes in hair follicles. These results led us to investigate a shampoo and a tonic formulation enriched with coenzyme Q10 in a placebo‐controlled panel study. In a left/right comparison a group of healthy volunteers older than 40 years of age applied the formulations daily for 4 days. Throughout the test period the gene expression of different hair keratins from plucked hair follicles was determined using quantitative polymerase chain reaction techniques. Subsequent statistical analysis revealed an increase in age‐relevant hair keratins in human hair roots treated with coenzyme Q10, thus pointing out the striking benefits of coenzyme Q10 in hair care formulations. We conclude that coenzyme Q10 is an ideal ingredient for hair care formulations, providing anti‐aging properties through activation of specific keratins aligned with the needs of mature hair.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 117–125 (March/April 2008) A dual mechanism of 4‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐3[2H]‐furanone inhibiting cellular melanogenesis
Authors: Kim H. J. , Mi an S. , Boo Y. C.
Published: February 2009

Synopsis

In previous studies, 4‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐3[2H]‐furanone (HMF) was shown to have potent antioxidative and antimelanogenic effects, suggesting its potential use as a depigmenting agent. The present study investigated its mechanism of action on murine melanoma B16F10 cells stimulated by theophylline, an activator of the cyclic AMP/protein kinase A signaling leading to tyrosinase gene expression. When the cells were stimulated with theophylline, there were dose‐dependent increases in cellular tyrosinase protein content and melanin formation, as expected. HMF inhibited the theophylline‐stimulated melanin formation as effectively as arbutin, one of the most widely used depigmenting agents in cosmetics. HMF appeared to reduce tyrosinase mRNA and protein content in the cells stimulated by theophylline, indicating it inhibited tyrosinase gene expression. HMF also effectively inhibited tyrosinase‐catalyzed melanin formation from dihydroxyphenylalanine in the cells as well as in vitro. Therefore, the antimelanogenic effects of HMF were best explained by a dual mechanism inhibiting tyrosinase gene expression and the enzyme activity of pre‐existing tyrosinase.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 139–150 (March/April 2008) Enhanced depigmenting effects of N‐glycosylation inhibitors delivered by pH‐sensitive liposomes into HM3KO melanoma cells
Authors: Park J. Y. , Choi H. , Hwang J. S. , Kim J. , Chang I.‐S.
Published: February 2009

Presented in part at the 23rd Congress of the International Federation of Societies of Cosmetic Chemists (IFSCC), Orlando, Florida, October 2004, and in Proceedings of the IFSCC as “Enhanced Pigment Lightening Effects of N‐Glycosylation Inhibitors by the CHEMS Incorporated Nano‐Carrier.”

Synopsis

Delivery activity of pH‐sensitive 1,2‐dioleoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphoethanolamine (DOPE):cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS) liposomes was assessed as an in vitro intracellular carrier system to increase the bioavailability of depigmentation actives. N‐glycosylation inhibitors have a glycosylation‐inhibiting effect, which is useful for the skin depigmentation that operates by interfering with the maturation of tyrosinase. However, an N‐glycosylation inhibitor does not easily pass through skin or even cellular membranes due to its water‐soluble property. Therefore, it should be transported to target cells by an efficient delivery carrier to reduce the glycosylated tyrosinase. Glycosylation‐inhibiting and depigmentation effects of Nbutyldeoxynojirimycine (NB‐DNJ) and 1‐deoxynojirimycine (DNJ)‐loaded liposomes were evaluated using Western blotting and measurement of synthesized melanin. Interestingly, it was found that the pH‐sensitive liposomes increased the glycosylation‐inhibiting and thus, pigment‐lightening effects of N‐glycosylation inhibitors in vitro. In addition, cargo materials loaded in pH‐sensitive liposomes were found to be much more efficiently delivered into the cytoplasm, as observed in fluorescent‐activated cell sorting (FACS) and confocal laser‐scanning microscopic (CLSM) analysis. These results indicate that pH‐sensitive DOPE: CHEMS liposomes have a strong potential as a carrier system to promote delivery efficiency and to enhance the biological effects of water‐soluble actives for applications in cosmetics, personal care products, and pharmaceutics.
No. 2 Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 89–93, 2008 Treatment of dilated pores in the Ladies Clinic of the Department of Dermatology in Kinki University Hospital
Authors: Konishi Natsuko
Published: February 2009

Recently, many Japanese females have turned their attention to dilated pores. In our clinic, the number of female patients with complaints of dilated pores have increased. For these patients, we have shown the way of skin care firstly. Then, we have selected laser and IPL (intense pulsed light) therapies. In this paper, I introduce treatments of dilated pores in the ladies clinic of the Dermatology Department in Kinki University Hospital.
No. 5 Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 110–120, 2008 Design and development of an innovative hybrid powder based on a computer simulation and its application to base make up products
Authors: Ogawa Katsuki , Yagi Katsuhiko , Hata Hideo , Miura Yoshimasa , Nakamura Koichi , Takata Sadaki , Fujima Kazumi
Published: February 2009

An innovative hybrid powder prepared through computer simulation allowed a new foundation to be developed having a fine, smooth texture that has never been achieved before. The optical structure/design of the powder was based on the results of measurements and analyses conductedon the optical characteristics of a baby's fine skin that is the envy of many women. In order to achieve the optimal optical characteristics, the Finite Differential Time Domain (FDTD) method to solve Maxwell's differential equation by difference and time domain was applied to the computer simulation method. For the synthesis of the hybrid powder based on the optical model, a proprietary shape regulation coating technology was used, in which flaky substrates were coated with micro‐spherical forms of barium sulfate crystals. The developed hybrid powder exhibited optical characteristics that showed a significant diffusion characteristic in the visible light region. The foundation containing this powder could conceal pores, fine wrinkles, freckles, and spots, and provided a fine, smooth texture owing to its microscopic reflection characteristics that has never been available from a conventional foundation.
No. 6 Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 121–127, 2008 Makeup inhibits reduction of reactive oxygen scavenging enzyme activity induced by mental stress
Authors: Tochio Takumi , Morichi Eriko , Hirose Osamu , Nakata Satoru , Kuze Junko
Published: February 2009

Recent studies showed that makeup reduces mental stress, indicated by not only psychological but also physiological values. In this study, we examined the relationship between mental stress and the activity of reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and the effect of the mental stress reduction by makeup on the activity of reactive oxygen scavenging enzymes. In experiment 1, we measured the concentration of cortisol and activity of SOD in saliva after the addition of mental stress. In this result, the concentration of cortisol increased and the activity of SOD decreased significantly. As we examined the effect of makeup following the mental stress addition in experiment 2, the concentration of cortisol decreased and the activity of SOD and CAT increased. Moreover, we showed a decrease in the anxiety state and increase in spiritual health as the psychological effects. Those results suggest that makeup psychologically canceled anxiety and physiologically inhibited the reduction of reactive oxygen scavenging enzyme activity induced by the mental stress.
Arbutin determination in medicinal plants and creams
Authors: Thongchai W. , Liawruangrath B. , Liawruangrath S.
Published: February 2009

Synopsis

A simple flow injection (FI) manifold with spectrophotometric detection was fabricated and tested for arbutin determination. It is based on the measurement of a red‐coloured product at 514 nm formed by the complexation reaction between arbutin and 4‐aminoantipyrine (4‐AP) in the presence of hexacyanoferrate (III) in an alkaline medium. On injecting 300 μL standard solutions at various concentrations of arbutin into the FI system under optimum conditions, a linear calibration graph over the range of 1.0–30.0 μg mL−1arbutin was established. It is expressed by the regression equationy = 0.2188 ± 0.0036x + 0.1019 ± 0.0366 (r2 = 0.9990,n = 5). The detection limit (3σ) and the limit of quantitation (10σ) were 0.04 μg mL−1and 0.13 μg mL−1, respectively. The RSD of intraday and interday precisions were found to be 1.2–1.4% and 1.7–2.7%, respectively. The method was successfully applied in the determination of arbutin in four selected fruits and three commercial whitening cream extracts with the mean recoveries of the added arbutin over the range of 96.2–99.0%. No interference effects from some common excipients used in commercial whitening creams were observed. The method is simple, rapid, selective, accurate, reproducible and relatively inexpensive.
Neuropsychiatric Side-Effects of Lidocaine: Examples from the Treatment of Headache and a Review
Authors: Gil-Gouveia R , Goadsby PJ
Published: February 2009

Lidocaine has been used in treatment of patients with refractory headache. Personal observations of neuropsychiatric toxicity in these patients led us to review our cases and the literature systematically for lidocaine side-effects, especially neuropsychiatric symptoms. In our series of 20 patients, side-effects were observed in all, the most frequent being neuropsychiatric (75%) and cardiological (50%). When reviewing published series on intravenous lidocaine use, reports of side-effects range from 0 to 100%, with neuropsychiatric symptoms being reported in 1.8–100%. Thirty-six case reports of lidocaine-induced psychiatric symptoms were also analysed. Psychiatric symptoms of toxicity were similar in most patients, despite their differing ages, pathologies, co-therapies and lidocaine dosages. In conclusion, lidocaine neuropsychiatric toxicity has a well-recognized stereotypical clinical presentation that is probably unrecognized in headache series. As lidocaine represents an emerging alternative therapy in headache, particularly in short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing, clinicians and patients should be aware of the extent of this problem.
Telmisartan in Migraine Prophylaxis: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Diener HC , Gendolla A , Fruersenger A , Evers S , Straube A , Schumacher H , Davidai G ,   on behalf of the Study Group
Published: February 2009

We evaluated telmisartan 80 mg for migraine prophylaxis. Migraine patients ( n = 95) with three to seven migraine attacks in 3 months were randomized, double-blind to telmisartan or placebo. The primary end-point was the reduction in the number of migraine days (i.e. a day with ≥ 1 h of symptoms) between the 4-week baseline period and the last 4 weeks of the 12-week treatment period. A responder was recorded when there was a symptom reduction of ≥ 50% in these 4-week baseline and treatment periods. The reduction in migraine days was 1.65 with telmisartan and 1.14 with placebo ( P > 0.05). Post hoc analyses adjusting for baseline and centre showed a 38% reduction in migraine days with telmisartan vs. 15% with placebo ( P = 0.03), and a borderline significant difference in responders (40% vs. 25%, P = 0.07). The incidence of adverse events was similar between treatments. This study indicates that telmisartan might be effective in migraine prophylaxis.
Ocular signs, symptoms and tear function tests of papulopustular rosacea patients receiving azithromycin
Authors: Bakar Ö , Demircay Z , Toker E , Çakır S
Published: February 2009

Background  Tetracycline derivatives provide moderate benefit in the treatment of ocular rosacea. Recently, azithromycin has been found to be an effective alternative in the treatment of cutaneous papulopustular rosacea.

Objective  We planned a study to evaluate the effects of azithromycin on ocular symptoms, signs and tear function tests of papulopustular rosacea patients.

Methods  An open‐labelled study was performed in a population of 20 papulopustular rosacea patients.

Results  Eighteen subjects completed the trial. Significant improvement was seen in ocular symptoms, eyelid findings and conjunctival hyperaemia scores (P = 0.002, P < 0.0001, and P = 0.005, respectively). Therapeutic benefit was not observed in ocular surface staining scores. Baseline values of Schirmer test results were within normal limits. No significant side‐effects were observed.

Limitations  The study population is limited to dermatology patients who had been referred to the ophthalmology clinic.

Conclusion  Azithromycin may be a new promising therapeutic alternative in ocular rosacea.

Conflicts of interest

None declared.
Intra‐operative cisplatin for the treatment of canine extremity soft tissue sarcomas
Authors: Havlicek M. , Straw R. S. , Langova V. , Dernell W. S.
Published: February 2009

Nineteen dogs with histologically confirmed soft tissue sarcomas of the extremities were treated with a combination of marginal surgery and intra‐operative chemotherapy in the form of cisplatin in a biodegradable implant delivery system (Atrigel®; Atrix Laboratories, Fort Collins, Co, USA). None of the dogs had evidence of metastasis at time of treatment. The median dose of cisplatin was 52.1 mg/m2(mean 55.4 mg/m2, range 18.5–108.6 mg/m2). Wound complications were noted in 16 dogs (84.2%). Median follow‐up time was 874 days (mean 777 days, range 125–1463 days). Nine dogs (47.3%) were alive at the time of analysis. Local recurrence occurred in three dogs (16.6%). The time to recurrence was 214, 264 and 874 days.
Estimating Price Elasticities of Food Trade Functions: How Relevant is the CES‐based Gravity Approach?
Authors: Gohin Alexandre , Féménia Fabienne
Published: February 2009

The main objective of this article is to examine econometric estimates of price elasticities of food trade functions. We investigate the relevance of the prominent gravity approach. This approach is based on the assumptions of symmetric, monotone, homothetic, Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) preferences. We test all these assumptions using intra‐European trade in cheese. In general, the assumptions made on preferences by the gravity approach are not supported by our dataset. The bias induced in the estimated price elasticities is ambiguous.
Critical Assessment of Claims Regarding Management of Feral Cats by Trap–Neuter–Return
Authors: LONGCORE TRAVIS , RICH CATHERINE , SULLIVAN LAUREN M.
Published: February 2009

Abstract: Many jurisdictions have adopted programs to manage feral cats by trap–neuter–return (TNR), in which cats are trapped and sterilized, then returned to the environment to be fed and cared for by volunteer caretakers. Most conservation biologists probably do not realize the extent and growth of this practice and that the goal of some leading TNR advocates is that cats ultimately be recognized and treated as “protected wildlife.” We compared the arguments put forth in support of TNR by many feral cat advocates with the scientific literature. Advocates promoting TNR often claim that feral cats harm wildlife only on islands and not on continents; fill a natural or realized niche; do not contribute to the decline of native species; and are insignificant vectors or reservoirs of disease. Advocates also frequently make claims about the effectiveness of TNR, including claims that colonies of feral cats are eventually eliminated by TNR and that managed colonies resist invasion by other cats. The scientific literature contradicts each of these claims. TNR of feral cats is primarily viewed and regulated as an animal welfare issue, but it should be seen as an environmental issue, and decisions to implement it should receive formal environmental assessment. Conservation scientists have a role to play by conducting additional research on the effects of feral cats on wildlife and by communicating sound scientific information about this problem to policy makers.
Cognitive Impairment Improves the Predictive Validity of the Phenotype of Frailty for Adverse Health Outcomes: The Three‐City Study
Authors: Ávila‐Funes José Alberto , Amieva Hélène , Barberger‐Gateau Pascale , Le Goff Mélanie , Raoux Nadine , Ritchie Karen , Carrière Isabelle , Tavernier Béatrice , Tzourio Christophe , Gutiérrez‐Robledo Luis Miguel , Dartigues Jean‐François
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether adding cognitive impairment to frailty improves its predictive validity for adverse health outcomes.

DESIGN: Four‐year longitudinal study.

SETTING: The French Three‐City Study.

PARTICIPANTS: Six thousand thirty community‐dwelling persons aged 65 to 95.

MEASUREMENTS: Frailty was defined as having at least three of the following criteria: weight loss, weakness, exhaustion, slowness, and low physical activity. Subjects meeting one or two criteria were prefrail and those meeting none as nonfrail. The lowest quartile in the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the Isaacs Set Test (IST) was used to identify subjects with cognitive impairment. The predictive validity of frailty for incident disability, hospitalization, dementia, and death was calculated first for frailty subgroups and then rerun after stratification according to the presence or absence of cognitive impairment.

RESULTS: Four hundred twenty‐one individuals (7%) met frailty criteria. Cognitive impairment was present in 10%, 12%, and 22% of the nonfrail, prefrail, and frail subjects, respectively. Those classified as frail scored lower on the MMSE and IST than those classified as prefrail and nonfrail. After adjustment, frail persons with cognitive impairment were significantly more likely to develop disability in activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental ADLs over the following 4 years. The risk of incident mobility disability and hospitalization was marginally greater. Incident dementia was greater in the groups with cognitive impairment irrespective of their frailty status. Conversely, frailty was not a significant predictor of mortality.

CONCLUSION: Cognitive impairment improves the predictive validity of the operational definition of frailty, because it increases the risk of adverse health outcomes in this particular subgroup of the elderly population.
Fewer Emergency Readmissions and Better Quality of Life for Older Adults at Risk of Hospital Readmission: A Randomized Controlled Trial to Determine the Effectiveness of a 24‐Week Exercise and Telephone Follow‐Up Program
Authors: Courtney Mary , Edwards Helen , Chang Anne , Parker Anthony , Finlayson Kathleen , Hamilton Kyra
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of an exercise‐based model of hospital and in‐home follow‐up care for older people at risk of hospital readmission on emergency health service utilization and quality of life.

DESIGN: Randomized controlled trial.

SETTING: Tertiary metropolitan hospital in Australia.

PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twenty‐eight patients (64 intervention, 64 control) with an acute medical admission, aged 65 and older and with at least one risk factor for readmission (multiple comorbidities, impaired functionality, aged ≥75, recent multiple admissions, poor social support, history of depression).

INTERVENTION: Comprehensive nursing and physiotherapy assessment and individualized program of exercise strategies and nurse‐conducted home visit and telephone follow‐up commencing in the hospital and continuing for 24 weeks after discharge.

MEASUREMENTS: Emergency health service utilization (emergency hospital readmissions and visits to emergency department, general practitioner (GP), or allied health professional) and health‐related quality of life (Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item Short Form Survey (SF‐12v2™) collected at baseline and 4, 12, and 24 weeks after discharge.

RESULTS: The intervention group required significantly fewer emergency hospital readmissions (22% of intervention group, 47% of control group, P=.007) and emergency GP visits (25% of intervention group, 67% of control group, P<.001). The intervention group also reported significantly greater improvements in quality of life than the control group as measured using SF‐12v2™ Physical Component Summary scores (F (3, 279)=30.43, P<.001) and Mental Component Summary scores (F (3, 279)=7.20, P<.001).

CONCLUSION: Early introduction of an individualized exercise program and long‐term telephone follow‐up may reduce emergency health service utilization and improve quality of life of older adults at risk of hospital readmission.
High Levels of Serum C‐Reactive Protein Are Associated with Greater Risk of All‐Cause Mortality, but Not Dementia, in the Oldest‐Old: Results from The 90+ Study
Authors: Kravitz B. Adar , Corrada Maria M. , Kawas Claudia H.
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate whether high levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) in serum are associated with greater risk of all‐cause dementia or mortality in the oldest‐old.

DESIGN: Prospective.

SETTING: Research clinic and in‐home visits.

PARTICIPANTS: Population‐based sample of adults (N=227; aged 93.9±2.8) from The 90+ Study, a longitudinal cohort study of people aged 90 and older.

MEASUREMENTS: CRP levels were divided into three groups according to the assay detection limit: undetectable (<0.5 mg/dL), detectable (0.5–0.7 mg/dL), and elevated (≥0.8 mg/dL). Neurological examination was used to determine dementia diagnosis (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria). Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were computed using Cox regression, and results were stratified according to and apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype.

RESULTS: Subjects with detectable CRP levels had significantly greater risk of mortality (HR=1.7, 95% CI=1.0–2.9), but not dementia (HR=1.2, 95% CI=0.6–2.1), 0.4 to 4.5 years later than subjects with undetectable CRP. The highest relative risk for dementia and mortality was in APOE4 carriers with detectable CRP (dementia HR=4.5, 95% CI=0.9–23.3; mortality HR=5.6, 95% CI=1.0–30.7).

CONCLUSION: High levels of CRP are associated with greater risk of mortality in people aged 90 and older, particularly in APOE4 carriers. There was a trend toward greater risk of dementia in APOE4 carriers with high CRP levels, although this relationship did not reach significance. High levels of CRP in the oldest‐old represent a risk factor for negative outcomes.
Occurrence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Post‐Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Thrombocytopenia in an Unselected Population
Authors: SHENOY CHETAN , ORSHAW PAMELA , DEVARAKONDA SRINIVAS , HARJAI KISHORE J.
Published: February 2009

Objectives: We sought to determine the occurrence, predictors, and prognostic impact of post‐percutaneous coronary intervention (post‐PCI) thrombocytopenia on an unselected real‐world patient population.

Background: Thrombocytopenia after PCI has been shown to portend worse prognosis in clinical trials. The significance of post‐PCI thrombocytopenia has not previously been examined outside the clinical trial setting.

Methods: The study cohort consisted of 1,302 consecutive patients with normal baseline platelet count (150 × 109/L). Post‐PCI thrombocytopenia was defined as nadir platelet count <100 × 109/L or a drop >50% from baseline. The primary outcomes were in‐hospital and 6‐month rates of death and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), and the secondary outcomes were bleeding, need for blood transfusion, and length of hospital stay. Logistic regression was performed to identify independent predictors.

Results: Post‐PCI thrombocytopenia developed in 41 patients (occurrence 3.1%). Independent predictors were baseline creatinine clearance (odds ratio [OR] 1.02 for every unit decrease, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01–1.03, P=0.001), failed PCI (OR 3.8, CI 1.6–9.4, P=0.003), and use of intraaortic balloon pump (OR 2.8, CI 1.1–6.8, P=0.024). All study outcomes were significantly higher in patients with post‐PCI thrombocytopenia. Post‐PCI thrombocytopenia independently predicted MACE at 6 months (hazard ratio 2.7, CI 1.3–5.5, P=0.0069) and all the secondary outcomes.

Conclusions: Post‐PCI thrombocytopenia occurred in 3.1% of patients in an unselected real‐world population and carried a significant detrimental impact on prognosis. Failed PCI was the strongest correlate identified.
Guidelines to Practice Gap in the Use of Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Inhibitors: From ISAR‐REACT to Overreact?
Authors: VISWANATHAN G. , JAVED S. , MAYURATHAN G. , SALLEHUDDIN S. , JAMIESON S. , ZAMAN A. G.
Published: February 2009

Adjunctive use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPI) is associated with favorable outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Guidelines for use of GPI have been published by various national societies including National Institute of Clinical Excellence (NICE), United Kingdom. The latter has not been updated since publication. The impact of contemporary trials such as ISAR‐REACT (which showed no benefit of abciximab and 600 mg of clopidogrel compared with 600 mg of clopidogrel alone, in elective patients) on adherence to NICE guidelines is unknown.

Methods: We audited use of GPI against NICE guidelines following publication in May 2002. Data were collected from 1,685 patients between September and November in years 2002, 2003, 2004, and 2007.

Results: In 2002 and 2003, only 10.2% and 11.8%, respectively, of patients were noncompliant to NICE guidelines. Over time, there was an increase in patients not given GPI despite meeting NICE criteria. After publication of ISAR‐REACT, the comparative figures for noncompliance in 2004 and 2007 were 40.0% and 44.5%. A similar pattern was seen in patients with diabetes; in 2002 and 2003 noncompliance was 16.7% and 11.1%, respectively, and in 2004 and 2007 noncompliance was 38.0% and 44.7%, respectively. Qualitatively, similar findings were recorded in patients with NSTE‐ACS. The overall noncompliance to NICE guidelines increased from 11.0% to 42.1% (P < 0.0001) after the ISAR‐REACT study.

Conclusions: We found a decline in compliance to NICE guidelines on GPI usage during PCI. This was likely influenced by contemporary trials demonstrating little or no benefit of GPI in patients undergoing elective PCI who are adequately pretreated with clopidogrel. Our findings suggest the need for a mechanism whereby regular updates to guidelines can be disseminated following new trial evidence.
A High Blood Pressure Predicts Bleeding Complications and a Longer Hospital Stay after Elective Coronary Angiography Using the Femoral Approach
Authors: MAY OLE , SCHLOSSER HELLE , SKYTTE LENE
Published: February 2009

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess risk factors for bleeding complications after elective coronary angiography (CA).

Methods and results: We consecutively included 1,000 patients scheduled for elective diagnostic CA using the femoral approach. A bleeding complication was defined as formation of a hematoma ≥5 cm, severely oozing or pulsating bleeding through the skin, development of a pseudoaneurysm, or a bleeding demanding blood transfusion. We found a bleeding complication in 88 patients. In the multivariate analysis, only female gender and systolic blood pressure were associated with a bleeding complication.

Conclusion: We conclude that systolic blood pressure and female gender are independent predictors of bleeding complications and that a high systolic blood pressure should be reduced before elective CA.
Disjuncture, Continental philosophy's new “political Paul,” and the question of progressive Christianity in a Southern California Third Wave church
Authors: BIALECKI JON
Published: February 2009

Drawing on recent anthropological debates on temporality, hope, and the relationship between Christian eschatology and political action, I use Alain Badiou's reading of St. Paul's epistles to trace out the internal logic of a left‐leaning Southern California church in the Vineyard, a strongly charismatic Christian denomination. I argue that members of this church see progressive politics as a function of the incomplete eschatological event of Jesus's redemption of the world. This view of progressive politics as demarcating an ontological divide serves to foreclose certain forms of political organizing and alliances because such political activity, being recognizable, does not fit the condition of radical alterity associated with the divine in church members’ religious practice. [anthropology of Christianity, anthropology of temporality, Pentecostal/charismatic Christianity, Southern California, progressive Christianity, Badiou, critical anthropology]
“Dear Dr. Kothari …”: Sexuality, violence against women, and the parallel public sphere in India
Authors: DEWEY SUSAN
Published: February 2009

In India, cultural prohibitions on discussions about sexuality and violence against women have resulted in a parallel public sphere in which individuals make use of popular culture to resolve private dilemmas. In this article, I examine how female discourse regarding two highly publicized cases of violence against women in Mumbai employed the parallel public sphere, a cultural phenomenon that allows individual normalcy to be gauged as part of a broader process by which the silenced learn to use their voices only at certain times and in certain ways. [South Asia, sexuality, Mumbai, popular culture, Habermas, violence against women]
Facing the music: Rituals of belonging and recognition in contemporary Western art music
Authors: EL‐GHADBAN YARA
Published: February 2009

In this article, I examine the tense relationship between belonging and recognition that occurs as two young composers try to situate their musical identities between the urge to contest the hegemony of Western art music and the desire to be part of and recognized within this musical tradition. I draw on their participation as finalists in an international composition competition to examine how issues of identity, postcoloniality, and belonging, on the one hand, and of musical authorship, subjectivity, and agency, on the other hand, are woven into the highly ritualized processes of evaluation and recognition in contemporary Western art music. [music, identity, postcoloniality, ritual, agency, authorship]
Rethinking “make do”: Action “from the side” and the politics of segmentation in the Republic of Macedonia
Authors: NEOFOTISTOS VASILIKI P.
Published: February 2009

In this article, I examine the social performance of bodily movement “from the side” in bureaucratic institutions in Macedonia, specifically, how locals use their bodies to weave their way in and out of insider–outsider classifications that shape bureaucratic organization. Additionally, I explore how Macedonians and Albanians use, in common parlance, bodily movement “from the side” as a metaphor to lend different meanings to a new sociopolitical order wrought by the collapse of socialism. The case study of Macedonia helps refine theories of “make do” by pointing to the shifting degrees of insiderhood and outsiderhood within the body of insiders. [embodiment, bureaucracy, make do, insider–outsider classifications, make do, Macedonia]
Tracing landscapes of the past in class subjectivity: Practices of memory and distinction in marketizing Russia
Authors: Rivkin‐Fish Michele
Published: February 2009

The creation of class subjectivities is an important but understudied topic for social memory studies, particularly in former socialist contexts. Soviet policies generated fertile conditions for the intertwining of class subjectivity and popular memory by deploying the categories of “intelligentsia” and “worker” as reified, enduring, and oppositional groups and privileging these groups in contradictory and often hypocritical ways. In this article, I explore the traces such policies left on contemporary, educated Russians’ sense of themselves as long‐standing victims of class‐based dispossession. Ethnographically, I examine debates I had with Russian friends about Mikhail Bulgakov's popular novel, Heart of a Dog, which depicts the Bolsheviks’ establishment of power in the 1920s through the eyes of an elite physician–scientist. Exploring Russians’ reactions to this story and their sense of its broader relevance reveals how aspiring middle‐class subjects embraced a narrative of the Soviet past to justify the emerging inequalities of market reforms. Narrative landscapes of the socialist past illuminate a politics of victimization and moral restitution that underlies the contemporary embrace of inequality and stratified consumption. [memory, class, stratified consumption, health care, postsocialism, Russia]
Racial Disparities in Emergency Department Length of Stay for Admitted Patients in the United States
Authors: Pines Jesse M. , Russell Localio A. , Hollander Judd E.
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  Recent studies have demonstrated the adverse effects of prolonged emergency department (ED) boarding times on outcomes. The authors sought to examine racial disparities across U.S. hospitals in ED length of stay (LOS) for admitted patients, which may serve as a proxy for boarding time in data sets where the actual time of admission is unavailable. Specifically, the study estimated both the within‐ and among‐hospital effects of black versus non–black race on LOS for admitted patients.

Methods:  The authors studied 14,516 intensive care unit (ICU) and non‐ICU admissions in 408 EDs in the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS; 2003–2005). The main outcomes were ED LOS (triage to transfer to inpatient bed) and proportion of patients with prolonged LOS (>6 hours). The effects of black versus non–black race on LOS were decomposed to distinguish racial disparities between patients at the same hospital (within‐hospital component) and between hospitals that serve higher proportions of black patients (among‐hospital component).

Results:  In the unadjusted analyses, ED LOS was significantly longer for black patients admitted to ICU beds (367 minutes vs. 290 minutes) and non‐ICU beds (397 minutes vs. 345 minutes). For admissions to ICU beds, the within‐hospital estimates suggested that blacks were at higher risk for ED LOS of >6 hours (odds ratio [OR] = 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01 to 2.01), while the among‐hospital differences were not significant (OR = 1.08 for each 10% increase in the proportion of black patients, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.23). By contrast, for non‐ICU admissions, the within‐hospital racial disparities were not significant (OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.94 to 1.23), but the among‐hospital differences were significant (OR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.22) per 10% point increase in the percentage of blacks admitted to a hospital.

Conclusions:  Black patients who are admitted to the hospital through the ED have longer ED LOS compared to non–blacks, indicating that racial disparities may exist across U.S. hospitals. The disparity for non‐ICU patients might be accounted for by among‐hospital differences, where hospitals with a higher proportion of blacks have longer waits. The disparity for ICU patients is better explained by within‐hospital differences, where blacks have longer wait times than non–blacks in the same hospital. However, there may be additional unmeasured clinical or socioeconomic factors that explain these results.
A Cue Utilization Approach for Investigating Harvest Decisions in Commons Dilemmas
Authors: Hine Donald W. , Gifford Robert , Heath Yuko , Cooksey Ray , Quain Peter
Published: February 2009

Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) is introduced as a new tool for investigating decision making in commons dilemmas. University undergraduates (N = 171) managed a virtual fishery, with 2 computer‐simulated fishers, over 60 seasons. Level 1 HLM analyses revealed that participants took significantly more fish during seasons when feedback suggested fish stocks, fish value, and fishing expenses were high; and when noncooperative and cooperative others had taken more fish and fewer fish, respectively, in the previous season. Level 2 analyses produced several cross‐level interactions, indicating that participants' use of feedback information varied as a function of their social values and environmental attitudes.
Comparing Democrats and Republicans on Intrinsic and Extrinsic Values
Authors: Sheldon Kennon M. , Nichols Charles P.
Published: February 2009

Although claimed differences in values have played a prominent role in recent U.S. politics, the value systems of typical Republicans and Democrats have not been evaluated within a relevant dimensional framework. In 4 studies, party members were compared on extrinsic (money, popularity, image) and intrinsic (intimacy, helping, growth) values. Republicans were consistently higher on extrinsic relative to intrinsic values, a pattern suggested by past research to be personally and socially problematic. In Study 4, Republicans were also lower in a different measure of prosocial values, derived from social‐dilemma research. All studies found an interaction such that only nonreligious Republicans were lower than Democrats on the intrinsic value of helping needy others. Implications for contemporary political discourse are discussed.
The Effect of a Derogatory Professional Label: Evaluations of a “Shrink”
Authors: Gadon Orly , Johnson Craig
Published: February 2009

A study was designed to examine the consequences of hearing a mental health professional referred to as a “shrink.” Participants (N = 129) viewed a videotape of a simulated therapy session after hearing a psychologist referred to as a shrink, a psychologist, or Mr. Smith. As hypothesized, exposure to shrink lowered evaluations of the therapist. However, this was focused on specific characteristics (e.g., expertise). After hearing the label shrink, participants expressed less interest in seeking therapy from the psychologist portrayed. The commenter of the shrink label was also viewed more negatively. The findings imply that the use of the term shrink may undermine people's attitudes toward mental health professionals, a consequence with implications for the utilization of their services.
Recency Versus Repetition Priming Effects of Cigarette Warnings on Nonsmoking Teenagers: The Moderating Effects of Cigarette‐Brand Familiarity
Authors: Sabbane Lalla Ilhame , Bellavance François , Chebat Jean‐Charles
Published: February 2009

This study focuses on the interactive effects of antismoking warnings and cigarette‐brand familiarity on teenagers' smoking intent, attitudes toward the website, and sponsoring brand when exposed to entertainment websites sponsored by cigarette brands. Findings from a 3 (Warning Type) × 2 (Level of Cigarette‐Brand Familiarity) factorial design experiment with nonsmoking teenagers demonstrated that text and picture warnings significantly reduced attitudes toward cigarette brands, compared to text‐only or no warning. Warnings had assimilation effects on attitudes (toward brand and website) and on smoking intent in the case of familiar brands; and marginally significant contrast effects in the case of unfamiliar brands, which better reflects the repetition priming paradigm than the recency priming paradigm, and calls for attention to cigarette brands' familiarity.
Antecedent Influences on Children's Extrinsic Motivation to Go Online
Authors: Vieira, Jr. Edward T. , Grantham Susan
Published: February 2009

From a social psychological process framework, this study examines how children's self‐esteem influences whether their friends motivate them to go online. Children (ages 8–14; n = 293) completed an online questionnaire. Locus of control orientation is included as mediating the relationship between self‐esteem and motivation. Hypotheses were tested using a structural equation model. Results reveal that children with healthy self‐esteem perceive themselves as having control of their environments. This positively influences peer‐related motivation to go online. Children with lower self‐esteem see the world as controlled by others or as the result of luck. This external locus also positively influences peer‐related motivation to go online. Girls maintained higher self‐esteem, and boys were influenced by external factors.
Rural nonfarm income and its impact on agriculture: evidence from Albania
Authors: Kilic Talip , Carletto Calogero , Miluka Juna , Savastano Sara
Published: February 2009

Using data from the 2005 Albania Living Standards Measurement Study (ALSMS05) survey, this article analyzes the overall impact of household nonfarm income‐generating activities (RIGA) on agricultural expenditures as well as technical efficiency of rural farm households. We also differentiate the impact for subsistence and commercial farmers, who are in the top 25% of the distribution of value of annual agricultural sales. Our results show that on the whole, Albanian rural households utilize their nonfarm earnings not to invest in time‐saving, efficiency‐increasing technologies, but to move out of crop production. We derive similar findings when we try to estimate the same relation separately for commercial and subsistence farmers. However, for commercial farmers, we find a positive impact of household nonfarm earnings on livestock expenditures.
The effect of nonfarm income on investment in Bulgarian family farming
Authors: Hertz Tom
Published: February 2009

This article documents a relationship between nonfarm income (primarily earnings and pensions) and agricultural investment in Bulgaria, specifically, expenditures on working capital (variable inputs such as feed, seed, and herbicides) and investment in livestock. Among those with positive spending on farm inputs, the estimated elasticity of these expenditures with respect to nonfarm income is 0.14. Nonfarm income also has an effect on the number of households that purchase farm animals, with an estimated elasticity of 0.35. The use of nonfarm income for farm investment is consistent with the presence of credit constraints, as is the fact that less than one percent of farmers report outstanding debts for agricultural purposes. Yet many farm households take out large unsecured loans for other purposes, primarily to cover consumption expenditures, implying that credit is available, but that farmers prefer not to use borrowed funds to finance agricultural investment. This would suggest that increases in the availability of agricultural credit may have little effect on farm outcomes, whereas increases in nondebt‐financed sources of liquidity, such as subsidies or transfers, may better stimulate investment.
Rural nonfarm activities and agricultural crop production in Nigeria
Authors: Oseni Gbemisola , Winters Paul
Published: February 2009

Although most rural households are involved in the farm sector, the nonfarm sector has grown significantly in recent decades, and its role in rural development has become increasingly important. This article examines the effect of participation in nonfarm activities on crop expenses of farm households in Nigeria. The relationship is modeled using a nonseparable agricultural household model that suggests that participating in nonfarm activities can relax the credit constraints facing farm households and reduce risk thereby helping households improve farm production and smooth consumption over time. The results show that participation in nonfarm activities by Nigerian farmers has a positive and significant effect on crop expenses and in particular on payments for hired labor and inorganic fertilizers. Separate analysis of the six geopolitical zones in Nigeria indicates that it is in the South‐South and South‐East zones where nonfarm participation appears to induce more hiring of labor. The results support the hypothesis that nonfarm participation helps relax liquidity constraints but suggests how that liquidity is used is zone‐specific. In general, the results also indicate that liquidity is used more to pay for inputs into staple production as opposed to cash crops.
Patterns of co‐existence and hybridisation between narrowly endemic (Fundulus euryzonus) and broadly distributed (F. olivaceus) topminnows in a riverine contact zone
Authors: Schaefer J. , Kreiser B. R. , Champagne C. , Mickle P. M. , Duvernell D. D.
Published: February 2009

Abstract –  Two ecologically similar topminnow species (Fundulus olivaceus and F. euryzonus) were studied in a contact zone in the West Fork of the Amite River of the Lake Pontchartrain drainage. We assessed whether relative abundance and measures of fitness of each species, and their hybrids, were correlated with predictable abiotic or biotic factors. We sampled the full fish assemblage and measured a suite of local and landscape level environmental characteristics at ten sites. Topminnows were genotyped to identify individuals of hybrid ancestry. We compared the abundance and distribution of parental species in the context of overall fish assemblage structure and environmental variables. Hybridisation was generally rare with only nine of 244 genotyped topminnows exhibiting evidence of hybrid ancestry. The relative abundance of the two topminnows was related to site assemblage structure, species diversity and a number of local but not landscape level environmental variables. Both species were in better condition and females were more fecund at sites with greater abundance of F. olivaceus. Hybrid individuals were not morphological or ecological intermediates.