bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foot Problems in Older Adults
Authors: Muchna Amy , Najafi Bijan , Wendel Christopher S. , Schwenk Michael , Armstrong David G. , Mohler Jane
Published: August 2017

Background:

Research on foot problems and frailty is sparse and could advance using wearable sensor–based measures of gait, balance, and physical activity (PA). This study examined the effect of foot problems on the likelihood of falls, frailty syndrome, motor performance, and PA in community-dwelling older adults.

Methods:

Arizona Frailty Cohort Study participants (community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years without baseline cognitive deficit, severe movement disorders, or recent stroke) underwent Fried frailty and foot assessment. Gait, balance (bipedal eyes open and eyes closed), and spontaneous PA over 48 hours were measured using validated wearable sensor technologies.

Results:

Of 117 participants, 41 (35%) were nonfrail, 56 (48%) prefrail, and 20 (17%) frail. Prevalence of foot problems (pain, peripheral neuropathy, or deformity) increased significantly as frailty category worsened (any problem: 63% in nonfrail, 80% in prefrail [odds ratio (OR) = 2.0], and 95% in frail [OR = 8.3]; P = .03 for trend) due to associations between foot problems and both weakness and exhaustion. Foot problems were associated with fear of falling but not with fall history or incident falls over 6 months. Foot pain and peripheral neuropathy were associated with lower gait speed and stride length; increased double support time; increased mediolateral sway of center of mass during walking, age adjusted; decreased eyes open sway of center of mass and ankle during quiet standing, age adjusted; and lower percentage walking, percentage standing, and total steps per day.

Conclusions:

Foot problems were associated with frailty level and decreased motor performance and PA. Wearable technology is a practical way to screen for deterioration in gait, balance, and PA that may be associated with foot problems. Routine assessment and management of foot problems could promote earlier intervention to retain motor performance and manage fear of falling in older adults, which may ultimately improve healthy aging and reduce risk of frailty.
Tumor-promoting function of apoptotic caspases by an amplification loop involving ROS, macrophages and JNK in Drosophila
Authors: Pérez Ernesto , Lindblad Jillian L , Bergmann Andreas
Published: August 2017

Apoptosis and its molecular mediators, the caspases, have long been regarded as tumor suppressors and one hallmark of cancer is ‘Evading Apoptosis’. However, recent work has suggested that apoptotic caspases can also promote proliferation and tumor growth under certain conditions. How caspases promote proliferation and how cells are protected from the potentially harmful action of apoptotic caspases is largely unknown. Here, we show that although caspases are activated in a well-studied neoplastic tumor model in Drosophila, oncogenic mutations of the proto-oncogene Ras (RasV12) maintain tumorous cells in an ‘undead’-like condition and transform caspases from tumor suppressors into tumor promotors. Instead of killing cells, caspases now promote the generation of intra- and extracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). One function of the ROS is the recruitment and activation of macrophage-like immune cells which in turn signal back to tumorous epithelial cells to activate oncogenic JNK signaling. JNK further promotes and amplifies caspase activity, thereby constituting a feedback amplification loop. Interfering with the amplification loop strongly reduces the neoplastic behavior of these cells and significantly improves organismal survival. In conclusion, RasV12-modified caspases initiate a feedback amplification loop involving tumorous epithelial cells and macrophage-like immune cells that is necessary for uncontrolled tumor growth and invasive behavior.
Evolutionary routes to biochemical innovation revealed by integrative analysis of a plant-defense related specialized metabolic pathway
Authors: Moghe Gaurav D , Leong Bryan J , Hurney Steven M , Daniel Jones A , Last Robert L
Published: August 2017

The diversity of life on Earth is a result of continual innovations in molecular networks influencing morphology and physiology. Plant specialized metabolism produces hundreds of thousands of compounds, offering striking examples of these innovations. To understand how this novelty is generated, we investigated the evolution of the Solanaceae family-specific, trichome-localized acylsugar biosynthetic pathway using a combination of mass spectrometry, RNA-seq, enzyme assays, RNAi and phylogenomics in different non-model species. Our results reveal hundreds of acylsugars produced across the Solanaceae family and even within a single plant, built on simple sugar cores. The relatively short biosynthetic pathway experienced repeated cycles of innovation over the last 100 million years that include gene duplication and divergence, gene loss, evolution of substrate preference and promiscuity. This study provides mechanistic insights into the emergence of plant chemical novelty, and offers a template for investigating the ~300,000 non-model plant species that remain underexplored.
Atropos: specific, sensitive, and speedy trimming of sequencing reads
Authors: Didion John P. , Martin Marcel , Collins Francis S.
Published: August 2017

A key step in the transformation of raw sequencing reads into biological insights is the trimming of adapter sequences and low-quality bases. Read trimming has been shown to increase the quality and reliability while decreasing the computational requirements of downstream analyses. Many read trimming software tools are available; however, no tool simultaneously provides the accuracy, computational efficiency, and feature set required to handle the types and volumes of data generated in modern sequencing-based experiments. Here we introduce Atropos and show that it trims reads with high sensitivity and specificity while maintaining leading-edge speed. Compared to other state-of-the-art read trimming tools, Atropos achieves significant increases in trimming accuracy while remaining competitive in execution times. Furthermore, Atropos maintains high accuracy even when trimming data with elevated rates of sequencing errors. The accuracy, high performance, and broad feature set offered by Atropos makes it an appropriate choice for the pre-processing of Illumina, ABI SOLiD, and other current-generation short-read sequencing datasets. Atropos is open source and free software written in Python (3.3+) and available at https://github.com/jdidion/atropos.
Resilience to suicide ideation: A cross‐cultural test of the buffering hypothesis
Authors: Siegmann Paula , Teismann Tobias , Fritsch Nathalie , Forkmann Thomas , Glaesmer Heide , Zhang Xiao Chi , Brailovskaia Julia , Margraf Jürgen
Published: August 2017

Depression and suicide ideation are common in student populations across the world. The present study investigated factors buffering the association between depression and suicide ideation. A total of 2,687 Chinese students and 601 German students took part in the investigation. Social support, satisfaction with life, self‐efficacy, psychosocial stress resistance, and positive mental health were considered as resilience factors moderating the association between depressive symptoms and suicide ideation within both samples. Positive mental health moderated the impact of depressive symptoms on suicide ideation in German and Chinese students. Life satisfaction moderated the impact of depressive symptoms on suicide ideation in German students. Social support moderated the impact of depressive symptoms on suicide ideation in Chinese students. No interaction effects were found for self‐efficacy and psychosocial stress resistance. Positive mental health, satisfaction with life, and perceived social support seem to confer resilience and should be taken into account, when assessing individuals for suicide risk.
Influence of oriented β‐lamellae on deformation and pore formation in β‐nucleated polypropylene
Authors: Ding Lei , Ge Qian , Xu Guan , Wu Tong , Yang Feng , Xiang Ming
Published: August 2017

Four β‐nucleated polypropylene samples with increasing die draw ratio (DDR) were prepared to modify lamellae arrangement. The DSC, SEM, and 2D‐XRD results show that all four cast films had similar crystallinity, high contents of β‐crystal but lowering stability of β‐lamellae with ascending DDR. Meanwhile, the anisotropy of β‐lamellae distribution strengthens gently and the stacked lamellae structure perpendicular to the machine direction (MD) predominates dramatically. Tensile testing at 25 °C and 90 °C were conducted along MD and transverse direction (TD), respectively. The markedly expanding difference of deformation indicates the anisotropy highlighted significantly. Additionally, when the samples stretched along MD, a more homogeneous deformation occurs with ascending anisotropy, which is completely opposite to the β‐lamellae stability. But samples deformed more heterogeneous when stretched along TD. The characterization of morphological evolutions during stretching shows that the stacked lamellae debonds uniformly and abundant microvoids formed when the sample stretched along MD with higher anisotropy, resulting in evenly dispersion of stress, consequently making a more uniform distribution of defects and a better isotropic deformation. Moreover, the microfibrils and defects distributed uniformly within higher orientation sample after longitudinal stretching stretched along MD, leading to the dramatic improvement of pore size distribution of the membrane after biaxial stretching. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1745–1759
Introduction: Why Examine Rising Powers’ Role in Peacebuilding?
Authors: de Coning Cedric , Call Charles T.
Published: August 2017

Over the last decade, setbacks in places like Burundi, Libya, South Sudan, and Yemen have undercut the credibility that peacebuilding enjoyed in the international system. These failures have combined with a push from rising powers against Western dominance to produce a turn to the Global South for more legitimate and effective responses to mass organized violence in the world. Onto this stage new actors like the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) and other regional powers in the Global South, like Indonesia and Turkey, have emerged as new “donors” that advance their own political and technical approaches to peacebuilding. These rising powers seek to influence how the United Nations, other multilateral organizations, traditional donors, and recipient countries view and do peacebuilding. Their entry may fundamentally alter peacebuilding a decade from now. This book seeks to answer the following central questions: What exactly is new and innovative about the peacebuilding approaches of rising powers from the Global South, and what are the implications of these new approaches? The introductory chapter explains why this study is important, identifies several key research questions, and outlines the method and structure of the volume.
Offering Support and Sharing Experiences: Indonesia’s Approach to Peacebuilding
Authors: Alexandra Lina A.
Published: August 2017

While the term peacebuilding receives considerably less attention than peacekeeping in the Indonesian context, in practice the country has undertaken significant activities aimed at conflict prevention and conflict management in the region. Indonesia’s experiences during its own difficult transition produced lessons that may prove valuable for others facing similar challenges. This chapter explores how peacebuilding is understood in Indonesia: its principles/philosophies, its motivating factors, and debates about it. It describes peacebuilding activities and how their results have been measured. The Indonesian approach to peacebuilding is distinct in two ways. First, it emphasizes persuasion rather than pressure to assist host countries to think of ways to create peace in their respective countries. Second, Indonesia emphasizes the concept of ‘sharing’ experiences. Indonesia tends to apply a two-way approach in which it shares its own experiences, but also learns from the host country and works to understand the local context while seeking the local ‘modalities’ to be utilized in order to start the peacebuilding process. Indonesia does not advocate a ‘one-size-fits-all’ peacebuilding policy since each country has its own unique challenges and context. Respect for these conditions is considered key to successful peacebuilding.
Peacebuilding Through Development Partnership: An Indian Perspective
Authors: Singh P. K.
Published: August 2017

India has a legacy of international peacekeeping and peacebuilding dating back to the 1950s. This chapter places India’s peacebuilding role in that context and examines the principles and practice of India to the present. India’s contribution towards building the infrastructure for peace and stability in developing countries precedes the concept of peacebuilding as enunciated by the United Nations. India has clearly articulated its position on issues pertaining to local ownership, inclusiveness and relevance. It has insisted that development assistance be given without conditions and should not impinge on the sovereignty of its partners. These principles have stood India in good stead.
Breaking with Convention: Turkey’s New Approach to Peacebuilding
Authors: Sazak Onur , Woods Auveen Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

In recent years, Turkey has emerged as a dynamic and engaging new peacebuilding actor, combining the priorities characteristic of other rising powers and traditional donors. Turkey’s twofold approach to peacebuilding encompasses statebuilding support and peacemaking within societies. Infrastructure projects and technical assistance are accompanied by culturally sensitive engagement through education programs and religious projects. Like other rising powers, economic incentives such as trade are a central aspect of this engagement. Turkey’s emergence reflects its economic development, a realignment of foreign policy priorities and international shifts in power. However, its approach to peacebuilding in conflict-affected countries is very much informed by the country’s long history of insecurity. This chapter examines the emergence of Turkey’s peacebuilding agenda, the principles, policies and activities that underpin it, and the internal dynamics that may hinder future initiatives.
South African Peacebuilding Approaches: Evolution and Lessons
Authors: Nyuykonge Charles , Zondi Siphamandla
Published: August 2017

Since the end of apartheid and the birth of inclusive electoral democracy in 1994, South Africa has foregrounded Pan-Africanism and South–South cooperation as guiding principles. It has framed its foreign policy in terms of opposition to colonialism and imperialism, while emphasizing multilateralism as a framework. While the roles of South Africa in peacebuilding on the continent are diverse, often depending on the circumstances of each case, there are certain common features. These include a preference for negotiated settlements and inclusive political arrangements that involve even spoilers and external actors; an emphasis on reconciliation that includes the establishment of structures like human rights commissions and truth commissions; international donor conferences and contact groups to support the implementation of agreements; and peacekeeping to protect the newly agreed arrangements. South Africa also views its peace efforts as political in nature, thus utilizing various interventions. So while South Africa focused more on mediation and then peacekeeping in Darfur, in Burundi the focus on mediation and peacebuilding was much greater than peacekeeping. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the focus was initially on mediation but later turned to peacekeeping and peacebuilding to help implement the peace agreement and subsequently protect it from armed movements. In Cote d’Ivoire, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe, the focus was purely on mediation. This chapter critically reflects on how South African interventions in conflict and post-conflict settings have evolved and what can be learned from them.
New Actors and Innovative Approaches to Peacebuilding: The Case of Myanmar
Authors: Alexandra Lina A. , Lanteigne Marc
Published: August 2017

This chapter examines the peacebuilding role of selected external actors, especially Indonesia and China, through a study of Myanmar. These two rising powers have played differing but prominent roles in peacebuilding. Indonesia represents an emerging actor in Myanmar diplomacy, both as a single player as well as a prominent member of ASEAN. The chapter shows how Indonesia has explicitly sought mainly to “share” its own experience of transition from semi-authoritarian rule and its handling of various internal armed conflicts. Its cooperation in peace processes and security training has been in response to the demand and pace of the partner government. China maintained ties with Myanmar during its period of diplomatic isolation between the late 1980s and 2010. Beijing adopted a soft power approach towards its southern neighbour, attempting to play a mediating role in peace talks in Myanmar and offering general support for negotiations, including hosting them. The Chinese Embassy in Yangon also sought a more active role in regional aid and assistance. Those initiatives reflect a more active global profile on peace issues as well as Beijing’s geopolitical interests. The chapter also briefly analyzes other external peacebuilding actors in Myanmar, namely Norway, India, Japan and Switzerland, to further elucidate similarities and differences among traditional and new peacebuilding actors.
Autism spectrum disorders in propionic acidemia patients
Authors: de la Bâtie Caroline Dejean , Barbier Valérie , Roda Célina , Brassier Anaïs , Arnoux Jean‐Baptiste , Valayannopoulos Vassili , Guemann Anne‐Sophie , Pontoizeau Clément , Gobin Stéphanie , Habarou Florence , Lacaille Florence , Bonnefont Jean‐Paul , Canouï Pierre , Ottolenghi Chris , De Lonlay Pascale , Ouss Lisa
Published: August 2017

Propionic acidemia is the result of a deficiency in propionyl‐CoA carboxylase activity. Chronic neurologic and cognitive complications frequently occur, but the psychiatric evolution of the disorder is not well documented. We conducted a pedopsychiatric evaluation of 19 children, adolescents and young adults, aged between 2 and 25 years, using ADI‐R, CARS‐T, as well as ADOS when autism spectrum disorder was suspected. Previous psychometric examinations were also taken into consideration. Thirteen patients had an IQ < 80. Two patients presented with autism and two additional patients with other autism spectrum disorders. Five patients did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder but showed difficulties indicative of a broader autism phenotype (BAP). Four other patients had severe anxiety manifestations related to their disease. Two patients presented with acute psychotic episodes. The number of decompensations in the first 3 years of life was lower in patients with autism spectrum disorder or related symptoms. These patients were also older when they were assessed (median age of 15 years old versus 11 years old). There was no significant correlation between 3‐hydroxypropionate levels during the first 6 years of life and autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. In conclusion, autism spectrum disorder is frequent in patients with propionic acidemia. These patients should undergo in‐depth psychiatric evaluation and be screened for autism spectrum disorder. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.
Comparison of High‐Pressure Behavior of Physicochemical Properties of the Di‐ and Triacylglycerols Established by Ultrasonic Methods
Authors: Balcerzak A.
Published: August 2017

Two samples of triacylglycerols i.e., olive oil and triolein, and one sample of diacylglycerol were investigated. In the course of compression, the density of the samples was determined by measurements of the change of piston position in a pressure chamber and volume correction due to chamber expansion under pressure. The speed of sound was evaluated from the time of flight of an ultrasonic impulse between emitting and receiving transducers placed in the high pressure chamber. The adiabatic compressibility, the intermolecular free length, the molar volume, the van der Waals’ constant b and the surface tension were evaluated from the density, the speed of sound and the average molecular mass. All tested liquids undergo a high‐pressure phase transition. Discontinuities in the measured isotherms of the physicochemical parameters of the investigated oils indicate the presence of high‐pressure phase transitions. Moreover the time dependent change of pressure at constant volume during the phase transition was measured. The fundamental difference in the molecular structure of these acylglycerols influences their behavior significantly under high pressure.
Plasma amyloid β 42/40 ratios as biomarkers for amyloid β cerebral deposition in cognitively normal individuals
Authors: Fandos Noelia , Pérez‐Grijalba Virginia , Pesini Pedro , Olmos Salvador , Bossa Matías , Villemagne Victor L. , Doecke James , Fowler Christopher , Masters Colin L. , Sarasa Manuel ,   AIBL Research Group
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Plasma amyloid β (Aβ) peptides have been previously studied as candidate biomarkers to increase recruitment efficiency in secondary prevention clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease.

Methods

Free and total Aβ42/40 plasma ratios (FP42/40 and TP42/40, respectively) were determined using ABtest assays in cognitively normal subjects from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle Flagship Study. This population was followed‐up for 72 months and their cortical Aβ burden was assessed with positron emission tomography.

Results

Cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses showed an inverse association of Aβ42/40 plasma ratios and cortical Aβ burden. Optimized as a screening tool, TP42/40 reached 81% positive predictive value of high cortical Aβ burden, which represents 110% increase over the population prevalence of cortical Aβ positivity.

Discussion

These findings support the use of plasma Aβ42/40 ratios as surrogate biomarkers of cortical Aβ deposition and enrichment tools, reducing the number of subjects submitted to invasive tests and, consequently, recruitment costs in clinical trials targeting cognitively normal individuals.
An 8‐week, open‐label, dose‐finding study of nimodipine for the treatment of progranulin insufficiency from GRN gene mutations
Authors: Sha Sharon J. , Miller Zachary A. , Min Sang‐won , Zhou Yungui , Brown Jesse , Mitic Laura L. , Karydas Anna , Koestler Mary , Tsai Richard , Corbetta‐Rastelli Chiara , Lin Sophie , Hare Emma , Fields Scott , Fleischmann Kirsten E. , Powers Ryan , Fitch Ryan , Martens Lauren Herl , Shamloo Mehrdad , Fagan Anne M. , Farese Robert V. , Pearlman Rodney , Seeley William , Miller Bruce L. , Gan Li , Boxer Adam L.
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Frontotemporal lobar degeneration–causing mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene reduce progranulin protein (PGRN) levels, suggesting that restoring PGRN in mutation carriers may be therapeutic. Nimodipine, a Food and Drug Administration–approved blood‐brain barrier‐penetrant calcium channel blocker, increased PGRN levels in PGRN‐deficient murine models. We sought to assess safety and tolerability of oral nimodipine in human GRN mutation carriers.

Methods

We performed an open‐label, 8‐week, dose‐finding, phase 1 clinical trial in eight GRN mutation carriers to assess the safety and tolerability of nimodipine and assayed fluid and radiologic markers to investigate therapeutic endpoints.

Results

There were no serious adverse events; however, PGRN concentrations (cerebrospinal fluid and plasma) did not change significantly following treatment (percent changes of −5.2 ± 10.9% in plasma and −10.2 ± 7.8% in cerebrospinal fluid). Measurable atrophy within the left middle frontal gyrus was observed over an 8‐week period.

Discussion

While well tolerated, nimodipine treatment did not alter PGRN concentrations or secondary outcomes.
Teaching Chinese as an International Language
Authors: Goh Yeng-Seng
Published: August 2017

Bilingual and bicultural scholar Yeng-Seng Goh offers the first in-depth English language analysis of global Chinese, exploring the spread of Chinese beyond China and its emergence as a global language. Approaching the topic from a Singapore perspective, Goh uses this fascinating language ecosystem, with its unique bilingual language policy, as a case study for Chinese language learning. Offering clear insights into the pedagogy of teaching Chinese as an international language (TCIL), this book covers a range of important topics, such as the use of English in the teaching of Chinese, the teaching of Chinese by non-native teachers, information and communications technology in L2 learning and teaching, and the progressive testing of receptive skills. In doing so, it presents a new, integrative approach to the compilation of Chinese learner's dictionaries, an innovative bilingual hybrid model for training TCIL teachers, and a solid theoretical framework for Masters of Arts programmes in TCIL.
Beckett's Political Imagination
Authors: Morin Emilie
Published: August 2017

Beckett's Political Imagination charts unexplored territory: it investigates how Beckett's bilingual texts re-imagine political history, and documents the conflicts and controversies through which Beckett's political consciousness and affirmations were mediated. The book offers a startling account of Beckett's work, tracing the many political causes that framed his writing, commitments, collaborations and friendships, from the Scottsboro Boys to the Black Panthers, from Irish communism to Spanish republicanism to Algerian nationalism, and from campaigns against Irish and British censorship to anti-Apartheid and international human rights movements. Emilie Morin reveals a very different writer, whose career and work were shaped by a unique exposure to international politics, an unconventional perspective on political action and secretive political engagements. The book will benefit students, researchers and readers who want to think about literary history in different ways and are interested in Beckett's enduring appeal and influence.
Value and Profit
Authors: Whittington Geoffrey
Published: August 2017

The measurement methods used in financial accounting affect our perception of the value and performance of businesses by determining the amount of reported profit or loss and the resources of the business. Thus, measurement affects shareholders and other stakeholders in the business. It has even been suggested that the world financial crisis of 2007–2010 was partly due to the mis-measurement of financial instruments. In this book, Geoffrey Whittington provides a unique survey of the theory and practice of measurement in financial accounts. It seeks to define and illustrate alternative methods, using simple numerical examples, and to analyse their theoretical properties. Also, it summarises extensive empirical evidence and the historical development of ideas and practice. It is essential reading for advanced undergraduate and postgraduate students studying financial accounting, as well as practitioners and policy-makers concerned with accounting standards.
Community Resilience, Psychological Resilience, and Depressive Symptoms: An Examination of the Mississippi Gulf Coast 10 Years After Hurricane Katrina and 5 Years After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors: Lee Joohee , Blackmon Bret J. , Cochran David M. , Kar Bandana , Rehner Timothy A. , Gunnell Mauri Stubbs
Published: August 2017

Objective

This study examined the role of community resilience and psychological resilience on depressive symptoms in areas on the Mississippi Gulf Coast that have experienced multiple disasters.

Methods

Survey administration took place in the spring of 2015 to a spatially stratified, random sample of households. This analysis included a total of 294 subjects who lived in 1 of the 3 counties of the Mississippi Gulf Coast at the time of both Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. The survey included the Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART) scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).

Results

There was a significant inverse relationship between psychological resilience and depressive symptoms and a significant positive relationship between community resilience and psychological resilience. The results also revealed that community resilience was indirectly related to depressive symptoms through the mediating variable of psychological resilience.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the importance of psychological resilience in long-term disaster recovery and imply that long-term recovery efforts should address factors associated with both psychological and community resilience to improve mental health outcomes. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:241–248)
Workers in Poverty: An Insight Into Informal Workers Around the World
Authors: Saxena Mahima
Published: August 2017

Gloss, Carr, Reichman, Abdul-Nasiru, and Oestereich (2017) present compelling arguments on a moral/humanistic need for I-O psychologists to consider workers that are living and working in deep poverty. Their case nicely shifts focus to large percentages of global workers who heretofore have only been represented minimally in the scholarly discourse in our field. I would like to accomplish two goals in this commentary. First, I would like to present a brief historical perspective on why industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology's focus has been on POSH workers. Second, I will provide conceptual extensions to Gloss et al.’s (2017) focal article by presenting some insights into the world of informal workers.
Still Too POSH to Push for Structural Change? The Need for a Macropsychology Perspective
Authors: MacLachlan Malcolm
Published: August 2017

My mother, who lived her early years in the British Raj in India, assures me that POSH referred to the well-to-do European's wish to travel “Port Out, Starboard Home” on ships to and from India, which meant enjoying the predominantly shaded side of the ship, protected from the ravaging heat that “ordinary” folk had to endure. What an apt, provocative, and profound analogy Gloss, Carr, Reichman, Abdul-Nasiru, and Oestereich (2017) have given us in their description of the primary focus of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology on “Professional, Official, Secure, and High income” work.
Let's Reduce the Human Footprint Before Building Human Capabilities
Authors: Mishra Paresh
Published: August 2017

The case for making human capabilities the business of I-O psychology is at first glance persuasive. It is indisputable that I-O psychology and its associated fields still suffer from a strong bias favoring POSH (Professionals, Official work in formal economy, Safe from discrimination, and High-income countries) and WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic) societies. Gloss, Carr, Reichman, Abdul-Nasiru, and Oestereich (2017) also provide ample evidence of human development indices being low among countries that are underrepresented or unrepresented in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology studies. Moreover, it cannot be denied that many of the evidence-based recommendations that we now make with confidence will not hold water in these poverty-stricken areas of the world. However, when one juxtaposes the case for building human capabilities with the extant approaches of restoring equity in society, one is confronted with the grim possibility that the idea of human capabilities may not only fail to make significant positive differences in the lives of poor people in the world, but may also worsen the quality of life of everyone on this earth. In this short essay, I discuss two major problems with the human capabilities approach and propose a modification to the approach that can potentially help solve the problem of poverty.
“Life Doesn't Happen at the Between-Person Level,” or a Cautionary Note on Generating Scientific Inferences Through Meta-Analyses
Authors: Samuelson Hannah L. , Fernandez Jessica R. , Grand James A.
Published: August 2017

The implicit philosophy for how research and practice in industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology has pursued inferences about our field's core phenomena has largely been based on a nomothetic, variable-based, and aggregate/“large-sample” ideal. As Tett, Hundley, and Christiansen (2017) expertly highlight, there are more insightful means for drawing inferences about the nature of such aggregate relationships based on meta-analytic techniques than the current practice in the organizational sciences. However, the motivating force behind our commentary has less to do with the issues raised by Tett et al. (2017) concerning the practice of using meta-analysis for purposes ofvalidity generalizationand more to do with the practice of using meta-analysis for purposes ofscientific inference. Between-person philosophies in which the end-goal is to identify general conclusions that apply to the aggregate (cf. Hanges & Wang, 2012) have historically guided our scientific inferences and have supported the proliferation of meta-analytic techniques (including what Tett et al. describe as tertiary analyses based on such findings). These philosophies have led to a dearth of understanding at thewithin-personandsocial systemlevels—the levels at which most of our meaningful phenomena exist (e.g., Hamaker, 2012; Von Bertalanffy, 1950). Learning, performing, decision making, communicating, sense-making, feeling/expressing emotion: These are the concepts that drive the lived experiences of individuals both inside and outside of the workplace, and all are vulnerable to being misunderstood or misinterpreted by focusing only on aggregate evidence at the between-person level. Consequently, we wish to first supplement Tett et al.’s recommendations for drawing generalizability inferences in meta-analysis and suggest a “pre-emptive” question (i.e., Question 0) to the list of four they advance in their focal article.
Don't Get Too Confident: Uncertainty in SDρ
Authors: Morris Scott B. , McAbee Samuel T. , Landis Ronald S. , Bauer Kristina N.
Published: August 2017

Tett, Hundley, and Christiansen (2017) raise an important issue related to meta-analysis and our frequent overinterpretation of point estimates to the diminishment of variability of the estimate. We view this as analogous to the situation in which weather forecasters communicate the likely track of hurricanes. Such predictions involve point estimates of where the center of the storm is likely to be at some future time. These point estimates can be connected to identify the most likely path of the storm. In addition to these point estimates, however, forecasters caution that we should also attend to the “cone of uncertainty.” That is, we should not focus exclusively on the point estimate to the exclusion of the errors of prediction.
Partial regularisation of the incompressible 𝜇(I)-rheology for granular flow
Authors: Barker T. , Gray J. M. N. T.
Published: August 2017

In recent years considerable progress has been made in the continuum modelling of granular flows, in particular the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$-rheology, which links the local viscosity in a flow to the strain rate and pressure through the non-dimensional inertial number $I$. This formulation greatly benefits from its similarity to the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations as it allows many existing numerical methods to be used. Unfortunately, this system of equations is ill posed when the inertial number is too high or too low. The consequence of ill posedness is that the growth rate of small perturbations tends to infinity in the high wavenumber limit. Due to this, numerical solutions are grid dependent and cannot be taken as being physically realistic. In this paper changes to the functional form of the $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$ curve are considered, in order to maximise the range of well-posed inertial numbers, while preserving the overall structure of the equations. It is found that when the inertial number is low there exist curves for which the equations are guaranteed to be well posed. However when the inertial number is very large the equations are found to be ill posed regardless of the functional dependence of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}$ on $I$. A new $\unicode[STIX]{x1D707}(I)$ curve, which is inspired by the analysis of the governing equations and by experimental data, is proposed here. In order to test this regularised rheology, transient granular flows on inclined planes are studied. It is found that simulations of flows, which show signs of ill posedness with unregularised models, are numerically stable and match key experimental observations when the regularised model is used. This paper details two-dimensional transient computations of decelerating flows where the inertial number tends to zero, high-speed flows that have large inertial numbers, and flows which develop into granular rollwaves. This is the first time that granular rollwaves have been simulated in two dimensions, which represents a major step towards the simulation of other complex granular flows.
Revisiting Mansfield Park: The Critical and Literary Legacies of Edward W. Said’s Essay “Jane Austen and Empire” inCulture and Imperialism(1993)
Authors: Fowler Corinne
Published: August 2017

Edward W. Said’s seminal essay “Jane Austen and Empire” exhorts critics to attend to novels’ “historical valances.” Yet advances in British imperial history show that Said underestimated the extent of country houses’ Caribbean and East India Company links. Historians of British imperial history have yet to reflect directly on the implications of these discoveries for the critical legacy of Said’s essay. Informed by twenty years of critical debate, I explain why research into country houses’ colonial connections warrants a definitive modification of Said’s view on Austen. Correspondingly, the article considers the literary legacy of Said’s essay on Austen in three texts: John Agard’s poem “Mansfield Park Revisited” (2006), Jo Baker’s novelLongbourn(2013), and Catherine Johnson’s novelThe Curious Tale of the Lady Caraboo(2015). Agard, Baker, and Johnson are heirs of both Austen and Said, whose writings continue to shape postcolonial renderings of the English countryside.
Discovery of the skull ofStephanorhinus kirchbergensis(Jäger, 1839) above the Arctic Circle
Authors: Kirillova Irina V. , Chernova Olga F. , van der Made Jan , Kukarskih Vladimir V. , Shapiro Beth , van der Plicht Johannes , Shidlovskiy Fedor K. , Heintzman Peter D. , van Kolfschoten Thijs , Zanina Oksana G.
Published: August 2017

The skull of the extinct rhinocerosStephanorhinus kirchbergensis(Jäger, 1839) was discovered in the Chondon River valley (Arctic Yakutia, Russia) during the summer of 2014. This is the first find ofStephanorhinusabove the Arctic Circle, expanding significantly the known geographic range of the genus.14C dating and geologic evidence indicate that the skull dates to between 48,000 and 70,000 yr, corresponding to Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 4/3. It is thus among the latest records of this species. To explore the evolutionary and natural history of this relatively unknown animal, we performed morphological, dietary, and genetic analyses. Phylogenetic inference based on a complete mitochondrial genome sequence confirms the systematic placement ofStephanorhinusas most closely related to the extinct woolly rhinoceros,Coelodonta. Food remains in the fossas of the cheek teeth, identified asLarix,Vaccinium,Betulasp.,Aulacomnium, and dicotyledonous herbs and grasses, suggest a mixed feeder’s diet. Microwear analysis suggests that, during the last months of its life, this individual fed predominantly on leaves and twigs. The habitat ofStephanorhinuscomprised grassland and open woodland that were characterized by moist and cold climate conditions, similar to those in the region today.
Review of English as a medium of instruction in Chinese universities today: current trends and future directions
Authors: Fang Fan (Gabriel)
Published: August 2017

The use of the English language in China, and especially in Chinese education has been increasing for several decades, despite various attitudes towards its use (Hu, 2009; Niu & Wolff, 2003; Wang, 2015). In the traditional perspective of world Englishes (Kachru, 1992), China lies in the expanding circle, where English is regarded as a foreign language. However, since China's implementation of the opening-up policy, the teaching of the English language has gained momentum by becoming a key subject in China's education system. Currently, policies in China make English a subject of study from grade three at primary school and as one of the three compulsory subjects in the national university entrance exam (Gaokao), and a compulsory course for university students of all majors (Hu, 2003; Li, 2016).
Study sponsorship and the nutrition research agenda: analysis of cohort studies examining the association between nutrition and obesity
Authors: Fabbri Alice , Chartres Nicholas , Bero Lisa A
Published: August 2017

Objective

To categorize the research topics covered by a sample of cohort studies exploring the association between nutrition and obesity; to describe their funding sources; and to explore the association between funding sources and research topics.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Subjects

Cohort studies retrieved from MEDLINE and PubMed published between 2010 and 2016.

Results

One hundred and twenty-one studies were included. Funding source and conflicts of interest were disclosed in 95·0 and 90·1 % of the studies, respectively. Food industry sponsorship was disclosed in 8·3 % of the studies. Half of the studies analysed the consumption of a single food or food groups, 18·2 % included an analysis of dietary patterns and 17·4 % focused on specific nutrients. Highly processed foods were considered in 48·8 % of the studies and 27·3 % considered dietary behaviours (e.g. eating away from home). No statistically significant differences in research topics were observed between industry- and non-industry-funded studies.

Conclusions

Cohort studies focused on more complex exposures (e.g. food or dietary patterns) rather than single nutrients. No significant differences in the research agenda by funding sources were observed. The analysis was limited by the low proportion of studies with disclosed food industry sponsorship.
Development and Application of a Sample Holder for In Situ Gaseous TEM Studies of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Kamino Takeo , Yaguchi Toshie , Shimizu Takahiro
Published: August 2017

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells hold great potential for stationary and mobile applications due to high power density and low operating temperature. However, the structural changes during electrochemical reactions are not well understood. In this article, we detail the development of the sample holder equipped with gas injectors and electric conductors and its application to a membrane electrode assembly of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Hydrogen and oxygen gases were simultaneously sprayed on the surfaces of the anode and cathode catalysts of the membrane electrode assembly sample, respectively, and observation of the structural changes in the catalysts were simultaneously carried out along with measurement of the generated voltages.
Correction: Corrigendum: Isotope analysis in the transmission electron microscope
Authors: Susi Toma , Hofer Christoph , Argentero Giacomo , Leuthner Gregor T. , Pennycook Timothy J. , Mangler Clemens , Meyer Jannik C. , Kotakoski Jani
Published: August 2017

Nature Communications 7: Article number: 13040 (2016); Published: 10 October 2016; Updated: 30 August 2017 This Article contains typographical errors in Fig. 3 and Equation 23. In Fig. 3c, the labels ‘12C’ and ‘13C’ in the key should be reversed. The correct version of Fig. 3 appears below as Fig. 1.
Small nucleoli are a cellular hallmark of longevity
Authors: Tiku Varnesh , Jain Chirag , Raz Yotam , Nakamura Shuhei , Heestand Bree , Liu Wei , Späth Martin , Suchiman H. Eka. D. , Müller Roman-Ulrich , Slagboom P. Eline , Partridge Linda , Antebi Adam
Published: August 2017

Animal lifespan is regulated by conserved metabolic signalling pathways and specific transcription factors, but whether these pathways affect common downstream mechanisms remains largely elusive. Here we show that NCL-1/TRIM2/Brat tumour suppressor extends lifespan and limits nucleolar size in the major C. elegans longevity pathways, as part of a convergent mechanism focused on the nucleolus. Long-lived animals representing distinct longevity pathways exhibit small nucleoli, and decreased expression of rRNA, ribosomal proteins, and the nucleolar protein fibrillarin, dependent on NCL-1. Knockdown of fibrillarin also reduces nucleolar size and extends lifespan. Among wildtype C. elegans, individual nucleolar size varies, but is highly predictive for longevity. Long-lived dietary restricted fruit flies and insulin-like-peptide mutants exhibit small nucleoli and fibrillarin expression, as do long-lived dietary restricted and IRS1 knockout mice. Furthermore, human muscle biopsies from individuals who underwent modest dietary restriction coupled with exercise also display small nucleoli. We suggest that small nucleoli are a cellular hallmark of longevity and metabolic health conserved across taxa.
Identifying DNase I hypersensitive sites as driver distal regulatory elements in breast cancer
Authors: D′Antonio Matteo , Weghorn Donate , D′Antonio-Chronowska Agnieszka , Coulet Florence , Olson Katrina M. , DeBoever Christopher , Drees Frauke , Arias Angelo , Alakus Hakan , Richardson Andrea L. , Schwab Richard B. , Farley Emma K. , Sunyaev Shamil R. , Frazer Kelly A
Published: August 2017

Efforts to identify driver mutations in cancer have largely focused on genes, whereas non-coding sequences remain relatively unexplored. Here we develop a statistical method based on characteristics known to influence local mutation rate and a series of enrichment filters in order to identify distal regulatory elements harboring putative driver mutations in breast cancer. We identify ten DNase I hypersensitive sites that are significantly mutated in breast cancers and associated with the aberrant expression of neighboring genes. A pan-cancer analysis shows that three of these elements are significantly mutated across multiple cancer types and have mutation densities similar to protein-coding driver genes. Functional characterization of the most highly mutated DNase I hypersensitive sites in breast cancer (using in silico and experimental approaches) confirms that they are regulatory elements and affect the expression of cancer genes. Our study suggests that mutations of regulatory elements in tumors likely play an important role in cancer development.