bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Burden of melanoma in China and its provinces from 1990 to 2021: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
Authors: Yu Lingling , Yan Fanshu , Qi Jinlei , Wang Lijun , Zhou Maigeng , Yin Peng
Published: December 2024

Background

The incidence of melanoma in China has been increasing over the past few decades. This study aimed to investigate the burden of melanoma at both national and subnational level in China, where the population is rapidly aging.

Methods

The annual melanoma data from 1990 to 2021 was collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 China subnational study. Number of cases and age-standardized rates were estimated for incidence, mortality, prevalence, disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) of melanoma by age and sex at subnational level with 33 province-level administrative units. Joinpoint regression model was used to evaluate the trends in disease burdens attributable to melanoma across time. A decomposition method was used to attribute changes in total deaths and DALYs to three explanatory components: population growth, population aging, and change of age-specific rates.

Results

Over the past 30 years, the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR) of melanoma in China has shown an upward trend. The ASIR of melanoma in 2021 was 0.7 per 100,000 (95%UI 0.4–0.9), representing an increase of 89.2% (95% UI: 14.7–157.9%) from 1990. Among younger adults aged <60 years, melanoma was more common in men, whereas among older adults who were aged >60 years, it was more common in women. The ASIR was higher in the coastal provinces in 2021 and the age-standardized rates (ASR) of DALYs was generally higher in the western provinces. Total numbers of death and DALYs of melanoma increased over the study period, mainly driven by population aging in China.

Conclusion

China has experienced a substantial increase in the burden of melanoma from 1990 to 2021. It is beneficial to develop more targeted strategies for older adults populations, especially for women, to reduce the melanoma burden throughout China, particularly in some coastal and western provinces.
Heightened cholesterol 25-hydroxylase expression in aged lung during Streptococcus pneumoniae
Authors: Thomas David G. , Yang Jianjun , Cho Soo Jung , Stout-Delgado Heather
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Alveolar macrophages (AM) are critical effectors of the immune response and are essential for host responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae. Changes in lipid metabolism in AM can alter cellular function and biology. Impaired metabolism can contribute to excessive lipid accumulation and pro-inflammatory signaling. Our current study was designed to examine the role of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (Ch25h), a redox enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of cholesterol to 25-hydroxycholesterol (25-HC), in modulating AM responses in the aged lung during S. pneumoniae infection.

Methods

To observe the impact of aging on Ch25h expression in AM during infection, in vitro and in vivo murine models of S. pneumoniae were used.

Results

At baseline and in response to infection, cholesterol metabolism significantly altered in aged AM, which corresponded with increased lipid droplet formation. In vitro, treatment of aged macrophages with Ch25 h-specific siRNA improved S. pneumoniae clearance and enhanced phagocytic receptor expression. In vivo siRNA targeting significantly reduced Ch25h expression in aged lungs and improved clinical parameters during S. pneumoniae infection. Reduction of Ch25h was associated with changes in phagocytosis and antibacterial signaling, correlated with changes in cholesterol metabolism, and increased S. pneumoniae clearance.

Discussion

The results of our current study demonstrate that Ch25h plays an essential role in modulating aged AM responses to S. pneumoniae.
Comprehensive scoping review of palliative care development in Africa: recent advances and persistent gaps
Authors: Bastos Fernanda , Garralda Eduardo , Montero Alvaro , Rhee John Y. , Arias-Casais Natalia , Luyirika Emmanuel , Namisango Eve , Pereira José , Centeno Carlos , Tripodoro Vilma A.
Published: December 2024

Worldwide 56·8 million people need palliative care (PC), and Africa shows the highest demand. This study updates the 2017 review of African PC development, using a scoping review methodology based on Arksey and O'Malley's framework and the PRISMA-ScR checklist. The review was conducted across PUBMED, CINAHL, Embase, government websites, and the African PC Association Atlas, from 2017 to 2023, charting its progress using the new WHO framework for PC Development, which, in addition to Services, Education, Medicines, and Policies, two new dimensions were incorporated: Research and Empowerment of people and Communities. Of the 4.420 records, 118 met the inclusion criteria. Findings showed increased adult specialised services (n = 675), and 15 of 54 countries have paediatric services. Nonetheless, the ratio of services per population mostly remains under 0,10 per 100.000 inhabitants. PC education was included in undergraduate curricula in 29 countries; despite the rise in morphine availability (28 countries), median consumption remains under 3 mg/per capita/year, and 14 countries presented stand-alone policies. Publications on PC development increased, and 26 countries have National PC Associations. Notwithstanding progress since 2017, significant hurdles remain, highlighting the need for ongoing research and policy development to ensure equitable access to palliative care in Africa.
Can a human sing with an unseen artificial partner? Coordination dynamics when singing with an unseen human or artificial partner
Authors: Nishiyama Rina , Nonaka Tetsushi
Published: December 2024

This study investigated whether a singer’s coordination patterns differ when singing with an unseen human partner versus an unseen artificial partner (VOCALOID 6 voice synthesis software). We used cross-correlation analysis to compare the correlation of the amplitude envelope time series between the partner’s and the participant’s singing voices. We also conducted a Granger causality test to determine whether the past amplitude envelope of the partner helps predict the future amplitude envelope of the participants, or if the reverse is true. We found more pronounced characteristics of anticipatory synchronization and increased similarity in the unfolding dynamics of the amplitude envelopes in the human-partner condition compared to the artificial-partner condition, despite the tempo fluctuations in the human-partner condition. The results suggested that subtle qualities of the human singing voice, possibly stemming from intrinsic dynamics of the human body, may contain information that enables human agents to align their singing behavior dynamics with a human partner.
Hydrological impacts of the conservation reserve program—a mini review
Authors: Spor Leal Layda Belia , Roy Tirthankar , Uden Daniel R. , Schoengold Karina
Published: December 2024

The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) is a voluntary land conservation initiative implemented by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). The program aims to improve the natural environment and enhance wildlife by incentivizing landowners to convert sensitive agricultural land into vegetative cover. This mini review synthesizes known peer-reviewed research on the effects of CRP on hydrological processes, highlighting the effects on water quality, groundwater levels, surface water yields, surface water runoff, and effects on the hydrological cycle. These studies show that the CRP appears to have a positive impact on water quality, decreasing the levels of nitrogen and suspended solids. Furthermore, the CRP denotes positive results when used to manage excess runoff on surrounding land. Regarding groundwater volume, the impact of CRP varied by location and showed limited changes in volume. Despite these findings, this review highlights the need for further and continued research on the effects of CRP on hydrology to improve monitoring strategies and increase its benefits on the environment.
Estimating quasi-linear diffusion coefficients for varying values of density ratio
Authors: Albert Jay M. , Longley William J. , Chan Anthony A.
Published: December 2024

This paper considers a method for estimating bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients due to whistler-mode waves for a specified ratio of plasma frequency to gyrofrequency, ωp/Ωe, using values precomputed for a different value of that ratio. This approach was recently introduced to facilitate calculations associated with the “POES technique,” generalized to infer both wave intensity and cold plasma density from measurements of particle fluxes near the loss cone. The original derivation was justified on the basis of parallel-propagating waves but applied to calculations with much more general models of the waves. Here, we justify the estimates, which are based on equating resonant frequencies for differing values of ωp/Ωe and energy, for wide ranges of wave normal angle, resonance number, energy, and equatorial pitch angle. Refinements of the original estimates are obtained and tested numerically against full calculations of the diffusion coefficients for representative wave models. The estimated diffusion coefficients can be calculated rapidly and generally give useful estimates for energies in the 30-keV–300-keV range, especially when both relevant values of the ratio ωp/Ωe are large.
Indications, complications and outcomes of minimally-invasive lateral lumbar interbody fusion with anterior column realignment vs. standard LLIF using expandable interbody spacers
Authors: Fischer Gregor , Bättig Linda , Schöfl Thomas , Schonfeld Ethan , Veeravagu Anand , Martens Benjamin , Stienen Martin N.
Published: December 2024

Background

Anterior column realignment (ACR), using a lateral lumbar or thoracic interbody fusion (LLIF) approach to release the anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL), is a powerful technique to increase segmental lordosis. We here report our experience with the use of expandible LLIF cages for ACR.

Methods

Retrospective, single-center observational cohort study including consecutive patients treated by LLIF using an expandible interbody implant. Patients with ACR were compared to patients without ACR. Our outcomes include adverse events (AEs), radiological (segmental sagittal cobb angle, spinopelvic parameters) and clinical outcomes until 12 months postoperative.

Results

We identified 503 patients, in which we performed LLIF at 732 levels. In 63 patients (12.5%) and 70 levels (9.6%) an expandable cage was used. Of those, in 30 patients (47.6%) and 30 levels, the ALL was released (42.8%). Age (mean 61.4 years), sex (57.1% female), comorbidities and further demographic features were similar, but patients in the ACR group had a higher anesthesiologic risk, were more frequently operated for degenerative deformity and had a more severely dysbalanced spine (all p < 0.05). ACR was most frequently done at L3/4 (36.7%) and L4/5 (23.3%), entailing multilevel fusions in 50% (3–7 levels) and long constructs in 26.7% (>7 levels). Intraoperative AEs occurred in 3.3% (ACR) and 3.0% (no ACR; p = 0.945). In ACR cases, mean segmental lordosis changed from −2.8° (preoperative) to 16.4° (discharge; p < 0.001), 15.0° (3 months; p < 0.001) and 16.9° (12 months; p < 0.001), whereas this change was less in non-ACR cases [4.3° vs. 10.5° (discharge; p < 0.05), 10.9 (3 months; p < 0.05) and 10.4 (12 months; p > 0.05)]. Total lumbar lordosis increased from 27.8° to 45.2° (discharge; p < 0.001), 45.8° (3 months; p < 0.001) and 41.9° (12 months; p < 0.001) in ACR cases and from 37.4° to 46.7° (discharge; p < 0.01), 44.6° (3 months; n.s.) and 44.9° (12 months; n.s.) in non-ACR cases. Rates of AEs and clinical outcomes at 3 and 12 months were similar (all p > 0.05) and no pseudarthrosis at the LLIF level was noted.

Conclusions

ACR using an expandible LLIF interbody implant was safe, promoted solid fusion and restored significantly more segmental lordosis compared to LLIF without ALL release, which was maintained during follow-up.
Automated landmark-based cat facial analysis and its applications
Authors: Martvel George , Lazebnik Teddy , Feighelstein Marcelo , Meller Sebastian , Shimshoni Ilan , Finka Lauren , Luna Stelio P. L. , Mills Daniel S. , Volk Holger A. , Zamansky Anna
Published: December 2024

Facial landmarks, widely studied in human affective computing, are beginning to gain interest in the animal domain. Specifically, landmark-based geometric morphometric methods have been used to objectively assess facial expressions in cats, focusing on pain recognition and the impact of breed-specific morphology on facial signaling. These methods employed a 48-landmark scheme grounded in cat facial anatomy. Manually annotating these landmarks, however, is a labor-intensive process, deeming it impractical for generating sufficiently large amounts of data for machine learning purposes and for use in applied real-time contexts with cats. Our previous work introduced an AI pipeline for automated landmark detection, which showed good performance in standard machine learning metrics. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of fully automated, end-to-end landmark-based systems for practical cat facial analysis tasks remained underexplored. In this paper we develop AI pipelines for three benchmark tasks using two previously collected datasets of cat faces. The tasks include automated cat breed recognition, cephalic type recognition and pain recognition. Our fully automated end-to-end pipelines reached accuracy of 75% and 66% in cephalic type and pain recognition respectively, suggesting that landmark-based approaches hold promise for automated pain assessment and morphological explorations.
Advance in the application of metabolomics technology in poultry
Authors: Zhang Meimei , You Manhua , Ma Ning , Lv Jiancun
Published: December 2024

Metabolomics is a science that takes small molecular metabolites in organisms as the research object and determines the dynamic changes of metabolites at the overall level through a variety of modern analytical techniques. At present, metabolomics technology has been widely used in biological significance interpretation, food safety and quality, breeding, disease diagnosis, functional compound identification, and other fields. Its application in poultry science has also become the focus of widespread attention. With the sustainable development of analytical techniques, metabolomics has great potential in the application of poultry science. In this paper, the research progress of metabolomics in poultry growth and development, genetics and breeding, egg quality, meat quality, and disease is reviewed and concluded, which is expected to provide scientific ideas for the research of metabolomics in poultry.
The Influence of Changing Belt Loading Conditions on the Operational Condition of the Belt Transmission
Authors: Mascenik Jozef , Coranic Tomas
Published: December 2024

Given the fact that belt drives are used to transmit power to a fairly large extent, it is natural to devote scientific attention to their transmission with an effort to contribute to the constant technical and technological progress in the field of belt production and use. For testing and monitoring belt drives, a measuring system was designed and manufactured, which allowed the installation of various types of belt drives and, under a controlled load, to monitor selected parameters and the behavior of individual transmission elements. The presented contribution presents both the measuring system itself and experimental measurements on three V-belts of the same size manufactured by three different manufacturers. During the experimental measurements, parameters such as belt tension were changed by changing the axial distances of the pulley axes; by connecting electric motors through frequency converters, it was possible to control the change in the input speed of the transmission and, at the same time, the load on the output pulley. On the proposed specific design solution for testing belt drives, the actual speed of the input and output pulleys was measured by sensors to determine the belt slip, and the belt’s floating in one plane was monitored using high-precision distance measurement sensors. The analysis of the belt drives also included an assessment of their impact on other parts of the machine or equipment (for example, when transmitting large forces, this can have a negative impact on bearings and gearbox components) on which they are installed; therefore, vibration measurements were also performed. The results of the experimental measurements can contribute to designers choosing a belt drive, for example, even under boundary load parameters and extreme conditions.
Genetic, Neurobiological, and Social Determinants of Adolescent Behavior: Risk Pathways and Protective Mechanisms
Authors: Carbone Paola
Published: December 2024

Adolescence is a critical period, marked by heightened risk-taking and experimentation, which are significantly influenced by the interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental contexts [...]
Research on UAV Conflict Detection and Resolution Based on Tensor Operation and Improved Differential Evolution Algorithm
Authors: Zhou Zhichong , Zhao Guhao , Jiang Yiru , Wu Yarong , Yang Jiale , Meng Lingzhong
Published: December 2024

With the widespread application of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in civilian and military fields, how to effectively detect and resolve conflicts of large-volume and high-density UAV flights in local airspace has become an important issue. This paper proposes a method for UAV conflict detection and resolution based on tensor operation and an improved differential algorithm. Firstly, the UAV protection zone model and airspace rasterization model are constructed, and the rapid detection of flight conflicts is achieved by using the properties of tensor Hadamard product operations and prime factorization. Then, for the detected conflicts, a hybrid improved differential evolution algorithm is used for resolution. This algorithm improves the solution speed and quality by using an adaptive mutation operator and introducing a redundant evaluation mechanism and a confidence-based selection strategy. Simulation results show that this method can quickly and accurately detect and resolve flight conflicts in high-density UAV scenarios, with high timeliness and conflict resolution capability.
The Use of Eye-Tracking to Explore the Relationship Between Consumers’ Gaze Behaviour and Their Choice Process
Authors: Agost Maria-Jesus , Bayarri-Porcar Vicente
Published: December 2024

Eye-tracking technology can assist researchers in understanding motivational decision-making and choice processes by analysing consumers’ gaze behaviour. Previous studies showed that attention is related to decision, as the preferred stimulus is generally the most observed and the last visited before a decision is made. In this work, the relationship between gaze behaviour and decision-making was explored using eye-tracking technology. Images of six wardrobes incorporating different sustainable design strategies were presented to 57 subjects, who were tasked with selecting the wardrobe they intended to keep the longest. The amount of time spent looking was higher when it was the chosen version. Detailed analyses of gaze plots and heat maps derived from eye-tracking records were employed to identify different patterns of gaze behaviour during the selection process. These patterns included alternating attention between a few versions or comparing them against a reference, allowing the identification of stimuli that initially piqued interest but were ultimately not chosen, as well as potential doubts in the decision-making process. These findings suggest that doubts that arise before making a selection warrant further investigation. By identifying stimuli that attract attention but are not chosen, this study provides valuable insights into consumer behaviour and decision-making processes.
Impact of French Oak Chip Maturation on the Volatile Composition and Sensory Profile of Agiorgitiko Wine
Authors: Ligas Ioannis , Kotseridis Yorgos
Published: December 2024

The traditional practice of aging wines in oak barrels has long been associated with the evolution of wine aromas. However, due to rising costs, alternative approaches like aging with oak chips have gained popularity. The aging time, addition dose, and type of toasting of the oak chips are critical parameters affecting the quality of the wine’s aroma. In this study, we focus on wines from Agiorgitiko variety and explore the impact of oak chip maturation on both volatile composition and sensory profile. By analyzing volatile compounds of wine aroma using GC-MS/MS and conducting descriptive sensory analysis, we investigate the effects of three different oak chip toasting levels, three dosages, and three aging periods. Our findings reveal that almost all wines aged with oak chips exhibit higher ester concentrations compared to the control. Notably, heavily toasted oak chips contribute to the sensory attribute of smoky aroma, while medium oak chips are associated with the sensory attribute of barrel aroma. This study provides valuable data for winemakers to determine the most suitable application for their product.
The Biomechanics of Spinal Orthoses for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis: A Systematic Review of the Controlling Forces
Authors: Luo Changliang , Wu Huidong , Liu Wei , Luo Yuyan , Jie Yi , Ma Christina Zong-Hao , Wong Mansang
Published: December 2024

Background: Orthotic treatment is a well-acknowledged conservative treatment for moderate adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The efficacy of this treatment is significantly determined by the forces applied to the bodies of patients. However, there is uncertainty regarding the optimal force levels that should be applied to the patient’s torso by spinal orthosis. This study aims to identify reference values for the controlling forces in AIS management. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in five databases (PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, and Web of Science). Only studies written in English and covering the force/pressure measurements of spinal orthosis for the treatment of AIS were included, without publication date restrictions. The methodological index for non-randomized studies (MINORS) was employed for the methodological quality assessment, and force measurements were standardized to pressure in kilopascals (kPa) for comparison. Results: From the initial 10,452 records, 10 studies were admitted for the final analysis. All the included studies reported the interface pressure between the thoracic (T) pad and patient’s trunk, and seven studies evaluated the pressure from the thoracolumbar/lumbar (TL/L) pad. These studies used different pressure sensors or transducers with the range from 5.6 to 82.5 kPa for the T pads, and 4.8 to 85.1 kPa for the TL/L pads. Four studies reported strap tensions of 26.8 to 60.4 N. Higher strap tension was correlated with increased interface pressure (r = 0.84). Conclusion: The mean strap tension was 42.5 N, the median interface pressure of the T pads was 8.75 kPa, and the median pressure of TL/L regions was 7.11 kPa without the outliers. The findings provide a baseline value for designing adjustable straps and strategically distributing pressure in orthoses.
The Interplay Between Muscular Activity and Pattern Recognition of Electro-Stimulated Haptic Cues During Normal Walking: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kim Yoosun , Park Sejun , Yang Seungtae , Nasirzadeh Alireza , Lee Giuk
Published: December 2024

This pilot study explored how muscle activation influences the pattern recognition of tactile cues delivered using electrical stimulation (ES) during each 10% window interval of the normal walking gait cycle (GC). Three healthy adults participated in the experiment. After identifying the appropriate threshold, ES as the haptic cue was applied to the gastrocnemius lateralis (GL) and biceps brachii (BB) of participants walking on a treadmill. Findings revealed variable recognition patterns across participants, with the BB showing more variability during walking due to its minimal activity compared to the actively engaged GL. Dynamic time warping (DTW) was used to assess the similarity between muscle activation and electro-stimulated haptic perception. The DTW distance between electromyography (EMG) signals and muscle recognition patterns was significantly smaller for the GL (4.87 ± 0.21, mean ± SD) than the BB (8.65 ± 1.36, mean ± SD), showing a 78.6% relative difference, indicating that higher muscle activation was generally associated with more consistent haptic perception. However, individual differences and variations in recognition patterns were observed, suggesting personal variability influenced the perception outcomes. The study underscores the complexity of human neuromuscular responses to artificial sensory stimuli and suggests a potential link between muscle activity and haptic perception.
The Role of Dopamine in Gastric Cancer—A Systematic Review of the Pathogenesis Phenomena Developments
Authors: Cimpeanu Radu-Cristian , Fortofoiu Dragoș , Sandu Elena , Dragne Ioana-Gabriela , Caragea Mariana-Emilia , Dumitriu-Stan Roxana-Ioana , Salmen Bianca-Margareta , Boldeanu Lidia , Reurean-Pintilei Delia Viola , Vere Cristin-Constantin
Published: December 2024

Background: In the last few decades, it has been emphasized that dopamine, a well-known neurotransmitter with multiple roles in central nervous system, is also implicated in the activity of peripheral tissues and organs, more specifically influencing the gastrointestinal system (GI). Methods: We registered a protocol under the CRD42024547935 identifier in the Prospero register of systematic reviews. Furthermore, using the Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Study Design strategy to guide our study rationale, and under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses recommendations, we conducted a qualitative systematic literature search based on the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases using the “gastric cancers AND dopamine” search criteria. We obtained 68 articles from PubMed, 142 articles from Scopus, and 99 articles from the Web of Science database. Results: Within gastric cancer biology, dopamine has notable effects on STAT-3 and DARPP-32. STAT-3, a transcription factor involved in cellular proliferation and invasion, plays a significant role in cancer progression. Conclusions: Understanding the roles of dopamine in cancer, beyond aspects such as cancer cell invasion, immune response modulation, or tumor growth, could guide the development of new cancer therapies by modulating its pathways, especially the DARPP-32/CXCR4/CXCL-12 complex axis, in order to improve the morbidity and mortality caused by this type of cancer.
Association of LVV-Hemorphin-7 with Sepsis and Shock: Roles of Cathepsin D and G in Hemoglobin Metabolism in a Prospective ICU Cohort Study
Authors: Wu Yao-Kuang , Chung Hsueh-Wen , Chen Yi-Ting , Chen Hsing-Chun , Chen I-Hung , Su Wen-Lin
Published: December 2024

Background: Sepsis is a leading cause of mortality in intensive care units (ICUs). Cell-free hemoglobin (CFH) released during sepsis interacts with lysosomal enzymes from neutrophils and macrophages. This study aims to examine the association of LVV-hemorphin-7 (LVV-H7), cathepsin D, and cathepsin G with sepsis and shock in ICU patients. Methods: A prospective observational cohort study was conducted in the medical ICU of a tertiary referral hospital in Taiwan. The patients with an acute increasing sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) score ≥ 2 between 2022 and 2023. Blood samples from 40 healthy controls were obtained from the hospital biobank. CFH metabolites, including LVV-H7 and lysosomal enzyme cathepsin D and cathepsin G, were compared between the sepsis (definite and probable) and non-sepsis (possible sepsis) groups. Multivariate logistic regression analyzed factors associated with sepsis and shock. Results: Among 120 patients, 75 were classified as septic and 45 as non-septic. Significant differences were observed in CFH, cathepsin D, cathepsin G, and LVV-H7 levels between sepsis and non-sepsis groups. LVV-H7 was a significant predictor for sepsis (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.009, 95% CI 1.005–1.013; p < 0.001) and shock (aOR 1.005, 95% CI 1.002–1.008; p < 0.05). Cathepsin G predicted non-shock (aOR 0.917, 95% CI 0.848–0.991; p < 0.05), while cathepsin D predicted septic shock (aOR 1.001, 95% CI 1.000–1.002; p < 0.05). Conclusions: LVV-H7, cathepsin D, and cathepsin G are associated with the classification of sepsis and shock episodes in critically ill patients with elevated SOFA scores.
Beneficial Actions of 4-Methylumbelliferone in Type 1 Diabetes by Promoting β Cell Renewal and Inhibiting Dedifferentiation
Authors: Zhang Wencheng , Yang Shuo , Yu Xinwen , Zhu Shanshan , Wang Xin , Sun Fei , Liang Shengru , Wang Xiaoguang , Zhao Guohong , Gao Bin
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effects of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU) on islet morphology, cell phenotype and function, and to explore possible mechanisms of β cell regeneration. Methods: The Type 1 diabetes (T1D) model was induced by continuous dose injection of streptozotocin (STZ), and mice were treated with 4-MU for 3 weeks. Plasma insulin level, islet cell phenotype and immune infiltration were determined by IPGTT, ELISA, HE and immunofluorescence. The Ins2Cre/+/Rosa26-eGFP transgenic mice model was used to detect β identity change. Primary rodent islets were incubated with 4-MU or vehicle in the presence or absence of STZ, AO/PI staining, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM), PCR and ELISA were used to evaluated islet viability, islet morphology, the specific markers of islet β cells and insulin secretion. Results: Treatment with 4-MU significantly decreased blood glucose and increased plasma insulin levels in STZ-induced diabetes. The plasma insulin level in the STZ group was 7.211 ± 2.602 ng/mL, which was significantly lower than the control group level (26.94 ± 4.300 ng/mL, p < 0.001). In contrast, the plasma insulin level in the STZ + 4-MU group was 22.29 ± 7.791 ng/mL, which was significantly higher than the STZ group (p < 0.05). The 4-MU treatment increased islet and β cells numbers and decreased α cell numbers in STZ-induced diabetes. Conclusions: Islet inflammation as indicated by insulin and CD3 was caused by infiltrates, and the β cell proliferation as indicated by insulin and Ki67 was boosted by 4-MU. β cell dedifferentiation was inhibited by 4-MU as assessed by insulin and glucagon double-positive cells and confirmed by Ins2Cre/+/Rosa26-eGFP mice. In cultured primary rodent islets, 4-MU restored islet viability, protected islet morphology, inhibited β-cell dedifferentiation, and promoted insulin secretion. The benefits of 4-MU in T1D have been proved to be associated with β cells self-replication, dedifferentiation inhibition and immune progression suppression, which help to maintain β cell mass.
Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects of Isocnicin and Radiotherapy in Glioblastoma: A Natural Compound’s Potential
Authors: Tsafa Effrosyni , Dimitriadis Kyriakos , Kalampoki Lamprini , Papapetrou Panagiota , Georgalis Pavlos A. , Bozios Georgios , Sioka Chrissa , Tsekeris Pericles , Kyritsis Athanassios P. , Alexiou George A. , Lazari Diamanto
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain tumor in adults. Currently, the only treatments available are surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy based on temozolomide (TMZ); however, the prognosis is dismal. Several natural substances are under investigation for cancer treatment. 8α-O-(3,4-dihydroxy-2-methylenebutanoyloxy) dehydromelitensine (Isocnicin) is a natural compound derived from Centaurea species and was found to exhibit cytostatic/cytotoxic effect against different cell lines. In this study, we investigated the anti-glioma effects of isocnicin in U87 and T98 glioblastoma cell lines, as well as the effects of combined treatment with radiotherapy. Methods: Cell viability was evaluated with the trypan blue exclusion assay, cell cycle distribution was examined using flow cytometry, and the effects of the combination treatment were analyzed with CompuSyn software(1.0). Results: The result showed that isocnicin significantly reduced cell viability in U87 and T98 cell lines in a dose-dependent manner and IC50 values were calculated. Administration of isocnicin alone induced both S and G2/M cell cycle arrest in U87 and T98 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, when cells were treated with increasing concentrations of isocnicin, followed by 2 or 4 Gy of radiation, the percentage distribution of the cells in the G2/M phase was increased considerably in both U87 and T98 cell lines. Conclusions: Here, we show for the first time that co-treatment of isocnicin with radiation exerts a synergistic antiproliferative effect in glioblastoma cell lines. Natural compounds are promising for glioblastoma treatment. Further studies will be necessary to unravel isocnicin’s mechanism of action and its synergistic effect with radiation on glioblastoma treatment.
Phosphorylated FAT10 Is More Efficiently Conjugated to Substrates, Does Not Bind to NUB1L, and Does Not Alter Degradation by the Proteasome
Authors: Cao Jinjing , Aichem Annette , Basler Michael , Alvarez Salinas Gerardo Omar , Schmidtke Gunter
Published: December 2024

Background: FAT10 is a member of the ubiquitin-like modifier family. Similar to ubiquitin, FAT10 has a distinct enzyme cascade consisting of E1-activating, E2-conjugating, and possibly several E3-ligating enzymes, which will covalently link FAT10 to substrate proteins in order to target them directly for proteasomal degradation. FAT10 was reported to be phosphorylated by IKKβ during infection with influenza A virus. Methods: To assess the difference between the FAT10-dependent degradation of phosphorylated FAT10 and the non-phosphorylated FAT10 wild type (FAT10 WT), a mutated FAT10 that mimicked phosphorylation (FAT10 D) was constructed by replacing several serine residues and one threonine residue with aspartic or glutamic acid. The FAT10 degradation or conjugation was compared between the phospho-mimetic FAT10 and the wild-type FAT10 with respect to the dependence of the E3 ligase TRIM25, the UBL-UBA protein NUB1L, and the proteasomal ubiquitin receptor RPN10. Results: The phospho-mimetic FAT10 was more efficiently conjugated to substrate proteins as compared to the wild-type FAT10, particularly if TRIM25 was co-expressed. Additionally, the phospho-mimetic FAT10 was not bound by NUB1L. However, this did not affect FAT10 D or FAT10 WT degradation. No differences were found in the binding affinity of phospho-mimetic FAT10 to RPN10. Conclusions: In brief, the phospho-mimetic FAT10 shows enhanced conjugation efficiency, but phosphorylation does not alter its degradation by the proteasome. This reveals that phosphorylation may fine-tune FAT10’s interactions with specific interaction partners without disrupting its core function of proteasomal degradation.
Deep Neural Networks for Accurate Depth Estimation with Latent Space Features
Authors: Yasir Siddiqui Muhammad , Ahn Hyunsik
Published: December 2024

Depth estimation plays a pivotal role in advancing human–robot interactions, especially in indoor environments where accurate 3D scene reconstruction is essential for tasks like navigation and object handling. Monocular depth estimation, which relies on a single RGB camera, offers a more affordable solution compared to traditional methods that use stereo cameras or LiDAR. However, despite recent progress, many monocular approaches struggle with accurately defining depth boundaries, leading to less precise reconstructions. In response to these challenges, this study introduces a novel depth estimation framework that leverages latent space features within a deep convolutional neural network to enhance the precision of monocular depth maps. The proposed model features dual encoder–decoder architecture, enabling both color-to-depth and depth-to-depth transformations. This structure allows for refined depth estimation through latent space encoding. To further improve the accuracy of depth boundaries and local features, a new loss function is introduced. This function combines latent loss with gradient loss, helping the model maintain the integrity of depth boundaries. The framework is thoroughly tested using the NYU Depth V2 dataset, where it sets a new benchmark, particularly excelling in complex indoor scenarios. The results clearly show that this approach effectively reduces depth ambiguities and blurring, making it a promising solution for applications in human–robot interaction and 3D scene reconstruction.
Effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Update
Authors: Zoccante Leonardo , Sabaini Sara , Bonatti Sophia Marlene , Rigotti Erika , Lintas Camilla , Marconi Michele , Zaffanello Marco
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition requiring personalised therapeutic approaches. This study evaluated the effectiveness of Equine-Assisted Activities and Therapies (EAATs) in 86 children with varying ASD severity levels (levels 1–3). Methods: Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales and the Parenting Stress Index were used. Between May 2022 and October 2023, participants completed 20 weekly sessions of 45 min each, tailored to their individual needs. Results: Children with level 3 ASD demonstrated greater challenges in communication (level 1: 67.1 ± 29.0 vs. level 3: 30.0 ± 12.6; p < 0.001), daily living skills (81.0 ± 26.8 vs. 42.6 ± 18.1; p < 0.001), and socialisation (72.2 ± 23.2 vs. 37.3 ± 14.2; p < 0.001). Parental distress was higher in cases of greater ASD severity. Nevertheless, significant improvements were observed across the entire cohort in daily living skills (58.3 ± 25.5 vs. 67.8 ± 29.0; p = 0.023), with particularly notable outcomes in children with level 1 ASD (65.7 ± 26.9 vs. 81.0 ± 26.8; p = 0.010). While increases in socialisation were noted among children with level 1 ASD, these were not statistically significant (p = 0.073). Conclusions: EAAT fosters improvements in daily living skills, particularly in children with level 1 ASD, and has a positive impact on socialisation. For children with more severe ASD, targeted interventions are required.
Effectiveness of UHPC Jackets in Pier Retrofitting for Lateral Load Resistance
Authors: Ralli Zoi G. , Gonzalez Roberto Salazar , Pantazopoulou Stavroula J.
Published: December 2024

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) is a recently emerged material with exceptional durability and ductility. While widely used in bridge retrofitting, particularly to replace expansion joints and deck overlays, UHPC has seen limited use in jacketing piers for the improvement of lateral load resistance. It presents superior mechanical properties and deformation resilience, enabled by the distributed fibers and the dense microstructure, providing corrosion resistance and a maintenance-free service life. The significant tensile strength and ductility establish UHPC as an attractive resilient jacketing system for structural members. The experimental literature documents the effectiveness of this solution in enhancing the strength and ductility of the retrofitted member, whereas premature modes of failure (i.e., lap splices and shear failure in lightly reinforced piers) are moderated. A comprehensive database of tests on UHPC-jacketed piers under lateral loads was compiled for the development of practical guidelines. Various UHPC jacket configurations were evaluated, and detailed procedures were developed for their implementation in bridge pier retrofitting. These procedures include constitutive models for UHPC, confined concrete, and the strengthening of lap splices, flexure, and shear resistance. The results are supported by the database, providing a solid foundation for the broader application of UHPC in improving the lateral load resistance of bridge piers.
Data Decomposition Modeling Based on Improved Dung Beetle Optimization Algorithm for Wind Power Prediction
Authors: Ke Jiajian , Chen Tian
Published: December 2024

Accurate wind power forecasting is essential for maintaining the stability of a power system and enhancing scheduling efficiency in the power sector. To enhance prediction accuracy, this paper presents a hybrid wind power prediction model that integrates the improved complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition (ICEEMDAN), the RIME optimization algorithm (RIME), sample entropy (SE), the improved dung beetle optimization (IDBO) algorithm, the bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM) network, and multi-head attention (MHA). In this model, RIME is utilized to improve the parameters of ICEEMDAN, reducing data decomposition complexity and effectively capturing the original data information. The IDBO algorithm is then utilized to improve the hyperparameters of the MHA-BiLSTM model. The proposed RIME-ICEEMDAN-IDBO-MHA-BiLSTM model is contrasted with ten others in ablation experiments to validate its performance. The experimental findings prove that the proposed model achieves MAPE values of 5.2%, 6.3%, 8.3%, and 5.8% across four datasets, confirming its superior predictive performance and higher accuracy.
Effect of Curvature Shape on the Impact Strength of Additively Manufactured Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Parts Produced via Fused Deposition Modeling
Authors: Fahad Muhammad , Raja Waseem , Iqbal Muhammad Naveed , Awan Abdul Waheed
Published: December 2024

Additive manufacturing (AM) has greatly revolutionized manufacturing due to its ability to manufacture complex shapes without the need for additional tooling. Most AM applications are based on geometries comprising curved shapes subjected to impact loads. The main focus of this study was on investigating the influence of infill density and the radius of curvature on the impact strength of parts manufactured via an FDM process. Standard geometrical specimens with varying part infill densities and radii of curvature were produced and subjected to Charpy impact tests to evaluate their impact strength. The results suggest that the impact strength increases with the increased density caused by higher amounts of material as well as by the changing cross-sectional areas of the beads. Also, the radius of curvature of the parts shows a clear inverse relationship with the impact energy absorbed by the specimens (i.e., increasing the radius decreased the impact energy of the parts) produced via an FDM process, which can be explained using the beam theory of structural mechanics. The maximum value of impact strength obtained was 287 KJ/m2, and this was achieved at the highest infill density (i.e., solid) and for the smallest radius of curvature.
Sustainable Packaging Solutions: Food Engineering and Biodegradable Materials
Authors: Yao Kai-Chao , Hsieh Hsi-Huang , Li Kuo-Yi , Xu Jing-Ran , Ho Wei-Sho , Huang Wei-Lun , Huang Shu-Hua , Liao Yu-Hsiang , Tseng Ying-Ju
Published: December 2024

In modern, fast-paced lifestyles, food containers have become a popular solution for quick meals; however, they have significantly contributed to the increase in plastic packaging waste, which poses a substantial environmental risk. The prevalent use of non-biodegradable plastic containers exacerbates plastic pollution, contradicting government regulations designed to reduce plastic usage and promote sustainability. To address these issues, this study integrates TRIZ, ergonomics, inherent safety, and universal design methodologies, with an emphasis on sustainability. First, the technical contradiction matrix from TRIZ is applied to identify parameters for improvement without inducing negative side effects. Ergonomics principles ensure the development of user-friendly designs, while inherent safety and universal design approaches aim for accessibility and full biodegradability. Through a systematic innovation design process, this research proposes a biodegradable food container capable of decomposing entirely into particles and water within one month, blending naturally with the soil without compromising functionality. Moreover, the container incorporates a quick-alignment mechanism and an intuitive sealing design that ensures airtightness and spill prevention. As a result, the product not only meets user demands but also addresses pressing environmental concerns, aligning with global sustainability goals.
Cell Senescence and the DNA Single-Strand Break Damage Repair Pathway
Authors: Sarma Parvathy A. , Abbadie Corinne , de Launoit Yvan , Cleri Fabrizio
Published: December 2024

Cellular senescence is a response to endogenous and exogenous stresses, including telomere dysfunction, oncogene activation, and persistent DNA damage. In particular, radiation damage induces oxidative base damage and bond breaking in the DNA double-helix structure, which are treated by dedicated enzymatic repair pathways. In this review, we discuss the correlation between senescence and the accumulation of non-repaired single-strand breaks, as can occur during radiation therapy treatments. Recent in vitro cell irradiation experiments using high-energy photons have shown that single-strand breaks may be preferentially produced at the borders of the irradiated region, inducing senescence in competition with the apoptosis end-point typically induced by double-strand breaks. Such a particular response to radiation damage has been proposed as a possible cause of radiation-induced second primary cancer, as cells with an accumulation of non-repaired single-strand breaks might evade the senescent state at much later times. In addition, we highlight the peculiarities of strand-break repair pathways in relation to the base-excision pathway that repairs several different DNA oxidation defects.
Cybersecurity Challenges in UAV Systems: IEMI Attacks Targeting Inertial Measurement Units
Authors: Boukabou Issam , Kaabouch Naima , Rupanetti Dulana
Published: December 2024

The rapid expansion in unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) across various sectors, such as surveillance, agriculture, disaster management, and infrastructure inspection, highlights the growing need for robust navigation systems. However, this growth also exposes critical vulnerabilities, particularly in UAV package delivery operations, where intentional electromagnetic interference (IEMI) poses significant security and safety threats. This paper addresses IEMI attacks targeting inertial measurement units (IMUs) in UAVs, focusing on their susceptibility to medium-power electromagnetic interference. Our approach combines a comprehensive literature review and QuickField simulation with experimental validation using a commercially available 6-degree-of-freedom (DOF) IMU sensor. We propose a hardware-based electromagnetic shielding solution using mu-metal to mitigate IEMI’s impact on sensor performance. The study combines experimental testing with simulations to evaluate the shielding effectiveness under controlled conditions. The results of the measurements showed that medium-power IEMI significantly distorted IMU sensor readings, but our proposed shielding method effectively reduces the impact, improving sensor reliability. We demonstrate the mechanisms by which medium-power IEMI disrupts sensor operation, offering insights for future research directions. These findings also highlight the importance of integrating hardware-based shielding solutions to safeguard UAV systems against electromagnetic threats.