bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Human Endometrium Expresses the Glycoprotein Mucin-1 and Shows Positive Correlation for Thomsen-Friedenreich Epitope Expression and Galectin-1 Binding
Authors: Jeschke Udo , Walzel Hermann , Mylonas Ioannis , Papadopoulos Panos , Shabani Naim , Kuhn Christina , Schulze Sandra , Friese Klaus , Karsten Uwe , Anz David , Kupka Markus S.
Published: June 2009

Mucin 1 (MUC1) is a glycoprotein in human endometrium and is abundant at the luminal epithelial surface in the receptive phase. It has a highly glycosylated ecto-domain that contains keratan sulfate chains, that disappears at the time of implantation. In addition, the glycoforms on MUC1 differ in fertile and infertile women. Therefore the aims of this study were investigations on glycosylation of MUC1 with the Thomsen-Friedenreich (TF) epitope on normal human endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle and binding of galectin-1 on the TF epitope in the endometrium and the expression of galectin-1 on the human oocyte. Human endometrial tissue was obtained from 54 premenopausal patients and was immunohistochemically analyzed with monoclonal antibodies against MUC1, TF epitope, galectin-1, and biotinylated galectin-1. In addition, human oocytes were analyzed for TF, galectin-1 expression, and galectin-1 binding. We identified a significant upregulation of MUC1 and TF epitope and, in addition, galectin-1 binding in glandular epithelium and epithelial apical surface tissue from proliferative to secretory phase. With double staining experiments, we identified a coexpression of TF and MUC1 in the early secretory phase and galectin-1 binding to TF during the same period of time. In addition we identified TF epitope and galectin-1 expression plus binding on the human oocyte and irregularly fertilized oocytes. Upregulation of TF epitope on the glandular epithelium and epithelial apical surface tissue in the secretory phase and binding of galectin-1 at the same time show the possibility of galectin-1–mediated trophectoderm binding to the endometrium within the window of implantation.
Spatiotemporal Organization of AT- and GC-rich DNA and Their Association With Transition Proteins TP1 and TP2 in Rat Condensing Spermatids
Authors: Kolthur-Seetharam Ullas , Pradeepa Madapura M. , Gupta Nikhil , Narayanaswamy Rammohan , Rao Manchanahalli R. Satyanarayana
Published: June 2009

Transition protein 1 (TP1) and TP2 replace histones during midspermiogenesis (stages 12–15) and are finally replaced by protamines. TPs play a predominant role in DNA condensation and chromatin remodeling during mammalian spermiogenesis. TP2 is a zinc metalloprotein with two novel zinc finger modules that condenses DNA in vitro in a GC-preference manner. TP2 also localizes to the nucleolus in transfected HeLa and Cos-7 cells, suggesting a GC-rich preference, even in vivo. We have now studied the localization pattern of TP2 in the rat spermatid nucleus. Colocalization studies using GC-selective DNA-binding dyes chromomycin A3 and 7-amino actinomycin D and an AT-selective dye, 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, indicate that TP2 is preferentially localized to GC-rich sequences. Interestingly, as spermatids mature, TP2 and GC-rich DNA moves toward the nuclear periphery, and in the late stages of spermatid maturation, TP2 is predominantly localized at the nuclear periphery. Another interesting observation is the mutually exclusive localization of GC- and AT-rich DNA in the elongating and elongated spermatids. A combined immunofluorescence experiment with anti-TP2 and anti-TP1 antibodies revealed several foci of overlapping localization, indicating that TP1 and TP2 may have concerted functional roles during chromatin remodeling in mammalian spermiogenesis.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Phosphodiesterase 2A in Multiple Mammalian Species
Authors: Stephenson Diane T. , Coskran Tim M. , Wilhelms Margaret B. , Adamowicz Wendy O. , O'Donnell Michele M. , Muravnick Kathleen B. , Menniti Frank S. , Kleiman Robin J. , Morton Daniel
Published: June 2009

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) comprise a family of enzymes that regulate the levels of cyclic nucleotides, key second messengers that mediate a diverse array of functions. PDE2A is an evolutionarily conserved cGMP-stimulated cAMP and cGMP PDE. In the present study, the regional and cellular distribution of PDE2A in tissues of rats, mice, cynomolgus monkeys, dogs, and humans was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A polyclonal antibody directed to the C-terminal portion of PDE2A specifically detected PDE2A by Western blotting and by immunohistochemistry. The pattern of PDE2A immunoreactivity (ir) was consistent across all species. Western blot analysis demonstrated that PDE2A was most abundant in the brain relative to peripheral tissues. PDE2A ir was heterogeneously distributed within brain and was selectively expressed in particular peripheral tissues. In the brain, prominent immunoreactivity was apparent in components of the limbic system, including the isocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, habenula, basal ganglia, and interpeduncular nucleus. Cytoplasmic PDE2A staining was prominent in several peripheral tissues, including the adrenal zona glomerulosa, neurons of enteric ganglia, endothelial cells in all organs, lymphocytes of spleen and lymph nodes, and pituitary. These studies suggest that PDE2A is evolutionarily conserved across mammalian species and support the hypothesis that the enzyme plays a fundamental role in signal transduction.
Cell Death–associated ADAMTS4 and Versican Degradation in Vascular Tissue
Authors: Kenagy Richard D. , Min Seung-Kee , Clowes Alexander W. , Sandy John D.
Published: June 2009

High blood flow through baboon polytetrafluorethylene aorto-iliac grafts increases neointimal vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) death, neointimal atrophy, and cleavage of versican to generate the DPEAAE neoepitope, a marker of ADAMTS-mediated proteolysis. In this study, we have determined the effect of high blood flow on transcript abundance in the neointima for ADAMTS1, −4, −5, −8, −9, −15, and −20. We found that after 24 hr of flow, the mRNA for ADAMTS4 was significantly increased, whereas that for the other family members was unchanged. Because vascular SMC death is markedly increased in the graft after 24 hr of high flow, we next examined the possibility that the ADAMTS4 induction and the cell death are causally related. The addition of Fas ligand to SMC cultures increased both ADAMTS4 mRNA and cell death ∼5-fold, consistent with the idea that ADAMTS4-dependent cleavage of versican may be partly responsible for cell death and tissue atrophy under these conditions.
Glomerular Protein Levels of Matrix Metalloproteinase-1 and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-1 Are Lower in Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Cornish Toby C. , Bagnasco Serena M. , Macgregor Anne M. , Lu Jie , Selvin Elizabeth , Halushka Marc K.
Published: June 2009

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate extracellular matrix turnover throughout the body, including in renal glomeruli. We investigated protein levels of multiple MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, and MMP-9) and TIMP-1 in glomeruli and investigated whether disease phenotypes were associated with levels of these proteins. Renal cortex was collected from 100 adult autopsy subjects arrayed across 17 tissue microarrays. Immunohistochemical staining intensity for each MMP and TIMP-1 was determined using quantitative color deconvolution techniques. We observed significantly decreased glomerular MMP-1 and TIMP-1 staining in subjects with diabetes, hypertension, and an estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml/min/1.73 m2 in univariate analyses. MMP-1 staining, but not TIMP-1 staining, was inversely correlated with increased glomerular fibrosis ( r = −0.40). In multivariable analysis, diabetes was robustly associated with decreased staining intensity. This study indicates that in human subjects, the long-term sequelae of diseases such as diabetes that cause chronic renal failure result in decreased TIMP-1 and MMP-1 proteins in renal glomeruli. This manuscript contains online supplemental material at http://www.jhc.org . Please visit this article online to view these materials.
Introducing oral assessment within creative practice: I can write but it's like walking against the wind
Authors: Symonds Heather
Published: June 2009

This article traces the origins and development of a new oral assessment for undergraduates within the field of art and design. It examines the roots of a re-modelled viva voce and its specific relevance for students with the specific learning difficulty, dyslexia. An insight is offered
into the process of finding a model, responding to appropriate feedback and further sustaining a model which will make a difference.

The viva voce described consists of a one-hour oral examination specified as being an oral presentation for thirty minutes, followed by an oral defence for
the same period of time. This oral delivery is in lieu of a written dissertation; it is the culmination of an extended piece of work supported by theory, research methods, analysis and evaluation. It is currently offered to students with dyslexia as an accommodated assessment. Its future lies
in its integration as a choice of assessment for students as part of inclusive education.
Expression and putative function of fibronectin and its receptor (integrin α5β1) in male and female gametes during bovine fertilization in vitro
Authors: Thys Mirjan , Nauwynck Hans , Maes Dominiek , Hoogewijs Maarten , Vercauteren Dries , Rijsselaere Tom , Favoreel Herman , Van Soom Ann
Published: June 2009

Fibronectin (Fn) is a 440 kDa glycoprotein assumed to participate in sperm–egg interaction in human. Recently, it has been demonstrated that Fn – when present during bovine IVF – strongly inhibits sperm penetration. The present study was conducted firstly to evaluate the expression of Fn and its integrin receptor (α5β1) on male and female bovine gametes using indirect immunofluorescence and secondly, to determine the function of Fn during bovine IVF. Endogenous Fn was detected underneath the zona pellucida (ZP) and integrin α5on the oolemma of cumulus-denuded oocytes. Bovine spermatozoa displayed integrin α5at their equatorial segment after acrosome reaction. We established that the main inhibitory effect of exogenously supplemented Fn was located at the sperm–oolemma binding, with a (concurrent) effect on fusion, and this can probably be attributed to the binding of Fn to spermatozoa at the equatorial segment, as shown by means of Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated Fn. Combining these results, the inhibitory effect of exogenously supplemented Fn seemed to be exerted on the male gamete by binding to the exposed integrin α5β1receptor after acrosome reaction. The presence of endogenous Fn underneath the ZP together with integrin α5expression on oolemma and acrosome-reacted (AR) sperm cell surface suggests a ‘velcro’ interaction between the endogenous Fn ligand and corresponding receptors on both (AR) sperm cell and oolemma, initiating sperm–egg binding.
Monotonic solutions of some singular integral equations of Volterra type
Authors: Borai Mahmoud , El-Sayed Wagdy , Abbas Mohammed
Published: June 2009

We study nonlinear singular integral equation of Volterra type in Banach space of real functions defined and continuous on a bounded and closed interval. Using a suitable measure of noncompactness we prove the existence of monotonic solutions of the considered equation and its generalization. We illustrate our existence results by numerical examples.
Stable determination of convex bodies from sections
Authors: Böröczky Károly , Schneider Rolf
Published: June 2009

A star body (with respect to the origin 0) in ℝ
d
(
d
≧ 3) which has 0 as center of symmetry is uniquely determined by the (
d
− 1)-dimensional volumes of its sections with hyperplanes through 0. Without the symmetry assumption, we show that a star body is uniquely determined by the volumes and centroids of its hyperplane sections through 0. For convex bodies, we prove a stability version of this result.
Regulation of osterix (Osx, Sp7) and the Osx promoter by parathyroid hormone in osteoblasts
Authors: Hong Shara H H , Lu Xianghuai , Nanes Mark S , Mitchell Jane
Published: June 2009

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) binds to its receptor on osteoblasts to regulate gene transcription primarily through the elevation of the second messenger cAMP. A number of genes regulated by PTH in osteoblasts contain GC-rich and Sp-binding sites. Osterix (Osx, Sp7) is a transcription factor required for the differentiation of osteoblasts that can bind to Sp-binding sites on gene promoters and regulate their expression. Here, we report the effect of PTH (1–34) on Osx expression in osteoblastic UMR-106-01 cells and murine calvaria. PTH (1–34) and PTH (1–31) inhibited Osx mRNA and protein expression, and this effect could be mimicked by forskolin, 8-bromo-cAMP, or expression of constitutively active Gsα (caGsα). Treatment of the cells with PTH (3–34) or the EPAC-selective agonist 8CPT-2Me-cAMP had no effect on Osx mRNA, whereas PTH (7–34) or expression of caGqα-stimulated Osx mRNA levels. PTH (1–34) treatment did not require new protein synthesis and did not involve changes in Osx mRNA stability. Osx promoter fragments coupled to a luciferase reporter were inhibited by PTH (1–34) treatment in a similar manner to the inhibition of Osx mRNA and protein. Deletion analysis localized PTH inhibition to two regions flanking the Osx1 start site; −304/−119 and −71/+91. These results demonstrate that prolonged exposure to PTH inhibits Osx expression in osteoblasts through sites on its proximal promoter and this suppression occurs through PTH stimulation of cellular cAMP.
Estrogen can signal through multiple pathways to regulate oocyte cyst breakdown and primordial follicle assembly in the neonatal mouse ovary
Authors: Chen Ying , Breen Kelsey , Pepling Melissa E
Published: June 2009

During mouse embryonic development, oocytes develop in germline cysts, formed by several rounds of cell division followed by incomplete cytokinesis. Shortly after birth, cysts break down and individual oocytes are enclosed by granulosa cells to form primordial follicles. At the same time, two-thirds of the oocytes die by apoptosis with only one-third surviving. We have previously shown that the steroid hormones, estradiol (E2), and progesterone as well as the phytoestrogen genistein can inhibit cyst breakdown and primordial follicle assembly. However, the mechanisms by which steroid hormones regulate oocyte cyst breakdown and selective oocyte survival are unknown. Here, we confirmed the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) mRNA and protein in neonatal mouse ovaries using reverse transcriptase-PCR, western blotting, and immunocytochemistry. We then used ER-specific agonists and antagonists to understand the mechanism of estrogen signaling. 4,4′,4″-(4-propyl-[1H]-pyrazole-1,3,5-triyl)trisphenol, an ERα-selective agonist, and 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile, an ERβ-selective agonist, both inhibited cyst breakdown in organ culture, suggesting that E2 can signal through both the receptors to regulate cyst breakdown. ICI 182,780, an ER antagonist, completely blocked E2's action. 1,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-5-[4-(2-piperidinylethoxy)phenol]-1H-pyrazole dihydrochloride, an ERα-specific antagonist, fully blocked E2's effect on oocyte cyst breakdown and primordial follicle assembly and (R,R)-5,11-diethyl-5,6,11,12-tetrahydro-2,8-chrysenediol, an ERβ-specific antagonist, partially blocked E2, further supporting the idea that both receptors are involved in estrogen signaling in neonatal oocyte development. E2 conjugated to BSA, which can only exert effects at the membrane, was able to inhibit cyst breakdown, implying that E2 could also function through a membrane-bound ER to regulate cyst breakdown.
Characterization of adherens junction protein expression and localization in pituitary cell networks
Authors: Chauvet Norbert , El-Yandouzi Taoufik , Mathieu Marie-Noëlle , Schlernitzauer Audrey , Galibert Evelyne , Lafont Chrystel , Le Tissier Paul , Robinson Iain C , Mollard Patrice , Coutry Nathalie
Published: June 2009

Our view of anterior pituitary organization has been altered with the recognition that folliculo-stellate (FS) and somatotroph cell populations form large-scale three-dimensional homotypic networks. This morphological cellular organization may optimize communication within the pituitary gland promoting coordinated pulsatile secretion adapted to physiological needs. The aim of this study was to identify the molecules involved in the formation and potential functional organization and/or signaling within these cell–cell networks. Here, we have focused on one class of cell adhesion molecules, the cadherins, since β-catenin has been detected in the GH cell network. We have characterized, by qPCR and immunohistochemistry, their cellular expression and distribution. We have also examined whether their expression could be modulated during pituitary tissue remodeling. The mouse anterior pituitary has a restricted and cell-type specific repertoire of cadherin expression: cadherin-11 is exclusively expressed in TSH cells; N-cadherin displays a ubiquitous expression pattern but with different levels of expression between endocrine cell types; E-cadherin is restricted to homotypic contacts between FS cells; while cadherin-18 is expressed both in somatotrophs and FS cells. Thus, each cell type presents a defined combinatorial expression of different subsets of cadherins. This cell-type specific cadherin expression profile emerges early during development and undergoes major changes during postnatal development. These results suggest the existence within the anterior pituitary of cell–cell contact signaling based on a defined pattern of cadherin expression, which may play a crucial role in cellular recognition during the formation and fate of pituitary cell homotypic networks.
Characterization of Lead Precipitate Following Uptake by Roots of Brassica juncea
Authors: Meyers Donald E. R. , Kopittke Peter M. , Auchterlonie Graeme J. , Webb Richard I.
Published: June 2009

Seedlings of Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. were grown in solution culture for 14 d prior to exposure to Pb2+ at an activity of 31 μM for 72 h. Electron-dense deposits found within the apoplast and symplast were analyzed using scanning transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy to determine the chemical identity of the deposits and potential toxicity resistance mechanisms. Irrespective of the cellular compartment in which they were found, the deposits contained Pb, O, P, and Cl. For the extracellular deposits, the average Pb:P:O atomic ratio was 1:0.54:3.0, which together with the hexagonal crystal system suggests that Pb is present as chloropyromorphite (Pb5(PO4)3Cl). A weak Ca signal also was detected in approximately half of the spectra, possibly indicating the presence of small concentrations of phosphohedyphane (Pb3Ca2(PO4)3Cl). The evidence suggests that B. juncea resists Pb toxicity by storing precipitated Pb in the vacuole.
Creating Something from Nothing: Resource Construction through Entrepreneurial Bricolage
Authors: Baker Ted , Nelson Reed E.
Published: June 2009

A field study of 29 resource-constrained firms that varied dramatically in their responses to similar objective environments is used to examine the process by which entrepreneurs in resource-poor environments were able to render unique services by recombining elements at hand for new purposes that challenged institutional definitions and limits. We found that Lévi-Strauss's concept of bricolage—making do with what is at hand—explained many of the behaviors we observed in small firms that were able to create something from nothing by exploiting physical, social, or institutional inputs that other firms rejected or ignored. We demonstrate the socially constructed nature of resource environments and the role of bricolage in this construction. Using our field data and the existing literature on bricolage, we advance a formal definition of entrepreneurial bricolage and induce the beginnings of a process model of bricolage and firm growth. Central to our contribution is the notion that companies engaging in bricolage refuse to enact the limitations imposed by dominant definitions of resource environments, suggesting that, for understanding entrepreneurial behavior, a constructivist approach to resource environments is more fruitful than objectivist views.
Organizational Genealogies and the Persistence of Gender Inequality: The Case of Silicon Valley Law Firms
Authors: Phillips Damon J.
Published: June 2009

Using a study on foundings of Silicon Valley law firms, I propose and test an organizational theory on the genealogical persistence of gender inequality that emphasizes the routines (or blueprints) and experiences that founders transfer from their parent firms to their new firms. This transfer links the parent firm's gender hierarchy to women's advancement opportunities in the new firm. Founders from parent firms that historically had women in leadership positions, such that female leadership is institutionalized, are more likely to found firms that promote women into prominent positions. Conversely, founders from firms that historically had women in subordinate positions, such that female subordination is institutionalized, are less likely to promote women into prominent positions. Findings are consistent with the theory and also show that the persistence effect is stronger for founders who were previously lower-ranked employees and for founders who institute an organization of work similar to their parent firm. The study suggests that future research should investigate routines and structures that not only generate gender inequality unintentionally but are in turn replicated across generations of organization through the mobility of employees.
A Narrative Study of the Experiences of Student Nurses Who Have Participated in the Hearing Voices that are Distressing Simulation
Authors: Hamilton Wilson Jane E , Azzopardi Wendy , Sager Shelley , Gould Brian , Conroy Sherrill , Deegan Patricia , Archie Suzanne
Published: June 2009

The aim of this study was to provide nursing students with an experiential learning opportunity which simulated living with the challenge of voice hearing. The purpose was to access understanding and insights of nursing students who completed "Hearing Voices that are Distressing: A Training Experience and Simulation for Students" (Deegan, 1996). Using a narrative research design and a convenience sample of 27 nursing students, participants were asked to respond in written format to three open ended prompts immediately following their participation in the simulation. Data generated was subjected to a thematic content analysis using a manual cut and paste approach to inductively find meanings and insights elicited from the respondents' actual words. Affirmed in this study was the use of this teaching tool to assist the students in their understanding of the challenges posed by voice hearing.
How Do Individuals Choose Banks? An Application to Household Level Data from Turkey
Authors: Ardic Oya Pinar , Yuzereroglu Uygar
Published: June 2009

This paper uses a multinomial probit model to analyze individuals' choice of banks based on the types of banking services they use, their own characteristics, and their own perceptions about important factors in banking. Previous studies on this topic, which are limited in number, concentrate on the U.S. where financial markets are well-developed. This analysis uses a unique individual level data set from a nation-wide survey implemented after the 2001 crisis in Turkey, of which one major component was bank failures. Hence, it provides the first set of econometric evidence on the topic in an emerging market context. The study groups banks into three categories: public, large private and small private banks, among which the latter is perceived to be the potentially risky group. Investigating individuals' choice among these three types, the paper uncovers that while individuals tend to prefer small private banks on the basis of high interest rates, they tend to avoid them on the basis of trust. Additionally, the paper finds that the choice between public and large private banks mainly depends on structural factors. These results could be of potential use to policymakers in regulating the banking sector and to bank management in channeling marketing effort.
Vintage Effects and the Diffusion of Time-Saving Technological Innovations
Authors: Das Nilotpal , Falaris Evangelos M , Mulligan James G
Published: June 2009

An important aspect of the study of technological innovations is the explanation of the extent and pace of diffusion. We show that pooling data across vintages of a technology may result in misleading conclusions about the impact of key factors on the duration of time to adoption of the innovation. This is especially important for a technology that affects both product/service quality and a firm's costs of operation to different degrees as the technology evolves over time. Using data on the diffusion of point-of-sale optical scanners between 1974 and 1985, we find that factors such as the stock of prior adopters, household income, family size, the four-firm concentration ratio and item-pricing laws had predictably different effects on the diffusion rate depending on the vintage of the technology. These results are robust to controlling for unobserved heterogeneity among firms, inclusion of additional regressors and a change in functional form.
Intervertebral test spacers and postfusion MRI artifacting: A comparative in vitro study of magnesium versus titanium and carbon fiber reinforced polymers as biomaterials
Authors: Ernstberger Thorsten , Buchhorn Gottfried , Heidrich Gabert
Published: June 2009

Intervertebral spacers are made of different materials, which can effect the postfusion magnetic imaging (MRI) scans. Susceptibility artifacts specially for metallic implants can decrease the image quality. This study aimed to determine whether magnesium as a lightweight and biocompatible metal is suitable as a biomaterial for spinal implants based on its MRI artifacting behavior. To compare artifacting behaviors, we implanted into one porcine cadaveric spine different test spacers made of magnesium, titanium and CFRP. All test spacers were scanned using 2 T1-TSE MRI sequences. The artifact dimensions were traced on all scans and statistically analyzed. The total artifact volume and median artifact area of the titanium spacers were statistically significantly larger than magnesium spacers (p < 0.001), while magnesium and CFRP spacers produced almost identical artifacting behaviors (p > 0.05). Our results suggest that spinal implants made with magnesium alloys will behave more like CFRP devices in MRI scans.
Lipid Profile of Healthy Women During Normal Pregnancy
Authors: Diareme Margarita , Karkalousos Petros , Theodoropoulos Georgos , Strouzas Stefanos , Lazanas Nikos
Published: June 2009

Lipid Profile of Healthy Women During Normal Pregnancy

The four basic lipid indexes (Chol, Trig, HDL-C and LDL-C) increase during pregnancy, following different rates of increase. Among the four analytes triglycerides show the largest increase and HDL-C the smallest. All analyte values are raised during the 40 weeks of pregnancy, except HDL-C which is stabilized during the second trimester. After delivery the values decrease, except LDL-C which remains steady (for some weeks) before starting to fall following the others. In this study the relations between the four lipid indexes and some predisposing factors (age, gestational age, nationality, body mass index, profession, smoking and diabetes during pregnancy) were investigated. The sample consisted of 413 pregnant women, mainly Greeks and Albanians. After regression analysis it was proved that the only common predisposing factor was the gestational age. Triglycerides and total cholesterol are also influenced by the women's age. The lipid indexes showed no important difference between the pregnant women in the first trimester and the non-pregnant women. On the contrary, there was a statistical difference between the pregnant women in the second and third trimester and between them and the women in the first trimester. The percentages of increase between first and second trimester were: Chol: 38%, Trig: 115%, HDL-C: 30%, LDL-C: 33%. The percentages of increase between first and third trimester were: Chol: 65%, Trig: 208%, HDL-C: 26%, LDLC: 64%.
Bone Turnover Markers Relations to Postmenopausal Osteoporosis
Authors: Jovčevska Jasmina , Stratrova Slavica , Gjorgovski Icko , Gruev Todor , Kotevska Mimoza , Janićević-Ivanovska Daniela , Petrovska Emilija
Published: June 2009

Bone Turnover Markers Relations to Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a systemic disease characterized by low bone mass and high bone turnover markers in postmenopausal women (PM). The relationship between biochemical bone markers C-telopeptides of type 1 collagen (CTX) and osteocalcin (OC), and bone mineral density (BMD) in the postmenopausal period was examined in 104 PM women divided into three groups according to their BMD: group A - control PM with normal bone density, group B - osteopenic PM and group C - osteoporotic PM. Mean CTX values were highest in group C (0.54±0.24 ng/mL) compared to group B (0.44±0.21 ng/mL) (p<0.0001), and group A (0.33±0.13 ng/mL) (p<0.029). Mean OC levels in group C (26.83±9.91 ng/mL) were significantly higher compared to group A (20.47±7.03 ng/mL) (p<0.011) but not significantly higher compared to group B (24.11±8.38 ng/mL) (p>0.05). Postmenopause duration was longest in group C (13.1±8.31 yrs) compared to group B (9.6±6.24 yrs), and group A (8.15±6.86 yrs). Postmenopausal women developed osteoporosis with longer menopause duration. PM osteoporotic women were characterized by increased levels of bone turnover markers indicating increased rate of bone remodeling, which resulted in excessive bone resorption, and loss of bone mass. Long-term persistence of high bone resorption marker CTX, insufficiently compensated with bone formation marker OC, enabled osteoporosis development.
The specific features of adolescent depression - from developmental reaction to clinical syndrome
Authors: Iniewicz Grzegorz
Published: June 2009

The specific features of adolescent depression - from developmental reaction to clinical syndrome

Depression belongs to the most common mental disorders of young people. Yet, its analysis has given rise to many controversies among specialists. One of the crucial raised issues is the question whether it is justified to apply the diagnosis of depression in this age group, considering the fact that intrapsychic mechanisms in adolescents are not yet mature. The theoretical problem arises: to what degree adolescent depression ought to be considered a clinical disorder, rather than a specific developmental reaction. In the present paper, the attempt has been undertaken to tackle the issue. It has been found that the diagnosis of adolescent depression cannot rely on clear-cut diagnostic criteria. Instead, it should rely on clinical assessment of an individual patient.
The family of a child with cancer - changes within the family system
Authors: Siemińska Maria , Greszta Elżbieta
Published: June 2009

The family of a child with cancer - changes within the family system

This study aimed to describe the functioning of families of children with cancer. A semistructured questionnaire was used to interview 116 parents from 58 such families. Changes occurring within the family system from the parents' perspective have been determined and recorded. Most of the changes turned out to be directed at internal relationships within families. Families with much self-orientation have been shown to be prone to transforming into hermetic systems. Polish version of FACES-III was applied to map families as balanced (20%), mid-range (52%) or unbalanced (28%). Results of the study underline the importance of illness duration for functioning of the family. Cancer persisted for the shortest time in balanced families (4.3 years), slightly longer in mid-range (4.5) and the longest in unbalanced families (6.9). The difference between balanced and unbalanced families was significant (u=1.9615, p<0.05).
Pro-social basic human values and civic involvement. The moderating role of survival vs self-expression cultural context
Authors: Radkiewicz Piotr , De Zavala Agnieszka , Skarżyńska Krystyna
Published: June 2009

Pro-social basic human values and civic involvement. The moderating role of survival vs self-expression cultural context

The present study investigated a hypothesis that the pro-social values differentiated by S. Schwartz's model of basic human values - universalism and benevolence - would positively predict civic involvement. Most importantly, authors expected that the type of pro-social value that would play a dominant motivational role would depend on moderating role of the level of self-expression and benevolence - cultural value dimension developed by R. Inglehart. Based on discriminant function analyses performed on the data gathered in 17 European countries through the European Social Survey conducted in 2002, authors found that universalism predicts civic involvement only in self-expression countries, whereas the role of benevolence is rather neglectable and independent of the cultural context. The results are discussed with reference to cross-cultural differences in Europe.
Learning, Teaching, and Scholarship in a Digital Age
Authors: Greenhow Christine , Robelia Beth , Hughes Joan E.
Published: June 2009

Since Windschitl first outlined a research agenda for the World Wide Web and classroom research, significant shifts have occurred in the nature of the Web and the conceptualization of classrooms. Such shifts have affected constructs of learning and instruction, and paths for future research. This article discusses the characteristics of Web 2.0 that differentiate it from the Web of the 1990s, describes the contextual conditions in which students use the Web today, and examines how Web 2.0’s unique capabilities and youth’s proclivities in using it influence learning and teaching. Two important themes, learner participation and creativity and online identity formation, emerged from this analysis and support a new wave of research questions. A stronger research focus on students’ everyday use of Web 2.0 technologies and their learning with Web 2.0 both in and outside of classrooms is needed. Finally, insights on how educational scholarship might be transformed with Web 2.0 in light of these themes are discussed.
Comments on Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes: Technologies That Facilitate Generating Knowledge and Possibly Wisdom
Authors: Dede Chris
Published: June 2009

Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes (2009) argue that Web 2.0 media are well suited to enhancing the education research community’s purpose of generating and sharing knowledge. The author of this comment article first articulates how a research infrastructure with capabilities for communal bookmarking, photo and video sharing, social networking, wikis, and mash-ups could enhance both the pace and quality of education scholarship, complementing federal investments in cyberinfrastructure. He then argues for a second, more provocative and controversial usage of this research infrastructure: an experimental attempt to generate “wisdom.” An interconnected suite of Web 2.0 tools customized for research would provide three capabilities important for wise advice: (a) a virtual setting in which stakeholders of many different types could dialogue (b) about rich artifacts grounded in practice and policy (c) with a set of social supports to encourage community norms that respect not only theoretical rigor and empirical evidence but also interpersonal, experiential, and moral–ethical understandings.
Response to Comments: Research on Learning and Teaching With Web 2.0: Bridging Conversations
Authors: Greenhow Christine , Robelia Beth , Hughes Joan E.
Published: June 2009

In the past decade, significant shifts have occurred in the nature of the Internet and the conceptualization of classrooms. Such shifts have affected constructs of learning and instruction and paths for future research. In this article, the authors build on three ideas set forth in comments on their article “Web 2.0 and Classroom Research: What Path Should We Take Now?” The authors believe that these comments, which extend ideas from their initial article, make important contributions to the vision for transformative scholarship and practice they outlined. Specifically, the authors discuss the professional development of teachers, considerations for building research capacity and social scholarship, and the importance of bridging divides to advance a common research agenda on learning and teaching with Web 2.0.
Comments on Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes: Expanding the New Literacies Conversation
Authors: Leu Donald J. , O’Byrne W. Ian , Zawilinski Lisa , McVerry J. Greg , Everett-Cacopardo Heidi
Published: June 2009

Using a popularized notion such as Web 2.0 limits research efforts by employing a binary construct, one initially prompted by commercial concerns. Instead, the authors of this article, commenting on Greenhow, Robelia, and Hughes (2009) , suggest that continuous, not dichotomous, change in the technologies of literacy and learning defines the Internet. They argue that a dual-level theory of New Literacies is a productive way to conceptualize this continuous change, especially for education. They describe uppercase (New Literacies) and lowercase (new literacies) theories, using the new literacies of online reading comprehension to illustrate the process. They suggest this approach is likely to lead to greater equity, understanding, and acceptance of continuously new technologies within educational systems.
Kinetic and Mechanistic Patterns of Oxidation of Selenium(Iv)
Authors: Dikshitulu L.S.A. , Babu R. Ram
Published: June 2009

Kinetic and mechanistic patterns of oxidation of selenium(IV) by one-electron oxidants like neptunium(VII), cerium(IV), cobalt(III) and manganese(III), by two-electron oxidants like hydrogen peroxide, chloramine-T, N-chlorosuccinimide, and N-bromosuccinimide, and metal ion-catalyzed oxidations involving Ag(I), Ru(III) and Os(VIII) are critically reviewed. The important conclusions arising from this review are: 1. Selenium(IV) dimerises in acid medium and dimeric selenium(IV) is about four times more reactive than the monomeric form. 2. Oxidation of selenium(IV) by one-electron oxidants proceeds, in general, through two successive one-electron steps (oxidation by cobalt(III) being an exception), while that by two-electron oxidants takes place in a simultaneous two-electron step. The same trend also seems to persist in metal-ion catalyzed oxidations. 3. Oxidation of selenium(IV) by oxygenated two-electron oxidants, like hydrogen peroxide and periodate, seems to involve an oxygen atom transfer from the oxidant to the substrate. 4. Oxidation of selenium(IV) by periodate takes place in acid, neutral as well as in alkaline medium, the rate being maximal at pH 8. 5. Oxidation of selenium(IV) by the multi-electron oxidant, permanganate, is another reaction that takes place in acid, neutral and alkaline media. The rate-determining step involves a one-electron change in all three media, but the stoichiometry is different, being 5:2 in acid, 3:2 in neutral and 1:2 in alkaline medium.
Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Substituted Benzaldehydes by [Bis(Trifluoroacetoxy)Iodo]Benzene
Authors: Purohit Priyanka , Banerji Jayshree , Sharma Pradeep K. , Banerji Kalyan K.
Published: June 2009

The oxidation of monosubstituted benzaldehydes by [bis(trifluoroacetoxy)iodo]-benzene (TFAIB), in acidic solution, leads to the formation of the corresponding benzoic acids. The reaction is first-order with respect to each the aldehydes, TFAIB and hydrogen ions. The reaction failed to induce the polymerization of acrylonitrile. The oxidation of [2H]benzaldehyde (PhCDO) indicated the presence of a substantial kinetic isotope effect. The effect of solvent composition indicated that the reaction rate increases with a decrease in the polarity of the medium. The rates of oxidation of meta- and para-substituted benzaldehydes showed excellent correlations in terms of Charton's triparametric LDR equation whereas the oxidation of ortho-substituted benzaldehydes correlated well with tetraparametric LDRS equation. The oxidation of para-substituted benzaldehydes is more susceptible to the delocalization effect but the oxidation of ortho- and meta-substituted compounds displayed a greater dependence on the field effect. The positive value of η suggests the presence of an electron-deficient reaction centre in the rate-determining step. The reaction is subjected to steric acceleration when ortho-substituents are present.
Linear Solvation Energy Relationship (Lser) in the Allylation of 2-Mercapto-1-Methylimidazole
Authors: Vijayabharathi Dharanipragada , Manikyamba Prerepa
Published: June 2009

The affect of 16 different protic and aprotic solvents on the rate of reaction between allyl bromide and 2-mercapto-1-methylimidazole has been studied. Correlation of the rate constants with different solvent parameters indicates that the polarity, polarisability, electrophilicity and hydrogen bond donor ability of the solvent simultaneously influence the rate. from regression analysis, information about the mode of solvation of the reactants and the transition state is obtained.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies of Uncatalysed and Hg(Ii)-Catalysed Solvolysis of a Chlorocobalt(Iii) Complex in Binary Aqueous Media
Authors: Fathalla M.F. , El-Subruiti G.M. , El-Marassi Y.R.
Published: June 2009

The kinetics of solvolysis of trans — [Co(py)4Cl2]ClO4 have been investigated in aquo-organic solvent media such as water + ethanol (0-60% v/v) and water -+ urea (0-40% w/w) in the temperature range 40-60°C. The first-order rate constant varies nonlinearly with the reciprocal of the relative permittivity ∊r. The solvolysis of these types of complex involves a rate-determining dissociative step corresponding closely to 100% separation of Co3+ … Cl in the transition state. The Gibbs energy cycle relating the Gibbs energy of activation in water and in the mixtures to the Gibbs energies of transfer of individual ionic species between water and the mixtures Δ G°t(Cl) can be applied. Moreover, more than one extrema in the enthalpies and entropies of activation are found with both binary aqueous solvent mixtures. The solvolysis of trans — [Co(py)4Cl2]ClO4 has also been studied in the presence of Hg(II) and the ionic strength dependence of the reaction rate has been analysed.
Bayesian Maximum Entropy Based Algorithm for Digital X-ray Mammogram Processing
Authors: Mutihac Radu
Published: June 2009

Basics of Bayesian statistics in inverse problems using the maximum entropy principle are summarized in connection with the restoration of positive, additive images from various types of data like X-ray digital mammograms. An efficient iterative algorithm for image restoration from large data sets based on the conjugate gradient method and Lagrange multipliers in nonlinear optimization of a specific potential function was developed. The point spread function of the imaging system was determined by numerical simulations of inhomogeneous breast-like tissue with microcalcification inclusions of various opacities. The processed digital and digitized mammograms resulted superior in comparison with their raw counterparts in terms of contrast, resolution, noise, and visibility of details.
Characteristics of Color Produced by Awa Natural Indigo and Synthetic Indigo
Authors: Kawahito Miyoko , Yasukawa Ryoko
Published: June 2009

Color of cloth dyed with Awa natural indigo is quantitatively compared with color of the cloth dyed with synthetic indigo. Results showed that: 1) color produced by Awa natural indigo is bluer and brighter than color produced by synthetic indigo; 2) a single Gaussian function fits the profile of the running of color produced by Awa natural indigo and the running of color produced by synthetic indigo prepared with sodium hydrosulfite approximates a linear sum of two Gaussian functions; 3) before and after washing, color is quantitatively more uneven when produced by Awa natural indigo than when produced by synthetic indigo; 4) the diffusion coefficient of Awa natural indigo is lower than that of synthetic indigo; 5) color superiority of Awa natural indigorelates to smaller diffusion coefficient, slower reduction, poorer penetration, and higher dye aggregation.
Building Facade Reconstruction by Fusing Terrestrial Laser Points and Images
Authors: Pu Shi , Vosselman George
Published: June 2009

Laser data and optical data have a complementary nature for three dimensional feature extraction. Efficient integration of the two data sources will lead to a more reliable and automated extraction of three dimensional features. This paper presents a semiautomatic building facade reconstruction approach, which efficiently combines information from terrestrial laser point clouds and close range images. A building facade’s general structure is discovered and established using the planar features from laser data. Then strong lines in images are extracted using Canny extractor and Hough transformation, and compared with current model edges for necessary improvement. Finally, textures with optimal visibility are selected and applied according to accurate image orientations. Solutions to several challenge problems throughout the collaborated reconstruction, such as referencing between laser points and multiple images and automated texturing, are described. The limitations and remaining works of this approach are also discussed.
Clinical Efficacy and Safety of Successful Longterm Urate Lowering with Febuxostat or Allopurinol in Subjects with Gout
Authors: BECKER MICHAEL A. , SCHUMACHER H. RALPH , MacDONALD PATRICIA A. , LLOYD ERIC , LADEMACHER CHRISTOPHER
Published: June 2009

Objective.

To determine longterm urate-lowering efficacy and clinical benefits and safety of therapy with febuxostat or allopurinol in subjects with gout.

Methods.

Subjects (n = 1086) in this open-label extension study were assigned to fixed-dose daily urate-lowering treatment (ULT) with febuxostat (80 mg or 120 mg) or allopurinol (300 mg). ULT reassignment was permitted during months 1 to 6 to achieve serum urate (SUA) concentrations between 3.0 and < 6.0 mg/dl. Flares requiring treatment, tophus size, safety, and SUA levels were monitored during up to 40 months of ULT maintenance.

Results.

After 1 month initial treatment, > 80% of subjects receiving either febuxostat dose, but only 46% of subjects receiving allopurinol, achieved SUA < 6.0 mg/dl. After ULT reassignment, > 80% of all remaining subjects maintained the primary efficacy endpoint of SUA < 6.0 mg/dl at each visit. More subjects initially randomized to allopurinol required ULT reassignment to achieve SUA < 6.0 mg/dl compared with subjects receiving febuxostat. Maintenance of SUA < 6.0 mg/dl resulted in progressive reduction to nearly 0 in proportion of subjects requiring gout flare treatment. Baseline tophus resolution was achieved by 46%, 36%, and 29% of subjects maintained on febuxostat 80 mg, febuxostat 120 mg, and allopurinol, respectively. Overall adverse event rates (including cardiovascular adverse event rates), adjusted for 10-fold greater febuxostat than allopurinol exposure, did not differ significantly among treatment groups.

Conclusion.

Durable maintenance of goal range SUA level with either dose of febuxostat or in smaller numbers of subjects with allopurinol resulted in near elimination of gout flares and improved tophus status over time. Registered as NCT00175019.