bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The German Social Democratic Party and the International Situation
Authors: Bretton Henry L.
Published: May 2006

Following the general election of September, 1953, the German Social Democratic party (SPD) finds itself in the role of a sole opposition party, a phenomenon in modern German politics. Confronted by a nearly solid phalanx of anti-socialist parties, the SPD approaches a period of crisis and of continuous strain. The ability of the Government to marshal an absolute majority at all times and a two-thirds majority when need be, threatens to relegate the party to virtual legislative impotence. Yet there are several factors militating for the continued existence of the SPD as a vigorous opposition party. Not having to compete with an irresponsible Communist organization in Western Germany, the SPD can be considered as the principal representative of the working class. Furthermore, its long history, its highly developed organizational apparatus, the discipline and devotion of its rank and file, coupled with the will to attain power, make the SPD a factor of relative significance in German as well as in European politics.

On the other hand, the dynamics of the East-West conflict, and especially Germany's geographic and political relation to it, tend to affect the political fortunes of the party somewhat adversely. The international situation represents a deadly challenge to the SPD and its survival as an influential political organization may well depend upon its ability to generate a counterforce to the pressures exerted upon Germany by the super-powers.
Nationalism and Democracy in the British Commonwealth: Some General Trends
Authors: Brady Alexander
Published: May 2006

The two dynamic political forces in the British Commonwealth are those of nationalism and democracy, and they are in close alliance. This fact is most evident in the older dominions, which were colonized from the British Isles, or, in the case of Canada and South Africa, partially colonized also from France and Holland. The genesis of their nationality was evident when as colonies they gropingly aspired to become autonomous political communities, standing on their own feet, seeking to shape their own future, not isolated from the metropolitan power, but also not subservient to it. In them the prevailing concept of a nation has been that of a people organized to achieve within the state the ends of popular freedom and political order. Owing to the liberating and levelling ways of the frontier, a new land provided special scope for the ideas and sentiments of democracy and hence the more readily generated among the people a potent sentiment for itself.
The Federal Bureaucracy and the Change of Administration
Authors: Somers Herman Miles
Published: May 2006

The period starting November 5, 1952 has been called “The Time of the Jitters” for the middle and upper levels of the federal bureaucracy. Political change is usually disruptive and always accompanied by uncertainty and insecurity. Intellectual acceptance of this truism does not insulate one from the effects any more than death and taxes, for all their recognized inevitability, cease to be sources of distress.

There were many reasons to anticipate that the 1952 election might result in a greater than usual degree of change, or at least of uncertainty. In many ways there were no real American precedents for the situation. The period of executive control by the outgoing party had been characterized by the unusual duration of 20 years, by highly controversial political policy, and by profound social change. This was the first change of administration under conditions of modern Big Government—the first since the American government found itself with accepted broad welfare and economic responsibility on the domestic scene and with major power responsibilities in a divided and warring world. Since the last full change, the size of the federal civil service had increased over 400 per cent, governmental expenditures over 16 fold. This was also to be the first full change of administration to show the effects of the 20th Amendment.
Communities of Memory: On Identity, Memory, and Debt
Authors: Booth W. James
Published: May 2006

I take up the question of political identity as the continuity of a community across time. In particular, I examine what it means to think of a political community as the subject of attribution across generations, that is, what is meant when it is made the bearer of responsibility for the past and a custodian of the future. In doing that, I focus on identity, memory, and responsibility and discuss that cluster of concepts using as an illustrative example the idea of constitutional patriotism and its relationship to the past.
The Effect of Political Trust on the Presidential Vote, 1968–96
Authors: Hetherington Marc J.
Published: May 2006

Scholars have consistently demonstrated that no link exists between declining political trust and declining turnout, but they have paid less attention to the effect of trust on vote choice. In an era characterized by declining trust, the incumbent party has lost, and third parties have strongly contested, four of the last eight presidential elections. Such outcomes are historically anomalous. This study demonstrates that declining political trust affects vote choice, but the electoral beneficiary differs according to electoral context. In two-candidate races, politically distrustful voters support candidates from the nonincumbent major party. In races with three viable candidates, third-party alternatives benefit from declining political trust at the expense of both major parties.
Lessons of Welfare: Policy Design, Political Learning, and Political Action
Authors: Soss Joe
Published: May 2006

This article explores the links between welfare participation and broader forms of political involvement. Adopting a political learning perspective, I present evidence that policy designs structure clients' program experiences in ways that teach alternative lessons about the nature of government. Through their experiences under a given policy design, welfare clients develop program-specific beliefs about the wisdom and efficacy of asserting themselves. Because clients interpret their experiences with welfare bureaucracies as evidence of how government works more generally, beliefs about the welfare agency and client involvement become the basis for broader political orientations. I conclude that the views of government that citizens develop through program participation help explain broader patterns of political action and quiescence.
Abstention in Elections with Asymmetric Information and Diverse Preferences
Authors: Feddersen Timothy J. , Pesendorfer Wolfgang
Published: May 2006

We analyze a model of a two-candidate election with costless voting in which voters have asymmetric information and diverse preferences. We demonstrate that a strictly positive fraction of the electorate will abstain and that, nevertheless, elections effectively aggregate voters' private information. Using examples, we show that more informed voters are more likely to vote than their less informed counterparts. Increasing the fraction of the electorate that is informed, however, may lead to higher levels of abstention. We conclude by showing that a biased distribution of information can lead to a biased voting population but does not lead to biased outcomes.
Three Ways of Thinking “Critically” about the Law
Authors: McCormick John P.
Published: May 2006

Radical criticisms of liberalism's method of legal adjudication focus on its excessive formalism, its tendency to foster indeterminacy, and its naive maintenance of the separation of political from legal concerns. I examine these arguments as they appear in the work of Carl Schmitt, on the Right, and the Critical Legal Studies (CLS) movement, on the Left. Jürgen Habermas has recently attempted to refute the positions of these most scalding twentieth-century critics of liberal adjudication. I argue that by so extensively engaging these theorists, and in fact liberalism itself, on their own grounds, Habermas has abandoned some of the distinctive strengths of what he previously practiced as a critical social theory in his new reflexive or discourse theory of law.
Mass Public Decisions on Go to War: A Cognitive-Interactionist Framework
Authors: Herrmann Richard K. , Tetlock Philip E. , Visser Penny S.
Published: May 2006

How do Americans decide whether their country should use military force abroad? We argue they combine dispositional preferences and ideas about the geopolitical situation. This article reports the results of a representative national survey that incorporated five experiments. Findings include the following: (1) Respondent dispositions, especially isolationism versus internationalism and assertiveness versus accommodativeness, consistently constrained policy preferences, whereas liberalism-conservatism did not; (2) features of the geopolitical context—the presence of U.S. interests, relative power, the images of the adversary's motivations, and judgments about cultural status—also influenced support for military intervention; and (3) systematic interactions emerged between dispositions and geopolitical context that shed light on when and why ideological disagreements about the use of force are likely to be amplified and attenuated by situational factors. Our results are consistent with a cognitive-interactionist perspective, in which people adapt broad predispositions in relatively thoughtful ways to specific foreign policy problems.
Assessing the Validity of the Postmaterialism Index
Authors: Davis Darren W. , Davenport Christian
Published: May 2006

Inglehart's postmaterialism thesis describes an individual-level process of value change. Little attention has been devoted to validating the responses to his postmaterialist-materialist index. The aggregate-level distributions may appear to reflect a postmaterialist-materialist dimension, even if at the individual level responses on the questions making up the index are random. The logic of the survey questions used for the index defines a baseline against which the actual distribution of responses can be compared. Using such a standard, we find that individual responses are not constrained by an underlying value dimension, in the sense that the observed patterns of responses increasingly do not differ from what one would expect by chance. Furthermore, as one would expect for a random variable, index scores are virtually unexplainable as a dependent variable, and they cannot be used to predict support for various political and social issues, said to flow from attitudes measured by the index.
Measuring Postmaterialism
Authors: Inglehart Ronald , Abramson Paul R.
Published: May 2006

This article responds to two critiques of the value change thesis in this issue. Davis and Davenport claim that the four-item index developed by Inglehart is invalid because respondents' first and second choices are randomly related and that it fails to predict respondents' positions on theoretically relevant social issues. We maintain that they make unwarranted assumptions about how responses to ipsative items should be related and demonstrate that the value indicators are powerful predictors. Clarke et al. argue that the trend toward postmaterialism does not result from long-term generational change but simply reflects declining inflation and rising unemployment over the past quarter-century. We show that period effects, particularly inflation, influence observed values. But after controlling for inflation, there is still a substantial shift toward postmaterialism. Moreover, rising unemployment partlyoffsetsthe effect of falling inflation.
Party Aggregation and the Number of Parties in India and the United States
Authors: Chhibber Pradeep , Kollman Ken
Published: May 2006

We rely on data from India and the United States to show that political and economic centralization can influence the number of national parties in single-member simple-plurality electoral systems. Historically, in both countries the number of parties in local electoral districts has been near two, but the number of national parties has fluctuated. Periods of a small number of national parties in both countries correspond to periods of centralization. We argue that, as national governments centralize power and make policies that affect local areas, candidates have greater incentives to associate with national organizations, and voters have greater incentives to abandon locally competitive but nationally noncompetitive parties.
On the Legitimacy of National High Courts
Authors: Gibson James L. , Caldeira Gregory A. , Baird Vanessa A.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this research is to examine theories of diffuse support and institutional legitimacy by testing hypotheses about the interrelationships among the salience of courts, satisfaction with court outputs, and diffuse support for national high courts. Like our predecessors, we are constrained by essentially cross-sectional data; unlike them, we analyze mass attitudes toward high courts in eighteen countries. Because our sample includes many countries with newly formed high courts, our cross-sectional data support several longitudinal inferences, using the age of the judicial institution as an independent variable. We discover that the U.S. Supreme Court is not unique in the esteem in which it is held and, like other courts, it profits from a tendency of people to credit it for pleasing decisions but not to penalize it for displeasing ones. Generally, older courts more successfully link specific and diffuse support, most likely due to satisfying successive, nonoverlapping constituencies.
Democracy, War Initiation, and Victory
Authors: Reiter Dan , Stam Allan C.
Published: May 2006

How do nation-states' political institutions affect the relations between states? This article addresses that question by testing the predictions of different theories linking political institutions to war outcomes. Specifically, rent-seeking and regime legitimacy theories predict that all democratic belligerents are more likely to win wars because they fight more effectively. Alternatively, other theories focusing on the domestic political vulnerability of leaders and the marketplace of ideas predict that democracies are likely to be more careful about choosing when to start war. This would mean that only democratic initiators are more likely to win. Analyzing all interstate wars from 1816 to 1982 with a multivariate probit model, we find that democratic initiators are significantly more likely to win wars; democratic targets are also more likely to win, though the relationship is not as strong. We also find empirical support for several control variables, including strategy, terrain, and capability.
A Statistical Model for Multiparty Electoral Data
Authors: Katz Jonathan N. , King Gary
Published: May 2006

We propose a comprehensive statistical model for analyzing multiparty, district-level elections. This model, which provides a tool for comparative politics research analogous to that which regression analysis provides in the American two-party context, can be used to explain or predict how geographic distributions of electoral results depend upon economic conditions, neighborhood ethnic compositions, campaign spending, and other features of the election campaign or aggregate areas. We also provide new graphical representations for data exploration, model evaluation, and substantive interpretation. We illustrate the use of this model by attempting to resolve a controversy over the size of and trend in the electoral advantage of incumbency in Britain. Contrary to previous analyses, all based on measures now known to be biased, we demonstrate that the advantage is small but meaningful, varies substantially across the parties, and is not growing. Finally, we show how to estimate the party from which each party's advantage is predominantly drawn.
Demand Competition and Policy Compromise in Legislative Bargaining
Authors: Morelli Massimo
Published: May 2006

I propose a new majoritarian bargaining model in which more than one implicit proposal can be on the table at the same time. Institutional differences from system to system affect the order of play, the equilibrium majorities, and the policy outcome. The ex post distribution of payoffs within a winning coalition is, however, invariant to fundamental institutional differences, and it is always proportional to the distribution of relative ex ante bargaining power. The bargaining process is modeled as a sequential demand game, in which players are called to propose a policy and to specify their desired share of the private benefits related to being in office. The order of play is endogenous, and the distribution of payoffs within an equilibrium majority usually does not depend on who is the proposal maker. The role of the head of state and the advantages to center parties are also studied.
Was James Madison Wrong? Rethinking the American Preference for Short, Framework-Oriented Constitutions
Authors: Hammons Christopher W.
Published: May 2006

American constitutional thought has long held that short, framework-oriented constitutions last longer than lengthy, statute-oriented constitutions. The longevity of the U.S. Constitution contributes heavily to this assumption. Not surprisingly, political scientists criticize state constitutions for their greater length and tendency to address issues better dealt with through ordinary statute law. These “defects” are frequently cited as responsible for the shorter lifespan of state constitutions. An examination of the 145 constitutions used by the American states since 1776, however, reveals a relationship among content, length, and durability that refutes the assumption that the design of the national constitution is necessarily superior. To the contrary, the analysis here reveals that longer and more detailed design of state constitutions actually enhances rather than reduces their longevity.
A Reply to J. Judd Owen
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: May 2006

Although J. Judd Owen's account of my work is on target in many ways, on some points he mischaracterizes my argument by making it claim or do too much. His misunderstandings flow in part from a conflating of two assertions: (1) that our convictions cannot be grounded in any independent source of authority and (2) that our convictions are ungrounded. I certainly assert the first but never the second. Rather, it is my contention that while we have no independent grounds—grounds implicated in no particular vision of life or comprehensive doctrine—we have, because we live within them, the grounds that are constitutive of our everyday lives, their practices and routines. What are the consequences of this argument? My answer is none whatsoever. If you are persuaded that no independent grounds are available, but that the grounds of your everyday practice are sufficient, you will feel neither disabled by what you do not need nor enabled by recognizing the nonindependent foundations you have always rested on and will continue to rest on. In the end, the most salient characteristic of my argument, a characteristic Owen resists, is its minimalism.
Fiscal Policy Outcomes and Electoral Accountability in American States
Authors: Lowry Robert C. , Alt James E. , Ferree Karen E.
Published: May 2006

Clear fiscal policy effects appear in American state gubernatorial and legislative elections between 1968 and 1992, independent of the effects of incumbency, coattails, term limits, and macroeconomic conditions. The results show that accountability is generally stronger following a period of unified party control than under divided government. Voter reactions to taxes and spending relative to the state economy are conditional on expectations, which differ for each party. Net of these expectations, Republican gubernatorial candidates lose votes if their party is responsible for unanticipated increases in the size of the state budget; Democrats do not and, indeed, may be rewarded for small increases. Independent of this, the incumbent governor's party is punished in legislative elections for failing to maintain fiscal balance. Taken together, these results show how electoral accountability for fiscal policy outcomes is strong but highly contingent on a complex configuration of party labels, partisan control, expectations, and institutions.
A Bargaining Model of Collective Choice
Authors: Banks Jeffrey s. , Duggan John
Published: May 2006

We provide a general theory of collective decision making, one that relates social choices to the strategic incentives of individuals, by generalizing the Baron-Ferejohn (1989) model of bargaining to the multidimensional spatial model. We prove existence of stationary equilibria, upper hemicontinuity of equilibrium outcomes in structural and preference parameters, and equivalence of equilibrium outcomes and the core in certain environments, including the one-dimensional case. The model generates equilibrium predictions even when the core is empty, and it yields a “continuous” generalization of the core in some familiar environments in which the core is nonempty. As the description of institutional detail in the model is sparse, it applies to collective choice in relatively unstructured settings and provides a benchmark for the general analysis of legislative and parliamentary politics.
Copper(I) Chloride‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction of Primary Amines with Electrophiles and α‐Halogen‐Substituted Allylsilanes to Form Unsymmetrical Tertiary Amines
Authors: Kozuka Makoto , Inoue Akihiko , Tsuchida Teruko , Mitani Michiharu
Published: May 2006

Tertiary amines with three different substituents, in one of which a vinylsilane functionality was included, were straightforwardly formed by the copper(I) chloride‐catalyzed tandem reaction of primary amines, α‐halogen‐substituted allylsilanes, and electrophiles such as electron‐deficient olefins, alkyl halides, alkyl tosylates, or epoxides. In the case using electron‐deficient olefins as the electrophile, the addition of chloroacetone to the reaction system afforded the three‐component coupling reaction more effectively. The addition of trimethyl borate as a co‐catalyst improved the yields of the three‐component coupling products in the reaction using alkyl halides, alkyl tosylates, or epoxides as the electrophiles, although the reaction times were lengthened.
Pyrazolate‐Based Dinuclear α‐Diimine‐Type Palladium(II) and Nickel(II) Complexes – a Bimetallic Approach in Olefin Polymerisation
Authors: Noël Gilles , Röder Jens C. , Dechert Sebastian , Pritzkow Hans , Bolk Lars , Mecking Stefan , Meyer Franc
Published: May 2006

A series of compartmental pyrazole/imine dinucleating ligands HL1–HL4 have been prepared with different backbone substitutents and different steric bulk of the appending arylimine groups, and two of them have been structurally characterised. With PdCl2 all ligands form the anticipated pyrazolate‐bridged bimetallic complexes LPd2Cl3 (1a–4a) that feature square‐planar metal ions, as is confirmed by the X‐ray crystallographic analyses of L1Pd2Cl3 (1a) and L3Pd2Cl3 (3a). With NiBr2(dme), however, oligonuclear systems [LNi2Br3]x (1b–4b) are formed according to mass spectrometric findings, which is corroborated by the crystallographic structure of [L3Ni2Br3]3. Complexes 1a–4a can be described as bimetallic versions of Brookhart‐type α‐diimine palladium complexes, where dissociation into mononuclear species is prevented by the dinucleating scaffold and the proximate metal ions are suitably positioned to work in concert during substrate transformation. Upon activation of the complexes with MAO and exposure to ethylene, polyethylene is formed. Whereas the palladium complexes display moderate activities, nickel complexes are very active. From structure/activity correlations it is evident that the presence of backbone substitutents at the pyrazolate scaffold as well as bulky ortho aryl substituents is advantageous for polymerisation. Overall, activities of the Ni complexes and the microstructure of the polymer obtained (total branching, Tm and molecular weights) are still rather similar to the data reported previously for mononuclear cationic diimine nickel complexes.
Palladium/Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Reactions of Bicyclic Hydrazines with Organostannanes: A General Methodology for the Stereoselective Synthesis of 3,4‐Disubstituted Cyclopentenes
Authors: Sajisha V. S. , Radhakrishnan K. V.
Published: May 2006

Pd/Lewis acid‐catalyzed reactions of bicyclic hydrazines with organostannanes afforded the 3,4‐disubstituted cyclopentenes in excellent yields. The reaction is milder and is the first general methodology developed for the stereoselective synthesis of trans, vicinal disubstituted cyclopentenes. The results show that organostannanes with easily functionalizable moieties can be efficiently utilized in the ring opening of bicyclic hydrazines leading to the stereoselective formation of 3,4‐disubstituted cyclopentenes. The products, having a wide range of substituents, are important intermediates in the synthesis of biologically active molecules like cyclopentenyl nucleosides, glycosidase inhibitors etc.
Efficient Synthesis of 2‐Substituted Indoles Based on Palladium(II) Acetate/Tri‐tert‐butylphosphine‐Catalyzed Alkynylation/Amination of 1,2‐Dihalobenzenes
Authors: Tang Zhen‐Yu , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: May 2006

A simple, efficient palladium(II) acetate/tri‐tert‐butylphosphine‐catalyzed indole synthesis from o‐alkynylhalobenzenes, readily available from 1,2‐dihalobenzenes, has been achieved in good to excellent yields. A one‐pot, Pd(OAc)2/t‐Bu3P‐catalyzed sequential reaction from 1‐chloro‐2‐iodobenzene, phenylacetylene and amines has also been achieved in good yields.
Titelbild: Mesoporöse organisch‐anorganische Hybridmaterialien auf Silicabasis (Angew. Chem. 20/2006)
Authors: Hoffmann Frank , Cornelius Maximilian , Morell Jürgen , Fröba Michael
Published: May 2006

Wie Bienenwaben sehen oft die Porenstrukturen aus, die von mesoporösen organisch‐anorganischen Hybridmaterialien auf Silicabasis gebildet werden. Im Aufsatz auf S. 3290 ff. geben Fröba et al. einen Überblick über deren Präparation. Das Bild zeigt Hybride, bei denen die Poren mit Cyclam (Komplexierungsreagens), Sulfo‐Rhodamin B (Laserfarbstoff) und einem Cinchoninderivat (zur heterogenen asymmetrischen Katalyse) ausgekleidet sind. Besonderes Augenmerk wird auf die Klasse der periodisch mesoporösen Organosilicas (PMOs) gelegt.
A robust hybrid peptide crystal formed with weak hydrogen bonds
Authors: Karle Isabella L. , Venkateshwarlu P. , Ranganathan S.
Published: May 2006

In the course of our work relating to the design of a bihelical structure (I) from diphenic anhydride by tethering with cystine di‐OMe, stable, hard, and rigid crystals, mp 215–218°C were isolated in low yields (∼2%). The crystal structure established that it was a bis amide (II) arising from diphenic acid and cystine di‐OMe [(II), C22H22N2O6S2 (a = 9.897 (1) Å, b = 12.210 (1) Å, c = 18.192 (1) Å, sp. gr. P212121)]. An authentic sample of (II) was subsequently prepared in 47% yields by condensation of diphenic acid dichloride with cystine di‐OMe. A most surprising feature of II was, despite its high density, rigidity, and hardness, it did not exhibit any normal hydrogen bonds. The nearest approximation to a “usual” hydrogen bond was the single NH···OC linkage that occurred between molecules along a twofold screw axis. In this linkage, N···O = 3.265 Å and H···O = 2.43 Å, values that are at least 10% longer than those usually observed in peptides. The rigidity of the crystals appears to depend upon many weak hydrogen bonds of the type CH···O, CH···π, CH···S, and NH···S working in concert. Even these attractions have separations that are at the high end of the range of previously observed values, although some of the weak hydrogen bonds have been rarely reported and have poorly defined ranges. The attractive effect of each of these weak bonds may be enhanced by the occurrence of a number of them in a parallel fashion like rungs in a ladder. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 502–507, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
System‐wide analysis of hepatotoxicological responses: Tissomics is key
Authors: Kriete Andres , Boyce Keith , Love Bradley
Published: May 2006

Background:

Combining diverse data streams across different levels of biological observation, such as molecular, cellular, and clinical chemistry responses, support a system‐wide diagnostic approach. Recent progress in slide‐based cytometry contributes to the development of tissomics, a high‐throughput and high‐content phenotyping methodology that provides data‐rich profiles of cellular heterogeneity in tissues enabling correlative statistical treatments over multiple scales of biological hierarchies.

Methods:

Phenotypical data are covariants that can be used as biomarkers to identify relevant candidate genes by associating initiating molecular events with phenotypical changes and adverse outcomes. We introduce a procedure of combined statistical and analytical tools to identify and visualize such associations for nonpooled entities. The new utility is applied to a time‐controlled, low‐dose toxicological study including a control and two xenobiotic compounds.

Results:

An integrated analysis identified specific molecular and phenotypical biomarkers, which support the classification of animals in the absence of any visual indicators from pathology readings.

Discussion:

The introduction of controlled perturbations to tissues provides a prototypical setting to develop a sensitive, systems‐based analysis methodology suitable for a broader range of biomedical applications. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Biodegradation process of α‐TCP particles and new bone formation in a rabbit cranial defect model
Authors: Kihara Hidemichi , Shiota Makoto , Yamashita Yasuo , Kasugai Shohei
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the present study was to observe the biodegradation process of pure α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) particles and to determine the efficacy of α‐TCP as a space maintainer in a bone defect. We used 14 rabbits and prepared two cranial bone defects in each rabbit. One defect was left empty as a control, whereas the other was filled with α‐TCP particles about 300 μm in diameter. Animals were sacrificed at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks. The cranial bone was then embedded either in paraffin wax for the preparation of decalcified specimens, or in polyester resin for the preparation of nondecalcified specimens. All specimens were evaluated histologically and histomorphometrically. As a consequence of the degradation of α‐TCP, a “reticulate structure” appeared in the particles at 1 week and new bone was observed in this structure at 8 weeks. The amount of new bone between the control and experimental groups was not significantly different at any of the time points. However, in the experimental group, new bone at the surface of α‐TCP was evident even in the center of the defect whereas fibrous connective tissue was dominant in the control group. These results indicate that α‐TCP is a degradable osteoconductive material that is able to act as a space maintainer for bone regeneration when applied to a bone defect. While there was no significant difference in total bone formation between the experimental and negative control groups, the space‐maintaining and osteoconductive properties of the particles may result in more complete bone formation in longer‐term studies. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Microindentation test for assessing the mechanical properties of cartilaginous tissues
Authors: Li Xiaodong , An Yuehuei H. , Wu Yii‐Der , Song Ying Ching , Chao Yuh J. , Chien Chi‐Hui
Published: May 2006

Mechanical properties of the fresh control, frozen, and vitrified cartilaginous (cartilage and meniscus) samples were measured by microindentation. Indentation depth, elastic modulus, and indentation yield strength were obtained from the microindentation loading curves. Indentation deformation behavior was studied using Hertz contact model. The stress distribution of cartilaginous tissues under indentation loading was analyzed by finite element technique. It was found that fresh tissue shows the lowest indentation depth and the highest elastic modulus and indentation yield strength, followed by vitrified and frozen tissues. The vitrified tissue shows slightly lower but comparable mechanical properties with control tissue. The vitrification technique used in this study can preserve live cells with superior mechanical properties that make it an ideal technique for use in orthopedic and other biomedical applications. The microindentation tests and corresponding analysis methods used in this study offer a simple way to evaluate the mechanical properties of cartilaginous tissues. It suits small sample sizes and it may be used for other biological tissues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Calcium‐deficient apatite synthesized by ammonia hydrolysis of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate: Influence of temperature, time, and pressure
Authors: Obadia Laetitia , Rouillon Thierry , Bujoli Bruno , Daculsi Guy , Bouler Jean Michel
Published: May 2006

In this work, calcium‐deficient apatites (CDA) were synthesized by ammonia hydrolysis reaction of dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD; CaHPO4·2H2O) to obtain biphasic calcium phosphates (BCP) without any extraionic substitution. The influence of three parameters was studied: temperature of the reaction (70 and 100°C), time of the reaction (4 and 18 h), and the pressure (open and closed system). Experiments were made according to a factorial design method (FDM) allowing optimization of the number of samples as well as statistical analysis of results. Moreover, the influence of temperature (until 200°C) was investigated. The crystal size of CDA was determined according to the Scherrer's formula and from Rietveld refinements taking the CDA anisotropy into account. The last method seems to be a reliable method to determine crystallite sizes of CDA, since crystallite sizes of CDA along <00l> and  directions were accessible. The results describe the hydroxyapatite % (HA%) in BCP by a first‐order polynomial equation in the experimental area studied and the HA content was found to increase by raising time and temperature of the reaction. Moreover, the type of reaction system (open/closed vessel) appeared to have little influence on HA%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Protein adsorption onto polyester surfaces: Is there a need for surface activation?
Authors: Atthoff Björn , Hilborn Jöns
Published: May 2006

Surface hydrolysis of polyester scaffolds is a convenient technique suggested to promote protein adsorption for improving cell attachment. We have, therefore, investigated the effect of hydrolysis of polyester surfaces for protein adsorption to clarify the conditions needed. Three polyesters, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and poly(glycolic acid) (PGA), were selected. Adsorption was investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Hydrolyzed PET adsorbed significantly more proteins than nonhydrolyzed. Degradable polymers adsorbed at higher rates when the polymers were hydrolyzed prior to adsorption, but the same amount as nonhydrolyzed, suggesting spontaneous hydrolysis during the adsorption. XPS shows that hydrolysis prior to absorption for PET results in a surface nitrogen composition of ∼14%, similar to pure protein (16%). Nonhydrolyzed PET surfaces showed only ∼7% nitrogen, indicating protein layers thinner than ∼10 nm. Adsorption to PLA and PGA shows nitrogen contents of 14–15% in both cases. SEM revealed striking differences in morphology of the protein coating. Hydrolyzed or spontaneously hydrolyzable surfaces display a pronounced fibrous structure while nonhydrolyzed surfaces give smooth structures. In combination, the results show that surface hydrolysis increase adsorption rate, but not the amount of proteins on polyesters that degrades in vivo. Surface treatment of nondegradable polyester increases the total amount of proteins and induces the formation of fibrous protein structures. Post hydrolysis treatment by acetic acid, replacing the counter‐ion to a proton, further enhances protein attachment. Finally, cell attachment experiments verifies that protein adsorption increase the cell attachment to polyester surfaces. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Comparing the validity of multiple social effectiveness constructs in the prediction of managerial job performance
Authors: Semadar Assaf , Robins Garry , Ferris Gerald R.
Published: May 2006

Social effectiveness constructs have been receiving increased attention in organizational research. However, the proliferation of such constructs raises questions of their relative effectiveness as predictors of job performance when used in multivariate comparison. The current study examined four social effectiveness constructs (i.e., self‐monitoring, leadership self‐efficacy, emotional intelligence and political skill) in the prediction of managerial job performance. Bivariate correlations showed that performance was predicted by social effectiveness constructs with the exception of self‐monitoring. Multiple regression analyses, using gender and seniority as control variables, found political skill to be the strongest predictor and that it has significant incremental validity in the prediction of performance over the prediction provided by the other three social effectiveness constructs as a set. Strengths and limitations of the study are discussed, as are directions for future research. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetic evidence for the copper peroxide intermediate with two copper ions in proximity
Authors: Selvarani S. , Medona B. , Ramachandran M. S.
Published: May 2006

The decomposition of caroate (peroxomonosulfate, PMS) is catalyzed by Cu(II) ions even at 5 × 10−5 M in aqueous alkaline solution. The rate is second order in copper(II) ions concentrations and first order in [PMS]. The rate constant values are found to decrease with increase in hydroxide ion concentrations. The turnover number for the reaction is estimated as >1000. The experimental results suggest that the formation of peroxide type intermediate with two copper(II) ions is the rate‐determining step. This peroxide intermediate reacts with another molecule of PMS to give the products oxygen, SO and copper ions. The overall entropy of activation is positive with a value of ∼20 cals/mol/K. The very high turnover number suggests that Cu(II) ion is one of the best catalysts for the decomposition of caroate ions in alkaline medium. The reaction also represents a system in which metal ion catalyzed decomposition of caroate does not involve radical intermediates. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 439–443, 2006
Gas‐phase chemistry of dihydromyrcenol with ozone and OH radical: Rate constants and products
Authors: Forester Crystal D. , Ham Jason E. , Wells J. R.
Published: May 2006

A bimolecular rate constant, kOH + dihydromyrcenol, of (38 ± 9) × 10−12 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was measured using the relative rate technique for the reaction of the hydroxyl radical (OH) with 2,6‐dimethyl‐7‐octen‐2‐ol (dihydromyrcenol,) at 297 ± 3 K and 1 atm total pressure. Additionally, an upper limit of the bimolecular rate constant, k, of approximately 2 × 10−18 cm3 molecule−1 s−1 was determined by monitoring the decrease in ozone (O3) concentration in an excess of dihydromyrcenol. To more clearly define part of dihydromyrcenol's indoor environment degradation mechanism, the products of the dihydromyrcenol + OH and dihydromyrcenol + O3 reactions were also investigated. The positively identified dihydromyrcenol/OH and dihydromyrcenol/O3 reaction products were acetone, 2‐methylpropanal (OCHCH(CH3)2), 2‐methylbutanal (OCHCH(CH3)CH2CH3), ethanedial (glyoxal, HC(O)C(O)H), 2‐oxopropanal (methylglyoxal, CH3C(O)C(O)H). The use of derivatizing agents O‐(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzyl)hydroxylamine (PFBHA) and N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) clearly indicated that several other reaction products were formed. The elucidation of these other reaction products was facilitated by mass spectrometry of the derivatized reaction products coupled with plausible dihydromyrcenol/OH and dihydromyrcenol/O3 reaction mechanisms based on previously published volatile organic compound/OH and volatile organic compound/O3 gas‐phase reaction mechanisms. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.*

This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain of the United States of America

Int J Chem Kinet 38: 451–463, 2006
Array‐comparative genomic hybridization to detect genomewide changes in microdissected primary and metastatic oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Liu Chung‐Ji , Lin Shu‐Chun , Chen Yann‐Jang , Chang Kuo‐Ming , Chang Kuo‐Wei
Published: May 2006

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common worldwide malignancy. However, it is unclear what, if any, genomic alterations occur as the disease progresses to invasive and metastatic OSCC. This study used genomewide array‐CGH in microdissected specimens to map genetic alterations found in primary OSCC and neck lymph node metastases. We used array‐based comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) to screen genomewide alterations in eight pairs of microdissected tissue samples from primary and metastatic OSCC. In addition, 25 primary and metastatic OSCC tissue pairs were examined with immunohistochemistry for protein expression of the most frequently altered genes. The highest frequencies of gains were detected in LMYC, REL, TERC, PIK3CA, MYB, MDR1, HRAS, GARP, CCND2, FES, HER2, SIS, and SRY. The highest frequencies of losses were detected in p44S10, TIF1, LPL, MTAP, BMI1, EGR2, and MAP2K5. Genomic alterations in TGFβ2, cellular retinoid‐binding protein 1 gene (CRBP1), PIK3CA, HTR1B, HRAS, ERBB3, and STK6 differed significantly between primary OSCC and their metastatic counterparts. Genomic alterations in PRKCZ, ABL1, and FGF4 were significantly different in patients who died compared with those who survived. Immunohistochemistry confirmed high PIK3CA immunoreactivity in primary and metastatic OSCC. Higher FGF4 immunoreactivity in primary OSCC is associated with a worse prognosis. Loss of CRBP1 immunoreactivity is evident in primary and metastatic OSCC. Our study suggests that precise genomic profiling can be useful in determining gene number changes in OSCC. As our understanding of these changes grow, this profiling may become a practical tool for clinical evaluation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic expression of neurotrophic factor receptors in postnatal spinal motoneurons and in mouse model of ALS
Authors: Zhang Jiasheng , Huang Eric J.
Published: May 2006

Neurotrophic factors support the survival of spinal motoneurons (MNs) and have been considered as strong candidates for treating motoneuron diseases. However, it is unclear if the right combination of neurotrophic factor receptors is present in postnatal spinal MNs. In this study, we show that the level of c‐ret expression remains relatively stable in embryonic and postnatal spinal MNs. In contrast, the mRNA and protein of GFRα1 and ‐2 are progressively down‐regulated in postnatal life. By 3 and 6 months of age, both receptors are barely detectable in spinal MNs. The down‐regulation of GFRα1 appears accelerated in transgenic mice expressing mutant SOD1G93A. Despite the progressive loss of GFRα1 and ‐2, phosphorylation of c‐ret shows no detectable reduction on tyrosine residues or on serine 696. In addition to the GFRα subunits, expression of TrkB also shows a dynamic change. During embryogenesis, there is twice as much full‐length TrkB as the truncated TrkB isoform. However, this ratio is reversed in postnatal spinal cord. Expression of the mutant SOD1G93A appears to have no effect on the TrkB receptor ratio. Taken together, our data indicate that the expression of neurotrophic factor receptors, GFRα1, ‐2, and TrkB, is not static, but undergoes dynamic changes in postnatal spinal MNs. These results provide insights into the use of neurotrophic factors as therapeutic agents for ALS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol, 2006
Assignment of 1H NMR spectrum and investigation of oxidative degradation of poly(ethylenimine) using 1H and 13C 1‐D and 2‐D NMR
Authors: Idris Salah A , Mkhatresh Omar A , Heatley Frank
Published: May 2006

The 1H NMR spectrum of poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) has been assigned using two‐dimensional NMR correlation with the previously established assignment of the 13C spectrum. The oxidative thermal and UV degradation of PEI has been studied using mass loss measurements, and NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Analysis of the spectra of the degradation products shows that the degradation process may readily be monitored, particularly by 13C NMR. The major products are formamide and other amide groups which may be understood in terms of chain scission and dehydration reactions of hydroperoxides. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
The effect of area closures on the demersal fish community off the east coast of Iceland
Authors: Jaworski Andrzej , Solmundsson Jon , Ragnarsson Stefan Aki
Published: May 2006

The effect of reduced fishing effort on the demersal fish community, following area closures in 1993, was analysed for two protected areas off the east coast of Iceland, Digranesflak and Breiddalsgrunn. The data were collected using a standardized bottom trawl during groundfish surveys in the period 1985–2004. The aspects of the fish community that were analysed included abundance by size class, mean size, species richness, diversity, and composition. The analysis was conducted for closed areas and adjacent reference (fished) areas, as well as for periods before and after the closure (and also after the re-opening in Breiddalsgrunn), using an ANOVA model and planned comparisons. The closure had a favourable impact on abundance of haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and small long rough dab (Hippoglossoides platessoides) in Digranesflak, and on exploitable sizes of haddock and cod (Gadus morhua) in Breiddalsgrunn. The mean size of haddock increased considerably within the protected areas relative to the reference areas: by 16 cm in Digranesflak and by 10 cm in Breiddalsgrunn. Species richness, diversity, and composition varied over the study period and between areas, but no effect of area closure was found. The observed changes in the fish community in Breiddalsgrunn were reversed within 7 years of the re-opening of the area to fishing. The possible causes for the observed patterns of response to area closures are discussed.