bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EGFR Downregulation after Anti-EGFR Therapy Predicts the Antitumor Effect in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Okada Yasuyuki , Kimura Tetsuo , Nakagawa Tadahiko , Okamoto Koichi , Fukuya Akira , Goji Takahiro , Fujimoto Shota , Sogabe Masahiro , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Muguruma Naoki , Tsuji Yasushi , Okahisa Toshiya , Takayama Tetsuji
Published: July 2017

Anti-EGFR mAb is reported to induce EGFR internalization in colorectal cancer cells. However, the biological relevance of EGFR internalization with anti-EGFR mAb is unknown. Therefore, the relevance of EGFR downregulation with anti-EGFR mAb to antitumor activity in colorectal cancer cells was investigated. Quantification of EGFR on the cell surface before cetuximab treatment was assessed by flow cytometry, and its growth-inhibitory effects were measured by Trypan blue exclusion, in 10 RAS, BRAF wild-type colorectal cancer cell lines, but there was no significant correlation between EGFR number and its growth-inhibitory effect. However, a significant correlation existed between the percentage decrease in the number of EGFRs after cetuximab treatment and its growth-inhibitory effect in those cell lines. Treatment with TGFα, a ligand for EGFR, induced EGFR internalization in colorectal cancer cells, but most EGFRs subsequently recycled to the cell surface, consistent with previous studies. While cetuximab treatment induced EGFR internalization, most receptors subsequently translocated into the late endosome, leading to lysosomal degradation, as revealed by immunoblotting and double immunofluorescence. Cetuximab-sensitive colorectal cancer cells showed greater EGFR internalization, stronger cell growth inhibition, and more augmented apoptotic signals than nonsensitive cells. IHC for EGFR, performed using an EGFR pharmDx Kit (mouse anti-human EGFR mAb clone 2-18C9), in clinical specimens before and after anti-EGFR mAb therapy in 13 colorectal cancer patients showed a significant correlation between the response to anti-EGFR mAb and decreased staining after therapy.

Implications: This report clearly demonstrates that anti-EGFR mAb facilitates internalization and subsequent degradation of EGFRs in lysosomes, which is an important determinant of the efficacy of anti-EGFR mAb treatment for colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(10); 1445–54. ©2017 AACR.
Chemotherapy during Pregnancy: Cases of Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, Chronic Myeloid Leukemia, Breast Cancer, Nasopharyngeal Cancer, and Choriocarcinoma
Authors: Beksac Kemal , Orgul Gokcen , Ozyuncu Ozgur , Yurdakok Murat , Altundag Kadri , Beksac Mehmet S.
Published: July 2017

Background: The use of chemotherapeutics during pregnancy is a dilemma for both the patient and the clinician. We report here our 11 years' experience with the use of chemotherapy during pregnancy. Patients: 13 patients undergoing chemotherapy during their current pregnancy were evaluated. The medical data of 5 patients with hematologic malignancies (2 Hodgkin's, 2 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and 1 chronic myeloid leukemia), 6 patients with breast cancer, 1 patients with nasopharyngeal cancer, and 1 patient with choriocarcinoma were retrospectively obtained from the ‘perinatal database' of Hacettepe University for the period of January 2002 through March 2016. Results: 4 patients had a medical termination due to teratologic effects. 4 patients had a vaginal delivery, and 5 patients delivered by caesarean section. The 9 newborns who had been exposed to chemotherapeutics were free of congenital anomalies. However, 1 of them died in the early neonatal period due to multi-organ failure (nasopharyngeal cancer). During the 2-year follow-up, we encountered 1 maternal mortality, which was due to multi-organ failure in a non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patient. Conclusion: Physicians must pay attention to potential teratologic problems, and should carefully balance maternal and fetal risks. Selected chemotherapeutic agents can be given in the 2nd and 3rd trimester without any major teratogenic risk. All 9 newborns in our study were free of anomalies, although 1 of them died in the neonatal period.
Aussicht auf neue therapeutische Interventionsansätze bei allergischer Rhinitis
Authors: Mahler Vera
Published: July 2017

Ziele: Mastzellen (MZ) und Nerven spielen eine wichtige Rolle bei allergischer Rhinitis (AR), doch über ihre Interaktion untereinander im Rahmen der AR ist wenig bekannt. Das Ziel dieser Studie war die Untersuchung der Interaktion zwischen MZ und Nerven in der menschlichen Nasenschleimhaut bei AR. Methoden: Die Assoziation zwischen MZ und Nerven, die Expression von Neuropeptid-Rezeptoren (Neurokinin-1-Rezeptor (NK1R), Neurokinin-2-Rezeptor (NK2R), Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Receptor (CGRPR) und MrgX2) auf MZ und die Expression von Protease-aktiviertem Rezeptor 2 (PAR2) und Tyrosinkinase-Rezeptor A (TrkA) auf Nervenfasern in der menschlichen Nasenschleimhaut wurden mit Immunfluoreszenz und Echtzeit-PCR untersucht. Ergebnisse: Zwischen MZ und Nerven wurde eine signifikant erhöhte Assoziation festgestellt, obwohl die Anzahl der MZ und Nervenfasern bei AR unverändert war. Tryptase-Chymase exprimierende MZ (MZTC) waren häufig mit Nervenfasern assoziiert, und diese Kontakte lagen bei AR in signifikant erhöhtem Maße vor. Die Neuropeptid Rezeptoren NK1R, NK2R und CGRPR wurden erstmals in hohem Maße auf MZ lokalisiert nachgewiesen. Die Anzahl der NK1R- und NK2R-, nicht aber CGRPR-exprimierenden MZ war bei AR signifikant erhöht. Interessanterweise exprimierten vor allem MZTC diese Neuropeptid-Rezeptoren. Der neu entdeckte Tachykinin-Rrezeptor MrgX2 wurde nicht von den nasalen MZ, aber von Drüsenzellen und bei AR in erhöhtem Maße exprimiert. Darüber hinaus wurde festgestellt, dass tachykinerge Nervenfasern PAR2 oder TrkA als Rezeptoren für MZ exprimieren. Schlussfolgerungen: Diese Studie belegt erstmals eine verstärkte MZ-Nerven-Assoziation und Neuropeptid-Rezeptor-Expression auf MZ bei AR sowie Nervenfasern mit Rezeptoren für MZ. Diese Ergebnisse deuten darauf hin, dass das Targeting oder die Kontrolle der sensorischen Nervenfunktion der Atemwege als Modulator der MZ allergische Atemwegsentzündungen wie die AR verhindern könnte.
Hidradenitis suppurativa: Systemische Inflammation als Ursache berücksichtigen
Authors: Makrantonaki Evgenia
Published: July 2017

Hintergrund: Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) ist eine chronisch-entzündliche Hauterkrankung. Die Evidenzlage spricht zunehmend dafür, dass dysfunktionelle Immunreaktionen sowohl der adaptiven als auch der angeborenen Immunität an HS beteiligt sind. Die kürzlich postulierte Assoziation der HS mit dem metabolischen Syndrom könnte zusätzlich zum Entzündungsgeschehen bei HS beitragen. Ziel: Untersuchung des Entzündungsstatus und des Leukozytenprofils im peripheren Blut von HS-Patienten. Material und Methoden: In einer komparativ aufgebauten Querschnittstudie untersuchten wir hochsensitives C-reaktives Protein (hs-CRP) und das Leukozytenprofil in Blutproben von stationär behandelten HS-Patienten (HS-HOSP), laut Selbstauskunft an HS leidenden Patienten aus der Allgemeinbevölkerung (HS-POP) sowie Populationskontrollen. Ergebnisse: Unsere Studie umfasste 32 Personen in der HS-HOSP-Gruppe, 430 in der HS-POP-Gruppe und 20 780 Kontrollen. Der mediane hs-CRP-Wert betrug in der HS-HOSP Gruppe 5,1 mg/l (Quartilsabstand 2,6-8,2), in der HS-POP-Gruppe 2,2 mg/l (1,0-4,3) und bei den Kontrollen 1,3 mg/l (0,7-2,9). Eine nach Lebensalter und Geschlecht adjustierte Analyse ergab ei- nen signifikant höheren hs-CRP-Wert für beide HS-Gruppen im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe (p < 0,0001). In der nach Alter und Geschlecht adjustierten Analyse war in beiden HS-Gruppen die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Leukozytose im Vergleich zur Kontrolle signifikant erhöht; die Odds Ratio lag für die HS-HOSP-Gruppe bei 4,38 (95-%-KI = 2,18-8,80; p < 0,0001) und für die HS-POP-Gruppe bei 1,95 (95-%-KI = 1,58-2,42; p < 0,0001). Das nach Lebensalter und Geschlecht adjustierte Leukozyten-Differentialblutbild ergab signifikant höhere Werte für neutrophile Granulozyten (p < 0,0001) und Monozyten (p = 0,0014; p = 0,0004) in den HS-Gruppen im Vergleich zu den Kontrollen. Schlussfolgerung: Die mit HS assoziierten hs-CRP-Werte scheinen im intermediären Bereich zu liegen (2,2-5,1 mg/l), was eher auf eine systemische Inflammation als auf eine Infektion hindeutet. Bei der Leukozytose im peripheren Blut bei HS standen neutrophile Granulozyten und Monozyten im Mittelpunkt.
Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Predictor of Acute Kidney Injury, Severe Kidney Injury, and the Need for Renal Replacement Therapy in the Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Albeladi Fatma I. , Algethamy Haifa M.
Published: July 2017

Background: Recent attempts were made to identify early indicators of acute kidney injury (AKI) in order to accelerate treatment and hopefully improve outcomes. This study aims to assess the value of urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) as a predictor of AKI, severe AKI, and the need for renal replacement therapy (RRT). Methods: We conducted a prospective study and included adults admitted to our intensive care unit (ICU) at King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH), between May 2012 and June 2013, who had at least 1 major risk factor for AKI. They were followed up throughout their hospital stay to identify which potential characteristics predicted any of the above 3 outcomes. We collected information on patients’ age and gender, the Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation, version II (APACHE II) score, the Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score, serum creatinine and cystatin C levels, and uNGAL. We compared ICU patients who presented with any of the 3 outcomes with others who did not. Results: We included 75 patients, and among those 21 developed AKI, 18 severe AKI, and 17 required RRT. Bivariate analysis revealed intergroup differences for almost all clinical variables (e.g., patients with AKI vs. patients without AKI); while multivariate analysis identified mean arterial pressure as the only predictor for AKI (p < 0.001) and the SOFA score (p = 0.04) as the only predictor for severe AKI. For RRT, day 1 maximum uNGAL was the stronger predictor (p < 0.001) when compared to admission diagnosis (p = 0.014). Day 1 and day 2 maximum uNGAL levels were good and excellent predictors for future RRT, but only fair to good predictors for AKI and severe AKI. Conclusions: Maximum urine levels of uNGAL measured over the first and second 24 h of an ICU admission were highly accurate predictors of the future need for RRT, however less accurate at detecting early and severe AKI.
Natural History of Fetal Lower Urinary Tract Obstruction with Normal Amniotic Fluid Volume at Initial Diagnosis
Authors: Johnson Mark P. , Danzer Enrico , Koh Jamie , Polzin William , Harman Chris , O'Shaughnessy Richard , Brown Richard , Zaretsky Michael V. ,   for the North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet)
Published: July 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to define the natural history of lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) with normal midgestational amniotic fluid volumes. Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective review of 32 consecutive patients with LUTO with normal midgestational amniotic fluid volume followed at 11 North American Fetal Therapy Network (NAFTNet) centers from August 2007 to May 2012. Normal amniotic fluid volume was defined as an amniotic fluid index (AFI) of ≥9 cm. Results: The mean gestational age (GA) and AFI at enrollment were 23.1 ± 2.1 weeks and 15.8 ± 3.9 cm, respectively. The mean GA at delivery was 37.3 ± 2.8 weeks. The mean creatinine level at discharge was 1.2 ± 0.8 mg/dL. Perinatal survival was 97%. Twenty-five patients returned for serial postnatal assessment. Renal replacement therapy (RRT) was required in 32%. Development of oligohydramnios and/or anhydramnios, development of cortical renal cysts, posterior urethral valves, prematurity, and prolonged neonatal intensive care unit stay were associated with need for RRT (p < 0.05) by univariate analysis. By multivariate analysis, preterm delivery remained predictive of need for RRT (p = 0.004). Conclusion: Prenatal diagnosis of LUTO with normal midgestational amniotic fluid volumes is associated with acceptable renal function in the majority of patients. Approximately one-third of these children require RRT. Surrogate markers of disease severity appear to be predictive of need for RRT.
Heilpflanzentraditionen für die Leber
Authors: Dal Cero Maja
Published: July 2017

Die Medizinalflora der Schweiz umfasst eine breite Auswahl an Pflanzen zur Unterstützung der Leber. Löwenzahn (Taraxacum officinale), Mariendistel (Silybum marianum), Gelber Enzian (Gentiana lutea), Schafgarbe (Achillea millefolium) usw. werden sowohl als Hausmittel als auch in der rationalen Phytotherapie eingesetzt. Einige der heute noch gebräuchlichen Leberpflanzen weisen eine jahrhundertealte Tradition auf und werden bereits seit der Antike für diese Anwendung beschrieben.
Nobiletin, a Polymethoxy Flavonoid, Protects Against Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Pressure-Overload via Inhibition of NAPDH Oxidases and Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Authors: Zhang Ning , Wei Wen-Ying , Yang Zheng , Che Yan , Jin Ya-Ge , Liao Hai-Han , Wang Sha-sha , Deng Wei , Tang Qi-Zhu
Published: July 2017

Background/Aims: An increase in oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathophysiology of pressure-overload induced cardiac hypertrophy. Nobiletin (NOB), extracted from the fruit peel of citrus, possesses anti-oxidative property. Our study aimed to investigate the protective role of NOB in the progression of cardiac hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro. Methods: Mice received aortic banding (AB) operation to induce cardiac hypertrophy. Experimental groups were as follows: sham+vehicle (VEH/SH), sham+NOB (NOB/SH), AB+vehicle (VEH/AB), and AB+ NOB (NOB/AB). Animals (n = 15 per group) were treated with vehicle or NOB (50 mg/kg) for 4 weeks after disease onset. Results: NOB prevented cardiac hypertrophy induced by aortic banding (AB), as assessed by the cross-sectional area of cardiomyocytes, heart weight-to-body weight ratio, gene expression of hypertrophic markers and cardiac function. In addition, NOB supplementation blunted the increased expression of NAPDH oxidase (NOX) 2 and NOX4 and mitigated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and myocyte apoptosis in cardiac hypertrophy. Furthermore, NOB treatment attenuated the neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (NRCM) hypertrophic response stimulated by phenylephrine (PE) and alleviated ER stress. However, our data showed that NOB dramatically inhibited NOX2 expression but not NOX4 in vitro. Finally, we found that knockdown of NOX2 attenuated ER stress in NRCMs stimulated by PE. Conclusions: Inhibition of oxidative and ER stress by NOB in the myocardium may represent a potential therapy for cardiac hypertrophy. Moreover, there is a direct role of NOX2 in regulating ER stress stimulated by PE.
SCREENING FOR DYSLIPIDEMIA AND EXPEDIENCE OF STATIN THERAPY FOR THE CITIZENS OF TRANSCARPATHIA VALLEY REGIONS WITH OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY
Authors: Kedyk A. V. , Rishko M. V. , Kutsyn O. O.
Published: July 2017

Background. The lipid profiles of patients with overweight, obesity and healthy individuals, the citizens of Transcarpathia valley regions were analysed.Objective. The study was aimed at evaluation of dyslipidaemia frequency in patients with overweight and obesity, determination of expedience of statins prescription.Methods. All patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 – patients with overweight; group 2 – patients with obesity of I and II degree. Estimation of lipid profile parameters was conducted by means of spectrophotometric device SIEMENS Dimension RxL Max. Statistical analysis of the data was conducted using Microsoft Excel 2007.Results. The patients with obesity had higher level of total cholesterol (6.03±0.53 mmol/l), lower HDL-C (1.15±0.07 mmol/l) and higher level of LDL-C (4.19±0.46 mmol/l) compare with overweight patients.In 46% of patients with overweight, dyslipidaemia was evidenced and required correction, 27% of them had high CVR and needed statin therapy, 19% of people with obesity had moderate CVR and didn’t need statins.77% of obese patients needed lipid correction, 54% of them with very high and averagely high level of CVR required statin therapy; 23% of people with obesity had moderate CVR and did not need statins.Conclusions. In the studied overweight and obese patients, atherogenic dyslipidaemia was established in 46% and 77% of cases respectively. Correction of dyslipidaemia with statin was compulsory for 27% of patients with overweight and for 54% with obesity.
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CARE OF PRETERM BABIES AND ITS KEY ELEMENTS
Authors: Sarapuk I. M. , Pavlyshyn H. A. , Lacina L. , Królak-Olejnik B.
Published: July 2017

Over the past few decades, the advancements in the perinatal and neonatal intensive care have led to a significant survival of premature infants. However neurodevelopmental outcome still remains the topical issues of concern. Developmental care is an approach that is aimed to reduce the mismatches between extra- and intra-uterine environments, decrease the stress of preterm newborns in neonative intensive care units, and thus promote optimal neurobehavioral development of the infant.The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) model was developed as a clinical framework for the implementation of developmental care. The model focuses on detailed reading of each individual infant’s behavioral cues. By observing the child during the routine manipulation performance (before, during and after) and a detailed description of his/her behavioral responses, a professional can assess the ability of the infant’s immature nervous system to tolerate the environment and care manipulations. Such evaluation will enable to determine the adequacy of environmental conditions and care manipulations to baby’s opportunities and needs, with their subsequent correction and adaptation. NIDCAP’s aim is to support the child in its increasing tolerance to stimuli and to minimize stressful events and manipulation. With the help of NIDCAP approaches in neonatal care, medical staff study how to read infants’ behavior, hear their voice and understand them.
CHRONIC MYCOTIC-ASSOCIATED SURGICAL NAIL PATHOLOGY COMPLICATED WITH INGROWN NAIL (NAIL INCARNATION): THE ANALYSES OF CLINICAL CASES AND COMPLEX TREATMENT
Authors: Vergun A. R. , Parashchuk B. M. , Krasny M. R. , Kit Z. M. , Vergun O. M.
Published: July 2017

Background. Conservative treatment of secondary recurrent unguis incarnatus are not very effective and Dupuytren’s method, Emmert-Schmiden surgeries etc. are very traumatic, disfigure nail bone, distort anatomic and functional unity of a nail.Objective. The aim of our research was the optimal sequence of holiatry, surgical moving away from nails, local and system therapy after excision of the staggered nails in case of destructive onychomycosis complicated by secondary ingrown nail for some patients with complicated mycotic defeat of nails. Clinical options of surgical treatment were clarified; morphologic changes were studied; causes of unsatisfactory outcomes of chronic pathology complex treatment were analyzed for prospective approaches to preventing of relapses.Methods. The analysis justifies the feasibility of establishing of predictive relationships between clinical variants of chronic purulent necrotic infections and combined comorbidity. System therapy by itraconazole before operative treatment (basic onychial defeats sanation) and in a postoperative period was carried out. Types of operative treatment applied may be divided into five statistic groups.Results. Over a five-year period (2010-2015) 436 unguis incarnates diagnosis (325 cases of incarnated onychomycosis) in 259 men and 177 women aged 12-67 were performed, 38 of them with incarnated onychogryphosis had diabetes mellitus and 24 had metabolic syndrome. Analysis of subonychial scraping allowed stating the prevalence of red trichophytia in 31% of cases with the bacterial flora. Patients with combined pathology got 4-5 five-day system ‘pulses’ of 400 mg/day itraconazole therapy. In patients with primary advantage of providing low-impact methods of nail excision with access via onycholisation structure a nail extirpation and marginal matricectomy was carried out; dermatophytoms and stratification on a nail bed were deleted.Conclusions. Type of onychectomy wound cytograms in the study group on the 10th day was defined as regenerative-inflammatory in 24.81%, regeneratory in 75.19% (p=0.031). The methods of surgical treatment of mycotical recurrent nail incarnation have been improved considering patho- and morphogenetic properties of destructive onychomycosis.
LEPTIN RESISTANCE AND TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Oleshchuk O. M. , Loi H. Ya.
Published: July 2017

Leptin is one of adipocyte-secreted hormones. It signals to the brain and other tissues about the status of body energy reserves. Circulating leptin levels are directly proportional to the amount of the body fat. Leptin concentration increases when surfeit and decreases during fasting. Obese patients are hyperleptinemic compared with thin persons and they are tolerant to the central hypothalamic effects of leptin. The reduced sensitivity toward exogenous and endogenous leptin is commonly referred to as leptin resistance. Alterations in the signaling of the long isoform of the leptin receptor play the crucial role in leptin resistance. Surfeit may induce leptin resistance and other metabolic sequelae of obesity. Leptin insensitivity and insulin resistance play a major role in the development of type 2 diabetes. Metformin remains the preferred first-line pharmacologic agent for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. It reduces hepatic glucose production, increases glucose uptake in peripheral tissue and can lead to weight loss. Metformin decreases both insulin and leptin concentration, restores the sensitivity to these hormones. But some studies have shown poor relationship between metformin action and leptin level. And the mechanism of metformin action on leptin resistance remains unclear. Thus, these issues should be studied as well as polymorphisms in genes encoding metformin action.
Um texto freudiano surpreendentemente esquecido: "Sobre a concepção das afasias: um estudo crítico"
Authors: Loffredo Ana Maria
Published: July 2017

Este trabalho examina a influência do associacionismo nominalista de John Stuart Mill no pensamento freudiano, especialmente na monografia “Sobre a concepção das afasias: um estudo crítico”, de 1891, obra fundamental que não tem ocupado o espaço que mereceria na literatura. Seu objetivo é demonstrar a importância dessa obra para o estudo dos fundamentos da concepção freudiana so­bre a linguagem e as repercussões das concepções nela apresentadas nas construções metapsicológicas posteriores, particularmente da noção de “representação” (Vorstellung), que pode ser considerada um ponto nodal em torno do qual gravitam questões cruciais.
O nome atual do mal-estar docente
Authors: Cortizo Telma Lima
Published: July 2017

Pereira, M. R. O nome atual do mal-estar docente. Belo Horizonte, MG: Fino Traço, 2016, 244 p.
Manual Versus Semiautomatic Rhythm Analysis and Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Nehme Ziad , Andrew Emily , Nair Resmi , Bernard Stephen , Smith Karen
Published: July 2017

Background—

Although manual and semiautomatic external defibrillation (SAED) are commonly used in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the optimal strategy is not known. We hypothesized that SAED would reduce the time to first shock and lead to higher rates of cardioversion and survival compared with a manual strategy.

Methods and Results—

Between July 2005 and June 2015, we included adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac pathogenesis. On October 2012, a treatment protocol using SAED was introduced after years of manual defibrillation. The effect of the SAED implementation on the time to first shock, successful cardioversion, and patient outcomes was assessed using interrupted time series regression adjusting for arrest factors and temporal trend. Of the 14 776 cases, 10 224 (69.2%) and 4552 (30.8%) occurred during the manual and SAED protocols, respectively. Although the proportion of patients shocked within 2 minutes of arrival increased during the SAED protocol for initial shockable rhythms (from 58.9% to 69.2%;
P
<0.001), there was no difference in unadjusted rate of successful cardioversion after first shock (from 12.3% to 13.8%;
P
=0.13). After adjustment, the odds of delivering the first shock within 2 minutes of arrival increased under the SAED protocol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32–2.26;
P
<0.001). Despite this, the SAED protocol was associated with a reduction in survival to hospital discharge (AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55–0.92;
P
=0.009), event survival (AOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62–0.88;
P
=0.001), and prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (AOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68–0.96;
P
=0.01) when compared with the manual protocol. There was also no improvement in the rate of successful cardioversion after first shock (AOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.51–1.06;
P
=0.10).

Conclusions—

Although SAED improved the time to first shock, this did not translate into higher rates of successful cardioversion or survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Advanced life support providers should be trained to use a manual defibrillation protocol.
Comparison of Fatal or Irreversible Events With Extended‐Duration Betrixaban Versus Standard Dose Enoxaparin in Acutely Ill Medical Patients: An APEX Trial Substudy
Authors: Gibson C. Michael , Korjian Serge , Chi Gerald , Daaboul Yazan , Jain Purva , Arbetter Douglas , Goldhaber Samuel Z. , Hull Russel , Hernandez Adrian F. , Lopes Renato D. , Gold Alex , Cohen Alexander T. , Harrington Robert A. ,   on behalf of the APEX Investigators
Published: July 2017

Background

Extended‐duration betrixaban showed a significant reduction in venous thromboembolism in the APEX trial (Acute Medically Ill VTE Prevention With Extended Duration Betrixaban Study). Given the variable clinical impact of different efficacy and safety events, one approach to assess net clinical outcomes is to include only those events that are either fatal or cause irreversible harm.

Methods and Results

This was a post hoc analysis of the
APEX
trial—a multicenter, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial comparing extended‐duration betrixaban versus standard‐of‐care enoxaparin. A composite of all fatal or irreversible safety (fatal bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage) and efficacy events (cardiopulmonary death, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and ischemic stroke) was evaluated in a time‐to‐first event analysis. In patients with positive D‐dimer results, betrixaban reduced fatal or irreversible events at 35 to 42 days (4.80% versus 3.54%; hazard ratio, 0.73; absolute risk reduction, 1.26%; number needed to treat, 79 [
P
=0.033]) and at study end at 77 days (6.27% versus 4.36%; hazard ratio, 0.70; absolute risk reduction, 1.91%; number needed to treat, 52 [
P
=0.005]) versus enoxaparin. In all patients, betrixaban reduced fatal or irreversible events at 35 to 42 days (4.08% versus 2.90%; hazard ratio, 0.71; absolute risk reduction, 1.18%; number needed to treat, 86 [
P
=0.006]) and 77 days (5.17% versus 3.64%; hazard ratio, 0.70; absolute risk reduction, 1.53%; number needed to treat, 65 [
P
=0.002]).

Conclusions

Among hospitalized medically ill patients, extended‐duration betrixaban demonstrated an ≈30% reduction in fatal or irreversible ischemic or bleeding events compared with standard‐duration enoxaparin. A total of 65 patients would require treatment with betrixaban to prevent 1 fatal or irreversible event versus enoxaparin.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01583218.
Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio and Perihematomal Edema Growth in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Gusdon Aaron M. , Gialdini Gino , Kone Gbambele , Baradaran Hediyeh , Merkler Alexander E. , Mangat Halinder S. , Navi Babak B. , Iadecola Costantino , Gupta Ajay , Kamel Hooman , Murthy Santosh B.
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

Although preclinical studies have shown inflammation to mediate perihematomal edema (PHE) after intracerebral hemorrhage, clinical data are lacking. Leukocyte count, often used to gauge serum inflammation, has been correlated with poor outcome but its relationship with PHE remains unknown. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that leukocyte count is associated with PHE growth.

Methods—

We included patients with intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to a tertiary-care stroke center between 2011 and 2015. The primary outcome was absolute PHE growth during 24 hours, calculated using semiautomated planimetry. Linear regression models were constructed to study the relationship between absolute and differential leukocyte counts (monocyte count and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio) and 24-hour PHE growth.

Results—

A total of 153 patients were included. Median hematoma and PHE volumes at baseline were 14.4 (interquartile range, 6.3–36.3) and 14.0 (interquartile range, 5.9–27.8), respectively. In linear regression analysis adjusted for demographics and intracerebral hemorrhage characteristics, absolute leukocyte count was not associated with PHE growth (β, 0.07; standard error, 0.15;
P
=0.09). In secondary analyses, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was correlated with PHE growth (β, 0.22; standard error, 0.08;
P
=0.005).

Conclusions—

Higher neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio is independently associated with PHE growth. This suggests that PHE growth can be predicted using differential leukocyte counts on admission.
International Submarine Cables and Biodiversity of Areas Beyond National Jurisdiction
Authors: Burnett Douglas R. , Carter Lionel
Published: July 2017

If one uses Facebook, Facetime, Skype, Netflix, or any application of the internet internationally, a submarine cable is involved. Fibre optic cables bind the world together from governments, banks, shipping, airlines and other major logistic industries to homes and personal electronic devices. Server farms maintained by major telecom and content companies allow vast amounts of data to be stored and retrieved from the cloud. Not often appreciated is the fact that these server locations worldwide are connected by submarine fibre optic cables. In this sense, the cloud is beneath the sea. While submarine communication cables have been in steady use since 1850, their preeminent place in the modern world has never been as dominant and personal as now. Since 1884, this critical international infrastructure has rested upon international treaties, now reflected in universally accepted provisions of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos) that provides for freedoms to lay and maintain international submarine cables. Recently, calls have mounted in the context of marine biodiversity beyond national jurisdiction (bbnj) for centralized control of submarine cables and for express or de facto diminishment of the freedoms related to them that have served the world’s peoples for so long. This monograph examines the time proven importance of the existing international treaties, the largely peer review science on the environmental interaction of submarine cables with high seas environments, and the current submarine cable issues in the context of the bbnj debates.
Taxonomic revision and cladistic analysis of the genus Metalibitia Roewer, 1912 (Opiliones, Cosmetidae, Cosmetinae)
Authors: CORONATO-RIBEIRO AMANDA , PINTO-DA-ROCHA RICARDO
Published: July 2017

The genus Metalibitia Roewer, 1912, is revised for the first time, and a cladistic analysis revealed that it is a monophyletic clade. This cosmetid harvestmen genus is restricted to open forests and adjacent vegetational formations in South America (humid Forest, being found mostly in the region of cerrado/chaco/pampas). An identification key for all known species is presented and a new species is described, Metalibitia abuna sp. nov. (type locality: Abunã, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil). Two species, Paralibitia maculata Roewer, 1914 and Labrosa arenosa Mello-Leitão, 1939, are here synonymized under Metalibitia argentina (Sørensen, 1884).
Relationships among Caliothrips species (Thysanoptera: Panchaetothripinae) with one new species from Mexico
Authors: MOUND LAURENCE , INFANTE FRANCISCO
Published: July 2017

Caliothrips chiapas sp.n. is described from Mexico, breeding on the leaves but not in the flowers of Tithonia tubiformis [Asteraceae]. Patterns of tergal sculpture and wing colour exhibited by the 23 species now recognised in this genus are discussed and illustrated.
Revision of Hestiasulini Giglio-Tos, 1915 stat. rev. (Insecta: Mantodea:
Hymenopodidae) of Borneo, with description of new taxa and comments on the taxonomy of the tribe
Authors: SCHWARZ CHRISTIAN J. , SHCHERBAKOV EVGENY
Published: July 2017

The Bornean Oxypilinae species previously included in the genus Hestiasula Saussure, 1871 are revised. External morphology and genital characters of Sundaian taxa differ considerably from the Indian type species H. brunneriana Saussure, 1871, necessitating taxonomic and nomenclatural changes. The genus Catestiasula Giglio-Tos, 1915 is reinstated. It is characterized by the apomorphic partial fusion of the dorsal and ventral laminae of the left phallomere, and by the complete reduction of the apical process. It is represented on Borneo with two species, C. nitida (Brunner de Wattenwyl, 1893) and C. moultoni Giglio-Tos, 1915. An additional species, C. seminigra (Zhang, 1992) n. comb. occurs in continental SE Asia. Two new genera are described, united by the lack of styli, the presence of dorsal carinae on the subgenital plate, and the unique morphology of the dorsal lamina of the left phallomere, but differing in the morphology of head and forelegs. Astyliasula gen. nov. accommodates A. phyllopus (De Haan, 1842) n. comb. and related species from the Sunda Islands and continental SE Asia: A. basinigra (Zhang, 1992) n. comb., A. hoffmanni (Tinkham, 1937) n. comb., A. javana (Beier, 1929) n. comb., A. major (Beier, 1929) n. comb., A. inermis (Wood-Mason, 1879) n. comb., and A. wuyshana (Yang & Wang, 1999) n. comb.. Hestias sarawaca Westwood, 1889 is removed from synonymy with A. phyllopus and reinstated as A. sarawaca (Westwood, 1889) n. comb.. The monotypic taxon Pseudohestiasula borneana gen. nov. sp. nov. is erected for a Bornean endemic more closely related to Astyliasula than to the other genera. Hestiasula is now restricted to H. brunneriana and related species from India and adjacent countries. The tribe Hestiasulini Giglio-Tos, 1915 stat. rev. is proposed for all genera more closely related to Hestiasula than to other Oxypilinae, that is Hestiasula, Ephestiasula, Catestiasula, Astyliasula, and Pseudohestiasula. New data on the ecology and distribution of all Bornean Hestiasulini as well as a key to the Oxypilinae of Borneo are provided.
The Status of School Discipline and Violence
Authors: Adams A. Troy
Published: July 2017

This article examines school discipline and violence. First, a distinction is made between different notions of violence. Clarity is brought to the concept of discipline, and an attempt is also made to demonstrate how these concepts of violence and discipline are wed. Second, the article traces approximately four decades of school disciplinary techniques and attempts to explain their growth and decline. The techniques range from corporal punishment of the past to the medicalization of disruptive youths in the present. Third, the conflict resolution and peaceable school movements are surveyed. Fourth, the findings from a number of studies are reviewed to provide a synthesis of the current research and lay the basis for a set of recommendations for constructing orderly school environments and reducing violence.
Creating Peaceable Schools
Authors: Caulfield Susan L.
Published: July 2017

Throughout the 1990s, increasing attention was devoted to the use of violence by adolescents, especially violence used in and around schools. While there are numerous suggested solutions to this social problem, there are fewer suggestions that focus on the role of peaceable schools. Peaceable schools, in practice, would create environments where there is less chance of violence and where teachers and administrators would spend less time disciplining students and more time encouraging the learning function of the school. The pursuit of peaceable schools is informed by peacemaking criminology, the public health approach to violence prevention, and a critique of the dominator model of U.S. society. In addition, for peaceable schools to exist, the foundation of a peaceable community is needed. Building toward this goal requires community-based support and programming for nonviolent approaches to conflict. A review of one community-based program serves to highlight the necessity to get youths involved in programming designed to serve youths. Overall, the process of creating peaceable schools is shown as long and arduous, yet meaningful and rich in possibilities.
Incarcerated African American Men and Their Children: A Case Study
Authors: Mendez Garry A.
Published: July 2017

Many studies have been directed toward incarcerated women and their responsibilities in raising their children despite their incarceration. This same concern has not been forthcoming in the case of incarcerated men and parenting programs or other responsibility programs for them. Male responsibility programs have, for the most part, not included incarcerated men, a large and growing segment of the population. It has been suggested that incarcerated men have no interest in their children and that, in fact, they have been and continue to be bad fathers. This article reports on a study that was conducted by the National Trust for the Development of African-American Men to try to determine the attitudes of incarcerated men toward fatherhood while they are incarcerated. The study found that incarcerated men were interested in improving their relationships with their children and families and that they would be willing to participate in a program that would help them do so.
Foreign-Born African American Males: Turning Barriers into Opportunities
Authors: Obiakor Festus E. , Obi Sunday O. , Grant Patrick
Published: July 2017

African Americans, both U.S. and foreign born, confront multidimensional problems that range from prejudicial perceptions to illusory generalizations. For many foreign-born African American males, problems include difficulty adjusting to a new cultural environment, xenophobia, and miscategorization. Despite such problems, they are able to succeed and excel in their chosen professions. In this article, case studies are used to reveal how foreign-born African American males turn barriers into opportunities. Additionally, the authors discuss implicit and explicit motivational factors that assist them in maximizing their fullest potential in mainstream American society.
Globalization: The Product of a Knowledge-Based Economy
Authors: Thurow Lester C.
Published: July 2017

The shift to an era of man-made brain-power industries is creating the technologies that are creating a global economy. Leaving behind the role of regulator or the function of controlling their national economies, governments are becoming platform builders that invest in infrastructure, education, and research and development to allow their citizens to have the opportunity to earn world-class standards of living. Countries themselves are being put into play, and inequality is rising. The rest of the world sees an invasion of the American system, but in reality, it is a brand-new global system. Intellectual property rights become a central and contentious unresolved issue.
Sustainable Economic Development in Rural America
Authors: Weinberg Adam S.
Published: July 2017

While globalization threatens many of the historical drivers of rural American economies, it also opens up new opportunities for economic development. In particular, globalization increases the ability of rural communities to establish sustainable forms of economic development. "Sustainable development" refers to practices that simultaneously create economic vitality, environmental stewardship, and social equity. Rural communities have increasingly embraced the concept of sustainable development as a mantra for expressing their desired pattern of development. In this article, the author draws on his experiences at Colgate University with a project called the Hamlets of Madison County to develop a theoretical model that outlines the conditions and factors that shape the ability of rural communities to develop sustainable economies.
Traversing Lines of Control: Feminist Anthropology Today
Authors: Aggarwal Ravina
Published: July 2017

Feminist anthropology has been a forerunner in debates about power differentials between those observing and those being observed. This article explores how theoretical interventions made by third-wave feminists have led to revisions of the canon, particularly in the understandings of methodology (fieldwork), subject matter (culture), and ethnographic writing. It also highlights some of the problems of placing gender at the center of experience, over differences based on race, class, or sexual orientation. While some feminists have pointed to the impossibility of an ethical feminist anthropology, others have suggested that interdisciplinary ideas and linkages outside academia can lead to greater participation in public policymaking and social struggles that affect the lives of women being studied.
Feminism and Federally Funded Social Science: Notes from Inside
Authors: Auerbach Judith D.
Published: July 2017

In order for feminist social science research to influence the transformation of society toward more equitable gender arrangements, it must both be undertaken and be applied in the policy arena. For these to happen, feminist social scientists must be active players in the research policy and funding enterprise, particularly at the federal level. The discussion of how feminist social science has had an impact, and can have an even greater one, both on and through federally funded research is framed in two larger contexts: the broader federal science and technology (S&T) enterprise and the impact of feminism on society generally. A selective review of developments in both the representation of women in S&T and attention to issues of gender in the content of scientific research demonstrates that, although much progress has been made, much remains to be done. Some strategies for furthering the feminist project through the federal research enterprise are offered.
From Pornography to Sadomasochism: Reconciling Feminist Differences
Authors: Chancer Lynn S.
Published: July 2017

Stemming from a belief in the deeply interconnected character of private and public events, sexuality was a key part of second-wave feminist thought in the 1960s and 1970s. In turn, feminism influenced academic interest in sexuality throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Yet, the sex debates, or sex wars, of the later decades have resulted in a recurrent division between feminists. Some have emphasized the structural character of sexist subordination; others have paid relatively greater attention to individual experiences of sexual repression. This split between sexism and sex manifested itself in polarized feminist positions over a variety of issues. This article focuses specific attention on feminist divisions over pornography and sadomasochism, and it suggests synthetic positions beyond either-or divides. Suggestions are made for a third wave of feminism that avoids divisive pitfalls and includes considerations of both differences and commonalities between women.
Feminist Scholarship in Archaeology
Authors: Hays-Gilpin Kelley
Published: July 2017

Archaeologists have been slow to embrace feminist scholarship. Although most still avoid the term "feminism," an archaeology of gender has emerged and thrived. This article explores the history of women and feminism in archaeology, examines a few of the central issues addressed by feminist and gender-oriented archaeologists, briefly addresses equity issues for women archaeologists, and identifies some future directions.
Feminism in Psychology: Revolution or Evolution?
Authors: Worell Judith
Published: July 2017

This article discusses the major contributions of feminism to the discipline of psychology in the areas of theory, research, and practice. Among the most important of these innovations are the introduction of the psychology of girls and women as legitimate topics of study; naming and exploring important issues in the lives of women; reconstructing research methods and priorities to study women in the context of their lived experiences; integrating multiple diversities into all areas of the discipline; developing innovative approaches to therapeutic practice; transforming institutions toward being more inclusive and collaborative; and advocating for social action and public policies that benefit the health and well-being of both women and men. Although feminist scholarship and practice have permeated substantive areas of the discipline in both subtle and visible ways, many sectors of psychology remain wary of perspectives that are openly feminist. Feminist psychology remains active, however, and will continue to insist on the visibility of women in all its sectors and practices and on a discipline that values and promotes equality and social justice for all.
Women and Political Knowledge During the 2000 Primaries
Authors: Kenski Kate
Published: July 2017

Prior research on political knowledge has found repeatedly that women do not perform as well as men on political affairs questions. The present study analyzed survey responses collected between 14 December 1999 and 8 March 2000 on political knowledge items about the issue positions and backgrounds of candidates Bradley, Gore, and McCain. Even when several sociodemographic variables were controlled for, gender was a significant predictor of political knowledge. Not only were women more likely than men to say they did not know the answer to a question, but they were also more likely to answer incorrectly when giving a substantive response.
Political Discussion in Primary States
Authors: Waldman Paul
Published: July 2017

Residents of Iowa and New Hampshire are exposed to a much more intense primary campaign than those in the rest of the country. One would therefore expect that those living in these two states would be more engaged with the primary election than residents of other states. Survey data indicate that while this proves to be true of those in New Hampshire, it does not appear to be the case in Iowa. While New Hampshire residents talked about politics more frequently than those in other states—and with greater frequency as their primary approached—Iowa residents discussed politics less often than those in states with primaries on Super Tuesday. The same result was obtained examining only survey respondents who rated themselves very likely to vote in their primary or caucus.