bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Componente Global y Doméstico de la Inflación en América Latina
Authors:   , Paredes Gavarrete Alison Carolina
Published: May 2024

La evidencia literaria sugiere que la inflación del Índice de Precios al Consumidor (IPC) se ha sincronizado como resultado de la globalización. Sin embargo, existe una falta de evidencia en el caso de economías emergentes y mercados en desarrollo. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de las variables globales en la inflación de América Latina y determinar sus principales impulsores. Se emplean dos enfoques, el análisis de componentes principales y la curva de Phillips, para evaluar posibles cambios en la influencia de los factores globales a lo largo del tiempo en dos medidas de inflación: el IPC y la inflación subyacente. La inflación subyacente es "una medida que intenta identificar la tendencia subyacente en la inflación del IPC al excluir ciertos componentes sujetos a grandes cambios de precios relativos" (Clark, 2001). Los resultados revelan que los factores globales, como los precios de las materias primas, la holgura mundial y los tipos de cambio, desempeñan un papel significativo en la inflación de una muestra homogénea de países de América Latina, siendo su efecto mayor en el IPC que en la inflación subyacente. Sin embargo, se observa un comportamiento no lineal en el papel de las variables globales, fluctuando en respuesta a los shocks de la economía mundial.
Modulation of attention by motor interaction: A study in a visual discrimination task
Authors:   , Arellano Roco Cristian Andrés
Published: May 2024

Most of the traditional neuroscience research has considered attention as a superior cognitive function mainly oriented to perceptual processes and away from sensorimotor functions. Alternatively, the “Attention for Action” framework proposes a close relationship between cognitive and sensorimotor processes, where attention would act as an integrative mechanism. There is empirical evidence suggesting that the processes of preparation and motor execution have a positive impact on the attentional and perceptual processes, but there is no consensus if the interaction of these processes produces interference or improvement in them. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of the interactions between attentional and motor processes. In this thesis we propose that the functional coupling between attentional and motor processes positively modulates attention processes. To evaluate this proposition we designed an ocular pursuit dual task that required sustained attention and discrimination of a visual stimulus (visual condition). By adding a motor relevant act to the task (motor condition) we were able to evaluate if this produced a modulating effect on the attention and if differences were observed between both experimental conditions. Task performance was measured using behavioral, electro physiological (ERPs) and pupil diameter variation parameters in both, a group of healthy children (Control group) and another group of children with attentional deficit (ADHD group). Behavioral results showed that the Control group had a better overall performance in the task than the ADHD group, with better performance in visual condition than in motor condition, but that differentiating effect between groups disappeared when comparing them within motor condition, that means the motor effect favored the performance of the ADHD group. Electrophysiology showed that in motor condition a modulating effect was produced on CNV, P1 and N1 compared with the visual condition for both groups, it being larger in the Control group. Finally, Control group showed a progressive increase in pupillary diameter along the trial in the motor condition, while in the visual condition this increase was stabilized 400 ms. prior to the appearance of visual stimulus and remained so until the end of the trial. ADHD group, however, showed a progressive increase in pupillary diameter along the trial for both conditions, which could reflect a greater attentional load of these subjects in the task. These results suggest that in the analyzed task there would be a positive modulatory effect of the motor component on the attentional processes, which despite not being clear in behavioral performance, is consistent at electrophysiological level and in the pupil diameter variation, which would reflect positive interaction between these processes.
Mapping youth religiosity in Santiago de Chile: contributions to the theological and pastoral reflection on youth and transcendence
Authors:   , Cerda-Planas Catalina
Published: May 2024

This dissertation aimed to generate new and more complex knowledge regarding youth religiosity in Santiago de Chile as a contribution to the theological and pastoral reflection on youth and transcendence. Following Van der Ven’s proposal on empirical theology, an empirical-theological study was developed, guided by three main research questions: (1) How is youth religiosity in Santiago de Chile today configured? (2) What personal and social factors influence the current youth religiosity in Santiago de Chile? (3) What contributions and questions do this new knowledge about youth religiosity in Santiago de Chile hand out for theology and the Catholic Church’s pastoral reflection on youth and evangelization? Religiosity –the guiding concept– was defined as an individual’s fundamental experience regarding vertical transcendence(s), namely, a supra-human kind of transcendence, and empirically studied among 15- and 16-year-old secondary school students, both male and female, contacted through non-confessional and Catholic schools within the big city of Santiago. Considering Glock’s, Stark’s, and Fukuyama’s multidimensional approaches, five dimensions of religiosity were explored: beliefs, events of contact, practices, consequences in daily life, and groups of references. Moreover, following an attributional approach, i.e., respecting that the experiences are “deemed” religious by the participants themselves, and the need to develop a new and more adequate instrument for the study of the topic in Chile, the “Exploratory Sequential Design” was selected, combining qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The results allowed describing in more detail how Chilean youngsters understand and experience transcendence and were, therefore, a relevant input to the until now available knowledge in Chile. They were also a valuable contribution to understanding better the current expressions of the religious dimension of human life, enriching the theological work in dialogue with “lived religion” and identifying some “problematic” issues that should be further reflected by theology. Finally, the findings also help the Church better understand the context in which it develops its evangelizing task and some clues to improving it by considering youngsters’ experience of transcendence more broadly.
Longitudinal trends in service utilisation of Alcohol and Other Drugs Services (AODS) during COVID-19: A Scoping Review
Authors: Wijesundara Hiranya , Signal Tania , Pathigoda Sanoja , Condie Matthew
Published: May 2024

Background: COVID-19 has affected service delivery and utilization of AODS worldwide with a potential negative impact on service users and staff.
Objectives: To understand the trends of service utilization of AODS, identify knowledge gaps, and provide directions for future research and planning.
Methods: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for original articles published in English since 2019, with quantitative analysis of service utilization of AODS. Of the 1546 initial search results, 938 were screened after de-duplication and 43 underwent full-text review. Data extracted from 30 studies informed this review.
Results: Of the studies, 29 were from high-income countries and 15 focused on medication for opioid use disorders (MOUD). An initial reduction of service utilization followed by gradual improvement was seen in most treatment types, with most disruptions in residential programs, outreach services, home visits, group therapy and needle syringe programs and fewer disruptions in individual counselling and MOUD. Treatment initiations decreased, while treatment adherence improved during COVID-19. The use of telehealth and treatment-related policy changes were associated with improved service utilization. Telehealth was associated with catchment expansion and broadening of service-user profiles. An increased tendency to use the opioid long-acting injection was reported in Australia.
Conclusions: The impact of COVID-19 on AODS changed over time and according to, the drug/treatment type and geographical remoteness. Main contributors to minimizing disruptions in service utilization included treatment-related policy changes, telehealth, and newer treatment modalities. Longitudinal studies beyond 2021 and studies on regional/rural AODS and AOD workforce are recommended.
Effect of Guidance and Counseling on Teenager Pregnancies in Public Secondary Schools
Authors: Jones Alice A. , Mtae Harrieth G.
Published: May 2024

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of guidance and counselling on teenage pregnancies in public secondary schools in the Kyerwa district, Kagera, Tanzania. The study used a mixed-methods research approach supported by a convergent parallel research design. The participants in this study were 110 (i.e., 10 Heads of schools, 10 Teacher Counselors and 90 Girl students). Data collection instruments were questionnaires, focus group discussions and semi-structured interview guides. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) computer program version 28.0 and interpreted in table forms using means and standard deviations while qualitative data were transcribed and thematically analyzed through quotes and narrations. The findings established that school-related risky behaviours leading to teenage pregnancies are sexual relationships with villagers, failure to use condoms, favours, and gifts. Students perceive that guidance and counselling help them in reducing unwanted pregnancies among them, sexually transmitted infections, and sexually transmitted diseases. It is also evident that the number of drop-outs because of early pregnancies dropped from 12 girlstudents in 2019 to 8 in 2020. Teacher-counsellors are challenged with other obligations which make them not available when needed, not trusted by female students for fear of the same being exposed and shy among female students. It is concluded that guidance and counselling reduce teenage pregnancies in public secondary schools. Recommendations for action and further research are suggested.
Evaluation on the Effects of Organic Amendment on Soil Productivity of Selected Watersheds in Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka Campus, Nigeria
Authors: Onyinye Mbaukwu A. , Kenneth Ekwealor U. , Chukwu Okereke N. , Adaugo Nwakuche O.
Published: May 2024

This study was done to investigate soil physicochemical properties on the prevalence of biodiversity at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Awka and Amansea and to compare the performance of the different study areas (abandoned farmland and heavily grazed land) with respect to their productivity using different soil amendments. A soil amendment experiment was carried out using CRBD with four treatment levels of poultry manure for abandoned farmland and heavily grazed land. The study results revealed that soil physicochemical properties vary significantly across the study area. The difference between nitrogen and potassium levels were found to be significant at (P < 0.05), indicating favourable conditions for plant growth in specific locations. Conversely, other parameters, such as moisture content, phosphorus, organic matter, and pH, were not significant at (P > 0.05), suggesting suboptimal conditions for certain plant species. Roadside ecosystems exhibited the highest soil chemical properties, particularly potassium, making them conducive for plant growth. The perennial watershed ecosystem also offered favourable conditions, fostering a variety of plant species. In contrast, annual watershed areas exhibit the least soil nutrient support due to potential leaching effects. There was a notable positive correlation was observed between soil moisture and soil pH, percentage nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content (p<0.05). Specifically, significant positive correlations were identified between soil pH and phosphorus, as well as between soil pH and potassium (p < 0.05).More so, analysis of variance showed a significant difference between sites in all the physiochemical parameters examined (p<00.05).
Performance of Different Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata) Hybrids for Growth, Yield and Quality under Prayagraj Agro-Climatic Condition
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Topno Samir E. , Bahadur Vijay , Saurabh  , Kumar Rupesh
Published: May 2024

An experimental material comprised of 10 hybrid of pumpkin viz., SADABAHAR, PK-2507 F1hybrid, P6 F1 hybrid, P6 Gold F1hybrid, SS-76 F1 hybrid, SURAJ F1hybrid, SIPRA F1 hybrid, PRITVI F1hybrid, LHP-SINGHAM F1hybrid, SW-1001 F1hybrid.The investigation was carried out in a Randomized Block Design with three replications. Main Experiment Station of the Department of Vegetable Science at Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences Prayagraj (U.P) during the spring season. Present investigation reveuled that pumpkin hybrids viz, vine length cm (SW-1001 F1hybrid), no of braches (PK-2507 F1hybrid) performance best in term of growth. Two hybrids namely LHP-SINGHAM F1hybrid and SW-1001 F1hybrid performance best in term of yield. For the maximum number of fruit per plant and minimum node number for the first staminate flower anthesis was observed in the case of LHP-SINGHAM F1hybrid which is promoted to earliness and high yielding. Two hybrids namely P6 Gold F1hybrid TSS (°Brix), LHP-SINGHAM F1hybrid Vitamin c /100gm.
Impact of Cultural Practices and Nitrogenous Fertilizer on the Development of Brown Spot Disease of Rice
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kiran Amita , Mandal Devendra
Published: May 2024

Among the diseases the brown spot disease of rice caused by Bipolaris oryzae is most dominant fungal disease of rice after blast (Pyricularia oryzae) which is causing losses in the yield which resulted in instability in rice production particularly in north Bihar. This disease was considered to be one of the most important facet of 1943 Bengal Famine. The losses in famine were accounted to 50-90 per cent (Ghose et al. 1960; Padmanabhan, 1973). The disease is a serious and has global distribution and it has been found in all rice growing countries in Asia, America and Africa. The studies mainly adhered to see the effect of various doses of nitrogen and different cultural practices on development of brown spot disease of rice. Among the various cultural practices, minimum (17.64%) disease seventy and maximum yield (3.13/ha) were found with application of FYM (5 t/ha) + line sowing of 60 kg seed/ha + 50% N application after 15 DAS 25 % N at maximum tillering + 25% N at panicle initiation + weed control. Doses of nitrogen were positively related with the disease development and negatively related with the grain yield indicating the maximum (38.30 % and 39.0 %) disease severity and minimum (1.86 and 1.97 t/ha) grain yield with nitrogen dose of 120 kg/ha. In respect of varietal response, the minimum (12.10 % and 16.40 %) disease severity and the maximum (4.34 t/ha and 4.58 t/ha) yield were recorded in the variety Rajshree receiving 80 kg N/ha.
Interpenetrating polymer network of blocked polyurethane and phenolic resin. II. Kinetic formation, swelling ratio, thermal properties, and flame retardance
Authors: Chen Chin‐Hsing
Published: May 2011

Blocked polyurethane (BPU)/phenolic (PF) interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) were prepared from BPU prepolymer with m‐xylylenediamine (MXDA) as a chain extender and PF prepolymer using p‐toluene sulfonic acid (PTSA) as a catalyst. The kinetic aspects of the formation of a second network in the presence of the first have been studied in BPU/PF IPN. The effect on kinetics of parameters such as the BPU content and the reaction temperature has been examined. The studies of swelling ratio, thermal properties, and flame retardance of IPN are based on BPU content and filler content. Results showed that the swelling ratio of IPN increased with the increasing of BPU content, and decreased with the increasing of filler (kaolin) content. The IPN possesses good thermal properties of weight loss and thermal degraded temperature by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) test when the IPN decreased the BPU content and increased the filler (kaolin) content. The IPN showed the excellent flame retardance when the IPN decreased the BPU content. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Preparation and properties of porous poly(sodium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) salt‐resistant superabsorbent composite
Authors: Chen Zhenbin , Dong Fang , Liu Mingzhu , Qi Xiaohua
Published: May 2011

A novel semi‐interpenetrating polymer networks (semi‐IPNs) porous salt‐resistant superabsorbent composite was prepared by copolymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid and acrylamide using polyethylene glycol as semi‐IPNs composite, N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide, triene propanol phosphate, and trihydroxymethyl propane glycidol ether as crosslinking agents, methanol, propanol, and butanol as foaming agents, and L‐ascorbic acid and peroxide hydrogen as initiators. To improve the properties of swollen hydrogel, such as strength, resilience, permeabilities, and dispersion, the copolymer was surface‐crosslinked, and then blended with aluminum sulfate, sodium carbonate, and sodium 1‐octadecanol phosphate in the course of post treatment. The influences of reaction conditions on properties of superabsorbent composite were investigated and optimized, and the water absorbency of superabsorbent composite prepared at optimal conditions in 0.9 wt% NaCl aqueous solution under atmospheric pressure and certain load (P ≈ 2 × 103 Pa) were 61 g g−1 and 16.7 g g−1, respectively. Moreover, the swelling rate reached 22.003 × 10−3 g (g s)−1. And the excellent hydrogel properties, such as hydrogel strength, resilience, permeabilities, and dispersion were also obtained. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2011. © 2011 Society of Plastics Engineers
Antecedents of Materialism and Compulsive Buying: A Life Course Study in Australia
Authors: Weaver S. Todd , Moschis George P. , Davis Teresa
Published: May 2011

Compulsive buying and materialism have become topics of increasing interest to researchers and policy makers, particularly because studies have shown that both can influence consumer behavior and well-being. However, a clear picture of how these phenomena arise has proven elusive. Using the life course paradigm as an integrative framework, the present research derives hypotheses from three theoretical perspectives (the stress, normative, and human capital perspectives), and uses a survey of young adults in Australia to test the hypotheses. The findings indicate that one's experiences and circumstances in adolescence are related to both materialism and compulsive buying in early adulthood, but the processes involved in their development differ. These differences, as well as the framework used to elucidate them, have important implications for theory and practice.
Clinical trial of the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor dilmapimod in neuropathic pain following nerve injury
Authors: Anand Praveen , Shenoy Ravikiran , Palmer Joanne E. , Baines Amanda J. , Lai Robert Y.K. , Robertson Jonathan , Bird Nick , Ostenfeld Thor , Chizh Boris A.
Published: May 2011

Current treatments of neuropathic pain arising from conditions such as nerve injury/compression are only partially effective, and limited in their use by side‐effects. p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) is involved in the regulation and synthesis of inflammatory mediators, and is the target for a novel class of cytokine‐suppressive anti‐inflammatory drugs. p38 inhibitors may reduce neuronal sensitisation in preclinical models of neuropathic pain, particularly where there is a substantial inflammatory component. An exploratory, multicentre, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, two‐period, cross‐over trial was undertaken to evaluate the effect of dilmapimod (SB‐681323), a selective p38 MAPK inhibitor, on neuropathic pain symptoms and signs. Fifty patients with nerve trauma, radiculopathy or carpal tunnel syndrome were randomised; 43 patients completed the study. Eligible patients received oral dilmapimod and placebo twice daily for 2 weeks, with an intervening washout period of 2–4 weeks. Subjects attended weekly for efficacy and safety assessments, which included evaluation of daily and current pain intensity using an 11‐point numerical rating scale (NRS), quantitative sensory testing, allodynia and global impression of change. There was a statistically significant reduction in the primary endpoint of average daily pain score during the second week of treatment among patients treated with dilmapimod (15 mg/day) compared to placebo using NRS [0.80; 95% CI (0.28, 1.33); p = 0.0034]. A similar trend for effect was seen in some secondary endpoints. Dilmapimod was well tolerated, with no clinically relevant safety findings. p38 MAPK inhibitors merit further evaluation for neuropathic pain in larger clinical trials, particularly for clinically meaningful analgesic effect size.
Social comparison performance standards, threat, and tolerance for experimentally‐induced pain
Authors: Jackson Todd , Phillips Heath
Published: May 2011

Social modelling experiments have illustrated how upward social comparisons (i.e., observing pain tolerant role models) can facilitate tolerance relative to downward social comparison (i.e., observing pain intolerant alternatives). However, because clinical studies suggest that people prefer to make downward social comparisons with less fortunate others when they are threatened or overwhelmed with pain or illness, it seems plausible that upward social comparisons confer fewer benefits when pain is appraised as threatening. To address this issue, we assessed effects of verbally‐presented upward and downward social comparison standards on tolerance for cold pressor pain among 124 Australian adults (44 men, 80 women) primed with either more or less threatening orienting information about task‐related pain sensations. As predicted, participants exposed to the lower threat orienting prime and upward comparison performance standard were significantly more pain tolerant than peers in all other conditions. Conversely, the average tolerance time for participants presented with the higher threat orienting prime and upward comparison standard did not differ from that of either downward comparison group. The research highlighted powerful situational influences on tolerance for experimental pain and identified conditions under which verbally‐presented upward social comparison standards may facilitate and hinder the capacity to bear pain.
Good communication in psychiatry – a conceptual review
Authors: Priebe S. , Dimic S. , Wildgrube C. , Jankovic J. , Cushing A. , McCabe R.
Published: May 2011

Background

The communication between clinician and patient is the basis of psychiatric treatment. However, there has been little practical attention to training in it, and no specific theory of what constitutes good communication in psychiatry has been developed. This review aims to identify principles that guide good communication.

Methods

A conceptual review of guiding principles for how clinicians should communicate with patients to achieve clinical objectives in psychiatry.

Results

Five guiding principles for clinicians were identified: a focus on the patient's concerns; positive regard and personal respect; appropriate involvement of patients in decision making; genuineness with a personal touch; and the use of a psychological treatment model.

Conclusions

The principles are mostly generic, but their implementation can be particularly challenging in psychiatry. They may guide further empirical research on effective communication in psychiatry and be utilised using different personal skills of clinicians.
Epigenetic codes of PPARγ in metabolic disease
Authors: Sugii Shigeki , Evans Ronald M.
Published: May 2011

Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a ligand‐regulated nuclear hormone receptor, plays critical roles in metabolism and adipogenesis. PPARγ ligands such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs) exert insulin sensitizing and anti‐inflammatory effects primarily through action on adipocytes, and are thus widely used to treat metabolic syndrome, especially type II diabetes. A number of PPARγ interacting partners have been identified, many of which are known epigenetic regulators, including enzymes for histone acetylation/deacetylation and histone methylation/demethylation. However, their functional roles in the PPARγ transcriptional pathway are not well defined. Recent advances in ChIP‐based and deep sequencing technology are revealing previously underappreciated epigenomic mechanisms and therapeutic potentials of this nuclear receptor pathway.
Timing and spacing of ubiquitin‐dependent DNA damage bypass
Authors: Ulrich Helle D.
Published: May 2011

During its duplication, DNA, the carrier of our genetic information, is particularly vulnerable to decay, and the capacity of cells to deal with replication stress has been recognised as a major factor protecting us from genome instability and cancer. One of the major pathways controlling the bypass of DNA lesions during replication is activated by ubiquitylation of the sliding clamp, PCNA. Whereas monoubiquitylation of PCNA allows mutagenic translesion synthesis by damage‐tolerant DNA polymerases, polyubiquitylation is required mainly for an error‐free pathway that likely involves template switching. This review is focussed on our understanding of the timing of damage bypass during the cell cycle and the question of how it is coordinated with the progression of replication forks.
Effects of altered glucose supply and adiposity on expression of hypothalamic energy balance regulatory genes in late gestation growth restricted ovine fetuses
Authors: Adam C.L. , Bake T. , Findlay P.A. , Milne J.S. , Aitken R.P. , Wallace J.M.
Published: May 2011

Intra‐uterine growth restriction (IUGR) predisposes obesity in adulthood. This may be due to altered fetal nutrition causing sustained changes within the developing hypothalamic energy balance regulatory system. Using our established ovine model of IUGR, 130‐day singleton fetuses (term = 147 days) were obtained from growing adolescent mothers on control dietary intake (C), high intake (H) or H with growth hormone administration during either early (H + early GH) or late gestation (H + late GH) (n = 6/group). GH increased maternal glycemia for the duration of treatment. H and H + early GH fetuses showed IUGR compared with C fetuses; body weight was partially restored in H + late GH fetuses, with 40% increased adiposity. In the fetal hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC), cocaine‐ and amphetamine‐regulated transcript mRNA (anorexigenic) was decreased in H fetuses and correlated across all groups with total fetal liver glycogen. Neuropeptide Y, agouti‐related peptide (orexigenic) and proopiomelanocortin (anorexigenic) mRNAs were not different between groups. Insulin receptor mRNA in the ARC was increased in H, H + early GH and H + late GH fetuses and correlated negatively with fetal plasma insulin. Leptin receptor mRNA in the ARC correlated positively with fetal plasma leptin concentration and fetal fat content. Therefore, in IUGR fetuses, a key anorexigenic neuropeptide is sensitive to altered glucose supply and the hypothalamic leptin‐signaling pathway is altered prenatally by increased adiposity and leptinemia. These changes could impact on postnatal energy balance regulation.
Obstetric quality assurance to reduce maternal and fetal mortality in Kano and Kaduna State hospitals in Nigeria
Authors: Galadanci Hadiza , Künzel Wolfgang , Shittu Oladapo , Zinser Robert , Gruhl Manfred , Adams Stefanie
Published: May 2011

Objective

To achieve Millennium Development Goals 4 and 5 in Nigeria, a quality assurance project in obstetrics in 10 hospitals in northern Nigeria was established to improve maternal and fetal outcome.

Methods

The project commenced in January 2008 with assessment and improvement of the structure of the 10 hospitals. Continuous maternal and fetal data collection and analysis were conducted from 2008 to 2009 by means of a maternity record book and structured monthly summary form. The quality of hospital infrastructure and equipment was also assessed.

Results

The mean maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was reduced from 1790 per 100 000 births in the first half of 2008 to 940 per 100 000 births in the second half of 2009. The average fetal mortality ratio (FMR) decreased slightly from 84.9 to 83.5 per 1000 births. There was an inversely proportional relationship between the total number of deliveries in a hospital and MMR and FMR. There was a close correlation between the MMR and the equipment status and hygiene conditions of the hospitals.

Conclusion

Continuous monitoring of quality assurance in maternity units raised the awareness of the quality of obstetric performance and improved the quality of care provided, thereby improving MMR.
An Inline QC Method for Determining Serial Dilution Performance of DMSO-Based Systems
Authors: Walling Leslie A.
Published: May 2011

Serial dilution of compounds solubilized in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) for dose–response curves is a common method for efficacy analysis of potential drug candidates. In general, serial dilution methods are particularly prone to error propagation because each dilution is dependent on the previous concentration. Moreover, assumptions about quality control parameters (i.e., dye linearity) can lead to an erroneous process. Here, an inline performance measurement is sought to improve the precision and accuracy of dilution plates. Sulforhodamine 101 (S101) dye is introduced as the quantitative fluorometric method of choice for DMSO-based systems. Although S101 in DMSO behaves in a nonlinear fashion over its detectable range, we account for this with a direct calibration method that includes every point of the dilution template. This report contains dye selection rationale for the S101 dye and its use in quantifying the performance of 96- and 384-well dilution protocols as tested on five identical instruments.
Automation of Three-Dimensional Cell Culture in Arrayed Microfluidic Devices
Authors: Montanez-Sauri Sara I. , Sung Kyung Eun , Puccinelli John P. , Pehlke Carolyn , Beebe David J.
Published: May 2011

The increasing interest in studying the interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM) has created a need for high throughput low-cost three-dimensional (3D) culture systems. The recent development of tubeless microfluidics via passive pumping provides a high throughput microchannel culture platform compatible with existing high throughput infrastructures (e.g., automated liquid handlers). Here, we build on a previously reported high throughput two-dimensional system to create a robust automated system for 3D culture. Operational controls including temperature and sample handling have been characterized and automated. Human mammary fibroblasts (HMFs) suspended in type I collagen are loaded and cultured in microchannel arrays and used to optimize the system operational parameters. A Peltier cooler maintains the collagen as a liquid at 4 °C during cell seeding, followed by polymerization at 37 °C. Optimization of this platform is discussed (e.g., controlling collagen contraction, increasing cell viability, preventing the removal of microchannel contents), and 3D distribution of HMFs is examined by fluorescent microscopy.

Finally, we validate the platform by automating a previously developed 3D breast carcinoma coculture assay. The platform allows more efficient 3D culture experiments and lays the foundation for high throughput studies of cell—ECM interactions.
Monitoring of HTS Compound Library Quality via a High-Resolution Image Acquisition and Processing Instrument
Authors: Baillargeon Pierre , Scampavia Louis , Einsteder Ross , Hodder Peter
Published: May 2011

This report presents the high-resolution image acquisition and processing instrument for compound management applications (HIAPI-CM). The HIAPI-CM combines imaging spectroscopy and machine-vision analysis to perform rapid assessment of high-throughput screening (HTS) compound library quality. It has been customized to detect and classify typical artifacts found in HTS compound library microtiter plates (MTPs). These artifacts include (1) insufficient volume of liquid compound sample, (2) compound precipitation, and (3) colored compounds that interfere with HTS assay detection format readout. The HIAPI-CM is also configured to automatically query and compare its analysis results to data stored in a LIMS or corporate database, aiding in the detection of compound registration errors. To demonstrate its capabilities, several compound plates ( n = 5760 wells total) containing different artifacts were measured via automated HIAPI-CM analysis, and results compared with those obtained by manual (visual) inspection. In all cases, the instrument demonstrated high fidelity (99.8% empty wells; 100.1% filled wells; 94.4% for partially filled wells; 94.0% for wells containing colored compounds), and in the case of precipitate detection, the HIAPI-CM results significantly exceeded the fidelity of visual observations (220.0%). As described, the HIAPI-CM allows for noninvasive, nondestructive MTP assessment with a diagnostic throughput of about 1 min per plate, reducing analytical expenses and improving the quality and stewardship of HTS compound libraries.
Can including pros and cons increase the helpfulness and persuasiveness of online reviews? The interactive effects of ratings and arguments
Authors: Schlosser Ann E.
Published: May 2011

One guideline given to online reviewers is to acknowledge a product's pros and cons. Yet, I argue that presenting two sides is not always more helpful and can even be less persuasive than presenting one side. Specifically, the effects of two‐ versus one‐sided arguments depend on the perceived consistency between a reviewer's arguments and rating. Across a content analysis and three experiments that vary the information provided in the online review and whether the ratings are positive or negative, the results support these predictions. Furthermore, beliefs that the reviewer is able (vs. willing) to tell the truth mediated the effects.
The course of motivation
Authors: Touré‐Tillery Maferima , Fishbach Ayelet
Published: May 2011

This article explores the course of motivation in pursuing various goals. We distinguish between two dimensions of motivation: the motivation to attain a focal goal (outcome‐focused dimension) and the motivation to “do things right” in the process of reaching that goal (means‐focused dimension). We identify the conditions under which the motivation to reach a focal goal increases versus decreases over the course of goal pursuit. We then propose that the motivation to “do things right” follows a u‐shaped pattern, such that it is higher at the beginning and end of goal pursuit than in the middle.
Late Quaternary chronology of major dune ridge development in the northeast Rub' al-Khali, United Arab Emirates
Authors: Atkinson Oliver A. C. , Thomas David S. G. , Goudie Andrew S. , Bailey Richard M.
Published: May 2011

The northeastern sector of the Rub' al-Khali desert in the eastern United Arab Emirates (UAE) is dominated by large NE–SW trending dune ridges orientated perpendicular to the currently prevailing northwesterly wind regime. In this study, extensive use has been made of artificially exposed sections through these major dune ridges that reveal internal sedimentary structures and allow an intensive, high-resolution sampling programme to be carried out. Here, we present the optical dating results for samples from 7 sections. The results indicate that dune activity and preservation occurred within the periods 7–3 ka, 16–10 ka and 22–20 ka with evidence of earlier preservation during marine oxygen isotope stages MIS 3 and 5, with net accumulation rates in the range 2.2–25 m.ka− 1. In several instances, hiatuses in the preserved record of dune accumulation coincide with stratigraphic bounding surfaces visible in the exposed section profiles with associated truncation of internal sedimentary structures. Caution must be exercised when interpreting such gaps in the recorded accumulation chronologies of these dunes since these may simply constitute phases of low preservation potential rather than phases of low aeolian activity. Other factors such as sediment supply and availability in relation to sea-level dynamics may be significant and are also considered.
Impact of Withdrawal of the Analgesic Co-proxamol on Nonfatal Self-Poisoning in the UK
Authors: Hawton Keith , Bergen Helen , Waters Keith , Murphy Elizabeth , Cooper Jayne , Kapur Navneet
Published: May 2011

Background: In early 2005 the UK Committee on Safety of Medicines (CSM) announced gradual withdrawal of the analgesic co-proxamol because of its adverse benefit/safety ratio, especially its use for intentional and accidental fatal poisoning. Prescriptions of co-proxamol were reduced in the 3-year withdrawal phase (2005 to 2007) following the CSM announcement. Aims: To assess the impact of the CSM announcement in January 2005 to withdraw co-proxamol on nonfatal self-poisoning with co-proxamol and other analgesics. Methods: Interrupted time series analysis of general hospital presentations for nonfatal self-poisoning (five hospitals in three centers in England), comparing the 3-year withdrawal period 2005–2007 with 2000–2004. Results: A marked reduction in the number of episodes of nonfatal self-poisoning episodes involving co-proxamol was found following the CSM announcement (an estimated 62% over the period 2005 to 2007 compared to 2000 to 2004). There was no evidence of an increase in nonfatal self-poisoning episodes involving other analgesics (co-codamol, codeine, co-dydramol, dihydrocodeine, and tramadol) in relation to the CSM announcement over the same period, nor a change in the number of all episodes of self-poisoning. Limitations: Data were from three centers only. Conclusions: The impact of the policy appears to have reduced nonfatal self-poisoning with co-proxamol without significant substitution with other analgesics. This finding is in keeping with that for suicide.
The predictors of the intention to leave school early among a representative sample of Irish second‐level students
Authors: Freeney Yseult , O'Connell Michael
Published: May 2011

Early school‐leaving exerts substantial costs on the individual and society. The literature indicates that quitting school early is predicted by an enmeshed group of indicators including academic and behavioural difficulties in school, deprived economic background and disengagement with the educational process. The attitudes and background of a representative sample of 1311 Irish second‐level students were assessed. Data were gathered on intention to leave school early, elements of the Theory of Planned Behaviour towards school completion, students’ academic attainment, ability to ‘discount‐delay’ (defer gratification), along with socio‐demographic data. Analysis indicated that positive attitudes about the potential of the Leaving Certificate and parents and teachers perceived to be strongly pro‐school completion are key to the intention to stay on. Performing well academically was a contributing factor, as was ability to discount‐delay. Economic deprivation and gender did not exert a direct influence on intention, but were moderately associated with its antecedents.
Comparative analysis of the therapeutic effects of long‐acting and short‐acting loop diuretics in the treatment of chronic heart failure using 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy
Authors: Hisatake Shinji , Nanjo Shuji , Fujimoto Shinichiro , Yamashina Shohei , Yuzawa Hitomi , Namiki Atsushi , Nakano Hajime , Yamazaki Junichi
Published: May 2011

Aims

Loop diuretics are essential for the treatment of chronic heart failure (CHF) but short‐acting diuretics are reported to induce sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activation. This study was performed to compare therapeutic effects of two loop diuretics, long‐acting azosemide and short‐acting furosemide, using 123I‐metaiodobenzylguanidine (123I‐MIBG) scintigraphy.

Methods and results

Twenty‐two patients with New York Heart Association class II–III heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction, who required treatment with a loop diuretic, were included. In this crossover study, 11 patients were randomized to azosemide treatment first and the remaining 11 patients to furosemide. Treatments were administered for 6 months and then patients were crossed over to the second treatment. 123I‐MIBG scintigraphy was performed before and 6 months after the start of treatment with each loop diuretic. Early and delayed images were obtained 20 min and 4 h after administration of 123I‐MIBG, respectively; and the heart/mediastinum (H/M) ratio and washout rate (WR) were measured. In addition, left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), levels of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), and norepinephrine were measured before and 6 months after the start of treatment. No differences were observed between the two groups in terms of concomitant medication, cause of heart failure, H/M ratio, WR, BNP, norepinephrine, or LVEF. The azosemide group exhibited a significant increase in delayed image H/M ratio, and a significant decrease in WR and norepinephrine after the final administration compared with the furosemide group.

Conclusion

This study indicates that azosemide suppresses SNS activation compared with furosemide in patients with CHF, suggesting that long‐acting loop diuretics may have more beneficial effects on the prognosis of CHF.
The Psoas Compartment Block for Hip Surgery: The Past, Present, and Future
Authors: de Leeuw M. A. , Zuurmond W. W. A. , Perez R. S. G. M.
Published: May 2011

A posterior lumbar plexus block or psoas compartment block (PCB) is an effective locoregional anesthetic technique for analgesia and anesthesia of the entire lower extremity including the hip. Since the first description in the early seventies, this technique has been modified based on advanced knowledge of the anatomical localization of the lumbar plexus and the improvement of technical equipment. This paper provides an overview of the history, clinical efficacy, and risk profile of the PCB focused on hip surgery. Current status and future expectations are discussed.
An Early Presenting Esophageal Schwannoma
Authors: Choo Shelly S. , Smith Maurice , Cimino-Mathews Ashley , Yang Stephen C.
Published: May 2011

Esophageal schwannoma is a rare diagnosis and historically has been a tumor of middle-aged females. We report a case of a 22-year-old male presenting initially with dyspnea secondary to tracheal compression from an 8 × 6 × 3.0 cm esophageal schwannoma. The tumor was surgically resected, and diagnosis was confirmed with immunohistochemical and pathological studies. We report the youngest case of esophageal schwannoma in an otherwise healthy individual.
Parametric Images in Assessing Bone Grafts Using Dynamic18F-Fluoride PET
Authors: Wen Lingfeng , Eberl Stefan , Feng (David) Dagan , Stalley Paul , Huang Gang , Fulham Michael J.
Published: May 2011

The early identification of graft failure would improve patient management.18F-fluoride is a suitable tracer for quantifying bone metabolism. Performance of parametric images constructed by Patlak graphical analysis (PGA) with various time periods was evaluated in the analysis of dynamic18F-fluoride PET studies of eight patients with fibula bone grafts after limb salvage surgery. The PGA parametric image approach tended to underestimate influx rate. The linear portion of PGA analysis was found to be from 10 to 50 min. It shows promise in providing a quantitative assessment of the viability of bone grafts.
Hyers‐Ulam Stability of Power Series Equations
Authors: Bidkham M. , Soleiman Mezerji H. A. , Gordji M. Eshaghi
Published: May 2011

We prove the Hyers‐Ulam stability of power series equation , where an for n = 0, 1, 2, 3, … can be real or complex.
Macrofilaricidal Activity inWuchereria bancroftiafter 2 Weeks Treatment with a Combination of Rifampicin plus Doxycycline
Authors: Debrah Alexander Yaw , Mand Sabine , Marfo-Debrekyei Yeboah , Batsa Linda , Albers Anna , Specht Sabine , Klarmann Ute , Pfarr Kenneth , Adjei Ohene , Hoerauf Achim
Published: May 2011

Infection with the filarial nematodeWuchereria bancroftican lead to lymphedema, hydrocele, and elephantiasis. Since adult worms cause pathology in lymphatic filariasis (LF), it is imperative to discover macrofilaricidal drugs for the treatment of the infection. EndosymbioticWolbachiain filariae have emerged as a new target for antibiotics which can lead to macrofilaricidal effects. In Ghana, a pilot study was carried out with 39 LF-infected men; 12 were treated with 200 mg doxycycline/day for 4 weeks, 16 were treated with a combination of 200 mg doxycycline/day + 10 mg/kg/day rifampicin for 2 weeks, and 11 patients received placebo. Patients were monitored forWolbachiaand microfilaria loads, antigenaemia, and filarial dance sign (FDS). Both 4-week doxycycline and the 2-week combination treatment reducedWolbachiaload significantly. At 18 months posttreatment, four-week doxycycline resulted in 100% adult worm loss, and the 2-week combination treatment resulted in a 50% adult worm loss. In conclusion, this pilot study with a combination of 2-week doxycycline and rifampicin demonstrates moderate macrofilaricidal activity againstW. bancrofti.
Role of Multislice Computed Tomography and Local Contrast in the Diagnosis and Characterization of Choanal Atresia
Authors: Al-Noury Khaled , Lotfy Alsaid
Published: May 2011

Objective. To illustrate the role of multislice computed tomography and local contrast instillation in the diagnosis and characterization of choanal atresia. To review the common associated radiological findings.Methods. We analyzed 9 pediatric patients (5 males and 4 females) with suspected choanal atresia by multislice computed tomography. We recorded the type of atresia plate and other congenital malformations of the skull.Results. Multislice computed tomography with local contrast installed delineated the posterior choanae. Three patients had unilateral mixed membranous and bony atresia. Three patients had unilateral pure bony atresia. Only 1 of 7 patients have bilateral bony atresia. It also showed other congenital anomalies in the head region. One patient is with an ear abnormality. One patient had congenital nasal pyriform aperture stenosis. One of these patients had several congenital abnormalities, including cardiac and renal deformities and a hypoplastic lateral semicircular canal. Of the 6 patients diagnosed to have choanal atresia, 1 patient had esophageal atresia and a tracheoesophageal fistula. The remaining patients had no other CHARGE syndrome lesions.Conclusions. Local Contrast medium with the application of the low-dose technique helps to delineate the cause of the nasal obstruction avoiding a high radiation dose to the child.