bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXCHANGEABLE AMMONIUM- AND NITRATE-NITROGEN RELATED TO YIELDS OF CONQUEST BARLEY GROWN AS SECOND OR THIRD CROP AFTER FALLOW IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: NUTTALL W. F. , ZANDSTRA H. G. , BOWREN K. E.
Published: March 2010

Exchangeable ammonium- plus nitrate-nitrogen measured to a depth of 60 cm in 18 stubble fields during 1967, 1968 and 1969 in Black, Dark Gray and Gray Wooded soils of northeastern Saskatchewan was inversely related by regression analyses to yield increases of Conquest barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (R2 = 63.8%) obtained from N fertilizer (phosphorus applied at 20 kg/ha). Sodium bicarbonate-extractable P was a significant variable in the multiple regression analyses, increasing the R2 value to 74.6%. Nitrate-nitrogen alone also was significantly related to yield increase from N fertilizer (R2 = 63.0%). Including NaHCO3-extractable P in the regression did not improve the relationship (R2 = 63.6%). Exchangeable ammonium-nitrogen values ranged from 3.7 to 24.1 μg N/4 g soil. Nitrate-nitrogen values were in a range of 4.9 to 75.2 μg N/4 g soil. Although there were significant amounts of exchangeable ammonium-nitrogen in the soils, a definite conclusion to retain exchangeable ammonium as an availability index for soil nitrogen could not be made from the regression analyses. The mean protein content of the grain was significantly related by regression to nitrogen soil tests. Increased yield from nitrogen fertilization resulted in a decrease in phosphorus content of the grain.
LONG-TERM PERSISTENCE OF BHC, DDT AND CHLORDANE IN A SANDY LOAM SOIL
Authors: STEWART D. K. R. , CHISHOLM D.
Published: March 2010

Residues of technical BHC, DDT and chlordane present in a sandy loam soil in Nova Scotia 15 years after the last application were 7.5, 55 and 16%, respectively, of the amounts applied. BHC residues consisted of the alpha-, beta-, gamma- and delta-isomers at relative percentages of 36, 36, 16 and 12, respectively. The beta isomer was the most persistent. DDT residues consisted chiefly of p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDT and p,p′-DDE. Residues in chlordane-treated plots were principally alpha- and gamma-chlordane. There was little downward or lateral movement of these insecticides in the soil in 15 years.
BORON AND MOLYBDENUM NUTRITION OF WHEAT, BARLEY AND OATS GROWN IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND SOILS
Authors: GUPTA UMESH C.
Published: March 2010

In a greenhouse experiment, an application of 0.25 ppm B to a sandy loam soil resulted in significant yield increases of kernels of wheat, barley, and oats. Yields of barley and wheat decreased at 0.5 ppm applied B, and those of oats at 1 ppm added B. Barley was most sensitive, oats the least, and wheat intermediate to B toxicity. Boron toxicity symptoms in barley were characterized by severe brown spotting and burning of older leaf tips, while in wheat and oats the leaf tips were bleached. A boron concentration of less than 5 ppm in boot stage tissue was in the deficiency range, while a level of 6 to 10 ppm was in the sufficiency range. In wheat and barley, a B concentration of greater than 16 ppm, and in oats of greater than 35 ppm, was indicative of toxicity. The B content of straw proved to be a good indicator for detecting B sufficiency. A survey of fields from Prince Edward Island (P.E.I.) showed a range in B concentration of boot stage tissue from 0.5 to 9.9 ppm in barley, 1.1 to 6.0 ppm in wheat, and 0.5 to 5.8 ppm in oats. Under greenhouse conditions, no response to added Mo was found. Applications of 0.25 to 0.5 ppm Mo to the soil reduced yields of wheat and barley. Optimum levels of Mo in the boot stage tissue were 0.09 to 0.18 ppm in barley and wheat, and 0.22 to 0.28 ppm in oats. Sufficiency levels in kernels were 0.16 to 0.20 ppm for wheat, 0.26 to 0.32 ppm for barley, and 0.33 to 0.50 ppm for oats. In general, Mo concentration of 0.08 to 0.19 ppm in cereal straw was considered to be in the sufficiency range. The Mo concentration of boot stage tissue from survey samples ranged from 0.04 to 0.34 ppm in barley, 0.04 to 2.37 ppm in wheat, and 0.06 to 0.60 ppm in oats.
NITROGEN FRACTIONS IN A GRAY WOODED SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY LONG-TERM CROPPING SYSTEMS AND FERTILIZERS
Authors: KHAN S. U.
Published: March 2010

A study was undertaken to determine long-term effects of two cropping systems and various fertilizer treatments on the distribution of N in a Gray Wooded soil of Alberta. The relative amount (expressed as percent of total soil N) of total acid hydrolyzable N in soils from plots in the five-year rotation of grains and legumes was significantly greater than in the wheat-fallow sequence. A similar effect was also noted from the proportion of soil N present in the form of amino sugar N, amino acid N, hydroxyamino acid N and unidentified N in the acid hydrolyzates. The relative amounts of ammonium N in the acid hydrolyzate, the non-hydrolyzable N and the non-exchangeable ammonium N in soil were greater in the wheat-fallow plot soils than in the rotation. The relative amount of total hydrolyzable N was significantly lower in the manure, NPKS, NS, lime or P treated soils than in the control. The proportion of amino sugar N increased following the manure treatment. Long-term application of mineral fertilizers had no significant effect upon the percentage distribution of the different forms of hydrolyzable soil N and the non-exchangeable ammonium N in the soil. The relative distribution of amino acids was not affected by the two cropping systems or various fertilizer treatments, but differences were noted in the absolute amounts.
EFFECTS OF TOPOGRAPHICAL POSITIONS, SOIL TEST VALUES, AND FERTILIZER USE ON YIELDS OF WHEAT IN A COMPLEX OF BLACK CHERNOZEMIC AND GLEYSOLIC SOILS
Authors: SPRATT E. D. , McIVER R. N.
Published: March 2010

In southeastern Saskatchewan, from 1965 to 1968, wheat was grown in 15 experiments testing N, P, and NP fertilizers on 8–12% topographical slopes on an association of Black Chernozemic and Gleysolic soils developed on moderately rolling calcareous glacial till. All tests were on summer fallow. Without fertilizer, the yield of wheat ranged from 1150 kg/ha on the crown of the knolls to 1930 kg/ha in the depressions. Phosphate fertilizer increased the yield of grain by 20–30% on the crowns, upper slopes, and midslopes (70% of the area) and by less than 10% on the lower slopes and in the depressions. Excluding the depressional areas (10% of the area), the average phosphorus content was 10 ppm in the surface soil. The average NO3-N content of the top 60 cm of soil was 34 ppm. The basic pedological and microclimatological factors of the soil catena affected the yields of wheat more than soil fertility (and fertilizers).
SOME FOLISOLS IN THE VANCOUVER AREA, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: LEWIS T. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

Shallow, well-drained organic soils occurring in the Vancouver area of British Columbia have been described and characterized. The soils were classified as Lithic Folisols and support good forest stands. The thickness of the L-F horizons decreases with elevation whereas the thickness of the H horizon increases. The Folisols are acid with varying stages of organic matter decomposition. The organic matter was considered to be mycelio fibri-Humimor at the lower elevation and mycelio and amorpho Humimor at the higher elevations. The Lithic Folisols occur as relatively pure units in association with moss-covered (less than 10 cm thick) steeply sloping bedrock and deeper mineral soils classified as Ferro-Humic Podzols.
WATER ABSORPTION BY WHEAT SEEDS AS INFLUENCED BY HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES OF SOIL
Authors: WARD JAMES , SHAYKEWICH C. F.
Published: March 2010

Water diffusivity and hydraulic conductivity of wheat seeds were determined. At water contents approaching those required for germination, hydraulic conductivity of the seed was similar to those normally found in soils at the dry end of the available water range. Water uptake by seeds from soils indicated that both water potential and hydraulic conductivity of the soil influenced rate of water uptake. When seeds were buried in soil, water uptake rate was generally greater in the Chateauguay soil than in the Wellwood soil. This was a significant observation since at a given potential, hydraulic conductivity was greater in the Chateauguay than in the Wellwood soil. In view of these results it was concluded that seed hydraulic conductivity is a useful parameter in understanding water absorption by seeds from soil.
DISTRIBUTION OF NITROGEN IN FULVIC ACID FRACTION EXTRACTED FROM THE BLACK SOLONETZIC AND BLACK CHERNOZEMIC SOILS OF ALBERTA
Authors: Khan S. U. , Sowden F. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
MEASUREMENT OF CRYSTALLINE AND AMORPHOUS IRON REMOVAL IN SOILS
Authors: Pawluk S.
Published: March 2010

not available
AN AUTOMATED PROCEDURE FOR THE NEPHELOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF SULFATE IN SOIL EXTRACTS
Authors: Bettany J. R. , Halstead E. H.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF N, P, AND K ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF BARLEY GROWN ON A LOW-FERTILITY PODZOL SOIL IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: MACLEOD L. B. , SUZUKI MICHIO
Published: March 2010

Chemical composition of Herta barley (Hordeum distichon L.) grown in the greenhouse on an extremely low-fertility Podzol soil as influenced by N, P, and K fertilization was investigated in relation to feed quality and straw strength. Two experiments, a 6 × 6 NP factorial on the low-P soil and a 6 × 6 NK factorial on the low-K soil, were simultaneously conducted to examine chemical composition of barley sampled at early vegetative, mid-vegetative, and mature stage of growth. Percent protein N and nonprotein N (NPN) in vegetative tissue and grain increased with successive rates of N, whereas they decreased as P and K rates were increased. The N × K interaction effects on grain yield and protein N were greater than the N × P interaction effects. Percent NPN was considerably higher in vegetative tissue than in grain. It appeared that a low-percent K and a high-percent Ca rather than a high-percent NPN in vegetative tissue were associated with lodging. Percent Ca and Mg in vegetative tissue increased with increasing rates of P and decreased with increasing rates of K, but showed little response to N.
PRODUCTION OF EIGHT CROPPING SYSTEMS ON SALINE AND GLEYSOLIC ALLUVIUM SOIL, THE PAS, MANITOBA
Authors: SPRATT E. D. , GORBY B. J. , FERGUSON W. S.
Published: March 2010

In 1961, eight crop rotations were established on a recently drained alluvium soil (5 ha in size). Within the rotation strips the average initial electrical conductivity (ECe) of the 0–30-cm depth ranged from 0.3 to 28.6 mmhos/cm. Three rotations contained only wheat (with various amounts of summer fallow), three contained only forage crops (alfalfa or bromegrass or both), and two contained both wheat and forage crops (clover or brome–alfalfa). From 1961 to 1969 the wheat–clover and continuous alfalfa rotations gave the best yields, thus giving the highest net returns in dollars. In 1969, better yields of wheat were obtained after the forage crop rotations than after the grain rotations. Ground water levels and subsurface soil salinity remained relatively constant throughout the study.
ROOT-SURFACE MYCOFLORA OF SOYBEAN IN RELATION TO SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE IN A FIELD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: IVARSON K. C. , MACK A. R.
Published: March 2010

Studies were made on the root-surface fungi of soybean grown in field plots where various soil temperature and moisture environments had been maintained for five previous growing seasons. Washed-root segments were incubated on agar plates at temperatures corresponding to those of the field plots. Fusarium was the most abundant genus appearing on the plates. Species of Mucor, Trichoderma, Alternaria, Mortierella, Aspergillus, Corynespora, Rhizoctonia, Penicillium, Gliocladium, and sterile forms appeared fairly frequently. Statistical analysis of the data revealed that changes in soil and incubation temperature markedly affected the relative frequency of 12 genera, and age of plant significantly affected nine genera. Soil moisture influenced the frequency of only one genus. High soil and incubation temperature (28 C) encouraged greater root populations of Rhizoctonia early in the season, Trichoderma and Aspergillus throughout the growing season, and Fusarium late in the season. Low soil temperature conditions (12 C) favored growth of Pythium, Mortierella, Mucor, Alternaria, Cladosporium, throughout the growing season, and Corynespora and Cylindrocarpon, primarily during mid-season. Late in the season Gliocladium preferred the intermediate temperature of 20 C.
YIELD OF SOYBEANS AND OIL QUALITY IN RELATION TO SOIL TEMPERATURE AND MOISTURE IN A FIELD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: MACK A. R. , IVARSON K. C.
Published: March 2010

Under comparable field conditions of air temperature and solar radiation, yield of soybeans increased 43.4% when the day-degrees units of the soil were raised from a seasonal value of 859 to 1822 (> 5 C) and yield decreased 82.4% when the day-degrees for the same period were lowered to 408 for the 20-cm depth. These heat values from July 10 to September 21 correspond to mean daily soil temperatures of 11.2, 17.7, and 31.2 C. The change in yield represents a reduction on the cold soils of 208 kg/ha (3.1 bu/acre) per 1 degree C below the seasonal temperature, and an increase on the warm plots of 54 kg/ha per 1 degree C (unfertilized) above the seasonal temperature. In general, yield was related linearly to the reciprocal of the temperature and of the day-degrees. Oil concentration varied little among the three soil temperatures, although the iodine number decreased and the percentage protein increased with higher soil temperature. Coinciding with the high yields on the warm soils was a high concentration of P in the foliage, e.g., 0.15% P at 11.2 C and 0.42% at 31.9 C. During early growth, concentration of K in the plant material increased and that of Mn and Cu was reduced with high soil temperature. This resulted in a greater removal of P and K from the warm soil than from the cool soil, and little difference in removal of Mn and Cu between the low and high temperatures.
EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS, SPECIES, AND MATURITY ON YIELDS, ECONOMIC RETURNS, AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF GRASSES AND LEGUMES GROWN ON A GRAY WOODED SOIL
Authors: TOOGOOD J. A.
Published: March 2010

Samples of hay produced on variously fertilized permanent plots located on a Gray Wooded soil were collected in 1966 and 1967 at two stages of maturity. The composition of the samples was determined by hand-sorting, drying, and weighing. Yields were compared to long-time averages on the plots. Nutritive effects were evaluated by protein analyses and in vitro digestibility studies. Results showed that the nitrogen–phosphorus–sulfur (NPS) + manure fertilizer treatment gave the highest yield, the nitrogen–sulfur (NS) treatment gave the highest return on fertilizer investment, and the NPS treatment was best when both yield and protein were considered. The effects of crop management factors such as time of cutting, weed control, length of rotation, and climatic variation on production of good quality hay were clearly evident.
SOIL SULFATE I. EXTRACTION AND MEASUREMENT
Authors: Walker D. R.
Published: March 2010

Extractable soil sulfate was measured by precipitating as Ba133SO4 and counting the activity of the Ba133 or by reducing the sulfate to H2S and measuring the methylene blue formation. Agreement between the two different methods was assumed to indicate accuracy of analyses. Based on this assumption, reliable measurements were possible on all subsurface soil extracts and surface soil extracts containing > 2 ppm sulfate sulfur.
EFFECTS OF SURFACTANTS APPLIED TO SAMPLES OF SOLONETZ SOIL ON WATER PENETRATION AND PLANT GROWTH
Authors: CAIRNS R. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
A COMPARISON OF IGNITION TREATMENTS FOR Pb MEASUREMENT IN PLANT TISSUES
Authors: WEBBER M. D.
Published: March 2010

not available
SMALL COMPUTER APPLICATION TO DIRECT PROCESSING OF DATA FROM ANALYTICAL EQUIPMENT USED IN SOIL LABORATORIES
Authors: McGILL W. B. , DUMANSKI J. , REDBERGER P.
Published: March 2010

not available
APPLICATION OF ACRYLIC PLASTIC TENSION LYSIMETERS TO SLOPING LAND
Authors: BOURGEOIS W. W. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
REPRESENTATION OF SOILS DATA FOR THE COMPUTERIZED FILING SYSTEM USED IN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: JOHN MATT K. , LAVKULICH L. M. , ZOOST M. A.
Published: March 2010

Storage of soils information in a computerized filing system provides an organized collection of available data in a central data bank, and a fast efficient system for retrieval of data. However, storage in a form compatible with the computer requires soil properties to be recorded predominantly in numerical form. The nature of the data divides soil properties into four categories and each of these data types requires different coding techniques. Continuously varying properties are recorded without modification but code numbers are assigned to dichotomous, multistate unranked, and multistate ranked properties. Although coding of most of these descriptive characteristics follows guidelines established by the Canada Soil Survey Committee (1970), coding schemes for some properties are devised and documented. The data are recorded on three distinct card types: the "Soils Series" card, the "Physical" card, and the "Analytical" card. Standardization of the coding procedures does not imply or necessitate absolute and rigid conformity to a single format scheme. Provided some uniformity exists, data collected by various agencies can be combined and computer analysis of soil properties for a wider range of soils is possible.
A SYSTEM OF SOILS INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Authors: JOHN MATT K. , LAERHOVEN C. J. VAN , SPROUT P. N.
Published: March 2010

A central data bank that utilizes a computer system is proposed for the collection and storage of soils data. The information is gathered and stored in an organized file that permits a user to retrieve, edit, and add data easily from a remote terminal that may be located a considerable distance from the unit. Operation of the system only requires a minimal understanding of programming. Its use allows statistical analysis of data to be done on a large number of observations so that consideration of the total available information may be accomplished.
PROBABLE ROLE OF CALCIUM COMPOUNDS IN INCREASING CROP YIELDS ON DEEP-PLOWED SOLONETZ SOIL
Authors: Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

Samples of Ap horizon and Ap–Bnt horizon mixtures of four Solonetz soils were treated with NH4NO3, CaSO4, and CaCO3 singly and in combinations. Calcium carbonate increased the soil pH, NH4NO3 had no lasting effect on soil pH, and CaSO4 decreased the pH relative to that of untreated but cropped soils and its effect increased with time. Seedlings grown on CaCO3-treated soil recovered about the same amount of additional N as seedlings grown on soil treated with 200 ppm NH4NO3. Yield increased with N supply and K uptake increased with N uptake. However, the application of K to a soil that provided little to plants did not cause a very great yield increase. Calcium sulfate increased yields only with the first crop on one soil and with the second crop on another soil. It was concluded that increasing the pH of the Ap horizon of Solonetz soils, as results from deep plowing, increases the availability of soil N to plants.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL BULK DENSITY AND MATRIC PRESSURE ON SOIL RESISTANCE TO PENETRATION
Authors: MIRREH H. F. , KETCHESON J. W.
Published: March 2010

Cylinders of a clay loam soil were adjusted to different bulk density and matric pressure combinations to study soil resistance to a penetrating probe. Regression analysis of the penetrometer data produced no evidence to reject a regression model of the form Y = β0X0 + β1X1 + β2X2 + β3X12 + β4X22 + β5X1X2 (where Y = penetrometer resistance, X1 = bulk density, X2 = matric pressure). A three-dimensional plot of the generated soil resistance values was constructed to illustrate the nature of the interaction. At any one bulk density in the range 1.0–1.5 g/cc, soil resistance values tended to pass through a maximum as soil moisture was removed over the matric pressure range 1.0–8.0 atm. The tendency was most pronounced at the lower bulk densities. Implications on root growth and soil management are briefly discussed.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYIC ORGANIC SOILS IN NORTHERN MANITOBA
Authors: TARNOCAI C.
Published: March 2010

Two commonly occurring, perennially frozen, organic soils were studied, one from the south-west part of the Discontinuous Permafrost Zone and the other from the Continuous Permafrost Zone of the Hudson Bay Lowland in northern Manitoba. These soils had a characteristic domed or slightly elevated topography with a dense cover of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.), Ledum groenlandicum Oeder, feathermoss, and sphagnum moss. The water content of the active layer was found to be much lower than the water (ice) content of the frozen layer. The exchangeable calcium and hydrogen and pH were higher in the frozen layer than in the active layer but no significant difference was found in the exchangeable magnesium, potassium, and sodium of the two layers. The high concentration of Ca in the frozen layer is likely due both to the transfer of soil moisture and nutrients along the thermal gradient and, as has been found previously, to the high selectivity of organic soils for calcium over magnesium and monovalent cations.
INFLUENCE OF DISCONTINUITIES IN PARTICLE SIZE ON THE GENESIS OF TWO SOILS OF THE HONEYWOOD CATENA
Authors: ASAMOA G. K. , PROTZ R.
Published: March 2010

Particle-size discontinuities were located in two soil profiles of the Honeywood catena. Discontinuities in the distribution of clay, Na-dithionite and NH4-oxalate extractable Fe, Al, and Mn indicated varying degrees of translocation of these elements across the established particle-size discontinuities. The particle-size discontinuities appeared to have influenced the movement and accumulation of clay and extractable Fe, Al, and Mn through their effects on the vertical movement of water within the profiles. The degree of pedogenesis within the profiles was assessed by matching soil horizon boundaries and pedogenesis breaks with the established discontinuities. It was concluded that soil development had progressed more in the Embro profile than in the Honeywood profile. Dithionite-Fe breaks appeared to be useful in identifying the lower boundaries of Ae and Bt horizons, whereas oxalate-Fe breaks appeared to be associated with the illuvial B horizons.
A TECHNIQUE FOR RAPIDLY DETERMINING TOPOGRAPHIC CLASS FROM TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS
Authors: SNEDDON J. I. , CUKOR N. , FARSTAD L.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF LIME ON SOME CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS, NUTRIENT AVAILABILITY, AND CROP RESPONSE OF A NEWLY BROKEN ORGANIC SOIL
Authors: HAMILTON HERMAN A. , BERNIER R.
Published: March 2010

Under field conditions, an acid, virgin, organic soil was subjected to liming at increasing rates with and without a complete fertilizer. Using potatoes, onions, and carrots as vegetable crops on first breaking the land, there was a complete failure of the onion and carrot crops despite the use of limestone, and N–P–K at 56–56–112 kg/ha, respectively. Potatoes, on the other hand, responded to both lime and fertilizer. On the subsequent addition of micronutrients (Cu, Mn, Zn, B, and Mo) to the experimental area, onions and carrots were most responsive to lime as well as N, P, and K. Liming caused a considerable decrease in the native water-soluble phosphorus of the soil as well as a decrease in the manganese content of potato leaf tissue. This decrease in manganese content was intensified on the further addition of N, P, and K. In the absence of liming, soil pH increased from 3.20 to 3.93 merely by opening up the land to cultivation. The fact that different vegetables have varying and different micronutrient requirements appears to be a most important factor in the suitability of the crop used on virgin organic soils of intense acidity.
SOIL MORPHOLOGY AND SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES. II. MECHANICAL IMPEDANCE AND MOISTURE RETENTION AND MOVEMENT
Authors: AYRES K. W. , BUTTON R. G. , JONG E. DE
Published: March 2010

The relations among soil structure, soil mechanical impedance, and moisture retention and movement were investigated on undisturbed soil cores from soil horizons exhibiting six distinct kinds of soil structure (prismatic, columnar, blocky, granular, platy, massive) over a broad range of soil texture. Mechanical impedance was characterized by measurements of bulk density and soil strength. Moisture retention and movement were characterized by measurements of [Formula: see text]-atm moisture content and saturated hydraulic conductivity. The columnar structures from Solonetzic soils were singled out as having a higher mechanical impedance and lower hydraulic conductivity than the other structures, most of which were sampled from Chernozemic soils. Total porosity (P) and bulk density (Db) were highly correlated; however, the regression coefficient for P vs. Db for columnar structures was significantly higher than that found for the other five structural types. Regression equations predicted that the hydraulic conductivity of platy structures could be zero for samples having as much as 15% air-filled pore space at [Formula: see text]-atm suction as compared with 6–8% for the other structures.
VANILLIN DERIVATIVES FROM A COPPER PEAT
Authors: MORITA H.
Published: March 2010

Two phenolic compounds, 5-carboxyvanillin and 5-carboxyvanillic acid, were isolated in yields of 1.9 and 1.1%, respectively, from the organic matter in a peat containing 7% copper.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE TENSION AND AMENDMENTS ON YIELD, OIL, AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF TARGET RAPE GROWN ON GRAY WOODED SOILS IN THE GREENHOUSE
Authors: NUTTALL W. F.
Published: March 2010

Soil moisture tension (100 and 151 mbars) and amendments (straw, peat, manure, and ammonium nitrate) on three Gray Wooded and one Dark Gray soil significantly affected yield, oil, and protein content of Target rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Low soil moisture tension (LSMT) gave higher yields than high soil moisture tension (HSMT). In general, lower oil content and higher protein content were obtained under HSMT than under LSMT. Also, the ammonium nitrate treatment increased protein content of the grain more than the other amendments. Protein content ranged from 28.2 to 43.3% and oil content from 38.9 to 50.0%. Regression analysis revealed that protein and oil content were inversely related (R2 = 79.6%). Lowest fiber content (highest protein plus oil) was obtained with rape grown on Dark Gray, Nipawin loam soil. Ammonium nitrate (70 μg N/g soil) produced the lowest fiber content averaged over moisture tension and soil type treatments. Those treatments that helped to increase the available nitrogen supply to the crop and that increased protein contents of the grain produced the lowest fiber contents.
AMOUNTS OF MERCURY IN SOIL OF SOME GOLF COURSE SITES
Authors: MacLEAN A. J. , STONE B. , CORDUKES W. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN PREPARING COLORED AGROCLIMATIC MAPS BY COMPUTER
Authors: BAIER W. , SHARP W. R. , ROBERTS J. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
EXTRACTION OF 11C-LABELLED CHLOROPHENOXYACETIC ACIDS FROM SOIL
Authors: FOSTER R. K. , McKERCHER R. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
CARACTERISATION D'UN PODZOL HUMO-FERRIQUE, LUVISOLIQUE, ET LITHIQUE A ESPRIT-SAINT, COMTE DE RIMOUSKI, QUEBEC
Authors: LAFLAMME GERARD , BARIL ROGER , KIMPE CHRISTIAN DE
Published: March 2010

A study based on some morphological, physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses showed the development of a podzol–luvisol soil intergrade at Esprit-Saint, in Rimouski County. The strongly acid reaction, a white depleted Ae horizon, relatively large accumulations of illuvial organic matter, iron- and aluminium-free oxides in various extracts identified a podzol B horizon. However, a relatively pale color, a finer texture, strong subangular structure, and evident clay coatings on peds were evidence of the Bt horizons of the Canadian Luvisolic soils. This sort of horizon would qualify as a Bft horizon. The relatively slight weathering of micas into chlorite and montmorillonite in the solum and the aforementioned criteria would indicate a Podzol evolution within a Luvisol. It is suggested that the former "Textural Podzol" concept be reconsidered. The term Luvisolic Humo-Ferric Podzol is suggested for similar soil intergrades.
SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF LA POCATIERE AND ST-PASCAL SOILS DEVELOPED ON MARINE SEDIMENTS IN QUEBEC
Authors: LAVERDIERE M. R. , CESCAS M. P.
Published: March 2010

Some properties of two Gleysolic soils developed on Champlain Sea sediments were studied. Small variations were noted in pH, organic matter, and carbonate values determined in the La Pocatière profile (Low Humic Eluviated Gleysol); these grayish materials were probably reworked by fresh water after their deposition. Changes in these properties were much more marked between upper and lower horizons of the St-Pascal profile (Orthic Gleysol). C horizons of this profile were very compact and only slightly affected by gleysation. Fe, Al, and Mn values decreased with depth in the La Pocatière profile and were maximum in Bg2 and Bg3 horizons of the St-Pascal. Mineralogical analyses showed that illite and quartz were the most important constituents of the clay fraction and that chlorite, plagioclase feldspars, and amphibole were found in greater amounts in the La Pocatière horizons. Interstratified illite-vermiculite was noted in Ahe horizon of the St-Pascal profile, and chloritized vermiculite, hematite, and geothite were identified in Bg2 and Bg3 horizons of this reddish brown soil.
EFFECTS OF MOISTURE, ADDED NO3−, AND MACERATED ROOTS ON NO3− TRANSFORMATION AND REDOX POTENTIAL IN SURFACE AND SUBSURFACE SOILS
Authors: BAILEY L. D. , BEAUCHAMP E. G.
Published: March 2010

Samples of the Ap, BA, and Bt horizons of a Huron soil were used to study in the laboratory the effects of three moisture levels, added KNO3, and macerated corn roots on NO3− transformation and redox potential (Eh). The soil systems were incubated at 30 C in an atmosphere of 21% O2 and 79% He. Without the addition of NO3− and soil moisture level equivalent to one-half field capacity [Formula: see text] and field capacity (FC), NO3− accumulation occurred. Adding KNO3 alone or KNO3 and macerated roots, and increasing the moisture to twice field capacity (2FC) resulted in NO3− reduction. The relationship between Eh and NO3− reduction and accumulation was similar for the three soil samples. The rate of NO3− reduction or accumulation was stimulated by the addition of macerated roots and was in the order Ap > BA > Bt. NO3− accumulation was accompanied by an increase in Eh from 400 to 430 mV. [Formula: see text] and FC only a portion of the added NO3− was reduced, and the Eh decreased from 400 to 350 mV and was poised thereafter. In saturated soil (2FC) the Eh decreased from positive values to negative values. However in the BA and Bt soils treated with NO3−, macerated roots, or both, the Eh was temporarily poised at 200 mV until all NO3− was reduced.
A MODIFIED ALUMINON REAGENT FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ALUMINUM AFTER HNO3–H2SO4 DIGESTION
Authors: WANG CHANG , WOOD F. A.
Published: March 2010

not available
DISSOLUTION OF CHLORITE MINERALS BY FULVIC ACID
Authors: KODAMA H. , SCHNITZER M.
Published: March 2010

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SURFACE CHARACTERISTICS OF MAPPING UNITS RELATED TO AERIAL IMAGING OF SOILS
Authors: CIHLAR J. , PROTZ R.
Published: March 2010

Successful detection of boundaries of soil mapping units (SMU's) using differences in spectral characteristics of surface soils requires that any given SMU appears homogeneous but different from all other SMU's as viewed by the recording device. The purpose of this study was to assess surface characteristics affecting aerial images of soils and the degree to which they differ among SMU's. Soil surface samples were collected along four transects (crossing 11 SMU's) at 10-m intervals. Munsell color coordinates (dry soils) and organic matter, oxalate iron, sand, silt and clay contents were subjected to a statistical analysis. The results showed that except for Munsell hue, more than 50% of the total variability occurred among SMU's. Distinct groups of SMU's were denned on the basis of Munsell value, organic matter, sand, and silt content, but in no case were all SMU s distinguished from one another. This and related studies suggest that these soils could not be mapped accurately on the basis of their spectral response alone but spectral differences would provide additional information on soil distribution Since soil reflectance characteristics are described in terms of Munsell color coordinates and other properties measured by pedologists, these results may be extrapolated into various areas with similar soils.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND MINERALOGICAL PROPERTIES OF A CATENA OF SOILS FROM PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND IN RELATION TO THEIR CLASSIFICATION AND GENESIS
Authors: MCKEAGUE J. A. , MACDOUGALL J. I. , MILES N. M.
Published: March 2010

The four soils, developed in compact, reddish brown, sandstone-derived till, ranged from well to poorly drained. Eluviation of clay and sesquioxides had occurred in all of the soils as indicated by their light gray, acid Ae horizons that were depleted of clay, Fe, Al, and Mn, However, only the two better drained soils, Tignish and O'Leary, had the B horizon of accumulation of amorphous organic matter-Fe, -Al complexes that is diagnostic of Podzolic soils. Weakly expressed horizons of clay accumulation occurred in all of the soils and they were somewhat more developed in the more poorly drained soils. Subsoils of all four soils had low hydraulic conductivities, high bulk densities, and a mixed clay mineralogy consisting of mica, chlorite, kaolinite, and expansible minerals. The properties of the four soils were closely similar to those of reddish brown soils of similar texture and drainage class from Nova Scotia. Two were classified as Bisequa Grey Luvisols and the others as Gleyed Gray Luvisol and Low Humic Eiuviated Gleysol.
MICROSCOPY AND ELECTRON MICROPROBE ANALYSIS OF SOME IRON–MANGANESE PANS FROM NEWFOUNDLAND
Authors: BREWER R. , PROTZ R. , McKEAGUE J. A.
Published: March 2010

A number of thin iron–manganese pans from soils with peaty surface horizons have been examined with a light microscope and electron microprobe analyzer. The results show that: (1) concentrations of Fe and Mn (as oxides, hydroxides, or both) occur distinctly separated from each other even where closely associated, i.e., every unit analyzed was dominantly either Mn or Fe with little contamination by the other; (2) Mn concentrations always increase in proportion to Fe with increasing depth in the pans; generally Mn concentrations underlie Fe concentrations; (3) at least in these pans, the various kinds of Fe and Mn concentrations can be distinguished optically by using both transmitted and reflected light characteristics.
RESIDUAL VALUE OF PHOSPHATIC FERTILIZER ON CHERNOZEMIC SOILS
Authors: READ D. W. L. , SPRATT E. D. , BAILEY L. D. , WARDER F. G. , FERGUSON W. S.
Published: March 2010

The residual effects of single large applications of phosphatic fertilizer, up to 400 kg P/ha, were measured on Chernozemic soils in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. The single large applications of P increased the yield of wheat and increased the amount of available P in the soil. Yields were not increased with additional P applied annually with the seed until the available P (NaHCO3 soluble fraction) was reduced to approximately 10 ppm in the upper 15 cm of soil. Soil from the field test locations was used in the greenhouse to determine the persistence of the residual effects of P. The available P was decreased to approximately 10 ppm by five alternate crops of barley and oats in soils to which 100 kg P/ha had been applied, by 14 crops when 200 kg P/ha had been applied, and did not reach this level with 19 crops when 400 kg P/ha had been applied. The rate of removal of available P from the untreated soils and the treated soils, in which the available P had been reduced to approximately 10 ppm, were similar. When the available P reached this level an equilibrium was reached between rate of removal and rate of replenishment of available P from "fixed" sources of P in the soil. There was a high correlation between field and greenhouse results. On the basis of this, it might be expected that a single large application of phosphatic fertilizer would be as effective for cereal crop production and recovery of applied P as small annual applications of P placed with the seed.
REDUCTION OF FROST HEAVING BY TETRAALKYLAMMONIUM IONS
Authors: KAY B. D. , SCOTT W. S.
Published: March 2010

The extent to which tetramethylammonium and tetrabutylammonium ions are capable of reducing frost heaving in a loam soil has been investigated in the laboratory. Frost heaving was reduced exponentially with respect to concentration of ions on the soil colloid. The adsorption of about 100 μg N/g soil was capable of reducing the extent of frost heave after 12 h by 50%. The effects of tetraalkylammonium ions on the water release curve, the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the low temperature differential thermogram, and the freezing point (the temperature at which freezing commenced in a sample) were evaluated to determine the mechanism whereby these ions reduced frost heave. Both the water release curves and the low temperature differential thermograms indicated that these ions did not influence the capillary or "adsorbed" water content. The freezing point remained the same for all treatments. However, saturated hydraulic conductivity decreased linearly with increasing concentration of adsorbed cations, suggesting that this was the mechanism principally responsible for the reduction in frost heaving.
GROUPING OF LOWER FRASER VALLEY SOILS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA BY NUMERICAL METHODS
Authors: KLOOSTERMAN B. , LAVKULICH L. M.
Published: March 2010

The British Columbia Soil Survey Data File was used to numerically classify soils of the Lower Fraser Valley of British Columbia. The data employed in the numerical-classification procedure were routine soil survey data and this classification was compared with the Canadian Soil Classification System. Three types of soil-profile data sets were used: average surface slice, selected average profile, and average profile. Methods of statistical analysis were cluster analysis and hierarchial grouping analysis. No marked differences in grouping resulted by the two methods of analyses. The average profile method seemed to give better correspondence with the Canadian System of Soil Classification. Consideration of surface layers alone did not correspond with the Canadian Soil Classification. The hierarchical grouping scheme resulted in better defined groups than the cluster analysis approach.
MOVEMENT OF ALDRIN AND HEPTACHLOR RESIDUES IN A SLOPING FIELD OF SANDY LOAM TEXTURE
Authors: PEACH M. E. , SCHAFFNER J. P. , STILES D. A.
Published: March 2010

The residues of aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor, and heptachlor epoxide were investigated in Woodville sandy loam soils that had been used for tobacco farming. Movement of residues in a field demonstrates that concentrations of residues can be directly correlated with the topography of the land. The decrease is greatest at points of highest elevation and less at lower levels. The mode of transportation of pesticide through the soil is discussed.
QUANTITATIVE COMPARISON OF TWO CLOSELY RELATED SOIL MAPPING UNITS
Authors: CROSSON L. S. , PROTZ R.
Published: March 2010

Many soil mapping units (MU) have not been adequately sampled to provide a true measure of their variability; therefore, their descriptions must be regarded as incomplete, and valid statistical comparisons cannot be made with other closely related MU. The number of samples required to detect the differences in means of 18 soil properties between Brantford and Beverly Silt Loam MU were calculated and they ranged from 4 at the 80% probability level (10 at the 95% probability level) for organic matter content of the Ap horizon to several thousand for pH of the Ap horizon. Calculation of required sample numbers indicated that sufficient samples had been collected to make valid statistical comparisons between seven of the soil properties. All seven properties were found to be significantly different between the two MU at the 95% probability level. However, only two of the properties, hue and organic matter content of the Ap horizon, had distinctly different modal values between the two MU and neither of these properties is easily measured in the field. Therefore, it was concluded that the 18 soil properties examined were impractical and unreliable criteria for separating the MU in the field. But, the MU separations can be readily and validly made on the basis of landscape position.
THE SEASONAL PATTERN OF NITROGEN AND CARBON MINERALIZATION IN FOREST AND PASTURE SOILS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: ELLIS R. C.
Published: March 2010

Deficiency of N could be an important limitation to the establishment of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) on former agricultural soils. Consequently a study of the seasonal pattern in N and C mineralization was conducted with calcareous soils from four similar segments of a land unit that supported maple woodlot, old field, red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.), planted old field, and pasture, respectively. Net N mineralized was determined after incubation in situ; rate of C mineralization was measured in situ; and both net N and C mineralized were determined after incubation (perfusion) in the laboratory. All soils showed marked seasonal variation in both their content of exchangeable ionic N and the rate at which N was mineralized. The results from in situ and laboratory determinations were similar. Maxima in May-June and in September were separated by a minimum in July. Winter minima occurred in November and late April. The direction of seasonal change was little affected by short-term changes in temperature and soil moisture, and appeared to be explicable as a response to phenological changes in the vegetation. The rate at which C was mineralized in situ reached a maximum in late July and minima in May and September; it was closely correlated with soil temperature (P = 0.001). In the laboratory the rate reached a maximum in June, and a minimum in July, followed by a slow recovery thereafter until the end of November. Both in situ and in the laboratory, N was mineralized most rapidly from the maple woodlot soil. While there were large differences among soils in the rate at which N was mineralized, there were only small differences in the rate of C mineralization. Thus, per unit of C mineralized, the net amounts of N mineralized in the laboratory from pine stand, pasture, and old-field soils were only 0.29, 0.27, and 0.22, respectively, of the amount mineralized from maple woodlot soil; comparable figures from in situ measurement were 0.24, 0.59, and 0.30. These results indicate that a diminished rate of mineralization of N on former agricultural soils vis-à-vis that on uncleared forest soils is associated with little diminution in their level of biological activity. Forest trees grown on such soils can, therefore, be expected to suffer a degree of N deficiency.
MICROMORPHOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL, AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF A PODZOLIC SOIL WITH A FRAGIPAN
Authors: KIMPE C. R. DE , McKEAGUE J. A.
Published: March 2010

The soil had a thick, dark brown, highly porous Podzolic B horizon with a high content of amorphous Fe, Al- organic matter complex material and a low bulk density, underlain abruptly by a dense, gray fragipan with a bulk density of nearly 2 g/cm3. Mean pore diameters of subhorizons within the Podzolic B ranged from about 25 to 120 μm and those of the fragipan were about 0.5 μm. The marked contrast in porosity was consistent both with hydraulic conductivity values of about 20 cm/h in the Podzolic B and 0.2 cm/h in the fragipan, and with the micromorphology. Strongly oriented argillans in the fragipan indicated some clay translocation. The clay mineralogy indicated weak weathering of phyllosilicates, but appreciable weathering of primary minerals must have occurred to produce the amorphous Fe and Al- rich amorphous material in the Podzolic B. Seepage along the surface of the fragipan, and the absence of roots in this layer indicated the significance of this horizon with respect to plant growth and to the water regime of the soil.
INFLUENCE OF AMMONIUM ON THE BEHAVIOR OF CLAY PARTICLES IN A SODIC SOIL AND BENTONITE
Authors: SCHAIK J. C. VAN , CAIRNS R. R.
Published: March 2010

The addition of ammonium salts increased the hydraulic conductivity of samples taken from the Bnt horizon of a Solonetz soil. The improved conductivity was caused by an increase in the salt concentration in the soil solution and by the ammonium adsorbed on the clay particles. Since the dominant clay mineral in this soil type is montmorillonite, purified bentonite was used for comparative studies. Mobility studies of montmorillonite systems indicated that the adsorbed NH4 ions are tightly bound to the clay particles. The size of the NH4-tactoids was found to be larger than that of the Na-tactoids but less than half that of the Ca-tactoids. It was concluded that the beneficial effect of ammonium on water movement in Solonetz soils will be less than that of calcium, but the transformation of the adsorbed ammonium in the field, followed by replacement of sodium by hydrogen, may result in further improvement of these soils.
THE MOVEMENT OF SALTS, AND THE EFFECTS ON CEREAL YIELDS RESULTING FROM THE APPLICATION OF POTASSIUM REFINERY DUST TO THE SOIL SURFACE
Authors: BALLANTYNE A. K.
Published: March 2010

Potassium mine refinery dust at rates from 1.12 to 11.2 ton/ha (½ to 5 ton per, acre) was applied to a Dark Brown Chernozemic silt loam and to a Black Chernozemic loam. Under dryland farming conditions, no significant effects on yields of cereal grains have been recorded. After 5 years there is no indication that any K has moved deeper than 46 cm (18 inches). The chlorides have been removed from the surface soil and about 50% have leached to below 213 cm (7 ft). The K replaced some of the exchangeable Ca and Mg which were subsequently leached to lower depths. Much of the added K is now in the exchangeable form; some may have become fixed in the clay lattice.
SELENIUM DISTRIBUTION IN CANADIAN SOIL PROFILES
Authors: LÉVESQUE M.
Published: March 2010

The distribution of selenium (Se) in 54 Canadian soil profiles was examined according to horizon in the profile, and to soil properties. Apart from the organic surface layers, the Podzolic B horizons had the highest Se values (0.52 ppm), and so displayed a marked accumulation. The Luvisolic and Gleysolic B horizons also showed some accumulation. The Se content of parent materials was generally low (0.10 ppm). Simple correlation analyses of the combined data (irrespective of horizon) indicated that Se distribution was closely associated with both organic carbon and NH4-oxalate extractable Fe and Al. When the data were arranged according to genetic groupings, this association remained true only for Podzolic B horizons. Multiple regression analyses revealed that the predominant factors involved in the Se distribution were the Se content of parent materials, and the organic carbon content of the upper horizons, in that order, except for Podzolic soils. Clay had little or no influence on the Se distribution. In spite of the relationship of Se to parent materials, the contribution by atmospheric contaminants to the Se enrichment of soils could remain important.
DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN SASKATCHEWAN SOILS AND CROPS
Authors: GRACEY H. I. , STEWART J. W. B.
Published: March 2010

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