bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidative stability of tempeh
Authors: Murata K.
Published: January 2007

Antioxidant activities of 6,7,4′‐trihydroxyisoflavone and the compound 0.58 substance, (Rf value 0.58 on Silicagel TLC with cyclohexane 9 : ethylether 1) isolated from tempeh were measured by oxygen absorption. Both are active in preventing consumption of dissolved oxygen in an emulsified solution of safflower oil.
Fractionation of menhaden oil ethyl esters using supercritical fluid CO2
Authors: Nilsson W. B. , Gauglitz E. J. , Hudson J. K. , Stout V. F. , Spinelli J.
Published: January 2007

Supercritical fluid CO2 was used to fractionate menhaden oil fatty acid ethyl esters to obtain concentrates of the esters of allcis‐5,8,11,14,17‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and allcis‐4,7,10,13,16,19‐docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Separation of the ethyl esters was found to occur primarily by carbon number, thus limiting the degree to which the ethyl esters of EPA and DHA could be concentrated. Urea fractionation of whole esters in order to remove saturates, monoenes and dienes prior to fractionation with supercritical fluid CO2 resulted in concentrates of EPA and DHA in purities exceeding 90%. Several criteria are given for the selection of crude oils in order to maximize both purity and yield of concentrates.
Quality of yellow and dark seeds inBrassica campestris canola varieties Candle and Tobin
Authors: Daun J. K. , DeClercq D. R.
Published: January 2007

Yellow‐coated seeds from theBrassica campestris cultivars Tobin and Candle were heavier and contained more oil and protein than the dark‐coated seeds from the same sample. In addition, the yellow‐coated seeds had lower levels of erucic acid, glucosinolates, chlorophyll and crude fiber. These differences were detected in both pedigreed and commercial (producer) samples, but to a larger extent in commercial samples. Reasons for the greater quality differences between yellow‐ and dark‐coated seed could be admixtures of cultivars other than the declared ones of Tobin or Candle or changes in the seed itself as it went from the breeder's stage to the producer stage.
Estolides from meadowfoam oil fatty acids and other monounsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Erhan Selim M. , Kleiman Robert , Isbell Terry A.
Published: January 2007

The formation of estolides was detected during the studies on dimerization of meadowfoam oil fatty acids. By adjusting the reaction conditions, it was possible to produce monoestolides with little dimer or trimer formations. Estolides have potential use in lubricant, cosmetic and ink formulations and in plasticizers. This paper reports the conditions for production of estolides from mixed meadow‐foam fatty acids, commercial oleic acid, high‐oleic sun‐flower oil fatty acids,cis‐5,cis‐13‐docosadienoic acid, petroselinic acid and linoleic acid.
Supercritical CO2 degumming and physical refining of soybean oil
Authors: List G. R. , King J. W. , Johnson J. H. , Warner K. , Mounts T. L.
Published: January 2007

A hexane‐extracted crude soybean oil was degummed in a reactor by counter‐currently contacting the oil with supercritical CO2 at 55 MPa at 70°C. The phosphorus content of the crude oil was reduced from 620 ppm to less than 5 ppm. Degummed feedstocks were fed (without further processing,i.e., bleaching) directly to a batch physical refining step consisting of simultaneous deacidification/deodorization (1 h @ 260°C and 1–3 mm Hg) with and without 100 ppm citric acid. Flavor and oxidative stability of the oils was evaluated on freshly deodorized oils both after accelerated storage at 60°C and after exposure to fluorescent light at 7500 lux. Supercritical CO2‐processed oils were compared with a commercially refined/bleached soybean oil that was deodorized under the same conditions.

Flavor evaluations made on noncitrated oils showed that uncomplexed iron lowered initial flavor scores of both the unaged commercial control and the CO2‐processed oils. Oils treated with .01% (100 ppm) citric acid had an initial flavor score about 1 unit higher and were more stable in accelerated storage tests than their uncitrated counterparts. Supercritical CO2‐processed oil had equivalent flavor scores, both initially and after 60°C aging and light exposure as compared to the control soybean oil. Results showed that bleaching with absorbent clays may be eliminated by the supercritical CO2 counter‐current processing step because considerable heat bleaching was observed during deacidification/deodorization. Colors of salad oils produced under above conditions typically ran 3Y 0.7R.
Enzymatic interesterification of triolein with tripalmitin in canola lecithin‐hexane reverse micelles
Authors: Marangoni Alejandro G. , McCurdy Robert D. , Brown Eric D.
Published: January 2007

Lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of tripalmitin with triolein in canola lecithin‐hexane reverse micelles allowed for the successful modification of triolein and tripalmitin to yield a fat of intermediate properties between the two initial substrates. Acetone‐insoluble canola lecithin (AIL) reverse micelles containingRhizopus arrhizus lipase in buffer, or plain 0.1M sodium phosphate buffer of pH 7.0, formed readily in hexane. Both had an average Stokes’ radius of approximately 40Å, as determined by quasielastic light‐scattering determinations. The reverse micelle system was stable and did not form higher‐order micelle oligomers or aggregates. Biotransformation of the triglycerides was performed at 47°C in a 50‐mM AIL‐hexane reverse micelle system containing 50% (w/w) oil at a water‐to‐surfactant ratio (wo) of 5.5. Dynamic (oscillatory) mechanical analysis indicated that the crystallization temperature of the fat dropped from 47.7 to 37.5°C as judged by the storage (G′) and loss (G″) modulusvs. temperature profiles after 48 h of reaction. Differential scanning calorimetric studies showed that the melting point of the fat dropped from 61 to 57°C after 48 h of reaction. Triglyceride analysis of the fat mixture by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) indicated that, after 48 h of reaction, the tripalmitin content dropped from 34.5 to 29% (w/w), the triolein content dropped from 64.5 to 52.1% (w/w) and the 1‐oleyl‐2,3‐dipalmitin content reached 7.5% (w/w) while the 1‐palmitoyl‐2,3‐diolein content reached 7.2% (w/w). 1,2‐Dipalmitoyldiglyceride and 1,2‐dioleyldiglyceride contents reached 1.6 and 2.4% (w/w), respectively, after 48 h. Free fatty acid analysis of the fat mixture by GLC revealed that the free palmitic acid content increased from 0.28 to 2.4% (w/w) while the free oleic acid content increased from 1.4 to 5.4% (w/w) in the initial 24 h, after which the levels remained constant. The relatively high initial free fatty acid content of the mixture was due to free fatty acids present in the canola lecithin and not in the oils. This enzymatic interesterification protocol utilizes, for the first time, an organic solvent commonly used in food processing operations and a food‐grade and inexpensive surfactant that readily forms reverse micelles and yields a modified fat with improved rheological properties for use as an edible plastic fat.
Inhibition of malonaldehyde formation from lipids by an isoflavonoid isolated from young green barley leaves
Authors: Nishiyama T. , Hagiwara Y. , Hagiwara H. , Shibamoto T.
Published: January 2007

The inhibitory effect of 2″‐O‐glycosylisovitexin (2″‐O‐GIV), isolated from young green barley leaves, on malonaldehyde (MA) formation from lipids was determined by gas chromatography. Two μmol of 2″‐O‐GIV inhibited MA formation from 0.2 mmol of squalene by almost 100% upon ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Only 1 μmol of 2″‐O‐GIV inhibited 90% of MA formation from 0.2 mmol of ethyl linoleate upon UV irradiation. The effective quantities of 2″‐O‐GIV were much lower than those of either butylated hydroxytoluene or α‐tocopherol. When ethyl linoleate, ethyl linolenate and ethyl arachidonate were oxidized by Fenton’s reagent in the presence of 2″‐O‐GIV or α‐tocopherol, both compounds showed similar activity toward MA formation. Both compounds gave maximum inhibition at doses of 0.1–0.3 μmol for ethyl linoleate, 0.1–0.5 μmol for ethyl linolenate and 0.1–0.5 μmol for ethyl arachidonate.
Avocado oil extraction with appropriate technology for developing countries
Authors: Bizimana V. , Breene W. M. , Csallany A. S.
Published: January 2007

Some published procedures for extraction of oil from avocado fruit mesocarp tissue were compared and modified for the purpose of creating applicability in developing countries. Highest recoveries were obtained at a 5:1 water‐to‐avocado ratio, pH 5.5 and centrifugal force of 12,300 ×g. Addition of 5% CaCO3 or CaSO4 allowed extraction without organic solvents. The relationship was linear between heating temperature (75–98°C) and the time for oil release from slurries. Gravity settling for four days at 37°C followed by centrifugation improved oil yield. Optimal oil recoveries were 70–80%.
Effects of extraction and fractionation pressures on supercritical extraction of cholesterol from beef tallow
Authors: Chao Roy R. , Mulvaney Steven J. , Huang Hsimin
Published: January 2007

Edible beef tallow was extracted by supercritical CO2 in a dynamic mode at pressures from 138 to 345 bars and temperatures of 40 and 50°C. The lipid fractions were collected at 34.5 bar/40°C. A retrograde behavior of lipid solubility was observed around 170–175 bar. The ranges of the cholesterol concentration [chol.], were 300–450 mg/100 g and 50–200 mg/100 g lipid for the fractions extracted at 138 bar and 345 bar, respectively. Beef tallow was also extracted with sequentially varied pressures of 138, 345 and 138 bars at 40°C and collected at 34.5 bar/40°C. The results showed that after 20 kg CO2 was used for extracting 100 g of loaded beef tallow the weight of the residual beef tallow remaining in the extractor was 23 g with [chol.] of 49 mg/100 g lipid. The lower [chol.] of the residual beef tallow represents a 60–70% reduction in cholesterol content, when compared with untreated beef tallow where [chol.] ranges from 130 to 160 mg/100 g lipid. To isolate lipid fractions containing higher [chol.], beef tallow was extracted at 345 bar/40°C and then fractionated into three separators connected in series with decreasing pressures of 173 bar, 117 bar, and 34.5 bar at 40°C, respectively. The results showed that the fractions collected from the third separator (34.5 bar) contained concentrated [chol.] ranging from 272 to 433 mg/100 g lipid. The fatty acid analysis revealed that the fractions containing high [chol.] generally consisted of high concentrations of myristic and palmitoleic acids but low concentrations of stearic and oleic acids.
Volatile compounds from the triacylglycerol ofcis,cis 9,15‐linoleic acid
Authors: Neff W. E. , Selke E.
Published: January 2007

cis,cis 9,15‐Linoleic acid, one of the isomers produced by partial hydrogenation of linolenic acid, may be a precursor of the hydrogenation odor observed during heating of partially hydrogenated soybean oil in air. Odors of hydrogenation, for example the melon odor, are associated with foods cooked in partially hydrogenated soybean oil that has undergone oxidative deterioration during heating. To better understand this oxidation mechanism, the volatiles from decomposition of the oxidation products of a synthesized model compound, tricis,cis 9,15‐linoleoylglycerol, heated in air at 192°C were collected, separated, quantitated by gas chromatography with flame ionization detection and identified by mass spectrometry. Major volatiles observed indicated that each of the isolated double bonds at carbons 9,10 and 15,16 isomerized to form an allylic radical. The allylic radical derived from the isolated double bond at carbons 9,10 reacted with oxygen to form the 8,9,10 and 11 monohydroperoxides. The allylic radical derived from the isolated double bond at carbons 15,16 produced the 14,15,16 and 17 monohydroperoxides. The 8,9,10 and 11 monohydroperoxides are the expected precursors of the following volatiles identified by mass spectrometry: 2,8‐undecadienal (5.9%), 2,7‐decadienal (7.8%), 6‐nonenal (8.4%) and 5‐octenal (1.5% of total volatiles), respectively. These four aldehydes are analogous to major volatiles obtained from thermal decomposition of autoxidized trioleoylglycerol. The 14,15,16 and 17 monohydroperoxides are the expected precursors of 2‐pentenal (9.0%), 2‐butenal (8.0%), propanal (12.1%) and ethanal (2.0% of total volatiles), respectively. Among the above volatiles, 6‐nonenal (cucumber‐melon) is reported to have the most intense odor associated with deteriorated partially hydrogenated soybean oil.
Denicking of fatty acid pitch
Authors: Aly G. , Stenström S. , Bertilsson F. , Beijer M.
Published: January 2007

Unsaturated fatty acids are usually hydrogenated with a nickel catalyst. As a side reaction, nickel dissolves in the fatty acids and forms nickel soaps. On refining the crude fatty acid feedstock by distillation, these nickel soaps are enriched in the bottom fraction (pitch) to a concentration range of 2,500–5,500 ppm. With a heat value comparable to heavy fuel oil, the pitch has been used as fuel. However, due to new environmental restrictions, the nickel concentration must be considerably reduced to limit gas emission of nickel. In this study, solvent extraction was investigated as a separation method for denickling of this valuable oleochemical by‐product. At a temperature of 80°C, the nickel content in the pitch was reduced from 2,900 ppm to 4 ppm in three extraction steps by means of 1 wt% citric acid in water. Based on experimental results, a preliminary process flowsheet is presented consisting of extraction, stripping, acid washing and electrolysis. An economic analysis, performed on the extraction process and a process based on direct combustion followed by electrostatic precipitation revealed that direct combustion is economically more advantageous. However, the compatibility of the extraction alternative can be considerably improved by process optimization. The type and concentration of the stripping and acid washing agents, phase ratios, temperature, ionic strength and the equilibrium pH of the aqueous and acid phases are important process parameters that should be considered in the optimization process.
Development of high‐performance liquid chromatography criteria for determination of grades of commercial olive oils. Part I. The normal ranges for the triacylglycerols
Authors: Flor Richard V. , Hecking Le Tiet , Martin Brian David
Published: January 2007

Criteria for authentic olive oils were developed from isocratic high‐performance liquid chromatography analyses of 99 olive oils from the major Mediterranean producers in the 1983–1986 crop years. Authentic olive oils include extra virgin, virgin and pure or refined oils, but exclude all reesterified and adulterated oils. The extra virgin through pure grades will have a combined area for the LOO (C18:2C18:1C18:1), LOP (C18:2C18:1C16:0), OOO (C18:1C18:1C18:1), POO (C16:0C18:1C18:1), POP (C16:0C18:1C18:1), and SOO (C18:0C18:1C18:1) peaks between 82.0 and 92.6% of the total area (L, linoleic; O, oleic; P, palmitic; S, stearic). Authentic oils will have ratios of LOO/LOP and OOO/POO that coincide with a line defined by OOO/POO=0.7844(LOO/LOP)+0.0968; correlation coefficient is 0.885. Authentic oils will not have a trilinolein (LLL) peak over 0.5% in area. Neither triolein (OOO) nor any other single peak suffices to characterize an olive oil sample as one of the authentic grades.
Fatty acid selectivity: The selectivity of lipases ofGeotrichum candidum
Authors: Sonnet Philip E. , Foglia Thomas A. , Baillargeon Mary Welch
Published: January 2007

The relative reactivities of several long‐chain fatty acids in esterifications with 1‐butanol catalyzed by lipases ofGeotrichum candidum were evaluated. As has been noted previously, these lipases are not uniformly highly selective forcis‐9 unsaturated fatty acids. However, the lipase preparations examined do uniformly discriminate against fatty acids having a chainlength greater than C‐18 such as erucic acid. The reactivities of γ‐linolenic and ricinoleic acid were also low compared to that of oleic. An examination of the effect of the alcohol upon the relative reactivities of acids showed that one could enhance fatty acid selectivity by proper choices of alcohol. For example, oleic acid esterifies 2.5 times faster than palmitic acid with 1‐butanol catalyzed by Amano GC‐4 lipase, but esterifies over 50 times faster with 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol or cyclopentanol.
Oil‐solids separation in edible oil processing
Authors: Latondress E. G.
Published: January 2007

Sedimentation, centrifugation and filtration are the methods used in the edible oil industry to separate oils and solids. In many instances, the choice of separation method is based more on economics than technical reasons because more than one method of separation accomplishes the desired end result. Increasing manufacturing costs have brought about the development of automated filtration systems so that only one operator is needed for a battery of filters. Centrifuges are being used in applications formerly reserved only for filters and new processes have been developed that make former batch separation processes continuous. These developments have had the goal of maintaining separating efficiencies while reducing costs and increasing sanitation.
Pretreatment of edible oils for physical refining
Authors: Segers J. C.
Published: January 2007

Physical refining of edible oils is briefly reviewed. Recent developments regarding the pretreatment of oils and fats are described in detail and methods are critically evaluated with special emphasis on their effectiveness in removing undesired minor components, their cost of operation and their effect on the environment.
Lipase‐catalyzed interesterification of oils and fats
Authors: Macrae A. R.
Published: January 2007

Extracellular microbial lipases can be used as catalysts for the interesterification of oils and fats. Use of specific lipases gives products which are unobtainable by chemical interesterification methods. Some of these products have properties of value to the oils and fats industry. The catalysts for enzymatic interesterification are prepared by coating inorganic support materials with the lipases. For batch interesterification reactions, the catalyst particles are activated by addition of a small amount of water and then stirred with a reactant mixture dissolved in petroleum ether. At the end of the reaction period, the catalyst particles are removed by filtration, and the interesterified triglycerides isolated by conventional fat fractionation techniques. The catalyst can be used in subsequent batch reactions. As an alternative to the batch reaction system, continuous enzymatic interesterification processes can be operated by pumping water containg feedstock through a packed bed of activated catalyst.
Quality requirements and economic values in trading of oils
Authors: Shave D. A.
Published: January 2007

In view of the large amount of fats and oils produced, traded and consumed, the number of real quality problems is very low. The most significant quality terms — GMQ (generally merchantable quality) and FAQ (fair average quality) — can define trading terms in most cases. However, there is still a need to develop simple, rapid analyses with simple equipment to aid in the definition of trading terms.
Energy conservation in solvent extraction
Authors: Dada S.
Published: January 2007

Increased costs for energy and unpredictable supplies of fuel have created a new dimension in business management. Energy and solvent costs account for 40–50% of total costs in operating an oilseed solvent extraction plant in the USA. Many companies are finding that an organized energy conservation program can hold down both energy use and costs without disrupting plant production. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that conservation measures can reduce energy by 15–30% or more with justifying cost savings. More importantly, if by energy conservation you can maintain production despite a reduction in energy supply, or increase production in the face of frozen fuel allocations, the effect on your sales and profits is obvious.
Ultimate energy possibilities in conventional solvent extraction
Authors: Schumacher H.
Published: January 2007

A short historical background and present state‐of‐the‐art for energy consumption in a complete soybean processing plant is provided. This includes bean drying, preparation, extraction, distillation, desolventizing, meal drying and cooling and lecithin production. The paper details how to achieve a much lower energy consumption than is obtained in today's conventional plant operation.
Energy conservation in edible oil processing (US view)
Authors: Gavin Arnold M.
Published: January 2007

Energy conservation procedures starting with crude edible oil and following through the various process steps are described. Each step illustrates the necessary operating conditions and energy conservation measures now in use or proposed for US edible oil refineries.
Use of microelectronics to upgrade process control into production control
Authors: von Klösterlein C. B. , Vos H. J.
Published: January 2007

Process control in oil extraction and processing is traditionally done by independent control loops and logic (sequence) controls. In the best case, all controls are located in one central control room. The operator's task is to draw the right conclusions from the process conditions signalled to him, to coordinate, to plan and to keep logsheets. On the basis of this information, he can coordinate between control loops and optimize unit operations. With the application of modern microelectronic‐based control systems (integrated control systems), it is possible to present the operator's information on a higher level (e.g., yield figures and energy consumptions computed from basic data), to do computerized planning operations and updatings, and to retrieve data which are used as an input for accounting systems and management information systems. Underlying principles, means for implementation, as well as benefits (both proven and potential) are described. The available hardware and software packages hardly form any limitations; on the contrary, we must often limit ourselves to optimal use of the available tools and not fall into the trap of “maximal automation.” Our aim is not to automate and control as much as possible, but to use automation as one of the means to process oilseeds and edible oils with the highest possible efficiency.
Effect of magnesium deficiency on post‐heparin lipase activity and tissue lipoprotein lipase in the rat
Authors: Rayssiguier Y. , Noé L. , Etienne J. , Gueux E. , Cardot P. , Mazur A.
Published: January 2007

Previous studies have provided evidence that Mg deficiency affects lipid metabolism. The present experiments were designed to assess whether the hypertriglyceridemia associated with Mg deficiency was related to alterations in post‐heparin lipase activity (PHLA). Mg‐deficient and control diets were pair‐fed to weanling Wistar rats for eight days and plasma lipoproteins were separated into various density classes by sequential preparative ultracentrifugation. Triglycerides were significantly increased in chylomicrons and in the very low density lipoprotein, low density lipoprotein and high density lipoprotein (HDL) fractions. Cholesterol and phospholipid levels were significantly lower in the HDL fraction. PHLA in deficient rat was substantially lower than in control rats. The inverse correlation between plasma triglyceride concentration and PHLA strongly suggests that hypertriglyceridemia is the result of defective lipolysis of plasma triglycerides in Mg‐deficient rats. Further examination of the PHLA was carried out by salt‐mediated inhibition of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and by heparin sepharose affinity chromatography and purified rat LPL antiserum. The results indicate that hepatic lipase is significantly decreased in Mg‐deficient rats but the low PHLA is due mainly to a decline in LPL. However, total LPL activity, that is, both the intracellular and the extracellular oools of LPL in adipose tissue, heart and diaphragm, were unaffected by Mg deficiency. The results suggest that the decrease of LPL activity in the plasma of Mg‐deficient rats may be due to a selective decrease in the heparin‐releasable pool of enzyme.
Acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity in the rat mammary gland: Variation during pregnancy and lactation
Authors: Shand J. H. , West D. W.
Published: January 2007

Cholesterol esterification by acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT; EC 2.3.1.26) has been studied in microsomes isolated from the mammary glands of rats in late pregnancy, in early and mid‐lactation, and following premature weaning. The mammary glands were freeze‐clamped and the microsomes prepared in the presence of phosphatase inhibitors to preserve the phosphorylation status of the enzyme. Optimal conditions were established for the assay of enzyme activity in the presence of endogenous cholesterol. Supplementation of the microsomes with exogenous cholesterol as a dispersion in Triton WR‐1339 was shown to lead to an increase in enzyme activity. Incubation of microsomes with MgATP led to an increase in ACAT activity which could be reversed by treatment of the microsomes with a phosphoprotein phosphatase preparation from rat liver. The results suggested that ACAT activity in the mammary gland was activated by phosphorylation in a similar way to that observed for the hepatic enzyme. The mammary glands from pregnant animals contained a higher level of ACAT activity than did the glands of the lactating animals and this correlated with the higher cholesteryl ester content of the pregnant glands. The highest level of ACAT activity was found in the weaned animals but the cholesteryl ester content of the microsomes was lower than expected. The influence of progesterone levels and changes in feeding patterns during gestation were considered as factors in these variations in ACAT activity.
Inhibition of acylcoenzyme A:Cholesterol acyltransferase activity by PD128O42: Effect on cholesterol metabolism and secretion in CaCo‐2 cells
Authors: Jeffrey Field F. , Albright Ella , Mathur Satya
Published: January 2007

The regulation of cholesterol uptake and secretion by acylcoenzyme A:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) was investigated in the human intestinal cell line, CaCo‐2. A new ACAT inhibitor, PD128042 (CI‐976), was first characterized. The addition of the fatty acid anilide to membranes prepared from CaCo‐2 cells inhibited ACAT activity without altering the activities of HMG‐CoA reductase, fatty acid Co‐A hydrolase, or triglyceride synthetase. PD128042 was a competitive inhibitor of ACTA with 50% inhibition occurring at a concentration of 0.2 μg/mL. When added to the medium of CaCo‐2 cells at a concentration of 5 μg/mL, PD128042 inhibited oleate incorporation into cholesteryl oleate by 92% and increased oleate incorporation into triglycerides and phospholipids by 51% and 38%, respectively. After incubating CaCo‐2 cells with the ACAT inhibitor, the rate of newly synthesized cholesterol decreased by 75% and membranes prepared from these cells contained significantly less HMG‐CoA reductase activity. PD128042 significantly decreased the basolateral secretion of newly synthesized cholesteryl esters without affecting the secretion of newly synthesized triglycerides or phospholipids. The inhibitor decreased the esterification of labeled exogenous cholesterol which was taken up by the cell from bile salt micelles. Moreover, after 16 hr of ACAT inhibition, less labeled unesterified micellar cholesterol was associated with the cell. The esterification of cholesterol in CaCo‐2 cells plays an integral role in the uptake of cholesterol through the apical membrane and its eventual secretion at the basolateral membrane.
Lipid and fatty acid composition is altered in plaque tissue from multiple sclerosis brain compared with normal brain white matter
Authors: Wilson Robert , Tocher Douglas R.
Published: January 2007

Plaques and white matter from brains of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients were analyzed for lipid content, class composition, and fatty acid composition of total lipid, together with the fatty acid composition of plaque glycerophospholipids, and the results were compared with white matter from normal brain. Plaques contained less than 30% of the lipid present in normal white matter. Plaque lipid was characterized by significantly increased proportions of glycerophospholipids and decreased cerebrosides and sulfatides. In addition, a subacute plaque contained approximately 10 times the proportion of steryl esters observed in chronic plaques or normal white matter. Total lipid from all the MS plaques showed significantly increased percentages of saturated fatty acids, n−6, n−3 and total polyunsaturated fatty acids and decreased percentages of monoenes and alk‐1‐enyl ethers in comparison with normal brains. These results were consistent with increased cellularity and astrogliosis associated with MS plaques. However, analysis of plaque glycerophospholipids showed that the fatty acid changes observed in total lipid were not simply due to the increased proportion of glycerophospholipids and decreased myelin lipids, but that the fatty acid composition of the individual glycerophospholipids was different.
Vasopressin stimulates phospholipase D activity against phosphatidylcholine in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Welsh Clement J. , Schmeichel Karen , Cao Hui‐ting , Chabbott Holly
Published: January 2007

It is now clear that various hormones and agonists can stimulate the production of lipid mediators from nonphosphoinositide phospholipids. We have investigated the production of diacylglycerol from nonphosphoinositide sources, and we demonstrated that vasopressin and other vasoactive agents stimulate hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine in a variety of cultured vascular smooth muscle cells of rat and human origin. We used vasopressin to characterize this response and found that vasopressin stimulates phospholipase D activity against phosphatidylcholine in A‐10 vascular smooth muscle cells. The vasopressin‐stimulated phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis is both time‐ and concentration‐dependent. The half‐maximal dose of vasopressin required for phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis (ED50∼1 nM) correlates well with vasopressin binding to A‐10 cells (Kd∼2 nM). The phosphatidylcholine in A‐10 cells can be preferentially radiolabeled with [3H]myristic acid; subsequent treatment with vasopressin stimulates a rapid increase in3H‐labeled phosphatidate (∼4×control values at 3 min), and after a short lag,3H‐labeled diacylglycerol rises and reaches maximal levels at 10 min (∼2×control values). Similar temporal elevations of phosphatidate and diacylglycerol occur in A‐10 cells labeled with [3H]glycerol. In A‐10 cells radiolabeled with [3H]choline the elevation of cellular phosphatidate and diacylglycerol is concomitant with the release of [3H]choline metabolites (predominately choline) to the culture medium. The temporal production of phosphatidate and diacylglycerol as well as the release of choline to the culture medium are consistent with vasopressin activating phospholipase D. In addition, vasopressin stimulates a transphosphatidylation reaction that is characteristic of phospholipase D. The transphosphatidylation reaction is detected by the production of phosphatidylethanol that occurs when A‐10 cells are incubated with ethanol and stimulated with vasopressin. The phospholipase D is active in the absence of extracellular Ca++ whereas the vasopressin‐stimulated mobilization of arachidonic acid is dependent on extracellular Ca++. The data indicate that vasopressin stimulates phospholipase D which hydrolyzes phosphatidylcholine to phosphatidate. The phosphatidate is then metabolized, presumably by a phosphatidate phosphohydrolase, to produce sustained levels of cellular diacylglycerol. These sustained levels of diacylglycerol may activate protein kinase C and theraby function in the “sustained phase” of cellular responses.
Inhibitory effect of stearidonic acid (18∶4 n−3) on platelet aggregation and arachidonate oxygenation
Authors: Kockmann Véronique , Spielmann Danielle , Traitler Helmut , Lagarde Michel
Published: January 2007

The effect of stearidonic acid (18∶4n−3) present in fish and some plant oils, such as black currant seed oil, was studied on human platelets. When added to platelets simultaneously with collagen, arachidonic acid or endoperoxide mimetic U46619, 18∶4n−3 appeared as a weak inhibitor of platelet aggregation. In addition, 18∶4n−3 did not alter the metabolism of exogenous arachidonic acid. In contrast, when preincubated with platelets after precoating onto albumin, 18∶4n−3 inhibited platelet aggregation induced by thrombin, collagen, arachidonic acid or U46619, and was as potent as eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5n−3) tested under similar conditions. Stearidonic acid also altered the endogenous arachidonate oxygenation stimulated by low doses of thrombin, but to a significantly lesser extent than did 20∶5n−3. It seems therefore that, in addition to competing with endogenous arachidonate metabolism, 18∶4n−3 may affect platelet aggregation by another mechanism.
A method for the simultaneous analysis of unconjugated and glycine‐conjugated bile acids by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Iida Takashi , Itoh Takako , Hagiwara Kayoko , Chang Frederic C. , Goto Junichi , Nambara Toshio
Published: January 2007

A method for the simultaneous analysis of unconjugated and glycine‐conjugated bile acids by means of capillary gas‐liquid chromatography without need for prior deconjugation is described. The method involves: i) the use of an aluminum‐clad fused‐silica capillary column coated with a very thin film (0.1 μm) of a highly thermostable bonded and crosslinked methyl polysiloxane, and ii) the analysis of the bile acids as their methyl ester‐dimethylethylsilyl ether derivatives. This method, used to separate the major free and glycine‐conjugated bile acids from human gall bladder bile, should be applicable for the analysis of other biological fluids.
A simple photometric method for microdetermination of fatty acids in lipids
Authors: Chakrabarty M. M. , Bhattacharyya D. , Kundu M. K.
Published: January 2007

A single step photometric micromethod for determination of fatty acids in lipids in benzene solution, using rhodamine 6G reagent, has been developed. The method eliminates the disadvantage of formation of a biphasic system and is applicable in the presence of glycerides, sterols, epoxy compounds, hydrocarbons and long chain hydroxy compounds such as long chain fatty alcohols. The long chain fatty acids from C12 to C22, both saturated and unsaturated, can be determined with reasonable accuracy in the concentration range of 0.08–0.25 µmole/ml. The method is simple, rapid, and requires relatively inexpensive chemicals.
Lipid‐lipid complexes: Properties and effects on lipase binding to surfaces
Authors: Brockman Howard L. , Momsen William E. , Tsujita Takahiro
Published: January 2007

In the presence of bulk water, the lipase‐catalyzed synthesis and hydrolysis of insoluble lipid esters occur at the lipid‐water interface. For water‐soluble lipases, a necessary step in this process is the partitioning of enzyme from the bulk aqueous phase to the surface phase. In surface phases of phospholipids and the substrates and products of lipolysis, physical studies have demonstrated the formation of preferred packing arrays or lipid‐lipid “complexes.” Such interactions involve changes in both lipid molecular area and hydration. Binding of pancreatic carboxylester lipase (cholesterol esterase) and colipase to monomolecular films of a phosphatidylcholine and its complexes with fatty acid or diglyceride is negligible. In contrast, saturation of film of pure fatty acid or diglyceride correlates with formation of a protein monolayer. With mixtures of complex and uncomplexed fatty acid or diglyceride, binding to the uncomplexed lipid occurs, but only with colipase can saturation of available sites be achieved. The lower affinity of carboxylester lipase for surfaces containing complexes can be qualitatively explained by differences in the size of lipid and protein molecules. Because it involves no direct interaction between enzyme and complex, such “proxinhibition” of enzyme binding is potentially an important regulation of lipid‐protein interactions.
Studies on free and immobilized lipases fromMucor miehei
Authors: Huge‐Jensen Birgitte , Galluzzo Donna Rubano , Jensen Robert G.
Published: January 2007

An extracellular lipase produced by fermentation with a selected strain ofMucor miehei has been purified partially in two forms: A and B. The forms have a high degree of antigenic identity and have similar pH‐activity profiles with tributyroylglycerol as the substrate with optima at pH 7. The differences are A, in contrast to B, requires activation at alkaline pH before analysis; A binds with concanavalin A more completely than B, the net charges are slightly different at pH 8; the isoelectric points are different. Our results indicate that the B lipase is formed by partial deglycosylation of the A lipase and that this influences the activity toward emulsions.

The two enzymes have been immobilized by adsorption. These preparations and the soluble forms were highly specific for primary ester of triacylglycerols (TG), usually hydrolyzed TG of 12:0, 14:0, 16:0 and 18:1 more rapidly than those of 4:0, 6:0, 8:0 and 10:0 in mixtures of monoacid TG (4:0 to 18:1), and were not stereospecific for TG. Immobilization altered the specificity of the preparations somewhat in that slightly more 14:0 and 16:0 were released.
Evidence for the probable presence of sulfur‐containing fatty acids as minor constituents in canola oil
Authors: Wijesundera R. C. , Ackman R. G.
Published: January 2007

Three isomeric epithio stearic acids have been concentrated as possible minor sulfur‐bearing components of unprocessed canola oil. Chromatographic and mass spectral evidence is presented in support of these novel fatty acid structures, tentatively identified as isomeric 9, 12; 8, 11; and 7, 10 epithio stearic acids, each with a methyl substituent on the ring.
A mechanistic approach to the thermal degradation of α‐olefin sulfonates
Authors: Hu P. C. , Tuvell M. E.
Published: January 2007

Determination of the thermal stability of α‐olefin sulfonates (AOS) via the conventional activation energy approach was found to be impractical because of the difficulties arising from the fact that α‐olefin sulfonates are mixtures of hydroxyalkane sulfonates and alkene sulfonates. Each of these components of AOS was studied independently and found to follow a complicated thermal degradation path.

We found that the thermal degradation of hydroxyalkane sulfonate is a base‐catalyzed process. At elevated temperatures, hydroxyalkane sulfonates are first converted into an intermediate which is still surface active before degrading further to a non‐surface active product by a second mechanism. The rate‐determining step of the degradation process was found not to involve a cleavage of the C‐S bond as observed for other types of sulfonates.

Our work indicates that the first step of the thermal degradation of alkene sulfonates involves isomerization of double bonds followed by cleavage of the C‐S bond. The thermal degradation of alkene sulfonates is catalyzed by acids.
The “UNOX” system—Oxygen aeration in the activated sludge process
Authors: Wilcox E. A. , McWhirter J. R.
Published: January 2007

The UNOX System has been developed to improve upon the conventional activated sludge process. The use of enriched oxygen in a simple and economical multistage gas liquid contacting device allows oxygen to be transferred to wastewater at increased rates with significant decreases in power requirements over those required when using air as the oxygen supply media. The elimination of the mass transfer restriction allows operation at solids levels of 4500–7000 mg/l while maintaining a dissolved oxygen level of 8–10 mg/l in the mixed liquor. Retention times for the process can be correspondingly decreased to 1–2 hr. A highly flocculant sludge is obtained which has excellent settling and dewatering characteristics and is produced in less quantities than normally produced by a conventional air activated sludge process. The process has been demonstrated in a 2.5 mgd activated sludge plant at Batavia, New York. During the Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA) contract the UNOX process was able to demonstrate consistent BOD and suspended solids removals in excess of 90%. A number of pilot plant programs in municipal waste applications are continuing to verify and confirm the excellent treatment effectiveness and decreased power requirements achieved with the system. Field tests are also being conducted on the treatment of industrial wastes. A pilot plant program is successfully underway treating a mixed petrochemical waste in one of the Union Carbide large petrochemical plants. Plans are being made to pilot plant the UNOX System on a pulp and paper mill waste stream during 1971.
Continuous removal of metallic ions from soybean oil
Authors: Beal R. E. , Sohns V. E.
Published: January 2007

Removal of metallic ions like copper, nickel and sodium from vegetable oils is important to edible oil processors. Continuous washing of soybean oil with acidic water, followed by ion exchange treatment of the aqueous solution to remove metallic cations and permit reuse of the water, is an effective and economical method for metal removal. Several types of washing apparatus were studied: A Podbielniak countercurrent centrifugal contactor, a rotating disc countercurrent contactor and a contactor‐centrifuge system. Equipment for the third system is already available for the continuous washing of refined oil in modern refineries. With a contactor‐centrifuge ion‐exchange system, copper in soybean oil was reduced by washing from 1.5 to 0.03 ppm; nickel, from 0.4 to 0.04 ppm; sodium, from 20 to <1 ppm. The effects of pH and type of acid (anion) were studied. The cost of washing soybean oil by this method is estimated to be about 0.06 cent/lb, and there is no loss of oil.
Hyperchlorinated fatty acids: I. Tentative methods of synthesis
Authors: Chals M. , Perron R.
Published: January 2007

The hyperchlorination of fatty acids was studied by four methods using mainly stearic acid. This acid was first submitted to the action of nascent chlorine from NaCl electrolysis, for which the best results never exceeded 43% of fixed chlorine (about 6 Cl atoms per mole of acid), with a yield of 30% based on the acid. Stearic acid was also submitted to electric discharges in CCl4, and so transformed into various chlorinated and unsaturated compounds, which indicate a near simultaneity of chlorination and dehydrochlorination. However, when the time of contact of the acid with the reactive solution was reduced, formation of only saturated chlorinated compounds occurred, of which the chlorine content, in the best case, was 54% (9 Cl/mole). Direct photochlorination of acid without solvent gave a product containing a maximum of 8 Cl atoms per mole (about 50%). Finally, direct photochlorination of the fatty acid in CCl4 led to a hyperchlorinated acid containing 68.3% Cl (16–17 Cl/mole), and minor, more or less polymerized products. Although the second and third methods readily afford stearic acid chlorinated to the extent of about 50%, this value, corresponding to an average of 0.5 Cl/C atom, appears to be a barrier that can only be overcome by employing photochlorination in an inert solvent, such as CCl4.
Potential for detoxified castor meal
Authors: Fuller G. , Walker H. G. , Mottola A. C. , Kuzmicky D. D. , Kohler G. O. , Vohra P.
Published: January 2007

Castor oil is a useful chemical raw material, but the pomace remaining after its extraction is potentially toxic and allergenic. Improving the economic value of castor pomace will provide considerable incentive for increased production of castor seed in the United States. Processes for detoxifying and deallergenating castor meal have been developed along with means for evaluating these processes. Castor meal may be used as a feed supplement for both ruminant and nonruminant animals.
Copper in edible oils: Trace amounts determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: List G. R. , Evans C. D. , Kwolek W. F.
Published: January 2007

The application of atomic absorption spectroscopy to trace copper analysis in fats was investigated. Copper spectral resonance lines 3248 A and 3274 A possess the most useful sensitivities applicable to fats and vegetable oils. These sensitivities were determined to be 0.15 and 0.25 ppm in oil, respectively, with detection limits about tenfold lower. Data show that copper absorption depends strictly on the amount of oil aspirated into the flame. In soybean oil‐solvent mixtures, aspiration rates decrease logarithmically and linearly with increasing fat content. The accuracy and precision of atomic absorption techniques were established by comparing results from atomic absorption with those from two independent techniques. Error estimates were determined by analysis of copper‐hydrogenated soybean oil diluted to low copper levels. The standard deviation, relative standard deviation and analytical error were 0.0108 ppm, 5% and 2.5%, respectively, over a range of 0.05–0.40 ppm copper in soybean oil.
Chlorophyll‐sensitized peroxidation of saturated fatty acid esters
Authors: Sastry Y. Sita Rama , Lakshminarayana Gollamudi
Published: January 2007

Chlorophyll‐sensitized peroxidation of methyl laurate and methyl stearate was carried out at 30–40 C under intermittent exposure to light from a 500 w tungsten bulb. Hydroperoxides were isolated by solvent partition, reduced to hydroxy esters and purified by silicic acid column chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC). Gas liquid chromatography, TLC, IR spectrophotometry, NMR and mass spectroscopy of the hydroxy esters showed that the oxygen attack was exclusively on the α‐methylenic carbon atom.
The functional requirements of proteins for foods
Authors: Mattil Karl F.
Published: January 2007

As a growing amount of research attention has been diverted, for a number of reasons, from the traditional protein foods to the so‐called unconventional food proteins, an awareness has increased of the need to understand the functional properties of these proteins. Some empirical functionality tests have been devised, but it is submitted that many of these could yield misleading information, inasmuch as they often ignore or even run counter to the environmental interactions to which proteins are exposed in food systems. Some examples are given of the influence of the ionic environment upon one basic functional property of proteins, their solubility in aqueous solution.
Highly unsaturated fatty acids. II. Fractionation by urea inclusion compounds
Authors: Abu‐Nasr Ahmed M. , Potts William M. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: January 2007

1. Urea segregation has been found to be a useful tool in concentration of highly unsaturated acids and esters. Fatty acids and esters derived from fish oils and methyl esters of hog adrenal fatty acids have been fractionated, and the polyunsaturated acids have been enriched.

2. The tendency for fatty acids and esters to combine with urea decreases with increasing unsaturation. Combination is favored by lowered temperature. Polyunsaturated acids are concentrated in the final filtrate whereas esters of these acids appear in the final inclusion compound fractions. Fatty acid concentrates have been obtained with iodine values ranging from 294 to 356. Bound esters exhibited iodine values as high as 338.

3. The increased chain length brought about by esterification has a minor role in increasing the yield of inclusion compounds. Likewise, shifting of the terminal polar group in an acid toward the center of the molecule by esterification does not explain the higher yield of inclusion compound from esters.

4. The improved tendency of esterified acids to form urea inclusion compounds is probably due to blocking of association of acid groups. This effect is found in unsaturated acids and in short chain saturated acids. In long chain saturated acids and esters this effect is not noticed. Both give high yields of inclusion compounds because the effect of the carboxyl group is overshadowed by the high energy of formation contributed by the long carbon chain.