bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global land use for 2015–2100 at 0.05° resolution under diverse socioeconomic and climate scenarios
Authors: Chen Min , Vernon Chris R. , Graham Neal T. , Hejazi Mohamad , Huang Maoyi , Cheng Yanyan , Calvin Katherine
Published: October 2020

Global future land use (LU) is an important input for Earth system models for projecting Earth system dynamics and is critical for many modeling studies on future global change. Here we generated a new global gridded LU dataset using the Global Change Analysis Model (GCAM) and a land use spatial downscaling model, named Demeter, under the five Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) and four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) scenarios. Compared to existing similar datasets, the presented dataset has a higher spatial resolution (0.05° × 0.05°) and spreads under a more comprehensive set of SSP-RCP scenarios (in total 15 scenarios), and considers uncertainties from the forcing climates. We compared our dataset with the Land Use Harmonization version 2 (LUH2) dataset and found our results are in general spatially consistent with LUH2. The presented dataset will be useful for global Earth system modeling studies, especially for the analysis of the impacts of land use and land cover change and socioeconomics, as well as the characterizing the uncertainties associated with these impacts.
Publisher Correction: Molecular evolution and genetic variations of V and W proteins derived by RNA editing in Avian Paramyxoviruses
Authors: Rao Pachineella Lakshmana , Gandham Ravi Kumar , Subbiah Madhuri
Published: October 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Phenotyping chronic tinnitus patients using self-report questionnaire data: cluster analysis and visual comparison
Authors: Niemann Uli , Brueggemann Petra , Boecking Benjamin , Mebus Wilhelm , Rose Matthias , Spiliopoulou Myra , Mazurek Birgit
Published: October 2020

Chronic tinnitus is a complex, multi-factorial symptom that requires careful assessment and management. Evidence-based therapeutic approaches involve audiological and psychological treatment components. However, not everyone benefits from treatment. The identification and characterisation of patient subgroups (or “phenotypes”) may provide clinically relevant information. Due to the large number of assessment tools, data-driven methods appear to be promising. The acceptance of these empirical results can be further strengthened by a comprehensive visualisation. In this study, we used cluster analysis to identify distinct tinnitus phenotypes based on self-report questionnaire data and implemented a visualisation tool to explore phenotype idiosyncrasies. 1228 patients with chronic tinnitus from the Charité Tinnitus Center in Berlin were included. At baseline, each participant completed 14 questionnaires measuring tinnitus distress, -loudness, frequency and location, depressivity, perceived stress, quality of life, physical and mental health, pain perception, somatic symptom expression and coping attitudes. Four distinct patient phenotypes emerged from clustering:avoidant group(56.8%),psychosomatic group (14.1%),somatic group(15.2%), anddistress group(13.9%). Radial bar- and line charts allowed for visual inspection and juxtaposition of major phenotype characteristics. The phenotypes differed in terms of clinical information including psychological symptoms, quality of life, coping attitudes, stress, tinnitus-related distress and pain, as well as socio-demographics. Our findings suggest that identifiable patient subgroups and their visualisation may allow for stratified treatment strategies and research designs.
Crystal structure of rare earth and group III nitride alloys by ab initio calculations
Authors: Winiarski Maciej J. , Kowalska Dorota A.
Published: October 2020

The ground state phases of ternary alloys of rare earth and group III nitride semiconductors have been investigated within the density functional theory. The most energetically favorable crystal phases among possible cubic and hexagonal structures, i.e., the rock salt, zinc blende, wurtzite, and hexagonal BN, were determined. The type of a unit cell and the lattice parameters of the materials are presented as a function of their composition. Furthermore, effects of strain on ground states of group III and rare earth nitride materials are discussed. The findings presented in this work discloses the wurtzite type materials as being stable with relatively low contents of rare earth elements. It is expected that the wurtzite phase will be very persistent only in the La-based systems. Nevertheless, the two-dimensional hexagonal atomic layers are revealed as being a metastable phase for all alloys studied. This finding supports the conclusion of previous experimental reports for Sc-doped GaN systems that the presence of rare earth ions in group III nitride materials leads to flattening of the wurtzite type layers.
Evaluation of 3 molecular-based assays for microsatellite instability detection in formalin-fixed tissues of patients with endometrial and colorectal cancers
Authors: Gilson Pauline , Levy Julien , Rouyer Marie , Demange Jessica , Husson Marie , Bonnet Céline , Salleron Julia , Leroux Agnès , Merlin Jean-Louis , Harlé Alexandre
Published: October 2020

Microsatellite instability (MSI) status is routinely assessed in patients with colorectal and endometrial cancers as it contributes to Lynch syndrome initial screening, tumour prognosis and selecting patients for immunotherapy. Currently, standard reference methods recommended for MSI/dMMR (deficient MisMatch Repair) testing consist of immunohistochemistry and pentaplex PCR-based assays, however, novel molecular-based techniques are emerging. Here, we aimed to evaluate the performance of a custom capture-based NGS method and the Bio-Rad ddPCR and Idylla approaches for the determination of MSI status for theranostic purposes in 30 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples from patients with endometrial (n = 15) and colorectal (n = 15) cancers. All samples were previously characterised using IHC and Promega MSI Analysis System and these assays set as golden standard. Overall agreement, sensitivity and specificity of our custom-built NGS panel were 93.30%, 93.75% and 92.86% respectively. Overall agreement, sensitivity and specificity were 100% with the Idylla MSI system. The Bio-Rad ddPCR MSI assay showed a 100% concordance, sensitivity and specificity. The custom capture-based NGS, Bio-Rad ddPCR and Idylla approaches represent viable and complementary options to IHC and Promega MSI Analysis System for the detection of MSI. Bio-Rad ddPCR and Idylla MSI assays accounts for easy and fast screening assays while the NGS approach offers the advantages to simultaneously detect MSI and clinically relevant genomic alterations.
Individually distinctive features facilitate numerical discrimination of sets of objects in domestic chicks
Authors: Rugani Rosa , Loconsole Maria , Simion Francesca , Regolin Lucia
Published: October 2020

Day-old domestic chicks approach the larger of two groups of identical objects, but in a 3 vs 4 comparison, their performance is random. Here we investigated whether adding individually distinctive features to each object would facilitate such discrimination. Chicks reared with 7 objects were presented with the operation 1 + 1 + 1 vs 1 + 1 + 1 + 1. When objects were all identical, chicks performed randomly, as expected (Experiment 1). In the remaining experiments, objects differed from one another due to additional features. Chicks succeeded when those features were differently oriented segments (Experiment 2) but failed when the features were arranged to depict individually different face-like displays (Experiment 3). Discrimination was restored if the face-like stimuli were presented upside-down, disrupting global processing (Experiment 4). Our results support the claim that numerical discrimination in 3 vs 4 comparison benefits from the presence of distinctive features that enhance object individuation due to individual processing. Interestingly, when the distinctive features are arranged into upright face-like displays, the process is susceptible to global over local interference due to configural processing. This study was aimed at assessing whether individual object processing affects numerical discrimination. We hypothesise that in humans similar strategies aimed at improving performance at the non-symbolic level may have positive effects on symbolic mathematical abilities.
New findings on palynofacies characteristics of semi-enclosed deep-sea environments in the East Sea over 2 million years
Authors: Kim Yongmi , Yi Sangheon , Jun Chang-Pyo , Lee Eunmi , Kim Gil Young
Published: October 2020

Phytoclasts in the form of plant debris in terrestrial sediments can be transported by water to distant areas because they are lighter than inorganic particles. The semi-enclosed East Sea, which is connected by narrow straits to other seas, is adjacent to continental shelves that are the source area of terrestrial sediment flowing into the East Sea. These shelves alternated repeatedly between terrestrial and marine environments as a result of eustatic sea-level changes during the Late Quaternary. Palynofacies analyses of the IODP Exp. 346 U1430 core, located in the Eastern South Korea Plateau (ESKP) of the East Sea, have revealed changes in the size and concentration of phytoclasts associated with glacial–interglacial cycles. These changes are generally negatively correlated with the global sea-level curve, and their anti-phase cycles with high amplitude are clearly evident during the last ca. 750 ka with the geotectonic stabilization period. In particular, several coarse-grained phytoclasts were observed during the glacial period, including the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). These findings suggest that the concentration and size of phytoclasts flowing into the East Sea were influenced by changes in the distance of the source area, depending on the water depth of the strait and nearby shelves owing to sea-level changes in tandem with glacial–interglacial cycles and geotectonic events.
Improved gravimetric energy density and cycle life in organic lithium-ion batteries with naphthazarin-based electrode materials
Authors: Yao Masaru , Taguchi Noboru , Ando Hisanori , Takeichi Nobuhiko , Kiyobayashi Tetsu
Published: October 2020

Replacing the scarce metal-based positive electrode materials currently used in rechargeable lithium ion batteries with organic compounds helps address environmental issues and might enhance gravimetric electrochemical capacity. The challenge has been to find organic materials with both high capacity and long-cycle life. Here, we study the naphthazarin (5,8-dihydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone) skeleton as a high capacity candidate electrode for lithium-ion batteries, showing a multielectron-transfer type redox reaction. We also use electron energy-loss spectroscopy to reveal the reaction stoichiometry during charge/discharge processes. While the lithium salt of naphthazarin itself helped deliver a high initial capacity, its cycle-life was not satisfactory. Instead, a newly synthesized naphthazarin-dimer shows a lengthened cycle-life without sacrificing the initial high capacity of 416 mAh g−1and energy density of 1.1 Wh g−1.
A new approach to study human perivascular adipose tissue of the internal mammary artery by fiber-optic Raman spectroscopy supported by spectral modelling
Authors: Majka Zuzanna , Czamara Krzysztof , Wegrzyn Piotr , Litwinowicz Radoslaw , Janus Joanna , Chlopicki Stefan , Kaczor Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

A Raman-based assessment of carotenoid content and lipid unsaturation degree in the perivascular adipose tissue may reflect its functional status in patients with advanced coronary atherosclerosis.
Supramolecular assemblies of glycoclusters with aggregation-induced emission for sensitive phenol detection
Authors: Li Die , Chen Jing , Xu Xiaoling , Bao Chunyang , Zhang Qiang
Published: October 2020

Hypercrosslinked AIE-active glycocluster nano aggregates are facilely synthesized as fluorescent probes for the detection of phenols.
A concise route to MK-4482 (EIDD-2801) from cytidine
Authors: Vasudevan N. , Ahlqvist Grace P. , McGeough Catherine P. , Paymode Dinesh J. , Cardoso Flavio S. P. , Lucas Tobias , Dietz Jule-Phillip , Opatz Till , Jamison Timothy F. , Gupton Frank B. , Snead David R.
Published: October 2020

A two-step route to MK-4482 (EIDD-2801, 1) was developed consisting of an esterification and hydroxamination of cytidine.
An ab initio investigation of the adsorption properties of water on binary AlSi clusters
Authors: Gomes Alexandre C. R. , de Souza Tiago M. , Da Silva Juarez L. F. , Galvão Breno R. L.
Published: October 2020

Nanoalloys represent potential catalysts for the water splitting reaction. The water–cluster interaction is a key aspect of the process, but is not fully understood. This work provides an in-depth study and insights into the AlxSiy·H2O case.
The significance of nano-shapes in nanoparticle-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Abdelhamid Mahmoud , Attia Yasser A. , Abdel-Harith Mohamed
Published: October 2020

The effect of the shape of the nanoparticles on the nanoparticle-enhanced LIBS (NELIBS) signal should be clarified.
Self-detachable UV-curable polymers for open-access microfluidic platforms
Authors: Tahk Dongha , Bang Seokyoung , Hyung Sujin , Lim Jungeun , Yu James , Kim Jinhyun , Jeon Noo Li , Kim Hong Nam
Published: October 2020

We present UV-curable polymers that can be spontaneously delaminated under wet conditions via hydrolysis. The self-detachable characteristics of the polymers enable their utilization in open-access organ-on-a-chip platforms.
Cu–Al composite oxides: a highly efficient support for the selective oxidation of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone
Authors: Ke Yi-Hu , Wang Xue , Qin Hong-Yu , Liu Hai , Yuan Hong , Liu Chun-Ling , Dong Wen-Sheng
Published: October 2020

A series of Au catalysts supported on Cu–Al composite oxides were prepared and applied for the selective catalytic oxidation of glycerol to 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) in base-free conditions.
Global and local minima of protonated acetonitrile clusters
Authors: Malloum Alhadji , Conradie Jeanet
Published: October 2020

Potential energy surfaces of protonated acetonitrile clusters have been explored to locate global and local minima energy structures. The structures are stabilized by strong hydrogen bonds, anti-parallel dimers, dipole–dipole and CH⋯N interactions.
Au–CeO2-based nanocatalysts supported on SBA-15 for preferential oxidation of carbon monoxide (PrOx-CO)
Authors: Sousa Gesiane P. , de Oliveira Cristine S. , Teixeira Neto Érico , Sigoli Fernando A. , Mazali Italo O.
Published: October 2020

Highly dispersed Au–CeO2 nanoparticles were deposited within the pores of a mesoporous silica for the catalysis of the PrOx-CO reaction.
Catalytic enantioselective synthesis using carbon dioxide as a C1 synthon
Authors: Shi Yang , Pan Bo-Wen , Zhou Ying , Zhou Jian , Liu Yun-Lin , Zhou Feng
Published: October 2020

This review summarizes the advances in catalytic enantioselective reactions using CO2 as a C1 synthon, introduces strategies and discusses advantages and limitations, highlights the application, and outlines the synthetic opportunities.
Design and mechanical properties of supramolecular polymeric materials based on host–guest interactions: the relation between relaxation time and fracture energy
Authors: Konishi Subaru , Kashiwagi Yu , Watanabe Go , Osaki Motofumi , Katashima Takuya , Urakawa Osamu , Inoue Tadashi , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Harada Akira , Takashima Yoshinori
Published: October 2020

The viscoelastic behaviour of the reversible cross-linking points, which could be tuned by the relaxation time and the tensile rate, improved the fracture energy of the supramolecular hydrogels.
Rational design of Co-S-P nanosheet arrays as bifunctional electrocatalysts for both ethanol oxidation reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction
Authors: Sheng Shuang , Ye Ke , Sha Linna , Zhu Kai , Gao Yinyi , Yan Jun , Wang Guiling , Cao Dianxue
Published: October 2020

Highly active, ultra-long duration and cost-effective catalysts are imminently required for the development of electrolytic appliances for H2 generation.
Acyclic diaminocarbene-based Thiele, Chichibabin, and Müller hydrocarbons
Authors: Maiti Avijit , Chandra Shubhadeep , Sarkar Biprajit , Jana Anukul
Published: October 2020

We report the synthesis of acyclic diaminocarbene (ADC)-scaffold based Thiele, Chichibabin, and Müller hydrocarbons. Studies support that the singlet-triplet energy gap depends on the π-conjugated spacer between the ADC scaffolds.
Phase transfer of metal cations by induced dynamic carrier agents: biphasic extraction based on dynamic covalent chemistry
Authors: Chevalier Aline , Osypenko Artem , Lehn Jean-Marie , Meyer Daniel
Published: October 2020

Phase transfer of Cu(ii) cations is achieved by component exchange in a dynamic covalent library of acylhydrazone ligands.B1/B2component exchange leads to the generation of a lipophilic carrier agent that extracts Cu(ii) into chloroform.
One-pot thiol–amine bioconjugation to maleimides: simultaneous stabilisation and dual functionalisation
Authors: Wall Archie , Wills Alfie G. , Forte Nafsika , Bahou Calise , Bonin Lisa , Nicholls Karl , Ma Michelle T. , Chudasama Vijay , Baker James R.
Published: October 2020

An alternative approach to maleimide conjugate stabilisation is presented, by the consecutive addition of a thiol and an amine to dibromomaleimides. The amine serves to simultaneously deactivate the maleimide and enable dual functionalisation.
Hydrogen via reforming aqueous ammonia and biomethane co-products of wastewater treatment: environmental and economic sustainability
Authors: Grasham Oliver , Dupont Valerie , Cockerill Timothy , Camargo-Valero Miller Alonso , Twigg Martyn V.
Published: October 2020

Wastewater treatment plants can be centres of green H2 production via the novel method presented for co-reforming of bio-ammonia and bio-methane.
The role of temperature in the rigidity-controlled fracture of elastic networks
Authors: Tauber Justin , Kok Aimée R. , van der Gucht Jasper , Dussi Simone
Published: October 2020

Thermal fluctuations have a rigidity-dependent effect on the failure response of central-force spring networks, promoting diffuse damage via the delocalization of stress.
Prolonged treatment with a PI3K p110α inhibitor causes sex- and tissue-dependent changes in antioxidant content, but does not affect mitochondrial function
Authors: Hedges Christopher P. , Pham Toan , Shetty Bhoopika , Masson Stewart W.C. , Hickey Anthony J.R. , Shepherd Peter R. , Merry Troy L.
Published: October 2020

Genetic inhibition of the p110α isoform of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) can increase murine lifespan, enhance mitochondrial function and alter tissue-specific oxidative balance. Here, we investigated whether pharmacological inhibition of the p110α isoform of PI3K induces similar enhancement of mitochondrial function in middle-aged mice. Eight-month-old male and female mice were fed a diet containing 0.3 g/kg of the p110α-selective inhibitor BYL-719 (BYL) or a vehicle diet (VEH) for 6 weeks. Mice consuming BYL-719 had higher blood glucose and insulin, and tended towards decreased body weight. After 72 h, gene expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis mediators Pgc1α, Tfam and Nrf1 was greater in liver of BYL-719 males only, but unchanged in skeletal muscle of either sex. Six weeks of BYL-719 treatment did not affect mitochondrial content or function in the liver or skeletal muscle of either sex. In livers of males only, the expression of the antioxidant genes Nfe2l2, Cat, Sod1 and Sod2 increased within 72 h of BYL-719 treatment, and remained higher after 6 weeks. This was associated with an increase in hepatic GSH content and catalase protein expression, and lower H2O2 levels. Our results suggest that pharmacological inhibition of p110α in adult mice does not affect liver or skeletal muscle mitochondrial function, but does show sex- and tissue-specific effects on up-regulation of antioxidant response.
Identification of prognostic biomarkers and correlations with immune infiltrates among cGAS-STING in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Qi Zhenhua , Yan Fang , Chen Dongtai , Xing Wei , Li Qiang , Zeng Weian , Bi Bingtian , Xie Jingdun
Published: October 2020

The cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) pathway induces innate immunity by activating the production of inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons. Recently, studies revealed that self-DNA from by-products of chromosome instability and tumors could activate the cGAS-STING pathway, and subsequently promote or inhibit tumor development. However, the prognostic value and correlations with immune infiltrates of the cGAS-STING pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have not been clarified. In the present study, we used the Molecular Signatures Database, Oncomine, UALCAN, Human Protein Atlas, Kaplan–Meier plotter, LinkedOmics, and Tumor Immune Estimation Resource databases. Overexpression of XRCC5, IRF3, TRIM21, STAT6, DDX41, TBK1, XRCC6, TREX1, PRKDC, and TMEM173 was markedly correlated with clinical stages and pathological grades in HCC. Moreover, higher mRNA expression of XRCC5, XRCC6, and PRKDC was significantly related with shorter overall survival. However, higher mRNA expression of IFI16, STAT6, NLRC3, and TMEM173 was associated with favorable overall survival. Our results suggested that the kinase targets of the cGAS-STING pathway included the SRC family of tyrosine kinases (LCK and LYN), phosphoinositide 3-kinase-related protein kinase (PIKK) family kinases (ATM and ATR), and mitogen-activated protein kinase 1 (MAPK1). Furthermore, we identified significant correlations among the expression of cGAS-STING pathway and infiltration of B cells, CD4+T cells, CD8+ T cells, macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells in HCC. The expression of the cGAS-STING pathway also exhibited strong relationships with diverse immune marker sets in HCC. These findings suggest that cGAS-STING pathway members may be used as prognostic biomarkers and immunotherapeutic targets HCC patients.
Norm-Referenced Language Test Selection Practices for Elementary School Children With Suspected Developmental Language Disorder
Authors: Ogiela Diane A. , Montzka Jennifer L.
Published: October 2020

Purpose

Standardized norm-referenced tests are an important aspect of language assessment for school-age children. This study explored the language test selection practices of school-based speech-language pathologists (SLPs) working with elementary school children suspected of having developmental language disorder. Specifically, we investigated which tests were most commonly selected as clinicians' first-choice and follow-up tests, which factors impacted their test selection decisions, and what sources of information they used to determine the psychometric quality of tests.

Method

School-based SLPs completed a web-based questionnaire regarding their use of norm-referenced language tests. A total of 370 elementary school SLPs completed the questionnaire.

Results

The vast majority of participants indicated that omnibus language tests are their first choice of test. For follow-up tests, participants selected semantics tests, especially single-word vocabulary tests, significantly more often than tests of pragmatics, processing skills, and morphology/syntax. Participants identified multiple factors as affecting test selection, including availability, familiarity, psychometric features, and others. Although more SLPs reported using data-based than subjective sources of information to judge the psychometric quality of tests, a substantial proportion reported that they relied on subjective sources.

Conclusions

Clinicians have a strong preference for using omnibus language tests. Follow-up test selection does not appear to align with the language difficulties most associated with developmental language disorder. The substantial use of subjective information about psychometric qualities of tests suggests that many SLPs may not attend to the technical meanings of terms such as validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy. These results indicate a need for improvement in evidence-based language assessment practices.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13022471
Distributed droop control of dc microgrid for improved voltage regulation and current sharing
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Pathak Mukesh K.
Published: October 2020

DC microgrid is becoming popular because of its high efficiency, high reliability and connection of distributed generation with energy storage devices and dc loads. The main objective in the dc microgrid is to keep the dc bus voltage constant and equalise per unit current sharing among converters. The conventional droop control is used to equalise per unit current sharing similar to reactive power sharing in an ac microgrid. Nevertheless, the problem in conventional droop control is that equal current leads to a reduction of dc bus reference voltage and voltage regulation becoming unequal across each node due to unequal line resistance drop. The proposed controller works on adaptive droop and voltage shifting technique, which equalises the current sharing whether line resistances are similar or not and controls each output voltage to follow the respective bus reference voltage. The isolated dc–dc converters are used to simulate and validate the proposed control technique.
Self‐modulated photoluminescence of CrBr3 flake
Authors: Zhang Yujun , Li Gaomin , Pei Shenghai , Lyu Bingbing , Huang Qiaoling , Wang Xinwei , He Wei , Huang Mingyuan
Published: October 2020

The layered van der Waals magnetic insulator chromium bromine (CrBr3) has excellent optical properties and it provides an interesting platform for investigating light–matter interactions. Here, we focused on its self‐modulated photoluminescence (PL) spectrum. We find that there are interference fringes superposed on the PL curves due to the Fabry–Perot resonance between the front and rear interfaces of CrBr3 flakes. Moreover, there is a huge Stokes shift between the PL spectrum and lowest absorption band, which can prevent reabsorption of PL and is a benefit for enhancing the resonant intensity of the PL spectrum. In addition, we investigate the PL spectrum variation under suppressing thermal vibration with decreasing temperature from 300 to 80 K, which shows the significant increase of PL intensity and blue shift of PL maximum peak. This work gives details of CrBr3 self‐modulated PL properties and creates opportunities for using CrBr3 in optical devices and lasing components in future applications.
Magnetically coupled atmosphere, fast sausage MHD waves, and forced magnetic field reconnection during the SOL2014-09-10T17:45 flare
Authors: Mészárosová H. , Gömöry P.
Published: October 2020

Aims.We study the physical properties and behaviour of the solar atmosphere during the GOES X1.6 solar flare on 2014 September 10.

Methods.The steady plasma flows and the fast sausage MHD waves were analysed with the wavelet separation method. The magnetically coupled atmosphere and the forced magnetic field reconnection were studied with the help of the Vertical-Current Approximation Non-linear Force-Free Field code.

Results.We studied a mechanism of MHD wave transfer from the photosphere without dissipation or reflection before reaching the corona and a mechanism of the wave energy distribution over the solar corona. We report a common behaviour of (extreme)ultraviolet steady plasma flows (speed of 15.3 → 10.9 km s−1) and fast sausage MHD waves (Alfvén speed of 13.7 → 10.3 km s−1and characteristic periods of 1587 → 1607 s), propagating in cylindrical plasma waveguides of the individual atmospheric layers (photosphere → corona) observed by SDO/AIA/HMI and IRIS space instruments. A magnetically coupled solar atmosphere by a magnetic field flux tube above a sunspot umbra and a magnetic field reconnection forced by the waves were analysed. The solar seismology with trapped, leakage, and tunnelled modes of the waves, dissipating especially in the solar corona, is discussed with respect to its possible contribution to the outer atmosphere heating.

Conclusions.We demonstrate that a dispersive nature of fast sausage MHD waves, which can easily generate the leaky and other modes propagating outside of their waveguide, and magnetic field flux tubes connecting the individual atmospheric layers can distribute the magnetic field energy across the active region. This mechanism can contribute to the coronal energy balance and to our knowledge on how the coronal heating is maintained.
Caractérisation quantitative des aléas rocheux de départ diffus
Authors: Hantz Didier , Colas Bastien , Dewez Thomas , Lévy Clara , Rossetti Jean-Pierre , Guerin Antoine , Jaboyedoff Michel
Published: October 2020

L’article décrit les différentes approches permettant d’estimer la fréquence de départ des éboulements ou des blocs dans le cas d’un aléa diffus, dans l’objectif de quantifier l’aléa résultant par une simulation des trajectoires. Si l’on simule la chute des compartiments entiers, la fréquence de départ des éboulements peut être estimée à partir d’inventaires historiques, de mesures topographiques diachroniques ou d’une classification des falaises. Si l’on simule la chute de blocs indépendants, la fréquence de départ des blocs peut être estimée en passant par un modèle d’érosion de la falaise, qui donne le taux d’érosion à partir de la fréquence d’éboulements.
Effect of the weir structure in the tundish on the cleanliness of IF steels and elimination of spot-like defects in deep drawing automobile steel sheets
Authors: Deng Xiaoxuan , Liu Guoliang , Wang Qiangqiang , Liu Baisong , Ji Chenxi , Li Haibo , Shao Xiaojing , Zhu Guosen
Published: October 2020

The flow control devices (FCDs) in the tundish play an important role in steel cleanliness and removal of macro-inclusions. To eliminate the spot-like defects during deep-drawing process, the liquid steel samples were taken from tundish in three industrial IF steel heats, and the effect of weir structure in the tundish on the steel cleanliness were evaluated and compared with the aid of ASPEX with the total detection area of over 54 000 mm2. The results showed that non-metallic inclusions over 5 µm observed in the liquid tundish samples were categorized into two types: type 1: alumina based inclusions and type 2: calcium aluminates. Compared to the tundish without weir, the number density of macro-inclusions reduces by half when furnished with weir. In addition, several large sized calcium aluminates were occasionally found without weir whereas no calcium aluminates were detected with the weir. The mechanism of the inclusion distributions with the weir was proposed based on the experimental results, which shows that the weir act as a baffle that block the large sized inclusions from moving toward the mould. After using the weir in the actual casting practice, the occurrence ratio of spot-like defects was decreased by about 25%.
Determination of Anatomical Levels in Spina Bifida Fetuses with Ultrasound and MRI
Authors: Vonzun Ladina , Kahr Maike Katja , Wille David , Kottke Raimund , Moehrlen Ueli , Meuli Martin , Ochsenbein-Kölble Nicole , Kraehenmann Franziska , Zimmermann Roland , Mazzone Luca
Published: October 2020

Purpose The goal of this study was to assess the accuracy of prenatal anatomical level determination by ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by analyzing the congruence with the “true” anatomical level identified by postnatal MRI.

Patients and Methods The first 60 patients undergoing fetal myelomeningocele surgery at The Zurich Center for Fetal Diangosis and Therapy were included in this study. Anatomical levels (i. e., first dysraphic vertebra) determined by prenatal US and MRI were compared to postnatal MRI. The level of agreement between the imaging modalities was evaluated with a Cohen’s kappa test. Results > 0.6 were interpreted as good agreement, > 0.8 as excellent.

Results The exact congruence between prenatal US and MRI compared to postnatal MRI was 33 % and 48 %, respectively, for an accuracy within one level difference of 80 % and 90 %, and within two levels difference of 95 % and 98 %, respectively. The level of agreement of prenatal US and MRI compared to postnatal MRI was 0.62 and 0.79, respectively. Most of the prenatally incorrectly assigned levels were assigned too high (worse) than the “true” level (US 88 % vs. MRI 65 %).

Conclusion Reliable exact prenatal level determination by US and MRI is not possible. However, the prenatal determination of the anatomical level of the lesion is good within one level margin of error. Prenatal US as well as MRI demonstrate a systematic error towards higher levels. The above considerations must be integrated into prenatal counselling.
Emergent transition from face-to-face to online learning in a South African University in the context of the Coronavirus pandemic
Authors: Mpungose Cedric B.
Published: October 2020

South African universities have been forced to transit from face-to-face to online learning (e-learning) as a result of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19). However, various challenges hinder disadvantaged students from realising the full potential of e-learning. Therefore, this study’s main objective is to propose alternative pathways to overcome such challenges for students, to enable them to have access to effective e-learning. This study draws on a two-year postdoctoral qualitative research project conducted at a South African university to explore students’ experiences of the transition from face-to-face to e-learning. Twenty-six students completing a curriculum studies programme were purposively and conveniently sampled to generate data using e-reflective activity, Zoom group meetings and a WhatsApp one-on-one semi-structured interview. Findings articulate the digital divide as a hindrance to students realising the full potential of e-learning, yet lecturers still want students to submit assessment tasks and engage with course activities on the Moodle learning management system. With universities using face-to-face learning becoming vulnerable to the COVID-19 pandemic and other challenges which result in a shutdown of university sites, alternatives need to be sought to allow students, particularly disadvantaged students, to realise e-learning.
Extreme wave runup on a steep coastal profile
Authors: Bjørnestad M. , Kalisch H.
Published: October 2020

It is shown that very steep coastal profiles can give rise to unexpectedly large wave events at the coast. We combine insight from exact solutions of a simplified mathematical model with photographs from observations at the Norwegian coast near the city of Haugesund. The results suggest that even under moderate wave conditions, very large run-up can occur at the shore.
Structural and thermodynamic properties of the electrical double layer in slit nanopores: A Monte Carlo study
Authors: Lamperski Stanisław
Published: October 2020

Grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulation techniques at a constant electrode–electrolyte potential drop are employed to study the differential capacitance of a planar electric double layer in slit nanopores. According to the technique, a single randomly selected ion is exchanged between a simulation box and a reservoir. The probability of this step is given by the GCMC algorithm. To preserve the electroneutrality of the system after the ion exchange, the electrode charge is adequately modified, which produces electrode charge fluctuations. The charge fluctuations are used to calculate the differential capacitance of the double layer. Results for the ion distributions, electrode surface charge density, and differential capacitance in slit nanopores are reported for a symmetric system of +1:−1 ionic valences with a common ionic diameter of 0.4 nm at electrolyte concentrations of 0.2M, 1.0M, and 2.5M, pore widths of 0.6 nm, 0.8 nm, and 1.2 nm, a potential drop of 0.05 V, a relative permittivity of 78.5, and a temperature of 298.15 K. These results are compared with the corresponding data for a +1:−2 valence asymmetric system and a size asymmetric system with ionic diameters of 0.4 nm and 0.3 nm. The results show that with increasing electrolyte concentration, the range of confinement effects decreases. For divalent anions, the width dependence of electrode charge and differential capacitance reveals a maximum. The differential capacitance curves show a camel shape to bell shape transition as the electrolyte concentration increases. Asymmetry in both ionic valences and diameters leads to asymmetric capacitance curves.
Electrical properties of carbon nanotube/liquid metal/rubber nanocomposites
Authors: Li Cheng , Chen Hongyun , Zhang Liang , Zhong Jing
Published: October 2020

Carbon nanotube (CNT)/rubber nanocomposites have wide applications in wearable devices and robotics, as stretchable conductors or sensitive/flexible piezoresistive sensors. However, the modification and optimization of the electrical properties of these nanocomposites are highly dependent on the dispersion quality of CNTs, and more severally, the high dosage of CNTs could inevitably increase the modulus of rubber, which limits their interaction with soft materials, such as human tissue. A liquid metal (LM), such as eutectic gallium indium, can be considered as a soft and conductive additive to increase the conductivity of rubber. Here, we investigate the modification of the electrical and mechanical properties of CNT/rubber nanocomposites by LMs. We found that LMs are well dispersed in the rubber matrix with the average size increasing with its loading. Wrinkles formed on LM droplets, indicating that the oxide layer was subjected to compressive stress during the polymerization of rubber. Although the conductivity of the CNT/rubber nanocomposites can be improved by about 328% at 10 vol. % of LMs with negligible loss of mechanical properties, further increasing the loading of LMs would decrease the conductivity, suggesting their limited contribution for the conductive network formation in the rubber matrix.
Alkyl complexes of divalent lanthanides and heavy alkaline earth metals
Authors: Khristolyubov Dmitry O. , Lyubov Dmitry M. , Trifonov Alexander A.
Published: October 2020

The review presents data on the synthesis, structure, reactivity, and catalytic activity of alkyl derivatives of rare earth metals in the oxidation state +2 (Sm, Eu, Yb) and their analogues containing heavy alkaline earth metals (Ca, Sr, Ba). The synthetic aspects and structural features of this unique class of organometallic compounds, which contain highly reactive M–C bonds, including alkyl, α-silylmethyl, and also benzyl, diphenylmethyl, and triphenylmethyl derivatives are considered.

The bibliography includes 157 references.
Path identity as a source of high-dimensional entanglement
Authors: Kysela Jaroslav , Erhard Manuel , Hochrainer Armin , Krenn Mario , Zeilinger Anton
Published: October 2020

Significance

Quantum entanglement amounts to an extremely strong link between two distant particles, a link so strong that it eludes any classical description and so unsettling that Albert Einstein described it as “spooky action at a distance.” Today, entanglement is not only a subject of fundamental research, but also a workhorse of emerging quantum technologies. In our current work we experimentally demonstrate a completely different method of entanglement generation. Unlike many traditional methods, where entanglement arises due to conservation of a physical quantity, such as momentum, in our method it is rather a consequence of indistinguishability of several particle-generating processes. This approach, where each process effectively adds one dimension to the entangled state, allows for a high degree of customizability.
History of strawberry domestication.
Authors: Hancock James F.
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides a history of how strawberry was domesticated. It provides information into how North American breeding programmes diversified over time. There is also a new section on the impact of California cultivars on European breeding.
Structural and developmental physiology.
Authors: Hancock James F.
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides information on anatomy and morphology, photoperiod and temperature regulation of development, dormancy, cold hardiness, photosynthesis and carbon allocation patterns, water relations, and plant nutrition of strawberries.
Disease and pest management.
Authors: Hancock J. F.
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides information on the broad array of fungal, bacterial and viral diseases and insect and nematode pests and their impacts on strawberry production. Some important notes regarding the causal organisms, damage and control methods are also presented.
Classification of stroke using neural networks in electrical impedance tomography
Authors: Agnelli J P , Çöl A , Lassas M , Murthy R , Santacesaria M , Siltanen S
Published: October 2020

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) is an emerging non-invasive medical imaging modality. It is based on feeding electrical currents into the patient, measuring the resulting voltages at the skin, and recovering the internal conductivity distribution. The mathematical task of EIT image reconstruction is a nonlinear and ill-posed inverse problem. Therefore any EIT image reconstruction method needs to be regularized, typically resulting in blurred images. One promising application is stroke-EIT, or classification of stroke into either ischemic or hemorrhagic. Ischemic stroke involves a blood clot, preventing blood flow to a part of the brain causing a low-conductivity region. Hemorrhagic stroke means bleeding in the brain causing a high-conductivity region. In both cases the symptoms are identical, so a cost-effective and portable classification device is needed. Typical EIT images are not optimal for stroke-EIT because of blurriness. This paper explores the possibilities of machine learning in improving the classification results. Two paradigms are compared: (a) learning from the EIT data, that is Dirichlet-to-Neumann maps and (b) extracting robust features from data and learning from them. The features of choice are virtual hybrid edge detection (VHED) functions (Greenleaf et al 2018 Anal. PDE
11) that have a geometric interpretation and whose computation from EIT data does not involve calculating a full image of the conductivity. We report the measures of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity of the networks trained with EIT data and VHED functions separately. Computational evidence based on simulated noisy EIT data suggests that the regularized grey-box paradigm (b) leads to significantly better classification results than the black-box paradigm (a).
Electron beam triggered single-atom dynamics in two-dimensional materials
Authors: Zhao Xiaoxu , Loh Kian Ping , Pennycook Stephen J
Published: October 2020

Controlling atomic structure and dynamics with single-atom precision is the ultimate goal in nanoscience and nanotechnology. Despite great successes being achieved by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) over the past a few decades, fundamental limitations, such as ultralow temperature, and low throughput, significantly hinder the fabrication of a large array of atomically defined structures by STM. The advent of aberration correction in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) revolutionized the field of nanomaterials characterization pushing the detection limit down to single-atom sensitivity. The sub-angstrom focused electron beam (e-beam) of STEM is capable of interacting with an individual atom, thereby it is the ideal platform to direct and control matter at the level of a single atom or a small cluster. In this article, we discuss the transfer of energy and momentum from the incident e-beam to atoms and their subsequent potential dynamics under different e-beam conditions in 2D materials, particularly transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). Next, we systematically discuss the e-beam triggered structural evolutions of atomic defects, line defects, grain boundaries, and stacking faults in a few representative 2D materials. Their formation mechanisms, kinetic paths, and practical applications are comprehensively discussed. We show that desired structural evolution or atom-by-atom assembly can be precisely manipulated by e-beam irradiation which could introduce intriguing functionalities to 2D materials. In particular, we highlight the recent progress on controlling single Si atom migration in real-time on monolayer graphene along an extended path with high throughput in automated STEM. These results unprecedentedly demonstrate that single-atom dynamics can be realized by an atomically focused e-beam. With the burgeoning of artificial intelligence and big data, we can expect that fully automated microscopes with real-time data analysis and feedback could readily design and fabricate large scale nanostructures with unique functionalities in the near future.
Importance of van der Waals interactions for ab initio studies of topological insulators
Authors: Shirali K , Shelton W A , Vekhter I
Published: October 2020

We investigate the lattice and electronic structures of the bulk and surface of the prototypical layered topological insulators Bi2Se3 and Bi2Te3 using ab initio density functional methods, and systematically compare the results of different methods of including van der Waals (vdW) interactions. We show that the methods utilizing semi-empirical energy corrections yield accurate descriptions of these materials, with the most precise results obtained by properly accounting for the long-range tail of the vdW interactions. The bulk lattice constants, distances between quintuple layers and the Dirac velocity of the topological surface states (TSS) are all in excellent agreement with experiment. In Bi2Te3, hexagonal warping of the energy dispersion leads to complex spin textures of the TSS at moderate energies, while in Bi2Se3 these states remain almost perfectly helical away from the Dirac point, showing appreciable signs of hexagonal warping at much higher energies, above the minimum of the bulk conduction band. Our results establish a framework for unified and systematic self-consistent first principles calculations of topological insulators in bulk, slab and interface geometries, and provides the necessary first step toward ab initio modeling of topological heterostructures.
Inverse problems in geomagnetism: the magnetic anomaly exploration game
Authors: Bastos Rodrigo Oliveira
Published: October 2020

Inspired by the inverse problems related to geomagnetism I propose an exploration game using simple devices to survey magnetic anomalies. The game, in its simplest form, has the objective to find the position and orientation of a single dipole inside a black box, based on measurements of field directions collected with a compass outside the box. The richness of the game resides partially in its set up simplicity and in the complexity that unfolds when dealing with inverse problems related to vector field analysis.
Extinguishment of hot cathode discharges by space-charge and surface magnetic effects
Authors: Yip Chi-Shung , Jin Chenyao , Zhang Wei , Xu Guo Sheng , Hershkowitz Noah , Severn Greg
Published: October 2020

Emission characteristics of a directly heated, rod-shaped LaB6 hot cathode has been studied in a multi-dipole confinement device. It is found that contrary to predictions from the conventional space-charge limited emission theory, emission current is not simply limited to a maximum value but eventually extinguished by space-charge related effects. In addition, directional preference of electron emission towards the positive lead of the applied heating voltage can be visibly observed. Results suggest that thermionically emitted electrons trapped in the virtual cathode are pumped towards the high voltage lead of the applied heating, and that the magnetic effects for filament heating currents exceeding 50 A may be the underlying mechanism of extinguishment; that is, the gyromotion of surface emitted electrons for sufficiently great heating currents may prevent electrons from escaping the virtual cathode. Geometrical effects are also briefly discussed.