bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BAYESIAN NETWORK WITH INTERVAL PROBABILITY PARAMETERS
Authors: LIU WEI-YI , YUE KUN
Published: August 2011

Interval data are widely used in real applications to represent the values of quantities in uncertain situations. However, the implied probabilistic causal relationships among interval-valued variables with interval data cannot be represented and inferred by general Bayesian networks with point-based probability parameters. Thus, it is desired to extend the general Bayesian network with effective mechanisms of representation, learning and inference of probabilistic causal relationships implied in interval data. In this paper, we define the interval probabilities, the bound-limited weak conditional interval probabilities and the probabilistic description, as well as the multiplication rules. Furthermore, we propose the method for learning the Bayesian network structure from interval data and the algorithm for corresponding approximate inferences. Experimental results show that our methods are feasible, and we conclude that the Bayesian network with interval probability parameters is the expansion of the general Bayesian network.
THE TOTAL GRAPH OF A MODULE OVER A COMMUTATIVE RING WITH RESPECT TO PROPER SUBMODULES
Authors: ABBASI AHMAD , HABIBI SHOKOOFE
Published: August 2011

Let R be a commutative ring and M be an R-module with a proper submodule N. The total graph of M with respect to N, denoted by T(ΓN(M)), is investigated. The vertex set of this graph is M and for all x, y belonging to M, x is adjacent to y if and only if x + y ∈ M(N), where M(N) = {m ∈ M : rm ∈ N for some r ∈ R - (N : M)}. In this paper, in addition to studying some algebraic properties of M(N), we investigate some graph theoretic properties of two important subgraphs of T(ΓN(M)) in the cases depending on whether or not M(N) is a submodule of M.
RINGS WHICH ADMIT FAITHFUL TORSION MODULES II
Authors: OMAN GREG , SCHWIEBERT RYAN
Published: August 2011

Let R be an associative ring with identity. An (left) R-module M is said to be torsion if for every m ∈ M, there exists a nonzero r ∈ R such that rm = 0, and faithful provided rM = {0} implies r = 0 (r ∈ R). We call R (left) FT if R admits a nontrivial (left) faithful torsion module. In this paper, we continue the study of FT rings initiated in Oman and Schwiebert [Rings which admit faithful torsion modules, to appear in Commun. Algebra]. After presenting several examples, we consider the FT property within several well-studied classes of rings. In particular, we examine direct products of rings, Brown–McCoy semisimple rings, serial rings, and left nonsingular rings. Finally, we close the paper with a list of open problems.
Terahertz Emission Enhancement in InAs Thin Films Using a Silicon Lens Coupler
Authors: Que Christopher T. , Edamura Tadataka , Nakajima Makoto , Tani Masahiko , Hangyo Masanori
Published: August 2011

Enhancement of the pulsed terahertz radiation generated from a lens-coupled InAs thin film excited by a femtosecond laser is reported. A Si hemispherical lens was used as a lens coupler and attached to the substrate-side of a 520-nm-thick InAs film, grown on a Si substrate. An enhancement factor of 7.5 times in the THz wave amplitude from the InAs film with the lens coupler was observed as compared with the bare InAs film. This enhancement is attributed to the improvement in the collimation condition of the radiated THz wave as it propagates through the index-matched lens coupler into free space.
Chapter 13 The Timan–Pechora sedimentary basin: Palaeozoic reef formations and petroleum systems
Authors: Klimenko S. S. , Anischenko L. A. , Antoshkina A. I.
Published: August 2011

In the Palaeozoic history of the Timan–Pechora sedimentary basin three stages of organic structures are identified: Caradocian–Early Emsian, Middle Frasnian–Tournaisian and Late Visean–Early Permian. The distribution and dimensions of the various organogenic buildups in the Timan–Pechora basin show that Palaeozoic reef formation was regulated by the skeletal reef biota, by the physical and chemical parameters controlling the porostromate calcimicrobes and microbial carbonates, by global eustatic fluctuations of sea-level, and by the tectonic evolution of the Pechora Plate and the Palaeo-Urals Ocean. The development of petroleum systems in the Timan–Pechora Basin is largely controlled by primary (organic substance, its composition, quantity and maturity, continuous sinking of the basin's sedimentary cover) and secondary (stagnation period of sedimentation and the newest tectonic movements) factors. An integrated approach using the geochemical data enabled us to build a reliable model of petroleum genesis for the Timan–Pechora Basin with high probability of evaluating the petroleum potential and the composition of hydrocarbon systems.
Chapter 20 Eurasian orogens and Arctic tectonics: an overview
Authors: Pease V.
Published: August 2011

This review summarizes our current understanding of the major Eurasian orogens in the context of Arctic tectonics: the Ediacaran Timanides, the middle Palaeozoic Caledonides, the late Palaeozoic Uralides and the Mesozoic fold belts of Taimyr and Verkhoyansk. Controversies and problems are associated with the: (i) regional extent, timing, and nature of deformation associated with Ediacaran Timanian orogenesis; (ii) northward extent of Caledonian deformation; (iii) continuation of Permo-Carboniferous Uralian orogenesis on Novaya Zemlya and understanding this deformation in Taimyr; (iv) timing, location and style of deformation associated with Mesozoic deformation in Taimyr and Verkhoyansk, and its relationship to the opening of the Amerasia Basin; (v) original size of the Arctic Alaska–Chukotka microplate (AACM) and the nature of its boundaries, including the timing and amount of extension of the AACM and the location of the South Anyui Suture; and (vi) age and nature of pre-Okhotsk–Chukotka volcano-plutonic belt basement across eastern Russia and western Alaska and its relationship to the development of the Canada Basin/Amerasia Basin. The resolution of these controversies is needed to test hypotheses for the tectonic development of the Amerasia Basin, in particular, and for understanding the tectonic development of the Circum-Arctic as a whole.
Chapter 3 Circum-Arctic mapping project: new magnetic and gravity anomaly maps of the Arctic
Authors: Gaina Carmen , Werner Stephanie C. , Saltus Richard , Maus Stefan ,   the CAMP-GM GROUP
Published: August 2011

New Circum-Arctic maps of magnetic and gravity anomalies have been produced by merging regional gridded data. Satellite magnetic and gravity data were used for quality control of the long wavelengths of the new compilations. The new Circum-Arctic digital compilations of magnetic, gravity and some of their derivatives have been analyzed together with other freely available regional and global data and models in order to provide a consistent view of the tectonically complex Arctic basins and surrounding continents. Sharp, linear contrasts between deeply buried basement blocks with different magnetic properties and densities that can be identified on these maps can be used, together with other geological and geophysical information, to refine the tectonic boundaries of the Arctic domain.
Chapter 41 Geology and petroleum potential of the West Greenland–East Canada Province
Authors: Schenk Christopher J.
Published: August 2011

The US Geological Survey (USGS) assessed the potential for undiscovered oil and gas resources of the West Greenland–East Canada Province as part of the USGS Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal programme. The province lies in the offshore area between western Greenland and eastern Canada and includes Baffin Bay, Davis Strait, Lancaster Sound and Nares Strait west of and including part of Kane Basin. A series of major tectonic events led to the formation of several distinct structural domains that are the geological basis for defining five assessment units (AU) in the province, all of which are within the Mesozoic–Cenozoic Composite Petroleum System. Potential petroleum source rocks include strata of Ordovician, Lower and Upper Cretaceous, and Palaeogene ages. The five AUs defined for this study – the Eurekan Structures AU, NW Greenland Rifted Margin AU, NE Canada Rifted Margin AU, Baffin Bay Basin AU and the Greater Ungava Fault Zone AU – encompass the entire province and were assessed for undiscovered technically recoverable resources. The mean volumes of undiscovered resources for the West Greenland–East Canada Province are 10.7×10
9
barrels of oil, 75×10
12
cubic feet of gas, and 1.7×10
9
barrels of natural gas liquids. For the part of the province that is north of the Arctic Circle, the estimated mean volumes of these undiscovered resources are 7.3×10
9
barrels of oil, 52×10
12
cubic feet of natural gas, and 1.1×10
9
barrels of natural gas liquids.

Supplementary material:

Supplementary Appendices 1–5 are available at
http://www.geolsoc.org.uk/SUP18476
Do TRPC-like currents and G protein-coupled receptors interact to facilitate myogenic tone development?
Authors: Anfinogenova Yana , Brett Suzanne E. , Walsh Michael P. , Harraz Osama F. , Welsh Donald G.
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study was to determine whether Gq/11-coupled receptor activation can enhance the mechanosensitivity of a canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC)-like current and consequently the myogenic responsiveness of rat anterior cerebral arteries. Initial patch-clamp experiments revealed the presence of a basal cation current in isolated smooth muscle cells that displayed evidence of double rectification, which was blocked by trivalent cations (Gd3+ and La3+). PCR analysis identified the expression of TRPC1, 3, 6 and 7 mRNA and, characteristic of TRPC-like current, the whole-cell conductance was insensitive to a Na+-dependent transport (amiloride), TRP vanilloid (ruthenium red), and chloride channel (DIDS, niflumic acid, and flufenamate) inhibitors. One notable exception was tamoxifen, which elicited a dual effect, blocking or activating the TRPC-like current at 1 and 10 μM, respectively. This TRPC-like current was augmented by constrictor agonists (uridine 5′-triphosphate and U46619) or hyposmotic challenge (303 to 223 mOsm/l), a mechanical stimulus. Although each stimulus was effective alone, smooth muscle cells pretreated with agonist did not augment the whole-cell response to hyposmotic challenge. Consistent with these electrophysiological recordings, functional experiments revealed that neither UTP nor U46619 enhanced the sensitivity of intact cerebral arteries to hyposmotic challenge or elevated intravascular pressure. In summary, this study found no evidence that Gq/11-coupled receptor activation augments the mechanosensitivity of a TRPC-like current and consequently the myogenic responsiveness of anterior cerebral arteries.
Sex differences in baroreflex sensitivity, heart rate variability, and end organ damage in the TGR(mRen2)27 rat
Authors: Johnson Megan S. , DeMarco Vincent G. , Heesch Cheryl M. , Whaley-Connell Adam T. , Schneider Rebecca I. , Rehmer Nathan T. , Tilmon Roger D. , Ferrario Carlos M. , Sowers James R.
Published: August 2011

The aim of this investigation was to evaluate sex differences in baroreflex and heart rate variability (HRV) dysfunction and indexes of end-organ damage in the TG(mRen2)27 (Ren2) rat, a model of renin overexpression and tissue renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system overactivation. Blood pressure (via telemetric monitoring), blood pressure variability [BPV; SD of systolic blood pressure (SBP)], spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity, HRV [HRV Triangular Index (HRV-TI), standard deviation of the average NN interval (SDNN), low and high frequency power (LF and HF, respectively), and Poincaré plot analysis (SD1, SD2)], and cardiovascular function (pressure-volume loop analysis and proteinuria) were evaluated in male and female 10-wk-old Ren2 and Sprague Dawley rats. The severity of hypertension was greater in Ren2 males (R2-M) than in Ren2 females (R2-F). Increased BPV, suppression of baroreflex gain, decreased HRV, and associated end-organ damage manifested as cardiac dysfunction, myocardial remodeling, elevated proteinuria, and tissue oxidative stress were more pronounced in R2-M compared with R2-F. During the dark cycle, HRV-TI and SDNN were negatively correlated with SBP within R2-M and positively correlated within R2-F; within R2-M, these indexes were also negatively correlated with end-organ damage [left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH)]. Furthermore, within R2-M only, LVH was strongly correlated with indexes of HRV representing predominantly vagal (HF, SD1), but not sympathetic (LF, SD2), variability. These data demonstrated relative protection in females from autonomic dysfunction and end-organ damage associated with elevated blood pressure in the Ren2 model of hypertension.
MicroRNA-32 Upregulation by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 in Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells Leads to Bim Targeting and Inhibition of AraC-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Gocek Elzbieta , Wang Xuening , Liu Xiuping , Liu Chang-Gong , Studzinski George P.
Published: August 2011

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) used to treat human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells induces features of normal monocytes, but the mechanisms underlying this response are not fully understood. We hypothesized that one or more microRNAs (miRNA) known to control mouse hematopoiesis and lineage commitment might contribute to the ability of 1,25D to control the malignant phenotype. Here we report that 1,25D markedly induces expression of miR-32 in human myeloid leukemia cells, in which it targets the 3′-untranslated region of the mRNA encoding the proapoptotic factor Bim to reduce its expression. RNAi-mediated suppression of the miRNA-processing enzymes Drosha and Dicer increased Bim levels, in support of the concept that Bim is under miRNA control in AML cells. Antisense-mediated suppression of miR-32 was sufficient to upregulate Bim expression in AML cells. Conversely, ectopic expression of miR-32 downregulated Bim expression and increased the differentiation response to 1,25D treatment in a manner that was associated with increased cell survival. The positive effects of miR-32 on cell survival were confirmed by evidence of increased cell death in AML cells preexposed to antisense miR-32 before treatment with arabinocytosine, a chemotherapeutic drug used to treat human AML. Together, our findings indicate that miR-32 blockade is sufficient to elevate Bim expression and sensitize AML cells to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Thus, agents which can inhibit miR-32 expression may offer clinical utility by enhancing therapeutic efficacy in human AML. Cancer Res; 71(19); 6230–9. ©2011 AACR.
Identification of a Natural Compound by Cell-Based Screening That Enhances Interferon Regulatory Factor-1 Activity and Causes Tumor Suppression
Authors: Gao Jinbo , Wang Yujun , Xing Quanhua , Yan Jin , Senthil Maheswari , Akmal Yasir , Kowolik Claudia M. , Kang Julia , Lu David M. , Zhao Ming , Lin Zhixiu , Cheng Christopher H.K. , Yip M.L. Richard , Yim John H.
Published: August 2011

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-1 (IRF-1) is induced by many tumor-suppressive stimuli and can mediate antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in cancer cells. Thus, identifying agents that enhance IRF-1 activity may be an effective approach to cancer therapy. A cell-based screening assay was developed to identify extracts and compounds that could enhance IRF-1 activity, using an IRF-1–dependent luciferase reporter cell line. Through this approach, we identified a natural product extract and a known active component of this extract, baicalein, which causes a marked increase in IRF-1–dependent reporter gene expression and IRF-1 protein, with modulation of known IRF-1 targets PUMA and cyclin D1. Baicalein causes suppression of growth in vitro in multiple cancer cell lines in the low micromolar range. IRF-1 plays a role in this growth suppression as shown by significant resistance to growth suppression in a breast cancer cell line stably transfected with short hairpin RNA against IRF-1. Finally, intraperitoneal administration of baicalein by repeated injection causes inhibition of growth in both xenogeneic and syngeneic mouse models of cancer without toxicity to the animals. These findings indicate that identifying enhancers of IRF-1 activity may have utility in anticancer therapies and that cell-based screening for activation of transcription factors can be a useful approach for drug discovery. Mol Cancer Ther; 10(10); 1774–83. ©2011 AACR.
Thyroid Hormone Is a MAPK-Dependent Growth Factor for Human Myeloma Cells Acting via αvβ3 Integrin
Authors: Cohen Keren , Ellis Martin , Khoury Shafik , Davis Paul J. , Hercbergs Aleck , Ashur-Fabian Osnat
Published: August 2011

Experimental and clinical observations suggest that thyroid hormone [l-thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thyronine (T3)] can support cancer cell proliferation. T3 and T4 promote both tumor cell division and angiogenesis by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) via binding to a hormone receptor on the αvβ3 integrin, overexpressed on many cancer cells. We have studied the responsiveness of several MM cell lines to T3 and T4 and characterized hormonal effects on cell survival, proliferation, and MAPK activation. Overnight T3 (1–100 nmol/L) and T4 (100 nmol/L) incubation enhanced, up to 50% (P < 0.002), MM cell viability (WST-1 assay) and increased cell proliferation by 30% to 60% (P < 0.01). Short exposure (10 minutes) to T3 and T4 increased MAPK activity by 2.5- to 3.5-fold (P < 0.03). Pharmacologic MAPK inhibition blocked the proliferative action of T3 and T4. Antibodies to the integrin αvβ3 dimer and αv and β3 monomers (but not β1) inhibited MAPK activation and subsequent cell proliferation in response to thyroid hormone, indicating dependence upon this integrin. Moreover, tetraiodothyroacetic acid (tetrac), a non-agonist T4 analogue previously shown to selectively block T3/T4 binding to αvβ3 receptor site, blocked induction of MAPK by the hormones in a dose-dependent manner. This demonstration of the role of thyroid hormones as growth factors for MM cells may offer novel therapeutic approaches. Mol Cancer Res; 9(10); 1385–94. ©2011 AACR.
Lrig1 Is an Estrogen-Regulated Growth Suppressor and Correlates with Longer Relapse-Free Survival in ERα-Positive Breast Cancer
Authors: Krig Sheryl R. , Frietze Seth , Simion Catalina , Miller Jamie K. , Fry Will H.D. , Rafidi Hanine , Kotelawala Lakmal , Qi Lihong , Griffith Obi L. , Gray Joe W. , Carraway Kermit L. , Sweeney Colleen
Published: August 2011

Lrig1 is the founding member of the Lrig family and has been implicated in the negative regulation of several oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinases including ErbB2. Lrig1 is expressed at low levels in several cancer types but is overexpressed in some prostate and colorectal tumors. Given this heterogeneity, whether Lrig1 functions to suppress or promote tumor growth remains a critical question. Previously, we found that Lrig1 was poorly expressed in ErbB2-positive breast cancer, suggesting that Lrig1 has a growth-inhibitory role in this tumor type. However, breast cancer is a complex disease, with ErbB2-positive tumors accounting for just 25% of all breast cancers. To gain a better understanding of the role of Lrig1 in breast cancer, we examined its expression in estrogen receptor α (ERα)-positive disease which accounts for the majority of breast cancers. We find that Lrig1 is expressed at significantly higher levels in ERα-positive disease than in ERα-negative disease. Our study provides a molecular rationale for Lrig1 enrichment in ERα-positive disease by showing that Lrig1 is a target of ERα. Estrogen stimulates Lrig1 accumulation and disruption of this induction enhances estrogen-dependent tumor cell growth, suggesting that Lrig1 functions as an estrogen-regulated growth suppressor. In addition, we find that Lrig1 expression correlates with prolonged relapse-free survival in ERα-positive breast cancer, identifying Lrig1 as a new prognostic marker in this setting. Finally, we show that ErbB2 activation antagonizes ERα-driven Lrig1 expression, providing a mechanistic explanation for Lrig1 loss in ErbB2-positive breast cancer. This work provides strong evidence for a growth-inhibitory role for Lrig1 in breast cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 9(10); 1406–17. ©2011 AACR.
CD40L Deficiency Ameliorates Adipose Tissue Inflammation and Metabolic Manifestations of Obesity in Mice
Authors: Poggi Marjorie , Engel David , Christ Anette , Beckers Linda , Wijnands Erwin , Boon Louis , Driessen Ann , Cleutjens Jack , Weber Christian , Gerdes Norbert , Lutgens Esther
Published: August 2011

Objective—

Obese adipose tissue shows hallmarks of chronic inflammation, which promotes the development of metabolic disorders. The mechanisms by which immune cells interact with each other or with metabolism-associated cell types, and the players involved, are still unclear. The CD40-CD40L costimulatory dyad plays a pivotal role in immune responses and in diseases such as atherosclerosis and may therefore be a mediator of obesity. Here we investigated whether CD40L is involved in adipose tissue inflammation and its associated metabolic changes.

Methods and Results—

To assess a putative role of CD40L in obesity in vivo, we evaluated metabolic and inflammatory consequences of 18 weeks of high-fat feeding in
CD40L
+/+
and
CD40L
−/−
mice. In addition, C57Bl6 mice were injected with neutralizing anti-CD40L (αCD40L) antibody for 12 weeks while being fed a high-fat diet. Genetic deficiency of CD40L attenuated the development of diet-induced obesity, hepatic steatosis, and increased systemic insulin sensitivity. In adipose tissue, it impaired obesity-induced immune cell infiltration and the associated deterioration of glucose and lipid metabolism. Accordingly, αCD40L treatment improved systemic insulin sensitivity, glucose tolerance, and CD4
+
T-cell infiltration in adipose tissue with limited effects on adipose tissue weight.

Conclusion—

CD40L plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic complications.
Effect of Dose and Combination of Antihypertensives on Interindividual Blood Pressure Variability
Authors: Webb Alastair John Stewart , Rothwell Peter Malcolm
Published: August 2011

Background and Purpose—

Recent studies have shown that visit-to-visit blood pressure variability is a powerful risk factor for stroke, is reduced by calcium channel blockers and diuretics, and increased by β-blockers. However, it is unknown whether these effects are dose-dependent and persist in combination with other drugs.

Methods—

Cochrane and Medline databases were searched for systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials of antihypertensive drugs. Eligible trials randomized all patients to a combination of drug classes or different doses of the same drug. Baseline and follow-up data for mean (SD) systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure were extracted. Differences in interindividual variance (SD
2
) in blood pressure were expressed as a ratio (VR). Estimates were pooled by random-effects meta-analysis.

Results—

Calcium channel blockers reduced interindividual variability in SBP when added to another agent (VR, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.87;
P
=0.0002; 12 trials; 1565 patients) with a smaller reduction with diuretics (VR, 0.85; 0.71 to 1.01;
P
=0.07; 17 trials; 3217 patients). Adding other agents to calcium channel blockers did not significantly affect SBP variability (VR, 1.06; 0.83 to 1.34;
P
=0.65; 12 trials; 1460 patients) despite a 5.8-mm Hg reduction in mean SBP. Randomization to a higher dose of calcium channel blockers reduced SBP variability (VR, 0.84; 0.74 to 0.94;
P
=0.004; 25 trials; 2179 patients), whereas randomization to a higher dose of β-blockers increased SBP variability (VR, 1.31; 1.01 to 1.69;
P
=0.034; 6 trials; 486 patients).

Conclusions—

Effects of antihypertensive drugs on SBP variability are dose-dependent and persist when used in combinations. Use of a high dose of a calcium channel blocker alone or in combination with other agents is therefore likely to be particularly effective in prevention of stroke.
“Over Shoes Over Boots”: Lord Baltimore's Final Days in Ferryland, Newfoundland
Authors: Gaulton Barry , Lyttleton James , Krugler John , Miller Aaron
Published: August 2011

In 1629 Sir George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was at a crossroads in his life. He departed his fledgling colony in Ferryland, Newfoundland for the warmer climes of Virginia, entertaining the possibility of a new colonial venture in the Chesapeake. Although Sir George would not live to see the arrival of his settlers in Maryland in 1634, the colony was very much the culmination of his efforts and experiences. This paper examines a previously unpublished letter from George Calvert to his close friend Sir Thomas Wentworth on the eve of his departure from Newfoundland. The document contains important insights on Calvert's first New World venture and illustrates how Ferryland and the subsequent grant of the proprietary Province of Avalon were inexorably linked, both by family and design, to Maryland.
“All would be equal in the effort”: Santo Domingo's “Italian Revolution”, Independence, and Haiti, 1809-1822
Authors: Eller Anne
Published: August 2011

This article explores the colony of Santo Domingo just after it had passed from French back to Spanish hands in 1809. Although impoverished and at the very margins of the Caribbean plantation system, revolutionary winds were nonetheless buffeting the colony. Using the testimony of a failed 1810 conspiracy known as the “Italian Revolution”, the article explores the enduring inequalities present in Santo Domingo, the immediate influence of the Haiti to the west, and the beginnings of Latin American independence more generally. Whereas Spanish authorities and other Caribbean elites might have dismissed the colony as marginal to the political events, therefore, the conspiracy sheds light on its importance to subaltern travelers and migrants from neighboring islands. Finally, it shows the tremendous concrete and symbolic importance of the Haitian Revolution on the neighboring colony, complicating a historiography that often argues for conflict, and not interrelation, between the two sides of Hispaniola.
Geostrophic Velocity Measurement Techniques for the Meridional Overturning Circulation and Meridional Heat Transport in the South Atlantic
Authors: Perez Renellys C. , Garzoli Silvia L. , Meinen Christopher S. , Matano Ricardo P.
Published: August 2011

Two ocean general circulation models are used to test the ability of geostrophic velocity measurement systems to observe the meridional overturning circulation (MOC) and meridional heat transport (MHT) in the South Atlantic. Model sampling experiments are conducted at five latitudes (between 15° and 34.5°S) spanning the range of extratropical current regimes in the South Atlantic. Two methods of estimating geopotential height anomalies and geostrophic velocities are tested, simulating dynamic height moorings (T–S array) and current and pressure recording inverted echo sounders (CPIES) deployed within the models. The T–S array accurately reproduces the MOC variability with a slight preference for higher latitudes, while the CPIES array has skill only at higher latitudes resulting from the increased geopotential height anomaly signal. Whether direct model velocities or geostrophic velocities are used, MHT and the MOC are strongly correlated, and successful reconstruction of MHT only occurs when there is skill in the MOC reconstructions. The geopotential height anomaly signal is concentrated near the boundaries along 34.5°S, suggesting that this is an advantageous latitude for deployment of an in situ array. Four reduced arrays that build upon the sites from two existing pilot arrays along 34.5°S were examined. For these realistically sized arrays, the MOC and MHT reconstructions from the T–S and CPIES arrays have comparable skill, and an array of approximately 20 instruments can be effectively used to reproduce the temporal evolution and vertical structure of the MOC and MHT.
Possible Linkage between the Monsoon Trough Variability and the Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Wu Liang , Wen Zhiping , Huang Ronghui , Wu Renguang
Published: August 2011

The present study investigates the influence of the monsoon trough (MT) on the interannual variability of tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific during July–November for the period 1979–2007. It is shown that the TC activity is closely related to the MT location. During the years when the MT extends eastward (retreats westward), more (less) TCs form within the southeastern quadrant of the western North Pacific. Such a relationship can be explained by the changes in large-scale environmental factors associated with the movement of the MT. An eastward extension of the MT coincides with warmed ocean surface, enhanced convection, increased relative humidity in the lower and midtroposphere, reduced vertical shear of zonal wind, intensified upper-level divergence, and low-level anomalous cyclonic vorticity over the southeast quadrant of the western North Pacific. These conditions associated with the eastern extension of the MT are favorable for TC genesis, while those associated with the westward retreat of the MT are not. Diagnosis of the barotropic energy conversion indicates that synoptic-scale disturbances moving westward from tropical eastern Pacific will gain the energy from the mean flow when they meet with the eastward-extending MT. This is an important reason for the linkage between MT variability and TC genesis over the western North Pacific.
A Time-Lagged Ensemble Simulation on the Modulation of Precipitation over West Java in January–February 2007
Authors: Trilaksono Nurjanna J. , Otsuka Shigenori , Yoden Shigeo
Published: August 2011

A numerical experiment using a regional nonhydrostatic model is performed to investigate the synoptic condition related to the heavy precipitation event that occurred at Jakarta in West Java, Indonesia, in January–February 2007. A time-lagged ensemble forecast method is employed with nine ensemble members. The ensemble mean well reproduces the temporal modulation of the spatial distributions of precipitation obtained from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission data.

During the simulated two months, several monsoon surges are observed, but only the surge event during which the Jakarta flood event occurred is associated with a cold anomaly. The top of the cold northerly is about 1.5 km. The cold surge event is preceded by the so-called Borneo vortex event, which is dominated by a cyclonic vortex around Borneo, Indonesia, with a horizontal scale of 1000 km and a vertical scale of 3 km.

An analysis of cumulative distribution functions in a pentad time scale shows the modulation of the probability of rainfall rate. In pentad 7 (31 January–4 February), which includes the heavy rainfall event, the fraction of the area with precipitation is the highest and the contribution of heavy rainfall to the total amount is one of the highest in the two-month period. The diurnal cycle of occurrence of heavy rainfall is also modulated; in pentad 7, semidiurnal variation becomes dominant, and the largest peak appears in the early morning.
The Exxon Valdez and BP Oil Spills
Authors: Gill Duane A. , Picou J. Steven , Ritchie Liesel A.
Published: August 2011

The 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill and the 2010 BP oil spill were the largest and most ecologically damaging releases of oil in North American history. This research provides a comparison of the social and mental health impacts of these two major technological disasters. Random samples of residents of Cordova, Alaska, and south Mobile County, Alabama, were collected 5 months after each event. A standardized indicator of event-related stress was used for both samples. The analysis revealed similarly high levels of initial psychological stress for survivors of both disasters. The strongest predictors of stress were family health concerns, commercial ties to renewable resources, and concern about economic future, economic loss, and exposure to the oil. Drawing on more than 20 years of research on the Exxon Valdez disaster, we discuss implications for residents of Gulf Coast communities.
Justification and Application
Authors: Pedersen Jørgen
Published: August 2011

The Rawls–Habermas debate is having a revival. In this article I argue that both philosophers develop different freestanding conceptions of political legitimacy, and show how they diverge when it comes to how political legitimacy can be justified. Habermas is looking for a deeper justification than Rawls will allow for. I then proceed to show how the different meta-ethical positions yield two different versions of democratic theory, focusing in particular on rights and popular sovereignty. I demonstrate how both conceive of the co-originality of private and public autonomy, and subsequently take issue with Habermas’ reading of Rawls. I argue that Rawls should not be understood as a natural rights theorist, that Habermas misunderstands the role of the original position, and that Rawls cannot be considered a strong constitutionalist. Thus, the real difference between Rawls and Habermas revolves around their different conceptions of political legitimacy.
Ontology, Epistemology, and Multimethod Research in Political Science
Authors: Chatterjee Abhishek
Published: August 2011

Epistemologies and research methods are not free of metaphysics. This is to say that they are both, supported by (or presumed by), and support (or presume) fundamental ontologies. A discussion of the epistemological foundations of “multimethod” research in the social sciences—in as much as such research claims to unearth “causal” relations—therefore cannot avoid the ontological presuppositions or implications of such a discussion. But though there isn’t necessarily a perfect correspondence between ontology, epistemology, and methodology, they do constrain each other. As such it is possible to make methodological choices that are at odds with one’s (implicit) ontology or argue from an ontology that is inconsistent one’s choice of methods. Yet lack of recognition of this fact has hampered methodological discussions in political science, especially with respect to the discussion on the merits of multimethod research. The ontology implicitly accepted in such discussions is “reductionist” and “regularist,” that is, one that respectively defines causes in terms of noncausal relations and states of affair and affirms that such noncausal relations are regularities in nature. This article will argue that any attempt to fit “multimethod” research (where “multimethod” signifies some combination of inferential statistics and case studies) within this narrow ontology is destined to fail since such a metaphysics logically cannot accord case studies a necessary or sufficient role in the in the establishment of causal relations. However, there are metaphysical positions within the ambit of an empiricist philosophy of science that can accommodate multiple methods without contradiction. The article discusses two such ontologies and suggests ways in which they might allow the establishment of a coherent epistemological foundation for multimethod research, however, within a decidedly empiricist philosophy of science.
A Review of Developmental Networks
Authors: Dobrow Shoshana R. , Chandler Dawn E. , Murphy Wendy M. , Kram Kathy E.
Published: August 2011

During the past decade, mentoring research has broadened from its traditional dyadic perspective to examine the support provided by a “developmental network.” This article reviews the literature on developmental networks—groups of people who take an active interest in and action toward advancing a protégé’s career. Building on positive organizational scholarship (POS) research on high-quality connections and relationships, the authors propose that a “mutuality perspective,” or taking the viewpoints of all members of the developmental network into account, is a notable gap in developmental network research. They apply this perspective to developmental networks research and discuss implications and avenues for future inquiry. As part of their review, the authors clarify the boundaries of the developmental network construct. They also identify and discuss four research streams that encompass extant studies of developmental networks. This article extends previous reviews of the broad field of dyadic mentoring by providing the first systematic review of developmental network research.
Dads Who Do Diapers
Authors: Yoshida Akiko
Published: August 2011

Although many fathers today spend more time with children than was the case in the past, physical care of young children remains primarily mothers’ work. Yet some fathers claim that they do work traditionally seen as the “mother’s job” every day. Using subsample data from the male respondent file of the National Survey of Family Growth 2002 ( n = 613), this study examines factors associated with married or cohabiting fathers’ daily involvement in physical care of children under age 5 years. Logistic regression results show that daily involvement is more likely if fathers were raised by their biological fathers, received more education, have employed wives or partners, have a young male child, or receive public assistance; it is less likely if they have school-age children. This study suggests that paternal involvement in physical care of young children is shaped by multiple factors including childhood experiences, education, economic conditions, and current family context.
Methodological Challenges in Physical Activity Research With Older Adults
Authors: Chase Jo-Ana D.
Published: August 2011

The aging adult population is growing, as well as the incidence of chronic illness among older adults. Physical activity (PA) has been demonstrated in the literature to be a beneficial component of self-management for chronic illnesses commonly found in the older adult population. Health sciences research seeks to develop new knowledge, practices, and policies that may benefit older adults’ management of chronic illness and quality of life. However, research with the older adult population, though beneficial, includes potential methodological challenges specific to this age group. This article discusses common methodological issues in research among older adults, with a focus on PA intervention studies. Awareness and understanding of these issues may facilitate future development of research studies devoted to the aging adult population, through appropriate modification and tailoring of sampling techniques, intervention development, and data measures and collection.
The Onodi Cell
Authors: Shin Ji‐Hyeon , Kim Sung Won , Hong Yong Kil , Jeun Sin‐Soo , Kang Seok‐Gu , Kim Soo Whan , Cho Jin Hee , Park Yong Jin
Published: August 2011

Objective

The Onodi cell is the posterior‐most ethmoid air cell and an important anatomical variant because of the intimate spatial relationship with the optic nerve, internal carotid artery, and sellar floor during sphenoid sinus surgery. The authors evaluated the incidence of Onodi cells, their clinical importance, and the association between preoperative radiological findings and surgical findings.

Study Design

Case series with chart review.

Setting

Tertiary care medical center.

Methods

The authors retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 162 cases, including preoperative paranasal sinus computed tomography (PNS CT) findings and the findings with the endoscopic endonasal transsphenoidal approach (EETSA). They evaluated the prevalence of Onodi cells and the clinical manifestations in the patients with these cells. They also examined the clinical significance of these cells during EETSA.

Results

Onodi cells were identified in the preoperative PNS CT of 53 patients, whereas Onodi cells were observed in 54 (33.3%) of the 162 patients at EETSA. The Onodi cells were bilateral in 23 patients and unilateral in 31. In all cases, the Onodi cells limited the exposure of the sellar floor. Only after removing these cells was the entire sellar floor exposed so that the tumors could be removed completely.

Conclusion

Onodi cells were observed more frequently than in previous studies, and 98.1% of them were identified on preoperative PNS CT. When reviewing PNS CT images preoperatively, one needs to identify the presence of Onodi cells. The Onodi cells must be removed to completely resect tumors located in the sellar region during EETSA.
Simultaneous versus Subsequent Intratympanic Dexamethasone for Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Park Moo Kyun , Lee Chi Kyou , Park Kye Hoon , Lee Jong Dae , Lee Chan Goo , Lee Byung Don
Published: August 2011

Objective

The authors compared the efficacy of simultaneous and subsequent intratympanic dexamethasone injections for the treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Study Design

Prospective randomized controlled multicenter study.

Setting

Three tertiary university hospitals.

Subjects and Methods

In the simultaneous intratympanic dexamethasone group, intratympanic dexamethasone was given initially with systemic steroids. In the subsequent intratympanic dexamethasone group, intratympanic dexamethasone was given 7 days after systemic treatment. The authors compared hearing outcomes between the groups according to Siegel’s criteria and frequency (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 kHz).

Results

A total of 88 patients were analyzed in this study. There was no difference between the groups in hearing recovery according to Siegel’s criteria or frequencies. Neither recovery time nor early recovery differed between the groups. In the subsequent intratympanic dexamethasone group, 15 patients showed hearing recovery within 7 days and did not need intratympanic dexamethasone treatment. After intratympanic dexamethasone treatment, >28% (25/88) of the patients complained of otalgia, transient dizziness, ear fullness, and headache. Five percent of the patients showed small, transient perforations and otorrhea during intratympanic dexamethasone treatment.

Conclusions

Simultaneous intratympanic dexamethasone did not confer an additional hearing gain or earlier recovery rate compared with subsequent intratympanic dexamethasone. A considerable number of patients did not need intratympanic dexamethasone for idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and some patients experienced unnecessary side effects due to intratympanic dexamethasone. Therefore, the use of intratympanic dexamethasone is recommended only for subsequent or salvage treatment of idiopathic sudden sensorineural hearing loss after systemic steroid treatment.
The Strategy of Non-proliferation: Maintaining the Credibility of an Incredible Pledge to Disarm
Authors: Harrington de Santana Anne
Published: August 2011

This article criticises the leadership of the new nuclear disarmament movement in the United States for not going far enough. Whether the US administration actually wants to achieve disarmament or not, implementing the current US nuclear policy agenda will not produce a world free of nuclear weapons. Rather, it will reinvigorate an ailing non-proliferation regime by adapting it to confront new nuclear threats. This conclusion is based on a two-part argument. Firstly, nonproliferation is a strategy much like the Cold War-era strategy of extended deterrence. Just as extended deterrence required the US to maintain the credibility of an incredible threat to attack, non-proliferation requires the US to maintain the credibility of an incredible pledge to disarm. Thus, re-establishing disarmament as a credible long-term goal of US nuclear policy will persuade other states in the short term to forgo nuclear weapons and cooperate in restricting access to fissile materials. Secondly, contrary to the common-sense interpretation of the relationship between non-proliferation and disarmament, it does not follow that a robust non-proliferation regime will lead to the elimination of nuclear weapons. In fact, experience suggests just the opposite: Non-proliferation does not lead to disarmament. In conclusion, whatever the Obama administration’s aim, the current US nuclear policy will reduce the threat nuclear weapons pose to the US, while obviating the need for the US to disarm itself.
Crowned Anarchy: Postanarchism and International Relations Theory
Authors: Newman Saul
Published: August 2011

In this article I will explore the paradoxical relationship between anarchism and realism in International Relations (IR) theory. I will do this in an oblique way by uncovering an uncomfortable complicity shared by that existentialist and heretical realist, Carl Schmitt, with his ideological arch-enemies the anarchists. In their diametrically opposed positions on the state, both Schmitt and the anarchists reveal the absolutism of the state in the sovereign moment of exception, and its reliance on a figure of anarchy which at the same time destabilises it, blurring the division between inside and outside and opening up a genuinely revolutionary moment. Here the notion of anarchy is used to deconstruct realism, while at the same time suggesting a move beyond anarchism itself towards a post-foundationalist anarchism or ‘postanarchism’. Anarchy reveals the contingency and inconsistency of hegemonic identities in IR, as well as the autonomy of the political which is vital to understanding contemporary movements of resistance to statism and capitalism.
“… To Keep Her in the Station in Which She Was Raised”
Authors: Edwards Gary T.
Published: August 2011

Courtship choices and matrimonial partners remained highly limited and well defined in the late antebellum South but two categories encompassed the bulk of objectionable variables: community (“spatial”) and class (“social”). As a general rule, white antebellum southerners seldom married anyone residing outside their own space and rarely married anyone identified outside their own social place. This article examines these socio-spatial boundaries in the rural plantation regions of western Tennessee. Based on a detailed database of 122 new marriages in Madison County (1851–1855), the conclusions of this article reinforce the strength of these geocultural borders. Nine of ten white southerners married within their own class. However, a few notable exceptions complicate efforts to craft a monolithic interpretation, and exceptions are always illuminating. This article encourages reexamination of the subtle interplay between space and place in the slave South—as evidenced in the universal pursuit of matrimony.
Revisiting the think-tank phenomenon
Authors: Pautz Hartwig
Published: August 2011

This article revisits the discussion about what a think-tank is, what it does and how it does what it does. The article argues that the definition of what constitutes a think-tank should focus on the functions that it fulfils and not so much on the organizational form, as is the case with dominant perspectives. The article offers a revised think-tank definition and, as a second step, discusses a Gramsci-inspired critical approach to understanding the function of think-tanks and, third, adopts Marten Hajer’s discourse coalition concept to explain how think-tanks became effective as state-external agents of change.
Design optimization of rotary regenerator using artificial bee colony algorithm
Authors: Rao R V , Patel V
Published: August 2011

This study explores the use of artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm for the design optimization of rotary regenerator. Maximization of regenerator effectiveness and minimization of regenerator pressure drop are considered as objective functions and are treated individually and then simultaneously for single-objective and multi-objective optimization, respectively. Seven design variables such as regenerator frontal area, matrix rotational speed, matrix rod diameter, matrix thickness, porosity, and split are considered for optimization. A case study is also presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The results of optimization using ABC algorithm are validated by comparing with those obtained using genetic algorithm for the same case study. The effect of variation of ABC algorithm parameters on convergence and fitness value of the objective function has also been presented.