bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geometrical effects in the hemodynamics of stenotic and non‐stenotic left coronary arteries—numerical and in vitro approaches
Authors: Doutel Erica , Viriato Nuno , Carneiro João , Campos João B.L.M. , Miranda João M.
Published: April 2019

Atherosclerosis is a common cardiovascular disease found in the left coronary artery (LCA), closely linked to local hemodynamic, which, in turn, is highly influenced by the artery geometry. The hemodynamics in the LCA was studied in a patient‐specific geometry without any sign of disease using both numerical and in vitro approaches. The influence of non‐planarity was evaluated through two models of the patient‐specific LCA that deviate from its original geometry in their planarity. Afterwards, in all models, irregular stenoses were created by a procedure in which the stenosis emerges by diffusion from low wall shear stress (WSS) areas. The WSS distribution and flow patterns were evaluated in all the models. The experimental results validate the numerical code developed to study the blood flow assuming a steady state Newtonian behavior. Comparison between the planar and non‐planar idealized LCA revealed no significant differences in low WSS regions forming stenotic regions with identical shape. In the patient‐specific LCA, the low WSS regions are not consistent with the idealized models leading to a different stenosis shape. The results revealed that the non‐planarity has an unquestionable effect in helicity. It was also demonstrated that eccentricity of the vessels cross section and the position of the apex in relation to the axis of the parent branch contribute to the flow patterns observed. Numerical results of pulsatile blood flow assuming a non‐Newtonian behavior, in the patient‐specific LCA, reinforce the non‐planarity effect in local hemodynamics.
Metastable molecular fluid hydrogen at high pressures
Authors: Norman Genri E. , Saitov Ilnur M. , Sartan Roman A.
Published: April 2019

Warm dense hydrogen is studied in the region of fluid–fluid phase transition within the framework of the density functional theory. We report a procedure of obtaining metastable states and calculate the equation of state. Metastable states are diagnosed by pair correlation functions and values of conductivity. We obtain a strong overlapping through the density of metastable and equilibrium branches of pressure isotherms. This indicates the plasma nature of the phase transition.
Bridge the gap between campus security and disability services through partnerships
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: April 2019

According to a report published by the Ruderman Family Foundation, almost half of people killed by police have some form of disability. In a webinar hosted by the Bureau of Justice Assistance and the Vera Institute of Justice, panelists discussed ways law enforcement agencies can partner with others to build resources for preventing crises involving individuals with disabilities and de‐escalating potentially fraught scenarios safely.
Seasonal variation of mortality, detectability, and body condition in a population of the adder (Vipera berus)
Authors: Bauwens Dirk , Claus Katja
Published: April 2019

We analyzed seasonal variation in mortality rates in adult males and females of the European adder (Vipera berus), using data collected during a 13‐year capture–recapture study (2005–2017) in a large population. We concurrently obtained quantitative information on the seasonal variation in the detectability and body condition of adders. Our results show strong seasonality in body condition, encounter, and capture rates of adult adders, and these patterns differ markedly between sexes and between breeding and nonbreeding females. Seasonal variation in mortality rates was however virtually nonexistent in males and moderately low in both breeding and nonbreeding females. In addition, we found no evidence for among‐year differences in the seasonal mortality schedules of males and females. During periods of intensive basking, both males and pregnant females are highly visible for humans, but are not subject to strong natural mortality. This low susceptibility to predation is presumably induced by various factors, including the limitation of overt exposure to short periods of time and specific microhabitats, the dorsal coloration pattern that provides cryptic protection and possibly also an aposematic warning signal, and presumed seasonal differences in the foraging behavior and food requirements of natural predators. Our data provide some evidence that female adders, but not males, are relatively vulnerable to predation during the seasonal migrations between the hibernation and feeding habitats. Mortality in the females was not much elevated during their breeding years, but was notably highest in the spring of the ensuing nonbreeding year. After giving birth, reproductive females are extremely emaciated and have a weakened general condition. They then run the risk of dying from starvation either before, during, or after hibernation. The higher mortality after giving birth, that is sustained over a period of ca. 9 months, should be considered as an indirect and delayed survival cost of reproduction.
Sequence capture using AFLP‐generated baits: A cost‐effective method for high‐throughput phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis
Authors: Li Jia‐Xuan , Zeng Zhao‐Chi , Wang Ying‐Yong , Liang Dan , Zhang Peng
Published: April 2019

Target sequence capture is an efficient technique to enrich specific genomic regions for high‐throughput sequencing in ecological and evolutionary studies. In recent years, many sequence capture approaches have been proposed, but most of them rely on commercial synthetic baits which make the experiment expensive. Here, we present a novel sequence capture approach called AFLP‐based genome sequence capture (AFLP Capture). This method uses the AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphism) technique to generate homemade capture baits without the need for prior genome information, thus is applicable to any organisms. In this approach, biotinylated AFLP fragments representing a random fraction of the genome are used as baits to capture the homologous fragments from genomic shotgun sequencing libraries. In a trial study, by using AFLP Capture, we successfully obtained 511 orthologous loci (>700,000 bp in total length) from 11 Odorrana species and more than 100,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in four analyzed individuals of an Odorrana species. This result shows that our method can be used to address questions of various evolutionary depths (from interspecies level to intraspecies level). We also discuss the flexibility in bait preparation and how the sequencing data are analyzed. In summary, AFLP Capture is a rapid and flexible tool and can significantly reduce the experimental cost for phylogenetic studies that require analyzing genome‐scale data (hundreds or thousands of loci).
Effect of Chirality on the Binding of Viologen Guests in Porphyrin Macrocycles
Authors: Varghese Shaji , Spierenburg Bram , Bruekers Jeroen P. J. , Swartjes Anne , White Paul B. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , Nolte Roeland J. M.
Published: April 2019

As part of a project aimed at the development of chiral processive catalysts that can write information on a polymer chain we describe the synthesis of two optically active porphyrin macrocycles, which are prepared in 3 steps from an achiral precursor compound. Fluorescence and 1H‐NMR studies show that one of the macrocycles displays selectivity in the binding of chiral viologen guest molecules.
The Advanced Multi‐functional Electrocatalyst Efficiently Built from Multi‐integrated Sites for Overall Water Splitting and Rechargeable Zinc‐air Battery
Authors: Dai Jianying , Zhang Wenqing , Li Tiantian , Bai Ling , He Wenya , Ji Lifei , Shi Huilan , Zhang Xin
Published: April 2019

Exploration of cost‐effective, high‐performance and durable multifunctional electrocatalysts is of significant importance for renewable energy conversion and storage. In this work, a simple strategy is developed to tailor the nickel metal with the collaboration of nitrogen‐doped graphene and single‐walled carbon nanotubes. The resulted nickel catalyst exhibits superior trifunctional activities for oxygen evolution, hydrogen evolution and oxygen reduction reactions in the same electrolyte, even comparable to commercial Pt/C and RuO2 respectively, which can be attributed to the synergistic advantages between nickel, nitrogen and carbon, mainly including abundant integrated active sites achieved by the irregular charge distribution among C−N and Ni−N coupling centers. Such remarkable effects on trifunctional catalysis elicit the efficient overall water splitting, and endow the assembled zinc‐air battery with a good performance. These highlight the metallic nickel as an advanced multifunctional electrocatalysts with integrated sites developed from the collaboration of two different carbon nanomaterials.
Practical Implications of Using a Solid Electrolyte in Batteries with a Sodium Anode: A Combined X‐Ray Tomography and Model‐Based Study
Authors: Haas Ronja , Pompe Constantin , Osenberg Markus , Hilger André , Manke Ingo , Mogwitz Boris , Maitra Urmimala , Langsdorf Daniel , Schröder Daniel
Published: April 2019

The commercial use of metal anodes is difficult due to dendrite growth during battery charge, whereas solid electrolytes (SEs) can be applied as a protective layer to mitigate this issue. In this article, X‐ray tomography of cycled symmetric sodium (Na) cells with Na‐β‐alumina is used to validate the success of a protective layer. X‐ray imaging after cell failure reveals that the SE unexpectedly breaks apart alongside a crack. The crack may have acted as the nucleation site for Na dendrite growth, which ended in short‐circuiting and cell failure. Operando X‐ray radiography reveals that a tilted SE is even more likely to break. Simulations complement the experimental study and shed light on the current density distribution at the edges and smallest pinholes. The results obtained emphasize that during fabrication of a battery with a protective layer, particular care needs to be taken to align the metal electrodes as flat and planar as possible. To achieve the aim of fully utilizing a metal anode in the future battery technology, much effort has to be made to engineer a proper cell design by accounting for mechanical stress in the SE material.
Improving CO2 Separation Performance of MIL‐53(Al) by Incorporating 1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐Methylimidazolium Methyl Sulfate
Authors: Kulak Harun , Polat H. Mert , Kavak Safiyye , Keskin Seda , Uzun Alper
Published: April 2019

1‐n‐Butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium methyl sulfate is incorporated into MIL‐53(Al). Detailed characterization is done by X‐ray fluorescence, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Results show that ionic liquid (IL) interacts directly with the framework, significantly modifying the electronic environment of MIL‐53(Al). Based on the volumetric gas adsorption measurements, CO2, CH4, and N2 adsorption capacities decreased from 112.0, 46.4, and 19.6 cc (STP) gMIL‐53(Al)
−1 to 42.2, 13.0, and 4.3 cc (STP) gMIL‐53(Al)
−1 at 5 bar, respectively, upon IL incorporation. Data show that this postsynthesis modification leads to more than two and threefold increase in the ideal selectivity for CO2 over CH4 and N2 separations, respectively, as compared with pristine MIL‐53(Al). The isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) values show that IL incorporation increases CO2 affinity and decreases CH4 and N2 affinities. Cycling adsorption–desorption measurements show that the composite could be regenerated with almost no decrease in the CO2 adsorption capacity for six cycles and confirm the lack of any significant IL leaching. The results offer MIL‐53(Al) as an excellent platform for the development of a new class of IL/MOF composites with exceptional performance for CO2 separation.
Study on the stability and green application exploration of waste drilling fluid
Authors: Liu Bo , Wang Zhanqiang , Zhu Yingyue , Zhong Qing , Feng Xia , Zouhu Xizhi , Tian Yuqin , Zhu Rongjiao , Liu Weiwei , Tang Yanyan
Published: April 2019

In order to store and utilize waste drilling fluid (WDF) in Shengli oilfield reasonably, the stability of WDF has been evaluated by using zeta potential and Turbiscan Lab stability analyzer methods. Meanwhile, based on a large number of indoor experiments, green application and different gels formulations on waste water‐based drilling fluids have been explored. The results indicate that particle coalescence is the main factor influencing the stability of WDF. The particle size is 0.460–66.897 μm, which can meet the requirements of geosphere. The optimized gel formulation is 25% TWDF (third level of WDF) + 0.4% suspension stabilizer STL + 0.36% cross‐linker A. Gelling time can be controlled in the range of 20–45 h and gel strength can be controlled in the range of 14,060–23,570 mPa·s. The gels exhibit good temperature resistance, viscoelasticity. The results of core plugging experiments show that the optimized gel has good plugging ability, which has potential application in profile control system in oilfield. This technology not only eliminates environment pollution but also realizes the reutilization of resources.
Structural characterization of shale oil obtained by Soxhlet extraction
Authors: Al‐Saqarat Bety S. , Al‐Degs Yahya S. , Musleh Fadia M. , Najjar Hilana S. , Al‐Noaimi Mousa , Dawoud Jamal N. , Sunjuk Mahmoud S.
Published: April 2019

Organic matter recovery by solvent extraction has been the focus of numerous research area. In this work, recovery of organic matter from oil shale was evaluated by using Soxhelt extraction. Better oil extraction was reported after preheating of the shale to 300°C in inert atmosphere. The extracted oil was fractionated to asphaltenes, aliphatics, aromatics, and polar compounds with percentages of 4.2%, 52.6%, 20.9%, and 22.3% respectively. Compared with thermal retorting, the oil obtained by solvent extraction has higher aliphatics and polar compounds. Following a proper design of experiments, oil recovery was correlated with the following experimental factors:Extraction OM% = 7.39 + 2.23 Temp + 0.20 Mass – 0.34 PS − 0.022 Ext Time + 0.13 Temp × Mass – 0.28 Temp × PS – 0.30 Mass × PS. The results indicated that preheating temperature and mass of oil shale were positively correlated with oil extraction. However, particle size/preheating temperature and mass/particle size were negatively interacted for better oil extraction. Optimum conditions for oil recovery were accomplished using tetrahydrofuran at solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 50:1 g/mL, particle size 200−250 μm, and extraction time of 8.0 hr.
On the calibration and applicability of global solar radiation models based on temperature extremities in India
Authors: Jamil Basharat , Irshad Kashif , Algahtani Ali , Islam Saiful , Ali Mohammad A. , Shahab Azam
Published: April 2019

In the present work, global solar radiation models based on the difference of monthly‐average daily ambient temperature extremes are calibrated for country‐wide application in India. Solar radiation measurements obtained from the Indian Meteorological Department for 22 locations of India for a duration of 15 years (1986–2000) were used. Solar radiation models based on temperature extremes were reviewed and 33 forms were considered for analysis. The models were derived using all the collected data by fitting a model form and extracting the coefficients with the help of DataFit® software. The calibrated models were analyzed and compared using statistical tools and ranked using Global Performance Indicator (GPI) where a higher value represented a model's better performance. Then, the models were arranged using GPI and it was found that model form 33 (fourth order polynomial) resulted in best estimation capability with a GPI of 0.0763. Further, Model 23, Model 28, Model 24, and Model 26 were also among the top models with GPI values of 0.0655, 0.0587, 0.0478, and 0.0426, respectively. Best ranking models were also used to obtain estimates for representative sites in regions with different climate characteristics within India and it was found that the models performed reasonably well.
Public understanding of futures & foresight science: A reply to Chermack’s response
Authors: Rowland Nicholas J. , Spaniol Matthew J.
Published: April 2019

In this essay, which is a reply to Chermack’s (2019) response to our article, the authors develop the most constructive feedback in the aforementioned response essay and then respond to more critical comments. As we shall see, in parallel with science and technology studies (STS) literature on the public understanding of science, the authors propose the utility of research on the “public understanding of futures and foresight science;” after that, the authors defend and add context to some of the decisions that had to be made in establishing the scope and framework for the article “Defining scenario” (Spaniol & Rowland, 2019). [Correction added on 13 May 2019, after first online publication: typographical errors in the citations of Chermack (2019) and Spaniol & Rowland (2019) have been corrected.].
Weltläufig und fremdheitsfreundlich
Authors: Strohschneider Peter
Published: April 2019

Grenzüberschreitende Kooperation scheint selbstverständlich für gute Forschung zu sein. Doch worauf gründet sie eigentlich? Müssen in einer polyzentrischen Wissenschaftswelt Freiheit und Verantwortung neu gedacht werden? Und wie lassen sie sich gegen ihre aktuellen Bedrohungen schützen? Anmerkungen zur Internationalität der Wissenschaften im globalen Zeitalter
Bildschöne Monstrositäten
Authors: Kaufmann Kerstin
Published: April 2019

Gefüllte Blüten sind das Ergebnis eines Kampfes von Genen, die die Entwicklung verschiedenster Strukturen und Organe aktivieren oder bremsen. Molekularbiologen interessieren sich besonders für Mutanten, um Rückschlüsse auf die Mechanismen der Blütenentwicklung und ihren evolutionären Ursprung zu gewinnen. Das führt näher an den hochkomplexen „regulatorischen Code” der Blüten heran.
Mit geschliffener Intellektualität und moralischer Autorität
Authors: Finetti Marco
Published: April 2019

Wolfgang Frühwald, DFG‐Präsident (1992–1997), ist Mitte Januar mit 83 Jahren gestorben
Fragen des Vertrauens
Authors: Unterstell Rembert
Published: April 2019

Fachliche Spitzenleistungen, verbriefte Freiheitsrechte der Forschung, Chancen und Grenzen der öffentlichen Wissenschaftskommunikation: Leibniz‐Preisverleihung 2019 in Berlin
Environmental Concerns in Race to Approve ‘Second Wave’ of LNG Export Facilities
Authors: Ensor James , Daly Matthew
Published: April 2019

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) has fast become a much‐discussed fuel trend in the energy industry, and the United States is poised to become a major world player exporting LNG. Building the infrastructure required to export US‐made LNG takes years and requires approval from various federal and state regulatory bodies. With the administration and federal agencies pursuing an “energy dominance” strategy to become a world‐leading fossil fuel exporter, the responsibility for ensuring export facilities are environmentally sound falls to the states. An adequate environmental cost and economic benefit framework needs to be established to determine whether these facilities are in the public interest, and it's an open question as to who will create that framework
Nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve in thyroid surgery: Frequency, anatomical variations according to a new classification and surgery consideration
Authors: Le Van Quang , Ngo Quoc Duy , Ngo Xuan Quy
Published: April 2019

Background

The nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) is a rare embryologically derived variant of the RLN. We aimed to identify the proportion of NRLN (during thyroidectomy), classify clinical NRLN types, and recommend some surgical considerations.

Method

In this prospective study, from May 2017 to September 2018, our hospital carried out 2158 thyroid operations. We reported the NRLN rate and distinguished NRLN into four types.

Results

Overall, NRLN had an incidence rate of 0.74% (16 out of 2158 total thyroid surgeries). We did not detect any patient with left‐sided NRLN. The traveling patterns of the nerves could be classified as descending (12.5%), vertical (25%), ascending (37.5%), or V‐shaped (25%).

Conclusion

The NRLN is a rare variation of the RLN. From our experience, we recommend the guidelines will help surgeons to avoid NRLN injury.
Workforce diversity and firm performance: Relational coordination as a mediator and structural empowerment and multisource feedback as moderators
Authors: Lee Hun Whee , Kim Eunhee
Published: April 2019

Workforce composition in organizations has become increasingly diverse. As an important step in determining how workforce diversity leads to firm performance, we proposed relational coordination as a mediator through which diversity in age and education indirectly affects firm performance. We also highlighted two human resource management practices (structural empowerment and multisource feedback) as critical contingencies that moderate the effects of workforce diversity on relational coordination and firm performance. We conducted hierarchical multiple regression on multisource data (including responses from senior directors, department directors, managers, and employees, as well as financial performance) from 189 Korean firms in the manufacturing sector, which yielded support for our hypotheses. These findings offer novel theoretical and practical insights into the effective management of workforce diversity.
Comparison of dermal vs internal light administration in human lungs using the TDLAS‐GASMAS technique—Phantom studies
Authors: Larsson Jim , Leander Dennis , Lewander Xu Märta , Fellman Vineta , Bood Joakim , Krite Svanberg Emilie
Published: April 2019

Oxygen and water vapor content, in the lungs of a 3D‐printed phantom model based on CT‐images of a preterm infant, is evaluated using Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (TDLAS) in Gas in Scattering Media Absorption Spectroscopy (GASMAS), that is, the TDLAS‐GASMAS technique. Oxygen gas is detected through an absorption line near 764 nm and water vapor through an absorption line near 820 nm. A model with a lung containing interior structure is compared to a model with a hollow lung. Compared to the model with the hollow lung, both the mean absorption path length and the transmitted intensity are found to be lower for the model with the structured lung. A new approach, where laser light is delivered internally into the model through an optical fiber, is compared to dermal light administration, that is, illumination onto the skin, for the model with structure inside the lung. The internal light administration generally resulted in larger gas absorption, and higher signal‐to‐noise ratios, compared to the dermal light administration. The results from the phantom measurements show great promise for the internal illumination approach and a natural next step would be to investigate it further in clinical studies.
Retracted: High expression of TCF12 contributes to gastric cancer development via being target regulated by miR‐183 and activating PI3K/AKT pathway
Authors: Wang Xuekui , Gao Shen , Xie Feng , Li Wei , Li Miyang , Yan Ning , Gao Tiehe , Fang Ling
Published: April 2019

This study aimed to explore the role of transcription factor 12 (TCF12) in the process of gastric cancer (GC) and to elucidate its possible regulatory mechanism. The expression data of GC tissues and matched normal tissues were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Survival analysis for GC patients with different levels of TCF12 was performed by the Kaplan‐Meier analysis. In addition, TCF12 was suppressed in human GC cell lines AGS and MKN‐45, followed by detecting cell biological processes (proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion). Moreover, the association between TCF12 and the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/AKT signal was elucidated. Besides, the potential micro RNAs that could target TCF12 expression were explored. The results showed that TCF12 was highly expressed in GC tissues and TCF12 upregulation was associated with poor prognosis of GC patients. In addition, suppression of TCF12 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration, and invasion of both AGS and MKN45 cells, as well as induced apoptosis of the two cell lines. Moreover, suppression of TCF12 significantly decreased the expression of p‐AKT, cyclin D1, p‐P70, and β‐catenin in both AGS and MKN45 cells. Besides, TCF12 was target regulated by miR‐183 in GC cells. Our findings reveal that TCF12 is upregulated in GC and its upregulation is associated with poor prognosis of GC patients. To sum up, downregulation of TCF12 may inhibit GC development via being target regulated by miR‐183 and inhibiting the PI3K/AKT signal. TCF12 may function as a potential therapeutic target for GC.
Thymidine kinase 1 concentration in pleural effusion is a diagnostic marker and survival predictor for malignant pleural effusion
Authors: Tian Tian , Li Jun , Hu Wenjun , Sun Cuiling , Zhou Jian
Published: April 2019

Objective

Thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) is a key enzyme in the pyrimidine salvage pathway. Increased TK1 concentration correlates with cell division. TK1 is an emerging biomarker in cancer diagnosis; however, its effectiveness in diagnosis and management for malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is unclear. We evaluated the diagnostic efficiency and prognostic value of pleural effusion TK1 (pTK1) concentration for MPE.

Methods

From 2013 to 2017, 210 pleural effusion samples were collected from 160 patients diagnosed with MPE and 50 patients diagnosed with benign pleural effusion (BPE). TK1 concentrations in pleural effusion were measured by chemiluminescence dot blot assays. The median follow‐up was 12 months. We constructed a receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curve to find the optimal cutoff value for MPE diagnosis. The hazard ratios were estimated using a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model. A nomogram was drawn to illustrate the prognostic characteristics of MPE.

Results

The TK1 concentration in pleural effusion was significantly higher in MPE than BPE (P < 0.001), and patients with MPE could be distinguished by an optimal cutoff value of 3.10 pmol/L with a sensitivity of 0.894 and a specificity of 0.800. The multivariate analysis suggested that pTK1 concentration was an independent predictor of survival in patients with MPE.

Conclusions

The diagnostic and prognostic prediction of MPE may be improved by measuring pTK1 concentration and utilizing a multivariate nomogram.
Pursuing use of optimal formulations for paediatric HIV epidemic control – a look at the use of LPV/r oral pellets and oral granules
Authors: Malati Christine Y , Golin Rachel , O'Brien Lisa , Sugandhi Nandita , Srivastava Meena , Larson Chris , Phelps Benjamin R
Published: April 2019

Introduction

Despite a significant reduction in mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV, an estimated 180,000 children were infected with HIV in 2017, and only 52% of children under 15 years of age living with HIV (CLHIV) are on life‐saving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Without effective treatment, half of CLHIV die before the age of two years and only one in five survives to five years of age.

Discussion

Over the past four years, the United States Food and Drug Administration tentatively approved new formulations of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) in the form of oral pellets and oral granules. However, the slow uptake of the aforementioned formulations in the low‐ and middle‐income countries with the highest paediatric HIV burden is largely due to three challenges: limited manufacturing capacity; current unit cost of the pellets and granules; and slow uptake of these new formulations by policy makers and health care workers.

Conclusions

Solutions to overcome these barriers include ensuring availability of an adequate supply of LPV/r oral pellets and oral granules, considering all programmatic and clinical factors when selecting paediatric ART formulations, and leveraging current resources to decrease paediatric HIV morbidity and mortality.
In utero exposure to HIV and/or antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical evidence of cognitive outcomes
Authors: McHenry Megan S , Balogun Kayode A , McDonald Brenna C , Vreeman Rachel C , Whipple Elizabeth C , Serghides Lena
Published: April 2019

Introduction

With the increasing number of children exposed to HIV or antiretroviral therapy in utero, there are concerns that this population may have worse neurodevelopmental outcomes compared to those who are unexposed. The objective of this study was to systematically review the clinical and preclinical literature on the effects of in utero exposure to HIV and/or antiretroviral therapy (ART) on neurodevelopment.

Methods

We systematically searched OVID Medline, PsycINFO and Embase, as well as the Cochrane Collaborative Database, Google Scholar and bibliographies of pertinent articles. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were assessed independently by two reviewers. Data from included studies were extracted. Results are summarized qualitatively.

Results

The search yielded 3027 unique titles. Of the 255 critically reviewed full‐text articles, 25 met inclusion criteria for the systematic review. Five articles studied human subjects and looked at brain structure and function. The remaining 20 articles were preclinical studies that mostly focused on behavioural assessments in animal models. The few clinical studies had mixed results. Some clinical studies found no difference in white matter while others noted higher fractional anisotropy and lower mean diffusivity in the brains of HIV‐exposed uninfected children compared to HIV‐unexposed uninfected children, correlating with abnormal neurobehavioral scores. Preclinical studies focused primarily on neurobehavioral changes resulting from monotherapy with either zidovudine or lamivudine. Various developmental and behavioural changes were noted in preclinical studies with ART exposure, including decreased grooming, decreased attention, memory deficits and fewer behaviours associated with appropriate social interaction.

Conclusions

While the existing literature suggests that there may be some neurobehavioral differences associated with HIV and ART exposure, limited data are available to substantially support these claims. More research is needed comparing neurobiological factors between HIV‐exposed uninfected and HIV‐unexposed uninfected children and using exposures consistent with current clinical care.
Extraction and determination of bioactive flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus flowers using deep eutectic solvents coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Wan Yuyan , Wang Min , Zhang Kailian , Fu Qifeng , Wang Lujun , Gao Manjie , Xia Zhining , Gao Die
Published: April 2019

A highly efficient and ecofriendly extraction method using deep eutectic solvents was developed to extract bioactive flavonoids from Abelmoschus manihot (Linn.) Medicus flowers. First, a series of deep eutectic solvents using choline chloride as hydrogen bond acceptor with different hydrogen bond donors was successfully synthesized. Then, the types of deep eutectic solvents and the extraction conditions for bioactive flavonoids (hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and myricetin) were optimized based on the flavonoids extraction efficiencies. The optimized deep eutectic solvent for hyperoside and isoquercitrin extraction was composed of choline chloride and acetic acid with a molar ratio of 1:2. The optimized deep eutectic solvent for myricetin extraction was composed of one mole of choline chloride and two moles of methacrylic acid. The optimal extraction conditions were set as: solid to solvent ratio, 35:1 (mg/mL); extraction time, 30 min; extraction temperature, 30°C. Qualitative and quantitative analysis were performed using ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry and high‐performance liquid chromatography. And the extraction efficiencies of hyperoside, isoquercitrin, and myricetin under optimal extraction conditions were calculated as 11.57, 5.64, and 1.11 mg/g, much higher than those extracted by traditional extraction solvents. Therefore, the prepared deep eutectic solvents can be selected as alternative solvent to extract bioactive flavonoids.
Revealing Novel Power Laws and Quantization in Electrospinning Considering Jet Splitting—Toward Predicting Fiber Diameter and Its Distribution
Authors: Schubert Dirk W.
Published: April 2019

A novel physical model is proposed relating fiber diameter and its distribution to various process parameters. Power laws are derived taking into consideration, applied voltage, viscosity, charge density, surface tension, and jet splitting. It is recommended how researchers should analyze their data to separate various effects. In particular, it is possible to predict not only the fiber diameter but also its distribution.
Illinois embarks on teen Mental Health First Aid pilot
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: April 2019

Sophomores in a southwest Chicago suburb high school are preparing to join a select few other high school students from schools around the country to participate in this country's first teen Mental Health First Aid pilot program.
Intermittent glucocorticoid regimes for younger boys with duchenne muscular dystrophy: Balancing efficacy with side effects
Authors: McMillan Hugh J.
Published: April 2019

See article on pages 650–657 in this issue.
Tspan8 is expressed in breast cancer and regulates E‐cadherin/catenin signalling and metastasis accompanied by increased circulating extracellular vesicles
Authors: Voglstaetter Maren , Thomsen Andreas R , Nouvel Jerome , Koch Arend , Jank Paul , Navarro Elena Grueso , Gainey‐Schleicher Tanja , Khanduri Richa , Groß Andrea , Rossner Florian , Blaue Carina , Franz Clemens M , Veil Marina , Puetz Gerhard , Hippe Andreas , Dindorf Jochen , Kashef Jubin , Thiele Wilko , Homey Bernhard , Greco Celine , Boucheix Claude , Baur Andreas , Erbes Thalia , Waller Cornelius F , Follo Marie , Hossein Ghamartaj , Sers Christine , Sleeman Jonathan , Nazarenko Irina
Published: April 2019

Tspan8 exhibits a functional role in many cancer types including pancreatic, colorectal, oesophagus carcinoma, and melanoma. We present a first study on the expression and function of Tspan8 in breast cancer. Tspan8 protein was present in the majority of human primary breast cancer lesions and metastases in the brain, bone, lung, and liver. In a syngeneic rat breast cancer model, Tspan8+ tumours formed multiple liver and spleen metastases, while Tspan8− tumours exhibited a significantly diminished ability to metastasise, indicating a role of Tspan8 in metastases. Addressing the underlying molecular mechanisms, we discovered that Tspan8 can mediate up‐regulation of E‐cadherin and down‐regulation of Twist, p120‐catenin, and β‐catenin target genes accompanied by the change of cell phenotype, resembling the mesenchymal–epithelial transition. Furthermore, Tspan8+ cells exhibited enhanced cell–cell adhesion, diminished motility, and decreased sensitivity to irradiation. As a regulator of the content and function of extracellular vesicles (EVs), Tspan8 mediated a several‐fold increase in EV number in cell culture and the circulation of tumour‐bearing animals. We observed increased protein levels of E‐cadherin and p120‐catenin in these EVs; furthermore, Tspan8 and p120‐catenin were co‐immunoprecipitated, indicating that they may interact with each other. Altogether, our findings show the presence of Tspan8 in breast cancer primary lesion and metastases and indicate its role as a regulator of cell behaviour and EV release in breast cancer. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
Validation and extension of the Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy in the Chinese setting
Authors: Liang Yun‐si , Yang Han‐xue , Ma Yan‐tao , Lui Simon S. Y. , Cheung Eric F. C. , Wang Yi , Chan Raymond C. K.
Published: April 2019

The Questionnaire of Cognitive and Affective Empathy (QCAE) is a commonly used instrument in empathy research. However, this scale has not been validated in the Chinese context. We examined the psychometric properties and structure of the QCAE in a Chinese sample consisting of 1224 college students. The whole sample was split into two halves for exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 617) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 607). A subsample (n = 351) completed the Chinese versions of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) to examine convergent validity and the Revised Social Anhedonia Scale (RSAS) to examine the discriminate validity. Finally, 79 participants of the above subsample were retested after a 4‐week interval. Results from EFA and CFA suggested a five‐factor model, namely Perspective Taking, Online Simulation, Emotional Contagion, Proximal Responsivity, and Peripheral Responsivity. The internal consistency was .86 and test–retest reliability was .76. Scores on the QCAE positively correlated with scores on the IRI and negatively correlated with scores on the RSAS. The Chinese version of the QCAE exhibited good factor structure, reliability, and validity. Specific relationships between empathy and social anhedonia were also demonstrated.
Investigating target‐site resistance mechanism to the PPO‐inhibiting herbicide fomesafen in waterhemp and interspecific hybridization of Amaranthus species using next generation sequencing
Authors: Nie Haozhen , Mansfield Brent C , Harre Nick T , Young Julie M , Steppig Nicholas R , Young Bryan G
Published: April 2019

BACKGROUND

Waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq.) J. D. Sauer) is one of the most pernicious weeds in cropping systems of the USA due to its evolved resistance against several herbicide sites‐of‐action, including protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitors (PPO‐R). Currently, the only source of PPO‐R documented in waterhemp is ΔG210 of PPX2. Gene flow may not only lead to a transfer of herbicide‐resistant alleles, but also produce a hybrid genotype more competitively fit than one or both parents. However, investigating gene flow of Amaranthus species has been of interest in the past two decades with limited evidence.

RESULTS

Here, a high‐throughput MiSeq amplicon sequencing method was used to investigate alterations of the PPX2 gene in 146 PPO‐R waterhemp populations across five Midwest states of the USA. Five R128 codons of PPX2, novel to waterhemp, were found including AGG (R), GGA (G), GGG (G), AAA (K) and ATA (I). R128G, R128I, and R128K were found in 11, 3, and 2 populations, respectively. R128G and R128I, but not R128K, conferred fomesafen resistance in a bacterial system. Sequence alignment of the R128 region of PPX2 identified a tumble pigweed (Amaranthus albus)‐type and Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri)‐type PPX2 allele to be present and widespread in the surveyed waterhemp populations, thus providing strong evidence of gene flow between Amaranthus species.

CONCLUSION

Using a next‐generation sequencing method, we identified two PPO target‐site mutations R128G/I novel to waterhemp and provided evidence of gene flow of Amaranthus species in a large group of screened waterhemp populations from five Midwest states of the USA. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Ab Initio Approaches for Low‐Energy Spin Hamiltonians
Authors: Riedl Kira , Li Ying , Valentí Roser , Winter Stephen M.
Published: April 2019

Implicit in the study of magnetic materials is the concept of spin Hamiltonians, which emerge as the low‐energy theories of correlation‐driven insulators. In order to predict and establish such Hamiltonians for real materials, a variety of first principles ab initio methods have been developed, based on density functional theory and wavefunction methodologies. In this Feature Article, a basic introduction to such methods and the essential concepts of low‐energy Hamiltonians is provided, with a focus on their practical capabilities and limitations. Furthermore, recent efforts toward understanding a variety of complex magnetic systems that present unique challenges from the perspective of ab initio approaches are discussed.
Guaranteed‐performance consensus design for Lipschitz nonlinear multiagent systems with jointly connected topologies
Authors: Zheng Tang , Xi Jianxiang , Yuan Mei , Liu Guangbin
Published: April 2019

Guaranteed‐performance consensualization problems for both leaderless and leader‐following multiagent systems with jointly connected topologies and Lipschitz nonlinear dynamics are investigated. To achieve the guaranteed‐performance consensus, the control protocols and quadratic performance functions based on state errors are proposed. The state error method is utilized to deal with the guaranteed‐performance consensualization problems for both leaderless and leader‐following cases. Then, the Lipschitz nonlinear problems are solved by using the Lipschitz condition. Moreover, guaranteed‐performance consensualization criteria for both leaderless and leader‐following cases with jointly connected topologies are presented in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Meanwhile, the guaranteed‐performance costs with the structure properties of both leaderless and leader‐following structures are determined. Finally, two numerical simulations are presented to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical results.
A Molecular Hero Suit for In Vitro and In Vivo DNA Nanostructures
Authors: Kizer Megan E. , Linhardt Robert J. , Chandrasekaran Arun Richard , Wang Xing
Published: April 2019

Precise control of DNA base pairing has rapidly developed into a field full of diverse nanoscale structures and devices that are capable of automation, performing molecular analyses, mimicking enzymatic cascades, biosensing, and delivering drugs. This DNA‐based platform has shown the potential of offering novel therapeutics and biomolecular analysis but will ultimately require clever modification to enrich or achieve the needed “properties” and make it whole. These modifications total what are categorized as the molecular hero suit of DNA nanotechnology. Like a hero, DNA nanostructures have the ability to put on a suit equipped with honing mechanisms, molecular flares, encapsulated cargoes, a protective body armor, and an evasive stealth mode.
Temperature Gradients Drive Bulk Flow Within Microchannel Lined by Fluid–Fluid Interfaces
Authors: Amador Guillermo J. , Ren Ziyu , Tabak Ahmet F. , Alapan Yunus , Yasa Oncay , Sitti Metin
Published: April 2019

Surface tension gradients induce Marangoni flow, which may be exploited for fluid transport. At the micrometer scale, these surface‐driven flows can be quite significant. By introducing fluid–fluid interfaces along the walls of microfluidic channels, bulk fluid flows driven by temperature gradients are observed. The temperature dependence of the fluid–fluid interfacial tension appears responsible for these flows. In this report, the design concept for a biocompatible microchannel capable of being powered by solar irradiation is provided. Using microscale particle image velocimetry, a bulk flow generated by apparent surface tension gradients along the walls is observed. The direction of flow relative to the imposed temperature gradient agrees with the expected surface tension gradient. The phenomenon's ability to replace bulky peripherals, like traditional syringe pumps, on a diagnostic microfluidic device that captures and detects leukocyte subpopulations within blood is demonstrated. Such microfluidic devices may be implemented for clinical assays at the point of care without the use of electricity.
Digital Games as a Context for Children's Cognitive Development: Research Recommendations and Policy Considerations
Authors: Blumberg Fran C. , Deater‐Deckard Kirby , Calvert Sandra L. , Flynn Rachel M. , Green C. Shawn , Arnold David , Brooks Patricia J.
Published: April 2019

We document the need to examine digital game play and app use as a context for cognitive development, particularly during middle childhood. We highlight this developmental period as 6‐ through 12‐year olds comprise a large swath of the preadult population that plays and uses these media forms. Surprisingly, this age range remains understudied with regard to the impact of their interactive media use as compared to young children and adolescents. This gap in knowledge about middle childhood may reflect strong and widely held concerns about the effects of digital games and apps before and after this period. These concerns include concurrent and subsequent influences of game use on very young children's and adolescents’ cognitive and socioemotional functioning. We highlight here what is currently known about the impact of media on young children and adolescents and what is not known about this impact in middle childhood. We then offer recommendations for the types of research that developmental scientists can undertake to examine the efficacy of digital games within the rapidly changing media ecology in which children live. We conclude with a discussion of media policies that we believe can help children benefit from their media use. Our hope is that this review will foster greater investigation of the cognitive socialization, as raised over 20 years ago by developmental psychologist and early games researcher Patricia Greenfield, that digital games serve during the middle childhood period, and childhood more generally.