bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of Zika virus infection in the ferret
Authors: Hutchinson Elizabeth B. , Chatterjee Mitali , Reyes Laura , Djankpa Francis T. , Valiant William G. , Dardzinski Bernard , Mattapallil Joseph J. , Pierpaoli Carlo , Juliano Sharon L.
Published: January 2019

Although initial observations of infections with the Zika virus describe a mild illness, more recent reports show that infections by Zika result in neurotropism. In 2015, substantial congenital malformations were observed, with numerous infants born with microcephaly in Brazil. To study the underlying mechanism and effects of the disease, it is critical to find suitable animal models. Rodents lack an immune system parallel to humans and also have lissencephalic brains, which are likely to react differently to infections. As the smallest gyrencephalic mammal, ferrets may provide an important animal model to study the Zika virus, as their brains share many characteristics with humans. To evaluate the prospect of using ferrets to study Zika virus infection, we injected seven pregnant jills with the PR strain subcutaneously on gestational day 21, corresponding to the initiation of corticogenesis. These injections resulted in mixed effects. Two animals died of apparent infection, and all kits were resorbed in another animal that did not die. The other four animals remained pregnant until gestational day 40, when the kits were delivered by caesarian section. We evaluated the animals using CT, MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, and immunohistochemistry. The kits displayed a number of features compatible with an infection that impacted both the brain and skull. The outcomes, however, were variable and differed within and across litters, which ranged from the absence of observable abnormalities to prominent changes, suggesting differential vulnerability of kits to infection by the Zika virus or to subsequent mechanisms of neurodevelopmental disruption.
A Re‐evaluation of Factors Controlling the Nature of Complementary Hydrogen‐Bonded Networks
Authors: Backhouse Oliver J. , Thacker Joseph C. R. , Popelier Paul L. A.
Published: January 2019

The energy profiles of hydrogen‐bonded heterocyclic aromatics have been decomposed into atomistic energy contributions using the Interacting Quantum Atoms (IQA) method. The resulting energy contributions have been sequenced by the Relative Energy Gradient (REG) approach to determine their influence upon the shape of these energy profiles. The results show inadequacies in Jorgensen's secondary interaction hypothesis (SIH). A novel method of finding a condensed analogy for the interaction between the molecules is presented. The findings of this work further doubt the validity of the SIH, and reinforce previous warnings against its misguided use.
Prioritization of landscape connectivity for the conservation of Peary caribou
Authors: Mallory Conor D. , Boyce Mark S.
Published: January 2019

Adequate connectivity between discontinuous habitat patches is crucial for the persistence of metapopulations across space and time. Loss of landscape connectivity is often a direct result of fragmentation caused by human activities but also can be caused indirectly through anthropogenic climate change. Peary caribou (Rangifer tarandus pearyi) are widely dispersed across the islands of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago and rely on sea ice to move seasonally between island habitats throughout their range. Seasonal connectivity provided by sea ice is necessary to maintain genetic diversity and to facilitate dispersal and recolonization of areas from which caribou have been extirpated. We used least‐cost path analysis and circuit theory to model connectivity across Peary caribou range, and future climate projections to investigate how this connectivity might be affected by a warming climate. Further, we used measures of current flow centrality to estimate the role of High Arctic islands in maintaining connectivity between Peary caribou populations and to identify and prioritize those islands and linkages most important for conservation. Our results suggest that the Bathurst Island complex plays a critical role in facilitating connectivity between Peary caribou populations. Large islands, including Banks, Victoria, and Ellesmere have limited roles in connecting Peary caribou. Without rigorous greenhouse gas emission reductions our projections indicate that by 2100 all connectivity between the more southern Peary caribou populations will be lost for important spring and early‐winter movement periods. Continued connectivity across the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, and possibly Peary caribou persistence, ultimately hinges on global commitments to limit climate change. Our research highlights priority areas where, in addition to emission reductions, conservation efforts to maintain connectivity would be most effective.
Rain shadow effects of individual shrub related to crown shape in arid desert
Authors: Zhao Yang , Zhang Zhi‐Shan , Tan Hui‐Juan , Hu Yi‐Gang
Published: January 2019

Rain shadow effects of individual shrubs (RSEISs) during wind‐influenced rain events influence the redistribution of net rainfall, which is especially important in water‐limited ecosystems. Two shrub species, Caragana korshinskii, which has an inverted conical shape and large crown size, and Artemisia ordosica, which has a hemispheroidal shape and small crown size, were selected for study in the southeast edge of the Tengger Desert of Northern China. Throughfall was measured at 12 different positions around each shrub (four distances from the trunk in each of three directions) during each of the 210 rain events occurring over a 10‐year period; wind speed during each rain event and various crown properties of the shrubs were also measured. RSEISs were quantified using coefficient of variation of throughfall. Thoughfall was most variable for C. korshinskii near the trunk and under the crown, and for A. ordosica, at the edge of the crown and within the space between plants. The coefficient of variation in thoughfall at each distance from the trunk (CVDistance) for C. korshinskii positively related to plant height and the plant area index (PAI; p < 0.05), whereas the CVDistance for A. ordosica was positively related to height, PAI, crown area, and volume (p < 0.01). RSEISs were structured by interspecific crown shape rather than crown size and branch density of a given plant. In conclusion, RSEIS lead to different local hydrologic budgets, which may have relevant implications in maintenance of the patchy pattern of vegetation in water‐limited ecosystems.
How to combine two methods to restore populations cost effectively
Authors: Lampert Adam , Hastings Alan
Published: January 2019

Ecosystems worldwide have become degraded due to global change, and therefore, restoration of these ecosystems is critical for the prolonged provision of ecosystem services. Specifically, major restoration efforts are directed toward the restoration of key species that provide important services and functions. There are often several alternative methods to restore a species population, such as the reintroduction of its individuals, improvement of its habitat quality, and removal of competing invasive species. However, these methods can be expensive, and hence, it is important to determine how to cost effectively combine them over time. In this paper, we use optimal control theory and we find a general rule of thumb for combining two restoration methods. The general rule, which applies to a wide variety of ecosystems, is that cost‐effective restoration entails one of the following two strategies: (1) using a single method until the system approaches a “restoration threshold” or (2) combining both methods to approach an “investment benchmark,” which is a certain configuration of the system that does not depend on the system's initial state. After either the restoration threshold or the investment benchmark has been approached, investment should stop and the system should be left to recover naturally. Therefore, finding the restoration threshold and the investment benchmark is key for guiding effective restoration, and we demonstrate a simple method for finding them.
Biogasification of Cassava Residue for On‐Site Biofuel Generation for Food Production with Potential Cost Minimization, Health and Environmental Safety Dividends
Authors: Aso Sammy N. , Pullammanappallil Pratap C. , Teixeira Arthur A. , Welt Bruce A.
Published: January 2019

Convenient energy sources like biomethane and electricity are scarce commodities in cassava producing countries that depend on wood and charcoal for energy supply. Combustion of wood and charcoal releases substances that impair human health. In 2016, about 30 million metric tons of cassava peeling residues (CPR) were generated worldwide and discharged into the environment. Apart from deforestation, loss of biodiversity and soil erosion caused by felling vegetation for wood and charcoal recovery, discharge of CPR into the environment exacerbates environmental pollution and health hazards. This study presented biogasification experiments with CPR in a simple, batch, leach‐bed, unmixed fermentor. Biofuel yield ranged from 180 to 310 (mean of 252) L CH4 kg−1 VS−1 while fermentation time ranged from 19 to 33 (mean of 27) days. The substrate contained on average 33% dry matter of which 96% was volatile, and 71% volatile solids reduction was achieved. Furthermore, all electrical and thermal energy required for producing three cassava root food products (flour, gari, and starch) could be generated on‐site using CPR as substrate for anaerobic digestion. Consequently, energy paucity, environmental contamination, health hazards associated with cassava processing effluent, and combustion of wood and charcoal, could be mitigated by biogasification of CPR. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 38:e13138, 2019
Does Rearranging Multiple‐Choice Item Response Options Affect Item and Test Performance?
Authors: Wang Lin
Published: January 2019

Rearranging response options in different versions of a test of multiple‐choice items can be an effective strategy against cheating on the test. This study investigated if rearranging response options would affect item performance and test score comparability. A study test was assembled as the base version from which 3 variant versions were created by rearranging the response options of the items. The 4 versions were administered to randomly equivalent samples of approximately 1,200 test takers in an operational administration. The weighted root mean squared difference and the test characteristic curves were computed from the data to assess the differences between the base and its variant versions. The item‐level and test‐level results show very small differences between the base and the 3 variant versions.
Effect of storage time on antioxidant activity and inhibition on α‐Amylase and α‐Glucosidase of white tea
Authors: Xu Ping , Chen Lin , Wang Yuefei
Published: January 2019

White tea is considered as a special kind of tea not only for its simplest process, but also for its endurable storage. However, little studies have been done about the changes of white tea with increasing aging time, including its composition and health‐imparting effects. In the present work, white tea aged 1 year (WT‐1), 3 years (WT‐3), and 5 years (WT‐5) were collected. Their major chemical compounds, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory effects on α‐Amylase and α‐Glucosidase were evaluated. Results showed that white tea of different storage time showed good antioxidant activity in DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assay, which decreases with the prolongation of storage time. The inhibitory effects on α‐Amylase and α‐Glucosidase which are key enzymes related to type II diabetes in vitro, are also observed in the similar trend. Meanwhile, prolongation of storage time decreased the content of polyphenols, the main bioactive compounds in tea, which may lead to decrease in the activities investigated.
Evolution of a Mesoarchean suprasubduction zone mantle wedge in the Dharwar Craton, southern India: Evidence from petrology, geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Lu–Hf isotopes
Authors: Han Yue‐Sheng , Santosh M. , Ganguly Sohini , Li Shan‐Shan
Published: January 2019

Petrological, geochemical, and zircon U–Pb geochronological features of Archean ultramafic–mafic complexes formed in subduction‐related settings provide significant insights into mantle source and geodynamic processes associated with subduction–accretion‐collision events in the early Earth. Here, we investigate a suite of serpentinized dunite, dunite, pyroxenite, and clinopyroxenite from an ultramafic complex along the collisional suture between the Western Dharwar Craton (WDC) and the Central Dharwar Craton (CDC) in southern India. We present petrology, mineral chemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, rare earth element (REE), Lu–Hf isotopes, and whole‐rock geochemistry including major, trace element, and platinum‐group element (PGE) data with a view to investigate the magmatic and metasomatic processes in the subduction zone. Mineral chemistry data from chromite associated with the serpentinised ultramafic rocks show distinct characteristics of arc‐related melt. Zircon U–Pb data from the ultramafic suite define different age populations, with the oldest ages at 2.9 Ga, and the dominant age population showing a range of 2.8–2.6 Ga. The early Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.4 Ga) metamorphic age is considered to mark the timing of collision of the two WDC and CDC. Zircon REE patterns suggest the involvement continental crust components in the magma source. Zircon Lu–Hf analysis yields both positive and negative εHf(t) values from −3.9 to 1.5 with Hf‐depleted model ages (TDM) of 3,041–3,366 Ma for serpentinised dunite and −0.2–2.0 and 2,833–2,995 Ma for pyroxenite, suggesting that the magma was sourced from depleted mantle and was contaminated with the ancient continental crust. Geochemical data show low MgO/SiO2 values and elevated Al2O3/TiO2 ratios, implying subduction‐related setting. The serpentinized dunites and dunites show mild LREE enrichment over HREE, with relatively higher abundance of LILE (Ba, Sr) and depletion in HFSE (Nb, Zr), suggesting fluid–rock interaction, melt impregnation, and refertilization processes. The PGE data suggest olivine, chromite, and sulphide fractionations associated with subduction processes. Our study on the Mesoarchean to Neoarchean ultramafic complex provides important insights to reconstruct the history of the crust–mantle interaction in an Archean suprasubduction zone mantle wedge.
Transient states of network connectivity are atypical in autism: A dynamic functional connectivity study
Authors: Mash Lisa E. , Linke Annika C. , Olson Lindsay A. , Fishman Inna , Liu Thomas T. , Müller Ralph‐Axel
Published: January 2019

There is ample evidence of atypical functional connectivity (FC) in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). However, transient relationships between neural networks cannot be captured by conventional static FC analyses. Dynamic FC (dFC) approaches have been used to identify repeating, transient connectivity patterns (“states”), revealing spatiotemporal network properties not observable in static FC. Recent studies have found atypical dFC in ASDs, but questions remain about the nature of group differences in transient connectivity, and the degree to which states persist or change over time. This study aimed to: (a) describe and relate static and dynamic FC in typical development and ASDs, (b) describe group differences in transient states and compare them with static FC patterns, and (c) examine temporal stability and flexibility between identified states. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were collected from 62 ASD and 57 typically developing (TD) children and adolescents. Whole‐brain, data‐driven regions of interest were derived from group independent component analysis. Sliding window analysis and k‐means clustering were used to explore dFC and identify transient states. Across all regions, static overconnnectivity and increased variability over time in ASDs predominated. Furthermore, significant patterns of group differences emerged in two transient states that were not observed in the static FC matrix, with group differences in one state primarily involving sensory and motor networks, and in the other involving higher‐order cognition networks. Default mode network segregation was significantly reduced in ASDs in both states. Results highlight that dynamic approaches may reveal more nuanced transient patterns of atypical FC in ASDs.
Technocratic recentralization in the French health care system: A critical evaluation
Authors: Simonet Daniel
Published: January 2019

The French health care system implemented several corporate management recipes such as diagnostic‐related groups (DRGs), benchmarking, and activity‐based management in a bid to restore fiscal discipline and to “reassert the center.” The government also regrouped health policy decisions with the Regional Health Agencies and opted for a top‐down line of command to ensure policy implementation. Though reforms emphasized evidenced‐based policy and outputs measurement, outcomes were below expectations in many areas and led to a shift in values. Professional autonomy and patient engagement receded. This leads us to a critical evaluation of the French audit society.
Moving into tummy time, together: Touch and transitions aid parent confidence and infant development
Authors: Palmer Carolyn F. , Rindler Daniel , Leverone Barbara
Published: January 2019

“Back to sleep” messages can reduce prone practice for infants, with potential for motor delay and cranial deformation. Despite recommendations for “tummy time,” young infants fuss in prone, and parents report uncertainty about how to help infants tolerate prone positioning. We hypothesized that a Child'Space Method lesson, teaching proprioceptive touch and transitions to prone, would facilitate prone tolerance, parent behavioral support, and parent self‐efficacy. This randomized study recruited parents (N = 37) of 2‐ to 5‐month‐old infants. On two visits, parents answered questions about infant behavior and parent experience, and played with their infant. Lesson group parents had the lesson following the first free play. One week later, lesson parents reported that infants tolerated more prone time and that parents showed more supportive behaviors in bringing infant to prone, as compared to waiting parents. Lesson parents’ efficacy, and infant behavior during play, trended in the hypothesized direction. The study demonstrated how a lesson in preparatory touch, and gradual transitions, promoted infant prone tolerance and also parent support of rolling, side‐lying, and prone positioning. The lesson could be incorporated in parent education and early pediatric visits, helping infants and parents negotiate the prone challenge and setting the stage for further parent support of infant development.
Utilization of vasopressin before and after protocol implementation in a surgical intensive care unit
Authors: Smith Susan E. , Rumbaugh Kelli A.
Published: January 2019

Introduction

Vasopressin is recommended for management of septic shock refractory to fluid challenge and norepinephrine. Controversy exists over when to add vasopressin to norepinephrine treatment. Due to the rising cost of vasopressin and the lack of mortality benefit, the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) at Vanderbilt University Medical Center implemented a protocol for vasopressin use with the purpose of decreasing utilization and cost.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to characterize vasopressin utilization and evaluate adherence to this protocol.

Methods

Through a retrospective, observational analysis, adult patients admitted to the SICU who received vasopressin during the 11 months before and after protocol implementation in August 2015 were identified. The primary outcome was vasopressin usage per patient. Secondary outcomes included norepinephrine use, vasopressin cost, and protocol adherence.

Results

During the pre‐ and post‐protocol periods, 144 of 1788 admitted patients (8%) and 119 of 1845 admitted patients (6%) received vasopressin, respectively. The total duration of vasopressin infusion during hospitalization was similar before and after protocol implementation (20 vs 18 hours, P = 0.526), but vasopressin was both added and discontinued when norepinephrine was infusing at a higher rate (added at 12 vs 18 mcg/min, P < 0.001; discontinued at 0.5 vs 6.0 mcg/min, P < 0.001). Norepinephrine was infused for a longer duration post protocol implementation (31 vs 57 hours, P < 0.001). After implementation, a protocol violation occurred in 59 patients (50%); however, 59% of these were related to vasopressin initiation in the operating room. Thirty‐two patients (27%) experienced a SICU‐related violation, with the most common type being discontinuation of norepinephrine prior to vasopressin.

Conclusion

Implementation of a vasopressin utilization protocol in a SICU resulted in more selective usage of vasopressin and a similar duration of infusion when it was utilized. Protocol adherence was nearly 75%, exposing some opportunities for continued education and improvement.
The establishment and biological assessment of a whole tissue‐engineered intervertebral disc with PBST fibers and a chitosan hydrogel in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Yuan Dechao , Chen Zhu , Xiang Xiaocong , Deng Shang , Liu Kang , Xiao Donqin , Deng Li , Feng Gang
Published: January 2019

Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration (IDD) is the main cause of low back pain in the clinic. In the advanced stage of IDD, both cell transplantation and gene therapy have obvious limitations. At this stage, tissue‐engineered IVDs (TE‐IVDs) provide new hope for the treatment of this disease. We aimed to construct a TE‐IVD with a relatively complete structure. The inner annulus fibrosus (AF) was constructed using poly (butylene succinate‐co‐terephthalate) copolyester (PBST) electrospun fibers, and the outer AF consisted of solid PBST. The nucleus pulposus (NP) scaffold was constructed using a chitosan hydrogel, as reported in our previous research. The three components were assembled in vitro, and the mechanical properties were analyzed. AF and NP cells were implanted on the corresponding scaffolds. Then, the cell‐seeded scaffolds were implanted subcutaneously in nude mice and cultured for 4 weeks; then they were removed and implanted into New Zealand white rabbits. After 4 weeks, their properties were analyzed. The PBST outer AF provided mechanical support for the whole TE‐IVD. The electrospun film and chitosan hydrogel simulated the natural structure of the IVD well. Its mechanical property could meet the requirement of the normal IVD. Four weeks later, X‐ray and MR imaging examination results suggested that the height of the intervertebral space was retained. The cells on the TE‐IVD expressed extracellular matrix, which indicated that the cells maintained their biological function. Therefore, we conclude that the whole TE‐IVD has biological and biomechanical properties to some extent, which is a promising candidate for IVD replacement therapies. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 2305–2316, 2019.
When does a hydrogen bond become avan der Waalsinteraction? a topological answer
Authors: Tantardini Christian
Published: January 2019

The hydrogen bond (H‐bond) is among the most important noncovalent interaction (NCI) for bioorganic compounds. However, no “energy border” has yet been identified to distinguish it from van der Waals (vdW) interaction. Thus, classifying NCIs and interpreting their physical and chemical importance remain open to great subjectivity. In this work, the “energy border” between vdW and H‐bonding interactions was identified using a dimer of water, as well as for a series of classical and nonclassical H‐bonding systems. Through means of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and in particular the source function, it was possible to clearly identify the transition from H‐bonding to vdW bonding via analysis of the electronic structure. This “energy border” was identified both on elongating the interatomic interaction and by varying the contact angle. Hence, this study also redefines the “critic angle” previously proposed by Galvão et al. (J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 12668). Consequently, such “energy border” through an analysis of atomic basins volume variation was possible to identify the end oflong‐rangeinteractions. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effects of thyroid hormones on memory impairment and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bavarsad Kowsar , Hosseini Mahmoud , Hadjzadeh Mousa‐Al‐Reza , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: January 2019

Thyroid hormones (THs) have a wide and important range of effects within the central nervous system beginning from fetal life and continuing throughout the adult life. Thyroid disorders are one of the major causes of cognitive impairment including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several studies in recent years have indicated an association between hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism and AD. Despite available evidence for this association, it remains unclear whether thyroid dysfunction results from or contributes to the progression of AD. This review discusses the role of THs in learning and memory and summarizes the studies that have linked thyroid function and AD. Eventually, we elaborate how THs may be effective in treating AD by putting forward potential mechanisms.
Caregivers' perception of and experience with variants of uncertain significance from whole exome sequencing for children with undiagnosed conditions
Authors: Li Xin , Nusbaum Rachel , Smith‐Hicks Constance , Jamal Leila , Dixon Shannan , Mahida Sonal
Published: January 2019

Despite its promising diagnostic yield, whole exome sequencing (WES) frequently introduces variant(s) of uncertain significance (VUS), which have been speculated to cause parental stress and anxiety. This study aimed to explore the psychosocial impact of receiving a VUS from pediatric WES on caregivers and to identify implications for clinical practice. Fourteen telephone interviews were conducted with parents or legal guardians who received VUS results from their child's WES to assess their understanding of the result, affective responses, perceived impact, and adaptation. Our content analysis showed that most participants had a good understanding of the purpose of the test and the majority of them recalled the result category. Most participants deemed the result had no impact thus far on their perception of their child's condition. However, one participant reported feelings of fear related to the VUS. Most participants experienced a range of emotions from receiving the result. The majority of participants reported that this result did not significantly alter their child's care or their ability to take care of their child, and three participants reported empowerment. Additionally, several participants expressed an interest in research studies and peer support groups dedicated to families with a VUS identified on WES. Our study elicited new information about the psychosocial impact of receiving a VUS from WES. This insight may help to guide pre‐ and post‐WES counseling in the future.
Variable sources of Bk virus in renal allograft recipients
Authors: Urbano Paulo Roberto P. , Nali Luiz H. da Silva , Oliveira Renato dos R , Sumita Laura M. , Fink Maria Cristina D. da Silva , Pierrotti Lígia C , Bicalho Camila da Silva , David‐Neto Elias , Pannuti Cláudio S. , Romano Camila M
Published: January 2019

BK virus is the causative agent of polyomavirus‐associated nephropathy, a major cause of kidney transplant failure affecting 1%‐10% of recipients. Previous studies that investigated the viral source on the kidney recipient pointed that the donor is implicated in the origin of human polyomavirus BK (BKPyV) infection in recipients, but giving the low genetic variability of BKPyV this subject is still controversial. The aim of this study was to determine if BKPyV replicating in kidney recipients after transplantation is always originated from the donor. Urine and blood samples from 68 pairs of living donors and kidney recipients who underwent renal transplantation from August 2010‐September 2011 were screened for BKPyV by real time polymerase chain reaction. Only three recipients presented viremia. When both donors and recipients were BKPyV positive, a larger fragment of VP1 region was obtained and sequenced to determine the level of similarity between them. A phylogenetic tree was built for the 12 pairs of sequences obtained from urine and high level of similarity among all sequences was observed, indicating that homology inferences for donor and recipient viruses must be cautiously interpreted. However, a close inspection on the donor‐recipient pairs sequences revealed that 3 of 12 pairs presented considerably different viruses and 4 of 12 presented mixed infection, indicating that the source of BKPyV infection is not exclusively derived from the donor. We report that about 60% of the renal recipients shed BKPyV genetically distinct from the donor, confronting the accepted concept that the donor is the main source of recipients’ infection.
Three‐dimensional motion of the knee‐joint complex during normal walking revealed by mobile biplane x‐ray imaging
Authors: Gray Hans A. , Guan Shanyuanye , Thomeer Lucas T. , Schache Anthony G. , de Steiger Richard , Pandy Marcus G.
Published: January 2019

Accurate knowledge of knee kinematics is important for a better understanding of normal joint function and for improving patient outcomes subsequent to joint reconstructive surgery. Limited information is available that accurately describes the relative movements of the bones at the knee in vivo, even for the most common of all activities: walking. We used a mobile X‐ray imaging system to measure the three‐dimensional motion of the entire knee‐joint complex—femur, tibia, and patella—when humans walk over ground at their natural speeds. Data were recorded from 15 healthy individuals (9 males, 6 females; age 30.5 ± 6.2 years). The most pronounced rotational motion of the tibia was flexion‐extension followed by internal‐external rotation and abduction‐adduction (peak‐to‐peak displacements: 70.7°, 9.2°, and 1.9°, respectively). Maximum anterior translation of the tibia was 6.5 mm and occurred in early swing, coinciding with peak knee flexion and peak internal rotation. The most prominent rotational motion of the patella was flexion‐extension (peak‐to‐peak displacement: 50.5°). The tibia pivoted about the medial compartment of the tibiofemoral joint, conferring greater movements of the contact centers in the lateral compartment than the medial compartment (15.4 and 9.7 mm, respectively). Internal‐external rotation, anterior‐posterior translation and medial‐lateral shift of the tibia as well as flexion‐extension and anterior‐posterior translation of the patella were each coupled to the knee flexion angle, as were movements of the contact centers at each joint. These fundamental data serve as a valuable resource for evaluating knee joint function in normal and pathological gait. The data are available in Supplementary_Material_Data.xlsx. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Dietary glycerol monolaurate supplementation for the modification of functional properties of egg white protein
Authors: Zhao Minjie , Cai Haiying , Liu Mengyun , Deng Lingli , Li Yang , Zhang Hui , Feng Fengqin
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Understanding the interactions between feed additives and the functional properties of egg white protein (EWP) may offer novel insights into the effects of feed additives on laying hens and may provide an alternative for modification of the functional properties of EWP by using laying hens as bioreactors. Glycerol monolaurate (GML) is widely used in the food industry as an effective antibacterial emulsifier. In this work, the effects of three doses of dietary GML supplementation (150, 300, and 450 mg kg−1 hen) on the functional properties of EWP were investigated.

RESULTS

The hardness of EWP gels was significantly improved by 300 and 450 mg kg−1 GML supplementation. Foaming capacity (FC) and foaming stability (FS) were increased after GML treatment; 450 mg kg−1 GML supplementation showed the most significant improvements, with 44.82% in FC and 23.39% in FS. Stabilization of EWP‐oil emulsions was also improved, supported by a slowed creaming process and the formation of smaller oil droplets. The heat denaturation temperature and rheological properties were also modified by dietary GML supplementation, implying improved thermal stability.

CONCLUSION

Our study demonstrated that GML supplementation has the potential to modify the functional properties of EWP, broadening the application of GML and providing a new perspective for evaluation of the efficacy of feed additives. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Consuming egg yolk decreases body weight and increases serum HDL and brain expression of TrkB in male SD rats
Authors: Chen Xingyong , Du Yeye , Boni Grace F , Liu Xue , Kuang Jinlong , Geng Zhaoyu
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Egg yolks contain large amounts of cholesterol and are suspected to be harmful after long‐term consumption. In this experiment, 63 rats were used to evaluate the effect of egg white (EW) and egg yolk (EY) supplementation on serum lipids and brain cognition. The feeding time lasted 4 weeks after a 1‐week acclimation.

RESULTS

Body weight was significantly higher in rats fed 132.0 g kg−1 EW and significantly lower when fed 40 g kg−1 EY (P < 0.05). Total cholesterol and low‐density lipoprotein increased in rats fed 72.0 g kg−1 EW compared with rats from NC and EY groups (P < 0.05). High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) was higher in rats fed 40 g kg−1 EY and decreased when fed 72.0 g kg−1 EW (P < 0.05). Rats fed a diet with EY exhibited abundant neurons in the CA1 hippocampus and complete subcellular structures. Rats fed 132 g kg−1 EW exhibited shrunken cells and swollen mitochondria. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor had constitutively low expression among groups, while tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) exhibited higher expression levels in rats fed a diet containing EY compared with other groups (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

EY consumption reduced body weight and increased HDL levels. Diet containing EY could improve cognition through enhanced trkB expression. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction method for the gas chromatographic analysis of organochlorine fungicides in ginseng
Authors: Xu Xuanwei , Liang Shuang
Published: January 2019

A highly selective molecularly imprinted solid‐phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography method was developed for the simultaneous isolation and determination of four organochlorine fungicides (pentachloronitrobenzene, pentachloroaniline, methylpentachlorophenyl sulfide, and hexachlorobenzene) in ginseng samples. A novel molecularly imprinted polymer with pentachloronitrobenzene as template was synthesized by precipitation polymerization employing butanone/n‐heptane (6.5:3.5, v/v) solution as porogen. The limit of detection of the method was 0.001 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification was 0.002 mg/kg. The different spiked levels of ginseng samples were 0.05, 0.5, 2.0 for pentachloronitrobenzene and pentachloroaniline, and 0.01, 0.1, 1.0 for methylpentachlorophenyl sulfide and hexachlorobenzene. The average recoveries of four organochlorine fungicides were 87.6–92.3% of pentachloronitrobenzene, 79.3–95.2% of pentachloroaniline, 80.3–90.4% of methylpentachlorophenyl sulfide, and 83.5–91.7% of hexachlorobenzene, respectively. This new method could be applied to direct determination of four organochlorine fungicides in ginseng samples.
Esterification and ketalization of levulinic acid with desilicated zeolite β and pseudo‐homogeneous model for reaction kinetics
Authors: Umrigar Vaishali , Chakraborty Mousumi , Parikh Parimal
Published: January 2019

To maximize the production of esters (E), keto (K) and keto‐ester (KE) by esterification and ketalization of levulinic acid (LA) has been reacted using diols such as 1,2‐propane diol (PDOL),1,2‐ethane diol (EDOL), and 1,2,3‐propane triol or glycerol (TRIOL) with desilicated Hβ. This work aims to assess the conversion and selectivity for the production of esters using conventional and microwave‐irradiated (MWI) reactors. Catalysts characterizations were performed using NH3‐temperature programme desorption, Brunauer, Emmett and Teller surface area (BET), Barrett, Joyner, and Halenda (BJH), scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, and dynamic light scattering. Operating parameters such as reaction temperature (170–180°C), reaction time (20–80 min), feed composition (LA:PDOL/EDOL/TRIOL, 1:8/10/12), and microwave energy (300–500 watt) have been systematically investigated. Note that 99–100% conversion was achieved with the product selectivity of E (40%), K (30%), and KE (30%) with1,2‐EDOL; E (56%), K (2%), and KE (17%) with 1,2‐PDOL; E (69%), K(0%), and KE (22%) with TRIOL using D‐Hβ as a solid catalyst in an MWI reactor. Reaction paths and kinetics were studied using pseudo‐homogeneous (PH) model.
Changes in streamflow and sediment for a planned large reservoir in the middle Yellow River
Authors: Li Binquan , Liang Zhongmin , Bao Zhenxin , Wang Jun , Hu Yiming
Published: January 2019

Changes in streamflow and sediment runoffs would affect the reservoir's functional operation and the construction of soil and water conservation measures in China's Loess Plateau. In this study, the long‐term changes in streamflow and sediment were analyzed for a main stem section of the middle Yellow River where the to‐be‐built large Guxian Reservoir is to be located. Results showed that both streamflow and sediment had significant downward trends with the rates of −9.4 m3 s−1 yr−1 and −16.8 million t yr−1, respectively, during the period of 1961–2017. Using the range of variability approach, the change of streamflow regime in its postimpact period (1986–2017) was subjected to the moderate alteration, whereas the alteration of sediment regime was moderate and severe for the first (1980–1996) and second (1997–2017) postimpact periods. As an example, the attribution analyses of annual streamflow and sediment changes were conducted in a typical tributary catchment (Qingjian River) on the right bank of Guxian Reservoir. For the periods of 1980–2002 and 2003–2016, climate variability occupied the primary and secondary proportions to both streamflow and sediment reductions, respectively. Overall, human activities demonstrated the underlying contribution to the sharp declines of streamflow and sediment, accounting for 68% and 74%, respectively, during the period of 1980–2016. We suggest that, based on the operational life of warping dams (built on gully for mitigating gully erosion by raising the gully‐bed step‐by‐step), there are risks of flash flood and high sediment concentration events in the future because the streamflow/sediment‐reducing infrastructures may be damaged by extreme rainstorms and in turn become the flood and sediment amplifiers.
Predicting aspiration risk in patients with dysphagia: Evidence from fluoroscopy
Authors: Leonard Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Objective

To investigate the potential of timing and displacement measures from fluoroscopic swallow studies for predicting aspiration in dysphagic patients.

Methods

Timing and displacement variables for a 20‐ml liquid bolus were extracted from fluoroscopic swallow studies of 5923 patients reflecting a variety of dysphagia etiologies. Patients were divided into aspirators and non‐aspirators, and variables were compared between groups, and to a group of 148 normal control subjects. The relationship of each variable to aspiration was determined. Odds ratios for aspiration were calculated for measures deviating more than two standard deviations from normal. Associations of variables with time of aspiration relative to airway closure were also examined.

Results

Regression analyses revealed that the pharyngeal constriction ratio (PCR) was the measure most predictive of aspiration (74.6%), with percentage of accuracy improving to 76.5% when all measures were considered. Odds Ratios ranging from two times to more than five times were identified for variables deviating more than two standard deviations from normal. Aspiration relative to maximum airway closure, ie, before, during, and after, was also investigated. In the current study, 53% of aspiration events occurred after maximum airway closure, on residue that remained after swallow. Some mechanical impairments appeared specific to timing of aspiration and provide further evidence of the utility of mechanical analysis.

Conclusions

Results of the review provide substantial support for the value of quantitative assessment of swallow mechanics, and for the role of such data in predicting aspiration risk in dysphagic patients.

Level of Evidence

3b (retrospective, individual case‐control)
Brain cholesterol metabolism and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Huang Xuemei , Sterling Nicholas W. , Du Guangwei , Sun Dongxiao , Stetter Christina , Kong Lan , Zhu Yusheng , Neighbors Jeffery , Lewis Mechelle M. , Chen Honglei , Hohl Raymond J. , Mailman Richard B.
Published: January 2019

Background

Circulating cholesterol levels have been linked to PD, but not directly to brain physiology.

Objective

To assess whether brain cholesterol metabolism is related to PD.

Methods

Sixty PD patients and 64 controls were recruited from an academic movement disorder clinic (2009–2012). Thirty‐five PD patients and 33 controls returned approximately 36 months later. Fasting plasma (S)24‐OH‐cholesterol (brain‐derived cholesterol metabolite) and 27‐OH‐cholesterol (peripheral cholesterol metabolite) were quantified. Odds ratios for PD were derived from logistic regression models, adjusting for potential confounders. Relationships between the oxysterols and clinical measurements were explored using Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results

Mean age of PD subjects was 63.8 ± 8.3 years and disease duration was 5.0 ± 5.4 years. Plasma (S)24‐OH‐cholesterol levels were inversely associated with the odds of having PD, with an odds ratio of 0.92 (95% confidence interval: 0.87–0.97) for each 1‐ng/mL increase (P = 0.004). Compared to the lowest tertile, the odds ratio was 0.34 (0.12–0.98) for the second tertile (P = 0.045) and 0.08 (0.02–0.31) for the highest tertile (P < 0.001). Higher (S)24‐OH‐cholesterol levels also were correlated with better sense of smell (r = 0.35; P = 0.01). No significant associations were found between clinical measures and 27‐OH‐cholesterol, a peripheral cholesterol metabolite. Furthermore, (S)24‐OH‐cholesterol levels were stable over time, whereas 27‐OH‐cholesterol decreased with time in both cases and controls.

Conclusions

Results indicate that plasma (S)24‐OH‐cholesterol (possibly reflecting brain cholesterol metabolism) is inversely linked to PD, is relatively stable over time, and may serve as a new biomarker for PD. Further investigation is necessary to determine the mechanistic and clinical implications. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
On metallic ratio in
Authors: Yamaç Akbiyik Seda , Akbiyik Mücahit , Yüce Salim
Published: January 2019

Metallic ratio is a root of the simple quadratic equation x2  =  kx + 1 for k is any positive integer which is the characteristic equation of the recurrence relation of k‐Fibonacci (k‐Lucas) numbers. This paper is about the metallic ratio in
. We define k‐Fibonacci and k‐Lucas numbers in
, and we show that metallic ratio can be calculated in
if and only if p≡ ± 1  mod (k2 + 4), which is the generalization of the Gauss reciprocity theorem for any integer k. Also, we obtain that the golden ratio, the silver ratio, and the bronze ratio, the three together, can be calculated in
for the first time. Moreover, we introduce k‐Fibonacci and k‐Lucas quaternions with some algebraic properties and some identities for them.
Robust stability and H∞ control for nonlinear discrete‐time switched systems with interval time‐varying delay
Authors: Dong Yali , Liang Shuang , Wang Huiming
Published: January 2019

This paper considers the problems of the robust stability analysis and H∞ controller synthesis for uncertain discrete‐time switched systems with interval time‐varying delay and nonlinear disturbances. Based on the system transformation and by introducing a switched Lyapunov‐Krasovskii functional, the novel sufficient conditions, which guarantee that the uncertain discrete‐time switched system is robust asymptotically stable are obtained in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Then, the robust H∞ control synthesis via switched state feedback is studied for a class of discrete‐time switched systems with uncertainties and nonlinear disturbances. We designed a switched state feedback controller to stabilize asymptotically discrete‐time switched systems with interval time‐varying delay and H∞ disturbance attenuation level based on matrix inequality conditions. Examples are provided to illustrate the advantage and effectiveness of the proposed method.
Water and oil signal assignment in low‐moisture mozzarella as determined by time‐domain NMR T2 relaxometry
Authors: Vermeir Lien , Declerck Arnout , To Chak Ming , Kerkaert Barbara , Van der Meeren Paul
Published: January 2019

A time‐domain 1H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry method was elaborated for the rapid microstructural characterization of mozzarella cheese. For this purpose, there is a strong need to know how the experimentally determined T2 relaxation time distribution can be related to specific constituents in mozzarella. In this study, a detailed investigation is offered for fresh and aged low‐moisture mozzarella cheese, often applied as a pizza cheese, by application of both a conventional Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) sequence and a free‐induction decay CPMG (FID‐CPMG) sequence. The relaxation behavior was further elucidated by addition of deuterium oxide and by mild heat treatment of samples. The relaxation times of water protons in mozzarella were found to range from a few microseconds to some tens of milliseconds (in aged mozzarella) or to about hundred milliseconds (in fresh mozzarella). The upper limit of the T2 distribution can even be extended to the seconds range upon releasing water protons from the mozzarella matrix using a mild heat treatment or upon addition of deuterated water. Both stimuli also provided evidence for the absorption of water into the cheese matrix. The potential release and uptake of water demonstrated that mozzarella acts as a very dynamic system during production and storage. The detected differences in the behavior of the water fraction between fresh and aged low‐moisture mozzarella might be utilized to study the influence of either production and/or storage conditions on the cheese ripening process.
Adipose‐derived stem cells delay muscle atrophy after peripheral nerve injury in the rodent model
Authors: Schilling Benjamin K. , Schusterman M. Asher , Kim Deok‐Yeol , Repko Alexander J. , Klett Katarina C. , Christ George J. , Marra Kacey G.
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Injuries to peripheral nerves cause distal muscle atrophy. The effects of adipose‐derived stem cell (ASC) injections into a muscle after injury were examined.Methods: A 1.5 cm defect in the rat sciatic nerve was created, resulting in gastrocnemius muscle atrophy. The nerve defect was repaired with autograft; DiR‐labeled ASCs were injected into the gastrocnemius immediately postoperatively. Quantitation of gross musculature and muscle fiber area, cell survival, fibrosis, lipid deposition, inflammation, and reconstructive responses were investigated.Results: ASCs were identified in the muscle at 6 weeks, where injections showed increased muscle mass percentage retained, larger average fiber area, and less overall lipid content accumulated throughout the musculature. Muscles having received ASCs showed increased presence of interlukin‐10 and Ki67, and decreased inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).Discussion: This investigation is suggestive that an ASC injection into denervated muscle post‐operatively is able to delay the onset of atrophy.Muscle Nerve59:603–603, 2019