bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: NEW INDUSTRIAL SYNTHESIS OF SQUALANE
Authors: NISHIDA T. , NINAGAWA Y. , ITOI K. , FUJITA Y.
Published: May 2016

Mit Geranylaceton (I) oder Dehyilronerolidol (IV) als von der Industrie lieferbaren Ausgangsverbindungen wird das Alkadiindiol (III) dargestellt, dessen reduktive Dimerisierung zu Squalan (VI) durch direkte vollständige Hydrierung an Pd‐Coder (im Autoklav) an einem Ni‐ SiO2‐Al2O3‐Misch‐ Katalysator durchgeführt werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF ZIZYPHINE A. SYNTHESIS OF PEPTIDE ALKALOIDS. 8. AMINO ACIDS AND PEPTIDES. 40
Authors: SCHMIDT U. , LIEBERKNECHT A. , BOEKENS H. + , GRIESSER H.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Brom‐pyrrolin (I) entsteht ein Ether (II), der nach Reduktion zu einem cis/trans‐Gemisch über den Ester (IIIa) und das Dipeptid (IIIb) zu Zizyphin A (IVb) cyclisiert und kondensiert werden kann.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Cadeguomycin (7‐Deazaguanosine‐7‐carboxylic Acid).
Authors: KONDO T. , GOTO T. , OKABE T. , TANAKA N.
Published: May 2016

Aus dem Pyrrolopyrimidin (Ia) erhält man über die zunfgcfülnrten Zwischenstufen das (′udcgtnounyein (III ).
Behaviour and dynamics of two bubbles in conjunct condition in high‐viscosity liquids
Authors: Feng Junjie , Li Xinchen , Bao Yuyun , Cai Ziqi , Gao Zhengming , Evans Geoffrey M.
Published: May 2016

Two bubbles in conjunct condition are often encountered in high‐viscosity liquids, but have received very little attention in the literature. The conjunct bubbles rise together with unchanged shapes and constant velocities, showing some unique properties compared to single bubbles. The current research built on the previous work of Cai et al.,[1] and extended the bubble size ratio (κ) to the range 1.0–1.2. The formation and motion characteristics of conjunct bubbles made by direct collision of two in‐line bubbles were investigated, including the effects of bubble volume, bubble size ratio, and liquid viscosity. Models for the conjunct bubbles and the single bubbles were provided for predicting the projected area diameters and the rising velocities respectively, and the predicted values closely agreed with the measurements in glycerol‐water solutions with Morton numbers in the range of 1.690–661.8. The dynamic forces on the conjunct bubbles were analyzed, and a succinct algorithm was proposed for calculating the drag forces on the conjunct bubbles and the interaction force between the two bubbles.
Spectroscopic and Ab Initio Investigation of C−H⋅⋅⋅N Hydrogen‐Bonded Complexes of Fluorophenylacetylenes: Frequency Shifts and Correlations
Authors: Dey Arghya , Mondal Sohidul Islam , Sen Saumik , Patwari G. Naresh
Published: May 2016

The C−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen‐bonded complexes of several fluorophenyacetylenes with ammonia and methylamine were characterized by a redshift in the acetylenic C−H stretching vibration of the phenylacetylene moiety. These redshifts were linearly correlated with the stabilization energies calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS//MP2‐aug‐cc‐pVDZ level. Analysis of various components of the interaction energy indicated that the observed redshifts were weakly correlated with the electrostatic component. The weaker linear correlation between the frequency shifts and the electrostatic component between two data sets can perhaps be attributed to the marginal differences in the Stark tuning rate and zero‐field shifts. The induction and exchange‐repulsion components were linearly correlated. However, the dispersion component depends on the nature of the hydrogen‐bond acceptor and shows a quantum jump when the hydrogen‐bond acceptor is changed from ammonia to methylamine. The observed linear correlation between the redshifts in the C−H stretching frequencies and the total stabilization energies is due to mutual cancellation of deviations from linearity between various components.
Magnetocaloric Effect of Two Isostructural Heterometallic Organic Frameworks Based on {MIIGdIII2} Clusters (MII=Mn, Ni)
Authors: Zhang Shaowei , Cheng Peng
Published: May 2016

Two isostructural heterometallic coordination polymers (HCPs) based on {MIIGdIII2} clusters (MII=Mn and Ni) have been obtained from the conventional one‐pot self‐assembly of GdIII ions and H4abtc ligands (H4abtc=3,3′,5,5′‐azobenzenetetracarboxylic acid) with corresponding transition‐metal ions in mixed N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF)/H2O solvents. The formulas are expressed as {[NH2(CH3)2]2[MIIGdIII2(HCOO)2(abtc)2]}n (MII=Mn for 1 and Ni for 2). The common features of both HCPs are that two GdIII ions and one MII ion interconnected through abtc4− ligands present “hourglass”‐type {MIIGdIII2} clusters, which are further linked by HCOO− and abtc4− ligands to produce 3D (4,4,10)‐connected topological frameworks. Magnetic results reveal that both 1 and 2 possess remarkable magnetocaloric effects (MCE) with maximum −ΔSm values of 31.9 and 29.5 J kg−1 K−1 at 3.0 K for an applied field of 70 kOe, respectively. Furthermore, the skeletons of two HCPs were stable up to at least 310 °C as supported by thermogravimetric (TG) analyses and in situ variable‐temperature powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns.
The population genomic basis of geographic differentiation in North American common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.)
Authors: Martin Michael D. , Olsen Morten Tange , Samaniego Jose A. , Zimmer Elizabeth A. , Gilbert M. Thomas P.
Published: May 2016

Common ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia L.) is an invasive, wind‐pollinated plant nearly ubiquitous in disturbed sites in its eastern North American native range and present across growing portions of Europe, Africa, Asia, and Australia. Phenotypic divergence between European and native‐range populations has been described as rapid evolution. However, a recent study demonstrated major human‐mediated shifts in ragweed genetic structure before introduction to Europe and suggested that native‐range genetic structure and local adaptation might fully explain accelerated growth and other invasive characteristics of introduced populations. Genomic differentiation that potentially influenced this structure has not yet been investigated, and it remains unclear whether substantial admixture during historical disturbance of the native range contributed to the development of invasiveness in introduced European ragweed populations. To investigate fine‐scale population genetic structure across the species' native range, we characterized diallelic SNP loci via a reduced‐representation genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) approach. We corroborate phylogeographic domains previously discovered using traditional sequencing methods, while demonstrating increased power to resolve weak genetic structure in this highly admixed plant species. By identifying exome polymorphisms underlying genetic differentiation, we suggest that geographic differentiation of this important invasive species has occurred more often within pathways that regulate growth and response to defense and stress, which may be associated with survival in North America's diverse climatic regions.
Unravelling the relative roles of top‐down and bottom‐up forces driving population change in an oceanic predator
Authors: Horswill C. , Ratcliffe N. , Green J. A. , Phillips R. A. , Trathan P. N. , Matthiopoulos J.
Published: May 2016

In the open ocean ecosystem, climate and anthropogenic changes have driven biological change at both ends of the food chain. Understanding how the population dynamics of pelagic predators are simultaneously influenced by nutrient‐driven processes acting from the “bottom‐up” and predator‐driven processes acting from the “top‐down” is therefore considered an urgent task. Using a state‐space demographic model, we evaluated the population trajectory of an oceanic predator, the Macaroni Penguin (Eudyptes chrysolophus), and numerically assessed the relative importance of bottom‐up and top‐down drivers acting through different demographic rates. The population trajectory was considerably more sensitive to changes in top‐down control of survival compared to bottom‐up control of survival or productivity. This study integrates a unique set of demographic and covariate data and highlights the benefits of using a single estimation framework to examine the links between covariates, demographic rates and population dynamics.
Common and conflicting objectives and practices of herders and conservation managers: the need for a conservation herder
Authors: Molnár Zsolt , Kis József , Vadász Csaba , Papp László , Sándor István , Béres Sándor , Sinka Gábor , Varga Anna
Published: May 2016

The mutual dependence of extensive land-use and conservation management has become apparent in Europe in the last 20–30 yr. Extensive land-use often survives in protected areas only, in the form of conservation management. Knowledge of extensive herding and that of conservation management are parts of two knowledge systems (traditional and scientific) which often leads to conflicts between locals and conservationists. We studied two herding/conservation systems (salt steppes and wood-pastures), and developed an inventory on the common/similar and conflicting/different objectives and pasture management practices of herders and conservationists. Data were collected by participatory knowledge co-production in teamwork of the co-authors (herders, conservation managers, and scientists). Data were analyzed and discussed in teamwork too. Herders and conservationists identified 23 objectives and 29 management practices. We found a number of common interests with respect to herding, the ideal state of pastures, legal provisions, and communication. Conflict resolution recommendations (e.g., on time and place of grazing, pasture improvements) were also developed. We argue that by co-production of knowledge, and establishment of a herder “school” the mitigation of the existing conflicts would be more effective. Our conclusion is that a new profession is needed: that of the
conservation herder
. The conservation herder shall be an individual knowledgeable about herding and pasture management, trained in conservation and ecology, able to design management experiments, and develop novel but tradition-based management practices. As such, he/she could facilitate adaptation of extensive herding in the changing socio-economic environment.
Developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphate flame retardants in early life stages of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)
Authors: Sun Liwei , Tan Hana , Peng Tao , Wang Sisi , Xu Wenbin , Qian Haifeng , Jin Yuanxiang , Fu Zhengwei
Published: May 2016

Because brominated flame retardants are being banned or phased out worldwide, organophosphate flame retardants have been used as alternatives on a large scale and have thus become ubiquitous environmental contaminants; this raises great concerns about their environmental health risk and toxicity. Considering that previous research has identified the nervous system as a sensitive target, Japanese medaka were used as an aquatic organism model to evaluate the developmental neurotoxicity of 4 organophosphate flame retardants: triphenyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). The embryo toxicity test showed that organophosphate flame retardant exposure could decrease hatchability, delay time to hatching, increase the occurrence of malformations, reduce body length, and slow heart rate. Regarding locomotor behavior, exposure to the tested organophosphate flame retardants (except TCEP) for 96 h resulted in hypoactivity for medaka larvae in both the free-swimming and the dark-to-light photoperiod stimulation test. Changes of acetylcholinesterase activity and transcriptional responses of genes related to the nervous system likely provide a reasonable explanation for the neurobehavioral disruption. Overall, the present study clearly demonstrates the developmental neurotoxicity of various organophosphate flame retardants with very different potency and contribute to the determination of which organophosphate flame retardants are appropriate substitutes, as well as the consideration of whether regulations are reasonable and required. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2931–2940. © 2016 SETAC
Discrete principal‐monotonicity inference for hydro‐system analysis under irregular nonlinearities, data uncertainties, and multivariate dependencies. Part II: Application to streamflow simulation in the Xingshan Watershed, China
Authors: Cheng Guanhui , Dong Cong , Huang Guohe , Baetz Brian W. , Han Jingcheng
Published: May 2016

Provision of reliable scientific support to socio‐economic development and eco‐environmental conservation is challenged by complexities of irregular nonlinearities, data uncertainties, and multivariate dependencies of hydrological systems in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) region, China. Among them, the irregular nonlinearities mainly represent unreliability of regular functions for robust simulation of highly complicated relationships between variables. Based on the proposed discrete principal‐monotonicity inference (DPMI) approach, streamflow generation in the Xingshan Watershed, a representative watershed in this region, is examined. Based on system characterization, predictor identification, and streamflow distribution transformation, DPMI parameters are calibrated through a two‐stage strategy. Results indicate that the modelling efficiency of DPMI is satisfactory for streamflow simulation under these complexities. The distribution transformation method and the two‐stage calibration strategy can deal with non‐normality of streamflow and temporally unstable accuracy of hydrological models, respectively. The DPMI process and results reveal that both streamflow uncertainty and its rising tendency increase with flow levels. The dominant driving forces of streamflow generation are daily lowest temperature and daily cumulative precipitation in consideration of performances in global and local scales. The temporal heterogeneity of local significances to streamflow is insignificant for meteorological conditions. There is significant nonlinearity between meteorological conditions and streamflow and dependencies among meteorological conditions. The generation mechanism of low flows is more complicated than medium flows and high flows. The DPMI approach can facilitate improving robustness of hydro‐system analysis studies in the Xingshan Watershed or the TGR region. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discrete principal‐monotonicity inference for hydro‐system analysis under irregular nonlinearities, data uncertainties, and multivariate dependencies. Part I: methodology development
Authors: Cheng Guanhui , Dong Cong , Huang Guohe , Baetz Brian W. , Han Jingcheng
Published: May 2016

Hydrological system analyses are challenged by complexities of irregular nonlinearities, data uncertainties, and multivariate dependencies. Among them, the irregular nonlinearities mainly represent inexistence of regular functions for robustly simulating highly complicated relationships between variables. Few existing studies can enable reliable simulation of hydrological processes under these complexities. This may lead to decreased robustness of the constructed models, unfeasibility of suggestions for human activities, and damages to socio‐economy and eco‐environment. In the first of two companion papers, a discrete principal‐monotonicity inference (DPMI) method is proposed for hydrological systems analysis under these complexities. Normalization of non‐normally distributed samples and invertible restoration of modelling results are enabled through a discrete distribution transformation approach. To mitigate data uncertainties, statistical inference is employed to assess the significance of differences among samples. The irregular nonlinearity between the influencing factors (i.e. predictors) and the hydrological variable of interest (i.e. the predictand) is interpreted as piecewise monotonicity. Monotonicity is further represented as principal monotonicity under multivariate dependencies. Based on stepwise classification and cluster analyses, all paired samples representing the responsive relationship between the predictors and the predictand are discretized as a series of end nodes. A prediction approach is advanced for estimating the predictand value given any combination of predictors. The DPMI method can reveal evolvement rules of hydrological systems under these complexities. Reliance of existing hydro‐system analysis methods on predefined functional forms is removed, avoiding artificial disturbances, e.g. empiricism in selecting model functions under irregular nonlinearities, on the modelling process. Both local and global significances of predictors in driving the evolution of hydrological variables are identified. An analysis of interactions among these complexities is also achieved. The understanding obtained from the DPMI process and associated results can facilitate hydrological prediction, guide water resources management, improve hydro‐system analysis methods, or support hydrological systems analysis in other cases. The effectiveness and advantages of DPMI will be demonstrated through a case study of streamflow simulation in Xingshan Watershed, China, in another paper. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Association between selected dietary scores and the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Dugué Pierre‐Antoine , Hodge Allison M. , Brinkman Maree T. , Bassett Julie K. , Shivappa Nitin , Hebert James R. , Hopper John L. , English Dallas R. , Milne Roger L. , Giles Graham G.
Published: May 2016

Studies investigating the association of food and nutrient consumption with the risk of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) have produced mixed results. We used three common dietary scores, the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS), the Alternate Healthy Eating Index 2010 (AHEI‐2010) and the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) to assess the evidence of an association between diet and the risk of UCC. Over a median follow‐up time of 21.3 years, 379 incident UCC cases were diagnosed. Dietary scores were calculated using data from a 121‐item food frequency questionnaire administered at baseline. We used Cox models to compute hazard ratios (HR) for the association between dietary scores (per one standard deviation) and UCC risk. In order to reflect overall adherence to a healthy diet, ametascorewas constructed by summing the quintiles of each of the three scores. None of the dietary scores was associated with the risk of UCC overall. A healthier diet was found to be inversely associated with the risk of invasive (MDS: HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.74–1.00, metascore: HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.71–0.98), but not superficial disease (heterogeneity between subtypesp = 0.04 andp = 0.03, respectively). Results were consistent but weaker for the DII and the AHEI‐2010. We found some evidence of effect modification by smoking, in particular for the metascore (Current: HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.58–1.01, Former: HR = 0.77, 95% CI: 0.64–0.92, Never: HR = 1.01, 95% CI: 0.81–1.26, p for heterogeneity = 0.05). A healthy diet may be protective against the risk of invasive, but not superficial, UCC. Promoting healthy dietary habits may help lower the risk of invasive UCC, especially for current and former smokers.
The effects of torture‐related stressors on long‐term complex post‐traumatic symptoms in South Korean torture survivors
Authors: Choi Hyunjung , Lee Hoon‐Jin , Lee Hwa‐Young
Published: May 2016

This study explored whether perceived distress from specific stressors during and after torture explain long‐term complex post‐traumatic symptoms of South Korean torture survivors. We conducted a cross‐sectional survey of survivors who had been tortured by the homeland regime from the 1970s to the 2000s. Data from 206 survivors were gathered by key informants using target sampling and snowballing techniques. Project staff designed scales to encompass the specific types of stressors related to torture techniques used in Korea. Frequencies and distress ratings of exposure to torture, post‐torture psychosocial stressors and physical damage related to torture were gathered. Psychological symptoms were assessed by the Impact of Event Scale‐Revised‐Korean version and subscales of the Symptom Checklist 90‐Revised‐Korean version. Perceived distress from torture stressors was mainly divided into factors representing physical, psychological and deprivation torture by adapting a principal axis factor analysis. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that distress from psychological torture explained post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and that distress from deprivation explained PTSD and anxiety after controlling for demographic variables, psychological preparedness, time span since torture and distress from trauma other than torture. Among post‐torture stressors, distress from physical damage related to torture and social exclusion were strong indicators of complex symptoms.
Surgical sealants with tunable swelling, burst pressures, and biodegradation rates
Authors: Henise Jeff , Hearn Brian R. , Santi Daniel V. , Kamata Hiroyuki , Sakai Takamasa , Ashley Gary W.
Published: May 2016

We developed two types of polyethylene glycol (PEG)‐based surgical sealants, which we have termed the PER and PRO series. In one, the PRO series, an 8‐arm PEG containing activated carbonyl end‐groups was reacted with a 4‐armed amino‐PEG. In the second, the PER series, a 4‐arm PEG containing bi‐functional end groups with four azides and four activated esters was reacted by strain‐promoted alkyne‐azide cycloaddition with a 4‐arm cyclooctyne‐PEG to give a near‐ideal Tetra‐PEG hydrogel. The sealants showed predictably tunable strength, swelling, adhesion, and gelation properties. The gels were compared to commercially available PEG‐based sealants and exhibit physical properties equivalent to or better than the standards. Variants of each gel‐format were prepared that contained a β‐eliminative cleavable linker in the crosslinks to control degradation rate. Linkers of this type self‐cleave with half‐lives spanning from hours to years, and offer the unique ability to precisely tune the degradation to match the healing process. In addition, these linkers could serve as cleavable tethers for controlled drug release. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 1602–1611, 2017.
A Small Dibromotyrosine Derivative Purified From Pseudoceratina Sp. Suppresses TGF‐β Responsiveness by Inhibiting TGF‐β Type I Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase Activity
Authors: Chen Chun‐Lin , Kao Yu‐Chen , Yang Pei‐Hua , Sung Ping‐Jyun , Wen Zhi‐Hong , Chen Jih‐Jung , Huang Yaw‐Bin , Chen Pei‐Yu
Published: May 2016

For clinical application, there is a great need for small‐molecule inhibitors (SMIs) that could control pathogenic effects of transforming growth factor (TGF‐β) and/or modulate effects of TGF‐β in normal responses. Selective SMIs of the TGF‐β signaling pathway developed for therapeutics will also be powerful tools in experimentally dissecting this complex pathway, especially its cross‐talk with other signaling pathways. In this study, we characterized (1′R,5′S,6′S)‐2‐(3′,5′‐dibromo‐1′,6′‐dihydroxy‐4′‐oxocyclohex‐2′‐enyl) acetonitrile (DT), a member of a new class of small‐molecule inhibitors related to bromotyrosine derivate from Pseudoceratina sp., which inhibits the TGF‐β type I receptor serine/threonine kinase known as activin receptor‐like kinase (ALK) 5. The inhibitory effects of DT on TGF‐β‐induced Smad signaling and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated in epithelial cells using in vitro kinase assay, luciferase reporter assays, immunoblotting, confocal microscopy, and wound healing assays. The novel ALK5 inhibitor, DT, inhibited the TGF‐β‐stimulated transcriptional activations of 3TP‐Lux. In addition, DT decreased phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels and the nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 increased by TGF‐β. In addition, DT inhibited TGF‐β‐induced EMT and wound healing of A549 cells. Our results suggest that DT is a potential therapeutic agent for fibrotic disease and cancer treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2800–2814, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The extreme European summer of 2015 in a long‐term perspective
Authors: Hoy Andreas , Hänsel Stephanie , Skalak Petr , Ustrnul Zbigniew , Bochníček Oliver
Published: May 2016

In 2015, large parts of Europe were characterized by extraordinary high summer temperatures, accompanied by very dry conditions, particularly in central‐eastern Europe. Several major heat episodes occurred from the end of June until mid‐September. We provide an ad‐hoc evaluation of the observed climatological extremes in a secular context, by using a set of long station time series in daily resolution. Our data set comprises 42 temperature and 43 precipitation records, predominantly starting already in the 19th century. To investigate local record values, the individual full record length is analysed for each station, while regionally averaged analyses are presented for the core study period of 1901–2015. The study area covers Europe's central latitudes (44° to 52°N), extending from England in the west up to the central Ukraine in the east.

During summer 2015, various indices representing extremely high maximum and minimum temperatures (strongly) exceeded previous record high values, mainly in an area extending from eastern Germany to western Ukraine. Additionally, severely to extremely dry conditions with unusually frequent dry days were prevailing particularly in the (central‐) eastern part of the study area. Drought indices combining temperature and precipitation revealed drought conditions comparable or even worse than those of former extreme summers like 2003.
Cancer‐selective death of human breast cancer cells by leelamine is mediated by bax and bak activation
Authors: Sehrawat Anuradha , Kim Su‐Hyeong , Hahm Eun‐Ryeong , Arlotti Julie A. , Eiseman Julie , Shiva Sruti S. , Rigatti Lora H. , Singh Shivendra V.
Published: May 2016

The present study is the first to report inhibition of breast cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo and suppression of self‐renewal of breast cancer stem cells (bCSC) by a pine bark component (leelamine). Except for a few recent publications in melanoma, anticancer pharmacology of this interesting phytochemical is largely elusive. Leelamine (LLM) dose‐dependently inhibited viability of MDA‐MB‐231 (triple‐negative), MCF‐7 (estrogen receptor‐positive), and SUM159 (triple‐negative) human breast cancer cells in association with apoptotic cell death induction. To the contrary, a normal mammary epithelial cell line derived from fibrocystic breast disease and spontaneously immortalized (MCF‐10A) was fully resistant to LLM‐mediated cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induction. LLM also inhibited self‐renewal of breast cancer stem cells. Apoptosis induction by LLM in breast cancer cells was accompanied by a modest increase in reactive oxygen species production, which was not due to inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes. Nevertheless, ectopic expression of manganese superoxide dismutase conferred partial protection against LLM‐induced cell death but only at a lower yet pharmacologically relevant concentration. Exposure of breast cancer cells to LLM resulted in (a) induction and/or activation of multidomain proapoptotic proteins Bax and Bak, (b) caspase‐9 activation, and (c) cytosolic release of cytochrome c. Bax and Bak deficiency in immortalized fibroblasts conferred significant protection against cell death by LLM. Intraperitoneal administration of LLM (7.5 mg/kg; 5 times/wk) suppressed the growth of orthotopic SUM159 xenografts in mice without any toxicity. In conclusion, the present study provides critical preclinical data to warrant further investigation of LLM. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rapid multivariate analysis of 3D ToF‐SIMS data: graphical processor units (GPUs) and low‐discrepancy subsampling for large‐scale principal component analysis
Authors: Cumpson Peter J , Fletcher Ian W , Sano Naoko , Barlow Anders J
Published: May 2016

Principal component analysis (PCA) and other multivariate analysis methods have been used increasingly to analyse and understand depth‐profiles in XPS, AES and SIMS. For large images or three‐dimensional (3D) imaging depth‐profiles, PCA has been difficult to apply until now simply because of the size of the matrices of data involved. In a recent paper, we described two algorithms, random vector 1 (RV1) and random vector 2 (RV2), that improve the speed of PCA and allow datasets of unlimited size, respectively. In this paper, we now apply the RV2 algorithm to perform PCA on full 3D time‐of‐flight SIMS data for the first time without subsampling. The dataset we process in this way is a 128 × 128 pixel depth‐profile of 120 layers, each voxel having a 70 439 value mass spectrum associated with it. This forms over a terabyte of data when uncompressed and took 27 h to process using the RV2 algorithm using a conventional windows desktop personal computer (PC). While full PCA (e.g. using RV2) is to be preferred for final reports or publications, a much more rapid method is needed during analysis sessions to inform decisions on the next analytical step. We have therefore implemented the RV1 algorithm on a PC having a graphical processor unit (GPU) card containing 2880 individual processor cores. This increases the speed of calculation by a factor of around 4.1 compared with what is possible using a fast commercially available desktop PC having central processing units alone, and full PCA is performed in less than 7 s. The size of the dataset that can be processed in this way is limited by the size of the memory on the GPU card. This is typically sufficient for two‐dimensional images but not 3D depth‐profiles without sampling. We have therefore examined efficient sampling schemes that allow a good approximate solution to the PCA problem for large 3D datasets. We find that low‐discrepancy series such as Sobol series sampling gives more rapid convergence than random sampling, and we recommend such methods for routine use. Using the GPU and low‐discrepancy series together, we anticipate that any time‐of‐flight SIMS dataset, of whatever size, can be efficiently and accurately processed into PCA components in a maximum of around 10 s using a commercial PC with a widely available GPU card, although the longer RV2 approach is still to be preferred for the presentation of final results, such as in published papers. Copyright © 2016 The Authors Surface and Interface Analysis Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
ZnFe2O4 Leaves Grown on TiO2 Trees Enhance Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
Authors: Zheng Xue‐Li , Dinh Cao‐Thang , de Arquer F. Pelayo García , Zhang Bo , Liu Min , Voznyy Oleksandr , Li Yi‐Ying , Knight Gordon , Hoogland Sjoerd , Lu Zheng‐Hong , Du Xi‐Wen , Sargent Edward H.
Published: May 2016

TiO2 has excellent electrochemical properties but limited solar photocatalytic performance in light of its large bandgap. One important class of visible‐wavelength sensitizers of TiO2 is based on ZnFe2O4, which has shown fully a doubling in performance relative to pure TiO2. Prior efforts on this important front have relied on presynthesized nanoparticles of ZnFe2O4 adsorbed on a TiO2 support; however, these have not yet achieved the full potential of this system since they do not provide a consistently maximized area of the charge‐separating heterointerface per volume of sensitizing absorber. A novel atomic layer deposition (ALD)‐enhanced synthesis of sensitizing ZnFe2O4 leaves grown on the trunks of TiO2 trees is reported. These new materials exhibit fully a threefold enhancement in photoelectrochemical performance in water splitting compared to pristine TiO2 under visible illumination. The new materials synthesis strategy relies first on the selective growth of FeOOH nanosheets, 2D structures that shoot off from the sides of the TiO2 trees; these templates are then converted to ZnFe2O4 with the aid of a novel ALD step, a strategy that preserves morphology while adding the Zn cation to achieve enhanced optical absorption and optimize the heterointerface band alignment.
Awareness and Knowledge of Occupational Therapy among Nigerian Medical and Health Sciences Undergraduates
Authors: Olaoye Olumide Ayoola , Emechete Anne A.I. , Onigbinde Ayodele Teslim , Mbada Chidozie Emmanuel
Published: May 2016

Objective/Background

Consequent to the introduction of occupational therapy (OT) training programmes in Nigeria in the past decade, this study sought to assess the awareness and knowledge of Nigerian medical and other health career undergraduates about OT.

Methods

Three hundred and eighty-one undergraduates and students of other health disciplines from the College of Health Sciences, Obafemi Awolowo University (OAU), Ile-Ife, Nigeria responded to a validated three section questionnaire assessing their awareness and knowledge about OT. The collected data were analysed using descriptive statistics of mean and percentages and inferential statistics of chi-square test of association.

Results

The mean age of the respondents was 20.96 ±2.88 years. Over 80% of the respondents were aware of the OT profession, with higher rates among male respondents (83.7%), students in the 2nd year of study (94.7%), and those in the medical rehabilitation programme (99.1%). Amongst the respondents, < 40% had good knowledge of OT while a majority had knowledge ranging from poor to moderate (62.7%). Respondents’ course of study and level of study were significantly associated with awareness and knowledge about OT.

Conclusion

Nigerian medical and health sciences undergraduates had high awareness, but poor to moderate knowledge about the OT profession, roles, and work settings. Level of awareness and knowledge about OT were significantly influenced by the rehabilitation-related course of study and lower level of study. Replication of similar studies in countries with different cultural backgrounds is suggested.
Community survey on awareness and use of obstetric ultrasonography in rural Sarlahi District, Nepal
Authors: Kozuki Naoko , Katz Joanne , Khatry Subarna K. , Tielsch James M. , LeClerq Steven C. , Mullany Luke C.
Published: May 2016

Objective

To assess levels of awareness and use of obstetric ultrasonography in rural Nepal.

Methods

Between March 2014 and March 2015, a cross‐sectional survey was conducted among married women aged 15–40 years residing in rural Sarlahi District, Nepal, regarding their knowledge and use of obstetric ultrasonography during their most recent pregnancy. Regression analyses were conducted to identify reproductive health, socioeconomic, and other characteristics that increased the likelihood of undergoing an obstetric ultrasonographic examination.

Results

Among 6182 women, 1630 (26.4%) had undergone obstetric ultrasonography during their most recent pregnancy, of whom 1011 (62.0%) received only one examination. Odds of receiving an ultrasonographic examination were higher among women with post‐secondary education than among those with none (≥ 11 years' education: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 10.28, 95% confidence interval [CI] 5.55–19.04), and among women whose husbands had post‐secondary education than among those with husbands with none (≥ 11 years' education: aOR 1.99, 95% CI 1.47–2.69). Odds were lower among women younger than 18 years than among those aged 18–34 years (aOR 0.72, 95% confidence interval 0.59–0.90).

Conclusion

Utilization of obstetric ultrasonography in rural Nepal was very limited. Further research is necessary to assess the potential health impact of obstetric ultrasonography in low‐resource settings, while addressing limitations such as cost and misuse.
Thyroperoxidase antibodies and polycystic ovarian morphology
Authors: Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh , Bahri Khomami Mahnaz , Amouzegar Atieh , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: May 2016

Objective

To evaluate the association between polycystic ovarian morphology (PCOM) and thyroperoxidase antibody level.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was undertaken of women aged 15–49 years living in one of four provinces in Iran recruited between February 2009 and November 2010. Eligible women did not have hirsutism and were eumenorrheic. All participants underwent a comprehensive interview, clinical examination, blood sampling, and ultrasonographic assessment. The serum concentration of thyroperoxidase antibodies was compared between women with and without PCOM.

Results

Among 491 participants, 74 (15.1%) had PCOM. In total, 11 (14.9%) women with PCOM and 61 (14.6%) women with normal morphology tested positive for thyroperoxidase antibodies. The serum concentration of thyroperoxidase antibodies was higher among women with PCOM (48.45 ± 135.74 IU/mL) than among those with normal ovarian morphology (37.99 ± 96.49 IU/mL), but the difference was not significant (P = 0.42).

Conclusion

Thyroperoxidase antibody levels were higher in Iranian women with PCOM than in women with normal morphology, although the difference was not significant. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to investigate whether the treatment of thyroid disorders can prevent the development of PCOM.
Risk factors for amiodarone‐induced thyroid dysfunction in Japan
Authors: Kinoshita Sayoko , Hayashi Tomohiro , Wada Kyoichi , Yamato Mikie , Kuwahara Takeshi , Anzai Toshihisa , Fujimoto Mai , Hosomi Kouichi , Takada Mitsutaka
Published: May 2016

Background

Amiodarone is associated with a number of significant adverse effects, including elevated transaminase levels, pulmonary fibrosis, arrhythmia, and thyroid dysfunction. Although thyroid dysfunction is considered to be a common and potentially serious adverse effect of amiodarone therapy, the exact pathogenesis remains unknown because of its complex manifestations. Therefore, the prevalence of, and risk factors for, amiodarone‐induced thyroid dysfunction in Japanese patients were investigated in the present study.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients treated with amiodarone between January 2012 and December 2013 was performed. A total of 317 patients with euthyroidism, or subclinical hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, were enrolled in this study.

Results

After being treated with amiodarone, 30 (9.5%) and 60 patients (18.9%) developed amiodarone‐induced hyperthyroidism and amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism, respectively. Ten (33.3%) patients with amiodarone‐induced hyperthyroidism and 40 (66.6%) with amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism were diagnosed within two years of the initiation of amiodarone therapy. Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) [Adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.30 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.26–8.90)], and cardiac sarcoidosis [Adjusted OR 6.47 (95% CI: 1.60–25.77)] were identified as predictors of amiodarone‐induced hyperthyroidism. The baseline free thyroxine (T4) level [Adjusted OR 0.13 (95% CI: 0.03–0.68)], and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) level [Adjusted OR1.47 (95% CI: 1.26–1.74)] were identified as predictors of amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism.

Conclusion

DCM and cardiac sarcoidosis were identified as risk factors for amiodarone‐induced hyperthyroidism. Risk factors for amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism included higher baseline TSH level and lower baseline free T4 level, suggesting that subclinical hypothyroidism may be a potential risk factor for the development of amiodarone‐induced hypothyroidism.
Historical narrative and emotional paradigms: The case of Solzhenitsyn’s The Red Wheel and his other works
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: May 2016

It is not the collection of data but emotional axioms which defines the nature of the narrative. Alexander Solzhenitsyn’s view on the 1917 Revolution demonstrates this clearly. Working on his monumental history of the Russian Revolution, he collected enormous amounts of material which indicated that Russia experienced the complete meltdown throughout 1914–1917 and the brutal Bolshevik dictatorship was among the few viable options to stop the country’s complete destruction. Still due to his visceral hatred of the regime, Solzhenitsyn was unable to understand the nature of the events when the outcome was in sharp contrast to his views.
DOES PREPARTUM SUPPLEMENTAL FEED IMPACT BEEF CATTLE PROFITABILITY THROUGH FINISHING?
Authors: LEWIS KAREN E. , GRIFFITH ANDREW P. , BOYER CHRISTOPHER N. , RHINEHART JUSTIN
Published: May 2016

Little is known about the impact of a supplemental prepartum feed ration for cows on the profitability of their calves. Therefore, we investigated the impact of animal characteristics and a supplemental prepartum feed program for cows on net returns to finished steers and the probability of a steer grading Choice or higher. Data were collected for 160 Tennessee steers that were finished in a feedlot. The supplemental prepartum feeding program decreased net returns of finished steers. Several animal characteristics were found to influence net returns of finished steers and the probability of a steer grading Choice or higher.
The New Authority
Authors: Omer Haim
Published: May 2016

Haim Omer builds on his previous work to present a model of authority for parents, teachers and community workers that is suitable for today's free and pluralistic societies. This new authority contrasts with traditional authority in that it emphasizes self-control and persistence over control of the child, a network of support over a strict hierarchy, taking mutual responsibility for escalations over holding the child solely responsible, patience over threats, non-violent resistance over physical force, and transparency over secrecy. In addition to a thorough discussion of the underlying theory, The New Authority presents a practical program for families, schools and communities. Dr Omer provides specific instructions to combat violence and risky behavior at home and in school, increase parent and teacher interest and support, and implement interventions that increase safety, improve atmosphere and generate community cohesiveness.
Ethics and Religion
Authors: Gensler Harry J.
Published: May 2016

Many people question whether God is the source of morality. Under divine command theory, God's will creates the moral order, and therefore ethical truths are true because of God's will. Under natural law, on the other hand, some ethical truths do not depend on God's will, and yet perhaps they depend on his reason or creation. Ethics and Religion develops strong, defensible, and original versions of both divine command theory and natural law. The book also discusses ethics and atheism: how atheists object on ethical grounds to belief in God and how they view ethics. The book defends belief in God from criticisms and analyzes related concepts, such as practical reason, the golden rule, ethics and evolution, the problem of evil, and the fine-tuning argument.
Fourier Analysis
Authors: Constantin Adrian
Published: May 2016

Fourier analysis aims to decompose functions into a superposition of simple trigonometric functions, whose special features can be exploited to isolate specific components into manageable clusters before reassembling the pieces. This two-volume text presents a largely self-contained treatment, comprising not just the major theoretical aspects (Part I) but also exploring links to other areas of mathematics and applications to science and technology (Part II). Following the historical and conceptual genesis, this book (Part I) provides overviews of basic measure theory and functional analysis, with added insight into complex analysis and the theory of distributions. The material is intended for both beginning and advanced graduate students with a thorough knowledge of advanced calculus and linear algebra. Historical notes are provided and topics are illustrated at every stage by examples and exercises, with separate hints and solutions, thus making the exposition useful both as a course textbook and for individual study.
Governing Digitally Integrated Genetic Resources, Data, and Literature
Authors: Reichman Jerome H. , Uhlir Paul F. , Dedeurwaerdere Tom
Published: May 2016

The free exchange of microbial genetic information is an established public good, facilitating research on medicines, agriculture, and climate change. However, over the past quarter-century, access to genetic resources has been hindered by intellectual property claims from developed countries under the World Trade Organization's TRIPS Agreement (1994) and by claims of sovereign rights from developing countries under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992). In this volume, the authors examine the scientific community's responses to these obstacles and advise policymakers on how to harness provisions of the Nagoya Protocol (2010) that allow multilateral measures to support research. By pooling microbial materials, data, and literature in a carefully designed transnational e-infrastructure, the scientific community can facilitate access to essential research assets while simultaneously reinforcing the open access movement. The original empirical surveys of responses to the CBD included here provide a valuable addition to the literature on governing scientific knowledge commons.
White Matter Dementia
Authors: Filley Christopher M.
Published: May 2016

Breaking away from prevailing views of dementia that rely heavily on the role of the cerebral cortex, the new perspective put forth here highlights white matter-cognition relationships, presenting an expanded view of dementia and its neurobiological origins. Based on detailed patient observations, extensive clinical research and an exhaustive literature review, this book discusses the novel concept of white matter dementia, offering hope for better understanding and treatment of dementing illness. Covering topics such as white matter neurobiology, mild cognitive dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease, the author reconsiders brain-behavior relationships and expands the concept of dementia, discussing implications for diagnosis, treatment (medical, surgical, rehabilitative, and psychiatric) and therapeutic innovations aimed at prevention of white matter damage and restoration of myelin. This unique book is an absolute must-have for all medical specialists and consultants in neurology, neuropsychiatry, and neuropsychology involved with the growing challenge of dementia.
An Economic History of Portugal, 1143–2010
Authors: Freire Costa Leonor , Lains Pedro , Münch Miranda Susana
Published: May 2016

This book offers a fascinating exploration of the evolution of the Portuguese economy over the course of eight centuries, from the foundation of the kingdom in 1143, when political boundaries began to take shape in the midst of the Christian Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula, and the formation of an empire, to the integration of the nation into the European Communities and the Economic and Monetary Union. Through six chapters, the authors provide a vibrant history of Portugal's past with a focus ranging from the medieval economy and the age of globalization, to war and recovery, the Atlantic economy, the rise of liberalism and patterns of convergence. The book provides a unique long-term perspective of change in a southern European country and its empire, which responds to the fundamental broader questions about when, how and why economies expand, stagnate or contract.
Constitutional Courts as Mediators
Authors: Ríos-Figueroa Julio
Published: May 2016

This book offers a new theoretical framework for understanding the mediator role played by constitutional courts in democratic conflict solving. The book proposes an informational theory of constitutional review in which constitutional courts obtain, process, and transmit information to parties in a way that reduces the uncertainty causing their conflict. The substantive focus of the book is the role of constitutional courts in democracies where the armed forces are fighting internal armed conflicts of different types: Colombia, Peru, and Mexico in Latin America and also Israel, Turkey, and Pakistan. Through detailed analyses of the political context, civil-military relations, and the constitutional jurisprudence on military autonomy and the regulation of the use of force the book shows that constitutional courts can be instrumental in striking a democratically accepted balance between the exercise of civilian authority and the legitimate needs of the military in its pursuit of order and national security.