bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical evidence that equine leucocyte antigens W13, W22 and W23 are present on horse major histocompatibility complex class II molecules
Authors: HESFORD F. , LAZARY S. , CURTY‐HÄNNI K. , GERBER H.
Published: July 2010

Summary.A number of horse alloantisera were characterized biochemically as being directed against MHC class I or class II antigens by immunoprecipitation of the corresponding antigens from lysates of biosynthetically radioactively labelled lymphocytes and determination of their molecular weights by SDS‐PAGE and fluorography. Sera recognizing A2 and A3 specificities precipitated antigens of 44000 Daltons molecular weight (class I heavy chain), whereas sera with specificities W13, W22 and W23 precipitated antigens corresponding to class II dimers (30000 and 32000 Daltons). Comparison with antigens precipitated from horse lymphocyte lysates using (cross‐reacting) antibodies to human class I and class II MHC molecules confirmed the results obtained.
Genetic polymorphism of transferrin in fallow deer, Cervus dama L
Authors: HERZOG S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A study of 15 blood protein systems in fallow deer, Cervus dama L., has revealed a transferrin polymorphism in two German populations for the first time in this species. Genetic analysis of complete families suggests that the transferrin system is controlled by one gene locus with two codominant alleles. The comparison of the present results with other studies on this species leads to the hypothesis that at least the European mainland fallow deer populations are genetically more differentiated than previously assumed.
Localization of the PGD and TGFβ‐1 loci to pig chromosome 6q
Authors: YERLE M. , ARCHIBALD A.L. , DALENS M. , GELLIN J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The TGFβ‐1 and PGD loci have been localized by in situ hybridization to the C > q21 and q2‐2 > q2‐5 regions of pig chromosome 6. These assignments confirm that the conservation of syntenic groups around GPI and PGD extends to pigs where these two groups are uniquely found to be linked. Our data also support the hypothesis that the porcine and human inherited malignant hyperthermia syndromes are caused by mutations in homologous genes which map to human chromosome 19q, porcine chromosome 6q and murine chromosome 7.
Transferrin variation in jaraquis, Semaprochilodus taeniurus and S. insignis, in the Amazon region
Authors: TEIXEIRA A.S. , RAPOSO J.C.P. , JAMIESON A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Transferrin variants were examined in population samples of fish, locally known as jaraquis, Semaprochilodus taeniurus and 5. insignis. Both species were sampled on two occasions from two geographical areas in the Amazon region. The two species showed no common transferrin type. The 122 specimens of S. taeniurus showed three genotypes encoded by two codominant alleles at the transferrin gene locus (Tf). The 69 specimens of S. insignis showed another two transferrin alleles. Hence the different Tf genotypes support their taxonomic differences, and are predictably capable of identifying any suspected hybrid species. No hybrid was found.
Haemoglobin phenotypes of the wild European mouflon sheep living on the island of Sardinia
Authors: NAITANA S. , LEDDA S. , COCCO E. , MANCA L. , MASALA B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Haemoglobin (Hb) phenotypes have been studied in 100 wild European mouflons living on the island of Sardinia by means of isoelectric focusing (pH 6.7‐7.7 range) of the native tetramers, acid‐urea‐Triton gel‐electrophoresis, and reversedphase HPLC of globin chains. The result indicates the presence of two ß‐globin alleles one of which, corresponding to the ßB, being the most common (f=0.94). None were carriers of the earlier described Hb A. The new Hb was provisionally named Hb M. Severely anaemic mouflons were able to synthesize Hb C at expense of the Hb B alone, thus suggesting structural and physiological homologies between mouflon ßB and sheep ßA globin genes, and between the newly observed ßM allele and the ßB of the domestic Sardinian sheep.
Mm, a new factor in the porcine M blood group system
Authors: NIELSEN P. BRAuUNER
Published: July 2010

Summary. By means of a new antiserum, Mm, the Mae phenotype can be shown to be controlled by the Maem allele, the Mef phenotype by either the original Mef or a new Mefm allele, and the Mbe(f) phenotype by the Mbe(f)m allele. The complexity of the porcine M system is now extended to 13 internationally recognized blood group factors controlled by at least 19 alleles.
Class II major histocompatibility complex genes of the sheep
Authors: DEVERSON E. V. , WRIGHT H. , WATSON S. , BALLINGALL K. , HUSKISSON N. , DIAMOND A. G. , HOWARD J. C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The class II genes of the sheep major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been cloned from two unrelated heterozygous sheep into cosmid vectors. By restriction mapping and hybridization with a number of class II probes of human and mouse origin, the cloned genetic material has been assigned to seven distinct α genes, 10 distinct ß genes and 14ß‐related sequences. It was difficult to identify homologues of specific HLA class II genes because of a tendency for the ovine genes to cross‐hybridize between HLA probes representing different loci. Such cross‐hybridization was especially marked among the ß genes. While DQ and DR homologues have been tentatively identified by several criteria, no genes corresponding to DP have been identified. Cosmids containing class II α and ß genes have been transfected into mouse LTK‐ cells, and surface expression of a sheep class II molecule has been obtained.
Localization of the ß‐subunit of follicle stimulating hormone in cattle and sheep byin situhybridization
Authors: HEDIGER R. , JOHNSON S. E. , HETZEL D. J. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary.The locus for the ß‐subunit of the follicle stimulating hormone gene (FSHB) has been determined in both cattle and sheep byin situhybridization of a bovine and an ovine cDNA probe, respectively, to metaphase chromosomes. Our results show that the FSHB locus is on cattle chromosome 15 in the region of bands q24‐qter and in sheep on the cytogenetically homologous chromosome 15, also in the region q24‐qter.

The mapping of the FSHB gene in cattle together with the location of other genes (CAT, HBB and PTH) previously found to be syntenic in cattle and on human chromosome 11p, defines an evolutionarily conserved synteny. The localization of the FSHB gene to a cytogenetically homologous region in cattle and sheep is consistent with the hypothesis of extesively conserved chromosome structure in these two species.
DNA fingerprints of sheep using an M13 probe
Authors: GATEI M. H. , CHEN P. M. , DANIEL R. C. W. , LAVIN M. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The bacteriophage M13 DNA was used to detect hypervariable minisatellites in several families of Booroola sheep as well as Merino and Suffolk sheep. Digestion of sheep DNA gave rise to three to eight fragments with different restriction enzymes demonstrating considerable polymorphism between the different breeds. The length of informative DNA fragments varied in size from 6 to 20kb. The DNA fingerprints generated were individual specific and allowed for differentiation between closely related animals. The pattern obtained with sheep DNA was different from that observed with humans and other vertebrates in the proportion of high molecular weight DNA fragments present. Pedigree analysis of DNA patterns of dams and their offspring for several sets of twins and triplets showed a clear distinction between individuals and failed to reveal the presence of monozygosity.
Cosegregation of two allotypes G9 and G16 with the α‐protease inhibitor variants in pigs
Authors: KURYL J. , JANIK A. , NOGAJ A. , WRÔBLEWSKI T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The association between genes encoding for two serum protein antigens (G9 and G16) and α‐protease inhibitors was analysed in pigs. A recombination frequency between PI and locus controlling G9 and G16 allotypes varied from 0 to 4.8cM. Data from appropriate matings are consistent with a gene order of PII‐POIA‐POIB‐P12‐(G9, G16).
Genotyping of bovine k‐casein (k‐CNA, k‐CNB, k‐CNC, k‐CNE) following DNA sequence amplification and direct sequencing of k‐CNE PCR product
Authors: SCHLIEBEN S. , ERHARDT G. , SENFT B.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genomic DNA isolated from blood and semen of dairy cattle with known k‐casein (k‐CN) genotypes was subjected to Southern blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using up to 14 restriction endonucleases. k‐casein genotypes AA, AB and BB were identified using Hin dIII and Hin ft while genotypes with k‐CNC and k‐CNE were misidentified. Direct sequencing of the PCR product (k‐CN EE) showed a substitution of guanine (k‐CNA, B) by adenine (k‐CNE) which creates a Hae III restriction site. Therefore using PCR followed by Hin dIII or Hin fI and Hae III digest allows discrimination between k‐casein A, B and E directly at the DNA level.
Expansion of the D system of horse red cell alloantigens
Authors: BOWLING A. T. , WILLIAMS M. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Two additional specificities (Dq and Dr) were assigned to the D system of horse red cell alloantigens following discussion of the 1989 ISAG Horse Comparison Test (HCT) results. Family and population data support 25 phenogroups defined by the enhanced battery of 17 D system factors.
Production of alloantisera against class II bovine lymphocyte antigens (BoLA) by cross‐immunization between class I matched cattle
Authors: WILLIAMS J. L. , OLIVER R. A. , MORGAN A. L. G. , GLASS E. J. , SPOONER R. L.
Published: July 2010

Summary.This paper describes the production of alloantisera directed against bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (BoLA) class II antigens in animals whose MHC phenotypes had been defined by one dimensional isoelectric focusing. Animals of closely matched BoLA class I types were selected by serology and subsequently typed for class I and class II by ID‐IEF of immunoprecipitated antigens. Those with similar class I type by both methods, but differing at the class II locus, were chosen for reciprocal immunization. Cross‐immunization was by two skin implantations 6 weeks apart. The resulting antisera showed low titre after the first immunization and elevated titre 3 weeks after the second immunization. The sera reacted strongly with cells expressing specific BoLA class II antigens. The pattern of reactivity correlated well with IEF class II typing on a panel of animals representing all of the class II IEF types present in the Friesian population.
Production and characterization of alloantisera specific for bovine class II major histocompatibility complex antigens
Authors: DAVIES C. J. , ANTCZAK D. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary.Ten alloantisera defining five major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II specificities of the bovine lymphocyte antigen (BoLA) complex were produced and characterized. Eight antisera defining four of the specificities were generated by immunizing cattle with class I compatible‐class II incompatible lymphocytes. The alloantiserum defining the fifth class II specificity was produced by skin implant immunization. A pregnancy serum specific for one of the class II specificities was also identified. The class II antigens recognized by these antisera were designated ‘Dx’ antigens to indicate that they are BoLA‐D region antigens encoded by one or more undetermined class II loci. The molecules identified by the alloantisera are heterodimers composed of a 34‐kd α and a 26‐ to 28‐kd ß chain, and are expressed on B‐lymphocytes but not on resting T‐lymphocytes. In family studies the BoLA‐Dx antigens segregated in linkage with the BoLA‐A locus alleles. Most of the BoLA‐A alleles present in the Cornell Holstein herd at a high frequency were found to exist in gametic association with two or more serologically defined class II haplotypes. On the basis of a population study it was determined that three pairs of class I and class II alleles (w10‐Dx4, w31‐Dx5, and c3‐Dx2) were present in the Cornell herd at significantly increased frequencies.
Erythrocyte alloantigen loci Ea‐D and Ea‐I map to chromosome 1 in the chicken
Authors: BITGOOD J. J. , KENDALL R. L. , BRILES R. W. , BRILES W. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A test cross was conducted to analyse some linkage relationships in the chicken. Pea comb (P), naked neck (Na), tardy feathering (t), four erythrocyte alloantigen loci (Ea‐C, ‐D, ‐I, ‐P), and the rearrangement break point (RB) of the NM 7092 t(Z;1) chromosome translocation were tested. Significant linkages were found between P and Ea‐I (32.9 ± 4.2), the RB and Ea‐D (30.7 ± 4.3), and t and Ea‐D (38 ± 4.8). The data suggest the linear order of t, Ea‐D, and the RB, with t closest to the centromere. Significant linkage was also found between Na and Ea‐P (32.4 ± 4.9), confirming earlier reports.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism of a bovine T‐cell receptor ß gene
Authors: LUNDÉN A. , SIGURDARDÓTTIR S. , ANDERSSON L.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genetic polymorphism of a bovine T‐cell receptor ß gene was investigated by analysing restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). One locus, denoted TCRB, with four allelic variants was revealed. The relationship between alleles at the TCRB locus and bull breeding values for disease and milk production was investigated in a sample of 196 progeny‐tested AI bulls of the Swedish Red and White breed. The statistical evaluation of the data revealed no convincing association between TCRB alleles and any of the traits studied.
Localization of the calcium release channel gene in cattle and horse by in situ hybridization: evidence of a conserved synteny with glucose phosphate isomerase
Authors: CHOWDHARY B. P. , HARBITZ I. , DAVIES W. , GUSTAVSSON I.
Published: July 2010

Summary.In situ hybridization techniques were used to localize regionally the calcium release channel (CRC) gene on cattle and horse chromosomes, using a porcine CRC cDNA probe. In cattle, the hybridization signal peaked on the 18q23‐q26 bands and in horse on the 10pter region. Previous studies have shown that the glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) gene localizes at the same site in both species, indicating that the two loci are syntenic. As CRC and GPI are syntenic in human, pig and mouse, the present results in cattle and horse represent another example of synteny conservation in the evolution of mammalian chromosomes.
Synteny mapping of the bovine IGHG2, CRC and IGF1 genes
Authors: MILLER J. R. , THOMSEN P. D. , DIXON S. C. , TUCKER E. M. , KONFORTOV B. A. , HARBITZ I.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A panel of bovine‐murine hybrid cell lines was analysed for 10 loci, including three (IGF1, IGHG2 and the calcium release channel gene [CRC]) that have previously been mapped in man, but not in cattle. The IGF and CRC genes were indirectly mapped to chromosomes 5 and 18 respectively and the syntenies of the HOX2 and GH genes and of the NP and FOS genes were confirmed. The results also show that the IGHG2 locus, which is linked to NP and FOS on human chromosome 14, is separated from these genes in cattle. By showing synteny of the IGHG2 and MPI loci, the IGHG2 locus has been indirectly mapped to chromosome 21.
Segregation and linkage analysis*
Authors: ELSTON R. C.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Computer programs are available in the software package SAGE to perform a variety of segregation and linkage analyses used by human geneticists. These methods are designed specifically to uncover major gene segregation in pedigree data coming from non‐inbred populations. With the aid of a closely linked polymorphic marker, they can detect a locus that contributes as little as 10% to the variation of a quantitative trait in a pedigree sample of several hundred individuals.
Biochemical evidence of the expression of two major histocompatibility complex class I genes on bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: JOOSTEN I. , TEALE A. J. , VAN DER POEL A. , HENSEN E. J.
Published: July 2010

Summary.For a long time, the bovine major histocompatibility complex (MHC) (BOLA) class I region was characterized, rather uniquely among mammalian species, as having one expressed locus. Recent reports have suggested otherwise. Selective immunoprecipitation and molecular characteriztion of products enable a decisive answer to the question of whether there is indeed more than one locus expressed. Therefore, we characterized serologically defined w10 encoding haplotypes in European and African cattle by immunoprecipitation of [35S]‐methioninelabelled peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), followed by one‐ and two‐dimensional isoelectric focusing (1D/2D‐IEF) of cell lysates. Monoclonal antibodies (mAb) used were directed against either human class I monomorphic determinants (W6/32 and B1.1G6) or bovine polymorphic determinants expressed on products encoded by serologically defined w10 encoding haplotypes of Boran and Friesian cattle. Sequential immunoprecipitations with W6/32 and B1.1G6 using lysates of PBMC of British Friesian cattle, revealed that from this haplotype W6/32 precipitated one product, whereas B1.1G6 precipitated two products. The product precipitated in addition appeared to be the one that was selectively precipitated by the mAb directed against polymorphic determinants on a product of w10 encoding haplotypes. Additionally, peptide maps of protease V8‐digested precipitates showed that this particular ‘w10’ associated product was distinctly different from the product recognized by W6/32. Thus, we suggest that the two products are distinct gene products and that the product with higher PI is associated with the serologically defined A‐locus product, whereas the product with lower PI is the putative second locus product.

In the African Boran breed, variants of the serologically defined w10 specificity were found on the basis of IEF typing. These variants appeared to be associated with different second locus products. Therefore, we conclude that serologically defined w10 encoding haplotypes encode at least two independent class I locus products, expressed on normal bovine PBMC. In IEF analysis the additional use of mAb recognizing polymorphic determinants on serologically defined A‐locus products highly facilitated the detection and typing of second locus products.
Genetic polymorphism and close linkage of two plasma protein loci in dogs
Authors: JUNEJA R. K. , SHIBATA T.
Published: July 2010

Summary. By using a simple method of two‐dimensional horizontal electrophoresis, phenotypes of an unidentified plasma protein (PA4) were determined in 967 dogs belonging to 43 different breeds. Two codominant, autosomal alleles (F and S) of PA4 were reported. While many of the breeds of middle and north‐eastern Asia (akita inu, Alaskan malamute, chow chow, samoyed, Siberian husky and Tibetan terrier) showed a substantial frequency (0.1 to 0.6) of the S allele, a majority of the European breeds had only the F allele. Evidence was provided that the PA4 locus is closely linked to the plasma pretransferrin 1 locus (PRTI). No recombinant was observed in 45 informative offspring studied. In nearly all breeds, the PA4 S allele was almost always in coupling phase with the PRT1 F allele.
Assignment of the HOX2 and HOX3 gene clusters to the bovine chromosome regions 19q17‐qter and 5q14‐23
Authors: GUNAWARDANA A. , FRIES R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. The homeobox 2 (HOX2) and homeobox 3 (HOX3) clusters have been chromosomally assigned in cattle by in situ hybridization. The probes employed were a murine probe for the mapping of HOX2 to 19q17‐qter and human probes for the mapping of HOX3 to 5q1‐23. These assignments confirm the chromosomal assignment of two syntenic groups, consisting of loci located on human chromosome 12 (bovine chromosome 5) and the long arm of human chromosome 17 (bovine chromosome 19).
Identification of the major histocompatibility complex in the ring‐necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus
Authors: JARVI S. I. , BRILES W. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Reciprocal immunization between parents of an Illinois family of ring‐necked pheasants, Phasianus colchicus, resulted in antisera detecting two pairs of alloantigens segregating among 13 progeny. The four alloantigens were tentatively designated as 1 and 2, transmitted antithetically by the sire, and 3 and 4, transmitted antithetically by the dam. Genetic segregation occurring in second‐generation progeny demonstrated that these two pairs of antigens belonged to a single genetic system. This alloantigen system was shown to correspond serologically to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the chicken by cross‐reactivity of the antigens of this system with specific subregional chicken MHC reagents, appropriately absorbed with erythrocytes of individual pheasants. These four haplotypes of the pheasant MHC were subsequently designated as MhcPhco‐B1, MhcPhco‐B2, MhcPhco‐B3and MhcPhco‐B4. Traditional immunogenetic analysis of 30 pheasant families produced in this study disclosed a minimum of 14 pheasant haplotypes of this alloantigen system (MHC) to be segregating in the population under evaluation.
Discrimination of walleye, Stizostedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), stocks by isozyme analysis with cellulose acetate
Authors: FULTON J. E. , OTIS J. S. , GUISE K. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Five walleye, Stizosfedion vitreum vitreum (Mitchill), populations from within the state of Minnesota were examined for isozyme gene frequencies. Of 26 loci identified and scored, nine polymorphic loci were found. The ADH*, MDH‐3* and PROT‐4* loci were found to be the most informative for distinguishing the populations. A north‐south cline in the frequency of PROT‐4* alleles was found, with a higher frequency of the fast allele being found in the southern population. This is probably a reflection of genetic isolation caused by glaciation. Cellulose acetate was used to resolve the isozymes. The advantages of cellulose acetate over starch in terms of decreased run time, smaller sample and stain volumes and superior resolution advocate the use of cellulose acetate for fish isozyme analyses. Comparisons between starch and cellulose acetate separations showed similar results with some exceptions. Cellulose acetate resolved FH* and PROT‐2* polymorphisms that were not resolved on starch, but failed to resolve the MDH‐1 locus. These differences did not affect the results.
Numerical variation of nucleolar organizer regions after silver staining in domestic and wild Suidae (Mammalia)
Authors: MELLINK C. H. M. , BOSMA A. A. , de HAAN N. A. , MACDONALD A. A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Selective silver staining was used to investigate the cellular distribution of numbers of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) in domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) of eight different breeds, the European wild boar (S. scrofa scrofa), Indonesian wild boar (S. scrofa vittatus), Javan warty pig (S. verrucosus), Sulawesi warty pig (S. celebensis), and pigmy hog (S. salvanius). In the domestic pig as well as in the wild (sub)species of Sus, actively transcribing ribosomal RNA genes were found to be present in the secondary constrictions of chromosome pairs 10 and 8. Chromosomes 10 were consistently Ag‐positive. Chromosomes 8 less frequently showed Ag‐NORs, resulting in different mean numbers of Ag‐NORs per individual animal. Mean Ag‐NOR numbers per breed or (sub)species were generally higher in the wild representatives of Sus than in the domestic breeds. The highest mean numbers of Ag‐NORs were observed in the Meishan breed and in S. celebensis and S. salvanius. The Meishan breed appears to be conservative in Ag‐NOR staining pattern, being more comparable to the Asian wild Suidae than to the European breeds.
Sequence of porcine β‐lactoglobulin cDNA
Authors: ALEXANDER L. J. , BEATTIE C. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. cDNAs encoding porcine β‐lactoglobulin were isolated and sequenced. The porcine β‐lactoglobulin cDNA is 768 bp in length and encodes a pre‐protein of 178 amino acids. One additional cDNA clone was found to encode an additional amino acid (lysine) in the mature protein.
A new genetic variant Z2 in the Pi system of horses
Authors: ZURKOWSKI M. , KURYL J.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A new genetic variant in the horse Pi system, designated Z2, was reported in Polish Arabs by using two‐dimensional agarose polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The frequencies of Pi alleles F, G, L, L2, N, S, U, W, Z and Z2 were found to be 0.036, 0.005, 0.171, 0.013, 0.008, 0.237, 0.416, 0.003, 0.107 and 0.004 respectively.
Detection of leucochimaerism in bovine twins by DNA fingerprinting
Authors: PLANTE Y. , SCHMUTZ S. M. , LANG K. D. M. , MOKER J. S.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Karyotyping and hypervariable genetic markers indicate extensive leucochimaerism between pairs of dizygotic twins in cattle, a result of placental vascular anastomosis. The extent of this chimaerism includes both kind and number of cells exchanged. All heterosexual twin pairs harboured two types of leucocytes, having either XX or XY chromosome pairs, and 30 of 31 pairs of twins shared identical DNA fingerprints. Although chromosome results from skin fibroblasts indicate that some chimaerism occurs in the skin, the low level allows for differentiation of genotypes between twins. The results warrant against the common practice of using blood samples for DNA typing if twinning is not properly documented.
Cloning and sequencing of the porcine K‐casein cDNA
Authors: LEVINE W. B. , ALEXANDER L. J. , HOGANSON G. E. , BEATTIE C. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. cDNA clones encoding porcine K‐casein were isolated and sequenced. The porcine K‐casein cDNA is 851 bp in length and encodes a preprotein of 188 amino acids.
The sequence of porcine β‐casein cDNA
Authors: ALEXANDER L. J. , BEATTIE C. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Porcine cDNAS clones encoding β‐casein were isolated and sequenced. The porcine β‐casein cDNA is 1100bp in length, excluding the poly (A) tail, and encodes a preprotein of 232 amino acids.
Genetic polymorphism in sheep plasma detected using antibodies to human plasminogen
Authors: TATE M. L. , MANLY H. C. , SCHMACK A.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Protein variation was identified in sheep when Western blots of polyacrylamide gels (routinely used to resolve transferrin polymorphism) were stained using antibodies to human plasminogen. The affinity of the antibodies to ovine plasma was less than 7% that of a human standard but they bound specifically to a single polymorphic protein. In 146 lambs and their parents the inheritance of the ovine plasminogen antigen polymorphism was consistent with four autosomal alleles segregating codominantly. However, an additional two lambs had types which were incompatible with their putative parents. The pedigrees of these lambs were tested by DNA fingerprinting and shown to have been incorrectly recorded. The genetic polymorphism detected by human plasminogen antiserum provided a probability of sire exclusion (PE) ranging from 0.04 to 0.32 and a polymorphic information content (PIC) of 0.08 to 0.50 in flocks of five sheep breeds: Perendale, Romney, Merino, Texel and Coopworth (in order of increasing genetic variation in this locus). Significant differences in allele frequency were observed between breeds but sampling did not assess the variation among flocks within a breed.
Isolation and sequencing of porcine lipoprotein lipase cDNA and its use in multiallelic restriction fragment length polymorphism detection
Authors: HARBITZ I. , KRISTENSEN T. , KRAN S. , DAVIES W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Porcine lipoprotein lipase (LPL) cDNA has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence shows a high degree of identity to LPL from other species, and contains the Ser/His/Asp triade characteristic of serine proteases and esterases. A repetitive element is present in the 3′‐untranslated region of the cDNA. A partial cDNA covering the coding region of LPL detects three restriction fragment length polymorphisms with Hin dIII. This represents the first marker assigned to porcine chromosome 14.
Absence of evidence for linkage between Booroola gene and genetic markers at 11 sheep blood polymorphic loci
Authors: NGUYEN T. C. , ELSEN J. M. , CULLEN P. R.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Genetic linkage between the Booroola locus (Fec) and 11 sheep blood polymorphic loci (i.e. Tf, Hb, CA, OLA, and A, B, C, D, M, R, F41 red cell blood groups) was investigated in six large sire families (163 informative female offspring). The six sires tested were heterozygous for the Booroola allele (FecB) and for several genetic markers. No evidence in favour of linkage was found. Moreover, depending on the marker locus considered, linkage closer than or as close as the recombination frequency of 10–30% was excluded.
Characterization of five new bovine dinucleotide repeats
Authors: VAIMAN D. , OSTA R. , MERCIER D. , GROHS C. , LEVEZIEL H.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Five new bovine (TG)n microsatellite sequences were characterized. During the screening procedure, one‐third of the clones had essentially the same flanking sequences. A fast technique was devised to eliminate these clones.
Identification of a conserved microsatellite site in the porcine and bovine insulin‐like growth factor‐I gene 5‘ flank
Authors: KIRKPATRICK B. W.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Examination of published rat and human sequences for the insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) gene indicated the presence of CA dinucleotide repeats in corresponding segments of each. Presence of similar microsatellite sequences in the porcine and bovine IGF‐I genes was hypothesized. A 1200‐bp segment upstream of the porcine and bovine IGF‐I genes was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with primers developed from a consensus of human, rat and bovine sequences. Both porcine and bovine PCR products contained similar microsatellite sequences. Amplified pIGF‐I DNA was cloned and sequenced, and an additional primer was developed specifically for microsatellite marker detection. Six allelic variants of 124, 130, 132, 134, 136 or 138bp were observed in pigs with differing frequencies between breeds (P < 0.01). The same primers were used to amplify the corresponding bovine microsatellite. Three alleles of 126, 128 and 130bp were observed in a genetically diverse cattle population with estimated frequencies of 0–06,0.68 and 0.26, respectively. Results of this study indicate sequence information from the human and laboratory species can be used to facilitate genetic marker development in livestock species.
Genetic polymorphism of esterase in plasma of American mink (Mustela vison L.)
Authors: SIMONSEN V. , DAMGAARD B. M. , LARSEN B. , LOHI O.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Plasma samples of 412 minks, including 20 families and representing 15 lines, have been investigated by isoelectric focusing for the enzyme esterase (ES). The observed variation of the enzyme may be explained as a result of one locus with at least seven codominant alleles. The segregation of six alleles assumed for the locus in 20 families supports this genetic model. Genetic divergence among the lines is observed and may be due to founder effect and/or selection.
Localization of the calcium release channel gene in cattle and horse by in situ hybridization: evidence of a conserved synteny with glucose phosphate isomerase
Authors: CHOWDHARY B. P. , HARBITZ I. , DAVIES W. , GUSTAVSSON I.
Published: July 2010

In situ hybridization techniques were used to localize regionally the calcium release channel (CRC) gene on cattle and horse chromosomes, using a porcine CRC cDNA probe. In cattle, the hybridization signal peaked on the 18q23‐q26 bands and in horse on the 10pter region. Previous studies have shown that the glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) gene localizes at the same site in both species, indicating that the two loci are syntenic. As CRC and GPI are syntenic in human, pig and mouse, the present results in cattle and horse represent another example of synteny conservation in the evolution of mammalian chromosomes.
Synteny mapping of the bovine IGHG2, CRC and IGF1 genes
Authors: MILLER J. R. , THOMSEN P. D. , DIXON† S. C. , TUCKER E. M. , KONFORTOV B. A. , HARBITZ‡ I.
Published: July 2010

A panel of bovine‐murine hybrid cell lines was analysed for 10 loci, including three (IGF1, IGHG2 and the calcium release channel gene [CRC]) that have previously been mapped in man, but not in cattle. The IGF and CRC genes were indirectly mapped to chromosomes 5 and 18 respectively and the syntenies of the HOX2 and GH genes and of the NP and FOS genes were confirmed. The results also show that the IGHG2 locus, which is linked to NP and FOS on human chromosome 14, is separated from these genes in cattle. By showing synteny of the IGHG2 and MPI loci, the IGHG2 locus has been indirectly mapped to chromosome 21.
DNA fingerprinting in cattle using the probe pV47
Authors: DOLF G. , GLOWATZKI M.‐L. , GAILLARD C.
Published: July 2010

The multilocus probe pV47 detected an average of nine bands in cattle between 23 kb and 4kb. Band sharing was estimated for three groups of unrelated animals. The first group comprised 20 individuals of 12 different breeds, the second group 10 individuals of the Swiss Simmental population and the third group 11 individuals of the Swiss Brown Swiss population. The band sharing probabilities were 33%, 42% and 58% respectively. The DNA fingerprints of 38 offspring with a total of 277 bands revealed no bands that could not be traced to the parents.
ILSTS001: a polymorphic bovine microsatellite
Authors: BREZINSKY L. , KEMP S. J. , TEALE A. J.
Published: July 2010

Source and description: An anonymous clone containing a (TG)15 microsatellite was isolated from a genomic library of an N'dama (Bos taurus) bull (designated ND7). Primers for the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were designed to amplify the region containing this microsatellite. The size of the PCR product was shown to be polymorphic by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This microsatellite was designated ILSTS001.
Sheep linkage mapping: restriction fragment length polymorphism detection with heterologous cDNA probes
Authors: MONTGOMERY G. W. , SISE J. A. , PENTY J. M. , TOU H. M. , HILL D. F.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A selection of cattle, human and sheep cDNA probes were screened against sheep genomic DNA, cut with 10 different restriction enzymes, to assess the usefulness of these probes for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) linkage studies in sheep. Two‐thirds of the cattle cDNA probes showed moderate to strong homology with sheep DNA samples, compared with less than half of the human cDNA probes at the final washing stringency chosen for the experiments. The set of probes tested detected a useful frequency of RFLPs. Fifty‐seven per cent of probes showing moderate to strong homology identified RFLPs with one or more restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes that detected RFLPs most frequently in sheep were TaqI and MspI. The results show that sheep and cattle cDNA probes, including candidate genes for production traits, identified a high frequency of RFLPs suitable for genetic mapping in sheep.
Characterization of a porcine variable number tandem repeat sequence specific for the glucosephosphate isomerase locus
Authors: DAVIES W. , KRAN S. , KRISTENSEN T. , HARBITZ I.
Published: July 2010

Summary. A variable number of tandem repeat from a porcine glucosephosphate isomerase intron has been isolated and sequenced. The repeat has a unit size of 39 bp, is highly conserved and is present in at least 14 copies. Flanking sequences show a sequence periodicity of 53‐54bp and some sequence homology to the 39 bp repeat. A considerable part of the genomic DNA has been lost during subcloning and is considered to be deletion prone or refractory to propagation in E. coli. The tandem repeat is locus specific and detects at least six alleles in Bam HI digested porcine DNA. No homology to other tandem repeat sequences has been found.
Genetic polymorphism of erythrocyte diaphorase in red deer, Cervus elaphus L.
Authors: TATE M. L. , McEWAN K. M.
Published: July 2010

Summary. NADH diaphorase polymorphism was identified in red deer erythrocyte lysates using starch gel electrophoresis and activity staining. The inheritance of the polymorphism was consistent with predictions of autosomal codominant inheritance of two alleles DIAIF and DIAS. In New Zealand's four main feral red deer populations (n = 188) the DIAIF allele frequency ranged from 0.491 to 0.985. A sample of North American wapiti (n = 42) was monomorphic for the DZAIF allele.
A new transferrin allele in Australian goats
Authors: VANKAN D. M. , BELL K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Subdivision of TF B into two variants, B1 (faster) and B2 (slower) in Australian goat breeds was accomplished by high voltage, thin layer polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 7.9. The genes controlling the caprine transferrins were shown to be autosomal codominant alleles, TFA, TFB1, TFB2 and TFC and in the various breeds of goats, the alleles were in Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium. TFA was the most common allele in the Australian and Texan Angora, Cashmere and Dairy breeds with gene frequencies ranging from 0.652 to 0.977. TFB1 and TFB2 occurred in all four breeds while TF was only observed in very low frequencies in Australian Angora and Cashmere breeds.
Genetic polymorphism of plasma vitamin D‐binding protein (GC) in Australian goats
Authors: VANKAN D. M. , BELL K.
Published: July 2010

Summary. Polymorphism at the GC locus in goats was detected using isoelectric focusing (pH 4.5‐5.4) and immunoblotting with antiserum to human GC. Three variants, designated A, B and C in order of decreasing mobility to the anode, were detected and were shown to be controlled by three codominant alleles, GCA, GCB and GCC. GCA and GCB occurred in all four breeds (Australian and Texan Angora, Cashmere and Dairy) with GCA being the most common and having gene frequencies ranging from 0.851 to 0.993. GCC was found only in Australian Angora and Cashmere animals. The products of the three GC alleles had isoelectric points in the range pH 4.63‐4.95 and Mr of approximately 54375. The major isoforms of the three alleles were shown to contain sialic acid. Linkage between the GC and albumin loci was unable to be demonstrated due to the low frequency of ALBA (0.02) in the Cashmere breed.
Single‐strand conformation polymorphisms (SSCPs) detected in five bovine genes
Authors: Neibergs H. L. , Dietz A. B. , Womack J. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed to amplify bovine specific sequences of the arginine‐vasopressin (ARVP), glycoprotein hormone alpha (CGA), cytochrome oxidase c subunit IV pseudogene (COXP), prochymosin (CYM), coagulation factor X (F10), inhibin βA (INHBA), low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and oxytocin (OXT) genes in hybrid cells were used in a search for single strand conformation polymorphisms. DNA from 75 animals comprising crossbred and 7 purebred breeds were analysed. ARVP, COXP, CYM, LDLR and OXT were found to be polymorphic while CGA, F10 and INHBA were not. Polymorphic regions were identified within 206 bp of exon 1 of ARVP, 582 bp of the pseudogene COXP, 253 bp of exon 9 of CYM, 519 bp of LDLR cDNA and 160 bp of the upstream regulatory region of OXT. This is the first report of bovine polymorphisms for these genes and an important step in our goal to incorporate type I comparative anchor loci into the bovine linkage map. Polymorhic loci were subsequently analysed in pedigreed full‐sib families and shown to be inherited in a Men‐delian fashion.
In situ hybridization mapping and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the porcine albumin (ALB) and transferrin (TF) genes
Authors: Chowdhary B. P. , Johansson M. , Chaudhary R. , Ellegren H. , Gu F. , Andersson L. , Gustavsson I.
Published: July 2010

Summary

In situ hybridization analyses were conducted on porcine metaphase chromosomes using porcine liver albumin (ALB) and transferrin (TF) cDNA probes. The ALB gene was assigned to the q12 band of chromosome 8 and the TF gene to the q31 band of chromosome 13. For the latter, a statistically significant secondary peak was observed on the 6p15 band. However, the TF probe predominantly hybridized to the 13q31 band, indicating that this band is the most likely site of the TF gene. Since the TF gene belongs to linkage group V, this linkage group can now be assigned to chromosome 13. The TF and ALB probes were also used for restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. A screening of 10 unrelated animals revealed Tag I RFLPs for both ALB and TF. Family studies indicated that the ALB and TF polymorphisms were controlled by three and two alleles, respectively.
Growth hormone gene polymorphism associated with selection for milk fat production in lines of cattle
Authors: Høj S. , Fredholm M. , Larsen N. J. , Nielsen V. H.
Published: July 2010

Summary

Fifty‐eight calves of both sexes from lines of Red Danish dairy breed selected for high (n= 36) and low (n= 22) milk fat production, and 32 heifers from lines of Norwegian Red dairy breed selected for high (n= 16) and low (n= 16) milk fat yield were typed for two previously reported restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) in the growth hormone gene. The RFLPs are consistent with: (1) an insertion(I)/deletion(D) of approximately 0.9kb in the 3′‐region of the growth hormone gene and (2) a polymorphic MspI(+/−) site in the third intron. A traditional RFLP procedure was used for typing the I/D polymorphism and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) procedure was developed for typing the Mspl polymorphism. Only the I‐MspI(+) and D‐MspI(‐) haplotypes were found. In the Red Danish lines the frequency of D‐MspI(‐) haplo‐type was 0.28 in high line and 0.05 in low line calves, this difference was significant (P <0.01). The corresponding frequencies in the Norwegian Red lines were 0.09 in the high line and 0.0 in the low line. Attempts to screen for RFLPs in the growth hormone receptor gene and in the insulin‐like growth factor‐I gene were unsuccessful.
Genetic polymorphism of the sixth component of complement (C6) in the pig
Authors: Shibata T. , Abe T. , Akita T.
Published: July 2010

Summary

Using agarose gel isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting with rabbit anti‐rabbit C6, a genetic polymorphism has been found in the sixth component of complement (C6) in six breeds of pigs. The C6 locus was highly polymorphic. Family data indicated that pig C6 pheno‐types were inherited by means of five codomonant alleles namedC6A,C6B,C6C,C6DandC6Eat a single autosomal locus. C6 deficiency in two of 241 individuals tested was found, which suggested the presence of a null allele in pig populations. Marked breed differences among the gene frequencies and heterozygosities at C6 locus were observed.
Isolation and mapping of polymorphic microsatellites in cattle
Authors: Steffen P. , Eggen A. , Stranzinger G. , Fries R. , Dietz A. B. , Womack J. E.
Published: July 2010

Summary

A partial plasmid library with bovine genomic inserts of about 500 basepairs was screened with a (dC‐dA)n‐(dG‐dT)n oligonucleotide probe for the repeated nucleotide motif (CA)n. Eleven positive clones (0.3% of all colonies screened) were discovered and were subsequently isolated and sequenced. Eight microsatellite loci were analysed, one with eight alleles, one with seven alleles, three with six alleles, one with three alleles and two with two alleles. Six of these microsatellites were mapped by PCR‐analysis of a panel of somatic hybrid lines.
A polymorphism in the bovine gamma‐S‐crystallin gene revealed by allele‐specific amplification
Authors: Kemp S. J. , Teale A. J. , Maillard J. C.
Published: July 2010

Summary

A polymorphism was detected in the 3′ untranslated region of the bovine gamma‐S‐crystallin gene by direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products from genomic DNA of an N'Dama bull and a Boran cow. A set of three PCR primers was designed to detect this difference and thus give allele‐specific amplification. The two allele‐specific primers differ in length by 20 nucleotides so that the allelic products may be distinguished by simple agarose gel electrophoresis following a single PCR reaction. This provides a simple and rapid assay for this polymorphism.
Unequivocal determination of sire allele origin for multiallelic microsatellites when only the sire and progeny are genotyped
Authors: Ron M. , Band M. , Wyler A. , Weller J. I.
Published: July 2010

The effect of a segregating economic trait locus (ETL) can be detected with the aid of a linked genetic marker, if specific alleles of each locus are in association among the individuals genotyped for the genetic marker. For dairy cattle this can be achieved by application of the ‘granddaughter design’. If only the sires and their sons are genotyped for the genetic markers, then the allele origin of sons having the same genotypes as their sires cannot be determined. Seven sires and 101 sons were genotyped for five microsatellites. The mean frequency of heterozygous sires was 77%. The mean number of alleles per locus was 8.2. Frequency of informative sons per locus ranged from 60% to 80% with a mean of 72%. With highly polymorphic microsatellites, at least 60% more grandsire families can be included in the analysis, and the number of sons assayed can be reduced by 40%, as compared to diallelic markers.
Sequence variation in D‐loop mtDNA of cow lineages selected for high and low maternal effects on milk production
Authors: Ron M. , Yoffe O. , Weller J. I.
Published: July 2010

The four highest and four lowest cow lineages for milk production were selected from 324 maternal lineages of the Israeli Holstein population. For a single cow from each lineage, the mitochondrial D‐loop region was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and directly sequenced for 719bp. Eighteen polymorphic sites were found of which 17 were substitutions and one was an insertion. Only two alleles were found for each polymorphic site, one of which corresponded to the sequence of Anderson et al. (1982), which was the more frequent allele, in all but two sites. None of the polymorphic sites had an apparent effect on milk production, even though an effect ≥0.33 phenotypic standard deviations, equivalent to 470kg milk, could be detected by this experimental design. Furthermore, there was no indication that moderately increasing the sample size would have altered the result, since all rare alleles found in more than a single lineage were found in both the high and low subgroups.
Haemoglobin I: a new β‐globin chain variant found in sheep of Italian breeds
Authors: Manca L. , Masala B. , Luccia A Di , Pieragostini E. , Naitana S.
Published: July 2010

A rather common haemoglobin variant was detected in the Sardinian and Altamurana sheep breeds. The mutated globin chain appears to be produced under the control of an allele at the HBB locus and due to a neutral amino acid substitution. The variant will be provisionally referred to as the Hb I.
DNA profiling of cattle using micro‐ and minisatellite core probes
Authors: Trommelen G. J. J. M. , Vijg I. , Uitterlinden A. G. , Den Daas I H G
Published: July 2010

We have evaluated 15 different micro‐ and minisatellite core probes for use in identity and paternity testing in cattle, based on Southern blot hybridization analysis. The core probes were tested in animals of different breeds and by analysis of seven two‐generation pedigrees. Of the 15 core probes tested, seven were able to detect on average seven variant bands per individual animal. Segregation analysis showed that on average two out of 3 6 variant bands scored per core probe were genetically linked while two out of 12 variant bands correspond to the same allelic pair. The results obtained demonstrate the effectiveness of multilocus core probes for determining identity and paternity in cattle.