bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performing New Orleans: Toward a Political Poetics
Authors: Louis Ross
Published: January 2011

This essay documents an embodied model for doing scholarship in and about post-Katrina New Orleans. It suggests lived experience as human capital that provides a public good for rebuilding communities. Specifically, a research-based performance (“Performance and New Orleans: Citizenship, Identity and Housing”) serves as a case study for situating scholarship between theory and practice as a “political poetics.” The essay draws on performance theory and the values of public scholarship to negotiate the challenges of authenticity and motive that confront scholars working in New Orleans. The essay also argues for performance as a means of reaffirming human value and exposing the complexity that surrounds the problems of African American citizenship, identity, and housing in New Orleans 5 years after the storm.
What the radiologist needs to know about the diabetic patient
Authors: Raptis Athanasios E. , Markakis Konstantinos P. , Mazioti Maria C. , Raptis Sotirios A. , Dimitriadis George D.
Published: January 2011

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is recognised as a major health problem. Ninety-nine percent of diabetics suffer from type 2 DM and 10% from type 1 and other types of DM. The number of diabetic patients worldwide is expected to reach 380 millions over the next 15 years. The duration of diabetes is an important factor in the pathogenesis of complications, but other factors frequently coexisting with type 2 DM, such as hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia, also contribute to the development of diabetic angiopathy. Microvascular complications include retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy. Macroangiopathy mainly affects coronary arteries, carotid arteries and arteries of the lower extremities. Eighty percent of deaths in the diabetic population result from cardiovascular incidents. DM is considered an equivalent of coronary heart disease (CHD). Stroke and peripheral artery disease (PAD) are other main manifestations of diabetic macroangiopathy. Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DC) represents another chronic complication that occurs independently of CHD and hypertension. The greater susceptibility of diabetic patients to infections completes the spectrum of the main consequences of DM. The serious complications of DM make it essential for physicians to be aware of the screening guidelines, allowing for earlier patient diagnosis and treatment.
THE DIASPORA AT HOME: INDIAN VIEWS AND THE MAKING OF ZULEIKHA MAYAT'S PUBLIC VOICE
Authors: Waetjen Thembisa , Vahed Goolam
Published: January 2011

This article examines how the Gujarati-speaking Muslim trading class in South(ern) Africa was linked as a reading public through a newspaper, Indian Views, which had been founded in early twentieth-century Durban in opposition to Mahatma Gandhi's Indian Opinion. Under the editorship of Moosa Meer (1929–63) it was a conduit for sustaining existing social networks as well as offering common narratives that galvanized an idea of community embracing its geographically disparate readership. Between 1956 and 1963, Zuleikha Mayat, a self-described housewife born in Potchefstroom but married to a medical doctor in Durban whom she ‘met’ through the newspaper, wrote a weekly column that represented one of the first instances of a South African Muslim woman offering her ideas in print. She spoke across gender divides and articulated a moral social vision that accounted for both local and diasporic concerns. This article provides a narrative account of how Mayat came to write for Indian Views, a story that underscores the personal linkages within this diasporic community and, more broadly, how literacy and the family enterprises that constituted local print capitalism provided a material means of sustaining existing networks of village and family. It also reveals the role of newspaper as an interface between public and private spaces in helping to create a community of linguistically related readers who imagined themselves as part of a larger print culture.
INDIAN OCEAN WORLD CINEMA: VIEWING THE HISTORY OF RACE, DIASPORA AND NATIONALISM IN URBAN TANZANIA
Authors: Bertz Ned
Published: January 2011

This essay considers the role of Hindi films in urban Tanzania in writing new chronologies of Indian Ocean world history. Examining films and movie theatres through overlapping local, national and transnational lenses, the article contributes to our understandings of the encounter between the Indian diaspora and nationalism in East Africa, and extends the history of Indian Ocean world connections into the second half of the twentieth century. In order to escape the historiographical dialectic between nation and diaspora which splits scholarship on Hindi films overseas, cinema needs to be denationalized, and everyday social histories of urban cinema halls can then be framed within the Indian Ocean world. To do so successfully, however, we must challenge scholarship which asserts the collapse of this world in the early modern or colonial period (at the latest), in order to extend an Indian Ocean scale to capture the vibrant twentieth-century creation of a regional popular culture. The history of Bombay films in urban Tanzania thus enables a viewing of the transnational production of culture, and the ways in which cross-cultural flows are part of the construction of important categories like race and nationalism across the history of East Africa.
AUTHORITY AND PIETY, WRITING AND PRINT: A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE CIRCULATION OF ISLAMIC TEXTS IN LATE NINETEENTH- AND EARLY TWENTIETH-CENTURY ZANZIBAR
Authors: Bang Anne K.
Published: January 2011

This article is a preliminary discussion of the circulation of textual material in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Zanzibar. Three main contentions are made in the article. First, that this corpus of texts constituted a public sphere that was intimately connected with the western Indian Ocean, primarily Arabia, but with branches to Egypt where much of the material was printed. Second, that the transition from manuscript mode of transmission to printed texts upheld the same principles for circulation. Finally, the article also points to how the use of this scriptural material as a basis for Islamic learning was expanded into new types of reading, reference, interpretation and copying. The article examines cases from Zanzibar, both manuscripts and printed books, from the point of view of the lifespan of the texts.
TRANSNATIONAL ISLAM AND PUBLIC SPHERE DYNAMICS IN KWAZULU-NATAL: RETHINKING SOUTH AFRICA'S PLACE IN THE INDIAN OCEAN WORLD
Authors: Kaarsholm Preben
Published: January 2011

Islam in KwaZulu-Natal has typically been seen as an Indian preserve and as closely linked with contestations around South African Indian identities. Against this background, dedication to Islam among Africans has appeared as exceptional, represented by groupings with particular histories of immigration from Mozambique, Malawi or Zambia. Since the 1970s, strong efforts have been made to extend the call of Islam to Africans in the province, as demonstrated in the mobilization efforts of the Islamic Propagation Centre International and the Muslim Youth Movement, and in thedawahprojects of transnational Islamic NGOs like the World Assembly of Muslim Youth. Following the transition to democracy in 1994, Islam played an important role in establishing contacts between South Africans and the thousands of immigrants from other African countries – many of them with an Islamic background – who have been coming into KwaZulu-Natal. The essay discusses two different examples of Islamic practice in an African informal settlement on the outskirts of Durban, and demonstrates their different understandings of the relationship between Islam and African cultural ‘custom’. It places these differences of local theology and politics in the context of propagations of Islam as manifested in the writings of Ahmed Deedat and recent examples of pamphlet literature by African Muslims. It argues that understandings of Islam in KwaZulu-Natal as an African religion relate the area to the Indian Ocean world not only though links across the sea to South Asia, but also along the coast – bridging the gap between the Swahili continuum to the north and transnational Islam in the Cape.
PRINT, NEWSPAPERS AND AUDIENCES IN COLONIAL KENYA: AFRICAN AND INDIAN IMPROVEMENT, PROTEST AND CONNECTIONS
Authors: Frederiksen Bodil Folke
Published: January 2011

The article addresses African and Indian newspaper networks in Kenya in the late 1940s in an Indian Ocean perspective. Newspapers were important parts of a printing culture that was sustained by Indian and African nationalist politics and economic enterprise. In this period new intermediary groups of African and Indian entrepreneurs, activists and publicists, collaborating around newspaper production, captured fairly large and significant non-European audiences (some papers had print runs of around ten thousand) and engaged them in new ways, incorporating their aspirations, writings and points of view in newspapers. They depended on voluntary and political associations and anti-colonial struggles in Kenya and on links to nationalists in India and the passive resistance movement in South Africa. They sidestepped the European-dominated print culture and created an anti-colonial counter-voice. Editors insisted on the right to write freely and be heard, and traditions of freedom of speech put a brake on censorship. Furthermore, the shifting networks of financial, editorial and journalistic collaboration, and the newspapers’ language choice – African vernaculars, Gujarati, Swahili and English – made intervention difficult for the authorities. With time, the politics and ideologies sustaining the newspapers pulled in different directions, with African nationalism gaining the upper hand among the forces that shaped the future independent Kenyan nation.
POLITICS AND BUSINESS IN THE INDIAN NEWSPAPERS OF COLONIAL TANGANYIKA
Authors: Brennan James R.
Published: January 2011

This article examines the history of two Indian newspapers,Tanganyika OpinionandTanganyika Herald, to demonstrate how business considerations provided both the opportunity for East African Indians to make public arguments and the central limitation on the arguments that could be made. Founded on the inspiration of mass nationalist action through a territorialhartal, theTanganyika Opinionand later theHeraldblazed the trails that articulated ‘Greater India’ among the Anglo-Gujarati reading public in Tanganyika. But growing conservative sentiments within this vulnerable minority, along with rising sectarian division, reduced both the patronage and audience for a singular ‘anti-colonial’ politics by the 1930s and 1940s. Moreover, as a marginal print node along the Indian Ocean littoral, theOpinionandHeraldcame to rely on an opportunistic mixture of wire services and consular propaganda to keep abreast of regional and international news developments. Ultimately, the shrinking market for Anglo-Gujarati newspapers and rising opportunities in Swahili-language journals had sealed the doom of these and similar Indian newspapers by the time ‘African’ political independence arrived in the early 1960s.
Healthy lifestyle factors associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk
Authors: Shi L. , Morrison J. A. , Wiecha J. , Horton M. , Hayman L. L.
Published: January 2011

Minimal data are available regarding the cumulative effects of healthy lifestyle behaviours on cardiometabolic risk. The objective of the present study was to examine a combination of healthy lifestyle behaviours associated with cardiometabolic risk reduction. The analysis was based on a cross-sectional study of 1454 participants from the population-based Lipid Research Clinic's Princeton Follow-up Study. The healthy lifestyle factors included fruit and vegetable intake ≥ 5 servings/d, meat intake ≤ 2 servings/d, never smoking, consuming 2–6 alcoholic drinks/week, television (TV) viewing time ≤ 2 h/d and moderate to vigorous physical activity ≥ 4 h/week. The combination of healthy lifestyle behaviours was strongly and negatively associated with the presence of cardiometabolic risk, as well as with a composite cardiometabolic risk score after adjustment for race, age, generation and sex. With each additional healthy lifestyle factor, cardiometabolic risk decreased by 31 % (OR 0·69; 95 % CI 0·61, 0·78). A higher healthy lifestyle score was associated with a lower prevalence of cardiometabolic risk (P for trend < 0·001). Compared with individuals having 0–1 healthy lifestyle behaviours, those with 5 or 6 healthy lifestyle behaviours had a 70 % lower prevalence of cardiometabolic risk (OR 0·30; 95 % CI 0·13, 0·67). Healthy lifestyle behaviours including sufficient fruit and vegetable intake, less meat intake, less TV viewing time, abstinence from smoking, modest alcohol intake and regular exercise are associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk.
Chronic dietaryn-3 PUFA intervention improves dyslipidaemia and subsequent cardiovascular complications in the JCR:LA-cprat model of the metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lu Jing , Borthwick Faye , Hassanali Zahra , Wang Ye , Mangat Rabban , Ruth Megan , Shi Danni , Jaeschke Anja , Russell James C. , Field Catherine J. , Proctor Spencer D. , Vine Donna F.
Published: January 2011

There is increasing interest in the potential chronic beneficial effects of dietaryn-3 PUFA on the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and associated cardiovascular complications. We have recently established that increased dietaryn-3 PUFA has a profound acute benefit on fasting lipids and the postprandial pro-inflammatory response in the JCR:LA-cprat, a model of the MetS. However, it is unclear to what extent chronic dietaryn-3 PUFA intervention can modulate the progression of end-stage metabolic and vascular complications. The present study aimed to determine the chronic effects of dietaryn-3 PUFA supplementation on fasting and non-fasting dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance and vascular complications in the JCR:LA-cprodent model. JCR:LA-cprats were fed an isoenergetic lipid-balanced diet supplemented with 5 %n-3 PUFA (w/w) of the total fat (fish oil-derived EPA/DHA) for 16 weeks. Fasting and non-fasting (postprandial) plasma lipid profile was assessed. Hepatic and adipose tissue was probed for the expression of lipogenic proteins (acyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1)), while the activity of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) was assessed via Western blot to target phosphorylated JNK protein in primary enterocytes. The frequency of myocardial lesions was assessed by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Increased dietaryn-3 PUFA improved both the fasting and postprandial lipid profiles (TAG, cholesterol and apoB48) in the JCR:LA-cprat, potentially via the down-regulation of the hepatic or adipose tissue expression of lipogenic enzymes (ACC, FAS and SREBP-1). Rats fed the 5 %n-3 PUFA diet had lower (58·2 %;P < 0·01) enterocytic phosphorylated JNK protein and secreted less cholesterol (30 %;P < 0·05) into mesenteric lymph compared with the control. The chronic metabolic benefits of dietaryn-3 PUFA may underlie the potential to reduce vascular complications during the MetS, including the observed reduction in the frequency (approximately 80 %) of late-stage 3 myocardial lesions.
Dietary modulation of body composition and insulin sensitivity during catch-up growth in rats: effects of oils rich inn-6 orn-3 PUFA
Authors: Yepuri Gayathri , Marcelino Helena , Shahkhalili Yasaman , Aprikian Olivier , Macé Katherine , Seydoux Josiane , L. Miles Jennifer , Montani Jean-Pierre , Dulloo Abdul G.
Published: January 2011

The present study investigates whether excessive fat accumulation and hyperinsulinaemia during catch-up growth on high-fat diets are altered byn-6 andn-3 PUFA derived from oils rich in either linoleic acid (LA), α-linolenic acid (ALA), arachidonic acid (AA) or DHA. It has been shown that, compared with food-restricted rats refed a high-fat (lard) diet low in PUFA, those refed isoenergetically on diets enriched in LA or ALA, independently of then-6:n-3 ratio, show improved insulin sensitivity, lower fat mass and higher lean mass, the magnitude of which is related to the proportion of total PUFA precursors (LA+ALA) consumed. These relationships are best fitted by quadratic regression models (r2>0·8,P < 0·001), with threshold values for an impact on body composition corresponding to PUFA precursors contributing 25–30 % of energy intake. Isoenergetic refeeding on high-fat diets enriched in AA or DHA also led to improved body composition, with increases in lean mass as predicted by the quadratic model for PUFA precursors, but decreases in fat mass, which are disproportionately greater than predicted values; insulin sensitivity, however, was not improved. These findings pertaining to the impact of dietary intake of PUFA precursors (LA and ALA) and their elongated–desaturated products (AA and DHA), on body composition and insulin sensitivity, provide important insights into the search for diets aimed at counteracting the pathophysiological consequences of catch-up growth. In particular, diets enriched in essential fatty acids (LA and/or ALA) markedly improve insulin sensitivity and composition of weight regained, independently of then-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio.
RETHINKING THE EDWARDIAN CRISIS OF CONSERVATISM
Authors: THACKERAY DAVID
Published: January 2011

This article reconsiders the culture of popular Conservatism in Edwardian Britain, when it has often been claimed that the Unionist parties underwent a profound crisis. According to Ewen Green, for example, in the immediate years before the First World War, Conservative leaders failed to offer policies that could unite their party or enable it to develop an effective popular appeal. Consequently, the party appeared to be drifting towards potential disaster and disintegration. Whilst historians are correct to argue that deep divisions emerged within the Unionist ranks, inhibiting their electoral prospects, the vibrancy of rank-and-file Conservatism in Edwardian Britain nevertheless tends to be underestimated. By embracing a variety of populist causes in 1913–14, the Conservative party appeared to have found a way to overcome its electoral malaise. Moreover, by taking important steps to widen their social appeal, the Conservatives laid the foundations for post-war success during these years of supposed ‘crisis’.
DEFENDING WOMEN, NEGOTIATING MASCULINITY IN EARLY MODERN ITALY
Authors: DIALETI ANDRONIKI
Published: January 2011

This article seeks to contribute to a better understanding of the formation of masculinity in early modern Italy, by focusing on literature defending women written by men. The article argues that defence of women emerged as a crucial feature in male self-fashioning and group identity formation in specific environments, such as the courts, the academies, and the Venetian socio-cultural scene of the 1540s and 1550s. By detecting how demarcations of self and other were shaped in the literature under examination, the article suggests that men defending women fashioned themselves both in regard to female ‘otherness’ and against other contemporary male identities. In this process of inclusion and exclusion both gender and social status came into play. Although defence of women initially emerged as a key determinant of elite masculinity, it gradually became the bone of contention among different social groups of men seeking to negotiate, redefine, and appropriate for themselves an idealized form of masculinity.
ROBERT GORDON LATHAM, DISPLAYED PEOPLES, AND THE NATURAL HISTORY OF RACE, 1854–1866
Authors: QURESHI SADIAH
Published: January 2011

In 1854, the Crystal Palace reopened at Sydenham. Significantly, it featured a court of natural history. Curated by the philologist and physician, Robert Gordon Latham, it was designed to provide the public with an ethnological education. Understanding Latham's project is of particular importance for broader understandings of the scientific importance of displayed peoples and mid-nineteenth-century debates on the nature of human variation. Recent scholarship has shown considerable interest in the relationship between exhibitions of foreign peoples and anthropology, particularly within the context of world fairs. Nevertheless, anthropologists are routinely claimed to have used fairs merely to display or publicly validate, rather than to make, scientific knowledge. Meanwhile, the 1850s and 1860s are often seen as having witnessed the emergence of a new ‘harder-edged’ scientific racism as, older, elastic definitions of ‘race’ were successfully overthrown by one rooted in biological difference (most commonly exemplified by the anatomist Robert Knox). By examining how Latham produced and used his museum of human types, this article proposes an alternative approach. It suggests that displayed peoples were used as ethnological specimens and that Latham's work is at a particularly significant crossroads for the mid-nineteenth-century remaking of ‘race’.
THE DEATH OF JOHN STUART MILL
Authors: STACK DAVID
Published: January 2011

This article surveys the fiercely contested posthumous assessments of John Stuart Mill in the newspaper and periodical press, in the months following his death in May 1873, and elicits the broader intellectual context. Judgements made in the immediate wake of Mill's death influence biographers and historians to this day and provide an illuminating aperture into the politics and shifting ideological forces of the period. The article considers how Mill's failure to control his posthumous reputation demonstrates both the inextricable intertwining of politics and character in the 1870s, and the difficulties his allies faced. In particular, it shows the sharp division between Mill's middle and working class admirers; the use of James Mill's name as a rebuke to his son; the redefinition of Malthusianism in the 1870s; and how publication of Mill's Autobiography damaged his reputation. Finally, the article considers the relative absence of both theological and Darwinian critiques of Mill.
Global modes and transient response of a cold supersonic jet
Authors: NICHOLS JOSEPH W. , LELE SANJIVA K.
Published: January 2011

Global-mode analysis is applied to a cold, M = 2.5 laminar jet. Global modes of the non-parallel jet capture directly both near-field dynamics and far-field acoustics which, in this case, are coupled by Mach wave radiation. In addition to type (a) modes corresponding to Kelvin–Helmholtz instability, it is found that the jet also supports upstream-propagating type (b) modes which could not be resolved by previous analyses of the parabolized stability equations. The locally neutrally propagating part of a type (a) mode consists of the growth and decay of an aerodynamic wavepacket attached to the jet, coupled with a beam of acoustic radiation at a low angle to the jet downstream axis. Type (b) modes are shown to be related to the subsonic family of modes predicted by Tam & Hu (1989). Finally, significant transient growth is recovered by superposing damped, but non-normal, global modes, leading to a novel interpretation of jet noise production. The mechanism of optimal transient growth is identified with a propagating aerodynamic wavepacket which emits an acoustic wavepacket to the far field at an axial location consistent with the peaks of the locally neutrally propagating parts of type (a) modes.
The formation and evolution of stratification during transient mixing ventilation
Authors: KUESTERS ANDREA S. , WOODS ANDREW W.
Published: January 2011

We investigate the buoyancy-driven ventilation of an enclosed volume of buoyant fluid, which is connected to the exterior through two openings at the top of the enclosure. An exchange flow becomes established, with outflow through one opening being matched by an equal and opposite inflow through the other vent. The inflowing flux of dense exterior fluid develops a turbulent buoyant plume, which mixes with the interior fluid as it cascades to the base of the fluid volume. An upward return flow gradually stratifies the confined volume of fluid, with a first front of relatively dense plume fluid advancing to the top of the space. Initially, the exchange flow is steady, but as the first front rises above the inflow opening, the flow rate wanes. The initial development of the exchange flow and interior stratification follows the classical filling box work of Baines & Turner (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 37, 1969, p. 51), with a plume of constant buoyancy flux. Once the first front exits the space, the volume flux rapidly asymptotes to the form Q = Q0(τ/(τ+t)) from the initial value Q0, where τ is the buoyancy-driven draining time, based on the initial density contrast with the environment. The vertical structure of the interior density stratification asymptotes to a profile of constant shape whose amplitude decays in time as (τ/(τ+t))2, and we identify conditions under which the vertical variation in density is comparable to the difference between mean interior density and the exterior. This generalises the analysis presented by Linden, Lane-Serff & Smeed (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 212, 1990, p. 309), who assumed that the interior fluid is well mixed. New laboratory experiments of the process are shown to be consistent with our predictions of the evolution of the flow, the interior stratification and the migration of contaminants. We also develop our analysis for situations where there are multiple stacks and show how this improves the mixing efficiency for a given ventilation flow. The model has relevance for the design of transient mixing ventilation in a building, especially when the effect of vertical stratification is important for ensuring thermal comfort.
Larval gryporhynchid tapeworms (Cestoda: Cyclophyllidea) of British freshwater fish, with a description of the pathology caused byParadilepis scolecina
Authors: Williams C.F. , Reading A.J. , Scholz T. , Shinn A.P.
Published: January 2011

Larvae of the cyclophyllidean tapewormsParadilepis scolecina(Rudolphi, 1819),Neogryporhynchus cheilancristrotus(Wedl, 1855) andValipora campylancristrota(Wedl, 1855), are described from British freshwater fish. The morphometrics of the rostellar hooks, infection characteristics and host ranges of these parasites from fisheries in England and Wales are presented. Difficulties in the detection, handling and identification of these tapeworms are highlighted, and may in part explain the paucity of records from Britain. Tissue digestion was shown to be a useful technique for the examination of these parasites, providing clear and consistent preparations of the rostellar hooks for measurement. The pathological changes caused byP. scolecinato the liver of wild tench,Tinca tinca, are detailed for the first time. Tapeworms located in the hepatic parenchyma and pancreatic tissues caused little pathological damage and invoked only mild inflammatory responses. The small size of these tapeworms and their encapsulation within host tissues appear to limit the severity of pathology, compared with parasites that insert their rostellum during attachment.
Primary cervical tracheal monophasic synovial sarcoma confirmed by SYT–SSX gene rearrangement
Authors: Corrales C E , Berry G , Damrose E J
Published: January 2011

Objective:

To review the existing diagnostic modalities and treatment for primary tracheal synovial sarcoma, and to report a case of primary cervical synovial sarcoma arising in the trachea.

Design:

Retrospective.

Setting:

Head and neck surgery unit at a tertiary university centre.

Patient:

One case of primary cervical tracheal monophasic synovial sarcoma diagnosed by SYT–SSX gene rearrangement.

Intervention:

This patient underwent surgical resection of the synovial sarcoma, together with tracheal resection and primary anastomosis assisted by laryngeal-releasing manoeuvres, without complication.

Main outcome measures:

Clinical, radiographical, pathological and surgical information were collected.

Result:

One year post-operatively, there was no evidence of recurrence.

Conclusion:

Synovial sarcoma arising in the trachea is very rare. Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstrating the SYT–SSX gene rearrangement. The first-line treatment is surgery.
Transoral laser microsurgery outcomes with early glottic cancer: the Dalhousie University experience
Authors: Lester S E , Rigby M H , Taylor S M
Published: January 2011

Objective:

To report the results of transoral laser microsurgery for the treatment of early glottic cancer at our institution.

Design:

Cohort study. Retrospective review of charts of patients diagnosed with tumour stage 1 or 2 (early stage; no nodes or metastases), previously untreated, primary glottic cancer, treated with transoral laser microsurgery at the Queen Elizabeth II Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. The minimum follow-up period was two years.

Setting:

Tertiary care head and neck cancer centre.

Participants:

Fifty-three patients treated between January 2002 and November 2007.

Outcome measure:

Kaplan–Meier survival analysis for disease-free survival, overall survival and laryngectomy-free survival, at five years.

Results:

The group comprised 46 men and seven women, with a mean age of 66 years (range 30–84 years). Mean follow up was 40 months (range 12–89 months). There were four cases of complications (7.5 per cent). Kaplan–Meier survival analysis revealed a five-year disease-free survival (including salvage) of 96.2 per cent, a five-year overall survival (all causes) of 88.8 per cent and a five-year laryngectomy-free survival of 98.1 per cent.

Conclusion:

Transoral laser microsurgery is a safe and effective initial treatment for early laryngeal cancer, and has high rates of laryngeal preservation and disease-free survival.
Short term effect of hubble-bubble smoking on voice
Authors: Hamdan A-L , Sibai A , Mahfoud L , Oubari D , Ashkar J , Fuleihan N
Published: January 2011

Objective:

To investigate the short term effect of hubble-bubble smoking on voice.

Study design:

Prospective study.

Material:

Eighteen non-dysphonic subjects (seven men and 11 women) with a history of hubble-bubble smoking and no history of cigarette smoking underwent acoustic analysis and laryngeal video-stroboscopic examination before and 30 minutes after hubble-bubble smoking.

Results:

On laryngeal video-stroboscopy, none of the subjects had vocal fold erythema either before or after smoking. Five patients had mild vocal fold oedema both before and after smoking. After smoking, there was a slight increase in the number of subjects with thick mucus between the vocal folds (six, vs four before smoking) and with vocal fold vessel dilation (two, vs one before smoking). Acoustic analysis indicated a drop in habitual pitch, fundamental frequency and voice turbulence index after smoking, and an increase in noise-to-harmonics ratio.

Conclusion:

Even 30 minutes of hubble-bubble smoking can cause a drop in vocal pitch and an increase in laryngeal secretions and vocal fold vasodilation.
Records of the Court of Arches in Lambeth Palace Library
Authors: Barber Melanie
Published: January 2011

The Court of Arches is the Archbishop's court of appeal for the Province of Canterbury. It derives its name from the church of St. Mary-le-Bow or St. Maria de Arcubus in the city of London where the court was held from at least the primacy of Archbishop Pecham (1279–92) until the church was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666. The church was one of thirteen in the City of London which, before the abolition of peculiars in the middle of the nineteenth century, came within the Archbishop's jurisdiction of the deanery of the Arches. The judge or Official Principal who presided over the Court of Arches came to be known as the Dean of the Arches from his lesser office as judge of the court of the peculiar.
Chorography, Phenomenology and the Antiquarian Tradition
Authors: Gillings Mark
Published: January 2011

This article takes a critical look at claims that Landscape Phenomenology owes an ancestral debt to the work of early antiquarians; a belief that is in danger of becoming an orthodoxy through casual repetition. Through an exploration of the inherent tensions that arise when attempts are made to link pioneering empiricists (who in many senses embodied the Baconian experimental science of the seventeenth century) and Landscape Phenomenology (that positions itself in direct opposition to this enlightenment project) it is argued that rather than antiquarian practices pre-empting or anticipating those of Landscape Phenomenology, the nagging sense that the two are in some way connected derives from their shared reliance upon practices that are best described as chorographic.
Real and Literary Landscapes in Ancient Egypt
Authors: Bunbury Judith , Jeffreys David
Published: January 2011

During the past thirty years the Survey of Memphis and others have acquired more than two hundred borehole logs from the Capital Zone of Egypt. Combining these boreholes with maps and satellite images, we show that, during the past five thousand years, the geography of the Nile has been in constant flux with mean rates of migration around 2 m/y and one of its channels becoming extinct, by nature or through human intervention. Re-visiting ancient texts in the light of this changing environment, we show that the literary settings of both fictional and historical texts were real landscapes known to the authors. Hence we infer that ancient descriptions of landscape can be interpreted in a more literal way than before and that the authors were not as prone to writing of a metaphorical realm as was previously thought.
Connecting Fragments: a Sensorial Approach to the Materialization of Religious Beliefs in Rural Mesopotamia at the Beginning of the Second Millennium BC
Authors: Laneri Nicola
Published: January 2011

The materialization of religious beliefs is a complex process involving an active dialectic between ideas and practices that are physically engraved in the artefactual remains of ritual activities. However, this process is relevant only if it is based on a contextual association of elements (e.g. the performance of ceremonial activities, the creation of symbolic objects, the construction of ceremonial spaces) that validates the meaning of each component as part of a whole. Thus, archaeologists should try to connect these elements to form a network of meanings that stimulated the senses of ancient individuals in framing their cognitive perception of the divine. The study here presented will thus tackle such general theoretical tenets focusing particularly on the importance of the materialization of religious beliefs in constructing the ideological and economic domain of small-scale societies in rural contexts. In so doing, these topics will be confronted and developed through the analysis and interpretation of the archaeological data obtained from the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1600 BC) architectural complex at the northern Mesopotamian site of Hirbemerdon Tepe, located along the upper Tigris river valley region in modern southeastern Turkey.
Pilot evaluation of the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Food-O-Meter, a computer-tailored nutrition advice for adolescents: a study in six European cities
Authors: Maes Lea , Cook Tina Louisa , Ottovaere Charlene , Matthijs Christophe , Moreno Luis A , Kersting Mathilde , Papadaki Alina , Manios Yannis , Dietrich Sabine , Hallström Lena , Haerens Leen , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Vereecken Carine
Published: January 2011

Objective

To investigate the feasibility and impact of the Food-O-Meter, an Internet-based computer-tailored nutrition intervention in adolescents.

Design

Participants in the intervention condition received the computer-tailored advice at baseline and at 1 month, those in the control condition received standardised advice. Effects were evaluated at 1 month (n 621) and at 3 months (n 558) using multi-level modelling.

Setting

Secondary schools in six European cities. Adolescents accessed the intervention in the school computer room under the supervision of teachers.

Subjects

Classes with students aged 12–17 years in the schools participating in the HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) cross-sectional study were randomised into intervention and control schools.

Results

In most participating centres the intervention was feasible and generally well appreciated, especially by girls. Technical problems and lack of motivation of the teachers hindered implementation in some centres. Overweight adolescents had higher scores for reading and using the advice than normal weight adolescents. After 1 month adolescents receiving the standardised advice reported an increase in fat intake, while fat intake in the intervention condition was stable (F = 4·82, P < 0·05). After 3 months, there was a trend in the total group for an intervention effect of the tailored advice on fat intake (F = 2·80, P < 0·10). In the overweight group there was a clear positive effect (F = 5·76, P < 0·05).

Conclusions

The Food-O-Meter should be developed further. The results were modest but clear for percentage energy from fat, specifically in the overweight group. Adaptations based on new research are needed to enhance the reliability and effectiveness of the intervention.
Regional and socio-economic differences in food, nutrient and supplement intake in school-age children in Germany: results from the GINIplus and the LISAplus studies
Authors: Sausenthaler Stefanie , Standl Marie , Buyken Anette , Rzehak Peter , Koletzko Sibylle , Bauer Carl Peter , Schaaf Beate , von Berg Andrea , Berdel Dietrich , Borte Michael , Herbarth Olf , Lehmann Irina , Krämer Ursula , Wichmann H-Erich , Heinrich Joachim
Published: January 2011

Objective

To describe regional differences between eastern and western Germany with regard to food, nutrient and supplement intake in 9–12-year-old children, and analyse its association with parental education and equivalent income.

Design

Data were obtained from the 10-year follow-up of the two prospective birth cohort studies – GINIplus and LISAplus. Data on food consumption and supplement intake were collected using an FFQ, which had been designed for the specific study population. Information on parental educational level and equivalent income was derived from questionnaires. Logistic regression modelling was used to analyse the effect of parental education, equivalent income and region on food intake, after adjusting for potential confounders.

Setting

Germany.

Subjects

A total of 3435 children aged 9–12 years.

Results

Substantial regional differences in food intake were observed between eastern and western Germany. Intakes of bread, butter, eggs, pasta, vegetables/salad and fruit showed a significant direct relationship with the level of parental education after adjusting for potential confounders, whereas intakes of margarine, meat products, pizza, desserts and soft drinks were inversely associated with parental education. Equivalent income had a weaker influence on the child's food intake.

Conclusions

Nutritional education programmes for school-age children should therefore account for regional differences and parental education.
Three-Dimensional Analysis of High-Resolution X-Ray Computed Tomography Data with Morpho+
Authors: Brabant Loes , Vlassenbroeck Jelle , De Witte Yoni , Cnudde Veerle , Boone Matthieu N. , Dewanckele Jan , Van Hoorebeke Luc
Published: January 2011

Three-dimensional (3D) analysis is an essential tool to obtain quantitative results from 3D datasets. Considerable progress has been made in 3D imaging techniques, resulting in a growing need for more flexible, complete analysis packages containing advanced algorithms. At the Centre for X-ray Tomography of the Ghent University (UGCT), research is being done on the improvement of both hardware and software for high-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT). UGCT collaborates with research groups from different disciplines, each having specific needs. To meet these requirements the analysis software package, Morpho+, was developed in-house. Morpho+ contains an extensive set of high-performance 3D operations to obtain object segmentation, separation, and parameterization (orientation, maximum opening, equivalent diameter, sphericity, connectivity, etc.), or to extract a 3D geometrical representation (surface mesh or skeleton) for further modeling. These algorithms have a relatively short processing time when analyzing large datasets. Additionally, Morpho+ is equipped with an interactive and intuitive user interface in which the results are visualized. The package allows scientists from various fields to obtain the necessary quantitative results when applying high-resolution X-ray CT as a research tool to the nondestructive investigation of the microstructure of materials.
Application of Electron Backscatter Diffraction Techniques to Quenched and Partitioned Steels
Authors: Thomas Grant , Speer John , Matlock David , Michael Joseph
Published: January 2011

Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques were used to characterize “hot-rolled” quenched and partitioned microstructures produced via Gleeble thermal simulations representing a hot-strip cooling practice for steel. In particular, EBSD was utilized to positively identify the morphology and location of retained austenite, to qualitatively distinguish martensite from ferrite, and in an attempt to identify transition carbides. Large pools of retained austenite and some thin films were accurately indexed; however, there was some disparity between austenite volume fractions measured by EBSD and those measured by X-ray diffraction. Due to similarities between the crystal structures of martensite and ferrite (body centered tetragonal versus body centered cubic, respectively), martensite could not be distinguished from ferrite by indexing of diffraction patterns; however, martensite could qualitatively be distinguished from ferrite by regions of low image quality based on the very high dislocation density of martensite.
Molecular and cellular pathobiology ofEhrlichiainfection: targets for new therapeutics and immunomodulation strategies
Authors: McBride Jere W. , Walker David H.
Published: January 2011

Ehrlichiaare small obligately intracellular bacteria in the order Rickettsiales that are transmitted by ticks and associated with emerging life-threatening human zoonoses. Vaccines are not available for human ehrlichiosis, and therapeutic options are limited to a single antibiotic class. New technologies for exploring host–pathogen interactions have yielded recent advances in understanding the molecular interactions betweenEhrlichiaand the eukaryotic host cell and identified new targets for therapeutic and vaccine development, including those that target pathogen virulence mechanisms or disrupt the processes associated with ehrlichial effector proteins. Animal models have also provided insight into immunopathological mechanisms that contribute significantly to understanding severe disease manifestations, which should lead to the development of immunomodulatory approaches for treating patients nearing or experiencing severe disease states. In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of molecular and cellular pathobiology and the immunobiology ofEhrlichiainfection. We identify new molecular host–pathogen interactions that can be targets of new therapeutics, and discuss prospects for treating the immunological dysregulation during acute infection that leads to life-threatening complications.
Systemische Sklerose - eine systematische Übersicht
Authors: Klein-Weigel  , Opitz  , Riemekasten
Published: January 2011

Due to its high association with Raynauds phenomenon systemic sclerosis (SSc) is probably the most common connective tissue disease seen by vascular specialists. In part 1 of our systematic overview we summarize classification concepts of scleroderma disorders, the epidemiologic and genetic burden, the complex pathophysiologic background, and the clinical features and the stage-dependent capillary microscopic features of SSc. Furthermore, we address the diagnostic recommendations propagated by the German Network for Systemic Sclerosis and the Task Force for Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology, the European Respiratory Society, and the International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation.
New aspects of paradoxical embolism
Authors: Lehmeyer  , Lindhoff-Last
Published: January 2011

Paradoxical emboli have their origin in the low-pressure venous system and can cause ischemic stroke or peripheral arterial embolism through a cardiac or pulmonary shunt. In most cases, a patent foramen ovale (PFO) is found. About 20 % of the population has a patent foramen ovale. This review gives insight into publications concerning the association between the presence of a patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke; the association of PFO, coagulation disorders and stroke; and recurrence rates of stroke in patients with PFO. Diagnostic features are discussed, as are the different therapy modalities, taking existing national and international guidelines into account. Also, our own recommendations are given. In addition some new information on the potential improvement of migraine after PFO closure is discussed. It is widely accepted that the optimal therapy for the prevention of recurrent stroke in patients with PFO and cryptogenic stroke has not yet been found. Randomized, controlled clinical studies are ongoing in the United States and will give even more insight and answer open questions in the future.
Prevalence and characteristics of atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease in a Chinese population of Inner Mongolia
Authors: Wang  , Li  , Zhao  , Wei  , Hou  , Hu  , Xu
Published: January 2011

Background: To investigate the relationship between brachial ankle pulse wave velocity (BaPWV), radial augmentation index (radial AI), ankle-brachial index (ABI), and carotid intima-media thickness (carotid-IMT), and to study the prevalence and characteristics of atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease in a Chinese population of Inner Mongolia. Patients and methods: Participants were recruited from Inner Mongolia in China through cluster multistage and random sampling. BaPWV, radial AI, ABI, and carotid-IMT values were measured in each subject. Results: A total of 1,236 participants from natural population of Inner Mongolia in China were included in this study. The average ABI value was 1.082 ± 0.093. The average values of common carotid, internal carotid, and carotid artery bifurcation IMT were 0.70 ± 0.21, 0.77 ± 0.24, and 0.78 ± 0.25 mm, respectively. The average value of BaPWV was 1450.5 ± 301.5 cm/s. The average value of radial AI was 78.9 ± 16.8 %. BaPWV, radial AI, and carotid-IMT values were positively correlated with ages significantly. BaPWV values were positively correlated with radial AI significantly. BaPWV values were positively correlated with values of common carotid, internal carotid, and carotid artery bifurcation IMT respectively. Radial AI values were positively correlated with the values of common carotid, internal carotid, and carotid artery bifurcation IMT respectively. A U-shaped relationship was observed that radial AI values were decreased at first and then increased as ABI values increased. Conclusions: The data suggests that BaPWV, radial AI, and carotid-IMT values are positively correlated with each other, and AI values are correlated with ABI values in a U-shaped curve in a Chinese population of Inner Mongolia.