bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Evaluation of Anticoagulant Therapy Management when Urgent Percutaneous Coronary Intervention is Required in Rivaroxaban-Treated Patients
Authors: MELEK Mehmet , Ari Hasan , ARI Selma , CILGIN Mehmet Can , YARAR Mücahit , HUYSAL Kagan , AĞCA Fahriye Vatansever , BOZAT Tahsin
Published: October 2022

Objectives: We investigated in vitro the management of intraprocedural anticoagulation in patients requiring immediate percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) while using regular direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
Materials and methods: Twenty-five patients taking 20mg of rivaroxaban once daily comprised the study group, while five healthy volunteers included the control group. In the study group, a beginning (24 hours after the last rivaroxaban dose) examination was performed. Then, the effects of basal and four different anticoagulant doses (50 IU/kg unfractionated heparin (UFH), 100 IU/kg UFH, 0.5 mg/kg enoxaparin, and 1 mg/kg enoxaparin) on coagulation parameters were investigated at the 4th and 12th hours following rivaroxaban intake. The effects of four different anticoagulant doses were evaluated in the control group. The anticoagulant activity was assessed mainly by anti-factor Xa (anti-Xa) levels.
Results: Beginning anti-Xa levels were significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (0.69±0.77 IU/mL vs. 0.20±0.14 IU/mL; p <0.05). The study group's 4th and 12th-hour anti-Xa levels were significantly higher than the beginning level (1.96±1.35 IU/mL vs. 0.69±0.77 IU/mL; p <0.001 and 0.94±1.21 IU/mL vs. 0.69±0.77 IU/mL; p <0.05, respectively). Anti-Xa levels increased significantly in the study group with the addition of UFH and enoxaparin doses at the 4th and 12th hour than beginning (p <0.001 at all doses). The safest anti-Xa level (from 0.94±1.21 IU/mL to 2.00±1.02 IU/mL) was achieved 12 hours after rivaroxaban with 0.5mg/kg enoxaparin.
Conclusion: Anticoagulant activity was sufficient for urgent PCI at the 4th hour after rivaroxaban treatment, and additional anticoagulant administration may not be required at this time. Twelve hours after taking rivaroxaban, administering 0.5mg/kg of enoxaparin may provide adequate and safe anticoagulant activity for immediate PCI (NCT05541757).
Spatial-temporal variations of extreme precipitation indices and their linkage with atmospheric circulation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River
Authors: yang jing , Huang Ya , Li Zhenhua , Li Yanping
Published: October 2022

Under the background of climate change, increasing frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation causes serious impacts and huge losses to society and economy. It is significant to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of extreme precipitation for regional risk assessment. Nine extreme precipitation indices were calculated using the daily precipitation data of the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR) from 1979 to 2015. Linear trend analysis and the Mann-Kendall trend test were carried out to determine the variation trend of the nine extreme precipitation indices. In addition, the potential influences of anomalous atmospheric circulation factors on extreme precipitation were explored using the wavelet coherence analysis technique. The results show that: (1) the overall wetting trend is detected in the MLYR, and the PRCPTOT and RX1day increased significantly; (2) Extreme precipitation decreased from southeast to northwest in the MLYR, indicating that extreme precipitation events are more prone to occur in the southeast of the MLYR; (3) the Western Pacific Subtropical High (WPSH), the South China Sea high (SCSH) and the East Asian westerly jet (EAJ) all strongly impact on the changes of precipitation in the MLYR, among which the WPSH has the most significant impact, followed by the SCSH, and the EAJ is weaker.
Transcriptome and metabolome profiling reveal the effect of MTB virulence protein Rv3874 and Rv3875 on macrophage Sphingolipid metabolism
Authors: Zhang Pinbo , Qian Minya , Fu Lu , Zhang Linbo
Published: October 2022

Background
Normal lipid metabolism is a key process to maintaining cellular immune function and energy metabolism of macrophages, but Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection can cause lipid metabolism disorder of macrophages, resulting in granuloma or intracellular retention.
Methods
Recombinant BCG with virulence protein Rv3874 or Rv3875(rBCG-Rv3874 and rBCG-Rv3875)were constructed. Transcriptomics and High-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) metabonomics studies were performed using rBCG infected macrophage samples. Extensive and variation difference analyses were conducted on transcription and lipid metabolism levels compared with the control group.
Results
A fact is that 7100 genes were changed in the rBCG-Rv3874 group and 1263 genes were changed in the rBCG-Rv3875 group at the RNA-seq level. A total of 612 and 485 substances were detected in the non-targeted positive and negative ion mode of lipid metabolism, and a total of 1240 and 210 metabolites were detected in the targeted positive and negative ion mode of lipid metabolism. Finally, it was found that the lipid changes related to the sphingomyelin (SM) metabolic pathway were the most obvious. 220 kinds of SM metabolites were detected by positive ion detection, and it was found that more ceramide, ceramide-1-phosphate, and SM were enriched in the rBCG-Rv3874 group than in rBCG-Rv3875 group.
Conclusion
MTB virulence proteins Rv3874 and Rv3875 can affect the sphingolipid metabolism of macrophages and it's associated with phagocytosis, apoptosis, and inflammatory processes.
Restoration Peculiarities of Water Reserves of Underground Basins in the Mountain Relief Regions
Authors: Sahakyan Samvel V. , Yedoyan Tatevik V. , Vartanyan Arevshad A. , Avanesyan Eleonora V.
Published: October 2022

The goal of this research is to figure out how to increase the efficiency with which water resources are used in mountainous areas. The paper shows that by example of artificial filling of the Ararat artesian basin (AAB) of the Republic of Armenia, the financial costs can be significantly reduced, by spending less than 2–3 million dollars (0.05–0.075 dollar/m3) for pumping yearly 40 million m3 of water into the underground basin, for construction of the facility that includes a water intake, pipeline, well cleaning, instead of the capital investment of 230–250 million dollars (5.75–6.25 dollar/m3) for construction of the reservoir to collect the same volume of water per year. In addition to this, the annual service of the reservoir and the transportation of water from the reservoir to places of need by means of canals require significant financial resources. Thanks to the experience of filling AAB in the amount of 40 million m3/year, it is possible to restore, to increase the resources of the ground water and to solve the problem of its reduction. The obtained results of studies can be used in different regions with mountainous relief.
Community and health system stressors and coping mechanisms during a double crisis: a qualitative case study from Myanmar
Authors: Kyaw Hnin Kalyar , Than Kyu Kyu , Diaconu Karin , Witter Sophie
Published: October 2022

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic and political crisis, Myanmar’s health system has suspended routine services while struggling to respond to the pandemic. Many people who need continuous care, like pregnant women and people with chronic illnesses, have been facing challenges in seeking and receiving essential health services. This study explored stressors on the health system and community health seeking practices and coping mechanisms.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional qualitative study based on 12 in-depth-interviews with pregnant people and persons with pre-existing chronic health conditions. Sampling was purposive, convenience-based and snowball sampling was also used. The 3-delays framework was used to understand how persons were interacting with and accessing health care services; community and health system stressors and coping mechanisms in relation to COVID-19 were also identified.
Results:Findings showed that Myanmar’s fragile health system was greatly affected by the pandemic and political crisis. People were unable to access essential health services on time. The health facilities were not available to see patients, with serious shortages in human resources, medicines and equipment, resulting in interruption of essential routine services. The prices of medicines and consultation fees, and transportation costs, increased during this period. Limited options for accessing care were available due to travel restrictions and curfews. It became challenging to receive quality care because of unavailable public facilities and private hospitals being costly.
Despite these challenges, the Myanmar people and health system have shown resilience. Cohesive and organized family support structures and extended and deep social networks played an important role in accessing health care. At times of emergency, people relied on community-based social organizations for transportation and accessing essential medicines. The health system also showed resilience through establishing new service provision options, such as teleconsultations, mobile clinics, and sharing medical advice through social media.
Conclusions:This is the first study in Myanmar to explore peoples’ perceptions of COVID19, the health system and their healthcare experiences during political crisis. Although there is no easy way to cope with this dual hardship, the people and the health system, even in a fragile and shock-prone setting like Myanmar, stayed resilient by developing alternative pathways for seeking and providing health services.
Medical Students’ Awareness and Attitudes Regarding Boundary Issues
Authors: Tynan Dominic , Park Jeannie , Zheng William , Stanek Samuel , Nair Narayani , Lampe Lisa
Published: October 2022

Professional boundaries promote safe and effective healthcare. Whilst sexual boundary violations have been a research focus, it has been suggested that non-sexual boundary violations may represent a ‘slippery slope’, whereby crossing relatively minor boundaries can progress to serious boundary violations. Medical school presents an opportunity to support medical students with strategies to manage boundary challenges more effectively as doctors. The current study aimed to examine medical students’ awareness and confidence in managing boundary crossings and compare findings across year groups. Students in years 1, 3 and 5 of a five-year undergraduate program at one medical school in Australia, were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey which used multiple choice and free text questions to explore reactions to five scenarios demonstrating some level of boundary crossing. Students were asked about prior training and suggestions for future training. Quantitative data was analysed using omnibus chi-square tests and Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVAs for non-parametric data; free text data was analysed using coding and grouping similar themes. Final year students most accurately identified boundary crossings yet were somewhat more willing to cross ‘grey’ or less clear-cut boundaries. Year 3 students consistently reported the lowest levels of confidence in managing scenarios. Students reported little to no formal teaching relevant to the scenarios presented and supported inclusion of education regarding boundary issues in formal curricula. Our findings further suggest a need for education regarding management of the clinician-student power dynamic and there is demand from students for more teaching and support around ‘grey’ boundary crossings.
Investigation of SCCmec Types using the Real Time PCR Method in Cefoxitin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolates
Authors: Sağlam Mustafa , Kılıç İbrahim Halil , ZER Yasemin
Published: October 2022

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen that can cause many community and hospital-acquired infections. This study was conducted to investigate the SCCmec gene types responsible for methicillin resistance in MRSA isolates isolated from hospitalised patients.
Methods: MRSA isolates isolated from samples sent from various clinics to Gaziantep University Şahinbey Research and Application Hospital Microbiology Laboratory between March 2021 and January 2022 were included in the study. Bacteria were identified using conventional methods and the VITEK 2 automated system. Cefoxitin (FOX) resistance was determined by the disk diffusion method according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) standards. FOX resistance was confirmed by the (Penicillin Binding Protein 2' (PBP2') latex agglutination test. Types of mecA, mecC, coa, nuc, Panton Valentin Leukocidin (PVL), ccrC2, class A mec, SCCmec (I, II, III, IVa, IVb, IVc, IVd, IVg, IVh, IVi, IVj, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII and XIII) in isolates detected as MRSA were investigated by real time PCR.
Results: In this study 116 isolates meeting the study criteria were examined. By detecting the nuc and coa genes in all isolates by PCR, the phenotypic identification of S.aureuswas confirmed. While the mecA gene was detected in all MRSA isolates, no mecC gene was detected in any isolates. SCCmec Type I was detected in three isolates (2.6%), Type II in 33 (28.4%), Type III in 15 (12.9%), Type IVa in 13 (11.2%) 3.4) Type IVb, four (3.4%) Type IVc, 14 (12.1%) Type IVg, one (0.9%) Type V, five (4.3%) Type VII, Type VIII in 21 (18.1%), Type IX in one (0.9%), and Type XII was detected in two (1.7%) isolates. On the other hand, SCCmec Type VI, Type X, Type XI and type XIII were not found in any isolate. It was determined that four of the MRSA isolates (3.4%) carried the PVL gene.
Conclusions: Monitoring of FOX resistance is an effective and safety method in determination of MRSA isolates. The change in mec gene cause resistance should be monitored regularly with molecular methods. Our study is the first study in Turkey in this context.
Development of energy bar using underutilized Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) seeds
Authors: Safvi Ambreen Fatima , Ahmad Alisha , Younis Kaiser , Yousuf Owais
Published: October 2022

The research aimed to develop a new product using underutilized seeds; hence an energy bar was developed using Chironji (Buchanania lanzan) seeds. Chironji seeds, oats, puffed rice, dates, condensed milk, jaggery, butter, raisins, and almonds were combined to make the energy bars. Chironji seeds and Condensed Milk were added as major ingredients for the production of energy bars. Date paste was added to increase flavor and also as a binding agent. Butter and jaggery were added as preservatives and sweetener. The finished bars were preserved for nutritional and sensory analysis. Chironji seeds and condensed milk were used in varied proportions and a total of five samples were prepared. As per the analysis, Moisture content (8.00 ± 2.00% to 12.00 ± 2.00%), Ash content (1.33 ± 1.16% to 3.33 ± 1.16%), Fat content (24.00 ± 2.00% to 27.33 ± 1.16%), Protein content (10.57 ± 0.12% to 12.93 ± 0.58%), TSS (7.33 ± 0.58º to 8.00 ± 1.00º), and pH (5.26 ± 0.01 to 5.36 ± 0.01) were the physicochemical properties measured in all of the prepared energy bar samples. The L* value (51.23 ± 0.25 to 74.17 ± 0.21), a* value (7.90 ± 0.20 to 21.23 ± 0.25), and b* value (27.27 ± 0.25 to 52.27 ± 0.25) of the bar samples were determined using the CIE lab. Energy bars were rated on the 9-point hedonic scale for sensory evaluation and the attributes of color (7.67 ± 0.58 to 8.67 ± 0.58), texture (8.33 ± 0.58 to 9.00 ± 0.00), taste (7.67 ± 0.58 to 9.00 ± 0.00), aroma (8.00 ± 0.00 to 8.33 ± 0.58), and overall acceptability (8.17 ± 0.14 to 8.83 ± 0.14) were measured.
The Effect of Metals on Zeolite Crystallization Kinetics with Relevance to Nuclear Waste Glass Corrosion
Authors: Neeway James , Reiser Joelle , Mpourmpakis Giannis , Motkuri Radha , Mallette Adam , Rimer Jeffrey
Published: October 2022

Vitrification and geologic disposal of radioactive material is planned in several countries, but there are remaining uncertainties related to the long-term stability of glass exposed to groundwater. Specifically, the crystallization of aluminosilicate zeolite minerals can accelerate the rate at which glass corrodes and radioactive material is released into the biosphere. In this study, we identify elemental species that may accelerate or suppress zeolite formation using a protocol to examine their effects on zeolite synthesis over a three-day duration. Our results are consistent with previous works demonstrating glass corrosion acceleration in the presence of calcium. Furthermore, we identify two elements – tin and lithium – as inhibitors of zeolite P2 (GIS type, or gismondine) nucleation and, thus, promising species for promoting the long-term durability of glass waste forms.
Mendelian randomization analyses reveal causal relationships between the human microbiome and longevity
Authors: Liu Xiaomin , Zou Leying , Nie Chao , Qin Youwen , Tong Xin , Wang Jian , Huanming Yang , Xu Xun , Jin Xin , Xiao Liang , Zhang Tao , Min Junxia , Zeng Yi , Jia Huijue , Hou Yong
Published: October 2022

Although recent studies have revealed the association between the human microbiome especially gut microbiota and longevity, their causality remains unclear. Here, we assess the causal relationships between the human microbiome (oral and gut microbiota) and longevity, by leveraging bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses based on genome-wide association studies (GWAS) summary statistics of the gut and oral microbiome from the 4D-SZ cohort and longevity from the CLHLS cohort. We found that some disease-protected gut microbiota such as Coriobacteriaceae and Oxalobacter as well as the probiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus causally related to increased odds of longevity, whereas the other gut microbiota such as colorectal cancer pathogen Fusobacterium nucleatum, Coprococcus, Streptococcus, Lactobacillus and Neisseria negatively associated with longevity. The reverse MR analysis further revealed genetically longevous individuals tended to have higher abundances of Prevotella and Paraprevotella but lower abundances of Bacteroides and Fusobacterium species. Causalities between the gut microbiota and longevity showed a big heterogeneity among populations. We also identified abundant causalities between the oral microbiome and longevity. The additional analysis suggested that centenarians genetically had a lower gut microbial diversity, but no difference in oral microbiota. Our findings help separate causal roles of the human microbiome in longevity from secondary changes associated with aging and underscore the relocation of commensal microbes among different body sites that would need to be monitored for a long and healthy life.
Relaxation Effect of Conversation and Hand-Mediated Therapy on the Recipient and Practitioner - Assessed by Heart Rate Variability and Profile of Mood States Second Edition (POMS2)
Authors: Kohama Yuko , Kasai Yumiko , Ushio Yoko , Teruya Koji
Published: October 2022

Background: Few studies have provided detailed analyses of sustained evaluations during manual interventions, and their physiological and psychological effects are not well known. Moreover, no studies have evaluated the effects of conversation in combination with intervention. We investigated the effects of conversation and hand-mediated therapy on the autonomic nervous systems and moods of both recipients and practitioners.
Methods: Participants were university students (n=30). Two different interventions were included: one in which conversation was maintained during massage, and the other without conversation. Outcomes were heart rate variability (HRV) measurements and the Profile of Mood States Second Edition (POMS2), which were analyzed using repeated-measures analysis of variance, multiple comparisons, the difference between means test, the Friedman test, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Intervention I data measured was from October 2016 to September 2017 whereas Invention II data was measured from January 2019 to March 2019. The study data was analyzed from October 2017 to October 2019.
Results: After 15 min of rest, both negative and positive mood states were significantly reduced. In the presence of conversation, sympathetic nerve activity significantly increased, and a significant decrease in negative mood states was observed in POMS2, as well as a rising tendency for positive mood states. In massage recipients, a significant increase in parasympathetic nervous activity was noted when conversation was absent; however, when conversation was present, there was an increase in sympathetic nervous activity and a decrease in parasympathetic nervous activity, but only the decline in the mean heart rate (MHR) was significant. All negative items significantly declined in POMS2. The mean value of sympathetic activity in the group of practitioners was significantly higher after the intervention than before, regardless of the presence or absence of conversation. In the presence of conversation, all negative POMS2 items significantly declined.
Conclusion: Hand-mediated therapies suppressed conversation-mediated sympathetic nervous system activity. The absence of conversation produced a more pronounced relaxation effect in the massage recipient. In terms of mood, the relaxation effect was more powerful in the presence of conversation. Furthermore, in the presence of conversation, a mood-based relaxation effect on the practitioner was confirmed.
Trial registration: None
Thyroid-stimulating hormone and the risk of Alzheimer's disease: an ADNI cohort study
Authors: Zhang Bin , Zhang Cheng , Xie YuTing , Wang YuYe , Chen LeiAn , Qiao YaNan , Peng DanTao
Published: October 2022

Background:
The association of thyroid function with Alzheimer's disease (AD) is controversial. This study mainly aimed to investigate the association between thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and the risk of AD.
Methods:
We investigated the cross-sectional association between TSH and cognition, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, and neuroimaging by linear regression models. The association between TSH and the risk of MCI conversion to AD within four years was measured by Cox proportional hazards models. Additionally, we investigated the interaction effects between TSH and sex in analyses.
Results:
A total of 476 participants who measured plasma TSH at baseline were included in the analyses, comprising 49 cognitively normal (CN), 336 mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and 91 AD. Within four years of follow-up, 160 MCI participants converted to AD. No associations were found between TSH and cognition and AD biomarkers. There existed sex differences in the association between TSH within the normal range and the risk of AD (p for interaction = 0.043). The highest tertile of TSH within the normal range significantly increased the risk of AD in female compared to the lowest tertile (HR = 2.62, p = 0.021). TSH was not associated with the risk of AD in male.
Conclusions:
High plasma levels of TSH within the normal range were associated with an increased risk of AD in female but not in male.
Prevalence and predictors of unfavourable risk factors of trifecta in vacuum assisted mini- percutaneous nephrolithotomy: a single center experience
Authors: Pozzi Efrem , Malfatto Matteo , Turetti Matteo , Silvani Carlo , Jannello Letizia Maria Ippolita , Garbagnati Susanna , Galbiati Gilda , Zanetti Stefano Paolo , Longo Fabrizio , De Lorenzis Elisa , Albo Giancarlo , Salonia Andrea , Montanari Emanuele , Boeri Luca
Published: October 2022

Purpose: To evaluate prevalence and predictors of trifecta in a cohort of patients treated with vacuum-assisted percutaneous nephrolithotomy (vamPCNL) for kidney stones.
Methods: Data from 287 patients who underwent vamPCNL were analysed. Patient’s demographics, stones characteristics and operative data were collected. Stone-free was defined as no residual stones. Complications were recorded and graded according to modified Clavien classification. Trifecta was defined as stone-free status without complications, after a single session and no auxiliary procedures. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models tested the association between predictors and trifecta outcome.
Results: After vamPCNL, 219 (76.3%) patients were stone free and 81 (28.2%) had postoperative complications (any Clavien). Of 287, 170 (59.2%) patients achieved trifecta criteria. Patients who achieved trifecta status had smaller stone volume (p<0.001), a higher rate of single stones (p<0.001), shorter operative time (p<0.01) and a higher rate of single percutaneous tract (p<0.01) than -trifecta patients. Trifecta status decreased with the number of calices involved, being 77.1%, 18.8% and 4.1% in patients with 1, 2, or 3 calyces with stones, respectively (p<0.001). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that stone volume (OR 1.1, p=0.02), multiple calyces involved (OR 2.8 and OR 4.3 for two and three calyceal groups, all p<0.01) were independent unfavourable risk factors for trifecta after accounting for age, BMI, gender, operative time and number of access tracts.
Conclusion: Trifecta status was achieved in six out of ten patients after vamPCNL. Stones distribution in multiple caliceal groups and stone volume were independent unfavourable risk factors for trifecta.
Dust captured by a canopy and individual leaves of trees in the tropical mixed deciduous forest: Magnitude and Influencing factors
Authors: Bridhikitti Arika , Khumphokha Pawaporn , Wanitha Wantanan , Prasopsin Suphat
Published: October 2022

Forest tree leaves play a significant role in air purification, but forest fires could offset the dust sink role. This study aims to assess the functions of the forest in atmospheric dust sink and source and assess the dust capturing capacity of individual leaves of various tree species in the tropical mixed deciduous forest in the dry season (24 November 2021 to 23 January 2022), along with its influencing factors—climatic variables, environmental variables, and leaf morphology. The result shows that the downward flux or the forest dust sink role was predominant at the midday when air-mass turbulence played a role. Nonetheless, net mass PM1 and PM10 concentration trapped by the forest canopy was low, 0.79 and 2.24 µg m− 3, respectively. Forest fires as PM2.5 sources to the atmosphere could outrun the PM2.5 sink role for entire of the dry season. Considering the individual tree leave, maximum dust capturing capacities for the forest trees ranged from 0.95 g m− 2 to 5.197 g m− 2. Leaf dust capturing capacity was enhanced under cold and dry weather and for trees with defoliated or irregular-shape. Leaf/leaflet enhancing the dust capturing capacity exhibited large size; either thick and leathery texture (Coriaceous) or thin, semi-translucent, membrane-like texture (Membranaceous); indumentum top being either short, stiff trichomes (Scabrous) or without trichomes (Glabrous); or indumentum bottom surface being densely short, soft trichomes (Tomentose). The various dust capturing dynamics among tree species could benefit dust capturing by the forests in the dry season.
An Efficient Optimization based Hybrid Dual Faster R-CNN for Classification of Municipal Solid Waste
Authors: Jose Jithina , Sassipraba T.
Published: October 2022

The authors have requested that this preprint be removed from Research Square.
LQR-Based PID Controller with Variable Load Tuned with Data-Driven Methods for Double Inverted Pendulum.
Authors: Aslam Muhammad Shamrooz , Zhao Yuesheng
Published: October 2022

The modern controller design is increasingly based on data-driven control methods. PID controllers are still used primarily in the industry because they are proportional-integral-derivative (PID). The Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) provides an efficient way to tune the parameters of a PID controller. The LQR has the disadvantage of requiring accurate models of the system, as well as reducing a high–order system to a second-order model. Firstly, the authors explore the new horizons of control theory in the form of the state-space model for high nonlinear systems. Secondly, the Lagrangian method establishes the new mathematical model of the linear two–stage inverted pendulum system. In addition, real–time LQR parameters are calculated under the variable load. This method has been demonstrated to be highly applicable and accurate through simulations and experiments using the Double Inverted Pendulum model.
Optical Character Recognition of Urdu Text using Histogram of Oriented Gradient Features
Authors: Awais Muhammad , Iqbal Sajid , Rasool Qaisar , Kousar Tanzeela
Published: October 2022

Optical character recognition has received significant research focus to digitize the text in images. Urdu OCR is a difficult task as compared to English and similar languages due to its complex nature where a character can have multiple inflections depending upon its position in the word. The proposed research work presents segmentation-free approach (i.e. holistic approach) for offline Urdu printed text detection. To extract text lines in an image, horizontal histogram projection is employed whereas for ligature segmentation in extracted image text line, proposed technique has used connected components labelling. In this model, set of 14 statistical features along with HOG features are extracted for each sub-word/ligature and used for the training of the proposed model. An open-source dataset UPTI [10] has been used to train and test the proposed algorithm. SVM with RBF kernel function is used for the classification of ligatures. The proposed algorithm has achieved 97.3% character recognition rate on given dataset.
Implication of Climate Change on Crop Water Requirement in the Semi-Arid Region of Western Maharashtra, India
Authors: Gade Shubham , Khedkar Devidas
Published: October 2022

Climate change and human activities have massively impacted the hydrological cycle. Thus, it is of the greatest concern to examine the effect of climate change on water management, especially at the regional level, to understand possible future shifts in water supply and water-related crises and support regional water management. Fortunately, there is a high degree of ambiguity in determining the effect of climate change on water requirements. In this paper, the Statistical DownScaling (SDSM) model is applied to simulate the potential impact of climate on crop water requirements (CWR) by downscaling ET0 in the region of Western Maharashtra, India, for the future periods, viz., the 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s, across three meteorological stations (Pune, Rahuri, and Solapur). Four crops, i.e., cotton, soybean, onion, and sugarcane, were selected during the analysis. The Penman-Monteith equation calculates reference crop evapotranspiration (ET0). Further, in conjunction with the crop coefficient (Kc) equation, it calculates crop evapotranspiration (ETc)/CWR. The predictor variables were extracted from the NCEP reanalysis dataset for 1961–2000 and the HadCM3 for 1961–2099 under the H3A2 and H3B2 scenarios. The results indicated by SDSM profound good applicability in downscaling due to satisfactory performance during calibration and validation for all three stations. The projected ET0 indicated an increase in mean annual ET0 compared to the present condition during the 2030s, 2050s, and 2080s. The ET0 would increase for all months (in summer, winter, and pre-monsoon seasons) and decrease from June to September (monsoon season). The estimated future CWR shows variation in the range for cotton (-0.97 to 2.48%), soybean (-2.09 to 1.63%), onion (0.49 to 4.62%), and sugarcane (0.05 to 2.86%).
Propagation of electromagnetic waves in fractional space time
Authors: Muslih Sami I. , Agrawal Om P.
Published: October 2022

Electromagnetic wave equation and the coupled Maxwell's equations are studied and solved in a fractional space-time of dimensionsD, 0 < D ≤ 3 and < β ≤ 1.
We use the Green's function definition and the Fourier transform method to nd the solutions of the potentials by solving a non-homogenous partial differential equation in a fractional dimensional space-time, ∇2Ψ(r,t) − 1/c2 ∂2/∂t2Ψ(r,t) = − ƒ(r,t), where ƒ(r,t) = − ρ(r,t)/∈0 for Ψ(r,t) is the scalar potential Φ(r,t) and ƒ(r,t) = − µ0J(r,t) for Ψ(r,t) is the vector potential A(r,t). In this case we can determine the electric field E and the magnetic field B from the solutions of Φ(r,t) and A(r,t), . It is shown that the time required for the wave to propagate from the source point to the observation point is t − t́ ≥ |r − ŕ|/c,|, where c is the speed of light, ŕ is the displacement vector which define the distribution of source, r is the position vector to the observation point, t́ and t are the turning on the source and the observation times respectively, if and only if −1 ≤ D/2 + β − 2 < 1/2.
miRNA Expression Profile in Pediatric Pineal Pure Germinomas
Authors: Fakhry Mona , Elayadi Moatasem , Elzayat Mariam , Samir Omar , Maher Eslam , Taha Hala , El-Beltagy Mohamed , Refaat Amal , Zamzam Manal , Abdelbaki Mohamed S , Sayed Ahmed , Kieran Mark , Elhaddad Alaa
Published: October 2022

Purpose
Pure germinomas account for 40% of pineal tumors and are characterized by the lack of appreciable tumor markers, thus requiring a tumor biopsy for diagnosis. MicroRNAs (miRNA) have emerged as potential non-invasive biomarkers for germ cell tumors and may facilitate the non-invasive diagnosis of pure pineal germinomas.
Methods
A retrospective chart review was performed of all patients treated at Children’s Cancer Hospital Egypt diagnosed with a pineal region tumor between June 2013 and March 2021 for whom a research blood sample was available. Plasma samples were profiled for miRNA expression and DESeq2 was used to compare between pure germinoma and other tumor types. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified. The area under the curve of the receiver operating characteristic curve was constructed to evaluate diagnostic performance.
Results
Samples from 39 pediatric patients were available including 12 pure germinomas and 27 pineal region tumors of other pathologies, including pineal origin tumors [n = 17; pineoblastoma (n = 13), and pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate differentiation (n = 4)], and others [n = 10; low grade glioma (n = 6) and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumor (n = 4)]. Using an adjusted p value < 0.05, three miRNAs showed differential expression (miR-143-3p, miR-320c, miR-320d; adjusted p = 0.0058, p = 0.0478 and p = 0.0366, respectively), and good discriminatory power between the two groups (AUC 90.7%, p < 0.001) with a sensitivity of 25% and a specificity of 100%.
Conclusion
Our results demonstrated the potential of a three-plasma miRNA signature to non-invasively identify pineal body pure germinomas which may allow selected patients to avoid the potential surgical complications.
AEDN: Encoder-Decoder Network with Attention for Semantic Image Segmentation
Authors: Li Shusheng , Wan Liang , Tang Lu , Zhang Zhining
Published: October 2022

Enhancing receptive fields using atrous convolution in the domain of semantic segmentation has been proven to be an effective method. However, atrous convolution exists ”grid effect” and does not capture long-range dependencies well, causing problems such as loss of information details and class confusion. To address the above problems, based on two proposed modules: Strip Spatial Attention Module (SSAM) and Adaptive Fusion Module (AFM), we designed a network with an encoder-decoder structure named AEDN. Specifically, we introduced horizontal and vertical strip modules to design a Strip Spatial Attention Module, which did not require association for each pixel, avoided useless coding information, and could capture long-distance dependencies. AFM can perform an adaptive fusion of high-level and low-level features without dimensionality reduction, which helps to recover spatial information of images gradually. The effectiveness of AEDN has been verified experimentally on the PASCAL VOC 2012 and Cityscapes datasets. Specifically , our network achieves 80.21% and 77.47% mIoU on the PASCAL VOC 2012 and Cityscape validation sets, respectively, and can better handle issues such as loss of information details and class confusion.
Mental Workload Assessment based on Information Theory applied to Listening Practice in English as a Foreign Language in a dual STEM/Military degree
Authors: Roca-González José-Luis , Vera-López Juan-Antonio , Navarro-Pérez Margarita
Published: October 2022

Information theory is a useful framework of research that has been recently adapted to be used in the field of cognitive workload study for pilot performance. Mental workload assessment and forecasting modelling outputs based on Shannon’s Law have showed up as relevant feedback for managers with responsibilities in designing and optimizing the learning procedures involved. Therefore, the aim of this article is to apply this methodology to propose a mental workload baseline, caused by listening practice in English as a foreign language for a dual educational system (Military-STEM) where students must achieve an Industrial Engineering degree simultaneously with Military Pilot studies distributed in a four-year term program. For such purpose, it is summarised a case of study where the Mental Workload Assessment-Information Theory (MWA-IT) and the NASA Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), as one of the most cited references on workload studies, have been used to propose a reference baseline of expected workload. The paper introduces first a review regarding English as a foreign language in academic background, the workload methodologies mentioned before and the case of study characterization that set the database used. Applying MINITAB software for statistical analysis it is concluded finally that the nondimensional workload reference baseline was, for MWA-IT within 36.5 to 92.6 meanwhile NASA-TLX was within 49.8 to 193.7, and also that almost 65% of the workload due English Listening proficiency achievement was caused along the first two courses, when advanced STEM subjects are taught and before the elementary pilot learning and practice program starts.
Cell-type-specific translational control of spatial working memory by the cap-binding protein 4EHP
Authors: Wiebe Shane , Huang Ziying , Skalecka Agnieszka , Cagnetta Roberta , Lacaille Jean-Claude , Aguilar-Valles Argel , Sonenberg Nahum
Published: October 2022

The consolidation of learned information into long-lasting memories requires the strengthening of synaptic connections through de novo protein synthesis. Translation initiation factors play a cardinal role in gating the production of new proteins thereby regulating memory formation. Both positive and negative regulators of translation play a critical role in learning and memory consolidation. The eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) homologous protein (4EHP, encoded by the gene Eif4e2) is an important negative regulator of translation but its role in learning and memory is unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we generated excitatory (glutamatergic: CaMKIIα-positive) and inhibitory (GABAergic: GAD65-positive) conditional knockout mice for 4EHP, which were analyzed in various behavioral memory tasks. Knockout of 4EHP in Camk2a-expressing neurons (4EHP-cKOexc) did not impact long-term memory in either contextual fear conditioning or Morris water maze tasks. Similarly, long-term contextual fear memory was not altered in Gad2-directed 4EHP knockout mice (4EHP-cKOinh). However, when subjected to a short-term T-maze working memory task, both mouse models exhibited impaired cognition. We therefore tested the hypothesis that de novo protein synthesis plays a direct role in working memory. We discovered that phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S6, a measure of mTORC1 activity, is dramatically reduced in the CA1 hippocampus of 4EHP-cKOexc mice. Consistently, genetic reduction of mTORC1 activity in either excitatory or inhibitory neurons was sufficient to impair working memory. Taken together, these findings indicate that translational control by 4EHP and mTORC1 in both excitatory and inhibitory neurons are necessary for working memory.
Preliminary evaluation of two-row versus three-row circular staplers for colorectal anastomosis after rectal resection: a single-center retrospective analysis
Authors: Quero Giuseppe , Fiorillo Claudio , Menghi Roberta , Rosa Fausto , Massimiani Giuseppe , Schena Carlo Alberto , Sio Davide , Laterza Vito , Lucinato Chiara , Papa Valerio , Tondolo Vincenzo , Alfieri Sergio
Published: October 2022

Purpose
Circular staplers for colorectal anastomoses significantly ameliorated post-operative outcomes after rectal resection. The more recent three row technology was conceived to improve anastomotic resistance and, thus, lower the incidence of anastomotic complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential advantages of three row circular staplers(Three-CS) on anastomotic leakage(AL), stenosis(AS) and hemorrhage(AH) rates after rectal resection as compared to two row circular staplers(Two-CS).
Methods
All rectal resections for rectal cancer between 2016 and 2021 were retrospectively included. Patients were classified according to the circular stapler employed in Two-CS and Three-CS cohorts. AL, AS and AH rates were compared between the two populations. Additionally, the prognostic role of the type of circular stapler on AL onset was evaluated.
Results
Three-hundred and seventy-five patients underwent a rectal resection with an end-to-end anastomosis during the study period:197 constituted the Two-CS group and 178 the Three-CS cohort. AL rate was 6.7%, significantly higher in the Two-CS group(19-9.6%) as compared to the Three-CS cohort(6-3.4%)(p=0.01). No difference was noted in terms of AL severity. Although not statistically significant, a lower incidence rate of AL was evidenced even in the subset of patients with low rectal cancers(4.5%vs12.5% in the Two-row cohort;p=0.33). At the multivariate analysis, Two-CSs was a negative prognostic factor for AL onset(OR: 2.63;p=0.03). No difference was noted between the two groups in terms of AS and AH.
Conclusion
Three-row CSs significantly decrease the rate of AL after rectal resection. Further multicenter controlled trials are still needed to confirm the advantages of Three-row CSs on anastomotic complications.
SMARCA4-Associated Schwannomatosis
Authors: Chan-Pak-Choon Fiona , Roca Carla , Chong Anne-Sophie , Nogué Clara , Dahlum Sonja , Austin Rachel , Fan Helen Mar , Robertson Thomas , Spaendonck-Zwarts Karin van , Siebert Reiner , Rivera Barbara , Foulkes William D.
Published: October 2022

Background
Schwannomatosis is a disorder characterized by a predisposition to multiple benign spinal, peripheral and intracranial nerve sheath tumors (schwannomas (SWNs)). The molecular mechanism of schwannomatosis involves several genes located on chromosome 22q, SMARCB1, LZTR1, NF2 and more recently, DGCR8.
Case Presentation:
here, we present a family with SMARCA4-associated schwannomatosis - this is the first report of this association. The proband presented with a spinal SWN at age 30y whilst her mother (deceased) had had 4 peripheral SWNs (right and left arms) at age 50y followed by a glioblastoma (GBM) at age 54y. All the tumors, except for the GBM, showed loss of BRG1 (SMARCA4) in 80–90% of cells and loss of INI1 (SMARCB1) in the complementary 10–20% of cells. The GBM showed retention of BRG1 and INI1. Whole exome sequencing of the proband’s germline revealed a likely pathogenic (LP) variant, SMARCA4 (NM_001128844.2):c.1752_1755del, p.(Lys585Argfs*27) (ClinVar ID: 873514). Furthermore, we identified LOH at the SMARCA4 locus along with 12–23 Mb of chromosome 19p in all SWNs (acting as the second hits), but not in the GBM. No other pathogenic variants or allelic imbalance on Chromosome 22q were detected in the schwannomas. Additionally, from DNA methylation analyses, we observed that the SMARCA4- associated SWNs clustered together with other SWNs (mutated in SMARCB1 or LZTR1, or negative germline status) and away from rhabdoid tumours associated with SMARCA4 and SMARCB1 deficiency (small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) and atypical teratoid rhabdoid tumour (ATRT)).
Conclusion
Taken together, our findings lead us to propose SMARCA4 as a new candidate schwannomatosis gene and that there might be other mechanisms by which SWNs are formed.
Knowledge and Awareness About Age-Related Macular Degeneration Among Students of The Syrian Private University
Authors: Shamous Taim , Obeid Karam , Salman Afraa
Published: October 2022

Background
A significant contributing factor to permanent blindness is age-related macular degeneration (AMD), hence raising awareness of the condition is crucial to preventing blindness. Previous research papers, however, indicated that the general public is not aware of AMD, and there is no information available regarding AMD awareness in Syria. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to assess the awareness of AMD and its risk factors Syrian Private University students.
Methods
A cross-sectional study using a questionnaire focused on students from the medical, dental, pharmacy, business administration, and engineering schools at a Syrian private university. The interview assessed respondents' knowledge of AMD using a standardized questionnaire derived from the AMD Alliance International Global Report. Demographic data included age, gender, education level, and home type (rural vs. urban).
Results
The 600 students from the Syrian Private University made up the sample for our study, including 252 males (59%) and 248 females (41%). 35% of the total student population— responded that age-related macular degeneration is very common and able-to-detect early, moreover 34% of students responded that macular degeneration is a common cause of irreversible low vision in the world. 16%, 18%, 18% and 13% believed that smoking, diabetes, high blood pressure, and obesity are risk factors for AMD. When the students were asked about the potential symptoms of AMD, the majority of students responded that the patient's low vision was the most significant symptom, reaching 253 students, or 42%. When asked about treatment options for AMD, the majority of participants showed low level of knowledge about that.
Conclusion
The sample of students knew very little about AMD. It is necessary to implement educational initiatives to increase public knowledge about AMD.