bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A distributed case‐ and project‐based learning to design 3D lab on electronic engineering education
Authors: Yang Wenli , Yuan Nanqi , Chinthammit Winyu , Kang Byeong
Published: January 2019

Recently, virtual laboratories have popping up in online learning for students to self‐enroll in the experiments. Like in‐class teaching methodology, virtual laboratories need to meet the requirements as same as real world laboratories and support efficient learning and communication services. In this paper, we detail the development of our distributed 3D lab system based on case‐and project‐based learning method, which support semi‐automatic experiment creation, assessment and knowledge‐based instant conversation. We demonstrated the potential of our system with a case study in a subject of electronic engineering. The preliminary results indicated that our system demonstrated the potential of providing flexible assessment, saving time, improving experimental skills and making students more confident.
Predictive and prognostic value of circulating blood lymphocyte subsets in metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Yang Jian , Xu Junnan , E Ying , Sun Tao
Published: January 2019

The treatment of breast cancer (BC) has improved greatly in recent years, however, the limitations of current therapeutic modalities underscore the need to define new prognostic tools and develop highly targeted therapies. The aims of the present study were to explore the effects of circulating blood lymphocyte subsets on the survival of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients and to evaluate their predictive and prognostic value. The clinical data of 482 patients with MBC were retrospectively analyzed, and patients were grouped according to molecular types of BC. The distribution of peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets at the time of first metastasis was examined by flow cytometry, and the distribution of lymphocyte subsets in each group was categorized into ‘‘high or low’’ subgroups using the upper quartile point as the cutoff. The relationship between the distribution of lymphocyte subsets and progression‐free survival (PFS) as well as overall survival (OS) was evaluated in diverse molecular MBCs. In multivariate analysis, CD4+ was a negative independent predictor of PFS (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.538, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.313‐0.926, P = 0.025) and CD3+ was a poor independent prognostic factor for OS (HR = 0.437, 95% CI = 0.248‐0.772, P = 0.004) in the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)‐positive group. Neither the CD8+, CD19+, and CD56+ lymphocyte subsets nor the CD4+/CD8+ ratio in peripheral blood was significant predictive or prognostic factors. In conclusion, higher circulating levels of CD4+ and CD3+ at first diagnosis in HER2‐overexpressing MBC were significantly associated with worse survival outcomes. Low levels of plasma CD4+ and CD3+ were associated with increased anti‐HER2 benefit in HER2‐positive MBC. The present results indicate that these factors can be used as predictive and prognostic indicators of the outcome of patients with MBC.
Phase I and phase II clinical trials in sarcoma: Implications for drug discovery and development
Authors: Lee Daniel Y. , Staddon Arthur P. , Shabason Jacob E. , Sebro Ronnie
Published: January 2019

Background

There has been limited progress in the development of novel therapeutics for the treatment of sarcomas. A review of phase I and II clinical trials for sarcomas may give insight into factors influencing sarcoma drug development.

Methods

An exhaustive analysis of phase I and II clinical trials testing drugs for human sarcoma patients between 1 January 2000 and 1 June 2018 was performed using the PubMed search engine, the Thomson Web of Science, and the National Clinical Trials registry. Recorded outcomes included tested drugs, tested histological subtypes, whether the drug was initially developed for sarcoma, reported funding sources, and whether studies led to phase III trials.

Results

Out of 238 studies meeting inclusion criteria, 87% (207 studies) reported funding sources. Of these, 59.9% (124/207) reported industry funding, 52.7% (109/207) reported government funding, and 27.5% (57/207) reported private funding. Only 5% (12/238) of phase I and II trials resulted in phase III trials, with 11 of 12 studies funded by industry. Approximately 90% (214/238) of studies tested drugs that were not initially tested in sarcoma, and 60.1% (143/238) of studies grouped different sarcoma histological subtypes together in the same study.

Conclusion

Industry has funded the majority of phase I and II sarcoma clinical trials that have led to phase III trials. There was a high rate of drugs approved for other cancers and then secondarily tested in sarcoma. Most trials tended to group different sarcoma subtypes rather than studying each subtype separately.
Three inflammation‐related genes could predict risk in prognosis and metastasis of patients with breast cancer
Authors: Zhao Shuangtao , Shen Wenzhi , Du Renle , Luo Xiaohe , Yu Jiangyong , Zhou Wei , Dong Xiaoli , Gao Ruifang , Wang Chaobin , Yang Houpu , Wang Shu
Published: January 2019

Background

Current predictive model is not developed by inflammation‐related genes to evaluate clinical outcome of breast cancer patients.

Methods

With mRNA expression profiling, we identified 3 mRNAs with significant expression between 15 normal samples and 669 breast cancer patients. Using 7 cell lines and 150 paraffin‐embedded specimens, we verified the expression pattern by bio‐experiments. Then, we constructed a three‐mRNA model by Cox regression method and approved its predictive accuracy in both training set (n = 1095) and 4 testing sets (n = 703).

Results

We developed a three‐mRNA (TBX21, TGIF2, and CYCS) model to stratify patients into high‐ and low‐risk subgroup with significantly different prognosis. In training set, 5‐year OS rate was 84.5% (78.8%‐90.5%) vs 73.1% (65.9%‐81.2%) for the low‐ and high‐risk group (HR = 1.573 (1.090‐2.271); P = 0.016). The predictive value was similar in four independent testing sets (HR>1.600; P < 0.05). This model could assess survival independently with better predictive power compared with single clinicopathological risk factors and any of the three mRNAs. Patients with both low‐risk values and any poor prognostic factors had more favorable survival from nonmetastatic status (HR = 1.740 (1.028‐2.945), P = 0.039). We established two nomograms for clinical application that integrated this model and another three significant risk factors to forecast survival rates precisely in patients with or without metastasis.

Conclusions

This model is a dependable tool to predict the disease recurrence precisely and could improve the predictive accuracy of survival probability for breast cancer patients with or without metastasis.
IL‐1β functionally attenuates ABCG2 and PDZK1 expression in HK‐2 cells partially through NF‐ĸB activation
Authors: Lu Xiaoyong , Chen Mo , Shen Jingfang , Xu Yujia , Wu Huaxiang
Published: January 2019

Long‐standing untreated hyperuricemia could lead to gout. Several recent studies have demonstrated a significant decrease of serum urate during acute gout attack, which is an aseptic inflammation process focusing on IL‐1β. However, how IL‐1β, by itself, alters the expression and the functional activity of urate transporters in renal tubular epithelial cells is still unclear. Herein, we revealed that IL‐1β could attenuate the mRNA and protein levels of ABCG2, a major urate efflux pump, in HK‐2 cells by real‐time PCR and Western‐blot assays. Moreover, using an ABCG2 specific inhibitor and a new sensitive and specific detection system, it was found that IL‐1β also reduced the ABCG2 transporter activities. Incubation with specific inhibitors of the NF‐κB pathway partly dampened the inhibitory effect of IL‐1β on ABCG2, indicating that IL‐1β reduced the ABCG2 expression partially through the NF‐ĸB pathway. Furthermore, the decreased expression of PDZK1 induced by IL‐1β, which is dependent on the NF‐κB pathway, could account for the imbalance between the functions and expressions of ABCG2 on this status. These findings demonstrated a new role for IL‐1β, whereby it leads to the inhibition of ABCG2 in renal tubular epithelial cells; this new role probably does not encompass its involvement in the process of renal urate excretion mediated by inflammation. Therefore, other regulation mechanisms of urate reabsorption in renal tubular epithelial cells deserve to be examined in further studies.
In‐situ X‐Ray Absorption Near Edge Structure Spectroscopy of a Solid Catalyst using a Laboratory‐Based Set‐up
Authors: Moya‐Cancino José G. , Honkanen Ari‐Pekka , van der Eerden Ad M. J. , Schaink Herrick , Folkertsma Lieven , Ghiasi Mahnaz , Longo Alessandro , de Groot Frank M. F. , Meirer Florian , Huotari Simo , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: January 2019

An in‐situ laboratory‐based X‐ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) Spectroscopy set‐up is presented, which allows performing long‐term experiments on a solid catalyst at relevant reaction conditions of temperature and pressure. Complementary to research performed at synchrotron radiation facilities the approach is showcased for a Co/TiO2 Fischer‐Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) catalyst. Supported cobalt metal nanoparticles next to a (very small) fraction of cobalt(II) titanate, which is an inactive phase for FTS, were detected, with no signs of re‐oxidation of the supported cobalt metal nanoparticles during FTS at 523 K, 5 bar and 200 h, indicating that cobalt metal is maintained as the main active phase during FTS.
Linker Flexibility‐Dependent Cluster Transformations and Cluster‐Controlled Luminescence in Isostructural Silver Cluster‐Assembled Materials (SCAMs)
Authors: Wang Jia‐Yin , Huang Ren‐Wu , Wei Zhong , Xi Xiao‐Juan , Dong Xi‐Yan , Zang Shuang‐Quan
Published: January 2019

Silver chalcogenolate clusters (SCCs) and silver cluster‐assembled materials (SCAMs) are an important category of novel luminescent materials, the emission of which can be modulated by variation of the cluster nodes and linker species. Here, the successfully synthesis of two isostructural 2D SCAMs is reported: Ag12bpa and Ag12bpe are formed by using two linkers with different conformational freedom (bpa=1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethane, bpe=1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethylene), with dodenuclear silver chalcogenolate clusters as secondary building units (SBUs). Interestingly, nonluminescent Ag12bpa at room temperature could quickly transform into 1D Ag10bpa, with concomitant dissociation of two silver atoms and the remaining ten silver atoms rearranging in the cluster, thus exhibiting an intense yellow phosphorescence after being triggered by acetonitrile (CH3CN). Similarly, stimulating Ag12bpe with CH3CN, by contrast, gave another 2D structure Ag12bpe‐1b with the distorted SBUs and different topology structure, and both of them are merely red‐emissive at low temperature. To note, after exchanging ligands, room‐temperature nonluminescent 2D Ag12bpe‐1b can be transformed into intensely luminescent 1D Ag10bpa. This linker‐flexibility‐dependent structural transformation and cluster‐based SBU controlled luminescence remains scarce. Our work provides new insights into structure–luminescence relationship in clustered metal–organic frameworks and intelligent stimulus‐responsive luminescent materials.
HPLC with cellulose Tris (3,5‐DimethylPhenylcarbamate) chiral stationary phase: Influence of coating times and coating amount on chiral discrimination
Authors: Wei Qiuhong , Su Hongjiu , Gao Diannan , Wang Shudong
Published: January 2019

Coating cellulose tris (3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate) (CDMPC) on silica gels with large pores have been demonstrated as an efficient way for the preparation of chiral stationary phase (CSP) for high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). During the process, a number of parameters, including the type of coating solvent, amount of coating, and the method for subsequent solvent removing, have been proved to affect the performance of the resultant CSPs. Coating times and the concentration of coating solution, however, also makes a difference to CSPs' performance by changing the arrangement of cellulose derivatives while remaining the coating amount constant, have much less been studied before, and thereby, were systematically investigated in this work. Results showed that CSPs with more coating times exhibited higher chiral recognition and column efficiency, suggesting that resolution was determined by column efficiency herein. Afterwards, we also investigated the effect of coating amount on the performance of CSPs, and it was shown that the ability of enantio‐recognition did not increase all the time as the coating amount; and four of seven racemates achieved best resolution when the coating amount reached to 18.37%. At the end, the reproducibility of CDMPC‐coated CSPs were further confirmed by two methods, ie, reprepared the CSP‐0.15‐3 and reevaluated the effect of coating times.
Enantiomeric separation of prothioconazole and prothioconazole‐desthio on chiral stationary phases
Authors: Liu Hui , Ding Wei
Published: January 2019

Prothioconazole is a type of broad‐spectrum triazole thione fungicide developed by the Bayer Company. Prothioconazole‐desthio is the main metabolite of prothioconazole in the environment. In our study, enantiomeric separation of prothioconazole and prothioconazole‐desthio was performed on various chiral stationary phases (CSPs) by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was found that polysaccharide CSPs showed better ability than brushing CSPs in enantiomeric separation. The successful chiral separation of prothioconazole could be achieved on self‐made Chiralcel OD, commercialized Chiralcel OJ‐H and Lux Cellulose‐1. Chiralpak IA, Chiralpak IB, Chiralpak IC, Chiralcel OD, Chiralpak AY‐H, Chiralpak AZ‐H, and Lux Cellulose‐1 realized the baseline separation of prothioconazole‐desthio enantiomers. Simultaneous enantiomeric separation of prothioconazole and prothioconazole‐desthio was performed on Lux Cellulose‐1 using acetonitrile (ACN) and water as mobile phase. In most cases, low temperature favored the separation of two compounds. The influence of the mobile phase ratio or type was deeply discussed. We obtained larger Rs and longer analysis time with a smaller proportion of isopropanol (IPA) or ethanol and more water content at the same temperature. The ratio of ACN and water had influences on the outflow orders of prothioconazole‐desthio enantiomers. This work provides a new approach for chiral separation of prothioconazole and prothioconazole‐desthio with a discussion of chiral separation mechanism on different CSPs.
Die Hydrophobine der Pilze – Vielzweckproteine mit Anwendungspotential
Authors: Hille‐Rehfeld Annette
Published: January 2019

Die Proteinfamilie der Hydrophobine, von Pilzen in bestimmten Stadien ihres Lebenszyklus massenhaft produzierte und aus den Zellen ausgeschleuste oberflächenaktive Substanzen, faszinieren Mikrobiologen gleichermaßen wie Materialwissenschaftler. Aufsehen erregen diese kleinen globulären Proteine vor allem durch ihre bemerkenswerte Fähigkeit, sich an Grenzflächen zwischen hydrophilen und hydrophoben Medien zu geordneten Schichten zu organisieren, die nur eine einzelne Moleküllage enthalten. Geschieht dies in wässriger Lösung, verringern sie deren Oberflächenspannung und stabilisieren Gasbläschen oder emulgierte Fett‐Tröpfchen. Auf Festkörper aufgelagert bewirken sie einen Wechsel der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit von hydrophil nach hydrophob oder umgekehrt. Diese Eigenschaften der Hydrophobine erklären nicht nur das gefürchtete Überschäumen von mit Pilzen kontaminierten alkoholischen Getränken, sie beflügeln auch Visionen bezüglich ihrer biotechnologischen Anwendung.
Lebensfunktionen neu erdacht
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: January 2019

Wie das Leben auf der Erde entstanden ist, wird vielleicht nie zweifelsfrei zu klären sein. Aber wie Lebensfunktionen entstehen können – mit oder ohne Beteiligung von Biomolekülen – das ist eine fruchtbare Fragestellung, die auch zu ästhetisch ansprechenden Ergebnissen führt.
Cortical and thalamic connectivity of occipital visual cortical areas 17, 18, 19, and 21 of the domestic ferret (Mustela putorius furo)
Authors: Dell Leigh‐Anne , Innocenti Giorgio M. , Hilgetag Claus C. , Manger Paul R.
Published: January 2019

The present study describes the ipsilateral and contralateral corticocortical and corticothalamic connectivity of the occipital visual areas 17, 18, 19, and 21 in the ferret using standard anatomical tract‐tracing methods. In line with previous studies of mammalian visual cortex connectivity, substantially more anterograde and retrograde label was present in the hemisphere ipsilateral to the injection site compared to the contralateral hemisphere. Ipsilateral reciprocal connectivity was the strongest within the occipital visual areas, while weaker connectivity strength was observed in the temporal, suprasylvian, and parietal visual areas. Callosal connectivity tended to be strongest in the homotopic cortical areas, and revealed a similar areal distribution to that observed in the ipsilateral hemisphere, although often less widespread across cortical areas. Ipsilateral reciprocal connectivity was observed throughout the visual nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, with no contralateral connections to the visual thalamus being observed. The current study, along with previous studies of connectivity in the cat, identified the posteromedial lateral suprasylvian visual area (PMLS) as a distinct network hub external to the occipital visual areas in carnivores, implicating PMLS as a potential gateway to the parietal cortex for dorsal stream processing. These data will also contribute to a macro connectome database of the ferret brain, providing essential data for connectomics analyses and cross‐species analyses of connectomes and brain connectivity matrices, as well as providing data relevant to additional studies of cortical connectivity across mammals and the evolution of cortical connectivity variation.
Mechanistic Insights into Photochemical Reactions on CH3NH3PbBr3 Perovskite Nanoparticles from Single‐Particle Photoluminescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Kimura Yuki , Karimata Izuru , Kobori Yasuhiro , Tachikawa Takashi
Published: January 2019

Metal halide perovskites have attracted considerable attention in applications such as photovoltaic cells and light‐emitting diodes. The performance and durability of perovskite devices are significantly dependent on the nature of structural defects, but the underlying mechanisms of structure‐related photochemical reactions are not yet fully elucidated. This study demonstrates that the photoluminescence (PL) from individual perovskite nanoparticles (NPs) can be utilized to resolve the different trapping pathways of the photogenerated charges, and hence, obtain a correlation between the pathways. PL deactivation and activation were observed and mainly attributed to nonradiative Auger recombination by the trapped charges and the passivation of surface traps by oxygen, respectively. Single‐particle spectroelectrochemical techniques were further employed to explore the possible origin of the effective charge trap states and the reversibility of redox events under electrical bias. Consequently, this study unravels the complex effects of the structural defects on the charge carrier dynamics in perovskites.
Document clustering for efficient and secure information retrieval from cloud
Authors: Handa Rohit , Krishna C. Rama , Aggarwal Naveen
Published: January 2019

Organizations prefer using cloud for storing their data due to availability of cost‐effective storage. The outsourced data include sensitive information, so data is encrypted as maintaining confidentiality and privacy of the documents is of paramount importance. Retrieving the desired information from the cloud requires efficient searching, which involves submission of search query to the cloud server by the end‐user. As the search terms may include sensitive information of an organization, it is desired that the search query should not reveal any confidential information. The existing works are not suitable for big‐data scenario due to high search time required for large document collections, thereby leading to increased cloud usage cost. Thus, an efficient approach to perform search on encrypted data using clustering is proposed in this paper. As the proposed technique clusters the documents based on the relationship between the keywords, the search method involves searching documents within the relevant cluster in contrast to searching the entire dataset. An efficient ranking method is incorporated to rank the documents according to the relevance to search query using Term Frequency‐Inverse Document Frequency (tf‐idf) value of the keywords in the documents, which leads to reduced communication overheads due to reduction in unnecessary documents being downloaded. Moreover, an efficient query randomization approach is proposed so that two or more queries involving the same search terms appear distinct. Experimental results using real datasets demonstrate that our proposed multi‐keyword ranked search scheme on encrypted cloud data significantly reduce the number of comparisons and search time in comparison to the existing techniques while maintaining recall of 100% and precision of 82%.
A Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Chemosensor Based on Isothiocyanate‐Aza‐BODIPY for Cyanide Detection at the Parts per Billion Level: Applications in Buffer Media and Living Cell Imaging
Authors: Piyanuch Pornthip , Sirirak Jitnapa , Kamkaew Anyanee , Weeranantanapan Oratai , Promarak Vinich , Burgess Kevin , Wanichacheva Nantanit
Published: January 2019

A near‐infrared chemodosimeter based on an aza‐BODIPY dye was designed and synthesized. The sensor contains isothiocyanate groups for cyanide ion sensing. The sensing function was illustrated via the fluorescence changes in near‐infrared frequencies as well as chromogenic changes which could be easily visualized with a detection limit of 19 ppb. The sensor provides high selectivity to CN− and discriminates other anions such as CH3COO−, HPO4−, HSO4−, ClO3−, CO32−, SO42−, NO3−, Cl−, F−, Br−, I−, and phenylalanine (Phe) in 50 % PBS buffer/acetonitrile at physiological pH. The potential of the sensor for CN− detection in both aqueous buffer solutions and living cells imaging was demonstrated.
Predator, prey, and substrate interactions: the role of faunal activity and substrate characteristics
Authors: Mathers K. L. , Rice S. P. , Wood P. J.
Published: January 2019

Many taxa possess a range of strategies to reduce the risk of predation, including actively seeking suitable refuge habitats; however, the global spread of invasive species may disrupt these behavioral responses. In lotic ecosystems, interstitial spaces in the substrate are important refugia for small organisms. Some predators are ecosystem engineers that exhibit zoogeomorphic agency—the ability to modify the geomorphology of their environment. It is therefore possible that direct ecological effects of predators on prey may be realized through modifications to the prey's habitat, including the availability of refugia, by predators that are zoogeomorphic agents or via external stressors such as fine sediment loading. This study examined three research questions in a mesocosm study across a gradient of sediment‐stress treatments: (1) What affects do predators (Pacifastacus leniusculus, invasive crayfish) and prey (Gammarus pulex, amphipods) have on the ingress of fine sediment into gravel substrates and therefore on available interstitial refugia? (2) Do prey taxa seek refuge from (invasive) predators in the form of vertical movement into subsurface sediments? and (3) How does fine sediment ingress influence predator–prey interactions and prey survival through predator avoidance behavior. Here, we provide direct evidence demonstrating that fine sediment ingress into gravel river beds can be facilitated by zoogeomorphic activity with P. leniusculus increasing the infiltration of fine sand particles (but not coarse sand) during foraging activities. Predator–prey interactions were found to be a primary factor mediating zoogeomorphic activity, with the isolation of crayfish from prey (G. pulex) leading to increased fine sand ingress. When present with signal crayfish, G. pulex displayed vertical avoidance behavior, entering subsurface substrates to evade predation by P. leniusculus. Coarse sand treatments resulted in higher predation rates of G. pulex, most likely due to clogging of interstitial pore spaces between gravels limiting the effectiveness of the prey's vertical avoidance behavior strategy. A new conceptual model that captures the interactions between predator, prey, zoogeomorphic processes and habitat availability is presented. This model highlights how predator–prey interactions can be strongly mediated by dynamic bi‐directional interactions between organisms and the physical environment they inhabit as ecological and geomorphological processes are intrinsically linked.
Synthesis, Structure, and Photoluminescence Properties of a Metal‐Organic Framework with Hexagonal Channels: Selective Turn‐On Sensing for Mg2+ Ion
Authors: Eom Sunhwi , Park Sora , Song Jeong Hwa , Lee Woo Ram , Lee Han Geul , Kang Dong Won , Joung Joonyoung Francis , Park Sungnam , Moon Dohyun , Hong Chang Seop
Published: January 2019

A three‐dimensional Cd2+ framework (1) with wide one‐dimensional hexagonal channels was prepared based on a tripodal tricarboxylate ligand possessing nitrogen donor atoms. The Cd atoms form a chain structure bridged by carboxylates and aqua ligands. Upon Mg2+ ion capture, the fluorescence emission of this porous material was 5.2 times greater than its Mg2+‐free fluorescence. To the best of our knowledge, such enhancement has not been previously reported for metal–organic framework sensory systems. The sensing performance of 1 is reversible over repeated cycles of Mg2+ inclusion and release, revealing the reusability of this material. In the presence of other tested metal ions, Mg2+ ions were selectively detected owing to the operation of this “turn‐on” mechanism. Thus, this platform is a promising sensor material for selective Mg2+ ion recognition.
Fluorene Derivatives Bearing Halogenomethyl Groups: Synthesis, Molecular Structures, and Halogen/Hydrogen Bonding Patterns in the Crystalline State
Authors: Seidel Pierre , Schwarzer Anke , Mazik Monika
Published: January 2019

9,9‐Diethylfluorenes bearing chloromethyl, bromomethyl, and iodomethyl groups in the 2, 4, and 7 positions of the aromatic skeleton were prepared and their solid‐state structures determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The prepared fluorenes represent not only valuable starting materials for a wide range of fluorene‐based compounds but are also interesting objects for the analysis of the supramolecular motifs in the crystalline state. The X‐ray diffraction experiments revealed that the asymmetric unit of each structure contains one molecule, featuring similar conformations, but differ in their modes of non‐covalent intermolecular bonding. The crystal structures of the chloromethyl and bromomethyl substituted compounds 1 and 2 are primarily stabilized by Hal···Hal and C–H···Hal contacts, whereas the packing of the iodine substituted analogous compound 3 is influenced by triangular I3 synthons, C–H···π interactions and to a less degree by C–H···I contacts. The manuscript provides information about new synthetic routes, new molecules as well as about halogen/hydrogen bonding patterns and other noncovalent interactions in the crystalline state. Concerning the syntheses, the efficient one‐step synthesis of 9,9‐diethylfluorene‐2,4,7‐tricarbaldehyde (8) is also worthy of particular mention.
Impedance‐based viscoelastic flow cytometry
Authors: Serhatlioglu Murat , Asghari Mohammad , Tahsin Guler Mustafa , Elbuken Caglar
Published: January 2019

Elastic nature of the viscoelastic fluids induces lateral migration of particles into a single streamline and can be used by microfluidic based flow cytometry devices. In this study, we investigated focusing efficiency of polyethylene oxide based viscoelastic solutions at varying ionic concentration to demonstrate their use in impedimetric particle characterization systems. Rheological properties of the viscoelastic fluid and particle focusing performance are not affected by ionic concentration. We investigated the viscoelastic focusing dynamics using polystyrene (PS) beads and human red blood cells (RBCs) suspended in the viscoelastic fluid. Elasto‐inertial focusing of PS beads was achieved with the combination of inertial and viscoelastic effects. RBCs were aligned along the channel centerline in parachute shape which yielded consistent impedimetric signals. We compared our impedance‐based microfluidic flow cytometry results for RBCs and PS beads by analyzing particle transit time and peak amplitude at varying viscoelastic focusing conditions obtained at different flow rates. We showed that single orientation, single train focusing of nonspherical RBCs can be achieved with polyethylene oxide based viscoelastic solution that has been shown to be a good candidate as a carrier fluid for impedance cytometry.
Melanopsin for precise optogenetic activation of astrocyte‐neuron networks
Authors: Mederos Sara , Hernández‐Vivanco Alicia , Ramírez‐Franco Jorge , Martín‐Fernández Mario , Navarrete Marta , Yang Aimei , Boyden Edward S. , Perea Gertrudis
Published: January 2019

Optogenetics has been widely expanded to enhance or suppress neuronal activity and it has been recently applied to glial cells. Here, we have used a new approach based on selective expression of melanopsin, a G‐protein‐coupled photopigment, in astrocytes to trigger Ca2+ signaling. Using the genetically encoded Ca2+ indicator GCaMP6f and two‐photon imaging, we show that melanopsin is both competent to stimulate robust IP3‐dependent Ca2+ signals in astrocyte fine processes, and to evoke an ATP/Adenosine‐dependent transient boost of hippocampal excitatory synaptic transmission. Additionally, under low‐frequency light stimulation conditions, melanopsin‐transfected astrocytes can trigger long‐term synaptic changes. In vivo, melanopsin‐astrocyte activation enhances episodic‐like memory, suggesting melanopsin as an optical tool that could recapitulate the wide range of regulatory actions of astrocytes on neuronal networks in behaving animals. These results describe a novel approach using melanopsin as a precise trigger for astrocytes that mimics their endogenous G‐protein signaling pathways, and present melanopsin as a valuable optical tool for neuron–glia studies.
Connectome‐based model predicts individual differences in propensity to trust
Authors: Lu Xiaping , Li Ting , Xia Zhichao , Zhu Ruida , Wang Li , Luo Yue‐Jia , Feng Chunliang , Krueger Frank
Published: January 2019

Trust constitutes a fundamental basis of human society and plays a pivotal role in almost every aspect of human relationships. Although enormous interest exists in determining the neuropsychological underpinnings of a person's propensity to trust utilizing task‐based fMRI; however, little progress has been made in predicting its variations by task‐free fMRI based on whole‐brain resting‐state functional connectivity (RSFC). Here, we combined a one‐shot trust game with a connectome‐based predictive modeling approach to predict propensity to trust from whole‐brain RSFC. We demonstrated that individual variations in the propensity to trust were primarily predicted by RSFC rooted in the functional integration of distributed key nodes—caudate, amygdala, lateral prefrontal cortex, temporal–parietal junction, and the temporal pole—which are part of domain‐general large‐scale networks essential for the motivational, affective, and cognitive aspects of trust. We showed, further, that the identified brain‐behavior associations were only evident for trust but not altruistic preferences and that propensity to trust (and its underlying neural underpinnings) were modulated according to the extent to which a person emphasizes general social preferences (i.e., horizontal collectivism) rather than general risk preferences (i.e., trait impulsiveness). In conclusion, the employed data‐driven approach enables to predict propensity to trust from RSFC and highlights its potential use as an objective neuromarker of trust impairment in mental disorders.
Intratumoral generation of 2‐fluoroadenine to treat solid malignancies of the head and neck
Authors: Behbahani Turang E. , Rosenthal Eben L. , Parker William B. , Sorscher Eric J.
Published: January 2019

This report describes treatment of locoregional head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) by an innovative, experimental strategy involving generation of a robust anti‐cancer agent (2‐fluoroadenine [F‐Ade]) following transduction by Escherichia coli purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) in a small number of tumor cells. F‐Ade works by a unique mechanism of action (ablation of RNA and protein synthesis) and confers tumor regressions of otherwise refractory HNSCC in human subjects. Clinical studies have now advanced to a pivotal (registration‐directed) trial involving locoregional HNSCC, with plans to begin subject enrollment late in 2018. The present review is the first to summarize use of PNP in the context of HNSCC, and provides background regarding this emerging anti‐cancer approach.
Early onset oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma: Associated factors and patient outcomes
Authors: Campbell Benjamin R. , Sanders Courtney B. , Netterville James L. , Sinard Robert J. , Rohde Sarah L. , Langerman Alexander , Mannion Kyle , Kim Young J. , Murphy Barbara A. , Lewis James S. , Warner Jeremy L. , Smith Derek K. , Lang Kuhs Krystle A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTC) is rising among those under age 50 years. The etiology is unknown.

Methods

A total of 395 cases of OTC diagnosed and/or treated at Vanderbilt University Medical Center between 2000 and 2017 were identified. Of those, 113 (28.6%) were early onset (age < 50 years). Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with early onset OTC. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated survival and recurrence.

Results

Compared to typical onset patients, patients with early onset OTC were more likely to receive multimodality treatment (surgery and radiation; adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2‐6.3) and report a history of snuff use (aOR, 5.4; 95% CI, 1.8‐15.8) and were less likely to report a history of cigarette use (aOR, 0.5; 95% CI, 0.2‐0.9). Early onset patients had better overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.6).

Conclusions

This is the largest study to evaluate factors associated with early onset OTC and the first to report an association with snuff.
The Opening of 1,2‐Dithiolanes and 1,2‐Diselenolanes: Regioselectivity, Rearrangements, and Consequences for Poly(disulfide)s, Cellular Uptake and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complexes
Authors: Laurent Quentin , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan
Published: January 2019

The thiol‐mediated opening of 3‐alkyl‐1,2‐dithiolanes and diselenolanes is described. The thiolate nucleophile is shown to react specifically with the secondary chalcogen atom, against steric demand, probably because the primary chalcogen atom provides a better leaving group. Once released, this primary chalcogen atom reacts with the obtained secondary dichalcogenide to produce the constitutional isomer. Thiolate migration to the primary dichalcogenide equilibrates within ca. 20 ms at room temperature at a 3 : 2 ratio in favor of the secondary dichalcogenide. The clarification of this focused question is important for the understanding of multifunctional poly(disulfide)s obtained by ring opening disulfide exchange polymerization of 3‐alkyl‐1,2‐dithiolanes, to rationalize the cellular uptake mediated by 3‐alkyl‐1,2‐diselenolanes as molecular walkers and, perhaps, also of the mode of action of pyruvate dehydrogenase complexes. The isolation of ring‐opened diselenolanes is particularly intriguing because dominant selenophilicity disfavors ring opening strongly.
The necessity, validity, and clinical utility of a new diagnostic entity: Acute suicidal affective disturbance
Authors: Rogers Megan L. , Chu Carol , Joiner Thomas
Published: January 2019

Objective

Here we argue for the necessity, validity, and clinical utility of a new diagnostic entity, acute suicidal affective disturbance (ASAD).

Method

We expand on the conceptual, clinical, and practical rationale for ASAD, propose its defining features, describe research results to date, and suggest avenues for future research.

Results

There is accruing evidence for the existence of a previously unclassified, rapid‐onset mood disturbance that geometrically escalates and regularly results in life‐threatening behavior.

Conclusions

ASAD research may not only improve the field's understanding of suicidal behavior but also enhance clinical effectiveness and save lives.
Current approaches for detection of human T‐lymphotropic virus Type 1: A systematic review
Authors: Fani Mona , Rezayi Majid , Meshkat Zahra , Rezaee Seyed Abdolrahim , Makvandi Manoochehr , Abouzari‐Lotf Ebrahim , Ferns Gordon A.
Published: January 2019

Background

Human T‐lymphotropic virus Type 1 (HTLV‐1) is a retrovirus that is endemic in some regions of the world. It is known to cause several diseases like adult T‐cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV‐1‐associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). Serology and molecular methods have been used to detect this virus. Of these, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is used as a primary screening method and this is usually followed by western blotting (WB) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods as confirmatory tests. We conducted a systematic review of the different techniques used in the diagnosis of HTLV‐1 infection.

Materials and Methods

Our search was limited to original papers in the English language from 2010 to 2018 using several databases including Pubmed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Iranmedex, and Scientific Information Database. A manual search of references provided in the included papers was also performed.

Results

Of 101 electronically searched citations, 43 met the inclusion criteria. ELISA is commonly used for qualitative and screening detection, and WB and PCR techniques are used to confirm infection.

Conclusion

Among all the reported methods for detection of HTLV‐1, only serological and molecular tests are used as the most common technical assays for HTLV‐1. The ELISA assay, without a confirmatory test, has several limitations and affect the accuracy of the results. Owing to the prevalence of HTLV‐1 and limitations of the current detection methods, further evaluation of the accuracy of these methods is needed. There are new opportunities for applying novel technological advances in microfluidics, biosensors, and lab‐on‐a‐chip systems to perform HTLV‐1 diagnostics.
How is mechanobiology involved in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation toward the osteoblastic or adipogenic fate?
Authors: Benayahu Dafna , Wiesenfeld Yarden , Sapir‐Koren Rony
Published: January 2019

Mechanobiology plays a major role in transducing physical cues from the dynamic cellular environment into biochemical modifications that promote cell‐specific differentiation paths. Mesenchymal stem cells in the bone marrow or in other mesenchymal tissues will differentiate according to the expression of transcription factors (TFs) that govern their lineage commitment. The favoring of either osteogenic or adipogenic differentiation relies on TF expression as well as mechanical properties of the cells' niche that are translated into the activation of certain signaling pathways. Physical factors can induce significant shifts in bipotential lineage commitment between osteogenesis and adipogenesis. The stiffness of the extracellular matrix (ECM) surrounding a cell, varying greatly from rigid environments close to the bone surface to softer regions in the bone marrow, can influence the path of differentiation. Additionally, mechanical loading through exercise appears to favor osteogenesis whereas disuse conditions seem to promote adipogenesis.
Silver‐doped carbon fibers at low loading capacity that display high antibacterial properties
Authors: Zhang Yujie , Chen Honglei , Sun Hui , Zhao Xin , Wang Shoujuan , Si Hongyu , Feng Ruyun , Zhang Huayong , Kong Fangong , Lucia Lucian , Fatehi Pedram
Published: January 2019

BACKGROUND

Renewable resources have been considered for producing many advanced materials. In this respect, silver‐doped carbon‐based materials with a low loading capacity and high antibacterial activity can also be generated via environmentally friendly routes and from renewable resources.

RESULTS

Silver‐doped carbon fibers were prepared from wood and cotton fibers via complexation and reduction reactions for depositing silver on the fibers and subsequently via carbonization of the loaded fibers. Silver loading before carbonization enhanced the stability of silver on the carbonized fibers, decreased silver loss (from 30 to 12%) and lowered the silver loading (5.66%) needed to achieve excellent antibacterial activity. However, wood‐based silver‐doped carbon fibers performed better than cotton‐based carbon fibers with respect to loss of antibacterial activity (12% at a silver loading of 5.66% versus 24% at a silver loading of 7.97% in 800 h respectively). These results are attributed to more uniformity in the distribution of silver nanoparticles in the porous structure of wood fibers than in cotton fibers.

CONCLUSION

The wood‐based carbon fibers exhibited better antibacterial activity and stronger affinity for maintaining silver and lower required silver loadings, and the sequence of silver loading and carbonization was crucial in developing silver‐loaded carbon fibers with good antibacterial performance. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
A Novel Iron‐catalyzed One‐pot Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles
Authors: Rohand Taoufik , Mkpenie Victor N. , El Haddad Mohammadine , Markó István E.
Published: January 2019

A novel one‐pot synthesis of 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole developed via iron (III) catalyzed route is reported. The new method is more efficient, simple, and convenient and presents a concise new strategy for the synthesis of 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives. The iron (III) complex intermediate assisted in the intramolecular bond cyclization owing to its Lewis acidity or oxidizing properties. A series of aromatic nitriles bearing different electron‐donating and electron‐withdrawing groups substituted at para and/or ortho positions were also investigated. The position of the substituents affected the yield of the final compound, with the para‐substituted substrates giving relatively higher yields.
Measuring the value of MRI: Comparative effectiveness & outcomes research
Authors: Kang Stella K.
Published: January 2019

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) now provides diagnostic assessment for numerous clinical indications, including lesion detection, characterization, functional assessment, and response to treatment. To maximize the potential to improve health through the use of MRI, it is critical to investigate the impact of MRI on outcomes, and to compare the effectiveness of MRI with existing standard diagnostic approaches. Outcomes of MRI can include survival but also intermediate steps such as potential reduction in unnecessary therapy, shorter time to the appropriate therapy, or shorter periods of hospital admission. To understand the effectiveness of an imaging test's sensitivity and specificity, the results' consequences are weighed, reflecting the disease type, severity, and treatment effects. In some instances, other modalities may be faster, more readily available, or less costly than MRI but additional disease‐related information or better accuracy may translate to greater population level benefit. For health policy decisions and clinical guidelines, studies of comparative outcomes can lend depth to the strength of the evidence, the specific benefits vs. harms of using one test over another, and the most effective use of the test in terms of target population. Cost effectiveness then allows for a direct comparison of approaches in terms of the cost for the projected gain in life expectancy and/or quality adjusted life expectancy. Expanding the literature on improved efficiency, accessibility, clinical effectiveness, and cost effectiveness will support the directive for better quality and value in healthcare.

Level of Evidence 5

Technical Efficacy Stage 5

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019.
Middle Wisconsinan marine shells near Repulse Bay, Nunavut, Canada: implications for Marine Isotope Stage 3 ice‐free conditions and Laurentide Ice Sheet dynamics in north‐west Hudson Bay
Authors: McMartin Isabelle , Campbell Janet E. , Dredge Lynda A.
Published: January 2019

Evidence suggesting a reduction of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (LIS) during Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS 3) is widespread but the boundaries of the ice sheet and the timing of minimum ice extent are still poorly constrained. Radiocarbon dating of glacially transported marine mollusks in Rae Isthmus ice stream till south of Repulse Bay, Nunavut, Canada, provides new evidence for MIS 3 deglaciation in the north‐west part of Hudson Bay. Middle Wisconsinan finite 14C ages varying between 31.7 and 39.2k 14C a BP (∼35.0 and 43.7k cal a) indicate a marine event(s) for a minimum of ∼8.7k cal years. Our findings suggest ice‐free conditions in the ice stream source area in proto‐Roes Welcome Sound, and therefore significant glacial recession of the LIS margin during the Middle Wisconsinan, much farther in the interior of the ice sheet than previously known. The marine incursion possibly occurred because of a calving bay developed from the north in the Gulf of Boothia − Committee Bay area following the recession and collapse of the ice stream. After the MIS 3 marine episode(s), the topographically controlled ice stream stemming from the eastern end of the Keewatin Ice Divide was re‐activated, and maintained until deglaciation.
Confronting uncertainty: Contributions of the wildlife profession to the broader scientific community
Authors: Nichols James D.
Published: January 2019

Most wildlife professionals are engaged in 1 or both of 2 basic endeavors: science and management. These endeavors are a focus of many other disciplines, leading to widespread sharing of general methodologies. Wildlife professionals have appropriately borrowed and assimilated many methods developed primarily in other disciplines but have also led the development of one class of quantitative methods, those that confront and incorporate uncertainty. Uncertainty arises in counts of focal entities, for which wildlife professionals have developed effective methods to deal with the common problems of nondetection and misclassification. These methods have been borrowed by disciplines as varied as paleobiology, medicine, human epidemiology, industrial quality control, military target acquisition, remote sensing, and human census. Uncertainty also arises in the modeling of those counts, specifically the observation and ecological processes that generated them. Wildlife professionals recognized the fundamental importance of model selection and rapidly assimilated methods for selecting the most appropriate model for a given data set. These methods for dealing with uncertainty inherent to counting and modeling are critical to the conduct of science and management. Wildlife professionals have developed additional methods for incorporating uncertainty in the accumulation of knowledge and the development of optimal decisions in an environment of learning. In some cases, professionals in other disciplines are using methods developed and popularized in the wildlife profession, but there is much potential for greater use. In this essay, I describe these areas of wildlife leadership, document their assimilation by other disciplines, and emphasize the potential for more interdisciplinary use of these methods. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.