bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Roles of the Subunits in the Function of the Calcium Channel
Authors: Singer Dafna , Biel Martin , Lotan Ilana , Flockerzi Veit , Hofmann Franz , Dascal Nathan
Published: October 2006

Dihydropyridine-sensitive voltage-dependent L-type calcium channels are critical to excitation-secretion and excitation-contraction coupling. The channel molecule is a complex of the main, pore-forming subunit α
1
and four additional subunits: α
2
, δ, β, and γ (α
2
and δ are encoded by a single messenger RNA). The α
1
subunit messenger RNA alone directs expression of functional calcium channels in
Xenopus
oocytes, and coexpression of the α
2
/δ and β subunits enhances the amplitude of the current. The α
2
, δ, and γ subunits also have pronounced effects on its macroscopic characteristics, such as kinetics, voltage dependence of activation and inactivation, and enhancement by a dihydropyridine agonist. In some cases, specific modulatory functions can be assigned to individual subunits, whereas in other cases the different subunits appear to act in concert to modulate the properties of the channel.
Collagen Biosynthesis in Blood Vessels of Brain and Other Tissues of the Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Ooshima A. , Fuller G. , Cardinale G. , Spector S. , Udenfriend S.
Published: October 2006

It was previously shown that hypertension elevates collagen biosynthesis and increases collagen deposition in peripheral arteries and that antihypertensive agents prevent and reverse the increased synthesis. These findings have now been extended to the microvessels of the central nervous system and to other small vessels.
Organic Mercury Identified as the Cause of Poisoning in Humans and Hogs
Authors: Curley August , Sedlak Vincent A. , Girling Edward F. , Hawk Robert E. , Barthel W. F. , Pierce Paul E. , Likosky William H.
Published: October 2006

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry and neutron activation analysis showed the presence of mercury in organic extracts of seed grain and in tissues of hogs fed the contaminated grain. Mercury was also found in the urine, serum, and cerebrospinal fluid of humans who ate the contaminated pork. Mass spectral analysis confirmed the presence of organic mercury. This paper reports the first documented episode of indirect mercury poisoning in humans in the United States caused by the ingestion of contaminated meat from animals that had consumed mercury in their food supply.
Vitamin A Deficiency Effect on Retina: Dependence on Light
Authors: Noell W. K. , Delmelle M. C. , Albrecht R.
Published: October 2006

The effects of vitamin A deficiency in the rat eye, as measured by the electroretinogram and changes in rhodopsin content, are critically dependent upon the levels of illumination to which the animals are exposed daily. Depleted animals kept in darkness maintained virtually normal electroretinogram function and rhodopsin content for 5 to 6 months while those kept in weak cyclic light lost rhodopsin continuously. A fraction of the retinol released from rhodopsin during illumination disappears presumably from the pigment epithelium into the blood and becomes unavailable for rhodopsin regeneration. A sequence of three first-order reactions was assumed to estimate the rate constant of this disappearance (0.03 per hour). Computer simulation supporting the experimental data illustrates the dependence of the retinal abnormalities on light.
New Class of Purine Mutants of Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells
Authors: Taylor Milton W. , Souhrada M. , McCall J.
Published: October 2006

Mutants of Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO/Pro
-
) were isolated after mutagenesis with
N
-methylnitrosoguanidine and selection by the bromodeoxyuridine technique. Six of these were mutants classified as purine-requiring. The metabolic block appears to be early in the purine biosynthetic pathway. The mutants do not appear to be genetically identical.
Latent Meiotic Anomalies Related to an Ancestral Exposure to a Mutagenic Agent
Authors: Lavappa K. S. , Yerganian George
Published: October 2006

When urethan is administered to cytologically normal F
2
progeny descended from grandsires exposed to ethyl methanesulfonate, meiotic anomalies in the forms of site-specific X-chromosome deletions and bivalent associations are noted in spermatocytes of male Armenian hamsters examined 6 and 8 days after treatment, respectively. These latent anomalies are initiated and retained in a premutated state for two generations after the ancestral exposure to ethyl methanesulfonate, the additional impetus required to complete the mutational processes being supplied by urethan.
Fabry's Disease: Antenatal Detection
Authors: Brady Roscoe O. , Uhlendorf B. William , Jacobson Cecil B.
Published: October 2006

A procedure is described for the intrauterine detection, at the 17th week of gestation, of a male fetus afflicted with Fabry's disease. The validity of this determination was substantiated by multiple enzyme and lipid analyses of tissue specimens obtained from the afflicted fetus. Fabry's disease may now be included with other X-linked metabolic deficiency diseases that are amenable to precise genetic counseling, through carrier identification, and the monitoring of ensuing pregnancies.
2,5-Dichlorophenol (from Ingested Herbicide?) in Defensive Secretion of Grasshopper
Authors: Eisner Thomas , Hendry L. B. , Peakall D. B. , Meinwald J.
Published: October 2006

The defensive froth emitted by the grasshopper
Romalea microptera
contains several odorous compounds (phenols, terpenes, benzoquinone), including a chlorinated aromatic compound, 2,5-dichlorophenol. This compound, which is repellent to ants and therefore defensively useful to the grasshopper, probably stems from herbicide or herbicide derivative ingested by the insect with its diet. Although there is precedent for the defensive employ by one species of chemical agents produced by another, no instance was known involving secondary utilization of a pesticide dispensed by man.
EEG Responses in Regularly Menstruating Women and in Amenorrheic Women Treated with Ovarian Hormones
Authors: Vogel William , Broverman Donald M. , Klaiber Edward L.
Published: October 2006

Electroencephalographic driving responses to photic stimulation vary with the menstrual cycle and with manipulations of ovarian hormones thought to control the menstrual cycle. Estrogens reduce driving responses to photic stimulation, and estrogen plus progesterone enhance these responses. The electroencephalographic changes may reflect the effects of gonadal steroid hormones upon central adrenergic processes.
Dopamine: Stimulation-Induced Release from Central Neurons
Authors: Ng K. Y. , Chase T. N. , Colburn R. W. , Kopin I. J.
Published: October 2006

Dopamine, synthesized in rat brain slices from labeled L-tyrosine or L-dopa, can be released by electrical stimulation of a type known to induce neuronal depolarization. Pretreatment of the animals with 6-hydroxydopamine, which destroys central catecholamine-containing nerve terminals, substantially reduced the release of dopamine synthesized from [14C]tyrosine or from a low concentration of [3H]dopa, whereas the release of dopamine formed from a high concentration of [3H]dopa remained essentially unchanged. The observations that at high concentrations L-dopa may enter noncatecholaminergic cells, undergo decarboxylation to dopamine, and subsequently be liberated in response to depolarization suggest that dopamine may act as a substitute central transmitter, possibly in serotonergic neurons. This mechanism may contribute to L-dopa's clinical effects in parkinsonian patients.
Crystallography of the Hexagonal Ferrites
Authors: Kohn J. A. , Eckart D. W. , Cook Charles F.
Published: October 2006

The hexagonal ferrites form an unusual group of complex, ferrimagnetic oxides embodying some 60 known crystal structures. These include phases for which the structural unit cell is larger than that in any known inorganic materials. The various hexagonal ferrite modifications fall into two distinct structural series, each formed by the ordered interlayering (stacking) of two discrete building blocks; these blocks stack along the c crystallographic axis in varying ratios and varying permutations to form strictly coherent, reproducible crystal structures. This mixed-layering aspect of the hexagonal ferrites permits direct, visual observation of the sequence of their subunit-cell stacking elements, after etching, by means of electron microscopy. The sequence of stacked blocks in such structures constitutes the only information lacking for a complete, three-dimensional structure determination. Direct access to this information provides an immediate, unique solution of the crystal structure problem in each case and thereby avoids the dilemmas of a classical diffraction approach to such large unit cells. Ferrite structures with hexagonal
c
dimensions of 1455 and 1577 angstroms have been uniquely solved by direct electron microscopic readout of surface etch features.

One must exercise caution, however, in generalizing these findings to other materials. The method is successful in the case of the hexagonal ferrites because these are mixed-layer structures, wherein the building blocks react at different rates to a specific etchant. Mixed-layer systems are not uncommon in crystallography, and it is likely that similar techniques can be developed for other such materials. Regardless of the validity of this prognosis, however, it is quite evident that high-resolution replica electron microscopy is a most promising tool for the direct observation of surface structure on an ultramicro scale. During the studies reported here replica resolution capability was improved to about 10 angstroms; final resolution is limited by the particle size of the platinum shadowing material. Careful control of experimental conditions during replica preparation or an alternate choice of shadowing material, or both, might reasonably improve the resolution by a factor of 2. This resolution is within the range of most unit cell dimensions and approaches interatomic distances in solid-state materials. The potential of such an experimental capability needs no elaboration.
Actinomycin D: Renewed RNA Synthesis after Removal from Mammalian Cells
Authors: Schluederberg Ann , Hendel Robert C. , Chavanich Surina
Published: October 2006

Suppressed RNA synthesis exceeded control rates 2 hours after removal of actinomycin from serial lines of green monkey kidney cells in exponentially dividing monolayer cultures. Enhanced synthesis was directly related to the dose of actinomycin, and release from inhibition was temperature dependent. A broad range of RNA sizes was made after removal of drug, but cytoplasmic and nucleolar sedimentation profiles were abnormal for at least 20 hours.
Neural Regeneration: Delayed Formation of Central Contacts by Insect Sensory Cells
Authors: Edwards John S. , Palka John
Published: October 2006

Correlated anatomical and electrophysiological results demonstrate that sensory neurons, which differentiate de novo within the epidermis of regenerate abdominal cerci of crickets, enter the terminal ganglion and form functional central connections even when regeneration of the cerci is delayed through the greater part of postembryonic development. Stimulation of regenerate cerci evokes activity in giant interneurons which is normal by several physiological criteria.
San Fernando Earthquake of 9 February 1971: Pattern of Faulting
Authors: Palmer D. F. , Henyey T. L.
Published: October 2006

Mapping of the surface breaks that resulted from the San Fernando earthquake of 9 February 1971 reveals that the pattern of faulting was highly complex; it consisted of a number of segments that produced ground displacements and acceleration throughout the entire northern end of the San Fernando Valley. Instead of occurring on the frontal fault zone, as might have been expected, the faulting occurred on the valley side of the frontal fault system, which separates the crystalline rocks of the San Gabriel Mountains from the Tertiary sediments of the San Fernando Valley. However, the new fault system does, in many cases, follow breaks in slope and subtle escarpments that suggest faulting along these zones in the recent geologic past.
L-Glutaminase: Suppression of Lymphocyte Blastogenic Responses in vitro
Authors: Hersh Evan M.
Published: October 2006

Continuous exposure to 0.1 international unit or more of
Escherichia coli
L-glutaminase inhibited responses of human lymphocytes to phytohemagglutinin, streptolysin O, and allogeneic leukocytes. Inhibition was completely reversed by removing the enzyme from the culture or addingL-glutamine but not L-asparagine. Cytoxicity did not occur.L-Glutaminase should be immunosuppressive in vivo.
Cigarette Smoking: Objective Evidence for Lung Damage in Teen-Agers
Authors: Seely Janet E. , Zuskin Eugenija , Bouhuys Arend
Published: October 2006

High school students with 1 to 5 years' smoking experience have excessive cough, sputum production, and shortness of breath. When maximum expiratory flow is plotted against maximum expired volume, the curves of nonsmokers and smokers differ in shape. The smokers have lower flow rates at mid-vital capacity and at lower lung volumes. This probably reflects small airway obstruction in the smokers.
DNA Polymerase Required for Rapid Repair of X-ray—Induced DNA Strand Breaks in vivo
Authors: Town Christopher D. , Smith Kendric C. , Kaplan Henry S.
Published: October 2006

A much higher yield of DNA single-strand breaks was obtained in the DNA polymerase-deficient mutant
Escherichia coli
K-12
pol A1
after a given dose of x-rays than had been found before in
Escherichia coli
. The increased yield of single-strand breaks was due to the absence of a rapid repair system, which had not been described in
Escherichia coli
K-12. This absence probably accounts for the x-ray sensitivity of the
pol A1
mutant. The rapid repair system can be reversibly inhibited in
pol
+
cells.
Intelligence and Blood Pressure in the Aged
Authors: Wilkie Frances , Eisdorfer Carl
Published: October 2006

Diastolic hypertension was related to significant intellectual loss over a 10-year period among individuals initially examined in their 60's. Such loss was not found in their age peers in association with normal or mild elevations of blood pressure. Of the subjects initially examined at 70 to 79 years of age, none with hypertension completed the follow-up program, and those with normal and mildly elevated blood pressure showed some intellectual decline over the decade. At the initial examination, hypertension was related to lower intelligence test scores only among those subjects who subsequently did not complete the follow-up program. The results suggest that hypertension is related to intellectual changes among the aged.
Angiotensin II: Rapid Localization in Nuclei of Smooth and Cardiac Muscle
Authors: Robertson Abel Lazzarini , Khairallah Philip A.
Published: October 2006

Five to ten nanograms of labeled angiotensin II rapidly injected in the left ventricle of adult rats was found to induce significant ultrastructural endothelial changes, resulting in net increases in number and size of pinocytotic vesicles as well as widening of intercellular spaces. This effect was followed by preferential localization of the compound in the nuclear zone of vascular and cardiac muscle cells. The selective cellular localization of angiotensin II suggests that this vasoactive agent or some of its metabolic fragments may have specific effects on nuclear function.
Cooperative Control of Potassium Accumulation by Ouabain in Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Gulati Jagdish , Jones Allan W.
Published: October 2006

The effects of ouabain on potassium accumulation were studied in the dog carotid artery. It was confirmed that vascular smooth muscle lost potassium in the presence of ouabain greater than 10
-9
molar. This effect could be reversed by systematically increasing potassium in the external medium. The action of ouabain on ion accumulation was represented quantitatively with the application of a recent biophysical approach.
Evoked Potential Correlates of Auditory Signal Detection
Authors: Hillyard Steven A. , Squires Kenneth C. , Bauer Jay W. , Lindsay Peter H.
Published: October 2006

A long-latency component of the averaged evoked potential recorded from the human scalp varied in close relationship with subjects' perceptual reports in an auditory signal detection task. Detected signals evoked potentials several times larger than did undetected signals, falsely reported signals, or correctly reported nonsignals. The threshold signal intensity at which detection performance exceeded chance levels was identical with concurrently obtained electrophysiological measures of threshold.
Participation of Postsynaptic PKC in Cerebellar Long-Term Depression in Culture
Authors: Linden David J. , Connor John A.
Published: October 2006

Long-term depression (LTD) in the intact cerebellum is a decrease in the efficacy of the parallel fiber-Purkinje neuron synapse induced by coactivation of climbing fiber and parallel fiber inputs. In cultured Purkinje neurons, a similar depression can be induced by iontophoretic glutamate pulses and Purkinje neuron depolarization. This form of LTD is expressed as a depression of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA)-mediated current, and its induction is dependent on activation of metabotropic quisqualate receptors. The effect of inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) on LTD induction was studied. Inhibitors of PKC blocked LTD induction, while phorbol-12,13-diacetate (PDA), a PKC activator, mimicked LTD. These results suggest that PKC activation is necessary for the induction of cerebellar LTD.
Teratogenic Effects of a Chelating Agent and Their Prevention by Zinc
Authors: Swenerton Helene , Hurley Lucille S.
Published: October 2006

Ingestion of a chelating agent (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) by female rats during pregnancy impaired reproduction and resulted in congenitally malformed young. When ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was fed from days 6 to 21 of gestation, all of the full-term young had gross congenital malformations. These effects were prevented by simultaneous supplementation with 1000 parts per million of dietary zinc.
Effects of Brief Separation from Mother on Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Hinde R. A. , Spencer-Booth Yvette
Published: October 2006

To summarize, data on the course of development of mother-infant relations in rhesus monkeys have been presented; a method for teasing apart the relative roles of mother and infant in causing changes or differences in the interaction described; and the complexity of the social nexus, within which the relationship is set, stressed. When the mother is removed for a few days, the infant calls a great deal at first and then shows depressed locomotor and play activity. These symptoms may last for a month after the mother's return. Simple tests given 6 months and even 2 years later strongly suggest that the differences (between infants that have had such a separation experience and infants that have not) are persistent.

Are these data relevant to the human case? The rhesus monkey has no verbal language and a much less complex social development than man. Furthermore, its social environment is quite different from that found in any human culture. Parallels between monkey and man must therefore be scrutinized carefully before being used as a basis for generalization. But the facts show that a brief separation experience produces in rhesus monkey infants symptoms that are very similar (except for the apparent absence of a "phase of detachment" on reunion) to those in human infants. While age of separation, within the rather narrow limits used here, was a variable of minor importance, the effects of the separation varied, as in the human case, with the length of the separation experience and the sex of the infant. Differences in the techniques of experimenters, as well as differences in the species, prevent precise comparisons of the roles of the mother-infant relationships; nevertheless, the nature of the relationship appears to be an important variable in both monkey and man. There would seem, therefore, to be strong reasons for thinking that we are dealing with comparable phenomena. If that is the case, the fact that monkeys function at a simpler conceptual level than man limits the complexity of the explanatory hypotheses necessary in the human case. In addition, the finding that such a brief separation experience, involving removal of the mother but no exposure to a strange environment, can produce effects lasting for months or years in rhesus monkeys strengthens the evidence that long-term effects may occur also in man. Finally, this analysis provides bases for attempts to predict individual differences in the effects of a period of separation on rhesus infants, and the parallels with man suggest that examination of the same variables in the human case would be worthwhile.
Genetic Technology and Agricultural Development
Authors: Staub William J. , Blase Melvin G.
Published: October 2006

The genetic technologies being adopted in South Asia are significant factors in the agricultural development of the area. But, labeling them "miracle seeds," solely responsible for recent agricultural growth, is misleading. Certainly the introduction of new genetic technology has catalyzed South Asian agriculture and has instilled a new dynamism essential to economic development. Somewhat similar phenomena have, however, been observed in other parts of the world in other periods of history.

The nature of these genetic technologies, how they are being applied, and their limits and potential have been explored above. Also, the effects of these varieties on the generation of employment, and the distribution of benefits accruing from them have been examined in preliminary fashion.

Stemming from the preceding discussion, two areas of priority appear obvious. First, the close association of genetic technologies with irrigation suggests that irrigation should receive more attention than it has in the past. Large-scale public irrigation schemes are expensive and have tended to yield low rates of return. However, there appears to be room for marginal increases in, or improvements of, existing irrigation facilities.

Second, even with a rapid spread of the practices associated with high-yield varieties, it may be too much to expect the farm sector to absorb the expected increases in the rural labor force. The generation of employment is a major problem in India as well as in most other developing countries. Hence, possibilities for expanding rural, nonfarm employment and controlling population growth should be sought vigorously.
In vitro Techniques for Avoiding Edge Damage in Studies of Frog Skin
Authors: Helman Sandy I. , Miller David A.
Published: October 2006

Frog skins mounted between chambers without compression, with a liquid insulator and a tissue adhesive, were studied in vitro. Since voltage and electrical resistance per unit area were unchanged by a tenfold decrease in area of skin studied, it is concluded that these mounting techniques do not produce edge damage and consequently provide a means for study of the skin in its absence.
Plant Response to Carbon Dioxide Enrichment under Field Conditions: A Simulation
Authors: Allen L. H. , Jensen S. E. , Lemon E. R.
Published: October 2006

A comprehensive soil-plant-atmosphere computer simulation model (SPAM) predicted up to a 45 percent increase in carbon dioxide uptake by a crop enriched with carbon dioxide at ground level. Enrichment rates of 225 and 450 kilograms of carbon dioxide per hectare per hour were used. Simulations covered a wide range of wind speed, crop height, and leaf area display.
Toxic Factors in Enzymes Used in Laundry Products
Authors: Dubos René
Published: October 2006

Autolyzates of
Bacillus subtilis
used as enzymes in laundry products contain several potentially toxic substances.
Habituation of Electrically Induced Readiness to Gnaw
Authors: Cain Roy E. , Skriver Christian P. , Carlson Richard H.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation of the hypothalamus in prairie dogs (
Cynomys ludovicianus
) produced a readiness to gnaw which decreased over time, exhibited spontaneous recovery, and could be dishabituated by foot shock. The response decrement was in part habituatory and could modify the interaction between a stimulation-induced readiness to gnaw and a physiologically induced hunger. Functional plasticity of stimulation-induced behavior might be accounted for, in part, by habituation.
Southward Flow under the Florida Current
Authors: Düing Walter , Johnson Donald
Published: October 2006

High-resolution current profiles were obtained in the Florida Straits by means of a new technique. Large temporal variations in the current profiles were observed. At times extensive southward flow, with speeds up to 30 centimeters per second, was recorded in the lower half of the water column.
Photochemical Transformation of 5-Alkyluracils and Their Nucleosides
Authors: Krajewska Estera , Shugar D.
Published: October 2006

Irradiation at 254 nm of aqueous solutions of 5-ethyl-, 5-propyl-, and 5-isopropyluracils (or their nucleosides) leads to cleavage of the 5-alkyl substituents, via an intramolecular electrocyclic photoaddition intermediate, with formation of uracil (or its nucleoside). The photoaddition intermediates represent a new class of dihydropyrimidines, namely analogs of 5,6-dihydro-5,6-cyclobutanyluracil and its nucleosides; the biological significance is discussed.
Inhibitors of DNA Polymerases of Murine Leukemia Viruses: Activity of Ethidium Bromide
Authors: Hirschman Shalom Z.
Published: October 2006

Ethidium bromide, compared on a molar basis, was a more effective inhibitor of the DNA polymerases of the Rauscher and Moloney murine leukemia viruses than either 4-
N
-demethylrifampicin or 4-
N
-benzyldemethylrifampicin. Daunomycin inhibited the polymerases weakly, and chromomycin A
3
inhibited almost not at all. 4-
N
-Benzyldemethylrifampicin was a more active inhibitor than the 4-
N
-demethyl congener.
Quartz: Synthesis at Earth-Surface Conditions
Authors: Mackenzie Fred T. , Gees Rudi
Published: October 2006

Quartz has been crystallized directly from seawater at room temperature. This is the first time that identifiable quartz has been synthesized in aqueous solution at earth-surface conditions without the aging of an original amorphous precipitate. The concentration of dissolved silica in equilibrium with quartz at 20°C and 1 atmosphere is 4.4 ± 0.3 parts per million, a value in agreement with the theoretical value obtained by a constant heat capacity fit of higher temperature equilibrium data. This experiment confirms the results of petrologic investigations which suggest that quartz precipitates directly from aqueous solution during chemical weathering and early diagenesis.
Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate Phosphodiesterase: Multiple Molecular Forms
Authors: Monn Eirik , Christiansen Robert O.
Published: October 2006

By starch-gel electrophoresis and a specific staining technique, seven different molecular forms of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase have been demonstrated in supernatants from homogenates of rat and rabbit tissues. No tissue contains more than four components, but there are distinct differences in component patterns among the various tissues. Tentative molecular weights of the three most prevalent components of rat tissues have been estimated at 135,000, 150,000, and 167,000 by sucrose density gradient centrifugation.
Stimulation-Dependent Alterations in Peroxidase Uptake at Lobster Neuromuscular Junctions
Authors: Holtzman Eric , Freeman Alan R. , Kashner Leonard A.
Published: October 2006

The uptake of cytochemically demonstrable horseradish peroxidase into small vesicles within nerve endings in lobster stretcher muscles can be enhanced by electrical stimulation of transmitter release by the endings. This is observed particularly if stimulation is interrupted periodically and the nerves permitted to rest
The Future Market for Ph.D.'s
Authors: Wolfle Dael , Kidd Charles V.
Published: October 2006

Even if agreement on "Solutions" is reached, the processes of adjustment will be difficult. More stringent admission standards, quotas, reduced financial support, incentives, or other means of controlling the number of doctorates will challenge established values, frustrate many students and many professors, exacerbate tensions among established and emerging institutions, aggravate the uneasy relationships between universities and government, complicate faculty-administration problems, and accentuate differences between older and younger faculty members. Some academicians will no doubt be inclined to the view that difficulties in the job market for young doctorates created by a laissez-faire approach are moderate compared with the difficulties that will be generated by efforts to adjust supply and demand. We are of the opinion that these problems must be faced, and that the long-range imbalance, inequities, and strains arising from ignoring the problem will far outweigh the stresses generated by efforts to cope with it.
Jupiter: Its Captured Satellites
Authors: Bailey J. Martyn
Published: October 2006

Because of the small size and irregular orbits of the seven outer satellites of Jupiter, it is often assumed that they were derived by capture. The conditions whereby Jupiter can capture satellites have therefore been examined. Relationships derived on the basis of the three-body problem for planets in elliptical orbits enable the dimensions of the capture orbits around Jupiter to be calculated. It is found that Jupiter may capture satellites through the inner Lagrangian point when at perihelion or at aphelion. Captures at perihelion should give rise to satellites in direct orbits of 11.48 × 10
6
kilometers and capture at aphelion to retrograde orbits of 21.7 × 10
6
kilometers. The correspondence with the seven outer satellites suggests that Jupiter VI, VII, and X in direct orbits at 11.47, 11.74, and 11.85 × 10
6
kilometers were captured at Jupiter perihelion, whereas Jupiter VIII, IX, XI, and XII in retrograde orbits of 23.5, 23.7, 22.5, and 21.2 × 10
6
kilometers were captured when Jupiter was at aphelion. Examination of the precapture orbits indicates that the seven outer satellites were derived from the asteroid belt.
Leucylglycinamide Released from Oxytocin by Human Uterine Enzyme
Authors: Walter Roderich , Shlank H. , Glass J. D. , Schwartz I. L. , Kerenyi T. D.
Published: October 2006

Uteri of pregnant and nonpregnant women contain enzymic activities which inactivate oxytocin. A potent enzyme, which has been partially purified from uterine homogenates, cleaves the prolyl-leucyl peptide bond of oxytocin. This finding associates for the first time the release of the dipeptide leucylglycinamide with the degradation of neurohypophyseal hormones.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
: Growth in Distilled Water from Hospitals
Authors: Favero M. S. , Carson L. A. , Bond W. W. , Petersen N. J.
Published: October 2006

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
can grow relatively fast in distilled water obtained in hospitals and achieve high cell contaminations which remain stable for long periods of time. Cells grown in distilled water react quite differently to chemical and physical stresses than cells grown in standard laboratory culture media.
Computer Derivation of Some Dolphin Echolocation Signals
Authors: Altes Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Recent advances in radar theory have given rise to a straightforward method of sonar signal design. The method involves computer maximization of a signal-to-interference ratio. The procedure has been used to derive sonar signals that can accurately measure target velocity. When two dolphins were placed in a situation conducive to the utilization of such signals, their waveforms were similar to those that had been theoretically derived.
Explosion Effects and Earthquakes in the Amchitka Island Region
Authors: Engdahl E. R.
Published: October 2006

Microearthquakes were monitored by a network of seismographs located on Amchitka and nearby islands; the nature of earthquake activity in this region was found to be consistent with the hypothesis of underthrusting of the Aleutian arc by a rigid lithospheric plate. Seismic effects of the nuclear explosion Milrow were small, of short duration, confined to the region immediate to the explosion, and were apparently independent of this geotectonic mechanism.
Linkage Groups II and XII of the Mouse: Cytological Localization by Fluorochrome Staining
Authors: Nesbitt Muriel , Francke Uta
Published: October 2006

The
T(2;12) 163H
translocation involves two chromosomes which carry the two groups of genes known as linkage groups II and XII. Staining with quinacrine mustard reveals that these chromosomes are numbers 10 and 19 of the fluorescent karyotype of the normal mouse. Linkage group II is assigned to chromosome 10, linkage group XII to chromosome 19.
Methamphetamine-Induced Insulin Release
Authors: McMahon Edward M. , Andersen Dana K. , Feldman Jerome M. , Schanberg Saul M.
Published: October 2006

Administration of methamphetamine or amphetamine to rats and mice produces a rapid increase in the level of immunoassayable plasma insulin not attributable to hyperglycemia. While in the mouse this release of insulin is followed consistently by a profound hypoglycemia, in the rat this response is variable. Studies in vitro demonstrate that insulin is released by a direct effect of methamphetamine on the pancreas.
Binding of DDT to Lecithin
Authors: Tinsley I. J. , Haque R. , Schmedding D.
Published: October 2006

An interaction between DDT and lecithin is indicated by the reciprocal effects of each compound on the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the other. The phosphoryl choline moiety of the lecithin and the benzylic proton of the DDT seem to be involved. The most pronounced response in the proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the lecithin produced by increasing concentrations of DDT was a change in the chemical shift of the resonance peak due to the protons of the choline methyl groups. Increasing concentrations of lecithin produced changes in the chemical shift of the resonance peaks of the benzylic proton and adjacent ring protons of the DDT. Equilibrium constant of 0.597 ± 0.015 molal
-1
was obtained for this interaction.
Chemosterilant Action of Anthramycin: A Proposed Mechanism
Authors: Horwitz Susan B. , Chang Shen Chin , Grollman Arthur P. , Bořkovec Alexej B.
Published: October 2006

The activity of anthramycin and structurally related analogs as chemosterilants of the housefly,
Musca domestica
L., correlates closely with the action of these compounds as inhibitors of
Escherichia coli
RNA polymerase. Since inhibition of RNA polymerase by anthramycin reflects binding of this antibiotic to the DNA primer required for enzyme activity, we propose that the interaction of anthramycin with DNA may also account for its action as a chemosterilant.
Modifying the Ionosphere with Intense Radio Waves
Authors: Utlaut William F. , Cohen Robert
Published: October 2006

The ionospheric modification experiments provide an opportunity to better understand the aeronomy of the natural ionosphere and also afford the control of a naturally occurring plasma, which will make possible further progress in plasma physics. The ionospheric modification by powerful radio waves is analogous to studies of laser and microwave heating of laboratory plasmas. "Anomalous" reflectivity effects similar to the observed ionospheric attenuation have already been noted in plasmas modulated by microwaves, and anomalous heating may have been observed in plasmas irradiated by lasers. Contacts have now been established between the workers in these diverse areas, which span a wide range of the electromagnetic spectrum. Perhaps ionospheric modification will also be a valuable technique in radio communications.
Norepinephrine Stimulated Increase of Cyclic AMP Levels in Developing Mouse Brain Cell Cultures
Authors: Seeds Nicholas W. , Gilman Alfred G.
Published: October 2006

Norepinephrine causes a four- to sixfold increase in the intracellular level of cyclic AMP (adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate) reaggregated brain cell cultures derived from embryonic mouse brain. The cyclic AMP level of adult brain is increased by norepinephrine; however, embryonic mouse brain does not show a cyclic AMP response. The aggregate cultures thus demonstrate an event of differentiation very similar to that seen in vivo.
Chemoreception in
Nassarius obsoletus
: The Role of Specific Stimulatory Proteins
Authors: Gurin Samuel , Carr William E.
Published: October 2006

Proteins in human plasma and oyster fluid induce a strong feeding response in the marine snail
Nassarius obsoletus
. Purified human serum albumin induces a 50 percent positive response at concentrations of 1 to 2 × 10
-9
molar. Adsorbed fatty acids markedly decrease the effectiveness of albumin. From oyster fluid a major glycoprotein has been isolated which accounts for essentially the entire stimulatory activity of the fluid and is effective at concentrations of approximately 1 to 2 × 10
-10
molar. These findings provide evidence that specific proteins in extremely low concentrations may play a major role in chemoreception in aquatic animals.
Circadian Rhythm: Population of Interacting Neurons
Authors: Jacklet Jon W. , Geronimo Jeffrey
Published: October 2006

The circadian rhythm in the frequency of compound action potentials recorded from the isolated eye of
Aplysia
is a consequence of interactions among the cells of the retinal population. As the population number is reduced to a critical 20 percent, progressively shorter circadian periods and ranges are expressed. Below the critical number, the population oscillates at ultradian frequencies.
Hyperfine Zeeman Effect Atomic Absorption Spectrometer for Mercury
Authors: Hadeishi T. , McLaughlin R. D.
Published: October 2006

A new type of atomic absorption spectrometer—one that detects trace mercury in host material, based on hyperfine structure lines in a magnetic field—was developed and tested on various substances. This device can detect trace mercury to about 0.04 part per million (40 parts per billion) in about 1 minute. No chemical separation from the host material is necessary.
Simian Tumor Virus Isolate: Demonstration of Cytopathic Effects in vitro
Authors: Fine D. L. , Landon J. C. , Kubicek M. T.
Published: October 2006

Several cell lines that were derived from primates and inoculated with virus originally obtained from a spontaneous mammary carcinoma showed cytopathic effects characterized by multinucleation. These cytopathic effects appeared as early as 24 hours after inoculation. Multinucleated cells contained virus particles characteristic of the original virus isolate.
Intestinal Secretion: Stimulation by Peptides
Authors: Barbezat Gilbert O. , Grossman Morton I.
Published: October 2006

Two peptides isolated from intestinal mucosa, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and gastric inhibitory peptide, stimulate small intestinal secretion in conscious dogs. Glucagon and pentagastrin also stimulate, but secretin and the octapetide of cholecystokinin do not. The stimulants may participate in regulation of intestinal secretion in health and in diseases with excessive secretion.
Inhibition of Normal Growth by Chronic Administration of Δ
9
-Tetrahydrocannabinol
Authors: Manning Frederick J. , McDonough John H. , Elsmore Timothy F. , Saller Charles , Sodetz Frank J.
Published: October 2006

Body weight, food and water intake, and feces weight of 20 albino rats were recorded daily for 70 days. On days 11 to 40, 12 rats received behaviorally effective doses of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, either orally or intraperitoneally. These rats ate significantly less than placebo-dosed controls during the treatment period, and gained significantly less weight. Food intake recovered in the 30-day posttreatment period, but the former drug group still weighed less than the controls on day 70. In addition, all rats who had received intraperitoneal injections of Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol showed evidence of chronic diffuse nonsuppurative peritonitis.
Social Behavior of Monkeys Selectively Depleted of Monoamines
Authors: Redmond D. E. , Maas I. W. , Kling A. , Graham C. W. , Dekirmenjian H.
Published: October 2006

Initiated social interactions ofMacaca speciosaare decreased during the period of treatment with alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, an inhibitor of catecholamine synthesis. The treated animals maintained stable body weights and appeared to be healthy. Similar depletion of indoleamines withp-chlorophenylalanine does not change these same observed behaviors in spite of weight loss, hair loss, ataxia, and debilitation in some of the animals.
Anemia in Sleep-Deprived Rats Receiving Anticoagulants
Authors: Drucker-Colín R. R. , Jaques L. B. , Winocur G.
Published: October 2006

Independent groups of rats were deprived of sleep and treated with the anticoagulant drugs phenylindanedione or dicoumarol for 1 to 8 days. These animals developed an extremely severe anemia which was accelerated by p-chlorophenylalanine. The red cell count and amount of hemoglobin decreased to half of normal values. No decrease occurred in animals subjected to any one single treatment. Histological examination indicated hemolysis, hypoplasia of hemopoietic organs, slight hemorrhage, but no evidence of stress. The severity of the anemia was inversely related to the amount of sleep permitted during sleep deprivation. This new syndrome demonstrates marked effects of sleep deprivation on both maturation and destruction of red blood cells. Depletion of serotonin by injection of parachlorophenylalanine blocked the increase in amount of brain waves of the type commonly seen in slow wave sleep but did not eliminate the production of these waves. This result is at variance with the theory that serotonin is the neurochemical responsible for the "priming" of slow wave sleep.
Mercury in a Greenland Ice Sheet: Evidence of Recent Input by Man
Authors: Weiss Herbert V. , Koide Minoru , Goldberg Edward D.
Published: October 2006

The increased mercury content in a Greenland ice sheet over the last several decades suggests the dissemination of this element about the earth's atmosphere through the activities of man. The mercury content in the atmosphere appears to result primarily from the degassing of the earth's crust. Increased flux may come about as a result of the enhancement of this degassing process through the actions of man.
Strontium Accumulation by Sarcoplasmic Reticulum and Mitochondria in Vascular Smooth Muscle
Authors: Somlyo Avril V. , Somlyo Andrew P.
Published: October 2006

Electron-opaque deposits of strontium were observed in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and in mitochondria of spontaneously contracting vascular smooth muscles that had been incubated in a strontium-containing solution prior to fixation. The deposits were present in those elements of the sarcoplasmic reticulum that are in close contact with the surface membrane and also in more centrally located portions. In vascular smooth muscle that does not contract spontaneously, similar deposits of strontium were only seen if the muscle was depolarized during or glycerinated before exposure to the strontium-containing solution. Strontium was also deposited in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of the endothelium. It is suggested that translocation of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum that is in close contact with the surface membrane, and now shown to accumulate divalent cations, is responsible for the action potential-triggered contractions of rabbit and guinea pig mesenteric veins. Strontium may also be a suitable marker for identifying sites that accumulate calcium in other types of cells in which translocation of calcium plays a major regulatory function.
Probability Distribution of Enantiomorphous Forms in Spontaneous Generation of Optically Active Substances
Authors: Pincock Richard E. , Perkins Robert R. , Ma Alan S. , Wilson Keith R.
Published: October 2006

The crystallization of 1,1′-binaphthyl from its racemic melt is an example of spontaneous generation of optical activity. The distribution of specific rotations in 200 individual samples varied from [α]
D
= -218 degrees to [α]
D
= +206 degrees with a mean of +0.14 degree and standard deviation of 86.4 degrees. This resolution into enantiomers is determined by chance development, with equal probability, of right- or left-handed crystallites; it can be controlled and made stereospecific by addition of dissymmetric compounds at low concentrations.
Gravity Measured at the Apollo 14 Lading Site
Authors: Nance Richard L.
Published: October 2006

The gravity at the Apollo 14 landing site has been determined from the accelerometer data that were telemetered from the lunar module. The values for the lunar gravity measured at the Apollo 11, 12, and 14 sites were reduced to a common elevation and were then compared between sites. A theoretical gravity, based on the assumption of a spherical moon, was computed for each landing site and compared with the observed value. The observed gravity was also used to compute the lunar radius at each landing site.
Barbiturates: Radioimmunoassay
Authors: Spector Sydney , Flynn Edward J.
Published: October 2006

The development of a radioimmunoassay for barbiturate is described. The barbiturate is made antigenic by coupling it to a protein, bovine gamma globulin. The radioimmunoassay can measure as little as 5 nanograms of barbiturate.
David on Neutrality of NAS, PSAC
Authors: David Edward E.
Published: October 2006

The two most significant conduits through which scientific advice is channeled to government are the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) and the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC). The neutrality of these two bodies has on occasion been called into question by their critics, but seldom from within. In a philosophic but candid interview published in a recent issue of Mosaic, house organ of the National Science Foundation, Edward E. David, the President's science adviser and chairman of PSAC, suggests that the Academy and PSAC may be hindered by their government links from offering scientific advice in an unbiased and credible way.
Fertilizer Nitrogen: Contribution to Nitrate in Surface Water in a Corn Belt Watershed
Authors: Kohl Daniel H. , Shearer Georgia B. , Commoner Barry
Published: October 2006

Measurements of nitrate concentration and relative enrichment in nitrogen-15 were made on samples of the surface waters of a typical Illinois corn belt watershed and the effluent of the subterranean tiles that drain the cropped land in the region. From these measurements, we estimate that at the time of peak nitrate concentration in the spring of 1970 a minimum of 55 to 60 percent of the nitrogen found as nitrate in the surface waters of this watershed originated from fertilizer nitrogen.
DNA of Rous Sarcoma Virus: Its Nature and Significance
Authors: Levinson Warren E. , Varmus Harold E. , Garapin Axel-Claude , Bishop J. Michael
Published: October 2006

Purified preparations of Rous sarcoma virus (an avian tumor virus with an RNA genome) contain small amounts of double-stranded DNA. This DNA cannot be hybridized to viral RNA, but will reanneal completely with the DNA of avian cells. Extensive substitution of bromodeoxyuridine for thymidine in "viral" DNA does not photosensitize the biological activity of the virus. These observations indicate that the DNA associated with Rous sarcoma virus is derived from the DNA of the avian host cell, and is probably devoid of any function in the life cycle of the virus.
Systemic Activity of a Juvenile Hormone Analog
Authors: Babu T. H. , Sláma K.
Published: October 2006

The peptidic analog of insect juvenile hormone, ethyl pivaloyl-L-alanyl-
p
-aminobenzoate with enormous biological activity on the red cotton bug,
Dysdercus cingulatus
, has pronounced systemic effect in sunflower plants. The compound is absorbed by the plant tissues and appears to be translocated throughout the plant system in active form. There is some evidence that juvenile hormone analogs of other types also have similar systemic effects. The discovery of systemic action should aid in the possible utilization of juvenile hormone analogs in insect control programs.