bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ordinary, Adequate, and Crazy: Reconsidering the “Pyramid” Metaphor for Mass-participation Sports
Authors: Adelfinsky Andrey
Published: July 2021

The article critically examines the “pyramid” metaphor for mass-participation sports. It focuses on the heterogeneity of intra-group structure and motives among adult amateurs participating in open races in running, triathlon, etc. The study is based on comparative participant observation at Russian and European mass-sports events and semi-formalized interviews. We describe the lifestyle and motives of non-elite athletes. Mostly they participate “for fit, for fun, for challenge, for socialization”, defined as key motives. Participation in races is essential for healthy lifestyle. However, the motive “for health” is peripheral. We noted a latent motive of “to win, to be ahead of others”. It reflects the very nature of sports, but creates a “loser's problem” subverting participation. We show how skill-level and a balance between key and latent motives constitute three strata among non-elite athletes. We define these strata as “Ordinary”, “Adequate” and “Crazy” and demonstrate how the motivation difference produces hidden controversies among them. Our theoretical interpretation is based on Norbert Elias’s concept of civilizing process and Konrad Lorenz’s comparative anthropology. We outline two normative sports models. For the Expressive model, the key motives “fit, fun, challenge, socialization” are socially approved, but for the Traditional-competitive or Top-achievements model, only the latent motive of “to win” looks legitimate. We believe that mass-participation sports emerged due to modern recognition of the Expressive model as a new social norm, while the Competitive model hinders its development. Rejecting the “pyramid” metaphor in sports, we propose an “iceberg” metaphor wherein these models coexist through different social roles.
Combating Discrimination or Repoliticizing Sports? The Specifics of the Perception of Black Lives Matter in Sports-Fans Online Communities
Authors: Salnikov Evgeny , Salnikova Inna
Published: July 2021

This article is devoted to the study of the transformation of the processes of the politicization of sports. The authors show that the development of modern states naturally included sports in the system of power relations both at the domestic and foreign policy levels. At the beginning of the 21st century, a new form of this process was a kind of interpretation of racial discrimination, proposed in the framework of critical racial theory. The most striking embodiment of the ideology and practice of critical race theory was the BLM movement, whose actions were supported by a number of athletes and sports organizations causing a mixed reaction in the fan community. Based on both domestic and Western studies of the attitude of sports fans, we attempted to analyze the specifics of the perception of BLM actions of Russian fans in sports. The empirical basis of the study was the comments of fans on the forums of sports news agencies in 2020. The research hypothesis was based on the assumption that the study of online comments on the news about the participation or non-participation of Russian athletes in BLM events will reveal the unconscious attitudes and semantic framework for the perception of domestic sports fans of a new interpretation of the racial problem in sports. As a result of the analysis, there was a lack of unity in the assessment of BLM-shares in sports. Some fans support athletes in the fight against discrimination in sports, while some evaluate the actions of athletes negatively, and categorically do not accept their position. Here, on a mundane level, the illusory nature of BLM is recognized. The specifics of the social dimension of racism, which CRT insists on, are not understood by domestic fans; BLM actions appear to be an external phenomena in sports, primarily having a political dimension. Special attention should be paid to the pattern of Russia as a special space; because of the moral characteristics of the population and its specific mentality, discriminatory practices are historically generally uncharacteristic, and the fight against these discriminatory practices is irrelevant in the Russian fan community.
Philosophical Travelogy as a Cultural and Political Research Method
Authors: Zhukova Olga
Published: July 2021

This article is devoted to new books written by Alexey Kara-Murza, a Russian philosopher and political scientist. Kara-Murza is the author of numerous works on the philosophy of Russian history and culture and Russian social thought, successfully working in the original genres of philosophical travelogy and philosophical local history. Russian-European and Russian-Italian cultural interactions have been the subject of Alexey Kara-Murza’s scientific interest for many years. The new monographs explore the political circumstances as well as the key biographical voyage plots to Italy of the outstanding Russian thinkers Pyotr Chaadaev (1824–1825), and Vladimir Solovyov (1876). According to Alexey Kara-Murza, these trips determined the intellectual identity of the two Russian authors as well as the spiritual and philosophical horizon of their work. Kara-Murza consistently develops a central thesis about the intellectual relationships between Europe and Russia. He interprets the dialogue of cultures as a story of creativity, and comprehends the journey as a special way of the philosophical reception of culture and creative self-identification. Kara-Murza’s cultural and political studies in his philosophical travelogy genre, as well as the method he developed which helped the philosopher reconstruct the intellectual experience of Russian thinkers in the context of the history of Russian and European culture, are critically analyzed in this article.
How to Take Humanity Out of Comfort Zone
Authors: Miroshnichenko Maxim
Published: July 2021

Book Review: Katerina Kolozova, Capitalism’s Holocaust of Animals: A Non-Marxist Critique of Capital, Philosophy and Patriarchy (London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2020).
The Mechanism of the Production of Counter-finality in a Constitutive Order
Authors: Latypov Il'yas
Published: July 2021

The presented theory-oriented article describes the main elements of the counter-finality production mechanism in the constitutive order, and provides an empirical illustration. The counter-finality in Elster’s theory is an unintended consequence that generates collective action in order to overcome this contradiction and contribute to social change. However, this approach ignores the very process of producing counter-finality and does not correspond to the realities of everyday life. Focusing on everyday interactions allows to describe the counter-finality production process and to define this phenomenon in a different way. Firstly, the connection between counter-finality and the constitutive order is indicated: counter-finality occurs when the constitutive order is violated, but counter-finality creates conditions for the constitution of a new order. Then, a set of concepts is derived from the definition of counter-finality, its properties and examples, and from the description of the constitutive order conception: intentional action, lack of coordination, space, time, informational background, and sequence of actions. These concepts can be used to describe the process and conditions for counter-finality production in the constitutive order. In a specific empirical study, the case of a queue in a subway car, these concepts are elements of the production mechanism that influence each other and together create counter-finality.
Russia as a Plebiscitary Democracy
Authors: Yudin Greg
Published: July 2021

Electoral procedures, such as elections, voting, or opinion polling, play a pivotal role in the Russian political system. A theoretical problem for contemporary political science arises; how can this proactive recourse to the popular voice coexist with the obvious depoliticization and concentration of personal power? Describing the Russian political regime as intermediary and inferior as opposed to full democracies cannot account for its electoral enthusiasm nor its robustness and endurance. This paper reverts to the plebiscitarian theory of democracy to address these issues. Combining monarchical power with universal suffrage created the political system of the Second Empire in France, and was later thoroughly theorized in Germany during the years of the Weimar Republic. Plebiscitary democracy produces direct democratic legitimacy for a strong leader while severely reducing the role of the masses under a drastic and rapid extension of suffrage. This paper identifies key principles as well as the main contradictions of plebiscitarian regimes. Additionally, it demonstrates that the plebiscitarian ideas proposed by Max Weber and Carl Schmitt have affected the minimalist definition of democracy espoused by Joseph Schumpeter, and therefore keeps enjoying a wide influence in political science. In identifying democracy with elections, the minimalist view promotes the electoralization of political regimes and favors the contemporary rise of plebiscitarianism. The paper considers present-day Russia as a radical case of plebiscitarian politics and traces some of its key developments.
Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 variant mutations (HV69-70 and E484K/N501Y) in settled solids using digital RT-PCR v1
Authors: Hughes Bridgette , J. White Bradley , K. Wolfe Marlene , Wigginton Krista , B B Boehm Alexandria
Published: July 2021

This process instruction describes the steps for quantitative analysis of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 with a triplex Reverse Transcriptase droplet digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-ddPCR) assay targeting the N Gene, S Gene and 2 mutation assays (one for HV69-70 and one for E484K/N501Y) in extracted and purified RNA samples from solid wastewater samples for population level SARS-CoV-2 community surveillance. RT-ddPCR is a modified version of conventional RT-PCR workflows which involves separating the reaction mixture into many partitions (~20,000) before thermal cycling which allows for direct absolute quantification of the target RNA molecules. Future protocols will be published that are complementary to this one and describe assays targeting additional SARS-CoV-2 mutations. This protocol uses RNA extracted using this protocol: High Throughput RNA Extraction and PCR Inhibitor Removal of Settled Solids for Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 RNA. That RNA is generated from samples subjected to pre-analytical steps outlined in: High Throughput pre-analytical processing of wastewater settled solids for SARS-CoV-2 RNA analyses. It is recommended that these assays be run along assays for PMMoV and BCoV as controls as described in the companion protocol High Throughput SARS-COV-2, PMMOV, and BCoV quantification in settled solids using digital RT-PCR The readout of this assay is a concentration of each target in the extracted RNA samples (copies/µL). Scope This process instruction applies to quantitative analysis of nucleic acid from SARS-CoV-2 RNA from solid wastewater samples with ddPCR using a Bio-Rad AutoDG Droplet Digital PCR system consisting of the AutoDG Automated Droplet Generator and the QX200 droplet reader.
smilzcbdgummies v1
Authors: not provided health
Published: July 2021

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Los Gitanos como otro y como horizonte de otredad en la Hispanoamérica colonial (s. XV a XIX)
Authors: Galletti Patricia Cecilia
Published: July 2021

La historia de los Gitanos en América hispana ha sido escasamente abordada. Unos pocos investigadores registran su presencia en el continente a partir de documentos encontrados en los archivos de Indias, en los autos de fe de la Inquisición, en bandos coloniales, y en políticas migratorias y de control social. Este artículo tiene por objetivo plantear un estado de la cuestión a partir de fuentes primarias y secundarias que documentan el periodo colonial (s. XV – XIX). Se utiliza un enfoque histórico de larga duración, para analizar leyes y pragmáticas destinadas al permiso o restricción de los Gitanos en las Nuevas Indias, y los registros de su presencia en el continente. En el último apartado se indaga un elemento poco estudiado: lo gitano como horizonte de otredad y como marco cognitivo del colonizador europeo orientador de su praxis colonial en tierra americana. Se observa, como principal hallazgo, que la dimensión representativa de lo gitano parece haber funcionado como categoría instrumental, unidad de medida de la alteridad, para interpretar al indio y, a partir del s XVIII también lo gaucho, en la sociedad colonial.
The Uglier Side of Bonnie Scotland: the Tinker Housing Experiments
Authors: McFee Shamus
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper is to illumine the insidious and covert nature of the racially motivated programme of measures, implemented by the State Party and other key stakeholders in Scottish society, ostensibly designed to crush and eradicate age-old Scottish Gypsy Traveller culture. To best rationalise those actions committed necessitates exploration of various themes: the treatment meted out, the mindset underpinning those actions, the attitudinal context, the intersectionality of the human rights violations and the long term effects of the damage sustained, both at an individual and collective level, by those subjected nationally to such assimilatory schemes, culminating in an inquisition of the reasons furnished by the Scottish Government for its subsequent refusal to grant an apology to the victims – despite repeated appeals to that end. The methodology will include personal photographs, reference to historical papers, relevant newspaper articles, and files from both national and local authority archives. The corollary of these investigations will conclude that the human rights of Scottish Gypsy Travellers have been irrefutably violated under international law; this has been executed with impunity by the authorities and, inarguably, constitutes a crime against humanity.
Dialogic Literary Gatherings: Opening Up Spaces of Meaning Creation and Social Transformation for Roma People
Authors: Lopez de Aguileta Garazi
Published: July 2021

Dialogic Literary Gatherings (DLGs) were created in La Verneda-Sant Martí Adult School, located in one of the poorest working-class neighborhoods in Barcelona (Spain) at the time, in 1978, by a group of non-academic women referred to as the “other women” (Puigvert, 2001). They were created with the aim of tearing down elitist walls which impeded low Socioeconomic Status, migrant, Roma, people with no academic studies or belonging to other excluded groups in society from reading universal classics of literature (Flecha, 2000). None of the participants in the first DLGs had university studies, and yet, they were able to read, understand, enjoy and debate works of authors such as Kafka, Lorca, Dostoyevsky, or Joyce. Moreover, as the scientific research conducted over these years has shown, DLGs have promoted great benefits among these populations, from fostering access to higher education, to increasing their self-esteem, or to becoming transformative agents in front of injustices. DLGs are based on dialogic learning, which is comprised of seven principles. This paper focuses on two of these principles: creation of meaning and transformation. Through reviewing empirical works about DLGs in Spain with adult participants, I argue that the dialogic interactions in which DLGs are grounded and the use of universal classic literature promote participants’ creation of meaning and transformations in their own lives and social contexts.
Education Transforms Lives: from Deep Poverty to Cultural Agent and Activist. Anikó Orsós and the Amrita Association
Authors: Orsos Aniko
Published: July 2021

Roma women are the focus of this article and the Spotlight offers a Roma woman’s testimony as a starting point. The article weaves in the personal narrative of the now director of a Roma organisation based in Hungary and combines the individual journey of Anikó Orsós , a Roma woman, educator, activist and human rights defender. Orsos is the president of Amrita Association and this paper describes the work of the association while also allowing her own reality to reflect the transformative potential of education.
Prevalence of Congenitally Missing Mandibular Incisors in A Sample of Kurdish Patients Seeking Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Amin Anwar
Published: July 2021

Objectives: This study's objective was to evaluate the prevalence of congenitally missing mandibular incisors (central and lateral incisors) in Kurdish patients seeking orthodontic treatment.  

Methods: The data were captured from 4056 patients (2596 females and 1460 males) seeking orthodontic treatment and included orthopantomograms, intraoral photographs, study models, while anamnestic data were retrieved and examined to evaluate the prevalence of congenitally missing lower incisors. A Chi-square test was used to determine significant differences.      

Results: The prevalence of missing lower incisors was 1.28%, with no statistically significant difference between males and females. A total of 73 permanent lower incisors were missing, with an average of 1.42 teeth per patient. Missing unilateral (59%) was more frequent than missing bilateral (41%). Within the unilateral cases, the left side tooth was more frequently missing than the right side, and the central incisor was the most frequently missing tooth. In addition, missing unilateral was more frequent in females, and missing bilateral was more frequent in males. In most subjects (76%), where mandibular incisors were missing, there were no other missing teeth.  

Conclusions: The prevalence of hypodontia can vary in different ethnic groups. In the Kurdish population, the prevalence was comparable with other ethnic groups, and the most frequently missing lower incisor was the left central incisor, followed by the right central incisor. Furthermore, missing unilateral was more frequent than missing bilateral.
Oral Health Behaviours, Knowledge and Attitudes Among Dental College Students in Sulaimani City, Iraq
Authors: Noori Arass
Published: July 2021

Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the oral health behavior, knowledge, and attitudes of dental college students.          

Methods: A self-assessment questionnaire was used in this study. Participants were divided into two groups according to their level of study (pre-clinical and clinical).      

Results: A total of 140 students participated in the study, with 79(56%) pre-clinical and 61(44%) were at the clinical levels. The majority of students reported brushing their teeth (90.7%) with no association between toothbrushing behavior and gender or level of study (P>0.05). The most common tooth brushing frequency was twice daily with no gender association (P>0.05), and a higher percentage of students at clinical levels of the study reported brushing their teeth more than twice daily (P<0.05). The majority of students reported using fluoridated toothpaste (60.7%). In total, about half of the students reported using dental floss with a significant association with the level of study (P<0.01). Tongue cleaning was reported by 69.3% of the students, and about half of the students reported using mouthwashes, and one-fourth of the students reported using Miswak. In total, about half of the students reported their oral health status as “Good”. Routine dental visits and the level of the study were significantly associated (P<0.01).  

Conclusions: Noticeable differences in oral health behaviors could not be concluded on a statistical basis. Nevertheless, there were areas of oral health behaviors where increased knowledge showed an improvement in health behavior. It is recommended that preventive programs, including self-care regimes, be started from the first year of dental education.
Perceptions of Orthodontists on Bracket Dislodgement During Fixed Orthodontic Treatment (A Cross Sectional Study)
Authors: Ismail Hadi
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Bracket failure is one of the problems that happen during fixed orthodontic treatment, which slows treatment progression and is costly in time, material, and patient inconvenience. The present study aimed to assess orthodontic professionals' perceptions regarding bracket failure during fixed orthodontic treatment.          

Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing a self–administered questionnaire among orthodontic professionals. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were tested before study conduction. In total, 158 orthodontic professionals were approached across Iraq. The questionnaire included eight questions on practice, nine on perceptions, and three on awareness with regard to the prevention and management of bracket failure. Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn-Bonferroni post hoc test.      

Results: The majority of the participants either agreed (58.2%) or strongly agreed (27.8%) that instruction on appropriate food consumption is the best way to prevent bracket debonding. Years of experience were shown to have a statistically significant association with the rate of bracket failure and number of appointments per week for bracket rebonding, at p=0.01 and p=0.001, respectively. A postgraduate orthodontics degree was shown to have a statistically significant association with perception and awareness within the study population, at p= 0.0005 and p=0.01, respectively.  

Conclusions: Orthodontic professionals regarded orthodontists as having the least responsibility for bracket failure. It is recommended to have special practice guidelines for the management of bracket failure.
Immunohistochemical Expression of BubR1 and Telomerase in Minor Salivary Gland Tissue Adjacent to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hamied Marwa
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Evaluation of the expression of tissue markers in the parenchyma within the area adjacent to a primary tumor is critical in cancer progression, prevention, and identification of early changes in the field of cancerization. The present study aimed to evaluate BubR1 and telomerase activity in minor salivary gland tissue adjacent to oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) with their clinicopathological features.          

Methods: Four-micron tissue sections from 21 formalin-fixed paraffin blocks of OSCC surgical margins were prepared and stained for anti-BubR1 and anti-telomerase antigens.      

Results: The studied sample included 71.4% males and 28.6% females, and the most prevalent site was buccal mucosa (42.9%). The total sample showed a high (71.4%) BubR1 expression, while telomerase was expressed in 42.9%. BubR1 was expressed significantly in the buccal mucosa (p=0.000) in the myoepithelial (cytoplasmic) and ductal cells (cytoplasmic and mixed). In comparison, telomerase showed significant myoepithelial mixed and cytoplasmic expression of buccal mucosa (p=0.013) and nuclear expression in ductal cells within the tongue (p=0.05). Both markers showed altered expression and predominated significantly in cases adjacent to poorly differentiated OSCC (p<0.05). Lastly, a moderate/strong correlation between the aberrant accumulation of BubR1 and telomerase was found (r=0.5-0.8, p<0.05).  

Conclusions: Elevated expression of BubR1 and telomerase was found in the minor salivary gland adjacent to OSCC. Therefore, they represent a valuable tool to identify molecular changes in the field of cancerization. Cases of OSCC excised from buccal mucosa and tongue required a regular follow-up, especially poorly differentiated OSCCs. The elevated expression of both markers positively regulates each other.
Determination of Mandibular Arch Form During Mixed Dentition Using Custom Made Template in Sulaimani Governorate
Authors: Mahmood Mohammed , Rauf Aras , Kareem Fadil , Abdalrahim Rukhosh , Ahmed Wida , Omer Sanaa
Published: July 2021

Objectives: The dental arch form and dimensions change continuously and systematically during human growth and development, but this decreases adulthood. During mixed dentition, changes in dental arch forms and the occlusion occur due to teeth movements and growth of the alveolar bone. Usually, changes in the mandibular arch are followed by changes in the maxillary arch. The research aimed to determine the most frequent mandibular dental arch form and its relationship with gender.          

Methods: The mandibular arch forms of 115 schoolchildren with mixed dentition were examined using their dental casts. Adobe Photoshop© (21.0.0, 2019) program was used to construct a template from photographs of the casts and printed on transparent paper to overlay the casts. The data were collected and calculated using statistical software to determine the frequencies of different arch forms among the studied sample.      

Results: The sample was composed of 61 males (53%) and 54 females (47%). The oval arch form was the most frequent type with 70 cases (60.9%), followed by the square arch form with 38 cases (33%), and finally the tapered arch form with 7 cases (6.1%). No significant relationship was found between the arch form and the gender of the participants.  

Conclusions: Oval arch form was the most predominant type of arch form of the mandible in the mixed dentition, and there was no relationship with gender.
Evaluation of Metallic Ion Release from Fixed Orthodontic Appliance in Two Different Mouthwashes and Distilled Water: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Mahmood Rawand , Mohsin Mahmoud , Mohammad Mansour , Shukr Mohammed
Published: July 2021

Objectives: Biocompatibility is an essential requirement for orthodontic appliances, but it leaches metallic ions in the presence of saliva, prophylactic mouthwashes, and toothpaste. This study evaluates the amount of ion release from orthodontic brackets and archwires after immersing them in two different mouthwash and distilled water types.          

Methods: Twenty-four orthodontic sets for one mandibular quadrant, including (five brackets), one buccal tube, and a half of the required length of CuNiTi archwires for each set were used. The samples were dipped in Ortho Kin, Kin Forte, distilled water, and measurements were taken at two time points, first after twenty-four hours and second after two weeks. Distilled water was used as the control group. Then the amount of metallic ion release is evaluated by ICP (Inductively Coupled Plasma) spectroscopy.      

Results: Results showed that the highest concentration of metallic ion release was from samples containing Ortho Kin mouthwash (fluoridated) then the Kin Forte and distilled water.  

Conclusions: Fluoridated mouthwash caused more metallic ion release from orthodontic appliances than non-fluoridated mouthwash and distilled water.
Oral Manifestations and Microbiological Effects of Miswak and Toothbrush Users in a Sample of People of Kirkuk City
Authors: Ahmad Hemin , Abdulkareem Saeed
Published: July 2021

Objectives: To assess and compare the oral hygiene, gingival conditions, and salivary microbiota levels among a group of people in Kirkuk city who used miswak or toothbrush regularly for their routine daily oral hygiene.          

Methods: Sixty male subjects with the age range of 25-65 (mean 35.2), 30 Miswak, and 30 Toothbrush users were enrolled in the study. The oral manifestations were assessed clinically using three different indices, while the microbial effects have been studied simplified oral hygiene index (OHI-S), gingival index (GI), and decayed, missing, filled teeth index (DMFT) by determining the level of selected bacterial species in the collected saliva samples from all participants.       

Results: It showed that all three indices (OHI-S, GI, and DMFT) were significantly higher in Miswak users than in toothbrush users. There were significantly higher pathogenic microorganisms (E.coli, Candida albicans, Klebsiella) in the saliva sample of Miswak used group than in the toothbrush group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the two groups regarding (S.pyogenes, Lactobacillus, and Staph aureus). Also, gum recession and tooth wear (Abrasion) were significantly higher in Miswak users than in toothbrush users (P=0.01),(P=0.001), respectively.  

Conclusions: This study demonstrated that the Miswak appears less efficient than tooth brushing to improve oral hygiene and periodontal conditions. Moreover, the antimicrobial agents contained in the Miswak offer no advantages over tooth brushing with toothpaste.
Issue Editor Preface
Authors: Vachkov I.
Published: July 2021

Когда выходит особый — тематический — номер журнала, это большое
и важное событие для всей редакции. Такой номер готовится с особой тщательностью. Статьи подбираются (разумеется, с учетом очереди поступления) в соответствии с выбранной тематикой и рассматриваются очень строго и членами редколлегии, и специально обобранными рецензентами.
Перед вами, уважаемые читатели, именно такой тематический номер — «Реабилитация, коррекция и сопровождение лиц с ОВЗ». Для нашего журнала эта тема, конечно же, не нова. Но впервые за почти десять лет существования издания мы решили посвятить ей специальный номер. Это решение связано с непреходящей актуальностью проблемы оказания помощи людям, имеющим ограниченные возможности здоровья. К сожалению, таких людей не становится меньше.
И особенно важно обратить внимание на детей с ОВЗ, кому посвящены многие статьи этого номера.
Sign Language and Psychological Development of Deaf Children: State-of-the-Art (Foreign Studies Review)
Authors: Bogdanova T.G.
Published: July 2021

The article presents a review of research conducted by foreign psychologists on the role of sign language in the communicative, cognitive and social development of children with hearing disorders. Each national sign language is a kind of linguistic system that has a complex grammar, specific vocabulary and syntax. The main problems that arise in deaf children in the situation of ignoring the possibilities of sign language are discussed.
A number of studies have shown that deaf children of deaf parents are not inferior to hearing children in their cognitive capabilities, that the use of sign language has a positive effect on cognitive functions and leads to greater creative activity, a better understanding of spatial relationships, and greater flexibility in solving problems. Researchers recognize the need for early acquisition of sign language by deaf children, even in case of use of modern rehabilitation techniques. It is sign language that could make up for the lack of communication tools characteristic of the initial stages of a child's mental development, which would serve to develop the cognitive sphere and personality and create conditions for emotional well-being. The review focuses on the difficulties in using sign language that are observed when selecting diagnostic tools and conducting psychological examinations.
Group and Macro-Social Interventions in Health-Related Behavior Change Programs: Opportunities and Limitations
Authors: Rasskazova E.I. , Tkhostov A.S. , Kovyazina M.S. , Varako N.A.
Published: July 2021

The goal of changing health-related lifestyles and behaviors in prevention and rehabilitation does not currently have a single solution and requires a combination of different interventions and different levels of interventions. The aim of present paper was to review and discuss opportunities of group and macro-social models of health-related behavior change. Frequently rehabilitation initially starts in a group context, which requires competent facilitation of the current patients’ interactions. It was shown that social support, social comparison, identification with the group are the most important predictors of successful changes in health-related behavior in groups. Taking into account the existing experience of health psychology and rehabilitation in the development of social networks by the type of attracting "natural" helpers and facilitating the development of groups can contribute to greater efficiency of socio-psychological programs for changing health-related behavior. The importance of appraisal of current social networks and differentiating those functions that are important for effective rehabilitation, as well as the possibility of using the SHOWED model as a methodological basis for group work with health-related behavior, is discussed. Opportunities of using the priming model and prototype-readiness model in prevention and rehabilitation are considered, as they emphasize the importance of updating positive stereotypes and attitudes related to the health behavior.
Features of the Body Scheme in Hearing Impaired Children of Primary School Age
Authors: Molchanova L.N. , Blinova C.V.
Published: July 2021

Body scheme plays an important role in the development of educational skills such as reading and writing, visual-spatial thinking, spatial gnosis, optical-spatial strategies. Children of primary school age with hearing impairment have left hemispheric and right hemispheric insufficiency, difficulties in interhemispheric interaction and the integrity of perception. This hinders their full integration into the educational process and reduces their adaptive abilities. The study of the body scheme in hearing impaired children of primary school age was the goal of an empirical work, and a hypothesis was the assumption of the existence of features of its structural organization. Respondents aged 8,97±0,76 years (N=60) participated in the study. 30 hearing impaired primary schoolchildren (12 female children and 18 male children) were included in the experimental group and 30 junior schoolchildren without hearing impairments (14 female children and 16 males) entered the control group. Neuropsychological tests were used to assess the neuropsychological parameters of the body scheme. The results obtained attest to the features of the body scheme in hearing impaired children of primary school age. It was found that the ideas about their own body, the organization of movements in relation to the body scheme and the perception of space in children with hearing impairments are formed to a lesser extent than in children of the control group.
Coping Strategies and Coping Styles of Adolescents with Congenital and Acquired Disabilities (Cerebral Palsy, Oncology or Rheumatic Diseases Diagnosis)
Authors: Odintsova M. , Sorokova M.G.
Published: July 2021

The study aims to compare adolescents coping strategies and coping styles depending on their gender and health status. Sample was subdivided into 3 groups: 1) healthy,
2) adolescents with cerebral palsy (congenital disability), 3) adolescents with oncology and rheumatic diseases (acquired disability). The sample size is 244 adolescents from 13 to 18 years old. 86 healthy subjects (37 boys and 24 girls, M=15.03+1.39 y.o.), 61 with oncology of the brain and spinal cord (46 boys and 40 girls, M=14.96+1.52 y.o.), 46 with rheumatic diseases (17 boys and 29 girls, M=14.70+1.50 y.o.), and 51 with cerebral palsy (28 boys and 23 girls, M=15.30+1.17 y.o.). The R. Carver' COPE questionnaire, adapted by Ye.I. Rasskazova, T.O. Gordeyeva, Ye.N. Osin was used. It is found that adolescents with acquired disabilities use coping strategies similar to healthy peers, in contrast to adolescents with cerebral palsy, whose coping strategies are diverse. Adolescents in two clinical groups are more likely seeking support in religion than healthy ones, which reduces the stress impact by disability. Cognitively oriented coping styles is higher among healthy sample, emotionally oriented ones among adolescents with acquired disabilities, and dysfunctional ones among adolescents with cerebral palsy. Different trends in the intensity of coping strategies in clinical and healthy groups depending on gender are revealed.
Theory of Mind Development in Preschoolers with Hearing Impairment
Authors: Smirnova Y.K.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the development of a mental model in preschoolers with hearing impairment after cochlear implantation. The analysis of the specifics of the manifestations of the mental model deficiency, which is associated with the peculiarities of using the means of special attention in preschoolers with hearing impairment, is carried out. The ability of a child's focal attention to attention as a critical additional, necessary for the development of a mental model. Sample consisted of 40 preschool children aged 5-7 years (Mage=5,9 years, SDage=0,6 months), 20 with sensorineural hearing loss with cochlear implants (years (Mage=5,6 years, SDage=0,6 months, age by moment of implantation
Mage=3,2 years, SDage=0,6) and 20 typically developing preschoolers of 5–7 years old (Mage=5,1 years, SDage=0,5 months). Standardized methods for assessing the mental model were used: test for erroneous opinion (Sally–Anne's task), the task “What does Charlie want?”, the task of understanding intentions based on external signs, the task of understanding the principle “to see means” (A.S. Gerasimova, E.A. Sergienko) To fix the eye movement of preschoolers during the behavior of a child with an adult in play conditions, the eye-tracking method was used. It is recorded that preschoolers with hearing impairments are selectively unable to detect and interpret the intentions of another person, and they also have a lack of means of coordinated attention.
Emotional States of Teenagers and Adolescents with Intact and Impaired Intelligence in Dangerous Situations Perception
Authors: Fatikhova L.F. , Sayfutdiyarova E.F.
Published: July 2021

The article is dedicated to the studying of emotional states in the structure of psychological security of teenage and adolescent students with both intact and impaired intellect. It is assumed that the development degree of emotional states, when students respond to dangerous situations, depends on the age and the intellectual impairments. The research engaged 157 teenagers (M=12,98 y.o.; SD=0,76 y.o.) and adolescents (M=16,27 y.o.; SD=0,69 y.o.). Some students had an intact intellect, whereas a number had an impaired intellect. The study used a questionnaire aimed at defining of the type of danger response by V.G. Maralov (2012). The research applied the work of the Emotional Attitude of Teenagers to Dangerous Situations (L.F. Fatikhova, E.F. Saifutdiyarova, 2021) aimed at the revealing of the emotional attitude to situations that threaten the life and health and to favourable situations. Present study also uses the work Teenagers in Dangerous Situations (L.F. Fatikhova, E.F. Saifutdiyarova, 2020) aimed to study the ability to recognize emotional states in people located in dangerous situations. The study revealed difficulties in the identification of emotional states and recognize emotions of participants of hazardous situations for teenagers with intellectual impairments compared to their intact-intellect peers. The impaired intellect teenagers prove to have a lower diversity of emotions and difficulties to communicate their emotions verbally in case of danger. Mann–Whitney test revealed that teenagers and adolescents with intact and impaired intellect show different emotional attitude to dangerous situations and ability to recognize emotions of endangered people. The obtained findings can be applied when developing programs aimed at forming in teenagers and adolescents the ability to reasonably perceive and respond to dangerous situations with regards to their age and intellectual impairment
Tutor Support of Learners with Special Educational Needs in Conditions of Inclusive Education
Authors: Samsonova E.V. , Mel’nik Y.V. , Karpenkova I.V.
Published: July 2021

Authors of the study analyze key characteristics of tutor support for students with special educational needs in the context of inclusive education. An activity model of tutor support based on the analysis of foreign and domestic research is proposed. The main goal of presented model is to create conditions for the development of active position of the individual. Individual cases of tutor support for students with autism spectrum disorders and behavioral and mental characteristics that determine various difficulties of their inclusion in the educational process are considered in the article. Due to the mentioned aspects, the problem of tutor support is actualized. Case analysis shows the relevance
of a tutor's work within the framework of an activity-based approach to provide conditions for the development of a conscious involvement of students in the educational process as well as the development of an active position. Present situation requires additional research.
The Lived Experience with Inclusive Education: A Case Study of a Teenager with Diabetes, His Mother, and His Teacher
Authors: Sedlackova D. , Kantor J.
Published: July 2021

The project aimed to understand the lived experience with inclusive education in the case of a secondary school student with diabetes mellitus type 1 (DM1), his mother and a teacher. Data collected by semi-structured interviews were analyzed by van Manen's thematic analyses of lived experience, whereas three significant themes were identified. Firstly, the quality of communication between school and parents; secondly, the level of empathy, understanding and helpfulness, and thirdly, collaboration between colleagues. Research shows the necessity to expand the education of teachers on the issue of special needs of learners with chronic diseases and extend the educational goals to psychological factors associated with their increased emotional burden. Mutual collaboration of all participants and self-reflection of teachers, supporting good peer relationships and positive school climate is essential.
Competency-Based Approach in Early Interventions Aimed to Children and Families
Authors: Kazmin A.M.
Published: July 2021

The article outlines the theoretical basis of the competence approach in early intervention aimed to children and their families, developed by the author. The concept, structural and functional aspects of competence are considered from the perspective of the theory of procedural analysis. Seven levels of competence development are identified: situational interest, pre-competence, minimal, initial, extended, adaptive and advanced competence. The main types of competencies in young children have been determined, including individually oriented, socially oriented, executive, universal and complex ones.
A description of the properties of competencies is shown, including spontaneous activation, associated positive affect, openness and flexibility, the tendency towards explicitness, the ability to combine with other competencies. The following principles of the development of competencies were revealed: naturalness, involvement, autonomy, explicitness, balance, complexity and de-contextualization. The application of the approach is illustrated by
2 cases. The possibilities and limitations of the approaches are being discussed.
Students with Special Needs and Disabilities: Predicting the Psychosocial Development in a Modern Educational Environment
Authors: Korobeynikov I.A. , Babkina N.V.
Published: July 2021

The article is devoted to the problem of determining of the scientific criteria and factors for predicting the psychosocial development of students with special needs and disabilities in the modern educational environment. The features of the modern population of students with special needs and disabilities would need to be clarified in the context of the emergence of variable forms of education and the introduction of federal state educational standards for such students into Russian educational practice. Axiomatic ideas about typical manifestations of psychophysical developmental disorders in childhood, the criteria for its classification and differentiation would need to be revised on the basis of specially designed complex and prolonged clinical, psychological and educational studies. Authors emphasize the need of clarifying the features, causes and mechanisms of learning difficulties, adaptation and socialization of students with special needs and disabilities, which inevitably undergoing various transformations in a changing socio-cultural environment. According to the main methodological basis of this study — Cultural-Historical Approach, the leading role is given to social factors concentrated in the educational environment, which are currently the least studied. There are no studies based on the long-term monitoring of changes in the specific features in the process of education. Meanwhile, such data would make it possible to assess to the probable influence of social factors on the quality of education and psychosocial development of students with special needs and disabilities, and to clarify their role in changing the phenomenology of impaired development as well. Such data appears to be relevant for analyzing the ratio of the role of bio and social factors in the possible transformations of psychological dysontogenesis and can be seen as a basis for optimizing educational activities, and for increasing the accuracy and credibility of estimates as well. Longitudinal clinical-psychological-pedagogical research conducted in modern educational conditions is considered as a condition for solving the indicated challenges.
CONCEPT OF NATIONALISM EMPLOYED IN THE GOLDEN LEGEND BY NADEEM ASLAM
Authors: Shahzadi Shaista , Hanif Muhammad , Ahmad Ali , Ali Hira , Kousar Mehnaz
Published: July 2021

Purpose of the study: The main purpose of this study is to analyze the novel The Golden Legend by Nadeem Aslam in the light of the concept of Nationalism given by Benedict Anderson in Imagined communities. Methodology: The entire data is evaluated by the entire text related to nationalism. This research is based on qualitative research skills. The basic resource of this research is the novel of Nadeem Aslam, named The Golden Legend. Further, the other resources used in this research are the journals or the articles regarding or reflecting the explanation of this novel (The Golden Legend). Main Findings: The findings depict a wonderful series of characters who have humanity in their hearts; they have love and respect for others, either the other person is from their religion or a different one. It is a story of sorrow and the game of religions in the world which is being played under the acts of the political authorities. Applications of this study: This study can be applied to the nationalism literature. Novelty/Originality of this study: The study is one of its kind because, after a careful analysis of the literature available, it is safe to say that no study is done up till now on analyzing the concept of nationalism in the Golden Legend.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Highly Microporous Structured Activated Carbon
Authors: KÜÇÜK İlhan , ÖNAL Yunus
Published: July 2021

The aim of this study is to synthesize activated carbon with high surface area from peach kernel shells which is an agricultural waste. In this study, activated carbon synthesis was carried out by using CO2 at 2 different temperatures (800 and 900 °C) with physical activation from products carbonized at 4 different temperatures (300, 400, 500, and 600 °C) and 2 different N2 gas flow rates (100 and 500 mL/min). After carbonization, solid, liquid, and gas yields of the materials were calculated. The surface area of activated carbons synthesized was calculated by BET analysis and the differences in the surface area were shown by changing the synthesis conditions. Surface areas vary between 340.15 and 686.74 m2/g. In samples pores formed were examined by DFT plus. It was found that most of these pores consist of micropores. Also, the structures of the samples were examined with SEM and XRD analyses. Methylene blue removal of the synthesized samples was studied and the results were compared.