bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing p‐π Conjugated Naphthoquinone‐Derivatives as High‐Performance Cathodes for Aqueous Proton Batteries
Authors: Lu Haiyan , Yu Jingyuan , Zhang Jianyong , Dong Chenhui , Song Wanxin , Ye Fazhi , Zhang Wenwei , Li Yuying , Yang Li , Li Meng , Xu Lin
Published: January 2025

1,4‐naphthoquinone (NQ) is anticipated to emerge as a promising electrode material for designing high‐performance aqueous proton batteries (APBs), attributed to its high theoretical capacity and flexible designability. However, its high solubility and sluggish kinetics are not conducive to long‐term cycling stability and high‐rate capability. Herein, a unique molecular structure design strategy is proposed to construct effective p‐π conjugated structures by inducing the p‐electrons in substituent groups and 𝜋‐electrons on naphthalene rings. Theoretical calculations and experimental results indicate that the p‐π conjugation effect of 2,3‐dichloro‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (2Cl‐NQ) and 1‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone (1OH‐NQ) greatly reduces molecular polarity and expands the π‐conjugate system, which endows them with minimal solubility and superior structural stability, thereby achieving excellent cycling stability with 99.53% and 98.62% capacity retention after 1800 cycles, respectively. Moreover, the p‐π conjugated structures induce a narrowed bandgap, improving electronic conductivity and redox kinetics, thereby significantly enhancing their rate capability. When coupling with perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA) anode, the full battery of 2Cl‐NQ//PTCDA exhibits a high specific capacity of 173 mAh g−1 at 15 A g−1, maintaining 73.2% capacity retention after 40 000 cycles and demonstrating exceptional cycling performance even at −20 °C. This work provides valuable insights and guidance for designing high‐performance energy storage materials for APBs.
Approaching Charge Compensation Limit for Promoting Magnetoresistance in 2D Nonlayered MoO2 via Surface Hydrogen Passivation
Authors: Chen Huanzhi , Tian Zongkui , Zhou Xilong , Fan Xiulian , Li Zian , Li Cheng , Niu Chenyang , Chu Wenlong , Zhou Yuqi , He Liqi , Yang Yumeng , Peng Zheng , Zhou Yu
Published: January 2025

Large non‐saturated magnetoresistances of semimetals are dominated by charge compensation due to their unique electronic structure. However, the dramatic magnetoresistance deteriorations are often observed in low‐dimensional system resulting from high‐density surface defects, where the suppression of charge scattering or concentration unbalance with highly maintained magnetoresistance is still challenging. Herein, a hydrogen annealing strategy is developed for surface defects passivation of 2D MoO2 nanoflakes. Systematical characterization for H‐MoO2 nanoflakes reveals the formation of hydrogen chemical bonds that reduce surface defect density and slightly change Fermi level with unchanged bulk structures. An obviously enhanced magnetoresistance of 9.2% is demonstrated for H‐MoO2 nanoflakes compared to Ar‐MoO2 of 3.9% at 10 K and 9 T. The analysis of the nonlinearity Hall resistivity unravels the concentration of electrons and holes in H‐MoO2 approaches a more balanced equilibrium, which is attributed to surface defects passivation resulting in the suppression of self‐doping effects for enhanced magnetoresistance rather than the reduced charge scattering with slightly enhanced carrier mobility. The research not only provides a universal surface passivation strategy on 2D nonlayered semimetals for approaching the charge compensation limit with the preserved magnetoresistance but also underscores the significance of surface passivation in tuning electronic structures of 2D nonlayered materials.
A Surface‐Bulk Integrated Strategy of Ti Doping and LaTiO3 Coating Achieves Highly Reversible Anionic Redox and Fast‐Charging Cyclability in Cobalt‐Free Lithium‐Rich Layered Oxides
Authors: Ren Xuanxuan , Wang Gongrui , Chen Tongle , Yang Mingzhe , Mu Tong , Song Li , Feng Xiang , Wu Zhong‐Shuai
Published: January 2025

Cobalt‐free lithium‐rich oxides (LROs) are promising cathode candidates for high‐energy‐density lithium‐ion batteries due to their high specific capacity and cost‐effectiveness, however, still limited by their structural instability and irreversible oxygen‐anionic redox reactions (OARR). Herein, a surface‐bulk integrated strategy is reported, using trace Ti doping into the bulk and perovskite LaTiO3 coating on the surface of cobalt‐free LRO (LP‐LRO), to exceptionally strengthen the reversibility of OARR. Profited from the electron‐localization effect of Ti doping and the physical‐barrier effect of LaTiO3 coating, the LP‐LRO achieves an upgraded discharge capacity of 271 mAh g−1 over bare LRO (B‐LRO, 243 mAh g−1) at 0.1 C, along with excellent cyclability, maintaining 80% capacity after ultra‐long 700 cycles at 5 C, superior to B‐LRO (60%) and most reported cobalt‐free LROs. The pouch cell of Si/C||LP‐LRO with a capacity of 800 mAh also displays excellent cyclability and energy retention rate, demonstrative of applicability. Using in‐situ and ex‐situ characterizations, it is disclosed that the boosted reversibility of OARR and enhanced stability of surface‐interface structure are established in LP‐LRO, guiding the formation of robust and conductive cathode electrolyte interphases, resulting in greatly improved Li+ storage performance. This work presents an avenue toward high‐energy‐density cobalt‐free LROs for fast‐charging long‐life batteries.
Disulfide Glass: An Optical Polymer for Commodity Plastics, Precision Optics, and Photonics
Authors: Molineux Jake , Durfee Sam W. , Hyde Ramses , Malaker Matthew C. , Narr Jacob P. , Kim Kyung‐Jo , Himmelhuber Roland , Kim Young‐Jae , Bog Min‐Gap , Jeong Byeongjoon , Cho Woongbi , Wie Jeong Jae , Krishnan Nithiyaa Bala , Yang Yi Yan , Norwood Robert A. , Pyun Jeffrey
Published: January 2025

The development of an organic optical glass, termed, disulfide glass (DSG), is reported as a new polymer for commodity plastic optics and thin film photonic applications. This low‐cost thermoset polymer possesses excellent transparency across the visible and infrared spectrum comparable to the best optical plastic to date, poly(methyl methacrylate), while having superior refractive index (n ≈ 1.6). DSG can be fabricated into defect‐free, thick optical glass by bulk addition polymerization of two commodity monomers (sulfur monochloride, 1,3,5‐triallyl isocyanurate) via a new polymerization, sulfenyl chloride inverse vulcanization. The robust mechanical properties and optical clarity of DSG enable fabrication of precision optics (lenses, prisms) via diamond turn machining to demonstrate the manufacturability of DSG for commodity plastic optics. Finally, the synthetic modularity of DSG is demonstrated to form solution processable forms for the fabrication of thin film polymer photonic devices, negative tone polymer photoresists, and micropatterned arrays.
Ultrahigh Energy Density in All‐Organic Composites Synergistically Tailored by PMMA and Molecular Semiconductor
Authors: Wang Tao , Zhang Mengyu , Song Rui , Fan Zhenhao , Mohamad Ahmad Azmin , Song Kaixin , Wang Dawei , Zhang Mingfu
Published: January 2025

The inherent limitations (particularly low discharged energy density, Ud ≈2 J∙cm−3) of commercially available biaxially‐oriented polypropylene (BOPP) film capacitors significantly restrict their broader application in advanced energy storage systems. This study presents a novel approach to overcome this limitation through the development of all‐organic dielectric composite films. A ternary polymer blend matrix, comprising poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), and poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF‐HFP)), is employed, with the incorporation of 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) molecular semiconductors as nanofillers. Systematic investigation reveals that controlled modulation of the PMMA content within the blend matrix effectively suppresss leakage current by reducing crystallinity, minimizing crystallite size, and stabilizing the γ‐phase in the ferroelectric polymer matrix. Simultaneously, the introduction of NTCDA nanofillers create a high density of deep electron traps, thereby impeding charge injection and enhancing charge carrier trapping within the composite film. The optimized composite film, incorporating 0.5 vol.% NTCDA and 40 wt.% PMMA within the PVDF/P(VDF‐HFP) matrix, demonstrates a substantial enhancement in both breakdown strength (Eb) of 1054 MV∙m−1 and Ud of 28.10 J∙cm−3, representing a considerable improvement over conventional BOPP‐based capacitor. These findings offer a promising strategy for the design and fabrication of high‐performance all‐organic dielectric composite films for next‐generation energy storage applications.
Quantum Dots‐Engineered Flexible Hydrogel as Plant‐Wearable Sensor for on‐Site Profiling Dynamic Pesticide Degradation
Authors: Chen Jianling , Wang Chenfei , Huang Xinda , Wan Rongyan , Zhu Zihan , Sun Guiping , Wang Xuan , Chen Hong , Han Lirong , Li Linsen , Li Haiyin , Chi Zhenguo
Published: January 2025

Engineering wearable devices for in situ and on‐site monitoring of pesticide residues from plants in a non‐destructive manner is of great research value but remains a huge challenge. In this study, a plant‐wearable fluorescence sensor CdTe CDs@PVA@AG, is designed and constructed by embedding CdTe QDs in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and agarose (AG)‐co‐assembled double‐network hydrogel to transmit on‐the‐scene pesticides residues messages. Harnessing red emission and stimuli‐responsive performance of CdTe QDs, as well as hydrogel's excellent flexibility, high adhesion, and porous network, CdTe CDs@PVA@AG is endowed with quantitative response to thiram at ≈µm level within 2 min through promoting fluorescence silence in conjunction with the transformation of images into primary colors as digital signals. More interestingly, CdTe CDs@PVA@AG is capable of being tightly pasted onto various crops’ surfaces and then is not only explored to appraise pesticide residue levels but also to profile the dynamic pesticide degradation, in a non‐destructive manner. This work opens up a new avenue to engineer plant‐wearable devices for in situ, on‐site, and non‐destructive capturing of the pesticide residue information from crops, favoring the accurate monitoring of the health status of crops, and rapid and healthy development of smart agriculture.
A Homeostatic Photonic Device Integrating Vapor‐Regulated Thermo‐Optical Feedback Mechanisms
Authors: Byun Caroline , Ceratti Davide R. , Mimoso Clémence , Boissière Cédric , Faustini Marco
Published: January 2025

Self‐adaptation and homeostasis are features that distinguish living systems from artificial materials. Living systems, such as plants or the human eye, integrate positive and negative feedback mechanisms to autonomously manage their thermal, optical, and chemical responses to changing sunlight conditions. However, replicating such sophisticated behavior in artificial devices presents a significant challenge. Herein, an inorganic homeostatic device is proposed that integrates both positive and negative feedback mechanisms for adaptive regulation of optical properties, water chemical potential, and local temperature driven by a dynamic change of photonic colors. This device consists of a mesoporous graded one dimensional (1D) photonic crystal, acting as a temperature‐responsive shield, coupled with a photothermal layer. The architecture of the device is designed to harness the temperature‐driven vapor sorption into mesoporous to create the feedback. The lateral gradient of the photonic stop band enables achieving dual feedback across multiple wavelengths by simply shifting the light beam's position. In the presence of light, the thermo‐optical device is able to either amplify or attenuate the optical absorption, reflectivity, and local temperature and dynamically change its structural colors. The structure and performance of the device are characterized using multiple techniques such as Grazing‐Incidence Small‐Angle X‐ray Scattering and time‐resolved hyperspectral microscopy. Importantly, the device is fabricated using solution processing, making it compatible with low‐cost manufacturing and paving the way for the development of adaptive and time‐programmed systems for applications like thermo‐regulating windows, smart filters, programmable meta‐surfaces, vapor sensors, or even optical computing.
Asymmetric Bridging Multi‐Active Sites in a‐NiSeS Cocatalyst for Upgrading Photocatalytic H2 Evolution
Authors: Gao Duoduo , Zhang Xidong , Wang Ping , Yu Jiaguo , Yu Huogen
Published: January 2025

Cocatalyst‐coupled photocatalytic system offers an attractive tactic to produce eco‐friendly H2 fuel from renewable water and sunlight. However, the efficiency of single homologous active site in current cocatalysts is seriously restricted by the opposite binding‐energy requirement for hydrogen adsorption and desorption. Herein, an asymmetric strategy of bridging multi‐active sites is validated to break the strong relevancy of H adsorption–desorption rate on the designed amorphous NiSeS (a‐NiSeS) cocatalyst. It is found that the S–Ni–Se modules with self‐optimized electron‐rich S(2+δ)− and electron‐deficient Se(2‐δ)− atoms can induce the transfer of hydrogen from S(2+δ)− to Se(2‐δ)− sites for synchronously realizing the fast H adsorption and desorption. Consequently, the TiO2/a‐NiSeS photocatalyst delivers a significantly enhanced H2‐evolution activity of 8216 µmol h−1 g−1, which is 2.5 and 3.3 times higher than that of TiO2/a‐NiS and TiO2/a‐NiSe, respectively. The improved activity is ascribed to the unique synergistic mechanism of asymmetric bridging multi‐active sites, namely, S(2+δ)− site works as the hydrogen‐rich center, thermodynamically neutral bridge site of S–Ni–Se functions as the mediator for rapidly transferring H from S(2+δ)− to Se(2‐δ)−, while the Se(2‐δ)− site expedites the desorption of hydrogen to free H2. This work provides atomic‐level insight into the underlying cocatalytic mechanism of H adsorption and desorption.
Computer‐Aided Design of Self‐Assembled Nanoparticles to Enhance Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy via Dual‐Modulation Strategy
Authors: Shan Xiaoting , Cai Ying , Zhu Binyu , Sun Xujie , Zhou Lingli , Zhao Zhiwen , Li Yaping , Wang Dangge
Published: January 2025

The rational design of self‐assembled compounds is crucial for the highly efficient development of carrier‐free nanomedicines. Herein, based on computer‐aided strategies, important physicochemical properties are identified to guide the rational design of self‐assembled compounds. Then, the pharmacophore hybridization strategy is used to design self‐assemble nanoparticles by preparing new chemical structures by combining pharmacophore groups of different bioactive compounds. Hydroxychloroquine is grafted with the lipophilic vitamin E succinate and then co‐assembled with bortezomib to fabricate the nanoparticle. The nanoparticle can reduce M2‐type tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) through lysosomal alkalization and induce immunogenic cell death (ICD) and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) inhibition in tumor cells. In mouse models, the nanoparticles induce decreased levels of M2‐type TAMs, regulatory T cells, and transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β), and increase the proportion of cytotoxicity T lymphocytes. Additionally, the nanoparticles reduce the secretion of Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) by inhibiting NF‐κB and enhance the programmed death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) checkpoint blockade therapy. The pharmacophore hybridization‐derived nanoparticle provides a dual‐modulation strategy to reprogram the tumor microenvironment, which will efficiently enhance the chemoimmunotherapy against triple‐negative breast cancer.
Unconventional Ferroelectric‐Ferroelastic Switching Mediated by Non‐Polar Phase in Fluorite Oxides
Authors: Wang Shiyu , Li Xinyan , Liu Zhuohui , Gao Ang , Zhang Qinghua , Lin Ting , Zhong Hai , Su Dong , Jin Kuijuan , Ge Chen , Gu Lin
Published: January 2025

HfO2/ZrO2‐based ferroelectrics present tremendous potential for next‐generation non‐volatile memory due to their high scalability and compatibility with silicon technology. Unlike the continuous polar layers in perovskite ferroelectrics, HfO2/ZrO2‐based ferroelectrics are composed of alternating polar layers with oxygen shifts and non‐polar spacers, which leads to a distinct ferroelectric switching mechanism. However, directly observing the switching process has been a big challenge due to the polymorph feature of nanoscale fluorites and the difficulty in in situ imaging on light elements. Here, the ferroelectric‐ferroelastic coupled switching process in freestanding ZrO2 thin films is directly visualized by in situ imaging on oxygen motions. A multi‐step 90‐degree polarization switching mechanism is uncovered that challenges the conventional one‐step 180‐degree switching paradigms in fluorite oxides, which is highly consistent with the interlocked nature of ferroelectricity and ferroelasticity. A non‐polar tetragonal (T) phase is discovered as a crucial intermediate state, lowering the energy barrier for polarization switching by 35%. More importantly, the T phase prevents irreversible transitions to the non‐polar ground state and facilitates stable ferroelectric switching. These findings are fundamental to understanding nanoscale polarization switching mechanisms in fluorite ferroelectrics, paving the way for advanced high‐durability devices.
Supramolecular Scale Hydrophilicity Regulation Enabling Efficient Dewatering and Assembly of Nanocellulose into Dense and Strong Bulk Materials as Sustainable Plastic Substitutes
Authors: Zhou Jie , Ma Yifan , Chen Junqing , Cai Ziyan , Qi Luhe , Cui Jinyi , Deng Shilin , Ouyang Wengen , Fang Zhiqiang , Qiu Xueqing , Chen Chaoji
Published: January 2025

Cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) are ideal building blocks for creating lightweight and strong bulk structural materials due to their unique supramolecular structure and exceptional mechanical properties within the crystalline regions. However, assembling CNFs into dense bulk structural materials with customizable shape and functionalities remains a great challenge, hindering their practical applications. Here, the dewatering issue of aqueous CNF dispersions is addressed by regulating supramolecular scale hydrophilicity using lactic acid, combined with hot‐press molding. This approach enables the fabrication of transparent CNF bulk structural materials with a density of up to 1.426 g cm−3. The mechanical properties, including isotropic in‐plane tensile strength (75.5 ± 4.5 MPa), flexural strength (198 ± 20 MPa), and hardness (≈300 MPa), surpass most engineering plastics. Moreover, unlike conventional CNF based materials, the CNF bulk structural materials exhibit remarkable water stability and flame retardancy. These unique advantages open a new avenue to bottom‐up assembly of CNFs into high‐performance multifunctional eco‐friendly structural materials, dedicating to substitution of plastics and easing the consumption of petrochemical resources.
Flexible Neuromorphic Electronics for Wearable Near‐Sensor and In‐Sensor Computing Systems
Authors: Jang Hyowon , Lee Jihwan , Beak Chang‐Jae , Biswas Swarup , Lee Sin‐Hyung , Kim Hyeok
Published: January 2025

Flexible neuromorphic architectures that emulate biological cognitive systems hold great promise for smart wearable electronics. To realize neuro‐inspired sensing and computing electronics, artificial sensory neurons that detect and process external stimuli must be integrated with central nervous systems capable of parallel computation. In near‐sensor computing, synaptic devices, and sensors are used to emulate sensory neurons and receptors, respectively. In contrast, in in‐sensor computing, a single multifunctional device serves as both the receptor and neuron. Bio‐inspired cognitive systems efficiently detect and process stimuli through data structuring techniques, significantly reducing data volume and enabling the extension of neuromorphic applications to smart wearable systems. To construct wearable near‐ and in‐sensor computing, it is crucial to develop artificial sensory neurons and central nervous synapses that replicate the biological functionalities. Additionally, the integrated systems must exhibit high mechanical flexibility and integration density. This review addresses research on flexible bio‐inspired cognitive systems, classified into near‐ and in‐sensor computing. It covers fundamental aspects, including biological cognitive processes, the required components, and the structures for each component, as well as applications for wearable smart systems. Finally, it offers perspectives on future research directions for flexible neuromorphic electronics in smart wearable systems connected to the next‐generation Internet of Things.
Destabilization of Single‐Atom Catalysts: Characterization, Mechanisms, and Regeneration Strategies
Authors: Lang Zhiquan , Wang Xixi , Jabeen Sobia , Cheng Yuanyuan , Liu Naiyun , Liu Zhenhui , Gan Tao , Zhuang Zechao , Li Haitao , Wang Dingsheng
Published: January 2025

Numerous in situ characterization studies have focused on revealing the catalytic mechanisms of single‐atom catalysts (SACs), providing a theoretical basis for their rational design. Although research is relatively limited, the stability of SACs under long‐term operating conditions is equally important and a prerequisite for their real‐world energy applications, such as fuel cells and water electrolyzers. Recently, there has been a rise in in situ characterization studies on the destabilization and regeneration of SACs; however, timely and comprehensive summaries that provide the catalysis community with valuable insights and research directions are still lacking. This review summarizes recent advances in the destabilization mechanisms and regeneration strategies of SACs, specifically highlighting various state‐of‐the‐art characterization techniques employed in the studies. The factors that induce destabilization in SACs are identified by discussing the failure of active sites, coordination environments, supports, and reaction conditions under long‐term operating scenarios. Next, the primary regeneration strategies for SACs are introduced, including redispersion, surface poison desorption, and exposure of subsurface active sites. Additionally, the advantages and limitations of both in situ and ex situ characterization techniques are discussed. Finally, future research directions are proposed, aimed at constructing structure–stability relationships and guiding the design of more stable SACs.
Dynamic Numerical Model of Mucus Feeding in Gastropoda
Authors: Filippov Alexander E. , Gorb Stanislav N. , Krings Wencke
Published: January 2025

Molluscan mucus plays vital roles in various behaviors, particularly in feeding, by capturing food particles in a net‐like structure. Recent findings underscore the role of snail saliva in particle retention by reducing particle loss following radula scraping. Given the challenges of studying snail saliva or mucus in small volumes, a numerical model using MATLAB is developed to simulate interactions between mucus, saliva, and food particles during feeding, focusing on varying viscosity, and adhesion levels. The study demonstrates that the adhesive and viscous properties of saliva are critical for particle capture, directly impacting feeding efficiency. Simulations show that higher adhesion (“stickiness”) in saliva enhances particle retention, consistent with observations that feeding efficiency depends on the physical properties of saliva. Furthermore, older viscous saliva can form boundary “belts” that direct younger, less viscous saliva with food particles toward the mouth, improving feeding efficiency by minimizing lateral diffusion. This protocol provides a flexible framework, enabling future parameter adjustments to explore how aquatic environments may select for saliva with increased shear resistance and stability, which are essential for the species' ecological adaptability. Additionally, this study presents a protocol for operating with arrays of variable lengths in numerical simulations.
Prenatal Care of Parents Who Continued Pregnancies With Down Syndrome, 2003–2022
Authors: Artal Jonathan M. , Randall Lindsey , Rubeck Sabina , Allyse Megan , Michie Marsha , Riggan Kirsten A. , Meredith Stephanie , Skotko Brian G.
Published: January 2025

Parents of children with Down syndrome have historically reported poor experiences receiving a prenatal diagnosis. In a 2003 survey, mothers reported that their physicians pitied them, emphasized negative aspects of Down syndrome, and encouraged them to terminate the pregnancy. This study assesses whether parents' perceptions have since improved. Community‐based organizations that had distributed the original 2003 survey distributed a similar survey to parents who have had a child with Down syndrome since 2003. Compared to the 2003 survey, parents continued to report dissatisfaction with their prenatal medical care (N = 60). Though subgroups became likelier to view their testing experience positively, parents' experiences worsened on certain metrics. Most parents reported dissatisfaction when providers conveyed pity or attempted to influence their decision‐making about the pregnancy. Interventions to date have failed to improve parents' perceptions of their prenatal medical support, urging new strategies to improve parents' care.
Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone of Patients with Huntington's and Parkinson's Diseases and following Long‐Term Treatment with Deep Brain Stimulation
Authors: Snapyan Marta , Desmeules Francis , Munro Jonathan , Bérard Morgan , Saikali Stephan , Gould Peter V. , Richer Maxime , Pourcher Emmanuelle , Langlois Mélanie , Dufresne Anne‐Marie , Prud'homme Michel , Cantin Léo , Parent André , Saghatelyan Armen , Parent Martin
Published: January 2025

Objective

Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases are characterized by progressive neuronal loss. Previous studies using human postmortem tissues have shown the impact of neurodegenerative disorders on adult neurogenesis. The extent to which adult neural stem cells are activated in the subventricular zone and whether therapeutic treatments such as deep brain stimulation promote adult neurogenesis remains unclear. The goal of the present study is to assess adult neural stem cells activation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of patients with Huntington's and Parkinson's diseases who were treated or not by deep brain stimulation.

Methods

Postmortem brain samples from Huntington's and Parkinson's disease patients who had received or not long‐term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus were used.

Results

Our results indicate a significant increase in the thickness of the subventricular zone and in the density of proliferating cells and activated stem cells in the brain of Huntington's disease subjects and Parkinson's disease patients treated with deep brain stimulation. We also observed an increase in the density of immature neurons in the brain of these patients.

Interpretation

Overall, our data indicate that long‐term deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus promotes cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the subventricular zone that are reduced in Parkinson's disease. Taken together, our results also provide a detailed characterization of the cellular composition of the adult human subventricular zone and caudate nucleus in normal condition and in Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases and demonstrate the plasticity of these regions in response to neurodegeneration. ANN NEUROL 2025
Overcoming Dispersion Limitations: A Review of Non‐Zero Dispersion‐Shifted Fiber Designs for Orbital Angular Momentum Mode
Authors: Zhao Wenqian , Wang Yingning , Geng Wenpu , Liu Yuanpeng , Huang Yuxiang , Pan Zhongqi , Yue Yang
Published: January 2025

Orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes, characterized by their helical phase front and annular intensity profile, manifest the spatial distribution information of the electromagnetic field. In fiber–optic communication, implementing OAM modes offers an additional spatial multiplexing dimension, enabling significant capacity increases for communication system. To effectively utilize OAM modes as independent and stable transmission channels, various ring‐core fibers are proposed and fabricated to match the annular intensity distribution of these modes. Among these designs, a series of non‐zero dispersion‐shifted ring‐core fibers (NZDSRF) emerges as a promising approach for dispersion management in OAM‐based transmission. By carefully engineering the dispersion characteristics of the fiber, NZDSRFs can minimize signal pulse broadening, making them more suitable for long‐distance OAM multiplexing systems. This summary presents an overview of various NZDSRF designs and compares their capabilities in dispersion management of OAM modes.
Cu(I)‐Induced G‐Quartets: Robust Supramolecular Polymers Exhibiting Heating‐Induced Aqueous Phase Transitions Into Gel or Precipitate
Authors: Sahu Nihar , Guchhait Chandrakanta , Mohanta Indrajit , Suriyaa Vembanan , Adhikari Bimalendu
Published: January 2025

Certain proteins and synthetic covalent polymers experience aqueous phase transitions, driving functional self‐assembly. Herein, we unveil the ability of supramolecular polymers (SPs) formed by G4.Cu+ to undergo heating‐induced unexpected aqueous phase transitions. For the first time, guided by Cu+, guanosine (G) formed a highly stable G‐quartet (G4.Cu+)/G‐quadruplex as a non‐canonical DNA secondary structure with temperature tolerance, distinct from the well‐known G4.K+. The G4.Cu+ self‐assembled in water through π‐π stacking, metallophilic and hydrophobic interactions, forming thermally robust SPs. This enhanced stability is attributed to the stronger coordination of Cu+ to four carbonyl oxygens of G‐quartet and the presence of Cu+‐ ‐ ‐Cu+ attractive metallophilic interactions in Cu+‐induced G‐quadruplex, exhibiting a significantly higher interaction energy than K+ as determined computationally. Remarkably, the aqueous SP solution exhibited heating‐induced phase transitions—forming a hydrogel through dehydration‐driven crosslinking of SPs below cloud temperature (Tcp) and a hydrophobic collapse‐induced solid precipitate above Tcp, showcasing a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behavior. Notably, this LCST behavior of G4.Cu+ SP originates from biomolecular functionality rather than commonly exploited thermo‐responsive oligoethylene glycols with supramolecular assemblies. Furthermore, exploiting the redox reversibility of Cu+/Cu2+, we demonstrated control over the assembly and disassembly of G‐quartets/G‐quadruplex and gelation reversibly.
Experimental Characterization of Thermal, Acoustic, Magnetic, and Electrical Properties of Additive Manufactured Composites Reinforced With Ceramic Powders for Robotic Arms
Authors: Özkahraman Merdan , Kayacan Mevlüt Yunus , Kaplan Ali Nadi
Published: January 2025

An extensive experimental analysis was conducted to assess the thermal, acoustic, magnetic, and electrical properties of composite materials reinforced with varying ratios of silicon carbide (SiC) and alumina (Al₂O₃) powders, with a focus on enhancing the functionality of robotic arms. This study underscores the innovative potential of these materials for applications in robotics. Mechanical tests showed that composites with 5% SiC and 95% resin achieved a maximum compressive stress of 68 MPa, meeting the structural demands of robotic components. Higher SiC content improved thermal conductivity, reaching 0.25 W/m·K, advantageous for managing heat in robotic joints and actuators. Acoustic testing demonstrated an average sound transmission loss of 20 dB, effectively reducing noise in robotic operations. Additionally, magnetic permeability and electrical permittivity tests revealed that composites with 10% SiC and 90% resin had the highest magnetic energy storage capacity, with a real permeability of 3.5 H/m, providing enhanced electromagnetic shielding. These findings offer valuable insights into optimizing composite materials for robotic arms, demonstrating the importance of experimental validation in developing advanced, multifunctional materials for robotic applications.
Global Value Chains Participation and Air Pollution: Does Digital Economy Matter?
Authors: Zheng Lu , Zhu Jingzhi , Zhao Yuhuan , Qian Zhiling , Zhao Ziyi , Fan Shunan , Zuo Sumin
Published: January 2025

Based on a panel dataset of 47 countries during 1995–2015, this study investigates the impact of global value chains participation, as measured by position index, on air pollution. The moderating effect of digital economy is also examined. The results show that the increase of global value chains position has a negative impact on air pollution. Heterogeneity analyses show that the increase of forward‐linked production length could mitigate air pollution. The negative impact of global value chains position is reflected in non‐OECD countries, and the impact on CO is stronger than other pollutants. The mechanism analyses show that increased global value chains position mitigates air pollution through industrial structure upgrading and technological progress. The moderating effect analyses reveal that digital economy could strengthen the negative impact, in which digital applications play a key role. Digital economy could also strengthen the path of global value chains position affecting air pollution through industrial structure and technological progress. The results reveal that global value chains position should be improved to promote air pollution control, and different countries should implement differentiated strategies. In particular, it is of great significance for pollution control to promote the transformation and integration of digital achievements with digital applications as the breakthrough.
Hypoxic Cancer Cells‐Derived Exosomes Strengthen the Development of Cancer Stem Cell‐Like Properties Through Delivering LINC00665 in Thyroid Cancer Cells
Authors: Zhou Ming , Peng Chengcheng , Zhang Qiong , Tong Yanchu
Published: January 2025

Hypoxia is a common phenomenon for solid tumors due to a lack of effective vascular system, and has been deemed as an important factor that drives the progression of thyroid cancer (TC) via altering the characteristics of tumor cells. The present study suggested that hypoxic TC cells enhanced cancer stem cell properties and progression of TC by delivering long intergenic non‐protein coding RNA 665 (LINC00665)‐containing exosomes. Specifically, TPC1 cells were exposed to normoxic or hypoxic environment, and it was found that hypoxic TPC1 cells‐secreted exosomes (H‐exo) were enriched with LINC00665, compared to normoxic TPC1 cells‐derived exosomes (N‐exo). In addition, by establishing the in vitro exosomes‐TC cells coculture system, we found that in contrast to N‐exo, H‐exo apparently promoted cell proliferation, epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cell properties via delivering LINC00665. This was supported by the in vivo results that H‐exo transferred LINC00665 to promote tumorigenesis and the expression of EMT and stemness‐associated markers in xenograft tumor‐bearing mice models. Further mechanical experiments validated that LINC00665 combined with EPHB4 mRNA to sustain its stability to enhance cancer aggressiveness of TC. Altogether, our findings verified that hypoxic TC cells‐secreted exosomes regulated the LINC00665/EPHB4 axis to enhance cancer stem cell properties of TC, providing novel signatures for TC diagnosis and therapy.
Analysis of Platelet Morphological Parameters as Clinical Risk Stratification in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Zhang Xuguang , Huang Zhiwei , Wang Xin , Hao Han , Fan Dali , Cadeiras Martin , Liu Yusheng
Published: January 2025

Background

Platelet activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Platelet morphological parameters, including MPV, PDW, and P‐LCR, are emerging as biomarkers for predicting the severity of ACS and prognosis.

Aims

This study aims to assess the relationship between these parameters and coronary severity and to evaluate their predicting adverse outcomes.

Methods

A total of 134 ACS patients and 50 healthy controls were included in this prospective observational study. Platelet morphological parameters (MPV, PDW, and P‐LCR) were measured at admission, and coronary artery lesion severity was determined using the Gensini score from coronary angiography. Multivariate logistic regression analysis assessed the predictive value of these platelet parameters for adverse outcomes, and ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate their diagnostic performance.

Results

MPV, PDW, and P‐LCR were significantly higher in ACS patients compared to healthy controls (p < 0.001). A strong positive correlation was found between platelet parameters and the Gensini score (MPV: r = 0.778, PDW: r = 0.800, P‐LCR: r = 0.761; p < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression identified MPV (OR = 1.807, p < 0.001), PDW (OR = 1.700, p = 0.001), and P‐LCR (OR = 1.287, p < 0.001) as independent predictors of advent prognosis. ROC curve analysis showed that the combined use of MPV, PDW, and P‐LCR provided superior predictive accuracy (AUC = 0.927) compared to the individual parameters.

Conclusion

Elevated platelet morphological parameters are strongly associated with coronary artery lesion severity and serve as independent predictors of adverse outcomes in ACS patients. The combined assessment of MPV, PDW, and P‐LCR enhances risk stratification, offering a valuable tool for guiding therapeutics and improving prognosis in management.
A Rare Presentation of Fahr's Syndrome Associated With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Najafgholian Simin , Soltani Mahbod , Amirian Sanaz , Pourahmadian Negar
Published: January 2025

Fahr's syndrome (FS) is a rare disorder characterized by intracerebral calcification, presenting with various neuropsychiatric symptoms. This case highlights a rare presentation of FS with secondary hyperparathyroidism. It underscores the importance of comprehensive evaluation of early symptoms, effective use of diagnostic procedures, and proper management of symptoms.
Catalyst Ink Preparation Matters for Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Reduction
Authors: Wang Miao , Chen Junmei , Hu Bihao , Xiao Yukun , Chen Lei , Chen Jingyi , Wang Lei
Published: January 2025

Electrocatalytic CO2 reduction (CO2R) offers a promising pathway for closing the carbon cycle. Metallic Cu‐based catalysts are the only materials capable of converting CO2 to C2+ products with significant selectivity and activity. Achieving industrially relevant current densities in CO2R requires the use of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs), making the structure and properties of the catalyst layer (CL) on GDEs critical to the CO2R performance of Cu catalysts. However, limited research has explored how catalyst ink composition affects CL features and, consequently, CO2R performance under operating conditions. In this study, we investigate the influence of catalyst ink composition on CL structure and morphology, and how these properties affect CO2R performance. We find that the water content in the ink modifies active site density, thickness, and porosity of the CL, as well as the state of the Nafion binder, thereby altering the microenvironment of the active sites during CO2R, including local CO2 concentration and pH. Our results reveal a strong correlation between CO2R performance and the structural characteristics of the CL. Specifically, optimizing the ethanol‐to‐water ratio in the catalyst ink enhances C2+ product selectivity and current density to 75 % and 450 mA cm−2, respectively. This approach provides a simple yet effective strategy to improve CO2R activity and selectivity under practical conditions.
Effect of the presence or absence of a gas–liquid interface on the initiation of liquid phase hydrocarbon oxidation
Authors: Siddiquee Muhammad N. , de Klerk Arno
Published: January 2025

The kinetic description often overlooks the initiation of liquid‐phase hydrocarbon autoxidation because of the induction period. The start of oxidation, or oxidation at a low conversion rate, occurs largely in the bulk liquid, which remains near air‐saturated, maintaining a minimal Hatta‐number. At low conversion rates, the oxidation rate still depended on the gas–liquid interface area per unit liquid hydrocarbon volume under similar conditions. Mixing under otherwise similar conditions impacted product selectivity to oxygen and radical–radical additions at the same conversion level. These observations indicated that in an equilibrated reaction system, there was not an equal probability for initiation by O2 at the gas–liquid interface and in the bulk liquid. The purpose of the study was to determine if the presence of a gas–liquid interface affected the initiation of hydrocarbon autoxidation. Reactions were performed using air‐saturated tetralin and indan at 130 and 140°C in systems with and without gas–liquid interface for 1 and 7 days. It was found that at the same conditions, the initiation rate was faster when a gas–liquid interface was present. It was further found that initial product selectivity to oxygen versus radical addition was lower when a gas–liquid interface was present. These results and those from previous studies can be explained if autoxidation initiates faster at the gas–liquid interface than in the bulk liquid at equilibrated conditions. In conclusion, oxygen at the gas–liquid interface has different initiation kinetics, but it does not affect the liquid‐phase hydrocarbon oxidation mechanism.
Green and selective supercritical fluid extraction of essential oil and cannabidiol from Cannabis sativa L.
Authors: Baldino Lucia , Scognamiglio Mariarosa , Reverchon Ernesto
Published: January 2025

In this study, supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) was used to extract cannabis essential oil and cannabinoids from the same matrix by changing decarboxylation conditions and CO2 density. Cannabis essential oil was extracted at 90 bar and 50°C (0.288 g/cm3 CO2 density), and it was mainly composed of α‐pinene, eucalyptol, β‐caryophyllene, and selinene. Subsequently, decarboxylation was carried out on the vegetable matter operating at 105°C for 15 min and, then, at 120°C for 1 h. The largest cannabidiol (2.96% w/w) yield was obtained when SFE was performed at 100 bar and 40°C (0.623 g/cm3 CO2 density). An effective online fractional separation of the extracted compounds was also obtained by SFE, since no cuticular waxes were detected in GC–MS traces of the products of interest. Operating in this way, expensive, time‐consuming, and polluting post‐processing steps of separation were not required, producing a ready‐to‐use extract for the market.
First person profile: Julie Brahmer, MD
Authors: Nierengarten Mary Beth
Published: January 2025

This news section offers Cancer readers timely information on events, public policy analysis, topical issues, and personalities. This issue includes a profile of Dr Julie Brahmer, whose research paved the way for the first immunotherapy agent to receive US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of lung cancer. Also, a study reveals a potential new treatment approach for intermediate‐stage hepatocellular carcinoma, and an overall survival benefit is found with pembrolizumab plus chemoradiotherapy for patients with high‐risk locally advanced cervical cancer.
Ground and excited state aromaticity in azulene‐based helicenes
Authors: Carissan Yannick , Artigas Albert , Coquerel Yoann , Terrioux Cyril , Prcovic Nicolas , Hagebaum-Reignier Denis , Lorenzo Reyes Amisadai , Ndiaye Fatim Ndeye
Published: January 2025

Electron delocalization is studied in the ground singlet and first excited triplet states of azulene‐containing helicenes. After showing that the compounds we study can be synthesized,
we show that they exhibit a charge separation in the ground state, which does not appear in their triplet excited state. Then, magnetically induced properties (IMS3D and ACID) and electron density decomposition methods (EDDB) are used to rationalize aromaticity in these systems. For azulene‐based helicenes larger than a critical size, that is, for more than six fused cycles, unexpected aromatic delocalization circuits appear. This feature is understood via the decomposition of the wavefunction on sets of carefully chosen local electronic structures and fragment orbital diagrams.
How ESG and Gender Diversity Affect Firm Performance
Authors: Hadisurya Johan , Joni Joni , En Tan Kwang , Setiana Sinta
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the impact of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) disclosure and gender diversity on the board of commissioners on operating and market performance in Indonesia from 2018 to 2022. The sample for this study consisted of 218 listed companies in Indonesia with ESG disclosures. Ordinary least‐squares regression was used to test this affiliation. The generalized moment method was also applied to address the endogeneity problem. This empirical research found that ESG disclosure and gender diversity on the board of commissioners have a positive and statistically significant effect on company performance in a patriarchal society where women experience negative stereotypes regarding their leadership and managerial skills. The results remained consistent after endogeneity testing. The findings of this study have practical implications for academics and policymakers interested in the role of ESG and gender diversity in improving company performance in developing countries, such as mobilizing resources to support ESG and increasing the percentage of women on corporate boards of commissioners. The findings of this study can also help investors decide whether to invest in companies that have implemented ESG in developing countries. This study differs from previous research in that it was conducted in Indonesia, a developing country. Most previous studies have been conducted in developed countries, such as China and Europe. This study examines the associations in Indonesia, which has a distinct corporate governance mechanism called the dual‐board system, and where the patriarchal system still influences corporate governance in Indonesia.
Mechanochemical Palladium‐catalyzed Cross‐coupling of Thianthrenium Salts and Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Mravíková Zuzana , Peňaška Tibor , Horniaková Daniela , Sebesta Radovan
Published: January 2025

Cross‐coupling reactions are indispensable for the construction of complex molecular scaffolds. In this work, we developed a sustainable methodology for the cross‐coupling reaction of arene thianthrenium salts with aryl boronic acids, which can be effectively realized under mechanochemical conditions. Liquid‐assisted grinding (LAG) enabled fast and high‐yielding synthesis of a range of biaryls via Pd/RuPhos‐catalyzed cross‐coupling. The transformation works under ambient temperature and on air. Environmentally friendly solvent 2‐methyltetrahydrofurane (Me‐THF) was used as a LAG additive. Moreover, the major by‐product of the cross‐coupling reaction, thianthrene, can be recovered and reused.