bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of proteolysis in cheese: relationship between phosphotungstic acid-soluble N fraction by Kjeldahl and 2,4,6- trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid-reactive groups in water-soluble N
Authors: Bouton Yvette , Grappin Remy
Published: June 2009

Free amino groups produced during cheese ripening are used to indicate the extent of cheese proteolysis. Several studies have shown a high correlation between the level of free amino acids and the flavour of Gouda (Aston et al. 1983) or Comté (Grappin & Berdagué, 1989). Measurement of the level of free amino acids seems useful for the investigation of flavour chemistry in cheese (Lemieux et al. 1990). The determination of N fractions is often used to estimate the degree of proteolysis in cheese, but since this procedure is laborious and time consuming several attempts have been made to replace it by more rapid methods (Ardö & Meisel, 1991). Since its introduction by Satake et al. (1960), the 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) method has been widely used for the determination of free amino groups. Because TNBS does not react with the imino groups of histidine and proline or the hydroxyl groups of tyrosine, serine or threonine, it has been accepted as a selective reagent for primary amino groups (Burger, 1974). Measurement of N by Kjeldahl in the phosphotungstic acid (PTA)–sulphuric acid extract (Gripon et al. 1975) estimates the N of free amino acids and low molecular mass peptides. The purpose of this study was to compare the TNBS and PTA-soluble N methods in order to find out whether the TNBS procedure can replace that of PTA-soluble N in the determination of a cheese proteolysis index.
Development of bacterial biofilms in dairy processing lines
Authors: Austin John W. , Bergeron Gilles
Published: June 2009

Adherence of bacteria to various milk contact sites was examined by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. New gaskets, endcaps, vacuum breaker plugs and pipeline inserts were installed in different areas in lines carrying either raw or pasteurized milk, and a routine schedule of cleaning-in-place and sanitizing was followed. Removed cleaned and sanitized gaskets were processed for scanning or transmission electron microscopy. Adherent bacteria were observed on the sides of gaskets removed from both pasteurized and raw milk lines. Some areas of Buna-n gaskets were colonized with a confluent layer of bacterial cells surrounded by an extensive amorphous matrix, while other areas of Buna-n gaskets showed a diffuse adherence over large areas of the surface. Most of the bacteria attached to polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon™) gaskets were found in crevices created by insertion of the gasket into the pipeline. Examination of stainless steel endcaps, pipeline inserts, and PTFE vacuum breaker plugs did not reveal the presence of adherent bacteria. The results of this study indicate that biofilms developed on the sides of gaskets in spite of cleaning-in-place procedures. These biofilms may be a source of post-pasteurization contamination.
Calmodulin-binding peptides isolated from α-casein peptone
Authors: Kizavva Kenji , Naganuma Keiko , Murakami Umeji
Published: June 2009

Peptides that inhibit calmodulin-dependent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase were isolated from a pepsin digest of α-casein. Analysis of these peptides showed that they corresponded to the αs2-casein sequences 164–179 (Leu–Lys–Lys–Ile–Ser–Gln–Arg–Tyr–Gln–Lys–Phe–Ala–Leu–Pro–Gln–Tyr), 183–206 (Val–Tyr–Gln–His–Gln–Lys–Ala–Met–Lys–Pro–Trp–Ile–Gln–Pro–Lys–Thr–Lys–Val–Ile–Pro–Tyr–Val–Arg–Tyr) and 183–207 (C-terminus, Val–Tyr–Gln–His–Gln–Lys–Ala–Met–Lys–Pro–Trp–Ile–Gln–Pro–Lys–Thr–Lys–Val–Ile–Pro–Tyr–Val–Arg–Tyr–Leu). These peptides inhibited calmodulin-induced cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity over the range 1–50 μM without affecting the basal enzyme activity. These results demonstrated that the affinities of these peptides for calmodulin are comparable to the affinities of certain endogenous neurohormones and proteins that interact with calmodulin.
Relationship between thickness, chapping andStaphylococcus aureuscolonization of bovine teat tissue
Authors: Fox Lawrence K. , Cumming Melinda S.
Published: June 2009

Post-milking measurements of teat skin chapping score, teat thickness and colonization byStaphylococcus aureuswere determined for 11·5 d. Three teats on each of twelve Holstein cows, free fromStaph, aureusintramammary infections, were immersed in 1 M-NaOH solution to induce teat chapping; the fourth teat served as a control. To achieve different degrees of chapping, one teat per cow received one immersion after each milking for three consecutive milking periods, a second teat received two immersions, and the third teat received one immersion which coincided with the last immersion of the other two teats. All teats were challenged twice with a skim milk broth culture ofStaph, aureus(5 × 106cfu) after the first and second milking following NaOH treatment. Measures were initiated with the milking following the lastStaph, aureuschallenges. Tissue thickness of the lateral side of the teat (barrel) and colonization byStaph, aureusdeclined with time. Thickness of the teat end varied more erratically. Teat skin chapping score was positively correlated (P< 0·001) with tissue thickness of the barrel andStaph, aureuscolonization. Thickness of the barrel was not significantly correlated withStaph, aureuscolonization. Barrel thickness as a covariate had a significant effect (P< 0·05) on teat skin colonization ofStaph, aureus, whereas teat skin score and teat end thickness had no significant effect. Thus, thickness of the lateral side of the teat explained the greatest variation inStaph, aureusteat skin colonization in the model tested.
317. The resazurin and methylene-blue tests as a measure of the keeping quality of milk
Authors: Anderson E. B. , Wilson G. S.
Published: June 2009

1. During four periods equally spaced throughout the year raw milks coming from surrounding farms into the Buckingham receiving station were examined by (a) the 10 min. resazurin test, (b) the 1 hr. resazurin test, (c) the resazurin test in which the time to reach disk 1 was recorded, (d) the modified methylene-blue test, and (e) a keeping quality test based on taste and alcohol precipitation. Altogether, 2588 samples were examined.

2. Table 2, in which the correlation coefficients are worked out between the results of the dye and the K.Q. tests, shows that there is little to choose between the methylene-blue test and the time to reach disk 1 in the resazurin test; but since an average of only 15 min. was saved by carrying out the resazurin test, there seems little advantage to be gained by the use of this test. Both of these tests are superior to the 10 min. and the 1 hr. resazurin tests.

3. A comparison of Tables 5–7, in which the average K.Q. of the milks corresponding to different disk numbers or reduction times is recorded, shows that the methylene-blue test affords the best indication of the K.Q.

4. A study of Table 3, setting out the relation between the 10 min. resazurin and the methylene-blue reduction tests, shows that 99% of milks giving a 0–½ reading in the resazurin test reduce methylene blue within 30 min. and 80 % of them within 10 min.; but that, of milks reducing methylene blue within 30 min., only 53% give a disk reading of 0–½ in the 10 min. resazurin test. If it is agreed that no raw milk on arrival at the creamery which reduces methylene blue within 30 min. and which has, according to Table 7, an average K.Q. of only about 5 hr. at the time of testing, is fit for human consumption, then it is clear that the present rejection standard in the 10 min. resazurin test passes nearly 50% of unsatisfactory milks.

5. The data recorded in this paper all go to show that the best indirect index of the K.Q. of raw milk is afforded by the methylene-blue test as carried out by the method officially laid down by the Ministry of Health.

6. On the other hand, if time is an overruling consideration, then a slightly less accurate estimate of the K.Q. of raw milk is afforded by the 1 hr. resazurin test. It must be pointed out, however, that the figures given in Table 6 suggest that below disk 2 there is some irregularity in the relation between the disk numbers and the K.Q. If the 1 hr. resazurin test should come into use for the routine grading of milk, a revision of the present tints at the lower end of the scale might prove desirable.
320. Comparison of the growth-promoting value for rats of butter fat, of margarine fat and of vegetable oils
Authors: Henry K. M. , Kon S. K. , Hilditch T. P. , Meara M. L.
Published: June 2009

1. A series of experiments with rats is described in which the growth-promoting properties of butter fat have been compared with those of the solid and liquid fractions of butter fat, with margarine and with certain vegetable oils.

2. The separation of butter fat into fractions containing a preponderance of glycerides of saturated or unsaturated acids was effected by means of crystallization from acetone.

3. The following results were obtained by incorporating fats in liquid skim milk:

(a) No differences were detected between the growth-promoting properties of butter and margarine or of butter fat and deodorized arachis oil; in the latter comparison the arachis oil was more economically used than the butter fat.

(b) No differences were found between butter fat and maize oil alone or containing the solid or liquid fractions of butter fat in the approximate proportions in which they occur in the original fat. The less saturated oils, i.e. maize oil and maize oil + the liquid butter fraction, were more economically used than butter fat and its solid fraction mixed with maize oil.

(c) No differences were observed between the growth-promoting values of butter fat, arachis oil, cottonseed oil or soya-bean oil. The butter fat was rather less well utilized than the less saturated oils, but the differences were not significant.

(d) Poorer growth was observed with the more saturated fraction of butter fat than with the original fat or the liquid fraction.

4. When butter fat, margarine fat or arachis oil was incorporated in a dry basal diet, no differences were observed in the growth-promoting value of these fats, but the arachis oil was more economically used than the other fats. This finding was not con- firmed in a second experiment of longer duration in which poorer growth was observed with the arachis-oil diet, though the economy of gains was the same with all diets.

5. It is concluded from these experiments that it is unlikely that butter fat possesses superior nutritive properties to those of other fats, and that the more saturated fraction of butter fat is certainly not superior in growth-promoting value to that of the more unsaturated fraction or to more unsaturated vegetable oils.
325. A study of the balance of certain milk nutrients in the making of Cheddar, Cheshire and Stilton cheeses, and of their fate during the ripening of the cheeses
Authors: Dearden D. V. , Henry K. M. , Houston J. , Kon S. K. , Thompson S. Y.
Published: June 2009

1. Cheshire, Cheddar and Stilton cheeses were made on one occasion from winter, and on another from summer, milk.

2. The distribution of vitamin A and carotenoids, vitamin B1, riboflavin and vitamin C between milk, whey and curd was measured during cheese-making.

3. The fate of these vitamins during ripening was determined.

4. Some 80% of vitamin A and carotene, 15% of vitamin B1and 25% of riboflavin originally present in milk were recovered in the green cheese and persisted throughout ripening.

5. Vitamin C disappeared progressively during cheese-making and was absent from the cheeses.

6. Vitamin B1and especially riboflavin were recovered in cheese in larger proportions than would be expected from the partition of water between curd and whey, indicating that they were partly present in milk in combination with the coagulable solids.
A quantitative analysis of mammary glands of dairy heifers reared at different rates of live weight gain
Authors: Harrison Roger D. , Reynolds Ian P. , Little William
Published: June 2009

The mammary glands of conventionally reared cows, never exceeding a live weight gain (LWG) of 0·74 kg/d, weighed 39% more and contained 68% more secretory tissue than glands of rapidly reared animals grown at 1·1 kg/d. In 11-month-old heifers reared at 3 rates of LWG (L, 0·57; M, 0·76 and H, 1·18 kg/d) gland weight was related to LWG, but dissected mammary parenchyma was heavier in animals on treatment L than on treatment H and followed a quadratic relationship. Parenchymal composition on treatment H was correlated to both age and body weight at puberty. No similar trend was observed in treatments L and M although group L animals had more ductal tissue and less fat than those of group M. Heifers from treatment L were reared during pregnancy at either 0·68 or 0·84 kg/d LWG (treatments LL and LH respectively) and heifers from treatment H at 0·58 kg/d (treatment HL). Total gland weight was unaffected by treatment, but the percentage by weight of secretory tissue in the gland in treatment HL was less than for treatments LL and LH. These experiments confirm that mammary development is permanently impaired by high rates of LWG in the first year of life. There was no impairment of mammary development in heifers reared moderately in the first year and more rapidly during pregnancy.
Preparation of dairy products for scanning electron microscopy: etching of epoxy resin-embedded material
Authors: Brooker Brian E. , Wells Karen
Published: June 2009

Sections (1–5 μm thick) of epoxy resin-embedded cheese curd, yogurt, whipped cream and cream cheese were etched by treatment with warm alcoholic NaOH. Thin specimens were produced which could be metal coated and examined by scanning electron microscopy using accelerating voltages of at least 30 kV without producing charging problems. The images observed were easy to interpret and could be used to produce quantitative results. Although native milk fat globules did not survive the etching process, homogenized milk fat was not adversely affected. Critical point drying of etched sections produced results superior to those obtained by air drying.
Influence of the lactoperoxidase system on susceptibility of the udder toStreptococcus uberisinfection
Authors: Marshall Valerie M. E. , Cole Wendy M. , Bramley A. John
Published: June 2009

Lactoperoxidase (LP), thiocyanate (SCN-), pH and somatic cell counts (SCC) were measured in mammary secretions from 20 cows collected 14 d before drying-off, 7 and 21 d after drying-off, and 3–18 d postcalving. The inhibitory activity of the secretions onStreptococcus uberiswas determined and the susceptibility of the udder to infection by this organism was tested by intramammary infusion of 250 colony forming units at the above stages. LP, SCN-, pH and SCO increased during involution and fell postcalving. The secretions collected before drying-off, 7 d after drying-off and postcalving inhibited growth ofStr. uberis.; those collected 21 d after drying-off did not. Inhibitory activity in pre-drying-off secretions was destroyed by heating and restored by addition of LP, glucose and glucose oxidase, but addition of these substances to secretion 21 d after drying-off did not provide a full inhibitory system. The growth ofStr. uberisin the secretions was correlated with intramammary susceptibility, since challenges withStr. uberisat 14 d before drying-off, at 7 and 21 d after drying-off and postcalving led to 43·8, 25·0, 81·3 and 37·5% of quarters becoming infected. It is suggested that the LP/SCN-/H2O2system plays a role in protecting the lactating mammary gland from infection withStr. uberisbut becomes ineffective as involution progresses.
Oxygen concentration in milk of healthy and mastitic cows and implications of low oxygen tension for the killing ofStaphylococcus aureusby bovine neutrophils
Authors: Mayer Susan J. , Waterman Avril E. , Keen Peter M. , Craven Neil , Bourne F. John
Published: June 2009

The partial pressure of O2in milk from normal cows and from cows with mastitis was measured and the concentrations of O2calculated. Oxygen levels of milk from normal cows were similar to those in venous plasma, but inflammation of the mammary gland led to a dramatic drop in O2concentration to < 10% of control values. Intracellular survival ofStaphylococcus aureusstrain M60 in bovine neutrophils was greater under anaerobic than aerobic conditions. The implications of low O2concentrations in milk from infected mammary glands for the bactericidal activity of bovine neutrophils is discussed.
A simple procedure using trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid for monitoring proteolysis in cheese
Authors: Polychroniadou Anna
Published: June 2009

A simple, rapid and sensitive spectrophotometric assay was developed and evaluated for monitoring proteolysis during cheese ripening, based on the fact that α-amino groups released by hydrolysis of cheese proteins react with trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid to form products that absorb strongly at 420 nm. A linear relationship was shown to exist between A420 and concentration of free α amino groups up to 0·5 HIM (r = 0·999, 38 df, P < 0·001). Repeatability of the method was satisfactory. The coefficient of variance was 0·53% for amino acid solutions and 1·19% for cheese extracts. Average recovery of glycine added to the cheese was 104 ± 2·9%. A comparison of the above method with that of determination of water-soluble N to total N ratio showed that there was good agreement between these two methods of assessment of proteolysis in cheese (r = 0·857, 32 df, P < 0·001). Mainly Feta and Teleme cheese were examined, but a similar correlation was obtained with hard Greek cheeses. Analytical conditions of the procedure are discussed.
Performances of falling film evaporators
Authors: Jebson R. Selwyn , Iyer Mani
Published: June 2009

The performances of falling film evaporators used in the New Zealand dairy industry for concentrating skim milk, whole milk and buttermilk were evaluated by determining (1) the kg steam used per kg water evaporated, and (2) the heat transfer coefficient of each pass in the evaporators. A computer program was used to calculate the results. The heat transfer coefficients varied from 0·3 to 3·2 kW/m2 per °C and the steam consumption from 0·4 to 0·09 kg steam/kg evaporation. The viscosity of the feed and the momentum of the vapours passing down the tubes were found to be the main factors controlling the heat transfer coefficient. A correlation between the heat transfer coefficient and these factors is presented. Other factors likely to have an influence on the performance are discussed.
Study of the fouling of inorganic membranes by acidified milks using scanning electron microscopy and electrophoresis. I. Membrane with pore diameter 0·2 μm
Authors: Attia Hamadi , Bennasar Michel , De La Fuente Blas Tarodo
Published: June 2009

The fouling of an inorganic microfiltration membrane with an average pore diameter of 0·2 μm obtained in static conditions with milk, acidified milk and acid coagulum was examined using scanning electron microscopy. The structure and porosity of external fouling related to the pH of the milk accounts for the performance and efficiency obtained in microfiltration. Electrophoretic analysis of permeate, characterized by lack of casein, shows that the deposit plays a fundamental role in mass transfer through filter layers. Variations in the physicochemical properties of casein as a function of pH at 50 °C were used to account for the development of the structure of fouling, which comprised three main states: (i) dense deposit of juxtaposed micelles, (ii) loose network formed by chains made up of bonded protein aggregate, (iii) irregular protein aggregate leading to high-porosity deposits. The presence of a protein film strongly adsorbed on the membrane layer of alumina particles is demonstrated.
Study of the fouling of inorganic membranes by acidified milks using scanning electron microscopy and electrophoresis. II. Membrane with pore diameter 0·8 μm
Authors: Attia Hamadi , Bennasar Michel , De la Fuente Blas Tarodo
Published: June 2009

The functioning of an inorganic microfiltration membrane (Membralox-SCT) with an average pore diameter of 0·8 μm, used for processing milk, acidified milk and lactic coagulum, was studied using dynamic and static conditions. Milk processing (pH 6·62) gave acceptable rates of protein retention but at low flow rates. Study of the effect of operating parameters during microfiltration of coagulum led to determination of optimal operating conditions leading to satisfactory performance and adequate retention rate. The results are explained using a model of the formation and development of internal and external fouling of a mineral membrane. Observations using scanning electron microscopy related to the pH of milk were used to verify the model by showing that internal fouling occurred only when the pH was higher than 5·50. This internal fouling was closely linked with the physicochemical state of milk proteins. Indeed, the fouling particles visualized at the alumina grains of the membrane support changed progressively from individual micelles (pH 6·62) to a chain or clustered structure (pH 5·60). Electrophoretic study confirmed this observation and showed that casein was present in milk permeates (pH 6·62) but not in coagulum permeates (pH 4·40).
Characterization of lactococci and lactobacilli isolated from semihard goats' cheese
Authors: Requena Teresa , Peláez Carmen , Desmazeaud Michel J.
Published: June 2009

Several strains ofLactococcus lactissubsp.lactis, Lactobacillus caseiandLactobacillus plantarumisolated from traditional goats' cheese have been studied for titratable acidity, proteolysis in milk and enzymic activities. Aminopeptidasc activities were measured with whole cells and cells permeabilized with Triton X-100. Caseinolytic activity was investigated using electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel with sodium dodecyl sulphate.Lc. lactissubsp.lactishad a level of proteolytic activity in skim milk greater than that ofLb. casei, while this activity inLb. plantarumwas very low. Alanine aminopeptidase activity was almost non-existent for all strains tested, while lysine aminopeptidase activity appeared to be of fundamentally intracellular origin. Leucine aminopeptidase activity was also greater in cells that had been permeabilized than in whole cells forLb. caseiandLb. plantarum. Lc. lactissubsp.lactisleucine aminopeptidase activity was greater in whole cells. No significant hydrolysis of casein was found withLb. caseiI FPL 725 andLb. plantarumIFPL 722 permeabilized with Triton X-100 after 24 h incubation with whole bovine casein.
Dairy cow characteristics related to Staphylococcus aureus isolation from quarter samples
Authors: Enevoldsen Carsten , Gröhn Yrjö T. , Thysen Iver
Published: June 2009

A comprehensive description of the health status of 2406 cows in 28 herds was used to study complex interrelationships between Staphylococcus aureus occurrence and potential risk factors at the cow level over a broad spectrum of production conditions. The objective of the study was to characterize those cows shedding Staph, aureus in milk and to provide indications of possible causal relations that should be further explored. The estimates are expected to aid in providing valid and precise evaluations of results from cross sectional microbiological examination of bovine (quarter) milk samples. Staph, aureus were isolated at microbiological examination of quarter milk from 5·2, 13·5, 17·9 and 22·0% of 1552, 490, 296 and 277 cows in lactations 1, 2, 3 and 4–9 respectively. Simultaneous isolation of other mastitis pathogens was not significantly associated with occurrence of Staph, aureus. Of the positive samples, 95% had a positive California mastitis test reaction. Among the clinical measures of udder health, only visibly abnormal milk combined with normal udder tissue was associated with increased occurrence of Staph, aureus, although not consistently. Prior antibiotic treatment for udder disorders was not significantly associated with Staph, aureus isolation. The occurrence of sole ulcers in multiple digits was consistently associated with Staph, aureus in the first lactation. Milk yield was involved in interactions with other pathogens isolated, prior veterinary disease treatment, body weight and season of calving. Strong herd-year effects were revealed. This, combined with the interactions, indicated that some herd-specific factors were major determinants of Staph, aureus occurrence. The study indicated which cow characteristics should be taken into account in epidemiological analyses and causal interpretations of data from cross sectional microbiological examinations of dairy herds.
Intraspecific variation inSchistosoma haematobiumfrom Algeria
Authors: Kechemir N. , Théron A.
Published: June 2009

A comparative analysis has been carried out between two populations ofSchistosoma haematobiumusing the same intermediate snail host,Bulinus truncatus, but originating from two distinct ecological areas of Algeria: Khemis-El-Khechna in a sub-humid mediterranean zone and Djanet in a saharan bioclimatic zone. Four parameters have been studied: the growth rate of adult worms, size and shape of the eggs, chronobiology of cercarial emergence and the compatibility with the intermediate host. Results showing divergences for all the characters studied are discussed for the origin of this intraspecific polymorphism ofS. haematobiumin Algeria.
Scanning electron microscopy and intraspecific variation in Euchordodes nigromaculatus from New Zealand
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. , Thomas F. , Poulin R.
Published: June 2009

Taxonomic characters of the male posterior end and the body cuticle of Euchordodes nigromaculatus (Nematomorpha) were described by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and compared with the original description by Poinar (1991a) and with other Euchordodes species. Intraspecific variation was found in the body length, the distance between the cloacal opening and the posterior end and especially in the form of the male posterior end. The latter either possesses two short lobelike structures and a ventral groove or lacks these structures. The importance of SEM investigations and observations of intraspecific variation is stressed for the taxonomy of nematomorph species.
Larval trematode infections in freshwater gastropods from the Albufera Natural Park in Spain
Authors: Toledo R. , Muñoz-Antolí C. , Pérez M. , Esteban J.G.
Published: June 2009

Malacological samplings were made from January 1994 to December 1996 in the Albufera Natural Park (Valencia, Spain) to trace the dynamics of molluscan populations and the prevalence and intensity of infection by larval trematodes. A total of 10,533 freshwater gastropods belonging to seven species (Lymnaea auricularia, L. truncatula, L. palustris, L. peregra, Bithynia tentaculata, Physa acuta and Gyraulus chinensis) was examined, and 110 (1.04%) were found to harbour some of the nine distinguishable types of cercariae, namely four echinostome cercariae (Hypoderaeum conoideum, Echinoparyphium recurvatum, Euparyphium albuferensis, and Echinostoma sp.), four furcocercous cercariae, and one xiphidiocercous cercaria. This study shows that the composition of the snail and trematode communities may be determined by the particular environmental conditions present and the human intervention in the area.
On a New Parasitic Protozoon associated with a Sickness in a Bilharzian Intermediate Host
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J. , Buckley J. J. C. , McDonald W. A.
Published: June 2009

During a recent expedition carried out by Dr. W. K. Blackie and Mr. W. A. McDonald in Southern Rhodesia, large numbers of the snail Bulinus tropicus were collected for living storage in aquarium tanks in the Medical Zoology Division of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. They were collected about the 20th February, 1931 and were brought to London on the 30th March and were distributed amongst several separate tanks. Some five weeks later some of the snails were overtaken by a curious sickness which gradually but rapidly spread to the rest and within a fortnight of their first appearance, the characteristic symptoms were present to a greater or less degree in almost every one of the snails, which numbered several hundreds. The sickness proved fatal in many cases and towards the end of three weeks the mortality was nearly 50 per cent. Thus it appeared likely that the whole collection would eventually be destroyed when the epidemic, as it seemed to be, spent itself with surprising suddenness and the remaining snails made a rapid recovery.
The Helminth Parasites of Dogs in Marseilles
Authors: Solomon S. Gladstone
Published: June 2009

Dogs are notoriously susceptible to helminthic infections, especially of the alimentary tract. Their role as carriers of such important pathogenic organisms as Echinococcus and Taenia multiceps makes the study of their parasites of more than academic importance, so much so that by an order of the United States Bureau of Animal Industry, all sheep dogs imported into the U.S.A. have to be held in quarantine pending a faecal examination for helminthiasis (Wigdor, 1919). Statistical surveys of the helminth parasites carried by dogs have already been made in a number of different countries. In this country the subject has been studied by Lewis at Aberystwyth, in Wales; and by Nuttall and Strickland in Cambridge. Brown and Stammers have made a parasitological survey of the dogs in London based on post-mortems combined with examination of faeces from London pavements.
New Hosts of Anguillulina dipsaci (Kühn, 1858) Gerv. & v. Ben. 1859, with some notes and observations on the Biology of the Parasite
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

About the middle of June, 1931, the writer received from the Ministry of Agriculture Plant Pathological Laboratory some diseased specimens of carrots which had been growing at Chatteris, Cambridgeshire, where they had been obtained by Mr. Thomas of the School of Agriculture, Cambridge. Microscopic examination showed that they were attacked by Anguillulina dipsaci, and since this is the only record of the parasite on this host or, in fact, on any member of the natural order, Umbellifer it has been thought advisable to give an account of the chief symptoms of the disease shown by the plants.
On a Trematode from the Gall Bladder of Naja bungarus with an emendment of the GenusXenopharynxNicoll, 1912
Authors: Khalil M.
Published: June 2009

During August, 1922, acting as an Honorary Parasitologist to the Zoological Society of London, I examined an Indian Cobra, the “Hamadryad”Naja bungarus, which died in the Society's gardens. A single trematode was found in the Gall bladder. It was living and active. A careful search for other examples of this trematode in the snake proved negative.
Experiments with the Root Excretions of Grasses as a possible means of eliminating Heterodera schachtii from infected soil
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: June 2009

In several previous publications by the present writer reference has been made to the relation between the root excretions of plants and the bionomics of the eelworm Heterodera schachtii. Amongst these is a short preliminary note on the significance of the root excretions of certain grasses as a possible means of controlling the nematode. The experiments referred to in this paper having been continued and extended, and the favourable results of the first year's field work having been maintained, a more detailed account of the researches seems to be justified, although the field experiments are still in progress and many aspects of the problem which require laboratory investigation are as yet comparatively untouched. As previously indicated, of the two main lines, chemical and biological, along which investigations must be pursued for a full understanding of the relationship between the reactions of the nematode and the stimulus of the root excretions, the chemical is the more fundamental, and until further work has been carried out from this standpoint much of the biological work is necessarily of an empirical character. It is, however, on purely biological lines that the greatest progress has so far been achieved, and it is with this side of the work solely that the present paper deals.
Some Observations on the Response of Chickens to infestation with Heterakis gallinae
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

Experimental evidence of immunity to helminth parasites is on the whole very scanty. Several workers have drawn attention to the fact that immunity can be acquired as a result of age alone. Ransom (1921) using Syngamus trachealis in chickens, Herrick (1925) with Ascaridia lineata also in chickens, Sandground (1928) with Strongyloides and Nanophyes in dogs and cats, are three examples.
OnSyngamus iereisp. nov. from Domestic Cats, with some Observations on its Life-cycle
Authors: Buckley J. J. C.
Published: June 2009

1. A new species ofSyngamusfrom the pharynx and nares of domestic cats in Trinidad is described.

2. The larval development from egg to 3rd stage larva is described with particular reference to the anatomy of the 3rd stage larva.

3. An attempt to trace the life cycle of the worm by direct infection of cats with the 3rd stage larvae was unsuccessful. It is suggested that an intermediate host is essential in the life cycle of this species.
Potato Eelworm (Heterodera schachtii) Investigations
Authors: Carroll J. , McMahon E.
Published: June 2009

A Previous paper by Carroll in 1933 described the results of research on the potato eelworm in the Irish Free State up to the year 1932. The table on p. 145 of that paper sets forth the four series of pot experiments which were carried out in 1932 and shows the degree to which the various pots in the different series were artificially infected (before planting) with eelworm cysts for the purpose of the experiments. In assessing the degree of potato sickness which developed in these pots and outlining the results of the experiments, reference was made to the following points:—appearance and size of the overground parts of the plants; degree of development and nature of the root system; presence or absence of different fungus diseases; abundance of eelworm cysts on the roots (as far as could be judged by a visual examination); weight of tubers produced. Before the paper went to press, the actual cyst content of the soil in the different pots at the end of the growing season had not been determined. That has since been done and the figures are presented in Table I on the following page.
Observations on a Field Plot Experiment with Anguillulina dipsaci on Potatoes
Authors: Goodey T.
Published: June 2009

In a previous paper the writer (1929) has given an account of the initiation and earlier work on a field plot experiment at Winches Farm devoted to the study of the stem eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci, in its attacks on potato tubers. For the trials carried out in 1928 the original plot, which was 200 ft. long by about 21 ft. 9 ins. wide, was divided up into 30 smaller plots, each measuring 12 ft. long by 10 ft. 9 ins. wide, and 10 varieties of potatoes were tested, each variety being grown in triplicate. Following an inoculation of the soil with diseased tubers, it was found that all the varieties grown, whether earlies, second-earlies or main-crops, became infected. Since 1928 the plot has been cropped each year with potatoes and the purpose of the present paper is to put on record observations made and results obtained in subsequent years and to advance certain conclusions arrived at as a result of this work.
Investigations on the Nematode Disease of Potatoes caused by Anguillulina dipsaci
Authors: Edwards E. E.
Published: June 2009

It has been known for a number of years that potatoes, besides many other cultivated plants and weeds, are subject to attack from the eelworm, Anguillulina dipsaci.
The Importance of the Acanthocephalan Polymorphus minutus as a Parasite of Domestic Ducks in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hynes H. B. N. , Nicholas W. L.
Published: June 2009

The intestinal parasite Polymorphus minutus sometimes causes severe losses of domestic ducks, but more often birds on free range are unaffected although exposed to infection. The causes of this are examined and an attempt is made to explain it. The worm has no innate seasonal occurrence, but can survive for many months in the intermediate host, by which it can also be spread for long distances along streams. The veterinary implications of these findings are considered.
Preliminary Observations on the Infectivity of Ascaris lumbricoides to Swine
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

The question of the immunity of the pig to ascariasis has been considered by helminthologists for some years and is still a vexed question. Ransom (1922) was of the opinion that the pig became immune at the age of 4 months but this was refuted by Morgan of the Institute of Agricultural Parasitology who, in 1931 successfully infected pigs at the age of 10 months and by the present writer (1934) at the age of a year. Sandground in 1929 referred to the difficulty of establishing infections under normal conditions though it is well known that almost every pig under field conditions picks up an infection at an early age. Furthermore, it is notoriously difficult to keep pigs “clean” for experimentation though this can be done, as it is done here, by careful attention to detail during rearing.
Some observations on the effect of dietary deficiency on infestation of chickens with the nematode Heterakis gallinae
Authors: Clapham Phyllis A.
Published: June 2009

There has recently been published a series of observations, based on experimental evidence, which goes to show that the course of an helmintic infestation may be significantly affected by the diet which is fed to the experimental animal. These results which have emanated mainly from Ackert and his colleagues (1929 and 1931) and from Foster & Cort (1931 and 1932), Hiraishi (1927 and 1928) and from Nagoya (1931) show that the vitamins are frequently significant factors affecting the development of Ascaridia, hookworms and Ascaris. In a later paper (1933), Ackert and others showed further that the type of amino-acids and the variety may also be factors influencing the development of Ascaridia lineata in chickens.
The Quantitative Use of the Seinhorst ‘Mistifier’ to Recover Nematodes from Soil, Faeces and Herbage
Authors: Sturrock R. F.
Published: June 2009

A modified form of the Seinhorst “Mistifie.” is described which allows the quantitative recovery of nematodes from infested material. Experimental results are given showing the high rate of recovery in a short time, the recovery from a known number of nematodes and a not excessive degree of variation between recoveries from a replicated series of mistifier units. These results are discussed and the value of the technique for replicated quantitative work is stressed.
A new technique for the recovery of Toxocara eggs from soil
Authors: Dada B. J. O.
Published: June 2009

A new flotation technique for the extraction of Toxocara eggs from soil has been devised. It has a fairly high recovery efficiency for Toxocara eggs, can be used for replicated quantitative experiments, and may also be used for recovery of other ascarid eggs from soil.
Studies of the relationships between Schistosoma and their intermediate hosts. II. The genus Bulinus and Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia
Authors: Frandsen Flemming
Published: June 2009

The relationship between Schistosoma haematobium from Sudan, Zaire and Zambia and various species and strains of Bulinus, has been investigated. The main emphasis was placed on evaluating the total cercarial production per 100 exposed snails as an index of the compatibility between snail and schistosome. The observations confirmed the results of previous compatibility studies which showed that there two groups of S. haematobium, truncatus-borne from Sudan and Zaire, and africanus-borne, from Zambia. They also revealed that this division was not absolute, as some overlapping occurred. However, if the cercarial production was taken as an indication of compatibility, instead of the infection rate, there was a more definite division between the two groups.

The observation that there is a truncatus-borne strain of S. haematobium present in Zaire extends the area where there is a mixture of truncatus-and africanus-borne strains farther southwards.
The morphology and biology of Xenopodistomum xenopodis from the gall bladder of the African clawed toad, Xenopus laevis
Authors: Tinsley R. C. , Owen R. Wynne
Published: June 2009

Xenopodistomum xenopodis Macnae, Rock and Makowski, 1973 was recovered from the gall bladder of Xenopus laevis laevis imported from the Cape Peninsula, South Africa, during 1967 – 1978. The overall incidence amongst 396 toads was 2.8%, and while the maximum intensity was 8 worms per host, most carried single infections. The parasite was not represented in 570 specimens of 8 other Xenopus taxa from East, Central and West Africa. The internal anatomy of X. xenopodis is of a plagiorchild type, but the adult body form is unusual with marked division into a slender very extensible neck and a broad oval hindbody. Although apparently confined within the gall bladder, the parasite can extend its neck along the bile duct and into the duodenum: host gut contents or intestinal epithelium may therefore supplement the diet of bile fluid. The original description and generic diagnosis have been amplified and amended. X. xenopodis apparently lacks close affinities with other known genera, a characteristic common to many of the parasites which infect the clawed toads.
The Microfilaria of Brugia: A First Stage Nematode Larva
Authors: Laurence B. R. , Simpson M. G.
Published: June 2009

(1) The structure of the microfilaria of Brugia (B. patei and B. pahangi) is redescribed and the development of B. patei is followed in the mosquito Aedes togoi for the first 4 days, up to the moult to the second larval stage.

(2) The buccal cavity, the pharynx (or oesophagus), and the pharyngo-intestinal valve of the second stage larva are formed around the pharyngeal thread of the microfilaria. Part of this thread is moulted with the microfilarial cuticle at the moult to the second larval stage.

(3) The intestine of the second stage larva is built up around the Innenkörper of the microfilaria from cells of the nuclear column.

(4) The R cells (G 2—G 4 cells) of the microfilaria and the anal vesicle of the microfilaria continue into the second stage larva and eventually the rectum is formed between them.

(5) The G cell (G 1 cell) does not form part of the gut of the second stage larva but becomes incorporated into the body wall with other cells from the nuclear column.

(6) The subcuticular cells of the microfilaria continue as elongate spindle shaped cells in the cords of the second stage larva.

(7) The significance of these results, which are at variance with earlier descriptions, are discussed and it is concluded that the microfilaria of Brugia is a very much modified first stage nematode larva, adapted to life in the capillaries of the vertebrate host. The microfilaria begins the metamorphosis to the structure of the second larval stage soon after entry into the insect vector.
Immunoprecipitins in human schistosomiasis detected with adult worm antigens released by 3M KC1
Authors: Scapin Mauro , Tendler Miriam
Published: June 2009

Several methods are being applied for solubilizing adult Schistosoma mansoni antigens which may allow their immunochemical characterization and purification. Studies on antigens and immunoprecipitins in schistosome infections have been carried out with homogenized extracts of adult worms and/or larval forms of Schistosoma mansoni in saline (Biguet et al., 1962; Kagan and Norman, 1963; Silva and Ferri, 1965), or water (Kent, 1963). Kusel (1972) studied surface proteins in S. mansoni membrane, treating the worms with 0·5% saponin in 3% calcium chloride. Murrel et al. (1974) compared by immunodiffusion a crude culture antigen with extracts obtained by freeze-thawing of adult worms and by treatment in 3M KCl.
Stunkardia minuta sp. n. (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) from the Malayan box-tortoise Cuora amboinensis
Authors: Palmieri James R. , Sullivan John T.
Published: June 2009

Stunkardia minuta sp. n. was recovered from the small intestine and rectum of 5 box-tortoises (Cuora amboinensis) in Malaysia. The average body size (L × W) is 11·42 × 2·35 mm; oral sucker 1·51 × 1.02; oral pouches 0·21 × 0·18; ventral sucker 1·67 × 1·43; oesophageal bulb 0·54 × 0·54; ant. testis 0·95 × 0·98; post. testis 0·94 × 0.94; seminal vesicle 0·82 × 0·24; ootype 0·21 × 0·41; ovary 0·41 × 0·34; and egg 121 × 83 μm. Although morphologically similar to S. dilymphosa, S. minuta is distinct from any other reported member of the Paramphistomidae.
A key to cercariae of British strigeoids (Digenea) for which the life-cycles are known, and notes on the characters used
Authors: Blair David
Published: June 2009

From original observations and from data in the literature, a key to cercariae of British strigeoids for which life-cycles are known has been compiled. The value of various characters of systematic importance is discussed.
Inorganic elements in adult Ternidens deminutus (Nematoda: Strongylidea: Oesophagostominae) from humans and baboons
Authors: Goldsmid J. M.
Published: June 2009

The present paper presents the results of an analysis of the inorganic elements detected in Ternidens deminutus from human and baboon hosts. It reports on the presence of Zn, Fe, P, Ca, Cu, Mg, mn and K in the worms and notes especially that worms from humans contained a higher percentage of body weight of Zn than those from baboons, a finding in agreement with an earlier EDAX analysis of the pigment granules of this species.
Blast cell activity in mice inflected with Hymenolepis nana, H. diminuta and Trichinella spiralis: in vivo uptake of 125IUdR in lymphoid tissues and gut
Authors: Gabriele F. , Ecca A. R. , Wakelin D. , Palmas C.
Published: June 2009

The kinetics of the lymphoblast response in mice during the course of a primary infection with Hymenolepis nana was measured by the in vivo uptake of 125IUdR. The response was most marked in tissues local to the site of infection, involving to nodes draining the small intestine but not other areas, e.g., inguinal lymph nodes. A close correlation between these responses and the course of inflection was observed. Uptake of 125IUdR was greatest in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN) but the peak reached in this organ was later than that in Peyer's patches (PP), small intestine (SI) and spleen (S). The increase in lymphoblast activity of the MLN was similar with Trichinella spiralis; no significant blast cell response to inflection with H. diminuta was found till day 9 after injection, the results being similar to those obtained when H. nana inflections were established using cysticercoids rather than eggs. It has been shown that the increase in lymphoblast activity was closely correlated with the presence of cells which are most effective in adoptive transfer immunity. A dose-dependent effect was detected in blast cell activity of MLN in different inflection levels with T. spiralis and H. nana.
A simple method for the collection of Necator americanus larvae
Authors: Mueller J. , Ellenberger B. , Fusco A. C. , Salafsky B. , Siddiqui A. A.
Published: June 2009

A simple method for the collection of third-stage larvae of Necator americanus has been described. This technique provides repeated recovery of very clean larvae from cultures in moderate numbers.