bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of the behaviour of some balanomorph barnacles exposed to fluctuating sea water concentrations
Authors: Davenport John
Published: May 2009

The majority of barnacles are sublittoral and limited to full strength sea water, but a number of thoracican species are amongst the most conspicuous and successful members of the littoral and brackish-water faunas. Salinity fluctuations are a feature of most littoral and brackish habitats, but the importance of salinity as a stress factor is variable. In many open coast situations, intertidal barnacles are likely to be subjected to lowered salinity levels only when emersion coincides with heavy rainfall or pronounced terrestrial run off. For these animals, behavioural adaptations to prevent irrigation of the mantle cavity by dangerously dilute sea water may be sufficient protection against an irregular, transient factor in their existence, overshadowed in importance by temperature fluctuations and the desiccating influence of aerial exposure.
Notes on the reproductive cycles of several Golfingia species (Sipuncula)
Authors: Gibbs P. E.
Published: May 2009

In an earlier paper (Gibbs, 1973) it was shown that in populations of Golfingia elongata (Keferstein) in the Plymouth area, a significant proportion of individuals possess fewer retractor muscles than is typical for the species. These individuals have three or two retractors instead of the normal four (= subgenus Golfingia) but otherwise are typical G. elongata in all characters. A morphologically similar species G. rimicola Gibbs is also common in the area and this species differs in possessing only two retractor muscles (= subgenus Phascoloides). One possible reason for the presence of aberrant individuals with an intermediate number of retractor muscles is hybridization; if the spawning seasons of the two species overlap in time, then cross-fertilization could be a feasible explanation for this anomaly.
Biology of Paranthessius anemoniae in association with anemone hosts
Authors: Briggs R. P.
Published: May 2009

Few investigations into the general biology of associated copepods have been made, although studies dealing with their taxonomy and structure are well documented, for example the many papers of Gotto, Bocquet, Humes and Stock. This work is an attempt to fill certain gaps in our biological information by considering the copepod Paranthessius anemoniae Claus, a cyclopoid associate of the snakelocks anemone Anemonia sulcata (Pennant). First described by Claus (1889) and later by Bocquet & Stock (1959) from Mediterranean waters, Paranthessius has only recently been reported from Irish and British waters (Gotto & Briggs, 1972; Briggs & Gotto, 1973).
On yellow lenses in mesopelagic animals
Authors: Muntz W. R. A
Published: May 2009

It has long been known that the corneas and lenses of some vertebrates are yellow in colour, and therefore affect the spectral quality of the light that reaches the retina. Various functions have been attributed to such intraocular yellow filters, such as the reduction of scattered light, chromatic aberration, and ‘glare’; and also possibly an increase in the contrast of some objects viewed against certain backgrounds (see Walls & Judd, 1933; Muntz, 1972, for reviews). It is of course likely that the yellow filters of different animals serve different functions, but it is also clear that in all cases, by absorbing a proportion of the incident illumination, they must reduce the animal's absolute sensitivity. In agreement with this, there is a general tendency for animals with yellow filters to be diurnal, and occupy brightly lit environments. Among the fishes in particular, there is a tendency for yellow lenses and corneas to be especially common among diurnal groups, which avoid the consequences of the inevitable loss of sensitivity by remaining inactive at night (Muntz, 1973).
The distribution of tube-dwelling diatom species in the Severn Estuary
Authors: Cox Eileen J.
Published: May 2009

Tube-dwelling diatoms are found in a variety of habitats, from marine to fresh water on different types of substrata; rock, wood, plant and animal. I have described species as tube-dwelling (Cox, 1975 b) if they produce mucilage which is consolidated into a tubular structure around the cells, yet within the mucilage tube individual cells move and divide. The tube is usually attached to the substratum at its base and is extended apically by the secretion of more mucilage by the enclosed diatoms. Tube volume thus increases to accommodate the increased endotubular diatom population. The presence of tube-dwelling diatoms on rocky shores has been recorded by some workers (Aleem, 1949, 1950; Castenholz, 1963, 1967; Hopkins, 1964), while Castenholz (1963, 1967) correlated seasonal and distribution patterns of some littoral species with their response to light intensity and day-length. Carter (1932,1933) described the algal flora, including several tube-dwelling species, of two salt marshes but little work has been done on tube-dwelling diatoms occurring in estuaries. During the course of a study on the biology of these diatoms (Cox, 1975 ft) variation in their distribution at two Severn Estuary sites prompted an investigation into their distribution in the estuary as a whole. Diatom distribution was recorded with reference to the geographical location in the estuary and to the position on the shore at two sites lower down the estuary (Clevedon and Weston-Super-Mare).
Ecological experiments with Sargassum muticum
Authors: Norton Trevor A.
Published: May 2009

In spite of the controversy surrounding the accidental introduction of the Japanese seaweed Sargassutn muticum (Yendo) Fensholt onto two continents, the startling south-ward expansion of its range on the Pacific coast of North America (Norton, 1977 a), and the failure of an eradication campaign on the south coast of England, surprisingly little is known about the ecology of this species. Work has recently begun in both southern California and Britain (Nicholson et al. 1977; Lewey & Farnham, 1977). Unfortunately the ecological studies in Britain have been hampered by the conflicting aims of trying to study the plant and at the same time trying to eradicate it.
Indicators of heavy-metal contamination in the Looe Estuary (Cornwall) with particular regard to silver and lead
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Hummerstone L. G.
Published: May 2009

A map of the Looe Estuary in south-east Cornwall is shown in Fig. 1. As it flows to the western branch of the estuary, the West Looe River passes through the Herodsfoot mining area which lies about 5 km above Sowden's Bridge. By Cornish standards, this was a productive area for lead and Dewey (1921) gives the output of Herodsfoot mine as 13470 tons of metal between 1848 and 1884 and more than 17 tons of silver between 1853 and 1884.
Distribution of dry matter between the tissues and coelom inArenicola marina(L.) equilibrated to diluted sea water
Authors: Freeman R. F. H. , Shuttleworth T. J.
Published: May 2009

The observations of Schlieper (1929) established the lugwormArenicola marina(L.) as an osmoconformer which remains virtually isosmotic with the external medium over a wide range of salinities. In a recent comprehensive review of salt and water balance in lugworms, Oglesby (1973) describes ‘the extensive swelling associated with transfer of lugworms to lower salinities’, and ‘when maintained in salinities lower than about 50% s.w. in the laboratory, lugworms are rendered incapable of such vital physiological activities as burrowing and burrow ventilation’. Under these conditions, lugworms exhibit little or no ability to regulate their volume or water content.
Patterns of spermatophore distribution and placement in Euchaeta norvegica (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: Hopkins C. C. E. , Machin D.
Published: May 2009

The spermatophore in the Copepoda is an elongated flask-shaped object produced by the male copepod in which are contained the sperm and associated secretions. The male must attach the spermatophore to the female genital segment in such a position that the opening to the neck of the spermatophore, through which the sperm come out, is in contact with the opening of the female cavity. Placement of the spermatophore elsewhere, in such a manner that connexion with the female genital cavity is not achieved, may not cause fertilization and will waste sperm.
The ecology ofCapitella capitatain British waters
Authors: Warren Lynda M.
Published: May 2009

The polychaeteCapitella capitata(Fabricius) has become well known amongst marine biologists as an indicator of polluted conditions, especially those due to organic enrichment. Reish (1959) mapped zones in a polluted harbour and correlated the presence ofC. capitatawith the polluted region. Bellan (1967) and Cognetti (1972) drew similar conclusions and Henriksson (1969) describes the species as a bacterial pollution indicator. Pearson (1975) records its presence in areas enriched by pulp mill effluents and Rosenberg (1972, 1973) notes its importance in the pioneer community developing after the closure of a pulp mill.
The energetics of suspension-feeding in the gastropod Crepidula fornicata L.
Authors: Newell R. C. , Kofoed L. H.
Published: May 2009

The ability of the slipper limpet Crepidula fornicata L. to feed on suspended particles carried into the mantle cavity by cilia on the gill has attracted attention for many years since the feeding mechanism was described by Orton (1912). Subsequent studies were made on the possible origins of this mode of feeding (Yonge, 1928, 1938), and later Werner (1951, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1959) made more detailed observations on the mechanisms by which particles are retained by the animal. He showed that coarse particles are strained by means of a mucus filter covering the inhalant aperture to the mantle cavity, whilst the majority of the medium and fine particles are entangled by a second mucus filter secreted by an endostyle and which lies against the frontal surface of the gill (for review, see Jørgensen, 1966; Newell, 1970).
The effects of temperature and salinity on the embryonic development of Hydrobia ulvae (Pennant)
Authors: Fish J. D. , Fish Susan
Published: May 2009

The prosobranch snail, Hydrobia ulvae, lays eggs on the shells of neighbouring individuals where they are held together and protected by a covering of sand grains. The eggs develop within this egg mass, hatching as veliger larvae for which there are several descriptions (Henking, 1894; Thorson, 1946; Pilkington, 1971; Fish & Fish, 1974). It is clear that there is considerable variation in the size, pigmentation and swimming behaviour of veligers from different localities. The material used in the present study was from a population of snails in the Dovey estuary, Wales, which have free-swimming veliger larvae similar to those described by Thorson (1946). These have a single whorl to the shell; a shell length at hatching of 140–170 µm; a semi-lunate band of purplish black pigment on each velar lobe; a narrow band of pigment between the eyes and black pigment associated with the hindermost part of the intestine. In contrast, those from Ply-mouth hatch with one and a half shell whorls and a colourless velum (Lebour, 1937; Pilkington, 1971); a shell length of 340–390 µm and show complete suppression of the pelagic phase, the velar cilia being short and incapable of lifting the larva off the bottom (Pilkington, 1971). It has been suggested by Pilkington (1971) that the differences in size and swimming behaviour might be the result of the Plymouth larvae hatching at a later stage. The present account is the result of investigations into the effects of temperature and salinity on the survival of embryos to hatching and the duration of embryonic development.
Growth and breeding of Dichelopandalus bonnieri in Isle of Man waters
Authors: Al-Adhub A. H. Y. , Bowers A. B.
Published: May 2009

The pink shrimp Dichelopandalus bonnieri Caullery, 1896, is widely distributed on North Atlantic coasts; it is recorded from the Bay of Biscay, south and west Norway, Scottish and Irish Coasts, South of Iceland and the east coast of North America on muddy substrates in depths ranging from 40 m to 1200 m (Kemp, 1910).
Histochemical studies with microphotometric determinations of the lateral muscles in the sharksEtmopterus spinaxandGaleus melastomus
Authors: Kryvi Harald , Totland Geir Kåre
Published: May 2009

In most fishes the fibre types of the axial muscles (musculus lateralis) are organized in separate groups. Commonly, there is an outer layer of red fibres of small diameter, medially there is a layer of larger, white fibres. With some modifications this scheme holds for the hagfish (Flood & Mathisen, 1962; Korneliussen & Nicolaysen, 1973), for sharks (Bone, 1966; Hagiwara & Takahashi, 1967; Brotchi, 1969) and for teleosts (e.g. Nishihara, 19673 Rayner & Keenan, 1967; Walker, 1971; Nag & Nursall, 1972; Patterson & Goldspink, 1972). The tail muscles of salamanders are similarly arranged (Sherkov, 1970; Totland, 1976 a, b).
Entrainment of the locomotor rhythm ofCarcinusby cycles of salinity change
Authors: Taylor A. C. , Naylor E.
Published: May 2009

It is well known that intertidal animals exhibit temporal patterning of behaviour in which locomotor activity occurs at particular times of day and state of tide. Naylor & Atkinson (1976) postulate that such behavioural rhythms are partially controlled by endogenous timing processes which determine the approximate periodicity of a rhythm, as expressed in constant conditions in the laboratory, and that these circadian and circatidal rhythms are entrained by environmental variables which in nature synchronize the expression of behavioural rhythmicity at adaptively appropriate times. Several tidal variables, such as temperature, pressure, light and wave action, have been shown to synchronize and entrain endogenous rhythms (Palmer, 1974; Naylor & Atkinson, 1976) but so far there appears to be little evidence of entrainment of tidal rhythmicity in coastal animals by variations in salinity. A tidal rhythm ofresponsivenessto water of reduced salinity has been demonstrated by Arnold (1970) in the cirral activity ofBalanus balanoides(L.), but entrainment by this response inBalanushas not been tested. In any event the tidal rhythm of cirral activity inBalanus balanoideson the shore is not expressed in barnacles kept in constant conditions in the laboratory (Southward & Crisp, 1965) and therefore appears to be largely controlled by exogenous factors. It therefore seemed worthwhile to investigate the effects of salinity changes upon the locomotor rhythm ofCarcinus maenas(L.), the control of which by internal factors (Arechiga, Huberman & Naylor, 1974) and some external factors (Naylor & Atkinson, 1972) is well documented.
The Biology of the Bass, Dicentrarchus Labrax, in Irish Waters
Authors: Kennedy Michael , Fitzmaurice Patrick
Published: May 2009

The biology of the bass in British and Irish waters has not been studied in the same detail as the biology of commercially important species, such as gadoids, flatfishes, mackerel and herring.
Connective Tissues and Body Wall Structure, of the PolychaetePolyphysia Crassa {Lipobranchius Jeffreysii)and Their Significance
Authors: Elder Hugh Y.
Published: May 2009

The polychaetePolyphysia crassa(Oersted) is unusual in possessing a well-developed body-wall connective-tissue layer which exceeds the combined thickness of the circular and longitudinal muscles. Both collagenous and elastic fibres are present in this layer. The collagen is organized as a loose three-dimensional lattice allowing longitudinal, circumferential or radial distension of the body wall and, as in other soft-bodied invertebrates, serves the functions of providing a base on which the muscles can act and of imposing limits to the extensibility of the system. The elastic fibres are organized as an apparently randomly oriented meshwork of stout fibres around the circular muscle blocks and are attached to both the circular and longitudinal muscles. Columns of elastic fibres extend radially from the supramuscular coarse meshwork through the ‘holes’ in the collagen lattice to the epidermal basement membrane. As the elastic columns extend outwards the fibres become finer and more numerous and flute out to give a wide area attachment to the epidermal basement membrane. The radial elastic columns are cross-linked by tangential elastic fibres. Although at any point the main collagen and elasticfibre bundles are oriented at right angles to one another, collagen fibres are invariably associated with the elastic fibres and the two fibre types form a single functionally inte-grated system.Polyphysialives in flocculent, sublittoral muds and the burrowing mechanism employed involves a pronounced direct peristaltic wave of simultaneous circular and longitudinal muscle contraction which necessitates considerable radial thickening of the body wall. The functions of the elastic fibres appear to be to oppose the radial distension of the body wall which the collagen lattice permits and to control the folding of the cuticle and epidermis and the return of the collagen system after the passage of a peristaltic wave.
Observations on the life-history and ultrastructure of the marine choanoflagellateChoanoeca perplexaEllis
Authors: Leadbeater Barry S. C.
Published: May 2009

In recent years the external morphology of marine choanoflagellates has been the subject of close scrutiny. This is a result of the attention given to marine nanoplankton, of which choanoflagellates are a part, and the relative ease with which choanoflagellates with loricae of costal construction can be observed in shadowcast whole mounts with an electron microscope. However, detailed ultrastructural studies of choanoflagellate protoplasts have been limited to one freshwater speciesCodosiga botrytis(Ehr.) Saville-Kent (Petersen & Hansen, 1954; Fjerdingstad, 1961; Hibberd, 1975) and four marine speciesSalpingoeca pelagicaLaval (Laval, 1971),Stephanoeca diplocostataEllis (Leadbeater & Manton, 1974),Savillea micropora(Norris) Leadbeater (Leadbeater, 1974) andCodosiga gracilisJames-Clark (Leadbeater & Morton, 1974b). Of these only the recent studies by Hibberd (1975), Laval (1971), Leadbeater & Manton (1974), Leadbeater (1974) and Leadbeater & Morton (1974b) contain micrographs of material processed by modern methods.
A statistical analysis of some trends in sea temperature and climate in the Plymouth area in the last 70 years
Authors: Maddock Linda , Swann Carolyn L.
Published: May 2009

Southward & Butler (1972) discussed changes in sea and air temperature in the Plymouth area this century, and showed that there was an increase from about 1900 to 1945 followed by a decrease. In the present analysis the data, updated to 1974, have been subjected to a more rigorous statistical treatment, made possible by the availability of a computer; inshore and offshore sea temperatures have been compared in greater detail, and sea-bed temperatures included. The results are described and discussed in relation to the biological changes that have been observed in the western English Channel during the same period. Data on rainfall and westerly weather have also been examined, and correlated with the temperature values.
Heavy metals in the gastropod mollusc Haliotis tuberculata (L.)
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Potts G. W. , Forster G. R.
Published: May 2009

Species of Haliotis are of economic importance in several countries around the world and the ormer Haliotis tuberculata (L.) is of importance in the Channel Islands off the north coast of France.
Distribution and ecology of the hermit crab Clibanarius erythropus in the western Channel
Authors: Southward A. J. , Southward Eve C.
Published: May 2009

The small hermit crabs of the genus Clibanarius are mainly found in tropical regions but one of them, C. erythropus (Latrielle), is common along Mediterranean shores (Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1958); this species was formerly known as C. misanthropus (Risso), but the name C. erythropus has priority (Forest, 1958) and is now in general use. Outside the Mediterranean the species ranges from Brittany to southern Morocco and the Azores (Holthuis & Gottlieb, 1958; Zariquiey Alvarez, 1968). In 1955–7 the extreme northern limit in Brittany was placed at Melon, between Brest and Trémazan (Crisp & Fischer-Piette, 1959); these workers, and also Carlisle & Tregenza (1961), were apparently unaware that the crab had been discovered at Roscoff, on the north coast of Brittany in 1955 (Rullier, 1959; Thiriot, 1965; Bourdon, 1965).
Taxonomy and ecology of British Spirorbidae (Polychaeta)
Authors: Knight-Jones Phyllis , Knight-Jones E. W.
Published: May 2009

Pillai (1970) proposed that the Spirorbidae form a distinct family and, though closely related to serpulids, they are indeed more surely separate than many families of birds and insects. Their study in Britain was well begun by Montagu (1803), with so much ecological detail that most of the species in his account (about ten) can be recognized by anyone who is really familiar with the marine fauna of Devon. All the names which he used, however, have lapsed or been applied otherwise, exceptSpirorbis spirorbisL. and even that has often been calledS. borealis. Some of the nomenclature of McIntosh (1923) has similarly lapsed, because it conflicted with clear descriptions by French and Scandinavian authors, including Fauvel (1927).
Physiological responses of stretch receptors in the pectoral fin of the rayRaja clavata
Authors: Ridge R. M. A. P.
Published: May 2009

This paper is concerned with a re-examination of the pattern of nerve activity from receptors in ray fin muscles in response to stretch applied to the muscles. In earlier work receptors have been found in the fin muscles of elasmobranchs, those in rays being described in a recent paper by Bone & Chubb (1975 - which see for references to earlier anatomical work) and physiologically by Fessard & Sand (1937). The receptors are supplied by myelinated axons, and the endings take the form of beaded nerve strands associated with congregations of connective tissue lying between muscle fibres. In the pectoral fin muscles these structures lie between small-diameter muscle fibres, with multiple motor nerve endings, which occur superficially in the muscle. Most of these muscle fibres show a positive staining reaction for succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and lipid, though some are negative for SDH. They contrast with the larger fibres, which show negative staining reactions for SDH and lipid, andhave focal motor innervation. The latter make up the bulk of the muscle (Bone & Chubb, 1975). It seems very likely that most of the small fibres are slow contracting (possibly with no propagated action potential in the muscle fibre), and the large fibres are of a twitch type. This would parallel the arrangement in dogfish myotomes (Bone, 1966). Bone & Chubb consider the coupling between the endings and the muscle fibres to be generally loose, although they also describe occasional sites of much tighter coupling. Such small muscle fibres are particularly concentrated in a superficial and rather discrete part of the muscle, here called the tonic bundle and used in the present experiments as an isolated preparation.
Sexual Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of the Turbot Scophthalmus Maximus L.
Authors: Jones A.
Published: May 2009

The turbot Scophthalmus maximus L. is a large teleost flatfish of the family Bothidae. Its range extends from the Adriatic (Faber, 1883) and Mediterranean (Morgan, 1956) northwards to the Norwegian coast, and includes the Baltic Sea and waters surrounding the British Isles. It has been recorded as far north as the Lofoten Islands (Fulton, 1905), and is taken occasionally at Faroe, Iceland and Rockall.
The Ultrastructure of the Meristoderm Cells of the Hapteron ofLaminaria
Authors: Davies J. M. , Ferrier N. C. , Johnston C. S.
Published: May 2009

This investigation of the ultrastructure of the cells of laminarian haptera is part of a more detailed study of the growth of marine macroalgae and their inter-action with the environment. A major section of the programme is an attempt to establish the relationships between physiological, biochemical and structural (including ultrastructural) changes which occur during cell growth in brown algae and to compare such observations with those recorded for higher plant cells.

The choice of haptera (PI. IA) for much of this work on brown algal cell growth is based on their suitability for the interpretation of enzymological data on a cellular basis. Hapteron growth shows several convenient similarities to that in primary meristems of higher plants. Although lamina growth is from an intercalary meristem at the base of the lamina (transition zone), hapteron growth is essentially apical (Reinke, 1876), and differentiating cells are arranged in rows leading backwards from the apex (PI. IB, c). Thus, progressive sections cut from the tip backwards will contain an increasing percentage of vacuolate, elongating cells, as in the flowering plant root.
Biochemical Changes in Fed and Starved Oysters, Ostrea Edulis L. During Larval Development, Metamorphosis and Early Spat Growth
Authors: Holland D. L. , Spencer B. E.
Published: May 2009

Although a great deal is known about methods for the culture of commercially important bivalve larvae (see, for example, Loosanoff & Davis, 1963; Walne, 1964, 1966) little information is available on the biochemical changes that take place during larval development.

Collyer (1957) determined the glycogen content of several batches of newly released larvae of Ostrea edulis and found that viability was not related to the initial glycogen content. Millar & Scott (1967) showed that lipid was the major energy reserve used during starvation by newly released O. edulis larvae. Recently Helm, Holland & Stevenson (1973) have shown that the initial growth rate of newly released O. edulis can be positively correlated with the lipid content of the larvae on liberation.

The present paper describes the biochemical changes that occur during larval development, metamorphosis and early spat growth of O. edulis. In addition, short-term starvation experiments were carried out to determine whether protein, lipid or carbohydrate serves as the main energy reserve during each phase of development.
Chemical and Hydrographic Observations in the Bristol Channel During April and June 1971
Authors: Abdullah M. I. , Dunlop H. M. , Gardner D.
Published: May 2009

The nature and the quantity of run-off into coastal waters will to a large extent influence the occurrence and distribution of a number of chemical components such as nutrient salts, organic matter and trace metals in these waters. In open coastal environments the run-off is usually quickly dispersed and diluted so that little of it remains at concentrated levels in the vicinity of the discharge point. On the other hand, if such discharge is made into closed or confined waters, the rate of dispersal will depend on the circulation pattern and the rate of flushing of the run-off. Thus in some areas where the circulation is restricted, a build up of compounds may occur which, depending on the run-off composition, may have a marked effect on the ecology of these waters. The situation may be further aggravated if the run-off includes large quantities of industrial and domestic waste.
Stomach Contents of the Blue Shark (Prionace GlaucaL.) Off South-West England
Authors: Stevens J. D.
Published: May 2009

The blue shark is a pelagic species having a virtually circumglobal distribution in tropical and temperate seas. In the northern hemisphere, during the warmer months, they extend their range northwards in both the Pacific and Atlantic (Strasburg, 1959; Bigelow & Schroeder, 1948; Templeman, 1963). Between May and October they occur regularly and in considerable numbers around the south-west peninsula of England. Strasburg showed that in the central Pacific blue sharks are opportunistic feeders as were the other pelagic species he studied, their diet consisting mainly of squid and small fish. Bigelow & Schroeder suppose herring (Clupea harengusL.), mackerel ((Scomber scombrusL.), sardines (Sardina pilchardusWalbaum) and a variety of cephalopods to be the chief diet in northern waters, together withSqualus acanthiasL. and various bottom fish on the fishing banks. In warmer waters anchovies (Engraulis encrasicolusL.), flying fish and the occasional sea bird caught resting on the water are known to occur in their diet. Bigelow & Schroeder also quote the well-known stories of blue shark following boats for offal and feeding on the carcasses of harpooned whales. Le Brasseur (1964) examined the diet of blue sharks caught by gill net in the Gulf of Alaska and in general confirmed Strasburg's observations. However, he stated that when salmon(Oncorhynchussp.) were available in gill nets blue shark might selectively feed on them, while by-passing other readily available species occurring in their normal diet. Couch (1862) examined the stomachs of two specimens from Cornish waters, finding herring, mackerel and garfish (Belone beloneL.), as well asSqualusandConger congerL. Lo Bianco (1909) found anchovies and cephalopods in one of two specimens caught in the Bay of Naples, the other of which contained large numbers of flying-fish eggs (Exocoetussp.).
A Comparative Study of the Setae of Pogonophora and Polychaetous Annelida
Authors: George J. David , Southward Eve C.
Published: May 2009

Pogonophora are long thin tube-dwelling invertebrates similar in size to polychaetous annelids, but lacking both mouth and gut, and found mainly in the deep sea. Current discussion of their systematic position had revealed a need for more information about particular aspects of their morphology and embryology (Southward, 1971a). The earlier attribution of Pogonophora to the echinoderm-chordate group, Deuterostomia, based mainly on their apparently tricoelomate structure, has been questioned recently, following the discovery of the previously unknown posterior end (Webb, 1964a; Ivanov, 1965). This posterior end is a small and delicate structure composed of several coelomate segments separated by septa and provided with short bristles. It has such a strong resemblance to the posterior end of an annelid, though of course it does not contain a gut, that there has been much speculation about the possibility of a relationship between Pogonophora and Annelida and some reconsideration of the features thought to indicate affinity to the Deuterostomia (Livanov & Pornrieva, 1967; Webb, 1969b; Ivanov, 1970; Norrevang, 1970a, b; Southward, 1971a).
Settlement of the Larvae ofSpirorbis SpirorbisL.
Authors: Nott J. A.
Published: May 2009

Among the marine invertebrates whose settlement behaviour is well studied, the polychaete tubeworm,Spirorbis spirorbisL. ( =borealisDaudin), the barnacle,Balanus balanoides, and the oyster,Ostrea edulis, are different in form whether in the free-swimming or adult stage, yet the settlement behaviour patterns are basically similar (Crisp, 1973). The larvae have a sequence of movements during exploration of the substratum, with each activity initiated by a hierarchy of stimuli. Given a positive set of responses to a suitable habitat, the distances moved on the substratum are limited progressively so that finally the larva investigates a very restrictred area. When the exact site for settlement is determined the larva ceases to move, attaches permanently and immediately commences metamorphosis into the adult form. However, if certain stimuli are lacking or obnoxious to the searching larva, it recommences the initial free-swimming activity, in order to reach alternative substrata.
Qualitative Studies on the Metabolism of Naphthalene in Maia Squinado (Herbst)
Authors: Corner E. D. S. , Kilvington C. C. , O'Hara S. C. M.
Published: May 2009

Many studies have been made on the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mammals and it has been shown that these animals can convert compounds such as naphthalene into several metabolites (see, for example, Corner & Young, 1955). Baldwin (1957) has remarked on the ability of mammals to metabolize substances that they are unlikely to meet ‘except through the medium of the laboratory’. Marine animals, how-ever, can encounter these compounds in their normal environment, considerable quantities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons being present in crude oil (Boylan & Tripp, 1971), in which form substantial amounts must be released into the sea annually.

Little work has been done on the metabolism of naphthalene in marine animals, apart from studies confined – as far as we are aware – to experiments with three species of fish (Lee, Sauerheber & Dobbs, 1972) and the mussel Mytilus edulis L. (Lee, Sauerheber & Benson, 1972). Data obtained using fish were consistent with those of earlier studies with mammals in showing that the hydrocarbon is converted into hydroxylated derivatives: but no evidence of naphthalene metabolism was found in the experiments with Mytilus. Indeed, until the present work, the only species of invertebrate that has been found to metabolize the compound is the housefly Musca domestica L. (Terriere, Boose & Roubal, 1961).

The present study, using Maia squinado (Herbst), has been carried out as part of a general investigation of the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in marine food chains and was designed to establish whether a marine crustacean possesses a means of metabolizing naphthalene by converting it into soluble excretion products.
The Structure and Innervation of the Locomotor Muscles of Salps (Tunicata: Thaliacea)
Authors: Bone Q. , Ryan K. P.
Published: May 2009

Salps swim by rhythmic contraction of the hoop-like bands of muscle which form a series of incomplete annuli along the body. The histology of these muscle bands was briefly examined by various early workers, such as Dolley (1887) and Knoll (1895), but was little known until Fedele (1932,1938) published the results of his careful investigations of a variety of species. His observations demonstrated the complexity and peculiarity of the muscle fibres forming the bands, which, as he pointed out, are in some respects comparable to those of arthropods in the arrangement of the sarcomeres. In all the species he examined, Fedele found that the muscle fibres were essentially similar in organization: a central granular core containing large nuclei was surrounded on the free borders of the fibre by a layer of myofibrils. However, this general arrangement differed in detail between different species, and Fedele recognized five types of muscle fibre, distinguishing these types upon such criteria as the fibrillar arrangement, and the disposition of the nuclei. In an earlier paper (Fedele, 1925) he had also given very clear figures of the manner in which these muscle fibres were innervated. He found that dis-crete motor end-formations occurred on the surface of the muscle bands, and that these were frequently intercalary, unlike the motor terminations of vertebrates.

Fedele's work was based upon very careful observation of living and fixed material at the light microscope level; in the present note, we extend his observations by describing the ultrastructure of these curious protochordate muscle fibres.
The Uptake of65Zn ByDunaliella TertiolectaButcher
Authors: Parry G. D. R. , Hayward J.
Published: May 2009

A number of workers have studied the uptake of zinc by algae, but the mechanisms of uptake are not fully understood. Broda, Desser & Findennegg (1964) concluded that65Zn uptake byChlorellawas a passive process since it was affected neither by metabolic inhibitors nor by anaerobic conditions. In later papers, however, Broda and co-workers (Matzku & Broda, 1970; Findennegg, Paschinger & Broda, 1971) have concluded that65Zn uptake occurs both by a rapid passive process of ion-exchange and also by a slower, metabolically dependent process. Bachmann & Odum (1960) showed that65Zn uptake byChaetomorphawas stimulated by light and they concluded that uptake was a metabolically active process. Gutknecht (1961,1963) showed that uptake of65Zn byVivaandPorphyrawas stimulated by illumination and by increase in temperature. He also showed that increase in pH of the surrounding medium increased65Zn uptake and thus concluded that65Zn uptake was a passive process which was affected indirectly by metabolism.
Chlamydomonas ReginaeSp.Nov. (Chlorophyceae), A New Marine Flagellate with Unusual Chloroplast Differentiation
Authors: Ettl H. , Green J. C.
Published: May 2009

In spite of the large number ofChlamydomonasspecies which have been described, there is very little information on those occurring in marine or brackish environments. Many of the earlier descriptions may be disregarded as being not sufficiently complete for recognition (e.g. Schiller, 1913, 19255 West, 1916; Wille, 1903), whilst in recent years only a few marine species have been observed and studied in detail (Chadefaud, 1951; Dangeard, 1965; Ettl, 1967).
A Reinvestigation by Light and Electron Microscopy ofRuttnera SpectabilisGeitler (Haptophyceae), with Special Reference to the Fine Structure of the Zoids
Authors: Green J. C. , Parke Mary
Published: May 2009

Within the Chromophyta (sensuChristensen, 1962) a number of genera having benthic phases in which the vegetative cells are embedded in masses of thick, sometimes stratified mucilage, have been described from both marine and freshwater habitats. Examples includeGloeochrysisPasch. (Pascher, 1925),GeochrysisPasch. (Pascher, 1931),SarcinochrysisGeitl. (Geitler, 1930),ChrysotilaAnand (Anand, 1937) andRuttneraGeitl. (Geitler, 1942). In many cases the vegetative stages are so similar morphologically as to be almost indistinguishable, especially in the juvenile condition in which the cells are often arranged in regular blocks (the ‘Sarcinochrysis’ condition) and under such circumstances it is difficult to ascertain their true systematic relationships.
A Study of the Dissolved and Particulate Trace Elements in the Bristol Channel
Authors: Abdullah M. I. , Royle L. G.
Published: May 2009

A study of the dissolved inorganic salts of nitrogen, silicon, phosphorus and carbon and their particulate forms in the Bristol Channel (Abdullah, Dunlop & Gardner, 1973) has shown that the primary sources of these elements are run-off and waste disposal. Furthermore, the slow flushing rate of the Channel plays an important role in the accumulation of these materials in the eastern part. An important constituent of run-off is the heavy metal load especially in industrial waste. Some preliminary investigations (Abdullah, Royle & Morris, 1972; Butterworth, Lester & Nickless, 1972; Nickless, Atenner & Terille, 1972; Preston, 1973) have shown that certain trace metals such as Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn are added to the Channel in sufficiently large quantities to produce high concentrations not only in the waters of the Severn Estuary and Swansea Bay, but also in the local fauna.
The Occurrence of a Second Species of Lophius in Northern European Waters
Authors: Wheeler Alwyne , De Groot S. J. , Nijssen H.
Published: May 2009

A second species of angler-fish, Lophius budegassa Spinola, 1807, is reported from British waters. This species has hitherto been reported only as far north as the Bay of Biscay. This is not thought to be an active extension of the range of this fish but to be due rather to failure to identify it, for specimens (misidentified as L. piscatorius) dating from the last century have been found in the British Museum (Natural History) collection.

The distinctive characters of both species are given.
Incubation of Garpike Eggs (Belone Belone Linne) under Controlled Temperature and Salinity Conditions
Authors: Von Westernhagen Hein
Published: May 2009

For a long time, eggs of the garpike Belone belone have been the subject of intensive and thorough studies on the early embryology of teleosts (Ryder, 1882; Sobotta, 1896; Ziegenhagen, 1896; Kopsch, 1901; Borcea, 1909). This can be attributed to the fact that the eggs of Belone are fairly large in size (3.0 to 3.5 mm diameter, Ehrenbaum, 1905), and easy to collect from submerged plants. Ryder (1882) already used artificially fertilized eggs of Belone for his study on the circulatory system of teleosts.
Some MarinePlatyamoebaof East Anglia
Authors: Page F. C.
Published: May 2009

The marine Amoebida have not been investigated nearly as extensively as freshwater and soil species of that order. In North America, where they have received the most attention, they have been studied most by Schaeffer (1926), with more recent work by Bovee (e.g. 1956), Sawyer (1968, 1971a, 1911b, 1974a, 1974b, papers in preparation), and Page (1970, 1971a, 1971b, 1972a). Grell (1961, 1966) and Grell and Benwitz (1970, 1971a, 1971b) have investigated some interesting amoebae from European and African marine habitats. Droop (1962) described a new species of amoebo-flagellate (Amoebida, Vahlkampfiidae) from brackish water in Scotland, but otherwise there is little literature on British marine Amoebida. Some recent work on the British fauna was reported by Page (1972b, 1973, 1974).
Ergenstrema Labrosi sp.nov. (Monogenea) on The Gills of The Thick-Lipped Grey Mullet Chelon Labrosus at Plymouth
Authors: Anderson M.
Published: May 2009

Ergenstrema mugilis Paperna, 1964, the only member of the genus, has been collected in the Mediterranean from the gill rakers of the thin-lipped grey mullet Liza ramada (Risso, 1810) by Paperna (1964) and Lambert & Sanfilippo (1977); this parasite, under the name of ‘Dactylogyridea sp.’, was collected also from the same microhabitat of the same host from the coast of Albania by Ergens (1960). At Plymouth, parasites clearly belonging to the genus Ergenstrema have been collected from both the gill rakers and lamellae of a different host, the thick-lipped grey mullet Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826).
The Change With Host Age of the Composition of the Ancyrocephaline (Monogenean) Populations Of Parasites On Thick-Lipped Grey Mullets At Plymouth
Authors: Anderson M.
Published: May 2009

In investigating the parasites of adult thick-lipped grey mullets Chelon labrosus (Risso, 1826) at Plymouth these fishes were found to be infected exclusively with an ancyrocephaline gill monogenean identified as Ligophorus angustus Euzet & Suriano, 1977. When, at a later date, some juvenile C. labrosus were examined ancyrocephalines were again collected; however, quite unexpectedly, these parasites were not juvenile L. angustus but belonged exclusively to a new species of ancyrocephaline subsequently reported as Ergenstrema labrosi Anderson, 1981.

It seemed then that there might be a situation of considerable biological interest in which young fishes were characterized by one host-specific monogenean and older mullets by another. Although a change in the species composition of the total parasite fauna of mullets with age has been reported previously by Reshetnikova (1955) for golden grey mullet Liza aurata of the Black Sea, a change of monogenean species has never previously been recorded.

From an examination of the literature (e.g. Hickling, 1970) on the life history of the British thick-lipped grey mullet it was inferred that the situation described above might be associated with the migratory habits of the fish and in particular the different environments inhabited by young and old mullets; while there may be many factors (e.g. oxygen, temperature, pH, etc.) which differ between the open sea and tidal pools, inhabited by old and young fishes respectively, the most obvious one is that of salinity. Hence, in addition to establishing the identity and frequency of the ancyrocephaline infections with host age, it was decided to make investigations on the salinity tolerances of L. angustus and E. labrosi.
Sterols of the Cephalopod Spirula Spirula
Authors: Ballantine James A. , Roberts John C. , Morris Robert J.
Published: May 2009

The sterol biochemistry of the highly advanced molluscan class – the cephalopods – is poorly understood. Few analyses of their component sterols have been published in which GC-MS has been employed (Voogt, 1973; Idler et al. 1978; ApSimon & Burnell, 1980) and these have only involved 5 species.

From the available data the cephalopods appear to have a much simpler sterol make-up than the other less-advanced molluscs. Cholesterol appears to be easily the predominant sterol (ca. 90%) with minor amounts of up to 10 other common marine sterols. Of the species analysed, four (Sepia officinalis, Octopus vulgaris, Eledone aldrovandi and Illex illecebrosus) had a very similar major and minor sterol composition. Only the more primitive Nautilus sp. (Idler et al. 1978) had a noticeably different minor sterol composition.

Voogt (1973) reported cephalopods to be able to synthesise sterols though molluscs generally appear only to be able to carry out this biosynthesis slowly (Goad, 1978). Cephalopods are extremely active carnivores and thus would be expected to have a diverse diet. If their component sterols are of a dietary origin, a considerable variation in their minor sterol composition might be expected on the basis of the range in sterol composition reported for pelagic organisms (e.g. Morris & Culkin, 1977), many of which may be possible dietary components.

Detailed knowledge however of cephalopod diets is limited. Quite apart from the fact that healthy specimens are rarely caught in nets, those that are caught often feed voraciously on the other organisms trapped in the net prior to being brought on board for examination.
The Light Organs of Sepiola Atlantica and Spirula Spirula (Mollusca: Cephalopoda): Bacterial and Intrinsic Systems in The Order Sepioidea
Authors: Herring Peter J. , Clarke Malcolm R. , Boletzky S. Von , Ryan K. P.
Published: May 2009

Symbiotic luminous bacteria have been described in, and cultured from, a number of species offish and cephalopod. Indeed only in these two groups are extracellular luminous bacteria believed to be utilized as a source of light (see Buchner (1965) and Herring (1978) for references). Despite several earlier investigations of such symbioses in cephalopods the bacteria in these animals have not been adequately identified, nor has the extent of their role been clarified. The ultrastructural relationships between bacteria and the tissues of the squid accessory nidamental gland have been investigated in the non-luminous species Loligo pealei (Lesueur) (Bloodgood, 1977) and Sepia officinalis L. (Van den Branden et al. 1979) but no comparative work on luminous species has been undertaken apart from that on Heteroteuthis dispar (Rüppell), whose photophore does not contain typical luminous bacteria (Dilly & Herring, 1978; cf. Leisman, Cohn & Nealson, 1980). The order Sepioidea contains five families, among which are the two families Sepiolidae and Spirulidae. Though the presence of luminous bacteria is known in some sepiolids (as well as in certain loliginids (order Teuthoidea)) some doubt remains about the source of light in the photophore of Spirula spirula Hoyle. The steady luminescence of this species has prompted speculation that bacteria may be involved (Harvey, 1952). In this paper we compare the anatomy and ultrastructure of the photophores of both Sepiola and Spirula in order to clarify some of these problems.
Seasonal Changes in Dry Weight and Biochemical Composition of the Tissues of Sexually Mature and Immature Iceland Scallops, Chlamys Islandica
Authors: Sundet J. H. , Vahl O.
Published: May 2009

The Iceland scallop (Chlamys islandica) (O. F. Müller) has its main distribution within the subarctic transitional zone where it is found on gravel or sandy bottoms at depths ranging from 10–100 m and usually in places with strong currents (Ekman, 1953; Wiborg, 1962).
Population Age Structure and Growth of the TrochidMonodonta LineataDetermined From Shell Ring
Authors: Williamson Phillip , Kendall Michael A.
Published: May 2009

Seasonal changes in the rate of shell formation frequently affect the surface morphology of molluscan shells, with reductions in feeding activity and calcification rates at low temperatures producing winter rings that can be used for age determination. Such annuli are well-known in lamellibranchs and have greatly facilitated studies on their growth, longevity and other age-related processes (as reviewed by Wibur & Owen, 1964; Rhoads & Panella, 1970; Comfort, 1957, 1979). However, they occur less frequently in gastropods and many species that do show such checks are relatively short-lived, or else their growth ceases or becomes erratic on sexual maturity.