bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subverting Forced Identities, Violent Acts, and the Narrativity of Race
Authors: Floyd-Thomas Stacey M. , Gillman Laura
Published: June 2009

This article explores the making of Black women's radical subjectivity in Black women's writings. Black women's radical subjectivity shatters the boundaries of geopolitical spaces traditionally defined through citizenship while creating alternative social imaginaries that represent a space where home and belongingness may be attained and self-determination realized. It is from the examination of Black women's textualities that one can detect an upheaval of nation-state racial formations that subverts the policing power of the state to force and essentialize racial identities. In this article, the authors trace the process of subverting forced identities, violent acts, and the narrativity of race. The authors analyze the lives, the movements, and the actions of the Black female protagonists from three geopolitical contexts as portrayed in the following novels: African American author Alice Walker's The Color Purple, Caribbean author Michelle Cliff's No Telephone to Heaven, and South African author Lauretta Ngcobo's And They Didn't Die.
Shell-shock and the Cultural History of the Great War
Authors: Winter Jay
Published: June 2009

This article suggests that ‘shell shock’ was a discourse both medical and metaphorical. Its iconic force in capturing key elements of the impact of the Great War on British society arises from the lesser significance, in comparison with France and Germany, of veterans' movements in British political life. ‘Shell shock’ was, therefore, a language of validation, of moral standing as well as entitlement to a pension. Given the highly charged nature of the category, it is at least arguable that the well-known division between symptoms attributable to officers and those attributable to men is suspect; this distinction probably described labels rather than conditions, the invasion of medical discourse by class-based notions of stoicism and courage.
The Avant-garde, Madness and the Great War
Authors: Becker Annette
Published: June 2009

If, strictly speaking, it was not the first world war which engendered the sur-realist movement, it was certainly its catalyst. Most of the future surrealists, writers or artists, belonged to the war generation. One can only be struck by the coincidence that so many of them were doctors or nurses during the war years and had contact with shell-shock victims or were shell-shocked themselves. Yet, if the surrealists often claimed their dual origins — war and mad- ness — they practically never linked the two; in short, from the end of 1918 shell-shock seemed no longer to be of interest to them. What is the solution to this paradox?
Fateful Memories: Industrialized War and Traumatic Neuroses
Authors: Leed Eric
Published: June 2009

This article sees the neuroses produced by twentieth-century wars as a kind of pathological historical determinism, in which an experience of war erodes participants’ ability to forget it and the traumatic past begins to govern the subsequent thinking and behaviour of survivors. Past events become determining through the way in which they are repressed and recovered, in so far as they are made into images and ideas which become the form of fears, recognitions and judgments. We may see how the past becomes a determining idea in the case histories of shell-shock victims and more largely in the way the 1914–18 war was forgotten and buried in the 1920s, and resurrected and published in the 1930s. The first world war caused the second in so far as it generated a new idea of total war and loss, a new image of massive collective injury which continued to specify the deepest fears of the postwar generations, governing our expectations and avoidances.
Shell-shock as a Social Disease
Authors: Mosse George L.
Published: June 2009

Both during and after the 1914–18 war, shell-shocked men joined others labelled as deviants in the later nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Stereotypes were available to cope with an avalanche of psychiatric casualties, the treatment of whom was uncertain and mostly ineffective. When lost for aetiology or proven treatment, both doctors and those who wrote about manliness and morale converged on a notion of shell shock which located it within the degenerate categories well known at the time.
The Myth of Squadrismo in the Fascist Regime
Authors: Valli Roberta Suzzi
Published: June 2009

This article presents a statistical analysis of a sample of 440 squadristi from Bologna and Florence, from which emerge useful data regarding who the squadristi were and what was attractive about squadrismo. The myth of squadrismo grew up during the period of squadra activity and consisted of a palingenetic vision of politics which is also to be found at the heart of fascist totalitarianism. The ‘new man’ represented by the squadrista is revealed by studying some of the ways in which the myth was diffused: in novels and the worship of fascist martyrs. Finally, the reburial of the martyrs of Florence in Santa Croce in 1934 and the Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution in 1942 exemplify in different ways and with different purposes the regime's use of this myth.
‘Fascism for Export’? The Rise and Eclipse of the Fasci Italiani all'Estero
Authors: de Caprariis Luca
Published: June 2009

This article analyses the development of a fascist organization abroad in the 1920s. The National Fascist Party established the Fasci all'Estero hoping to extend its grip on the direction of foreign affairs: the Fasci's relentless war on the Ministry of Foreign Affairs lasted until their incorporation in the New State in 1928, illustrating the dynamic balance between revolutionary and conservative forces that produced Mussolini's personal dictatorship. In 1925, the organization promoted the idea of a Fascist International, hoping to expand the fascist revolution beyond Italy's borders. Like the attempt to take over the direction of foreign policy, the campaign for a worldwide expansion of fascism ended in failure: by the end of the decade the Fasci were firmly subordinated to Mussolini's regime and had practically vanished from the political scene.
How not to Think about Fascism and Ideology, Intellectual Antecedents and Historical Meaning
Authors: Roberts David D.
Published: June 2009

This article centres on a critique of Zeev Sternhell's influential account of the intellectual antecedents of Italian fascism in The Birth of Fascist Ideology, published in English translation in 1994. Although he shows the import of that ideology and pinpoints the key antecedents, Sternhell does not convincingly explain the emergence of fascist ideas, nor does he take advantage of his evidence to illuminate the peculiar dynamic of the fascist experiment, with its disastrous outcome. Probing the inadequacies of Sternhell's approach not only points the way to a more fruitful alternative, but also helps us understand the very different limits in a recent body of scholarship that, while taking Italian fascism seriously anew, plays down ideology and articulated ideas in favour of spectacle, ritual, rhetoric and the body.
The Origins of Covert Action
Authors: Rudgers David F.
Published: June 2009

Covert action — the clandestine manipulation of affairs in foreign countries — has been a unique aspect of the USA's postwar international conduct and a practice that has done much to define the image of the Central Intelligence Agency. Despite efforts to give the concept a venerable lineage, it is primarily a product of the early Cold War years. Faced with the prospect of Soviet subversion in unstable western Europe, President Truman, Secretaries Marshall and Forrestal, and their advisers concluded that the USA needed a similar capacity. The idea was effectively articulated and put in place by George Kennan and implemented by OSS veterans in the newly-created CIA. Its seeming success in influencing the 1948 Italian elections made covert action a growth industry for the CIA as the Cold War intensified. Over time, the policy-makers who instituted covert action as a tool of statecraft had second thoughts about its development, while the abrupt and unanticipated end of the Cold War with the fall of the Soviet Union has raised questions about its overall utility and effectiveness. Such questions remain controversial, but they must be seriously addressed as the Cold War fades into history.
Cycles of Pain: Risk Factors in the Lives of Incarcerated Mothers and Their Children
Authors: GREENE SUSAN , HANEY CRAIG , HURTADO AÍDA
Published: June 2009

This study extends the risk factors model of background or social history analysis to the lives of incarcerated mothers. Interviews were conducted with a sample of incarcerated mothers. The presence of a number of criminogenic influences such as poverty, physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing violence in the lives of women incarcerated for primarily nonviolent—largely drug-related—offenses and in the lives of their children were identified. The implications of these findings for understanding female criminality and breaking the so-called cycle of crime are discussed.
Can't Scale This? The Ethical Parameters of Correctional Work
Authors: STOHR MARY K. , HEMMENS CRAIG , MARSH ROBERT L. , BARRIER GARY , PALHEGYI DAN
Published: June 2009

As most correctional institutions have retained their paramilitary structure, the power differentials and communication lines continue to favor concentration in the top echelons of the organizations. Yet, power and communication are regulated and delimited informally by the actions of middle-level managers and lower level workers, and by subcultural influences within the organization. Because of these attributes, correctional work is characterized by discretionary decision making, particularly when the matter is minor, hidden from view, and sanctioned by the subculture. Acting in an ethical manner (i.e., doing the right thing) in such a closed, structured, but informally functional environment requires a recognition and appreciation of the complexity of the milieu along with a willingness to forge ahead. This article explores the ethical parameters of corrections work in a typical medium-security prison. In an effort to determine what the correctional staff regarded as ethical behavior, the authors administered a questionnaire to them using a newly developed ethics instrument. The authors endeavor to identify the major attributes of ethical work in prison and to establish the heuristic value of the instrument for future research.
Juvenile Assessment Centers: Strengths, Weaknesses, and Potential
Authors: RIVERS JAMES E. , ANWYL ROBERT S.
Published: June 2009

Increases in recent years in both violent crime and substance use among United States youth necessitate the development of more efficient and clinically effective approaches to intervention with juvenile offenders. One such approach calls for development and implementation of Juvenile Assessment Centers (JACs) to centralize the screening of juveniles who have been placed in some form of police custody and better coordinate justice and human service system activities. This article presents a summary of data from interviews and surveys conducted at five JACs in three states. It discusses the findings in the context of an “ideal model” specifically designed to better address substance use among justice-involved juveniles.
We Know it, We Just Have to Do it: Perceptions of Ethical Work in Prisons and Jails
Authors: STOHR MARY K. , HEMMENS CRAIG , KIFER MISTY , SCHOELER MARY
Published: June 2009

Determining what the appropriate behavior is in any given circumstance is not always clear in corrections work, given the nature of the tasks, the composition of the clientele, and the structure of the organization. In an effort to determine what correctional staff regarded as ethical behavior, the authors developed and administered a questionnaire to correctional staff in several prisons and jails in a western state. In this article, the authors report their findings from the effort to quantify the degree to which staff agree and disagree in their perceptions of ethical choices. They found that jail and prison staffs are more likely than not to perceive their work from an ethical perspective. The findings also indicate that although both types of facilities were in the top range of possible responses on the ethics summary variable, the jail staff were more likely to score higher. Finally, age increased the likelihood that a respondent had a higher ethical rating in jails, and being female increased such a score in prisons.
Meeting Correctional Offender Needs: An Ethical Response to Cultural Differences
Authors: MYERS LAURA B.
Published: June 2009

This article presents a process evaluation of a unique approach to cultural awareness training designed to help correctional personnel provide a more ethical response to the cultural differences of offenders and to reduce conflict between personnel and offenders. Using moral development theory and cognitive learning theory, a human relations approach to cultural awareness training was used for more than 200 correctional personnel to assist them in improving their moral development levels. Analysis results indicate that the human relations approach may be helpful in providing personnel with new thinking patterns consistent with higher levels of moral development.
Community Perceptions About Prison Construction: Why Not in My Backyard?
Authors: MARTIN RANDY
Published: June 2009

The image portrayed in literature is that communities express strong resistance to and negative attitudes about the introduction of a prison. Such claims, however, have not been supported with systematically collected data. A survey was administered to 3,795 residents of a county in which the construction of a new prison had just begun. Residents from throughout the county were asked to indicate their expectations about the impact of the prison on their community. Contrary to the literature, it was found that the majority of the 1,659 respondents were, at worst, neutral in their overall perceptions about the prison's likely impact. This article describes the results of this survey and examines them within the context of the literature on locally unwanted land use (LULU) and the not in my backyard (NIMBY) syndrome.
Race, Rights, and Order in Prison: A National Survey of Wardens on the Racial Integration of Prison Cells
Authors: HENDERSON MARTHA L. , CULLEN FRANCIS T. , CARROLL LEO , FEINBERG WILLIAM
Published: June 2009

Recently in the state of Ohio, there has been a controversy over whether inmates who share cells in state correctional institutions should be of the same race or should be assigned to cells regardless of their race. Some observers have attributed the 1993 riot at Lucasville to attempts to racially integrate prison cells; others reject this claim. There is little understanding, however, of what policies are followed in major correctional institutions in other states. We conducted a national survey of prison wardens at maximum security institutions to learn more about this important policy issue. The findings from this research have yielded some similarities across states. However, the results also indicate that few wardens are aware of the policies in place at other facilities and of policies held by their state departments of corrections.
Inmate Argot as an Expression of Prison Subculture: The Israeli Case
Authors: EINAT TOMER , EINAT HAIM
Published: June 2009

The study examines the argot (jargon) of prisoners as a reflection of the norms and values comprising the inmate subculture in Israeli prisons. The phenomenological interview method was used to examine the language of a sample of long-term prisoners for the existence of an inmate argot. Having established that such an argot does exist, the data were subjected to a content analysis, and the salience of the argot terms was assessed using two measures, attention and intensity. The argot expressions were divided into categories with reference to different aspects of prison experience: prisoner status (informers, inmate rank), drugs, sexual relations in prison, violence, prisoner behaviors, nicknames for police officers, and prison staff.
Predictors of Success and Recidivism in a Home Incarceration Program
Authors: STANZ ROBERT , TEWKSBURY RICHARD
Published: June 2009

This study examines variables associated with a) successful completion and b) recidivism of a cohort of offenders sentenced to a home incarceration program in Jefferson County, Kentucky. Results show that the majority of offenders do successfully complete the program, but that a majority are also re-arrested within 5 years of completion. Offenders most likely to successfully complete the period of supervision are older, serve longer sentences, are sentenced for multiple charges, accrue fewer technical violations, come from less criminogenic neighborhoods and are serving a sentence for a DUI-related offense. Significant predictors of rearrest include being sentenced for multiple charges, accruing fewer technical violations while under supervision, and being younger, male and African American.
Research on Sex in Prison During the Late 1980s and Early 1990s
Authors: TEWKSBURY RICHARD , WEST ANGELA
Published: June 2009

Research on sex in prison during the late 1980s and early 1990s was relatively rare in the published literature, despite important policy and practice considerations that provided a clear need for better understandings of such issues. The research that did appear during the period focused on one or two dominant themes and almost always focused on male inmates: consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and efforts to document the incidence of sex among inmates. The marginality of such research is also seen in the fact that most prison sex research in the period was produced by young scholars and individuals at small or nonacademic institutions. The need for more and broader scope research on prison sex is discussed.
Inmate Sexual Assault: The Plague That Persists
Authors: DUMOND ROBERT W.
Published: June 2009

As the population of incarcerated inmates continues to swell to record proportions in the United States, the problem of inmate sexual assault continues to occur. Although no one is immune from such attacks, there are known characteristics that place inmates at increased risk of victimization. The trauma of inmate sexual assault is devastating and pervasive, with complex medical, physical, psychological, and social consequences that must be carefully managed in an interdisciplinary manner. In addition, the recognition that correctional staff of all disciplines may also victimize inmates complicates the management of this process. Mental health staff members are in a key role to shape and contribute to staff training efforts, administrative policies and procedures, and sound intervention protocols that are necessary to respond to individual inmate victims and to ensure safety and security within correctional institutions.
Attitudes Toward Homosexuality in a Male and Female Prison: An Exploratory Study
Authors: HENSLEY CHRISTOPHER
Published: June 2009

It has been argued that differences exist between male and female inmates' attitudes toward homosexuality. Unfortunately, this statement has never been fully addressed in correctional literature. To test this hypothesis, anonymous surveys were administered to 256 male and female inmates in Mississippi. The study revealed that not only gender but also race, homosexual behavior during incarceration, and remaining sentence time had statistically significant effects on inmates' attitudes toward homosexuality. In other words, incarcerated men were more likely than incarcerated women to have homophobic attitudes. Black inmates were more tolerant of homosexuality compared to White inmates. Inmates who had engaged in homosexual behavior during incarceration were less likely to have homophobic attitudes than those who had not. Finally, those who had longer remaining sentence times were more likely to have negative attitudes toward homosexuality compared to those with shorter remaining sentence times.
Living on the Outside: African American Women Before, During, and After Imprisonment
Authors: HENRIQUES ZELMA WESTON , MANATU-RUPERT NORMA
Published: June 2009

This article examines the multiple issues that contribute to the incarceration of African American women and threaten to render these women recidivists. These issues include but are not limited to substance abuse, sexual abuse, fractured familial relations, and abusive intimate relationships. In an attempt to examine these issues, the article explores how, prior to their imprisonment, social factors contravene African American women's attempts at enforcing their traditional roles as “women.” The article attempts to show that the increased incarceration of African American women is part of a cultural phenomenon that reflects their social exclusion in U.S. society.
Convicted Survivors: Comparing and Describing California's Battered Women Inmates
Authors: LEONARD ELIZABETH DERMODY
Published: June 2009

This study describes women incarcerated at a California prison for the death of their male abusers and compares them with a statewide sample of women inmates. Women convicted for using lethal violence against abusive partners differ from the broader population of California women prisoners on key demographic markers. Furthermore, despite a clear lack of criminal or violent histories, the overwhelming majority of battered women are convicted of first- or second-degree murder and receive long, harsh sentences whether they are represented by private or by public attorneys. This research suggests the possibility of a systematic criminal justice bias against women who kill their male partners.
Women in Australian Prisons: The Cycle of Abuse and Dysfunctional Environments
Authors: EASTEAL PATRICIA
Published: June 2009

A significant proportion of Australian female inmates are drug addicts and women who have experienced violence as children and/or as adults. Ironically, the three rules (“Don't talk,” “Don't trust,” and “Don't feel”) that many therefore grew up with are present within the prison institutional culture and structure. The female prison population is relatively small. As a result, many women are placed inappropriately in maximum-security facilities and have limited programs for employment, education, and drug/violence issues. Comparison of results from empirical research conducted in the early 1990s with recent data reveals that although there have been some positive steps implemented, they have not greatly affected the dysfunctional women's prison culture. For the most part these continue to ignore the specific needs of women (and victims of violence). Thus the tragic generational cycle of violence-crime-prison-violence-crime-prison persists.
All the Women in the Maryland State Penitentiary: 1812-1869
Authors: YOUNG VERNETTA D.
Published: June 2009

This article examines the role of race in the patterns of incarceration of women in the state of Maryland during three critical periods: pre-Civil War, Civil War, and post-Civil War. Maryland, a border state, was wedged geographically and politically between the forces of slavery and abolition. In addition to race, the author identifies female offenders by examining place of birth, age, and occupation. The author supports the view that “plantation justice” was inapplicable to Blacks in Maryland. The author also suggests that the historical neglect of women in prison can be attributed to the small contribution of “native” White women to the total female prison population. Racial differences in why female offenders were incarcerated and how long they were sentenced are addressed. These differences are examined across the three time periods, noting the focus on controlling Blacks (free and slave), women, and immigrants.
Smoke 'Em if You Got 'Em: Cigarette Black Markets in U.S. Prisons and Jails
Authors: LANKENAU STEPHEN E.
Published: June 2009

Since the mid-1980s, cigarette-smoking policies have become increasingly restrictive in jails and prisons across the United States. Cigarette black markets of various form and scale often emerge in jails and prisons where tobacco is prohibited or banned. Case studies of 16 jails and prisons were undertaken to understand the effects of cigarette bans versus restrictions on inmate culture and prison economies. This study describes how bans can transform largely benign cigarette “gray markets,” where cigarettes are used as a currency, into more problematic black markets, where cigarettes are a highly priced commodity. Analysis points to several structural factors that affected the development of cigarette black markets in the visited facilities: the architectural design, inmate movement inside and outside, officer involvement in smuggling cigarettes to inmates, and officer vigilance in enforcing the smoking policy. Although these factors affect the influx of other types of contraband into correctional facilities, such as illegal drugs, this study argues that the demand and availability of cigarettes creates a unique kind of black market.
Transcarceration: A Constitutive Ethnography of Mentally Ill “Offenders”
Authors: ARRIGO BRUCE A.
Published: June 2009

This article investigates how the language and logic of transcarceration renders mentally ill offenders captives of confinement. Both the conceptual tools of constitutive theory and the ethnographic experiences of the researcher are used. Background on three psychiatrically disordered participants and the social and organizational forces they helped to fashion are presented. The manner in which both agency and structure coproduced the discourse of transcarceration is described. The article concludes by speculating on the implications of the analysis for future research on the confinement of mentally ill offenders.
Relationships and Juvenile Offenders: The Effects of Intensive Aftercare Supervision
Authors: MEISEL JOSHUA S.
Published: June 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of participation in the Intensive Aftercare Demonstration Project on relationships between youth and their service providers. Successful intensive case supervision often assumes that providers develop positive relationships with their clients. The study employed an experimental research design in which participating youth were randomly assigned to treatment (received intensive aftercare services) or control conditions during the assessment phase of their commitment. A total of 97 youth participating in the pilot study completed survey questionnaires, at up to four separate phases, to assess change over time. Two survey instruments were used to measure youth perceptions of relationships with service providers as well as case manager perceptions of youth strengths. The findings suggest that participation in the experimental group was strongly associated with youth's perceiving positive relationships with their client managers.
Rehabilitating Felony Drug Offenders Through Job Development: A Look Into a Prosecutor-Led Diversion Program
Authors: SUNG HUNG-EN
Published: June 2009

Drug offenders develop chronic dependence on the drug economy for subsistence. Brooklyn's Drug Treatment Alternative-to-Prison program seeks to correct this problem by diverting drug-addicted felons into residential treatment with strong educational and vocational training components and by providing job counseling and placement to program graduates through the job developer and a business advisory council. Encouraging preliminary process and outcomes statistics indicate that crime reduction through employment can be successful. But structural changes in the market and ex-offenders' psychological inadequacies need to be addressed for the success to be sustained over time.
From Nothing Works to What Works: Changing Professional Ideology in the 21st Century
Authors: CULLEN FRANCIS T. , GENDREAU PAUL
Published: June 2009

The authors explore changes over time in criminologists' “professional ideology”—a core set of underlying beliefs that focuses academic thinking along certain lines but not others. Until the late 1960s, criminologists believed that the scientific study of the causes of crime would form the basis of individualized treatments that would reduce offender recidivism. By the mid-1970s, this view had collapsed and had been replaced by a professional ideology emphasizing that “nothing works” in corrections, that the causes of criminality are structural, and that crime can only be reduced through social justice. Although not without its merits, the authors suggest that this professional ideology has had the unfortunate consequence of legitimating “knowledge destruction” (showing what does not work) as the core intellectual project of criminology and thus of undermining efforts at “knowledge construction” (showing what does work). A “what works” movement within corrections, however, is advancing an alternative professional ideology that, once again, endorses the use of science to solve crime-related problems. The authors believe that, if embraced, this vision will improve criminology as a discipline and contribute more than “nothing works” scholarship to the commonweal of both offenders and the public order.
Systematic Reviews and Cost-Benefit Analyses of Correctional Interventions
Authors: FARRINGTON DAVID P. , PETROSINO ANTHONY , WELSH BRANDON C.
Published: June 2009

Systematic reviews and cost-benefit analyses of correctional interventions are important topics in corrections in the 21st century. Systematic reviews include explicit objectives, explicit criteria for including or excluding evaluation studies, exhaustive searches for eligible studies, and a structured and detailed report. The Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group will prepare, maintain, and make accessible systematic reviews of the effects of criminological interventions. Systematic reviews show that correctional programs are generally effective in reducing reoffending. A small number of cost-benefit analyses show that the financial benefits of correctional programs often exceed their financial costs.
Prisoner Reentry: Public Safety and Reintegration Challenges
Authors: PETERSILIA JOAN
Published: June 2009

Changes in sentencing practices, coupled with a decrease in prison rehabilitation programs, have placed new demands on the U.S. parole system. Nearly 700,000 parolees are “doing time” on the streets. Most have been released to a parole system that provides few services and imposes conditions that almost guarantee failure. This article examines the state of parole in today's corrections environment—from indeterminate and determinate sentencing policies to investing in prisoner reentry programs. Specifically, the article analyzes the following collateral consequences involved with recycling parolees in and out of families and communities: community cohesion and social disorganization, work and economic well-being, family matters, mental and physical health, political alienation, and housing and homelessness. The future of parole is also discussed, and the author urges a rethinking of discretionary parole release.
The Champion, Contender, and Challenger: Top-Ranked Books in Prison Studies
Authors: REISIG MICHAEL D.
Published: June 2009

This article seeks to identify the three most influential books in prison studies published throughout the 20th century. A diverse panel of 20 prison researchers has carried out book selections and deems Gresham Sykes's (1958) masterful work, The Society of Captives, the “champion.” The article reviews each selection, discusses each book's influence on past and contemporary prison research, and identifies salient conceptual and empirical limitations. The article concludes with a call for more frequent scholarly journal exchanges between prison scholars who subscribe to competing conceptual frameworks and highlights some promising trends in prison research.
Where to Find Corrections Research: An Assessment of Research Published in Corrections Speciality Journals, 1990-1999
Authors: TEWKSBURY RICHARD , MUSTAINE ELIZABETH EHRHARDT
Published: June 2009

Correctional research can be found in a wide range of publications, both specific to corrections and more general in focus. This research is designed to assist academics and practitioners in identifying where particular types of corrections research are most likely to be found. A total of 1,121 articles published in five corrections specialty journals—The Prison Journal, Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, Federal Probation, International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, and Corrections Management Quarterly— between 1990 and 1999 are reviewed for content and topical focus. Results show clear patterns of topical focus across titles. Results are presented both for the entire sample and for each journal.
Masturbation Uncovered: Autoeroticism in a Female Prison
Authors: HENSLEY CHRISTOPHER , TEWKSBURY RICHARD , KOSCHESKI MARY
Published: June 2009

The topic of male and female masturbation both in free society and in prison has received very little academic attention. In fact, no study has been conducted on female masturbatory practices in correctional facilities. The present study examined the amount and frequency of masturbation in a Southern female prison. In addition, the authors uncovered predictor variables associated with female masturbation in prison. The most salient variable associated with female inmate masturbation was homosexual behavior (partnering with another female inmate) while incarcerated. Factors such as age and religious affiliation (which have consistently been found to have a significant relationship with masturbation in free society studies) did not have an effect on female masturbation in prison.
High-Risk HIV Transmission Behavior in Prison and the Prison Subculture
Authors: Krebs Christopher P.
Published: June 2009

Nearly two million people are currently housed in state and federal prisons. The rate of AIDS infection is 5 times higher in prisons than in the general population. High-risk HIV transmission behaviors take place inside prisons, and there is little doubt that intraprison HIV transmission occurs. What is not well understood is what determines whether high-risk HIV transmission behaviors occur and how they can be prevented inside prison. In this article, an integrated theoretical framework, which merges the importation and deprivation models of inmate behavior, is proposed to explain intraprison high-risk HIV transmission behavior. Data from an inmate survey suggest that sex and tattooing are the two most prevalent intraprison high-risk HIV transmission behaviors and that the majority of high-risk behavior in prison can be attributed to the deprivation model. These data, coupled with insightful inmate comments, carry important policy implications and should inform future HIV education and prevention efforts.
The Impact of Drug Use and Crime Involvement on Health Problems Among Female Drug Offenders
Authors: Anderson Tammy L. , Rosay Andre B. , Saum Christine
Published: June 2009

Health problems comprise some of the most important concerns about female offenders today. In comparison to others, they suffer more frequent and serious chronic disease, acute illness, and injuries. Although many have argued that these higher rates can be explained by poverty, inaccessible medical care, and poor nutrition, few have studied the impact of the severity of criminal and substance abuse involvement on the same. Consequently, the authors ask if these factors help explain the likelihood of leading health problems of female cocaine-abusing offenders. Bivariate logistic regression analyses on women ( n = 848) from Dade County, Florida, show important effects of criminal and substance abuse involvement on chronic disease and illness, sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS, and mental illness. However, after controlling for demographic variables with multivariate logistic models, their predictive power decreases substantially. The findings lend insights to both theoretical models explaining health problems and to policy recommendations for female offenders and inmates.
Levels of Knowledge and Risk Perceptions About HIV/AIDS Among Female Inmates in New York State: Can Prison-Based HIV Programs set the Stage for Behavior Change?
Authors: Collica Kimberly
Published: June 2009

This study investigates levels of knowledge of HIV/AIDS, self-reported precarious behaviors leading to an increased risk for HIV infection, and perceptions of future behavior modification among adult female inmates in the AIDS Counseling and Education (ACE) Program at Bedford Hills Correctional Facility, the only maximum security prison for women in New York State. The analyses show a statistically significant increase in knowledge following the workshops. Comparisons made between groups determined which participants benefited the most from ACE's program. Methodology, study limitations, implications for program change, future research, and the difficulties of conducting research in a correctional facility are discussed.
“Opening a Vein”: Inmate Poetry and the Prison Experience
Authors: Johnson Robert , Chernoff Nina
Published: June 2009

Prisoner poetry is an untapped source of ethnographic information on prison life. Drawing on a wide array of original poems by prisoners, the authors explore facets of prison life and adjustment that might otherwise be inaccessible to practitioners and researchers.
The Endurance of Failing Correctional Institutions: A Worst Case Study
Authors: Jacoby Joseph E.
Published: June 2009

This article presents a case study of the survival of Farview State Hospital, Pennsylvania's only maximum security correctional facility for mentally ill offenders. Beginning in the late 1960s, Farview came under attack by lawyers, journalists, politicians, moviemakers, and academics for treating inmates brutally and being very expensive to operate. Despite extraordinarily diverse and concerted efforts to close this institution, it remained open for another 25 years. The endurance of this institution is explained through functional and interest group analysis. If such “worst case” institutions can survive, closing less defective institutions may be even more difficult.
Hard Time or Idle Time: Factors Affecting Inmate Choices between Participation in Prison Work and Education Programs
Authors: Batchelder John Stuart , Pippert J. Marvin
Published: June 2009

Data were gathered from inmates at three midwestern prisons to discover factors associated with preferences between work and education programs. Areas of study concentrated on ranking the importance between type of job worked and amount of pay received and ranking the importance of working a prison job against attending post–high school education classes, as well as a number of other work and educationrelated choices. The independent variables gender, race, age, and offense type revealed a number of significant differences regarding the choice of a particular activity. In addition, qualitative data fromthe administration revealed issues that highlight the need for further research in this area.
Privatization and Flexibility: Legal and Practical Aspects of Interjurisdictional Transfer of Prisoners
Authors: Shichor David , Sechrest Dale K.
Published: June 2009

One of the current issues in punishment and corrections is the privatization of confinement facilities (prisons and jails). Because private, for-profit correctional companies try to achieve maximum efficiency in filling beds to ensure profits, they are likely to use the transfer of prisoners from one jurisdiction to another more often than do public agencies. In many cases, this may occur without the agreement or the knowledge of government authorities, local officials, and citizens. This article reviews some of the legal and practical issues involved with transfer policies and looks into some of the recent cases of interjurisdictional transfers by private corrections companies and their implications for prisoners, their families, government authorities, monitors, and host communities.
Comparing Disciplinary Infraction Rates of North Carolina Fair Sentencing and Structured Sentencing Inmates: A Natural Experiment
Authors: MEMORY JOHN M. , GUO GUANG , PARKER KEN , SUTTON TOM
Published: June 2009

Using data collected from June 1, 1995, to August 30, 1996, the researchers compared the disciplinary conviction rates of North Carolina prison inmates admitted during the study period before the truth-in-sentencing law and inmates admitted during that period under the truth-in-sentencing law. Based on deterrence theory, the researchers hypothesized that pre-truth-in-sentencing inmates, who could lose time off for good behavior and parole as results of a disciplinary conviction, would have higher disciplinary conviction rates than truth-in-sentencing inmates. Truth-in-sentencing inmates, with shorter sentences, could lose neither time off for good behavior nor parole as a result of disciplinary conviction. Cox regression and negative binomial regression procedures using control variables identified in the research literature generally supported the research hypotheses.
Barriers to Implementing Effective Correctional Drug Treatment Programs
Authors: FARABEE DAVID , PRENDERGAST MICHAEL , CARTIER JEROME , WEXLER HARRY , KNIGHT KEVIN , ANGLIN M. DOUGLAS
Published: June 2009

During the past several years, a number of aggressive federal and state initiatives have been undertaken to expand substance abuse treatment within correctional settings. These efforts have been fueled by the high rates of substance involvement among offenders and the growing body of research literature suggesting that intensive, prison-based treatment efforts can significantly reduce postprison substance use and recidivism. However, the rapid expansion of these programs increases their vulnerability to common implementation problems that could lead to pessimistic, and erroneous, assumptions about their effectiveness. This article summarizes both the research literature and the experiences of the authors regarding six common barriers to developing effective correctional treatment programs and offers potential solutions for each.
Graduated Sanctions: Stepping into Accountable Systems and Offenders
Authors: TAXMAN FAYE S. , SOULE DAVID , GELB ADAM
Published: June 2009

Graduated sanctions are being promoted in many new crime control initiatives, such as Breaking the Cycle and Residential Substance Abuse Treatment (RSAT). Like many attractive concepts, graduated sanctions are poorly understood in theory and poorly conceived in practice. This article presents a procedural justice theory for graduated sanctions and the critical components for this model. The legal issues of due process, double jeopardy, and separation of powers are reviewed to illustrate how graduated sanctions serve to protect the constitutional rights of the offender and to deter non-compliance. Finally, the implications for increasing compliance with release conditions are discussed in terms of the differential methods for implementing graduated sanctions.
The Use of Day Reporting as an Intermediate Sanction: A Study of Offender Targeting and Program Termination
Authors: MARCINIAK LIZ MARIE
Published: June 2009

The 1994 North Carolina Structured Sentencing Act led to the increased use of intermediate sanctions such as day reporting centers. This study evaluates offender targeting and program termination among a sample of 204 offenders who were sentenced to a day reporting center (DRC) in a southeastern North Carolina county. Despite sentencing guidelines, judges sentenced some offenders to the day reporting center who were ineligible. Issues of net-widening and judicial compliance are addressed. Results show that the rate of program termination was high. Logistic regression analysis shows some offender characteristics that affect the likelihood of termination from the DRC.
Bringing Scouting to Prison: Programs and Challenges
Authors: BLOCK KATHLEEN J.
Published: June 2009

Since 1992, several Girl Scout troops have been meeting within women's corrections facilities. Known as the Girl Scouts Beyond Bars (GSBB) programs, they took their lead from the first program, established in Maryland. Incarcerated mothers and their daughters participate as troop members, enjoying what are enhanced visitation programs as well as facility-based Girl Scout programs. This article reports results of a survey of nine GSBB programs. Specific topics of interest are the extent to which the Maryland model has been replicated in the other sites, the variations on the Maryland theme found in the other sites, and the perceptions of program leaders regarding the challenges of developing and running Girl Scout programs in prisons.
Three-Year Outcomes of Therapeutic Community Treatment for Drug-Involved Offenders in Delaware: From Prison to Work Release to Aftercare
Authors: MARTIN STEVEN S. , BUTZIN CLIFFORD A. , SAUM CHRISTINE A. , INCIARDI JAMES A.
Published: June 2009

Delaware researchers have argued for a continuum of primary (in prison), secondary (work release), and tertiary (aftercare) therapeutic community (TC) treatment for drug-involved offenders. Previous work has demonstrated significant reductions in relapse and recidivism for offenders who received primary and secondary TC treatment 1 year after leaving work release. However, much of the effect declines significantly when the time at risk moves to 3 years after release. Further analyses reveal that program effects remain significant when the model takes into account not simply exposure to the TC program, but, more importantly, program participation, program completion, and aftercare. Clients who complete secondary treatment do better than those with no treatment or program dropouts, and those who receive aftercare do even better in remaining drug- and arrest-free.
A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effectiveness of Corrections-Based Treatments for Drug Abuse
Authors: PEARSON FRANK S. , LIPTON DOUGLAS S.
Published: June 2009

The Correctional Drug Abuse Treatment Effectiveness project obtained and coded evaluation research studies (unpublished as well as published) of treatment/intervention programs reported from 1968 to 1996. Meta-analysis was used to examine evidence for their effectiveness in reducing recidivism for incarcerated offenders who are drug abusers. Results supported the effectiveness of therapeutic community programs but not of boot camps and drug-focused group counseling. Evaluations of other interventions were based on too few studies to draw strong conclusions, but promising treatments that warrant further attention include use of methadone maintenance treatment, substance abuse education, 12-step programs, and cognitive behavioral therapy for offender populations.
Toward a Quality-of-Life Theory of Leisure Travel Satisfaction
Authors: Sirgy M. Joseph
Published: June 2009

This article proposes a quality-of-life (QOL) theory of leisure travel satisfaction based on goal theory. The proposed theory has four central principles: (1) selecting leisure travel goals that have high levels of positive valence, (2) selecting leisure travel goals that are very likely to be attained, (3) engaging in actions that would implement these leisure travel goals, and (4) engaging in actions that would allow the tourist to experience goal attainment. Numerous subprinciples are introduced in the context of these four major principles. A research agenda is discussed based on the overall theory. Managerial implications of this research are also discussed.