bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrically Controlled Photonic Circuits of Field-Induced Dipolaritons with Huge Nonlinearities
Authors: Liran Dror , Rapaport Ronen , Hu Jiaqi , Lydick Nathanial , Deng Hui , Pfeiffer Loren
Published: August 2024

Electrically controlled photonic circuits hold promise for information technologies with greatly improved energy efficiency and quantum information processing capabilities. However, weak nonlinearity and electrical response of typical photonic materials have been two critical challenges. Therefore, hybrid electronic-photonic systems, such as semiconductor exciton polaritons, have been intensely investigated for their potential to allow higher nonlinearity and electrical control, with limited success so far. Here we demonstrate an electrically gated waveguide architecture for field induced dipolar polaritons that allows enhanced and electrically controllable polariton nonlinearities, enabling an electrically tuned reflecting switch (mirror) and transistor of the dipolar polaritons. The polariton transistor displays blockade and antiblockade by compressing a dilute dipolar-polariton pulse exhibiting very strong dipolar interactions. The large nonlinearities are explained using a simple density-dependent dipolar polarization field that very effectively screens the external electric field. We project that a quantum blockade at the single polariton level is feasible in such a device.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Extracting Topological Orders of Generalized Pauli Stabilizer Codes in Two Dimensions
Authors: Liang Zijian , Xu Yijia , Iosue Joseph T. , Chen Yu-An
Published: August 2024

In this paper, we introduce an algorithm for extracting topological data from translation invariant generalized Pauli stabilizer codes in two-dimensional systems, focusing on the analysis of anyon excitations and string operators. The algorithm applies to Zd qudits, including instances where d is a nonprime number. This capability allows the identification of topological orders that differ from the Zd toric codes. It extends our understanding beyond the established theorem that Pauli stabilizer codes for Zp qudits (with

p

being a prime) are equivalent to finite copies of Zp toric codes and trivial stabilizers. The algorithm is designed to determine all anyons and their string operators, enabling the computation of their fusion rules, topological spins, and braiding statistics. The method converts the identification of topological orders into computational tasks, including Gaussian elimination, the Hermite normal form, and the Smith normal form of truncated Laurent polynomials. Furthermore, the algorithm provides a systematic approach for studying quantum error-correcting codes. We apply it to various codes, such as self-dual CSS quantum codes modified from the two-dimensional honeycomb color code and non-CSS quantum codes that contain the double semion topological order or the six-semion topological order.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Vibrational stability improvement of a mirror system using active mass damping
Authors: He Shijing , Yuan Haoran , Wu Tianyu , Chen Nuo , Zhang Xinyu , Wang Zhizhuo , Liu Xuerong , Liu Fang
Published: August 2024

Addressing the demand for high stability of beamline instruments at the SHINE facility, a high stability mirror regulating mechanism has been developed for mirror adjustments. Active mass damping was adopted to attenuate pitch angle vibrations of mirrors caused by structural vibrations. An internal absolute velocity feedback was used to reduce the negative impact of spillover effects and to improve performance. The experiment was conducted on a prototype structure of a mirror regulating mechanism, and results showed that the vibration RMS of the pitch angle was effectively attenuated from 47 nrad to 27 nrad above 1 Hz.
Formation of a diiron–(μ-η1:η1-CN) complex from acetonitrile solution
Authors: Schlachta Tim P. , Sauer Michael J. , Richter Leon F. , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: August 2024

The activation of C—C bonds by transition-metal complexes is of continuing interest and acetonitrile (MeCN) has attracted attention as a cyanide source with comparatively low toxicity for organic cyanation reactions. A diiron end-on μ-η1:η1-CN-bridged complex was obtained from a crystallization experiment of an open-chain iron–NHC complex, namely, μ-cyanido-κ2
C:N-bis{[(acetonitrile-κN)[3,3′-bis(pyridin-2-yl)-1,1′-(methylidene)bis(benzimidazol-2-ylidene)]iron(II)} tris(hexafluorophosphate), [Fe2(CN)(C2H3N)2(C25H18N6)2](PF6)3. The cyanide appears to originate from the MeCN solvent by C—C bond cleavage or through carbon–hydrogen oxidation.
Salt forms of amides: protonation of acetanilide
Authors: Jaconelli Harry S. , Kennedy Alan R.
Published: August 2024

Treating the amide acetanilide (N-phenylacetamide, C8H9NO) with aqueous strong acids allowed the structures of five hemi-protonated salt forms of acetanilide to be elucidated. N-(1-Hydroxyethylidene)anilinium chloride–N-phenylacetamide (1/1), [(C8H9NO)2H][Cl], and the bromide, [(C8H9NO)2H][Br], triiodide, [(C8H9NO)2H][I3], tetrafluoroborate, [(C8H9NO)2H][BF4], and diiodobromide hemi(diiodine), [(C8H9NO)2H][I2Br]·0.5I2, analogues all feature centrosymmetric dimeric units linked by O—H...O hydrogen bonds that extend into one-dimensional hydrogen-bonded chains through N—H...X interactions, where X is the halide atom of the anion. Protonation occurs at the amide O atom and results in systematic lengthening of the C=O bond and a corresponding shortening of the C—N bond. The size of these geometric changes is similar to those found for hemi-protonated paracetamol structures, but less than those in fully protonated paracetamol structures. The bond angles of the amide fragments are also found to change on protonation, but these angular changes are also influenced by conformation, namely, whether the amide group is coplanar with the phenyl ring or twisted out of plane.
Online younger viewers’ motivation to purchase virtual gifts: multi-group analysis of urban-rural backgrounds
Authors: Li Lifu , Kang Kyeong , Namisango Fatuma
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The paper focuses on online younger viewers’ motivation to purchase virtual gifts on live-streaming platforms. To explore influencing factors, this study draws on the Capability-Opportunity-Motivation-Behaviour (COM-B) theory and liberal-conservative thinking theory to establish the research model. It analyses factors that influence the use of environmental opportunity, personal capability and personal thinking style units, which differ from traditional user behaviour research.

Design/methodology/approach

Through the variance-based structural equation modelling and partial least squares path modelling, three influencing factors positively affect online younger viewers’ virtual gift-purchasing motivation: technical opportunity, financial capability and liberal thinking.

Findings

Considering the economic imbalance between urban and rural regions, this paper focuses on online younger viewers’ regional differences and designs their urban-rural backgrounds as moderating factors. The multi-group analysis based on a non-parametric approach presents several significant points in the current study, such as younger viewers from rural areas paying more attention to technical opportunities and liberal thinking factors.

Originality/value

The study distinguishes the differences between urban and rural areas and explores online viewers’ specific opinions on the virtual gift-sending system. The regional differences are caused by local technical development and economic background. The results can help live-streaming platform managers and related departments improve their techniques and functions, aiming to drive the development of the live-streaming industry.
Nigam Pratibha Vidyalaya – aligning new hire with the art integration philosophy
Authors: Mahajan Harleen , Dureja Ranjana
Published: August 2024

Learning outcomes

The students will be able to understand the diversity and inclusivity in the recruitment process and different sources of recruitment from the context of school’s managed by the government (state schools); execute job analysis thereby clearly mentioning objectives and performance metrics for the post of principal in the government (state schools); align the succession planning efforts with the organization’s strategic objectives and long-term vision; and evaluate the role of a leader involving integrity, fairness, transparency and accountability and applying ethical principles in decision-making and actions.

Case overview/synopsis

The case study exhibits the dilemma faced by a principal Mrs Veena Gandhi in the year 2020–2022 when manpower shortage was the major challenge being faced by the government-run schools in New Delhi NCR. She inculcated inventiveness and practicality in the teaching of elementary education in Nigam Pratibha Vidyalaya. The school’s philosophy was based on creating a learning environment for students so that they could express them, learn and memorize concepts, and had joyful learning. The school managed 50% of the teaching staff, as most of the teachers were promoted to Sarvodaya Vidyalaya run by the department of education in New Delhi. Whereas other teachers were not recruited for the same position which created a demand and supply gap among teaching staff. Now she was going to be retired in January 2023 and was facing a dilemma about her next successor, who could carry forward the philosophies of value-based teaching. She wanted to have such a successor who could carry forward the legacy of the school, but as the school was government-run and the appointment was seniority-wise complete freedom was not in her hands to choose the next principal. By keeping in mind the constraints of authority and entitlement after retirement, she wanted to have the best person for the job who would understand and implement the art integration in teaching and learning.

Complexity academic level

The case study further engaged the students of BBA in their HR class in reviewing the recruitment and selection strategies in general and succession planning in particular with class discussion. It also targets teaching job analysis concepts to them. Furthermore, it helps them to understand value-based prepositions from the point of view of leaders and comprehend how decisions impact organizational philosophies and culture.

Supplementary materials

Teaching notes are available for educators only.
Alumni-driven sustainability strategies: paving a way forward for sustainable development of public HEIs
Authors: Nisar Nabeel , Raza Ali , Pathan Pashmina Nisar , Sattar Muhammad Muzamil , Memon Ubedullah
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This investigation is based on the rich experiences of alumni from a reputable public higher education institution (HEI) in Pakistan. Its primary goal is to assess and investigate the relationship between the institution’s long-term sustainability strategies and alumni impressions. The inquiry aligns with the global changing landscape of HEIs, which demands more robust and marketing-driven strategies to achieve long-term sustainability through engaging various stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach

The study employs a phenomenological research design to offer fresh insights into the effectiveness of alumni engagement practices. This research uses semi-structured interviews with nine alumni to contribute an interesting and important narrative regarding alumni’s experiences with engagement strategies.

Findings

The findings show that alumni strongly desire to maintain contact with their institution and support in various ways, thus signifying the importance of alumni engagement. In the broader context, alumni engagement can support HEIs to avoid the risks of losing education standards in financially strict times and achieve sustainable development.

Practical implications

By actively involving alumni, HEIs in Pakistan can support their sustainable development, strengthen their financial position, raise educational standards, access resources and more. This research provides a way for Public HEIs to attract external support to address the growing institution’s sustainability concerns and avoid the risk of deteriorating education.

Originality/value

The present research extends to the existing body of knowledge regarding Pakistan’s developing economy, while earlier studies have primarily concentrated on alumni studies from developed nations. The study has theoretically expanded the use of the stimulus-organism-response framework and introduced several new constructs not examined or utilized in earlier alumni studies.
Admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in money laundering cases in Pakistan
Authors: Anwar Muhammad Fahad
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore and evaluate the current legal position on the admissibility of illegally obtained evidence in money laundering cases in Pakistan.

Design/methodology/approach

A comprehensive exploratory analytical examination indicates that illegally collected evidence from money laundering offences can be considered acceptable as long as it does not compromise the fairness of the judicial process or the right to a fair trial.

Findings

The admissibility and exclusion of illegally obtained evidence in money laundering cases are primarily governed by the rule of admissibility due to the absence of written or codified regulations in Pakistan.

Originality/value

The Pakistani Criminal Justice System has always depended on well-established admissibility rules to determine the acceptance or rejection of illegally obtained evidence. For many years, courts have exercised their discretion to allow illegally obtained evidence to be admitted using the relevance test. Additionally, they have also shown their discretion by excluding highly unfavourable material. Illegally obtained evidence may be considered admissible if it is relevant to the matter in issue. Illegally obtained evidence from an act related to illegal actions or a predicate offence in money laundering might impact the prosecution's case and, in turn, protect a defendant's right to a fair trial.
Is there a diversification paradox in real estate investment funds' value?
Authors: Fernandes Pedro A. , Carvalho das Neves João , Caiado Jorge
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This paper studies diversification and value in the investment portfolios of (non-listed) Real Estate Investment Funds (REIFs) exploring how the value of diversification is captured by the market and by investors (beyond reported valuations).

Design/methodology/approach

We apply the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) to study the level of concentration versus diversification in the investment portfolios of REIFs (both in terms of segment and geographical diversification). We use a dataset from INREV with data from 62 investment portfolios, with an average of 86 REIFs per portfolio for the period of 2008–2020 (to study segment diversification). We use a second dataset from INREV with data from 30 investment portfolios with an average of 79 REIFs per portfolio for the period of 2005–2020 (to study geographical diversification). We employ a cluster analysis approach to identify common features among the investment funds.

Findings

We conclude that (segment diversified) portfolios with higher degrees of leverage exhibit higher income yields, albeit diversification is captured indirectly through asset choices – more diversified portfolios tend to exhibit a stronger risk and return relationship. Also, geographical diversification creates value (more significantly by for the correct combination of countries carefully choosing what different geographies to group in the diversified portfolio).

Research limitations/implications

One limitation of our study is that our portfolios are funds of funds, since the available data could not reach the asset detail, but we believe this does not compromise our results.

Practical implications

Diversification leads to higher risk-adjusted returns which suggests that properties may be undervalued (market value) in the framework of the Gordon Model, contrary to expectations (regarding investment value).

Originality/value

Investors capture the value of diversification differently, suggesting a gap between market value and investment value that can be explored.
Perinatal depression screening by health cadres in Indonesia: EPDS or Whooley?
Authors: Surjaningrum Endang Retno , Riyanto Edi Dwi , Yusof Junaidah , Mujahadah Husnual
Published: August 2024

Purpose

This study aims to investigate the feasibility of health cadres in Indonesia to take perinatal depression screening in the community using Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Whooley.

Design/methodology/approach

The field study involved 11 health cadres (community volunteers who assist in maternal and child health) who were trained to administrate EPDS and Whooley towards 36 pregnant and postpartum mothers in a low resource urban setting for a month. A comparison of scores from both tools, the number and type of mistakes made by the cadres, and cadres perception about the tools were combined to determine the most feasible tool for cadres in identifying depression symptoms.

Findings

The results show both tools are comparable for screening depression symptoms in mothers; however, EPDS was better at differentiating the level of symptoms. Whooley, with two case-finding questions, is simpler for cadres, whereas the EPDS is more difficult to be computed by cadres. Cadres support the implementation of such a screening, as it provides a channel for mothers to express their negative feelings.

Research limitations/implications

The findings indicate Whooley is sufficient for first-level screening in the community by cadres, whereas the EPDS should be used by qualified health-care workers for further evaluation at primary health clinics.

Practical implications

Health cadres could potentially be trained to use standardized yet simple psychological tools. Involving trained health cadres in integrated maternal mental health services in primary health care in Surabaya, Indonesia is promising.

Originality/value

The use of the EPDS and the Whooley questions has not been applied in Indonesia particularly among health cadres despite their long-lasting role in primary health-care system.
The future of tourism: interview with Professor Heike Schänzel about her role as Associate Editor of the Journal of Tourism Futures
Authors: Yeoman Ian Seymour , Schänzel Heike A.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

As the Journal of Tourism Futures celebrates its 10th anniversary, Dr Ian Yeoman (Hotel Management School Leeuwarden) interviews Professor Heike Schänzel (Auckland University of Technology) about her role as the Associate Editor of the journal.

Design/methodology/approach

Personal interview.

Findings

Schänzel provides a guide to the role of the Associate Editors and discusses her own research.

Originality/value

The interview provides insights about the role of Associate Editors in managing the future of tourism and the critical directions of family tourism, lesbian, children’s voices and social justice research.
The relationship between resilient mangroves and fish populations in the largest marine reserve in Belize: a case for conservation
Authors: Osborne Chetwynd Carlos , Cho-Ricketts Leandra , Salazar Jané
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Mangrove forests are one of the most bio-diverse and productive wetland environments on earth. However, these unique tropical forest environments that occupy coastal areas are among the most threatened habitats globally. These threats include logging, conversion of land for agriculture and mariculture and degradation due to pollution over the past 50 years. The large population of resilient mangroves occupying the Turneffe Atoll area in Belize faces growing anthropogenic threats such as permanent clearing of land for housing, infrastructural development and pollution and natural factors (climate change). Given the few formal studies done to evaluate mangrove resilience at Turneffe Atoll, the purpose of this study was to evaluate mangrove resilience and nursery functions in the Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve (TAMR).

Design/methodology/approach

Mangrove fish abundance and forest structure was assessed by means of a visual census and the point-centred quarter method (PCQM) for 11 sites that span across conservation and general use zones.

Findings

This study found that the more resilient mangroves (lower vulnerability ranks, higher standing biomass and higher fish biomass and abundance) exist in general use zones and warrant the need for improved mangrove conservation measures for these areas by Turneffe Atoll Sustainability Association (TASA).

Research limitations/implications

Limitations of the methods for data collection included accessibility within mangrove forests stands when establishing PCQM, observer bias among data collectors, sites without surrounding mangroves were not captured to serve as a true control group and poor visibility underwater affected the estimation of fish species and size. The timeline for this research was only three months based on available funding, and no follow-up study was done to make a true comparison.

Originality/value

The findings of this research have a guiding role in the formulation of conservation measures such as better waste management, a robust framework for mangrove management, a communication strategy to guide public awareness and long-term monitoring surveys.
Probiotic soy beverages: a functional beverage on lipid profile, oxidative stress and kidney function: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ansari Shakila , Abdi Mohadeseh , Khalili Pardis , Saraf-Bank Sahar
Published: August 2024

Purpose

Probiotic coadministration with soy beverages has been shown to have favorable results in human health. This study aims to conduct a systematic review of randomized clinical trials to examine the effect of probiotic soy beverages (PSB) on human health aspects such as lipid profile, oxidative stress and kidney function.

Design/methodology/approach

The study was conducted based on Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines. Relevant articles were extracted from PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar up to April 2024. This paper searched all databases using the following keywords: (“Soy milk” OR “Soy beverage” OR “Fermented soy milk” OR “Soy Fermented Beverages”) AND (“Probiotic” OR “Probiotics”). The literature search did not consider language, age and publication date restrictions.

Findings

A total of 2,183 subjects were included in this review. PSB beneficially decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol levels and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. PSB beneficially affected superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glutathione. PSB decreased serum creatinine and increased estimated glomerular filtration rate. Cystatin-C and progranulin decreased significantly in the PSB group. PSB had no significant effect on anthropometric indices, while decreased systolic and diastolic blood pressure.

Originality/value

This study provides a brief overview of the effect of PSB on lipid profile, oxidative stress, inflammation and kidney function for the first time.
Mele as methodology: crafting (k)new tools for Indigenous research
Authors: Saffery Maya L. Kawailanaokeawaiki , Lopes R. Keawe , Goto Kawehionālani , Kaomea Julie
Published: August 2024

Purpose

In Decolonizing Methodologies (1999), Linda Tuhiwai Smith asserted that “the master’s tools of colonization will not work to decolonize what the master built.” Smith challenged Indigenous researchers to fashion “new tools for the purpose of decolonizing and Indigenous tools that can revitalize Indigenous knowledge” (p. 22). A quarter of a century later, this paper reflects on the powerful impact that Smith’s call to action has had upon recent generations of bright, politically active and culturally grounded Native Hawaiian researchers, many of whom are innovatively turning to the Native epistemologies embedded in our traditional cultural practices to craft (k)new research tools and methodologies.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper features three Native Hawaiian scholars who are simultaneously hula and mele (traditional Hawaiian dance and song) practitioners and who instinctively turned to their hula training to guide and indigenize their research practice.

Findings

Each of these three scholars describes how they creatively applied the Hawaiian epistemologies embedded in their hula and mele training to fashion (k)new, Indigenous methodologies to guide (1) their research conduct, (2) their data analyses or interpretations and (3) the presentation of their research findings, respectively.

Originality/value

These three Hawaiian scholars and hula practitioners represent a larger groundswell of Native Hawaiian researchers who are bravely and creatively drawing upon the traditional wisdom and sensitivities embedded in our cultural practices to craft and wield (k)new research tools to “dismantle the master’s house” (Lorde, 1981) and build an Indigenous hale (house) of our own.
Searching for a smoking gun: access to information and release of the John F. Kennedy assassination records
Authors: Howard Amy
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The records surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy (JFK) have been subject to unique treatment in their management and opening. The John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992 (JFK Records Act) mandated that the records would be opened in full by 2017, unless there was intervention from the sitting president. This study aims to examine the extent to which access to the JFK assassination records has been granted. It evaluates how open the archive is, and the consequences of withholding government records. It examines how the continued non-disclosure of this archive has helped to fuel the controversy and conspiracy theories surrounding Kennedy’s death.

Design/methodology/approach

This research was approached as traditional historical document analysis, reviewing the JFK assassination records releases from 2017–2018 and the broader landscape of access to information in America. A random sampling of the open and redacted records was used to undertake a statistical analysis on the amount of information that has been withheld. It was supplemented with freedom of information requests intended to reveal further information on the approach taken to redaction. The work was situated within a broader global literature review.

Findings

The research identified the limits to access to the JFK assassination records that exist because of the continued postponement and redaction of information by US federal government agencies. It found that the ambiguous language used for exemptions in the US Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and the JFK Records Act has allowed agencies the freedom to interpret and limit access to information if they desired. Furthermore, agencies have had the power to hold and sanitise their own records. The work identifies how these approaches have caused questions, inconsistences, a lack of transparency and accountability in the US government. The lack of centralised processes and related explanations can be seen to fuel further controversies and conspiracies.

Originality/value

Using a systematic research methodology, this work presents a careful analysis of the varying processes and their implications for understanding of the events that surrounded Kennedy’s assassination. Lessons learnt can be applied to the general management of freedom of information and access to information.
Strengthening links between HRM theories, HR practices and outcomes: A proposal to advance research on HRM and outcomes
Authors: Guest David E.
Published: August 2024

Scholars reviewing research exploring the association between human resource management (HRM) and outcomes have noted a frequent absence of any link between the espoused HRM theory and the HR practices used to measure it. They have called for better theory about HRM and a clear link between theory, associated HR practices and outcomes. This paper answers their call by outlining seven distinct theories about HRM and outcomes, each with specific goals, associated core HR practices and related outcomes. Combinations of core, standard and marginal practices constitute measurable HRM systems. Challenges, implications and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Macrobial airborne environmental DNA analysis: A review of progress, challenges, and recommendations for an emerging application
Authors: Johnson Mark , Barnes Matthew A.
Published: August 2024

In the context of looming global biodiversity loss, effective species detection represents a critical concern for ecological research and management. Environmental DNA (eDNA) analysis, which refers to the collection and taxonomic identification of genetic fragments that are shed from an organism into its surroundings, emerged approximately 15 years ago as a sensitive tool for species detection. Today, one of the frontiers of eDNA research concerns the collection and analysis of genetic material in dust and other airborne materials, termed airborne eDNA analysis. As the study of airborne eDNA matures, it is an appropriate time to review the foundational and emerging studies that make up the current literature, and use the reviewed literature to summarize, synthesize, and forecast the major challenges and opportunities for this advancing research front. Specifically, we use the “ecology of eDNA” framework to organize our findings across the origin, state, transport, and fate of airborne genetic materials in the environment, and summarize what is so far known of their interactions with surrounding abiotic and biotic factors, including population and community ecologies and ecosystem processes. Within this work we identify key challenges, opportunities, and future directions associated with the application of airborne eDNA development. Lastly, we discuss the development of applications, partnerships, and messaging that promote development and growth of the field. Together, the broad potential of eDNA analysis and the rate at which research is accelerating in this field suggest that the sky's the limit for airborne eDNA science.
Are immunosenescent T cells really senescent?
Authors: Slaets Helena , Veeningen Naomi , de Keizer Peter L. J. , Hellings Niels , Hendrix Sven
Published: August 2024

Loss of proper T‐cell functioning is a feature of aging that increases the risk of developing chronic diseases. In aged individuals, highly differentiated T cells arise with a reduced expression of CD28 and CD27 and an increased expression of KLRG‐1 or CD57. These cells are often referred to as immunosenescent T cells but may still be highly active and contribute to autoimmunity. Another population of T cells known as exhausted T cells arises after chronic antigen stimulation and loses its effector functions, leading to a failure to combat malignancies and viral infections. A process called cellular senescence also increases during aging, and targeting this process has proven to be fruitful against a range of age‐related pathologies in animal models. Cellular senescence occurs in cells that are irreparably damaged, limiting their proliferation and typically leading to chronic secretion of pro‐inflammatory factors. To develop therapies against pathologies caused by defective T‐cell function, it is important to understand the differences and similarities between immunosenescence and cellular senescence. Here, we review the hallmarks of cellular senescence versus senescent and exhausted T cells and provide considerations for the development of specific therapies against age‐related diseases.
Philanthropic forms of corporate social responsibility practices in a multinational company: Colonial and post‐colonial perspectives
Authors: Momin Mahmood , Nurunnabi Mohammad , Hossain Tareq , Hoque Zahirul
Published: August 2024

This paper explores how colonial and post‐colonial philanthropic ideals shape a multinational shoe manufacturing company's corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices. We conducted a qualitative field study in Bangladesh, analysing semi‐structured interviews and archival documents. The findings revealed significant and distinct variations in social, institutional, and political relationships across three historical periods: colonisation, state despotism, and capital imperialism. Notably, benevolence, elitism, socialist enterprise paternalism, and institutionalised strategic philanthropy ideals were found to dominate firm‐level CSR practices. These findings suggest that colonial and post‐colonial contexts can shape and ideologically frame philanthropic forms of CSR practices in organisations over time.
Environmental factors associated to breeding areas of the South American locust Schistocerca cancellata on a regional scale
Authors: Scattolini M. Celeste , Piou Cyril , Medina Héctor , Iglesias Rosario , Cerquetti Alina , Cigliano María M.
Published: August 2024

Locusts are globally recognized as major pest threats. In the first half of the 20th century, the South American locust caused great economic losses. After the implementation of preventive management, large‐scale upsurges ceased. In 2015, resurgence of S. cancellata led to swarms affecting northern Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia, prompting control agencies to address an almost forgotten problem. After six decades without a major locust outbreak, there were limited and outdated studies on this species. This study aims to identify key environmental factors associated with the spatial distribution of S. cancellata oviposition sites. We focus on explanatory variables that represent physical and chemical properties of soil and vegetation cover. To understand the relationships between each potential explanatory variable and the presence‐absence of S. cancellata oviposition sites, we first performed regression analyses applying a linear and quadratic structure for each explanatory variable. Then, we performed comparisons of logistic regression models in a multi‐model inference framework, where CAIC and weights of evidence were analysed. Our results show that the South American locusts chose to lay their eggs in areas with a low proportion of natural forest and flooded grasslands and a high proportion of non‐vegetated areas, where the soils are flat, with neutral pH, and low salinity. We also determined that an increase in the proportion of cultivated areas is associated with an increase in the probability of breeding presence of this species. The locust's habitat falls within the Dry Chaco, a global deforestation hotspot, evidencing a rapid replacing of forests for plantations. Since both the diminish of forest and the increase in cultivated areas are associated with an increase in oviposition sites, we consider that breeding areas will likely increase. The results found herein can be used to map the potential breeding habitats to help preventive management against the South American locust.
Effects of Maternal SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection During Pregnancy on Fetal Development
Authors: Li Jianan , Yao Jingwen , Yang Zeyu
Published: August 2024

Background

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) outbreak in 2019 has necessitated investigating its potential adverse effects on pregnancy outcomes and fetal development.

Objective

This study aimed to review the evidence on the impact of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy on fetal outcomes.

Method of Study

Literatures since the outbreak of COVID‐19 from PubMed and Web of Science were summarized in this narrative review, to show the effects of maternal SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy on fetal development.

Results

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy can be transmitted vertically through the placenta, both in utero and perinatally, affecting the maternal–fetal immune interface and placental function. Viral infections during pregnancy have been linked to central nervous system development impairments and disorders such as autism. Changes in the structure and function of the respiratory, immune, and visceral systems have also been reported. SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy has been linked with increased risks of stillbirth and preterm birth. However, the mechanisms involved remain unclear and may include cytokine storms, macrophage mediation, genetic mutations, methylation, and other epigenetic changes. Exploring the protective effects of antiviral treatment and other interventions in animal and clinical studies may help improve outcomes.

Conclusion

SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during pregnancy activates the maternal–fetal immune interface through vertical transmission, and has short‐ and long‐term effects on fetal development, including the central nervous system. Future long‐term studies may help provide evidence that can inform interventions to reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.
Mobile breast screening services in Australia: A qualitative exploration of perceptions and experiences among rural and remote women aged ≥75 years
Authors: Adams Joanne , Dickson‐Swift Virginia , Spelten Evelien , Blackberry Irene , Wilson Carlene , Yuen Eva
Published: August 2024

Objective

This qualitative descriptive study draws on data collected from a sub‐sample of 15 women participating in a national study (n = 60) exploring the breast cancer screening motivations and behaviours of women aged ≥75 years. The study aimed to understand why women living in rural and remote areas might continue accessing mobile breast cancer screening despite being outside the targeted age range.

Setting

Settings ranged from large towns to very remote communities (according to Monash Modified Model (MMM) classification 3–7) where BreastScreen Australia mobile screening services were available.

Participants

Interview data from 15 women aged ≥75 years living in rural and remote locations who had used mobile screening services was utilised for this study.

Design

In‐depth individual interviews were conducted via telephone or online platform (Zoom). These were transcribed verbatim and imported into NVivo software to enable thematic analysis to identify key themes.

Results

Many women aged ≥75 years in rural and remote areas expressed clear intentions to continue breast cancer screening, despite no longer being invited to do so. They perceived great value in the mobile service and were highly appreciative for it yet acknowledged limited sources of information about the process of ongoing screening.

Conclusion

Few women in rural and remote areas had discussed ongoing breast cancer screening with their general practitioner (GP). More information is required to inform women about the risks and benefits of ongoing screening. Without an invitation to attend screening rural women reported difficulty in knowing when the service would be available. Ongoing notification of the availability of mobile services for women aged ≥75 years in rural areas is recommended.
Alopecia areata exhibits cutaneous and systemic OX40 activation across atopic backgrounds
Authors: Kim Madeline , Del Duca Ester , Dahabreh Dante , Lozano‐Ojalvo Daniel , Carroll Britta , Manson Meredith , Bose Swaroop , Gour Digpal , NandyMazumdar Monali , Liu Ying , Yu Ekey Mitchelle , Chowdhury Amira , Angelov Michael , Ungar Benjamin , Estrada Yeriel , Guttman‐Yassky Emma
Published: August 2024

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a chronic, nonscarring hair‐loss disorder associated with significant quality‐of‐life impairment and limited treatment options. AA has been recently linked to atopy and shown to exhibit both Th1‐ and Th2‐driven inflammation. However, a comprehensive molecular and cellular characterization across blood and scalp compartments in both atopic and nonatopic patients is lacking.

Methods

Lesional and nonlesional scalp biopsies obtained from AA patients with (n = 16) or without (n = 20) atopic history, and 17 demographically matched healthy controls were analyzed with RNA‐seq, RT‐PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Flow cytometry was also performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a subset of patients. Differential expression was defined using |fold‐change| > 1.5 and false‐discovery rate <0.05.

Results

AA scalp exhibited robust upregulation of Th1‐ (IFNG, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11) and Th2‐related products (CCL26, CCR4, IL10, IL13, TSLP, TNFRSF4/OX40) and shared downregulation of hair keratins, regardless of atopic background, with variable Th17/Th22 modulation. AA patients with atopy exhibited greater inflammatory tone and Th2‐skewing (IL10, IL13, IL33, CCR4, CCL26). Disease severity correlated significantly with immune and hair keratin biomarkers and with perifollicular cellular infiltrates. Cutaneous OX40/OX40L upregulation was paralleled by increases in circulating OX40+ and OX40L+ leukocytes, regardless of atopic background.

Conclusion

Our results suggest some atopy‐associated immune differences in AA and highlight the OX40 axis as a potential novel therapeutic target that may broadly benefit AA patients.
How much do we need college admission tests?
Authors: Maruyama Geoffrey , Ovies‐Bocanegra Miguel A. , Do Tai , Peczuh Marisa C. , Weisen Shelby
Published: August 2024

Scrutiny about and controversy regarding the use of college admissions tests have increased since COVID‐19 eliminated mass face‐to‐face testing. At that time, many selective colleges chose to make their admissions decisions without using such tests. More recently, the controversy has been sustained as some selective colleges and universities have reinstated requiring test scores. These tests, primarily the ACT and SAT, have received empirical support but also have faced substantial criticism from test critics and researchers. This paper examines contributions of admissions tests for predicting college outcomes in the presence of additional information available for making college decisions. We investigate relations of ACT tests with academic outcomes for four successive (2011–2014) first‐year cohorts at a large, moderately selective Midwestern Research 1 university. Analyses examine how strongly ACT college admissions tests are related to short‐ and long‐term college success for students controlling for their backgrounds (citizenship, race/ethnicity, first‐generation, sex, socio‐economic status). ACT tests contributed modestly to the prediction of first‐year performance. However, with first year college GPA included, ACT tests failed to add to the prediction of GPA in years 2, 3, and 4, and to prediction of dropout and graduation. These findings inform conversations about the use of college admissions tests post‐COVID.
A randomized controlled study of neoadjuvant metformin with chemotherapy in nondiabetic breast cancer women: The METNEO study
Authors: Serageldin Manar A. , El‐Bassiouny Noha A. , El‐Kerm Yasser , Aly Rania G. , Helmy Maged W. , El‐Mas Mahmoud M. , Kassem Amira B.
Published: August 2024

Aims

Clinical data demonstrate that metformin exhibits antiproliferative, proapoptotic and antimetastatic actions. Here, correlative molecular studies were undertaken to determine the roles of transmembrane tumour necrosis factor‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand death receptors (DRs) and CD133, a glycoprotein biomarker of breast cancer (BC) stem cells, in the advantageous action of metformin on pathological and clinical outcomes in BC patients on neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

Methods

We randomly assigned 70 nondiabetic BC patients in a 1:1 ratio to either neoadjuvant AC‐T chemotherapy (4 cycles of adriamycin 60 mg/m2 and cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2, followed by 12 cycles of weekly paclitaxel 80 mg/m2) or AC‐T with adjunct metformin (850 mg twice/day). The expressions of DR4, DR5 and CD133 were quantified in excised tissue samples with residual tumour cells.

Results

The overall clinical response (odds ratio: 22.67 [2.77–185.18], P = .004), breast‐conserving surgery (odds ratio: 3.67 [1.303–10.321], P = .014) and pathological complete response (β = 2.49 ± 1.13 [0.274–4.712], P = .028) rates were significantly improved in the metformin arm. Tissues obtained from the metformin arm had upregulated mRNA expression of DR4 (Mean delta cycle thresholds ± standard error of the mean: 2.68 ± 0.25 vs. 4.87 ± 0.53, P = .0003) and DR5 (0.21 ± 0.25 vs. 4.29 ± 0.95, P = .0004) compared to control arm. The enhanced DR expression negatively correlated with that of CD133 + BC stem cells, which was significantly reduced by metformin at both cytoplasmic/membranous (43.48 vs. 100.00%, P < .0001) and nuclear sites (4.35 vs. 95.00%, P < .0001).

Conclusion

Metformin improves clinical and pathological responses to neoadjuvant AC‐T chemotherapy in BC via prompting directionally opposite changes in DRs (increments) and CD133 + (decrements) expressions.

This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT04170465, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04170465).
Nedosiran population pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation to guide clinical development and dose selection in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1
Authors: Zhang Steven , Amrite Aniruddha , Tan Beesan , Jamsen Kris , Pradhan Sudeep , Choy Steve , Plotkin Horacio
Published: August 2024

Aim

To characterize pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of nedosiran in patients with primary hyperoxaluria type 1 (PH1), identify influential covariates and confirm therapeutic doses.

Methods

A population pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) (POP‐PKPD) model was developed to characterize the concentration‐time course of nedosiran and the corresponding effect on 24‐h urinary oxalate (Uox). Simulations of dosing to achieve clinically meaningful reduction in Uox in children, adolescents and adults with PH1 were performed.

Results

Analyses included PK data from 143 healthy participants and PH1/PH2 patients, and PD data from 46 PH1 patients. Nedosiran PK was described by a two‐compartment model with dual n‐transit absorption and parallel linear and nonlinear elimination. The relationship between nedosiran exposure and Uox was described by an indirect response model. Body weight, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and disease status were identified as influential covariates for the POP‐PK model. The simulation results supported a weight‐banded dosing regimen of nedosiran sodium in adolescents and adults (≥12 years) with PH1 of 170 mg (weight ≥50 kg) and 136 mg (weight <50 kg), in children (6‐11 years) with PH1 of 3.5 mg/kg, and no dose adjustments for PH1 patients with relatively preserved kidney function (eGFR ≥ 30 mL/min/1.73m2). Following the proposed dosing regimens, the simulated median fold‐changes in PK AUC0‐τ,ss were acceptable (≤1.51 fold‐change) and ~71% of PH1 patients across all age groups achieved near‐normal Uox (<0.6 mmol) by week 52.

Conclusions

The final POP‐PKPD model characterizes observed nedosiran PK and Uox data. Simulations support nedosiran dosing regimens in PH1 patients aged ≥6 years with relatively preserved kidney function.
Delta‐6 desaturase FADS2 is a tumor‐promoting factor in cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Hasegawa Kohsei , Fujimori Haruna , Nakatani Kohta , Takahashi Masatomo , Izumi Yoshihiro , Bamba Takeshi , Nakamura‐Shima Mao , Shibuya‐Takahashi Rie , Mochizuki Mai , Wakui Yuta , Abue Makoto , Iwai Wataru , Fukushi Daisuke , Satoh Kennichi , Yamaguchi Kazunori , Shindo Norihisa , Yasuda Jun , Asano Naoki , Imai Takayuki , Asada Yukinori , Katori Yukio , Tamai Keiichi
Published: August 2024

Cholangiocarcinoma is a fatal disease with limited therapeutic options. We screened genes required for cholangiocarcinoma tumorigenicity and identified FADS2, a delta‐6 desaturase. FADS2 depletion reduced in vivo tumorigenicity and cell proliferation. In clinical samples, FADS2 was expressed in cancer cells but not in stromal cells. FADS2 inhibition also reduced the migration and sphere‐forming ability of cells and increased apoptotic cell death and ferroptosis markers. Lipidome assay revealed that triglyceride and cholesterol ester levels were decreased in FADS2‐knockdown cells. The oxygen consumption ratio was also decreased in FADS2‐depleted cells. These data indicate that FADS2 depletion causes a reduction in lipid levels, resulting in decrease of energy production and attenuation of cancer cell malignancy.