bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2D Ti3C2Tx–xGnP incorporating PVDF/PMMA blend composites for dielectric capacitors
Authors: Nath Nitesh Kumar , Parida R. K. , Parida B. N. , Nayak Nimai C.
Published: January 2025

A comprehensive study of the dielectric and ferroelectric characteristics of polymer composites of xGnP–MXene hybrids (GMHs) in PVDF/PMMA blend films made via a solution casting method is reported.
Unconventional-phase engineering of RuGa intermetallics for boosting alkaline hydrogen-electrode reactions
Authors: Yang Chang , An Lulu , Mi Zhensheng , Wang Guangzhe , Zhang Chenhao , Kong Weijie , Yang Junhao , Xiao Li , Zhuang Lin , Wang Deli
Published: January 2025

Promotion of alkaline hydrogen electrode reaction kinetics based on the phase transition via introducing gallium.
Engineering Ru–N4 single atom catalysts on Ni-MOF-derived porous graphitic carbon for pH universal water electrolysis
Authors: Mishra Biswajit , Biswal Swayamprakash , Tripathi Bijay P.
Published: January 2025

Ru SAC on Ni-MOF-derived porous carbon achieve pH-universal water splitting with low OER and HER overpotentials and cell voltages, delivering high activity, stability for efficient green hydrogen production.
Hydrogels: a review on their versatile applications for efficient and stable oil–water separation
Authors: He Yuxuan , Huang Jinxia , Guo Zhiguang , Liu Weimin
Published: January 2025

Oil spills and the environmental pollution accidents caused by them have gradually become a serious problem that human industrial and commercial development must face.
Hemoglobin-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles equipped with PEGylated metal-phenolic network coatings: an oxygen carrier with antioxidant and stealth properties
Authors: Coll-Satue Clara , Cabrera-San Millan Eva , Jansman Michelle Maria Theresia , Arnholdt Lisa , Hosta-Rigau Leticia
Published: January 2025

Hemoglobin-loaded ZIF-8 nanoparticles, coated with MPNs and PEG, demonstrated enhanced stability, biocompatibility, antioxidant properties, and efficient oxygen delivery, offering a promising alternative to traditional blood transfusions.
Predicting inflammatory response of biomimetic nanofibre scaffolds for tissue regeneration using machine learning and graph theory
Authors: Sujeeun Lakshmi Yaneesha , Phul Itisha Chummun , Goonoo Nowsheen , Kotov Nicholas A. , Bhaw-Luximon Archana
Published: January 2025

Assessing macrophage behavior on scaffolds is vital for successful tissue engineering. CNNs could classify macrophage phenotypes and graph theory revealed that nanofiber scaffolds mimic extracellular matrix connectivity, improving healing outcomes.
Computational screening of MOX2 transition metal oxydihalides with M = V, Nb, Ta, Mo, Ru, or Os, and X = Cl, Br, or I
Authors: Helmer Pernilla , Dahlqvist Martin , Rosen Johanna
Published: January 2025

Computational screening of the MOX2-phases predict several new compositions. All exhibit binding energies that indicate possibility for delamination into 2D. Some phases undergo structural distortion which drastically affect the electronic structure.
Novel layered As2Ge with a pentagonal structure for potential thermoelectrics
Authors: Gao Zhengjin , Lv Minghao , Liu Manman , Gu Changzhi , Li Geng , Liu Baoli , Singh David J. , Zheng Weitao , Fan Xiaofeng
Published: January 2025

We predicted the high thermoelectric properties of As2Ge monolayers, and the maximum ZT of n-type doping is 4.36.
A novel O,N,O-coordinated organofluoroboron probe for amyloid detection: insight from experiment and theory
Authors: Hajda Agata , Petrusevich Elizaveta F. , Zaleśny Robert , Ośmiałowski Borys , Olesiak-Bańska Joanna
Published: January 2025

A new fluorescent probe is designed and studied for application in two-photon microscopy and amyloid staining.
Structure, kinetics, and mechanism of Pseudomonas putida sulfoquinovose dehydrogenase, the first enzyme in the sulfoglycolytic Entner-Doudoroff pathway
Authors: Burchill Laura , Sharma Mahima , Soler Niccolay Madiedo , Goddard-Borger Ethan D. , Davies Gideon J. , Williams Spencer J.
Published: January 2025

The sulfosugar sulfoquinovose (SQ) is catabolized through the sulfoglycolytic Entner-Doudoroff pathway, beginning with the oxidation of SQ to sulfogluconolactone by SQ dehydrogenase. We present a comprehensive structural and kinetic characterization of Pseudomonas putida SQ dehydrogenase (PpSQDH). PpSQDH is a tetrameric enzyme belonging to the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (SDR) superfamily with a strong preference for NAD+ over NADP+. Kinetic analysis revealed a rapid equilibrium ordered mechanism in which the NAD+ cofactor is the first substrate to bind, and NADH is the last product to dissociate. Structural studies revealed a homotetrameric structure in solution and crystals, involving cross-subunit interactions in which the C-terminus residue (Gln260) inserts into the diagonally opposite subunit to form part of the second shell of residues lining the active site. Complexes of PpSQDH with SQ or NAD+ provide insight into the recognition of SQ and together with the kinetic analysis allow the proposal of a catalytic reaction mechanism. Our findings illuminate the mechanism of SQ degradation and the evolution of the SDR superfamily for organosulfonate catabolism.
How parental factors shape the plant embryo
Authors: Wangler Alexa-Maria , Bayer Martin
Published: January 2025

Primary axis formation is the first step of embryonic patterning in flowering plants and recent findings highlight the importance of parent-of-origin effects in this process. Apical-basal patterning has a strong influence on suspensor development, an extra-embryonic organ involved in nutrient transport to the embryo at an early stage of seed development. The endosperm, a second fertilization product, nourishes the embryo at later stages of seed development. Parent-of-origin effects are phenotypic effects that depend on whether a causal gene is inherited from the mother or the father. They are discussed in the context of the parental conflict theory in relation to nutrient allocation to the offspring. Imprinting is an important mechanism leading to uniparental gene expression in the endosperm and maternal control of its development. The parental conflict theory would predict that, with limited resources available, there is a competition between paternal alleles to increase nutrient supply, allowing rapid development and seed filling. A parental conflict might therefore shape the evolution of genes that can influence the allocation of nutrients to the seeds. However, we will also discuss other possible causes that might select genes for uniparental contribution. New data show that parent-of-origin effects also occur during the early stages of embryo development. These appear to be caused primarily by the carry-over of gamete-derived factors. In this review, we will highlight the molecular pathways that control apical-basal patterning in the early embryo and discuss recent findings in the context of the parental conflict theory and alternative explanations.
Optimal allocation of energy storage coordinated with thermal power units for ramp events considering the correlation among offshore wind farms
Authors: Yu Xinyi , Bian Xiaoyan , Yin Zhiang , Lin Yi , Tang Yuchen , Sun Fengzhou
Published: January 2025

During extreme meteorological events, the output of wind farms may undergo noticeable fluctuations within short timeframes, leading to wind power ramp events (WPREs), which can result in severe disruptions to the power system, potentially causing widespread outages. However, limited studies have dedicated to addressing the adverse impacts of WPREs on the power system. Moreover, few articles consider the influence of power correlations among multiple wind farms on WPREs. This paper proposes an improved multi‐parameter segmentation algorithm for detecting WPREs based on the generation of wind farm output scenarios with different correlation coefficients. And a bi‐level optimization model is developed for the allocation of electrochemical energy storage and thermal power units to address offshore WPREs, considering the correlations among wind farms. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through case study based on the modified IEEE RTS‐24 node system. Results demonstrate that stronger correlation among wind farms lead to fewer WPREs and lower requirements for thermal power units and electrochemical energy storage capacity, thereby reducing both investment and operational costs.
Efficient high step‐down converter with soft switching and minimal components
Authors: Sehen Mohammed Ismaeel Sehen , Delshad Majid , Shalash Nadheer A. , Fani Bahador
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a novel two‐switch high step‐down converter based on the conventional Ćuk converter. The proposed converter features lower gain and higher efficiency due to reduced switching and conduction losses. Notably, it enables zero current switching turn‐on for switches without requiring additional components, enhancing its efficiency. The low voltage stress on the switches significantly impacts efficiency. Additionally, its simple topology reduces the component count, further improving efficiency. Zero current switching turn‐off condition for the diode effectively addresses reverse recovery problem. To validate its performance, a prototype operating at 200 W output power, 300 V input voltage, 24 V output voltage, and 40 kHz switching frequency is implanted.
Possible explanations for the formation of ear-like structures in young Type Ia supernova remnants
Authors: Bao Biwen , Wang Yueyang , Yang Chuyuan , Zhang Li
Published: January 2025

Several young type Ia supernova remnants (SNRs) exhibit apparent axisymmetrical deviations from spherical symmetry, manifested as two opposite ear-like protrusions in their projected morphologies. The origin of this specific feature remains debated, with several physical mechanisms proposed as possible explanations. In this work, we propose two scenarios to explain the formation of ear-like structures: (i) the feedback of cosmic-ray (CR) acceleration via an effective adiabatic index, γeff, with spatial variations, and (ii) the large-scale pre-existing density gradient in the local interstellar medium (ISM). Our cylindrical hydrodynamic simulation results reveal that both scenarios can produce prominent protrusions well beyond the main shell, resembling the peculiar features observed in several young type Ia SNRs. Additionally, based on the detailed analysis of the simulation data, we attempt to elucidate the ear-formation process and suggest that the relative positions of contact discontinuity can serve as an observational diagnosis in pursuing the origin of ear-like structures. We also discuss the following points: (i) the theoretical prediction of type Ia SNRs with “ears” and the visibility of an ear-like structure in observations; (ii) the simulation-based inference concerning the emission properties of the ear-like regions and the implications of a qualitative comparison of our results with X-ray observations; and (iii) the potential combination of different scenarios. Despite various existing models, we tend to regard our proposed scenarios as potential alternatives, whereby the ear-like structures originate in pure ejecta-ISM interaction, distinct from the ejecta-circumstellar medium (CSM) or jet-CSM models.
Distribution-free uncertainty quantification for inverse problems: Application to weak lensing mass mapping
Authors: Leterme H. , Fadili J. , Starck J.-L.
Published: January 2025

Aims. In inverse problems, the aim of distribution-free uncertainty quantification (UQ) is to obtain error bars in the reconstruction with coverage guarantees that are independent of any prior assumptions about the data distribution. This allows for a better understanding of how intermediate errors introduced during the process affect subsequent stages and ultimately influence the final reconstruction. In the context of mass mapping, uncertainties could lead to errors that affect how the underlying mass distribution is understood or that propagate to cosmological parameter estimation, thereby impacting the precision and reliability of cosmological models. Current surveys, such as Euclid or Rubin, will provide new weak lensing datasets of very high quality. Accurately quantifying uncertainties in mass maps is therefore critical to fully exploit their scientific potential and to perform reliable cosmological parameter inference.

Methods. In this paper, we extend the conformalized quantile regression (CQR) algorithm, initially proposed for scalar regression, to inverse problems. We compared our approach with another distribution-free approach based on risk-controlling prediction sets (RCPS). Both methods are based on a calibration dataset, and they offer finite-sample coverage guarantees that are independent of the data distribution. Furthermore, they are applicable to any mass mapping method, including black box predictors. In our experiments, we applied UQ to three mass-mapping methods: the Kaiser-Squires inversion, iterative Wiener filtering, and the MCALens algorithm.

Results. Our experiments reveal that RCPS tends to produce overconservative confidence bounds with small calibration sets, whereas CQR is designed to avoid this issue. Although the expected miscoverage rate is guaranteed to stay below a user-prescribed threshold regardless of the mass mapping method, selecting an appropriate reconstruction algorithm remains crucial for obtaining accurate estimates, especially around peak-like structures, which are particularly important for inferring cosmological parameters. Additionally, the choice of mass mapping method influences the size of the error bars.
Statistical investigation of solar flares showing quasi-periodicity based on STIX quick-look light curves
Authors: Szaforz Ż. , Mrozek T. , Tomczak M.
Published: January 2025

Context. The emission of radiation associated with the release of energy in solar flares is often modulated according to a quasi-oscillatory pattern. This behavior is known as quasi-periodic pulsation (QPP). In this work, the STIX instrument on board Solar Orbiter was used to study solar flares that show quasi-periodic variations in X-ray emission.

Aims. This work aimed to conduct a statistical study of the periods and amplitudes of QPPs observed in quick-look light curves of the STIX instrument.

Methods. The quick-look light curves recorded from April 14, 2020 (the beginning of the mission) to the end of March, 2022 were scrutinized. 129 flares with the most distinct pulses were selected, for which the periodicity analysis was carried out using the Lomb-Scargle periodogram and the autocorrelation method. This sample contained mostly weak B- and C-class flares.

Results. It was found that 70% of examined flares showed statistically significant oscillations. Longer periods occur less frequently than shorter ones. We also identified a relationship between the period and the duration in which the oscillations were observed.
Planetary inward migration as the potential cause of GJ 504’s fast rotation and bright X-ray luminosity
Authors: Pezzotti C. , Buldgen G. , Magaudda E. , Farnir M. , Van Grootel V. , Bellotti S. , Poppenhaeger K.
Published: January 2025

Context. The discovery of an increasing variety of exoplanets in very close orbits around their host stars raised many questions about how stars and planets interact and to what extent host stars’ properties may be influenced by the presence of close-by companions. Understanding how the evolution of stars is impacted by the interactions with their planets is indeed fundamental to disentangling their intrinsic evolution from star-planet-interaction (SPI) induced phenomena. In this context, GJ 504 is a promising candidate for a star that underwent strong SPI. Its unusually short rotational period (Prot ∼ 3.4 days), while being in contrast with what is expected of single-star models, could result from the inward migration of a close-by, massive companion (Mpl ≥ 2 MJ), pushed towards its host by the action of tides. Moreover, its brighter emission in the X-ray luminosity may hint at a rejuvenation of the dynamo process sustaining the stellar magnetic field, which is a consequence of the SPI-induced spin-up.

Aims. We aim to study the evolution of GJ 504 and establish whether by invoking the engulfment of a planetary companion we can better reproduce its rotational period and X-ray luminosity.

Methods. We simulated the past evolution of the star by assuming two different scenarios: ‘star without close-by planet’ and ‘star with close-by planet’. In the second scenario, we use our SPI code to investigate how the inward migration and eventual engulfment of a giant planet driven by stellar tides may spin-up the stellar surface and rejuvenate its dynamo. We compare our theoretical tracks with archival-rotational-period and X-ray data of GJ 504 collected from the all-sky surveys of the ROentgen Survey with an Imaging Telescope Array (eROSITA) on board the Russian Spektrum-Roentgen-Gamma mission (SRG).

Results. Despite the large uncertainty on the stellar age, we find that the second evolutionary scenario characterised by the inward migration of a massive planetary companion is in better agreement with the short rotational period and the bright X-ray luminosity of GJ 504; thus, it strongly favours the inward migration scenario over the one in which close-by planets have no tidal impact on the star.
Extreme exomoons in WASP-49 Ab: Dynamics and detectability
Authors: Sucerquia Mario , Cuello Nicolás
Published: January 2025

Context. WASP-49Ab, a low-density Saturn-like planet in a tight orbit around a Sun-like star within a wide binary system, is a compelling candidate for hosting a volcanic moon, as suggested by the detection of Doppler-shifted sodium.

Aims. This study evaluates the stability of potential satellites around WASP-49Ab under the influence of planetary oblateness, relativistic effects, and perturbations from a close companion star, focusing on their impact on light curve parameters such as transit duration and impact parameter variations, driven by the evolution of the planet’s orbit in this extreme environment.

Methods. Using N-body simulations and semi-analytical methods, we analysed moon’s dynamics across varied initial conditions and gravitational frameworks including the potential of an oblate planet and the effects of the general relativity.

Results. We find that ‘selenity’, a moon survival indicator, is high in close orbits with low eccentricity and near the Roche limit, especially for masses higher than Io’s. Stability decreases as eccentricity or distance from the planet increases. Additionally, we observe a strong destabilising resonance near 1.4 Rp when planetary eccentricities are considered to be ≳0.

Conclusions. This study confirms the potential for stable exomoons around WASP-49Ab despite its hostile environment, emphasising the importance of incorporating diverse physical effects in stability analyses, aiding future detection efforts.
Coronal bright point statistics
Authors: Kraus I. , Bourdin Ph.-A. , Zender J. , Bergmann M. , Hanslmeier A.
Published: January 2025

Context. The solar corona maintains temperatures of a million Kelvin or more. The plasma heating mechanisms responsible for these extreme temperatures are still unclear. Large regions of magnetic activity in the photosphere cause extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emission in the corona. Even smaller regions with bipolar and multipolar magnetic fields can generate coronal bright points (CBPs).

Aims. We performed a statistical analysis of 346 CBPs. We used Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) images to track CBPs on a continuous basis. Therefore, we were able to collect a database of information on the CPB’s lifetime, shape, polarity, flux emergence, and merging behavior, as well as their magnetic evolution, using the SDO Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (SDO-HMI) instrument.

Methods. We searched the SDO data archive for the longest continuous interval of uninterrupted observations in 2015. The longest such interval contains 12 consecutive days of full-disk images from the EUV channels of the SDO-AIA instrument. To analyze the properties of CBPs, we employed an automated tracking algorithm to follow the evolution of the CBPs. Furthermore, we manually checked the shape, underlying magnetic polarities, and merging behavior of each CBP.

Results. We provide statistics on the magnetic polarity, emergence, and merging of CBPs. We established a relationship between the CBP’s merging behavior and both its shape and magnetic polarities. Brighter CBPs are visible in all SDO-AIA channels and exhibit strong radiative energy losses. The category of CBPs with a bipolar field has the highest probability of being emissive in all SDO-AIA channels. The majority of CBPs have two opposite polarities below them.

Conclusions. The merging of two CBPs is an unusual phenomenon that is related to complex multipolar magnetic regions. Moreover, loop-shaped CBPs usually appear above bipolar fields. Faint CBPs have shorter lifetimes and are less likely to merge with another CBP.
Possible contributions of two nearby blazars to the NGC 4151 neutrino hotspot
Authors: Omeliukh A. , Barnier S. , Inoue Y.
Published: January 2025

Context. The origin of the high-energy astrophysical neutrinos discovered by IceCube remains unclear, with both blazars and Seyfert galaxies emerging as potential sources. Recently, the IceCube Collaboration reported a ∼3σ neutrino signal from the direction of the nearby Seyfert galaxy NGC 4151. However, two gamma-ray-loud BL Lac objects, 4FGL 1210.3+3928 and 4FGL J1211.6+3901, lie close to NGC 4151, at angular distances of 0.08° and 0.43°, respectively.

Aims. We investigated the potential contribution of these two blazars to the observed neutrino signal from the direction of NGC 4151 and assessed their detectability with future neutrino observatories.

Methods. We modeled the multiwavelength spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of both blazars using a self-consistent numerical radiation code, AM3. We calculated their neutrino spectra and compared them to the measured NGC 4151 neutrino spectrum and future neutrino detector sensitivities.

Results. The SED of 4FGL 1210.3+3928 revealed a feature that cannot be explained with a purely leptonic model, suggesting the presence of protons in the jet. Our model predicts neutrino emission peaking above ∼1017 eV with fluxes of ∼10−12 erg cm−2 s−1 for this source. The SED of 4FGL J1211.6+3901 can be explained with both leptonic and leptohadronic models. The contribution of these two blazars to the ∼10 TeV neutrino signal observed from the direction of NGC 4151 can only be minor. Still, future radio-based neutrino telescopes such as IceCube-Gen2’s radio array and GRAND may be able to detect high-energy neutrinos from these two potential neutrino sources.
Green e-commerce supply chain analysis considering delivery time under epistemic uncertainty based on confidence level
Authors: Gao Rong , Hua Kexin
Published: January 2025

Due to the growth of e-commerce and increasing demand for eco-friendly consumption, the green e-commerce supply chain has received significant attention recently. Additionally, the delivery time of products can significantly impact market demand in the online channel. However, due to incomplete historical data, epistemic uncertainty will inevitably arise when estimating the demand for green products. Therefore, by applying uncertainty theory, we propose an uncertain demand function based on greenness and delivery time, thus introducing delivery time into an uncertain green e-commerce supply chain comprising an e-commerce platform and a green manufacturer. Based on the above, chance-constrained models considering the confidence level associated with members’ risk attitude are constructed and solved for five scenarios, including the integrated scenario, the green manufacturer- dominant scenarios under the wholesale sales model and the platform sales model, as well as the cost-sharing scenarios under both sales models. The results show that the increasing cost parameter of green investment and the increasing maximum cost of delivery negatively affect the behavioral performance of the supply chain. Moreover, the choice of sales models by the e-commerce platform and the manufacturer is related to their attitude to risk.
Olfactory Dysfunction in Children and Adolescents—A Diagnostic Pathway
Authors: Gellrich Janine , Lohrer Elisabeth C. , Hummel Thomas , Schriever Valentin A.
Published: January 2025

Olfactory disorders have so far played a subordinate role in pediatric care, although children can also be affected. Due to a lack of awareness, the diagnosis can often only be made after numerous visits to the doctor, although it can significantly impact the quality of life. Olfactory disorders in adults are usually acquired, while congenital causes dominate in children. To date, there are no specific recommendations for diagnosis in children. This article deals with the prevalence, causes, and diagnostic approaches of olfactory disorders in pediatrics. A structured diagnostic approach is fundamental, including a medical history and psychophysical olfactory tests, supplemented by specific examinations depending on the suspected diagnosis. Therapeutic approaches are limited, with a focus on counseling and olfactory training.
Influence of Direct Oral Anticoagulant Levels and Thrombin Generation on Postoperative Bleeding [SONAR]: A Nested Case–Control Study
Authors: Shaw Joseph R. , Li Na , Grussé Matthieu , Van Dreden Patrick , St John Melanie , Nixon Joanne , Spyropoulos Alex C. , Schulman Sam , Levy Jerrold H. , Carrier Marc , Douketis James D.
Published: January 2025

Background A direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) concentration threshold above which an impact on surgical hemostasis starts to occur is unknown. Thrombin generation assays (TGAs) provide a measure of the coagulation phenotype. This study aimed to determine whether preoperative TGA parameters are associated with postoperative bleeding, and whether this is partly due to residual DOAC levels.

Materials and Methods We conducted a nested case–control study using samples from apixaban/rivaroxaban-treated patients with atrial fibrillation from the PAUSE (Perioperative Anticoagulation Use for Surgery Evaluation) perioperative study. Cases were participants with postoperative major or clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding; controls were participants without bleeding. DOAC levels were measured using a chromogenic anti-Xa assay (BIOPHEN DiXaI; rivaroxaban/apixaban calibrators). TGA parameters were measured using calibrated automated thrombography.

Generalized linear mixed models and causal mediation analyses were used to evaluate the relationship between DOAC levels, TGA parameters, and bleeding.

Results Forty eight cases were matched to 474 controls. Residual DOAC levels were higher in cases than controls (p¼0.03) and each TGA parameter was correlated with residual DOAC levels (p<0.05). A longer lag time (LT; odds ratio [OR]¼1.319 per minute [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.077–1.617]) and time-to-peak (TTP; OR¼1.154 per minute [95% CI: 1.028–1.296]) were associated with an increased odds of bleeding; higher peak (OR¼0.994 per nM [95% CI: 0.989–0.998]) and mean velocity rate index (mVRI; OR¼0.986 per nM/min [95% CI: 0.976–0.996]) were associated with a lower odds of bleeding. The effect of apixaban/rivaroxaban levels on bleeding was mediated by altered TGA parameters (LT, TTP, peak, mVRI).

Conclusion These findings support a measurable effect from low residual DOAC levels on thrombin generation and suggest a causal contribution of both toward bleeding.
The Use of Premedication for Intubating Very Low Birth Weight Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Results of a National Survey
Authors: DeMartino Cassandra , Neches Sara , Gray Megan M. , Sawyer Taylor , Johnston Lindsay
Published: January 2025

Objective This study aimed to explore barriers and perspectives of premedication use for non-emergent intubations of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants (<1,500 g).

Study Design A cross-sectional, online survey was distributed from January to April 2023 to members of the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests.

Results Of the 521 respondents, the majority (81%, n = 415) were neonatologists. Over half of respondents (69%, n = 359) consider patient weight when selecting premedication. Most providers (78%, n = 407) agreed that premedication should be used for non-emergent intubation of VLBW infants, while only 41% (n = 216) felt similarly that muscle relaxants should be used. For infants over 1,500 g, 43% (n = 153) reported frequent or regular muscle relaxant use compared with 28% (n = 101) for VLBW infants. The most cited barrier to muscle relaxant use was surfactant delivery with a planned return to non-invasive support. Unit guidelines were associated with significantly more premedication and muscle relaxant use (56 vs. 44%; odds ratio [OR] = 5.2, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.4–7.7, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion Most neonatal providers favor premedication for non-emergent intubation but are hesitant to use muscle relaxants for VLBW infants. Premedication guidelines may facilitate the use of both premedication and muscle relaxants for this population.

Key Points
Advances in Synthesis and anti-Alzheimer's Potential of Functionalized Benzofurans: A Recent Overview
Authors: Kushwaha Pragati , Yadav Rashi , Bhardwaj Ayush , Khan Danish
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer's disease (AD) comes under progressive neurodegenerative disorders which is the leading cause of dementia affecting the aged population. The available drugs for AD treatment are just palliative and not curative, further these drugs have severe side effects. Therefore, there is a significant demand for novel, potent, and safe molecules as anti-Alzheimer's agents with diverse mechanisms of action. Benzofuran derivatives are one of the versatile and ubiquitous scaffolds being developed as potential candidates against AD. While benzofuran analogues have not yet resulted in widely approved AD treatments, these molecules remain a significant focus of AD drug discovery because of their multi-targeted approach and promising preclinical results. The ongoing research into these molecules holds potential for future clinical applications as anti-AD agents. In light of this, the present review outlined recent advances of the synthesis and potent anti-AD activities reported. The sole purpose of this review is to shed light on the design and development of these molecules with high efficacy and reduced toxicity against AD.
A Scalable, Chromatography-Free Synthesis of the Potent and Highly Selective ERβ Agonist EGX358
Authors: Donaldson William A. , Chaudhury Subhabrata , Thennakoon Dulanjali , Wetzel Edward A.
Published: January 2025

4-[trans-4-(Hydroxymethyl)cyclohexyl]phenol (EGX358) is a potent and highly selective estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) agonist which has demonstrated efficacy for moderation of a chemically induced hot flash and for memory consolidation in an ovariectomized mouse model for menopause. An improved synthetic route to EGX358 is reported which proceeds in four steps and which is chromatography-free.
Diagram of amorphous–crystalline state of thin nitrogen monoxide films
Authors: Krainyukova N. V. , Strzhemechnyĭ M. A.
Published: January 2025

The structural states of solid N2O as functions of the effective thickness δ of the condensate obtained from the gaseous state and of the condensation temperature Td at a fixed cooling rate are investigated by the transmission electron diffraction method. It is found that nitrogen monoxide has a peculiar (among cryocrystals) ability to form relatively stable amorphous states depending on the indicated parameters of deposition and heat removal during condensation. The shape of the state diagram plotted in the (Td, δ) coordinates is determined by the thermal conductivity of the solid condensate and the substrate.
Observation of extreme enhancement of superconducting properties of the middle Nb/AI layer in double-barrier tunnel structures
Authors: Nevirkovets I. P. , Blamire M. G. , Evetts J. E.
Published: January 2025

Double tunnel junctions Nb/Al−AlOx−Nb′/Al−AlOx−Nb and NB/Al/Nb′/Al−A10x–Nb″/Al−A10x−Nb′/Al/Nb have been fabricated and investigated. It is found that if the thickness of the Nb′/Al(Nb″/Al) bilayers is of the order of the coherence length in Nb, and the superconductivity of the thin Nb′ (Nb″) layers is originally suppressed, the enhancement of superconductivity of the middle Nb′/Al bilayers in the first type of devices occurs at T = 4.2 K. The effect of enhancement of the superconductivity of the Nb′/Al bilayer in the first type of structures as compared to the superconductivity of the Nb ″/Al bilayer in the second type of structures involves an increase in both the superconducting energy gap and the dc Josephson critical current density measured across the layers at V = 0. These effects are supposed to be due to induction of superconductivity (proximity effect) in the thin Nb′/Al bilayer from the outermost Nb electrodes exhibiting stronger superconductivity through the tunnel barriers.
Health provider perspectives on establishing service linkages for treatment and follow-up from an Australian, web-based STI testing service: a qualitative study
Authors: Ludwick Teralynn , Walsh Olivia , Cardwell Ethan T. , Fairley Christopher K. , Tomnay Jane , Hocking Jane S. , Kong Fabian Y. S.
Published: January 2025

Background Web-based, testing for sexually transmitted infections (STI) is becoming increasingly available. However, treatment pathways from web-based services are often not well-coordinated, contributing to treatment delays and access gaps. This study investigated clinician perspectives on building service linkages with a new, web-based, STI testing service in Victoria, Australia. Methods We interviewed 16 clinicians from regional/outer metropolitan areas who are part of government-funded, primary care programs to strengthen sexual health services in Victoria. Interviews enquired about: clinician attitudes, considerations for managing referrals, compatibility with clinic systems, and broader policy/healthcare system factors. Results Clinicians were enthusiastic, perceived web-based services as complementary (not competition), and believed local treatment pathways were important for patient choice/access. They felt that administrative aspects of handling referrals from an online service could be managed without problems. To inform treatment, clinicians recommended that referral letters from the web-based service list all tests ordered, dates, and complete results. Tensions were raised regarding the utility and appropriateness of including treatment guidelines and pre-prepared prescriptions in referral letters. Respondents reported that most clinics did not stock injectable antibiotics, raising concerns by clinicians about potential treatment delays and privacy challenges related to patient-led procurement at pharmacies. Conclusions Our study suggests that clinicians are receptive to local treatment pathways being designed as part of web-based STI testing services, and strengthened service linkages could improve client access, particularly outside urban areas. Capacity-building and additional resourcing of local partner clinics may be needed to support decentralised, patient-centred treatment pathways.
The Boundary between Grammar and Lexicon
Authors: de Chene Brent
Published: January 2025

All linguists recognize that competence in a natural language involves knowledge of a lexicon or dictionary; most assume that it also involves knowledge of a grammatical system. Just where the boundary between the lexicon and the grammar lies, however, is a question on which there is little consensus. This problem arises in particular with regard to the field of morphology, with many morphologists taking all morpheme combinations to result from the operation of the syntactic computational system and many others assuming that morphological units like stems and words are either lexically listed or created by nonsyntactic means. The present study, using Japanese and Ryukyuan verbal morphology as its primary database, argues that evidence from the syntactic branch of the grammar and evidence from the phonological branch of the grammar converge on the conclusion that, while inflectional morphology is fully syntactic, derivational morphology has properties that militate against a syntactic treatment. The boundary between grammar and lexicon, then, falls at the boundary between inflection and derivation, rendering morphology “split” between syntactic and nonsyntactic subparts. The book should be of interest not only to morphologists, but to all concerned with the distinction between grammatical and lexical competence.
Proton arc therapy plan optimization with energy layer pre-selection driven by organ at risk sparing and delivery time
Authors: Wuyckens Sophie , Janssens Guillaume , Chocan Vera Macarena , Sundström Johan , Di Perri Dario , Sterpin Edmond , Souris Kevin , Lee John A
Published: January 2025

Objective. As proton arc therapy (PAT) approaches clinical implementation, optimizing treatment plans for this innovative delivery modality remains challenging, especially in addressing arc delivery time. Existing algorithms for minimizing delivery time are either optimal but computationally demanding or fast but at the expense of sacrificing many degrees of freedom. In this study, we introduce a flexible method for pre-selecting energy layers (EL) in PAT treatment planning before the actual robust spot weight optimization. Approach. Our EL pre-selection method employs metaheuristics to minimize a bi-objective function, considering a dynamic delivery time proxy and tumor geometrical coverage penalized as a function of selected organs-at-risk crossing. It is capable of parallelizing multiple instances of the problem. We evaluate the method using three different treatment sites, providing a comprehensive dosimetric analysis benchmarked against dynamic proton arc plans generated with early energy layer selection and spot assignment (ELSA) and IMPT plans in RayStation TPS. Result. The algorithm efficiently generates Pareto-optimal EL pre-selections in approximately 5 min. Subsequent PAT treatment plans derived from these selections and optimized within the TPS, demonstrate high-quality target coverage, achieving a high conformity index, and effective sparing of organs at risk. These plans meet clinical goals while achieving a 20%–40% reduction in delivery time compared to ELSA plans. Significance. The proposed algorithm offers speed and efficiency, producing high-quality PAT plans by placing proton arc sectors to efficiently reduce delivery time while maintaining good target coverage and healthy tissues sparing.
Identifying the current penetration depth in high-Tc superconducting bulks through levitation force measurements
Authors: Brooks Justin , Porteous Luke , Storey James G , Badcock Rodney
Published: January 2025

High-T

c
superconducting REBa2Cu3O

7
−
x

(REBCO) bulks are actively researched for use in superconducting magnetic bearings (SMBs). SMBs are attractive in applications which require zero friction, ultra high speeds, or integration within cryogenic environments. However, SMBs are limited by low stiffness values compared to mechanical bearings, prohibiting their use in turbulent environments such as rocketry or aviation. To improve the performance of SMBs, a comprehensive understanding of the precise distribution of currents and magnetic fields within the material during magnetic suspension is required. Hence, the results of vertical and lateral levitation force measurements between a single directional melt growth REBCO bulk and an NdFeB magnet are reported. The measurements are carried out between 77 K and 90 K and for bulk thickness between 0.5 mm to 4.5 mm. By reducing the bulk thickness, the depth to which the induced currents penetrate the bulk is identified in zero-field cooling conditions. At 77 K, the current and magnetic field occupy the top 1 mm, closest to the magnet. By reducing the bulk thickness further, the levitation force profiles vary significantly. Field-cooling results are similarly impacted; reducing the bulk thickness below 1 mm dramatically reduces the lateral stiffness. The above results are interpreted using finite element simulations employing experimentally measured Jc
(B,θ) data from the bulk, following the completion of the levitation force measurement routine. These results are relevant for future bearing designs, helping to inform the optimal distribution of superconducting material for a given application.
Markov chain-based method for degree distribution of evolving networks
Authors: Xiao Yue , Zhang Xiaojun
Published: January 2025

In the study of the degree distribution of evolving networks, the theoretical solution of the degree distribution of networks with node preference deletion has not been solved, and accordingly, subsequent application research based on degree distribution cannot be carried out. This paper improves the most efficient method for solving degree distribution, SPR, and proposes an enhanced stochastic process rule-based (ESPR) Markov chain method so that it can handle networks with node preference deletion. By redesigning the evolution rule, ESPR simulates the natural evolution process of networks with node transfer and keeps the topological structure and statistical properties of the network in ESPR consistent with it. Then, based on this rule, the change of network degree distribution can be characterized by the Markov chain, which significantly reduces the complexity of solving the nonlinear problem of node preference deletion. We use two theorems to show that this method not only targets the degree distribution of networks with node preference deletion but is also compatible with the functions of SPR, providing a complete theoretical framework for solving degree distribution. In addition, the method proposed in this paper can be used to study the instantaneous attitude distribution of networks and can be applied to more complex statistical discussions such as degree correlation.
Azimuthal correlation anisotropies in p + p collisions simulated using Pythia*
Authors: Torres Manuel Sebastian , Feng 冯 Yicheng 毅程 , Wang 王 Fuqiang 福强
Published: January 2025

Stimulated by a keen interest in possible collective behavior in high-energy proton-proton and proton-nucleus collisions, we study two-particle angular correlations in pseudorapidity and azimuthal differences in simulated p + p interactions using the Pythia 8 event generator. Multi-parton interactions and color connection are included in these simulations, which have been perceived to produce collectivity in final-state particles. Meanwhile, contributions from genuine few-body nonflow correlations, not of collective flow behavior, are known to be severe in these small-system collisions. We present our Pythia correlation studies pedagogically and report azimuthal harmonic anisotropies analyzed using several methods. We observe anisotropies in these Pythia simulated events qualitatively and semi-quantitatively, similar to experimental data. Our findings highlight the delicate nature of azimuthal anisotropies in small-system collisions and provide a benchmark that can aid in improving data analysis and interpreting experimental measurements in small-system collisions.
Experimental identification of I-mode characteristics at the edge of FIRE mode in KSTAR
Authors: Heo Chweeho , Park SangJin , Choi GyungJin , Kim Jaewook , Kim Eun-jin , Jeon YoungMu , Choi Minjun J. , Han Hyunsun , Sung Choongki , Hahm TaikSoo , Na Yong-Su
Published: January 2025

The edge region of the recently discovered fast ion-regulated enhancement mode (FIRE mode) (Han and Park et al 2022 Nature
609 269–275), which primarily operates in the unfavorable ion

∇
B

drift configuration, is investigated in detail for the first time. An ion temperature pedestal is identified, while the edge electron density profile remains at low-confinement mode (L-mode) level, displaying characteristics of the edge profiles in improved energy confinement mode (I-mode). The weakly coherent mode (WCM) is observed at around 50 kHz in the spectrum of edge electron density fluctuations measured by beam emission spectroscopy. The weakly coherent feature becomes more pronounced as the amplitude of intermediate-frequency fluctuations (approximately 10–30 kHz) decreases, coinciding with a rise in the height of the temperature pedestal. The WCM propagates in the ion diamagnetic drift direction in the laboratory frame, but its propagation direction in the E × B flow frame has yet to be determined. Nonlinear phase coupling between the low-frequency density fluctuation components and the WCMs is identified, indicating the presence of zonal density. This coupling typically occurs as the H-mode transition approaches, and its potential link to a regulatory process is discussed. When the coupling manifests, intermittent bursts are observed concurrently, not just at the radial location where the WCM amplitude peaks, but throughout the edge region. No other coherent oscillations with finite frequency have been detected thus far.
Geometric description of a gliding grey-headed albatross (Thalassarche chrysostoma) for computer-aided design
Authors: Schoombie J , Craig K J , Smith L
Published: January 2025

Albatrosses are increasingly drawing attention from the scientific community due to their remarkable flight capabilities. Recent studies suggest that grey-headed albatrosses (GHA) may be the fastest and most energy-efficient of the albatross species, yet no attempts have been made to replicate their wing design. A key factor in aircraft design is the airfoil, which remains uncharacterized for the GHA. Other critical aspects, such as wing twist and dihedral/anhedral, also remain unquantified for any albatross species. This study aimed to fill this gap in the current knowledge by extracting detailed morphological data from a GHA wing to recreate digitally. A well-preserved dried GHA wing was scanned in the presence of airflow in a wind tunnel, at conditions that represent a GHA in gliding flight. Wing cross-sections were extracted and smoothed to produce a series of airfoils along the wing span. The 3D properties such as wing dihedral/anhedral, sweep and twist were also extracted and used to build a CAD model of the wing. Variations in airfoil shape were observed along the wing span, with thicker, more cambered airfoils near the wing base. The model wing’s camber was slightly higher, particularly in the arm section, but overall matched flight photographs. The body, tail, and bill were modelled based on available photographs and known dimensions from literature and merged with the wing to form the final bill-body-wing-tail model. This model is based on real GHA morphology under aerodynamic pressure, in gliding flight. Although geometric changes due to scanner interference remain a limitation of this method, the extracted geometric data still provide valuable insights into wing performance under varying conditions. The geometry can also be fully parameterized for complex simulations, aiding studies of GHA aerodynamics and engineering design, such as in aircraft or wind turbines at similar Reynolds numbers.