bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Movement Maintenance and Reorganization
Authors: Staggenborg Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Few abortion law repeal supporters had anticipated the sweeping changes in the abortion laws brought about by the January 22, 1973, Supreme Court decision. After a major success like Roe v. Wade, activists in the pro-choice movement might have been expected to savor the victory and fold up shop. Indeed, social scientists (see Luker, 1984:241; Tatalovich and Daynes, 1981:101; Zald and Useem, 1987) and popular commentators alike have made the mistake of assuming that this is in fact what happened. Reconstructions of the history of the abortion conflict have claimed that the pro-choice movement rested on its laurels while the anti-abortion countermovement suddenly mobilized in the wake of Roe v.Wade, and that it was not until the late 1970s (or early 1980s), in response to the shock of countermovement victories, that the pro-choice movement remobilized.
Introduction
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

Quantum mechanics as developed in the standard textbooks, and as applied to elementary particle physics in the standard model, is understood to be complex’ quantum mechanics: The wave functions and probability amplitudes are represented by complex numbers. However, it has been known since the 1930s that more general quantum mechanical systems, and in particular a quaternionic quantum mechanics, can in principle be constructed (Birkhoff and von Neumann, 1936).
One-Particle Quantum Mechanics-General Formalism
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

We begin the discussion of nonrelativistic quaternionic quantum mechanics by analyzing the allowed form of H for a single-particle system. We will assume, as is done in complex nonrelativistic quantum mechanics, that H is invariant under Galilean transformations and that the kinetic or noninteracting part of H is rotation and translation invariant. In analyzing the implications of these assumptions, we follow the method used in Sec. 13-4 of Jauch (1968a) in the complex quantum mechanics case [see also Mackey (1968), and Feynman as described in Dyson (1990)], and so work in the coordinate representation (cf. Sec. 2.4), and use the Heisenberg picture (cf. Sec. 3.3) to describe time evolution. For brevity of notation, we omit the subscript H for Heisenberg picture operators and denote the coordinate representation Hamiltonian H(x) as simply H2.
Multiparticle and Multichannel Methods
Authors: Adler Stephen L
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters we have given a detailed discussion of quaternionic scattering theory for the case of a single particle incident on a fixed external scattering potential. In complex quantum mechanics the external potential problem is of course only an idealized model, obtained from the physically more realistic case of multiparticle scattering when all particles except the incoming projectile are very heavy, or, in the case of the space-translationinvariant two-body problem, as the exact formulation of the internal motion after separation of the center of mass motion.
Ignorance in the “Knowledge” Society: The Technically Uninformed Customer
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

According to almost unanimous contemporary opinion, America has become a post industrial society. Writers differ on de tails, but the one theme upon which all agree is that the post industrial society is one in which education is fundamental. Ours is an age of information, a knowledge society. As sociologist Daniel Bell argued in his influential book, The Coming of Post-Industrial Society, one of the major features of a post industrial society is what he called the “centrality of theoretical knowledge.”
Morality and the Marketplace
Authors: Blumberg Paul
Published: November 2023

Twentieth-century critics of capitalism have directed most of their fire on the system ‘s economic weaknesses rather than on its moral deficiencies. Radical critics have focused on such economic problems of capitalism as inflation and depression, poverty and unemployment, waste and inefficiency, and the general anarchy of production. While some of these problems have moral components, most critics have not gone much be yond their economic significance. In their analysis, further more, most radicals have accepted Marx ‘s assumption that capitalism will inevitably fail and have repeatedly predicted that the system cannot long endure.
Homosexuality
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The aim of this chapter is to give an account of a complex cultural phenomenon solely through the eyes of Attic comic poets; it is hoped that their evidence and viewpoints concerning homosexuality will shed light on this subject about which all too little has been written, and that the material analyzed here will provide some clues for the unraveling of the knotty problems facing researchers who deal with broader questions than can be dealt with in this book
Rites of Roman Matrons
Authors: Kraemer Ross Shepard
Published: November 2023

We have seen that the religious practices of ancient Greek women reflected the degree of social and physical insulation and isolation that characterized their lives. When we turn to a consideration of the religious practices associated with elite Roman women, we should .expect to find similar correlations between social experience and religious practices and beliefs.
Exodus
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

In their reflections upon the meaning of the Emancipation Proclamation, Afro-American freed men and freed women and their folk theologians realized that a decisive event of biblical narrative had become an occurrence in their own historical experience. Lincoln’s presidential order, following upon the cataclysm of civil war, demonstrated that the miraculous exodus of Hebrew slaves out of Egyptian bondage could become a mundane reality in contemporary terms. The implications of that lesson, reinforcing earlier apprehensions of divine providence and prophetic fulfillment, also promised future repetitions. The likelihood of ongoing recapitulations of biblical narrative became immediately accessible, even compelling, to the religious apprehension of thousands. Henceforth more than a minority of believers and converts would be convinced of the possibility that through prayer and expectation, through acts of obedience and righteousness, black folk could inherit divine promises of prosperity and freedom. Furthermore, an apparent precondition for such bestowals would appear to be their linkage to biblical models. That singular instance, the link between Lincoln’s role in the emancipation and Moses’ role in the Exodus, would distinguish itself as a kind of paradigm. In this manner a new development in the ancient tradition of biblical typology emerged in the collective psyche of a displaced people.
Wisdom
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I intensify my efforts to explore, in theoretical terms, African American cultural referents involving conjure. We will see how conjure and its related phenomena can constitute, in the words of one observer, a “new source of intellectual fermentation … [involving] magic, precognition, imagination,” but which “the experts of facts do not know or recognize.” Because they exclude magical categories from their cognitive universe, such “experts” inevitably preclude, “at the level of discourse,” serious consideration of “the nature of black cultural reality.”2 Precisely because magical categories are so vexed or problematic in contemporary academic discourse, I have chosen the expedient of framing this philosophical discussion in terms of the wisdom traditions of African and African American oral cultures. Before proceeding, however, it is illuminating to note how the African American philosopher Cornel West has addressed such problems of discourse in black studies. For his part, West is not as optimistic as many ‘Afrocentric’ scholars about efforts “to articulate a competing Afro-American philosophy based principally on African norms and notions.” In West’s judgment, “it is likely that the result would be theoretically thin,” not, however, because African cultures lack the materials for discursive depth, but because African American thought is ineluctably more American than African.
Gospel
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

In the following sections I examine the black Christian solution to a millennial problem in Christian praxis: the threefold problem of (1) how to initiate victims in an imitation of Jesus that navigates between the two poles, equally contrary to his persona in the gospels, of docility and enmity; and in conjunction, (2) how to induce victimizers to desire their own imitation of the God who saves victims, over against their continued practices of victimization; and finally (3) how to provide, for both prospective victims and incipient victimizers, a nonconflictual model for the resolution of rivalry and acquisitive, “mimetic desire” (Girard). In the quest for a nonviolent praxis, such a model is called upon to terminate and deter victimization, and thus regenerate culture on the basis of new and nonviolent forms of imitation and the will-to-power. The traditional Christianity of black North Americans offers an instructive case study for addressing such problems. This chapter treats black Christianity as the primary source of the civil rights activism of Martin Luther King, Jr. I investigate King’s religious heritage for its power simultaneously to overturn ethnic victimization and to transform the victimizer—for its power to realize what he called “the beloved community.”2 That power resides, by hypothesis, in a performative tradition of mimesis in black religion.
Apocalypse
Authors: Smith Theophus H
Published: November 2023

This final chapter completes the sequence of biblical figures which the first chapter inaugurated with a review ofJames Weldon Johnson’s God’s Trombones. Recall that Johnson’s Afro-American classic begins with “The Creation” and ends with “The Judgment Day.” It thereby recapitulates the monumental span of the Christian Scriptures, from the Book of Genesis to the Book of Revelation or Apocalypse (Greek apo-kalupsis: un-veiled or un-hidden; hence, revealed). Following in that same tradition—the Afro-American tradition of biblical figuralism—the present study also spans biblical books and themes, beginning with the Genesis and Exodus figures in the early chapters and concluding with the Apocalypse in the present chapter. Yet, it should be noted, concluding with Apocalypse is not merely a formal or aesthetic requirement of this project. Rather, attention to apocalyptic figuration is integral to a display of the full range and interests of African American conjurational spirituality. Despite this centrality the topic was, until recently, neglected in evaluations of black religion—as the historian Donald Mathews indicates in the excerpt quoted.2
The Three Routes to the East
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

As a result of the military/colonizing venture of the Crusades and the heightened trade that followed, Europe, in the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries, finally attached itself more firmly to the ongoing world system. But we have not yet examined this preexistent and complex system of trade that, at least from the ninth century, passed through the geographic heartland of the system, the land bridge of the eastern Mediterranean that guarded three routes of access to the Orient (Figure 5): the northern route from Constantinople across the land mass of Central Asia, the central route connecting the Mediterranean with the Indian Ocean via Baghdad, Basra, and the Persian Gulf, and the southerly route that linked the Alexandria-Cairo-Red Sea complex with the Arabian Sea and then the Indian Ocean.
The Indian Ocean System: Divided Into Three Parts
Authors: Abu-Lughod Janet L
Published: November 2023

In the thirteenth century and considerably before as well, the Asian sea trade that traversed the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, and the South China Sea was subdivided into three interlocking circuits, each within the shared “control” of a set of political and economic actors who were largely, although certainly not exclusively, in charge of exchanges with adjacent zones. (See Figure 10.) The primary basis for these divisions was geographic, although these geographically determined zones were gradually converted into cultural domains as well.
The Passage of the Supplement
Authors: Majles the
Published: November 2023

Within a few days, nearly one thousand people followed Nuri to Shahabdolazim. Of these, eighteen were high-ranking and thirty middle-ranking olama; fifty were preachers and low-ranking mollahs; three hundred were tollab, two hundred small shopkeepers, one hundred domestic servants, and some two hundred idle followers seeking free meals.1 The bast, like previous basts staged by the constitutionalists, was well organized and well provided for. Daily sermons and lectures instructed the crowd on the reasons why Nuri and his companions had turned against the constitution, which they had initially supported.
The Missionary Call
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the central idea and personal experience that traditionally has launched missionary careers, and upon which evangelicals continue to base their key motivation for a long-term commitment to foreign mission—the notion of an individualized divine call to spread the gospel of Christ throughout the world. As I began my inquiry among HCJB members in Ecuador in the 1980s, I wondered to what extent the nineteenth-century mission mevement’s ideal of “the call” might resonate in the testimonies of contemporary evangelicals.
Living Out the Call on the Mission Field
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the elaboration of moral careers on the mission field. As we have seen in their narratives of early life, missionaries often see themselves as having been set apart in moral and psychological terms, before they leave home. On foreign soil they tend to assume a cultural posture that dramatizes their prior strangerhood in several dimensions. First, they approach the host culture as an abstract matrix of otherness in which to develop a personal mission. Second, they look back on their home country from an expatriate’s remove. Third, these missionaries become members of an ambiguous community—an enclave whose character derives from a shared sense of cultural and moral set-apartness, even while its identity is bound up with the ideal of a mission that is to breach all barriers, transcend all boundaries, with the gospel of Christ.
Missionary Strangerhood and American Evangelical Identity
Authors: Swanson Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

The preceding chapters have illustrated how various layers of strangerhood combine to form a complex ideological theme in the self-understanding and social experience of missionaries. We have seen how a group of American evangelicals in a foreign setting may appropriate the rhetoric of calling in order to interpret diverse conditions of cultural and existential estrangement in their lives. We have examined ways in which missionary identities are shaped through generalized ambivalence arising from repeated experiences of withdrawal and engagement, conflict and embrace, dependence and autonomy. We have seen, in particular, how missionaries may elaborate moral careers as they reflect on their experiences over time, in the light of culturally stylized ideas about life-as-conversion-testimony. Finally, we have noted that such missionaries are able to resolve developmental predicaments, domesticate foreignness, and transcend disenchantment through a reformulation of the traditional imagery of mission-as-sacrificial-hero-quest.
Germany
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

In 1889 Germany became the first nation in the world to enact a national compulsory old-age and invalidity pension system. This scheme was one of several social insurance programs introduced in Germany during the 1880s, starting with enactment of sickness insurance in 1883 and industrial accident insurance in 1884. In view of its being the world’s first national old-age pension scheme and in view of the impact this program has had on subsequent developments in other nations, we will want to take a close look at the structure of the original program and the factors contributing to its enactment.
United Kingdom
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

While old-age pensions came to Britain relatively early (1908), such schemes had already been enacted in many other nations, several even before the tum of the century (e.g., Germany, 1889; Denmark, 1891; and New Zealand, 1898). This suggests that factors other than industrialization must be taken into consideration in any effort to account for differences between nations with respect to the timing of the introduction of these first pension systems.
Nigeria
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

Nigeria’s large population and substantial oil resources make it one of the most influential nations in sub-Saharan Africa.1 In 1961 it became the first African nation to introduce a provident fund plan. The National Provident Fund (NPF) served as a model for similar schemes in several other African nations. While each sub-Saharan African nation has its unique characteristics, such as substantial oil resources in Nigeria’s case, they share many characteristics. Most went through comparable colonial experiences, have relatively small modem sectors, and have heterogeneous populations with deep religious, ethnic, and linguistic cleavages. In many ways the development of old-age social security policy in Nigeria is similar to that in other nations of sub-Saharan Africa, but in some respects it differs. For both reasons we will want to make comparisons with developments in other subSaharan nations.
Toward an Empirical and Theoretical Synthesis
Authors: Williamson John B , Pampel Fred C
Published: November 2023

While the seven historical case studies presented in the preceding chapters each involved some comparative analysis, the focus was on accounting for developments in a specific country, and relatively little effort was made to generalize about oldage security policy. In the previous chapter an effort was made to test several hypotheses derived in part from these historical case studies, but due to the constraints of available data, that analysis was limited to a few key issues. In this chapter our goal is to synthesize the findings of both the qualitative case studies and the quantitative analysis. While the emphasis will be on generalizations derived from the case studies, where appropriate these generalizations will be based on or qualified in light of our quantitative analysis.
The Garden of Priapus
Authors: Richlin Amy
Published: November 2023

Statues of the god Priapus stood in Roman gardens to warn potential thieves that the god would rape them if they attempted to steal from him. Amy Richlin argues that the attitude of sexual aggressiveness in defence of a bounded area serves as a model for Roman satire from Lucilius to Juvenal. Using literary, anthropological, psychological, and feminist methodologies, she suggests that aggressive sexual humour reinforces aggressive behaviour on both the individual and societal level, and that Roman satire provides an insight into Roman culture.
An End to Sociology?
Authors: Birnbaum Norman
Published: November 2023

No international sociological congress I have attended (and I have been at every one since 1953) has neglected the question, is there a crisis in sociology? Upon occasion, the question has pervaded, even dominated, formal congress discussion. Upon others, it has constituted a substratum of criticism, in contrast with the certainties expressed in the official proceedings. We may doubt our methods of social observation, despai:r of our interpretative ideas, deplore the use (or nonuse) society makes of our work. No matter, we may console ourselves with obsessive self-concern. The participants in panels of this kind may change (although some, like their answers, may grow more familiar). The societies and types of regime they represent may vary. Their rhetoric, the saliency of some rather than other issues, may alter. We have now institutionalized the crisis. Systematic introspection, nay inversion, is a legitimate (and certainly recognizable) disciplinary specialty. In this, we are not entirely alone. Economists, historians of literature, historians tout court, philosophers can be heard discussing their own work in what appear to be similar terms. Aestheticians ask if art has ended, and some of psychiatry has become antipsychiatry. The difficulties within our field partake of a general crisis in the human sciences. Profound historical change and its (distorted) reflection in thought seem inextricable.
The Need for a Theory
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

Writers have speculated on the nature and origins of religion for well over two thousand years but have not produced so much as a widely accepted definition. Instead, there are nearly as many definitions as writers.1 Religion is difficult to define because definitions imply theories, and no good general theory of religion exists.
Anthropomorphism in the Arts
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

Anthropomorphism pervades not only the spontaneous perceptions and utterances of daily life but also the more self-conscious productions of writers, artists, and scientists. These groups have varying attitudes toward anthropomorphism, however. While scientists try to suppress it, creative writers and visual artists develop and use it. Anthropomorphism permeates the arts for the same reason it does other thought and action: we strive for meaning by scanning and shaping the world with meaningful forms, and of these the human form is preeminent.1
Anthropomorphism in Philosophy and Science
Authors: Guthrie Stewart Elliott
Published: November 2023

Philosophers and scientists have criticized anthropomorphism since the time of Bacon, yet they are not immune to it themselves. Despite philosophical and scientific scepticism and scrutiny,1 no satisfactory analysis of anthropomorphism exists, and warnings against it are not entirely effective.
Governing the Historic House Museum
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

Whether Your Historic house is just being formed as a museum or has been established for some time, it is important that those in positions of authority, such as the site manager, curator, director, and board of trustees, be aware of laws and regulations that pertain to the museum’s management. They are responsible for knowing what local, state, and federal laws are pertinent to the successful operation of the organization.
Storage and Preservation of the Museum’s Collections
Authors: Butcher-Younghans Sherry
Published: November 2023

Collections maintenance, collections management and conservation are among the most demanding functions for all museums; they are also the least visible to those outside the museum. American Association of Museums, Caring for Collections Curators Of Historic houses often find themselves with more objects than places to store them, and finding storage space is one of their most challenging responsibilities. It is important to use existing areas in the most efficient and economical manner possible, while applying proper museum storage techniques. The main criteria for storage areas are that they must be clean, well organized, safe from pests and thieves, and provide a stable environment.
The Platonic Utopia: A City Without the Household
Authors: Dawson Doyne
Published: November 2023

The several utopian and quasi-utopian traditions described in the first chapter furnished only raw materials for Plato’s paradigm polis. The utopias of myth, comedy, and rhetoric remained in the world of fantasy; and those of the city planners and politicians, in the world of practicality. To fuse all this material together required a new philosophical inspiration, which came from Socrates. It will seem odd to call Socrates one of the founders of Western utopianism, and yet all the higher utopias of the ancient world were produced by Athenian schools that called themselves “Socratic,” the first of them presented as Socrates’ own teaching and the later ones stamped with his example.
The Composition of Aristotle’s Athenaion Politeia
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

Aristotle’s Athenaion Politeia was discovered one hundred years ago and has since been treated as an historical document of ancient history. Some have believed that the work is so poor as history that it must have been the product of a mind inferior to Aristotle’s. The `historical’ approach has dominated and there has been no literary analysis of the work since Kaibel’s 1893 work. Keaney starts from the belief that the Athenaion Politeia does not fit any ancient genre: Aristotle seems to have created a new genre and he was not inhibited by generic constraints of any kind.
The Unity of the’ A θ π ο λ
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

It is a traditional conception that there is a basic division of the ‘A0rto11. into two parts, chapters 1-41 containing the narrative history of the Athenian constitution, and chapters 42-69 describing the constitution as it existed when Aristotle wrote the work ca. 334-331. The simplicity of this conception has an abstract satisfaction, and the conception has some slight support in the text. Both the language and the structure of the work, however, suggest a more complex interpretation, namely, that this division of the work is almost entirely a chronological one, and that the more important relation between the parts of the work is one of connection rather than division.
The Series in Chapter 41
Authors: Keaney John J
Published: November 2023

To some of these questions it may be thought that the author’s desire for variety of expression is a simple and adequate answer. Yet the variety here is not total, there is some repetition, this answer may be simplistic, and others can be found. The order of treatment will proceed from suggestions in which I have more, to those in which I have less, confidence.
High-Technology Capitalism in Japan
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

It would have been one thing if the Japanese model’s success had been limited to the old heavy industrial sectors of fordism-automobiles, steel, tires and rubber, and electrical equipment. But it was not. The true advance of the Japanese production system can and must be seen in the emergence of this new model ofinnovationmediated production to exploit the opportunities presented by the new high-technology fields of the late twentieth century.
Consumer and High-Technology Electronics
Authors: Kenney Martin , Florida Richard
Published: November 2023

More than steel or automobile or other heavy industrial sectors, electronics—and their crucial microelectronic components—are at the heart of the new industrial revolution in Japan. As Chapter 3 has shown, the largest share of employment and of value-added of any industrial sector in Japan is electronics. It provides a crucial source of technological dynamism for the Japanese economy as a whole and is a focal point for innovation and economic expansion. Tapping the global technological trend toward digitization, new developments in electronics in Japan open up new markets for consumer electronic products, are increasingly used in industrial products like automobiles and office equipment, and are perhaps the defining feature of new automated and computer-assisted industrial processes.
Not Alone: The Iliad (2)
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

Patroclus is dead, killed, Homer tells us, by Euphorbos, Hector, and Apollo. But we may say that in one important sense Achilles was the killer. Faced, even more explicitly than Gilgamesh, by parts of himself as yet unacknowledged, he pushed them away until he “killed” them.
Deserts of the Heart: The Aeneid (1)
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

Coming to the Aeneid from earlier epic, we enter an uncanny world. There is much here that seems familiar, and yet somehow alien in ways difficult to fix in words. Virgil’s mastery of his predecessors’ work-especially Homeric epic-is evident; what he makes in response is at times frustratingly elusive:
Another Achilles: The Aeneid (2)
Authors: Vannortwick Thomas
Published: November 2023

The gods have yanked him back on course, he holds to it firmly, but still he looks back. The tableau might well sum up Aeneas’ behavior throughout the first four books, the picture of a man being slowly dismantled by his own admirable sense of responsibility and the imperatives of forces far beyond his control.
Coarse Positioner And Stm Design
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

We have discussed the common elements of STMs in the previous chapters, including piezodrives, vibration isolation, and electronics. An important element of an STM is the coarse positioner, which moves the relative position of the tip versus the sample in steps exceeding the range of the piezodrive (typically a fraction of a micrometer). The initial success of the STM was partly because of the invention of the piezoelectric stepper, nicknamed the louse. Later, simpler stepping mechanisms were introduced. The coarse positioner largely determines the personality of the STM design. In this chapter, we discuss several important examples of the coarse positioners and the STM designs, in chronological order.
Illustrative Applications
Authors: Chen C Julian
Published: November 2023

Over the past 10 years, the applications of STM and AFM has grown so rapidly that a thorough review would take several treatises. Here we describe some illustrative examples of the use of STM and AFM in various fields of science and technology. For more details about specific applications, there are books and conference proceedings, as well as original and review articles. The reference list at the end of this book will be helpful.
Business as a Humanity: A Contradiction in Terms?
Authors: De George Richard T
Published: November 2023

The battles over whether and how to include business ethics in the M.B.A. curriculum were symptomatic of deeper issues that are now emerging. The inconclusiveness of those battles can be taken as evidence that the issues being fought were not simply a matter of ethics; after all, most participants agreed that people going into management positions and being trained for the senior posts in management should be ethical. People who opposed attempts to introduce business ethics courses on the M.B.A. level perhaps instinctively felt that there was more at stake than just one course or one module. Those who reluctantly acceded to the demands from the business community, students, and teachers of business ethics that a course or module on ethics be introduced into the curriculum often and mistakenly assumed that that one course or module would suffice. They also assumed that the new course would not greatly affect the curriculum as a whole and that it would leave the rest of the faculty free to continue to carry on their business as usual. They were mistaken. The people who pushed for business ethics courses were unconsciously part of a bigger and still largely unarticulated movement, the unwitting spearhead of a challenge to the business education curriculum as constituted. They wrought more than they knew or intended.
A Response to Richard T. De George’s “Business as a Humanity: A Contradiction in Terms?”
Authors: Dunfee Thomas W
Published: November 2023

Richard De George’s eloquent call for a true humanizing of the business school curriculum encompasses many valid points. I agree in general with De George’s position but find that I have a quite different perspective concerning several of his claims. My perspective is that of someone who has been a business school faculty member for the last two decades and my view represents a qualified and limited defense of business school curricula and research. My basic position differs from De George’s in five key respects.
Virtue and Rules: A Response to Robert C. Solomon
Authors: Hartman Edwin
Published: November 2023

Robert C. Solomon’s essay “Business and the Humanities: An Aristotelian Approach to Business Ethics” advances business ethicists’ understanding of the importance to our field of the concept of virtue, and in particular of Aristotle’s treatment of it. Solomon laments our tendency to overlook, for example, the dangers created by oversimplification in discussions of utility and rights and the significance for organizational ethics of our communal nature.
Responsibility and the Moral Role of Corporate Entities
Authors: French Peter A
Published: November 2023

Robert C. Solomon’s essay “Business and the Humanities: An Aristotelian Approach to Business Ethics,” is a breath of fresh air in what is in danger of becoming a very stuffy field: ethics. I wholeheartedly agree with so much of what Solomon is doing that it is tempting simply to heap on the praise. I’m going to resist that temptation, however, because I want to raise issues that I believe Solomon has overlooked, but none of what I will discuss is intended to abort the campaign on which he has embarked. I hope he may see that I am about the business of carrying matters a step or two further.
OZCO: A Fragmentation View
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

Studies conducted from a Fragmentation viewpoint focus on ambiguity as the essence of culture. The clear consistencies characteristic of the Integration perspective, and the clear inconsistencies characteristic of the Differentiation perspective, are rare. No stable organization-wide or subcultural consensus is seen. Instead, issues temporarily generate concern, but that concern does not coalesce into shared opinions, either in the form of agreement or disagreement. In this chapter, OZCO employees speak of their concerns regarding the three content themes (egalitarianism, innovation, and concern for employee well being) that were the focus of Chapters 3 and 5. In this description of OZCO, these content themes are seen as sources of confusion, a variety of interpretations of any cultural manifestation seems plausible, and uncertainty is pervasive. In this cul-ture, ambiguity is inescapable.
The Fragmentation Perspective: Multiplicity and Flux
Authors: Martin Joanne
Published: November 2023

The Fragmentation perspective1 brings ambiguity to the foreground, rather than excluding it or channeling it outside a realm of cultural or subcultural clarity. This perspective abandons the clarity of consistency, as well as the clarity of inconsistency. Instead, the Fragmentation viewpoint explores the complexity of relation-ships between one cultural manifestation and another. Rather than seeing con-sensus within the boundaries of a subculture or a culture, the Fragmentation viewpoint presents a multiplicity of interpretations that seldom, if ever, coalesce into a stable consensus. These defining characteristics of the Fragmentation perspective (focus on ambiguity, complexity of relationships among manifestations, and a multiplicity of interpretations that do not coalesce into a stable consensus) are explored in more detail here.
Introduction
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

In this book, the unifying themes are two institutions, kingship and prophecy, as they appear in the Hebrew Bible and elsewhere. In order to understand this duality it is necessary to envisage the great longevity of monarchic systems. For since the beginning of the state, it is only in short periods of time and in small geographic areas that societies have been organized in state forms different from monarchy; and the most famous nonmonarchic organizations of societies that were successful before the age of modem revolutions were the ancient Greek polis and the mediaeval and early modem republics of Europe small communities ruled by a minority of peers and surrounded by an ocean of monarchies. This lasting success of monarchic institutions was based in good part upon the ideological strategy we have been used to call sacred or di vine kingship; or, in other words, upon monarchy’s deceptively simple symbolic structure, which contrasted, and in different ways identified, the whole social body with only one other body-the body of the king.
Biblical Narrative And The Ancient Novel
Authors: Grottanelli Cristiano
Published: November 2023

The recovery of a vast quantity of Near Eastern texts, belonging to different linguistic, cultural and political contexts but forming a continuum across the boundaries of time, space, and literary genres, has enabled specialists of Greek and Roman history and cultures to look at their materials in a new way. To quote but one example, the formation of Greek society and religion in the eighth and seventh centuries B.C.E. has been profoundly revised by Walter Burkert in the light of the contemporary, and of some older, Near Eastern data, by acknowledging and reviewing the Oriental influences on the Greek world during the so-called Orientalizing period.1 Though vaguer and less scholarly attempts to assess that influence had already been produced in great quantity throughout the history of Greek studies, Burkert’s painstaking, meticulous and critical survey is indeed pioneering work and a truly seminal achievement. Surely further research in this direction is forthcoming, and it shall alter our views of the ancient Greek world still more.
Strain Gage Rosettes And Transverse Sensitivity Effect
Authors: Murray William M , Miller William R
Published: November 2023

When strain gage rosettes were examined in Chapter 8, the effect of transverse sensitivity was not taken into account. In general, though, the effect of transverse sensitivity should be considered when using strain gages in a biaxial stress field (1–4). If it can be demonstrated that the transverse effect is negligible, then the expressions in Chapter 8 may be used; if, on the other hand, the effect is not negligible, then the expressions for determining the actual strain that will be developed here should be used.
Work Amidst the Rubble
Authors: Diefendorf Jeffry M
Published: November 2023

In addressing the problem of reconstruction, the Germans waited neither for the end of the war nor, after the defeat of 1945, for the creation of a new German state. Major wartime measures in the areas of planning and housing are discussed in later chapters. This chapter examines some of the practical attempts to deal with the immediate consequences of the air war.
Introduction
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

In a lecture delivered at Westminster Abbey in December of 1873, Max Muller introduced a system of classification according to which the six major religions of the world could be divided into “missionary” and “nonmissionary.” The former designation may be applied to any faith that has as an intrinsic part of its raison d’etre the proclamation of its precepts to persons unfamiliar with them, in the hope that at least some-if not all-of those persons will adopt these tenets as their own. The orientation of such a religion is centrifugal; it is directed outward and seeks to expand its boundaries in both a quantitative and qualitative sense. A non missionary religion, on the other hand, is centripetally oriented; its focus is inward and its boundaries are extended only in the quali tative realm (i.e., adherents of such a faith are preoccupied with their own spiritual development in either an individual or a collec tive sense). This is not to say that quantitative expansion cannot take place within a nonmissionary faith, only that such expansion is not considered by the adherents to be a primary objective of the religion.
Da’wah in the East: The Expansion of Islam from the First to the Twelfth Century, a.d.
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

The territory brought under Islamic suzerainty during the first century following the inception of the religion stretched from the shores of the Atlantic in the West to the Indian subcontinent in the East—a remarkable achievement given the relatively small forces that accomplished it.
Hasan al-Bannā‘ and Abul A‘lā Mawdūdī Pioneers of Modern Islamic Pietism
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

The offensive-activist Muslims resident in North America have not developed their missiological orientation in a vacuum. The majority of them adopted an internal-personal methodology traceable to two movements in the Muslim world which, despite the fact that they originated and evolved in different countries, display notable similarities in matters of ideology and praxis. The first of these movements was institutionalized in the organization known as al-Ikhwan al-Muslimun (the Muslim Brothers) and was founded by the Egyptian Hasan al-Banna’ (1906-1949). The second movement took form in the Jama’at-i IslamI, the brainchild of Abul A’la MawdudI (1903-1979), who resided during the first half of his life in India and during the second half in Pakistan.
Paramosque Strategies and Methodologies
Authors: Poston Larry
Published: November 2023

Muslim missionary endeavors during the first half of the twentieth century exhibited an almost purely educational emphasis. Mohammed Alexander Russell Webb, the first American convert to Islam and founder of the American Islamic Propaganda Society in the early 1890s, had as his chief aim “to teach the intelligent masses who and what Muhammad was and what he really taught, and to overturn the fabric of falsehood and error that prejudiced and ignorant writers have been constructing and supporting for centuries against Islam.” Webb evinced a profound optimism that the Islamic faith would spread rapidly throughout Western civilization and wrote in 1893 that “its adoption as the universal religion seems only a question of a comparatively short time.” His da’wah efforts were limited to the publication of a journal (The Moslem World), the construction of a lecture hall and library, and the establishment of a book publishing house. Very little direct con tact with non-Muslims was ever established, and all three of Webb’s operations were halted within a few months of their inception.
Regional and Intellectual Influences
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

After dominating American sociology for the first third of the century, the University of Chicago yielded to the East Coast Ivy League Universities of Harvard and Columbia as the center of influence.’ Included was a change of focus from the field centered study of Chicago as an urban laboratory to European-based theory. The strength of the Midwestern research preference for positivism and data-based methods was by no means lost, but the paradigms of structural-functionalism and Marxist dialectical materialism now found distinctive American interpretations, heightened by the deep economic depression of the thirties and the events that anticipated the oncoming European war. At the same time and in similar ways, medical sociology groped for a distinctive voice. However, it was still too early for a collective, institutionalized identity. Medical sociology was represented by several outstanding individual scholars who, through theoretical and historical writing, placed their stamp on the work of the next generation. Their contributions were close in pattern to the parent field but found in the study of medical problems a rich empirical base. The history of medical sociology in this important formative stage, because it is so much the product of a small group of outstanding individuals, can be told through their biographies.
An Era of Change, 1980-2000
Authors: Bloom Samuel W
Published: November 2023

Medical sociology, as a general rule, followed a path parallel but slightly behind national trends in science and higher education. At the same time, relations between mainstream science, medicine, and social science were unstable. During the century prior to World War II, there was a certain consistency in the objectives they shared: social science actually played a larger role in medical research than is generally known, and both took it as their overriding objective “to use quantified data to illuminate the relationship between morbidity and mortality patterns …and broad environmental factors.” From 1945 onward, the pace of research development quickened and diversified. Guided by strong leaders, the relationship between medicine and social science intensified, but the pattern of its interests split the next fifty years in half. The first half was dominated by several quests: for a scientific epidemiology, for a viable theory of the social psychology of interpersonal relations in therapeutic institutions, and for analysis of the sociology of the professions. The second half, beginning in the seventies, turned in focus toward socioeconomic and sociopolitical explanations of health services delivery and the organization of both the traditional and new health care institutions.
States Of Siege
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

This book examines case studies of recent prison riots in five states, including the 1971 radical uprising in Attica, New York, and the infamous 1981 bloodbath at the New Mexico Penitentiary. The most extensive and detailed work yet written on US prison riots, the authors explain the occurrence and variations of riots as a reflection of the administrative breakdown of the prison system within a changing ideological context. A theoretical appendix helps make this work an ideal introduction to sociological theories of collective action.
Introduction
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

Imagine a place with half a million people. Though it has twice the population of Iceland, it is not a country; though it has more inhabitants than Vermont or North Dakota, it is not a state. Though its residents are packed together much more densely than Clevelanders—whom they outnumber—it is not a city. The residents are forbidden to own weapons; they are punished for peaceful protest. They are mostly destitute, often illiterate. And they are much more heavily policed than the natives of the most oppressive dictatorship. Yet there are continual revolts. As often as several dozen times a year, the residents of one or another “neighborhood” will briefly drive out the forces of the government.
Routine Riot —West Virginia Penitentiary (1986)
Authors: Useem Bert , Kimball Peter
Published: November 2023

The riot which began at the West Virginia Penitentiary at Moundsville on New Year’s Day, 1986, comes closest of our cases to being a “routine” large prison riot, if there is such a thing. Absent here are the bloody debacles of Attica and New Mexico, the domineering gangs of Joliet, and the rebellious guards of Michigan. This is a story of prisoners conducting a riot, and negotiators resolving it, in a competent, businesslike fashion.
Large Firms, Small Firms, and the Governance of Flexible Specialization: The Case of Baden Württemberg and Socialized Risk
Authors: Herrigel Gary
Published: November 2023

The southwest German province of Baden W ürttemberg has been known for a long time as the home of giant and hugely successful multinational firms, such as car manufacturer Daimler Benz and auto parts supplier Robert Bosch. But in the last several years attention has focused on the dense networks of very successful small and medium-size manufacturing enterprises in the region. The fascination with these producers stems from their capacity to flourish in a highly competitive manufacturing environment characterized by rapid technological change and rising development costs.