bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bringing population ecology back to wild bees
Authors: Dorian Nicholas N. , McCarthy Max W. , Crone Elizabeth E.
Published: September 2024

In recent years, motivated by widespread declines in wild bees, ecologists have prioritized learning about patterns of wild bee communities across the landscape at the expense of learning about the population‐level mechanisms driving those patterns. In this essay, we seek to revitalize the tradition of studying wild bee populations in a way that both contributes key knowledge for bee conservation and builds a strong conceptual understanding of the processes underpinning bee populations. We address two widespread concerns about investing in population‐level research. First, that population‐level studies are too conceptually narrow to provide broad inference. If population‐level studies are couched in general ecological theory, then findings from a single species can be generalized to many. We highlight how wild bees would make excellent candidates for exploring five areas of general ideas in population ecology, including nutritional ecology, drivers of vital rates, phenology and voltinism, habitat selection, and movement. Second, we address the concern that methods for studying bees at the population level are too difficult to implement. Methods for conducting population‐level studies of bees—specifically, identifying living bees in the field and studying individuals throughout their life cycles—are feasible to implement at the scales appropriate for answering population‐level questions, for example, a few species at a few sites. To facilitate adoption of these ideas, we developed an online field guide (www.watchingbees.com) and a detailed methods manual. More generally, we emphasize the value of linking data‐rich pattern‐oriented approaches in ecology with an understanding of the basic biology and mechanisms that generate those patterns.
Planted species influences soil phosphorus losses in a historically fertilized pasture system: A mesocosm study
Authors: Petticord Daniel F. , Boughton Elizabeth H. , Li Haoyu , Qiu Jiangxiao , Saha Amartya , Zhi Ran , Sparks Jed P.
Published: September 2024

The gradual accumulation of phosphorus from historical fertilization can contribute to the eutrophication of surface waters by increasing the potential for subsurface leaching losses. Grazing lands areas are a priority for concern, and phytoremediation efforts in grazing lands have prioritized grasses that may be used as forage for cattle. This study investigated the influence of three different forage species—Paspalum notatum, Hemarthria altissima, and Cynodon nlemfuensis—on the loss of phosphorus in leachate from surface soils. The experiment used a nested pot mesocosm design that allowed us to monitor leachate volume and concentration biweekly over the course of 3 months. Pots containing P. notatum plants leached significantly more phosphorus than pots containing C. nlemfuensis or empty pots with no plants growing in them, despite losing an equivalent amount of water. H. altissima lost equivalent amounts of phosphorus in leachate water, but each H. altissima plant removed approximately 33.6 mg of phosphorus, approximately 2.5× that removed by P. notatum (13.4 mg). C. nlemfuensis had lower average leachate phosphorus concentrations at each biweekly sampling than either plant species (C. nlemfuensis‐P. notatum, padj = 0.001; C. nlemfuensis‐H. altissima, padj = 0.02), averaging only 0.110 ppm in leachate relative to 0.175 ppm and 0.200 ppm in pots beneath H. altissima and P. notatum, respectively. This, combined with C. nlemfuensis' slightly higher‐than‐average aboveground P content and overall aboveground biomass expression suggest it is the best possible phytoremediation candidate. As even minor leachate P loads can be critically threatening to neighboring oligotrophic water bodies, if the conservation of downstream environments is the priority, the short‐term threat of increased leachate must be considered. Further research is needed to explore the underlying mechanisms and field‐scale implications of these findings.
Minimum habitat size required to detect new rare species
Authors: Chen Youhua , Shen Tsung‐Jen
Published: September 2024

Conservation of species requires the protection of the associated suitable habitat. However, it is usually not known how much habitat is required to detect a single rare species. This problem is important, and it is related directly to the success and optimization of conservation planning. However, to date, no statistical methods have been developed to address this problem adequately. In this study, from a statistical sampling theory, we propose an estimator to estimate the minimum area required to conserve one or more additional new rare species. The estimator is highly accurate, as demonstrated by numerical tests. Applying the estimator in a tropical forest plot showed that the additional habitat size required for discovering an additional individual of a previously unseen tropical tree species is about 3.86 ha with a SE of 1.10 ha. In conclusion, the proposed estimator may be applied to conservation planning by assisting conservation biologists and policymakers to balance urban‐related and conservation‐related land uses by estimating the minimum detection areas required for species.
Temperature dependence of leaf breakdown in streams differs between organismal groups and leaf species
Authors: Cummins Carolyn S. , Rosemond Amy D. , Tomczyk Nathan J. , Wenger Seth J. , Bumpers Phillip M. , Gulis Vladislav , Helton Ashley M. , Benstead Jonathan P.
Published: September 2024

Increased temperatures are altering rates of organic matter (OM) breakdown in stream ecosystems with implications for carbon (C) cycling in the face of global change. The metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) provides a framework for predicting temperature effects on OM breakdown, but differences in the temperature dependence of breakdown driven by different organismal groups (i.e., microorganisms vs. invertebrate detritivores) and litter species remain unresolved. Over two years, we conducted 12 60‐day leaf litterbag incubations in 20 headwater streams in the southern Appalachian Mountains (USA). We compared temperature dependence (as activation energy, Ea) between microbial and detritivore‐mediated breakdown, and between a highly recalcitrant (Rhododendron maximum) and a relatively labile (Acer rubrum) leaf species. Detritivore‐mediated breakdown had a higher Ea than microbial breakdown for both leaf species (Rhododendron: 1.48 > 0.56 eV; Acer: 0.97 > 0.29 eV), and Rhododendron breakdown had a higher Ea than Acer breakdown for both organismal groups. Similarly, the Ea of total (coarse‐mesh) Rhododendron breakdown was higher than the Ea of total Acer breakdown (0.89 > 0.52 eV). These effects for total breakdown were large, implying that the number of days to 95% mass loss would decline by 40% for Rhododendron and 26% for Acer between 12°C (our mean temperature value) and 16°C (+4°C, reflecting projected increases in global surface temperature due to climate change). Despite patterns in Ea, overall breakdown rates were higher for microbes than detritivores, and for Acer than Rhododendron over most of our temperature gradient. Additionally, the Ea for a subset of the microbial breakdown data declined from 0.40 to 0.22 eV when fungal biomass was included as a model predictor, highlighting the key role of fungi in determining the temperature dependence of litter breakdown. Our results imply that, as streams warm, routing of leaf litter C to detritivore‐mediated fates will increase faster than predicted by previous studies and MTE, especially for labile litter. As temperatures rise, earlier depletion of autumn‐shed, labile leaf litter combined with rapid breakdown rates of recalcitrant litter could exacerbate seasonal resource limitation and alter carbon storage and transport dynamics in temperate headwater stream networks.
The Mayo ATTR‐CM score versus other diagnostic scores and cardiac biomarkers in patients with suspected cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: Bonfioli Giovanni Battista , Tomasoni Daniela , Vergaro Giuseppe , Castiglione Vincenzo , Adamo Marianna , Fabiani Iacopo , Loghin Victor , Lombardi Carlo Mario , Nicolai Alessio , Metra Marco , Emdin Michele , Aimo Alberto
Published: September 2024

Aims

Several scores were developed to help the diagnosis of cardiac amyloidosis (CA). The most recent one, being the Mayo transthyretin amyloidosis cardiomyopathy (ATTR‐CM) score, was not externally validated. We compared the diagnostic performance of the ATTR‐CM score with previous tools (increased wall thickness [IWT] score, AMYLoidosis Index [AMYLI] score, and cardiac biomarkers) in a cohort of patients evaluated for a suspicion of CA.

Methods and results

We analysed 362 consecutive patients referred to a third‐level centre for suspected CA. Overall, 132 (36%) had transthyretin CA (ATTR‐CA), and 91 (25%) immunoglobulin light chain CA (AL‐CA); CA was excluded in 139 (38%). ATTR‐CM score had a good diagnostic performance to distinguish ATTR‐CA from AL‐CA or no CA, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.795 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.747–0.842, p < 0.001), and ATTR‐CA from no CA (AUC 0.822, 95% CI 0.774–0.871, p < 0.001). Results were consistent in both patients with preserved (AUC 0.787, 95% CI 0.726–0.848, p < 0.001), and reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction (AUC 0.790, 95% CI 0.709–0.871, p < 0.001). The ATTR‐CM score showed a better discrimination compared to IWT and AMYLI score to distinguish ATTR‐CA from AL‐CA or no CA (p = 0.002), but not to distinguish ATTR‐CA from no CA (p = 0.270). Diagnostic accuracy was significantly higher for the ATTR‐CM score as compared to the rule‐in cut‐off of high‐sensitivity troponin T.

Conclusion

The Mayo ATTR‐CM score has a good performance in identifying patients with ATTR‐CA, with also better discrimination power when compared to other scores and biomarkers.
Construction of Aryl Azide‐ and Triazole‐Based Unnatural Amino Acid Motifs via the Pd(II)‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Arylation
Authors: Suwasia Sonam , Arulananda Babu Srinivasarao
Published: September 2024

This paper reports a method for the synthesis of examples of aryl azide‐ and triazole moiety‐based unnatural amino acid motifs using the Pd(II)‐catalyzed arylation of the prochiral C(sp3)−H bonds of carboxamides of amino acids as one of the key transformations. Synthesis of racemic and enantioenriched aryl azide‐based unnatural amino acid motifs including, norvaline, leucine, norleucine, phenylalanine, 2‐aminobutyric acid, 2‐aminooctanoic acid, and non‐α‐amino acid derivatives were shown. Additionally, we attempted the synthesis of triazole moiety‐installed norvaline, leucine, norleucine, phenylalanine, 2‐aminobutyric acid, 2‐aminooctanoic acid, and non‐α‐amino acid derivatives via the Cu‐catalyzed Click reaction. We also demonstrated the removal of the protecting groups and the synthesis of free amino group‐containing aryl azide‐ or triazole‐based unnatural amino acid motifs and peptides. Generally, azide moiety‐containing unnatural amino acid motifs are important molecular tools in chemical biology. Furthermore, aryl azide‐ and triazole moiety‐containing unnatural amino acid scaffolds are notable substrates in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery research. Accordingly, this work contributes to enriching the library of aryl azide‐ and triazole‐based unnatural amino acid derivatives.
Double transition metal MXenes for enhanced electrochemical applications: Challenges and opportunities
Authors: Bibi Faiza , Hanan Abdul , Soomro Irfan Ali , Numan Arshid , Khalid Mohammad
Published: September 2024

Double transition metal (DTM) MXenes are a recently discovered class of two‐dimensional composite nanomaterials with excellent potential in energy storage applications. Since their emergence in 2015, DTM MXenes have expanded their composition boundary beyond traditional single‐metal carbide and nitride MXenes. DTM MXenes offer tunable structures and properties through variations in the constituent transition metals and positioning within the layered lattice. These MXenes can exist in two primary forms: ordered DTMs and solid solutions. The compositional versatility of DTM MXenes offers opportunities to enhance their performance in electrochemical energy storage applications. However, the quality, stability, and surface chemistry of DTM MXenes are influenced by several factors, including the etching process, etchant type, and synthesis route. Currently, limited literature is available on experimentally synthesized DTM MXenes, with most studies focusing on carbide‐based MXenes. Most of the articles have dedicated their efforts only to generalized synthesis strategies. Although extensive theoretical studies have explored the suitability of etchants, synthesis parameters, and methods for producing high‐quality MXene with selective terminal functional groups, their stability issues have not been thoroughly examined. This review addresses various types of DTM MXenes, their synthesis techniques, and the impact of these methods on their physicochemical properties and electrochemical performance. Additionally, it provides a critical analysis of the causes of instability in MXenes, particularly DTMs, from synthesis to application. The challenges associated with these materials are discussed, along with opportunities and prospects for enhancing synthesis, structural tuning, surface modification, and applications in electrochemical energy storage.

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Development and testing of the capacity of organisations for system practices scale
Authors: Craike Melinda , Bartlett Larissa , Mowle Amy , Riley Therese , Krahe Michelle , Klepac Bojana
Published: September 2024

Background

Systems change approaches are increasingly adopted in public health to address complex problems. It is important that measures of systems change be developed so that the effects of systems change on health outcomes can be evaluated. Organisational practices are potential levers for systems change. However, robust measures of organisational capacity to engage in these practices are lacking. Informed by the Theory of Systems Change, we developed and tested the Capacity of Organisations for System Practices (COSP) scale. The COSP scale comprises four inter‐related system practices within organisations—adaptation, alignment, collaboration and evidence‐driven action and learning.

Methods

We applied a three‐stage process: (1) Item generation; (2) Scale pre‐testing; and (3) Structural analyses. Item response theory tests and semantic review, together with factor analytic techniques, were applied to refine the item set and determine the scale structure.

Results

An initial pool of 97 items was generated and pre‐tested with six content experts and four target audience representatives. Modifications resulted in 60 items. In total, 126 participants provided data for the structural analysis. A second‐order hierarchical four‐factor model fit the data better than the more basic correlated factor model (Δχ2 = 1.758, p = .415). The fit indices for the final 31‐item model were acceptable (RMSEA = .084, TLI = .819).

Conclusions

The COSP scale is ready for further testing to ensure construct validity, stability and utility.

So What?

Once validated, the Capacity of Organisations for System Practices (COSP) scale has the potential to advance the theory and practice of systems change approaches.
Systemic immune inflammation index and all‐cause mortality in chronic kidney disease: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Jia Meng , Yuan Wenli , Chen Yinqing , Wang Yi , Shang Li , Han Shisheng
Published: September 2024

Background

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between systemic immune‐inflammation index (SII) and all‐cause mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Patients and Methods

This prospective cohort study was carried out among 9303 participants with CKD from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cycles spanning 1999 to 2018. The mortality data were ascertained by linking participant records to the National Death Index up to December 31, 2019. Complex sampling‐weighted multivariate Cox proportional hazards models were employed to estimate the association between SII level and all‐cause mortality, providing hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A restricted cubic spline analysis was conducted to explore potential nonlinear correlation. Subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses were also conducted.

Results

During a median follow‐up period of 86 months, 3400 (36.54%) all‐cause deaths were documented. A distinctive “J”‐shaped relationship between SII level and all‐cause mortality was discerned among individuals with CKD, with the nadir observed at an SII level of 478.93 within the second quartile. After adjusting for potential covariates, the risk of all‐cause mortality escalated by 13% per increment of one standard deviation of SII, once SII exceeded 478.93 (HR = 1.13; 95% CI = 1.08–1.18). An elevated SII was associated with an increased risk of all‐cause mortality among patients with CKD (Q4 vs. Q2: HR = 1.23; 95% CI = 1.01–1.48). Subgroup analyses indicated that the correlation between SII and CKD mortality was particularly pronounced among participants over 60 years old and individuals with diabetes. Sensitivity analyses revealed a linear positive association between SII and all‐cause mortality after removing the extreme 5% outliers of SII.

Conclusions

A distinctive “J”‐shaped relationship between SII level and all‐cause mortality was identified among individuals with CKD. Further research is warranted to validate and expand upon these findings.
Oxaliplatin activates P53/miR‐34a/survivin axis in inhibiting the progression of gastric cancer cells
Authors: Guo Qiang , Wang Xin‐Yuan , Zhai Yan‐Chang , Dong Yong‐Wei , He Qing‐Si
Published: September 2024

Introduction

The purpose of this research was to determine how the P53/microRNA‐34a (miR‐34a)/survivin pathway contributes to oxaliplatin‐induced (L‐OHP) cell inhibition in gastric cancer.

Methods

The BGC‐823 gastric cancer cells were selected, and we examined their viability following treatment with L‐OHP at different concentrations and time periods. The expression levels of miR‐34a, P53, and survivin in the cells were determined.

Results

In the 12‐ and 24‐h groups, drug concentration of 15 μg/cm² (p < .005 in both) significantly lowered cell viability. In comparison to the control group, miR‐34a mRNA expression, P53 mRNA expression, and protein expression were all significantly greater in the 24‐h group (p = .0324, p = .0069, p = .0260, respectively), but survivin mRNA and protein expressions were significantly lower than those in the control group (p = .0338, p = .0032, respectively). There was a significant decrease in gastric cancer cells in the miR‐34a overexpression group (p = .0020), a significant increase in P53 mRNA and protein expression compared to the control group (p = .0080, p = .0121, respectively), and a significant decrease in survivin mRNA and protein expression compared to the control group. (p = .0213, p = .0069, respectively).

Conclusion

Oxaliplatin inhibits tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis by upregulating miR‐34a, activating the expression of the upstream P53 gene, and driving the downregulation of survivin (P53/miR‐34a/survivin axis) in BGC‐823 gastric cancer cells.
Continuous synthesis of metal oxide‐supported high‐entropy alloy nanoparticles with remarkable durability and catalytic activity in the hydrogen reduction reaction
Authors: Al Zoubi Wail , Leoni Stefano , Assfour Bassem , Allaf Abdul Wahab , Kang Jee‐Hyun , Ko Young Gun
Published: September 2024

Metal oxide‐supported multielement alloy nanoparticles are very promising as highly efficient and cost‐effective catalysts with a virtually unlimited compositional space. However, controllable synthesis of ultrasmall multielement alloy nanoparticles (us‐MEA‐NPs) supported on porous metal oxides with a homogeneous elemental distribution and good catalytic stability during long‐term operation is extremely challenging due to their oxidation and strong immiscibility. As a proof of concept that such synthesis can be realized, this work presents a general “bottom‐up” l ultrasonic‐assisted, simultaneous electro‐oxidation–reduction‐precipitation strategy for alloying dissimilar elements into single NPs on a porous support. One characteristic of this technique is uniform mixing, which results from simultaneous rapid thermal decomposition and reduction and leads to multielement liquid droplet solidification without aggregation. This process was achieved through a synergistic combination of enhanced electrochemical and plasma‐chemical phenomena at the metal–electrolyte interface (electron energy of 0.3–1.38 eV at a peak temperature of 3000 K reached within seconds at a rate of ~105 K per second) in an aqueous solution under an ultrasonic field (40 kHz). Illustrating the effectiveness of this approach, the CuAgNiFeCoRuMn@MgO‐P3000 catalyst exhibited exceptional catalytic efficiency in selective hydrogenation of nitro compounds, with over 99% chemoselectivity and nearly 100% conversion within 60 s and no decrease in catalytic activity even after 40 cycles (>98% conversion in 120 s). Our results provide an effective, transferable method for rationally designing supported MEA‐NP catalysts at the atomic level and pave the way for a wide variety of catalytic reactions.

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Navigating the disclosure landscape: Parents' perspectives on healthcare professionals' role in supporting intersex children and families
Authors: Horowitz Kayla , Zayhowski Kimberly , Palmour Nicole , Haghighat Darius , Joly Yann
Published: September 2024

Intersex, an umbrella term, describes individuals with sex characteristics that cannot be exclusively categorized into binary definitions of male or female. The intersex community faces a lack of social visibility perpetuated by a history of medical discrimination and pathologization shaped by “normalizing” genital surgeries without the child's consent. Despite efforts to reform clinical practice, there remains a paucity of research centering the needs of the intersex community and their families. This study explored parents' perspectives on how healthcare professionals (HCPs), such as genetics professionals, can provide patient‐centered education and support when parents first learn of their child's intersex variation, with the aim of offering recommendations to HCPs to promote parental adjustment and protect intersex children's right to autonomy. Thirteen qualitative semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 14 parents of intersex children. Through reflexive thematic analysis, under the framework of an agency‐based approach to intersex health, thematic categories were inductively conceptualized, including barriers and facilitators to HCPs' sensitivity and to parental adjustment in the early disclosure environment. Barriers to HCPs' sensitivity were imposed by educational, religious, or medical institutions, along with sociocultural prejudices and pathologizing language. Barriers to parental adaptation included uncertainty regarding their child's future, sociocultural gender norms, and unsuitable information provision. Incorporating parental needs in the disclosure environment can facilitate familial acceptance, including normalization of variations of sex characteristics (VSCs), enhanced medical education, facilitation of patients' navigation, and prioritization of parents' social support needs.
Social network‐based approaches to HIV testing: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Choong Annabelle , Lyu Yi Ming , Johnson Cheryl C. , Baggaley Rachel , Barr‐DiChiara Magdalena , Jamil Muhammad S. , Siegfried Nandi L. , Fairley Christopher K. , Chow Eric P. F. , Macdonald Virginia , Ong Jason J.
Published: September 2024

Introduction

Social network‐based testing approaches (SNAs) encourage individuals (“test promoters”) to motivate sexual partners and/or those in their social networks to test for HIV. We conducted a systematic review to examine the effectiveness, acceptability and cost‐effectiveness of SNA.

Methods

We searched five databases from January 2010 to May 2023, and included studies that compared SNA with non‐SNA. We used random‐effects meta‐analysis to combine effect estimates. Certainty was assessed using the GRADE approach.

Results

We identified 47 studies. SNA may increase uptake of HIV testing compared to non‐SNA (RR 2.04, 95% CI: 1.06–3.95, Low certainty). The proportion of first‐time testers was probably higher among partners or social contacts of test promoters using SNA compared to non‐SNA (RR 1.49, 95% CI: 1.22–1.81, Moderate certainty). The proportion of people who tested positive for HIV may be higher among partners or social contacts of test promoters using SNA compared to non‐SNA (RR 1.84, 95% CI: 1.01–3.35, Low certainty). There were no reports of any adverse events or harms associated with SNA. Based on six cost‐effectiveness studies, SNA was generally cheaper per person tested and per person diagnosed compared to non‐SNA. Based on 23 qualitative studies, SNA is likely to be acceptable to a variety of populations.

Discussion

Our review collated evidence for SNA to HIV testing covering the key populations and the general population who may benefit from HIV testing. We summarized evidence for the effectiveness, acceptability and cost‐effectiveness of different models of SNA. While we did not identify an ideal model of SNA that could be immediately scaled up, for each setting and population targeted, we recommend various implementation considerations as our meta‐analysis showed the effectiveness might differ due to factors which include the testing modality (i.e. use of HIV self‐testing), type of test promoters, long or short duration of recruitment and use of financial incentives.

Conclusions

Social network‐based approaches may enhance HIV testing uptake, increase the proportion of first‐time testers and those testing positive for HIV. Heterogeneity among studies highlights the need for context‐specific adaptations, but the overall positive impact of SNA on HIV testing outcomes could support its integration into existing HIV testing services.
Radular Tooth Coating in Members of Dendronotidae and Flabellinidae (Nudibranchia, Gastropoda, Mollusca)
Authors: Krings Wencke , Gorb Stanislav N. , Neumann Charlotte , Wägele Heike
Published: September 2024

Nudibranchs, with their mesmerizing diversity and ecological significance, play crucial roles in marine ecosystems. Central to their feeding prowess is the radula, a chitinous structure with diverse morphologies adapted to prey preferences and feeding strategies. This study focuses on elucidating wear coping mechanisms in radular teeth of carnivorous molluscs, employing Dendronotus lacteus (Dendronotidae) and Flabellina affinis (Flabellinidae) as model species. Both species forage on hydrozoans. Through scanning electron microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, nanoindentation, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, the biomechanical and compositional properties of their teeth were analyzed. Notably, tooth coatings, composed of calcium (Ca) or silicon (Si) and high hardness and stiffness compared to the internal tooth structure, with varying mineral contents across tooth regions and ontogenetic zones, were found. The presence of the hard and stiff tooth coatings highlight their role in enhancing wear resistance. The heterogeneities in the autofluorescence patterns related to the distribution of Ca and Si of the coatings. Overall, this study provides into the biomechanical adaptations of nudibranch radular teeth, shedding light on the intricate interplay between tooth structure, elemental composition, and ecological function in marine molluscs.
The Endocannabinoid System in Alzheimer's Disease: A Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Liu Yu , Xing Hang , Zhang Yan , Song Yi
Published: September 2024

The findings concerning the association between endocannabinoid system (ECS) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibited inconsistencies when examining the expression levels of endocannabinoids. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive summary of the studies regarding alterations of the ECS in AD. Six databases were thoroughly searched for literature to select relevant studies investigating the ECS in AD, including changes in cannabinoid receptors (CB1R and CB2R), endocannabinoids (2‐AG and AEA), and their associated enzymes (FAAH and MAGL). Traditional meta‐analysis evaluated the expression levels of the ECS in AD, and the results showed no significant differences in ECS components between healthy controls and AD patients. However, subgroup analysis revealed significantly lower expression levels of CB1R in AD than in controls, particularly in studies using western blot (SMD = −0.88, p < 0.01) and in studies testing CB1R of frontal cortex (SMD = −1.09, p < 0.01). For studies using HPLC, the subgroup analysis indicated significantly higher 2‐AG levels in AD than in controls (SMD = 0.46, p = 0.02). Network meta‐analysis examined the rank of ECS alterations in AD compared to controls, and the findings revealed that 2‐AG and MAGL exhibited the largest increase and CB1R showed the largest decrease relative to the control group. Based on the findings of traditional meta‐analysis and network meta‐analysis, we proposed that AD patients may present decreased expression levels of CB1R and increased expression levels of 2‐AG and its degrading enzyme MAGL. Our results may contribute to the growing body of research supporting the therapeutic potential of ECS modulation in the management of AD.
Characteristics and outcomes of home parenteral nutrition among children with severe neurological impairment
Authors: D'Arienzo David , Sanvido Liam , Avitzur Yaron , Hulst Jessie , Belza Christina , Diskin Catherine , Cohen Eyal
Published: September 2024

Objectives

To describe the characteristics, secular trends, and outcomes of home parenteral nutrition (HPN) use among children with severe neurological impairment (SNI) and non‐primary digestive disorders from 2010 to 2023 and compare outcomes to children with primary digestive disorders on HPN.

Methods

A retrospective review of all children with SNI and non‐primary digestive disorders, where HPN was initiated between January 2010 and September 2023 at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. The Mann–Kendall trend test was used to assess trends in HPN initiation. We compared acute care service utilization in the year prior and following HPN initiation. Mortality and ability to achieve enteral autonomy outcomes were compared to those of children with HPN and primary digestive disorders.

Results

Of the 205 included children with HPN, 18 children had SNI and non‐primary digestive disorders, 187 children had primary digestive disorders. There was an increase in HPN initiation among children with SNI and non‐primary digestive disorders (p = 0.002) between 2010 and 2020. Among children with SNI and non‐primary digestive disorders, HPN‐related complications (line‐associated infection/thrombus, nephrolithiasis, cholelithiasis) occurred in 72%. There was no change in acute care utilization in the year prior versus year following HPN initiation. Compared with the primary digestive disorders group, children with SNI and non‐primary digestive disorders were less likely to achieve enteral autonomy (p < 0.0001); however, no significant differences in mortality were observed (22% vs. 8%, p = 0.09).

Conclusions

HPN is increasingly being used among SNI children with non‐primary digestive disorders. Compared to children with primary digestive disorders on HPN, those with SNI are less likely to achieve enteral autonomy.
Systemic lupus erythematosus: An imitator for inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Reznikov Elizabeth A. , Person Hannibal , Davis Emily , Zhao Yongdong , Otjen Jeffrey , Ambartsumyan Lusine , Len Mary , Scarlett Jarrad M.
Published: September 2024

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic autoimmune disease that may involve any organ in the body. Inflammation of the bowel wall as a presenting symptom of SLE is uncommon and can lead to delays in diagnosis and treatment. Here, we discuss the case of an adolescent male who presented with weight loss, intermittent fevers, abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Initially, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was suspected, but endoscopic evaluation did not support this diagnosis. A computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed signs of serositis, concerning for an inflammatory process and the patient was referred to Rheumatology for further evaluation. Autoimmune serologies were obtained and combined with clinical findings confirmed a diagnosis of SLE. This case advances our understanding of SLE as a multisystemic disease and highlights an unusual presentation involving the gastrointestinal tract, which can mimic IBD and potentially delay the diagnosis and treatment process.
Low swelling and high mechanical strength organosilane hybrid polydivinylbenzene microspheres for hydrophilic interaction chromatography applications
Authors: Yang Yang , Li Yuexin , Zhao Yang , Cai Changyu , Liang Xinmiao , Ke Yanxiong
Published: September 2024

In this work, monodisperse organosilane hybrid polymer microspheres with a particle size of about 5 µm were synthesized using seed swelling polymerization. The organosilicon reagent methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane was introduced into the polymer framework as a copolymerization monomer, and the crosslinking degree of the microspheres was improved by the hydrolysis‐condensation reaction of siloxanes. The synthesized hybrid microspheres have good mechanical strength as well as low swelling, with swelling propensity values of 0.167 and 0.348 in methanol and acetonitrile, respectively. Hybrid microspheres modified with cysteine have a hydrophilic interaction chromatography/reversed‐phase liquid chromatography mixed‐mode retention mechanism. Compared to the commercial cysteine‐modified silica column, the synthesized stationary phase has higher separation selectivity for partially acidic or basic samples and better basic resistance for use under high pH mobile phase conditions (at least 10).
How Tourism Cultural Events Influence Multicultural Competence, Tourism Destination Image, and Visit Intentions: Evidence From the Pharaohs' Golden Parade
Authors: Salem Islam Elbayoumi , El‐Said Osman Ahmed , El Gamil Rehab , Afifi Mohamed Fawzi , Attallah Nashwa Fouad
Published: September 2024

This study explores the impact of tourism cultural events on fostering multicultural competence and their effects on tourism destinations. Data were collected from viewers of the Pharaohs' Golden Parade broadcast on the Egyptian Tourism Promotion Authority's “Experience Egypt” YouTube channel. The data were analyzed using an inductive research approach, uncovering four distinctive themes: multicultural competence precursors, cultural tourism events' unique cultural and social elements, multicultural competence, and destination outcomes. Based on the study findings, a framework was proposed to depict the envisaged relationships between the four main themes. Practically, the study provides insights for destination marketing organizations on how viewers' impressions of cultural events on social media and official homepages could shape a destination's image and influence travel and word‐of‐mouth intentions.
Novel biophysical skin biomarkers discriminate topical anti‐inflammatory treatments based on their potential for local adverse effects
Authors: Danby Simon G. , Matcher Stephen , Byers Robert , Taylor Rosie , Sahib Sura , Andrew Paul , Brown Kirsty , Kay Linda , Wright Carl , Pinnock Abi , Chittock John , Duan Mengqiu , Cha Amy , Adiri Roni , Zang Chuanbo , Werth John , Cork Michael J.
Published: September 2024

Background

Topical corticosteroids (TCS) are efficacious treatments for inflammatory skin conditions, however, there is a risk of adverse effects; understanding how best to use these treatments is an unmet research priority shared by patients and healthcare professionals.

Objectives

To develop non‐invasive biomarkers of local adverse effects to facilitate the optimisation of topical therapy.

Methods

An observer‐blind randomised within‐subject controlled trial in atopic dermatitis patients was undertaken (NCT04194814) comparing betamethasone valerate 0.1% cream (BMV) to a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory treatment, crisaborole 2% ointment (CRB). Participants underwent 4 weeks twice‐daily treatment with CRB on one forearm and BMV on the other (left/right randomised). Skin properties were assessed on days 1, 15, 29 of treatment and again on day 57, including imaging of skin microstructure using Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR)‐Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic assessment of stratum corneum molecular structure. The primary outcome was the difference in the change in epidermal thickness from days 1 to 29.

Results

Thirty‐seven participants received the first dose, of which 32 completed the study (all 37 were included in the analysis). Pathologic epidermal thinning at day 29 was significantly greater (p < 0.0001) at sites treated with BMV (−31.66; 95% confidence interval: −35.31, −28.01 µm) compared to CRB (−13.76; −17.42, −10.10 µm). From a panel of exploratory biomarkers, superficial plexus depth and stratum corneum carboxyl group levels had the greatest ability to discriminate the effects of the TCS treatment (p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

BMV induced 2.3x more pathologic epidermal thinning than CRB after 4 weeks of treatment, suggesting that CRB may be more appropriate for longer‐term, proactive‐based, treatment strategies where the risks of adverse effects are greatest. By monitoring treatment effects using OCT and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy, two new non‐invasive biomarkers of skin health have been identified with the potential to help optimise future safe treatment strategies.
Adipocytes Promote Endometrial Cancer Progression Through Activation of the SIRT1‐HMMR Signaling Axis
Authors: Savardekar Akanksha , Fernandes Ellerhea , Padhye‐Pendse Aishwarya , Gupta Tanish , Pol Jaydeep , Phadke Madhura , Desai Sharad , Jadhav Sachin , Rajwade Jyutika , Banerjee Arnab
Published: September 2024

Adipocyte is a predominant component of the omental adipose tissue that influences the tumor microenvironment and increases the risk of endometrial cancer progression (EC), however, little is known about the underlying mechanism. In this study, using a co‐culture model, we found that the adipocyte‐EC cell interaction promoted SIRT1 signaling in vitro and in vivo xenograft mice models. Furthermore, immunostaining of SIRT1 protein showed significantly higher expression of SIRT1 in endometrial cancer patients than in normal endometria. RNA sequencing analysis revealed HMMR (hyaluronan‐mediated motility receptor), an oncogene, as a downstream effector of SIRT1 in adipocyte‐associated EC. Transient knockdown and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that SIRT1 inhibition impedes transcription of the HMMR gene via FOXM1, and reduced expression of HMMR in co‐cultured EC cells blocks AURKA activation via TPX2, leading to cell cycle arrest. This is the first study to report the positive correlation between SIRT1 and HMMR in EC patient tumors and might be used as a potential biomarker in EC. Notably, SIRT1 regulates HMMR expression in a FOXM1‐dependent manner, and interfering with SIRT1 may provide a promising strategy for the management of endometrial cancer.
Cell seeding dynamics in a porous scaffold material designed for meniscus tissue regeneration
Authors: Jäger Henry , Grosjean Elise , Plunder Steffen , Redenbach Claudia , Keilmann Alex , Simeon Bernd , Surulescu Christina
Published: September 2024

We study the dynamics of a seeding experiment where a fibrous scaffold material is colonized by two types of cell populations. The specific application that we have in mind is related to the idea of meniscus tissue regeneration. In order to support the development of a promising replacement material, we discuss certain rate equations for the densities of human mesenchymal stem cells and chondrocytes and for the production of collagen‐containing extracellular matrix. For qualitative studies, we start with a system of ordinary differential equations and refine then the model to include spatial effects of the underlying nonwoven scaffold structure. Numerical experiments as well as a complete set of parameters for future benchmarking are provided.
A Two‐Step Framework for Validating Causal Effect Estimates
Authors: Shen Lingjie , Visser Erik , van Erning Felice , Geleijnse Gijs , Kaptein Maurits
Published: September 2024

Background: Comparing causal effect estimates obtained using observational data to those obtained from the gold standard (i.e., randomized controlled trials [RCTs]) helps assess the validity of these estimates. However, comparisons are challenging due to differences between observational data and RCT generated data. The unknown treatment assignment mechanism in the observational data and varying sampling mechanisms between the RCT and the observational data can lead to confounding and sampling bias, respectively.

Aims: The objective of this study is to propose a two‐step framework to validate causal effect estimates obtained from observational data by adjusting for both mechanisms.

Materials and Methods: An estimator of causal effects related to the two mechanisms is constructed. A two‐step framework for comparing causal effect estimates is derived from the estimator. An R package RCTrep is developed to implement the framework in practice.

Results: A simulation study is conducted to show that using our framework observational data can produce causal effect estimates similar to those of an RCT. A real‐world application of the framework to validate treatment effects of adjuvant chemotherapy obtained from registry data is demonstrated.

Conclusion: This  study constructs a framework for comparing causal effect estimates between observational data and RCT data, facilitating the assessment of the validity of causal effect estimates obtained from observational data.
An Emulated Target Trial Case Study of Real‐World Overall Survival With Second‐Line Maintenance Niraparib Versus Active Surveillance in Patients With Recurrent Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Perhanidis Jessica A. , Kalilani Linda , Zimmerman Nicole M. , Golembesky Amanda
Published: September 2024

Purpose

This retrospective real‐world study compared overall survival (OS) between patients with BRCA wild‐type (BRCAwt) recurrent epithelial ovarian cancer (OC) who received niraparib second‐line maintenance (2LM) versus active surveillance (AS) using target trial emulation, cloning, inverse probability of censoring weighting (IPCW) methodology to minimize immortal time bias.

Methods

Eligible patients from a United States‐based, deidentified, electronic health record–derived database were diagnosed with epithelial OC (January 1, 2011–May 31, 2021), were BRCAwt, and completed second‐line (2L) therapy (January 1, 2017–March 2, 2022). Patient data were cloned at index (2L last treatment date), assigned to niraparib 2LM and AS cohorts, and censored when treatment deviated from clone assignment. Follow‐up was measured from index to earliest of study end (May 31, 2022), last activity, or death. Median OS (mOS) and hazard ratios were estimated from stabilized IPCW Kaplan–Meier curves and Cox regression models.

Results

Overall, 199 patients received niraparib 2LM, and 707 had their care managed with AS. Key characteristics were balanced across cohorts after cloning and stabilized IPCW. Median follow‐up was 15.6‐ and 9.3‐months pre‐cloning. IPCW mOS was 24.1 months (95% CI: 20.9–29.5) and 18.4 months (95% CI: 15.1–22.8) in niraparib 2LM and AS cohorts, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.77; 95% CI: 0.66–0.89).

Conclusions

This real‐world study provides supportive evidence of an OS benefit for patients with BRCAwt recurrent OC who received 2LM niraparib monotherapy compared with those whose care was managed with AS. The analytic strategies implemented were useful in minimizing immortal time bias and measured confounding.
Social skills predict the development of creative strategies in college teachers during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Pederiva Vanessa , Andretta Ilana , Brust‐Renck Priscila G.
Published: September 2024

The development of social skills (SS) and creative potential is of great interest to researchers in educational and organizational contexts. The present study aimed to understand the relationship between SS and the use of creative strategies to solve problems in the work environment of college teachers. The study included 386 faculty members of Brazilian colleges who were teaching during the first year of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Participants answered an online survey including the Social Skills Questionnaire and the Strategies to Create at Work Scale. The results showed that the SS were predictors of the development of creative strategies in college teachers, with greater emphasis on the ability to maintain calm in the face of criticism, which significantly predicted all strategies to create at work. The development and search for solutions to problems in a creative way in the work environment can be a result of frequent interactions with students, teachers, managers, other employees of the institution. Such interactions can also help improve repertoire of SS.
Radiation‐induced angiosarcoma—An unusual cause of recurrent pleural effusion
Authors: Yun Jenny SW , McCracken James , Wadhwa Vikas
Published: September 2024

Although rare, radiotherapy can induce secondary malignancies, such as radiation‐induced angiosarcoma (RIAS), which is associated with a poor prognosis. Early detection is crucial for improving outcomes. The modified Cahan criteria are instrumental in diagnosing RIAS, which is ultimately confirmed through histological examination. We present a case of a middle‐aged woman who developed RIAS after undergoing radiotherapy post‐surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy for right‐sided breast cancer. The patient presented with a rapidly reaccumulating right‐sided pleural effusion, and RIAS was confirmed through pleural biopsy and aspirate. This case report highlights the pathway for establishing a diagnosis of RIAS and the need for early detection through clinical examination and surveillance imaging for patients following radiotherapy.
Intubated or rigid bronchoscopy under high‐flow oxygenation and deep sedation without ventilator or anesthesiologist: A report on a new technique
Authors: Seol Hee Yun , Chae Ganghee , Kim Jin Hyoung , Kim Yun Seong , Yoon Seong Hoon , Lee Taehoon
Published: September 2024

As the demand for advanced bronchoscopic procedures increases, prolonged sedation with adequate oxygenation has become essential. Traditionally, these procedures require an anesthesiologist to provide (positive‐pressure or jet) ventilator support. However, recent innovations have enabled advanced bronchoscopy under high‐flow endotracheal oxygenation and deep sedation without these requirements. Following oropharyngeal lidocaine anaesthesia, deep sedation was induced using fentanyl and remimazolam. Thereafter lidocaine was instilled into the larynx, trachea, and main bronchi using a flexible bronchoscope with a spray catheter. Finally, either an uncuffed endotracheal tube (Case 1) or a rigid bronchoscope (Case 2) was inserted, and advanced bronchoscopic procedures, such as cryobiopsy and stent insertion, were successfully performed without a ventilator or an anesthesiologist. Our novel technique is expected to facilitate the easier and adequate performance of advanced high‐level bronchoscopic procedures by pulmonologists, even in resource‐limited settings.