bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heroic-Idyllic Philosophizing: Nietzsche and the Epicurean Tradition
Authors: Ansell-Pearson Keith
Published: June 2014

This essay looks at Nietzsche in relation to the Epicurean tradition. It focuses on his middle period writings of 1878–82 – texts such as Human, all too Human, Dawn, and The Gay Science – and seeks to show that an ethos of Epicurean enlightenment pervades these texts, with Epicurus celebrated for his teaching of modest pleasures and cultivation of philosophical serenity. For Nietzsche, Epicurus is one of the greatest human beings to have ever graced the earth and the inventor of ‘heroic-idyllic philosophizing’. At the same time, Nietzsche claims to understand Epicurus differently to everybody else. The essay explores the main figurations of Epicurus we find in his middle period and concludes by taking a critical look at his later and more ambivalent reception of Epicurus.
Modern Japanese Philosophy: Historical Contexts and Cultural Implications
Authors: Arisaka Yoko
Published: June 2014

The paper provides an overview of the rise of Japanese philosophy during the period of rapid modernization in Japan after the Meiji Restoration (beginning in the 1860s). It also examines the controversy surrounding Japanese philosophy towards the end of the Pacific War (1945), and its renewal in the contemporary context. The post-Meiji thinkers engaged themselves with the questions ofuniversalityandparticularity; the former represented science, medicine, technology, and philosophy (understood as ‘Western modernity’) and the latter, the Japanese – ‘non-Western’ – tradition. Within the context, the question arose whether or not Japan, the only non-Western nation to succeed in modernization at the time, could also offer a philosophy that was universal in scope? Could Japanese philosophy offer an alternative form of modernity to the global domination of Western modernity? In this historical context, the philosophies of Kitaro Nishida and Tetsuro Watsuji, two of the tradition's most prominent thinkers, are introduced. Nishida is considered the ‘father of modern Japanese philosophy’ and his followers came to be known as the ‘Kyoto School’. The essay ends with a brief reflection on the influence of philosophy on culture, focusing on the aftermath of the tsunami catastrophe in 2011.
Philosophical Modernities: Polycentricity and Early Modernity in India
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: June 2014

The much-welcomed recent acknowledgement that there is a plurality of philosophical traditions has an important consequence: that we must acknowledge too that there are many philosophical modernities. Modernity, I will claim, is a polycentric notion, and I will substantiate my claim by examining in some detail one particular non-western philosophical modernity, a remarkable period in 16th to 17th century India where a diversity of philosophical projects fully deserve the label ‘modern’.
The ‘Continental’ Tradition?
Authors: Montefiore Alan
Published: June 2014

There is – of course – no one such thing as the continental tradition in philosophy, but rather a whole discordant family of notably distinct traditions. They are, nevertheless, broadly recognisable to each other. For much of the last century, however, most of those engaged in or with philosophy in continental Europe, on the one hand, and in the English-speaking world, on the other hand, had surprisingly little knowledge of, interest in or even respect for what was going on in the other. Happily, the situation today is vastly improved on each side of the philosophical channel. What follows is an attempt to gain some understanding of the background to this long-standing (and still to some diminishing extent persistent) mutual incomprehension from the standpoint of one who came to philosophy as a PPE student in the Oxford of the late 1940s.
Self, Other, God: 20thCentury Jewish Philosophy
Authors: Wright Tamra
Published: June 2014

Martin Buber, Franz Rosenzweig and Emmanuel Levinas are three of the most prominent Jewish philosophers of the 20thcentury. This paper looks at the different understandings each author offers of intersubjectivity and authentic self-hood and questions the extent to which for each author God plays a role in interpersonal relationships.
Longevity of moons around habitable planets
Authors: Sasaki Takashi , Barnes Jason W.
Published: June 2014

We consider tidal decay lifetimes for moons orbiting habitable extrasolar planets using the constantQapproach for tidal evolution theory. Large moons stabilize planetary obliquity in some cases, and it has been suggested that large moons are necessary for the evolution of complex life. We find that the Moon in the Sun–Earth system must have had an initial orbital period of not slower than 20 h rev−1for the moon's lifetime to exceed a 5 Gyr lifetime. We assume that 5 Gyr is long enough for life on planets to evolve complex life. We show that moons of habitable planets cannot survive for more than 5 Gyr if the stellar mass is less than 0.55 and 0.42 M⊙forQp=10 and 100, respectively, whereQpis the planetary tidal dissipation quality factor. Kepler-62e and f are of particular interest because they are two actually known rocky planets in the habitable zone. Kepler-62e would need to be made of iron and haveQp=100 for its hypothetical moon to live for longer than 5 Gyr. A hypothetical moon of Kepler-62f, by contrast, may have a lifetime greater than 5 Gyr under several scenarios, and particularly forQp=100.
Tridimensional (3D) Acculturation: Ethnic Identity and Psychological Functioning of Tricultural Jamaican Immigrants
Authors: Ferguson Gail M. , Iturbide Maria I. , Gordon Beverly P.
Published: June 2014

This article replicates and extends understanding of tridimensional (3D) acculturation by investigating the ethnic identity and psychological functioning of tricultural Jamaican immigrant adults in the United States who juggle 3 cultural worlds in their daily lives (Jamaican, European American mainstream, and African American). Eighty middle-aged Jamaican immigrants ( Mage= 50.5 years, 74% women) completed questionnaires reporting their acculturation, ethnic identity, life satisfaction, and psychological distress. Results replicated 3D acculturation, and triculturalism was prominent (nearly half of current sample). Ethnic identity search had stronger associations with acculturation and psychological functioning than did ethnic identity commitment. In addition, triculturals reported greater (though mild) psychological distress. Findings have both theoretical and clinical significance for Jamaican and other minority immigrants across nations who acculturate in 3D.
Effects of duodenal switch alone or in combination with sleeve gastrectomy on body weight and lipid metabolism in rats
Authors: Gudbrandsen O A , Kodama Y , Mjøs S A , Zhao C-M , Johannessen H , Brattbakk H-R , Haugen C , Kulseng B , Mellgren G , Chen D
Published: June 2014

Background:

A combined procedure of sleeve gastrectomy and duodenal switch (SG+DS) has been applied to the treatment of super obesity. The aim of the present study was to test whether duodenal switch alone (DS) leads to similar weight loss and changes in lipid metabolism as SG+DS.

Methods:

Male Sprague–Dawley rats underwent sham surgery (Sham, N=7), duodenal switch alone (DS, N=5) or sleeve gastrectomy followed by duodenal switch (SG+DS, N=5). Body weight, feed and water intakes, and ambulatory activity were recorded 2 months post surgery. Tissue and faecal lipids, faecal bile acids, plasma cytokines and lipid metabolism-related gene expression in adipose tissue and liver were analysed.

Results:

Daily energy intake, relative feed uptake, ambulatory activity and body weight reduction were similar between DS and SG+DS rats. The hepatic triacylglycerol content was higher and faecal secretion of triacylglycerol was lower after SG+DS compared to DS (P<0.05). Faecal bile acid secretion was higher in SG+DS than in DS rats (P<0.05) despite similar hepatic CYP7A1mRNA level. Plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12, granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor and tumour necrosis factor alpha were higher in SG+DS than in DS rats (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

Although DS and SG+DS had similar efficacy in terms of body weight loss, SG+DS resulted in a poorer regulation of lipid metabolism than DS.
Synergistic effect on the visible light activity of Ti3+ doped TiO2 nanorods/boron doped graphene composite
Authors: Xing Mingyang , Li Xiao , Zhang Jinlong
Published: June 2014

TiO2/graphene (TiO2-x/GR) composites, which are Ti3+ self-doped TiO2 nanorods decorated on boron doped graphene sheets, were synthesized via a simple one-step hydrothermal method using low-cost NaBH4 as both a reducing agent and a boron dopant on graphene. The resulting TiO2 nanorods were about 200 nm in length with exposed (100) and (010) facets. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Raman and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The XRD results suggest that the prepared samples have an anatase crystalline structure. All of the composites tested exhibited improved photocatalytic activities as measured by the degradation of methylene blue and phenol under visible light irradiation. This improvement was attributed to the synergistic effect of Ti3+ self-doping on TiO2 nanorods and boron doping on graphene.
Defection and extortion as unexpected catalysts of unconditional cooperation in structured populations
Authors: Szolnoki Attila , Perc Matjaž
Published: June 2014

We study the evolution of cooperation in the spatial prisoner's dilemma game, where besides unconditional cooperation and defection, tit-for-tat, win-stay-lose-shift and extortion are the five competing strategies. While pairwise imitation fails to sustain unconditional cooperation and extortion regardless of game parametrization, myopic updating gives rise to the coexistence of all five strategies if the temptation to defect is sufficiently large or if the degree distribution of the interaction network is heterogeneous. This counterintuitive evolutionary outcome emerges as a result of an unexpected chain of strategy invasions. Firstly, defectors emerge and coarsen spontaneously among players adopting win-stay-lose-shift. Secondly, extortioners and players adopting tit-for-tat emerge and spread via neutral drift among the emerged defectors. And lastly, among the extortioners, cooperators become viable too. These recurrent evolutionary invasions yield a five-strategy phase that is stable irrespective of the system size and the structure of the interaction network and they reveal the most unexpected mechanism that stabilizes extortion and cooperation in an evolutionary setting.
Chemistry of silybin
Authors: Biedermann D. , Vavříková E. , Cvak L. , Křen V.
Published: June 2014

This review covers articles dealing with silybin chemistry and also summarizes all the derivatives prepared.
Layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte encapsulation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae for enhanced Raman detection
Authors: Rivera-Betancourt Omar E. , Sheppard Edward S. , Krause Duncan C. , Dluhy Richard A.
Published: June 2014

Mycoplasma pneumoniaeis a major cause of respiratory disease in humans and accounts for as much as 20% of all community-acquired pneumonia.
New affinity-based probes for capturing flavonoid-binding proteins
Authors: Carrié Hélène , Tran Dong Tien , Rousseau Sabrina , Chaignepain Stéphane , Schmitter Jean-Marie , Deffieux Denis , Quideau Stéphane
Published: June 2014

Flavonoid-bearing probes have been designed and synthesized to explore their ability to selectively capture target proteins or biosynthetic enzymes under oxidative activation.
Variations in caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents of coffees: what are we drinking?
Authors: Ludwig Iziar A. , Mena Pedro , Calani Luca , Cid Concepción , Del Rio Daniele , Lean Michael E. J. , Crozier Alan
Published: June 2014

This paper reports on the wide variations in the caffeine and chlorogenic acid contents of coffees purchased in Scotland, Spain and Italy. Image © Shutterstock.
SN2 regioselectivity in the esterification of 5- and 7-membered azacycloalkane quaternary salts: a DFT study to reveal the transition state ring conformation prevailing over the ground state ring strain
Authors: Kimura Akihiro , Kawauchi Susumu , Yamamoto Takuya , Tezuka Yasuyuki
Published: June 2014

SN2 regioselectivity in 5- and 7-membered azacycloalkanes quaternary salts is directed by the transition state ring conformation.
Solid-phase synthesis of peptoid-like oligomers containing diverse diketopiperazine units
Authors: Suwal Sujit , Kodadek Thomas
Published: June 2014

An efficient protocol for the solid-phase synthesis of diverse diketopiperazines is reported.
Fluorogenic sensing of H2S in blood and living cells via reduction of aromatic dialkylamino N-oxide
Authors: Wu Zhisheng , Feng Yongliang , Geng Bin , Liu Junyi , Tang Xinjing
Published: June 2014

A new fluorescent chemodosimeter was developed for H2S detection based on the reduction of the aromatic dialkylamineN-oxide group.
Reduction of CuO nanowires confined by a nano test tube
Authors: Yuan Lu , Van Der Geest Abram G. , Zhu Wenhui , Yin Qiyue , Li Liang , Kolmogorov Aleksey N. , Zhou Guangwen
Published: June 2014

A carbon confinement layer leads to the change in the reduction mechanism of CuO nanowires from a surface dominated process of nucleation and growth to the bulk dominated process of nanowire fragmentation.
A hybrid white organic light-emitting diode with above 20% external quantum efficiency and extremely low efficiency roll-off
Authors: Sun Ning , Wang Qi , Zhao Yongbiao , Yang Dezhi , Zhao Fangchao , Chen Jiangshan , Ma Dongge
Published: June 2014

Based on a delicate device structure design, a novel (phosphorescence/fluorescence) hybrid WOLED with nearly 100% exciton harvesting has been demonstrated.
Recent twists in photoactuation and photoalignment control
Authors: Priimagi Arri , Barrett Christopher J. , Shishido Atsushi
Published: June 2014

The design of functional and stimuli-responsive materials is among the key goals of modern materials science.
Robust predictive control for networked control and application to DC‐motor control
Authors: Wu Di , Sun Xi‐Ming , Wang Wei , Shi Peng
Published: June 2014

This study is concerned with the robust predictive control problem for a class of uncertain networked control systems (NCS) with time‐varying delays and packet dropouts. A networked predictive control (NPC) scheme is proposed to compensate for the effect of time‐varying delays and packet dropouts. The closed‐loop NCS with uncertainties under the networked predictive controller are described as coupled switched control systems. Then by Lyapunov function approach, sufficient conditions are provided to guarantee the robust stability of the system in terms of linear matrix inequalities. As an application, the proposed NPC scheme is applied to DC‐motor control to show the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme.
Voltage control assessment of wind energy harvesting networks
Authors: Sáiz‐Marín Elena , Lobato Enrique , Egido Ignacio , Gómez‐Sánchez Carmen
Published: June 2014

Current technology developments allow the provision of voltage/reactive control of wind turbines. This study focuses on the impact of wind power voltage control on both the transmission network (TNet) and the wind energy harvesting network (HNet). Different possibilities of implementing the control representative of the current situation where wind farms maintain a fixed power factor and future situation where wind farms will provide a proportional voltage control are tested. In addition, optimal controls with a certain objective function such as minimising the HNet losses or optimising the reactive power delivered to the TNet are implemented for comparison purposes. The impact of each implementation of voltage control on the HNet is assessed by means of the value of grid losses, whereas the impact on TNet is measured by the PQ capability curve and the voltage value at the bus that connects the wind energy HNet with the TNet. In addition, the importance of the transformers taps in the control is evaluated and conclusions depending on the topology of the network are obtained thanks to the analysis of two actual Spanish networks.
Hierarchical BiVO4 micro/nanostructures synthesised via a solvothermal route and photodegradation of Rhodamine B
Authors: Ma Lin , Xu Li‐Mei , Zhang Ling‐Ling
Published: June 2014

Various bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) hierarchical micro/nanostructures with cocoon‐like, flower‐like and branch‐like morphologies were successfully synthesised by a facile template‐free solvothermal approach. The as‐synthesised products were characterised by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high‐resolution TEM, scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption–desorption and UV–vis absorption spectroscopy. The experimental results indicate that the volume ratio of ethylene glycol to water has a remarkable influence on the morphologies and microstructures of the obtained products. An oriented aggregation process is presented to account for the formation of the hierarchical BiVO4 micro/nanostructures in the current synthetic condition. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the obtained BiVO4 products under visible‐light irradiation was initially evaluated by degradation of Rhodamine B.
A case study in the use of evidence in a changing political context: an Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health service re-examines practice models, governance and financing
Authors: Gajjar Deepa , Zwi Anthony B. , Hill Peter S. , Shannon Cindy
Published: June 2014

This paper examines the response of a regional body, the Institute for Urban Indigenous Health (IUIH), coordinating Aboriginal community controlled health organisations (ACCHOs) in south-east Queensland, to research evidence as they prioritise and plan services in response to internal economic and organisational factors, as well as external policy change. An event-based analysis of a quarterly management meeting of the IUIH allowed an exploration of how the IUIH uses a range of evidence to respond to the challenges faced within the Aboriginal community controlled health sector. The study identified three distinct but interconnected processes: (1) identifying evidence for change; (2) exploring and reframing this evidence; and (3) the application of this evidence at different levels of policy and practice. These processes were evident in each of the three major agendas addressed during the meeting, namely navigating current political change, reforming the ACCHO business model and reframing the available evidence for advocacy. The result has been the emergence of a new service delivery model, in which evidence supports accountability, change management, self-sufficiency and attempts to redefine community control.
Determinants of ligand selectivity in a cyclic nucleotide–regulated potassium channel
Authors: Pessoa João , Fonseca Fátima , Furini Simone , Morais-Cabral João H.
Published: June 2014

Cyclic nucleotide–binding (CNB) domains regulate the activity of channels, kinases, exchange factors, and transcription factors. These proteins are highly variable in their ligand selectivity; some are highly selective for either cAMP or cGMP, whereas others are not. Several molecular determinants of ligand selectivity in CNB domains have been defined, but these do not provide a complete view of the selectivity mechanism. We performed a thorough analysis of the ligand-binding properties of mutants of the CNB domain from the MlotiK1 potassium channel. In particular, we defined which residues specifically favor cGMP or cAMP. Inversion of ligand selectivity, from favoring cAMP to favoring cGMP, was only achieved through a combination of three mutations in the ligand-binding pocket. We determined the x-ray structure of the triple mutant bound to cGMP and performed molecular dynamics simulations and a biochemical analysis of the effect of the mutations. We concluded that the increase in cGMP affinity and selectivity does not result simply from direct interactions between the nucleotide base and the amino acids introduced in the ligand-binding pocket residues. Rather, tighter cGMP binding over cAMP results from the polar chemical character of the mutations, from greater accessibility of water molecules to the ligand in the bound state, and from an increase in the structural flexibility of the mutated binding pocket.
Functional diversity and grazing intensity in sub‐alpine and alpine grasslands inAndorra
Authors: Komac Benjamin , Pladevall Clara , Domènech Marta , Fanlo Rosario
Published: June 2014

Questions

Humans are altering land use and impacting grazing intensities worldwide in alpine and sub‐alpine grasslands, and functional diversity (FD) is a useful tool for predicting changes in these grassland communities and for improving biodiversity conservation. We asked: (1) how does functional richness (FRic) differ between the five predominant grassland types in Andorra (2) of these five grassland types, which plant communities are subject to high habitat filtering and which are driven primarily by competitive interactions; (3) are certain grassland communities more prone to degradation than others; and (4) how do grazing intensity and elevation influence variations inFDindices?

Locations

Five types of sub‐alpine and alpine grassland communities dominated byFestuca airoides,F. eskia,F. gautieri,F. paniculataandNardus strictain Andorra, at various elevations and with differing grazing intensities within a grassland type.

Methods

We used multiple functional diversity indices and structural equation modelling (SEM) to determine how grazing intensity, elevation, species richness and productivity affect functional diversity in 222 vegetation transects.

Results

Both plant diversity and functional richness were higher at higher grazing intensities, with the highest values found in theF. gautieriandF. paniculatagrasslands and lowest in theNardus stricta,F. airoidesandF. eskiagrasslands. Habitat filtering was observed inF. airoidesgrasslands. There was a general tendency for higher competitive interactions among plants at higher elevations and/or when species diversity increased. None of the five grassland communities considered appears disturbed, and all present similar functional attributes between dominant species.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the fact that grazing is an integral part of Andorran mountain grasslands, acting as a structural component and providing higher functional richness in the most grazed communities.
Polymorphisms in CYP2D6 have a Greater Effect on Variability of Risperidone Pharmacokinetics than Gender
Authors: Cabaleiro Teresa , Ochoa Dolores , Román Manuel , Moreno Isabel , López‐Rodríguez Rosario , Novalbos Jesús , Abad‐Santos Francisco
Published: June 2014

Within‐subject coefficient of variation (CVw) plays a decisive role in the determination of sample size in bioequivalence clinical trials. Highly variable drugs may require the participation of a large number of subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate whether gender and polymorphisms in CYP2D6 affect the CVw of risperidone. Two single‐dose, two‐period crossover studies of risperidone (n = 70) were reanalysed to calculate CVw for AUCt and Cmax. Subjects were classified into four different CYP2D6 phenotype groups [poor metabolizers (PM), intermediate metabolizers (IM), extensive metabolizers (EM) and ultrarapid metabolizers (UM)]. The effect of gender was evaluated in EM and IM. CVw was lower in PM (13.3% for AUCt and 10.9% for Cmax) and UM (17.4% and 8.7%) than in EM (28.7% and 34.7%) and IM (33.2% and 27.3%). Variability was slightly lower in women (27.9% for AUCt and 25.7% for Cmax) than in men (33.3% and 37.2%, respectively). Genetic polymorphisms affect within‐subject variability more than gender and could considerably affect sample size calculation. Therefore, subjects participating in bioequivalence trials should be genotyped.
Economic Welfare Impacts of Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease in the Canadian Beef Cattle Sector
Authors: Tozer Peter R. , Marsh Thomas. L. , Perevodchikov Evgeniy V.
Published: June 2014

A foot‐and‐mouth disease outbreak, although having a low probability of occurrence, results in losses of export markets and introduces considerable potential disease management and eradication costs. We develop a dynamic model that integrates beef cattle production, disease dissemination, domestic consumption, and international trade and captures the intertemporal economic welfare impacts of mitigation measures. The model is applied to the case of a hypothetical outbreak in Canada to capture changes in producer profits, consumer price, and government costs due to the outbreak and sums these to measure changes in total economic welfare of the beef industry. Mitigation scenarios are reported for stamping‐out, movement controls, vaccination, and preemptive slaughter.
Mathematical modelling can predict adequacy rates and needle passes for fine needle aspiration cytology with rapid on‐site evaluation
Authors: Schmidt R. L. , Kordy M. A.
Published: June 2014

Objective

Fine needle aspiration is widely used to obtain tissue samples. There are two types of sampling processes: fixed and variable. In fixed sampling, the samples are not observed for adequacy during the sampling process. In variable sampling, samples are evaluated for adequacy as they are received, and sampling is stopped as soon as an adequate sample is obtained. Each sample involves a risk of harm to the patient, and so limits are often imposed on the number of samples. The impact of such limits has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of sampling limits on the adequacy rate.

Methods

A mathematical model of the sampling process was developed. The model describes the per‐case adequacy rate in terms of the per‐pass probability of success, the number of needle passes, the accuracy of the assessor and an upper limit on the number of needle passes.

Results

Per‐case adequacy was positively correlated with the per‐pass adequacy and the accuracy of the assessor. Sampling limits reduced the per‐case adequacy rate. The impact of sampling limits decreased as the sampling limit increased. The model provides good approximations of the adequacy rate even when the constant yield assumption is violated.

Conclusion

Mathematical modelling provides a useful approach to study sampling processes that would be difficult to evaluate with clinical studies.
Incidence of non‐severe hypoglycaemia and intensity of treatment among veterans with Type 2 diabetes in the USA: a prospective observational study
Authors: Wendel C. S. , Fotieo G. G. , Shah J. H. , Felicetta J. , Curtis B. H. , Murata G. H.
Published: June 2014

Aim

To quantify the incidence of non‐severe hypoglycaemic events among veterans with Type 2 diabetes and its association with primary care provider prescribing behaviour.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study involving 30 primary care providers and patients enrolled with these primary care providers, identified from computerized pharmacy records. Two sampling frames were created consisting of (1) patients not treated with insulin and receiving sulfonylurea treatment (with or without other oral hypoglycaemic agents) and (2) patients treated with insulin (with or without sulfonylureas or other oral hypoglycaemic agents). Patients recorded the frequency, proximal cause of, and response to each hypoglycaemic event over a 12‐week period and made three visits to a research coordinator over 24 weeks. Data were provided to the primary care provider before their next visit and charts were reviewed for medication changes.

Results

A total of 265 patients were enrolled in study. During the 12 weeks of structured self‐monitoring of blood glucose, patients recorded a mean (sd) of 6.9 (10.3) hypoglycaemic events. Duration of diabetes increased monotonically with increasing category of hypoglycaemic event (P < 0.001). Among insulin users, an increased frequency of hypoglycaemic events was associated with a decreased likelihood of dose intensification by primary care providers (relative risk 0.86 per event; P = 0.02) but no significant increase in tendency for dose reduction (relative risk 1.04 per event; P = 0.06). Increased frequency of hypoglycaemic events was associated with an increased likelihood of dose reduction (relative risk 1.12 per event; P = 0.03) in the sulfonylurea treatment group.

Conclusions

Non‐severe hypoglycaemia is common among veterans with Type 2 diabetes receiving insulin or sulfonylureas and influences the prescribing behaviour of primary care providers.
Color Stability Over Time of Three Resin‐Based Restorative Materials Stored Dry and in Artificial Saliva
Authors: Uchimura Joana Yumi Teruya , Sato Francielle , Bianchi Giselly , Baesso Mauro Luciano , Santana Rosângela Geritana , Pascotto Renata Corrêa
Published: June 2014

Objective

To evaluate the color match of different composite resins relative to Vitapan Classical shade guide tab and their respective manufacturers' shade guide tabs as a function of time and storage.

Materials and Methods

Three enamel shade A2 composite resins were used to fabricate 36 disk‐shaped polymerized specimens (12 each), allocated into 2 groups of 6 and stored dry (GD) and in artificial saliva (GS). CIELAB coordinates from shade tabs and resin specimens immediately after polymerization (t0), and 24 hours (t1), 7 (t7), 14 (t14) and 21 (t21) days after polymerization were captured using a colorimeter. Color difference (ΔE00) between composite specimens and the reference tabs was calculated using the CIEDE2000 formula. The results were analyzed with repeated measures ANOVA, Tukey's HDS post‐hoc test, and Student t test (p ≤ 0.05).

Results

Color of the three tested composites relative to Vita and their respective tabs significantly changed as a function of time until t14; however, between t14 and t21, no significant differences were found. No differences in color were found relative to storage at t14 and t21. ΔE00 values of specimens at t14 were significantly higher relative to their respective tabs than to Vitapan tab.

Conclusions

For all brands color changed up to day 14, when it stabilized, regardless of whether composite specimens had been stored in artificial saliva or simply in a box. Vitapan tab presented a better color match than the manufacturers' tabs.

Clinical Significance

The results found in this study demonstrated that the Vitapan Classical shade guide tab A2 provided a better color match than the respective shade guide tabs A2 supplied by the composite manufacturers. If custom shade tabs are to be made, however, they could be kept in a box and used as shade references from 14 days after being fabricated, when color stabilizes.
Color Recovery Effect of Commercial Mouth Rinses on a Discolored Composite
Authors: Harorlı Osman Tolga , Barutcigil Çağatay
Published: June 2014

Statement of the Problem

Several mouth rinses promising whiter smiles are on the market today.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro color recovery effects of six commercial mouth rinses on a stained universal composite resin.

Materials and Methods

Sixty composite resin specimens were prepared with a universal composite resin (Filtek Z250), and baseline Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage L*a*b* color coordinates were measured by spectrophotometry. Specimens were subjected to two cycles of staining with coffee and cherry juice for 2 weeks, followed by immersion into mouth rinses (Listerine Whitening Vibrant, Scope White, Crest 3D White, Signal White Now, Oral‐B 3D White, and Colgate Optic White). Changes in color coordinates were measured after staining and after 24‐ and 72‐hour immersion periods. Color alterations were calculated both by CIEDE2000 and CIELAB formulas. Data were submitted to analysis of variance for repeated measures and Tukey's multiple comparison test. (α = 0.05).

Results

Immersion in colorant beverages caused perceptible discolorations on composite resin samples (ΔE00 > 2.25 and ΔEab* > 3.46). Immersion period and mouth rinses were significant factors for the color recovery procedure (p < 0.001). The interaction between immersion time and WMR was also significant (p < 0.001).

Conclusions

The color recovery of composite resin was affected by the brand of mouth rinse and the period of immersion.

Clinical Significance

This in vitro study revealed that tested mouth rinses are capable of recovering discolored composite resin colors after a prolonged exposure period.
Gastrointestinal toxicity after vincristine or cyclophosphamide administered with or without maropitant in dogs: a prospective randomised controlled study
Authors: Mason S. L. , Grant I. A. , Elliott J. , Cripps P. , Blackwood L.
Published: June 2014

Objectives

To assess the prevalence of gastrointestinal toxicity in dogs receiving chemotherapy with vincristine and cyclophosphamide and the efficacy of maropitant citrate (Cerenia™, Zoetis) in reducing these events.

Methods

Dogs receiving chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide or vincristine were randomised to either receive maropitant or not in the period immediately after treatment and for 4 days afterwards. Owners completed a diary of adverse events following treatment.

Results

Adverse events occurred in 40/58 (69%) dogs in the vincristine group. Most of these adverse events were mild and included: lethargy (62%), appetite loss (43%), diarrhoea (34%) and vomiting (24%). Adverse events occurred in 34/42 (81%) dogs treated with cyclophosphamide. Most of these adverse events were mild and included: lethargy (62%), diarrhoea (36%), appetite loss (36%) and vomiting (21%). There was no difference in total clinical score, vomiting, diarrhoea, appetite loss or lethargy score between dogs treated with maropitant and non‐treated dogs in either the vincristine or cyclophosphamide groups.

Clinical Significance

Chemotherapy‐related side effects are frequent but usually mild in dogs receiving vincristine or cyclophosphamide. Prophylactic administration of maropitant does not reduce the frequency of adverse events and maropitant should be administered only as required for individual cases.
An Investigation of Magnetic Pulse Welding of Al/Cu and Interface Characterization
Authors: Wu Xin , Shang Jianhui
Published: June 2014

This paper investigated the effect of magnetic pulse welding (MPW) condition (welding power, surface scratches, and contamination) on the establishment of welding between aluminum and copper tubes, and the associated welding mechanisms. The results showed that higher applied power and surface scratches in tangential direction were in favor for good weld, and oil on the surface prevented welding. Direct evidences were obtained on local interface melting under a high welding power. CuAl intermetallics with different atomic ratios were identified by energy dispersion spectrum (EDS) chemical analysis and by microscratching test. The mechanisms of MPW and the process improvement were discussed.
Effect of a Slotted Shield on Thermal and Hydraulic Performance of a Heat Sink
Authors: Elsayed Mohamed L. , Mesalhy Osama
Published: June 2014

The attachment of a shield to a heat sink enhances the thermal performance. But, forming slots in the shield increases thermal resistance. We found that increasing the slot width enhances the flow performance over the heat sink and this improvement continues as the number of slots increases, but the thermal performance, on the other hand, decreases. Slots work as a flow bypass and create jets to destroy eddies and vortices created by the shield. Therefore, pressure drop at Re = 55,000 for a slotted case is about 80% lower than a solid shield. For suitable thermal resistance and moderate pressure drop, the appropriate slotted shield will have 3–7 slots at different slot widths. These slots preserve the improvement of thermal resistance with a suitable pressure drop.
Investigation on Material's Fatigue Property Variation Among Different Regions of Directional Solidification Turbine Blades—Part I: Fatigue Tests on Full Scale Blades
Authors: Yan Xiaojun , Chen Xia , Sun Ruijie , Deng Ying , Lin Lianshan , Nie Jingxu
Published: June 2014

At present, directional solidification (DS) made blades are commonly used in high performance turbine for their better high temperature mechanical, especially in creep properties compared with the equiaxed grain (EG) blades made by conventional casting method. To predict DS blades' fatigue life accurately, one of the practical ways is to conduct tests on full-scale blades in a laboratory/bench environment. In this investigation, two types of full scale turbine blades, which are made from DZ22B by DS method and K403 by conventional casting method, respectively, were selected to conduct high temperature combined low and high cycle fatigue (CCF) tests on a special design test rig, to evaluate the increase of fatigue life benefitted from material change. Experimental results show that different from EG blades, DS blades' fracture section is not located on the position where the maximum stress point lies. By comparing fatigue test results of the two types of blade, it can be found that the fatigue properties among different regions of the DS blade are different, and its fatigue damage is not only related to the stress field, but also affected by different parts material's fatigue properties.
Behavior of a Solar Collector Loop During Stagnation
Authors: Chen Ziqian , Dragsted Janne , Furbo Simon , Perers Bengt , Fan Jianhua
Published: June 2014

A mathematical model simulating the emptying behavior of a pressurized solar collector loop with solar collectors with a good emptying behavior is developed and validated with measured data. The calculated results are in good agreement with the measured results. The developed simulation model is therefore suitable to determine the behavior of a solar collector loop during stagnation. A volume ratio R, which is the ratio of the volume of the vapor in the upper pipes of the solar collector loop during stagnation and the fluid content of solar collectors, is introduced to determine the mass of the collector fluid pushed into the expansion vessel during stagnation, Min. A correlation function for the mass Min and the volume ratio R for solar collector loops is obtained. The function can be used to determine a suitable size of expansion vessels for solar collector loops.
Dynamic Simulation of Viscoelastic Soft Tissue in Acoustic Radiation Force Creep Imaging
Authors: Zhao Xiaodong , Pelegri Assimina A.
Published: June 2014

Acoustic radiation force (ARF) creep imaging applies step ARF excitation to induce creep displacement of soft tissue, and the corresponding time-dependent responses are used to estimate soft tissue viscoelasticity or its contrast. Single degree of freedom (SDF) and homogeneous analytical models have been used to characterize soft tissue viscoelasticity in ARF creep imaging. The purpose of this study is to investigate the fundamental limitations of the commonly used SDF and homogeneous assumptions in ARF creep imaging. In this paper, finite element (FE) models are developed to simulate the dynamic behavior of viscoelastic soft tissue subjected to step ARF. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous models are studied with different soft tissue viscoelasticity and ARF configurations. The results indicate that the SDF model can provide good estimations for homogeneous soft tissue with high viscosity, but exhibits poor performance for low viscosity soft tissue. In addition, a smaller focal region of the ARF is desirable to reduce the estimation error with the SDF models. For heterogeneous media, the responses of the focal region are highly affected by the local heterogeneity, which results in deterioration of the effectiveness of the SDF and homogeneous simplifications.
Analysis of Failure in Dual Phase Steel Sheets Subject to Electrohydraulic Forming
Authors: Samei Javad , Green Daniel E. , Golovashchenko Sergey
Published: June 2014

In previous work, the formability of dual phase steel sheets formed under quasi-static and high strain rate conditions was investigated in macroscale (Golovashchenko et al., 2013, “Formability of Dual Phase Steels in Electrohydraulic Forming,” J. Mater. Process. Technol., 213, pp. 1191–1212) and microscale (Samei et al., 2013, “Quantitative Microstructural Analysis of Formability Enhancement in Dual Phase Steels Subject to Electrohydraulic Forming,” J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 22(7), pp. 2080–2088). The Nakazima test and electrohydraulic forming (EHF) were used for quasi-static and high strain rate forming, respectively. It was shown that dual phase steel sheets exhibit hyperplastic behavior when subject to EHF into a conical die and the micromechanisms of formability improvement were discussed (Samei et al., 2014, “Metallurgical Investigations on Hyperplasticity in Dual Phase Steel Sheets,” ASME J. Manuf. Sci. Eng. (in press)). In this paper, mechanisms of failure in dual phase steels formed under quasi-static and EHF conditions are discussed. For this purpose, the nucleation, growth, and volume fraction of voids were studied. Also, fractography was carried out to understand the different types of fractures in the three grades of dual phase steels. The main objective of this work was to determine how failure was suppressed in the EHF specimens formed in the conical die compared to the Nakazima specimens. The impact of the sheet against the die was found to be the major reason for the delay in failure in the EHF specimens.
Development of Ink-Particle Flight Simulation for Continuous Inkjet Printers
Authors: Ikegawa Masato , Ishii Eiji , Harada Nobuhiro , Takagishi Tsuneaki
Published: June 2014

A method of simulating ink-particle flight for industrial, continuous inkjet printers (CIJPs) was developed to clarify the factors that influence print distortion. Print distortion is produced by aerodynamic and electric interference between the ink-particles flying from the nozzle onto the print target. The necessary functions to do this, such as the calculation of electrostatic force in the electric field between the electrodes, Coulomb's force from other charged ink-particles, and the drag force in the inkjet stream for many flying ink-particles were added to a Lagrangian method in the software to analyze the fluid dynamics that was used in the simulations. The trajectories of the ink particles flying from the nozzle onto the print target and the air flow caused by them were simultaneously calculated in the simulations. The results from simulations for the velocities and trajectories of the flying ink particles were compared with the experimental ones obtained with a high-speed camera. These simulation results were in good agreement with the experimental ones, and the developed simulation helps to clarify the factors that influence print distortion and to create algorithms that decrease it.
Endoscopic transmaxillary drainage of an infratemporal fossa abscess
Authors: Sundaram Sreetharan Sivapatha , Rajan Philip , Balasubramanian Anusha
Published: June 2014

Infratemporal fossa abscess is a rare and challenging condition to diagnose and manage. A few reported cases have been mostly due to odontogenic infections and were managed by external or intraoral drainage. This is the first reported case of an infratemporal fossa abscess that was successfully managed by endoscopic drainage via a transmaxillary approach.
Oculomotor nerve palsy secondary to aberrant posterior cerebral artery
Authors: Tan Terence , Tee Jin Wee , Wang Yi Yuen
Published: June 2014

The authors report a rare case of an oculomotor nerve palsy attributed to mass effect from an aberrant posterior cerebral artery. The patient presented with complete ptosis, mydriasis and ophthalmoplegia of the affected eye. MRI demonstrated distortion of the oculomotor nerve as it traversed inferior to the non-aneurysmal P1 segment of an aberrant posterior cerebral artery. The oculomotor nerve palsy resolved spontaneously.
Microbial contamination of domiciliary nebulisers and clinical implications in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Jarvis S , Ind P W , Thomas C , Goonesekera S , Haffenden R , Abdolrasouli A , Fiorentino F , Shiner R J
Published: June 2014

Background and purpose

Domiciliary nebulisers are widely used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but nebuliser cleaning practice has not been assessed in patients with COPD who are often elderly and may have severe disease and multiple comorbidities. We aimed to evaluate microbial contamination of home nebulisers used by patients with COPD.

Methods

Random microbiological assessment of domiciliary nebulisers was undertaken together with an enquiry into cleaning practices. We also examined the effectiveness of the trust-wide cleaning instructions in eradicating isolated microorganisms in a laboratory setting.

Results

The mean age of patients in this study was 71 (range 40–93) years, and in 68% of patients a large number of significant comorbidities were present. Forty-four nebuliser sets were obtained and 73% were contaminated with microorganisms at >100 colony forming units/plate. Potentially pathogenic bacteria colonised 13 of the 44 nebulisers (30%) and organisms isolated includedPseudomonas aeroginosa,Staphylococcus aureus, multidrug resistantSerratia marcesans,Escherichia coliand multiresistantKlebsiellaspp, Enterobacteriaceae and fungusFusarium oxysporum.Washing of nebuliser masks, chambers and mouthpieces achieved complete eradication of Gram-positive bacterial and fungal flora. Gram-negative organisms were incompletely eradicated, which may be attributed to the presence of biofilms. We also found that in patients with pathogenic organisms cultured on the nebuliser sets, there was a higher probability of occurrence of a COPD exacerbation with a mean number of exacerbations of 3.3 (SD=1) per year in the group in whom pathogens were isolated compared with 1.7 (SD=1.2) exacerbations per year in those whose sets grew non-pathogenic flora (p=0.02).

Conclusions

Nebulisers contaminated with microorganisms are potential reservoirs delivering serious pathogens to the lung. Relationships between nebuliser contamination, clinical infection and exacerbations require further examination, but is a potential concern in elderly patients with COPD with comorbidities who fail to effectively maintain reasonable standards of nebuliser cleanliness.
Eradication ofPseudomonas aeruginosain adults with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Kenny S L , Shaw T D , Downey D G , Moore J E , Rendall J C , Elborn J S
Published: June 2014

Background

Eradication of new infection ofPseudomonas aeruginosais an important intervention in managing cystic fibrosis (CF). Previous trials, studying predominantly under 18-year-olds, indicate that antibiotic eradication therapy (AET) has success rates of 62.8–93.0%. In this retrospective cohort study, we report the outcomes of AET in an adult population.

Methods

Adults with a confirmed diagnosis of CF and a first isolation ofP aeruginosawere studied between 1999 and 2012. Choice of therapy, time to eradication and reinfection, and lung function (forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)) were determined.

Results

20 patients (median age 27 years) isolatedP aeruginosaduring the study period. 10 patients were treated with oral ciprofloxacin (median duration 6 weeks) and nebulised colomycin (median duration 3 months). 7 patients were treated with intravenous antipseudomonal antibiotics (median duration 14 days). 2 patients received other combinations of oral and inhaled antipseudomonal therapy and one patient received no therapy. AET was successful in 15 cases who received antipseudomonal therapy (79%). The median time to eradication was 1 month. The median time to reinfection withP aeruginosawas 43 months. There was no significant change in FEV1after 12 months.

Conclusions

Aggressive AET of new infection ofP aeruginosain adults is successful in the majority of patients and has similar efficacy to the reported efficacy in paediatric populations.