bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New particle formation events measured on board the ATR-42 aircraft during the EUCAARI campaign
Authors: Crumeyrolle S. , Manninen H. E. , Sellegri K. , Roberts G. , Gomes L. , Kulmala M. , Weigel R. , Laj P. , Schwarzenboeck A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Aerosol properties were studied during an intensive airborne measurement campaign that took place at Rotterdam in Netherlands in May 2008 within the framework of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions project (EUCAARI). The objective of this study is to illustrate seven events of new particle formation (NPF) observed with two Condensation Particle Counters (CPCs) operated on board the ATR-42 research aircraft in airsectors around Rotterdam, and to provide information on the spatial extent of the new particle formation phenomenon based on 1-s resolution measurements of ultra-fine particle (in the size range 3–10 nm diameter, denoted N3-10 hereafter) concentrations. The results show that particle production occurred under the influence of different air mass origins, at different day times and over the North Sea as well as over the continent. The number concentration of freshly nucleated particles (N3-10) varied between 5000 and 100 000 cm−3 within the boundary layer (BL). Furthermore the vertical extension for all nucleation events observed on the ATR-42 never exceeded the upper limit of the BL. The horizontal extent of N3-10 could not be delimited due to inflexible flight plans which could not be modified to accommodate real-time results. However, the NPF events were observed over geographically large areas; typically the horizontal extension was about 100 km and larger.
A nonlinear multi-proxy model based on manifold learning to reconstruct water temperature from high resolution trace element profiles in biogenic carbonates
Authors: Bauwens M. , Ohlsson H. , Barbé K. , Beelaerts V. , Dehairs F. , Schoukens J.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. A long standing problem in paleoceanography concerns the reconstruction of water temperature from δ18O carbonate, which for freshwater influenced environments is hindered because the isotopic composition of the ambient water (related to salinity) affects the reconstructed temperature. In this paper we argue for the use of a nonlinear multi-proxy method called Weight Determination by Manifold Regularization to develop a temperature reconstruction model that is less sensitive to salinity variations. The motivation for using this type of model is twofold: Firstly, observed nonlinear relations between specific proxies and water temperature motivate the use of nonlinear models. Secondly, the use of multi-proxy models enables salinity related variations of a given temperature proxy to be explained by salinity-related information carried by a separate proxy. Our findings confirm that Mg/Ca is a powerful paleothermometer and highlight that reconstruction performance based on this proxy is improved significantly by combining its information with the information of other trace elements in multi-proxy models. Using Mg/Ca, Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca and Pb/Ca the WDMR model enabled a temperature reconstruction with a root mean squared error of ±2.19 °C for a salinity range between 15 and 32.
Exploiting the information content of hydrological "outliers" for goodness-of-fit testing
Authors: Laio F. , Allamano P. , Claps P.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. Validation of probabilistic models based on goodness-of-fit tests is an essential step for the frequency analysis of extreme events. The outcome of standard testing techniques, however, is mainly determined by the the behavior of the hypothetical model, FX(x), in the central part of the distribution, while the behavior in the tails of the distribution, which is indeed very relevant in hydrological applications, is relatively unimportant for the results of the tests. The maximum-value test, originally proposed as a technique for outlier detection, is a suitable, but seldom applied, technique that addresses this problem. The test is specifically targeted to verify if the maximum (or minimum) values in the sample are consistent with the hypothesis that the distribution FX(x) is the real parent distribution. The application of this test is hindered by the fact that the critical values for the test should be numerically obtained when the parameters of FX(x) are estimated on the same sample used for verification, which is the standard situation in hydrological applications. We propose here a simple, analytically explicit, technique to suitably account for this effect, based on the application of censored L-moments estimators of the parameters. We demonstrate, with an application that uses artificially generated samples, the superiority of this modified maximum-value test with respect to the standard version of the test. We also show that the test has comparable or larger power with respect to other goodness-of-fit tests (e.g., chi-squared test, Anderson-Darling test, Fung and Paul test), in particular when dealing with small samples (sample size lower than 20–25) and when the parent distribution is similar to the distribution being tested.
Physical controls on the scale-dependence of ensemble streamflow forecast dispersion
Authors: Mascaro G. , Vivoni E. R. , Deidda R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The accuracy of ensemble streamflow forecasts (ESFs) is impacted by the propagation of uncertainty associated with quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) through the physical processes occurring in the basin. In this study, we consider consistent ESFs (i.e., observations and ensemble members are equally likely) and we study the effect of basin area (A) and antecedent rainfall (AR) on the ESF dispersion, a metric of flood forecast skill. Results from a set of numerical experiments indicate that: (i) for small basins (≲180 km2), ESF dispersion is mainly dominated by the runoff generation process and does not depend on the basin size A; (ii) for larger areas, ESF dispersion decreases with A according to a log-linear relation due to the decreasing variability of ensemble QPFs and, possibly, to the channel routing process. In addition, we found that, regardless the basin size, the ESF dispersion decreases as AR increases, and that the influence of AR is larger for basins with fast response times. Physical controls (land cover, soil texture and morphometric features) on the analyzed basin response confirm these interpretations.
Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler observations in the southern Caspian Sea: shelf currents and flow field off Feridoonkenar Bay, Iran
Authors: Ghaffari P. , Chegini V.
Published: July 2010

Abstract. The results of offshore bottom-mounted ADCP measurements and wind records carried out from August to September 2003 in the coastal waters off Feridoon-kenar Bay (FB) in the south Caspian Sea (CS) are examined in order to characterize the shelf motion, the steady current field and to determine the main driving forces of currents on the study area. Owing to closed basin and absence of the astronomical tide, the atmospheric forcing plays an important role in the flow field of the CS. The lasting regular sea breeze system is present almost throughout the year. This system performs the forcing in diurnal and semi-diurnal bands similar to tides in other regions. In general, current field in the continental shelf could be separated into two distinguishable schemes, which in cross-shelf direction is dominated by high frequencies (1 cpd and higher frequencies), and in along-shelf orientation mostly proportional to lower frequencies in synoptic weather bands. Long-period wave currents, whose velocities are much greater than those of direct wind-induced currents, dominates the current field in the continental shelf off FB. The propagation of the latter could be described in terms of shore-controlled waves that are remotely generated and travel across the shelf in the southern CS. It has also been shown that long term displacements in this area follow the classic cyclonic, circulation pattern in the southern CS.
Tailoring Materials Properties by Accumulative Roll Bonding
Authors: Hausöl Tina , Maier Verena , Schmidt Christian W. , Winkler Michael , Höppel Heinz Werner , Göken Mathias
Published: July 2010

Accumulative roll bonding (ARB) as a method of severe plastic deformation (SPD) is an interesting established process to produce ultrafine‐grained (UFG) sheet materials with high potential for light weight constructions. The ARB process offers a high flexibility for tailored material design. Al2O3 particles, carbon fibers and titanium foils are used as reinforcement of aluminum sheets introduced during accumulative roll bonding. Furthermore multicomponent materials are produced by cladding of different aluminum alloys. These sandwich‐like structures allow to combine desired properties of the materials involved. Post‐ARB heat treatment offers another possibility for tailoring materials properties of graded structures as shown by formation of TiAl3 in Al/Ti laminates. The tailored materials are investigated by means of SEM, EDX, nanoindentation experiments and tensile testing.
Triplet Exciton and Polaron Dynamics in Phosphorescent Dye Blended Polymer Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Lee Chang‐Lyoul , Hwang In‐Wook , Byeon Clare Chisu , Kim Bok Hyeon , Greenham Neil C.
Published: July 2010

The triplet exciton and polaron dynamics in phosphorescent dye (PtOEP) blended polymer (MEH‐PPV) photovoltaic devices are investigated by quasi‐steady‐state photo‐induced absorption (PIA) spectroscopy. According to the low‐temperature PIA and photoluminescence (PL) results, the increase in strength of the triplet‐triplet (T1‐Tn) absorption of MEH‐PPV in the blend system originates from the triplet‐triplet energy transfer from PtOEP to MEH‐PPV. The PtOEP blended MEH‐PPV/C60 bilayer photovoltaic device shows a roughly 30%–40% enhancement in photocurrent and power‐conversion efficiency compared to the device without PtOEP. However, in contrast to the bilayer device results, the bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices do not show a noticeable change in photocurrent and power‐conversion efficiency in the presence of PtOEP. The PIA intensity, originating from the polaron state, is only slightly higher (within the experimental error), indicating that carrier generation in the bulk heterojunction is not enhanced in the presence of PtOEP. The rate and probability of the exciton dissociation between PtOEP and PCBM is much faster and higher than that of the triplet‐triplet energy transfer between PtOEP and MEH‐PPV.
Incidence of myelodysplastic syndromes within a nonprofit healthcare system in western Washington state, 2005–2006
Authors: De Roos Anneclaire J. , Deeg H. Joachim , Onstad Lynn , Kopecky Kenneth J. , Bowles Erin J. Aiello , Yong Mellissa , Fryzek Jon , Davis Scott
Published: July 2010

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) incidence is unclear because of historical lack of population‐based registration and possibly because of underdiagnosis. We conducted a study to evaluate completeness of MDS registration in the Seattle‐Puget Sound region of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program—which has reported the highest rates among the SEER registries since mandatory reporting of MDS began in 2001. We identified incident MDS cases of any age that occurred within a nonprofit healthcare system in western Washington State in 2005 or 2006 through the local SEER registry or by relevant diagnostic code followed by medical chart review to classify these patients as unlikely, possible, or definite/probable MDS. We calculated age‐standardized incidence rates for all identified MDS cases and for case groups based on identification method, and we summarized medical histories of the MDS patients. MDS incidence in our study population was estimated as 7.0 per 100,000 person‐years in 2005–2006 when combining MDS cases identified by SEER and definite/probable cases identified by chart review, which was similar to the rate of 6.9 reported by our local SEER registry. The addition of possible MDS cases identified from chart review increased the rate to 10.2 per 100,000. MDS patients frequently had previous cancer diagnoses (25%) and comorbidities such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Our investigation suggests that although reporting of confirmed MDS diagnoses in our region appears complete, MDS incidence is likely underestimated because of omission of cases who are symptomatic but do not receive definitive diagnoses. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Orbitofacial Glands of Bats: An Investigation of the Potential Correlation of Gland Structure with Social Organization
Authors: Rehorek Susan J. , Smith Timothy D. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P.
Published: July 2010

The facial glands of bats are modified skin glands, whereas there are up to three different orbital glands: Harderian, lacrimal, and Meibomian glands. Scattered studies have described the lacrimal and Meibomian glands in a handful of bat species, but there is as yet no description of a Harderian gland in bats. In this study we examined serial sections of orbitofacial glands in eight families of bats. Much variation amongst species was observed, with few phylogenetic patterns emerging. Enlarged facial glands, either sudoriparous (five genera) or sebaceous (vespertilionids only) were observed. Meibomian and lacrimal glands were present in most species examined (exceptAntrozous), though the relative level of development varied. Two types of anterior orbital glands were distinguished: the Harderian gland (tubulo‐acinar: observed inRousettus,Atribeus,DesmodusandMiniopterus) and caruncular (sebaceous: observed inEptesicusandDieamus). The relative development of the nasolacrimal duct and the vomeronasal organ did not appear to be correlated with the development of any of the exocrine glands examined. There does, however, appear to be a correlation between the presence of at least one well developed exocrine gland and the level of communality and known olfactory acuity, best documented inArtibeus,Desmodus, andMiniopterus. Anat Rec 293:1433–1448, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Is It or Isn't It? A Reexamination of the Anterior Orbital Glands of the Fat‐Tailed Dunnart Sminthopsis Crassicaudata (Dasyuridae: Marsupiala) and a Reevaluation of Definitions for the Harderian Gland
Authors: Rehorek S.J. , Hillenius W.J. , Leigh C. , Firth B.T.
Published: July 2010

The anterior orbital glands of tetrapods, which include the Harderian and nictitans glands, can usually be differentiated either anatomically (nictitans gland is more anterior) or histochemically (Harderian gland secretes lipids). However, conflicting statements exist in the literature about the presence and identity of these glands. Two previous studies on Sminthopsis crassicaudata (Dasyuridae: Marsupiala) either failed to note any anterior ocular glands or used no histochemical analyses. This study reexamined the structure of the anterior orbital glands of S. crassicaudata. Histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural examination revealed three glandular units: two of which are located superficially in the nictitating membrane, the third lying deeper in the connective tissue. The ducts of these three glandular units all open onto the corneal aspect of the nictitating membrane. These cells contain mainly serous granules with sparse intracellular lipid droplets. The nomenclature of these structures depends upon the definition used. According to the anatomical definition, S. crassicaudata has two glands: anteriorly the nictitans and posteriorly the Harderian gland. In contrast, if the histochemical definition is used, there is only one gland, but its precise identity cannot be confirmed until the role of the lipid droplets is established. Moreover, the histochemical definition poses additional problems with respect to the mechanism of secretion, multiple secretions, and glandular plasticity. Finally, the unitary definition identifies one deeply subdivided gland with an anterior and a posterior lobe in S. crassicaudata. This last definition is broad enough to accommodate a wide level of anatomical variation in the anterior ocular glands of tetrapods. Anat Rec 293:1449–1454, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of Muscle Spindles in the Submentalis Muscle of the Marine Toad, Bufo marinus and Its Potential Proprioceptive Capacity in Jaw–Tongue Coordination
Authors: Mandal Rakesh , Anderson Curtis W.
Published: July 2010

The muscle spindle has been well studied in mammals, birds, and some reptiles, but little is known about its structure and function in amphibians. Several physiological and behavioral studies in frogs and toads suggest that the submentalis muscle has an important role in jaw–tongue coordination during feeding through sensory feedback mechanisms. Evidence suggests this mechanism is generated through muscle spindles, or spindle‐like structures. However, the presence of these has not been investigated. Using charged fluorescent molecules that are taken up by endocytosis at activated synapses, numerous muscle spindles were identified in the submentalis muscle of the marine toad, Bufo marinus. These were further verified with brightfield and differential interference contrast microscopy. The results provide anatomical evidence for muscle spindles in the submentalis muscle and suggest a mechanism for the submentalis muscle's role in jaw–tongue coordination in B. marinus. Anat Rec 293:1568–1573, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reversed Enantiopreference of an ω‐Transaminase by a Single‐Point Mutation
Authors: Svedendahl Maria , Branneby Cecilia , Lindberg Lina , Berglund Per
Published: July 2010

Altering the characteristics of an active‐site loop in an (S)‐selective ω‐transaminase from Arthrobacter citreus (variant CNB05‐01) influences the enantioselectivity. This active‐site loop belongs to the second subunit of the dimeric enzyme structure that participates in the coordination of pyridoxal‐5′‐phosphate (PLP) in the so called “phosphate group binding cup”. Three amino acid residues (E326, V328, and Y331) in this loop are selected by homology modeling for site‐directed mutagenesis aiming to increase the enzyme enantioselectivity for 4‐fluorophenylacetone. By combining these mutations, five enzyme variants are created. The performance of these variants is explored using a model system consisting of isopropylamine and 4‐fluorophenylacetone or 4‐nitroacetophenone in asymmetric synthesis using a whole‐cell system approach. Three of the five variants show increased enantioselectivity for 4‐fluorophenylacetone compared to CNB05‐01. Variant CNB05‐01/Y331C increases the enantioselectivity from 98 % ee to over 99.5 % ee. A single‐point mutation, V328A, turn the (S)‐selective ω‐transaminase into an (R)‐selective enzyme. This switch in enantioselectivity is substrate dependent, exhibiting (R) selectivity for 4‐fluorophenylacetone and retaining (S) selectivity for 4‐nitroacetophenone. The shift in enantiopreference is further confirmed by molecular docking simulations. Homology modeling is shown to be a powerful tool to target important amino acid residues in this enzyme in order to improve enantioselectivity by rational design.
Industrielle Perspektiven von Biopolymeren
Authors: Yamamoto M. , Schneller A.
Published: July 2010

Im Rahmen der gegenwärtigen Diskussionen über Klimaerwärmung und entsprechende Gegenmaßnahmen lässt sich auch ein zunehmendes Interesse an biobasierten und bioabbaubaren Kunststoffen feststellen. Dabei sind diese Auseinandersetzungen oft geprägt von Pauschalisierungen und Vorurteilen. Für eine sachliche Bewertung der Chancen dieser zum Teil neuen Stoffklassen ist eine differenzierte Betrachtung der jeweiligen Eigenschaftsprofile notwendig. Diese beinhaltet neben einer Definition von Biopolymeren eine klare Unterscheidung zwischen bioabbaubaren Polymeren und biobasierten Polymeren.
Removal of Congo Red from Aqueous Solution by Sorption on Organified Rectorite
Authors: Liu Yi , Wang Wenbo , Wang Aiqin
Published: July 2010

Batch sorption technique was carried out for the removal of anionic dye Congo red (CR) from aqueous solution using raw rectorite (R‐REC) and organified rectorite (CTA+‐REC) modified by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as adsorbents. The effects of organification degree of CTA+‐REC as well as the process parameters including the pH of dye solution, sorption time, and initial dye concentration on adsorption capacity for CR were investigated and the sorption kinetics was also evaluated. The results showed that the sorption behaviors of R‐REC and CTA+‐REC for CR followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model and the sorption equilibrium data perfectly obeyed the Langmuir isotherm. The thermodynamic parameters including entropy of sorption (ΔS0), enthalpy of sorption (ΔH0), and Gibbs free energy of sorption (ΔG0) were obtained and analyzed. Fourier transform infrared study revealed that a chemisorption process occurred between CR and CTA+‐REC. REC modified by cationic surfactants showed the higher adsorption capacities for CR compared to R‐REC and in theory would be used as an efficient and promising adsorbent for the removal of anionic dyes in wastewater treatment.
Separation and Preconcentration of Cobalt Using a New Schiff Base Derivative on Amberlite XAD‐7
Authors: Ciftci Harun
Published: July 2010

In this study, a new solid‐phase extraction procedure has been developed for preconcentration and determination of Co ions in different water samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Cobalt was preconcentrated as N,N′‐bis(pyridine‐2‐yl‐methyl)benzene‐1,4‐diamine (Co‐BPMBDA) from sample solutions using a column containing Amberlite XAD‐7 and was determined. In order to achieve the best performance for the method, effects of several parameters such as pH, concentrations of ligand, sample flow rate, eluent, and matrix ions on the method efficiency were investigated. Under optimum conditions, the preconcentration factor was found to be 200 for 1000 mL waters samples. Detection limit based on the 3Sb criterion was calculated as 0.24 µg/L for 100 mL of sample solution and relative standard deviation was found to be 1.8%. The method was applied to determine the trace amounts of cobalt in water samples.
Synthesis, Cytotoxicity, and Insight into the Mode of Action of Re(CO)3 Thymidine Complexes
Authors: Bartholomä Mark D. , Vortherms Anthony R. , Hillier Shawn , Ploier Birgit , Joyal John , Babich John , Doyle Robert P. , Zubieta Jon
Published: July 2010

Nucleoside analogues are extensively used in the treatment of cancer and viral diseases. The antiproliferative properties of organorhenium(I) complexes, however, have been scarcely explored to date. Herein we present the syntheses, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of ReI(CO)3 core complexes of thymidine and uridine. For the binding of the ReI(CO)3 core, a tridentate dipicolylamine metal chelate was introduced at positions C5′, C2′, N3, and C5 with spacers of various lengths. The corresponding organometallic thymidine complexes were fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Their cytotoxicity was assessed against the A549 lung carcinoma cell line. Toxicity is dependent on the site and mode of conjugation as well as on the nature and the length of the tether. Moderate toxicity was observed for conjugates carrying the rhenium moiety at position C5′ or N3 (IC50=124–160 μM). No toxicity was observed for complexes modified at C2′ or C5. Complex 53, with a dodecylene spacer at C5′, exhibits remarkable toxicity and is more potent than cisplatin, with an IC50 value of 6.0 μM. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antiproliferative properties of [M(CO)3]+1–nucleoside conjugates. In competitive inhibition experiments with A549 cell lysates and purified recombinant human thymidine kinase 1 (hTK‐1), enzyme inhibition was observed for complexes modified at either N3 or C5′, but our results suggest that the toxicity cannot be attributed solely to interaction with hTK‐1.
A Cdh1HA knock‐in allele rescues the Cdh1−/− phenotype but shows essential Cdh1 function during placentation
Authors: Stemmler Marc P. , Bedzhov Ivan
Published: July 2010

The specific roles of classical cadherins at key morphogenetic events during development are still not fully understood. As part of a project to study cadherin function during early mammalian development, we generated mice carrying an HA‐epitope tagged Cdh1 (E‐cadherin) cDNA knocked into the Cdh1 locus, similar to the previously described mouse mutants in which we forced Cdh2 (N‐cadherin) expression in the Cdh1 expression domain. As expected and in contrast to Cdh1Cdh2/Cdh2 and Cdh1−/−, our Cdh1HA/HA mutant embryos form proper trophectoderm, implant and undergo both gastrulation and neurulation. However, Cdh1HA/HA mice display an unexpected phenotype at embryonic day 10.5. Cdh1HA/HA embryos are smaller, paler and suffer from an insufficient nutrient supply. We detected a reduced expression of Cdh1HA specifically in the extraembryonic ectoderm and in the labyrinth layer, whereas expression in the embryo proper was normal. With this approach, we show for the first time that Cdh1 is essential for the correct formation of the placenta. Placentas without Cdh1 expression are impaired and incapable of establishing a proper connection between the embryonic and the maternal blood vessels for efficient nutrient and oxygen transport. Developmental Dynamics 239:2330–2344, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of change in the time of charging voltage on spark discharge from a metal disk
Authors: Tomita Hajime
Published: July 2010

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) is a source of electromagnetic disturbance. For an ESD immunity test, IEC 61000‐4‐2 is standardized. In the standard, the air discharge and contact discharge method are described for the application of ESD to equipment under test. Air discharge, which is most common in the field, is a more severe test than contact discharge. Air discharge is dependent on the humidity, the speed of approach to grounded material, the structure of the ESD generator, and so on. An ESD event while charged material approaches grounded material has a more significant effect on electronic equipment than an ESD event from stationary charged material with the same charge potential. This peculiar phenomenon is considered because the rise time becomes faster and the peak spark current becomes larger, but is not well understood for reasons such as the difficulty of reproducibility. To promote an understanding of the spark discharge that occurs while a charged material is approaching a grounded material, the effect of change in the time of the charging voltage on the spark discharge from a stationary metal disk was measured. The experiment showed that the spark voltage and peak spark current increased with a change in the time of the charging voltage, and that the amplitude of the spark current spectra also increased with a change in the time of the charging voltage. The experimental results are considered in terms of the sparking resistance formula, and can be explained qualitatively in terms of the increase of spark voltage. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(3): 1–9, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20991
Development of a positive creeping discharge along an aerial insulated wire
Authors: Nishi Toshiyuki , Hanaoka Ryoichi , Takata Shinzo
Published: July 2010

In high‐voltage aerial distribution systems, the insulated cables are supported by the binding wire with the post insulator at the utility pole. When a lightning strike occurs in the neighborhood of the insulated cable in an aerial power distribution system, inductive lightning surges invade the central line of the cable. Then, creeping discharges develop along the cable surface from the binding wire tip at the same time as flashover of the post insulator at a supporting point of the cable. If the cable insulator has weak points such as pinholes, a malfunction near the cable supporting point may occur, with melting of the wire due to punch‐through breakdown. To prevent such accidents, it is important to clarify the mechanism of the creeping discharge along the insulated cable caused by the lightning strike. The polarity of creeping discharges depends on the polarity of the inductive lightning surges, and the extension length and aspect of the discharge differ greatly depending on the discharge polarity. The development of these creeping discharges is attributed to complicated behavior of the positive and negative electric charges.

In the present study, we examined in detail the development of a positive creeping discharge along a wire surface by using a high‐speed image converter camera. This paper describes the mechanism of development of a positive creeping discharge based on the experimental results. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(3): 20–29, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20997
A fused system of sensing and communication with hetero‐core spliced fiber optic sensors
Authors: Shinomiya Norihiko , Sasaki Hiroyuki , Nishiyama Michiko , Kondo Emiko , Ito Yuko , Watanabe Kazuhiro
Published: July 2010

We have developed an optical fiber network combining communication and sensing using a hetero‐core spliced fiber optic sensor inserted into an existing communication line. The measurement uses the Internet infrastructure effectively, and the sensitivity characteristic by wavelength of the measurement was examined. In addition, six binary switch modules and one displacement sensor module using the hetero‐core spliced fiber optic sensor were inserted into an actual communication line, and the influence on the communication was examined. The hetero‐core spliced fiber optic sensor showed the characteristic of loss only. When the sensor is inserted into the communication line, if the loss can be controlled to within tolerance to the wavelength of 1.31 μm of the communication line, a measurement function can be added to the communication line by a comparatively simple construction method. In addition, we realized a multiple binary switch measurement in real‐time basis with tandem connection by simple addressing algorithm. The binary switches can be applied to a home security system to monitor the state of doors opening and closing. We have successfully fabricated and demonstrated the binary switch sensing system in tandem connection consisting of three binary switches using the proposed method. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(3): 40–48, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ eej.21021
A new method for estimating initial rotor phase of self‐excited hybrid‐field synchronous motors
Authors: Shinnaka Shinji , Yashiro Yuta
Published: July 2010

This paper proposes a new method for properly estimating the rotor initial phase (i.e., the position) of the newly emerging self‐excited hybrid‐field synchronous motors (SelE‐HFSMs), which have the rotor held by both a permanent magnet and a diode‐shorted held winding. The proposed method injects a spatially rotating high‐frequency voltage and detects the rotor phase directly by evaluating the norm of the associated current. The method is very simple, but has a high degree of usability. 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 173(3): 49–58, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience. wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21027
Reconstituted Enzymes on Electropolymerizable FAD‐Modified Metallic Nanoparticles: Functional Units for the Assembly of Effectively “Wired” Enzyme Electrodes
Authors: Yehezkeli Omer , Ovits Oded , Tel‐Vered Ran , Raichlin Sara , Willner Itamar
Published: July 2010

Au nanoparticles are functionalized with thioaniline electropolymerizable units and mercaptophenyl boronic acid ligands. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) is linked to the boronic acid ligands and apo‐glucose oxidase, apo‐GOx, is reconstituted on the FAD cofactor units to yield enzymes in a structurally‐aligned configuration in respect to the Au NPs. Electropolymerization of the enzyme‐functionalized Au NPs on a thioaniline‐modified Au electrode yields a three‐dimensional bis‐aniline‐crosslinked Au NPs/reconstituted glucose oxidase matrix on the electrode that reveals effective electrical contacting with the electrode.
Chemotherapy and targeted therapy in adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: A review
Authors: Papaspyrou Giorgos , Hoch Stephan , Rinaldo Alessandra , Rodrigo Juan P. , Takes Robert P. , van Herpen Carla , Werner Jochen A. , Ferlito Alfio
Published: July 2010

Adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an uncommon tumor usually arising in the head and neck region, mainly in the salivary glands. It demonstrates an indolent prolonged course and is characterized by perineural invasion. Primary treatment of local and locoregional disease consists mainly of surgery and/or irradiation. During follow‐up these patients frequently develop local recurrences and distant metastases, especially in the lung, although long‐term survival is possible. The role of chemotherapy in ACC is limited, and studies with only a limited number of patients are performed. In this article we review the literature on chemotherapy regimens, including monotherapy and combination chemotherapy schedules, as well as the new targeted therapies. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Functional and psychological evaluation after flap reconstruction plus radiotherapy in oral cancer
Authors: Airoldi Mario , Garzaro Massimiliano , Raimondo Luca , Pecorari Giancarlo , Giordano Carlo , Varetto Antonella , Caldera Paola , Torta Riccardo
Published: July 2010

Background

Head and neck tumors and their treatments negatively affect speech, swallowing, body image, and quality of life (QOL). The purpose of this study was to allow us to evaluate the impact of flap reconstructive surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy (RT) on QOL and psychological functioning.

Methods

Thirty‐six of 153 consecutive patients surgically treated for carcinoma of the oral cavity received adjuvant RT. Late effects of RT and psycho‐oncological assessment were performed.

Results

In more than 50% of the cases examined, moderate to severe late toxicity was observed, regarding subcutaneous tissues, salivary function, dysphagia, and taste impairment. Patients with severe dysphagia showed higher levels of depression and anxiety (p < .05). Dysphagia and taste impairment were seen to be associated with lower global health and QOL. The Draw a Person Test (DAP) showed severe problems in self‐perceived body image in 33% of the sample.

Conclusion

Dysphagia and taste impairment are associated with QOL and depression; our data suggest a different evaluation between self‐reported and clinician‐rating scales. DAP is a provocative tool that merits further research. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Anatomic distribution of cervical lymph node spread in parotid carcinoma
Authors: Chisholm Edward J. , Elmiyeh Behrad , Dwivedi Raghav C. , Fisher Cyril , Thway Khin , Kerawala Cyrus , Clarke Peter M. , Rhys‐Evans Peter H.
Published: July 2010

Background

The pattern of distribution of cervical nodal involvement from primary parotid carcinomas has not been extensively described.

Methods

All cases of parotid carcinoma over a 10‐year period treated at our institution were reviewed. Data from the patients with cervical metastases were analyzed. These findings were pooled with previously published data on topography of cervical lymph nodes from parotid carcinomas.

Results

Of 80 cases, 15 had cervical metastases (N+) in our series. When pooled with the data from all other reports, a total of 66 N+ cases were available for analysis. Twenty‐eight percent of cases had involvement of level I, 59% had level II, 52% had level III, 38% had level IV, and 41% had level V. There were frequent skip metastases to level V but all were ipsilateral.

Conclusion

The diffuse distribution of cervical nodal metastases does not support a high echelon neck dissection or radiotherapy fields limited to the upper chain in the management of cervical nodal disease. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Surgical salvage of the oropharynx after failure of organ‐sparing therapy
Authors: Nichols Anthony C. , Kneuertz Peter J. , Deschler Daniel G. , Lin Derrick T. , Emerick Kevin S. , Clark John R. , Busse Paul W. , Rocco James W.
Published: July 2010

Background

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of salvage surgery for local recurrences of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) and identify predictors of survival.

Methods

The authors reviewed 264 patients with OPSCC treated with radiation or chemoradiation identified retrospectively. Of the 77 patients that experienced recurrences, 37 had local or local and regional recurrences and were considered for salvage surgery.

Results

Of the 37 patients with local or local and regional recurrence, 5 had unresectable disease whereas 3 refused surgery. The remainder underwent salvage surgery with 2‐year and 5‐year survival rates of 64.5% and 43.4%, respectively. A history of alcohol abuse and positive surgical margins were the only predictors of poorer overall survival (p < .05) after salvage surgery.

Conclusion

Surgical salvage of locoregional recurrences can be effective if wide resections are performed so that negative margins can be achieved. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011
Combined therapy for thyroid squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: De Vos Filip Yves F. L. , Sewnaik Aniel , de Wilt J. Hans W. , Smid Ernst J. , den Bakker Michael A. , van Meerten Esther
Published: July 2010

Background.

Squamous carcinoma of the thyroid is a rare aggressive disease, resulting in poor prognosis.

Methods and Results.

We combined cisplatin with paclitaxel on a weekly basis as induction therapy, achieving a high cumulative dose, in a patient with squamous cell tumor of the thyroid with arterial encasement. After surgery, pathologic examination confirmed a complete resection of the primary tumor with clear margins, revealing a successful induction treatment with chemotherapy.

Conclusions.

Our patient now has a recurrence‐free survival of >20 months, longer than the mean survival described in the literature. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2012
Prevalence and management of hypertension in the inpatient setting: A systematic review
Authors: Axon R. Neal , Cousineau Laura , Egan Brent M.
Published: July 2010

BACKGROUND:

Hypertension (HTN) is a major cardiovascular risk factor yet control rates remain suboptimal. Thus, improving recognition, treatment, and control of HTN by focusing on novel populations such as hospitalized patients is warranted. Current consensus guidelines do not address inpatient HTN, and little is known about HTN prevalence or patterns of care in this setting.

METHODS:

We conducted a systematic review of English‐language studies published in 1976 or later that reported on HTN prevalence and care patterns among adult inpatients. We included MEDLINE‐indexed randomized‐controlled trials, meta‐analyses, and observational studies that: (1) reported estimates of the prevalence of HTN in the inpatient setting, and (2) used HTN diagnosis or treatment as a primary focus. We excluded randomized, controlled trials that recorded measures of inpatient blood pressure but whose focus was not HTN.

RESULTS:

We identified 9 studies meeting inclusion criteria, and in those studies, HTN was highly prevalent among inpatients, ranging from 50.5% to 72%. Intensification of antihypertensive treatment was inconsistent, and 37% to 77% of hypertensive patients remained hypertensive at the time of discharge. Most patients with inpatient HTN continued to have elevated blood pressures at outpatient follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS:

Inpatient HTN is prevalent and a large percentage of those with this condition remain hypertensive at the time of discharge and at follow‐up. The potential exists for improved recognition and treatment of newly diagnosed and known, but uncontrolled, HTN observed in the inpatient setting. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2011. © 2010 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Effects of gradient non‐linearity correction and intensity non‐uniformity correction in longitudinal studies using structural image evaluation using normalization of atrophy (SIENA)
Authors: Takao Hidemasa , Abe Osamu , Hayashi Naoto , Kabasawa Hiroyuki , Ohtomo Kuni
Published: July 2010

Purpose:

To evaluate the effects of gradient nonlinearity correction and intensity nonuniformity correction on longitudinal (two‐year) changes in global and regional brain volumes.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 208 subjects (70 females and 138 males, age range = 38.1–83.0 years) were included in this study. Each subject was scanned twice, at an interval of approximately two years (range = 1.5–2.3 years). Three‐dimensional fast spoiled‐gradient recalled acquisition in the steady state (3D‐FSPGR) images corrected for gradient nonlinearity and/or intensity nonuniformity were compared with uncorrected 3D‐FSPGR images with use of structural image evaluation using normalization of atrophy 2.6 (SIENA).

Results:

The mean absolute deviations of percentage brain volume change (PBVC) values in the gradient nonlinearity ± intensity nonuniformity corrected images were significantly less than that in the uncorrected images, and the difference in the mean absolute deviation of PBVC was the most significant between the uncorrected images and the images corrected for both gradient nonlinearity and intensity nonuniformity. Voxel‐wise comparisons showed large significant differences between the uncorrected images and the corrected images.

Conclusion:

Correction for gradient nonlinearity and intensity nonuniformity reduces the variance of measured longitudinal changes in brain volumes and will improve accuracy for detecting subtle brain changes. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:489–492. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ground truth hardware phantoms for validation of diffusion‐weighted MRI applications
Authors: Pullens Pim , Roebroeck Alard , Goebel Rainer
Published: July 2010

Purpose:

To quantitatively validate diffusion‐weighted MRI (DW‐MRI) applications, a hardware phantom containing crossing fibers at a sub‐voxel level is presented. It is suitable for validation of a large spectrum of DW‐MRI applications from acquisition to fiber tracking, which is an important recurrent issue in the field.

Materials and Methods:

Phantom properties were optimized to resemble properties of human white matter in terms of anisotropy, fractional anisotropy, and T2. Sub‐voxel crossings were constructed at angles of 30, 50, and 65 degrees, by wrapping polyester fibers, with a diameter close to axon diameter, into heat shrink tubes. We show our phantoms are suitable for the acquisition of DW‐MRI data using a clinical protocol.

Results:

The phantoms can be used to succesfully estimate both the diffusion tensor and non‐Gaussian diffusion models, and perform streamline fiber tracking. DOT (Diffusion Orientation Transform) and q‐ball reconstruction of the diffusion profiles acquired at b = 3000 s/mm2 and 132 diffusion directions reveal multimodal diffusion profiles in voxels containing crossing yarn strands.

Conclusion:

The highly purpose adaptable phantoms provide a DW‐MRI validation platform: applications include optimisation of acquisition schemes, validation of non‐Gaussian diffusion models, comparison and validation of fiber tracking algorithms, and quality control in multi‐center DWI studies. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2010;32:482–488. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gefahrenerkennung mit Lichtgeschwindigkeit
Authors: Handke Jürgen , Duschek Frank , Pargmann Carsten
Published: July 2010

Sowohl die Vorsätzliche wie auch die unbeabsichtigte Freisetzung von chemischen, biologischen, radioaktiven, nuklearen oder explosiven (CBrne) Gefahrstoffen stellt eine Bedrohung für die Personensicherheit dar. Die lasergestützte Stand‐off Detektion bietet vielversprechende Möglichkeiten, Gefahrstoffe frühzeitig zu detektieren und zu identifizieren. Durch ein abstandsbasiertes, diskretes und zuverlässiges Detektionsverfahren lassen sich im Krisenfall rechtzeitig Gegenmaßnahmen einleiten und Gefahren für die Bevölkerung und die Rettungskräfte verringern.
Microstructure modification and related mechanism of spray‐formed Fe‐bearing hypereutectic Al‐Si alloys
Authors: Hou L. G. , Cai Y. H. , Cui H. , Zhang J. S.
Published: July 2010

The Fe‐bearing hypereutectic Al‐Si alloys with/without Cr/(Cr+Mn) addition have been prepared by Spray Forming (SF) process. With 2 wt.% Cr addition, the short‐rod β‐Al5FeSi phase in spray‐formed Al‐25Si‐5Fe‐3Cu (wt.%, denoted as 3C) alloy can be substituted by particulate α‐Al(Fe,Cr)Si phase with sizes less than 5–6 μm. But small quantity of blocky β‐Al5(Fe,Cr)Si phase still appears in Cr‐added hypereutectic Al‐Si alloy. When (2Cr+1Mn) (wt.%) are added simultaneously into 3C alloy, almost all the short‐rod β‐Al5FeSi phase or blocky β‐Al5(Fe,Cr)Si phase disappear, instead, the α‐Al(Fe,Cr,Mn)Si phase become the only Fe‐bearing phase. During heat treatments, the other two spray‐formed hypereutectic Al‐Si alloys (besides SF‐3C alloy) are thermodynamically stable for the appearance of high thermodynamically stable particulate α‐Al(Fe,Cr)Si/α‐Al(Fe,Cr,Mn)Si phase. Also the phase transformation occurred during the heating/cooling process of the present hypereutectic Al‐Si alloys are investigated and the mechanism of microstructural formation of the spray‐formed alloys are discussed.
Elementspezies bestimmen mit ICP‐MS
Authors: Paul Michael , McSheehy Shona
Published: July 2010

Nicht allein die chemischen Elemente sind für die toxikologische Beurteilung relevant, sondern in großem Maße deren Oxidationsstufe oder chemische Bindungsform. Inzwischen lassen sich diese auch in der Routineanalytik bestimmen.
Craniofacial variation between southern and northern Neolithic and Modern Chinese
Authors: Wu X.J. , Liu W. , Bae C.J.
Published: July 2010

Previous studies propose that the Yangtze River is the geographic boundary separating northern and southern Chinese populations. In order to test this hypothesis, 19 Neolithic and 15 Modern human cranial samples from north of the Qinling Mountain Range, south of the Yangtze River and in between were chosen for morphometric analysis. Our results indicate that cranial variation exists in Holocene Neolithic and Modern northern and southern Chinese. In the Neolithic sample, the northern Chinese crania are characterised by greater upper face height and orbit height, while the southern Chinese skulls are depicted by a wider nose. The morphology of the crania between the Qinling Mountain range and the Yangtze River feature a mosaic of characters that suggest affiliation with both north and south groups. In the Modern day sample, northern crania are characterised by a broad and wide face, and a tall nose. From the Neolithic to Modern day, a series of microevolutionary processes that apply to both the northern and southern samples can be discerned. Overall, the head gets lower, the face and nose become narrower and the orbits tend to be narrower and higher. Our results support the suggestion that the Qinling Mountain Range and the Yangtze River represent a natural barrier to the movement of Chinese populations. Climatic variation and the transition to an agricultural lifestyle are proposed as the primary factors influencing human craniofacial morphologies. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.