bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of model output statistics based on the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression for forecasting next‐day maximum temperature in South Korea
Authors: Yoon Donghyuck , Kim Kyoungmin , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Lee Myong‐In , Im Jungho , Cho Dongjin , Min Ki‐Hong
Published: April 2022

Regression models for model output statistics (MOS) based on least absolute shrinkage and selection operator methods were developed to forecast next‐day maximum surface air temperature (TMAX) during the warm season in South Korea. The forecast fields from the operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) system of the Korean Meteorological Administration for global and local forecasts and the observed TMAX data in 225 observation stations were used as input variables for the MOS. The training period was July and August (JA) from 2015 to 2018, and the regression models were tested using data from JA 2019. As a result of hindcasting for the test period, the MOS models performed significantly better for next‐day TMAX forecasting over South Korea than the numerical models during JA 2019. The mean TMAX errors were reduced by over 1°C in MOSs compared to those in the numerical models. However, the TMAX forecast performance was generally lower in the higher‐resolution NWP Local Data Assimilation and Prediction System (LDAPS)‐based MOS (LMOS) than in the lower‐resolution NWP Global Data Assimilation and Prediction System (GDAPS)‐based MOS. This pattern was dominant when LDAPS simulated the TMAX more accurately than average. In particular, the random TMAX error of LDAPS was larger than that of GDAPS during the training period, and a positive random error of TMAX was magnified in LMOS. Because the other predictors forecasted from LDAPS can be associated with lower TMAX forecast performance of LMOS, in addition to TMAX effects as a predictor, a new MOS was developed using both LDAPS and GDAPS outputs. The forecast accuracy was improved by up to 0.3°C when the forecast fields from the GDAPS substituted several LMOS predictors, even though TMAX was the primary predictor for LMOS.
Why tandem mass spectrometry for trace analysis: Concepts of tandem analytical techniques
Authors: Yost Richard A.
Published: April 2022

Rationale

The triple quadrupole mass spectrometer, typically in combination with a gas or liquid chromatograph (GC/MS/MS and LC/MS/MS), is perhaps the most iconic example today of a tandem analytical instrument. Here I present the concepts of tandem or hyphenated techniques for trace analysis (that is, the detection and/or quantitation of one or more analytes present in a mixture at low levels).

Methods

This tutorial presents the principles of tandem trace analytical techniques such as GC/MS/MS and LC/MS/MS, including the capabilities and requirements for such tandem techniques, the role of sensitivity and selectivity in tandem techniques, ways to assess the “informing power” of these techniques, and a comparison of tandem techniques with individual techniques at high resolution. These points are illustrated with several examples of trace analysis using tandem analytical techniques.

Results

Several characteristics of the triple quadrupole have made it the “laboratory workhorse” for trace analysis, including the remarkable efficiency of the low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID) process in a radiofrequency (RF)‐only multipole collision cell, the ease of computer control, and the capability for rapid scanning, rapid switching from mass to mass, and high transmission efficiency, enabling a wide variety of MS/MS scans. The efficiency of selected reaction monitoring means that triple quadrupoles dominate MS/MS for detection and quantitation of targeted compounds.

Conclusions

This special issue addresses the intriguing question of how the triple quadrupole mass spectrometer progressed from “bleeding edge” to “the laboratory workhorse” over the last 40 years. This tutorial on the principles of tandem trace analytical techniques provides perspectives and insights into answering that question and should help educate the novice and stimulate the sophisticate.
A 3D Opened Hollow Photothermal Evaporator for Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Chen Yiquan , Wang Yida , Xu Jie , Ibn Raihan Md Rubaiet , Guo Bin , Yang Guang , Li Mengyuan , Bao Haifeng , Xu Haolan
Published: April 2022

Herein, using hierarchical porous CuS–cellulose composite as photothermal materials, a 3D opened hollow photothermal evaporator is designed and fabricated to target high solar evaporation rates. Such a unique structure not only imparts the solar evaporator with an efficient water evaporation by minimizing energy loss, introducing cold evaporation surfaces for drawing additional energy from the bulk water and surrounding air, but also fully activates evaporation on both inner and outer evaporation surfaces, thus delivering superior evaporation rates compared to the enclosed evaporators. Moreover, under convective flow, this special structure effectively promotes the escape of vapor inside the evaporator to avoid the vapor accumulation, further enhancing the evaporation on inner evaporation surfaces, thus improving the evaporation rate up to11.911 kg m−2 h−1 under a convective flow rate of 4.0 m s−1 and 1.0 sun irradiation. The operability of the as‐prepared solar evaporator under natural environmental conditions is examined by outdoor evaporation tests. The obtained solar evaporator is demonstrated to be applicable for generating clean water from model seawater and dye wastewater. An impetus for promoting practical application of solar steam generation in seawater desalination and wastewater purification is provided.
New ternary phosphides RE5Pd9P7 (RE=Tm, Lu): synthesis, crystal and electronic structure
Authors: Zhak Olga , Köhler Jürgen , Karychort Oksana , Babizhetskyy Volodymyr
Published: April 2022

The crystal structure of the new ternary phosphideTm5Pd9P7 was determined from powder X‐ray diffraction data: space group P
, a=9.9971(2), c=3.94371(8) Å, RI=0.0518, Rp=0.0667, Rp=0.0667, wRp=0.1065. The crystal structure of the phosphide Tm5Pd9P7 is closely related with the Zr2Fe12P7‐type, and is formed by combination of two types of structural units with the compositions [TmPd6P3] and [TmTm3Pd3P3] mutually displaced by 1/2 along the c axis. Connection of the last units forms the trigonal prisms [Tm6] around P3 atoms in the crystallographic position 1a (0 0 0). The isotypic ternary phosphide Lu5Pd9P7 was synthesized (a=9.9934(7), c=3.9207(4) Å). The electronic and bonding properties of Tm5Pd9P7 are obtained from tight binding linear muffin‐tin orbital (TB‐LMTO) calculations and a crystal orbital Hamiltonian population (COHP) bonding analysis. These analyses show strong covalent bonding within (Pd9P7)15− nanotubes which are ionically bound via the Tm atoms to three dimensional network.
Efficient Algorithms for Tracking Moving Interfaces in Industrial Applications: Inkjet Plotters, Electrojetting, Industrial Foams, and Rotary Bell Painting
Authors: Garzon Maria , Saye Robert I. , Sethian James A.
Published: April 2022

Moving interfaces are key components of many dynamic industrial processes, in which complex interface physics determine much of the underlying action and performance. Level set methods, and their descendents, have been valuable in providing robust mathematical formulations and numerical algorithms for tracking the dynamics of these evolving interfaces. In manufacturing applications, these methods have shed light on a variety of industrial processes, including the design of industrial inkjet plotters, the mechanics of electrojetting, shape and evolution in industrial foams, and rotary bell devices in automotive painting. In this review, we discuss some of those applications, illustrating shared algorithmic challenges, and show how to tailor these methods to meet those challenges.
Numerical Study for Blood Flows in Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Suito Hiroshi , Otera Koki , Huynh Viet Q. H. , Takizawa Kenji , Horio Naohiro , Ueda Takuya
Published: April 2022

Numerical simulations for blood flows related to cardiovascular diseases are presented. Differences in vessel morphologies produce different flow characteristics, stress distributions, and ultimately different outcomes. Some examples illustrating the effects of curvature and torsion on blood flows are presented both for simplified and patient-specific simulations. The goal of this study is to understand relationships between geometrical characteristics of blood vessels and blood flow behaviors.
State Estimation—The Role of Reduced Models
Authors: Cohen Albert , Dahmen Wolfgang , DeVore Ron
Published: April 2022

The exploration of complex physical or technological processes usually requires exploiting available information from different sources: (i) physical laws often represented as a family of parameter dependent partial differential equations and (ii) data provided by measurement devices or sensors. The amount of sensors is typically limited and data acquisition may be expensive and in some cases even harmful. This article reviews some recent developments for this “small-data” scenario where inversion is strongly aggravated by the typically large parametric dimensionality. The proposed concepts may be viewed as exploring alternatives to Bayesian inversion in favor of more deterministic accuracy quantification related to the required computational complexity. We discuss optimality criteria which delineate intrinsic information limits, and highlight the role of reduced models for developing efficient computational strategies. In particular, the need to adapt the reduced models—not to a specific (possibly noisy) data set but rather to the sensor system—is a central theme. This, in turn, is facilitated by exploiting geometric perspectives based on proper stable variational formulations of the continuous model.
Pattern Formation Inside Living Cells
Authors: Edelstein-Keshet Leah
Published: April 2022

While most of our tissues appear static, in fact, cell motion comprises an important facet of all life forms, whether in single or multicellular organisms. Amoeboid cells navigate their environment seeking nutrients, whereas collectively, streams of cells move past and through evolving tissue in the development of complex organisms. Cell motion is powered by dynamic changes in the structural proteins (actin) that make up the cytoskeleton, and regulated by a circuit of signaling proteins (GTPases) that control the cytoskeleton growth, disassembly, and active contraction. Interesting mathematical questions we have explored include (1) How do GTPases spontaneously redistribute inside a cell? How does this determine the emergent polarization and directed motion of a cell? (2) How does feedback between actin and these regulatory proteins create dynamic spatial patterns (such as waves) in the cell? (3) How do properties of single cells scale up to cell populations and multicellular tissues given interactions (adhesive, mechanical) between cells? Here I survey mathematical models studied in my group to address such questions. We use reaction-diffusion systems to model GTPase spatiotemporal phenomena in both detailed and toy models (for analytic clarity). We simulate single and multiple cells to visualize model predictions and study emergent patterns of behavior. Finally, we work with experimental biologists to address data-driven questions about specific cell types and conditions.
Hyperbolic Model Reduction for Kinetic Equations
Authors: Cai Zhenning , Fan Yuwei , Li Ruo
Published: April 2022

We make a brief historical review of the moment model reduction for the kinetic equations, particularly Grad’s moment method for Boltzmann equation. We focus on the hyperbolicity of the reduced model, which is essential for the existence of its classical solution as a Cauchy problem. The theory of the framework we developed in the past years is then introduced, which preserves the hyperbolic nature of the kinetic equations with high universality. Some lastest progress on the comparison between models with/without hyperbolicity is presented to validate the hyperbolic moment models for rarefied gases.
Cryptography and Digital Transformation
Authors: Sako Kazue
Published: April 2022

Cryptography is implemented using discrete mathematics with security defined in complexity theory. In this article, we review some cryptographic primitives for encryption, signing messages and interactive proofs. By combining cryptographic primitives, we can design and digitally implement various services with desired features in security, privacy and fairness. We will discuss some examples such as electronic voting and cryptocurrencies.
Feeling Political in Public Administration: French Bureaucracy between Militancy and Sens de l’État, 1789–2019
Authors: Buscemi Francesco
Published: April 2022

This chapter looks at French bureaucracy since its establishment in 1789, given that public administration is a major element of modern political institutions. Contrary to current opinion—and perhaps counter-intuitively—it is heavily imbued with emotions. In post-revolutionary France, civil servants were encouraged to develop particular kinds of feelings in order to be considered good republicans and loyal servants to the sovereign state. The design and goals of two different National Schools of Administration, one founded in 1848 and one in 1945, show how different regimes nurtured the political emotions that were considered a requirement for bureaucratic service. The introduction and the conclusion evoke how the emotional template is still a matter of heated political confrontation.
Feeling Political in Parliament: Rules, Regulations, and the Rostrum, Germany 1849–1951
Authors: Nielsen Philipp
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on four moments in German parliamentary history in which parliamentarians debated the regulation of speech and behaviour and established an emotional template for it. The evolution of German parliamentary history formed part of the wider history of participatory politics. The multiple changes of constitutions, parliamentary regulations, and parliamentary locations make for a rich case study. The rules that emerged speak to the inherent logic of the institution of parliament: enabling the ‘orderly conduct’ of politics and guaranteeing the ‘dignity’ of the chamber, yet allowing, and channelling, spontaneous expression of emotions such as (specific kinds of) laughter, cheering, angry interjections, the noise produced by, and used for, objections, and ultimately unrest. In their relationality to the bodies of parliamentarians, these spaces and rules reflected assumptions about emotions, democratic or otherwise.
Feeling Political Through Law: The Emergence of an International Criminal Jurisdiction, 1899–2019
Authors: Arndt Agnes
Published: April 2022

Scaling up to the International Criminal Court (ICC), this chapter contributes a study on the emotionality and emotion work leading up to its founding. Like bureaucracy, international criminal jurisprudence is designed to be strictly neutral, apolitical, and unemotional. At the same time, it faces a challenge in reconciling globally differing feelings about what constitutes justice and how it should be administered. Drawing on the role played by Benjamin Ferencz, chief prosecutor at the Nuremberg Military Tribunals, in the establishing the ICC, this chapter examines how emotions were present from the outset in the discussions about the court’s jurisdiction: the institutionalization of the ICC was a reaction to individually and collectively articulated emotions.
Feeling Political Through Pictures: Portrayals of US Presidents, 1796–2020
Authors: Pahl Kerstin Maria
Published: April 2022

This chapter looks at media as decisive in political communication. In focusing on portrayals of American presidents it explores both the set-up of a new template—the ‘statesman-like’ style—and discusses how institutions connect with and shape the populace. Through careful emotion management, curated portrayals of politicians address the population, direct political opinion, promote certain types of leaders, convey moral values, and bolster narratives. Analysing the painted portraits of three American presidents, George Washington, Franklin D. Roosevelt, and Barack Obama, the chapter shows how these images not only depict emotional styles as a sort of code of conduct for the incumbent, but also spur emotions by fostering either support or, conversely, disaffection. Presidential portraits project notions of belonging by making their subjects both relatable and exceptional.
Feeling Political on Armistice Day: Institutional Struggles in Interwar France
Authors: Lichau Karsten
Published: April 2022

This chapter illustrates how disputes in interwar France between the state, the church, and veterans’ organizations were articulated through the emotional staging of commemoration ceremonies for those killed in the First World War. While the state sought to establish a ceremony that, in accordance with older traditions, would foster feelings of ‘glorification and triumph’, most veterans’ groups were opposed to this approach. They instead favoured an event that would promote a posture of humble mourning and devotion, a ‘funereal physiognomy’ that was more in tune with the rituals of the Catholic church. This conflict, which ran over the course of several years, gave rise to new emotional templates that in turn transformed and restructured the emotional framework of the institutions involved.
Securing Sweetpotato Planting Material for Farmers in Dryland Africa: Gender-Responsive Communication Approaches to Scale Triple S
Authors: McEwan Margaret A. , van Mourik Tom A. , Hundayehu Mihiretu C. , Asfaw Frezer , Namanda Sam , Suleman Issahaq , Mayanja Sarah , Imoro Simon , Etwire Prince M.
Published: April 2022

Triple S (Storage in Sand and Sprouting) is a root-based system for conserving and multiplying sweetpotato planting material at the household level. In sub-Saharan Africa, farmers predominantly source planting material by cutting vines from volunteer plants that sprout from roots left in the field from a previous crop. However, it takes 6 to 8 weeks after the rains start to produce enough vines for planting material, and normally these vines are infected by sweetpotato diseases and pests carried over from previous crops. Where rainfall is unpredictable, farmers can use Triple S to take advantage of the whole growing season, planting and harvesting early to obtain food, higher yields, and income. Triple S facilitates household retention and adoption of new sweetpotato varieties, notably the beta-carotene-rich, orange-fleshed varieties. Triple S PLUS is the combined innovation package of core Triple S components and complementary components used to scale the innovation. These included good agricultural practices, different storage containers, local multiplication and sales of planting material, and a multimedia communication strategy for training and extension to encourage the uptake of Triple S. Components were at different levels of scaling readiness. This chapter explores evidence from Ethiopia and Ghana (2018–2019) on the extent to which exposure to different communication channels and their combinations influenced the uptake of Triple S PLUS by male and female farmers, the partnering arrangements that supported this, and the resulting changes in food security. We discuss implications for future scaling initiatives.
Revolutionizing Early Generation Seed Potato in East Africa
Authors: Schulte-Geldermann Elmar , Kakuhenzire Rogers , Sharma Kalpana , Parker Monica
Published: April 2022

Poor access to healthy, high-yielding planting materials hampers potato production in East and Central Africa (ECA). The need to improve the quality and increase the quantity of seed potato available to farmers has been the basis of previous efforts in the subregion. One bottleneck in the seed value chain is the low quantity of early generation seed (EGS) for further multiplication. To break this bottleneck, the International Potato Center (CIP) and local partners introduced two rapid multiplication technologies (aeroponics and rooted apical cuttings) and an improved conventional system (sand hydroponics). These three technologies differ in terms of multiplication rates, investment costs, profitability, required skills, infrastructure, risks, and linkages to the rest of the seed value chain, with its actors, policy environment, plus supply, and demand. The three introduced technologies have helped to increase the supply of certified or high-quality seed in the region over the last decade. However, for successful scaling, the technologies have to be carefully selected based on their situation and their natural and economic environments.
Scaling Readiness of Biofortified Root, Tuber, and Banana Crops for Africa
Authors: Low Jan , Ball Anna-Marie , Ilona Paul , Ekesa Beatrice , Heck Simon , Pfeiffer Wolfgang
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes the degree of readiness and use of biofortified root, tuber, and banana (RT&B) crops: sweetpotato, cassava, banana (cooking and dessert types), and potato. Efforts to develop and utilize orange-fleshed sweetpotato (OFSP), yellow cassava (VAC), and vitamin A banana/plantain (VAB) have been focused heavily in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), where 48% of the children under 5 years of age are vitamin A-deficient. Iron-biofortified potato is still under development, and a recent study found high levels of bioavailability (28.4%) in a yellow-fleshed cultivar (Fig. 17.1). To date, adapted VAB varieties have been piloted in East Africa, and OFSP and VAC have scaled to 8.5 million households. The scaling readiness framework is applied to innovation packages underlying those scaling efforts to shed light on how scaling is progressing and identify remaining bottlenecks. Women dominate RT&B production in SSA, and women and young children are most at risk of micronutrient deficiencies; hence women’s access to technologies was prioritized. Lessons learned from these scaling efforts are discussed, with the goal of accelerating the scaling readiness process for other biofortified RTB crops. Implementing gender-responsive innovation packages has been critical for reaching key nutrition and income goals. Diverse partnerships with public and private sector players and investing in advocacy for an adequate enabling environment were critical for achieving use at scale. Future scaling will depend on more nutritious sustainable food systems being at the forefront, supported by continued improvement in breeding methodologies to adapt to climate change and enhance multiple nutrient targets more quickly and to increase investment in the input and marketing infrastructure that vegetatively propagated crops require.
Turning Waste to Wealth: Harnessing the Potential of Cassava Peels for Nutritious Animal Feed
Authors: Okike Iheanacho , Wigboldus Seerp , Samireddipalle Anandan , Naziri Diego , Adesehinwa Akin O. K. , Adejoh Victor Attah , Amole Tunde , Bordoloi Sunil , Kulakow Peter
Published: April 2022

In Nigeria, processing cassava for food and industry yields around 15 million tons of wet peels annually. These peels are usually dumped near processing centres to rot or dry enough to be burned. Rotting heaps release methane into the air and a stinking effluent that pollutes nearby streams and underground water, while burning produces clouds of acrid smoke. However, when properly dried, peels can be an ingredient in animal feed. Previous attempts over two decades to use peels in animal feed failed to yield profitable options for drying wet peels at commercial scale, but recent research suggests that cassava peels can be processed into high-quality cassava peel (HQCP) products to be used as nutritious, low-cost animal feed ingredients. The core innovation was to adopt the same steps and equipment used for processing cassava roots into gari, the main staple food in the country. When dried, 3 tons of wet peels yield a tonne of healthy and energy-rich animal feed, containing nearly 3,000 kilocalories per kilogram of dry matter (kcal/kgDM). Adopting this innovation at scale in Nigeria’s poultry and fish sectors alone has the potential to turn approximately 3.6 million tons of wet peels into 1.2 million tons of feed ingredients capable of replacing approximately 810,000 tons of largely imported maize. The innovation has great potential to increase feed availability and lower its cost while saving cereals for human consumption, reducing the import bill, creating new business opportunities, and protecting the environment. This research was initiated by CGIAR centres and taken up by the CGIAR Research Program on Roots, Tubers and Bananas (RTB) over the past decade with strategic input from the CGIAR Research Program on Livestock to accelerate development of the innovation, and this chapter documents the potential and progress in taking this innovation to scale.
Improving Safety of Cassava Products
Authors: Chiwona-Karltun Linley , Brimer Leon , Jackson Jose
Published: April 2022

Cassava was domesticated in the Amazon Basin, where Native Americans selected many bitter varieties, and devised methods for detoxifying them. Cassava reached Africa in the sixteenth century, where rural people soon learned to remove the cyanogenic toxins, e.g., by drying and fermenting the roots. Processing cassava to remove the cyanogenic toxins including the cyanide formed during the processing is time consuming. The work is often done by women, while women and men often prefer bitter cassava varieties for social reasons and superior taste and color. In spite of deep, local knowledge of safe processing, traditional foods made with contaminated water may contain bacterial and fungal pathogens. Improper storage may encourage mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin. Recent advances in industrial processing are developing foods that are free of toxins and microbial contamination. Processing and selling cassava leaves is an emerging but fast-growing sector. Cassava leaves also contain cyanogenic toxins normally in higher concentrations than the cassava roots. In the future, more attention must be paid to the safe processing of cassava leaves and roots, especially as food processing becomes increasingly industrialized worldwide.
Innovative Digital Technologies to Monitor and Control Pest and Disease Threats in Root, Tuber, and Banana (RT&B) Cropping Systems: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Kreuze Jan , Adewopo Julius , Selvaraj Michael , Mwanzia Leroy , Kumar P. Lava , Cuellar Wilmer J. , Legg James P. , Hughes David P. , Blomme Guy
Published: April 2022

This chapter provides the first comprehensive review of digital tools and technologies available for the identification, monitoring, and control of pests and diseases, with an emphasis on root, tuber, and banana (RT&B) crops. These tools include systems based on identification keys, human and artificial intelligence-based identification based on smart applications, web interfaces, short messages services (SMS), or combinations thereof. We also present ideas on the use of image recognition from smartphones or unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) for pest and disease monitoring and data processing for modeling, predictions, and forecasting regarding climate change. These topics will be presented in the context of their current development and future potential but also the challenges, limitations, and innovative approaches taken to reach end users, particularly smallholder farmers, and achieve impacts at scale. Finally, the scope and limitation of private sector involvement demonstrates the need of publicly funded initiatives to maximize sharing of data and resources to ensure sustainability of unbiased advice to farmers through information and communication technology (ICT) systems.
A Reference Architecture for Management of Security Operations in Digital Service Chains
Authors: Carrega Alessandro , Grieco Giovanni , Striccoli Domenico , Papoutsakis Manos , Lima Tomas , Carretero José Ignacio , Repetto Matteo
Published: April 2022

Modern computing paradigms (i.e., cloud, edge, Internet of Things) and ubiquitous connectivity have brought the notion of pervasive computing to an unforeseeable level, which boosts service-oriented architectures and microservices patterns to create digital services with data-centric models. However, the resulting agility in service creation and management has not been followed by a similar evolution in cybersecurity patterns, which still largely rest on more conventional device- and infrastructure-centric models.

In this Chapter, we describe the implementation of the GUARD Platform, which represents the core element of a modern cybersecurity framework for building detection and analytics services for complex digital service chains. We briefly review the logical components and how they address scientific and technological challenges behind the limitations of existing cybersecurity tools. We also provide validation and performance analysis that show the feasibility and efficiency of our implementation.
Automatic Attack Pattern Mining for Generating Actionable CTI Applying Alert Aggregation
Authors: Wurzenberger Markus , Landauer Max , Bajraktari Agron , Skopik Florian
Published: April 2022

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) monitor all kinds of IT infrastructures to automatically detect malicious activities related to cyber attacks. Unfortunately, especially anomaly-based IDS are known to produce large numbers of alerts, including false positives, that often become overwhelming for manual analysis. However, due to a fast changing threat landscape, quickly evolving attack techniques, and ever growing number of vulnerabilities, novel anomaly detection systems that enable detection of unknown attacks are indispensable. Therefore, to reduce the number of alerts that have to be reviewed by security analysts, aggregation methods have been developed for filtering, grouping, and correlating alerts. Yet, existing techniques either rely on manually defined attack scenarios or require specific alert formats, such as IDMEF that includes IP addresses. This makes the application of existing aggregation methods infeasible for alerts from host-based or anomaly-based IDSs that frequently lack such network-related data. In this chapter, we present a domain-independent alert aggregation technique that enables automatic attack pattern mining and generation of actionable CTI. The chapter describes the concept of the proposed alert aggregation process as well as a dashboard that enables visualization and filtering of the results. Finally, the chapter demonstrates all features in course of an application example.
Ethics in Cybersecurity. What Are the Challenges We Need to Be Aware of and How to Handle Them?
Authors: Kozhuharova Denitsa , Kirov Atanas , Al-Shargabi Zhanin
Published: April 2022

In the field of research, the role of ethics grows more and more every year. One might be surprised but even in the field of technology there is a necessity for experts to understand and to implement ethical principles. Ethics itself could be understood as a code or a moral way by which a person lives and works. But within the field of information technology and cybersecurity research there is a chance that even the most technical appropriate solution does not go in line with the corresponding ethical principles. Experts need to implement fundamental ethical principles in their technical products in order not to cause harm or have any negative effect on their users. To the vast majority of challenges that will be reflected in this chapter are discussed within the EU-funded project GUARD, namely what are the proper actions which need to be taken to ensure ethical compliance. Challenges such as ensuring the privacy of the users, reporting and handling incidental findings, testing the technological product, mitigating biases etc. could have different negative effect on humans if not dealt with properly. The current chapter would explore the questions posed above alongside a description of a methodology resulting in the combined efforts of experts both in the field of cybersecurity and ethics.
A puncture in the Euclidean black hole
Authors: Brustein Ram , Giveon Amit , Itzhaki Nissan , Zigdon Yoav
Published: April 2022

Abstract

We consider the backreaction of the winding condensate on the cigar background. We focus on the case of the SL(2, ℝ)k/U(1) cigar associated with, e.g., the near-horizon limit of k NS5 black-branes. We solve the equations of motion numerically in the large k limit as a function of the amplitude, A, of the winding mode at infinity. We find that there is a critical amplitude, Ac = exp(−γ/2), that admits a critical solution. In string theory, the exact SL(2, ℝ)k/U(1) cigar CFT fixes completely the winding amplitude, As, at infinity. We find that in the large k limit there is an exact agreement, Ac = As. The critical solution is a cigar with a puncture at its tip; consequently, the black-hole entropy is carried entirely by the winding condensate. We argue that, in the Lorentzian case, the information escapes the black hole through this puncture.
Parlamentarische Technikfolgenabschätzung und Risikokommunikation
Authors: Grunwald Armin
Published: April 2022

Mit der parlamentarischen Technikfolgenabschätzung (TA) hat sich in vielen Ländern weltweit ein eigener Typus wissenschaftlicher Politikberatung entwickelt. In Deutschland besteht das Büro für Technikfolgenabschätzung beim Deutschen Bundestag (TAB) seit über 30 Jahren. Zur Entstehungsgeschichte und Gegenwart parlamentarischer TA gehört die Erfahrung nichtintendierter Folgen des wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschritts, speziell das Auftreten von technikbedingten Risiken, untrennbar hinzu. Von Beginn an ist die Perspektive der TA auf Risiken durch differenzierte Risikowahrnehmung gekennzeichnet, vor allem in Bezug auf unterschiedliche Bewertungen durch die Entscheider, Nutznießer, Stakeholder und die möglicherweise von Gefährdungen und Belastungen Betroffenen. Daher spielt die soziale Dimension der Verteilung von Chancen und Risiken zwischen gesellschaftlichen Gruppen, aber auch zwischen heute lebenden Menschen und zukünftigen Generationen, eine wesentliche Rolle. Die TA gibt, basierend auf Prinzipien deliberativer Demokratie, der Inklusion von Betroffenen mit ihren Einschätzungen, Werten, Wissen und Perspektiven wesentlichen Raum in Risikodebatten. In diesem Beitrag werden zunächst die Motivation und Aufgaben der TA generell und von parlamentarischer TA im Besonderen vorgestellt, um sodann speziell auf den Umgang mit nichtintendierten Folgen und Risiken einzugehen. Auf Basis von Erfahrungen aus früheren Risikodebatten, etwa zur Nanotechnologie, zur Endlagerung hochradioaktiven Abfalls und zur grünen Gentechnik, werden Schlussfolgerungen für moderne Risikokommunikation auf politischer Ebene gezogen.
The use of biological membranes for correction of congenital malformations
Authors: Marchetto C , Sgrò A , Gamba P , Trojan D , Pagliara C , Midrio P
Published: April 2022

Many congenital malformations often require a multidisciplinary and multistep surgical treatment, including the use of biological membranes. Aims of the study were to describe the use of these membranes for the correction of malformations, their clinical performance at follow-up, and patient's tolerance to them. The study included patients treated between 2009 and November 2020 in two referral centers. They were affected by abdominal wall defects (AWD), esophageal atresia/tracheo-esophageal fistula (EA/TEF), diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), spinal defects (SD), and anorectal malformations (ARM). The human origin membranes used during surgery were amniotic membrane, fascia lata, and pericardium provided by the local tissue bank and the porcine-derived membrane available on the market. Thirty-one patients were retrieved. The sample included 10 AWD, 7 EA/TEF, 5 CDH, 4 SD, 2 ARM, and 3 miscellaneous defects. The median age at repair was 139 days (range: 10,5–1494). The median follow-up was 1021 days (range: 485,5–1535). Two patients were lost at follow-up. The defects were successfully repaired and the membranes perfectly tolerated in 28/29 cases. In 1 case of CDH the fascia lata was replaced with a Goretex patch due to recurrence of the defect. This is the largest series on the use of biological membranes in congenital malformations. The variety of tissues allows to choose the best material for each malformation. The excellent tolerance and performance of this first series of patients encourage the use of these membranes to correct different type of malformations at any age.
Amyloid seeding as a disease mechanism and treatment target in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: Morfino Paolo , Aimo Alberto , Panichella Giorgia , Rapezzi Claudio , Emdin Michele
Published: April 2022

Transthyretin (TTR) is a tetrameric transport protein mainly synthesized by the liver and choroid plexus. ATTR amyloidosis is characterized by the misfolding of TTR monomers and their accumulation within tissues as amyloid fibres. Current therapeutic options rely on the blockade of TTR production, TTR stabilization to maintain the native structure of TTR, amyloid degradation, or induction of amyloid removal from tissues. “Amyloid seeds” are defined as small fibril fragments that induce amyloid precursors to assume a structure rich in β-sheets, thus promoting fibrillogenesis. Amyloid seeds are important to promote the amplification and spread of amyloid deposits. Further studies are needed to better understand the molecular structure of ATTR seeds (i.e. the characteristics of the most amyloidogenic species), and the conditions that promote the formation and multiplication of seeds in vivo. The pathological cascade may begin months to years before symptom onset, suggesting that seeds in tissues might potentially be used as biomarkers for the early disease stages. Inhibition of amyloid aggregation by anti-seeding peptides may represent a disease mechanism and treatment target in ATTR amyloidosis, with an additional benefit over current therapies.
Effect of pH on Rhodomonas salina growth, biochemical composition, and taste, produced in semi-large scale under sunlight conditions
Authors: Latsos Christos , Wassenaar Eric , Moerdijk Tanja , Coleman Bert , Robbens Johan , van Roy Sandra , Bastiaens Leen , van Houcke Jasper , Timmermans Klaas R.
Published: April 2022

Rhodomonas salina is a microalgal species, belonging to the cryptophytes, and is widely used as aquaculture feed because of its high nutritional profile and phycoerythrin content. This study investigated the effect of pH on the growth, biochemical composition, and taste of R. salina when cultivated on a semi-large scale under natural light conditions. Two tubular photobioreactors (200 L) were used for the cultivation of R. salina with sunlight as the only illumination source. Two different pH setpoints were applied, 7 and 8.5. Optimal temperature and nutrient conditions were applied, according to previous research findings. The results demonstrated that the productivity of R. salina was higher at pH 7, 0.06–0.14 gdry weight L−1 day−1, compared to pH 8.5, 0.03–0.12 gdry weight L−1 day−1. It was found that protein and total fatty acid concentrations were higher in the biomass that was produced at pH 8.5, 33.7% and 12.3% of dry weight, respectively, while at pH 7, the protein content was 31.9% and the total fatty acids 8.8% of dry weight. The phycoerythrin concentration, like protein, was higher at pH 8.5, 2.7% of dry weight, compared to pH 7, 1% of dry weight. The free amino acid and nucleotide profile of R. salina was affected by the pH, resulting in increased equivalent umami concentration at pH 7. For the sensory evaluation, an expert panel on algae flavors evaluated the effect of pH on the taste of R. salina, reporting that the biomass that was produced at pH 7 had more umami flavor than the biomass that was produced at pH 8.5, which was evaluated as more bitter.
3D projection of the LuGre friction model adapted to varying normal forces
Authors: Colantonio Lorenzo , Dehombreux Pierre , Hajžman Michal , Verlinden Olivier
Published: April 2022

In this paper, we develop an adaptation of the LuGre friction model so as to allow the development of the friction force and its application in any directions on systems subjected to varying normal forces. This is achieved by projecting a modified LuGre model adapted to varying normal forces in 3D along an arbitrary orthogonal system. Consequently, the direction of the friction force is automatically oriented in the correct direction, thus stick, stick-slip, and slip behavior can be represented in all directions. The projected friction model has the following friction features: stick-slip, presliding displacement, frictional lag, varying break-away force, viscous friction, Stribeck effect, and is adapted to varying normal forces. The equivalence of this projected LuGre model with the modified one is proven analytically. The friction model is then applied to simulate the friction on two mechanical systems. The first system consists of a cube sliding on a plane with a transition from stick to slip due to varying normal forces and with a pulling force oriented in multiples directions of the contact plane. The second one is a more complex system consisting of three turbine blades that uses friction to damp their resonance. The results obtained for both systems are consistent with literature.
The perceived seriousness of crimes: inter-individual commonalities and differences
Authors: Borg Ingwer , Hermann Dieter , Bilsky Wolfgang
Published: April 2022

The paper focuses on ratings of the perceived seriousness of crimes and how they can be explained in a testable scaling model (SOCID) that shows commonalities and differences among individuals. The model assumes that crimes are first represented on each person’s psychological map. This map can be described as a geometric space spanned by the crimes’ perceived attributes. When assessing the seriousness of crimes, the person positions him-/herself on this map by finding a point whose distances to the crime points express how much he/she is rejects the respective crimes. Using three representative German surveys on crime prevention, the SOCID model is positively tested for various predictions: (1) All persons in our surveys share the same psychological map of crimes; (2) a 2-dimensional map accurately describes the persons’ observed badness ratings; (3) the points representing the crimes form essentially linear manifolds on the maps; (4) the older and the more conservation-oriented a person, the more similar his/her distances to the crimes; (5) gender has no systematic effect on the distribution of person-points on the crimes’ maps.
Solar-Cycle Variability Results from the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) Mission
Authors: Woods Thomas N. , Harder Jerald W. , Kopp Greg , Snow Martin
Published: April 2022

TheSolar Radiation and Climate Experiment(SORCE) was a NASA mission that operated from 2003 to 2020 to provide key climate-monitoring measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) and solar spectral irradiance (SSI). This 17-year mission made TSI and SSI observations during the declining phase of Solar Cycle 23, during all of Solar Cycle 24, and at the very beginning of Solar Cycle 25. The SORCE solar-variability results include comparisons of the solar irradiance observed during Solar Cycles 23 and 24 and the solar-cycle minima levels in 2008 – 2009 and 2019 – 2020. The differences between these two minima are very small and are not significantly above the estimate of instrument stability over the 11-year period. There are differences in the SSI variability for Solar Cycles 23 and 24, notably for wavelengths longer than 250 nm. Consistency comparisons with SORCE variability on solar-rotation timescales and solar-irradiance model predictions suggest that the SORCE Solar Cycle 24 SSI results might be more accurate than the SORCE Solar Cycle 23 results. The SORCE solar-variability results have been useful for many Sun–climate studies and will continue to serve as a reference for comparisons with future missions studying solar variability.
The structuralist approach to underdetermination
Authors: Lee Chanwoo
Published: April 2022

This paper provides an exposition of the structuralist approach to underdetermination, which aims to resolve the underdetermination of theories by identifying their common theoretical structure. Applications of the structuralist approach can be found in many areas of philosophy. I present a schema of the structuralist approach, which conceptually unifies such applications in different subject matters. It is argued that two classic arguments in the literature, Paul Benacerraf’s argument on natural numbers and W. V. O. Quine’s argument for the indeterminacy of translation, can be analyzed as instances of the structuralist schema. These two applications illustrate different kinds of conclusions that can be drawn through the structuralist approach; Benacerraf’s argument shows that we can derive an ontological conclusion about the given subject matter, while Quine’s structuralist approach leads to a semantic conclusion about how to determine linguistic meanings given radical translation. Then, as a case study, I review a recent debate in metaphysics between Shamik Dasgupta, Jason Turner, and Catharine Diehl to consider the extent to which different instances of the structuralist schema are conceptually unified. Both sides of the debate can be interpreted as utilizing the structuralist approach; one side uses the structuralist approach for an ontological conclusion, while the other side relies on a semantic conclusion. I argue that this has a strong dialectical consequence, which sheds light on the conceptual unity of the structuralist approach.
Bridging State and Nonprofit: Differentiated Embeddedness of Chinese Political Elites in Charitable Foundations
Authors: Ma Ji
Published: April 2022

How are political elites embedded in both civil and political domains? I studied 246 Chinese political elites who also served on nonprofit foundations’ boards from 2011 to 2015 and conceptualized a framework to understand the state-nonprofit relationship before 2015. The political elites can build horizontal connections with foundations, helping the party-state reach nonprofit actors. They can also build vertical connections with political groups, helping foundations access political resources. The dual-role elites’ connectedness with foundations and in the polity varies by their primary positions in the political system. Effective communication between the state and nonprofit actors requires elites to have strong connections in both the civil and political domains, but the situation in China is far from ideal—those embedded in foundations are disconnected from the polity, and those connected in the polity are marginalized in foundations.