bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Supervisors' Ratings of Medical Intern Performance
Authors: Howell M. A. , Newman S. H.
Published: September 2011

Supervisors' forced-choice ratings at the end of training were used as a performance criterion for 84 medical interns in the United States Public Health Service Hospitals. A predictive battery, consisting of both intellective and non-intellective measures, yielded a multiple correlation of .48 against this criterion. The study is considered only suggestive, but the predictable variance in the supervisory criterion appeared to involve speed of motor performance, deductive reasoning ability, and a measure of responsibility.
Unrewarded Exploration and Maze Learning
Authors: Croake James W.
Published: September 2011

32 rats were given exploration time in a straight alley and a T-maze prior to a critical run. Just prior to this run 16 of the rats were fed in a replica goal box and 16 were shocked. The rats demonstrated latent learning by going to the good-goal box and avoiding the shock-goal box. The χ3 values were significant beyond the .05 level. The results lent support to Tolman's theory: learning is possible in the absence of reinforcement.
Separation of Brain-Damaged from Schizophrenic Patients by Reitan-Halstead Pattern Analysis: An Unsuccessful Replication
Authors: Watson Charles G.
Published: September 2011

An attempt was made to cross-validate diagnostic patterns DeWolfe, et al. have suggested may be useful in the separation of brain-damaged from schizophrenic Ss by use of the Halstead tests. The attempt failed. The ramifications of the inconsistent and generally negative results of this project and the DeWolfe, et al. study are discussed.
Effect of Dogmatism and Authority of the Source of Communication upon Persuasion
Authors: Harvey John , Hays Daniel G.
Published: September 2011

80 high- and low-dogmatic women read a communication which was either attributed to an expert or to a high school student. As predicted, high-dogmatic Ss agreed more with the communication when given by the high-authority source than by the low-authority source. Low-dogmatic Ss were not differentially influenced by the authority of the communicator. In addition, high-dogmatic Ss who received the communication from the low-authority source were less influenced than high-dogmatics who had not been exposed to the communication and low-dogmatics who received the same communication from the same source.
Ability Grouping, Attitudes toward School, and Self-Concept of Seventh-Grade Students
Authors: Weiner Barbara J. , Weiner Elliot A.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the effects of placement in ability groups on how 215 7th grade students felt about school and themselves. Past research has suggested that ability grouping has no consistent significant effects on attitudes toward school but that this procedure has appeared to have considerable effects on self-concept. Three inventories were administered to 215 7th grade students. The hypothesis of no difference between means of ability groups on each of the three attitude scales for each of four school subjects was tested, using an unweighted means solution for the analysis of variance, and was supported for attitudes toward school and self-concept.
Self-Initiated Attempts to Change Behavior: A Study of New Year's Resolutions
Authors: Marlatt G. Alan , Kaplan Burt E.
Published: September 2011

The tradition of making New Year's Resolutions presents an opportunity to study the formation and stability of self-initiated attempts to change behavior. In an exploratory investigation, Ss were asked to report any resolutions made at the beginning of a new year. In order to provide an objective measure of the effectiveness of resolutions, Ss who were resolved to lose weight were studied independently of Ss making other types of resolutions. Ss who resolved to lose weight and control Ss who made no resolutions were assigned either to a monitoring or nonmonitoring group for a 3-mo. period (monitored Ss were weighed every 3 wk.). No significant differences were obtained in weight change for the factors of resolution or monitoring. Monitoring (by periodic questionnaires) also did not increase the effectiveness of the other resolutions studied. General resolutions were classified, and the resulting categories were related to the duration of kept resolutions and to the circumstances under which resolutions were broken.
Academic Primogeniture Revisited
Authors: Epstein Gilda F. , Bronzaft Arline L.
Published: September 2011

Data obtained from one of the 4-yr. colleges of the City University of New York showed 44.1% firstborns in the 1969 freshman class and 42.4% firstborns in the 1970 freshman class. The present findings were compared with earlier studies which reported 50 to 65% firstborns in college populations. In addition, the percentage of firstborns in all family sizes (omitting only children) was lower than that reported for earlier college samples.
Interpersonal Expectancy Effects: Studies with Three Psychiatric Samples
Authors: Page Stewart
Published: September 2011

Using a photo-rating task, three studies of the experimenter-bias effect were conducted with mental patients, nurses, and alcoholics serving as Es and with a variety of mental patients and alcoholics as Ss. The biasing did not appear when mental patients as Es ran mental patients but did appear with alcoholic Es running alcoholics; when nurse Es ran mentally ill Ss, a significant effect appeared but in the unexpected direction. Results indicated the need for research on E-S status differences, feeling tone, and limiting conditions of the bias with ‘atypical’ Ss and Es.
Self-Disclosure and Two Kinds of Trust
Authors: Macdonald A. P. , Kessel Vicki S. , Fuller James B.
Published: September 2011

63 (37 male and 26 female) undergraduate students were Ss in a study of the relationship between two kinds of trust and self-disclosure. As predicted, self-disclosure (Jourard scale) was related to trust as measured with the Prisoners' Dilemma Game, but not to Interpersonal trust, as measured with Rotter's scale. No relationship was found between the Rotter Interpersonal Trust Scale and the Prisoner's Dilemma. In line with previous findings: (a) the Rotter Scale correlated with a self-report trust scale, and (b) the Prisoners' Dilemma with authoritarianism (F scale).
Comparison of Intercorrelations of Scale Scores from the Opinions about Mental Illness Scale
Authors: Fracchia John , Pintyr Joseph , Crovello James , Sheppard Charles , Merlis Sidney
Published: September 2011

Intercorrelations among scores on the 5 factorially derived dimensions of the Opinions About Mental Illness Scale (OMI) were computed for 77 female psychiatric attendants at a large state mental hospital. Four rs were significant. However, rs were smaller and, in some cases, directionally different from those in previous studies. Type of institution sampled, temporal factors, and changes in attitude were suggested as possible explanations for these differences in intercorrelations.
Fakability of the Adorno F-Scale
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne
Published: September 2011

Under fake good, fake bad, and neutral testing instructions, 186 college undergraduates demonstrated ability to fake bad on the Adorno F-scale, though the lack of significant difference between scores made under fake good and neutral instruction sets casts doubt on Ss' ability to fake good on the authoritarianism measure. No scoring differences appeared for the scores projected onto hypothesized members of either the lower, middle, or upper classes under the three sets of test instructions, though under all 3 instructional sets Ss consistently attributed the highest scores to members of the middle class, while in 2 of 3 cases the second highest scores were projected onto upper class members. The inconclusive results suggest further research be directed toward the resolution of the problem of fakability of the Adorno F-scale. To this end, it is suggested that efforts be systematic and replicate design and measures used in earlier studies.
Effect of Failure upon WAIS Arithmetic, Digit Span, and Object Assembly Subtests
Authors: Dickstein Louis S. , Weiss Virginia A.
Published: September 2011

Previous studies of the effects of failure upon WAIS subtest performance have yielded discrepant findings for the Digit Span subtest and have failed to support clinical hypotheses regarding the Object Assembly and Arithmetic subtests. In the present study, 15 female college students were provided with a failure experience and showed significantly poorer performance than a control group of 15 on the Digit Span and Object Assembly subtests but not on Arithmetic. The implications of the present data for future research are discussed and possible explanations for the discrepancies in the literature are presented.
Measurement of Statements Made about Emotion: An Investigation of the Affect-Cognition Scale
Authors: Gerber Lane A.
Published: September 2011

For 40 male undergraduate students, rank-order correlations were calculated between scores on the Affect-Cognition Scale, a measure of the conceptualization and differentiation of statements about emotion, and scores on measures of cognitive complexity, dogmatism, field independence, originality, verbal intelligence, and social desirability. This research and Zimring, et al.'s (1970) suggest this scale also measures a process involving the apprehension and selection of incoming information and the ability to create meaning out of these stimuli. Because these properties are involved in many aspects of human functioning, the scale may have considerable utility.
Pervasive Nature of Conservative Social Attitudes
Authors: Boshier Roger , Plummer Michael
Published: September 2011

With a random sample of New Zealand adults, conservatives were in general not more or less inclined than liberals to like/dislike a number of food and other stimulus objects that had previously been linked to the possession of high and low self-esteem. The results provide construct validation of the Conservatism scale.
Successful Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa through Isolation
Authors: Lobb L. G. , Schaefer H. H.
Published: September 2011

A severe case of anorexia nervosa was treated with behavioral techniques using a seclusion procedure following meals. The treatment succeeded in restoring the weight of the patient from 32 kg to a normal value of above 50 kg. A concomitant condition of excessive drinking disappeared inexplicably following treatment.
An Objective Measure of the Motive to Attain Social Power
Authors: Good Lawrence R. , Good Katherine C.
Published: September 2011

The development of a 28-item, dichotomously scored, self-report measure of social-power motivation is described. The final form of the measure evidenced a KR-20 of .89 in a second validation sample of 174 undergraduates.
Relationship of Distortion in Self-Reports of Grades and Extracurricular Activities to the Crowne-Marlowe Measure of Approval Motive
Authors: Kasl Stanislav V.
Published: September 2011

Among some 150 young men, the Crowne-Marlowe scale of need for social approval correlated positively with the amount of distortion (in a socially desirable direction) in self-reports of grades and extracurricular activities. However, this relationship held only among those for whom these events were not so recent and who could reasonably believe that their reports' accuracy would not be checked. For these same individuals, two measures of fear of failure were also positively related to the amount of distortion in reports of grades.
Effects of Internal and External Control of Reinforcement on Binary-Choice Probability Learning
Authors: Jacobs Marion , Tiber Norman
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relationship between belief in one's ability to control reinforcements and performance in a binary-choice probability-learning situation under varying conditions of risk. The probability-learning task required S repeatedly to predict whether a red or green bulb would light up next. Red was programmed to occur 75% of the time. The sequence was random and not contingent upon Ss' responses. Rotter's Internal-External scale was used to select Ss who generally believed reinforcements were affected by their own behavior (internals) to compare with individuals who believed that most reinforcements were beyond personal control (externals). The conditions of risk were no-payoff, win or lose, win or break even, lose or break even, and reverse (lose for a correct guess and break even for an incorrect one). Performance on the reverse condition differed from all others, with Ss selecting the objectively more frequent event significantly less often. The difference resulted from the behavior of male externals and female internals, who predicted the less frequent event to avoid loss of chips. This is discussed within the framework of social learning theory.
Sociometric Classroom Popularity and Children's Reports of Parental Child-Rearing Behaviors
Authors: Armentrout James A.
Published: September 2011

48 boys and 48 girls in Grades 4, 5, and 6 were selected from a larger group of children on the basis of being high or low in sociometric popularity with their classmates. Their reports of perceived parental child-rearing behaviors were compared. Ss high in popularity reported significantly greater acceptance by parents than did Ss low in popularity, while all Ss reported greater acceptance by mothers than fathers. Two measures of parental control, corresponding to covert intrusiveness and overt rule-making, did not differentiate Ss of high and low peer popularity.
Implied Threat and the Territorial Factor in Personal Space
Authors: Bailey Kent G. , Hartnett John J. , Gibson Frank W.
Published: September 2011

Body territory may be a useful concept when personal space is studied under conditions of threat. It is predicted that, under conditions implying physical threat, defense of body territory will be greatest in the condition of male-to-male movement, that the male object-person will be a greater source of threat than the female object-person, and that anxiety will be associated with greater intervening distances for both sexes. Each S (male or female) approached and was approached by his respective object-person (male or female), providing measures of invading and being invaded behaviors. The major findings were: Ss tended to stay farther from the male than the female object-person; males showed the strongest sex-of-object effect, with approach toward the female object being more influential than avoidance of the male object; female Ss were more influenced by anxiety; and male Ss were most influenced by degree of heterosexuality. It was concluded that partial support was evidenced for what could be called a body territorial factor in human space behavior.
Attempted Validation of a “Pragmatic Classification of Depression”
Authors: Vath Raymond , Miranda Manuel , Becker Joseph , Gibson Stephen
Published: September 2011

Limited aspects of Blinder's pragmatically derived classification of depressives based on syndrome characteristics were assessed. Blinder's syndrome descriptions were cast into items for an observer-rated interview and into a parallel, patient-rated schedule. Interobserver ratings were statistically reliable (γ′ = .78, p < .001). Patients' self-ratings were positively related to observer ratings (γ′ = .69, p = 01), but observers rated patients as more depressed than patients rated themselves ( t = 2.93, p = .01). Observer ratings only were factor analyzed. The unrotated factors obtained accorded better with previous factor analytic studies than with the syndrome aspect of Blinder's pragmatic classification.
Constriction, Aggression, and Assertive Training
Authors: Gentry W. Doyle , Kirwin Paul M.
Published: September 2011

Pearsonian correlations were obtained between indices of motor and attitudinal aggression and Bates-Zimmerman constriction scores for 17 psychiatric patients selected for assertive training. Constriction appeared negatively related to motor components of aggression (assault, verbal aggression) but unrelated to attitudinal hostility.
Arousal and Task Complexity in Schizophrenic Performance Deficit: A Theoretical Discussion
Authors: Schmolling Paul , Lapidus Leah B.
Published: September 2011

A theoretical discussion of divergent findings in the research on psychological deficit in schizophrenia is based on an examination of (a) studies contrasting schizophrenics and normals on tasks varying in complexity, (b) evidence that schizophrenics show a higher base level of arousal than normals, and (c) the effect of variations in arousal on task efficiency. It is concluded that an inverted-U relationship between level of arousal and performance efficiency in conjunction with related tenets of drive theory account for apparent inconsistencies in previous research. There is a need to differentiate the performance deficits of highly aroused individuals, regardless of diagnosis, from performances specifically characteristic of schizophrenia.
Facilitation of an N-R Pattern Discrimination by Shock on N Trials
Authors: Campbell Patrick E. , Crumbaugh Charles M. , Massey Carol , Reed Elaine
Published: September 2011

Two groups of rats ( N = 10) were trained in a runway on a single alternation partial reward schedule. One group received electric shock contingent on running on all nonrewarded trials. The remaining animals received identical shocks but during selected intertrial intervals and not contingent on the running response. Both groups learned a pattern discrimination but the contingent-shock animals learned earlier and performed better than the non-contingent-shock subjects. These data suggest that punishment can profitably be considered from the point of view of aftereffects theory.
Level of Aspiration as a Function of Learning-Potential Status in the Educable Mentally Retarded
Authors: Harrison Robert , Singer Judith , Budoff Milton , Folman Rosalind
Published: September 2011

2 groups of educable mental retardates (gainers and nongainers) were identified on the basis of their differential ability to profit from instruction on the Kohs Blocks. Their levels of aspiration were obtained for performances on verbal and nonverbal tasks following experimentally manipulated success and failure. Performance-discrepant levels of aspiration were more typical of nongainers than gainers, especially after failure. Compared with the gainers, the nongainers' scores were more affected on nonverbal than verbal tasks, and by the specific sequences of success and failure as used in the experiment. The results are consistent with previous findings relating level of aspiration to a history of failure and with an anchoring theory which suggests that the gainers' more realistic goal setting is dependent on wide experience with both success and failure.
Predictions of Ethical Risk Taking by Psychopathic and Non-Psychopathic Criminals
Authors: Krauss Herbert H. , Robinson Ira , Janzen William , Cauthen Nelson
Published: September 2011

The Behavior Prediction Scale is a questionnaire by which a respondent's sensitivity to the following components of the ethical-risk situation might be measured: expectancy that gain will result from the unethical act, the magnitude of that gain, the likelihood of punishment, and the severity of punishment. When 15 psychopathic and 15 non-psychopathic prisoners were contrasted, only the psychopaths were sensitive to the expectation of gain. Neither group was sensitive to either the magnitude of gain or the likelihood of punishment; both were sensitive to the magnitude of punishment, however. These results differ markedly from the finding that “normal” populations exhibit sensitivity to all of these components.
On Confounding of the Repression-Sensitization and Manifest Anxiety Scales
Authors: Abbott Robert D.
Published: September 2011

The MMPI and Edwards Personality Inventory were administered to 218 college students. Scores on the Manifest Anxiety (MA), Repression-Sensitization (R-S), and Social Desirability (SD) scales were scored from the MMPI and a non-overlapping, balanced True-False, non-pathological content social desirability (BSD) scale was scored from the items of the Edwards. The scales were intercorrelated and factor analyzed by the method of principal components. The results support a social desirability interpretation of scores on the four scales, and questioned the discriminant validity of the R-S and MA scales, as have other studies which were briefly reviewed.
Storage and Retrieval of Prose Material
Authors: Sehulster Jerome R. , Crouse James H.
Published: September 2011

72 Ss studied a prose passage under the same conditions of input. Two conditions of recall were compared: free recall in which as much of the passage was recalled as was possible, and question recall in which specific questions were answered. In both conditions, the major interest was in retrieval of the information that answered the questions used in question recall. Questions facilitated retrieval of this answer information from the latter portions of the input passage much more than from the initial portions. Several possible explanations were discussed.
Serial-Position Effect and Organization of Recall of Connected Meaningful Verbal Material
Authors: Russell Gordon W. , Sewall Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2011

Factor analyses of recall measures by King have consistently resulted in a two-factor solution with the first dimension being quantitative and the second, organizational in nature. To test the generality of the serial position with respect to connected discourse, an eight-sentence passage summarizing the arguments, pro and con, of having a female prime minister was written. It was presented individually to 48 men and 48 women, with the sentences interchanged around conjunctions to control for position effects. While sex differences and the sex × position interactions were not significant, combined data supported the serial-position effect along both the quantitative and organizational dimensions. The organization of the recalls using both dependent accuracy measures was described in terms of positively decelerating functions. Analyses of the recall of sex × pro-con arguments yielded no significant differences on this presumably sex-linked topic with either dimensional measure.
On How Books Get Published in the Behavioral Sciences
Authors: Burton Arthur
Published: September 2011

Remarks on the review and publication of books are presented.
Predictive Validity of the Biographical Inventory Creativity: Five-Year Follow-up Study
Authors: Schaefer Charles E.
Published: September 2011

A 5-yr. follow-up study was conducted of the creativity exhibited by 800 creative and control students previously identified at the high school level. The findings indicate that creative youth continue to report more creative achievements than their peers but only in those specialty fields (arts or sciences) in which they had previously distinguished themselves. The data lend support for the predictive validity of the instrument previously developed with these Ss, the Biographical Inventory Creativity.
Reactions of High School Students to School Desegregation in a Southern Metropolitan Area
Authors: Martinez-Monfort Antonio , Dreger Ralph Mason
Published: September 2011

In a preliminary study of attitudes and emotional reactions of Negro high school students who desegregated formerly all-white schools in a Deep South city, it was determined that there were many forebodings, unpleasant experiences, and emotional upsets, but that on the whole no deep emotional disturbances resulted. In the main study, an objective approach to attitudes and emotional reactions did not confirm hypotheses that length of desegregated experience results in lessened ethnic prejudice on either a cognitive or non-cognitive level, that state anxiety is altered by vicarious “formal” or “informal” interracial situations, and that Negro girls react more intensely to such situations than white ones. However, differential reactions did result from vicariously experiencing “formal” versus “informal” situations.
Affect and Meaningfulness as Variables in Mediate Association
Authors: Aagard James A. , Stone David R.
Published: September 2011

Affect and meaningfulness in verbal mediation were studied. The design of the study included Phase I, which varied the affect levels (high and low) while holding meaningfulness constant at a medium level, and Phase II, which varied both the affect level (high and low) of the mediators and the level of meaningfulness (high and low) of the non-mediators. Results showed that high-affect mediators produced superior mediation and that an affect by meaningfulness interaction occurred. High affect was more potent than high meaningfulness in producing superior mediation.
Enhancement of Dominant Risk Tendencies in Group Discussion
Authors: Myers David G. , Arenson Sidney J.
Published: September 2011

Much recent research indicates that discussion predictably affects responses to choice-dilemma items. In the present experiment, 12 choice-dilemma items were discussed to consensus by 40 female groups of varying size (2, 3, 5, or 7 members). Group size did not significantly affect shift scores. Over all groups, the mean of initial risk taking on an item was an excellent predictor of the mean amount of shift that item elicited ( r = –.89), a finding consistent with certain models of group decision making as well as with the idea that discussion arguments enhance dominant values. Further analyses of the present and past research indicated that the group decision making models could not account for the observed shifts.
Integration of Information about others
Authors: Hewitt Jay
Published: September 2011

48 Ss were presented with information about 64 pairs of individuals. One member of each pair possessed an extremely desirable or undesirable trait while the other member of the pair possessed this trait plus an additional trait of like but lesser polarity. For a given pair, an S's preference for one member of the pair over the other seemed to be a function of whether he perceived the additional trait as a desirable personality trait, an undesirable personality trait, or a trait that was neither desirable nor undesirable.
Psychoanalysis, Adaptation, and Education: II. Development of Thinking
Authors: Cohler Bertram J.
Published: September 2011

The development of the capacity for reality testing, whose enhancement has been viewed as a central function of education, presupposes both the capacity to focus attention on external and intra-psychic phenomena and the development of organized thought. Reconsidering traditional psychoanalytic views of these two concepts in terms of more recent formulations, attention is defined in terms of the child's attitude toward reality rather than in terms of the means by which mental contents reach consciousness. The development of thought or secondary process activity is also discussed in terms of an adaptational framework which circumvents assumptions regarding psychic energy and its transformation. These two concepts are discussed in terms of the school's role in fostering the child's mastery of reality.
Frequency Stability of Kent-Rosanoff Words
Authors: Bowen John H.
Published: September 2011

Shifts in the frequencies of the Kent-Rosanoff words are described by applying a lognormal model to distributions resulting from the use of two frequency counts, the Thorndike-Lorge count and the Kucera-Francis count. The former's categorization limits consideration to 44 words which had frequencies in, or lower than, the A category (50–99 words per million) of T-L. The predominant shift is toward lower frequencies of occurrence in the latter count. The amount of shift toward lower frequencies increases as the Thorndike-Lorge frequency of the words decreases. The average shift is 14 words per million. The findings suggest a severe limitation on the generalizability of experimental results which have used the Thorndike-Lorge source to control the frequency characteristics of the Kent-Rosanoff words.
Dyadic Interaction of Preschool Children and Performance on a Construction Task
Authors: Peters Roger W. , Torrance E. Paul
Published: September 2011

26 children (5 each at ages 2, 3, 4, and 5 and 6 at age 6) in a day care center were administered a construction task both singly and in randomly constructed same sex dyads. Dyadic interaction had an over-all effect of increasing the number of blocks used but not the amount of time the children spent on the task. The influence of age was significant for both number of blocks used and amount of time spent. Only for the 6-yr.-olds does dyadic interaction seem to be facilitative.
Models for Measuring Induced Affective Change: Some Neglected Methodological Considerations
Authors: Proger Barton B. , Morrell James E. , Mann Lester , Bayuk Robert J. , Taylor Raymond G. , Burger Robert M. , Cross Lawrence H. , Green Paul
Published: September 2011

The measurement of affect and other personality characteristics has usually been carried out in a predispositional, correlational framework. However, the measurement of varying levels of affect induced by different treatments during an experiment has received less attention because of the methodological problems involved. Typical weaknesses of research concern test-retest effects, test sensitization, test-wiseness, lack of control groups, inductive construct validity of measures, emotional boundedness, purging effects, and short treatment duration. A manageable design paradigm for gaining sound results on experimentally induced affect is presented.
Effects of Electric Shock on Water Consumption in Random-Bred Mice
Authors: Manosevitz Martin , Plomin Robert J.
Published: September 2011

Water consumption in a random-bred line of mice was studied to determine if consumption could be used as a behavioral measure of emotionality. The treatment, electric shock, was administered to 13 mice; a non-shock control group included 14 mice. 48 hr. after treatment, all mice were given 24 hr. water deprivation. This was followed by 24 hr. free access to water. During this 24-hr. period, water consumption was recorded at 30, 60, 90, 120 min., and at the end of 24 hr. Mice that received the electric shock consumed significantly more water than the control group during the first 2 hr. These results are consistent with the suggestion that water consumption may be a useful indicator of emotionality in mice.
Magnesium Pemoline: Enhancement of Performance
Authors: Di Giusto E. L. , King M. G.
Published: September 2011

Magnesium pemoline did not affect performance of rats on a 1-way avoidance task in the absence of a discrete conditioned stimulus but enhanced avoidance when a 75-db buzzer was used. These results suggest that MgPe increases the excitatory properties of a strong conditioned stimulus.
Group Fines: Technique for Behavioral Control in a Token Economy
Authors: Liebson Ira , Cohen Miriam , Faillace Louis A.
Published: September 2011

Group fines were used to control the alcohol-related misbehavior of skid row alcoholics living and working in a hospital token-economy ward. When only the individual was fined there was a high incidence of unauthorized drinking and elopement. Institution of group fines wherein the offender was fined and an equivalent fine was levied against all other Ss led to a decrease in serious offenses to one-fifth of the previous incidence. Group fines appeared to be an effective method of mobilizing social pressure for this population.
Some Characteristics of Mothers of Severely Disturbed Children in a Therapeutic Nursery
Authors: Gartner Dorothy , Goldstein Harris S.
Published: September 2011

19 mothers of children with serious emotional disturbances of early childhood were interviewed and administered the MMPI and Picture Frustration Test. Interview data showed that a high percentage of mothers experienced perinatal depression (66%) and marital discord (78%). MMPI profiles indicated a high degree of psychopathology. The P-F test characterized these mothers as intropunitive. Maternal depression during an infant's first year of life may result in affectional deprivation and lead to serious emotional disturbance in early childhood.
Assessment of Therapeutic Change in Antisocial Boys via the TAT
Authors: Kempler Hyman L. , Scott Valorie
Published: September 2011

TAT and other thematic stimuli were used to assess the effectiveness of community treatment with 47 antisocial children. No differences between 22 controls and treatment groups were found. TAT data were consistent with teacher behavior ratings but not with community adjustment data.
Ego Identity and Motivation: An Empirical Study of Achievement and Affiliation in Erikson's Theory
Authors: Bauer Rudolph , Snyder Robert
Published: September 2011

Ss manifesting different levels of achievement and affiliation motivation (TAT) were distinguished as predicted by E. Erikson's theory by an operational measure of ego identity (Rasmussen's Ego Identity Scale) in predicted directions. Results supported Erikson's contention that Ss who manifest high motivation, both in affiliation and in achievement, would show a more satisfactory ego identity than individuals who manifest other levels of achievement and affiliation motivation. Ss' levels of adult achievement motivation reflected the successful or unsuccessful resolution of the achievement crisis of the latency period. The study involved a series of 2 × 2 factorial designs defined by levels of achievement and affiliation motivation and related the four cells to ego identity development (Ego Identity Scale Score) and to the manner in which Ss resolved the achievement crisis (Subscale on Ego Identity Scale). Ss were 158 male college students between the ages of 17 and 25 yr.
URIC Acid and Behaviour: A New Look at Orowan's Hypothesis
Authors: Stevens Henry A. , Cropley Arthur J.
Published: September 2011

Current interpretation of Orowan's hypothesis regarding the possible stimulating properties of uric acid has some difficulty in accounting for all the data reported in the literature. A reinterpretation of Orowan's view to include the possibility that uric acid has a curvilinear direct effect, together with an indirect effect via learning, can accommodate the research findings to date.
Contingent and Noncontingent Schedules of Continuous and Partial Reward in Rats
Authors: Campbell Patrick E. , Fixsen Dean L.
Published: September 2011

The effects of contingent reward (R) and nonreward (N) and noncontingent reward (r) and nonreward (n) on extinction performance were investigated. Both R and N were delivered contingently on a runway running response while r and n were delivered by placing Ss directly into the goal box. In acquisition, the 32 albino rats were given 5 contingent trials and 4 noncontingent placements each day for 2 days. Group CC received the daily sequence RrRrRrRrR; Group CP, RnRrRnRrR; Group PC, RxNrRrNrR; and Group PP, RnNrRnNrR. 15 extinction trials were given with 5 trials per day. An analysis of variance applied to the mean log total times in extinction showed that Group CP was significantly more resistant to extinction than Group CC and that Group PP was more resistant to extinction than Group PC. Neither the difference between Groups CC and PC nor the difference between Group CP and PP approached significance. The results were discussed in terms of their relevance to the modified aftereffects hypothesis and dissonance theory.
Attitude Changes following Education in Interpersonal Dynamics among Attendants in a State Hospital for Criminally Insane
Authors: Twomey J. F. , Kiefer Frances
Published: September 2011

61 hospital attendants participated in an in-service training program designed to provide experience in human relations with the expectation that the well-being of patients in the hospital would be affected by changes in roles and attitudes. Ss were administered the Opinions About Mental Illness Questionnaire before and after a 20-wk. training period. Significant differences were observed on four of the five scales, suggesting that attitudes of custodial mental health personnel can be modified except for authoritarian matters.
On the Appeal of Rizzo and Longstreth
Authors: Steininger Marion , Capaldi Michele
Published: September 2011

To investigate the construct “liberalism-conservatism” on several issues and in two samples, student and middle-aged Rizzo and Longstreth supporters were asked to answer a questionnaire about the college environment. On at least 15 of 16 questions and in both samples, the Longstreth supporters answered more “liberally” than the Rizzo supporters. The Longstreth supporters also were more “liberal” than the Rizzo supporters in their presidential preferences in 1968 and 1972. The students were more “liberal” about the college environment than the adults, both among the Rizzo and Longstreth supporters. These data support the interpretation of “liberalism-conservatism” as a personal orientation toward social and political issues.
Consistency of Patterns of Drug Use
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Wampler Karen S. , Harvey William M.
Published: September 2011

Although there is much descriptive research concerning frequency of drug use, few studies have reported quantitative data on patterns of drug use. 33 college students with experience with a variety of drugs were studied. Alcohol and some legal drugs were included as well as drugs of abuse. Guttman scalogram analyses yielded very high coefficients of reproducibility (.89 to .98). The pattern of drug use was cross-validated on a sample of young drug users in another setting. The relative frequency of drug use for our sample was also highly related to that reported in other studies of student populations. In order to identify the dimension underlying the pattern of drug use, ratings of the safety and availability of each of the 18 substances were obtained. Both availability and safety were highly related to the relative frequency of drug use, with availability being the more important variable.
Delinquency, Personality Tests and Relationships to Measures of Guilt and Adjustment
Authors: Schuck Solomon Z. , Dubeck John A. , Cymbalisty Bohdan Y. , Green Charlene
Published: September 2011

The validity of personality tests designed by Quay (1966) to differentiate within a heterogeneous delinquent population were evaluated with 115 delinquent adolescents. The personality tests were: the Personal Opinion Inventory based on a self-rated questionnaire; the Case History Scale, based on social history information; and the Behavior Rating Scale, based on ratings of institutional behavior. The results indicate that the Psychopathic and Neurotic factors of the Case History and Behavior Rating Scales have some modest multitrait-multimethod validity. These tests, generally, have more predictive validity than the Personal Opinion Inventory. The Neurotic factors of the three tests were reinterpreted as measuring maladjustment and as being independent of guilt. The Psychopathic factor seems to be related to poor institutional adjustment and aggressive behavior. The Socialized and Immature factors appear to have poor validities.
Effect of Learning on Hemispheric Dominance and Free Recall in a Single Subject
Authors: Shine Lester C. , Wiant Joseph , Da Polito Frank
Published: September 2011

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of learning on the free recall of letters presented tachistoscopically either to the left visual field, the right visual field, or identically and simultaneously to both visual fields. A modified Shine-Bower analysis of variance was used to analyze S's performance. The results indicate that initially, in accord with previous research, the right visual field is superior to the left visual field in performance, but that this superiority tends to reduce across trials and practically disappears in the later trials. Also, the right visual field condition is not appreciably better in performance than the condition with both visual fields.
Effects of Alcohol and Methylphenidate on Complex Judgments
Authors: Hurst Paul M. , Bagley Sally Ann K. , Ross Sherman
Published: September 2011

Methylphenidate HCl (12 mg/70 kg and 20 mg/70 kg), ethyl alcohol (60 g/70 kg), and a placebo (lactose) were given to 50 college student volunteers. Each S received each treatment once during 4 separate sessions, and treatment order was counterbalanced. Ss were experienced bridge players, who were given sets of bidding problems, which varied in storage load, ambiguity level, and answer format (open-ended vs multiple choice). Performances were scored according to (1) frequency of active bids vs passes, and (2) a figure-of-merit assigned to each possible response, as developed from expert consensus. Ss wrote impromptu editorials on assigned topics from which word-count measures of verbal production were derived, and also made periodic self-ratings on mood adjective check lists. No significant drug effects were found on bidding accuracy, although methylphenidate increased the frequency of non-passes. Alcohol produced significant efforts on eight mood clusters while methylphenidate produced little or no measurable effect. Verbal production, however, was reliably increased by methylphenidate but not significantly affected by alcohol.
Training Procedures and Task Difficulty in Brightness and Position Discriminations by Rats
Authors: Allison James P.
Published: September 2011

This research concerned training procedures (correction vs noncorrection), type of discrimination task (position vs brightness), and task difficulty in two 2 × 3 experiments using rats in single-unit mazes. An interaction was found between type of training procedure and task difficulty for the brightness task, with noncorrection Ss requiring relatively fewer trials to reach a criterion than correction Ss as the task became more difficult. A statistically insignificant interaction was found for the position task.
Application of Behavior Principles to Group Therapy Techniques with Juvenile Delinquents
Authors: Abudabbeh Nuha , Prandoni Jogues R. , Jensen Diana E.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of token reinforcement on the quantity and quality of verbalization in a therapy group of 5 delinquent boys. Ss were reinforced with poker chips for units of verbalization and for certain types of verbalization. The chips were exchanged for candy, money, or phone calls at the end of each session. Verbal behavior was reinforced for 19 of the 25 therapy sessions. Results indicated an increase over baseline rate in the quantity and quality of verbalization.
Social Class and Drug Use among Metropolitan Hinterland High School Students
Authors: Cowan Ronald A. , Davis James R. , Frumkin R. M.
Published: September 2011

Of a random sample of 386 students from 3 high schools representing differential social class status and drawn from the Oakland County, Michigan area, only 88 (23%) reported they had used any non-medically prescribed drugs. School A (upper middle-class suburban) reported significantly greater use of drugs than School B (lower middle-class suburban) and School C (lower middle-class semi-rural). School A also reported earlier use of drugs and poorer relations with parents than Schools B and C. The study supports two theories about this deviant behavior: (1) the more alienated the group the greater the likelihood of engaging in deviant behavior; (2) the greater the opportunity to engage in a particular kind of behavior the greater the chance of that behavior occurring. School A students seemed to be the most alienated from their parents and had the greatest opportunity, financially speaking, to get the drugs they desired.
Experimental Use of Points or Money as Reinforcers: Does What is Risked Make a Difference?
Authors: Schmitt David R. , Marwell Gerald
Published: September 2011

When work on a cooperative task rather than a lower paying individual one entailed risk that Ss could take each other's earnings, Ss who were rewarded in points having no intrinsic value behaved very differently from Ss studied previously who earned money contingent on their responses. Pairs working for money typically ceased cooperating when risk was introduced while those working for points tended to continue cooperating. Use of points both reduced the disruptive effects of taking and led occasionally to periods of inactivity. Comparing these results and previous findings, there may be differences among tasks in the effects of various types of rewards.
High-Intensity, Ultrasonic Sound: A Better Rat Trap
Authors: Pinel John P. J.
Published: September 2011

The complex behavior patterns of the ubiquitous, wild rat have made it almost invulnerable to traditional methods of rat control. The reasons for failure of existing rat control methods were described and it was concluded that a device which could transmit high-intensity, ultrasonic sound over a fairly wide area would not be subject to such shortcomings. Such a device now seems economically feasible with the development of high-intensity, corona-type loudspeakers.
Mural Group: Integration of Projective Drawings with Standard Verbal Group Therapy Techniques
Authors: Sedlmair Maria , Sisley Emily L.
Published: September 2011

The general procedure for using patient-produced murals in group therapy is outlined, and the process is described as it relates to the interaction of one typical group of hospitalized patients. The technique's application to nonhospitalized patients is discussed, along with recommendations for further research into this innovative area of psychotherapy.
Behavior Modification of Excessive Noise in a Young Basenji
Authors: Willis Jerry
Published: September 2011

Use of a bell contingent upon howling was mildly aversive to a young Basenji and led to decreased noise.
Residual Effects of LSD on EGO Functioning: An Exploratory Study with the Rorschach Test
Authors: Axelrod Peter , Kessel Paul
Published: September 2011

The Rorschach test was administered to three groups: Ss having taken LSD many times (30+), few times (1 to 5) and no times. The test protocols were scored for ego disturbance. The two LSD groups had significantly more indicators than the non-LSD group but were not significantly different from each other. Indicators in these two groups were concentrated in areas of relation to reality and defensive operations.
Another Look at Sources of Variance in the Developmental Test of Visual Perception
Authors: Silverstein A. B.
Published: September 2011

12 sets of data recently analyzed by Chissom and Thomas were reanalyzed using a different method. In contrast to the findings of the earlier study, only about 40% of the total variance of the Frostig subtests proved to be common variance. The present findings lend somewhat greater support to the premise on which the test was constructed.
Work Values of College-Bound Students
Authors: Zaccaria Lucy , Jacobs Mitchell , Creaser James , Klehr Harold
Published: September 2011

The present study compared the values of college-bound students with those of high school seniors-in-general on the Work Values Inventory. College-bound males scored significantly lower than the standardization sample on 13 of the 15 scales; college-bound females obtained lower scores on 10 scales. Rank-order comparisons indicated appreciable similarity in the value-hierarchy of collegiate men and women. The findings suggest the need for the development of normative data for more meaningful use in counseling college students.
Communication Patterns in Engaged Couples
Authors: Lowe Roland , Murphy James
Published: September 2011

The communications of couples introduced to each other by the examiner were compared with the communications of engaged couples. The Family Interaction Scales were used to classify communications. Significant differences on 5 variables were found, indicating that engaged couples' communications were clearly different from the newly introduced couples. The results were related to other research on marital interaction and communication processes in small groups.