bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reuse, Recycle, Recirculate
Authors: Garvey Ellen Gruber
Published: January 2013

This chapter traces the history of how readers have kept track of their reading, starting with bookmarks and commonplace books. Scrapbook making grew as cheap and even free books to paste over, became widely available. Readers displaced old book information with new clippings, asserting their individual hierarchies of reading matter: the stories they liked mattered more than sermons or information about new patents. Scrapbooks were part of a larger practice of isolating items from their original publications to recirculate within the nineteenth-century press. Editors stripped items of their attribution, or added a new authorial attribution. Authors such as Ella Wheeler Wilcox countered by devising methods to keep names attached to their works.
Mark Twain's Scrapbook Innovations
Authors: Garvey Ellen Gruber
Published: January 2013

Mark Twain kept scrapbooks for various purposes, mocked scrapbook keepers in his writing, and invented a new type of scrapbook; he also altered and innovated the language for talking and writing about scrapbooks. This chapter shows that Twain's ambivalent relation to recirculation was tightly bound to the scrapbook he invented, which invited its buyers to write a book with his name on it, wielding their own scissors. The relationship of authorship to writing with scissors is complicated. Twain used the circuits of reprinting and recirculation to promote his scrapbook, while he undertook various frustrating attempts to protect his intellectual property from reprinting, including battling Will M. Clemens, a “maggot” who fed on his work.
What Does “Biological Motion” Really Mean?
Authors: Chouchourelou Arieta , Golden, Alissa , Shiffrar Maggie
Published: January 2013

For several decades, vision researchers’ use of the term “biological motion” has been used to refer to different things, including the category of all animal movements, the category of all human movements, and, most specifically, the category of human movements depicted in point-light displays. In reviewing data from psychophysical and neurophysiological studies, along with some new perceptual findings, this chapter examines the hypothesis that the visual analysis of human motion does not represent a uniform or bounded perceptual category but rather that analyses of human motion differ in a graded fashion from analyses of nonhuman animal motion. Thus, “biological motion” perception likely defines the perceptual category of human and animal motions organized such that human motion, or, more specifically, the observer’s own motor repertoire, constitutes the prototypical stimulus within the category.
Functionalism Redux
Authors: Morsella Ezequiel , Hoover, Merrit A. , Bargh John A.
Published: January 2013

This chapter considers body perception from a functionalist perspective in which mental phenomena (representations and subjective states) guide an organism’s behavior. From this perspective, body perception is constrained by adaptive considerations of actions, influences of physical and social environments, and high-level cognitive processes.
The Debt Effect
Authors: Rohit
Published: January 2013

Chapter 6 studies the path of an economy where consumption of the workers is not limited by their wage income. They can take debt to finance it. Allowing for debt-driven consumption of the workers further adds to the counteracting tendency towards stagnation. Now that they can relax their budget constraint, the consumption of the workers might increase, instead of decreasing, thereby, giving rise to a boom. Short run dynamics show this process can produce a business cycle which moves according to the debt cycle. Tendency towards underconsumption can be overcome when the debt is increasing. Reverse would happen when defaults start happening as was evident in the subprime crisis. As was the case with the wealth effect, the debt effect has the potential of only generating a cycle instead of a prolonged growth, an experience borne out by the current crisis.
From Pelagius to Gildas
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

At the end of the fourth century, the culture of the Latin‐speaking part of the Empire was still one in which provincial intellectuals were attracted to Rome. In the sixth century they remained at home; if they migrated they did so within the British lands (including Brittany) or across the sea to Ireland. Three Britons, Pelagius, Faustus, and Gildas, exemplify these changes. Pelagius gained fame in Rome in the late‐fourth century; in the early‐fifth century, Faustus migrated as far as Provence, where he became abbot of Lérins, in his lifetime the most influential monastery in western Europe. He later became bishop of Riez. He retained links with Britain and may be the source of one of the most important pieces of evidence on Anglo‐Saxon conquests in his homeland. Gildas was the author of the one major work to survive from sixth‐century Britain, a prophetic denunciation of the sins of the British elite.
Rome and the Britons, 400–664
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

In 400 Britain remained part of the Roman Empire and enjoyed the material benefits that came with an extensive market for goods borne by long‐distance trade. In the fifth century it suffered a catastrophic decline in material culture brought about by warfare; but, at the same time, it extended Christianity and a Latin‐based intellectual culture to Ireland. By the sixth century the Gallo‐Roman inhabitants of what was then Frankish Gaul thought of themselves no longer as Gauls but as Romans. The Britons, however, remained Britons, both those of the new Brittany, south of the Channel, and those of the island of Britain. The tensions between the Britons of Brittany (the Bretons) and the (Gallo‐)Romans were exported to Britain and played a crucial role in causing their neighbours to see them all, not as Roman citizens, but as barbarians.
Lords, Food-Renders, and Peasants
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

This chapter is concerned with the economic relationship between peasants and the elite. This was based on the payment of fixed annual food‐renders. The nature of these renders is discussed and reasons given why their structure, as shown by the Llancarfan charters, was of considerable antiquity. The laws, from North Wales as well as the South, show that a similar regime of food‐renders still obtained in the twelfth century. This conclusion may mitigate one difficulty, namely that most of the charters belong to south‐eastern Wales. Once the charters and the laws are put together, they reveal much of Welsh social organization over a very long period.
Two Ninth‐Century Writers
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

In the early‐ninth century the Historia Brittonum gives us some idea of how a North‐Welsh cleric might see the history of his people and its relations with neighbouring peoples and with the Romans. It was not a history of the Britons in the author's own lifetime or the recent past but of the period running up to the battle of Nechtanesmere. In the late‐ninth century a Welsh bishop, Asser, who came from St Davids, joined the household of Alfred, king of the West Saxons, a few years after his great victory against the Vikings. Asser wrote a Life of King Alfred, influenced by the model of Einhard's Life of Charlemagne but very different from it in important and revealing ways. Both texts reveal intellectual links between the Welsh, their neighbours in the British Isles, and the Continent.
The Britons and the Empire of Britain
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

Alfred bequeathed to his successors a kingdom of the Anglo‐Saxons embracing his native Wessex and English Mercia. By 927 his successors as West Saxon kings, Edward the Elder and Æthelstan, had added the Danelaw and Northumbria. The expansion was resisted, above all by a Viking dynasty based in Dublin, Uí Ímair, ‘The Descendants of Ívarr’. Both sides hoped for support from the Welsh. Gwynedd, which had experienced a Viking settlement in 902 in its core in Anglesey, lay between Dublin and another Viking settlement in the Wirral and was more prone to side with the Uí Ímair than was Dyfed, ruled by Hywel Dda. Hywel Dda was a consistently reliable ally of the English; and, through this alliance, he extended his own power throughout Wales apart from the South‐East. His policy was fiercely opposed in the poem Armes Prydein Fawr, ‘The Great Prophecy of Britain’.
The Organization of the Church
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

The fourth and final part of the book covers the church and Welsh culture, both Latin and vernacular. In Gaul, bishops almost always continued to have their sees in Roman cities, while their territories were identical with those of the civitates. In Celtic Britain this had ceased to be true by the beginning of the seventh century, although the unity of the old civitas may have lived on in the synod. In Britain, as in Ireland, there were more bishops than in northern Gaul. One major change from the seventh to the ninth century was, as in Ireland and England, the shift towards burial in churchyards. The nature of this shift is most fully revealed, however, by texts of the eleventh century and later. The major early Welsh churches, those served by a clerical community, are traditionally known as clas churches. Again, the nature of such communities is best revealed by the eleventh‐century Life of St Cadog, although charter witness‐lists are also helpful.
Poets and Storytellers
Authors: Charles-Edwards T. M.
Published: January 2013

The history of Welsh vernacular literature before the twelfth century suffers from a lack of dated texts. A further problem is the extent to which the close links with other British lands and with Ireland shown by Welsh Latin learning were replicated in the vernacular. A comparison between Welsh and Irish metrics suggests that, even in the vernacular, both countries formed part of one cultural province; the presence of the same metrical features in Insular Latin offers one channel through which this may have been sustained. Three case‐studies are used to show the role of poetry: two poems, Edmyg Dinbych and Echrys Ynys may be datable on historical evidence, as is Armes Prydein Fawr, discussed in chapter 10. The third, the dialogue between Llywarch Hen and his son Gwên, followed by the lament for the death of Gwên, has been dated to the ninth century and illustrates the respective roles of verse and prose.
Introduction: Perspectives on Cultural Integration of Immigrants
Authors: Algan Yann , Bisin Alberto , Verdier Thierry
Published: January 2013

This introduction, building on the recent economics of cultural transmission, introduces the main conceptual issues which are of relevance to the study of the cultural integration patterns of immigrants and of their interaction with market and non-market outcomes. More specifically, this chapter briefly discusses the different theories of cultural integration developed in the social sciences. This chapter documents in more detail the economic approach to the study of cultural integration and discuss the consequences of cultural integration in terms of its socio-economic impact on host countries.
Cultural Integration in France
Authors: Algan Yann , Landais Camilla , Senik Claudia
Published: January 2013

The French Republican model appears as a polar case among the different cultural integration models. Dating back to the French Revolution and the Third Republic, France has a long secular tradition imposing restrictive attitudes on the expression of religious and cultural identity in the public sphere. There are, however, growing concerns that this model, despite its claimed egalitarianism and universalism, fails to integrate the new immigrant minorities. The most illustrative example is the 2004 ruling against the display of conspicuous religious symbols in school, mainly targeted at Muslim schoolgirls who wished to wear the hijab. The main consequence of this refusal to acknowledge any minorities has been an inability to know whether the reality of equality matches the rhetoric of perfect cultural integration. While views on national identity and the integration model are very strongly held in France, the evidence base is rather weak. The goal of this chapter is to fill this gap.
Cultural Integration in the United States
Authors: Vigdor Jacob
Published: January 2013

This chapter presents evidence on cultural integration of immigrants in the United States for the period between 1900 and 2007. As summarized by an index measure, cultural assimilation has changed little over this time period, in spite of radical shifts in immigration policy and the distribution of origin countries for the foreign-born population. Further exploration reveals that modern immigrants are more integrated upon arrival than their predecessors, while exhibiting a slower rate of progress over time. Moreover, assimilation along economic and civic dimensions has declined over the past century.
Spirit in Motion
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter defines spirituality as the belief that living by spiritual virtues (mindfulness, acceptance, gratitude, compassion, loving connection to other people, nature, and God) is the only way to achieve enduring contentment and goodness in the face of life's challenges; and that these virtues will benefit both the person who manifests them and everyone around her. This meaning of this belief is applied to a variety of everyday situations, and central questions about what it means to live without attachments—a key spiritual value—are discussed. Criticisms of spirituality are raised and answered, and detailed accounts of mindfulness and gratitude are offered. It is shown that on this view spirituality is an extremely demanding form of life, not an escape from personal or social responsibility.
Practice, Practice, Practice
Authors: Gottlieb Roger S.
Published: January 2013

This chapter describes the essential role of practice in spiritual life. Detailed accounts are given of yoga, meditation, and prayer. The author's personal experiences of each of these forms of practice is combined with descriptions of different forms of practice: yoga asanas and breathing techniques, vipassana, Taoist fusion, and Tibetan forms of meditation, and a variety of forms of prayer. The spiritual effects of training the body, mind, and emotions to the spiritual virtues are illustrated, as are the dangers of attachment, pride, and habit in their application. The chapter concludes by examining the possible role of Tarot and other ‘occult’ practices and teachings.
Perspective 6: Nurturant Versus Nonnurturant Environments and the Failure of the Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness
Authors: Prescott James W.
Published: January 2013

Sarah Blaffer Hrdy in Mother Nature (1999) noted that “… no wild monkey or ape mother has ever been observed to deliberately harm her own baby” (p. 179). What has been lost along the evolutionary trail that accounts for maternal violence against her offspring by Homo sapiens? Tragically, there is no evolutionary adaptedness to violent environments except species extinction. The environment shapes the developing brain for peaceful or violent behaviors and the cultures of peace or violence are determined by these two cultural brains (neurodissociative and neurointegrative). The biological, social, psychological, and anthropological structures that determine our morality for pain and pleasure, which shape peaceful or violent cultures, are summarized.
Intradomestic Bargaining Over the Lands and the Future: Israel’s Policy Toward the 1967 Occupied Territories
Authors: Doron Gideon , Rosenthal Maoz
Published: January 2013

The chapter argues that the policy of settling a Jewish population in areas in the occupied territories derives from the ability of the radical right-wing parties to maneuver between the needs of their constituency and their ideological commitments. Unlike other accounts of Israel’s policy regarding the 1967 territories, the chapter shows that in order to fully explain the policy one needs to relate to the strategic aspects of the Israeli polity, rather than adhering to general structuralist claims about it.
Economic Cost of the Occupation to Israel
Authors: Hever Shir
Published: January 2013

The chapter describes the economic costs of the occupation to Israeli society. It argues that, in monetary terms, funding the occupation has been the most expensive project undertaken by Israel since 1967. The financial outlay to maintain the security forces in the occupied territories and carry out the activities that are implied by occupation, together with the Jewish settlement, is taking an increasing toll on the State of Israel in a way that may undermine economic growth in the near future. A major reason for the paralysis in Israeli institutions is that "security" issues always override the need for social and economic change. Also there are those who profit from the current state of affairs. The general Israeli public prefers not to inform itself about the minutiae of the occupation.
The Role of the Health Sector in Early Childhood Development
Authors: Engle Patrice L. , Young Mary E. , Tamburlini Giorgio
Published: January 2013

The health sector plays a critical role in early childhood development (ECD), defined by the global goals of supporting child well-being, reaching the youngest children, and advancing other goals of the health sector. This chapter outlines actions that should be taken by the health sector for all children’s development (promotive care), children at developmental risk (preventative care), and children with special needs (curative care), both overall and differentially by child age, and it presents evidence for their effectiveness. Finally, the paper describes actions to be taken by governments and civil society to scale up interventions in the health sector to promote ECD and presents case studies from Jamaica, China, and Brazil. These actions include not only accepting global goals for ECD, but also appropriate government actions; training and capacity development; sector linkages; national and local collaboration (including support of local issues and demands); and monitoring, evaluation, and research.
Pluralism and Secularism
Authors: Bender Courtney
Published: January 2013

This chapter highlights the shared ground on which contemporary sociological visions of religious pluralism take shape. It argues that current approaches to pluralism developed in response to classical secularization theory's failure to account for the persistence of religiousness in the religiously plural United States. Observing that religious pluralism did not diminish religious fervor as secularization theory predicted, sociologists turned this theory on its head. They adopted a view wherein the diminishing state-church monopoly and the expansion of a civil society differentiated (and thus free) religion from other institutions. Religious groups were and are thus free to begin and end, thrive and fail, without regulation by the state. This framework shares stronger affinities with liberal political theory's conceptions of religion and civil society than it does with classical sociological approaches. The chapter considers John Locke's and Jean–Jacques Rousseau's arguments about religion and polity to identify their resonance with contemporary sociological models, and to similarly highlight the limits of these frameworks which are not often noted. It concludes by looking at how approaches shaped by theories of secularism may offer an opportunity to revive a broadly sociological approach to investigate these compelling issues.
Surgery Results in Exaggerated and Persistent Cognitive Decline in a Rat Model of the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Feng Xiaomei , Degos Vincent , Koch Lauren G. , Britton Steven L. , Zhu Yinggang , Vacas Susana , Terrando Niccolò , Nelson Jeffrey , Su Xiao , Maze Mervyn
Published: January 2013

Background:

Postoperative cognitive decline can be reproduced in animal models. In a well-validated rat model of the Metabolic Syndrome, we sought to investigate whether surgery induced a more severe and persistent form of cognitive decline similar to that noted in preliminary clinical studies.

Methods:

In rats that had been selectively bred for low and high exercise endurance, the low capacity runners (LCR) exhibited features of Metabolic Syndrome (obesity, dyslipidemia, insulin resistance, and hypertension). Tibial fracture surgery was performed under isoflurane anesthesia in LCR and high capacity runner (HCR) rats and cognitive function was assessed postoperatively in a trace-fear conditioning paradigm and Morris Water Maze; non-operated rats were exposed to anesthesia and analgesia (sham). Group sizes were n = 6.

Results:

On postoperative D7, LCR rats had shorter freezing times than postoperative HCR rats. Five months postoperatively, LCR rats had a flatter learning trajectory and took longer to locate the submerged platform than postoperative HCR rats; dwell-time in the target quadrant in a probe trial was shorter in the postoperative LCR compared to HCR rats. LCR and HCR sham rats did not differ in any test.

Conclusion:

Postoperatively, LCR rats diverged from HCR rats exhibiting a greater decline in memory, acutely, with persistent learning and memory decline, remotely; this could not be attributed to changes in locomotor or swimming performance. This Metabolic Syndrome animal model of surgery-induced cognitive decline corroborates, with high fidelity, preliminary findings of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome patients.
Inferring spatial memory and spatiotemporal scaling from GPS data: comparing red deer Cervus elaphus movements with simulation models
Authors: Gautestad Arild O. , Loe Leif E. , Mysterud Atle
Published: January 2013

Increased inference regarding underlying behavioural mechanisms of animal movement can be achieved by comparing GPS data with statistical mechanical movement models such as random walk and Lévy walk with known underlying behaviour and statistical properties.

GPS data are typically collected with ≥1 h intervals not exactly tracking every mechanistic step along the movement path, so a statistical mechanical model approach rather than a mechanistic approach is appropriate. However, comparisons require a coherent framework involving both scaling and memory aspects of the underlying process. Thus, simulation models have recently been extended to include memory‐guided returns to previously visited patches, that is, site fidelity.

We define four main classes of movement, differing in incorporation of memory and scaling (based on respective intervals of the statistical fractal dimension D and presence/absence of site fidelity). Using three statistical protocols to estimate D and site fidelity, we compare these main movement classes with patterns observed in GPS data from 52 females of red deer (Cervus elaphus).

The results show best compliance with a scale‐free and memory‐enhanced kind of space use; that is, a power law distribution of step lengths, a fractal distribution of the spatial scatter of fixes and site fidelity.

Our study thus demonstrates how inference regarding memory effects and a hierarchical pattern of space use can be derived from analysis of GPS data.
Spatial isolation slows down directional plant functional group assembly in restored semi‐natural grasslands
Authors: Helsen Kenny , Hermy Martin , Honnay Olivier
Published: January 2013

Ecological restoration schemes often assume that after reinstating appropriate abiotic conditions, plant communities will assemble following a single predictable pathway towards a fixed target state. This idea has recently been challenged, with increasing evidence that plant community assembly can only be considered deterministic at the plant trait level, rather than at the species level, and that the assembly outcome is largely influenced by the spatial context of the restoration site.

We surveyed 147 vegetation plots across a chronosequence of 22 restored semi‐natural grassland patches to quantify the effects of spatial isolation on both plant species and plant trait assembly. Trait level assembly was analysed using an emergent group approach, based on 28 functional plant traits. Additionally, we examined the effects of several dispersal‐related plant traits on species recolonization capacities.

Whereas total plant species richness of the restoration patches did not change through space or through time, progressing assembly was found to consist of a sequential replacement of generalist species with specialist species, which was reflected by a directional assembly at the plant trait level. Grassland isolation was found to slow down community assembly at both the species and the trait level without changing the general direction of assembly. This slowdown became less pronounced with increasing time since restoration.

Spatial isolation of the restoration patches was found to act as a trait filter, independent of assembly age. We found a proportionally higher occurrence of species with light seeds and a high seed attachment potential in more isolated restoration patches, suggesting that colonization is more limited in isolated grasslands.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrate that the assembly process, at both the species and the trait level, is influenced by the position of the restoration patch in the landscape. Monitoring schemes following ecological restoration should therefore include the spatial context of the system while using both a trait‐based and a species‐based plant community analysis. Successful restoration requires physically interconnecting grassland fragments and probably the introduction of seeds or seedlings of species with low dispersability.
Earnings Manipulation and the Cost of Capital
Authors: STROBL GÜNTER
Published: January 2013

The widespread use of accounting information by investors and financial analysts to help value stocks creates an incentive for managers to manipulate earnings in an attempt to influence short‐term stock price performance. This paper examines the role of earnings management in affecting a firm's cost of capital. Using an agency model with multiple firms whose cash flows are correlated, we demonstrate that the extent of earnings manipulation varies across the business cycle. Depending on a firm's earnings profile, it can have stronger incentives to overstate its performance in good times or in bad times. Because of this dependence on the state of the economy, earnings manipulation can influence a firm's cost of capital despite the forces of diversification.
Influence of cardiac output on the pseudo‐steady state remifentanil and propofol concentrations in swine
Authors: KURITA T. , URAOKA M. , JIANG Q. , SUZUKI M. , MORISHIMA Y. , MORITA K. , SATO S.
Published: January 2013

Background

The propofol concentration during constant infusion is affected by a change in cardiac output, but the effect of this change on remifentanil, which is frequently used in combination with propofol, is unclear.

Methods

Ten swine were anaesthetised through inhalation of isoflurane and maintained with 1.5% isoflurane. After infusion of remifentanil (0.5 μg/kg/min) and propofol (6 mg/kg/h after 2 mg/kg bolus infusion) for 60 min (baseline 1), cardiac output was increased by continuous infusion of dobutamine and termination of isoflurane (high cardiac output state). Dobutamine infusion was then stopped, 1.5% isoflurane was restarted, and cardiac output was allowed to return to baseline (baseline 2). Finally, cardiac output was decreased by administration of 3% isoflurane (low cardiac output state). Blood samples were collected from the femoral artery at 10, 30, and 60 min after the change to each haemodynamic state.

Results

An inverse relationship was found between cardiac output and the plasma remifentanil and propofol concentrations. The plasma drug concentrations were given by the following equations: [remifentanil] (ng/ml) = 17.5/cardiac output (l/min) + 4.52; and [propofol] (μg/ml) = 3.34/cardiac output + 1.17. The influence of changes in cardiac output on remifentanil were similar to those for coadministered propofol and the influence on the concentration of each drug was greater with decreasing cardiac output.

Conclusions

The plasma remifentanil concentration is influenced by cardiac output in a similar manner to that of propofol during remifentanil and propofol anaesthesia, although the metabolic sites are different.
Prevalence of congenital heart disease at live birth: an accurate assessment by echocardiographic screening
Authors: Zhao Qu‐ming , Ma Xiao‐jing , Jia Bing , Huang Guo‐ying
Published: January 2013

Aim

To determine the true prevalence of congenital heart disease (CHD) at live birth using echocardiographic screening.

Methods

A total of 5190 consecutive newborns from two secondary hospitals were included. Each neonate had a complete clinical evaluation with echocardiographic diagnosis at average 47 h of age. Newborns with persistent CHD underwent at least 4 months of follow‐up, and the temporal trend of prevalence of mild CHD was assessed.

Results

Overall live birth prevalence of CHD was 26.6‰ (severe 3.5‰, moderate 5.4‰ and mild 17.7‰), and prevalence of CHD that could be detected by clinical evaluation was 12.1‰. The most common CHD was ventricular septal defect (VSD, 17.3‰), followed by atrial septal defect (ASD, 6.2‰), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA, 1.3‰), tetralogy of Fallot (TOF, 0.4‰), single ventricle (SV, 0.4‰), atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD, 0.2‰) and double outlet right ventricle (DORV, 0.2‰). Female predominance was observed in mild CHD (VSD, ASD), and male predominance was observed in severe CHD. The prevalence of CHD was reduced to 19.5‰ at the 4‐month follow‐up, which was largely caused by spontaneous closure rate of muscular VSD.

Conclusion

Prevalence of CHD determined by echocardiography screening was higher but more accurate than that obtained from birth defect registries.
Non‐cavitated carious lesions detection methods: a systematic review
Authors: Gomez Juliana , Tellez M. , Pretty I.A. , Ellwood R.P. , Ismail A.I.
Published: January 2013

The aim of this study was to critically appraise the performance of detection methods for non‐cavitated carious lesions (NCCLs). A detailed search of Medline (via OVID), the Cochrane Collaboration, Scielo and EMBASE identified 2054 publications. After title and abstract review by three investigators (JG, MT, AI), 124 publications were selected for further review. The final publications evaluated the following methods: Visual (V), Caries Lesion Activity Assessment (CLAA), Laser Fluorescence (LF), Radiographic (R), Fibre‐optic Transillumination (FOTI), Electrical Conductance (EC) and Quantitative Light‐induced Fluorescence (QLF). All included studies used histological assessment as a gold standard for in vitro studies or clinical/visual validation for the in vivo designs. They reported outcomes measures such as sensitivity (SE), specificity (SP), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and reliability. Data were extracted from the selected studies independently by two reviewers and checked for errors. The quality of the studies was evaluated as described by Bader et al. (2002). Of the 124 articles, 42 were included that described 85 clinical assessments. Overall, the quality of evidence on detection methods was rated ‘poor’, except for EC that was rated ‘fair’. The SE rates were as follows: V (0.17–0.96), LF or DIAGNOdent (DD) (0.16–0.96), R (0.12–0.84), FOTI (0.21–0.96), EC (0.61–0.92) and QLF (0.82). The SP rates were as follows: V (0.46–1.0), LF (0.25–1.00), R (0.55–0.99), FOTI (0.74–0.88), EC (0.73–1.0) and QLF (0.92). There is a large variation in SE and SP values for methods and a lack of consistency in definition of disease and analytical methods. EC and QLF seem to be promising for detection of early lesions. For both cost and practicality considerations, visual methods should remain the standard for clinical assessment in dental practice.
The Caries Assessment and Treatment (CAST) instrument
Authors: Frencken Jo E. , de Souza Ana Luiza , van der Sanden Wil J.M. , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Leal Soraya Coelho
Published: January 2013

Objectives

To describe the ‘Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment’ (CAST) instrument, its origin and content, and to provide an example of how results can be reported.

Methods

The CAST instrument covers the complete range of stages of carious lesion progression: from no carious lesion, through caries protection (sealant) and lesion care (restoration) to lesions in enamel and dentine, the advanced stages of carious lesion progression in pulpal and its consequences on tooth‐surrounding tissue and tooth loss due to caries. Using the RAND modified e‐Delphi consensus method two independent panels, comprising a total of 56 epidemiologists from 27 countries, determined the face and content validity of CAST. Panellists assessed 17 statements related to the content, description, suitability and international use of CAST. Agreement of 75% or higher was required for reaching consensus on a statement. Construct validity and reliability testing of CAST have been carried out, but results are not yet available.

Results

All 17 statements were approved by the panellists, who found the RAND modified e‐Delphi consensus method suitable for achieving consensus. The CAST codes were ordered hierarchically. External validity was obtained. Reporting using CAST can be performed for orally healthy dentitions and those having morbidity and mortality. A DMF score can easily be calculated from the CAST codes, thereby enabling retention of the use of existing DMF scores.

Conclusion

The CAST instrument for use in epidemiological surveys is very promising. Face and content validation is obtained. Construct validity and reliability testing will be completed soon. A structure for reporting results in a comprehensive, pragmatic and easily understood way is being developed.
Postoperative Normalization of Left Ventricular Noncompaction and New Echocardiographic Signs in Aorta to Left Ventricular Tunnel
Authors: Malakan Rad Elaheh , Zeinaloo Ali Akbar
Published: January 2013

We report postoperative normalization of left ventricular noncompaction in a neonate undergoing successful neonatal surgery for type II aorta to left ventricular tunnel (ALVT) associated with a large patent ductus arteriosus, floppy and extremely redundant anterior mitral leaflet, right coronary artery arising directly from the tunnel, and severe left ventricular noncompaction. We also described 2 novel echocardiographic findings in ALVT including “triple wavy line sign” on M‐mode echocardiography which disappeared 1 month after operation and “abnormally increased left ventricular posterior wall motion” on M‐mode of standard parasternal long‐axis view on color tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) that also normalized postoperatively. We showed that proper definition of endocardial border is extremely important in strain and strain rate imaging in the context of left ventricular noncompaction. Preoperative longitudinal strain and strain rate were significantly decreased in comparison to radial strain and strain rate. Circumferential strain and strain rate were normal.
Updated ILAE evidence review of antiepileptic drug efficacy and effectiveness as initial monotherapy for epileptic seizures and syndromes
Authors: Glauser Tracy , Ben‐Menachem Elinor , Bourgeois Blaise , Cnaan Avital , Guerreiro Carlos , Kälviäinen Reetta , Mattson Richard , French Jacqueline A. , Perucca Emilio , Tomson Torbjorn ,   for the ILAE Subcommission on AED Guidelines
Published: January 2013

The purpose of this report was to update the 2006 International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) report and identify the level of evidence for long‐term efficacy or effectiveness for antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) as initial monotherapy for patients with newly diagnosed or untreated epilepsy. All applicable articles from July 2005 until March 2012 were identified, evaluated, and combined with the previous analysis (Glauser et al., 2006) to provide a comprehensive update. The prior analysis methodology was utilized with three modifications: (1) the detectable noninferiority boundary approach was dropped and both failed superiority studies and prespecified noninferiority studies were analyzed using a noninferiority approach, (2) the definition of an adequate comparator was clarified and now includes an absolute minimum point estimate for efficacy/effectiveness, and (3) the relationship table between clinical trial ratings, level of evidence, and conclusions no longer includes a recommendation column to reinforce that this review of efficacy/evidence for specific seizure types does not imply treatment recommendations. This evidence review contains one clarification: The commission has determined that class I superiority studies can be designed to detect up to a 20% absolute (rather than relative) difference in the point estimate of efficacy/effectiveness between study treatment and comparator using an intent‐to‐treat analysis. Since July, 2005, three class I randomized controlled trials (RCT) and 11 class III RCTs have been published. The combined analysis (1940–2012) now includes a total of 64 RCTs (7 with class I evidence, 2 with class II evidence) and 11 meta‐analyses. New efficacy/effectiveness findings include the following: levetiracetam and zonisamide have level A evidence in adults with partial onset seizures and both ethosuximide and valproic acid have level A evidence in children with childhood absence epilepsy. There are no major changes in the level of evidence for any other subgroup. Levetiracetam and zonisamide join carbamazepine and phenytoin with level A efficacy/effectiveness evidence as initial monotherapy for adults with partial onset seizures. Although ethosuximide and valproic acid now have level A efficacy/effectiveness evidence as initial monotherapy for children with absence seizures, there continues to be an alarming lack of well designed, properly conducted epilepsy RCTs for patients with generalized seizures/epilepsies and in children in general. These findings reinforce the need for multicenter, multinational efforts to design, conduct, and analyze future clinically relevant adequately designed RCTs. When selecting a patient's AED, all relevant variables and not just efficacy and effectiveness should be considered.
Impaired Notch‐MKP‐1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology
Authors: Melnik Bodo C. , Plewig Gerd
Published: January 2013

Recent findings in familial hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) demonstrated loss‐of‐function mutations of components of the γ‐secretase (GS) complex leading to decreased protease cleaving activity, which may compromise canonical Notch signalling. Appropriate Notch signalling is of pivotal importance for maintaining the inner and outer root sheath of the hair follicle and skin appendages. This viewpoint on the pathogenesis of HS is primarily supported by circumstantial evidence derived from translational biology. Impaired Notch signalling is proposed to be the major pathogenic mechanism of HS. Deficient Notch signalling switches the fate of outer root sheath cells, resulting in conversion of hair follicles to keratin‐enriched epidermal cysts. Impaired Notch signalling may compromise apocrine gland homoeostasis as well. Damage‐associated molecular pattern molecules released by either ruptured epidermal cysts exposing keratin fibres or altered structural components of less maintained apocrine glands may both stimulate TLR‐mediated innate immunity. All aggravating factors of HS, that is, smoking, obesity, skin occlusion, androgens and progesterone, may further promote inflammation by release of proinflammatory cytokines derived from activated monocyte/macrophages. Inappropriate Notch signalling may not only initiate inflammation in HS but may lead to insufficient feedback inhibition of overstimulated innate immunity. Regular Notch signalling via induction of MAPK phosphatase‐1 (MKP‐1) terminates TLR‐MAPK‐signalling in macrophages and IL‐23 secreting DCs, the key players for Th17 cell polarization. Thus, impaired Notch signalling links HS to other Th17‐driven comorbidities. All major therapeutic interventions in HS appear to attenuate increased MAPK activation of innate immune cells due to impaired Notch‐mediated feedback regulation of innate immunity.
Safety and efficacy of ureteroscopy after obstructive pyelonephritis treatment
Authors: Kanno Toru , Matsuda Ayumu , Sakamoto Hiromasa , Higashi Yoshihito , Yamada Hitoshi
Published: January 2013

Objectives

An obstructed, infected kidney combined with ureteral stones can be lethal, and requires urgent drainage and complete stone removal. However, the optimal method of stone removal, and its safety and efficacy have yet to be conclusively established. The aim of this study was to determine the safety and efficacy of carrying out ureteroscopy after kidney drainage for septic patients with obstructing stones.

Methods

From January 2004 to September 2011, 88 patients underwent stone removal by either ureteroscopy (n = 48) or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (n = 40) after drainage of obstructive pyelonephritis. Patients' characteristics were analyzed, and treatment outcomes between the ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy groups were compared. The outcomes of ureteroscopy carried out during the same period between patients with preoperative obstructive pyelonephritis and those without were also compared.

Results

Obstructed, infected kidneys were decompressed with retrograde ureteral stenting, except for two and three cases treated with nephrostomy in the ureteroscopy and extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy groups, respectively. The severity of preoperative pyelonephritis was similar in both groups. Importantly, the success rate was 67.5% for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy and 98% for ureteroscopy (P < 0.001). Likewise, the retreatment and auxiliary procedure rates were significantly greater in the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy group than in the ureteroscopy group (90% vs 0% and 32.5% vs 2%, respectively). Furthermore, patients treated by ureteroscopy with or without preoperative pyelonephritis had similar stone‐free and ureteroscopy complication rates (97% vs 93%, and 10% vs 12%).

Conclusions

Ureteroscopy after drainage of an obstructed infected kidney can be a safe and effective option, as it seems to not be associated with an increased risk of complications.
Cardiovascular aspects of psoriasis: an updated review
Authors: Pietrzak Aldona , Bartosińska Joanna , Chodorowska Graz̊yna , Szepietowski Jacek C. , Paluszkiewicz Piotr , Schwartz Robert A.
Published: January 2013

Psoriasis, a systemic inflammatory disease, is associated with enhanced atherosclerosis and risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease, which may account for higher morbidity and mortality rates in psoriatic patients. It especially applies to younger psoriatic patients with more severe disease, reducing their life expectancy.

The aim of the study was to review the literature on CV disease in psoriasis as well as the pathogenic mechanisms shared between psoriasis and atherosclerosis. Moreover, case–control and cohort studies published between 2006 and 2011 were selected for meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis indicates elevated risk of cardiovascular events in psoriatic patients in relation to non‐psoriatic controls (OR 1.28; 95% CI 1.18–1.38).

It is suggested that the treatment of the inflammatory processes involved in the pathogenesis of both psoriasis and atherosclerosis may be beneficial in reducing the CV risk in psoriatic patients. Further in‐depth investigations, including prospective studies, are needed to enable more effective management of psoriatic patients in the future.
Organizational media choice in performance feedback: a multifaceted approach
Authors: Au Al K. C. , Chan Darius K‐S.
Published: January 2013

This study was designed to examine media choice in performance feedback, an organizational communication process that has been overlooked in the literature. Specifically, we adopted a multifaceted approach and examined how contextual variables in feedback, variables identified from media choice theories, and individual differences in media perception influenced selection of a medium to communicate performance information. A policy‐capturing survey was administered to 178 full‐time employees in Hong Kong. Participants read feedback scenarios and provided media preference ratings of face‐to‐face, telephone, electronic mail, and written communication. Results showed that the three facets jointly influenced media choice. Given that communication quality is partly determined by the medium selected, the present work sheds light on the understanding of initiation process in performance feedback.
Absent Voices: Modern Women Writers in Celtic Countries
Authors: Gish Nancy K.
Published: January 2013

Although Modern Studies has increasingly focused on international writers, little attention has been paid to the women writers of Celtic countries. This represents an absence of important and distinctive modern voices. More important, to study their work is to discover new, experimental, technically revolutionary, and culturally challenging responses to a changed world: in what has been called “the Celtic Fringe” of Scotland, Ireland, and Wales, a treasure trove of new work by women is now appearing. Especially in Scotland, an “efflorescence of Scots as a poetic medium” is now taking place. Yet early frameworks for defining modernism, which have remained, do not account for modern work developed in different cultural traditions and in the different languages of the United Kingdom. Thus we need to re‐examine the difficult, problematic language issues that shaped work by modern women writers in three distinct cultures within the UK. To sustain traditional modernist notions of aesthetic value is to miss the alternative values, sources, and linguistic intensities of modern and contemporary women writers from Celtic countries.
Gendered Transnationalism in “The New Modernist Studies”
Authors: Winkiel Laura
Published: January 2013

This essay discusses the development of transnational scholarship in modernist studies and asks whether this development can amplify and enliven the sub‐field of women’s literature within modernist studies. It argues that transnational scholarship decenters Eurocentrist models of knowledge and history by tracing lateral networks among women writers that bypass the center‐periphery models of empire. It examines the recent transnational scholarship by Mary Lou Emery on Jean Rhys and Una Marson and concludes that a transnational ethic of reading demands that we hold contradictory and multiple perspectives in view at once. Such a mode of reading offers an important new lens for recovering women’s literature from both colony and metropole.