bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Zakres najważniejszych obowiązków pracownika w świetle przepisów kodeksu pracy
Authors: MAJCHRZAK KATARZYNA
Published: April 2021

Zakres najważniejszych obowiązków pracownika reguluje art. 100 kodeksu pracy. Nie są to jednak wszystkie obowiązki ciążące na pracowniku wobec pracodawcy, a jedynie te najbardziej powszechne. Podstawowym obowiązkiem każdego pracownika jest staranne i sumienne wykonywanie pracy oraz przestrzeganie poleceń służbowych. Przy czym polecenie musi być bezwzględnie związane z wykonywaną pracą oraz zgodne z przepisami prawa lub umową o pracę. Ustawodawca w art. 100 § 2 kodeksu pracy umieścił przykładowy katalog obowiązków pracownika. Wskazany został m.in. obowiązek dbałości pracownika o dobro zakładu pracy oraz zachowanie w tajemnicy informacji, których ujawnienie mogłoby narazić pracodawcę na szkodę.Ważnym obowiązkiem pracowniczym jest także przestrzeganie zasad współżycia społecznego. Naruszenie tego obowiązku poprzez np. używanie siły fizycznej wobec współpracowników może doprowadzić nawet do rozwiązania umowy o pracę bez wypowiedzenia z winy pracownika w trybie art. 52 kodeksu pracy.
Posłannictwo kobiet w Kościele i świecie w prawodawstwie powszechnym i polskim
Authors: DYDUCH JAN
Published: April 2021

Posłannictwo i apostolstwo kobiet posiada swoją specyfikę, o czym naucza Sobór Watykański II. Ten fakt znajduje odzwierciedlenie w prawodawstwie powszechnym i polskim prawodawstwie partykularnym, wyrażonym głównie w dokumentach II Polskiego Synodu Plenarnego. Kobiety, na swój sposób, uczestniczą w misji ewangelizacyjnej i uświęcającej, w odnowie rzeczywistości ziemskich oraz w życiu małżeńskim i rodzinnym.
Moralność publiczna jako wyznacznik treści pojęcia wolność gospodarcza
Authors: GREßLER MAŁGORZATA W.
Published: April 2021

Publikacja podejmuje tematykę klauzuli generalnej moralności publicznej w prawie gospodarczym publicznym. Stosowanie w praktyce przywołanej klauzuli wydaje się być trudne, co potwierdza zarówno liczne orzecznictwo, jak i bogate piśmiennictwo w tym przedmiocie. Zdaniem Autora konieczne jest zrozumienie „ducha konstytucji‟ skorelowanego z wartościami judeo-chrześcijańskimi. Konstytucyjne odwołanie do moralności publicznej skutkuje inkorporowaniem jej do systemu obowiązującego prawa. Legislator gospodarczy przestrzeganie jej wprowadza do katalogu ustawowych obowiązków przedsiębiorcy.
Dekanat i urzędy dekanalne
Authors: ADAMCZYK JERZY
Published: April 2021

Celem artykułu jest ukazanie instytucji dekanatu i urzędów dekanalnych w aspekcie kanonicznym. W jego pierwszej części przedstawiono kwestię nazwy, definicji i utworzenia dekanatu. W drugiej części wskazano na zadania dekanatu, natomiast część trzecia została poświęcona urzędom w dekanacie.
Structure, Function and Modulation of Striatal-enriched Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP)
Authors: Liang Xiao , Hou Xuben , Fang Hao
Published: April 2021

Striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is exclusively expressed
in the central nervous system and regulates various neuronal signaling factors through the
dephosphorylation of different substrates. Dysregulated expression or uncontrollable enzymatic
activity of STEP contributes to neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease,
which makes it a promising pharmaceutical target. Herein, we have reviewed the
structure and biological functions of STEP, as well as the recent development of smallmolecule
STEP modulators. We hope this review will provide a reference for the further
development of more potent and selective STEP inhibitors for the treatment of nervous
system diseases.
MHD Flow of a Newtonian Fluid in Symmetric Channel with ABC
Fractional Model Containing Hybrid Nanoparticles
Authors: Chu Yu Ming , Ikram Muhammad Danish , Imran Muhammad Asjad , Akgül Ali
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

The nanofluid is the novelty of nanotechnology to overcome the
difficulties of heat transfer in several manufacturing and engineering areas. Fractional calculus has
many applications in nearly all fields of science and engineering, which include electrochemistry,
dispersion and viscoelasticity.

Objectives:

This paper focused on the heat transfer of a hybrid nanofluid in two vertical parallel
plates and presented a comparison between fractional operators.

Methods:

In this paper, the fractional viscous fluid model is considered along with physical initial
and boundary conditions for the movement occurrences.
The analytical solutions have been obtained via the Laplace transform method for the
concentration, temperature and velocity fields. After that, we have presented a comparison
between Atangana-Baleanu (ABC), Caputo (C) and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF) fractional operators.

Results:

The comparison of different base fluids (Water, kerosene, Engine Oil) is discussed
graphically with respect to temperature and velocity.
The results show that due to the high thermal conductivity of water, temperature and velocity are
high. While engine oil has maximum viscosity than water and kerosene, thus temperature and
velocity are very low. However, due to the improvement in the thermal conductivity with the
enrichment of hybrid nanoparticles, the temperature increased, and since the viscosity also
increased, the velocity got reduced.

Conclusion:

Atangana-Baleanu (ABC) fractional operator provided better memory effect of
concentration, temperature and velocity fields than Caputo (C) and Caputo-Fabrizio (CF).
Temperature and velocity of water with hybridized nanoparticles were high in comparison to
kerosene and engine oil.
Green Synthesis and Applications of Nanomaterials
Authors: Singh N.B. , Jain Preeti , De Anindita , Tomar Richa
Published: April 2021

It is an age of nanomaterials. Nanotechnology has revolutionized the scientific world. Every
sphere of technology has benefited significantly by using nanomaterials. A number of physical and
chemical methods are being used for the synthesis of nanomaterials. In recent years, much emphasis is
placed on green synthesis, particularly by using plant extracts or microorganisms. This is useful for
promoting environmental sustainability. Microwave heating and ultrasound techniques are also being
used for the synthesis of different types of nanomaterials. Green synthesis is a more advanced method
of synthesizing nanomaterials over other methods because of its simplicity, lower cost, and relatively
higher reproducibility. Plants produce more stable nanoparticles compared to other means, and it is
straightforward to scale up. The risk of contamination is also lower. In this article, different methods of
green synthesis of nanomaterials and applications have been reviewed and discussed.
Olive Oil Consumption can Prevent Non-communicable Diseases and
COVID-19: A Review
Authors: Majumder Debabrata , Debnath Mousumi , Sharma Kamal Nayan , Shekhawat Surinder Singh , Prasad G.B.K.S , Maiti Debasish , Ramakrishna Seeram
Published: April 2021

:

The Mediterranean diet is appraised as the premier dietary regimen, and its espousal is correlated
with the prevention of degenerative diseases and extended longevity. The consumption of olive oil
stands out as the most peculiar feature of the Mediterranean diet. Olive oil rich in various bioactive compounds
like oleanolic acid, oleuropein, oleocanthal, and hydroxytyrosol is known for its antiinflammatory
as well as cardioprotective property. Recently in silico studies have indicated that phytochemicals
present in olive oil are a potential candidate to act against SARS-CoV-2.
Although there are many extensive studies on olive oil and its phytochemical composition, however,
some lacunas persist in understanding how the phytochemical composition of olive oil is dependent on
upstream processing. The signaling pathways regulated by olive oil in the restriction of various diseases
are also not clear. For answering these queries, a detailed search of research and review articles published
between 1990 to 2019 were reviewed.
Olive oil consumption was found to be advantageous for various chronic non-communicable diseases.
Olive oil’s constituents are having potent anti-inflammatory activities and thus restrict the progression of
various inflammation-linked diseases ranging from arthritis to cancer. But it is also notable that the
amount and nature of the phytochemical composition of household olive oil are regulated by its upstream
processing, and the physicochemical properties of this oil can give a hint regarding the manufacturing
method as well as its therapeutic effect. Moreover, daily uptake of olive oil should be monitored
as excessive intake can cause body weight gain and a change in the basal metabolic index.
So, it can be concluded that the olive oil consumption is beneficial for human health, and particularly for
the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, breast cancer, and inflammation. The simple way of processing
olive oil is to maintain the polyphenol constituents, whichprovide the protection against noncommunicable
diseases and SARS-CoV-2.
Triazole-containing Heterocycles: Privileged Scaffolds in Anti-Trypanosoma
Cruzi Drug Development
Authors: Pone Kamdem Boniface , Dalhatou Sadou , Paumo Hugues Kamdem , Katata-Seru Lebogang Maureen , Ferreira Elizabeth Igne
Published: April 2021

Background:

Chagas disease is a potentially life-threatening illness caused by the protozoan
parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and is transmitted to humans through the excreta of infected
blood-sucking triatomine bugs. According to the World Health Organization, 6 to 7 million people
are infected with T. cruzi worldwide, mainly in Latin America, with more than 10000 deaths annually.

Aim of the Study:

The present study aims to provide comprehensive literature information on the
importance of triazole-containing heterocycles in developing anti-Chagas disease agents.

Methodology:

The embodied information was acquired without date limitation by December 2020
using various electronic databases including, SciFinder, PubMed (National Library of Medicine),
Science Direct, Wiley, ACS (American Chemical Society), SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library
Online), Google Scholar, Springer, Scopus, and Web of Science.

Results:

Upon in vitro studies, more than 100 triazole-containing heterocycles have been predicted
as active compounds against the pathogen responsible for the American trypanosomiasis. However,
less is known about their in vivo activity in animal models and their clinical studies in humans.
Moreover, the pharmacokinetic studies of these bioactive compounds are still pending. Despite the
variety of mechanisms of action attributed to most of these molecules, the exact mechanism involved
is still controversial. Thus, in vivo experiments, followed by pharmacokinetics, and the
mechanism of action of the most active compounds, should be the subject of future investigation.

Conclusion:

All in all, recent studies have demonstrated the importance of triazole-containing heterocycles
in search of potential candidates for drug development against Chagas disease. Nonetheless,
the use of new catalysts and chemical transformations is expected to provide avenues for the
synthesis of unexplored triazole derivatives, leading to the development of triazole-containing compounds
with new properties and trypanocidal activity.
Preparation and In Vitro/Vivo Evaluation of Folate-conjugated Pluronic F87-PLGA/TPGS Mixed Nanoparticles for Targeted Drug Delivery
Authors: Wu Tianyi , Gong Yanchun , Li Ziling , Li Yuping , Xiong Xiangyuan
Published: April 2021

Aim:

Folate-conjugated Pluronic F87-poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) block copolymer
(FA-F87-PLGA) was synthesized to encapsulate anticancer drug Paclitaxel (PTX) for targeted
drug delivery. To further improve the curative effect, D-α-tocopheryl poly(ethylene glycol) 1000
succinate (TPGS or Vitamin E TPGS) was added to form FA-F87-PLGA/TPGS mixed NPs.

Methods:

FA-F87-PLGA was synthesized by the ring-opening polymerization, and the structure
was characterized. PTX-loaded nanoparticles were prepared with the nanoprecipitation method.
The physicochemical characteristics were studied to determine the appropriate dose ratio of the
FA-F87-PLGA to TPGS. The cytotoxicity against Ovarian Cancer Cells (OVCAR-3) was determined
by MTT assay. The Area Under the Curve (AUC) and half-life were measured in the in vivo
pharmacokinetic studies.

Results:

Based on the optimization of particle size and embedding rate of PTX-loaded mixed NPs,
the appropriate dosage ratio of FA-F87-PLGA to TPGS was finally determined to be 5:3. According
to in vitro release studies, the cumulative release rate of PTX-loaded FA-F87-PLGA/TPGS
mixed NPs was 92.04%, which was higher than that of nanoparticles without TPGS. The cytotoxicity
studies showed that the IC50 value of PTX-loaded FA-F87-PLGA/TPGS decreased by 75.4 times
and 19.7 times after 72 h treatment compared with free PTX injections and PTX-loaded FA-F87-
PLGA NPs, respectively. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies indicated that FA-F87-PLGA/TPGS
mixed NPs had a longer drug metabolism time and a larger Area Under the Curve (AUC) compared
with free PTX injections.

Conclusion:

FA-F87-PLGA/TPGS mixed NPs are potential candidates for targeted drug delivery
systems.
Potential of Medicinal Plants as Neuroprotective and Therapeutic Properties Against Amyloid-β-Related Toxicity, and Glutamate-Induced Excitotoxicity in Human Neural Cells
Authors: Lobine Devina , Sadeer Nabeelah , Jugreet Sharmeen , Suroowan Shanoo , Keenoo Bibi Sumera , Imran Muhammad , Venugopala Katharigatta N. , Ibrahim Faten Mohamed , Zengin Gokhan , Mahomoodally Mohamad Fawzi
Published: April 2021

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are notorious neurodegenerative
diseases amongst the general population. Being age-associated diseases, the prevalence of AD and
PD is forecasted to rapidly escalate with the progressive aging population of the world. These diseases
are complex and multifactorial. Among different events, amyloid β peptide (Aβ) induced
toxicity is a well‐established pathway of neuronal cell death, which plays a vital function in AD.
Glutamate, the major excitatory transmitter, acts as a neurotoxin when present in excess at the synapses;
this latter mechanism is termed excitotoxicity. It is hypothesised that glutamate-induced excitotoxicity
contributes to the pathogenesis of AD and PD. No cure for AD and PD is currently available
and the currently approved drugs available to treat these diseases have limited effectiveness
and pose adverse effects. Indeed, plants have been a major source for the discovery of novel
pharmacologically active compounds for distinct pathological conditions. Diverse plant species
employed for brain-related disorders in traditional medicine are being explored to determine the
scientific rationale behind their uses. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of plants and their
constituents that have shown promise in reversing the (i) amyloid-β -related toxicity in AD models
and (ii) glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in AD and PD models. This review summarizes information
regarding the phytochemistry, biological and cellular activities, and clinical trials of several
plant species in view to provide adequate scientific baseline information that could be used in the
drug development process, thereby providing effective leads for AD and PD.
Sociodemographic Characteristics, HIV-Related Risk Behaviors and HIV Prevalence of Vulnerable Men in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Mohraz Minoo , SeyedAlinaghi SeyedAhmad , Asadollahi-Amin Ali , Golrokhi Rahele , Khoei Effat Merghati , Yousefi Habib , Jafari Fatemeh , Dadras Omid
Published: April 2021

Background:

Sexual minorities, such as men who have sex with men (MSM), are disproportionately
impacted by HIV/AIDS compared to heterosexual men. The increased prevalence
of HIV/AIDs among this group of individuals is associated with increased participation in HIV-related
risk behavior, such as multiple sexual partnerships and injection drug use. However, very little
is known about the prevalence of HIV and the risk behaviors related to HIV infection among
MSM in Iran. This absence of data is due to the increased discrimination and stigmatization MSM,
and other vulnerable populations face in Iran. This study was conducted to identify HIV-related
risks, HIV prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics of the MSM population in Iran.

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among MSM attending the Sexual Health Clinic
at Imam Khomeini Hospital in 2018. A sexual health screening questionnaire was used to aid in
identifying HIV-related risk behaviors. HIV status was determined using an HIV rapid test and confirmed
by an ELISA.

Results:

One hundred MSM enrolled in this study, out of which 41% were 18-25 years old. The
majorities were single; almost one-third had a diploma degree. Only a fifth were employed, and
about a quarter (25%) reported substance abuse. Among eighty-three people (83%) reported having
sex during the past three months, and only 27 (27.3%) of participants always used condoms for
sex. Among 80 participants tested for HIV, two positive results were detected (2.5%).

Conclusion:

Data collected through a sexual health questionnaire indicated that the prevalence of
HIV is increased among MSM in Iran. This finding sheds light on the urgent need for the
implementation of social programs providing counseling and healthcare to vulnerable populations
in Iran.
Factors of Schedule and Cost Performance of Tunnel Construction Megaprojects
Authors: De Marco Alberto , Narbaev Timur
Published: April 2021

Aims:

This study illustrates the main factors that influence the cost overruns and schedule delays of tunnel construction megaprojects.

Objective:

An empirical analysis was carried out based on a dataset collected from a number of recent tunnel megaprojects worldwide.

Methods:

Analyses of variances and regression analyses were conducted to infer statistical significance and understand the relationships that exist between cost overruns, time delays and variables of context, technical, and governance characteristics of the sample projects.

Results:

The most significant factors are those related to the complexity of infrastructure and the type of contracting system used to deliver the project. In particular, some technical characteristics pertinent to the size of the tunnel reveal to be influencing factors of both schedule delay and cost overrun, while the usage of a traditional contracting mechanism is likely to impact the cost overrun. The type of infrastructure, region, ownership, and funding scheme are not found to be statistically significant determinants of cost and time performance.

Conclusion:

This analysis reaffirms that the size and complexity are important factors of typical low performance of tunnel construction megaprojects. The results of this study can be used for strategic design and planning by decision-makers, project managers and designers.
Overweight and Obesity among Workers of the Public Transportation Service of Lima
Authors: Quichua Lizandra , Trejo Diana C. , Basilio Marlene R. , Morales Juan
Published: April 2021

Background:

Excess weight is a public health problem and has a negative impact on health.

Objective:

To determine the frequency of excess weight and its associated factors among workers of the public transport service in Lima.

Methods:

This was an observational, cross-sectional, and descriptive study. Workers of public transport service companies were considered as the study population. The study variable was excess body weight, which included overweight and obesity. For its determination, the Body-Mass Index (BMI) was used.

Results:

A total of 238 workers of both sexes participated in the study. The median age was 39 years (interquartile range: 47-32). Of the sample, 93.7% (n=223) were male, 63.4% (n=151) were between 30 and 49 years of age, 67.6% (n=161) worked in the driver's position, and the rest worked as ticket collectors. According to BMI, 81.1% (n=193) had excess weight, of which 44.1% (n=105) corresponded to the overweight and 37% (n=88) to the obesity category. Only 18.9% (n=45) of the sample were in the normal range. Excess weight occurred in a higher proportion among workers belonging to the age group of 30 to 49 years (p=0.002), in cohabiting and or married people (p=0.006), and in bus drivers (p=0.003).

Conclusion:

The workers of the public transport service in Lima have a very high prevalence of excess weight. It is higher than the national average. The factors associated with excess weight were the following: age group between 30 and 49 years, marital status, and working as a driver. It requires a sanitary intervention in the family and the workplace.
The Toxic Side of Nanotechnology: An Insight into Hazards to Health and
the Ecosystem
Authors: Yadav Sarita Kumari , Khan Zulfequar Ahmed , Mishra Brahmeshwar , Bahadur Shiv , Kumar Ajay , Yadav Babita
Published: April 2021

:

The objective of the present article is to provide an insight into the toxicity aspects of nanoparticles
on health and the ecosystem, along with risk assessment and monitoring. After a detailed
screening of various research reports from peer-reviewed journals, books, and research news, the article
was prepared. Nanotechnology's various significant advantages over conventional technologies have
been explored for diverse research and commercial needs, such as cosmetics, medical, pharmaceuticals,
biotechnology, electronics, catalysts, and robotics. However, nanotechnology has several challenging
elements for health, environment, society, economic growth, and unpredictable consequences due to its
unknown nature, which needs to be identified.
Therefore, in this review, an attempt has been made to cover the two most important aspects of the toxicity
of nanoparticles, i.e., influence on health and the ecosystem.
The health hazards to various organs, especially lungs, gastro-intestinal tract and dermis, and aquatic
organisms, have been elaborated. Furthermore, various ecotoxicological aspects, including mechanism
of ecotoxicity, ecotoxicological challenges, and solutions to be undertaken by ecotoxicologists, are discussed.
Finally, risk assessments related to the approaches that can be used for the optimization of nanotechnology
are also mentioned.
It is high time that nanotechnology gets reconsideration and uncompromising attention at the public
and private level regarding its use, handling, storage, proper treatment, and disposal. Also, risk analysis
and establishment of regulatory guidelines for the optimization and safe practice of nanotechnology for
humans less harmful to the environment are recommended.
The Deposition of Titanium Dioxide Nanostructures Layer Using One-step Solution Process and Spin-coating Technique
Authors: Achoi Mohd. F. , Soga Tetsuo , Mahmood Mohammad R. , Abdullah Saifollah
Published: April 2021

Background:

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is an oxide-based material that has been recently
discovered by many researchers owing to its properties such as a good absorber with excellent optical
properties and the best stability compared to lead, Pb, which is not stable in the ambient air and
is a toxic material. TiO2 is a non-toxic material and is not hazardous to the environment. TiO2 became
a favored choice in selecting as a layer because of faster electron extraction and suitable bandgap
energy.

Objective:

In this study, we deposited and optimized TiO2 at different TiO2 precursor molar concentrations
varying between 0.005 - 0.05M.

Methods:

A one-step solution process and a low-temperature processing spin-coating technique
were used.

Results:

Using the field emission scanning electron microscope, it was found that the surface morphology
of the TiO2 Nanostructures Layer (NsL) was evenly distributed, presenting a homogeneous
surface. An atomic force microscope showed that the TiO2 NsL appeared as a uniform,
dense and compact surface close to each other. It was revealed that the surface roughness value
(RMS) was 47.72nm, and the thickness of TiO2 NsL (Pmax) was 26.82nm. Besides, the surface coverage
was good and uniform, while the percentage of surface roughness was found to be 11.8% using
a surface profiler. The Ultra-violet visible spectroscopy showed the bandgap energy of 3.11
eV.

Conclusion:

The optimum result suggests that TiO2 NsL, as an electron transport layer (ETL),
could be used for fabrication in the architecture engineering structure of Bi- perovskite based solar
cell devices in the future.
Nano Hydroxyapatite (nano-HAp): A Potential Bioceramic for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Saxena Varun , Pandey Lalit , Srivatsan Tirumalai S.
Published: April 2021

Background:

Hydroxyapatite (HAp) is one of the most studied biomimetic method for
biomedical applications. Especially, nano-HAp has been utilized for bone tissue engineering and
various other orthopedic applications. HAp possesses different suitable properties such as bioactivity,
biodegradability, and cell proliferation efficiency for bone tissue engineering applications. Yet,
it lacks in self-antibacterial activity, high surface area, and target efficiency.

Results:

In this direction, researchers have focused on exploring the required surface as well as the
inherent properties of HAp at the nanoscale. These properties are largely dependent on the composition,
size, and morphology of the nano-HAp. Hence, nano-HAp has been found to be an excellent
candidate with an attractive combination of properties for selection and use in biomedical applications,
those required to enhanced biological responses. Further, depending on the type of application,
these factors can be tuned to optimize the performance.

Conclusion:

In this review article, we focus on the chemical structure of HAp and the routes chosen
and used for the synthesis of the nano-HAp. The role of various parameters in controlling synthesis
at the nanoscale is presented and briefly discussed. In addition, we provide an overview of the
various applications for the pristine and doped nano-HAp with recent examples in areas spanning
the following: (i) bone tissue engineering applications, (ii) drug delivery applications, (iii) surface
coatings, and (iv) scaffolds. The effect of chemical composition on the mechanical properties, surface
properties, and biological properties are also highlighted. Nano-HAp is found to be highly proficient
in its biomedical applications, especially bone tissue engineering applications. The nano--
sized properties enhance the biological responses. The dopant ions that replace the Ca ion into the
hydroxyapatite (HAp) lattice play a crucial role in its biomedical applications.
Neoplasia ovárica (Luteoma) en una Suricata (Suricata suricatta)
Authors: Rojas-Bustamante Marcela , Peña-Stadlin Juliana , Buitrago-Grisales Diana , Henao-Duque Ana María
Published: April 2021

En este artículo se describe el caso de una Suricata suricatta de 5 años, hembra, nacida bajo cuidado humano en el Zoológico de Cali, Colombia, que presentó reporte de comportamiento anormal. Al examen clínico se observó alopecia multifocal y simétrica bilateral con costras. Se realizó una evaluación ultrasonográfica que determinó la presencia de quistes ováricos. Como alternativa terapéutica se realizó una ovariohisterctomía (OVH) con biopsia escisional de ambos ovarios, que fueron remitidos al laboratorio de patología. Los hallazgos histopatológicos concluyeron una neoplasia del ovario izquierdo consistente con un Luteoma. El ovario derecho no presentó lesiones significativas. Durante la cirugía se tomaron muestras de sangre que indicaron que el paciente presentaba anemia regenerativa, química sanguínea con aumento del BUN y proteínas totales asociados a una hiperglobulinemia indicativos de un proceso inflamatorio crónico. La paciente se recuperó satisfactoriamente de la cirugía y tras dos semanas posteriores al procedimiento, las lesiones dermatológicas remitieron, así como los problemas de comportamiento previamente reportados.
Classical and Quantum Models of Diffusion
Authors:   DIBRIS, University of Genoa, Via All'Opera Pia 13, 16145 Genoa, Italy, Morro Angelo
Published: April 2021

The objective of the paper is twofold: first, to review the classical diffusion models and show the approximations at the origin of the parabolic character of the classical equations; second, to demonstrate a connection between the quantum and classical models of diffusion. As diffusion is inherently related to the motion of constituents, the consistent models are framed within the dynamics of mixtures. The derivation of diffusion equations is then determined based on the related, pertinent approximations.
Efficacy of Short Message Service Text Messaging Interventions for Postoperative Pain Management: Systematic Review
Authors: Buck Christoph , Keweloh Christian , Bouras Adam , Simoes Eduardo J
Published: April 2021

Background

Addiction to opiates and synthetic opioids poses a major threat to public health worldwide, with pharmaceutical opioids prescribed to manage pain constituting the main problem. To counteract this threat, suitable pain management strategies should be implemented in health care. Monitoring pain management seems to be feasible using telemedicine with a certain degree of resource intensity and digitization. As a communication channel for this type of monitoring, SMS appears to be a valid alternative.

Objective

The aim of this systematic literature review was to (1) provide information on the state of research regarding postoperative pain management via SMS, (2) establish a basic understanding of SMS-based pain management, and (3) provide insight into the feasibility of these management strategies. The research question was as follows: Is postoperative pain management feasible and effective utilizing SMS?

Methods

A systematic literature review was performed mainly following the PRISMA guidelines and another guide on performing a systematic literature review for information systems–related research. A search string was developed based on the objectives and research question, and eight databases were searched.

Results

The initial search resulted in 2083 records, which could be narrowed down by applying various exclusion criteria. Thereby, 11 articles were identified as relevant, which were accordingly analyzed and evaluated by full-text screening. In all articles, pain management interventions were performed using SMS communication between health care professionals and patients or their legal guardians. A prospective approach was predominantly chosen as the study design (91%) with the leading research objective of determining the intervention’s feasibility (73%). The primary reason for sending SMS messages was to monitor patients (64%). Overall, the use of SMS improved adherence, acceptance, and satisfaction regarding postoperative pain management. With an average response rate of approximately 89.5% (SD 3.8%), the reliability of SMS as a communication and monitoring tool was further emphasized. This response rate is significantly higher than that for email interventions (66.63%, P<.001).

Conclusions

This study provides a comprehensive picture of the current status on postoperative pain management by SMS. Communication via SMS was beneficial in all interventions, even preoperative. Six SMS interventions could be certified by the respective institutional review board and three were Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant. Therefore, the results of this study could be leveraged to address the opioid epidemic. Overall, the research question could be confirmed. Future research should extend this systematic literature review regarding preoperative pain management. Based on these findings, a pre- and postoperative communication model should be developed to address the opioid epidemic effectively.
Using a Web-Based Quiz Game as a Tool to Summarize Essential Content in Medical School Classes: Retrospective Comparative Study
Authors: Yuenyongviwat Varah , Bvonpanttarananon Jongdee
Published: April 2021

Background

Kahoot! is a web-based technology quiz game in which teachers can design their own quizzes via provided game templates. The advantages of these games are their attractive interfaces, which contain stimulating music, moving pictures, and colorful, animated shapes to maintain students’ attentiveness while they perform the quizzes.

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Kahoot! compared with a traditional teaching approach as a tool to summarize the essential content of a medical school class in the aspects of final examination scores and the perception of students regarding aspects of their learning environment and of process management.

Methods

This study used an interrupted time series design, and retrospective data were collected from 85 medical students. Of these 85 students, 43 completed a Kahoot! quiz, while 42 students completed a paper quiz. All students attended a lecture on the topic of bone and joint infection and participated in a short case discussion. Students from both groups received the same content and study material, with the exception that at the end of the lesson, students in the Kahoot! group completed a quiz summarizing the essential content from the lecture, whereas the other group received a paper quiz with the same questions and the teacher provided an explanation after the students had finished. The students’ satisfaction was evaluated after the class, and their final examination was held 2 weeks after the class.

Results

The mean final examination score in the Kahoot! group was 62.84 (SD 8.79), compared to 60.81 (SD 9.25) in the control group (P=.30). The students’ satisfaction with the class environment, learning process management, and teacher were not significantly different between the 2 groups (all P>.05).

Conclusions

In this study, it was found that using Kahoot! as a tool to summarize the essential content in medical school classes involving a lecture and case discussion did not affect the students’ final examination scores or their satisfaction with the class environment, learning process management, or teacher.
Factors Influencing Telehealth Implementation and Use in Frontier Critical Access Hospitals: Qualitative Study
Authors: Haque Saira Naim , DeStefano Sydney , Banger Alison , Rutledge Regina , Romaire Melissa
Published: April 2021

Background

Telehealth has potential to help individuals in rural areas overcome geographical barriers and to improve access to care. The factors that influence the implementation and use of telehealth in critical access hospitals are in need of exploration.

Objective

The aim of this study is to understand the factors that influenced telehealth uptake and use in a set of frontier critical access hospitals in the United States.

Methods

This work was conducted as part of a larger evaluation of a Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services–funded demonstration program to expand cost-based reimbursement for services for Medicare beneficiaries for frontier critical access hospitals. Our sample was 8 critical access hospitals in Montana, Nevada, and North Dakota that implemented the telehealth aspect of that demonstration. We reviewed applications and progress reports for the demonstration program and conducted in-person site visits. We used a semistructured discussion guide to facilitate conversations with clinical, administrative, and information technology staff. Using NVivo software (QSR International), we coded the notes from the interviews and then analyzed the themes.

Results

Several factors influenced the implementation and use of telehealth in critical access hospitals, including making changes to workflow and infrastructure as well as practitioner acceptance and availability. Participants also cited technical assistance and support for implementation as supportive factors.

Conclusions

Frontier critical access hospitals may adopt telehealth to overcome challenges such as distance from specialty practitioners and workforce challenges. Telehealth can be used for provider-to-patient and provider-to-provider interactions to improve access to care, remove barriers, and improve quality. However, the ability of telehealth to improve outcomes is limited by factors such as workflow and infrastructure changes, practitioner acceptance and availability, and financing.
Mobile Sensing Apps and Self-management of Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Web-Based Survey
Authors: Suruliraj Banuchitra , Bessenyei Kitti , Bagnell Alexa , McGrath Patrick , Wozney Lori , Orji Rita , Meier Sandra
Published: April 2021

Background

During the COVID-19 pandemic, people had to adapt their daily life routines to the currently implemented public health measures, which is likely to have resulted in a lack of in-person social interactions, physical activity, or sleep. Such changes can have a significant impact on mental health. Mobile sensing apps can passively record the daily life routines of people, thus making them aware of maladaptive behavioral adjustments to the pandemic.

Objective

This study aimed to explore the views of people on mobile sensing apps that passively record behaviors and their potential to increase awareness and helpfulness for self-managing mental health during the pandemic.

Methods

We conducted an anonymous web-based survey including people with and those without mental disorders, asking them to rate the helpfulness of mobile sensing apps for the self-management of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. The survey was conducted in May 2020.

Results

The majority of participants, particularly those with a mental disorder (n=106/148, 72%), perceived mobile sensing apps as very or extremely helpful for managing their mental health by becoming aware of maladaptive behaviors. The perceived helpfulness of mobile sensing apps was also higher among people who experienced a stronger health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (β=.24; 95% CI 0.16-0.33; P<.001), had a better understanding of technology (β=.17; 95% CI 0.08-0.25; P<.001), and had a higher education (β=.1; 95% CI 0.02-0.19; P=.02).

Conclusions

Our findings highlight the potential of mobile sensing apps to assist in mental health care during the pandemic.
The United States Medical Licensing Exam Step 2 Clinical Skills Examination: Potential Alternatives During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Fatima Rawish , Assaly Ahmad R , Aziz Muhammad , Moussa Mohamad , Assaly Ragheb
Published: April 2021

We feel that the current COVID-19 crisis has created great uncertainty and anxiety among medical students. With medical school classes initially being conducted on the web and the approaching season of “the Match” (a uniform system by which residency candidates and residency programs in the United States simultaneously “match” with the aid of a computer algorithm to fill first-year and second-year postgraduate training positions accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education), the situation did not seem to be improving. The National Resident Matching Program made an official announcement on May 26, 2020, that candidates would not be required to take or pass the United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) examination to participate in the Match. On January 26, 2021, formal discontinuation of Step 2 CS was announced; for this reason, we have provided our perspective of possible alternative solutions to the Step 2 CS examination. A successful alternative model can be implemented in future residency match seasons as well.
A Breast Cancer Smartphone App to Navigate the Breast Cancer Journey: Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Petrocchi Serena , Filipponi Chiara , Montagna Giacomo , Bonollo Marta , Pagani Olivia , Meani Francesco
Published: April 2021

Background

Several mobile apps have been designed for patients with a diagnosis of cancer. Unfortunately, despite the promising potential and impressive spread, their effectiveness often remains unclear. Most mobile apps are developed without any medical professional involvement and quality evidence-based assessment. Furthermore, they are often implemented in clinical care before any research is performed to confirm usability, appreciation, and clinical benefits for patients.

Objective

We aimed to develop a new smartphone app (Centro di Senologia della Svizzera Italiana [CSSI]) specifically designed by breast care specialists and patients together to help breast cancer patients better understand and organize their journey through the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. We describe the development of the app and present assessments to evaluate its feasibility, usefulness, and capability to improve patient empowerment.

Methods

A mixed method study with brief longitudinal quantitative data collection and subsequent qualitative semistructured interviews was designed. Twenty breast cancer patients participated in the study (mean age 51 years, SD 10 years). The usability of the app, the user experience, and empowerment were measured after 1 month. The semistructured interviews measured the utility of the app and the necessary improvements.

Results

The app received good responses from the patients in terms of positive perception of the purpose of the app (7/20, 35%), organizing the cure path and being aware of the steps in cancer management (5/20, 25%), facilitating doctor-patient communication (4/20, 20%), and having detailed information about the resources offered by the hospital (2/20, 10%). Correlation and regression analyses showed that user experience increased the level of empowerment of patients (B=0.31, 95% CI 0.22-0.69; P=.009). The interviews suggested the need to constantly keep the app updated and to synchronize it with the hospital’s electronic agenda, and carefully selecting the best time to offer the tool to final users was considered crucial.

Conclusions

Despite the very small number of participants in this study, the findings demonstrate the potential of the app and support a fully powered trial to evaluate the empowering effect of the mobile health app. More data will be gathered with an improved version of the app in the second phase involving a larger study sample.
Perioperative management for functional ganglioneuroma in a 2-year-old child with multiple congenital defects and COVID-19: A case report (Preprint)
Authors: Rajendran Pragadeshwaran , Karim Habib , Singh Vikramjit , Bias Shruti
Published: April 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

Unlike neuroblastoma, ganglioneuroma is a rare entity in children younger than seven years of age. Further, these tumors are mostly inactive endocrinologically and present as abdominal pain or palpable mass. Unfortunately, when functional, they mimic or occasionally co-exist with pheochromocytoma. While perioperative management of pheochromocytoma has evolved a lot, very little is known for the management of functioning ganglioneuroma. Hormone secretion due to surgical manipulation and anesthesia can precipitate life-threatening complications. The risk further increases when associated with other congenital comorbidities.
Furthermore, corona pandemic as well as COVID-19 infection in the perioperative period is another new challenge. We report perioperative management and outcome of a functioning retroperitoneal ganglioneuroma in a 2-year-old child, having a ventricular septal defect, spina bifida occulta, and COVID-19. The case also highlights decision-making challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Authors' Response to Peer Reviews of “A Physical Activity Mobile Game for Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant Patients: App Design, Development, and Evaluation” (Preprint)
Authors: Cerbas Shannon , Kelemen Arpad , Liang Yulan , Sik-Lanyi Cecilia , Van de Castle Barbara
Published: April 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

This is author responses to reviewers
COVID-19 Infection and Symptoms Among Emergency Medicine Residents and Fellows in an Urban Academic Hospital Setting: Cross-sectional Questionnaire Study (Preprint)
Authors: Frisch Stacey , Jones Sarah , Willis James , Sinert Richard
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND

COVID-19, an illness caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, affected many aspects of health care worldwide in 2020. From March to May 2020, New York City experienced a large surge of cases.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to characterize the prevalence of illness and symptoms experienced by residents and fellows in 2 New York City hospitals during the period of March to May 2020.

METHODS

An institutional review board–exempt survey was distributed to emergency medicine housestaff in May 2020, and submissions were accepted through August 2020.

RESULTS

Out of 104 residents and fellows, 64 responded to our survey (a 61.5% response rate). Out of 64 responders, 27 (42%) tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Most residents experienced symptoms that are consistent with COVID-19; however, few received polymerase chain reaction testing. Out of 27 housestaff with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, 18 (67%) experienced fever and chills, compared with 8 out of 34 housestaff (24%) without SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Of the 27 housestaff with SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, 19 (70%) experienced loss of taste and smell, compared with 2 out of 34 housestaff (6%) without SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Both fever and chills and loss of taste and smell were significantly more commonly experienced by antibody-positive compared to antibody-negative housestaff (P=.002 and <.001, respectively). All 13 housestaff who reported no symptoms during the study period tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study demonstrated that in our hospitals, the rate of COVID-19 illness among emergency department housestaff was much higher than previously reported. Further studies are needed to characterize illness among medical staff in emergency departments across the nation. The high infection rate among emergency medicine trainees stresses the importance of supplying adequate personal protective equipment for health care professionals.
Coronavirus (COVID-19) and Stress: Where do we stand in this journey and where are we leading to! (Preprint)
Authors: Avinash Bhagyalakshmi
Published: April 2021

UNSTRUCTURED

Abstract: Corona virus (COVID-19) being a pandemic has affected us by affecting our mental health, creating confusion and uncertainties. Every human being is different and thus each of us reacts differently. It can be a positive or negative feeling. It is important to understand what we are feeling and how do we lead to a change. A simple understanding of how every action will have a positive side towards it will lead us to a happier and healthier place to live. Certainly, this COVID-19 has given us a cleaner and greener environment and that is a positive takeaway from this pandemic.
Genetic Basis of Type IV Collagen Disorders of the Kidney
Authors: Quinlan Catherine , Rheault Michelle N.
Published: April 2021

The glomerular basement membrane is a vital component of the filtration barrier of the kidney and is primarily composed of a highly structured matrix of type IV collagen. Specific isoforms of type IV collagen, the α3(IV), α4(IV), and α5(IV) isoforms, assemble into trimers that are required for normal glomerular basement membrane function. Disruption or alteration in these isoforms leads to breakdown of the glomerular basement membrane structure and function and can lead to progressive CKD known as Alport syndrome. However, there is wide variability in phenotype among patients with mutations affecting type IV collagen that depends on a complex interplay of sex, genotype, and X-chromosome inactivation. This article reviews the genetic basis of collagen disorders of the kidney as well as potential treatments for these conditions, including direct alteration of the DNA, RNA therapies, and manipulation of collagen proteins.