bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ARTI APPLICATE, ARTI INDUSTRIALI: UNA QUESTIONE STRATEGICA
Authors: Negri Antonello
Published: October 2018

The idea of a quality of life based on high handcraft-manufacturing requirements in their interaction with an industrialised society has an important part – beyond the particular case - in the Expo 2015 project. It’s in the post war period that in Milan the strategic question of a “social art” is raised, as defined by the experience of the artistic section of the Belgium Labor Party, put into practice in the activity of the Brussels People’s House. The research of better living collective standards sustained by a concrete commitment in the improvement of the social housing and the applied art system is expressed with a series of exhibi tions. In Milan with the Regional Lombard Exhibition of decorative arts of the Human Society in 1919 – contemporary to Bauhaus in Weimar- and later on with the Biennial of decorative arts in Monza (1923-1930) and again in Milan in 1933 with the 5th Triennial, (showcase of urban planning, industrial arts and most innovative artistic productions) that acquires immediately a world level. These issues are still today the driving force of the Milanese Triennial activity.
The role of triage to reduce waiting times in primary health care facilities in the North West province of South Africa
Authors: Swart Anna-Therese , Muller Catherina E. , Rabie Tinda
Published: October 2018

Background: Worldwide, patients visiting health care facilities in the public health care sector have to wait for attention from health care professionals. In South Africa, the Cape Triage Score system was implemented successfully in hospitals’ emergency departments in the Cape Metropole. The effective utilisation of triage could improve the flow of primary health care (PHC) patients and direct the patients to the right health care professional immediately.Aim: No literature could be traced on the implementation of triage in PHC facilities in South Africa. Consequently, a study addressing this issue could address this lack of information, reduce waiting times in PHC facilities and improve the quality of care.Setting: PHC facilities in a sub-district of the North West province of South Africa.Method: A quantitative, exploratory, typical descriptive pre-test–post-test design was used. The study consisted of two phases. During phase 1, the waiting time survey checklist was used to determine the baseline waiting times. In phase 2, the Cape Triage Score system that triaged the patients and the waiting time survey checklist were used.Results: Data were analysed using Cohen’s effect sizes by comparing the total waiting times obtained in both phases with the waiting time survey checklist. Results indicated no reduction in the overall waiting time; however, there was a practical significance where triage was applied. Referral was much quicker to the correct health professional and to the hospitals.Conclusion: Although the results indicated no reduction in the overall waiting time of patients, structured support systems and triage at PHC facilities should be used to make referral quicker to the correct health professional and to the hospitals.
Alternate Anti-Leprosy Regimen for Multidrug Therapy Refractory Leprosy: A Retrospective Study from a Tertiary Care Center in North India
Authors: Narang Tarun , Bishnoi Anuradha , Dogra Sunil , Saikia Uma Nahar , Kavita
Published: October 2018

A subset of multibacillary (MB) leprosy patients manifest with clinical “nonresponsiveness” to the fixed-duration, World Health Organization multidrug therapy MB regimen (WHO-MDT-MBR). The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of alternate anti-leprosy therapy (ALT) in such patients. This is an analysis of patients’ records, registered in the leprosy clinic of our institute over a period of 6 years (2010–2015). The criteria for inadequate response/nonresponsiveness to treatment were as follows: 1) persistent/new lesions after completing ≥ 12 months of WHO-MDT-MBR (isolated reactions were ruled out histopathologically) and 2) persistent positive/increasing value of the morphological index (MI) and a 2 log increase in the bacteriological index (BI) after ≥ 12 months of WHO-MDT-MBR. Such cases were treated with ALT consisting of minocycline, clofazimine, and ofloxacin (24 months). Of 556 patients registered during the study period, 40.3% (224) were slit-skin smear (SSS) positive and 59.7% (332) were SSS negative. Of all, 35 patients (6.3%) satisfied the criteria for clinical nonresponsiveness. Of 224 SSS-positive patients, these 35 patients amounted to 15.6%. The mean BI and MI of these patients after completion of ≥ 12 months of WHO-MDT-MBR were 5.3 ± 0.6 and 14 ± 6.8%, respectively. After 6 months of treatment with ALT, MI became negative (0) in all these patients. After completion of ALT, the mean BI and MI became 1.7 ± 0.7 and 0%, respectively (P < 0.0001). There were 16 patients with corticosteroid-dependent recurrent/chronic erythema nodosum leprosum, who had excellent response with significant reduction in the number of reactional episodes and mean dose of prednisolone required (P < 0.0001). No serious adverse effects were noted. We conclude that ALT is safe and effective in the management of MB leprosy patients who are nonresponsive to 12 months of WHO-MDT-MBR.
Enhancement of Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation and its
Oxidation State by SO2 during Photooxidation of 2-Methoxyphenol
Authors: Liu Changgeng , Chen Tianzeng , Liu Yongchun , Liu Jun , He Hong , Zhang Peng
Published: October 2018

Abstract. 2-Methoxyphenol (guaiacol) is derived from the lignin pyrolysis and taken as a potential tracer for wood smoke emissions. In this work, the effect of SO2 at atmospheric levels (0–56 ppb) on secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation and its oxidation state during guaiacol photooxidation was investigated in the presence of various inorganic seed particles (NaCl and (NH4)2SO4). Without SO2 and seed particles, SOA yields (9.46–26.37 %) obtained at different guaiacol concentration (138.83–2197.36 μg m−3) could be well expressed by a one-product model. The presence of SO2 resulted in enhancing SOA yield by 14.05–23.66 %. With (NH4)2SO4 and NaCl seed particles, SOA yield was enhanced by 23.06 % and 29.57 %, respectively, which further increased significantly to 29.78–53.47 % in the presence of SO2, suggesting that SO2 and seed particles have a synergetic contribution to SOA formation. It should be noted that SO2 was found to be in favor of increasing the carbon oxidation state (OSC) of SOA, indicating that the functionalization reaction should be more dominant than oligomerization reaction. In addition, the average N/C ratio of SOA was 0.037, which revealed that NOx participated in the photooxidation process, consequently leading to the formation of organic nitrates. The experimental results demonstrate the importance of SO2 on the formation processes of SOA and organosulfates, and also are helpful to further understand SOA formation from the atmospheric photooxidation of guaiacol and its subsequent impacts on air quality and climate.
Phosphorus solubility in aerosol particles related to particle sources and atmospheric acidification in Asian continental outflow
Authors: Shi Jinhui , Wang Nan , Gao Huiwang , Baker Alex R. , Yao Xiaohong , Zhang Daizhou
Published: October 2018

Abstract. The continent-to-ocean supply of phosphorus (P) in the soluble state, recognized as bioavailable P, via the atmosphere is hypothesized to be crucial to the biological cycle in offshore surface seawater. To investigate the solubility of P in aerosol particles moving towards the Northwestern Pacific from the Asian continent, we measured the total P (TP), total dissolved P (TDP) and dissolved inorganic P (DIP) in aerosols at Qingdao (36°06′ N, 120°33′ E), a coastal city in eastern China. The samples were collected in December 2012 and January 2013 (winter) and in March and April 2013 (spring), when the middle latitude westerly wind was prevailing. On average, P solubility, i.e., the ratio of TDP to TP, was 32.9 ± 16.7 % in winter and 21.3 ± 9.8 % in spring, and the TP concentrations in the two seasons were similar. This seasonal solubility difference is attributed to the aerosol sources containing the P. Particles in winter were predominantly anthropogenic particles from local and regional areas, and particles in spring were significantly influenced by natural dust from the arid and semiarid areas in the inland part of the continent. Moreover, acidification processes associated with the formation of sulfate and nitrate in the winter samples enhanced P solubility, suggesting that the P in anthropogenic particles was more susceptible to the production of acidic species than that in natural dust particles. There was a strong positive correlation between P solubility and relative humidity (RH). P solubility was usually less than 30 % when RH was below 60 %, even when the content of acidic species and/or anthropogenic particles in the aerosols was high, suggesting humidity had a critical role in the production of TDP. In addition, the proportion of DIP in TDP was high when the particles were predominantly anthropogenic, and the proportion of dissolved organic P (DOP; quantified as TDP-DIP) in TDP was high when the particles were dominated by natural dust. These results indicate that, as the contents of bioavailable P in Asian continent outflows are closely dependent on the aerosol particle origins, atmospheric acidic processes could convert P into a bioavailable state under certain meteorological conditions. Therefore, the recent severe air pollution over East Asia might have enhanced the input of bioavailable P to downwind marine areas.
Deriving stratospheric age of air spectra using chemically active trace gases
Authors: Hauck Marius , Fritsch Frauke , Garny Hella , Engel Andreas
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Analysis of stratospheric transport from an observational point of view is frequently realized by evaluation of mean age of air values from long-lived trace gases. However, this provides more insight into general transport strength and less into its mechanism. Deriving complete transit time distributions (age spectra) is desirable, but their deduction from direct measurements is difficult and so far primarily achieved by assumptions about dynamics and spectra themselves. This paper introduces a modified version of an inverse method to infer age spectra from mixing ratios of short-lived trace gases. For a full description of transport seasonality the formulation includes an imposed seasonal cycle to gain multimodal spectra. The EMAC model simulation used for a proof of concept features an idealized dataset of 40 radioactive trace gases with different chemical lifetimes as well as 40 chemically inert pulsed trace gases to calculate pulse age spectra. Annual and seasonal mean inverse spectra are compared to pulse spectra including first and second moments as well as the ratio between them to assess the performance on these time scales. Results indicate that the modified inverse age spectra match the annual and seasonal pulse age spectra well on global scale beyond 1.5 years mean age of air. The imposed seasonal cycle emerges as a reliable tool to include transport seasonality in the age spectra. Below 1.5 years mean age of air, tropospheric influence intensifies and breaks the assumption of single entry through the tropical tropopause, leading to inaccurate spectra in particular in the northern hemisphere. The imposed seasonal cycle wrongly prescribes seasonal entry in this lower region and does not lead to a better agreement between inverse and pulse age spectra without further improvement. As the inverse method aims for future implementation on in situ observational data, possible critical factors for this purpose are delineated finally.
Mapping carbon monoxide pollution from space down to city scales with daily global coverage
Authors: Borsdorff Tobias , aan de Brugh Joost , Hu Haili , Hasekamp Otto , Sussmann Ralf , Rettinger Markus , Hase Frank , Gross Jochen , Schneider Matthias , Garcia Omaira , Stremme Wolfgang , Grutter Michel , Feist Dietrich G. , Arnold Sabrina G. , De Mazière Martine , Kumar Sha Mahesh , Pollard David F. , Kiel Matthäus , Roehl Coleen , Wennberg Paul O. , Toon Geoffrey C. , Landgraf Jochen
Published: October 2018

Abstract. On 13 October 2017, the European Space Agency (ESA) successfully
launched the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite with the Tropospheric
Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) as its single payload. TROPOMI is
the first of ESA's atmospheric composition Sentinel missions, which
will provide complete long-term records of atmospheric trace gases
for the coming 30 years as a contribution to the European Union's
Earth Observing program Copernicus. One of TROPOMI's primary
products is atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO). It is observed with daily global
coverage and a high spatial resolution of 7×7 km2.
The moderate atmospheric resistance time and the low background
concentration leads to localized pollution hotspots of CO and allows
the tracking of the atmospheric transport of pollution on regional to global
scales. In this contribution, we
demonstrate the groundbreaking performance of the TROPOMI CO product, sensing
CO enhancements above cities and industrial areas and tracking, with
daily coverage, the atmospheric transport of pollution from biomass
burning regions. The CO data product is validated with two months
of Fourier-transform spectroscopy (FTS) measurements at nine
ground-based stations operated by the Total Carbon Column Observing
Network (TCCON). We found a good agreement between both datasets with a mean bias
of 6 ppb (average of individual station biases) for both clear-sky and
cloudy TROPOMI CO retrievals. Together with the corresponding
standard deviation of the individual station biases of 3.8 ppb for
clear-sky and 4.0 ppb for cloudy sky, it indicates that the CO data
product is already well within the mission requirement.
Assessment of the total precipitable water from a sun-photometer,
microwave radiometer and radiosondes at a continental site in
southeastern Europe
Authors: Fragkos Konstantinos , Antonescu Bogdan , Ene Dragoş , Efstathiou Georgios A. , Belegante Livio
Published: October 2018

Abstract. In this study, we discuss the differences in the total precipitable water (TPW), retrieved from a Cimel sunphotometer operating at a continental site in South-East Europe, between the Version 3 (V3) and Version 2 (V2) of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) algorithms. In addition, we evaluate the performance of the two algorithms comparing their product with the TPW obtained from a collocated microwave radiometer and nearby radiosondes during the period 2007–2017. The TPW from all three instruments was highly correlated, showing the same annual cycle, with lower values during winter and higher during summer. The Sun-photometer and the microwave radiometer depicts the same daily cycle, with some discrepancies during early morning and late afternoon due to the effect of solar zenith angle on the measurements of the photometer. The TPW from the (V3) of the AERONET algorithm has small differences compared with (V2), mostly related to the use of the new laboratory-based temperature coefficients used in V3. The microwave radiometer shows very good performance compared to the radiosondes, especially during nighttime when the differences between the two instruments are almost negligible. The comparison of the sun-photometer data with high-quality independent measurements from radiosondes and radiometer shows that the absolute differences between V3 and the other two datasets are slightly higher compared with V2. However, V3 has a lower dependence from the TPW and the internal sensor temperature, indicating a better performance of the retrieving algorithm. To our knowledge, this is the first in-depth analysis of the V3 TPW and although the findings presented here are for a specific site, we believe that they are representative of other mid-latitude continental stations.
Different response of surface temperature and air temperature to
deforestation in climate models
Authors: Winckler Johannes , Reick Christian H. , Luyssaert Sebastiaan , Cescatti Alessandro , Stoy Paul C. , Lejeune Quentin , Raddatz Thomas , Chlond Andreas , Heidkamp Marvin , Pongratz Julia
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Deforestation affects temperatures at the land surface and higher up in the atmosphere. Satellite-based observations typically register deforestation-induced changes in surface temperature, in-situ observations register changes in near-surface air temperature, and climate models simulate changes in both temperatures and the temperature of the lowest atmospheric layer. Yet a focused analysis of how these variables respond differently to deforestation is missing. Here, this is investigated by analyzing the biogeophysical temperature effects of large-scale deforestation in the climate model MPI-ESM, separately for local effects (which are only apparent at the location of deforestation) and nonlocal effects (which are also apparent elsewhere). While the nonlocal effects affect the temperature of the surface and lowest atmospheric layer equally, the local effects mainly affect the temperature of the surface. In agreement with observation-based studies, the local effects on surface and near-surface air temperature respond differently in the MPI-ESM, both concerning the magnitude of local temperature changes and the latitude at which the local deforestation effects turn from a cooling to a warming (at 45–55° N for surface temperature and around 35° N for near-surface air temperature). An inter-model comparison shows that in the northern mid latitudes, both for summer and winter, near-surface air temperature is affected by the 5local effects only about half as much compared to surface temperature. Thus, studies about the biogeophysical effects of deforestation must carefully choose which temperature they consider.
The effect of overshooting 1.5 °C global warming on the mass loss of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Rückamp Martin , Falk Ulrike , Frieler Katja , Lange Stefan , Humbert Angelika
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Sea-level rise associated with changing climate is expected to pose a major
challenge for societies. Based on the efforts of COP21 to limit global
warming to 2.0 ∘C or even 1.5 ∘C by the end of the
21st century (Paris Agreement), we simulate the future
contribution of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) to sea-level change under the
low emission Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 2.6 scenario. The Ice
Sheet System Model (ISSM) with higher-order approximation is used and
initialized with a hybrid approach of spin-up and data assimilation. For
three general circulation models (GCMs: HadGEM2-ES, IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC5) the
projections are conducted up to 2300 with forcing fields for surface mass
balance (SMB) and ice surface temperature (Ts) computed by the surface
energy balance model of intermediate complexity (SEMIC). The projected
sea-level rise ranges between 21–38 mm by 2100 and 36–85 mm by 2300.
According to the three GCMs used, global warming will exceed 1.5 ∘C
early in the 21st century. The RCP2.6 peak and decline scenario
is therefore manually adjusted in another set of experiments to suppress the
1.5 ∘C overshooting effect. These scenarios show a sea-level
contribution that is on average about 38 % and 31 % less by 2100 and 2300,
respectively. For some experiments, the rate of mass loss in the
23rd century does not exclude a stable ice sheet in the future.
This is due to a spatially integrated SMB that remains positive and reaches
values similar to the present day in the latter half of the simulation
period. Although the mean SMB is reduced in the warmer climate, a future
steady-state ice sheet with lower surface elevation and hence volume might be
possible. Our results indicate that uncertainties in the projections stem
from the underlying GCM climate data used to calculate the surface mass
balance. However, the RCP2.6 scenario will lead to significant changes in the
GrIS, including elevation changes of up to 100 m. The sea-level contribution
estimated in this study may serve as a lower bound for the RCP2.6 scenario,
as the currently observed sea-level rise is not reached in any of the
experiments; this is attributed to processes (e.g. ocean forcing) not yet
represented by the model, but proven to play a major role in GrIS mass loss.
Spatially distributed water-balance and meteorological data from the rain–snow transition, southern Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Bales Roger , Stacy Erin , Safeeq Mohammad , Meng Xiande , Meadows Matthew , Oroza Carlos , Conklin Martha , Glaser Steven , Wagenbrenner Joseph
Published: October 2018

Abstract. We strategically placed spatially distributed sensors to provide
representative measures of changes in snowpack and subsurface water storage,
plus the fluxes affecting these stores, in a set of nested headwater
catchments. The high temporal frequency and distributed coverage make the
resulting data appropriate for process studies of snow accumulation and melt,
infiltration, evapotranspiration, catchment water balance, (bio)geochemistry,
and other critical-zone processes. We present 8 years of hourly
snow-depth, soil-moisture, and soil-temperature data, as well as 14 years of
quarter-hourly streamflow and meteorological data that detail water-balance
processes at Providence Creek, the upper part of which is at the current
50 % rain versus snow transition of the southern Sierra Nevada,
California. Providence Creek is the long-term study cooperatively run by the
Southern Sierra Critical Zone Observatory (SSCZO) and the USDA Forest Service
Pacific Southwest Research Station's Kings River Experimental Watersheds (KREW). The
4.6 km2 montane Providence Creek catchment spans the current lower
rain–snow transition elevation of 1500–2100 m. Two meteorological stations
bracket the high and low elevations of the catchment, measuring air
temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, precipitation, wind speed
and direction, and snow depth, and at the higher station, snow water
equivalent. Paired flumes at three subcatchments and a V-notch weir at the
integrating catchment measure quarter-hourly streamflow. Measurements of
meteorological and streamflow data began in 2002. Between 2008 and 2010, 50
sensor nodes were added to measure distributed snow depth, air temperature,
soil temperature, and soil moisture within the top 1 m below the surface.
These sensor nodes were installed to capture the lateral differences of
aspect and canopy coverage. Data are available at hourly and daily intervals
by water year (1 October–30 September) in nonproprietary formats from
online data repositories. Data for the Southern Sierra Critical Zone
Observatory distributed snow and soil datasets are at
https://doi.org/10.6071/Z7WC73. Kings River Experimental Watersheds
meteorological data are available from
https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2018-0028 and stream-discharge data are
available from https://doi.org/10.2737/RDS-2017-0037.
Morphological effects of vegetation on the tidal–fluvial transition in Holocene estuaries
Authors: Lokhorst Ivar R. , Braat Lisanne , Leuven Jasper R. F. W. , Baar Anne W. , van Oorschot Mijke , Selaković Sanja , Kleinhans Maarten G.
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Vegetation enhances bank stability and sedimentation to such an extent that it
can modify river patterns, but how these processes manifest themselves in full-scale
estuarine settings is poorly understood. On the one hand, tidal flats accrete
faster in the presence of vegetation, reducing the flood storage and
ebb dominance over time. On the other hand flow-focusing effects of a tidal
floodplain elevated by mud and vegetation could lead to channel concentration
and incision. Here we study isolated and combined effects of mud and tidal
marsh vegetation on estuary dimensions. A 2-D hydromorphodynamic estuary model
was developed, which was coupled to a vegetation model and used to simulate
100 years of morphological development. Vegetation settlement, growth and
mortality were determined by the hydromorphodynamics. Eco-engineering effects
of vegetation on the physical system are here limited to hydraulic
resistance, which affects erosion and sedimentation pattern through the flow
field. We investigated how vegetation, combined with mud, affects the average
elevation of tidal flats and controls the system-scale planform. Modelling
with vegetation only results in a pattern with the largest vegetation extent
in the mixed-energy zone of the estuary, which is generally shallower. Here
vegetation can cover more than 50 % of the estuary width while it remains
below 10 %–20 % in the outer, tide-dominated zone. This modelled distribution
of vegetation along the estuary shows general agreement with trends in
natural estuaries observed by aerial image analysis. Without mud, the
modelled vegetation has a limited effect on morphology, again peaking in the
mixed-energy zone. Numerical modelling with mud only shows that the presence of
mud leads to stabilisation and accretion of the intertidal area and a slight
infill of the mixed-energy zone. Combined modelling of mud and vegetation
leads to mutual enhancement with mud causing new colonisation areas and
vegetation stabilising the mud. This occurs in particular in a zone
previously described as the bedload convergence zone. While vegetation
focusses the flow into the channels such that mud sedimentation in intertidal
side channels is prevented on a timescale of decades, the filling of
intertidal area and the resulting reduction in tidal prism may cause the infilling of
estuaries over centuries.
Strategies to increase the accessibility of tsunami shelters enhances their adaptive capacity to risks in coastal port cities: The case of Nagoya City, Japan
Authors: Zhang Weitao , Wu Jiayu , Yun Yingxia
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Coastal areas face a significant risk of tsunami after a nearby heavy earthquake. Comprehensive coastal port cities often complicate and intensify this risk, due to the high vulnerability of their communities and liabilities associated with secondary damage. Accessibility to tsunami shelters is a key measure of adaptive capacity in response to tsunami risks and should therefore be enhanced. This study integrates the hazards that create risk into two dimensions: hazard-product risk and hazard-affected risk. Specifically, the hazard-product risk measures the hazard occurrence's probability, intensity, duration, and extension in a system. The hazard-affected risk measures the extent to which the system is affected by the hazard occurrence. This enables the study of specific strategies for responding to each kind of risk, to enhance accessibility to tsunami shelters. Nagoya City in Japan served as the case study; the city is one of the most advanced tsunami-resilient port cities in the world. The spatial distribution of the hazard-product risk and hazard-affected risk was first visualized in 165 School District samples, covering 213 km2 using a Hot Spot Analysis. The results suggest that the rules governing the distribution of these two-dimensional (2D) risks are significantly different. By refining the tsunami evacuation time-space routes, traffic location related indicators, referring to three-scale traffic patterns with three-hierarchy traffic roads, are used as accessibility variables. Two-way Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used to analyse the differences in these accessibility variables to compare the 2D risk. MANOVA was also used to assess the difference of accessibility between high-level risk and low-level risk in each risk dimension. The results show that tsunami shelter accessibility strategies, targeting hazard-product risk and hazard-affected risk, are significantly different in Nagoya. These different strategies are needed to adapt to the risk.
Natural hazard risk of complex systems – the whole is more than the sum of its parts: II. A pilot study in Mexico City
Authors: Arosio Marcello , Martina Mario L. V. , Figueiredo Rui
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Assessing the risk of complex systems to natural hazards is an important and challenging problem. In today's intricate socio-technological world, characterized by strong urbanization and technological trends, the connections, interdependencies and interactions between exposed elements are crucial. These complex relations call for a paradigm shift in collective risk assessments, from a reductionist approach to a holistic one. Most commonly, the risk of a system is estimated through a reductionist approach, based on the sum of the risk of its elements individually. In contrast, a holistic approach considers the whole system as a unique entity of interconnected elements, where those connections are taken into account in order to more thoroughly assess risk. To support this paradigm shift, this paper proposes a new holistic approach to assess the risk in complex systems based on Graph Theory. The paper is organized in two parts: part I describes the proposed approach, and part II presents an application to a pilot study in Mexico City. The choice of Mexico City as the study case allows demonstrating the importance of modelling connections and interdependencies to assess risk in a complex urban environment which, in this case, is characterized by increasing risk of urban flooding due to soil subsidence and the presumable failure of the drainage system. In the application, the complexity of Mexico City is depicted by modelling certain selected typologies of elements (i.e. population, fire stations, hospitals, fuel stations, schools and crossroads) and assuming certain rules of connection between them. The relevant graph properties are computed and interpreted from a natural hazard risk perspective, and a simple hazard scenario is then integrated in the analysis. This study highlights both the potential and the relevance of the graph-based approach for natural hazard risk assessment.
Ion acceleration at dipolarization fronts associated with interchange instability in the magnetotail
Authors: Sun Chao , Ge Yasong , Lu Haoyu
Published: October 2018

Abstract. It has been confirmed that dipolarization fronts (DFs) can be a result from the existence of interchange instability in the magnetotail. In this paper, we used a Hall MHD model to simulate the evolution of the interchange instability, which produces DFs on the leading edge. A test particle simulation was performed to study the physical phenomenon of ion acceleration on DF. Numerical simulation indicates that almost all particles move towards the earthward and dawnward and then drift to the tail. The DF-reflected ion population on the duskside appears earlier as a consequence of the asymmetric Hall electric field. Ions, with dawn-dusk asymmetric semicircle behind the DF, may tend to be accelerated to a higher energy (> 13.5 keV). These high-energy particles are eventually concentrated in the dawnside. Ions experience effective acceleration by the dawnward electric field Ey while they drift through the dawn flank of the front towards the tail.
Chemical Heterogeneities in the Mantle: Progress Towards a General Quantitative Description
Authors: Tirone Massimiliano
Published: October 2018

Abstract. Chemical equilibration between two different assemblages (peridotite-type and gabbro/eclogite-type) of variable initial size assuming few different initial compositions has been determined using certain mass and reactions constraints and thermodynamic principles. The pattern that emerges suggests that mass transfer between the two sub-systems defines two petrological assemblages that separately are maintained in local thermodynamic equilibrium. In addition, when two assemblages previously equilibrated together in a certain mass ratio are rearranged assuming a different initial ratio, no mass transfer occurs and the two sub-systems remain unmodified. By modeling the chemical equilibration results of several systems it is possible to provide a quantitative framework to determine the chemical and petrological evolution of two assemblages from an initial state, in which the two are separately in chemical equilibrium, to a state of equilibration of the whole system (sum of the two sub-systems). Assuming that the local Gibbs energy variation follows a simple diffusion couple model, a complete petrological description of the two systems can be determined over time and space. Since there are no data to constrain the kinetic of the processes involved, the temporal and spatial scale is arbitrary. Nevertheless a 1-D static model shows how chemical equilibration is controlled by the size of the two sub-systems. As the initial size of the first assemblage (peridotite-like) increases, the differences between the initial and the final equilibrated stage becomes smaller, while on the opposite side the difference increases. A simplified 2-D dynamic model in which either one of the two sub-systems is allowed to move with a prescribed velocity, shows that after an initial transient state, the moving sub-system tends to preserve its original composition defined at the entry side. The other sub-system instead evolves towards a large compositional difference from the starting assemblage. The results appear to be the same varying the initial proportion of the two assemblages, which simplify somehow the development of potential tools for predicting the chemical equilibration process from real data and geodynamic applications. Four animations and data sets of three 1-D and two 2-D numerical models are available following the instructions in the supplementary material.
The syntax of sign language agreement: Common ingredients, but unusual recipe
Authors: Pfau Roland , Salzmann Martin , Steinbach Markus
Published: October 2018

The sign language phenomenon that some scholars refer to as “agreement” has triggered controversial discussions among sign language linguists. Crucially, it has been argued to display properties that are at odds with the notion of agreement in spoken languages. A thorough theoretical investigation of the phenomenon may thus add to our understanding of the nature and limits of agreement in natural language. Previous analyses of the phenomenon can be divided into three groups: (i) gesture-based non-syntactic analyses, (ii) hybrid solutions combining syntactic and semantic agreement, and (iii) syntactic accounts under which agreement markers are reanalyzed as clitics. As opposed to these accounts, we argue in this paper that sign language agreement does represent an instance of agreement proper, as familiar from spoken language, that is fully governed by syntactic principles. We propose an explicit formal analysis couched within the Minimalist Program that is modality-independent and only involves mechanisms that have been independently proposed for the analysis of agreement in spoken language. Our proposal is able to capture the (apparent) peculiarities of sign language agreement such as the distinction of verb types (only some verbs show agreement), the behavior of backwards verbs (verbs displaying agreement reversal), and the distribution of the agreement auxiliary. However, we suggest that the combination of mechanisms is modality-specific, that is, agreement in sign language, and in German Sign Language in particular, involves modality-independent ingredients, but uses a modality-specific recipe which calls for a (somewhat) unusual combination of independently motivated mechanisms.
Componentes estratégicos de la psicotecnia y sus proyecciones en el ámbito de la escuela, la fábrica y el mercado laboral (1930-1967)
Authors: Benítez Saavedra Jorge Esteban
Published: October 2018

Este artículo pretende reconstruir los componentes estratégicos del dispositivo psicotécnico y los diferentes ámbitos sociales hacia los cuales se proyectaron sus aplicaciones en Chile entre 1930 y 1967. La noción de dispositivo constituyó una herramienta teórica pertinente para desentrañar la materialidad del discurso psicotécnico, entendiéndolo como una tecnología que participa directamente en la producción y gestión de las relaciones laborales. En este caso se pone en evidencia que el proyecto de la psicotecnia, sobre la base del concepto de “aptitud”, buscó incidir en el control del mercado de trabajo para asegurar el máximo aprovechamiento de las energías disponibles, desplazando de paso a los antiguos mecanismos de reclutamiento basados en la sociabilidad obrera. Para ello la psicotecnia debió articular diferentes intereses y espacios de intervención social, tales como la escuela, la seguridad social y la fábrica. Se concluye que este proyecto solo logró consolidarse a partir de los años 50, cuando los agentes del Estado, el empresariado y los organismos internacionales convergieron en la necesidad de promover los principios de la organización científica del trabajo.
Tecnologías de la información y la comunicación: nuevas configuraciones mentales y sus implicaciones para la educación
Authors: Rodríguez Arocho Wanda C.
Published: October 2018

Este artículo examina el estado actual de la investigación en torno la relación entre nuevas tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC), las transformaciones mentales mediadas por esas herramientas culturales y la educación en la era digital. Se discuten investigaciones que documentan la emergencia de nuevas configuraciones subjetivas mediadas por estas tecnologías, con claras implicaciones y aplicaciones para la educación que van desde la formación docente hasta las actividades cotidianas en la sala de clase y todos los escenarios posibles de aprendizaje. Aunque la mayor parte del cuerpo de investigación que se ha generado sobre este tema no ha asumido explícitamente el enfoque histórico-cultural como marco conceptual al interpretar sus hallazgos, este trabajo tiene como objetivo argumentar que se trata de una perspectiva privilegiada para significar los mismos. Por la centralidad que tiene en esta perspectiva la relación educación-desarrollo, la conclusión aboga por una pedagogía crítica acorde con las presentes condiciones histórico-culturales.
Effect of Saline Stress and Calcium Nitrate on Lettuce Grown on Coconut Fiber
Authors: Oliveira Francisco de A. de , Marques Isabelly C. da S. , Targino Ana Jacqueline de Oliveira , Cordeiro Carla J. X. , Oliveira Mychelle K. T. de , Régis Lúcia R. de L. , Costa Paula A. de A. , Freitas Rafaelle da S.
Published: October 2018

This study aimed to evaluate the use of saline solutions enriched with calcium nitrate in the production of lettuce grown in coconut fiber. The experiment was carried out from July to August 2017 in a greenhouse, at the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region (UFERSA), Mossoró-RN, Brazil. A randomized block design was used, in 2 × 5 factorial scheme, with three replicates. Treatments resulted from the combination of two lettuce cultivars [Elba (Curly) and Irene (Crisphead)] and five nutrient solutions (S1- standard nutrient solution; S2-S1 + NaCl (28.48 mmol L-1); S3-S2 + Ca(NO3)2 (6.89 mmol L-1); S4-S2 + Ca(NO3)2 (9.15 mmol L-1); S5-S2 + Ca(NO3)2 (11.43 mmol L-1)]. Plants were harvest 30 days after transplantation and the following variables were analyzed: head diameter, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, specific leaf area and leaf succulence. The cv. Irene (Crisphead) is more tolerant to nutrient solution salinity compared with the cv. Elba (Curly). Nutrient solutions enriched with 50 and 100% of Ca(NO3)2 promoted better performance of the cultivars Elba and Irene, respectively, fertigated with saline nutrient solution.
Growth and Anatomical Alterations in Leaves of Popcorn Induced by Abiotic Stresses
Authors: Trevizan Claudia B. , Magalhães Hélida M. , Souza Silvia G. H. de
Published: October 2018

Stress by salt and aluminum (Al+3) causes significant loss in the growth of popcorn. Effects on the initial growth, especially of leaves and stomata, are poorly investigated, while no information is available for some cultivars. This work aims at verifying the effect of stress caused by salt and Al+3 on the initial growth, morphometry, and morphology of popcorn stomata (IAC-125), as well as on its foliar anatomy. In the presence of 50 mM or higher concentrations of NaCl, popcorn seedlings showed a reduction of 50% in shoot mass gains as compared to the control. With 150 mM or higher concentrations, mass gains reduced by 33% in popcorn root system as compared to the control. Small increases in shoot length were observed in seedlings treated with Al+3.The root system was highly affected by 160 µM or higher Al+3 concentrations. Pore opening and stomatal subsidiary cell width were altered under both salt and Al+3 stress. Stomatal density changes were observed only under salt stress. Tissue disruptions and cell numberreductions were verified in the epidermis and parenchyma under high Al+3 and saltconcentrations. The largest xylem and phloem cells were preserved in all treatments. Stress resulted in dehydration of plant tissues, which showed retraction under high concentrations of salt and Al+3due to anatomical changes in the leaves and morphometry of the stomata. Our results demonstrated that these characteristics contributed to a remarkable tolerance to salinity and aluminum, since they have an important protective role against different environmental stresses.
Artificial Neural Network and Multivariate Models Applied to Morphological Traits and Seeds of Common Beans Genotypes
Authors: Carvalho I. R. , Szareski V. J. , Demari G. H. , Barbosa M. H. , Conte G. G. , Lima L. F. S. de , Martins T. da S. , Uliana A. S. , Padilha M. T. , Souza V. Q. de , Aumonde T. Z. , Villela F. A. , Pedó T.
Published: October 2018

The aimed to characterize common beans genotypes utilizing multivariate models and artificial neural network thru the agronomic attributes and seeds dimensions. The experiment was conducted in the 2017/2018 crop season at the city of Tenente Portela - RS. The experimental design was expanded blocs, were 53 segregating F2 populations and ten cultivars considered checks, disposed in four repetitions. The accurate characterization of bean genotypes can be based in the reproductive period, cycle and seeds length. Genotypes with longer cycle increase the potential of ramifications, legume and seeds magnitude per plant and increase the seeds yield independent of the commercial group. The use of biometric approach allows revealing patterns to the genotype grouping, being the patterns magnitude dependent of the intrinsic premises to the Standardized Average Euclidian Distance, Tocher optimized grouping and Artificial Neural Network with non-supervised learning. It is defined that the Artificial Neural Network are determinant to define associative patterns, being these inferences indispensable to the common beans genotype selection that answer the agronomic attributes and seeds production.
Analysis of Egg Price Fluctuation and Cause
Authors: Yuhuan Wu , Fu Qin
Published: October 2018

In 2017, egg price in China has experienced a lot of ups and downs, which has had a significant impact on the laying hen farmers and the enterprises and related enterprises. In the first half of 2017, egg price fell, which has dropped to a minimum of 4.02 yuan/kg, while the profits of egg producers were impaired and the profit of egg processing enterprises declined. Starting in July, egg price recovered, breaking a price of 5 yuan/kg. Egg price rose sharply in August, reaching an average of 8.53 yuan/kg. In October, egg price began to fall, with a price of 7 yuan/kg. In November, egg price began to rise, rising to 8 yuan/kg. The sudden drop of egg price greatly affects the income and culture psychology of laying hen farmers, and influences the development of the egg industry. This study is aimed at egg price and egg price fluctuations in 2017, and get two conclusions: From January to July, due to the amount of laying hens breeding, breeding cost, information technology and the government’s environmental protection policy and terminal weak consumer spending, egg price fell sharply; egg price rebounded in August and December, and the highest price was in September and gradually steadied. At the same time, this paper analyzes the causes of egg price fluctuation from two aspects of supply and demand, and puts forward some suggestions on how to deal with the price fluctuations from the two aspects of enterprise and laying hen breeding farmers.
Crisis management as an organized action of responsible departments
Authors: Ratajczyk Barbara
Published: October 2018

The issues related to crisis management can be considered taking a multidimensional perspective. It is a set of various actions, which play the fundamental role in eliminating threats and counteracting them when they result in crisis situations. Crisis management can also be treated as a system designed to ensure the consistent and transparent functioning of numerous elements and institutions, often forming complex systems and subsystems that interact between each other to achieve the basic objective of protecting the population. Crisis management is understood as a response to a crisis situation characterized by strictly defined parameters, which provide the basis for devising relevant activities. This approach is adopted in the response phase of crisis management.
A revision of the genus Cicynethus Simon, 1910 (Araneae, Zodariidae), a tale of colour patterns
Authors: Jocqué Rudy , Henrard Arnaud
Published: October 2018

The genus Cicynethus Simon, 1910 is revised. Apart from the type species C. peringueyi Simon, 1893, only known from a juvenile, it contains five species, all of which are here described or redescribed based on adults: C. acer sp. nov. (♂♀), C. decoratus (Lawrence, 1952) comb. nov (♂), C. floriumfontis Jocqué, 1991 (♂♀), C. mossambicus sp. nov. (♂♀) and C. subtropicalis (Lawrence, 1952) comb. nov. (♂♀). The species are characterized by the genitalia, but also by the colour pattern. The distribution of the genus is extended to northern Mozambique. Cicynethus hongfuchui is transferred to Storenomorpha hongfuchui (Barrion, Barrion-Dupo & Heong, 2013) comb. nov. Cicynethus acanthopus Simon, 1910 is considered a species incertae sedis. A key to the species is provided.
SUPPORTING INDIGENOUS SOCIAL WORKERS IN FRONT-LINE PRACTICE
Authors: Burke Susan
Published: October 2018

Indigenous peoples have been reclaiming jurisdiction over their child welfare services and Western society has been increasingly acknowledging that Indigenous peoples are in the best position to provide these services. While the number of Indigenous social workers has historically been low, especially when compared to the population they serve, their numbers seem to be on the rise. In spite of that reality, most social service organizations continue to operate from a Western perspective, with little attention paid to the ways in which they must change in order to provide space for the Indigenous social workers they employ. This study explores the experiences of nine First Nations and Métis social workers in British Columbia (BC). The researcher, a Métis scholar and former child welfare social worker, conducted data collection and analysis through a Métissage framework, using semi-structured interviews. Thematic analysis revealed nine themes, including the need for (1) Knowledgeable leadership that supports autonomy; (2) Flexibility in practice; (3) Policy that fits both Indigenous and Western paradigms; (4) Relationships with other supportive social workers; (5) Support to navigate overlap between the personal and the professional; (6) Set standards/experienced co-workers; (7) Equitable workplace resources; (8) Respect regarding Indigenous identity, and; (9) Supports to maintain wellness. Recommendations suggest how this information can be used by organizations to better support the Indigenous social workers they employ.