bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liquid Chromatography under Limiting Conditions of Enthalpic Interactions: Enthalpic Partition Retention Mechanism
Authors: Berek Dušan , Capek Ignác , Mendichi Raniero , Labátová Stanislava
Published: November 2006

Summary: Applicability of the enthalpic partition (absorption) retention mechanism was evaluated in liquid chromatography under limiting conditions of enthalpic interactions (LC LC). It was shown that the barrier principle of LC LC also held in the case of enthalpic partition retention mechanism. LC columns packed with porous silica C‐18 bonded phase in combination with low‐polarity PS and PnBMA were employed. The partition‐promoting solvent was DMF and the partition‐preventing solvent was THF. Pore‐permeating molecules of DMF moved slowly along column and acted as a barrier, which hindered fast progression of pore excluded macromolecules. The barrier was either the eluent itself, or a narrow zone of DMF injected immediately before polymer solution. In the former case, the eluent contained a high concentration of DMF and would not allow polymer elution. However, the sample was injected in pure THF and traveled within its zone. Being decelerated by the DMF barrier, both PS and PnBMA eluted independently of their molar mass in total volume of column liquid. They could be efficiently and independently of their molar masses separated from the medium‐ and high‐polarity polymers, which did not exhibit enthalpic partition and eluted in the size exclusion mode. In contrast to recently evaluated adsorption based LC LC procedures, enthalpic partition produced broader, skewed, and often split peaks. This is assumed due to slow establishment of enthalpic partition equilibrium, possible presence of micropores in the C‐18 bonded phase, and/or due to deformation of shape of barrier edge. Therefore, limiting conditions of enthalpic partition are to be applied preferably to characterization of polar SEC eluted polymers after their discrimination from the low‐polarity macromolecules eluting in the LC LC mode.

Fast and efficient separation of polar minor (1%) polymer components from major (99%) polymer component.

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Fast and efficient separation of polar minor (1%) polymer components from major (99%) polymer component.
Fluorescent Dye‐Labeled Polymers Carrying Triphenylamine, Styrene, or Acrylate Pendant Groups
Authors: Lindner Stefan M. , Thelakkat Mukundan
Published: November 2006

Summary: An alkoxyamine initiator carrying a perylene bisimide unit suitable for the nitroxide mediated controlled radical polymerization of different monomers was synthesized. The synthesis, characterization, and properties of a series of polymers obtained from monomers such as 4‐vinyltriphenylamine, styrene, and different acrylates using this initiator are described. The controlled nature of the polymerization was demonstrated by time‐dependent measurements of the conversion and the molecular weight. The incorporation of the single fluorescent unit to the polymer chain end was verified by MALDI‐TOF MS. The perylene bisimide acts as an electron acceptor with a strong fluorescence. Since 4‐vinyltriphenylamine is a donor monomer, the resulting polymers exhibit photoluminescence quenching due to electron transfer between the donor polymer chain and the acceptor moiety. The perylene bisimide moiety shows aggregation via π‐π stacking which was studied using UV‐vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. By controlling the polymer chain length, the stacking of the perylene bisimide can be controlled. The LUMO and HOMO levels of the perylene bisimide initiator and the dye‐labeled polymer were determined by cyclic voltammetry as −3.7 and −6.0 eV, respectively. With this approach tailor‐made fluorescent dye‐labeled polymers with desired architecture, low polydispersity, and controlled molecular weight can be obtained as model systems for electron and energy transfer studies.

Schematic representation of electron transfer in dye‐labeled poly(vinyltriphenylamine).

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Schematic representation of electron transfer in dye‐labeled poly(vinyltriphenylamine).
Toward specifying the nature of the relationship between expressed emotion and schizophrenic relapse: the utility of curvilinear models
Authors: Breitborde Nicholas J. K. , López Steven R. , Wickens Thomas D. , Jenkins Janis H. , Karno Marvin
Published: November 2006

Although expressed emotion (EE) has been demonstrated to be associated with the course of schizophrenia, the nature of this relationship is unclear. This study proposes that testing for curvilinear relationships can identify the specific nature of the relationships between EE indices and relapse. The utility of curvilinear models was explored through a reanalysis of data from a prior study of EE among Mexican‐Americans (Karno et al., 1987). The results suggest that the relationship between the EE index of emotional overinvolvement (EOI) and relapse is curvilinear and that high levels of EOI may exert a toxic effect on course of illness whereas medium levels of EOI may be protective. The relationship between the EE index of warmth and relapse is also curvilinear and high levels of warmth appear to exert a protective effect on the course of illness. The role of culture is explored in explaining the specific manner in which EE relates to relapse among Mexican‐Americans. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patient‐reported outcome I: Measuring what matters in musculoskeletal care
Authors: Haywood Kirstie L
Published: November 2006

Patients have an important role to play in communicating the impact of disease and the effectiveness of health care. Well‐developed patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) can provide a clinically relevant and scientifically rigorous resource for including the patient perspective in decisions about health care and subsequent evaluation. This article will introduce readers to the field of health outcome assessment, and specifically to patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs). The reasons for measuring health, different types of PROMs and potential applications will be discussed. A second article will present important information for users of PROMs to consider when selecting and using PROMs in research, routine practice or quality assurance. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fracture and failure behavior of fabric‐reinforced all‐poly(propylene) composite (Curv®)
Authors: Romhány Gábor , Bárány Tamás , Czigány Tibor , Karger‐Kocsis József
Published: November 2006

The in‐plane static fracture of a fabric reinforced all‐poly(propylene) (all‐PP, Curv®) composite was studied at ambient temperature using the concept of the linear elastic fracture mechanics. The apparent fracture toughness was determined on single‐edge notched tensile specimens (SEN‐T) considering the maximum load. The related values did not differ much from those determined by the resistance curve (KR) method. The crack growth, requested to construct the KR curves, was traced by the movement in the center of gravity of the cumulative amplitude of the located acoustic emission (AE) events. The quality of consolidation of the all‐PP composite was reflected by the force‐displacement curve (appearance of pop‐in), course of the cumulative AE events during loading, extension and change of the estimated damage zone during fracture. The failure behavior was studied also by fractography and is discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Setting up diabetes clinics in Tanzania
Authors: Ramaiya K
Published: November 2006

Diabetes, hypertension, stroke, ischaemic heart disease and other non‐communicable diseases have low priority in the situation where communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria are exerting a significant toll on the national health care budgets. Tanzania has been experiencing a significant rise in the burden of diabetes. The Tanzania Diabetes Association (TDA), with the support of ‘partners’, has embarked on a project to improve the access to quality care for people with diabetes in the country.

Twenty‐nine diabetes clinics have been established on the mainland and eight clinics have been set up in Zanzibar and Pemba. In addition to establishing the clinics, training for health care professionals has also been provided, together with a ‘starter kit’ for each of the clinics, in order to effect the services.

The TDA is committed to ensuring that quality care for people with diabetes is accessible and sustainable. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Building capacity to reduce diabetes complications in the Pacific: the Vanuatu experience so far
Authors: Colagiuri R
Published: November 2006

Pacific Island countries lie in the region that is expected to experience among the greatest predicted increase in diabetes prevalence but have a limited capacity to address their ever increasing burden of diabetes and its consequences. This article describes the components and progress to date of a World Diabetes Foundation programme in Vanuatu which aims to reduce visual impairment, kidney disease and diabetes‐related amputations. This secondary prevention project is by definition clinically based but, to achieve its aims, adopts a broader focus on the systems that underpin clinical care — training, workforce, clinical guidelines and protocols, information, equipment and supplies, and the organisation of care. The ‘recipe’ is simple: (i) measure the baseline situation, (ii) build the model — develop a locally relevant model to strengthen the diabetes care system and address the identified problems, (iii) make a difference — implement and refine the model, and (iv) measure the difference. The key strategy is local engagement to build Vanuatu's capacity for self‐determination and sustainability in reducing the impact of diabetes on its people and its economy. Baseline assessment of the physical and financial impact of diabetes is nearing completion. Work on strengthening the diabetes care system is underway, clinical targets have been agreed and a clinical information system has been introduced. The willingness of the community to engage is evidenced by the recent establishment of a national diabetes association which is currently applying for membership of the International Diabetes Federation to join Vanuatu into the global diabetes community. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Step by Step, improving diabetic foot care in the developing world
Authors: Bakker K , Abbas ZG , Pendsey S
Published: November 2006

The increase in the prevalence of diabetes and its complications is alarming. The incidence of diabetic foot disease, which leads to foot amputations far too often, is unacceptably high. This is particularly true for developing countries.

Worldwide, every 30 seconds a lower limb is lost as a consequence of diabetes.

The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) Consultative Section and the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF), together with the Diabetic Foot Society of India (DFSI) and the Muhimbili University College of Health Sciences Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (MUCHS), have initiated a foot care project called ‘Step by Step, improving diabetic foot care in the developing world’. Participating countries were India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Tanzania. Teams, consisting of a doctor and a nurse or paramedic, were invited to attend a basic and an advanced course. The goal was to improve educational skills and the management of diabetic foot problems. An experienced national and international faculty was responsible for teaching and the practical sessions.

This article describes the design and the execution of the project. The outcome looks very positive. It is expected that the acquired knowledge and skills of the teams will sustain and that the effect of the courses will cascade from the teams to the local community. We expect that the setup of the project can ultimately help reduce the number of lower extremity amputations. The authors feel that this project is ready to be carried out in other developing countries.

This pilot study was generously supported by the World Diabetes Foundation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Improving the diabetes care in Belarus
Authors: Vainilovich Y , Danilova L , Zabarovskaya Z
Published: November 2006

Diabetes has become a significant medical and economic problem in Belarus. The direct expenses on diabetes are estimated to be about 10% of the total budget of the Ministry of Health. The incidence of type 2 diabetes has increased 2.5‐fold during the past 10 years, which reflects the growing prevalence of obesity in the adult population, especially in urban areas. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in children and adolescents has been increasing slowly over the past years with a current incidence rate of about 10 in 100 000. The National Diabetes Programme called ‘The Complex Programme Diabetes Mellitus’ was launched in 1999. It created the general goals and targets for improvement in diabetes care in Belarus. As part of the implementation of this programme, all people with diabetes have free access to insulin, syringes and oral glucose‐lowering medications. A decrease in the rate of blindness and end‐stage nephropathy during the last 10 years has been registered. As a result of the Diabetes and Pregnancy Centre activities the data on pregnancy have been improved with a higher number of deliveries in diabetic women and a significant decrease in perinatal child mortality. Unfortunately, the desired reduction in amputations has not been achieved so far, but the percentage of high level amputations has been lowered significantly.

The system of diabetes education in Belarus was established in 1987. Since then, diabetes schools have emerged throughout the country. However, recently we have faced the problem of decreased effectiveness of most diabetes schools as they fail to provide an optimal educational process because of lack of testing equipment and teaching materials. There is a great need to change education from the form of lectures to more practical‐directed programmes created for groups of patients with different needs and of different ages. Intensive and repeated education is the major priority for diabetes teams and the Belarusian Diabetes Association in the coming years. Only in cooperation with highly motivated and educated individuals with diabetes will the diabetes teams be able to achieve control over diabetes and decrease its medical and social burden. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Experimental solar spectral irradiance until 2500 nm: results and influence on the PV conversion of different materials
Authors: Pérez‐López J. J. , Fabero F. , Chenlo F.
Published: November 2006

In this work, results are presented concerning solar spectral irradiance measurements performed in Madrid in the wavelength range 250–2500 nm, that is, extending the spectral range far away from the wavelengths where PV semiconductors are active. These data were obtained considering a horizontal receiver surface during selected clear days covering the four seasons of the year. PV materials having different spectral responses (m‐Si, a‐Si, CIGS, CdTe) have been considered to calculate spectral factors (SF) taking as reference the standard solar spectrum AM1.5 defined in standard IEC 60904‐3. From these SFs, the influence of natural solar spectral variations in PV conversion has been established. It is shown, for example, that PV technologies based on a‐Si are highly favored, from the spectral point of view, in spring–summer compared to other technologies having broader spectral responses, which are more favored in autumn–winter. From the experimental measured solar spectra, we have calculated Weighed Solar Spectra (WSS) corresponding to the four seasons of the year and also to the whole year. The WSS represents, for a certain period of time, the solar spectrum weighed over the irradiance level. SFs have been calculated for different WSSs showing spectral gains for the four PV materials during almost the full year. Otherwise, it is also shown in this work how the near‐IR part of the solar spectrum affects the evaluation of the solar resource as a whole when reference solar cells made of different PV materials are used. For typical m‐Si, a‐Si, CIGS, and CdTe solar cells, the ratio ofIscover global irradiance is not constant along a given day showing variations that depend on the season and on the PV material considered. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the mechanisms for the homogenous gas‐phase elimination kinetics of some 2‐hydroxynitroalkanes
Authors: Añez Rafael , Izquierdo Rodolfo , Vidal Alba , Cordova Tania , Sierraalta Aníbal , Chuchani Gabriel
Published: November 2006

Theoretical studies for the kinetics of the gas phase elimination of 2‐hydroxynitroalkanes were carried out at MP2/6‐31G* level of theory. The mechanism for both secondary and tertiary 2‐hidroxynitroalkanes thermolysis is retro‐aldol type. In the case of the secondary 2‐hydroxynitroalkanes, that is, 3‐nitro‐2‐butanol and 3‐nitro‐2‐pentanol, the elimination reaction proceeds via a six‐membered cyclic transition state with the formation of actetaldehyde and the corresponding nitroalkane. In the case of the tertiary 2‐hydroxynitroalkane, 2‐methyl‐3‐nitro‐2‐propanol, the reaction also proceeds through a six‐membered cyclic transition state to give acetone and nitromethane. The calculated kinetic and thermodynamic parameters are in reasonable agreement with the reported experimental values. NBO charges revealed that polarization of both Nδ+C and CC bonds are important factors in the decomposition process. The tertiary substrate is favored due to stabilization of the C positive charge in the TS. The NBO analysis showed that these reactions are concerted and polar in nature. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
iGibbs: Improving Gibbs motif sampler for proteins by sequence clustering and iterative pattern sampling
Authors: Kim Sun , Wang Zhiping , Dalkilic Mehmet
Published: November 2006

The motif prediction problem is to predict short, conserved subsequences that are part of a family of sequences, and it is a very important biological problem. Gibbs is one of the first successful motif algorithms and it runs very fast compared with other algorithms, and its search behavior is based on the well‐studied Gibbs random sampling. However, motif prediction is a very difficult problem and Gibbs may not predict true motifs in some cases. Thus, the authors explored a possibility of improving the prediction accuracy of Gibbs while retaining its fast runtime performance. In this paper, the authors considered Gibbs only for proteins, not for DNA binding sites. The authors have developed iGibbs, an integrated motif search framework for proteins that employs two previous techniques of their own: one for guiding motif search by clustering sequences and another by pattern refinement. These two techniques are combined to a new double clustering approach to guiding motif search. The unique feature of their framework is that users do not have to specify the number of motifs to be predicted when motifs occur in different subsets of the input sequences since it automatically clusters input sequences into clusters and predict motifs from the clusters. Tests on the PROSITE database show that their framework improved the prediction accuracy of Gibbs significantly. Compared with more exhaustive search methods like MEME, iGibbs predicted motifs more accurately and runs one order of magnitude faster. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Serendipitous discovery of novel bacterial methionine aminopeptidase inhibitors
Authors: Evdokimov Artem G. , Pokross Matthew , Walter Richard L. , Mekel Marlene , Barnett Bobby L. , Amburgey Jack , Seibel William L. , Soper Shari J. , Djung Jane F. , Fairweather Neil , Diven Conrad , Rastogi Vinit , Grinius Leo , Klanke Charles , Siehnel Richard , Twinem Tracy , Andrews Ryan , Curnow Alan
Published: November 2006

In this article we describe the application of structural biology methods to the discovery of novel potent inhibitors of methionine aminopeptidases. These enzymes are employed by the cells to cleave the N‐terminal methionine from nascent peptides and proteins. As this is one of the critical steps in protein maturation, it is very likely that inhibitors of these enzymes may prove useful as novel antibacterial agents. Involvement of crystallography at the very early stages of the inhibitor design process resulted in serendipitous discovery of a new inhibitor class, the pyrazole‐diamines. Atomic‐resolution structures of several inhibitors bound to the enzyme illuminate a new mode of inhibitor binding. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced sampling of peptide and protein conformations using replica exchange simulations with a peptide backbone biasing‐potential
Authors: Kannan Srinivasaraghavan , Zacharias Martin
Published: November 2006

During replica exchange molecular dynamics (RexMD) simulations, several replicas of a system are simulated at different temperatures in parallel allowing for exchange between replicas at frequent intervals. This technique allows significantly improved sampling of conformational space and is increasingly being used for structure prediction of peptides and proteins. A drawback of the standard temperature RexMD is the rapid increase of the replica number with increasing system size to cover a desired temperature range. In an effort to limit the number of replicas, a new Hamiltonian‐RexMD method has been developed that is specifically designed to enhance the sampling of peptide and protein conformations by applying various levels of a backbone biasing potential for each replica run. The biasing potential lowers the barrier for backbone dihedral transitions and promotes enhanced peptide backbone transitions along the replica coordinate. The application on several peptide cases including in all cases explicit solvent indicates significantly improved conformational sampling when compared with standard MD simulations. This was achieved with a very modest number of 5–7 replicas for each simulation system making it ideally suited for peptide and protein folding simulations as well as refinement of protein model structures in the presence of explicit solvent. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semiconductor quantum dots devices: Recent advances and application prospects
Authors: Reithmaier J. P. , Somers A. , Kaiser W. , Deubert S. , Gerschütz F. , Forchel A. , Parillaud O. , Krakowski M. , Alizon R. , Hadass D. , Bilenca A. , Dery H. , Mikhelashvili V. , Eisenstein G. , Gioannini M. , Montrosset I. , Berg T. W. , van der Poel M. , Mørk J. , Tromborg B.
Published: November 2006

In this paper, a brief review will be given on recent advances in semiconductor quantum dots based optoelectronic devices. The focus will be on two major application areas, i.e., telecom devices and high power light sources, where some device examples will be discussed on the current status and for the future prospects. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Anisotropic exchange interaction induced by a few photons in semiconductor microcavities
Authors: Chiappe G. , Louis E. , Anda E. V.
Published: November 2006

We investigate coupling of localized spins in a semiconductor quantum dot embedded in a microcavity. The cavity mode and the quantum dot exciton are coupled forming a polariton, whereas excitons interact with localized spins via exchange. The Hamiltonian, which treats all degrees of freedom quantum mechanically, is solved exactly. Main results, for up to three photons and cavities with a finite quality factor, are: a) at sufficiently low temperatures a finite anisotropic exchange interaction between spins is induced for small exciton occupation numbers, b) a finite quality factor induces an abrupt change to and fro between ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interaction, and, c) the spin–spin correlation undergoes non‐trivial changes upon increasing the number of photons from one to three. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Resonance impurity scattering in superconductivity in PrOs4Sb12
Authors: Parker D. , Haas S. , Maki K.
Published: November 2006

The cover picture depicts the phase diagram of the heavy‐fermion superconductor PrOs4Sb12 (T c = 1.85 K) from measurements of magnetothermal conductivity data by K. Izawa et al. [1]. This superconductor is believed to have two phases with distinct order parameter symmetries. The high‐temperature, high‐field A‐phase contains four order parameter point nodes in the ab ‐plane and two additional nodes (not shown) along the c‐axis, while the lower‐temperature B‐phase contains just two point nodes in the ab ‐plane. This material is believed to be a spin‐triplet superconductor and exhibits two distinct superconducting transitions, as shown in the diagram. The picture relates to the Editor's Choice by David Parker et al. which proposes order parameters consistent with these data and works out the consequences of resonant impurity scattering in this material [2]. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of phytoestrogenic isoflavones from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) on experimental osteoporosis
Authors: Occhiuto F. , Pasquale R. De , Guglielmo G. , Palumbo D.R. , Zangla G. , Samperi S. , Renzo A. , Circosta C.
Published: November 2006

The most common type of osteoporosis is bone loss associated with ovarian hormone deficiency at menopause. There is evidence that diets which contain high levels of phytoestrogenic isoflavones are associated with a low incidence of osteoporosis and menopausal symptoms. Plant extracts, which contain high levels of isoflavones, such as Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), have been used to reduce menopausal symptoms.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the preventive effects of Red clover total isoflavones on the progression of bone loss induced by estrogens deficiency (ovariectomy) in rats. Bilateral ovariectomy was performed on female Wistar rats. One week after the operation the rats were treated with an oral dose of 20 and 40 mg of total isoflavones daily for 14 weeks. The results from this study showed that the ovariectomy reduced bone mineral content, femoral weight, femoral density, mechanical strength of the tibia and increased the levels of bone specific alkaline phosphatase in the serum and the number of osteoclasts in the femur sections compared with sham operated controls. Treatment with isoflavones significantly increased bone mineral content, mechanical strength of the tibia, femoral weight, femoral density and prevented the rise of serum alkaline phosphatase levels. In addition, the treatment with isoflavones significantly reduced the number of osteoclasts compared with the ovariectomized control rats. These findings suggest that Red clover isoflavones are effective in reducing bone loss induced by ovariectomy, probably by reducing of the bone turnover via inhibition of bone resorption. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of trandolapril and its metabolite trandolaprilat in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using solid‐phase extraction
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna V. S. , Kandikere Vishwottam N. , Shrivastava Wishu , Mudigonda Koteshwara
Published: November 2006

A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of trandolapril and its metabolite trandolaprilat in human plasma using ramipril as an internal standard. Following solid‐phase extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reversed‐phase column and analyzed by MS/MS in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M–H]− ions, m/z 429/168 for trandolapril, m/z 401/168 for trandolaprilat and m/z 415/166 for the internal standard. The method exhibited a linear dynamic range of 20–10 000 pg/mL for both trandolapril and trandolaprilat in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 20 pg/mL for both trandolapril and its metabolite. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 2.0 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization on silicon ion trap mass spectrometry applied to the quantitation of midazolam in rat plasma and determination of midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation kinetics in human liver microsomes
Authors: Steenwyk Rick C. , Hutzler J. Matthew , Sams Jim , Shen Zhouxin , Siuzdak Gary
Published: November 2006

The application of atmospheric pressure desorption/ionization on silicon (AP‐DIOS) coupled with ion trap mass spectrometry (ITMS) was investigated for the quantification of midazolam in rat plasma, and determination of midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation kinetics in pooled human liver microsomes. Results indicate good sensitivity with absolute detection limits for midazolam in rat plasma of approximately 300 femtograms. A linear dynamic range from approximately 10–5000 ng/mL was obtained in rat plasma with analysis times of 1 min per sample. Kinetic constants for midazolam 1′‐hydroxylation in human liver microsomes yielded an apparent Kmof 10.0 µM and Vmaxof 6.4 nmol/min/mg. Studies investigating the inhibition of 1′‐hydroxymidazolam formation by the cytochrome P450 3A4 model inhibitor ketoconazole yielded an IC50of 0.03 µM. Quantitative precision for replicate analysis of rat plasma and human liver microsomal samples was variable with relative standard deviation (RSD) values ranging from a low of approximately 3% to over 50%, with the highest variability observed in data from human liver microsomal incubations. While preliminary studies investigating the application of AP‐DIOS‐ITMS suggested feasibility of this technique to typical pharmacokinetic applications, further work is required to understand the underlying causes for the high variability observed in these investigations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Acute and repeated administration of fluoxetine, citalopram, and paroxetine significantly alters the activity of midbrain dopamine neurons in rats: An in vivo electrophysiological study
Authors: Sekine Yoshimoto , Suzuki Katsuaki , Ramachandran P. Veeraraghavan , Blackburn Thomas P. , Ashby Charles R.
Published: November 2006

We examined the effect of the administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) fluoxetine, citalopram, and paroxetine on the activity of spontaneously active dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) in anesthetized adult male Sprague–Dawley rats. This was accomplished using the technique of in vivo extracellular recording. A single injection of 2.5 mg/kg (i.p.) of fluoxetine significantly increased the number of spontaneously active SNC and VTA DA neurons. In contrast, a single injection of either 1 mg/kg (i.p.) of paroxetine or 5 mg/kg of fluoxetine significantly increased the number of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons. The repeated administration (one injection per day for 21 days) of all of the SSRIs produced a significant increase in the number of spontaneously active VTA DA neurons. Overall, our results indicate that the systemic administration of SSRI alters the activity of midbrain DA neurons with differential effects on VTA compared with SNC DA neurons. Synapse 61:72–77, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population studies of Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae): Adult dispersal in relation to the density
Authors: Murai Minoru
Published: November 2006

Two adjacent stations (H and L) were set up to study movement of C. saccharivorus adults in sugarcane fields. At the beginning of the study the density of C. saccharivorus including all stages of development was quite different between the two. The density of the first generation adult on Station H was about 5 times that on Station L. The number of C. saccharivorus on both the stations became almost the same one month after the beginning of the study. At the beginning of the study macropterous adults were more numerous in Station H than in Station L. However percentage of macropterous adults on Station L increased after one month whereas that on Station H declined.

About 2,000 marked adults were released on each station during the early period of the emergence of the first generation adult. Marked insects were recaptured on both the stations one month after the release. The adults released on the dense population (H) tended to disperse more actively than those on the scarce population (L). Marked macropterous adults moved more actively than brachypterous ones. The density related dispersal of adults was considered to be an important factor to regulate the population density.
A further note on Kiritani and Nakasuji's model for stage‐frequency data including comments on the use of Tukey's jackknife technique for estimating variances
Authors: Manly B. F. J.
Published: November 2006

Some general equations for stage‐frequency estimation are presented and their applications discussed.Tukey's (1958) jackknife technique is suggested for the calculation of the approximate variances associated with estimators of population parameters.
Maternal age as a source of variation in the ability of an aphid to produce dispersing forms
Authors: MacKay A. , Wellington W. G.
Published: November 2006

Apterous parthenogentic females of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), begin to produce alate offspring soon after they have been subjected to crowding.

Females which were born early in their own parent's reproductive period respond most strongly to crowding, producing much larger numbers of alatae than their late‐born sisters.

In contrast, the early‐born daughters of most alate females do not produce winged offspring after being crowded. Some of their later‐born sisters may produce a few winged individuals, resembling in this respect the late‐born daughters of the apterous females.

Control of the production of alatae thus begins in the grandparental generation. Risk‐spreading by means of differential dispersal becomes a less uncertain venture when local populations can modify their responses to environmental changes by utilizing past as well as present signals from their surroundings.
Generation carryover of a fraction of population members as an animal adaptation to unstable environmental conditions
Authors: Takahashi Fumiki
Published: November 2006

A heterogeneous life cycle of individuals in a population was examined on its adaptive significance to an unstable environmental condition. The trend of population growth was simulated by a simple mathematical model in which a part of population in a certain generation was carried over to the next generation without participating in the reproduction.

With the increase of the rate of carryover of individuals to the next generation the population fluctuation tended to be stabilized. A minute fraction of population is carried over, the effect is very large to prevent the population decline at a sequence of adverse environmental conditions. The population level increased greatly depending upon the extent of environmental change as far as the rate of carryover took an intermediate value. The optimum proportion of members to be carried over to the next generation was determined by the extent of environmental change and its frequency of occurrence.
The influence of pheromones produced by freely growing laboratory populations on the reproductive maturation of prairie deermice following prenatal and postnatal exposure
Authors: Kipps Patricia L. , Terman C. Richard
Published: November 2006

Significantly more females reared on bedding soiled by different populations reproduced by 100 days of age than those reared on bedding soiled by the same populations (P<.1) or on clean bedding (P<.025) whereas the latter two groups did not differ significantly. Significantly greater percentages of females reproduced in both treatments maintained on soiled bedding than was true in the populations from which the bedding came. There were no significant differences between treatments in the weights of the reproductive organs (testes, seminal vesicles, ovaries, uteri) or in the numbers of corpora lutea or mature follicles in the ovaries of nulliparous females. The data suggest that if there were reproductively inhibiting pheromones influencing the population animals, they were altered or dissipated immediately after removal of the bedding from the population enclosures or that they were nonfunctional in the absence of the population animals. These data further suggest that the reproductive inhibition of population young is due to the presence of the populaton animals and that sociobiological factors within the populations act to prevent the reproductively stimulating influence of materials which may be present.
Population dynamics of Malacosoma neustria testacea (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae): Stabilizing process in a field population
Authors: Shiga Masakazu
Published: November 2006

Stabilizing mechanism in population of Malacosoma neustria testacea was investigated in a central part of Japan based on eight year survey.

Population fluctuation in each developmental stage in the experimental field was rather small, i.e., 5.9 times in egg and 85.0 times in female adult. Pupal weight negatively correlated with the densities of 5th instar larvae and prepupae (cocoons) and correlation coefficient was highly significant in females. Population density was stabilized by density‐dependent dispersal of female moths in preovipositional period. Comparison between fecundity of emerged moths and that of actually oviposited ones in the experimental field suggested that density‐dependent dispersal took place as the result of density‐dependent size variation, i.e., small‐sized female months have higher flying ability. This hypothesis was supported by the experiment in which flying ability of newly emerged female moth was measured. Similar stabilizing mechanism is expected to occur in semelparous or pro‐ovigenic insects.
Studies on the basic components of the predation of Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot (Acarina: Phytoseiidae)
Authors: Ryoo Mun Il
Published: November 2006

The basic components of the predation of Phytoseiulus persimilisAthias‐Henriot feeding upon eggs of Tetranychus urticaeKoch were studied in an open system where the predator could disperse freely.

The type of the functional response of the predator to the density of its prey was the same as that studied so far in a closed system, i.e.,Holling's Type 2. The search rate of the predator, however, was much lower in comparison with the result from a closed system. The oviposition of the predator per day was only weakly related to prey densities higher than 10 per leaf disc. But the emigration rate was inversely dependent upon the initial prey density up to 60 per leaf disc. The searching behaviour of the predator was influenced by both the web density spun by T. urticae and the density of the prey: the predator searched for its prey intensively only after it had contact with web. Mutual interference was observed in prey consumption, but not in the emigration rate. The emigration rate was largely dependent upon the prey density available per predator.
Impact of developmental variance on behavior of models for insect populations II. Models for populations with density dependent restrictions on growth
Authors: Bellows T. S.
Published: November 2006

The impact of variation in developmental times on behavior of models for insect populations is investigated with special reference to models which include various types of intraspecific competition. At low densities, increases in developmental variation led to decreases in reproductive rate. At high densities, increases in developmental variation led to increases in reproductive rate. There was little change in the relationship between developmental variance and generation time as density increased.
Comparison of male adult population densities of the oriental and artocarpus fruit flies, Dacus spp. (Diptera: Tephritidae), in two nearby villages in Penang, Malaysia
Authors: Hong Tan Keng , Jaal Zairi
Published: November 2006

The populations of native male adult oriental fruit fly Dacus dorsalis (Hendel) and artocarpus fruit fly D. umbrosus (F.) in two selected site (BU and SD) were estimated weekly by the capture‐recapture technique using live traps baited with methyl eugenol. In BU where many varieties of fruit trees were grown, the estimated population densities of D. dorsalis were between 980 and 3100 male flies per ha between May and July, 1984. During the same period, in SD where there were fewer number and varieties of fruit trees, the estimated population densities were between 300 and 1000 flies per ha. The estimated population densities of D. umbrosus over the same period were between 570 and 1290 flies per ha in BU; and between 5 and 95 flies per ha in SD.

Of a total 6828 marked D. dorsalis flies released only one fly (released 6 weeks earlier in BU) was caught in a different site.
Growth, egg production, and population density of the spider, Nephila clavata in relation to food conditions in the field
Authors: Miyashita Tadashi
Published: November 2006

Field studies were carried out to clarify the growth pattern, egg production and changes in the population density of the spider, Nephila clavata, in relation to food conditions.

Larger individuals, which might have consumed more amount of food, became gravid earlier (early October), but even smaller ones also became gravid by early November. The difference of body size in mature females was greater than those reported in other species.

The rate of growth and the fecundity were greater in the plot where food was more abundant, and the number of individuals in the early part of the development period in the following year was also greater in that plot.

Although the population densities in the early part of the development period differed considerably between the two study plots, the difference became obscure after September when almost all spiders had matured. This suggests that the number of adult individuals had little relation to that of juveniles.
The total synthesis and metabolism of 4‐decenoate, dodeca‐3,6‐dienoate, tetradeca‐5,8‐dienoate and hexadeca‐7,10‐dienoate in the fat‐deficient rat
Authors: Sprecher Howard
Published: November 2006

Methyl 4‐decenoate (10∶1ω6), methyl dodeca‐3,6‐dienoate (12∶2ω6), methyl tetradeca‐5,8‐dienoate (14∶2ω6) and methyl hexadeca‐7,10‐dienoate (16∶2ω6) were prepared by total synthesis. Rats raised on a fat‐deficient diet for 2 1/2 months received 100 mg per day of one of the experimental acids or methyl linoleate for a period of 16 days. The liver lipids were extracted, converted to methyl esters and analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. Neither 10∶1ω6 nor 12∶2ω6 served as biosynthetic precursors for linoleate. Small amounts of 14∶2ω6 were convered to linoleate while 16∶2ω6 served as an efficient precursor for linoleate and longer chain ω6 acids. None of the short chain ω6 acids were incorporated directly into liver lipids.
Positional distribution of fatty acids in depot triglycerides of aquatic animals
Authors: Brockerhoff H. , Hoyle R. J. , Hwang P. C. , Litchfield Carter
Published: November 2006

Stereospecific triglyceride analyses were performed on fats of the following animals: five aquatic invertebrates, five freshwater fish, six marine fish, three marine birds, two amphibia, two seals, a whale, and a marine turtle. The distribution of faty acids was asymmetrical in most cases. A formula is presented which describes the general tendencies of fatty acid distribution in many animal fats, and some special rules which modify this formula are stated.
The structure of rat liver triglycerides
Authors: Slakey Sister P. M. , Lands W. E. M.
Published: November 2006

The fatty acid compositions at the 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐positions3 of rat liver triglycerides were determined by using pancreatic lipase and diglyceride kinase. The distribution of acids between the 1‐ and 3‐positions is not random; rather each position has a characteristic composition. The relative abundance of species and positional isomers in the triglyceride mixture was predicted by using values from the stereospecific analysis and assuming that the composition of each position is independent of the other two. The total triglyceride was resolved into species by using TLC with silver nitrate and Silica Gel G, and the relative amounts corresponded closely with those predicted on the basis of this assumption.

The major species were isolated, and the distribution of their fatty acids among the three glyceride positions was determined. From these data the relative amount of each positional isomer was calculated. The results indicate that the esterification of fatty acids at each position proceeds with a specificity that is not correlated with the composition of the other positions with the molecule.

The relative abundance of the different liver triglyceride species is also found to be related in part to the composition of the 1,2‐diglyceride units found in the lecithins of this tissue.
Metabolism of alkyl glyceryl ethers in the rat
Authors: Oswald Edward O. , Anderson Carl E. , Piantadosi Claude , Lim James
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of14C‐ and3H‐labeled alkyl glyceryl ethers after intraperitoneal injections was examined in the liver and intestine of the rat. Additionally, in vitro experiments were conducted with intestinal homogenates and intetinal contents.

From these investigations it was concluded that the liver and the intestine metabolize the alkyl glyceryl ethers very differently. Intestinal contents can alter α‐batyl alcohol, as indicated by preliminary experiments, and intestinal cells contain enzyme systems which convert the alkyl glyceryl ethers to the mono‐ and di‐acyl derivatives. Very little esterified glyceryl ethers were found in the liver lipids. The intestine contains an enzyme system which, although it has a greater specificity for chain length and for isomeric position of the ether than that of the liver system, does cleave the glyceryl ethers.

From in vivo studies, of intestinal tissue it was concluded that all of the injected glyceryl ethers were converted intact the ethanolamine, serine, and choline alkyl glyceryl ether phospholipids; with the use of α‐batyl alcohol, the phosphatidyl ethanolamine fraction, contained most of the labeled glyceryl ether phospholipid with β‐batyl alcohol, α‐chimyl, and β‐chimyl alcohols, the phosphatidyl, choline fraction contained most of the labeled alkyl glyceryl ether phospholipid. No significant amount (<1%) of labeled alkyl glyceryl ether phospholipids was found in any of the rat‐liver lipids.
Autoxidation of saturated fatty acids. I. The initial products of autoxidation of methyl palmitate
Authors: Brodnitz Michael H. , Nawar Wassef W. , Fagerson Irving S.
Published: November 2006

A highly purified methyl palmitate free of all detectable impurities was oxidized by aeration at 150C. Monohydroperoxide was shown by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), spot and spray test, and polarography to be the initial autoxidation product.