bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Infestation of Branched Broomrape, Orobanche ramosa (Orobanchaceae), on Black Medic, (Medicago lupulina) (Fabaceae), in Virginia
Authors: Musselman L. J. , Bolin J. F.
Published: January 2008

Orobanche ramosa L. is arguably the most insidious of the major broomrapes, achlorophyllous root parasites of various row crops (4). It has a broad host range and is the most widely spread of any agronomically important broomrape. In the United States, California, Kentucky, and Texas have persistent populations. The California and Texas populations are carefully monitored. Isolated and ephemeral occurrences were reported from New Jersey and a New York greenhouse (1). In May 2006, remnants of capsules were found by a botany student in an urban area of Norfolk, VA. We visited the site during May 2007 and found a flowering population of approximately 100 plants parasitizing Medicago lupulina L. On the basis of size, color, and shape of the corolla and capsule and the branching pattern, the species was determined to be O. ramosa, part of a complex of closely related taxa that is currently undergoing revision. It differs from native broomrapes and the widely introduced O. minor because of its corolla color and branching habit (2). To our knowledge, this is the first record on M. lupulina although other species of Medicago are known hosts (L. J. Musselman, unpublished data). The site of the infestation is an approximately 230-m2 mowed area next to a carwash, suggesting that seeds could have come from trash removed from cars at the vacuuming station that vents onto the mowed area. Since the carwash is near a large naval base with a transient population, seeds could have come from anywhere in the world. This species exhibits little host specificity, and earlier studies have shown that numerous crops can be parasitized by plants grown from seed collected from broomrape on wild or ornamental hosts (3). Crops grown in the Middle Atlantic Region, which are especially susceptible to parasitism by O. ramosa, include potato (Solanum tuberosum), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum). Because of the broad host range and potential damage by this parasite, as well as its record of expanding distribution, agricultural workers should be aware of its presence in the Mid-Atlantic States. Voucher specimens from this infestation have been deposited at the following herbaria: ODU, NCU, and VPI ( http://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/IndexHerbariorum.asp ). At the time of this publication, the USDA APHIS has initiated a control program for this first documented population in Virginia (2).

References: (1) R. Jain and C. L. Foy. Weed Technol. 3:608, 1989. (2) L. J. Musselman. Castanea 47:266, 1982. (3) L. J. Musselman and C. Parker. Econ. Bot. 36:270, 1982. (4) D. L. Nickrent and L. J. Musselman. The Plant Health Instructor. Online publication. doi: 10.1094/PHI-I-2004-0330-01, 2004.
First Report of Phytoplasma Infection of Grasses in Singapore
Authors: Koh L. H. , Yap M. L. , Yik C. P. , Niu S. N. , Wong S. M.
Published: January 2008

In September of 2005, patches of Cynodon dactylon showing symptoms of bleached leaves were first observed in an open field in Singapore. Samples were collected from this site, from which total DNA was extracted with a Qiagen DNeasy kit (Catalog No 69104) and analyzed for phytoplasma DNA by a PCR assay with phytoplasma universal primer pairs P1/PTint (3). Resulting PCR products were each diluted 1:30 with sterilized distilled water and used in nested PCR with primer pair R16F2n and R16R2 (1). Twenty-five C. dactylon samples were assessed by this means, of which eight of eight with bleached leaves and four of seventeen symptomless samples tested positive. Widened disease surveillance identified the grasses, Axonopus compressus and Paspalum conjugatum, with similar bleached leaf symptoms in December 2006 and May 2007, respectively. Twenty-three of fifty-three A. compressus and six of twenty P. conjugatum samples were detected as positive for phytoplasma infection with the above PCR methods. A comparative analysis of sequences derived from the three grass hosts determined that the phytoplasma infecting C. dactylon (Genbank Accession No. EU234510) was most similar (>99%) to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma cynodontis’ (GenBank Accession No. AB052871.1), whereas those detected in A. compressus (Genbank Accession No. EU234511) and P. conjugatum (Genbank Accession No. EU234512) were most similar (>99%) to the Brachiaria white leaf phytoplasma (GenBank Accession No. AB052872.1) (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of phytoplasmas in C. dactylon, A. compressus, and P. conjugatum in Singapore.

References: (1) I. M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 48:1153, 1998. (2) C. Marcone et al. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54:1077, 2004. (3) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:2988, 1996.
Is sociality associated with high longevity in North American birds?
Authors: Blumstein D.T , Møller A.P
Published: January 2008

Sociality, as a life-history trait, should be associated with high longevity because complex sociality is characterized by reproductive suppression, delayed breeding, increased care and survival, and some of these traits select for high longevity. We studied the relationship between cooperative parental care (a proxy of complex sociality) and relative maximum lifespan in 257 North American bird species. After controlling for variation in maximum lifespan explained by body mass, sampling effort, latitude, mortality rate, migration distance and age at first reproduction, we found no significant effect of cooperative care on longevity in analyses of species-specific data or phylogenetically independent standardized linear contrasts. Thus, sociality itself is not associated with high longevity. Rather, longevity is correlated with increased body size, survival rate and age of first reproduction.
To delay once or twice: the effect of hypobiosis and free-living stages on the stability of host–parasite interactions
Authors: Gaba Sabrina , Gourbière Sébastien
Published: January 2008

The life cycle of many endoparasites can be delayed by free-living infective stages and a developmental arrestment in the host referred to as hypobiosis. We investigated the effects of hypobiosis and its interaction with delay in the free-living stages on host–parasite population dynamics by expanding a previous attempt by Dobson & Hudson. When the parasite life cycle does not include free-living stages, hypobiosis destabilizes the host–parasite interactions, irrespective of the assumptions about the regulation of the host population dynamics. Interestingly, the destabilizing effect varies in a nonlinear way with the duration of hypobiosis, the maximal effect being expected for three to five months delay. When the parasite life cycle involves free-living stages, hypobiosis of short or intermediate duration increases the destabilizing effect of the first time delay. However, hypobiosis of a duration of five months or more can stabilize interactions, irrespective of the regulation of the host population dynamics. Overall, we confirmed that hypobiosis is an unusual time delay as it can stabilize a two-way interaction. Contrary to the previous conclusions, such an atypical effect does not require self-regulation of the host population, but instead depends on the existence of free-living stages.
Mechanics of nanotubes oscillating in carbon nanotube bundles
Authors: Cox Barry J , Thamwattana Ngamta , Hill James M
Published: January 2008

Carbon nanotubes are nanostructures that promise much in the area of constructing nanoscale devices due to their enhanced mechanical, electrical and thermal properties. In this paper, we examine a gigahertz oscillator that comprises a carbon nanotube oscillating in a uniform concentric ring or bundle of carbon nanotubes. A number of existing results for nanotube oscillators are employed to analyse the design considerations of optimizing such a device, and significant new results are also derived. These include a new analytical expression for the interaction per unit length of two parallel carbon nanotubes involving the Appell hypergeometric functions. This expression is employed to precisely determine the relationship between the bundle radius and the radii of the nanotubes forming the bundle. Furthermore, several pragmatic approximations are also given, including the relationships between the bundle radius and the constituent nanotube radius and the oscillating tube radius and the bundle nanotube radius. We also present a simplified analysis of the force and energy for a nanotube oscillating in a nanotube bundle leading to an expression for the oscillating frequency and the maximum oscillating frequency, including constraints on configurations under which this maximum is possible.
Numerical study of a multiscale expansion of the Korteweg–de Vries equation and Painlevé-II equation
Authors: Grava T , Klein C
Published: January 2008

The Cauchy problem for the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV) equation with small dispersion of order
ϵ
2
,
ϵ
≪1, is characterized by the appearance of a zone of rapid modulated oscillations. These oscillations are approximately described by the elliptic solution of KdV where the amplitude, wavenumber and frequency are not constant but evolve according to the Whitham equations. Whereas the difference between the KdV and the asymptotic solution decreases as
ϵ
in the interior of the Whitham oscillatory zone, it is known to be only of order
ϵ
1/3
near the leading edge of this zone. To obtain a more accurate description near the leading edge of the oscillatory zone, we present a multiscale expansion of the solution of KdV in terms of the Hastings–McLeod solution of the Painlevé-II equation. We show numerically that the resulting multiscale solution approximates the KdV solution, in the small dispersion limit, to the order
ϵ
2/3
.
Compensatory growth and oxidative stress in a damselfly
Authors: De Block Marjan , Stoks Robby
Published: January 2008

Physiological costs of compensatory growth are poorly understood, yet may be the key components in explaining why growth rates are typically submaximal. Here we tested the hypothesized direct costs of compensatory growth in terms of oxidative stress. We assessed oxidative stress in a study where we generated compensatory growth in body mass by exposing larvae of the damselflyLestes viridisto a transient starvation period followed by ad libitum food. Compensatory growth in the larval stage was associated with higher oxidative stress (as measured by induction of superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the adult stage. Our results challenge two traditional views of life-history theory. First, they indicate that age and mass at metamorphosis not necessarily completely translate larval stress into adult fitness and that the observed physiological cost may explain hidden carry-over effects. Second, they support the notion that costs of compensatory growth may be associated with free-radical-mediated trade-offs and not necessarily with resource-mediated trade-offs.
Population dynamics and sex ratio of a parasitoid altered by fungal-infected diet of host butterfly
Authors: van Nouhuys Saskya , Laine Anna-Liisa
Published: January 2008

Variation of host quality affects population dynamics of parasitoids, even at the landscape scale. What causes host quality to vary and the subsequent mechanisms by which parasitoid population dynamics are affected can be complex. Here, we examine the indirect interaction of a plant pathogen with a parasitoid wasp. Under laboratory conditions, parasitoids from hosts fed fungus-infected plants weighed less than those from hosts fed uninfected plants,. indicating that the fungus causes the hosts to be of poor quality. However, parasitoids reared from hosts fed fungal-infected diet also tended to be female, a characteristic associated with high host quality. The pathogen, herbivore and parasitoid persist regionally as metapopulations in a shared landscape in Åland, Finland. In an analysis of the metapopulation dynamics of the parasitoid over 6 years, the probability of colonization of a host population increased by more than twofold in patches occupied by the plant pathogen. While we cannot determine that the relationship is causal, a compelling explanation is that the plant pathogen facilitates the establishment by the parasitoid by increasing the fraction of female offspring. This is a novel mechanism of spatial multi-trophic level interactions.
A SURVEY OF THE CITY MANAGER PLAN IN CANADA
Authors: McIver John M.
Published: January 2008

The information contained in this article is the result of a survey questionnaire sent to all city managers in Canada in connection with a research project on the Council‐Manager form of municipal government in Canada. This project was undertaken as part of the writer's graduate studies at the School of Public Administration at Carleton University. I would like to express my appreciation for the assistance given by the school and especially to Dr. D. C. Rowat for the invaluable assistance he gave me in interpreting the data. I would also like to thank all those city managers who took the time in their busy schedules to complete the questionnaire because without their cooperation this survey would not have been possible.
Administrative reform in the federal public service: signs of a saturation psychosis
Authors: Laframboise H. L.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The thesis of this article is that managers in the federal public service have been required, in the past five years, to introduce and administer internal reforms which, in total, are far beyond the capacity of the system to absorb. As a result, managers have had to neglect their primary task of serving the public and are becoming increasingly impatient with the imposition of administrative reforms and the proportion of time required for their introduction and operation.

In support of his thesis, the author spells out the consequences, in terms of the diversion of managerial effort, in implementing recommendations of the Glassco Report, collective bargaining, bilingualism and the decision to establish the Treasury Board Secretariat as ‘general manager and employer’ of the public service.

The purpose of the article is to generate a debate which would lead to a more careful approach to introducing reforms and might even reverse some of the changes whose results do not warrant the effort required.

Sommaire. La thèse de cet article, c'est que les cadres de la fonction publique fédérate ont dû, dans les cinq dernières années, initier et administrer des réformes internes qui, dans leur totalité, dépassent de beaucoup la capacité d'absorption du système. En conséquence, les cadres ont dû négliger leur tâche principale qui est de servir le public et ils tolèrent de moins en moins bien I'imposition de réiormes administratives et la perte du temps consacréà leur mise en vigueur.

A l'appui de cette thèse, l'auteur expose les conséquences, du point de vue de la dispersion de l'effort des cadres, de l'application des recommendations du Rapport Glassco, des négotiations collectives, du bilinguisme et de la décision de faire du Secrétariat du Conseil du trésor ←le directeur général et l'employeur→ de la fonction publique.

Le but de cet article est de susciter un débat qui aurait pour conséquence de faire aborder les réformes de façon plus prudente et qui pourrait même faire marche arrière lorsque les résultats des changements ne justifient pas l'effort requis.
Government in an urban society
Authors: Burns R. M.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The role of government is being increased by the growing demand for collective goods which only the public sector can supply but there has been no comparable political reform to meet the needs. The interaction of the various jurisdictions has become more complex and necessary. Although in the present period the forces of urbanization are dominant the problems cannot be solved within the existing powers available to municipal governments, nor in isolation from other levels of government.

The major factor in the current unrest is imbalance of resources and responsibilities. No one has yet found a way to relate the capacity for most effective performance in the public sector with the capacity for the most effective use of public resources available to pay for them. The most serious aspect for the municipalities is that the taxes most capable of meeting the public demand are least suited to local administration.

Some workable method must be found of reaching agreement on principles of governmental responsibility and of involving the municipalities, through consultation and collaboration, in the process of change. Everything seems to point to the desirability of extensive study and the staging of change so that various alternative solutions can be properly assessed.

Sommaire. La demande croissante d'avantages collectifs que seul le secteur public peut fournir augmente l'importance du rôle du gouvernement mais sans qu'il y ait eu de réforme politique comparable pour répondre aux besoins. L'interaction des différentes juridictions est devenue plus complexe et plus nécessaire. A l'heure actuelle, les forces d'urbanisation dominent mais les gouvernements municipaux ne peuvent ni résoudre les problèmes qui en découlent avec les pouvoirs dont ils disposent, ni le faire indépendamment des autres niveaux de gouvernement.

L'élément principal du malaise est le déséquilibre entre les ressources et les responsabilités. Personne n'a encore trouvé le moyen d'établir un rapport entre l'efficacité maximale des performances dans le secteur public et l'usage maximal des ressources publiques existantes pour les financer. L'aspect le plus grave de cette question pour les municipalités, c'est que les taxes qui peuvent permettre le mieux de satisfaire la demande du public sont celles qui se prêtent le moins bien à une administration locale.

Il va falloir trouver une méthode pratique pour s'accorder sur les principes de la responsabilité gouvemementale et pour faire participer les municipalités au processus de changement par la consultation et la collaboration. Tout semble indiquer le besoin d'une étude approfondie et la nécessité de procéder par étapes de façon à pouvoir évaluer convenablement les différentes solutions possibles.
The delegation of authority to crown corporations
Authors: Irvine A. G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This paper attempts to outline how to improve the performance of the crown corporations of the Government of Canada. It surveys the activities of 52 crown corporations to show that those operating enterprises are concentrated in transport, communications, finance and trade while most of the others provide economic or social support services. Crown corporations are then shown to be a quite different form of organization from commercial companies. The criteria for their establishment are next distinguished: crown corporations do not undertake political or judicial functions and perform at least one of the functions of managing capital assets, lending, making transfer payments and research. After their establishment, corporations operating enterprises tend to be given limited powers to make economic decisions and are often required to make uneconomic expenditures while the major authority delegated to most of the non‐enterprises is one to spend. The managements of enterprises should therefore have full authority to make economic decisions, except when they borrow, and be relieved of uneconomic activities provided that they achieve standards of performance determined in advance. The managements of other crown corporations should continue to have authority to spend, subject to their demonstrating that their corporations produce services which a department cannot supply either readily or at lower cost.

Sommaire. Cet exposé est un essai en vue de déterminer les moyens d'améliorer le rendement des sociétés de la couronne du Gouvernement du Canada. L'auteur étudie les activités de 52 sociétés de la couronne pour démontrer que celles qui exploitent des enterprises se cantonnent surtout dans le domaine des transports, des communications, de la finance et du commerce, tandis que la plupart des autres fournissent des services d'appoint économiques et sociaux. Il souligne ensuite la différence entre les sociétés de la Couronne et les entreprises commerciales. Puis il dégage les critères régissant leur fondation: les sociétés de la couronne n'assument aucune fonction politique ou judiciaire et remplissent au moins une des quatre fonctions de gérance des capitaux, prêts, paiements par transfert et recherche. Après leur établissement, les sociétés exploitant des entreprises accèdent souvent à une autorité bornée sur les décisions économiques et se voient souvent obligées à faire des dépenses désraisonnables du point de vue économique, alors que le pouvoir principal conféré aux sociétes sans but commercial est justement de dépenser. La direction des entreprises devrait done être autorisée à prendre des décisions économiques, sauf dans les cas d'emprunts, et être dégagée de toute activité non rentable à condition d'atteindre des normes de rendement fixées d'avance. La direction des autres sociétés de la Couronne devrait conserver le pouvoir de faire des déboursés, à condition d'être en mesure de démontrer que leur société fournit des services qu'un ministère serait incapable de donner sans difficulté ou à meilleur marché.
The financing of post‐secondary education: basic issues and distribution of costs†
Authors: Wright Douglas T.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The papa‐ outlines some of the history of recent development in post‐secondary education in Ontario, with particular reference to planning mechanisms and finance. Planning questions are related to an outline analysis of some functions of post‐secondary education. The question of ‘custody’ as a function is raised, and it is noted that payment for attendance may imply custody as output or function. The relationship of education to certification and employment is discussed. Public/private cost allocation is considered in terms of social accessibility and transfers of resources. The question is raised whether post‐secondary education will tend to become ‘universal’ as secondary education has done in the past thirty years.

Sommaire. Dans cet exposé, l'auteur décrit certains développements récents de l'enseignement post‐secondaire en Ontario, en insistant plus particulièrement sur les mécanismes de planification et de financement. Il établit un rapport entre les questions de planification et une analyse générale de certaines fonctions de l'enseignement post‐secondaire. Il soulève la question de la ← garde → en tant que fonction, et note que la rémunération de la présence peut impliquer que la ← garde →est une réalisation ou fonction. Il parle du rapport de l'éducation d'une part et de l'accréditation et de l'emploi d'autre part. Il considère la répartition des coûts entre le secteur public et le secteur privé du point de vue de l'aecessibilité sociale et du transfert des ressources. Il se demande si l'éducation post‐secondaire tendra à devenir universelle, comme cela s'est produit depuis trente ans pour l'éducation secondaire.
Quebec medicare: policy formulation in conflict and crisis
Authors: Taylor Malcolm G.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The introduction of a government program of the magnitude of health insurance presents the policy analyst with a case study that is closer to Lind‐blom's innovative ‘ideal type’ than to the ‘incremental’ policy type. This paper, based on part of a larger work, examines the Quebec decisions to implement a medicare plan in 1970 by analysing the action imperatives, constraints, uncertainties, inputs, outputs, and outcomes of the policy. The Quebec case presents special issues of policy and strategy resulting from Quebec's unique federal relationship, the unusual power of organized consumer groups, the split in the ranks of the profession, and the diflicult negotiations with the specialists resulting in their going on strike. The coincidence of this contestation with the Octaber kidnapping crisis resulted in the first back‐to‐work legislation applying to individual members of a profession in Canada.

Sommaire.

Le lancement d'un programme gouvernemental de l'envergure de l'assurance maladie présente à l'analyste un cas d'espèce qui resemble plus au « modèle idéal « inédit de Lindblom qu'aux politiques «à caractère graduel ». Dans cette communication, qui s'appuie sur un ouvrage plus vaste, l'auteur examine les décisions du Québec pour mettre en vigueur une assurance maladie en 1970, en analysant les impératifs, les limitations, les incertitudes, les tenants, les aboutissants et les conséquences de sa politique dans ce domaine. Le cas de Québec présente des questions politiques et stratégiques particulières éant donné les rapports du Québec avec le fédéral, le pouvoir exceptionnel des groupes de consommateurs, le désaccord au sein de la profession médicale et les négociations difficiles avec les spécialistes à la suite de leur grève. La simultanéité de cette contestation avec la crise d'octobre eut pour résultat l'adoption, pour la première fois au Canada, d'une législation ordonnant le retour au travail d'individus membres d'une profession libérale.
Responsible public bureaucracy: a rationale and a framework for analysis
Authors: Kernaghan Kenneth
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The longstanding concern of scholars and practitioners for the re conciliation of administrative power and administrative responsibility has become more acute in recent years. Both the conventional theory and the existing practice relating to administrative responsibility are inadequate for the needs of contemporary public bureaucracies. A distinction between objective and subjective responsibility provides a focus on the sources of administrative responsibility and on the values of public servants. In this essay, these two elements are examined separately by means of an institutional framework and a value framework for administrative decision‐making. Then the theoretical bonds between the two frameworks are demonstrated with reference to administrative responsibility. The links between the concepts of administrative responsibility and the public interest serve as a base for a description of two hypothetically extreme types of bureaucrat — the objectively responsible and the subjectively responsible official. A number of hypotheses relating to administrative responsibility are formulated and the conclusion is drawn that subjective responsibility is becoming increasingly important for the achievement of responsible public bureaucracy.

Sommaire. Le désir de longue date des théoriciens et des praticiens de réconcilier pouvoir administratif et responsabilité administrative s'est intensifié au cours des dernières années. La théone classique et la pratique existante de la responsabilité administrative sont insuffisantes pour répondre aux besoins des bureaucraties publiques contemporaines. En faisant une distinction entre la responsabilité objective et la responsabilité subjective, on peut dégager les sources de la responsabilité administrative et les valeurs des fonctionnaires. Dam cette étude, l'auteur examine séparément ces deux éléments à l'aide d'un cadre d'analyse institutionnel et normatif de la prise de décision en administration. Il démontre ensuite les rapports théoriques entre ces deux cadres d'analyse en ce qui concerne la responsabilité administrative. Les liens entre les concepts de responsabilité administrative et d'intérêt public servent de base à la description de deux types hypothétiques extrêmes de bureaucrats:le fonctionnaire responsable objectivement et le fonctionnaire responsable subjectivement. L'auteur formule un certain nombre d'hypothèses sur la responsabilité administrative et terrnine en disant que la responsabilité subjective devient de plus en plus importante pour parvenir à une bureaucratie publique responsable.
Bureaucrats in politics: a profile of the Swedish administrative elite3††
Authors: Anton Thomas J. , Linde Claes , Mellbourn Anders
Published: January 2008

Abstract. In political systems composed of large and growing public bureaucracies, the attitudes of senior civil servants are extraordinarily significant, if little understood. This paper offers a preliminary view of the attitudes of more than 300 top‐level Swedish administrators, based upon information gathered in 1971. Responses to 35 written questionnaire items suggest that upper‐level Swedish bureaucrats are self‐satisfied in evaluating their activities, independent in their thinking, and politically sophisticated. The same responses offer evidence of attitudes that structure the traditionally Swedish ‘art of compromise’ Intellectually, that art emphasizes particularistic thought patterns. Socially, it seems based on a pattern of limited commitment to official roles. Some implications of these patterns for both policy and process are suggested, along with some speculations concerning the future of the Swedish administrative system.

Sommaire. Dans les systèmes politiques cornposés de bureaucraties de plus en plus importantes, les attitudes des hauts fonctionnaires sont extraordinairement significatives, encore que mal comprises. Cette communication offre une étude préliminaire des attitudes de plus de 300 cadres administratifs supérieurs suéois, sur la base de renseignements recueillis en 1971. Les réponses à 35 questions écrites laissent supposer que les bureaucrates suédois, au niveau supérieur, sont satisfaits de l'évaluation qu'ils font de leurs activités, qu'ils ont un esprit indépendant et qu'ils sont raffinés politiquement. Ces mêmes réponses indiquent des attitudes qui entérinent ‘l'art du compromis’ qui est, traditionnellement, très suédois. Intellectuellement, cet art accentue des façons de penser particularistes. Socialement, il semble basé sur un engagement limité vis‐à‐vis des rôes officiels. L'auteur propose à l'examen certaines implications de cet état d'esprit du point de vue des politiques et des processus ainsi que des spVculations sur l'avenir du système administratif suédois.
Regional development in Ontario
Authors: Tindal C. R.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Since 1966 the Ontario government has been elaborating a regional development program. Extensive administrative changes have been instituted to facetted the coordination of relevant provincial responsibilities and to obtain local and regional viewpoints in the preparation of regional development plans. In a major policy statement in June 1972, the government introduced several changes in the regional planning process, emphasized the important role to be played by cities, counties and regional governments, especially in the implementation of regional development plans, and proposed an accelerated program of local government reform. This article, which is based on a larger study, analyses Ontario's regional development program over the first six years, with particular reference to the adequacy of the administrative machinery involved, outlines the major changes affecting the program which have been introduced during the just half of p 1972 and offers general conclusions concerning the present adequacy and desired future direction of the program.

Sommaire. Le gouvemement de l'Ontario élabore un programme de développement régional depuis 1966. Il a entrepris des changements administratifs im‐portants pour faciliter la coordination des responsabilités provinciales et pour obtenir les points de we locaux et régionaux nécessaires à la mise au point des plans de développement régionaux. Dans une déclaration de politique de juin 1972, le gouvernement annonça plusieurs modifications apportées au processus de planification régionale, insista sur le rôle important qu'allaient jouer les villes, les comités et les gouvernements régionaux, particulièrement dans la mise en vigueur des plans de développement régionaux, et proposa un programme accéléré de réforme des gouvernements locaux. Cet article, basé sur une étude plus conséquente, analyse le programme de développement régional pendant les six premières années, en s'occupant plus particulièrement de l'efficacité du mécanisme administratif. Il analyse les principaux changements qui ont été apportés au programme pendant les premiers six mois de 1972 et offre des conclusions générales sur son efficacité actuelle ainsi que sur l'orientation que I'auteur voudrait lui voir prendre Bà I'avenir.
Codes of ethics and administrative responsibility
Authors: Kernaghan Kenneth
Published: January 2008

Abstract. During recent years there has been strong public demand in Canada that federal, provincial, and municipal governments devise means to ensure the ethical conduct of public officials. Although both elected and appointed officials have been involved in unethical conduct, the focus of this paper is on government employees. The major propositions examined in the paper are first, that the development of a written code of ethics is a useful means of encouraging high ethical standards; secondly, that a code which can be utilized to control administrative behaviour is preferable to a brief list of guidelines phrased in vague and nebulous language; and, thirdly, that the adoption of a written code is likely to enhance the level of administrative responsibility. This essay examines recent Canadian experience in the sphere of ethical conduct among public employees, the value of codes of ethics, the form, content, and administration of codes of ethics, and the relationship of ethical conduct to administrative responsibility.

Sommaire. Au cours des dernières années, le public, au Canada, a insisté fortement pour que les gouvernements fédéral, provinciaux et municipaux trouvent les moyens d'inciter ses représentants à se comporter d'une façon déontologiquement acceptable. Bien que les deux catégories de représentants gouvernementaux, élus et non élus, se soient rendus coupables d'actes contraires à la morale professionnelle, cet exposé concerns surtout des functionaries. Les principals propositions qu'examine l'auteur sont:premièrement, que l'élaboration d'un code de déontologie écrit serait un moyen utile d'encourager des normes de comportement élevées; deuxièmement, qu'un code qui peut être utilisé pour réglementer le comportment administrative est préférable à une courte liste de directives rédigées dans une langue vague et nébuleuse; et troisièmement, que l'adoption d'un code écrit a des chances d'augmenter le sens de la responsabilité administrative. L'auteur de cet exposé examine en‐suite à tour de rôle l'expérience canadienne récente dans la sphère de la conduite professionnelle des employés de la fonction publique, la valeur des codes de déontologie, la forme, la teneur et l'administration de ces codes et le rapport qui existe entre le comportment moral et la responsabilité administrative.
Le cadre général des institutions administratives et la déconcentration territoriale
Authors: Gélinas André
Published: January 2008

Sommaire. Cet article reprend en substance l'allocution présentée au Congrès annuel de l'Institut à Edmonton en septembre 1974. Le conférencier avait été invitéàétablir un schème de référence théorique à la déconcentration territoriale afin, si possible, de faciliter la démarche plus pratique suivie par les autres membres du panel. Il a choisi, pour ce faire, de donner d'abord une image d'ensemble des institutions administratives à l'intérieur d'un palier de gouvernement et de définir les concepts clefs de décentralisation et de déconcentration. Il a ensuite tiré quelques observations générales sur ces phénomènes pour passer à l'examen spécifique du processus de la déconcentration territoriale et des obstacles à ce processus. Son diagnostic délibérément pessimiste devait inciter les autres membres du panel à formuler des commentaires plus positifs.

Abstract. This article is, in substance, the same paper delivered at the last annual conference of the Institute at Edmonton in September 1974. The author had been invited to prepare theoretical background statement on ‘territorial deconcentration’ in order to facilitate the more pragmatic approach followed by the other members of the panel. To this end, he has chosen to give, first, a general picture of administrative institutions within a particular level of government and to define the key concepts of ‘deconcentration’ and ‘decentralization.’ He then made general observations on these two phenomena and proceeded to examine the specific process of deconcentration and the various obstacles to it. His diagnosis was deliberately pessimistic in order to stimulate more positive comments from the other members of the panel.
Intergovernmental cooperation, regulatory agencies and transportation regulation in Canada: the case of Part III of the National Transportation Act
Authors: Schultz Richard
Published: January 2008

Abstarct

In the National Transportation Act of 1967, provision was made, by means of Part III of the legislation, for the federal government to regulate directly the extra‐provincial motor carrier industry. This section has never been implemented and this article attempts to explain why. Such an explanation, it is argued, is important because of the philosophy of the NTA, the responsibilities given to the Canadian Transport Commission and the inadequacies of the existing provincial regulatory systems.

The explanation is to be found in an analysis of two factors whose interrelationship has been given inadequate attention. The first factor is the growing recognition of the need for intergovernmental collaboration in transportation planning and regulation. The second is the role of regulatory bodies in the policy process. The argument is advanced that the conflict over implementation of Part in illustrates a number of problems with respect to the appropriate functions of regulatory agencies, particularly in the context of intergovernmental negotiations. The article concludes with the suggestion for a possible course of action that may be applicable to other policy areas.

Sommaire. La partie III de la Loi nationale sur les transports de 1967 prévoyait la régulation directe par le gouvernement fédéral de l'industrie du transport extre‐provincial par véhicule moteur. Ces dispositions n'ont jamais été mises en application et le présent article tente d'en expliquer les raisons. Une explication s'impose, en effet, en raison de la philosophie même de la loi, des responsabilités qui incombent à la Commission canadienne des transports et des faiblesses de la règlementation provinciale actuelle.

L'auteur attribue cette situation à deux facteurs dont l'interdépendance a été sous‐estimée. Le premier est celui de la reconnaissance accrue de la nécessité d'une collaboration intergouvernementale pour la planification et la régulation des transports. Le second est le rôle des organismes de regulation dans l'élaboration de la politique en la matière. On suggère que le conflit touchant la mise en application de la Partie in de la loi fait ressorti un certain nombre de problèmes relatifs à la détermination des functions propres des organismes de régulation, particulièrement dans le contexte des négociations intergou‐vemnementales. L'article propose en conclusion une ligne de conduite qui pourrait convenir à d'autres secteurs.
PPB: Its relevance to financially constrained municipalities
Authors: Ridler Neil B.
Published: January 2008

Abstract. This paper assumes that Planning‐Programming‐Budgeting (ppb) is preferable to the current historical budgeting procedure of municipalities. This is in part because ppb necessitates policy‐making (defined as the setting of goals). The paper argues that the ability of municipalities to adopt ppb and policy‐making is severely constrained by fiscal imbalance. The reliance of Canadian municipalities on conditional transfers and on the property tax has negated ppb procedures by distorting priorities and narrowing decision‐making. The paper further argues that inflation will accentuate the financial problems of municipalities because of different revenue and tax elasticities.

The point of departure is a brief examination of the logic behind urban government and the division of responsibilities. The second section looks at municipal fiscal imbalance, and the third analyses how fiscal imbalance negates policy‐making and ppb. A final section suggests three remedies that might induce adoption of ppb. One would reduce the distortions of transfers and the other two would ease fiscal imbalance.

Sommaire. Cet article suggère que le processus de Planification‐Programmation et Budgétisation (ppb) est préférable au processus de budgétisation couramment en usage dans les municipalités, en partie parce que le ppb implique la détermination d'objectifs politiques. L'article soutient que la possibilité d'adoption du ppb et d'une politique précise par les municipalités est très limitée à cause du déséquilibre fiscal. La subordination des municipalités canadiennes aux subventions conditionnelles et a Fimpôt fonder, en changeant les priorités et en limitant le pouvoir de décision, a rendu impossible le ppb. L'article soutient de plus que l'inflation accentuera les problèmes financiers des municipalités à cause des différentes élasticités des taxes et des revenus.

L'étude commence par un bref examen des principes qui régissent l'administration urbaine et 3a division des responsabilités. La deuxième partie traite du déséquilibre fiscal des municipalités, et la troisième indique pour quelle raison le déséquilibre fiscal rend impossible une politique suivie et l'application du processus du ppb. Une dernière partie suggère trois solutions qui pourraient faciliter l'adoption du ppb. L'une réduirait les distortions dues aux subventions conditionnelles et les deux autres permettraient d'alléger le déséquilibre fiscal.
Politics, policy and public servants: political neutrality revisited
Authors: Kemaghan Kenneth
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The thesis of this paper is that the traditional model of political neutrality, which defines the relations between public servants and other actors in the political system, is inadequate in its portrayal of the present nature and complexity of these relations. In this essay, the traditional model of political neutrality in a parliamentary system of government is described in terms of six major components. These components are discussed under the headings of politics and administration, political patronage, political activity, public comment, anonymity and ministerial responsibility, and permanency in office. The current status of the doctrine of political neutrality is assessed with particular reference to the Canadian federal public service by examining the extent to which the practices of public servants adhere to or depart from the traditional model. The major conclusion is that the present operations of the Canadian public service are not in accord with the traditional doctrine of political neutrality. Public servants are actively involved in the political process both by necessity in the areas of policy development and execution and by choice in the sphere of political partisanship.

Sommaire. Cette communication propose la thèse suivante: le modèle traditionnel de la neutralité politique qui définit les rapports entre les fonctionnaires et les autres acteurs du système politique est insuffisant en ce qu'il ne reflète pas la nature actuelle et la complexité de lews relations. Dans cet exposé, l'auteur décrit le modèle traditionnel de la neutralité politique comme se composant de six elements principaux. Il étudie ces éléments sous les rubriques: politique et administration, patronage politique, activité politique, expression publique d'opinion, anonymat et responsabilité ministérielle, permanence au poste. Il évalue le statut actuel de la doctrine de la neutralité politique, particulièrement du point de vue de la fonction publique fédérale canadienne, en examinant dans quelle mesure les pratiques des fonctionnaires respectent ou non le modèle traditionnel. Sa conclusion principale, c'est que les operations actuelles de la fonction publique canadienne ne se conforment pas à la doctrine traditionnelle de la neutralité politique. Les fonctionnaires participent activement au processus politique à la fois par nécessité, dans les domaines d'élaboration et d'exécution des politiques et par choix, quant à leurs options politiques personnelles.
Graduate education in Canadian public administration: antecedents, present trends and portents
Authors: Pross A. Paul , Wilson V. Seymour
Published: January 2008

Abstract. Education in Canadian public administration has undergone some significant changes in the past decade. One of these changes with profound educational implications is the relationship between political science and public administration. The authors examine the nature and extent of this relationship by first discussing the intellectual origins of modern Canadian public administration. This is done by reviewing important aspects of the American wing of the field, pointing out divergences from, as well as contributions to, the Canadian experience. Then Canadian public administration's potential in the political economy tradition is discussed, contrasting the field's early development with the malaise it experienced in the 1960s. Reasons for the field's revival are given, the new programs in Canadian public administration are analysed, and the conditions which have created institutional independence for public administration are critically discussed in light of the uneasiness created in political science by this institutionalization. The authors conclude by arguing that although separation has opened some wounds in field and discipline this institutionalization would, in the long run, leave the study of government and public affairs in both political science and public administration considerably strengthened.

Sommaire. L'enseignement de l'administration publique canadienne a subi des modifications importantes au cours des dix dernières années. L'un de ces changements qui a des implications éducatives profondes est le rapport entre le science politique et l'administration publique. Les auteurs examinent la nature et la portée de ce rapport en considérant tout d'abord les origines intellectuelles de l'administration publique contemporaine au Canada. Ils le font en étudiant les aspects importants de l'école américaine de cette discipline et en dégagent ce qui la distingue de l'expérience canadienne ainsi que ce qu'elle a apportéà celle‐ci. Ils envisagent le potentiel de l'administration publique canadienne dans la perspective de l'économie politique traditionnelle en opposant ses premiers développements au malaise ressenti pendant les années 60. Ils donnent les raisons du renouveau qui se manifesto dans ce domaine, analysent les nouvelles causes de l'indépendance institutionnelle de l'administration publique à la lumière du malaise créé en science politique par cette institutionalisation. Les auteurs concluent en declarant que bien que la séparation ait été responsable de heurts à la fois théoriques et pratiques, elle renforcera considérablement, à la longue, l'étude du gouvemement et des affaires publiques en science politique comme en administration publique.