bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Senegalese young women in Paris and New York: empowerment and shifting identities through migration
Authors: Niang Medina Ina
Published: January 2020

This chapter compares Senegalese young women’s empowerment in Paris and New York. Based on interviews among members of the Senegalese communities in Paris and New York, it discusses how the differences between two receiving societies affect individual trajectories starting from a same national origin. This chapter also focuses on the transformation of young Senegalese women’s status through their migration in Paris and New York, and shows how their journeys have changed perceptions of migrants’ identities and disrupted traditional gender patterns of Senegalese international migration. In fact, many women previously referred to as prostitutes for leaving their country in search of self-fulfilment have become agents of economic and social empowerment.
Filipino youth professionals in Alberta, Canada: shaping gender and education landscapes?
Authors: Caparas Maria Veronica G.
Published: January 2020

This chapter adopts Critical Theory in introducing and examining the narratives of Filipino youth professionals in Alberta, Canada as reflective of the interplay of age, gender, and migration that influences or is influenced by the neoliberal policy regime of internationalization of education that, in turn, gives rise to instances of decredentialing and recredentialing within spatial (i.e., household and state) and power (patriarchy, ethnicity, capitalism) logics of both home and host countries. In particular, these narratives focus on Filipino youth in relation to their choice of upholding their basic human right of international mobility for the good life and their perceived educational preparedness in migrating to Alberta, Canada. The narratives uncover the nature of Alberta’s international education framework as procuring profit from Filipino youth professionals who end up as workers first and professionals second. Filipino youth professionals’ credentialing journey takes on the dynamics of the power logics of ethnicity and capitalism operating within the spatial logics of the household and the state that result in Canada’s dominance over their lives and exploitation of their creativity and labor. This chapter concludes with the call for Canada to review and reformulate Canadian (Albertan) policies as they relate to foreign-trained qualifications.
Youth perspectives: migration, poverty, and the future of farming in rural Ethiopia
Authors: Cochrane Logan , Vercillo Siera
Published: January 2020

This chapter highlights the opportunities and constraints for rural Ethiopian youth based on gender and class choices to migrate to urban locations. Ethiopia is an important case study because while it has one of the largest rural populations in the world, it is also rapidly transitioning from subsistence-based farming to commercial enterprises. This chapter provides evidence towards the evolving geographies of opportunities that do not homogenize a diversity of rural and urban contexts and experiences of youth by taking a differentiated view of young people who have uneven access to resources and networks. Migration itself is less of a choice made for youth's own benefit or because they do not want to farm, but because of food insecurity, diminishing income-generating opportunities and land sizes, as well as gender discrimination.
Absolute poverty in Europe: introduction
Authors: Gaisbauer Helmut P. , Schweiger Gottfried , Sedmak Clemens
Published: January 2020

This introduction examines three challenges – methods, concepts, politics – that can help to grasp what could be meant by absolute poverty in Europe and why it is something that deserves attention from politics as well as from research. A focus on absolute poverty in Europe, instead of on relative poverty and also shifting the conceptual language in this regard, is important because it challenges what can be called the “relative poverty paradigm” which has emerged as the dominant one in Europe over the past decades.
Housing deprivation
Authors: Kennedy Patricia , Winston Nessa
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the housing situation of households who may be considered to live in absolute poverty in the EU. As poverty is multidimensional, those living on inadequate incomes are likely to be deprived in a variety of ways relating to housing. Using the EU Survey on Income and Living Conditions, the first part of the chapter assesses the extent to which such households experience housing problems such as overcrowding and sub-standard dwelling quality. It also explores some housing-related risks they face, specifically burdensome housing costs and rent/mortgage arrears. These risks significantly increase their probability of becoming homeless. In addition, people experiencing these problems are likely to have periodic and/or on-going challenges paying for other essential goods, such as food and energy. Given the limitations of household surveys in capturing information on certain groups living in ‘extreme poverty’, the chapter also presents a case study of one group which experiences extreme housing exclusion in a relatively wealthy European society – the Roma in Ireland. The case study draws on data from a national needs assessment of Roma and highlights the specific challenges faced by this particularly vulnerable group.
High accompaniment needs: absolute poverty and vulnerable migrants
Authors: Sedmak Clemens
Published: January 2020

The chapter shows the challenge of migrants to Europe ending up in absolute poverty, especially if they are undocumented or illegal. The chapter makes three claims: (1) Migrants, especially those with low educational levels and traumatic biographies, are persons with high accompaniment needs – these needs are based on mental health challenges, challenges of cultural literacy and deskilling, and discriminatory practices; (2) without proper accompaniment migrants face a high risk of poverty including a risk of absolute poverty; (3) the organization and justification of accompaniment needs to be justified which has to happen on the basis of a firm commitment to human dignity. Nonetheless there are tough decisions that have to be made.
Justice and absolute poverty
Authors: Schweiger Gottfried
Published: January 2020

The first part of this chapter distinguishes between three dimensions of justice, which can be used to measure the injustice of absolute poverty: recognition, distribution of resources and access to rights. In the second part the author argues that absolute poverty undermines all three dimensions of justice and does so to a larger degree than other forms of poverty. The author discusses the dependency on food banks as an example of absolute poverty.
Conclusion: responding to the dark reality of absolute poverty in European welfare states
Authors: Gaisbauer Helmut P. , Schweiger Gottfried , Sedmak Clemens
Published: January 2020

This chapter states that the hegemonic European relative poverty paradigm necessitates a complementary approach that sheds light on overlooked or neglected individuals and groups in absolute poverty in Europe. It concludes over the lessons learned by preparing ground for such a paradigmatic correlate with an approach that resists the temptation to propose a concise but again necessarily excluding conceptual framework but tries to open leeway for different scholarly debates, disciplinary perspectives and conceptual and practical approaches to why might be termed absolute poverty in Europe. This chapter closes with six perspectives on the way forward to an enhanced and more nuanced scholarly perspective on absolute poverty in an area that understands itself as an anti-thesis to destitution and absolute poverty.
Ask rather than assume: the capability approach in the practitioner setting1
Authors: Javornik Jana , Yerkes Mara A. , Jansen Erik
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the relationships between science and society, in particular social policy 'practice', by consulting the social policy actors (i.e. researchers, professionals and practitioners who deal with or implement diverse policy decisions). The purpose of the chapter is to develop our innovative communication initiative, in which we engaged with social policy professionals and practitioners in a two-way, mutually enriching theory-practice dialogue. Using the capability approach as an analytical lens hereallows for a fresh look at social policy implementation and delivery and helps to better understand how social policies in their entirety play out in different contexts. The historical and political contexts of social policies and people's different needs and values, the cornerstone of the CA, are increasingly recognised by policy practitioners and professionals who have first-hand experience with policy delivery or application at the local level. This chapter demonstrates that their experience with multiple access and eligibility-related issues on the ground sheds new light on the applicability of the CA, and how this approach may help to identify key features grounded in local knowledge, be it around social policy design, delivery or implementation.
Social investment, human rights and capabilities in practice: the case study of family homelessness in Dublin
Authors: Hearne Rory , Murphy Mary
Published: January 2020

This chapter brings together capabilities and rights theory with a participative action and policy engaged framework, to provide an account of their practical operationalization in the context of marketisation in housing policy. It explores how the capabilities (particularly functionings, conversion factors, and agency) and rights of homeless families were impacted. It details how the Participatory Action Human Rights and Capability Approach (PAHRCA) methodology enabled homeless families to co-construct with researchers, and to articulate to policymakers, new 'bottom-up' knowledge. Applying the capability approach (CA) as an evaluative framework in Irish housing policy, the chapter demonstrates how housing is an essential prerequisite in enabling a person to exercise choices in almost every area of life required to maximize personal and family well-being. It explains that the potential contribution of the CA in social policy case can come through participation of the vulnerable themselves in a process of co-production and self-assertion.
The Politics of Scale in Policy
Authors: Papanastasiou Natalie
Published: January 2020

Succeeding in the art of contemporary policymaking involves designing policies which reflect the deeply interconnected nature of political space. And yet, while it is undisputed that political spaces are fluid and networked, policy continues to be articulated through the age-old categories and hierarchies of scale. This book asks why scale occupies this enduring position of privilege in the work of policymakers. By highlighting how scales are far from ‘natural’ features of policy and that they are instead essential to the armoury of policy practice, the book presents ‘scalecraft’ as a new dimension of policymaking. Drawing on empirical data from the field of education governance – England’s academy schools policy and the European Commission’s Education and Training 2020 agenda – the book traces how scales are crafted and mobilised in policymaking practices to argue that scalecraft is a major force in producing and sustaining hegemonic notions of ‘common sense’ in society. The book’s analysis integrates political discourse theory and political geography to illustrate how scalecraft develops new readings of policy, and it does so by discussing major themes in policy analysis including powerful forms of policy knowledge, statecraft practices, and frontline work. The book will be of interest to scholars and research students across the fields of policy studies, education governance, and political geography.
Time of paradoxes: what the twentieth century was like for people with intellectual disabilities living in Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic
Authors: Mužáková Monika , Strnadová Iva
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores life in Czechoslovakia (later Czech Republic) in the 20th Century for people with intellectual disabilities. It opens at the time that the Czech lands were part of the Austrian-Hungarian Empire. This was a period marked by efforts to increase the quality of institutional care for people with intellectual disabilities. The authors then describe the period of communism. They discuss the controversial nature of an Education Act (1948), which contained a well-established network of special schools for students with disabilities as a regular part of the school system, and yet it introduced the concept of “being uneducable” for students with severe and profound intellectual disabilities. The authors also debate the role of a parental movement in advocacy for the rights of people with intellectual disabilities. The chapter concludes with the period after the fall of communism, when compulsory education was introduced for all children with no exception.
Intervention: Some cities
Authors: Burwood Dan
Published: January 2020

This chapter contains reflections from photographer Dan Burwood about his Some Cities project. This combined classes for budding photographers, community-based commissions for new photographic work and a social media aggregator which allowed locals to upload their own images. The varied communities of the city were thus given a shared platform to present their different understandings of the city through their own visual practice. Although the project was a success, the chapter also reflects on how projects designed to bring communities together themselves ebb and flow. The author and his collaborators moved on to new schemes at the end of the project, not all of which share the community focus of Some Cities.
Engineering cohesion: a reflection on academic practice in a community‑based setting
Authors: Isakjee Arshad
Published: January 2020

Social policies in the United Kingdom have undergone a ‘community turn’ over the last two decades, with emphasis increasingly on ‘community cohesion’ rather than ‘social disadvantage’ and exclusion. Whilst academics have explored this trend, there is less reflective work on academic community-based practice that operates on the same terrain. This chapter offers critical self-reflection of our academic practice within the community budgeting and commissioning phase in Balsall Heath, Birmingham. Reflecting on the processes of bringing different parts of the Balsall Heath community together for the project, we consider not just the challenges of ‘constructing community’ in this way, but also, the logics that underpin it.
From the inside: reflections on cultural intermediation
Authors: Jones Yvette Vaughan
Published: January 2020

This chapter draws upon the author’s personal experience gained in a career as an arts practitioner, between the production of performance and other forms of production as well as policy formulation and analysis. It reflects upon and assesses intermediation processes ‘from the inside’, reflecting particularly on the culture of the art world and the aesthetics of cultural production – in intent and outcome. The chapter suggests how this is an issue often neglected in discussion of the politics, policies and practicalities of participation and intermediation. It commences with a reflection on the culture of practice that has nurtured social engagement in the arts, exploring the work of Visiting Arts, where the author is Executive Director, reflecting on the evolution of the ‘Square Mile’ project. This venture is international in scope and gives a wider perspective on intermediation and engagement and the particularities of those projects and milieu dealt with across this book.
Smart cities, algorithmic technocracy and new urban technocrats
Authors: Kitchin Rob , Coletta Claudio , Evans Leighton , Heaphy Liam , Mac Donncha Darach
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the technocracy of smart cities and the set of urban technocrats that promote and implement their use. It first sets out the new technocracy at work and the forms of technocratic governance and governmentality it enacts. The chapter then details how this technocracy is supported by a new smart city epistemic community of technocrats that is aligned with a wider set of smart city interest groups to form a powerful ‘advocacy coalition’ that works at different scales. In the final section, the chapter considers the translation of the ideas and practices of this advocacy coalition into the policies and work of city administrations. In particular, it considers the reasons why smart city initiatives and its associated technocracy are yet to become fully mainstreamed and the smart city mission successfully realised in cities across the globe.
The housing crisis
Authors: Gallent Nick
Published: January 2020

This chapter begins by detailing the outward characteristics of the housing crisis including income to housing cost ratios. It then looks at different ‘framings’ of that crisis, as a product of inadequate supply or a refunctioning of housing’s purpose, manifest in new patterns of consumption. The chapter then goes on to explore the nature of housing supply – a combination of new homes and second hand housing - and the relationship between planning regulation and market processes. The wider political economy of housing is then explored ahead of a more detailed account of housing inequalities and the onward structure of the book.
The common weal
Authors: Spicker Paul
Published: January 2020

This is a summary chapter, outlining the case for a common weal, based on society, the common good, solidarity, stewardship, rights, equality and a sense of common enterprise.
European Union regulations and governance of part-time work
Authors: Bekker Sonja , Ghailani Dalila
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on the European Union (EU) dimension of part-time work. It gives a broad overview of EU norms and instrument and sets the issue of part-time work in the wider context of gender equality. Connecting part-time work with gender equality facilitates the analysis in two ways. Firstly, it enables linking the EU's employment policies to fundamental rights such as equal labour market opportunities for men and women. Via this fundamental rights approach the EU's view on part-time work may be tied to concerns of labour market dualisation. Secondly, it helps to analyse the degree of conflict between the aims of the different EU instruments. For instance, do the part-time work directive and the European Employment Strategy (EES) both aim for equal employment opportunities, or do other goals prevail? By answering such questions, the chapter not only reveals the different ways in which the EU deals with part-time employment, but also uncovers whether or not there is coherence between the different EU-level instruments
How good is half a job? Part-time employment and job quality in the US
Authors: Hudson Kenneth , Kalleberg Arne L.
Published: January 2020

In January 2018, about 17 percent of the workforce in the United States had a part-time job. Part-time employment increased between 1955 and the 1980s as large numbers of women entered the workforce. Since then it has fluctuated in response to rising and falling unemployment. The majority of part-time workers are between 24 and 60 and about two-thirds are women, who often divide their time between work and family. Like other forms of nonstandard work, part-time workers are more likely to have bad jobs, and they are more apt to live in families that are poor, even when controlling for a multitude of labor related variables. Although some part-time jobs offer health and retirement benefits and wages above the poverty threshold, most do not. Only a small share of part-time jobs-between 16 and 17 percent-are located in the primary labor market. When compared to whites, we find that blacks, Hispanic non-citizens, and persons of mixed-race descent are more likely to work part-time. Part-time workers in these groups are also more likely to have jobs in the secondary labor market. Finally, we find that as percentage of part-time workers in occupations increases, the negative effect on job quality associated with the percentage of women in an occupation is greatly reduced or disappear
Dualisation or normalisation of part-time work in the Nordic countries: work insecurity and mobility over time
Authors: Nätti Jouko , Nergaard Kristine
Published: January 2020

In this chapter we discuss the development of part-time work in Finland and Norway and ask if there is a trend towards more marginalised part-time work also in the well-regulated Nordic labour markets. Furthermore, we investigate if there are differences between Norway, with its long tradition for normalised part-time jobs among women, and Finland, where full-time work has been the normal choice for women. Part-time jobs are more common among young persons, women, and in the service sectors. In both countries, part-time jobs are more insecure than full-time jobs. However, there is no strong tendency towards more insecure part-time jobs over time. We also examine mobility from part-time jobs to other positions in the labour market. In both countries, part-time work is characterised by high stability. Hence, the results do not give support for increased polarisation in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees. in terms of increased work insecurity among part-time employees.
Social reform in the US: lessons from the Progressive Era
Authors: Branco Francisco
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines, using a historical approach, two lines of research regarding the Progressive Era in the Unites States. The first approach concerns the relationship between social work and social policy. In the first section, the article describes the main features of and lessons from the involvement of social work pioneers in social work and social reform in the context of the public and social policies process. The second dimension analysed focuses more specifically on the methods and strategies adopted by the Settlement Movement, but also by some Charity Organization Societies’ leaders and other social reformers. Both of these approaches also concern the policy formulation and decision-making processes conceptualised and adopted by social reformers in the Progressive Era.
Social workers’ collective policy practice in times of austerity: Italy and Spain compared1
Authors: Guidi Riccardo
Published: January 2020

Although political responsibility lays at the core of social professions, until recently it has only been weakly exerted. Effectively acting for social justice in a context shaped by neomanagerialism, economic crisis and (permanent) austerity has become crucial for the profession, the users and democracy but is particularly difficult. Based on a critical policy theoretical framework, this chapter illustrates and interprets the features of social workers’ policy practice in Italy and Spain in the austerity age. Against deactivation hypotheses, social workers’ potential in affecting welfare politics is enriched in both countries through the action of collective bodies from within the profession. Beyond flat visions of social workers’ policy practice, the analysis also shows that different mobilisation paths exist. The peculiar interactions between the political opportunities’ structure and the characteristics of professional bodies (political culture, resources, skills) in the medium term can account for the divergence. These interactions seem to be pushing social workers’ policy practice towards particularistic/professional or universal/political achievements.
Systemic barriers to effective implementation of child protection reform in Israel
Authors: Alfandari Ravit
Published: January 2020

This chapter presents a qualitative study that was conducted to investigate the implementation and outcomes of recent child protection reform in Israel. Using the ‘systems approach’ as conceptual framework allowed to understand the impact of the working conditions on every-day child protection practices. The key finding of the research – that the reform’s aims of strengthening practice and improving the safety and well-being of vulnerable children have not been entirely achieved – is explained by the organisational working environment and culture acting as barriers to the expected change. Findings touch on in particular: heavy workloads and an organisational culture that seeks opportunities to shortcut procedures and processes; inadequate professional supervision and support; insufficient training and qualifications; and lack of strong organisational leadership. It is concluded that organisations’ underlying problems need to be resolved if effective delivery of services for children and families is to be achieved.
What form has the development in welfare spending taken?
Authors: Greve Bent
Published: January 2020

This chapter look into the size of the overall spending on welfare as a percentage of the total economy, measured by GDP, as this is one indicator of whether in relative terms social policy is actually declining or not, albeit it cannot stand alone. This chapter tries to show and depict the development from before the financial crisis until the current time, insofar as comparative data are available.
Conclusion
Authors: Harley Anne , Scandrett Eurig
Published: January 2020

This chapter reflects on the processes of production of the book and the themes which have emerged across diverse contexts. Our commitment to the interface between activist knowledge and academic reflection has taken different forms and generated insights which are often excluded in academic publications. It has raised challenging questions about who speaks for whom, about voice, authorship, interests and justification. All contributors are facing the exploiting and fragmenting impacts of neoliberalism on communities, workers and the environment in different ways and resisting at the interface of community development and popular struggle. Both the impacts and resistance are mediated by settler colonialism, post colonialism, ethnic and gendered divisions, and traditional and new of structures of power and class struggle. Through reflecting on these struggles we are drawn back to the principles of community development in agency and solidarity and how these are continually reinvented in the struggles for environmental justice.
Larry Grossberg
Authors: Clarke John , Brown Wendy , Cochrane Allan , Cooper Davina , Grossberg Larry , Larner Wendy , Lewis Gail , Li Tania Murray , Maskovsky Jeff , Newman Janet , Sharma Anu (Aradhana) , Stubbs Paul , Williams Fiona
Published: January 2020

The conversation starts by exploring how we discuss and reflect on our differences, before turning to what it means to take up positions provisionally as a way of thinking things through talking through differences. We then consider some of the pains and pleasures of working collaboratively. Finally, we discuss the contemporary challenges of looking for the ’popular’.
Allan Cochrane
Authors: Clarke John , Brown Wendy , Cochrane Allan , Cooper Davina , Grossberg Larry , Larner Wendy , Lewis Gail , Li Tania Murray , Maskovsky Jeff , Newman Janet , Sharma Anu (Aradhana) , Stubbs Paul , Williams Fiona
Published: January 2020

The chapter opens with a discussion about the ways in which the Open University provided a space for critical thinking and for collaborative working. At the heart of this is a sense of ways in which new intellectual and pedagogical spaces were opened up. The conversation moves on to questions about the relationships between disciplines and interdisciplinary thinking
Wendy Larner
Authors: Clarke John , Brown Wendy , Cochrane Allan , Cooper Davina , Grossberg Larry , Larner Wendy , Lewis Gail , Li Tania Murray , Maskovsky Jeff , Newman Janet , Sharma Anu (Aradhana) , Stubbs Paul , Williams Fiona
Published: January 2020

The chapter opens with reflections on conversations within and across disciplines and issues of disciplinary marginality.It moves to the processes of changing institutions and then to questions of unorthodox intellectual formations and trajectories. Discussion then turns to questions of discourse, assemblage and articulation
Home economics: home and care in neoliberal policy
Authors: Franklin Jane
Published: January 2020

In the continuing transfer of responsibility for social care from state institutions to communities and home spaces the economic value of home, women’s labour and personal resources, is anticipated and taken for granted. Working with feminist theory and policy analysis this chapter explores the complex ways that home is inscribed in policy language to make intimate and personal resources economically available for the informal delivery of social care. The author argues that home is a key mechanism for shaping a new economy of care in contemporary politics and policy making.
Tea and the Queen?
Authors: Vincent Carol
Published: January 2020

What are ‘British values’? Is a shared commitment to a particular set of values possible within a diverse nation? Is such a commitment necessary? If so, what should those values be and how do we pass them on to children? This book investigates the government’s recent requirement that teachers in English schools promote the ‘fundamental British values’ of democracy, rule of law, individual liberty, mutual respect and tolerance of those of different faiths and beliefs. This requirement is part of national counter-extremism policies that now encompass schools and teachers. Drawing on lesson observations and interviews with teachers and other education professionals, in a range of primary and secondary schools, the book explores the different ways in which teachers have reacted to this requirement, and the wider social and political climate in which they do so. The discussion includes themes of nationalism, cohesion, belonging, multiculturalism, and citizenship, how teachers respond to diversity and how they teach values and education for future citizenship. The book investigates the contexts in which the teachers work, their priorities and the constraints upon them, as well as the marginalisation of citizenship education in favour of individual character education. The issues the book addresses around nation, cohesion, diversity and the role of schools in educating future citizens retain a fundamental importance within the current context of global population mobilities, and the growth of populism around the world.
Researching the promotion of fundamental British values in schools
Authors: Vincent Carol
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 discusses the processes of ‘policy enactment’ (Ball, Maguire and Braun 2012). This term is used to emphasise that there is no simple straight line between what a policy text states and what happens on the ground. Enactment describes the processes by which teachers interpret and reinterpret national policy, translating it to fit their own contexts. In the discussion, I consider the importance of what has been called the affective policy ‘tone’, in shaping enactment, drawing on Ben Anderson’s work to describe the affective characteristics of the wider social and political climate. The chapter also outlines the current education policy context in England, emphasising the key role of high stakes testing in shaping teachers’ work lives and the emphasis on traditional academic subjects, leading to the marginalisation of citizenship education described in Chapter 2. The chapter finishes by introducing the schools involved in this research. They consist of nine case study schools and eight schools that were visited for a one-off interview.
Conclusion: citizenship, values and belonging
Authors: Vincent Carol
Published: January 2020

Chapter 6 concludes the book by summarising its themes and considering the definition and role of critical citizenship education. The chapter argues that, despite limitations, particular critical forms of citizenship education have the potential to offer considerations of liberal democratic values that go beyond the simplistic, assumed consensus of FBV. Finally, I conclude that the FBV is a deeply flawed project. In order to allow for maximum consensus, the values are rarely examined and defined, acting instead as a form of ideological comfort food, an assertion of Britain’s occupation of the moral high ground.
Employee Proactivity
Authors: Wu Chia-Huei
Published: January 2020

The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the current research on employee proactivity and indicate the need to unpack a relational basis of proactivity based on attachment theory. The chapter starts with phenomena to illustrate employee proactive behavior in organization. The chapter then provides a brief review on three different perspectives to conceptualize employee proactivity (i.e., individual differences, behavioral and process perspectives) and the three identified motivational mechanisms of proactive behaivor: whether individuals feel capable of being proactive, whether they have some sense that they want to bring about a different future, and whether they have positive affect to foster their proactive actions. The chapter is concluded by indicating the need to understand the role of social relationships in shaping individual proactive behavior and the value of using attachment theory to understand such influence.
Conceptualising Paid Domestic Work
Authors: Singha Lotika
Published: January 2020

This chapter lays the foundations of the book by first defining the work that the book intends to interrogate and unpacking the angst around it in some quarters of Western society, focusing on the feminist literature where such concerns are evident. Next, the chapter highlights theoretical contradictions and tensions in the literature and the assumptions underlying them, for instance, the work is a problem primarily between women. By drawing attention to some gaps and silences in the invaluable contribution made byprior research tounderstandings of the historically and socially constructed complexities of exploitation in paid domestic work, the chapterargues that the prevailing Western theories of this work are limited by their restricted focus on gender and race as the primary analytical categories.A more inclusive and globally relevant feminist approach would have an equivalent focus on class (and caste).
Borders, Migration and Class in an Age of Crisis
Authors: Vickers Tom
Published: January 2020

This book examines how borders structure the working class, shaping exploitation and resistance. The book uses the example of Britain to demonstrate the contemporary relevance of a Marxist approach and develop insights that have international relevance. In the wake of the 'Brexit referendum' and facing an uncertain future, debate rages as to whether immigration is good or bad for British society, in economic and cultural terms. Within the political mainstream, both sides in this debate share the assumptions that categories based on nationality, citizenship and country of origin are fixed, legitimate, and appropriate for assessing social change, measuring social benefit and harm, and allocating resources. Likewise, both sides of the debate limit their horizons to what is possible within the capitalist mode of production. Given the long history of migration to and from Britain, and the historically recent development of ideas of nation and citizenship, it is necessary to ask how and why borders and the divides they produce have become so deeply rooted and widely accepted, to the point that they appear as a ‘common sense’ division of humanity. Perhaps more importantly, what role do these ideas play in shaping responses to the crisis, and what are the alternatives?
Introduction
Authors: Vickers Tom
Published: January 2020

This chapter introduces the aim of the book: to consider the role of borders and border struggles in structuring global capitalism and producing categories of labour, focusing on changes following the global capitalist crisis that has been widely acknowledged since 2007. The book’s central arguments are introduced: that the proliferation of borders and austerity are part of the same process, in which the British state is reorganising itself to manage exploitation more effectively. Consequently, workers have connected interested in uniting to resist. Marxism is presented as a useful tool to understand how inequalities and relationships of exploitation between and within countries are inextricably connected, to explain both the rise of exclusionary policies and ideologies and the necessity for internationalist solidarity. Marxist theorisation within social movements is connected to contemporary discussions about ‘public sociology’.
Deconstructing Migrant Crises in Europe
Authors: Vickers Tom
Published: January 2020

This chapter traces the emergence of a ‘hostile environment’ and the rise of anti-immigrant populism, through the shifting immigration policies and categories employed by recent British governments. This is understood as an internalisation of border controls within Britain. The chapter then moves to a wider spatial scale, to consider the externalisation of Britain’s borders through the so-called ‘migrant crisis’ in Europe. The last part of the chapter considers the potential for social movements and campaigns to both reinforce and contest these bordering practices. The chapter concludes by considering the potential for such rearticulations to provide a basis to deconstruct hegemonic categories and form new subjectivities as a basis for resistance, and also the challenges of realising this potential.
Mobility Power and Labour Power in the Crisis of Imperialism
Authors: Vickers Tom
Published: January 2020

This chapter draws together the discussion in the previous chapters, by arguing that increasing restrictions on migration and on state welfare are part of the same process, in which the movement of workers is placed under increasingly strict discipline through differential regimes that fraction the working class, to increase exploitation and contain the contradictions of the imperialist crisis. Marx’s concept of the ‘reserve army of labour’ is reinterpreted, together with insights from the autonomy of migration tradition, as a way of exploring differential forms of movement under constraint that are not necessarily limited to particular individuals. This analysis is tested and developed drawing on empirical research with new migrants in North East England, to conceptualise three ‘dynamics of precarity’.
EU Externalization Policies and their Impact on Migrants in Morocco
Authors: Stock Inka
Published: January 2020

This chapter lays out the context of research in Morocco and the general situation of migrants in the country. In the beginning, it provides a general overview about the characteristics of Morocco’s migrant population. It explores the different types of migrants which Morocco is hosting, as well as their socio-economic and legal statuses. Furthermore, the chapter gives a short overview of new and old migration policies and their connections with EU migration policy and development cooperation. After that, important state-and non-state actors involved in migration management in Morocco are introduced. The chapter focuses on the structural conditions which regulate migration – both on national and international level- and how these are “framed” in policy talk. By doing this, the chapter uncovers the contradictions between the theoretical justifications for non-state and state actors’ decisions and activities in migration management in Morocco and those pursued by migrants themselves.
Travelling Adventures: Migration as an Existential Quest
Authors: Stock Inka
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on migrants’ journeys from their countries of origin to Morocco. The text analyses how phases of mobility and immobility are interdependent parts of the complex migration trajectories of my migrant research subjects. It explores the variety of obstacles that migrants encounter during travel towards Morocco, and the ways in which they continue to negotiate their social locations with respect to mobility along the way. By reviewing the variety of regulatory authorities (market, state and family) that structure their movement, I will show how aspirations and capabilities to migrate are produced and reproduced not only at the point of departure, but also along the way. Thus, rather than transiting through different places, the data shows how migrants’ journeys are best described as “fractured stays” in various places. These stays and the ways in which people travel do not leave them unchanged. Instead, it has a profound impact on themselves and their future migratory project. The migratory experience becomes a way of life which influences every other aspect of their identit
Waiting in Desperate Hope
Authors: Stock Inka
Published: January 2020

This chapter is about the diverse strategies migrants use to ‘revolt’ against the absurd conditions they find themselves in by attempting to leave the country. The data presented in this chapter shows that migrants’ opportunities for leaving or staying are shaped by their capabilities to influence the forces of mobility on the one hand and luck on the other. Capabilities and luck, however, are both difficult to control in situations of extreme marginality. Therefore, rather than planning for departure, migrants have to wait for unpredictable opportunities to arise. The chapter focuses on the variety of waiting strategies that help migrants re-establish some sense of temporal and spacial order in their lives. By describing the process followed by migrants’ waiting for departure in desperate hope, the connection between time and social agency becomes evident. Waiting can be seen as an act of choice to create a new future within very limiting constraints for action in the present. In the conclusion, the findings are brought into connection with contemporary ideas about time and modernity in order to show why migrants ‘waiting creates such an uncomfortable situation for migration policy makers.
The ‘Forgotten Criminology of Genocide’?
Authors: McGarry Ross , Walklate Sandra
Published: January 2020

In chapter four, The “forgotten criminology of genocide”, some of the historical influences within criminology established in chapter two are revisited to highlight the connections the discipline has to the topic of genocide. In particular, these connections pertain to the Holocaust, defining genocide as an international crime in the aftermath of the Second World War, and thinking about how the contemporary notion of “genocide” can be informed sociologically to recognise its ongoing violence and pervasiveness throughout the 20th and 21st centuries.
The ‘Dialectics of War’ in Criminology
Authors: McGarry Ross , Walklate Sandra
Published: January 2020

In chapter six, The “dialectics of war” in criminology the issue of “terror bombing” is foregrounded as an extensive weapon of “new” wars used against civilians throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. However, with the intention of transgressing this as merely a matter of “state crime” this is redefined as a form of “risk transfer” war wherein military lives are strategically prioritised over those of civilians. In making this observation, juxtapositions are proposed between civilian victims of war, the “deviant” soldier, and what we term the politics of remembering and “forgetting” war violence. These two “dialectics of war” are outlined to illustrate how war is relational with society, and how certain matters relating to deviant military bodies have been prioritised ahead of the murder of civilians within the discipline of criminology past and present.
Conclusion: Beyond a ‘New’ Wars Paradigm: Bringing the Periphery into View
Authors: McGarry Ross , Walklate Sandra
Published: January 2020

In the Conclusion chapter eight, Beyond a “new” wars paradigm: bringing the periphery into view, the conceptual framework of “old” and “new” wars presented in this Introduction, and as generally applied throughout subsequent chapters, is revisited to offer a critique of the broader arrangement of material in this book. This brings into view ways of thinking critically about facets of the “new wars paradigm” more generally and helps us to illustrate omissions from the larger body of work that we have presented during chapters two to seven. Key to the critique of “new” wars, and a notable problematique of criminological literature related to war, is an intellectual fixity that largely omits an awareness and critical understanding of Colonialism and Imperialism as brutal acts of war violence.
Imagining Spaces of Violence and Transgression in Vancouver and Northern Ireland
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses specifically on the issue of space, place, violence and transgression drawing on case studies in Canada and Northern Ireland. ‘Imagining spaces of violence and transgression in Vancouver and Northern Ireland’ focuses first of all on the lives of indigenous women and sex workers in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside (DTES). For 26 years, on 14 February, Valentine’s Day, women of the DTES have led a memorial march through the city, stopping at the places and spaces where women were murdered or went missing. The chapter draws on material from walking methods, participatory photographs and interviews with women who attended the march in 2016 to examine spaces of past, present and future in their lives. Continuing the theme of the construction and impact of space and borders explored in the previous chapter, this chapter also examines the history of the ‘peace walls’, ‘peace lines’ or ‘border lines’ in Belfast in the context of spaces of war, violence and conflict in Northern Ireland. Specifically,the ‘architecture of conflict’ is explored through criminological scholarship on the conflict in Northern Ireland. As with the Vancouver case study, arts-based walking methods are utilised that explore these border spaces through sensory, kinaesthetic, multi-modal research with citizens of Belfast.
Imagining Dystopian Futures in Young Adult Fiction
Authors: Seal Lizzie , O’Neill Maggie
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses how it is notable that ‘speculative fiction’ – fiction that creates alternative worlds – frequently addresses themes of deviance, transgression and ordering. It identifies themes of surveillance and spectacle; hyperreality and virtual reality; memory and the suppression of history; and hierarchy and difference in dystopian fiction aimed at young adults – The Hunger Games (Collins, 2008), The Maze Runner (Dashner, 2009), Divergent (Roth, 2011) and Red Rising (Brown, 2014). The chapter explores the role of this fiction in cultural imaginings of social control, repression and resistance, and argues for greater criminological attention to novels, including bestselling fiction.
The Sociological Study of Science and Religion in Context
Authors: Elsdon-Baker Fern , Mason-Wilkes Will
Published: January 2020

In this chapter,Elsdon-Baker and Mason-Wilkes review recent debates on science and belief, problematising the philosophicaltenor of current academic and popular discourse and highlighting the limitations of current research. The chapter begins by highlighting the fundamental difficulty with multi- or cross- disciplinary research into science, belief and society – which in part relates to the lack of social science researchers who can adequately provide open minded insight into both ‘science’ and ‘religion’. The authors contend that the nuance and complexity of how these two knowledge systems interact in diverse social contexts can be lost due to implicit disciplinary biases. Too often in academic discourse, they argue, scholars lose sight of the multi-layered and relational ways in which members of a variety of ‘publics’ relate to ‘science’. Rather than assuming that ‘publics’ negative responses to scientific research simply transect various epistemological, ontological, ethical narratives, the authors maintain that we need to situate people’s positions within a complex system of geopolitical, cultural and social contexts that lead to individuals’ positions on scientific issues acting as an identity marker across a spectrum of religious, spiritual, non-religious and atheistic publics.