bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Behavior of Micropiles under vertical tension and compression loads
Authors: Farouk A.
Published: February 2025

The use of micropiles has gained widespread attention in many studies and construction works all over the world. Micropiles are small diameter, drilled, cast-in-place grouted piles. They can be used for underpinning works and also in the construction of many newly constructed civil works. The main goal of this paper is to study the axial capacity of micropiles penetrated in granular materials. The methods used to estimate the capacity of micropiles are reviewed. Previous attempts to simulate micropiles in granular material are discussed. In this study, the micropiles and the penetrated soil are modeled using the finite element numerical program PLAXIS. Results of micropiles loading tests carried out in Cairo are utilized to verify and calibrate the finite element model. A parametric analysis was then performed to study the performance of micropiles. The studied parameters include the load-displacement behavior, the soil properties needed in modeling micropiles and the diameter of micropiles under the effect of vertical tension and compression loads.
Case study on installation and dynamic testing of large diameter steel tubular piles in sand
Authors: Wong P.K.  , Kelly R.B.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a case study on the design, installation and dynamic load testing of steel tubular piles for a new bridge across the Murray River between Victoria and NSW in Australia. Each of the four river piers is supported by a row of three 1.5m diameter steel tubular piles each having a required ultimate capacity of 16.4MN. The piles were driven into dense to very dense silty sand at depths of about 18m below riverbed level and about 40m below river bank level. The soil within the piles was partially mucked out following driving, and filled with reinforced concrete. Prior to installation of the bridge piles, several 355mm diameter steel tubular piles installed for temporary works were dynamically tested. These piles plugged during driving and behaved as true displacement piles, and the testing showed high shaft frictions in the sands. Dynamic load testing was carried out during driving (open ended) and after concreting of the bridge piles. The test results indicated significantly lower shaft friction compared to the 355mm diameter piles. This was attributed to a phenomenon known as friction fatigue for the low displacement, large diameter piles which did not plug during installation. Testing of the concrete plugged piles was complicated by the sharp change of pile impedance at the concrete/soil plug interface and pore pressures induced within the soil plug beneath the concrete. The final testing demonstrated ultimate load capacities in excess of 18MN, and monitoring during construction of the bridge showed satisfactory pile group settlement performance.
Deformation analysis of a piled raft foundation constructed using reverse construction method
Authors: Sonoda R.  , Matsumoto T.  , Kitiyodom P.
Published: February 2025

A building was constructed using reverse construction method, in which the superstructure (building) and the substructure (foundation) were constructed simultaneously. The foundation was regarded as a pile group without contribution of the raft resistance in earlier stages of construction, while the foundation behaved as a piled raft after the construction of the mat slab (raft) was completed. Post-analysis of the deformation of the foundation was carried out using a three-dimensional analysis program PRAB and the results of the pile load test. The results of the analysis are compared with the observed settlements of the foundation.
Stability assessment of bridges impacted by scour
Authors: Sayed S.M.  , Sunna H.N.  , Amaning K.O.  , Jetha N.K.  , Garcia J.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents the approach used in the Bridge Scour Evaluation and Remediation (Maintenance) program throughout the State of Florida since 1993. The purpose of this program has been to evaluate state and local-owned government bridges over tidal and non-tidal waterways with scourable beds, to determine the risk of failure from scour. A multi-disciplined team of engineers was assembled to ensure proper evaluation. Experts in bridge hydraulics/hydrology, structures and geotechnology worked together to come to a consensus on potential bridge scour-related problems and possible corrective actions.
Full scale sheet pile vibro-driving tests
Authors: Whenham Valérie  , Areias Lou  , Rocher-Lacoste Frédéric  , Vié Dominique  , Bourdouxhe Marie-Pierre  , Holeyman Alain
Published: February 2025

Full-scale experimental tests have been performed to study the installation of sheet piles using vibro-driving techniques. The tests took place at the Belgian Building and Research Institute (BBRI) test site located in Limelette, Belgium in October 2007. The main objective of the tests was to characterize sheet pile vibrodriving as a whole process by involving energy consumption records together with stress wave measurements on the sheet pile and soil particle velocity measurements at the soil surface and at depth. Another objective of the tests was to quantify the lateral vibrations undergone by the sheet pile during the vibro-driving process. This paper gives an overview of the measurements performed and of the obtained results.
Design of Blockwork Walls
Authors: Christensen C.T.  , Steenfelt J.S.
Published: February 2025

A limit equilibrium method for determining the safety of blockwork walls has been developed and automated by means of an “intelligent” spreadsheet solution. Through the definition of a “virtual backface” and volumes of “backfill behind” the wall and “backfill carried” by the wall, the method takes into account the volume of backfill acting together with the wall, and thus considers the typical irregular backface of such walls, as well as individual block dimensions. The method cannot replace detailed analysis of displacements and settlements when such are needed, e.g. by finite element analysis, but the method represents a rational and cost-effective limit equilibrium tool for design – or design check – of blockwork walls and conventional cantilever type retaining walls.
Gonflement et chemin de contraintes sur les caractéristiques de sol dans le dimensionnement des ouvrages
Authors: Berthelot P.  , Durand F.  , Pal O.
Published: February 2025

Au-delà de la problématique liée à la variabilité spatiale in-situ des matériaux potentiellement gonflants, l'expérience montre qu'il est bien difficile d'apprécier une pression de gonflement et les caractéristiques de cisaillement car les différents modes opératoires dont on dispose aujourd'hui conduisent dans la plupart des cas à des valeurs bien disparates. Cette dispersion n'est bien évidemment pas sans incidence sur le dimensionnement des projets géotechniques d'autant qu'elle est à moduler en pratique avec le comportement réel induit par l'interaction sol structure.
Probabilistic methods in the stability analysis of earth retaining structures
Authors: Ejezie S.U.  , Njoku T.N.
Published: February 2025

The uncertainty and variability associated with soil parameters are conventionally accounted for in practice by the adoption of point estimates of parameters, with the estimated values reflecting the engineer's confidence level in the observed data. This approach is rather simplistic and falls short of providing enough information on the bulk of available data. The statistical and probabilistic method of analysis is a rational and systematic approach that recognizes the variability of soil properties and provides reliable estimates of soil parameters for design purposes. For homogeneous and slightly heterogeneous soils, the mean value of the parameters from probabilistic analysis compares favorably with single value estimates obtained from conventional soil analysis. Reliability assessment of the stability of a retaining wall located in a project area of slightly heterogeneous soils in the Niger Delta region has been carried out using rigorous analytical methods and Microsoft – Excel spreadsheet optimization. The two approaches produced fairly similar results for parameters obtained from conventional and probabilistic soil analysis. On this basis, it is therefore affirmed that parameters derived from conventional analysis of samples of homogenous and slightly heterogeneous soils are adequate for design. Hence, there is no need to embark on the rigorous and complex probabilistic analysis, particularly in projects of moderate scale. This may only be necessary in large scale projects and in sites where soils exhibit pronounced heterogeneity. The spreadsheet-based reliability analysis however exhibits versatility and is recommended as a convenient analytical tool in the stability analysis of retaining walls. Its ability to explicitly reflect the correlation, standard deviation, probability distributions and sensitivities and to automatically seek the most probable failure combination of parametric values for any case under consideration gives it an edge over other methods of analysis.
Geoguide 7 – Guide to soil nail design and construction
Authors: Pun W.K.  , Cheung W.M.  , Shum K.W.
Published: February 2025

The soil nailing technique has gained its popularity on slope stabilisation in Hong Kong since the early 1990s. Experience gained over the years of application has led to the development of the technique in respect of design method, construction, quality control and new technology. In recent years, the Geotechnical Engineering Office (GEO) of the Civil Engineering and Developement Department in Hong Kong has carried out a series of soil-nail-related studies and summarised the experience gained with an ultimate goal of preparing improved guidelines on the design and construction of soil nails. The Guide to Soil Nail Design and Construction (Geoguide 7) was published in 2008. The Geoguide 7 presents a recommended standard of good practice for the design, construction, monitoring and maintenance of soil-nailed systems. This paper highlights the salient points of the content of the Geoguide.
Numerical simulation of the pore pressure regime in landslides with underdrainage
Authors: Bardanis M.  , Cavounidis S.  , Dounias G.
Published: February 2025

Large palaeo-landslides with considerable movements have sometimes caused the burial of permeable formations by the landslide mass. The pore pressure regime established in the landslide material where it overlies these permeable formations is strongly non-linear with depth. A close to hydrostatic pore pressure may be maintained down to a considerable depth, followed by a sharp drop upon approaching the base of the landslide material, to reach the pore pressure of the underlying permeable strata. This pore pressure profile is known as underdrainage profile. The paper presents the results of numerical analyses investigating the effect of inhomogeneity and anisotropy of the coefficient of permeability and infiltration from the ground surface. In order for such a non-linear pore pressure profile to exist in landslide materials there must be considerable infiltration from the ground surface and the coefficient of permeability of the landslide material must decrease with depth. This decrease is often due to the increase in vertical stress in the landslide material and also due to the orientation of clay particles along the slip surface, which may be located immediately above the upper boundary of the buried permeable formation.
Case study for dislocation of river Temnica over height embankment on a deposit material
Authors: Ilievski D.  , Dimitrievski D.  , Dimitrievski Lj.
Published: February 2025

Almost 70% of production of electric energy in Republic of Macedonia is based on thermo power plants. Due to continuous production of TPP REK Oslomej it was necessary to provide additional coal quantities from a new coal mine. Unlikely over the new coal layer river Temnica was flowing. For these purpose, design solution was to dislocate river Temnica in a length of 2 km, over deposit materials. The regulation of new river bed is with total length of km 1+990.00 for all sections (cuts and embankments), and approximately 400 m are expanding in a zone of height embankment up to 40 m.
Deux outils simples pour traiter des interactions complexes d'un massif renforcé par inclusions rigides
Authors: Cuira F.  , Simon B.
Published: February 2025

Deux outils simples et complémentaires ont été développés pour le dimensionnement des ouvrages étendus fondés sur inclusions rigides. L'outil Taspie+ étudie une cellule élémentaire centrée sur une inclusion en détaillant les mécanismes de cisaillement qui se développent selon la direction verticale, dans le matelas de répartition, le long de l'inclusion et sous sa pointe en exploitant la notion de courbes de transfert, appliquée au déplacement relatif sol – inclusion. L'outil Tasplaq traite de plaques de forme quelconque reposant sur un massif multicouche élastique. Il associe un modèle éléments finis des plaques avec une solution approchée des déplacements dans le massif multicouche élastique. Le support élastique peut également être décrit comme une distribution hétérogène de ressorts. En exprimant les résultats de Taspie+ comme deux séries corrélées de ressorts, l'association des deux outils se révèle féconde pour la conception des projets courants de dallage sur sol renforcé par inclusions rigides, en intégrant les joints de retrait du dallage sans accroître la complexité des modèles.
Beyond limits of FEM calculation methods
Authors: Barends F.B.J.
Published: February 2025

The accuracy of the simulation of geo-engineering phenomena by finite element calculation methods is limited by the method itself, uncertainty in soil properties and subjective choices and arbitrary assumptions of the engineer. The effect of these limitations can be surprisingly large and may be underestimated. Corresponding results may not comply with the expectations of decision makers and clients. The paper will address these aspects, tries to catch the engineer's role in an engineering factor, and will give some new directions how to cope with these uncertainties, which are in fact inherited from the empirical nature of the geotechnical profession.
Effective stress analysis of old railway embankments
Authors: Mansikkamäki J.  , Länsivaara T.
Published: February 2025

Stability analyses of old railway embankments on soft soils are commonly made using conventional limit equilibrium method (LEM) based on undrained strength of the subsoil. Alternatively it is possible to use effective strength parameters. According to the Finnish Railroad authorities (RHK), one has to use also the finite element method (FEM) for the effective stress analysis if the clay content in the subsoil is above 35 %. The reason for this is that one should account for the failure induced pore pressure. However, no guidelines are yet given on how this should be done.
Modelling embankments with vertical drains – a comparison of numerical methods
Authors: Montgomery J.  , Karstunen M.
Published: February 2025

This paper looks at the various methods available to predict the settlement of embankments constructed on soft soils with vertical drains. It finds that current commercially available finite element modelling (FEM) software is far more sensitive to variations in permeability within the smear zone than variations in the diameter of this zone. The paper uses plane strain analysis to accurately replicate the vertical settlements beneath the Haarajoki test embankment. However, this analysis fails to accurately replicate horizontal deformations. The paper concludes that currently available 3D FEM cannot currently replicate embankment settlements accurately. It suggests improvements required in 3D FEM programmes to allow accurate predictions in the future.
The impact of ground settlement on the design of approach slabs
Authors: Ravnikar Turk M.  , Logar J.  , Pulko B.
Published: February 2025

The bump problem is usually addressed by installing an approach slab, whose purpose is to bridge over the settling area between the approach pavement and the bridge abutment. Reduction in driving comfort, and short maintenance periods, mean that these settlements have to be reduced.
Effects of drainage on improving post-cyclic behaviour of non-plastic silt
Authors: Yasuhara K.  , Murakami S.
Published: February 2025

The effect of drainage history on post-cyclic monotonic undrained shear behavior of non-plastic silt has been investigated using cyclic and subsequent monotonic undrained triaxial tests, following a testing procedure proposed by the authors in which cyclic loading is carried out under stress-controlled conditions and subsequent monotonic loading is conducted under strain-controlled conditions. The results of a battery of tests show that, if the silt did not experience further undrained cyclic loading, the stiffness returned to the original value after once undergoing drainage from full or partial dissipation of excess pore pressures generated during undrained cyclic loading. This characteristic differs greatly from the behavior of cohesive soils, which tend to exhibit stiffness and strength improvement. On the other hand, the post-cyclic undrained strength increased independently of the period at all stages of dissipation of excess pore pressures when drainage was allowed after undrained cyclic loading, depending only on whether liquefaction took place before drainage started. These characteristic features of post-cyclic undrained behavior of non-plastic silt resemble those of cohesive soils including plastic silts and clays, which implies that deformation of silty soil ground during and after earthquakes is more important than ground failure.
Stability of circular tunnels in soft ground
Authors: Wilson D.W.  , Sloan S.W.  , Abbo A.J.
Published: February 2025

This paper considers the undrained stability of a circular tunnel in soft ground where the strength increases linearly with depth. Solutions are obtained which enable designers to compute the tunnel pressure that is needed to maintain stability of an unsupported heading during the construction process. These solutions take account of the ground surcharge, the tunnel geometry, the soil unit weight, a non-homogeneous undrained shear strength, and are expressed in dimensionless form.
Development of calculation methods of foundations on the pliable basis in Ukraine
Authors: Krivosheev P.  , Slyusarenko Y.  , Chervinsky J.
Published: February 2025

Basic principles of calculation method of the structures, taking into account variable rigidity of the ground basement, are introduced. The method of variable coefficients of rigidity of the basis allows taking into account non-linear and non-elastic deformability of ground and any displacement of a contact surface of the basis at calculations.
The use of instrumentation to back analyze rock mass modulus during a cavern construction in Hong Kong
Authors: Kwong A.K.L.  , Chan H.M.
Published: February 2025

A Centennial Campus is being developed at the western side of The University of Hong Kong Campus. The scope of this infrastructure project comprises the design, construction and commissioning of two new salt water and two new fresh water service reservoirs. Cavern was excavated in mostly tuff with intercalated tuffaceous sandstone to accommodate the new salt-water reservoir in a twin-cell tunnel system. With the requirements of minimal damage and disturbance to the rock mass during the excavation, it provided an ample opportunity to study the stress induced by the cavern as the excavation approached a virgin zone. This paper presents an evaluation of the magnitude of stresses acting on the crown of the large span tunnel at different stages of ground movement.
A countermeasure to liquefaction by reducing the degree of saturation of in-situ sandy soils
Authors: Hatanaka M.  , Masuda T.
Published: February 2025

Following were observed in a series of field and laboratory tests,: (1) after sand compaction, the primary wave velocity and the degree of saturation of in-situ sandy soil decreased due to the injection of air bubbles into the ground; (2) the liquefaction strength of partially saturated sand before and after sand compaction was much higher than that of fully saturated sand; (3) the effects of the size and roundness of soil particles and relative density on the relationship between degree of saturation and primary wave velocity were minor, but the effect of the confining stress on that relationship was significant; (4) for all tested sand, primary wave velocity increased rapidly with increasing degree of saturation from 90 to 100%. Based on these test results, a method to inject air bubbles into the ground is thought to be an effective method to reduce the disaster due to sand liquefaction.
Modal properties of a modern wind turbine including SSI
Authors: Prowell I.  , Elgamal A.  , Lu J.  , Luco J.E.
Published: February 2025

The beginning of the 21st century has seen a rapid growth in wind power with a world-wide capacity approaching 100 GW. With this growth, wind turbines are being installed in more sites where seismic loading must be considered. The matter is further motivated by the increase in size and mass of the newer wind turbines, where seismic loading, not wind or fatigue, may control the design of the supporting tower. To predict structural response due to seismic loading it is important to understand the in-situ properties of the wind turbine. This paper presents observed mode shapes and natural frequencies extracted from ambient vibration measurements of a large wind turbine. A finite element (FE) model of the turbine is created, including a full three-dimensional soil mesh to highlight the impact of soil structure interaction (SSI). Similarities and differences between the FE model and the observed results are quantified and discussed to provide insights as relates to SSI for seismic loading conditions.
Design for control settlement of large-area thick raft foundation
Authors: Gong J.F.  , Huang X.L.  , Teng Y.J.
Published: February 2025

In-situ monitoring results show that when the ratio of thickness to span of the raft h/L > 1/6, if the soil is uniform, rigidity of superstructure is good, load distribution is comparatively uniform, the deformation of entire raft is irregular and continuous, and the raft foundation under tall building is still limited rigidity, the deformation of the tall building itself together with the raft slab within its load dispersion range is an integral bent plane. For tall buildings with bending in no excess of 0.5 %, the relative bending deformation between tall building and podium is no more than 2%, the difference settlement of columns in the podium is also no more than 2% .
Monitoring the Working Performance of Soil Reinforced Mine Tip Walls in Africa: A series of Case Studies
Authors: Meadows J.F.  , Pauselli M.
Published: February 2025

Clients, who have Mining Tip Walls constructed in Africa, have a direct and immediate commercial interest in their performance. The walls must perform under harsh conditions and as a maintenance free asset with low to zero risk. To provide such guarantees the design, selection of specific materials, integration of geotechnical parameters and local conditions, correct application of material combinations and construction according to design specification must be carefully considered. Mechanically Stabilized Earth walls use soil reinforcing principles that are both highly flexible and adequately durable to withstand the applied loading and working conditions for the design life span. Therefore an adequate system to monitor the walls working performance is required.
Monitoring of performance in four dikes on soft soil
Authors: Justo J.L.  , Saura J.  , Da Silva E.M.J.  , Soriano C.  , Durand P.
Published: February 2025

The final stretch of the low Guadalquivir Canal includes an irrigation control pond, enclosed by four homogeneous embankments with initial heights over foundation up to 11.2 m, three of them placed on marshland. Preliminary calculations, based upon a conventional site investigation, indicated that the factor of safety at the central part of highest dike was 0.29 and settlement was high. These results have compelled to place topographic marks, settlement plates, piezometers and inclinometers, in and under the embankments, and to take measurement of the instrumentation at short time periods. Up to now, settlement measurements have been taken over 2500 days. The measurements are being interpreted using Plaxis 2D program, and Mohr-Coulomb and soft-soil-creep models. The dikes have been successfully completed and the water has been raised up to a little less than 1 m below the maximum level.
A probabilistic approach to estimate one-dimensional consolidation settlements
Authors: Won J.Y.
Published: February 2025

Probabilistic analyses were performed to estimate consolidation settlements using an extensive field and laboratory data set from the Namak New City site in Korea. The results from 70 borings, 106 Dutch-cones and 103 oedometer tests were statistically analyzed. An analytical approximation method was developed and compared to Monte Carlo simulation techniques to estimate distributions of settlement ratios. Among the parameters of interest, the most dominant factor that controlled the magnitude of settlement was the soft clay thickness. For fill heights of 3 to 9 m, average settlement ratios of 11.1 to 21.0 % were estimated from the probabilistic approach. The settlement distributions from the analytical approximation were comparable to that from the Monte Carlo simulation.
Damages on linear structures induced by regional subsidence of Mexico City
Authors: López-Acosta N.P.  , Auvinet G.  , Rodríguez J.F.
Published: February 2025

The regional subsidence of the Lake Zone of the valley of Mexico affects the city subway system, and in particular, the Guelatao-Los Reyes portion of Line “A”. In this site, soils with contrasting properties are found: hard soils associated to the presence of hills and mountains, and soft soils, mainly the clays of the Lake Zone. The paper presents different geotechnical features of the site and a brief description of the subway box-type concrete structure. The irregular settlements of the subsoil along the line have produced different types of damages on the structure. A simple methodology for modeling the soil-structure interaction effects on this site is presented. In this analysis the structure is represented as a continuous beam with elastic properties using the Finite Element Method. The longitudinal settlement profile of the soil is represented by a Fourier series. It is concluded that harmonics with relatively short periods (less than 100 meters) are the most pernicious for the structure of this system.
Variation of Engineering Characteristics in Dredged Clay through Long term Field Monitoring
Authors: Yang T.S.  , Kim J.K.  , Kim B.H.  , Jang Y.S.
Published: February 2025

In this study geotechnical investigation data are evaluated and compared with existing and current ones in soft clay area, where several years have passed after dredging and reclamation in western and southern area of Korea. Through these, changes of physical and mechanical characteristics of dredged and reclaimed soil are analysed by boring test and permeability test before and after dredging. Especially, studies of changes of physical properties, e.g. permeability, undrained shear strength, are carried out. In the future, these values will be used as design data to apply reinforcement of ground surface and ground improvement of soft ground and to estimate the stability of the harbor facilities.
Monitoring of shear strain in shallow sections of slopes to detect increased risk of slope failure
Authors: Tamate S.  , Itoh K.
Published: February 2025

Slope failures frequently cause labour accidents in construction sites, and even a small collapse can cause serious injury to workers. The Short Pipe Strain transducer (SPS) was developed to measure shear strain increments in the shallow section of slopes, and its applicability was examined through centrifuge model tests and prototype model tests. Prior to slope failure, obvious increases in the response of strain (rs) were measured during slope cutting tests. In loam ground, creep strain curves were observed. A couple of minutes can be provided by monitoring the second or third creep. Accordingly, it was confirmed that the SPS not only measures slope movement but also senses an increase in the risk of slope failure. Slope inspections must be conducted to ensure safety during work, and the SPS is effective for subsidiary warning systems that save workers' lives.
Full-scale horizontal pile tests in a residual dolomite profile
Authors: Jacobsz S.W.  , Vorster T.E.B.
Published: February 2025

A series of horizontal pile load tests was carried out on instrumented bored piles to back-calculate parameters for the analysis of the foundations of a 3km long railway viaduct founded on a very heterogeneous residual dolomite profile. The test arrangement and analysis of the results are described. The mass-stiffness of the residual profile was found to be much stiffer than traditionally assumed for a residual dolomite profile which enabled a less conservative, and hence, more economical foundation design to be adopted.
Performance of a large diameter oil storage tank on improved clay deposit
Authors: Ranjan Gopal  , Sundaram Ravi  , Gupta Sanjay
Published: February 2025

Large diameter cylindrical welded steel tanks bearing on soft clay deposits can experience substantial settlement. Ground improvement by provision of granular piles is an effective method to strengthen the soft clay and control settlements within acceptable limits. The paper presents the installation technique together with results of load tests conducted on trial granular piles to assess the behavior of the improved ground. The tank performance, evaluated by hydro-testing the tank, compared well with the theoretical model used to compute the settlement of the improved ground.
Decomposition of organic matter of MSW incineration ash by electrolytic method
Authors: Omine K.  , Kobayashi T.
Published: February 2025

In this study, in order to promote early stabilization of waste disposal landfill, electrolytic method for decomposition of persistent organic matter is applied to municipal solid waste (MSW) incineration bottom ash. First of all, effect of decomposition of persistent organic matter by the electrolytic method was investigated based on the test result. Secondly, stabilization effect of MSW incineration ash was confirmed by circular system of electrolytic water. The electrolytic method for decomposition of persistent organic matter was applied to MSW incineration ash. From the test results, it was clarified that stabilization of MSW incineration ash progresses by using circular system of electrolytic water.
Investigation on mechanism of grouting and engineering characteristics of in-situ grouted soils
Authors: Chang M.  , Chen C.C.  , Huang R.C.  , Chang J.  , Yang P.J.
Published: February 2025

Soil grouting is generally adopted to enhance engineering properties of soil deposits by introducing cohesive agents into the ground. The effectiveness of the technique, however, is influenced by various factors, and relies upon a substantial portion of on-site experience and engineering judgment. Major uncertainties in grouting appear to be the actual mechanism of injection and the performance of the grouted ground. Although several attempts have been made in the past, results of related studies on the injection mechanism are generally not conclusive and the improvement of grouting on engineering properties of soils can not be practically quantified. The study herein discusses an examination on the injection mechanism, through an in-situ grouting program and the subsequent excavation. Various types of grout were introduced into different soil layers of the ground, with controlled injection pressure and volume. Field mapping and laboratory testing of the grouted soils were carried out. A numerical simulation of the grouting process was also performed and discussed for clarification of the observed mechanism.
Subgrade stabilization with lattice-frame-reinforced sheet
Authors: Okamoto M.  , Yoshida T.  , Kitamoto Y.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents a new type of subgrade stabilization technique, the lattice-frame-reinforced sheet, which consists of a textile sheet and mortar-injected fabric hoses. The special hoses, which are called “Jackets”, are installed on the textile sheet with lattice-pattern before mortar injection. This sheet can not only distribute surcharge loads but also work as ground beams and furthermore confine the ballasting material on the sheet horizontally.
Variation of the parameters of injection for the ground in different regimes
Authors: Farcas V.S.  , Popa A.  , Ilies N.M.
Published: February 2025

One of the basic characteristics in design and execution of a suitable grouting is the grouting fluid pressure. This paper will present the relations between injection pressure, injection debit and periphery advance fluid velocity for one-dimensional penetration, plan axial symmetric penetration and spatial symmetric penetration. However, the most important part of the paper will be the presentation of an experimental model for grouting, on natural scale.
Corrective grouting in sand to restore pile foundations, Vijzelgracht, Amsterdam
Authors: Bezuijen A.  , Kaalberg F.J.  , Kleinlugtenbelt R.E.  , Roggeveld R.P.
Published: February 2025

Leakage of sand and water through a diaphragm wall for the Vijzelgracht station of the Amsterdam North South line at a depth of 12 m –NAP led to settlements up to 0.15 m of the adjacent buildings. These buildings are founded on end bearing piles that were installed with their tip in the first sand layer (at the same depth as the leakage). The leakage led to a local ground loss and decrease in density of the sand underneath the piled foundations. Corrective grouting was performed initially to restore the capacity of the pile foundation. Although the lifting of the building was successful, it appears that for these conditions (loose sand due to ground loss) the efficiency of the corrective grouting process is rather low. Injections of up to 600litres/m2led to a heave of only 10 mm at maximum. Although the original stiffness of the load bearing sand layer was completely restored, ongoing settlements were found up to at least 5 months after finishing the compensation grouting.
Design of relief boreholes for relaxation of pore-water pressure at the bottom of excavations
Authors: Perau E.  , Gutjahr St.  , Hammacher M.
Published: February 2025

For excavations in subsoil below the groundwater level a verification against failure by heave has to be carried out. Relief boreholes can be applied at the bottom of the excavation in order to relieve the pore-water pressure. But in this case the well known classical approaches for the verification against failure by heave fail themselves. A calculation scheme on the basis of the finite element method (FEM) is presented to fill this gap. The derived scheme is more flexible than the classical approaches and so it can also be used to design the relief boreholes. Finally, the scheme is illustrated by an example.
Deep excavation design to carry out construction of national and university library by Jože Plečnik (NUK II) in Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia
Authors: Mešić N.  , Pavlič M.U.  , Fašalek M.
Published: February 2025

In the Ljubljana city center the Ministry of Higher Education, Science and Technology has plans for a construction of a new National University Library by Jože Plečnik (NUK II). The structure is designed in such a way that a central part of the library a high shelving storage is located over four cellar floors. The structure arrangement affects the foundation soil up to a depth of 17.0m. Geologically the region of construction is one of the most demanding in Slovenia. The structure site is located on the passing through high compressible sediments of the Ljubljana Moors (in a thickness of up to 32m) at a southern part and somewhat better gravel and clayey alluvium of the Ljubljana field at a northern part. There are two groundwater levels at the site. The geological soil structure gave rise to a choice of technology for protection of the deep excavation by braced thick diaphragm wall and technology of top-down structure construction.
Considerations of new approaches for TBM tunnel design
Authors: Mayer Peter-M.  , Libreros Ana  , Niklasch Christoph  , Klotz Claudia
Published: February 2025

Advances in the design and reliability of tunnel boring machines have led to a significant increase in their utilization in recent decades. One consequence has been the increased demand for mechanisation and automation of the entire tunnelling process. It was observed in many tunnel projects that cracking (damage) of the rings has direct influence of the bearing capacity of the concrete lining and represents an important factor for the major loss of lining quality with a detrimental influence on the long-term behavior of segments. A large part of the damage to segments occurs during the construction process, when the TBM occasionally produces large forces and deformations that will lead to failure of the segments due to cracking or compressive failure. This paper presents important aspects of the research that Ed. Zueblin AG performed for the integrated project, Technology Innovation in Underground Construction (TUNCONSTRUCT). New design approaches for TBM tunnels and three-dimensional finite element analyses of a TBM tunnel are shown in this paper. Examples of look-up tables as presented in this paper provide information for the pre-design of segmental linings including a preliminary risk evaluation.
Ground freezing and groundwater control at underground station CS in Rotterdam
Authors: Thumann V.M.  , Hannink G.  , de Doelder B.R.
Published: February 2025

Rather complex subsurface and groundwater conditions have played an important role for the design and execution of the extensive reconstruction works on the existing underground station Rotterdam CS. The retaining wall is designed as a diaphragm wall for about 90% of the building pit circumference. The remaining 10% has been generated by means of ground freezing. This paper describes the results of 3D groundwater calculations using the MicroFem code; this model has been used for the design and during execution of the project to determine the effect of dewatering activities. Two project case histories are presented, illustrating that knowledge of the local groundwater regime provides key-information in case of unexpected events, like leakage through diaphragm walls and during the process of coming to the vital conclusion that 100% watertightness of the frozen soil structure has been achieved.
Influence of surface coverage on non saturated flows
Authors: Franch F.A.J.P.  , Futai M.M.
Published: February 2025

Data collected during an 8 month continuous measurement of rainfall, groundwater level and pore-water pressure for two portions of an unsaturated slope, in São Paulo, Brazil, under two surface coverage: vegetation and mortar; was analyzed to evaluate the magnitude and time-dependence behavior of these variables. Laboratory and “in situ” testing's were performed to obtain physical, geotechnical and hydraulic characterization of the two geological/geotechnical horizons found on the slope. The ground smoothing caused by concrete application reduced rainwater infiltration into the soil, increasing the run-off and keeping active the suction during rainy periods, at most of the experimental slope. During the drought periods, the evapotranspiration promoted significant reductions in water pore-pressure in the vegetal slope portion, which not occurred in the concrete slope portion. There were “fast” variations of water pore-pressure in the clayey soil.
Datamanagement and Datamining – a precondition for geotechnical works
Authors: Knitsch H.  , Wieland R.  , Pandrea Paul
Published: February 2025

Special ground engineering projects frequently require a systematic measuring control of any relevant data and their real-time interpretation to ensure success, quality and cost-effectiveness. For this purpose, a mostly enormous flow of information has to be organised and mapped. Apart from interfaces for data transfer (data management), links and correlations of different kinds of data (data mining) have to be defined.
A concept of a database for results of laboratory tests on soil and rock
Authors: Engel J.  , Schuppener B.  , Hettler A.  , Kunz E.
Published: February 2025

An important element of geotechnical calculations are parameters for the quantification of the mechanical and hydraulic properties of soil and rock. To establish the ground properties it is not only necessary to perform field and laboratory tests for the actual site but also to take into account experience gathered with similar projects and ground conditions. This is also stressed in Eurocode 7 Geotechnical design in which the term “comparable experience” has particular significance and in which it is stated that “the selection of characteristic values for geotechnical parameters shall be based on results and derived values from laboratory and field tests, complemented by well-established experience”. Therefore a database for the results of laboratory tests is a useful and highly necessary tool. This paper gives an overview of a concept for a database of common mechanical data for soil and rock. The aim of the proposed concept is the standardization of the database and the consideration of all important information so that the data can be used for a variety of purposes. The most important feature of the database is the introduction of reliability classes which will enable future users to assess the data objectively.
Influence of random soil parameters on seismic vibration of extended structures
Authors: Kholmyansky M.L.
Published: February 2025

The influence of random soil dynamical parameters on seismic vibrations of extended structures is studied. The excitation is modeled by vector random process. Soil dynamic parameters are supposed random variables stochastically independent on random excitations. The problem is solved as linear. General equations are given. A simple specific case is being considered: system with two elastically connected masses, each of them is situated on soil. The numerical results obtained show that accounting for random soil parameters may alter the system response significantly.
Stress-strain behavior of artificially cemented Kaolin clay
Authors: Verástegui Flores R.D.  , Van Impe W.F.
Published: February 2025

In this paper, the strength and compressibility of a reference material such as Kaolin clay after treatment with binders was studied with the aim of identifying key behavior features and differences with respect to noncemented Kaolin clay. The water content of the soil was fixed at a high value to represent a very soft consistency. Portland cement was used as binder at dosages varying from 5% to 20%. A number of samples were prepared in the laboratory and were allowed to cure under controlled conditions. The shear and compression behavior of natural and cement-treated kaolin clay samples was assessed by triaxial compression testing and oedometer tests. The results demonstrated that cemented samples show initially much higher stiffness and strength than noncemented samples. But as the stress level increases a yielding state is encountered where interparticle bonding begins to break intensively. Before yielding (at low stresses), the strength is governed by the cement dosage and the one-dimensional compression is almost negligible. Beyond yielding (at high stresses) the strength is governed by the stress level just like for any frictional material. Under one-dimensional compression, a clear collapse is observed; the compression lines tend towards the compression line of the noncemented clay with a gradient that lightly steepens with increasing cement dosage.
Effect of cement-zeolite grouts on the durability of stabilised clays
Authors: Osman A.A.-M.  , Al-Tabbaa A.
Published: February 2025

Although cement-based grouts are widely used in geotechnical and geoenvironmental engineering applications, e.g. for the stabilisation of soft soils, their performance can be adversely affected by exposure to aggressive chemicals. The use of zeolites, which are alumino-silicates with rigid hollow structures, has recently been suggested as a means of enhancing the durability of cement-based grouts especially for sulphate attack. As a result, an experimental study was carried out to verify the potential improvements in the behaviour of cement-based grouts containing zeolites in various aggressive environments. This paper focuses on the durability of soft clays stabilised with cement-bentonite and cement-zeolite grouts and addresses the diversity in their behaviour. The aggressive environments applied included sulphate and acid solutions and freeze/thaw cycles. The impact of the aggressive environment is assessed using the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The results showed a clear difference in behaviour between the cement-zeolite and cement-bentonite grouts with the former significantly outperforming the latter in their resistance to both sulphate and acid solutions, although the latter still maintained its superior resistance to freeze-thaw cycling. The strength was also generally much higher due to the pozzolanic nature of zeolite and hence also enhanced the UCS compared to cement grouts alone.
Strength and stiffness properties of mixtures of granitic soil-cement
Authors: Rios Silva S.  , Viana da Fonseca A.  , Consoli N.C.
Published: February 2025

This paper will focus on the sensitivity of strength and stiffness properties of silty-sands, from granitic residual soil, which can be converted to a highly improved material if stabilized with cement. The study of soil stabilization with cement demands to quantify the influence of the cement percentage, porosity and water content adopted in the admixing process for different stresses and physical states. Firstly, this influence was quantified in terms of the unconfined strength and maximum deformability modulus executing unconfined compression tests as well as seismic wave velocities measurements in thoroughly controlled conditions in laboratory, varying the factors indicated above. Then, drained triaxial tests with very precise instrumentation were performed in some specimens with such a cement percentage and water content fixing the relationship between the void ratio and the volume of cement.
General Report: Session 1B on Physical and Constitutive Modelling
Authors: Fioravante Vincenzo  , Giretti Daniela
Published: February 2025

This report drives a path through some of the main issues discussed by the 84 papers presented to the Session 1B – on Physical and Constitutive Modelling – of the 17th ICSMGE and evidences some of the results of major interest, with the aim of outlining the role of modelling in geotechnical engineering. Physical, theoretical/constitutive and numerical modelling strongly interact in design practice. Design is usually undertaken via simple conceptual models or rigorous numerical analyses; physical modelling provides important benchmarks for calibrate conceptual models and to validate numerical analyses and is particular useful when dealing with complex geotechnical problems.
Simulation of collapsible soils subjected to inundation
Authors: Kakoli S.T.N.  , Hanna A.M.  , Ayadat T.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents an innovative procedure to model collapsible soil before-during-after inundation using the finite element method. The proposed numerical model can easily be implemented to analyze the case of shallow or deep foundations on/in collapsible soils. The model developed takes into account soil suction reduction resulted from progressive inundation, from two different aspects: soil stress state and its properties, and irrecoverable volume change of the soil. The theories of Unsaturated Soil Mechanics, including Soil Water Characteristic Curve (SWCC), are employed to take into account the effects of inundation on collapsible soil properties. For illustration purpose, numerical modeling of a single pile in collapsible soil before-during-after inundation is presented.