bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating the Price of Quality Characteristics for Tomatoes: Aiding the Evaluation of the Postharvest System
Authors: Jordan Jeffrey L. , Shewfelt R. L. , Prussia S. E. , Hurst W. C.
Published: September 2022

An important aspect in the fresh tomato market is the array of quality characteristics that affect value. This paper estimates implicit prices for quality factors of fresh tomatoes delivered at a terminal market. The study’s findings suggest a relationship between the implicit price of quality attributes and the cost of changes in the postharvest handling and distribution process.
Aberrant Citrus Plants Obtained by Somatic Embryogenesis of Nucelli Cultured in Vitro
Authors: Navarro L. , Ortiz J. M. , Juarez J.
Published: September 2022

Virus-free plants of 8 monoembryonic cultivars of Citrus Clementina Hort ex Tan. were obtained by somatic embryogenesis of the nucellus cultured in vitro. Twenty-nine percent of them had abnormal phenotypic characters that were maintained for 7 years in the greenhouse, and by bud wood propagation on different rootstocks. Electrophoretic studies of the proteins disclosed differences in band intensity and distribution between normal and abnormal plants, indicating the possibility of genotypic variations. Alternative methods to obtain virus-free citrus plants are advised to reduce the high percentage of abnormalities.
In Vitro Propagation of Dionaea muscipula
Authors: Minocha Subhash C.
Published: September 2022

Surface-sterilized leaf sections from mature Venus fly trap (Dionaea muscipula Ellis) plants produced several adventitious plantlets when cultured on full strength Lin and Staba medium or a reduced strength Murashige and Skoog growth medium supplemented with 0.5-25 μM cytokinin. Zeatin at 9.0 or 22.5 μm was found to be most effective in inducing adventitious shoot formation. These shoots were excised and subcultured on a low salt medium to generate roots. The rooted plants then were transferred to sterilized peat moss and grown to maturity. A large number of plants could be regenerated through repeated subculture of leaf segments.
Tissue Culture Propagation of Buffalo Gourd
Authors: Lee Chi Won , Thomas John C.
Published: September 2022

Apical shoot tips and axillary buds of buffalo gourd (Cucurbita foetidissima HBK.) when cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 4.4-22.2 μm (1-5 mg/liter) BA and 0-0.54 μM (0-0.1 mg/liter) NAA produced 4-9 multiple shoots within 4 weeks. The individual shoots subcultured on MS medium containing 4.9 μm (1 mg/liter) IBA produced a healthy root system in 4 weeks. Rooted cultures were successfully transferred to soil in a greenhouse. Chemical names used. BA:N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine. NAA:l-naphthaleneacetic acid. IBA: lH-indole-3-butanoic acid.
Crop Response in a Modified Mine-air Greenhouse Environment
Authors: Buxton J. W. , Walker J. N. , Cornelius P. L.
Published: September 2022

A greenhouse environment, heated and cooled with air drawn from a coal mine, was modified to reduce high humidity and dripping condensate. Polyethylene covered chambers, constructed within the mine-air greenhouse, were ventilated with mine-air, heated above mine-air temperature and ventilated with mine-air, or heated above mine-air temperature and ventilated with air drawn from outside the greenhouse. Heating the chambers above mine-air temperature did not reduce relative humidity significantly. However, polyethylene glazing on the chambers protected plants growing within the chambers from condensate dripping from the outer covering of the mineair greenhouse, which reduced the disease potential. Snapdragon and lettuce crops were produced in the chambers from early fall through spring. Snapdragon and lettuce grown in chambers ventilated with mine-air generally were of equal or better quality than plants produced in chambers provided with additional heat and ventilated with either mine-air or air drawn from outside the mine-air greenhouse.
Response of ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees in the Greenhouse to Rates and Forms of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in a Low phosphorus Soil
Authors: Raese J. Thomas
Published: September 2022

Mono-ammonium phosphate applications to apple trees, ‘Oregon Spur’ seedling root (Malus domestica Borkh.), grown in a low P soil resulted in greater regrowth than the controls or other N or P soil treatments in the greenhouse. The high rate (12 g/tree) of mono-ammonium phosphate resulted in the most leaves per tree, the lowest percentage of leaves with purple margin, the highest level of leaf P and Mn, and relatively high levels of leaf N, K, Ca, and Mg. The 4 sources of N fertilizer (ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, and urea) reduced the levels of leaf P in the trees. Trees treated with calcium nitrate had the highest level of leaf Ca.
Root Anaerobiosis, Root Respiration, and Leaf Conductance of Peach, Willow, Quince, and Several Pear Species
Authors: Andersen P. C. , Montano J. M. , Lombard P. B.
Published: September 2022

The effects of root anaerobiosis on root respiration and leaf conductance (kl) were determined in solution culture experiments. Respiration of feeder roots (<2 mm diameter) in air (21% O2) of Pyrus betulaefolia Bunge, Pyrus calleryana Decne, Pyrus communis L. (‘Old Home’ × ‘Farmingdale 97’) and Cydonia oblonga Mill. ‘Provence BA 29’ was reduced by no more than 50% after 21 days of anaerobiosis. In contrast, root respiration of Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘Lovell’ was reduced by 80% with anaerobiosis, whereas that of Salix discolor Muhl. increased. Reductions in kl with anaerobiosis generally were more pronounced than reduction in root respiration when measured in air. Respiration rates of aerobically or anaerobically treated pear roots were inhibited by 25% to 50% when incubated in 0.5% O2 compared to rates in air. More work is required in order to delineate the relationship of root respiration and kl with anaerobiosis.
Cultivar Dependent Variation in Pathogen Resistance due to Tissue Culture-propagation of Strawberries
Authors: Shoemaker Nancy P. , Swartz Harry J. , Galletta Gene J.
Published: September 2022

Tissue culture-propagated (TC) strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) had a cultivar-dependent shift in susceptibility to Phytophthora fragariae Hickman and Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke and Berthold root-rotting fungi. TC-propagated ‘Tribute’, a resistant cultivar, had a disease reaction similar to that of runner-propagated ‘Tribute’ plants. TC-propagated and juvenile selfed seedlings of ‘Raritan’, a susceptible cultivar, were more susceptible to these diseases than ‘Raritan’ runner plants. The TC plant disease reaction shifted toward the runner plant (or usual clonal) reaction with increasing time out of in vitro culture.
Relationship of Morphological Development to Meiotic Occurrence in Various Small Fruits
Authors: Goldy Ronald G.
Published: September 2022

Flower buds of blackberries, blueberries, grapes, raspberries, and strawberries were observed in order to determine the relationship of morphological development and meiosis. Blueberries showed the least development whereas grapes and brambles had considerable development prior to meiosis. Meiotic figures were found with relative ease in blueberries, strawberries, and grapes but with difficulty in brambles.
Combining Ability of Blueberry Interspecific Hybrids for Growth on Upland Soil
Authors: Chandler C. K. , Draper A. D. , Galletta G. J. , Bouwkamp J. C.
Published: September 2022

Adaptation to upland soils was investigated in a diallel study involving progeny of 4 blueberry (Vactinium) clones consisting of 1 highbush blueberry (V. corymbosum L.) clone and 3 interspecific hybrids. Both general and specific combining ability were significant. Seedling progenies of NJUS 11 (V. ashei × V. atrococcum) and US75 (V. darrowi × V. corymbosum) grew well on an upland soil. Although not included in the diallel crosses, NJUS 64 (V. myrsinites × V. angustifolium) progenies also grew well on upland soil.
Water Stress, Endogenous Ethylene, and Ficus benjamina Leaf Abscission
Authors: Richard Graves William , Gladon Richard J.
Published: September 2022

Ficus benjamina L. were subjected to 48 hr of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced water stress. Leaf abscission and concentrations of endogenous ethylene (C2H4) in the leaves were monitored. Leaf abscission began 24 to 48 hr after stress initiation, and most abscission occurred within the first 24 hr after water stress was relieved. PEG-stressed plants lost 35% to 47% of their leaves by 120 hr after the experiment was initiated. Older leaves abscised first and remained green throughout the abscission process. Endogenous C2H4 concentrations increased sharply and then declined during the first 6 hr of water stress. Endogenous C2H4 concentrations then increased gradually, and, by the time leaf abscission began, leaves contained 1.50 to 2.25 µl C2H4/liter.
Tall Fescue Turf Performance under a Tree Shade
Authors: Wu Lin , Huff David , Davis William B.
Published: September 2022

Four tall fescue (Festuca arundincea Schreb.) cultivars: ‘Alta’, ‘Falcon’, ‘Rebel’ and ‘Houndog’ were examined for turf performance under a tree shade. ‘Alta’ showed a more inferior turf performance than the rest of the 3 cultivars. No difference between cultivars in turf quality was detected among ‘Falcon’, ‘Rebel’ and ‘Houndog’ under the tree shade. Shade resulted in a greater reduction in plant size than in plant density. All cultivars produced a reasonable turf stand under 70% tree shade. No shade related disease problem was found in the tall fescue cultivars tested.
Response of Tilia cordata and Acer platanoides in Pots to Nitrogen Levels
Authors: Barnett C. E. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: September 2022

Seedlings of 2 ornamental tree species, Tilia cordata Mill, (littleleaf linden) and Acer platanoides L. (Norway maple) were grown outdoors in containers for 1 season under 6 N regimes (0, 52.5 105, 210, 420, and 840 ppm N) in a turface/peat medium. At 6, 12, and 15 weeks, plants were harvested, growth parameters measured, and data analyzed by covariance. Optimum growth under the conditions imposed by the experiment occurred at 210 and 420 ppm N, although the response of A. platanoides was less consistent than that of T. cordata. Zero, 52.5, and 840 ppm N limited growth.
Freezing Tolerance in the Genus Ficus
Authors: Hummel Rita L. , Johnson C. R.
Published: September 2022

Freezing tolerances of 31 evergreen and semi-evergreen Ficus species growing out-doors at Fairchild Tropical Garden, Miami, Fla., were determined in late Dec. 1982. Five species, Ficus hookeriana Corner, F. montana Burm.f., F. rubiginosa Desf. ex Venten., F. tinctoria Forst.f., and F. trigonata L. survived freezing at −2°C whereas the hardiest species, Ficus pumila L., survived −4°. The other 25 species failed to survive freezing at −2°. A tender species, Ficus benjamina L., grown under natural environmental conditions in Gainesville, Fla., failed to survive a Jan. 1983 freeze of −4°. Freezing avoidance via supercooling appeared to be an effective means of survival for F. benjamina, as evidenced by 80% rooting in samples that supercooled to −2° and −4°.
Description of a Basic Program for Data Collection using a Portable Microcomputer
Authors: Gilreath J. P.
Published: September 2022

Data collection and analysis are time-consuming processes. Each time data are transcribed, the probability of error increases. Electronic data collection devices are commercially available; however, they are relatively expensive (more than $2000). In addition, they may require programming by the user, or purchase of program instructions in the form of read-only memory (ROM) chips. Many individuals cannot afford to invest in one of these devices. Several lightweight portable computers are now available for under $1000. Among these is one sold by Radio Shack under the trade name TRS 80 Model 100 (Radio Shack, a division of Tandy Corporation, Fort Worth, TX 76102) which can be purchased with different amounts of memory and comes with a phone modem for telecommunications, an RS-232C interface, a text editor, and resident MBASIC (Microsoft Corporation, 10700 Northrup Way, Bellevue, WA 98004) programming language. MBASIC is a relatively common version of BASIC which is available for a large selection of computers. The Model 100 could thus be used for data collection, text preparation, and programming applications in BASIC. Currently, no menu-driven data collection programs are available for the Model 100 or any other portable computer.
‘Kochba’ Almond
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P.
Published: September 2022

‘Kochba’ is a high yielding, semi-hard shelled, well-sealed cultivar of almond, with an attractive light colored kernel.
Virginia Horticulture
Authors: McCombs C. Leslie , Fretz Thomas A.
Published: September 2022

Horticulture in the Commonwealth of Virginia has been greatly influenced by the topography of the state, and by the heritage of early settlers. In the Handbook of Virginia, published in 1866, 6 “great natural divisions” were recognized: the Tidewater, Middle Virginia, Piedmont, the Blue Ridge, the Shenandoah Valley, and Appalachia. These divisions, which rise in altitude from east to west, were said to have “differences of climate, soil production and require separate considerations in every respect.” Superimposed on these regions were the culture and national heritage of the settlers which had a great influence on the scope and scale of the state's agricultural development.
In the CSHS Awards section of Society Affairs
Authors: Andersen Emil T.
Published: September 2022

In the CSHS Awards section of Society Affairs [HortScience 19(5):760, 1984], the correct spelling of the Honorary Life Member is Emil T. Andersen. We thank Dr. Andersen for his patience with this correction.
Interspecific Hybridization in the Common Bean: A Review
Authors: Hucl Pierre , Scoles Graham J.
Published: September 2022

The uses of related wild and domesticated species in the improvement of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris L., are examined. Obstacles to gene transfer between species and the approaches used in circumventing these barriers are discussed.
In Vitro Propagation of Java, New Guinea, and Java x New Guinea Impatiens
Authors: Stephens L. C. , Krell S. L. , Weigle J. L.
Published: September 2022

In vitro propagation of induced tetraploid Java (J) Impatiens platypetala Lindl. TR6-19, New Guinea (NG) Impatiens sp. ‘Skyrocket’, and 2 interspecific J x NG hybrids, T63-1 and T63-3, was achieved by culturing shoot tips on agar-solidified MS revised medium supplemented with levels of kinetin and NAA. The mean number of shoots per shoot tip increased linearly from 0.3 shoots at 1.39 µM to 8.5 shoots at 139.0 µM kinetin for T63-1, the most responsive genotype. The number of shoots produced by T63-1 and T63-3 were not significantly different, but both hybrids produced significantly more shoots than either ‘Skyrocket’ or TR6-19. Shoot tips produced in vitro rooted readily and were transferred successfully to soil. Chemical name used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA).
Residual Effects of Chlormequat on Garden Performance in Sun and Shade of Seed and Cutting-propagated Cultivars of Geraniums
Authors: Schwartz Mary Ann , Payne R. N. , Sites Garry
Published: September 2022

Geranium cultivars ‘Sooner Red’ (seed) and ‘Yours Truly’ (cuttings) were grown in the greenhouse and treated with 0 ppm or a double foliar application of 1500 ppm chlormequat (Cycocel). Growth and flowering were evaluated and then plants were planted outdoors and grown under full sun, 30% and 63% shade to determine residual effects of the chlormequat applications. During greenhouse production, chlormequat treated plants were significantly shorter than untreated plants for both cultivars. Flower production by 15 May was not affected significantly. There was no interaction between chlormequat treatment and shade level. Chlormequat increased flowering significantly for ‘Sooner Red’ 1-15 June. This trend was reversed later in the season. Flowering of ‘Yours Truly’ was unaffected by chlormequat application. Chlormequat-treated ‘Sooner Red’ plants remained significantly shorter than untreated plants throughout the season. As the shade level increased, flower production declined on ‘Sooner Red’. ‘Yours Truly’ performed equally well in sun or 30% shade, but plants in 63% shade produced fewer flowers. The 63% shade increased plant height for both cultivars. As shade increased, final dry weight decreased for ‘Sooner Red’ but not for ‘Yours Truly’.
Electrophoretic Identification of Carnation Cultivars
Authors: Messeguer R. , Arús P.
Published: September 2022

Leaf extracts of 10 carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) cultivars were submitted to electrophoresis and stained for 10 enzyme systems. Variability was found in 5 enzymes: phosphoglucoisomerase, leucine aminopeptidase, esterase, phosphogluco-mutase, and shikimic dehydrogenase. Based on the isozyme phenotype of each cultivar for the variable enzymes, it was possible to distinguish 7 of the 10 cultivars tested. The remaining 3 cultivars had the same banding patterns.
Influence of Different Levels and Timing of Supplemental Irradiation on Pot Chrysanthemum Production
Authors: Hicklenton Peter R.
Published: September 2022

Supplemental photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 77, 148 and 231 μmol s-1m-2) was provided to Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat ‘Paragon’ during 14 days each of rooting (24 hr daily), long days (LD; 24 hr daily) or short days (SD; 9 hr daily) in a greenhouse. Crop growth efficiency (calculated as the ratio of the observed to potential dry weight gain) was highest under the 77 μmol s-1 m-2treatment during each stage and decreased markedly at higher irradiances. Relative growth rates were increased by all levels of supplemental PAR at each stage. The increases were proportionately smaller than the increase in total PAR in treatments above 77 μmol s-1m-2. Flower number, and flower and vegetative dry weight increased in response to 77 μmol s-1m-2 supplemental PAR, but increased irradiances had no further effect. Extension of the 77 μmol s-1m-2 treatment beyond rooting to LD significantly improved all traits over single stage treatments. Further extension into SD, however, was not beneficial.
Influence of an Antitranspirant and a Hydrogel on Net Photosynthesis and Water Loss of Cineraria during Water Stress
Authors: Tu Z. P. , Armitage A. M. , Vines H. M.
Published: September 2022

Cineraria plants (Senecio cruentus DC) were transplanted into medium either with or without a hydrogel (polyethylene oxide). Half the plants in each medium were treated with a film-forming antitranspirant while half were not. Plants then were placed either in a clear glasshouse or a shaded glasshouse (40% shade), and no additional water was applied. Water loss was lowest for plants where both the foliage and medium were treated, whereas control plants (no treatment) lost water most rapidly regardless of light intensity. Plants which received only the hydrogel were similar in water loss to control plants at both light intensities. As water stress developed, net photosynthesis (Pn) decreased, reaching a zero rate at wilting; however, Pn measurements of treated leaves showed few significant differences due to treatment during the water stress period.
Kentucky Bluegrass Lateral Growth and Stem Rust Response to Soil Compaction Stress
Authors: Shearman R. C. , Watkins J. E.
Published: September 2022

This field study was conducted to evaluate soil compaction stress effects on 20 Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) cultivars. Compaction stress reduced lateral spread of most cultivars with none having greater spread in compacted than in non-compacted soil. ‘Vantage’, ‘Cheri’, and ‘Merion’ maintained the same lateral growth under both conditions. Compaction increased stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.) incidence, particularly for stem rust susceptible and moderately susceptible cultivars.
Effect of Ethephon and Heat on the Growth and Yield of Edible Ginger
Authors: Furutani Sheldon C. , Villanueva Jed , Tanabe Michael J.
Published: September 2022

Preplant soak application of ethephon at 750 ppm in combination with a 51°C water soak for 10 min to ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe ‘Chinese’) rhizomes increased shoot number by 122% after 16 wk and rhizome weight by 38% at harvest, compared to 21° water-soaked rhizomes. The increase in rhizome weight was correlated with number of shoots per plant. Chemical names used: (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon).
Hexazinone on Weeds and on Lowbush Blueberry Growth and Yield
Authors: Yarborough David E. , Ismail Amr A.
Published: September 2022

Hexazinone was applied preemergent, after pruning, at 1.1, 2.2, 4.5, or 9.0 kg/ha to a commercial lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) field. Visual ratings indicated a quadratic decline in grasses and a linear increase in blueberry injury associated with hexazinone application. Counts of weed populations showed a highly significant linear decline in meadowsweet (Spiraea latifolia Borkh.) and goldenrod (So-lidago sp.) with an increase in hexazinone rate. Hexazinone treatments did not affect the density of blueberry stems, but flower buds and yield followed a quadratic trend. Hexazinone provided excellent control of many common weed species accompanied by a significant increase in blueberry yield. Chemical name used: 3-cyclohexyl-6-(di-methylamino)-1-methyl-1,3,5-triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione (hexazinone).
Effects of Year and Genotype on Flowering and Ripening Dates in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Lyrene P. M.
Published: September 2022

Seventeen rabbiteye blueberry clones observed for 4 years at Gainesville, Fla., showed much year-to-year and clone-to-clone variation in flowering and ripening dates. If, however, year effects were removed by expressing flowering and ripening dates as deviations from year means, the sequence in which the 17 clones flowered and ripened was highly repeatable, with little clone × year interaction.
Short-term Cold Storage and Soil Fertility during Plant and Fruit Production on Growth and Fruiting of Strawberry
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard CM
Published: September 2022

Strawberry plants (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch. ‘Dover’ and ‘Florida Belle’) produced increased December fruit yields during 2 seasons when stored at 2°C for 1 week prior to transplanting rather than transplanting directly from the nursery. The total fruit yield of ‘Dover’ decreased with storage the 2nd season, whereas the total fruit yield of ‘Florida Belle’ was unaffected by storage. Lowering the soil fertility in the nursery prior to plant harvest increased ‘Dover’ December fruit yield the 2nd season, and increased ‘Florida Belle’ December yield both seasons. Total fruit yields of both cultivars as related to nursery fertility were inconsistent. Total fruit yields of ‘Dover’ in both seasons were greater with a fertilizer application in the fruit production field of 224N-50P-224K kg·ha-1 than with double this application. Total fruit yield of ‘Florida Belle’ was not affected by fertilization in a fruiting field. During the first season, both cultivars produced more misshapen fruit with the 448N-100P-448K kg·ha-1 application than with the 224N-50P-224K kg·ha-1 application.
Correlation of Leaf Number at Transplanting to Strawberry Fruit Yield
Authors: Albregts E. E. , Howard CM
Published: September 2022

Optimum leaf number at transplanting, as related to fruit yield for strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) plants which had received no chilling in the nursery, varied with cultivar. Leaf number optimum for ‘Dover’, ‘Florida Belle’, breeding line 77-163, and ‘Pajaro’ were 4, 4, 3, and greater than 5, respectively.
Pod Retention and Seed Yield of Beans in Response to Chemical Foliar Applications
Authors: Weaver M. L. , Timm H. , Ng H. , Burke D. W. , Silbernagel M. J. , Foster K.
Published: September 2022

Chemicals often associated with pollen function in vitro were applied under field conditions to foliage of determinate, semi-determinate, and indeterminate beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) to evaluate pod and seed yield response. Sprays of calcium nitrate, boric acid, ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid, detergent “Micro”, and different sugars altered pod retention and seed yield, but response varied with bean source.
A Possible Role for Cellulose and Cx-cellulase Activity in Locular Gel Formation in Tomato Fruit
Authors: Huber Donald J.
Published: September 2022

Cellulose contents in acetone powders derived from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ‘Sunny’) fruit pericarp and locular gel were measured. In the pericarp, cellulose increased throughout development, whereas Cx-cellulase activity increased during ripening. Locular gel cellulose content was lower than that in pericarp at all developmental stages, increasing through the breaker stage. Beyond the breaker stage, during the terminal period of gel formation, locular gel cellulose decreased. Levels of Cx-cellulase were high in gel tissue, and maximum activity was attained prior to the decrease in gel cellulose indicating that Cx-cellulase and cellulose may be important features of gel formation.
Automatic Irrigation in a Peach Orchard
Authors: Willoughby P. , Cuming K. J.
Published: September 2022

Systems to control water supply commonly use one or a combination of the following measurements: 1) soil-water suction using tensiometers, 2) soil-water content from the neutron moisture meter, 3) pan evaporation, 4) rate of fruit growth, or 5) timing based on the knowledge of soil, plants, and environment in a particular orchard (1, 3, 4, 5). Most of these methods require a regular commitment of time and management skill; some are expensive (neutron meter) or need constant maintenance (tensiometers). The following report describes a matric suction sensor (MS sensor) that controls irrigation through soil-water suction.
Elimination of Toxicity from Polyurethane Foam Plugs Used for Plant Culture
Authors: Wheeler Raymond M. , Schwartzkopf Steven H. , Tibbitts Theodore W. , Langhans Robert W.
Published: September 2022

Polyurethane foam plugs commonly are used as collars or supports to grow plants in solution culture. Despite their utility, these foam plugs can be quite toxic to plants, particularly to small seedlings. We have observed tissue injury in tests using plugs to support lettuce, red beet, and potato plants in solution culture. Typically, the injury is initiated on the hypocotyl or stem tissue in direct contact with the foam, and appears within 30 hr as a brownish discoloration on the tissue surface. This discoloration can be followed by complete collapse of affected tissue and eventual death of the seedling. When injury does not progress beyond surface browning, the seedling survives but growth is slowed. In this paper, we report on different treatments that can be used to remove the toxicity of these plugs so they can be used in plant research.
Defoliation of Deciduous Fruit Trees with Magnesium Chlorate and Cyanamide
Authors: Erez A.
Published: September 2022

Magnesium chlorate [(Mg(C103)2] and hydrogen cyanamide (H2CN2) sprays defoliated one-year-old nursery trees of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple, ‘Spadona’ pear, ‘Canino’ apricot, ‘Harry Pickstone’ plum, and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ grapevine, with no or minimal phytotoxicity. Bearing Maravilha peach trees were defoliated completely in autumn using Mg(C103)2 at 0.36%.
‘Baldwin’ Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Austin M. E. , Draper A. D.
Published: September 2022

‘Baldwin’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) is a new cultivar originating from the cooperative blueberry breeding program of the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations and the USDA. It is a very productive, late-ripening cultivar with good flavor and firm, dark-blue fruit. Bacause of its lengthy ripening period ‘Baldwin’ is intended primarily for pick-your-own and backyard planting in areas of the southern United States where rabbiteye blueberries are grown successfully. ‘Baldwin’ is named in honor of Abraham Baldwin, Yale graduate, U.S. Senator, and founder and first president of the Univ. of Georgia,.
‘Henry Kelsey’ Rose
Authors: Svejda Felicitas
Published: September 2022

‘Henry Kelsey’ rose combines winter hardiness with free and recurrent flowering, high levels of resistance to mildew [Sphaerotheca pannosa (Wallr. ex Fr.) Lév.], and a field resistance to blackspot (Diplocarpon rosae Wolf). ‘Henry Kelsey’ is the 3rd winter-hardy climber derived from this breeding program. It is an addition to ‘John Cabot’ (4) and ‘William Baffin’ (5) to which it compares well in winter survival, flower production, and mildew resistance. It is comparable to ‘John Cabot’ in blackspot resistance and length of flowering period, but ‘William Baffin’ is more resistant to blackspot and flowers one week longer. The bright red flowers of ‘Henry Kelsey’ are more attractive than the magenta flowers of ‘John Cabot’ and ‘William Baffin’. Another distinctive feature of ‘Henry Kelsey’ is the trailing growth habit. ‘John Cabot’ and ‘William Baffin’ have arching branches.
‘Emerald Cascade’ Oregon Boxwood
Authors: Straley Gerald B.
Published: September 2022

Oregon boxwood or mountain box [Pax-istima myrsinites (Pursh) Raf.] in the Celas-traceae is an evergreen shrub native to western North America, from southern British Columbia and extreme southeastern Alberta south to California and New Mexico. It grows in well-drained soils in a wide variety of moderately moist to dry habitats in full sun or partial shade. It is often common as an un-derstory shrub in open coniferous forests. Plants remain as a single shrub or become an open colony speading slowly from underground sprouts or rooting lower branches.
A Lightweight Planter for Uncoated Lettuce Seed
Authors: Waycott William , Conley William J.
Published: September 2022

A commercially available small garden seeder was modified to improve the precision planting of uncoated lettuce seed. The modified seeder is light weight, is adapted to planting small quantity seed lots, can be rapidly cleaned of remnant seed, and is designed for research and home garden use. Acceptable single seeding of uncoated lettuce seeds in the laboratory averaged 41.5%. Acceptable single seedling emergence in the field averaged 36.8%, a 13.6% improvement in the existing efficiency over the small plot seeder currently used. Minor modifications could make this planter design adaptable to most small-seeded crops.
Container Size Influences Broccoli and Cauliflower Transplant Growth but not Yield
Authors: Dufault Robert J. , Waters Luther
Published: September 2022

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var italica) and cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var botrytis) were seeded and grown for 4 weeks in containers ranging from 3.8 to 30.5 cm3 in volume, 2.0 to 4.3 cm wide, 3.2 to 7.2 cm deep, and at densities of 540 to 2500 plants/m2. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of container size on growth of 4-week-old plants and on their subsequent yield. The number of leaves/plant, leaf dry weight/plant, plant height, and leaf area/plant of 4-week-old broccoli and cauliflower plants generally increased with increasing container width, volume, and decreasing plant density. Container depth did not affect these variables, except to increase plant height as depth increased. Container volume, width, and depth and density did not affect marketable yields of broccoli and cauliflower. Earliness, length of harvest season, and cull yields of broccoli and cauliflower generally were unaffected by container size. Small containers (2.0 cm wide, 3.2 to 4.5 cm deep, 3.8 to 5.9 cm3 in volume, and 2500 plants/m2) are economical and appropriate depending on seedbed conditions.
Daminozide Protects Potato Seedlings from Metribuzin Phytotoxicity
Authors: Phatak Sharad C. , Jaworski Casimir A. , Ghate Suhas R.
Published: September 2022

The effect of daminozide as a plant growth retardant to protect potato seedlings from metribuzin injury was investigated. Plants of 6 potato cultivars were sprayed 42 days after planting with daminozide at 0, 2500, 5000 ppm concentrations. Four days after daminozide treatment, metribuzin at 0.56 kg/ha was applied. Within 3 days after metribuzin treatment, differences between potato cultivars in metribuzin tolerance was observed. Seven days after metribuzin application 25.2% to 42% of the control plants had more than 20% necrosis, and of this percentage, 0% to 13.9% plants were dead. Only 2.3% to 10.7% of the plants exhibited more than 20% metribuzin injury when pretreated with 2500 ppm daminozide. Potato plants treated with 5000 ppm daminozide were not damaged. The soluble solids of stem sap increased with daminozide rate. Protection from metribuzin injury in potato was associated with the increase in soluble solids in daminozide treated plants. Chemical name used: butanedioic acid mono (2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide).
Photoperiod Affects Chrysanthemum Host Plant Selection by Leafminers (Diptera: Agromyzidae)
Authors: Knodel-Montz Janet J. , Lyons Robert E. , Poe Sidney L.
Published: September 2022

The leafminer, Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess), was attracted more to short day (SD) grown chrysanthemums for feeding and oviposition than to long day (LD) grown chrysanthemums. Densities of feeding punctures and mines within SD grown plants were positively related to leaf height. A physical property of chrysanthemum leaves influencing the preference of feeding and oviposition sites by the female leafminer was trichome density.
Flowering Response of Mid-Century Hybrid Lilies to Bulb Vernalization and Shoot Photoperiod Treatment
Authors: Roh Mark Seungmoon
Published: September 2022

Mid-Century hybrid lilies (Lilium × elegans Thunb.) ‘Kiyotsu-beni’ and ‘Enchantment’ were subjected to bulb vernalization and shoot photoperiod treatments. Both cultivars required a minimum of 4 weeks of bulb vernalization at 5°C to promote shoot emergence and rapid flowering at 21°. Flower number was not influenced by shoot photoperiod treatments. A split temperature of 5°/9° at 2-week intervals accelerated flowering of ‘Kiyotsu-beni’. Flower numbers of ‘Enchantment’ were increased when bulbs were given 2°/2°. The optimum vernalization temperature was 5° or 9° for ‘Kiyotsu-beni’, and 2° for ‘Enchantment’.
Effect of Postharvest Heat Treatments for Insect Control on the Quality and Market Life of Peaches
Authors: Kerbel Eduardo L. , Mitchell F. Gordon , Mayer Gene
Published: September 2022

The tolerance of peaches [Prunus persica (L) Batsch ‘Suncrest’] to different heat treatments, utilizing hot water and hot air at 38°, 40°, 42°, and 43°C was evaluated. Following treatment, and after 5 days at 20° (simulated marketing conditions), following 10 days at 0° (simulated holding and transit conditions), surface browning was the major symptom of heat injury. Significant injury occurred to fruit from all the treatments at 43°. However, some treatments, i.e., water dipped (40 min at 38°) + either 24 or 30 hr at 38° in air; and water dipped (40 min at 40°) + either 12 or 24 hr at 40° in air were tolerated by the peaches.
Benzaldehyde, a Major Aroma Component of Saskatoon Berries
Authors: Mazza G. , Hodgins M. W.
Published: September 2022

The aroma of 7 cultivars of saskatoon berries (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) has been investigated by gas chromatography—mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and colorimetry. One compound, benzaldehyde, comprised 26 to 168 mg/kg of fresh berries and 76% to 96% of the essence. This is the first report of benzaldehyde in saskatoon berries.
Spring Frost Injury Relative to Phenophase Bud Development in Saskatoon Berry
Authors: Friesen Laurie J. , Stushnoff Cecil
Published: September 2022

Frost injury to floral buds of Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt, was studied following a severe spring frost. Observations were made on several cultivars, selections from natural stands, and on the cultivar ‘Smoky’ grafted onto 3 different rootstocks. Some comparisons also were made on ‘David’ pear, ‘Dolgo’ crabapple, and ‘Patterson Pride’ plum. In all taxa, the lower portion of the fruiting canopy was injured more than the upper portion. Terminal and spur buds suffered more damage than axillary buds. Hardiness decreased as the stage of phenophase bud development increased. Rootstocks influenced phenological development and thereby injury. Within a floret, pistil tissue was damaged more frequently than other floral tissues.
Movement of Foliar Applied Boron out of Leaves and Accumulation in Flower Buds and Flower Parts of ‘Italian’ Prune
Authors: Hanson E. J. , Chaplin M. H. , Breen P. J.
Published: September 2022

To study the distribution of foliar applied B in ‘Italian’ prune (Prunus domestica L.) trees, 500 ppm B solutions were applied in July, September, and October. Boron applied in September or October moved readily out of senescing leaves and apparently into adjacent flower buds and subtending tissues. Boron applied in mid summer (29 July) moved out of nonsenescing leaves at a similar rate. Flower buds accumulated B slowly in the fall and winter, but rapidly during bud swelling. In flowers, the largest increases in B concentrations due to foliar sprays were in anthers (248%) and styles (162%).
Rapid Micropropagation of Paulownia tomentosa
Authors: Burger D. W. , Liu L. , Wu L.
Published: September 2022

Nodes from mature tissue of Paulownia tomentosa Steud. were cultured on a modified Murashige-Skoog (MS) medium containing BAP and NAA. Axillary buds elongated most rapidly from nodes of greenhouse-grown trees on a medium containing 1.0 mg BAP/liter and 0.1 mg NAA/liter. After 7 days on this medium, the elongated shoots were transferred to media containing IBA (0.5–1.0 mg/liter) or the shoots were quick-dipped (15 sec) in the K-salt of IBA (KIBA, 500–1000 ppm) and rooted under mist in the greenhouse. The shoots rooted in 7–10 days and were easily transplanted to 6 packs (6-celled plastic flat) for continued development. This propagation scheme provides a method for the rapid multiplication of plants from mature tissue Paulownia in a very short period of time (14–17 days). Chemical names used: 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA); benzylaminopurine (BAP); 1H-indole-3-butanoic acid (IBA).
Jojoba Embryo Culture and Oil Production
Authors: Lee C. W. , Thomas J. C.
Published: September 2022

A single immature jojoba [Simmondsia chinensis (Link) Schnedier] embryo cultured in vitro produced as many as 18 asexual embryos per explant depending on the explant size and culture media composition. Cotyledonary structures arising from embryos contained wax bodies and liquid wax identical to that of jojoba seed. The induced asexual embryos, when excised and subcultured, frequently produced callus without forming multiple embryos.
Selection for Resistance of Onions to Botrytis allii by Scale Inoculation Method
Authors: Miyaura Kuniaki , Shinada Yuji , Gabelman W. H.
Published: September 2022

Botrytis neck rot, caused by Botrytis allii Munn, is one of the most serious diseases of onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars during storage. Uniform maturity of Fj hybrids has provided tolerance to natural infection in the United States. Cultivar differences in resistance to this disease have been detected by artificial inoculation in Europe. However, gain from selection for resistance by systematic artificial inoculation has not been reported (1, 2, 4, 5).
‘Pawnee’ Pecan
Authors: Thompson T. E. , Hunter R. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Pawnee’ pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] is a precocious and prolific producer of high quality nuts. It was released by the USDA 2 Nov. 1984. Early maturity, large size, and high kernel percentage make the nuts of this cultivar uniquely suited for the early Thanksgiving and Christmas holiday market. Earlier nut maturity also makes ‘Pawnee’ a potential cultivar for the northern pecan production area where there are few protandrous cultivars from which a grower can choose.
BARC-Rust Resistant −2, −3, −4, and −5 Snap Bean Germplasm
Authors: Stavely J. R. , Steinke J.
Published: September 2022

Rust, caused by Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger [ = U. phaseoli (Reben) Wint.], is a major disease of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) throughout most of the world (7). Severe epidemics can cause as much as 80% to 100% crop loss. This disease often occurs in severe epidemics on snap beans in the humid Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic United States (1, 5). Fungicides are commonly used to reduce losses. Over 150 pathogenic races of U. appendiculatus have been identified worldwide, including 55 from the contiguous United States (4).
Clubroot-resistant Broccoli Breeding Lines OSU CR-2 to OSU CR-8
Authors: Baggett J. R. , Kean D.
Published: September 2022

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Italica Group) breeding lines OSU CR-2 to OSU CR-8 were selected and tested for clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae Wor.) resistance in the field at Corvallis and Tillamook, Oregon. All of the lines have shown resistance to downy mildew [Peronospora parasitica (Fr.) Tul.] in the field at Corvallis, and most have useful horticultural characteristics and are potentially useful as parents for F1 hybrids.
‘Summit’ Tomato
Authors: Gardner R. G.
Published: September 2022

‘Summit’ is a late-season, determinate, fresh-market tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) developed at the Mountain Horticultural Crops Research Station, Fletcher, N.C. ‘Summit’ is adapted to ground and stake culture for mature-green and vine-ripe harvest. It was evaluated in North Carolina as NC 7993-5-39-1W-1R and in the Southern Tomato Exchange Program (STEP) as STEP 671.
‘Earlirouge’, an Early Fresh Market Red Tomato
Authors: Metcalf John G. , Reyes Andres A. , Mohr Willard P.
Published: September 2022

‘Earlirouge’ tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) was developed to replace ‘Starfire’, the common cultivar grown in eastern Ontario, Canada, in the 1960s. It was named for its earliness and bright red color of the fruit. It is now grown for the handpick fresh market tomato in Ontario and Quebec provinces of Canada and northeastern United States.
Dormancy: Toward a Reduced, Universal Terminology
Authors: Lang G. A. , Early J. D. , Arroyave N. J. , Darnell R. L. , Martin G. C. , Stutte G. W.
Published: September 2022

In observing the growth phases of a plant’s many structures, a paraphrasing of J.L. Harper (7), and later Sussman and Douthit (13), comes to mind: “Some structures are born dormant, some achieve dormancy, and some have dormancy thrust upon them”. Indeed, the dormancy phenomena can be associated with essentially all meristematic regions of the plant. Accordingly, a wealth of terminology has arisen to describe various plant dormancy phenomena. While recently discussing seasonal growth processes, our use and misuse of current and historic dormancy terms led us to conclude that a simplified, descriptive dormancy terminology would be of benefit to the plant science community. Our purpose here is to review briefly the terminology now in use, critically examine dormancy phenomena and reduce terminology to a minimal number of descriptive terms, and consequently to stimulate discussion of this terminology scheme by our peers.
Recent Advances in Virus Detection
Authors: Martin Robert R.
Published: September 2022

Viruses consist of nucleic acid packaged in a protective shell composed of protein or, in some cases, protein plus lipid. This shell protects the nucleic acid from enzymatic degradation while it is outside the host cell in a potentially hostile environment. Recent advances in virus detection and diagnosis are based on increased sensitivity of methods for the detection of proteins and nucleic acids.
Using Plant Viruses for Disease Control
Authors: Hamilton R. I.
Published: September 2022

The practice of using plant viruses in the control of virus diseases, originally demonstrated in 1933 by Salaman (56), arose from observations made over 50 years ago by McKinney (41), Thung (64), and others who reported plants, preinoculated with mild strains of some viruses, and later inoculated with related severe strains, often failed to show symptoms of the severe strains. The phenomenon has been termed “cross protection” (22, 32, 66). The general observation, failure of the severe strain to cause symptoms, is valid but the principles underlying the phenomenon are not understood. For example, 2 strains may exhibit reciprocal protection, but others may not (23, 24, 39). Moreover, evidence is accumulating in some experimental systems that, even though the severe strain may not induce symptoms, it does replicate in the protected plant (7, 17), so that the failure to express symptoms may not necessarily mean failure of the severe strain to infect and replicate. On the other hand, Dodds (16) provided evidence that cross protection between 2 strains of cucumber mosaic virus appears to operate by preventing infection by the challenge strain.
Hardwood Chips as an Alternative Medium for Container Plant Production
Authors: Kenna Susan W. , Whitcomb Carl E.
Published: September 2022

Hardwood chips of post oak, Quercus stellata Wangh, and Siberian elm, Ulmus pumila L., were used as components of container growth media for Pyracantha X ‘Mojave’ and Formosan sweetgum, Liquidambar formosana Hance. Both species grew at least as well in the wood chip media as in conventional pine bark medium. Micronutrients were of little benefit to plants in the oak chip medium but did increase plant growth in the elm chip medium. Drainable pore space decreased dramatically during the growing season, indicating decomposition; however, roots appeared normal when the study ended. Adding additional N above the level generally used with a pine bark medium did not improve growth.
Avoidance of Herbicide Injury by Placement between Rows of Polyethylene Mulch
Authors: Teasdale John R.
Published: September 2022

Several herbicides which usually are toxic to muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) did not reduce melon yield when applied to soil between crop rows mulched with black polyethylene. These herbicides include metolachlor, alachlor, oryzalin, linuron, acifluorfen, metribuzin, and paraquat. However, oxyfluorfen and atrazine cause severe injury and reduced yield in some instances. Herbicide injury appeared to result from movement of herbicide to plants by rainfall runoff or by volatilization rather than by root uptake from the treated area. Chemical names used: 5-[2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]-2-nitrobenzoic acid (acifluorfen); 2-chloro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-N-methoxymethyl)acetamide (alachlor); N’-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-N-methoxy-N-methylurea (linuron); 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide (metolachlor); 4-(dipropylamino)-3,5-dinitrobenzenesulfonamide (oryzalin); 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium salts (paraquat); (4-amino-6-[1,1-dimethylethyl]-3-[methylthio]-1,2,4- -triazin-5 [4H]-one) (metribuzin); 2-chloro-1-(3-ethoxy-4-nitrophenoxy)-4-(trifluoromethyl)benzene (oxyfluorfen); 6-chloro-N-ethyl-N’-(1-methylethyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine (atrazine).
Comparison of Three Experimental Vegetable Plot Planters
Authors: Ells James E. , McSay Ann E.
Published: September 2022

Cone, belt, and baffle planters built to fit on standard Planet Jr. planting units, were evaluated for vegetable plot seeding. On the basis of field tests with cabbage, cucumber, and lettuce seed, the belt planter was preferred. The cone planter had difficulty in transferring seed from the cone plate to the delivery tube and the baffle planter did not seed cabbage and lettuce uniformly.
A Technique for Accurately Measuring Water Use by Entire Greenhouse Crops
Authors: Moss Gerald I. , Meyer C. P. , Ceresa A. , Sale P. J. M. , Shell G. S.
Published: September 2022

Equipment for measuring water use of a greenhouse crop of up to ± 1 kg h-1 over 30 m2 is described. It is based on growing a crop in nutrient film, with a nutrient tank replenished from a water tank, and controlled by accurate level sensors. The water tank is suspended from a load cell interrogated at frequent intervals by a data logging computer. Examples of data collected are given. Peak daytime transpiration rates varied from 50 mg s-1 m-2 to 150 mg m2 s-1 with a maximum error of 5%. With low transpiration rates, the errors were increased, but accuracy could be improved by calculating the rates over a prolonged time interval.