bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stem Cells, Multiorgan Failure in Radiation Emergency Medical Preparedness: A U.S./European Consultation Workshop
Authors: Fliedner Theodor M. , Chao Nelson J. , Bader Judith L. , Boettger Axel , Case Cullen , Chute John , Confer Dennis L. , Ganser Arnold , Gorin Norbert-Claude , Gourmelon Patrick , Graessle Dieter H. , Krawisz Robert , Meineke Viktor , Niederwieser Dietger , Port Matthias , Powles Ray , Sirohi Bhawna , Weinstock David M. , Wiley Albert , Coleman C. Norman
Published: January 2009

The concern of the public regarding terrorist actions involving nuclear emergencies resulted in the reopening of the discussion regarding the best ways to cope with the inevitable health impairments. Medical experts from the US and from Europe considered it of importance to harmonize at an international level the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches regarding the radiation-induced health impairments. The present contribution is the result of the first U.S./European Consultation Workshop addressing approaches to radiation emergency preparedness and assistance, which was held recently at Ulm University, Ulm, Germany. Discussions dealt with the assessment of the extent of damage after total body exposure and, in particular, the quantity and quality of the damage to the hematopoietic stem cell pool. Secondly, the pathogenesis of the multiorgan failure was considered because of the organ-to-organ interactions. Thirdly, approaches were considered to harmonize the “triage-methods” used on an international level using the “Response Category” approach as developed for the European Communities. These discussions lead to the conclusion that there is a strong need for continuing education of physicians, nurses, and support personnel to address the issues posed by the management of patients suffering from radiation syndromes. Finally, the discussions expressed the need for more international cooperation in research and development of more refined methods to treat patients with any type of radiation syndromes.

Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
The hidden crisis in mental health and education: The gap between student needs and existing supports
Authors: Malti Tina , Noam Gil G.
Published: January 2009

The authors provide a selected review of mental health and educational concerns evident in U.S. middle schools and describes promising and important strategies to ameliorate the high rates of students with mental health and academic difficulties. Despite some promising and important strategies, service systems are fragmented, and comprehensive systems of supports are still in development. Furthermore, there remains a lack of integrated developmental considerations in practice. The RALLY approach systematically introduces development and caring adult relationships into preventive practice and combines mental health, education, and youth development to promote students' resiliency and academic potential.
Transferring knowledge and experience: Training and supervision
Authors: Yablon Yaacov B. , Noam Gil G.
Published: January 2009

The authors describe practitioners' professional development, the challenges and dilemmas that they confront, and the support they receive in their work. They focus on examples of supervision sessions and describe typical dilemmas and solutions that come up during these sessions. These examples reflect four main themes that were identified as receiving much attention from practitioners over the years: boundaries and role definitions; relationships with students, teachers, and parents; extent of responsibility; and professional questions. Finally, the authors present an interview with a RALLY supervisor that illustrates typical dilemmas and conflicts that practitioners face during their work.
Reinventing clinical roles and space at school
Authors: Petersen Sarah Bernhardt
Published: January 2009

Recognizing both the need for youth‐focused acute mental health services and the barriers for low‐income families to access outside services, the RALLY Program expanded its services to include direct clinical services for students within the school setting. This article explores the challenges, strategies, and benefits of implementing a fluid range of formal and informal clinical interventions within RALLY's nonstigmatizing, developmental, and inclusive approach. Balancing insurance company demands with students' nonbillable needs requires diverse funding streams and responsive programming. Creative use of space, commitment to relationships, and flexibility of roles form the foundation of this approach. Through case studies, the author examines practical and creative applications of developmental theories adaptable to individual students' unique needs. The author concludes with recommendations to the field to strengthen nonstigmatizing services offered to address the holistic needs of youth at school.
Creating youth leaders: Community supports
Authors: Davidson Adina , Schwartz Sarah E. O. , Noam Gil G.
Published: January 2009

In order to maximize the effectiveness of prevention and intervention efforts with youth and address the needs of the whole student, it is necessary to work not only directly with youth, but also to partner with other key adults in a young person's life: parents and guardians, teachers, after‐school staff, and clinicians. Inherent in RALLY's philosophy is a dual strategy of working intensively with students and teachers in the school while creating partnerships that bring students' families and a network of community agencies into the school as well. These partnerships bring important resources to school communities and create richer opportunities for young people and their families. Furthermore, a key to working effectively with youth lies in providing them not only with services that match their needs and interests, but also opportunities for participation and empowerment. Such opportunities can result in significant individual change in the students involved in these opportunities as well as broader community.
A complex Enrichment Diet improves growth and health in the endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri)
Authors: Li H. , Vaughan M.J. , Browne R.K.
Published: January 2009

The endangered Wyoming toad (Bufo baxteri) suffers nutrition related pathologies including poor growth and feeding difficulties from squamous metaplasia. Juvenile B. baxteri were each fed three supplemented feeder diets over 22 weeks and their growth, strike rate, and ingestion success measured. Diet (1) Enrichment Diet: feeder crickets fed fish oil, spirulina, and ground turtle feed; (2) Vitamin Diet: feeder crickets dusted heavily with Reptivite® multi‐vitamin/mineral powder; and (3) Control Diet: feeder crickets dusted with calcium and Vitamin D powder. The Enrichment Diet produced faster growth in length (P<0.05) than those fed the Vitamin Diet, and at 22 weeks either the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet produced greater weight (P<0.05) than those on the Vitamin Diet. Toads fed the Vitamin Diet ingested significantly (P<0.01) less crickets (∼105 g/toad) compared with those fed the Enrichment Diet or Control Diet (∼121 g/toad). Approximately 50% of either Reptivite® multi‐vitamin/mineral or calcium/vitamin D powder was lost within 90 sec of dusting. The Enrichment Diet produced the same strike rate (∼25 strikes in 5 min.) but higher (P<0.01) IS (38.3±4.2%) than those fed the Vitamin Diet (24.2±1.8%) or Control Diet (20.1±1.5). 1)

Results showed that the Enrichment Diet provided superior growth, enrichment of feeder crickets provides an attractive alternative to the use of topical powders alone, and crickets lose ∼50% of topical powders within minutes. Feeding a diet highly enriched in retinol and unsaturated fatty acids resulted in improved growth and health for young Wyoming toads. Zoo Biol 28:197–213, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nutritional evaluation of refined, heated and hydrogenatedHibiscus sabdariffa seed oil
Authors: Sarojini G. , Rao K. Chittema , Geervani P.
Published: January 2009

Alkali refinedHibiscus sabdariffa seed oil (Mesta Oil) of the familyMalvales was heated and hydrogenated to eliminate the cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA). Such processed oils were fed to weanling rats at 10% level of the diet for 4, 8 and 12 weeks. The food intake and gain in weight were found to be less in the refined oil group than in the peanut oil control group. The digestibility was found normal with all the processed oils. Serum and liver lipid composition with respect to total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids were comparable to those fed with peanut oil. The liver architecture did not show any abnormalities withH. sabdariffa oil feeding.
A study of the cause of rapid color development of heated refined palm oil
Authors: Tan Y. A. , Ong S. H. , Berger K. G. , Oon H. H. , Poh B. L.
Published: January 2009

One of the most obvious changes when oils are heated is color darkening. Palm oil darkens very rapidly compared to other oils. The cause of this rapid color development was investigated. Various methods used to pretreat Lotox crude palm oil (CPO) to retard darkening during heating were by agitation with activated carbon S511, by water and water/isopropyl alcohol (95:5) washing of neutralized and unneutralized oil, and by liquid/liquid extraction of oil using water and water/isopropyl (95:5). Pretreatment of CPO did succeed in retarding color development. Retardation was especially evident in oils previously neutralized with sodium hydroxide before washing with water and water/isopropyl alcohol. The UV spectra of the liquid/liquid extracts showed strong absorption maxima at 256 nm. The addition of a base resulted in darkening of the extracts accompanied by shifts to longer wavelengths (288 nm). Reaction with freshly diluted 1–2% ferric chloride solution gave a brown color. The development of paper chromatography in butanol: acetic acid:water (6:1:2) revealed a blue fluorescence near the solvent front, with the same relative retention time as that of tannic acid. This evidence indicates that phenolic compounds were responsible for color darkening in palm oil.
The “Hard” and “Soft” surfactant profile of israel municipal wastewaters
Authors: Zoller Uri
Published: January 2009

A study of mapping and field monitoring of Israel's municipal sewage wastewaters in respect to the content, distribution and the initial nonbiodegradable‐biodegradable ratio of surfactants in them has been undertaken over the central and northern parts of the country under in vivo conditions.

Typical concentrations of nonionics (mainly “hard” alkylphenol‐based ethoxylates) and anionics (mainly the “soft” LABS) in influents were found to be within the range of 1.1–2.2 and 9.6–10.6 mg/liter respectively. In (treated) effluents, the corresponding concentrations are 0.3–0.45 and 0.3–4.3 mg/liter.

The above is in accordance with current world trends following the switch to biodegradable surfactants. However, the concentrations of nonionic surfactants in the municipal wastewaters are surprisingly low in view of the preferred consumption of “hard” nonionic surfactants in the local market.

It is concluded that 20–40% of all nonionic surfactants discharged into municipal sewage, additional amounts of their metabolites and some of the anionic surfactants, too, find their way into receiving waters, because they resist substantial removal via only primary and secondary treatment.
Enolate anions from lipid derivatives. Alkylation of acylisopropylidene glycerols
Authors: Herslöf M. , Gronowitz S.
Published: January 2009

The enolate anions from isopropylidene protected monoacylglycerols have been successfully alkylated with alkyl iodides of various chain length. From these products the corresponding monoacylglycerols and triacylglycerols can be prepared. This is exemplified by the synthesis of 2‐butyldodecanoyl‐didodecanoyl glycerol, di‐2‐butyldodecanoyl‐dodecanoyl glycerol and tri‐2‐butyldodecanoyl glycerol.
Determination of volatile sulfur compounds in canola oil
Authors: Abraham V. , Deman J. M.
Published: January 2009

A simple and sensitive method for the quantitative determination of volatile isothiocyanates in canola oil has been developed. The method is based on the specific absorbance of isothiocyanates in the infrared region. The results obtained were confirmed by gas liquid chromatography using a flame photometric detector. The various volatile isothiocyanates isolated from the oil were allyl isothiocyanate, 3‐butenyl isothiocyanate, 4‐pentenyl isothiocyanate and 2‐phenethyl isothiocyanate. Their identities were confirmed by mass spectroscopy and by retention times. The recoveries of sulfur from volatile sulfur compounds by this method ranged from 93.6% to 101.1% when compared to the amount determined by gas liquid chromatography. The coefficients of variability of volatile sulfur compounds in canola oils ranged from 1.7% to 3.2%. The sulfur content represented by the volatile sulfur compounds comprised 21.7% of the sulfur determined by the Raney nickel method for crude oil, 36.6% for refined oil and 22.7% for refined, bleached and deodorized oil.
Extraction and refining of edible oil from extrusion‐stabilized rice bran
Authors: Sayre R. N. , Nayyar D. K. , Saunders R. M.
Published: January 2009

Rice bran oil extracted from extrusion‐stabilized bran was processed to a high quality salad oil. Stabilization prevented free fatty acid formation in rice bran prior to solvent extraction of the oil and thus increased the yield of refined oil. The flake form of the stabilized bran allowed rapid solvent percolation and efficient lipid extraction. Degumming soon after extraction removed a larger proportion of the gums and waxes and resulted in a higher yield of refined oil than if this procedure was delayed. Alkali refining was found to be most efficient with a concentration of 16° Bé (2.77M) NaOH and 0.5% NaOH excess. Acid activated clay was effective in removing color from the refined oil, and the addition of charcoal did not improve bleaching ability. Stabilization temperatures, within the range studied, did not appear to affect the bleached oil color. Color was measured spectrophotometrically at 537 and 612 nm.
Recovering water‐immiscible solvents from oilseeds
Authors: Karnofsky George
Published: January 2009

Processes used in desolventizing are reviewed. Anomalous high residuals in desolventized, deodorized and toasted flakes can be accounted for by assuming that the dimension of void spaces in flakes after extraction of oil is about 10−6 cm, with consequent substantial reduction in vapor pressure.
Oil content and fatty acid composition of peanuts imported into japan
Authors: Taira Hirokadzu
Published: January 2009

The oil content and fatty acid composition of Virginia, Runner, and Spanish market types of peanuts imported into Japan were determined. The significant differences among the countries of production were shown in stearic, eicosenoic and lignoceric acid contents of Virginia market type and oil content and palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic, behenic and lignoceric acid contents of Spanish market type. The Spanish market type, as compared with the Virginia market type, was significantly higher in palmitic, stearic, linoleic, arachidic and behenic acid contents and lower in oleic, eicosenoic and lignoceric acid contents on the gross samples.
Fatty acids, carbohydrates and crude protein in twenty cassava cultivars(Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Teles F. F. F. , Oliveira J. S. , Silveira A. J. , Batista C. M. , Stull J. W.
Published: January 2009

Twenty cassava cultivars (Manihot esculenta Crantz) were analyzed for fatty acids, nonstructural carbohydrates and crude protein contents. The main constituent fatty acids were myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic. Trace amounts of lauric, myristoleic and palmitoleic acids were detected. Saturated acids ranged from 26.58 to 58.05%. Acid‐digestible carbohydrates ranged from 11.82 to 40.70% of the green matter. Reducing and non‐reducing soluble oligosaccharides also were determined. Crude protein ranged from 1.39 to 4.70% of the dry matter. Linear regression analyses were made, but no significant correlations were found. Some possible genetic relationships are proposed for certain cultivars.
Determination of mono‐ and diglycerides in palm oil, olein and stearin
Authors: Goh E. M. , Timms R. E.
Published: January 2009

Partial glycerides are important constituents of palm oil and can have significant effects on the physical properties of products containing palm oil or on the fractionation of palm oil. A method is described for their routine determination in palm oil. By analysis of 28 weekly composite samples of crude palm oil the following results were obtained: free fatty acids, mean=3.76%, range 2.4 to 4.5%; monoglycerides, mean=0.28%, range 0.21 to 0.34%; diglycerides, mean=6.30%, range 5.3 to 7.7%. During detergent fractionation of palm oil, diglycerides concentrate in the palm olein, but monoglycerides concentrate in the palm stearin. Palm fatty acid distillate was found to contain approximately 3% each of mono‐ and diglycerides. Because the refining and fractionation processes are continuous in the refinery, it is not possible to follow a single identifiable batch of crude palm oil through the refinery. To circumvent this problem, crude palm oil, stearin and olein from the refinery were bleached and steam refined in the laboratory and the partial glyceride contents determined at each stage of processing. Except for fractionation, the content of glycerides did not change during processing. For oil, olein and stearin, monoglycerides were reduced significantly both after bleaching and after steam refining.
Studies on kinetics of catalytic isomerization of methyl linoleate
Authors: Deshpande V. M. , Gadkari R. G. , Mukesh D. , Narasimhan C. S.
Published: January 2009

Kinetics of isomerization of methyl linoleate are studied on ruthenium (5%) on carbon in the temperature range 200–270 C with different solvents. Some equilibrium experiments also are carried out with rhodium and ruthenium catalysts. The reactions taking place are isomerization, hydrogenation and polymerization. The activities and the selectivities are dependent on the nature of the solvent used. Highly protic solvents like methanol or isopropyl alcohol exhibited very high activity and selectivity for hydrogenation, whereas aprotic solvents like hexane or cyclohexane showed very high selectivities for isomerization reaction. The reaction kinetics were found to be further complicated by polymer formation at low solvent concentrations. The effects of temperature, solvent concentration, catalyst quantity and time of reaction also were investigated.
Lipid methodology — chromatography and beyond. Part II. GC/MS, LC/MS and specific enzymic hydrolysis of glycerolipids
Authors: Kuksis A. , Myher J. J. , Marai L.
Published: January 2009

The combination of specific enzymic degradation with GC/MS or LC/MS identification and quantitation of enantiomeric diacylglycerols and reverse isomers has greatly improved the methods of structural analysis of triacylglycerols, so that in many instances complete characterization of both major and minor species is possible. The techniques described for the analysis of triacylglycerols and sn‐1,2‐ and sn‐2,3‐diacylglycerols are also applicable to the X‐1,3‐diacylglycerols and X‐1‐monoacylglycerols following coversion to triacylglycerols by acylation with appropriate fatty acids. For many applications, however, a combination of specific enzymic hydrolysis with a GLC analysis of the products on polar capillary columns may be adequate for the identification and quantitation of the major molecular species of both triacylglycerols and diacylglycerols.
Meal desolventizing and finishing
Authors: Lebrun Andre , Knott Michel , Beheray Jacques , Posschelle Guy L.
Published: January 2009

Soybean is the most widespread oilseed processed around the world, but the technology used in its processing is often extrapolated erroneously for the processing of other material. This paper will examine the traditional process, consisting of stacked desolventizer‐toasters (D.T.), horizontal rotary steam dryers and air coolers, and make an analysis for its convenience in the processing of soft seeds such as rapeseed and sunflower. Factors affecting the sizing of the desolventizers are considered. An analysis also is made of alternate techniques such as combined desolventizer‐toaster‐dryer‐cooler (D.T.D.C.), desolventizer‐toaster‐cooler (D.T.C.) and desolventizer‐cooler (D.C.) systems, vertical rotary air dryers, vertical fixed and rotary air coolers or combined air dryers and coolers, vacuum dryers and coolers and fluidized bed coolers and penumatic cooling and conveying. Comparisons of energy, air flow and steam consumption are outlined.
Rendering systems for processing animal by‐product materials
Authors: Prokop William H.
Published: January 2009

These systems are divided into two classes, edible rendering of animal fatty tissue into edible fats and proteins for human consumption, and inedible rendering of animal by‐product materials into animal fats and proteins for animal feed and other non‐edible applications.

The inedible rendering process consists of two basic steps: “cooking” or moisture removal by evaporation, and separation of the melted fats from the protein solids. The basic rendering process involves the use of batch cookers. In recent years, continuous rendering systems which utilize continuous cooking have replaced many batch systems. These continuous systems are described.

A continuous system is described for edible rendering. This system features two stages of centrifuges: 1) a horizontal, solidbowl centrifuge for separation of protein solids from the liquid, and 2) a disc centrifuge for separation of the edible fat from the sludge phase consisting of protein fines and water.
Meat fat formulation
Authors: Kincs Frank R.
Published: January 2009

Edible usage of meat fats has somewhat declined over the past years. This can be attributed to several factors. First, the advancement of hydrogenation technology has led to the development of highly functional vegetable oil products. Second, there has been an increased emphasis on Kosher products. Third, various questions relating cholesterol to risks of heart disease have generated some marketing concerns over meat fat usage.

Meat fats are still a factor in the edible oils market. U.S. consumption of meat fats in 1976 was 4.1 billion pounds, approximately one billion pounds for edible usage. Because of their trigly ceride profiles, they are excellent sources of highly functional products for bakery applications. They have tended to be the “Cadillac” around which hydrogenated vegetable oil products have been developed. In addition, the economics of these products have generated significant savings for end users. Flavor attributes of meat fats have, in other cases, been the reason for their sole usage in certain specific products.

In shortening formulation, meat fats are merely one of many triglyceride sources. They can be blended with any vegetable oil source. They can be subjected to the same processing as other oils in order to modify physical chemical properties such as SFI, melting point, consistency and oxidative stability.

This paper will discuss specific applications where lard and tallow contribute unique functionality. It will then discuss various modifications which can be employed to insure more consistent performance or to customize products to specific applications.
Finished product storage and handling
Authors: Woerfel John B.
Published: January 2009

The previous speakers have addressed the needs of producing high quality products from meat fats. It is of equal concern to the refiner that these products be properly stored and transported to maintain their integrity and performance up to the point of use, whether in the home kitchen, the restaurant, or food processing plant.
Catalytic effect of amines on the ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol
Authors: Sallay Péter , Morgós Jenö , Farkas László , Rusznák István , Veress Gábor , Bartha Béla
Published: January 2009

The catalytic activity of several tertiary amines on the ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol has been investigated. It has been established that the rate of the reaction is proportional to the concentration of the catalyst over the range of 10–25% and that the reaction rate has an extremum at 80 C.

The catalytic effect of trialkyl amines increases if two of the alkyl groups are methyl. The product distribution is that of the Weibull‐Nycander‐Gold type and is independent of the concentration of the catalyst and reaction temperature. Distribution constants calculated according to Natta‐Mantica vary with the average degree of ethoxylation, i.e., the Weibull‐Törnquist effect is observed. This can be explained if an interaction is assumed between the polyethylene glycol chain formed and the quaternary ammonium ion formed in the first step of ethoxylation.
Proposed high‐risk screening protocol for Fabry disease in patients with renal and vascular disease
Authors: Auray‐Blais C. , Millington D. S. , Young S. P. , Clarke J. T. R. , Schiffmann R.
Published: January 2009

Fabry disease is a complex, multisystemic and clinically heterogeneous disease with prominent urinary excretion of globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), the principal substrate of the deficient enzyme, α‐galactosidase A. Some measure of specific treatment is possible with enzyme replacement therapy, which can be applied safely and effectively to Fabry patients. Incidence estimations of Fabry disease vary widely from 1:55 000 to 1:3000 male births. The true incidence is likely to be higher than originally thought, owing to the existence of milder variants of the disease. The main complications of Fabry disease are a 100‐fold increased risk of ischaemic stroke, cardiac disease, a wide variety of arrhythmias, valvular dysfunction and cardiac vascular disease, as well as progressive renal failure usually associated with significant proteinuria. These clinical manifestations are non‐specific and are often mistaken for symptoms of other disorders, thus complicating the confirmation of diagnosis. Other clinical features of the disease are often absent (angiokeratoma), subtle (corneal opacities and hypohidrosis), or unaccompanied by specific physical findings (acroparaesthesias) indicating the true nature of the underlying disease. We propose the hypothesis that α‐galactosidase A deficiency is a modifiable cardiovascular risk factor in the general population. This hypothesis may be tested by a non‐invasive high‐risk screening protocol for Fabry patients with ischaemic strokes and a variety of cardiac, and renal complications. These patients would benefit from diagnosis, appropriate treatment, follow‐up and surveillance. Early detection of Fabry patients would also benefit affected relatives, many of whom do not have a clear diagnosis of their clinical condition.
Mitochondrial cytochrome c release: a factor to consider in mitochondrial disease?
Authors: Oppenheim M. L. S. , Hargreaves I. P , Pope S. , Land J. M. , Heales S. J. R.
Published: January 2009

The pathogenesis of mitochondrial disorders has largely focused on the impairment of cellular energy metabolism. However, mitochondrial dysfunction has also been implicated as a factor in the initiation of apoptosis due to the translocation of cytochrome c, from mitochondria to the cytosol, and the subsequent cleavage of pro‐caspase 3. In this study, we determined the cytochrome c content of cytosols (skeletal muscle) prepared from 22 patients with evidence of compromised mitochondrial electron transport chain enzyme activity and 26 disease controls. The cytochrome c content of the mitochondrial electron transport chain‐deficient group was found to be significantly (p < 0.02) elevated when compared with the control group (63.7 ± 15.5 versus 27.7 ± 2.5 ng/mg protein). Furthermore, a relationship between the cytosolic cytochrome c content of skeletal muscle and complex I and complex IV activities was demonstrated. Such data raise the possibility that mitochondrial cytochrome c release may be a feature of mitochondrial disorders, particularly for those patients with marked deficiencies of respiratory chain enzymes. Whether initiation of apoptosis occurs as a direct consequence of this cytochrome c release has not been fully evaluated here. However, for one patient with the greatest documented cytosolic cytochrome c content, caspase 3 could be demonstrated in the cytosolic preparation. Further work is required in order to establish whether a relationship also exists between caspase 3 formation and the magnitude of respiratory chain deficiency.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Dianhydrogossypol
Authors: Talipov Samat A. , Mamadrakhimov Azimjon A. , Tiljakov Zavkibek G. , Dowd Michael K. , Ibragimov Bakhtiyar T. , Xonkeldieva Muhabbat T.
Published: January 2009

Dianhydrogossypol (4,4′‐dihydroxy‐5,5′‐diisopropyl‐7,7′‐dimethyl‐bis(3H‐naphtho[1,8‐bc]furan‐3‐one)) was made by refluxing gossypol in m‐xylene. Proton NMR spectroscopy was used to confirm that complete conversion was achieved over a time period of several hours. Single crystals of the compound were obtained by slow evaporation from dichloromethane. Diffraction studies indicate that this crystal form is tetragonal with a I41/a space group and with cell dimensions of a = b = 33.8265(4) Å, c = 9.1497(2) Å, V = 10469.4(3) Å3 at 100 K. The structure was solved by direct methods and was refined to an R1 value of 0.0415 on 6,408 independent reflections. Dianhydrogossypol exists as a pair of enantiomers within this structure. The two fused planar ring systems are oriented at a 117° angle to each other (i.e., close to perpendicular), and the isopropyl groups are oriented with the ternary carbon hydrogen atoms pointed inward toward the center of the molecule. Repeating groups of four molecules (of the same chirality) pack to form a helical structure that is supported by intermolecular hydrogen bonds. Each helix is surrounded by four neighboring helices that are composed of molecules of the opposite chirality. The helices form the walls of empty channels that are 5–6 Å wide. As has been found for some gossypol crystal forms, the open‐channel structure of dianhydrogossypol might be useful for scavenging or carrying small molecules. Additional NMR studies confirm that dianhydrogossypol can be converted directly to gossypol lactol ethers in the presence of anhydrous alcohols.
The Comprehensive Clinical Research Network; Implications for Urological Research in England
Authors: Drake M.J.
Published: January 2009

The UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN) was established by the National Institute of Health Research to improve quality and delivery of clinical research in the UK. The Comprehensive Clinical Research Network (CCRN) is its newest element, made of Comprehensive Local Research Networks (CLRNs) covering the whole of England, and underpinning the infrastructure and delivery of NHS clinical research in a range of specialty groups. The Urogenital Specialty Group is responsible for advising the UKCRN on feasibility of potential studies, topic-specific training, overseeing the relevant parts of the UKCRN portfolio of research and brokering interactions with research funders or professional bodies developing clinical trials. The CLRNs will have a major impact on research activity of urologists; they can provide flexibility and sustainability funding, and support research infrastructure. However, the CLRNs are performance managed, such that delivery of projected recruitment to trials will be crucial. Furthermore, research activity not in the UKCRN portfolio will no longer be supported free of charge. Interactions with equivalent bodies in Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have not yet been formalised.
Sphingolipids and membrane environments for caveolin
Authors: Sonnino Sandro , Prinetti Alessandro
Published: January 2009

Caveolin‐1, and probably also ‐2 and ‐3, can organize multimolecular membrane complexes involved in transmembrane traffic, cell adhesion and signal transduction. In this review, we discuss on the importance of caveolin membrane environment in regulating the architecture and function of such complexes, with a special emphasis on the role of sphingolipids.
Lack of digalactosyldiacylglycerol increases the sensitivity of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 to high light stress
Authors: Mizusawa Naoki , Sakurai Isamu , Sato Naoki , Wada Hajime
Published: January 2009

The physiological role of digalactosyldiacylglycerol (DGDG) in photosynthesis was examined using a dgdA mutant of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 that is defective in the biosynthesis of DGDG. The dgdA mutant cells showed normal growth under low light (LL) conditions. However, their growth was retarded under high light (HL) conditions and under Ca2+‐ and/or Cl−‐limited conditions compared to wild‐type cells. The retardation in growth of the mutant cells was recovered by exogenous supply of DGDG in the growth medium. The dgdA mutant showed increased sensitivity to photoinhibition. Although both photodamage and repair processes of photosynthesis were affected, the repair process was more severely affected than the photodamage process, suggesting that DGDG plays an important role in the photosynthetic repair cycle.
Effects of calcium propionate on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives and feed digestibility in steers
Authors: LIU Q. , WANG C. , GUO G. , YANG W. Z. , DONG K. H. , HUANG Y. X. , YANG X. M. , HE D. C.
Published: January 2009

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of calcium propionate supplementation on rumen fermentation, urinary excretion of purine derivatives (PD) and feed digestibility in the total gastrointestinal tract of steers. Eight ruminally cannulated Simmental steers (462±14 kg) were used in a replicated 4×4 Latin square arrangement of treatments with experimental periods of 21 days. The treatments were: control (without calcium propionate), LCaP (calcium propionate – low), MCaP (calcium propionate – medium) and HCaP (calcium propionate – high) with 100, 200 and 300 g calcium propionate per steer per day. Diet consisted of 0·60 maize stover and 0·40 concentrate (dry matter (DM) basis). DM intake (average 9 kg/day) was restricted to a maximum of 0·90 ofad libitumintake. Ruminal pH (range of 6·7–6·5) linearly (P<0·003) and quadratically (P<0·005) decreased, and total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration (range of 64·4–67·1 mm) tended (P<0·087) to increase linearly with rising calcium propionate supplementation. Ratio of acetate to propionate fell linearly (P<0·006) and quadratically (P<0·008) from 3·5 to 2·6 as calcium propionate supplementation increased due to the additional propionate supplementation.In situruminal neutral detergent fibre (NDF) degradation of maize stover and crude protein (CP) degradability of concentrate mix were improved with increasing concentration of calcium propionate. Urinary excretion of PD was linearly (P<0·032) and quadratically (P<0·048) increased with greater calcium propionate supplementation (72, 74, 77 and 76 mmol/day for control, LCaP, MCaP and HCaP, respectively). Similarly, digestibilities of organic matter (OM), NDF and CP in the total tract were also linearly and quadratically improved with increasing calcium propionate. The results indicate that the calcium propionate supplementation potentially improves rumen fermentation and feed digestion in beef cattle. It is speculated that calcium propionate stimulates the digestive microorganisms or enzymes in a dose-dependent manner. In the experimental conditions of the current trial, the optimum calcium propionate dose was about 200 g calcium propionate per steer per day.
Concepts: Where Subjectivism Goes Wrong
Authors: Glock Hans-Johann
Published: January 2009

The debate about concepts has always been shaped by a contrast between subjectivism, which treats them as phenomena in the mind or head of individuals, and objectivism, which insists that they exist independently of individual minds. The most prominent contemporary version of subjectivism is Fodor's RTM. The Fregean charge against subjectivism is that it cannot do justice to the fact that different individuals cansharethe same concepts. Proponents of RTM have accepted shareability as a ‘non-negotiable constraint’. At the same time they insist that by distinguishing between sign-types and – tokens the Fregean objection cannot just be circumvented but revealed to be fallacious. My paper rehabilitates the Fregean argument against subjectivism. The RTM response rests either on an equivocation of ‘concept’—between types which satisfy the non-negotiable constraint and tokens which are mental particulars in line with RTM doctrine—or on the untenable idea that one and the same entity can bebotha shareable type and hence abstractanda concrete particular in the head. Furthermore, subjectivism cannot be rescued by adopting unorthodox metaphysical theories about the type/token and universal/particular contrasts. The final section argues that concepts arenotrepresentations or signs, butsomething representedby signs. Even if RTM is right to explainconceptual thinkingby reference to the occurrence of mental representations,concepts themselvescannot be identical with such representations.
Making Sense of What We Are: A Mythological Approach to Human Nature
Authors: Hauskeller Michael
Published: January 2009

The question what makes us human is often treated as a question of fact. However, the term ‘human’ is not primarily used to refer to a particular kind of entity, but as a ‘nomen dignitatis’ – a dignity-conferring name. It implies a particular moral status. That is what spawns endless debates about such issues as when human life begins and ends and whether human-animal chimeras are “partly human”. Definitions of the human are inevitably “persuasive”. They tell us about what is important and how we should live our lives as humans, and thus help us to make sense of what we are.
Commedia Dell'Arte Players in Antwerp in 1576: Drusiano and Tristano Martinelli
Authors: Schrickx Willem
Published: January 2009

The presence of Italian professional actors has, for the second half of the sixteenth century, been signalized in Bavaria, at the Emperor's court in Vienna and at the court of the French kings, in England and elsewhere, but it has not yet been shown that the comedians also included the Low Countries in their wanderings. It is therefore interesting to find that an identifiable troupe visited Antwerp in the year 1576. This year was a particularly critical and turbulent one in the protracted struggle of the Netherlands against Spanish domination, for it was, among other things, marked by the outrages of the Spanish Fury, which started in the week beginning Sunday, 4 November. The period of the Spanish Fury, soon to be followed by the negotiations of the Pacification of Ghent, constituted the apogee of the leadership of William of Orange. It was in the tense months preceding the sack of Antwerp that Italian actors were performing their plays in the city. By a happy chance the records of their presence, now preserved in the Municipal Archives in Antwerp, have survived because the city authorities had to make sure that the players were not disbanded or mutinous soldiers and so a certain number of Italian merchants residing in the city were asked to stand surety for them. This appears from the so-called Certificatieboeken; that is, books in which statements were entered to ‘certify’ formally that certain people fulfilled temporarily enforced legal requirements. Thus the Certificatieboeken bearing the numbers 36 and 39 contain the following entries relevant to Italian actors.
Dramatic Technique in Usigli's El Gesticulador
Authors: Shaw D. L.
Published: January 2009

In writing El gesticulador, which marks the opening of the modern theatre in Mexico where it was first performed in 1947, Rodolfo Usigli (b. 1905) faced a number of problems, so that the play's technique represents a compromise between conflicting aims. The predominant aspect of the work is the expression of political protest and criticism; the plot hinges on the election of a new governor for a northern Mexican state. But Usigli described the drama in the year it was performed as the first serious attempt at tragedy in the modern Mexican theatre.
Edward Gordon Craig and Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Authors: Doswald Herman K.
Published: January 2009

Unfortunately for the development and history of the modern German theater, the several attempts at collaboration between Edward Gordon Craig and Hugo von Hofmannsthal from 1903 to 1910 were fraught with frustration, intrigue, and misunderstandings which resulted in disappointment and failure despite constant efforts by Count Harry Kessler to mediate between them and promote a viable working relationship.
Prévert's Political Theatre: Two Versions of La Bataille de Fontenoy
Authors: Spitzer Susan
Published: January 2009

A relatively unknown period of Jacques Prévert's career, from 1932 to 1936, constitutes, as is now becoming apparent, more than a footnote in twentieth-century literary history: it marks the existence of the most successful French workers theatre company to be spawned by the agitprop movement. Born on Russian soil after the Revolution, the agitation-and-propaganda skit genre that brought news to soldiers on the front during the civil war there later traveled east to Germany, where leftist forces made political use of it until the Nazis, its primary target (along with police repression, the Church, the military and capitalism in general), banned it in the early thirties. By that time, however, the agitprop movement had firmly taken root in England and America as well as in France, where La Scène Ouvrière, the organ of the Fédération du Théâtre Ouvrier de France (FTOF), could boast of coordinating hundreds of amateur theatre troupes with a left-wing vocation. Every Parisian arrondissement, as did the majority of French provincial cities, came forth with a Phalange or a Porte-voix rouge or a Blouse bleue company composed of workers and, in most cases, middle-class amateurs, with an occasional theatre professional contributing his or her know-how to the productions. One such group, Prémices, the basic tendency of which was toward rather polished, dramatic work, underwent a scission in 1932 that resulted in the formation of a new, more militantly leftist company which came to be known as the Groupe Octobre, in commemoration of the Russian Revolution. Paul Vaillant-Couturier, the Communist leader and editor of the Party's daily, L'Humanité, was responsible for suggesting to the young troupe Jacques Prévert – ‘un gars très marrant qui a l'air très bien’ – as a potential source of material.
Makers of a Modern Theatre: Frank and William Fay
Authors: Kelsall Malcolm
Published: January 2009

‘Our two best men actors were not indeed chosen by chance, for one was a stage-struck solicitor's clerk and the other a working man who had toured Ireland in a theatrical company managed by a Negro.’ With these arrogant and misleading words, W. B. Yeats chose not to name to the Royal Academy of Sweden the two men who trained the original Abbey Theatre Company: the brothers Frank and William Fay. No one now credits Yeats's account, but a scholarly history of the Fays' work for the theatre has yet to be written, in part because the Irish theatre movement itself is only just emerging from the regions of anecdote and gossip, but in part also because of the dominance of the readily available material by the Fays' denigrator, Yeats himself. Thus, the best account of the stage-craft of the early Abbey, James W. Flannery's bookW. B. Yeats and the Idea of a Theatre, sets the poet at the heart of the Irish dramatic movement, and although it is admitted to be ‘unjust and erroneous’ to dismiss the Fays' views on theatre as ‘simply ignorant’, it is with the ‘literary and intellectual’ values of Yeats's plays, and their stage-worthiness, that Flannery is primarily concerned. No other published study approaches the thoroughness and intelligence of Flannery's and the brothers Fay continue to suffer the penalties of modesty, inarticulateness, and partial failure.
Edward Albee and Maurice Maeterlinck: All Over as Symbolism
Authors: Harris James Neil
Published: January 2009

Edward Albee's play All Over clearly is about death and dying. It is literally a death watch: an unseen man lies dying, surrounded by his wife, mistress, best friend, children, doctor, and nurse; they talk around him and about him; at the end of the play, the man dies. It is a drama, as Richmond Crinkley has observed, ‘in which nothing much happens … a prolonged doldrums, measured by the apocalypses which don't occur, by the conflicts which are never resolved, and by the rhythms which are repetitive rather than dynamic’. Like Albee's earlier avantgarde Box and Quotations From Chairman Mao Tse-Tung, All Over utilizes an entropic vocabulary, employs similar primary themes and motifs, and gives the nihilistic impression – as its title aptly indicates – of being all over before the action has even begun. Unfortunately, most critics who saw the play's production when All Over opened in New York in March, 1971, applauded Albee's ingenious choice of title – but with an ironic twist. As far as they were concerned, the sooner the play's run was all over the better; All Over was denounced as – to give just a quick sampling – ‘deadly dull’, ‘an arrogant display piece, puffed up with sophomoric diction’, ‘self-indulgent’, ‘a depressing event in an enigmatic career’, and a ‘Death Prattle’.
A New Witness of the Restoration Stage, 1670—1680
Authors: Orrell John
Published: January 2009

Between 1657 and 1680 the Florentine agent in London was Giovanni Salvetti. His weekly reports to Florence include many references to the Restoration stage, some of which I published in Vol. II, No. 1 of Theatre Research International. The present article gives translations of passages of interest to the theatre historian taken from the dispatches of the decade 1670–1680. The original letters are in the Archivio Mediceo, held at the Archivio di Stato in Florence, but they are accurately transcribed in B.L. Additional MS 27962 A-W, and it is from these transcripts that I have made the translations. Each of the following entries begins with the volume and folio reference to the British Library transcript; then comes the date of the dispatch as given by Salvetti in the new style, followed by the old-style date (in brackets) then in use in England. All the letters from which I have quoted are addressed to the secretariat in Florence.
Homage to Robert Aron, 1898—1975
Authors: Melzer Annabelle Henkin
Published: January 2009

I went to see Robert Aron in the summer of 1972. He was then seventy-four years old, a tall, striking man in an apartment of stuffed furniture overrun by books. In all my meetings that summer with former surrealists, people who had made avant-garde theatre in Paris in the 1920s, there was always a sense of trembling at reaching out to touch cobwebbed memories. Forty-five years had passed since the events we talked about. Tristan Tzara, recalled by Gide as a charming man with a young wife who was ‘even more charming’, had since fought with the French Resistance during World War II and later joined the Communist Party. André Breton, when he died in 1966, was accompanied to his grave by ‘waves of young men and young girls often in couples, with arms entwined’. They had come from all over France to pay him tribute. Philippe Soupault is a respected editor, critic and radio commentator, Louis Aragon is at the forefront of the French Communist Party and dislikes talking about his days as a Surrealist, Roger Vitrac is an acknowledged and produced playwright while Artaud is a cult figure. There are moments when in looking back, the whole Dada-Surrealist performance world looks like some great Dada swindle perpetrated on the only too fallible researcher and critic. Robert Aron does nothing to dispel this feeling. The man who sent a telegram to Breton warning him that he would stop at no measures to keep the fervent Surrealist claque from disturbing the performance of Strindberg's A Dream Play at the Théâtre Alfred Jarry, was elected a member of the French Academy before his death.