bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Snake Venom Pharmacokinetics and Acute Toxic Outcomes Following Daboia siamensis Envenoming: Experimental and Clinical Correlations
Authors: Lertsakulbunlue Sethapong , Khimmaktong Wipapan , Khow Orawan , Chantkran Wittawat , Noiphrom Jureeporn , Promruangreang Kanyanat , Chanhome Lawan , Chaisakul Janeyuth
Published: December 2024

An understanding of snake venom pharmacokinetics is essential for determining clinical outcomes of envenoming and developing therapeutic approaches to the treatment of envenoming, especially regarding the timing and optimal dosage of antivenom administration. Daboia siamensis (Eastern Russell’s viper) envenoming causes systemic coagulopathy and severe hemorrhage including acute kidney injury. These toxic outcomes can be diminished by the administration of high quantities of Russell’s viper antivenom. This study aimed to determine the correlation between the clinical profiles of D. siamensis envenomed patients and experimental data by measuring plasma venom concentration and conducting histopathological analyses of heart, kidney, and liver tissues in rats 6 h after experimental D. siamensis envenomation. Intramuscular (i.m.) administration of D. siamensis venom to anesthetized rats (200 µg/kg) resulted in a rapid absorption of venom which reached a peak concentration at 60 min before declining and then plateauing. Urine samples detected 209.3 ± 21.6 ng/mL of D. siamensis venom following i.m. administration at 6 h. Histopathological studies showed morphological changes in heart, kidney, and liver tissues following 3 h experimental envenoming and exhibited a higher degree of severity at 6 h. A retrospective study of the clinical profile and laboratory examination of Russell’s viper envenomed patients in Central Thailand was also evaluated, showing that systemic coagulopathy and local effects were commonly observed in the early stage of D. siamensis envenoming. An abnormal increase in creatinine levels was found in 13.6% of the population. Early administration of specific antivenom within 1–2 h following envenoming is highly recommended to prevent life-threatening outcomes such as severe coagulation and acute kidney injury.
Assessment of Alternaria Toxins and Pesticides in Organic and Conventional Tomato Products: Insights into Contamination Patterns and Food Safety Implications
Authors: Pacini Tommaso , D’Amore Teresa , Sdogati Stefano , Verdini Emanuela , Bibi Rita , Caporali Angela , Cristofani Elisa , Maresca Carmen , Orsini Serenella , Pelliccia Alessandro , Scoccia Eleonora , Pecorelli Ivan
Published: December 2024

Alternaria toxins (ATs) are a group of toxins produced by Alternaria fungi that frequently contaminate tomatoes and tomato products. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority evaluated ATs for their genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Alternaria infestation is often controlled using ad hoc treatment strategies (fungicides). In this study, two analytical methods were developed, validated and applied for the determination of five ATs and 195 pesticides in tomato products collected from the Italian market. Two distinct groups, organic (n = 20) and conventional (n = 20) Italian tomato sauces, were characterized in depth. Tenuazonic acid, alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether were found up to 517, 27 and 7.1 µg/kg, respectively, while pesticides were detected between 0.0026 and 0.0421 mg/kg in conventional products, and, interestingly, up to 0.0130 mg/kg in organic products. No correlation emerged between the detected levels of ATs and pesticides and the type of tomato cultivation, but the probability of pesticide contamination in conventional products was eight times higher than in organics. Some considerations about exposure assessment and risk characterization for ATs were also proposed in the overall population and in more sensitive and/or exposed subgroups, underlining the need for new focused toxicological and monitoring studies to establish reliable reference values. Moreover, these data highlight that fungicide treatments may not protect tomatoes from ATs contamination, although it may remove fungi infestation. As organic product consumption is increasing, it is important to lay down dedicated regulations for maximum permitted levels to ensure the food safety of these products that are often perceived by consumers as a healthier and environmentally friendlier choice.
On the Evidence of Dynamical Dark Energy
Authors: Gao Qing , Peng Zhiqian , Gao Shengqing , Gong Yungui
Published: December 2024

To elucidate the robustness of the baryon acoustic oscillation (BAO) data measured by the dark energy spectroscopic instrument (DESI) in capturing the dynamical behavior of dark energy, we assess the model dependence of the evidence for dynamical dark energy inferred from the DESI BAO data. While the DESI BAO data slightly tightens the constraints on model parameters and increases the tension between the Chevallier–Polarski–Linder (CPL) model and the ΛCDM model, we find that the influence of DESI BAO data on the constraint of w0 is small in the SSLCPL model. In comparison to the CPL model, the tension with the ΛCDM model is reduced for the SSLCPL model, suggesting that the evidence for dynamical dark energy from DESI BAO data is dependent on cosmological models. The inclusion of spatial curvature has little impact on the results in the SSLCPL model.
Activity of Various Cathepsin Proteases and Enrichment of Klotho Protein in the Urine and Urinary Extracellular Vesicles After SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Bala Niharika , Rafay Ramish H. , Glover Sarah C. , Alli Abdel A.
Published: December 2024

Background: The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for causing the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak. While mutations cause the emergence of new variants, the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain is unique among other strains. Methods: Various clinical parameters, the activity of cathepsin proteases, and the concentration of various proteins were measured in urine samples from COVID-19-negative participants and COVID-19-positive participants. Urinary extracellular vesicles (uEVs) were isolated from urine samples from the two groups and used for proteomic analysis and subsequent pathway analyses. Results: Activity levels of cathepsin S and L were greater in the urine of COVID-19-positive participants. The concentration of C-reactive protein, transmembrane serine protease 2, and klotho protein were significantly greater in the urine of COVID-19-positive participants. There was a greater amount of uEVs in the COVID-19 group and klotho protein was found to be enriched in uEVs from the COVID-19 group. Pathway analyses of the proteomics data showed most of the identified proteins were involved in signal transduction, stress response, protein metabolism, and transport. The identified proteins were predominantly associated with cellular membranes and with function of the cytoskeleton, enzyme regulation, and signal transduction. Conclusions: Taken together, our data identify novel urinary biomarkers that could be used to further investigate the long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Asian Perspective on Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Elimination
Authors: Kaewdech Apichat , Charatcharoenwitthaya Phunchai , Piratvisuth Teerha
Published: December 2024

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections remain significant public health challenges in Asia, affecting millions and contributing to substantial morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of these infections varies across the region, with factors such as vaccination coverage, healthcare infrastructure, and sociocultural barriers influencing the epidemiology of both viruses. The persistent burden of chronic HBV, particularly in older populations, and the evolving HCV genotype landscape highlight the need for targeted, region-specific strategies. Universal screening programs have emerged as essential tools for detecting undiagnosed cases and optimizing healthcare resource allocation. Given the overlapping epidemiology of HBV and HCV, comprehensive public health interventions tailored to the unique contexts of different Asian countries are crucial for achieving global elimination goals. This review examines the epidemiological trends, challenges, and opportunities for addressing HBV and HCV in Asia, emphasizing the importance of overcoming sociocultural barriers to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment efforts across diverse populations.
Patterns of Isoform Variation for N Gene Subgenomic mRNAs in Betacoronavirus Transcriptomes
Authors: Kelley James J. , Grigoriev Andrey
Published: December 2024

The nucleocapsid (N) protein is the most expressed protein in later stages of SARS-CoV-2 infection with several important functions. It is translated from a subgenomic mRNA (sgmRNA) formed by template switching during transcription. A recently described translation initiation site (TIS) with a CTG codon in the leader sequence (TIS-L) is out of frame with most structural and accessory genes including the N gene and may act as a translation suppressor. We analyzed multiple sequenced samples infected by SARS-CoV-2 and found that any single variant of this virus produces multiple isoforms of the N sgmRNA. The main isoform starting at TIS-L is out of frame, but two secondary dominant isoforms (present in nearly all samples) were found to restore the reading frame and likely involved in the regulation of N protein production. Analysis of sequenced samples infected by other coronaviruses revealed that such isoforms are also produced in their transcriptomes. In SARS-CoV, they restore the reading frame for a putative TIS (also a CTG codon) in the same relative position as in SARS-CoV-2. Positions of junction breakpoints relative to stem loop 3 in the 5′-UTR suggest similar mechanisms in SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and OC43, but not in MERS-CoV. These observations may be pertinent for antisense-based antiviral strategies.
Prospective and Longitudinal Analysis of Lymphocyte Subpopulations in SARS-CoV-2 Positive and Negative Pneumonia: Potential Role of Decreased Naïve CD8+ in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Bekbossynova Makhabbat , Akhmaltdinova Lyudmila , Dossybayeva Kuanysh , Tauekelova Ainur , Smagulova Zauresh , Tsechoeva Tatyana , Turebayeva Gulsimzhan , Sailybayeva Aliya , Kalila Zhanar , Mirashirova Takhmina , Muratov Timur , Poddighe Dimitri
Published: December 2024

Background: During the acute phase of COVID-19, a number of immunological abnormalities have been reported, but few studies longitudinally analyzed the specific subsets of peripheral blood lymphocytes. Methods: In this observational, prospective, and longitudinal study, adult patients developing acute pneumonia during the COVID-19 pandemic have been followed up for 12 months. Peripheral blood lymphocyte subsets were assessed (with a specific focus on the memory markers) at 6 time points after the disease onset until 12 months. Results: A total of 76 patients with acute pneumonia (characterized by a prevalently interstitial pattern of lung inflammation) at the hospital admission (who completed the 12-month follow-up period) were recruited in this study. They were divided into two groups, namely positive (n = 31) and negative (n = 45) patients for the SARS-CoV-2 PCR test. In the acute phase, the general lymphocyte immunophenotyping profile was comparable for most parameters between these groups, except for B cells. When B and T cells were analyzed according to the expression of memory markers, a significant decrease in naïve CD8+ T cells was observed in the SARS-CoV-2-positive pneumonia group during the acute phase. Notably, this aspect was maintained during the follow-up period for at least 9 months. Conclusions: COVID-19 pneumonia seems to be associated with a lower number of naïve CD8+ T cells compared to pneumonia patients negative for this virus. This alteration can persist in the convalescent phase.
Exogenous dsRNA-Mediated RNAi: Mechanisms, Applications, Delivery Methods and Challenges in the Induction of Viral Disease Resistance in Plants
Authors: Venu Emmadi , Ramya Akurathi , Babu Pedapudi Lokesh , Srinivas Bhukya , Kumar Sathiyaseelan , Reddy Namburi Karunakar , Babu Yeluru Mohan , Majumdar Anik , Manik Suryakant
Published: December 2024

The increasing challenges posed by plant viral diseases demand innovative and sustainable management strategies to minimize agricultural losses. Exogenous double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) represents a transformative approach to combat plant viral pathogens without the need for genetic transformation. This review explores the mechanisms underlying dsRNA-induced RNAi, highlighting its ability to silence specific viral genes through small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). Key advancements in dsRNA production, including cost-effective microbial synthesis and in vitro methods, are examined alongside delivery techniques such as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) and nanocarrier-based systems. Strategies for enhancing dsRNA stability, including the use of nanomaterials like layered double hydroxide nanosheets and carbon dots, are discussed to address environmental degradation challenges. Practical applications of this technology against various plant viruses and its potential to ensure food security are emphasized. The review also delves into regulatory considerations, risk assessments, and the challenges associated with off-target effects and pathogen resistance. By evaluating both opportunities and limitations, this review underscores the role of exogenous dsRNA as a sustainable solution for achieving viral disease resistance in plants.
Cell Wall Protein 2 as a Vaccine Candidate Protects Mice Against Clostridioides difficile Infection
Authors: Wang Shaohui , Heuler Joshua , Bullock Jessica , Qin Junling , Chakraborty Soumyadeep , Nathaniel Agbendeh Lubem , Wang Shifeng , Sun Xingmin
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Clostridioides difficile is a Gram-positive, spore-forming enteric pathogen that causes intestinal disorders, including inflammation and diarrhea, primarily through toxin production. Standard treatment options for C. difficile infection (CDI) involve a limited selection of antibiotics that are not fully effective, leading to high recurrence rates. Vaccination presents a promising strategy for preventing both CDI and its recurrence. Cell wall protein 2 (Cwp2), a highly immunogenic and abundant surface-exposed C. difficile cell wall protein, plays an important role in the bacterium’s adherence in vitro. In this study, we aimed to analyze the homology and immunogenicity of Cwp2 and its protection efficacy as a vaccine candidate against CDI in mice. Methods: we conducted in silico analyses to assess the homology and immunogenicity of Cwp2, and we evaluated its potential as a vaccine candidate against CDI using a mouse model of immunization and infection. Results: Our in silico analyses predicted the immunogenic region (functional domain) of Cwp2 and revealed its high homology among various toxinotypes and ribotypes (R.T.s) or sequence types (S.T.s). Immunizations of mice with the Cwp2 functional domain (Cwp2_A) induced potent IgG/A antibody responses against Cwp2_A, protected mice from CDI, and reduced C. difficile spore and toxin levels in feces post-infection. Additionally, anti-Cwp2_A sera inhibited the binding of C. difficile vegetative cells to HCT8 cells. Conclusions: Our report demonstrates for the first time the potential of Cwp2_A as an effective vaccine candidate against CDI in mice.
Optimizing Varicella Vaccination Strategy: A Study on Age and Dose Impacts on Antibody Levels
Authors: He Qing , Xu Yang , Li Yilan , Zhu Pinting , Luo Lei
Published: December 2024

Seropositivity study of Varicella in Healthy Populations in Guangzhou, China. Infection with varicella-zoster virus (VZV) leads to skin and mucous membranes blisters and the complications can be life threatening. A seroepidemiological study conducted from 2020 to 2022 in Guangzhou, China, aimed to evaluate varicella antibody levels. We measured varicella antibody concentrations using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A total of 3300 people were enrolled in the study. The mean varicella antibody level was 171.2 mIU/mL (95% CI: 158.9, 184.4), with an overall positivity rate of 67.00% (95% CI: 65.37, 68.60). The mean level of those positive subjective was 581.2 mIU/mL (95% CI: 552.3, 611.5). Varicella antibody levels were found to be influenced by age, vaccination dosage, and history of varicella infection. Antibody level increased with age and the number of vaccinations. The antibody induced by the varicella vaccine remained at protective levels for at least 6 years post-vaccination. We recommend two doses of the varicella vaccine for both children and adults and the integration of the varicella vaccine into the national routine immunization program.
Development of a Cationic Polymeric Micellar Structure with Endosomal Escape Capability Enables Enhanced Intramuscular Transfection of mRNA-LNPs
Authors: Deng Siyuan , Shao Han , Shang Hongtao , Pang Lingjin , Chen Xiaomeng , Cao Jingyi , Wang Yi , Zhao Zhao
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The endosomal escape of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) is crucial for efficient mRNA-based therapeutics. Here, we present a cationic polymeric micelle (cPM) as a safe and potent co-delivery system with enhanced endosomal escape capabilities. Methods: We synthesized a cationic and ampholytic di-block copolymer, poly (poly (ethylene glycol)4-5 methacrylatea-co-hexyl methacrylateb)X-b-poly(butyl methacrylatec-co-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylated-co-propyl acrylatee)Y (p(PEG4-5MAa-co-HMAb)X-b-p(BMAc-co-DMAEMAd-co-PAAe)Y), via reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The cPMs were then formulated using the synthesized polymer by the dispersion–diffusion method and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and cryo-transmission electron microscopy (CryoTEM). The membrane-destabilization activity of the cPMs was evaluated by a hemolysis assay. We performed an in vivo functional assay of firefly luciferase (Fluc) mRNA using two of the most commonly studied LNPs, SM102 LNP and Dlin-MC3-DMA LNPs. Results: With a particle size of 61.31 ± 0.68 nm and a zeta potential of 37.76 ± 2.18 mV, the cPMs exhibited a 2–3 times higher firefly luciferase signal at the injection site compared to the control groups without cPMs following intramuscular injection in mice, indicating the high potential of cPMs to enhance the endosomal escape efficiency of mRNA-LNPs. Conclusions: The developed cPM, with enhanced endosomal escape capabilities, presents a promising strategy to improve the expression efficiency of delivered mRNAs. This approach offers a novel alternative strategy with no modifications to the inherent properties of mRNA-LNPs, preventing any unforeseeable changes in formulation characteristics. Consequently, this polymer-based nanomaterial holds immense potential for clinical applications in mRNA-based vaccines.
Favorable Nonclinical Safety Profile of RSVpreF Bivalent Vaccine in Rats and Rabbits
Authors: Zhou Jun , Bowman Christopher J. , Markiewicz Vicki R. , Manickam Balasubramanian , Gomme Emily , Sellers Rani S. , Rohde Cynthia M.
Published: December 2024

Background: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections usually cause mild, cold-like symptoms in most people, but are a leading infectious disease causing infant death and hospitalization and can result in increased morbidity and mortality in older adults and at-risk individuals. Pfizer has developed Abrysvo®, an unadjuvanted bivalent recombinant protein subunit vaccine containing prefusion-stabilized fusion (F) proteins representing RSV A and RSV B subgroups (RSVpreF). It is the only RSV vaccine approved for both maternal immunization to protect infants and active immunization of older adults (≥60 years) and 18–59-year-old individuals with high-risk conditions for prevention of RSV disease. Methods: Nonclinical safety studies, including a repeat-dose toxicity (RDT) study in rats and a combined developmental and reproductive toxicity (DART) study in rabbits, were conducted to support early clinical development. Study designs and parameters evaluated in these studies were consistent with principles and practices as outlined in relevant regulatory guidelines. RSVpreF bivalent vaccine, with or without Al(OH)3, was administered intramuscularly (IM) at 2× the human dose to animals in both studies. Results: Locally tolerated, reversible, inflammatory responses at the injection sites and the draining lymph nodes were observed as typical findings following vaccination. No effect of RSVpreF, with or without Al(OH)3, was observed on female fertility or on embryo–fetal or postnatal survival, growth, or development in the DART study. In both studies, robust immune responses to both RSV A and B antigens were observed, especially with the Al(OH)3 formulation. Conclusions: RSVpreF was well-tolerated both locally and systemically without any adverse effects on reproductive and developmental endpoints.
Immunogenicity, Efficacy, and Effectiveness of Two-Dose and Shorter Schedules of Hepatitis E Vaccine: A Systematic Review
Authors: Azam Bilal , Marti Melanie , Goel Amit , Aggarwal Rakesh
Published: December 2024

Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a leading cause of acute viral hepatitis in adults. The schedule for HEV 239, the only approved anti-HEV vaccine, consists of three doses at 0, 1, and 6 months, which is unsuitable for use in emergency and outbreak situations where quick protection is desired. We, therefore, undertook a systematic review of data on immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of alternative accelerated schedules. Methods: Data sources on immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of the HEV 239 vaccine following accelerated schedules published between 22 January 2005 and February 2024 were identified from five electronic databases, and the relevant data were extracted. Results: The search identified seven relevant reports, including one phase II pre-licensure trial, three reports from the phase III licensure trial, and three post-licensure reports. In these studies, following administration of the HEV 239 vaccine in two doses at 0 and 1 month or a three-dose rapid (0, 7, and 21 days) schedule, anti-HEV antibody seroconversion rates were similar to and geometric mean concentrations of anti-HEV antibody were only slightly lower than those following the standard three-dose schedule. In individuals who were seropositive for anti-HEV antibodies at baseline, the antibody response persisted for several years irrespective of the number of vaccine doses, and in those who were seronegative at baseline, administration of two vaccine doses induced antibodies whose level remained substantially high till at least 13 months of follow-up. Administration of two doses was also associated with a high protective efficacy against HEV infection and associated disease. Conclusions: The available data indicate that two doses of HEV 239 administered one month apart confer sufficiently high antibody titers and protection for at least 13 months, a duration which should be adequate for its use as an outbreak control measure.
Foodborne Infections and Salmonella: Current Primary Prevention Tools and Future Perspectives
Authors: Zizza Antonella , Fallucca Alessandra , Guido Marcello , Restivo Vincenzo , Roveta Marco , Trucchi Cecilia
Published: December 2024

Salmonella is considered the major zoonotic and foodborne pathogen responsible for human infections. It includes the serovars causing typhoid fever (S. typhi and S. paratyphi) and the non-typhoidal salmonella (NTS) serovars (S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium), causing enteric infections known as “Salmonellosis”. NTS represents a major public health burden worldwide. The consumption of S. enteritidis-contaminated animal foods is the main source of this disease in humans, and eradicating bacteria from animals remains a challenge. NTS causes various clinical manifestations, depending on the quantity of bacteria present in the food and the immune status of the infected individual, ranging from localized, self-limiting gastroenteritis to more serious systemic infections. Salmonellosis prevention is based on hygienic and behavioral rules related to food handling that aim to reduce the risk of infection. However, no vaccine against NTS is available for human use. This aspect, in addition to the increase in multidrug-resistant strains and the high morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic costs of NTS-related diseases, makes the development of new prevention and control strategies urgently needed. The success of the vaccines used to protect against S. typhi encouraged the development of NTS vaccine candidates, including live attenuated, subunit-based, and recombinant-protein-based vaccines. In this review, we discuss the epidemiological burden of Salmonellosis and its primary prevention, focusing on the current status and future perspectives of the vaccines against NTS.
Vaccine Hesitancy and Acceptance: The Present and the Future
Authors: Sheinfeld Gorin Sherri
Published: December 2024

In the following Special Issue of Vaccines, entitled “Acceptance and Hesitancy in Vaccine Uptake,” seventeen diverse papers examine the critical role of vaccination in health promotion and disease prevention [...]
Towards Energy Efficiency: Innovations in High-Frequency Converters for Renewable Energy Systems and Electric Vehicles
Authors: Arévalo Paul , Ochoa-Correa Danny , Villa-Ávila Edisson
Published: December 2024

This study reviews advancements in high-frequency converters for renewable energy systems and electric vehicles, emphasizing their role in enhancing energy efficiency and sustainability. Using the PRISMA 2020 methodology, 73 high-quality studies from 2014 to 2024 were synthesized to evaluate innovative designs, advanced materials, control strategies, and future opportunities. Key findings reveal significant progress in converter topologies, such as dual active bridge and LLC resonant designs, which enhance efficiency and scalability through soft-switching. Wide-bandgap semiconductors, including silicon carbide and gallium nitride, have driven improvements in power density, thermal management, and compactness. Advanced control strategies, including adaptive and AI-driven methods, enhance stability and efficiency in microgrids and vehicle-to-grid systems. Applications in photovoltaic and wind energy systems demonstrate the converters’ impact on improving energy conversion and system reliability. Future opportunities focus on hybrid and multifunctional designs that integrate renewable energy, storage, and electric mobility with intelligent control technologies like digital twins and AI. These innovations highlight the transformative potential of high-frequency converters in addressing global energy challenges driving sustainable energy and transportation solutions. This review offers critical insights into current advancements and pathways for further research and development in this field.
Use of D-Squame® as a Minimally Invasive Technique to Evaluate Skin Immune Response Biomarkers in Canine Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Mosca Marion , Milhau Nadège , Legain Mélanie , Idée Adrien , Langon Xavier , Pin Didier
Published: December 2024

Evaluation of skin inflammation biomarkers in canine atopic dermatitis (AD) currently requires skin biopsies. Tape stripping has been shown to be a reliable technique to study biomarkers in the stratum corneum (SC) in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the immune response and identify biomarkers in the SC of dogs with canine AD using D-squame® as a minimally invasive technique. Eight beagle dogs were epicutaneously sensitized to Dermatophagoides farinae extract after tape stripping on sensitized site (S); twice a week for 49 days. Two sites were determined: lesional site (L) and non-lesional site (NL) on eight dogs affected spontaneously with AD. Adhesive tape strips D-Squame® were applied on each site. Skin concentrations of 10 cytokines were analyzed with an ELISA kit. Our results revealed a significant increase of IL-13, IL-4, and TNF-α concentrations in S and L sites. Regarding IFN-γ, its concentration was significantly increased in L skin and increased but not significantly in S sites. All the alarmins were not differentially expressed except IL-33 in the S site. IL-31, IL-1β, and IL-10 were not detectable. D-squame® seems to be a suitable technique to extract inflammatory cytokines from the SC of dogs, and IL-13, IL-4, TNF-α, and IFN-γ could be interesting biomarkers of canine AD.
Effects of Long-Term Serum Starvation on Autophagy, Metabolism, and Differentiation of Porcine Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells
Authors: Wang Yi , Gao Juan , Fan Bojun , Hu Yuemin , Yang Yuefei , Wu Yajie , Zhu Jiaqiao , Li Junwei , Li Feng , Ju Huiming
Published: December 2024

This study investigated the effects of long-term serum starvation on autophagy, metabolism, and differentiation of porcine skeletal muscle satellite cells (SMSCs) and elucidated the role of autophagy in skeletal muscle development. Our findings provide a theoretical basis for improving meat production in domestic pigs. The SMSCs isolated and preserved in our laboratory were revived and divided into six groups based on the culture medium serum concentration to simulate varying levels of serum starvation: 20% serum (control group), 15% serum (mild serum starvation group), 5% serum (severe serum starvation group), and their autophagy inhibition groups supplemented with 3-methyladenine. After 96 h of culture, the apoptosis rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species, and ATP were measured to evaluate the effects of serum starvation on the SMSCs’ metabolism. Additionally, the levels of autophagy-related proteins, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes were measured to investigate the impact of long-term serum starvation on autophagy. The expression of proteins associated with myogenic and adipogenic differentiation (MHC, MyoD1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, and lipoprotein lipase) as well as lipid content were also determined to investigate the effects of long-term serum starvation on SMSC differentiation. The results showed that long-term serum starvation induced autophagy through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway, accelerated cell metabolism and apoptosis, exacerbated reactive oxygen species accumulation, and inhibited myogenic and adipogenic differentiation of SMSCs. Moreover, these effects were positively correlated with the level of serum starvation. In addition, serum starvation-induced autophagy moderately promoted the myogenic and adipogenic differentiation of SMSCs; however, these effects were insufficient to counteract the inhibition of cell differentiation by long-term serum starvation. This study provides insight into leveraging serum starvation as a stressor to regulate muscle growth and metabolism in domestic pigs.
What Veterinarians Need to Know About the Newly-Emerging Field of Insects-as-Food-and-Feed
Authors: Boykin Kimberly L. , Mitchell Mark A.
Published: December 2024

Over the last two decades, the insects-as-food-and-feed industry has rapidly emerged. Its growth is largely because insects require substantially less resources (water, food, and energy) to produce than traditional sources of animal protein, making it a sustainable alternative food option. As this industry continues to grow, veterinarians will likely be called upon to assist in identifying food safety concerns, assessing animal health, implementing biosecurity measures, and formulating/prescribing treatment protocols comparable to what we have seen with the honeybee industry and the institution of veterinary feed directives (VFDs). Similar to other agricultural markets, high animal densities and management practices put insects at high risk for infectious diseases. Veterinarians interested in working with these species will need to become knowledgeable regarding the diseases afflicting the feeder insect industry and how best to diagnose and treat pathogens of concern. Using the edible cricket industry as an example, this review will highlight health and production issues while drawing similarities to other traditional livestock operations. If the insects-as-feed-and-food industry is going to be viable, veterinary involvement will be essential to ensure that insects can be used as a safe source of food for all.
Evaluation of Water Replenishment in the Northern Segment of the Yellow River Within the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal, China
Authors: Du Jingwen , Zan Yourang , Meng Qingshun , Zhang Hongwei , Sun Feifei , Zhang Chunyan , Lu Chengpeng
Published: December 2024

Recently, frequent water shortages and reductions in water flow have been observed in the northern segment of the Yellow River within the Beijing–Hangzhou Grand Canal. In response, a water replenishment program has been initiated. This study is focused on the section of the Grand Canal north of the Yellow River and uses the GSFLOW model to examine interaction between surface water and groundwater, as well as the effect of water replenishment. The results indicate that, after the water replenishment, the efficiency of water replenishment was highest in the Xiao Canal (64.30%), followed by the Wei Canal (39.09%), the South Canal (12.11%), and the North Canal, which exhibited the lowest efficiency (5.75%). This variation can be attributed to greater water loss with increasing distance from the replenishment source, leading to lower replenishment efficiency. Surface water recharge to groundwater was extended by 32 days, with replenishment effects persisting even after the water supply ceased. The maximum influence distance on either side of the canal reached 5.73 km, with an average impact distance of 1.48 km, resulting in a total affected area of 974.7 km2, accounting for 2.2% of the study area. Water replenishment positively influenced the recovery of groundwater levels along the Grand Canal.
Aqueous-Medium Arsenic(V) Removal Using Iron Oxide-Coated Ignimbrite
Authors: Velarde-Apaza Leslie Diana , Chávez-Collantes Azucena , Solorzano-Acosta Richard , Cuevas Juan-Pablo , Villanueva-Salas José Antonio
Published: December 2024

Arsenate As(V) is a toxic contaminant commonly found in aquifers and groundwater that poses significant risks to human health. The effective treatment of arsenic-contaminated water is therefore crucial for safeguarding public health. This study investigates removing As(V) using iron oxide-coated ignimbrite in batch experiments by varying the adsorbent dosage, initial As(V) concentration, contact time, and system temperature. The adsorption experiments revealed that the Langmuir isotherm model better fit the data (R2 = 0.99) than the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.73). According to the Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacity of As(V) on the iron oxide-coated ignimbrite was 4.84 mg·g⁻1 ± 0.12 mg·g⁻1 of As(V), with a standard deviation of ±0.05 mg·g⁻1 after 2 h of exposure with 0.15 g/50 mL iron oxide-coated ignimbrite adsorbent concentration. In the kinetic analysis, the pseudo-first-order model best described the adsorption process at 283 K, 293 K, and 303 K, although the pseudo-second-order model also showed an adequate fit, particularly at 293 K. This indicates that, while the pseudo-first-order model is generally more suitable under these conditions, the pseudo-second-order model may also apply under certain circumstances. The results of the batch experiments demonstrate that iron oxide-coated ignimbrite is a promising adsorbent for effectively reducing high concentrations of As(V) in contaminated water.
Examining the Impacts of Recent Water Availability on the Future Food Security Risks in Pakistan Using Machine Learning Approaches
Authors: Shah Wilayat , Chen Junfei , Ullah Irfan , Shah Ashfaq Ahmad , Alotaibi Bader Alhafi , Syed Sidra , Shah Muhammad Haroon
Published: December 2024

Food and water security are critical challenges in Pakistan, exacerbated by rapid population growth, climate variability, and limited resources. This study explores the application of machine learning techniques to address these issues. We specifically examine the dimensions of food and water security in Pakistan, employing data-driven methods to enhance crop yield predictions, food production forecasting, and water resource management. Using secondary data, we refine machine learning models, such as random forest and linear regression, to analyze water availability, crop yield, and crop production. These models aim to optimize resource distribution, improve irrigation efficiency, and minimize water waste. We propose developing AI-based predictions to address food and water crises proactively. Our findings indicate that food insecurity persists in Pakistan, worsened by uneven distribution. Given the country’s high dependence on irrigation for crop production, we analyze the impact of population growth on food production and water demand. We recommend a comprehensive strategy that includes infrastructure development, improved water use efficiency in agriculture, and policy adjustments to balance food imports and exports.
Harnessing Explainable AI for Sustainable Agriculture: SHAP-Based Feature Selection in Multi-Model Evaluation of Irrigation Water Quality Indices
Authors: Hussein Enas E. , Zerouali Bilel , Bailek Nadjem , Derdour Abdessamed , Ghoneim Sherif S. M. , Santos Celso Augusto Guimarães , Hashim Mofreh A.
Published: December 2024

Irrigation water quality is crucial for sustainable agriculture and environmental health, influencing crop productivity and ecosystem balance globally. This study evaluates the performance of multiple deep learning models in classifying the Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), addressing the challenge of accurate water quality prediction by examining the impact of increasing input complexity, particularly through chemical ions and derived quality indices. The models tested include convolutional neural networks (CNN), CNN-Long Short-Term Memory networks (CNN-LSTM), CNN-bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory networks (CNN-BiLSTM), and CNN-bidirectional Gated Recurrent Unit networks (CNN-BiGRUs). Feature selection via SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) provided insights into individual feature contributions to the model predictions. The objectives were to compare the performance of 16 models and identify the most effective approach for accurate IWQI classification. This study utilized data from 166 wells in Algeria’s Naama region, with 70% of the data for training and 30% for testing. Results indicate that the CNN-BiLSTM model outperformed others, achieving an accuracy of 0.94 and an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.994. While CNN models effectively capture spatial features, they struggle with temporal dependencies—a limitation addressed by LSTM and BiGRU layers, which were further enhanced through bidirectional processing in the CNN-BiLSTM model. Feature importance analysis revealed that the quality index (qi) qi-Na was the most significant predictor in both Model 15 (0.68) and Model 16 (0.67). The quality index qi-EC showed a slight decrease in importance, from 0.19 to 0.18 between the models, while qi-SAR and qi-Cl maintained similar importance levels. Notably, Model 16 included qi-HCO3 with a minor importance score of 0.02. Overall, these findings underscore the critical role of sodium levels in water quality predictions and suggest areas for enhancing model performance. Despite the computational demands of the CNN-BiLSTM model, the results contribute to the development of robust models for effective water quality management, thereby promoting agricultural sustainability.
Oxygenates Removal from Water by Hydrophobic Pervaporation with Polyalkylmethylsiloxane Membranes
Authors: Grushevenko Evgenia , Rokhmanka Tatyana , Chechenov Islam , Safronov Petr , Anokhina Tatyana , Bazhenov Stepan , Borisov Ilya
Published: December 2024

Oxygenates removal from wastewater is an actual task for gas- and petrochemical industry. Pervaporation is one of most promising processes for oxygenates recuperation. In this work, pervaporation composite membranes with a polyalkylmethylsiloxane (alkyl substituents: hexyl, heptyl, octyl and decyl) selective layer were developed and studied for the first time during separation of the four-component mixture (1-butanol—1-propanol—ethanol—water). It was shown that an increase in the length of the side substituent of the selective layer leads to an increase in selectivity and a decrease in the permeability of oxygenates and water. The influence of the pore size of the support on the transport and separation properties of the membranes was studied. It was found that an increase in the pore size of the support leads to a decrease in the mass transfer resistance of the composite membrane. For example, for composite membranes based on polyheptylmethylsiloxane, normalized permeability was 33 × 10−3 and 11 × 10−3 molꞏmꞏPa−1ꞏm−2ꞏh−1 for membranes on micro- and ultrafiltration porous supports. The best separation characteristics in comparison with commercial membranes with a selective layer based on silicone rubbers were demonstrated by the polydecylmethylsiloxane and polyheptylmethylsiloxane composite membranes on microfiltration support: selectivities for n-butanol, n-propanol and ethanol were 2.0 and 2.3, 1.8 and 1.8, 1.0 and 0.9, respectively. Normalized permeabilities for n-butanol, n-propanol and ethanol were 33 × 10−3 and 16 × 10−3 molꞏmꞏPa−1ꞏm−2ꞏh−1, 30 × 10−3 and 12 × 10−3 molꞏmꞏPa−1ꞏm−2ꞏh−1, 16 and 6 molꞏmꞏPa−1ꞏm−2ꞏh−1, respectively.
Comparative Study of Dual-Rotor Permanent Magnet Machines with Series and Parallel Magnetic Circuits
Authors: Ran Zhitong , Zhu Zi-Qiang , Liang Dawei
Published: December 2024

This paper compares the electromagnetic performances of radial-flux, dual-rotor, permanent magnet (DRPM) machines with series (S) and parallel (P) magnetic circuits for two rotors, i.e., SDRPM and PDRPM, accounting for different slot/pole number combinations, stator winding configurations, and machine sizes. The machines are optimized using the finite element analysis (FEA) based on the genetic algorithm. It shows that the PDRPM machine with the tooth coil (TC) configuration has the highest permanent magnet (PM) utilisation compared to the PDRPM with toroidal winding (TW) configuration and the SDRPM machine with the TC configuration under different slot/pole number combinations. The scaling effects of the machine size on the torque have been investigated. The TW-PDRPM machine is suitable for large-radius and short-axial length applications due to the short end-winding length of the TW configuration, while the TC-PDRPM is better for small-radius and long-axial length applications. The TC-SDRPM performs well when both the machine outer radius and axial length increase. Finally, the TC-SDRPM and TW-PDRPM machines are prototyped and validated experimentally.
Enhancing Cybersecurity and Privacy Protection for Cloud Computing-Assisted Vehicular Network of Autonomous Electric Vehicles: Applications of Machine Learning
Authors: Yang Tiansheng , Sun Ruikai , Rathore Rajkumar Singh , Baig Imran
Published: December 2024

Due to developments in vehicle engineering and communication technologies, vehicular networks have become an attractive and feasible solution for the future of electric, autonomous, and connected vehicles. Electric autonomous vehicles will require more data, computing resources, and communication capabilities to support them. The combination of vehicles, the Internet, and cloud computing together to form vehicular cloud computing (VCC), vehicular edge computing (VEC), and vehicular fog computing (VFC) can facilitate the development of electric autonomous vehicles. However, more connected and engaged nodes also increase the system’s vulnerability to cybersecurity and privacy breaches. Various security and privacy challenges in vehicular cloud computing and its variants (VEC, VFC) can be efficiently tackled using machine learning (ML). In this paper, we adopt a semi-systematic literature review to select 85 articles related to the application of ML for cybersecurity and privacy protection based on VCC. They were categorized into four research themes: intrusion detection system, anomaly vehicle detection, task offloading security and privacy, and privacy protection. A list of suitable ML algorithms and their strengths and weaknesses is summarized according to the characteristics of each research topic. The performance of different ML algorithms in the literature is also collated and compared. Finally, the paper discusses the challenges and future research directions of ML algorithms when applied to vehicular cloud computing.
VERBAL AND NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION AS A WAY OF TRANSMITTING NATIONAL MEANINGS IN SOCIO-CULTURAL SYNTHESES (BASED ON THE MATERIAL OF NINETEENTH-CENTURY SLOBOZHANS)
Authors: Panchenko Lesya , Radionova Nataliia
Published: December 2024

The historical factuality and semantics of the politically and administratively organized “great imperial culture”, which marked the political boundaries of the unified socio-cultural space of Tsarist Russia, paradoxically triggered a patriotic response within the historical memory structures of the Ukrainian people. Philosophical communication played a significant role in the spiritual awakening of the Ukrainian nation. The specificity of contemporary communicative processes in everyday life was shaped by the ethnic, national, and confessional diversity of the local population, along with the imposition of educational and cultural meanings from the Enlightenment. The translation of national meanings into socio-cultural syntagms, including innovations such as civic centers, local theater, and journalism brought about by the “Book World”, was achieved through philosophical communication using verbal and non-verbal means.
The Influence of Financial Technology (Fintech), Financial Literacy, and Income on Financial Inclusion of Society
Authors: Chikmah Isnani Farichatul , Karsono Lorena Dara Putri
Published: December 2024

This study seeks to determine if financial technology (fintech), Financial Literacy, and income impact financial inclusion in society. This research was conducted quantitatively involving Generation Z from the former Pati Residency. Generation Z are those born in 1995-2010. Financial literacy can be used as a measuring tool to determine the extent to which a person understands financial concepts, ability to manage, and confidence in making long-term planning decisions by taking into account economic conditions. Likewise, income can serve as an indicator of an individual's financial management capabilities. The research results show that Fintech and Income partially have a significant effect on Financial Inclusion with statistical tests on the Fintech variable obtaining a t-count significance value of 0.000 the Income variable, with a value of 0.008, is less than 0.05, and the regression coefficients are positive, being 0.516 and 0.204 respectively. Financial Literacy does not have a significant effect on Financial Inclusion because based on testing the significance value of the calculated t is 0.095, where this figure is greater than 0.05. However, all three simultaneously influence society's financial inclusion. This was concluded from statistical testing of the coefficient of determination and the F test which obtained a value of 0.686. Increasing Community Financial Inclusivity can improve the economy evenly.