bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Répertoires juridiques et affirmation identitaire
Authors: Dupret Baudouin
Published: February 2015

Legal Repertoires and Identity Assertions.

This paper focuses on the central role identity matters occupy in the question of law and discourse dealing with and playing on the various legal repertoires. The field of inquiry is Egypt and Egyptian statute law as well as the shari'a, i. e. Islamic law are the repertoires. It aims at demonstrating, starting from law as a communicational and classificatory system, its function in creating domains to which it ascribes individuals and objects and thus its participation in the establishment of borders defining alienity and identity.
Pauvreté, droits de l'homme et processus démocratique
Authors: El-Chichini Poppovic Malak , Pinheiro Paulo Sérgio
Published: February 2015

Cet article aborde le problème de la pauvreté et de l'exclusion sociale dans la triple perspective des droits de l'homme, du développement et du processus démocratique. La question qui se pose est de savoir comment consolider les droits civils et politiques des nouvelles démocraties qui succèdent à des régimes autoritaires, alors que des inégalités sociales fondamentales persistent dans ces sociétés. Le véritable défi lancé à l'État et à la société civile, dans ces démocraties encore fragiles, est de construire ensemble un modèle de développement qui puisse intégrer la grande masse de ceux qui sont aujourd'hui exclus du système. Le succès d'une politique de développement plus équitable ne dépend pas seulement de l'État, mais aussi de l'appui de ceux qui détiennent le pouvoir économique et politique et de la mobilisation de ceux qui veulent le partager.
« C'est un oiseau ! » Brancusi vs États-Unis, ou quand la loi définit l'art
Authors: Heinich Nathalie
Published: February 2015

« It's a Bird ! » Brancusi vs USA : When Law Defines Art.

In 1928, the sculptor Brancusi filed a suit against the American customs, to obtain the recognition of one of his sculptures as a work of art. This trial dramatically emphasizes the link between a juridical argumentation, leaning on the formal rules of law, and an aesthetic argumentation, leaning on the informal conventions delimiting the common sense of art. It condenses in the judicial arena the repertoire of arguments which contributed first to the reaction against modem art, then to its institutional integration. What is at stake here is the reconstruction of a consensus, framed by law, on the proper delimitation of the cognitive boundaries of art, that is, on the definition of what can be considered artistic. Thus the winner was not only Brancusi, but also a « labelling theory » already experienced by Marcel Duchamp throughout artistic institutions : a theory which was to become, fifty years later, the standing point of a major turn in social sciences as well as in contemporary art.
Globalisation et changement juridique au Mexique : l'ALENA
Authors: Fix Fierro Héctor , López Ayllón Sergio
Published: February 2015

L'Accord de libre-échange nord-américain (ALENA) est entré en vigueur le 1er janvier 1994. Pour le Mexique, l'accord signifie un pas en avant vers la consolidation de sa nouvelle stratégie de développement basée sur un marché ouvert. Les changements juridiques accompagnant la transition économique n'ont pas été moins importants. Cet article propose quelques observations sur le rapport entre l'accord et ladite « globalisation du droit », expose brièvement le contenu de l'accord et explique ses conséquences pour le droit mexicain.
No Hope ? An Essay on Globalization Theories and the Legal Institution Building Processes in Postcommunist Europe
Authors: Skapska Grazyna
Published: February 2015

Pas d'espoir ? Un essai sur les théories de la globalisation et les processus de construction des institutions juridiques dans l'Europe postcommuniste.

L'auteur montre que, pour les démocraties en voie de développement, un certain espoir lié à des opportunités certaines est inhérent au processus de globalisation du droit. Elle indique aussi les obstacles qui se dressent sur la route.
La transnationalisation du champ pénal : réflexions sur les mutations du crime et du contrôle
Authors: de Lemos Capeller Wanda
Published: February 2015

Transnationalization of the Penal Field : Some Considerations on Change in Crime and Control.

Recent past years have witnessed crime sliding from the local into the global sphere. From this standpoint, the world conceived as a hierarchical network appears as an old-fashioned model of social control. Organized crime is replaced by transnational crime. To understand the processes of such a criminality, it is necessary to deal with them in terms of « globalized localisms » and « localized globalisms ». In such a context, the full meaning of the increasing repression in public policies comes into view e.g. in the fight against drug trafficking. In the same way, it becomes easier to discern why and how supranational institutions and transnational processes of control emerge. Such a repressive System of control based on « security » is presently at work within the European Union and attests to an increasing security ideology.
Vers une conception multiculturelle des droits de l'homme
Authors: de Sousa Santos Boaventura
Published: February 2015

Toward a Multicultural Conception of Human Rights.

The paper argues that in order to become a genuine emancipatory project with a Worldwide reach, human rights politics must start by recognizing the false universalism that underlies the conventional conception of human rights. An attempt is made to develop a more cosmopolitan, multicultural conception of human rights on the basis of a diatopical hermeneutics aimed at bridging isomorphic concerns about human dignity in the Western, Islamic and Hindu cultures.
La création légale de systèmes autopoïétiques. Le cas du risque
Authors: Born Asmund W. , Goldschmidt Lars B.
Published: February 2015

Durant la période 1989-1991, nous avons étudié la relation entre régulation juridique et décisions relatives au risque admissible dans des installations offshore de la Mer du Nord. L'étude a été centrée sur l'interaction entre autorités et acteurs privés lors du développement de règles subsidiaires, de la discussion de projets et de l'exécution d'audits. Cet article comporte une discussion du cas de régulation dans le cadre de la théorie des systèmes communicationnels, où le problème de régulation est de savoir comment coupler des systèmes fonctionnels fermés et différenciés (par exemple droit et économie). En nous appuyant sur des données empiriques, nous essayons de créer une compréhension plus complexe des processus communicationnels sur la base de laquelle il est possible d'élaborer le couplage entre systèmes et d'évaluer les effets potentiels du droit. La thèse soutenue dans l'article est que le couplage lui-même peut se développer en un système indépendant nouveau (le système discursif). Si cela est exact et vraiment généralisable, la régulation juridique contribue à la différenciation de la société en systèmes fermés. Au niveau pratique, la différenciation aura des conséquences aussi bien pour la régulation que pour la démocratie.
Les règles de la méthode sociologique : un siècle après
Authors: Souto Cláudio
Published: February 2015

À l'occasion du centenaire de l'ouvrage Les règles de la méthode sociologique, le texte qui suit met en évidence certains passages, généralement peu cités, des travaux de Durkheim. La pensée du maître français s'y avère rester pleinement moderne quant à son aspect scientifique et offrir une certaine ouverture vers la post-modernité scientifique. De fait, le « sociologisme » attribué à Durkheim constitue souvent une injuste caricature de son point de vue, essentiellement non sociologiste. La sociologie de Durkheim est même ouverte à la possibilité d'une explication théorique unitaire, valable pour l'ensemble des sciences de l'homme. Par-delà Durkheim, cet essai est une tentative d'élargissement de la portée théorique concernant le normatif. Ce texte cherche aussi à expliciter un certain nombre de lois d'une théorie générale unifiée du mental et du social.
La jurisprudence des dispenses civiles au mariage depuis 1960 : un apport sur le sens de l'institution matrimoniale
Authors: Biégelmann-Massari Michèle
Published: February 2015

Le Code civil français interdit, sauf dispense, le mariage entre l'oncle et sa nièce, la tante et son neveu, et entre alliés en ligne directe. Il contient en outre une disposition qui permet, là aussi après autorisation, d'épouser un ou une fiancé(e) déjà décédé(e). Dans les deux cas, le Code ne précise pas quels sont les motifs permettant de déroger à la règle commune, mais stipule que les autorisations doivent être fondées sur une cause grave et obtenues auprès du président de la République. L'article présenté propose une analyse des critères retenus depuis 1960 par la direction des Affaires civiles et du Sceau chargée de proposer une décision au chef de l'État. Alors que la nuptialité connaît de profonds bouleversements, la jurisprudence de ces dispenses rappelle que les fondements de l'institution matrimoniale considérés comme légitimes ne sont pas immuables.
Éthique juridique et déontologie
Authors: Sheinman Leslie
Published: February 2015

Legal Ethics and Rules of Conduct.

Professions frequently represent themselves in terms of sociological orthodoxy : experts in a field where others should fear to tread, autonomous because only they understand their internal issues, and guardians of a moral mandate to act in the public interest. Evidence of their morality is to be found in the existence of their rules of conduct and in the content of those rules. This paper traces the evolution of the rules of conduct for English solicitors and concentrates on the period 1926-1936 which saw the development of the Solicitors Act 1933, the Solicitors Accounts Rules 1936 and the Solicitors Practice Rules 1936. It examines the processes which produced these first rules and finds that, far from their being the product of the innate morality of the profession, they are the results, initially, of a threat to the autonomy of the profession, and subsequently of its internal competition.
Vers une « théorie expérientielle » du droit
Authors: Fitzpatrick Ben
Published: February 2015

La relégation de l’enquête empirique à un statut plutôt secondaire, à mesure que les revendications de connaissance issues d’un tel type de recherche étaient de plus en plus problématisées, est une conséquence possible de l’accueil, quoique nuancé, du postmodernisme au sein de la pensée juridique universitaire britannique. Néanmoins, l’un des objectifs de cet article est de réaffirmer l’importance de la recherche empirique pour le développement de la théorie. Tout en reconnaissant les critiques postmodernes à l’égard de la naïveté potentielle de l’investigation empirique, la viabilité d’une « théorie expérientielle » du droit, constituée et reconstituée par le dialogue à partir de données empiriques correctement construites, est prise en considération. Par l’identification des difficultés induites à différents niveaux, du niveau individuel au niveau politique en passant par le niveau académique, sont envisagées des stratégies conçues afin de permettre au chercheur socio-juriste de mener un travail empirique d’une manière simultanément réflexive, constructive et potentiellement émancipatoire.
The Other Countries of American Law
Authors: Brigham John
Published: February 2015

The observation by James Baldwin that the police in Harlem are an occupying army presents a jurisprudential challenge. I examine parts of America where consensual sovereignty has either never taken root or has been replaced by other foundations for law. These are places such as the Indian Reservations, the unassimilated territories acquired from Spain in the 1890s, and federal land in New Mexico administered by agencies like the Forest Service. The nature of law in these environments is seen in ternis of its constitutive rather than regulatory aspects.
La démarche historique face à la vérité judiciaire. Juges et historiens
Authors: Martin Jean-Clément
Published: February 2015

The Historical Approach versus the Judicial Truth : Judges and Historians.

Recent trials involved in historical cases give the opportunity to establish the main characteristics of historical workshop and justice practices and to seek their analogies. Both historians and judges are confronted with social demands and are both responsible for the future of their communities, their criteria of judgement being dependent on the values of those communities. Even if their "truths" can not be delivered in the same way, they sustain the same sort of constraints and are inscribed within the same horizons.
La politique de la ville entre médiation et proximité
Authors: Hammouche Abdelhafid
Published: February 2015

Les actions et les dispositifs conçus dans le cadre de la politique de la ville sont souvent renvoyés à une fonction de médiation et à une gestion de proximité. Ces orientations génèrent des évolutions sur les registres de l'organisation et des métiers, ce qui tend à accentuer l'exposition des intervenants dans un contexte marqué par la dégradation sociale. Ces mutations, pour les habitants comme pour les intervenants, se combinent, si l'on peut dire, et compliquent la lecture des dynamiques sociales et la conception de l'action publique. C'est en considérant cette « proximité » qu'on se propose dans cet article d'interroger la notion de médiation et son instrumentalisation, en mettant en relief des processus d'interculturalité (pour les intervenants, pour les habitants). Ce sont alors des transitions pour ces différents acteurs qui imposent, selon l'hypothèse soutenue ici, une forte personnalisation — au sens ou chacun est exposé et que le statut n'advient et ne protège, éventuellement, qu'après une mise à l'épreuve personnelle.
Commentaire. La temporalité de la pratique judiciaire : un point de vue sociologique
Authors: Bessin Marc
Published: February 2015

The Temporality of Legal Practice : A Sociological Perspective.

Commenting a round table conference of magistrates on the issue of temporality in their professional practice, this article addresses time as a product of a specific activity. The act of rendering justice takes place within a dual time frame, between the long term structured time of the law and that of the contingencies of its interpretation. The multiplicity of actors participating in a given case who develop contradictory time frames reminds us of the close connection that exists between time and power. In the interplay with time that is a major part of legal strategy, the magistrates appear to be faced with particularly heavy pressure that reinforces the stronghold of the present. This demand for immediacy and the mass of cases to be dealt with, force the judges to act according to a certain degree of legal urgency. Their desire to better adapt their decisions to varying circumstances is one expression among others of the uncertainty of the future and calls into question the function of ritual as a means of depicting and organising the passage of time.
Éléments de définition pour une sociologie politique du droit
Authors: Corten Olivier
Published: February 2015

Aspects of the Definition of the Political Sociology of Law.

In 1995, a Centre de sociologie politique du droit was set up at the Facultés universitaires Saint-Louis in Brussels. No attempt has yet been made to define the discipline, however. The author attempts to identify aspects of a definition that would make it possible to assert the autonomy of this discipline. The political sociology of law differs from other branches of legal studies in its original combination of criteria of validity external to the legal System, on the one hand, and an explanatory - as opposed to normative - approach, on the other hand. As a specialised field of sociology of law, it focuses mainly on the study of power relations in the creation and implementation of law, and involves taking stands on the epistemological as well as on the ideological level.
Le mendiant : un citoyen exclu
Authors: Sayah Jamil
Published: February 2015

The Beggar : An Excluded Citizen.

This article deals with the problems that arise from the decision taken by several French Mayors to ban begging as well as the presence of homeless people in their districts. Following a review showing the evolution of attitudes and the legislation - from a repressed vision to the recognition that the poor are citizens with rights - this analysis aims to demonstrate that the beggar is still deprived of his right to corne and go and is the victim of discriminatory treatment. The beggar's right to individual freedom of movement, to stay in one place or move on, is denied when he is thought to have caused a public order disturbance. In fact, this disorder must be clearly defined and sufficiently alarming for the judge to acknowledge it, which is not the case in the Municipal decrees. To suppress the poor by banning them will only bring about the judges' disavowal.
Le marché du travail : règles et normes de carrière. Une comparaison internationale France/Nouvelle-Zélande
Authors: Cadin Loïc
Published: February 2015

Labour Markets : Rules and Career Norms. An International Comparison France-New Zealand.

France and New Zealand have reacted in very different ways to the economic developments they have had to face. New Zealand, after several decades of State intervention, has engaged in a radical program of reforms including Labour Law and Industrial Relations. France has remained more attached to the Welfare State tradition. This article presents research which relates career representations with the evolution of labour markets in both countries. In each case, a process of redefining careers and employment norms is underway, however, the manner in which each represents life cycles and employment barriers differ.
L'opacité du fait face à l'illusoire limpidité du droit
Authors: Rigaux François
Published: February 2015

Opacity of Fact vis-à-vis the Illusory Clarity of Law.

If the act of retaining a fact, whose evidence is admissible before a court, as an objective piece of information that can be identified and apprehended is illusory, the clarity of law itself is no less illusory. Three domains of judicial activity have been selected : criminal proceedings, civil action and family litigation. The first two share the indissolubility of fact and law due to the impossibility of apprehending "the facts" outside the legal conceptualization through which they are made significant. As for family litigation, nowadays it has surrendered to a discretionary judicial evaluation under the guise of moralizing legal norms.
Youden's Index and the Weight of Evidence
Authors: Hughes G.
Published: February 2015

By means of Shannon’s relationship between information and probability, Youden’s index for rating diagnostic tests is shown to be a probability-scale analogue of the log-likelihood ratio of a positive test outcome.
Electrical response of liquid crystal cells doped with multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: García-García Amanda , Vergaz Ricardo , Algorri José Francisco , Quintana Xabier , Otón José Manuel
Published: February 2015

The inclusion of nanoparticles modifies a number of fundamental properties of many materials. Doping of nanoparticles in self-organized materials such as liquid crystals may be of interest for the reciprocal interaction between the matrix and the nanoparticles. Elongated nanoparticles and nanotubes can be aligned and reoriented by the liquid crystal, inducing noticeable changes in their optical and electrical properties. In this work, cells of liquid crystal doped with high aspect ratio multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been prepared, and their characteristic impedance has been studied at different frequencies and excitation voltages. The results demonstrate alterations in the anisotropic conductivity of the samples with the applied electric field, which can be followed by monitoring the impedance evolution with the excitation voltage. Results are consistent with a possible electric contact between the coated substrates of the LC cell caused by the reorientation of the nanotubes. The reversibility of the doped system upon removal of the electric field is quite low.
Characterization of the Granule‐Bound Starch Synthase I Gene in Chenopodium
Authors: Brown Douglass C. , Cepeda‐Cornejo Veronica , Maughan Peter J. , Jellen Eric N.
Published: February 2015

Chenopodium L. is a relatively under‐studied genus that includes the cultivated seed crop quinoa (C. quinoa Willd.). Quinoa is an allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 36, AABB genomes) that is cultivated by subsistence farmers and commercial growers in the Andean regions of South America. Approximately 60% of a quinoa seed is starch, a glucose polymer that is an important carbohydrate energy source in the human diet. Seed starch is normally composed of amylose and amylopectin in a 1:3 ratio. The accumulation of the amylose fraction of starch is controlled by a single dominant gene in quinoa, GBSSI. We report the sequencing and characterization of the GBSSI gene in 18 accessions of Chenopodium, including Andean quinoa and the related Mesoamerican chenopod domesticate, C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae Saff. Two distinct homeologs (GBSSIa and GBSSIb) were identified in the tetraploid accessions, and 19 different alleles were identified, including three null mutants—one in an accession of quinoa and two in a waxy landrace of C. berlandieri subsp. nuttalliae. Expression analysis of the null mutants revealed that GBSSIa and GBSSIb were both strongly expressed late in seed development. GBSSI sequences were used to analyze the phylogenetic relationships between quinoa and other members of the Chenopodium genus. This study and the discovery of Chenopodium GBSSI null‐mutants will assist in the development of new Chenopodium crops with novel starches.
The Genetic Makeup of a Global Barnyard Millet Germplasm Collection
Authors: Wallace Jason G. , Upadhyaya Hari D. , Vetriventhan M. , Buckler Edward S. , Tom Hash C. , Ramu Punna
Published: February 2015

Barnyard millet (Echinochloa spp.) is an important crop for many smallholder farmers in southern and eastern Asia. It is valued for its drought tolerance, rapid maturation, and superior nutritional qualities. Despite these characteristics there are almost no genetic or genomic resources for this crop in either cultivated species [E. colona (L.) Link and E. crus‐galli (L.) P. Beauv.]. Recently, a core collection of 89 barnyard millet accessions was developed at the genebank at the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi‐Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). To enhance the use of this germplasm and genomic research in barnyard millet improvement, we report the genetic characterization of this core collection using whole‐genome genotyping‐by‐sequencing. We identified several thousand single‐nucleotide polymorphisms segregating in the core collection, and we use them to show patterns of population structure and phylogenetic relationships among the accessions. We determine that there are probably four population clusters within the E. colona accessions and three such clusters within E. crus‐galli. These clusters match phylogenetic relationships but by and large do not correspond to classification into individual races or clusters based on morphology. Geospatial data available for a subset of samples indicates that the clusters probably originate from geographic divisions. In all, these data will be useful to breeders working to improve this crop for smallholder farmers. This work also serves as a case study of how modern genomics can rapidly characterize crops, including ones with little to no prior genetic data.
Experimentando con armas ibéricas de hierro. La producción del metal en hornos de “tiro natural”
Authors: Gallego Cañamero José Miguel
Published: February 2015

Se exponen los resultados de dos intentos experimentales para obtener hierro en sendos hornos del tipo de “tiro natural” mediante el proceso de reducción directa, extrapolando sus posibilidades para el mundo ibérico. Se describen los principios físicos que intervienen en el proceso y se propone un modelo de explotación minero- metalúrgica basado en la concentración de los medios de producción en zonas próximas a las materias primas (mineral y madera).
Correlating Mushroom Habitats and Geology in Grevena Prefecture (Greece) with the Use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Authors: Tsiaras Stefanos , Domakinis Christos
Published: February 2015

The aim of this study is to assess the relationship between geological background and habitats of mushrooms. The study area is Grevena, a Prefecture of Greece well known for the great variety of the fungal flora and its distinctive geology. Thematic maps of the study area were produced with the use of GIS, taking under consideration geological formations, elevation, ecosystems and land use. Findings provide evidence that certain mushrooms are more likely to be found in specific ecosystems. The connection between forest ecosystems and the geology of the study area is more apparent, as certain forest types are related with specific geological formations; due to the insignificant presence of grasslands and riverine settings in the study area, it is not possible to assess the role of the geological formation for these mushroom habitats.
Smartphone Use, Addiction, Narcissism, and Personality
Authors: Pearson Claire , Hussain Zaheer
Published: February 2015

There are increasing numbers of people who are now using smartphones. Consequently, there is a risk of addiction to certain web applications such as social networking sites (SNSs) which are easily accessible via smartphones. There is also the risk of an increase in narcissism amongst users of SNSs. The present study set out to investigate the relationship between smartphone use, narcissistic tendencies and personality as predictors of smartphone addiction. The study also aimed to investigate the distinction between addiction specificity and co-occurrence in smartphone addiction via qualitative data and discover why people continue to use smartphones in banned areas. A self-selected sample of 256 smartphone users (Mean age = 29.2, SD = 9.49) completed an online survey. The results revealed that 13.3% of the sample was classified as addicted to smartphones. Higher narcissism scores and neuroticism levels were linked to addiction. Three themes of social relations, smartphone dependence and self-serving personalities emerged from the qualitative data. Interpretation of qualitative data supports addiction specificity of the smartphone. It is suggested smartphones encourage narcissism, even in non-narcissistic users. In turn, this increased use in banned areas. Future research needs to gather more in-depth qualitative data, addiction scale comparisons and comparison of use with and without SNS access. It is advised that prospective buyers of smartphones be pre-warned of the potential addictive properties of new technology.
Electronic Brainstorming Research and its Implications for E-Planning
Authors: Paulus Paul B.
Published: February 2015

Sharing ideas efficiently and effectively in groups is a challenge groups and teams face on a daily basis. In typical face to face meetings, many factors can serve to inhibit a full sharing of ideas and thus the development of effective decisions and plans. To overcome the limitations of face to face meetings, computer based group decision support systems have been developed to facilitate both idea exchange and evaluation. Evidence suggests that such systems can lead to beneficial outcomes. However, unless they are utilized appropriately, even electronic meetings may not effectively tap the intellectual and creative potential of groups. The authors will critically evaluate the theoretical and practical issues involved in the use of this technology and make recommendations for using electronic systems for e-planning.
New Approaches to Treating Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Zheng Hailin , Fridkin Mati , Youdim Moussa
Published: February 2015

To date, no truly efficacious drugs for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been developed; moreover, all new anti-AD drugs developed since 2003 have failed. To succeed where previous ones have failed in drug development, new approaches for AD therapy are needed. Here we discuss the potential application of network medicine as a new approach to AD treatment. Unlike traditional approaches focused on a single target/pathway, network medicine targets and restores disease-disrupted networks through simultaneous modulation of numerous proteins (targets)/pathways involved in AD pathogenesis. We consider several drug candidates under development for AD therapy, including Keap1–Nrf2 regulators, endogenous neurogenic agents, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activators. These drug candidates are multi-target ligands with the potential to further develop as network medicines, since they act as master regulators to initiate a broad range of cellular defense mechanisms/cytoprotective genes that exert their efficacy in a holistic way. We also explore their diverse mechanisms of action and potential disease-modifying effects, which may have profound implications for drug discovery.
The CM SAF ATOVS tropospheric water vapour and temperature data record: overview of methodology and evaluation
Authors: Courcoux N. , Schröder M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Recently, the reprocessed Advanced Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS)-N Operational Vertical Sounder (ATOVS) tropospheric water vapour and temperature data record has been released by the European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites (EUMETSAT) Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CM SAF). ATOVS observations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA)-15 through NOAA-19 and EUMETSAT's Meteorological operational (Metop-A) satellites have been consistently reprocessed to generate 13 years (1999–2011) of global water vapour and temperature daily and monthly means with a spatial resolution of 90 km × 90 km. After pre-processing, an optimal estimation scheme has been applied to the observations to simultaneously infer temperature and water vapour profiles. In a post-processing step an objective interpolation method (Kriging) has been applied to allow for gap filling. The product suite includes total precipitable water vapour (TPW), layer integrated water vapour (LPW) and layer mean temperature for five tropospheric layers, as well as specific humidity and temperature at six tropospheric levels and is referenced under doi:10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/WVT_ATOVS/V001. To our knowledge this is the first time that the ATOVS record (1998–now) has been consistently reprocessed (1999–2011) to retrieve water vapour and temperature products. TPW and LPW products were compared to corresponding products from the Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) Upper-Air Network (GUAN) radiosonde observations and from the Atmospheric InfraRed Sounder (AIRS) version 5 satellite data record. The TPW shows a good agreement with the GUAN radiosonde data: average bias and root mean square error (RMSE) are −0.2 and 3.3 kg m−2, respectively. The maximum absolute (relative) bias and RMSE values decrease (increase) strongly with height. While the RMSE relative to AIRS is generally smaller, the TPW bias relative to AIRS is larger with dominant contributions from precipitating areas. The consistently reprocessed ATOVS data record exhibits an improved quality and an improved stability relative to the operational CM SAF ATOVS products when compared to the TPW from GUAN radiosonde data over the period 2004–2011. Finally, it became evident that the change in the number of satellites used for the retrieval combined with the use of the Kriging leads to breakpoints in the ATOVS data record so that a variability analysis of the data record is not recommended for the time period from January 1999 to January 2001.
Assimilation of surface NO2 and O3 observations into the SILAM chemistry transport model
Authors: Vira J. , Sofiev M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. This paper describes the assimilation of trace gas observations into the chemistry transport model SILAM (System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition) using the 3D-Var method. Assimilation results for the year 2012 are presented for the prominent photochemical pollutants ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). Both species are covered by the AirBase observation database, which provides the observational data set used in this study. Attention was paid to the background and observation error covariance matrices, which were obtained primarily by the iterative application of a posteriori diagnostics. The diagnostics were computed separately for 2 months representing summer and winter conditions, and further disaggregated by time of day. This enabled the derivation of background and observation error covariance definitions, which included both seasonal and diurnal variation. The consistency of the obtained covariance matrices was verified using χ2 diagnostics. The analysis scores were computed for a control set of observation stations withheld from assimilation. Compared to a free-running model simulation, the correlation coefficient for daily maximum values was improved from 0.8 to 0.9 for O3 and from 0.53 to 0.63 for NO2.
A high-resolution global-scale groundwater model
Authors: de Graaf I. E. M. , Sutanudjaja E. H. , van Beek L. P. H. , Bierkens M. F. P.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Groundwater is the world's largest accessible source of fresh water. It plays a vital role in satisfying basic needs for drinking water, agriculture and industrial activities. During times of drought groundwater sustains baseflow to rivers and wetlands, thereby supporting ecosystems. Most global-scale hydrological models (GHMs) do not include a groundwater flow component, mainly due to lack of geohydrological data at the global scale. For the simulation of lateral flow and groundwater head dynamics, a realistic physical representation of the groundwater system is needed, especially for GHMs that run at finer resolutions. In this study we present a global-scale groundwater model (run at 6' resolution) using MODFLOW to construct an equilibrium water table at its natural state as the result of long-term climatic forcing. The used aquifer schematization and properties are based on available global data sets of lithology and transmissivities combined with the estimated thickness of an upper, unconfined aquifer. This model is forced with outputs from the land-surface PCRaster Global Water Balance (PCR-GLOBWB) model, specifically net recharge and surface water levels. A sensitivity analysis, in which the model was run with various parameter settings, showed that variation in saturated conductivity has the largest impact on the groundwater levels simulated. Validation with observed groundwater heads showed that groundwater heads are reasonably well simulated for many regions of the world, especially for sediment basins (R2 = 0.95). The simulated regional-scale groundwater patterns and flow paths demonstrate the relevance of lateral groundwater flow in GHMs. Inter-basin groundwater flows can be a significant part of a basin's water budget and help to sustain river baseflows, especially during droughts. Also, water availability of larger aquifer systems can be positively affected by additional recharge from inter-basin groundwater flows.
Uncertainty analysis of a spatially explicit annual water-balance model: case study of the Cape Fear basin, North Carolina
Authors: Hamel P. , Guswa A. J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. There is an increasing demand for assessment of water provisioning ecosystem services. While simple models with low data and expertise requirements are attractive, their use as decision-aid tools should be supported by uncertainty characterization. We assessed the performance of the InVEST annual water yield model, a popular tool for ecosystem service assessment based on the Budyko hydrological framework. Our study involved the comparison of 10 subcatchments ranging in size and land-use configuration, in the Cape Fear basin, North Carolina. We analyzed the model sensitivity to climate variables and input parameters, and the structural error associated with the use of the Budyko framework, a lumped (catchment-scale) model theory, in a spatially explicit way. Comparison of model predictions with observations and with the lumped model predictions confirmed that the InVEST model is able to represent differences in land uses and therefore in the spatial distribution of water provisioning services. Our results emphasize the effect of climate input errors, especially annual precipitation, and errors in the ecohydrological parameter Z, which are both comparable to the model structure uncertainties. Our case study supports the use of the model for predicting land-use change effect on water provisioning, although its use for identifying areas of high water yield will be influenced by precipitation errors. While some results are context-specific, our study provides general insights and methods to help identify the regions and decision contexts where the model predictions may be used with confidence.
A Technique to Fixate Dislocated Lenticules in Complicated Descemet Stripping Automated Endothelial Keratoplasty
Authors: Faramarzi Amir , Yazdani Shahin
Published: February 2015

Purpose

To describe a technique to fixate a dislocated donor lenticule following complicated Descemet stripping automated endothelial keratoplasty (DSAEK) when lenticule attachment has not been successful following previous attempts employing air tamponade due to iris defects and posterior capsule ruptures.

Methods

In this technique, we fixate the DSAEK lenticule at 2 points using partial-thickness sutures buried in the recipient corneal stroma.

Results

Three complicated DSAEK cases were operated by this technique. The lenticules were totally attached and the corneas remained clear up to the last visit, 6 months after the last procedure.

Conclusions

Our technique is easy to perform and efficient for fixation of detached lenticules and may also be performed primarily to prevent lenticule detachment in complicated DSAEK eyes.
Effects of incrementally increasing tidal volume on the right internal jugular vein in pediatric patients
Authors: Sargın Mehmet , Uluer Mehmet Selçuk , Özmen Sadık
Published: February 2015

Purpose

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of incremental increases of tidal volume (TV) on the cross-sectional area (CSA) and size of the right internal jugular vein (RIJV), and the relationship between RIJV and the carotid artery (CA).

Methods

This prospective study included 23 pediatric patients aged between 7 and 12 years who were anesthetized. Using a standard anesthesia protocol, the TV was increased from 6 to 10 mL/kg in 1 mL/kg increments. For each TV, images of the RIJV and CA at the level of the cricoid cartilage were recorded at the end of the inspiration. From these results, the CSA and size of the RIJV and the percentage of CA overlap were calculated.

Results

The median (interquartile range) RIJV CSA was 0.82 (0.52-1.07) cm2 at a TV of 6 mL/kg and significantly increased to 0.86 (0.58-1.05), 0.88 (0.55-1.08), 0.95 (0.62-1.17) and 1.02 (0.70-1.20) cm2 at TVs of 7, 8, 9 and 10 mL/kg, respectively. There were no significant differences in the percentage overlap of the CA between all TVs. The median (interquartile range) transverse diameter was 1.16 (0.99-1.36) cm at a TV of 6 mL/kg and significantly increased to 1.20 (1.10-1.41), 1.26 (1.05-1.45), 1.28 (1.10-1.49) and 1.35 (1.12-1.52) cm at TVs of 7, 8, 9 and 10 mL/kg, respectively. The median (interquartile range) anteroposterior diameter was 0.77 (0.72-0.90) cm at a TV of 6 mL/kg and significantly increased to 0.81 (0.72-0.94), 0.85 (0.74-0.99), 0.88 (0.75-1.02) and 0.89 (0.79-1.06) cm at TVs of 7, 8, 9 and 10 mL/kg, respectively.

Conclusions

This study reveals that a TV of 10 mL/kg in anesthetized children achieved the greatest size in the RIJV, and caused no difference in the CA overlap. These results suggest that a TV of 10 mL/kg is the optimal choice when facilitating catheterization and in the avoidance of complications in anesthetized children connected to mechanical ventilator that are required to undergo RIJV catheterization.
Primer Registro de la Avoceta Americana (Recurvirostra americana) para el Sur de Honduras
Authors: Espinal Mario , Mora José Manuel
Published: February 2015

La avoceta americana (Recurvirostra americana) se distribuye desde la parte central-sur de Canadá hasta el centro y otros sectores de los Estados Unidos de América, México y Centroamérica. En Honduras, la avoceta es un raro visitante de invierno con registros muy escasos en la costa norte del país. El 28 de octubre de 2009, observamos y fotografiamos dos individuos de esta especie alimentándose en las orillas de la laguna de invierno Guameru, Choluteca (13° 06ʼ 25.82ˮ N y 87° 09ʼ 30.87ˮ O). Ambas aves tenían un plumaje no reproductivo con la cabeza y el cuerpo blanco, y las alas negras. Este ese el primer registro documentado de Recurvirostra americana para el departamento de Choluteca y todo el Sur de Honduras. Esta observación resalta la necesidad de realizar inventarios de la biodiversidad en la región costera del Golfo de Fonseca y otros sitios sensibles de Honduras.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/ceiba.v52i2.1719
Integrando esfuerzos para la investigación científica universitaria
Authors: Pineda García Lelany
Published: February 2015

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i14.1792 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 14, junio 2014: 3-7
Ubicación de sitios arqueológicos a través de nuevas tecnologías de la información geográfica, valle de Otoro
Authors: Veliz Vito , Rodríguez César , Argueta Cristina
Published: February 2015

Esta primera fase del proyecto Ubicación de sitios arqueológicos a través de nuevas tecnologías de la información geográfica, tenía por objetivo ubicar sitios arqueológicos en el valle de Otoro, Intibucá, y determinar posibles alineamientos astronómicos con respecto a la posición del Sol en determinadas épocas del año. Se ha procedido a registrar toda la información bibliográfica y por medio de visitas de campo se ha comprobado el estado de los sitios y su localización geográfica, actualizando la información arqueológica disponible. Aunque para Otoro se disponía de un conteo de sitios arqueológicos (12 sitios), se deseaba comprobar su ubicación, guiándose con los mapas topográficos y las lecturas con GPS que se hicieron al momento de la visita. En esta se registraron 13 sitios arqueológicos que se encuentran en el municipio de Jesús de Otoro, valle de Otoro, para lo cual se utilizó un GPS Mobile Mapper 6, marca Magellan, con un margen de error de 1 metro. Se registró fotográficamente cada sitio, se analizó su estado, características y estructuras visibles. También se generó una base de datos y cartografía temática sobre la ubicación de estos sitios en el valle de Otoro, proceso que es importante para la siguiente fase del proyecto. El proyecto permitió identificar y registrar un nuevo e importante sitio arqueológico en la zona de estudio llamado Guayamán, el cual está en proceso de deterioro. Una vez lograda la ubicación de los yacimientos arqueológicos, se elaboró cartografía temática, se buscó el significado arqueoastronómico de cada sitio; es decir, se analizó la relación de cada sitio con algún astro, en especial con el Sol, para determinar posibles alineamientos astronómicos con respecto a la posición del Sol en determinadas épocas del año. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/rct.v0i14.1795 Revista Ciencia y Tecnología No. 14, junio 2014: 42-81
Dynamic jamming of iceberg‐choked fjords
Authors: Peters Ivo R. , Amundson Jason M. , Cassotto Ryan , Fahnestock Mark , Darnell Kristopher N. , Truffer Martin , Zhang Wendy W.
Published: February 2015

We investigate the dynamics of ice mélange by analyzing rapid motion recorded by a time‐lapse camera and terrestrial radar during several calving events that occurred at Jakobshavn Isbræ, Greenland. During calving events (1) the kinetic energy of the ice mélange is 2 orders of magnitude smaller than the total energy released during the events, (2) a jamming front propagates through the ice mélange at a rate that is an order of magnitude faster than the motion of individual icebergs, (3) the ice mélange undergoes initial compaction followed by slow relaxation and extension, and (4) motion of the ice mélange gradually decays before coming to an abrupt halt. These observations indicate that the ice mélange experiences widespread jamming during calving events and is always close to being in a jammed state during periods of terminus quiescence. We therefore suspect that local jamming influences longer timescale ice mélange dynamics and stress transmission.
Mid‐ocean ridge eruptions as a climate valve
Authors: Tolstoy Maya
Published: February 2015

Seafloor eruption rates and mantle melting fueling eruptions may be influenced by sea level and crustal loading cycles at scales from fortnightly to 100 kyr. Recent mid‐ocean ridge eruptions occur primarily during neap tides and the first 6 months of the year, suggesting sensitivity to minor changes in tidal forcing and orbital eccentricity. An ~100 kyr periodicity in fast‐spreading seafloor bathymetry and relatively low present‐day eruption rates at a time of high sea level and decreasing orbital eccentricity suggest a longer‐term sensitivity to sea level and orbital variations associated with Milankovitch cycles. Seafloor spreading is considered a small but steady contributor of CO2 to climate cycles on the 100 kyr time scale; however, this assumes a consistent short‐term eruption rate. Pulsing of seafloor volcanic activity may feed back into climate cycles, possibly contributing to glacial/interglacial cycles, the abrupt end of ice ages, and dominance of the 100 kyr cycle.
One‐ and two‐dimensional hybrid simulations of whistler mode waves in a dipole field
Authors: Wu S. , Denton R. E. , Liu K. , Hudson M. K.
Published: February 2015

We simulate whistler mode waves using a hybrid code. There are four species in the simulations, hot electrons initialized with a bi‐Maxwellian distribution with temperature in the direction perpendicular to background magnetic field greater than that in the parallel direction, warm isotropic electrons, cold inertialess fluid electrons, and protons as an immobile background. The density of the hot population is a small fraction of the total plasma density. Comparison between the dispersion relation of our model and other dispersion relations shows that our model is more accurate for lower frequency whistlers than for higher frequency whistlers. Simulations in 2‐D Cartesian coordinates agree very well with those using a full dynamics code. In the 1‐D simulations along the dipole magnetic field, the predicted frequency and wave number are observed. Rising tones are observed in the one‐fourteenth scale simulations that have larger than realistic magnetic field spatial inhomogeneity. However, in the full‐scale 1‐D simulation in a dipole field, the waves are more broadband and do not exhibit rising tones. In the 2‐D simulations in a meridional plane, the waves are generated with propagation approximately parallel to the background magnetic field. However, the wavefronts become oblique as they propagate to higher latitudes. Simulations with different plasma density profiles acrossLshell are performed to study the effect of the background density on whistler propagation.