bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium bovis isolated from a dusky langur with granulomas in the intestine
Authors: Himes Elmer M. , Wendt Wallace A. , Luchsinger Donald W. , Jarnagin Jerald L.
Published: February 2025

Tubercles were seen in the spleen of a male dusky langur (Presbytis obscurus) on laparotomy. Subsequently, tuberculous lesions in the intestine, lungs, and a hilar lymph node were observed on necropsy of the monkey. Histologic examinations of these tissues revealed granulomas, and acid-fast bacilli were observed within granulomas in replicate sections that were stained with auramine-O. An acid-fast organism was isolated and identified as Mycobacterium bovis. Guinea pigs and rabbits inoculated intraperitoneally with the organism developed granulomas in the lungs, liver, and spleen. Lesions did not develop in chickens inoculated with the culture.
Induction of mucoid enteritis in rabbits by ligation of the cecum or colon
Authors: Targowski S. , Toofanian F.
Published: February 2025

Mucoid enteritis, a fatal disease of rabbits characterized by excessive mucus production, was induced in 45% of rabbits with ligated colons and in 70% of rabbits with ligated ceca.
Intradermal use of human diploid cell vaccine for preexposure rabies immunizations
Authors: Dreesen David W. , Sumner John W. , Brown John , Kemp Douglas T.
Published: February 2025

In a study involving 240 faculty, students, and staff at the University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, 0.1 ml of a rabies human diploid cell vaccine administered intradermally on days 0, 7, and 28 induced adequate rabies antibody (≥0.5 IU/ml of serum) in all subjects by day 49. There were no significant differences in mean titers between groups of individuals with different rabies immunization histories by using a newly proposed index system for reporting such titers. It was shown that if there was a titer on the day the initial dose was given, it had no bearing on the titer 49 days later. Less than 1% of all the injections resulted in severe reactions, ie, muscular pain, headache, or pain at the site of injection. It was concluded that intradermal use of a low dose of rabies human diploid cell vaccine will induce adequate antibody titers in persons at risk to rabies.
Veterinary food hygiene in the year 2000: Circumstances and needs
Authors: Heidelbaugh Norman D.
Published: February 2025

A series of surveys was conducted among veterinarians engaged in food hygiene, public health, and/or preventive medicine practice. The objective was to identify the circumstances and needs in veterinary food hygiene for the year 2000. Circumstances were defined as the external factors that influence veterinary food hygiene (eg, perspectives, general technologic advances in society, social expectations). Needs were defined as the internal resources that are essential to the practice of veterinary food hygiene (eg, goals, evaluations, personnel, communications, technology). The results of the surveys could be useful in the design of innovations for veterinary food hygiene programs.
Valved apico-aortic conduit for relief of left ventricular hypertension caused by discrete subaortic stenosis in dogs
Authors: Breznock E. M. , Whiting P. , Pendray D. , Thomas B. , Strack D. , Bauer T. , Koblik P. , Hornof W. , Ludders J. D.
Published: February 2025

A double-outlet left ventricle (LV), with a valved conduit interposed between the LV apex and the aorta, was created in 7 dogs with subaortic stenosis. Of 8 dogs in which the implantation was attempted, 1 died following thoracotomy but before conduit implantation could be performed, 1 died from hemorrhage 24 hours after surgery, 1 died from septicemia as a sequel to pneumonia 10 days after surgery, 1 died from “shock-lung” 4 days after surgery, and 4 were functionally normal 22, 12, 6, and 2 months after surgery.

In the 7 dogs in which the implantation was completed, the mean LV to aorta (LV-Ao) pressure gradient was significantly (P<0.01) reduced by the implantation. Diastolic and systolic murmurs were detected over the prosthetic valve area in 3 of the 4 surviving dogs 1 to 4 days postoperatively, but the murmurs gradually decreased in intensity until they disappeared after 1 month. The 4 survivors had no angiographic evidence of prosthetic valve insufficiency at 2 months or at 1 year. In 3 of the survivors, the LV-Ao pressure gradients 2 months postoperatively were 45, 20, and 0 mm of Hg, as compared with 120, 90, and 50 mm of Hg preoperatively. Postoperative pressure measurements were not obtained on 1 surviving dog.
Myasthenia gravis in two cats
Authors: Indrieri Richard J. , Creighton Stanley R. , Lambert Edward H. , Lennon Vanda A.
Published: February 2025

A case of the autoimmune form of myasthenia gravis and a case of what is probably a congenital form of myasthenia gravis were diagnosed in 2 unrelated cats. Neuromuscular weakness exacerbated by exercise was a prominent feature in both cats. Weakness was eliminated temporarily by administration of anticholinesterase drugs. Serum autoantibodies to acetylcholine receptors of skeletal muscle were present in the 1st cat and were not detected in the 2nd cat. A characteristic decrement in the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential during repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve was elicited in the 2nd cat. There was marked electromyographic improvement in response to anticholinesterase drugs. Electromyography was not performed in the 1st cat.
Acute myelomonocytic leukemia in a dog
Authors: Rohrig Kent E.
Published: February 2025

Cytochemical stains and morphologic characteristics were essential in making the correct diagnosis in a dog with acute myelomonocytic leukemia, which initially was diagnosed as lymphoblastic leukemia. Response to a treatment regimen of cytosine arabinoside, thioguanine, vincristine, and doxorubicin, besides accomplishing complete remission, helped revise the initial diagnosis to acute myelomonocytic leukemia. After remission was achieved, the dog died of a fulminating viral infection.
Eastern white-tailed deer as a reservoir of ruminant paratuberculosis
Authors: Chiodini Rodrick J. , Van Kruiningen Herbert J.
Published: February 2025

Ten white-tailed deer were shot and killed at a Connecticut farm that had a 6-year history of bovine paratuberculosis, and organs from these animals were examined for evidence of paratuberculosis. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was isolated from the cecal lymph node, terminal ileum, and ileocecal valve of 1 deer and from the cecal lymph node of another. Characteristic lesions and acid-fast bacilli were not observed. It was concluded that infected deer could serve as sources of infection for domestic stock.
Nonstrangulated colonic displacement in horses
Authors: Hackett Richard P.
Published: February 2025

Nonstrangulated colonic displacement was diagnosed by exploratory celiotomy in 32 horses with acute abdominal pain. Clinical signs progressed slowly and included evidence of mild to moderate abdominal pain, good cardiovascular status, reduced intestinal sounds, and normal peritoneal fluid, and resembled those of colonic impaction. In most horses, rectal palpation supported a diagnosis of colonic obstruction but not a diagnosis of colonic impaction.
Pathogenic bacteria and fungi associated with extraocular disease in the horse
Authors: McLaughlin Susan A. , Brightman Alan H. , Helper Lloyd C. , Manning John P. , Tomes Jason E.
Published: February 2025

In 123 cases of external ocular disease in the horse, pathogenic microorganisms isolated with greatest frequency were Streptococcus sp (43.9%), Staphylococcus sp (24.2%), and Pseudomonas sp (13.8%). Fungi were isolated in 4.8% of the cases. In vitro testing showed that most of the Streptococcus sp isolants were sensitive to ampicillin, cephalothin, and carbenicillin. Most of the Staphylococcus sp isolants were sensitive to gentamicin, cephalothin, and bacitracin. Most of the Pseudomonas sp isolants were sensitive to polymyxin B and gentamicin.
Prosthetic repair of large abdominal wall defects in horses and food animals
Authors: Tulleners Eric P. , Fretz Peter B.
Published: February 2025

Prosthetic repair of large abdominal wall defects, using either a knitted polypropylene or woven plastic mesh, was performed on 25 horses and 27 food animals. Follow-up ranging from 3 months to 8 years was available on 23 horses and 21 food animals with normal cosmetic body wall appearance and return to full function in 36 patients (82%). Two horses (4.5%) did not reherniate but had persistent incisional drainage for 6 months and 5 years, respectively, and in 2 food animals (4.5%), reherniation due to infection necessitated mesh removal. Irreversible peritonitis following mesh implantation resulted in the death of 4 animals (9%).

In food animals, hernias of sufficient size to necessitate prosthetic reconstruction were most commonly caused by umbilical hernias without previous repair in older heifers, umbilical hernias that had been repaired unsuccessfuly 1 or more times, and incisional hernias following right paramedian abomasopexy or ventral midline celiotomy. In horses, traumatic hernias, ventral midline incisional hernias, and hernias associated with pregnancy (flank or prepubic area) most commonly required mesh herniorrhaphy.

Careful attention to aseptic technique, hemostasis, and gentle soft tissue handling was important. Although not always anatomically possible, ideally 2 layers of mesh were placed retroperitoneally to reduce intra-abdominal inflammation and adhesions, believed to be a potential cause of major complications. An onlay fibrous hernial flap to reinforce the mesh was desirable but not essential for successful outcome. Postoperative abdominal bandaging when anatomically possible was believed to have helped reduce seroma formation. Exercise was limited to hand walking for 60 days after surgery, and each animal was confined to a clean, bedded box stall.

Both types of synthetic mesh were equally effective in repairing large fascial defects. The woven plastic mesh used on 39 animals was approximately 39 times less expensive than the knitted polypropylene mesh. Also, because it was less elastic, it appears to have resulted in less abdominal wall sagging, especially when used to span large defects for which only subcutaneous tissue and skin were available to cover the mesh.
Control of periparturient rise in worm egg counts of lambing ewes
Authors: Herd R. P. , Streitel R. H. , McClure K. E. , Parker C. F.
Published: February 2025

Crossbred ewes naturally infected with nematodes had a marked periparturient rise in fecal egg counts, consisting of a primary peak 2 to 4 weeks after the start of lambing and a smaller secondary peak at 10 to 12 weeks. The same pattern was seen in early-lambing (March) as well as late-lambing (July) ewes even though their worms were derived from different sources. Larval culturing showed that eggs were derived from Haemonchus spp, Ostertagia spp, Trichostrongylus spp, Nematodirus spp, and Strongyloides sp.

Under conditions of minimal reinfection, the periparturient rise was completely eliminated by prelambing treatments with levamisole (8 mg/kg) or a high dosage of fenbendazole (15 mg/kg), but not a low dosage of fenbendazole (5 mg/kg). The failure of fenbendazole at low dosage was attributed to worm resistance. Prelambing treatment of ewes was superior to postlambing treatment because egg counts already had reached the primary peak by the time of the postlambing treatment.

It was concluded that ewes in northern temperate, nonarid areas of the United States should be treated at winter housing with an anthelmintic that kills arrested larvae, thus preventing maturation to adults and participation in the periparturient rise. Late-lambing ewes would require an additional treatment just before or at lambing if they had grazed spring pastures contaminated with overwintered larvae. Ewes should be kept indoors or moved to a safe pasture following treatment in order to avoid immediate reinfection.
Vitamin A-responsive dermatosis in the dog
Authors: Ihrke Peter J. , Goldschmidt Michael H.
Published: February 2025

In 3 dogs, focal, well-circumscribed skin lesions compatible clinically with seborrheic dermatitis responded to oral treatment with vitamin A. Skin biopsy findings were compatible with phrynoderma in man, a disease thought to be associated with vitamin A deficiency. The dogs had been fed commercial dog food and were otherwise healthy. The skin lesions resolved rapidly and completely with vitamin A therapy. Seven other dogs with similar lesions but with histopathologic findings not compatible with phrynoderma or follicular keratosis did not respond to vitamin A therapy.
Bacterial endocarditis in adult dairy cattle
Authors: Power H. T. , Rebhun W. C.
Published: February 2025

Thirty-one cases of bacterial endocarditis in adult dairy cows were reviewed. Clinical signs were reflective of the stage of the disease. Recurrent or persistent fever, tachycardia and a pounding heartbeat or systolic murmur, polypnea, and lameness were typical. With chronicity, weight loss and poor production developed. The end stage was congestive heart failure. Neutrophilia was typical in early cases. Low-grade anemia and high total serum globulin content developed with chronicity and seemed to be negative prognostic signs. Corynebacterium pyogenes was the organism most frequently identified by blood culture or at necropsy. Twenty cows were necropsied and 2 cows were sent to slaughter. Nine cows in which the diagnosis was made early in the course of the disease responded to long-term penicillin therapy.
Cause and pathogenesis of middle ear infection in young feedlot cattle
Authors: Jensen Rue , Maki L. R. , Lauerman L. H. , Raths W. R. , Swift B. L. , Flack D. E. , Hoff R. L. , Hancock H. A. , Tucker J. O. , Horton D. P. , Weibel J. L.
Published: February 2025

Two populations of feedlot cattle—weaned calves and yearlings—suffered otitis media. In calves the disease was acute and epizootic and had a prevalence of about 400 cases per 2000 cattle, whereas in yearlings, it was chronic and sporadic and had a prevalence of 1 case per 2000 cattle. Clinical signs were facial paralysis, otorrhea, and head tilt.

The middle ears from 64 dead calves and 22 dead yearlings were examined. Calf ears had acute infection, with exudate in air cells and rupture of tympanic membranes. Yearling ears had chronic infection, with exudate in air cells, rupture or destruction of tympanic membranes, and necrosis of air cell partitions.

Mixtures of Pasteurella multocida and Corynebac-terium pseudotuberculosis were isolated from diseased ears, but Pasteurella multocida predominated in acute infections and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis predominated in chronic infections.
Thymic branchial cysts in the dog and cat
Authors: Liu Si-kwang , Patnaik Amiya K. , Burk Ronald L.
Published: February 2025

Branchial cysts of the thymus were diagnosed in 15 dogs and 2 cats. The main clinical sign was dyspnea. Pleural effusion varied in degree from minimal to severe. In all animals, an encapsulated mass in the cranial mediastinal region was found to consist of multiple epithelial cysts embedded in a stroma of fibrous connective tissue, adipose tissue, and vessels. Surgical resection of the cysts was performed in 7 dogs; 3 dogs survived and were clinically normal for 18 to 36 months.
Comparison of duodenal aspiration with fecal flotation for diagnosis of giardiasis in dogs
Authors: Pitts Roger P. , Twedt David C. , Mallie Kathleen A.
Published: February 2025

In a study comparing the effectiveness of fecal flotation and duodenal aspiration for detection of Giardia sp, 18 of 47 dogs were found to be infected. The organism was identified on a single fecal flotation in 7 of the infected dogs, and on a single duodenal aspiration in 16 of the infected dogs. In 2 dogs, the organism was identified by fecal flotation, but not on duodenal aspiration.
Caprine arthritis-encephalitis: Review of the neurologic form in 30 cases
Authors: Norman Susan , Smith Mary C.
Published: February 2025

A pronounced age predisposition was noticed in a study of 30 goats with the neurologic form of caprine arthritis-encephalitis. Most affected animals were between 2 and 4 months of age, but ages ranged from 1 month to 20 years.

Clinically, mild to moderate fever was recorded for approximately half of the patients. Brain involvement (in 16 of 30 goats) was most commonly identified by depression, head tilt, torticollis, and circling. Signs of spinal cord involvement were most frequently those of white matter damage: hypertonia, hyperreflexia, and para- or tetraparesis. In approximately 90% of patients, there were increases in protein content and wbc numbers in the cerebrospinal fluid.

Microscopic lesions were most frequent in the brain and cervical portion of the spinal cord and consisted of a nonsuppurative inflammatory response and demyelination with preservation of axons.
Multiple endocrine abnormalities in Basenji dogs with renal tubular dysfunction
Authors: Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Ochoa Ricardo , Waltman Celeste
Published: February 2025

Three Basenji dogs with renal tubular dysfunction were studied. Hyposthenuria and diminished urine concentrating ability, indicative of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, were documented. Metabolic acidosis, hyperchloremia, and reduction in glomerular filtration rate also were detected in all dogs.

In addition, an exaggerated response to the adrenocorticotropin test and hyperaldosteronism, believed to be secondary to decreased effective circulating blood volume, were detected in all 3 dogs. Thyroxine values were decreased in all dogs and could be correlated with histopathologic changes of the thyroid gland in 2 dogs. Gastropathy and hypergastrinemia were identified in 2 dogs. Diffuse lymphocytic-plasmacytic enteritis was evident in 2 dogs.

It was concluded that a urine concentrating defect that may be secondary to hypercortisolism exists in Basenji dogs with renal tubular dysfunction.
Acute vitamin D3 toxicosis in horses: Case reports and experimental studies of the comparative toxicity of vitamins D2 and D3
Authors: Harrington Daniel D. , Page Edwin H.
Published: February 2025

Acute vitamin D toxicosis was diagnosed in 2 horses fed a grain ration containing 1,102,311 IU of cholecalciferol (vitamin D3)/kg (500,000 IU/lb) for about 30 days. Horse 1 died acutely with extensive mineralization of cardiovascular and other soft tissues. Horse 2, which had severe clinical signs and clinicopathologic changes of toxicosis, was treated with nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and recovered in about 6 months.

In an experimental study, the toxicity of ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) and cholecalciferol was compared in 2 horses (No. 3 and 4) given the respective vitamins at a daily dosage of 33,000 IU/kg of initial (day 0) body weight for 30 days. Except for slight loss in body weight (8%) during the 1st few days of treatment, horse 3 remained clinically normal. Horse 4 developed limb stiffness and tachycardia, became anorectic, weak, and recumbent, lost 29% of body weight, and had polydipsia and polyuria. Horses 2, 3, and 4 developed persistent hyperphosphatemia. Horse 2 remained normocalcemic whereas horses 3 and 4 became hypercalcemie by day 28. In horse 3, serum vitamin D2 metabolite concentrations on days 0, 1, 14, and 26 were: vitamin D2 (ng/ml) = <5.0, 5.7, 71.4, and 188.0; 25-hydroxy-vitamin D2 (ng/ml) = <5.0, <5.0, 43.1, and 117.5; and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (pg/ml) = 19.7, 23.2, 25.0, and 45.7, respectively. In horse 4, serum vitamin D3 metabolite concentrations on the same days were: vitamin D3 (ng/ml) = <5.0, 110.0, 1,049.0, and 887.0; 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 (ng/ml) = <5.0, 18.9, 201.0 and 182.0; and 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D (pg/ml) = 21.5, 18.9, 25.2, and 21.6, respectively. Urine of horses 2 and 4 became acidic (pH 6). Horses 2,3, and 4 became hyposthenuric, but the decrease in urine specific gravity (sp gr) in horse 3 occurred only after 3 weeks of treatment and was only moderate (sp gr, 1.018 to 1.021) and nonprogressive. Hyposthenuria was evident in horse 4 on day 4 (sp gr, 1.028), and was progressive and marked (sp gr, days 28 to 32: 1.006 to 1.009). Urine sp gr of horse 2 ranged from 1.002 to 1.007. Fractures were demonstrated radiographically and histologically in the costochondral junctions of horses 3 and 4. Mineralization of cardiovascular and other soft tissues developed in horses 3 and 4, with lesions being more severe and having a wider tissue distribution in horse 4.
Secondary closure of infected abdominal incisions in cattle and horses
Authors: Tulleners Eric P. , Donawick William J.
Published: February 2025

Infected abdominal incisions in 7 cattle and 3 horses were resutured with monofilamentous stainless steel retention sutures. After debridement of devitalized and infected tissue, wound edges were apposed with simple interrupted vertical (5 cattle, 3 horses) or horizontal (2 cattle) mattress sutures, placed through all layers of the body wall. Sutures were preplaced 2 to 3 cm apart over rubber tubing, 3 to 5 cm from wound edges. In 5 of the 10 operations, skin and subcutaneous tissue were left unsutured. The repaired wounds were supported with an encircling elastic roll bandage and sterile compresses. Animals were confined to a box stall for approximately 60 days. Steel sutures and rubber tubing were removed when they no longer provided support, usually 14 to 21 days after placement. Superficial wound infection and local pressure necrosis resulted from the suturing, but resolved with additional surgical or medical treatment, debridement, or irrigation with dilute povidone-iodine solution. Cosmetic and functional healing resulted in 7 of the animals.
Atrial fibrillation in cows: Clinical findings and therapeutic considerations
Authors: McGuirk S. M. , Muir W. W. , Sams R. A. , Rings D. M.
Published: February 2025

In a 3-year period, atrial fibrillation (af) was diagnosed in 16 dairy cows between the ages of 2 and 11 years. Ten cows had af when they were referred to the hospital and 6 cows developed af while hospitalized. The chief reason for hospitalization in 15 of the cows was a gastrointestinal problem. Characteristic ausculatory findings were irregular rhythm (mean rate ± sd: 94 ± 25 beats/min), variation in the intensity of heart sounds, and absence of the 4th heart sound. The electrocardiographic features of af were ventricular and F wave (mean ± sd) rates of 94.4 ± 24.8 and 272.7 ± 53.3 beats/min, respectively. The most common electrolyte disorders were hypocalcemia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia. Some of the cows had no acid-base imbalance, but metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic acidosis were found in other cows. Conversion to normal sinus rhythm (nsr) without specific therapy was documented by electrocardiography in 6 cows. In 7 of 9 cows treated with quinidine sulphate or quinidine gluconate, the af converted to nsr. Quinidine plasma concentration at the time of conversion ranged from 2.2 to 24 µg/ml.

Four cows died while they were hospitalized. Only 1 cow was in af at the time of death and in no case was death attributed to af. A follow-up on each of the survivors indicated that the persistence of af was associated with poor performance and progressive cardiac disease, whereas conversion to nsr uniformly led to clinical improvement.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation in six horses
Authors: Morris Debra Deem , Beech Jill
Published: February 2025

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (dic) was diagnosed as a secondary disease in 6 horses. Four horses had localized and/or systemic sepsis, one horse had disseminated neoplasia, and one had idiopathic ulcerative enteropathy. The diagnosis of dic was based on the finding of at least 3 of 4 abnormalities: thrombocytopenia, prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time, and a high concentration of fibrinolytic degradation products. The most common clinical signs other than those attributable to the primary disease process were abnormal hemorrhage (4 hours) and venous thrombosis (4 horses). All horses eventually died or were euthanatized because of the severity of the primary disease.
Causes of death of infant rhesus and squirrel monkeys
Authors: Padovan Dennis , Cantrell Connie
Published: February 2025

The necropsy records of 144 infant rhesus monkeys and 38 infant squirrel monkeys that died during a 2-year period at the Delta Regional Primate Research Center were reviewed for causes of deaths and other clinically important findings. Bronchopneumonia, enteric diseases, and Streptococcus pneumoniae infections were the most frequent causes of death in infant rhesus monkeys. Trauma was the most frequent cause of death in squirrel monkeys less than 1 month old and bronchopneumonia was the most frequent cause of death in older squirrel monkey infants.
Hepatic and gastric amebiasis in black and white colobus monkeys
Authors: Loomis Michael R. , Britt James O. , Gendron Annette P. , Holshuh H. J. , Howard Edwin B.
Published: February 2025

Three cases of hepatic amebiasis and one case of gastric amebiasis were diagnosed in black and white colobus monkeys during a 9-month period. The diagnosis was difficult because of the absence of trophozoites and cysts in the feces and because of few trophozoites found in many of the hepatic lesions. Indirect hemagglutination titers were diagnostic in 2 monkeys.
Eosinophils in equine uterine cytology and histology specimens
Authors: Slusher Steven H. , Freeman Kathy P. , Roszel Jeffie F.
Published: February 2025

In a review of specimens from 80 mares with concurrently collected endometrial biopsy and cytology preparations, eosinophils were found in 33 specimens from 27 mares. In 22 of 27 mares, there were conditions predisposing to pneumovagina, which presumably led to pneumouterus. Thirty-two of the 80 mares also had conditions predisposing to pneumovagina but no eosinophils in the uterine specimens. Experimental introduction of air into the uterus of 3 mares resulted in eosinophils in their uterine specimens.
Epidemiologic approach to the control of sheep nematodes
Authors: Herd R. P. , Parker C. F. , McClure K. E.
Published: February 2025

Epidemiologic approaches to parasite control, with reduced reliance on the use of anthelmintics, were studied in 6 groups of weaned lambs and 4 groups of suckling lambs grazing fertilized pastures. Strategies tested included prophylactic treatments in the spring, provision of safe pastures, treat-and-move strategies, and winter (prelambing) treatment of ewes. Suppressive treatment with a non-benzimidazole drug was used as a production yardstick against which the epidemiologic approaches were judged. Suppressive treatment with a benzimidazole drug was used to determine the drug resistance status of the flock. The success of each strategy was evaluated by measurements of body weight, wool growth, fecal egg counts, pasture larval counts, and total worm burdens.

Prophylactic treatments in the spring were just as effective as suppressive treatments throughout the entire grazing season and resulted in significant (P < 0.001) increases in weight gain. Effective parasite control also was obtained by moving ewes and lambs to safe pastures (low infectivity) in May, and resulted in significant (P < 0.001) increases in weight gain. A treat-and-move strategy led to significant (P < 0.001) increases in weight gain until September, but then a loss of weight in October, suggesting the need for a double treat-and-move strategy in the case of late-marketed lambs. The value of winter (prelambing) treatments for ewes also was demonstrated. Suppressive treatments with a benzimidazole drug confirmed the presence of benzimidazole-resistant nematodes.
Cancellous bone screws for repair of proximal growth plate fractures of the tibia in foals
Authors: Wagner Pamela C. , DeBowes Richard M. , Grant Barrie D. , Kaneps Andris J. , Watrous Barbara J.
Published: February 2025

Proximal growth plate fractures of the tibia in 4 foals were treated surgically. A medial approach was utilized in 3 cases and a lateral approach in the fourth. Bone screw fixation was achieved with cancellous screws and washers. In 3 cases, the screw shaft crossed the proximal tibial growth plate with no adverse effects. In all animals, there was rapid and cosmetic healing. At 8 to 18 months after surgery, all horses were sound at a walk, trot, and canter.
Control of hypobiotic and benzimidazole-resistant nematodes of sheep
Authors: Herd R. P. , Streitel R. H. , McClure K. E. , Parker C. F.
Published: February 2025

In studies comprising a total of 117 naturally infected crossbred lambs, it was found that lambs turned out to spring pasture were exposed to immediate infection with overwintered Ostertagia, Nematodirus, and Trichostrongylus spp, but did not acquire Haemonchus contortus infection until July. With all species, there appeared to be only one major disease-producing generation of worms per year; it was responsible for serious worm burdens and clinical disease from July onward. High frequencies of hypobiosis (arrested development) were demonstrated in H contortus (98% to 100%), Ostertagia circumcincta (89% to 96%), and Nematodirus filicollis (77% to 90%) by late November; Trichostrongylus spp comprised most of the adult (egg-laying) worm population at that time. The onset of hypobiosis appeared to be induced by seasonal stimuli rather than by host-immune responses.

The results of these studies showed benzimidazole resistance to be a major problem. In the first year, fenbendazole (5 mg/kg) reduced worm burdens by 46% and 20% in September and December, respectively. In December of the second year, levamisole (8 mg/kg) reduced worm burdens by 99%, thiabendazole (44 mg/kg) by 55%, fenbendazole (5 mg/kg) by 47%, and fenbendazole (15 mg/kg) by 11%. Levamisole was highly efficient (99%) against adult worms, hypobiotic worms, and benzimidazole-resistant worms. Ostertagia circumcincta was strongly resistant to the benzimidazole drugs at all dosages tested, while H contortus and Trichostrongylus spp were partially resistant. There was no evidence of reversion of resistant worms to susceptibility on this farm, even though benzimidazole drugs had not been used for 9 years.
Clinical study of mastitis-metritis-agalactia in sows in Illinois
Authors: Bäckström L. , Morkoç A. C. , Connor J. , Larson R. , Price W.
Published: February 2025

Mastitis-metritis-agalactia (mma) occurred in 6.9% of 16,405 farrowings recorded over 1 year (1981) in 31 Illinois swine herds. Prevalence of mma among herds ranged from 1.1% to 37.2% and was not correlated to herd size. There was a significant positive correlation between the prevalence of mma and the housing system wherein sows were moved from pasture gestation to crates immediately before farrowing. A significant seasonal peak of mma was found for the third quarter of the year (10.3%).

Mean prevalence of mma was 13% in pluriparous sows and 4.2% in primiparous sows. The difference was not significant. Sows with mma gave birth to more live pigs per litter compared with healthy sows (+ 0.7 pigs per litter). The number of stillbirths and pigs found dead after birth also was higher in sows with mma (+ 4.6%). Total pig mortality until 1 week of age was 56% in litters of pluriparous sows with mma and 17% in litters of healthy pluriparous sows and, respectively, 41% and 15% in litters of primiparous sows. The mean number of pigs per litter surviving at 1 week of age was 5.6 in pluriparous sows with mma and 9.3 in healthy sows and, respectively, 6.2 and 8.3 in primiparous sows.

For all herds investigated, mean litter size at birth (including stillbirths) was 11.0. Total pig mortality until 1 week of age was 31%. Pig losses attributable to mma, at 6.9% prevalence of the disease, were 4% of all pigs born and 12.9% of the pig mortality until 1 week of age.
Temporomandibular joint luxation in a horse
Authors: Hurtig Mark B. , Barber Spencer M. , Farrow Charles S.
Published: February 2025

The authors thank Mr. Richard Back for assistance in developing radiographic techniques for the temperoman dibular joint.

Dr. Hurtig’s work is funded by the Western College of Veterinary Medicine Equine Health Research Fund.
Considerations of copper metabolism in osteochondrosis of suckling foals
Authors: Bridges Charles H. , Womack James E. , Harris Edward D. , Scrutchfield Wilbur L.
Published: February 2025

Of 8 Thoroughbred foals in which osteochondrosis developed before weaning, 7 had serum copper and ceruloplasmin concentrations below normal. Three foals on one farm had serum zinc content high enough to suggest zinc toxicosis, and the liver of each foal contained abnormally high content of zinc. Four foals from the second farm had extremely low serum copper content, but normal serum zinc content. Evidence of environmental exposure to excess zinc was not found on either farm. The lesions in the zones of endochondral ossification of the afflicted foals were similar in many respects to those found in other species of animals with molybdenum-induced copper deficiency and with inhibition of the function of copper-dependent lysyl oxidase by β-aminopropionitrile, a toxic component of Lathyrus odoratus known to cause osteolathyrism.
Agar gel immunodiffusion test for diagnosis of clinical paratuberculosis in cattle
Authors: Sherman D. M. , Markham R. J. F. , Bates F.
Published: February 2025

During a 19-month period, the agar gel immunodiffusion (agid) test was used as an aid in differential diagnosis of paratuberculosis in 51 cattle with a history of chronic weight loss and/or chronic diarrhea. Thirty-three cattle were agid test-positive for paratuberculosis. Twenty-eight cattle (87.5%) yielded Mycobacterium paratuberculosis from bacterial culture of feces. Four cattle were confirmed as having paratuberculosis on necropsy. One had a negative fecal culture but was lost to follow-up. Thus, 32 of the 33 agid test-positive cattle (96.9%) were confirmed as paratuberculous by culture or necropsy. Of the 18 cattle that were agid test-negative, 17 (94%) also were culture-negative after 12 to 20 weeks’ incubation of the culture tubes.

Direct fecal smears from 29 confirmed paratuberculous cattle were examined. Twenty-three (79.3%) had smears positive for M paratuberculosis. Fifteen culture-negative cattle were examined by direct smear; the results were negative for all.
Exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage in Thoroughbred horses: Response to furosemide or hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids
Authors: Sweeney Corinne Raphel , Soma Lawrence R.
Published: February 2025

Of 61 horses with a history of exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and treated with furosemide 4 hours prior to racing, 34 (55.7%) continued to bleed. Of 24 horses with exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage that were not treated with furosemide prior to racing, 17 (70.8%) still bled. There was no statistically significant difference between the treated and the nontreated groups.

Of 45 horses given hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoids, 38 (84.4%) bled when exercised 90 days later. There was no statistically significant difference between the results for hesperidin-citrus bioflavinoid-treated horses and those for horses known to stop bleeding without any treatment.
Use of monoclonal antibodies to confirm vaccine-induced rabies in ten dogs, two cats, and one fox
Authors: Whetstone C. A. , Bunn T. O. , Emmons R. W. , Wiktor T. J.
Published: February 2025

A panel of 8 monoclonal antibodies to rabies glycoprotein antigen was used to characterize the modified-live virus vaccines marketed in the United States during the last 10 years. Thirteen of 14 rabies virus isolates from 11 dogs, 2 cats, and 1 fox suspected of developing vaccine-induced rabies were shown to have reactivity patterns that were identical to the vaccine administered. Reactivity patterns for 20 rabies isolates from human beings, wild animals, or domestic animals with no history of recent vaccination with modified-live virus rabies vaccine were different from those obtained for vaccines.
Prevalence of oocysts of Isospora suis and Eimeria spp from sows on farms with and without a history of neonatal coccidiosis
Authors: Lindsay David S. , Ernst John V. , Current William L. , Stuart Barry P. , Stewart T. Bonner
Published: February 2025

Oocysts of Isospora suis were not found in any of 77 fecal samples from sows on farms with a history of neonatal coccidiosis. Oocysts of Isospora suis were found in 1 of 172 fecal samples from farms without a history of neonatal coccidiosis. Oocysts of Eimeria spp were found in 81.8% of the sows from farms with a history of neonatal coccidiosis and in 94.8% of the sows from farms without a history of neonatal coccidiosis. Oocysts of Isospora spp from birds were encountered as a pseudoparasite in several fecal samples.
Nature of early reproductive failure caused by bovine viral aiarrhea virus
Authors: Grahn T. C. , Fahning M. L. , Zemjanis R.
Published: February 2025

A 2-part study was undertaken to determine the effect of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus on fertilization and early development of embryos. In experiment 1, 10 seronegative cows were superovulated and artificially inseminated twice during estrus. After the second insemination, 5 of the cows received intrauterine infusion of bvd virus suspension. The other 5 cows received suspending medium only and served as controls. All 10 cows were slaughtered on day 3, and ova and embryos were collected for morphologic evaluation. A total of 49 and 52 ova and embryos were collected from the control and virus-treated cows, respectively. Among the ova and embryos collected from control cows, 81.6% were fertilized, whereas only 52% were fertilized in the virus-treated group. The statistically significant difference (P<0.01) indicated that the virus interferes with fertilization.

In experiment 2, the protocol was identical except for slaughter on day 13. Seventy-nine ova and embryos were collected from the 6 control cows, and the 6 virus-treated cows yielded 59 ova and embryos. Of the total ova and embryos recovered on day 13, 88.6% and 50.8% were hatched and developing normally in the control and virus-treated groups, respectively. The difference was highly significant (P<0.001). Unfertilized ova and degenerating embryos could not be differentiated on the basis of morphologic appearance. The nearly identical percentages of unfertilized ova in experiment 1 and unhatched ova and embryos in experiment 2 strongly suggested that fertilization failure is the principal manifestation of the observed adverse effect of bvd virus infection.
Isolation of toxigenic strains of Pasteurella multocida from lungs of pneumonic swine
Authors: Pijoan C. , Lastra A. , Ramirez C. , Leman A. D.
Published: February 2025

Lungs from 113 pneumonic pigs were examined for Pasteurella multocida. The lungs were smeared directly onto blood agar and homogenized in brain-heart infusion broth and then inoculated intraperitoneally in mice. Pasteurella multocida isolates were typed for serotypes A (by hyaluronidase inhibition of capsule) and D (by acriflavine autoagglutination). Strains were tested for toxin production by intradermal injection of 0.2 ml of filtered 24-hour culture supernatants into guinea pigs. Most lungs (70.8%) yielded isolations. Most isolants (87.5%) were type A and 12.5% were type D. Of the type D strains, 80% were toxigenic. Of the type A isolants, 18.2% were toxigenic.
Medical management of esophageal stricture in seven horses
Authors: Todhunten Rory J. , Stick John A. , Trotter Gayle W. , Boles Charles
Published: February 2025

Esophageal strictures developed in 7 horses that were treated for esophageal obstruction. A soft diet was fed to all horses, with intermittent nasogastric tube feeding in one, and medication included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Maximal reduction in esophageal lumen diameter was evident by 30 days following circumferential esophageal ulceration, after which lumen diameter increased rapidly. Five horses were clinically normal by 60 days after the esophageal injury. Two horses were euthanatized at the owner's request, 16 and 17 days after the original insult.
Pathogenesis of canine aural hematomas
Authors: Dubielzig R. R. , Wilson J. W. , Seireg A. A.
Published: February 2025

Morphologic examination of 3 ears from 2 dogs with aural hematomas revealed that the hematomas had developed within the pinnal cartilage. The cartilage had fractured from perichondrium to perichondrium and in some areas clefts had formed within the cartilage. Cartilage fracture could have resulted from wave motions set up in the pinna during head shaking. An explosive burst of head shaking exceeding a critical head velocity or a more gentle but sustained head shaking establishing a sinusoidal wave motion within the ear could have caused cartilage fracture.
Effect of epididymitis on semen quality of rams
Authors: Bagley C. V. , Burrell W. C. , Esplin G. M. , Walters J. L.
Published: February 2025

To better document the detrimental effect of ram epididymitis (re) in large range flocks, a study was conducted to determine the correlation of palpable re lesions and semen quality. Presence of leukocytes in the semen of rams affected with re also was evaluated and found to correlate positively with re lesions and inversely with semen quality Rams with palpable re lesions usually produced semen of reduced quality; however, some affected rams did produce good quality semen. The mean scrotal circumference varied significantly when rams were analyzed by breed, but not when grouped by re status or classified by semen quality.
Use of protein-to-creatinine ratio in a single urine specimen for quantitative estimation of canine proteinuria
Authors: White J. V. , Olivier N. Bari , Reimann Keith , Johnson Cheri
Published: February 2025

The daily excretion of urinary protein was evaluated in 8 conditioned research dogs and in 10 hospitalized, proteinuric dogs, using 24-hour urine collections. Concurrent with each 24-hour urine collection, a 5- to 10-ml urine specimen was obtained during midday. The ratio of urine protein to urine creatinine concentration was determined from the single urine specimen for each dog. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate the correlation between that ratio and the 24-hour urinary protein loss (mg/kg of body weight). The coefficient of determination was significant (r2 = 0.95, P<0.0001). Determination of the protein-to-creatinine ratio in a single urine specimen was found to be a sensitive, rapid, and dependable diagnostic technique for detection and quantitative estimation of proteinuria.
Effect of yohimbine on xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in cats
Authors: Hsu Walter H. , Lu Zheng-Xing
Published: February 2025

Xylazine and ketamine are an anesthetic combination used in feline practice for routine surgical procedures. In a controlled study, we evaluated the effects of yohimbine, an antagonist of xylazine, on the anesthesia induced by this anesthetic combination in cats. Two intramuscular doses of xylazine and ketamine (2.2 mg of xylazine/kg plus 6.6 mg of ketamine/kg and 4.4 mg of xylazine/kg plus 6.6 mg of ketamine/kg) caused approximately 60 and 100 minutes of anesthesia, respectively, in control cats. When yohimbine (0.1 mg/kg) was given intravenously 45 minutes after ketamine administration, the cats regained consciousness within 3 minutes. They were ambulatory 1 to 2 minutes after regaining consciousness. Yohimbine also reversed the bradycardia and respiratory depression elicited by xylazine-ketamine.

The results indicated that yohimbine may be useful for controlling the duration of xylazine-ketamine anesthesia in cats.
Concurrent use of corticosteroids and antimicrobial drugs in the treatment of infectious diseases in large animals
Authors: Jenkins William L.
Published: February 2025

A selection of the potential risks and benefits to be gained from the concurrent use of anti-inflammatory corticosteroids and antimicrobial agents in the treatment of infectious disease processes in large animals is reviewed. Although this form of combination therapy appears to be rational, there is cause for serious concern. Precautions and guidelines are presented for the therapeutic management of those cases in which the use of corticosteroids in conjunction with antibacterial agents is unavoidable.
Efficacy of ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes in dromedary camels
Authors: Boyce Walter , Kollias George , Courtney Charles H. , Allen Jack , Chalmers Eleanor
Published: February 2025

The anthelmintic activity of ivermectin when administered orally and subcutaneously at a dosage of 0.2 mg/kg of body weight was evaluated in 4 trials involving 20 dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius). Fecal egg counts were made on the day of treatment and at 2, 4, and 10 weeks after treatment. Trichostrongylid egg counts were reduced by a maximum of 100% when ivermectin was administered orally and by > 88% when given subcutaneously. Egg counts of Trichuris spp were reduced by > 85% with oral administration, but increased following subcutaneous treatment. No adverse local or systemic reactions were observed following treatment with ivermectin by either route.
Epornitic of papova-like virus-associated disease in a psittacine nursery
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R. , Hines Stephen A. , Quesenberry Katherine , Mladinich Christopher , Davis Richard B. , Kollias George V. , Olsen John
Published: February 2025

Of 45 fledgling psittacine birds being raised in an avian nursery, 14 died over a 6-week period. At necropsy, several birds were found to have a moderate amount of subcutaneous hemorrhage over the crop and across the dorsum. Histologically, all birds had hepatic necrosis. Large pale to lightly basophilic intranuclear inclusions were seen in the spleen of 6 birds and in the liver of 5 birds examined. Ultrastructural evaluation demonstrated intranuclear virus particles resembling the papovavirus incriminated as the agent responsible for budgerigar fledgling disease.
Surgical management of umbilical masses with associated umbilical cord remnant infections in calves
Authors: Trent A. M. , Smith D. F.
Published: February 2025

Intra-abdominal umbilical cord remnant infections were diagnosed in 21 calves during a 5-year period. The urachal remnant alone was involved in 15 calves, umbilical artery remnant alone in 1 calf, and the umbilical vein remnant alone in 4 calves. Both urachus and umbilical vein were involved in 1 calf. All cases were managed surgically by ventral celiotomy. Infected urachal remnants not extending to the bladder, infected umbilical artery remnant, and infected umbilical vein remnants not extending to the liver were dissected free of surrounding adhered structures, ligated proximal to the infected segment, transected, and removed. Infected urachal remnants extending to the bladder were similarly isolated and removed after resection of the attached bladder apex. Infected umbilical vein remnants extending to the liver were marsupialized. Of 19 calves available for follow-up from 1 to 32 months after surgery, 15 recovered without any postoperative complications, 3 had short-term complications, and 1 calf developed an incisional hernia.
Fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy in the horse
Authors: Brown C. M. , Slocombe R. F. , Derksen F. J.
Published: February 2025

A method of fiberoptic gastroduodenoscopy and biopsy was developed for use in large horses. A 275 cm × 13.5 mm fiberendoscope was used to examine the stomach and proximal portion of the duodenum. Food was withheld for 24 to 48 hours before examination. In more than 50 horses, gastric and duodenal structures were easily visualized. A variety of lesions was detected, including parasitic lesions, gastric ulcers, gastric neoplasia, and pyloric stenosis. Mucosal biopsy specimens were obtained in selected cases.