bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Light‐Emitting Electrochemical Cells (LECs) Based on Ionic Iridium(III) Complexes with 1,3,4‐Oxadiazole Ligands
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhou Li , Al‐Attar Hameed A. , Shao Kuizhan , Wang Li , Zhu Dongxia , Su Zhongmin , Bryce Martin R. , Monkman Andrew P.
Published: April 2013

Eight new iridium(III) complexes 1‐8, with 1,3,4‐oxadiazole (OXD) derivatives as the cyclometalated C^N ligand and/or the ancillary N^N ligands are synthesized and their electrochemical, photophysical, and solid‐state light‐emitting electrochemical cell (LEC) properties are investigated. Complexes 1, 2, 7 and 8 are additionally characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. LECs based on complexes 1‐8 are fabricated with a structure indium tin oxide (ITO)/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS)/cationic iridium complex:ionic liquid/Al. LECs of complexes 1–6 with OXD derivatives as the cyclometalated ligands and as the ancillary ligand show yellow luminescence (λmax = 552–564 nm). LECs of complexes 7 and 8 with cyclometalated C^N phenylpyridine ligands and an ancillary N^N OXD ligand show red emission (λmax 616–624 nm). Using complex 7 external quantum efficiency (EQE) values of >10% are obtained for devices (210 nm emission layer) at 3.5 V. For thinner devices (70 nm) high brightness is achieved: red emission for 7 (8528 cd m−2 at 10 V) and yellow emission for 1 (3125 cd m−2 at 14 V).
Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Polymeric Materials by Colloidal Crystal Templating for Reversible CO2 Capture
Authors: He Hongkun , Zhong Mingjiang , Konkolewicz Dominik , Yacatto Karin , Rappold Timothy , Sugar Glenn , David Nathaniel E. , Gelb Jeff , Kotwal Naomi , Merkle Arno , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

The design and preparation of porous materials with controlled structures and functionalities is crucial to a variety of absorption‐ or separation‐relevant applications, including CO2 capture. Here, novel functional polymeric materials with three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structures are prepared by using colloidal crystals as templates using relatively simple, rapid, and inexpensive approaches. These ordered structures are used for the reversible CO2 capture from ambient air by humidity swing. Typically, the colloidal crystal template is synthesized from polymer latex particles of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS). To maintain the functionality of the material, it is important to prevent the porous structure collapsing, which can occur by the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in conventional crosslinkers under basic conditions. This hydrolysis can be prevented by using a water‐soluble crosslinker containing two quaternary ammonium moieties, which can be used to prepare stable porous crosslinked polymers with the monomer (vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride (VBTMACl) and using a PMMA‐based colloidal crystal template. The hydroxide‐containing monomer and dicationic crosslinker are synthesized from their chloride precursors, avoiding the ion‐exchange step which causes shrinkage of the pores. An analysis of different methods for infiltrating the monomer solution into the colloidal crystal template shows that infiltration using capillary forces leads to fewer defects than infiltration under a partial vacuum. In addition, functional macroporous films with micrometer thickness are prepared from a template of PS‐based colloidal crystals in a thin film. In general, the colloidal crystal templated materials showed improved CO2 absorption/desorption rates and swing sizes compared to a commercially available material with similar functional groups. This work could easily be extended to create a new generation of ordered macroporous polymeric materials with tunable functionalities for other applications.
Silk Hydrogels as Soft Substrates for Neural Tissue Engineering
Authors: Hopkins Amy M. , De Laporte Laura , Tortelli Federico , Spedden Elise , Staii Cristian , Atherton Timothy J. , Hubbell Jeffrey A. , Kaplan David L.
Published: April 2013

There is great need for soft biomaterials that match the stiffness of human tissues for tissue engineering and regeneration. Hydrogels are frequently employed for extracellular matrix functionalization and to provide appropriate mechanical cues. It is challenging, however, to achieve structural integrity and retain bioactive molecules in hydrogels for complex tissue formation that may take months to develop. This work aims to investigate mechanical and biochemical characteristics of silk hydrogels for soft tissue engineering, specifically for the nervous system. The stiffness of 1 to 8% silk hydrogels, measured by atomic force microscopy, is 4 to 33 kPa. The structural integrity of silk gels is maintained throughout embryonic chick dorsal root ganglion (cDRG) explant culture over 4 days whereas fibrin and collagen gels decrease in mass over time. Neurite extension of cDRGs cultured on 2 and 4% silk hydrogels exhibit greater growth than softer or stiffer gels. Silk hydrogels release <5% of neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3) over 2 weeks and 11‐day old gels show maintenance of growth factor bioactivity. Finally, fibronectin‐ and NT‐3‐functionalized silk gels elicit increased axonal bundling suggesting their use in bridging nerve injuries. These results support silk hydrogels as soft and sustainable biomaterials for neural tissue engineering.
Preparation and gel properties of poly(ether ether ketone) with pendent sulfonimide groups
Authors: Zhao Xiulan , Zhang Qin , Xue Lixin , Shi Qianru , Tao Kang
Published: April 2013

Poly(ether ether ketone) with pendent sulfonimide groups (B‐SPEEK) was prepared from poly(ether ether ketone), sulfuric acid, thionyl chloride, para‐toluene sulfonate, and pyridine. The prepared B‐SPEEK was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 1H‐NMR, and thermogravimetric analysis. The swelling of the gels was examined in N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAC), N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF), 1‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone (NMP), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), and a DMSO/water mixture. The gel showed extremely high swelling in DMSO, DMF, DMAC, and NMP. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1058‐1063, 2013
Effects of the interaction of hardness, resilience, and fatigue properties on the abrasion properties of rubber blends
Authors: Ju‐tao Sun , Jia‐jia Sun , ping Zhang
Published: April 2013

The establishment of prediction model for abrasion properties of vulcanizates, based on their simple physio‐mechanical properties, is a hot research field in tribology. The hardness (H), resilience (R), and dynamic fatigue fracture parameters (m) of rubber vulcanizates were combined together in this article, named as hardness–resilience product (HmR), and its relationships with the abrasion loss for various vulcanizates [natural rubber (NR), styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR), butadiene rubber (BR), and their blends] was investigated by using Akron and DIN abrader. The results showed that, for NR/SBR blends with different SBR content, compared with log(H4R), the abrasion loss had much better linear relationship with log(HmR) for both Akron and DIN abrasion. This good linear relationship, for both Akron and DIN abrasion, also appeared in the SBR/BR blends with different BR content. Furthermore, for both blending systems (NR/SBR and SBR/BR), when all the data above were put together, the abrasion loss also had good linear relationships with its log(HmR) no matter for Akron or DIN abrasion, which indicated that this linear relationship had some universality. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1212‐1219, 2013
Influence of silanized low‐dimensional carbon nanofillers on mechanical, thermomechanical, and crystallization behaviors of poly(L‐lactic acid) composites—A comparative study
Authors: Li Wenxiao , Shi Chengbo , Shan Mingjing , Guo Qiwei , Xu Zhiwei , Wang Zhen , Yang Caiyun , Mai Wei , Niu Jiarong
Published: April 2013

Composites were investigated regarding the comparison of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with exfoliated graphene(EG) in poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and the effect of silane‐treated carbon nanofillers on properties of PLLA composites. Solution blending method was used to prepare PLLA composites at a filler content of 0.5 wt %. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectra results indicated the attachment of silane molecules on the surface of these nanofillers. It was found that the addition of these nanofillers greatly enhanced the mechanical, thermomechanical, and crystallization behaviors of PLLA due to the heterogeneous nucleation effect. Moreover, the silane‐treated fillers further enhanced the breaking elongation moderately (although the materials are still brittle), modulus and thermal property of the nanocomposites, without sacrificing the tensile strength, compared with the pristine nanocomposites. On the other hand, composites reinforced with MWCNTs and EG perform almost the same mechanical property. And EG outperformed MWCNTs in thermomechanical properties of composites when being used as the reinforcement of PLLA. Conversely, composites reinforced with MWCNTs showed better crystallization properties than those reinforced with EG. Interestingly, no significant changes were observed for the crystallization properties of PLLA composites when MWCNTs and EG had been treated by silane coupling agent. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1194‐1202, 2013
High temperature resistant insulated hybrid yarns for carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites
Authors: Hasan Mir Mohammad Badrul , Nocke Andreas , Cherif Chokri
Published: April 2013

With the increased use of carbon fiber reinforced composites (CFRC), the demand for the integration of insulated conductive wire/yarns in CFRC is increasing for additional function integrations such as sensoric, actoric, signal transfer, heating, etc. Between thermoset and thermoplastic matrix composites, the integration of insulated conductive materials is comparatively difficult due to the requirements of higher temperature and pressure during the consolidation of thermoplastic composites. Therefore, the need for insulating material able to withstand higher temperature for the use in thermoplastic CFRC is also high. Using DREF friction spinning technique, it is possible to manufacture yarns with a core‐sheath structure in which, as the core conductive wire/yarns and as the sheath different fiber formed materials can be used for the insulation of the core. In this study, the aspects of using different short/staple fibers such as polyester, Glass and Kynol as the sheath and the usable temperature range are revealed. Furthermore, the insulation property of such fibers after the application of different temperatures has been reported. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1179‐1184, 2013
Preparation of transparent PMMA/Fe(IO3)3 nanocomposite films from microemulsion polymerization
Authors: Houf Latifa , Mugnier Yannick , Rouxel Didier , Le Dantec Ronan , Badie Laurent , Vincent Brice , Coustal Cécile , Beauquis Sandrine , Thevenet Charlotte , Galez Christine
Published: April 2013

Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/Fe(IO3)3 nanocomposite thin films are obtained by in situ particle generation in microemulsions and subsequent photopolymerization of a mixture containing methyl methacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, and crystallized iron iodate (Fe(IO3)3) nanorods. Hyper‐Rayleigh scattering measurements combined with X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering are first used to probe in situ the crystallization kinetics of iron iodate nanorods in water‐in‐oil microemulsions prepared with methyl methacrylate as the oil phase and marlophen NP12 as a surfactant. Trimethylolpropane triacrylate is then added as a crosslinker before spin‐coating. Films are deposited on glass substrates for the nonlinear optical characterizations and on silicon wafers for the piezoelectric and mechanical measurements. Nanocomposite films treated by corona discharge are finally characterized through optical microscopy, laser Doppler vibrometry, and Brillouin spectroscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 1203‐1211, 2013
Catherine Breillat's “Tapage nocturne”
Authors: Lafontaine Andrée
Published: April 2013

Discomfort remains, within feminist film theory, with representations of women in degrading, humiliating, and submissive positions. For years, feminist film theorists contested these images on film as a sign of misogyny, and feminist film theory evolved in large part due to those battles. Laura Mulvey's influential claim, that male spectators derive pleasure (cinematic and otherwise) from adopting a dominant position and a sadistic behavior toward women on screen, was later on challenged by Gaylyn Studlar, who pointed out the primacy of the pleasure in submission over that of mastery. In her important book on the von Sternberg/Dietrich film cycle, Studlar affirmed the potentially subversive nature of a masochistic aesthetic in film. She, however – and along with many other theorists after her – sees this subversion in the reversal of traditional gender roles (woman as passive, man as active). It has been easy to praise the value of a work portraying women on top. When women end up on the bottom, however, the film is ideologically suspicious and accused of perpetuating stereotypes, if not of encouraging abuse against women. This paper looks at the work of French director Catherine Breillat to see how female masochism operates and what functions it plays for her female characters’ identities. For our analysis, we will be looking at various conceptions of masochism, more particularly, those of Gilles Deleuze, Gaylyn Studlar and Emmanuel Ghent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of torrefaction pretreatment for ethanol fermentation from waste money bills
Authors: Sheikh Md. Mominul Islam , Kim Chul‐Hwan , Park Hyeon‐Jin , Kim Sung‐Ho , Kim Gyeong‐Chul , Lee Ji‐Young , Sim Sung‐Woong , Kim Jae Won
Published: April 2013

Waste money bills (WMB) that are no longer legal tender are nonrecyclable and are generally useless. In this work, we used this cellulose‐rich material for ethanol fermentation for the first time. Torrefaction of this nonlignocellulosic waste material was attempted to examine whether such material could benefit from this process as a conventional lignocellulosic material does. Effects of two important parameters, that is, residence times (20, 40, and 60 Min) and temperatures (140, 160, 180, 200, and 220°C), on the torrefaction yield were studied under an inert atmosphere. Glucose and ethanol yields were compared using a factorial experimental design. The highest glucose yield (81.59 mg/mL) was obtained with a torrefaction treatment consisting of 40 min at 180 °C, and it was increased 44.89% compared to untreated WMB. Based on ethanol feasibility studies conducted on WMB, this estimated quantity of glucose could be produced for subsequent fermentation to ethanol (38.92 mg/mL) and it was increased 47.92% compared to the untreated sample. The fermentation rate was also enhanced by adding 0.4 mM benzoic acid under anaerobic conditions. It is concluded that production of ethanol from WMB would reduce waste management costs and thus would be profitable.
Discrimination of vinegars using a catalytic nanomaterials‐based chemiluminescence sensor array
Authors: Niu Weifen , Liu Yan
Published: April 2013

Quality control of foods is important for both industrial and personal concerns. In the past decade, a variety of sensor techniques have been developed and various applications realized for the analysis of foods in both the liquid and gas phases. In this paper, we report a chemiluminescence (CL) sensor array based on nine catalytic nanomaterials for the discrimination of eight vinegars. CL response patterns can be obtained as ‘fingerprints’ for a given compound on the sensor array and then discriminated using linear discriminant analysis (LDA). The experiments demonstrate that the sensor array has excellent differentiability and reversibility. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multipronged approach to managing beta‐glucan contaminants in the downstream process: Control of raw materials and filtration with charge‐modified nylon 6,6 membrane filters
Authors: Gefroh Eva , Hewig Art , Vedantham Ganesh , McClure Megan , Krivosheyeva Alla , Lajmi Ajay , Lu Yuefeng
Published: April 2013

(1→3)‐β‐d‐Glucans (beta‐glucans) have been found in raw materials used in the manufacture of recombinant therapeutics. Because of their biological activity, beta‐glucans are considered process contaminants and consequently their level in the product needs to be controlled. Although beta‐glucans introduced into the cell culture process can readily be removed by bind‐and‐elute chromatography process steps, beta‐glucans can also be introduced into the purification process through raw materials containing beta‐glucans as well as leachables from filters made from cellulose. This article reports a multipronged approach to managing the beta‐glucan contamination in the downstream process. Raw material screening and selection can be used to effectively limit the level of beta‐glucan introduced into the downstream process. Placement of a cellulosic filter upstream of the last bind‐and‐elute column step or effective preuse flushing can also limit the level of contaminant introduced. More importantly, this article reports the active removal of beta‐glucan from the downstream process when necessary. It was discovered that the Posidyne® filter, a charge‐modified nylon 6,6 membrane filter, was able to effectively remove beta‐glucans from buffers at relatively low pH and salt concentrations. An approach of using low beta‐glucan buffer components combined with filtration of the buffer with a Posidyne membrane has been successfully demonstrated at preparative scale. Additionally, the feasibility of active removal of beta‐glucan from in‐process product pools by Posidyne membrane filtration has also been demonstrated. Based on the data presented, a mechanism for binding is proposed, as well as a systematic approach for sizing of the Posidyne filter. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:672–680, 2013
Chitinolytic enzymes: An appraisal as a product of commercial potential
Authors: Chavan S. B. , Deshpande M. V.
Published: April 2013

Chitin, its deacetylated form, chitosan and chitinolytic enzymes viz. endo‐chitinase, N‐acetylglucosaminidase, chitosanase, chitin deacetylase (CDA) are gaining importance for their biotechnological applications. Presently, chitin degrading enzymes constitute high‐cost low‐volume products in human health care and associated research. Indeed chitinases and CDA‐chitosanase complex possesss tremendous potential in agriculture to control plant pathogenic fungi and insects. The success in exploring chitinases especially for agriculture, i.e. as a high‐volume low‐cost product, depends on the availability of highly active preparations with a reasonable cost. Therefore, a reconsideration in terms of understanding the roles of chitinolytic enzymes in applications, e.g. host–pathogen interaction for biocontrol, different mechanisms of chitin degradation, and identification of new enzymes with varying specificities, may make them more useful in a variety of commercial processes in the near future. The possible issues and challenges encountered in the translation of proof of concept into a commercial product will be appraised in this review. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:833–846, 2013
Synthesis and Extended Activity of Triazole‐Containing Macrocyclic Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Pehere Ashok D. , Pietsch Markus , Gütschow Michael , Neilsen Paul M. , Pedersen Daniel Sejer , Nguyen Steven , Zvarec Ondrej , Sykes Matthew J. , Callen David F. , Abell Andrew D.
Published: April 2013

Peptide‐derived protease inhibitors are an important class of compounds with the potential to treat a wide range of diseases. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a series of triazole‐containing macrocyclic protease inhibitors pre‐organized into a β‐strand conformation and an evaluation of their activity against a panel of proteases. Acyclic azido–alkyne‐based aldehydes are also evaluated for comparison. The macrocyclic peptidomimetics showed considerable activity towards calpain II, cathepsin L and S, and the 20S proteasome chymotrypsin‐like activity. Some of the first examples of highly potent macrocyclic inhibitors of cathepsin S were identified. These adopt a well‐defined β‐strand geometry as shown by NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray analysis, and molecular docking studies.
Effect of small scale flow barriers heterogeneities and connate water on displacement efficiency of polymer floods to heavy oil reservoirs
Authors: Mohammadi Saber , Ghazanfari Mohammed Hossein , Masihi Mohsen , Vossoughi Shapour
Published: April 2013

This work concerns a fundamental understanding of how heterogeneities induced by flow barriers and connate water affect the displacement efficiency of polymer floods, which has rarely been studied in the available literature. Here, a series of water/polymer injection experiments to heavy oil performed on five‐spot glass micromodels containing randomly distributed shale structures is presented. It has been found that macroscopic efficiency of polymer flooding majorly depends on flow barriers distribution/configuration; shale content and geometrical characteristics; presence of connate water and wettability of medium. Microscopic pictures revealed that the main parts of connate water were trapped in some pores/throats near and especially behind the shale streaks; also, presence of connate water causes a reduction of sweep efficiency due to premature breakthrough of displacing fluid in an oil‐wet media. In absence of connate water, polymer solution could linger and stick to the pore walls to delay the time for a polymer to channel to the production site. Results of this work disclose requirements for a detailed geologic study of barrier size and distribution for successful design of EOR processes in heterogeneous reservoirs.
Understanding of no‐load power in low consistency refiners
Authors: Rajabi Nasab Nina , Olson James A. , Heymer Jens , Martinez Mark D.
Published: April 2013

Low consistency refining is primary means of improving the paper quality by imparting energy to fibres through repeated fibre–bar interactions. Useful part of the energy modifies the morphology of fibres and the remaining, no‐load power, overcomes the hydraulic, pumping and mechanical losses in the refiner. In this study, effect of consistency, operational and plate design parameters on no‐load power was experimentally determined on two pilot scale refiners with different diameters. Obtained data were used to provide a statistical model for prediction of no‐load power. To study the effect of diameter and groove depth, no‐load power of some mills were collected.
Spray characteristics of a swirl atomiser in trigger sprayers using water–ethanol mixtures
Authors: Yao Shanshan , Fang Tiegang
Published: April 2013

Pressure swirl atomisers are widely used in both industry and daily life. It is critical to understand the spray transient behaviour for better design of these systems. This paper presents an experimental study of conical liquid sheets breakup from a swirl atomiser nozzle in trigger sprayers. Spray and atomisation characteristics were measured and analysed. Water–ethanol mixtures were used to simulate different fluids on the breakup and atomisation quality of the spray development process with a wide range of surface tension while maintaining relatively small changes in fluid viscosity and density. The spray images were taken by a high speed digital camera and post‐processed to analyse the global spray structure, spray cone angle, and breakup length. The droplet size and its distribution were measured using a laser diffraction technique. It was observed that the surface waves grow rapidly on the cone‐shaped liquid sheets and breakup into liquid ligaments and droplets during the initial stage of fluid dispensing. Then the spray transitions into the developed stage. Near the end of the dispensing process, the liquid cone collapses with poor atomisation (large droplets) due to momentum loss. The comparison between different fluids showed that the spray cone angle and liquid breakup length decreased with the increase of ethanol percentage ratio. The percentiles parameters, Sauter mean diameter (SMD) and particle size distribution were measured and compared for different locations. High surface tension fluids produce larger droplets than lower surface tension fluids, which have the same trend as the percentiles parameters and SMD. Results also show that droplet size and its distribution depend on the location of the measurement. Generally speaking, smaller droplet size is found for a location away from the nozzle axis in the vertical direction. In the horizontal direction, larger droplet sizes are found for a location closer to the nozzle exit. © 2013 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering
Expression of androgen receptor and its phosphorylated forms in breast cancer progression
Authors: Ren Qinghu , Zhang Liying , Ruoff Rachel , Ha Susan , Wang Jinhua , Jain Shilpa , Reuter Victor , Gerald William , Giri Dilip D. , Melamed Jonathan , Garabedian Michael J. , Lee Peng , Logan Susan K.
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

Androgen receptor (AR) expression in breast cancers may serve as a prognostic and predictive marker. We examined the expression pattern of AR and its phosphorylated forms, Ser‐213 (AR‐Ser[P]‐213) and Ser‐650 (AR‐Ser[P]‐650), in breast cancer and evaluated their association with clinicopathological parameters.

METHODS

Immunohistochemistry was performed on primary and distant metastatic breast cancers and benign breast tissue using antibodies against AR, AR‐Ser(P)‐213, and AR‐Ser(P)‐650. The levels of cytoplasmic and nuclear expression were scored semiquantitatively using a histoscore.

RESULTS

Nuclear staining of AR was observed in all benign breast tissue and 67% of cancer cases. Nuclear and cytoplasmic AR‐Ser(P)‐213 was increased in breast cancers 2‐fold (P = .0014) and 1.7‐fold (P = .05), respectively, compared with benign controls, whereas nuclear and cytoplasmic AR‐Ser(P)‐650 expression was decreased in tumors by 1.9‐fold and 1.7‐fold (both P < .0001), respectively. Increased expression of nuclear or cytoplasmic AR‐Ser(P)‐213 was observed in metastatic breast cancers (1.3‐fold, P = .05), ER‐negative (2.6‐fold, P = .001), and invasive ductal carcinoma (6.8‐fold, P = .04). AR‐Ser(P)‐650 expression was downregulated in lymph node‐positive breast cancers (1.4‐fold, P = .02) but was upregulated in invasive ductal carcinomas (3.2‐fold, P < .0001) and metastases (1.5‐fold, P = .003). Moreover, in ER‐negative breast cancers, nuclear AR‐Ser(P)‐650 was decreased (1.4‐fold, P = .005), and cytoplasmic AR‐Ser(P)‐650 was increased (1.4‐fold, P = .003).

CONCLUSIONS

AR and its phosphorylation at serines 213 and 650 are differentially expressed in breast cancer tumorigenesis and progression. Phosphorylation of AR at serines 213 and 650 is increased in ER‐negative breast cancers, ductal carcinomas, and metastases and may have predictive value in breast cancer prognosis. Cancer 2013;119:2532–2540. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Surgery versus stereotactic radiotherapy for patients with early‐stage non–small cell lung cancer
Authors: Senan Suresh
Published: April 2013

This study of outcomes after either surgery or stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for patients with early‐stage non–small cell lung cancer found that overall survival was correlated only with the Charlson Comorbidity Index, and that only tumor diameter was correlated with locoregional tumor control. These findings will increase clinical equipoise and facilitate patient inclusion into ongoing trials comparing both treatments.
Trends in mammography screening rates after publication of the 2009 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations
Authors: Pace Lydia E. , He Yulei , Keating Nancy L.
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

In November 2009, the US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) issued new recommendations regarding mammography screening. The Task Force recommended against routine screening for women ages 40 to 49 years and recommended biennial screening for women ages 50 to74 years. The recommendations met great controversy in mass media and medical literature; whether they have had an impact on screening patterns is not known. The objective of this study was to determine whether the 2009 USPSTF recommendations led to changes in screening rates among women ages 40 to 49 years and ages 50 to 74 years.

METHODS

The authors performed cross‐sectional assessments of mammography screening in 2005, 2008, and 2011 using data from the National Health Interview Survey, a nationally representative, in‐person, household survey of the civilian, noninstitutionalized US population. In total, 27,829 women ages ≥40 years responded to the 2005, 2008, or 2011 surveys and reported about their mammography use. The primary outcome assessed was self‐reported mammography screening in the past year.

RESULTS

When adjusted for race, income, education level, insurance, and immigration status, mammography rates increased slightly from 2008 to 2011 (from 51.9% to 53.6%; P = .07) and did not decline within any age group. Among women ages 40 to 49 years, screening rates were 46.1% in 2008 and 47.5% in 2011 (P = 0.38). For women ages 50 to 74, screening rates were 57.2 in 2008 and 59.1 in 2011 (P = 0.09).

CONCLUSIONS

Mammography rates did not decrease among women aged >40 years after publication of the USPSTF recommendations in 2009, suggesting that the vigorous policy debates and coverage in the media and medical literature have had an impact on the adoption of these recommendations. Cancer 2013;119:2518–2523. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Stage I of a phase 2 study assessing the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of barasertib (AZD1152) versus low‐dose cytosine arabinoside in elderly patients with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Kantarjian Hagop M. , Martinelli Giovanni , Jabbour Elias J. , Quintás‐Cardama Alfonso , Ando Kiyoshi , Bay Jacques‐Olivier , Wei Andrew , Gröpper Stefanie , Papayannidis Cristina , Owen Kate , Pike Laura , Schmitt Nicola , Stockman Paul K. , Giagounidis Aristoteles ,   SPARK‐AML1 Investigators
Published: April 2013

BACKGROUND

In this phase 2 study, the authors evaluated the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of the Aurora B kinase inhibitor barasertib compared with low‐dose cytosine arabinoside (LDAC) in patients aged ≥60 years with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

METHODS

Patients were randomized 2:1 to receive either open‐label barasertib 1200 mg (as a 7‐day intravenous infusion) or LDAC 20 mg (subcutaneously twice daily for 10 days) in 28‐day cycles. The primary endpoint was the objective complete response rate (OCRR) (complete responses [CR] plus confirmed CRs with incomplete recovery of neutrophils or platelets [CRi] according to Cheson criteria [also requiring reconfirmation of CRi ≥21 days after the first appearance and associated with partial recovery of platelets and neutrophils]). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS) and safety.

RESULTS

In total, 74 patients (barasertib, n = 48; LDAC, n = 26) completed ≥1 cycle of treatment. A significant improvement in the OCRR was observed with barasertib (35.4% vs 11.5%; difference, 23.9%; 95% confidence interval, 2.7%‐39.9%; P < .05). Although the study was not formally sized to compare OS data, the median OS with barasertib was 8.2 months versus 4.5 months with LDAC (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.49‐1.58; P = .663). Stomatitis and febrile neutropenia were the most common adverse events with barasertib versus LDAC (71% vs 15% and 67% vs 19%, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Barasertib produced a significant improvement in the OCRR versus LDAC and had a more toxic but manageable safety profile, consistent with previous studies. Cancer 2013;119:2611–2619. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Differential dendritic targeting of AMPA receptor subunit mRNAs in adult rat hippocampal principal neurons and interneurons
Authors: Cox David J. , Racca Claudia
Published: April 2013

In hippocampal neurons, AMPA receptors (AMPARs) mediate fast excitatory postsynaptic responses at glutamatergic synapses, and are involved in various forms of synaptic plasticity. Dendritic local protein synthesis of selected AMPAR subunit mRNAs is considered an additional mechanism to independently and rapidly control the strength of individual synapses.

We have used fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to analyze the localization of AMPAR subunit (GluA1–4) mRNAs and their relationship with the translation machinery in principal cells and interneurons of the adult rat hippocampus. The mRNAs encoding all four AMPAR subunits were detected in the somata and dendrites of CA3 and CA1 pyramidal cells and those of six classes of CA1 γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons. GluA1–4 subunit mRNAs were highly localized to the apical dendrites of pyramidal cells, whereas in interneurons they were present in multiple dendrites. In contrast, in the dentate gyrus, GluA1–4 subunit mRNAs were virtually restricted to the somata and were absent from the dendrites of granule cells. These different regional and cell type‐specific labeling patterns also correlated with the localization of markers for components of the protein synthesis machinery. Our results support the local translation of GluA1–4 mRNAs in dendrites of hippocampal pyramidal cells and CA1 interneurons but not in granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Furthermore, the regional and cell type‐specific differences we observed suggest that each cell type uses distinct ways of regulating the local translation of AMPAR subunits. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1954–2007, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vivo characterization of a bigenic fluorescent mouse model of Alzheimer's disease with neurodegeneration
Authors: Crowe Sarah E. , Ellis‐Davies Graham C.R.
Published: April 2013

The loss of cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients is strongly correlated with the loss of neurons in various regions of the brain. We have created a new fluorescent bigenic mouse model of AD by crossing “H‐line” yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) mice with the 5xFAD mouse model, which we call the 5XY mouse model. The 5xFAD mouse has been shown to have significant loss of L5 pyramidal neurons by 12 months of age. These neurons are transgenically labeled with YFP in the 5XY mouse, which enable longitudinal imaging of structural changes. In the 5XY mice, we observed an appearance of axonal dystrophies, with two distinct morphologies in the early stages of the disease progression. Simple swelling dystrophies are transient in nature and are not directly associated with amyloid plaques. Rosette dystrophies are more complex structures that remained stable throughout all imaging sessions, and always surrounded an amyloid plaque. Plaque growth was followed over 4 weeks, and significant growth was seen between weekly imaging sessions. In addition to axonal dystrophy appearance and plaque growth, we were able to follow spine stability in 4‐month old 5XY mice, which revealed no significant loss of spines. 5XY mice also showed a striking shrinkage of the neocortex at older ages (12–14 months). The 5XY mouse model may be a valuable tool for studying specific events in the degeneration of the neocortex, and may suggest new avenues for therapeutic intervention. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:2181–2194, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Similarities and Differences in the Optical Response of Perylene‐Based Hetero‐Bichromophores and Their Monomeric Units
Authors: Selig Ulrike , Nuernberger Patrick , Dehm Volker , Settels Volker , Gsänger Marcel , Engels Bernd , Würthner Frank , Brixner Tobias
Published: April 2013

The linear and nonlinear optical response of molecular hetero‐dimers and their composing perylene units is explored with fluorometry, steady‐state and transient absorption, and coherent two‐dimensional electronic spectroscopy. Supported by a Förster theory approach and ab initio calculations, we disclose the photoinduced dynamics comprising excitonic coupling, conformational changes, charge transfer, and relaxation dynamics. The influence of the actual orientation of the two chromophore units on these processes is investigated by employing two bichromophores built of the same monomeric units but linked differently.
Novel Process Windows for Enabling, Accelerating, and Uplifting Flow Chemistry
Authors: Hessel Volker , Kralisch Dana , Kockmann Norbert , Noël Timothy , Wang Qi
Published: April 2013

Novel Process Windows make use of process conditions that are far from conventional practices. This involves the use of high temperatures, high pressures, high concentrations (solvent‐free), new chemical transformations, explosive conditions, and process simplification and integration to boost synthetic chemistry on both the laboratory and production scale. Such harsh reaction conditions can be safely reached in microstructured reactors due to their excellent transport intensification properties. This Review discusses the different routes towards Novel Process Windows and provides several examples for each route grouped into different classes of chemical and process‐design intensification.
Porous Graphitic Carbon Nanosheets Derived from Cornstalk Biomass for Advanced Supercapacitors
Authors: Wang Lei , Mu Guang , Tian Chungui , Sun Li , Zhou Wei , Yu Peng , Yin Jie , Fu Honggang
Published: April 2013

Porous graphitic carbon nanosheets (PGCS) are synthesized by an in situ self‐generating template strategy based on the carburized effect of iron with cornstalks. Cornstalks firstly coordinate with [Fe(CN)6]4− ions to form the cornstalk–[Fe(CN)6]4− precursor. After carbonization and removal of the catalyst, PGCS are obtained. Series experiments indicate that PGCS can only be formed when using an iron‐based catalyst that can generate a carburized phase during the pyrolytic process. The unique structures of PGCS exhibit excellent capacitive performance. The PGCS‐1‐1100 sample (synthesized from 0.1 M [Fe(CN)6]4− with a carbonization temperature of 1100 °C), which shows excellent electrochemical capacitance (up to 213 F g−1 at 1 A g−1), cycling stability, and rate performance in 6 M KOH electrolyte. In the two‐electrode symmetric supercapacitors, the maximum energy densities that can be achieved are as high as 9.4 and 61.3 Wh kg−1 in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively. Moreover, high energy densities of 8.3 and 40.6 Wh kg−1 are achieved at the high power density of 10.5 kW kg−1 in aqueous and organic electrolytes, respectively. This strategy holds great promise for preparing PGCS from natural resources, including cornstalks, as advanced electrodes in supercapacitors.
Preliminary study on the presence of prednisolone in porcine urine and liver – How to distinguish endogenous from therapeutically administered prednisolone
Authors: Delahaut P. , Demoulin L. , Gillard N. , Fichant E. , Courtheyn D.
Published: April 2013

In animal breeding in Europe, synthetic corticosteroids are not allowed as growth‐promoting agents. However, prednisolone residues have recently been found in porcine urine samples collected at slaughterhouses. The aim of this work was therefore to look for prednisolone in porcine urine and liver, to determine if detected residues might be of endogenous origin, and to check the possible relation with stress. An analytical method developed in‐house was validated, combining immunoaffinity‐based purification and ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC‐MS/MS). This method was applied to urine and liver samples collected from sows experimentally treated either with prednisolone or tetracosactide hexaacetate (synthetic analogue of ACTH). Thanks to the performance of the analytical method, both cortisol and prednisolone were detected in all pig urine samples collected before or after administration of prednisolone or tetracosactide hexaacetate. High levels of prednisolone were found in porcine urine just after prednisolone administration, decreasing quickly to within the range detected in non‐treated animals. In urine, the cortisol level varied depending on the time lapse between administration and sampling. On the other hand, prednisolone was detected also in liver samples of treated pigs. In this matrix, the cortisol level remained constant and prednisolone/cortisol level could be used to detect prednisolone administration at least 4 days after injection. In conclusion, the best indicator for detecting illicit prednisolone administration to pigs seems to be the prednisolone/cortisol ratio in liver samples. This preliminary work must be confirmed by a larger‐scale study and metabolites should also be included. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of Winter Lightning Threatening Wind Turbines in Coastal Area of the Sea of Japan
Authors: Fujii Fumiyuki , Ishii Masaru , Saito Mikihisa , Matsui Michihiro , Natsuno Daisuke
Published: April 2013

Wind turbines on the coast of the Sea of Japan have been damaged by lightning in winter. This is due to the frequent occurrence of upward lightning from wind turbines in winter. Occurrence of upward lightning proves to be closely related to the temperature distribution at high altitudes. In this paper, the correlation between lightning hits of wind turbines and the height of the—10 °C layer is analyzed. When an upward lightning hits a wind turbine in winter, the height of the—10 °C layer is lower than 2000 m in most cases. Moreover, winter lightning is classified into two types, namely, the storm type and the inactive type, and it is found that the parameters of lightning currents observed by LLS differ depending on the type of lightning storm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 44–50, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22357
Analysis of Lightning Electromagnetic Field on Large‐Scale Terrain Model Using Three‐Dimensional MW‐FDTD Parallel Computation
Authors: Oikawa Takaaki , Sonoda Jun , Sato Motoyuki , Honma Noriyasu , Ikegawa Yutaka
Published: April 2013

There have recently been analyses of lightning electromagnetic fields using the FDTD method. However, large‐scale three‐dimensional analyses of a real environment have not been considered, because the FDTD method has a huge computational cost in large‐scale analysis. Thus, we have proposed a three‐dimensional moving window FDTD (MW‐FDTD) method with parallel computation. Our method has a lower computational cost than the conventional FDTD method and the original MW‐FDTD method. In this paper, we study the computational performance of MW‐FDTD parallel computation and large‐scale three‐dimensional analysis of lightning electromagnetic fields on a real terrain model using our MW‐FDTD with parallel computation. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 20–27, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22368
A Study of Reallocation Planning for Section Switches Considering Employment Cost and Intermittent Renewable Energy
Authors: Kurihara Kazunori , Sasaki Yutaka , Zoka Yoshifumi , Yorino Naoto
Published: April 2013

The power market will be in a highly competitive environment because of power deregulation. The electric power companies have raised business efficiency to reduce the number of employees and centralize business establishments. Furthermore, the installation of photovoltaic generation will increase because of energy policy. However, the electric power companies must maintain power supply reliability. Therefore, to reinforce reliability in distribution systems is a significant problem. In this paper, we propose the optimal placement of distribution section switches to maintain power supply reliability in such a situation, and we present simulation results obtained for the original distribution system using a genetic algorithm. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 36–43, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22375
Novel Core Structure and Iron‐Loss Modeling for Contactless Power Transfer System of Electric Vehicle
Authors: Chigira Masato , Nagatsuka Yuichi , Kaneko Yasuyoshi , Abe Shigeru , Yasuda Tomio , Suzuki Akira
Published: April 2013

A contactless power transfer system for electric vehicles must have high efficiency, a large air gap, good tolerance to misalignment in the lateral direction, compactness, and light weight. In this paper, a new 1.5‐kW transformer has been developed using a novel H‐shaped core which is more efficient, more robust to misalignment, and lighter than previous rectangular cores, to satisfy these criteria, and its characteristics are described. An efficiency of 95% was achieved across a 70‐mm mechanical gap. Iron‐loss modeling of the equivalent circuit is also presented. The calculated efficiency using this model shows good agreement with experimental results. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 61–70, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22377
A New Water Electrode Method for Short‐Time Testing of Water Treeing and Consideration of Temperature Effects of Water Tree Initiation and Propagation
Authors: Uehara Hiroaki , Kudo Katsutoshi , Ishikawa Yoshihiro , Kanekawa Teruo , Tsuboi Yuichi , Ushiwata Kodai , Yoshimitsu Tetsuo
Published: April 2013

Water treeing occurs when an AC voltage is applied to an electrical insulation system such as those in power cables and power apparatus. From a practical viewpoint, research on water treeing has mostly been performed under high‐frequency AC voltage application. However, power cables and power apparatus are also used under DC voltage application owing to progress in inverter technology. Inverter drive of rotating electrical machines has spread and expanded for global warming prevention and maintenance improvement. Underwater motors are used in water. In an underwater motor driven by the voltage of an inverter, it is necessary to consider water treeing of the motor insulation and cable insulation connected with a drive board. Thus far, a water electrode method that utilizes an AC voltage of high frequency has been used in the accelerated water treeing experimental method for a long time. On the other hand, an inverter with a surge voltage generates an equivalent AC frequency by the application of a multifrequency pulse voltage similar to a pulse width modulation (PWM) control wave. Therefore, there is a possibility of mistakes in real‐machine reliability evaluation because the initiation and propagation mechanisms are different from those in a real machine, even if we can reproduce water treeing by increasing the basic frequency. This paper reports our investigation of a new water electrode method and of temperature effects on water tree initiation and propagation. We also compare experimental results between 500 Hz and 50 Hz using the new water electrode method from the viewpoint of temperature. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 184(2): 1–9, 2013; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.22422
Ring‐Rearrangement Metathesis of 7‐Aza­norbornenes as an Entry to 1‐Azabicyclo[n.3.0]alkenones
Authors: Rojas Víctor , Carreras Javier , Avenoza Alberto , Busto Jesús H. , Peregrina Jesús M.
Published: April 2013

Pyrrolizidine, indolizidine, and pyrrolo[1,2‐a]azepine substructures are present in a large number of naturally occurring azabicyclic compounds, which are currently of special interest because of their biological activities. To obtain this class of compounds, we envisioned a ring‐rearrangement metathesis (RRM) process of 7‐azanorbornene systems that incorporates several exocyclic olefin patterns at the nitrogen position. By using this methodology, we have synthesized a set of new 1‐azabicyclo[n.3.0]alkenones, which include derivatives of pyrrolam. In all cases, only one regioisomer was obtained. Moreover, new spiro compounds with tricyclic structures have been synthesized by using a domino metathesis process that involves a ring‐opening/ring‐closing/ring‐closing metathesis (ROM/RCM/RCM) sequence.