bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Notes on Sources
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo
Published: April 2022

Annotated translation of the Tang Chinese Christian Texts:
TEXT A. “Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China” (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大秦景教流行中國碑‎)
TEXT B. (1) “Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching” (Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景教三威蒙度讚‎); (2) “Book of the Honored” (Zunjing尊經‎)
TEXT C. “Discourse on the One God” (Yishen lun一神論‎):
I. “Discourse on the One Godhead” (Yitian lun diyi一天論第一‎)
II. “Metaphorical Teaching” (Yu di’er喻第二‎)
III. “Discourse of the Honored One of the Universe on Almsgiving” (Shizun bushi lun disan世尊布施論第三‎)
TEXT D. “Book of the Lord Messiah” (Xuting mishisuo jing序聽迷詩所經‎)
TEXT E. “Book on Profound and Mysterious Blessedness” (Zhixuan anle jing志玄安樂經‎)
TEXT F. “Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Unveiling the Origin and Attaining the Foundation” (Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大秦景教宣元至本經‎)
Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大‎秦‎景‎教‎流‎行‎中‎國‎碑‎)
Authors: Nicolini-Zani Matteo
Published: April 2022

Annotated translation of the Tang Chinese Christian Texts:
TEXT A. “Stele of the Diffusion of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin in China” (Da Qin jingjiao liuxing Zhongguo bei大秦景教流行中國碑‎)
TEXT B. (1) “Hymn in Praise of the Salvation Achieved through the Three Majesties of the Luminous Teaching” (Jingjiao sanwei mengdu zan景教三威蒙度讚‎); (2) “Book of the Honored” (Zunjing尊經‎)
TEXT C. “Discourse on the One God” (Yishen lun一神論‎):
I. “Discourse on the One Godhead” (Yitian lun diyi一天論第一‎)
II. “Metaphorical Teaching” (Yu di’er喻第二‎)
III. “Discourse of the Honored One of the Universe on Almsgiving” (Shizun bushi lun disan世尊布施論第三‎)
TEXT D. “Book of the Lord Messiah” (Xuting mishisuo jing序聽迷詩所經‎)
TEXT E. “Book on Profound and Mysterious Blessedness” (Zhixuan anle jing志玄安樂經‎)
TEXT F. “Book of the Luminous Teaching of Da Qin on Unveiling the Origin and Attaining the Foundation” (Da Qin jingjiao xuanyuan zhiben jing大秦景教宣元至本經‎)
Introduction
Authors: Lenz Martin
Published: April 2022

What is intersubjectivity and why should we care about the history of this idea? After a brief explanation of the topic, the introduction will set out the major claims of this study. Taking issue with the common historiography, this part will briefly look back at Gilbert Ryle’s famous Concept of Mind that presents us with a discussion of Descartes’s cogito before developing what is now often referred to as “behaviorism.” The introduction argues that, rather than just drawing a caricature of Cartesianism, Ryle gains enormous argumentative mileage out of his “Cartesian Myth” for his own approach: claiming that Cartesian dualism entails individualism about the mind, he runs together two theses that should rather be kept separately. In decoupling mentalism and individualism, the introduction shows that minds can be and indeed were taken to interact and directly affect one another.
The Metaphysical Model
Authors: Lenz Martin
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents Spinoza’s concept of the mind as grounded in contrary conative interaction. Since Spinoza thinks that the identity of individuals lies in their striving for self-preservation (conatus), his position is often interpreted as a version of individualism. However, given that Spinoza takes individuals to be determined by their convergence in striving, any number of entities striving in the same way can be called an individual. Thus, metaphysically speaking, whole communities can be seen as individuals. But what is the crucial principle according to which minds are related to one another? Building on what it means for an idea to have a conatus, the chapter shows that it is the notion of contrariety that is crucial for understanding his metaphysics of the mind.
The Linguistic Model
Authors: Lenz Martin
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents Locke’s theory of ideational and linguistic intentionality as based on the acceptance of the speech community. While Locke’s view is commonly taken to be individualistic, it is often overlooked that his position is clearly embedded in an anthropological view that deems humans as inherently social animals. It will be shown that his crucial step lies in uniting two traditions that have mostly been kept apart: Aristotelian semantics, on the one hand, and the anthropology underlying the political thought in authors such as Pufendorf, on the other hand. Mediated by language, the content of human thought is determined by tacit consent. What makes the expressions of ideas correct or incorrect is determined by whether they are accepted by other members of the linguistic community. In contrast to numerous interpretations, it is thus argued that the decisive factor in the determination of ideas turns out to be intersubjective.
Conclusion
Authors: Lenz Martin
Published: April 2022

What are the crucial alterations in the common picture of early modern philosophy of mind that this study leaves us with? Even if early modern authors often seem to consider mental states as arising independently of the social environment, the explanatory focus is intersubjective: For Spinoza, Locke, and Hume mental states of individuals have to be explained in relation to other minds. After a brief summary, the conclusion contextualizes the metaphysical, linguistic and medical models by showing highlighting their early modern opponents and some current philosophical debates in which these models survive. In a further step, this chapter provides a brief survey of potential receptions of the models in Anne Conway, Condillac, Dugald Stewart, and Immanuel Kant.
Good Jew, Bad Jew
Authors: Hughes Aaron W.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines how “Jew” and “Judaism” functioned as one such category into which social and religious others could be placed. Yet, in order for Jews, whether real or imagined, to be understood, they continued to be mediated through the narrative provided by the qurʾānic text. This created a situation wherein real Jews were encountered in specific places and times, but the only way that they could be processed was through the categories that imagined them as crafty and deceitful, two adjectives that had been ascribed to them in the Qurʾān, and which continued to exist in later literature.
Total War and Transmedia Consumer Culture
Authors: Fujiki Hideaki
Published: April 2022

During the 1930s, “the national populace” (“kokumin”) was redefined and gained precedence over and gradually replaced the “the people” as the paradigmatic social subject of the period. This chapter clarifies how the meaning of “the national populace” was restructured through the incorporation of characteristics of “the people” and “the masses.” It also describes how the development of mechanical reproduction technology from the mid-1920s changed the understanding of cinema from that of a site-specific “popular entertainment” to that of a medium closely associated with other reproducible media like print, radio, and records, thereby creating a new media ecology that can be best described as a transmedial consumer culture. Based on these analyses, the chapter argues that the total war political regime and its related discourses attempted to take advantage of the new consumer culture to construct an ideal national subject that could be set to their purposes. The chapter also reveals that while “the national populace” was idealized as a set of homogenous and equal actors, this very term functioned to simultaneously encompass and conceal conflicts and contradictions concerning social class, region, gender, and numerous other social factors.
Understanding the Data-opolies’ Anticompetitive Playbook
Authors: Stucke Maurice E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter analyzes how data-opolies become so powerful and how they leverage their dominance into other markets. It reexamines certain beliefs that the powerful platforms take advantage of preexisting market forces, such as network effects, passively. The chapter reveals how the powerful platforms do not use network effects passively, but instead use them offensively to wipe out potential threats. It explains how they use their nowcasting radar to identify nascent competitive threats, which they then acquire, copy or kill. It also explores how the data-opolies follow a similar pattern of colonizing the next generation of ecosystems where we might eventually migrate, using a Venus Flytrap Strategy.
Responding to Potential Criticisms to a Ban on Surveillance Capitalism
Authors: Stucke Maurice E.
Published: April 2022

This chapter addresses several potential risks and criticisms in banning behavioral advertising and the surveillance apparatus. It cites the 2021 privacy measures, such as Apple offering the option to avoid third-party tracking and Google experimenting with replacing individual tracking with its FLoC option of placing users in groups. It then examines the toll from the surveillance economy, including the harm to our privacy, the costs of behavioral discrimination, the costs of “brain hacking” and exploiting the brain’s attraction to divisiveness, the social costs from “echo chambers” and “filter bubbles,” and the costs to our democracy. Once these costs are considered against the marginal benefit, if any, from behavioral advertising, the chapter concludes that behavioral advertising should be banned, and that the law should allow us to avoid being profiled, to not have our personal data amalgamated, to opt out of personalized services and to decide, without penalty, the right to limit at the onset what data is collected about us and for what purpose.
The Flag and the Cross
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar
Published: April 2022

Most Americans were shocked by the violence they witnessed at the nation’s capital on January 6, 2021. And bewildered by the images displayed by the insurrectionists: a wooden cross and wooden gallows; “Jesus Saves” and “Don’t Tread on Me”; Christian flags and Confederate Flags; even a prayer in Jesus’s name after storming the Senate chamber. Where some saw a confusing jumble, Gorski and Perry saw a familiar ideology: white Christian nationalism. In this short primer, Gorski and Perry explain what white Christian nationalism is and is not; when it first emerged and how it has changed; and where it’s headed and why it threatens democracy. They explain what makes white Christian nationalism “white.” They show how it took shape over three centuries ago. And how it has influenced American politics over the last three decades. Throughout American history, white Christian nationalism has animated the oppression, exclusion, and even extermination of minority groups while securing privilege for white Protestants. It enables white Christian Americans to demand “sacrifice” from others in the name of religion and nation, while defending their “rights” in the names of “liberty” and “property.” The future of American democracy, they argue, will depend on whether a broad spectrum of Americans—stretching from democratic socialists to classical liberals—can unite in a popular front to combat the threat to liberal democracy posed by white Christian nationalism.
Freedom, Violence, Order
Authors: Gorski Philip S. , Perry Samuel L. , Tisby Jemar
Published: April 2022

This chapter shows how white Christian nationalism has influenced American politics over the last two decades: the Tea Party movement, the MAGA phenomenon, and the Capitol insurrection. It argues that WCN is the hidden through line that connects all three moments. It then explores the “holy trinity” of WCN: freedom, order, and violence. White freedom is premised on a racial order that must often be enforced with violence. This was the underlying logic of the Capitol insurrection on January 6, 2021. The chapter documents how the logic of white Christian nationalism helps us understand why white Americans support authoritarian means of social control, favor strategies that limit access to democratic participation, and largely defend Donald Trump for his role in provoking the January 6 riots: they feel white Christian freedom and social order are under attack by evil outsiders, who don’t deserve freedom, democratic participation, or political power. Rather, they must be controlled by any means necessary.
Theories of Strategic Outcomes
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna
Published: April 2022

Protest efforts occasionally succeed but more often fail; either way, they leave behind a number of impacts on both the players and the arenas involved. In looking for patterns in both unanticipated and anticipated gains and losses, and by concentrating on multiple microlevel interactions among players, we incorporate a range of strategic players (including subplayers within social movements but also their targets, authorities, and others), and we follow them across a series of strategic arenas. This chapter finds that their many gains and losses often appear in familiar packages that are linked to the strategic choices they make in response to other players. The chapter identifies six frequent packages: arena ownership, institutionalization, an electoral package, leverage across arenas, a radicalism package, and a personality package.
Institutionalizing Participatory Budgeting in New York City
Authors: Jasper James M. , Elliott-Negri Luke , Jabola-Carolus Isaac , Kagan Marc , Mahlbacher Jessica , Weisskircher Manès , Zhelnina Anna
Published: April 2022

This chapter outlines a package of gains and losses linked to the institutionalization of movement-backed public policies. Activists often mobilize to advance policy goals or to democratize policymaking itself. But even when they achieve such goals, their task remains unfinished. They face further challenges in implementation and institutionalization, as they seek stability for newly won policies, programs, or reforms. When successful, they may gain valuable resources and security for their program. But they typically cede control to allies who may not fully share their goals, and decision-making moves into arenas that tend to contain unreceptive players. As a result, the integrity and impacts of their program may suffer. New York City’s participatory budgeting initiative illustrates these dynamics. The case reveals how strategic players experienced such tradeoffs as they pursued a major experiment in local democratic governance.
America's Book
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

This book shows how the Bible decisively shaped American national history even as that history decisively influenced the use of Scripture. It explores the rise of a strongly Protestant Bible civilization in the early United States that was then fractured by debates over slavery, contested by growing numbers of non-Protestant Americans (Catholics, Jews, agnostics), and torn apart by the Civil War. Scripture survived as a significant, though fragmented, force in the more religiously plural period from Reconstruction to the early twentieth century. Throughout, the book pays special attention to how the same Bible shone as hope for Black Americans while supporting other Americans who justified white supremacy.
The Paine Provocation
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The publication in 1794 and 1795 of Tom Paine’s two-part The Age of Reason precipitated an immense critical response from all corners of the new United States. Almost all of the many who wrote against Paine attacked him for his attacks on the Bible; responses differed substantially on much else. Some who repudiated Paine liked his radical politics, others treated his attacks on religion as undermining society, and a few held that the Bible should not be used for any political purpose. The furor over Paine’s work influenced the way Americans separated church and state, the methods they used to win over the public, and the prominence given to Scripture as support for the American republic.
The Bible Civilization in American History
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

General loyalty to the Bible, especially in the wake of the comprehensive denunciation of Paine’s Age of Reason, may have been the new nation’s strongest cohesive force. Many Americans of all religious shades looked to Scripture to supply the virtue without which they believed the republic would fail. That opinion moved leading Protestants to imagine that a “nonsectarian” Bible (by which they meant the King James Version) could provide the social glue once supplied by the establishment of a single church. In articulating this vision for the nation, these Protestants drew on the support that patriotic use of Scripture had given to the Revolution. They also assumed that divine providence was overseeing the development of the United States as God had in former times guided the ancient Hebrews.
Publishing
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

Mass publishing in the United States grew directly from early printing of the Bible and of Protestant literature based on the Bible. The establishment of the American Bible Society in 1816 signaled the leadership of Bible-based printing in technology, marketing, and organization. Hundreds and then thousands of individual editions of Scripture were printed in an era when other forms of literature were only catching on. Before the development of the penny press in the 1830s, religious periodicals were far and away the most dominant form of periodical publication. As these major publishing enterprises developed, all guided by custodial Protestants, some sectarian Protestants began to worry that the “respectable” Protestants were trying to create an informal kind of establishment to replace the European Christendom the nation had left behind.
The Common School Exception
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The secure place of the Bible in the plans of Americans who created the nation’s common schools meant that education was the one sphere of American life where the Bible remained central for the nation’s civilization. Historian David Komline has documented the influence of European models of public education that stressed an active state, enhanced teacher training, and the prominence of religious instruction. Protestant Americans, divided among themselves on many matters, agreed that the Bible almost all of them used (the King James Version) could serve as a “nonsectarian” tool to help public schools promote the virtue without which a republic would fail. In different ways, the era’s leading school reformers (Thomas Eddy in New York, Horace Mann in Massachusetts, Calvin Stowe in Ohio) made daily reading of the King James Version crucial for their reforming efforts. Through the 1830s even some Catholic leaders more or less signed on to these plans. Additionally, the most widely used school textbooks—especially those by Lindley Murray and William Holmes McGuffey—used biblical material freely in promoting the educational and moral goals of school reformers.
1844
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

Events in the year 1844 testified to the ubiquity of the Bible in American life, but also an intensifying array of conflicts focused on Scripture. In that year the largest American denominations (Methodists and Baptists) went into schism over slavery; contrasting understandings of Scripture were key to those divisions. The same year also witnessed “the Philadelphia Bible Riot,” when angry Protestants burned Catholic churches when a rumor spread that a Catholic bishop had asked to stop Bible readings in the city’s public schools. In the year’s presidential election, the Whig’s vice-presidential candidate, Theodore Frelinghuysen, alienated Catholic voters in a speech before the American Bible Society in which he seemed to deny that Catholics could be good citizens. The Liberty Party, driven in part by its abolitionist reading of Scripture, drew votes from the Whigs that helped defeat their candidate, Henry Clay. Heightening Catholic-Protestant tension in that year, Pope Gregory XVI issued an official statement decrying the influence of the kind of Bible societies that flourished in the United States.
Whose Bible? (Women)
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

Public activity by women Protestants reached new heights during the nineteenth century, especially in speaking and writing that applied Scripture to daily life. Most women who did so followed the standard conventions of biblical interpretation supported by American men, but sometimes with conclusions that men did not draw. A few women, like the indominable sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimké, draw on the Bible both to condemn slavery and to campaign for women’s rights. More women joined them in arguing that the Bible, properly understood, did not support the kind of patriarchal hierarchies that had long been taken for granted. Significantly, the hermeneutical controversies arising from these claims by women paralleled the conflict of interpretive practices brought to the question of slavery.
1865–1875
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

The most important immediate result of the war was the rapid expansion of self-directed Black churches and denominations. That expansion included deeper and wider Black engagement with Scripture, but still on terms largely different from those found in white communities. The immediate postwar years also witnessed the first serious publications giving Black spirituals extensive publicity. “Scientific racism” grew stronger in these years, which led some white Christians to reemphasize biblical passages that, while affirming a unified human species, placed Africans in a permanent subservient place. Cincinnati witnessed a much publicized “Bible War” over daily Bible reading in the city’s schools in which the most interesting contribution came from a conservative, Bible-believing Presbyterian, Stanley Matthews, who opposed Bible readings in school because they were bad for the Bible! The establishment of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union drew heavily on scriptural language and themes, even though the Bible itself is actually ambiguous about the use of beverage alcohol.
Still a Bible Nation
Authors: Noll Mark A.
Published: April 2022

Despite the fragmentation of the nation’s earlier Bible civilization, Scripture remained ever present in the society. Voluntary organizations like the American Bible Society continued to print huge numbers of texts. Immense public fascination attended the publication of the English Revised Version (New Testament, 1881), the first major effort to modernize the King James Version (though this translation did not catch on). Meanwhile, publication of Scripture in a multitude of foreign languages continued. New religious expressions (Adventism, the Latter-day Saints, Christian Science) usually retained a high regard for the traditional Bible but with additions of their own to supplement or complement the given text.
Collective Trauma and Identity
Authors: Lerner Adam B.
Published: April 2022

This chapter connects the previous chapter’s theorization of collective trauma to an understanding of the international system framed around the concept of identity. Although the term “identity” is highly contested in international relations theory, this chapter argues it is vital to understanding the stabilization of the international system’s subjects, objects, and motivations. The chapter draws on the narrative identity approach to theorize identity as constituted by ontologically fluid narratives. By combining personal experiential memory with common, public knowledge, identity narratives bridge the divide between the individual and the social, constituting the collective actors of the international system and informing their relationships. Although collective trauma narratives must contend with various others in identity discourses, their deep emotional resonance and relevance to the mass violence that permeates macroscale politics make them particularly potent competitors, liable to exert outsize influence on international imaginaries.
Blurring the Boundaries of War
Authors: Lerner Adam B.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines how increased discourse about trauma problematizes the pivotal concept of war. Specifically, it examines trauma’s interpretation via the PTSD diagnosis in the United States during the global war on terror. American political leaders did not begin frequently referencing post-traumatic stress disorder until just before the 2008 presidential cycle, but once they did, it readily became what President Barack Obama called a “signature wound” of contemporary wars, invoked by politicians across the spectrum as a consequence of military intervention. This association, the chapter argues, has contributed to a blurring of important lines around the concept of war, reformulating logics of international interaction. Increased public attention to combat trauma has contributed to a unique erosion of war’s spatiotemporal boundaries, extending its consequences into an unknown future and outside the war zone, onto the home front. This shift not only has reshaped foreign policy imaginaries but also has had profound normative consequences.
From Free to Fair Markets
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind
Published: April 2022

Liberalism—and its promise of market-led prosperity—was in crisis well before Covid-19. Recent decades have seen a rise in concentrated unemployment, and a long-term stagnation in real wages, in many of the world’s leading economies. At the same time, the world has witnessed a dramatic rise of corporate power, and the wealth of the top 1%. Alongside this has been the failure of liberal societies to address some of the most pressing challenges of our time, including climate change. Covid-19 has only exacerbated the fragility of work, and the effects of corporate power and inequality. When Covid-19 is over, liberalism will therefore be badly in need of renovation. Indeed, to survive, liberalism will need a radical reboot—to find new ways of tackling the current challenges posed by corporate power, inequality, and climate change. This also means moving beyond recent “neoliberal” versions of liberalism toward a more truly democratic form of liberalism, or from the idea of free markets to a vision of fair markets. Fair market policies are not democratic socialist: they hold on to the idea of markets as promoting growth and freedom. But they insist that markets must be subject to wide-ranging democratic regulation. This book offers a new vision of a “fair markets” approach–and the concrete policies that could make this ideal a reality. It proposes: (1) a universal “green” jobs guarantee; (2) a significant increase in the minimum wage and government support for wages; (3) universal healthcare based on a two-track model of public and private provision, and (4) a similar public baseline for childcare and basic leave benefits for all workers; (5) a new critical infrastructure policy for nation states to sit alongside a commitment to global free trade; and (6) universal pollution taxes, with all proceeds returned directly to citizens by way of a green dividend. The common theme of all the policies is that they combine a commitment to markets with democratic commitments to equal dignity for all citizens, and the regulation of markets in line with majority interests and understandings—or the idea that markets should be both free and fair, and well-functioning, as opposed to simply “free.” Because of this, they are also policies that are “blue,” “pink,” and “green.” The book also explains how to pay for these ideas, and the kind of democratic politics needed to make them a reality.
The Crisis in (Neo)Liberalism
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the current loss of faith in many countries in liberal, market-based economic models, and ties that crisis in confidence to three broad economic trends: the decline in work, wages, and entitlements experienced by ordinary workers; the rise of mega-corporate power, globalization, and economic inequality; and the proliferation of environmental challenges, some of which are existential in nature. It also notes how the effects of these trends, and especially the first two relating to work, wages, corporate power, and inequality, have been amplified by disruptions stemming from the Covid-19 pandemic and its aftermath.
Baseline Benefits: Universal Healthcare (Australian Style) and Beyond
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the challenge of providing universal access to a dignified social minimum for all, and the choice between a universal public baseline and public option as preferred democratic liberal approaches to this challenge. It illustrates how this would work in the context of healthcare as well as other benefits such as childcare and basic leave, and how it draws on the logic of the Australian healthcare system. In addition, it considers the difference between various benefits and systems in terms of the optimal design of benefits, and the challenge of ensuring actual equality not just sufficiency in some contexts, including healthcare and especially access to educational opportunity.
Regulating Market Power
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the importance in a fair markets approach of effectively regulating the accumulation and exercise of market power. It illustrates this through an exploration of current debates over the regulation of large technology firms, and the impact of globalization and free trade on access to core goods such as food and medicine.
Internalizing Externalities: Toward a Carbon Dividend
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the degree to which a fair markets approach supports democratic regulations and responses to negative “externalities” (or the social costs of market transactions not borne by parties to the transaction). It explores how classical liberal market-based ideas point to so-called Pigouvian taxes as a leading response to externalities, and therefore to a price on carbon in response to the existential challenge posed by climate change. But it also highlights the need to pay attention to the distributive consequences of these kinds of taxes, or their impact on economic inequality and access to a dignified social minimum—in ways that point to the value of redistributing these taxes back to citizens in the form of a citizen “dividend.” Finally, it notes the degree to which other regulatory responses, including robust financial regulation, are additional important democratic liberal responses to the challenge of externalities.
Conclusion
Authors: Holden Richard , Dixon Rosalind
Published: April 2022

This chapter recaps the core arguments made in the rest of the book, and the key principled dimensions to a fair markets or democratic liberal approach, as well as the degree to which it provides realistic versus utopian policy prescriptions. It notes the relationship between these questions and the starting point in various countries, and also the existence of fair economic and political markets.
Legal Developments and Standards in Partisan Gerrymandering
Authors: Goedert Nicholas
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the legal history and recent court proceedings surrounding partisan gerrymandering, revealing courts to be less than ideal venues in which to sort out competing and possibly noncommensurate claims for fair representation. The chapter begins by framing Justice Kennedy’s search for a universal standard to evaluate partisan gerrymanders in his opinion in Vieth v. Jubelirer. The chapter then details the arguments and decisions in four cases decided in the past few years: Whitford v. Gill, League of Women Voters v. Pennsylvania, Benisek v. Lamone, and Rucho v. Common Cause. For each of the cases, it outlines the unique legal claims by the plaintiff and, where relevant, the arguments accepted and rejected by the court. It then applies a “stylized test” drawn from each case to the facts of the other cases, showing how the standards suggested in one may lead to divergent outcomes in another.
Gerrymandering and Competitive Elections
Authors: Goedert Nicholas
Published: April 2022

This is a heavily empirical chapter examining where close elections and partisan turnover are most likely as a function of national electoral conditions and redistricting regime. Using a data set of all congressional elections from 1972 to 2010, it shows that the results of partisan gerrymanders cannot be evaluated merely under one particular election result or under an evenly balanced hypothetical election. Most important, while partisan gerrymanders discourage close competition when the national environment is close to even, they create a lot of close elections and turnover under strong tides adverse to the gerrymandering party. In contrast, nonpartisan commissions tend to foster the most close elections, while bipartisan gerrymanders consistently generate the fewest, regardless of partisan tides. These findings are supplemented by case studies of wave elections in 1974, 1994, and 2006/2008, showing greater competitiveness and turnover under adverse partisan gerrymanders.
Bias and Responsiveness in Partisan Maps
Authors: Goedert Nicholas
Published: April 2022

This chapter contrasts the patterns of bias observed between partisan maps in competitive versus noncompetitive states. In large swing states, such as Michigan and Pennsylvania, the efficiency gap curves follow a very reliable pattern, with bias maximized when the national vote is even or slightly favors Democrats, but declining as tides increase. These states also see low competitiveness when the national vote is close, but become very responsive under strong Democratic tides. It contrasts these states with partisan gerrymandering in noncompetitive states, usually overlooked by existing measures, including Tennessee, Indiana, Maryland, and Massachusetts. It finds that partisan maps in noncompetitive states are less aggressive and more defensive than in the swing states and do not attempt to maximize seats the dominant party will win but instead strongly reinforce existing incumbents. This results in maps that appear less biased under normal conditions but will also be less responsive during wave elections.
Conclusion
Authors: Goedert Nicholas
Published: April 2022

The book concludes with an argument for why state commissions are superior to courts in resolving disputes around congressional districting. The chapter discusses several recent and near-future reforms toward adoption of commissions. These include the citizen referendum on the Michigan ballot in 2018, the Virginia constitutional amendment establishing a bipartisan commission in 2020, the “multilateral disarmament” strategy proposed in Maryland in 2017, and the federal For the People Act. The chapter also critiques other reform proposals, such as limiting the partisanship of legislative-drawn maps and algorithmic districting.
Fintech and Capital Intermediation
Authors: Allen Hilary J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter looks at the capital intermediation function performed by the financial system, and uses the case studies of marketplace lending, high frequency trading, and cryptoasset markets to explore how technology is changing the ways in which our financial system intermediates capital. In particular, this chapter emphasizes the increased speed and complexity that come from these new fintech business models, and notes that these may exacerbate run and fire sale dynamics while at the same time limiting the efficacy of government intervention designed to support financial stability. The automatic execution of smart contracts is of particular concern in this respect. This chapter finishes with some observations about how cryptoassets like Diem and JPMCoin might also hamper the ability of central banks to carry out monetary policy.
Fintech and Financial Stability Regulation Status Quo
Authors: Allen Hilary J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the inadequacies of our current financial regulatory system when it comes to fintech. It starts by describing the challenges that technological innovation poses for regulation generally, then looks more specifically at the difficulties inherent in regulating fintech. Some financial regulators have been experimenting with new regulatory approaches (like innovation hubs and regulatory sandboxes) in light of fintech’s ascendance, but most of the experimentation so far has focused on supporting private sector innovation, rather than mitigating the negative consequences of that innovation for financial stability. Because the industry’s adoption of fintech innovations (and regtech innovations) poses some challenges for financial stability regulation, Chapter 5 also considers the role that technological innovations by the regulatory agencies themselves (known as “suptech”) can play in addressing those challenges.
A Miracle Creed
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: April 2022

This book introduces Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz’s Principle of Optimality and argues that it plays a central role in his physics and philosophy, with profound implications for both. Each chapter begins with an introduction to one of Leibniz’s ground-breaking studies in natural philosophy, paying special attention to the role of optimal form in those investigations. Each chapter then goes on to explore the philosophical implications of optimal form for Leibniz’s broader philosophical system. Individual chapters include discussions of Leibniz’s understanding of teleology, the nature of bodies, laws of nature, and free will. The final chapter explores the legacy of Leibniz’s physics in light of his work on optimal form.
Introduction
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: April 2022

This chapter introduces Leibniz’s Principle of Optimality and the book as a whole. It begins with a discussion of Albert Einstein’s notion of a “miracle creed,” that is, a scientific belief that goes beyond available evidence but that nonetheless proves to be remarkably productive. It suggests that Leibniz’s Principle of Optimality is just such a principle and outlines the discussion to follow in subsequent chapters. Themes touched on include Leibniz’s work in optics, mechanics and statics and the relationship of that work to his thinking about teleology, the nature of material bodies, contingency, providence, monads, agency, and Leibniz’s legacy with respect to modern physics.
Rigid Beams and the Foundations of Physics
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores Leibniz’s ingenious treatment of the breaking strength of rigid bodies. In 1684, in a seminal paper published in the Acta Eruditorum, Leibniz offered a model of the behavior of rigid bodies that crucially takes it for granted that rigid beams must satisfy his Principle of Optimality. In doing so, he successfully arrived at an improved formula for calculating the strength of a cubic beam. Beyond its scientific results, however, Leibniz’s approach to the problem of determining the breaking strength of rigid beams had profound implications for the structure and nature of matter itself. This chapter draws out the implications of Leibniz’s account for his views on the nature of forces and material bodies. It concludes by considering the implications of Leibniz’s thinking about forces and bodies for his understanding of the relationship between monads and space.
Vis viva and the Origins of Leibniz’s Natural Philosophy
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: April 2022

This chapter takes up Leibniz’s famous defense of the conservation of vis viva as announced in his A Brief Demonstration of a Notable Error of Descartes and Others Concerning a Natural Law, published in the Acta Eruditorum in 1686. It argues that Leibniz’s mature understanding of the laws of nature is best understood—both historically and conceptually—as arising not out of his work in dynamics, but rather out of his optimality approach to the laws of optics. The upshot of the chapter is that Leibniz’s mature natural philosophy should be understood as being initially driven not by his discoveries in dynamics, but rather by his studies in optics and his embrace of the Principle of Optimality.
Why We Are Not Selfish by Nature
Authors: Krebs Dennis L.
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the assertion that all evolved traits must be selfish and immoral. It explains that genetic selfishness does not correspond to the kind of selfishness that we consider immoral. It argues that to explain how moral traits evolved, we must figure out how they helped our early human ancestors foster their biological and genetic interests. The central function of moral traits is to help members of groups reap the benefitsn of cooperation, which necessitates resolving their conflicts of interest in mutually beneficial ways. Evolutionary theorists have found that several conditionally cooperative strategies can defeat selfish strategies in evolutionary contests and evolve. The meaning of morality stems from its biological function: to uphold systems of cooperation.
A Sense of Justice
Authors: Krebs Dennis L.
Published: April 2022

This chapter reviews evidence that we possess a sense of fairness that is similar to that of other primates in some respects, but different in others. It argues that, like other animals, the primitive forms of fairness we display are mediated by emotions such as guilt, shame, righteous indignation, vindictiveness, gratitude, indebtedness, and forgiveness, but that our cognitive abilities endow us with a significantly more complex sense of justice than that displayed by any other animal. Some aspects of our sense of injustice are activated when we behave in unfair ways, and others are activated when others behave in unfair ways. Our sense of justice normally becomes increasingly sophisticated as we develop.
Psychological Sources of Altruism and Loyalty
Authors: Krebs Dennis L.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the question of whether we are capable of behaving in truly altruistic ways. It describes the “altruism game” in which the optimistic side argues that people can be motivated to help others out of the goodness of their hearts and the cynical side argues that if you dig down deep enough, you will find that people are out for themselves. It reviews research on four types of mental mechanisms that induce people to behave in seemingly altruistic ways—those that give rise to impulsive helping reactions; those that engender emotions such as love, gratitude, and solidarity; those that regulate social learning; and those that mediate advanced cognitive processes such as moral reasoning. It concludes that all of these evolved mechanisms are equipped to motivate people to help others as an end in itself.
The Corporation as Technology
Authors: Bruner Christopher M.
Published: April 2022

This chapter takes up the task of re-conceptualizing the corporation. Bruner argues that we should think about the corporate form not as a set of fixed, rigid legal characteristics, but rather as a dynamic legal technology that can be re-calibrated, in varying contexts and over time, in response to a dynamic contextual landscape. The aim is to foster capacity to think critically and creatively about the structure of the standard corporate form and the regulatory content of corporate law, which requires a clearer and fuller picture of what the corporate form can actually do. This chapter provides a general framework for thinking about the considerable flexibilities offered by the corporate technology, and the correlative range of policy options available to us.
Re-Calibrating Governance: Industry-by-Industry Approaches
Authors: Bruner Christopher M.
Published: April 2022

It is increasingly recognized that vexing governance-related problems will require creative governance-related solutions, and this chapter explores potential reforms in various industry contexts that could address persistent corporate pathologies and re-calibrate corporate governance toward more sustainable models. First, the chapter revisits the historical approach to constraining risk-taking in financial firms by adjusting upward the governance levers for board liability exposure and shareholder liability exposure, while adjusting downward the shareholder orientation lever—adjustments that secondarily impact other governance levers as well. The analysis then turns to forms of non-financial firms thought to raise similar systemic concerns, and other companies engaged in inherently hazardous industries where there is substantial risk of generating significant negative externalities—in each case including consideration of the degree to which regulatory rationales and design features explored in the context of financial firms might offer benefits in these additional industry settings as well.
Conclusions
Authors: Bruner Christopher M.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 9 briefly concludes this book. The chapter emphasizes the degree to which some of the most pressing environmental, social, and economic problems that we face today are exacerbated by an unnecessarily static view of the corporate form and corporate law, and assesses impediments that stand in the way of reform. Specifically, Bruner argues that reliance on flawed metaphors in corporate analysis has short-circuited nuanced and creative thought about the corporate form, corporate law, and potential governance structures, and that achieving a fuller and more accurate understanding will require casting such metaphors aside. Grappling with the corporation’s environmental, social, and economic impacts—both positive and negative—will require a nuanced understanding of the various ways in which the levers of corporate governance can be calibrated and re-calibrated to respond to a dynamic landscape.
Living Eulogy
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores family communication and consensus with the dying patient, as well as the concept of the “living eulogy” that is described in the case example. For the practitioner, listening to life stories can increase trust with the patient and therefore compliance to recommendations. Switching between difficult topics and lighter observations or shared stories can improve the patient’s and the family’s concentration.
Carpet Talk
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses how to communicate with a child, including how to discover what a child is really thinking about a family member’s illness, its causes, and its consequences. It explores how society feels we should protect children from death, and how discussing it with them is a societal taboo. It discusses how counselors or other professionals can have their own taboos to overcome and how they can demonstrate communication on these subjects.
Last Lullaby
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the concept of how a terminal illness can put a professional “on the clock,” and how to best use the time that is left with the patient. It discusses how, when it comes to communication, sooner is better, especially given how the inability to communicate can occur well before the actual death.
Haunted
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the very complicated topic of meaning and finding significance in death, including situations where counselors may hear the background story of an individual only after death, and through the point of view of a bereaved and traumatized storyteller. The counselor then needs to reflect the storyteller’s meaning back to themselves, in order for them to see it.
It’s My Party
Authors: Halamish Lynne Dale , Cassell Eric J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the concept of the “talking cure,” and how counselors can help verbalize dreams, desires, fears, and anxieties. It encourages readers to help their patients or clients escape intrusive or unwanted thoughts by writing them down in order to be able to stop thinking about their anxieties and go on with their lives.