bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Duale Systeme starten Infokampagne
Authors: Konrad Jörg
Published: June 2024

Ausgehend von den zehn hierzulande aktiven dualen Systemen läuft eine bundesweite Aufklärungskampagne an. Mit dem Beistand von Kommunen, Entsorgungsbetrieben und des Handels wollen die Verantwortlichen der Initiative „Mülltrennung wirkt“ die Verbraucher für eine bessere Mülltrennung sensibilisieren.
Teuerungsrate dürfte die Talsohle erreicht haben
Authors: Nusser Bernd
Published: June 2024

Eine „flächendeckende Preiserhöhung“ schließt die Consumer Panel Services GfK in ihrer aktuellen Monatsbetrachtung für den weiteren Jahresverlauf praktisch aus. Dennoch dürften die bezahlten Preise für FMCG-Produkte nach dem vergleichsweise niedrigen April-Wert wieder leicht ansteigen. Das liegt auch an einem Saisoneffekt.
Ehrgeizige Ziele im Blick
Authors: Heimig Dieter
Published: June 2024

In Hamburg und Schleswig-Holstein engagieren sich Unternehmen für mehr Klima- und Umweltschutz. Dabei richten sie den Blick auch auf den Einsatz von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln in der Landwirtschaft.
Popp errichtet neues Logistikzentrum
Authors: Heimig Dieter
Published: June 2024

In der Kategorie gekühlte Feinkostsalate ist Popp Feinkost seit Jahren gut unterwegs. Vor allem mit veganen Neuheiten will das Unternehmen das Geschäft weiter voranbringen.
Die Krux mit den Fusarien
Authors: Schaal René
Published: June 2024

Frankfurt a.M. Fusarien gehören zu den weltweit bedeutendsten Schadpilzen im Getreide. Sie verursachen Nekrosen an Blättern und Halmen sowie Kümmerkörner. Außerdem kann die Keimfähigkeit des Saatguts vermindert werden. Das Pilzgeflecht breitet sich im Halminneren aus, was zu Ertragseinbußen und Qualitätsverlusten führt.
Mekanik Sistemlerin Hareket Denklemleri
Authors: Berat Bilgin Mehmet , Niğdeli Sinan Melih , Bekdaş Gebrail
Published: June 2024

Bu bölümde kısaca tek ve iki serbestlik dereceli sistemlerin hareket denklemleri verilmiştir. Analiz ve tasarım aşamalarında bu sistemler ile idealleştirilmiş kontrol edilen yapıların içinde olduğu mekanik sistemler ve kontrol sistemleri incelenmektedir. Hareket denklemlerinin çıkarımı hem Newton hem de Lagrange yöntemi kullanılarak sunulmuştur
Aktif Ayarlı Kütle Sönümleyicilerin Optimizasyonu
Authors: Karabekir Aylin Ece , Bekdaş Gebrail , Niğdeli Sinan Melih
Published: June 2024

Bu bölümde aktif ayarlı kütle sönümleyicilerinin (ATMD) optimum tasarımını sunulmuştur. Oransal-integral-türev (PID) tipi kontrolcü kullanan bir ATMD sistemi yapısal titreşimleri azaltmak için yapının üstüne yerleştirilmiştir. Bu durum için gerekli hareket denklemi formülasyonu ve optimizasyonda kullanılan armoni arama yönteminin geliştirilmiş türü açıklanmıştır.
Para Teorisi Işığında Türkiye Ekonomisine İlişkin Değerlendirmeler
Authors: Şarkaya İçellioğlu Cansu
Published: June 2024

Para piyasaları ile reel piyasalar arasında güçlü bir ilişki vardır. Mal ve hizmet üretiminin yapılması, istihdamın sağlanması, refah içerisinde yaşanması için ekonomik faaliyetlerin para piyasaları tarafından desteklenmesi gereklidir. Çalışmanın amacı, para piyasalarındaki işleyişi teorik olarak anlatmak ve güncel makroekonomik göstergeleri bu teoriler ışığında değerlendirmektir. Bu kapsamda faizler, enflasyon, işsizlik, döviz kurları gibi temel konular irdelenmiştir. Bu değişkenler arasındaki sebep sonuç ilişkileri açıklanmıştır. Fiyat istikrarından ve finansal istikrardan sorumlu olan Merkez Bankasının uyguladığı para politikaları incelenmiştir. Parasal aktarım mekanizmasında yaşanılan aksaklıklara değinilmiştir. Covid-19 döneminde alınan parasal kararların ekonomi üzerindeki etkileri irdelenmiştir. 2021 yılında Türkiye ekonomisinde en dikkat çeken problemlerin yüksek enflasyon, döviz açığı ve dolarizasyon olduğu görülmüştür. İktisadi problemlerin çözülmesi için öncelikle güven ortamının sağlanması gereklidir. Ulusal paradaki değer kaybını durduracak, sermaye girişini özendirecek politikaların uygulanması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.
Bölüm 7: Dijitalleşme ve Sosyal Etkileri Çerçevesinde Evde Yaşlı Bakımında Sürdürülebilirlik
Authors: Eren Seyit Ali , Kurtkapan Hamza
Published: June 2024

Türkiye’de nüfusun hızla yaşlanması ve yaşlı bakımının geleceği sosyolojinin tartıştığı önemli konular arasında yer almaktadır. Yaşlıların önemli bir kısmı, yeti kayıplarına bağlı olarak çeşitli düzeylerde bakıma ihtiyaç duymaktadırlar. Bu ihtiyaçlar kurumsal bakım ve evde bakım hizmetleri kapsamında karşılanmaktadır. Evde yaşlı bakım hem kamunun hem de yaşlıların önemli bir kısmının tercih ettiği bir durumdur. Yaşlı bakımının evde sürdürülebilirliği için dijitalleşme önemli fırsatlar sunmaktadır. Pandemi sonrası artan dijitalleşme ile birlikte evde bakımda tele-tıp, tele-sağlık, telle-destek ve tele-bakım hizmetleri daha fazla kullanılmaktadır. Türkiye’de giderek büyüme eğiliminde olan bakım açığını kapatmada ileri teknolojik ürün ve uygulamalar önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Özellikle sosyal bakım alanında bazı zorlukları aşmada dijital teknolojiler kullanılmaktadır. Bu yazıda dijitalleşmenin teknolojik gelişmelerin sayıları giderek artan ve artmaya devam edecek yaşlı nüfusun sosyal bakım ihtiyaçlarını karşılamada olumlu etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Bu doğrultuda mevcut alan yazınına ve nüfus istatistiklerine bakılmıştır. Ulusal ve uluslararası kurumlar tarafından yayınlanan raporlar incelenmiştir. Dijitalleşmenin evde yaşlı bakıma katkısı İşlevselci paradigma çerçevesinde geliştirilen yaşlılık modernite kuramı çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Bakımda ve sağlıkta dijitalleşme yaşlılar ve hastalar için sunulan bakım ve sağlık hizmetlerinde zaman ve mekân kısıtlamalarını azaltmaktadır. İster kırda olsun isterse kentte, evinde yaş almak isteyen yaşlılar için eşit, ulaşılabilir ve hakkaniyetli bakım hizmetleri için dijitalleşme fırsat sunmaktadır. Dijitalleşme toplumda ilişkileri, hizmet verme biçimlerini değiştirmeye ve geliştirmeye devam etmektedir. Dijital teknolojilere entegre bir bakım hizmeti, maliyetleri azaltmakta ve süreçteki hataları asgariye indirmektedir. Dijitalleşmenin yaygınlaşması aktif, başarılı ve yerinde yaşlılık konularına olumlu yansımaları olmaktadır. Dijital teknolojiler evde yaşlı bakımının sürdürülebilirliği için hayati bir önem arz etmektedirler
46, XY Cinsiyet Gelişim Bozuklukları
Authors: Bingöl Aydın Dilek , Evliyaoğlu Olcay
Published: June 2024

46, XY cinsiyet gelişim bozuklukları (CGB), 46,XY karyotip varlığında intrauterin yetersiz maskulinizasyon sonucu dış cinsel yapının atipik görüntüden tamamen dişi cinsel yapıya kadar değişken gelişimi ile karakterize bozukluklardır. Olgularda çeşitli derecelerde Müller yapılar eşlik edebilir veya etmeyebilir. 46,XY CGB hastalarının büyük çoğunluğunda erkek gonadlar tanımlanmıştır fakat bazılarında gonad dokusu bulunmaz. Maskulinizasyonun hiç olmadığı olgular tamamen dişi dış cinsel yapı ile meme gelişiminin olmaması ve/veya birincil amenore nedeniyle başvurabilir. 46, XY CGB gonadal farklılaşmanın herhangi bir evresindeki bozukluklar, androjen yapım ve etkisindeki bozukluklar, antimülleriyan hormon bozuklukları sonucu ortaya çıkabilir. Olgular ayrıntılı öykü, tam fizik muayene, laboratuvar ve görüntüleme yöntemleri ile değerlendirilmeli ve olguların yönetimi multidisipliner ekip tarafından altta yatan nedene göre planlanmalıdır.
46, XX Cinsiyet Gelişim Bozuklukları
Authors: Bayramoğlu Elvan
Published: June 2024

Cinsiyet gelişim bozukluğu (CGB) terimi, kromozomal, gonadal veya anatomik cinsiyetin atipik gelişimi, anormal farklılaşması ile ilişkili bir grup durumu ifade eder. CGB’nin insidansı yaklaşık 1 4.500-5.500 olarak bildirilmektedir. 46,XX CGB’ler ise tüm CGB'lerin yaklaşık dörtte birini oluşturmaktadır. 46, XX CGB sıklıkla prenatal/postnatal dönemde aşırı androjen düzeylerine maruziyetten ya da gonadal (overyan) gelişim bozukluklarından kaynaklanır. Bu bölümde 46, XX CGB’nin en sık nedeni olan konjenital adrenal hiperplaziler ve diğer androjen fazlalığı nedenleri, ayrıca 46, XX karyotipte cinsiyet gelişimi, gonadın over olarak farklılaşmasında etkinliği tanımlanmış ana transkripsiyon genlerindeki bozukluğa bağlı gelişen gonad gelişim bozuklukları ve ve genital sistem gelişiminde görülen nadir bozukluklardan da bahsedilmiştir. 46, XX CGB’na klinik yaklaşım detaylandırılmıştır.
Cinsel Organ Gelişim Bozukluklarında Virilizan Genitoplasti
Authors: Emir Haluk
Published: June 2024

Cinsel organ gelişim bozukluklarında (CBG) virilizan genitoplasti çoğunlukla 46 XY CGB olmakla üzere, gonadal disgenezi, ovotestiküler CGB ve nadiren 46XX CGB tanısı almış hastalarda gerekebilmektedir. Bu hastalarda cerrahi karar multidisipliner konseylerde alınmalıdır. Uygulanacak cerrahi girişim(ler) her hastalık gurubunda ve hastada değişebilmekler birlikte genellikle, bifid skrotum ve penoskrotal transpozisyon düzeltilmesi ile birlikte hipospadyas düzeltilmesi, orisiopeksi, mülleryen kalıntıların çıkarılması çoğu hastada gerekmektedir. Ayrıca puberte sonrası jinekomasti ve pubik yağ fazlalığı nedeniyle cerrahi girişim gerekebilmektedir.
Cinsiyet Gelişim Bozukluklarında Erken Dönem Ruhsal Sorunlar
Authors: Bingöl Çağlayan Rahime Hülya , Cantürk Ayşe Elif
Published: June 2024

Cinsiyet gelişim bozukluklarının (CGB) yönetimi erken yaşlarda tamamlansa da çocukluk döneminde başlıca psikososyal ve sosyal-çevresel yönlerden sorunlar ortaya çıkabilir. Atanan cinsiyete uygun olmayan davranışlar ve oyunlar ailelerde kaygı uyandırabilir. Bir başka sorun ürogenital cerrahi ve muayenelerin çocukları ruhsal olarak etkileyebileceğidir, öncesinde çocuk ve aile ile multidisipliner olarak çalışılmalıdır
Otonom Sinir Sistemi
Authors: Özkuş Kaya
Published: June 2024

Otonom sinir sistemi, organların duvarında yer alan düz kas lifleri ve ekzokrin salgısı olan bezleri innerve ederek organ fonksiyonlarını isteğimiz dışında çalıştıran ve yöneten sistemdir
Modeling and Simulation of Solar Irradiance Conversion Using the Pyranometer App
Authors: Jose C. Agoylo Jr.  , Alex C. Bacalla  , Sylvia T. Agoylo
Published: June 2024

Solar irradiance is the amount of light energy that the sun emits and reaches the earth. The Pyranometer app is used to gather sample data. This predictive model calculated the electricity a solar module generates based on solar irradiance. It can calculate the voltage, current, and power a solar module can produce from solar irradiance. The study used a developmental-evaluative design using simulation modeling created using Matlab® and Simulink®. The evaluation of the model's accuracy was confirmed on a parallel run with an existing renewable solar energy facility to assess functionality, performance, robustness, workmanship, and the overall recommendation of the model. Findings revealed promising results that the designed model could, with reliable accuracy, simulate a solar module's performance from a given amount of irradiance.
Diferenças de prognóstico entre hipertensos em uso de IECA e BRA e de outras classes anti-hipertensivas com covid-19 em UTI
Authors: Cunha Barreto Bárbara , De Macedo Elias Gabriel , De Oliveira Silva Gabriela , Juliana Bispo Dias  , Dilson Palhares Ferreira  , De Luca Corrêa Hugo
Published: June 2024

Introdução: hipertensos com covid-19 apresentam pior prognóstico. A suprarregulação da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina 2 por uso de IECA/BRA pode justificar isso: o vírus a utiliza para penetrar na célula. Objetivo: comparar o prognóstico em hipertensos com covid-19 usuários de IECA/BRA com de outros anti-hipertensivos. Metodologia: estudo observacional de coorte histórica. Analisaram-se prontuários de adultos hipertensos com covid-19 admitidos em UTI de hospital referência no Distrito Federal de março-novembro de 2020. Excluíram-se aqueles com óbito iminente, malignidade, DPOC, ICC, imunossupressão, gravidez e pacientes transferidos. Dividiram-se os indivíduos usuários de IECA/BRA de outros anti-hipertensivos. Foram definidores de mau prognóstico: óbito, insuficiência cardíaca ou renal, sepse, CIVD, tempo prolongado em VM e de internação em UTI. Avaliaram-se os dados com SPSS para correlações estatísticas, significativas se p < 0,05 e intervalo de confiança que não passe por 1. Resultados: dos 60 incluídos, idade média foi de 60,85 anos, 63% eram homens, com tempo médio em UTI de 19,98 dias. 13,3% usam IECA, 20% BRA, 26,6% combinado de BRA e IECA; 13% usaram outras classes e 35% não tratam HAS ou desconhece o esquema. Não houve correlação entre uso de BRA/IECA e pior prognóstico. Conclusão: os resultados reforçam as recomendações da SBC: IECA/BRA são nefro e cardioprotetores edevem ser mantidas durante a infecção. Há poucos estudos nesta temática em UTI no Brasil, sendo este relevante.
O conhecimento das puérperas sobre o Teste do Reflexo Vermelho em um hospital secundário do Distrito Federal
Authors: Araújo Sá Teles Fernanda , Feitosa Bezerra de Gusmão Juliane
Published: June 2024

Introdução: sabe-se que cerca de 80% das causas de cegueira na infância poderiam ser prevenidas ou tratadas. O Teste do Reflexo Vermelho (TRV) conhecido popularmente como teste do olhinho integra as estratégias em saúde ocular de prevenção à cegueira. Trata-se de um exame simples, rápido, indolor, barato e de extrema importância para o rastreio de doenças oftalmológicas que causam obstrução do eixo visual. Objetivos: avaliar o conhecimento das puérperas sobre o teste e divulgar a importância da sua realização nas maternidades, bem como nas consultas de rotina da criança. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal e de abordagem quantitativa. Os resultados foram obtidos através de um questionário semiestruturado, este se dividiu em caracterização sociodemográfica e conhecimentos gerais sobre o teste do olhinho, e teste do pezinho apenas como forma comparativa. Os resultados apontam uma lacuna importante de conhecimento das puérperas sobre o TRV e a necessidade da implementação de estratégias informativas e de sensibilização, tanto no ambiente hospitalar como na comunidade em geral.
Instrument for assessing the performance of nursing professionals in primary health care of Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ruiz Jinez Anderson Steeven , López Pérez Grace Pamela
Published: June 2024

Introduction: According to the WHO, diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body does not effectively use the insulin it produces. Objective: Design an instrument that allows for the assessment of nursing performance in Diabetes Mellitus in primary care. Method: Research with a quantitative approach, experimental, descriptive, and transversal design. Development of an instrument to determine its reliability and content validity. The sample used for the evaluation of internal reliability was made up of 10 patients diagnosed with diabetes mellitus who are treated in the health centers of zone 3 belonging to the Pelileo Canton, Province of Tungurahua, who agreed to collaborate with the research, to check the understanding of the questions and the operation of the instrument. Internal consistency was determined by calculating Cronbach's Alpha coefficient. Results: Expert professionals in diabetes mellitus assessed the pertinence, relevance, and clarity of the 20 items divided into four dimensions, qualifying them as applicable. The internal consistency of Cronbach's Alpha was 0.97, which demonstrates that the formulation of the items is reasonable, satisfactorily defined, and suitable in the presence of the questionnaire. Conclusions. The results obtained to evaluate the instrument and the application of the pilot test were adequate. This valid and reliable instrument justifies its use in the research field. The instrument is easy and quick to apply, allowing us to know the perception of patients with Diabetes Mellitus about the care received by the nursing staff in the PHC.
PROBLEMS OF IMPROVING THE MAINTENANCE RESPONSIBILITIES OF PARENTS OF ADULT CHILDREN
Authors: Меирбекова Г.Б. , Альшуразова А.А.
Published: June 2024

Мақалада кәмелетке толғандардың ата-аналарды асырауғақаражатты келісім арқылы несот арқылы мәжбүрлеп ӛндіріп алуға тура келетін жағдайлар туралы айтылады. 2023 жылы зейнеткерата-аналарына алимент тӛлеу қажет болған жағдайда, заңнама мен сот практикасы соңғы жылдары айтарлықтай қатаңдатылды. Алименттӛлеуден жалтарғаны үшін әкімшілікжауапкершілік туралы жеке бап пайда болды.Қазақстан РеспубликасыныңҚылмыстық кодексінің тиісті бабы ӛзгертілді, сонымен қатар 2021 жылдың сәуірінде ҚазақстанРеспубликасыныңЖоғарғы Соты Пленумының осы мәселе бойынша Қаулысы жарық кӛрді. Мемлекеттің жалпы саясаты келесідей–кәмелетке толған балалардың ата аналарынасырау жӛніндегі міндеттерді бірінші кезекте мемлекет емес, олардың балалары орындауы керек.

The article describes cases when minors have to forcibly recover funds for the maintenance of their parents by agreement or through the court. If it is necessary to pay alimony to retired parents in 2023, legislation and judicial practice have significantly tightened in recent years. There was a separate article on administrative responsibility for evasion of alimony payments. The relevant article of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan was amended, and in April 2021 the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan on this issue was published.The general policy of the state is as follows -the responsibilities for the maintenance of parents of adult children should first of all be performed by their children, and notby the state

В статье рассказывается о случаях, когда несовершеннолетним приходится прину-дительно взыскивать средства на содержание родителей по соглашению либо через суд.В случае необходимости выплаты алиментов родителям-пенсионерам в 2023 году законо-дательство и судебная практика в последние годы значительно ужесточились.Появилась отдельная статья об административной ответственности за уклонение от уплаты алиментов.Была изменена соответствующая статья Уголовного кодекса Республики Казахстан, а также в апреле 2021 года опубликовано Постановление Пленума Верховного Суда Республики Казахстан по данному вопросу.Общая политика государства такова-обязанности по содержанию родителей совершеннолетних детей должны в первую очередь выполнять их дети, а не государство.
МЕСТО СУДЕБНО-КОНТРОЛЬНОЙ ФУНКЦИИ В СФЕРЕ ЗАЩИТЫ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА
Authors: Кенжибекова Э.П.
Published: June 2024

Жалпы автор ӛз мақаласында сотқа дейінгі іс жүргізудегі сот бақылауының маңызды мақсаты адам мен азаматтың құқықтары мен бостандықтарын қорғау мәселелері жӛнінде зерттелген. Аталған мәселе сотқа дейінгі іс жүргізудезаң шығарушы белгілеген сот бақылауының пәнін талдау кезінде айқын кӛрінеді. Сонымен қатар, сот бақылауын жүзеге асыратын тергеу судьясының пайда болуының да себебі, осы қылмыстық процес аясына түсетін азаматтардың құқықтарының, бостандықтары мен заңды мүдделерінің сақталуын қорғау мен бақылау болып табылатынтығы да тілге тиек етіледі.

В целом в своей статье автор исследовал важное назначение судебного контроля в досудебном производстве по вопросам защиты прав и свобод человека и гражданина. Этот вопрос становится понятным при анализе предмета судебного контроля, установленного законодателем в досудебном производстве. Кроме того, указывается, что причинойучастия вуголовном процессеследственного судьи, осуществляющего судебный контроль, является защита и контроль за сохранением прав, свобод и законных интересов граждан, участвующих в данном уголовном процессе.

In general, in his article, the author explored the important purpose of judicial control in pre-trial proceedings on the protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen. This issue becomes clear when analyzing the subject of judicial control established by the legislator in pre-trial proceedings. In addition, it is indicated that the reason for the appearance of the investigating judge exercising judicial control is the protection and control over the preservation of the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens participating in this criminal process.
PERFIL CLÍNICO-EPIDEMIOLÓGICO DOS CASOS SUSPEITOS DE SÍNDROME CONGÊNITA DO VÍRUS ZIKA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ DE 2015 A 2023
Authors: Briancini Amanda Ebert , Oliveira Guilherme Schibichewski de , Lodi Luize Marques , Muller Susan Fischer , Sponholz Yohanna , Lima Urielly Tayná da Silva
Published: June 2024

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos casos suspeitos de Síndrome Congênita do vírus Zika relativos ao estado do Paraná e  notificados ao Registro de Eventos em Saúde Pública (RESP), comparando-os com dados encontrados em outras unidades federativas e na literatura. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado de forma retrospectiva, por meio da análise de dados disponíveis publicamente na plataforma DATASUS (Tabnet) para os casos suspeitos de SCZ no Paraná, de 2015 a 2023. Resultados: Dos 140 casos notificados no Paraná nesse período, 72,8% das notificações foram do tipo “RN com microcefalia”, sendo 2016 o ano com mais casos registrados (47 casos e 38 alegando microcefalia). A grande maioria das gestantes (93,5%) e dos RN (97,1%) não realizaram exames laboratoriais para Zika. Além disso, em 46,4% dos casos a anomalia congênita foi detectada após o nascimento, e quando identificada no período intrauterino, metade dos casos (52,8%) foram detectados no terceiro trimestre gestacional. 53,5% dos casos eram RN masculinos, em sua maioria filhos de mães brancas (65%) e de idade entre 25 e 34 anos (42,1%). A taxa de mortalidade foi de 12,14%, sendo 1,4% relativos a natimortos ou abortos espontâneos. Deficiências neurológicas, auditivas e visuais foram encontradas em 4,2%.  Conclusão: Os resultados revelam a magnitude da SCZ, apontando para a necessidade de um cuidado longitudinal para as crianças afetadas e a implementação de medidas preventivas em áreas de alto risco de transmissão do vírus Zika.
Investigating processes influencing simulation of local Arctic wintertime anthropogenic pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska during ALPACA-2022
Authors: Brett Natalie , Law Kathy S. , Arnold Steve R. , Fochesatto Javier G. , Raut Jean-Christophe , Onishi Tatsuo , Gilliam Robert , Fahey Kathleen , Huff Deanna , Pouliot George , Barret Brice , Dieudonne Elsa , Pohorsky Roman , Schmale Julia , Baccarini Andrea , Bekki Slimane , Pappaccogli Gianluca , Scoto Federico , Decesari Stefano , Donateo Antonio , Cesler-Maloney Meeta , Simpson William , Medina Patrice , D'Anna Barbara , Temime-Roussel Brice , Savarino Joel , Albertin Sarah , Mao Jingqiu , Alexander Becky , Moon Allison , DeCarlo Peter F. , Selimovic Vanessa , Yokelson Robert , Robinson Ellis S.
Published: June 2024

Abstract. Lagrangian tracer simulations are deployed to investigate processes influencing vertical and horizontal dispersion of anthropogenic pollution in Fairbanks, Alaska, during the ALPACA-2022 field campaign. Simulations of carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), including surface and elevated emissions, are highest at the surface under very cold stable conditions. Regional enhancements, simulated up to 200 m, are due to elevated power plant emissions above 50 m, with south-westerly pollutant outflow. Fairbanks regional pollution may be contributing to wintertime Arctic haze. Inclusion of a novel power plant plume rise treatment that considers the presence of surface and elevated temperature inversion layers leads to improved agreement with observed CO and NOx plumes with discrepancies attributed to, for example, displacement of plumes by modelled winds. At the surface, model results show that observed CO variability is largely driven by meteorology and to a lesser extent by emissions, although simulated tracers are sensitive to modelled vertical dispersion. Modelled underestimation of surface NOx during very cold polluted conditions is considerably improved following the inclusion of substantial increases in diesel vehicle NOx emissions at cold temperatures (e.g. a factor of 6 at -30 °C). In contrast, overestimation of surface SO2 is attributed to issues related to the vertical dispersion of elevated space heating emissions during strongly and weakly stable conditions. This study highlights the need for improvements to local wintertime Arctic anthropogenic surface and elevated emissions and improved simulation of Arctic stable boundary layers.
Altimetric Ku-band Radar Observations of Snow on Sea Ice Simulated with SMRT
Authors: Meloche Julien , Sandells Melody , Löwe Henning , Rutter Nick , Essery Richard , Picard Ghislain , Scharien Randall K. , Langlois Alexandre , Jaggi Matthias , King Josh , Toose Peter , Bouffard Jérôme , Di Bella Alessandro , Scagliola Michele
Published: June 2024

Abstract. Sea ice thickness is essential for climate studies and numerical weather prediction. Radar altimetry has provided sea ice thickness measurement since the launch of ERS-1 and currently through CryoSat-2, Sentinel-3 and Altika but uncertainty in the scattering horizon used to retrieve sea ice thickness arises from interactions between the emitted signal and snow cover on the ice surface. Therefore, modelling the scattering of the electromagnetic waves with the snowpack and ice is necessary to retrieve the sea ice thickness accurately. The Snow Microwave Radiative Transfer (SMRT) model was used to simulate the low resolution altimeter waveform echo from the snow-covered sea ice, using in-situ measurements as input. Measurement from four field campaigns were used: Cambridge Bay, Eureka Sound and near Alert, Nunavut, Canada in April 2022 in the cold and later winter condition when snow and ice thickness are neat their seasonal maxima prior to melt. In-situ measurements included snow temperature, salinity, density, specific surface area, microstructure from X-ray tomography and surface roughness measurements using structure from motion photogrammetry. Evaluation of SMRT in altimeter mode was performed against CryoSat-2 waveform data in pseudo-low-resolution mode. Simulated and observed waveforms showed good agreement, although it was necessary to adjust sea ice roughness. The retrieved roughness (root-mean-square height) in Cambridge Bay was 2.1 mm and 1.6 mm in Eureka, which was close to the observed value of 1.4 mm for flat sea ice. In addition, simulations of backscatter in preparation for the European Space Agency's CRISTAL mission demonstrated the dominance of scattering from the snow surface at Ku and Ka-band. However, these findings depend on the parameterisation of the roughness. The scattering from the snow surface dominates when roughness is high, but the interface return dominates if the roughness is low ( < 2.5 mm). This is the first study to consider scattering within the snow and demonstrate the origin of CryoSat-2 signals. This work paved the way to a new physical retracker using SMRT to retrieve snow depth and sea ice thickness for radar altimeter missions.
AI-NAOS: An AI-Based Nonspherical Aerosol Optical Scheme for Chemical Weather Model GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE
Authors: Wang Xuan , Bi Lei , Wang Hong , Wang Yaqiang , Han Wei , Shen Xueshun , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: June 2024

Abstract. The AI-based Nonspherical Aerosol Optical Scheme (AI-NAOS) is a newly developed aerosol optical module that improves the representation of aerosol optical properties for radiative transfer simulations in atmospheric models. It incorporates the nonsphericity and inhomogeneity (NSIH) of internally mixed aerosol particles through a deep learning method. Specifically, the AI-NAOS considers black carbon (BC) as fractal aggregates and models soil dust (SD) as super-spheroids, encapsulated partially or completely with hygroscopic aerosols such as sulfate, nitrate, and aerosol water. To obtain AI-NAOS, a database of the optical properties for the models was constructed using the invariant imbedding T-matrix method (IITM), and deep neural networks (DNN) were trained based on this database. In this study, the AI-NAOS was integrated into the mesoscale version 5.1 of Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System with Chinese Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment (GRAPES_Meso5.1/CUACE). Real-case simulations were conducted during a winter with high pollution, comparing BC aerosols evaluated using three schemes with spherical aerosol models (external-mixing, core-shell, and volume-mixing) and the AI-NAOS scheme. The results showed that NSIH effect led to a moderate estimation of absorbing aerosol optical depth (AAOD) and obvious changes in aerosol radiative effects, short-wave heating rates, temperature profiles, and boundary layer height. The AAOD values based on three spherical schemes were 70.4 %, 125.3 %, and 129.3 % over Sichuan Basin, benchmarked to the AI-NAOS results. Compared to the external-mixing scheme, the direct radiative effect (DRE) induced by the NSIH effect reached +1.6 W/m2 at the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) and -2.9 W/m2 at surface. The NSIH effect could enhance the short-wave heating rate, reaching 20 %. Thus, the warming effect at 700 hPa and the cooling effect on the ground were strengthened by 21 % and 13 %, reaching +0.04 and –0.10 K, which led to a reduction in the height of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL) by –11 meters. In addition, the precipitation was inhibited by the NSIH effect, causing a 15 % further decrease. Therefore, the NSIH effects demonstrated their non-negligible impacts and highlighted the importance of incorporating them into chemical weather models.
Evaluating future hydrological changes in China under climate change
Authors: Gao Danyang , Chen Albert S. , Marthews Toby Richard , Memon Fayyaz Ali
Published: June 2024

Abstract. Projecting and understanding future hydrological changes in China are critical for effective water resource management and adaptation planning in response to climate variability. However, few studies have investigated runoff variability and flood and drought risks under climate change scenarios for the entire region of China at high resolution. In this study, we use the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES), specifically tailored for simulating hydrological processes in China at a 0.25-degree resolution. Downscaled and bias-corrected forcing data from Global Climate Models (GCMs), using the bias-correction and spatial disaggregation (BCSD) method, were used to drive the JULES model to project future hydrological processes under medium (SSP245) and high (SSP585) emission scenarios. The results indicate that annual runoff in China is projected to increase significantly under the high emission scenario, notably in the eastern and southern basins. Wetter summers and drier winters are expected in the south, while the opposite trend is expected in the north. Wetter conditions in the near future and drier summers in the far future are expected in northern China. Shifts from drier to wetter conditions are projected in the southeast and southwest areas, while the middle Yangtze River basin may experience the opposite trend. The flood risk is expected to increase in spring, summer, and autumn, along with heightened drought risk in winter, summer, and autumn. Southern China would face greater flood risk, while the central Yangtze River basin would face intensified drought risk, especially in the far future. These findings underscore the influence of different emission scenarios on flood and drought risks, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to enhance climate adaptation in the future.
Dosing and treatment duration of suppressive antimicrobial therapy in orthopedic implant infections: a cohort study
Authors: Hanssen Jaap L. J. , van der Wal Robert J. P. , van der Linden Henrica M. J. , van Prehn Joffrey , Scheper Henk , de Boer Mark G. J.
Published: June 2024

Abstract. Introduction: Limited data inform about the optimal dosing and duration of suppressive antimicrobial therapy (SAT) for orthopedic implant infection (OII). We aimed to compare the effectiveness of low-dosage with standard-dosage SAT and evaluate the safety of stopping SAT. Methods: All patients with OII treated with SAT from 2011 to 2022 were retrospectively included. Data were extracted from electronic patient files. Low-dosage SAT was defined as antimicrobial therapy dosed lower than the standard dosage recommended for OII. The association of dosing strategy and other factors with failure-free survival were assessed by Kaplan–Meier and Cox proportional hazard models. Results: One-hundred-and-eight patients were included. The median follow-up time after SAT initiation was 21 months (interquartile range (IQR) 10–42 months). SAT was successful in 74 patients (69 %). Low-dosage SAT (n=82) was not associated with failure in univariate (hazard ratio (HR) 1.23, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 0.53–2.83) and multivariate analyses (HR 1.24, 95 % CI 0.54–2.90). In 25 patients (23 %), SAT was stopped after a median treatment duration of 26 months. In this group, one patient (4 %) developed a relapse. Conclusions: In this study, low-dosage SAT was as effective as standard dosage SAT. Moreover, stopping SAT after 2 to 3 years may be justified in patients with a good clinical course. These findings warrant further research on optimal dosing and duration of SAT and on the durability of in vivo biofilms.
Evaluation of the Fracture Strength of Polyester Composite with Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforcement
Authors: Nusyirwan Nusyirwan
Published: June 2024

The development of natural fibre composites is needed to replace synthetic composites which are difficult to decompose. However, natural fibre composites have many weaknesses that need to be studied, including being brittle and easily cracked. One of the things carried out in this research is a material derived from unsaturated polyester which is reinforced with natural fibers from pineapple leaves which are used to reduce the percentage of synthetic materials from polyester which can form composites that are easily decomposed. With this research, engineering in the engineering field such as in the field of raw materials for fishing boat bodies, tourist boat bodies, and fishing boats is very helpful. This unsaturated polyester mixture with 20% pineapple leaf fibre has the highest critical stress intensity factor of K_1c= 1.733 MPa.m0.5, an increase from K_1c= 0.779 MPa.m0.5 in pure unsaturated polyester. With the highest performance, this material can withstand good fracture strength, making it good and useful for engineering applications. This research increased the toughness and crack resistance of the UP material treated with the addition of the SN mixture by 222.47%.
ABOUT ONE METHOD OF DAMPENING EXCESSIVE VIBRATIONS
Authors:   Karaganda Technical University named after Abylkas Saginov, Karaganda city, Kazakhstan, Nuguzhinov Zh.S. , Tokanov D.T. ,   Karaganda Technical University named after Abylkas Saginov, Karaganda city, Kazakhstan, Rakhimov А.М. ,   Karaganda Technical University named after Abylkas Saginov, Karaganda city, Kazakhstan, Nurzhigit А.А. ,   Karaganda Technical University named after Abylkas Saginov, Karaganda city, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2024

В данной работе выполнено научно-техническое исследование работы несущих конструкций эксплуатируемой стелы комплекса «Қазақ Елі» в г.Астана. Установлены причины чрезмерных колебаний тела сооружения в вертикальных плоскостях его основных горизонтальных перемещениях. Было выполнено комплексное натурное обследование с целью выявления существенных дефектов и повреждений при возведении и монтаже сооружения, могущих повлиять на динамическую сопротивляемость несущих конструкций ствола стелы. Институтом КазМИРР (Научно-исследовательский, экспертный и проектно-изыскательский Казахстанский многопрофильный институт реконструкции и развития) совместно с ЦНИИПСК (Центральный ордена Трудового Красного Знамени Научно-исследовательский и проектный институт строительных металлоконструкций им. Мельникова при участии института ЦАГИ (Центральный аэрогидродинамический институт имени профессора Н. Е. Жуковского) на основе экспериментальных измерений амплитудно-частотных характеристик (в том числе основного тона собственных колебаний) разработана система динамических гасителей колебаний (ДГК) первого (основного) и второго (первого обертона) тонов собственных частот, с проведением комплекса специальных технических работ по проектированию, установке и наладке ДГК. По результатам динамического эксперимента (на основе мониторинга за состоянием несущих конструкций стелы в период с 2013 по 2020 г.г.) установлено, что в металлических конструкциях монумента, в результате динамических знакопеременных циклических воздействий, накопления усталостных повреждений, со снижением напряженно-деформированного состояния несущих конструкций, не произошло. Дополнительно разработаны рекомендации в виде технических решений по устранению дефектов и повреждений, выявленных в процессе натурного обследования монумента, которые обеспечили надежную и безопасную работу конструкций сооружения в условиях длительной эксплуатации с учетом реальных грунтовых условий и параметров всесезонного ветрового воздействия (пульсации ветра).
DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION OF AN INTERACTIVE EDUCATIONAL MOBILE APPLICATION BASED ON FLUTTER AND DART FOR TEACHING PROGRAMMING
Authors:   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Tulegenova E.N. , Adranova A.B. ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazbek А.Р. ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Aliaskar A.S. ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Derbessal A.G ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: June 2024

Ғылыми мақалада бағдарламалау тұжырымдамаларын оқытуды жеңілдетуге арналған интерактивті білім беру мобильді қосымшасын құру және орналастыру қарастырылады. Flutter және Dart жақтауларын пайдалана отырып, қолданба пайдаланушылар үшін динамикалық және қызықты оқу тәжірибесін қамтамасыз етуге арналған. Авторлар осы технологияларды таңдауды олардың кросс-платформалық Мобильді қосымшаларды әзірлеудегі әмбебаптығы мен тиімділігіне баса назар аудара отырып негіздейді. Қолданба пайдаланушылардың белсенділігін арттыру және түсінуді тереңдету үшін стратегиялық түрде енгізілген кодтау тапсырмаларын, викториналарды және оқулықтарды қоса алғанда, әртүрлі интерактивті құрамдастарды қамтиды. Практикалық сабақтар мен жедел кері байланыс механизмдері арқылы оқушыларға оқу процесіне белсенді қатысуға шақырылады, бұл тиімдірек оқу ортасын құруға ықпал етеді. Мақалада қосымшаны жобалау және әзірлеу процесі егжей-тегжейлі сипатталған, пайдаланушы интерфейсін жобалау, мүмкіндіктерді іске асыру және әртүрлі мобильді құрылғыларда жұмыс істеу үшін оңтайландыру сияқты негізгі ойлар қарастырылған. Авторлар әзірлеу процесінде туындаған мәселелерді талқылайды және мобильді қосымшаларды әзірлеу тәжірибесін жан-жақты түсінуді көрсете отырып, олардың шешімдерін ұсынады. Сонымен қатар, мақалада қолданушыларды зерттеу және оқу нәтижелерін талдау арқылы бағдарламалауды оқытудағы қосымшаның тиімділігі бағаланады. Пайдаланушылардың пікірлерін жинау және олардың кодтау тапсырмаларындағы жұмысын бағалау арқылы авторлар қолданбаның оқушылардың білім алуына және бекітуіне әсерін бағалайды. Тұтастай алғанда, зерттеу интерактивті және қызықты оқу тәжірибесін құруда Flutter және Dart сияқты заманауи мобильді даму шеңберлерінің әлеуетін көрсете отырып, бағдарламалауды оқыту саласына үлес қосады. Қолданба негізгі бағдарламалау дағдыларын меңгеру үшін ыңғайлы платформаны ұсына отырып, оқытушылар мен студенттер үшін құнды құрал ретінде қызмет етеді. Инновациялық тәсіл мен эмпирикалық бағалаудың арқасында мақала білім беру технологиялары мен мобильді оқыту қосымшаларының болашақ дамуы үшін құнды идеяларды ұсынады.
FREE LONGITUDINAL OSCILLATIONS OF THERMOVISCOELASTIC PLATES
Authors:   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Urgenishbekov A.T. , Tursymatova O.I. ,   Korkyt Ata Kyzylorda University, Republic of Kazakhstan, Tursynbay B.A. ,   L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Astana city, Kazakhstan
Published: June 2024

Серпімді пластиналардың температураға байланысты тербеліс теориясы серпімділік модулі және жылулық ұлғаю коэффициенті сияқты пластина материалының серпімді қасиеттерінің температураға байланысты өзгерістерін қарастыруды қамтуы мүмкін. Бұл табиғи тербеліс жиіліктерінің өзгеруіне және тербелмелі пластинаның пішініне өзгеруіне әкеледі. Мұндай модельдер айнымалы температура жағдайындағы серпімді жүйелердің әрекетін түсіну үшін маңызды болады, мысалы, құрылыс конструкцияларының жылулық тұрақтылығын талдау кезінде немесе айнымалы температура жағдайында жұмыс істейтін құрылғыларда. Тұтқырсерпімді пластиналардың температураға байланысты тербеліс теориясын модельдеу теңдеулерінде материалдың тұтқырлығы қолданылады, бұл пластинаның жүктеме түскен кездегі және температураның өзгеруі кезіндегі деформациялану қабілетін ескереді. Тұтқырсерпімді пластиналардың температураға байланысты тербелісін зерттеген кезде жылу өткізгіштікті және температураға байланысты материалдың тұтқырлығының өзгеруі қарастырылады. Мұндай модельдерді, мысалы, аэроғарыш өнеркәсібі немесе машина жасау сияқты экстремалды жағдайларда жұмыс жасайтын компоненттерді жобалау кезінде пайда болатын айнымалы температура жағдайында материалдардың динамикалық әрекетін талдау үшін қолдануға болады. Температураны ескере отырып, тұтқыр серпімді пластиналардың тербеліс теориясы материалдың серпімді ғана емес, тұтқыр қасиеттерін де модельдеуді қамтиды. Мұндай пластиналарды модельдеу әдетте тұтқыр сұйықтыққа арналған Навье-Стокс теңдеулері немесе қатты денеге арналған деформацияланатын дене динамикасының теңдеулері сияқты қозғалыс теңдеулеріне негізделген.
La sutil interpretación hegeliana sobre la positividad del derecho
Authors: Giusti Miguel Ángel
Published: June 2024

El presente artículo se propone mostrar la versatilidad de la concepción hegeliana sobre la “positividad” del derecho y, a través de ella, su pretensión de lograr una mediación filosófica entre las concepciones éticas y políticas enfrentadas en la modernidad. Es muy revelador que Hegel haya empleado dicha expresión en un doble sentido: no sólo para cuestionar la pura normatividad de las teorías modernas de la libertad racional, sino igualmente para criticar las formas anquilosadas de realización institucional de las formas de vida ética en la historia. Analizaremos esta doble vertiente de la concepción de la positividad en Hegel, en primer lugar, tomando como referencia su polémica con la Escuela histórica del derecho y, en segundo lugar, evocando su cuestionamiento de las teorías modernas del derecho natural. Creemos que hay allí una lección perdurable acerca de la necesidad de buscar formas de mediación entre normatividad y realismo en la filosofía política.
Hasdai Crescas & Leone Ebreo on Love and Joy
Authors: Harvey Warren Zeev
Published: June 2024

Rabbi Hasdai Crescas’ discussion of God’s joy (simḥah) in his Light of the Lord, Book I, Part 3, Chapter 5, had a marked influence on the discussion of God’s joy (la delettazione) by Rabbi Judah Abrabanel, alias Leone Ebreo, in his Dialogues of Love, Dialogue III.  Leone, following Crescas, holds that God’s joy is active not passive; that it is mentioned in Psalms 104:31; and that it is also mentioned in BT Kebubot 8a.  Moreover, Leone, like Crescas, cites Genesis 6:6, which attests to God’s sadness.  Leone’s theories concerning God’s joy and love reflect his reading of Crescas.
Laboratory studies on performance of positive feed metering devices for band placement of fertilizers
Authors: SK Nathan  , B Singh  , TC Thakur
Published: June 2024

The effect of shape, number of grooves and speed of fluted roller metering device was studied on metering characteristics of urea for intermittent and continuous band placements. For intermittent band placement, 6 groove rollers of U-shape, J-shape and eccentric-circular shape were used whereas 12 groove rollers of U-shape and eccentric circular shape were selected for continuous band placement. The principle of two stage metering of fertilizer was employed using a star type agitator running ~t a constant speed of 0.26 m/s and a fixed circular opening of 13.5 mm diameter in the hopper at the first stage and varying speeds of 28,42, 52, 68 and 85 rpm for positive feed fluted rollers at the second stage. The results showed higher percentage deposition of urea in 100 mm bands with J-shape fluted roller followed by eccentric circular and U-shape fluted rollers. In case of continuous band placement, the coefficient of variation ranged from 20.11 to 11.17% with eccentric circular shape and 15.79 to 9.45% with U-shape fluted roller with increase in speed from 28 to 85 rpm.
Effect of moisture content on physical properties of maize
Authors: RC Verma  , S Prasad
Published: June 2024

Physical dimensions, sphericity, true/bulk density, porosity, static coefficient of friction and angle of repose of two maize varieties, Kisan and Hi-starch were determined in the moisture range of 12 to 43% (db). In general the values of all the physical properties except true/bulk density, increased when moisture was increased from 8-12% to 43% (db).
Development of a wetting front indicator for the measurement of sub-surface wetted front advance
Authors: SK Singh  , PK Singh  , KK Singh  , KN Shukla  , HS Chauhan
Published: June 2024

A wetting front indicator for in-situ measurement of wetted. front advance due to a subsurface point source has been developed and tested in the. field for five soil series namely; sandy loam, loam, clay loam, silt and silty clay loam at the university from of the G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar. The wetting front indicator measures the wetted front radius at desired time intervals without disturbing the physical condition of the soil. During the measurements of the wetted front radius, the emitter is placed below the soil surface, and the radius of wetted front and the corresponding flow rates are measured till the former becomes steady. The steady wetted radius was found to be larger for the sandy loam soil than those for loam, clay loam, silt and silty clay loam soils. The empirical relationship between steady wetted radius and the corresponding discharge for different soils were also derived. The wetting front indicator provides simple and reliable measurements of wetted front advance for in-situ determination of hydraulic conductivity of the soil. This has practical importance also for deciding the emitter and lateral spacing while designing the drip irrigation system.
Volume shrinkage and breakage of pea hulls during fluid bed drying of peas
Authors: RR Burande  , BK Kumbhar  , Maharaj Narain  , DK Gupta
Published: June 2024

The effect of variables, viz. temperature, pre-treatment, load density and tempering time on volume shrinkage of peas and breakage of pea hulls was studied in fluid bed drying. The results indicated that the volume shrinkage ranged from 57.3 to 69.6 per cent and varied with drying conditions. An empirical equation has been developed to represent volume shrinkage as a function of moisture content. The process conditions affected pea hull breakage and ranged from 16.0 to 50.1 per cent. The higher temperature and chemical pretreatment increased the breakage while double pricking and higher load density reduced it. The high initial moisture content also increased the breakage percentage.
Assessment of agricultural pumping systems in Chhattisgarh state
Authors: K. S. Reddy  , K. D. Gharde  , A. C. Varshney  , D.M. Bhandarkar
Published: June 2024

Chhattisgarh state has good potential of extracting ground water for irrigation. The districts of Raipur, Bilaspur, Mahasamund, Raigarh, Rajanandgaon and Jagadalpur were selected to study the performance and problems associated with pumping system adopted by the framers. The pump sets were selected randomly in different villages. It was found that, power range of both electric and diesel engine driven pump sets varied from 3 to 7.5 hp. Farmers were also found using low lift manually operated hang pumps to lift groundwater from shallow depth. The survey revealed that, the well water utilization was maximum (67 per cent) in the category of larger farmers and minimum (27 per cent) for marginal farmers. It indicates knowledge gap among the farmers about the utility of pump sets in accordance with the crop water requirement and area to be irrigated. It was also observed that the pump sets used by the small and the marginal fanners were of low operational efficiency ranging from 6 to 37 per cent as compared to large farmers who had adopted more efficient pumping system.