bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Foliar Macro- and Micronutrient Concentrations and Ratios in Loblolly Pine Plantations in the Southeastern United States
Authors: Albaugh Janine M. , Blevins Leandra , Allen H. Lee , Albaugh Timothy J. , Fox Thomas R. , Stape José L. , Rubilar Rafael A.
Published: August 2019

Foliar nutrient concentration data collected from pretreatment foliage samples in regional trials extending across the southeastern United States provided a large data set useful for characterizing baseline loblolly pine nutrition for the native range of this species. The range and distribution of the foliar nutrient concentrations and their ratios to nitrogen (N) were characterized using descriptive statistics and frequency distributions. Data were collected from a total of 2,663 measurement plots from 110 studies. Manganese (Mn) was the most variable element (coefficient of variation [CV] = 52%), and N exhibited the least variability (CV = 11%). Nitrogen, phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), copper (Cu), and the ratios P:N, K:N, calcium (Ca):N, Mg:N, S:N, and zinc (Zn):N were normally distributed. Calcium, Mn, Zn, boron (B), and the ratios Mn:N, B:N, and Cu:N were significantly non-normal, with positively skewed distributions. Baseline N, P, and S concentrations and the P:N and S:N ratios were considered potentially limiting to growth, as only the upper quartile of studies achieved the currently accepted adequate values for loblolly pine. Boron could be interpreted as being in sufficient supply or potentially limiting to growth, depending on the adequate value used for comparison. The remaining elements and their ratios to N were within the range of sufficiency reported for other conifers. Target concentrations for S and B and their ratios to N require further investigation, as the recommended values for loblolly pine may be too high.
Urbanization Effects on Timberland by Ownership Class: A Modified Multinomial Logit Analysis
Authors: Nagubadi Rao V. , Zhang Daowei
Published: August 2019

In this study, a modified multinomial logit approach is used to examine the determinants of timberland by ownership class using county level data in Georgia from 1972 to 2000. We model timberland use by private industry ownership and nonindustrial private forestland ownership, in addition to agriculture, urban uses, and other land uses. Urbanization and other socioeconomic variables have different levels of influence on timberland ownership classes, private forest industry, and nonindustrial private forestland owners. The findings may have implications for land use modeling and projections.
Stand-Level Growth and Yield Component Models for Red Oak–Sweetgum Forests on Mid-South Minor Stream Bottoms
Authors: Schultz Emily B. , Iles J. Clint , Matney Thomas G. , Ezell Andrew W. , Meadows James S. , Leininger Ted D. , Booth W. Cade , Jeffreys J. Paul
Published: August 2019

Greater emphasis is being placed on Southern bottomland hardwood management, but relatively few growth and yield prediction systems exist that are based on sufficient measurements. We present the aggregate stand-level expected yield and structural component equations for a red oak (Quercus sectionLobatae)-sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua L.) growth and yield model. Measurements from 638 stand-level observations on 258 distinct permanent growth and yield plots collected in 1981, 1988, 1994, and 2006 in minor stream bottoms in Mississippi and Alabama provided data for model development. Equations for average height of dominant and codominant red oaks, trees/ac, arithmetic mean diameter, quadratic mean diameter, and volume were selected on the basis of significance of independent variables, coefficient of determination, index of fit, and biological validity assessment. These models produce expected average yields for combined species or species groups in naturally developing stands and provide an average baseline for individuals managing their lands for the red oak–sweetgum complex. Models will be integrated with log grade volume and diameter distribution models that are in concurrent development to produce a growth and yield system capable of comparing management alternatives on a financial basis.
A Mixed-Effects Height—Diameter Model for Individual Loblolly and Slash Pine Trees in East Texas
Authors: Coble Dean W. , Lee Young-Jin
Published: August 2019

A new mixed-effects model was developed that predicts individual-tree total height for loblolly (Pinus taeda) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) as a function of individual-tree diameter (in.), dominant height (ft), quadratic mean diameter (in.), and maximum stand diameter (in.). Data from 119,983 loblolly pine and 42,697 slash pine height–diameter observations collected on 185 loblolly pine and 84 slash pine permanent plots located in plantations throughout East Texas were used for model fitting. This new model is an improvement over earlier models fit with ordinary least squares, in that it can be calibrated to a new stand with observed height–diameter pairs, thus improving height prediction. An example is provided that describes how to calibrate the model to a new stand with observed data.
Sixty Years of Management on a Small Longleaf Pine Forest
Authors: Barlow Rebecca , Kush John S. , Boyer William D.
Published: August 2019

In 1948, the US Forest Service set aside a 40-ac tract on the Escambia Experimental Forest in South Alabama to demonstrate longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) management for the small landowner. At that time, the management goal for this “Farm 40” was to produce high-quality poles and logs on a 60-year rotation. The goal was to be accomplished entirely through management of the existing natural forest, with little to no capital investment other than the cost for prescribed burning, marking trees for cut, and limited control of cull hardwoods. Management of the forest has continued making the Farm 40 an excellent demonstration of small-scale longleaf pine management. Frequent harvests and small capital outlay continues to make this type of management strategy especially appealing to today's landowners with limited resources.
Total and Merchantable Stem Volume Equations for Midrotation Loblolly Pine (Pinus taeda L.)
Authors: Sherrill Joshua R. , Bullock Bronson P. , Mullin Timothy J. , McKeand Steven E. , Purnell Robert C.
Published: August 2019

Combined-variable (D2H) and exponential-ratio equations are presented for predicting stem volume of loblolly pine in the Atlantic Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. The equations were derived using 985 stems in a replicated study with first- and second-generation open-pollinated families across four levels of weed control and fertilization treatments. Prediction equations include inside- and outside-bark total volume and inside- and outside-bark merchantable volume to any top-limit diameter. Each equation has an R2 of 0.962 or higher and root mean square error of 0.354 ft3 or lower. The diversity of genetic backgrounds and silvicultural treatments gives the equations broad applicability in situations such as first thinning cruises, tree improvement progeny tests, silviculture research trials, and continuous forest inventory.
Network-Based Resource-Proximity Analysis of Primary Wood Processing Mills in Arkansas
Authors: Adewopo Julius B. , Felix Locher Alexandra
Published: August 2019

Primary wood processing mills in Arkansas play a vital role in both the state and the national economy, as evidenced by Arkansas' high national ranking in lumber productivity. Log acquisition from forestlands is invariably constrained by suitability of terrain and road networks; hence, an accurate assessment of the sufficiency of timberlands in servicing mills based on the existing road network and cost-effective log-truck travel time is essential for planning for the future. Many different analyses were carried out on an ArcInfo 9.3.1 workstation to delineate cost-effective sawmill service areas (SSA), timber supply areas (TSA), agricultural lands, and the overlaps that exist between these land patches. Zonal area summation of the land patches was analyzed with a two-sample paired t-test. Results indicated that there were significant pairwise differences (P < 0.0001) in the extent of SSA and TSA, SSA and SSA within TSA, SSA without agricultural lands and SSA within TSA, agricultural lands with SSA, and agricultural lands without SSA. This study indicated that a significant portion (10%) of agricultural lands must be used for optimal stocking of the delineated cost-effective SSA. Furthermore, this study revealed the suitable areas in Arkansas where there are clusters of residual timberlands that can serve as a raw material supply base for new mills.
The Effectiveness of Forestry Best Management Practices for Sediment Control in the Southeastern United States: A Literature Review
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Lockaby B. Graeme
Published: August 2019

Water quality from forested watersheds (both managed and unmanaged) is normally very good and better than most other human-dominated land uses. Water degradation is possible during forestry operations; however, the use of best management practices (BMP) has been shown to substantially reduce the risk. In the southeastern United States, forests are managed under a wide range of conditions reflective of physiographic region, soil erodibility, climate, and site wetness. Although it is clear that BMP reduce sediment and pollutant loading into streams, there is less information regarding how effective these practices are (i.e., how much sediment did BMP retain? What was the mechanism for sediment retention?). A review of the scientific literature was conducted to evaluate forestry BMP effectiveness to control sediment in the southeastern United States. Our reviewly quantified BMP effectiveness to reduce sediment. In the Coastal Plain, research has focused on forest roads and site wetness, whereas in the Piedmont and regions with steeper terrain, the focus has been on streamside management zones. These studies provide an initial indication of how much sediment is reduced by BMP; however, more information is needed for managers to make reasonable estimations. Future research should focus on quantifying BMP effects on sediment yield and identifying the specific mechanisms involved.
Prescribed Burning Frequency Affects Post Oak and Blackjack Oak Regeneration
Authors: DeSantis Ryan D. , Hallgren Stephen W.
Published: August 2019

We studied post oak (Quercus stellata Wangenh.) and blackjack oak (Quercus marilandica Münchh.) regeneration in xeric upland oak forests burned from 0 to 5.3 times per decade for 19 years. Post oak and blackjack oak represented 76 and 11% of the site basal area. All reproduction was by sprouting; there were no true seedlings. Compared with post oak, blackjack oak had a substantially higher density of clumps and sprouts relative to its basal area, suggesting that basal area was not a good indicator of sprout production capacity across species. The number of sprouts per clump declined with time since last fire for both species, indicating that fire stimulated sprouting. Three growing seasons after fire, sprouts per clump was highest with the lowest fire frequency and declined with increasing fire. The decline was greatest for blackjack oak. This may have been due to reduced vigor of the root systems producing sprouts with increasing fire frequency. Results suggested that post oak and blackjack oak sprouting, growth rates, and response to fire are similar, but blackjack oak sprout mortality may be higher than that of post oak. This information is important for the maintenance of post oak-blackjack oak-dominated forests of the south-central United States.
Using Public Land Cover Data to Determine Habitat Associations of Breeding Birds in Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama
Authors: McClure Christopher J.W. , Estep Laura K. , Hill Geoffrey E.
Published: August 2019

A decline in the numbers of breeding songbirds is assumed to be related to habitat loss, but for many species, habitat needs during the breeding season are not well understood. Therefore, we developed habitat use models to quantify habitat relationships for breeding birds within a mostlyforested landscape centered on Tuskegee National Forest, Alabama. We conducted bird counts at 338 points and derived habitat characteristics within 100 m of each point using the Alabama Gap Analysis Program land cover map and the National Land Cover Database Tree Canopy Cover map. We modeled avian abundances and habitat associations based on cover type and canopy cover using N-mixture models. We detected more than 16,000 individuals of 85 species, and we present models of abundances for 42 species. Canopy cover was the most influential habitat characteristic, although many species abundances were influenced by cover type. For most species, detection was influenced by observer; date, time, and weather variables were less important in determining detectability. We demonstrate how bird habitat associations can be modeled at a coarse spatial scale using publicly available land cover maps. Our observations regarding the habitat associations of birds in Tuskegee National Forest may be applicable elsewhere within the East Gulf Coastal Plain, but the regional specificity of habitat use should be tested before such extrapolations are justified.
Forest Management and Sediment Production in the South—A Review
Authors: Yoho Noel S.
Published: August 2019

The sediment yield from well-stocked forests is a minute fraction of that from more intensive land uses. Any activity that diaturbs the vegetation and soil of a watershed can increase sediment yield. Forest practices commonly result in small short-term increases. Significant increases in sediment yields are essentially limited to practices conducted with heavy machinery. Sediment production from forestry operations can be diminished without appreciably altering current prescriptions. Yields from similar sites receiving the same type treatment vary by several hundred percent. Sediment yields are substantially reduced when channel disturbance is avoided during cultural operations and the minimum treatment consistent with achieving the desired cultural result is employed. Slope and soil erodibility should receive careful attention when prescribing cultural treatments. Greatest reductions of sediment yields from forest can be achieved by careful design, planning, construction, use and maintenance of forest roads and skid trails.
High-Quality Logs: Saw or Sell—A Simplified Analysis
Authors: Chang Sun Joseph
Published: August 2019

A simplified method of determining the breakeven price for sawing or selling veneer-class logs with less computation and greater flexibility than that presented by Screpetis in this journal (February, 1979) is discussed.
Growth of Loblolly Pine with Roots Planted in Five Configurations
Authors: Woods Frank W.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planted in two locations with roots in straight, slanted, L-shaped, P-shaped, and balled configurations were excavated and measured seven years after planting. At each location, there were no differences (P = .05) between treatments in survival, height growth, or d.b.h. However, at one site and for pooled data from both sites, trees with balled roots had smaller root collars than trees with L-shaped roots. There was no firm evidence that trees planted with bent, balled, or slanted root systems were less productive than those planted with a straight tap root.
Year-Round Hardwood Control Using the Hypo-Hatchet Injector
Authors: Kossuth S. V. , Young J. F. , Voeller J. E. , Holt H. A.
Published: August 2019

Eleven hardwood species were treated with seven herbicides during the spring, summer, fall, and winter seasons using a hypo-hatchet injector. Late spring to fall injections were most effective and winter injections least effective. Early spring injection tended to allow revegetation by outgrowth of lateral buds. Most of the herbicides were effective at the tested concentrations with injections of 1-2 ml/2.5 cm of stem diameter, with the best results from DOWCO 233, Krenite, Tordon 101-R and 2,4-D amine, respectively. Overall control ranged from 81 to 96 percent, depending on herbicide treatment. Multiple clumps of red maple stems were not well controlled by injecting just one stem.
The Impact of State Death Taxes on the Private Nonindustrial Forest Landowner in the South
Authors: Olson Scott C. , Haney Harry L.
Published: August 2019

Estate tax problems peculiar to private nonindustrial forest landowners are briefly introduced. State death tax laws that owners face in the South are compared. Combined federal and state death tax levies are computed for assumed conditions of family status and asset size. Potential tax saving under special-use valuation for simulated estates is examined.
Hardwood Density and Species Composition in Bottomland Areas Treated for Regeneration
Authors: Hurst George A. , Bourland Thomas R.
Published: August 2019

Seedling and sapling density of high- and low-commercial species varied from 994 to 2,792/acre on regenerated areas, age three to eight years, on the Delta National Forest, Mississippi. The highest densities were in the oldest regenerated stands, on low flat sites and on areas that had been hand-injected. Most seedlings and saplings were not suppressed by vines and the number growing in the open increased with age. The most abundant species were green ash, water hickory, overcup oak, sugarberry, Nuttall oak, and persimmon. The highest densities of subcommercial species were on sheared areas.
Increasing Endomycorrhizal Fungus Inoculum in Forest Nursery Soil with Cover Crops
Authors: Kormanik Paul P. , Bryan W. Craig , Schultz Richard C.
Published: August 2019

Corn, millet, sudex, and sorghum were all effective cover crops for increasing inoculum density of vesicular-arbuscular fungi (Glomus spp.) in nursery soils. Spore production was increased approximately 7 to 12 times, depending on the cover crop used. Sweetgum seedlings did not differ significantly in size on plots previously planted with any of the four cover crops. Eighty-nine percent of the sweetgum seedlings grown after cover cropping had root-collar diameters exceeding the minimum (0.25 inch) recommended for outplanting of this species.
Fifteen Years of Cottonwood Plantation Growth and Yield
Authors: Krinard R. M. , Johnson R. L.
Published: August 2019

At age 15, unthinned cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) planted at four spacings ranged from 7.5 to 12.1 inches average d.b.h. Initial spacings were 4' x 9', 8' x 9', 12' x 12', and 16' x 18' on Commerce-Convent soils. Mean annual cubic-foot volume increment by spacings in trees ≥5.0 inches d.b.h. peaked from year 9 to 13 and ranged from 277 to 313 cubic feet per acre per year. Yields from three thinning treatments did not exceed unthinned mean annual increments for a given spacing. Board-foot mean annual increment in trees ≥12.0 inches d.b.h. to a 10-inch top ranged from 60 to 370 board feet per acre for unthinned plots and from 100 to 420 board feet per acre for thinned plots when averaged over spacings.
Survival and Growth of Container-Grown and Bare-Root Shortleaf Pine Seedlings with
Pisolithus and
Thelephora Ectomycorrhizae
Authors: Ruehle John L. , Marx Donald H. , Barnett James P. , Pawuk William H.
Published: August 2019

Bare-root and container-grown shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) seedlings with Pisolithus tinctorius and Thelephora terrestris ectomycorrhizae were outplanted on two reforestation sites on the Ouachita National Forest. On the better site, survival and growth of containerized seedlings were better than that of bare-root seedlings. On the poorer site, the reverse was true. Mycorrhizal treatment provided no consistent advantage for survival and growth for containerized seedlings. However, bare-root seedlings with half or more of their ectomycorrhizae formed by P. tinctorius before planting had greater survival and growth on both sites than seedlings with lesser amounts of Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae. The difference in mycorrhizal treatments among containerized and bareroot seedlings are discussed.
Bedding Effects in Maturing Slash Pine Stands
Authors: Wilhite L. P. , Jones E. P.
Published: August 2019

Growth of randomly selected dominant slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) trees from a 35-year-old plantation on beds and an adjacent 45-year-old unbedded plantation was examined through stem analysis. Height-over-age curves constructed from these analyses indicated that trees on the beds were consistently taller at comparable ages through 35 years. The difference was greatest, 10.8 feet, at age 17 and decreased to 5.7 feet at age 35. These observations, while not conclusive, indicate that the growth advantage provided by bedding may decline as slash pines mature.
Water Table Rise After Cutting on Coastal Plain Soils
Authors: Williams Thomas M. , Lipscomb Donald J.
Published: August 2019

Foresters managing land in the lower coastal plain should plan for a significant rise in the water table after a cutting even on sandy soils. Partial cuts in four pine stands on fine sandy soils caused the water table to rise from 0.3 to 1.1 feet. A water rise occurred even with a light selection cut on a Lakeland sand. The water table rise was most pronounced late in the growing season and persisted into the dormant season, usually until February.
Predicting Site Index for Old-Field Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Golden Michael S. , Meldahl Ralph , Knowe Steven A. , Boyer William D.
Published: August 2019

Height-over-age curves and site-index prediction tables were derived using nonlinear polymorphic regression models with data from 25-year-old old-field plantations ranging from coastal North Carolina to southwestern Arkansas. Plots from heavy silty clay soils of the interior flatwoods of Mississippi exhibited height growth patterns noticeably different from the overall pattern. A separate table and set of curves were developed for such sites.
Virginia's Reforestation of Timberlands Program: An Economic Analysis of the First Six Years
Authors: Flick Warren A. , Horton Donald A.
Published: August 2019

An economic analysis of the first 6 years of Virginia's Reforestation of Timberlands Program shows the program to be efficient. A benefit-cost ratio of about 3.5 is expected. Rural areas of eastern Virginia will benefit most. The sensitivity of the results to major assumptions is discussed. Landowners, forest industries, and rural laborers are major beneficiaries.
Establishing European Alder Seedlings in Fescue-Covered Surface Mine Spoil
Authors: Carpenter S. B. , Albers D. J.
Published: August 2019

European alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) seedlings were planted in an established ground cover of Kentucky-31 fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) of surface mine spoil in southeastern Kentucky. The effects of the ground cover on seedling survival, height, dry weight production, soil moisture and temperature, leaf water potential, and diffusion resistance, were observed and evaluated. Three treatments, scalping, clipping, and paraquat herbicide, to reduce competition around individual tree seedlings, were evaluated. Highest survival (43 percent) occurred in plots where competing vegetation was mechanically scalped away from seedlings. Scalping increased the soil moisture available for growth and reduced water stress of seedlings.
Availability of Wood-Residue Fuels for Agribusiness and Industry in Georgia
Authors: Ames Glenn C. W. , Baxter Harold O.
Published: August 2019

A survey of 278 sawmills and other sources of wood residues in Georgia revealed that wood fuels were available at $3.86 to $5.69 per ton FOB, the source. Unsold wood residues were available in volumes necessary to meet the needs of 7 of 14 firms considering use of wood fuels. If these nonforest product firms converted to wood fuels, the savings in annual energy costs would range from 23 to 57 percent, depending upon the fossil fuel currently being used. However, other firms would have to either pay prices higher than $6 per ton for wood residues or purchase logging residues in order to generate the supply of wood fuels necessary to meet their requirements.
New Tool for Fire Managers
Authors: Ebarb Pat , Reeves Hershel C.
Published: August 2019

This paper describes a low-cost, foam-generating "Water Expansion System" (WES) and a refined "Water Expansion Pump System" (WEPS) developed by Mark Cummins with the Texas Forest Service. Field use indicates good fire-management potential for accessible-wildfire and prescribed-fire conditions.
Effects of Precommercial Thinning and Fertilizing on Deer Forage in a Loblolly Pine Plantation
Authors: Hurst G. A. , Campo J. J. , Brooks M. B.
Published: August 2019

Effects of precommercial thinning and subsequent fertilizing on white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage in a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation, at ages 7 to 9 years, were studied in the upper coastal plain of Alabama. Based on pooled means, total deer forage available in August (1977-79) was significantly greater (P < 0.05) on thinned plots (515 lbs/acre) than on plots unthinned (283 lbs/acre). Pooled means of February (1978-80) samples showed a significantly (P < 0.05) greater abundance of deer forage on thinned (38 lbs/acre) than on unthinned plots (14 lbs/acre). An application of urea (329 lbs/acre) in March 1978 apparently increased deer forage on thinned (790 lbs/acre) and unthinned plots (431 lbs/acre) in August 1978. Fertilization effects on deer forage were still evident in the February 1979 sample on thinned and unthinned plots but were not evident the following August.
May Burning Favors Survival and Early Height Growth of Longleaf Pine Seedlings
Authors: Grelen Harold E.
Published: August 2019

After seven annual May burns, grass-stage longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) seedling survival averaged 71 percent, significantly higher than survival on a biennial May burn, an annual or biennial March burn, or an unburned control. Seedling height growth on the annual May burn was no better than that on the biennial May burn, but both May burns significantly exceeded the other treatments in height growth. The annual May burn also provided greatest survival and growth for longleaf seedlings that had begun height growth before the study began.
Sawtimber Volume Predictions for Uneven-Aged Loblolly-Shortleaf Pine Stands on Average Sites
Authors: Murphy Paul A. , Farrar Robert M.
Published: August 2019

Equations are given to estimate current and projected sawtimber volumes and projected basal area of the sawtimber portion of uneven-aged loblolly-shortleaf (Pinus taeda L.-Pinus echinata Mill.) pine stands managed under the selection system. The independent variables are elapsed time, initial merchantable basal area, and the initial ratio of sawtimber basal area to merchantable basal area. The results should provide guidelines for the board-foot and cubic-foot production of sawtimber-sized trees in uneven-aged stands that occur on average sites (site index 90, loblolly pine) in the Coastal Plain.
Regeneration Costs for Industrial Landowners Using Hand vs. Machine Planting
Authors: Guldin Richard W.
Published: August 2019

The cost of planting southern pine seedlings is influenced by intensity of site preparation, number of parcels of land included in the planting contract, site topography, whether the site is bedded, and type of planting method. Industrial foresters should carefully examine anticipated benefits before intensifying site preparation, especially before using bedding or specifying machine planting.
An Equation for Predicting Harvesting Costs on Second-Growth Southern Yellow Pine Sites in the Midsouth
Authors: McCollum M. P. , Hughes C. M.
Published: August 2019

Time-and-motion studies were conducted on four contract logging operations in north Louisiana to develop input parameters for the felling, skidding, loading, and transportation simulator (FSLAT). FSLAT was then used to simulate the harvest of 16 stands of various haul distances for four different contractors. A data base of 320 observations was constructed from the projected logging costs, stand variables, and haul distances. A step-wise variable selection package was used to select the best combination of variables for an equation to predict logging costs. The best equation, based on 1982 equipment and fuel costs, exclusive of profit, is: [equation] A fifth operation was studied for verification purposes. The equation predicted within 0.3 percent of the actual cost.
Prototype Cutterhead for Shaping-Lathe Headrigs Yields Pulp Chips and Cants
Authors: Plough I. , Koch P.
Published: August 2019

Prior trials have demonstrated the feasibility of producing cants or rounded veneer bolts on shaping-lathe headrigs equipped with cutterheads that flake residues for structural flakeboard. This experiment demonstrated that shaping-lathe headrigs equipped with proper cutterheads will yield hardwood (oak) or softwood chips (1-inch long and 3/16-inch thick) suitable for pulping. Four-knife cutterheads running at 600 rpm, or three-knife cutterheads running at 800 rpm, will produce satisfactory pulp chips when scoring knives mounted ahead of chipping knives establish chip length. At a cutterhead speed of 600 rpm, negligible oversize chips and few fines were produced; lower cutterhead speeds yielded more oversize chips, and higher speeds more fines, but these differences in chip size distribution were small. Laboratory-scale pulping trials at a kraft mill indicated good fiber yield; the experimental loblolly pine chips cooked well in both batch and continuous processes, and were compatible with conventionally cut pulp chips.
Small Topographic Differences Affect Slash Pine Response to Site Preparation and Fertilization
Authors: Haywood James D.
Published: August 2019

On a Wrightsville-Vidrine silt loam flatwoods in southwest Louisiana, six-year-old slash pines (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) planted on the better drained Vidrine-pimple mounds and Vidrine-like ridges were nearly four times larger than pines planted in the poorly drained Wrightsville depressions. Site preparation treatments did not affect tree growth on the better drained sites. In the poorly drained depressions pines planted on beds were 37 percent taller and averaged 49 percent more volume per tree than pines planted on harrowed plots. Fertilization did not increase yields on the poorly drained sites. On the better drained sites, pines fertilized with triple superphosphate were 24 percent taller and averaged 84 percent more volume per tree than unfertilized pines.
Forestry Equipment Prices Continue to Escalate
Authors: Tufts Robert A. , Mills W. L. , Izlar Bob
Published: August 2019

This paper updates, extensively revises, and expands the analysis of a previous study on forestry equipment costs. Prices of selected pieces of forest management and harvesting equipment were obtained for the period 1968 to 1982 and various indices were computed. Computed indices are compared to several producer price indices to estimate the correlation between forestry equipment costs and regularly published indices. Management equipment prices were rising faster than general inflation and harvesting equipment prices. Harvesting equipment has shown a slight decline in real cost.
Influence of Bed Height on the Growth of Slash and Loblolly Pine on a Leon Fine Sand in Northeast Florida
Authors: Outcalt Kenneth W.
Published: August 2019

Genetically improved slash (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) and loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) seedlings were planted on a Leon fine sand soil on a flatwoods site which received disking, low-bedding, or high-bedding treatment. After ten growing seasons there was no difference between slash pine growth on disked and low-bedded plots. High bedding improved slash pine growth over the other treatments. Loblolly pine responded more than slash to bed height with a clear trend of increasing growth and yield with higher beds. Wood production trends were as follows: (1) Slash pine produced the most wood volume on disked plots; (2) there was no species difference on low-bedded plots, and; (3) loblolly was better than slash pine on high-bedded plots.
Pitch Canker Impact on Volume Growth: A Case Study In Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Arvanitis Loukas G. , Goodbee John F. , Porta Iris
Published: August 2019

Measurements from 26 permanent test plots established in slash pine (Pinus elliotti var. elliotti Engelm.) plantations of northeast Florida and southeast Georgia in 1976 have been used to assess the impact of pitch canker on growth and yield of trees over time. The plots were remeasured annually for five years. The mean annual volume increment for infected trees was between 60 and 81 percent of that of the healthy trees. Trees that were repeatedly infected grew proportionately less, over the five-year period, than those that were infected only once or twice. The five-year periodic volume increment for the most severely infected trees was between one-third and two-thirds of that of healthy trees in the same diameter class. Incidence of infection was not correlated with tree diameter. The overall cubic foot volume loss due to growth suppression and mortality amounted to 4.5 percent of the expected total volume in 1981. This loss represents 15 percent of the anticipated five-year volume growth.
Bird Community Changes in a Young Pine Plantation in East Texas
Authors: Dickson James G. , Conner Richard N. , Williamson J. Howard
Published: August 2019

Breeding birds were censured annually from transects in a young pine plantation from age two to six years to assess the impact of stand development on the bird community. Bird abundance and species diversity rose consistently with stand age. Increased complexity of the bird community was associated with increased height and complexity of the developing stand.
Can Hardwoods be Eradicated from Pine Sites?
Authors: Cain M. D. , Yaussy D. A.
Published: August 2019

Intensive mechanical and chemical treatments were used annually for 12 years to eradicate hardwoods from a selectively managed loblolly (Pinus taeda L.)/shortleaf (P. echinata Mill.) pine stand in south Arkansas. Although temporarily effective, a succession of indigenous shrubs and trees followed the cessation of eradication treatments. Improved pine diameter distribution from natural regeneration and an increase in radial growth of overstory pines were the benefits of this temporary hardwood eradication.
Effect of Logging Equipment Traffic On Soil Density and Growth and Survival of Young Loblolly Pine
Authors: Lockaby B. Graeme , Vidrine Clyde G.
Published: August 2019

Soil bulk densities, determined on plots representing a gradient of harvesting traffic, indicated that compaction was an average of 12 percent greater on former logging decks and primary skid roads as compared to nontrafficked areas. Penetrometer readings supported the bulk density results and, in addition, showed increased compaction on secondary roads and road borders as compared to relatively undisturbed areas. This compaction was reflected in height growth reductions of 39 to 59 percent in five-year old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) on decks and primary roads. Number of pine per acre was reduced by 88 to 91 percent on the same areas. Root collar diameters also decreased but were not significantly different from those on relatively undisturbed plots. These results are discussed in relation to the 1 percent proportion of the harvested area involved in soil property impacts and reduced tree growth.
Economic Opportunities for Investments in Forest Management in the Southern United States
Authors: Dutrow George F. , Kaiser H. Fred
Published: August 2019

There are investment opportunities on 88 million acres of southern forestlands that offer financial rates of return competitively. Some of these investments will yield positive rates of return above inflation even if declining stumpage prices are projected. These investment opportunities include stocking control, stand conversion, and harvesting and regeneration of mature stands.
Crop Tree Quality in Young Piedmont Oak Stands of Sprout Origin
Authors: Zahner Robert , Myers Richard K. , Hutto Curtis J.
Published: August 2019

Oak crop trees were evaluated for their biological potential in 18 even-aged upland hardwood stands of sprout origin on good sites (oak S.I. 75 or better) in the upper Piedmont of South Carolina. These were unthinned stands, aged 20 to 40 years since clearcutting. Scarlet oak (Quercus coccinea Meunchh.) was the largest and most common acceptable crop tree, with straight boles generally free of epicormic branches, but was infrequently classed as desirable due to the poor natural pruning of its sizable and persistant dead branches. Southern red oak (Q. falcata Michx.), although smallest in diameter, was the most desirable crop tree of the oak species, due to its small branches that prune cleanly in these well-stocked stands. White oak (Q. alba L.) generally rated desirable except for many trees with epicormic branches, a well-known trait of this species. Black oak (Q. velutina Lam.) crop trees, although fewer in number, had good bole form with good pruning and few epicormic branches. Most crop trees were free of swollen butts and any sign of butt rot, and many were free of multiple dead or suppressed ancillary sterns. Overall, 56% of all oak crop trees were classified as desirable or better with excellent potential to develop into mature sawtimber.
Testing Herbicides for Kudzu Eradication on a Piedmont Site
Authors: Miller James H.
Published: August 2019

Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) continues to spread unabated in the South. To assist in kudzu control and containment efforts, 15 herbicide treatments were tested in 1981 on a Piedmont site in Alabama using replicated plots, with retreatments applied a year later where needed. After 2 years, treatments that gave comparable control to the standard prescription of Tordon 10K at 50 lb/acre were Tordon 101 at 1 and 2 gal/acre, Banvel 720 at 3 and 4 gal/acre, Spike 80W at 6 and 10 lb/acre, and Spike 20P at 20 and 30 lb/acre. The Tordon and Banvel herbicides are currently registered for forest land site preparation and Spike 80W for fence rows and noncroplands. Spike 20P is an experimental compound. Tordon 101 at 1 gal/acre and Banvel 720 at 3 gal/acre were the most cost-effective compounds when two broadcast applications were made in successive years. Tordon 101 and the Spike herbicides also aided in controlling blackberry (Rubus spp.) and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera Japonica). Roundup, and Brushkiller's 4-41 and 10-51 were ineffective in controlling kudzu.1
Whole-Tree Harvesting Affects Pine Regeneration and Hardwood Competition
Authors: McMinn James W.
Published: August 2019

Mixed upland hardwood-pine stands of low quality in the Upper Piedmont of Georgia were whole-tree harvested to 1-inch and 4-inch diameter limits in both winter and summer. Natural pine regeneration and hardwood sprouting were observed two growing seasons after harvesting. Early pine establishment was generally successful after winter harvesting but not after summer harvesting. Pine regeneration was excellent following the 1-inch winter harvest and acceptable following the 4-inch winter harvest. The treatment resulting in the best pine regeneration also produced the greatest coverage of hardwood sprouts.1
Economic Aspects of the Forest Regeneration Delay Decision
Authors: Straka Thomas J. , Hotvedt James E.
Published: August 2019

Regeneration lag, the cost resulting from a delay in reestablishment of a forest stand, represents an important opportunity cost̶the cost of the foregone opportunity to grow timber over the period of the delay. The land expectation value (Le) criterion is used to evaluate the costs associated with one-time-only and perpetual lags. Significant decreases in wealth, or bare land value, were found using a simplified example with real-world cost and price data. Changes in required land bases resulting from regeneration delays were also reviewed. The additional land requirements resulting from scheduled delays in regeneration can be costly.
Synthesis of Ectomycorrhizae on Container-Grown Oak Seedlings
Authors: Dixon R. K. , Behrns G. T. , Garrett H. E. , Cox G. S. , Sander I. L.
Published: August 2019

Growth and ectomycorrhizal development of container-grown black (Quercus velutina) and white (Q. alba) oak seedlings innoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius were studied in relation to growth-medium moisture, temperature, fertility, and fungal inoculum density. Daily watering of seedling growth medium suppressed ectomycorrhizal development. Colonization of seedling root systems by P. tinctorius increased with increasing growth medium temperature up to 87°F. Weekly fertilization of seedlings with a 375 ppm NPK solution did not adversely affect ectomycorrhizal development, while a 750 ppm NPK solution depressed infection. Ectomycorrhizal colonization success was partially influenced by fungal inoculum density. Results indicate the need to alter seedling cultural practices when producing ectomycorrhizal oaks in an artificial growth medium in containers.1
CEPA in Liquid Sulfuric Acid Increases Oleoresin Yields
Authors: McReynolds Robert D. , Kossuth Susan V.
Published: August 2019

Liquid sulfuric acid solutions of 12.5, 25.0, and 50% by weight were tested in combination with 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, and 15.0% 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (CEPA) for increasing oleoresin yield in slash (Pinus elliottii) and longleaf (P. palustris) pines. Maximum oleoresin yields of 262 g/cm diameter breast height (dbh) were obtained in 23- to 25-year-old clonal slash pines from 50% sulfuric acid plus 15% CEPA, a 20% increase over the slash pine control trees. In a natural stand of longleaf pines over 60 years old, maximum oleoresin yields of 297 g/cm dbh were obtained from 50% sulfuric acid plus 10% CEPA--a 30% increase over the longleaf pine control trees. The addition of CEPA to any sulfuric acid concentration always increased yields and increasing sulfuric acid concentrations without CEPA always increased yields. The sulfuric acid and CEPA effects were both significant but no interaction between them was detected for either slash or longleaf pines. Highly significant differences in yield were found among the clones.
Selection Management in Southern Appalachian Hardwoods
Authors: Della-Bianca Lino , Beck Donald E.
Published: August 2019

A woodland tract of southern Appalachian cove hardwoods and mixed oak has been managed under the selection system of silviculture since 1946. Simply cutting in all commercial diameter classes (i.e., 6.0 inches and larger), as was the practice during the first 24 years, failed to develop enough desirable saplings and poles to maintain the system. After 1970, herbicide treatment of undesirable, tolerant understory species in openings created by removal of large trees or groups of trees has improved the status of desirable saplings. Although long-term costs of management and yields are uncertain, the study suggests that creation of larger openings and treatment of undesirable understory species offers at least a chance for success with the selection system in southern Appalachian hardwoods.
Industrial Forest Management Assistance and Leasing: 1983 Programs and Accomplishments in Georgia
Authors: Cubbage Frederick W. , Skinner Thomas M.
Published: August 2019

A survey of industrial forest management assistance and leasing programs indicated that a wide range of forest management services were provided to nonindustrial private forest (NIPF) landowners in Georgia. In 1983, approximately 6% of the commercial NIPF land in the state was leased by forest industry and about 1% was covered under industry management assistance programs. Forest products firms site-prepared 50,000 acres, planted about 38,000, and hand seeded about 20,000 acres of NIPF land. Costs for services seemed similar to industry averages. Leasing programs have been maintained the longest and help in managing more NIPF land, but are decreasing somewhat in area covered. Management assistance programs are generally newer and smaller in Georgia, but are increasing moderately in size.²
Establishment and Growth of Slash Pine on Grazed Cutover Range in Central Louisiana
Authors: Grelen Harold E. , Pearson Henry A. , Thill Ronald E.
Published: August 2019

Slash pine (Pinus elliottii) was established by both planting and seeding on cutover range units prescribe-burned and grazed yearlong. Paired fenced and unfenced plots were used to compare survival and growth on both heavily and lightly grazed range with ungrazed plots. On planted sites, survival was significantly lower on heavily grazed than on ungrazed sites by May of the first growing season. No significant differences in survival were found between lightly grazed and ungrazed sites. In seeded stands, survival was not significantly different between grazed and ungrazed sites. Trees were thinned at an average age of 18 years Prethinning measurements indicated that plantations subjected to heavy grazing throughout their existence had fewer trees per acre, but had larger dbh than the ungrazed. Consequently, differences in volume were not significant, showing regulated yearlong grazing to be compatible with the establishment and early growth of slash pine.
Growth and Yield of Planted Loblolly and Shortleaf Pines in a North Mississippi Creek Bottom
Authors: Williston H. L.
Published: August 2019

Unthinned loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) planted near Abbeville, Mississippi in a creek bottom with a site index of 122 had a yield of 6,925 cubic feet per acre at age 26. Shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.) planted beside the loblolly pine had a site index of 108 and a yield of 4,120 cubic feet per acre.
The Dark Side of Immigrant Integration Policies: Day Laborers in the United States
Authors: Nicholls Walter J
Published: August 2019

This article uses the case of immigrant day laborers to examine how municipalities develop policies to integrate immigrants. In the 1990s and 2000s, local elected officials adopted integration policies to address the issues raised by the presence of day laborers in their jurisdictions. While first drawing on cases from around the country, the study then homes in on the case of Pasadena, California, to examine the implementation of integration in a moderately liberal city. The results reveal that many officials embraced both disciplinary and punitive tactics, making use of worker centers, aggressive ticketing, and solicitation bans for the purposes of controlling and governing an illegalized population. Some policies institutionalized the subordination of the population and heightened its deportability. The paper complicates the presumed binary between restrictive and integrative policies.