bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microblades and Migrations: Ethnic and Economic Models in the Peopling of the Americas
Authors: Yesner David R. , Pearson Georges
Published: November 2004

Early microblade assemblages in greater Beringia have been the focus of intense scrutiny because of their relevance to the problem of the peopling of the Americas. Although microblades have been produced in northeast Asia for more than 20,000 years, their manufacture is intensified in the terminal Pleistocene, coincident with the earliest definitive peopling of Beringia. In Alaska, where their manufacture was concentrated in the earliest Holocene period, microblades have often been viewed as diagnostic tools left by discrete ethnic groups (Na‐Dene?) who followed the original (proto‐Paleoindian?) migration. Alternatively, they have been viewed as a technology adapted for hunting in cold, northern environments, where lithics were relatively scarce, particularly in winter. A compromise view would suggest that such technologies were utilized in low frequencies by earlier populations, but became more prevalent as mammalian megafaunal extinctions took place, when caribou became of prime importance. The absence of such taxa to the south of the ice sheets might offer an alternative to ethnic arguments as an explanation of the limitations of expansion of microblade technologies into continental North America.
Selecting Small: Microlithic Musings for the Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic of Western Europe
Authors: Straus Lawrence Guy
Published: November 2004

Very small lithic elements of various shapes and shaped by different techniques occur in widely ranging absolute and relative frequencies in artifact assemblages dating to all the major culture‐stratigraphic subdivisions of the Upper Paleolithic, as well as in the Mesolithic of Europe. Their presence implies the existence of hafting systems and, in many cases, projectile function. Microliths (ranging from Dufour and backed bladelets to geometries) were probably often set in series on antler or wooden shafts as the replaceable parts of composite weapons. Tiny, light tip and/or barb elements no doubt served to increase prey bleeding. However, throughout the period between circa 40 and 6 k.y.a., microlith‐sagaie combination projectiles alternated in “popularity” with large, unitary stone points (e.g., Gravette, Font‐Robert, Solutrean, Teyjat). While we are far from understanding the possible specific functional differences among these various “killing options,” it is probable that much of the variation was not so much functionally distinctive as random or “stylistic” in nature. The lightening of stone artifacts in the period after the Middle Paleolithic is clearly a hallmark of what the Abbé Breuil rightly called the “Leptolithic.”
Cheap, Regular, and Reliable: Implications of Design Variation in Late Pleistocene Japanese Microblade Technology
Authors: Bleed Peter
Published: November 2004

Systematically produced microblades are a hallmark of terminal Pleistocene occupation of the Japanese archipelago. Regional differences in microblade production have been interpreted as “cultural.” Building on detailed technological analyses by Japanese scholars, this chapter uses event tree analysis of assemblages from Araya, Kakuniyama, and Fukui Cave to suggest that major differences in microblade production were designed to fit with hunting strategies that reflected ecological differences between northern and southern Japan.
Policy, Processors, and Boats: Fishing In Modern Iceland
Authors: Durrenberger E. Paul , Palsson Gisli
Published: November 2004

We argue that to understand fishing in modern Iceland, it must be contexualized in terms of a system which includes three subsystems: (1) production–catching and processing, (2) distribution–selling processed fish internationally, (3) policy–establishing fishing areas, gear, periods, prices, quotas, and attempts to influence policy. We briefly outline the components of this system in contemporary Iceland. We conclude that if comparative studies of fishing are to be useful, they must go beyond comparisons of fishing boats to comparisons of fishing systems.
Cultural Influences on the Potential for Natural Selection
Authors: Tripp‐Reimer Toni
Published: November 2004

The potential for natural selection to occur within a population can be estimated through the use of Crow's Index of Total Selection. In the Greek immigrant population of Columbus, Ohio, this index has been low since the founding of the community in the 19h century, and has decreased in recent generations. This paper delineates specific cultural patterns which have contributed to the low fertility and prereproductive mortality rates in the Columbus Greek population.
The Ethnography of "Babylon”: The Rhetoric of Fear and the Study of London, 1850–1914
Authors: Brunt Lodewijk
Published: November 2004

FROM THE MIDDLE OF THE 19TH CENTURY onward a new genre of urban research came into being all over Europe, especially in London, which in many respects was the center of Western civilization. Writers, journalists, and reformers began to explore the "other haH" of society: the unknown and much‐feared masses of the urban poor. A striking feature of Hie work of these social explorers, who can be seen as ethnographers avant la lettre, was the language they used to characterize their objects of study. In their reports the urban poor were depicted as a source of danger and contagion. The stylistic devices they employed might be said to constitute a rhetoric of fear. In this article I describe and analyze the nature of this rhetoric in an attempt to explain why the London social explorers felt the need to express themselves in this way. [ethnography, London, history, methods, journalism]
Discourses of the City: Policy and Response in Post–Transitional Barcelona
Authors: McDonogh Gary
Published: November 2004

Contemporary urban planning in barcelona reflects both a historical process through which the city has been defined and a rapid political evolution since the end of the Franco regime, during which urban interests were debated intensely. This article focuses on the emergence of new discourses about the city in the transitional and the current post‐transitional period of Spanish democracy. It also contrasts hegemonic models, as realized in rhetoric, planning, and construction, with other voices from the Raval, a marginal downtown neighborhood that has become a particular focus of urban renovation. The article argues that analysis of the formation of a new orthodoxy in city planning must be nuanced both by critical readings and by appreciation of alternative values in urban life. [Spain, urban planning, urban space, class conflict]
The Role of Cities in the Economic Development of the Lower South
Authors: Hyland Stanley , Register Ronald D. , Gunther Kristine
Published: November 2004

THIS ARTICLE DEFINES major political and demographic characteristics of an economically underdeveloped region—he Lower Mississippi Delta. It focuses on the relationship of the major Delta port cities, their periphery, and the effects of five major past federal and state intervention efforts in explaining rural underdevelopment in the Delta region. Discussion of recent attempts at regional cooperation in the Lower Mississippi Delta is contrasted to past intervention efforts and cultural‐political realities, [regionalism, port cities, underdevelopment, economic growth and development, U.S. federal and state interventions]
On the Streets: Mobility Paths of the Urban Homeless
Authors: Wolch Jennifer R. , Rowe Stacy
Published: November 2004

THE MOBILITY PATTERNS of homeless people, as they traverse city streets, provide insights into the resources available to homeless people in different urban communities. Mobility paths are also central to the social networks and coping strategies of the homeless. This article reports on ethnographic research conducted at homeless service facilities in two urban Los Angeles–area communities. Findings suggest that service philosophy, the configuration of urban resources, and community attitudes and public policy influence the formation of homeless social networks, mobility routines, and coping success, [homelessness, geographic mobility, social networks, urban geography]
Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life
Authors: Zenner Walter P.
Published: November 2004

Being Urban:. Sociology of City Life. David A. Karp. Gregory P. Stone. and William C. Yoels. 2nd Edition. New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991. 334 pp. $55.00 (cloth), $17.95 (paper).
Paper Tangos
Authors: Borgialli Daniela , Jackson Naomi
Published: November 2004

Paper Tangos Author: Julie Taylor Publisher: Public Planet Books, Duke University Press, 1998 ISBN: 0‐8223‐2191‐2
The Urban Nexus: Flows of Population, Commerce and Culture among Cities in Western India
Authors: Menning Garrett
Published: November 2004

Anthropologists Have Often viewed the city either as an isolate or merely as a backdrop for ethnographic research. A perspective analyzing urban centers instead as reservoirs and channels for larger flows of people, resources and culture helps to overcome limitations associated with conventional approaches. An analysis of three major western Indian cities, viewing them as spaces of flows, sheds new light on their role in the development of the world system from the 15th century to the present. [Indian cities, world systems, capitalistic development, urban flows]
Struggles Over the Shore: building the quay of Izmir, 1867–1875
Authors: Zandi‐Sayek Sibel
Published: November 2004

BEGINNING IN THE MID‐NINETEENTH CENTURY, the urban landscape of the Ottoman seaport of Izmir, like other centers on the eastern Mediterranean, was profoundly transformed by the advent of modern forms of urban institutions and infrastructure. Studies dealing with these transformations have been so immersed in structural processes of European economic penetration that little has been known on the ways in which local actors participated in these changes and reworked them to address their own urban concerns and ambitions. Focusing on the remaking of the quay in Izmir, this essay explores how the project triggered discursive and practical struggles among Ottoman administrators, shore owners, local merchants, and a progressive elite, by transforming land tenure patterns and modes of handling trade and shipping on the shore. In doing so, it demonstrates how existing power relations and the complexity of the local urban context reshaped'and gave meaning to this urban modernization scheme. [Modernization, urban elite, public interest, Izmir, Turkey]
Apportioning Sacred Space in a Moroccan City: the case of Tangier, 1860–1912
Authors: Miller Susan Gilson
Published: November 2004

In late 19th century Morocco, ideological issues such as nationalism, secularization, and colonialism came to bear on urban society and on the relations among ethnic groups in the city. This study focuses on inter–communal relations in the coastal city of Tangier, the main port for European entry into Morocco, as an example of a "traditional" Islamic city undergoing rapid modernization. Using archival sources and contemporay ethnographic studies, this article examines how the Muslim and Jewish communities of Tangier responded to the coming of modernity by articulating zones of ethnically and religiously marked space that came to be perceived of as critical to each group's expression of self‐identity. [Colonialism, sacred space, Morocco, Muslim‐Jewish relations]
The Interdependence of Interpretive Ethnographic and Quantitative Psychological Methodologies in Cultural Psychology
Authors: Miller Joan
Published: November 2004

Arguments are made in this commentary for the importance of integrating quantitative psychological and interpretive ethnographic methodologies in cultural psychology, and for overcoming the present insularity related to disciplinary affiliation of work within this tradition. Theoretical attention centers on the importance of cultural sensitivity, the compatibility of alternative empirical methodologies, and the pragmatic nature of explanation.
Symbolic illnesses, Real Handprints, and Other Bodily Marks: Autobiographies of Okinawan Priestesses and Shamans
Authors: Sered Susan
Published: November 2004

Okinawan kaminchu priestesses and yuta (shaman‐type practitioners) describe histories of illness on the path to accepting their religious roles. These illness narratives fit a socially recognizable formula for women religious leaders, a formula that shows the Okinawan listener that the teller is a legitimate religious leader. The types of illness, however, are quite different. Priestesses typically report minor illnesses that involve some type of bleeding or bodily rupture or "mark," whereas shamans typically report severe and long‐term illnesses that involve problems with the "head." The differences in their illness narratives reflect the different cosmological meanings of the two religious roles. Priestesses are understood to be incarnations of deity while shamans are understood to be especially skilled at communicating with deities and ancestors.
Within the Tent and at the Crossroads: Travel and Gender Identity among the Tuareg of Niger
Authors: Rasmussen Susan J.
Published: November 2004

This essay examines the shaping of gender relations in travel among the seminomadic Tuareg in the Niger Republic. Expressive forms including narrative, conversation, poetry, and song articulate ambivalence toward changing travel practices in a society based on movement, and afundamental preoccupation with inside, outside, and the borders that separate them. Men's and women's travel experiences undermine existing institutions, consequently enmeshing gender identity in new power relations in other domains. These Tuareg data challenge some tendencies of transnational theory to elevate the transcultural to the universal, and offer a perspective on the interaction between gender and forms of hegemony.
Toward a Theory of Culture as Shared Cognitive Structures
Authors: Romney A. Kimball , Moore Carmella C.
Published: November 2004

A small but important aspect of culture consists of shared cognitive representations of semantic structures that reside as localized functional units in the minds of individuals. In this article we discuss the cognitive and biological foundations for a model of culture as shared cognitive representations and summarize empirical evidence for predictions derived from the model. The structure of semantic domains such as the names of colors, animals, or kinship terms is defined as the arrangement of the terms relative to each other in a spatial model. In this space, items that are judged as more similar are placed closer to each other than items judged as less similar. Measuring the extent to which "pictures" or cognitive representations in the mind of one person correspond to those in the mind of another, research on various semantic domains has demonstrated that typical members of a culture have similar "pictures" in their minds.
A Cross‐Cultural Study of Color‐Grouping: Tests of the Perceptual‐Physiology Account of Color Universals
Authors: Davies Ian , Corbett Greville
Published: November 2004

Kay and McDaniel (1978) proposed that Berlin and Kay's (1969) linguistic color universals were based on universal perceptual physiology. If this is so then speakers of languages with relatively few basic color terms should have perceptual structures corresponding to the "missing" linguistic categories—the nascent categories hypothesis. Further, speakers of languages with the full set of terms for the 11 universal categories should still retain the perceptual structure that yields the evolutionary path embodied on the hierarchy—the recapitulation hypothesis. This article tests these complementary hypotheses by comparing speakers of English, Russian, and Setswana— languages that have 11, 12, and 5 basic color terms respectively —using a color‐grouping task. The fit to the latest version of the theory (Kay et al. 1991) was closer than to earlier versions of the theory, but even so there were still discrepancies. Thus there is support for the universalist's position (there are strong similarities across languages in color grouping despite linguistic differences), but Berlin and Kay's framework may not encapsulate the full extent of color‐category universalism.
Why Are There So Few Women Presidents of the Society for Psychological Anthropology?
Authors: Quinn Naomi
Published: November 2004

We have been asked to discuss our own central interests, how those are faring today, and where we see them going in the future. I did that on Thursday, in my plenary session paper, "The Mainstreaming of Cultural Models." Since the present assignment was sprung on me after I had committed to address that topic in the plenary session, here I will try to add another dimension to what I had said Thursday.
"Coming Home" among Northern Plains Vietnam Veterans: Psychological Transformations in Pragmatic Perspective
Authors: O'Nell Theresa D.
Published: November 2004

The friends and relatives of Northern Plains Vietnam combat veterans sometimes say that they can recognize veterans by the "lost and faraway look" in their eyes. They say that those veterans are still in Vietnam trying to finish the war; in local terms, many combat veterans have not yet "come home." Yet some veterans have. In this paper, I trace the experiences of veterans on a Northern Plains reservation, focusing on two types of war talk and the relation of those discursive practices to a psychological, social, and moral transformation known locally as "coming home." This material reveals the symbolic, discursive, and political underpinnings of positive psychological transformation among Northern Plains combat veterans, and speaks to the question of how we construct satisfactory accounts of psychological process in cultural context.
Relativism and Ambivalence in the Work of M. J. Herskovits
Authors: Boupguignon Erika
Published: November 2004

Melville J. Herskovits (1895‐1963) is best known as a pioneer in the turn of American anthropology to Afro‐American and African studies. He was one of the first among American anthropologists to emphasize the importance of Africa for an understanding of the cultures of the descendants of Africans in the Americas. A student of Boas, he vigorously championed comparativism, ethno‐history, and cultural relativism, emphasizing the worth of each of the cultures he studied. It is less well known that he also contributed an important concept to psychological anthropology. He wrote of "socialized ambivalence" with reference to Haiti, but did not seek to apply it elsewhere and, indeed, never returned to it again. This paper revisits that concept in the context of Caribbean ethnography and considers its place in Herskovits' work.
Globalizing Disaster Trauma: Psychiatry, Science, and Culture after the Kobe Earthquake
Authors: Breslau Joshua
Published: November 2004

In January of 1995 a massive earthquake struck the city of Kobe, Japan. This article examines how this event became an opportunity for extending global networks of the science and medicine of trauma. The article is based on ethnographic research in Kobe and Los Angeles with psychiatrists who responded to the earthquake in its immediate aftermath. Three aspects of the process are examined: 1) changes in psychiatric institutions that were ongoing at the time of the earthquake, 2) the place of psychiatry in Japanese cultural self‐criticism, and 3) the particular technologies for identifying and treating trauma. Globalization in this case cannot be seen as an imposition of Western cultural forms, but rather an ongoing process that reproduces differences between cultures as particular elements travel between them.
Which Past for Whom? Local Memory in a German Community during the Era of Nation Building
Authors: Eidson John
Published: November 2004

It has become common to distinguish between forms of collective memory that promote nation building and those that resist it. Closer examination of supposedly homogenizing discourse, however, may reveal variations that accommodate different perspectives and interests. An illustration is provided in this article with reference to case study materials from a town on the Middle Rhine. In the 19th century, different forms of collective memory developed against the backdrop of conflicts between Protestants and liberal Roman Catholics on the one hand, and conservative Roman Catholics on the other. These same forms were later adapted to changing local conditions in the 20th century. Attempts to mediate contradictions among different forms of local memory have remained partial, as actors choosefrom a range of variants depending on the demands of particular situations.
Dream Play and Discovering Cultural Psychology
Authors: Mageo Jeannette Marie
Published: November 2004

Dream play is a method of dream analysis I crafted to help fathom the cultural psychology of Samoan dreams. Drawing on Samoan aptitude for performance, this method combines elements of Gestalt role‐playing and Jungian active imagination. What I discovered through the method was a Samoan "kea complex," a bipolar constellation of ideas and feelings that reveals pivotal aspects of postcolonial psychocultural dynamics in Samoa and probably in other locations as well. This dynamic revolves around notions of relationality, engagement, and self that hybridize indigenous Samoan psychological schemata with Western Christian models of care.
Toward a Historical and Spiritual Understanding of Child Development: The Medieval Commentaries of Rabbi Moshe Yehuda ibn Mahiri
Authors: Goelman Hillel
Published: November 2004

This article examines questions of the intergenerational transmission of religious, cultural, and ethical values through the analysis of a 16th‐century religious text that discusses the ages and stages of the human life span from birth until age 100. This article examines ibn Mahiri's text in an attempt to understand his perspectives on the psychological and spiritual characteristics of children at different stages of development. The article draws on the contributions of cultural anthropology, theology, and psychology in order to gain a better understanding of ibn Mahiri's beliefs about the construction of self and identity within a specific cultural and religious milieu.
Talking about Identity: Arab Students at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Authors: Schiff Brian
Published: November 2004

Using life narrative interviews with Arab students with Israeli citizenship collected in 1997–98, I inquire into the processes and problems in talking about one's collective identity. In particular, I address how Arab students manage multiple identifications and the role of social relationships in shaping identity narratives. First, I argue that identity narratives do not voice a single point of view. Rather, identity narratives articulate multiple affiliations that, often, cohere in an uneasy fashion. Our identities are not incoherent, but such multiplicity provides the opportunity for talking about identity in novel ways. Second, I argue that social relationships are an integral part of identity stories that work to introduce, close off, balance, and rebalance possible self‐identifications. In talking about identity, we narrativize our social relationships, and these narrated relationships are key points in the plotline of our identity stories. Drawing on this interpretation, I argue that social policies that equalize power relations and allow for the creation of social relationships based on mutual respect have the potential to shape identities that, without giving up valued affiliations, contain an acceptance of the other at their core.
Growing Up in Guerrilla Camp: The long‐Term Impact of Being a Child Soldier in El Salvador's Civil War
Authors: Dickson‐Gõmez Julia
Published: November 2004

Many recent wars are characterized by high levels of civilian casualties, a large proportion of whom are women and children. Furthermore, an estimated 300,000 children are actively participating in 36 ongoing or recently ended conflicts around the world. However, there is a dearth of research on the long‐term effects of war trauma experienced in childhood or children's active participation in armed conflicts. This article explores the long‐term effects of children's active participation in the war in El Salvador by examining four young adults who fought with the guerrilla army as children and adolescents. Comparing these four cases with members of the community who joined and fought with the guerrilla as adults, it will be argued that traumatic experiences were even more devastating when they occurred in early childhood as they destroyed the ability to establish basic trust in competent and nurturing caretakers. Becoming a soldier created additional conflicts as these adolescent soldiers behaved in ways they felt were morally incorrect. Adolescent soldiers were also not given the opportunity to develop autonomy and learn adult peace‐time roles. Both the psychological trauma suffered as children as well as continued economic scarcity and violence contribute to these campesinos' difficulties in creating meaningful lives as adults.
Culture, Charisma, and Consciousness: The Case of the Rajneeshee
Authors: Lindholm Charles
Published: November 2004

This article outlines the basics of a theory of charisma drawn from a synthesis of the classic texts of Weber, Marx, and Freud. This abstract theoretical perspective is then applied to an analysis of the charismatic religious cult led by Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh. Emphasis is placed on the methods used to inculcate loyalty infollowers and on the personal history and psychic capacities of the leader.
"Going Over to the Other Side": The Sociality of Remembrance in Galician Death Narratives
Authors: Roseman Sharon R.
Published: November 2004

Through a layered presentation of the ethnographic context in which oral memory narratives associated with death are recounted in a rural municipality in Galida (in northwestern Spain), this article explores the broader emotional and political aspects of memory practices in this part of Europe. Through sharing their memories of death and warnings of impending death, Galician worker‐peasants affirm sociality over privately experienced feelings. As well, it is clear that public talk about death provides daily reminders of human frailty in the face of "destiny" and "God's will." This discursive theme can be drawn upon to comment on the limitations of the power of the members of the dominant classes whose decision‐making frequently influences the prospects of land‐poor and landless worker‐peasants.
Traumatic Stress, Ecological Contingency, and Sexual Behavior: Antecedents and Effects of Sexual Precociousness. Sexual Mobility, and Adolescent Childbearing in Antigua
Authors: Handwerker W. Penn
Published: November 2004

Previous studies try to account for variance in adolescent sexual precociousness, sexual mobility, and childbearing by reference either to sociological risk factors (e.g., poverty, social class, opportunitiesjbr sexual activity, or the absence of constraints on sexual activity) or to an evolved, domain‐specific cognitive mechanism. However, these forms of behavioral variation may reflect an evolved mental mechanism that creates behavioral plasticity and adaptability by assigning emotional weights to choice alternatives in all behavioral domains. Because it should act as a selective mechanismfor choice alternatives, this emotional mechanism should create enhanced ability to avoid predation (social exploitation) and to obtain access to resources, given the properties of specific environments. Sexual precociousness, sexual mobility, and childbearing thus should be determined by ecological contingencies that bear on how girls may best empower themselves. The findings of the present study support this ecological contingency hypothesis and show no effect for sociological and evolutionary psychology predictors. What we now characterize stress‐induced morbidity thus may consist of adaptive responses to environments in which children find themselves subject to predation and denial of access to resources.
Tongan and European Children's Interactions at Home in Urban New Zealand
Authors: Mavoa Helen M. , Park Julie , Tupounuia Pauline , Pryce Christopher R.
Published: November 2004

Three‐ and four‐year‐old children have a range of culturally specific opportunities to develop social skills at home. In culturally diverse environments such as New Zealand, interplay between ethnic group, caregivers' expectations, and children's home interactions is important because different cultural groups share common educational and health systems. In this exploratory study, we compared three and four‐year‐old children's interactions with adults and older siblings in Tongan (N = 5) and European (N = 5) families who had lived in urban New Zealand for one to five generations. Adults' ideas of appropriate behaviors for their young children provided the basis for interpreting quantitative data obtained from counts of selected verbal and nonverbal behaviors, and measures of children's active involvement in their interactions. Tongan children had similar patterns of interaction with adults and older siblings. European children were more verbal and tended to elicit more ongoing interactions with adults versus siblings. We also compared the interactions of Tongan and European children directly. European children's interactions with adults were more verbal than those of Tongan children. European children were more successful at achieving ongoing interactions with adults. These cultural differences reflected caregivers' ideas of child‐appropriate behavior. While all children demonstrated social skills that were important in their respective homes and communities, European children had more opportunities to develop patterns of child–adult interaction that are rewarded in New Zealand schools.
Psychoanalysis and Its Resistances in Michel Foucault's The History of Sexuality: Lessons for Anthropology
Authors: Sandgren P. Steven
Published: November 2004

This article argues that Foucauit's influential The History of Sexuality, Volume 1 embodies a tension between an explicit theory of the discursive production of "the subject" and an implicit resistance to the reality of this same revelation. This tension is shown to parallel the organization of desire understood in psychoanalytic terms—that is to say, desire is an emergent effect linked to our resistances to the social worlds that produce us. Consequently, despite The History of Sexuality's antipathy to psychoanalysis, its most redeeming interpretation may be a psychoanalytic one. Anthropological interest in the "cultural construction" of personhood, emotions, and similar categories bears important affinities to Foucauit's discursive productivity. Consequently, the concept of culture manifest in such notions requires incorporating desire's resistances. Moreover, complicating our understanding of culture in these terms facilitates understanding both human commonalities and the character of cultural differences.
Sociocultural Variation in Mothers' Control over Children's Behavior
Authors: Tulviste Tiia
Published: November 2004

Prior findings of strict control of middle‐class Estonian mothers have not been consistent with middle‐class parent–child interaction patterns reported in other studies. The current study sought to find out to what degree the tendency to be more controlling toward children can be explained by the Estonian mothers' own experience of growing up in a totalitarian society. With this aim, measures of maternal controlling attitudes and actual verbal control of children were employed in a second country with a similar history of Soviet occupation—Latvia— and compared with previous data on Estonian, Finnish, and Swedish mono‐ and bicultural mothers. The questionnaire data revealed that Estonian (including Swedish–Estonian) and Latvian mothers placed higher emphasis on controlling children than did Finnish and Swedish mothers. At the same time, in their real‐life interactions, only Estonian mothers living in Estonia exhibited a highly directive conversational style. Finally, the discussion focuses on possible reasons for cultural variability in maternal controlling attitudes and actual control of children.
“They Took Out the Wrong Context”: Uses of Time‐Space in the Practice of Positioning
Authors: Leander Kevin M.
Published: November 2004

Time‐space is not merely a backdrop to social interaction; rather, individuals use particular forms of time‐space to discursively position themselves and others. This article analyzes how several adolescents interpreted a previous classroom interaction, which was rife with social positioning. Responding to a videotape of this interaction, the adolescents were in general agreement that one of them (“Latayna”) acted “ghetto.” An analysis of the interview data reveals how participants use typified forms of time‐space, or particular chronotopes, in the practice of positioning. These chronotopes index the relative changeability of the social world, the possibilities of individual agency, and the relations of social and individual development. The analysis also makes visible how individual actors, including Latanya, creatively and strategically shape subjectivities by transforming and laminating diverse chronotopes.
Emotional Agency and Contentious Practice: Activist Disputes in Old‐Growth Forests
Authors: Satterfield Terre
Published: November 2004

Drawing on theories of identity and agency, emotions, and environmental ethics, this article demonstrates the culturally productive dimensions of emotional agency as it played out in disputes over old‐growth logging. In particular, the importance of the spaces of authoring that constitute the interface between positional identities and emotional agency is revealed as a “hot spot” wherein new imaginations of the future are creatively generated and sometimes playfully “performed.” The morally persuasive use of emotional language and bodily practice is thrown into relief as environmentalists call into being deeply ecological selves in tense dialogue with loggers who contest any such self‐fashioning. Emotion talk is thus revealed not as reproducing cultural systems per se but as a form of change‐inducing discourse that promotes specific and new moral and ethical practices.
Cultural Models and Metaphors for Marriage: An Analysis of Discourse at Japanese Wedding Receptions
Authors: DUNN CYNTHIA DICKEL
Published: November 2004

This article uses metaphor analysis to delineate the cultural model of marriage expressed in speeches at Japanese wedding receptions. Wedding speakers used three main metaphors for talking about marriage: marriage as a joint creation, marriage as a physical union, and marriage as a journey. These metaphors were used to express a number of themes including the concepts that marriage is a new beginning, requires joint effort and cooperation, is ideally a lasting union, and involves love, trust, and emotional unity. A comparison with earlier studies of U.S. discourse reveals that people in Japan and the United States share many of the same metaphors and ideas about marriage, but differ in their understanding of the “work” required in marriage. Whereas people in the United States talk of the need to “work on” the relationship, particularly through open communication of needs and emotions, speakers at Japanese weddings emphasized the couple “working together” and emotional unity was presented as a part of that cooperation rather than an end in itself.
Book Reviews
Authors: Kernan Keith T.
Published: November 2004

Speaking with Style: The Sociolinguistic Skills of Children Elaine Slosberg Andersen. New York: Routledge, 1990. 200 pp. $45.00 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: Walker James A.
Published: November 2004

Conversational Competence and Social Development Lonna Dimitracopoulou. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 167 pp. $44.50 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: McClure Erica
Published: November 2004

Metalinguistic Performance and Interlinguistic Competence David Birdsong. New York: Springer‐Verlag, 1989. 246 pp. $49.00 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: De Ram Sylvia Candelaria
Published: November 2004

Artificial Intelligence, Culture and Language: On Education and Work Bo Goranzon Magnus Florin. eds. Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 1990. 266 pp. $54.50 (paper)
Book Reviews
Authors: Eastman Carol M.
Published: November 2004

Language Adaptation Florian Coulmas. ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 198 pp. $44.50 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: Olmsted David L.
Published: November 2004

Speak into the Mirror:. Story of Linguistic Anthropology John Doe. Lanham, Md.: University Press of America, 1988. 312 pp. $32.50 (cloth), $16.50 (paper)
Book Reviews
Authors: Boggs Stephen
Published: November 2004

Talking Voices: Repetition, Dialogue, and Imagery in Conversational Discourse Deborah Tannen. Studies in Interactional Sociolinguistics, 6. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989. 240 pp. $49.50 (cloth), $14.95 (paper)
The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language Socialization of Kaluli Children.
Authors: Kernan Keith T.
Published: November 2004

The Give and Take of Everyday Life: Language Socialization of Kaluli Children. Bambi B. Schieffelin. Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language, No. 9. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 278 pp. $49.50 (cloth), $16.95 (paper)
British Names for American Birds
Authors: Brown Cecil H.
Published: November 2004

Eighty‐seven English names for British birds are used to denote birds native to central and eastern North America. Analysis reveals that English names for British birds are typically applied to those American birds, among all American birds, that are closest to the British birds in scientific (Linnaean) classification. This naming strategy accords with the finding of a similarity judgment experiment in which 34 subjects match realistic pictures of British and American birds for perceptual resemblance. The results of the experiment indicate that folk observers tend to judge those American birds, among all American birds, to be most similar to British birds that have the same name as the latter. In addition, the experiment suggests that folk perception of biological similarity is a better predictor of the detailed nature of folk biological classification than is scientific taxonomy.
The Crucial Mutation for Language
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: November 2004

Language and Species. Derek Bickerton Chicago: University of Chicago Press1990297 pp. $24.95 (cloth).
Typology and Universals
Authors: Genetti Carol
Published: November 2004

Typology and Universals. William Croft. Cambridge Textbooks in Linguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990. 311 pp. $16.95 (paper), $49.50 (cloth)
Marking Space and Time in Itzaj Maya Narrative
Authors: Hofling Charles Andrew
Published: November 2004

Cyclicity has been noted as a key feature of Mayan conceptions of time and space from the Classic period (A.D. 250–900) to the present. Similarly, pattern of repetition and cyclicity have been noted as characteristic of Mayan discourse structure. In this article cyclicity in worldview and in discourse structure is examined in Itzaj Maya narrative, with emphasis on the importance of the schema of the sun's journey to both.
Russett, Rose, and Raspberry: The Development of English Secondary Color Terms
Authors: Casson Ronald W.
Published: November 2004

English simplex secondary color terms such as russett and rose first entered the language in the late Middle English period (1350–1500). All were innovated by means of the ontological metonymy "Entity stands for entity's color." Specific examples are: Rose stands for rose's color, and raspberry for raspberry's color. This metonym is an embodied cognitive structure based on experience with physical entities and their associated colors. Colorant and textile names such as russet, crimson, and scarlet were the earliest secondary color terms innovated. They referred to ingredients and products of color processing and, thus, were proximate entities that culture members could readily use as sources for new color terms.
Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought
Authors: Creider Chet
Published: November 2004

Hand and Mind: What Gestures Reveal about Thought. David McNeill. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1992. 416 pp.
Sprung from Some Common Source: Investigations into the Prehistory of Languages
Authors: Miller Wick
Published: November 2004

Sprung from Some Common Source: Investigations into the Prehistory of Languages. Sydney M. Lamb and E. Douglas Mitchell. eds. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991. 411 pp.
A Statistical Approach to Determining Basic Color Terms: An Account of Xhosa
Authors: Davies Ian R. L. , Corbett Greville G.
Published: November 2004

We report a field study of the color terms of the Bantu language Xhosa. This was carried out to describe the Xhosa color term inventory, and particularly to establish which terms were basic, as a test of Berlin and Kay's theory of color universals. Our informants were from rural Transkei and performed two main color tasks: elicited lists ('tell me as many color terms as you know') and a color‐naming task. Statistical indicators of salience and of consensus of use for each color term were derived from performance on the two tasks, and the range of referents of each term established. Our results indicate that Xhosa has basic color terms for white, black, red, yellow, and grue (green with blue), and as such is consistent with Berlin and Kay's theory.
Book Reviews
Authors: Danziger Eve
Published: November 2004

Reflexive Language: Reported Speech and Metapragmatics. John A. Luq /f ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.414 pp. $69.95 (cloth)
Book Reviews
Authors: Darnell Regna
Published: November 2004

The Great Eskimo Vocabulary Hoax: And Other Irreverent Essays on the Study of Language. Geoffrey K. Pullum. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press, 1991.236 pp.
Book Reviews
Authors: Slater Anne Saxon
Published: November 2004

English in Its Social Contexts: Essays in Historical Sodolinguistics. Tim William Machan and Charles T. Scott. eds. Oxford Studies in Sodolinguistics. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.268 pp.
Language, Minority Education and Gender Linking Social Justice and Power
Authors: Heller Monica
Published: November 2004

Language, Minority Education and Gender Linking Social Justice and Power. David Corson The Language and Education Library, 6. Clevedon and Toronto: Multilingual Matters, Ltd., and Ontario Institute for the Study of Education, 1993. 243 pp.
"Falamos como Falamos": Linguistic Revitalization and the Maintenance of Local Vernaculars in Galicia
Authors: Roseman Sharon R.
Published: November 2004

This article discusses the dynamics of linguistic revitalization in late‐20thcentury Galicia. It includes an examination of the conflicts surrounding the way in which the minoritized Galician language was standardized and normalized in post–Franco Spain. This is followed with a consideration of the difficulties of promoting a recently standardized version of Galician among rural dwellers who speak local vernaculars. The concepts of "languages of solidarity" and alternative linguistic markets are applied to the employment of vernacular Galician in rural communities to contest the authoritative definition of "correct" language by urban planners and and educators.
Spanish‐English Codeswitching in the Mexican and Spanish Press
Authors: McClure Erica , Mir Montserrat
Published: November 2004

This article examines both the form and function of codeswitching in the Mexican and the Spanish press. Codeswitching is found to be more complex both syntactically and functionally in the Mexican press than in the Spanish press. The explanation offered for this finding is based on (1) the greater contact that Mexico has had with an anglophone community and (2) the different nature of that contact.
Lexical Acculturation and Ethnobiology: Utilitarianism versus Intellectualism
Authors: Brown Cecil H.
Published: November 2004

Are folk‐biological classification and naming informed by utilitarianist considerations (usefulness of plants and animals to people) or by intellectualist concerns (interest in species simply because they are there)? This question is investigated by examining the semantic content of native labels from Amerindian languages for living things introduced by Europeans to the New World. Such terms can be "utilitarian" in nature, for example, Cherokee "he carries heavy things" for horse, or "morphological" in nature, for example, Mataco "large tapir" for horse. This nomenchtural evidence indicates that the utility of living things is not an especially salient aspect of their conceptual cognition and, thus, lends support to the intellectualist argument.
Sociolinguistic Resources, Individual Identities, and Public Speech Styles of Texas Women
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2004

Four Texas public speakers claim that region and ethnicity affect their speech but are uncomfortable talking about the influences of gender. They see their styles as expressive of self rather than social identity and as the result of very particular facts about their own predispositions, families, and circumstances. These shapers of public discourse are at least as motivated by the need to express unique, differentiated selves as by the need to replicate social ideologies.
Muslims through Discourse: Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society
Authors: Islam Aminul A. K. M.
Published: November 2004

Muslims through Discourse: Religion and Ritual in Gayo Society. John R. Bowen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. 358 pp.
The Social Art: Language and Its Uses
Authors: Powell J.V. (Jay)
Published: November 2004

The Social Art: Language and Its Uses. Ronald Macauley. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. 241 pp.
Roots of Identity: Language and Literacy in Mexico
Authors: Mata Hilda
Published: November 2004

Roots of Identity: Language and Literacy in Mexico. Linda King. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1994. 193 pp.
Toward a Universal Form for 'Yes': Or, Rhinoglottophilia and the Affirmation Grunt
Authors: Parker Steve
Published: November 2004

Based on a corpus of 297 attested words for 'yes' collected from 44 countries, I propose a basic universal template or canonical form for this lexical item having the pattern /he?e/. In the accompanying discussion I show how the diverse language‐specific variants can be derived from this theme through the optional selection of a handful of simple, natural phonological modifications. In the conclusion I suggest a functional explanation for this phenomenon by appealing to the notion of minimal articulatory gesture.
Owners versus Bubu Gujin: Land Rights and Getting the Language Right in Guugu Yimithirr Country
Authors: Haviland John B.
Published: November 2004

Recent Queensland Aboriginal land rights legislation and court decisions have produced a series of land claims since 1992. Many claims involve speakers of Guugu Yimithirr (GY), residents of Hopevale Aboriginal Community who are descended both from local Aborigines and from others. Much of the support for claims of "traditional" ownership flows from putative owners' knowledge of GY speech practices. Yet legal constructions of such practices accord with invented, rather than historical, "traditions." Heretofore, strictly local matters of appropriate GY talk and complex patterns of multilingualism and linguistic affiliation have been refashioned, recast, and exported into wider arenas as part of the process of legitimizing land claims. In that process, language and land—far from offering community—are among the ingredients of division and conflict.