bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efektivitas Problem Based Learning dan Two Stay Two Stray dalam Pencapaian Hasil Belajar
Authors: Darmawan Wisnu , Harjono Nyoto
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan efektivitas penerapan model pembelajaran Two Stay Two Stray dan Problem Based Learning terhadap pencapaian hasil belajar Tema 8 Kelas 4 SD Negeri Blotongan 02 dan SD Negeri Sidorejo Lor 05 Gugus Diponegoro, kecamatan Sidorejo, Kota Salatiga. Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian eksperimental semu yang menggunakan pendekatan non-equivalent control group design. Dalam menganalisis data dilaksanakan uji beda melalui Independent Sampel T-Test. Hasil uji beda menunjukkan nilai signifikansi (2-tailed) post-test hasil belajar peserta didik sebesar 0,000 lebih kecil dari 0,005 (0,000<0,005) sehingga disimpulkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan efektivitas yang signifikan antara model pembelajaran Two Stay Two Stray dan Problem Based Learning terhadap pencapain hasil belajar peserta didik pada Tema 8 Kelas 4 SD. Nilai rata-rata post-test hasil belajar kelas eksperimen  lebih besar dibandingkan dengan kelas kontrol sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran Two Stay Two Stray lebih efektif dibandingkan model pembelajaran Problem Based Learning.
Penggunaan Media Pembelajaran dalam Model Picture and Picture untuk meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa
Authors: Daryanti Daryanti , Taufina Taufina
Published: April 2020

Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan pengaruh penggunaan gambar dan gambar atau yang dikenal dengan model pelajaran picture anad picture terhadap hasil belajar siswa kelas VIA SD El-Ma’arif Pasaman Barat . Penggunaan gambar dalam pelajaran ini bertujuan untuk mengenalkan fakta tentang benua-benua yang ada di permukaan bumi sebelum konsep pelajaran tentang benua itu sendiri ditemukan. Diangkatnya penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh keluh kesah siswa yang merasa bingung untuk menentukan letak negara tertentu di benua tertentu. Setelah diadakan pelajaran perbaikan ini diperolehlah hasil belajar siswa yang meningkat dari setiap tahapan atau siklus penelitian yang diadakan dari Dengan rata-rata perolehan kelas 68,69 dengan persentase keberhasilan siswa di atas KKM 37,54% menjadi rata-rata  89,5dengan tingkat keberhasilan siswa dari KKM ke atas mencapai 21 orang atau 91.7%.Kata Kunci : kemampuan mengidentifikasi ciri-ciri benua, IPS, Picture and Picture
Pengembangan Bahan Ajar Tematik Terpadu dengan Strategi Question Student Have di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Weriyanti Weriyanti , Firman Firman , Taufina Taufina , Taufina Taufina , Zikri Ahmad
Published: April 2020

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan bahan ajar tematik dengan strategi Question Student Have untuk pendidik kelas IV yang valid, praktis, dan efektif. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian pengembangan berdasarkan model 4D (Define, Design, Develop dan Disseminate). Kevalidan dilhat dari segi isi, bahasa, penyajian, kegrafikaan dan RPP, keseluruhan 3,54 dengan kategori sangat valid. Pratikalitas bahan ajar dilihat dari respon pendidik dengan rata-rata 90% respon peserta didik 90 %.  Dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahan ajar tematik menggunakan strategi Qustion Student Have yang dikembangkan layak digunakan di kelas IV SD.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Kelapa Sekolah dan Dana Bos terhadap Prestasi Guru
Authors: Armaiyetti Rita , Marsidin Sufyarma , Alkadri Hanif
Published: April 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dan dana BOS terhadap prestasi guru di SD Negeri 61 Payakumbuh. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan korelasi. Populasinya adalah guru-guru di SD Negeri 61 Payakumbuh sebanyak 10 guru. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui melakukan pengamatan terhadap prilaku kepala sekolah terhadap guru. Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa Terdapat kontribusi antara kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dengan prestasi guru di SD Negeri 61 Payakumbuh sebesar 8,5% dan Terdapat kontribusi antara dana BOS dengan prestasi guru di SD Negeri 61 Payakumbuh sebesar 7,8%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terlihat  pengaruh kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dan dana BOS terhadap prestasi guru di SD Negeri 61 Payakumbuh.
Kontribusi Iklim Sekolah dan Kepemimpinan Kepala Sekolah terhadap Kinerja Guru Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Ideswal Ideswal , Yahya Yahya , Alkadri Hanif
Published: April 2020

Tujuan penelitian ini untuk melihat kontribusi iklim sekolah dan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru SDN di kota Payakumbuh. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian kuantitatif dengan korelasi. Populasinya adalah guru-guru SDN di kota Payakumbuh sebanyak 229 guru. Data penelitian dikumpulkan melalui melakukan pengamatan terhadap prilaku kepala sekolah terhadap guru. Berdasarkan Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa Terdapat kontribusi antara iklim sekolah dengan kinerja guru di SDN di kota Payakumbuh sebesar 9,0% dan Terdapat kontribusi antara kepemimpinan kepala sekolah dengan kinerja guru SDN di kota Payakumbuh sebesar 8,6%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa terlihat  kontribusi  iklim sekolah dan kepemimpinan kepala sekolah terhadap kinerja guru SDN di kota Payakumbuh.
Penerapan Pendekatan Saintifik dan Model Team Games Tournament Terhadap Motivasi Belajar Siswa Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Hermawan Albertus , Rahayu Theresia Sri
Published: April 2020

Abstrak Pembelajaran saintifik menekankan pada proses pencarian pengetahuan dari pada transfer pengetahuan, peserta didik dipandang sebagai subjek pembelajar yang perlu dilibatkan secara aktif dalam proses pembelajaran. Model Team Games Tournament melibatkan peserta didik sebagi tutor sebaya, mengandung unsur permainan yang bisa meningkatkan semangat belajar. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji perbedaan motivasi belajar peserta didik menggunakan model pembelajaran Saintifik dan Team Games Tournament (TGT). Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian eksperimen dengan menggunakan desain eksperimen semu (quasi eksperimental research). Penelitian dilaksanakan di SD Mukiran 03 dan SD Mukiran 04, Kecamatan Kaliwungu, Kabupaten Semarang pada Semester 2 tahun pelajaran 2019 - 2020. Pelaksanaan eksperimen dilakukan di kelas 4, dengan masing – masing sampel sebesar 20 peserta didik. Uji Beda dilakukan dengan metode independent t test untuk mengetahui secara komparatif perbedaan mean rata – rata bermakna antara 2 kelompok. Nilai signifikansi dari kesamaan varians yang diasumsikan dan kesamaan varians yang tidak diasumsikan memperoleh nilai < nilai alpha (0,000 < 0,050). Hasil tersebut menunjukkan bahwa kelompok yang diberi perlakuan menggunakan model pembelajaran saintifik (SDN Mukiran 03) memiliki perbedaan signifikan dengan kelas yang diberi perlakuan menggunakan model pembelajaran team games tournament (SDN Mukiran 04).
Pemanfaatan Limbah Bahan Tekstil Menjadi Alat Permainan Edukatif Anak Usia Dini
Authors: Yanthi Novi , Yuliariatiningsih Margaretha Sri , Hidayah Nurul , Sari Maya Purnama
Published: April 2020

Limbah benang di sentra industri rajut Binong Hati memiliki potensi ekonomis, di antaranya untuk dibuat alat permainan edukatif di PAUD. Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan kreativitas dan inovasi para ibu rumah tangga dalam membuat alat permainan edukatif thematic busy books. Metode yang dilaksanakan adalah kaji tindak melibatkan pelatihan dan pendampingan produksi thematic busy books. Kegiatan dilaksanakan mengikuti tahapan perencanaan, pelaksanaan, monitoring, evaluasi dan tindak lanjut. Kelompok sasaran terdiri atas enam orang ibu rumah tangga yang berdomisili di Kelurahan Binong. Hasil kegiatan menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pendidikan para ibu rumah tangga menjadi faktor utama kurangnya tingkat kreativitas dan inovasi produk thematic busy books. Selama proses pendampingan, kelompok sasaran mengalami kesulitan terutama dalam menentukan konten kegiatan dalam buku relevan dengan Kurikulum 2013 PAUD dan mendesain pola. Program pelatihan dan berkelanjutan bagi kelompok sasaran dapat memperkuat stabilitas usaha para ibu rumah tangga di bidang produksi thematic busy books di masa mendatang.
Interpreting Effect Sizes of Education Interventions
Authors: Kraft Matthew A.
Published: April 2020

Researchers commonly interpret effect sizes by applying benchmarks proposed by Jacob Cohen over a half century ago. However, effects that are small by Cohen’s standards are large relative to the impacts of most field-based interventions. These benchmarks also fail to consider important differences in study features, program costs, and scalability. In this article, I present five broad guidelines for interpreting effect sizes that are applicable across the social sciences. I then propose a more structured schema with new empirical benchmarks for interpreting a specific class of studies: causal research on education interventions with standardized achievement outcomes. Together, these tools provide a practical approach for incorporating study features, costs, and scalability into the process of interpreting the policy importance of effect sizes.
A Common Fixed Point Theorem for Generalized Weakly Contractive Mappings in Multiplicative Metric Spaces
Authors: KOYAS Kidane , GEBRE Alemayehu , KASSAYE Aynalem
Published: April 2020

In this paper, we introduced generalized weakly contractive mappings, established a common fixed point result and proved theexistence and uniqueness of a common fixed point. Finally, we providean example in support of our main finding.
raihan abrar x mia 3
Authors: Abrar Raihan
Published: April 2020

Tujuan : Olahraga merupakan hal yang sangat penting bagi tubuh kita. Melalui olahraga dapat dibentuk manusia yang sehat jasmani, rohani serta mempunyai kepribadian, disiplin, sportifitas yang tinggi sehingga pada akhirnya akan terbentuk manusia yang berkualitas. Banyak cabang olahraga yang dapat dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kesehatan fisik, salah satunya olahraga atletik. Salah satu cabang olahraga atletik lompat jauh. Dengan mempelajari permainan lompat jauh, kita dapat melakukan gerakan melompat ke depan atas dengan usaha agar badan melayang di udara yang dilakukan dengan cepat dan dengan cara melakukan tolakan satu kaki untuk memperoleh jarak sejauh-jauhnya.Dalam kehidupan modern manusia tidak dapat dipisahkan dari olahraga, baik sebagai arena adu prestasi maupun sebagai kebutuhan untuk menjaga kondisi tubuh agar tetap sehat. Olahraga mempunyai peranan yang penting dalam kehidupan manusia. Melalui olahraga dapat dibentuk manusia yang sehat jasmani, rohani serta mempunyai kepribadian, disiplin, sportifitas yang tinggi sehingga pada akhirnya akan terbentuk manusia yang berkualitas.
Perangkat Sumber Daya Manusia
Authors: Lisawati
Published: April 2020

Perangkat keras komputer adalah semua bagian fisik komputer,dan dibedakan dengan data yang berada didalamnya atau yang beroperasi didalamnya,dan dibedakan dengan perangkat lunak (software) yang menyedikan instruksi untuk perangkat keras dalam menyelesaikan tugasnya.Hardware yaitu salah satu komponen dari sebuah komputer yang sifat alatnya bisa dilihat dan diraba secara langsung atau yang berbentuk nyata,yang berfungsi untuk komputerisasi.Hardware dapat bekerja berdasarkan perintah yang ditentukan atau disebut dengan istilah "Instruction set" setiap hardware tidak bisa berdiri sendri maka dari itu dalam seperangkat komputer harus terdiri dari beberapa perangkat keras,seperti motherboard,harddisk,kartu memori CPU,dan sebagainya semua komputer tersebut saling mendukung sehingga dapat beroperasi.Kemudian semua perangkat keras tersebut membutuhkan perangkat lunak agar komputer bisa dihidupkan dan difungsikan.
Assessing introspective linguistic judgments quantitatively: The case of The Syntax of Chinese
Authors: Chen Zhong , Xu Yuhang , Xie Zhiguo
Published: April 2020

The informal judgments of the well-formedness of phrases and sentences have long been used as the primary data source for syntacticians. In recent years, the reliability of data based on linguists’ introspective intuitions is increasingly subject to scrutiny. Although a number of studies were able to replicate a vast majority of English judgments published in a textbook and in peer-reviewed journal articles, the status of data in many non-English languages has yet to be experimentally examined. In this work, we em- ployed formal quantitative methods to evaluate the reliability of judgments in the widely used textbook, The Syntax of Chinese (Huang, Li, & Li, 2009). We first assessed example sentences based on the acceptability ratings from 148 native Mandarin Chinese speakers. Using a target forced-choice task, we further explored the potentially problematic sentence pairs. Results of the two experiments suggest an eminently successful replication of judgments in the book: out of the 557 data samples tested, only five sentence pairs require further investigation. This large-scale study represents the first attempt to replicate the judgments in a non-English syntax textbook, in hopes to bridge the gap between the informal data-collection in Chinese linguistic research and the protocols of experimental cognitive science.
HARDWARE KOMPUTER DHENIS AULYA PUTRI
Authors: Putri Dhenis Aulya
Published: April 2020

Perangkat keras komputer atau disebut hardware merupakan alat pengolahan data yang bekerja secara elektronis dan otomatis. Perangkat keras komputer dapat bekerja apabila ada unsur manusia yang mengerti tentang alat itu. Dalam sebuah komputer terdiri dari beberapa perangkat yang diperlukan untuk menjadi satu kesatuan dan menjalankan fungsi dari komputer tersebut sesuai dengan kebutuhan dari pengguna. Perangkat –perangkat berjalan sesuai dengan fungsinya masing –masing untuk mengelola data, informasi, perintah –perintah mulai dari input, proses penyimpanan dan diterjemahkan menjadi output.
Makalah Perangkat Keras Komputer (Mouse)
Authors: Sihombing Wirdayanti
Published: April 2020

Penggunaan mouse secara umum masih membutuhkan mouse pad atau permukaan yang datar agar mouse tersebut dapat digerakkan dengan baik sehingga kursor pada layar dapat bergerak sesuai dengan arah gerakan yang diinginkan. Meskipun desain mouse cukup berkembang hingga saat ini, tetapi kebutuhan akan alat yang praktis dan dapat digunakan dalam kondisi apapun belum dapat terpenuhi. Untuk itu, dibutuhkan pengembangan mouse agar dapat dioperasikan secara praktis di berbagai kondisi. Purwarupa mouse keypad ini berfungsi sebagai alat untuk menggerakkan kursor pada layar komputer dan memasukkan huruf dan simbol seperti pada mouse dan keyboard pada umumnya. Komponen yang digunakan di dalam sistem ini yaitu mikrokontroler ATMega32 dan ATMega8, sensor akselerometer H48C, keypad matriks 4x4, IC A2601, dan XBee. Sensor akselerometer H48C digunakan untuk membaca percepatan pergerakan tangan, keypad digunakan sebagai tombol masukan huruf seperti pada keyboard, IC A2601 digunakan sebagai mouse kontroler, XBee untuk komunikasi nirkabel, sedangkan mikrokontroler ATMega32 dan ATMega8 digunakan sebagai pusat pengontrol. Purwarupa mouse keypad akselerometer ini dapat digunakan sebagai pengganti mouse dan keyboard dengan sampling rate mouse sebesar 72 Hz dan resolusi mouse 937 DPI. Tetapi masih diperlukan pengembangan lebih lanjut agar bentuk dan antarmuka yang digunakan lebih baik.
Modul Pendidikan Agama Islam Untuk Mahasiswa
Authors: Sahri
Published: April 2020

Modul ini disusun sesuai dengan kepmendiknas No. 045/U/2002 tentang kurikulum inti pendidikan Tinggi menetapkan bahwa pendidikan agama, pendidikan pancasila dan pendidikan kewarganegaraan merupakan mata kuliuah pengembangan kepribadian yang wajib diberikan dalam kurikulum setiap program studi/kelompok program studi. Pendidikan agama islam ini harus diajarkan disekolah atau di perguruan tinggi umum. Dengan adanya materi pendidikan agama islam, harapanya para peserta didik memiliki kepribadian muslim yang kompleks. Melihat dari gambaran diatas, maka modul ini berusaha menyajikan materi tentang keislaman yang berguna untuk menambah wawasan dan memberikan nilai dasar agama dan kebudayaan serta kesadaran berbangsa dan benegra dalam menerapkan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan seni dikuasainya namun tidak lepasa dari al qur’an dan hadist
Makalah Penjasorkes tentang aktivitas lompat tinggi
Authors: Hutagalung Patrick
Published: April 2020

Lompat tinggi termasuk salah satu nomor dalam cabang olahraga atletik.Lompat tinggi itu sendiri adalah salah satu keterampilan untuk melewati mistar yang berada di kedua tiangnya.Tujuan dari lompat tinggi adalah mendapatkan lompatan yang setinggi mungkin
The Infectious Disease Ontology in the Age of COVID-19
Authors: Babcock Shane , Beverley John , Cowell Lindsay G. , Smith Barry
Published: April 2020

Background: Effective response to public health emergencies, such as we are now experiencing with COVID-19, requires data sharing across multiple disciplines and data systems. Ontologies offer a powerful data sharing tool, and this holds especially for those ontologies built on the design principles of the Open Biomedical Ontologies Foundry. These principles are exemplified by the Infectious Disease Ontology (IDO), a suite of interoperable ontology modules aiming to provide coverage of all aspects of the infectious disease domain. At its center is IDO Core, a disease- and pathogen-neutral ontology covering just those types of entities and relations that are relevant to infectious diseases generally. IDO Core is extended by disease and pathogen-specific ontology modules.Results: To assist the integration and analysis of COVID-19 data, and viral infectious disease data more generally, we have recently developed three new IDO extensions: IDO Virus (VIDO); the Coronavirus Infectious Disease Ontology (CIDO); and an extension of CIDO focusing on COVID-19 (IDO-COVID-19). Reflecting the fact that viruses lack cellular parts, we have introduced to IDO Core the term acellular structure to cover viruses and other acellular entities studied by virologists. We now distinguish between infectious agents – organisms with an infectious disposition – and infectious structures – acellular structures with an infectious disposition. This in turn has led to various updates and refinements of IDO Core’s content. We believe that our work on VIDO, CIDO, and IDO-COVID-19 can serve as a model for yielding greater conformance with ontology building best practices.Conclusions: IDO provides a simple recipe for building new pathogen-specific ontologies in a way that allows data about novel diseases to be easily compared, along multiple dimensions, with data represented by existing disease ontologies. The IDO strategy, moreover, supports ontology coordination, providing a powerful method of data integration and sharing that allows physicians, researchers, and public health organizations to respond rapidly and efficiently to current and future public health crises.
MEMBANGUN RASA NASIONALISME SISWA MELALU IMODEL PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH SOSIODRAMA
Authors: Qina Khalida Riz
Published: April 2020

Perkembangan alat komunikasi yangpesat, dengan teknologi yang canggih turut berdampak pada pola pikirsiswa, sehingga penanaman kesadaran sejarah dan sikap nasionalisme inimenjadi terhambat. Untuk meningkatkan sikap nasionalisme siswa, hendaknya sebagai tenaga pendidik memiliki cara yang inovatif dan efektif untuk memberikan pembelajaran Sejarah, Melalui pembelajaranSejarah dengan menggunakan metode sosiodrama siswa diharapkandapat meningkatkan sikap nasionalismenya. Metode Sosiodrama pada dasarnya memiliki kelebihan tersendiri untuk dapat membuat siswa lebih bersemangat serta antusias dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran.
Makalah Aktifitas Lompat Jauh
Authors: Khalishah Qanita
Published: April 2020

Lompat jauh merupakan suatu gerakan melompat menggunakan tumpuan satu kaki untuk mencapai jarak sejauh-jauhnya. Sasaran dan tujuan lompat jauh adalah untuk mencapai jarak lompatan sejauh mungkin kesebuah letak pendaratan atau bak lompat. Lompat jauh mempunyai empat fase gerakan, yaitu awalan, tolakan, melayang dan mendarat serta terdapat tiga macam gaya yang membedakan antara gaya yang satu dengan gaya yang lainnya pada saat melayang diudara.
ANALISIS KESIAPAN MAHASISWA PENDIDIKAN GEOGRAFI DALAM MENGAHADAPI PROGRAM PENGENALAN LAPANGAN PERSEKOLAHAN
Authors: Rosali Ely Satiyasih , Singkawijaya Elgar Balasa
Published: April 2020

Mahasiswa jurusan Pendidikan Geografi diorientasikan untuk menjadi seorang guru/pendidik. Calon guru profesional dalam melaksanakan tugas profesi kependidikannya ditandai dengan penguasan kompetensi akademik dan kompetensi substansi bidang studi sesuai bidang ilmunya. Kompetensi calon guru tersebut meliputi kompetensi pedagogik, kepribadian, profesional dan sosial. Kompetensi dan kualifikasi calon guru salah satunya didapatkan dari pengalaman pada saat mengikuti Pengenalan Lapangan Persekolahan (PLP). Penelitian ini dilakukan terhadap mahasiswa jurusan pendidikan geografi semester 5 yang pada tahun 2020 akan mengikuti mata kuliah Pengenalan lapangan Persekolahan dan sedang mengikuti mata kuliah pembelajaran mikro dengan sampel sebanyak 50% yaitu 37 mahasiswa. Metode yang digunakan yaitu deskriptif kuantitatif menggunakan persentase sederhana, dengan indikator berupa pemahaman mengenai Rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP), keterampilan mengajar serta penilaian kompetensi kepribadian dan sosial . Berdasakan hasil analisis, dapat diketahu bahwa kompetensi mahasiswa geografi mayoritas (27,94%) berada pada tingkatan kurang baik sehingga dikhawatirkan kurang memiliki kesiapan untuk mengikuti mata kuliah Praktik Pengenalan Lapangan Persekolahan pada Tahun 2020.
Makalah Lompat Jauh
Authors: Amelia Reihan
Published: April 2020

Makalah Lompat Jauh (Reihan Amelia X MIA 3)
HASIL TELAAH
Authors: saputri Icha
Published: April 2020

Hasil telaah penjas dan olahraga
Measuring Religious Experience: An Item Response Theory Analysis of Religious Experiences
Authors: Chelladurai Joe
Published: April 2020

Apart from its wide usage in educational testing and scale development, Item Response Theory analysis has not been used as much in the study of religion and spirituality. Taking advantage of the psychometric abilities of IRT, in this paper, I examine a measure of religious experiences. Particularly, I employ the Rasch model along with two parametric and three parametric logistic models for dichotomous outcomes. In general, findings from the analysis suggest low discriminatory and low difficulty parameters on the items except for one item which measured change as a result of religious experience.
Perangkat Keras Komputer
Authors: Yeni Yetri
Published: April 2020

Perangkat Keras (Hardware) adalah salah satu komponen dari sebuah computer yang sifat alatnya bisa dilihat dan diraba secara langsung atau yang berbentuk nyata, yang berfungsi untuk mendukung proses komputerisasi. Sedangkan perangkat lunak (Software) adalah sebaliknya. Berdasarkan fungsinya, perangkat keras komputer terbagi menjadi: unit masukan (input device), unit pemprosesan (process device), unit keluaran (output device), unit penyimpanan (backing stroge) dan unit tambahan (periferal). Seluruh sistem perangkat keras saling bekerja sama dan memiliki masing-masing fungsi yang berhubungan untuk memenuhi tujuan komputerisasi. Kata kunci: Perangkat Keras Komputer (Hardware)
The SRY-box transcription factor SOX9 is differentially expressed in the brains of patients with psychotic disorders.
Authors: Mamoor Shahan
Published: April 2020

The etiology of schizophrenia is not completely understood (1). We performed comparative differential gene expression analysis using multiple published (2) or public (3, 4) microarray datasets to identify genes whose expression was most different in the brain tissues of patients with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder. We identified the sex determining region Y (SRY)-box-containing gene 9, SOX9 (5-7) as among the genes most differentially expressed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and psychotic bipolar disorder, in the parvalbumin-positive L3 neurons of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of patients with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder, and in the deep pyramidal neurons of patients with schizophrenia. SOX9, a developmental transcription factor, is among the genes most differentially expressed in the brains of patients with schizophrenia when compared to control subjects; this appears to be a property of the disease state and not the treatment of the disease.
Dispersion Limited versus Power Limited Terahertz Transmission Links Using Solid Core Subwavelength Dielectric Fibers
Authors: Nallappan Kathirvel , Cao Yang , Guerboukha Hichem , Nerguizian Chahé , Skorobogatiy Maksim
Published: April 2020

Terahertz (THz) band (0.1 THz-10 THz) is the next frontier for the ultra-high-speed communication systems. Currently, most of communications research in this spectral range is focused on wireless systems, while waveguide/fiber-based links have been less explored. Although free space communications have several advantages such as convenience in mobility for the end user, as well as easier multi-device interconnectivity in simple environments, the fiber-based communications provide superior performance in certain short-range communication applications such as multi-device connectivity in complex geometrical environments (ex. intra-vehicle connectivity), secure communications with low probability of eavesdropping, as well as secure signal delivery to hard-to-reach or highly protected environments. In this work, we present an in-depth experimental and numerical study of the short-range THz communications links that use subwavelength dielectric fibers for information transmission and define main challenges and tradeoffs in the link implementation. Particularly, we use air or foam-cladded polypropylene-core subwavelength dielectric THz fibers of various diameters (0.57-1.75 mm) to study link performance as a function of the link length of up to ~10 m, and data bitrates of up to 6 Gbps at the carrier frequency of 128 GHz (2.34 mm wavelength). We find that depending on the fiber diameter, the quality of the transmitted signal is mostly limited either by the modal propagation loss or by the fiber velocity dispersion (GVD). An error-free transmission over 10 meters is achieved for the bit rate of 4 Gbps using the fiber of smaller 0.57 mm diameter. Furthermore, since the fields of subwavelength fibers are weakly confined and extend deep into the air cladding, we study the modal field extent outside of the fiber core, as well as fiber bending loss. Finally, the power budget of the rod-in-air subwavelength THz fiber-based links is compared to that of free space communication links and we demonstrate that fiber links offer an excellent solution for various short-range applications.
Commentary: Altered learning under uncertainty in unmedicated mood and anxiety disorders
Authors: Sumiya Motofumi , Katahira Kentaro
Published: April 2020

Understanding how anxious and depressed individuals process information is a central topic in the field of psychiatry. In this regard, Aylward et al. (2019) utilized computational models of learning to better understand and describe how anxious and/or depressed individuals behave from moment to moment when faced with uncertain situations. Participants performed decision-making tasks characterized by fluctuating rewards and punishment. The authors fit computational models to the collected data from participants in the anxiety and healthy groups using the hierarchical Bayesian estimation with two levels of priors, at individual and group levels, where they set the group prior separately for each group. The three parameters of the winning model (punishment learning rate, lapse parameter, and decay rate) were higher in the symptomatic group than in the healthy group. In short, the authors found that anxious individuals quickly learned about negative phenomena but not about positive phenomena. Notwithstanding, we believe we have identified two methodological issues regarding the statistical analysis of the cited study, shrinkage and a ‘two-step approach’.
Subliminal temporal integration of linguistic information under discontinuous flash suppression
Authors: Hung Shao-Min , Hsieh Po-Jang
Published: April 2020

Whether unconscious complex visual information integration occurs over time remains largely unknown and highly controversial. Previous studies have tended to use a combination of strong masking or suppression and a weak stimulus signal (e.g., low luminance), resulting in a low signal-to-noise ratio during unconscious stimulus presentation. To lengthen the stimulus exposure, we introduced intermittent presentation into interocular suppression. This discontinuous suppression allowed us to insert a word during each suppression period and deliver multiple words over time unconsciously. We found that, after participants received the subliminal context, they responded faster to a syntactically incongruent target word in a lexical decision task. We later replicated the finding in a separate experiment where participants exhibited chance performance on locating the subliminal context. These results confirmed that the sentential context was both subjectively and objectively subliminal. Critically, the effect disappeared when the context was disrupted by presenting only partial sentences or sentences with a reversed word order. These control experiments showed that the effect was not merely driven by word–word association but instead required integration over multiple words in the correct order. These findings support the possibility of unconscious high-level, complex information integration.
Uncertainty Visualization
Authors: Padilla Lace , Kay Matthew , Hullman Jessica
Published: April 2020

While uncertainty is present in most data analysis pipelines, reasoning with uncertainty is challenging for novices and experts alike. Fortunately, researchers are making significant advancements in the communication of uncertainty. In this chapter, we detail new visualization methods and emerging cognitive theories that describe how we reason with visual representations of uncertainty. We describe the best practices in uncertainty visualization and the psychology behind how each approach supports viewers' judgments. This chapter begins with a brief overview of conventional and state-of-the-art uncertainty visualization techniques. Then we take an in-depth look at the pros and cons of each technique using cognitive theories that describe why and how the mind processes different types of uncertainty information.
Hester PSA001 Preregistration Preprint—Region- and Language-Level ICCs for Judgments of Faces
Authors: Hester Neil , Hehman Eric
Published: April 2020

We report the results of preregistered analyses of the PSA001 face perception data. We tested whether the target-level intra-class correlations (ICCs) would be higher in specific regions (i.e., more culturally homogeneous samples) than in the global data set (i.e., a less culturally homogeneous sample). We also report perceiver-level ICCs as well as by-trait perceiver- and target-level ICCs.
Study protocol for the COVID-19 Pandemic Adjustment Survey (CPAS): A longitudinal study of Australian parents of a child 0-18 years
Authors: Westrupp Elizabeth , Karantzas Gery , Macdonald Jacqui A , Olive Lisa , Youssef George Joseph , Greenwood Christopher , Sciberras Emma , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew , Mikocka-Walus Antonina , Ling Mathew , Cummins Robert , Hutchinson Delyse , Melvin Glenn. A , Fernando Julian , Teague Samantha , Wood Amanda , Toumbourou John , Berkowitz Tomer S , Linardon Jake , Enticott Peter Gregory , Stokes Mark Andrew , McGillivray Jane , Olsson Craig
Published: April 2020

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic presents significant risks to the mental health and wellbeing of Australian families. Employment and economic uncertainty, chronic stress, anxiety, and social isolation are likely to have negative impacts on parent mental health, couple and family relationships, as well as child health and development. Objective: This study aims to: (1) provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the emerging COVID-19 crisis in a close to representative sample of Australian parents and children (0-18 years); (2) identify adults and families most at risk of poor mental health outcomes; and, (3) identify factors to target through clinical and public health intervention to reduce risk. Specifically, this study will investigate the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with increased risk for parents’ mental health, lower wellbeing, loneliness, and alcohol use; parent-parent and parent-child relationships (both verbal and physical); and child and adolescent mental health problems. Methods: The study aims to recruit a close to representative sample of at least 2,000 adults aged 18 years and over living in Australia who are parents of a child 0-4 years (early childhood, N=400); 5-12 years (primary school N=800); and 13-18 years (secondary school, N=800). The design will be a longitudinal cohort study using an online recruitment methodology. Participants will be invited to complete an online baseline self-report survey (20 minutes) followed by a series of shorter online surveys (10 minutes) scheduled every two weeks for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., estimated to be 14 surveys over 6 months). Results: The study will employ post stratification weights to address differences between the final sample and the national population in geographic communities across Australia. Associations will be analyzed using multilevel modeling with time-variant and time-invariant predictors of change in trajectory over the testing period. Conclusions: This study will provide timely information on the mental health impacts of the COVID-19 crisis on parents and children in Australia; identify communities, parents, families, and children most at risk of poor outcomes; and, identify potential factors to address in clinical and public health interventions to reduce risk.
Too Much to Lose: The Influence of Emotional Attachment on Risk Aversion
Authors: Chan Andy Lisheng
Published: April 2020

Current literature suggests that the generalizability of the loss aversion hypothesis and in tandem risk aversion and framing effects may be less stable than previously specified. Hence, the current study seeks to investigate emotional attachment as a potential moderator of loss and subsequently risk aversion, helping inform both fields of economics and psychology in driving better policy and decision-making. 64 Temasek Polytechnic students, aged 16-23, were manipulated with either high or low emotional attachment towards an item and presented with an adapted Asian Disease Paradigm (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981) in either a gain or loss frame as a measure of the individual’s mean risk rating. ANOVA analysis revealed the stability of the loss aversion hypothesis identified in past literature – risk-averse behavior increased when a gain frame was presented, and risk-seeking behavior increased when a loss frame was presented. Critically, emotional attachment was found to moderate loss and risk aversion, validating past theoretical derivations (Ariely, Huber, & Wertenbroch, 2005; Novemsky & Kahneman, 2005): when emotional attachment was higher towards an item, participants displayed more risk-seeking behavior and more risk-averse behavior when in the context of losses and gains respectively, and displayed less risk-seeking and risk-averse behavior when they were less emotionally attached to an item in the same context of a gamble. Theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed in the context of nudging.
The Catch-22 of Forgetfulness: Responsibility for Mental Mistakes
Authors: Irving Zachary , Murray Samuel , Glasser Aaron , Krasich Kristina
Published: April 2020

Attribution theorists widely assume that people rely on character assessments to assign blame. But there is disagreement over why. One camp holds that character has a fundamental effect on blame. Another camp holds that character merely provides evidence about the mental states and processes that determine responsibility. We provide empirical evidence for a two-channel view, where character simultaneously has both fundamental and evidential effects on blame. In two large factorial studies (n = 505), participants rate whether someone is blameworthy when he makes a mistake (burns a cake or misses a bus stop). Although mental state inferences predict blame judgments, character assessments do not. Studies 3 and 4 (n = 447) perform a mediation analysis and find that character assessments (about forgetfulness) influence responsibility via two channels, one direct and another indirect. Forgetfulness directly increases judgments of responsibility, presumably because one’s mistakes manifest bad character. But forgetfulness also decreases judgments of state control, which indirectly decreases responsibility judgments. These two channels cancel out, which is why we find no aggregate effect of forgetfulness on responsibility. This is the catch-22 of forgetfulness. Our results challenge several fundamental assumptions in the moral psychology of character, including that good character always decreases blame.
The interaction between numerical and continuous non-numerical magnitudes in a Double Change Detection paradigm
Authors: Guillaume Mathieu , Hendryckx Charlotte , Beuel Anthony , Van Rinsveld Amandine , Content Alain
Published: April 2020

In the field of numerical cognition, researchers conventionally assess non-symbolic numerical abilities with the help of number comparison tasks, in which participants need to compare two arrays. Many studies emphasized that visual (non-numerical) dimensions can serve as strategic cues and influence the decision on numerosity in these tasks. In this study, we suggest the use of a novel paradigm based on the Change Detection paradigm. Here, participants had to simultaneously pay attention to numerical changes and visual changes on a target non-numerical dimension (Individual Area, Total Area, Field Area, or Density). Participants had to detect changes relative to the two dimensions and press response keys indicating either number change or visual change or press both keys. In such a double change detection paradigm, and unlike number comparison tasks, target and covarying dimensions cannot serve as cues to influence the numerical decision. We found that numerical change detection was excellent and stable across the conditions. Further, participants were more likely to falsely consider visual changes as numerical changes than the other way around. Lastly, when both dimensions varied, participants more frequently missed visual changes than numerical changes. Overall, our findings show that numerosity was the most salient visual dimension. From a methodological perspective, such a double change detection paradigm could be of critical interest to assess numerical abilities for future studies.
Lay beliefs about gender and sexual behavior: First evidence for a pervasive, robust (but seemingly unfounded) stereotype
Authors: Krems Jaimie , Ko Ahra , Moon Jordan W , Varnum Michael E. W.
Published: April 2020

Although casual sex is increasingly socially acceptable, negative stereotypes toward women pursuing casual sex appear to remain pervasive. Specifically, a common trope in media (e.g., television, film) is that such women have low self-esteem. Despite robust work on prejudice against women who engage in casual sex, little empirical work investigates the lay theories individuals hold about such women. Across six experiments with US participants (N = 1,469), we find that both men and women stereotype women (but not men) who have casual sex as having low self-esteem. This stereotype is held explicitly and semi-implicitly, not driven by individual differences in religiosity, conservatism, or sexism, is mediated by inferences that women having casual sex are unsatisfied with their mating strategy, yet persists when these women are explicitly described as choosing to have casual sex. Finally, it appears unfounded; across experiments, these same participants’ sexual behavior is uncorrelated with their own self-esteem.
Pathways from adversity to wisdom
Authors: Dorfman Anna , Grossmann Igor , Moscovitch David A
Published: April 2020

Folk beliefs and philosophers have long suggested that mastering adversity contributes to growth in wisdom –adaptability to the situation, perspectivism, dialectical thinking, and epistemic humility. But existing research on outcomes of adversity suggests a puzzle. On the one hand, cross-sectional studies have found adversity leads to post-traumatic growth in personal strengths such as wisdom. On the other hand, focus on adverse experiences exacerbates negative emotions and thoughts and undermines health and well-being over time. Our chapter highlights the idea that outcomes of adversity may depend on one’s mindset when reflecting on the adverse experience. Adopting a self-distanced mindset rather than the habitual self-focused or self-immersed mindset is likely to enhance wise characteristics. We review evidence-based advances in the study of daily adversity and wisdom, specifically focusing on utilizing longitudinal and experimental methodologies, and address future questions and clinical implications of self-distanced mindsets for growth in wisdom.
A Priori Justification for Effect Measures in Single-Case Experimental Designs
Authors: Manolov Rumen , Moeyaert Mariola , Fingerhut Joelle E.
Published: April 2020

Due to the complex nature of single-case experimental design data, numerous effect measures are available to quantify and evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. An inappropriate choice of the effect measure can result in a misrepresentation of the intervention effectiveness and this can have far-reaching implications for theory, practice and policymaking. As guidelines for reporting appropriate justification for selecting an effect measure are missing, the first aim is to identify the relevant dimensions for effect measure selection and justification prior to data gathering. The second aim is to use these dimensions to construct a user-friendly flowchart or decision tree guiding applied researchers in this process. The use of the flowchart is illustrated in the context of a preregistered protocol. This study is the first study that attempts to propose reporting guidelines to justify the effect measure choice, before collecting the data, to avoid selective reporting of the largest quantifications of an effect. A proper justification, less prone to confirmation bias, and transparent and explicit reporting can enhance the credibility of the single-case design study findings.
A decade of TFR declines suggests no relationship between development and sub-replacement fertility rebounds
Authors: Gaddy Hampton Gray
Published: April 2020

Increasing development is historically associated with fertility declines. However, demographic paradigms disagree about whether that relationship should hold at very high levels of development. Using national-level data through 2005, Myrskylä, Kohler, and Billari (2009) found that very high levels of the Human Development Index (HDI) were associated with increasing total fertility rates (TFR). This paper updates that finding with data up to 2017. It investigates whether the observed association has continued to hold for the countries originally studied and whether it holds for countries that have more recently reached very high HDI. For countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 in 2000 or before (n=27), the data indicate no clear relationship between changes in HDI and TFR at HDI ≥ 0.8. There is also no clear relationship for countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 between 2001 and 2010 (n=13). For countries that reached HDI ≥ 0.8 in 2000 or before, there appear to have been notable increases in TFR between 2000 and 2010, but those gains appear to have completely reversed between 2010 and 2017. The past finding of TFR increases at very high levels of development has not borne out in recent years. In fact, TFRs declined markedly in very high development countries between 2010 and 2017. This paper contributes to the debate over the relationship between development and fertility. That debate has an important bearing on how low fertility is conceived by social scientists and policymakers.
Punishing Status and the Punishment Status Quo: Solitary Confinement in U.S. Immigration Prisons, 2013-2017
Authors: Franco Konrad , Patler Caitlin , Reiter Keramet
Published: April 2020

This study provides the first systematic, nationally representative analysis of administrative records of solitary confinement placements in any carceral setting. We examine patterns in who experiences solitary confinement in Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) custody, as well as the stated reason for, and length of, their confinement. We reveal several findings. First, cases involving individuals with mental illnesses are overrepresented, more likely to occur without infraction, and to last longer, compared to cases involving individuals without mental illnesses. Second, solitary confinement cases involving immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean are vastly overrepresented in comparison to the share of these groups in the overall detained population, and African immigrants are more likely to be confined for disciplinary reasons, compared to the average. Finally, placement patterns vary significantly by facility and institution type, with private facilities more likely to solitarily confine people without infraction, compared to public facilities. This study offers a lens through which to more precisely theorize the legal boundary-blurring of crimmigration and the relationship between prison and immigration detention policies, to better understand the practice of solitary confinement across carceral contexts, and to analyze the relationship between national-level policy and on-the-ground implementation.
Fadhilaturrahmi
Authors: Setiawan Adib Rifqi
Published: April 2020

Fadhilaturrahmi— a role model of leading and outsanding author
Arabic Language Lifelong Learning (A3L) Tutorial Platform Using WhatsApp Messenger
Authors: Safaningrum Anggi Cecilia , Setiawan A. R.
Published: April 2020

This study examined the use of WhatsApp Messenger as a tutorial platform for Arabic language lifelong learning (A3L) at the Velsuf Institute. An exploratory research design was adopted and the purposive sampling technique was used in selecting participants for the study. Specifically, the study comprises 40 Velsuf Institute A3L learners. The WhatsApp Messenger was used as a tutorial delivery tool for the learners. Two research questions were raised and analyzed qualitatively. The result of the analysis indicated that WhatsApp Messenger could be used as tutorial delivery tool for A3L following the prescribed steps and procedures. Twelve Arabic lessons were learned which include contents for learners, quizzes, feedbacks and learner supports. Based on the findings, it was recommended that researchers need to extensively respond to the growing need of a body of research in this area, especially building models and strategies that work for the use of social media for the improvement of A3L delivery. Additionally, the A3L facilitators should be equipped with the skills of using mobile technologies, particularly the social media for A3L enhancement.