bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Individual variation in marine larval‐fish swimming speed and the emergence of dispersal kernels
Authors: Burgess Scott C. , Bode Michael , Leis Jeffrey M. , Mason Luciano B.
Published: December 2021

Dispersal emerges as a consequence of how an individual's phenotype interacts with the environment. Not all dispersing individuals have the same phenotype, and variation among individuals can generate complex variation in the distribution of dispersal distances and directions. While active locomotion performance is an obvious candidate for a dispersal phenotype, its effects on dispersal are difficult to measure or predict, especially in small organisms dispersing in wind or currents. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of larval swimming on dispersal and settlement of coral‐reef fish larvae using a high‐resolution biophysical model. The model is, to date, the only biophysical model of marine larval dispersal that has been statistically validated against genetic parentage estimates of larval origin and destination, and incorporates empirically‐estimated larval behaviors and their ontogeny. Larval swimming, in combination with depth, orientation and navigation behaviors, actually reduced dispersal distances compared to those of passive larvae. Swimming had no consistent effects on long distance dispersal, but increased the spread of settlement locations. Swimming speed, in contrast, did not consistently affect median dispersal distances, but faster swimming larvae had greater mean and maximum dispersal distances than slower swimming larvae. Finally, faster larval swimming speeds consistently increased the probability of settlement. Our analysis shows how larval swimming differentially affects multiple properties of dispersal kernels. In doing so, it indicates how selection could favor faster larval swimming to increase settlement and local retention, which may actually result in longer dispersal distances as a by‐product of larvae trying to locate habitat rather than to disperse greater distances.
Palaeohistological inferences of resting metabolic rates inConcornisandIberomesornis(Enantiornithes, Ornithothoraces) from the Lower Cretaceous of Las Hoyas (Spain)
Authors: Cubo Jorge , Buscalioni Angela D. , Legendre Lucas J. , Bourdon Estelle , Sanz Jose L. , de Ricqlès Armand
Published: December 2021

The bone histology of non‐avian theropods such asTroodon, early pygostylians such asConfuciusornis, and neornithines, is characterized by the post‐hatching formation of fibrolamellar complex. In contrast, the cortex of enantiornithine birds, likeConcornisandIberomesornis, is made of poorly vascularized parallel‐fibred tissue. The cortex of metatarsals ofConcornis lacustrisMCCM‐LH21006 is composed of a thin layer of lamellar endosteal bone and a thick layer of almost avascular parallel‐fibred periosteal bone organized into an inner part containing large spherical osteocyte lacunae and a few secondary osteons, and an outer part containing flattened osteocyte lacunae and lines of arrested growth. The cortex of metatarsals ofIberomesornissp. MCCM‐LH09681 is similar to the inner layer described inConcornis. Endosteal bone, and the outer layer of periosteal bone containing flattened osteocytes and lines of arrested growth, are missing inIberomesornis, suggesting that this specimen is a sub‐adult. Here we test statistically a hypothesis suggesting that the absence of post‐hatching formation of fibrolamellar bone in Enantiornithes may be a side effect of their low resting metabolic rates (RMR). For this, we construct a palaeobiological inference model including osteocyte lacunar density (explaining a significant fraction of variation in RMR) and phylogenetic eigenvectors as predictor variables. RMR inferred forConcornisandIberomesornisare significantly higher than those measured in extant ectotherms, but they are not significantly different from the RMR measured in a sample of extant arboreal perching Neornithes of similar body size. We conclude that the ‘intermediate physiological condition’ hypothesis is rejected.
Anesthesia for pediatric rigid bronchoscopy and related airway surgery: Tips and tricks
Authors: Wang Jue T. , Peyton James , Hernandez Michael R.
Published: December 2021

Bronchoscopy‐guided diagnostic and interventional airway procedures are gaining in popularity and prominence in pediatric surgery. Many of these procedures have been used successfully in the adult population but have not been used in children due to a lack of appropriately sized instruments. Recent technological advances have led to the creation of instruments to enable many more diagnostic and therapeutic procedures to be done under bronchoscopic guidance. These procedures vary significantly in their length and invasiveness and require vastly different anesthetic plans that must be easily adapted to situational and procedural changes. In addition to close communication between the anesthesiology and procedural teams; an understanding of the type of procedure, anesthetic requirements, and potential patient risks is paramount to a successful anesthetic. This review will focus on new rigid bronchoscopic procedures, goals for their respective anesthetic management, and unique tips and trick for how to maintain adequate oxygenation and ventilation in each scenario.
Developmental respiratory physiology
Authors: Trachsel Daniel , Erb Thomas O. , Hammer Jürg , von Ungern‐Sternberg Britta S.
Published: December 2021

Various developmental aspects of respiratory physiology put infants and young children at an increased risk of respiratory failure, which is associated with a higher rate of critical incidents during anesthesia. The immaturity of control of breathing in infants is reflected by prolonged central apneas and periodic breathing, and an increased risk of apneas after anesthesia. The physiology of the pediatric upper and lower airways is characterized by a higher flow resistance and airway collapsibility. The increased chest wall compliance and reduced gas exchange surface of the lungs reduce the pulmonary oxygen reserve vis‐à‐vis a higher metabolic oxygen demand, which causes more rapid oxygen desaturation when ventilation is compromised. This review describes the various developmental aspects of respiratory physiology and summarizes anesthetic implications.
Update on ventilatory management of extremely preterm infants—A Neonatal Intensive Care Unit perspective
Authors: Schulzke Sven M. , Stoecklin Benjamin
Published: December 2021

Extremely preterm infants commonly suffer from respiratory distress syndrome. Ventilatory management of these infants starts from birth and includes decisions such as timing of respiratory support in relation to umbilical cord management, oxygenation targets, and options of positive pressure support. The approach of early intubation and surfactant administration through an endotracheal tube has been challenged in recent years by primary noninvasive respiratory support and newer methods of surfactant administration via thin catheters. Available data comparing the thin catheter method to endotracheal tube and delayed extubation in extremely preterm infants born before 28 weeks of gestation did not show differences in survival free of bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Data from numerous randomized trials comparing conventional ventilation with high‐frequency oscillatory ventilation did not show differences in meaningful outcomes. Among conventional modes of ventilation, there is good evidence to favor volume‐targeted ventilation over pressure‐limited ventilation. The former reduces the combined risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia or death and several important secondary outcomes without an increase in adverse events. There are no evidence‐based guidelines to set positive end‐expiratory pressure in ventilated preterm infants. Recent research suggests that the forced oscillation technique may help to find the lowest positive end‐expiratory pressure at which lung recruitment is optimal. Benefits and risks of the various modes of noninvasive ventilation depend on the clinical setting, degree of prematurity, severity of lung disease, and competency of staff in treating associated complications. Respiratory care after discharge includes home oxygen therapy, lung function monitoring, weaning from medication started in the neonatal unit, and treatment of asthma‐like symptoms.
Irish Public Health Nursing Services and Home Support Services: governance of older persons’ home care
Authors: McDonald Anne , Frazer Kate , Warters Austin
Published: December 2021

Objective

To describe experiences of nurses in the Irish Public Health Nursing service working with Home Support Services (HSS) when providing home care for older people.

Design

Qualitative design. Two of twenty‐four focus groups undertaken in 2018 are examined to report specific experiences of registered nurses.

Sample

The first group comprised three Public Health Nurses (PHNs) and two community Registered General Nurses (cRGNs) and the second comprised three PHNs and one cRGN. In total nine nurses participated.

Measurements

Focus group interviews were used to collect data, discussions lasted 60–90 minutes and were audio‐recorded, professionally transcribed verbatim, and anonymised.

Results and conclusions

Gaps in lines of authority and accountability in day‐to‐day care exist, posing risks to safety. Establishing an enhanced home care model for complex cases and levels of accountability and supervision is critical. Investigating ways of adopting digital solutions to share commissioned home care plans with primary care teams (PCTs) would clarify responsibility and roles and reduce the risks of care left undone. Formally defining the role of commissioned home care agencies in primary care and that which they are expected to play during times of crisis, such as during COVID‐19 pandemic will enhance integrated care and governance.
The function of expert involvement in China's local policy making
Authors: Shen Yongdong , Ieong Meng U. , Zhu Zihang
Published: December 2021

Policy making in authoritarian regimes is assumed to be exclusive. The selective use of experts in China questions that assumption. Through three case studies from Hangzhou, Zhejiang province, we illustrate experts' functions in China. Local policy makers rely on them as science arbiters and to provide policy legitimization, just like their counterparts in the democracies of the Western world. They also have a function we call an “accountability facilitator,” which highlights the uniqueness of expert involvement in China. These cases describe the benefits the Chinese government receives from experts and explain why it is willing to listen to the public in certain circumstances.

Related Articles

Bryson, John R., Michael Taylor, and Peter W. Daniels. 2008. “Commercializing ‘Creative’ Expertise: Business and Professional Services and Regional Economic Development in the West Midlands, United Kingdom.” Politics & Policy 36(2): 306–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2008.00107.x

Nwalie, Martin Ike. 2019. “Advocacy Coalition Framework and Policy Changes in a Third‐World Country.” Politics & Policy 47(3): 545–68. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12302

Svallfors, Stefan. 2016. “Out of the Golden Cage: PR and the Career Opportunities of Policy Professionals.” Politics & Policy 44(1): 56–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12149
The novel HLA‐A allele, HLA‐A*29:158, first described in two Brazilian individuals
Authors: Vianna Romulo , Secco Danielle , Lopes Giovanna , Santos Angela , Porto Luís Cristóvão
Published: December 2021

The novel HLA‐A*29:158 allele, first described in potential bone marrow donors from Brazil.
The novel HLA‐A allele, HLA‐A*33:221, first described in a Brazilian individual
Authors: Vianna Romulo , Secco Danielle , Lopes Giovanna , Santos Angela , Porto Luís Cristóvão
Published: December 2021

The novel HLA‐A*33:221 allele, first described in a potential bone marrow donor from Brazil.
BioTherapeutics, Education and Research Foundation position paper: Assessing the competency of clinicians performing maggot therapy
Authors: Sherman Ronald Arlen , Chon Rachell , Armstrong David G. , Bernard Lisa , Contreras‐Ruiz Jose , Fonseca‐Muñoz Alicia , Mendez Sharon , Mumcuoglu Kosta Y. , Niezgoda Jeffrey A. , Rogers Lee C. , Shapiro Charles E. , Tantawi Tarek I. , Tippett Aletha , Vincent Carlos
Published: December 2021

In its mission to optimise the quality of patient care and the level of clinician training within the fields of biotherapy, the BioTherapeutics, Education and Research (BTER) Foundation and its Maggot Therapy Competency Committee identified qualities and achievements assessed to be the minimum standards that health care professionals should attain in order to be deemed competent in maggot therapy. The set of six standards were selected to reflect the same high degree of professionalism that is used by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education for assessing other medical specialists, but with an emphasis on the principles and practice of maggot therapy. For each domain in which competency is expected, the rationale has been explained, specific competencies have been articulated, and methods for demonstrating or evaluating those competencies have been suggested. Applicable to any clinician applying maggot dressings professionally, these recommendations should assist those who wish to identify, assess, or achieve competency in maggot therapy. Specifically, these six competencies include: (1) knowledge about wound care in general and maggot therapy in particular; (2) skill in general patient care, to a level commensurate with their professional role; (3) ability to communicate effectively with colleagues, patients, and the general public; (4) professional and ethical behaviour; (5) ability to deliver systems‐based health care; (6) incorporation of continuing education and quality improvement into their practice.
Orai1‐ and Orai2‐, but not Orai3‐mediated ICRAC is regulated by intracellular pH
Authors: Rychkov Grigori Y. , Zhou Fiona H. , Adams Melissa K. , Brierley Stuart M. , Ma Linlin , Barritt Greg J.
Published: December 2021

Three Orai (Orai1, Orai2, and Orai3) and two stromal interaction molecule (STIM1 and STIM2) mammalian protein homologues constitute major components of the store‐operated Ca2+ entry mechanism. When co‐expressed with STIM1, Orai1, Orai2 and Orai3 form highly selective Ca2+ channels with properties of Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channels. Despite the high level of homology between Orai proteins, CRAC channels formed by different Orai isoforms have distinctive properties, particularly with regards to Ca2+‐dependent inactivation, inhibition/potentiation by 2‐aminoethyl diphenylborinate and sensitivity to reactive oxygen species. This study characterises and compares the regulation of Orai1, Orai2‐ and Orai3‐mediated CRAC current (ICRAC) by intracellular pH (pHi). Using whole‐cell patch clamping of HEK293T cells heterologously expressing Orai and STIM1, we show that ICRAC formed by each Orai homologue has a unique sensitivity to changes in pHi. Orai1‐mediated ICRAC exhibits a strong dependence on pHi of both current amplitude and the kinetics of Ca2+‐dependent inactivation. In contrast, Orai2 amplitude, but not kinetics, depends on pHi, whereas Orai3 shows no dependence on pHi at all. Investigation of different Orai1–Orai3 chimeras suggests that pHi dependence of Orai1 resides in both the N‐terminus and intracellular loop 2, and may also involve pH‐dependent interactions with STIM1.

image

Key points

It has been shown previously that Orai1/stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1)‐mediated Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ current (ICRAC) is inhibited by intracellular acidification and potentiated by intracellular alkalinisation.

The present study reveals that CRAC channels formed by each of the Orai homologues Orai1, Orai2 and Orai3 has a unique sensitivity to changes in intracellular pH (pHi). The amplitude of Orai2 current is affected by the changes in pHi similarly to the amplitude of Orai1. However, unlike Orai1, fast Ca2+‐dependent inactivation of Orai2 is unaffected by acidic pHi. In contrast to both Orai1 and Orai2, Orai3 is not sensitive to pHi changes.

Domain swapping between Orai1 and Orai3 identified the N‐terminus and intracellular loop 2 as the molecular structures responsible for Orai1 regulation by pHi.

Reduction of ICRAC dependence on pHi seen in a STIM1‐independent Orai1 mutant suggested that some parts of STIM1 are also involved in ICRAC modulation by pHi.
Statistical analysis and modeling of underwater wind noise at the northeast pacific continental margin
Authors: Schwock Felix , Abadi Shima
Published: December 2021

Approximately 11 400 h of acoustic recordings from two sites off the Oregon coast have been evaluated to characterize and model the frequency and wind dependence of wind noise in the northeast Pacific continental margin. Acoustic data are provided by two bottom-mounted broadband hydrophones (64 kHz sampling frequency) deployed at depths of 81 and 581 m at the continental shelf and slope, respectively. To describe the spectral level versus frequency relation, separate linear models for the 0.2–3 kHz and 3–25 kHz frequency range are fitted to the data. While spectral slopes for the 0.2–3 kHz range generally decrease with increasing wind speed, slopes remain constant (shallow location) or increase with increasing wind speed (deep location) above 3 kHz. The latter is in strong contrast to results from previous studies. The relation between spectral level and wind speed is described by a piecewise linear model where spectral levels are approximately constant below a critical wind speed vc and increase linearly with logarithmic wind speed above vc. It is shown that the critical wind speed and the slopes of the piecewise linear model strongly depend on the acoustic frequency.
Investigation of resonance strategies of high pitch singing sopranos using dynamic three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Köberlein Marie , Birkholz Peter , Burdumy Michael , Richter Bernhard , Burk Fabian , Traser Louisa , Echternach Matthias
Published: December 2021

Resonance-strategies with respect to vocal registers, i.e., frequency-ranges of uniform, demarcated voice quality, for the highest part of the female voice are still not completely understood. The first and second vocal tract resonances usually determine vowels. If the fundamental frequency exceeds the vowel-shaping resonance frequencies of speech, vocal tract resonances are tuned to voice source partials. It has not yet been clarified if such tuning is applicable for the entire voice-range, particularly for the top pitches. We investigated professional sopranos who regularly sing pitches above C6 (1047 Hz). Dynamic three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging was used to calculate resonances for pitches from C5 (523 Hz) to C7 (2093 Hz) with different vowel configurations ([a:], [i:], [u:]), and different contexts (scales or octave jumps). A spectral analysis and an acoustic analysis of 3D-printed vocal tract models were conducted. The results suggest that there is no exclusive register-defining resonance-strategy. The intersection of fundamental frequency and first vocal tract resonance was not found to necessarily indicate a register shift. The articulators and the vocal tract resonances were either kept without significant adjustments, or the fR1:fo-tuning, wherein the first vocal tract resonance enhances the fundamental frequency, was applied until F6 (1396 Hz). An fR2:fo-tuning was not observed.
Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy is modulated during oocyte development propagating mutation transmission
Authors: Zhang Haixin , Esposito Marco , Pezet Mikael G. , Aryaman Juvid , Wei Wei , Klimm Florian , Calabrese Claudia , Burr Stephen P. , Macabelli Carolina H. , Viscomi Carlo , Saitou Mitinori , Chiaratti Marcos R. , Stewart James B. , Jones Nick , Chinnery Patrick F.
Published: December 2021

Single-cell analysis of mouse oocytes implicates the preferential transmission of a pathogenic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation.
Structural basis of DegP protease temperature-dependent activation
Authors: Šulskis Darius , Thoma Johannes , Burmann Björn M.
Published: December 2021

An interdomain lock modulates the functionality of the bacterial periplasmic protease DegP via distinct oligomeric states.
Demonstration of negative refraction induced by synthetic gauge fields
Authors: Yang Yihao , Ge Yong , Li Rujiang , Lin Xiao , Jia Ding , Guan Yi-jun , Yuan Shou-qi , Sun Hong-xiang , Chong Yidong , Zhang Baile
Published: December 2021

Negative refraction induced by synthetic gauge fields is experimentally verified in twisted multilayer acoustic metamaterials.
Ozone chemistry in western U.S. wildfire plumes
Authors: Xu Lu , Crounse John D. , Vasquez Krystal T. , Allen Hannah , Wennberg Paul O. , Bourgeois Ilann , Brown Steven S. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Coggon Matthew M. , Crawford James H. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Fried Alan , Gargulinski Emily M. , Gilman Jessica B. , Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Guo Hongyu , Hair Johnathan W. , Hall Samuel R. , Halliday Hannah A. , Hanisco Thomas F. , Hannun Reem A. , Holmes Christopher D. , Huey L. Gregory , Jimenez Jose L. , Lamplugh Aaron , Lee Young Ro , Liao Jin , Lindaas Jakob , Neuman J. Andrew , Nowak John B. , Peischl Jeff , Peterson David A. , Piel Felix , Richter Dirk , Rickly Pamela S. , Robinson Michael A. , Rollins Andrew W. , Ryerson Thomas B. , Sekimoto Kanako , Selimovic Vanessa , Shingler Taylor , Soja Amber J. , St. Clair Jason M. , Tanner David J. , Ullmann Kirk , Veres Patrick R. , Walega James , Warneke Carsten , Washenfelder Rebecca A. , Weibring Petter , Wisthaler Armin , Wolfe Glenn M. , Womack Caroline C. , Yokelson Robert J.
Published: December 2021

While ozone increases rapidly in wildfire plumes, downwind its production rate slows dramatically as nitrogen oxide levels decline.
How do you solve a problem like misinformation?
Authors: Calo Ryan , Coward Chris , Spiro Emma S. , Starbird Kate , West Jevin D.
Published: December 2021

Understanding key distinctions between misinformation/disinformation, speech/action, and mistaken belief/conviction provides an opportunity to expand research and policy toward more constructive online communication.
Enantioselective Organocatalysis Using SOMO Activation
Authors: Beeson Teresa D. , Mastracchio Anthony , Hong Jun-Bae , Ashton Kate , MacMillan David W. C.
Published: December 2021

The asymmetric α-addition of relatively nonpolar hydrocarbon substrates, such as allyl and aryl groups, to aldehydes and ketones remains a largely unsolved problem in organic synthesis, despite the wide potential utility of direct routes to such products. We reasoned that well-established chiral amine catalysis, which activates aldehydes toward electrophile addition by enamine formation, could be expanded to this important reaction class by applying a single-electron oxidant to create a transient radical species from the enamine. We demonstrated the concept of singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) activation with a highly selective α-allylation of aldehydes, and we here present preliminary results for enantioselective heteroarylations and cyclization/halogenation cascades.
LSD1-directed therapy affects glioblastoma tumorigenicity by deregulating the protective ATF4-dependent integrated stress response
Authors: Faletti Stefania , Osti Daniela , Ceccacci Elena , Richichi Cristina , Costanza Brunella , Nicosia Luciano , Noberini Roberta , Marotta Giulia , Furia Laura , Faretta Mario R. , Brambillasca Silvia , Quarto Micaela , Bertero Luca , Boldorini Renzo , Pollo Bianca , Gandini Sara , Cora Davide , Minucci Saverio , Mercurio Ciro , Varasi Mario , Bonaldi Tiziana , Pelicci Giuliana
Published: December 2021

Inhibiting LSD1 reduces glioblastoma tumor-initiating cell survival by impeding their ability to handle the stress through the deregulation of ATF4.
Treatment of experimental anthrax with pegylated circularly permuted capsule depolymerase
Authors: Legler Patricia M. , Little Stephen F. , Senft Jeffrey , Schokman Rowena , Carra John H. , Compton Jaimee R. , Chabot Donald , Tobery Steven , Fetterer David P. , Siegel Justin B. , Baker David , Friedlander Arthur M.
Published: December 2021

Pegylated circularly permuted capsule depolymerase removes capsule from
Bacillus anthracis
and protects anthrax-infected mice.
Surveying a Swarm: Experimental Techniques To Establish and Examine Bacterial Collective Motion
Authors: Partridge Jonathan D.
Published: December 2021

The survival and successful spread of many bacterial species hinges on their mode of motility. One of the most distinct of these is swarming, a collective form of motility where a dense consortium of bacteria employ flagella to propel themselves across a solid surface.
Endosymbiotic Male-Killing
Spiroplasma
Affects the Physiological and Behavioral Ecology of
Macrocheles
-
Drosophila
Interactions
Authors: Horn Collin J. , Yoon Taekwan , Mierzejewski Monika K. , Luong Lien T.
Published: December 2021

Male-killing endosymbionts are transmitted mother to daughter and kill male offspring. Despite these major ecological effects, how these endosymbionts colonize new host species is not always clear.
Reverse Transcription-Quantitative Real-Time PCR (RT-qPCR) Assay for the Rapid Enumeration of Live Candida auris Cells from the Health Care Environment
Authors: Freitas Bryanna Lexus , Leach Lynn , Chaturvedi Vishnu , Chaturvedi Sudha
Published: December 2021

Ongoing health care-associated outbreaks of the multidrug-resistant yeast
Candida auris
have prompted the development of several rapid DNA-based molecular diagnostic tests. These tests do not distinguish between live and dead
C. auris
cells, limiting their use for environmental surveillance and containment efforts.
Analysis of B Cell Receptor Repertoires Reveals Key Signatures of the Systemic B Cell Response after SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Zhang Yudi , Yan Qihong , Luo Kun , He Ping , Hou Ruitian , Zhao Xinwei , Wang Qian , Yi Haisu , Liang Huan , Deng Yijun , Hu Fengyu , Li Feng , Liu Xinglong , Feng Ying , Li Pingchao , Qu Linbing , Chen Zhaoming , Pan-Hammarström Qiang , Feng Liqiang , Niu Xuefeng , Chen Ling
Published: December 2021

Although the canonical delineation of serum antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection has been well established, the dynamics of antibody repertoire at the mRNA transcriptional level has not been well understood, especially the correlation between serum antibody titers and the antibody mRNA transcripts. In this study, we analyzed the IgH transcripts and characterized the B cell clonal expansion and differentiation, isotype switching, and somatic hypermutation in COVID-19 patients.
The Large Nonstructural Protein (NS1) of Human Bocavirus 1 Directly Interacts with Ku70, Which Plays an Important Role in Virus Replication in Human Airway Epithelia
Authors: Shao Liting , Ning Kang , Wang Jianke , Cheng Fang , Wang Shengqi , Qiu Jianming
Published: December 2021

Parvovirus infection induces a DNA damage response (DDR) that plays a pivotal role in viral DNA replication. The DDR includes activation of ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated), ATR (ATM- and RAD3-related), and DNA-PKcs (DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit).
Nitrogen Kinetic Isotope Effects of Nitrification by the Complete Ammonia Oxidizer Nitrospira inopinata
Authors: Liu Shurong , Jung Man-Young , Zhang Shasha , Wagner Michael , Daims Holger , Wanek Wolfgang
Published: December 2021

Nitrification is an important nitrogen cycle process in terrestrial and aquatic environments. The discovery of comammox has changed the view that canonical AOA, AOB, and NOB are the only chemolithoautotrophic organisms catalyzing nitrification.
Microbial Composition in Larval Water Enhances Aedes aegypti Development but Reduces Transmissibility of Zika Virus
Authors: Louie William , Coffey Lark L.
Published: December 2021

We observed that
A. aegypti
mosquitoes reared in water from cemetery headstones instead of the laboratory tap exhibited a reduced capacity to become infected with and transmit Zika virus. Water from the environment contained more bacterial species than tap water, but these bacteria were not consistently detected in adult mosquitoes.
Design SMAP29-LysPA26 as a Highly Efficient Artilysin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa with Bactericidal and Antibiofilm Activity
Authors: Wang Tingting , Zheng Yongxiang , Dai Jiami , Zhou Junxiu , Yu Rong , Zhang Chun
Published: December 2021

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major issue to global health, particularly the multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative infections, which pose great challenges. Even new antibiotics research is ongoing, antibiotics used to treat Gram-negative bacteria in the clinical are limited in a small set of molecular scaffolds, and biomolecular categories of antibiotics are urgently needed.
MICy: a Novel Flow Cytometric Method for Rapid Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration
Authors: Kállai András , Kelemen Márta , Molnár Noémi , Tropotei Adrienn , Hauser Balázs , Iványi Zsolt , Gál János , Ligeti Erzsébet , Kristóf Katalin , Lőrincz Ákos M.
Published: December 2021

MICy is a new, simple and rapid flow cytometry based antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) method that produces susceptibility profile a workday earlier than the microdilution method or other classical phenotypic AST methods. Shortening the length of AST can accelerate clinical decision-making as targeted antibiotic treatment improves clinical outcomes and reduces mortality, duration of artificial ventilation, and length of stay in intensive care unit.
Geographic barriers to establishing a successful hospital referral system in rural Madagascar
Authors: Ihantamalala Felana Angella , Bonds Matthew H , Randriamihaja Mauricianot , Rakotonirina Luc , Herbreteau Vincent , Révillion Christophe , Rakotoarimanana Serge , Cowley Giovanna , Andriatiana Tsirinomen’ny Aina , Mayfield Alishya , Rich Michael L , Rakotonanahary Rado J L , Finnegan Karen E , Ramarson Andriamanolohaja , Razafinjato Benedicte , Ramiandrisoa Bruno , Randrianambinina Andriamihaja , Cordier Laura F , Garchitorena Andres
Published: December 2021

Background

The provision of emergency and hospital care has become an integral part of the global vision for universal health coverage. To strengthen secondary care systems, we need to accurately understand the time necessary for populations to reach a hospital. The goal of this study was to develop methods that accurately estimate referral and prehospital time for rural districts in low and middle-income countries. We used these estimates to assess how local geography can limit the impact of a strengthened referral programme in a rural district of Madagascar.

Methods

We developed a database containing: travel speed by foot and motorised vehicles in Ifanadiana district; a full mapping of all roads, footpaths and households; and remotely sensed data on terrain, land cover and climatic characteristics. We used this information to calibrate estimates of referral and prehospital time based on the shortest route algorithms and statistical models of local travel speed. We predict the impact on referral numbers of strategies aimed at reducing referral time for underserved populations via generalised linear mixed models.

Results

About 10% of the population lived less than 2 hours from the hospital, and more than half lived over 4 hours away, with variable access depending on climatic conditions. Only the four health centres located near the paved road had referral times to the hospital within 1 hour. Referral time remained the main barrier limiting the number of referrals despite health system strengthening efforts. The addition of two new referral centres is estimated to triple the population living within 2 hours from a centre with better emergency care capacity and nearly double the number of expected referrals.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates how adapting geographic accessibility modelling methods to local scales can occur through improving the precision of travel time estimates and pairing them with data on health facility use.
Testing a newly developed activity pacing framework for chronic pain/fatigue: a feasibility study
Authors: Antcliff Deborah , Keenan Anne-Maree , Keeley Philip , Woby Steve , McGowan Linda
Published: December 2021

Objectives

To test the feasibility of using a new activity pacing framework to standardise healthcare professionals’ instructions of pacing, and explore whether measures of activity pacing/symptoms detected changes following treatment.

Design

Single-arm, repeated measures study.

Setting

One National Health Service (NHS) Pain Service in Northern England, UK.

Participants

Adult patients with chronic pain/fatigue, including chronic low back pain, chronic widespread pain, fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis.

Interventions

Six-week rehabilitation programme, standardised using the activity pacing framework.

Outcome measures

Feasibility was explored via patients’ recruitment/attrition rates, adherence and satisfaction, and healthcare professionals’ fidelity. Questionnaire data were collected from patients at the start and end of the programme (T1 and T2, respectively) and 3 months’ follow-up (T3). Questionnaires included measures of activity pacing, current/usual pain, physical/mental fatigue, depression, anxiety, self-efficacy, avoidance, physical/mental function and quality of life. Mean changes in activity pacing and symptoms between T1-T2, T2-T3 and T1-T3 were estimated.

Results

Of the 139 eligible patients, 107 patients consented (recruitment rate=77%); 65 patients completed T2 (T1-T2 attrition rate=39%), and 52 patients completed T3 (T1-T3 attrition rate=51%). At T2, patients’ satisfaction ratings averaged 9/10, and 89% attended ≥5 rehabilitation programme sessions. Activity pacing and all symptoms improved between T1 and T2, with smaller improvements maintained at T3.

Conclusion

The activity pacing framework was feasible to implement and patients’ ability to pace and manage their symptoms improved. Future work will employ a suitable comparison group and test the framework across wider settings to explore the effects of activity pacing in a randomised controlled trial.

Trial registration number

NCT03497585.
Convalescent plasma for treatment of COVID-19: study protocol for an open randomised controlled trial in Sweden
Authors: Dillner Joakim , Ursing Johan
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Although there are many studies on the use of convalescent plasma (CP) for treatment of COVID-19, it is not clear (1) which groups of patients may benefit, (2) what dose of plasma to give, or (3) which antibody levels the plasma should contain. Previous phase I/II studies and literature review suggest that CP should only be given to patients with viraemia, that a daily infusion should be given until the patient becomes virus free and that the neutralising antibody titre should preferably be >1:640

Methods and analysis

An open randomised controlled trial enrolling patients with COVID-19, who must be SARS-CoV-2 positive in both airway and blood samples and admitted to a study hospital. Block randomisation 2:1 is to either 200 mL CP (preferably titre ≥1/640) daily for up to 10 days (until virus negative in blood) plus standard care or standard care only (control arm). The primary endpoint is mortality by day 28 after study inclusion. Secondary endpoints include mortality by day 60 and doses of plasma needed to clear viraemia. Assuming a reduced mortality of approximately 30% by the CP therapy and 85%–88% survival in the control arm, approximately 600 participants will be enrolled to the CP therapy arm and 300 participants to the control arm.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethical approval has been granted by the Swedish Ethical Review Authority (reference: 2020-06277). Results from this trial will be compiled in a clinical study report, disseminated via journal articles and communicated to stakeholders.

Trial registration number

NCT04649879.
EXercise to Prevent frailty and Loss Of independence in insulin treated older people with DiabetEs (EXPLODE): protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT)
Authors: Stocker Rachel , Shaw James , Taylor Guy S , Witham Miles D , West Daniel J
Published: December 2021

Introduction

There are 3.9 million people in the UK with diabetes. Sarcopenia, increased frailty and loss of independence are often unappreciated complications of diabetes. Resistance exercise shows promise in reducing these complications in older adult diabetes patients. The aim of this feasibility randomised controlled trial is to (1) characterise the physical function, cardiovascular health and the health and well-being of older adults with mild frailty with/without diabetes treated with insulin, (2) to understand the feasibility and acceptability of a 4-week resistance exercise training programme in improving these parameters for those with diabetes and (3) to test the feasibility of recruiting and randomising the diabetic participant group to a trial of resistance training.

Methods and analysis

Thirty adults aged ≥60 years with insulin-treated diabetes mellitus (type 1 or 2), and 30 without, all with mild frailty (3–4 on the Rockwood Frailty Scale) will be recruited. All will complete blood, cardiovascular and physical function testing. Only the diabetic group will then proceed into the trial itself. They will be randomised 1:1 to a 4-week semisupervised resistance training programme, designed to increase muscle mass and strength, or to usual care, defined as their regular physical activity, for 4 weeks. This group will then repeat testing. Primary outcomes include recruitment rate, attrition rate, intervention fidelity and acceptability, and adherence to the training programme. A subset of participants will be interviewed before and after the training programme to understand experiences of resistance training, impact on health and living with diabetes (where relevant) as they have aged. Analyses will include descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis.

Ethics and dissemination

The North East-Newcastle and North Tyneside 2 Research Ethics Committee (20/NE/0178) approved the study. Outputs will include feasibility data to support funding applications for a future definitive trial, conference and patient and public involvement presentations, and peer-reviewed publications.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN13193281.
Study protocol: the OxWell school survey investigating social, emotional and behavioural factors associated with mental health and well-being
Authors: Mansfield Karen Laura , Puntis Stephen , Soneson Emma , Cipriani Andrea , Geulayov Galit , Fazel Mina
Published: December 2021

Introduction

Improving our understanding of the broad range of social, emotional and behavioural factors that contribute to mental health outcomes in adolescents will be greatly enhanced with diverse, representative population samples. We present a protocol for a repeated self-report survey assessing risk and protective factors for mental health and well-being in school pupils aged 8–18 years with different socioeconomic backgrounds in England. The survey will provide a comprehensive picture of mental health and associated risks at the community level to inform the development of primary and secondary prevention and treatment strategies in schools.

Methods and analysis

This protocol is for a large-scale online repeated self-report survey, representative of children and adolescents aged 8–18 years attending schools or further education colleges in participating counties in England. The survey consists of around 300 questions, including validated measures of mental health and well-being, risk and protective factors, and care-seeking behaviour and preferences. Additional questions each year vary to address current events and novel hypotheses, developed by the research team, collaborators and stakeholders. Primary analyses will investigate current and changing risk and protective factors, care-seeking behaviour and attitudes to allowing linkage of their sensitive data to other databases for research, and will compare measures of mental health to measures of well-being.

Ethics and dissemination

The study was approved by the University of Oxford Research Ethics Committee (Reference: R62366). Tailored data summaries will be provided to participating schools and stakeholders within 3 months of data collection. The main findings will be presented at scientific meetings, published in peer-reviewed journals and shared via digital and social media channels. At the end of the study, other researchers will be able to apply for access to anonymous data extracts.
Intrarater reliability of the Abilitator—a self-report questionnaire on work ability and functioning aimed at the population in a weak labour market position: a test–retest study
Authors: Wikström Miia , Kouvonen Anne , Joensuu Matti
Published: December 2021

Objectives

The Abilitator is a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) of work ability and functioning of those in a weak labour market position. It covers items for work ability and self-rated health, for example, and summary scales for social, psychological, cognitive and physical functioning, as well as everyday skills. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intrarater test–retest reliability, internal consistency and basic psychometric properties of the Finnish version of the Abilitator.

Design, setting and outcome

The test–retest study was conducted in European Social Fund projects in 2018–2019. The participants completed two Abilitator questionnaires over 7–14 days. The internal consistency analysis was based on data collected in 2017–2019 in services for the long-term unemployed. The reliability was assessed using correlations (r, rs, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)), agreement with Bland-Altman analysis and internal consistency with Cronbach’s alpha.

Participants

The test–retest study had 67 participants (52% men, mean age 43.9 years) and the internal consistency study 10 923 (48% men, mean age 38.58 years), respectively. Of all the participants, 80% had been unemployed for over a year.

Results

The test–retestrorrsranged from 0.71 to 0.93 and ICC from 0.74 to 0.93 for the items and summary scales. An exception was the life satisfaction item, with anrsof 0.60 and ICC of 0.45. A statistically significant difference was observed in the summary scale for social functioning (t=−2.01, p=0.049). Agreement was observed for all variables except social functioning. Alphas for summary scales ranged from 0.74 to 0.91.

Conclusions

The Finnish version of the Abilitator is a reliable PROM for the target group and has acceptable to excellent intrarater test–retest reliability and internal consistency, apart from the life satisfaction item. Further testing is needed for the social functioning summary scale.
Acceptability of HIV Testing for Adolescents and young Adults by Delivery Model: A Systematic Review
Authors: Leistikow Peter Thomas , Patel Vidhi , Nouryan Christian , Cervia Joseph Steven
Published: December 2021

HIV infections are prevalent among adolescents and young adults, of whom 44% remain unaware of their diagnosis. HIV screening presents numerous challenges including stigma, fear, and concerns about confidentiality, which may influence young people's acceptance of HIV screening and linkage to care differently from individuals in other age groups. It is imperative to understand which care delivery models are most effective in facilitating these services for youth. This systematic review analyzes the rates of HIV test acceptance and linkage to care by care delivery model for adolescents and young adults. Studies were classified into emergency department (ED), primary care/inpatient setting, community-based program, or sexually transmitted infection clinic models of care. From 6395 studies initially identified, 59 met criteria for inclusion in the final analyses. Rate of test acceptance and linkage to care were stratified by model of care delivery, gender, race, age ranges (13–17, 18–24 years) as well as site (North America vs rest of the world). A significant difference in acceptance of HIV testing was found between care models, with high rates of test acceptance in the ED setting in North America and primary care/hospital setting in the rest of the world. Similarly, linkage to care differed by model of care, with EDs having high rates of linkages to HIV care in North America. Future studies are needed to test mechanisms for optimizing outcomes for each care delivery model in addressing the unique challenges faced by adolescents and young adults.
Total 1-year hospital cost of middle meningeal artery embolization compared to surgery for chronic subdural hematomas: a propensity-adjusted analysis
Authors: Catapano Joshua S , Koester Stefan W , Srinivasan Visish M , Rumalla Kavelin , Baranoski Jacob F , Rutledge Caleb , Cole Tyler S , Winkler Ethan A , Lawton Michael T , Jadhav Ashutosh P , Ducruet Andrew F , Albuquerque Felipe C
Published: December 2021

Background

Middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization results in fewer treatment failures than surgical evacuation for chronic subdural hematomas (cSDHs). We compared the total 1-year hospital cost for MMA embolization versus surgical evacuation for patients with cSDH.

Methods

Data for patients who presented with cSDHs from January 1, 2018, through May 31, 2020, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were grouped by initial treatment (surgery vs MMA embolization), and total hospital cost was obtained. A propensity-adjusted analysis was performed. The primary outcome was difference in mean hospital cost between treatments.

Results

Of 170 patients, 48 (28%) underwent embolization and 122 (72%) underwent surgery. cSDHs were larger in the surgical (20.5 (6.7) mm) than in the embolization group (16.9 (4.6) mm; P<0.001); and index hospital length of stay was longer in the surgical group (9.8 (7.0) days) than in the embolization group (5.7 (2.4) days; P<0.001). More patients required additional hematoma treatment in the surgical cohort (16%) than in the embolization cohort (4%; P=0.03), and more required readmission in the surgical cohort (28%) than in the embolization cohort (13%; P=0.04). After propensity adjustment, MMA embolization was associated with a lower total hospital cost compared to surgery (mean difference −$32 776; 95% CI −$52 766 to −$12 787; P<0.001). A propensity-adjusted linear regression analysis found that unexpected additional treatment was the only significant contributor to total hospital cost (mean difference $96 357; 95% CI $73 886 to $118 827; P<0.001).

Conclusions

MMA embolization is associated with decreased total hospital cost compared with surgery for cSDHs. This lower cost is directly related to the decreased need for additional treatment interventions.