bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canine Population Data Generated from a Multiplex STR Kit for Use in Forensic Casework*
Authors: Kanthaswamy Sree , Tom Bradley K. , Mattila Anna‐Maria , Johnston Eric , Dayton Melody , Kinaga Jennifer , Joy‐Alise Erickson Bethany , Halverson Joy , Fantin Dennis , DeNise Sue , Kou Alexander , Malladi Venkat , Satkoski Jessica , Budowle Bruce , Glenn Smith David , Koskinen Mikko T.
Published: May 2009

Abstract:  Canine biological specimens are often part of the physical evidence from crime scenes. Until now, there have been no validated canine‐specific forensic reagent kits available. A multiplex genotyping system, comprising 18 short tandem repeats (STRs) and a sex‐linked zinc finger locus for gender determination, was developed for generating population genetic data assessing the weight of canine forensic DNA profiles. Allele frequencies were estimated for 236 pedigreed and 431 mixed breed dogs residing in the U.S. Average random match probability is 1 in 2 × 1033 using the regional database and 1 in 4 × 1039 using the breed dataset. Each pedigreed population was genetically distinct and could be differentiated from the mixed breed dog population but genetic variation was not significantly correlated with geographic transition. Results herein support the use of the allele frequency data with the canine STR multiplex for conveying the significance of identity testing for forensic casework, parentage testing, and breed assignments.
Outcome management in in‐patient psychiatric care
Authors: Puschner B. , Schöfer D. , Knaup C. , Becker T.
Published: May 2009

Objective:  To delineate methods and to describe patient appraisal as well as effect of outcome management in in‐patient psychiatric care.

Method:  Two hundred and ninety‐four adults with mental illness receiving in‐patient treatment at a psychiatric hospital in rural Bavaria gave informed consent to participate in this cluster‐randomised trial. Participants were asked to provide information on treatment outcome via weekly computerised standardised assessments. Patients and clinicians in the intervention group received continuous feedback of outcome.

Results:  Patients were willing and able to regularly provide outcome data and valued feedback. However, use of feedback in conversations between patient and clinician was rare. Outcome management failed to impact on patient‐rated outcome during in‐patient treatment.

Conclusion:  Outcome management is feasible in people receiving in‐patient psychiatric care, but failed to show an overall short‐term effect. Strategies need to be developed to improve active use of routinely collected treatment outcome data in mental health care.
Ingroup perception and responses to stigma among persons with mental illness
Authors: Rüsch N. , Corrigan P. W. , Wassel A. , Michaels P. , Olschewski M. , Wilkniss S. , Batia K.
Published: May 2009

Objective:  Mental illness stigma is common, but it is unclear why it affects some individuals more than others. We tested the hypothesis that the way persons with mental illness perceive their ingroup (people with mental illness) in terms of group value, group identification and entitativity (perception of the ingroup as a coherent unit) shapes their reaction to stigma.

Method:  Ingroup perceptions, perceived legitimacy of discrimination and reactions to stigma (educating or helping others, social performance, secrecy, social distance, hopelessness) were assessed among 85 people with mental illness using questionnaires and a standardized role‐play test.

Results:  Controlling for depression and perceived discrimination, high group value and low perceived legitimacy of discrimination predicted positive reactions to stigma. High group identification and entitativity predicted positive reactions only in the context of high group value or low perceived legitimacy of discrimination.

Conclusion:  Group value and perceived legitimacy of discrimination may be useful targets to help people with mental illness to better cope with stigma.
Preliminary results of a fine‐grain analysis of mood swings and treatment modalities of bipolar I and II patients using the daily prospective life‐chart‐methodology
Authors: Born C. , Seitz N.‐N. , Grunze H. , Vieta E. , Dittmann S. , Seemüller F. , Amann B.
Published: May 2009

Objective:  The study aimed to increase the knowledge about the detailed course differences between different forms of bipolar disorder.

Method:  Using the prospective life‐chart‐clinician version, we compared the fine‐grain analysis of mood swings and treatment modalities of 18 bipolar II with 31 bipolar I patients.

Results:  During an observational period of a mean of 26 months we observed an increase of euthymic days, and a decrease of (sub)depressive and (hypo)manic days. Days in a (sub)depressed state were more frequent than days of (hypo)mania as well as days of subdepression or hypomania in comparison to days of full‐blown depression or mania. Bipolar II patients showed an increase in hypomanic days receiving more frequently antidepressants. Bipolar I patients, with a decrease of manic days, were significantly taking more often mood stabilizers.

Conclusion:  Treatment in a specialized bipolar clinic improves the overall outcome, but bipolar II disorder seems to be still treated sub‐optimally with a possible iatrogenic increase of hypomanic days.
Investigation of contact allergy to dental metals in 206 patients
Authors: Raap Ulrike , Stiesch Meike , Reh Heidi , Kapp Alexander , Werfel Thomas
Published: May 2009

Background:  Contact allergy to dental materials is poorly understood; clinical manifestations are heterogeneous.

Objective:  To analyse positive patch test reactions to metals (as their alloys or salts) used in dentistry together with clinical symptoms and possible relevance to dental fillings.

Methods:  We retrospectively analysed 206 patients who underwent patch testing with metals used in dentistry because of suspected contact allergy to them.

Results:  Twenty‐eight of 206 patients had positive patch test reactions to metals used in dentistry. The number of positive patch test reactions was highest for gold sodium thiosulfate, palladium chloride, and nickel sulfate (n = 10, respectively), followed by amalgam, ammoniated mercury, and cobalt chloride (n = 4, respectively) and amalgam‐mixed metals (including copper, tin, zinc, and silicon), and ammonium tetrachloroplatinate (n = 1). Only 14 (7%) of 206 patients had a clinically relevant contact allergy with conditions of the oral mucosa (n = 7 with lichen planus and n = 7 with stomatitis) and positive patch test reactions to dental metals containing the suspected allergen. Improvement of symptoms was assessed in one patient with amalgam contact allergy 2 weeks after removal of dental fillings.

Conclusions:  Clinically relevant contact allergies to dental metals are infrequent. Gold sodium thiosulfate and palladium chloride presented the most frequent contact allergens.
Frequency of sensitization to methyl aminolaevulinate after photodynamic therapy
Authors: Korshøj Signe , Sølvsten Henrik , Erlandsen Mogens , Sommerlund Mette
Published: May 2009

Background:  Allergic contact dermatitis to methyl aminolaevulinate (Metvix™) after topical application in photodynamic therapy (PDT) has previously been described in case reports.

Objective:  To compare the frequency of sensitization to Metvix® cream in a group of patients previously treated at least five times with Metvix‐PDT with the frequency observed in an unexposed control group.

Methods:  Twenty patients treated five times or more with Metvix‐PDT and 60 controls with no prior exposure to Metvix® were patch tested with Metvix® cream and Metvix® placebo cream. Subsequently, the patients were interviewed to determine the relevance of a positive patch test reaction to Metvix®.

Results:  Of 20 patients treated with Metvix‐PDT, 7 were sensitized to Metvix® cream, giving a sensation risk of 35%. In the control group, 1 of 60 became sensitized after a single exposure to Metvix® cream (1.7%). There was no reaction to the placebo cream. The positive patch tests to Metvix® were considered relevant in four of seven patients (57%).

Conclusions:  This study demonstrates a considerable risk of sensitization after Metvix‐PDT. We suggest that the patients are interviewed to detect late or persistent local reactions after PDT. These reactions are often considered to be local infections but may represent allergic contact dermatitis, and therefore, patients should be offered patch testing with Metvix® cream.
Hand dermatitis among veterinarians from Queensland, Australia
Authors: Leggat Peter A , Smith Derek R , Speare Richard
Published: May 2009

Background: Although hand dermatitis (HD) represents a frequent occupational issue for many health professionals, little is known about the prevalence and distribution of HD among veterinarians, particularly in Australia.

Aim: We utilized a previously validated questionnaire survey to examine a cross‐section of veterinarians from Queensland, Australia, to determine the prevalence of HD and its associated factors.

Method: We conducted a questionnaire‐based survey of HD, which was mailed to 1094 veterinarians registered with the Veterinary Surgeons Board of Queensland during 2006 (64.0% response rate).

Results: The overall prevalence rate of HD during this study was 15.9%. HD prevalence was significantly higher in those with current allergic disease (P < 0.001), among female veterinarians (P< 0.001), and those reporting latex allergy in the past 12 months (P < 0.001).

Conclusions: Overall, this study suggests that HD may be more prevalent among veterinarians in Queensland than among their counterparts studied elsewhere. Veterinary practices may need to consider making non‐latex gloves available or avoiding latex products wherever possible, particularly for their female staff. The importance of HD to the veterinary profession is predicted to increase as females begin to make up a greater proportion of registered veterinarians as result of a demographic shift.
Disturbance frequency and functional identity mediate ecosystem processes in prairie streams
Authors: Bertrand Katie N. , Gido Keith B. , Dodds Walter K. , Murdock Justin N. , Whiles Matt R.
Published: May 2009

A major consequence of climate change will be the alteration of precipitation patterns and concomitant changes in the flood frequencies in streams. Species losses or introductions will accompany these changes, which necessitates understanding the interactions between altered disturbance regimes and consumer functional identity to predict dynamics of streams. We used experimental mesocosms and field enclosures to test the interactive effects of flood frequency and two fishes from distinct consumer groups (benthic grazers and water‐column minnows) on recovery of stream ecosystem properties (algal form and biomass, invertebrate densities, metabolism and nutrient uptake rates). Our results generally suggest that periphyton communities under nutrient limitation are likely to recover more quickly when grazing and water‐column minnows are present and these effects can diminish or reverse with time since the disturbance. We hypothesized that increased periphyton production and biomass was the result of increased nutrient turnover, but decreased light limitation and indirect effects on other trophic levels are alternative explanations. Recovery of stream ecosystem properties after a natural flood differed from mesocosms (e.g. lower algal biomass and no long algal filaments present) and species manipulations did not explain recovery of ecosystem properties; rather, ecosystem processes varied along a downstream gradient of increasing temperature and nutrient concentrations. Different results between field enclosures and experimental mesocosms are attributable to a number of factors including differences in algal and invertebrate communities in the natural stream and relatively short enclosure lengths (mean area=35.8 m2) compared with recirculating water in the experimental mesocosms. These differences may provide insight into conditions necessary to elicit a strong interaction between consumers and ecosystem properties.
Competition as a structuring force in leaf miner communities
Authors: Tack Ayco J. M. , Ovaskainen Otso , Harrison Philip J. , Roslin Tomas
Published: May 2009

The role of competition in structuring communities of herbivorous insects is still debated. Despite this, few studies have simultaneously investigated the strength of various forms of competition and their effect on community composition. In this study, we examine the extent to which different types of competition will affect the presence and abundance of individual leaf miner species in local communities on oak trees Quercus robur. We first use a laboratory experiment to quantify the strength of intra‐ and interspecific competition. We then conduct a large‐scale field experiment to determine whether competition occurring in one year extends to the next. Finally, we use observational field data to examine the extent to which mechanisms of competition uncovered in the two experiments actually reflect into patterns of co‐occurrence in nature. In our experiment, we found direct competition at the leaf‐level to be stronger among conspecific than among heterospecific individuals. Indirect competition among conspecifics lowered the survival and weight of larvae of T. ekebladella, both at the branch and the tree‐level. In contrast, indirect competition among heterospecifics was only detected in one out of three species pairs examined. In the field experiment, the presence of a given moth species in one year affected the relative abundance of leaf miner species in the next year. Nevertheless, patterns of competition observed in these experiments did not translate into repulsion among free‐ranging leaf miners: conspecific larvae of four leaf‐mining species were aggregated on the same trees, shoots and leaves. In contrast, heterospecific larvae were only aggregated at the tree‐level. We propose that despite the fact that leaf miners do compete and that such effects extend through time, the incidence and strength of competition is relatively small at realistic densities. Hence, competition will likely be of minor importance in shaping the distribution of leaf miners in a natural setting.
Structural basis for the erythro‐stereospecificity of the l‐arginine oxygenase VioC in viomycin biosynthesis
Authors: Helmetag Verena , Samel Stefan A. , Thomas Michael G. , Marahiel Mohamed A. , Essen Lars‐Oliver
Published: May 2009

The nonheme iron oxygenase VioC from Streptomyces vinaceus catalyzes Fe(II)‐dependent and α‐ketoglutarate‐dependent Cβ‐hydroxylation of l‐arginine during the biosynthesis of the tuberactinomycin antibiotic viomycin. Crystal structures of VioC were determined in complexes with the cofactor Fe(II), the substrate l‐arginine, the product (2S,3S)‐hydroxyarginine and the coproduct succinate at 1.1–1.3 Å resolution. The overall structure reveals a β‐helix core fold with two additional helical subdomains that are common to nonheme iron oxygenases of the clavaminic acid synthase‐like superfamily. In contrast to other clavaminic acid synthase‐like oxygenases, which catalyze the formation of threo diastereomers, VioC produces the erythro diastereomer of Cβ‐hydroxylated l‐arginine. This unexpected stereospecificity is caused by conformational control of the bound substrate, which enforces a gauche(–) conformer for χ1 instead of the trans conformers observed for the asparagine oxygenase AsnO and other members of the clavaminic acid synthase‐like superfamily. Additionally, the substrate specificity of VioC was investigated. The side chain of the l‐arginine substrate projects outwards from the active site by undergoing interactions mainly with the C‐terminal helical subdomain. Accordingly, VioC exerts broadened substrate specificity by accepting the analogs l‐homoarginine and l‐canavanine for Cβ‐hydroxylation.
Uptake/Efflux Transport of Tramadol Enantiomers andO‐Desmethyl‐Tramadol: Focus onP‐Glycoprotein
Authors: Kanaan Mouna , Daali Youssef , Dayer Pierre , Desmeules Jules
Published: May 2009

Abstract: The analgesic effect of tramadol (TMD) results from the monoaminergic effect of its two enantiomers, (+)‐TMD and (−)‐TMD as well as its opioid metabolite (+)‐O‐desmethyl‐tramadol (M1).P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) might be of importance in the analgesic and tolerability profile variability of TMD. Our study investigated the involvement ofP‐gp in the transepithelial transport of (+)‐TMD, (−)‐TMD and M1, using a Caco‐2 cell monolayer model. The bidirectional transport of racemic TMD and M1 (1–100 µM) across the monolayers was investigated at two pH conditions (pH 6.8/7.4 and 7.4/7.4) in the presence and absence ofP‐gp inhibitor cyclosporine A (10 µM) and assessed with the more potent and specificP‐gp inhibitor GF120918 (4 µM). Analytical quantification was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to the fluorescence detector. A net secretion of (+)‐TMD, (−)‐TMD and M1 was observed when a pH gradient was applied (TR:Papp(B − A)/Papp(A − B): 1.8–2.7; P < 0.05). However, the bidirectional transport of all compounds was equal in the non‐gradient system. In the presence ofP‐gp inhibitors, a slight but significant increase of secretory flux was observed (up to 26%; P < 0.05) at both pH conditions. In conclusion, (+)‐TMD, (−)‐TMD and M1 are notP‐gp substrates. However, proton‐based efflux pumps may be involved in limiting the gastrointestinal absorption of TMD enantiomers as well as enhancing TMD enantiomers and M1 renal excretion. A possible involvement of uptake carriers in the transepithelial transport of TMD enantiomers and M1 is suggested.
DISPUTE RESOLUTION AND THE POSTDIVORCE FAMILY: IMPLICATIONS OF A PARADIGM SHIFT1
Authors: Singer Jana B.
Published: May 2009

Over the past two decades, there has been a paradigm shift in the way the legal system handles most family disputes—particularly disputes involving children. This paradigm shift has replaced the conventional model of adjudication with a more collaborative, interdisciplinary, and forward‐looking family dispute resolution regime. It has also transformed the practice of family law and fundamentally altered the way in which disputing families interact with the legal system. This essay examines the elements of this paradigm shift in family dispute resolution and explores the opportunities and challenges it offers for families, children, and the legal system.
THE EMERGENCE OF TRIAGE IN FAMILY COURT SERVICES: THE BEGINNING OF THE END FOR MANDATORY MEDIATION?*
Authors: Salem Peter
Published: May 2009

Mandatory mediation has, since its inception in the 1980s, been at the heart of family court service agencies. However, changing times, more complex family problems, and a lack of court resources have created significant service delivery challenges. This article examines the emergence of variations of triage processes in family court service agencies as a response and contends that it is time to consider replacing the tiered service delivery model.
LEGISLATING FOR SHARED PARENTING: EXPLORING SOME UNDERLYING ASSUMPTIONS
Authors: McIntosh Jennifer E.
Published: May 2009

In 2006, the Australian parliament introduced new family law legislation about substantively shared overnight parenting arrangements between divorced couples. Other countries and state legislatures are currently debating the merits of similar legislation. A largely unquestionable premise underpins this reform, namely that the majority of children from separated families demonstrably benefit from the ongoing, warm and available involvement of both parents, in a climate of well‐managed interparental conflict. The Australian legislation moves beyond encouragement of shared parenting in divorce cases with adequately functioning parents; it extends into grey areas which, to date, remain poorly serviced by credible research, including its application to children of all ages and to parents experiencing significant levels of ongoing conflict. Drawing on data from a longitudinal high‐conflict divorce sample, this article challenges three assumptions that underpin a legislative preference for shared parenting, that shared parenting is viable and sustainable for divorced parents in conflict, that shared care enables improved cooperation between parents, and that as a result children will be less affected by their parents' conflict. The article further explores the influence of the mediation process on the choice and durability of shared parenting arrangements.
THE NEW BEGINNINGS PROGRAM FOR DIVORCING AND SEPARATING FAMILIES: MOVING FROM EFFICACY TO EFFECTIVENESS
Authors: Wolchik Sharlene A. , Sandler Irwin N. , Jones Sarah , Gonzales Nancy , Doyle Kathryn , Winslow Emily , Zhou Qing , Braver Sanford L.
Published: May 2009

This article describes a program of research on effectively transporting the New Beginnings Program (NBP), a university‐tested prevention program for divorced families, to community settings. The four steps in this research are described: (1) selecting a community partner, (2) developing effective methods of engaging parents, (3) redesigning the NBP to be easily delivered with high quality and fidelity in community agencies, and (4) adapting the NBP to meet the needs of the full population of divorcing families. The article concludes with a discussion of plans for an effectiveness trial to evaluate the NBP when delivered in community settings.
MOTHERING, FATHERING, AND DIVORCE: THE INFLUENCE OF DIVORCE ON REPORTS OF AND DESIRES FOR MATERNAL AND PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT*
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Finley Gordon E.
Published: May 2009

The present study investigated the extent to which young adults' reports of—and desires for—maternal and paternal involvement differed between intact and divorced families. An ethnically diverse sample of 1,376 young adults completed measures of reported and desired mothering and fathering across 20 parenting domains. Results indicated that both reports of and desires for father involvement differed sharply by family form (intact versus divorced), whereas few family form differences emerged for reported or desired mother involvement. These findings are discussed in terms of implications for custody and access decisions within the family court system.
A NATIONWIDE SURVEY OF PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN OF DIVORCING AND SEPARATING PARENTS
Authors: Pollet Susan L.
Published: May 2009

This article surveys programs for children of separation and divorce throughout the United States. It provides an overview of their development and discusses some of the research which has been performed to measure the efficacy of them. It focuses on some specific programs, and it provides information about the types of programs which are available in each state. Finally, it provides insights into the next steps for such efforts.
FROM THE INSIDE OUT: CALLING ON STATES TO PROVIDE MEDICALLY NECESSARY CARE TO TRANSGENDER YOUTH IN FOSTER CARE
Authors: Turner J. Lauren
Published: May 2009

It is well known that transgender youth in foster care often face egregious discrimination and victimization based on their gender identities. Unfortunately, transgender youth in foster care have also been deprived of transgender‐specific medical care that is vital to their health and well‐being. This Note advocates that child welfare agencies adopt legislation that will demonstrate their commitment to fulfilling their constitutional duty to provide medically necessary care to transgender youth in their custody. This Note examines recent case law on the topic and addresses counterarguments to the proposal, including risks associated with treatment, high cost, and the stigma of gender identity disorder. Ultimately, this Note concludes that adopting the proposed legislation is a necessary step toward securing health care rights for transgender foster care youth.
EMPLOYMENT AID FOR YOUTH AGING OUT OF FOSTER CARE: EXTENDING ONE‐STOP CAREER CENTERS TO INCLUDE A DIVISION FOR FOSTER CARE YOUTH
Authors: Henig Allison
Published: May 2009

Every year thousands of children are discharged from the foster care system and find themselves ill prepared for the responsibility of adulthood. Providing enhanced employment opportunities to both current and former foster care youth will allow them to become economically self‐sufficient and therefore have an improved transition from foster care. This Note proposes that states incorporate a foster youth employment program in the one‐stop career centers mandated by the Workforce Investment Act. Through this program, foster youth will be provided with the tools they need for success while maintaining control over their own future.
After neo‐liberalism: Republican democracy in new times
Authors: White Stuart
Published: May 2009

The financial crisis and resulting recession could mark the end of a political era defined by the dominance of ‘neo‐liberal’ ideas. Stuart White asks: what will the new era look like? And what will be its agenda?
The case for compulsory voting
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: May 2009

Electoral participation has become increasingly skewed by class and age inequality. Some groups are much more influential at the ballot box than others. Sarah Birch argues the case for making turnout compulsory, which she asserts would lead to improvements in political, social and procedural fairness
Language and the politics of liberty and security
Authors: Wills Michael
Published: May 2009

Reconciling the different goods of liberty and security is never easy but careless language can make the task all the harder, says Michael Wills MP, Justice Minister
Caught in the crossfire: The economic crisis and developing countries
Authors: Melamed Claire
Published: May 2009

Developing countries argue that the economic crisis was not of their making. Nevertheless, most will suffer as a result of highly globalised flows of finance and trade. Claire Melamed explains how a new index of vulnerability will show which countries are most exposed
What is the future for asset‐based welfare?
Authors: Prabhakar Rajiv
Published: May 2009

The global financial crisis has prompted criticisms of policies such as Labour's Child Trust Fund, and the impending general election raises the question of what the other main parties would do with asset‐based welfare. Rajiv Prabhakar examines the likely outcomes
Experiments in 21st century antipoverty policy
Authors: Aber Lawrence
Published: May 2009

New York City is testing a policy of ‘Conditional Cash Transfers’, pioneered in Latin America and designed to address both the reduction of income poverty and investment in children's human capital development. Lawrence Aber examines the welfare policy lessons the NYC experiment might contain for other industrialised countries
Porosity–Strength Correlations in Ceramic Raschig Ring: Effects of Sintering Temperature and Water Content
Authors: Salehi Mehdi , Salem Amin
Published: May 2009

The relationship between compressive strength and porosity of extruded ceramic Raschig ring has been investigated. First, the experiments have been carried out at different soaking temperatures to obtain optimum condition, reaching minimum total porosity and maximum strength. Second, in order to compare the effect of powder moisture on strength, the specimens were extruded with different water content. The dried specimens were sintered at optimum temperature according to first step result. In conclusion the maximum strength was achieved when the ceramic packings were shaped by 20–25 wt% water content and sintered at 1200°C.
Phase Transition from α‐TCP into β‐TCP in TCP/HA Composites
Authors: Huang Yaqin , Huang Wentao , Sun Lujun , Wang Qinqin , He Aihua , Han Charles C.
Published: May 2009

The phase transition from α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) into β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) in tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite (TCP/HA) composites was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy in this study. The current experimental results indicated that the calcining temperature for the complete phase transition from α‐TCP into β‐TCP increased with the increasing HA content in the composite. HA/β‐TCP biphasic composites with initial Ca/P molar ratios of 1.571, 1.600 and 1.636 were synthesized. The particle coarsening occurred significantly in the process of calcination.
Dispersion and Rheological Characterization of TiO2Tape Casting Slurry
Authors: Arunkumar Konjhiparambil V. , Panicker Rani N. , Vasanthakumari Kalarickal G. , Satheesh Mathew , Raghu Natarajan , Unnikrishnan Nelliparampil V.
Published: May 2009

Dispersion behavior of TiO2in different solvent systems in combination with two different dispersants was studied and optimized for the dispersion of TiO2. Based on sedimentation, viscosity, and rheological characteristics, zeotropic ethanol: xylene with a ratio of 50:50 along with 1 wt% menhaden fish oil is found to be the best solvent–dispersant combination for TiO2. Tape casting slurry was optimized using polyethylene glycol 400 and benzyl butyl phthalate as plasticizers and polyvinyl buyral as the binder. Cyclohexanone was used as homogenizer. TiO2tapes were obtained by double doctor blade tape casting process. As cast tapes were dried in air at room temperature. The results show that it is possible to obtain homogenous defect‐free green tapes of 58.7% solid loading and green density of 55% having thickness of ∼90 μm.
In situ Reaction Synthesis and Mechanical Properties of TaC–TaSi2 Composites
Authors: Hu Chunfeng , He Lingfeng , Li Fangzhi , Wu Ling , Wang Jingyang , Li Meishuan , Bao YiWang , Zhou Yanchun , He Lingfeng , Li Fangzhi , Wu Ling
Published: May 2009

TaC–TaSi2 composites were fabricated at 1700°C by an in situ reaction/hot pressing method using Ta, Si, and graphite as initial materials. TaSi2 content was 0–100 vol%. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that the relative densities of composites were above 97.5% when the volume content of TaSi2 was above 10%. The TaC/10 vol% TaSi2 composite presented the highest flexural strength of 376 MPa. When the TaSi2 content was 30–50 vol%, the composites showed the highest fracture toughness of about 4.3 MP·am1/2. In addition, the composites could retain high Young's modulus up to at least 1525°C.
EFFECT ON PHENOLICS, HMF AND SOME PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF APPLE JUICE CONCENTRATE OF ACTIVATED CARBON APPLIED AT THE DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES
Authors: ÇOKLAR HACER , AKBULUT MEHMET
Published: May 2009

In this research, the effect of different temperature, time and activated carbon doses on hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) level on apple juice concentrate was examined. Changing in total phenolic content, oBrix, pH, titratable acidity, electrical conductivity, total invert sugar, reflectance color (L*, a*, b*, h, C*), spectrophotometric color, clearness, viscosity and mineral content were also determined. The values of HMF in the apple juice samples decreased with increasing activated carbon doses and application time. However, the application time of activated carbon had no significant effect on HMF content. While the application temperature of activated carbon had no significant effect on HMF, it had a highly important effect on total phenolic content (P < 0.05). Total phenolic content in the apple juice decreased significantly with increasing doses, application time and temperature of activated carbon (P < 0.05). Transmittances at 440 nm of apple juice were increased by activated carbon applications with increasing doses and application time at all temperatures. Parallel to increase in the activated carbon doses and application time, hue (h) values of all apple juice decreased at all temperatures.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), formed by the Maillard reaction and dehydration of ketopentoses, particularly in acidic and/or high temperature environments, is an important quality parameter in fruit juices and other foods. In fresh unheated juices, the HMF content is normally zero. However, it occurs during processing which requires high temperature, and storage. High HMF and dark color of apple juices could be improved with a proper clarifying agent such as activated carbon. The results of this study showed that the activated carbon can be useful in making a significant improvement in the apple juice by decreasing its HMF content and enhancing color properties without considerable loss in the levels of phenolic compounds, which are important constituents for color and flavor of fresh fruit, could be achieved in the apple juice.
Contribution of Australian cardiologists, general practitioners and dietitians to adult cardiac patients' dietary behavioural change
Authors: POMEROY Sylvia E.M. , WORSLEY Anthony
Published: May 2009

Aim:  To investigate the use of behavioural change techniques by cardiologists, general practitioners and dietitians in adult cardiac patients within 12 months of their cardiac event.

Method:  Quantitative cross‐sectional surveys. Frequency analyses were conducted on the respondents' answers to questionnaire items. Chi‐squared test of independence compared responses of the three professional groups on the questionnaire items. Analyses of variance were conducted to explore the impact of the independent variables: age, sex and time worked on the behavioural change techniques used by the respondents.

Results:  The respondents included 248 general practitioners (30% response), 189 cardiologists (47% response) and 180 dietitians (60% response). General practitioners and cardiologists acted mainly as advocates for dietary change in the dietary management process. Dietitians provided nutrition knowledge and a range of techniques to assist dietary behavioural change. Cardiologists and dietitians shared little nutrition information with general practitioners (cardiologists with general practitioners = 8%, dietitians with general practitioners = 49%).

Conclusion:  The present study shows that cardiac patients may have insufficient access to knowledge of nutrition and techniques to assist them with dietary behavioural change.
Current dietetic practices of obesity management in Saudi Arabia and comparison with Australian practices and best practice criteria
Authors: ALMAJWAL Ali , WILLIAMS Peter , BATTERHAM Marijka
Published: May 2009

Aim:  To describe the dietetic practices of the treatment of obesity in Saudi Arabia and compare this with best practice criteria and the practice in Australia.

Methods:  Anonymous questionnaires were completed by dietitians in Saudi Arabia. The topics included barriers to obesity management, demand and level of service and strategies and approaches used for weight management. Best practice scores were based on those used to assess Australian dietitians.

Results:  A total of 253 dietitians participated in the survey. Of these, 175 (69%) were involved in the management of obesity. The best practice score for Australian dietitians was slightly greater than the scores of Saudi dietitians (median 43 vs 39). There was also a significant correlation between the best practice score and years of experience (r = 0.26, P < 0.001). The most common assessment approaches were assessment of body mass index (87%) and exercise habits (81%), while the most common strategies for obesity management were: dietary total fat reduction (92%) and increase incidental daily activity (92%). The major barrier for establishment of a weight management clinic reported by 49% of participants was inadequate resources.

Conclusion:  Saudi Arabian dietetic practice for the management of obesity does incorporate most best practice recommendations, but some specific elements are rarely used.
Supermarket discounts: Are they promoting healthy non‐alcoholic beverages?
Authors: POLLOCK Sarah , SIGNAL Louise , WATTS Carolyn
Published: May 2009

Aim:  The present study investigates the role of supermarket discounts in promoting healthy choices through evaluation of discounts applied to non‐alcoholic beverages in New Zealand supermarkets.

Methods:  Discount information was collected from four supermarkets in the Wellington region over a four‐week period. These included two supermarkets aimed at customers of a high socioeconomic status and two aimed at low‐socioeconomic‐status customers. The beverage brand and size were recorded along with the original and discounted prices. The beverages were classified into green (drink most), amber (drink in moderation) and red (drink less) categories based on the Waitemata District Health Board Beverage Guidelines.

Results:  A total of 1487 discounts were documented over the four‐week period with the majority (57.6%) of these from the high‐socioeconomic‐status supermarkets. A higher percentage of beverage discounts were classified as amber (40.9%) or red (44.1%) rather than green (14.9%) across all beverage groups except water (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:  This research suggests that less healthy beverages are discounted more frequently and to a larger extent than healthier beverages, but a nationwide study is required to confirm this. It appears likely that supermarkets could play a role in promoting healthy beverage choice if they refrain from discounting amber and red products.
Constructions of competence within dietetics: Trust, professionalism and communications with individual clients
Authors: CANT Robyn
Published: May 2009

Aim:  Issues of trust are important factors that affect communication in professional–client relationships. This paper aims to explore trust in communication from the viewpoint of both clients (the truster) and dietitians.

Methods:  The qualitative research techniques were based on grounded theory. Purposive samples of 46 dietitians and 34 of their adult outpatients were drawn from health services (hospitals, community services and private clinics) in one state of Australia. Clients from eight centres were aged from 21 to 80+ years. Audio‐recorded in‐depth interviews and focus groups were used to gather data. Transcribed narratives were open‐coded and examined for deviant cases. Themes identified in dietitian and client data sets describing clients' trust were compared.

Results:  The themes identified confirmed a typology of trust (from the perspective of the truster) present in the health care literature. Clients' trust was derived from institutional context or reputation. Interpersonal trust perceived in verbal and non‐verbal communications with a dietitian were in evidence. Dietitians' value attributes of integrity and respect were identified as traits that help build trust and demonstrate dietitians' professionalism. The findings were built into a concept model of trust.

Conclusions:  Behaviours shown that convey a sense of acceptance, understanding and individual management may lead to positive communication, and hence help build a client's trust in a professional. The link between trust, performance and dietetics clients' outcomes should be investigated further.
Autonomy and Effectiveness of Chinese Monetary Policy under the De Facto Fixed Exchange Rate System
Authors: Sun Huayu
Published: May 2009

This paper uses monthly data to examine the autonomy and effectiveness of monetary policy in China under the de facto fixed exchange rate arrangement in place from 1998 to 2005. The results obtained from Granger causality tests in a vector autoregression framework indicate that: (i) China actually conducted independent monetary policy during the fixed exchange rate period; and (ii) market‐oriented policy measures are impotent in influencing real output and prices. The framework of the investigation into the autonomy of monetary policy adapts to the Chinese economic condition that primary loan and deposit rates are set by the central bank. Based on the empirical results, the present paper provides alternative strategies to improve the effectiveness of monetary policy in China, including developing the financial system and solidifying microeconomic fundamentals instead of forcing the adaptation of a more flexible exchange rate regime.
RMB Exchange Market Pressure and Central Bank Exchange Market Intervention
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , Zhang Jing
Published: May 2009

The present paper uses the model‐dependent and the model‐independent approach to measure the RMB exchange market pressure (EMP) and the central bank's intervention using monthly data from January 1999 to June 2008. It is determined that the RMB has been under great appreciation pressure over the past decade. However, the pressure has been weakening since 2005. The two approaches provide significantly different results in terms of the estimated RMB EMP indices and the estimated central bank's interventions. The differences may lead to different predictions of potential currency crises. According to the estimation of the RMB EMP, and based on the model‐independent approach, the paper shows that China has been under threat of an appreciation currency crisis since 2008. Therefore, China should adopt a more flexible exchange rate regime to prevent a potential crisis.
Apparent specific gravity and dimensional change in phosphate bonded investment
Authors: Stevens L.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Dimensional change of mould space is related to settling and packing of silica particles during setting of phosphate bonded investment as indicated by apparent specific gravity.
Busselton population study, 1969: Denture wearing patterns
Authors: Medcalf G. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— In 1969, 3,677 people representing 89 per cent of the adult population of Busselton, Western Australia, received a dental examination. This section of the report on that examination deals with the denture wearers.
Unusual mandibular fracture
Authors: Sinclair Neil A.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An unusual mandibular fracture is reported and the hypothesis made that spasm of masticatory muscles will allow fractures along planes outside the accepted lines of weakness.
An unusual odontogenic lesion. Case report
Authors: Cran J. A. , Herd J. R. , Chau K. K.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A case of odontogenic neoplasia is presented. The incidence of this type of lesion is reviewed and the importance of proper diagnosis and operative assessment is emphasized.
Periodontal considerations in the restoration of non‐vital teeth*
Authors: Bower Robert C. , Henry Patrick J.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Periodontal status is considered in relation to the construction of post core retained restorations. The surgical management of those problems apical to the gingival tissues is discussed in detail.
Properties of a new carvable composite dental filling material
Authors: Lee Henry L. , Orlowski Jan A. , Kidd Patrick D.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The chemical principles and physical properties of a new composite system, which apparently cures in a two‐step process to allow time for hand carving to the proper anatomic contours, are described. The new material appears to have better in vitro wear resistance than an older composite filling material.
Direct bonding of orthodontic brackets to tooth structure
Authors: Rogers Olbert W. , Griffith Jack R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An orthodontic bracket suitable for direct bonding to tooth structure is described and the strength of the bond is tested and evaluated.
The effects of commercial local anaesthetic solutions on the isolated rabbit ear artery
Authors: Gerke D. C. , Frewin D. B. , Waterson J. G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The response of an isolated artery preparation to commercial local anaesthetic solutions containing either prilocaine or lignocaine in the presence of adrenaline or noradrenaline has been examined. In low doses, both local anaesthetics were found to augment the constrictor response to adrenaline, whereas at higher doses the effect of adrenaline was significantly depressed by them. In contrast, noradrenaline's vasoconstrictor response was not potentiated by low doses of lignocaine, although higher dose levels caused a significant reduction in its vasoconstrictor effect.
Dental dilemmas: can psychiatry help?
Authors: Hordern Anthony
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An overlap exists between dentistry and psychiatry. The dentist, whose role is inevitably of considerable psychological significance, should be aware of the common psychiatric “disease entities”, notably depressive illnesses, which can present through dental symptoms. Such disorders seldom respond to dental manoeuvres per se but often respond to psychiatric treatment. Some specific psychodental syndromes are described and illustrative case histories are given.
Further observations on mandibular anaesthesia
Authors: Shields P. W.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Recent studies have emphasized that none of the accepted intraoral landmarks used in the conventional mandibular block technique is completely reliable, nor can they presage those instances in which the lingula presents an obstruction to the needle pathway.

An answer to this problem is suggested by the use of extraoral landmarks to assist in estimating the height and expected depth of needle penetration.

The importance of palpating for the anterior border of the medial pterygoid muscle deep in the pterygotemporal depression is reaffirmed.
The influence of the dentist upon dimensional change and creep of amalgam
Authors: Spanauf A. J. , Vrijhoef M. M. A. , Graaf R. De.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A laboratory study showed insignificant effect on dimensional change was brought about by the operator's skill, packing technique employed, and alloy. However, creep was significantly affected by the operator's skill and the type of alloy.
Histology of external and internal resorption
Authors: Barker B. C. W. , Lockett B. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Seven cases of resorption in teeth have been described. Three had large internal cavities penetrating the dentine to or from the exterior. One had internal resorption in two separate locations and another had internal resorption which may have been precipitated by carious involvement of the pulp. Two cases of external resorption were quite dissimilar, one possibly a reaction to canal infection, the other idiopathic. Various types of calcified material were found in the areas of resorption and odontoclasts were found in one case.
The bonding of polycarboxylate cement to gold
Authors: Rogers Olbert W. , Griffith Jack R.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A comparison is made of several types of treatment of the surface of gold which will promote greater bonding with polycarboxylate cement.
An analysis of interdental cleaning habits
Authors: Nixon K. C.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— An assessment of the interdental cleaning habits of 766 patients attending the Periodontics Department of the Brisbane Dental Hospital revealed the need for more instruction and continued supervision in the use of interdental cleaning aids by private and institutional practitioners.
Re‐establishing natural tooth position in the edentulous environment*
Authors: Murray Christopher G.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— The routine prosthetic arrangement of teeth set according to arbitrary criteria frequently results in adaptive problems, tissue damage, poor aesthetics, lack of stability and functional disabilities. A phonetic technique, based on the ‘S’ position of the mandible, in the majority of cases provides a useful aid in achieving natural tooth positions and the occlusal vertical dimension. This technique can enhance the quality of prosthodontic service especially for patients having difficulties with full dentures.
The microanatomy of the human edentulous maxillae
Authors: Marks Barbara I.
Published: May 2009

Abstract— A modern concept of the structural arrangement and distribution of the tissues is presented and it is believed this will affect clinical prosthodontics when considering impression procedures, tissue responses to conditioning, loading and compression and aging changes.
The Pulp. A big issue about a little tissue
Authors: Feiglin Barry
Published: May 2009

Abstract— Difficulties in correlating pulp symptomology with available histopathological and biochemical data have hampered understanding of pulp reaction to stimuli. Some of the less well known biochemical cell and tissue regulatory systems are appraised. Pathways whereby such systems could be implicated in pulp function are suggested.