bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Picosecond-precision optical two-way time transfer in free space using flexible binary offset carrier modulation
Authors: Yang Honglei , Wang Haifeng , Wang Xueyun , Yi Hang , Yang Wenzhe , Wang Hongbo , Zhang Shengkang
Published: May 2020

Free-space optical time transfer that features high precision will act as a crucial role in near-future outdoor timing service and ground-to-satellite/inter-satellite clock networks. Here we propose a free-space optical two-way time transfer method using flexible binary offset carrier modulation. The alternative method could yield a comparative precision compared to optical binary phase-shift keyed modulation. For verification, a time transfer experiment with our home-built system between two sites separated by a 30-m free-space path outside the laboratory was conducted. Over a 15 h period, the time deviation is 2.3 ps at 1-s averaging time, and averages down to 1.1 ps until ∼30 s. The fractional frequency instability exhibits 4.0×10−12 at a gate time of 1 s, and approaches to 1.3×10−15 at 10000 s.
Perioperative glycemic control in patients with coronary artery disease and diabetes mellitus type 2 undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting: results of pilot study
Authors: Golukhova Elena Z. , Bulaeva Naida I. , Lifanova Liubov S. , Pugovkina Yaroslava V.
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND: According to different studies, diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is associated with higher mortality after undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Perioperative hyperglycaemia, even in non-DM2 patients, is associated with adverse outcomes after CABG. Thus, successful perioperative blood glucose control (BGC) is mandatory to reduce the risk of death and postoperative complications. Nowadays, the most effective method for BGC in the operating room is still unknown.
AIMS: To assess the continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) efficacy in association with insulin pump therapy in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and DM2 undergoing CABG in intra- and early postoperative periods.
METHODS: The study involved 97 patients undergoing isolated CABG. Patients were divided into two groups: 48 patients with DM2 and 49 patients without DM2. In both groups of patients, we used CGM in intra- and early postoperative periods (72 hours). In some patients with DM2, CGM was associated with insulin pump therapy (MiniMed Paradigm Veo 554/754) to successfully control postoperative glucose level. Besides commonly used tests (such as HbA1C and lipid profile), we analysed high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels before surgery, and then at 1 hour, 12 hours and 7 days after CABG in order to estimate their prognostic value.
RESULTS: During the 48 hours after CABG, there was a trend towards having higher glucose levels in both groups of patients with and without DM2 according to CGM. In patients with DM2, the glucose level was significantly increased (р0,05). Insulin pump therapy resulted in glycemic control improvement in early follow-up (72 hours). Moreover, there were no hypoglycaemic episodes in patients on insulin pump therapy and also in patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy. We revealed the trend towards lower rate of postpericardiotomy syndrome (PCTS) in patients on insulin pump therapy compared to patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy in the early postoperative period (p=0,1). Hs-CRP level was lower in patients with DM2 who were on insulin pump therapy compared to patients prescribed bolus insulin therapy in the early postoperative period (р0,05). This most likely confirms that insulin pump therapy decreases systemic inflammatory response.
CONCLUSIONS: Thus, we demonstrated the CGM feasibility, safety and efficacy in association with insulin pump therapy in patients with DM2 undergoing CABG.
From the Editor
Authors: Goss David A.
Published: May 2020

Dr. Goss introduces the articles in this issue and describes the steady increasing number of women entering the profession during the course of the last 50 years, providing statistics on women applying to and entering optometry schools between 1971 and 2018.
News
Authors: Hebert Kirsten L.
Published: May 2020

Highlights recent activities of the Optometric Historical Society and related events, including information about the Blast from the Past and Annual Business Meeting 2020, Optometry's Meeting, 2020, the National Optometry Hall of Fame 2020, and new faces on the editorial staff of Hindsight and the OHS Committee.
The "Wartime Congress" of 1945
Authors: Hebert Kirsten L.
Published: May 2020

The article details the first time the American Optometric Association cancelled the annual convention at the request of the United States government.
Guest Editorial
Authors: Gonzalez Jennifer
Published: May 2020

Dr. Jennifer Gonzalez discusses the history of women in leadership positions in organized optometry.
Siu G. Wong, O.D., M.P.H.
Authors: Wong Siu G.
Published: May 2020

This memoir, written by Dr. Siu G. Wong, chronicles her early influences and education, and profiles her first career as a public health optometrist and her second career as a community activist and public historian. Dr. Wong graduated from the University of California, Berkeley with her doctorate in optometry in 1970 and received her master's in public health in 1973. Her first position as an educator at the University of Houston (UH) included pioneering an interdisciplinary community health program in a low-income neighborhood as well as coordinating the first externship program for UH optometry students with the United States Public Health Service-Indian Health Service (USPHS-IHS). Dr. Wong joined the USPHS in 1978 where she was the first female commissioned officer assigned to the Indian Health Service (IHS), the first chief optometrist of an administrative region, and eventually the first woman to hold the position of chief optometric consultant to the IHS. During her tenure, she spearheaded quality assurance programs and was active in both the American Optometric Association (AOA) and the American Public Health Association (APHA), serving in leadership roles in the AOA's Council on Clinical Optometric Care, Hospital Privileges Committee, the QA Committee, and the Multidisciplinary Practice Section. She also became a member of the APHA's Vision Care Section and the Armed Forces Optometric Society. After retirement, Dr. Wong continued her role in public service, serving as the Clinical Director for the Special Olympics Opening Eyes program and as a clnical consultant. She became active also in public history, joining the Chinese American Citizens Alliance where she works to raise awareness of the contributions of Chinese Americans to American history. This article was annotated by Kirsten Hebert.
Prospects for implementation of corporate environmental responsibility concept: the eu experience for Ukraine
Authors: Andrushkiv Bohdan , Melnyk Liliya , Palianytsia Viktor , Sorokivska Olena , Sherstiuk Roman
Published: May 2020

A comparative analysis of the main indicators of ecological sustainability in Ukraine and European countries has been done and the economic indicators of nature use in Ukraine have been studied. The purpose of this article is to study the experience and development peculiarities of corporate environmental responsibility, as well as the implementation of better European environmental practice in Ukrainian business. The research methodology concerns to the study of the Environmental Sustainability Index of Ukraine and European countries, as well as the Eco-innovations Index. The key criteria for corporate environmental responsibility has been identified based on the analysis results and a list of factors affecting the environmental responsibility of the enterprise has been formed. The conceptual framework of corporate environmental responsibility in Ukraine with application European principles and approaches for creating a favourable business environment has been developed.
Does Belief in Free Will Increase Support for Economic Inequality?
Authors: Mercier Brett , Wiwad Dylan , Piff Paul K. , Aknin Lara B. , Robinson Angela R. , Shariff Azim
Published: May 2020

Does belief in free will increase support for economic inequality? Five studies using diverse measures and methods tested this question. Study 1 finds belief in free will is associated with increased support for inequality. Study 2 manipulates belief in free will and does not find evidence that this changes support for inequality. Studies 3 and 4 find that people are more willing to support inequality in a hypothetical universe where free will exists compared to one where it does not (dz = 0.10–0.13), indicating that people believe the existence of free will justifies inequality. However, a between-subjects design in Study 5 fails to replicate this finding. Overall, our results suggest that if belief in free will increases support for economic inequality, the effect is likely small and potentially sensitive to the methods used to detect it.
Extrapulmonary poorly differentiated NECs, including molecular and immune aspects
Authors: McNamara Mairéad G , Scoazec Jean-Yves , Walter Thomas
Published: May 2020

Patients with extrapulmonary poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (EP-PD-NECs) have a poor prognosis. Surgery is offered for those with localised disease, but the majority of patients present with advanced disease. Treatment strategies adopted are analogous to that of high grade NECs of the lung, with platinum/etoposide-based regimens advocated in the first-line setting for advanced disease. There is no standard second-line therapy. Research into their molecular and immune pathways may pave the way for novel drug discovery. The molecular drivers of NEC are best identified in small cell lung carcinoma, which present with near universal genomic alterations in TP53 and RB1. The genetics of EP-PD-NEC remain poorly understood; TP53, KRAS, PIK3CA/PTEN and BRAF mutations have been identified, with alterations in the BRCA pathway reported additionally in small cell NEC of the cervix and absence of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 expression in NEC of the urinary bladder. The use of cell lines and patient-derived xenografts (PDX) to predict response to treatment in NEC and the emergence of alternative biomarkers, such as circulating tumour cells and cell-free DNA, will also be explored. Despite limited published data on the immune microenvironment of EP-NEC, there are a number of clinical trials investigating the use of immune-targeted agents in this disease category, with conflicting emerging data from studies thus far. This review will summarise the treatment and available molecular and immune data in this under researched diagnosis and may stimulate the direction of future exploratory studies.
Independent Whole-Genome Duplications Define the Architecture of the Genomes of the Devastating West African Cacao Black Pod PathogenPhytophthora megakaryaand Its Close RelativePhytophthora palmivora
Authors: Morales-Cruz Abraham , Ali Shahin S , Minio Andrea , Figueroa-Balderas Rosa , García Jadran F , Kasuga Takao , Puig Alina S , Marelli Jean-Philippe , Bailey Bryan A , Cantu Dario
Published: May 2020

Phytophthora megakarya and P. palmivora are oomycete pathogens that cause black pod rot of cacao (Theobroma cacao), the most economically important disease on cacao globally. While P. palmivora is a cosmopolitan pathogen, P. megakarya, which is more aggressive on cacao than P. palmivora, has been reported only in West and Central Africa where it has been spreading and devastating cacao farms since the 1950s. In this study, we reconstructed the complete diploid genomes of multiple isolates of both species using single-molecule real-time sequencing. Thirty-one additional genotypes were sequenced to analyze inter- and intra-species genomic diversity. The P. megakarya genome is exceptionally large (222 Mbp) and nearly twice the size of P. palmivora (135 Mbp) and most known Phytophthora species (∼100 Mbp on average). Previous reports pointed toward a whole-genome duplication (WGD) in P. palmivora. In this study, we demonstrate that both species underwent independent and relatively recent WGD events. In P. megakarya we identified a unique combination of WGD and large-scale transposable element driven genome expansion, which places this genome in the upper range of Phytophthora genome sizes, as well as effector pools with 1,382 predicted RxLR effectors. Finally, this study provides evidence of adaptive evolution of effectors like RxLRs and Crinklers, and discusses the implications of effector expansion and diversification.
Genetic Underpinnings of Host Manipulation byOphiocordycepsas Revealed by Comparative Transcriptomics
Authors: Will Ian , Das Biplabendu , Trinh Thienthanh , Brachmann Andreas , Ohm Robin A , de Bekker Charissa
Published: May 2020

Ant-infecting Ophiocordyceps fungi are globally distributed, host manipulating, specialist parasites that drive aberrant behaviors in infected ants, at a lethal cost to the host. An apparent increase in activity and wandering behaviors precedes a final summiting and biting behavior onto vegetation, which positions the manipulated ant in a site beneficial for fungal growth and transmission. We investigated the genetic underpinnings of host manipulation by: (i) producing a high-quality hybrid assembly and annotation of the Ophiocordyceps camponoti-floridani genome, (ii) conducting laboratory infections coupled with RNAseq of O. camponoti-floridani and its host, Camponotus floridanus, and (iii) comparing these data to RNAseq data of Ophiocordyceps kimflemingiae and Camponotus castaneus as a powerful method to identify gene expression patterns that suggest shared behavioral manipulation mechanisms across Ophiocordyceps-ant species interactions. We propose differentially expressed genes tied to ant neurobiology, odor response, circadian rhythms, and foraging behavior may result by activity of putative fungal effectors such as enterotoxins, aflatrem, and mechanisms disrupting feeding behaviors in the ant.
Lie symmetry analysis, conservation laws and analytical solutions for chiral nonlinear Schrödinger equation in (2 + 1)-dimensions
Authors: Mao Jin-Jin , Tian Shou-Fu , Zhang Tian-Tian , Yan Xing-Jie
Published: May 2020

In this work, we consider the chiral nonlinear Schrödinger equation in (2 + 1)-dimensions, which describes the envelope of amplitude in many physical media. We employ the Lie symmetry analysis method to study the vector field and the optimal system of the equation. The similarity reductions are analyzed by considering the optimal system. Furthermore, we find the power series solution of the equation with convergence analysis. Based on a new conservation law, we construct the conservation laws of the equation by using the resulting symmetries.
New criteria on global asymptotic synchronization of Duffing-type oscillator system
Authors: Yi Xuejun , Ren Ling , Zhang Zhengqiu
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we are concerned with global asymptotic synchronization of Duffing-type oscillator system. Without using matrix measure theory, graph theory and LMI method, which are recently widely applied to investigating global exponential/asymptotic synchronization for dynamical systems and complex networks, four novel sufficient conditions on global asymptotic synchronization for above system are acquired on the basis of constant variation method, integral factor method and integral inequality skills.
A geometrical criterion for nonexistence of constant-sign solutions for some third-order two-point boundary value problems
Authors: Smirnov Sergey
Published: May 2020

We give a simple geometrical criterion for the nonexistence of constant-sign solutions for a certain type of third-order two-point boundary value problem in terms of the behavior of nonlinearity in the equation. We also provide examples to illustrate the applicability of our results.
Existence of the solitary wave solutions supported by the modified FitzHugh–Nagumo system
Authors: Gawlik Aleksandra , Vladimirov Vsevolod , Skurativskyi Sergii
Published: May 2020

We study a system of nonlinear differential equations simulating transport phenomena in active media. The model we are interested in is a generalization of the celebrated FitzHugh–Nagumo system describing the nerve impulse propagation in axon. The modeling system is shown to possesses soliton-like solutions under certain restrictions on the parameters. The results of theoretical studies are backed by the direct numerical simulation.
Safety and Quality of Pediatric Care in Freestanding Children’s and General Hospitals
Authors: Lasater Karen B. , McCabe Margaret A. , Lake Eileen T. , Frankenberger Warren D. , Roberts Kathryn E. , Agosto Paula D. , Riman Kathryn A. , Bettencourt Amanda P. , Schierholz Elizabeth S. , Catania Gianluca , Aiken Linda H.
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES:

The purpose of this study was to evaluate quality and safety of care in acute pediatric settings from the perspectives of nurses working at the bedside and to investigate hospital-level factors associated with more favorable quality and safety.

METHODS:

Using data from a large survey of registered nurses in 330 acute care hospitals, we described nurses’ assessments of safety and quality of care in inpatient pediatric settings, including freestanding children’s hospitals (FCHs) (n = 21) and general hospitals with pediatric units (n = 309). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to estimate the effects of being a FCH on favorable reports on safety and quality before and after adjusting for hospital-level and nurse characteristics and Magnet status.

RESULTS:

Nurses in FCHs were more likely to report favorably on quality and safety after we accounted for hospital-level and individual nurse characteristics; however, adjusting for a hospital’s Magnet status rendered associations between FCHs and quality and safety insignificant. Nurses in Magnet hospitals were more likely to report favorably on quality and safety.

CONCLUSIONS:

Quality and safety of pediatric care remain uneven; however, the organizational attributes of Magnet hospitals explain, in large part, more favorable quality and safety in FCHs compared with pediatric units in general acute care hospitals. Modifiable features of the nurse work environment common to Magnet hospitals hold promise for improving quality and safety of care. Transforming nurse work environments to keep patients safe, as recommended by the National Academy of Medicine 20 years ago, remains an unfinished agenda in pediatric inpatient settings.
Clinical Predictors for Abnormal Renal Bladder Ultrasound in Hospitalized Young Children With a First Febrile Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Wallace Sowdhamini S. , Ban Kathryn , Singh Amrita , Lui Karen , Molleda Imgard Carolina , Orth Robert C. , Pierson Stacy B. , Hess Lauren , Lo Huay-ying , Koh Chester J. , Walker Lauren , Neubauer Hannah , Macias Charles G.
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND:

Physicians often obtain a routine renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS) for young children with a first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). However, few children are diagnosed with serious anatomic anomalies, and opportunity may exist to take a focused approach to ultrasonography. We aimed to identify characteristics of the child, prenatal ultrasound (PNUS), and illness that could be used to predict an abnormal RBUS and measure the impact of RBUS on management.

METHODS:

We conducted a single-center prospective cohort study of hospitalized children 0 to 24 months of age with a first febrile UTI from October 1, 2016, to December 23, 2018. Independent variables included characteristics of the child, PNUS, and illness. The primary outcome, abnormal RBUS, was defined through consensus of a multidisciplinary team on the severity of ultrasound findings important to identify during a first UTI.

RESULTS:

A total of 211 children were included; the median age was 1.0 month (interquartile range 0–2), and 55% were uncircumcised boys. All mothers had a PNUS with 10% being abnormal. Escherichia coli was the pathogen in 85% of UTIs, 20% (n = 39 of 197) had bacteremia, and 7% required intensive care. Abnormal RBUS was found in 36% (n = 76 of 211) of children; of these, 47% (n = 36 of 76) had moderately severe findings and 53% (n = 40 of 76) had severe findings. No significant difference in clinical characteristics was seen among children with and without an abnormal RBUS. One child had Foley catheter placement, and 33% received voiding cystourethrograms, 15% antibiotic prophylaxis, and 16% subspecialty referrals.

CONCLUSIONS:

No clinical predictors were identified to support a focused approach to RBUS examinations. Future studies should investigate the optimal timing for RBUS.
Differences in Pediatric Residents’ Social Needs Screening Practices Across Health Care Settings
Authors: Vasan Aditi , Kenyon Chén C. , Palakshappa Deepak
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES:

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that all pediatricians screen for social determinants of health to identify families in need and connect them to available resources. We examined pediatric residents’ screening practices for social needs in different clinical settings and explored the influence of electronic health record (EHR) prompts on screening.

METHODS:

In this cross-sectional study, pediatric residents participated in a brief electronic survey assessing (1) screening practices for unmet social needs and (2) perceived barriers to and facilitators of routine screening in the inpatient and outpatient settings. The differences in screening by care setting were assessed by using Fisher’s exact test. Mixed-effects logistic regression was used to examine the association between EHR prompts and resident screening practices.

RESULTS:

Ninety-two pediatric residents (64% of the residency program) responded to the survey. Respondents reported significantly higher rates of social needs screening in the outpatient as compared with the inpatient setting (98% vs 37%; P < .001). Residents cited time constraints, lack of knowledge about available resources, and discomfort with screening questions as barriers to screening in both settings. Residents were more likely to screen for social needs when screening questions were embedded in the EHR (odds ratio = 9.6; 95% confidence interval: 6.7–13.9).

CONCLUSIONS:

Pediatric residents were more likely to screen for unmet social needs in the outpatient than in the inpatient setting despite reporting similar barriers to screening in both settings. EHR-based social needs screening templates could be used to increase rates of screening and reach additional families in need.
Tools for Medical Education Scholarship: From Curricular Development to Educational Research
Authors: Mills David M. , Teufel Ronald J.
Published: May 2020

The development of successful educational scholarship, either curricula or medical education research, is vital in ensuring that the field of medical education continues to evolve. Fostering the skills of medical educators in conducting high-quality educational research is essential to this process because publishing such research helps to disseminate best educational practices to the medical community at large. Unfortunately, developing rigorous medical education research can be challenging for pediatric hospitalists within busy clinical settings. In this article, we aim to discuss key principles and frameworks for curricular development as well as offer guidance in transforming a curriculum into a scholarly medical education research product for pediatric hospital medicine providers.
Tracheostomy in Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Chang Julia , Sidell Douglas R.
Published: May 2020

Approximately half of all pediatric tracheostomies are performed in infants younger than 1 year. Most tracheostomies in patients in the NICU are performed in cases of chronic respiratory failure requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation or upper airway obstruction. With improvements in ventilation and management of long-term intubation, indications for tracheostomy and perioperative management in this population continue to evolve. Evidence-based protocols to guide routine postoperative care, prevent and manage tracheostomy emergencies including accidental decannulation and tube obstruction, and attempt elective decannulation are sparse. Clinician awareness of safe tracheostomy practices and larger, prospective studies in infants are needed to improve clinical care of this vulnerable population.
Management of Opioid Misuse and Opioid Use Disorders Among Youth
Authors: Robinson Camille A. , Wilson J. Deanna
Published: May 2020

In response to the growing impact of the current opioid public health crisis in the United States on adolescents and young adults, pediatricians have an expanding role in identifying opioid use early, preventing escalation of risky use, reducing opioid-related harms, and delivering effective therapies. Research and expert consensus suggest the use of brief interventions focused on reducing risks associated with ongoing opioid use and using motivational interviewing strategies to engage youth in treatment. Because fatal opioid overdose remains a major cause of opioid-related mortality among youth, delivering overdose education as part of any visit in which a youth endorses opioid use is one evidence-based strategy to decrease the burden of opioid-related mortality. For youth that are injecting opioids, safe injection practices and linkage to needle or syringe exchanges should be considered to reduce complications from injection drug use. It is crucial that youth be offered treatment at the time of diagnosis of an opioid use disorder (OUD), including medications, behavioral interventions, and/or referral to mutual support groups. The 2 medications commonly used for office-based OUD treatment in adolescents are extended-release naltrexone (opioid antagonist) and buprenorphine (partial opioid agonist), although there is a significant treatment gap in prescribing these medications to youth, especially adolescents <18 years of age. Addiction is a pediatric disease that pediatricians and adolescent medicine physicians are uniquely poised to manage, given their expertise in longitudinal, preventive, and family- and patient-centered care. Growing evidence supports the need for integration of OUD treatment into primary care.
Technology Use for Adolescent Health and Wellness
Authors: Radovic Ana , Badawy Sherif M.
Published: May 2020

As avid users of technology, adolescents are a key demographic to engage when designing and developing technology applications for health. There are multiple opportunities for improving adolescent health, from promoting preventive behaviors to providing guidance for adolescents with chronic illness in supporting treatment adherence and transition to adult health care systems. This article will provide a brief overview of current technologies and then highlight new technologies being used specifically for adolescent health, such as artificial intelligence, virtual and augmented reality, and machine learning. Because there is paucity of evidence in this field, we will make recommendations for future research.
Diagnosis and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Adolescents
Authors: Trent Maria , Gordon Catherine M.
Published: May 2020

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common female reproductive disorder that often manifests during adolescence and is associated with disruptions in health-related quality of life. Prompt evaluation and clinical support after diagnosis may prevent associated complications and optimize overall health management. This article incorporates the most recent evidence and consensus guidelines to provide an updated review of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and management strategies for adolescents with this complex condition. We will review the recent international guidelines on PCOS; because the diagnosis of PCOS remains controversial, management of this condition is inconsistent. In 2019, PCOS remains a common, yet neglected, condition, in part, because of the lack of agreement around both diagnosis and management.
Current Issues in the Treatment of Acne Vulgaris
Authors: Habeshian Kaiane A. , Cohen Bernard A.
Published: May 2020

Acne vulgaris is an extraordinarily common skin condition in adolescents. The mainstays of acne treatment have remained largely unchanged over recent years. In the context of increasing antibiotic resistance worldwide, there is a global movement away from antibiotic monotherapy toward their more restrictive use. Classically reserved for nodulocystic acne, isotretinoin has become the drug of choice by dermatologists for moderate to severe acne. Given the virtually ubiquitous nature of acne in teenagers, there remains an appreciable need for novel therapies. In this article, we will cover the currently used acne treatments, evaluate the issues and data supporting their use, explore the issues of compliance and the mental health implications of acne care, and recommend directions for the field of acne management in adolescents in the years ahead.
Cardiovascular Clinical Trials in a Pandemic: Immediate Implications of Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Spitzer Ernest , Ren Ben , Brugts Jasper J , Daemen Joost , McFadden Eugene , Tijssen Jan GP , Van Mieghem Nicolas M
Published: May 2020

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic started in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019, and by 24 April 2020, it had affected >2.73 million people in 185 countries and caused >192,000 deaths. Despite diverse societal measures to reduce transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, such as implementing social distancing, quarantine, curfews and total lockdowns, its control remains challenging. Healthcare practitioners are at the frontline of defence against the virus, with increasing institutional and governmental supports. Nevertheless, new or ongoing clinical trials, not related to the disease itself, remain important for the development of new therapies, and require interactions among patients, clinicians and research personnel, which is challenging, given isolation measures. In this article, the authors summarise the acute effects and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on current cardiovascular trials.
The Role of Wearable Technologies and Telemonitoring in Managing Vascular Disease
Authors: Chan Calvin , Sounderajah Viknesh , Acharya Amish , Normahani Pasha , Bicknell Colin , Riga Celia
Published: May 2020

Wearable devices and telemonitoring are becoming increasingly widespread in the clinical environment and have many applications in the tracking and maintenance of patient wellbeing. Interventions incorporating these technologies have been used with some success in patients with vascular disorders. Wearable fitness monitors and telemonitoring have been used in the community to mobilise patients with peripheral vascular disease with good results. Additionally, wearable monitors and telemonitoring have been studied for blood pressure monitoring in patients with hypertension. Telemonitoring interventions incorporating electronic medication trays and ingestible sensors have also been found to increase drug adherence in hypertensive patients and ultimately improve health outcomes. However, wearable and telemonitoring interventions often face problems with patient adherence, digital literacy and infrastructure. Further work needs to address these challenges and validate the technology before widespread implementation can occur.
Yesus Sebagai Guru Teladan dalam Masyarkat Berdasarkan Perspektif Injil Matius
Authors: Tafonao Talizaro
Published: May 2020

In this paper, the author studies Jesus as a model teacher in a society based on the perspective of the Gospel of Matthew. This study departs from the author's observation of the condition of the teachers at this time, where educators today no longer make Jesus as the main role model in carrying out their teaching duties. The method used is a qualitative research method, the author studies the text of Matthew's gospel to analyze the Bible's view of Jesus as a model teacher. The analysis process carried out by the author is to use a variety of reliable library and electronic sources to support the analysis of the author. The results of this study found that Jesus is a model teacher for the community with indicators Jesus teaches through His real life, Jesus in teaching is not boring, Jesus always starts teaching from the way of thinking His disciples and Jesus always has a good relationship with students his disciples.
COVID-19: Considerations for Medical Education during a Pandemic
Authors: Arandjelovic Andjela , Arandjelovic Katarina , Dwyer Karen , Shaw Cameron
Published: May 2020

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. Clinical placement has been the cornerstone of medical training since the early foundations of the medical profession. The COVID-19 pandemic generates unprecedented challenges for the delivery of medical education, particularly in the setting of 'flatten the curve' public health initiatives to curtail transmission. As the number of cases of COVID-19 increase, hospitals are limiting medical students' attendance at ward rounds, clinics and theatre, representing a fundamental shift in clinical education from the bedside to online formats. We discuss the considerations behind these changes, review the strategies implemented during previous global infectious disease epidemics, and suggest strategies for maximising clinical education going forward.
Niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión en la primera fase del brote del COVID-19 en una muestra recogida en el norte de España
Authors: Ozamiz-Etxebarria Naiara , Dosil-Santamaria Maria , Picaza-Gorrochategui Maitane , Idoiaga-Mondragon Nahia
Published: May 2020

En marzo de 2020, el virus SARS-CoV-2 procedente de China ha llegado a España y desde el 14 de marzo se ha declarado el estado de alarma en todo el Estado español, llevando al confinamiento a toda la población. La presente investigación se contextualiza en la Comunidad Autónoma Vasca (situada al norte de España). Se han analizado los niveles de estrés, ansiedad y depresión a la llegada del virus y se han estudiado los niveles de sintomatología psicológica según edad, cronicidad y confinamiento. Se ha recogido una muestra de 976 personas y la medición de las variables ansiedad, estrés y depresión se ha hecho mediante la escala DASS (Escala de Depresión, Ansiedad y Estrés). Los resultados demuestran que, aunque los niveles de sintomatología han sido bajos en general al principio de la alarma, la población más joven y con enfermedades crónicas ha referido sintomatología más alta que el resto de población. También se ha detectado un mayor nivel de sintomatología a partir del confinamiento, donde las personas tienen prohibido salir de sus casas. Se prevé que la sintomatología aumentará según vaya transcurriendo el confinamiento. Se defienden intervenciones psicológicas de prevención y tratamiento para bajar el impacto psicológico que pueda crear esta pandemia.
Políticas de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial: un análisis acerca de la vinculacion de agencias internacionales, organismos gubernamentales y no gubernamentales y población indígena
Authors: Castilla Malena Inés
Published: May 2020

RESUMEN En el presente artículo, tenemos el objetivo de analizar el modo en que el capital internacional, junto con la administración pública local, provincial y nacional, intervienen en los territoritos e implementan diferentes políticas públicas que afectan diferencialmente a la población indígena local. Para ello, nos centraremos en un primer momento en el análisis de las políticas de desarrollo ejecutadas en países del denominado “Tercer Mundo”, para más adelante analizar las medidas implementadas en la provincia del Chaco particularmente. En este sentido, analizaremos de qué manera organismos gubernamentales de la provincia intervienen en el ordenamiento territorial favoreciendo, en muchos casos, a los empresarios del agro. Finalmente, describiremos un proyecto financiado por el Banco Mundial denominado “Desarrollo Norte Grande”, el cual se implementó en la localidad de Pampa del Indio, ubicada al norte de la provincia. A partir del análisis de este proyecto, podremos responder a nuestro objetivo y describir las vinculaciones entre las agencias de crédito internacional, el Estado nacional argentino, los empresarios transnacionales y la población étnica qom de Pampa del Indio.
The effect of inspiratory muscle training on the quality of life, immune response, inspiratory and lower limb muscle strength of older adults: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Vilaça Adriano Florencio , Pedrosa Bárbara Cristina de Souza , Amaral Thamara Cunha Nascimento , Andrade Maria do Amparo , Castro Célia Maria Machado Barbosa de , França Eduardo Eriko Tenório de
Published: May 2020

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of inspiratory muscle training (IMT) on the quality of life, immune response, inspiratory and lower limb muscle strength of older adults. Method: A randomized clinical trial was conducted with 30 institutionalized older adults. They were allocated into two groups: the IMT group (n=15), which underwent IMT with PowerBreathe Classic, using a load of 60% of maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP). This was performed using a 30 repetition protocol, three times a week, for six weeks. The second group was the control group (n=15) which did not perform any type of therapeutic intervention. In both groups, MIP, lower limb strength by sit-up test, quality of life by the SF-36 questionnaire and C-reactive protein (CRP) were evaluated. Results: The results demonstrated the homogeneity between the groups regarding the demographic and clinical variables. The IMT group showed an increase in the variation of MIP (9.20±7.36 cmH2O) compared to the control (0.93±8.79 cmH2O). Improvement was also observed in the sitting and standing test (p<0.05) (Tukey Test) in the difference between the values before and after the IMT. In terms of quality of life, two of the eight SF-36 domains were influenced by the IMT, namely: functional capacity and limitations due to physical factors. There were no changes in CRP in either group. Conclusion: IMT improved the inspiratory muscle strength, lower limb strength and quality of life of institutionalized older adults. These findings reinforce the contribution of this therapy to reducing the deleterious effects of aging.
Care transition of patients with chronic diseases from the discharge of the emergency service to their homes
Authors: Acosta Aline Marques , Lima Maria Alice Dias da Silva , Pinto Ione Carvalho , Weber Luciana Andressa Feil
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the quality of the care transition for patients with chronic non-communicable diseases discharged from the emergency department to home. Method: A cross-sectional observational and epidemiological study conducted at an emergency department in the South of Brazil with 117 patients and 81 caregivers. The Care Transitions Measure was applied by phone to collect data. A descriptive and analytical statistical analysis was performed. Results: The quality of the care transition’s total score was close to satisfactory (69.5). The “Self-Management Training” factor had the highest score (70.6), while “Understanding medications” had the lowest (68.3). Items related to understanding medications and confidence in carrying out care after discharge obtained lower scores. Conclusions: A moderate quality of the care transition was evidenced, as well as the need to adopt strategies to improve the emergency department discharge process and the continuity of the care of patients with chronic diseases.
Articulação teórico-prática em um currículo de um curso de Enfermagem
Authors: Oliveira Vânia Aparecida da Costa , Gazzinelli Maria Flávia , Oliveira Patrícia Peres de
Published: May 2020

RESUMO Objetivo Compreender como a articulação teórico-prática se efetiva num currículo de um curso de graduação em Enfermagem. Método Trata-se de um estudo de caso único, com abordagem qualitativa, desenvolvido por meio de análise documental e por entrevistas individuais com roteiro semiestruturado com dez docentes e 14 discentes entrevistados no período de fevereiro a maio de 2015. A análise dos dados foi realizada segundo os pressupostos da Análise Crítica do Discurso. Resultados Os dados revelaram a existência de tensões e ambivalências entre duas formas de relação entre teoria e prática. A primeira, relacionada à teoria-prática como unidade indissolúvel e a segunda à visão da teoria e prática como instâncias dicotômicas e predomínio da teoria precedendo a prática. Conclusões e implicações para a prática Há fragilidades na efetivação da articulação teórico-prática no currículo do curso de Enfermagem investigado, evidenciando a supremacia do paradigma cartesiano no ensino superior de Enfermagem. Dessa forma, torna-se premente instituir estratégias que viabilizem a indissociabilidade teórico-prática no currículo.
GLOBAL CITIZENS: URBAN CITIZENSHIP IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF ENGLISH AMERICA
Authors: Musselwhite Paul
Published: May 2020

Abstract This essay explores the role that ideas about urban citizenship played in the political and economic development of English colonies across the Americas. Scholars have traditionally portrayed English America as rural in comparison to Spanish and Portuguese Americas. While it is true that English colonial towns did have smaller populations than Iberian cities, ideas about urban political identity were not absent in English colonies. In fact, urban citizens, and their political culture, were at the forefront of English colonization in the early-seventeenth century. In contrast to Iberian America, though, English colonists established fewer new urban communities and instead continued to hold on to their identity rooted in particular English towns and cities. As such, English America became a web of overlapping urban citizen networks still tied to English corporate communities. As a result, when the English monarchs sought to centralize the imperial state in the early seventeenth century, colonists resisted this political and economic encroachment by adopting the structures and rhetoric of urban republicanism. The importance of these urban republican traditions helps to explain the specific form of republicanism that became popular in English America in the decades before the American Revolution. This rich tradition of urban republicanism was largely disconnected from specific urban communities in the New World, and this allowed the ideology to be flexible enough to resist the rationalizing reforms of the late eighteenth century and give rise to a more overtly exclusionary definition of citizenship in the new United States.
THE PEOPLING OF AN AFRICAN SLAVE PORT: ANNAMABOE AND THE ATLANTIC WORLD
Authors: Sparks Randy J.
Published: May 2020

Abstract Annamaboe, located on the Gold Coast in modern-day Ghana, was a sleepy Fante fishing village when Dutch traders arrived there in 1638. The arrival of the Europeans ushered Annamaboe into the Atlantic world and brought fundamental changes to the town’s physical landscape, economic and cultural life, and literally to its DNA as Europeans and Africans formed relationships that gave rise to a substantial mixed-race population. Like other Atlantic towns and cities, Annamaboe grew as a conduit for trade. Its traders funneled African trade goods -primarily enslaved peoples but also gold, maize and other provisions - to Europe and the Americas and it brought in a variety of products from Europe and around the world in exchange - fabrics, metals, manufactured goods, alcohol and tobacco - and distributed those goods into the interior. The Atlantic world is defined by the movement of goods, ideas and peoples around it, and much of that movement operated through the urban hubs that grew up around the Atlantic. Much of the scholarship on the Atlantic world has focused on the North Atlantic, particularly on the British Atlantic. This article’s focus on an African Atlantic port offers an important corrective to that bias, a necessary one if we are to fully comprehend that world.
Masculinidades e cuidados de saúde nos processos de envelhecimento e saúde-doença entre homens trabalhadores de Campinas/SP, Brasil
Authors: Separavich Marco Antonio , Canesqui Ana Maria
Published: May 2020

Resumo Este artigo discute gênero, saúde, doença e masculinidade, ancorados nos marcadores sociais de identidade que endossam a diversidade das masculinidades, referentes aos comportamentos sociais e cuidados de saúde. Trata-se de estudo qualitativo realizado com 15 homens procedentes da classe trabalhadora de baixa renda residente em Campinas, estado de São Paulo, que enfoca as representações sociais de saúde e doença e os conceitos de envelhecimento e de cuidado de saúde. Força e disposição para trabalhar associam-se à saúde e à masculinidade dominante, opostas à doença e à indisposição para trabalhar. O envelhecimento abarca os efeitos do tempo sobre os desgastes e as fragilidades corporais e, também, sobre as posturas diante da vida e do envelhecimento. Assim, a velhice não deriva somente da idade cronológica, mas da percepção da identidade social. Os cuidados de saúde incluem o envelhecimento bem-sucedido, endossado por uma parcela dos homens que tende a não preservar a masculinidade dominante, associado a mais desvelo com a saúde.
DEM modelling of mini-triaxial test based on one-to-one mapping of sand particles
Authors: Wu Mengmeng , Wang Jianfeng , Russell Adrian , Cheng Zhuang
Published: May 2020

This paper presents a discrete-element method simulation of mini-triaxial tests on a sand with realistically shaped grains. It compares the results with physical experiments at multiple length scales, including the macroscopic sample length scale and the particle scale. A series of image-processing techniques were utilised to binarise, segment and label the raw data in images obtained from the mini-triaxial test. The images were obtained using an X-ray synchrotron radiation scanner. A spherical harmonic analysis was used to filter the image data and to reconstruct the natural particle morphology. Two parameters, these being the radius ratio of the smallest to largest sphere [Formula: see text] and a characteristic distance [Formula: see text] within the multisphere clump method, were chosen to represent the realistic particle morphology, balancing accuracy against computational cost. A one-to-one discrete-element model, where every particle in the physical experiment has its own numerical twin, was constructed. The discrete-element model was contained by a numerically generated flexible membrane allowing free deformation of the specimen under a prescribed confining stress, as in a physical triaxial test. Finally, attention was given to particle scale properties and their influences on the mechanical response of the discrete-element model. For a given strain rate it was found that shear modulus and friction coefficient affect the initial stiffness, the peak load and the dilation significantly. This study, and the simulation results within it, demonstrate that the proposed modelling approach is capable of reproducing macroscopic (e.g. stiffness, deviatoric stress response and volumetric response) and particle-level (e.g. displacement, rotation and branch vector orientation) behaviours that are very similar to what occurs within physical experiments, validating the effectiveness of the proposed one-to-one mapping technique.