bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Monovarietal Argentinian Olive Oils from New Productive Zones
Authors: Ceci Liliana N. , Carelli Amalia A.
Published: October 2007

Quality characteristics (acidity, peroxide value, K232, K270, ΔK, oxidative stability index) and chemical data (antioxidant compound, fatty‐acid, sterol, erythrodiol‐uvaol, and wax compositions) were studied in monovarietal virgin‐olive oil samples (2004–2005 harvests) from different regions of Argentina. The data obtained according to standard methods were compared with international quality and purity criteria. The total‐polyphenol content ranged from 25 to 263 mg/kg, showing the highest values for Coratina and Arauco oils. The α‐tocopherol content varied between 160 and 428 mg/kg; these values are generally stated to belong to good quality oils. Most of the samples from the new productive zones failed at least one purity criterion. Arbequina samples presented the highest deviations from the International Olive Oil Council criteria in fatty acids, waxes, and sterol percentages, indicating a poor adaptation of this cultivar to the agronomic medium and its sensibility to adverse climatic conditions. Principal component analysis revealed that the harvest‐year influence was attributable to environmental factors.
Intramedullary Kirschner wire (K-wire) fixation of femoral fracture in children
Authors: Jawadi Ayman Hussain , Abdul-Samad Adham
Published: October 2007

Purpose

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of standard intramedullary Kirschner wires (K-wires) for the treatment of femoral shaft fracture in children.

Methods

We report the results of intramedullary K-wires nailing in 178 children with a mean age of 7.7 years (range, 4–14 years) from 2000 to 2005, retrospectively. A total of 184 diaphyseal femoral fractures were treated with both antegrade and retrograde nailing using the same principles of elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN). The patients were followed for 12 months on average (range, 6–24 months).

Results

No major complication (limb length discrepancy >15 mm, non-union, avascular necrosis, knee joint stiffness) occurred during the observation period. All fractures healed within 7.1 weeks on average (range, 5–12 weeks). Associated injuries were seen in 16.9% of the cases. All but seven fractures were reduced by closed manipulation. Early mobilization and weight bearing was allowed. Intramedullary K-wires were removed after an average of 4.8 months (range, 3–12 months) without any complications.

Conclusions

In children, intramedullary fixation by using standard K-wires provides effective treatment for the diaphyseal femoral fracture that has excellent clinical results. Each intramedullary K-wire costs US $5, which adds a cost effective advantage to this method of treatment.
Abduction pillow immobilization following hip surgery: A welcome alternative for selected patients
Authors: Albrektson Josh , Kay Robert M. , Tolo Vernon T. , Skaggs David L.
Published: October 2007

Background

Studies have shown that when using a spica cast following hip surgery in children, there are associated complications such as soiling, pressure sores, and osteopenic fractures.

Methods

Charts were retrospectively reviewed for all patients who had undergone hip surgeries by one surgeon at one institution between 1999 and 2005. The method of post-operative immobilization (spica cast or abduction pillow) and complications were recorded for each patient.

Results

There was a total of 32 patients. Of these, 11—all of whom had a diagnosis of developmental dysplasia of the hip—were treated using a spica cast. In the 21 patients treated in an abduction pillow, 4 (19%) were switched to a spica cast for the following reasons: (1) distal femoral fracture as a result of vigorous resuscitation during a choking episode, (2) parental preference, (3) for added immobilization over concern of implant loss of fixation, and (4) concern of migration of the hip, which again migrated after being changed to a spica cast and eventually required a pelvic osteotomy.

Conclusion

It is our opinion that only one of these complications in the children treated with an abduction pillow (the case of possible implant migration) may have been avoided if the child had originally been placed in a spica cast. The child who was successfully resuscitated after a choking incident weeks after the surgery may have had a worse outcome if it had been in a spica cast. This incident occurred at home and the abduction pillow was easily and quickly removed to allow resuscitation. An abduction pillow is a welcome alternative to a spica cast following hip surgery for many patients with neuromuscular and syndromic conditions. However, in children with osteopenic bone at risk for implant failure and in children with unstable hip reductions, a spica cast may be preferable.
Primary prevention of dementia
Authors: Patterson Christopher , Feightner John , Garcia Angeles , MacKnight Chris
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this article is to recommend strategies to practicing physicians for the prevention of dementia in people without preexisting cognitive deficits.
Genetics and dementia: Risk factors, diagnosis, and management
Authors: Hsiung Ging‐Yuek Robin , Dessa Sadovnick A.
Published: October 2007

New developments in molecular genetics have improved our understanding on a number of neurodegenerative dementias considerably, especially Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. However, this explosion of information can be overwhelming to clinicians, making it difficult to integrate into regular clinical practice. In this article, we briefly reviewed our current understanding regarding causative genetic mutations and genetic risk factors on the major forms of dementia, which provided the background information for discussion in the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia. The principles of genetic counselling were applied. Guidelines and recommendations on the application of genetics in the assessment, diagnosis, and management of patients and families with dementia were summarized.
Neuropsychological testing and assessment for dementia
Authors: Jacova Claudia , Kertesz Andrew , Blair Mervin , Fisk John D. , Feldman Howard H.
Published: October 2007

This evidence‐based review examines the utility of brief cognitive tests and neuropsychological testing (NPT) in the detection and diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. All patients presenting with cognitive complaints are recommended to have a brief screening test administered to document the presence and severity of memory/cognitive deficits. There is fair evidence to support the use of a range of new screening tests that can detect MCI and mild dementia with higher sensitivity (≥80%) than the Mini‐Mental State Exam (MMSE). NPT should be part of a clinically integrative approach to the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of dementia. It should be applied selectively to address specific clinical and diagnostic issues including: 1) The distinction between normal cognitive functioning in the aged, MCI and early dementia: there is fair evidence that NPT can document the presence of specific diagnostic criteria and provide additional useful information on the pattern of memory/cognitive impairment. 2) The evaluation of risk for Alzheimer disease (AD) or other types of dementia in persons with MCI: there is fair evidence that NPT measures or profiles can predict progression to dementia (predictive accuracy ranges from ∼80 to 100%, sensitivities from 53 to 80%, and specificities from 67 to 99%). 3) Differential diagnosis: There is fair evidence that NPT can complement clinical history and neuroimaging in determining the dementia etiology. Different dementia types have distinguishable NPT profiles though these may be stage‐dependent, and increased sensitivity may be at the expense of specificity. 4) When NPT is part of a comprehensive assessment, which also entails clinical interviews and consideration of other clinical data, there is good evidence that it can contribute to management decisions in MCI and dementia, including the determination of retained and impaired cognitive abilities, their functional and vocational impact, and opportunities for cognitive rehabilitation.
Mild cognitive impairment and cognitive impairment, no dementia: Part A, concept and diagnosis
Authors: Chertkow Howard , Nasreddine Ziad , Joanette Yves , Drolet Valérie , Kirk John , Massoud Fadi , Belleville Sylvie , Bergman Howard
Published: October 2007

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and cognitive impairment, no dementia (CIND) are controversial emerging terms that encompass the clinical state between elderly normal cognition and dementia. This article reviews recent work on the classification of MCI and CIND, their prognosis, and diagnostic approaches and presents evidence‐based recommendations approved at the meeting of the Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD3) held in Montreal in March, 2006. New short tools such as the Montreal Cognitive Assessment are making it easier for family physicians to confidently attach the label of MCI.
Commentary on “The Third Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia, 2006.”
Authors: Vellas Bruno , Reynish Emma , Robert Philippe
Published: October 2007

A comprehensive and useful initiative has been performed by our Canadian colleagues. The subjects presented are under active discussion in many countries, with the goal of direct applications in daily clinical practice. The review provided by this special issue of the Journal will therefore be very useful for all. In this commentary we will not discuss all papers, but will underline only some important points concerning mild cognitive impairment and the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease.
Numerical verification of the similarity laws for the formation of laminar vortex rings
Authors: HETTEL M. , WETZEL F. , HABISREUTHER P. , BOCKHORN H.
Published: October 2007

From analytical investigations it is well known that the roll-up of an inviscid plane vortex sheet which separates at the edge of a body is a self-similar process which can be described by scaling laws. Unlike plane vortices, ring vortices have a curved rotational axis. For this special vortex type experimental investigations as well as calculations in the literature suggest that the scaling laws are only partially valid. The main goal of this work is to clarify how far these similarity or scaling laws are also valid for the formation of viscid laminar vortex rings. Therefore, the formation process of laminar vortex rings was investigated numerically using a CFD (computational-fluid-dynamics) code. The calculations refer to an experimental setup for which detailed experimental data are available in the literature. In this setup, laminar ring vortices are generated by ejecting water from a circular tube into a quiescent environment by means of a piston. First, a case based on a constant piston velocity was investigated. Comparing calculated and measured data yields a very good agreement. Further calculations were made when forcing the velocity of the piston by three different time-dependent functions. The results of these calculations show that the formation laws for inviscid plane vortices are also valid for the formation process of viscid ring vortices. This applies to the normalized axial and radial position of the vortex centre as well as the normalized diameter of the vortex spiral. However, the similarity laws are valid only if the process is considered in a special frame of reference which moves in conjunction with the front of the jet and if the starting time of the formation process with respect to the starting time of the ejection is taken into account. Additionally, the formation of a ring vortex, which occurs during the start-up process of a free jet flow, was calculated. The results confirm a dependence for the motion of the jet front, which is known from analytical considerations and allows some interesting features to be identified.
Stagnation-point flow under free-stream turbulence
Authors: XIONG ZHONGMIN , LELE SANJIVA K.
Published: October 2007

In this paper, the effects of free-stream turbulence on stagnation-point flow and heat transfer are investigated through large eddy simulation (LES) of homogeneous isotropic turbulence impinging upon an isothermal elliptical leading edge. Turbulent mean flow and Reynolds stress profiles along the stagnation streamline, where the mean flow is strain dominant, and at different downstream locations, where the mean flow gradually becomes shear-dominated, are used to characterize evolution of the free-stream turbulence. The Reynolds stress budgets are also obtained, and the turbulence anisotropy is analysed through the balance between the mean flow strain and the velocity pressure gradient correlation. In the presence of free-stream turbulence, intense quasi-streamwise vortices develop near the leading edge with a typical diameter of the order of the local boundary-layer thickness. These strong vortices cause the thermal fluxes to peak at a location much closer to the wall than that of the Reynolds stresses, resulting a greater sensitivity to free-stream turbulence for the heat transfer than the momentum transfer. The heat transfer enhancement obtained by the present LES agrees quantitatively with available experimental measurements. The present LES results are also used to examine the eddy viscosity and pressure-strain correlations in Reynolds stress turbulence models.
Onset of convection in a moderate aspect-ratio rotating cylinder: Eckhaus–Benjamin–Feir instability
Authors: LOPEZ J. M. , MARQUES F. , MERCADER I. , BATISTE O.
Published: October 2007

A numerical study of the onset of thermal convection in a rotating circular cylinder of radius-to-depth ratio equal to four is considered in a regime dominated by the Coriolis force where the onset is to so-called wall modes. The wall modes consist of hot and cold pairs of thermal plumes rising and descending in the cylinder wall boundary layer, forming an essentially one-dimensional pattern characterized by the number of hot/cold plume pairs, m. In the limit of zero centrifugal force, this onset of convection at a critical temperature difference across the depth of the cylinder is via a symmetry-breaking supercritical Hopf bifurcation which leads to retrograde precession of the pattern with respect to the rotation of the cylinder. For temperature differences greater than critical, a number of distinct wall modes, distinguished by m, coexist and are stable. Their dynamics are controlled by an Eckhaus–Benjamin–Feir instability, the most basic features of which had been captured by a complex Ginzburg–Landau equation model. Here, we analyse this instability in rotating convection using direct numerical simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations in the Boussinesq approximation. Several properties of the wall modes are computed, extending the results to far beyond the onset of convection. Extensive favourable comparisons between our numerical results and previous experimental observations and complex Ginzburg–Landau model results are made.
High-resolution simulations of cylindrical density currents
Authors: CANTERO MARIANO I. , BALACHANDAR S. , GARCIA MARCELO H.
Published: October 2007

Three-dimensional highly resolved simulations are presented for cylindrical density currents using the Boussinesq approximation for small density difference. Three Reynolds numbers (Re) are investigated (895, 3450 and 8950, which correspond to values of the Grashof number of 105, 1.5 × 106 and 107, respectively) in order to identify differences in the flow structure and dynamics. The simulations are performed using a fully de-aliased pseudospectral code that captures the complete range of time and length scales of the flow. The simulated flows present the main features observed in experiments at large Re. As the current develops, it transitions through different phases of spreading, namely acceleration, slumping, inertial and viscous Soon after release the interface between light and heavy fluids rolls up forming Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices. The formation of the first vortex sets the transition between acceleration and slumping phases. Vortex formation continues only during the slumping phase and the formation of the last Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex signals the departure from the slumping phase. The coherent Kelvin–Helmholtz vortices undergo azimuthal instabilities and eventually break up into small-scale turbulence. In the case of planar currents this turbulent region extends over the entire body of the current, while in the cylindrical case it only extends to the regions of Kelvin–Helmholtz vortex breakup. The flow develops three-dimensionality right from the beginning with incipient lobes and clefts forming at the lower frontal region. These instabilities grow in size and extend to the upper part of the front. Lobes and clefts continuously merge and split and result in a complex pattern that evolves very dynamically. The wavelength of the lobes grows as the flow spreads, while the local Re of the flow decreases. However, the number of lobes is maintained over time. Owing to the high resolution of the simulations, we have been able to link the lobe and cleft structure to local flow patterns and vortical structures. In the near-front region and body of the current several hairpin vortices populate the flow. Laboratory experiments have been performed at the higher Re and compared to the simulation results showing good agreement. Movies are available with the online version of the paper.
Should patients with pH-documented laryngopharyngeal reflux routinely undergo oesophagogastroduodenoscopy? A retrospective analysis
Authors: Reichel O , Issing W J
Published: October 2007

Objectives:

Patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux uncommonly suffer from conditions associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease. However, in some laryngopharyngeal reflux patients, oesophagitis and Barrett's metaplasia can be diagnosed by oesophagogastroduodenoscopy. However, it is unclear which patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux would benefit from routine oesophagogastroduodenoscopy.

Study design:

Retrospective analysis.

Materials and methods:

Analysis of the results of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy in 28 patients with pH-documented laryngopharyngeal reflux.

Results:

Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy showed oesophagitis in five patients (four with grade A, one with grade B), hiatus hernia in 10 patients (36 per cent), Barrett's metaplasia in two patients, Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastritis in two patients and gastric mucosal erosions in seven patients (25 per cent). In 13 patients, no abnormalities were detected (46 per cent). Barrett's metaplasia or grade B oesophagitis was diagnosed only in patients with heartburn as their main presenting symptom.

Conclusions:

Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy is indicated in at least those laryngopharyngeal reflux patients reporting heartburn as their main complaint.
Clinical diagnosis of Ménière's disease: how useful are the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium guidelines?
Authors: Stapleton E , Mills R
Published: October 2007

Introduction:

Ménière's disease is a diagnosis requiring expert clinical judgment. There are several differences between the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery diagnostic guidelines and Prosper Ménière's original description of the disease.

Methods:

Six hundred and fifty patients attending a specialist balance clinic had their clinical profiles fully analysed according to each set of diagnostic criteria.

Results:

Application of the American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery guidelines resulted in the diagnosis of three times more patients than did use of Ménière's diagnostic criteria. Treatment options for patients in both groups were similar. It is unlikely that the application of different diagnostic criteria would have an effect on the treatment of individual patients.

Discussion:

The American Academy of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery guidelines are more sensitive and less specific in diagnosing Ménière's disease than Prosper Ménière's original description. Standardised criteria should be applied across published series, in order to make results accurate, comparable and useful in the long term. We would recommend the introduction of a stricter diagnostic category for definite Ménière's disease.
Congenital cholesteatoma of mastoid origin
Authors: Lee J H , Hong S J , Park C H , Jung S H
Published: October 2007

Objective:

We report an extremely rare case of congenital cholesteatoma of mastoid origin.

Case report:

A male patient was admitted with a one-month history of dizziness and headache, plus tinnitus in the right ear. Computed tomography scanning of the temporal bone showed destruction of the posterior wall of the external auditory canal by a lesion of soft tissue density in the right mastoid cavity, and also destruction of the bony plates of the posterior fossa and the sigmoid sinus, and of the mastoid tegmen. During surgery, a huge cholesteatoma sac was observed in the mastoid cavity, containing a large amount of keratinous material. The tegmen mastoideum and the bony plates of the posterior fossa and the sigmoid sinus were also observed to be destroyed. The skin and the tympanic membrane of the external auditory canal were intact, and the middle ear and aditus ad antrum mucosa were normal. The huge cholesteatoma sac was completely excised via a partial translabyrinthine approach, eradicating the superior and posterior semicircular canals.

Conclusion:

This case of congenital cholesteatoma of mastoid origin was diagnosed by clinical examination, radiological evaluation and surgical findings.
Is electrogustometry useful for screening abnormalities of taste?
Authors: Ellegård E K , Hay K D , Morton R P
Published: October 2007

Background:

Electrogustometry is an accurate and increasingly popular method used to examine taste. However, its usefulness as a screening test is unknown.

Methods:

We asked 114 subjects, some healthy but most with medical conditions possibly affecting taste, to rate their overall taste ability, on a scale of zero to 10. Those who had current symptoms related to taste– and who rated their taste as five or worse – were defined as ‘aberrant tasters’. We recorded automated electrogustometry thresholds, and visual analogue scale intensity ratings, for solutions of the four basic tastes (sweet, sour, salty and bitter). A visual analogue scale score of 50 was used as a cut-off point to identify ‘poor tasters’.

Results:

The sensitivity and specificity of electrogustometry in identifying abnormal taste function were low.

Conclusions:

We conclude that automated electrogustometry is not a useful clinical screening method for taste disturbance in a population such as ours.
Marrow proliferation as a cause of hearing loss in beta-thalassaemia major
Authors: Thio D , Prasad V , Anslow P , Lennox P
Published: October 2007

Objective:

The aim of this report was to highlight the fact that hearing loss in thalassaemia patients can be related to marrow expansion affecting the ossicles, resulting in a conductive loss.

Case report:

A six-year-old boy with transfusion-dependent beta-thalassaemia developed a unilateral hearing loss shortly after commencing desferrioxamine therapy. Otoxicity was assumed, but the deficit was later found to be of a conductive nature, due to marrow proliferation within the ossicular chain as a consequence of the disease process – a phenomenon previously unreported in the literature.

Conclusion:

It is important to elucidate the precise nature of new onset hearing loss in patients receiving iron chelation therapy, in order to avoid unnecessary cessation of much needed medication, on the assumption of ototoxicity.
Quilting sutures for nasal septum
Authors: Hari C , Marnane C , Wormald P J
Published: October 2007

Suturing of the nasal septum after septal surgery is a commonly performed procedure designed to prevent complications such as septal haematoma and bleeding. It is also useful for closing any inadvertent tears of the septal mucosa and providing additional support for the cartilage pieces retained in septoplasty. In addition, the suture can be placed through the middle turbinates, stabilising them during the healing process. Placing knots for interrupted sutures in the posterior and middle part of the nasal septum can be technically difficult. We describe a continuous suturing technique for approximating the mucosal flaps following septal surgery.
Dynamics forβ-shifts and Diophantine approximation
Authors: ADAMCZEWSKI BORIS , BUGEAUD YANN
Published: October 2007

We investigate theβ-expansion of an algebraic number in an algebraic baseβ. Using tools from Diophantine approximation, we prove several results that may suggest a strong difference between the asymptotic behaviour of eventually periodic expansions and that of non-eventually periodic expansions.
UV radiation - a threat to Antarctic benthic marine diatoms?
Authors: Wulff Angela , Zacher Katharina , Hanelt Dieter , Al-Handal Adil , Wiencke Christian
Published: October 2007

This investigation was motivated by the lack of ultraviolet radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) studies on Antarctic benthic marine microalgae. The objective was to estimate the impact of UV-B (280–315 nm) and UV-A (315–400 nm), on photosynthetic efficiency, species composition, cell density and specific growth rate in a semi-natural soft-bottom diatom community. In both experiments, cell density increased over time. The most frequently observed species were Navicula cancellata, Cylindrotheca closterium, Nitzschia spp., and Petroneis plagiostoma. For both experiments, a shift in species composition and a decreased photosystem II (PSII) maximum efficiency (Fv/Fm) over time was observed, irrespective of treatment. UVR significantly reduced Fv/Fm on days 3 and 10 (Expt 1), disappearing on the last sampling date. A similar trend was found in Expt 2. A significant UV effect on cell density was observed in Expt 1 (day 10) but not in Expt 2. No treatment effects on species composition or specific growth rate were found. Thus, the UV effects were transient (photosynthetic efficiency and cell density) and the growth of the benthic diatoms was generally unaffected. Overall, according to our results, UVR does not seem to be a threat to benthic marine Antarctic diatoms.
Das zeigt doch nur, dass ich’s nicht kann
Authors: Dickhäuser Oliver , Butler Ruth , Tönjes Britt
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung. Basierend auf Theorien der motivationalen Zielorientierung analysiert die vorliegende Untersuchung den Zusammenhang zwischen der beruflichen Zielorientierung von N = 224 Lehramtsanwärterinnen und -anwärtern und deren Einstellung gegenüber Hilfesuche. Durch die Vermeidungsleistungszielorientierung (das habituelle Verfolgen des Ziels, nicht als inkompetente Lehrkraft aufzufallen) konnte vorhergesagt werden, inwieweit die angehenden Lehrer/-innen das Erbitten von Hilfe als bedrohlich wahrnahmen. Die Wahrnehmung von Hilfe als lernförderlich konnte durch die Lernzielorientierung (das habituelle Verfolgen des Ziels, als Lehrer/-in die eigenen Kompetenzen zu steigern) vorhergesagt werden. Die Wahrnehmung von Hilfesuche als zusätzlichen Aufwand verursachend stand im Zusammenhang mit der Tendenz zur Arbeitsvermeidung. Die Befunde werden vor dem Hintergrund der Bedeutung motivationaler Faktoren für die Erklärung des Erlebens und Verhaltens von (angehenden) Lehrkräften diskutiert.
Die therapeutischen Möglichkeiten von Kunsttherapie bei Menschen mit Demenz
Authors: Ganß Michael
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung. Die zunehmende Anzahl an Menschen mit Demenz in der Altenhilfe hat trotz vielfältiger Entwicklungen in der therapeutischen Begleitung immer noch Hilflosigkeit zur Folge. Die künstlerischen Therapien scheinen gerade aufgrund ihrer nonverbalen und präkognitiven Möglichkeiten für die therapeutische Begleitung prädestiniert zu sein. Die therapeutischen Auswirkungen von Kunsttherapie werden in vielen Einzelfallbeschreibungen dargestellt. Die Wirkebenen der Kunsttherapie lassen sich dabei wie folgt unterteilen: Motorische Ebene und Handlungsebene, die kognitive und verbale Ebene, die psychische Ebene, die soziale Ebene und Beziehungsebene und die einer allgemeinen künstlerischen und individuellen Entwicklung. Zu den benannten Ebenen lassen sich aus den vielfältigen Darstellungen in der Literatur und meinen persönlichen Erfahrungen aus der praktischen Arbeit eine Reihe Hypothesen, hinsichtlich der Wirkung von Kunsttherapie auf den Menschen mit Demenz, formulieren.
Wirksamkeit einer musiktherapeutischen Intervention bei Mobbingbetroffenen
Authors: Kahl Christian J.
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung. Mit einer Gruppe von Mobbingbetroffenen wurde eine sechswöchige Intervention durchgeführt. Die Interventionsgruppe wurde mit einer Kontrollgruppe verglichen; Ziel der Intervention war es, einen verbesserten Umgang mit Mobbing zu bekommen und ein verbessertes Selbstwertgefühl der Betroffenen zu erreichen. Die Intervention beinhaltete das künstlerische Element der Musikimprovisation, wobei im Gruppen- und Einzelsetting gearbeitet wurde. Für die Diagnose von Mobbing wurde der “Leymann Inventory of Psychological Terror“ (LIPT) von den Betroffenen ausgefüllt und nach ICD-10 klassifiziert. Die Veränderung wurde mit dem “Freiburger Persönlichkeitsinventar“ (FPI-R), dem “Inventar Interpersonaler Probleme“ (IIP), dem salutogenetischen Fragebogen des “Sense of Coherence“ (SOC) sowie der “Psychotherapeutischen Basisdokumentation“ (PsyBaDo) erfasst. Mittels der Rhythmisch-Energetischen-Strukturanalyse (RES) zu Beginn und zum Ende der Intervention wurde die Improvisation der Probanden ausgewertet. Die RES zeigt eine Zunahme der sympathikotonen Rhythmusformen und damit eine verbesserte Selbstbehauptung. Durch die Intervention konnte die persönliche und soziale Sicherheit der Betroffenen gestärkt werden und damit zu einem verbesserten Selbstwertgefühl führen, dies zeigt ein gestiegener SOC. Die Verbesserung der Selbstannahme und das Selbstwertgefühl kann in der PsyBaDo gezeigt werden.
Wirkung von Gong-Klängen auf das kardiorespiratorische System
Authors: Cysarz Dirk , Büssing Arndt , Bornhöft Gudrun , Geisse Matthias , Matthiessen Peter F. , Ostermann Thomas
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Neben dem Monochord kann auch der Gong als passiv-rezeptive Therapieform in der Musiktherapie eingesetzt werden. Die Wirkungen von Gongklängen wird von vielen Patienten übereinstimmend als positiv beschrieben. Neben einer Besserung des psychischen Befindens berichten Patienten häufig auch von einer Beeinflussung des Herzschlags. Fragestellung: Ziel dieser Pilotstudie war daher die Überprüfung eines Einflusses von Gongklängen auf die Rhythmen von Herzschlag und Atmung. Methoden: In Ergänzung zu den Gongklängen wurde fünf Probanden neben “Ruhe“ als Referenz weiterhin “Lärm“ als auditiver Kontraststimulus präsentiert. Jeder Stimulus wurde fünf Minuten angeboten. Während der gesamten Dauer der auditiven Stimuli wurde ein EKG und der nasale/orale Luftfluss synchron aufgezeichnet. Auf dieser Grundlage konnten Herz- und Atemfrequenz und deren Variabilitäten bestimmt werden. Ergebnisse: Im Vergleich zu “Ruhe“ zeigte nur “Lärm“ eine leicht erhöhte Herzfrequenz und eine leicht erhöhte Atemfrequenz. Der Gongklang hingegen zeigte keine nennenswerten Veränderungen in diesen Parametern. Folgerung: Zusammenfassend ist festzuhalten, dass der Gongklang in dieser Pilotstudie keine Wirkungen auf die Rhythmen von Herz- und Atemfrequenz zeigte. Lärm zeigte seine stress-bedingten bekannten Wirkungen auf die Rhythmen von Herz- und Atemfrequenz.
Katamnestische Evaluation des Musikmalens als psychotherapeutische Methode bei neurotischen, Belastungs- und somatoformen Störungen
Authors: Michael Riad Alexander
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung. Bei der vorliegenden Arbeit handelt es sich um eine empirische Untersuchung der Forschungsergebnisse des Nervenarztes Rudolf Burkhardt, der die Methode des Musikmalens über 20 Jahre mit Erfolg in der psychotherapeutischen Behandlung einsetzte. Das Musikmalen nach Burkhardt wird bezüglich Methodik, Zielsetzung und Bearbeitung des Bildmaterials mit den Patienten als spontan improvisierendes, emotional abreagierendes, ganzheitliches Ausdrucks- und Kommunikationsverfahren beschrieben, das tiefenpsychologische Wirkungen entfalten und konfliktzentriert eingesetzt werden kann. An fünf Patienten des Diagnosebereichs “Neurotische, Belastungs- und somatoforme Störungen“ (ICD-10: F4) werden in vorliegender Arbeit charakteristische Entwicklungen des Bildausdrucks parallel zu katamnestisch dokumentierten Besserungen der Patientenbefindlichkeit im Therapieverlauf aufgezeigt und anhand phänomenologischer Kriterien ausgewertet. In der Diskussion wird die Aktualität und universelle Einsetzbarkeit der Methodik der Musikmaltherapie nach Burkhardt unter psychodynamischen und musikpsychologischen Aspekten nicht nur in der Psychotherapeutischen Medizin hervorgehoben.
Entwicklung und erste Evaluation eines Instruments zur kunst- und gestaltungstherapeutischen Prozessdokumentation
Authors: Elbing Ulrich , Hölzer Michael
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird ein neu entwickeltes Instrument zur Dokumentation kunst- und gestaltungstherapeutischer Prozesse vorgestellt und in zwei Einzelfallstudien einer ersten externen Validierung unterzogen. Das Dokumentationssystem erfasst Arbeitsweise, Arbeitshaltung, die Wirkung des entstandenen Objektes, die Reflexion der Patientin, sowie die Beziehung der Patientin zur Gruppe, zur Therapeutin und zu ihrem Werk. Das System zielt darauf, neben einer validen Dokumentation die Verknüpfung zwischen originär kunsttherapeutischer Dokumentation und dem Dokumentationssystem einer Klinik zu leisten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Verknüpfung der Dokumentationsebenen werden in zwei Einzelfallstudien aufgezeigt und zu einer ersten externen Validierung des neuen Instruments genutzt. Die erhobenen Daten umfassen die dokumentierten Werte des neuen Instruments, die gestaltungstherapeutischen Sitzungsprotokolle, die Klinikakte und die Bewertung der Werkstückentwicklung durch unabhängige Experten. Die Ergebnisse werden sowohl unter forschungsmethodischen Aspekten als auch unter Aspekten der klinischen Relevanz diskutiert.
High localization of primary slip zones in large earthquakes from paleoseismic trenches: Observations and implications for earthquake physics
Authors: Rockwell Thomas K. , Ben‐Zion Yehuda
Published: October 2007

Paleoseismic exposures excavated across relatively straight sections of major faults in southern California display a high degree of localization at depths of only a few meters below the surface. In some cases, the width of the slip zone in events with multimeter displacement is on the order of 1–2 mm to a cm, which is the resolution of the observations. Repetitive slip events in the same zone increase the observed width of the faulting, as expressed at trench depths, but the superposed slip again tends to be highly localized. These observations are probably representative of >80% of the length of the faults studied. Based on these results, combined with the expected tendency for narrower slip zone with depth, observations from exhumed faults, and high localization of seismicity along large faults, we hypothesize that the majority of slip carried by large faults occurs in very narrow zones. If correct, the emerging integrated view of high slip localization during earthquake ruptures places important constraints on many issues of earthquake dynamics.
Annual temperature cycle of the tropical tropopause: A simple model study
Authors: Chae Jung Hyo , Sherwood Steven C.
Published: October 2007

A simple radiative‐convective model is used to simulate the annual temperature cycle near the tropical tropopause and lower stratosphere (TTL) region. Seasonally varying residual vertical velocity and ozone variation are imposed, the latter derived from 7 a (1998–2004) of Southern Hemisphere additional ozonesonde (SHADOZ) data. Convection is treated only by eliminating lapse rates greater than 6.5 K/km. An upwelling rate proportional to the extratropical wave driving (midlatitude Eliassen‐Palm (EP) flux) is sufficient to explain in detail the annual cycles of TTL temperature above 80 hPa and of tropopause pressure, each maximizing in northern summer and minimizing in northern winter. However, temperatures below 80 hPa lag those predicted, indicating either a delay in upwelling or the influence of tropospheric convection. The annual cycle of ozone in the TTL plays an important role in modulating that of temperature: Without ozone variations, the simulated temperature amplitude at 70 hPa falls from ∼8 K to 5 K, and the maximum temperature occurs in July, 1 month earlier than observed. When the seasonal cycle of ozone is included in the calculation, the amplitude and phase of the temperature cycle come into close agreement with observations. These results support the high‐latitude wave‐driving hypothesis for explaining tropical upwelling but indicate complicating factors close to the tropopause and an important role for ozone in modulating temperature changes.
Plagioclase compositions derived from thermal emission spectra of compositionally complex mixtures: Implications for Martian feldspar mineralogy
Authors: Milam Keith A. , McSween Harry Y. , Christensen Philip R.
Published: October 2007

The compositions of plagioclase, the most abundant mineral in the Martian crust, reflect changing conditions during magmatic evolution. Plagioclase contains spectral features at thermal infrared wavelengths that permit its detection by thermal emission spectrometers (Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES), Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS), and Miniature TES (Mini‐TES)) on Mars spacecraft. Previous studies have determined the accuracy with which average plagioclase compositions can be modeled in simple two‐component sand mixtures and terrestrial volcanic rocks. Studies of terrestrial rock analogs suffer from difficulties in accurately determining the average plagioclase composition for comparison with the spectrally modeled composition. Sand mixtures, however, provide a means of controlling plagioclase compositions for direct comparison to those modeled by linear deconvolution. This has allowed us to address how compositional complexity may affect our ability to derive average plagioclase compositions from thermal emission data. In this study, we examine the accuracy with which average plagioclase compositions can be modeled from emission spectra of complex mixtures of three, four, and five compositions of coarse (500–850 μm) plagioclase sand. Additionally, we examine multiphase mixtures of plagioclase with pyroxene, olivine, magnetite, and ilmenite that are analogous to selected Martian surface materials. Increasing the number of plagioclase compositions or introducing additional mineral phases does not affect the accuracy previously reported for modeling average plagioclase compositions. Plagioclase can be modeled to within 6 An of measured compositions at laboratory, TES, THEMIS, and Mini‐TES resolution (within 1σ standard deviation).
Lowering of glacial atmospheric CO2 in response to changes in oceanic circulation and marine biogeochemistry
Authors: Brovkin Victor , Ganopolski Andrey , Archer David , Rahmstorf Stefan
Published: October 2007

We use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity, CLIMBER‐2, to investigate what recent improvements in the representation of the physics and biology of the glacial ocean imply for the atmospheric concentration. The coupled atmosphere‐ocean model under the glacial boundary conditions is able to reproduce the deep, salty, stagnant water mass inferred from Antarctic deep pore water data and the changing temperature of the entire deep ocean. When carbonate compensation is included in the model, we find a CO2 drawdown of 43 ppmv associated mainly with the shoaling of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation and an increased fraction of water masses of southern origin in the deep Atlantic. Fertilizing the Atlantic and Indian sectors of the Southern Ocean north of the polar front leads to a further drawdown of 37 ppmv. Other changes to the glacial carbon cycle include a decrease in the amount of carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere (540 Pg C), which increases atmospheric CO2 by 15 ppmv, and a change in ocean salinity resulting from a drop in sea level, which elevates CO2 by another 12 ppmv. A decrease in shallow water CaCO3 deposition draws down CO2 by 12 ppmv. In total, the model is able to explain more than two thirds (65 ppmv) of the glacial to interglacial CO2 change, based only on mechanisms that are clearly documented in the proxy data. A good match between simulated and reconstructed distribution of δ13C changes in the deep Atlantic suggests that the model captures the mechanisms of reorganization of biogeochemistry in the Atlantic Ocean reasonably well. Additional, poorly constrained mechanisms to explain the rest of the observed drawdown include changes in the organic carbon:CaCO3 ratio of sediment rain reaching the seafloor, iron fertilization in the subantarctic Pacific Ocean, and changes in terrestrial weathering.
A comparison of five models for estimating clear‐sky solar radiation
Authors: Annear R. L. , Wells S. A.
Published: October 2007

Many agencies in the USA are developing management approaches to address water quality concerns and threatened and endangered species habitat requirements in water bodies. Many of these water bodies are water quality limited for temperature. Factors influencing stream temperature include: streamside vegetation, topographic shading, inflows and outflows, stream width, stream depth, light extinction and solar radiation. One of the key driving factors in estimating a water body heat budget is calculating the amount of solar radiation incident on the water surface. Even though it is preferable to measure clear‐sky solar radiation, many temperature models rely on theoretical estimates of clear‐sky solar radiation. The literature on estimating short‐wave solar radiation by calculating the position of the sun and attenuating the radiation through the atmosphere was reviewed. As a first step in relating water temperature to solar radiation, several empirical solar radiation models were calibrated to data at seventeen sites around the United States for clear‐sky days. Sensitivity analyses were conducted and differences between the models were examined. Results indicated that the more complex models for calculating solar radiation resulted in better estimates of clear‐sky solar radiation once they were calibrated to data. When no data were available, models with one or no calibration parameters did reasonably well at estimating clear‐sky solar radiation.
Global view of dayside magnetic reconnection with the dusk‐dawn IMF orientation: A statistical study for Double Star and Cluster data
Authors: Pu Z. Y. , Zhang X. G. , Wang X. G. , Wang J. , Zhou X.‐Z. , Dunlop M. W. , Xie L. , Xiao C. J. , Zong Q. G. , Fu S. Y. , Liu Z. X. , Carr C. , Ma Z. W. , Shen C. , Lucek E. , Rème H. , Escoubet P.
Published: October 2007

Double Star/TC‐1 and Cluster data show that both component reconnection and anti‐parallel reconnection occur at the magnetopause when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is predominantly dawnward. The occurrence of these different features under these very similar IMF conditions are further confirmed by a statistical study of 290 fast flows measured in both the low and high latitude magnetopause boundary layers. The directions of these fast flows suggest a possible S‐shaped configuration of the reconnection X‐line under such a dawnward dominated IMF orientation.
A long distance measurement of radioxenon in Yellowknife, Canada, in late October 2006
Authors: Saey P. R. J. , Bean M. , Becker A. , Coyne J. , d'Amours R. , De Geer L.‐E. , Hogue R. , Stocki T. J. , Ungar R. K. , Wotawa G.
Published: October 2007

Between 21–25 October 2006, elevated levels of atmospheric xenon‐133 were observed in Yellowknife (Canada). This station is located in an area where the background level of radioxenon is very low. The few measurements of xenon‐133 above background in the last three years have been traced back to known nuclear facilities. The measurements in late October could not be linked to them. According to backward atmospheric transport models (ATM), the air that contained the measured radioxenon could have originated from the Korean Peninsula. On 9 October 2006, seismic networks world‐wide recorded an event with characteristics of an underground explosion in the Democratic Peoples Republic of Korea. Forward ATM was performed using these coordinates. The results were consistent with the measurements in Yellowknife, more than 7000 km away. The order of magnitude of the amount measured is consistent with simple leak scenarios assumed for a low yield underground nuclear explosion on the Korean peninsula.
Effect of hydrophobic primary organic aerosols on secondary organic aerosol formation from ozonolysis of α‐pinene
Authors: Song Chen , Zaveri Rahul A. , Alexander M. Lizabeth , Thornton Joel A. , Madronich Sasha , Ortega John V. , Zelenyuk Alla , Yu Xiao‐Ying , Laskin Alexander , Maughan David A.
Published: October 2007

Semi‐empirical secondary organic aerosol (SOA) models typically assume a well‐mixed organic aerosol phase even in the presence of hydrophobic primary organic aerosols (POA). This assumption significantly enhances the modeled SOA yields as additional organic mass is made available to absorb greater amounts of oxidized secondary organic gases than otherwise. We investigate the applicability of this critical assumption by measuring SOA yields from ozonolysis of α‐pinene (a major biogenic SOA precursor) in a smog chamber in the absence and in the presence of dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and lubricating oil seed aerosol. These particles serve as surrogates for urban hydrophobic POA. The results show that these POA did not enhance the SOA yields. If these results are found to apply to other biogenic SOA precursors, then the semi‐empirical models used in many global models would predict significantly less biogenic SOA mass and display reduced sensitivity to anthropogenic POA emissions than previously thought.
Lightning strikes to tall objects: Currents inferred from far electromagnetic fields versus directly measured currents
Authors: Baba Yoshihiro , Rakov Vladimir A.
Published: October 2007

We have derived far‐field‐to‐current conversion factors for lightning strikes to tall objects for (1) the initial peak current at the object top, (2) the largest peak current at the object top, and (3) the peak current at the object bottom. These far‐field‐to‐current conversion factors are needed for proper interpretation of peak currents reported by lightning detection networks and are each expressed here as the product of (a) the far‐field‐to‐current conversion factor for lightning strikes to flat ground based on the transmission line model and (b) an appropriate correction factor to account for the transient process in the strike object. The correction factors for the three considered cases are: (1) ftall_ini.top = v/(v + c), (2) ftall_top = [1 + ρbot(1 + ρtop)] v/(v + c), and (3) ftall_bot = (1 + ρbot) v/(v + c), where ρbot and ρtop are current reflection coefficients at the object bottom and at the object top for upward‐propagating waves, respectively.