bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glutamate Transporter Inhibitors with Photo‐Controlled Activity
Authors: Hoorens Mark W. H. , Fu Haigen , Duurkens Ria H. , Trinco Gianluca , Arkhipova Valentina , Feringa Ben L. , Poelarends Gerrit J. , Slotboom Dirk J. , Szymanski Wiktor
Published: May 2018

Glutamate is an important signaling molecule in the nervous system and its extracellular levels are regulated by amino acid transporters. Studies on the role of glutamate transport have benefitted from the development of small molecule inhibitors. Most inhibitors, however, cannot be remotely controlled with respect to the time and place of their action, which limits their application in biological studies. Herein, the development and evaluation of inhibitors of the prokaryotic transporter GltTk with photo‐controlled activity, enabling the remote, reversible, and spatiotemporally resolved regulation of transport is reported. Based on a known inhibitor, seven inhibitors, bearing a photoswitchable azobenzene moiety, are designed and synthesized. The most promising photo‐controlled inhibitor, shows in its non‐irradiated form, an IC50 of 2.5 ± 0.4 μm for transport by GltTk. Photoswitching results in a reversible drop of potency to an IC50 of 9.1 ± 1.5 μm. This 3.6‐fold difference in activity is used to demonstrate that the transporter function can be switched on and off reversibly through irradiation. As a result, this inhibitor could be a powerful tool in studying the role of glutamate transport by precisely controlling the time, and the specific tissue or groups of cells, in which the inhibitor is active.
Persistent Photomagnetism in Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: He Shuai , DuChene Joseph S. , Qiu Jingjing , Puretzky Alexander A. , Gai Zheng , Wei Wei David
Published: May 2018

Using light irradiation to manipulate magnetization over a prolonged period of time offers a wealth of opportunities for spin‐based electronics and photonics. To date, persistent photomagnetism has been frequently reported in spin systems composed of molecular magnets; yet this phenomenon is rarely observed in nanoparticle‐based systems comprised of transition metal oxides. Here, detailed studies of persistent photomagnetism in superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles at temperatures below their blocking temperature are presented and it is demonstrated that the magnetization change does not occur through steady‐state spin transitions or photothermal heating. Instead, it is found that exciton–spin exchange‐coupling plays a critical role in modulating the magnetization by lowering the anisotropic energy barrier of Fe3O4nanoparticles to facilitate their optically driven conversion from ferrimagnetic to superparamagnetic. Collectively, these insights establish a comprehensive understanding of the underlying photophysical processes that regulate photomagnetism in nanoparticle‐based magnetic systems composed of transition metal oxides.
Prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with sorafenib: a comparison of five models in a large Canadian database
Authors: Samawi Haider H. , Sim Hao‐Wen , Chan Kelvin K. , Alghamdi Mohammad A. , Lee‐Ying Richard M. , Knox Jennifer J. , Gill Parneet , Romagnino Adriana , Batuyong Eugene , Ko Yoo‐Joung , Davies Janine M. , Lim Howard J. , Cheung Winson Y. , Tam Vincent C. ,   the CHORD Consortium
Published: May 2018

Several systems (tumor‐node‐metastasis [TNM], Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer [BCLC], Okuda, Cancer of the Liver Italian Program [CLIP], and albumin–bilirubin grade [ALBI]) were developed to estimate the prognosis of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) mostly prior to the prevalent use of sorafenib. We aimed to compare the prognostic and discriminatory power of these models in predicting survival for HCC patients treated with sorafenib and to identify independent prognostic factors for survival in this population. Patients who received sorafenib for the treatment of HCC between 1 January 2008 and 30 June 2015 in the provinces of British Columbia and Alberta, and two large cancer centers in Toronto, Ontario, were included. Survival was assessed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Multivariate Cox regression was used to identify predictors of survival. The models were compared with respect to homogeneity, discriminatory ability, monotonicity of gradients, time‐dependent area under the curve, and Akaike information criterion. A total of 681 patients were included. 80% were males, 86% had Child–Pugh class A, and 37% of patients were East Asians. The most common etiology for liver disease was hepatitis B (34%) and C (31%). In all model comparisons, CLIP performed better while BCLC and TNM7 performed less favorably but the differences were small. The utility of each system in allocating patients into different prognostic groups varied, for example, TNM poorly differentiated patients in advanced stages (8.7 months (m) (95% CI 6.5–11.5) versus 8.4 m (95% CI 7.0–9.6) for stages III and IV, respectively) while ALBI had excellent discrimination of early grades (15.6 m [95% CI 13.0–18.4] versus 8.3 m [95% CI 7.0–9.2] for grades 1 and 2, respectively). On multivariate analysis, hepatitis C, alcoholism, and prior hepatic resection were independently prognostic of better survival (P < 0.01). In conclusion, none of the prognostic systems was optimal in predicting survival in sorafenib‐treated patients with HCC. Etiology of liver disease should be considered in future models and clinical trial designs.
Serum SP70 is a sensitive predictor of chemotherapy response in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Liu Jingping , Zhang Wei , Gu Min , Ji Yazhou , Yang Lu , Cheng Xiangjun , Xiao Xuelian , Xu Jian , Gu Chunrong , Zhang Jiexin , Zhang Shichang , Chen Dan , Pan Shiyang
Published: May 2018

SP70 is a novel tumor biomarker in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its role as a marker for predicting the response to chemotherapy for patients with advanced NSCLC has not been investigated. A total of 152 patients were enrolled. Serum SP70, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21‐1), and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) were detected before and after 2 cycles of chemotherapy. The correlation between serum tumor biomarker levels and chemotherapy responses and their association with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation status and progression‐free survival (PFS) were analyzed. Serum SP70 levels were significantly decreased after chemotherapy in the partial remission (PR) group (P < .001) and increased in the progressive disease (PD) group (P < .001), but not significantly changed in the stable disease (SD) group (P = .114). Although similar changes were observed on CEA and CYFRA21‐1 levels but not NSE, ROC analysis demonstrated that SP70 is superior to the others. Additionally, patients with EGFR mutation had higher serum SP70 levels and tissue SP70 expression than patients without EGFR mutation (P = .014 and P = .002, respectively). The median PFS of patients with decreased SP70 levels after chemotherapy was longer than that of patients with stable or increased serum SP70 level (24 months vs 12 months vs 2 months, P < .001), and the differences of all other 3 tumor markers were not obvious. Serum SP70 is a sensitive and real‐time indicator of chemotherapeutic efficacy in patients with advanced NSCLC and related to PFS.
Ventilator auto‐triggering by cardiac electrical activity during noninvasive ventilation with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist
Authors: Inata Yu , Takeuchi Muneyuki
Published: May 2018

Key Clinical Message

Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA), by capturing the electrical activity of the diaphragm, improves patient‐ventilator synchrony. It is, however, not completely immune from auto‐triggering by cardiac electrical activity as illustrated in this case. Stringent observation of respiratory rate and vigilance for this phenomenon is warranted when using NAVA.
A novel physical layer security approach in OFDMA‐MISO networks in the presence of noncooperative and cooperative adversary users with unknown mode
Authors: Taghipour Javad , Azmi Paeiz , Mokari Nader
Published: May 2018

This paper proposes a novel physical layer security approach in an orthogonal frequency division multiple access system. Then, a joint subchannel assignment and power allocation method is proposed. It is assumed that there are multiadversary users in the considered orthogonal frequency division multiple access–based network. Each adversary user can be a passive user (ie, he/she just eavesdrops) or an active user (ie, he/she sends jamming to make disturbance). The adversary users can choose active or passive mode according to their situation in the network. In a real network, legitimate users do not have deterministic information about the passive and active modes of adversary users. Here, we assume that the active and passive modes of adversary users are unknown. We also introduce both noncooperative and cooperative scenarios for adversary users. In the noncooperative scenario, the adversary users do not have cooperation and they act independently. In the cooperative scenario, they have cooperation with each other to eavesdrop well and reduce the secrecy rate of the network. For the noncooperative adversary users, a probabilistic method is proposed to estimate the active or passive mode of the adversary users. Based on the proposed probabilistic method, the average secrecy rate for the network is obtained. For the cooperative adversary users, we assume that they are smart and organized; it means that they choose their active or passive mode based on the situation of other adversary users to reach the best performance. Since the total secrecy rate in two scenarios is nonconvex, the corresponding optimization problem is nonconvex. We propose an iterative method for joint subchannel assignment and power allocation to maximize the total secrecy rate of the network. A linear search method is proposed for the subchannel assignment, and a successive convex approximation approach is proposed to solve the power allocation problem.
Light at night disrupts nocturnal rest and elevates glucocorticoids at cool color temperatures
Authors: Alaasam Valentina J. , Duncan Richard , Casagrande Stefania , Davies Scott , Sidher Abhijaat , Seymoure Brett , Shen Yantao , Zhang Yong , Ouyang Jenny Q.
Published: May 2018

Nighttime light pollution is quickly becoming a pervasive, global concern. Since the invention and proliferation of light‐emitting diodes (LED), it has become common for consumers to select from a range of color temperatures of light with varying spectra. Yet, the biological impacts of these different spectra on organisms remain unclear. We tested if nighttime illumination of LEDs, at two commercially available color temperatures (3000 and 5000 K) and at ecologically relevant illumination levels affected body condition, food intake, locomotor activity, and glucocorticoid levels in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). We found that individuals exposed to 5000 K light had higher rates of nighttime activity (peaking after 1 week of treatment) compared to 3000 K light and controls (no nighttime light). Birds in the 5000 K treatment group also had increased corticosterone levels from pretreatment levels compared to 3000 K and control groups but no changes in body condition or food intake. Individuals that were active during the night did not consequently decrease daytime activity. This study adds to the growing evidence that the spectrum of artificial light at night is important, and we advocate the use of nighttime lighting with warmer color temperatures of 3000 K instead of 5000 K to decrease energetic costs for avian taxa.
Outcomes of intradetrusor onabotulinum toxin A injection in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Vurture Gregory , Peyronnet Benoit , Feigin Andrew , Biagioni Milton C. , Gilbert Rebecca , Rosenblum Nirit , Frucht Steven , Di Rocco Alessandro , Nitti Victor W. , Brucker Benjamin M.
Published: May 2018

Objective

To assess the safety and efficacy of intradetrusor onabotulinum toxin A injections for the treatment of overactive bladder (OAB) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD).

Methods

All PD patients who underwent intradetrusor injections of onabotulinum toxin A (BoNT‐A) for storage symptoms between 2010 and 2017 were included in a retrospective study. A 100 U dose of BoNT‐A (Botox®, Allergan Irvine, CA) was used for the first injection in all patients. The primary endpoint was clinical success defined as any subjective improvement in OAB symptoms self‐assessed by the patients 4 weeks after the injections.

Results

Out of 24 patients analyzed, 19 reported improvement of their OAB symptoms 4 weeks after the first injection (79.2%) with complete resolution of urgency urinary incontinence in seven patients (29.1%; P < 0.001). The average post‐void residual (PVR) increased significantly after the first injection from 17.6 to 125.3 mL (P < 0.001). Three of the patients had to start clean intermittent catheterization (CIC) after the first injection (12.5%). Out of 49 injections in total, only five caused incomplete bladder emptying requiring the use of CIC (10.2%). Higher pre‐injection PVR was significantly associated with both a lower chance of symptomatic improvement (P = 0.04) and a higher risk of incomplete bladder emptying with institution of CIC (P = 0.047).

Conclusion

Intradetrusor injections of BoNT‐A 100 U appeared as a safe and effective option in PD patients with OAB symptoms and a low PVR before the injection. Higher preoperative PVR was the strongest predictor of both treatment failure and postoperative urinary retention requiring CIC.
Soluble Fiber Use in Pediatric Short Bowel Syndrome: A Survey on Prevailing Practices
Authors: Harvie Meredith Linley , Norris Margaret Alyssa Tucker , Sevilla Wednesday Marie A.
Published: May 2018

Background

In pediatric short bowel syndrome (SBS), adding fiber to enteral feedings is 1 treatment method to manage increased stool output. However, there are no standardized recommendations on the use of fiber in this setting, including type, dosage, titration strategies, etc.

Objective

The aim of this study is to determine current prevailing practices on the use of fiber in the treatment of chronic high stool output in the pediatric SBS population.

Methods

An anonymous electronic survey with 13 questions was sent through health professional electronic mailing lists. The survey was completed by healthcare professionals including physicians (primary care, subspecialists, and surgeons), nurse practitioners, and registered dietitians.

Results

A total of 94 responses were received. The most common supplemental fiber used was pectin (62.8%). The 2 major factors considered when initiating fiber therapy were consistency of stool (74.5%) and volume of stool output (85.1%). The major factor that determined discontinuation of fiber was abdominal distention (67%). A majority of providers waited 2 weeks or less to see improvement following fiber initiation before discontinuing it.

Conclusions

The goal of the survey was to gather more information with regard to fiber use in the management of SBS patients. The data collected can be used to provide future direction on determining best practices for fiber use in SBS patients.
Bioresorbable antibacterial PCL‐PLA‐nHA composite membranes for oral and maxillofacial defects
Authors: Sharif Faiza , Tabassum Sobia , Mustafa Waleed , Asif Anila , Zarif Faiza , Tariq Muhammad , Siddiqui Saadat Anwer , Gilani Mazhar Amjad , Ur Rehman Ihtesham , MacNeil Sheila
Published: May 2018

Degradable implant membranes designed to separate hard and soft tissues and to trigger the growth of underlying bone and with antimicrobial properties are needed for the management of bone defects, ridge augmentation and to facilitate dental implants. In this study, the composite scaffolds of poly(lactic acid) (PLA), poly(caprolactone) (PCL) blended with nano hydroxyapatite and cefixime‐β cyclodextrin (Cfx‐βCD) inclusion complexes were synthesized by electrospinning. The prepared electrospun fibrous membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Membranes were microporous with random fibers in the range of 0.2–0.37 µm. The data from FTIR spectral analysis helped to characterize the presence of PCL, PLA, Cfx, and βCD in the electrospun membranes. In addition, the mechanical properties (i.e., elastic modulus and tensile strength) of the scaffolds were investigated. The mechanical strength and suture retention ability of the membranes was comparable to that of skin grafts. Drug release assays confirmed the slow release of Cfx from the membranes in the presence of βCD and antimicrobial studies showed that the membranes possessed antibacterial properties. The interaction of cells with membranes was evaluated by culturing them with the mouse pre‐osteoblast cell line MC3T3 and assessment of bone formation was done using Alizarin Red Assay. Culturing MC3T3 cells on the scaffolds showed that cells attached and entered the membranes and increased in number over time. In summary, these membranes are flexible, strong, bactericidal and osteogenic, which are the ideal implant properties for dental and maxillofacial surgery. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:1564–1575, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Phase transitions in 3D gravity and fractal dimension
Authors: Dong Xi , Maguire Shaun , Maloney Alexander , Maxfield Henry
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We show that for three dimensional gravity with higher genus boundary conditions, if the theory possesses a sufficiently light scalar, there is a second order phase transition where the scalar field condenses. This three dimensional version of the holographic superconducting phase transition occurs even though the pure gravity solutions are locally AdS3. This is in addition to the first order Hawking-Page-like phase transitions between different locally AdS3 handlebodies. This implies that the Rényi entropies of holographic CFTs will undergo phase transitions as the Rényi parameter is varied, as long as the theory possesses a scalar operator which is lighter than a certain critical dimension. We show that this critical dimension has an elegant mathematical interpretation as the Hausdorff dimension of the limit set of a quotient group of AdS3, and use this to compute it, analytically near the boundary of moduli space and numerically in the interior of moduli space. We compare this to a CFT computation generalizing recent work of Belin, Keller and Zadeh, bounding the critical dimension using higher genus conformal blocks, and find a surprisingly good match.
Towards a bulk description of higher spin SYK
Authors: González Hernán A. , Grumiller Daniel , Salzer Jakob
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We consider on the bulk side extensions of the Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model to Yang-Mills and higher spins. To this end we study generalizations of the Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) model in the BF formulation. Our main goal is to obtain generalizations of the Schwarzian action, which we achieve in two ways: by considering the on-shell action supplemented by suitable boundary terms compatible with all symmetries, and by applying the Lee-Wald-Zoupas formalism to analyze the symplectic structure of dilaton gravity. We conclude with a discussion of the entropy (including log-corrections from higher spins) and a holographic dictionary for the generalized SYK/JT correspondence.
Constraints on higher spin CFT2
Authors: Afkhami-Jeddi Nima , Colville Kale , Hartman Thomas , Maloney Alexander , Perlmutter Eric
Published: May 2018

Abstract

We derive constraints on two-dimensional conformal field theories with higher spin symmetry due to unitarity, modular invariance, and causality. We focus on CFTs with

$$ {\mathcal{W}}_N $$

W
N

symmetry in the “irrational” regime, where c > N − 1 and the theories have an infinite number of higher-spin primaries. The most powerful constraints come from positivity of the Kac matrix, which (unlike the Virasoro case) is non-trivial even when c > N − 1. This places a lower bound on the dimension of any non-vacuum higher-spin primary state, which is linear in the central charge. At large c, this implies that the dual holographic theories of gravity in AdS3, if they exist, have no local, perturbative degrees of freedom in the semi-classical limit.
Electronic Voting to Improve Morbidity and Mortality Conferences
Authors: Zindel Joel , Kaderli Reto M. , Jakob Manuel O. , Dosch Michel , Tschan Franziska , Candinas Daniel , Beldi Guido
Published: May 2018

Background

It is of major importance in clinical surgery to identify potential patterns and specific causes of complications. Therefore, morbidity and mortality meetings (M&M) are widely used to discuss and evaluate deviations from expected outcomes in order to improve surgical practice. Moreover, M&M represent an important tool for continuous medical education. In this study, we introduced an electronic voting system to assess whether anonymity during M&M could limit potential biases due to hierarchical structures or opinion leaders.

Methods

This study was conducted in the surgical department of a European tertiary care center. During the study period, electronic voting was applied in 412 M&M cases and compared with a baseline of 330 conventional M&M entries. In this interrupted time series, the educational quality and participant satisfaction of the M&M were assessed using surveys before and after the introduction of electronic voting. The surveys were refined using principle component analysis. In addition, the classification of the cause of the complication was recorded.

Results

The introduction of electronic voting led to a significant increase in perceived educational quality from 2.63 to 3.36 (p < 0.01), and the overall participant satisfaction increased from 2.6 ± 0.9 to 3.7 ± 1.2 (p < 0.01) on a five‐point Likert scale. The frequency of voting shifted from “patient’s disease” (before 42.9, after 27.6%, p = 0.04) to “misadventure” (before 1.1, after 16.0%, p < 0.01). The voting frequencies for the causes attributed to “management” and “technical” remained constant.

Conclusions

An electronic voting system in M&M meetings increases perceived educational quality and participant satisfaction.
Formerly Incarcerated Parents and Their Children
Authors: Western Bruce , Smith Natalie
Published: May 2018

The negative effects of incarceration on child well-being are often linked to the economic insecurity of formerly incarcerated parents. Researchers caution, however, that the effects of parental incarceration may be small in the presence of multiple-partner fertility and other family complexity. Despite these claims, few studies have directly observed either economic insecurity or the full extent of family complexity. We study parent-child relationships with a unique data set that includes detailed information about economic insecurity and family complexity among parents just released from prison. We find that stable private housing, more than income, is associated with close and regular contact between parents and children. Formerly incarcerated parents see their children less regularly in contexts of multiple-partner fertility and in the absence of supportive family relationships. Significant housing and family effects are estimated even after we control for drug use and crime, which are themselves negatively related to parental contact. The findings point to the constraints of material insecurity and the complexity of family relationships on the contact between formerly incarcerated parents and their children.
Building fisheries institutions through collective action in Norway
Authors: Jentoft Svein , Finstad Bjørn-Petter
Published: May 2018

Institutions, and the collective action that created them and which they enable, can play an important role in poverty eradication. In Norway, the Raw Fish Act passed in 1938 in the aftermath of the international financial crisis that hit the fishing industry hard, and the fishers’ cooperative sales-organizations that it authorized testify to this. Most of all, they helped to empower fishers in their economic transactions throughout the value chain. Since the RFA’s enactment, it has undergone reform that has somewhat changed the mandate of the sales-organizations, but the basic principles and functions remain. Although the historical context and institutional designs of the Raw Fish Act and the cooperative sales-organizations that it mandated, are unique, together they addressed a problem that small-scale fishers are experiencing in other parts of the world - one of poverty, marginalization and exploitation. The Raw Fish Act and the system of mandated, cooperative sales-organizations radically altered this predicament and turned the table in fishers’ favor. The question, therefore, is what lessons do the Norwegian example offer that might be emulated elsewhere?
An Enhanced Otherworldliness: Thierry De Mey's Screendance Based on William Forsythe's One Flat Thing, reproduced
Authors: Lim Wesley
Published: May 2018

This article analyses Thierry De Mey's screendance One Flat Thing, reproduced based on William Forsythe's dance of the same name. The filmmaker creates a heightened atmosphere of otherworldliness by drawing on the choreographer's own conception of it: from romantic ballet and the technique of disfocus. In addition to filming Forsythe's main dance, the screendance includes five movement sequences that do not appear in the original choreography. Their interspersion into the filming of the main dance contributes strikingly to the alien landscape: (1) the architectural composition of the tables, (2) the dancers’ exaggerated, disjointed movements, (3) the filmic editing through juxtaposing cuts, and (4) the close-ups for intimacy and deterritorialization. By more prominently integrating Forsythe's deconstructive aesthetic, De Mey creates an enhanced otherworld through the medium of screendance that is not possible to achieve with live dance.
Noa Eshkol and the Idea of a Chamber Dance Group
Authors: Gardner Sally
Published: May 2018

Noa Eshkol (1924–2007) was an Israeli dance artist who developed a movement notation system in collaboration with her colleague, the architect Avraham Wachman. Consideration of Eshkol's dance values, particularly as they pertain to dance's basis in movement, understood as a material that can be “thought,” like music, by means of a notation system, and the role of the dancers as the work's primary audience, can contribute to the ongoing task of investigating dance modernism and its variety of authorship and spectatorship modes.
CHRISTINA ROSSETTI'S GHOSTS, SOUL-SLEEP, AND VICTORIAN DEATH CULTURE
Authors: Johnson Stephanie L.
Published: May 2018

Ghosts haunt Christina Rossetti's poetry.Amidst the lyrics, devotional poems, and children's verse, poems about ghosts and hauntings recur as material evidence of Rossetti's fascination with spectral presences. That fascination poses a particular interpretive puzzle in light of her religious convictions and piety. We might be tempted to identify the recurring ghosts as just another nineteenth-century flirtation with spiritualism – the spiritualism by which her brothers William and Gabriel were intrigued, attending séances and testing the validity of communications from the dead. Rossetti, however, clearly dismissed spiritualism as false belief and a means to sin. We might also be tempted to divide Rossetti's poetry into the secular and the sacred and to categorize the ghost poems as the former, yet much recent criticism on Rossetti has argued successfully for the pervasiveness of her religious voice even in works that seem not to be religious. Finally, in seeking to hear a religious resonance, we might be tempted to interpret her ghosts as representative of the Holy Ghost, yet that interpretation could only be asserted at the expense of the poems themselves; as narrative poems, most of them involve ghosts of dead lovers, desired by the living for themselves – not as experiences of God's presence. Rossetti's use of ghosts within short narrative or dialogic poems of the late 1850s and 60s concerning human desire for lost love invites closer inspection, especially when such poems overtly treat her religious beliefs.
A Bayesian approach to establishing coreference in second language discourse: Evidence from implicit causality and consequentiality verbs
Authors: CHENG WEI , ALMOR AMIT
Published: May 2018

This study investigated Chinese-speaking English learners’ use of implicit causality and consequentiality biases in establishing coreference under a Bayesian view of reference interpretation, which distinguishes between context-based priors about which entity will be re-mentioned and new evidence provided by the referential expression form. In two sentence-completion experiments, participants wrote continuations to sentence fragments with either implicit causality (Experiment 1) or consequentiality (Experiment 2) biases that ended either with or without a pronoun. In both experiments, L2 speakers showed native-like re-mention biases following no-pronoun fragments, indicating native-like predictions about the next-mentioned referent. Following pronoun fragments in NP2-biasing contexts, L2 speakers produced more NP1 continuations than native speakers. We show that this difference lies in different beliefs about pronoun use in the two populations. Specifically, L2 speakers showed a stronger association between pronouns and NP1 referents than native speakers following NP2-biasing verbs.
A qualitative examination of the factors related to the development and maintenance of insomnia in cancer survivors
Authors: Garland Sheila N. , Barg Frances K. , Cakouros Brigid , Gehrman Philip , DuHamel Katherine N. , Mao Jun J.
Published: May 2018

Objective

Insomnia is underrecognized and inadequately managed, with close to 60% of cancer survivors experiencing insomnia at some point in the treatment trajectory. The objective of this study was to further understand predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors in the development and maintenance of insomnia in cancer survivors.

Method

A heterogeneous sample of 63 patients who had completed active treatment was recruited. Participants were required to have a score >7 on the Insomnia Severity Index and meet the diagnostic criteria for insomnia disorder. Open-ended, semistructured interviews were conducted to elicit participants’ experiences with sleep problems. An a priori set of codes and a set of codes that emerged from the data were used to analyze the data.

Result

The mean age of the sample was 60.5 years, with 30% identifying as non-white and 59% reporting their sex as female. The cancer types represented were heterogeneous with the two most common being breast (30%) and prostate (21%). Participants described an inherited risk for insomnia, anxious temperament, and insufficient ability to relax as predisposing factors. Respondents were split as to whether they classified their cancer diagnosis as the precipitating factor for their insomnia. Participants reported several behaviors that are known to perpetuate problems with sleep including napping, using back-lit electronics before bed, and poor sleep hygiene. One of the most prominent themes identified was the use of sleeping medications. Participants reported that they were reluctant to take medication but felt that it was the only option to treat their insomnia and that it was encouraged by their doctors.

Significance of results

Insomnia is a prevalent, but highly treatable, disorder in cancer survivors. Patients and provider education is needed to change individual and organizational behaviors that contribute to the development and maintenance of insomnia and increase access to evidence-based nonpharmacological interventions.
Policy Feedback as Political Weapon: Conservative Advocacy and the Demobilization of the Public Sector Labor Movement
Authors: Hertel-Fernandez Alexander
Published: May 2018

Scholars have shown that once in place policies can foster greater political participation. Indeed, politicians often deliberately design policies to shore up political support among their allies. But can political actors engineer the reverse effect, crafting policies that demobilize their rivals? Drawing on the example of conservative cross-state advocacy against public sector unions, I describe the strategy of policy feedback as political weapon, or when actors design policies to politically weaken their opponents. I then document that the passage of conservative network-backed legislation led to large and enduring declines in public sector union density and revenue. I further show that by curbing the power of public unions, the passage of conservative network-backed bills dampened the political participation of public sector employees. My findings emphasize the importance of considering how actors use policy to demobilize political opponents and explain why public unions are now on the defensive in state politics.
Racial Identity and Voting: Conceptualizing White Identity in Spatial Terms
Authors: Weller Nicholas , Junn Jane
Published: May 2018

Recent political events have prompted an examination of the analytical tools and conceptual frameworks used in political science to understand voting and candidate choice. Scholars in the behavioral tradition have highlighted the empirical relationship between racial resentment and anti-black affect among white voters during and after President Obama’s successful run for re-election. The theoretical role of white identity within the context of the privileged status of this racial group has seen much less scholarly attention by political scientists, particularly with respect to racial group identification and its implications. To address this lacuna, we argue that racial identification among white voters can be conceived of as a utility-based trait relevant to candidate choice, combining a social-psychological approach of group membership together with a rational choice perspective. This conceptualization of the political utility of white racial identity provides wider conceptual latitude for empirical tests and explanations of voting in U.S. elections.
Resolution Dependence and Rossby Wave Modulation of Atmospheric Rivers in an Aquaplanet Model
Authors: Swenson Erik T. , Lu Jian , Straus David M.
Published: May 2018

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are examined in a set of aquaplanet simulations using the Model for Prediction Across Scales dynamical core run at multiple horizontal resolutions, namely, 240, 120, and 60 km. As the resolution is increased, there is an increase in the occurrence of long‐lasting ARs. At the same time there is also an increase in the local finite‐amplitude wave activity (LWA) of upper‐tropospheric absolute vorticity, a measure for Rossby wave phase and amplitude that is closely linked with wave breaking. Consistent with the notion that changes in ARs are driven by midlatitude dynamics, a strong relationship is identified between ARs and the equatorward component of LWA. A logistic regression model is used to quantify the probability of AR occurrence based solely on LWA and explains most of the change in AR frequency with resolution. LWA is a diagnostic that may be easily applied to the broadly available output of phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison project and other model simulations, thus enabling scientists to infer AR and Rossby wave characteristics. AR characteristics, in particular, require higher‐resolution moisture and winds at multiple levels that are not always easily available.
Aspiring Toward Healthy Cities in China
Authors: Filippelli Gabriel , Gong Peng
Published: May 2018

One of the authors of a new report on efforts to create healthy cities in China describes challenges and opportunities for urban health and healthcare.
Responses of the Martian Magnetosphere to an Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection: MAVEN Observations and LatHyS Results
Authors: Romanelli N. , Modolo R. , Leblanc F. , Chaufray J.‐Y. , Martinez A. , Ma Y. , Lee C. O. , Luhmann J. G. , Halekas J. , Brain D. , DiBraccio G. , Espley J. , Mcfadden J. , Jakosky B. , Holmström M.
Published: May 2018

The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft observed a strong interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME) reaching Mars on 13 September 2017. In this work we analyze the interaction between such an extreme event and the Martian‐induced magnetosphere by means of Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux et Observations Spatiales Hybrid Simulation (LatHyS) stationary runs and magnetic field and plasma observations obtained by MAVEN in a time interval from ∼ 5 hr before the ICME shock arrival to about 5.5 hr after the impact. Detailed comparisons between simulation results and such MAVEN measurements are performed and show that several stages during this interaction can be described through a combination of steady states. LatHyS results show the simulated bow shock is closer to the planet for higher magnetosonic Mach number and solar wind dynamic pressure conditions, in agreement with previous observational studies. MAVEN observations and LatHyS results also suggest a compression on the flanks of the magnetic pileup boundary. Finally, simulated H+ and O+ planetary escape rates increase by a factor ∼10 and ∼2.4, respectively, due to the ICME passage through the Martian magnetosphere.
Author Correction: Naked-eye point-of-care testing platform based on a pH-responsive superwetting surface: toward the non-invasive detection of glucose
Authors: Gao Zhong Feng , Sann Ei Ei , Lou Xiaoding , Liu Renyi , Dai Jun , Zuo Xiaolei , Xia Fan , Jiang Lei
Published: May 2018

Correction to:NPG Asia Materials10.1038/s41427-018-0024-7; Article published online 11 April 2018
Hox and Wnt pattern the primary body axis of an anthozoan cnidarian before gastrulation
Authors: DuBuc Timothy Q. , Stephenson Thomas B. , Rock Amber Q. , Martindale Mark Q.
Published: May 2018

Hox gene transcription factors are important regulators of positional identity along the anterior–posterior axis in bilaterian animals. Cnidarians (e.g., sea anemones, corals, and hydroids) are the sister group to the Bilateria and possess genes related to both anterior and central/posterior class Hox genes. Here we report a previously unrecognized domain of Hox expression in the starlet sea anemone, Nematostella vectensis, beginning at early blastula stages. We explore the relationship of two opposing Hox genes (NvAx6/NvAx1) expressed on each side of the blastula during early development. Functional perturbation reveals that NvAx6 and NvAx1 not only regulate their respective expression domains, but also interact with Wnt genes to pattern the entire oral–aboral axis. These findings suggest an ancient link between Hox/Wnt patterning during axis formation and indicate that oral–aboral domains are likely established during blastula formation in anthozoan cnidarians.
rbFOX1/MBNL1 competition for CCUG RNA repeats binding contributes to myotonic dystrophy type 1/type 2 differences
Authors: Sellier Chantal , Cerro-Herreros Estefanía , Blatter Markus , Freyermuth Fernande , Gaucherot Angeline , Ruffenach Frank , Sarkar Partha , Puymirat Jack , Udd Bjarne , Day John W. , Meola Giovanni , Bassez Guillaume , Fujimura Harutoshi , Takahashi Masanori P. , Schoser Benedikt , Furling Denis , Artero Ruben , Allain Frédéric H. T. , Llamusi Beatriz , Charlet-Berguerand Nicolas
Published: May 2018

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 and type 2 (DM1, DM2) are caused by expansions of CTG and CCTG repeats, respectively. RNAs containing expanded CUG or CCUG repeats interfere with the metabolism of other RNAs through titration of the Muscleblind-like (MBNL) RNA binding proteins. DM2 follows a more favorable clinical course than DM1, suggesting that specific modifiers may modulate DM severity. Here, we report that the rbFOX1 RNA binding protein binds to expanded CCUG RNA repeats, but not to expanded CUG RNA repeats. Interestingly, rbFOX1 competes with MBNL1 for binding to CCUG expanded repeats and overexpression of rbFOX1 partly releases MBNL1 from sequestration within CCUG RNA foci in DM2 muscle cells. Furthermore, expression of rbFOX1 corrects alternative splicing alterations and rescues muscle atrophy, climbing and flying defects caused by expression of expanded CCUG repeats in a Drosophila model of DM2.
Revealing missing charges with generalised quantum fluctuation relations
Authors: Mur-Petit J. , Relaño A. , Molina R. A. , Jaksch D.
Published: May 2018

The non-equilibrium dynamics of quantum many-body systems is one of the most fascinating problems in physics. Open questions range from how they relax to equilibrium to how to extract useful work from them. A critical point lies in assessing whether a system has conserved quantities (or ‘charges’), as these can drastically influence its dynamics. Here we propose a general protocol to reveal the existence of charges based on a set of exact relations between out-of-equilibrium fluctuations and equilibrium properties of a quantum system. We apply these generalised quantum fluctuation relations to a driven quantum simulator, demonstrating their relevance to obtain unbiased temperature estimates from non-equilibrium measurements. Our findings will help guide research on the interplay of quantum and thermal fluctuations in quantum simulation, in studying the transition from integrability to chaos and in the design of new quantum devices.
Taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses in an experimental ocean-atmosphere mesocosm
Authors: Michaud Jennifer M. , Thompson Luke R. , Kaul Drishti , Espinoza Josh L. , Richter R. Alexander , Xu Zhenjiang Zech , Lee Christopher , Pham Kevin M. , Beall Charlotte M. , Malfatti Francesca , Azam Farooq , Knight Rob , Burkart Michael D. , Dupont Christopher L. , Prather Kimberly A.
Published: May 2018

Ocean-derived, airborne microbes play important roles in Earth’s climate system and human health, yet little is known about factors controlling their transfer from the ocean to the atmosphere. Here, we study microbiomes of isolated sea spray aerosol (SSA) collected in a unique ocean–atmosphere facility and demonstrate taxon-specific aerosolization of bacteria and viruses. These trends are conserved within taxonomic orders and classes, and temporal variation in aerosolization is similarly shared by related taxa. We observe enhanced transfer into SSA of Actinobacteria, certain Gammaproteobacteria, and lipid-enveloped viruses; conversely, Flavobacteriia, some Alphaproteobacteria, and Caudovirales are generally under-represented in SSA. Viruses do not transfer to SSA as efficiently as bacteria. The enrichment of mycolic acid-coated Corynebacteriales and lipid-enveloped viruses (inferred from genomic comparisons) suggests that hydrophobic properties increase transport to the sea surface and SSA. Our results identify taxa relevant to atmospheric processes and a framework to further elucidate aerosolization mechanisms influencing microbial and viral transport pathways.
Augmenting the Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle by a synthetic malyl-CoA-glycerate carbon fixation pathway
Authors: Yu Hong , Li Xiaoqian , Duchoud Fabienne , Chuang Derrick S. , Liao James C.
Published: May 2018

The Calvin–Benson–Bassham (CBB) cycle is presumably evolved for optimal synthesis of C3 sugars, but not for the production of C2 metabolite acetyl-CoA. The carbon loss in producing acetyl-CoA from decarboxylation of C3 sugar limits the maximum carbon yield of photosynthesis. Here we design a synthetic malyl-CoA-glycerate (MCG) pathway to augment the CBB cycle for efficient acetyl-CoA synthesis. This pathway converts a C3 metabolite to two acetyl-CoA by fixation of one additional CO2 equivalent, or assimilates glyoxylate, a photorespiration intermediate, to produce acetyl-CoA without net carbon loss. We first functionally demonstrate the design of the MCG pathway in vitro and in Escherichia coli. We then implement the pathway in a photosynthetic organism Synechococcus elongates PCC7942, and show that it increases the intracellular acetyl-CoA pool and enhances bicarbonate assimilation by roughly 2-fold. This work provides a strategy to improve carbon fixation efficiency in photosynthetic organisms.
Quantum materials for spin and charge conversion
Authors: Han Wei , Otani YoshiChika , Maekawa Sadamichi
Published: May 2018

Spintronics aims to utilize the spin degree of freedom for information storage and computing applications. One major issue is the generation and detection of spins via spin and charge conversion. Quantum materials have recently exhibited many unique spin-dependent properties, which can be used as promising material candidates for efficient spin and charge conversion. Here, we review recent findings concerning spin and charge conversion in quantum materials, including Rashba interfaces, topological insulators, two-dimensional materials, superconductors, and non-collinear antiferromagnets. Important progress in using quantum materials for spin and charge conversion could pave the way for developing future spintronics devices.
Publisher Correction: Shedding new light on the Crab with polarized X-rays
Authors: Chauvin M. , Florén H.-G. , Friis M. , Jackson M. , Kamae T. , Kataoka J. , Kawano T. , Kiss M. , Mikhalev V. , Mizuno T. , Ohashi N. , Stana T. , Tajima H. , Takahashi H. , Uchida N. , Pearce M.
Published: May 2018

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Allogenic and Autogenic Signals in the Stratigraphic Record of the Deep-Sea Bengal Fan
Authors: Blum Mike , Rogers Kimberly , Gleason James , Najman Yani , Cruz Jarrett , Fox Lyndsey
Published: May 2018

The Himalayan-sourced Ganges-Brahmaputra river system and the deep-sea Bengal Fan represent Earth’s largest sediment-dispersal system. Here we present detrital zircon U-Pb provenance data from Miocene to middle Pleistocene Bengal Fan turbidites, and evaluate the influence of allogenic forcing vs. autogenic processes on signal propagation from the Himalaya to the deep sea. Our data record the strong tectonic and climatic forcing characteristic of the Himalayan system: after up to 2500 km of river transport, and >1400 km of transport by turbidity currents, the U-Pb record faithfully represents Himalayan sources. Moreover, specific U-Pb populations record Miocene integration of the Brahmaputra drainage with the Asian plate, as well as the rapid Plio-Pleistocene incision through, and exhumation of, the eastern Himalayan syntaxis. The record is, however, biased towards glacial periods when rivers were extended across the shelf in response to climate-forced sea-level fall, and discharged directly to slope canyons. Finally, only part of the record represents a Ganges or Brahmaputra provenance end-member, and most samples represent mixing from the two systems. Mixing or the lack thereof likely represents the fingerprint of autogenic delta-plain avulsions, which result in the two rivers delivering sediment separately to a shelf-margin canyon or merging together as they do today.