bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heparin Monitoring in Sheep by Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time
Authors: Park Seok Gon , Kim Seung Chul , Choi Min Joo , Lee Hyuk Soo , Min Byoung Goo , Cheong Jongtae , Lee Kyoungkap
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Heparin anticoagulation is utilized during and after vascular surgery in animals to reduce the risk of acute or chronic thromboembolic problems. In this study, we examined variation of activated partial thromboplastin time APTT) after the intravenous bolus IV bolus) and subcutaneous SC) heparin injection in order to monitor heparin therapy in sheep. Nine healthy sheep were assigned to 3 groups A, B, and C) according to their body weights: less than 40 kg, 40 to 80 kg, and more than 80 kg, respectively. All animals were treated with heparin 300 IU/kg body weight) through two routes, and the APTT, fibrinogen, and platelet count were measured before and every hour after treatment. This showed that the APTT was increased significantly between 1 to 4 hours after IV bolus injection and between 2 to 6 hours after SC injection P < 0.05). The APTT was returned to baseline values 6 and 10 hours after the respective treatments. The APTT in Group C was consistently higher than in Group A and B after heparin treatment by the two routes. The APTT ratio entered the subtherapeutic range 5 and 8 hours after IV bolus and SC injection, respectively. The APTT ratio was maintained in the therapeutic range for about 1 and 4 hours after IV bolus and SC injection, respectively. The highest APTT ratio in Group C after SC injection of heparin was significantly higher than that in Groups A and B P < 0.05). The mean platelet counts in Groups A, B, and C before the injection were 3,197 ± 365.6, 2,886 ± 78.2, and 1,861 ± 298.0 102/μL, respectively. The mean platelet count gradually decreased without significant variation after IV bolus and SC injection. These results produced elementary data for monitoring in sheep using APTT, and suggested that heparin should be administrated by the SC route at 4‐hour intervals in order to remain in the therapeutic range, after an initial IV bolus dose.
Shear Stress Related Blood Damage in Laminar Couette Flow
Authors: Paul Reinhard , Apel Jörn , Klaus Sebastian , Schügner Frank , Schwindke Peter , Reul Helmut
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Artificial organs within the blood stream are generally associated with flow‐induced blood damage, particularly hemolysis of red blood cells. These damaging effects are known to be dependent on shear forces and exposure times. The determination of a correlation between these flow‐dependent properties and actual hemolysis is the subject of this study. For this purpose, a Couette device has been developed. A fluid seal based on fluorocarbon is used to separate blood from secondary external damage effects. The shear rate within the gap is controlled by the rotational speed of the inner cylinder, and the exposure time by the amount of blood that is axially pumped through the device per given time. Blood damage is quantified by the index of hemolysis (IH), which is calculated from photometric plasma hemoglobin measurements. Experiments are conducted at exposure times from texp=25 − 1250 ms and shear rates ranging from τ=30 up to 450 Pa ensuring Taylor‐vortex free flow characteristics. Blood damage is remarkably low over a broad range of shear rates and exposure times. However, a significant increase in blood damage can be observed for shear stresses of τ≥ 425 Pa and exposure times of texp≥ 620 ms. Maximum hemolysis within the investigated range is IH=3.5%. The results indicate generally lower blood damage than reported in earlier studies with comparable devices, and the measurements clearly indicate a rather abrupt (i.e., critical levels of shear stresses and exposure times) than gradual increase in hemolysis, at least for the investigated range of shear rates and exposure times.
Modified DALI LDL‐Apheresis Using Trisodium Citrate Anticoagulation Plus Bicarbonate or Lactate‐Buffered Hemofiltration Substitution Fluids as Primers
Authors: Bosch T. , Wendler T. , Maschke H
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Background: DALI (direct adsorption of lipids) is the first LDL‐apheresis technique able to adsorb low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) and lipoproteina) directly from whole blood. In the standard procedure, acid citrate dextrose (ACD‐A) is used as anticoagulation and the adsorber is rinsed with a specially manufactured priming solution (PS). Using neutral trisodium citrate (TSC) instead of ACD‐A might improve the acid‐base homeostasis during DALI apheresis; moreover, applying wholesale hemofiltration solutions instead of the special PS might avoid the use of two separate solutions for both priming before and reinfusion after the treatment, thus simplifiying the procedure. Aim: The present study was performed to test the effect of neutral (TSC) anticoagulation and of two different commercially available hemofiltration (HF) priming solutions on the efficacy and biocompatibility of DALI apheresis. Materials and Methods: Five hypercholesterolemic chronic DALI patients were treated prospectively, on a weekly or biweekly basis, 3 times each by standard DALI‐apheresis (A), by DALI using 4% TSC and bicarbonate‐buffered HF BIC35‐210 priming (B), as well as by DALI using 4% TSC and lactate‐buffered HF 23 priming (C). After the sessions, the extracorporeal circuit (ECC) was rinsed with saline in study arm A and with the corresponding HF solutions in study arms B and C, respectively. Results: Acute LDL‐cholesterol reductions in the study arms A/B/C averaged 64/64/63%, for Lp(a) 62/64/62%, respectively (n=15). Clinically, all sessions were essentially uneventful and no clots were observed in the ECC. No major differences were found between the 3 study arms with respect to biocompatibility (elastase, C3a, thrombin‐antithrombin, β‐thromboglobulin, bradykinin). Conclusion: DALI apheresis using TSC anticoagulation and HF solutions for both priming and reinfusion proved to be as safe and effective as the standard DALI apheresis. These modifications, however, further simplify the procedure.
The Effect of S‐Nitroso‐Glutathione on Platelet and Leukocyte Function During Experimental Extracorporeal Circulation
Authors: Adrian Katrin , Skogby Maria , Friberg Lars Göran , Mellgren Karin
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Treatment with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ECMO) is associated with side effects, e.g., blood cell consumption and activation. Our group has earlier shown that nitric oxide administered as a gas reduces platelet consumption and activation. In the present work we have studied the effect of the NO‐donor S‐nitroso‐glutathione GSNO) on platelets and leukocytes in an in vitro extracorporeal circuit. Two complete ECMO circuits were perfused with fresh heparinized human blood for 24 hours. GSNO was administered as a continuous infusion to one circuit at a rate of 0.7 mg/hour in four paired experiments and at a rate of 3.5 mg/hour in another four paired experiments. The other circuit was used as a control. Blood samples were withdrawn from both circuits before the start of the experiments and at 0.5, 1, 3, 12, and 24 hours of perfusion. The samples were analyzed for red blood cell count, leukocyte count, platelet count, platelet membrane expression of glycoproteins GP) Ib and GPIIb/IIIa, leukocyte membrane expression of cluster of differentiation CD) 11b/CD18, as well as plasma concentration of tumor necrosis factor TNF)‐alpha, interleukin IL)‐1beta, and IL‐8. No difference in these parameters between the GSNO and the control circuit at any time point was assayed. In this study, no significant effect of GSNO on circulating platelets or leukocytes during experimental extracorporeal circulation could be shown.
Porcine Stentless Bioprostheses: Prevention of Aortic Wall Calcification by Dye‐Mediated Photo‐Oxidation
Authors: Meuris Bart , Phillips R. , Moore Mark A. , Flameng Willem
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Purpose: Aortic wall calcification is problematic in stentless porcine valves. We evaluated the possible anticalcification effect of photo‐oxidation on the aortic wall portion of porcine stentless bioprostheses. A comparison with glutaraldehyde‐fixed tissue was made. Methods: Six Photofix and six Freestyle valves were implanted in juvenile sheep in pulmonary position. Valves were explanted after 3 or 6 months and examined macroscopically, by x‐ray, light, and transmission electron microscopy. Calcium content was determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Results: The aortic wall portion of all Photofix valves remained free from calcification, while the wall portion of glutaraldehyde‐fixed valves calcified strongly, both after 3 and 6 months. Calcium content of the aortic wall portion was: 0.71 ± 1.27 in the Photofix valves versus 10.78 ± 77.22 in the Freestyle valves (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Photo‐oxidation of a porcine stentless valve prevents calcification not only in the cusps but also in the aortic wall portion.
Successful MARS Treatment in Severe Cholestatic Patients with Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Authors: Campli Cristiana Di , Gaspari Rita , Mignani Vittorio , Stifano Giovanna , Santoliquido Angelo , Verme Lorenzo Zileri Dal , Proietti Rodolfo , Pola Paolo , Silveri Niccolò Gentiloni , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio
Published: May 2003

Abstract: Extracorporeal liver devices have gained great attention as a complementary approach to liver transplantation in patients with acute on chronic liver failure. Among others, Molecular Adsorbent Recycling System (MARS) is a hemodiafiltration against albumin able to remove low molecular weight toxins. We aimed to validate the use of MARS in patients presenting with acute on chronic liver failure with severe cholestasis. We enrolled 7 patients with acute on chronic liver failure, presenting with bilirubin >25 mg/dl and hepatorenal syndrome and/or hepatic encephalopathy grade >II. Liver biochemistry, coagulation, blood cell count, electrolytes, ammonia, lactate, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, bile acids, Fischer ratio, and encephalopathy grade were assessed before and after each MARS treatment. MARS can represent a safe therapeutic choice to achieve a quick improvement of neurological status, a hemodynamic stability, and a better clinical outcome. In particular, our encouraging results suggest that also, patients with severe cholestasis may represent in the future a good indication for MARS treatment.
Extracorporeal Gas Exchange with the DeltaStream Rotary Blood Pump in Experimental Lung Injury
Authors: Dembinski Rolf , Kopp Rüdger , Henzler Dietrich , Hochhausen Nadine , Oslender Nicole , Max Martin , Rossaint Rolf , Kuhlen Ralf
Published: May 2003

Abstract: In most severe cases of the acute respiratory distress syndrome, veno‐venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) can be used to facilitate gas exchange. However, the clinical use is limited due to the size and the concomitant risk of severe adverse events of conventionally‐used centrifugal blood pumps with high extracorporeal blood volumes. The DeltaStream blood pump is a small‐sized rotary blood pump that may reduce extracorporeal blood volume, foreign surfaces, contact activation of the coagulation system, and blood trauma. The aim of the present study was to test the safety and efficacy of the DeltaStream pump for ECMO in animals with normal lung function and experimental acute lung injury (ALI). Therefore, veno‐venous ECMO was performed for 6 hours in mechanically ventilated pigs with normal lung function (n=6) and with ALI induced by repeated lung lavage (n=6) with a blood flow of 30% of the cardiac output. Gas flow with a FiO2 of 1.0 was set to equal blood flow. With a mean activated clotting time of 121 ± 22 s, no circulatory impairment or thrombus formation was revealed during ECMO. Furthermore, free plasma Hb did not increase. In controls, hemodynamics and gas exchange remained unchanged. In animals with ALI, hemodynamics remained stable and gas transfer across the extracorporeal oxygenators was optimal, but only in 2 animals was a marked increase in PaO2 observed. CO2 removal was efficacious in all animals. We concluded that the DeltaStream blood pump may be used for veno‐venous ECMO without major blood damage or hemodynamic impairment.
Honoring Living Legends
Authors: Mussivand Tofy
Published: May 2003

Abstract: From August 17 to 19, 2001, the University of Ottawa Heart Institute hosted the 6th Symposium of the World Artificial‐Organ, Immunology and Transplantation Society (WAITS 2001). During WAITS 2001 a very special session entitled “Living Legends—Lessons Learned and Future Visions” was held. This session brought together giants in the field who had pioneered organ transplantation, cardiovascular surgery, pacemakers, and artificial hearts, among many other major contributions. The purpose of the session was to both honor and learn from those who have contributed greatly to the major scientific and technological advances in our field during the twentieth century.
Ecosystem Restoration of Jhum Fallows in Northeast India: Microbial C and N Along Altitudinal and Successional Gradients
Authors: Arunachalam Ayyanadar , Pandey Harendra Nath
Published: May 2003

Abstract To characterize the altitudinal and successional trends in microbial biomass and to understand their role in soil nutrient dynamics during the aggradation phase (vegetation recovery) of abandoned shifting cultivation systems, we determined the soil properties and microbial C and N in jhum (slash‐and‐burn) cultivation systems at different altitudes and 1‐, 7‐, and 16‐year‐old fallow agricultural lands at lower and higher altitudes in the northeastern Indian hills. Density of ground vegetation was lower in the undisturbed forest than in the jhum fallows. In general, 1‐year jhum fallow had greater herbaceous vegetation both at lower and higher altitudes. Although woody plants were observed in 7‐ and 16‐year‐old jhum fallows, their density was highest in the forest. Soil moisture, organic C, and total N also increased gradually with increasing altitude and progressive secondary succession. Soil pH showed a negative correlation with altitude (as also confounded by soil type) and fallow age. Both microbial C and N had a close correlation with altitude and fallow age. Contribution of microbial C to soil organic C was 2.0–2.6% and microbial N to total N 1.4–2.2% in jhum fields, 2.4–4.3% and 1.2–2.1%, respectively, in jhum fallows, and 2.5–2.9% and 1.6–1.9% in the forests. Microbial C and N showed a negative correlation with herbaceous plant density. Microbial biomass in the jhum fallows and forest stands had a positive relationship with woody vegetation. Along an altitudinal and/or successional gradient, microbial C and N were positively correlated with water‐holding capacity, soil moisture, organic C, and total N and negatively correlated with soil pH. Microbial C and N were positively correlated with each other. Therefore, the study suggests that the altitudinal and successional dynamics of microbial C and N are linked to, among other properties, soil organic matter and total nitrogen contents in the soil during community development after land abandonment from shifting cultivation.
Can Establishment Characteristics Explain the Poor Colonization Success of Late Successional Grassland Species on Ex‐Arable Land?
Authors: Kleijn David
Published: May 2003

Abstract Many grassland restoration projects on former arable land face problems because early successional grassland species establish vigorously and persistently but late successional grassland species fail to establish. Differences in establishment characteristics of early and late successional species might provide an explanation for the failure of many late successional species to colonize grasslands on ex‐arable land. I examined whether early and late successional species had different establishment rates in the initial years of a grassland succession, whether a specific establishment stage (seedling emergence, mortality or growth) could be identified as the key process controlling establishment, and what management would enhance the establishment of late successional grassland species. Seeds of three early and three late successional species were sown separately in ex‐arable plots with bare soil, 1‐year‐old vegetation, and 2‐year‐old vegetation. Emergence, mortality, and seedling growth were monitored for 1 year. Early successional species established successfully in the bare soil plots but failed to establish in plots with 1‐ and 2‐year‐old vegetation. Late successional species showed either lower establishment rates in the younger succession stages or decreased establishment with succession that nevertheless resulted in significant establishment in the oldest plots. Seedling emergence proved to be the key factor determining the establishment pattern of early and late successional species. In absolute numbers, emergence of late successional species was, however, similar or higher than that of early successional species, even in the earliest succession stage. The poor establishment of late successional species on former arable land could therefore not be explained solely by differences in establishment characteristics between early and late successional grassland species. Competitive processes between early and late successional species later in the life cycle probably play an important role. The results do point out that establishment of late successional species can be promoted by creating vegetative cover from the start of the restoration effort.
Establishment of Chamaecyparis thyoides on an Extremely Low‐Nutrient Sandy Site on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, U.S.A.
Authors: Haas Michael J. , Kuser John E.
Published: May 2003

Abstract Sustained‐release fertilizer and two kinds of mulch treatments were tested to determine their effects on survival and growth of planted Chamaecyparis thyoides (Atlantic white cedar) on a sandy extremely nutrient‐deficient site. Height, basal trunk diameter, dry weight, and concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were measured for each treatment. After two growing seasons, survival was very high in untreated controls (mean, 86%) and was not significantly increased by any treatment (significance was assessed at p = 0.05 throughout this work). Stem height and cross‐sectional area doubled in unamended plots during the course of the study. Fresh mulch alone caused no additional increase in growth, compared with unamended plots. Decomposed mulch caused a slight but significant increase. Sustained‐release fertilizer caused significant increases in height (threefold) and dry weight (approximately sixfold). Combined treatment with fertilizer and mulch gave significantly greater growth responses than did other treatments, increasing heights 4‐ to 5‐fold, trunk cross‐sectional areas 4‐fold, and dry weights 11‐ to 21‐fold over no‐treatment controls. Tissue concentrations of N and P correlated with growth trends, with combinations of mulch and timed‐release fertilizer providing the highest values. Though statistically different, the two mulch treatments were similar in their effects on tissue nutrient concentrations. When combined with fertilizer, undecomposed mulch stimulated increases in height and dry weight significantly more than did decomposed mulch. Thus, establishment of C. thyoides on low‐nutrient sandy soils is improved by combined soil amendment with sustained‐release nutrients and organic mulch.
Fauna of Natural Seagrass and TransplantedHalodule wrightii(Shoalgrass) Beds in Galveston Bay, Texas
Authors: Sheridan Pete , Henderson Christine , McMahan Garry
Published: May 2003

AbstractWe compared nekton and benthos densities and community compositions in a natural mixed seagrass bed dominated byHalodule wrightii(shoalgrass) with those found in three shoalgrass transplant sites and adjoining sand habitats in western Galveston Bay, Texas, U.S.A. Quantitative drop traps and cores were used to compare communities up to seven times over 36 months post‐transplant where transplant beds survived. Total densities of fishes, decapods, annelids, benthic crustaceans, and most dominant species were significantly higher in natural seagrass than in transplanted shoalgrass or sand habitats during most sampling periods. On occasion, fish and decapod densities were significantly higher in transplanted shoalgrass than in adjoining sand habitats. No consistent faunal differences were found among transplant sites before two of three sites failed. Taxonomic comparison of community compositions indicated that nekton and benthos communities in natural seagrass beds were usually distinct from those in transplanted beds or sand habitats, which were similar. We conclude that reestablishing a shoalgrass bed that resembles a natural seagrass bed and its faunal communities in the Galveston Bay system will take longer than 3 years, provided that transplants persist.
Experimental Restoration of Disturbed Cliff‐Edge Forests in Bruce Peninsula National Park, Ontario, Canada
Authors: Matthes U. , Gerrath J. A. , Larson D. W.
Published: May 2003

Abstract Restoration of degraded natural vegetation in parks is often complicated by the need to maintain public access. We tested whether the natural canopy species, Thuja occidentalis, can be restored to degraded cliff edges in Bruce Peninsula National Park, Ontario, Canada without reductions in visitor numbers. Eighty 10‐year‐old and 80 4‐year‐old container‐grown saplings and 1,400 seeds were planted and monitored for 4 years. Eight treatments were applied that tested for effects of planting site (distance from cliff edge and pathways) and supportive measures (soil, water, cages, or signs) on survival, growth, and damage. No trees became successfully established from seed. Younger trees showed faster initial establishment and growth, but 4‐year survival was the same for both age groups (39%). Supplemental soil improved the health of planted trees, and both soil and water slightly improved their survival. Cages did not affect survival and growth but decreased damage to 4‐year‐old trees and increased it for 10‐year‐olds. Signs had no effect on any measured variable. Trees planted away from the cliff edge and from pathways had the greatest establishment success, 4‐year survival, and general health. Relative visitor density, as estimated from spot counts of visitors, had the largest effect on restoration success; the results suggest a threshold of visitor density above which restoration may be impossible. Planting location, especially with respect to shade, was also important. The planting of 4‐year‐old trees without supportive measures is suggested as the most cost‐effective restoration technique at this site. The results indicate that restoration of open woodland habitats is possible without total visitor exclusion but that some restrictions on visitor numbers or activities are necessary.
Tree–Shrub Interactions During Early Secondary Forest Succession in Uganda
Authors: Duncan R. Scot , Chapman Colin A.
Published: May 2003

Abstract One of the greatest challenges for ecologists this century will be restoring forests on degraded tropical lands. This restoration will require understanding complex processes that shape successional pathways, including interactions between trees and other plants. Shrub species often quickly invade disturbed tropical lands, yet little is known about whether they facilitate or inhibit subsequent tree recruitment and growth. We examined how shrubs and other vegetation (e.g., vines, grasses, herbs) affect tree recruitment, survival, and growth during the first 6 years of forest succession in Kibale National Park, Uganda. The study was undertaken in two recently logged exotic softwood plantations. We studied the successional trajectories in two recently logged areas that varied in their initial densities of trees and shrubs. Analyses suggested tree seedling presence and density were not strongly related to shrub density or height during succession. Tree sapling presence and density were positively significantly related to shrub density and height. We found little response in the tree community to experimental shrub removal, and although removal of all nontree vegetation temporarily enhanced tree growth, the effect disappeared after 2 years. Some early‐successional trees benefited from reduced competition, whereas some mid‐successional trees benefited from the presence of other vegetation. Some specific tree species responded strongly to vegetation removal. We interpret our findings in light of designing manipulations promoting forest restoration for biodiversity conservation and conclude with four tentative guidelines: (1) manage at the species level, not the community level; (2) increase facilitation for seedlings, reduce competition for saplings; (3) be cautious of assumptions about plant interactions; and (4) be adaptable and creative with new strategies when manipulations fail.
Seed Bank Dynamics of French Broom in Coastal California Grasslands: Effects of Stand Age and Prescribed Burning on Control and Restoration
Authors: Alexander Janice M. , D'Antonio Carla M.
Published: May 2003

AbstractSuccessful control of invasive exotic plants depends to a large degree on the regeneration potential of the target exotic species and other species that might also be influenced by the removal effort. In coastal grasslands of California, exotic French broom (Genista monspessulana) forms both dense stands aboveground and abundant seed banks belowground. Land managers attempt to reduce broom cover and the seed bank through prescribed burning, but before this study, no investigators had examined the effect of repeated burning on French broom and associated grassland species. We found that the soil seed bank of stands that were burned had fewer broom seeds than unburned areas but that repeated burning did not reduce the seed bank beyond what was observed after one fire. Fire also did not have any consistent effect on the seed banks of other grassland species. We also examined the relationship between broom stand age and seed bank size but did not find a strong relationship between them. Our data suggested that the broom seed bank stays constant or declines slightly with stand age. We did, however, find that nonbroom seed numbers decreased as broom stands aged. Our results suggest that fire does reduce the size of the broom seed bank and that control of broom need not be limited to only the youngest stands.
Suitability of Drought‐Preconditioning Techniques in Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Vilagrosa A. , Cortina J. , Gil‐Pelegrín E. , Bellot J.
Published: May 2003

Abstract Arid and semiarid ecosystems in the Mediterranean are under high risk of desertification. Revegetation with native well‐adapted evergreen shrubs is desirable, but techniques for successful establishment of these species are not fully developed. Transplant shock is a key hurdle to plantation success. The application of a drought‐preconditioning treatment during the last months of nursery culture is a potential technique for reducing transplant shock. This technique has been widely applied in boreal habitats and humid temperate areas. Three representative Mediterranean species (Pistacia lentiscus, Quercus coccifera, and Juniperus oxycedrus seedlings) were exposed to classic drought‐preconditioning treatment consisting of reductions in the watering regime. The effects of preconditioning on seedling quality were assessed by cell water relationships (pressure–volume curves), minimal transpiration, leaf capacitance, chlorophyll fluorescence, and gas exchange. Moreover, seedlings were exposed to transplant shock (intense drought period) during which water potential (predawn and midday) and maximal photochemical efficiency were evaluated to establish seedling performance. Results showed that preconditioning did not affect cell water relationships and minimal transpiration in any of the three species. Preconditioned seedlings of P. lentiscus maintained higher water content during desiccating conditions as a consequence of an increase in leaf water content at full turgor. These changes allowed plants to maintain higher net CO2 assimilation rates and an elevated photosystem II status, facilitating an increase in drought survival. Preconditioning improved the performance of Q. coccifera and J. oxycedrus seedlings, but these two species were much less responsive than P. lentiscus seedlings. Finally, results suggest that sensitivity to drought preconditioning may be related to drought tolerance or avoidance strategy of each species. Drought‐related strategies should be considered to optimize management scale preconditioning.
Forest Soil Chemistry and Mesofauna 20 Years After an Amelioration Fertilization
Authors: Jandl Robert , Kopeszki Hubert , Bruckner Alexander , Hager Herbert
Published: May 2003

AbstractSoil chemical properties and soil mesofauna composition were assessed at a forest site in northern Austria, where 20 years earlier an amelioration treatment had been performed. The site had been treated with limestone, a high P slag, and ammonium nitrate to replace the poorly growing pine (Pinus sylvestris) forest with a Norway spruce (Picea abies) stand. This treatment was at that time a common means for the amelioration of nutrient‐poor forest soils with recalcitrant forest floor layers. After treatment, a dense cover of a nitrophilic stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) developed. Most likely, the site had been over‐fertilized, and inadvertently, an experiment with extreme N enrichment had been conducted. The abundance of collembolans increased, and dominance structure shifted fromIsotomiella minor,Lipothrix lubbocki, andIsotoma notabilisat fertilizer treatment toFriesea mirabilis,Isotomiella minor, andSphaeridia pumilisin the control, but the abundance of soil mesofauna generally decreased in the fertilizer treatment. Fertilization reduced the mass of the litter layer from 7.6 to 2.4 kg/m2. The total carbon pool in the soil was reduced due to reduction of the litter layer. However, the content of soil organic matter in the upper mineral soil was significantly increased. A part of the applied and mineralized nitrogen had been lost from the soil, but N retention in the upper mineral soil was still considerable. Soil pH and the base saturation were sustainably increased. Carbon losses upon mineralization of the litter layer were not offset by the increase in C content of the mineral soil. Presently, the C pool in the soil of the fertilized treatment is lower than in the control. However, the overall nutrient enrichment of the soil may facilitate C sequestration in the fertilized site in the future.
Restoration ofHydrastis canadensisby Transplanting with Disturbance Simulation: Results of One Growing Season
Authors: Sinclair Adrianne , Catling Paul M.
Published: May 2003

AbstractHaving evolved in an environment with large, severe, and frequent disturbances, including massive floods, fires, and impacts of extinct and extirpated fauna, woodland herbs may be adapted to such disturbance processes. Present lack of such disturbances may contribute to present rarity. We test the hypothesis that transplanting with disturbance simulation can be used to restore the threatened woodland herb,Hydrastis canadensis(goldenseal). Three disturbance‐simulation treatments (soil turnover, fertilization, and both) and a control were randomly applied to 100 blocks in goldenseal habitat, and a single rhizome was transplanted into each treatment. Transplanting was effective with 85% of the transplants surviving, 41% flowering, and 34% fruiting; thus, transplanting may increase area of occupancy. Soil turnover alone and combined with fertilization caused a significant increase in plant size available to support production of fruit. Increased flower and significantly increased fruit production were also characteristic of soil‐turned plots. Results support the hypothesis that some woodland herbs are rare due to lack of certain disturbance, call for consideration of soil disturbance as a potentially important and beneficial influence on woodland herbs regardless of light effects, and suggest that transplanting into soil‐overturned plots may restore goldenseal. The assumption that undisturbed conditions are optimal may impede effective management of rare woodland flora, highlighting the need for a more flexible approach.
Transplanting Sedges (Carex spp.) in Southwestern Riparian Meadows
Authors: Steed James E. , DeWald Laura E.
Published: May 2003

Abstract The success of revegetation efforts in southwestern U.S. riparian meadows has been limited because natural recolonization is often poor and little is known about establishment of transplanted native meadow species such as sedges. To evaluate their potential use in riparian restoration, the survival and growth of transplanted wildlings of three sedge species, Carex lanuginosa (woolly sedge), C. nebrascensis (Nebraska sedge), and C. rostrata (beaked sedge), were assessed. Transplanting occurred during two seasons (summer and fall) using two transplant sizes (295 and 680 cm3) at seven montane meadow sites in Arizona. Survival was similar among species, but shoot numbers were greater for C. lanuginosa (12.7 shoots/wildling) compared with C. nebrascensis (5.5 shoots/wildling) and C. rostrata (7.9 shoots/wildling). Survival was significantly greater for the summer transplant season (55.1%) versus fall (24.1%). Survival and growth were greater for the larger transplant size (46.1% large vs. 33.0% small; 8.1 shoots/wildling large vs. 6.4 small). Wildling survival was related to depth to groundwater for each species. Survival was highest for C. lanuginosa (78.6%), C. nebrascensis (88.2%), and C. rostrata (64.3%) where the groundwater depth was −48 to −60, −28 to −47, and −8 to −27 cm, respectively. These results suggest that restoration will be most successful if transplanting occurs in summer, using large wildling transplants when under stressful conditions such as waterlogged or dry soils, and when species are planted at appropriate groundwater depths.
A Protocol for Integrated Management, Monitoring, and Enhancement of Degraded Themeda triandra Grasslands based on Plantings of Indicator Species
Authors: Lunt Ian D.
Published: May 2003

Abstract Lowland temperate grasslands dominated by Themeda triandra (kangaroo grass) are an endangered ecosystem in southeastern Australia. Grass biomass must be removed frequently to maintain plant diversity, but few studies of the impacts of different biomass removal techniques have been undertaken, and no rapid monitoring schemes have been developed. Low species densities in many reserves (due to past stock grazing) make it difficult to assess the effects of management regimes on plant diversity. Management impacts could be assessed by planting indicator species in replicated enhancement plots and subjecting these plots to adaptive management trials. A protocol for selecting potential indicator species is described, based on a regional quadrat database, using clearly defined criteria. Potential indicator species need to be conspicuous, easy to identify and abundant in high quality diverse grassland remnants, to have relatively broad ecological tolerances, to occur in sites that are relatively species rich and have a comparatively low cover of dominant exotic species, to commonly persist at low densities in long‐grazed reserves, to be responsive to changes in management, and to have been studied ecologically. Only three species from western Victorian grasslands satisfied these criteria: Calocephalus citreus (lemon beauty‐heads), Chrysocephalum apiculatum (common everlasting), and Leptorhynchos squamatus (scaly buttons). All are widespread, herbaceous, hemicryptophytic daisies. Despite a number of caveats, the scheme has the potential to provide a more clearly focused framework for grassland ecosystem management than currently exists.
Effects of Organic Enrichment of Mine Spoil on Growth and Nutrient Uptake in Oak Seedlings Inoculated with Selected Ectomycorrhizal Fungi
Authors: Lunt Paul H. , Hedger John N.
Published: May 2003

Abstract Poor growth of Quercus robur L. (oak) trees has been reported on mine sites where overburden and subsoil have been used in the reinstatement of surface layers. This stunting has been attributed to a lack of macronutrients and to an adverse soil environment for root growth and mycorrhizal development. Growth, mineral nutrition, and ectomycorrhizal colonization of Q. robur seedlings were studied in an experiment carried out under controlled growing conditions in which mine spoil material was enriched with a leaf litter mulch. Enrichment of mine spoil material was found to produce a significant increase in growth and foliar N concentrations of oak seedlings. Inoculation with three taxa of ectomycorrhizal fungi did not benefit seedlings when mine spoil was the only substrate, possibly due to the poor physical properties of the unamended spoil and lack of nutrients. Inoculation with two taxa, Laccaria laccata and Hebeloma crustuliniforme, isolated from 3‐year‐old trees produced a significant stimulation of growth in the organically enriched treatment, which was believed to be due to greater uptake of mineralized N. However, Cortinarius anomalus isolated from fruit bodies associated with a 15‐year‐old tree did not increase biomass. The presence of organic matter was found to result in a significant stimulation of mycorrhizal infection by both inoculum and contaminant mycobionts. Recommendations are made for improving the establishment and growth of oak seedlings on reinstated sites.
Effects of Sewage Sludge on the Growth of Potted Salt Marsh Plants Exposed to Natural Tidal Inundation
Authors: Vance Richard R. , Ambrose Richard F. , Anderson Sean S. , MacNeil Spencer , McPherson Timothy , Beers Irene , Keeney Thomas W.
Published: May 2003

Abstract A growth experiment with native plants in pots exposed to natural environmental conditions evaluates the use of sewage sludge as a soil amendment in restoration of a southern California salt marsh. Sludge containing desirable organic matter but also undesirable heavy metal contaminants was mixed with a readily available matrix soil to reduce metal concentrations to levels below legal limits for land applications of sludge. Soil nutrient analysis revealed expected increases in total nitrogen and total phosphorus content with increasing sludge concentration. Soil metals analysis, however, revealed decreases in metal content with increased sludge concentration, a trend evidently caused by higher than expected metal content in the matrix soil. Five artificial soil mixtures ranging from 0 to 70% sludge were accompanied by natural wetland soil controls. Pots containing these soils were placed into a natural salt marsh. The pots were then planted with two native salt marsh plant species, Salicornia virginica and Frankenia grandifolia. Aboveground biomass was harvested after 12 months. Plant growth displayed no obvious change with increasing sludge concentration. Over the concentration ranges used, increased nutrient content did not stimulate plant growth and increased metal content did not inhibit plant growth. Plants grew better in natural wetland soil than in artificial soil mixtures, a trend probably caused by the substantially finer texture and higher organic content of natural soil. All sludge treatments differed more from the natural soil than from each other, implying that within the ranges examined, soil texture and organic content exerted more influence on plant growth than did metal or nutrient concentration. These results suggest that incorporating this sewage sludge in the soil of the restored salt marsh will neither benefit nor harm the plants that will live there and that greatest plant growth will be achieved by mixing the sludge with a fine‐grained matrix soil.
Gamma Knife Treatment of Refractory Cluster Headache
Authors: Ford Robert G. , Ford Kay T. , Swaid Swaid , Young Paul , Jennelle Richard
Published: May 2003

Four men and two women were treated for refractory cluster headache by gamma knife radiosurgery of the trigeminal nerve root entry zone. The maximum dose of radiation was 70 Gy to the isocenter. Of five patients treated who had refractory chronic cluster headache and one with refractory episodic cluster headache, four had relief judged excellent. Of the two remaining patients with refractory chronic cluster headache, one had relief judged good and the other fair. Five of the six patients treated had relief within a few days to a week following gamma knife radiosurgery. Three with chronic cluster headache had remissions allowing cessation of all preventive and abortive medication. Although one patient experienced complete relief of chronic cluster headache, he continued to have migraine requiring medication. None of the patients treated developed significant postradiation side effects during a follow‐up period of 8 to 14 months. The authors conclude that gamma knife radiosurgery of the trigeminal nerve affords great promise in the management of chronic and refractory cluster headache. The technique seemingly carries negligible short‐ and long‐ term risk.
Muscular Factors are of Importance in Tension‐Type Headache
Authors: Jensen Rigmor , Bendtsen Lars , Olesen Jes
Published: May 2003

Recent studies have indicated that muscular disorders may be of importance for the development of increased pain sensitivity in patients with chronic tension‐type headache. The objective of the present study was to investigate this hypothesis by examining the pain perception in tension‐type headache with and without muscular disorders defined as increased tenderness. We examined 28 patients with episodic tension‐type headache, 28 patients with chronic tension‐type headache, and 30 healthy controls. Pericranial myofascial tenderness was recorded with manual palpation, and pressure pain detection and tolerances in cephalic and extracephalic locations with an electronic pressure algometer. In addition, thermal pain sensitivity and electromyographic activity were recorded. The main result was significantly lower pressure pain detection thresholds and tolerances in all the examined locations in patients with chronic tension‐type headache with a muscular disorder compared to those without a muscular disorder. There were no such differences in any of the examined locations when the two subgroups of patients with episodic tension‐type headache were compared. Thermal pain sensitivity did not differ between patients with and without a muscular disorder, while electromyographic activity levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic tension‐type headache with than in those without a muscular disorder. Our results strongly indicate that prolonged nociceptive stimuli from the pericranial myofascial tissue sensitize the central nervous system and, thereby, lead to an increased general pain sensitivity. Muscular factors may, therefore, be of major importance for the conversion of episodic into chronic tension‐type headache. The present study complements the understanding of the important interactions between peripheral and central factors in tension‐type headache and may lead to a better prevention and treatment of the most prevalent type of headache.
Beyond Monotherapy: Rational Polytherapy in Migraine
Authors: Peroutka Stephen J.
Published: May 2003

The past decade has seen significant advances in both the scientific and clinical understanding of migraine. At present, a considerable body of data indicates that migraine is characterized by at least three major pathophysiological features: dopaminergic hypersensitivity, inflammation, and relatively “low” 5‐HT levels. Clinically, blocking dopamine receptors, reducing inflammation, and/or stimulating a subpopulation of 5‐HT, receptors are effective monotherapeutic approaches in many migraineurs. However, monotherapeutic approaches to migraine do not provide rapid, consistent, and complete relief in all migraineurs. Therefore, if monotherapy is suboptimal, it follows logically that concurrent therapy (ie, polytherapy) aimed at modulating two or three of the biological systems should be more efficacious than modulating only a single system. The rationale for the combination use of dopamine antagonists, anti‐inflammatory agents, and 5‐HT1 agonists are described in the present report.
Factors of Early Life as Predictors of Headache in Children at School Entry
Authors: Aromaa Minna , Rautava Päivi , Helenius Hans , Sillanpää Matti L.
Published: May 2003

To study the main predictors of childhood preschool headache, 1443 families expecting their first child were followed from the onset of pregnancy to the child's sixth year of life. Subject selection was based on stratified randomized cluster sampling.

Of the children, 14.9% (144) suffered from headache disturbing daily activities at the age of 6 years. The mother's assessment of the infant's poor health (OR 2.5, 95% Cl 1.1 to 5.8) and feeding problems (OR 1.9, 95% Cl 1.1 to 3.2) at the age of 9 months predicted later occurrence of headache. At 3 years, depression and sleeping difficulties (according to Achenbach's psychological test) and recurrent difficulties in falling asleep (OR 3.2, 95% Cl 1.5 to 7.2) were strong predictors. Headache in other family members (OR 3.5, 95% Cl 2.0 to 5.9), especially in the mother (OR 1.7, 95% Cl 1.2 to 2.4), predicted preschool headache in the child. At the age of 5 years, travel sickness (OR 2.8, 95% Cl 1.5 to 5.1), nocturnal enuresis (OR 1.8, 95% Cl 1.1 to 3.0), and the presence of long‐term disease (OR 1.8, 95% Cl 1.1 to 3.0) were strong predictors of later headache. At the same age, concentration difficulties (OR 2.3, 95% Cl 1.3 to 4.2), behavioral problems (OR 2.7, 95% Cl 1.1 to 6.4), unusual tiredness (OR 3.8, 95% Cl 1.0 to 13.5), and, conversely, high sociability (OR 1.5, 95% Cl 1.0 to 2.2) predicted headache. The three last‐mentioned psychological factors seemed to be associated with concentration difficulties at the age of 5, which was found to be the strongest predictor. The parents of child headache sufferers often became aware of the child's problems long before the emergence of headache.
Gender, Primary Headache, and Psychological Distress
Authors: Gilbar Ora , Bazak Yitzhak , Harel Yael
Published: May 2003

The study compared the psychological symptoms of 26 young men and 65 young women referred to a neurology clinic in northern Israel by their family physicians for medical advice regarding headache. The main findings indicated that the women had more severe psychological symptoms than the men in six subscales, although only in somatization, depression, and additional items did the differences reach statistical significance. The authors recommend, in addition to medical intervention, special psychological intervention for women, which would offer counseling in developing coping skills.
Monitoring of Acute Migraine Attacks: Placebo Response and Safety Data
Authors: Jhee Stanford S. , Salazar Daniel E. , Ford Neville F. , Fulmor I. Edgar , Sramek John J. , Cutler Neal R.
Published: May 2003

In the course of evaluating the safety and efficacy of an investigational compound for acute migraine headaches, a large number of patients received placebo at a single site, offering the opportunity to characterize subjective and clinical physiologic responses of migraine patients to placebo in a controlled environment. In a single‐site, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 67 patients reported to the clinic while suffering a moderate to severe acute migraine headache and received oral placebo. For 6 hours after treatment, a continuous electrocardiogram (ECG) was performed, and headache severity, adverse events, and vital signs were recorded. Patients returned and repeated the procedure when free from pain. A headache was considered to be improved if its severity dropped to “mild” or “none.” Twenty‐five patients (37%; 95% Cl: 26% to 50%) experienced headache improvement within 2 hours of receiving placebo, and 32 patients (48%: 36% to 60%) improved within 4 hours. There were no clinically important ECG changes during the migraine visit, and there were no clinically relevant differences in vital signs between the migraine and pain‐free visits. Thus, a substantial placebo response occurs in migraine headache. Hemodynamic and ECG parameters are unchanged between migraine and pain‐free states.