bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning from New Labour’s approach to the NHS
Authors: Greener Ian
Published: January 2019

This chapter treats Labour’s approach to the NHS between 1997 and 2010 as representing a series of ‘programme theories’ to consider what can be learned from them about healthcare and public reorganization more generally. The chapter suggests that Labour’s programme theory of ‘delivery’ had, through the Quality and Outcomes Framework, potential for learning how better to handle performance management, but that ‘choice and competition’ has not achieved the goals asked of it. The theory represented by the ‘Private Finance Initiative’ presents a significant legacy and challenge to policymakers and NHS organizations today because of the financial commitments it requires of organizations that put in place poorly-negotiated deals. Labour’s theory of health ‘funding’ appears to be linked to an improvement in patient satisfaction and health outcomes, both of which now risk being undermined.
Introduction
Authors: Smith Daniel R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides critical context to the relationship between comedy and sociology. First, the chapter explores Peter Berger’s Redeeming Laughter (2014). In particular the chapter examines Berger’s comparison of Mort Sahl and Talcott Parsons, facilitating an exploration of the history of stand-up comedy alongside the experiences of the Jewish diaspora. The chapter goes on to explore stand-up’s relation to New Left politics, before outlining the book’s argument with a summary of the following chapters.
Representation
Authors: Smith Daniel R.
Published: January 2019

This chapter situates stand-up comedy in relation to a society of widening and deepening inequalities around class, race, and gender, especially within the arts and culture industries. The chapter explores the paradox that despite stand-up comedy being male dominated, predominately white and ‘middle-class’, it retains a New Left identity and leftist politics. This paradox is understood as a cultural consequence of the rise of Alternative comedy in Britain alongside the cultural and political ‘individualisation’ of ‘New Left’ ideals.
Introduction: how language works in politics
Authors: Williams Matthew
Published: January 2019

This book examines how language works in democratic politics and how it impacts the effectiveness of policy. Using evidence from the first computer-assisted analysis of all 41.5 million words of legislation enacted from 1900 to 2015, it tracks the major changes in form and function that Parliament's use of language has undergone over time and the reasons for such changes. More importantly, it explores the policy and social implications of changes in legislative language as well as the issue of legislative indeterminacy. This introductory chapter discusses the questions, arguments and aims of the book and reviews the literature on the operation of language in British politics, along with the impact of legislative language on policy effectiveness. It also explains what specifically the book contributes to the existing literature, describes the research design, and provides an overview of the chapters that follow.
Immigration: how Parliament’s language affects central government powers
Authors: Williams Matthew
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines how Parliament's use of language affects central government powers by looking to judicial interpretation of immigration law. Using an adapted legal model of judicialisation, it considers how immigration and asylum laws delegate power from Parliament to the government in order to show how well different state institutions can jointly comprehend legislative language and coordinate in its delivery. The chapter draws on discourse analysis to test the descriptive claim that immigration legislation has become more indeterminate, and logit regression analyses to test the implications of this change for judicial behaviour. The results reveal rapid increases in government losses on appeal after 1995, which coincide with similarly rapid increases in the enactment of indeterminate legislation. The chapter suggests that the effectiveness of immigration law is undermined by its indeterminacy.
Filling gaps: the Human Rights Act 1998
Authors: Williams Matthew
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines whether the Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) has been able to correct indeterminacies in other laws. It first provides an overview of the underlying theory of the HRA and traces its development since October 2000 before discussing its impact on the feasibility and desirability of indeterminate legislation. It also considers whether the HRA has provided means for agents of Parliament, particularly judges, to construct a logic of communication — that is, whether the HRA's new rules of construction filled the various gaps identified in contemporary law. The results show that the HRA has not considerably enhanced either the feasibility or the desirability of legislative language. Furthermore, the HRA has made explicit what had been implicit: that the common law was underpinned by the principles of individual rights; these principles clarified the rule of law where statutory language is indeterminate.
Emotion, Colonialism and Immigration Policy
Authors: Sirriyeh Ala
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines the connection between colonialism and the emotion of compassion in contemporary immigration policy by reviewing key discourses present in the colonial and immigration histories of Australia, the UK and the United States. It first provides an overview of the history of British colonialism and how it gave rise to the ‘civilising process’, along with the rise of the discourse of ‘benevolent colonialism’ during the second wave of empire. It then considers the emergence and development of exclusionary immigration policies from the 1890s to 2000s, focusing on the links made between race and immigration in these periods, the creation of a distinction between ‘deserving’ refugees and ‘undeserving’ asylum seekers, and the criminalisation of migration. The chapter shows how anxieties and fears about immigration have shaped the emotional regimes of immigration policy and how such regimes have been constructed around attempts to identify and exclude undesirable immigrants.
Variability in the basic density of silver birch wood in Poland
Authors: Lachowicz Hubert , Bieniasz Anna , Wojtan Rafał
Published: January 2019

This work presents the findings of a study concerning variability in the basic density of silver birch ( Roth) wood, depending on the geographical location of tree stands, the age and thickness of the trees, the forest habitat type, and interactions between some of these factors. The study was carried out on wood from trees aged approximately 30, 50 and 70 years in 12 forest districts located throughout Poland. In total 4777 wood samples, taken from 306 trees from 51 test plots, were measured. The location, the age of the trees, the thickness of the trees and the forest habitat type, as well as interactions between these factors, proved to have a significant influence on the basic density of silver birch wood. The highest mean values of the basic density of the birch wood were found in SokoÅÃ³w forest district on the FBF habitat type (549 kg m) and in GiÅ¼ycko forest district on the FMBF habitat type (548 kg m). For the entire set of examined material, the average values of the basic density of wood increase with tree age. For the examined material originating in FBF and FMBF habitats the average values of basic density showed no significant differences; however, in the cases of the forest districts of GiÅ¼ycko, Åobez and Rudziniec, significant differences in the analysed property were observed.Betula pendulaâ3â3
Propagation of Streptosolen jamesonii (Benth.) Miers by stem cutting treated with IBA in different substrates
Authors: Pego Rogério Gomes , Fiorini Cibelle Vilela Andrade , Machado Aroldo Ferreira Lopes , Gomes Marcos VInícius Silva
Published: January 2019

The mamalade shrub [Streptosolen jamesonii (Benth.) Miers] is an ornamental species with great potential of use in gardens; these plants have an intense contrast of colors between flowers and leaves and their flowering occurs in practically all the seasons of the year. This plant is propagation mainly by stem cuttings, but the propagation vegetative of this plant is still poorly known. Knowledge about auxin and substrate actuations on rooting may be useful for the cultivation and promotion of the popularization of these plants for garden ornamentation purposes. Therefore, this work aimed evaluated the effect of indolbutiric acid (IBA) and substrates on stem rooting and quality of marmalade bush plants. The experimental design was the completely randomized, in a 5x3 factorial scheme, with eight replications and one stem cut per plot. Factor A consisted of four concentrations of IBA 500; 1000; 2000 and 3000 mg L-1 and a control 0 mg L-1 (only distilled water); the B factor was constituted of substrates: vermiculite, sand and commercial substrate Plantmax®. Each herbaceous cutting was standardized by length, measuring 10 cm and six leaves. The treatment was performed submerging the base of cutting, 3 cm in length, in solution of IBA for 1 min and disposed in substrates vermiculite, sand or commercial substrate. After 30 days were evaluated the percentage of rooting and surviving of cutting, the number of roots and shoots, the length of roots and shoots; the length of roots and shoots and the fresh weight of roots and shoots were evaluated. The IBA concentrations or the substrates do not affect the rooting or survival of the cuttings, however, better quality plantlets are obtained when the cuttings are treated with 750 to 1456 mg L-1 IBA in commercial substrates where the highest number of roots and the greater development of root and new shoots.
Elimination Diets for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Approaching the End of the Beginning
Authors: Chey William D.
Published: January 2019

Dietary interventions have become a mainstay of treating patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Most of the available studies have focused on the benefits of elimination diets. While elimination diets can be highly effective, they should be avoided in patients with 2 emerging eating disorders: orthorexia nervosa and avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder. Similar to drug therapies, diet interventions are effective for only a subgroup of patients with IBS. They should be viewed as “a” therapy not “the” therapy for patients with IBS. It will be critical to develop strategies that utilize symptoms combined with biomarkers which parse patients with IBS by pathophysiology and in so doing, help providers to pick the right treatment for the right patient. At present, diet interventions are primarily focused on elimination of certain foods but there are an increasing number of supplementation studies which are lending support to the concept of “functional foods.”
The Less Said, the Better
Authors: Peterson Jason A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter details the press coverage of the 1960-61 Mississippi State basketball team, which won its second SEC championship and spurred another press-based argument over integrated athletic competition. As detailed in this chapter, during the final month of the 1960-61 college basketball season for the SEC champion Maroons, Mississippi’s journalists supported and enforced the unwritten law and the Closed Society. While a similar argument existed for journalists in the Magnolia State in terms of the merits of the unwritten law, in total, the passion and commentary from Mississippi State’s 1958-59 season was lacking as only a select few argued for the Maroons to participate in the postseason, much less acknowledge the opportunity lost. Despite this level of neglect from the majority of Mississippi’s reporters, a degree of social progress could be found in Mississippi’s sports sections Vicksburg Daily News' Billy Ray and Dick Lightsey of the Biloxi-based Daily Herald, who joined the crusade of Jackson State Times’ Jimmie McDowell’s against the unwritten law, albeit for the chance at postseason glory.
Conclusion
Authors: Peterson Jason A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter serves as a summary of the evidence presented in the previous sections of the book and reiterates the evolutionary change that journalism in the Magnolia State underwent from the 1955 through 1973. Editors and reporters went from attacking the various colleges and universities for their quest for athletic glory and potential violations of the Closed Society to identifying the first black basketball players at these educational stalwarts as equals among their peers. By the time these schools began adding black athletes, the reign of the Closed Society was at a virtual end. The various challenges to the unwritten law and the eventual integration of college basketball in the Magnolia State was evidence of the social and ideological evolution in Mississippi’s press. While the athletic accomplishments of these colleges and universities may not have served as a direct catalyst for change, there was no doubt that the differences of opinions expressed in the pages of Mississippi’s newspapers was evidence of a society in transition from the iron grip of the Closed Society to the eventual acceptance of human and civil rights.
Introduction
Authors: Peterson Jason A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter serves as an overview of the book, beginning with the social climate of Mississippi in the aftermath of the 1954 Brown vs. Board of Education decision. From there, the chapter includes a discussion on the role of the press in this turbulent and violent time period, which more often than not acted as an arm of racist organizations like the Citizens’ Council and the Sovereignty Commission in an effort to protect the way of life that segregation had built. The part college athletics played in the Closed Society is also addressed, as are the various challenges to Mississippi’s white way of life, specifically the unwritten law, and the press reaction to the potential of integrated athletics.
Characterization: The Detective as Veteran
Authors: Trott Sarah
Published: January 2019

Chapter four explores how the symptoms of war trauma have been transferred onto Chandler’s protagonist Philip Marlowe. Marlowe’s character traits will be closely examined by considering certain notable features such as the detective’s origins, characterization, disillusionment and his chivalric code of honour. Like Chandler, it becomes possible to identify the small but distinctive aspects of Marlowe’s character that suggest that he was a psychologically damaged war veteran fighting new battles on a different front.
Prison Power
Authors: Corrigan Lisa M.
Published: January 2019

Prison Power centers imprisonment in the history of black liberation as a rhetorical, theoretical, physical, and media resource as activists developed movement tactics and ideology to counter white supremacy. In highlighting imprisonment as a site for both political and personal transformation, Prison Power underscores how imprisonment shaped movement leaders by influencing their political analysis and organizational strategies. The book suggests that prison became the critical space for the transformation from civil rights to Black Power, especially as southern civil rights activists faced setbacks in achieving equality. In centering the prison as a locus of political inquiry, Black Power activists produced autobiographical writings, essays, and letters about and from prison beginning with the early sit-in movement. Prison Power introduces the critical optic of the “Black Power vernacular” to describe how Black Power activists deployed rhetorical forms in their writings that invented new forms of black identification and encouraged support for black liberation from prison. In using Black Power vernacular forms, imprisoned activists improved their visibility while simultaneously documenting the racist abuses of the judicial system. This new vernacular emerged to force various publics to acknowledge and end the massive brutality perpetrated against black people in prison and in the streets in the name of law and order thereby helping to shore up support for Black Power organizations and initiatives.
Producing the Black Badman
Authors: Corrigan Lisa M.
Published: January 2019

This chapter begins with an examination of the political context and rhetorical politics of urban rebellion as Rap Brown augmented the Black Power vernacular after the Cambridge riots and the subsequent passage of the 1968 Civil Rights Act. To understand Brown’s interventions into the Black Power vernacular, this chapter examines the mobile, embodied performativity of black masculinity in Brown’s autobiographical manifesto Die Nigger Die! (1969), authored while Brown was under house arrest. Die Nigger Die! was phenomenally successful (due, in part, to its unsettling title), going through seven printings before being re-released after Brown’s murder conviction in 2002 by publishers at Lawrence Hill in Chicago. But because Brown’s vernacular style actually spurred the mass incarceration of black liberation activists, his memoir isn’t as concerned with prison conditions or resistance like Mumia Abu-Jamal’s essays or Assata Shakur’s memoir. His experiences with incarceration and repression focus more macroscopically on the ways in which white power creates the conditions for black repression and imprisonment. This chapter highlights Brown’s style, his performance as a black badman in games like the dozens, his understanding of the fragility of black boyhood and the politics of black masculinity, and his interest in both self-defense and violence in the text to understand the production of Black Power vernacular. Finally, this chapter considers Brown’s descriptions as the problems with both white culture and “Negro culture,” which causes the self-hate that makes black communities willingly submit to the nation.
Introduction
Authors: Corrigan Lisa M.
Published: January 2019

This introduction discusses the beginnings of the “jail, no bail” strategy in the southern civil rights movement, introduces the Black Power vernacular as a critical optic of the book, and charts the ways in which jailing and imprisonment were central features of the black freedom movement from Greensboro to Black Power. This chapter also introduces the writings of Rap Brown (Jamil Al-Amin), Mumia Abu-Jamal, and Assata Shakur as the central texts for this rhetorical analysis. Finally, the chapter suggests that these extremely popular, though understudied, writings are useful spaces to understand how imprisonment occupied a contested terrain, used simultaneously for black liberation and for state repression.
Nostalgia, Ritual, and the Rhetorical Possibility of Southern Baking
Authors: Stokes Ashli Que Sinberry , Atkins-Sayre Wendy
Published: January 2019

Although the South is well known for its desserts, it might not always be clear how Southern dessert traditions developed as they did and how they figure in shaping the identities of the region’s people and practices. Burke (1966) reminds us that terministic screens direct our attention to certain realities and away from others, whereby we forget that baking constituted back breaking, sweaty repression for certain groups of Southerners. This chapter argues that familiar Southern desserts may tie us to our pasts, but through certain types of nostalgia and ritual they also provide space to help change the South’s narratives about race, gender, and community. Southern desserts are suspect in limiting women’s subjectivities, worry modern health sensibilities with their Southern sweetness, and carry the weight of troubling African American history. Our meal ends, however, by investigating how these traditions might offer a taste of connection and resilience along with satisfaction.
The Stories, Subjectivities, and Spaces of Southern Food
Authors: Stokes Ashli Que Sinberry , Atkins-Sayre Wendy
Published: January 2019

The signs that we had hit upon an important cultural and rhetorical subject were all apparent to us as we began our research into Southern food. We found that audiences—whether at a roadside stand or a convention hotel ballroom—would open up, smile, and freely share their memories, opinions, and ideas. After all, most people who are from the South or who identify with the region, despite being “of” another region, have opinions on what makes good Southern food. The topic crosses lines of race, class, gender, region, and so forth, providing an opportunity for a common discussion point....
The Interaction of Personal, Local, and Global Forces
Authors: Jinxia Dong , Yijing Zhong , Luyang Li
Published: January 2019

Yao Ming, while not the first Chinese athlete to play in the NBA, is the most well known and regarded Chinese athlete to star in America’s professional league. Groomed at a young age to follow his parents into the sport of basketball, Yao Ming has competed for the Chinese national team, in addition to the NBA. Yao Ming’s stardom in the NBA translated into the NBA’s successful expansion of the league into one of the world’s largest populations. The all-star appeared in a number of commercial endorsements, making him a familiar face to Chinese and American consumers.
Grete Waitz
Authors: Walton-Fisette Theresa
Published: January 2019

Grete Waitz of Norway is marathon running’s first female star. Waitz had trained as a distance runner and found success at various distances before turning her attention to the longer race. Her first marathon race was the famous New York City marathon and expectations for her were low. It was surprising to herself and others when she won her first marathon race. Eventually, Waitz won the NYC marathon nine times and helped establish a foothold for women in the long distance event.
Faulkner and the Freedom Writers: Slavery’s Narrative in Business Records from Nineteenth-Century Abolitionism to Twenty-First-Century Neoabolitionism
Authors: Schermerhorn Calvin
Published: January 2019

This chapter contextualizes and explores the interplay of historical narrative and imaginative literature, surveying the historiography to which Faulkner and later writers contributed. Drawing on categories formulated by historian David W. Blight, it races a dialectical movement from an “abolitionist script” (grounded in antebellum ex-slave narratives) that “contrasted the humanity of enslaved people with the instrumentality of paper used to mediate slave transactions,” through a proslavery rhetoric that ignored economic context and ascribed paternalistic qualities to slaveholders, to an uneasy synthesis in antislavery novelists like Harriet Beecher Stowe, who decried “slavery's immoral accounting” while generally “affirm[ing] plantation paternalism.” The postbellum years saw a similar cycle, as emancipationist and white supremacist scripts collided before New South writers combined elements of both into a sentimental “reconciliationist script” that won popular support and influenced many of the era's professional historians.
The Noble Experiment? Faulkner’s Two Prohibitions
Authors: Picken Conor
Published: January 2019

This chapter argues that Sanctuary (1931) dramatizes the failure of the Prohibition movement “to 'cure' the American alcoholic republic and restore domestic order” in a society where liquor “was demonized as morally wrong by some” but “recklessly consumed by many.” Requiem (1951), on the other hand, unfolds against the midcentury Sobriety movement (led by Alcoholics Anonymous), which “retooled the temperance paradigm” by approaching alcoholism “as a physiological disease rather than a disease of the will.” These paradigms reflected gendered assumptions about drinking.
Mr. Cowley’s Southern Saga
Authors: Gardner Sarah E.
Published: January 2019

This chapter reexamines Malcolm Cowley's efforts to resuscitate Faulkner's reputation by moving our attention away from the Faulkner who earned the esteem of influential critics. Instead, it looks at the ways in which Cowley used Faulkner to write a version of southern history that met the demands of a wartime book industry. The Faulkner that emerges from Cowley's Portable Faulkner was not the purveyor of the grotesque of the 1930s; nor was it the Faulkner of the late 1940s and 1950s who represented “the complexities and paradoxes of Cold War existential angst, artistic freedom, and unrelenting struggle.” Rather, it was the Faulkner who was needed in the national effort defined by the Second World War and its aftermath, the autochthonous Faulkner who loved the land and the people who inhabited it.
The Power Dynamics of Color on Color
Authors: Yamamoto Eric K. , Jenssen Amanda O.
Published: January 2019

This chapter looks at what the media has characterized as America's “interminority problem.” It shows that the persistent desire for alliance forging often leads theorists and advocates to target what might be characterized as a “common ground” approach that focuses on common issues—“bread and butter” issues like wages and discrimination while largely avoiding the difficult interrogation of the ragged history of power-sharing and the broad ignorance of one another's culture and social and economic conditions. These common issues are seized upon as opportunities to build bridges and relationships. While such an approach might have some success in the short term, the chapter argues that this approach has a tendency to neglect dealing with the deeper grievances honestly and self-critically.
Race, Place, and Historic Moment
Authors: Banks Taunya Lovell
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a comparative history of minority communities, in this case the impact of the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944 (better known as the GI Bill of Rights). It addresses the reasons why Japanese American World War II veterans were able to make greater use of the benefits offered by the law to broker their group's postwar social advancement, while black veterans were restricted in their enjoyment of its advantages. In addition to more potent discrimination against blacks in areas such as housing, one salient distinction between the groups that the chapter points to is their differing educational preparation, which led to comparatively greater use by Japanese Americans of the college benefits available under the bill.
Re-reading Vincent Chin
Authors: Kurashige Scott
Published: January 2019

This chapter provides a new look at the Vincent Chin case. Chin was a young Chinese American from the Detroit area whose beating death at the hands of two white men in 1982, and the light sentences they received at trial, sparked widespread outrage among Asian Americans and helped catalyze Asian American political organizing. The chapter urges scholars and researchers to beyond the received ideas in the established narrative about Chin's murder and to understand how the particular spatial, gender, and class dynamics of Detroit influenced the case. The chapter also specifically details the important involvement of African Americans in the case.
Gay Is the New White (Gay Is the New Straight)
Authors: Carbado Devon W.
Published: January 2019

This chapter challenges the misappropriation of African American civil rights struggles by white LGBT advocates who present themselves as the victims of discrimination akin to that suffered by blacks, and, in the process, continue to marginalize the experiences of African Americans who are LGBT. Historically, pro-gay rights advocacy has reflected a racial ideology that invokes black civil rights symbols, political victories, and legal reforms, on the one hand, and elides contemporary black disadvantage and social inequality, on the other. The chapter shows how this “gay rights color blindness” deploys African American identity and civil rights history to advance a gay rights agenda in which black LGBT people are nowhere to be found and blackness, more generally, is marked as an identity whose civil rights aspirations have already been fulfilled.
As chaves para diferenciar as hipoplasias do esmalte locais, sistêmicas e hereditárias
Authors: Consolaro Alberto
Published: January 2019

As hipoplasias do esmalte oferecem dificuldade no seu diagnóstico preciso, especialmente quanto à sua causa, prognóstico e tratamento. Hipoplasias do esmalte podem gerar muitas confusões no momento do diagnóstico quanto à sua origem, natureza e tratamento. Para fundamentar o diagnóstico preciso e diferencial entre as hipoplasias do esmalte, apresenta-se três raciocínios denominados de “chaves” para que o clínico possa segui-los, estabelecendo-se um prognóstico preciso em seus planejamentos terapêuticos: 1) se for uma hipoplasia do esmalte local, ela não é bilateral e se, por coincidência, for bilateral, ela não é simétrica; 2) se for uma hipoplasia do esmalte por causa sistêmica, ela é bilateral e simétrica, mas não afeta todos os dentes; e 3) se for uma hipoplasia do esmalte hereditária, que se chama “amelogênese imperfeita hereditária”, ela é bilateral, simétrica e afeta todos os dentes indistintamente.
A challenging treatment of an 18th century embroidered textile using gel cleaning in combination with decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) silicone solvent barriers
Authors: Smets Anja , De Vis Kristel , Ortega-Saez Natalie
Published: January 2019

Bleeding dyes are a major concern to textile conservators; they can cause extensive damage to textile objects and usually preclude a wet cleaning treatment. Since gel cleaning methods were introduced to the conservation field, new opportunities are available for such complex treatments. This paper describes the cleaning of an embroidered textile that is damaged by dye bleeding of the embroidery threads on an undyed silk ground. It was examined whether further bleeding of the dyes during wet cleaning can be avoided by the use of an agarose gel to deliver an aqueous solution, prepared with pH buffers and chelators, to the silk ground. Additionally, the siloxanes octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D4) and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) were tested for their potential to act as barrier liquids for the embroidered areas. The cleaning method was successful in preventing further bleeding of the dyes, but the coloured stains could not be removed completely by the compound cleaning solution. Further research is required to optimize the cleaning method.
The Influence of the Time of Antidotal Treatment Administration on Its Effectiveness Against Tabun-Induced Poisoning in Mice
Authors: Kassa Jiří
Published: January 2019

1. The influence of the time of administration of antidotal treatment consisting of anticholinergic drug (atropine) and oxime (pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6 or trimedoxime) on its effectiveness to eliminate tabun-induced lethal effects was studied in mice. 2. The therapeutic efficacy of antidotal treatment of tabun-induced acute poisoning depends on the time of its administration when obidoxime or the oxime HI-6 was used as an acetylcholinesterase reactivator. 3. Pralidoxime is practically ineffective to eliminate acute toxic effects of tabun regardless of the time of its administration. 4. Our results show that trimedoxime seems to be the most effective to eliminate lethal effects of tabun. In addition, its efficacy does not decrease when it is administered 5 min after tabun poisoning. 5. The findings support the hypothesis that trimedoxime appears to be the most suitable oxime to counteract acute toxicity of tabun because of its ability to eliminate lethal effects of tabun when it is injected 5 min after tabun challenge on the contrary to other oximes tested.
The complex relationship between classroom emotions and EFL achievement in China
Authors: Li Chengchen , Dewaele Jean-Marc , Jiang Guiying
Published: January 2019

The present study adopted a mixed-method approach combining principles from Complex Dynamic Systems Theory and Positive Psychology to examine the interaction between Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety (FLCA) and Foreign Language Enjoyment (FLE) of 1,307 Chinese students, the single and combined effects of FLCA and FLE on self-perceived English proficiency and actual English achievement, and finally, the effect of EA on FLE and FLCA. Statistical analyses revealed negative correlations between FLCA and FLE in three groups at different levels of English achievement. Qualitative data from 64 participants threw further light on this complex relationship. Second, FLCA was found to be significantly negatively related to self-rated proficiency at all achievement groups while FLE was positively related. Similar significant relationships were also found between two classroom emotions and actual English achievement except in the low achievement group. Finally, qualitative data allowed us to investigate the possible causes for this relationship.
Half- and mixed-sandwich metallacarboranes for potential applications in medicine
Authors: Gozzi Marta , Schwarze Benedikt , Hey-Hawkins Evamarie
Published: January 2019

Today, medicinal chemistry is still clearly dominated by organic chemistry, and commercially available boron-based drugs are rare. In contrast to hydrocarbons, boranes prefer the formation of polyhedral clusters via delocalized 3c2e bonds, such as polyhedral dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) (closo-C2B10H12). These clusters have remarkable biological stability, and the three isomers, 1,2- (ortho), 1,7- (meta), and 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) (para), have attracted much interest due to their unique structural features. Furthermore, anionic nido clusters ([7,8-C2B9H11]2−), derived from the neutral icosahedral closo cluster 1,2-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) by deboronation followed by deprotonation are suitable ligands for transition metals and offer the possibility to form metallacarboranes, for example via coordination through the upper pentagonal face of the cluster. The isolobal analogy between the cyclopentadienyl(–1) ligand (Cp−) and [C2B9H11]2− clusters (dicarbollide anion, Cb2−) is the motivation in using Cb2− as ligand for coordination to a metal center to design compounds for various applications. This review focuses on potential applications of half- and mixed-sandwich-type transition metal complexes in medicine.
Spatializing food: Signs, spaces, and the legal (dis-)composition of what we eat
Authors: Vazquez Melisa
Published: January 2019

What does it mean to spatialize food? Why combine such an analysis with law, or with signs and spaces? Leveraging Peircean-inspired legal semiotic theory, the spatialized nature of food will serve as a porthole through which a semiotic view of the spatial dimensions of legal experience can be discerned and elaborated. Specifically, case studies of the simultaneously material and immaterial aspects of food will support an analysis that seeks to open avenues of conceptualization regarding categories. The semiotic nature of both food and law will drive a discussion of the “dis-composition” of categories. Though such an effort may appear overly scholarly and far from pragmatic, exactly the opposite claim will be made. Case studies such as that of the “Meatball Wars” will illustrate in plain terms how subject position struggles for space cannot be adequately addressed within traditional disciplinary boundaries. The essay will conclude with a demonstration of how a “discomposing” semiotic approach has the potential to serve as a means of enabling conflict resolution on a broader scale. The overall investigation is motivated by the struggle within academia – seen across the humanities – to rethink traditional foundational assumptions and dichotomies. The argument seeks to ground itself in the interconnectedness increasingly advanced, joining scholars who insist on the importance of anthro-historical context, local particulars, and the impossibility of assuming an objective position that can coolly observe phenomena from “outside.”
An earthquake or a category 4 financial storm? A corpus study of disaster metaphors in the media framing of the 2008 financial crisis
Authors: Ho Janet
Published: January 2019

This study investigates the use of disaster metaphors in the American media coverage of the 2008 global financial crisis. More specifically, it aims to examine the role of different sub-metaphors in performing various pragmatic and rhetorical functions in financial news discourse. Using the Metaphor Identification Procedure, this study identifies key words from the 1-million-word corpus which comprised the news articles published from September 15, 2008 to March 15, 2009, and examines the associated concordance lines to discern their metaphorical connotations. The findings show that a wide range of sub-source domains of disaster—namely, wind, storm, and water—metaphors was deployed by journalists to capture the various negative impacts of the financial crisis. These findings suggest that the salient extension and mixing of metaphors could enhance the popularization of specialist financial news discourse. The findings also indicate that the news media was complicit in constructing the collective illusion that the financial crisis was unavoidable and not caused by anyone.
Idealized Sine Wave Approach to Determine Arrival Times of Shear Wave Signals Using Bender Elements
Authors: Khan Qasim , Moon Sung-Woo , Ku Taeseo
Published: January 2019

Determining the small strain stiffness Gmax of soils in a laboratory is generally achieved using bender elements. Shear wave propagation is affected by the soil medium and boundary conditions causing distortion in output signals, which introduces error in travel time estimates. This study proposes a novel technique for determining first arrival time in a systematic manner. Based on idealized sine waves, this technique modifies peak-to-peak results to find arrival times using the output frequency of the received signal. By incorporating the initial half wavelength of received signals, five methods depending on the length of the signal chosen for calculating the output frequency are proposed in this article. The applicability of the proposed technique is evaluated based on signals reported in published literature and obtained for Singapore marine clay (uncemented and lightly cemented). For most soil types and testing conditions, it was demonstrated that the proposed technique produces close estimates with reported original arrival times. On the contrary, other techniques, such as peak-to-peak, cross-correlation, and cross spectrum, often underestimated the shear wave velocities when the output signals contained relatively low frequency contents. Consequently, the proposed technique significantly reduces subjectivity and produces improved reliability in estimating specific arrival times without the need of any frequency sweeps. Moreover, by incorporating the quality and shape of signals into the analysis, better estimates of first arrival can be established, especially for noisy signals or signals affected by near-field effects.
Intrinsic Soil Damping from Cyclic Laboratory Tests with Average Strain Development
Authors: Løvholt F. , Madshus C. , Andersen K. H.
Published: January 2019

Foundations of offshore marine structures are subject to cyclic forces that are caused by wind, water waves, and swells. It is thus important to utilize soil damping to optimize their design, related to dynamic amplification near the system resonant frequencies. Here, we investigate the damping properties of a soil element subject to combined nonzero average and cyclic shear stresses in cyclic direct simple shear (DSS) laboratory tests. Analysis of a limited number of clay specimens shows that the damping factor of the soil increases if a nonzero average load is superposed to the cyclic load. Under such loading conditions, the average strain will increase from cycle to cycle. A new rheological model justifies that the damping is increased when a static load is added to the cyclic one. Moreover, results from laboratory DSS tests on dense sand display a much stronger effect of the number of load cycles than predicted by commonly used parametric expressions from the literature. This is caused by a strong dilatancy of the dense sand. The analysis herein indicates that, for some soils and under certain loading conditions, the damping factor may behave differently than previously thought. In the case of combined static and cyclic loading, the increased damping may potentially be exploited in more cost-effective design of offshore marine structures.
A Critical Review of Membrane and Filter Paper Correction Formulas for the Triaxial Testing of Soft Soils
Authors: Konstadinou Maria , Zwanenburg Cor
Published: January 2019

This experimental study addresses the effect of membrane and filter paper on measurements of deviator stress by performing triaxial compression tests on gelatin, silicon, and Speswhite clay specimens. The magnitude of this effect is assessed at large strains close to the critical state conditions for soft soils with an undrained shear strength ranging up to 40 kPa. This study shows that the corrections for the membrane and filter paper effect, given by ASTM and BS, can lead to a significant overestimation of the correction required when applied to typical values for deviator stress found in tests on soft soils. Particularly at large strains the correction associated with the presence of membrane and filter paper, according to ASTM and BS, can be more than half of the material’s undrained shear strength. This study also demonstrates that for soft specimens, the membrane correction is strain level–dependent and can be predicted by taking into account the buckling state of the membrane during shearing. In addition, the strength contributed by the membrane is found to be independent of cell pressure but greatly affected by the friction between the tested specimen and membrane. Furthermore, the correction for filter paper is shown to depend primarily on the wetting of the filter paper strips, and to a lesser extent on their orientation. The combination of wet and oblique filter paper strips is the most effective way of making accurate measurements of deviator stress. This results in a filter paper correction that can be as low as 1 kPa, irrespective of the strain level. Finally, alternative expressions for the membrane and filter paper corrections to be used in the triaxial testing of soft soils are presented herein.
Evaluation of Cutting Tool Wear of Earth Pressure Balance Shield in Granular Soil Based on Laboratory Test
Authors: Wei Ying-jie , Zheng Xiao , Su Fei , Li Ming-ming , Li Fan , Yang Yu-you
Published: January 2019

Cutting tool wear is a critical problem for tunneling in soft ground with the earth pressure balance shield. In this study, a cutting tool tester was developed in the China University of Geosciences in Beijing, and a series of tool wear tests were conducted to investigate the characteristics of tool wear in granular soils. The characteristics of cutting tool wear can be quantitatively assessed through the ratio (M0 − M)/M0 (i.e., tool wear rate, %; M0 and M are the mass of the tested blocks before and after the wear test, respectively). The effects of five important factors, including mineralogy, moisture, soil conditioner, test time, and sand content, on tool wear were considered in various test conditions. According to the primary test results, it is observed that (1) high soil hardness produced significantly higher tool wear than low soil hardness in dry condition; (2) with increasing water content, the tool wear gradually increased to a maximum value and then decreased; (3) the foam conditioner mixed in sandy gravel reduced the tool wear dramatically regardless of the cutting tool material, e.g., cemented carbide and Q235 steel; (4) the tool wear increased with the test time in the dry sand mixture, and their relationship showed a good agreement with a power function; and (5) the tool wear decreased as the sand content increased in dry sand-gravel soil mixtures. The reasons for these phenomena were also explored.
Chronic Suppression of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor (GLP1R) mRNA Translation in the Rat Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis Reduces Anxiety-Like Behavior and Stress-Induced Hypophagia, But Prolongs Stress-Induced Elevation of Plasma Corticosterone
Authors: Zheng Huiyuan , Reiner David J. , Hayes Matthew R. , Rinaman Linda
Published: January 2019

The anterior lateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (alBST) expresses glucagon-like peptide-1 receptors (GLP1Rs) and receives input from caudal brainstem GLP1 neurons. GLP1 administered centrally reduces food intake and increases anxiety-like behavior and plasma corticosterone (cort) levels in rats, whereas central GLP1R antagonism has opposite effects. Anxiogenic threats and other stressors robustly activate c-fosexpression in both GLP1-producing neurons and also in neurons within alBST subregions expressing GLP1R. To examine the functional role of GLP1R signaling within the alBST, adult male Sprague Dawley rats received bilateral alBST-targeted injections of an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector expressing short hairpin RNA (shRNA) to knock down the translation of GLP1R mRNA (GLP1R-KD rats), or similar injections of a control AAV (CTRL rats).In situhybridization revealed that GLP1R mRNA is expressed in a subset of GABAergic alBST neurons, and quantitative real-time PCR confirmed that GLP1R-KD rats displayed a significant 60% reduction in translatable GLP1R mRNA. Compared with CTRL rats, GLP1R-KD rats gained more body weight over time and displayed less anxiety-like behavior, including a loss of light-enhanced acoustic startle and less stress-induced hypophagia. Conversely, while baseline plasma cort levels were similar in GLP1R-KD and CTRL rats, GLP1R-KD rats displayed a prolonged stress-induced elevation of plasma cort levels. GLP1R-KD and CTRL rats displayed similar home cage food intake and a similar hypophagic response to systemic Exendin-4, a GLP1R agonist that crosses the blood–brain barrier. We conclude that GLP1R expressed within the alBST contributes to multiple behavioral responses to anxiogenic threats, yet also serves to limit the plasma cort response to acute stress.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAnxiety is an affective and physiological state that supports threat avoidance. Identifying the neural bases of anxiety-like behaviors in animal models is essential for understanding mechanisms that contribute to normative and pathological anxiety in humans. In rats, anxiety/avoidance behaviors can be elicited or enhanced by visceral or cognitive threats that increase glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP1) signaling from the caudal brainstem to the hypothalamus and limbic forebrain. Data reported here support a role for limbic GLP1 receptor signaling to enhance anxiety-like behavior and to attenuate stress-induced elevations in plasma cort levels in rats. Improved understanding of central GLP1 neural pathways that impact emotional responses to stress could expand potential therapeutic options for anxiety and other stress-related disorders in humans.