bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectively catalytic decomposition of acetaldehydes in spirits by using chitosan‐capped gold nanoparticles
Authors: Tsai Teh‐Hua , Yu Chung‐Chin , Liu Yu‐Chuan , Yang Kuang‐Hsuan
Published: March 2013

As shown in the literature, chitosan (Ch) can react easily with acetaldehydes to form Schiff bases with high yields at room temperature. Therefore, in this work, we report an innovative idea to prepare nanocomposites (NCs) of Ch‐capped gold NPs (NPs) for effectively catalytic decomposition of acetaldehyde in spirits. Ch of NCs can easily catch acetaldehydes in spirits. Thus the caught acetaldehydes were therefore concentrated on NCs. Subsequently, the concentrated acetaldehydes were catalytically decomposed on catalysts of Au NPs in Ch/Au NCs. Experimental results indicate that the acetaldehyde was significantly decomposed by ca. 40 % in 120 ppm acetaldehyde‐containing white spirits by adding 0.05 ppm Ch‐capped Au NPs after three days. This efficiency for catalytic decomposition of acetaldehyde is a marked increase by ca. 200 % of magnitude, as compared with that based on commercial Au NPs with similar sizes at the same Au concentration. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
A superabsorbent nanocomposite based on sodium alginate and illite/smectite mixed‐layer clay
Authors: Wang Yizhe , Wang Wenbo , Shi Xiaoning , Wang Aiqin
Published: March 2013

A series of superabsorbent nanocomposites were prepared by free radical grafting copolymerization of sodium alginate, partially neutralized acrylic acid (AA), styrene, and illite/smectite mixed‐layer clay (I/S). The structure and morphology of the nanocomposites were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscope techniques. It was shown that the incorporation of I/S clearly enhanced the swelling properties of the nanocomposites. Various salts and surfactants showed remarkable effects on the swelling behaviors of the nanocomposites. Moreover, the nanocomposite exhibited better responsive and reversible on–off switching characteristics in pH 7.0 and 2.0 buffer solutions, which renders it promising for drug delivery application. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
pH and thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) copolymer grafted to poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Abdullah‐Al‐Nahain  , Lee Kang Seok , Mosaiab Tamim , Park Sung Young
Published: March 2013

pH and thermo‐responsive graft copolymers are reported where thermo‐responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) [poly(NIPAAm), poly A], poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐2‐(diethylamino) ethyl methacrylate) [poly(NIPAAm‐co‐DEA), poly B], and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐methacrylic acid) [poly(NIPAAm‐co‐MAA), poly C] have been installed to benzaldehyde grafted polyethylene glycol (PEG) back bone following introducing a pH responsive benzoic‐imine bond. All the prepared graft copolymers for PEG‐g‐poly(NIPAAm) [P‐N1], PEG‐g‐poly(NIPAAm‐co‐DEA) [P‐N2], and PEG‐g‐poly(NIPAAm‐co‐MAA) [P‐N3] were characterized by 1H‐NMR to assure the successful synthesis of the expected polymers. Molecular weight of all synthesized polymers was evaluated following gel permeation chromatography. The lower critical solution temperature of graft copolymers varied significantly when grafted to benzaldehyde containing PEG and after further functionalization of copolymer based poly(NIPAAm). The contact angle experiment showed the changes in hydrophilic/hydrophobic behavior when the polymers were exposed to different pH and temperature. Particle size measurement investigation by dynamic light scattering was performed to rectify thermo and pH responsiveness of all prepared polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Assembling an ion channel: ORF 3a from SARS‐CoV
Authors: Chien Tze‐Hsiang , Chiang Ya‐Ling , Chen Chin‐Pei , Henklein Petra , Hänel Karen , Hwang Ing‐Shouh , Willbold Dieter , Fischer Wolfgang B.
Published: March 2013

Protein 3a is a 274 amino acid polytopic channel protein with three putative transmembrane domains (TMDs) encoded by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus (SARS‐CoV). Synthetic peptides corresponding to each of its three individual transmembrane domains (TMDs) are reconstituted into artificial lipid bilayers. Only TMD2 and TMD3 induce channel activity. Reconstitution of the peptides as TMD1 + TMD3 as well as TMD2 + TMD3 in a 1 : 1 mixture induces membrane activity for both mixtures. In a 1 : 1 : 1 mixture, channel like behavior is almost restored. Expression of full length 3a and reconstitution into artificial lipid bilayers reveal a weak cation selective (PK ≈ 2 PCl) rectifying channel. In the presence of nonphysiological concentration of Ca‐ions the channel develops channel activity. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 99:628–635, 2013.
Intermediate water ventilation in the Nordic seas during MIS 2
Authors: Rørvik Kari‐Lise , Rasmussen Tine L. , Hald Morten , Husum Katrine
Published: March 2013

A high‐resolution marine record from the northern Norwegian continental margin off Lofoten is used to reconstruct changes in the oceanography of the Nordic seas during marine isotope stage (MIS) 2 including the Last Glacial Maximum and early deglaciation circa 25 to 16 ka. The period was characterized by generally warm subsurface water temperatures >2°C and inflow of Atlantic surface water. Several events were characterized by decrease in ventilation of the intermediate water and low subsurface temperature and salinity. They correlate with colder atmospheric temperatures as seen in ice cores. The events terminated with gradual strengthening of the intermediate water ventilation and increase in subsurface temperature. The generation of intermediate water was unstable and experienced climate and ventilation changes on millennial and centennial timescales. The changes appear consistent with modeling experiments that predict short‐lasting circulation stops during MIS 2 due to release of meltwater in the Nordic seas.
An unidentified emission in Titan's upper atmosphere
Authors: Dinelli B. M. , López‐Puertas M. , Adriani A. , Moriconi M. L. , Funke B. , García‐Comas M. , D'Aversa E.
Published: March 2013

We have analyzed limb daytime observations of Titan's upper atmosphere at 3.3  μm, acquired by the visual‐infrared mapping spectrometer (VIMS) on Cassini. They were previously studied by García‐Comas et al. (2011) to derive CH4 densities. Here, we report an unidentified emission peaking around 3.28  μm, hidden under the methane R branch. This emission is very strong, with intensity comparable to the CH4 bands located in the same spectral region. It presents a maximum at about 950 km and extends from 600 km up to 1250 km. It is definitely pumped by solar radiation since it vanishes at night. Our analysis shows that neither methane nor the major hydrocarbon compounds already discovered in Titan's upper atmosphere are responsible for it. We have discarded many other potential candidates and suggest that the unidentified emission might be caused by aromatic compounds.
Clinical outcomes of patients with salivary gland carcinomas preoperatively misdiagnosed as benign lesions
Authors: Ryu In Sun , Roh Jong‐Lyel , Cho Kyung‐Ja , Lee Sang‐wook , Choi Seung‐Ho , Nam Soon Yuhl , Kim Sang Yoon
Published: March 2013

Background

We compared clinical outcomes between patients with salivary gland carcinomas preoperatively misdiagnosed as benign lesion and properly diagnosed as malignant lesion.

Methods

The outcomes were compared between patients with benign lesion and malignant lesion (44 each) on preoperative fine‐needle aspiration cytology diagnosis who underwent conservative or radical surgery.

Results

Five‐year lesion‐free survival (DFS) rates were 86.8% for benign lesion and 76.3% for malignant lesion (p = .128). Surgical extent did not significantly affect locoregional recurrence and DFS (p = .360). Univariate analysis showed that sublingual gland tumor, positive resection margin, and extraparenchymal extension (EPE) were significantly associated with DFS (p < .05 each). On multivariate analysis, EPE remained an independent variable (p = .047, hazard ratio = 6.621, 95% confidence interval = 1.393–31.474).

Conclusions

The clinical outcomes of patients with salivary gland carcinomas misdiagnosed as benign are relatively favorable. Conservative surgery may be sufficient for patients with low‐grade and T1–2 salivary gland carcinomas. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 35: 1764–1770, 2013
Hepatitis B Virus Inhibits Liver Regeneration Via Epigenetic Regulation of Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator
Authors: Park Eun-Sook , Park Yong Kwang , Shin Chan Young , Park Seung Hwa , Ahn Sung Hyun , Kim Doo Hyun , Lim Keo-Heun , Kwon So Young , Kim Kwang Pyo , Yang Sung-Il , Seong Baik L. , Kim Kyun-Hwan
Published: March 2013

Liver regeneration after liver damage caused by toxins and pathogens is critical for liver homeostasis. Retardation of liver proliferation was reported in hepatitis B virus (HBV) X protein (HBx)-transgenic mice. However, the underlying mechanism of the HBx-mediated disturbance of liver regeneration is unknown. We investigated the molecular mechanism of the inhibition of liver regeneration using liver cell lines and a mouse model. The mouse model of acute HBV infection was established by hydrodynamic injection of viral DNA. Liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy was significantly inhibited in the HBV DNA-treated mice. Mechanism studies have revealed that the expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), which regulates the activation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), was significantly decreased in the liver tissues of HBV or HBx-expressing mice. The down-regulation of uPA was further confirmed using liver cell lines transiently or stably transfected with HBx and the HBV genome. HBx suppressed uPA expression through the epigenetic regulation of the uPA promoter in mouse liver tissues and human liver cell lines. Expression of HBx strongly induced hypermethylation of the uPA promoter by recruiting DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) 3A2.

Conclusion

: Taken together, these results suggest that infection of HBV impairs liver regeneration through the epigenetic dysregulation of liver regeneration signals by HBx. (Hepatology 2013;58:762–776)
Ethics in Medical Progress: With Special Reference to Transplantation. (Ciba Foundation Symposium). G. E. Wolstenholme and Maeve O'Connor, Editors.
Authors: HUTCHEON DUNCAN E.
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Symposium on Antibiotics. (The American Journal of Medicine). Illustrated. Robert Austrian, Editor. Reuben H.

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy—1966. Gladys L. Hobby

Animal and Clinical Pharmacologic Techniques in Drug Evaluation, Vol. 2. Peter E. Siegler and John H. Moyer

Drugs Released for Clinical Use
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Predictions of Response in Cancer Therapy. National Cancer Institute Monograph 34. T. C. Hall, editor.

Drugs and Cell Regulation. Enrico Mihich, editor.

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics— An Introduction. R. E. Notari.

Animal Experiments in Pharmacological Analysis. F. R. Domer.
Drugs Released for Clinical Use
Authors: de HAEN PAUL
Published: March 2013

This listing includes new single chemical entities and preparations, duplicate single products, and combination products that have been made available for clinical use by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration during the period from January 21 to March 20, 1973. This information is taken from the manufacturer's package insert or brochure, which should be consulted for further details on indications, dosage, contraindications, and adverse reactions.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Alcohol Intoxication with Withdrawal: Experimental Studies Milton M. Gross, editor.

Clinical Pharmacology. Paul Turner and Alan Richens.

Histamine and Antihistamines, Volume I. Melvin Schacter, editor.

Advances in Neurology, Volume 3: Progress in the Treatment of Parkinsonism. Donald B. Calne, editor.

Toxicology and Pharmacology of Venoms from Poisonous Snakes. John H. Brown.

Microsomes and Drug Oxidations. R. W. Estabrook, J. R. Gillette, and K. C. Leibman, editors.

Drugs, Development and Cerebral Function. W. Lynn Smith. Springfield, Ill., Charles C Thomas.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Multiple Myeloma and Related Disorders, Volume I. H. A. Azar and M. Potter, editors.

Proteins of the Nervous System. Diana J. Schneider, editor

Chemotherapy of Cancer Dissemination and Metastasis. S. Garattini and G. Franchi, editors.

Uranium‐Plutonium‐Transplutonic Elements, Volume 36, New Series, of the Heffter‐Heubner Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. H. C. Hodge, J. N. Stannard and J. B. Hursh, editors.

Progress in Brain Research, Volume 36. Bio‐chemical and Pharmacological Mechanisms Underlying Behavior. P. B. Bradley and R. W. Brimblecombe, editors.

Current Pediatric Diagnosis and Treatment. C. H. Kempe, H. K. Silver, and D. O'Brien, editors.

Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Volume 3. P. Greengard and G. A. Robison, editors.

Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides: The Chemistry, Biology and Clinical Significance of Endotoxins. E. H. Kass and S. M. Wolff, editors.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Volume 34. Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Pancreozymin and Gastrin. J. E. Jorpes and V. P. Mutt.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Thyroid Axis, Drugs, and Behavior. Arthur J. Prange, Jr., editor.

Tremors and Tremorgenic Agents. R. W. Brinblecombe and R. M. Pinder.

Symposium on Drugs and Heart Metabolism, Volume II. L. Szekeres and J. GY. Papp, editors.

Krantz and Carr's Pharmacological Principles of Medical Practice (8th Edition). Domingo Aviado, editor.

Steroid Biochemistry. Erich Heftmann.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Defense and Recognition, Volume 10 (Biochemistry Series One). R. R. Porter

Comparative Pharmacology, Volumes I & II (International Encyclopedia of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Section 85). M. J. Michelson

The Problem of Excitability. Electrical Excitability and Ionic Permeability of the Nerve Membrane. B. I. Khodorov

Purine Metabolism in Man, Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Uric Acid Metabolism. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 41B. O. Sperling, A. DeVries, and J. B. Wyngaarden

Enzyme Inhibitors of Microbial Origin. Hamao Umezawa
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Cancer Chemotherapy. M. J. Cline and C. M. Haskell.

Organic Nitrates (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Volume 40). Philip Needleman

Drugs and Transport Process. B. A. Callingham

Microbiology—1974. David Schlessinger

Pharmacokinetics, Drag Metabolism and Drag Interactions (Principles and Techniques of Human Research and Therapeutics, Volume III). F. Gilbert McMahon

Advances in Cyclic Nucleotide Research, Volume 6. P. Greengard and G. A. Robison

Cytochromes P‐450 and b5: Structure, Function and Interation (Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, Volume 58). D. Y. Cooper, O. Rosenthal, R. Snyder, and C. Witmer
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Perinatal Pharmacology and Therapeutics. Bernard L. Mirkin, editor.

Local Anesthetics. Mechanisms of Action and Clinical Use (The Scientific Basis of Clinical Anesthesia, Volume 1). B. G. Covino and H. G. Vassallo.

Importance of Experimental Design and Biostatistics. (Principles and Techniques of Human Research and Therapeutics, Vol. IV). F. Gilbert McMahon, editor.

Endocrine—Metabolic Drugs. (Principles and Techniques of Human Research and Therapeutics, Vol VI). F. Gilbert McMahon, editor.

Drugs Useful vs. Infectious Diseases. (Principles and Techniques of Human Research and Therapeutics, Vol. VII). F. Gilbert McMahon, editor.

Diabetes. Its Physiological and Biochemical Basis. John Vallance‐Owen, editor.

Clinical Use of Drugs in Renal Failure. R. J. Anderson, J. G. Gambertoglio, and R. W. Schrier.

Clinical Problems With Drugs. (Major Problems in Internal Medicine, Vol. 5). L. E. Cluff, G. J. Caranasos, and R. B. Stewart.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Neuromuscular Junction (Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Vol. 42). Eleanor Zaimis, editor.

Immunological Tolerance (British Medical Bulletin, Vol. 32(2)). D. W. Dresser, scientific editor.

Prostaglandins and Reproduction. S. M. M. Karim, editor.

Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitors. Their Effects on Physiological Functions and Pathological States. H. J. Robinson and J. R. Vane, editors.

The Healers: The Rise of the Medical Establishment. John Duffy.

The Cardiac Sarcoplasm. Recent Advances in Studies on Cardiac Structure and Metabolism, Volume 8. P.‐E. Roy and P. Harris, editors.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

Innovative Medical‐Psychiatric Therapies. R. M. Suinn and R. G. Weigel, editors.

Cyclic Nucleotides in Disease. Benjamin Weiss, editor.

Microbial Drug Resistance. S. Mitsuhashi and H. Hashimoto, editors.
Book Reviews
Authors: PROCITA LEONARD
Published: March 2013

Book reviewed in this article:

The Specific Treatment of Virus Diseases. B. J. Bauer.

Cardiac Adaptation. Recent Advances in Studies on Cardiac Structure and Metabolism, Volume 12. T. Kobayashi, Y. Ito, and G. Rona, editors.

Clinical Neuropharmacology, Volume 2. Harold L. Klawans, editor.
Pharmacology and Pharmacokinetics of Esmolol
Authors: Reynolds Robert D. , Gorczynski Richard J. , Quon Check Y.
Published: March 2013

Esmolol is an ultra‐short‐acting beta‐adrenergic blocking agent that possesses minimal partial agonist activity or direct membrane depressant activity. The short duration of action of esmolol is attributable to rapid enzymatic hydrolysis by red blood cell esterases, forming ASL‐8123 and methanol. Experiments in the constant‐flow‐perfused isolated canine hindlimb indicate that therapeutic (beta blocking) doses of esmolol lack direct vascular effects and alpha‐adrenergic blocking activity and that therapeutic doses do not interfere with vascoconstrictor effects of peripheral sympathetic nerve stimulation. Esmolol produces cardiac electrophysiologic and hemodynamic effects consistent with those of beta blockade. Specifically, esmolol decreases heart rate, depresses atrioventricular nodal conduction, and decreases determinants of myocardial oxygen demand. The beneficial antiarrhythmic and infarct‐size limiting effects of esmolol have been demonstrated in several experimental models. Whereas beta blockers in general are effective in settings of supraventricular arrhythmias, sinus tachycardia, and myocardial ischemia, esmolol provides the added dimension of “titratability.” Thus, the short duration of action of esmolol allows for (1) very rapid titration to a preferred steady‐state level of beta blockade; (2) rapid adjustment to different steady‐state levels of beta blockade, as may be required by changing status of the patient, and (3) rapid disappearance of beta blockade following discontinuation of esmolol infusion, should this be necessary in the event of deleterious cardiac hemodynamic effects. Thus, esmolol is ideally suited for use in the treatment of patients in whom beta blockade is desirable, but in whom level of beta blockade must be very carefully modulated.
Effects of sublethal doses of imidacloprid in malpighian tubules of africanized Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera, Apidae)
Authors: de Almeida Rossi Caroline , Roat Thaisa Cristina , Tavares Daiana Antonia , Cintra‐Socolowski Priscila , Malaspina Osmar
Published: March 2013

In Brazil, imidacloprid is a widely used insecticide on agriculture and can harm bees, which are important pollinators. The active ingredient imidacloprid has action on the nervous system of the insects. However, little has been studied about the actions of the insecticide on nontarget organs of insects, such as the Malpighian tubules that make up the excretory and osmoregulatory system. Hence, in this study, we evaluated the effects of chronic exposure to sublethal doses of imidacloprid in Malpighian tubules of Africanized Apis mellifera. In the tubules of treated bees, we found an increase in the number of cells with picnotic nuclei, the lost of part of the cell into the lumen, and a homogenization of coloring cytoplasm. Furthermore, we observed the presence of cytoplasmic vacuolization. We confirmed the increased occurrence of picnotic nuclei by using the Feulgan reaction, which showed the chromatin compaction was more intense in the tubules of bees exposed to the insecticide. We observed an intensification of the staining of the nucleus with Xylidine Ponceau, further verifying the cytoplasmic negative regions that may indicate autophagic activity. Additionally, immunocytochemistry experiments showed TUNEL positive nuclei in exposed bees, implicating increased cell apoptosis after chronic imidacloprid exposure. In conclusion, our results indicate that very low concentrations of imidacloprid lead to cytotoxic activity in the Malpighian tubules of exposed bees at all tested times for exposure and imply that this insecticide can alter honey bee physiology. Microsc. Res. Tech. 76:552–558, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurogenesis in an Early Protostome Relative: Progenitor Cells in the Ventral Nerve Center of Chaetognath Hatchlings Are Arranged in a Highly Organized Geometrical Pattern
Authors: PEREZ YVAN , RIEGER VERENA , MARTIN ELISE , MÜLLER CARSTEN H.G. , HARZSCH STEFFEN
Published: March 2013

Emerging evidence suggests that Chaetognatha represent an evolutionary lineage that is the sister group to all other Protostomia thus promoting these animals as a pivotal model for our understanding of bilaterian evolutionary history. We have analyzed the proliferation of neuronal progenitor cells in the developing ventral nerve center (VNC) of Spadella cephaloptera hatchlings. To that end, for the first time in Chaetognatha, we performed in vivo incorporation experiments with the S‐phase specific mitosis marker bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). Our experiments provide evidence for a high level of mitotic activity in the VNC for ca. 3 days after hatching. Neurogenesis is carried by presumptive neuronal progenitor cells that cycle rapidly and most likely divide asymmetrically. These progenitors are arranged in a distinct grid‐like geometrical pattern including about 35 transverse rows. Considering Chaetognaths to be an early offshoot of the protostome lineage we conclude that the presence of neuronal progenitor cells with asymmetric division seems to be a feature that is rooted deeply in the Metazoa. In the light of previous evidence indicating the presence of serially iterated peptidergic neurons with individual identities in the chaetognath VNC, we discuss if these neuronal progenitor cells give rise to distinct lineages. Furthermore, we evaluate the serially iterated arrangement of the progenitor cells in the light of evolution of segmentation. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 320B: 179–193, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Corticosteroids in Duchenne muscular dystrophy: Major variations in practice
Authors: Griggs Robert C. , Herr Barbara E. , Reha Allen , Elfring Gary , Atkinson Leone , Cwik Valerie , Mccoll Elaine , Tawil Rabi , Pandya Shree , McDermott Michael P. , Bushby Kate
Published: March 2013

Introduction: In 2004, a Cochrane Review and AAN practice parameter concluded that prednisone 0.75 mg/kg/day is of short‐term efficacy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Subsequent efforts to standardize care for DMD indicated wide variation in corticosteroid use. Methods: We surveyed physicians who follow patients with DMD, including: (1) clinics in the TREAT‐NMD (Translational Research in Europe—Assessment and Treatment of Neuromuscular Diseases) network (predominantly Europe) and (2) U.S. MDA clinic directors. We also documented the co‐administered corticosteroids in a trial of a putative treatment (ataluren) for DMD. Results: Of 105 Treat‐NMD clinicians, corticosteroids were not used in 10 clinics, and 29 different regimens were used—the most frequent 0.75 mg/kg/day prednisone (61 centers); 10 days on/10 days off (36 centers); 0.9 mg/kg/day deflazacort (32 centers); and 5 mg/kg/day on weekends (10 centers). Similar diversity was identified in MDA clinics and in the ataluren trial. Conclusions: Variability in corticosteroid use suggests uncertainty about risks/benefits of corticosteroid regimens for DMD. Muscle Nerve, 2013
Antecedents and Consequences of User Coproduction in Information System Development Projects
Authors: Hsu Jack S. , Hung Yu Wen , Chen Yin-Hung , Huang Hsieh-Hong
Published: March 2013

Based on a coproduction concept highlighted by service-dominant logic, this study attempts to understand the antecedents and consequences of user coproduction in information system development projects. As a key contribution, we posit that user coproduction is influenced by social capital between users and developers; we then postulate that user coproduction determines the project outcomes. Paired data collected from both user representatives and developers by using a survey approach was used to test proposed hypotheses. The results showed that user coproduction has a positively significant influence on project outcomes, and social capital between user representatives and developers is also associated with user coproduction.
New molecular interaction of IIANtr and HPr from Burkholderia pseudomallei identified by X‐ray crystallography and docking studies
Authors: Kim Mi‐Sun , Lee Hasup , Heo Lim , Lim Areum , Seok Chaok , Shin Dong Hae
Published: March 2013

The nitrogen‐related phosphoenolpyruvate phosphotransferase system (PTSNtr) is involved in controlling ammonia assimilation and nitrogen fixation. The additional role of PTSNtr as a regulatory link between nitrogen and carbon utilization in Escherichia coli is assumed to be closely related to molecular functions of IIANtr in potassium homeostasis. We have determined the crystal structure of IIANtr from Burkholderia pseudomallei (BpIIANtr), which is a causative agent of melioidosis. The crystal structure of dimeric BpIIANtr determined at 3.0 Å revealed that its active sites are mutually blocked. This dimeric state is stabilized by charge and weak hydrophobic interactions. Overall monomeric structure and the active site residues, Arg51 and His67, of BpIIANtr are well conserved with those of IIANtr enzymes from E. coli and Neisseria meningitides. Interestingly, His113 of BpIIANtr, which corresponds to a key residue in another phosphoryl group relay in the mannitol‐specific enzyme EIIA family (EIIAMtl), is located away from the active site due to the loop connecting β5 and α3. Combined with other differences in molecular surface properties, these structural signatures distinguish the IIANtr family from the EIIAMtl family. Since, there is no gene for NPr in the chromosome of B. pseudomallei, modeling and docking studies of the BpIIANtr–BpHPr complex has been performed to support the proposal on the NPr‐like activity of BpHPr. A potential dual role of BpHPr as a nonspecific phosphocarrier protein interacting with both sugar EIIAs and IIANtr in B. pseudomallei has been discussed. Proteins 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Identification of Three Movement Phases of the Hand during Lateral and Pulp Pinches Using Video Motion Capture
Authors: Jahn Johanna , Janes William E. , Saheb-Al-Zamani Maryam , Burbank Caitlin M. , Brown Justin M. , Engsberg Jack R.
Published: March 2013

Background

Hand injuries affect a person's ability to engage successfully in activities of daily living (ADLs). Video motion capture (VMC) facilitates measurement of dynamic movement. No study to date has used VMC as a means of quantifying the simultaneous movement patterns of all joints of all digits of the hand during active purposeful movement.

Method

The purpose of this study was to analyze all joints of all five digits during active completion of the lateral and pulp pinches. VMC data were collected from four participants during completion of two pinches. Joint angles were plotted to facilitate identification of movement patterns.

Results

Range of motion recorded in all joints with VMC, excluding flexion of the thumb carpometacarpal of both pinches, coincided with the normative goniometric data. Three phases were observed: initiation, preshaping, and pinch phases. Patterns of movement in all digits were identified for the two pinches.

Conclusion

VMC is a feasible and valid method for objectively quantifying dynamic movement of multiple joints simultaneously. The results provide new insight to the dynamics of hand movement as well as a basis for subsequent evaluations of movement patterns performed in ADLs and instrumental ADLs.
The impact of Regulation (EC) 767/2009 on the practice of feed advertising in Europe
Authors: Kavanagh G. , Pentieva K. , Kennedy J. , Moran C. A.
Published: March 2013

A drive to promote European feed market competitiveness saw the introduction of Regulation (EC) 767/2009 which addresses the placing on the market and use of feed within the European Community. The aim of this study was to determine if the feed industry has changed their advertising practice since the introduction of the Regulation, particularly in reference to Article 13 which sets out the requirements for the use of claims on animal feed. A content analysis of feed material advertisements in nine major EU based feed industry journals, representing all major animal production species, was conducted (n = 822). Relevant advertisements incorporating a time period of one year before and after the enforcement of the Regulation were included. Advertisements were assessed for the level of information provided and the use of claims. The study indicated that there has been a decrease in the provision of information cues on feed advertisements since the Regulation came into being (from 2.5 cues to 1.7 (SEM = 0.56, p < 0.001)). Furthermore, the appearance of certain claims also showed reductions in frequency (reduction in claims relating to improvements in the environmental (χ2 = 4.7, p < 0.05), the nutritional needs of the animal (χ2 = 9.7, p < 0.01) and the effect on the performance of the animal (χ2 = 4.2, p < 0.05)). It is possible that despite the intention to inspire innovation in the food industry, the Regulation may be motivating a more cautious approach to the advertising of feedingstuffs in Europe.
GSC 4019 3345: An A-Type Twin Binary
Authors: Bakış V. , Bakış H. , Eker Z.
Published: March 2013

Physical dimensions and evolutionary status of the A-type twin binary GSC 4019 3345 are presented. Located at a distance of ~1.1 kpc from the Sun, the system was found to have two components with identical masses (M1,2= 1.92 M⊙), radii (R1,2= 1.76 R⊙), and luminosities (logL1,2= 1.1 L⊙) revolving in a circular orbit. Modeling the components with theoretical evolutionary tracks and isochrones implies a young age (t= 280 Myr) for the system, which is bigger than the synchronization time scale but smaller than the circularization time scale. Nevertheless, synthetic spectrum models revealed components’ rotation velocity ofVrot12= 70 km s−1, that is about three times higher than their synchronization velocity. No evidence is found for an age difference between the components.
The Supershell–Molecular Cloud Connection: Large-Scale Stellar Feedback and the Formation of the Molecular ISM
Authors: Dawson J. R.
Published: March 2013

The accumulation, compression, and cooling of the ambient interstellar medium (ISM) in large-scale flows powered by OB cluster feedback can drive the production of dense molecular clouds. We review the current state of the field, with a strong focus on the explicit modelling and observation of the neutral ISM. Magnetohydrodynamic simulations of colliding ISM flows provide a strong theoretical framework in which to view feedback-driven cloud formation, as do models of the gravitational fragmentation of expanding shells. Rapid theoretical developments are accompanied by a growing body of observational work that provides good evidence for the formation of molecular gas via stellar feedback—both in the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The importance of stellar feedback compared with other major astrophysical drivers of dense gas formation remains to be investigated further, and will be an important target for future work.
Why Does the Apple Fall Far from the Tree? How Early Political Socialization Prompts Parent-Child Dissimilarity
Authors: Dinas Elias
Published: March 2013

Children are more likely to adopt their family's political views when politics is important to their parents, and the children of politically engaged parents tend to become politically engaged adults. When these transmission dynamics are considered together, an important hypothesis follows: the children who are most likely to initially acquire the political views of their parents are also most likely to later abandon them as a result of their own engagement with the political world. Data from the Political Socialisation Panel Study provide support for this hypothesis, illuminate its observational implications and shed light on the mechanisms, pointing to the role of new social contexts, political issues and salient political events. Replications using different data from the US and the UK confirm that this dynamic is generalizable to different cohorts and political periods.
FIGURE: EKPHRASIS
Authors: Zeitlin Froma I.
Published: March 2013

Ekphrasis is a slippery topic. Although included in this volume as a rhetorical figure (or figure of speech), its uses and functions far exceed this single classification. Whether defined as a rhetorical exercise, a literary genre (or mode), a narrative digression, a species of description, or a poetic (even metapoetic or meta-representational) technique, the properties associated with ancient ekphrasis are not in doubt. First and foremost are the qualities ofenargeia(vividness),sapheneia(clarity), andphantasia(mental image), which, taken together, aim to turn listeners (or readers) into viewers and to evoke an emotional response through an appeal to the immediacy of an imagined presence. Yet, beyond this brief definition, the word ‘ekphrasis’ immediately ushers us into a whole set of questions regarding its intermedial status in a potential contest between verbal and visual representations, the uses of mimesis with regard to verisimilitude (reality–illusion; truth–fiction), and its cognitive, psychological, and mnemonic values in the cultural expectations of its era. It would not be hyperbole to suggest that no other rhetorical term has aroused such interest in recent years among classicists and non-classicists alike, involving aesthetic considerations, theories of vision, modes of viewing, mental impressions, and the complex relationships between word and image.
FIGURES OF SILENCE IN DIO CHRYSOSTOM'SFIRST TARSIAN ORATION(OR. 33): APOSIOPESIS,PARALEIPSIS, ANDHUPOSIôPêSIS
Authors: Kim Lawrence
Published: March 2013

Dio Chrysostom'sFirst Tarsian Oration(Or.33) is arguably one of his most entertaining works; it is certainly one of the most peculiar. The speech, which some scholars date to the reign of Vespasian (69–79ce) and others to that of Trajan (98–112ce), is addressed to the citizens of Tarsus, a prosperous city in the province of Cilicia in south-eastern Asia Minor. In terms of content and structure, theFirst Tarsianbears less resemblance to the more ‘political’Second Tarsian(Or.34) than to two of Dio's better-known speeches, theRhodian(Or.31) and theAlexandrian(Or.32). In these, as in theFirst Tarsian, Dio severely criticizes his putative addressees – the given city's inhabitants – for practising an activity that he finds reprehensible and symptomatic of deeper moral failings. For the Alexandrians it is their uncontrolled and wanton behaviour at public performances; for the Rhodians their economically profitable but ethically suspect habit of re-dedicating statues by changing their labels. TheFirst Tarsian's similarities with theAlexandrianare particularly striking: both feature a long exordium in which Dio explains why he has decided to blame and chastise, rather than praise, his listeners, followed by a sustained attack on the vice in question that employs a battery of remarkably parallel mythological allusions, rhetorical analogies, and anecdotes.
CHIASMUS IN ART AND TEXT
Authors: Thomas Edmund
Published: March 2013

Sixty years ago, on 25 April 1953, probably the most influential scientific article of the twentieth century appeared. Its uninviting title, ‘Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids: A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid’, concealed the revolutionary discovery by the molecular biologists James Watson and Francis Crick of the structure of what became known as ‘the molecule of life’. The ‘radically different structure’ that they proposed for the salt of deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) had ‘two helical chains each coiled round the same axis’. ‘Both chains’, they wrote, ‘follow right-handed helices, but owing to the dyad the sequences of the atoms in the two chains run in opposite directions.’ When Bruno J. Strasser asked in the same journal fifty years later ‘Who cares about the double helix?’, he answered that it marked ‘an age of (lost) innocence, when youth, intelligence and self-assurance were sufficient to make great discoveries in science’.
VIOLENCE IN COURT: LAW AND RHETORIC IN ATHENIAN AND ENGLISH ASSAULT CASES
Authors: Griffith-Williams Brenda
Published: March 2013

Street fights seem to have been as common in classical Athens as they are in modern cities. One incident, which probably took place a few years after 394bc, involved two rivals for the attentions of a young Plataian, Theodotos, apparently a slave and a rent boy. There was a history of violent disagreement between the opponents, one of whom was a wealthy, middle-aged Athenian citizen whose name we do not know. The other, a (probably) younger man named Simon, claimed to have had a contract with Theodotos for sexual services, which was breached when the older man enticed him away. For the sake of a quiet life, the older man left Athens for a time, taking Theodotos with him, and did not come back until he thought Simon would have forgotten about the boy. But not long after their return there was another fight, accounts of which conflicted sharply. According to Simon, the older man went to his house threatening to kill him, and attacked him with some broken pottery, causing a serious head wound. The older man's story was that Simon and his friends got drunk over lunch, then lay in wait near the house where he and Theodotos were inside, and jumped on them as they came out. After a chase through the streets, the incident developed into a general mêlée in which everyone ended up with a broken head. The older man claimed that he had considered prosecuting Simon for assault, but had been too embarrassed and fearful of damaging his reputation. Four years later, though, Simon prosecutedhimfortrauma ek pronoias, which we may tentatively translate as ‘intentional wounding’.
THE RECEPTION AND CONSUMPTION OF EASTERN GOODS IN ROMAN SOCIETY
Authors: Cobb Matthew Adam
Published: March 2013

The Roman Empire received goods from eastern lands through a variety of overland routes crossing the Arabian Peninsula and Mesopotamia, and through seaborne trade via the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. In particular, the sea routes that utilized the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean enabled a significant volume of goods to be imported from the East on ships that may often have been of several hundred tons' capacity. The scale of the trade was significant enough for Pliny to claim that 100 million sesterces were being sent annually to India, China, and Arabia. The veracity of these figures has come in for some debate, especially with the publication of a document known as the Muziris Papyrus, which reveals that a shipment of nard, ivory, and textiles received at one of the Egyptian Red Sea ports in the second centuryadwas valued at the equivalent of roughly 7 million sesterces. It is nevertheless clear, particularly from the archaeological and numismatic evidence, that Roman trade with the East peaked in the first and second centuriesad,followed by subsequent decline and a limited revival in the Late Roman period.
Greek Literature
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: March 2013

Richmond Lattimore's translation of theIliadwas first published in 1951, to great acclaim: ‘The feat is so decisive that it is reasonable to foresee a century or so in which nobody will try again to put theIliadin English verse.’ That testimonial is reproduced on the back cover of the latest reprint, even though Robert Fitzgerald falsified his own prophecy less than a quarter of a century later. Richard Martin's introduction ends by comparing Lattimore's rendering of 9.319–27 with three older and three more recent verse translations. Lattimore's superiority to Fitzgerald, Fagles, and Lombardo emerges clearly – but that's in a short excerpt. I've always felt a stiffness, and a lack of variety and narrative drive, in Lattimore's version that makes it intolerable for reading at length. In a long epic, that's a serious failing.
Roman History
Authors: Levick B. M.
Published: March 2013

Bravely stepping into the arena, we first tackle Paul J. Burton'sFriendship and Empire, which strikes a blow for the Romans, though he disclaims participation in the ‘defensive/offensive’ imperialism debate. He uses theory, the comparatively optimistic I(nternational) R(elations) Constructivism rather than IR (Neo-)Realism, though without abandoning the latter completely, to show that Roman foreign relations in his period were conceived in terms ofamicitiarather than of Ernst Badian'sclientela; and, more importantly, that language has an impact on how we construct global realities. History matters, and Roman diplomatic concepts should be considered on their own terms. Once individual friendship and its uncertainties and dissolution have been analysed, three empirical core chapters follow, which apply theory to cases in the categories of ‘Beginnings’, with discussion ofsocii,deditiovoluntary and involuntary, andfides; ‘Duties’ (cf.le don); and ‘Breakdown and Dissolution’ (usually simultaneous). This sensitive contribution is detailed and persuasive, though least strong on breakdown. Look at the outbreak of the Third Punic War: the Romans were disturbed by an ‘internal unilateral adjustment in status-perception’ (323). Action spoke louder than fair words.
A modified method for assessment of the morphological stage of development as a predictor of alfalfa herbage chemical composition and nutritive value
Authors: BOŽIČKOVIĆ A. , GRUBIĆ G. , VERBIČ J. , ŽNIDARŠIČ T. , DJORDJEVIĆ N. , STOJANOVIĆ B.
Published: March 2013

The aim of the current work was to investigate the possibility of modifying the existing mean stage by weight (MSW) system for evaluating the average development stage in alfalfa. The modification was performed with the aim of providing a simplified system that may be used to evaluate the alfalfa development stage and to predict its nutritive value for ruminants. The suggested modification consists of designating an MSW value on the basis of the fresh weight of all morphological stages in a fresh green plant, as opposed to the original method which is based on weighing all morphological stages dried at 65 °C. The investigation was done on 141 samples of one alfalfa cultivar, collected from the same location during the first three growth cycles: spring growth, the first and the second regrowth. On all collected samples the following characteristics were determined: MSW, modified MSW (mean stage by fresh weight (MSFW)), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), acid detergent lignin (ADL), crude ash (CA) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). For these characteristics of chemical composition (apart from CA) and nutritive value the regressions were calculated for their prediction based on MSW and MSFW. The regressions were derived for individual growth cycles and all cycles combined. A trend for an increase in the coefficient of determination (R2) was identified as well as a decrease in root-mean-square error (RMSE) for all equations derived for all investigated characteristics from the spring growth to the second regrowth. A deviation from this trend was observed only in equations derived for IVOMD. A very high correlation was observed between MSW and MSFW (r=0·999). The determined R2 and RMSE were very similar within the same growth cycle in all regressions for prediction of chemical composition and nutritive value derived for MSW and MSFW. Based on the results of this investigation the MSFW appears to be a quick and accurate method for determining the average development stage in alfalfa which can therefore be recommended for both scientific research and practical field use, as well as for prediction of its chemical composition and nutritive value.
KNOWLEDGE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES AND SEXUAL BEHAVIOURS AMONG MALAYSIAN MALE YOUTHS
Authors: AWANG HALIMAH , WONG LI PING , JANI ROHANA , LOW WAH YUN
Published: March 2013

This study examines the knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among male youths in Malaysia. A self-administered survey was carried out on a sample of 952 never-married males aged 15–24 years. The respondents were asked about their knowledge of STDs, how these diseases get transmitted and their sexual behaviours. The data showed that 92% of the respondents knew of at least one STD (syphilis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia, herpes, genital warts, yeast infection, trichomoniasis or HIV/AIDS). About 95% of them knew of at least one method of STD transmission. Urban and tertiary-educated male youths showed a substantially higher proportion of awareness of STDs and transmission methods compared with their rural and less-educated counterparts. The data also indicated that 10% of the study sample admitted to having had sexual experiences. There were still a large proportion of the respondents who were not aware of STDs other than syphilis and HIV/AIDS and the means of transmission, such as multiple sex partners, including those who claimed to be sexually active. Thus there is a need for more concerted efforts to disseminate information on STDs and transmission methods to a wider audience in Malaysia, especially youths in rural areas.