bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Construction of Probabilistic Boolean Networks from a Prescribed Transition Probability Matrix: A Maximum Entropy Rate Approach
Authors: Chen Xi , Ching Wai-Ki , Chen Xiao-Shan , Cong Yang , Tsing Nam-Kiu
Published: November 2010

Modeling genetic regulatory networks is an important problem in genomic research. Boolean Networks (BNs) and their extensions Probabilistic Boolean Networks (PBNs) have been proposed for modeling genetic regulatory interactions. In a PBN, its steady-state distribution gives very important information about the long-run behavior of the whole network. However, one is also interested in system synthesis which requires the construction of networks. The inverse problem is ill-posed and challenging, as there may be many networks or no network having the given properties, and the size of the problem is huge. The construction of PBNs from a given transition-probability matrix and a given set of BNs is an inverse problem of huge size. We propose a maximum entropy approach for the above problem. Newton's method in conjunction with the Conjugate Gradient (CG) method is then applied to solving the inverse problem. We investigate the convergence rate of the proposed method. Numerical examples are also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed method.
A Convex and Exact Approach to Discrete Constrained TV-L1 Image Approximation
Authors: Yuan Jing , Shi Juan , Tai Xue-Cheng
Published: November 2010

We study the TV-L1 image approximation model from primal and dual perspective, based on a proposed equivalent convex formulations. More specifically, we apply a convex TV-L1 based approach to globally solve the discrete constrained optimization problem of image approximation, where the unknown image function u(x) ∈ {f1,…,fn}, ∀x ∈ Ω. We show that the TV-L1 formulation does provide an exact convex relaxation model to the non-convex optimization problem considered. This result greatly extends recent studies of Chan et al., from the simplest binary constrained case to the general gray-value constrained case, through the proposed rounding scheme. In addition, we construct a fast multiplier-based algorithm based on the proposed primal-dual model, which properly avoids variability of the concerning TV-L1 energy function. Numerical experiments validate the theoretical results and show that the proposed algorithm is reliable and effective.
An Extension of the COCR Method to Solving Shifted Linear Systems with Complex Symmetric Matrices
Authors: Sogabe Tomohiro , Zhang Shao-Liang
Published: November 2010

The Conjugate Orthogonal Conjugate Residual (COCR) method [T. Sogabe and S.-L. Zhang, JCAM, 199 (2007), pp. 297-303.] has recently been proposed for solving complex symmetric linear systems. In the present paper, we develop a variant of the COCR method that allows the efficient solution of complex symmetric shifted linear systems. Some numerical examples arising from large-scale electronic structure calculations are presented to illustrate the performance of the variant.
Mass tracking for chemical analysis: the causes of ozone formation in southern Ontario during BAQS-Met 2007
Authors: Makar P. A. , Zhang J. , Gong W. , Stroud C. , Sills D. , Hayden K. L. , Brook J. , Levy I. , Mihele C. , Moran M. D. , Tarasick D. W. , He H. , Plummer D.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. A three-level nested regional air pollution model has been used to study the processes leading to high ozone concentrations in the southern Great Lakes region of North America. The highest resolution simulations show that complex interactions between the lake-breeze circulation and the synoptic flow lead to significant enhancements in the photochemical production and transport of ozone at the local scale. Mass tracking of individual model processes show that Lakes Erie and St. Clair frequently act as photochemical ozone production regions, with average mid-day production rates of up to 3 ppbv per hour. Enhanced ozone levels are evident over these two lakes in 23-day-average surface ozone fields. Analysis of other model fields and aircraft measurements suggests that vertical circulation enhances ozone levels at altitudes up to 1500 m over Lake St. Clair, whereas subsidence enhances ozone over Lake Erie in a shallow layer only 250 m deep. Mass tracking of model transport shows that lake-breeze surface convergence zones combined with the synoptic flow can then carry ozone and its precursors hundreds of kilometers from these source areas, in narrow, elongated features. Comparison with surface mesonet ozone observations confirm the presence, magnitude, and timing of these features, which can create local ozone enhancements on the order of 30 ppbv above the regional ozone levels. Sensitivity analyses of model-predicted ozone and HOx concentrations show that most of the region is VOC-limited, and that the secondary oxidation pathways of aromatic hydrocarbons have a key role in setting the region's ozone and HOx levels.
Observations of ozone production in a dissipating tropical convective cell during TC4
Authors: Morris G. A. , Thompson A. M. , Pickering K. E. , Chen S. , Bucsela E. J. , Kucera P. A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. From 13 July–9 August 2007, 25 ozonesondes were launched from Las Tablas, Panama as part of the Tropical Composition, Cloud, and Climate Coupling (TC4) mission. On 5 August, a strong convective cell formed in the Gulf of Panama. World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) data indicated 563 flashes (09:00–17:00 UTC) in the Gulf. NO2 data from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) show enhancements, suggesting lightning production of NOx. At 15:05 UTC, an ozonesonde ascended into the southern edge of the now dissipating convective cell as it moved west across the Azuero Peninsula. The balloon oscillated from 2.5–5.1 km five times (15:12–17:00 UTC), providing a unique examination of ozone (O3) photochemistry on the edge of a convective cell. Ozone increased at a rate of ~1.6–4.6 ppbv/hr between the first and last ascent, resulting cell wide in an increase of ~(2.1–2.5) × 106 moles of O3. This estimate agrees to within a factor of two of our estimates of photochemical lightning O3 production from the WWLLN flashes, from the radar-inferred lightning flash data, and from the OMI NO2 data (~1.2, ~1.0, and ~1.7 × 106 moles, respectively), though all estimates have large uncertainties. Examination of DC-8 in situ and lidar O3 data gathered around the Gulf that day suggests 70–97% of the O3 change occurred in 2.5–5.1 km layer. A photochemical box model initialized with nearby TC4 aircraft trace gas data suggests these O3 production rates are possible with our present understanding of photochemistry.
Quantifying the uncertainties of a bottom-up emission inventory of anthropogenic atmospheric pollutants in China
Authors: Zhao Y. , Nielsen C. P. , Lei Y. , McElroy M. B. , Hao J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The uncertainties of a national, bottom-up inventory of Chinese emissions of anthropogenic SO2, NOx, and particulate matter (PM) of different size classes and carbonaceous species are comprehensively quantified, for the first time, using Monte Carlo simulation. The inventory is structured by seven dominant sectors: coal-fired electric power, cement, iron and steel, other industry (boiler combustion), other industry (non-combustion processes), transportation, and residential. For each parameter related to emission factors or activity-level calculations, the uncertainties, represented as probability distributions, are either statistically fitted using results of domestic field tests or, when these are lacking, estimated based on foreign or other domestic data. The uncertainties (i.e., 95% confidence intervals around the central estimates) of Chinese emissions of SO2, NOx, total PM, PM10, PM2.5, black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) in 2005 are estimated to be −14%~12%, −10%~36%, −10%~36%, −12%~42% −16%~52%, −23%~130%, and −37%~117%, respectively. Variations at activity levels (e.g., energy consumption or industrial production) are not the main source of emission uncertainties. Due to narrow classification of source types, large sample sizes, and relatively high data quality, the coal-fired power sector is estimated to have the smallest emission uncertainties for all species except BC and OC. Due to poorer source classifications and a wider range of estimated emission factors, considerable uncertainties of NOx and PM emissions from cement production and boiler combustion in other industries are found. The probability distributions of emission factors for biomass burning, the largest source of BC and OC, are fitted based on very limited domestic field measurements, and special caution should thus be taken interpreting these emission uncertainties. Although Monte Carlo simulation yields narrowed estimates of uncertainties compared to previous bottom-up emission studies, the results are not always consistent with those derived from satellite observations. The results thus represent an incremental research advance; while the analysis provides current estimates of uncertainty to researchers investigating Chinese and global atmospheric transport and chemistry, it also identifies specific needs in data collection and analysis to improve on them. Strengthened quantification of emissions of the included species and other, closely associated ones – notably CO2, generated largely by the same processes and thus subject to many of the same parameter uncertainties – is essential not only for science but for the design of policies to redress critical atmospheric environmental hazards at local, regional, and global scales.
Space-based evaluation of interactions between pollution plumes and low-level Arctic clouds during the spring and summer of 2008
Authors: Tietze K. , Riedi J. , Stohl A. , Garrett T. J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. This study explores the indirect effects of anthropogenic and biomass burning aerosols on Arctic clouds by co-locating a combination of MODIS and POLDER cloud products with output from the FLEXPART tracer transport model. During the activities of the International Polar Year for the Spring and Summer of 2008, we find a high sensitivity of Arctic cloud radiative properties to both anthropogenic and biomass burning pollution plumes, particularly at air temperatures near freezing or potential temperatures near 286 K. However, the sensitivity is much lower at both colder and warmer temperatures, likely due increases in the wet scavenging of cloud condensation nuclei: the pollution plumes remain but the component that influences clouds has been removed along transport pathways. The analysis shows that, independent of temperature, cloud optical depth is approximately four times more sensitive to changes in pollution levels than is cloud effective radius. This suggests that some form of feedback mechanism amplifies the radiative response of Arctic clouds to pollution through changes in cloud liquid water path.
Seasonal stratospheric intrusion of ozone in the upper troposphere over India
Authors: Fadnavis S. , Chakraborty T. , Beig G.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The Model for Ozone and Related chemical Tracers-2 (MOZART-2) is used to examine the evolution of pollutant O3 in the upper troposphere over the Indian region. Vertical profiles of ozone mixing ratio retrieved from Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) aboard Earth Observing System (EOS) AURA satellite for the period 2005–2009 and Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) aboard (EOS) AURA for the period 2006–2007 has been analyzed. The satellite observations reveal the evidence of downward propagation of ozone (100–200 ppb) due to stratospheric intrusion during the winter and pre-monsoon seasons. The regular feature of enhancement of ozone in the upper troposphere over India is presented. Results obtained by the MOZART-2 simulations (for years 2000–2005) confirm the observations and indicate stratospheric intrusion of O3 during winter and pre-monsoon seasons. Observed enhanced O3 mixing ratio in the upper troposphere is explained by, variation of Potential Vorticity (PV), tropopause pressure, relative humidity and CO-O3 correlation.
MEGAPOLI: concept of multi-scale modelling of megacity impact on air quality and climate
Authors: Baklanov A. , Lawrence M. , Pandis S. , Mahura A. , Finardi S. , Moussiopoulos N. , Beekmann M. , Laj P. , Gomes L. , Jaffrezo J.-L. , Borbon A. , Coll I. , Gros V. , Sciare J. , Kukkonen J. , Galmarini S. , Giorgi F. , Grimmond S. , Esau I. , Stohl A. , Denby B. , Wagner T. , Butler T. , Baltensperger U. , Builtjes P. , van den Hout D. , van der Gon H. D. , Collins B. , Schluenzen H. , Kulmala M. , Zilitinkevich S. , Sokhi R. , Friedrich R. , Theloke J. , Kummer U. , Jalkinen L. , Halenka T. , Wiedensholer A. , Pyle J. , Rossow W. B.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The EU FP7 Project MEGAPOLI: "Megacities: Emissions, urban, regional and Global Atmospheric POLlution and climate effects, and Integrated tools for assessment and mitigation" (http://megapoli.info) brings together leading European research groups, state-of-the-art scientific tools and key players from non-European countries to investigate the interactions among megacities, air quality and climate. MEGAPOLI bridges the spatial and temporal scales that connect local emissions, air quality and weather with global atmospheric chemistry and climate. The suggested concept of multi-scale integrated modelling of megacity impact on air quality and climate and vice versa is discussed in the paper. It requires considering different spatial and temporal dimensions: time scales from seconds and hours (to understand the interaction mechanisms) up to years and decades (to consider the climate effects); spatial resolutions: with model down- and up-scaling from street- to global-scale; and two-way interactions between meteorological and chemical processes.
Air-Sea CO2 fluxes on the Scotian Shelf: seasonal to multi-annual variability
Authors: Shadwick E. H. , Thomas H. , Comeau A. , Craig S. E. , Hunt C. W. , Salisbury J. E.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. We develop an algorithm to compute pCO2 in the Scotian Shelf region (NW Atlantic) from satellite-based estimates of chlorophyll-a concentration, sea-surface temperature, and observed wind speed. This algorithm is based on a high-resolution time-series of pCO2 observations from an autonomous mooring. At the mooring location (44.3° N and 63.3° W), the surface waters act as a source of CO2 to the atmosphere over the annual scale, with an outgassing of −1.1 mol C m−2 yr−1 in 2007/2008. A hindcast of air-sea CO2 fluxes from 1999 to 2008 reveals significant variability both spatially and from year to year. Over the decade, the shelf-wide annual air-sea fluxes range from an outgassing of −1.70 mol C m−2 yr−1 in 2002, to −0.02 mol C m−2 yr−1 in 2006. There is a gradient in the air-sea CO2 flux between the northeastern Cabot Strait region which acts as a net sink of CO2 with an annual uptake of 0.50 to 1.00 mol C m−2 yr−1, and the southwestern Gulf of Maine region which acts as a source ranging from −0.80 to −2.50 mol C m−2 yr−1. There is a decline, or a negative trend, in the air-sea pCO2 gradient of 23 μatm over the decade, which can be explained by a cooling of 1.3 °C over the same period. Regional conditions govern spatial, seasonal, and interannual variability on the Scotian Shelf, while multi-annual trends appear to be influenced by larger scale processes.
Seasonal and long-term changes in pH in the Dutch coastal zone
Authors: Provoost P. , van Heuven S. , Soetaert K. , Laane R. W. P. M. , Middelburg J. J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Recent observations and modelling studies suggest that biogeochemical changes can mask atmospheric CO2-induced pH decreases. Data collected by the Dutch monitoring authorities in different coastal systems (North Sea, Wadden Sea, Ems-Dollard, Eastern Scheldt and Scheldt estuary) since 1975 provide an excellent opportunity to test whether this is the case in the Dutch coastal zone. The time-series were analysed using Multi-Resolution Analysis (MRA) which resulted in the identification of system-dependent patterns on both seasonal and intra-annual time scales. The observed rates of pH change greatly exceed those expected from enhanced CO2 uptake, thus suggesting that other biogeochemical processes, possibly related to changes in nutrient loading, can play a dominant role in ocean acidification.
Calcifying invertebrates succeed in a naturally CO2-rich coastal habitat but are threatened by high levels of future acidification
Authors: Thomsen J. , Gutowska M. A. , Saphörster J. , Heinemann A. , Trübenbach K. , Fietzke J. , Hiebenthal C. , Eisenhauer A. , Körtzinger A. , Wahl M. , Melzner F.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. CO2 emissions are leading to an acidification of the oceans. Predicting marine community vulnerability towards acidification is difficult, as adaptation processes cannot be accounted for in most experimental studies. Naturally CO2 enriched sites thus can serve as valuable proxies for future changes in community structure. Here we describe a natural analogue site in the Western Baltic Sea. Seawater pCO2 in Kiel Fjord is elevated for large parts of the year due to upwelling of CO2 rich waters. Peak pCO2 values of >230 Pa (>2300 μatm) and pHNBS values of <7.5 are encountered during summer and autumn, average pCO2 values are ~70 Pa (~700 μatm). In contrast to previously described naturally CO2 enriched sites that have suggested a progressive displacement of calcifying auto- and heterotrophic species, the macrobenthic community in Kiel Fjord is dominated by calcifying invertebrates. We show that blue mussels from Kiel Fjord can maintain control rates of somatic and shell growth at a pCO2 of 142 Pa (1400 μatm, pHNBS = 7.7). Juvenile mussel recruitment peaks during the summer months, when high water pCO2 values of ~100 Pa (~1000 μatm) prevail. Our findings indicate that calcifying keystone species may be able to cope with surface ocean pHNBS values projected for the end of this century when food supply is sufficient. However, owing to non-linear synergistic effects of future acidification and upwelling of corrosive water, peak seawater pCO2 in Kiel Fjord and many other productive estuarine habitats could increase to values >400 Pa (>4000 μatm). These changes will most likely affect calcification and recruitment, and increase external shell dissolution.
An assessment of future extreme precipitation in western Norway using a linear model
Authors: Caroletti G. N. , Barstad I.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. A Linear Model (Smith and Barstad, 2004) was used to dynamically downscale Orographic Precipitation over western Norway from twelve General Circulation Model simulations. The GCM simulations come from the A1B emissions scenario in IPCC's 2007 AR4 report. An assessment of the changes to future Orographic Precipitation (time periods: 2046–2065 and 2081–2100) versus the historical control period (1971–2000) was performed. Results showed increases in the number of Orographic Precipitation days and in Orographic Precipitation intensity. Extreme precipitation events, as defined by events that exceede the 99.5%-ile threshold for intensity for the considered period, were found to be up to 20% more intense in future time periods when compared to 1971–2000 values. Using station-based observations from the control period, the results from downscaling could be used to generate simulated precipitation histograms at selected stations. The Linear Model approach also allowed for simulated changes in precipitation to be disaggregated according to their causal source: (a) the role of topography and (b) changes to the amount of moisture delivery to the site. The latter could be additionaly separated into moisture content changes due to the following: (i) temperature, (ii) wind speed, and (iii) stability. An analysis of these results suggested a strong role of moist stability and warming in the increasing intensity of extreme Orographic Precipitation events in the area.
Modeling for transboundary water resources planning and allocation: the case of Southern Africa
Authors: Juízo D. , Lidén R.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. International water resources agreements for transboundary rivers in southern Africa are generally founded in system analysis models for water planning and allocation. The Water Resources Yield Model (WRYM) developed in South Africa has so far been the only model applied in official joint water resources studies aimed to form water-sharing agreements. The continuous discussion around the model performance and growing distress over it being South African, where it was originally developed, while South Africa is one of the interested parties in the process, results in an increased controversy over the system analysis results that are often only meant to guide in selecting the options for water resources management in a given set of scenarios. The objective of this study was therefore to assess the model performance of two other models; WAFLEX and WEAP21 in the Umbeluzi River Basin system where the WRYM was previously applied as part of a Joint River Basin Study. A set of basin development scenarios was equally tested in the three models and the results compared. The results show that the three models all are possible tools for system analysis of river basins in southern Africa, although the structure and complexity of the models are different. The obtained level of satisfaction for specific water users could, however, vary depending on which model was used, which causes uncertainties. The reason for the diverse results is the structurally different ways of describing allocation and prioritization of water in the three models. However, the large degrees of freedom in all system models cause even larger uncertainty in the results since the model developer can, intentionally or unintentionally, direct the results to favor certain water user. The conclusion of this study is therefore that the choice of model does not per se affect the decision of best water allocation and infrastructure layout of a shared river basin. The chosen allocation and prioritization principles for the specific river basin and the model developer's experience and integrity are more important factors to find the optimal and equitable allocation.
Exchange between a river and groundwater, assessed with hydrochemical data
Authors: Hoehn E. , Scholtis A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. We describe the chemical composition of groundwater from an alluvial granular aquifer in a valley fill flood plain (River Thur Valley). The aim of this work is to investigate the chemical processes, which are necessary to manage groundwater quality during river restorations. The river flows along this valley and is mostly downwelling on its way, indirectly through an unsaturated zone in the upstream part, and directly through the water-saturated bed in the downstream part. River Thur has been channelized with barriers for more than a century. Since 1992, the authorities started to restore sections of River Thur with river-bed enlargements. Several wells near the river draw groundwater, which is partly to mainly recharged by bank filtration. Many alpine and perialpine rivers have a total mineralization in the order of 200–400 mg L−1 and the chemical composition of the main constituents is of a Ca-Mg-HCO3-(NO3) type. The groundwater composition changes with increasing distance from the downwelling river and with increasing depth in the aquifer. The groundwater body consists of a mixture of groundwater from the seepage of precipitation and from river-bank filtration. The main difference between river water and groundwater results from the microbial activity in river-bed and bank materials. This activity leads to a consumption of O2 and to a higher partial pressure in CO2 in the groundwater. A spatial distribution of different groundwater types was established with geochemical mapping of concentration data, and with fluid logging. Criteria for the distinction of different groundwater compositions are the distance of a well from the river and the subsurface residence time of the groundwater to reach this well. Some of the groundwater has a very short residence time in the subsurface of days to weeks, and some of months to years. Groundwater in the River Thur valley aquifer is not pristine. The land use in the flood plain and the seasonal and climatic conditions (e.g., hot dry summer 2003) result in alterations of the natural geochemical groundwater composition. Time-series measurements of nitrate (from agricultural impact in the catchment) and chloride showed temporal changes in groundwater composition. Bed enlargements in river corridors can lead to a reduction of groundwater residence times and to an increase of riverbank filtration in nearby wells, which increases their contamination risk.
Use of rare earth oxides as tracers to identify sediment source areas for agricultural hillslopes
Authors: Deasy C. , Quinton J. N.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. Understanding sediment sources is essential to enable more effective targeting of in-field mitigation approaches to reduce diffuse pollution from agricultural land. In this paper we report on the application of rare earth element oxides to arable soils at hillslope scale in order to determine sediment source areas and their relative importance, using a non-intrusive method of surface spraying. Runoff, sediments and rare earth elements lost from four arable hillslope lengths at a site in the UK with clay soils were monitored from three rainfall events after tracer application. Measured erosion rates were low, reflecting the typical event conditions occurring at the site, and less than 1% of the applied REO tracers were recovered, which is consistent with the results of comparable studies. Tracer recovery at the base of the hillslope was able to indicate the relative importance of different hillslope sediment source areas, which were found to be consistent between events. The principal source of eroded sediments was the upslope area, implying that the wheel tracks were principally conduits for sediment transport, and not highly active sites of erosion. Mitigation treatments for sediment losses from arable hillslopes should therefore focus on methodologies for trapping mobile sediments within wheel track areas through increasing surface roughness or reducing the connectivity of sediment transport processes.
Rapid changes of the ice mass configuration in the dynamic Diablotins ice cave – Fribourg Prealps, Switzerland
Authors: Morard S. , Bochud M. , Delaloye R.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The Gouffre des Diablotins is a deep cave system located in the Swiss Prealps. In 1991, the lower entrance zone of the cave was almost free of ice. Nevertheless the ice volume sharply increased in 1994, plugging almost totally the gallery from the lower entrance. The ice cave has also experienced a flood period between 1996 and 2007 and very heterogeneous ice surface morphologies and textures have formed. Continuous cave climate measurements initiated in 2009 showed the predominant role of winter atmospheric air conditions to drive both the efficiency of chimney-effect air circulation and seasonal modifications of the ice mass. The main part of the ice loss is currently due to sublimation in wintertime.
International expansion of the chilean wine industry: ann empirical study concerning the factors and exportation level
Authors:   Universidad Andrés Bello. Facultad de Economía y Empresas. C/Pastor Fernández Concha 700, Las Condes, (Santiago de Chile-Chile). E-mail: s.liberman@uandresbello.edu, Liberman Sammy , Baena Verónica ,   Universidad Europea de Madrid. Departamento de Empresa. C/Tajo, s/n. Urb. El Bosque 28670-Villaviciosa de Odón (Madrid). E-mail: verónica.baena@uem.es, Moreno Fátima ,   Universidad Europea de Madrid. Departamento de Empresa. C/Tajo, s/n. Urb. El Bosque 28670-Villaviciosa de Odón (Madrid). E-mail: mfatima.moreno@uem.es
Published: November 2010

This study proposes a set of variables which are decisive in the international expansion of the Chilean Wine Industry: i) company size; ii) quality management; iii) communication and information technologies; iv) international management planning; and finally, v) implementation of the international marketing strategy. Results based on data between 2004 and 2007 allow to confirm six of the seven formulated hypotheses. The implications of these findings for theory and practice are discussed, as well as the main limitations. Finally, we offer some recommendations for further research.
Innovation, public funding and company size
Authors: Vila Alonso Mercedes , Ferro Soto Carlos ,   Profesor Titular de Organización de Empresas de la Universidad de Vigo. Universidad de Vigo – Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales - Campus Lagoas-Marconsende - 36310 Vigo - Pontevedra , E-mail: cferro@uvigo.es, Guisado González Manuel
Published: November 2010

From the microinformation of the "survey on technological innovation 1998-2000" a database is constructed by the manufacturing Spanish companies that realize activities of innovation. Subsequently, by testing Pearson Chi-square and Mann-Whitney, test whether the size of companies influences the participation of innovative manufacturing companies in the systems of public support for innovation as well as the address of that conditioning. In this regard, the contrasts made indicate that the variable size is related to the variable public funding, and which are the larger companies which benefit most from public support for innovation.
Prioritizing “Psychological” Consequences for Disaster Preparedness and Response: A Framework for Addressing the Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Effects of Patient Surge in Large-Scale Disasters
Authors: Meredith Lisa S. , Eisenman David P. , Tanielian Terri , Taylor Stephanie L. , Basurto-Davila Ricardo , Zazzali James , Diamond Dickson , Cienfuegos Barbara , Shields Sandra
Published: November 2010

While information for the medical aspects of disaster surge is increasingly available, there is little guidance for health care facilities on how to manage the psychological aspects of large-scale disasters that might involve a surge of psychological casualties. In addition, no models are available to guide the development of training curricula to address these needs. This article describes 2 conceptual frameworks to guide hospitals and clinics in managing such consequences. One framework was developed to understand the antecedents of psychological effects or “psychological triggers” (restricted movement, limited resources, limited information, trauma exposure, and perceived personal or family risk) that cause the emotional, behavioral, and cognitive reactions following large-scale disasters. Another framework, adapted from the Donabedian quality of care model, was developed to guide appropriate disaster response by health care facilities in addressing the consequences of reactions to psychological triggers. This framework specifies structural components (internal organizational structure and chain of command, resources and infrastructure, and knowledge and skills) that should be in place before an event to minimize consequences. The framework also specifies process components (coordination with external organizations, risk assessment and monitoring, psychological support, and communication and information sharing) to support evidence-informed interventions.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:73-80)
Theoretical approaches to the temperature and zero‐point motion effects on the electronic band structure
Authors: Gonze X. , Boulanger P. , Côté M.
Published: November 2010

The modifications of the electronic band structure of solids due to electron‐phonon interactions (temperature and zero‐point motion effects) have been explored by Manuel Cardona from both the experimental and theoretical sides. In the present contribution, we focus on the theoretical approaches to such effects. Although the situation has improved since the seventies, the wish for a fully developed theory (and associated efficient implementations) is not yet fulfilled. We review noticeable semi‐empirical and first‐principle studies, with a special emphasis on the Allen‐Heine‐Cardona (AHC) approach. We then focus on the non‐diagonal Debye‐Waller contribution, appearing beyond the rigid‐ion approximation, in a Density‐Functional Theory (DFT) approach. A numerical study shows that they can be sizeable (10%–50%) for diatomic molecules. We also present the basic idea of a new formalism, based on Density‐Functional Perturbation Theory, that allows one to avoid the sums over a large number of empty states, and speed up the calculation by one order of magnitude, compared to the straightforward implementation of the AHC approach within DFT.
Sorption properties of wood impregnated with aqueous solution of boric acid and montan wax emulsion
Authors: Lesar Boštjan , Straže Aleš , Humar Miha
Published: November 2010

Nonbiocidal techniques for wood protection have become more and more important in the last few years. One of the possible treatments to enhance wood durability is use of water repellents. In this research, the influence of one of the possible water repellents, the montan wax emulsion, on the moisturizing and the sorption characteristics of impregnated wood was investigated. To achieve a better protection against wood decay fungi, wood was impregnated with montan wax emulsion enriched with boric acid. The equilibrium moisture content (MC) was monitored during the adsorption and the desorption processes at five levels of relative air humidity (RH1 = 20%, RH2 = 33%, RH3 = 65%, RH4 = 88%, and RH5 = 98%). Water repellence efficiency was monitored in the chamber with high RH (87%) and during dipping in the water. Impregnated samples were also exposed outdoors in a covered position for 5 months to determine MC changes according to changes in outdoor humidity and temperature. The results showed that the sorption properties of the impregnated wood are strongly related to retention of preservative solutions after impregnation and its composition. Montan wax reduced equilibrium MC of the impregnated wood up to 25% (relatively), whereas specimens impregnated with combination of montan wax and boric acid resulted in decreased MC in some cases and in increased MC in some cases. The Guggenheim–Andersen–deBoer model of sorption isotherms was fitted to experimental data to explain the sorption mechanisms. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
MMA bulk polymerization and its influence on in situ resin viscosity comparing several chemorheological models
Authors: Teyssandier F. , Love B. J.
Published: November 2010

Earlier published rheological data of methyl methacrylate (MMA) heated and isothermally polymerized at temperatures between 50 and 80°C have been reanalyzed using three semiempirical models of viscosity advancement including a modified Boltzmann sigmoidal model, a microgel model for cure, and a first‐order isothermal kinetic model. These alternative models possessed few fitting parameters and could be used without requiring more experiments to be run. For each dataset as a function of temperature, the analysis resolved time constants associated with both the induction time for polymerization and the rate of viscosity rise, which were inversely related to the polymerization temperature. We found the sigmoidal model the most robust to accommodate nonlinearities in viscosity advancement with radical polymerization of MMA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers prepared by in situ polymerization
Authors: Zhou Hua , Tang Xueyuan , Dong Yanming , Chen Lifu , Zhang Litong , Wang Wenrong , Xiong Xiaopeng
Published: November 2010

Multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were mixed with polyacrylonitrile (PAN) by in situ polymerization or by mechanically mixing. The mixtures were then wet‐spun into fibers, respectively. The effects of mixing method on the interfacial bonding between the components in the fibers and the properties of the fiber were investigated by Raman spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, and tensile strength testing. By in situ polymerization mixing, a thin layer of PAN molecules is observed to cover the surface of the CNT, which increases the diameter of CNT evidently. Results of Raman spectroscopy indicate that the layer of PAN molecules are strongly attached onto the surface of CNT through grafting polymerization, leading to strong chemical bonding between CNTs and PAN matrix in the obtained fibers. In contrast, no obvious chemical interactions are observed between them in the fibers prepared by mechanically mixing. In both cases, the CNTs have significantly strengthened the PAN fibers. However, the fibers prepared from in situ polymerization mixing are much stronger because of the interfacial bonding effect between the PAN molecules and CNTs. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Synthesis of functionalized fullerene‐C60 by the living anionic polymerization technique
Authors: Natori Itaru , Natori Shizue , Hirose Yuto
Published: November 2010

The synthesis of functionalized fullerene‐C60 (C60) was performed using living anionic polymerization. The metalation of the benzylic hydrogen atom on toluene or p‐substituted toluene was conducted with the alkyllithium/amine system, and examined by living anionic polymerization of 1,3‐cyclohexadiene. The number of carbanions bonded onto C60 was estimated by the grafting reaction of living polymer onto C60. The tert‐butyllithium/N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine system was an effective metalation reagent, and toluene‐, p‐xylene‐, 4‐methyltriphenylamine‐functionalized C60s having good solubility were successfully synthesized. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Strain‐induced crystallization behavior of natural rubber and trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene crosslinked blends
Authors: Qu Liangliang , Huang Guangsu , Nie Yijing , Wu Jinrong , Weng Gengsheng , Zhang Peng
Published: November 2010

The strain‐induced crystallization (SIC) behaviors of crosslinked blends based on natural rubber (NR) and trans‐1,4‐polyisoprene (TPI) with different content of TPI were probed explored by using synchrotron two‐dimensional wide angle X‐ray diffraction and dynamic mechanical analysis. The results showed that when TPI content is less than 70% no reflection peak of TPI but NR crystallite diffractions can be observed and the diffractions of TPI βform appear when TPI content is 70 wt % in the cocured blend. SIC of cocured blends started at smaller strain ratio than the pure NR. By calculating ΔSdef, it is found that the drop in entropy upon strain decreased when TPI is incorporated into NR due to the reduction of molecular mobility of NR. The degree of SIC and crystallization rate index in crosslinked blends monotonously decreased with the increase of TPI content. The apparent crystallite size exhibited some surprising variations. L200 and L120 decreased with the increase of TPI content in the cocured blends. These observations were usually caused by two factors: (i) Less number of polymer chains could involve in crystal growth due to the lower mobility of polymer chains in the cocured blends which is proved by dynamic mechanical analysis results; (ii) The mean distance between nuclei decreases, which was caused by the fluctuation of crosslink density in NR phase derived from the heterogeneous distribution of curatives in two phases supported by the varying tendency of curing degree and crosslink density. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nanotube surface functionalization effects in blended multiwalled carbon nanotube/PVDF composites
Authors: O'Bryan G. , Yang E. L. , Zifer T. , Wally K. , Skinner J. L. , Vance A. L.
Published: November 2010

A mixed fill system of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) and hydroxylated MWCNT (HO‐MWCNT) in a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix was investigated to improve nanotube dispersion and enhance electrical percolation for the bulk nanocomposites. Nonfunctionalized MWCNT were blended at various concentrations into dimethylformamide solutions containing PVDF with 0, 5, or 10 wt % HO‐MWCNT. Composite samples prepared from these solutions were examined by four‐point probe resistivity measurements. The percolation threshold decreased from 0.49 wt % MWCNT in binary MWCNT/PVDF composites to 0.25 wt % for ternary composites containing MWCNT/HO‐MWCNT/PVDF, with either 5 or 10 wt % HO‐MWCNT. In the case of the ternary composite with 10 wt % HO‐MWCNT, the lowest fill percent of MWCNT (0.25 wt %) measured a conductivity that was three orders of magnitude higher than the binary MWCNT/PVDF composite containing twice the concentration of MWCNT (0.5 wt %). © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Total Synthesis and Bioactivities of Two Proposed Structures of Maresin
Authors: Sasaki Kenji , Urabe Daisuke , Arai Hiroyuki , Arita Makoto , Inoue Masayuki
Published: November 2010

Maresin is a potent anti‐inflammatory lipid mediator derived from docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). A highly convergent total synthesis of two proposed structures of C7‐epimeric maresins from the four known fragments was achieved in 17 steps. The three key coupling reactions were the BF3‐mediated alkyne attack on the epoxide, chiral titanium complex‐promoted enantioselective alkyne addition to the aldehyde, and a Julia–Kocienski olefination. The two synthesized diastereomers were found to be comparably active in blocking neutrophil infiltration in the acute peritonitis model.
The Axial Ligand Effect on Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydroxylation by Non‐heme Iron(IV)–oxo Biomimetic Complexes
Authors: de Visser Sam P. , Latifi Reza , Tahsini Laleh , Nam Wonwoo
Published: November 2010

Iron(IV)‐oxo heme cation radicals are active species in enzymes and biomimetic model complexes. They are potent oxidants in oxygen atom transfer reactions, but the reactivity is strongly dependent on the ligand system of the iron(IV)–oxo group and in particular the nature of the ligand trans to the oxo group (the axial ligand). To find out what effect the axial ligand has on the reactivity of non‐heme iron(IV)–oxo species, we have performed a series of density functional theory (DFT) calculations on aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation reactions by using [FeIVO(TMC)(L)]n+ (TMC=1,4,8,11‐tetramethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane, and L=acetonitrile or chloride). The studies show that the regioselectivity of aliphatic over aromatic hydroxylation is preferred. The studies are in good agreement with experimental product distributions. Moreover, the system with the acetonitrile axial ligand is orders of magnitude more reactive than that with a chloride axial ligand. We have analyzed our results and we have shown that the metal–ligand interactions influence the orbital energies and as a consequence also the electron affinities and hydrogen atom abstraction abilities. Thermodynamic cycles explain the regioselectivity preferences.
Nickel(0) Complexes with Fluorinated Alkyne Ligands and their Reactivity towards Semihydrogenation and Hydrodefluorination with Water
Authors: Barrios‐Francisco Rigoberto , Benítez‐Páez Tania , Flores‐Alamo Marcos , Arévalo Alma , García Juventino J.
Published: November 2010

The current work describes the synthesis and full characterization of zerovalent nickel complexes of the type [(dippe)Ni(η2‐C,C‐Fn‐alkyne)] (dippe=1,2‐bis(di‐isopropylphosphino‐ethane), Fn‐alkyne=fluorinated aromatic alkyne, n=1, 3, 5; 3a, 3b, 3c) and [{(dippe)Ni}2(μ2‐C,C‐Fn‐alkyne)] (4). Reactions with complexes 3a, 3b, 3c, and water as the hydrogen source, yield selective semihydrogenation of the bound alkyne to the corresponding alkene, accompanied by partial hydrodefluorination of the aromatic ring. Different alkynes were tested; on using the alkyne with five fluorine atoms over the aromatic ring, partial defluorination was achieved under the mildest reaction conditions, followed in reactivity by the alkyne with three fluorine atoms. The alkyne with only one fluorine atom was barely defluorinated. The use of triethylsilane as a sacrificial hydride source resulted in an overall increase in reactivity towards defluorination.
Electrophilic Addition Reaction of Ethene with Hydrogen Chloride on Cold Molecular Films: Evidence of Ethyl Cationic Intermediate
Authors: Lee Poong‐Ryul , Lee Chang‐Woo , Kim Joon‐Ki , Moon Eui‐Seong , Kang Heon
Published: November 2010

We studied the initial‐stage mechanism of the electrophilic addition reaction of ethene with HCl by examining the interactions between ethene and HCl on water‐ice and frozen molecular films at temperatures of 80–140 K. Cs+ reactive ion scattering (RIS) and low‐energy sputtering (LES) techniques were used to probe the reaction intermediates that were kinetically trapped on the surface, in conjunction with temperature‐programmed desorption (TPD) mass spectrometry to monitor the desorbing species. The reaction initially produced the π complex of HCl and ethene at temperatures below about 93 K and an “ethyl cationic species” at temperatures below about 100 K. The ethyl cationic species was formed via direct proton transfer from the HCl molecule to ethene with the assistance of water solvation, rather than via the interaction of hydronium ions and ethene. At high temperatures, this species dissociated into ethene and hydronium and chloride ions. The reaction did not, however, complete the final transition state on the ice surface to produce ethyl chloride. The observation gives evidence that the electrophilic addition reaction of ethene occurs through an ethyl‐like intermediate with an ionic character.
Adaptive sliding mode observer‐based synchronization for uncertain chaotic systems
Authors: Pai Ming‐Chang
Published: November 2010

This paper investigates the synchronization problem for a class of uncertain chaotic systems. Only partial information of the system states is known. An adaptive sliding mode observer‐based slave system is designed to synchronize a given chaotic master system with unknown parameters and external disturbances. Based on the Lyapunov stability theorem, the global synchronization between the master and slave systems is ensured. Furthermore, the structure of the slave system is simple and the proposed adaptive sliding mode observer‐based synchronization scheme can be implemented without requiring a priori knowledge of upper bounds on the norm of the uncertainties and external disturbances. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed scheme.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Accounting for critical evidence while being precise and avoiding the strategy selection problem in a parallel constraint satisfaction approach: A reply to Marewski (2010)
Authors: Glöckner Andreas , Betsch Tilmann
Published: November 2010

In Glöckner, Betsch and Schindler (2010) we observed predecisional information distortions (coherence shifts) in probabilistic inferences that indicate bidirectional reasoning. In response to Marewski's (2010) critique, we explain why coherence shifts cannot be explained by currently specified fast and frugal heuristics (FFH). In contrast, parallel constraint satisfaction (PCS) models can easily account for such effects. We show that the PCS model used in the target paper is sufficiently well specified with respect to predicting the observed effects and demonstrate that it circumvents the problem of strategy selection by using a single‐strategy approach. Taking a broader perspective, we argue that empirical and theoretical challenges to the FFH approach have become so substantial that a mere extension of the suggested toolbox might not sufficiently solve the problem. We suggest that further theoretical work in the field of judgment and decision making should be more responsive to well‐established findings and insights from other fields of cognition such as memory and perception. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.