bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Phylogeographic Analysis of Allozyme Variation among Populations of Persoonia mollis (Proteaceae)
Authors: Krauss Siegfried L.
Published: August 2004

The phylogeography of 18 populations representing all nine subspecies within
Persoonia mollis R.Br. (Proteaceae) was estimated from
allozyme frequency data. Trees were constructed using UPGMA, maximum
likelihood (CONTML) and maximum parsimony (FREQPARS) procedures. Major
differences in topology between the UPGMA tree and other trees indicated that
evolutionary rates are probably heterogeneous in different lineages in
P. mollis, and that the UPGMA tree is inaccurate as it
assumes constant evolutionary rates in all lineages. The maximum likelihood
and maximum parsimony trees produced near-identical topologies. The major
patterns produced by these trees included the early differentiation of
subspecies maxima, the well-supported clade of all other
P. mollis populations and, within this clade, the split
into two clades that, although distinct, was weakly differentiated at their
base. Within these two clades, there is a strong correlation between
geographical distance between populations and the position of populations on
the tree. These trees are consistent with a scenario of range expansion along
two distinct paths in a southerly direction from northern refugia since the
last glacial maximum, which is supported by data on the vegetation history of
the area. These southern paths currently terminate in populations that share a
hybrid zone of apparently secondary origin west of the Budawang Range.
Agrostis castellana (Poaceae), Dominant Agrostis Species, Found in Bent Grass Pastures in South-eastern Australia
Authors: Batson M.-G.
Published: August 2004

There is considerable uncertainty that the traditional identification of bent
grasses in south-eastern Australia as
Agrostis capillaris L. (Syn.
Agrostis tenuis Sibth.) is correct, due to a history of
confusing nomenclature and mis-identification. Bent grass is considered a weed
of pastures in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia and thus the
correct identity of bent grass may have implications for its management and
control. Populations of bent grass were sampled from 42 pastures in
south-eastern Australia and Agrostis castellana Boiss.
et Reuter, rather than A. capillaris, was found to be
the dominant species of Agrostis in 33 out of 42 bent
grass pastures sampled. Five of the nine pastures sampled in Tasmania
contained A. capillaris as opposed to only 1 of the 33
pastures sampled in Victoria. Agrostis castellana had
not been identified in Victoria or Tasmania prior to this work. Since
A. castellana grows more vigorously by rhizomes than
A. capillaris, control measures recommended for
A. capillaris may not be relevant for bent grass
pastures in south-eastern Australia. Ligule length, ligule width and width of
lamina, measured to determine whether species of bent grass could be easily
distinguished in the field, did not distinguish adequately between
A. castellana and A. capillaris.
Genetic Differentiation in Isolated Populations of Hakea carinata (Proteaceae)
Authors: Starr G. J. , Carthew S. M.
Published: August 2004

Fragmentation of the landscape by human activity has created small, isolated
plant populations. Hakea carinata F. Muell. ex Meissner,
a sclerophyllous shrub, is common in isolated fragments of vegetation in South
Australia. This study investigated whether habitat fragmentation has caused
restrictions to gene flow between populations. Gene diversity
(HT = 0.317) is average for
similar species but little is held within populations
(HS = 0.168) and
46.9% of gene diversity is accounted for between populations. Estimates
of gene flow are NM = 0.270
(based on FST) and
NM = 0.129 (based on
private alleles). Populations are substantially selfing
(t = 0.111). Small isolated populations appears
to be a long-term evolutionary condition in this species rather than a
consequence of habitat fragmentation; however, population extinctions are
occurring. Conservation will require the reservation of many populations to
represent the genetic variation present in the species.
Lewis-Base Adducts of Group 11 Metal(I) Compounds. LXIV Syntheses, Spectroscopy and Structures of Some 1 : 4 Adducts of Copper(I) and Silver(I) Perchlorates with Triphenylarsine and Triphenylstibine
Authors: Bowmaker Graham A. , Effendy  , Hart Robert D. , Kildea John D. , Skelton Brian W. , Silva Eban N. de , White Allan H.
Published: August 2004

Syntheses and room-temperature single crystal X-ray structure determinations
are recorded for adducts
[M(EPh3)4]
(ClO4), M = Cu, E = As (1), Sb (2); M
= Ag, E = As (3), Sb (4), enabling comparison with analogous,
previously studied MP4 and MN4
environments. The four complexes so characterized all crystallize in the
familiar rhombohedral R-3 array
(a ≈ 14·4, c ≈ 52 Å, hexagonal
setting) with the metal and chlorine atoms located on crystallographic
threefold axes. In these arrays Cu–E (axial, off axis) are
2·493(2), 2·533(1) for (1), and 2·572(1), 2·577(1)
Å for (2), the disparity in the two independent M-E distances being
diminished relative to those of previously studied phosphorus analogues,
perhaps in consequence of increasing E size. In (3) and (4), some cation
disorder is evident in respect of the ligand pnictide atom (E); for the major
components Ag-E are 2·652(3), 2·680(2) in (3); 2·732(2),
2·7295(8) Å in (4). Problems associated in defining the metal
atom environment geometries in the latter are, nevertheless, more
satisfactorily overcome in two further determinations of nitrate salts:
[Ag(SbPh3)4]
(NO3) (5) is of the rhombohedral family with no cation
core disorder, Ag–E (axial, off axis) being 2·720(4),
2·725(2) Å, while the structural characterization of a 1 : 4
triphenylarsine adduct of silver nitrate is recorded as its tetraethanol
solvate, namely
[Ag(AsPh3)4]
(NO3).~
4C2H5OH(6), monoclinic,
C2/c, a
18·373(4), b 20·786(5),
c 21·070(8) Å, β 108·18(3)°,
Z = 4 f.u. The silver atom of the
[Ag(AsPh3)4]+cation
unusually lies on a crystallographic 2 (rather than a
3 ) axis of the incipiently23 (T)
array, with Ag-As 2·649(2), 2·650(2) Å and As-Ag-As
ranging from 108·22(4) to 111·41(6)°. The structure
determination of a chloroform solvate of (2), denoted
(2a), of low precision, is noted, together with the
structure of an interesting artefact, isomorphous with the rhombohedral
oxoanion array, modelled as
[Ag(PPh3)4]2
(SiF6).py (7). Bands in the far-infrared spectra of
[M(AsPh3)4]
(ClO4) are assigned to v(MAs)
vibrations at 119 (M = Cu) and 103 cm¯1 (M
= Ag); this produces a more consistent picture of the variation in the
wavenumbers of the v(ME) modes in
[M(EPh3)4]+
compounds than was available previously.
Formation of Nickel(II) Coordination Polymers by a Double Betaine: [{Ni(L)(H2O) 2} n] Cl2n.2nH2O and [{Ni(L)2(H2O)2} n
Authors: Wei Ping-Rong , Wu De-Dong , Wu Bo-Mu , Mak Thomas C. W.
Published: August 2004

Two novel polymeric nickel(II) complexes of a double betaine with a rigidtris(ethylene) bridge between the pair of nitrogen atoms, namely [ {Ni(L)(H2O)4 }n]Cl2n.2nH2O(1)and [ {Ni(L)2(H2O)2} n](ClO4)2n.4nH2O(2) [L =¯O2CCH2N+(CH2CH2)3N+CH2CO2¯], have been prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. Thenickel(II) atom in either complex is coordinated by unidentate carboxylategroups and aqua ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry. The crystalstructure of (1) features an infinite zigzag chain composed of an alternatearrangement of metal atoms and double betaine ligands, and hydrogen bondingamong adjacent chains leads to a three-dimensional network. Complex (2)exhibits a wave-like layer structure corresponding to the (2 0 0) family ofplanes.
Studies in the Cycloproparene Series:Reactivity of the 1H-Cyclopropa[b]naphthalenyl Anion.
Authors: Cutler Charlotte A. , Cutler Brian Halton
Published: August 2004

Proton abstraction from C1 of
1H-cyclopropa[b]naphthalene
(1b) provides anion (2b) as a highly reactive species that is difficult to
intercept in solution with simple electrophiles. The use of iodomethane,
benzophenone and acetone leads to the corresponding monosubstituted
cyclopropanaphthalene (7)–(9), but only in modest yields. The reaction
with benzophenone provides a complementary but less convenient route to the
methylidenecyclopropanaphthalene (5b; R′ = R′′
= Ph). Reactions of (2b) with benzyl halides, acid chlorides and esters
have also been examined, but they do not provide simple substitution products.
Uncatalysed Intramolecular Acyl Transfer in a Lipid Hydrolysis Product Mixture
Authors: Barton Richard H. , O'Connor Charmian J.
Published: August 2004

The speciation of short-chain mixed acylglycerols in the product mix from
enzymatic hydrolysis has been examined by 13C n.m.r.
spectroscopy. Under conditions similar to those of the enzymatic reaction, but
in the absence of any enzyme, sample mixtures were allowed to stand in
buffered emulsions of known pH and temperature. There is clear evidence of
uncatalysed conversion of rac-1,2-diacylglycerol into
the 1,3-isomer to form an equilibrium mixture. Conversion kinetics to reach
equilibrium are first order and do not depend on the state of the emulsion.
Studies of Australian Ascidians. VI. Virenamides D and E, Linear Peptides from the Colonial Didemnid Ascidian Diplosoma virens
Authors: Feng Yunjiang , Bowden Bruce F.
Published: August 2004

Two new linear cytotoxic tripeptides, virenamides D and E, have been isolated
as minor constituents of extracts of the didemnid
ascidianDiplosoma virens collected on the Great Barrier
Reef, Australia. Their structures were deduced from one-dimensional and
two-dimensional n.m.r. spectroscopic data, and the absolute stereochemistry of
virenamide E is proven by synthesis from virenamide A.
The Thermal Decomposition of Haloacetic Acids: a Laser Pyrolysis and Semiempirical Study.
Authors: Hettemn Hinne , Hore Nathan R. , Renner Noel D. , Russell Douglas K.
Published: August 2004

Infrared laser-powered homogeneous pyrolysis, coupled with Fourier-transform
infrared measurement of product distributions, has demonstrated that four
different unimolecular mechanisms are significant in the initiation of
gas-phase thermal decomposition of CH3COOH (1),
CF3COOH (2), CH2ClCOOH (3),
CHCl2COOH (4), CCl3COOH (5),
CH2BrCOOH (6), and CH2ICOOH (7):
decarboxylation and dehydration for (1); H-X elimination for (2)-(6); and C-X
bond homolysis for (6) and (7). These conclusions are supported by the
semiempirical calculation of activation energies for the possible pathways.
Two New Tripodal Ligands with an N4S3 Donor Set. The X-Ray Crystal Structure of 4,4′,4′′- [Nitrilotris(ethyleneimino)]tris(pent-3-ene-2-thione).
Authors: Brothers Penelope J. , Rickard Clifton E. F. , Strange Claire M. , Ware David C.
Published: August 2004

Two new compounds with a tripodal ligand architecture and with the potential
to act as heptadentate N4S3 donor
ligands are reported. H3S3trac
(4,4′,4′′-[nitrilotris(ethyleneimino)]tris(pent-3-ene-2-thione))
is prepared by the reaction of acetylacetone with tren
(tris(2-aminoethyl)amine), followed by treatment with
P2S5.
H3trimda
(3,3′,3′′-[nitrilotris(ethyleneimino)]tris(2-phenylpropenethial))
is prepared by the reaction of 4-phenyl-1,2-dithiolium perchlorate with tren.
A crystal structure of H3S3trac
shows it to be monoclinic, P
21/c, a
11·443(7), b 11·7757(14),
c 19·285(3) Å, β 106·68(2)°,
Z 4, R 0·0454,
ωR2 0·1108 for 1618
observed reflections (I >
3σ(I)). 1H and
13C { 1H} n.m.r. data
for H3S3trac and
H3trimda, and the crystal structure of
H3S3trac are consistent with the
compounds existing in the enamino thione tautomer.
Experiments Directed Towards the Synthesis of Anthracyclinones. XXXI. Reductive Claisen Rearrangements of Bis(allyloxy)anthraquinones
Authors: Harrington-Frost Nicole M. , Milbank Jared B. J. , Rutledge Peter S.
Published: August 2004

A reinvestigation of the reductive Claisen rearrangement of the
bis(allyloxy)anthraquinones (1) and (2) with sodium dithionite of high quality
has afforded new compounds. These include inter alia
diastereomeric pairs of doubly rearranged leuco 1,4-dihydroxyanthraquinones in
the diketo form [(14) and (16); (15) and (17)], products derived
from attack on or rearrangement to a quinone carbonyl group, e.g. (28) and
(29), and in the case of (1) a 10-deoxygenated 1,4-anthraquinone (21).
Structures have been assigned from two-dimensional n.m.r. experiments.
Syntheses and ipso-Substitution Reactions of Some C-Stannylated Troponoids.
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Cameron Jennifer M. , Collis Maree P. , Gravatt G. Lance
Published: August 2004

The C-stannylated troponoids (2){(8) have been
prepared and two of these shown to undergo palladium(0)-catalysed
cross-coupling with bromobenzene to give the corresponding phenyl-substituted
tropone. Compounds (3), (5) and (6){(8) all react with electrophiles to
give products of ipso-substitution.
Structure of trans-Bis{3-methylbut-3-en-1-yn-1-yl}bis{1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane}iron(II)
Authors: Buys Irmi E. , Field Leslie D. , George Adrian V. , Hambley Trevor W.
Published: August 2004

An iron(II) bisacetylide complex containing conjugated
3-methylbut-3-en-1-yn-1-yl ligands has been synthe-sized and characterized.
The structure consists of a neutral
trans-[Fe{C≡CC(CH3)=CH2}2{Me2PCH2
CH2PMe2}2]
molecule with iron located at a centre of symmetry. The Fe-P bond lengths
{2·184(1) Å} are the same as those in the analogous
propyne complex {2·183(1) Å} and phenylacetylide
complex {2·180(5) and 2·191(3) Å} , and are
indicative of low-spin iron(II). The Fe-C distance is 1·905(4) Å.
Utilization of Podocarpic Acid for Nagilactone Synthesis
Authors: Cambie Richard C. , Rickard Clifton E. F. , Strange Gary A.
Published: August 2004

Methods for constructing the C-ring of nagilactones from the ring C ozonolysis
products of methyl podocarpate have been investigated. The stereochemistry of
an aldol adduct (15) and the structure of a dihydropyridazinone derivative
(17) have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Structures of Some Complexes Containing the Ru(NH3)63+ Unit
Authors: Sobolev Alexander N. , Figgis Brian N.
Published: August 2004

The X-ray crystal structure determinations of three complexes of
hexaammineruthenium(III) are reported. They are: (1)
NH4+
.Ru(NH3)63+
.2ZnCl42¯,
a 8·566(2), c
12·829(4) Å, V 941·3(4)
Å3,I
4/m, Z = 2,
R1(2σ) =
0·021,
wR2 =
0·054; (2)
Ru(NH3)63+
.ZnCl4 2¯.Cl¯.H2O,
a 8·174(2), b
8·979(2), c 10·123(2) Å, α
80·20(2), β 86·41(2), γ 87·23(2)°,
V 730·2(3) Å3 ,
P-1, Z
= 2, R1(2σ) =
0·027,
wR2 =
0·074; (3)
Ru(NH3)63+
.HgCl42¯.HgCl3¯.HgCl2.H2O,
a 8·055(3), b
21·493(11), c 12·625(4) Å, β
90·52(3)°, V 2186(2)
Å3 ,
P21/c,
Z = 4,
R1(2σ) =
0·058,
wR2 =
0·142. The hexaammineruthenium(III) cations in these structures adopt
differing conformations in respect of hydrogen atom disposition. Compounds (1)
and (2) have disordered NH3 groups in the
Ru(NH3)63+
cations, and in compound (1) the
NH4+ cation is disordered as well.
The Di-p-methane Photorearrangement of 2,3-Disubstituted Benzobarrelenes: the Effect of Substituents of Opposite Polarity on the Regioselectivity
Authors: Altundas Ramazan , Balci Metin
Published: August 2004

The solution phase photochemistry of benzobarrelene derivatives (8) and (11),
containing electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents, has been
studied. The structures of the photoproducts (16)/(20) and (17)/(21)
indicate clearly that vinyl-vinyl nitrile (aldehyde) bridging is not
operating. The formation of these products is discussed in terms of the
stabilizing effect of the substituents on the radical and the destabilizing
effect on the formation of the cyclopropane ring.
New Chloro Depsides from the Lichen Lecanora lividocinerea
Authors: Elix John A. , Barclay, Caroline E. , Lumbsch H. Thorsten , Wardlaw Judith H.
Published: August 2004

The new depsides
3,5-dichloro-2′-O-methylnorstenosporic acid (4),
5-chloro-2′-O-methylanziaic acid (5) and
3,5-dichloro-2′-O-methylnorhyperlatolic acid (6)
have been detected in the lichenLecanora lividocinerea
and the structures of these metabolites have been established by unambiguous
synthesis. In addition, the synthesis of the depside
3,5-dichloro-4-O-demethylplanaic acid (7) is described.
Synthesis and Plant Growth Regulatory Activity of 6α,7β-Dihydroxyvouacapan-17β-oic Acid Derivatives.
Authors: Demuner Antonio J. , Barbosa Luiz C. A. , Veloso Dorila P. , Howarth Oliver W.
Published: August 2004

Five new derivatives of 6α,7β-dihydroxyvouacapan-17β-oic acid
were prepared. The effect of these new furan diterpenes on the radicle growth
of Sorghum bicolor L. and
Cucumis sativus L. was evaluated. All compounds, at a
concentration of 100 ppm, showed an inhibitory effect (40–63%) on
the radicle growth of S. bicolor L. and a small
stimulatory growth effect (3–15%) on the radicle of
C. sativus L. None of the compounds had any effect on
the germination rate of both plants.
Bicyclomangostin: a New Acid-Catalysed Cyclization Product from Mangostin
Authors: Mahabusarakam Wilawan , Pakawatchai Chaveng , Wiriyachitra Pichaet , Taylor Walter C. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: August 2004

Cyclization of mangostin with p-toluenesulfonic acid
gave 1-isomangostin, 3-isomangostin, and a new cyclization product,
bicyclomangostin (4). The structure of bicyclomangostin was determined by
spectroscopic and X-ray crystallographic studies. The methyl ether derivatives
(8) and (9) or (10) were produced on methylation of bicyclomangostin,
depending on the method used.
Stereochemical Study of a 13β,28-Epoxyoleanane
Authors: Hambley Trevor W. , Lewis Keith G. , Tucker David J. , Turner Peter
Published: August 2004

The stereochemistry of
3β-acetoxy-12α-bromo-13β,28-epoxyoleanan-16α-ol (2b) has
been examined by n.m.r. methods and established by an X-ray crystallographic
examination. Steric hindrance of the 16α-hydroxy group is shown not to
be as great as previously reported. The bromo epoxide (2b),
C32H51BrO4,
M 579·66, crystallized in the orthorhombic space
group P
212121 with
a 16·118(2), b
16·615(3), c 11·024(7) Å,
V 2952(1) Å3 ,
Dc(Z
= 4) 1·304 g cm-3 ,
N = N(unique) =
1954, No 1731
[I >
2·5σ(I)],
Nvar = 335, conventional
R 0· 039,
Rw 0·038.
Molecular Cocrystals of Carboxylic Acids. XXVII An Investigation into the Use of Triphenylphosphine Oxide Cocrystals for Non-Linear Optics: the Crystal Structure of the Adduct of Triphenylphosphine Oxide with N-Methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic Acid
Authors: Lynch, Daniel E. , Smith Graham , Byriel, Karl A. , Kennard, Colin H. L. , Kwiatkowski Johann , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: August 2004

Four adducts of triphenylphosphine oxide with aromatic carboxylic acids have
been synthesized and tested for second-order non-linear optical properties.
These were with N-methylpyrrole-2-carboxylic acid (1),
indole-2-carboxylic acid (2), 3-dimethylaminobenzoic acid (3), and
thiophen-2-carboxylic acid (4). Compound (1) produced clear, colourless
crystals (space group P
212121 with
a 9·892(1), b
14·033(1), c 15·305(1) Å,
Z 4) which allowed the structure to be determined by
X-ray diffraction.
Synthesis and N.M.R. Study of 1-, 4-, 5- and 6-Fluoroazulenes
Authors: Le Van Phuc , Wells Peter R.
Published: August 2004

The preparation of four of the five possible fluoroazulenes is described. The
19F chemical shifts are compared with those of related
aromatic systems. The 1H and 13C
n.m.r. spectra have been assigned on the basis of
19F/13C coupling and of
1H/13C correlation. Problems
with attempted syntheses of 2-fluoroazulene are outline
The Asymmetric Dihydroxylation of Some Alkenyl b-D-Glucopyranosides: the Preparation of an Optically Pure Episulfide
Authors: Peci, Lorenzo M. , Stick, Robert V. , Tilbrook D. Matthew G. , Winslade Merilyn L.
Published: August 2004

The asymmetric dihydroxylation of various alkenyl
tetra-O-acetyl- β-D-glucopyranosides has given
mixtures of diols which, in one instance, has yielded a pure diastereoisomer
upon recrystallization. This optically pure diol has been converted into an
episulfide, a putative inhibitor of β-D-glucan hydrolases
Pigments of Fungi. XLVI. New Dimeric Dihydroanthracenones of the Flavomannin Type from an Australian Toadstool of the Genus Dermocybe
Authors: Buchanan Malcolm S. , Gill Melvyn , Giménez Alberto
Published: August 2004

cis,cis-4,4′-Dihydroxyflavomannin
6,6′-di-O-methyl ether A (4),
10,10′-dihydroxy-4,4′-dioxoflavomannin
6,6′-di-O-methyl ether A (6) and
4′,10-dihydroxy-4-oxoanhydroflavomannin-9′,10′-quinone
6,6′-di-O-methyl ether A (7), new coupled
dihydroanthracenones, and bierythroglaucin (8), a novel dimeric anthraquinone,
have been isolated along with emodin (9) and citreorosein
(ω-hydroxyemodin) (10) from the purple-brown fruit bodies of the
Australian Dermocybe sp. WAT 21566. The structures and
relative stereochemistry of the new natural products (4) and (6)–(8) are
deduced by spectroscopic and chemical methods.
Two New Abietanes from Lycopodium deuterodensum
Authors: Fuchino Hiroyuki , Nakamura Hisanori , Toyoshima Yuka , Hakamatsuka Takashi , Tanaka Nobutoshi , Cambie Richard C. , Braggins John E.
Published: August 2004

Two new abietanes,
6,11,14-trihydroxy-12-methoxyabieta-5,8,11,13-tetraene-3,7-dione
(lycopod-abietane A) and
6,11,14-trihydroxy-12-methoxy-3α,18-cycloabieta-5,8,11,13-tetraen-7-one
(lycopod-abietane B), were isolated from
Lycopodium deuterodensum together with lycopodine,
α-onocerin, 21-episerratenediol, 21-episerratriol and
16-oxoserratenediol.
Pigments of Fungi. XLVIII Clavorubin from Two Australasian Toadstools of the Genus Cortinarius and the X-Ray Crystal Structure of the Methyl Ester of 6-O-Methylclavorubin
Authors: Gill Melvyn , Buchanan Malcolm S. , Steel Peter J. , Milanovic Nives M. , Phonh-Axa Somphone
Published: August 2004

Clavorubin (1,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-3-methyl-9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-carboxylic
acid) (1), previously known only from the ascomycetious rye fungus
Claviceps purpurea (‘ergot’), has been
isolated from the fruit bodies of two Australasian basidiomycetes belonging to
the genus Cortinarius and characterized by spectroscopic
and chemical methods. A single-crystal X-ray structure analysis of the methyl
ester (4) of 6-O-methylclavorubin establishes
unequivocally, for the first time, the structure of the natural product.
Synthesis and Structure of Two Isomers of Di(indenyl)phenylphosphine Sulfide
Authors: Lensink Cornelis , Gainsford Graeme J.
Published: August 2004

Dichlorophenylphosphine reacts with indenyllithium in tetrahydrofuran followed
by sulfur to yield di(1H-inden-3-yl)phenylphosphine
sulfide (2). The same reaction sequence in toluene yields
di(1H-inden-1-yl)phenylphosphine sulfide (3) as a
mixture of (±) and two meso isomers. The
structures of (2) and (±)-(3) were determined [(2):
C24H19PS, Mr
370·42, monoclinic,
P21/n, a
14·329(4), b 7·0936(10),
c 19·405(5) Å, β 99·18(2)°,
Z 4, R 0·060 for 2422
observed reflections; (3):
C24H19PS, Mr
370·42, monoclinic,
P21/n,
a 9·521(5), b
16·223(8), c 12·930(6) Å, β
107·41(3)°, Z 4, R
0·105 for 923 reflections].
Monomeric and Dimeric Cobalt(III) Polyoxomolybdates: Crystal Structures and Cyclic Voltammetry of Na3 [H6CoMo6O24].8H2O and K6 [H4Co2Mo10O38].7H2O
Authors: Nolan Annette L. , Allen Christine C. , Burns Robert C. , Craig Donald C. , Lawrance Geoffrey A.
Published: August 2004

The crystal structures of Na3
[H6CoMo6O24].8H2O
and K6
[H4Co2Mo10O38].7H2O
have been determined by X-ray diffraction. The monomer,
Na3
[H6CoMo6O24].8H2O,
is triclinic, space group P-1,
a 6·451(1), b
10·866(2), c 10·922(2) Å, α
109·20(1), β 106·90(1), γ 95·43(1)°,
V 676·3(2) Å3, Z 1,
and the structure was solved to an R1 value of
0·0243 (wR2 0·0784)
for 3761 independent observed reflections. The anion exhibits the well known
Anderson structure with six octahedral MoO6 edge-sharing
units surrounding the central ‘CoO6’
octahedron, with all metals in a common plane. The dimer,
K6
[H4Co2Mo10O38].7H2O,
is monoclinic, space group P21/c, a
11·795(5), b 11·626(2), c 29·731(13) Å, β
95·33(2)°, V 4059(3)
Å3, Z 4, and the structure was solved to an
R1 value of 0·0215 (wR2
0·1040) for 6546 independent observed reflections. The anion can be
derived from the monomeric hexamolybdocobaltate(III) ion by removing one
‘MoO5’ unit (ignoring the hydrogen atoms)
from each of two monomer anions, turning one 180° around a
CoO6 octahedral diagonal, and joining them to create two
CoO6 octahedra sharing an edge. Cyclic voltammetry shows
that both anions are irreversibly reduced at low pH values
(4·0–4·5), likely as a result of chemical reactions
following the initial reduction steps. At higher pH values
(4·5–5·4), a change in speciation occurs in both cases,
most likely the result of the formation of less highly protonated species,
which also display irreversible electrochemical behaviour.
Some Cycloaddition Reactions of 5,8-Dimethoxynaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4,9-dione
Authors: Piggott Matthew J. , Wege Dieter
Published: August 2004

Methylation of
5,8-dihydroxynaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4,9-dione (5)
gave, in addition to the title ether (7), the fragmentation products
4-hydroxy-1,5,8-trimethoxy-3-methylnaphthalene-2-carbaldehyde (8) and its
methyl ether (9). Addition of benzyne to (7) afforded mainly the expected
[4+2] cycloadduct (15) and minor amounts of adduct (16),
derived by addition of (7) to (15), and adduct (19), derived by a homo- or
1,3-addition of benzyne to (15), followed by decarbonylation. Adducts of (7)
with 1,4-dihydro-1,4-epoxynaphthalene and dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate also
were prepared.
A Further Synthesis of an Analogue of the Antifungal/Antiherbivore Lipid from Avocado
Authors: Carman Raymond M. , Karoli Tomislav
Published: August 2004

A further synthesis of the saturated racemic derivative (1b) of the avocado
diene (1a)
((R,Z,Z)-2-hydroxy-4-oxohenicosa-12,15-dien-1-yl
acetate; "persin") is described.
Macrocyclic Ligand Design. Structure—Function Relationships Underlying the Interaction of Substituted Derivatives of Oxygen-Nitrogen Macrocycles with Selected Transition and Post Transition Metal Ions
Authors: Atkinson Ian M. , Byriel Karl A. , Chia Peter S. K. , Kennard Colin H. L. , Leong Anthony J. , Lindoy Leonard F. , Lowe Mark P. , Mahendran Sumathi , Smith Graham , Wei Gang
Published: August 2004

The effect of methyl substitution on 15- and 17-membered macrocycles
(incorporating N2O2- and
N3O2-donors, respectively) on
their interaction with cobalt(II), nickel(II), copper(II), zinc(II),
cadmium(II) and lead(II) has been investigated. The results are compared with
those obtained for the corresponding complexes of the unsubstituted (parent)
rings. Binding constants for the formation of the metal complexes have been
determined potentiometrically in 95% methanol (I
= 0·1; Et4NClO4). An
X-ray crystallographic study of [NiL(H2O)]
(ClO4)2 (where L is the dimethyl
derivative of a 17-membered,
N3O2-donor macrocycle) confirms
that the nickel ion is six-coordinate, with the complex cation exhibiting a
distorted octahedral geometry defined by all five donor atoms of the
O2N3-macrocycle (in its
meso form) and the oxygen of the water molecule. In this
structure the macrocyclic backbone incorporating the
N3-donor fragment is arranged facially. Molecular
mechanics modelling of this complex predicts that the observed facial
configuration will be favoured over an alternative facial arrangement or a
meridional one.
Synthesis of New Lichen Tridepsides
Authors: Elix John A. , Jayanthi Vilas K. , McCaffery Leslie F. , Yu Jin
Published: August 2004

The unambiguous total synthesis of ten O-methyl
and/or C-hydroxy derivatives of gyrophoric acid (1)
has been achieved by using the condensation of an appropriately substituted
benzoic acid and benzyl lecanorate (33) or benzyl
2-O-methyllecanorate (32) in the key step.
Reactions of Ethyl Indole-2-carboxylate in Aqueous Media at High Temperature
Authors: Strauss Christopher R. , Trainor Robert W.
Published: August 2004

Direct, preparative methods utilizing high-temperature aqueous media were
developed for indole and indole-2-carboxylic acid from ethyl
indole-2-carboxylate. Yields were excellent for these reactions, which were
carried out in 1 h or less, at temperatures up to 270°C, in a microwave
batch reactor of the authors" design. Avoidance of undesirable copper
salts, high-boiling organic bases and heat-transfer oils made the methods
environmentally benign.
Stereoselective Electrophilic Cyclizations of δ-Aminoalkenes Derived from Carbohydrates; Synthesis of Polyhydroxypiperidines
Authors: Hügel Helmut M. , Hughes Andrew B. , Khalil Khadijeh
Published: August 2004

Electrophilic cyclizations of a carbohydrate-derived δ-aminoalkene were
studied. Iodocyclizations proceeded with moderate steric control to afford the
D-gluco-configured piperidine as the major product. More
extensive studies with mercuric salts resulted in the definition of new
reaction conditions for aminomercuration that give higher, reversed
stereoselection. The aminomercurations were also amenable to the use of a
range of mercuric salts. These aminomercurations may be under chelation
control with substrate allylic benzyloxy substituents. The configurations of
the piperidine products were confirmed by elaboration of one bromomercurial to
a known aminoalditol by oxydemercuration and hydrogenolysis.
Syntheses of Angucyclinones Related to Ochromycinone. II. Regio- and Stereo-selective Reduction of a Tetrahydroangucyclinone
Authors: Rozek Tomas , Tiekink Edward R. T. , Taylor Dennis K. , Bowie John H.
Published: August 2004

The reduction of racemic
8-hydroxy-6-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6,6a,12a-hexahydrobenz[a]anthracene-
1,7,12(2H)-trione, with either (i) sodium borohydride
and cerium(III) chloride in ethanol (the Luche reagent) or (ii) sodium
borohydride in ethanol, was shown (by n.m.r. and X-ray crystallographic data)
to yield the same racemic product, viz.
7,8-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-3,3-dimethyl-2,3,4,5,6,6a,7,12a-octahydrobenz[a]anthracene-1,12-dione.
The 7-OH and 6-OMe groups are cis to each other. The observed regiochemistry
can be rationalized in both cases by preferential interaction of respectively
(i) the cerium(III) chloride of the Luche reagent, and (ii) sodium borohydride
with the 8-OH group of (3) (the 8-OH group is more acidic than the solvent),
while the cis stereochemistry is consistent with hydride
delivery from the less hindered face in (3).
Designing Linear Hydrogen-Bonded Arrays by Using Substituted Charge-Transfer Complexes. The Crystal Structure of the 1 : 1 Adduct of Indole-2-carboxylic Acid with 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic Acid
Authors: Lynch Daniel E. , Smith Graham , Byriel Karl A. , Kennard Colin H. L.
Published: August 2004

Five adducts consisting of carboxylic acid-substituted indoles with
nitro-substituted benzoic acids have been synthesized and tested for
second-order non-linear optical properties. These were indole-2-carboxylic
acid with 2,4-dinitrobenzoic acid (1), 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (2), and
2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid (3), and indole-3-acetic acid with
3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid (4), and 2,4,6-trinitrobenzoic acid (5). Compound (2)
produced clear, yellow crystals (space group P
-1 with a 6·8400(7),
b 15·150(2), c
16·097(2) Å, α 84·911(9), β 87·088(10),
γ 77·865(9)°, Z 4) which allowed the
structure to be determined by X-ray diffraction. Of the five adducts,
compounds (3) and (5) gave second harmonic intensities of 0·15 and
0·16 times respectively that of a urea standard.
Use of varying combinations of energy and protein sources as supplementary feed for lambing ewes grazing cereal stubble
Authors: Brand T. S. , Franck F. , Durand A. , Coetzee J.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Three feeding trials compared production of
lambing ewes grazing stubbles and fed different combinations of energy and
protein supplements as loose licks. Each experiment had 2 treatments in a 2 x
2 factorial design. Experiment 1 compared urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) with fish
meal (100 g/ewe. day) when fed with molasses (100 g/ewe. day) for 38
days during late pregnancy. Fish meal increased liveweight gain (from 2.0 to
5.7 kg) and wool growth (20%) but urea had no effect. In experiment 2,
urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) was fed in combination with molasses (200
g/ewe. day) or barley meal (200 g/ewe. day) for 63 days during late
pregnancy (last 6 weeks) and early lactation. Ewes supplemented with the
barley–urea combination gained 5.6 kg during the last 6 weeks of
pregnancy compared with 0.40 kg for barley and the 1.02 and 1.34 kg weight
loss for ewes receiving molasses and the molasses–urea combination,
respectively. Experiment 3 compared urea (12.5 g/ewe. day) with sweet
lupin meal (106 g/ewe. day) when fed with barley meal (200 g/ewe. day)
for 56 days during late pregnancy (last 4 weeks) and lactation. Sweet lupin
meal improved the liveweight change of ewes during pregnancy (from 160 to 200
g/ewe. day) as well as the birth weight of lambs (400 g) but urea had no
effect. The performance of lambing ewes grazing low-quality pasture at a high
stocking density (>4.5 ewes/ha) for a long period (>130 days) can be
improved by relatively low amounts of supplements such as fish meal, sweet
lupin meal and barley–urea.
Pollen gene flow in South Australian cherry (Prunus avium L.) orchards
Authors: Granger A. R.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Isozyme analysis of sweet cherry embryos from 3
different South Australian orchards has proven to be an invaluable diagnostic
tool. It has shown that in comparison with almond orchards, pollen gene flow
occurs over much greater distances. Furthermore, pollen genes are being
donated by more than one polleniser cultivar. For example, Sam planted at
Lenswood Horticultural Centre was pollinated by both Vista and Merton Glory
Protective netting was used to exclude birds from the cherry orchard at
Lenswood and only 0.003% of the apparent net pollen gene flow came from
cultivars planted outside of the net to those within. The presence of bird
netting discouraged the movement of honeybees.
Cross-compatible pollen rather than self pollen contributed most to embryo
formation in the self-fertile cultivar Stella. Seventy-one percent of embryos
produced by Stella at Lenswood were as a result of outcrossing.
This work has culminated in some important recommendations for the cherry
industry. Namely that where bird exclosures are used bee hives and polleniser
cultivars should be placed inside the netted area, and when planting
self-fertile cultivars, such as Stella, polleniser cultivars should be
included in the orchard plan.
Effect of salinity treatments on nutrient concentration in zucchini plants (Cucurbita pepo L. var. Moschata)
Authors: Villora G. , Pulgar G. , Moreno D. A. , Romero L.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Zucchini plants
(Cucurbita pepo L. var. Moschata) grown in artificial
soil under greenhouse conditions were supplied with differing amounts of NaCl
(0, 30, 60 or 120 g/m2 ) during the entire growth
cycle. The concentrations of both total and soluble sodium, potassium, calcium
and magnesium in leaves as well as fruit (skin and pulp) were measured.
Total sodium concentration in leaves increased with higher levels of applied
NaCl, while in the fruit this trend was the reverse. As soil salinity
increased, there was a corresponding decrease in the total and soluble
potassium content of leaves but an increase in total and soluble
concentrations of potassium in the fruit. The sum of both total and soluble
sodium and potassium in the leaves generally increased with higher levels of
applied NaCl, whereas the potassium : sodium ratio fell as salinity rose. In
fruit, the sum of total and soluble sodium and potassium, as well as the
potassium : sodium ratio, increased as the concentration of applied NaCl
increased. The foliar levels of calcium and magnesium (except for total
calcium readings) followed similar trends in relation to NaCl treatments as
for sodium, while the response of calcium and magnesium in fruit tissues to
the treatments was similar to that of potassium. Total calcium and magnesium
levels were higher in leaves, with similar high levels in fruit tissues, these
levels were higher when compared with other plants grown under saline
conditions.
Plant parasitic nematodes in white clover and soil from white clover pastures in Australia
Authors: McLeish L. J. , Berg G. N. , Hinch J. M. , Nambiar L. V. , Norton M. R.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Seventeen sites, including locations in all the
major white clover growing regions of Australia, were surveyed for the
presence of plant parasitic nematodes in autumn and spring 1993.
Trifolium repens L. cvv. Haifa and Irrigation, plus 1
other cultivar, were sampled at each site and nematodes extracted from roots,
stems and soil. Thirteen genera of plant parasitic nematodes were detected.
The clover cyst nematode, Heterodera trifolii, and root
knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., were each recorded at
over 75% of the sites. The most common genera of plant parasitic
nematodes detected were Tylenchus, which was present at
all sites, and Pratylenchus (root lesion nematode),
which was present at all but 1 site. Other plant parasitic nematode genera
found included Ditylenchus,
Helicotylenchus and Paratylenchus.
The widespread presence of nematodes in white clover pastures, and the high
populations at some sites, suggest that they may be economically important to
the Australian dairy industry.
Pulse production in Australia past, present and future
Authors: Siddique K. H. M. , Sykes J.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Several cool- and warm-season pulse crops
(grain legumes) are grown in rotation with cereals and pasture forming
sustainable farming systems in Australia. Australian pulse production has
increased rapidly over the past 25 years to about 2 x
106 t/year, mainly because of the increase in the
area and yield of lupin production for stockfeed purposes. Pulses currently
comprise only 10% of the cropping areas of Australia and this could be
expanded to 16% as there are large areas of soil types suitable for a
range of pulse crops and new better-adapted pulse varieties are becoming
available. Cool-season pulses will continue to dominate pulse production in
Australia and the majority of the expansion will probably come from chickpea
and faba bean industries. There appears to be no major constraint to pulse
production in Australia that cannot be addressed by breeders, agronomists and
farmers. Of the current major pulse crops, field pea faces the most number of
difficulties, in particular the lack of disease management options. A recent
strategic plan of the Australian pulse industry predicts the production of 4 x
106 t/year by 2005 but this will largely depend upon
export demand and pulse prices. It is predicted that the growth in pulse
production will come from increased productivity in the existing areas, from
1.0 to 1.4 t/ha, through improvements in crop management and the
development of superior varieties. The area of pulse production will also
expand by an additional 1.2 x 106 ha probably yielding
1.0 t/ha. If trends in grazing stock prices continue, the increased area
under pulse production will mostly come at the expense of those areas under
unimproved pasture and continuous cereal cropping.
Responses of clonal river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) to waterlogging by fresh and salt water
Authors: Akilan K. , Farrell R. C. C. , Bell D. T. , Marshall J. K.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Effects of waterlogging by fresh and salt water
on growth, water use, stomatal conductance and net gas exchange of 2 clones
(M80 and M66) of river red gum (Eucalyptus camaldulensis
Dehnh.) were studied under glasshouse conditions for 16 weeks over winter.
Both clones tolerated extended periods of waterlogging with fresh water
without effects on growth, stomatal conductance or net gas exchange. Formation
of adventitious roots in the soil surface under waterlogging with fresh water
was earlier in clone M80 than clone M66, as was recovery in water use. Thus,
clone M80 may be more tolerant of soil saturation with fresh water than clone
M66. In contrast, clone M66 may be more suited to saline conditions. Greater
uptake of Na+ and Cl- occurred in
clone M80. Lower water uptake of salt water and possibly greater tissue
tolerance of salt by clone M66 may lead to greater survival under conditions
where plants use saline groundwater. The results suggest that clone M80 would
survive and utilise water when planted further upslope of highly salinised
areas, with clone M66 better able to survive closer to such areas. The
variation demonstrated between clones of
E. camaldulensis indicates closer matching of their
reclamation potential and the environmental conditions of damaged catchments
should be possible.
Mass rearing Halotydeus destructor (Tucker) (Acari : Penthaleidae) for use in summer screening of Trifolium subterraneum (L.) for mite resistance
Authors: Thackray D. J. , Ridsdill-Smith T. J. , Gillespie D. J.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Controlled environment experiments were
conducted to establish some of the requirements for successful mass rearing of
Halotydeus destructor (redlegged earth mite). Numbers of
mites reared on Vicia sativa (common vetch) cv.
Blanchefleur grown alone or on a mixture of vetch with
Trifolium subterraneum (subterranean clover) cv.
Goulburn, were significantly higher than those on subterranean clover or
Arctotheca calendula (capeweed) alone. Populations
reared on vetch grown in a sandy soil were significantly higher than those
reared on vetch grown in a loamy soil, pure sand or pure loam. Covering the
soil surface with a natural pasture mulch increased mite numbers compared with
leaving the soil bare or placing plant pots inside ventilated cages.
Subsequent changes in rearing methodology produced enough mites to enable
summer screening of subterranean clover lines for resistance to
H. destructorfor the first time. Over 20 000 mites can
be produced from vetch at one time for screening tests throughout the year.
Preliminary examination of thinning strategies on young ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Pink Lady’ apples
Authors: Jones K. M. , Bound S. A. , Summers C. R. , Oakford M. J.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Strategies were examined for thinning
5-year-old apple trees of ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Pink Lady’
with chemical thinners. Both cultivars were left unthinned (control),
hand-thinned at 20 days after full bloom (DAFB) or chemically thinned. The
chemical treatments consisted of full bloom (FB) sprays of naphthalene acetic
acid (NAA) at 2.5, 5 or 10 mg/L or ethephon at 25, 50 or 100 mg/L or
combination treatments of 2.5, 5 or 10 mg NAA/L at FB followed by 50 mg
ethephon/L at 7 DAFB. In addition 5 mg NAA/L or 50 mg ethephon/L
were followed by 150 mg CyLex/L (6-benzyladenine, Abbott Laboratories) at
20 DAFB. Neither NAA, ethephon alone or NAA followed by ethephon were
effective at the 2 lower concentrations. The highest level of NAA with
ethephon did some thinning of ‘Pink Lady’ but overthinned
‘Jonagold’. The CyLex combination treatments were the most
effective. Combining NAA and CyLex did not thin enough to increase fruit size
in ‘Pink Lady’ and slightly overthinned ‘Jonagold’.
The most effective treatment of ethephon and CyLex removed about half the crop
load compared with the control for both cultivars. This resulted in a
29% increase in fruit weight and a 48% increase in fruit size
for ‘Jonagold’. ‘Pink Lady’ increases were less, being
16% for fruit weight and 38% for fruit size. All mean fruit
weight and size outcomes for the ethephon–CyLex treatment exceeded
provisional targets. The ethephon–CyLex combination had important fruit
quality outcomes other than fruit weight and size. Fruit soluble solids were
increased by this treatment by 10% for ‘Jonagold’ and
6% for ‘Pink Lady’ and fruit firmness by 11% for
‘Jonagold’ and 5% for ‘Pink Lady’. The overall
results for the ethephon–CyLex combination were most encouraging for
both cultivars. Further work is required to substantiate these results.
Effectiveness of coat protein and defective replicase gene-mediated resistance against Australian isolates of cucumber mosaic virus
Authors: Singh Z. , Jones M. G. K. , Jones R. A. C.
Published: August 2004

Summary. Transgenic tobacco
(Nicotiana tabacum) plants of (i) cv. Samsun NN
containing the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S constitutive promoter linked to a
defective replicase (DR) gene derived from cucumber mosaic virus (CMV)
subgroup I isolate Fny, and (ii) cv. Xanthi containing the CaMV 35S promoter
linked to the coat protein (CP) gene of CMV subgroup I isolate C were tested
for resistance to various Australian isolates of CMV. The tobacco plants were
challenged with 3 CMV subgroup 1 isolates (BNRR, BMR and B6) using sap
inoculation. When used to challenge non-transgenic tobacco plants with 5
subgroup II CMV isolates from lupins (LY, LCH, LAcc, LGu and LD), this
inoculation method did not result in systemic infection so graft inoculation
was used instead to challenge transgenic plants with these 5 isolates. When
plants of the line with the DR gene were challenged with the 3 subgroup I
isolates, extreme resistance was revealed as none showed symptoms and CMV was
not detectable by ELISA. When the same 3 isolates were inoculated to the 3
lines with the CP gene, resistance was characterised by fewer plants becoming
virus infected, delayed systemic movement and, in the plants that were
infected, partial remission of symptoms plus somewhat decreased virus
concentration. Challenge of transgenic plants with DR or CP with the 5
subgroup II isolates resulted in fewer plants becoming infected. Actual
numbers of plants infected varied with line and subgroup II isolate and the DR
gene was as effective as the CP gene at decreasing infection. With subgroup II
isolate LY, infection was associated with remission of symptoms and with the
other 4 isolates with delayed systemic movement. Thus the DR gene approach was
more effective than the CP approach in obtaining extreme resistance against
Australian subgroup I isolates of CMV. These results suggest that introducing
a similar DR gene construct made from a subgroup II isolate from lupins into
commercial lupin cultivars may be a suitable strategy for obtaining extreme
resistance to subgroup II isolates from lupins.
The agronomic effectiveness of reactive phosphate rocks 2. Effect of phosphate rock reactivity
Authors: Gilkes R. J. , Bolland M. D. A.
Published: August 2004

Summary. The chemical reactivity of apatite phosphate
rock (PR) from Sechura (Bayovar), North Carolina, Egypt (Hamrawein), Morocco
(Khouribja) and Queensland (Duchess), was estimated using the following
methods (indices): percentage of the phosphorus (P) present in the PR that is
soluble in one extraction with 2% citric acid and 2% formic
acid, and variation in crystal chemistry determined using X-ray diffraction to
measure the length of the unit cell a dimension. The indices were related to
the agronomic effectiveness of the PRs for pasture using percentage of the
maximum (relative) yields for PR and superphosphate. At most sites there was a
statistically significant trend for the agronomic effectiveness of the PRs to
increase with increasing reactivity of the PRs as assessed by the 3 indices.
However, this was not the case for sites where: (i) leaching of water-soluble
P from freshly-applied superphosphate occurs in wet years; and (ii) the
agronomic effectiveness using SV 50 values of all the
PRs was uniformly low so that no differences between the PRs could be
detected. The relationship between the agronomic effectiveness
(SV50) of PR and chemical reactivity of the PR were
generally different each year and in most cases this variability was related
to the variation in total annual rainfall. From this study it is concluded
that PRs in which greater than 65–70% of their total P content is
soluble in 2% formic acid are likely to be highly reactive and
therefore agronomically effective P fertilisers for direct application to
appropriate soils in suitable environments.