bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibody Response in C3H Mice Injected with CBA Lymphoid Cells As Detected by Membrane Immunofluorescent Staining
Authors: LILLIEHÖÖK B , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Lymphocytes from CBA mice are strongly responsive to cells from the H‐2 identical strain C3H in vitro (MLC), whereas C3H lymphocytes are poorly reactive against CBA cells. Immunization of CBA mice with C3H lymphocytes did not yield any detectable specific antibodies. On the other hand, C3H mice immunised with CBA cells produced specific antibodies as detected by membrane immunofluorescence. Mice of the strains AKR and DBA/2 also possess this specific membrane alloantigen. We thus conclude that it is now possible to discriminate among lymphocytes of CBA and C3H origin.
Complement Dependence of Localisation of Aggregated IgG in Germinal Centres
Authors: PAPAMICHAIL M. , GUTIERREZ C. , EMBLING P. , JOHNSON P. , HOLBOROW E. J. , PEPYS M. B.
Published: June 2006

In vivo decomplementation of mice with cobra factor completely prevented trapping of aggregated human IgG within splenic germinal centres. Observations of the intrasplenic position of the aggregated material within 8 hr of its injection into normal and decomplemented mice suggest that the early phase of localisation in germinal centres depends on binding to lymphocyte C3 receptors.
Antibodies Against Equine ALG During Treatment of Rejection Crisis after Renal Allotransplantation
Authors: Birkeland S. A. , MUNK‐ANDERSEN G.
Published: June 2006

The development of antibodies to equine anti‐human‐lymphocyte globulin (ALG) was followed using passive hemagglutination and gel diffusion, and to Forssman antigen using direct sheep erythrocyte agglutination, in a controlled clinical investigation of ALG treatment of established rejection of renal allografts in a total of 12 patients. With passive hemagglutination a weak antibody to ALG was seen only in one case. There was no increase in titer for sheep erythrocyte antigens during treatment, which agrees well with clinical observations in which no anaphylactic reactions were seen.
Isolation and Characterization of Amyloid‐Related Serum Protein SAA as a Low Molecular Weight Protein
Authors: ANDERS R. F. , NATVIG J. B. , MICHAELSEN T. E. , HUSBY G.
Published: June 2006

With direct immunoprecipitation or gel filtration under dissociating conditions, amyloid‐related serum protein SAA has been isolated as a low molecular weight protein from the serum of two patients with rheumatoid arthritis but without known amyloidosis. The isolated protein SAA showed antigenic identity and an amino acid composition that was similar, but not identical, with isolated fibril protein AA., Molecular weight estimations suggest that protein SAA is approximately 50%, larger than protein AA and has a molecular weight of 14,000–15,000 daltons Preliminary results indicate that protein SAA from a patient with amyloidosis has a similar small molecular weight subunit.
J Chain in Malignant Human IgG Immunocytes
Authors: BRANDTZAEG. P. , BERDAL P.
Published: June 2006

J chain was demonstrated directly by immunofluorescence in the cytoplasm of malignant IgG‐producing human tumor cells. This was in contrast to IgG immunocytes accumulating in foci of chronic inflammation, which generally were devoid of J chain.
Reaction of Thymus Epithelial Cells with Antibodies to Group A Streptococcal Polysaccharide
Authors: LYAMPERT I. M , BELETSKAYA L V. , BORODIYUK N. A. , GNEZDITSKAYA E. V. , RASSOKHINA I. I.
Published: June 2006

Immunofluorescence studies show that thymus epithelial cells react with antibodies to group A streptococcal polysaccharide.
Responsiveness of Lymphoid Precursors to Polyclonal B‐Cell Activators
Authors: GRONOWICZ E. , COUTINHO A.
Published: June 2006

We have shown previously that in the differentiation of fetal liver cells to mature B cells in irradiated hosts, these cells sequentially gain responsiveness to the polyclonal B‐cell activators dextran‐sulphate (DxS), lipopolysaccharide (LPS)and purified protein derivative from tuberculin (PPD). in that order. In this paper we show that both fetal liver cells and adult bone marrow cells responded with proliferation to DxS. but not to LPS or PPD. However, neither fetal liver nor bone marrow cells gave rise to detectable numbers of high‐rate antibody‐secreting cells on short‐term stimulation by polyclonal B‐cell activators The lack of LPS and PPD responses of fetal liver and bone marrow cells could not be ascribed to the presence of inhibitory cells, and the DxS‐induced response in these cell populations was not dependent on adherent cells. However, LPS could inhibit the DxS response of fetal liver cells, possibly indicating that DxS‐responsive cells are precursors to B cells. Direct evidence was provided that DxS activated B‐Cell precursors in bone marrow. Thus, this cell population became responsive to LPS after DxS prestimulation. as measured by DNA synthesis. Bone marrow cells, sequentially stimulated with DxS and LPS. contained increased numbers of cells with surface immunoglobulin, although no significant increase in numbers of antibody‐secreting cells was obtained. These data indicate that DxS had the capacity to increase the rate of differentiation of B‐cell precursors. Finally, we show that the sequential appearance of responsiveness in B‐cell differentiation to polyclonal B‐cell activators is not due to lack of accessory cells during early stages in maturation
Immunochemical Studies on Free and Bound J Chain of Human IgA and IgM
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P
Published: June 2006

J chains purified from colostral IgA. polymeric (mainly dimeric) polyclonal IgA from serum, and monoclonal IgM appeared to be immunochemical identical in tests with antisera produced against the two latter antigens. None of the antisera precipitated with the native immunoglobulins, but J chain antibodies became bound to all three types of Ig polymer. On a molar basis polymeric IgA was almost twice as efficient as IgM and 17 times more efficient than colostral IgA in antibody inhibition tests. The J‐chain antibodies were able to link two or more IgA dimers and two or more IgM pentamers. After incubation in large antibody excess, the sedimentation properties of most IgM molecules were altered, whereas about 40% of the IgA dimers were unaffected by the treatment. Thus, although the J chain on the whole was slightly more exposed in polymeric IgA than in IgM, it was more homogeneously available in the latter polymer After denaturation in acid urea, the J chain became markedly more exposed in all three types of Ig polymer, and they were all precipitated by the most potent antiserum. Immunochemical quantitation of J chain released after reduction with 20 mM dithiothreitol indicated that on the average there are about 2 mol of J chain per mol of polymeric IgA, and 3 to 4 mol per mol of IgM.
Quantitative Separation of Antigen‐Specific Murine Antibodies by Anti‐Allotype Chromatography
Authors: FREED J. H. , HERZENBERG L. A.
Published: June 2006

The use of Sepharose‐conjugated murine anti‐Iga or anti‐Igb allo‐antisera allowed the quantitative separation of immunoglobulins of the two allotypes. After fractionation of mixtures of anti‐(T,G)‐A‐ ‐L antisera obtained from congenic strains differing in immunoglobulin allotype, it was possible to measure the antigen‐binding capacity of specific anti‐(T,G)‐A‐ ‐L antibodies in each allotype fraction. Analysis of artificial mixtures of immune sera obtained from homozygous Iga and Igb animals showed that this method is quantitative and internally consistent. This method of affinity chromatography was used in the analysis of specific anti‐(T,G)‐A–L antisera from tetraparental mice.
Antibody‐Dependent Cell‐Mediated Cytotoxicity: Heterogeneity of Effector Cells in Human Peripheral Blood
Authors: MacDONALD H. R , BONNARD G. D. , SORDAT B. , ZAWODNIK S. A.
Published: June 2006

We have compared antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCMC) of human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) in three model systems Target cells were 51Cr‐labeled mouse mastocytoma cells, chicken erythrocytes (CRBC), and human erythrocytes (HRBC) coated with appropriate heterologous or isologous antisera. Effector cells were characterized on the basis of their adherence, phagocytosis, radiosensitivity, and sedimentation velocity(s) at 1 g. In predominantly mononuclear (Ficoll‐Isopaque‐purified) PBL preparations (MPBL) HRBC were lysed by an adherent, phagocytic population of cells that was markedly radioresistant. Sedimentation velocity analysis further established that these effector cells were restricted to rapidly sedimenting fractions (s > 4.5 mm/hr). On the other hand, mastocytoma cells were lysed by a population of MPBL that was nonadherent, nonphagocytic, and relatively radiosensitive. These cells were mainly restricted to slowly sedimenting fractions (s < 4.5 mm/hr) following 1 g. velocity sedimentation. CRBC appeared to be susceptible to lysis by both types of mononuclear effector cell. In some experiments, enriched populations of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) were isolated. These cells were found to lyse both HRBC and CRBC very efficiently, whereas mastocytoma cells were lysed very little if at all by the same effector populations. Taken together, these results suggest that antibody‐coated mastocytoma cells are lysed uniquely by effector cells in human peripheral blood with the physical properties of lymphocytes, whereas antibody‐coated HRBC are lysed by both monocytes and PMN, but not by lymphocytes. Antibody‐coated CRBC would appear to be lysed by all of the three effector cell types tested.
Role of B Cells in the Expression of the PPD Response of Human Lymphocytes In Vitro
Authors: BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

Human blood lymphocytes were tested for their proliferative response to purified protein derivative (PPD) in vitro. Purified T cells showed a lower response than the original purified lymphocyte suspension Purified B cells were un responsive to PPD. Mixtures of preparations of T and B tells were stimulated to a greater extent by this antigen than anticipated by adding the responses of the two cell types tested separately. This cell synergy could largely be explained by soluble factors released by PPD‐stimulated T cells, which were found to be mitogenic for B cells.
Complement Activation in Relation to Protective Function of Antibodies to Escherichia coli O Antigens
Authors: AHLSTEDT S. , HANSON L. Å.
Published: June 2006

The relation between complement activation in an indirect hemolysis assay of E. coli O antibodies and their protective function in experimentally infected mice was analyzed. The antibody amounts and avidities were estimated in antisera and in IgG and IgM antibody fractions by the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique of Farr. The protection obtained was due to both IgG and IgM antibodies and showed a close relation to the quantity of antibodies measured by the ASP technique. No link between complement activation capacity of the antibodies and their protective function could be seen. In the system used, the IgM antibodies showed a correlation between antibody avidity and complement activating efficiency, whereas the IgG antibodies activated complement poorly. The results do not indicate a major function of the complement in antibody‐mediated protection against E. coli in this experimental system in mice.
Cell‐Mediated Immunity to a Serologically Defined (SD) HL‐A Antigen Panel in Kidney‐Transplanted Patients
Authors: BENDIXEN G. , DICKMEISS E. , SVEJGAARD A. , SøBORG M. , THAYSEN J. HESS
Published: June 2006

The graft‐directed, cell‐mediated immunity in kidney‐allografted patients was examined with a serologically defined (SD), donor‐unrelated panel of antigenic material in clinical steady state, soon after transplantation, and during acute rejection episodes. The SD antigens were selected from the panel on the basis of predictions hypothesized from the SD match of donor and recipient. The cell‐mediated immunity was measured by the direct leukocyte migration agarose test (LMAT). Positive reactions in kidney‐transplanted patients were induced particularly by one preparation (antigen 52) and were unpredictable on the basis of SD classification. The investigation shows that other antigenic determinants, different from SD antigens, probably play an important role as inducers of cell‐mediated, graft‐associated immunity in kidney‐transplanted patients.
Effect of Polyclonal B‐Cell Activators on DNA Synthesis in Fibroblasts
Authors: PERSSON U. , MÖLLER G.
Published: June 2006

The polyclonal B‐cell activators (PBA) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), type III pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII), dextran, dextran sulphate, pentosan sulphate, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were found to cause an increased DNA synthesis in mouse fibroblast monolayer cultures in the presence of calf serum, provided the background cpm were within certain values. The same PBA suppressed DNA synthesis when the cultures showed high background cpm. Since the PBA did not activate DNA synthesis in serum‐free cultures, it was concluded that PBA could not directly activate fibroblasts but rather influenced factors responsible for regulation of DNA synthesis in fibroblasts. In contrast PBA directly trigger lymphocytes.
Specificity of Cell‐Mediated Lympholysis for Public and Private H‐2 Determinants
Authors: LINDAHL K. F. , PECK A. B. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

The specificity of cell‐mediated lympholysis in the mouse was investigated by studying the cross‐reactivity of in vitro‐generated effector cells against targets carrying H‐2 haplotypes different from that of the stimulator. Congenic resistant partners of the C57BL/10 strain carrying ten different, independently derived haplotypes were tested in more than 600 combinations. Strong cytotoxicity was observed when stimulator and target cells shared a private determinant, but considerable cross‐killing was also seen in combinations where stimulator and target cells shared only public determinants. Cross‐killing is specific and can be blocked only by unlabeled cells of the stimulator or target strain. Although cross‐killing does not correlate with the number of stimulating public determinants carried by the target individual determinants 5, 15. 25, and 27 + 28 + 29 are associated with increased cross‐killing. Cross‐killing can occur both at the K and the D end of H‐2 and is not explained by antigens determined by the I region. We conclude that the serologically defined H‐2K and H‐2D molecules are the primary targets for cytotoxic T lymphocytes but that they may be perceived differently by T and B lymphocytes.
The Effect of Lipopolysaccharide on the Primary Immune Response to the Hapten NNP
Authors: PERSSON U , MOLLER E
Published: June 2006

We have studied the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on the primary in vivo immune response to the hapten (4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitrophenyl)acetyl (NNP), with special reference to the avidity and affinity of the early appearing 19S and antibodies Comparisons were made of the immune response to NNP in groups of mice given either antigen alone. LPS alone, or antigen plus LPS The avidity of antibodies induced by LPS plus antigen was similar to that found after injection of antigen alone, in spite of the fact that the antibodies were more numerous However, when comparing the avidity of antibodies produced in animals given only LPS with those given LPS plus antigen, the latter group was often found to have fewer low‐avidity 19S‐antibody‐producing cells The affinity of 7S antibodies was also similar in the two groups given antigen or antigen plus LPS Kinetic studies of the effect of LPS on the primary immune response to NNP showed that synergy was observed only before or after the peak response in groups given antigen alone It is concluded that LPS under synergy conditions acts preferentially on specific antigen‐sensitive cells which are distinct from those that are activated to polyclonal antibody synthesis by LPS alone. Possible mechanisms for the adjuvant effect of LPS are discussed
Secondary Responses of Human Lymphocytes to Alloantigens In Vitro
Authors: ZIER K. S. , BACH F. H.
Published: June 2006

The secondary response of human lymphocytes following restimulation with alloantigens has been studied. If fresh stimulating cells are added to a mixed leukocyte culture (MLC) at a time when the peak of proliferative and cytotoxic activity has passed, a rapid reactivation occurs. The secondary response in MLC demonstrates specificity such that restimulation with the original sensitizing cell (or one presumably sharing the LD genetic determinants responsible for triggering MLC) induces a greater proliferative response than a third‐party cell. On the other hand, the secondary cytotoxic response is directed towards the SD antigens of the original sensitizing cell regardless of which cell is used for restimulation. Possible mechanisms of cellular interactions are considered to explain these results.
Inhibition by Anti‐β2‐Microglobulin Antisera of Responder Cells and Not of Stimulator Cells in the Mixed Lymphocyte Reaction
Authors: McCALMON R. T. , KUBO R. T. , GREY H. M.
Published: June 2006

Specific antisera directed against beta2‐microglobulin (β2m) have been shown to inhibit completely the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). However, the mechanism of inhibition has been unclear. In the present study, further experiments were performed to determine the effect of anti‐β2m on both the stimulator and responder cells in an MLR. The experimental design used was that of a xenogeneic MLR, using mouse and human lymphocytes. The effect of anti‐human fern was studied in this system. Anti‐human β2m inhibited the xenogeneic MLR only when human lymphocytes were used as responder cells and did not inhibit the MLR when they were used as stimulator cells. These results suggest that surface β2m is not a requirement for stimulation in an MLR; however, β2m may be involved in the recognition of the stimulator cell by the responder cell. Although other interpretations could be invoked to explain the inhibition by anti‐β2m of the responder cell population, the one we favor is that β2m is a part of the antigen recognition site on the responder cells.
Immunoglobulin Synthesis In Vitro by Cerebrospinal Fluid Cells in Patients with Meningoencephalitis of Presumed Viral Origin.
Authors: SANDBERG‐WOLLHEIM M.
Published: June 2006

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells from six patients with meningoencephalitis ol presumed viral origin were incubated in the presence of labeled amino acids. The cells of two of the patients synthesized IgG, IgA, and IgM (one patient) in vitro The CSF of these two patients had an elevated level of IgG with oligoclonal distribution. The newly synthesized IgG also had an oligoclonal distribution. CSF cells of the other four patients were not shown to synthesize immunoglobulins in vitro. The CSF of these patients had a normal level of IgG with polyclonal distribution. The results demonstrate that in some patients with virus meningoencephalitis an immunoglobulin synthesis takes place locally and that at least part of the IgG shows a restricted heterogeneity. The results also suggest the presence of stimulated lymphocytes in the CSF of the same patients.
Isolation of IgG3 from Normal Human Sera and from a Patient with Multiple Myeloma by Using Protein A‐Sepharose 4B
Authors: HJELM H
Published: June 2006

Affinity chromatography of IgG on protein A‐Sepharose was used to isolate the human subclass IgG3 from normal serum and from a patient with multiple myeloma. The isolated material was purified by chromatography mi Sephadex G‐150 and characterized immunochemically Ultracentrifugation studies gave s°20 values of about 6.30 for both normal and myeloma IgG3 Approximately 54 halfcystine residues per molecule of IgG3 were obtained as judged from amino acid analysts after performic acid oxidation of the proteins. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate of the isolated and reduced material resulted in two bands correspoding to molecular weights of approximately 23.000 and 56.000. respectively. The yield of normal human IgG3 represented 1%‐2% of the tout IgG.
The Failure of Allogeneic Cells to Maintain an Immune Response in Nude Mice
Authors: KINDRED B.
Published: June 2006

Nude mice that have been injected with allogeneic thymus cells and sheep erythrocytes respond for a short time and are then unable to respond to subsequent injections of sheep erythrocytes, even if given with allogeneic thymus cells from the same or a different strain. However, they can respond to a different antigen or to the original antigen if given with congenic thymus cells. B cells from such animals are able to respond if transferred together with congenic thymocytes to irradiated hosts. It is suggested that allogeneic T cells are able to cooperate with B cells to initiate an immune response but that a further step is necessary to maintain the response, and for this congenic T cells are necessary.
Immunofluorescence Microphotometry for the Detection of Platelet Antibodies
Authors: VAN BOXTEL C. J. , OOSTERHOF F. , ENGELFRIET C. P.
Published: June 2006

After a survey of the literature dealing with the demonstration of platelet autoantibodies by immunofluorescence techniques, the results are given of a study in which immunofluorescence microphotometry was used for this purpose. The serum of 58, the platelets of 34, and the megakaryocytes of. 2 patients ‐with thrombocytopenia were investigated. In 21 of 52 sera (40%) in which the presence of platelet autoantibodies could be expected, positive results were obtained that could not be due to isoantibodies, either because the patients had not been pregnant and had not received blood transfusions or because the reactivity of the serum with the patient's own platelets was demonstrated. The platelets of 28 patients with thrombocytopenia not due to a platelet defect or decreased thrombopoiesis were investigated. In the platelets of 15 (54%) of these, significant differences in fluorescence were'found with anti‐immunoglobulin conjugate as well as with anti‐IgG, ‐IgA, ‐IgM, or ‐complement reagents. It was concluded that in these patients in vivo sensitization of the platelets with autoantibody was demonstrated. In two patients an indication of the in vivo sensitization of the megakaryocytes was also obtained.
Detection of IgG Aggregates or Immune Complexes Using Solid‐Phase C1q and Protein A‐Rich Staphylococcus aureus as an Indicator System
Authors: FARRELL C , SØGAARD H , SVEHAG S.‐E.
Published: June 2006

A radioimmunoassay for detection of Clq‐binding IgG aggregates and antigen‐IgG antibody complexes is described The assay makes use of solid‐phase Clq and 32p‐labelled protein A‐rich Stphylococcusaureus as an indicator system. Both 19S and heavier IgG aggregates that fixed Clq were detected The sensitivity of the assay permitted detection of heavy (19–25S) IgG aggregates at a concentration of 8 μg/ml or less. The results indicated that detection of IgG in this assay is dependent on the degree of IgG polymerization and the molar ratio between the solid‐phase Clq and the IgG polymers. Albumin‐anti‐albumin complexes, preformed at equilibrium with antibody to antigen molar ratios of 2:1 to 3:1 and at antigen concentrations of 25 to 40 μg/ml. were also detectable using the described radioimmunoassay
Correction: Mouse Spleen Cells Cultured in Homologous Serum Can Indeed Make Primary Antibodies to Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: BRITTON S.
Published: June 2006

Contrary to what I have reported in a previous article. I now present data that prove that spleen cells from various strains of mice can make primary antibodies In sheep erythrocytes in syngeneic adult serum The reasons for this dichotomy of data are not clear. The present results indicate that it is possible to obtain an antibody response in the absence of demonstrable mitogens or polyclonal activators, suggesting activating signals only between antigen‐specific cells Primary IgC formation in vitro was demonstrable in cultures with normal mouse serum but not in fetal‐calf‐serum‐substituted cultures. Since antigen has never induced antibody formation in vitro under serum‐free conditions, it is now deduced that normal adult serum, in addition to containing suppressor molecules that restrain general lymphocyte proliferation, also contains material absolutely essential for antigen‐induced specific cell proliferation to occur. These latter substances work even at very high dilutions.
A Solid‐Phase Radioimmunoassay for Clq‐Binding Immune Complexes
Authors: SVEHAG S.‐E.
Published: June 2006

A solid‐phase radioimmunoassay for detection of circulating Clq‐binding immune complexes (IC) or heat‐aggregated IgG (ΔIgG) is described. Purified human Clq protein was adsorbed to a fixed area of polystyrene tube surface for 1 hr at 22°C, pH 7.3, μ 0. 15. Binding of ΔIgG or IC to solid phase Clq at 22°C progressed over several hours and was enhanced at low μ (0.05). Heating of Clq (56°C for 30 min) reduced the binding by 85%‐90%. Binding of IC or ΔIgG was retained after several weeks' storage of solid‐phase Clq at 4°C Detection of 2–5 ng ΔIgG and less than 50 ng IC (in antibody excess) was achieved in competitive binding or inhibition tests with [125I] ΔIgG. Preliminary testing of 48 human sera indicated the usefulness of the assay for detection of IC in patient sera.
Immunological Characterization of Human Glomerular Basement Membrane Antigens
Authors: HLNRIKSEN K , JENSEN H.
Published: June 2006

Normal human glomerular basement membrane (H‐GBM) was solubilized by collagenase and subjected to crossed Immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antibodies against H‐GBM Seven precipitates appeared with the mobility of α, β,and γ globulins. Only two of these precipitates might be specific for GBM. since the other precipitates disappeared after absorption of the antiserum with liver and placenta. In normal human urine one precipitate, cross‐reacting with one of the H‐GBM precipitates, was found; this precipitate could also be demonstrated in human placenta and liver.
Experimental Murine Leprosy
Authors: CLOSS O. , KRONVALL G.
Published: June 2006

Sera from C3H and C57BL mice infected with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and from human leprosy patients were examined for antibodies against MLM by a crossed Immunoelectrophoresis (CIE) technique. Altogether antibodies against six or seven MLM antigens were found in the mouse sera. After a small inoculum of MLM, C3H mice produced more antibodies than C57BL mice After a large inoculum both strains produced about the same amount of antibodies but showed qualitative differences in their response patterns. A serum pool from patients with lepromatous leprosy contained antibodies against six MLM antigens: five of these were identical with the antigens against which antibodies were found in infected mice. C57BL mice that had lost their delayed‐type hypersensitivity to MLM during the course of a disseminated infection showed a fairly strong antibody response to three antigens and a weak response to three others. Since almost the same spectrum of antibodies, although in lower titres, could be demonstrated in C57BL mice with intact delayed‐type hypersensitivity to the bacilli, these antibodies did not seem to interfere with the expression of cell‐mediated immunity.
Fc Receptors in Human Placenta
Authors: MATRE R. , TÖNDER O. , ENDRESEN C
Published: June 2006

Cryostat sections of placental tissue strongly adsorbed erythrocytes sensitized with IgG antibodies of human, rabbit, and guinea pig origin No adsorption occurred using erythrocytes sensitized with F(ab')2fragments The reaction was strongly inhibited by intact IgG and by Fc fragments, weakly inhibited by pFc' fragments, and not inhibited by Facb and F(ab')2 or albumin. These properties are similar to those of corresponding receptors in normal lymphoid tissues. Results obtained with sections of hydatidiform mole showed that the reaction occurred with the trophoblastic tissue. Porcine placenta had no Fc receptor activity. The presence of an Fc receptor in human placental tissue may therefore be of significance for the selective transfer of IgG from mother to foetus.
In Vitro Target Cell Lysis Mediated by Normal Human Lymphocytes (K Cells) or Monocytes
Authors: LARSSON Å. , ÖHLANDER C.
Published: June 2006

Guinea pig IgG1 or IgG2 anti‐dinitrophenyl (DNP) antibody preparations were used for induction of target cell lysis by normal human lymphocytes (K cells) or monocytes. Target cells were DNP‐coated 51Cr‐labeled chicken erythrocytes. Antibody concentrations were assayed by an ammonium sulphate precipitation technique. When antiserum was obtained by immunization with the antigen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (FCA), IgG2 antibodies predominated and were significantly more efficient inducers of K‐cell‐mediated lysis than IgG1 antibodies. The lowest activity in K‐cell‐mediated lysis was teen with IgG1 from antiserum obtained by immunization with antigen in Freund's incomplete adjuvant. When these antibody fractions were tested in monocyte‐mediated crythrotysis, the two IgG1 fractions were as active as the IgG2 antibodies raised with antigen incorporated in FCA. The results suggest that the Fc receptors of mature human blood monocytes axe different from those on the effector cells in the K‐cell preparations.
Induction of Histamine Release and Desensitization in Human Leukocytes
Authors: PETERSSON B.‐Å.
Published: June 2006

Histamine release from normal human leukocytes can be induced by anti‐IgE or protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. After incubation in buffer at 37°C for various time intervals or repeated washings with buffer, or both procedures, the leukocytes lose most of their reactivity to protein A, whereas the reactivity to anti‐IgE is unaltered. Cells deprived of their protein A reactivity can be induced to release histamine by IgG complexed with protein A. Maximal release (23%–81%) from 0.6–1.0 × 107 leukocytes per ml is obtained if the mixture contains 1–2 μg protein A and 8–16 μg IgG per ml. The ratio between protein A and IgG in the most active mixtures is 1:8 or 1:16 on a weight basis, which corresponds to 2–4 IgG molecules per protein A molecule. Heat treatment does not destroy the capacity of IgG to mediate histamine release. Mixtures of protein A and the Fc part of IgG can also initiate the release. Furthermore, it is shown that the protein A‐IgG mixture and anti‐IgE induce cross‐desensitization to each other. This indicates that, like cell‐bound IgG, IgG in complex with protein A triggers partially the same reaction sequence as IgE.
Detection of Measles Antibodies in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum by a Radioimmunoassay
Authors: CUNNINGHAM‐RUNDLES C. , JERSILD C. , DUPONT B. , POSNER J. B. , GOOD R. A
Published: June 2006

Evidence that different structural components of the measles virus may act as antigens has been provided by the serologic methods of hemagglutination inhibition hemolysin inhibition, and nucleocapsid complement fixation. Using radio‐iodinated measles viral antigens, an immune precipitation assay has been designed that is capable of discriminating among various reactivities to measles viral structural components in scrum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and of distinguishing whether IgG and IgM antibody is involved. This technique has been applied to the study of measles antibodies in CSF and sera of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and other neurologic diseases. From data presented here, it was found that both groups of patients have individual reactivity to measles proteins, present in CSF and serum, whereas three normal CSF samples were found not to have such antibodies. It appears that oligoclonal immunoglobulins in CSF of MS patients may be detected by this method, and one patient with MS was found to have CSF IgM anti‐measles antibodies.
Evidence of Different Cell Populations in the Mouse Thymus Releasing and Responding to Mitogenic Factor
Authors: JACOBSSON H. , BLOMGREN H.
Published: June 2006

The thymocyte population of mice treated with cortisone was examined at various times with respect to its relative capacity to be triggered to DNA synthesis by soluble phytomitogens or mitogenic factors (MF) released by lymph node cells exposed to phytomitogens. The capacity of the thymocyte population to produce MF in response to phytomitogen exposure was also examined. We found that the relative blastogenic activity of both phytomitogens and MF on thymocytes increased as the cell number of the thymus was reduced by the cortisone treatment. However, the reactivity to phytomitogens increased to a higher extent. During the subsequent regeneration of the organ the stimulability of the cells by phytomitogen decreased far below that of MF. The relative capacity of thymocytes to produce MF seemed to parallel their phytomitogen reactivities One possible explanation of the results is that there exists one subpopulation of cells in the thymus more responsive to phytomitogens than to MF and another more responsive to MF than to phytomitogen. It is possible that the cells that are phytomitogen‐responsive are those that can produce MF.
Lymphocyte Populations and Cellular Immune Reactions in Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: HØYERAAL H M. , FRØLAND S S , WISLØFF F.
Published: June 2006

Ten patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls were investigated in pairs. The patients were found to have both normal proportions and normal absolute numbers of T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, and the Fc‐receptor‐bearing lymphoid cells in peripheral blood. No abnormality of mitogen‐induced lymphocyte transformation was observed. Lymphocyte‐mediated cytotoxicity induced by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or anti‐target cell antibodies was also found to be normal. As in an earlier study, impaired delayed hyper‐sensitivity by skin testing was observed in the patient group, thus indicating a dissociation between in vivo and in vitro parameters of lympboid cell function.
An Experimental Model in Mink for Studying the Relation Between Amyloid Fibril Protein AA and the Related Serum Protein, SAA
Authors: HUSBY G. , NATVIG J. B. , SLETTEN K. , NORDSTOGA K. , ANDERS R. F.
Published: June 2006

Experimental amyloidosis was induced in mink by repeated injections with endotoxin. Amyloid fibrils extracted from liver and spleen were fractionated by gel filtration after treatment with guanidine‐hydrochloride and a reducing agent, dithiothreitol. An elution profile very similar to that of human amyloid fibrils, having protein AA as a major component, was obtained. The mink amyloid protein eluted at a position similar to that of human protein AA was by amino acid composition and partial sequence studies shown to be very similar to the latter protein and was called mink protein AA. In addition, a protein AA‐related component (protein SAA) was found in increased amounts in serum of amyloidotic mink, providing further evidence of the homology with human amy‐loidosis. Experimental amyloidosis in mink represents a suitable model for studying amyloid proteins and related serum components.
Lymphocyte Subpopulations in the Cerebrospinal Fluid and Peripheral Blood in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: SANDBERG‐WOLLHEIM M. , TURESSON I
Published: June 2006

The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) were studied with respect to the frequency of lymphocytes with intra‐cellular immunoglobulins of different Ig classes as well as the relative frequency of B and T lymphocytes. An increased number of Ig‐positive cells were found in CSF (mean, 0.52%) when compared with blood (mean, 0.18%). In CSF there was a striking dominance of IgG‐positive cells, very few IgA‐positive cells, and almost no IgM‐positive cells. The distribution in blood was approximately normal. The ratios between x− and λ‐positive cells in CSF were all outside the range in blood. In CSF there were fewer B cells (mean, 4.7%) and more T cells (mean, 74.2%) when compared with blood (mean, 11.5% and 61.8%, respectively). The values for MS blood were approximately the same as for normal controls. The increased number of IgG‐containing cells in the CSF are in agreement with earlier studies, which showed a local immunoglobulin synthesis. The increased proportion of T lymphocytes in CSF of MS patients may indicate that these cells play a role in the pathogenesis of MS.
Blocking Effect of J Chain and J‐Chain Antibody on the Binding of Secretory Component to Human IgA and IgM
Authors: BRANDTZAEG P
Published: June 2006

Isolated released J chain showed only a small affinity for free secretory component (SC), as indicated by a marginal but reproducible blocking effect on the binding of SC to Ig polymers. The SC‐binding site was completely blocked by J‐chain antibody in those Ig polymers where the bound J chains were accessible to the antibody. Along with the established masking effect of SC on the antigenicity of J chains present in secretory IgA, these results are compatible with the idea that the conformation of Ig‐associated J chains contributes to the SC‐binding site of Ig polymers.
Protein A Reactivity of Two Distinct Groups of Human Monoclonal IgM
Authors: LIND I. , HARBOE M. , FØLLING I.
Published: June 2006

Fifteen human monoclonal IgM proteins could be divided into two groups based on their ability to inhibit binding of a labelled human monoclonal IgM (IgM‐Se) to Staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 (IgM‐Se assay); seven were positive and eight were negative. We found complete agreement between positive reaction in the IgM‐Se assay, the presence of protein A reactivity in gel diffusion experiments, and high titres in an indirect haemagglutination test that detects antibodies to protein A‐IgG complexes. The protein A precipitation patterns of IgM and autologous IgG were not identical.
A Plaque Technique for Assay and Characterization of Antibody‐Dependent Cytotoxic Effector (K) Cells
Authors: BIBERFELD P. , WÅHLIN B. , PERLMANN P. , BIBERFELD G.
Published: June 2006

Using monolayers of erythrocytes as target cells, a plaque assay was developed by which individual antibody‐dependent cytolytic lymphoid cells (K cells) could be identified at the cellular level. The extent of plaque formation depended on the concentration of sensitizing antibody, time of incubation, and number of lymphocytes added. Most of the plaque‐forming cells (50% to 70%) were shown to possess receptors for activated complement, a small but variable fraction (3% to 25%) had surface Ig detectable by indirect immunofluorescence, and 5% to 10% bound sheep erythrocytes at 4°C. The plaque‐forming cells appeared as villous, small to medium‐sized lymphocytes when studied by transmission or scanning electron microscopy. Under standardized experimental conditions the minimal number of active, plaque‐forming K cells in purified lymphocyte preparations could be estimated.
Ia Antigens and Fc Receptors
Authors: KRAMMER P. H. , PERNIS B.
Published: June 2006

The function of Fc receptors (FcR) on mouse spleen cells as detected by a sensitive resetting system using antibody‐labeled bovine erythrocytes as indicator cells was shown to be inhibited by anti‐Ia antiserum. Furthermore, the la specificities of each I‐region sublocus (I‐1A, I‐1B I‐C) seem to be associated with FcR, since FcR function was also inhibited when the blocking anti‐Ia antiserum recognized only restricted Ia specificities. Antiserum directed against antigen coded for by the K‐end of the major histocompatibility complex did not inhibit FcR function. The function of C3 receptors and Fc receptors on macrophages and Fc‐receptor‐positive cells in the fetal liver was not inhibited by anti‐Ia antiserum. These findings arc discussed in view of a possible arrangement of Fc receptors and Ia antigens on the cell membrane.
The Role of B‐Cell Memory in Secondary IgG and IgM Responses
Authors: SEPPÄLÄ I. , HURME M. , SARVAS H. , MÄKELÄ O.
Published: June 2006

Mice were primed with the hapten 3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodophenacetic acid (NIP) conjugated to chicken globulin (CG) and were boosted 2, 6, or 12 months later with CG conjugates of the related haptens 3,5‐diiodo‐4‐hydroxyphenacetic acid (DIP) or 3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxyphenacetic acid (NP). Accelerated secondary responses were demonstrated both in the 7S and 19S class. Fine‐specificities of secondary‐response antibodies were studied by the hapten inhibition method of haptenated bacteriophage inactivation. 7S antibodies were found to have the fine‐specificity of anti‐NIP antibodies regardless of whether DIP or NP was the booster hapten (‘original antigenic sin’). 19S antibodies had the fine‐specificity of anti‐DIP when DIP was the booster hapten. NP as the booster hapten retailed in 195 antibodies whose fine‐specificity was intermediate between anti‐NIP and anti‐NP. A strong B‐cell memory could thus be demonstrated in the 7S antibody response and a weak B‐cell memory in the 19S antibody response.
Antibody‐Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Authors: CORDIER G. , SAMARUT C. , BROCHIER J. , REVILLARD J. P.
Published: June 2006

The effector cell(s) in human antibody‐dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). with antibody‐coated chicken erythrocytcs as targets, was studied by comparison of cell suspensions from various lymphoid organs and by means of various cell fractionation methods. Effector cells (K) were found mostly in peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow but not in tonsils, lymph nodes, and thymus. Effector cells bear Fc receptors and can form EA rosettes with the antibody‐coated target cells. About 1.5% peripheral blood lymphocytes can form ‘high‐avidity’ EA rosettes with targets coated at low antiserum concentration. Most of the effector cells belong to this small subset, as shown by experiments of selective depletion. Removal of most monocytes, T cells, or B cells from, or addition of T‐cell‐specific antiserum to, the effector cell suspensions did not affect ADCC. Effector cells in this model of ADCC therefore lack the conventional B‐ or T‐cell markers but at least some of them are likely to bear C3 receptors.
Evidence of the Presence of Rheumatoid Factor and Antibodies Reacting with Human and Rabbit IgA in Fluid from Non‐Keratinizing Jaw Cysts
Authors: SKAUG N.
Published: June 2006

Fluid from an apical periodontal and a follicular jaw cyst formed, in double diffusion in agarose gel, a continuous precipitin line against IgA isolated from human and rabbit serum, IgA myeloma protein, and secretory IgA. Results of immunoelectrophoresis and absorption experiments indicated that the IgA precipitating factor was an immunoglobulin belonging to the IgM class. Furthermore, the two cyst fluids contained immune complexes, possibly IgA‐anti‐IgA, which precipitated in agar gel. The same two cyst fluids showed a positive reaction in the Waaler‐Rose test with titres of 40 and 80, respectively. A series of other cyst fluids examined were negative in the Waaler‐Rose test. None of the cyst fluids contained antinuclear antibodies.
Immunoelectrophoretic ‘Tailing’ of Albumin Line Due to Albumin‐IgG Antibody Complexes: A Side Effect of Nitrofurantoin Treatment?
Authors: TEPPO A.‐M. , HALTIA K. , WAGER O.
Published: June 2006

The immunochemical analysis of sera of 10 patients in which immunoelectrophoresis showed a cathodic, elongated,‘tailing’ albumin (TA) line is described. Eight of the 10 patients had been treated with nitrofurantoin, and withdrawal of the drug was followed by disappearance of the phenomenon in 5 cases. Most of the patients had polyclonally elevated IgG and IgA levels and a decreased albumin level; IgM, C3, C4, and C1‐INH were normal. Antinuclear activity of IgG type was demonstrated in the sera of 9 patients. The TA phenomenon was due to noncovalently bound complexes between IgG and albumin. The combining sites of the IgG molecules were in the Fab fragment. The antibody‐like activity of the IgG was directed towards autologous and isologous albumin. The anti‐albumin activity remained unchanged after absorption of the antinuclear activity. The nitrofurantoin‐induced albumin‐anti‐albumin system may prove useful as a human model of autoimmune response of known aetiology.
Synthesis of Secretory Component by Human Colon Cancer Cells
Authors: HUANG S.‐W. , FOGH J. , HONG R.
Published: June 2006

Colon carcinoma, established in long‐term tissue culture, has been shown to synthesize secretary component (SC). These molecules can be demonstrated both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm by immunofluorescence. Regeneration of SC was demonstrable after trypsinization of the cells. In culture, two lines of carcinoma epithelium were shown to incorporate [14C]leucine into newly synthesized SC. These cell lines should provide useful preparations for studying the details of immunoglobulin‐SC interactions.
The Role of Adherent Cells in the Immune Response
Authors: MÖLLER G. , LEMKE H. , OPITZ H.‐G.
Published: June 2006

The primary immune response to sheep erythrocytes in adherent cell‐depleted cultures was restored by adding a critical number of peritoneal ceils. Complete substitution was achieved also with supernatants from allogencic and syngeneic peritoneal cells. Both living fibroblasts and supernatants from fibroblast cultures were found to be highly efficient substitutes for adherent cells in both syngeneic and allogeneic systems. Supernatants from non‐antigen‐treated peritoneal cells and fibroblasts caused increased DNA synthesis and induction of polyclonal antibody synthesis in normal spleen cells. Thus, adherent cells need not function in the immune response by presenting antigen to the B cells via ‘IgT’ or by releasing signal‐2 activity, which acts on lymphocytes that have already received signal 1.
Characterization of Homologous Anti‐Alpha‐Feto‐protein Antibodies Produced in Rabbits
Authors: PIHKO H.
Published: June 2006

The natural tolerance to alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) was broken in rabbits by immunizations with purified AFP from different species and homologous AFP chemically modified by haptenation. Some of the rabbits were boostered with rabbit AFP. The highest titers were obtained with human AFP, which shows a strong cross‐reaction with rabbit AFP. The homologous antibodies were of lower avidity than heterologous (sheep) antisera. Injections with rabbit AFP did not alter the avidity or titer. All antibodies produced by injections with human AFP could be absorbed with the original immunogen, and no reactivity against determinants unique to rabbit AFP could be found. These results indicate that the antibody activity against autologus AFP is based on cross‐reactivity and that the immunizations did not make the autologous AFP immmunogenic. These findings may be important in view of the possible use of AFP as a target antigen in tumor immunotherapy.
Does Nonspecific T‐Lymphocyte Stimulation of B Lymphocytes Occur During Reversal Reaction in Borderline Leprosy?
Authors: BARNETSON R. StC. , BARNETSON A. , PEARSON J. M. H. , KRONVALL G.
Published: June 2006

Serum immunoglobulins G. A. and M were estimated in 14 patients with borderline cases of leprosy at commencement of treatment and subsequently when they developed ‘reversal reaction’. There was a significant increase in all immunoglobulin levels during the reaction, with a subsequent fall; the postreaction values for IgG and IgA were below the base‐line figures. Additional investigations in six patients indicated that the rise was a nonspecific one, not brought about by an increase in antimycobacterial antibodies. It seems likely that the rise in immunoglobulins during reaction is due to nonspecific T‐lymphocyte stimulation of B lymphocytes.
Transplantation of Bursal Stem Cells into Cyclophosphamide‐Treated Chicks
Authors: SORVARI T. E. , TOIVANEN A.
Published: June 2006

After transplantation of bursal stem cells into cyclophosphamide‐treated newly hatched chicks, the first lymphoid cells in the spleen of the recipients were observed on the first day after the cell transfer and the first plasma cells on day 3. The repopulation of the Schweigger‐Seidel sheaths started from their periphery on day 6. The first germinal centers were detected 20 days after the cell transfer. In cyclophosphamide‐treated birds without cell transplantation, only the periphery of the Schweigger‐Seidel sheaths became repopulated, and no plasma cells or germinal centers were observed. The results indicate that already at the age of 3 days the bursa contains some cells of postbursal maturity, able to home to the spleen.