bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
First hydrothermal discoveries on the Australian‐Antarctic Ridge: Discharge sites, plume chemistry, and vent organisms
Authors: Hahm Doshik , Baker Edward T. , Siek Rhee Tae , Won Yong‐Jin , Resing Joseph A. , Lupton John E. , Lee Won‐Kyung , Kim Minjeong , Park Sung‐Hyun
Published: August 2015

The Australian‐Antarctic Ridge (AAR) is one of the largest unexplored regions of the global mid‐ocean ridge system. Here, we report a multiyear effort to locate and characterize hydrothermal activity on two first‐order segments of the AAR: KR1 and KR2. To locate vent sites on each segment, we used profiles collected by Miniature Autonomous Plume Recorders on rock corers during R/V Araon cruises in March and December of 2011. Optical and oxidation‐reduction‐potential anomalies indicate multiple active sites on both segments. Seven profiles on KR2 found 3 sites, each separated by ∼25 km. Forty profiles on KR1 identified 17 sites, some within a few kilometer of each other. The spatial density of hydrothermal activity along KR1 and KR2 (plume incidence of 0.34) is consistent with the global trend for a spreading rate of ∼70 mm/yr. The densest area of hydrothermal activity, named “Mujin,” occurred along the 20 km‐long inflated section near the segment center of KR1. Continuous plume surveys conducted in January–February of 2013 on R/V Araon found CH4/3He (1 − 15 × 106) and CH4/Mn (0.01–0.5) ratios in the plume samples, consistent with a basaltic‐hosted system and typical of ridges with intermediate spreading rates. Additionally, some of the plume samples exhibited slightly higher ratios of H2/3He and Fe/Mn than others, suggesting that those plumes are supported by a younger hydrothermal system that may have experienced a recent eruption. The Mujin‐field was populated by Kiwa crabs and seven‐armed Paulasterias starfish previously recorded on the East Scotia Ridge, raising the possibility of circum‐Antarctic biogeographic connections of vent fauna.
The signature of randomness in riparian plant root distributions
Authors: Tron Stefania , Perona Paolo , Gorla Lorenzo , Schwarz Massimiliano , Laio Francesco , Ridolfi Luca
Published: August 2015

Known as “the hidden half”, plant roots are fundamental contributors to the riparian ecosystem functioning. Roots show an extraordinary architectural complexity that recalls their remarkable ability to adapt to environmental heterogeneity, resources availability, and climate. In fluvial environments, phreatophytes and hydrophytes cope with flow and sediment processes, and hydrotropism and aerotropism are the main drivers for root growth. In this work, we show how the vertical root density distribution in riparian plants is the result of how plants respond to the random fluctuations of river flows. A root data set from field and controlled outdoor experiments is used in combination with a physically based analytical model to demonstrate that the root vertical density distribution can be ascribed to the interplay of randomness and determinism in a simple mathematical form. The shape of the distribution reflects the profitability of plant roots to grow in different soil layers depending on the soil moisture availability. For the first time, this model helps understanding in an analytical manner the adaptation strategy of plant roots to different scenarios, paving the way for the comprehension of the effects of future changes in climate and environmental conditions.
Characteristics of extreme geoelectric fields and their possible causes: Localized peak enhancements
Authors: Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Pulkkinen Antti A. , Bernabeu Emanuel , Eichner Jan , Viljanen Ari , Crowley Geoff
Published: August 2015

One of the major challenges pertaining to extreme geomagnetic storms is to understand the basic processes associated with the development of dynamic magnetosphere‐ionosphere currents, which generate large induced surface geoelectric fields. Previous studies point out the existence of localized peak geoelectric field enhancements during extreme storms. We examined induced global geoelectric fields derived from ground‐based magnetometer recordings for 12 extreme geomagnetic storms between the years 1982 and 2005. For the present study two important extreme storms, 29 October 2003 and 13 March 1989, are shown. The primary purpose of this paper is to provide further evidence on the existence of localized peak geoelectric field enhancements and to show that the structure of the geoelectric field during these localized extremes at single sites can differ greatly from globally and regionally averaged fields. Although the physical processes that govern the development of these localized extremes are still not clear, we discuss some possible causes.
Fragility of reconstructed temperature patterns over the Common Era: Implications for model evaluation
Authors: Wang Jianghao , Emile‐Geay Julien , Guillot Dominique , McKay Nicholas P. , Rajaratnam Bala
Published: August 2015

Climate field reconstructions(CFRs) enable spatially resolved estimates of past climates, providing important insights about climate variability over the Common Era. In particular, a reconstructed “La Niña‐like” pattern during the transition from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (MCA) to the Little Ice Age has been widely tied to medieval droughts in southwest North America. This pattern is now used as a key benchmark for global climate model simulations of the last millennium, which have yet to reproduce it. Here we test the pattern's robustness by using four different CFR methods and two proxy networks. With the older network, we find the reconstructed patterns to be highly method‐dependent, with the La Niña‐like pattern not reproduced by two of the CFR methodologies. With the updated proxy network, a globally uniform MCA emerges with all methods, in agreement with simulations from the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project Phase 3 ensemble. Our results caution against drawing dynamical interpretations from a single CFR and affirm the importance of developing CFRs through improved statistical methodology and community‐driven proxy syntheses.
Effect of temperature and pore fluid on the strength of porous limestone
Authors: Lisabeth Harrison P. , Zhu Wenlu
Published: August 2015

The presence of pore fluid in rocks generally reduces brittle strength. The role of water weakening in porous carbonate rocks and the effect of enhanced deformation on concomitant transport property evolution are poorly understood. The interaction between pore fluid and deformation mechanisms in carbonate rocks is complicated by crystal plasticity and solubility in calcite at low temperatures and pressures. To explore this system, we perform conventional triaxial deformation experiments on Indiana Limestone (~16% porosity) over a range of temperatures (23–75°C) and effective confining pressures (10–50 MPa). Samples are deformed with pore fluids of different saturation states with respect to calcite host rock. Samples tend to fail by distributed deformation. Sample permeability is reduced by up to an order of magnitude during deformation, even in samples exhibiting dilatancy. Compactive yield strength, associated with shear‐enhanced compaction, is greatly reduced in saturated samples compared to dry samples. Dilatancy is suppressed and compaction enhanced at elevated pressures. Greater weakening effects are observed when pore fluid is far‐from‐equilibrium with carbonate rock. Observed weakening results from the interaction between microcracking, mechanical twinning, and pressure solution.
Effects of wind on entrainment efficiency in volcanic plumes
Authors: Suzuki Yujiro J. , Koyaguchi Takehiro
Published: August 2015

The entrainment of air by turbulent mixing plays a central role in the dynamics of volcanic eruption clouds, as the amount of entrained air controls the height of the plume. In one‐dimensional models of volcanic plumes, the efficiency of entrainment under a wind field is parameterized using two empirical constants. The first is the coefficient associated with the entrainment caused by the shear between the volcanic plume and the ambient air (i.e., the radial entrainment coefficient), and the other is associated with the entrainment caused by wind (i.e., the wind entrainment coefficient). In this study, we used three‐dimensional numerical simulations of volcanic plumes to determine the effective values of these empirical constants from the relationship between eruption conditions and plume heights. These simulations suggest that the value of the radial entrainment coefficient is 0.05–0.06, which is slightly smaller than that of pure jets or plumes seen in laboratory experiments (0.07–0.15). The value of the wind entrainment coefficient was estimated to be 0.1–0.3, which is significantly smaller than those estimated from laboratory experiments (0.3–1.0). The entrainment coefficients derived from these simulations successfully explain the observations made during the 2011 Shinmoe‐dake eruptions in which the volcanic plumes were significantly distorted by the wind.
The Lithoautotrophic Ammonia‐Oxidizing Bacteria
Authors: Koops Hans‐Peter , Pommerening‐Röser Andreas
Published: August 2015

The physiologically defined group of lithoautotrophic ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria and lithoautotrophic nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria has revealed that they were formerly classified as nitrifying bacteria in the family Nitrobacteraceae, but recent investigations revealed that they do not represent a phylogenetically definable unit. In recent years, several molecular ecological techniques have been developed, in general using 16S rRNA sequence information forin situanalyses. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of PCR‐amplified 16S rDNA fragments, with subsequent sequencing of the obtained distinct amplicons, has proven to be another tool for analyzing the sequence diversity of complex nitrifying bacterial populations. Biochemistry of the organisms and its habitats are explained in detail. Inin situtechniques, combined application of conventional (isolation and physiological characterization of the most abundant species) and molecular (hierarchical sets of specific probes) analyses of nitrifying populations could overcome most of these problems.
Procaryotic Domains
Authors: Krieg Noel R.
Published: August 2015

Procaryotes are single cells or simple associations of similar cells (usually 0.2–10.0 µm in smallest dimension, although some are much larger) forming a group defined by cellular, not organismal, properties (i.e., by the structure and components of the cells of an organism rather than by the properties of the organism as a whole). Some differential characteristics of procaryotes and eucaryotes are described in detail. Recent phylogenetic analyses of the
Bacteria
,
Archaea
, and
Eucarya
using conserved protein sequences have shown that the majority of trees support a closer relationship between the
Archaea
and
Eucarya
than between
Archaea
and
Bacteria
. For practical purposes, the
Bacteria
may be divided into three phenotypic subgroups: (1) those that are Gram‐negative and have a cell wall, (2) those that are Gram‐positive and have a cell wall, and (3) those that lack any cell wall. The major groups of the
Archaea
include (a) the methanogenic
Archaea
, (b) the sulfate‐reducing
Archaea
, (c) the extremely halophilic
Archaea
, (d) the
Archaea
lacking cell walls, and (e) the extremely thermophilic S
0
‐metabolizing
Archaea
. Some characteristics differentiating
Bacteria
from
Archaea are explained in detail
. The apparent
Archaea–Eucarya
sisterhood raises interesting questions about the phylogenetic relationships between procaryotes and eucaryotes.
Halobacteriales
Authors: Grant William D. , Kamekura Masahiro , McGenity Terry J. , Ventosa Antonio
Published: August 2015

Ha.lo.bac.te.ri.a' les
. M.L. neut. n.
Halobacterium
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Halobacteriales
the
Halobacterium
order.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Halobacteriales
Myxococcales
Authors: Reichenbach Hans
Published: August 2015

My.xo.coc.ca' les. M.L. fem. pl. n.Myxococcaceaetype family of order; ‐alesending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.MyxococcalestheMyxococcaceaeorder.

Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Myxococcales
Aeromonadales ord. nov
Authors: Martin‐Carnahan Amy , Joseph Samuel W.
Published: August 2015

Ae.ro.mo.na.da' les
. M.L. fem. n.
Aeromonas
type genus of the family and order; suff. ‐
ales
to denote an order; M.L. pl. n.
Aeromonadales
the
Aeromonas
order.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Aeromonadales
Methylococcales ord. nov
Authors: Bowman John P.
Published: August 2015

Me.thy.lo.coc.ca' les
. M.L. fem. pl. n.
Methylococcus
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order; M.L. fem. pl. n.
Methylococcus
order.

Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Methylococcales
Entomoplasmatales
Authors: Brown Daniel R. , Bradbury Janet M. , Whitcomb Robert F.
Published: August 2015

En.to.mo.plas.ma.ta'les. N.L. neut. n.
Entomoplasma
type genus of the order; ‐
ales
ending to denote an order: N.L. fem. pl. n.
Entomoplasmatales
the
Entomoplasma
order.

Tenericutes / Mollicutes / Entomoplasmatales
Van der Waals p–n Junction Based on an Organic–Inorganic Heterostructure
Authors: Liu Fucai , Chow Wai Leong , He Xuexia , Hu Peng , Zheng Shoujun , Wang Xingli , Zhou Jiadong , Fu Qundong , Fu Wei , Yu Peng , Zeng Qingsheng , Fan Hong Jin , Tay Beng Kang , Kloc Christian , Liu Zheng
Published: August 2015

Organic–inorganic heterostructures are an emerging topic that is very interesting for optoelectronics. Here, non‐conventional p–n junctions are investigated using organic rubrene single crystal and 2D MoS2 as the p‐ and n‐type semiconducting materials, respectively. The current‐rectifying behavior is clearly observed in the junction device. The rectification ratio can be electrically tuned by the gate voltage due to the 2D nature of the heterostructure. The devices also show good photoresponse properties with a photoresponsivity of ≈500 mA W−1 and a fast response time. These findings suggest a new route to facilitate the design of nanoelectronic and optoelectronic devices based on layered inorganics and organics.
Fabrication of Nanocarbon Composites Using In Situ Chemical Vapor Deposition and Their Applications
Authors: He Chunnian , Zhao Naiqin , Shi Chunsheng , Liu Enzuo , Li Jiajun
Published: August 2015

Nanocarbon (carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene (GN)) composites attract considerable research interest due to their fascinating applications in many fields. Here, recent developments in the field of in situ chemical vapor deposition (CVD) for the design and controlled preparation of advanced nanocarbon composites are highlighted, specifically, CNT‐reinforced bulk structural composites, as well as CNT, GN, and CNT/GN functional composites, together with their practical and potential applications. In situ CVD is a very attractive approach for the fabrication of composites because of its engaging features, such as its simplicity, low‐cost, versatility, and tunability. The morphologies, structures, dispersion, and interface of the resulting nanocarbon composites can be easily modulated by varying the experimental parameters (such as temperature, catalysts, carbon sources, templates or template catalysts, etc.), which enables a great potential for the in situ synthesis of high‐quality nanocarbons with tailored size and dimension for constructing high‐performance composites, which has not yet been achieved by conventional methods. In addition, new trends of the in situ CVD toward nanocarbon composites are discussed.
The effect of genetic test‐based risk information on behavioral outcomes: A critical examination of failed trials and a call to action
Authors: Austin Jehannine
Published: August 2015

Encouraging individuals at risk for common complex disease like heart disease, cancer, and diabetes to adopt lifestyle changes (e.g., smoking cessation, exercise, proper nutrition, increased screening) could be powerful public health tools to decrease the enormous personal and economic burden of these conditions. Theoretically, genetic risk information appears to be a compelling tool that could be used to provoke at‐risk individuals to adopt these lifestyle changes. Unfortunately, however, numerous studies now have shown that providing individuals with genetic test‐based risk information has little to no impact on their behavior. In this article (a commentary not a systematic review), the failed trials in which genetic information has been used as a tool to induce behavior change will be critically examined in order to identify new and potentially more effective ways forward. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exome analysis of a family with Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome identifies a novel disease locus
Authors: Bowles Neil E. , Jou Chuanchau J. , Arrington Cammon B. , Kennedy Brett J. , Earl Aubree , Matsunami Norisada , Meyers Lindsay L. , Etheridge Susan P. , Saarel Elizabeth V. , Bleyl Steven B. , Yost H. Joseph , Yandell Mark , Leppert Mark F. , Tristani‐Firouzi Martin , Gruber Peter J. ,   the Baylor Hopkins Centers for Mendelian Genomics
Published: August 2015

Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW) syndrome is a common cause of supraventricular tachycardia that carries a risk of sudden cardiac death. To date, mutations in only one gene, PRKAG2, which encodes the 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase subunit γ‐2, have been identified as causative for WPW. DNA samples from five members of a family with WPW were analyzed by exome sequencing. We applied recently designed prioritization strategies (VAAST/pedigree VAAST) coupled with an ontology‐based algorithm (Phevor) that reduced the number of potentially damaging variants to 10: a variant in KCNE2 previously associated with Long QT syndrome was also identified. Of these 11 variants, only MYH6 p.E1885K segregated with the WPW phenotype in all affected individuals and was absent in 10 unaffected family members. This variant was predicted to be damaging by in silico methods and is not present in the 1,000 genome and NHLBI exome sequencing project databases. Screening of a replication cohort of 47 unrelated WPW patients did not identify other likely causative variants in PRKAG2 or MYH6. MYH6 variants have been identified in patients with atrial septal defects, cardiomyopathies, and sick sinus syndrome. Our data highlight the pleiotropic nature of phenotypes associated with defects in this gene. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characterization of MHC class II B polymorphism in multiple populations of wild gorillas using non‐invasive samples and next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Hans Jörg B. , Haubner Anne , Arandjelovic Mimi , Bergl Richard A. , Fünfstück Tillmann , Gray Maryke , Morgan David B. , Robbins Martha M. , Sanz Crickette , Vigilant Linda
Published: August 2015

Genes encoded by the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) are crucial for the recognition and presentation of antigens to the immune system. In contrast to their closest relatives, chimpanzees and humans, much less is known about variation in gorillas at these loci. This study explored the exon 2 variation of ‐DPB1, ‐DQB1, and ‐DRB genes in 46 gorillas from four populations while simultaneously evaluating the feasibility of using fecal samples for high‐throughput MHC genotyping. By applying strict similarity‐ and frequency‐based analysis, we found, despite our modest sample size, a total of 18 alleles that have not been described previously, thereby illustrating the potential for efficient and highly accurate MHC genotyping from non‐invasive DNA samples. We emphasize the importance of controlling for multiple potential sources of error when applying this massively parallel short‐read sequencing technology to PCR products generated from low concentration DNA extracts. We observed pronounced differences in MHC variation between species, subspecies and populations that are consistent with both the ancient and recent demographic histories experienced by gorillas. Am. J. Primatol. 77:1193–1206, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Familial cortical dysplasia caused by mutation in the mammalian target of rapamycin regulator NPRL3
Authors: Sim Joe C. , Scerri Thomas , Fanjul‐Fernández Miriam , Riseley Jessica R. , Gillies Greta , Pope Kate , van Roozendaal Hanna , Heng Julian I. , Mandelstam Simone A. , McGillivray George , MacGregor Duncan , Kannan Lakshminarayanan , Maixner Wirginia , Harvey A. Simon , Amor David J. , Delatycki Martin B. , Crino Peter B. , Bahlo Melanie , Lockhart Paul J. , Leventer Richard J.
Published: August 2015

We describe first cousin sibling pairs with focal epilepsy, one of each pair having focal cortical dysplasia (FCD) IIa. Linkage analysis and whole‐exome sequencing identified a heterozygous germline frameshift mutation in the gene encoding nitrogen permease regulator‐like 3 (NPRL3). NPRL3 is a component of GAP Activity Towards Rags 1, a negative regulator of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling pathway. Immunostaining of resected brain tissue demonstrated mammalian target of rapamycin activation. Screening of 52 unrelated individuals with FCD identified 2 additional patients with FCDIIa and germline NPRL3 mutations. Similar to DEPDC5, NPRL3 mutations may be considered as causal variants in patients with FCD or magnetic resonance imaging–negative focal epilepsy. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:132–137
Genome‐wide variant by serum urate interaction in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Nazeri Arash , Roostaei Tina , Sadaghiani Shokufeh , Chakravarty M. Mallar , Eberly Shirley , Lang Anthony E. , Voineskos Aristotle N.
Published: August 2015

Objective

Serum urate levels have been associated with risk for and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). Urate‐related compounds are therapeutic candidates in neuroprotective efforts to slow PD progression. A urate‐elevating agent is currently under investigation as a potential disease‐modifying strategy in people with PD. However, PD is a heterogeneous disorder, and genetic variation may explain divergence in disease severity and progression.

Methods

We conducted a genome‐wide association study to identify gene variant × serum urate interaction effects on the striatal 123I‐ioflupane (DaTscan) binding ratio measured using single photon emission computed tomography in patients with possible PD from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI, n = 360). Follow‐up analyses were conducted to assess gene variant × serum urate interaction effects on magnetic resonance imaging–derived regional brain volumes and clinical status. We then attempted to replicate our primary analysis in patients who entered the Parkinson Research Examination of CEP‐1347 Trial (PRECEPT) with a clinical diagnosis of PD (n = 349).

Results

Rs1109303 (T>G) variant within the INPP5K gene on chromosome 17p13.3 demonstrated a genome‐wide significant interaction with serum urate level to predict striatal dopamine transporter density among all PPMI participants (n = 359) with possible PD (p = 2.01 × 10−8; after excluding participants with SWEDD [scan without evidence of dopaminergic deficit]: p = 1.12 × 10−9; n = 316). Independent of striatal dopamine transporter density, similar effects on brain atrophy, bradykinesia, anxiety, and depression were observed. No effect was present in the PRECEPT sample at baseline; however, in non‐SWEDD PD participants in PRECEPT (n = 309), we observed a significant longitudinal genotype × serum urate interaction effect, consistent in direction with the PPMI sample, on progression of striatal dopamine transporter density over the 22‐month follow‐up.

Interpretation

Genetic profile combined with serum urate level can be used to predict disease severity and potential disease progression in patients with PD. These results may be relevant to therapeutic efforts targeting the urate pathway. Ann Neurol 2015;78:Ann Neurol 2015;78:679–696
Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of a Photosensitizer‐BODIPY Derivative for Potential Photodynamic Therapy Applications
Authors: Gorbe Mónica , Barba‐Bon Andrea , de la Torre Cristina , Gil Salvador , Costero Ana M. , Sancenón Félix , Murguía Jose Ramón , Martínez‐Máñez Ramón
Published: August 2015

A new photosensitizer (1) based on the 4,4‐difluoro‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (BODIPY) scaffold has been synthesized. 1 is water soluble and showed an intense absorption band at 490 nm (ɛ=77600 cm−1 m−1) and an emission at 514 nm. In vitro toxicity of 1 in the presence of light and in darkness has been studied with HeLa, HaCaT, MCF‐7, and SCC‐13 cell lines. Moreover, internalization studies of 1 in these cell lines were also performed. These results suggested that 1 is more toxic for SCC‐13 and HeLa carcinoma cells than for the HaCaT non‐cancerous immortal human keratinocytes. Toxicity upon light irradiation was due to the formation of singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cellular co‐localization experiments revealed preferential localization of the dye in the endoplasmic reticulum.
Nitrogen‐Enriched Fe3O4@Carbon Nanospheres Derived from Fe3O4@3‐Aminophenol/Formaldehyde Resin Nanospheres Based on a Facile Hydrothermal Strategy: Towards a Robust Catalyst Scaffold for Platinum Nanocrystals
Authors: Tian Kesong , Guo Wanchun , Zhao Xiaoqing , Xu Zhaopeng , Jiao Jiao , Jia Yin , Li Ruifei , Wang Haiyan
Published: August 2015

Robust nitrogen‐enriched Fe3O4@carbon nanospheres have been fabricated as a catalyst scaffold for Pt nanoparticles. In this work, core–shell Fe3O4@3‐aminophenol/formaldehyde (APF) nanocomposites were first synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method, and subsequently carbonized to Fe3O4@N‐Carbon nanospheres for in situ growth of Pt nanocrystals. Abundant amine groups were distributed uniformly onto Fe3O4@N‐Carbon nanospheres, which not only improved the dispersity and stability of the Pt nanocrystals, but also endowed the Pt‐based catalysts with good compatibility in organic solvents. The dense three‐dimensional cross‐linked carbon shell protects the Fe3O4 cores against damage from harsh chemical environments, even in aqueous HCl (up to 1.0 m) or NaOH (up to 1.0 m) solutions under ultrasonication for 24 hours, which indicates that it can be used as a robust catalyst scaffold. In the reduction of nitrobenzene compounds, the Fe3O4@N‐Carbon@Pt nanocatalysts show outstanding catalytic activity, stability, and recoverability.
A second‐time percutaneous aortic‐valve implantation for bioprosthetic failure
Authors: Codner Pablo , Assali Abid , Vaknin Assa Hana , Kornowski Ran
Published: August 2015

Key Clinical Message

We report a case of an 84‐year‐old man with a history of surgical aortic‐valve replacement for chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) who later developed severe prosthetic valve AR. Subsequent treatment with a Corevalve® was unsuccessful with severe AR seen at 3 years after the valve‐in‐valve procedure. The patient was then successfully treated with a second catheter‐based Corevalve® implantation.
An Experimental and Theoretical Approach to Investigate the Effect of Chain Length on Aminothiol Adsorption and Assembly on Gold
Authors: Bedford Erin , Humblot Vincent , Méthivier Christophe , Pradier Claire‐Marie , Gu Frank , Tielens Frederik , Boujday Souhir
Published: August 2015

Despite the numerous studies on the self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylthiols on gold, the mechanisms involved, especially the nature and influence of the thiol–gold interface are still under debate. In this work the adsorption of aminothiols on Au(111) surfaces has been studied by using surface IR and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) as well as by density functional theory (DFT) modeling. Two aminothiols were used, cysteamine (CEA) and mercaptoundecylamine (MUAM), which contain two and eleven carbon atoms, respectively. By combining experimental and theoretical methods, it was possible to draw a molecular picture of the thiol–gold interface. The long‐chain aminothiol produced better ordered SAMs, but, interestingly, the XPS data showed different sulfur binding environments depending on the alkyl chain length; an additional peak at low binding energy was observed upon CEA adsorption, which indicates the presence of sulfur in a different environment. DFT modeling showed that the positions of the sulfur atoms in the SAMs on gold with similar unit cells [(2√3×2√3)R30°] depended on the length of the alkyl chain. Short‐chain alkylthiol SAMs were adsorbed more strongly than long‐chain thiol SAMs and were shown to induce surface reconstruction by extracting atoms from the surface, possibly forming adatom/vacancy combinations that lead to the additional XPS peak. In the case of short alkylthiols, the thiol–gold interface governs the layer, CEA adsorbs strongly, and the mechanism is closer to single‐molecule adsorption than self‐assembly, whereas for long chains, interactions between alkyl chains drive the system to self‐assembly, leading to a higher level of SAM organization and restricting the influence of the sulfur–gold interface.
An efficient non‐newtonian fluid‐flow simulator for variable aperture fractures
Authors: Morris Joseph P. , Chochua Gocha G. , Bogdan Andrey V.
Published: August 2015

Many natural and industrial applications involve non‐Newtonian fluids w­ith high effective viscosity ratios flowing between surfaces with spatial variations in aperture. In particular, hydraulic fracturing operations often require pumping sequences of non‐Newtonian fluids with yield‐stress into a variable‐aperture fracture that initially contains water. Numerical methods for this class of problem must deal robustly with the high aspect ratio of the flow domain and large contrasts in effective viscosity while maintaining interfaces between immiscible phases. We avoid the computational burden of a fully three‐dimensional approach by introducing an aperture‐averaged analytic solution for flow of a Hershel‐Bulkley fluid between two plates. We discuss the incorporation of this analytic solution within a simulator of flow within a fracture with spatial variations in aperture. We minimize numerical diffusion through use of a hybrid Lagrangian‐Eulerian approach that naturally tracks the multiple fluid phases. We demonstrate effectiveness of the numerical method through comparison with analytic results and one‐dimensional finite difference numerical solutions. Benchmarking of the 2‐D model against a 3‐D model reveals both advantages and shortcomings of a through‐aperture averaged method. The two simulations agree on the bulk behaviour of the phases while the 2‐D model is two orders of magnitude more efficient. Comparison between predictions of the models after water injection behind the pad reveals that the 3‐D model predicts non‐uniformity across the fracture aperture. This suggests that while bulk behaviour may be well captured by the 2‐D model, improved accuracy could be obtained by introducing multiple fluid layers within each cell of the model.
Effect of Low‐Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Lowering by Ezetimibe/Simvastatin on Outcome Incidence: Overview, Meta‐Analyses, and Meta‐Regression Analyses of Randomized Trials
Authors: Thomopoulos Costas , Skalis George , Michalopoulou Helena , Tsioufis Costas , Makris Thomas
Published: August 2015

This analysis investigated the extent of different outcome reductions from low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C) lowering following ezetimibe/simvastatin treatment and the proportionality of outcome to LDL‐C reductions. The authors searched PubMed between 1997 and mid‐June 2015 (any language) and the Cochrane Library to identify all randomized controlled trials comparing ezetimibe/simvastatin with placebo or less intensive LDL‐C lowering. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), standardized to 20 mg/dL LDL‐C reduction, were calculated for 5 primary outcomes (fatal and nonfatal) and 4 secondary outcomes (non‐cardiovascular [CV] death, cancer, myopathy, and hepatopathy). Five ezetimibe/simvastatin RCTs (30 051 individuals) were eligible, 2 comparing ezetimibe/simvastatin vs placebo and 3 vs less intensive treatment. Outcomes reduced almost to the same extent were stroke (RR: −13%, 95% CI: −21% to −3%), coronary heart disease (CHD; RR: −12%, 95% CI: −19% to −5%), and composite of stroke and CHD (RR: −14%, 95% CI: −20% to −8%). Absolute risk reductions: 5 strokes, 10 CHD events, and 16 stroke and CHD events prevented for every 1000 patients treated for 5 years. Residual risk was almost 7× higher than absolute risk reduction for all the above outcomes. All death outcomes were not reduced, and secondary outcomes did not differ between groups. Logarithmic risk ratios were not associated with LDL‐C lowering. Our meta‐analysis provides evidence that, in patients with different CV disease burden, major CV events are safely reduced by LDL‐C lowering with ezetimibe/simvastatin, while raising the hypothesis that the extent of LDL‐C lowering might not be accompanied by incremental clinical‐event reduction.
An efficient solution to the subset‐sum problem on GPU
Authors: Curtis V. V. , Sanches C. A. A.
Published: August 2015

We present an algorithm to solve the subset‐sum problem (SSP) of capacity c and n items with weights wi,1≤i≤n, spending O(n(m − wmin)/p) time and O(n + m − wmin) space in the Concurrent Read/Concurrent Write (CRCW) PRAM model with 1≤p≤m − wmin processors, where wmin is the lowest weight and
, improving both upper‐bounds. Thus, when n≤c, it is possible to solve the SSP in O(n) time in parallel environments with low memory. We also show OpenMP and CUDA implementations of this algorithm and, on Graphics Processing Unit, we obtained better performance than the best sequential and parallel algorithms known so far. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comment on “Debye temperature and melting point of II‐VI and III‐V semiconductors” [Cryst. Res. Technol. 45, No. 9, 920–924 (2010)]
Authors: Daoud Salah , Latreche Abdelhakim , Bencheikh Abdelhalim
Published: August 2015

In the present work, we have readjusted some empirical parameters obtained by Kumar et al. in their work which contains some numerical errors.
A provably secure certificateless organizational signature schemes
Authors: Allam Ali M. , Ali Ihab A. , Mahgoub Shereen M.
Published: August 2015

‘Organization signature is a new variant of digital signature in organization transactions. It allows the employee in the organization to generate the message signature through his affiliation rather than his personal description. Certificateless public key cryptography solved the key escrow problem in identity‐based cryptography, and the certificate distribution in the traditional public key infrastructure. In this paper, we present a provable secure pairing‐free certificateless organizational signature scheme. Our scheme is more computationally efficient because it does not depend on pairings. The new scheme is provably secure in the random oracle model, assuming the hardness of elliptic curves discrete logarithm problem.’ Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How else can we study sex differences in early infancy?
Authors: Fausto‐Sterling Anne
Published: August 2015

This paper revisits group difference and individual variability in birth weight, head size, Apgar score, and motor performance in neonatal and 8‐month‐old males and females using a large existing data set. The goal is primarily theoretical—to reframe existing analyses with an eye toward designing and executing more predictive analyses in the future. 3D graphing to visualize both the areas of overlap and regions of disparity between boys and girls has been used. A two‐step cluster analysis of boys and girls together revealed three clusters. One was almost equally divided between boys and girls, but a second was highly enriched for boys and the third highly skewed toward girls. The relationship between cluster membership and Bayley motor scores at 8 months tested the hypothesis that initial differences that have no sex‐related behavioral content might start processes that produce later sex‐related differences. Initially, parental belief systems may be less important than infant care patterns evoked by basic size and health characteristics, even though later parental behaviors assume a decidedly gendered pattern. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:5–16, 2016.
Abnormal retinal development in Cloche mutant zebrafish
Authors: Dhakal Susov , Stevens Craig B. , Sebbagh Meyrav , Weiss Omri , Frey Ruth A. , Adamson Seth , Shelden Eric A. , Inbal Adi , Stenkamp Deborah L.
Published: August 2015

Background: Functions for the early embryonic vasculature in regulating development of central nervous system tissues, such as the retina, have been suggested by in vitro studies and by in vivo manipulations that caused additional ocular vessels to develop. Here, we use an avascular zebrafish embryo, cloche−/− (clo−/−), to begin to identify necessary developmental functions of the ocular vasculature in regulating development and patterning of the neural retina, in vivo. These studies are possible in zebrafish embryos, which do not yet rely upon the vasculature for tissue oxygenation. Results: clo−/− embryos lacked early ocular vasculature and were microphthalmic, with reduced retinal cell proliferation and cell survival. Retinas of clo mutants were disorganized, with irregular synaptic layers, mispatterned expression domains of retinal transcription factors, morphologically abnormal Müller glia, reduced differentiation of specific retinal cell types, and sporadically distributed cone photoreceptors. Blockade of p53‐mediated cell death did not completely rescue this phenotype and revealed ectopic cones in the inner nuclear layer. clo−/− embryos did not upregulate a molecular marker for hypoxia. Conclusions: The disorganized retinal phenotype of clo−/− embryos is consistent with a neural and glial developmental patterning role for the early ocular vasculature that is independent of its eventual function in gas exchange. Developmental Dynamics 244:1439–1455, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Picking and nibbling in children and adolescents with eating disorders
Authors: Kass Andrea E. , Accurso Erin C. , Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Anam Seeba , Byrne Catherine E. , Kinasz Kate , Goodyear Alexandria , O'Brien Setareh , Le Grange Daniel
Published: August 2015

Objective

 Picking and nibbling (P&N), defined as eating in an unplanned and repetitious way between meals and snacks, is prevalent among adults with eating disorders (EDs), but unexamined among youth with EDs. This study sought to assess the prevalence of P&N in youth with EDs and its association with ED and comorbid pathology.

Method

 Youth (N = 515; ages 7–18) who presented to one outpatient ED research‐clinical program were assessed for ED and comorbid pathology.

Results

 Two‐fifths (n = 214, 41.6%) of youth endorsed P&N. These individuals were older (p < .001) and had a higher percent expected body weight (p = .006) than those who denied P&N. Controlling for age and percent expected body weight, P&N was only associated with global ED pathology in youth with anorexia nervosa (AN) or atypical AN (p = .007). P&N was not associated with ED diagnosis, ED pathology in youth with bulimia nervosa or subclinical bulimia nervosa, binge eating, compensatory behaviors, secret eating, or the presence of a mood or anxiety disorder (p's > .05).

Discussion

 Consistent with research in adults, P&N is prevalent but not significantly associated with ED pathology, except for global ED pathology in youth with AN/atypical AN, or comorbid disorders. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:1102–1105).
A naturalistic examination of the temporal patterns of affect and eating disorder behaviors in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Lavender Jason M. , Utzinger Linsey M. , Crosby Ross D. , Goldschmidt Andrea B. , Ellison Jo , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Engel Scott G. , Mitchell James E. , Crow Scott J. , Peterson Carol B. , Le Grange Daniel
Published: August 2015

Objective

Evidence supports the presence of significant variability in the timing of affective experiences and eating disorder (ED) behaviors across ED populations. This study examined the naturalistic timing of affective states and ED behaviors in anorexia nervosa (AN).

Methods

Women (N = 118) with full or subthreshold DSM‐IV AN completed 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) involving self‐reports of affect and ED behaviors. Patterns of positive affect, negative affect, and tension/anxiety across hours of the day and days of the week were examined using linear mixed models. Variation in ED behavior occurrence (i.e., binge eating, vomiting, exercise, meal skipping, and self‐weighing) across hours of the day and days of the week was examined using general estimating equations.

Results

Results revealed significant variation in tension/anxiety across hours of the day; there were no significant associations between time of day and negative or positive affect. All affective variables significantly varied across days of the week, with both negative affect and tension/anxiety highest in the middle of the week and lowest on the weekends. The ED behaviors all significantly varied across hours of the day, with binge eating and vomiting most common in later hours, exercise and self‐weighing most common in earlier hours, and meal skipping most common at times corresponding to breakfast and lunch. ED behaviors did not significantly vary across days of the week.

Conclusion

The significant patterns of variation in the timing of affective experiences and ED behaviors may have utility in informing theories and interventions for AN. (Int J Eat Disord 2016; 49:77–83).
Context matters: sexual signaling loss in digital organisms
Authors: Weigel Emily G. , Testa Nicholas D. , Peer Alex , Garnett Sara C.
Published: August 2015

Sexual signals are important in attracting and choosing mates; however, these signals and their associated preferences are often costly and frequently lost. Despite the prevalence of signaling system loss in many taxa, the factors leading to signal loss remain poorly understood. Here, we test the hypothesis that complexity in signal loss scenarios is due to the context‐dependent nature of the many factors affecting signal loss itself. Using the Avida digital life platform, we evolved 50 replicates of ~250 lineages, each with a unique combination of parameters, including whether signaling is obligate or facultative; genetic linkage between signaling and receiving genes; population size; and strength of preference for signals. Each of these factors ostensibly plays a crucial role in signal loss, but was found to do so only under specific conditions. Under obligate signaling, genetic linkage, but not population size, influenced signal loss; under facultative signaling, genetic linkage does not have significant influence. Somewhat surprisingly, only a total loss of preference in the obligate signaling populations led to total signal loss, indicating that even a modest amount of preference is enough to maintain signaling systems. Strength of preference proved to be the strongest single force preventing signal loss, as it consistently overcame the potential effects of drift within our study. Our findings suggest that signaling loss is often dependent on not just preference for signals, population size, and genetic linkage, but also whether signals are required to initiate mating. These data provide an understanding of the factors (and their interactions) that may facilitate the maintenance of sexual signals.
Future goals of adolescents and young adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain
Authors: Stommen N.C. , Verbunt J.A. , Goossens M.E.
Published: August 2015

Background

Chronic non‐specific musculoskeletal pain is a common problem among adolescents. This study investigates the importance of future goals and goal frustration for adolescents and young adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain compared to healthy adolescents. It also explores the impact that pain intensity, pain catastrophizing and depressive symptoms have on goal frustration for adolescents with chronic pain.

Methods

Using a cross‐sectional design, we compared the importance and frustration of future goals for 42 adolescents and young adults with chronic musculoskeletal pain (41 women, 1 man) to those of 42 adolescents without pain (35 women, 7 men). For the adolescents with chronic pain, we also examined levels of pain intensity, pain catastrophizing and depressive symptoms to assess their ability to explain goal frustration levels. Statistics included t‐tests, Mann–Whitney test and multivariate regression analysis.

Results

We found no differences in the importance of future goals, except for goals related to health, which were more important for adolescents with chronic pain (p = 0.03). Furthermore, adolescents with chronic pain perceived higher levels of goal frustration in all domains, except that related to school (p = 0.16). Depression explained goal frustration related to personal values (p = 0.02), social acceptance (p < 0.01), self‐acceptance (p < 0.01) and health (p < 0.01).

Conclusions

Dealing with chronic pain in adolescence and early adulthood does not seem to change future goals, but is associated with perceiving barriers to achieving them. The level of depressive symptoms seems to influence this relationship. Some caution is required in generalizing the results due to the relatively low number of male participants.
Understanding patient beliefs regarding the use of imaging in the management of low back pain
Authors: Jenkins H.J. , Hancock M.J. , Maher C.G. , French S.D. , Magnussen J.S.
Published: August 2015

Background

Imaging for low back pain (LBP) remains common despite guidelines recommending against routine imaging. Patient beliefs about imaging may contribute to the problem. This study aimed to quantitatively investigate patient beliefs regarding the need for imaging in managing LBP and to investigate whether personal characteristics, pain characteristics or back pain beliefs are associated with imaging beliefs.

Methods

A survey was performed of consecutive patients presenting to general medical practitioners in Sydney, Australia. Nine medical clinics were selected across varied socioeconomic regions. Survey questions assessed beliefs about the importance of imaging for LBP, collected demographic information, LBP history and general beliefs about back pain. Descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyse findings.

Results

Three hundred completed surveys were collected with a 79.6% response rate. The mean age was 44 years and 60.7% of respondents were women. Exactly, 54.3% (95%CI: 48.7–58.9%) believed that imaging was necessary for the best medical care for LBP. Exactly, 48.0% (95%CI: 42.4–53.6%) believed that everyone with LBP should obtain imaging. Increased age, lower education level, non‐European or non‐Anglo‐saxon cultural background, history of previous imaging and Back Beliefs Questionnaire scores were associated with beliefs that imaging was necessary.

Conclusion

Approximately, half of all patients presenting to a medical doctor consider low back imaging to be necessary. This may have important implications for overutilization of low back imaging investigations. Knowledge of the factors associated with the patient's belief that imaging is necessary may be helpful in designing appropriate interventions to reduce unnecessary imaging for LBP.