bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Psychology in Developing Countries: Factors Facilitating and Impeding Its Progress
Authors: Adair John G. , Kagitcibasi Cigdem
Published: September 2007

This special issue focuses on the factors facilitating and impeding discipline development in developing countries. Eight articles, originally presented in two IUPsyS‐sponsored symposia at the International Congress of Applied Psychology in Madrid, Spain in July 1994, articulate the conditions under which research is conducted and which influence discipline progress in developing countries. This introduction summarizes the commonalities among these papers and their implications for the future of the discipline.
Psychology, Science, and Culture: Cross‐Cultural Analysis of National Psychologies
Authors: Kim Uichol
Published: September 2007

Although psychology is assumed to be a value‐free, universal, and objective branch of science, in actual practice it is deeply enmeshed with Euro‐American cultural values that champion rational, liberal, and individualistic ideals. In North America, the free exchange of ideas is valued, and ideas are purportedly evaluated through public and competitive avenues. This belief affects how conferences are organized, research collaborations are developed, research is funded, and publications are accepted. In East Asia, human relationships that can be characterized as being “virtue‐based” rather than “rights‐based” occupy the centre stage. Individuals are considered to be linked in a web of inter‐relatedness and ideas are exchanged through established social networks. Establishing trust and cordial working relationships are prerequisites for the active exchange of ideas. Psychological science is a cultural enterprise that must examine its implicit assumptions and integrate with other world views in developing a truly universal psychological science.
Reexpression of caveolin-1 in endothelium rescues the vascular, cardiac, and pulmonary defects in global caveolin-1 knockout mice
Authors: Murata Takahisa , Lin Michelle I. , Huang Yan , Yu Jun , Bauer Phillip Michael , Giordano Frank J. , Sessa William C.
Published: September 2007

Caveolin-1 (Cav-1) is the principal structural component of caveolae organelles in smooth muscle cells, adipocytes, fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells (ECs). Cav-1–deficient (Cav-1 knockout [KO]) mice are viable and show increases of nitric oxide (NO) production in vasculature, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary dysfunction. In this study, we generated EC-specific Cav-1–reconstituted (Cav-1 RC) mice and reexamined vascular, cardiac, and pulmonary phenotypes. Cav-1 KO pulmonary arteries had decreased smooth muscle contractility and increased endothelial NO synthase activation and hypotension; the latter two effects were rescued completely in Cav-1 RC mice. Cav-1 KO mice exhibited myocardial hypertrophy, pulmonary hypertension, and alveolar cell hyperproliferation caused by constitutive activation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and Akt. Interestingly, in Cav-1 RC mice, cardiac hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension were completely rescued, whereas alveolar hyperplasia was partially recovered because of the lack of rescue of Cav-1 in bronchiolar epithelial cells. These results provide clear physiological evidence supporting the important role of cell type–specific Cav-1 expression governing multiple phenotypes in the vasculature, heart, and lung.
Superior control of HIV-1 replication by CD8+ T cells is reflected by their avidity, polyfunctionality, and clonal turnover
Authors: Almeida Jorge R. , Price David A. , Papagno Laura , Arkoub Zaïna Aït , Sauce Delphine , Bornstein Ethan , Asher Tedi E. , Samri Assia , Schnuriger Aurélie , Theodorou Ioannis , Costagliola Dominique , Rouzioux Christine , Agut Henri , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Douek Daniel , Autran Brigitte , Appay Victor
Published: September 2007

The key attributes of CD8+ T cell protective immunity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain unclear. We report that CD8+ T cell responses specific for Gag and, in particular, the immunodominant p24 epitope KK10 correlate with control of HIV-1 replication in human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)–B27 patients. To understand further the nature of CD8+ T cell–mediated antiviral efficacy, we performed a comprehensive study of CD8+ T cells specific for the HLA-B27–restricted epitope KK10 in chronic HIV-1 infection based on the use of multiparametric flow cytometry together with molecular clonotypic analysis and viral sequencing. We show that B27-KK10–specific CD8+ T cells are characterized by polyfunctional capabilities, increased clonal turnover, and superior functional avidity. Such attributes are interlinked and constitute the basis for effective control of HIV-1 replication. These data on the features of effective CD8+ T cells in HIV infection may aid in the development of successful T cell vaccines.
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells initiate a complex chemokine and cytokine network and are a viable drug target in chronic HCV patients
Authors: Decalf Jérémie , Fernandes Sandrine , Longman Randy , Ahloulay Mina , Audat Françoise , Lefrerre François , Rice Charles M. , Pol Stanislas , Albert Matthew L.
Published: September 2007

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) are the professional type I interferon (IFN)-producing cells, and upon activation they traffic to lymph organs, where they bridge innate and adaptive immunity. Using multianalyte profiling (MAP), we have mapped the key chemokines and cytokines produced in response to pDC activation, taking into consideration the role of autocrine IFN, as well as paracrine effects on other innate cells (e.g., monocytes and conventional DCs). Interestingly, we identify four distinct cytokine/chemokine loops initiated by Toll-like receptor engagement. Finally, we applied this analytic approach to the study of pDC activity in chronic hepatitis C patients. Based on the activation state of pDCs in fresh blood, the lack of agonistic activity of infectious virions, the production of a broad array of cytokines/chemokines once stimulated, and the direct effects of pDCs on other PBMCs, we conclude that the pDCs from hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals are fully functional and are, indeed, a viable drug target. In sum, this study provides insight into the use of MAP technology for characterizing cytokine networks, and highlights how a rare cell type integrates the activation of other inflammatory cells. Furthermore, this work will help evaluate the therapeutic application of pDC agonists in diseases such as chronic HCV infection.
If the treatment works, do we need to know why?: the promise of immunotherapy for experimental medicine
Authors: Ehrenstein Michael R. , Mauri Claudia
Published: September 2007

There has been much fanfare, and rightly so, heralding a revolution in the treatment of autoimmune disease using biologic agents—antibodies or other molecules that specifically target known mediators of disease. But not all patients respond to even the most successful biologic agent, which may provide clues about alternate disease mechanisms. Studies aimed at understanding the mechanism of action of biologic agents will yield significant benefits for experimental medicine.
Pair-correlated Dynamics of Cl+CHD3(v1=1) Reaction: Effects of Probe Laser Frequency
Authors: Yan Shannon , Liu Kopin
Published: September 2007

The reaction of C-H stretch-excited CHD3 with Cl atom was studied in a crossed-beam experiment by imaging of the ground vibrational state of CD3 products. The methyl product was interrogated by (2+1) resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization via the Q-head of the origin band. We found that the observed image appearances depend sensitively on the precise frequency of the probe laser. We attributed the effects to the slight differences in the subset of N-levels of CD3(v=0) being sampled. The implication of collision dynamics is that compared to the ground-state reaction, the CH stretch-excited reaction preferentially yields rotationally warmer CD3(v=0) products. And a negative correlation between the CD3 rotational excitation and the vibrational excitation of the coincidently formed HCl coproducts was demonstrated, which enabled us to uncover a hidden, stereodynamical aspect of the title reaction.
Reaction of Cationic Vanadium Oxide Clusters with Ethylene in a Flow Tube Reactor
Authors: Wang Wei-gang , Wang Zhe-chen , Yin Shi , He Sheng-gui , Ge Mao-fa
Published: September 2007

A time of flight mass spectrometer coupled with a cluster formation and reaction source is employed to study the reactivity of cationic vanadium oxide clusters (VmOn +) toward ethylene (C2H4) in the gas phase. The cationic vanadium oxide clusters with m=1-10 and n=1-26 (depending on m) are generated by reaction of laser ablation created vanadium plasma with O2 in a supersonic expansion and then reacted with the ethylene in a flow tube reactor. Hydrogen atoms are attached in most of the oxygen saturated clusters (2n5m) in our experimental condition. The reactivity of VmOn + toward C2H4 is usually higher than that of hydrogen containing clusters, VmOnH2x +. Larger clusters show less reactivity than smaller ones. Most of the observed products are in the forms of VmOnC2H4 + and VmOnH2xC2H4 + due to direct association. C2H4 clustering products ((C2H4)n +, n=2-6) are also observed.
Identification and Chemistry of Phenylnitrene in Premixed Pyridine/Oxygen/Argon Flame with Tunable Synchrotron Photoionization
Authors: Tian Zhen-yu , Yuan Tao , Wang Jing , Li Yu-yang , Zhang Tai-chang , Zhu Ai-guo , Qi Fei
Published: September 2007

The triplet state phenylnitrene (PhN) species generated from the low-pressure (4.0 kPa) premixed laminar pyridine/oxygen/argon flame was detected and identified using tunable synchrotron vacuum ultraviolet photoionization and molecular-beam mass spectrometry techniques. The ionization energies of PhN were determined experimentally by photoionization efficiency spectra and theoretically by calculations. The results indicate that PhN has a 3A2 ground state and its first and second adiabatic ionization energies are 8.04 and 9.150.05 eV, respectively. Furthermore, the formation and consumption pathways of PhN are proposed according to the species detected in the present work. PhN is the first nitrogen-containing diradical detected in combustion chemistry, and so it should be added to the kinetic model of pyridine flames.
A Non-derivative MFCC Optimization Study of Cyclohexapeptide Monohydrate
Authors: Chen Xi-hua , Zhang John Z.
Published: September 2007

The MFCC-downhill simplex method is presented to study the binding structure of small ligands in large molecular complex systems. This method employs the Molecular Fractionation with Conjugated Caps (MFCC) approach to compute the interaction energy-structure relation of the system and implements the downhill simplex algorithm for structural optimization. The method is tested on a molecular system of cyclo-AAGAGGH2O to optimize the binding position of water molecule to the fixed cyclohexapeptide. The MFCC-downhill simplex optimization results are in good agreement with the crystal structure. An MFCC-Powell optimization method which uses the Powell's minimization algorithm is also described and tested on the same system. The MFCC-downhill simplex optimization is more efficient than the MFCC-Powell method.
Anharmonic C-H and C=O Interactions in Peptide and Sugar
Authors: Wang Jian-ping
Published: September 2007

C-H and C=O stretching modes are two among many structural and dynamic probes of proteins and peptides in condensed phases. Anharmonic properties of these two modes in peptide and sugar have been examined using a second-order perturbative vibrational approach. High order force constants were obtained and examined to find how crucial they are in determining the degree of mode localization and the nature of mode anharmonicity of the two stretching modes. It is found that the C-H mode is highly localized, and its diagonal anharmonicity is mainly determined by the mode itself. However, the C=O mode is largely delocalized, and the diagonal anharmonicity involves contributions from other modes. The off-diagonal anharmonicity between C-D and C=O modes is found to be negative in deuterated species, differing from those of the non-deuterated ones. It is also found that inter-mode interaction between each of the two modes with low-frequency modes contribute significantly to the off-diagonal anharmonicity. These low-frequency modes give rise to a network of energy relaxation or intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution pathways which can be used to examine temporal behavior of intramolecular vibration energy flow, provided a femtosecond broadband two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy is available.
Kinetics of Photogenerated Electrons Involved in Photocatalytic Reaction of Methanol on Pt/TiO2
Authors: Chen Tao , Wu Guo-peng , Feng Zhao-chi , Shi Jian-ying , Ma Gui-jun , Ying Pin-liang , Li Can
Published: September 2007

Time-resolved IR spectroscopy was used to detect the photocatalytic reaction of methanol for H2 production on Pt/TiO2 catalysts. There exists an optimal amount of Pt loading in the Pt/TiO2 catalysts for the reaction of the photogenerated long-lived electrons. For a given amount of Pt loading, the reaction rate of the long-lived electrons on Pt/TiO2 catalysts varies greatly with the different reduction temperature of the catalysts. The possible reason is that the Pt particles occupy the surface active sites for methanol adsorption on Pt/TiO2 catalysts reduced at high temperature. This phenomenon is not observed obviously on Pt/TiO2 catalysts reduced at low temperature. The decay rate of the long-lived electrons evaluated by time-resolved IR method qualitatively correlates well with the activity of H2 production under steady-state irradiation conditions.
A Phase I Feasibility Study of Yoga on the Physical Health and Coping of Informal Caregivers
Authors: Van Puymbroeck Marieke , Payne Laura L. , Hsieh Pei-Chun
Published: September 2007

Family and friends who provide unpaid care to an individual with a disease or disability (known as informal caregivers) experience numerous threats to their physical health as a result of providing care. In spite of evidence that participation in physical and leisure activities can be health promoting, informal caregivers have reported diminished or completely absent leisure participation. Hatha yoga has documented therapeutic benefits, including reduced anxiety, as well as improved muscle strength and endurance and flexibility. The purpose of this study was to determine the feasibility of conducting an 8‐week yoga program with informal caregivers, and to gather pilot data on the effects of yoga on the physical fitness and coping of informal caregivers. Caregivers were randomized into a yoga intervention (n = 8) or control group (n = 9). The yoga sessions were 2.5 hours/week for 8 weeks and consisted of a variety of pranayama (breathing) and asana (postures) activities and were led by a certified yoga instructor. Four caregivers (two in each group) dropped out of the study. After the conclusion of the 8‐week yoga program, lower body strength increased significantly for those in the yoga group and other notable trends occurred in terms of coping, upper body strength and aerobic endurance. Caregivers in the control group experienced an unexpected increase in lower body flexibility. These findings indicate that caregivers in a yoga program may receive some benefits. Future studies are encouraged to test the efficacy of yoga as an intervention for caregivers.
Pain Controlling and Cytokine‐Regulating Effects of Lyprinol, a Lipid Extract of Perna canaliculus, in a Rat Adjuvant‐Induced Arthritis Model
Authors: Lee Chi-Ho , Lum John Hon-Kei , Ng Curtise Kin-Cheung , McKay Janice , Butt Yoki Kwok-Chu , Wong Man-Sau , Lo Samuel Chun-Lap
Published: September 2007

Using an adjuvant‐induced arthritis rat model, we investigated the effects of a lipid extract of Perna canaliculus (Lyprinol®) on pain. Radiological examinations, as well as levels of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory (AI) cytokines, were measured aiming to provide independent objective data to the pain controlling investigation. We confirmed the ability of Lyprinol® to control pain at the initial phase of its administration; with similar efficacy to that observed with Naproxen. The pain scores slowly increased again in the group of rats treated with Lyprinol® after day 9–14. The Naproxen‐treated rats remained pain‐free while treated. Both Naproxen and Lyprinol® decreased the levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines TNF‐α and IFN‐γ, and increased that of IL‐10. Extra‐virgin olive oil was ineffective on cytokine secretion. Rats treated with Lyprinol® were apparently cured after 1 year. This study confirms the AI efficacy of this lipid extract of P. canaliculus, its initial analgesic effect, its perfect tolerance and its long‐term healing properties.
A thermographic study of paravertebral analgesia
Authors: CHEEMA S. P. S. , ILSLEY D. , RICHARDSON J. , SABANATHAN S.
Published: September 2007

Six patients undergoing paravertebral blocks for chronically painful conditions of the chest wall were thermographically imaged so that the extent of cutaneous vasodilatation and hence sympathetic block could be correlated with the distribution of the somatic block. All blocks were performed by a single experienced operator, with a single percutaneous entry, using 15ml of 0.5% bupivacaine at a mean level of T9–10 (range T7–8‐T10–11), with radiological confirmation of correct needle placement. There was a mean distribution of the somatic block of five dermatomes (range 1–8), as evidenced by loss of pinprick sensation, with upper and lower limits of T6 and L3. The mean distribution of the sympathetic block was eight dermatomes (range 6–10), as evidenced by ipsilateral skin warming (p = 0.0005‐0.001), with upper and lower limits of T5 and L3. No bilateral spread was observed. No significant postural changes in blood pressures were seen, although there was a small but significant decrease in supine heart rate (p = 0.05). This study demonstrates that a large unilateral somatic and sympathetic block is obtainable with a single thoracic percutaneous paravertebral injection. It challenges the suggestions that this method of analgesia is ineffective and hazardous, that a sympathetic component is a rare accompaniment and that the lumbar nerve roots are spared.
Somatostatin and total intravenous anaesthesia
Authors: KANAKOUDIS F. S. , KONSTANTINIDOU A. S. , PETROU A. , TALIOURIDOU E. I. , PAPADOPOULOU‐BOUTI A. L. , MICHALOUDIS D. G.
Published: September 2007

We have studied the analgesic effects of somatostatin during surgery and its influence on the plasma glucose levels and the liver enzyme profile in 40 ASA 1 or 2 patients undergoing surgery for carcinoma of the gastrointestinal tract. Each patient received either somatostatin bolus 3.5 μg.kg‐1 intravenously plus an infusion of somatostatin 3.5 μg kg‐1. h‐1, or sodium chloride 0.9% as a placebo in a double‐blind manner. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol 1 mg.kg‐1 followed by a continuous infusion of propofol in a stepwise declining regimen. Vecuronium was used for muscular relaxation. Fentanyl 100 jig was administered intravenously in bolus doses for analgesia during surgery as required. Blood samples were taken at Wmin pre‐induction, 5 min postintubation, 5, 30, 60,120 min postincision and 30 min post‐recovery for plasma glucose levels. Blood samples were also taken at 10 min pre‐induction, 120min postincision and 24 h postoperatively for liver enzymes. The total requirement for fentanyl in the control group was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than in the group that received somatostatin. Eight out of 20patients in the study group required no additional analgesia intra‐operatively. The changes in blood glucose values followed the same pattern in both groups. There was a tendency for liver enzymes to increase in both groups. Although this increase was less in the study group, this change was not statistically significant.
Nasotracheal tube placement over the fibreoptic laryngoscope
Authors: HUGHES S. , SMITH J. E.
Published: September 2007

We have assessed the effectiveness of three tracheal tube rotational movements in assisting nasotracheal tube placement over the fibreoptic laryngoscope. Ninety ASA grade 1 or 2 oral surgery patients undergoing fibreoptic nasotracheal intubation under general anaesthesia were studied. After the fibrescope had been positioned in the trachea, patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups. In group 1, no rotation was used and the tube was advanced towards the trachea in the neutral position. In group 2, the tube was rotated by 90° anticlockwise. In group 3, the tube was rotated by 180° anticlockwise, then rotated back to 90° anticlockwise (overcorrected rotation). If resistance to the advance was encountered, up to two more attempts were allowed, after further rotational manoeuvres had been made, in accordance with a standard, graduated sequence. There were significantly more successful tube placements at the first attempt in groups 2 and 3 (93% and 100% respectively) than in group I (63%). It is therefore recommended that 90° anticlockwise or overcorrected 90° anticlockwise tube rotation is used to facilitate nasotracheal tube placement during fibreoptic intubation.
Anaesthesia for intra‐peritoneal perfusion of hyperthermic chemotherapy Haemodynamic changes, oxygen consumption and delivery
Authors: KANAKOUDIS F. , PETROU A. , MICHALOUDIS D. , CHORTARIA G. , KONSTANTINIDOU A.
Published: September 2007

We investigated the intra‐operative application of intraperitoneal perfusion of hyperthermic chemotherapy and its effects on cardiovascular status and oxygen consumption and delivery in 11 patients following laparotomy for surgical resection of recurrent tumours or peritoneal metastases. Closed peritoneal irrigation was carried out with perfusate at a temperature of 45–47°C. External cooling was applied during the procedure to prevent systemic hyperthermia. Data were collected 5 min before the commencement of the hyperthermic peritoneal perfusion, at 5, 30, 60 and 90 mm during perfusion and 5 min after perfusion was discontinued. During the hyperthermic perfusion period, the core body temperature increased significantly but remained within clinically acceptable values. Heart rate, central venous pressure and pulmonary artery pressure increased significantly during perfusion; these returned to control values immediately after discontinuation of perfusion, except for the heart rate, which remained high. Mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, oxygen delivery and oxygen consumption did not change significantly although a metabolic acidosis developed during the study period. These findings suggest that the intraperitoneal perfusion of hyperthermic chemotherapy may be safe in humans, provided that appropriate monitoring, cooling and technical support are applied.
The reproducibility of the iliac crest as a marker of lumbar spine level
Authors: Render C. A.
Published: September 2007

The postero‐anterior lumbar spine X rays of 163 patients undergoing investigation for back pain were reviewed and the spinal level marking the intersection of a line joining the iliac crests was determined. This point coincided with the L4 spinous process or the L4–5(interspace in 78.6% of patients but was as high as the L3–4 interspace in 3.7% of cases. Reliance on this landmark might lead to more cranial placement of epidural or spinal needles than was intended and this may increase the risk of spinal cord damage.
Audit of postoperative pain control Influence of a dedicated acute pain nurse
Authors: COLEMAN S. A. , BOOKER‐MILBURN J.
Published: September 2007

The inadequacies of conventional intramuscular opioid analgesia have fuelled an expansion in the use of patient‐controlled analgesia and epidural analgesia after surgery. This is not always accompanied by increased education and specialist supervision of ward staff and patients. A survey in our hospital prior to the appointment of an Acute Pain Nurse showed an unacceptable incidence of side effects when epidural analgesia was employed on ordinary surgical wards. More surprisingly, efficacy of patient‐controlled analgesia was found to be low. Frequent review of patients and regular education of ward staff by a specialist Pain Nurse have achieved a substantial reduction in side effects of epidural analgesia and improvement in efficacy of patient‐controlled analgesia. We have shown that the advantages of patient‐controlled analgesia can be largely negated by failure to address deficiencies in knowledge of pain management amongst ward staff and patients.
Leg ischaemia in an infant following accidental intra‐arterial administration of atracurium treated with caudal anaesthesia
Authors: Kessell G.
Published: September 2007

We describe the effects of accidental intra‐arterial injection of suxamethonium and atracurium into the femoral artery of an infant. An 11‐month‐old boy with Downs Syndrome and obstructive sleep apnoea presented for tonsillectomy. Peripheral venous cannulation proved impossible. A femoral venous line was sited following inhalational induction of anaesthesia. Suxamethonium was given through this line and produced no adverse effect. Subsequently, atracurium was given through the line causing an instant cutaneous flush in the leg followed by a marked ischaemic appearance. The femoral line was assumed to be sited in the femoral artery and was removed. At the end of the operation a caudal injection of 10ml of 0.25% bupivacaine was performed. Within 30 min there was marked vasodilation of both legs with easily felt peripheral pulses. In view of the tonsillectomy anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapy were contra‐indicated. There were no adverse sequelae.
The effect of glycopyrrolate on postoperative pain and analgesic requirements following laparoscopic sterilisation
Authors: Guard B. C. , Wiltshire S. J.
Published: September 2007

In order to evaluate the contribution of tubal spasm to pelvic pain following laparoscopic sterilisation, we have studied the effect of glycopyrrolate, an anticholinergic agent with antispasmodic properties, on 60 ASA 1 and 2 patients presenting as day‐cases for laparoscopic sterilisation using Filshie clips. In a randomised, double‐blind, controlled trial, patients received either glycopyrrolate 0.3mg or saline intravenously prior to induction of anaesthesia. Compared with the control group, patients receiving glycopyrrolate had significantly reduced immediate postoperative pain scores (p < 0.02) and required significantly less postoperative morphine (p < 0.01). Nausea, vomiting and anti‐emetic requirements were also reduced though not significantly. We conclude that glycopyrrolate 0.3mg at induction of anaesthesia is an effective method of improving the quality of recovery after day‐case laparoscopic sterilisation using clips.
Risk‐adapted autologous stem cell transplantation with adjuvant dexamethasone ± thalidomide for systemic light‐chain amyloidosis: results of a phase II trial
Authors: Cohen Adam D. , Zhou Ping , Chou Joanne , Teruya‐Feldstein Julie , Reich Lilian , Hassoun Hani , Levine Beth , Filippa Daniel A. , Riedel Elyn , Kewalramani Tarun , Stubblefield Michael D. , Fleisher Martin , Nimer Stephen , Comenzo Raymond L.
Published: September 2007

High‐dose melphalan (MEL) with autologous stem cell transplant (SCT) is an effective therapy for systemic AL amyloidosis (AL), but treatment‐related mortality (TRM) has historically been high. We performed a phase II trial of risk‐adapted SCT followed by adjuvant dexamethasone (dex) and thalidomide (thal) in an attempt to reduce TRM and improve response rates. Patients (n = 45) with newly diagnosed AL involving ≤2 organ systems were assigned to MEL 100, 140, or 200 mg/m2 with SCT, based on age, renal function and cardiac involvement. Patients with persistent clonal plasma cell disease 3 months post‐SCT received 9 months of adjuvant thal/dex (or dex if there was a history of deep vein thrombosis or neuropathy). Organ involvement was kidney (67%), heart (24%), liver/GI (22%) and peripheral nervous system (18%), with 31% having two organs involved. TRM was 4·4%. Thirty‐one patients began adjuvant therapy, with 16 (52%) completing 9 months of treatment and 13 (42%) achieving an improvement in haematological response. By intention‐to‐treat, overall haematological response rate was 71% (36% complete response), with 44% having organ responses. With a median follow‐up of 31 months, 2‐year survival was 84% (95% confidence interval: 73%, 94%). Risk‐adapted SCT with adjuvant thal/dex is feasible and results in low TRM and high haematological and organ response rates in AL patients.
Dwindling pollen resources trigger the transition to broodless populations of long‐lived honeybees each autumn
Authors: MATTILA HEATHER R. , OTIS GARD W.
Published: September 2007

Abstract 1. Each autumn in northern regions, honeybee colonies shift from populations of short‐lived workers that actively rear brood to broodless populations of long‐lived winter bees. To determine if dwindling pollen resources trigger this transition, the natural disappearance of external pollen resources was artificially accelerated or delayed and colonies were monitored for effects on the decline in brood‐rearing activity and the development of populations of long‐lived winter bees.

2. Delaying the disappearance of pollen resources postponed the decline in brood rearing in colonies. Colonies with an extended supply of pollen reared workers longer into October before brood rearing ended than control colonies or colonies for which pollen supply was cut short artificially in autumn.

3. Colonies with extended pollen supply produced more workers throughout autumn than colonies with less pollen, but the development of the population of long‐lived winter bees was delayed until relatively later in autumn. Colonies produced similar numbers of winter bees, regardless of the timing of the disappearance of pollen resources.

4. Mean longevity of autumn‐reared workers was inversely related to the amount of brood remaining to be reared in colonies when workers eclosed. Consequently, long‐lived workers did not appear in colonies until brood rearing declined, which in turn was controlled by the availability of pollen.

5. Dwindling pollen resources provide a powerful cue that initiates the transition to populations of broodless winter bees because it directly affects the brood‐rearing capacity of colonies and indirectly indicates deteriorating environmental conditions associated with the approach of winter.
A methodology for assessing the risk posed by the deliberate and harmful use of plant pathogens in Europe
Authors: Latxague Emilie , Sache Ivan , Pinon Jean , Andrivon Didier , Barbier Marc , Suffert Frédéric
Published: September 2007

Deliberate and malevolent use of plant pathogens, i.e. agroterrorism lato sensu (anticrop bioterrorism and use of bioweapons against the agricultural sector), may represent a non‐negligible threat for crops and forests in Europe. In order to assess this risk objectively, a methodology based on a critical review of existing Pest Risk Analysis schemes has been elaborated and is described in the present paper. In this methodology, three interdependent steps are suggested: (i) definition of an a priori list of potentially dangerous plant pathogens for Europe, (ii) detailed elaboration and analysis of theoretical scenarios of possible acts of agroterrorism, and (iii) elaboration and use of a risk assessment scheme adapted to agroterrorism.
http://www.isip.de– online plant protection information in Germany*
Authors: Röhrig M.
Published: September 2007

The demand for information from agricultural professionals is increasing steadily but can be met with the use of modern communications technologies. Consequently, governmental extension services in Germany have introduced the Information System for Integrated Plant Production (ISIP). ISIP, an Internet‐based information system, gives rapid and convenient access to all data necessary for integrated plant production. Target groups are farmers as well as extension workers. The system focuses on problem‐specific decision support modules for a range of agronomical and horticultural crops. In ISIP, such a module does not only comprise a model for decision support. Due to the fact that a model is only a simplified representation of reality, simulation results are supplemented by monitoring data (if available) and a comment of a regional extension worker. This ‘threefold decision support’ is one of the unique features of ISIP. The framework of ISIP integrating independent models for decision support is built in an open and readily extensible architecture. To incorporate new simulation approaches, the concept of a ‘master component’ frees the developer from technical details and provides a comparatively simple integration. This speeds up model development and ensures a fast knowledge transfer.
Use of geographic information systems in warning services for late blight*
Authors: Zeuner T. , Kleinhenz B.
Published: September 2007

One of the important aims of the German Crop Protection Services (GCPS) is to reduce spraying intensity as part of an environmentally friendly crop protection strategy. ZEPP is the central institution in Germany responsible for the development of methods with the goal of improving the control of plant diseases and, to this end, more than 20 meteorological data‐based models have been developed and introduced into practice. This study shows that it is possible to improve the accuracy of the results given by the models by using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). The influence of elevation, slope and aspect on meteorological data was interpolated with GIS and the results were used as input for forecasting models. The results will be presented as spatial risk maps on which areas of maximum disease risk are displayed. The modern presentation methods of GIS enable the results to be displayed in a more user‐friendly way.
Improving cost‐effectiveness of brown rot control: the value of bio‐economic modelling*
Authors: Breukers A. , Van Der Werf W. , Mourits M. , Lansink A. O.
Published: September 2007

Since 1995, the Dutch potato production chain has been hit by several outbreaks of brown rot, a quarantine disease caused by Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, biovar 2. To avoid establishment of brown rot in the potato production chain and avert the consequences on potato export, the Dutch government has implemented an intensive and costly control policy. It is unknown whether this policy is cost‐effective. A bio‐economic model was developed that can be used to simulate the effect of a control policy on the epidemiology and economic consequences of brown rot in the Dutch potato production chain. Two applications of this model are presented, based on which the potential contribution of the model to cost‐effective control of brown rot is discussed.
Cell type‐specific methylation profiles occurring disproportionately in CpG‐less regions that delineate developmental similarity
Authors: Sakamoto Hideki , Suzuki Masako , Abe Tetsuya , Hosoyama Tohru , Himeno Emi , Tanaka Satoshi , Greally John M , Hattori Naka , Yagi Shintaro , Shiota Kunio
Published: September 2007

Our previous studies using restriction landmark genomic scanning (RLGS) defined tissue‐ or cell‐specific DNA methylation profiles. It remains to be determined whether the DNA sequence compositions in the genomic contexts of the NotI loci tested by RLGS influence their tendency to change with differentiation. We carried out 3834 methylation measurements consisting of 213 NotI loci in the mouse genome in 18 different tissues and cell types, using quantitative real‐time PCR based on a Virtual image rlgs database. Loci were categorized as CpG islands or other, and as unique or repetitive sequences, each category being associated with a variety of methylation categories. Strikingly, the tissue‐dependently and differentially methylated regions (T‐DMRs) were disproportionately distributed in the non‐CpG island loci. These loci were located not only in 5′‐upstream regions of genes but also in intronic and non‐genic regions. Hierarchical clustering of the methylation profiles could be used to define developmental similarity and cellular phenotypes. The results show that distinctive tissue‐ and cell type‐specific methylation profiles by RLGS occur mostly at NotI sites located at non‐CpG island sequences, which delineate developmental similarity of different cell types. The finding indicates the power of NotI methylation profiles in evaluating the relatedness of different cell types.
Rac2 is a major actor of Drosophila resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa acting in phagocytic cells
Authors: Avet‐Rochex Amélie , Perrin Jackie , Bergeret Evelyne , Fauvarque Marie‐Odile
Published: September 2007

Pathogen recognition and engulfment by phagocytic cells of the blood cell lineage constitute the first line of defense against invading pathogens. This cellular immune response is conserved throughout evolution and depends strictly on cytoskeletal changes regulated by the RhoGTPases family. Many pathogens have developed toxins modifying RhoGTPases activity to their own benefit. In particular, the Exoenzyme S (ExoS) toxin of the Gram‐negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa is directly injected into the host cell cytoplasm and contains a GAP domain (ExoSGAP) targeting RhoGTPases. Searching for the contribution of each RhoGTPases, Rho1, Rac1, Rac2, Mtl (Mig2‐like) and Cdc42 to fly resistance to P. aeruginosa infections, we found that Rac2 is required to resist to P. aeruginosa and to other Gram‐negative or Gram‐positive bacteria. The Rac2 immune‐deficient phenotype is attributable to defective engulfment of pathogens since Rac2‐mutant macrophages exhibited strong reduction in the phagocytosis level of both Gram‐negative and Gram‐positive bacterial particles whereas systemic immune signaling pathways, including Toll, Immune deficiency and Jun kinases, were not affected. Co‐expression of Rac2 and ExoSGAP rescued the increased sensitivity to P. aeruginosa observed in ExoSGAP‐expressing flies suggesting that Rac2 is the main host factor whose function is inhibited by the GAP domain of the ExoS toxin.
Loss of MNK function sensitizes fibroblasts to serum‐withdrawal induced apoptosis
Authors: Chrestensen Carol A. , Eschenroeder Andrew , Ross William G. , Ueda Takeshi , Watanabe‐Fukunaga Rie , Fukunaga Rikiro , Sturgill Thomas W.
Published: September 2007

Map kinase‐interacting protein kinases 1 and 2 (MNK1, MNK2) function downstream of p38 and ERK MAP kinases, but there are large gaps in our knowledge of how MNKs are regulated and function. Mice deleted of both genes are apparently normal, suggesting that MNKs function in adaptive pathways during stress. Here, we show that mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEFs) obtained from mnk1 (–/–)/mnk2 (–/–) as well as mnk1 (–/–) and mnk2 (–/–) mice are sensitized to caspase‐3 activation upon withdrawal of serum in comparison to wild‐type cells. Caspase‐3 cleavage occurs with all cells in the panel, but most rapidly and robustly in cells derived from mice lacking both MNK genes. Treatment of wild‐type MEFs in the panel with a compound (CGP57380) that inhibits MNK1 and MNK2 sensitizes wild‐type cells for serum‐withdrawal induced apoptosis, suggesting that sensitization is due to loss of MNK function and not to a secondary event. Reintroduction of wild‐type MNK1 in the double knockout MEFs results in decreased sensitivity to serum withdrawal that is not observed for wild‐type MNK2, or the kinase dead variant. Our work identifies MNKs as kinases involved in anti‐apoptotic signaling in response to serum withdrawal.
Increased interleukin‐10 production and Th2 skewing in the absence of 5‐lipoxygenase
Authors: DiMeo Daniel , Tian Jun , Zhang Juan , Narushima Seiko , Berg Daniel J.
Published: September 2007

Eicosanoids (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) are important mediators of inflammatory responses. These lipid mediators may also regulate the production of peptide mediators of the immune system. In this study, we investigated the effect of the absence of 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO)‐derived leukotrienes on interleukin (IL)‐10 production. IL‐10 is a key regulator of immune and inflammatory responses, and previous studies have suggested that prostaglandins effect their immunosuppressive functions in part by stimulation of IL‐10 production. We therefore investigated whether leukotriene production would have a similar role in regulation of IL‐10 production. We have made the striking observation that absence of 5‐LO‐derived leukotrienes results in increased IL‐10 production with a concomitant decrease in the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, including tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and IL‐12. Moreover, T‐cell cytokine production in the absence of 5‐LO‐derived leukotrienes results in increased IL‐4 production and decreased interferon (IFN)‐γ production. This may be in part secondary to increased IL‐10 production and its effects on dendritic cell function resulting in altered T‐cell differentiation. These findings indicate that, in addition to the central role leukotrienes play in the acute inflammatory response, endogenous leukotrienes are also important regulators of inflammatory cytokine production, via regulation of IL‐10 production and in vivo differentiation of T cells.
Oral Pathways of Infection
Authors: MORSE DONALD R.
Published: September 2007

With Special Reference to Endodontics
Endodontics 1972
Authors: ROWE A. H. R.
Published: September 2007

Based on a paper read to the Spring Meeting (1972) of the British Endodontic Society
Cytotoxicity of root canal sealers: a study using HeLa cells and fibroblasts
Authors: KETTERING JAMES D. , TORABINEJAD MAHMOUD
Published: September 2007

Summary. The relative cytotoxicity of five root canal sealers was measured by adding various concentrations of freshly mixed and set sealers to cultures of either HeLa or human fibroblast cells. The toxicity was determined by cell survival, which was measured by subsequent incorporation of [3H]‐thymidine into the nucleic acid components of each cell type used. The results showed that all sealers are cytotoxic in both fresh and set states. The ranking of toxicity of sealers on HeLa cells was similar to the one obtained for fibroblasts. Comparison of the results of this study with those of previous investigations questions the value of ranking sealers based only upon their effects in vitro.
Mounted human skulls as an aid to preclinical endodontic teaching
Authors: PITTS NIGEL B. , CHOW TAK W. , RENSON C. EDWARD , KIRKWOOD JOHN , WALKER RICHARD T.
Published: September 2007

Abstract. A method has been devised for mounting human skulls on the support normally used for phantom heads in the laboratory and in the clinic. It enables techniques used in endodontics to be practised without inconvenience or hazard to the patient.
Micromorphology of mineralization deposits in the pulps of human teeth
Authors: FOREMAN P. C.
Published: September 2007

Summary. The dental pulp may contain a considerable amount of calcified material. This originates from the pulp and takes the form of rods or tubules in the radicular pulp, or concentric spherical deposits in the coronal pulp. Chains of oval deposits may also form at the coronal end of the radicular pulp.

Obliteration of the root canal may be due to dentinogenesis or to a massive diffuse pulpal calcification which has a herring‐bone structure and contains small spaces which could harbour bacteria. Growths of tubular dentine may be observed which take the form of flakes along the walls of the root canal and nodules around the walls of the coronal pulp chamber. These tubular excrescences may be observed invading the diffuse pulpal calcification to form a complicated cross‐linked calcified structure.
The antibacterial action of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA in 60 cases of endodontic therapy
Authors: BYSTRÖM A. , SUNVQVIST G.
Published: September 2007

Summary. In this study the antibacterial effect of irrigating infected root canals with 0.5 and 5 per cent sodium hypochlorite solutions was evaluated clinically. The results indicated that there was no difference between the antibacterial effect of these two solutions. The combined use of EDTA and S per cent sodium hypochlorite solution was more efficient than the use of sodium hypochlorite solutions alone.

An important observation was that bacteria surviving instrumentation and irrigation rapidly increased in number in the period between appointments when no intracanal medicament was used.
General morphological aspects of resorption of teeth and alveolar bone
Authors: HAMMARSTRÖM LARS , LINDSKOG SVEN
Published: September 2007

Summary. This is a review of our present knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the resorption of teeth and alveolar bone. Special attention has been paid to the morphology and function of osteoclasts and osteocytes. The dental mineralized tissues do not normally undergo resorption and the mechanisms behind this resistance are discussed. Finally, an attempt has been made to distinguish those factors which regulate activity, of resorption from those which determine its location.
Resorption of autotransplanted human teeth: a retrospective study of 291 transplantations over a period of 25 years
Authors: SCHWARTZ OLE , BERGMANN PER , KLAUSEN BJARNE
Published: September 2007

Summary. An assessment was made of the postoperative fate of 291 autotransplanted human teeth, carried out in the period from 1955 to 1980, with special reference to root resorption.

Root resorption was found to be the major cause of graft loss (P< 0.0001), During the observation period, inflammatory resorption (IR) was diagnosed in 94 cases, leading to graft loss in 39 cases (mean survival time for grafts with IR was 7.2 years). Replacement resorption (RR) was found in 52 cases, leading to graft loss in 19 cases during the observation period, but with a considerably lower intensity of graft loss than in the IR group (mean survival time for grafts with RR was 12.0 years).

The influence of several pre‐ and peroperative factors on the appearance of the two types of root resorption following autotransplantation was investigated. Premolars were found to be significantly less affected by IR compared with molars, and canines were more frequently affected by IR (64 per cent). The younger the patient, and especially the earlier the stage of root development of the donor tooth, the less IR, although pulp obliteration occurred more frequently in the early graft developmental stage. Ectopia of the donor tooth seemed to be followed by an increased frequency of IR and RR after transplantation.

Extraoral storage induced both IR and RR. Peroperative endodontic treatment should be avoided, although endodontic treatment, in general, seemed to have an arresting influence on IR. Marginal bone loss seemed to affect fully developed grafts more than grafts transplanted at an earlier stage but, in general, root resorption was found to be the most relevant complication of autotransplanted human teeth.
Dynamics of hard tissues—the reaction of the periodontal ligament and mandibular bone to altered occlusion
Authors: EWERS ROLF , KASPERK CHRISTIAN
Published: September 2007

Summary. The histological evaluation of the mandibular bony and periodontal structures of 17 adult Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys revealed that slight alteration of the occlusion was followed by limited adaptation and remodelling, while severe alteration was followed by massive adaptation and remodelling after 18 and 24 weeks. The changes were observed by examining ground sections for the presence of fluorescent dyes which had been injected every 14 days during the experimental period.