bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Native American lithic procurement along the international border in the boot heel region of southwestern New Mexico
Authors: Zeigler K. E. , Hughes C. , Kurota A. , Hogan P.
Published: December 2010

Abstract. Multidisciplinary field projects can be very useful to a more fundamental understanding of the world around us, though these projects are not as common as they should be. In particular, the combination of archeology and geology combines our understanding of human behavior and human use of the landscape with an intimate knowledge of geologic processes and the materials available for human use in order to gain a broader understanding of human-Earth interaction. Here we present data from a cross-disciplinary project that uses a common dataset, archeological artifacts, to explore the anthropological and geologic implications of useage patterns. Archeological excavations and surveys conducted by the Office of Contract Archeology in 2007 along the route of the proposed international border fence reveal patterns of use of geologic materials by Archaic, Formative and Protohistoric Native Americans in the Boot Heel of southwestern New Mexico. Thousands of artifacts were recorded in multiple sites from Guadalupe Pass in the southern Peloncillo Mountains to the Carrizalillo Hills west of Columbus. We identified the lithologies of artifacts, ranging from projectile points to groundstones, and then constructed material movement maps based on either known procurement sites ("quarries") or outcrops identified as the closest source to a given site for each lithology. Not unexpectedly, the majority of the rock types utilized by native peoples are local siliceous volcanic materials. However, several artifacts constructed from obsidian were transported into the region from northern Mexico and eastern Arizona, indicating long-distance travel and/or trade routes. We also examine useage pattern difference between Archaic, Formative and Protohistoric sites. Additionally, a dramatic change in distribution of sources for geologic materials occurs between one pre-Spanish site and one post-Spanish site that are adjacent to one another.
Components of the healthy eating index in nutrition of adult females
Authors: Fatrcová-Šramková Katarí­na
Published: December 2010

To assess and monitor the nutriton and dietary status, the U.S. Department of Agriculture developed the Healthy Eating Index - HEI. The index consists of 10 components, each representing different aspects of a healthful diet. The aim of the study was to evaluate the nutrition in adult females and to analyze the actual nutrition according to selected four components (no. 6-9) of the Healthy Eating Index. Components 6 and 7 measure total fat and saturated fat consumption, respectively, as a percentage of total food intake (maximal 30 % and 10 % of total energy daily content respectively; in case of 31,3 % and 58,62 % females respectively). Components 8 and 9 measure total cholesterol (daily maximal 300 mg in case of 69,54 % participants) and sodium intake (maximal 2400 mg a day in case of 22,99 % probands).
Sensitivy to antibiotics in strains of S. aureus isolated from cow´s milk
Authors: Pukáčová Jana , Poľaková Lucia , Dudriková Eva
Published: December 2010

Strains of S. aureus were isolated from individual milk samples of 500 lacting cows from different areas in Slovakia (PH 1 - Košice region, 300 samples; PH 2 - Žilina region, 200 samples). The statistical significance between both dairy farms included in the experiment in the presence of genus Staphylococcus isolated on Baird-Parker agar from milk samples was p < 0,0001(***) . Totally, 122 milk samples were positive for the presence of Staphylococcus aureus (83 Košice regions, 52 Žilina regions). All 122 isolates of S. aureus were sensitive for the methicilin as detected by interpretative criteria developed by NCCLS (2002). For 122 S. aureus isolates, we compared antibiotic susceptibility results determined by the standardized agar diffusion assay with the PCR assay for the detection of antibiotic resistance mecA gene. For all isolates, we found a correlation between the results of the PCR and those of classical resistance testing. The obtained results were confirmed by PCR analysis, according to which, any of our tested isolate of S. aureus from all 122 individual milk samples from both experimental dairy farms were not positive for the presence of mecA gene coding  the methicilin resistance.
Comparison of occurence lactic acid bacteria in chosen yogurts
Authors: Lengyelova Libuša , Kozelová Dagmar , Trstenovičová Ľudmila , Pinterová Silvia
Published: December 2010

The yogurt is healthy food, which contains at least 100 million cultures per gram. Probiotic bacteria have been proven to reduce the effects of some gastrointestinal problems, probiotics can greatly reduce lactose intolerance, have also been proven to prevent colon cancers, there are also a natural immune system booster. In our research we detected numbers of lactid acid bacteria in yogurts in slovak market. There were classical yogurts, yogurts with probiotics, yogurts with fat and non fat. We numbered lactid acid bacteria from and after expiration, in agars MRS and Lee´s. In examined yogurts we detected from expiration from 78.107  to 169.107  and after expiration from 59.107 to 133.107 lactic acid bacteria in 1 ml of yogurt. In agreement with Food Codex of SR (2010) of rules all these yogurts satisfy number of lactid acid bacteria.
Proteins of potatoes in relation to the content of cadmium in their tubers
Authors: Musilová Janette , Bystrická Judita
Published: December 2010

In the work the influence of cadmium in soil on the range of cumulating in tubers of potatoes and in proteins of potatoes grown under model conditions of pot trial experiment and under the real conditions of locality Imeľ in Danube Lowland was surveyed. Under conditions of pot trial the increased contents in tubers positively correlated with contents of cadmium applied into soil; the highest content of Cd was assessed in variety Junior (from 0.211 mg.kg-1 FM in 1st variant to 0.715 mg.kg-1 FM in 4th variant). The influence of increased content of Cd was manifested statistically significant in the content of proteins also in the content of Cd in protein fractions (1st var. 0.026 (Asterix) – 0.045 (Agria) mg.kg-1 FM; 2nd var. 0.047 (Livera) – 0.085 (Asterix) mg.kg-1 FM; 3rd var. 0.06 (Livera) – 0.117 (Junior) mg.kg-1 FM; 4th var. 0.068 (Livera) – 0.142 (Asterix) mg.kg-1 FM). Contents of Cd in potatoes from locality Imeľ did not exceed the value 0.1 mg.kg-1 FM defined in PK SR. The average contents of proteins were in range from 1.19 % (Victoria) to 1.489 % (Adora), the average content of Cd cumulated in proteins was the highest in variety Vivaldi (1.317 μg.kg-1 FM). Positive correlation was confirmed between the content of Cd in potato tubers and in proteins only in Livera variety.
Influence of natural additives on protein complex of bread
Authors: Bojňanská Tatiana , Urminská Dana
Published: December 2010

The study focuses on researching the influence of natural additives on certain technological characteristics of mixtures used for bread production, more particularly the influence of N substances in used raw material on selected qualitative parameters of bread. The blends for bread production to be analysed were prepared by mixing wheat flour with an addition of oat, buckwheat, lentil and chickpea wholegrain flour in different portions (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 %). The experiment showed that the addition of natural additives worsened the protein complex of the blends used in bread production (worsening also qualitative parameters known as product volume). The loaves prepared with an addition of buckwheat, oat, lentil and chickpea were evaluated to be of a lesser quality from a technological viewpoint when compared with pure wheat loaves. The lower content of gluten forming proteins and the generally changed protein composition of blends due to additives caused a lower percentage of wet gluten content, its lower extensibility and swelling capacity. The sedimentation value (Zeleny index) decreased proportionally with the increase of addition until the level was unsatisfactory for raw material intended for bakery purposes. The N content in experimental loaves was higher than in the reference loaves and it increased according to the selected additive and its portion in the blend (more with the addition of lentil and chickpea, less in case of buckwheat and oat) which is considered as positive from a nutritional point of view. But from the technological point of view the additives did not show any positive influence and caused a lower loaf bread volume. The most significant decrease of the loaf bread volume was found with the addition of 50 % of buckwheat (- 45.6 %). Better results were obtained with a lower portion of the additive: loaf with an addition of 30 % of chickpea (volume decreased by 12.8 %) > loaf with an addition of 30 % of lentil (volume decreased by 8.7 %) > loaf with an addition of 10 % of oat (volume decreased by 14.3 %) > loaf with an addition of 10 % of buckwheat (volume decreased by 22.7 %). Such products can be considered as technologically good or at least satisfactory. To increase the volume of bread loaves, 3 % of vital wheat gluten was added to blends mixed with a portion of 30 % and 50 % of additives. The results were not adequate however. The only exception was buckwheat, where the loaf volume was satisfactory despite the addition of 30 %.
Incidence and Predictors of Gastrocutaneous Fistula in the Pediatric Patient
Authors: Bratu Ioana , Bharmal Aamir
Published: December 2010

Background/Purpose. To determine the incidence, predictors, and outcomes of repair of gastrocutaneous fistulae (GCF) in pediatric patients. Methods. Patients were identified through a medical records search of all gastrostomy insertions performed from 1997–2007. Results. Of 1083 gastrostomies, 49 had GCF closure. Gastrostomy indications were reflux/aspiration (30/43 [70%]) and feeding intolerance/failure to thrive (7/43 [16%]). Gastrostomies were performed as open surgical procedures (84%) with fundoplication (66% of all cases) at an age of 0.5±0.57 (median ± inter-quartile range) years. Gastrostomies were removed in outpatient settings when no longer used and were present for 2.3±2.2 years, and GCF persisted for 2.0±3.0 months. GCF were closed by laparotomy and stapling. GCF closure length of stay was 2.0±3.3 days. Complications occurred in 6/49 patients and included infection/fever (4/6) and localized skin redness/breakdown (2/6). Conclusions. From our collected data, GCFs occur at a frequency of 4.5% and persist for 2.0±3.0 months until closed. Given the complicated medical histories of patients and relatively high rate of postoperative infection/reaction (12.2%), GCF closure is not a benign, “uncomplicated” procedure. Further information describing factors determining which patients develop GCF requiring closure is needed.
Evaluation of Neurotoxicity Potential in Rats: The Functional Observational Battery
Authors: Boucard Aurélie , Bétat Anne‐Marie , Forster Roy , Simonnard Alain , Froget Guillaume
Published: December 2010

This unit describes the functional observational battery (FOB), a behavioral screening procedure commonly used in safety pharmacology and toxicology studies to assess potentially adverse effects of test agents on the central nervous system. The battery includes general observations and the determination of reactivity to various stimuli. Also presented is the severity score index for analyzing individual measurements and evaluations over a range of endpoints. The severity score index can be used to identify, quantify, and describe the effects of compounds on neurological, autonomic, and behavioral functions.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 51:10.12.1‐10.12.9. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Generation and Quantitation of Infectious Hepatitis C Virus Derived from Cell Culture (HCVcc)
Authors: Paulson Matthew S.
Published: December 2010

The development of robust genotype 1b and genotype 1a hepatitis C virus (HCV) replicon systems has enabled the convenient in vitro study of part of the virus life cycle. This unit describes detailed protocols for generating and measuring infectious HCV, or cell‐culture‐derived infectious HCV (HCVcc). The HCVcc infectious system has two essential components: (1) cells that are permissive to de novo infection and allow effective replication of the full virus life cycle; and (2) a virus genome that has robust and efficient replication in tissue culture. The assays in this unit are based on protocols designed for Huh‐7‐derived cell lines that allow robust replication of HCV and are permissive to infection. These protocols are important for the implementation of drug discovery efforts relative to the entire infectious virus life cycle. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 51:13B.4.1‐13B.4.19. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Preclinical Mouse Models of Human Prostate Cancer and Their Utility in Drug Discovery
Authors: Park Serk In , Kim Sun Jin , McCauley Laurie K. , Gallick Gary E.
Published: December 2010

In vivo animal studies are an essential component of prostate cancer research, and are particularly critical for studying interactions between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Numerous preclinical animal models of prostate cancer are available, including transgenic mouse models and human prostate cancer xenograft mouse models. In contrast to transgenic mouse models producing more heterogeneous cohorts of tumors, xenograft mouse models provide more controlled approaches. This unit describes procedures used to establish several distinct preclinical mouse models of human prostate cancer, including an orthotopic prostate xenograft model, an orthotopic bone metastasis model, an experimental metastasis model of intra‐cardiac injection, and a vossicle model of tumor‐bone interaction.Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 51:14.15.1‐14.15.27. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cardiomyocytes via the Hanging‐Drop and Mass Culture Methods
Authors: Fuegemann Christopher J. , Samraj Ajoy K. , Walsh Stuart , Fleischmann Bernd K. , Jovinge Stefan , Breitbach Martin
Published: December 2010

Herein, we describe two protocols for the in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) into cardiomyocytes. mESCs are pluripotent and can be differentiated into cells of all three germ layers, including cardiomyocytes. The methods described here facilitate the differentiation of mESCs into the different cardiac subtypes (atrial‐, ventricular‐, nodal‐like cells). The duration of cell culture determines whether preferentially early– or late–developmental stage cardiomyocytes can be obtained preferentially. This approach allows the investigation of cardiomyocyte development and differentiation in vitro, and also allows for the enrichment and isolation of physiologically intact cardiomyocytes for transplantation purposes. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 15:1F.11.1‐1F.11.13. © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Selective C3C3 Oxidative Cross‐Coupling between Unactivated Anilines and Indoles
Authors: Wang Linfei , Han Zhaomeng , Fan Renhua
Published: December 2010

A selective C3C3 oxidative cross‐coupling between unactivated anilines and indoles catalyzed by copper bromide together with iodobenzene diacetate as the oxidant is described. This methodology provides a novel approach to biaryl synthesis.
Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of o‐Xylene: Discovery of 2‐Fluoropyridine as a Ligand to Support Selective Pd‐Catalyzed CH Functionalization
Authors: Izawa Yusuke , Stahl Shannon S.
Published: December 2010

An improved method for the direct oxidative coupling of o‐xylene could provide streamlined access to an important monomer used in polyimide resins. The use of 2‐fluoropyridine as a ligand has been found to enable unprecedented levels of chemo‐ and regioselectivity in this palladium‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reaction. Preliminary insights have been obtained into the origin of the effectiveness of 2‐fluoropyridine as a ligand.
Mosaic down syndrome in a patient with low‐level mosaicism detected by microarray
Authors: Leon Eyby , Zou Ying S. , Milunsky Jeff M.
Published: December 2010

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common aneuploidy in liveborns with an estimated frequency of 1 in 650–1,000 births. Approximately 1–2% of all live‐born DS individuals have mosaicism. The correlation between the percentage of mosaicism and the severity of the phenotype in mosaic trisomy 21 has been determined in previous studies. Patients with low percent of trisomy 21 have less phenotypic manifestations, higher IQs, and better overall survival. We report on a 1‐day‐old baby girl with subtle features of DS and low‐level trisomy 21 mosaicism (8–13% in lymphocytes, 31% in buccal cells) with normal high resolution chromosome analysis. The aneuploidy was detected by 6.0 SNP microarray and confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). Further studies to detect mosaicism are recommended from blood (using interphase FISH) or other tissues in the evaluation of a child with features of DS and a normal blood metaphase karyotype. SNP microarray technology appears to be a useful adjunct, being able to detect low‐level mosaicism in these cases. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Environmental effects on skeletal versus dental development II: Further testing of a basic assumption in human osteological research
Authors: Conceição E.L.N. , Cardoso H.F.V.
Published: December 2010

This study further tests the general assumption that skeletal development is more sensitive to socioeconomic factors than dental development in a sample of modern immature Portuguese skeletons (N= 41) of known sex, age, and socioeconomic background. Skeletal development was assessed from skeletal maturation of the knee and dental development was assessed from schedules of tooth formation. Discrepancies between physiological age (skeletal and dental age) and chronological age were used as a measure of developmental status. A positive score indicates that physiological age is in advance of chronological age, whereas a negative score indicates the reverse. Two socioeconomic groups, one of low and the other of high socioeconomic status, were created based on the occupation of the father and on the place of residence, and developmental status was compared between the two socioeconomic groups. Results confirm previous studies by showing that dental development is less affected by environmental insults than skeletal maturation. While socioeconomic differences in skeletal maturation range from 1.20 to 1.22 years (15–18% of chronological age), socioeconomic differences in dental maturation range from 0.51 to 0.53 years (4–9% of chronological age). Compared to a previous study, results also suggest that skeletal maturation is more affected than skeletal growth. Additionally, an adaptation of the radiographic atlas of skeletal development of the knee is proposed for use with dry skeletal material. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2011. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of the reaction course of oxamide and N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)oxamide with propylene carbonate
Authors: Zarzyka‐Niemiec Iwona
Published: December 2010

Studies on obtaining and hydroxypropyl properties of oxamide (OD) derivatives with contribution of OD and N,N′‐bis(2‐hydroxypropyl)oxamide (BHPOD) were carried out. As a hydroxyalkylating agent, the propylene carbonate (PC) was used. Hydroxypropylating with OD proceeds with a partial preservation of carbonate groups in the structure of products, and during the reaction, a partial dimerization of hydroxypropoxylene derivatives of OD occurs. The obtained hydroxypropoxy derivatives of OD are distinguished by an increased thermal stability. Hydroxypropoxy derivatives of OD are expected to find application as polyol components for the manufacture of thermally stable foamed polyurethane plastics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Molecularly imprinted polymer for solid phase extraction of nicotinamide in pork liver samples
Authors: Del Sole Roberta , Scardino Anna , Lazzoi Maria Rosaria , Vasapollo Giuseppe
Published: December 2010

Nicotinamide (NAM) is often added in fortified infant and various food products to ensure an adequate consumption of vitamin. Thus, a proper monitoring of NAM content in foods can be important. In this study, a selective molecularly imprinted polymer as sorbent for solid phase extraction of NAM in animal sources was successfully developed. The molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized by bulk polymerization technique. The performances of this polymer as sorbent were investigated in NAM standard solutions. One hundred milligrams of polymer was able to retain up to 244 μg of NAM with recovery >80% when chloroform was used as loading and washing solvent and ethanol as eluting solvent. Other solvent mixtures were also tested. The optimal molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction protocol was defined and used for the clean‐up of NAM in pork liver samples. Moreover, the performances of the imprinted polymer were compared with that of nonimprinted polymer and with conventional reversed‐phase C18 performances. Pork liver samples spiked with 49 μg mL−1 gave a good percentage of recovery of 87%, with relative standard deviation of 8% for imprinted polymer, whereas only 12% of recovery for nonimprinted polymer and 14% of recovery for reversed‐phase C18 sorbent were found. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Prediction of viscoelastic behavior of interphase in polypropylene‐chopped rice husk composites for β‐relaxation domain
Authors: Ershad‐Langroudi Amir , Razavi‐Nouri Mohammad , Oromiehie Abdulrasoul
Published: December 2010

The effect of chopped rice husk (CRH) content on viscoelastic properties and crystallinity of polypropylene (PP) composites was investigated. Composites containing 0, 20, and 40 part per hundred plastics (php) of CRH into PP were prepared by twin‐screw extruder, with maleic anhydride‐grafted PP as the coupling agent. The viscoelastic behavior and the crystallinity of these composites have been studied by dynamic mechanical analysis as well as differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. By the incorporation of CRH into PP, the storage modulus (E′) was found to be increased progressively, whereas the mechanical loss factor (tan δ) decreased in a nonlinear manner. A self‐consistent analysis was proposed for the prediction of viscoelastic response of the interphase between PP matrix and CRH particles. A three‐phase model was applied in a reverse mode, and the viscoelastic behavior of the interphase was extracted and compared with the unfilled matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry results indicated that CRH influences crystallization temperature as well as the degree of crystallinity of the composites. An entrapped polymer within CRH filler and PP matrix was detected by scanning electron microscope, which can be attributed to the interfacial layer with a good adhesion between the main components. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Solid state properties of thin films of new copoly(azomethine‐sulfone)s
Authors: Marin Luminita , Timpu Daniel , Cozan Vasile , Rusu Gheorghe I. , Airinei Anton
Published: December 2010

A series of four copoly(azomethine‐sulfone)s have been synthesized and extensively characterized. The chemical design has been thought to obtain semiconducting properties and thermotropic behavior matching the processing of the materials from the ordered melted state, suitable for the spontaneous alignment of molecules in the active layer on a substrate. Prototypes of thin films based on this series of polymers have been electrically and structurally characterized. It was found that the respective polymers show typical semiconducting properties. The thermal properties with particular reference to their mesomorphic state were checked by using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized light microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis techniques. Morphological characterization was realized by atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction measurements. Some correlations between electrical properties and packing closeness were established. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical properties of reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites: Effect of filler form and content
Authors: Ashori Alireza , Kiani Hojatollah , Mozaffari S. Ahmad
Published: December 2010

In this study, to understand how cellulosic materials characteristics influence the mechanical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites, we first studied the effect of different types (wood flour and pulp fiber) and contents on selected mechanical properties of uncompatibilized wood plastic composites. We then compared the properties of hybrid composites to those of composites reinforced with wood flour or fiber, individually. PVC as polymer matrix and cellulosic materials were compounded by twin‐screw extrusion and test specimens were prepared by injection molding. All tested properties vary significantly with filler form or content. With the addition of wood flour, the tensile strength moderately increases, but with the addition of hybrid filler and pulp fiber, it increases significantly. Notched impact strength increased with increasing particle size. Pulp fiber resulted in higher strength at the 40 wt % level compared with the strength properties of wood flour composites. The higher aspect ratio of the fiber had significant effect on the mechanical properties. Increasing filler load improves the strength of the composite up to a load of 40 wt %, further increase in the filler loading (>40 wt %) results in a decrease in properties, due to the to filler agglomerates. Incorporation of 25% weight fraction of wood pulp fiber in hybrid composites gave the highest values of composite properties. The mechanical properties of hybrid composites are found to be much higher than that composites filled with wood flour. Finally, results showed that the hybrid composites had the maximum improvement in selected mechanical properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Thermal properties of epoxidized natural rubber‐based polymer blends
Authors: Chan C. H. , Sulaiman S. F. , Kammer H. W. , Sim L. H. , Harun M. K.
Published: December 2010

Thermal properties and morphologies of different thermoplastic polymers blended with an elastomer are discussed. Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET), poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate‐co‐3‐hydroxyvalerate) with 12%mole of hydroxyvalerate content (PHBV) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were blended with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR). These blends turn out to be immiscible. Degree of crystallinity after isothermal crystallization and equilibrium melting point of the crystallizable constituents stay constant to a good approximation in blends with ENR. Exponential decay of rate of crystallization could be observed for both neat polymers and blends. Morphology formation was observed under condition of constant rate of crystallization, which is concomitantly related to different distances to equilibrium. It turns out that morphology development in the blends reflects both aspects. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Nanostructures generated from photopolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate templated from hexagonal lyotropic liquid crystals
Authors: Zhang Juan , Xie Zongli , Hua She Feng , Hoang Manh , Hill Anita J. , Min Gao Wei , Kong Ling Xue
Published: December 2010

The use of lyotropic liquid crystals (LLC) as a template to form periodic nanostructures in polymer materials is a promising technology. In this study, cross‐linked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate nanostructured materials were prepared by photopolymerization in LLC hexagonal phases. Polarized light microscopy and small‐angle powder X‐ray diffraction were used to understand the original LLC order retention on photopolymerization, and scanning electron microscope was used to investigate the morphology under different purifying solvents and drying conditions. A Quantachrome Autosorb 1 system was used to study the pore size distribution of samples. It was found that the LLC hexagonal structure was retained to a great extent after photopolymerization. The formation of nanostructures was affected by purifying solvent and drying condition. The nanostructure synthesized from LLC with favorably aligned nanopores will find increasing applications in gas and water filtration, biology, and health science. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Ion‐imprinted PHEMA based monolith for the removal of Fe3+ ions from aqueous solutions
Authors: Özkara Serpil , Andaç Müge , Karakoç Veyis , Say Rıdvan , Denizli Adil
Published: December 2010

Molecular recognition based Fe3+ imprinted monolith was prepared for selective removal of Fe3+ ions from aqueous solutions. The precomplexation was achieved by the coordination of Fe3+ ions with N‐methacryloyl‐(L)‐cysteine methyl ester (MAC) to form the complex monomer (MAC‐Fe3+). The polymerization step was then carried out in the presence of MAC‐Fe3+ complex and hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) monomer by bulk polymerization to constitude a Fe3+‐imprinted polymer (PHEMAC‐Fe3+). The specific surface area of PHEMAC‐Fe3+ monolith was found to be 35.2 m2/g, with a swelling ratio of 60.2% after the template was removed from the monolith by 0.1M EDTA solution. The maximum adsorption capacity of PHEMAC‐Fe3+ monolith for Fe3+ ion was 0.76 mg/g. The adsorption behavior of the monolith has been successfully described by the Langmuir isotherm. It was determined that the relative selectivity of PHEMAC‐Fe3+ monolith was 59.7 and 37.0 times greater than that of the nonimprinted PHEMAC monolith as compared with the Cd2+ and Ni2+ ions, respectively. The PHEMAC‐Fe3+ monolith was recovered and reused many times without any significant decrease in its adsorption capacity. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Mechanical performance of hybrid rice straw/sea weed polypropylene composites
Authors: Hassan M. Masudul , Mueller Marco , Tartakowska Diana J. , Wagner Manfred H.
Published: December 2010

Rice straw (Rs)/polypropylene (PP) composites were prepared in the different ratio of 5 : 95, 10 : 90, 15 : 85, 20 : 80, 25 : 75, and 30 : 70 (Rs wt % : PP wt %) by an injection molding process. This work investigated the tensile strength (TS), bending strength (BS), and impact strength (IS) of the composites. From the results, it is observed that Rs20 : PP80 mixture composite showed better performance with mechanical properties (TS = 26.2 MPa, BS = 58 N/mm2, and IS = 1.7 KJ/mm2) among the composites prepared. Two hybrid composites were also fabricated using 20% Rs, 10% seaweed with 70% PP and 20% Rs, 30% seaweed with 70% PP. In between the two hybrid composites, superior mechanical behavior showed by the hybrid composite in ratio of Rs20 : Sw10 : PP70 with enhanced results such as TS = 28 MPa, BS = 68 N/mm2, and IS = 2.5 KJ/mm2. Water uptake, simulating weathering, and soil degradation test of different composites were also performed. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Influence of flexible oligo(tetrafluoroethene) segment on the sorption and diffusion of carbon dioxide in poly(amide‐imide) membranes
Authors: Chen Yu , Huang Shu Ping , Liu Qing Lin , Broadwell Ian , Zhu Ai Mei
Published: December 2010

Molecular simulations have been used to study the sorption and diffusion properties of carbon dioxide in a series of poly (amide‐imide) (PAI) membranes containing oligo(tetrafluoroethene) segment with various numbers (n = 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) of tetrafluoroethene units. The solubility and self‐diffusion coefficients were computed by the Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) method and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations respectively. It was found that increasing the fluorine content of the polymer membrane reduced the associated glass transition temperature (Tg) and led to an increase in diffusion coefficient of carbon dioxide. Results indicate that penetrant molecule's diffusion coefficient is strongly dependent on chain mobility. It is also noticed that the radial distribution functions (RDFs) are inconsistent with the d‐spacings of PAIs calculated form X‐ray data. This is also thought to be tied to the number of degrees of freedom of the chain. Finally, this study gives a useful insight into how PAIs with high fluorine content can be tailored with a high permeability to carbon dioxide. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Familiarity with Latin and Greek anatomical terms and course performance in undergraduates
Authors: Pampush James D. , Petto Andrew J.
Published: December 2010

Commonly used technical anatomy and physiology (A&P) terms are predominantly rooted in Latin and Greek vocabulary, so it is commonly inferred that a solid grounding in Latin and Greek roots of medical terminology will improve student learning in anatomy and related disciplines. This study examines the association of etymological knowledge of A&P terms and A&P course performance among 446 undergraduates in their first semester of the study of human gross anatomy and physiology, with a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of 52 students who filled out surveys about their prior knowledge and experiences related to medicine or anatomy. In both data sets, there was only a weak positive correlation between the performance on a quiz of Latin and Greek medical terms and the students' performance on regular assignments. The presumption that familiarity with Latin and Greek word roots has a strong influence on successful learning of anatomy is not supported by these data. Future research should address whether or not there are particular skills associated with using etymological knowledge in improving A&P course performance. Anat Sci Educ. © 2010 American Association of Anatomists.
Adaptive rejection of disturbances having two sinusoidal components with close and unknown frequencies
Authors: Guo Xiuyan , Bodson Marc
Published: December 2010

The paper considers the problem of rejecting disturbances with two sinusoidal components in the case where the frequencies are unknown and closely spaced. A natural approach consists of cancelling the components using two separate adaptive algorithms combined in a single scheme. However, experiments in active noise control applications have shown that convergence using such an approach could be very slow. The alternative approach of this paper consists of representing the disturbance signal as a single sinusoid with time‐varying magnitude and phase. The theoretical basis and the limitations of this representation are first discussed. Then, an adaptive disturbance rejection algorithm is proposed and the resulting nonlinear system is analyzed using some approximations. Active noise control experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm has better convergence properties than an algorithm designed to cancel the two frequency components separately. In some cases, however, the cost is a small residual error on the output signal.

Copyright © 2010 John Wiley and Sons Asia Pte Ltd and Chinese Automatic Control Society
Oscillating Bromate Oxidative Reactions
Authors: Zhabotinsky A. M.
Published: December 2010

In this contribution a survey of the recent data on oscillating bromate oxidative reactions is given. The main part of the paper deals with the reaction mechanism. The simplest hypothesis on the mechanism of these reactions can be outlined: all the dynamic features of the system are defined by the kinetics of the reaction (1)

magnified image

provides only a linear feedback.
Action Potentials in Lipid Bilayers
Authors: Müller Paul
Published: December 2010

The construction of a molecular mechanism capable of generating action potentials in lipid bilayers is described. — A protein called EIM obtained from enterobacter cloacae, forms cation selective channels which can be opened and closed by the membrane potential. In sphingomyelin‐tocopherol membranes the membrane conductance changes over 3 — 4 orders of magnitude between —60 and + 25 mV. In an ionic concentration gradient the membranes generate a cationic resting potential of up to 70 mV. This potential acts as an applied potential and closes most of the channels. When protamine is added to a membrane containing EIM, the channels become anion selective
What Can we Learn about Dissipative Structures by Model Reactions
Authors: Schlögl F.
Published: December 2010

Some questions will be listed which could be answered by the use of simple reaction models, developed in recent years and showing typical phenomena of nonlinear thermodynamics like chemical instabilities, bifurcations, and nonequilibrium phase transitions. A comparison will be made of different forms of descriptions. These are a deterministic theory and stochastic theories based on the use of Langevin forces or of a master equation. The role of certain general stochastic measures as thermodynamic quantities will be discussed. An outlook on possible extensions to limit cycle models will be given.
Periodische Bildung von cycli‐AMP‐Signalen und Chemotaxis von Dictyostelium‐Zellen
Authors: Gerisch GüNther
Published: December 2010

Experimental data on oscillations in aggregating cells of the microorganism Dictyostelium discoideum have recently been reviewed by Gerisch et al. (1979). A mathematical analysis based on these data has been published by Sperb (1979).

In summary, cells of Dictyostelium discoideum are able to release cyclic AMP periodically and to respond to the same factor by chemotactic orientation. The oscillations of cAMP generation are based on activity changes of adenylate cyclase. Cyclic AMP receptors on the cell surface are functionally coupled to the oscillating system as evidenced by phase shifts that were induced by small pulses of extracellular cAMP. As an important element of the oscillating system the signal processing from cell surface receptors to the adenylate cyclase has been investigated. This pathway exhibits adaptation resulting in the suppression of responses to constant, elevated concentrations of cAMP. The adequate signal input for adenylate cyclase activation is therefore a change of the extracellular cAMP concentration with time.

Oscillations in the absence of detectable changes of intra‐ or extracellular cAMP concentrations raise the question if there is a network in D. discoideum cells that undergoes oscillations without being coupled to adenylate cyclase. Cyclic GMP concentrations oscillate with a slight phase difference in advance of c‐AMP, suggesting that the two nucleotide cyclases are independently activated. Rise of extracellular calcium concentrations exert an inhibitory effect on the intracellular accumulation of both cGMP and cAMP.
Thermokinetic Oscillations in Propane Oxidation
Authors: Lignola P. G. , Caprio V. , Insola A. , Mondini G.
Published: December 2010

A continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) has been adopted for the gas phase oxidation of hydrocarbons. This experimental technique permits the existence of oscillatory phenomena to be revealed. Hard excitations, periodic ignitions, purely periodic and damped cool flames, and complex oscillatory events can be observed. In this work the parametric dependence on temperature and residence time of the observed behaviour is established for the system propane‐oxygen. Regions of existence of each phenomenon are thus defined in the residence time‐
Models of Chemical Reaction Systems with Exactly Evaluable Limit Cycle Oscillations and their Bifurcation Behaviour
Authors: Escher C.
Published: December 2010

Models of open chemical reaction systems with two variables x,y and with elliptic limit cycles in concentration space are investigated. Thereby isothermal and homogeneous conditions and the validity of mass‐action kinetics are assumed. Though we restrict ourselves to quadratic rate equations a lot of systems with this behaviour is found; all based on the trimolecular reaction A + 2X → 3X. Both globally stable and only locally stable limit cycles are possible. The time dependence of the variables on the cycle is exactly evaluated for all these systems. By means of simple examples both Hopf bifurcation and other types of transition of the limit cycle are studied analytically. Finally the qualitatively different properties of these transitions are pointed out in a table.
Spatial Dissipative Structures in Yeast Extracts
Authors: Boiteux Arnold , Hess Benno
Published: December 2010

By means of high resolving UV‐photographic techniques the conditions for the occurrance of dynamic spatial structures in glycolyzing yeast extracts are reported. The methods allow to record the phenomena of excitability, signal transmission, propagation and interference of waves, as well as the development and transformation of spatial temporal patterns. The glycolyzing yeast extract is the first biochemical system in homogeneous phase which has been shown to exhibit not only temporal but also spatial structures. Our results are discussed in terms of the theory of dissipative space structures.
Ansatz zur Beurteilung von chloridbelasteten Stahlbetonbauwerken mit Bewertung der Restlebensdauer
Authors: Wendner Roman , Strauss Alfred , Guggenberger Theodor , Bergmeister Konrad , Teplý Bretislav
Published: December 2010

Die Sicherstellung eines ausreichenden Zuverlässigkeitsniveaus im Rahmen der Erhaltung von Bauwerken und insbesondere Betonbrücken, welche durch Verkehrs‐ und Umwelteinflüsse einer kontinuierlichen Verschlechterung im Laufe ihrer Lebenszeit unterliegen, ist in der Regel eine komplexe und teure Aufgabenstellung. Besonders in Regionen mit Streusalzeinsatz in der Winterzeit beeinflusst die Chloridbelastung sowohl den Entwurf als auch die Erhaltung der Bauwerke durch ihren Einfluss auf die Dauerhaftigkeit wesentlich. In diesem Beitrag wird eine Bewertungsstrategie für die durch die Chloridbelastung hervorgerufene Zustandsverschlechterung von Betonstrukturen und deren Auswirkung auf das Sicherheitsniveau sowie die verbliebene Lebenszeit an einem Fallbeispiel vorgestellt. Hierbei werden die Entnahme von Proben, deren Untersuchung, die inverse Analyse des Eindringverhaltens und infolge die Prognose der Chloridkonzentration im Bauteil, die Vorhersage der Korrosionsentwicklung über die Zeit und schließlich die Bestimmung des gegenwärtigen und zukünftigen Zuverlässigkeitsniveaus unter Beachtung der normativ festgelegten Grenzzustände für Tragfähigkeit und Gebrauchstauglichkeit behandelt. Schlussendlich werden unterschiedliche Erhaltungsstrategien in Bezug auf die zu erwartenden Lebenszykluskosten verglichen.

Approach for the Assessment of Concrete Structures Subjected to Chloride Induced Deterioration

The maintenance of an adequate safety level of concrete bridges under their gradual degradation due to traffic and environmental actions during service life is an expensive, problematic and questionable task. Chloride ion ingress is an important aspect of durability design and maintenance, especially in regions where winter salt application for traffic safety is common, e. g. for highways. A feasible approach for the assessment of chloride induced deterioration and its consequences on the safety level, remaining service life and thus maintenance planning will be presented by a case study. Steps include the extraction of samples, laboratory test, inverse analysis and prognosis of chloride ingress, prediction of likely corrosion propagation over time and determination of the current and future safety level with regard to code based service limit states and ultimate limit states. Finally different maintenance strategies are compared with respect to the total life cycle costs.
Evaluation on factors influencing the heterotrophic growth on the soluble microbial products of autotrophs
Authors: Ni Bing‐Jie , Zeng Raymond J. , Fang Fang , Xie Wen‐Ming , Xu Juan , Sheng Guo‐Ping , Sun Yu‐Jiao , Yu Han‐Qing
Published: December 2010

In this work, the heterotrophic growth on the microbial products of autotrophs and the effecting factors were evaluated with both experimental and modeling approaches. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis illustrated that ammonia oxidizers (AOB), nitrite oxidizers (NOB), and heterotrophs accounted for about 65%, 20%, and 15% of the total bacteria, respectively. The mathematical evaluation of experimental data reported in literature indicated that heterotrophic growth in nitrifying biofilm (30–50%) and granules (30%) was significantly higher than that of nitrifying sludge (15%). It was found that low influent ammonium resulted in a lower availability of soluble microbial products (SMP) and a slower heterotrophic growth, but high ammonium (>150 mg N L−1) feeding would lead to purely AOB dominated sludge with high biomass‐associated products contained effluent, although the absolute heterotrophic growth increased. Meanwhile, the total active biomass concentration increased gradually with the increasing solids retention time, whereas the factions of active AOB, NOB, and heterotrophs varied a lot at different solids retention times. This work could be useful for better understanding of the autotrophic wastewater treatment systems. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:804–812. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scale‐down prediction of industrial scale pleated membrane cartridge performance
Authors: Brown A.I. , Titchener‐Hooker N.J. , Lye G.J.
Published: December 2010

Flat‐sheet membrane discs represent the current standard format used for experimental prediction of the scale‐up of normal flow filtration processes. Use of this format is problematic, however, since the scale‐down results typically show a 40–55% difference in performance compared to large‐scale cartridges depending upon the feedstock used. In this work, novel pleated scale‐down devices (Am = 1.51–15.1 × 10−3 m2) have been designed and fabricated. It is shown that these can more accurately predict the performance of industrial scale single‐use pleated membrane cartridges (Am = 1.06 m2) commonly used within biopharmaceutical manufacture. The single‐use scale‐down cartridges retain the same pleat characteristics of the larger cartridges, but require a reduced feed volume by virtue of a substantially diminished number of active membrane pleats. In this study, a 1,000‐fold reduction in feed volume requirement for the scale‐down cartridge with the smallest membrane area was achieved. The scale‐down cartridges were tested both with clean water and a pepsin protein solution, showing flux‐time relationships within 10% of the large‐scale cartridge in both cases. Protein transmission levels were also in close agreement between the different scale cartridges. The similarity in performance of the scale‐down and the large‐scale cartridges, coupled with the low feed requirement, make such devices an excellent method by which rapid scale‐up can be achieved during early stage process development for biopharmaceutical products. This new approach is a significant improvement over using flat‐sheet discs as the quantitative similarity in performance with the large‐scale leads to reliable scale‐up predictions while requiring especially small volumes of feed material. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2011; 108:830–838. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steganography and encrypting based on immunochemical systems
Authors: Kim Kyung‐Woo , Bocharova Vera , Halámek Jan , Oh Min‐Kyu , Katz Evgeny
Published: December 2010

Steganography and encrypting were demonstrated with immuno‐specific systems. IgG‐proteins were used as invisible ink developed with complementary antibodies labeled with enzymes producing color spots. The information security was achieved by mixing the target protein‐antigens used for the text encoding with masking proteins of similar composition but having different bioaffinity. Two different texts were simultaneously encoded by using two different encoding proteins in a mixture. Various encrypting techniques were exemplified with the immuno‐systems used for the steganography. Future use of the developed approach for information protection and watermark‐technology was proposed. Scaling down the encoded text to a micro‐size is feasible with the use of nanotechnology. Bioeng. 2011; 108:1100–1107. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.