bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cardiopreventive capacity of a novel (E)‐Nʹ‐(1‐(7‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl) ethylidene)‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide against isoproterenol‐induced myocardial infarction by moderating biochemical, oxidative stress, and histological parameters
Authors: Khdhiri Emna , Mnafgui Kais , Ncir Marwa , Feriani Anouar , Ghazouani Lakhdar , Hajji Raouf , Jallouli Dana , Abid Majdi , Jamoussi Kamel , Allouche Noureddine , Ammar Houcine , Abid Souhir
Published: February 2021

This study is carried out to assess the cardiopreventive effect of (E)‐N’‐(1‐(7‐methoxy‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl) ethylidene)‐4‐methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide or SHC, a novel synthesized coumarin, against myocardial infarction induced by isoproterenol (ISO). The SHC compound was identified and characterized by spectral methods (infrared, 1H NMR [nuclear magnetic resonance], 13C NMR, Nuclear Overhauser Effect Spectroscopy, and high‐resolution mass spectroscopy). Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: Control, ISO (rats were injected subcutaneously by 85 mg/kg body weight [BW] of isoproterenol at Days 6 and 7 of the experience), ISO + SHC (150 µg/kg BW, orally for 7 days) and ISO + acenocoumarol (150 µg/kg BW, orally for 7 days). Results showed that ISO induced a remarkable alteration of electrocardiogram (ECG) pattern and increases of plasma cardiac troponin T, creatine kinase‐MB, total cholesterol, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate transaminase, and malondialdehyde. In addition, ISO reduced the high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol content and the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase, with the induction of myocardial necrosis. However, SHC administration revealed a significant decrease in cardiac dysfunction markers, restored normal ECG pattern, as well as improving lipids parameters. Moreover, SHC treatment remarkably alleviated the cardiac oxidative stress and the myocardial remodeling process. Overall, the SHC offers good protection from acute myocardial infarction through the antioxidant capacity.
Evaluating schema modes and cognitive distortions in borderline personality disorder: A mixed‐method approach
Authors: Puri Priya , Kumar Devvarta , Muralidharan Kesavan , Kishore Madhavaran Thomas
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Cognitive processes, such as schema modes and cognitive distortions, may play a role in the genesis and maintenance of affective, interpersonal, and behavioral difficulties in individuals with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD). This study aimed at exploring the schema modes and cognitive distortions in individuals with BPD.

Methods

Using a mixed‐method approach, 30 individuals with BPD and 30 healthy participants were assessed on the Borderline Personality Questionnaire, the Schema Mode Inventory, the Cognitive Distortions Scale, and a semi‐structured interview schedule.

Results

The BPD group had higher scores than the control group on all the maladaptive schema modes and cognitive distortions subscales. The child modes were the commonest and were also the strongest correlate of BPD symptomatology. Qualitative analysis of the content of the semi‐structured interview also corroborated these findings.

Conclusions

There could be many schema modes and cognitive distortions operating behind the diverse psychopathology seen in BPD.
Human placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells induce trophoblast invasion via dynamic effects on mitochondrial function
Authors: Seok Jin , Jun Sujin , Cho Jinki , Park Sohea , Lee Jung Ok , Kim Gi Jin
Published: February 2021

The trophoblast is a critical cell for placental development and embryo implantation in the placenta. We previously reported that placenta‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD‐MSCs) increase trophoblast invasion through several signaling pathways. However, the paracrine effects of PD‐MSCs on mitochondrial function in trophoblasts are still unclear. Therefore, the objective of the study was to analyze the mitochondrial function of trophoblasts in response to cocultivation with PD‐MSCs. The results showed that PD‐MSCs regulate the balance between cell survival and death and protect damaged mitochondria in trophoblasts from oxidative stress. Moreover, PD‐MSCs upregulate factors involved in mitochondrial autophagy in trophoblast cells. Finally, PD‐MSCs improve trophoblast invasion. Taken together, the data indicate that PD‐MSCs can regulate trophoblast invasion through dynamic effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism. These results support the fundamental role of mitochondrial energy mechanism in trophoblast invasion and suggest a new therapeutic strategy for infertility.
QT Prolongation Risk Assessment in Oncology: Lessons Learned From Small‐Molecule New Drug Applications Approved During 2011‐2019
Authors: Cohen‐Rabbie Sarit , Berges Alienor C. , Rekić Dinko , Parkinson Joanna , Dota Corina , Tomkinson Helen K.
Published: February 2021

The International Conference on Harmonisation (ICH) E14 guidance provides recommendations to assess the potential of a drug to delay cardiac repolarization (QT prolongation), including general guidelines for cases in which a conventional thorough QT study (TQT) might not be feasible. These guidelines have been updated through the ICH question‐and‐answer process, with the last revision in 2015. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of QT prolongation evaluation of small‐molecule new drug applications (NDAs) approved in oncology between 2011 and 2019 to extract learning experience. The following information was analysed: (1) methods to assess QT prolongation, (2) electrocardiogram data collection, (3) QT‐related label language, and (4) postmarketing requirements. Overall, every NDA included a QT assessment. The concentration‐QTc modeling approach (studies in which QT was not the primary objective) was the most common approach (59%), followed by the TQT and the dedicated QT studies (20% and 21%, respectively). The quality and quantity of the QT assessments were different across NDAs, which suggested relatively large flexibility in the designs and approaches to characterizing QT liability. The QT‐related label language reflected the QT results, but also the safety events and the study design limitations because of the oncology settings. There was no delay in approval because of less robust QTc studies as long as the benefit‐to‐risk ratio of the drug was acceptable, and the implications were reflected in the label. This work offers a structured understanding of the QT evaluation criteria by the Food and Drug Administration and can assist in planning QT prolongation assessments in oncology settings.
Dental students’ comfort discussing nutrition and obesity prevention with parents and caregivers
Authors: Smith Patrick D. , Noorullah Khatija , Iqbal Laila , Tomar Scott L.
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Dentists can address childhood obesity by educating patients about mediating factors, such as nutrition and dietary habits, facilitating behavioral interventions, and participating in interprofessional collaborations. Dental schools are encouraged to prepare future dentists to address childhood obesity. The aim of this study was to assess dental students’ attitudes, comfort, and perceived barriers discussing nutrition and obesity prevention with parents and caregivers of children aged 0–5, after a one‐time service‐learning experience in a pediatric primary care setting to promote oral health.

Methods

Following conversations with parents and caregivers, students completed an 11‐item survey via Qualtrics.

Results

Of 144 second‐year dental students that participated in the service‐learning experience over 2 years, 101 participated in the survey for a response rate of 70.1%. Most students agreed that dentists’ roles include discussing nutrition (98.0%) and obesity prevention (83.2%). During the service‐learning experience, 78.2 percent of students discussed nutrition, and 5.0% discussed obesity prevention, with 3.0% and 22.8% of students reporting some level of discomfort with each topic, respectively. The most reported barriers for discussing both nutrition and obesity prevention were concern for “appearing judgmental” and “fear of offending clients.” Mean comfort scores among students who reported barriers of “appearing judgmental” (p = < 0.0001) and “fear of offending clients” (p = 0.017) for nutrition discussions, and a “lack of parental acceptance of guidance” as a barrier for discussing obesity prevention (p = 0.016), suggest that those barriers were associated with less comfort.

Conclusion

Dental students’ perceived barriers to discussing nutrition and obesity prevention with parents and caregivers may negatively influence dental students’ comfort.
Single‐step equipment‐free extracellular vesicle concentration using super absorbent polymer beads
Authors: Yang Hee Cheol , Ham Yoo Min , Kim Jeong Ah , Rhee Won Jong
Published: February 2021

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) contain useful biomarkers for disease diagnosis and are promising biomaterials for the delivery of therapeutic molecules in vivo. Accordingly, an efficient concentration method is necessary for large‐scale production or high‐throughput isolation of EVs from bulk liquid samples, including culture medium and body fluids, to achieve their clinical application. However, current EV concentration methods, including ultrafiltration, are limited with respect to cost, efficiency, and centrifugation time. In this study, we developed the first single‐step, equipment‐free EV concentration method using super absorbent polymer (SAP) beads. SAP beads absorb small molecules, including water, via nano‐sized channels but expel and thereby concentrate EVs. Consequently, the beads drastically enrich EVs by reducing the solution volume in a single step, without affecting EV characteristics. Moreover, the purity of the concentrated EV solution was high due to the absorption of protein impurities by SAP beads. To further demonstrate the versatility of the method, we showed that SAP beads successfully enrich EVs in human urine samples and culture medium, enabling better isolation performance than conventional ultrafiltration. We believe the newly developed approach and insight gained in this study will facilitate the use of EVs as prominent biomaterials for disease diagnosis and therapy.
Inhibition of hsa_circ_0003489 shifts balance from autophagy to apoptosis and sensitizes multiple myeloma cells to bortezomib via miR‐874‐3p/HDAC1 axis
Authors: Tian Fa‐Qing , Chen Zi‐Ren , Zhu Wei , Tang Mei‐Qin , Li Ju‐Heng , Zhang Xu‐Chang , Jiang Jian , Cheng Xiao‐Hui
Published: February 2021

Background

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) crucially regulate tumor progression. In this study, we examined the functional roles and mechanisms of hsa_circ_0003489 in multiple myeloma (MM).

Methods

Upon altering the expressions of hsa_circ_0003489, miR‐874‐3p, and/or histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1) in MM1.R cells and treating them with bortezomib (BTZ), cell viability was examined by CCK‐8 assay; cell proliferation by Ki‐67 immunofluorescence; apoptosis by TUNEL staining, flow cytometry, and western blot; and autophagy by electron microscopy and western blot. The interaction between hsa_circ_0003489 and miR‐874‐3p as well as that between miR‐874‐3p and HDAC1 was examined by expressional analysis, dual luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation. The in vivo impacts of hsa_circ_0003489 on MM growth and sensitivity to BTZ were examined using an MM xenograft mouse model.

Results

Knocking down hsa_circ_0003489 significantly inhibited the viability, cell proliferation, and autophagy, while promoting the apoptosis of MM cells in vitro and MM xenograft in vivo. Suppressing hsa_circ_0003489 also further boosted the cytotoxic effects of BTZ in MM cells and reversed its promoting effect on autophagy. Mechanically, hsa_circ_0003489 acted as a sponge of miR‐874‐3p and positively regulated the expression of miR‐874‐3p target, HDAC1. MiR‐874‐3p and HDAC1 essentially mediated the effects of hsa_circ_0003489 on cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy.

Conclusion

The hsa_circ_0003489/miR‐874‐3p/HDAC1 axis critically regulates the balance between apoptosis and autophagy. Silencing hsa_circ_0003489 sensitizes MM cells to BTZ by inhibiting autophagy and thus may boost the therapeutic effects of BTZ.
Face distributions of embeddings of complete graphs
Authors: Sun Timothy
Published: February 2021

A longstanding open question of Archdeacon and Craft asks whether every complete graph has a minimum genus embedding with at most one nontriangular face. We exhibit such an embedding for each complete graph except for , and we go on to prove that no such embedding can exist for this graph. Our approach also solves a more general problem, giving a complete characterization of the possible face distributions (i.e., the numbers of faces of each length) realizable by minimum genus embeddings of each complete graph. We also tackle analogous questions for nonorientable and maximum genus embeddings.
Diacylglycerol Kinase η Activity in Cells Using Protein Myristoylation and Cellular Phosphatidic Acid Sensor
Authors: Ishizaki Ayuka , Murakami Chiaki , Yamada Haruka , Sakane Fumio
Published: February 2021

Diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) phosphorylates diacylglycerol to produce phosphatidic acid (PtdOH) and regulates the balance between two lipid second messengers: diacylglycerol and PtdOH. Several lines of evidence suggest that the η isozyme of DGK is involved in the pathogenesis of bipolar disorder. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms regulating the pathophysiological functions remain unclear. One reason is that it is difficult to detect the cellular activity of DGKη. To overcome this difficulty, we utilized protein myristoylation and a cellular PtdOH sensor, the N‐terminal region of α‐synuclein (α‐Syn‐N). Although DGKη expressed in COS‐7 cells was broadly distributed in the cytoplasm, myristoylated (Myr)‐AcGFP‐DGKη and Myr‐AcGFP‐DGKη‐KD (inactive (kinase‐dead) mutant) were substantially localized in the plasma membrane. Moreover, DsRed monomer‐α‐Syn‐N significantly colocalized with Myr‐AcGFP‐DGKη but not Myr‐AcGFP‐DGKη‐KD at the plasma membrane. When COS‐7 cells were osmotically shocked, all DGKη constructs were exclusively translocated to osmotic shock‐responsive granules (OSRG). DsRed monomer‐α‐Syn‐N markedly colocalized with only Myr‐AcGFP‐DGKη at OSRG and exhibited a higher signal/background ratio (3.4) than Myr‐AcGFP‐DGKη at the plasma membrane in unstimulated COS‐7 cells (2.5), indicating that α‐Syn‐N more effectively detects Myr‐AcGFP‐DGKη activity in OSRG. Therefore, these results demonstrated that the combination of myristoylation and the PtdOH sensor effectively detects DGKη activity in cells and that this method is convenient to examine the molecular functions of DGKη. Moreover, this method will be useful for the development of drugs targeting DGKη. Furthermore, the combination of myristoylation (intensive accumulation in membranes) and α‐Syn‐N can be applicable to assays for various cytosolic PtdOH‐generating enzymes.
Chitosan Nanoparticles Loaded with Truncated ORF2 Protein as an Oral Vaccine Candidate against Hepatitis E
Authors: Wei Wenjuan , Behloul Nouredine , Wang Weiqi , Baha Sarra , Liu Zhenzhen , Shi Ruihua , Meng Jihong
Published: February 2021

In a continuous effort to develop effective vaccines against hepatitis E (HE), oral vaccine nanoparticles using the truncated capsid protein p146 (aa460–605) are formulated and characterized. To improve the immunogenicity of p146, chitosan nanoparticles (CSNPs) are used as a mucosal delivery system. Next, the physical‐chemical properties, cytotoxic effects in vitro, and immunogenicity in mice of the produced NPs are analyzed. The results show that the produced CS/p146 NPs are stable and well dispersive and display a near‐spherical shape with a mean size of 200–300 nm. The findings also demonstrate high encapsulation efficiency (65–73.9%) and loading capacity (27.7–67.5%) of the formulated nanoparticles. Further, the CS/p146 NPs exhibit low cytotoxicity and an obvious sustained‐release effect in vitro. Immunogenicity experiments in mice indicate that CS/p146 NPs can induce antigen‐specific systemic and mucosal immune responses higher than the purified p146 do. Besides, the expression levels and mRNA transcription of Interleukin (IL)‐4 in spleen cells of CS/p146 NPs‐immunized mice are higher than those of p146, indicating that a Th2‐mediated cellular immune response is activated by the CS/p146 NPs. Overall, the synthesized CS/p146 NPs display promising properties as a potential HE oral vaccine candidate.
Electron Beam Sterilization of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)—Physicochemical and Biological Aspects
Authors: Sharifi Sina , Islam Mohammad Mirazul , Sharifi Hannah , Islam Rakibul , Huq Tahmida N. , Nilsson Per H. , Mollnes Tom E. , Tran Khoa D. , Patzer Corrina , Dohlman Claes H. , Patra Hirak K. , Paschalis Eleftherios I. , Gonzalez‐Andrades Miguel , Chodosh James
Published: February 2021

Electron beam (E‐beam) irradiation is an attractive and efficient method for sterilizing clinically implantable medical devices made of natural and/or synthetic materials such as poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). As ionizing irradiation can affect the physicochemical properties of PMMA, understanding the consequences of E‐beam sterilization on the intrinsic properties of PMMA is vital for clinical implementation. A detailed assessment of the chemical, optical, mechanical, morphological, and biological properties of medical‐grade PMMA after E‐beam sterilization at 25 and 50 kiloGray (kGy) is reported. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry studies indicate that E‐beam irradiation has minimal effect on the chemical properties of the PMMA at these doses. While 25 kGy irradiation does not alter the mechanical and optical properties of the PMMA, 50 kGy reduces the flexural strength and transparency by 10% and 2%, respectively. Atomic force microscopy demonstrates that E‐beam irradiation reduces the surface roughness of PMMA in a dose dependent manner. Live‐Dead, AlamarBlue, immunocytochemistry, and complement activation studies show that E‐beam irradiation up to 50 kGy has no adverse effect on the biocompatibility of the PMMA. These findings suggest that E‐beam irradiation at 25 kGy may be a safe and efficient alternative for PMMA sterilization.
Simulation optimization in security screening systems subject to budget and waiting time constraints
Authors: Tsai Shing Chih , Chen Huifen , Wang Honggang , Zhang Zhe George
Published: February 2021

Motivated by the NEXUS program between the US‐Canada border, we consider a security screening process where travelers such as cars and trucks are assigned to a selectee or nonselectee lane depending on whether their threat values exceed a threshold level. The goal is to design a two‐tier system to maximize the probability of detecting a threat subject to the waiting time and operating cost constraints. We formulate the problem as an optimization program, in which the objective function and some variables can be estimated only by simulation. We then develop algorithms to compute the global optimum, within a proposed bounding region, for the Markovian and non‐Markovian systems, respectively. The convergence analysis and extensive numerical results are provided to demonstrate the algorithms' promising performance.
Illness perceptions, social support and antiretroviral medication adherence in people living with HIV in the greater Accra region, Ghana
Authors: Anakwa Nella O. , Teye‐Kwadjo Enoch , Kretchy Irene A.
Published: February 2021

Aim

To assess how illness perceptions and social support influence antiretroviral medication adherence in a HIV patient population in Ghana.

Design

This study used a correlational research design with cross‐sectional data.

Method

A total of 235 people living with HIV at two general hospitals in the Greater Accra Region of Ghana provided data on illness perceptions, social support and medication adherence. Hierarchical multiple regression test was used to analyse the data.

Results

Illness perceptions' facets of timeline, personal control and treatment control were negatively associated with medication adherence, whereas emotional response was positively associated with adherence. Further, significant other support was negatively associated with adherence. Family and friend support were not associated with adherence. The findings offer preliminary evidence that illness perceptions may have utility for medication adherence in a HIV patient population in Ghana.
Vitamin D Inhibits Adipokine Production and Inflammatory Signaling Through the Vitamin D Receptor in Human Adipocytes
Authors: Nimitphong Hataikarn , Guo Weimin , Holick Michael F. , Fried Susan K. , Lee Mi‐Jeong
Published: February 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin D on adipokine expression and inflammation in human adipose tissues and adipocytes and evaluate the molecular mechanisms involved.

Methods

Omental and abdominal subcutaneous human adipose tissues were treated with 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3), and adipokine levels were measured. Vitamin D effects were measured with or without dexamethasone because glucocorticoids are known to affect vitamin D actions. Using RNA interference, we examined whether the vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediated vitamin D actions on adipokine expression and inflammatory signaling pathways in human adipocytes.

Results

mRNA levels and secretion of leptin and IL‐6 were suppressed by 1,25(OH)2D3 in omental adipose tissues. Cotreatment with dexamethasone did not affect these inhibitory actions but partially blocked CYP24A1 induction. Similar results were observed in the subcutaneous depot. In addition, 1,25(OH)2D3 suppressed leptin and IL‐6 expression as well as nuclear factor‐κB and extracellular signal–regulated kinase‐1/2 phosphorylation in human adipocytes. Adipokine expression also was decreased by 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (25(OH)D3), but not vitamin D3. Knockdown of VDR increased the inflammatory signaling activity in the control condition and blocked the inhibitory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 on adipokine and inflammatory signaling pathways.

Conclusion

Vitamin D acts through VDR to inhibit inflammatory pathways and adipokine expression in human adipocytes. Increasing vitamin D status may ameliorate obesity‐associated metabolic complications by decreasing adipose tissue inflammation.
Widow, deserted, and destitute women allowances and rural female labor force participation in Bangladesh: Linking social protection to the Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Murshed Muntasir
Published: February 2021

In developing countries, often a major segment of the population is characterized as poor. Thus, social protection programs play a crucial role in facilitating the attainment of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) agenda across these nations. Among the several socioeconomic benefits associated with the social safety net programs, the impacts on female labor force participation are vital from the perspectives of enhancing women empowerment and welfare. Against this backdrop, this paper aims to evaluate the impacts of social transfers under the “allowances for the widow, deserted, and destitute women” social protection program on the rural female labor force participation responses in Bangladesh. The overall results from the probit, IV‐probit, and propensity score matching techniques provide statistical evidence regarding the cash transfers acting as a “mini‐push” to nudge greater participation of the beneficiary women in the labor force. Moreover, the cash transfers are also found to positively influence the labor force participation decisions of the other female members within the households of the program beneficiaries. Besides, the female labor force participation decisions are evidenced to be heterogeneous across the age cohorts, marital statuses, and the gender of the household head. In line with the major findings from the analyses, some key policy interventions are recommended.
Change in Structure of Amorphous Sb–Te Phase‐Change Materials as a Function of Stoichiometry
Authors: Ahmed Shehzad , Wang Xudong , Li Heming , Zhou Yuxing , Chen Yuhan , Sun Liang , Zhang Wei , Mazzarello Riccardo
Published: February 2021

Chalcogenide phase‐change materials (PCMs) are a leading candidate for non‐volatile memory and neuro‐inspired computing applications. Antimony telluride alloys can be made into fast and robust PCMs by proper doping. Depending on the compositional ratio, the amorphous state of these alloys shows either nucleation‐ or growth‐driven crystallization dynamics at elevated temperatures. In this work, thorough ab initio simulations are carried out to study the structural properties and bonding nature of six Sb–Te alloys with varied composition from 2:3 to 4:1. Despite all of the compounds showing similar local structural motifs consisting of defective octahedral configurations, a gradual change in medium range order and cavity concentration is observed as the Sb content increases. This trend is responsible for the reduction in the nucleation rate, thus leading to growth‐driven crystallization. In addition, the degree of charge transfer decreases as the composition approaches the Sb end, reducing the driving force for long‐term mass transport and phase separation upon extensive cycling in devices.
Lyapunov‐based finite‐time control of robot manipulators
Authors: Cruz‐Zavala Emmanuel , Sanchez Tonametl , Nuño Emmanuel , Moreno Jaime A.
Published: February 2021

The objective of this work is to propose new families of finite‐time controllers providing bounded and unbounded control signals. We show that this new family of controllers can be applied to solve the regulation problem for robot manipulators in finite‐time with unbounded and bounded torques. The key idea to accomplish this objective is to propose a novel family of Lyapunov functions, which is more suitable for designing finite‐time regulators for robot manipulators. The efficacy of these controllers, compared with other schemes, is illustrated by a simulation example, which shows that the proposed controllers are a good alternative to solve the finite‐time regulation problem for robot manipulators.
39.3: Hybrid Full‐Color Micro‐LED Display with Quantum Dots Color Conversion by Using Inkjet‐Printing and Photo‐Lithography Methods
Authors: Gu Yang , Wang Tao , Jiang Bo , Li Jingjing , Wang Chenggong
Published: February 2021

In this work, a full‐color micro‐LED display is demonstrated with blue micro‐LED as backlight, photoluminescence quantum dots as color conversion layers. Both the inkjet‐printing and photolithography methods are used to fabricate the color conversion layers, in which the backlight and color conversion layers are bonded together by a UV glue.
49.2: Invited Paper: Perspectives on Waveguide AR Optical Engines with Various Image Sources
Authors: ZHAO Xin , ZHENG Yu
Published: February 2021

The advancement of augmented reality (AR) greatly relies on the development of Microdisplay technologies. Ever since Google Glass was driven by Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS), the whole industry endeavored to find brighter and smarter image source to power novel AR products. Lingxi, as a pioneer in AR display technology, keeps discovering new directions to develop various waveguide optical engines using LCOS, digital micromirror device (DMD), and OLED. In this seminar, Lingxi would present a comprehensive review on the perspectives in designing and commercializing disruptive waveguide products powered by various Micro displays with their distinctive features.
Recent Advances on Conductive 2D Covalent Organic Frameworks
Authors: Bian Gang , Yin Jun , Zhu Jian
Published: February 2021

As a burgeoning family of crystalline porous copolymers, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) allow precise atomic insertion of organic components in the topology construction to form periodic networks and ordered nanopores. Their 2D networks bear great similarities to graphene analogs, and therefore are essential additions to the 2D family. Here, the electronic properties of conductive 2D‐COFs are reviewed and their bonding strategies and structural characteristics are examined in detail. The controlling approaches toward the morphologies of conductive 2D‐COFs are further explored, followed by a discussion of their applications in field‐effect transistors, photodetectors, sensors, catalysis, and energy storage. Finally, research challenges and forthcoming developments are projected. The resulting survey reveals that the extended porous 2D organic networks with conductive properties will provide great opportunities and essential innovations in various electronics and energy‐related fields.
Directly Probing the Local Coordination, Charge State, and Stability of Single Atom Catalysts by Advanced Electron Microscopy: A Review
Authors: Tieu Peter , Yan Xingxu , Xu Mingjie , Christopher Phillip , Pan Xiaoqing
Published: February 2021

The drive for atom efficient catalysts with carefully controlled properties has motivated the development of single atom catalysts (SACs), aided by a variety of synthetic methods, characterization techniques, and computational modeling. The distinct capabilities of SACs for oxidation, hydrogenation, and electrocatalytic reactions have led to the optimization of activity and selectivity through composition variation. However, characterization methods such as infrared and X‐ray spectroscopy are incapable of direct observations at atomic scale. Advances in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) including aberration correction, monochromators, environmental TEM, and micro‐electro‐mechanical system based in situ holders have improved catalysis study, allowing researchers to peer into regimes previously unavailable, observing critical structural and chemical information at atomic scale. This review presents recent development and applications of TEM techniques to garner information about the location, bonding characteristics, homogeneity, and stability of SACs. Aberration corrected TEM imaging routinely achieves sub‐Ångstrom resolution to reveal the atomic structure of materials. TEM spectroscopy provides complementary information about local composition, chemical bonding, electronic properties, and atomic/molecular vibration with superior spatial resolution. In situ/operando TEM directly observe the evolution of SACs under reaction conditions. This review concludes with remarks on the challenges and opportunities for further development of TEM to study SACs.
Selective Cocatalyst Deposition on ZnTiO3−xNy Hollow Nanospheres with Efficient Charge Separation for Solar‐Driven Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Wei Shunhang , Chang Shufang , Qian Jun , Xu Xiaoxiang
Published: February 2021

Pt and RhOx cocatalysts are selectively deposited at inner and outer surface of ZnTiO3−xNy hollow nanospheres, respectively. The resulting photocatalytic systems exhibit promising activity for photocatalytic overall water splitting with stoichiometric H2/O2 ratio under simulated solar insolation. Selective deposition of Pt and RhOx cocatalysts at different surfaces not only mitigates back reactions of the products but also induces strong potential gradient within nanospheres that promotes efficient dissociation and fast migration of photocarriers to the surface.
Passivating Surface Defects and Reducing Interface Recombination in CuInS2 Solar Cells by a Facile Solution Treatment
Authors: Sood Mohit , Lomuscio Alberto , Werner Florian , Nikolaeva Aleksandra , Dale Phillip J. , Melchiorre Michele , Guillot Jérôme , Abou-Ras Daniel , Siebentritt Susanne
Published: February 2021

Interface recombination at the absorber surface impedes the efficiency of a solar cell with an otherwise excellent absorber. The internal voltage or quasi‐Fermi‐level splitting (qFLs) measures the quality of the absorber. Interface recombination reduces the open‐circuit voltage (VOC) with respect to the qFLs. A facile solution‐based sulfur postdeposition treatment (S‐PDT) is explored to passivate the interface of CuInS2 grown under Cu‐rich conditions, which show excellent qFLs values, but much lower VOCs. The absorbers are treated in S‐containing solutions at 80 °C. Absolute calibrated photoluminescence and current–voltage measurements demonstrate a reduction of the deficit between qFLs and VOC by almost one‐third compared with the untreated device. Temperature dependence of the open‐circuit voltage shows increased activation energy for the dominant recombination path, indicating less interface recombination. In addition, capacitance transients reveal the presence of slow metastable defects in the untreated solar cell. The slow response is considerably reduced by the S‐PDT, suggesting passivation of these slow metastable defects. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of solution‐based S‐treatment in passivating defects, presenting a promising strategy to explore and reduce defect states near the interface of chalcogenide semiconductors.
A pathological analysis of challenges related to systems thinking studies in Iran
Authors: Kharazmi Omid Ali , Kharazmi Amirali
Published: February 2021

The present study aimed at conducting a pathological analysis of challenges related to systems thinking studies in Iran. The data were obtained through 18 in‐depth interviews. These individuals were selected through snowball sampling. Results showed that among the major challenges of implementing this method are deficiencies of training and awareness raising about systems thinking in organizations and society, issues related to methodology and analytical tools, low degree of research consistency with the needs of the society and deficiencies in knowledge sharing and networking. Among the major recommendations for resolving the aforementioned challenges are defining the aim, scope, communication pattern and potential challenges related to interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary projects at the beginning, holding training workshops and forming knowledge networks on national and international levels, raising awareness and knowledge of employees about systems thinking at different levels of organizations and encouraging researchers to choose topics that are of interest to beneficiary organizations.
Case study of a SAP‐CRC bridge deck in Lu‐shan County, Henan, China
Authors: Shi Wan‐wan , Zhu Han , Yu Yong , Luo Chuang‐dan , Shan Ji , Wang Ting
Published: February 2021

Three‐Mile‐River Bridge is located in Lu‐shan County, Henan, China. The bridge length is 80 m and width is 17.25 m with the deck thickness being 0.3 m. The deck construction is finished in June 2018, which consumed 200 cubic meter of crumb rubber concrete (CRC) with added super‐absorbent polymer (SAP), and opens for traffic in July 2018. This is the first case of SAP‐CRC bridge deck reported to the public with “pump concrete” technical being employed. The scanning of SAP‐CRC samples taken from the job site shows that rubber crumbs are largely uniformly distributed. The free restrained test on SAP‐CRC concrete and the test of restrained externally squared eccentric ring experiment on the mortar specimens made by filtering 10 mm coarse crumbs out of paving concrete show that SAP‐CRC exhibits an improved property in shrinkage behavior and cracking resistance. The original deck design is a three‐layer configuration: 0.3 m concrete + water approval sealing + 0.03 m hot mix asphalt. Consider CRC's excellence in preventing cracking, the sealing, and hot mix asphalt is removed, which results in a 10% reduction in construction cost and time. It is a technical success to add SAP into fresh CRC to suppress so called “rubber particle up‐floating phenomenon,” as well as an engineering/commercial success in the sense that this deck project is implemented following common practices of commercial construction operation and cost‐saving, which sets an case study to future similar applications that potentially will consume large quantity, if not all, of recycled rubbers from scrap tires worldwide.
Extremely Low‐Frequency Electric Field Exposure Increases Theta Power of EEG in both Eyes‐Open and Eyes‐Closed Resting Conditions in Healthy Male Subjects
Authors: Shinba Toshikazu , Nedachi Takaki , Harakawa Shinji
Published: February 2021

The effects of extremely low‐frequency (ELF) electric field (EF) exposure on brain activity remain poorly understood. This study sought to examine the acute effects of EF exposure on brain activity by analyzing electroencephalogram (EEG) basic rhythms. The heart rate variability (HRV) was also measured to evaluate autonomic activity. Using a system that enables measurement under EF exposure, occipital EEG and electrocardiogram signals were recorded in nine healthy male subjects during daytime in eyes‐open and eyes‐closed conditions, with or without EF exposure (applied voltage: 30 kV, 50 Hz for 1 min). The EEG power and frequency‐domain HRV indices were obtained by power spectrum analysis of EEG and the RR interval trend, respectively. Resulting data revealed that the theta power of EEG was significantly greater during EF exposure in eyes‐open and eyes‐closed conditions. Other EEG rhythms and HRV indices were not affected by EF exposure. These findings suggest that exposure to 50‐Hz EF for 1 min altered brain activity by increasing the theta power. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Confound Removal and Normalization in Practice: A Neuroimaging Based Sex Prediction Case Study
Authors: More Shammi , Eickhoff Simon B. , Caspers Julian , Patil Kaustubh R.
Published: February 2021

Machine learning (ML) methods are increasingly being used to predict pathologies and biological traits using neuroimaging data. Here controlling for confounds is essential to get unbiased estimates of generalization performance and to identify the features driving predictions. However, a systematic evaluation of the advantages and disadvantages of available alternatives is lacking. This makes it difficult to compare results across studies and to build deployment quality models. Here, we evaluated two commonly used confound removal schemes–whole data confound regression (WDCR) and cross-validated confound regression (CVCR)–to understand their effectiveness and biases induced in generalization performance estimation. Additionally, we study the interaction of the confound removal schemes with Z-score normalization, a common practice in ML modelling. We applied eight combinations of confound removal schemes and normalization (pipelines) to decode sex from resting-state functional MRI (rfMRI) data while controlling for two confounds, brain size and age. We show that both schemes effectively remove linear univariate and multivariate confounding effects resulting in reduced model performance with CVCR providing better generalization estimates, i.e., closer to out-of-sample performance than WDCR. We found no effect of normalizing before or after confound removal. In the presence of dataset and confound shift, four tested confound removal procedures yielded mixed results, raising new questions. We conclude that CVCR is a better method to control for confounding effects in neuroimaging studies. We believe that our in-depth analyses shed light on choices associated with confound removal and hope that it generates more interest in this problem instrumental to numerous applications.
Minimal linear codes from Hermitian varieties and quadrics
Authors: Bonini Matteo , Lia Stefano , Timpanella Marco
Published: February 2021

In this note we investigate minimal linear codes arising from Hermitian varieties and quadrics. We study their parameters and formulate some open problems about their weight distribution.
Lessons from the study of plant mating systems for exploring the causes and consequences of inbreeding in marine invertebrates
Authors: Olsen Kevin C. , Ryan Will H. , Kosman Ellen T. , Moscoso Jose A. , Levitan Don R. , Winn Alice A.
Published: February 2021

Many benthic marine invertebrates resemble plants in being modular and either sessile or sedentary, and by relying on an external vector to disperse their gametes. These shared features, along with recent evidence of inbreeding in these taxa, suggest that theory and practice bearing on the evolutionary costs and benefits of inbreeding for plants could advance our understanding of the ecology and evolution of invertebrate animals. We describe how the theory for the evolution of inbreeding and outbreeding could apply to benthic invertebrates, identify and compare techniques used to quantify inbreeding in plants and animals, translate relevant botanical concepts and empirical patterns to their zoological equivalents, and articulate predictions for how inbreeding might be associated with major axes of variation in sessile and sedentary marine invertebrates. The theory of inbreeding and outbreeding provides critical insight into major patterns of life-history variation in plants and holds similar promise as a complementary perspective on the evolution of reproductive traits, lifespan, ecological strategies, and dispersal in marine invertebrates. Extending what we have learned from plants to marine invertebrates promises to broaden the general study of mating systems.
Modifications of diketopiperazines assembled by cyclodipeptide synthases with cytochrome P450 enzymes
Authors: Harken Lauritz , Li Shu-Ming
Published: February 2021

2,5-Diketopiperazines are the smallest cyclic peptides comprising two amino acids connected via two peptide bonds. They can be biosynthesized in nature by two different enzyme families, either by nonribosomal peptide synthetases or by cyclodipeptide synthases. Due to the stable scaffold of the diketopiperazine ring, they can serve as precursors for further modifications by different tailoring enzymes, such as methyltransferases, prenyltransferases, oxidoreductases like cyclodipeptide oxidases, 2-oxoglutarate-dependent monooxygenases and cytochrome P450 enzymes, leading to the formation of intriguing secondary metabolites. Among them, cyclodipeptide synthase-associated P450s attracted recently significant attention, since they are able to catalyse a broader variety of astonishing reactions than just oxidation by insertion of an oxygen. The P450-catalysed reactions include hydroxylation at a tertiary carbon, aromatisation of the diketopiperazine ring, intramolecular and intermolecular carbon-carbon and carbon-nitrogen bond formation of cyclodipeptides and nucleobase transfer reactions. Elucidation of the crystal structures of three P450s as cyclodipeptide dimerases provides a structural basis for understanding the reaction mechanism and generating new enzymes by protein engineering. This review summarises recent publications on cyclodipeptide modifications by P450s.

Key Points

• Intriguing reactions catalysed by cyclodipeptide synthase-associated cytochrome P450s

• Homo- and heterodimerisation of diketopiperazines

• Coupling of guanine and hypoxanthine with diketopiperazines

Graphical abstract
High efficacy of BGD (bendamustine, gemcitabine, and dexamethasone) in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Swoboda Ryszard , Giebel Sebastian , Knopińska-Posłuszny Wanda , Chmielowska Ewa , Drozd-Sokołowska Joanna , Paszkiewicz-Kozik Ewa , Kulikowski Waldemar , Taszner Michał , Mendrek Włodzimierz , Najda Jacek , Czerw Tomasz , Olszewska-Szopa Magdalena , Czyż Anna , Giza Agnieszka , Spychałowicz Wojciech , Subocz Edyta , Szwedyk Paweł , Krzywon Aleksandra , Wilk Agata , Zaucha Jan Maciej
Published: February 2021

The optimal salvage therapy in relapsed/refractory Hodgkin lymphoma (R/R HL) has not been defined so far. The goal of this multicenter retrospective study was to evaluate efficacy and safety of BGD (bendamustine, gemcitabine, dexamethasone) as a second or subsequent line of therapy in classical R/R HL. We have evaluated 92 consecutive R/R HL patients treated with BGD. Median age was 34.5 (19–82) years. Fifty-eight patients (63%) had received 2 or more lines of chemotherapy, 32 patients (34.8%) radiotherapy, and 21 patients (22.8%) an autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (autoHCT). Forty-four patients (47.8%) were resistant to first line of chemotherapy. BGD therapy consisted of bendamustine 90 mg/m2 on days 1 and 2, gemcitabine 800 mg/m2 on days 1 and 4, dexamethasone 40 mg on days 1–4. Median number of BGD cycles was 4 (2–7). The following adverse events ≥ 3 grade were noted: neutropenia (22.8%), thrombocytopenia (20.7%), anemia (15.2%), infections (10.9%), AST/ALT increase (2.2%), and skin rush (1.1%). After BGD therapy, 51 (55.4%) patients achieved complete remission, 23 (25%)—partial response, 7 (7.6%)—stable disease, and 11 (12%) patients experienced progression disease. AutoHCT was conducted in 42 (45.7%) patients after BGD therapy, and allogeneic HCT (alloHCT) in 16 (17.4%) patients. Median progression-free survival was 21 months. BGD is a highly effective, well-tolerated salvage regimen for patients with R/R HL, providing an excellent bridge to auto- or alloHCT.
Lateral trochlear lengthening osteotomy
Authors: Ismailidis Petros , Egloff Christian , Nüesch Corina , Mündermann Annegret , Pagenstert Geert
Published: February 2021

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to describe the indications and technical aspects as well as evaluate the clinical and functional outcome of lengthening osteotomy of the lateral trochlear ridge in patients with patellofemoral pain and/or patella instability and presence of trochlear dysplasia Dejour type A or lack of Dejour type dysplasia and short lateral articular trochlea.

Materials and methods

Six consecutive adult patients were treated with a lateral trochlear lengthening osteotomy. Five patients received a concomitant medial patellofemoral ligament reconstruction. Three patients had prior patella stabilization surgeries. Trochlea dysplasia (Dejour classification), Caton–Dechamps index, tibial tubercle trochlear groove (TT-TG) distance, patellar tilt and lateral condylar index were measured in preoperative MRIs. Clinical and functional evaluation included the Kujala Anterior Knee Pain Scale, the Lysholm Knee Score, the Tegner Activity Score, a subjective evaluation form and isokinetic muscle strength.

Results

Four patients had a Dejour type A dysplasia, two patients had no dysplasia. The mean (range) Caton-Dechamps index was 1.09 (0.95–1.16), TT-TG distance 10.9 mm (9.2–15.6 mm), patellar tilt 15° (4–32°) and lateral condylar index 82.0% (74–90%). One patient was lost to follow up, all others were followed for 2–5 years. All patients were satisfied with the clinical outcome. The Lysholm score increased from 55 (37–79) to 89 (76–100), the Tegner activity score from 3.6 (2–6) to 5.6 (5–7). The Kujala score postoperative was 90 (75–96). Some but not all patients had full strength recovery compared to the contralateral leg.

Conclusion

We recommend measuring the lateral condylar index and considering the indication of a lateral trochlear lengthening osteotomy as an additional or isolated procedure in selected patients with trochlear dysplasia Dejour type A or lack of dysplasia and short lateral articular trochlea depending on the extent of the patellar instability.

Level of evidence

Level IV, Case Series.

Trial registration number

NCT04378491, clinicaltrials.gov, May 7, 2020.