bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Publishing controversy
Authors: Poole Norman A.
Published: February 2021

Two recent papers on a controversial topic in this journal attracted significant criticism from readers. This editorial addresses these criticisms and describes changes to be made to the journal's editorial and review procedures in light of the complaints received.
Primary Tumor Resection Plus Chemotherapy Versus Chemotherapy Alone for Colorectal Cancer Patients With Asymptomatic, Synchronous Unresectable Metastases (JCOG1007; iPACS): A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Kanemitsu Yukihide , Shitara Kohei , Mizusawa Junki , Hamaguchi Tetsuya , Shida Dai , Komori Koji , Ikeda Satoshi , Ojima Hitoshi , Ike Hideyuki , Shiomi Akio , Watanabe Jun , Takii Yasumasa , Yamaguchi Takashi , Katsumata Kenji , Ito Masaaki , Okuda Junji , Hyakudomi Ryoji , Shimada Yasuhiro , Katayama Hiroshi , Fukuda Haruhiko ,   JCOG Colorectal Cancer Study Group
Published: February 2021

PURPOSE

It remains controversial whether primary tumor resection (PTR) before chemotherapy improves survival in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) with asymptomatic primary tumor and synchronous unresectable metastases.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This randomized phase III study investigated the superiority of PTR followed by chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone in relation to overall survival (OS) in patients with unresectable stage IV asymptomatic CRC and three or fewer unresectable metastatic diseases confined to the liver, lungs, distant lymph nodes, or peritoneum. Chemotherapy regimens of either mFOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab or CapeOX plus bevacizumab were decided before study entry. The primary end point was OS, which was analyzed by intention-to-treat.

RESULTS

Between June 2012 and September 2019, a total of 165 patients were randomly assigned to either chemotherapy alone (84 patients) or PTR plus chemotherapy (81 patients). When the first interim analysis was performed in September 2019 with 50% (114/227) of the expected events observed among 160 patients at the data cutoff date of June 5, 2019, the Data and Safety Monitoring Committee recommended early termination of the trial because of futility. With a median follow-up of 22.0 months, median OS was 25.9 months (95% CI, 19.9 to 31.5) in the PTR plus chemotherapy arm and 26.7 (95% CI, 21.9 to 32.5) in the chemotherapy-alone arm (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.76 to 1.59; one-sided P = .69). Three postoperative deaths occurred in the PTR plus chemotherapy arm.

CONCLUSION

Given that PTR followed by chemotherapy showed no survival benefit over chemotherapy alone, PTR should no longer be considered a standard of care for patients with CRC with asymptomatic primary tumors and synchronous unresectable metastases.
Monitoring In Vivo Neural Activity to Understand Gut–Brain Signaling
Authors: Alhadeff Amber L
Published: February 2021

Appropriate food intake requires exquisite coordination between the gut and the brain. Indeed, it has long been known that gastrointestinal signals communicate with the brain to promote or inhibit feeding behavior. Recent advances in the ability to monitor and manipulate neural activity in awake, behaving rodents has facilitated important discoveries about how gut signaling influences neural activity and feeding behavior. This review emphasizes recent studies that have advanced our knowledge of gut–brain signaling and food intake control, with a focus on how gut signaling influences in vivo neural activity in animal models. Moving forward, dissecting the complex pathways and circuits that transmit nutritive signals from the gut to the brain will reveal fundamental principles of energy balance, ultimately enabling new treatment strategies for diseases rooted in body weight control.
Port-au-Prince and the Collapse of French Imperial Authority, 1789–1793
Authors: Popkin Jeremy D.
Published: February 2021

The establishment of the independent nation of Haiti in 1804 was made possible by the collapse of imperial authority early in the French Revolution. Events in the colony's capital, Port-au-Prince, had much to do with that collapse. Between the fall of 1789, when news of the storming of the Bastille reached Saint-Domingue, and the spring of 1793, when French revolutionary authorities recognized that their only hope of maintaining control of the colony was to ally themselves with its black and mixed-race populations against the remaining whites, Port-au-Prince was the most troubled of the island's urban centers and one of the most unstable sites in France's transatlantic empire. Understanding how Port-au-Prince went from a center of colonial authority to a locus of disorder where fatal wounds were inflicted on the colonial order is crucial to any explanation of the background to the Haitian Revolution.

L'établissement de la nation indépendante d'Haïti en 1804 fut rendu possible par la faillite de l'autorité impériale pendant les premières années de la Révolution française. Les événements dans la capitale coloniale de Port-au-Prince ont joué un grand rôle en précipitant cette faillite. Entre l'automne de 1789, quand la nouvelle de la prise de la Bastille est arrivée à Saint-Domingue, et le printemps de 1793, quand les autorités révolutionnaires dans la colonie ont reconnu que leur seul espoir de la maintenir sous leur contrôle fut de s'allier avec les populations noires et de couleur contre les blancs, Port-au-Prince fut la ville la plus troublée de Saint-Domingue et l'un des sites les plus perturbés de tout l'Empire français. Une compréhension du processus qui a fait d'un centre d'autorité dans la colonie un foyer de désordre où des coups fatals furent portés contre l'ordre impérial est cruciale pour expliquer le succès de la Révolution haïtienne.
Heroes Play by the Rules: Yu Yue's Pedagogy for the Eight-Legged Essay
Authors: Roddy Stephen
Published: February 2021

The prominent classicist and educator Yu Yue (1821–1907) argued, often doggedly, on behalf of the worth and relevance of the examination essay (specifically the eight-legged essay or bagu), to the extent of even producing a popular essay primer as late as the 1880s. This article charts some of the twists and turns of his intellectual odyssey from youthful practitioner to the author of model essays for his grandson (who placed third [tanhua 探花] in the palace examinations of 1898) and then to his elegy for the essay when the examination system was discontinued in 1905. The author argues Yu's attempts to salvage the essay's rapidly eroding prestige sprang from far more than a mere sentimental attachment. Yu considered the essay one of the last vestiges of the cultural and ideological institutions that he credits with imbuing literati youth with the basic values of Confucian civilization, especially both moral fastidiousness and intellectual acuity, and he foresaw chaos should it be abandoned. While his repeated pleas in favor of retaining bagu failed to turn the tide that eventually brought about its demise, his defense of the essay reflects a relatively clear-eyed, even insightful assessment of both its virtues and its flaws, especially in relation to the Westernizing trends of the late Qing.
Dramatic changes in mitochondrial substrate use at critically high temperatures: a comparative study usingDrosophila
Authors: Jørgensen Lisa Bjerregaard , Overgaard Johannes , Hunter-Manseau Florence , Pichaud Nicolas
Published: February 2021

Ectotherm thermal tolerance is critical to species distribution, but at present the physiological underpinnings of heat tolerance remain poorly understood. Mitochondrial function is perturbed at critically high temperatures in some ectotherms, including insects, suggesting that heat tolerance of these animals is linked to failure of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and/or ATP production. To test this hypothesis, we measured mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate in six Drosophila species with different heat tolerance using high-resolution respirometry. Using a substrate–uncoupler–inhibitor titration protocol, we examined specific steps of the electron transport system to study how temperatures below, bracketing and above organismal heat limits affect mitochondrial function and substrate oxidation. At benign temperatures (19 and 30°C), complex I-supported respiration (CI-OXPHOS) was the most significant contributor to maximal OXPHOS. At higher temperatures (34, 38, 42 and 46°C), CI-OXPHOS decreased considerably, ultimately to very low levels at 42 and 46°C. The enzymatic catalytic capacity of complex I was intact across all temperatures and accordingly the decreased CI-OXPHOS is unlikely to be caused directly by hyperthermic denaturation/inactivation of complex I. Despite the reduction in CI-OXPHOS, maximal OXPHOS capacity was maintained in all species, through oxidation of alternative substrates – proline, succinate and, particularly, glycerol-3-phosphate – suggesting important mitochondrial flexibility at temperatures exceeding the organismal heat limit. Interestingly, this failure of CI-OXPHOS and compensatory oxidation of alternative substrates occurred at temperatures that correlated with species heat tolerance, such that heat-tolerant species could defend ‘normal’ mitochondrial function at higher temperatures than sensitive species. Future studies should investigate why CI-OXPHOS is perturbed and how this potentially affects ATP production rates.
ENCRUZILHADAS DO PENSAMENTO JURÍDICO NA SOCIEDADE DA INFORMAÇÃO
Authors: Cunha Paulo Ferreira da
Published: February 2021

Objetivo: Pensar o lugar e o papel, em toda a sua « circunstância », do Direito e dos Juristas na sociedade em que vivemos, a chamada « sociedade da informação ».Metodologia: Partiu-se de uma reflexão sobre o « estado da arte » das correntes filosóficas e metodológicas para depois chegar a elementos menos teóricos gerais e mais centrados no law in action. Foi uma metodologia essencialmente filosófica a seguida.Resultados: Embora, na « sociedade da informação » em que vivemos, as teorias filosóficas e metodológicas em Direito acabem por ser ou destronadas pelo tecnicismo puro e simples, que delas prescinde, ou por epítomes superficiais, ainda há quem resista nessa pesquisa e nesse ensino. Neste artigo, procura-se estabelecer o « estado da arte » quanto às diferentes correntes de pensamento em Filosofia e Metodologia do Direito, desde o par dicotómico juspositivista / jusnaturalista, ao par dicotómico normativismo / judicialismo, passando pelo do pensamento sistemático / dogmático vs. pensamento tópico / problemático. Contudo, tal rede de diferenciação não é suficiente. As oposições binárias sobrepõem-se e imbricam-se. Acima de tudo, está a busca da Justiça, ou, pelo contrário, uma rotineira e conformada aplicação do que alguns julgam ser o direito positivo de uma dura lex, sed lex. Além do pensamento, está, assim, a prática. Além do direito nos livros, o direito em ação. Como fundamento desta, pode estar, sem dúvida, a teoria, mas também está a forma mentis dos Juristas, a qual, independentemente da personalidade de cada jurista, também ganha em ser generalizadamente formada pela educação jurídica, desde logo nas Universidades.Contribuições: O artigo vai chegando a conclusões tant bien que mal originais, sendo os contributos, referidos ao longo do texto e das notas, essencialmente adjuvantes e referindo-se a aspetos argumentativos ou heurísticos pontuais.
Clustering of childhood cancer in Colombia: a nationwide study
Authors: Manrique-Hernández Edgar F. , Rojas Díaz Marcela Pilar , Rodriguez-Villamizar Laura Andrea
Published: February 2021

Background: Childhood cancer is considered one the most important causes of death in children and adolescents, despite having a low incidence in this population. Spatial analysis has been previously used for the study of childhood cancer to study the geographical distribution of leukemias. This study aimed to identify the presence of space-time clusters of childhood of cancer excluding leukemia in Colombia between 2014 and 2017.

Methods: All incident cancer cases (excluding leukemia) in children under the age of 15 years that had been confirmed by the National Surveillance System of Childhood Cancer between 2014 and 2017 were included. Kulldorf’s circular scan test was used to identify clusters using the municipality of residence as the spatial unit of analysis and the year of diagnosis as the temporal unit of analysis. A sensitivity analysis was conducted with different upper limit parameters for the at-risk population.

Results: A total of 2006 cases of non-leukemia childhood cancer were analyzed, distributed in 432 municipalities with a mean annual incidence rate of 44 cases per million children under the age of 15. Central nervous system (CNS) tumors were the most frequent type. Four spatial clusters and two space-time clusters were identified in the central and southwest regions of the country. In the analysis for CNS tumors, a spatial cluster was identified in the central region of the country. 

Conclusions: The distribution of non-leukemia childhood cancer seems to have a clustered distribution in some Colombian regions that may suggest infectious or environmental factors associated with its incidence.
Safe and effective delivery of supplemental iron to healthy older adults: The double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial protocol of the Safe Iron Study
Authors: Lewis Erin D. , Wu Dayong , Mason Joel B. , Chishti Athar H. , Leong John M. , Barger Kathryn , Meydani Simin N. , Combs Gerald F.
Published: February 2021

The forms of iron currently available to correct iron deficiency have adverse effects, including infectious diarrhea, increased susceptibility to malaria, inflammation and detrimental changes to the gut microbiome. These adverse effects limit their use such that the growing burden of iron deficiency has not abated in recent decades. Here, we summarize the protocol of the “Safe Iron Study”, the first clinical study examining the safety and efficacy of novel forms of iron in healthy, iron-replete adults. The Safe Iron Study is a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial conducted in Boston, MA, USA. This study compares ferrous sulfate heptahydrate (FeSO4·H2O) with two novel forms of iron supplements (iron hydroxide adipate tartrate (IHAT) and organic fungal iron metabolite (Aspiron™ Natural Koji Iron)). In Phase I, we will compare each source of iron administrated at a low dose (60 mg Fe/day). We will also determine the effect of FeSO4 co-administrated with a multiple micronutrient powder and weekly administration of FeSO4. The forms of iron found to produce no adverse effects, or adverse effects no greater than FeSO4 in Phase I, Phase II will evaluate a higher, i.e., a therapeutic dose (120 mg Fe/day). The primary outcomes of this study include ex vivo malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) infectivity of host erythrocytes, ex vivo bacterial proliferation (of selected species) in presence of host plasma and intestinal inflammation assessed by fecal calprotectin. This study will test the hypotheses that the novel forms of iron, administered at equivalent doses to FeSO4, will produce similar increases in iron status in iron-replete subjects, yet lower increases in ex vivo malaria infectivity, ex vivo bacterial proliferation, gut inflammation. Ultimately, this study seeks to contribute to development of safe and effective forms of supplemental iron to address the global burden of iron deficiency and anemia.

Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03212677; registered: 11 July 2017.
A mixed methods protocol to evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs
Authors: Mulcahy Symmons Sophie , Fox Robert , Mannion Marese , Joyce David , De Brún Aoife , Glynn Liam , Ryan Damien , Keane Niamh , McAuliffe Eilish
Published: February 2021

Background: Ireland’s health system has been under significant strain due to staff shortages and inadequate capacity. Critical care bed capacity per capita in Ireland is among the lowest in Europe, thus, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has put additional strain on an over-stretched system. COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs (CAHs) were established to mitigate unnecessary admission to acute hospitals, and reduce infection spread by supporting COVID-19 positive or suspected positive patients to isolate at home, or in isolation facilities. There is some evidence that similar assessment centres may be a successful triage strategy to reduce burden on hospital and acute care.

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 Community Assessment Hubs on service delivery in one region in Ireland.

Methods: A mixed-methods approach will be used, incorporating co-design to engage stakeholders and ensure informed data capture and analysis. Online surveys will assess CAH patients’ experiences of access to and quality of care. Clinical patient data from CAHs will be collected and analysed using multinomial logistic regression to check for association with patient demographics and COVID-19 symptoms, and CAH early warning scores and outcomes (Transfer to Emergency Department, Transfer to isolation unit, Sent home with care plan). Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with: patients to elicit an in-depth understanding of experiences and acceptability of attending CAHs; and staff to understand challenges, benefits, and effectiveness of CAHs. Interview data will be analysed using a thematic analysis approach.

Discussion: This study will provide valuable insights from both patient and staff perspectives on the operation of CAHs. We will evaluate the effectiveness and acceptability of CAHs and propose areas for improvement of the service. This will contribute to international literature on the use of community assessment centres during infectious disease pandemics.
Training in Kinesiology of Bachelor’s Degree Students of the direction "Physical Education for Persons with Deviations in Health"
Authors: Zubarev S.
Published: February 2021

The article describes the content of the discipline "Kinesiology", developed for the training direction 49.03.02 "Physical culture for persons with disabilities in health (adaptive physical culture)", training profile "Adaptive sports". The urgency of the discipline is substantiated, its features are noted, and kinesiological methods of diagnostics and rehabilitation of persons with health disorders are given. The discipline ensures the formation of professional competencies among bachelors of the specified direction, knowledge, abilities, skills that meet the requirements of the Federal State Educational Standard 3 ++. It instills labor functions that meet the professional standards "Trainer for adaptive physical culture and adaptive sports", "Instructor-methodologist for adaptive physical culture and adaptive sports" and "Specialist for rehabilitation work in the social sphere". The peculiarities of the issues studied, the depth of the study of the material are reflected in the indicators of achievement, indicating the labor ac-tions that students must demonstrate when completing the study of the discipline.
The Application of Language as a Tool for Ethnopolitics in Europe – Selected Remarks
Authors: Konarski Wawrzyniec Konrad
Published: February 2021

The revitalisation of ethnicity as a concept associated with politics has been a meaningful social fact since the early 1960s. This process began at that time in Western Europe. In Central and Eastern Europe the increase of the power of ethnicity had a dramatic effect towards the end of the twentieth century. An important part in this revitalisation is played by the language policy which has a huge influence on the socio‑political stabilisation of many entities. Its success, both from the point of view of the interests of the state and of the group distinguished through language, depends on the legal and political culture of both these parties. The initiative should, however, be on the part of the state. In turn, the actions of the authorities negating the importance of language – often the main identity factor of a minority group – foster an uncontrolled growth of the ethnos. This may lead to the increase of ethnically motivated separatism destabilising both separate states and whole regions. Thus, the issue of language is used in ethnopolitics as a starting point either for obtaining political and legal results or for maintaining the ones already achieved. In either case the evaluation of these activities depends on the expectations of the involved parties. Generally it is possible to distinguish three ways of perceiving language as a factor – applied by politicians and ideologically biased intellectuals – influencing the existing political, legal and cultural order. Namely, language may be considered: 1) a recognized threat; 2) an approved means of support; or 3) a postulated opportunity for a beneficial change and its continuity.
The Concept of the Nation in the Fundamental Law of Hungary
Authors: Smuk Peter
Published: February 2021

The paper introduces the national aspects of the new Hungarian constitution. We find direct references to the “Hungarian nation” in the text of the Fundamental Law of Hungary, and these references reveal the concept of the nation of the constitution‑making political majority. This concept is rather controversial and is widely debated in political and also in scientific discussions. I examine the problematic issues around the concept of the nation, which are the following: Is the concept of the nation clear? Does it imply the “cultural” or the “political”/“democratic” notion of the nation? What is the situation of the nationalities living in Hungary? What is the situation of the Hungarians living beyond the borders of Hungary? This paper intends to contribute to the discussion on the values of the new constitution of Hungary.
Policies in Municipal Public Services and Migration to Norway
Authors: Gjerstad Brita , Johannessen Øystein Lund , Nødland Svein Ingve , Skeie Geir , Vedøy Gunn
Published: February 2021

Today, approximately 15% of the total Norwegian population of 5 million are immigrants, and this number is growing. This article investigates how public social service institutions and local policies are challenged by the new realities of migration and how they attempt to meet them in Norway, by identifying and discussing tensions between policies and practices. The article exemplifies these tensions through focusing on the Education sector and the Health and Care sector, and their respective treatment of two groups, labour migrants and refugees. Interviews were conducted with immigrants and public service providers in three municipalities. In the analysis of various white papers on migration and integration issues, we use the concepts of group pluralism and individual pluralism as analytical tools. In the empirical analysis, we have searched for critical issues arising in the relationship between providers and receivers of services. We find that when national policies meet practice at the municipal level, the municipal context and economic incentives are important factors. Other central aspects include the history, traditions and functions of the social service institutions that are responsible for carrying out national policies at the municipal level. Here, the main professional bodies appear to exercise their own particular logic in regards to the integration and inclusion of migrants into the Norwegian society.
Brutalities in Anti‑Imperial Revolts
Authors: Dam Caspar ten
Published: February 2021

In order to understand and resolve internal armed conflicts one must comprehend why and how people revolt, and under what conditions they brutalise i.e. increasingly resort to terrorism, banditry, brigandry, “gangsterism” and other forms of violence that violate contemporary local and/or present‑day international norms that I believe are, in the final analysis, all based on the principles of conscience, empathy and honour. Contemporary “global” or regional norms distinct from those of the rebelling community, and the norms of the regime community and/or colonial power, are also considered. My pessimistically formulated and thereby quite testable brutalisation theory combines theorising elements of disciplines ranging from cultural anthropology to military psychology, so as to better explain rebellions or any armed conflicts and their morally corrosive effects. The theory’s main variables are: violence‑values (my composite term) on proper and improper violence; conflict‑inducing motivations, in particular grievances, avarices, interests and ideologies, that bring about i.e. cause or trigger the conflict; combat‑stresses like fear, fatigue and rage resulting from or leading to traumas (and hypothetically to brutalities as well); and conflict‑induced motivations, in particular grievances, avarices, interest and ideologies, that happen by, through and during the conflict. The present paper is an exploratory introduction to an ambitious research project, succinctly titled “Brutalisation in Anti‑Imperial Revolts”, with advice and support from Professor Tomasz Polanski. The paper addresses the project’s relevance and its epistemological and methodological challenges. The project seeks to explain rebellion, banditry and other forms of violence that may or may not be inherently brutal. It seeks to ascertain the causes and degrees of any brutalisations i.e. increasing violations of norms during rebellions by peripheral, marginalised ethnic (indigenous) communities against their overlords in classical, medieval and “modern” (industrial) times. It introduces seven selected cases of “peripheral‑ethnic revolts” by indigenous communities – as (semi‑) state actors, non‑state actors or both (yet possessing at least residual ruling capabilities) – against Imperial powers across the ages, with a special focus on banditry, “brigandry” (brigandage), guerrilla and other forms of irregular warfare. The first stage of the research will analyse and compare the causes i.e. motivations and involved norms, sorts of violence and degrees of brutalisation in these seven cases.
A New Global Optimization Scheme for Quadratic Programs with Low-Rank Nonconvexity
Authors: Cen Xiaoli , Xia Yong
Published: February 2021

We consider the classical convex constrained nonconvex quadratic programming problem where the Hessian matrix of the objective to be minimized has r negative eigenvalues, denoted by (QPr). Based on a biconvex programming reformulation in a slightly higher dimension, we propose a novel branch-and-bound algorithm to solve (QP1) and show that it returns an [Formula: see text]-approximate solution of (QP1) in at most [Formula: see text] iterations. We further extend the new algorithm to solve the general (QPr) with r > 1. Computational comparison shows the efficiency of our proposed global optimization method for small r. Finally, we extend the explicit relaxation approach for (QP1) to (QPr) with r > 1.

Summary of Contribution: Nonconvex quadratic program (QP) is a classical optimization problem in operations research. This paper aims at globally solving the QP where the Hessian matrix of the objective to be minimized has r negative eigenvalues. It is known to be nondeterministic polynomial-time hard even when r = 1. This paper presents a novel algorithm to globally solve the QP for r = 1 and then extends to general r. Numerical results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in comparison with state-of-the-art algorithms/software for small r.
Profiting from Enabling Technologies?
Authors: Gambardella Alfonso , Heaton Sohvi , Novelli Elena , Teece David J.
Published: February 2021

How to profit from innovation has been an important question for both innovation scholars and practitioners over the years. It is certainly a relevant question for all types of technological innovation, including emerging ones. David J. Teece’s profiting from innovation (PFI) framework [Teece DJ (1986) Profiting from technological innovation: Implications for integration, collaboration, licensing and public policy. Res. Policy 15(6):285–305.] sets forth a theory of the relevant contingencies. However, Teece’s framework focuses on technologies with applications in specific domains. We focus on the question of how to profit from enabling technologies: technologies that are applicable across multiple domains. We argue that capturing value in such circumstances is fundamentally different from profiting from less-enabling technologies and raises new issues with respect to the relevant business models and public policies. This paper’s contribution is threefold. It formally revises and extends the original PFI framework to include the case of enabling technologies, it provides empirical evidence to support the distinction between profiting from enabling and profiting from narrower “discrete” technologies, and it generates perspectives on the appropriate business models for these technologies and discusses related public policy implications, in light of the fact that the share of the benefits the innovator can capture is likely to be even smaller for enabling than for discrete technologies.
The representation of Alistair Maclean’s life as reflected in south by Java Head: a biographical study
Authors: Amalia Hafida
Published: February 2021

This undergraduate thesis research aims to understand and inform the period of World War II experienced by the author Alistair MacLean from a military perspective rather than from a war leader. Because of this, the authors consider this research interesting because it can find the similarity and differences between the novel and Alistair MacLean.The writer applies the biographical approach as the basic of the analysis. The method of this analysis systematically used qualitative methods in compiling this research as the techniques – library data sources, journal article, internet and all books dealing with this research, and the main textual data in South by Java Head. The results of this analysis indicate that in the military life of the war during World War II that seemed disciplined that they made a lifelong commitment to, it turns out there are still those who consciously committed acts of violation; similarity: Japanese Cruelty, Deadly Weapons ect, differences: The Deal Punishment. But there are also some positive knowledge, especially for readers.
Pelacur dalam Catatan Seorang Pelacur karya Putu Jaya Arya Tirthawirya dalam Cerita Pendek Indonesia 4
Authors: Septiani Nur Alifah
Published: February 2021

Perempuan pada hakikatnya memiliki kebebasan terhadap dirinya sendiri, namun kontruksi sosial membentuk dirinya sendiri. Pelacur lekat dengan perempuan, seperti halnya definisi yang dipaparkan oleh KBBI bahwa pelacur adalah perempuan yang memilki tingkal laku kurang baik sehingga apabila kurang baik perilakunya layak dihindari. Oleh karena itu perlu kiranya menguak kehidupan pelacur Catatan Seorang Pelacur yang merupakan hasil representasi Putu Arya Tirthawirya terhadap pelacur. Dalam kajian ini menggunakan pemikiran Simone de Beauvior terkait pelacur dan hetaria untuk melihat bagaimana pelacur yang tercatat dalam cerpen Catatan Seorang Pelacur karya Putu Arya Tirthawirya.
Social condition of japanense geisha as reflectd in short story Madame Butterfly by John Luther Long
Authors: Basri Hasan
Published: February 2021

In this undergraduate thesis, the writer discusses short story Madam Butterfly written by John Luther Long. This study is aimed: (1) to describe the Geisha social life condition in Japanese society as reflected in Madame Butterfly (2) to describe the social class in Japanese society in 1903s as reflected in Madam Butterfly. In doing this research, the writer uses descriptive qualitative method which refers to description of things, characters, meaning and symbols. There are two types of data in this study.The findings of the research show that Geisha in Japan through Cho Cho San the main character in Madame Butterfly was a reflection of Geisha’s life condition in Japanese society. The writer conclude that Social condition of Geisha in Japan in 1930s are an entertainer because they are has been train for accompany all of the guests. Serve the drink, singing, dancing and playing music instrument were the Geisha’s job while accompany the guest. The guest also did some flirting to the Geisha. In 1930s American missionary and American Navy enter Japan for some mission, there are also American people who married Japanese girl. Beside the Geisha social life condition, there are two class in Japanese society that exist in 1903s Kazoku (Nobleman) and Heinin (Proletar). The social class in Japan in that time is very contrast between the Nobleman and Ploretar. Madam Butterfly include to high class people because of she married to a foreigner because according to Japanese, if they married a foreigner it can rise their social status.
Public relations campaign strategy PT. Pelindo 1 in socializing the Porting Business
Authors: Wahyudi Denny , Adhani Abrar
Published: February 2021

PT. Pelabuhan Indonesia I (Persero) is a corporation engaged in the maritime and port sector under the auspices of the Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (BUMN) headquartered in Belawan, North Sumatra. As a corporation, of course, a campaign is required to inform the business being run so that it is more widely known by the public. As a form of public relations campaign and an effort to socialize its business, Pelindo 1 offers Port Visit activities as a means of learning about the world of ports. This research was conducted to find out how PT Pelindo 1's Public Relations Campaign Strategy in Disseminating its Port Business through the Port Visit program. In this research, it focuses on Port Visit activities with PERHUMAS Muda Medan which was held on February 28, 2020. The type of research that the writer does is descriptive qualitative. In this study, the authors used the theory of Corporate Campaign Theory and AIDDA theory as the basis for campaign marketing. By using the direct observation method where the author participates in the concept-making process and organizing activities as well as the interview method with 5 (five) resource persons, 2 (two) of whom are the Pelindo 1 public relations team, and 3 (three) others are activity participants. The result of this research is that Pelindo 1's PR has made the Port Visit activity a superior program and campaign tool to socialize port business to the community. This is evidenced by the fact that Port visits are registered in the company's Monthly Activity Plan (RKB) and are carried out routinely 2-3 times in a few months. Based on the results of the research, the participants who took part in the Port Visit activity admitted that the concept was not only theoretical but involved directly in the field to see the port area, as well as a fun session as an evaluation stage, making their thinking about the world of the ports and the role and function of ports change not only as a place leaning on ships but serving as a gateway to the world economy.
Current status of regenerative medicine in osteoarthritis
Authors: Im Gun-Il
Published: February 2021

The high prevalence of osteoarthritis (OA), as well as the current lack of disease-modifying drugs for OA, has provided a rationale for regenerative medicine as a possible treatment modality for OA treatment. In this editorial, the current status of regenerative medicine in OA including stem cells, exosomes, and genes is summarized along with the author’s perspectives. Despite a tremendous interest, so far there is very little evidence proving the efficacy of this modality for clinical application. As symptomatic relief is not sufficient to justify the high cost associated with regenerative medicine, definitive structural improvement that would last for years or decades and obviate or delay the need for joint arthroplasty is essential for regenerative medicine to retain a place among OA treatment methods.

Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(2):134–136.
The impact of noise in the operating theatre: a review of the evidence
Authors: Mcleod RWJ , Myint-Wilks L , Davies SE , Elhassan HA
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Noise has been recognised to have a negative impact on performance and wellbeing in many settings. Average noise levels have been found to range between 51dB and 79dB in operating theatres. Despite these levels of noise, there is little research investigating their effect on surgical team functioning.

Methods

A literature review to look at the impact of noise in the operating theatre was performed on MEDLINE, which included the search terms ‘noise’ OR ‘distraction’ AND ‘technical skill’ OR ‘Surgical skill’ OR ‘Operating Room’. Only 10 of 307 articles identified were deemed relevant.

Findings

Eight of ten studies found noise to be detrimental to communication and surgical performance, particularly regarding total errors and time to task completion. No studies found noise to be beneficial. Two studies found case-irrelevant verbal communication to be a frequent form of noise pollution in operating theatres; this is both perceived by surgeons to be distracting and delays patient care.

Conclusion

Noise and irrelevant verbal communications were both found to be harmful to surgical performance, surgeon experience and team functioning.
St Andrew's COVID-19 surgery safety (StACS) study: hand trauma
Authors: Miranda BH , Zberea DE , Pinto-Lopes R , Zweifel CJ , Sierakowski A , Sood MK ,   On behalf of the St Andrew's Collaborative
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Adaptation is vital to ensure successful healthcare recovery during the COVID-19 pandemic. Hand trauma represents the most common acute emergency department presentation internationally. This study prospectively evaluates the COVID-19 related patient risk, when undergoing management within one of the largest specialist tertiary referral centres in Europe, which rapidly implemented national COVID-19 safety guidelines.

Materials and methods

A prospective cohort study was undertaken in all patients referred to the integrated hand trauma service, during the UK COVID-19 pandemic peak (April–May 2020); all were evaluated for 30-day COVID-19 related death. Random selection was undertaken for patients with hand trauma who either underwent non-operative (control group) or operative (surgery group) management; these groups were prospectively followed-up within a controlled cohort study design and telephoned at 30 days following first intervention (control group) or postoperatively (surgery group).

Results

Of 731 referred patients (566 operations), there were no COVID-19 related deaths. Both groups were matched for sex, age, ethnicity, body mass index, comorbidities, smoking, preoperative/first assessment COVID-19 symptoms, pre- and postoperative/first assessment isolation and positive COVID-19 contact (p > 0.050). There were no differences in high service satisfaction (10/10 compared with 10/10; p = 0.067) and treatment outcome (10/10 compared with 10/10; p = 0.961) scores, postoperative/first assessment symptoms (1%, 1/100 compared with 0.8%, 2/250; p = 1.000) or proportion of positive tests (7.1%, 1/14 compared with 2.2%, 2/92; p = 0.349), between the control (n = 100) and surgery (n = 250) groups.

Conclusion

These data support continued and safe service provision and no increased risk to patients who require surgical management. Such findings are vital for healthcare providers when considering service adaptations to reinstate patient treatment.
Quantum cascade laser-based wavelength modulation spectroscopy
Authors: Chakraborty Arup Lal
Published: February 2021

A new calibration-free 1f and 2f wavelength modulation spectroscopy technique is demonstrated on a quantum cascade laser to measure ambient CO and CO2. The method is robust, highly sensitive and usable in congested spectral regions.
Optimization of optical fiber long period gratings for biosensing applications
Authors: Trono Cosimo , Dey Tanoy Kumar , Tombelli Sara , Chiavaioli Francesco , Biswas Palas , Giannetti Ambra , Basumallick Nandini , Jana Sunirmal , Baldini Francesco , Bandyopadhyay Somnath
Published: February 2021

Bio-chemical sensing applications are usually performed in water or buffer solution where a conventional long period fiber grating (LPFG) has low sensitivity. For this purpose, it is necessary to enhance the sensitivity of LPFGs within this refractive index (RI) region. Different optimization methodologies are here described and three experimental approaches that exhibit the evolution in term of sensitivity are reported.
Data-driven Modeling Technique for Optical Communications Based on Deep Learning
Authors: Wang Danshi , Song Yuchen , Zhang Min
Published: February 2021

A data-driven modeling technique based on deep learning is proposed and introduced in optical communications. The compatibility with the existing model system demonstrates that the proposed method is a supplementary technique for the conventional modules and is also a potential option for future modeling methods.
Optical fiber concave cavity lens fabricated by facet etching and high-index epoxy curing
Authors: Li Kanglin , Du Jiangbin , Shen Weihong , Liu Jiacheng , He Zuyuan
Published: February 2021

A simple and efficient optical fiber lens is demonstrated by graded-index fiber facet etching and high-index epoxy curing. The fundamental mode effective diameter can be reduced from 13.92 to 3.4 μm.
Isolating backward Raman signal in high-power narrow-band MOPA fiber laser using CTFBGs
Authors: Wang Zefeng , Wang Meng , Ma Pengfei , Xiao Hu , Zhang Hanwei , Wang Xiaolin , Chen Jinbao
Published: February 2021

Here, we firstly report the stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) suppression in high-power narrow-band MOPA fiber lasers using chirped and tilted fiber Bragg gratings (CTFBGs). By inserting a CTFBG between the seed laser and the amplifier stage, the backward Raman signal is strongly isolated, meanwhile the forward SRS is well suppressed. Experimental results imply that traditional bulky isolator can be replaced by compact CTFBG, what’s more CTFBG has much lower insertion loss and much higher power capacity.
Influence of buffer gas on the absorption characteristics of CO2 in hollow-core fibers
Authors: Li Ziyan , Cui Yulong , Zhou Zhiyue , Huang Wei , Li Hao , Wang Zefeng
Published: February 2021

Recently, we have reported a 4.3 μm fiber laser based on CO2-filled hollow-core fibers, however, the linewidth of the pump laser will become wider with the pump power increasing, resulting in the absorption decreasing of CO2. Here, we firstly study the influence of buffer gas on the absorption characteristics of CO2 in hollow-core fibers, paving the way toward high-power mid-IR fiber gas lasers.
A tunable multi-wavelength optical fiber parametric oscillator with a spacing of double Brillouin frequency shift
Authors: Yuan Yuke , Yan Juanjuan
Published: February 2021

A tunable multi-wavelength optical fiber parametric oscillator is experimentally demonstrated. The center and the number of the wavelength for the output laser are adjustable, and the frequency spacing is a double Brillouin frequency shift.
LP01-LP11 mode conversion in a negative curvature hollow-core fiber by use of a long-period grating
Authors: Zhao Pengcheng , Ho Hoi Lut , Jin Wei , Fan Shangchun , Gao Shoufei , Wang Yingying , Wang Pu
Published: February 2021

We demonstrate all-fiber LP01-LP11 mode conversion by inscribing a long-period grating in a negative curvature hollow-core optical fiber using a CO2 laser. Over 90% conversion efficiency is achieved with insertion loss of ~0.5 dB.
7-Air-Core-Ring Fiber Supporting > 400 Radially Fundamental OAM Modes Across C and L Bands
Authors: Wang Yingning , Geng Wenpu , Zhao Wenqian , Fang Yuxi , Bao Changjing , Ren Yongxiong , Zhang Hao , Zhang Weigang , Pan Zhongqi , Yue Yang
Published: February 2021

7-air-core-ring fiber is designed with 434 OAM modes across C and L bands from 1530 nm to 1625 nm while maintaining radially sing-mode condition, featuring <-24 dB crosstalk after 100-km long fiber propagation.
The Influence of Incident-Light Field Distribution on High-Speed Response Characteristic of UTC Photodetector
Authors: Xiao Chaozheng , Huang Yongqing , Zhi Huayun , Niu Huijuan , Duan Xiaofeng , Liu Kai , Yang Yisu , Ren Xiaomin
Published: February 2021

The effect of the incident-light field distribution on the electric-field and carrier distribution in the UTC-PD photoabsorption layer is analyzed, and a 10-μm UTC-PD achieved 3dB-bandwidth 69.88GHz under 1V bias, increased about 12%.
Ultra-compact and Scalable Optical Mode Multiplexer by Adjoint-based Inverse Design Method
Authors: Guo Hengquan , Jia Hao
Published: February 2021

In this paper we propose an ultra-compact optical mode multiplexer with easily expanded channels on silicon photonics platform. Adjoint-based inverse design method is utilized for optimization. A four-channel device is demonstrated as proof of concept.
Research on beam shaping based on grating bars
Authors: Xie Canghong , Huang Yongqing , Yang Yisu , Niu Huijuan , Duan Xiaofeng , Liu Kai , Ren Xiaomin
Published: February 2021

We realize the conversion from Gaussian to flat-top beams with single period grating bars. Simulation results show that the transmittance is higher than 86% and the spot size is about 5.1 μm within 100nm bandwidth.
Giant Enhancement of Third- and Fifth-Harmonic Generations in Epsilon-Near-Zero Nanolayer
Authors: Xie Ze Tao , Wu Jiaye , Fu H. Y. , Li Qian
Published: February 2021

We numerically demonstrate the third- and fifth-harmonic generations in epsilon-near-zero indium tin oxide metasurface. The conversion efficiency of 2.64×10-4 and 1.55×10-6 have achieved for the third- and fifth- harmonic generations.
Realization of a Heterogeneous Laser Beam Array Based on Grating Boolean
Authors: Liu Yaqi , Hao Zhibiao , Wang Lai , Xiong Bing , Sun Changzheng , Wang Jian , Li Hongtao , Han Yanjun , Luo Yi
Published: February 2021

A binary phase grating with partially opaque region is proposed based on Boolean operation and Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm, providing an inner-dense and outer-sparse laser beam array for fovea vision detection in LIDAR system.
Efficient Silicon Nitride Grating Coupler with Silicon Reflector at Near-Infrared Wavelengths
Authors: Liu Min , Chen Daigao , Hu Xiao , Feng Peng , Xiao Xi
Published: February 2021

A high efficiency double layer grating coupler at near-infrared wavelengths is proposed for the first time. The experimental peak coupling efficiency and 1-dB bandwidth of the grating coupler are 2.78 dB and 32 nm, respectively.
Growth of pseudomorphic full group-IV materials and horizontal ridge waveguide SWIR light source
Authors: Peng Linzhi , Li Mingming , Niu Chaoqun , Liu Zhi , Zheng Jun , Zuo Yuhua , Cheng Buwen
Published: February 2021

Two high-quality pseudomorphic full group-IV samples were grown. To reduce light absorption of electrodes, horizontal ridge waveguide devices were manufactured. Electroluminescence measurements show that these devices have great prospects for the short-wave infrared light source.
Survivable RMSA against Cascading Failures in Interdependent Power Grids and Optical Networks
Authors: Jiang Liyou , Yin Shan , Zhang Zhan , Yang Chen , Huang Shanguo
Published: February 2021

For interdependent power grids and optical networks, we propose a survivable RMSA scheme in EONs against cascading failures jointly considering routing and edge server selection, and develop a heuristic algorithm. Simulations demonstrate its effectiveness.
Profit-Aware Virtual Optical Network Mapping in Space-Division-Multiplexing Elastic Optical Networks
Authors: Chen Qi , Jiang Yunfei , Chen Bowen , Wang Qiang , Gao Mingyi , Chen Hong , Wu Jinbing
Published: February 2021

This paper proposes two profit-aware virtual optical networks (VONs) mapping approaches in space-division-multiplexing elastic optical networks (SDM-EONs). Simulation results show that the proposed VONs mapping approach based on link resource set can achieve better profits.
Provisioning Uninterrupted Satellite Communication Services by Preset-Satellite-Chain (PSC)-Based Seamless Handover
Authors: Zhao Chen , Hua Nan , Li Jialong , Zheng Xiaoping
Published: February 2021

A novel preset-satellite-chain (PSC)-based seamless handover scheme is proposed based on satellite ephemeris. Results show that the proposed scheme can eliminate service outages caused by periodic disconnection of inter-satellite links.