bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Capital, Local Community Participation and the Construction of Pakistani Identities in England: Implications for Health Inequalities Policies
Authors: Campbell Catherine , McLean Carl
Published: April 2003

Emphasis has been placed on the importance of the participation of socially excluded groups in local initiatives to reduce health inequalities in England, in `partnerships' with government. We examine potential obstacles to such participation through a case study of factors shaping local participation by residents of a deprived multi-ethnic area who describe themselves as Pakistani. We draw on three-hour interviews with 26 men and women, aged 15—67 years. Assuming that a sense of common identification is a precondition for participation in local community networks, we examine how the construction of Pakistani identities, within conditions of material and symbolic social exclusion, constrains the likelihood of widespread, representative local participation by Pakistani people in our local area of interest. No matter how significant a category such as `Pakistani' might be in statistical analyses of health inequalities, an epidemiological category of this nature cannot simply be `mapped' onto policy recommendations.
Mind, Gaze and Engagement
Authors: Carrier James G.
Published: April 2003

A range of works on people’s understandings of their surroundings express a recurring assumption that, as societies become more urban and capitalist, people are decreasingly likely to engage in practical and material ways with their surroundings, and are consequently more likely to stand at a distance from those surroundings culturally. This assumption implies that practical engagement is the only form of engagement that leads people to meaningful and consequential relationships with their surroundings, that the alternative to such engagement is something like the tourist gaze or the flâneur. Using a study of some environmental activists, this article raises questions about this assumption.
Objects of Learning
Authors: Were Graeme
Published: April 2003

Over the last two decades there has been a proliferation of studies in ethnomathematics dedicated towards shedding light on its importance in enhancing education (cf. Bishop, 1988; Gerdes, 1985). Many ethno mathematicians have utilized the object world as a tool in the learning of mathematical concepts, but little research to date has focused on the role of objects as agents that activate mathematical thought. In this article I argue that the material qualities of objects can mobilize mathematical thinking and act as vehicles for learning. I show that geometric patterns incised on traditional arts and crafts are effective tools in the mathematics classroom in cultures that tend towards visual forms of knowledge. Anthropology is ideally suited for this type of study and as I aim to show, an ethnographic approach can give valuable insights into education and knowledge technology.
Strands Which Refuse to be Braided
Authors: Peers Laura
Published: April 2003

This article concerns hair samples collected in 1925 in the Ojibwe community of Red Lake, Minnesota, USA, now in the collections of the Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford. It outlines the process of consultation with community members and of the discovery of the historical context and meanings surrounding the hair. These meanings are emotive because of the conjuncture of Ojibwe beliefs about hair with the history of the cutting and analysis of hair by Whites as part of attempts to control Ojibwe people in various ways. The article also explores the implications of current theory about material culture which sees artefacts as points of contact between peoples, and which focuses on tracing the movements and shifting meanings of artefacts as a way of understanding the relations between the peoples involved.
‘Āina under the influence
Authors: Brown Marilyn
Published: April 2003

The imposition of Western law in Hawai‘i extended novel sets of regulation and control on the colonized Native Hawaiians. A primary focus of the law was the control of drinking and the native intoxicant ‘ awa. Using perspectives that emphasize the governing of populations through drinking and drug use, this case study shows how overlapping programs of regulation and prohibition grew out of a racialized discourse about the identity of the colonized and the colonizer. This article contributes to the governmentality literature through a sociological analysis of the complexities of regulation and criminalization.
The Meaning of Green
Authors: LYNCH MICHAEL J. , STRETSKY PAUL B.
Published: April 2003

Previous discussions of green criminology have not defined the meaning of the term `green'. Here we investigate alternative definitions of this term, focusing attention on two contrasting definitions. One definition is aligned with corporate interests and emerged through corporate redefinitions of green environmentalism; we provide examples of the `green' criminology that resulted. We then offer a contrasting environmental justice definition. This alternative concept highlights common elements in social movements concerned with environmental justice while emphasizing these movements' commitment to simultaneously incorporating race, class and gender-oriented issues into green criminology.
Vigilance and Vigilantes
Authors: EVANS JESSICA
Published: April 2003

This paper applies a psychoanalytic approach to the protests of members of `Residents Against Paedophiles' on the Paulsgrove estate in Portsmouth, UK, in August 2000. It sets these in the context of the strains existing in the British government's policy on sexual offenders. It is argued that the protests demonstrate the existence of links between a vigilante state of mind and the `mind of state' that makes community members responsible for crime management. Evidence is provided by the protesters' fabrication of a `mental list' of convicted sex offenders that mimicked the official register. The paper concludes that access to information does not always have the effect of containing adults in such a way that enhances their capacity to act as `responsible' citizens.
A Matter of Integrity? Affliction and Healing in Christian Science
Authors: Jaye Chrystal
Published: April 2003

Christian Science is a form of Christianity with a strong theology of healing, the basis of which is an ontology that denies the reality of the material universe including the physical human body and affliction. An ethnographic study conducted in New Zealand in a Christian Science congregation showed that respondents have unique understandings about the nature of ‘self’ and ‘health’. These understandings underpin explanations of affliction, and healing, and inform the therapeutic strategies that are employed by respondents. The notion of integrity is put forward as a means of understanding the complex relationship between healing, health and ‘self’. A framework of integrity affords an insightful understanding of the complex meanings associated with the experience of affliction, the therapeutic strategies which are utilized to effect healing and the meanings associated with therapeutic outcomes – both successful and unsuccessful in the religious praxis of Somecity Christian Scientists.
Pain as Symptom, Pain as Sign
Authors: Kugelmann Robert
Published: April 2003

This article proposes a theoretical contribution to critical health psychology. Charles Sanders Peirce’s semiotics provide health psychology and related fields with an analytic that centers interest at the intersection where the co-constitution of reified categories occurs. I begin with the terms symptom and sign as used in medical contexts. Symptoms and signs can be reinterpreted, drawing on the Heideggerian notion of ‘attunement’, and upon Peirce’s semiotics. Next, I present Peirce’s concept of sign, with its triadic structure of object-representamen-interpretant. An understanding of pain as a sign in this sense is developed on this basis. The value of Peircian semiotics for a critical health psychology is illustrated with some examples drawn from a qualitative study. Pain is not only something of concern and the bearer of meanings, but a way of interpreting one’s situation. This semiotics of pain furthers the project, common to phenomenological and discursive approaches in health psychology and related fields, of studying the upsurge of meaning in speech and in other acts that co-constitute it.
Self-Reconstruction and Biographical Revisioning: Survival Following Cancer in Childhood or Adolescence
Authors: Drew Sarah
Published: April 2003

Narratives of long-term survival reveal a social process involving complex negotiation of identity issues, future planning and future health concerns which enables survivors to combine both fear and hope in order to develop ideas about an imagined future. Young men and women provided personal accounts, and central to their stories are efforts at biographical revisioning and self-reconstruction, which illustrate that long-term survival throws into question conventional temporal securities and predictable trajectories of self-development. Here, I present my notion of the ‘consciousness of survival’ and outline features of a further concept of ‘successful survival’. These terms relate to an ontological process in which the survivor can use illness, survival, living in a remission society and late effects of treatment as a medium for the creation of new relationships to self and others, and to learn about the world we create and inhabit. Gender and cultural background affect enactment of this process.
When General Practitioners Become Patients
Authors: Jaye Chrystal , Wilson Hamish
Published: April 2003

There is little known about the lived experiences of general practitioners (GPs) who become patients, despite good documentation of their health problems. This study provides a qualitative perspective on issues identified by GPs when they tell stories about their experiences of illness, including their interactions with attending physicians. Respondents articulated several tensions inherent in their experiences of being patients. These can best be described as competing discourses, both overt and covert, which intersect in ideas about patienthood, professionalism and competency. GPs are reluctant to admit to illness and find it difficult to relinquish control, while the consulting doctor knows the patient has medical expertise and is aware that his/her consulting style and choice of management will be scrutinized closely. Both doctors can experience role discomfort, even role ambiguity, but this is rarely articulated. This can lead to difficulties in shared management of the illness.
Children’s Views of Hospitalization: An Exploratory Study of Data Collection
Authors: Carney Terri , Murphy Shona , McClure John , Bishop Eileen , Kerr Carole , Parker Janet , Scott Fiona , Shields Caroline , Wilson Liz
Published: April 2003

Identifying children’s views of their experience of hospitalization isessential to the development of appropriate services. Previous research has mainly concentrated on specific paediatric populations or negative aspects of their experience. This study had two aims. First, to investigate a broader range of experiences in a general paediatric population, and second, to determine the most effective way of obtaining the information. Schoolaged children ( n = 213) from the paediatric wards of two district general hospitals completed one of four questionnaire types. The themes identified were generally positive and mainly related to the children’s physical surroundings. A verbal structured questionnaire was found to be themost efficient at obtaining the children’s views, whereas a visual structured questionnaire was the only method which recognized the children’s sequence of feelings before, during and after hospitalization.
The social life of opera
Authors: Storey John
Published: April 2003

This article explores the changing status of opera and seeks to challenge the idea that opera is `essentially' an elite cultural practice. I begin by considering the increasing social visibility of opera in contemporary UK and US society. I then examine the history of opera in terms of its invention in the late 16th century and its development as popular commercial entertainment in the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Next, I explore how opera was turned into `high culture' in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Returning to the contemporary, I again discuss the increasing social visibility of opera, posing the question: is opera once again what it was for most of its history — an inclusive rather than an exclusive cultural practice?
`For Venus smiles not in a house of tears'
Authors: Smelik Anneke
Published: April 2003

In the 1990s, several European filmmakers addressed the Romeo and Juliet motif of `impossible love' in the context of multiculturalism. A heterosexual love affair between people of different ethnic backgrounds allows filmmakers to address issues of racism and deconstruct racial stereotypes. In the films discussed in this article, the tragic love affairs point to the unwillingness of European countries to become pluralistic and multiethnic societies. Some films have attempted to represent interethnic love relations more hopefully, celebrating happy endings of mixed race couples. The success of such films may indicate that the genre of comedy has won over the tragedy of the Romeo and Juliet topos in cinematic representations of interethnic love relations. Perhaps European cinema is ready to embrace constructions of European identity as hybrid, diverse and multiple.
Differential Association of Uniquely and Non Uniquely Human Emotions with the Ingroup and the Outgroup
Authors: Paladino Maria-Paola , Leyens Jacques-Philippe , Rodriguez Ramon , Rodriguez Armando , Gaunt Ruth , Demoulin Stéphanie
Published: April 2003

According to Leyens et al.’s (2000) theory, intergroup discrimination involves a differential appraisal of the ingroup’s and the outgroup’s uniquely human characteristics. Four experiments investigated how emotions that are considered uniquely (i.e. secondary emotions) and non uniquely (i.e. primary emotions) human (Demoulin et al., 2001a) are differentially associated with the ingroup and the outgroup. Using the Implicit Association Task (IAT) we found a stronger association of ingroup names with uniquely human emotions and of outgroup names with non uniquely human emotions, than the reverse. Whereas Study 2 used negative emotions, all other experiments used positive emotions. In Study 3, two IAT indices were collected: an emotional index and a standard evaluative one. While the outgroup was constituted by North African names in the first three studies, Study 4 staged French-speaking Belgians (i.e. the ingroup) versus Dutch-speaking Belgians (i.e. the outgroup). The results are discussed within the framework of psychological essentialism, according to which uniquely human characteristics form the essence of the ingroup.
Anti-Norm and Pro-Norm Deviance in the Bank and on the Campus: Two Experiments on Subjective Group Dynamics
Authors: Abrams Dominic , Marques José , Bown Nicola , Dougill Melanie
Published: April 2003

In two experiments, participants evaluated other individuals who deviated in either an anti-or pro-normative direction relative to normative members of the same group. We predicted that individuals would prefer group members who contributed to the validity of in-group norms. In Study 1, anti-norm deviants in an organization attracted more negative evaluations than did pro-norm deviants, even though both were dissimilar to the in-group prototype. Consistent with our model of ‘subjective group dynamics’, evaluations of such deviants were related to perceivers’ identification with their own group. In Study 2, British and Overseas students were more positive toward in-group and out-group members who deviated in the in-group normative direction with respect to university policies for Overseas students. These findings complement the results from laboratory experiments by Abrams, Marques, Bown, and Henson (2000). Reactions to deviance reflect more than just the magnitude of deviance; they are also affected by the group membership of the deviant, and the direction in which that person deviates.
Ethnic Prejudice in East and West Germany: The Explanatory Power of Intergroup Contact
Authors: Wagner Ulrich , van Dick Rolf , Pettigrew Thomas F. , Christ Oliver
Published: April 2003

Surveys show that respondents from East Germany consistently show higher levels of ethnic prejudice than respondents from West Germany. Comparable differences can be found in statistics on crimes and violence against ethnic minority members. On the basis of three surveys (ALLBUS, 1996, N = 2893; Shell Youth Study (Deutsche Shell), 2000, N = 3560; and our own survey of school students, N = 769), the hypothesis that this difference can be largely explained by contrasting interethnic contact opportunities and experiences is tested and supported. Demographic data show that living in the Eastern or Western part of Germany offers differential opportunities for contact with foreigners. Structural equation analyses reveal that this difference, in turn, influences the number of foreigners in the neighborhood or classroom. As a consequence of these varying opportunities for contact, respondents report marked differences in more intimate and personal contact—such as having foreign friends or experiencing contact of personal importance. Foreign friends and importance of contact proved to be the relevant proximal contact variables that reduce ethnic prejudice. Beyond the German context, these results point to a more inclusive model of intergroup relations.
The Effects of Ingroup and Outgroup Friendships on Ethnic Attitudes in College: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Levin Shana , van Laar Colette , Sidanius Jim
Published: April 2003

Data for this longitudinal study were collected from over 2000 White, Asian, Latino, and African American college students. Results indicated that students who exhibited more ingroup bias and intergroup anxiety at the end of their first year of college had fewer outgroup friends and more ingroup friends during their second and third years of college, controlling for pre-college friendships and other background variables. In addition, beyond these effects of prior ethnic attitudes and orientations on friendship choices, those with more outgroup friendships and fewer ingroup friendships during their second and third years of college showed less ingroup bias and intergroup anxiety at the end of college, controlling for the prior attitudes, pre-college friendships, and background variables. Results are discussed in terms of the contact hypothesis.
Intergroup Contact: Effects on Group Evaluations and Perceived Variability
Authors: Wolsko Christopher , Park Bernadette , Judd Charles M. , Bachelor Jonathan
Published: April 2003

We argue that the two different components of group perceptions, namely group evaluations and perceptions of group variability, are affected by intergroup contact in rather different ways. Consistent with considerable existing research in the contact literature, we show that intergroup contact results in more positive target group evaluations, so long as the contact is cooperative and relatively pleasant. On the other hand, consistent with laboratory work in stereotype change, we show that changes in perceptions of group variability as a function of contact occur only when the contact is with someone who disconfirms the group stereotype but who is nevertheless regarded as typical of the group.
Fostering Meaningful Racial Engagement Through Intergroup Dialogues
Authors: Nagda Biren (Ratnesh) A. , Zúñiga Ximena
Published: April 2003

Current attention on improving intergroup relations and participation in diverse societies compels us to understand the requisite values and skills for such participation. An action research approach examined an applied model of engagement across differences—intergroup dialogues that are facilitated in face-to-face encounters of college students from diverse social backgrounds meeting over a sustained period of time. Results show that overall program effects are evident only for racial identity outcomes—importance and centrality. However, regression analyses show students’ valuing of the dialogic learning process (e.g. peer facilitation, sharing experiences, and asking questions) is significantly related to increase in frequency of thinking about racial group membership, perspective-taking ability, comfort in communicating across differences, positive beliefs about conflict, and interest in bridging differences.
European Civil Society or Transnational Social Space?
Authors: Rumford Chris
Published: April 2003

A key feature of recent debates on European Union (EU) integration is the attention paid to the issue of European society, to what extent it exists, what form it takes, and its role in the integration process. This interest in European society has emerged within three academic discourses: EU governance; post-national citizenship; and the democratic deficit. The EU's own understanding of European society reveals how the need to govern transnational space has replaced the need to construct the EU as a nation-state `writ large'. At issue is the extent to which nascent European society can be conceived as a unified and cohesive civil society. It is argued that the emerging agenda on European society points to the need to more fully understand the dynamics of transnational European social spaces, which itself requires an understanding of globalization which allows for the possibility that it may work in ways other than to promote integration.
Disembedded Democracy?
Authors: Lewandowski Joseph D.
Published: April 2003

This article is an analysis of Anthony Giddens' attempt to articulate a globalization-friendly alternative to traditional social democracy (the `old' Left) and neo-liberal market fundamentalism (the `new' Right). Specifically, I focus on Giddens' insistence that globalization is not merely an economic phenomenon but also, and more profoundly, a political and cultural force of `time-space distanciation'. Whereas Giddens conceives of a direct causal connection between the disembedding forces of globalization and outcomes of democratization, I argue that such a conception is deeply flawed. Indeed, rather than develop a politically useful explanatory social theory of the complex relationship between globalization and democracy, Giddens' `third way' theorizing merely hypostatizes the former by invoking it as a cause of the latter. I provide a series of arguments designed to highlight the weaknesses of Giddens' position, and conclude by questioning the general thesis that underlies Giddens' account of globalization.
The politics of penal excess and the echo of colonial penality
Authors: Brown Mark
Published: April 2003

Recent trends towards more severe forms of punishment in western nations have been interpreted as undermining the central tenets of penal modernity: rationality, scientism and restraint. Analyses of the turn to penal severity have emphasized a variety of factors, each said to underpin this departure from modern penal doctrines. In this article I take up the issue of penal excess, arguing instead that it is a foundational and central element of penal modernity. Drawing upon historical material from a distinctly modern formation - the 19th-century colonial state - I illustrate how the idea and practices of penal excess were central to the constitution of the state in British India and to the governance of its population. The current turn towards more excessive punishment practices may thus be interpreted within a framework of recursions within penal modernity, rather than as signalling an end or fundamental transformation of the modern state.
The populism of fear
Authors: Chevigny Paul
Published: April 2003

In democratic countries, at least in the western hemisphere, there has been a political trend toward appealing to the fear of crime as a popular issue in electoral campaigns, as well as more generally as a way of attracting public notice. The trend is likely to be particularly strong in countries in which major offices are openly contested for election, but economic inequality is pronounced and the willingness or ability of the government to deliver social services is limited. Under those conditions, there is a strong temptation to find an issue that will appeal to all classes; the issue of crime and the consequent fear of insecurity is an obvious issue that is frequently used and is sometimes even exaggerated in the hope of enlisting popular support. This article examines this phenomenon in recent years in Argentina, particularly in Buenos Aires, in Brazil, particularly in São Paulo, in Mexico and Mexico City, and in the USA, as exemplified by New York State.
Comparing cultures within-subjects
Authors: Schrauf Robert W.
Published: April 2003

Cross-culturally comparable `units of culture' may be found in the experience of immigrants for whom certain experiential domains of meaning from the `first culture' are brought into comparison and contrast with corresponding domains in the `second culture'. The notion of domains is here developed out of `semantic domain' from cognitive anthropology, `cognitive domain' from cognitive linguistics, and `discourse domain' from second language acquisition. The clue to such domains is immigrants' coming to greater second language fluency in some areas of experience and less in other areas (communicative and cultural competence). These distinctions are used to develop a cognitive theory of acculturation that focuses research on cultures within-subjects (within immigrants) in contrast to the traditional focus on comparison between cultural groups (between subjects). This article is speculative and derives from work in cognitive anthropology, ethnographic report, studies of second language acquisition, and psycholinguistic studies of bilingual memory.
Do you believe in pilgrimage?
Authors: Coleman Simon
Published: April 2003

Anthropological study of pilgrimage has increased in recent years, and much work has been dominated by one of two theoretical paradigms. The older, Turnerian depiction of anti-structure and communitas has been influential but appears to be contradicted by Eade and Sallnow's more recent emphasis on the sacred as `contested' at the great (Christian) pilgrimage sites. Reflecting on the newly published second edition of Eade and Sallnow's volume, this article suggests some of the reasons for the growth in pilgrimage studies and proposes some future theoretical areas of interest. In the process, it seeks to highlight important but largely implicit areas of theoretical overlap between the communitas and `contestation' paradigms.
`Reflexive modernization' and other mythical realities
Authors: Argyrou Vassos
Published: April 2003

This article explores the theory of `reflexive modernization' which is primarily associated with the names of Anthony Giddens and Ulrich Beck. It examines the pressures under which the re-definition of modernity as `pure' reflexivity emerged and suggests that among these, poststructuralism has been the most fundamental. It also examines how the theory, by refashioning modernity, strives to maintain western identity over and above its other, the traditional, as well as to retain the privileges that this identity bestows. The article concludes by arguing that the theory constructs a mythical reality which, however, cannot be taken seriously even as a myth. Its narrators are unaware of what their story does but, unlike the narrators of native myths, they utterly contradict themselves by claiming to be guided by `wholesale' reflexivity.
Re-thinking nature—culture
Authors: Franklin Sarah
Published: April 2003

This article explores the implications of `the new genetics' for anthropology as questions of articulation, connection, and relation — or as the production of difference. Using Marilyn Strathern's model of merographic connection, and drawing on recent ethnographic work on the new genetics, including my own, the question of what kinds of connections and relations are being forged through emergent forms of genetic information is critically explored both empirically and theoretically. In particular, the theme of a genetic `gap', between `objective' genetic facts and socially-forged identities and categorizations, provides the occasion to contrast different ethnographic and theoretical models of the social meaning of DNA. I argue that the ways in which genetic information is always partial — in both senses, of being already invested with presumptions and always incomplete — have consequences for how genetic connections are formed, and genetic relationships are understood. The desire to extract `clear' biological messages from genes conflicts with the desire to instruct, and alter, them, recapitulating a familiar hybridity at the heart of English kinship thinking — that our biology is both made and bred.
How journalists judge the ‘reality’ of an international ‘pseudo-event’
Authors: Clarke Judith
Published: April 2003

As proxy information-gatherers for their audiences, journalists often cover ‘pseudo-events’, whose purpose is to present to the world a version of reality set up by the organizers. These are usually people with links to wealth and power but they can also be out-groups trying to get their ‘real’ news noticed. For reporters the challenge is whether to cover these events at face value or delve deeper to find the truth. This study examines through a questionnaire and content analysis how reporters who covered Vietnam’s final withdrawal of troops from Cambodia in 1989, staged as a pseudo-event, dealt with the opposing interpretations by Vietnam, an international outcast, and its opponents, who said the pullout was a fake. The power of the pseudo-event was such that nearly all journalists accepted the Vietnamese version as it was shown to them but most also used their knowledge of the international situation as a reinforcement.
The Rotating Presidency of the European Council as a Search for Good Policies
Authors: Kollman Ken
Published: April 2003

The rotating presidency of the European Council is a curious, and unusual, institutional feature. I propose a formal theoretic model that compares a variety of decision-making procedures, including rotating the leadership position in a decision-making council, referendums on each policy issue, and electing a Council president. From the results of the model I conclude that the current version of the rotating presidency has a lot to recommend it. Rotating agenda-setting authority allows for the exploration of new mixtures of policies that might not be discovered or tried under other kinds of procedures. However, I also argue that, once the European Union expands to over 20 members, the procedure may no longer be sustainable.
Behind the Razor Wire
Authors: Jacobson-Hardy Michael
Published: April 2003

The moral and ethical principles that bind society don't count inside prison. You, the custodians, formulate whatever rules, whatever system you require to keep the prisoners in captivity. You must stand between them and us. You are not a connection between the free world and the prison world but a chasm, a wall, a two-sided, unbreakable mirror. When we look at you we see ourselves. We see order and justice. Your uniforms, your rules reflect humane discipline. We see our faces, a necessarily severe aspect of our nature in the stern mask above your martial attire. When prisoners gaze into the reverse side of the mirror they should see the deformed aberrations they've become. Keepers are set in place to reflect and sustain this duality. In between the bright mirrors stretches an abyss.

John Edgar Wideman ( Brothers and Keepers)
`Papa's House'
Authors: Comfort Megan L.
Published: April 2003

Concerned about their partners' potential desensitization to carceral existence and their ensuing loss of ability to function outside of the penitentiary walls, women whose husbands, fiancés, or boyfriends are incarcerated attempt to involve their loved one in personal and family life by relocating various everyday activities into the prison visiting room. As kinship gatherings, family celebrations, and romance are conducted behind bars, the prison becomes `Papa's house', an alternative site for the performance of `private' behavior. This article draws upon intensive field observations in the visitor-waiting area of California's San Quentin State Prison and in-depth interviews with 50 women whose partners are incarcerated to examine the contradictory emotional and institutional processes that complicate and reshape relationships during periods of incarceration and thereby profoundly transform the nature of precisely what visitation is meant to maintain, namely family ties. The depiction of three ostensibly intimate occurrences - commensality, weddings, and spending the night together - shows that their importation into the correctional facility twists them according to penal criteria and establishes the penitentiary as a domestic satellite. Hence the peculiar predicament facing women battling the `institutionalization' of their mate: through their efforts to create strong inclusive bonds with their partner, they in fact partake in the paradoxical `institutionalization' of their own family life and thus extend the reach and intensity of the transformative effects of the carceral apparatus.
Out of the `Digger'
Authors: Sparks Richard
Published: April 2003

Inside prisons, situations of intractable conflict between certain prisoners and correctional authorities arise. The choices available to either party in escaping the sometimes desperate consequences of these battles are usually severely limited. One effect, desire for which is usually disclaimed by the authorities, can be the creation of a yet deeper level of incarceration for the most recalcitrant. Recalling fieldwork experiences in Scotland in the early 1990s, this article describes both this situation and a notable attempt to discover a route out of it. That route lay through the Barlinnie Special Unit, once one of the most internationally celebrated penal innovations of its day. However, the fieldwork immediately preceded, and was marginally and unintentionally implicated in, a decision to close the Special Unit. The article attempts, first and foremost, to recover what was once special about the Special Unit and, second, to discuss the factors and conditions surrounding its elimination. The latter include the uneasy question of the researcher's own involvement and the uses made of aspects of the research by the authorities and the media. While affirming that field research in prisons is unavoidably important, it sounds a note of caution concerning the terms under which it is undertaken.
Rates of incarceration and main trends in Israeli prisons
Authors: Korn Alina
Published: April 2003

Contrary to the majority of studies dealing with prison in Israel that examine the relationships within the prison system, the current article attempts to present a general picture of the changing trends in the rates of imprisonment over the years. Three findings emerge from this analysis. First, after a steady rise, which reached its peak in the late 1980s, came a slow but consistent drop in the total incarceration rate. This drop is due to a significant reduction in the number of Palestinian prisoners from the Occupied Territories held in Israel in the wake of the signing of the Oslo accords in 1993. Second, with reference to Israeli citizens only, without including the Palestinians, there is a clear and steady rise in incarceration rates. Finally, the Arab/Jewish breakdown for Israeli citizens in prison shows that a disproportionate number of prisoners are Arabs, throughout the entire period. The article examines the question of over-representation of Israel's Arab minority in prison, and discusses the penal policy in Israel in theory and practice.
`Decent Work'
Authors: Vosko Leah F.
Published: April 2003

With the proliferation of supranational trade agreements and the deregulation of national labour markets, calls for representative international organizations and international mechanisms aimed at improving the conditions of workers are growing. One outcome of these developments is that international organizations, like the International Labour Organization (ILO), are rethinking their roles under globalization. This article examines the ILO's new platform of action known as Decent Work, exploring whether it represents a challenge to the hegemonic order characterizing the organization historically. It finds that Decent Work is emblematic of the evolving hegemonic order in the ILO yet struggles over the platform reveal counter-hegemonic forces at its margins. Decent Work thus represents an effort at mediating tensions inside the ILO between global capital, member states, trade unions and NGOs and its two leading initiatives reflect this role: the Social Declaration and the commitment to craft standards to improve the situation of marginalized workers.
An Economic Turn
Authors: Smart Barry
Published: April 2003

While the late 19th-century analytic context in which classical sociology emerged was constituted in substantial part by a discourse of political economy, the subsequent development of the discipline has been characterized by a growing analytic distance between sociology and economics. With increasing specialization in the field of knowledge in the course of the 20th century there was a neglect of social institutions in orthodox economic analysis and a parallel relative neglect of economic phenomena within sociological analysis. The latter condition has been exacerbated by the ‘cultural turn’ in social thought that took place towards the close of the century, ironically a period marked by the growing prominence of economic matters in social and political life. This paper presents an argument for a return to the analytic concern with economic life that lies at the heart of classical sociology, for an ‘economic turn’ in contemporary sociological thought. This is achieved through a discussion of the work of J.K. Galbraith on economics and the transformation of capitalism; private affluence and public provision; and the consequences of a culture of contentment, work that suggests an affinity with the analytic preoccupations of the classical sociologists. The paper demonstrates the sociological relevance of the social and institutional analyses of J.K. Galbraith.
The Sociology of the Sociology of Money
Authors: Deflem Mathieu
Published: April 2003

I offer a discussion of Simmel’s Philosophy of Money in comparison with the analyses of money in the writings of Marx, Weber and Durkheim. Based on this analysis, I argue that Simmel’s ambiguous status as a classic can be accounted for by some of the characteristics of his approach as well as the historical (non-)reception of his work. Simmel’s relative neglect in sociology for the better part of the century as well as his recent revival with the rise of the new cultural studies and the postmodern paradigm shift hint at an important interdependence between the history and systematics of sociological theory. The theme of money has not managed to be accepted as an undisputed topic of sociological reflection because of its non-independent status in most social theories (apart from Simmel’s) as well as the factual resistance to totalizing accounts (like Simmel’s) in the history of sociology. Recent transformations in social theory, however, indicate that money may, and to some extent already has, become a more autonomous topic of inquiry. In conclusion, I argue that Simmel’s work does lend itself to be taken up in postmodern perspectives and that the sociological study of money can likewise be appropriated by the new cultural studies. However, these new perspectives will have to come to terms with the modernist resistance of Simmel and the other sociological classics’ remaining influence in contemporary sociological theory.
Social spaces, transnational immigrant communities, and the politics of incorporation
Authors: Kivisto Peter
Published: April 2003

Transnational social spaces exist both `from above' and, in the case of contemporary immigrants, `from below'. This article is intended to offer conceptual clarity to current research agendas concerned with transnational immigration in general and the establishment of transnational immigrant communities in particular. It does so by first exploring theoretical developments in the analysis of social space and connecting these developments to the idea of transnational social spaces. It next turns to the topic of transnational immigrant communities within those spaces, suggesting the importance of examining those communities in terms of the rates of circulation between homeland and migratory setting, the production of an institutional structure, and the social horizons of immigrants. This leads to the final section which, in making a case for construing transnationalism and assimilation as potentially complementary, points to the role of the state in either facilitating or inhibiting a politics of multicultural incorporation.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and People with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Doyle Colin , Mitchell Duncan
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this article is to raise awareness of the issue of post-traumatic stress disorder among people with learning disabilities. The article summarizes literature reviewed from MEDLINE for the period between 1997 and 2001. People with learning disabilities may experience emotional traumas that impact upon their ability to enjoy life and maintain valued relationships, with much of this trauma manifesting itself through challenging behaviour. The authors discuss key points from the literature and suggest that post-traumatic stress syndrome in people with learning disabilities frequently goes unrecognized.
The Virtual Geographies of Retail Display
Authors: Currah Andrew
Published: April 2003

This article explores the commercial website as a virtual landscape of consumption, and considers how six Canadian retailers are displaying this landscape to entice a rapidly growing community of surfers. The article argues that the virtual geographies of retail display are determined by the interplay between corporate philosophies and the specificities of the market sector. In turn, the resultant ‘experiential space’ of the web store can be thought of as being framed by two broadly opposed discourses, which propose divergent levels of technological complexity in the design of the web store. However, the tension between these discursive extremities is already beginning to stabilize around a customized strategy of display, which uses real-time information about consumer behaviour in the web store to realize an appropriate balance between simplicity and interactivity at the scale of the individual surfer.
The Discursivities of Difference
Authors: Crewe Louise , Gregson Nicky , Brooks Kate
Published: April 2003

This article is concerned with retro retailing; specifically with how retro retailers talk about themselves, their shops and the commodities they sell. Retro retailing is argued to exist in a profoundly ambiguous space, between the mainstream and the alternative (as imagined). Whilst retro retailers operate in self-styled ‘alternative’ shopping spaces and talk about themselves and their work in ways that are readily identifiable with others who work in the creative industries, in terms of an imagined alternative, these ways of talking are simultaneously interwoven with facets of the mainstream-as-imagined. This article looks at the ways retro retailers negotiate these tensions and ambiguities. More broadly, it reflects on the importance of analyses of talk within research on the creative industries and on the alternative/mainstream boundary, focusing particularly on the limitations of this boundary as an imaginary for thinking through difference.
A visual analysis of anthropomorphism in the Kabbalah: dissecting the Hebrew alphabet and Sephirotic diagram
Authors: Atzmon Leslie
Published: April 2003

A complex series of mystical texts and rituals within medieval Judaism, the Kabbalah endeavors to explain God by contemplating the anthropomorphic traits of designed artefacts - the Hebrew letterforms and the Sephirotic diagram. This article examines anthropomorphism in these artefacts from a design point of view. The author focuses on the relationships among visual elements within an artefact, and connections between the artefact’s formal qualities and the form of depictions of the body. Despite the Hebraic fear of graven images, the visual form of the Sephirotic diagram can be understood fundamentally as a nuanced, abstract representation of the human body. The designers of this diagram incorporate basic geometric elements of the body and appropriate the visual vocabulary of medieval anatomy. Interpreted visually, the Hebrew alphabetic ‘characters’ look and act like living creatures - they are fleshy beings wielding immense creative ability. Such design-based interpretations of the visual form of the Hebrew letters and the Sephirot evoke new and exciting anthropomorphic renderings.
Double-counting Inequalities
Authors: Steiner Hillel
Published: April 2003

Philippe Van Parijs has argued that, in a globalizing economy, acquiring a second language, additional to one's native language, is more necessary for some persons than others — and that this asymmetric bilingualism is a form of injustice which should be rectified by a more equitable global sharing of the costs of second-language acquisition. This article responds by suggesting that (1) since native languages have geographic locations, and (2) since locations with less globally useful native languages thereby sustain lowered living costs, then (3) the costs which persons incur, in acquiring a second, more globally useful language, may already be offset by the lower costs they incur by virtue of their living in a location with a less globally useful native language. Hence, theories of justice (such as Van Parijs's) that require the egalitarian redistribution of locational values would impose, rather than remedy, an injustice by redistributing second-language-acquisition costs.
Cultural Explanations of Individual Preferences for Influence Tactics in Cross Cultural Encounters
Authors: Branzei Oana
Published: April 2003

This study explored if, and how, cultural values affected the types of organizational goals pursued in work-related influence attempts, and which influence tactics were used to achieve these goals. A scenario-based field study of 223 part-time MBAs from three countries - the United States, Romania, and Japan - showed that similar organizational goals were sought in these countries in upward, lateral, and downward influence attempts. In general, respondents preferred using rational explanations, inspirational appeals, and consultation tactics, and disliked using pressure tactics. In simulated work situations, respondents' choices of influence tactics differed, depending on their cultural values. National culture had a significant influence on ingratiation, exchange, personal appeals, and coalition tactics. Within each culture, gender had a significant influence on ingratiation tactics, and the type of organizational goal pursued had a significant influence on rational explanation, inspirational appeals, consultation, and ingratiation tactics.