bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Know it is to Love it?
Authors: Karp Jeffrey A. , Banducci Susan A. , Bowler Shaun
Published: April 2003

Recent reforms have been designed to enhance the power of the European Parliament to counter criticisms of a "democratic deficit" in the European Union (EU). We examine how citizens now view these institutions and whether such evaluations influence their satisfaction with the way democracy works in the EU. Previous research has maintained that evaluations of the quality of democracy are difficult to assess because opinions about the EU largely reflect opinions about national institutions. Our results indicate that this is not necessarily the case, particularly among those who are politically aware. Those with high levels of political knowledge rely more heavily on evaluations of EU institutions when assessing democracy in the EU. We also find evidence that evaluations of democratic performance in the EU are motivated by the economic benefits and costs associated with membership. The implications for the democratic deficit and the satisfaction with democracy measure are discussed.
Rising from the Ashes?
Authors: Langston Joy
Published: April 2003

This article attempts to explain why certain state Party of the Institutional Revolution (PRI) affiliates in Mexico are able to rebuild their organizations and why others are not. The author finds that severe problems of collective action impede the once hegemonic PRI from restructuring its state parties after the defeat of the state executive because the top-down impositions that once forced PRI politicians to cooperate no longer exist. These findings have serious implications for the national PRI now that it, too, has lost the presidency.
Two-Round Electoral Systems and Democracy
Authors: Birch Sarah
Published: April 2003

Taking as its point of departure a little-noted recent increase in use of two-round electoral systems in parliamentary elections, this article assesses the impact of such systems on democratic performance. It argues that the possibility of holding a second round of voting is a destabilizing factor that inhibits democratic development and encourages the use of nonelectoral means of exercising power. This is because the institution of the double ballot works to fragment the party system by establishing district-specific strategic incentives and by diminishing the element of uncertainty that is key to securing cooperation by important political actors. This proposition is tested on a data set of all states that as of 1 January 1999 held elections to the lower houses of their national assemblies, as well as on a smaller database of democratizing countries.
Contestation in the Streets
Authors: Imig Doug
Published: April 2003

Evidence of political contestation in the EU, largely drawn from public opinion data and party manifestos, is inconclusive concerning the degree to which attitudes toward the EU are inde-pendent from other political cleavages as well as on the salience of the European political dimen-sion to most citizens. In this article, the author examines longitudinal and cross-national data on European political protests to discuss the dimensionality of contention when protests involve the EU. An analysis of this data indicates that Europe is the focus of a small but growing number of protests and also suggests that the EU matters intensely to groups who fear their livelihood is threatened by integration. Moreover, the evidence suggests there is a strong correspondence between anti-integration and Left political sentiment within popular protests.
Employers and the Persistence of Centralized Wage Setting
Authors: Bowman John R.
Published: April 2003

Recent research indicates that centralized collective bargaining institutions are more resilient than predicted by the conventional wisdom, which viewed them as incompatible with new competitive conditions and newproduction strategies. Drawing on a case study of Norway, the author argues that one reason for this resilience is that centralized wage setting may be actively supported by employers because it serves important employer interests. It has helped moderate wage growth, reduced transaction costs, contributed to stable industrial relations, and provided political leverage for employer organizations. The author also argues that institutional change must be viewed in terms of its economic and institutional context. There has been some formal devolution of bargaining capacity to the level of the individual firm in Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. However, these changes have been accompanied by institutional changes, instigated by employers, that have increased the coordinating capacity of labor market actors. Labor markets in all three countries remain highly institutionalized.
Jurisdiction in an Immigrant-Settler Society
Authors: Kimmerling Baruch
Published: April 2003

The major dilemma presented in this article is how a state that officially and constitutionally defines itself as “Jewish and democratic” relates to two categories of Arab minorities: (a) the Arab citizens of Israel and (b) the Palestinians who have resided in the occupied territories since the 1967 war. The analysis will focus on both the legislative and judicial levels, as they reflect the Israeli state's policy toward minority groups more than any other sphere. The article examines the Israeli state's delineation of various boundaries in various contexts, allows the state to exhibit a “democratic façade,” and legitimizes the regime and the state. The Palestinian population in the occupied territories is, even today, after establishment of an autonomous national authority (following a partial implementation of the Oslo Accords), still included within the control and economic system of the Israeli state.
Delegation, Ratification, and U.S. Trade Policy
Authors: Sherman Richard
Published: April 2003

Recent research on executive-legislative relations concludes that divided government causes higher tariffs and inhibits international cooperation. I find that divided government leads to lower U.S. tariffs in the postwar period and that the theoretical connection between divided government and international cooperation is viable only as a special case. In the contemporary United States, trade policy preferences do not adhere to party lines: Democratic Congresses are more protectionist than Republican Congresses, but Democratic presidents are less protectionist than their Republican counterparts. The divergence of executive-legislative preferences is thus greater under unified government than under divided government. As a cross-national hypothesis, the claim that divided government inhibits international cooperation holds only if some special restrictions on partisan preferences are met. These conditions are unlikely to survive as generalizations about democratic polities, rendering implausible the connection between divided government and reduced international cooperation.
Foreign Assistance as a Policy Instrument
Authors: HASSLER BJÖRN
Published: April 2003

Foreign assistance is often characterized by a mix of altruistic and self-interested considerations of the donor country. Swedish environmental support to the Baltic States during the 1991-96 period was designed primarily to promote Swedish interests. Based on a classification of the different supported issue-areas according to collective good content, it is clear that areas with large trans-boundary effects were favoured. The most important targets for Swedish assistance were wastewater treatment facilities, measures to decrease emissions from point sources and increased nuclear safety, while for example handling of solid waste and nature protection received scant attention. Since Sweden, like most other donors, required the recipient country to cover a significant proportion of the cost of every joint project with local funding, domestic financial resources were furthermore drawn to the areas preferred by the donors. Depending on the scarcity of investment funds as well as of administrative capacity in the Baltic States, other domestically prioritized environmental issue-areas were thus largely neglected.
Coming Home or Moving Home?
Authors: BROWNING CHRISTOPHER S.
Published: April 2003

With the end of the Cold War, historical revisionism became popular in Finland. Central to such revisionism has been the notion that Finland has come home to assume its rightful and natural place in the Western European family. Such narratives are politicized, serving as a way to justify an increasingly Western-oriented foreign policy. In the first instance, the article analyses the foundations of such Westernizing narratives in order to expose their politicized nature. Secondly, it is shown that as a consequence of a particular reading of the Cold War period through a return to the Finlandization debates of the late 1960s-1980s, `West' and `Europe' are understood in contemporary debate largely in terms of an opposition with Cold War Finnish foreign policy and Cold War characterizations of Soviet/Russian identity. Finally, the article focuses more explicitly on the emplotment of Russia within Finnish discourse. In constructing Westernness and Europeanness in terms of an opposition to a rather ambiguous emplotment of Russia as a potential threat, it is shown that engaging with the `feared' neighbour has in fact become an opportunity for the Finns to construct positive images of themselves as a participant in the Western civilizing mission in Russia.
The Recognition Game
Authors: RINGMAR ERIK
Published: April 2003

The problem with traditional explanations of relations between states is that they focus on matters of interests and pay insufficient attention to matters of identities. This article seeks to improve on this situation by providing a formal discussion of the role of recognition. World politics is best described as a recognition game rather than as a prisoner's dilemma. To prove the applicability of this argument, an analysis is made of the relations that obtained between Soviet Russia and the West. From the perspective of the alternative, identity-based, model, a number of the most important events of the twentieth century are explained in quite a new fashion.
Bureaucratization or Strengthening of the Political?
Authors: RAIK KRISTI
Published: April 2003

Along with accession negotiations, integration into the European Union (EU) has become a central dimension of Estonian politics, creating new institutional practices and shaping domestic political processes. This article explores how the positions of and relations between the Estonian government, civil servants, parliament and civil society have been constructed in the course of preparations for EU membership, and discusses the findings from the viewpoint of democratic politics. With the help of different concepts of discursive power, it is highlighted that although parliament and civil society have acquired increasing power in the discourses of integration and there have been attempts to increase their involvement, power over these discourses is still predominantly exercised by civil servants and the government. This reflects the tensions built into the logic of integration that, on the one hand, is dominated by the principles of speed, efficiency, expertise and inevitability, but on the other has placed increasing emphasis on the democratic aspect. Altogether, integration tends to limit democracy to a minimal model, reinforcing some general weaknesses of democracy that are common in the post-communist countries, and intertwining these with the technocratic, elite-centred tradition of the EU that is being adopted by the applicant states.
Paradoxes of (In)Equality
Authors: TOWNS ANN
Published: April 2003

This article analyzes how gender equality, paradoxically, has helped produce one unifying identity of the state of Sweden while simultaneously creating divisions within that state. In the 1990s, Sweden came to understand itself as the gender equality champion internationally, having come the `furthest' in empowering women politically and economically. However, this equality discourse has also become implicated in a new inequality, namely the hierarchical categorization of the population of Sweden into `Swedes' and `immigrants'. The article shows that simultaneous with Sweden becoming the `gender equal state' vis-à-vis other states, representations of gender unequal `immigrants' have become prominent.
The Future of Globalization
Authors: HIRST PAUL , THOMPSON GRAHAME
Published: April 2003

This article considers the future of `globalization', conceived here as processes promoting international interconnectedness. Three questions are examined. First, is contemporary globalization unusual compared to past episodes such as 1850-1914? Then there was rapid growth in trade, capital flows and migration comparable to or greater than today. There was also a policy backlash and the widespread adoption of protectionist policies. Second, are contemporary globalization processes undermining national economies and thus hollowing out states? On the contrary, the major states are reinforced in their role of international actors. However, both the global economy and national governments will face crucial challenges during this century, the chief of which is climate change. Such changes will tend to foster conflict and thus reinforce the role of the state, but in a context where governance at every level will be harder to achieve. Third, is economic globalization likely to increase or decrease? Evidence about the effects of borders and the limits to trade expansion are presented, which indicate that we could be close to the limits of feasible globalization.
The Transformation of United Nations Peace Operations in the 1990s
Authors: JAKOBSEN PETER VIGGO
Published: April 2003

The conventional `end of the Cold War explanation' of the transformation of UN peace operations in the 1990s fails to specify the causal links between the independent variable (the end of the Cold War) and the observed variation in the dependent variable (the dramatic changes in the number and nature of peace operations). A missing link is the acceleration in the globalization of the market economy, democracy and human rights that has been triggered by the Western victory in the Cold War. Three developments link this acceleration to the transformation of UN peace operations: (1) the introduction of economic and political conditionality in Western development and assistance programmes served to generate a demand for peace operations by contributing to state collapse and the outbreak of armed conflicts in the Third World, (2) the change in norms that made it possible to launch peace operations in support of human rights and democracy served to increase the supply of peace operations aimed at promoting these goals, and (3) the intense media coverage of human rights violations and atrocities generated intervention pressures that also had the effect of increasing the supply of peace operations aimed at promoting democracy and humanitarian objectives.
Methodological and Content Review of Lesbian-, Gay-, and Bisexual-Related Articles in Counseling Journals: 1990-1999
Authors: Phillips Julia C. , Ingram Kathleen M. , Smith Nathan Grant , Mindes Erica J.
Published: April 2003

Despite the reduction of overt heterosexist biases in the psychological literature, questions exist about the content and methodology of articles on lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) issues in the counseling literature. This study provides a content and methodological analysis of 119 LGB-related articles that were published in eight major counseling journals from 1990-1999 and extends past reviews by examining issues related to bisexuality. Increasing integration of LGB issues in the counseling literature was apparent, as were methodological improvements in empirical research. Various limitations also emerged, such as the need for more theory-based research, instrument development, and attention to within-group differences (e.g., bisexual people and LGB people of color). Findings are discussed against the backdrop of the sociopolitical context of American psychology, with an emphasis on implications for future LGB-related research, practice, and training.
A Comment on a Haunting Number and a Challenge for Psychology
Authors: Rodolfa Emil , Davis Diana
Published: April 2003

The past decade has seen a substantial increase in the publication rate of lesbian-, gay-, and bisexual-related research and theoretical articles in major counseling journals, and their content is consistently affirmative.However, this substantial increase comprises only 2% of all articles published. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual research appears not to be adequately supported in psychology graduate institutions and training programs.This article examines psychology education and training based on the review conducted by Phillips, Ingram, Smith,and Mindes.
Hakoniwa: Japanese Sandplay Therapy
Authors: Enns Carolyn Zerbe , Kasai Makiko
Published: April 2003

Hakoniwa (hä ko ne wä), or Sandplay therapy, is an action-oriented and artistic psychotherapy practiced in Japan and the West. In contrast to most Western psychotherapies, which emphasize verbal and direct expression, linear and cause-effect thinking, and a distinction between physical and mental well-being, Hakoniwa makes significant use of nonverbal communication, concrete activity, and a holistic perspective. To increase understanding of international perspectives on psychotherapy, this article describes Hakoniwa, discusses its relationship to Jungian and Eastern philosophy, clarifies how Japanese values and perspectives on the self and mental health are consistent with the practice of Hakoniwa, and proposes research questions.
A Call to Action in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Theory Building and Research
Authors: Bowman Sharon L.
Published: April 2003

Phillips, Ingram, Smith, and Mindes’s significant contribution exposes some of the gaps in our current writing regarding gay men, lesbian women, and bisexual men and women. Counseling psychology should incorporate gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) samples into some of our current mainstream areas of study, including a focus on lesbian women, gay men, and bisexual men and women as separate groups,and more sophisticated theorizing and research. Although counseling psychology is aware that individuals may identify by race/ethnicity, disability, or sexual identity (among other core identities), this contribution reminds us that more than one identity may be salient for any given person.
Work-Oriented Midcareer Development: A Commentary
Authors: Arbona Consuelo
Published: April 2003

Power and Rothausen (2003 [this issue]) have proposed a midcareer development model that expands on the tasks traditionally associated with Super's maintenance stage. The model delineates three levels of midcareer development for workers who are interested in staying in their chosen fields. In this commentary, the author discusses some of the strengths and limitations of the model. The strengths of the model include the following: It clearly identifies the target population for the model, it describes proactive behaviors workers may engage in to manage their careers, and it provides specific ideas for its implementation. However, Power and Rothausen seem to overemphasize the degree to which workers may be able to individually control their career destinies. The author believes that Power and Rothausen's model of midcareer development would be strengthened by the incorporation of aspects of the larger social, economic, and psychological context that impinge on people's career outcomes.
Understanding Midcareer Development: From Whose Perspective?
Authors: Swanson Jane L.
Published: April 2003

By presenting their model of midcareer development, Power and Rothausen have turned counseling psychologists'attention to a set of lifespan career issues that have often been overlooked. I address three primary issues in this reaction to the model. First, their model highlights the unfortunate partitioning that has occurred in the study of career, resulting in a lack of communication and awareness across the multiple disciplines that focus on career issues. Second, a critical examination of their model indicates that it is not sufficiently connected to previous theory or research in vocational psychology, thereby undermining the model's potential utility. Third, the model is overly prescriptive, and appears to be focused on a narrowly defined group of individuals, further limiting the model's utility. Despite these limitations, Power and Rothausen's model does have implications for the theory, research, and practice of lifespan career development.
The Integrated Problem-Solving Model of Crisis Intervention: Overview and Application
Authors: Westefeld John S. , Heckman-Stone Carolyn
Published: April 2003

Crisis intervention is a role that fits exceedingly well with counseling psychologists' interests and skills. This article provides an overview of a new crisis intervention model, the Integrated Problem-Solving Model (IPSM), and demonstrates its application to a specific crisis, sexual assault. It is hoped that this article will encourage counseling psychologists to become more involved in crisis intervention itself as well as in research and training in this important area.
“Luxuries” in Prison: The Relationship Between Amenity Funding and Public Support
Authors: Lenz Nygel
Published: April 2003

During the 1990s, politicians and others successfully campaigned against prison amenities, arguing that prisons resemble country clubs and as such do not deter crime. They further contended that citizens did not want tax dollars used to finance inmate privileges. Despite this political claim, virtually no empirical research has been conducted to establish its validity. This research project compares the degree of citizen opposition to prison amenities as a function of perceptions regarding who pays for such amenities. Three different survey versions were mailed to the general public. The first informed citizens that inmates pay for their privileges, the second informed respondents that tax dollars are used to finance inmate privileges, and the third provided no information regarding funding. The findings suggest that who pays for prison amenities influences citizen willingness to support inmate access to prison amenities.
Improving Juvenile Justice for Females: A Statewide Assessment in California
Authors: Bloom Barbara , Owen Barbara , Deschenes Elizabeth Piper , Rosenbaum Jill
Published: April 2003

This article reports findings from a survey of officials from various California state agencies and a series of interviews and focus groups with female youth and professionals serving this population. The study examined types of services provided, program barriers, and facilitation of change. The findings were used to make gender-specific policy and program recommendations. The authors found that meeting the needs of girls and young women requires specialized staffing and training, particularly in terms of relationship and communication skills, gender differences in delinquency, substance abuse education, the role of abuse, developmental stages of female adolescence, and available programs and appropriate placements and limitations. Effective programming for girls and women should be shaped by and tailored to their real-world situations and problems. In order to do this, a theoretical approach to treatment that is gender-sensitive and that addresses the realities of girls' lives must be developed.
Decision Making and Perceived Postdetention Success Among Incarcerated Youth
Authors: Evans William P. , Brown Randall , Killian Eric
Published: April 2003

This exploratory study seeks to better understand the link between decision-making skills and perceived postdetention success among incarcerated youth. The study uses data derived from surveys administered in 2001 of 197 incarcerated youth in two Nevada youth detention facilities. Results reveal that those youth possessing higher levels of decision-making competence scored higher on a postedetention success scale. This relationship was found while controlling for gender, age, ethnicity, number of arrests, and family conflict. Implications for detention-based education and prevention programming, as well as future research are discussed.
School Activities, Community Service, and Delinquency
Authors: Hoffmann John P. , Xu Jiangmin
Published: April 2003

A common observation is that lack of involvement in communities is linked to a host of social problems, including delinquency. In response to this observation, youth are increasingly encouraged to volunteer for community service projects. Involvement in school activities is also seen as a way to attenuate delinquency. Yet little research has examined the simultaneous and unique impact of school involvement and community activities on delinquency. Using linked individual-level and school-level data, the authors investigate the impact of school and community activities on delinquency. The results indicate that community activities are related negatively to delinquency, especially in schools that are perceived as unsafe. However, race/ethnicity and percentage of minority students in the school condition the impact of school activities on delinquent behavior. In high-minority schools, African American students who participate in school activities are involved in more delinquent behavior, yet those in low-minority schools are less involved in delinquent behavior.
The Effectiveness of Community Policing in Reducing Urban Violence
Authors: MacDonald John M.
Published: April 2003

In recent years, sharp declines in violent crime rates have been recorded across major American cities. During this time period, many police departments have shifted from a traditional reactive form of policing to a community-oriented approach. It is unclear whether these changes have any causal relationship with the control or reduction in violent crime. To examine this issue, this study used the Law Enforcement Management and Administrative Statistics survey, the FBI's Uniform Crime Reports, and city-level census data to examine the economic and political determinants of robbery and homicide rates in 164 American cities. Findings indicate that community policing had little effect on the control or the decline in violent crime. Proactive policing strategies related to arrest had an inverse effect on violent crime measures and were related to reductions in violent crime over time. Implications of these findings for criminal justice policy are discussed.
Revisiting the Decision to Arrest: Comparing Beat and Community Officers
Authors: Novak Kenneth J. , Frank James , Smith Brad W. , Engel Robin Shepard
Published: April 2003

During the past 30 years, an expanding body of literature has evolved that examines the correlates of officers'decisions to arrest. This study extends this line of inquiry by investigating the influence of situational- and community-level variables on the arrest decisions of officers in an agency that has implementedcommunity policing. Using data collected through systematic social observations of the police, the authors examine the direct effects of officers' assignment on the decision to arrest. In addition, the authors explore whether conventional arrest predictors vary between community and beat officers and, if so, the extent and nature of the variance. The findings generally suggest that there is no significant direct influence of assignment on arrest decisions. However, substantive differences in the decision-making process are revealed among predictors of arrest across assignments.
Using Police Officers to Enhance the Supervision of Juvenile Probationers: An Evaluation of the Anchorage CAN Program
Authors: Giblin Matthew J.
Published: April 2003

This study presents an evaluation of the Anchorage Coordinated Agency Network (CAN) program. The program combined the capacities of both the Anchorage Police Department and the Anchorage Office of Juvenile Probation to enhance the overall levels of supervision that juvenile probationers received. Consistent with research from intensive supervision literature, the CAN evaluation found that juveniles participating in the program were more likely to have new technical violations but no more likely to have new charges when comparedto juveniles on regular probation. These findings support intensive supervision probation literature suggesting that increased supervision and surveillance lead to increased levels of probation violations.
Reexamining Martinson's Critique: A Cautionary Note for Evaluators
Authors: Farabee David
Published: April 2003

In 1974, Robert Martinson, an adjunct assistant professor at the City College of New York, published an article titled “What Works?—Questions and Answers About Prison Reform” (Martinson, 1974). In it, he summarized the results of a 3-year project—Effectiveness of Correctional Treatment (ECT)—which reviewed the effectiveness of 231 offender rehabilitation programs that had been evaluated during the prior 30 years (see also Lipton, Martinson, & Wilks, 1975). Based on his analysis of what was the most extensive offender treatment database that existed at that time, he concluded that “with few and isolated exceptions, the rehabilitative efforts that have been reported so far have had no appreciable effect on recidivism” (p. 25).

Martinson's article has since been cited, perhaps naively, as one of the precipitating factors that quashed the treatment-oriented zeitgeist of the 1970s. In truth, Martinson may have provided an invaluable service to the rehabilitation movement by inadvertently giving human form to the undercurrents of skepticism that already existed. Thanks to Martinson, a once fragmented cadre of researchers and clinicians found themselves working in concert to refute what Martinson himself later described as a mischaracterization of his argument. But in these fevered attempts to prove Martinson wrong and, in some cases, vilify him personally, we may have ignored the most important part of his message.
Toward a Theoretical Model of Peacemaking Criminology: An Essay in Honor of Richard Quinney
Authors: Wozniak John F.
Published: April 2003

In previous research, core peacemaking criminology themes addressed by authors within the Pepinsky and Quinney reader were examined. These peacemaking criminology themes are types of crimes/social harms embedded in current social structure, types of theoretical frameworks/perspectives guiding peacemaking criminology, and types of peacemaking alternatives to confront the social injustices underlying crimes/social harms in today's society. Building on this previous research as well as a survey of peace-making authors, this article illustrates how elements of a peacemaking criminology theoretical model come into view. The article then explores the basic nature and connections of the elements in this peacemaking criminology theoretical model. The analysis concludes with suggestions of ways this peacemaking criminology theoretical model can be adapted toward future crime research and policies.
Richard Quinney's Journey: The Marxist Dimension
Authors: Anderson Kevin B.
Published: April 2003

The relationship of Richard Quinney's critical criminology to Marxism is explored in this article. The originality of his version of critical criminology is discussed, from its origins in social constructionism, to his engagement with Marxism in the 1970s, to the importance in his later work of issues such as existentialism, Eastern thought, and Erich Fromm's socialist humanism. It is argued that Quinney's writings, despite several shifts of perspective, nonetheless exhibit some basic continuities and that an engagement with various forms of unorthodox, humanistic Marxism is one of these.
Crime and Peace: A Walk With Richard Quinney
Authors: Tifft Larry L.
Published: April 2003

Two paths are inspired by Richard Quinney's deep insights into self and society: a path that stimulates sociological imagination and helps us analyze the political economy of crime, and a path of personal and collective transformation. Following the first path, we discover that the problem of crime is a problem with social arrangements that thwart individual and collective potential; foster economic inequality; generate physical, emotional, and spiritual suffering; and necessitate participatory injustice. Following the second path, we recognize that personal and collective well-being is dependant on the understanding that the more we become conscious of being bound to others'well-being, the more the true self emerges and peace becomes our way.
The Origins and Development of the Concept and Theory of State-Corporate Crime
Authors: Kramer Ronald C. , Michalowski Raymond J. , Kauzlarich David
Published: April 2003

The important contributions made by Richard Quinney to the study of corporate crime and the sociology of law, crime, and justice have influenced the development of the concept of state-corporate crime. This concept has been advanced to examine how corporations and governments intersect to produce social harm. State-corporate crime is defined as criminal acts that occur when one or more institutions of political governance pursue a goal in direct cooperation with one or more institutions of economic production and distribution. The creation of this concept has directed attention to a neglected form of organizational crime and inspired numerous empirical studies and theoretical refinements.
On Moral Enterprises, Pragmatism, and Feminist Criminology
Authors: McDermott M. Joan
Published: April 2003

This article affirms Richard Quinney's claim that criminology is a moral enterprise. The author examines the intersection of pragmatism and feminism and its links to feminist criminology (undoing the past and looking to the future, goal of liberation, epistemology and methods, and social responsibility). The article links these pragmatist-feminist themes to Richard Quinney's criminology.
Reflections on Women's Crime and Mothers in Prison: A Peacemaking Approach
Authors: Radosh Polly F.
Published: April 2003

In this article, the work of Richard Quinney and his peacemaking approach to the study of crime is used to examine the circumstances of women's crime and the effect of incarceration on women and children. Quinney's attention to events prior to the act of crime is applied to women's crime. The common life experience of prior physical or sexual abuse is among the most consistent recurring themes among incarcerated women. For these women, crime is a symptom of other painful life experiences. Quinney's peacemaking approach to crime suggests that nonpunitive response offers more hope for a future without crime, and this approach is suggested as the most appropriate means of responding to women's crime.
Exploring the Paradox of the (Un)reality of Richard Quinney's Criminology
Authors: Mobley Alan , Pepinsky Hal , Terry Chuck
Published: April 2003

A core tenet of Zen Buddhism is that life is full of paradox. This article explores the paradoxical reactions of criminologists to the work of Richard Quinney. Quinney, a renowned criminologist, is known among a majority of his colleagues as “important” yet “unreal.” Meanwhile, some people who have undertaken journeys of what might be called self-discovery, including the present authors (two of whom are ex-convicts turned criminologists), celebrate his work as the most real criminology around. The article explores this paradox.
Battle Fatigue: Is Public Support Waning for “War”-Centered Drug Control Strategies?
Authors: Lock Eric D. , Timberlake Jeffrey M. , Rasinski Kenneth A.
Published: April 2003

Since the early 1980s, federal drug control expenditures have soared in response to six presidential administrations’ commitment to the “war on drugs.” During this period, spending on criminal justice programs grew from 30% of the total drug control budget to 52%, whereas the share devoted to drug treatment programs declined from 31% to 18%. Although there appears to be a broad and enduring consensus among the public for government to address the drug problem, little is known about what kinds of strategies Americans prefer. In this article, the authors analyze data from a recent survey of residents of the five largest U.S. metropolitan areas to explore public opinion about domestic drug control policy. The authors found that although respondents seemed generally favorable toward spending on the drug problem, they did not support the way the war on drugs is being fought. In particular, support for criminal justice approaches to drug control lagged significantly behind support for prevention and treatment strategies. This finding is consistent across all sociodemographic categories.
Implementing Community-Oriented Policing: Organizational Change and Street Officer Attitudes
Authors: Adams Richard E. , Rohe William M. , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: April 2003

The limited amount of research on the impact of community-oriented policing (COP) on officer attitudes toward their jobs has been conducted in large cities. In the present study, we analyze survey data from 285 nonsupervisory officers in six small to midsize law enforcement agencies to examine how COP training and COP officer designation is associated with attitudes toward COP principles, support for COP, and job satisfaction. Results indicate that community police officers spend more time engaged in COP-related activities, are more supportive of COP methods and goals, more supportive of organizational changes necessary to implement COP, and more satisfied with their jobs when compared to traditional officers. In addition, officers who perceived their department as having a participatory management style were more positive about community policing and more satisfied with their jobs. Surprisingly, a large majority of traditional officers also supported COP goals and the transition to COP in their departments.
From the Jailhouse to Capitol Hill: Impacting Mental Health Court Legislation and Defining What Constitutes a Mental Health Court
Authors: Slate Risdon N.
Published: April 2003

This article examines congressional testimony preceding the passage of legislation authorizing federal funds for mental health courts and makes the case for the importance of anecdotal evidence in the process. The magnitude of persons with mental illness in the criminal justice system is considered, as well as factors that have led to the criminalization of this population. The concept of therapeutic jurisprudence is discussed, and commonalities in the emergence of mental health courts and methods of supervision are examined. Areas of concern are addressed, and mental health courts are advocated as a commonsense approach to diverting persons with mental illness from the criminal justice system and ensuring linkages to treatment.
Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus: Improving Responses to People With Mental Illness
Authors: Thompson Michael D. , Reuland Melissa , Souweine Daniel
Published: April 2003

This article summarizes the impetus for and findings of the Criminal Justice/Mental Health Consensus Project. This project has been a 2-year effort to develop recommendations, which reflect a bipartisan agreement among the stakeholders in the criminal justice and mental health systems to improve the response to people with mental illness who are involved with—or are at risk of involvement with—the criminal justice system. Stakeholders involved in consultations for the project included state lawmakers, police chiefs, officers, sheriffs, district attorneys, public defenders, judges, court administrators, state corrections directors, community corrections officials, victim advocates, consumers of mental health services, family members and other mental health advocates, county commissioners, state mental health directors, behavioral health care providers, and substance abuse experts. The success of the project will hinge largely on how effectively these flexible guidelines are shaped and molded to meet the particular needs within various jurisdictions throughout the country.
Police Training and Specialized Approaches to Respond to People With Mental Illnesses
Authors: Hails Judy , Borum Randy
Published: April 2003

Eighty-four medium and large law enforcement agencies reported the amount of training provided on mental-health-related issues and the use of specialized responses for calls involving people with mental illnesses. Departments varied widely in the amount of training provided on mental-health-related topics, with a median of 6.5 hours for basic recruits and 1 hour for in-service training. Approximately one third of the agencies (32%) had some specialized response for dealing with calls involving people with mental illnesses. Twenty-one percent had a special unit or bureau within the department to assist in responding to these calls; 8% had access to a mental health mobile crisis team.
A Best Practice Approach to Community Reentry From Jails for Inmates With Co-Occurring Disorders: The Apic Model
Authors: Osher Fred , Steadman Henry J. , Barr Heather
Published: April 2003

Almost all jail inmates with mental illness will leave correctional settings and return to the community. Inadequate transition planning puts jail inmates who entered the jail in a state of crisis back on the streets in the middle of the same crisis. The outcomes of inadequate transition planning include the compromise of public safety, an increased incidence of psychiatric symptoms, hospitalization, relapse to substance abuse, suicide, homelessness, and rearrest. Although there are no outcomes studies to guide evidence-based transition-planning practices, there is enough guidance from the multisite studies of the organization of jail mental health programs to create a best practice model. This article presents one such model.
Transinstitutionalization in the Courts: Brad H. v. City of New York, andthe Fight for Discharge Planning for People With Psychiatric Disabilities Leaving Rikers Island
Authors: Barr Heather
Published: April 2003

This article describes a lawsuit that created a right to discharge planning for people with psychiatric disabilities leaving New York City jails. The article, written by one of the attorneys representing the plaintiff class, describes Brad H. v. City of New York, uses affidavits and records gathered during the litigation to highlight essential components of mental health discharge planning in jails and prisons, and argues that a so-called transinstitutionalization of the rights of incarcerated people with psychiatric disabilities through litigation may be one strategy for reducing criminalization of mental illness.
Mental Health Issues in Long-Term Solitary and “Supermax” Confinement
Authors: Haney Craig
Published: April 2003

This article discusses the recent increase in the use of solitary-like confinement, especially the rise of so-called supermax prisons and the special mental health issues and challenges they pose. After briefly discussing the nature of these specialized and increasingly widespread units and the forces that have given rise to them, the article reviews some of the unique mental-health-related issues they present, including the large literature that exists on the negative psychological effects of isolation and the unusually high percentage of mentally ill prisoners who are confined there. It ends with a brief discussion of recent caselaw that addresses some of these mental health issues and suggests that the courts, though in some ways appropriately solicitous of the plight of mentally ill supermax prisoners, have overlooked some of the broader psychological problems these units create.
Serious and Violent Young Offenders’ Decisions to Recidivate: An Assessment of Five Sentencing Models
Authors: Corrado Raymond R. , Cohen Irwin M. , Glackman William , Odgers Candice
Published: April 2003

Five models of sentencing were assessed with respect to their impact on the decisions of young offenders to recidivate. The five sentencing models tested were fairness, deterrence, chronic offender lifestyle, special needs, and procedural rights. A sample of 400 incarcerated young offenders from the Vancouver, British Columbia, metropolitan area were asked questions regarding their attitudes toward these sentencing models and their intentions to recidivate after serving a period of incarceration. Principal components analyses suggested that although these models do not function independently, two composite models do shed some light on the issues that young offenders consider when contemplating their decisions and intentions to recidivate. Despite the ability of these models to predict half of the explained variance in young offenders’ decisions regarding recidivism, a majority of the sample appeared to not be affected exclusively by cost-benefit analysis, punishment, or reintegrative motivations. The authors conclude that without additional variables and even higher predictive validity, it is premature for policy makers to focus on any single model of sentencing in constructing juvenile justice laws.
A Classification of High-Risk Youths
Authors: Dembo Richard , Schmeidler James
Published: April 2003

The authors report the results of developing and evaluating a classification of 315 arrested youths processed at the Hillsborough County Juvenile Assessment Center in Tampa, Florida. Cluster analysis of summary measures of nine baseline alcohol/other drug use and self-reported delinquency variables identified four groups of youths: (a) low-level delinquents and drug users, (b) high-level delinquents, (c) hair-test-identified marijuana and cocaine users, and (d) self-reported drug users. The validity of the typology was assessed by comparing the clusters of youths on their(a) educational experiences; (b) delinquency referral history; (c) neglect, abuse, and family problem history; (d) close friends’ problem behavior; and, of particular interest, given the focus of the analyses, (e) emotional/psychological functioning and mental health and substance abuse treatment history. The findings indicate the youths were experiencing overlapping delinquency, alcohol/other drug use, and emotional/psychological problems. The cooccurrence of these problems among youths entering the juvenile justice system extends findings of their co-occurrence reported in studies of incarcerated youths.
The Voices of Domestic Violence Victims: Predictors of Victim Preference for Arrest and the Relationship Between Preference for Arrest and Revictimization
Authors: Hirschel David , Hutchison Ira W.
Published: April 2003

This article focuses on what female victims of domestic violence expect the police to do when they call for assistance during an abusive incident and whether there is an association between their desire for formal intervention and subsequent victimization and offender aggression. The 419 victims interviewed in this study had a variety of expectations ranging from simply warning to arresting the offender. A combination of victim characteristics, offender characteristics, and incident characteristics was predictive of victim desire for arrest, and victim desire for arrest was significantly associated with subsequent threat of abuse and actual abuse of the victim. The implications of these findings for preferred and mandatory arrest policies are discussed.
Improving Student Behavior and School Discipline with Family and Community Involvement
Authors: Sheldon Steven B. , Epstein Joyce L.
Published: April 2003

This study reports the results of efforts of school officials to implement family and community involvement activities to reduce the number of disciplinary actions and to ensure a school climate focused on learning. Using longitudinal data from elementary and secondary schools, analyses indicate that regardless of schools’prior rates of discipline, the more family and community involvement activities were implemented, the fewer students were disciplined by being sent to principals’offices or given detention or in-school suspension. Activities for two types of involvement, parenting and volunteering, were most predictive of reducing the percentages of students who were subject to discipline. Also, schools that improved the quality of their partnership programs reported fewer students in need of discipline. The results suggest that creating more connections and greater cooperation among the school, family, and community contexts may be one way for schools to improve student behavior and school discipline.