bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk-Benefit Analysis and the Net Risks Test
Authors: Wendler David , Miller Franklin G
Published: November 2023

The goal of clinical research is to develop scientific knowledge that can guide the improvement of medical care for future patients. A central concern in research ethics is to protect participants from exploitation in the course of this socially valuable activity. To avoid exploitation, the risks to which research participants are exposed must be reasonable in relation to anticipated benefits. This requirement raises a host of difficult questions. Must the potential clinical benefits to participants outweigh the risks they face? Or is it ethically acceptable to expose participants to some risks for the benefit of society? Assuming it is ethical to expose participants to some risks for the benefit of society, are there limits on the level of these risks? And if there are such limits, to what extent do they vary depending upon the participants in question, whether they can consent or not, whether they are children or not?
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Institutional Review Boards
Authors: Speers Marjorie A
Published: November 2023

All research studies involving people need ongoing oversight. For many, probably most, clinical research studies, this oversight is provided by the investigators, under the aegis of the local institution in which the research is being conducted, and with the oversight of the institutional review board (IRB) or its equivalent. Certain kinds of clinical research studies, though, might require different kinds of oversight. This oversight is not necessarily more intensive, but the features specific to the study might call for modifications in the oversight.
The Food and Drug Administration and Drug Development
Authors: Temple Robert , Goldkind Sara F
Published: November 2023

The regulation of drug development, especially human clinical trials and the evidence needed for drug marketing, has major implications for research ethics. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversight and direction derives from federal legislation— principally the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, as amended in 1962—from the regulations written under that law, and from FDA guidance and policy documents that interpret the law and regulations. In this chapter, we provide a historical review of those rules and policies, noting both their obvious ethical implications and some of the less apparent, but critically important, ethical aspects of drug regulation. Table 54.1, below, summarizes the important FDA milestones.
Legal and Regulatory Standards of Informed Consent in Research
Authors: Capron Alexander M
Published: November 2023

Legal rules embodied in judicial decisions and in statutes and regulations are at the heart of modern bioethics, and nowhere more clearly than in research with humans. Of the basic ethical principles associated with clinical research, autonomy—in the guise of “informed consent”—is, in its origins as well as its content, the most legal. Whereas other aspects of bioethics, such as the principles of nonmaleficence and beneficence, can be traced to ancient medical texts as well as to the professional orientation of modern physicians, informed consent was first articulated in legal documents, and it has been further elaborated by judges, legislators, and regulators over many decades.
The Therapeutic Misconception
Authors: Appelbaum Paul S , Lidz Charles W
Published: November 2023

A 25-year-old woman, who was participating in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of two medications for borderline personality disorder, was interviewed shortly after consenting to enter the project. At the time of the interview she displayed no apparent psychiatric symptoms, and her intellectual ability seemed consistent with her history of having completed three years of college. Her understanding of the research was generally excellent. She recognized that the purpose of the research project was to find out which treatment worked best for the class of patients of which she was a member. She spontaneously described the three groups, including the placebo group, and indicated that assignment would be random. She understood that dosages would be adjusted according to blood levels, not her level of symptomatology, and that a double-blind would be used. When she was asked directly, however, how her medication would be selected, she said that she had no idea. She then added, “I hope it isn’t by chance,” and suggested that each subject would probably receive the medication he or she needed.
Liability and Compensation for Injury of Research Subjects
Authors: Mariner Wendy K
Published: November 2023

Most clinical research with human subjects takes place out of public view without complaint or controversy. Yet the legal history of biomedical research highlights the occasional shocking catastrophe. Scandals in particular periodically rouse public outrage, recommendations for law reform, and lawsuits, which refine the legal principles governing research. More than 30 years ago, revelations of the Tuskegee Syphilis study led to the adoption of federal regulations to protect research subjects in federally funded research. More recently, the deaths of research subjects at renowned academic research institutions, most famously that of 18-year-old Jesse Gelsinger at the University of Pennsylvania in 1999, revived calls for reform. So far, neither the legislation nor regulations governing research with human subjects has changed significantly, perhaps because public attention was diverted in the aftermath of September 11, 2001. However, lawsuits against researchers may have gained more visibility, both applying and refining fundamental legal principles.12
Appropriate Ethical Standards
Authors: Macklin Ruth
Published: November 2023

Wherever research involving human beings may be conducted, it must adhere to appropriate ethical standards. Yet despite universal agreement on this fundamental requirement, interpreting and applying the concept of ethical standards has produced a surprising amount of vagueness, ambiguity, and even disagreement. Evermore vexing is the need to determine the appropriate ethical standards for multinational research.
Benefits to Host Countries
Authors: Emanuel Ezekiel J
Published: November 2023

One of the major ethical issues in biomedical research relates to access to drugs and other interventions after a trial has been completed. If the ultimate purpose of research studies is to improve health, then somehow ensuring access to interventions proven safe and effective would seem to be a necessary step. Yet, as is well documented, adoption of any new intervention or technology is haphazard at best. In part this is because after research studies, the drugs or devices might not be submitted for regulatory approval or, if submitted, might not be approved. In addition, health-care providers might not implement the interventions because of inertia or lack of training. And, in both developing and developed countries, the high cost of the interventions might preclude access to these interventions. Historically, a commonly identified problem—which may or may not have been common— has been so-called helicopter or “briefcase” research. The researchers, concerned about the data and publication, came, conducted their study, obtained the relevant data, and left the research area, unconcerned about what subsequently transpired for the research participants and their community.
Systemic Scleroderma— Diffuse
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

The next two chapters will deal with the systemic forms of scleroderma, both diffuse and limited, as well as scleroderma sine sclerosis, in which there is internal organ involvement but no thickening of the skin (sine means with- out and sclerosis means hardening).
Scleroderma And The Lungs
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

Before I begin to discuss how scleroderma can affect the lungs, it is helpful to describe normal lung structure and function. The purpose of the lungs is pretty simple: to extract oxygen from the air we breathe (normal room airis 21 percent oxygen) and to get rid of carbon dioxide (CO2), which is a byproduct of metabolism, the process of converting food products to energy. To do this, the lungs consist of thousands of tiny air sacs (one air sac is an alveolus, more than one are called alveoli), which are arranged around breathing tubes like grapes on a stalk. Air is brought in through the nose and mouth, pulled into the main breathing tube through the voice box, or larynx, and into the trachea, or windpipe (see Figure 2). This divides into the right and left main-stem bronchi, large tubes that in turn branch into smaller and smaller air tubes until they reach the smallest tubes, called bronchioles, which have clusters of alveoli around them. The exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide occurs only in the alveoli. Each alveolus has a very thin lining or wall composed of a mucous membrane cell on the inside, where the air is, and a capillary (the smallest type of blood vessel) on the outside. Separating the lining cell and the capillary is a very thin structure called a basement membrane, which is made up of collagen.
Scleroderma And Sexuality
Authors: Mayes Maureen D
Published: November 2023

Sexuality involves the physiological and the psychological, the body and the mind. These two features are always intertwined in human behavior, but this is particularly true in the realm of sexuality. This chapter is divided into three sections: on women, on men, and on partners.
Going to the Courtesans: Transit to the Pleasure District of Edo Japan
Authors: Screech Timon
Published: November 2023

This essay addresses the process by which males accessed female courtesan enclaves during Japan’s Edo Period (1603–1868). It proposes that men were transformed and so prepared for the transient joys of the pleasure world through rituals of transit from the city proper to the pleasure districts, and were reconnected to civic life upon their return home the following morning. In tracing this transit, I dwell more on the culture of proleptic expectation than on the courtesans per se, and the voices heard are more male than female, the subjectivities of the courtesans them-selves existing in the hinterland.
Tawa’if, Tourism, and Tales: The Problematics of Twenty-First-Century Musical Patronage for North India’s Courtesans
Authors: Maciszewski Amelia
Published: November 2023

The couplet Chandni sang with the grace and feeling of someone much older seemed to speak of “the pain of longing and . . . the silence of isolation . . . in the kothas [courtesans’ salons]”—not unlike the atmosphere where she was growing up. Yet, she and others in her community remain dedicated to their means of survival, which many of them consider their duty.
Advances and Retreats
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

Verdi dubbed the Paris Opéra the “grande boutique,” and Saint-Saëns called the Société des concerts du Conservatoire the “sanctuaire.”1 Both neatly summed up the attitudes of Parisian society in the 1860s, when music as a consumer luxury coexisted with music as a cultural icon. The Opéra, moving between thirteen buildings on twelve sites since its foundation in 1670, had always been located in the most fashionable area of Paris. In 1864 it occupied the Salle Le Peletier at the intersection of the present rue Rossini and rue Drouot in the ninth arrondissement. Here it was indeed surrounded by a complex of smart boutiques, and as a world within a world —”a paradise of Mahommed on earth” — it supported an equally complex society of singers, dancers, musicians, artists, entrepreneurs, claqueurs, Jockey Club members, ticket touts, and others.
The Wind Society
Authors: Blakeman Edward
Published: November 2023

The story of Taffanel’s Société de musique de chambre pour instruments à vent begins and ends with two eye-catching press reviews. In 1893, fifteen years after its founding, the Society had become such a fixture in the Parisian musical calendar that the critic Guy de Charnacé decided the time had come to recommend it to the refined female readership of the “fashionable, cosmopolitan” magazine La Grande dame. And so, after the latest news on the arts and spring hats, and in between advice on choosing the best perfumes and behaving with le dernier chic, an article appeared praising the Society’s excellent performances and noting how it had grown from modest beginnings to become a force that had raised the whole level of awareness of chamber music.
Mutualisms as Consumer-Resource Interactions
Authors: Holland J Nathaniel , Ness Joshua H , Boyle Alice , Bronstein Judith L
Published: November 2023

Recognition that predator-prey interactions involve consumer-resource interactions has served as a conceptual foundation for mechanistic understanding of the influences of predation on patterns and processes in ecology and evolutionary biology. Conversely, although mutualism is increasingly recognized as important in nature, it is still often perceived as an eccentric case of interspecific interactions with little relevance to major patterns and processes in ecology. This perspective stems, in part, from the paucity of general principles that can unify mutualistic systems varying greatly in natural history. In this chapter, we develop one such principle, which is that mutualism, like predator-prey interactions, is a consumer resource interaction.
Patterns of Inheritance of Foraging Traits in Predators
Authors: Riechert Susan E
Published: November 2023

Optimal foraging theory predicts that animals will be opportunistic toward prey, taking advantage of complex and often changing prey availability. Yet a review of studies that have investigated potential patterns of inheritance of foraging traits in predators has identified genetic influences on morphological traits that affect the nature of attack, the ease of taking prey, discrimination of prey among diet specialists, resistance to prey defense mechanisms, and the search patterns used during foraging. Genes even determine whether individuals will exhibit solitary or aggregative feeding (in, e.g., nematode worms), as well as whether they adjust foraging effort in response to local prey availability. No evidence, however, has been found for genetic determination of patch staying time, which may simply reflect the fact that it has not been subjected to genetic study. In this chapter, the constraints and consequences of genetically controlled foraging decisions are considered, as is the extent to which patterns of inheritance of foraging traits are conserved throughout the animal kingdom. Some evidence is provided for the contention that phenotypic plastic responses are a first step toward increased foraging success gained with subsequent canalization of traits. More detailed studies are needed to test the generality of these findings.
Acoustic Interactions Between Insects And Bats: A Model For The Interplay Of Neural And Ecological Specializations
Authors: Triblehorn Jeffrey D , Yager David D
Published: November 2023

Whether belonging to a predator or prey, an animal’s central nervous system (CNS) and sensory systems have evolved to maximize its chances of survival. This evolution is rarely an optimization of structure and function, but rather a compromise, as demonstrated in one of the best-studied cases of the coevolution of CNS and sensory capabilities: echolocating bats and the flying insects they hunt at night. The bats echolocate using ultrasonic (frequencies over 20 kHz) sonar cries, and the nature of the cries and the way their echoes are processed in the CNS depend on the ecology of the particular species. The CNS processing of echolocation cries for swift and efficient prey capture must be balanced against the needs for obstacle avoidance, predator avoidance, and distinguishing their own pulse-echo pairs from those of nearby conspecifics. A partial solution may lie in auditory scene analysis, a CNS strategy of grouping and segregating complex sounds to facilitate their analysis.
The Visual Ecology of Predator-Prey Interactions
Authors: Cronin Thomas W
Published: November 2023

Vision is the sensory modality that normally provides the greatest awareness of events far removed from an animal’s current location. Thus, it is often the most effective sense for early detection of predators or prey, as well as for enabling decisions about appropriate actions to take upon such detection. Indeed, it has been argued that the early appearance of good visual systems fueled the evolution of complex animals. Visual tasks of predators and prey require rather different specializations, reflecting the quite different role of each animal in the predator-prey relationship. Because the risk of overlooking prey involves slight relative costs to a predator, compared to the cost to a prey animal of overlooking the presence of a predator, prey visual systems tend to sample a broad spatial field relatively uniformly, searching for predators at virtually any location.
Perception of Predation Risk:The Foundation Of Nonlethal Predator-Prey Interactions
Authors: Lima Steven L , Steury Todd D
Published: November 2023

The ability of animals to perceive changes in predation risk forms the foundation on which the nonlethal effects of predators are transmitted to prey populations and communities. Our goal here is to provide a wide-ranging treatment of risk perception, highlighting the many important issues that are largely unstudied. A key component of the perception of risk is information about risk itself. Animals have available many possible lines of information about risk, but the precise nature of the information used is rarely clear. Of potentially far-reaching ecological importance is “public information” about risk, information that extends across large spatial scales. Public information about risk may generally be more available in aquatic systems than in terrestrial systems because of the diffusion of chemical cues in the aquatic systems. Predators may also attempt to “manage” the perception of risk in their prey by keeping the level of public information about risk as low as possible. Overall, one of the more fruitful avenues of future research will be to better characterize the risk-related information available to prey animals.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Vegetation Structure and Habitat Complexity on Predator-Prey and Predator-Predator Interactions
Authors: Denno Robert F , Finke Deborah L , Langellotto Gail A
Published: November 2023

Our major objective here is to review the direct and indirect effects of vegetation and habitat structural complexity on predator-prey and predator-predator (intraguild predation and cannibalism) interactions and to explore the consequences of such habitat-mediated interactions on prey and food web dynamics. For this assessment, we emphasize interactions involving invertebrate predators (insects, arachnids, and crustaceans) in both terrestrial and aquatic systems. Structural complexity effects on predators were examined at the spatial scales of microhabitat (e.g., leaf surface), habitat (e.g., plant species diversity, plant density, litter diversity, and substrate heterogeneity), and landscape (e.g., patch size and background matrix composition).
Wooden Warships And The Western Frontier The Battle of Lake Erie September 10, 1813
Authors: Symonds Craig L
Published: November 2023

Lake Erie Is The Southernmost Of The Five Great Lakes. At its western end it is fed by the Detroit River, which carries the discharge from the three largest of those lakes (Superior, Michigan, and Huron), and at its eastern end it is drained by the Niagara River, which spills spectacularly into Lake Ontario. Along its southern shore, connected today by the asphalt ribbon of Interstate 90, is a string of cities historically associated with the coal-and-steel-based industry of the late nineteenth century: Buffalo, Erie, Cleveland, Toledo, and Detroit. Modern Americans are likely to conceive of this region as the “rust belt,” an area where the “old economy” flourished in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, where brick chimneys spilled black smoke into the sky, and where endless trains of boxcars and flatcars carried the products from a hundred factories to the world’s consumers. Given that, it is difficult to envision Lake Erie the way Americans did in the early nineteenth century: as a distant frontier of dense forests and untracked wilderness, a body of water whose shores were largely unpopulated if not in some areas virtually unexplored. The town of Erie was a tiny frontier settlement on Presque Isle Bay, Cleveland had fewer than a hundred residents, and Detroit was Fort Detroit, a garrisoned western outpost for trappers and traders. In 1813 Lake Erie represented not the East but the West, and it was the key to the great western empire granted to the United States by the British in the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Scalar Implicatures, Polarity Phenomena, and the Syntax/Pragmatics Interface
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro
Published: November 2023

Negative polarity phenomena, as exemplified in the behavior of English any, and scalar implicatures, as exemplified by, say, the interpretations of some (i.e., “at least one and possibly all” vs. “at least one but not all”), have often been felt to be closely related. However, the exact nature of such a relationship remains as of now not fully understood, insofar as I can tell. And in fact, some important empirical generalizations pertaining to it, if not altogether missed, have perhaps not been properly appreciated. In this chapter, I address the issue of what are the relevant factual connections between scalar implicature and negative polarity and what we can learn from this about the grammatical mechanisms at the basis of these phenomena. One of the features that makes the analysis of negative polarity items (NPIs) and scalar implicatures (SIs) particularly interesting is that they raise a number of key questions concerning how syntax, semantics, and pragmatics interact with each other. We will mostly focus on the interface of pragmatics with syntax and semantics. More specifically, here is a widespread view of the latter.
Beyond Explanatory Adequacy
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: November 2023

I will assume here an approach to the study of language that takes the object of inquiry to be an internal property of persons, a subcomponent of (mostly) the brain that is dedicated specifically to language: the human “Faculty of Language” (FL), to adapt a traditional term to a new context. This “biolinguistic approach” was controversial when it took shape almost half a century ago, and remains so, but without warrant, in my opinion. A stronger thesis is that the biolinguistic approach has a kind of privileged status, in that every constructive approach to human language and its use presupposes it, or something similar, at least tacitly. That, too, seems to me tenable, but I will not pursue the issue here.
The History of Sjogren’s Syndrome
Authors: Talal Norman
Published: November 2023

The First Case Report describing what we now know to be Sjogren’s syndrome appeared in 1882, when the German physician Theodor Leber described filamentary keratitis (mucous strands that attach to and inflame the cornea). In 1888, surgeon Johann Mikulicz presented to the Society for Scientific Medicine at Konigsberg the case of a 42-year-old East Prussian farmer with painless parotid, lacrimal, and submandibular gland swelling. The term Mikulicz’s syndrome was commonly used to describe other conditions associated with parotid gland swelling, such as tuberculosis and lymphoma. Later that year, the London physician W. B. Hadden presented to the Clinical Society the case of a 65-year-old female with dry mouth and inability to tear whose condition responded to tincture of jaborandi (pilocarpine).
Manifestations of Connective Tissue Diseases Seen in Secondary Sjogren’s
Authors: Vivino Frederick B
Published: November 2023

Many Patients With A Variety of autoimmune conditions demonstrate manifestations of Sjogren’s syndrome. This chapter briefly reviews these and shows how Sjogren’s relates with and interacts with them.
Useful Studies:Blood Tests, Imaging, Biopsies, and Beyond
Authors: Vitela Roger A Levy Veronica S , Abreu MD Mirhelen M
Published: November 2023

The Revised European Diagnostic criteria of primary Sjogren’s syndrome includes anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies as one of the six items. The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is a commonly performed serologic assay for aiding in the diagnosis of a few systemic autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, and Sjogren’s. The test is based on an immune fluorescent technique and is in most instances dependent on a subjective analysis. When ANA is positive, it does not mean that an autoimmune disease is present; it can occur in relatives of patients with a definite diagnosis and in healthy individuals (usually in the lower titer range), and it can also be induced by certain drugs (such as the antihypertension agent hydralazine or the psychiatric drug chlorpromazine). When anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies are present in the serum, the ANA displays a speckled pattern in the cell nuclei. In addition to anti-Ro/SSA and/or anti-La/SSB antibodies, several other laboratory tests are used in the diagnostic investigation of Sjogren’s. Once the diagnosis is confirmed, laboratory tests are important in the clinical follow-up of Sjogren’s patients and help the rheumatologist and other specialists caring for the Sjogren’s patient to evaluate if the disease is flaring up; in addition, some have prognostic value.
Treatment of Dry Mouth
Authors: Fox Phillp C
Published: November 2023

Dry Mouth is A hallmark symptom of Sjogren’s syndrome. The term xerostomia is used in the medical literature to describe this subjective sensation of dryness of the oral cavity. The cause of dry mouth in Sjogren’s syndrome is a reduction in the amount of saliva produced by the major and minor salivary glands and changes in the composition of the secretions. This is a result of autoimmune-mediated alterations in the salivary glands that lead to a loss of fluid-secreting cells and disruption of normal secretion mechanisms.
Is There Hope for a Cure?
Authors: Grayzel Arthur
Published: November 2023

What Can Patients With Sjogren’s look forward to in the next decade or two? Advances in basic medical science, especially immunology, genetics, and pharmacology, certainly offer hope that Sjogren’s can be conquered, if not cured. This chapter will review some of the most promising current areas of investigation, but the cure may come from research as yet unknown.
Amphibians: Leading a Life of Slime
Authors: Cannatella David , Hillis David M
Published: November 2023

Amphibians have generally not been regarded with much favor. An often-cited paraphrasing of Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae suggests that they are such loathsome, slimy creatures that the Creator saw fit not to make many of them. In fact, the number of living amphibians, about 5300, exceeds that of our own inclusive lineage, Mammalia (Glaw and Köhler 1998). The rate of discovery of new species exceeds that of any other vertebrate group. Since the publication of Amphibian Species of the World (Frost 1985), the number of recognized amphibians has increased by 36%. More than 100 undescribed frog species have been reported in Sri Lanka (Meegaskumbura et al. 2002). Yet, the decline and extinction of amphibian populations are visible signals of environmental degradation (Hanken 1999). Amphibians are named for their two-phased life history: larva and adult. Typically, the larva is aquatic and metamorphoses into a terrestrial adult. In a loose, descriptive sense, amphibians bridge the gap between fishes, which are fully aquatic, and amniotes, which have completely escaped a watery environment and have abandoned metamorphosis. However, amphibians are not in any sense trapped in an evolutionary cul-de-sac, because they exhibit a far greater diversity of life history modes than do amniotes.
Rehabilitation of Impaired Awareness
Authors: Sherer Mark
Published: November 2023

Self-awareness can be defined as “the capacity to perceive the ‘self’ in relatively ‘objective’ terms while maintaining a sense of subjectively” (Prigatano & Schacter, 1991, p. 13). Normal self-awareness represents a synthesis of an objective “third person point of view” of one’s abilities and actions with the personal, emotional impact of these actions and self-perceptions. The appropriate balance of the objective and the subjective allows one to incorporate feedback from others and from one’s own self-perceptions while maintaining a sense of personal identity and positive self-esteem. In patients with neurological disorders, impaired awareness may be manifested as failure to recognize a deficit caused by the disorder, failure to perceive problems in functioning as they are caused by the deficit, and/or failure to anticipate the future occurrence of problems due to the deficit (Crosson et al., 1989).
Social Communication Interventions
Authors: Struchen Margaret A
Published: November 2023

Interventions targeting social communication abilities have been a subject of great interest in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation (e.g., Ben -Yishay et al., 1980; Boake, 1991; Hartley, 1995; Marsh, 1999; Snow & Douglas, 1999; Sohlberg et al., 1992). This strong interest among rehabilitationists has likely been due to consistent findings that social isolation is a major consequence following injury, at least among individuals with moderate to severe TBI (Klonoff et al., 1986; Marsh & Knight, 1991; Morton & Wehman, 1995; Rappaport et al., 1989;
Older Adults
Authors: Goldstein Felicia c.
Published: November 2023

Unlike the extensive literature on children and young adults summarized in this volume, little is known about the rehabilitation needs of older persons who sustain traumatic brain injuries (TBI). A search of Medline and PsychInfo from 1996 to the present, using the keywords rehabilitation and elderly or rehabilitation and older adults, revealed a plethora of papers on orthopedic injuries, cardiac disease, and stroke, but no papers that specifically addressed older adults with TBI. A more extensive and broader search dating back to 1966 produced similar results. When the terms head injury and TBI in elderly or older adults were used, the search indicated a handful of papers addressing their neurologic and neuropsychological complications, neuropsychological effects, or functional outcome, but none addressing the topic of rehabilitation per se.
The Barberini Buy a Piece of Paradise While They Descend into Hell
Authors: Castiglione Caroline
Published: November 2023

A little more than a month after the death of his uncle Pope Urban VIII in July 1644, Taddeo Barberinifinalized his purchase of the stato of Monte Libretti from the Orsini family for 1,160,000 scudi. Northeast of Rome on the road to Rieti, its farmland in the gentle valley of the Tiber was dry and deserted in the August heat. September rains would bring it back to life, renew it with natural pasture, and tempt the shepherds and their flocks back down again from the Sabine mountains. The stato’s hilltop villages were encircled by vine-yards, olive groves, and the last remnants of their old and obsolete walls. The fortified towers of their baronial palaces were their most striking feature from afar, but up close, the villages were centers of humble houses, tiny churches, and the new owner’s “vassals,” including a resident hermit, who, no doubt, could no more resist this earthly paradise than could Taddeo Barberini. Monte Libretti was a purchase befitting the dignity and honor to which the papal nephews had been raised during the spectacular twenty-year reign of their uncle. Its six communities and the tenuta of Monte Maggiore had been tied together administratively by the Orsini in the late sixteenth century. All but one of the villages were fortified by walls, around which the Barberini residents gathered at the end of their day: peasants, millers, bakers, guards, brick makers, weavers, and day laborers. The security of those defensive walls would have been especially attractive to the inhabitants since the fragile tranquility of the countryside had been recently shattered by Urban’s disastrous War of Castro. His foreign mercenaries still wandered in the countryside in the summer of 1644, nominally under the command of Taddeo, still General of the Church and Prefect of Rome during the interregnum.
Over Here: The First World War And American Society
Authors: Kennedy David M
Published: November 2023

The Great War of 1914-1918 left a residue of disruption and disillusion that spawned an even more ruinous conflict scarcely a generation later, and it confronted the United States with one of the most wrenching crises in the nation’s history. Over Here is the first full-scale discussion of the impact of World War I on American society. This 25th anniversary edition includes a new afterword from Pulitzer Prize-winning author David M. Kennedy, which explains his reasons for writing the original edition as well as his opinions on the legacy of Wilsonian idealism, most recently reflected in President George W. Bush’s National Security Strategy.
Introduction Colliding and Collaborating: Gender and Civil War Scholarship
Authors: Silber Nina
Published: November 2023

In the past fifteen years, since the initial appearance of Divided Houses, our original volume of essays on gender and the Civil War, scholarship on the sectional conflict has, in its own way, been nudged in new directions. Of course, a quick tour through the bookstore, or a glance at most television documentaries, will reveal that the dominant picture of the Civil War still revolves largely around leading generals, great battles, and famous political leaders. But, even if only occasionally, subtle hints emerge documenting a different kind of Civil War experience: news articles on women who cross-dressed as men and fought like soldiers; an occasional book exploring the exploits of a Civil War heroine; even a Hollywood film that devotes considerable screen time to the trials of women trying to survive on the homefront. And while Hollywood directors may not have always been the most assiduous readers of the latest historical writing, their future artistic creations might be enhanced by turning to the work of a growing number of scholars who have begun to complicate the traditional story-line of the U.S. Civil War by reminding us that significant numbers of Civil War–era Americans were not men. We can now read more carefully about the problems and contributions of a diverse corps of female nurses, the work done by women spies and soldiers in advancing the war’s agenda, and the way that women writers crafted their own critical interpretations of wartime events.
“Oh, I Pass Everywhere” Catholic Nuns in the Gulf South during the Civil War
Authors: Gould Virginia
Published: November 2023

On April 8, 1863, Marie Hyacinth LeConnait, the mother superior of the Daughters of the Cross in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana, wrote to her mother and father in Plounez, France. Penning her letter in her native French, LeConnait did not offer reassurance to her elderly parents as the Civil War closed in on her and her convent. Instead, she filled her pages with news of the deprivations suffered by her congregation and alerted her parents to the dangers they faced. She reported that she had lost contact with the Daughters of the Cross in Isle Breville and Shreve-port the preceding fall when New Orleans was captured by Union forces. By early May the situation had worsened. The “Federals (Yankees they are called here), our enemy,” she wrote, “have a camp five miles from us.” On May 2, she wrote again, warning her mother and father: “No one knows when this terrible war will be over, but do not worry about us.” Until now, she added, they have “respected the religious communities.” Although the threat had thus far been negligible and manageable, she had heard that thirty thousand Union troops were advancing on the parish. With no other recourse, Mother Hyacinth ordered her religious sisters to sew a French flag and hoist it over the convent. Then she prayed that their declaration of French citizenship, and thus their neutrality, would save them.
The Composer as Intellectual
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

In The Composer as Intellectual, musicologist Jane Fulcher reveals the extent to which leading French composers between the world wars were not only aware of, but engaged intellectually and creatively with the central political and ideological issues of the period. Employing recent sociological and historical insights, she demonstrates the extent to which composers, particularly those in Paris since the Dreyfus Affair, considered themselves and were considered to be intellectuals, and interacted closely with intellectuals in other fields. Their consciousness raised by the First World War and the xenophobic nationalism of official culture, some joined parties or movements, allying themselves with and propagating different sets of cultural and political-social goals. Fulcher shows how these composers furthered their ideals through the specific language and means of their art, rejecting the dominant cultural exclusions or constraints of conservative postwar institutions and creatively translating their cultural values into terms of form and style. This was not only the case with Debussy in wartime, but with Ravel in the twenties, when he became a socialist and unequivocally refused to espouse a narrow, exclusionary nationalism. It was also the case with the group called “Les Six,” who responded culturally in the twenties and then politically in the thirties, when most of them supported the programs of the Popular Front. Others could not be enthusiastic about the latter and, largely excluded from official culture, sought out more compatible movements or returned to the Catholic Church. Like many French Catholics, they faced the crisis of Catholicism in the thirties when the church not only supported Franco, but Mussolin’s imperialistic aggression in Ethiopia. While Poulenc embraced traditional Catholicism, Messiaen turned to more progressive Catholic movements that embraced modern art and insisted that religion must cross national and racial boundaries. Fulcher demonstrates how closely music had become a field of clashing ideologies in this period. She shows also how certain French composers responded, and how their responses influenced specific aspects of their professional and stylistic development. She thus argues that, from this perspective, we can not only better understand specific aspects of the stylistic evolution of these composers, but also perceive the role that their art played in the ideological battles and in heightening cultural-political awareness of their time.
Wartime Nationalism, Classicism, and Their Limits
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

On 16 December 1915, the director of the recently reopened Paris Opera displayed his political acumen to a government still skeptical of opera’s relevance in wartime. Drawing on innovations in his own private theater, Jacques Rouche mounted a seemingly anodyne work, resembling classic “Opera-ballet” and bearing the pallid title of Mademoiselle de Nantes.1 The production, in reality, was ingenious-a brilliant departure in wartime propaganda-not through blatant “brainwashing” but through means far more powerful for being so insidiously indirect. Central to the work’s scenario is a concert with musicians and audience dressed in period costume; the former are presenting a performance of French music before the grandchildren of Madame de Montespan. More specifically, the eighteenth-century progeny of this famous mistress of Louis XIV are listening to selections of Lully and Charpentier which illustrate the birth and growth of opera in France. The “homology” between the performances here was charged: the audience that was present in the opera was being manipulated astutely toward identification with what was being represented on the stage. The concert depicted historically was instilling national memory as well as cultural identity, creating a sense of its unity and continuity as the patrimony of all future generations. So too was the performance at the Opera: the audience in the theater was witnessing its own past on the stage and, in identifying with the historical audience, imbibing the same lesson of French identity and tradition. Its heritage, it learned, was classic; in addition, since the illustrious days of Louis XIV it has been bound instrumentally to state power, defining the French community and insuring its prestige. In this and similar productions Rouche inserted the Opera into a network of wartime propaganda through clever mediation, or the attempted control of the production of meaning. This included popular culture as well, for, as French cultural officials understood, different levels of culture offered different “modes” of understanding and had to be surveilled in distinctive ways.
Latin for Students with Severe Foreign Language Learning Difficulties
Authors: Hill Barbara
Published: November 2023

“I never thought I could understand a foreign language until I found Latin. Whenever I tried to learn a language, I never knew what the teacher was saying. I couldn’t even figure out when one word she said ended and the next one began. I didn’t get the words on the page either. I would try to study outside of class, but I never knew what to do so I would just come back to class the next day to try to get help, but then I would feel even worse because everyone else seemed to know the answers. First, I would try to keep my eyes down to avoid being called on, but a few days later I would skip class. When I came back, I was totally lost and I knew I had to drop. But Latin is different. I have to work at it, but I can figure it out. I think I’ve found my language.” When words such as these are spoken, chances are good that the speaker is a student who either possesses LDs (variously defined as “learning disabilities,” “learning difficulties,” or “learning differences”) or can be identified as a “high-risk” foreign language learner. Chances are also good that the Latin teacher who hears them has invested much thought and energy into creating the kind of classroom situation, communication structure, course materials, and evaluation processes that allow students at risk of failure in foreign language (FL) classes to succeed along with their more adept peers. Establishing and maintaining such a classroom is a continually challenging endeavor, but experience shows that it is nevertheless possible.
Peer Teaching and Cooperative Learning in the First Year of Latin
Authors: Argetsinger Kathryn
Published: November 2023

My goal in this chapter is to propose two different alternatives to the traditional structure of the first-year college Latin classroom.1 I will be concerned not with deciding which materials or methodologies work best in the first year, but rather with suggesting ways in which we, as teachers, can set up our classrooms to maximize learning for all of our students. Thus, whether you prefer a grammar-translation, reading-based, linguistically based, or some other approach, the classroom designs discussed here may enable you to deliver your chosen material more effectively. The Traditional Latin Classroom and Its Woes In the typical first-year Latin class, students are assigned a certain amount of material from their textbooks each night, generally translations from Latin to English or occasionally from English to Latin, which they are asked to prepare for the next day. The class period itself usually includes some lecture by the teacher on new grammar points, and perhaps some drill on the new items. The largest part of the class time, however, is spent as follows: the teacher calls on individual students to translate the sentences or passages they have prepared; if a student translates correctly, the teacher may or may not ask for some grammatical explanation of the sentence; if a student translates incorrectly, the teacher may offer corrections or may encourage the student to discover his own mistakes. Occasionally, in addition to the prepared work, there might be time for sight-reading. The procedure, however, is the same in either case: individual students are called upon to translate.
Is There a Woman in This Textbook? Feminist Pedagogy and Elementary Latin
Authors: Churchill Laurie J
Published: November 2023

What then is associated with these insistent fringes? Quite simply the label of Romanness. We therefore see here the mainspring of the Spectacle—the sign—operating in the open. The frontal lock [of hair] overwhelms one with evidence, no one can doubt that he is in Ancient Rome. And this certainty is permanent: the actors speak, act, torment themselves, debate “questions of universal import,” without losing, thanks to this little flag displayed on their foreheads, any of their historical plausibility. Their general representativeness can even expand in complete safety, cross the ocean and the centuries, and merge into Yankee mugs of Hollywood extras: no matter, everyone is reassured, installed in the quiet certainty of a universe without duplicity, where Romans are Romans thanks to the most legible of signs: hair on the forehead.
Teaching Writing in Beginning Latin and Greek Logos, Ethos, and Pathos
Authors: Gruber-Miller John
Published: November 2023

Teachers have long felt that composition in the Greek and Latin classroom is beneficial. It helps students master the intricacies of Greek and Latin morphology and, at more advanced levels, provides a way to understand ancient prose styles. Teachers realize too that there is an important, if not completely understood, connection between reading classical languages and writing them. Yet teachers also realize that there are so many subskills to master that they wonder how there will be time to spend writing Latin and Greek. Instead of asking their students to write, they “help” their students out by giving them textbook sentences to compose. Too often, what passes for writing is really another way to say translation. When I was first learning Latin, I was asked to translate into Latin sentences such as “The teacher’s horse is in the field” or “The advice of the teacher having been heard, we shall read the book” (Ullman, Henderson, and Henry 86, 250). From our students’ point of view, this model has little to recommend it. Students are asked to translate individual sentences into Latin or Greek that are not part of any connected narrative or exposition; that have no audience except one, the teacher; and that have as their primary purpose to learn morphology, syntax, and vocabulary. Once students do write, what they remember is the humiliation of going to the blackboard and having their sentences critiqued, erased, and largely rewritten rather than the success of learning Greek or Latin.
CavelI on Skepticism
Authors: Rorty Richard
Published: November 2023

Cavell’s The Claim of Reason consists of two books in one-the first (parts 1-11) written some twenty years back, and the second (part IV) composed quite recently.’ Most (parts 1-11) of the first book is about epistemology, and this is the book with which I want to take issue. So I shall spend most of my time on it, saying only a little, toward the end, about the second. This is unfortunate, since I admire the second book as much as I disagree with the first. But one always has more to say in disagreement than in agreement.
Rethinking the Ordinary Austin after Cavell
Authors: Laugier Sandra
Published: November 2023

Certainly Stanley Cavell has discovered a new way of thinking about the ordinary. Of course, he was not the first to invoke a return to the ordinary; even before Wittgenstein and Austin, a certain British empiricism also laid claim to such a return. But it was Cavell who conceived this return as a return to where we have never been and the ordinary as a nextness new to the world, at once near and far. By starting from this next ness we can, contrary to what we might expect, rethink the question of “realism” in ordinary language.