bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge and Opinion about the same thing in APo A-33
Authors: Angioni Lucas
Published: September 2014

Procuro mostrar que o contraste que Aristóteles oferece entre conhecimento demonstrativo e opinião, em Segundos Analíticos I-33, não faz parte de nenhum projeto epistemológico geral e, na medida em que toma apenas opiniões explanatórias para comparação, pressupõe fortemente traços importantes da demonstração científica, tal como expostos nos capítulos anteriores do livro I dos Segundos Analíticos. Aristóteles está interessado no contraste entre opinião e conhecimento apenas do ponto de vista da relevância explanatória. As noções modais que aparentemente são invocadas para dar conta da distinção entre opinião e conhecimento também dizem respeito tão somente à relevância explanatória.
O fim com vistas ao qual um homem escolhe viver (Ética Eudêmia I 5, 1215b15-16ª10)
Authors: Zillig Raphael
Published: September 2014

No início de Ética Eudêmia I 5, Aristóteles pretende mostrar que a questão “o que é a felicidade?” não é tão facilmente respondida como se crê usualmente. O modo como ele procura fazê-lo, no entanto, é intrigante, uma vez que ele recorre ao exame de diferentes situações nas quais não viver seria mais vantajoso do que viver. Não é claro como ele espera que estejam relacionadas entre si as diferentes situações que levam a essa conclusão nem como ele pretende que essa linha de argumentação esclareça a dificuldade que é normalmente ignorada com relação à questão “o que é a felicidade?”. Neste artigo, discutimos esses pontos com o objetivo de determinar a contribuição da porção inicial de EE I 5 para a investigação eudêmia da felicidade.
O método para a investigação da definição da justiça na Ética Nicomachea V
Authors: Natali Carlo
Published: September 2014

O objetivo do artigo é analisar a primeira parte do Livro V da Ética Nicomaqueia, dedicado a discutir a justiça, para mostrar que o método ali empregado não é dialético. Muitos estudiosos em anos recentes atribuíram a Ética Nicomaqueia como um todo o método descrito no Livro VII 1, cujo objetivo parece ser aquele de salvar as mais importantes opiniões sobre o assunto. Contrariamente a esta posição, pretendemos encontrar procedimentos característicos das investigações científicas tal como descritos nos Segundos Analíticos, II 1-3 e 8-10, que, com respeito ao objeto da investigação, iniciam por responder à questão ei estin e prosseguem em busca da definição de sua essência através de passos sucessivos, um dos quais é a indicação de uma definição nominal. Neste modo de proceder, faz-se bastante uso dos endoxa, mas o argumento não é dialético.
Aristotele, Eraclito e la forza irresistibile del thumos (22 B 85 DK)
Authors: Viano Cristina
Published: September 2014

Questo articolo presenta  un quadro dei problemi che il frammento B85DK di Eraclito solleva e delle interpretazioni  antiche e moderne che sono state suggerite. In particolare, è esaminata  la testimonianza di Aristotele,  la più antica  e anche la più profonda e articolata. Una panoramica sui significati di thumos, punto centrale del frammento, mostra che per Aristotele questo concetto non si esaurisce nel pathos dell’ira. Il thumos è in primo luogo una dunamis, una facoltà dell’anima che rende possibile non solo il pathos, l’affezione passeggera dell’ira, ma anche il coraggio, l’impulsività, l’affetto, il senso della libertà e dell’autorità.  Questa nozione aristotelica, così ricca e polimorfica da sottrarsi a una traduzione unica esaustiva, proviene in realtà dalla sistematizzazione di un materiale molto antico, omerico e presocratico, legato ai proverbi.  Eraclito stesso ne offre già una formulazione che sintetizza due aspetti che Aristotele accoglie e sottolinea: la forza irresistibile e inarrestabile dello slancio impulsivo naturale, una volta che sia stato innescato, e l'estrema conseguenza a cui puo' portare, e cioè la perdita della vita stessa.
Editorial
Authors: Zillig Raphael , Zanuzzi Inara , Spinelli Priscilla
Published: September 2014

Editorial
Wątrobowce (Hepaticae) Beskidu Żywiecko-Orawskiego (Karpaty Zachodnie) [Liverworts (Hepaticae) of the Beskid Żywiecko-Orawski Range (Polish Western Carpathians)]
Authors: Klama Henryk
Published: September 2014

The study area comprises two mountain groups – Wielka Racza and Pilsko – situated in western part of the Beskid Żywiecko-Orawski Range in Polish Western Carpathians. The flora of this area includes 111 species of liverworts and 2 species of hornworts. 81 species of liverworts and 2 species of hornworts were found in the area of the Wielka Racza group, 108 species of liverworts and 2 species of hornworts – in the area of the Pilsko group. The species new for the Polish part of the Beskid Żywiecki Range were found (27), as well as for the whole Range including the Slovakian part (22) and for the Western Beskids (2). Moreover, 20 species rare in the Western Beskids as well as 11 species rare in the whole area of the Western Carpathians were recorded. 6 species regarded as threatened in the Polish flora occur in the study area. Four of them belong to the category of endangered species (E): Fossombronia wondraczekii, Frullania tamarisci, Porella baueri and P. platyphylla, the remaining two belong to the category of vulnerable species (V): Geocalyx graveolens and Metzgeria conjugata. A particular attention should be payed to the species threatened on European scale: Lophozia ascendens (R category), Porella baueri (T) and Scapania parvifolia (T). The floristic analysis of habitats covered by liverworts as well as habitat groups of liverworts and habitat preferences of particular species arę presented in the paper. The phytogeographic characteristics of the flora is also given, including vertical and horizontal distribution of liverworts in the study area.
Zbiorowiska namułkowe z klasy Isoëto-Nanojuncetea Br.-Bl. et Tx. 1943 w Polsce [Occurrence of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea-class communities in Poland]
Authors: Popiela Agnieszka
Published: September 2014

The Isoëto-Nanojuncetea-class includes short-lived and ephemerical communities occurring on temporarily flooded places in Western, Southern and Central Europe and Northern Africa. Results of the numerical classification of 739 phytosociological releves of the communities occurring in Poland are presented and discussed. Ali the releves were made in accordance with the principles of the BRAUN-BLANQUET school of syntaxonomy. The calculations were performed using NCLAS program of the SYN-TAX IV package. The JACCARD formuła and the unweighted pair-group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) were applied. There is a strong habitat and floristic differentation of the communities of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea-class occurring in Poland. The results of the numerical classification indicate that, the distuinguished communities belong to two alliances: the Radiolion linoidis (Rivas Goday 1961) Pietsch 1965 (for associations occurring on synanthropic localities like stubble fields) and the Elatini-Eleocharition ovatae Pietsch 1965 (for communities growing on bottoms of dried ponds and exposed river or lakę banks). The distinguished communities arę phytosociologically characterized on basis of 223 selected releves. These arę: Spergulario-Illecebretum verticillati, Ranunculo-Myosuretum minimi, Centaurium pulchellum-Pottia truncata-commumiy, Heleocharetum ovatae, Cyperetum flavescentis and Cyperus fuscus-Limosella aquatica-commumiy. The study focused on: (1) attempting to solve the problem of phytosociological classification for the communities occurring in Poland, (2) preparing a complete catalogue of them and (3) giving the full list of character species (also among bryophytes) of distinguished syntaxa. It has led to finding out the relation between the communities occurring in Poland and the associations of Western Europe. The problem of the naturality of certain distinguished associations was discussed. The paper gives also some open questions demanding further studies and some suggestions of methods to be applied.
Porosty Beskidów Wyspowego i Żywieckiego, Pasma Jałowca i Masywu Babiej Góry [The lichens (Lichenized Fungi) occurrence in the Beskid Wyspowy, Beskid Żywiecki and Pasmo Jałowca Ranges, and the Babia Góra Massif]
Authors: Nowak Janusz
Published: September 2014

The work presents lichenological materials collected in the years 1964–1969 in the area of the Beskid Wyspowy, Beskid Żywiecki and Pasmo Jałowca Ranges and the Babia Góra Massif in the Western Carpathians. In the years 1996–1997 comparative studies of those mountain ranges were undertaken again. However, the author managed to reinvestigate the lichens of the Beskid Wyspowy Rangę only, he will probably not be able to continue the research in the other ranges. The check-list of the lichen species occurring there in the sixties, published nów for the first time, can be the reference for the lichenologists who would carry out this project in the same way as the author referenced to the former investigations (STEIN 1872; REHMAN 1879; BOBERSKI 1886; MOTYKA 1934; ZSHACKE 1934; SUZA 1951). In the Beskid Wyspowy Range 342 species of lichens were found, among them 112 epiphytic species, 30 epixylic species, 6 epibryophytic species, 55 epigeic species and 139 epilithic species were recorded. One species of lichenicolous fungus was also found Epilichen scabrosus. In the Beskid Żywiecki and Pasmo Jałowca Ranges, and Babia Góra Massif 543 species of lichens occurred, among them 183 epiphytic species, 43 epixylic species, 21 epibryophytic species, 69 epigeic species and 194 epilithic species. The check-list includes also lichenicolous species: Carbonea vitellinaria, Chaenothecopsis consociata, Microcalicium arenarium, Sphinctrina turbinata, Stenocybe pullatula. In the Babia Góra Massif 27 species previously published from there were not found again: Catolechia wahlenbergii, Cliostomum corrugatum, Phaeographis dendritica, Polyblastia cupularis, P. sendtneri, Solorina crocea, Sticta syhatica (comp. STEIN 1872), Ramalina calicaris (REHMAN 1879), Usneaflorida, U. longissima, U. scrobiculata (MOTYKA 1934), Polyblastia pallescens (ZSCHACKE 1934), Arthrorhaphis alpina, Cladonia amaurocrea, C. bellidiflora, C. cyanipes, C. macrophylla, Evernia divaricata, Hypotrachyna sinuosa, Mycobilimbia berengeriana, Nephroma laevigatum, Peltigera malacea, P. venosa, Solorina saccata, Sphaerophorus fragilis, Sporastatia polyspora, Thamnolia vermicularis (comp. SUZA 1951).
Kształtowanie się flor porostów na podłożach o cechach pionierskich (głazy narzutowe, kora osiki i słomiane strzechy) [Formation of lichen flora on pioneer substrates (erratic blocks, the aspen bark and straw thatches)]
Authors: Lipnicki Ludwik
Published: September 2014

The thesis is based on the research results of the lichen flora formation on the substrates: the surface of erratic blocks, aspen barks and straw thatches. Subjection of the species composition to the changes of conditions of the closest environment (mainly the substrate) was analysed. The relationships between the kind of substrate and its permanence, and some features (e.g. morphological features) of pioneering lichens were examined; the intensification of those features and degrees of species pioneering were also distinguished.
Puszcza Bolimowska – przeszłość i przyszłość [The Bolimów Large Forest – past and future]
Authors: Olaczek Romuald
Published: September 2014

The Bolimów Large Forest, of 85 km2 area, is situated in the center of Poland, between Warsaw and Lodz, in the middle course of Rawka river. It is a rest of a former extent woodland, in which the aurochs Bos primigenius had lived until 1627. The aurochs became extinct in whole Europe in early medieval time. Because of special protection ordered by Polish kings this species had survived in Poland to the begening of XVII century. The life history of the species and its habitat in last 200 years of existing is know well owing to archival documents. But from the XVI to the end of XIX centuries the exploitation of forest resources grew and grew, forest area diminished with action of agriculture and settlement. Only in XX century the trend of change turn back: forest area began grow and tree stands improve. Now the Bolimów Large Forest is protected by law as a Nature Park with 6 reserves inside. It has a very important functions as educational and touristic area.
Zróżnicowanie banków nasion w naturalnie i antropogenicznie przekształconych zbiorowiskach leśnych [Diversity of soil seed banks in natural and man-modified forest communities]
Authors: Jankowska-Błaszczuk Małgorzata
Published: September 2014

The objective of the study was to reveal diversity in species composition and size of soil seed banks derived from forest communities undergoing different intensity of human impact as well as to show the seed bank strategy as an adaptation of species to many kinds of disturbances occurring in natural deciduous forests. On the basis of the study of soil seed bank in natural, stabilised deciduous forest communities in Białowieża National Park and taking into account data from literature it was found that: (1) Densities of seed banks of fertile, undisturbed deciduous forest vary from three to eight thousand seeds per one m2. The majority of these seeds (60–80%)come from the herb layer. Persistance of such banks do not exceed a few years. Species which arę dominant in seed bank of such forest are characterized by mean light requirements. The impulses which break their secondary dormancy arę slight disturbances in the herb layer. (2) Species structure of seed bank derived from such forest does not reflect floristic composition of the herb layer because this layer is dominated by species whose survival strategy is connected with vegetative propagation. (3) In seed banks of even very stable forest communities there are species which are absent from the herb layer of the forest. The species need light gaps in trees canopy for establishment. They are very light demanding and persistent in soil. Percentage of these species in soil seed banks grows with the intensity of human impact on forest communities. These species dominate also in seed banks of relatively natural forests but small and surrounded by meadows and fields. Seedlings of these species occur spontanously during the first phase of regeneration of forest gaps. After the canopy close-up, the species disappear from cover vegetation but their numerous and very persistant seeds wait in soil seed bank for the next disturbance.
Czerwona lista porostów wymarłych i zagrożonych w Polsce [Red List of extinct and threatened lichens in Poland]
Authors: Cieśliński Stanisław , Czyżewska Krystyna , Fabiszewski Jerzy
Published: September 2014

The authors present a list of regionally extinct, threatened, lower risk and insufficiently status taxa of lichens in whole Poland. It is thirth edition of our list. Status of threat to the lichen species used has been determined according to the IUCN Red List Categories in version 3.1 (modified by GlNSBURG 2001). The Red List includes 886 taxa, which constitute 55.4% of the Polish lichen biota. The status of threatened biota has the following categories: Regionally Extinct (RE) - 141 taxa, Critically Endangered (CR) - 179, Endangered (EN) - 201, Vulnerable (VU) - 165, Near Threatened (NT) - 68, Least Concern (LC) - 22 and Data Deficient (DD) 110.
Regionalne czerwone listy porostów zagrożonych [Red lists of threatened lichens at regional levels]
Authors: Czyżewska Krystyna , Cieśliński Stanisław
Published: September 2014

The authors discuss 10 regional red lists of threatened lichens and certain other fungi of the Gdańsk Pomerania (286 species; 53.9% of the local biota), the Tucholskie Forest (151; 39,7%), North-Eastern Poland (310; 52.0%), the Białowieża Old-growth Forest (135; 33,7%), the Pilicka Old-growth Forest (140; 51.8%), the Kozienicka Old-growth Forest (144; 61.8%), the Świętokrzyskie Mts. (313; ca 66.0%), the Gorce Mts. (367; ca 67.0%), Opole Silesia and Upper Silesia (536; ca 72,9%) and the Sudety Mts. (504; ca 60.0%). Biotas of regions located in central and southern Poland are more transformed than those of the northern and north-eastern regions, The Białowieża Old-growth Forest has maintained the highest biodiversity.
Czerwona lista porostów zagrożonych na Pomorzu Gdańskim [Red List of threatened lichens in Gdańsk Pomerania]
Authors: Fałtynowicz Wiesław , Kukwa Martin
Published: September 2014

The first regional list of threatened lichens and allied fungi is presented. The list is a result of investigation studies in Gdańsk Pomerania, which mostly comprises the area of the Pomeranian Voivodeship and geobotanic units of Gdańsk Pomerania in Poland. The data obtained were compared with historical ones. Changes of the species main frequency were used as an additional indicator of their threat status. The status of threat to the lichen and allied fungi species listed has been determined according to the Red List Categories by IUCN (2001, version 3.1). The Red List includes 286 taxa of lichens, licheniclous and saprobic fungi, which constitute 53.9% of the local biota and 17.9% of Polish biota. The status ofthreatened biota has the following categori-es: Regionally Extinct (RE) - 37 taxa, Critically Endangered (CR) - 45, Endangered (EN) - 44, Vulnerable (VU) - 82, Near Threatened (NT) - 5, Least Concern (LC) - 6 and Data Deficient (DD) - 67. Species typical of deciduous forests are the most threatened ones.
Czerwona lista porostów zagrożonych w Borach Tucholskich [Red List of threatened lichens in the Tucholskie Forest]
Authors: Lipnicki Ludwik
Published: September 2014

The first regional list of threatened lichens and allied fungi is presented. The list is a result of investigation studies in the Tucholskie Forest, lowland forests growing in Western Pomerania, in northern Poland. The status of threat to the lichen and allied fungi species listed has been determined according to the Red List Categories by IUCN (2001, version 3.1). The data obtained were compared with historical ones. Changes of species main frequency were used as an additional indicator of their threat status. The Red List includes 151 taxa of lichens, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi, which constitute 39.7% of the local biota and 9.4% of Polish biota. The status of threatened biota has the following categories: Regionally Extinct (RE) - 28 taxa, Critically Endangered (CR) - 4, Endangered (EN) - 28, Vulnerable (VU) - 26, Near Threatened (NT) -19, Least Concern (LC) - 9 and Data Deficient (DD) - 37.
Czerwona lista porostów zagrożonych w Polsce północno-wschodniej [Red List of threatened lichens in North-Eastern Poland]
Authors: Cieśliński Stanisław
Published: September 2014

The second regional list of threatened lichens and allied fungi is presented. The list is a result of investigation studies in North-Eastern Poland. In physicogeographic regionalization this area comprises 4 macroregions: Staropruska Lowland, Litewskie (Lithuanian) Lakeland, Mazurian Lakeland and South Podlasie Lowland. It is characterized by the presence of large forest complexes, including the Białowieża Old-growth Forest, the Knyszyńska Old-growth Forest, the Augustowska Old-growth Forest, the Romincka Old-growth Forest, the Borecka Old-growth Forest and the Piska Old-growth Forest. The status of threat to the lichen and allied fungi species listed has been determined according to the IUCN Red List Categories in version 3.1 (2001). The data obtained were compared with historical ones. Changes of the species main frequency were used as an additional indicator of their threat status. The Red List includes 310 taxa of lichens, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi, which constitute 52% of the NE Poland total lichen biota and 19.4% of Polish biota. The status of threatened biota has the following categories: Regionally Extinct (RE) -49 taxa, Critically Endangered (CR) - 58, Endangered (EN) - 41, Vulnerable (VU) - 39, Near Threatened (NT) - 24, Least Concern (LC) - 19 and Data Deficient (DD) - 80. Epiphytes constitute 84% of extinct and critically endangered species.
Czerwona lista porostów zagrożonych w Puszczy Białowieskiej [Red List of threatened lichens in the Białowieża Old-growth Forest]
Authors: Czyżewska Krystyna , Cieśliński Stanisław
Published: September 2014

The first regional list of threatened lichens and allied fungi is presented. The list is a result of investigation studies in the Białowieża Old-growth Forest, best preserved forests in European lowland, located in North-Eastern Poland. The status of threat to the lichen and allied fungi species listed has been determined according to the Red List Categories by IUCN (2001, version 3.1). The data obtained were compared with historical ones. Changes of the species main frequency were used as an additional indicator of their threat status. The Red List includes 135 taxa of lichens, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi, which constitute 33.7% of the local biota and 8.4% of Polish biota. The status of threatened biota has the folowing categories: Regionally Extinct (RE) - 38 taxa, Critically Endangered (CR) - 29, Endangered (EN) - 19, Vulnerable (VU) - 8, Near Threatened (NT) - 9, Least Concern (LC) -11 and Data Deficient (DD) - 21.
Czerwona lista porostów zagrożonych w Gorcach [Red List of threatened lichens in Gorce Mts.]
Authors: Czarnota Paweł
Published: September 2014

The first regional list of threatened lichens and allied fungi is presented. The list is a result of investigation studies in the Gorce Mts. (Beskidy Zachodnie range in Karpaty Zachodnie range). The status of threat to the lichen and allied fungi species used has been determined according to the IUCN Red List Categories in version 3.1 (2001). The data obtained were compared with historical ones. Changes of the species main frequency were used as an additional indicator of their threat status. The Red List includes 367 taxa of lichens, lichenicolous and saprobic fungi, which constitute ca 67% of the Gorce Mts. total lichen biota and 22.9% of Polish biota. The status of threatened biota has the following categories: Regionally Extinct (RE) - 83 taxa, Critically Endangered (CR) - 61, En-dangered (EN) - 49, Vulnerable (VU) - 50, Near Threatened (NT) - 23, Least Concern (LC) -11 and Data Deficient (DD) - 90. The most threatened are obligatory forest epiphytes growing almost exclusively on old spruce Picea abies and beech Fagus sylvatica trees.
Czerwona lista porostów zagrożonych w polskiej części Sudetów [Red List of threatened lichens in Polish pan of the Sudety Mts.]
Authors: Kossowska Maria
Published: September 2014

The first regional list of threatened lichens is presented. The list is a result of investigation studies in the Polish part of the Sudety Mts. The status of threat to the lichen species used has been determined according to the IUCN Red List Categories in Version 3.1 (2001). The data obtained were compared with historical ones. Changes of the species main frequency were used as an additional indicator of their threat status. The Red List includes 504 taxa of lichens, which constitute ca 60% of the local biota and 31.6% of Polish biota. The status of threatened biota has the following categories: Regionally Extinct (RE) -123 taxa, Critically Endangered (CR) - 39, Endangered (EN) - 56, Vulnerable (VU) - 84, Near Threatened (NT) - 17, Least Concern (LC) - 19 and Data Deficient (DD) - 166.
Porosty – wskaźniki niżowych lasów puszczańskich w Polsce [Lichens – indicators of lowland old-growth forests in Poland]
Authors: Czyżewska Krystyna , Cieśliński Stanisław
Published: September 2014

Old-growth forests arę natural biocoenoses, which developed and function without apparent impacts of human activity, which are adjusted to their habitats and remain in perfect biocoenotic equilibrium. In a forest environment there occurs a high diversity of seminal and cryptogamic plants and fungi, including lichenized fungi (lichens). The disappearance of old-growth forests affected by human activity or their strong fragmentation and isolation are the greatest danger for numerous typically forest lichens. On the basis of selected lichens - indicators of old-growth forests we undertook an attempt at detecting well-preserved lowland areas, which are at present biocentres of typically forest species. The most important features of indicatory species were considered the following: they are native species growing exclusively in forest communities; they are permanent components of forest biocoenoses, while their biological-ecological properties are adjusted to the phytoclimate and biotopes of forest environment; they inhabit specific forest habitats; they are typical epiphytes and epixylites inhabiting old live trees and dead wood of various stages of decomposition; they do not grow in managed forests. A total of 71 species that will serve the function of obligatory indicators (IND) of old-growth forests were selected for Poland's natural lowland forests (see Table 1). 53 of these species are presently strongly threatened, possessing the status of the Red List Categories (CR, EN and VU). The following 10 forest areas were evaluated: Białowieża National Park (58 IND), the reserves of Budzisk (34 IND), and Starożyn (29 IND) in North-Eastern Poland, reserves of Borki (29 IND), Las Warmiński (17 IND) and Krutynia (18 IND) in Northern Poland, and the reserves of Spała (15 IND), Zagożdżon (13 IND), Białe Ługi (10 IND) and Żyznów (4 IND) in Central Poland (Table 2). The highest number of old-growth forests occur in the Białowieża National Park (84%). This value indicates that the Białowieża Ntional Park may now be considered a model comparitive object, the biocentre of epiphytic and epixylic forest species of old-growth forests representing the total ecological amplitude of biodiversity and occupied habitats. In all the 10 biocentres there occur 66 indicatory species of old-growth forests, the highest number of which, ca 88%, occur in the Białowieża National Park, while 51.5% in the Budzisk reserve in the Knyszyńska Forest.
Lichens and lichenicolous fungi in the Bolimów Landscape Park
Authors: Czyżewska Krystyna
Published: September 2014

The article presents a distribution atlas of 166 taxa of lichens and 15 species of lichenicolous fungi growing in the Bolimów Landscape Park and its protection zone (Central Poland), collected between 1982-1984 and 1996-2003. Relevant data available in the literature on the subject as well as the data deposited in the Herbarium of Lichens and Lichenicolous Fungi (LOD) arę additionally provided. The ATPOL (ATLICHEN) grid sąuare system was used to examine the distribution of lichens and lichenicolous fungi. The taxa discussed in the article comprise as many as 40 threatened species (acc. to the Red List Categories: CR - 2 species, EN - 6, VU - 18, NT - 13, DD - 1), 34 protected species in Poland, and 5 indicators of old-growth forests. The most noteworthy lichens and lichenicolous fungi (*) are: Absconditella lignicola, Biatora ocelliformis, Protoparmelia hypotremella, Stereum subtomentosum, Trapeliopsis pseudogranulosa, *Phaeopyxis punctum and *Taeniolella beschiana.
O trabalho reestruturado: competitividade e trabalho na cadeia automotiva brasilelra
Authors: Leite Marcia De Paula
Published: September 2014

O texto se propõe a discutir a tendência crescente da importância da qualificação da mão-de-obra para o bom desempenho das empresas, no novo contexto da competitividade internacional, a partir de uma pesquisa realizada na cadeia automotiva brasileira, centrada na análise da relação entre as firmas que compõem os vários níveis dessa cadeia. Apesar de que essa tendência geral esteja presente ao longo da cadeia, ela não se constitui na única a imperar. Discute também os aspectos de precarização do trabalho, que a seu ver, acabam por limitar a difusão dos novos requisitos de qualificação, os quais se articulam com discriminações de gênero e idade presente no mercado de trabalho. Além de uma discussão teórica sobre reestruturação produtiva e trabalho, o artigo analisa os dados da pesquisa de campo e as conclusões alcançadas.
Agricultura familiar na Amazônia Oriental: uma comparação dos resultados da pesquisa socioeconômica sobre fronteiras agrárias sob condições históricas e agroecológicas diversas
Authors: Hutienne Thomas Peter
Published: September 2014

Na Amazônia Oriental, a agricultura familiar representa uma parte economicamente significativa do setor agrário. O enfoque dominante qualifica-a como uma agricultura nômade, ineficiente e insustentável, baseada no modelo do ciclo da fronteira (a agricultura familiar é expulsa pelas grandes fazendas de gado) e no modelo clássico de ecologia tropical da floresta amazônica. Resultados da pesquisa ecológica recente mostram que o modelo precisa ser revisado em vários aspectos relacionados diretamente com a sustentabilidade da agricultura familiar. Uma reconstrução histórica do desenvolvimento dos sistemas de produção de Igarapé-Açu e uma comparação com dados sobre outras fronteiras mais recentes no Pará mostram que, dependendo do desenvolvimento histórico específico da fronteira agrária, dos fatores condicionantes ecológicos e econômicos e das condições macroeconômicas, uma ampla diversidade de trajetórias relativamente estáveis do desenvolvimento agrário pode ser identificada.
O açaí já “parou” o carioca? Estudo qualitativo do consumo da polpa de açaí na cidade do Rio de Janeiro
Authors: Guimarães Luís Alfredo C.
Published: September 2014

Esse artigo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada na região amazônica, a qual tem por objetivo estudar a valorização de frutas tropicais pela agricultura familiar, e dentre estes apresenta o açaí (Euterpea oleracea mart.), um fruto de alto consumo na região norte do país, principalmente no Estado do Pará, que é o maior produtor e consumidor dessa fruta no Brasil. Indica formas de melhor apropriação por parte dos agricultores na venda de sua produção. Sugere a agregação de valor a esse fruto, através de um processo de beneficiamento a ser desenvolvido a partir de uma cooperativa de agricultores organizados. Desenvolve a análise a partir da expansão do uso do suco desse fruto em outras regiões do Brasil, especificamente na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, a qual já vem apresentando aumento significativo de consumo nos últimos seis anos.
Perfil de mulher camponesa no sudeste do Pará
Authors: Marin Rosa Elizabeth Acevedo
Published: September 2014

Este paper procura traçar um perfil sociológico da mulher camponesa com base em histórias de vida, tentando construir os contornos de sua existência. A discussão colocada no texto empreende um discurso exploratório, com vistas a definir dois ângulos da mulher camponesa do sudeste do Pará o da prática política e o das práticas econômicas. A compreensão dessas práticas foram possíveis através da história de vida contada por uma mulher camponesa, com o objetivo de entender as relações travadas entre Sindicato dos Trabalhadores Rurais de Marabá e o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra - MST.
Inovando com Democracia, ainda uma utopia
Authors: Tenório Fernando G.
Published: September 2014

Este ensaio é uma tentativa de contribuir com as discussões no âmbito do Comitê Técnico do Programa Gestão Pública e Cidadania sobre o significado da inovação na gestão pública. O autor focaliza a relação estado-sociedade e capital-trabalho propositadamente de forma invertida, ou seja, sociedade-estado e trabalho-capital. Essa inversão, segundo o autor, não contribui substantivamente para a análise dos fenômenos políticos, sociais e econômicos por eles gerados, mas modifica a forma de estudar esses conceitos, já que parte da premissa de que o estudo deve partir da ótica da sociedade e da ótica do trabalho, trazendo a frente quem deve protagonizar o processo dessas relações - a cidadania.
Perversidades da ausência: política habitacional na Região Metropolitana de Belém
Authors: Ravena Nírvia
Published: September 2014

O tema central abordado pela autora é a política habitacional na região metropolitana de Belém, buscando entender a relação entre a retomada do processo decisório e de formulação e implementação de políticas públicas em um contexto democrático e os movimentos de ocupação de áreas urbanas. Nas discussões são considerados, então, duas instâncias: uma relacionada à dinâmica da formulação de políticas habitacionais nas instituições estatais e outra que busca entender a representação que os “ocupantes” dos espaços invadidos têm desse processo.
La Gestión de Recursos Vegetales En Las Poblaciones Prehistóricas de Las Tierras Bajas Del Sureste Del Uruguay: Un Abordaje Multidisciplinar
Authors: Mazz José María López , Dabezies Juan Martin , Capdepont Irina
Published: September 2014

This paper addresses the diversification of plant resource management practices in the lowlands of southeastern Uruguay starting in the fourth millennium B.P. Our approach includes (a) a reexamination of ethnohistorical sources; (b) a review of lithic and ceramic materials; (c) the presentation of new ethnoarchaeological information; and (d) the analysis of starch grains from grinding stones. The results highlight the importance of the palm Butia odorata as a source of food and useful materials for much of the year. Furthermore, the analysis of both macro- and micro-residues has enabled us to identify the presence of Datura ferox seeds and starch grains from edible plants. While many of these identifications confirm the use of a number of previously reported species, others are new, as is the case with Phaseolus sp., Arachis sp., and Typha domingensis. Continuity in the management of certain plant species and in environmental conditioning is interpreted as an important investment in the long-term cycles of human-environment interactions.
Assessing the Chronology and Rewrapping of Funerary Bundles at the Prehispanic Religious Center of Pachacamac, Peru
Authors: Takigami Mai K. , Shimada Izumi , Segura Rafael , Muno Sarah , Matsuzaki Hiroyuki , Tokanai Fuyuki , Kato Kazuhiro , Mukai Hitoshi , Takayuki Omori , Yoneda Minoru
Published: September 2014

Over 30 funerary bundles were excavated in 2005 from a large chamber tomb at the prehispanic religious center of Pachacamac on the central coast of Peru. The largest and most elaborate bundle was found in the innermost part of the tomb, tightly surrounded by other bundles. We hypothesized that this bundle contained the deceased leader of a social group whose members collectively cared for their ancestor's bundle (for example, by rewrapping it) and continued to use the tomb to inter deceased individuals from subsequent generations. We tested this hypothesis by dating samples from different layers of the wrapping materials and soft tissue from the bodies and conducting a Bayesian analysis of the resultant dates. We determined carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios in the diet of the interred individuals to correct for marine reservoir effects. Our findings suggest that (1) rewrapping did not occur; (2) the tomb was used for over 500 years starting at cal A.D. 1000; and (3) existing bundles were reshuffled each time new bundles were introduced. Overall, diverse lines of evidence indicate that the tomb had a complex use history and contained individuals with diverse geographical and social origins. This challenges conventional thinking about the social and chronological significance of coexisting bundles in large tombs.
Mesure et démesure du roman
Authors: Piégay-Gros Nathalie
Published: September 2014

Le roman chez Aragon est le genre de tous les possibles, qui articulent sans les résoudre les contradictions. Il permet à la fois de défendre l’infini, de s’illimiter — le sujet peut s’y saisir et s’y perdre, s’y trouver et s’y inventer —, d’expérimenter toutes les formes de liberté et d’exercer une forme de prise sur le réel. À l’époque surréaliste, parce qu’il est en partie interdit, ou du moins contrarié, le roman est particulièrement expérimental. On fera ici l’hypothèse qu’il n’y a pas de métadiscours sur le roman possible chez Aragon, qui engloberait les contradictions. Le métadiscours est lui-même gagné par le romanesque. C’est la pratique d’écriture elle-même qui développe une forme de pensée du roman originale.
Recherches sur Jean Anouilh (1910-1987). État des lieux
Authors: Beugnot Bernard
Published: September 2014

Depuis la publication de deux volumes de la Bibliothèque de la Pléiade (2007) et le centenaire en 2010, Anouilh a occupé, après ce qui peut apparaître comme un purgatoire, une place nouvelle tant sur les scènes parisiennes, provinciales et étrangères que dans la recherche (monographies, revues, articles). La documentation le concernant (manuscrits, études critiques, iconographie) s’est donc beaucoup enrichie, et le temps était venu d’en dresser un premier bilan.
Modélisation des processus en jeu en contexte de transition scolaire d’enfants ayant des besoins particuliers
Authors: Ruel Julie , Moreau André C. , April Johanne
Published: September 2014

En contexte de la première rentrée scolaire des enfants ayant des besoins particuliers, la planification de cette transition vise quelques objectifs, notamment d’assurer la continuité éducative entre les différents milieux de vie de l’enfant, de faciliter son intégration dans le nouvel environnement, de préparer le milieu à l’accueillir avec ses particularités, d’adapter les activités aux besoins de l’enfant et d’encourager la participation active de la famille et des autres intervenants qui connaissent l’enfant. Une recherche qualitative/interprétative a permis d’examiner la dynamique du travail réalisé en réseau lorsque différents acteurs intersectoriels, incluant les parents, planifient cette transition d’enfants ayant des besoins particuliers. Trois réseaux ont été étudiés sur une période d’un an. Les résultats recueillis ont permis d’approfondir la façon dont des acteurs intersectoriels ont travaillé de concert, en réseau, pour favoriser une transition vers le préscolaire de qualité aux enfants ciblés. L’article porte sur la modélisation des processus en jeu lors de cette transition planifiée : les processus structurels et les processus interactionnels sont imbriqués à la dynamique qui se développe entre les acteurs lors des différentes opérations du travail en réseau et lorsque les savoirs sont en partage. Les acteurs ont profité des occasions offertes par les processus structurels pour oeuvrer ensemble à un « intérêt supérieur ». Ils ont évolué d’une logique d’action individuelle à une logique d’action collective; ils ont risqué des déplacements de rôle. Enfin, le temps dédié et la durée sont des éléments ayant contribué à la qualité de la démarche.
Effets d’un dispositif d’accompagnement sur la construction identitaire des enseignants du secondaire
Authors: Granger Nancy , Kalubi Jean-Claude
Published: September 2014

Confrontés aux multiples changements survenus en éducation, les enseignants doivent s’adapter à la diversité des profils d’apprenants désormais intégrés en classe régulière. Notre étude porte sur un dispositif d’accompagnement en deux volets (en groupe et individuel) visant à soutenir le développement professionnel des enseignants du secondaire. La création d’espaces dialogiques a stimulé les échanges, le partage et la confrontation des idées et des valeurs dans le but que se construisent de nouveaux repères qui guident le travail. Les résultats obtenus montrent que le soutien offert a favorisé l’adoption de pratiques orientées vers les principes de l’éducation inclusive et a permis de développer une vision commune au sein de l’équipe-école.
Transmission du vodou haïtien confrontée aux impératifs du changement et de la loyauté
Authors: Régulus Samuel
Published: September 2014

Sous l’influence de plusieurs facteurs (phénomène migratoire, contexte politique, disposition théologique), le vodou - étant un système ouvert - évolue tant sur le plan de la pratique que celui du discours. L’analyse des données ethnographiques révèle que de nouvelles pratiques du vodou se déploient dans une logique de croisement entre l’impératif du changement et l’exigence de la loyauté envers la mémoire des ancêtres. Dans le temps, on reprochait au vodou son infantilisme, son arriération. Habituellement, il est sans traces écrites, confiné dans des taudis, incapable de se défendre face aux discours concurrents. Aujourd’hui, on le retrouve de plus en plus dans l’espace public : places publiques, parcours carnavalesques, radio, télévision, internet. Les initiés se regroupent dans des associations. Ils formulent des revendications politiques. Ses adeptes font usage des textes écrits dans leurs rencontres de prière et de méditation. Face à de telles pratiques, certains observateurs veulent faire « un rappel à l’ordre ». Ils regrettent que le vodou ne reste plus « soi-même ». « Il perd son authenticité ». Mais pour les « nouveaux acteurs » vodou, rester attacher à leurs racines, c’est pouvoir en toute liberté honorer les Lwa, ce qui consiste à : jeter de l’eau, tracer les vèvè, allumer les bougies, jouer les tambours, chanter et danser les Lwa, pratiquer leur médecine sacrée, garder leur rapport harmonieux avec les arbres, et continuer la fonction sociale du vodou. De ce côté, ils ne veulent pas lâcher prise. Par ailleurs, ils ne veulent pas non plus continuer à être l’objet de curiosité permettant aux « civilisés » de revisiter leur passé archéologique.
Den (o)föränderliga naturen: smakomdöme och bildning i The Tatler, The Spectator och The Guardian i början av 1700-talet
Authors: Axelsson Karl
Published: September 2014

The attempt to influence public opinion on the subject of taste constitutes a primary aim in Joseph Addison's (1672-1719) and Richard Steele's (1672-1729) essay-periodicals, The Tatler (1709-1711), The Spectator (1711-1712, 1714), and The Guardian (1713). Addison and Steele emphasize the need for a progressive culture of education, where human nature is continuously refined and improved, and where man is expected to cultivate his nature and his judgement of taste as part of a process of personal self-fulfilment. However, along with such beliefs, Addison and Steele explore a less recognized trait where nature (human nature as well as the chain of being) is much less dynamic and where education and the cultivation of taste are regarded as reprehensible unless they reproduce a predetermined order of nature. By occasionally calling attention to such a trait, Addison and Steele appear to wish to lend balance to the discourse on education and taste, and to reduce the risk implicit in a too radical cultivation of taste and nature, namely, the threat of a blurred concept of the chain of being and a certain indistinctness between diverse social groups. 
Aktrisens böcker: Beata Charlotta Ekermans bibliotek 1790
Authors: Björkman Margareta
Published: September 2014

In this article I discuss a collection of books that belonged to Beata Charlotta (Charlotte) Ekerman (1758-1790), an actress at the Royal Theatre in Stockholm. Ekerman became the mistress of Prince Charles, brother of Gustav III. The prince dismissed her for another woman and she was suspected of infanticide and slander against the king. The governor of Stockholm, Carl Sparre, helped her to avoid the Spinning House, but she was exiled and lived in Paris between 1782 and 1786. In 1784 she travelled to Italy, where she had been invited by a Neapolitan duke. Thanks to Ekerman's letters to Sparre it is possible to follow her journey from the papal court in Rome to the royal court at Naples. She spent her last years in Stockholm, now mistress of the Dutch ambassador and accused of espionage. The aim of this article is to study the interrelation between the owner and her books, on the basis of a list of Ekerman's books included in the estate inventory drawn up after her death. A selection of these books is discussed with particular regard to language and genre. The collection, described in the inventory as consisting mainly of theatrical pieces and French novels, turns out to have had a wider range, thus revealing its owner's ambition to transgress the stereotypical image of the eighteenth-century woman.
"Med blod man våra åkrar sköljer": folk och dygd i Bengt Lidners Ode til Finske Soldaten<\i>
Authors: Cullhed Anna
Published: September 2014

Bengt Lidner's poem ‘Ode to the Finnish Soldier' from 1788 was written during the Swedish war with Russia. This paper argues that Lidner took part in Gustav III's staging of the war by accusing the officers of the so-called Anjala league of treachery, and at the same time turning to ‘the people' for support. ‘The people' were defined as subjects of the Swedish crown from the core parts of the realm, today's Finland and Sweden, irrespective of language or ethnicity, but sharing a common and glorious history. Lidner combines a cosmopolitan perspective with a patriotic tendency in his poem. Some of the central concepts of the ode, such as ‘citizen' and ‘citizen-ness', carry potentially republican and egalitarian connotations, but this tendency is counteracted by the poet's obvious praise of the king. Lidner's ode stands as an example of the ambivalent use of political concepts during the late eighteenth century, the very concepts that would transform into the key concepts of nineteenth-century nationalism.
Fantasy Flowers and Mysterious Cities: Winter Carl Hansson and Dalecarlian Folk Art circa 1800
Authors: Klein Barbro
Published: September 2014

During the late eighteenth century, folk art developed in new and intriguing ways in several Scandinavian regions. This essay concentrates on the developments around Lake Siljan in Dalarna, primarily as they were expressed by Winter Carl Hansson, one of the most accomplished of the artists. In his renditions of biblical topics such as the Workers in the Vineyard and the Descent from the Cross, one may observe a skilful blending of religious mystery and mundane life, as well as complex contrasts between floral arrangements and imposing cities. Through his remarkable ability to enhance common features of Dalecarlian folk art, this unschooled artist communicates striking powers of presence. Ultimately, the new artistic energies - in works by Winter Carl and others - must be understood in light of the influence of the many printed texts and images that were then available. Thus, to the extent that a general breakthrough into new cultural and social concerns took place during the late eighteenth century, this is true also of folk art. Furthermore, the folk art that was shaped at this time had a profound impact in the twentieth century, when it came to signify the most appealing aspects of Sweden's national cultural heritage.
Opinion och revolution: Upplysning i Lund 1719
Authors: Lindberg Bo
Published: September 2014

This article examines the words revolution and opinion in an academic dissertation written in Latin and defended at the University of Lund in 1719. The dissertation reflects the meaning of these words before they became the keywords of the Enlightenment, as modern historical scholarship has come to identify them. Revolution here retains the connotation of cyclical political change, although it is noteworthy that the author of the dissertation apparently had the ongoing change of the Swedish constitution from autocracy to parliamentary rule in mind. Opinion vacillates between the dominant values of an era and unstable popular opinion. More interesting, however, are the efforts of the author to describe the relation between opinion and society. With the help of Longinus, a connection is postulated between philosophical opinions and political systems: Greek democracy fostered salutary idealist philosophy whereas autocratic monarchy begot materialism and atheism. Still more interesting are the endeavours of the author to discern different levels of ideas in society. He makes a distinction between the articulated, explicit ideas of philosophers, or scholars, and the non-discursive opinions which are not explicit but stay hidden in the consciousness (mente) of the people. The dissertation is an academic exercise written in Latin at a peripheral university in Europe. In spite of the presumed backwardness of universities, it articulates an emerging awareness of the relation between ideas and society; in fact, it can be seen to signify a beginning of an interest in the history of ideas.