bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prática de exercício físico, ingestão alimentar e estado de ansiedade/estresse de participantes do projeto MOVIP em meio à pandemia de COVID-19
Authors: Maria Cunha da Cruz Letícia , Moratori Pires Mariana , Moreira Neves Reis Vinícius , Dessupoio Chaves Aline , Camilo Nacimento Carlos Alberto
Published: July 2021

Introdução: A pandemia do novo coronavírus, vem afetando a vida de muitas pessoas. Indivíduos em comunidades de todo o país e em todo o mundo estão sendo incentivados a ficar em casa, o que pode gerar comportamentos sedentários, má alimentação e contribuir para níveis aumentados de ansiedade e estresse. Desta forma, os treinos em casa tornam-se uma boa alternativa em meio ao isolamento social. Objetivo: Descrever e comparar os comportamentos com relação à prática de exercícios físicos, ingestão alimentar e estado de ansiedade/estresse de homens e mulheres participantes do projeto MOVIP em meio à pandemia de COVID-19. Material e Métodos: Participaram deste estudo 99 indivíduos, praticantes de natação, com idade entre 18 e 67 anos, de ambos os sexos. Foram disponibilizados aos participantes, durante 8 semanas, treinos funcionais para serem realizados em casa. Os dados foram coletados através de um formulário on-line, via Google Forms com perguntas sobre informações pessoais, comportamentos relacionados à prática de exercícios físicos, ingestão alimentar e estado psicológico dos participantes autorrelatados. Os dados foram analisados por meio do pacote estatístico SPSS 22.0 utilizando análise descritiva, e os resultados apresentados por porcentagem de frequência de respostas. As respostas abertas foram agrupadas por categorias similares, através da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: De acordo com as informações analisadas, 54,5% dos entrevistados responderam que mantiveram exercícios físicos periódicos, 52,5% relatou ter aumentado a ingestão alimentar e houve prevalência de 66,7% de aumento de ansiedade/estresse em meio ao isolamento social. Conclusão: Os resultados confirmaram que treinos disponibilizados e orientados de forma on-line podem atingir, positivamente, indivíduos fisicamente ativos. O aumento da ingestão alimentar e a piora do estado emocional dos participantes também foram sinalizados, sugerindo que estas variáveis devem ser consideradas pelos profissionais no contexto estudado.
Migração intrapélvica do parafuso cefálico de uma haste tipo gama: relato de um caso desafiador
Authors: Gonçalves Schroder e Souza Bruno , David Oliveira Cler , Vieira Caires Nathália , Álaf Lucinda de Sá Leonardo , Chartuni Teixeira Cury Gabriel
Published: July 2021

Introdução: A migração intrapélvica do parafuso cefálico de hastes cefalomedulares é uma complicação rara das fraturas transtrocantéricas e está associada a alta morbi-mortalidade. Objetivo: Relatar um novo caso de migração intrapélvica do parafuso cefálico com intuito de buscar soluções para essa complicação. Relato de Caso: Apresentamos um caso de migração intrapélvica do parafuso cefálico ocorrido no pós-operatório de seis semanas de um paciente de 77 anos com fratura transtrocantérica tratado com haste  cefalomedular (tipo gama) e relatos de múltiplas quedas após a cirurgia inicial, discutimos os aspectos relacionados as possíveis causas desta complicação, ao planejamento e execução do tratamento, bem como ao prognostico desta lesão desafiadora. Conclusão: Percebemos que ainda é preciso ampliar o debate em busca da elucidação completa da gênese dessa complicação, uma vez que esta ainda permanece obscura.
Ação da laserterapia em lesões de mucosite oral: série de casos
Authors: Assis Torres Silva Jéssica , Pereira Genielle Luiza , Silvestre Verner Francielle , Pigatti Fernanda Mombrini
Published: July 2021

Introdução: O laser de baixa potência tem sido utilizado como uma das formas de prevenção e tratamento de mucosite oral. Objetivo: Relatar casos clínicos de pacientes em tratamento radioterápico na região de cabeça e pescoço, abordando os efeitos da laserterapia no tratamento e prevenção de mucosite oral. Relatos de Casos: Foi descrito 4 casos de pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço, submetidos a radioterapia e proposto um tratamento com laser de baixa intensidade para amenizar os efeitos colaterais. O protocolo de laserterapia utilizado seguiu como parâmetro: 78 pontos distribuídos pela mucosa oral; comprimento de onda de 660 nm; energia de 0,3J, tempo de 3 segundos por ponto e densidade de energia= 10 J/cm2. Conclusão: Após as sessões de laserterapia observou-se melhora significativa no quadro clínico dos pacientes.
Franciscan Order from Reform of Fr. Paolo a Trinci to the Division of the Order in 1517. The Evidence from the Franciscan sources
Authors: Patafta Daniel
Published: July 2021

These article examine the circumstances which bring to the division of Franciscan Order in 1517. It begins with beginning of small Reform movement of Fr. Paolo of Trinci at 1368 which outgrow in 15th century in
strong Observant movement. The question of observing the Rule of St. Francis was basic problem between Observants and Conventuals, and it grow in big ecclesiastical, political and social problem which was solved at 1517 bay division of the Order. Article is mostly based on published different sources of Franciscan history. Most of these sources
are original sources published in various publications of Collegii di S. Bonaventura, in 19th and 20th century.
Un sendero semiológico-lingüístico: las lecciones de Émile Benveniste
Authors: Palillo Silvina
Published: July 2021

Sobre Émile Benveniste. Últimas Lecciones. Collège de France 1968-1969. Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno, 2014. 224 pp.
Sobre Laura Juárez y Pilar Cimadevilla (Comps.). El vagabundo sentimental. Selección de veinticinco Aguafuertes inéditas de Roberto Arlt. Buenos Aires: Erizo Ediciones, 2018. 25 pp.
Authors: Reitano Lucía
Published: July 2021

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Mariano Isidro de la Barrera, escribiente y compañero de Tupac Amaru: la rebelión andina a la luz de nuevos documentos históricos
Authors: Glave Luis Miguel
Published: July 2021

This article outlines a sketch on a character closely linked to José Gabriel Condorcanqui Tupac Amaru II. It aims to open new perspectives to the knowledge of the great rebellion of the Andes of 1780-1782, from a vision closer to the attitudes and vicissitudes of the life of the main actors of the popular commotion. It focuses on the figure of Mariano de la Barrera and also of Miguel Montiel, confidants close to Tupac Amaru in the years before the beginning of the rebellion. He ends up rescuing the tragic chapter of the exile he suffered from the Barrier and others after the movement was defeated.
La República como problema histórico
Authors: Chanamé-Orbe Raúl
Published: July 2021

The republic that was born as an ideal form of political regime in Greece with Plato and had its later development with Cicero in Rome, has had a diverse reception in pluralistic world experiences, so in America there were two extreme readings of this concept one in EE.UU. and the other in South America, in our midst the idea is nationalized with autocratic forms from its origin. Peru has not completed a historical evaluation, which goes beyond the versions of political science that associate it in many cases with militarism by creating Cesarist republicicas, lacking democratic practices and weak legal institutions. At the origin of independence there was a doctrinal debate that faced two versions on the desired governance, however, after the establishment of the Republic (1822) there was a long transition that led to crisis, disgovernment and anarchy that the republic could not contain or foresee. Despite its dense Constitutions that reaffirmed themselves republican. In recent years a growing academic interest in the subject shows that this historical assessment has not been completed in Peru.
Tiempos de libertad. El duro aprendizaje republicano del Perú independiente
Authors: Palza-Becerra Héctor
Published: July 2021

The transition to the Republic, once independence was achieved in Peru, was far from becoming a bourgeois democratic regime, due to the fact that the survival of the social relations and values of colonial Peru were an obstacle for this purpose. For this reason, learning to live in a republican system was a difficult apprenticeship, since the being and consciousness of the vice-royal yesterday was still in force in our midst. In this way, the nascent State reproduced the formalities of a modern State, which wielded a double discourse; on the one hand, it embraced the ideals of a nativist preaching and, on the other, it rejected the real integration of the non-white masses into political life.
Micaela Bastidas: apuntes sobre su conflicto de roles
Authors: Kanashiro Amparo
Published: July 2021

In the framework of the commemoration of the Bicentennial of the Independence of Peru, the article aims to contextualize the roles played by Micaela Bastidas, through a compilation of letters written by the notaries of Micaela Bastidas, who reflected their ideas and requests in a written, in the midst of the rebellion between 1780 and 1781. Likewise, part of his responses to the interrogation of the criminal process to which he was subjected for his participation in the rebel movement is examined. This context takes us to a historical empathy with Micaela, since she had to deal between her role as mother and heroine from a gender perspective. Most of the letters correspond to the efforts that Micaela made multiplying her roles, as well as the efforts and commitments made by her husband, children and the rest of her family to defeat the royalist troops. Micaela broke the scheme of a passive subject and relegated to the private space to be the protagonist of the public space despite the conflict of roles that she assumed.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO QUÍMICA E COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE HAMBÚRGUER ARTESANAL E O INDUSTRIALIZADO
Authors: Lopes Auxiliadora Cristina Correa Barata , Reinaldo Ingrid Brandão , Lima Nayara Pereira , Silva Ana Maria , Firmino Elisângela Gonçalves , Melo Nívea Maria Vieira
Published: July 2021

Os produtos cárneos disponibilizados no mercado oferecem teores de gorduras e de sódio elevados, podendo conferir problemas de saúde, como a obesidade, doenças cardiovasculares e outras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi elaborar de forma artesanal o hambúrguer, realizar a caracterização físico-química do hambúrguer elaborado, assim como de hambúrguer industrializado, identificando o teor de gorduras, proteínas, sódio, umidade, cinzas e acidez, de acordo com IAL (2008), verificar se os valores estão conforme a Legislação do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e comparar os valores obtidos do hambúrguer artesanal e o industrializado. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o hambúrguer artesanal apresentou: gordura de 6,9%, proteínas de 19,58%, umidade 72,8%, cinzas 2,6%, sódio 2,86% e acidez 0,63%. Já o hambúrguer industrial exibiu: gordura de 13,7%, proteínas de 15,11%, umidade 67,9%, cinzas 2,5%, sódio 3,26% e acidez 0,69%. Em linhas gerais, a preparação artesanal do hambúrguer confere um alimento com menor conteúdo de gordura, de sódio e de ácidos. Além de um maior teor de proteínas, de cinzas e de umidade. Assim, os valores encontrados estão de acordo com a Legislação e comprovou-se que a elaboração artesanal traz melhores resultados em relação à manutenção da saúde do consumidor.
KOMPARATIF KURIKULUM DARUSSALAM DAN KURIKULUM 2013 TERHADAP MINAT BELAJAR SANTRI PADA PONDOK PESANTREN ASSUNNIYYAH TAMBARANGAN KECAMATAN TAPIN SELATAN KABUPATEN
Authors: H. Mardiah
Published: July 2021

KOMPARATIF KURIKULUM DARUSSALAM DAN KURIKULUM 2013 TERHADAP MINAT BELAJAR SANTRI PADA PONDOK PESANTREN ASSUNNIYYAH TAMBARANGAN KECAMATAN TAPIN SELATAN KABUPATEN
CLINICO-ETIOLOGIC PROFILE OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING ERCP FOR OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE SECONDARY TO MALIGNANCY.
Authors: Shivakumar Pawadshettar , Mohamed Kani Shaikh
Published: July 2021

Background: Astudy describing the ERCPprole of the patients undergoing the procedure for malignancy related obstructive jaundice.
Aim:To analyse the patients undergoing ERCPfor malignant etiology of obstructive jaundice and characterise the outcomes.
Introduction: The etiology of obstructive jaundice can be delineated easily into malignancy vs benign etiology. Benign etiology is dominated by
stone disease. Malignancy can be varying from periampullary carcinoma, carcinoma head of pancreas, duodenal tumours, cholangiocarcinoma
and others. In this study we attempt to analyse the patient prole and outcomes undergoing the procedure at our centre.
Methods: A retrospective observational study, conducted in the Department of Digestive Health and Diseases, Kilpauk Medical College, from
September 2018 to July 1st, 2019. All the patients undergoing ERCP for obstructive jaundice with probable malignant etiology diagnosed basing
imaging and histopathology modes were included. The demographics and the procedure events were recorded after having obtained the informed
consent.
Results: A total of 70 patients were included in the study. There was male predominance in the study with 48(74.2%) patients and females
comprising 18(25.8%). Atotal of 10(14.2%) patients were below the age of 45yrs and 60(85.17%) were above 45 yrs. The predominant etiology for
which patients underwent the procedure was cholangiocarcinoma(n= 34, 48.5%). Sixteen patients (22.8%) had periampullary growth, whereas
10(14.2%) had carcinoma head of pancreas, followed by 4 patients with carcinoma of the gall bladder. 24 (34.2%) patients needed a
sphincterotomy, 42(60%) patients could be successfully cannulated. During cannulation 36(51%) could be cannulated with 3 or less attempts
whereas rest needed >3. Amongst the cannulated patients a plastic stent was successfully placed. 18(25.7%) needed a dilator (SBDC) for successful
deployment. A total of 14 patients developed complications of which 10(14.2%) patients developed bleeding during the procedure for which
standard of care followed and 2 developed mild post ERCPpancreatitis which was duly managed.
Conclusion:Although ERCPhas been established as standard of care for relieving jaundice with obstruction, technical difculties pertaining to the
growth location and access for the same restrict the outcomes in many cases. Hence the availability of other modes including palliative surgery
could also be offered in such subset of patients.
DISTAL RADIUS RECONSTRUCTION USING FIBULAR GRAFTS
Authors: N Pai Satvik , M Kumar Mohan
Published: July 2021

Giant cell tumor (GCT) of bone is a locally aggressive tumor of bone. GCT involving the distal radius poses certain unique challenges in
management. The resection of the tumor will almost always end up requiring a reconstructive procedure of the joint, for which several different
methods of reconstruction have been explored. We present a case of a 29 year old lady with distal radius GCT. We performed a wide resection of the
tumor, reconstructed the distal radius with free bula graft and did a wrist arthrodesis using locking compression plate. We found that it provided a
stable, painless wrist joint and good functional outcome.
“A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LUNG FUNCTION TESTS IN SWIMMERS AND NORMAL INDIVIDUALS”
Authors: Parveen Shaik Auliya , Kumar P. Nanda , Vijayalakshmi B.V.K.
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Our human body is an amazing machine, in which perfectly coordinated events will occur simultaneously. Swimming is a sport
which is suitable for people of many different ages, and tness levels. Regular swimming produces many changes in the body. It benets the upper
body, torso and legs together and it will improve general strength, lung capacity, stamina and cardiovascular tness. Swimming is an aerobic
exercise and it has a signicant effect on respiratory functions that helps the lungs to use oxygen efciently. Aim and objectives:Aim of the present
study is to compare the Pulmonary Function Tests of swimmers and non-swimmers and to know whether swimming brings any changes in the
pulmonary function tests .Materials and Methods: The present study is a cross sectional study .The total sample size is 100. Swimmers (subjects)
are 50 and non-swimmers (controls) are 50 in number. Swimmers are selected from N.T.R.Stadium Swimming Pool, Guntur and Guntur Club
Swimming pool, Guntur. Hundred subjects were screened for the study and 50 were selected as subjects. The Pulmonary Function Tests was
conducted in the Infectious Disease Hospital, Guntur. Summary and Conclusion: In our study, there is a signicant increase in pulmonary
function tests in swimmers compared to non – swimmers.
2020, o ano da peste
Authors: Dutra Delamar José Volpato
Published: July 2021

Em sua TL, Kant suscita a questão: a vacinação atenta ou não contra o dever perfeito de não se suicidar? O texto apresenta os argumentos dos comentadores para uma resposta afirmativa ou negativa à pergunta posta por Kant. A hipótese do presente artigo é que os termos nos quais Kant apresentou a problemática permitem que a sua argumentação seja reconstruída, em face da evolução científica das vacinas nos quesitos de eficácia e de segurança, de tal forma que se poderia dar uma resposta positiva à questão por ele formulada.
Grau de dependência de nicotina no programa de controle do tabagismo em Maringá: estudo de caso
Authors: Salci Capelasso Camila , Loidi Garbugio Laí­s , Martins Marques Francielle Renata Danielli , Rodrigues Pires Graziele Adrieli , Salci Maria Aparecida , Bossolani Charlo Patricia
Published: July 2021

Objetivo: Identificar dependência nicotí­nica em usuários que não cessaram o tabagismo após o Programa de Controle do Tabagismo na unidade de saúde selo ouro. Método: Estudo de caso de natureza quantitativa, realizado na Unidade Básica de Saúde selo ouro de Maringá-PR, em 2020. Participaram usuários que compareceram em todas sessões do programa em 2018 e 2019, e que não cessaram o tabagismo após intervenção. Para coleta, utilizou-se entrevista guiada por instrumento estruturado. Organizou-se os dados pelo Microsoft Excel 2016 e analisou-se estatí­stica descritivamente simples. Respeitando todos os preceitos éticos. Resultados: Houveram 17 participantes, 64,7% mulheres, 58,8% acima dos 60 anos, 35,3% casados, 47,05% baixa escolaridade e 29,4% com elevada dependência nicotí­nica. Não houve significância associativa entre variáveis demográficas e grau de dependência. Conclusão: O grau elevado de dependência nicotí­nica em participantes do programa pode auxiliar ações para cessação tabágica favorecendo estratégias para ampliar a participação nos grupos de controle tabágico.
THE IMPACT OF REPETITIVE XENOPHOBIC ATTACKS ON FUTURE FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT: A CASE OF SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Wellington Garikai Bonga
Published: July 2021

The debate of the link between xenophobia and importance of foreign direct investment is of interest. A phrase says it all, “One cannot want foreign money and hate foreign businesses at the same time.” Does South Africa, as a country, love foreign investment, and by extension, foreign investors? A ‘yes’ and a ‘no’ answer will do for this question. Foreign direct investments are the most desirable form of capital inflows to emerging and developing countries. Many benefits are linked to accrue to a nation because of FDI inflows. FDI is climatic sensitive, and usually goes where it is wanted most and where conducive environment prevails. The South African nation is dominated by unending violence that also targets foreigners including their businesses. Effective policies to curb xenophobia seems to be lacking. There exist xenophobia denialism among the political leaders, making it more difficult to halt the problem. Letting the nation continue turning into a hostile destination for foreigners may pose a great investment challenge in the longer term. The path that South Africa is walking today, of protecting and failing to address issues of xenophobia, have a long term impact to investment in the country. Conflicts and violence attacks, hence xenophobia, continue to affect FDI flows several years into the future. The trend of net FDI has already shown a downward trend that may be attributed to issues of unrest persistent in the economy. The study strongly indicate that repetitive xenophobic attacks significantly impact future FDI inflows negatively. Immediate action is required to minimize the damage caused by xenophobia in the country. Investment climate restoration is required to ensure favorable economic growth path for the country.
KEYWORDS: Economic Growth, Foreigners, Foreign Direct Investment, Instability, Investment, Investment Climate, Socio-economic Development, Violence, Xenophobia, South Africa
Emigration processes in the Crimea and their display on the pages of the newspaper "Terdzhiman"
Authors:   Крымский инженерно-педагогический университет старший преподаватель, Шевкетовна Шукурджиева Зельфира
Published: July 2021

The article addresses the issues of emigration of the Crimean Tatars in the general historical context. It examines the problem in terms of the vision of its well-known Crimean Tatar educator in details. Reformer, educator, publisher, journalist Ismail Gasprinsky analyzed a number of articles of the author on this theme, which expressed its position on this issue. Key words: Crimea, ethnic press, journalism of Gasprinsky, emigration waves, Crimean Tatars
Proposals for the systematic implementation of the career quidance of talented children in Azerbaijan
Authors:   Bakı Slavyan Universiteti dosent, filologiya üzrə fəlsəfə doktoru, Tarıyel qızı İbrahimova Telli , Xəlil qızı Zamanova İradə ,   Bakı Dövlət Universiteti kiçik elmi işçi
Published: July 2021

The purpose of the article is to identify new ideas on the future career skills of talented students in secondary schools. The main idea of this article is to explain the ways to learn, apply and achieve academic results in new strategies and approaches in the systematic organization of career guidance. It is appropriate to improve soft skills working with gifted children according to learning outcomes. Each difficulty and problem is discussed with recommendations for consultation. The new models can eliminate new career choices and decision-making difficulties. The article presents ways to organize professional research work and develop difficult new proposals to overcome the difficulties encountered. Thus, this article focuses to develop a plan for independent work with gifted children, work to develop professional skills, to implement independent projects, to give talented children the opportunity to learn through accelerated learning, to try to increase the potential of your students. Key words: career guidance, talented children, systematic work, recommendations
Examining the psychological state of people over 17 years old during the coronavirus (Covid 19) pandemic condition
Authors:   Eskişəhər Osmanqazi Universiteti doktorant, Vaqif oğlu Məmmədov Maarif , Müseyib oğlu Babayev Anar ,   Xəzər Universiteti müəllim
Published: July 2021

The purpose of this study is to examine the psychological state of people over 17 during the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological studies of coronavirus have shown that it causes emotional disturbances such as anxiety, fear, increased stress and depression, and sleep and eating disorders in adults. In the light of these findings, the psychological situation of adults living in different regions of Azerbaijan during the coronavirus pandemic was analyzed. The findings are important in providing psychological support to adults during the coronavirus pandemic. The last part of the study contains recommendations for research to be conducted during the pandemic. Keywords: coronavirus, COVID, psychological
Study of feed quality and biological indicators of varietal feeding of newly created different ploidy mulberry varieties
Authors:   Heyvandarlıq Elmi-Tədqiqat İnstitutu aqrar elmlər üzrə fəlsəfə doktoru, dosent, Həmzə oğlu Hacıyev Mahir , İbrahim qızı Məhərrəmova Vəfa ,   Heyvandarlıq Elmi-Tədqiqat İnstitutu böyük elmi işçi
Published: July 2021

The article clarifies the effect of the leaves of various newly created ploidy mulberry varieties on the productivity of mulberry silkworms, as well as on the biological parameters of silkworms. New varieties are described by conducting varietal feeding to determine the feed quality of varieties by providing information on leaf yield and the leaf yield of newly created varieties, by studying the biological parameters of varietal feeding, by determining the average mass of alive cocoons, silkness%, cocoon yield. Keywords: mulberry, sort, leaf yield, silkiness, viability, average weight of cocoon, cocoon product
MODELO DE AVALIAÇÃO MULTINÍVEL
Authors: Freire Patricia De Sá , Kempner-Moreira Fernanda , Bresolin Graziela Grando , Camarinha Neto Henrique Mourão
Published: July 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o modelo de avaliação multinível à luz das epistemologias de avaliação da aprendizagem e das diretrizes do Modelo UCR, de maneira a propor um modelo de avaliação que promova a aprendizagem individual e a transferência da aprendizagem para a prática do trabalho, a avaliação de desempenho e de competência dos docentes e da execução das ações educativas, bem como a abrangência e o impacto dos resultados no desenvolvimento organizacional. Trata-se de pesquisa teórico-empírica de abordagem qualitativa, que promove um diálogo subjetivo entre as diretrizes do modelo UCR e as epistemologias de avaliação identificadas na literatura. Este estudo avança para os modelos de avaliação em múltiplos níveis, aplicando e validando o Modelo no sistema de educação corporativa da Polícia Rodoviária Federal, organização pública de alta complexidade.
Karakterisasi Pasir Pantai Citra Kabupaten Sukamara Menggunakan XRF dan XRD
Authors: Hariyanto Budi , M. Panggabean Lady , Hakim Luqman
Published: July 2021

Analisis komposisi unsur, senyawa oksida, dan fasa pasir pantai Citra, Kabupaten Sukamara berhasil dilakukan. Proses identifikasi komposisi unsur dan senyawa oksida menggunakan XRF, sedangkan identifikasi fasa menggunakan analisis XRD. Analisis XRF menunjukkan bahwa Si dan SiO2 mendominasi komposisi unsur dan senyawa oksida masing-masing sebesar 95,6% dan 98,1%. Selain itu, analisis kualitatif pola XRD menunjukkan bahwa SiO2 pada pasir pantai Citra adalah kuarsa. Hasil ini memberikan informasi bahwa pasir pantai Citra memiliki potensi yang sangat baik sebagai sumber SiO2.
PROBLEMS OF TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ITS RECONSTRUCTION IN THE CONDITIONS OF A MODERN CITY (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA)
Authors: Zhivitsa V. V. , Privalova E. N. , Privalova E. N.
Published: July 2021

The article deals with the problem of transport infrastructure development in modern cities. The relationship of mass motorization with the quality of the urban environment and the development of the transport framework is analyzed. Examples of the modernization of the transport system and the humanization of the urban environment from the world urban planning practice are given. The authors formulated a number of recommendations for the reconstruction of the transport infrastructure on the example of the Crimea.
HYDRODENITROGENATION OF 2-METHYL QUINOLINE - EFFECT OF STERIC HINDRANCE IN LIQUID PHASE CATALYTIC HYDROGENATION
Authors: Palanisamy Shanmugam
Published: July 2021

Hydrodenitrognation (HDN) of 2-methyl quinoline (quinaldine) and quinoline in liquid phase on S-NiMo/a-Al2O3 catalyst was carried out in a batch reactor at 3.0 - 10.0 MPa and 130 � 360oC in Poly alpha-olefin solvent. Hydrogenolysis and Hydrogenation results in formation of products such as 1,2,3,4-treta hydro Quinaldine (1-THQ), 5,6,7,8-terta hydro Quinaldine (5-THQ), Deca hydro Quinaldine (DHQ), Butyl cyclohexane (BCH), Butyl cyclo hexene (BCHE) and butyl benzene (BB). Under studied condition, amine rings of quinaldine was rapidly hydrogenated and it forms relevant quasi equilibrium with 1,2,3,4-treta hydro quinaldine (1-THQ), 5,6,7,8-terta hydro quinaldine(5-THQ) and Deca hydro quinaldine (DHQ). The quinaldine reaction path either 1-THQ or 5-THQ indicated dependent of temperature and independent of partial pressure. Over which amine adsorption on metal sites reduced due to steric hindrance of methyl-group adjacent to N-bonding and increases the rate of intermediate formation through benzene ring hydrogenation. Distinguished HDN hydrogenolysis mechanism of quinaldine and its intermediate compounds were studied and compared with quinoline HDN. Thus, 5-THQ to DHQ and C-N cleavage identified as rate limiting step through steric hindrance HDN mechanism.
Modeling changes in internal pressure during the solidification of hydrous granitic intrusives: Implications for the crystallization of miarolitic pegmatites
Authors: Jacques Issac J. , Anderson Alan J.
Published: July 2021

Volatile exsolution is widely recognized as an important trigger for eruptions from shallow magma reservoirs, but relatively few studies quantify the effects of exsolution on internal pressure within deeper-seated intrusive bodies. We present a model to predict internal pressure changes during the crystallization of a haplogranite melt containing 3 and 5 mass % H2O and with an emplacement pressure of 200 MPa. Mass and volume relations between phases are used to determine internal pressure assuming a closed, constant-volume system. The results indicate that initial crystallization of alkali feldspar and quartz causes a decrease in pressure prior to the exsolution of an aqueous fluid from the residual melt (i.e., resurgent boiling). Further crystallization toward the core of the body in the presence of a separate volatile phase results in a sharp increase in internal pressure. Our model shows that in closed, isochoric systems, the crystallization of the H2O-saturated melt will generate internal pressures that greatly exceed emplacement pressures typical of miarolitic pegmatites. Extreme overpressure modifies the physical and chemical properties of the residual melt and coexisting aqueous fluid, which in turn influences crystallization kinetics and the development of primary textures. Primary melt and fluid inclusions in pocket minerals thus likely represent samples trapped at various pressures in a rapidly evolving melt–fluid system. In most pegmatites, increasing fluid pressure and the formation of large pockets is regulated by the permeability and tensile strength of the enclosing rock. This explains why many miarolitic pegmatites occur within rigid host rocks such as granite, gabbro, and gneiss.
Pekino operos reliktai Lietuvoje: kinų medžio graviūrų rinkinys
Authors: Lebednykaitė Miglė
Published: July 2021

Orientalistinės dailės artefaktų patekimo į Lietuvos muziejus, bibliotekas ar privačius rinkinius ir jų reprezentavimo nuostatos kaip mokslinio tyrinėjimo problema mažai tyrinėta. Straipsnio tema siekiama atkreipti dėmesį į Rytų Azijos meno paveldą Lietuvoje, iškelti atributavimo problemas. Tyrimo objektu pasirinktos kinų medžio graviūros – nianhua (年 画)1, vadinamieji Naujųjų metų paveikslėliai. Šiame straipsnyje siekiama pirmą kartą analizuoti Lietuvos nacionaliniame dailės ir Nacionaliniame M. K. Čiurlionio dailės muziejuose saugomas retas ir vertingas XIX a. pabaigos – XX a. pradžios kinų medžio graviūras, iššifruoti jų kiniškus užrašus, patikslinti ir įvardyti graviūrų pavadinimus, nustatyti, kokiai stilistinei raižymo mokyklai ar dirbtuvei priskiriami nagrinėjami atspaudai, identifikuoti teatro tematikos medžio graviūrų siužetą, jas įkvėpusį literatūrinį šaltinį ar Pekino operos pjesę, plačiau apibūdinti veikėjus bei jų atributus, aptarti pateiktų alegorijų, emblemų, sceninio grimo ir kostiumo simbolių prasmes, meninės raiškos ypatumus. Čia jungiami ikonografinis, istorinis ir lyginamasis metodai, iš dalies taikomos meninio stiliaus tyrimo prieigos.
Molecular rearrangement of pyrazino[2,3-c]quinolin-5(6H)-ones during their reaction with isocyanic acid
Authors: Klásek Antonín , Lyčka Antonín , Křemen Filip , Růžička Aleš , Rouchal Michal
Published: July 2021

A new tetrahydropyrazino[2,3-c]quinolin-5(6H)-ones were prepared from 3-chloroquinoline-2,4(1H,3H)-diones and ethylene diamine. In their reaction with HNCO, an unprecedented molecular rearrangement produced new types of hydantoin derivatives. All prepared compounds are characterized using their 1H, 13C, and 15N NMR spectra and the results of the X-ray analysis are also presented. A proposed mechanism of rearrangement is discussed in this essay.
Implementasi Sekolah Ramah Anak Di SDN Lempuyangwangi Kota Yogyakarta
Authors: Utami Tri , Kusumawiranti Retno , Mali Matheus Gratiano
Published: July 2021

Penelitian dilatarbelakangi oleh keprihatinan dunia pendidikan terhadap berbagai kasus yang kerap terjadi di sekolah. Dari data KPAI sepanjang Januari hingga April 2019 menyebutkan, pelanggaran hak anak masih terjadi dan didominasi perundungan, yaitu berupa kekerasan fisik, kekerasan psikis, dan kekerasan seksual, dan anak menjadi korban kebijakan. Sekolah Ramah Anak merupakan salah satu kebijakan yang dilakukan sebagai upaya pencegahan dalam mengatasi berbagai permasalahan yang melanggar hak anak terutama ketika berada di sekolah. SDN Lempuyangwangi adalah salah satu sekolah di Kota Yogyakarta yang menerapkan kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak (SRA) ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi Program Sekolah Ramah Anak di SD Negeri Lempuyangwangi Kota Yogyakarta. Deskripsi tersebut terkait dengan implementasi Program Sekolah Ramah Anak serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam mengimplementasikan Program Sekolah SRA. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yaitu tim Sekolah Ramah Anak Kota Yogyakarta, kepala sekolah, guru, siswa, dan orang tua siswa dengan objek penelitian meliputi implementasi Program Sekolah Ramah Anak di SD Negeri Lempuyangwangi. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan berupa wawancara mendalam (Indepth Interview), observasi, dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model interaktif Miles dan Huberman meliputi pengumpulan data, reduksi data, penyajian data, dan verifikasi/penarikan kesimpulan. Adapun validasi data menggunakan triangulasi sumber data.             Dari hasil penelitian terlihat bahwa: (1)Komitmen tertulis tentanf kebijakan tentang Sekolah Ramah Anak sudah ada; (2) metode pembelajaran berbasis PAIKEM (Pembelajaran Aktif, Inovatif, Kreatif, Efektif, dan Menyenangkan) sudah sesuai dengan prinsip SRA; (3) partisipasi anak sudah baik terlihat pada peran siswa dalam keaktifannya berekspresi, bertanya, menjawab, berargumentasi, dan memberikan interupsi; dan (4) Partisipasi orang tua, lembaga masyarakat, dunia usaha, pemangku kepentingan sudah terjalin dengan baik. Faktor yang mempengaruhi implementasi SRA di SD Negeri Lempuyangwangi meliputi: (1) Komunikasi, (2) Sumber daya manusia, sumber daya sarana prasarana dan metode yang digunakan untuk pencapaian Sekolah Ramah Anak; dan (3) Disposisi.            Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa program Sekolah Ramah Anak (SRA) di SDN Lempuyangwangi telah terimplikasikan dengan baik. Namun masih perlu perbaikan di bidang sarana dan prasarana serta belum terpenuhonya guru bimbingan konseling dan guru untuk ank berkebutuhan khusus (inklusi).
Implementasi Kebijakan Pelestarian Lingkungan Hidup melalui Konservasi Sumber Mata Air di Gombengsari Kalipuro Banyuwangi
Authors: Ikhsan Wahyudi , Ardytia Wisnu , Soetijono Irwan Kurniawan
Published: July 2021

Air memiliki peran amat penting bagi kehidupan mahluk hidup terutama manusia. Dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan terhadap air, ketersediaan air tidak dapat dipastikan keberlangsungannya baik di masa sekarang maupun masa yang akan datang. Beberapa faktor penyebabnya antara lain, bertambahnya jumlah penduduk, pencemaran lingkungan dan rusaknya habitat di sekitar sumber mata air. Diperlukan strategi yang komprehensif sehingga dapat terlaksana upaya sistematis dan terpadu yang dilakukan untuk menjaga kelestarian fungsi lingkungan hidup sekaligus mencegah pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan.Metode penelitian yang dipergunakan bersifat deskriptif dengan mempergunakan metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan studi kepustakaan. Peneliti menggali data dari buku ilmiah, referensi, prosiding, jurnal serta peraturan perundang-undangan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan diperlukan upaya menyeluruh agar pengelolaan sumber daya air dapat dilaksanakan secara lestari. Untuk itu diperlukan upaya sadar dan terencana yang memadukan aspek lingkungan hidup, sosial dan ekonomi ke dalam strategi pembangunan untuk menjamin kesejakteraan generasi masa sekarang dan generasi masa depan. Upaya-upaya dimulai dari kebijakan hingga pelaksanaan kebijakan yang melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat sehingga mampu memelihara kelangsungan daya dukung dan daya tampung keberadaan sumber daya air. Masyarakat Gombengsari melaksanakan fungsi konservasi sumber mata air melalui kegiatan bersifat partisipatif.
Discursive Historical Con­tinuities: Serbian Nationalist Discourse in the Printed Media on the Brink of the First Balkan War (1912) in Comparison with Today
Authors: Jovanović Srđan
Published: July 2021

This article explores the 1912 print media in Serbia in their relation to the Balkan Wars, comparing the nationalist topoi with the contemporary age and contemporary national groups. It analyzes the content of several articles printed in papers such as Illustrated War Chronicle (Ilustrovana ratna kronika) and the Serbian newspaper (Srpske novine), juxtaposing their discourse with contemporary Serbian nationalism. The primary sources from 1912 have not been discussed in scholarship, except a few mentions. It shows that after a century since the Balkan Wars has passed, the nationalist discourse has remained more than similar, using the same historical pathos of victimhood and “othering” of the Enemy
Enterpreneurship Capacity Building (ECB) New Normal dan dukasi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Desa untuk Mendukung Ketahanan Ekonomi Masyarakat di Tengah Pandemi
Authors: Hambali Imran Rosman , Maruwae Abdulrahim
Published: July 2021

Pengembangan Potensi Desa Pesisir di Tengah Pandemi Covid-19 Melalui Pemberdayaan Masyarakat dengan Metode Enterpreneurship Capacity Building (ECB) New Normal dan Edukasi Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Desa. Kuliah Kerja Nyata Tematik Lembaga Pengabdian Masyarakat Universitas Negeri Gorontalo Tahun 2020. KKN Tematik ini bertujuan mengidentifikasi potensi strategis desa dan mengedukasi masyarakat terkait potensi desa yang dimiliki dan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber pendapatan dalam mendorong ekonomi masyarakat. Selain itu, memberikan edukasi kewirausahaan era normal baru diberbagai sektor potensial yang telah teridentifikasi terutama sektor pertanian, serta memberikan edukasi pengelolaan sumber daya desa dalam mendukung peningkatan ekonomi produktif di desa. Di samping itu juga, menggiatkan kegiatan produktif lainnya seperti mengembangkan budaya literasi desa dengan membentuk komunitas literasi. Target dan luaran yang dicapai dalam pelaksaaan Program KKN Tematik ini yaitu terbentuk program pengembangan potensi desa melalui metode Entrepreneurship Capacity Building (ECB) new normal dan edukasi pengelolaan sumber daya desa, terbentuknya pola pikir masyarakat dalam meningkatkan produktivitas usahanya walaupun pada masa pandemi dengan informasi yang telah diperoleh mengenai strategi peningkatan kapasitas wirausaha di era new normal, selain itu berbagai kelompok masyarakat baik aparat desa, pengelola BUMDes, kelompok usaha telah dibekali pengetahuan tentang pencatatan keuangan yang ideal dan terstandarkan.
Penguatan Manajemen Usaha dan Strategi Pemasaran pada Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah di Desa Sogu Kecamatan Monano Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara
Authors: Ismail Yulinda , Aneta Yanti , Monoarfa Valentina
Published: July 2021

Program KKN Tematik ini bertujuan untuk memberdayakan masyarakat dengan sentuhan ilmu dan teknologi, serta meingkatkan dan mengembangkan ekonomi lokal masyarakat melalui manajemen usaha dan strategi pemasaran pada pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) Desa Sogu Kecamatan Monano Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara. Tujuan dari pengabdian ini adalaha 1) untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat, 2) untuk meningkatkan kemampuan strategi pemasaran, 3) untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan pengetahuan masyarakat pelaku Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah (UMKM) dalam mengelola usaha agar tetap bertahan ditengan pandemic Covid-19. Pemberdayaan dilakukan melalui metode pelatihan dan pendampingan terhadap masalah yang dihadapi oleh UMKM. Pelatihan dan pendampingan ini akan dilakukan oleh mahasiswa KKN Tematik yang terdiri dari disiplin ilmu administrasi, manajemen dan akuntansi. Target inti dari kegiatan KKN Tematik ini adalah terwujudnya manajemen usaha dan strategi pemasaran yang baik, sehingga mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan dan pendapatan masyarakat UMKM di Desa Sogu Kecamatan Monano Kabupaten Gorontalo Utara
Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Memanfaatkan Potensi Sumber Daya Air Melalui Pengembangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Picohydro di Dusun Tumba Desa Tamaila Utara
Authors: Arifin Yayu Indriati , Djafar Abdi Gunawan
Published: July 2021

Dusun Tumba adalah salah satu dari 6 (enam) dusun yang secara administratif berada di Desa Tamaila Utara, Kecamatan Tolangohula, Kabupaten Gorontalo, Provinsi Gorontalo. Secara astronomis berada pada koordinat N 0º49’23.3” E 122º32’08.5”. Metode pelaksanaan program yang dilakukan mahasiswa KKN GEF-SGP Energi Terbarukan terbagi menjadi enam program yang bermanfaat untuk pemberdayaan di lingkungan masyarakat Dusun Tumba. Program  Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Dalam Memanfaatkan Potensi Sumber Daya Air Melalui Pengembangan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Picohydro di Dusun Tumba Desa Tamaila Utara yakni program yang dilaksanakan berupa Pendataan Jumlah Pemakaian Energi dan Maintenance Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Pycohidro, Pemetaan Daerah Tangkapan Air, Konsesi HTI, Pelaksanaan Produksi Film Dokumenter, serta Program Pendidikan dan Infrastruktur KKN GEF-SGP Energi Terbarukan berjalan dengan baik. Program ini diharapkan bermanfaat bagi pemberdayaan masyarakat sebagai penunjang perekonomian, pertanian, pendidikan di Dusun Tumba
Pengembangan Ekowisata Pulau Bohu Desa Garapia Untuk Meningkatkan Perekonomian Lokal Masyarakat Desa
Authors: Jahja Mohamad , Demulawa Meilan
Published: July 2021

Kegiatan KKS -Tematik ini bertujuan Mengembangkan keparawisataan Pulau Bohu berbasis ekowisata berkelanjutan, Meningkatkan pengetahuan masyarakat perihal pengolahan ekowisata yang berkelanjutan, Memberikan pengetahuan perihal cara menjaga kelestarian alam Pulau Bohu di Desa Garapia sehingga terhindar dari pengrusakan lingkungan, Meningkatkan rasa tanggung jawab dan kepedulian masyarakat Desa Garapia terhadap kelestarian alam Pulau Bohu. Kegiatan ini dimulai dengan observasi literatur, obesrvasi lapangan dan pendataan berbagai potensi desa. Luaran yang dihasilkan dari pelaksanaan KKS-Tematik ini antara lain terdapatnya minimal struktur pengelola ekowisata Pulau Bohu.
Strategi Program Kampung Iklim berbasis bottom up participative dalam mendorong pencapaian target SDGs Di Desa Hutadaa
Authors: Yunginger Raghel , Dako Amirudin
Published: July 2021

Kondisi geografis Desa Hutadaa yang masih relatif dekat dengan pusat Kabupaten Gorontalo seharusnya mendapat perhatian penting untuk menjadi salah satu desa yang dapat mendukung perekonomian yang berbasis lingkungan. Bahkan menariknya, desa ini berbatasan langsung dengan perairan Danau Limboto sebagai asset sumber daya alam sekaligus sebagai icon Provinsi Gorontalo. Kehadiran Danau Limboto ini sangat potensial untuk menumbuhkan ekonomi masyarakat yang dapat digerakkan pada pada sektor perikanan, pariwisata, dan juga sektor perekonomian. Namun ternyata banyak masalah yang ditemukan di desa ini terutama rendahnya pertumbuhan ekonomi, tingginya angka stunting, DBD, kerusakan lingkungan yang tandai dengan kejadian banjir maupun kekeringan serta tumpukan sampah.  Berdasarkan permasalahan yang ditemukan di Desa Hutadaa, maka solusi yang telah dilaksanakan adalah strategi ProKlim berbasis partisipasi masyarakat yang sinergi dengan pencapaian SDGs terutama goals 3 (kesehatan yang baik dan kesejahteraa), 6 (air bersih dan sanitasi), dan 13 (penanganan perubahan iklim). Strategi ProKlim di Desa Hutadaa ini telah dirintis melalui program Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) oleh mahasiswa Universitas Negeri Gorontalo selama 45 hari dengan harapan dapat dilakukan secara berkelanjutan. Adapun luaran yang telah dicapai dalam program pengabdian ini adalah inovasi pembuatan biopori, penghijauan dan pemanfaatan pekarangan, pembentukan kelompok usaha Bank Sampah, pembuatan Pupuk Kompos dan pupuk organik cair, program posyandu remaja, pembuatan spot foto untuk desa wisata, pembuatan peta perencanaan aliran drainase, peta adminsitrasi Desa Hutadaa, dan juga peta tanggap bencana alam. Namun hasil program pengabdian ini masih membutuhkan program KKN lagi untuk melanjutkan dan mengembangkan luaran yang telah dihasilkan
Pelatihan Penyusunan Rencana Anggaran Biaya Berdasarkan AHSP Sesuai Standar Nasional Indonesia
Authors: Harun Ervan Hasan , Ilham Jumiati , Wiranto Ifan , Asmara Bambang P , Musa Wahab , Ridwan Wrastawa
Published: July 2021

Peningkatan infrastruktur melalui alokasi dana desa dalam rangka peningkatan pelayanan masyarakat semakin banyak dilakukan di setiap daerah. Setiap tahun alokasi dana desa melalui APBN terus meningkat. Dalam kegiatan pembangunan infrastruktur desa, penyusunan rencana anggaran biaya adalah hal yang sangat penting dan harus dikuasai agar kegiatan dapat berjalan sesuai rencana dengan target biaya, mutu dan waktu yang efektif dan efisien serta dapat dipertanggungjawabkan. Desa Tunas Jaya sebagai mitra yang bekerjasama dalam kegiatan Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat kali ini telah dibimbing dan dilatih melalui kegiatan pelatihan menggunakan metode learning by doing terkait Penyusunan Rencana Anggaran Biaya (RAB). Adapun materi-materi yang deberikan kepada perangkat desa yakni: pengenalan tentang RAB dan komponen penyusunnya, perhitungan volume pekerjaan, perhitungan estimasi waktu penyelesaian pekerjaan, perhitungan jumlah tenaga kerja dan kebutuhan material dan diakhir pelatihan akan diberikan materi berupa penyusunan RAB dan komponennya menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Dari hasil pelatihan dapat disimpulkan bahwa, perangkat desa telah memahami bagaimana menyusun RAB berdasarkan Analisis Harga Satuan Pekerjaan (AHSP) sesuai Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) menggunakan Microsoft Excel. Luaran dari kegiatan pengabdian kali ini adalah berupa modul anggaran biaya yang dapat digunakan oleh perangkat desa dalam rangka kegiatan perencanaan pembangunan di desanya.
Pentingnya Penguatan Ekonomi Masyarakat Pada Masa Pandemi Covid 19 Dalam Meningkatan Manajemen Usaha Masyarakat Pengrajin Kue Berbahan Dasar Jagung
Authors: Abdussamad Zuchri , Tahir Arifin
Published: July 2021

Permasalahan berantai yang sangat mengganjal pada masa pandemic Corona 19 adalah keterbatasan pengetahuan/keterampilan dan teknologi yang bisa diakses dalam hal teknologi pengolahan berbagai produk tanaman menjadi makanan ringan atau cemilan.   pengemasan, pelabelan juga mutu dan hiegine, sehingga belum mampu menembus segmen pasar, ini sangat mempengaruhi ekonomi masyarakat. Permintaan konsumen  dapat terpenuhi apabila tingkat produksi tetap kontinyu dan mutu olahan dapat terjaga. Aspek inilah yang masih menjadi permasalahan mendasar oleh kelompok masyarakat tentang teknologi pengembangan produk tanaman jagung atau tumbuhan lainnya.  Penyelesaian permasalahan ini dapat ditempuh  antara lain  melalui pengembangan keterampilan dan manajemen usaha bagi masyarakat yang tergabung pada kelompok Dasawisma  di Desa Bulontio Barat Kecamatan Sumalata Timur Gorontalo Utara  dalam meningkatkan ekonomi kelompok masyarakat dengan memberikan pendampingan pemberdayaan ilmu dan teknologi tentang pengembangan produk tanaman jagung dan tanaman lainnya supaya lebih baik dan menghasilkan banyak pilihan produk. Berangkat dari permasalahan mitra, maka melalui program pengabdian masyarakat, bersama-sama dengan mahasiswa telah melaksanakan program KKN Tematik dalam bentuk pendampingan, penyuluhan dan pelatihan melalui peningkatan manajemen  usaha bagi masyarakat/kelompok Dasawisma di  Bulontio Barat Kecamatan Sumalata Timur Gorontalo Utara.  Demikian halnya Proses pembelajaran dan pemberdayaan yang diperankan oleh mahasiswa dengan  menggunakan metode pendampingan.