bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis and comparison of the two sectoring approaches in elevator traffic systems
Authors: Al-Sharif Lutfi , Hammoudeh Ahmad , Al-Saidi Jannat
Published: January 2019

Sectoring is a group control algorithm that is used in elevator traffic control systems by grouping passengers that have common destinations or common origins into elevator cars that serve these floors. The building is split into sectors usually comprising contiguous floors. Two different alternative algorithms for sectoring are discussed in this paper. The first approach is based on dynamic allocation with equal sector allocation. The second approach is based on static allocation with unequal sector sizes. Under static allocation, the same elevator car is allocated to the same sector in every round trip. Under dynamic allocation, each elevator car is allocated to a different sector in each round trip. Under the dynamic allocation scheme suggested in this paper, the elevator cars are sequenced to the various sectors in the buildings in a round-robin fashion. It is important to note that under both schemes, the provided (relative) handling capacity of different sectors is equalised. Five different buildings have been analysed using the two suggested sectoring algorithms. The building is first designed by finding the required number and speed of elevators assuming conventional control. Each building is then analysed using one of the two suggested sectoring algorithms. In order to compare the performance of the two sectoring algorithms, the provided (relative) handling capacity is calculated. The provided (relative) handling capacity of the two suggested algorithms is then compared. Very little difference was found between the two algorithms. The dynamic sectoring with equal sector sizes offers the convenience of having equal sector sizes. The static sectoring with unequal sector sizes is more convenient for passengers that are familiar with the building.

Practical application: This paper analyses two different options for sectoring the control system of an elevator system in a building. Each of the two sectoring methods is suitable for different situations. The dynamic allocation method is more suitable for destination group control systems and offers the group controller more flexibility. The static allocation method with unequal sector sizes ensures that the passengers remain familiar with the elevators that they use to get to their floors. The programmer of the elevator group controller can programme both methods in the controller and allow it to switch to the most suitable algorithm depending on the prevailing conditions.
The Shame of It All: A Review of Shame in Organizational Life
Authors: Daniels Michael A. , Robinson Sandra L.
Published: January 2019

Shame is a powerful and relevant discrete emotion in the workplace, as organizations are rife with potential to induce shame, and reactions to shame relate to important organizationally relevant outcomes. In this article, we review shame-related research from a variety of disciplines, integrating and identifying common patterns to better understand the shame process as it relates to organizational life. In doing so, we develop a framework that outlines the more internal psychological processes at the heart of the emotion of shame and situates these processes within the context of organizations. This framework highlights the organizational factors that help instigate shame in employees (i.e., unintentional shame triggers and purposeful shaming behaviors) as well as the behavioral outcomes important to organizations (i.e., prosocial, withdrawal, and aggressive behaviors) and provides insights regarding moderators that likely impact this process. In addition, we discuss future research implications as they pertain to each of the components in our framework, hoping that our article not only improves our understanding of organizational shame but encourages much-needed future research on it.
Efficacy of high-intensity laser therapy in subacromial impingement syndrome: a three-month follow-up controlled clinical trial
Authors: Aceituno-Gómez Javier , Avendaño-Coy Juan , Gómez-Soriano Julio , García-Madero Venancio Miguel , Ávila-Martín Gerardo , Serrano-Muñoz Diego , González-González Jaime , Criado-Álvarez Juan José
Published: January 2019

Objectives:

To evaluate the effectiveness of high-intensity laser therapy on shoulder pain and function in subacromial impingement syndrome.

Design:

Clinical controlled trial with alternate allocation.

Setting:

Hospital Department of Rehabilitation.

Subjects:

A total of 46 participants with subacromial impingement syndrome.

Intervention:

Participants were sequence allocated to an intervention group (high-intensity laser therapy + exercise therapy) and control group (sham-laser + exercise therapy) and received 15 sessions (five days a week during three weeks).

Main measures:

Patiens were evaluated at baseline, after 15 sessions, and at one month and at three months after completing the intervention. The main outcome variables were pain and functionality as measured by visual analogue scale; pressure pain threshold; Shoulder Pain and Disability Index; Constant-Murley Score; and QuickDASH. Secondary outcomes were number of sessions at discharge and drug use.

Results:

A total of 21 patients in high-intensity laser therapy group (56.7 ± 8.9 years) and 22 patients in sham-laser group (61.3 ± 8.9 years) concluded the study. Visual analogue scale (cm) at baseline, one-month, and three-months were 6.2 ± 0.5, 3 ± 2.6, and 2.6 ± 2.4 for the control group and 5.4 ± 1.5, 3.6 ± 1.3, and 1.8 ± 1.7 for experimental group, respectively. Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (points) at baseline, one-month, and three-monts were 51.8 ± 16.1, 16.3 ± 16.1, and 13.6 ± 17.1 in the control group and 41.8 ± 20.6, 20.5 ± 19.7, 11 ± 14.5 in experimental group, respectively. No differences were found between groups ( P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

The effect of high-intensity laser therapy plus exercise is not higher than exercise alone to reduce pain and improve functionality in patients with subacromial syndrome.
History of Infection Control in Anaesthesia
Authors: Bowring D.
Published: January 2019

Generally the basic sciences of physics, chemistry and mathematics and the applied sciences of anatomy, physiology and pharmacology are associated with the history of the development and advancement of anaesthesia. In considering the history of infection control in anaesthesia, the contribution of microbiology must be added to the above. When sifting through old books and journals it is often difficult to understand the stimuli for the leaps of progress; I believe the zeitgeist is often the invisible (to our eyes) all important factor. An attempt to briefly illustrate some of the main events and characters follows.
Needleless and Sharp-Free Anaesthesia
Authors: Tomkins D. P. , Van Der Walt J. H.
Published: January 2019

Accidental occupational infection of anaesthetists from patient body fluids is a very real and potentially fatal risk that will be significantly reduced with the routine use of universal precautions and the adoption of specific safe work practices. Employers are required by law to provide a safe working environment and safe systems for work which anaesthetists should implement according to recommendations in this paper. A protocol should be available to be acted upon in the event of occupational parenteral, mucous membrane and non-intact skin exposure to infected patient body fluids. Recommendations are made in six major areas of clinical practice which anaesthetists should adopt to minimize risks to themselves and other healthcare workers: loading syringes, cannulating blood vessels, administering intramuscular (IM) or local anaesthetic injections, administering intravenous (IV) drugs, use of sutures and surgical instruments by anaesthetists and the safe disposal of needles, glass ampoules and other sharp materials. Despite the known risks and the development of these safe practices there is poor compliance by anaesthetists with measures to safeguard themselves and others.
Hepatitis C
Authors: Liddle C.
Published: January 2019

The hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome was isolated during the late 1980s using molecular cloning techniques. It is recognized as the cause of most cases of percutaneously transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. Prevalence of antibodies to HCV (anti-HCV) in the general Australian population is 0.370. However; among regular intravenous drug users the prevalence exceeds 90%. The predominant risk factors for HCV are intravenous drug use, tattoos, exposure to blood products, occupational risk and ethnicity. In contrast to hepatitis B, sexual spread and vertical transmission of HCV from mother to neonate are relatively uncommon. The risk of acquiring HCV from a single HCV-contaminated needlestick accident is about 5%.

Most cases of acute HCV infection are asymptomatic, but 50 to 80% progress to chronic disease. The percentage of those with chronic HCV progressing to cirrhosis is not accurately known, but is probably 20%. Treatment strategies for HCV utilizing recombinant interferons, are proving useful in patients with mild to moderate liver disease, but fare less well in patients with cirrhosis. Currently, there is no vaccine for hepatitis C, so pre-exposure prophylaxis is not possible. Equally, no post-exposure intervention, for example with gamma globulin, has been shown to be beneficial, though there may be a role for early interferon therapy.
Anaesthesia and Emerging Infectious Diseases
Authors: Dwyer D. E.
Published: January 2019

New infectious diseases and microorganisms continue to be described. They may be blood- or arthropod-borne, or spread by the respiratory, sexual or faecal-oral route; in some cases, modes of transmission remain unknown or new ones have been described.

Complex factors have contributed to the re-emergence of older pathogens in both developing and developed countries. Changes in medical and surgical practice have led to the frequent description of resistant gram-positive and negative bacteria, fungi and bacteria.

Although many of the newly described agents may not be directly relevant to routine anaesthetic and intensive care practice, their impact on both patients and staff can be minimized by adherence to rational infection control guidelines, understanding of local disease and anti-microbial resistance patterns, sensible patient evaluation and access to expert advice. Given recent history, it can be expected that new microorganisms and clinical syndromes will continue to appear.
An Airborne Intensive Care Facility (Fixed Wing)
Authors: Gilligan J. E. , Goon P. , Maughan G. , Griggs W. , Haslam R. , Scholten A
Published: January 2019

A fixed-wing aircraft (Beechcraft KingAir B200 C) fitted as an airborne intensive care facility is described. It completed 2000 missions from 1987–1992, for distances up to 1300 km. Features include: 1. Space for carriage of two stretchers, medical cabin crew of up to five persons and equipment and two-pilot operation if necessary. A third stretcher may be carried in emergencies. 2. Two CARDIOCAP™ fixed monitors for ECG, invasive and noninvasive pressures, pulse oximetry and end-tidal CO2 plus SIEMENS 630™/PROPAQ™ compact monitors for the ground transport phase of missions, or the total duration. 3. A medical oxygen reservoir of 4650 litres, sufficient for two patients on IPPV with FiO2 = 1.0 for a four-hour trip. The medical suction system is powered from the engine or a vacuum pump. 4. Other medical equipment and drugs in portable packs, for ground transport and resuscitation needs and for replenishment by nursing staff at the parent hospitals. 5. Stretchers compatible with helicopter and road ambulance vehicles used. 6. A stretcher loading device energized from the aircraft, operating through a wide (cargo) door. 7. Provision of 240v AC (alternating current) and 28v DC (direct current) electrical energy. 8. Pressurization and climate control. 9. Satisfactory aviation performance for conditions encountered, with single-pilot operation.
Pharmacologic Treatments for Sleep Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: McDonagh Marian S. , Holmes Rebecca , Hsu Frances
Published: January 2019

Sleep problems are common in children, especially those with neurodevelopmental disorders, and can lead to consequences in behavior, functioning, and quality of life. We systematically reviewed the efficacy and harms of pharmacologic treatments for sleep disorders in children and adolescents. We searched MEDLINE, Cochrane library databases, and PsycINFO through June 2018. We included 22 placebo-controlled randomized controlled trials (1-13 weeks’ duration), involving 1758 children (mean age 8.2 years). Single randomized controlled trials of zolpidem and eszopiclone in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed no improvement in sleep or ADHD ratings. Clinical Global Impression Improvement/Severity scores significantly improved with zolpidem ( P = .03 and P = .006, respectively). A single, small randomized controlled trial of diphenhydramine reported small improvements in sleep outcomes (8-10 minutes’ better sleep latency and duration) after 1 week. In 19 randomized controlled trials, melatonin significantly improved sleep latency (median 28 minutes; range 11-51 minutes), sleep duration (median 33 minutes; range 14-68 minutes), and wake time after sleep onset (range 12-43 minutes), but not number of awakenings per night (range 0-2.7). Function and behavior improvement varied. Improvement in sleep was greatest in children with autism or other neurodevelopmental disorders, and smaller in adolescents and children with chronic delayed sleep onset. Adverse events were infrequent with melatonin, but more frequent than placebo in children taking eszopiclone or zolpidem. These findings show that melatonin was useful in improving some sleep outcomes in the short term, particularly those with comorbid ASD and neurodevelopmental disorders. Other drugs and outcomes are inadequately studied.
Imagining Ukraine: From History and Myths to Maidan Protests
Authors: Musliu Vjosa , Burlyuk Olga
Published: January 2019

This article examines how the Maidan protests of 2013–2014 were a space for the collision of conflicting narratives on what Ukraine is and what it should be, and how past, present, and future were used to imagine contemporary Ukraine. Making use of speech acts by local and international actors and politicians on the Ukraine crisis, historical narratives on Ukraine, Maidan protest slogans, and field work data gathered throughout 2013–2016 in Ukraine, we identify four meta-narratives that enable us to unravel such an imagining: (1) Ukraine as a liminal category between East and West; (2) Ukraine as Russia, Ukraine as non-Russia; (3) Ukraine as Europe, Ukraine as non-Europe; and (4) Ukraine as Ukraine. We trace and contextualize these narratives in four separate sections. Positing all narratives in a discursive battleground and problematizing them as a struggle between stories, the article demonstrates that the imagining of contemporary Ukraine is deeply conditioned by the conflict between all four narratives. Ukraine is simultaneously all and none of them.
Caregiver Reward and Burden: Differing Constructs in Family Members Providing Care for Medically Ill Homebound Older Adults
Authors: Wilkins Victoria M. , Sirey Jo Anne , Bruce Martha L.
Published: January 2019

Objective: This study examined the relationship between caregiver burden and reward and how each relates to factors, such as depression, within the caregiving dyad. Method: A total of 101 older adults and their primary family caregivers were recruited upon enrolling in home health care services. Patients were assessed for sociodemographic information, depression, disability, pain, and caregiver support at baseline and at 8 weeks. Caregivers were assessed at baseline for sociodemographic information, depression, caregiver burden, caregiver reward, and caregiving tasks they provide. Results: Burden and reward were significantly inversely correlated, but differentially associated with distinct patient and caregiver variables. Patients whose caregivers reported higher baseline levels of caregiver reward were more likely to have lower depression scores at follow-up. Discussion: Given that different aspects of patients and caregivers influence reward and burden, assessing caregivers for both burden and reward may better target caregiver interventions at the individual and family levels, particularly for older adult depression.
Cytomegalovirus infection in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: report of four cases challenging the management of the disease, and literature review
Authors: Sebastiani G.D. , Iuliano A. , Canofari C. , Bracci M.
Published: January 2019

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is particularly dangerous in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), being a problem both for the differential diagnosis with disease flare and for the management of SLE flare with immunosuppressive drugs. We report on four cases of SLE with concomitant CMV infection, having some common clinical and laboratory characteristics. Our data suggest that lupus patients presenting with symptoms such as fever, diarrhea, and respiratory symptoms, alone or in combination, and laboratory evidence of leukopenia, elevated transaminases, and hyponatremia, especially in the setting of recent immunosuppressive treatments, should be screened for CMV.
Memories of Action: Tracing Film Society Cinephilia in India
Authors: Ghosh Abhija
Published: January 2019

The inception stories of early film societies in India from the 1940s to the 1960s reveal how these groups initiated an access to international, art and alternative cinemas through a network of circulation and exhibition created separately from mainstream cinema markets thereby forming a parallel network of societies, foreign consulates, embassies, government institutions and the National Film Archive of India (NFAI). This paper navigates the early history and memories of film societies in an attempt to map the cinephiliac energy of the film society movement through their erstwhile network of film travel. Using experiences, criticism and narratives of nostalgia published in film society journals, this paper reimagines the routes traversed by art cinemas and their cinephiles, enumerating specific activities around the film object. Observing urban film societies where film society cultures were initially conceptualized, thrived and whose histories are relatively renowned but also traces some significant small town societies which made the most of these circuits of film travel reaching out to non-metropolitan centers effectively transforming backyards into screening spaces and widening the scope of community participation around art cinemas.
Ethics of patriotism: NFL players’ protests against police violence
Authors: Montez de Oca Jeffrey , Suh Stephen Cho
Published: January 2019

This article traces debates about African American professional football players’ protests during the national anthem. After reviewing over 400 media texts, we found that each side operates from mirrored ethical positions that lead to competing conceptions of patriotism. We use the term “patriarchal patriotism” for people opposed to the protests since they hold that institutions of authority protect citizens, and therefore citizens owe them loyalty and deference. We use “constructive patriotism” for protest supporters since they hold that citizens have an ethical obligation to oppose inequities and work on the nation through protest and dissent. Each position, however, operates as two sides of the same racial–patriotic coin. We argue that the strategic embrace of patriotism by protest proponents limits the radical, transformative potential of the protests by operating on a nationalistic political terrain that suggests the racial state can operate for racial benevolence.
The changing role of the nation-state and regulation: Workplace bullying legislation in The Netherlands
Authors: D’Cruz Premilla , Mulder Roelie , Noronha Ernesto , Beerepoot Niels , Magala Slawek
Published: January 2019

Workplace bullying literature has focused mainly on actions of individual targets of mistreatment, undertaken to address the problem, and on analyses of the effectiveness of responses. Less attention has been paid to the efficacy of state regulation in establishing a climate of prevention as well as redress. We examine the role of the Dutch Working Conditions Act as a means of mitigating workplace bullying from the perspective of legislative intention, processes and outcomes. Semi-structured interviews with stakeholders involved in creating, influencing and implementing the Act are analysed thematically to highlight how contextual, employer and phenomenon-specific factors affect the effectiveness of legislation with regard to workplace bullying. The findings indicate that state involvement, organisational commitment and collective action are all important contributors in reducing workplace bullying, but that even in the context of neoliberalism, the role of the nation-state is of critical importance, notwithstanding initiatives by employers.

JEL Codes: J58, J78, J81, M54
From Liminality to Vitality: Infant Feeding Beliefs Among Refugee Mothers From Vietnam and Myanmar
Authors: Joseph June , Liamputtong Pranee , Brodribb Wendy
Published: January 2019

Infant feeding in traditional (non-White societies) is imbued within beliefs surrounding the human body and food. This article, framed within the liminality theory, demonstrates perspectives of 38 Vietnamese and Myanmarese refugee mothers. Situated within the postmodern methodological framework, innovative methods of in-depth interviewing and drawing were used to gather participant’s subjectivities. As birthing renders the new mother and infant weak, the findings mirror a “liminality to vitality” nurturing continuum, acknowledging the (a) essentialism of bodily breast milk, (b) rituals that strengthen mothers for lactation, (c) lactation-inducing food, and (d) culturally symbolic non-milk food that promote an independence for nourishment other than from the maternal body. Health care professionals are called to value the importance of bodily vitality in birthing and clinical maternal–child health/nutrition spheres so that culturally specific services and consultations are rendered. Our findings also offer a platform to developing models of care for families from Vietnamese and four ethnic Myanmarese communities.
ED-PALS: A Comprehensive Palliative Care Service for Oncology Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Koh Mervyn Y.H. , Lee Jia F. , Montalban Socrates , Foo Chik L. , Hum Allyn Y.M.
Published: January 2019

Background:

The American College of Emergency Physicians has identified early palliative care referral for patients with advanced cancer as a key competent of the Choosing Wisely campaign.

Objectives:

To study the feasibility of a new 3-way model of care between emergency department (ED), hospital palliative care department, and inpatient/home hospice.

Methods:

This was a prospective, descriptive study that included oncology patients who attended the hospital ED over a 3-year period from January 2015 to December 2017. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) presence of metastatic cancer with either; (2) any 1 of the following symptoms: pain, dyspnea, nausea and vomiting, delirium, or swelling; or (3) potential care difficulties (requiring home hospice care or inpatient hospice).

Results:

A total of 340 patients were referred from the ED. Mean age was 72 years, 59% were males and 41% females, and the majority (88%) were Chinese. The most common cancers were lung 89 (26%), colorectal 71 (21%), and hepatobiliary cancer 49 (14%). The most common symptoms on Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale scoring were pain (34%), poor appetite (31%), and dyspnea (26%).

Conclusions:

This tripartite model of palliative care, hospice, and ED collaboration allows earlier access to palliative care in the ED and direct admissions to the palliative care unit and comfort care rooms. The ED patients who did not need admission were also attended to in the palliative care “Hot Clinics” within a week with home hospice help. Patients who required inpatient hospice care were directly admitted there from the ED.
Cultivating Global Learning Locally Through Community-Based Experiential Education
Authors: Coyer Caitlin , Gebregiorgis Desta , Patton Kaitlin , Gheleva Daniela , Bikos Lynette
Published: January 2019

Background: Global learning outcomes (GLOs) are increasingly emphasized within higher education because of the advantages they provide in navigating globalized contexts. The process of global learning may be understood through Mezirow’s theory of transformational learning, in which presentation of dissonant information results in more open, inclusive frames of reference. Purpose: We propose that local community-based experiential learning may facilitate development of GLOs through a process of transformational learning. Methodology/Approach: We used consensual qualitative research-modified (CQR-M) method to describe outcomes of a service-based experiential learning opportunity called Community Kitchen. Findings/Conclusions: Our analyses yielded seven domains within participant responses, many of which align with GLOs: impacting knowledge and skills, changing attitudes through transformational learning, contributing to personal benefit, facilitating relational connections, influencing vocational identity, engaging with the community, and providing a unique experience. Implications: Experiential learning may be a viable avenue through which global learning occurs locally through service-learning experiences.
The Latest Dope on Research (About Constructivism): Part I: Different Approaches to Constructivism—What It's All About
Authors: Shapiro Arthur
Published: January 2019

The overwhelming consensus as the twentieth century closed has been that knowledge is constructed.

— D. C. Phillips, Constructivism in Education
Globalization or Marketization? The Dilemma of International Schools in South Korea
Authors: Choi Sheena
Published: January 2019

In fundamental ways, the forces of globalization challenge the previous approaches and theories of national development. In the minds of some observers, globalization is an exaggerated form of global capitalism; in the view of others, it is a wake-up call to look for alternative forms to the new social and cultural arrangements that are being spontaneously generated by globalization. (Stromquist & Monkman, 2000b, p. viii)
The Role of the Educational Leadership Program Coordinator: A Distributed Leadership Perspective
Authors: Hackmann Donald G. , Wanat Carolyn L.
Published: January 2019

This qualitative study examined the educational leadership program coordinator's role in selected research universities, through interviews of 10 coordinators. These individuals were responsible for quasi-administrative curriculum development and outreach duties. Coordinators were committed to leading their programs despite extensive time commitments and few incentives. Two issues created barriers to distributing leadership responsibilities: faculty autonomy and program faculty size. Lacking formal authority, coordinators sometimes found it difficult to enlist the assistance of faculty colleagues. Individuals in tenure-line positions viewed their responsibilities as challenging their continued scholarly productivity, whereas those non-tenure-track positions noted that their work performance was evaluated using different criteria.
The Challenges and Strategies of Internationalizing Hong Kong's Higher Education in a Globalized World
Authors: Ng Shun-wing , Tang Sylvia Yee Fan
Published: January 2019

This article presents a study of how to attract students from the Asian markets to pursue higher education in Hong Kong. The study found that the strategies of internationalization, at both the system level and the institutional level, attempted to address problems generated from the barriers of exporting higher education and so build on the attractions of studying in Hong Kong's higher education system. These strategies are mainly driven by concerns of brain gain and income generation. Although these strategies help to attract overseas students, we caution the importance of going beyond recruiting overseas students and put forward a more humanized way of looking at internationalization to counteract the overriding economic-driven globalization.
Cross-Border Choice as Identity Investment: Cases of Malaysian and Indonesian Ethnic Chinese Students in Hong Kong
Authors: Choi Pik Lin
Published: January 2019

This article reports a case study on two ethnic Chinese students, one from Malaysia and one from Indonesia, who chose to pursue higher education in Hong Kong. By placing the students at the center of investigation against the social, political, economic, and educational contexts of their home countries, as well as the host territory, the present life history study seeks to gain a holistic understanding of cross-border mobility. Findings suggest that the external push–pull factors were mediated by the students’ personal backgrounds and dispositions in their decision making. Although data show that the two students benefited from the cross-border mobility in terms of redefining their ethnic identities and creating global academic and professional identities, implications of the purposes of cross-border mobility and study methods for student mobility are discussed.
Developing Transnational Higher Education: Comparing the Approaches of Hong Kong and Singapore
Authors: Chan David , Ng Pak Tee
Published: January 2019

This article examines the approaches that Hong Kong and Singapore have adopted in trying to develop themselves as regional hubs of higher education through their developments of transnational higher education. Hong Kong and Singapore compete for this market share of global higher education because it can be a lucrative business. Adapting a model from the business management literature, this article compares the approaches that Hong Kong and Singapore adopt in developing their transnational higher education sectors. Through its analysis, it argues that despite similarities in their visions, the business approach, culture, process, and resource commitments of the two economies are quite different. More important, such differences reflect the different philosophy and style of governance of the two governments.
Education and Empire: Democratic Reform in the Arab World?
Authors: Herrera Linda
Published: January 2019

Democracy and related concepts—human rights, active learning, civic participation, gender empowerment, and global citizenship—have become the international policy mantras of the post–Cold War era, or what many have labeled a neoimperial order. These bedrock principles of global educational reforms are supposed to contribute to processes of democratization and the forging of a cosmopolitan citizenry that will value pluralism, prosperity, and peace. Yet it is often not evident when these principles are being used to support neoliberal economic reforms, geopolitical aspirations, and security objectives or when they reflect more genuine progressive, universal, and emancipatory methodologies for change. These issues are examined through an interrogation of international development interventions in Egypt since the 1990s, in the spheres of privatization, the growth of educational markets, and curriculum reform for citizenship and moral education.
Approaches to Teacher Development in China: Hong Kong and Shanghai
Authors: Lai Manhong K.
Published: January 2019

In the late 1990s, Hong Kong and Shanghai began placed increasing emphasis on teacher development to raise the overall quality of education. As such, this research is guided by three questions: First, what approaches to teacher development have Hong Kong and Shanghai used? Second, in the views of teachers in the two cities, how have the different approaches to teacher development contributed to their professional growth? Third, how have reflection and collegiality helped teachers’ professional development in the two cities? This study used a qualitative approach based on in-depth interviews, with a sample of four schools in Hong Kong and Shanghai. Among the four schools studied, only the renowned Shanghai school had a strong teacher development system in place. The other three schools lacked systematic approaches to teacher development. Teacher reflection differed among the two cities: Hong Kong teachers tended to exhibit individual reflection, whereas Shanghai teachers tended to show imposed reflection, a method that had been set into place by the school's teaching research unit. Collegiality in the Hong Kong ordinary school could be identified as sharing, whereas collegiality in the Shanghai renowned school could be categorized as contrived collegiality. Teacher development in the Hong Kong's renowned school and Shanghai's ordinary school mainly relied on individualism.
The use of Organizational Language of Turkish School Principals toward Teachers as a Means of Motivation and Control
Authors: Acat M. Bahaddin , Demiral Seyfettin
Published: January 2019

This study aimed to obtain perceptions of teachers employed in state and private schools in Eskisehir, Turkey, about the language use of principals toward teachers as a means of motivation and control. The data for the study were collected from 170 teachers working in 13 schools. To analyze the data, frequency and percentage analysis techniques were used, as were q square and t test. The study results suggest that the school principals were attentive, conscious, and sensitive with their language use toward teachers and that the controlling and de-motivating functions of language were used more in elementary schools. Regarding private schools, such language was generally used as a motivator.
Establishing Internationally Competent Leaders for the Future: Promoting an Agenda for Social Justice, Equity, and Intercultural Sensitivity
Authors: Talbert-Johnson Carolyn
Published: January 2019

To be successful in a global economy, U.S. candidates must possess international knowledge, intercultural communication skills, and global perspectives to effectively teach diverse student populations. Unfortunately, teacher education programs have not prepared candidates to be internationally competent leaders for the future. Schools of education with international exchange programs are in a unique position to engage candidates in firsthand exploration of cultural and diversity understandings. In this article, I identify pervasive problems with preparation programs and suggest the need for a multicultural, global perspective with a social justice agenda. I conclude the article with justification for new initiatives to ensure that inclusive practices are promoted.
The Changing Way of Leading
Authors: Sytsma Sandra
Published: January 2019

This conceptual article explores the changing way of leading. It proposes that in contrast to the primarily outer actions that characterize educational change, the inner and outer dimensions of leaders are necessary to change what constitutes leading, thereby making it more appropriate to our times. The unfolding of leading actions and the enfolding making of meaning are seen as being immanent and together productive of a creative field of change for self and others. The article is intended as a provocateur for leaders to reflect on their leading, and it is dedicated to leaders in schools who have lost their way but courageously engaged the inner dimension of meaning making to shape a changing and growth-enhancing way of leading.
Addressing Low U.S. Student Achievement in Mathematics and Science through Changes in Professional Development and Teaching and Learning
Authors: Tabernik Anna Maria , Williams Paul R.
Published: January 2019

“When compared with high-achieving countries around the world, the U.S. appears to be significantly behind in providing certain kinds of professional learning opportunities” (Wei, Darling-Hammond, Andree, Richardson, & Orphanos, 2009, p. 39). The present study was designed to investigate the relationship between sustained, targeted professional development in mathematics and student performance in the United States and in the high-achieving countries listed in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study. The research for this study involved teachers and students in a consortium of school districts in the state of Ohio, formed to meet the challenge of closing the achievement gap in mathematics and science for students in the United States. The findings indicate that professional development can be seen as a significant contributing factor in the learning cycle and that sustained, targeted professional development has a positive effect on student achievement.
Right to Basic Education and State Responsibility
Authors: Singh Kishore
Published: January 2019

The right to education is an internationally recognized right. As part of the global movement for Education for All in the past two decades, the right to basic education has emerged in international law, and it carries international obligations—political and legal—on account of collective commitments by the international community for its realization. In monitoring the implementation of the right to education, emphasis is now laid on the right to basic education both in UNESCO and in the work of the United Nations human rights treaty bodies. The operational definition of basic education, elaborated by UNESCO in 2007, is a useful tool in this respect.
The Impact of Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) Professional Development on Teacher Perceptions of School Culture and Climate in the United States
Authors: Watt Karen M. , Huerta Jeffery , Mills Shirley J.
Published: January 2019

This study examines relationships between Advancement via Individual Determination (AVID) implementation and school culture and climate and between AVID professional development and teachers’ perceptions of whether AVID has had an impact on their schools’ culture and climate. More than 3,100 teachers attending professional development workshops (AVID summer institutes) were surveyed, and findings indicate that teachers from mature AVID schools reported higher levels of school culture and climate. AVID coordinators had significantly higher perceptions of AVID's impact on school culture and climate than did AVID teachers. Group openness received the highest responses from teachers, indicating that AVID provides a venue for sharing ideas, values, and beliefs.
A Comparison of Chinese and American Vocational Students’ Viewpoints on International Education
Authors: Wang Yuping , Talbert-Johnson Carolyn
Published: January 2019

The lack of intercultural competencies among secondary preservice and in-service students is one of the most significant issues facing education today. As schools, colleges, and university programs attempt to embrace the increasingly diverse student populations, mission statements have been revised and diversity initiatives designed to reflect support for a more inclusive philosophy for graduating interculturally competent students. There remains an unmet need, however, to expand American students’ international experiences while ensuring that all candidates participate in a quality experience that promotes awareness of cultures, languages, world issues, global dynamics, and human choices. This study compared Chinese and American vocational students’ viewpoints on their international experiences and their impact on the development of intercultural competencies.
Sex Education and Student Rights: Including the Missing Actor
Authors: Clarke Paul T.
Published: January 2019

In the West, sex education has always been a taboo subject that continues to challenge the public schools. Drawing on recent developments in some Canadian provinces, I argue that we cannot begin to address the issue of responsible sex education until we first acknowledge that students themselves have a moral and constitutional right to this kind of education. This does not mean that we disregard the voices of parents and teachers in this debate. Yet, we must take seriously the interests and rights of students if we wish to promote their flourishing as human and sexual beings.
Taiwan's Ban on Corporal Punishment: Educator Perceptions of Impact and Meaning
Authors: Chiang Yi-Ching , Shouse Roger C.
Published: January 2019

On the basis of interviews of a sample of teachers and administrators, we examine Taiwan's 2006 legislative ban on school corporal punishment, seeking to understand why the practice persists within the nation's junior high schools. Results suggest that while teachers reject harsher forms of corporal punishment, many continue to view its moderate use as a practical, acceptable tool for pupil control. This appears to result from schools’ traditional reliance on informal, discretionary forms of punishment and the high-stakes testing environment. Our study illustrates how conflict between macro and local environmental structures, needs, and values can delay and limit broad reform efforts.
Teacher Collaboration, Mentorship, and Intergenerational Gap in Post-Soviet Ukrainian Schools
Authors: Kutsyuruba Benjamin
Published: January 2019

This article examines the interconnections between mentoring and teacher collaboration in view of the intergenerational gap between experienced and novice educators in the post-Soviet Ukraine. The conceptual framework utilized a constructive postmodern perspective as an analytical lens and examined mentorship as a collaborative form of teacher development. Qualitative methods, such as document analysis, focus group interviews, and individual interviews, were used in this study. Collaboration among generations of teachers in schools was found to be susceptible to transformations at the macrolevel (societal) as well as the microlevel (school). The study suggests that the development of collaborative cultures in Ukrainian schools requires close attention to bridging the intergenerational gap between experienced and novice teachers by establishing lasting and deep working relationships through the systematic practice of mentorship.
Religious Education: Definitions, Dilemmas, Challenges, and Future Horizons
Authors: Gross Zehavit
Published: January 2019

This article analyzes religious education and highlights some points that can be the basis for reform in education to meet the diverse needs of religious students and broaden the scope of the field. In today's world, the main challenge of religious education and the basis for educational reform is diversity. Thus, there is a need for new theoretical models that can better define the target population of religious schools. An innovative typology is presented in which religiosity is expressed in terms of unique parameters constituting the concept of religiosity beyond the behavioral dimension, which enable us to suggest a more refined definition of religiosity and thus construct new, more relevant syllabi.
Russian Higher Education: Who Can Afford It?
Authors: Gounko Tatiana
Published: January 2019

The article explores the issue of access and equity in the Russian higher education system by examining recent government initiatives. While recently introduced measures such as the Unified State Examination and student loan project are designed to aid students and expand participation, they alone cannot ensure equitable access to higher education in Russia. To address the growing social stratification in education, the government needs to create formal assistance programs to mitigate existing socioeconomic and institutional barriers.
Perceived Barriers for First-Generation Students: Reforms to Level the Terrain
Authors: Unverferth Anthony Richard , Talbert-Johnson Carolyn , Bogard Treavor
Published: January 2019

This article examines the pervasive difficulties experienced by first-generation students in their quest to attend postsecondary settings. A change in the profile of the undergraduate student body has changed dramatically with respect to first-generation students’ age, enrollment status, and family conditions. These students are likely to enter college with less academic preparation and have limited access to information about the college experience. Low-income, minority, first-generation students are especially likely to lack specific types of college knowledge, which includes knowing how to finance a college education and complete basic admissions requirements. For these students to be successful, it is imperative to understand the pervasive obstacles they may encounter. The article identifies the challenges that first-generation students experience and their perceptions regarding the postsecondary experience, and it concludes with recommendations for successful academic practices.
U.S. Federal Discrimination Law and Language and Culture Restrictions in K–12 Private Schools
Authors: Mawdsley Ralph , Cumming Joy
Published: January 2019

Section 1981 prohibits discrimination concerning the right to contract, and Title VI prohibits discrimination on the basis of the basis of race and national origin. The two cases that form the basis for the discussion in this article—Silva v. St. Anne Catholic School and Doe v. Kamehameha Schools—address whether culture and language can affect the legality of policies that might otherwise appear to be discriminatory.
A Slippery Slope: Children's Perceptions of Their Role in Environmental Preservation in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Galeano Rebecca
Published: January 2019

Despite international attention and attempts to preserve the environmental diversity of the Amazon, it is an accepted fact that those who inhabit the forest must be the ones who preserve it. This article presents an analysis of how children in small rural riverine communities along the Amazon understand the importance of environmental preservation and whether they perceive themselves as important participants in the preservation process. Children from two communities in the Peruvian Amazon who have implemented ecotourism projects with international funding were interviewed to understand their knowledge of their lands and their roles in the global environmental crisis.
National Assessment and the Opportunity to Learn in Educational Reform
Authors: Snyder Conrad Wesley , Mereku Kofi D. , Amedahe Francis K. , Etsey Kofui , Adu John
Published: January 2019

Over two decades, national assessments in Ghana have revealed generally poor performances across curriculum-based tests for primary school (Grades 1–6). Various reform agendas have been applied to the education system, sometimes with isolated success, but the overall performances remained stable and low. Surveying teacher mentors in schools revealed that only some of the curriculum was taught and not a high percentage was ever taught. The students faced national tests that reflected only a portion of what they were taught; they did not have the opportunity to learn the curriculum material on which the tests were based. The problem is that schooling is not happening.
Teaching about the Holocaust: Major Educational Predicaments, Proposals for Reform, and Change—An International Perspective
Authors: Gross Zehavit
Published: January 2019

The aim of this article is to analyze the findings of a research project on how the Holocaust is taught around the world. The project analyzes central issues and educational events that occur while teaching the Holocaust “behind the classroom door,” in public schools in different countries. Researchers from 10 nations participated in the project: Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Poland, Estonia, Scotland, Australia, the United States, Canada, and Israel. One of the major findings of this research was that although the official establishment is very interested in teaching the subject of the Holocaust, teachers can find it hard to teach because of resistance by their students, who occasionally react in class with cynical, racist, anti-Semitic, and antidemocratic remarks. In all the countries, researchers indicate three principal ways of handling the question of the Holocaust: education, teacher training, and research.