bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Barriers to learning Dari literature among non-Persian language students of the Dari department of Jawzjan University
Authors: Radfar Hussain
Published: August 2021

This paper, which is written under the title "Barriers to learning Dari literature among non-Persian language students of the Dari department of Jawzjan University", contains challenges and solutions through which the problem of learning Dari literature among the students of this department can be identified and will be solved by the application of the solutions presented in this paper. The main purpose of this study is to identify the general and minor barriers that non-Persian language students of the Dari Department of Jawzjan University struggle with to learn better. Therefore, this research is very important, because so far, no research has been done in this field. The research method applied in this research is a descriptive-survey method. The population of this study was 67 students, and the sample size (n=57) was selected using Cochran's formula. SPSS software was used to analyze the data. Findings of the present study confirm the hypotheses such as the poor academic foundation of students, the unfamiliarity of teachers and students with modern teaching methods, lack of educational facilities, lack of motivation by families and teachers, and insufficient ability to the Dari language.
Study of milk and dairy products Staphylococcus contamination and antimicrobial susceptibility sold in local markets around Kabul University
Authors: Ahmadi Sayed Arif , Sakha Mohammad Zaher , Ebadi Sohaila , Panda Ashok Kumar
Published: August 2021

This research aimed to evaluate Staphylococcus aureus contamination from milk and its derivatives available in local dairy sale centers around the Kabul University located in Kabul city. Samples were included caw`s raw and pasteurized milk, cheese, ice cream, yogurt, custard, and dough (native product). The mentioned products were collected and then using the conventional method was tested in the laboratory. 70 samples were tested, from tested only 18 samples were presented Staphylococcus aureus, as these isolates had a positive reaction for coagulase. The disk diffusion method plus 8 antibiotics which are commonly used in the Veterinary section were used for antimicrobial sensitivity reaction. Staphylococcus isolated samples showed resistance against more than 3 antibiotics, maximum resistance was to Nalidixic acid (50%) followed by Ciprofloxacin (44.44%), Norfloxacin (27.77%), Erythromycin and Methicillin (27.77%), and Tetracycline (22.22%). All the isolates susceptibility was high to Polymaxine and resistant to Ampicillin (100%). As we found in our study the biological quality of tested samples sold around Kabul University were notsatisfactory as well as resistance against the mentioned antibiotics except two antibiotics. The contaminated products could be a potential risk to humans .
Impact of solar heating technology installation on reduction of greenhouse gas emissions in Kabul city
Authors: Rahmany Nisar Ahmad , Patmal Mohammad Hamed
Published: August 2021

The increasing trend of air pollution in Kabul listed this city, one of the most polluted in the world. The air pollution in Kabul contrasting to other polluted cities in the world is seasonal pollution. According to some reports during the winter season as the demand for heating increases, the majority part of the households and industries in cities use biomass and low-quality fossil fuels to meet their energy demand. The increase of greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions due to the use of conventional energy resources, especially raw coal considered a serious threat to people's lives in Kabul. Due to the abundance of solar energy radiation and the simplicity of technologies, Solar Heating (SH) installation on the rooftop of houses is one of the most prominent solutions to minimize environmental impacts and air pollution related diseases in Kabul. The primary objective of this paper is to assess the potential of GHG reduction with the use of SH technologies in houses. Additionally, the impact of SH installation on non-renewable energy consumption and electricity bill reduction is deliberated in this paper as well. This study is supported by a public web-based survey, which is designed for municipal planned and nonplanned areas in Kabul city. The results of the study indicate, due to poor reliability of electric energy supply, most of the population in Kabul city rely on polluted energy sources to meet their primary demand. The study also points; housing sector in Kabul has the biggest portion of energy consumption, which is mainly used for heating purposes. Employing solar thermal technologies in households can significantly decline the utilization of coal and firewood, which in turn leads to a substantial reduction in GHG emissions. This study could be a good reference for the policymakers and investors in the field of green energy in Afghanistan.
Changing brown cities to smart and sustainable ones: Proposed applicable strategies and indicators for Omid-e-Sabz township in Kabul city
Authors: Tajzai Abdullah , Sabory Najib Rahman
Published: August 2021

The two world-wide challenges, the population growth and the climate change, have forced everyone to think differently and seek new approaches to revive cities to be sustainable for centuries to come. Therefore, transforming the cities to the green and smart city are inevitable. The first step towards green and smart city is the recognition of applicable indicators for an existing city. In the next stage, introducing the most sustainable strategies to implement and realize the introduced indicators are of key importance. Omid-e-Sabz is a crowded city in the south-west of Kabul, hosts more than 27,000 inhabitants. Thus, a study through modifying this city to a sustainable and smart city is crucial for future urban development in Afghanistan. The indicators of green and smart city have been analyzed for Omid-e-Sabz Town in this paper. Moreover, some key guidance’s and plans for transforming an ordinary city to sustainable and smart city have been introduced and suggested. This paper is the first of its kind that discusses this important topic for Afghanistan. It will help the urban planning sector of Afghanistan to learn and continue this discourse to make sure the future cities in Afghanistan are smart and sustainable.
Heat pump systems: A mini review
Authors: Temori Mohammad Omar , Vranay František
Published: August 2021

In this work, a mini review of heat pumps is presented. The work is intended to introduce a technology that can be used to income energy from the natural environment and thus reduce electricity consumption for heating and cooling. A heat pump is a mechanical device that transfers heat from one environmental compartment to another, typically against a temperature gradient (i.e. from cool to hot). In order to do this, an energy input is required: this may be mechanical, electrical or thermal energy. In most modern heat pumps, electrical energy powers a compressor, which drives a compression - expansion cycle of refrigerant fluid between two heat exchanges: a cold evaporator and a warm condenser. The efficiency or coefficient of performance (COP), of a heat pump is defined as the thermal output divided by the primary energy (electricity) input. The COP decreases as the temperature difference between the cool heat source and the warm heat sink increases. An efficient ground source heat pump (GSHP) may achieve a COP of around 4. Heat pumps are ideal for exploiting low-temperature environmental heat sources: the air, surface waters or the ground. They can deliver significant environmental (CO2) and cost savings.
Comparative analysis of economic aspects of concentrated solar power versus photovoltaic in Afghanistan - Case study: Kang district, Nimruz
Authors: Amiri Ali Ahmad
Published: August 2021

This paper analyzes the impacts of whole solar energy technologies on the economic situation of Afghanistan. Details and positive effects of solar mini-grids which are implemented through the Citizens’ Charter National Priority Program CCNPP in the rural areas of Afghanistan are given as samples of solar energy projects in Afghanistan. The result of this analysis then compared with the fossil fuel electricity that people use in the rural areas of Afghanistan based on the economic effects. The Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) for electricity generated through the diesel generator is estimated to be 29 ¢/kWh, which is 3.16 times higher than the cost of electricity produced via photovoltaic (PV) in 9.17 ¢/kWh. The potential for solar thermal as a recently boomed technology in the world is also studied with regard to the climate, economy, and security situation of Afghanistan. The country with 300 sunny days in a year has 1900-2000 kWh/m2 potential of producing electricity through the Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology. Using Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) the Parabolic Trough Collector (PTC) is selected as an optimal type of CSP in Afghanistan and a 3.5 MW PTC power plant is simulated via the System Advisor Model (SAM) software. The result of this simulation shows that this novel technology in Afghanistan needs more time and efforts to set as a secure approach of energy
Oxidation of hydrogels based of sodium alginate and MnO2 as catalyst
Authors: Watandost Hamimullah , Achak Jailani , Haqmal Abdullah
Published: August 2021

In this study, first a hydrogel based on sodium alginate and acrylamide was prepared by radical polymerization method and then manganese oxide was formed in its lattice structure and nanocomposite hydrogels were obtained. In the next step, Nanocomposite hydrogels were used as catalysts for the oxidation of alcohols. To evaluate the physical properties and confirm the structure of nanocomposite hydrogels, Hydrogel swelling tests, FT-IR infrared conversion spectroscopy, TGA Thermal gravimetric, SEM Scanning electron microscopy and TEM Transmission electron microscopy were used. The amount of manganese was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. Also, factors affecting oxidation reactions such as reaction temperature, amount of catalyst and reaction time were optimized to achieve the highest percentage of conversion of alcohols to aldehydes. Under optimal conditions, the highest conversion percentage of benzyl alcohol was 79% for Benz aldehyde at 80 °C for 24 hours.
El temperamento sí importa: Características psicológicas necesarias para liderar escuelas
Authors: Barrientos Mollo Roberto
Published: August 2021

El liderazgo educativo es clave para la transformación y mejora de la educación. Este estudio analiza las características psicológicas necesarias que deben tener los líderes educativos para realizar cambios en educación. Las características psicológicas que los líderes deben desarrollar a un nivel más allá de lo común son la autoeficacia, la resiliencia y el optimismo.  Se explica el significado de cada una y se ofrecen recomendaciones para su desarrollo tomando como referencia la literatura y la experiencia de directores de escuelas. Se recomienda a los reclutadores de directores, tener en cuenta estas características en el proceso de selección.
Derechos de propiedad en la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Colombia de 1863
Authors: Salazar Silva Fernando , Cuaspud Cáliz Alba Liliana
Published: August 2021

El trabajo que el lector tiene en sus manos pretende hacer una aproximación a las dificultades para la consolidación de los Derechos de Propiedad en el contexto de la Constitución de los Estados Unidos de Colombia de 1863. El tratamiento de este tema pasa por entender el papel que jugó la concepción de derecho que llegó a América Latina y sus implicancias sobre la propiedad privada. Ahora bien, aproximarnos a este problema es preciso enunciar que la libertad individual, en el sentido jurídico-económico, es la base de los derechos de propiedad.
A modo de presentación. Marcel Proust: génesis, memoria y deflagración
Authors: Romero Walter
Published: August 2021

Es fama que a Marcel Proust (1871-1922) —de quien este año se cumplen 150 años de su natalicio— la originalidad estructural y escrituraria de À la recherche du temps perdu le creó serias dificultades para conseguir publicar el primero de los tomos de la “novela” que había empezado a escribir en 1907. Ya en 1909 hace ofrecimientos sin suerte al periódico y editorial Mercure de France, y, en diciembre de 1912, recibe —con solo un día de diferencia— tanto el rechazo de Fasquelle como el de la Nouvelle Revue Française (NRF). En busca de editor, Proust intenta, a través de amigos e intermediarios, publicar en el sello Ollendorf que, dirigido por Alfred Humblot, desestima también la propuesta en febrero de 1913. Finalmente, por consejo de su amigo Gaston Calmette —quien trabajaba en Le Figaro, periódico varias veces mencionado en su ciclo novelesco—, Proust se contacta con la pequeña editorial Grasset donde logra editar su obra (Peter, 2008, pp. 76-77) en 1913 “à compte d’auteur”. El volumen de exordio lleva una sencilla, pero elocuente dedicatoria: “Al señor Gaston Calmette, como testimonio de mi profundo y afectuoso agradecimiento. Marcel Proust”. Este affaire de edición a modo de derrotero —narrado en cartas inolvidables a su amigo escritor Louis de Robert, “el primer amigo de Swann”— da cuenta de los no pocos obstáculos que debió vencer. En 1919 —cuando su segundo tomo À l’ombre des jeunes filles en fleur obtiene, por seis votos contra cuatro, el Premio Goncourt—, el esforzado emplazamiento de su obra se consolida, a escasos tres años de la desaparición física de su autor.
Por el camino de las palabras: tiempo, memoria y escrituras del yo en Marcel Proust y Natalia Ginzburg
Authors: Castaño Hebe
Published: August 2021

Existe una relación innegable entre Marcel Proust y Natalia Ginzburg. Sus respectivas obras, À la recherche du temps perdu y Lessico famigliare, entablan un diálogo intertextual profundo y productivo. Esta relación ha sido ya mencionada en numerosos estudios críticos en lengua italiana, pero en español son pocos los que exploran ese diálogo entre ambos autores, sus poéticas y sus textos. El propósito de este trabajo es, entonces, iniciar un estudio comparativo sobre determinados aspectos de ambas obras que permita delimitar y precisar algunas de las características que las enlazan. Nuestro trabajo parte de una breve pero necesaria contextualización sobre la traducción y recepción de Proust en Italia y luego se centra en el análisis de determinados aspectos presentes en ambas obras, tales como la memoria y el léxico, las palabras de la tribu y las de los otros, los lugares de la memoria y las autofiguraciones de los escritores cuando niños.

Dado que nuestro tema de estudio involucra la memoria y las escrituras del yo, los aportes teóricos de Paul Ricoeur en relación con la memoria, y los de Paul de Man y Mijaíl Bajtín en lo que concierne al estatuto de la escritura autobiográfica, nos guían en el análisis de ambos textos.
Proust y anti-Proust. Algunas consideraciones sobre la concepción del estilo en Marcel Proust y en Louis-Ferdinand Céline
Authors: Salaris Francisco
Published: August 2021

Es ya un lugar común en la crítica referirse a la enorme antítesis entre dos de los mayores escritores franceses del siglo XX: Marcel Proust y Louis-Ferdinand Céline. Abundan los trabajos que contrastan sus poéticas y que buscan correspondencias entre sus obras, pero este artículo se ocupa de sus concepciones sobre el estilo, concepto cuya legitimidad en el ámbito académico suele ponerse en duda, pero que sin embargo es central en la teoría estética de ambos autores. Teniendo en cuenta algunos de los problemas teóricos en torno al estilo —su ambigua posición entre la originalidad individual y la repetición, su relación con la lengua y con la escritura, sus implicancias metafísicas—, el trabajo propone un contraste centrado en los problemas con la mímesis y en la construcción de genealogías literarias particulares, que definen no solo concepciones sobre el ejercicio artístico, sino también modos de intervención en los sistemas literarios.
Antagonismo creativo en William Blake: una forma no populista de polarización política
Authors: Trucco Marco Gabriel
Published: August 2021

En el siguiente trabajo, propongo un análisis de cómo la idea de antagonismo en la obra del poeta William Blake es incompatible con el antagonismo populista como lo entiende Ernesto Laclau, y cómo el antagonismo en Blake permite superar algunos obstáculos para el progreso social, que se derivan del modo populista de entender el antagonismo.La comparación entre las dos formas de antagonismo y sus implicancias está estructurada en tres ejes. El primer eje es la idea de antagonismo en el pensamiento de cada autor, donde diferenciamos las relaciones de negación y de contrariedad en Blake, y la dinámica de amigo/enemigo en Laclau. El segundo eje es la construcción de las identidades, donde exploramos la idea de “particulares minuciosos” en Blake y la de “significante vacío” en Laclau. Y el tercer eje es la posibilidad de progreso derivada de cada idea de antagonismo, donde exploramos el perdón en Blake y el peligro de la “polarización afectiva” (Iyengar, Lektes, Levendusky, Malhorta y Westwood, 2019) en el populismo.Concluimos que el antagonismo en Blake es más propicio para el progreso porque postula la coexistencia de los contrarios en tensión creativa gracias a la definición precisa de las identidades y el ejercicio del perdón.
El verdadero yo en los inéditos o los átomos de la estética proustiana
Authors: Videla Martínez Julieta
Published: August 2021

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Influence of integrated crop-livestock-forest on morphological composition and nutritional value of Marandu palisadegrass under continuous grazing
Authors: Santana Erikelly Aline Ribeiro , Costa Ciniro , Meirelles Paulo Roberto de Lima , Andrighetto Cristiana , Mateus Gustavo Pavan , Luz Patrícia Aparecida da , Aranha Aline Sampaio , Lupatini Gelci Carlos , Fialho Cleunice Auxiliadora , Aranha Helena Sampaio ,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Agência Paulista de Tecnologia do Agronegócio,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo
Published: August 2021

This study characterizes the changes in leaf mass, morphological composition and nutritional value of leaf blades of palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) under continuous grazing in the first year of implementation of pasture and after second year of the eucalyptus planting in an Integrated Crop-Livestock System and Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest, which were tested in the four seasons. The experimental design was in random blocks, with three treatments: Crop-Livestock System (ICL) and Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forest with two eucalyptus tree densities (ICLF-1L, 196 eucalyptus trees ha-1 and ICLF-3L, 448 eucalyptus trees ha-1) and four replicates. Sixty castrated Nellore cattle with initial weight of 235.43 ± 25.46 kg and mean age of 16 ± 2.81 months were used during the growing phase under continuous grazing. The agronomic variables were: total dry mass of forage, leaves, stem and dead material; leaf: stem and live: senescent material ratios; and accumulation rate. The leaf: stem and live: senescent material relation did not obtain any difference between the evaluated systems. Dry matter, crude protein, fiber fractions and digestibility of leaf blades were evaluated. Dry mass of the forage (6775 kg ha-1), stem (2175 kg ha-1), senescent material (3175 kg ha-1) and dry matter content (28.6%) were greater in the ICL, whereas crude protein (11.3%) was greater in the ICLFs. On the other hand, accumulation rate and dry mass of leaf blades did not change between systems. Thus, until the first year of grazing, tree systems have advantages, because the forage production (accumulation rate) and leaf mass are similar to those of plants in full sun, besides showing higher nutritional value.
Physiological variables and egg quality from quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) that received water with increasing levels of NaCl and under different temperatures
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rodrigues Ladyanne Raia , Furtado Dermeval Araújo ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Rodrigues Valéria Pereira ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Leite Patrício Gomes ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Ribeiro Neila Lidiany ,   Instituto Nacional do Semiárido, Oliveira Cleber Franklin Santos ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Farias Soahd Arruda Rached ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Galvão Sobrinho Thiago ,   Universidade Federal de Campina Grande
Published: August 2021

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of water salinity and ambient temperature on the physiological variables and the quality of Japanese quail eggs (Coturnix coturnix japonica) in the laying phase. The quails received water with increasing levels of salinity (1.5, 3.0, 4.5 and 6.0 dS m-1) and were kept in climatic chambers under two different temperatures (24ºC and 32ºC). The design used was completely randomised, with a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement (temperatures and salinity levels), with six replicates of eight birds each. Data were submitted for analysis of variance and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5%. There was no influence (P > 0.05) of water salinity levels on the physiological variables nor on the quality of the birds’ eggs. At 32oC there was an increase (P < 0.05) in respiratory rate, cloacal and body surface temperature of the birds, and a slight reduction (P < 0.05) in the weight of eggs, shells, and percentage of shell. For laying quails, water with salinity levels of up to 6.0 dSm-1 can be used and the birds can be raised in an environment with temperatures up to 32ºC.
High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. in stray dogs from Rolim de Moura, Rondônia state, Western Brazilian Amazon
Authors:   Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Ziemniczak Henrique Momo , Maia Maerle Oliveira ,   Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Maia Maiara Oliveira ,   Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Ferreira Elvino ,   Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Vieira Nayche Tortato ,   Universidade Federal de Rondônia, Saturnino Klaus Casaro ,   Universidade Federal de Goiás, Bresciani Katia Denise Saraiva ,   Universidade Estadual de São Paulo, Gomes Ana Amélia Domingues ,   Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco, Pacheco Richard de Campos ,   Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso, Santos-Doni Thaís Rabelo ,   Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri
Published: August 2021

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. are important apicomplexan pathogens that can infect dogs and result in a neurological syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in stray dogs in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to April 2016. A total of 458 dogs blood samples were collected at the Center for Control of Zoonosis (CCZ), and anti-T. gondii and anti-N. spp. antibody levels were detected and measured using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The seroprevalence of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in dogs it was 82.20% and 73.85%, respectively. The seroprevalence of coinfections was 47.59%. This is the first report of anti-T. gondii and anti-Neospora spp. antibodies detected in stray dogs in Rolim de Moura, state of Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Male dogs showed a higher frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies than female dogs (88.0% vs. 75.3%; p < 0.001), presenting 2.41 times more chances of having the disease. High seroprevalence of infection (92.4%: T. gondii and 89.2%: Neospora spp.) was detected in the group ≥ 1-year-old dogs, in all collections, with OR 7.35 and OR 10.27 for the presence of anti-T. gondii and anti- Neospora spp., respectively. In conclusion, the serological results indicate an important circulation of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in wandering dogs hailing from Rolim de Moura, state of Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazonia.
Real-time Automated Detection and Recognition of Nigerian License Plates via Deep Learning Single Shot Detection and Optical Character Recognition
Authors: Adedayo Kayode David , Agunloye Ayomide Oluwaseyi
Published: August 2021

License plate detection and recognition are critical components of the development of a connected Intelligent transportation system, but are underused in developing countries because to the associated costs. Existing license plate detection and recognition systems with high accuracy require the usage of Graphical Processing Units (GPU), which may be difficult to come by in developing nations. Single stage detectors and commercial optical character recognition engines, on the other hand, are less computationally expensive and can achieve acceptable detection and recognition accuracy without the use of a GPU. In this work, a pretrained SSD model and a tesseract tessdata-fast traineddata were fine-tuned on a dataset of more than 2,000 images of vehicles with license plate. These models were combined with a unique image preprocessing algorithm for character segmentation and tested using a general-purpose personal computer on a new collection of 200 automobiles with license plate photos. On this testing set, the plate detection system achieved a detection accuracy of 99.5 % at an IOU threshold of 0.45 while the OCR engine successfully recognized all characters on 150 license plates, one character incorrectly on 24 license plates, and two or more incorrect characters on 26 license plates. The detection procedure took an average of 80 milliseconds, while the character segmentation and identification stages took an average of 95 milliseconds, resulting in an average processing time of 175 milliseconds per image, or 6 photos per second. The obtained results are suitable for real-time traffic applications.
Teens Challenged to Re-think the Concept of European Identity in the Museum
Authors: Trouli Sofia
Published: August 2021

Museums seek to be places for democratization, inclusion and polyphony. In this paper we present the multimodal conversations of the participating adolescents in the course of a museum pedagogical program in the Museum of Contemporary Art of Crete. The program’s topic is Europe and the concept of European identity. Firstly, we prepare the ground through creating an environment of safety and confidence, and next, together with our groups we study the selected artworks, following the routines of ‘Artful Thinking’, which propose the development of critical thinking through specific questions. This process reinforces reflective thinking and skills of participating in a dialogue. Our aim is to describe and share how a museum through its collections and programs can constitute a space where democratic dialogue and healthy debate are cultivated. In this space, everybody is invited to participate in inquiring, reflecting on self, answering, sharing, with and through the art.
Significance of Sindoor (Vermilion Powder) in Hindu Marriage Rituals
Authors: Dahal Bishnu Prasad
Published: August 2021

This paper aims to identify the significance of Sindoor or Vermilion powder (red in color) in Hindu cultural custom and in Hindu society. Sindoor is given to bride by groom on the occasion of marriage. Sindoor is given the gift by the groom to the bride in between the hair partings of married Hindu women have begun to start on the day of the marriage ceremony and the married woman. After then she considered as the wife of her husband and enters to the matrimonial life. Use of Sindoor in Hindu marriage practices signify socially culturally and even medically to order the gender disequilibrium society through the symbolic interpretation of cultural item and traditions, values, norms that are interwoven by religious bind with the member of Hindu orthodox society to sustain the patriarchal social structure. Sindoor also signify the hierarchy among the women world and the status changes when an unmarried wears a Sindoor in Hindu Society
Instrumenty polityki społecznej w konstrukcji podatku
dochodowego od osób fizycznych. Próba weryfikacji
wybranych rozwiązań
Authors: Smoleń Paweł
Published: August 2021

Uchwalona w 1991 r. ustawa o podatku dochodowym od osób fizycznych stała się jednym z pierwszych przedsięwzięć
rozpoczynającej się reformy polskiego prawa podatkowego. Już wówczas w konstrukcję nowego podatku
dochodowego od osób fizycznych wkomponowano szereg rozwiązań będących przejawem realizacji różnorodnych
aspektów polityki społecznej. W opracowaniu analiza została ograniczona do wybranych zagadnień: tzw. podatkowej
polityki prorodzinnej oraz wsparcia sfery nauki i szkolnictwa wyższego. Dokonana w artykule analiza pozwoliła
na sformułowanie wniosków de lege lata oraz kilku końcowych konkluzji dotyczących obu powyższych
obszarów polityki społecznej państwa.
„Samospełniająca się” przesłanka sprzeczności korzyści podatkowej z przedmiotem lub celem ustawy podatkowej lub jej przepisu (uwagi o unikaniu podatku dochodowego)
Authors: Lachowicz Marcin
Published: August 2021

W pierwszych opiniach odnośnie do zasadności zastosowania klauzuli przeciwko unikaniu opodatkowania Rada do Spraw Przeciwdziałania Unikaniu Opodatkowania wskazywała, że przesłanka sprzeczności osiągniętej korzyści podatkowej z celem i przedmiotem przepisu ustawy podatkowej jest w pewnym stopniu „samospełniająca się”, w przypadku gdy zostanie wykazane sztuczne działanie dokonane przede wszystkim w celu osiągnięcia korzyści podatkowej. Stanowisko to spotkało się z krytyką w literaturze. Analiza opinii Rady wskazuje, że stanowisko takie nie jest każdorazowo ponawiane w wydawanych opiniach. Okoliczności stanu faktycznego ocenianego przez Radę wskazują na prawidłowość przyjęcia w pierwszej badanej sprawie, że przesłanka sprzeczności jest w pewnym stopniu „samospełniająca się”.
Koszty uzyskania przychodów w działalności
przedstawicieli nowych mediów
Authors: Bartkowska Maria , Szot Przemysław
Published: August 2021

W ramach niniejszego artykułu, autorzy omawiają w zarysie pojęcie „nowych mediów” oraz ich przedstawicieli –
czyli „influencerów”. Powołując się na literaturę przedmiotu zarysowują na czym dana działalność polega oraz
podnoszą, że jest ona póki co niezdefiniowana i wciąż dynamicznie ewoluuje. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest
przedstawienie dotychczasowych poglądów organów podatkowych oraz sądów administracyjnych, a następnie
skonfrontowanie ich z osobistymi poglądami autorów. Końcowo, autorzy formułują wniosek, iż działalność influencerów
– będąca stricte związana z ich osobą – wymaga, aby do wydatków mających charakter osobisty podchodzić
w sposób bardzo liberalny w sytuacji rozważania czy powinny one być zaliczone do kosztów uzyskania
przychodów.
Change of Rural Development Policy in South Korea after Korean War
Authors: In-hee Lee
Published: August 2021

The industrial development of South Korea is an exceptional success story. However, there were several side effects of the strong economic growth, such as rapidly increasing city populations and severe socio-economic inequality. The population in the area of the capital currently amounts to half of the national population of South Korea. The Korean government has implemented various regional development policies for a more balanced national development. This paper investigates the series of Five-Year Economic Development Plans from 1962-1997 and the Saemaul Undong movement, who contributed to the record of economic development of South Korea, and discusses the rural development policies recently promoted by the South Korean government to address problems such as the progressive decrease and stagnation of agricultural productivity, the depopulation and aging trends in rural areas, the deterioration of farm household income structure, and import expansion and unstable grain supply by free trade agreement.
 
Abstract. Perkembangan industri Korea Selatan adalah kisah sukses yang luar biasa. Namun, ada beberapa efek samping dari pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kuat, seperti populasi kota yang meningkat pesat dan ketimpangan sosial ekonomi yang parah. Penduduk di wilayah ibu kota saat ini berjumlah setengah dari penduduk nasional Korea Selatan. Pemerintah Korea telah menerapkan berbagai kebijakan pembangunan daerah untuk pembangunan nasional yang lebih seimbang. Makalah ini menyelidiki serangkaian Rencana Pembangunan Ekonomi Lima Tahun dari 1962-1997 dan gerakan Saemaul Undong, yang berkontribusi pada rekor pembangunan ekonomi Korea Selatan, dan membahas kebijakan pembangunan perdesaan yang baru-baru ini dipromosikan oleh pemerintah Korea Selatan untuk mengatasi masalah-masalah seperti sebagai penurunan progresif dan stagnasi produktivitas pertanian, depopulasi dan tren penuaan di daerah perdesaan, kerusakan struktur pendapatan rumah tangga pertanian, dan ekspansi impor dan pasokan biji-bijian yang tidak stabil oleh perjanjian perdagangan bebas.
 
Keywords. Saemaul Undong, perencanaan penggunaan lahan, pembangunan perdesaan, pembangunan ekonomi, perubahan populasi.
Update on polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Kim Jin Ju
Published: August 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder in reproductive-age women. In 2018, an international evidence-based guideline announced recommendations spanning a wide range of issues on the assessment and management of PCOS. From the 166 recommendations, the present study reviews those that are of particular clinical relevance for daily practice and introduces other relevant studies that have been published since the global guideline. The 2018 guideline increased the antral follicle count cutoff for the diagnosis of PCOS from 12 to 20 when using a high-frequency probe. Hirsutism was defined as having a score of ≥4–6 based on a lower percentile of 85%–90% or cluster analysis, which was lower than the traditionally used 95th percentile-based cutoff. The diagnosis of PCOS in adolescents is challenging, and irregular menstruation was defined carefully according to years from menarche. The use of ultrasonography for the diagnosis of PCOS was restricted to those 8 years after menarche. As medication for non-fertility indications, combined oral contraceptives are the first-line drug. Metformin, in addition to lifestyle modifications, should be considered for adult patients with a body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 for the management of weight and metabolic outcomes. An aromatase inhibitor is the recommended first-line medication for ovulation induction, a subsequent individual patient data meta-analysis also reported the same conclusion. Whether the new global guideline will be fully adopted by many specialists and change clinical practice is open to question. Further studies are needed to better understand and manage PCOS patients well.
Glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 regulates adipocyte differentiation by altering nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate content
Authors: Yang Yang , Cheng Zhimin , Zhang Wanfeng , Hei Wei , Lu Chang , Cai Chunbo , Zhao Yan , Gao Pengfei , Guo Xiaohong , Cao Guoqing , Li Bugao
Published: August 2021

Objective: This study was performed to examine whether the porcine glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase 1 (GOT1) gene has important functions in regulating adipocyte differentiation.Methods: Porcine GOT1 knockout and overexpression vectors were constructed and transfected into the mouse adipogenic 3T3-L1 cells. Lipid droplets levels were measured after 8 days of differentiation. The mechanisms through which GOT1 participated in lipid deposition were examined by measuring the expression of malate dehydrogenase 1 (MDH1) and malic enzyme (ME1) and the cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) content.Results: GOT1 knockout significantly decreased lipid deposition in the 3T3-L1 cells (p<0.01), whereas GOT1 overexpression significantly increased lipid accumulation (p<0.01). At the same time, GOT1 knockout significantly decreased the NADPH content and the expression of MDH1 and ME1 in the 3T3-L1 cells. Overexpression of GOT1 significantly increased the NADPH content and the expression of MDH1 and ME1, suggesting that GOT1 regulated adipocyte differentiation by altering the NADPH content.Conclusion: The results preliminarily revealed the effector mechanisms of GOT1 in regulating adipose differentiation. Thus, a theoretical basis is provided for improving the quality of pork and studies on diseases associated with lipid metabolism.
Effects of maize straw treated with various levels of CaO and moisture on composition, structure, and digestion by in vitro gas production
Authors: Shi Mingjun , Ma Zhanxia , Tian Yujia , Zhang Xuewei , Shan Huiyong
Published: August 2021

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the effects of maize straw treated with calcium oxide (CaO) and various moisture, on the composition and molecular structure of the fiber, and gas production by fermentation in an in vitro rumen environment.Methods: The experiment used 4×3 Factorial treatment. Maize straws were treated with 4 concentrations of CaO (0%, 3%, 5%, and 7% of dry straw weight) and 3 moisture contents (40%, 50%, and 60%). Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy were employed to measure the surface texture, secondary molecular structure of carbohydrate, and calcium (Ca) content of the maize straw, respectively. The correlation of secondary molecular structures and fiber components of maize straw were analyzed by CORR procedure of SAS 9.2. In vitro rumen fermentation was performed for 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h to measure gas production.Results: Overall, the moisture factor had no obvious effect on the experimental results. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber, acid detergent lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose contents decreased (p<0.05) with increasing concentrations of CaO treatment. Surface and secondary molecular structure of maize straw were affected by various CaO and moisture treatments. NDF had positive correlation (p<0.01) with Cell-H (H, height), Cell-A (A, area), CHO-2-H. Hemicellulose had positive correlation (p<0.01) with Lignin-H, Lignin-A, Cell-H, Cell-A. Ca content of maize straw increased as the concentration of CaO was increased (p<0.01). Gas production was highest in the group treated with 7% CaO.Conclusion: CaO can adhere to the surface of the maize straw, and then improve the digestibility of the maize straw in ruminants by modifying the structure of lignocellulose and facilitating the maize straw for microbial degradation.
Ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and related bacteria in response to dietary live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplementation in beef cattle
Authors: Zhang Xiangfei , Dong Xianwen , Wanapat Metha , Shah Ali Mujtaba , Luo Xiaolin , Peng Quanhui , Kang Kun , Hu Rui , Guan Jiuqiang , Wang Zhisheng
Published: August 2021

Objective: In this study we aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary live yeast supplementation on ruminal pH pattern, fermentation characteristics and associated bacteria in beef cattle.Methods: This work comprised of in vitro and in vivo experiments. In vitro fermentation was conducted by incubating 0%, 0.05%, 0.075%, 0.1%, 0.125%, and 0.15% active dried yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, ADY) with total mixed ration substrate to determine its dose effect. According to in vitro results, 0.1% ADY inclusion level was assigned in in vivo study for continuously monitoring ruminal fermentation characteristics and microbes. Six ruminally cannulated steers were randomly assigned to 2 treatments (Control and ADY supplementation) as two-period crossover design (30-day). Blood samples were harvested before-feeding and rumen fluid was sampled at 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 h post-feeding on 30 d.Results: After 24 h in vitro fermentation, pH and gas production were increased at 0.1% ADY where ammonia nitrogen and microbial crude protein also displayed lowest and peak values, respectively. Acetate, butyrate and total volatile fatty acids concentrations heightened with increasing ADY doses and plateaued at high levels, while acetate to propionate ratio was decreased accordingly. In in vivo study, ruminal pH was increased with ADY supplementation that also elevated acetate and propionate. Conversely, ADY reduced lactate level by dampening Streptococcus bovis and inducing greater Selenomonas ruminantium and Megasphaera elsdenii populations involved in lactate utilization. The serum urea nitrogen decreased, whereas glucose, albumin and total protein concentrations were increased with ADY supplementation.Conclusion: The results demonstrated dietary ADY improved ruminal fermentation dosedependently. The ruminal lactate reduction through modification of lactate metabolic bacteria could be an important reason for rumen pH stabilization induced by ADY. ADY supplementation offered a complementary probiotics strategy in improving gluconeogenesis and nitrogen metabolism of beef cattle, potentially resulted from optimized rumen pH and fermentation.
Characterization of exopolysaccharide-producing lactic acid bacteria from Taiwanese ropy fermented milk and their application in low-fat fermented milk
Authors: Ng Ker-Sin , Chang Yu-Chun , Chen Yen-Po , Lo Ya-Hsuan , Wang Sheng-Yao , Chen Ming-Ju
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the exopolysaccharides (EPS)-producing lactic acid bacteria from Taiwanese ropy fermented milk (TRFM) for developing a clean label low-fat fermented milk.Methods: Potential isolates from TRFM were selected based on the Gram staining test and observation of turbid suspension in the culture broth. Random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction, 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and API CHL 50 test were used for strain identification. After evaluation of EPS concentration, target strains were introduced to low-fat milk fermentation for 24 h. Fermentation characters were checked: pH value, acidity, viable count, syneresis, and viscosity. Sensory evaluation of fermented products was carried out by 30 volunteers, while the storage test was performed for 21 days at 4°C.Results: Two EPS-producing strains (APL15 and APL16) were isolated from TRFM and identified as Lactococcus (Lc.) lactis subsp. cremoris. Their EPS concentrations in glucose and lactose media were higher than other published strains of Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris. Low-fat fermented milk separately prepared with APL15 and APL16 reached pH 4.3 and acidity 0.8% with a viable count of 9 log colony-forming units/mL. The physical properties of both products were superior to the control yogurt, showing significant improvements in syneresis and viscosity (p<0.05). Our low-fat products had appropriate sensory scores in appearance and texture according to sensory evaluation. Although decreasing viable cells of strains during the 21-day storage test, low-fat fermented milk made by APL15 exhibited stable physicochemical properties, including pH value, acidity, syneresis and sufficient viable cells throughout the storage period.Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Lc. lactis subsp. cremoris APL15 isolated from TRFM had good fermentation abilities to produce low-fat fermented milk. These data indicate that EPS-producing lactic acid bacteria have great potential to act as natural food stabilizers for low-fat fermented milk.
Europäisches Wirtschaftsrecht
Authors: Kilian Wolfgang , Wendt Domenik Henning
Published: August 2021

Law exams of all kind in Europe require knowledge about at least some fields of Economic Law from the perspective of national and supranational law. Most textbooks related to European Law confine themselves to a public law perspective and focus on Institutions and the Single Market Freedoms. For students and practitioneers who want to get to the core of economically relevant subjects (e.g. Competition Law; Corporate Law; Trade Law; Capital Market Law; Labour Law; Private Insurance Law; Trademark Law; Copyright Law; IT-Law; Consumer Law) more detailed and reliable knowledge about Regulations, Directives and Court Decisions have to be provided. The authors of the book on „European Economic Law“, which comes to its 8th edition, are experts in the respective fields and present the state of the art by texts, graphics, leading cases and summaries in a well structured manner. References are made to ruling principles and theoretical assumptions as well. The textbook is up to date as of 1 July 2021.
Tod und Trauer am Arbeitsplatz
Authors: Fröhlingsdorf Sarah Maria
Published: August 2021

The meaning of death and grief in labor law and working life - a highly current issue that has been greatly neglected in legal discussions to date. The study is characterised by a scientific-theoretical and a practical part. It examines the extent to which employers are required to improve the situation of grievers at the workplace as part of their corporate health management. The focus is on the distinction between mandatory and voluntary measures, with special differentiation between purely private and company-related bereavement. The author develops a model company agreement on the subject of death and grief which combines all the findings of the preceding study.
Evaluation of the Observance of the Charter of Rights of Patients with Mental Disorders from the Perspective of Nurses and Patients in Panj Azar Hospital in Gorgan in 2020
Authors: Starnezhad Lida , Rostampor Fateme , Paryab Sahar , Mehryar Hamid Reza , Garkaz Omid
Published: August 2021

Background: One of the most essential indicators of quality evaluation of health services is to assess the status of patients' rights, especially in those with mental illness due to their physical and mental conditions, and how health care providers and recipients interact. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the observance of the Charter of Rights of Patients with Mental Disorders from the perspective of nurses and patients in Panj Azar Hospital in Gorgan in 2020. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in 2020 among 100 patients admitted to the Psychiatric Ward and 200 nurses working in the psychiatric ward selected by simple random sampling. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire and a self-made questionnaire. Data were entered into SPSS version 18 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independent t-test. Results: In this study, the results showed that the mean age of the subjects was 52.7 ± 22.4 years, and the highest age group of the study participants was 21 - 30 years. Overall, 196 (65.3%) participants were married, and 191 (63.7%) recommended others to return to this hospital. The mean scores of observance of the patient's charter from the nurses' and patients' points of view were 59.26 ± 6.26 and 57.98 ± 8.13, respectively. The subgroup with highest score was respect for the right to free choice and decision making in both groups. The level of compliance with the Charter of Patients' Rights was good and average from both nurses patients’ point of view. Furthermore, there was only a significant relationship between the views of nurses and patients in the subgroups of respect for patient privacy, compliance with the principle of confidentiality (P = 0.001), and access to an efficient grievance redressal system (P = 0.001). Conclusions: Overall, it is inferred that in most cases, nurses are aware of the extent of their compliance with their charter of rights, and from the patients' point of view, the level of compliance with the charter of patients was often moderate.