bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cholestatic liver disease in adults may be due to an inherited defect in bile acid biosynthesis
Authors: Fischler B. , Bodin K. , Stjernman H. , Olin M. , Hansson M. , Sjövall J. , Björkhem I.
Published: April 2007

Background.  An increasing number of treatable inborn errors of bile acid synthesis have been described, primarily in infants with severe cholestatic liver disease.

Results.  The present patient, whose two older siblings had died from progressive cholestatic liver disease, developed neonatal cholestasis and rickets but recovered during the childhood years and follow‐up was terminated at 12 years of age. The patient presented again at 26 years of age with jaundice and pathological liver function tests. This was normalized upon treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid. Electrospray mass spectrometry of urine showed predominance of unsaturated bile acids, characteristic of 3β‐hydroxy‐Δ5‐C27‐steroid dehydrogenase/isomerase (HSD3B7) deficiency. The activity of HSD3B7 in cultured fibroblasts was less than 5% of normal. A single homozygous mutation was found in exon 4 leading to an amino acid exchange (S162R) and loss of enzyme activity.

Conclusion.  This case illustrates that infants with an inherited absence of HSD3B7 may survive the neonatal period of life and childhood without treatment with bile acids. A low level of sulphation of the abnormal trihydroxy bile acid formed as a result of enzyme deficiency may be of importance for survival. The possibility that liver disease presenting in the adult may be due to a mutation in the HSD3B7 gene should be considered, especially in cases with familial occurrence of liver disease and earlier periods of liver dysfunction.
Acute intermittent porphyria with peripheral neuropathy complicated by small‐fiber neuropathy
Authors: Hsieh Ching‐Hua , Tsai Hui‐Hong , Lu Tsu‐Hsiang , Chen Yi‐Chun , Hsieh Min‐Wei , Chuang Yao‐Chung
Published: April 2007

We describe a 60‐year‐old male patient with acute intermittent porphyria (AIP) who presented with initial abdominal pain and subsequent quadriplegia and respiratory failure. Small fiber neuropathy was demonstrated by measuring intra‐epidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD) using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) immunostaining on three consecutive skin punch biopsies of the distal lower limb. The biopsy findings demonstrated some correlation with progression of the patient’s clinical condition. Neuropathy in AIP can have a small‐fiber component rather than being solely a large‐fiber neuropathy.
Child abuse study among Swedish physicians and medical students
Authors: BORRES MAGNUS P. , HÄGG ANNA
Published: April 2007

Background: The purpose of the present paper was to examine the attitudes and experiences of reporting child abuse and neglect among primary care and hospital‐based physicians and to study the responses of physicians and medical students to case vignettes suggestive of possible physical abuse or neglect.

Methods: Physicians at the child health centers in Göteborg primary care (n= 44) and the general pediatricians at the pediatric hospital (n= 21) in Göteborg answered a questionnaire regarding their attitude and experiences reporting child abuse and neglect. The physicians and medical students (n= 34) responded to three case vignettes in which child abuse and neglect could be suspected.

Results: A majority of the physicians had reported child abuse and neglect to the social services (80%). No differences were found between primary care and hospital‐based physicians in terms of reporting or attitudes. Two‐thirds of the physicians had suspected child abuse and neglect and decided not to report, and the major reason for not reporting was a lack of confidence in social services organization. Twenty‐one percent had never reported a child for abuse or neglect during their working career. Medical students were more likely to report hypothetical cases than physicians.

Conclusion: Many physicians have reported child abuse to social services but also have neglected to do so even when suspecting abuse. It is important that medical students’ willingness to report is continued when starting to work clinically and that all physicians should be continuously educated.
Model-Based Clustering for Social Networks
Authors: Handcock Mark S. , Raftery Adrian E. , Tantrum Jeremy M.
Published: April 2007

Network models are widely used to represent relations between interacting units or actors. Network data often exhibit transitivity, meaning that two actors that have ties to a third actor are more likely to be tied than actors that do not, homophily by attributes of the actors or dyads, and clustering. Interest often focuses on finding clusters of actors or ties, and the number of groups in the data is typically unknown. We propose a new model, the latent position cluster model, under which the probability of a tie between two actors depends on the distance between them in an unobserved Euclidean ‘social space’, and the actors’ locations in the latent social space arise from a mixture of distributions, each corresponding to a cluster. We propose two estimation methods: a two-stage maximum likelihood method and a fully Bayesian method that uses Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The former is quicker and simpler, but the latter performs better. We also propose a Bayesian way of determining the number of clusters that are present by using approximate conditional Bayes factors. Our model represents transitivity, homophily by attributes and clustering simultaneously and does not require the number of clusters to be known. The model makes it easy to simulate realistic networks with clustering, which are potentially useful as inputs to models of more complex systems of which the network is part, such as epidemic models of infectious disease. We apply the model to two networks of social relations. A free software package in the R statistical language, latentnet, is available to analyse data by using the model.
Professionals on the Sidelines: the Working Lives of Bedside Nurses and Elementary Core French Teachers
Authors: Daiski Isolde , Richards Elisabeth
Published: April 2007

Oppression exists at many levels and in varying degrees. To demonstrate how marginality affects differently situated professionals, two occupational groups considered to be marginalized were studied: bedside nurses and elementary core French teachers. The findings confirm that women (and men) in ‘feminized’ fields experience, as well as exercise, oppression. Devaluation of their worth is internalized and taken for granted by most who inhabit these work spaces, including the members concerned. While those groups ‘on top’ bully those ‘below,’ dominance is also reinforced laterally amongst the members. Thus marginality between groups, as well as within them is thereby produced, with the centre of oppression constantly shifting. The authors conclude that professionals are not unified categories, readily distinguishable from outside oppressors. Their members, too, are caught up in power relationships amongst themselves. Recognition of the shifting centre of oppression is an essential first step to improve conditions for the marginalized.
Religion and Popular Culture in Nineteenth‐Century Ireland
Authors: McMahon Timothy G.
Published: April 2007

After the so‐called ‘revisionist controversy’ of the 1990s, historians of Ireland have embraced more fervently comparative and interdisciplinary approaches to the study of the Irish past. One subfield that has benefited enormously from these new directions has been the history of popular culture. In particular, the study of popular religion in the long nineteenth century has become more nuanced during the past fifteen years, as scholars have re‐assessed the combined impacts of population change and the Catholic Church's ‘devotional revolution’ on popular culture and beliefs. An examination of the transformation of the devotional practice known as ‘the pattern’ suggests that popular religion (and popular culture more generally) emerged out of a dialectical process in which local traditions and beliefs were nearly as significant as were the prescriptive actions of elites.
An important lysine residue in copper/quinone‐containing amine oxidases
Authors: Mura Anna , Anedda Roberto , Pintus Francesca , Casu Mariano , Padiglia Alessandra , Floris Giovanni , Medda Rosaria
Published: April 2007

The interaction of xenon with copper/6‐hydroxydopa (2,4,5‐trihydroxyphenethylamine) quinone (TPQ) amine oxidases from the plant pulses lentil (Lens esculenta) and pea (Pisum sativum) (seedlings), the perennial Mediterranean shrub Euphorbia characias (latex), and the mammals cattle (serum) and pigs (kidney), were investigated by NMR and optical spectroscopy of the aqueous solutions of the enzymes. 129Xe chemical shift provided evidence of xenon binding to one or more cavities of all these enzymes, and optical spectroscopy showed that under 10 atm of xenon gas, and in the absence of a substrate, the plant enzyme cofactor (TPQ), is converted into its reduced semiquinolamine radical. The kinetic parameters of the analyzed plant amine oxidases showed that the kc value of the xenon‐treated enzymes was reduced by 40%. Moreover, whereas the measured Km value for oxygen and for the aromatic monoamine benzylamine was shown to be unchanged, the Km value for the diamine putrescine increased remarkably after the addition of xenon. Under the same experimental conditions, the TPQ of bovine serum amine oxidase maintained its oxidized form, whereas in pig kidney, the reduced aminoquinol species was formed without the radical species. Moreover the kc value of the xenon‐treated pig enzyme in the presence of both benzylamine and cadaverine was shown to be dramatically reduced. It is proposed that the lysine residue at the active site of amine oxidase could be involved both in the formation of the reduced TPQ and in controlling catalytic activity.
The Increasing Dominance of Teams in Production of Knowledge
Authors: Wuchty Stefan , Jones Benjamin F. , Uzzi Brian
Published: April 2007

We have used 19.9 million papers over 5 decades and 2.1 million patents to demonstrate that teams increasingly dominate solo authors in the production of knowledge. Research is increasingly done in teams across nearly all fields. Teams typically produce more frequently cited research than individuals do, and this advantage has been increasing over time. Teams now also produce the exceptionally high-impact research, even where that distinction was once the domain of solo authors. These results are detailed for sciences and engineering, social sciences, arts and humanities, and patents, suggesting that the process of knowledge creation has fundamentally changed.
A Common Variant in the
FTO
Gene Is Associated with Body Mass Index and Predisposes to Childhood and Adult Obesity
Authors: Frayling Timothy M. , Timpson Nicholas J. , Weedon Michael N. , Zeggini Eleftheria , Freathy Rachel M. , Lindgren Cecilia M. , Perry John R. B. , Elliott Katherine S. , Lango Hana , Rayner Nigel W. , Shields Beverley , Harries Lorna W. , Barrett Jeffrey C. , Ellard Sian , Groves Christopher J. , Knight Bridget , Patch Ann-Marie , Ness Andrew R. , Ebrahim Shah , Lawlor Debbie A. , Ring Susan M. , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Jarvelin Marjo-Riitta , Sovio Ulla , Bennett Amanda J. , Melzer David , Ferrucci Luigi , Loos Ruth J. F. , Barroso IneÌs , Wareham Nicholas J. , Karpe Fredrik , Owen Katharine R. , Cardon Lon R. , Walker Mark , Hitman Graham A. , Palmer Colin N. A. , Doney Alex S. F. , Morris Andrew D. , Smith George Davey , Hattersley Andrew T. , McCarthy Mark I.
Published: April 2007

Obesity is a serious international health problem that increases the risk of several common diseases. The genetic factors predisposing to obesity are poorly understood. A genome-wide search for type 2 diabetesâsusceptibility genes identified a common variant in the
FTO
(fat mass and obesity associated) gene that predisposes to diabetes through an effect on body mass index (BMI). An additive association of the variant with BMI was replicated in 13 cohorts with 38,759 participants. The 16% of adults who are homozygous for the risk allele weighed about 3 kilograms more and had 1.67-fold increased odds of obesity when compared with those not inheriting a risk allele. This association was observed from age 7 years upward and reflects a specific increase in fat mass.
Agonists of protease-activated receptors 1 and 2 stimulate electrolyte secretion from mouse gallbladder
Authors: Kirkland Jacob G. , Cottrell Graeme S. , Bunnett Nigel W. , Corvera Carlos U.
Published: April 2007

Cholecystitis is one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammation induces the activation of proteases that can signal to cells by cleaving protease-activated receptors (PARs) to induce hemostasis, inflammation, pain, and repair. However, the distribution of PARs in the gallbladder is unknown, and their effects on gallbladder function have not been fully investigated. We localized immunoreactive PAR1and PAR2to the epithelium, muscle, and serosa of mouse gallbladder. mRNA transcripts corresponding to PAR1and PAR2, but not PAR4, were detected by RT-PCR and sequencing. Addition of thrombin and a PAR1-selective activating peptide (TFLLRN-NH2) to the serosal surface of mouse gallbladder mounted in an Ussing chamber stimulated an increase in short-circuit current in wild-type but not PAR1knockout mice. Similarly, serosally applied trypsin and PAR2activating peptide (SLIGRL-NH2) increased short-circuit current in wild-type but not PAR2knockout mice. Proteases and activating peptides strongly inhibited electrogenic responses to subsequent stimulation with the same agonist, indicating homologous desensitization. Removal of HCO3−ions from the serosal buffer reduced responses to thrombin and trypsin by >80%. Agonists of PAR1and PAR2increase intracellular Ca2+concentration in isolated and cultured gallbladder epithelial cells. The COX-2 inhibitor meloxicam and an inhibitor of CFTR prevented the stimulatory effect of PAR1but not PAR2. Thus PAR1and PAR2are expressed in the epithelium of the mouse gallbladder, and serosally applied proteases cause a HCO3−secretion. The effects of PAR1but not PAR2depend on generation of prostaglandins and activation of CFTR. These mechanisms may markedly influence fluid and electrolyte secretion of the inflamed gallbladder when multiple proteases are generated.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Small-Scale Mixing in Drake Passage
Authors: Thompson Andrew F. , Gille Sarah T. , MacKinnon J. A. , Sprintall Janet
Published: April 2007

Temperature and salinity profiles obtained with expendable CTD probes throughout Drake Passage between February 2002 and July 2005 are analyzed to estimate turbulent diapycnal eddy diffusivities to a depth of 1000 m. Diffusivity values are inferred from density/temperature inversions and internal wave vertical strain. Both methods reveal the same pattern of spatial variability across Drake Passage; diffusivity estimates from inversions exceed those from vertical strain by a factor of 3 over most of Drake Passage. The Polar Front (PF) separates two dynamically different regions. Strong thermohaline intrusions characterize profiles obtained north of the PF. South of the PF, stratification is determined largely by salinity, and temperature is typically unstably stratified between 100- and 600-m depth. In the upper 400 m, turbulent diapycnal diffusivities are O(10−3 m2 s−1) north of the PF but decrease to O(10−4 m2 s−1) or smaller south of the PF. Below 400 m diffusivities typically exceed 10−4 m2 s−1. Diffusivities decay weakly with depth north of the PF, whereas diffusivities increase with depth and peak near the local temperature maximum south of the PF. The meridional pattern in near-surface mixing corresponds to local maxima and minima of both wind stress and wind stress variance. Near-surface diffusivities are also found to be larger during winter months north of the PF. Wind-driven near-inertial waves, strong mesoscale eddy activity, and double-diffusive convection are suggested as possible factors contributing to observed mixing patterns.
Whole Saliva Proteolysis
Authors: HELMERHORST EVA J.
Published: April 2007

Abstract:  Whole saliva (WS) protein profiles differ significantly from those of glandular salivary secretions. Rapid proteolysis of the prominent members of the salivary protein families by WS resident proteases appears to be a major cause for the observed differences. We propose that the rate and mode of glandular salivary protein degradation in the oral cavity contains information that could be of unique value in the diagnosis of oral disease.
Interpretation of Oral Fluid Tests for Drugs of Abuse
Authors: CONE EDWARD J. , HUESTIS MARILYN A.
Published: April 2007

Abstract: Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse offers significant advantages over urine as a test matrix. Collection can be performed under direct observation with reduced risk of adulteration and substitution. Drugs generally appear in oral fluid by passive diffusion from blood, but also may be deposited in the oral cavity during oral, smoked, and intranasal administration. Drug metabolites also can be detected in oral fluid. Unlike urine testing, there may be a close correspondence between drug and metabolite concentrations in oral fluid and in blood. Interpretation of oral fluid results for drugs of abuse should be an iterative process whereby one considers the test results in the context of program requirements and a broad scientific knowledge of the many factors involved in determining test outcome. This review delineates many of the chemical and metabolic processes involved in the disposition of drugs and metabolites in oral fluid that are important to the appropriate interpretation of oral fluid tests. Chemical, metabolic, kinetic, and analytic parameters are summarized for selected drugs of abuse, and general guidelines are offered for understanding the significance of oral fluid tests.
Drawing on assessment: using visual representations to understand students' experiences of assessment in art and design
Authors: McKillop Chris
Published: April 2007

This paper discusses research that is being conducted using visual representations as a method for understanding students' experiences of the assessment process in art and design. The preliminary analysis of drawings has highlighted a number of factors including: a negative reaction
to assessment; the use of metaphor and simile in drawings and the effectiveness of using visual representations to successfully convey experience.

Using visual representations is proposed as a means of furthering our understanding of the student learning experience; and as a method for
students to reflect on their experiences, such as within a Personal Development Planning (PDP) process. The drawings have highlighted an overwhelmingly negative reaction to assessment and this paper suggests that the prejudicial effects of assessment need further investigation, due to potentially
detrimental consequences on students' creative abilities.
Assessing creativity in the creative arts
Authors: Cowdroy Rob , Williams Anthony
Published: April 2007

This paper follows the authors' and their faculty colleagues' experiences in developing an innovative approach to creative design teaching and assessment. Failure to adequately explain to students how they were to be assessed in creative design had led to a formal appeal by students
and an inquiry which focused attention on how difficult it was to define creativity and creative ability. The inquiry led to University pressure for objective or transparent assessment that conformed with the University's quality assurance protocols. From the teachers' perspective, however,
creative ability was associated with conceptual ideas that were higherorder thinking activities that could not be adequately assessed objectively or transparently in the conventional meanings of these terms. Subsequent investigation showed widespread disagreement among the various design and
creative arts disciplines (within the University and beyond) on what constitutes creativity and what constitutes creative ability; whether creative ability is essentially intuitive or essentially rational or procedural; whether creative ability could or should be reduced to quantifiable parameters
for assessment; and whether the most important aspects of creative achievement reside in the initial thinking (creative ideas) or in the subsequent process of development of the idea (crafting a work of art, design, etc.) or in the creative work that is the end product (the work of art itself).

The
paper follows, from the perspective of the authors as teachers, curriculum developers and researchers, how a new approach to the problem unfolded, and how a basic empirical research project tracking the psychological processes of inspiration and complex decision-making (and other applied research)
contributed to the evolution of an innovative approach to creative design education that recognized multiple levels of creativity and engaged multiple forms of assessment, and that has satisfied both teachers' pursuit of realistic creative thinking objectives and the University's transparency
and accountability agenda.
Presentation, representation and e-presentation in early childhood
Authors: Matthews John
Published: April 2007

This article analyses and discusses eight seconds of a video film recorded by 5-year-old Claire in a Singapore nursery and kindergarten. On her own initiative, Claire video-recorded her friend Faith drawing and playing. A careful study of this short film sequence reveals seamless movement between play and non-play modes and sheds light on the nature and development of representation and expression. The article is a continuation of ongoing research conducted in London and Singapore into representation and expression in infancy and early childhood. It identifies key modes of representational thought as they emerge in the actions the very young child performs upon a range of media, including ordinary objects, art media and electronic and lens media. The intention is to locate the formation of children's expressive and representational thought within cognitive and affective development as a whole. The article also suggests ways in which adults might support the growth of representational thinking, for only certain conditions encourage the kind of free-flow play that enables its development.
Translating difference in Bend it Like Beckham
Authors: Gera Roy Anjali
Published: April 2007

Translation theory has moved a long way beyond linguistic equivalence to recognize the importance of contexts. In cinematic translations, linguistic reproduction and contextual language must be complemented by literacy in the cinematic code. Ultimately, knowledge of semiotic systems,
verbal or non-verbal, must be supplemented with the acknowledgement of what Homi Bhaba named trace or interdisciplinarity in the act of cultural translation. This paper will draw on Bhaba's notion of cultural difference to engage with the issue of cultural translation with reference
to Gurinder Chadha's Bend it Like Beckham.
A Model for Research into Course Management Systems: Bridging Technology and Learning Theory
Authors: Malikowski Steven R. , Thompson Merton E. , Theis John G.
Published: April 2007

Course management systems (CMSs), such as Blackboard, Desire2Learn, or WebCT, have become a common resource at universities, colleges, and distance learning organizations. Research into how these systems are used for learning is in an early state. Currently, this research focuses on technical features in a CMS more than research about how people learn. This article recommends a model for CMS research that equally considers technical features and research about how people learn. Technical features and learning research are diverse topics. The model was developed by reviewing literature from each topic and should provide a conceptual middle ground. Findings from current CMS research are presented using the model, to show its relevance and adaptability. This model should also ease the process of synthesizing research in CMSs created by different vendors, which contain similar features but label them differently. Implications for developing learning activities in a CMS are also described.
The Intercultural Component in Textbooks for Teaching a Service Technical Writing Course
Authors: Matveeva Natalia
Published: April 2007

This research article investigates new developments in the representation of the intercultural component in textbooks for a service technical writing course. Through textual analysis, using quantitative and qualitative techniques, I report discourse analysis of 15 technical writing textbooks published during 1993–2006. The theoretical and practical elements of intercultural teaching have been expanded in recent years, but this progress is quite slow. This article provides some directions in which the textbooks can be revised. Such an analysis may be of interest to textbook writers and educators.
Are We Failing Vulnerable Workers? The Case of Black Women in Poultry Processing in Rural North Carolina
Authors: Lipscomb H. J. , Dement J. M. , Epling C. A. , McDonald M. A. , Schoenfisch A. L.
Published: April 2007

In 1989, North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) inspectors cited two poultry processing plants in northeastern North Carolina for serious repetitive motion problems. In 1990, investigators from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health confirmed significant upper extremity musculoskeletal symptoms and disorders among workers. We now report on analyses of baseline data collected from a cohort of women employed in one of these plants. The plant, which is the largest employer of women in the area, is located in a sparsely populated area with a black majority where nearly one-third of the population lives below the poverty level. Conditions we report suggest failure of existing health and safety systems, both regulatory and consultative, to prevent morbidity among vulnerable women in this industry, as well as social and economic conditions that influence availability of work and use of benefits to which they are entitled.
An Examination of Research Approaches that Underlie Research on Educational Technology: A Review From 2000 to 2004
Authors: Hrastinski Stefan , Keller Christina
Published: April 2007

This study examines the research approaches that underlie research on educational technology. A classification framework was developed and used when examining all articles published in four well-known journals between 2000 and 2004 ( n = 660). The aim of the study was to contribute toward an understanding of the research approaches that characterize research on educational technology. It was found that research is increasingly dominated by empirical articles that adopt a pluralistic approach, both regarding research methods but also regarding different types of non-empirical research. The focus has been to apply rather than develop frameworks, concepts, and theory. Published articles in the four journals were more different from each other than what the aims and scopes of the journals led us to believe. Finally, researchers are challenged to reflect on the state of the field and how it may be further developed.
Determining the Effectiveness of the 3D Alice Programming Environment at the Computer Science I Level
Authors: Sykes Edward R.
Published: April 2007

Student retention in Computer Science is becoming a serious concern among Educators in many colleges and universities. Most institutions currently face a significant drop in enrollment in Computer Science. A number of different tools and strategies have emerged to address this problem (e.g., BlueJ, Karel Robot, etc.). Although these tools help to minimize attrition, they have not made significant improvements to this widespread problem. A newcomer to the scene called Alice has been met with positive results by captivating student interest through its rich 3D visual programming environment. During the fall of 2005, Alice, a newly published textbook, and numerous resources were used in Computer Science I at McMaster University. This article provides an overview of Alice, an assessment of this new course including qualitative surveys, informal observations, and quantitative analysis including student performance score results. Despite numerous technical problems, it was found that the Alice Group exceeded the performance of Comparison Groups: F(1, 93) = 30.322, p < .001 (between C1 and Alice group); F(1, 81) = 4.182, p = .044 (between C2 and Alice Group).
Stiff Reminders, and Regenerating for the Future: A Commentary on “Man as the Measure of All Things”
Authors: Rosskam Ellen
Published: April 2007

Margrit Hugentobler's article, “Man as the Measure of All Things: A Limiting Approach to Urban Regeneration?,” took to task the challenges of sustainable development that neither governments nor industry have yet met on the scale that is needed. From a planner's perspective, she gives a philosophical context. In essence, her message is that through thoughtful regeneration, urban environments can become more sustainable and that urban regeneration can meet a variety of human and environmental needs. She proposes a new model, using a multidisciplinary approach to urban regeneration and development.

A slow advance in the beginning, followed by rapid and uniformly accelerated progress, followed again by progress that continues to slacken until it finally stops: These are the three ages of … invention … if taken as a guide by the statistician and by the sociologists, (they) would save many illusions [1].
Effect of Forest Fire Suppression on Buff‐Breasted Flycatchers
Authors: CONWAY COURTNEY J. , KIRKPATRICK CHRIS
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTBuff‐breasted flycatchers (Empidonax fulvifrons) are rare in the United States due to a >90% reduction in breeding distribution. Previous authors have implicated fire suppression in montane woodlands as the underlying cause of population declines and range contraction. We examined the effect of fire suppression on population declines of buff‐breasted flycatchers by comparing both presence and abundance of flycatchers in areas with and without evidence of recent fire in 9 mountain ranges in southern Arizona, USA. We also replicated previous survey efforts conducted in 1980–1983 and 1995–1996 to determine population trajectory. Twenty‐two (63%) of 35 survey routes had negative trends, and the average slope of the declines was −0.105 (10.5% annual decline). The number of buff‐breasted flycatchers detected at a survey point was positively associated with severity of recent fires, and flycatchers were particularly associated with areas that had evidence of high‐severity surface fire. However, we failed to detect flycatchers in 5 canyons that recently burned, which suggests one or more of the following: 1) fire suppression is not the cause (or is not the main cause) of population decline and range contraction, 2) flycatchers do not colonize burned areas until >10 years postfire, 3) low‐ or medium‐severity fires are insufficient to make fire‐suppressed areas suitable for breeding flycatchers, or 4) local recruitment and immigration are insufficient to allow buff‐breasted flycatchers to expand into recent firerestored areas. Continued suppression of high‐severity forest fires in the southwestern United States may eventually result in the extirpation of buff‐breasted flycatchers. A landscape that includes a mosaic of recently burned and unburned forest patches appears to be most suitable for buff‐breasted flycatchers. Prescribed burning is unlikely to help restore flycatcher populations unless burns are of high severity, conditions typically avoided during prescribed burns for safety reasons.
Know Thy Enemy: Experience Affects Elk Translocation Success in Risky Landscapes
Authors: FRAIR JACQUELINE L. , MERRILL EVELYN H. , ALLEN JAMES R. , BOYCE MARK S.
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTTo maximize success, reintroduction programs generally select predator‐free release areas having high habitat quality. Past studies provide little insight into recovery efforts where multiple, potentially novel, mortality hazards occur. The ability of translocated animals to cope with novel environments can be affected by both pre‐ and postrelease experiences with habitat and mortality risks. We experimentally released elk (Cervus elaphus) having different background experiences into an area where predators and hunters were prevalent and habitat quality varied. Using a competing risks approach, we predicted the postrelease survival of individuals and their fidelity to release areas as a function of animal source and postrelease encounters with forage resources and areas used by wolves (Canis lupus) or humans. Mortality patterns were consistent with prerelease exposure to mortality risks but not habitat differences among source areas. Wolf predation, poaching, and legal Native hunting were equivalent in magnitude and accounted for the majority of elk mortalities. Familiarity with either wolves or hunters prior to release yielded first‐year survival rates 1.9‐2.2 times greater than observed for animals naive to both risks. These 2 primary sources of mortality traded off temporally as well as spatially given the proximity of roads, which wolves avoided. The prevalence of forage resources in release areas increased fidelity to release sites but coincided with higher mortality risk during the critical first year, potentially setting an ecological trap for animals naïve to local risks. Translocated individuals largely mediated their respective vulnerabilities over time, showing second‐year survival rates equivalent to resident elk. In addition to using source populations that are able to adjust to mortality risks in release areas, spatial and temporal variation in mortality risks might be exploited when planning releases to increase the success of translocations into risky landscapes. (JOURNAL OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT 71(2):541–554; 2007)
Dandy‐Walker complex in a boy with a 5 Mb deletion of region 1q44 due to a paternal t(1;20)(q44;q13.33)
Authors: Poot Martin , Kroes Hester Y. , v. d. Wijst Suzanne E. , Eleveld Marc J. , Rooms Liesbeth , Nievelstein Rutger A.J. , Olde Weghuis Daniel , Vreuls Rene C. , Hageman Gerard , Kooy Frank , Hochstenbach Ron
Published: April 2007

A 10‐year‐old boy with vermis hypoplasia, dilatation of the fourth ventricle, enlarged cisterna magna and aplasia of the corpus callosum, consistent with the Dandy‐Walker complex (DWC), and slight facial dysmorphisms, severe motor and mental retardation is presented. By combining data obtained by karyotyping, array‐CGH, FISH, and multiplex ligation‐mediated probe amplification (MLPA) we identified a 5 Mb deletion of the 1q44 → qter region resulting from a paternal t(1;20)(q44;q13.33). This smallest 1q44 deletion reported so far, enabled us to significantly narrow down the number of candidate genes for the DWC in this region. Since the ZNF124 transcription factor is strongly expressed in the fetal brain it may represent a candidate gene for the DWC at 1q44. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic counseling utilization by families with offspring affected by birth defects, Hawaii, 1986–2003
Authors: Forrester Mathias B. , Merz Ruth D.
Published: April 2007

Information on the genetic counseling facility utilization by families with offspring affected by birth defects in the United States is limited. The intent of this study was to report on genetic counseling utilization in Hawaii. Cases were all infants and fetuses of any pregnancy outcome with major birth defects included in a Hawaii birth defects registry and delivered during 1986–2003. The genetic counseling facility utilization rates were determined for various factors and evaluated for significance by calculating the rate ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Of 15,104 total cases, genetic counseling facilities were utilized in 1,596 (10.6%). Utilization rates were higher with the presence of multiple major birth defects (RR 3.06, 95% CI 2.75–3.42), chromosomal abnormalities (RR 4.25, 95% CI 3.82–4.73), and malformation syndromes (RR 6.83, 95% CI 5.85–7.93). Among 54 specific birth defects, the utilization rate varied from 1.5% for pyloric stenosis to 55.3% for holoprosencephaly and was significantly higher for 31 (57.4%) of the defects. Greater utilization rates were found with live births that had expired within 1 year after delivery (RR 2.86, 95% CI 2.42–3.36), fetal deaths (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.23–2.03), elective terminations (RR 5.76, 95% CI 5.06–6.55), and maternal age ≥35 years (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.41–1.78). Genetic counseling facility utilization rates were much higher with the presence of multiple major birth defects, chromosomal abnormalities, and malformation syndromes, certain specific birth defects, death of the fetus or infant, and older maternal age. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model Systems for Activation of Nucleic Acid Encoded Prodrugs
Authors: Jacobsen Mikkel F. , Cló Emiliano , Mokhir Andriy , Gothelf Kurt V.
Published: April 2007

The development of more selective chemotherapeutic agents for benign treatments of malicious diseases is highly desirable. In recent years model systems for the release of small molecule drugs from nucleic acid conjugates by templated chemical or photochemical reactions have been designed. Common for these systems is that the stoichiometric or catalytic drug release is controlled by the highly selective hybridization between complementary strands of nucleic acids. Herein, the concepts of the new field of nucleic acid templated release reactions are outlined.
Angeli's Salt (Na2N2O3) is a Precursor of HNO and NO: a Voltammetric Study of the Reactive Intermediates Released by Angeli's Salt Decomposition
Authors: Amatore Christian , Arbault Stéphane , Ducrocq Claire , Hu Shenghua , Tapsoba Issa
Published: April 2007

Under physiological conditions, it is usually accepted that the aerobic decomposition of Angeli's salt produces nitrite (NO2−) and nitroxyl (HNO), which dimerizes and leads to N2O. No consensus has yet been established on the formation of nitric oxide (NO) and/or peroxynitrite (ONOO−) by Angeli's salt. Because this salt has recently been shown to have pharmacological properties for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, identification of its follow‐up reactive intermediates is of increasing importance. In this work, we investigated the decomposition mechanism of Angeli's salt by voltammetry performed at platinized carbon fiber microelectrodes. By following the decomposition process of Angeli's salt, we showed that the mechanism depends on the experimental conditions. Under aerobic neutral and slightly alkaline conditions, the formation of HNO, NO2−, but also of nitric oxide NO was demonstrated. In strongly alkaline buffer (pH>10), we observed the formation of peroxynitrite ONOO− in the presence of oxygen. These electrochemical results are supported by comparison with UV spectrophotometry data.
Temporal and spatial regulation of α6 integrin expression during the development of the cochlear‐vestibular ganglion
Authors: Davies Dawn
Published: April 2007

The neurons of the cochlear‐vestibular ganglion (CVG) that innervate the sensory hair cells of the inner ear are derived from the otic epithelium early in development. Neuroblasts detach from neighboring cells, migrate into the mesenchyme where they coalesce to form the ganglion complex, then send processes back into the epithelium. Cell migration and neuronal process formation involve changes in cellular interactions with other cells and proteins in the extracellular matrix that are orchestrated by cell surface‐expressed adhesion molecules, including the integrins. I studied the expression pattern of the α6 integrin subunit during the early development of the CVG using immunohistochemistry and reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) in murine tissue sections, otocyst, and ganglion explants. At embryonic day (E)10.5 α6 integrin was expressed in the otic epithelium but not in migrating neuroblasts. Importantly, the loss of α6 was associated with exit from the epithelium, not neuronal determination, revealing differentiation cues acutely associated with the cellular environment. Markers of glial and neuronal phenotype showed that α6‐expressing cells present in the CVG at this stage were glia of neural crest origin. By E12.5 α6 expression in the ganglion increased alongside the elaboration of neuronal processes. Immunohistochemistry applied to otocyst cultures in the absence of glia revealed that neuronal processes remained α6‐negative at this developmental stage and confirmed that α6 was expressed by closely apposed glia. The spatiotemporal modulation of α6 expression suggests changing roles for this integrin during the early development of inner ear innervation. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:673–682, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Discrete shock profiles for systems of conservation laws
Authors: Majda Andrew , Ralston James
Published: April 2007

The existence of discrete shock profiles for difference schemes approximating a system of conservation laws is the major topic studied in this paper. The basic theorem established here applies to first‐order accurate difference schemes; for weak shocks, this theorem provides necessary and sufficient conditions involving the truncation error of the linearized scheme which guarantee entropy satisfying or entropy violating discrete shock profiles. Several explicit difference schemes are used as examples illustrating the interplay between the entropy condition, monotonicity, and linearized stability. Entropy violating stationary shocks for second‐order accurate Lax‐Wendroff schemes approximating systems are also constructed. The only tools used in the proofs are local analysis and the center manifold theorem.
Circuit modelling of coupling between nanosystems and microwave coplanar waveguides
Authors: Csaba György , Màtyàs Alpàr , Peretti Federico , Lugli Paolo
Published: April 2007

Exploiting the coupling between microwave waveguides and nanosystems is emerging as a new, powerful method of probing nanoscale devices. Such ‘on‐chip spectroscopy’ was already demonstrated on superconducting quantum circuits (qubits) and nanoscale magnets. In this paper, we present an equivalent‐circuit approach for the simulation and design of the coupled system. The waveguide structure is modelled by finite‐element method and a ‘modes to nodes’ conversion yields to the circuit representation of the electromagnetic field problem. The nanosystem dynamics is modelled by equivalent circuits which are derived from the Landau–Lifshitz equations for nanomagnetic systems and by the Bloch equations for simple two‐state quantum–mechanical problems. Interconnection of the two ‘circuit modules’ gives the model of the entire measurement set‐up in a semiclassical approximation. Such ‘field coupling’ between nanosystems and microwave resonators can provide a novel, practical way for accessing nanoelectronic information processing devices. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential responses to the application of exogenous NT‐3 are observed for subpopulations of motor and sensory neurons depending on the presence of skeletal muscle
Authors: Angka Heather E. , Kablar Boris
Published: April 2007

We examined the effects of a single injection of exogenous NT‐3, administered at embryonic day (E) 13.5, on the survival of two populations of motor neurons and two populations of sensory neurons. Both wild‐type and double knockout, Myf5−/−:MyoD−/−, mutant embryos were examined to determine the effects of the aforementioned neurotrophin on motor and sensory neuron survival in the presence and absence, respectively, of skeletal muscle. We found that, although NT‐3 rescues select populations of motor neurons in the absence of muscles, there is a lack of increase in neuron survival when skeletal muscle is present. Additionally, NT‐3 was found to rescue a select population of proprioceptive sensory neurons in the absence of target tissue, while, at times, exacerbating neuron cell death when target tissues are present. Lastly, we found that neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem show both a regional and functional specificity in their response to the administration of NT‐3 in utero. Our results indicate the possibility that different pathways are involved in the survival of neurons during naturally occurring programmed cell death and during excessively occurring programmed cell death. Developmental Dynamics 236:1193–1202, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Harmonic analysis of the output voltage of a third‐harmonic‐injected inverter for LSM drives
Authors: Shigeeda Hidenori , Okui Akinobu , Akagi Hirofumi
Published: April 2007

The superconducting magnetic leviation railway system (MAGLEV) under development in Japan uses pulse‐width‐modulation (PWM) inverter for driving a linear synchronous motor (LSM). The inverter output voltage contains nonnegligible harmonics which cause harmonic resonances in the LSM system, and therefore harmonics of the output voltage have been analyzed in order to control such harmonic resonances.

This paper applies a third‐harmonic injection method to the inverter for the purpose of enhancing the output voltage without changing the circuit configuration. It performs harmonic analysis of the output voltage of the inverter based on the third‐harmonic injection. Validity of the harmonic analysis is verified by computer simulation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(1): 71–78, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
Development of Cockcroft–Walton‐type high‐voltage DC generator with RF air‐core transformer
Authors: Matsubara Yoshio , Onishi Kazuhiko , Muraoka Takashi , Sugita Michinobu , Kurisawa Hideaki , Akita Keizo , Hamano Masaru , Nakazato Hiroshi
Published: April 2007

A new Cockcroft–Walton (CW)‐type high‐voltage DC generator with RF air‐core transformer used as a step‐up transformer has been developed. The design concept of the air‐core transformer is shown, which is operated on the resonance condition between the inductance of the secondary coil and the stray capacitance of CW circuit with the conical‐type coil structure.

Adapting the RF air‐core transformer to CW circuit with DC‐300 kV 100 mA, excellent performances have been demonstrated. In the new CW circuit, it results in downsizing of capacitors to operate at higher frequency than conventional ones, and reduction of the volume by approximately 40% has been shown in the typical DC generator with 1 MV 100 mA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 160(1): 18–26, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20500
Assault injury rates, social capital, and fear of neighborhood crime
Authors: Kruger Daniel J. , Hutchison Peter , Monroe Matthew G. , Reischl Thomas , Morrel‐Samuels Susan
Published: April 2007

This study develops an explanatory framework for fear of neighborhood crime based on respondents' social context and local rates of assault injuries. Rates of assault injuries within zip codes are based on hospital discharge records. We find that only four variables have a significant unique contribution to fear of crime: respondent's sex, perceptions of neighborhood social capital, and the rates of struck by/against assault injuries for the 10–24 and 50+ age groups. We also find that the perception of neighborhood social capital moderates the impact of assault injury rates on fear of crime; those who perceive a high level of neighborhood social capital exhibit less sensitivity to assault injury rates. We include a map of assault injury rates and fear of crime by ZIP Code and describe the community context related to our results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comm Psychol 35: 483–498, 2007.