bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Bishop of Ely and his Manor of Wisbech
Authors: Stone David
Published: January 2010

Agricultural decision-making is, initially, most fruitfully explored in a local arena, and this chapter provides an introduction to the demesne farm of Wisbech Barton. The demesne was selected for the unusually high quality of its documentation: the series of accounts, two-thirds of which survive, extends from 1313 to 1429, and each contains an exceptionally high level of detail. Wisbech Barton lay on the estate of the bishop of Ely and was situated in the silt fens; consequently, much of the chapter surveys patterns of income and expenditure on the estate, and the economy of the medieval marshland. It then details the nature of the crops and livestock that were grown and raised on the farm, and trends in crop yields, fleece weights and lambing rates.
From Agrarian Crisis to the Black Death
Authors: Stone David
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the demesne farm of Wisbech Barton during the early 14th century, a period often viewed as the demographic and economic turning point of the Middle Ages. It reveals that reeves responded to the challenges of this time, including the agrarian crisis of 1315-22 and the price deflation of the 1330s and 1340s, with remarkable flexibility and proficiency. Annual changes to the acreage sown with cash crops were determined by actual and relative prices and this sensitivity to market forces helped keep farm income buoyant. Most importantly, the intensity with which land was farmed was deliberately reduced as economic conditions deteriorated, with the effect that crop yields were reduced. Soils at Wisbech may well have been less fertile on the eve of the Black Death, but the responsibility for this lay not with the overuse of land or a lack of technological knowledge, but rather with rational decision-making.
Against Collective Rights
Authors: TAMIR YAEL (YULI)
Published: January 2010

Collective rights, it is argued, are necessary to protect and promote the interests of members of minority groups. This latter claim is supported by theoretical and political arguments. The former suggest that unless bestowed upon a collective, the existence of some rights cannot be justified, while the latter assert that unless granted to a collective, some rights cannot be protected. This chapter argues that one can, and should, justify all rights in terms of individual rights. This does not imply that all the rights referred to as ‘collective rights’ can be reduced to individual rights. It is important to distinguish between rights and the political arrangements that ought to be put in place in order to defend and promote rights; the former ought to reflect the nature of moral and political agents, whereas the latter must take into account contingent limitations embedded in particular social and political circumstances. This chapter also discusses communal survival and violations of individual rights, collectives and associations, whether collectives can be rights-holders, and whether collective rights are indispensable.
Meanings of ‘Recognition’
Authors: Talmon Stefan
Published: January 2010

The confusion which characterizes the subject of recognition of governments is due not so much to the unsettled state of the principles involved as to the nebulous nature of the term ‘recognition’. This chapter looks at two meanings of recognition: indication of willingness on the part of the recognizing government to enter into official relations with the government in question, and manifestation of the recognizing government's opinion on the legal status of the government in question. Non-recognition of a government need not necessarily mean that it does not exist in the sense of international law. It may mean only that the recognizing government is unwilling to enter into normal diplomatic relations with it. Some examples of non-recognition illustrating this proposition are presented, including cases involving Costa Rica, Russia, and Angola.
Recognition and its Variants
Authors: Talmon Stefan
Published: January 2010

Like ‘recognition’, the terms ‘de facto recognition’, ‘diplomatic recognition’, and ‘de jure recognition’ can be given meaning by establishing the intention of the authority using them within the factual and legal context of each individual case. The meaning of de facto and de jure recognition as well as of the other variants is therefore to be determined by an analysis of the cases in which these terms have actually been employed by states. This chapter examines the variants of the term ‘recognition’ and their meanings, early usage of the terms as exemplified by the recognition of the new states in America, and modern usage of de facto and de jure recognition. Areas of use of de facto and de jure recognition are discussed, including secession, decolonization, or partition of states; annexation of states, rival governments of the same state, and effective governments of states.
International Representation
Authors: Talmon Stefan
Published: January 2010

While both recognized governments in exile and authorities in exile not recognized as governments have made treaties and have entered into contracts, only the former, in their character as organs of state, have been regarded as competent to do so on behalf of the state which they purported to represent. This chapter discusses the legal transactions that recognized governments in exile can conduct as states in the international arena, including treaties (treaty-making competence, limitations upon treaty-making competence, and rights and duties under existing treaties) and unilateral acts. The foreign relations (bilateral and multilateral diplomatic relations) involving the right of legation of a government in exile are discussed, along with its representation in both national and international judicial proceedings, access to state property abroad, protection of nationals, and exercise of jurisdiction.
Hierocles of Alexandria
Authors: Schibli Hermann S.
Published: January 2010

This book surveys the 5th-century Neoplatonic philosopher Hierocles of Alexandria. It contains a survey of his life, writings, and pagan and Christian surroundings, and examines the major tenets of his thought under the rubrics of contemplative philosophy, practical philosophy (civil and telestic), and providence. The book situates Hierocles in the mainstream of Neoplatonism from Plotinus to Damascius. Particularly helpful is the inclusion of a modern English translation of Hierocles’ Commentary on the Golden Verses of the Pythagoreans and of the remnants of his treatise On Providence. The translations are fully annotated throughout.
The Life of Hierocles
Authors: Schibli Hermann S.
Published: January 2010

For the life of Hierocles, there are only two chronological points of reference. Both derive from his treatise On Providence, which has been preserved in short summaries and extracts by Photius, the 9th-century Byzantine scholar and Patriarch of Constantinople, in his monumental compendium of learning, the Bibliotheca. According to Photius, Hierocles dedicated On Providence to the historian Olympiodorus of Thebes (in Egypt), whose work is in turn dedicated to the Emperor Theodosius II and covers the years AD 407 to 425. In 412, Olympiodorus led a successful embassy to the Huns, and he generally enjoyed such renown among the barbarians that in around AD 418 he was invited to visit the Blemmyes (a nomadic Egyptian tribe). These events appear to be incorporated in the praise given him by Hierocles. On Providence should therefore be dated to some time after AD 418. The second date comes from the seventh and last book of On Providence, in which Hierocles covers the school of Ammonius.
Providence, Fate, and Free Will
Authors: Schibli Hermann S.
Published: January 2010

The remnants of Hierocles’ On Providence are naturally a main source for his thoughts on providence, fate, and free will. In addition, chapter XI of the Commentary on the Golden Verses of the Pythagoreans deals with these topics, while chapter XXIV touches on free will. These provide a fairly coherent account of how Hierocles understood the operations of providence in the universe. The threefold arrangement of rational beings is part of the providential order (‘the laws of providence’) established by the demiurge. In On Providence, Hierocles, solidifying Plato’s ‘probable account’ of creation and providence, unambiguously identifies providence with God, the father and creator. Given that the demiurge represents the second hypostasis of intellect, Hierocles, like Plotinus, interprets providence as the order bestowed upon the universe by intellect.
4 Religiosity in Daily Life
Authors: Londoño-Vega Patricia
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the ways that Antioqueño beliefs and religious attitudes provided integration and cohesion among the social classes. It discusses that the structure of society was far from egalitarian, but religion worked to shorten social distances rather than to accentuate them. It also examines several ways of public expressions of faith. It explains that the religiosity of the people in Antioquia is confirmed by testimonies of a varied nature: from all sorts of people in the said region as well as from other Colombians and foreigners; from Liberals and Conservatives alike; from official sources, and from more personal and disinterested accounts, such as diaries, memoirs, and autobiographies, as well as travel journals, family correspondence, and costumbrista literature.
Transcription of Dutch Intonation
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos
Published: January 2010

This chapter describes a system for the transcription of Dutch intonation, based on the autosegmental description by Gussenhoven. It describes intonational Phrase (IP) boundaries, Utterance boundaries, IP-final, and IP_initial tones, plus pitch accents, following the Pierrehumbert model. It uses three initial boundary tones, %L, %H, and %HL; three final boundary conditions, L%, H%, and % (no tone); five pitch accents H*, L*, H*L, L*H, and H*!H; plus two modifications, Delay (L*-prefix) and downstep (!H). The system has a larger coverage than the IPO grammar, is more transparent than the earlier autosegmental description, while also including the distinction between low rise (L*H H%) and high rise (H*H%), absent from the earlier description.
Property and Justice
Authors: Harris J. W.
Published: January 2010

When philosophers put forward claims for or against ‘property’, it is often unclear whether they are talking about the same thing that lawyers mean by ‘property’. Likewise, when lawyers appeal to ‘justice’ in interpreting or criticizing legal rules we do not know if they have in mind something that philosophers would recognize as ‘justice’. Bridging the gulf between juristic writing on property and speculations about it appearing in the tradition of western political philosophy, the author has built from entirely new foundations an analytical framework for understanding the nature of property and its connection with justice. This book ranges over natural property rights; property as a prerequisite of freedom; incentives and markets; demands for equality of resources; property as domination; property and basic needs; and the question of whether property should be extended to information and human bodily parts. It maintains that property institutions deal both with the use of things and the allocation of wealth, and that everyone has a ‘right’ that society should provide such an institution.
Minimal Structure
Authors: HARRIS J. W.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers some lessons learned as imaginary societies shift from non-property societies to property institutions. These concern scarcity, trespassory rules, and the dual functions of property institutions (privileged use and wealth allocation). It then discusses half property, mere property, full-blooded ownership, property-independent prohibitions, property-limitation rules, property-duty rules and property-privilege rules, expropriation rules, and appropriation rules.
The Agenda
Authors: HARRIS J. W.
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the justifiability of property institutions, both in the abstract and in concrete situations. It considers a four-fold typology of property-specific justice reasons. It discusses property rights, a minimalist conception of justice, scepticism, and realism and conventionalism.
The Instrumental Values of Property
Authors: HARRIS J. W.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers the ways putative instrumental values of property institutions may be factored in, to yield a clearer idea of the kind of institution people have a right to have in place. Topics discussed include direct justice costs, basic needs, incentives and markets, independence, and background moral property right.
The Limits of Property
Authors: HARRIS J. W.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers the limits of property. It asks whether there are conceptual or practical limits of property. If there are, they should be taken into account, along with relevant property-specific justice reasons, as facets of property-institutional design.
1 Making Sense of France
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB
Published: January 2010

This chapter lays out the key puzzle of the book: how did France manage a massive reorganization of its supply-side during the second half of the 1980s and 1990s, with quite beneficial economic performance as a result? Existing theories, market-based, state-based, and cultural, help us to understand part of the problem, but run up against problems. The chapter then goes on to present the key argument of the book — referring to the role of large firms in economic adjustment and industrial reorganization — and presents the structure of the book.
2 The Société Bloquée Revisited: The Failure of Economic Reforms in France
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB
Published: January 2010

This chapter presents the dominant view on France and the French economy in particular: the société bloquée or ‘blocked society’. Its central tenets are low-trust, low organizational capacity of socio-economic actors, and excessive reliance on the state. The chapter develops the different components of this view on France in detail, and then raises the problem of the adjustment detailed in the first chapter as a puzzle to be handled.
4 Cars are Cars: Industrial Restructuring in Renault
Authors: HANCKÉ BOB
Published: January 2010

This first case study of corporate reform examines the car maker Renault. Once a paradigm case of the French model — state-owned, progressive labour relations, mass-production — the company went through a severe crisis in the early 1980s, out of which it re-emerged by the late 1980s with a different corporate governance model, labour relations, work organization and product line-up. The chapter examines reforms in four key areas: ownership, labour relations, work and supplier organization, and product market strategies.
Justifiable departures from corrective justice
Authors: Coleman Jules L.
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers three potentially justifiable ways of departing from the corrective justice of tort law. In discussing these cases, it develops further insights into the nature of corrective justice, the constraints it imposes on legal practices, and the way in which it can be constrained by social and other practices.
Introduction
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN
Published: January 2010

Using an evangelical Christian approach, this book explores why, when, and how religious individuals and groups that ‘do not play the game’ encounter difficulty in the liberal state. It contrasts liberal and Christian perspectives on religion and religious liberty; examines key legal and constitutional issues concerning the protection of, and limits to, the right of religious freedom; and traverses certain areas of contemporary controversy over the ambit of freedom of religion. Special attention is given to the legal position in the United Kingdom (more specifically, England and Wales), drawing material from other Western jurisdictions and from international bodies.
Models of Religion–State Relations
Authors: AHDAR REX , LEIGH IAN
Published: January 2010

This chapter surveys the various types of interaction between religion and government by considering which model or models best advance religious freedom in a liberal state. The goal is to determine whether some models are simply incompatible with freedom of religion. Two important preliminary points require mention: one’s view of the appropriate relationship between religion and state cannot be ‘neutral’; criticism or defence of a particular model will reflect one’s largely unarticulated premises concerning the purpose of the Church (or other organised religious community), the role of the state, and so on. The following models are examined from a non-neutral vantage point: theocracy, Erastianism, pluralism, neutrality, separationism, and competitive market model.
Why Did Herodotus not Mention the Hanging Gardens of Babylon?
Authors: Dalley Stephanie
Published: January 2010

In 1883, early in the days of deciphering cuneiform inscriptions, Archibald Sayce published a commentary on Herodotus' History Books 1-3, entitled The Ancient Empires of the East. He quoted authorities of his own time who questioned the reliability of Herodotus. Ctesias was reckoned a more trustworthy informant who ‘had good reason for accusing Herodotus of errors in his Assyrian history’. After all, Ctesias lived at the Persian court, and so he was supposed to have drunk from more direct sources of knowledge about the ancient Near East than Herodotus could have done. One hundred and twenty years after Sayce published his work, Assyriologists are in a better position to comment on Babylonian and Assyrian matters, thanks to the perseverance and brilliance of several generations of scholars. This chapter does not attempt to verify Herodotus on every point; rather it looks at certain items of information in the light of recent solid progress in ancient Near Eastern studies. It aims to try and find out why certain details appear to be incorrect, and to show how over-eager corrections, made from a poor base of evidence, are occasionally wrong.
Democracy without Theory
Authors: Davies John K.
Published: January 2010

This chapter on the emergence of democracy in Greek antiquity distinguishes five scholarly approaches to the topic: via factuality, mentalities, ideologies, history of philosophy, or its applicability to the present day. It argues that the system called ‘democracy’, far from being formulated as a desirable goal, emerged within societies already well furnished with institutions, doing so as an unplanned assemblage of responses to political crises. Responses were mostly directed towards preventing the recurrence of various system failures (e.g., tyranny and other usurpations of power, regionalism, embezzlement, bribery, and patronage) in ways which lacked any theoretical substrate but were embedded in long-standing social and legal habitus.
Final Conclusions
Authors: DE SADELEER NICOLAS
Published: January 2010

This chapter concludes by presenting a number of arguments supporting to tilt the balance in favour of environmental concerns. It explains that the directing principles have a common denominator which is the battle against environmental risks. It stresses that these principles could be best described using three distinct models representing three paradigms of protection: a curvative model, a preventive model, and an anticipatory model. This chapter also clarifies that directing principles represent the interface between modern and post-modern law. It discusses that at the EC level, the directing principles specify that ‘Community policy on the environment shall aim at a high level of protection’. It argues that while concentric circles are taking shape around environmental interests, each of those interests still provides evidence of a certain fragility. Yet they must be strengthened for the environmental directing principles to succeed and come to maturity.
Property and Water
Authors: TAGGART MICHAEL
Published: January 2010

This chapter looks at the uncertainty surrounding the law as regarding subterranean water at the time the Bradford Waterworks legislation was being promoted in 1840. This may explain why the Bradford Water Company, and later the Corporation, did not secure rights to the continued flow of the water under East Many Wells Farm owned by Edward Pickles. The chapter also discusses the 19th-century development of water law in greater detail to put the decision in Pickles in a broader legal context. The absolute nature of the property right in underground water established in the case reverberates beyond the small corner of water law relating to appropriation of flowing underground water. The Bradford Waterworks Act 1842 is also considered, along with William Blackstone's treatment of water law and his conception of property, case law and literature between Blackstone and 1840, developments between the time of incorporation of the Bradford Waterworks in 1842 and the Pickles litigation in the 1890s, American law on water and property in the 19th century, legal category of subterranean water in a defined stream, pollution of percolating waters, and absolutism in property.
A World of Standards
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Jacobsson Bengt
Published: January 2010

In the modern world, there is no shortage of people who know what is best for others. Self-appointed experts, consultants, and organizations try to convince states, corporations, and individuals that they would be better off if they only followed some specific rules about what to do. These rules are presented as being voluntary and advisory. They are standards, not mandatory directives, and they abound in modern life. Standards may concern what characteristics a telephone should have, how a company should report its financial transactions, how organizations should be managed, how states should treat their citizens, how children should be raised, and so forth. Even organizations as powerful as states and large corporations follow standards on how to organize, which policies to pursue, what kinds of services to provide, or how their products should be designed. Standards enable a higher degree of global order in the modern world than would exist without them. They facilitate coordination and cooperation even among people and organizations that are far apart. The book states that standardization is a much neglected area of social science — an area that has by no means received the attention it deserves in view of its importance to society. This book redresses the balance by providing an in-depth examination of a number of aspects of standardization, how it is formed, and what effects it has on the world in which we live.
The Contemporary Expansion of Standardization
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Jacobsson Bengt
Published: January 2010

This book discusses standards and standardization — the production of standards — as a form of regulation, and argues that standards generate a strong element of global order in the modern world. People and organizations all over the world follow the same standards. Standards facilitate coordination and cooperation on a global scale and create similarity and homogeneity even among people and organizations far apart from one another. Standards are instruments of control, and standardization is a form of regulation just as crucial as hierarchies and markets. This book looks at a number of aspects of standardization, how standards are created, and their consequences. Some examples of standardizers and standards as well as the adopters of the standards are given.
Selling Standards
Authors: Henning Roger
Published: January 2010

This chapter looks at three case studies of standardizers within the quality area as the basis for a discussion of how standardizers try to persuade others to follow their standards. All three standardizers are from Sweden: the Swedish Institute for Quality and its Swedish Quality Award, the national standards organization Standardization in Sweden and the International Organization for Standardization's (ISO) 9000 family of standards, and a consulting firm with its model of management by objectives. All three standards are intended to guarantee that production has been organized according to a number of structural elements which reflect certain minimum requirements.
Standardization and Fashion Trends
Authors: Brunsson Nils
Published: January 2010

Great uniformity can exist across space but a small one across time. Many actors share similarities in each period but the characteristics that are similar are not stable. Instead, these characteristics are different in different periods. The combination of a high degree of uniformity in space and diversity or variation across time is commonly known as fashion. In this chapter, it is called fashion trend, which may refer to clothing style or car model and be ultimately concerned with aesthetics. Fashion trends also exist in other areas that are usually considered more technical, such as techniques used to achieve certain goals in business, politics, or child care. Fashion trends may result from standardization; change occurs when adopters of standards begin to do things differently after a time. The chapter discusses the cropping-up model of organizational forms, reforms, and discourse.
Corporate Networks in Europe and the United States
Authors: Windolf Paul
Published: January 2010

Corporate networks form part of the institutional structure of markets and the business environment, enabling firms to coordinate their behaviour and regulate competition. Networks perform a number of economic functions: they reduce information asymmetries and uncertainty, and facilitate the redistribution of risk between banks, firms, and investors. Within these networks, firms collectively monitor one another and owners supervise their managers. This book analyses comparative data on interlocking directorates and capital networks between large corporations in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. The structure of corporate networks is shaped by the traditions, culture, and institutions of a country. Corporate networks may be considered as a configuration of firms that are connected to one another by managers (interlocks), or as a configuration of managers who meet each other on the board of directors (network of the economic elite). The resources on which the dominance of the economic elite is based are bureaucratic power, property rights, and social capital. Bureaucratic control over a company is linked with property rights in the context of specific network configurations that vary between countries and lead to differing forms of managerial control. In the transitional economies, the type of capitalism that is evolving somewhat resembles Western managerial capitalism, but with certain significant differences. Privatization created a relatively high concentration of ownership. There is no clear-cut separation of ownership and control, but rather a balance of power between managers and owners.
2 The Structure of Corporate Networks
Authors: WINDOLF PAUL
Published: January 2010

This chapter offers a comprehensive analysis of corporate networks between major firms in the United States and five countries in Europe: Germany, Great Britain, France, Switzerland, and the Netherlands. It shows that the structure of networks can be compared with the dominant forms of intermediary interest representation found in each country. In Germany, the network between companies is dense, comprehensive, centralized, and corresponds in this regard with the corporatist structures also existing in the country. German corporate networks and capital networks overlap considerably, meaning that companies are not only linked together through interlocking directorates but also often through capital networks (ownership relationships). In Great Britain, the network is sparse, non-comprehensive (a large percentage of isolated companies), and non-centralized. The potential influence in this network is diffuse and not geared toward the organization of markets. This chapter looks at the relationship between markets and institutions, networks as part of the market order, regulation of competition through the so-called organization, differences in network structures, capital networks, and centrality of firms in the network.
The Manufacture and Distribution of Goods
Authors: Barron Caroline M.
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the extensive manufacturing activities of medieval London: in particular cloth-working of all kinds, leather working, tailoring, and metalworking, especially the manufacture of pewter goods and high-quality gold and silver objects. It considers the key role played by Londoners in distributing throughout England their own manufactured goods as well as the numerous imported wares brought to the city, and also the process whereby the buying and selling of goods moved away from the great fairs into permanent shops in towns, especially in London.
Rulers and Raj
Authors: NEWBURY COLIN
Published: January 2010

Preservation of Indian princes under the Crown kept most states outside the jurisdiction of British India. Company precedents, rather than prescriptive regulations, influenced the role of political officers as envoys and advisers to maharajas and chieftains of client states. In practice, officers were brokers for more distant patrons located in regional presidencies — the central government's Foreign and Political Department and in the Viceroy's Council. Methods of supervision included creation of a network of clients of the resident and influencing state revenues through an appointed dewan (finance minister). Some states yielded resources through loans, railway and mineral concessions and regiments. As in all patron-client relations there was bargaining for advantage, willing loyalty, and sullen opposition. Some rulers were deposed. For others, imperial honours and improvement in the internal administration of patrimonial courts sheltered princes from the challenge of nationalist opposition. But official patronage could not secure for princes a constitutional role in an independent India.
Southern Africa
Authors: NEWBURY COLIN
Published: January 2010

In South Africa, there are some significant examples of alliance and imperial patronage by co-optation of Zulu chiefdoms for warfare, and in using client chiefs to bring about the downfall of King Cetschwayo in 1883. Lesotho, Botswana, and Swaziland, as High Commission territories, became imperial clients under traditional chiefs and assemblies, forming their own patron parties in the 1960s to protect traditional lineages that predominated over small educated elites in states that became nominally independent, 1965-66. Thus, in the former High Commission territories the politics of patronage triumphed over constitutional blueprints. There is also evidence that neo-traditonal forms of clientage have survived among Xhosa communities and in peri-urban slums in South Africa.
Regulating Contracts
Authors: Collins Hugh
Published: January 2010

Using an interdisciplinary approach involving economics, sociology, and law, this book explores fundamental questions about the purposes and effects of legal regulation of contractual relationships. What kind of social relations do contracts create, or, more precisely, how do contracts govern social interaction. How are contractual relations, or more generally, markets constructed? Does the law play a significant role in particular practices, and in particular, what do lawyers, courts, and legal sanctions contribute to the contractual social order? For what distributive purposes does the law attempt regulation? The controversial conclusions of this study suggest that the law plays an insignificant role in the construction of markets, and that law and lawyers could provide better assistance by using indeterminate regulation that permits the recontextualization of legal reasoning. Legal regulation of contracts concerned with redistributive tasks, such as redressing unfairness, countering unjust power relations, and improving access to justice, is evaluated both with respect to the objectives of regulation and the search for the most efficient and efficacious form of regulation. The argument in the book is that control of unfairness is both desirable and practicable, that power relations should be modified for the sake of efficiency, and that better access to justice is unhelpful to the resolution of contractual disputes.
Contract as Thing
Authors: Collins Hugh
Published: January 2010

This chapter considers the role played by the law in the construction of certain types of financial transactions. It focuses on two types of financial instruments: negotiable instruments and futures contracts. These transactions have considerable importance in commerce, but they present the almost intractable problems in both their creation and their legal regulation. These problems are so intense that it is argued that private law has proved incapable of providing any productive assistance in the construction or regulation of these transactions, and that the legal system as a whole is almost irrelevant to these trading relations.
Power and Governance
Authors: Collins Hugh
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the reasons for the construction of relations of domination and subordination through contracts in three diverse contexts: consumer purchases under standard form contracts, the employment relation and other types of agency, and in networks of contracts that amount to inchoate organizations. In each context, the possible objects of regulation, and how those objects might by accomplished efficiently and effectively, are considered. It is argued that the objective should not be simply to attempt to combat relations of domination, but rather to improve the efficiency of these types of contract by revising their structures and market contexts.
Cyrene: Typical or Atypical?
Authors: MITCHELL BARBARA
Published: January 2010

This chapter examines the history of the Theran colony of Cyrene during the two centuries or so from its foundation about 630 bc to the end of the Battiad monarchy. It discusses how far politically it was similar to or differed from other contemporary Greek colonies. Its especially distinguishing feature is the long-lasting Battiad monarchy, which will be the central focus.
Aristotle and the Mixed Constitution
Authors: LINTOTT ANDREW
Published: January 2010

In the Politics Aristotle appears in more than one guise — as an analyst of the nature of the polis and political activity and as the proponent of an ideal polis. The detailed examination of existing constitutions in books 2-6 mixes analysis with recommendations to lawgivers and statesmen in the various types of city. Aristotle here acts as a sort of political consultant and indeed proffers advice to political leaders in cities of whose constitutions he does not approve. However, he also manifests preferences of his own for constitutions that in his view are correct: his touchstone is that they should be oriented towards the exercise of virtue and the common interest. The most problematic and intriguing of these is the so-called politeia, which is the correct form of democracy. As expounded by him, it is a mixed or blended constitution. Although this was a rarity in actual fact, both then and later, the notion of the mixed constitution was to play an important part in political theory both in the ancient world and more recently, from about AD 1500 to the time of the American Revolution. This chapter look closely at its Greek origins.
12 Space, Hierarchy, and Community in Archaic and Classical Macedonia, Thessaly, and Thrace
Authors: ARCHIBALD ZOSIA HALINA
Published: January 2010

Detailed spatial exploration and analysis have been successfully applied by archaeologists in parts of north-west Europe, providing a great deal of information about the nature of socio-economic interaction within and between given regions, information which can also be used to infer socio-political relationships. The analysis of spatial relations has rarely been used by classical archaeologists as a method of understanding intercommunity contacts of a socio-economic or political kind, despite the successful application of such methods by geographers. Yet such methods are particularly appropriate in the study of ethnos-dominated regions. This chapter explores how we might begin to examine the interplay of spatial with other factors in Thessaly, Macedonia, and Thrace.
A Wholly Non-Aristotelian Universe: The Molossians as Ethnos, State, and Monarchy
Authors: DAVIES J. K.
Published: January 2010

The history of the Molossians features all too rarely in the textbooks. Yet the increase in relevant epigraphic documentation, and the quality of loving scholarly attention which it has recently been receiving, have combined to shed such extra light on the region's affairs and political articulation that it is becoming possible to recognize that it provides a valuable case study of the themes and preoccupations of the present volume. This chapter brings the evidence before a wider audience which may not be fully aware of recent and current work, especially that of Nicholas Hammond and Pierre Cabanes. It focuses on the 4th century bc rather than on Epirus in Pyrrhus' time or on its 3rd-century vicissitudes and the shift to republic c.232, since it seems to have been in the late 5th and the 4th centuries that the main work of political creativity in the region was being carried forward.
The Emergence of Public Credit:War, Revenue, and High Politics, 1643–1721
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J.
Published: January 2010

By the early 19th century, piercing commentary on the corrupting and wasteful effects of war, the expansion of the state, and the intense consumptions of public funds had spread across the country. This chapter discusses the events during the 18th century that led to such epidemic and widespread concern among the population. The starting point to answering this question is the 17th-century relationship between the crown and parliament with respect to the question of revenue.
Liberty, Property, and the Excise
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J.
Published: January 2010

Robert Walpole's appointment as First Lord of the Treasury enabled him to recapture public confidence in the credibility of the government's financial dealings and preserve the central aim of the South Sea Company's scheme, namely, the conversion of a large portion of the long-term national debt into a redeemable stock. From now on the most important elements of future dealings were social as well as economic budgeting, which involved the skilful management and courtship of the money market and ensuring the efficient gathering of revenue. Walpole was adept at this important aspect of political maneuvering, which, in turn, enabled a long period of financial consolidation and relative stability. This chapter shows that at the heart of Walpole's administrative fiscal policy was the excise.
Delusion? Trust, Credit, and the Excise
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J.
Published: January 2010

England's success in maintaining its credit was the marvel and envy of the 18th century, which contributed to its rise as a major commercial, military, and industrial power. The dominant consensus among ruling ranks during the late 17th and early 18th centuries was characterized by a prevalent anti-consuming mentality sunk within a classical notion of civic politics. This chapter shows that, ultimately, this view could not combat the implicit contradiction and inevitability that a hunger for state revenue had to encourage greater consumption of any product that could be profitably taxed.
‘His leering eyes gives such a look’: The World of Excise
Authors: ASHWORTH WILLIAM J.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins with a discussion of the work of excise officers. It then discusses excise training and method. The first available manual for excise gauging was written by excise commissioner Thomas Everard. He also developed a slide rule based on logarithmic scale to enable officers to solve various gauging problems.
Managing the Dissemination of Competences
Authors: Stein Johan , RidderstrÅle Jonas
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on knowledge management processes involved in the dissemination of organizational competence. It offsets rationalistic economic models that implicitly assume that people actively direct their attention to those who are supposed to ‘know more’; immediately understand (that is, interpret correctly) what an expert is saying; assimilate objectively better knowledge without losing any of its content, either quantitatively or qualitatively; diffuse this knowledge to colleagues in a similar manner and for the benefit of the firm. Such simplistic models contradict many findings of cognitive psychology and sociology and overlook ways in which a social context often hampers processes of knowledge dissemination. Empirical studies substantiate that people often shift between states of ‘knowing more than they can say’, ‘saying more than they know’, and ‘hearing things different from what is said’. To manage such practical problems, some managers are devising new strategies to improve the efficiency of competence dissemination processes. These include socialization and education, compensation and documentation, toleration and motivation, communication and rotation, communication and reflection, correction and selection, and socialization and standardization.
Towards A Knowledge-Based Framework of Competence Development
Authors: Raub Steffen P.
Published: January 2010

The theory of competence-based competition emphasizes the importance of strategic learning and knowledge management for the development of organizational competence. This approach presents an opportunity for linking the literature on competence-based competition with the existing body of research on organizational learning and knowledge management. This chapter discusses elements of a knowledge-based framework of competence development. Based on an in-depth case study of various ecology-related projects in a large Swiss retailing company, competence development is described as a sequence of imagination, implementation, and integration activities. The knowledge-related processes in each stage are analyzed by observing the role of know-what, know-why, and know-how, as well as the links between these different levels of organizational knowledge. The conclusion suggests implications of this framework for further research on competence-based competition.
Why Less Knowledge Can Lead to More Learning: Innovation Processes in Small vs. Large Firms
Authors: Murray Fiona , Worren Nicolay
Published: January 2010

Numerous studies have explored the influence of firm size on the processes of technological innovation. Despite financial constraints and a limited knowledge base, small firms may possess a superior ability to innovate. In contrast, large firms often encounter systemic problems in transforming their extensive knowledge base to stimulate new innovations, despite the advantages of large research and development budgets, economies of scale and scope in production, and established links to customers. This chapter examines the nature of small firm advantages in building knowledge assets and organizational competence. Contrary to the assumption in economic reasoning that a large knowledge base is always an advantage, the limited knowledge base possessed by small entrepreneurial firms may be one of their key advantages. This advantage may be particularly significant when considered in the context of four other factors that are commonly observed in small firms: product development processes that more readily accommodate change and uncertainty; problem-solving heuristics that facilitate creative recombination of knowledge; close network ties between individuals that support transfers of non-codified knowledge; an internal organizational climate conducive to innovation.
Eupolis’ Dates and Career
Authors: Storey Ian C.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by noting two ancient sources containing the bulk of the information about Eupolis — the Suda and from an anonymous writer Peri kōmōdias. It tries to discover Eupolis' identity and the time period when he existed. It summarizes the evidence for each of the undated plays and presents a finished table of his works. It examines the four ancient traditions about the death of Eupolis or about his place of burial. It shows the secure and tentative dates when Eupolis accomplished his comedies.
Eupolis and Comedy
Authors: Storey Ian C.
Published: January 2010

This chapter begins by explaining that of the fourteen secure plays, eleven have plural titles and that six of the plays that have plural titles denote the chorus. It then examines how the women were regarded in the comedies created by Eupolis. It evaluates several plays where Eupolis used popular intellectuals as a character and included their ideas in his creations. It presents several proofs when Eupolis and Aristophanes mocked and made fun of Sokrates. It discusses that Prospaltioi, Astrateutoi, and Taxiarchoi are anti-war plays created by Eupolis. It argues that Eupolis also wrote political plays and that assumption was based on the titles of his plays such as Poleis, Marikas, Chrysoun Genos, and Demoi. It also determines the comic structure of the plays created by Eupolis. It describes Eupolis as a Poet of Old Comedy and mentions some of his unique traits.
Agents of Change
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric
Published: January 2010

This book focuses on the transition faced by business organizations and their stakeholders as they move from protected markets to open competition, and it explores how these changes can be facilitated by outside interveners/agents. Centering on four case studies — AT&T, Lucent, Electricité de France, and the Italian State Railways — the book analyses the approach to intervention, the problems created by existing systems of stakeholder dialogue, and the prospects for change. It draws two fundamental lessons. Firstly, that intervention in these situations must be broad and involving — a ‘full engagement’ approach — in order to achieve changes in relations and identities among a range of players. The book explores the key elements and practical techniques of this approach. Secondly, that the issues ultimately go beyond improving union-management relations or organizational structures; even in the best cases, the players have been unable to reach stable agreements in the face of continuing pressures for change. A deep transformation of the system of stakeholder relations is required — the creation of a system of ‘post-industrial relations’. The book includes discussion of managerial problems and intervention strategies in an ever more responsive and flexible economy, and also the implications for democracy in the work-place and the future of union representation. The book is valuable for consultants, unionists, managers, and public policy makers, and accessible also to students and the interested public.
Techniques and Methods
Authors: Heckscher Charles , Maccoby Michael , Ramirez Rafael , Tixier Pierre-Eric
Published: January 2010

This chapter focuses on the level of technique, with special attention to methods for fostering dialogue, creating visions of the future, and reinterpreting past relational patterns to support shared futures.
14 Philosophy
Authors: Holford-Strevens Leofranc
Published: January 2010

Gellius constantly expresses the Roman disdain for philosophy not directed at improving human life, yet although he lacks the aptitude for abstract speculation his interests range further than ethics. Many chapters are more concerned with philosophers' lives than their ideas. Gellius ranges over all the schools without indicating a clear preference for any, despite a mild sympathy with Stoicism or Stoicized Platonism; he can even be fair to Epicurus, and condemns Seneca the Younger, who had dared to criticize Cicero's taste for Ennius, as unfit for youth to read. He studies philosophy in Greek, making less use of Cicero than of Plutarch. An excursus finds his interest in the supernatural confined to the official Roman religion.