bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does Sex‐biased Job Advertising “Aid and Abet” Sex Discrimination?1
Authors: Bem Sandra L , Bem Daryl J.
Published: August 2006

Two studies are reported which indicate that both sex‐biased wording in job advertisements and the placement of help‐wanted ads in sex‐segregated newspaper columns discourage men and women from applying for “opposite‐sex” jobs for which they might well be qualified. Both studies were originally conducted and presented as part of legal testimony in actual sex discrimination cases.
Choice Shifts In Political Decisionmaking: Federal Judges and Civil Liberties Cases
Authors: Walker Thomas G. , Main Eleanor C.
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this article is to investigate whether group‐induced attitudinal shifts in decisionmaking take place outside the experimental laboratory and whether choice shift theory can be applied to the understanding of political behavior of actors engaged in socially relevant decisionmaking. A random sample of civil liberties decisions in Federal District Courts for the years 1963–1968 were examined. The hypothesis that there are systematic differences between single‐judge and collegial court decisions was confirmed. Parties claiming a violation of constitutional rights increase the probability of successfully convincing a district judge when they are able to have their litigation heard by a three‐judge court. The finding that judges are more likely to shift to a libertarian position when moving from the individual to the collegial decisionmaking condition holds when the data are examined in aggregate form as well as when the behavior of individual judges is studied under both decisionmaking settings.
Flirting with Death: Variables Affecting Risk Taking at Intersections1
Authors: Ebbesen Ebbe B. , Haney Michael
Published: August 2006

A series of four field studies were conducted to examine how motorists behaved at intersections. In each study, the proportion of drivers who pulled out in front of oncoming cars at varying temporal distances was recorded. In the first study, it was found that the proportion of turns in front of an approaching car was related to the log of the temporal distance between the subjects and the oncoming cars by a normal ogive. The remaining studies examined the effects that the presence of various types of audiences had on this risk‐taking function. It was found that being forced to wait in a line of cars before being allowed to turn substantially increased the risks that drivers took, whereas the presence of other cars behind and/or beside the subject's car had no effect on the risk‐taking function. A hypothesis explaining these effects in terms of the frustration of being forced to wait was supported while a social facilitation hypothesis was not. It was also discovered that males take more risks than females, a fact which could explain the higher accident rate for males.
The Effects of Piece‐Rate Underpayment and Overpayment on Job Performance: A Test of Equity Theory with a New Induction Procedure1
Authors: Garland Howard
Published: August 2006

An experiment was designed to test the following hypotheses derived from Equity Theory: (I) Underpaid pieceworkers will produce more work of lower quality than equitably paid pieceworkers and (II) Overpaid pieceworkers will produce less work of higher quality than equitably paid pieceworkcrs. Thirty‐six males and 36 females were hired for a 1‐hour proofreading job. Subjects were assigned randomly to receive 15, 30, or 60 cents per page. All subjects met another worker (really a confederate) who revealed that he was receiving 30 cents per page. This produced three experimental conditions: underpayment, equity, and overpayment. The principal dependent variables were number of pages read and proportion of errors detected by subjects. In general, the results provide strong support for Equity Theory. Males and females both performed in a manner consistent with the hypotheses, although females did tend to react less intensely than did males when overpaid.
Some Determinants of the Violation of Rules1
Authors: Friedland Nehemia , Thibaut John , Walker Laurens
Published: August 2006

The pattern of a simulated legislator‐individual interaction as well as properties inherent in law‐enforcement procedures were manipulated to study their effects on the degree of individuals' adherence to laws. The degree of correspondence between the outcomes accruing to a legislator and those attained by an individual, the “fairness” of surveillance methods used by the legislator, and the severity with which he penalized violations of a law were manipulated in a 23 factorial design. The main findings show that, under circumstances of outcome correspondence, subjects attempted to increase their outcomes without violating the law, as opposed to subjects in noncorrespondent conditions who showed no such attempt. Furthermore, evidence was found to the effect that subjects in noncorrespondent interactions with the legislator actively attempted to hurt the latter by violating his laws. The results also show the existence of a positive relationship between surveillance “unfairness” and the frequency of law violation. This relationship is qualified, however, by a statistical interaction which shows that the differential effects attributable to “fairness” of surveillance are stronger in noncorrespondent than in correspondent conditions. The severity of penalty manipulation yielded a main effect on the frequency of violations–the milder the penalties the more frequent the violations. The pattern of means suggests that the effect of severity of penalties on the frequency of violations is less pronounced in the correspondent than in the noncorrespondent conditions. This interaction, however, failed to reach a conventional level of statistical significance.
Erotic Materials: A Commodity Theory Analysis of the Enhanced Desirability that May Accompany Their Unavailability
Authors: Fromkin Howard L. , Brock Timothy C.
Published: August 2006

This report analyzes one dimension of the pornography‐control issue, i.e., the probable reactions of individuals who are confronted with information that is not freely or easily available to all. After a review of commodity theory and related research, it is concluded that making erotic materials more difficult to obtain, harassing and punishing pornographers and purveyors of pornography, and restricting certain materials to certain age groups may increase interest in the materials and render them more desirable than would have been the case without the restriction, harassment, or difficulty.
Perceived Similarity, Personality, and Attraction to Large Organizations1
Authors: Hansson Robert O. , Fiedler Fred E.
Published: August 2006

Two separate studies tested the hypothesis that perceived similarity to members of an organization was related to attraction to that organization, but only for relationship‐motivated persons, and not for task‐motivated persons. Support for the hypothesis was obtained in both studies using Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scores as measures of relationship and task motivation. For high‐LPC persons only, perceived similarity of personality (study 1) and perceived similarity of values and attitudes (study 2) were related to attraction to the organization. The report seeks to integrate the literature on interpersonal attraction and on job satisfaction and suggests practical implications of the findings.
The Effect of Several Types of Pretrial Publicity on the Guilt Attributions of Simulated Jurors1
Authors: Hoiberg Bruce C. , Stires Lloyd K.
Published: August 2006

The experiment (N= 312) tested the effects of two types of pretrial publicity (PTP) on the guilt verdicts of simulated jurors. Heinous PTP was manipulated by varying the degree to which the lurid details of a rape‐murder were presented to prospective jurors. Prejudgement PTP varied in the extent to which it implied that the defendant was the perpetrator or the rape‐murder. As predicted, PTP which was high in either heinousness or prejudgment increased the females' tendency to conclude‐after the trial evidence‐that the defendant was guilty of the crime. The biasing effect of prejudgment PTP, however, was significant only among females categorized as being of low IQ. In contrast, neither dimension of PTF' significantly influenced the guilt verdicts of male jurors. Several possible explanations of the sex's differential vulnerability to PTP were proposed. In addition, evidence was obtained that female jurors may have been derogating the rape‐murder victim and defensively minimizing the gravity of her fate, as a result of motivations to believe in a just world.
Individual Consequences Versus Different Shared Consequences Contingent on the Performance of Low‐Achieving Group Members1
Authors: Wodarski John S. , Hambling Robert L. , Buckholdt David R. , Ferritor Daniel E.
Published: August 2006

The effects of four reinforcement conditions (individual consequence, group‐shared consequence, and two different proportions of individual and group‐shared consequence) on (a) peer tutoring, (b) arithmetic performance, (c) studying, (d) nonstudying, and (e) disruptive behavior were measured employing 60 experimental and 34 comparison children from three fifth‐grade classes in an inner‐city school. The 100% shared consequence consistently produced the highest incidence of peer tutoring as well as the greatcst increment in the number of correct problems, both within and between periods. As the proportion of shared consequences decreased, the number of problems worked correctly decreased. Concurrently, the incidence in peer tutoring decreased as the proportion of shared consequences decreased. All consequences maintained high rates of studying behaviors and low rates of nonstudying and disruptive behaviors. The results of this study suggest that shared consequences may be useful in creating cooperative work patterns and increasing arithmetic performance in classroom settings.
Staring and Compliance: A Field Experiment on Hitchhiking
Authors: Snyder Mark , Grather John , Keller Kristine
Published: August 2006

A field experiment was conducted in which a single male, a single female, or a male‐female couple attempted to hitch rides at four different traffic locations, under conditions in which the hitchhikers either stared at or looked away from oncoming drivers. It was found that staring increased the probability of a driver stopping from .03 to .067 (z = 2.96, p = .003). The female was a more successful hitchhiker than either the male or the couple, (z = 2.215, p = .026; z = 1.861, p .063, respectively).
The Effects of Mandatory Time Limits in the Voting Booth on Liberal‐conservative Voting Patterns
Authors: Hansson Robert O. , Keating John P. , Terry Carmen
Published: August 2006

One hundred and forty college students, in either (a) 2‐minute time‐limit or (b) a no‐time‐limit condition, voted their conscience on actual pending legislation in their state in a test of hypothesis that such time limits in the voting booth created a stimulus overload situation. Such a situation was expected to result in dysfunctional adaptation responses, with unintended effects on voting patterns. Results indicated that subjects in the time stress condition voted significantly more conservatively on these issues. This conservative shift is interpreted as a function of overload, with serious political implications for urban planners, whose response to increasing population density often has been to increase the tempo by which citizens are processed through the cities’institutional and social services.
Reactions to Receiving Aid as a Function of Cost to Donor and Opportunity to Aid1
Authors: Castro Maria Angela C.
Published: August 2006

Drawing on equity theory, two possibilities that might reduce resentment of the donor following the receipt of aid which cannot be repaid were investigated: (a) the cost to the donor is minimized, and (b) the recipient has an opportunity to aid a third party. The results provide evidence that the recipient will like the donor less and be less willing to request future aid when he cannot repay the aid than when he can. Weak support was received by the hypothesis that the tendency to like the donor less when the aid cannot be repaid will be stronger, the greater the perceived cost. Support was found for the hypothesis that the decreased willingness to request future aid when the aid cannot be repaid will be stronger, the greater the perceived cost. Support was found for the hypotheses that the recipient will like the donor more and be more willing to request future aid when he has an opportunity to aid a third party than when he cannot aid anyone.
Effects of Offered and Requested Help on Help Seeking and Reactions to Being Helped1
Authors: Broll Lorraine , E.Gross Alan , Piliavin Irving
Published: August 2006

Subjects could receive assistance on a difficult logic problem either by requesting help or by accepting an offer of aid from a helper. Normativeness of help seeking and presence of an incentive for correct completion of the task were also varied. Results of the study indicated that more help was obtained in the offer condition and that subjects liked the helper more when help was offered than when it was requested. The normativeness and incentive variables did not produce the expected effects. Negative consequences of requesting help were interpreted in terms of attribution theory, and the implications of these findings for help‐delivery systems were discussed.
The Situational Facilitation of Interpersonal Attraction: A Three‐factor Hypothesis1
Authors: Byrne Donn , Allgeier A. R. , Winslow Linda , Buckman James
Published: August 2006

A theoretical analysis of observations of natural and man‐made disasters, festive social events, and task‐oriented crash programs led to a three‐factor hypothesis of attraction facilitation. It was proposed that interpersonal attraction toward strangers is facilitated when there is emotional arousal, sharing, and out‐of‐role behavior. In a laboratory investigation (N= 120), postexperimental attraction toward a dissimilar stranger increased when all three factors were present but not when only two of the three factors were present (p < .01). Consistent with the reinforcement‐affect model of attraction, increased attraction toward the stranger in the three‐factor conditions was paralleled by more positive feelings about the experiment in the three‐factor than in the two‐factor conditions. Knowledge of the variables underlying facilitation effects could be utilized on a societal basis to create attraction‐enhancing occurrences.
Publish or Politic: Referee Bias in Manuscript Review1
Authors: Abramowitz Stephen I. , Gomes Beverly , Abramowitz Christine V.
Published: August 2006

To clarify the role of cognitive bias in manuscript review, designated more and less politically liberal area specialists and nonspecialists were sent either of two versions of a brief empirical report contrasting student political activists' and nonactivists' psychological well‐being. The forms were identical, except that all references to activists and to nonactivists in the results and discussion sections were interchanged. The referees, led to think that they were participating in a study of the usefulness of a closed‐ended manuscript evaluation procedure, were asked to rate the article's publishability and the degree to which specific criteria for scientific quality were met. The main results confirmed the expectation that publication verdicts handed down about a paper containing information of social import are sometimes biased by a reviewer's political orientation. However, the results were largely null regarding the susceptibility to value‐intrusion of scholarly inferences anchored to discrete criteria. Ego involvement is implicated as a mediator of biasing effects in the editorial process.
Discrimination Against Competent Women1
Authors: Hagen Randi L. , Kahn Arnold
Published: August 2006

Although women have complained about job discrimination, the experimental literature has revealed little discrimination against competent women. On the thesis that discrimination would only occur when a competent woman was in interaction with a man, a 2 × 3 × 2 × 2 experiment factorially varied sex of subject, type of interaction (competition, cooperation, observation), sex of others, and competency of others. As predicted, males like the competent woman only when they observed her performance and were not involved in the interaction. Furthermore, both males and females were more likely to exclude a competent women from their group than a competent man, and to include an incompetent woman than an incompetent man. Although competent women were not discriminated against on a leadership measure, it was clear that an atmosphere conducive to low performance by women was established. These findings were interpreted in terms of the disconfirmation of stereotypic beliefs regarding the relative competencies of men and women, and ethnocentrism.
Time‐Series Analysis of Dogmatism Norms Among College Students
Authors: Ondrack D. A.
Published: August 2006

Research has shown that values of student activists in the late 1960s differed considerably from student values in the 1950s, and that activists were noticeably low in either dogmatism or authoritarianism. The hypothesis that dogmatism among students in general in the late 1960s was lower than among students in the 1950s was tested by a time‐series analysis of secondary data. Dogmatism norms available for the period 1958–1968 showed a significant negative trend over time, and this trend persisted when norms were controlled for education level, geographic region, and college selectivity.
How Television News Viewers Deal with Facts that Contradict Their Beliefs: A Consistency and Attribution Analysis1
Authors: Zanna Mark P. , Klosson Ellen C. , Darley John M.
Published: August 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of a counterattitudinal news story on the perceived credibility of a television newscaster. In the basic 2 × 2 design, subjects, who were either pro‐student or pro‐police, viewed a newscast in which either students or police were blamed for initiating a violent confrontation. The results indicated that subjects, for whom the newscast's conclusion was counterattitudinal (as compared to those for whom the conclusion was consistent with initial student‐police attitudes), rated the newscast as less objective, rated the newscaster as less credible and more intending to persuade, and attributed to the newscast and newscaster more extreme political positions consistent with the newscast's conclusions The implications of these results for the problem of newscaster credibility are discussed, as are the connections between the present results and previous research on communicator credibility.
When a Cultural Prohibition is Effective: A Field Investigation1
Authors: Stech Frank J. , McClintock Charles G. , Fitzpatrick Nancy J. , Babin Christopher A.
Published: August 2006

Three conditions have been hypothesized by Allport (1934) to be necessary for normative compliance to occur: (a) the required behavior must seem to serve a purpose; (b) the required behavior must be described in a rule or law; (c) a fairly large proportion of the population must perform the required behavior. Evidence supporting each of the three hypotheses is reviewed. The presence or strength of three variables related to each of the three conditions was varied factorially in an experimental field study of conformity to a prohibition against pedestrian traffic. The three hypotheses were strongly supported: Significantly more pedestrians corriplied the greater the strength of the factors related to the conditions. No interactions were found between variables. In addition, no differences between males and females and between a campus and a suburban sample were obtained. The results are discussed in terms of the normative elements of cultural conformity and a distinction is made between true conformity and cultural conformity.
Contingencies of Exogenous Reward and Task Performance: On the “Minimax” Strategy in instrumental Behavior1
Authors: Kruglanski Arie W. , Stein Chana , Riter Aviah
Published: August 2006

Subjects performed a task in return for monetary payment. In one experimental condition, the subject's pay was contingent on his working at the task for at least the time specified, in another condition, the pay was contingent on the subject's completion of at least the specified output standard; in a third condition, the amount of pay was contingent on the quantity of output. It was found that subjects in the time‐contingent condition adhered most closely to the task's time specification, subjects in the standard‐contingent condition adhered most closely to the standard specification, and subjects in the output‐contingent condition produced the highest quantities of output. The results are discussed in reference to the idea that extrinsically motivated workers act in accordance with a “minimax” strategy: They attempt to perform the bare minimum of work sufficient for the achievement of maximal rewards.
Effects of Crowding in a Student Environment1
Authors: Zuckerman Miron , Schmitz Marie , Yosha Andrew
Published: August 2006

Responses to crowding were examined in two student dormitories (Dorm A and Dorm B). Dorm B had more rooms per floor, smaller sized rooms, and a general layout which seemed conducive to a higher level of social stimulation. Students living in Dorm B reported being less involved with their roommates, being in a worse mmod, and experiencing more crowding. The role of crowding in mediating the relationship between type of dormitory as an independent variable and mood and interpersonal relationship as dependent variables was discussed.
Incentives and Seat Belts: Changing a Resistant Behavior Through Extrinsic Motivation
Authors: Elman Donald , Kelebrew T. Jeffrey
Published: August 2006

Because previously‐attempted methods of increasing automobile seat belt usage have proven to be either ineffective or unworkable, a series of field experiments was carried out to test a technique of behavior influence utilizing a modest, positive incentive. In three separate studies, seat belt use of 4,745 drivers was observed as they drove out of a parking lot, after receiving one of several safety reminder leaflets. Some versions of the leaflet offered a gift certificate to a certain proportion of drivers who wore seat belts; other versions offered no incentive. The results showed that an incentive, regardless of the probability of payoff, raised belt use from about 15% to nearly 40%. Implications for future research and applications are discussed.
Favorable Evaluations of Blacks and the Handicapped: Positive Prejudice, Unconscious Denial, or Social Desirability?1
Authors: Carver Charles S. , Glass David C. , Katz Irwin
Published: August 2006

Prior research has shown that subjects in an impression formation setting rated an interviewee more favorably if he was labeled as either black or physically handicapped than if he was not labeled. This seems to contradict common assumptions about the nature of stigma. Three interpretations of these findings are advanced: They may reflect actual positive biases held by college students regarding members of these outgroups; they may represent unconscious distortions of subjects' true feelings; or they may represent conscious distortions of true feelings in order to make socially desirable responses. The present study was undertaken to test the third possibility by means of a so‐called bogus pipeline manipulation, in which some subjects were led to believe that the experimenter had access to their actual feelings about the interviewee. The results indicated that the high rating of the black was a social desirability phenomenon, but the high rating of the handicapped person was not.
Deterring the Onset of Smoking in Children: Knowledge of Immediate Physiological Effects and Coping with Peer Pressure, Media Pressure, and Parent Modeling1
Authors: Evans Richard I. , Rozelle Richard M. , Mittelmark Maurice B. , Hansen William B. , Bane Alice L. , Havis Janet
Published: August 2006

Entering seventh grade, most children believe that smoking endangers their long‐term health. Nevertheless, three sources of social pressure were found to often have an overriding influence to begin smoking: peers, models of smoking parents, and media. Interventions were developed to train children to cope with these pressures. Also stressed were immediate rather than long‐term physiological effects of smoking. A dependent measure was utilized that generates increased validity of self‐reports of smoking. A 10‐week investigation was completed with 750 male and female students entering the seventh grade. Rates of onset of smoking in treatment groups were significantly lower than in a pretest‐single posttest control group.
Cooptation and Coalition Mobilization1
Authors: Lawler Edward J. , Youngs George A. , Lesh Michael D.
Published: August 2006

The question addressed by this research was, “When structural circumstances make revolutionary action likely, under what conditions will a cooptation strategy prevent subordinate revolts?” Experimental procedures established a group status hierarchy consisting of a leader and two subordinates. Groups earned collective outcomes, and the leader usurped an inequitable portion of these outcomes. In this context, the first experiment shows that a cooptation strategy (i.e., offer of a promotion to one of two subordinates) inhibits subordinate revolts. Two additional experiments indicate that the cooptation strategy is most effective (a) if the offer (strategy) provides the target of cooptation a source of personal gain; (b) if theoffer (strategy) is a result of the leader's own volition, rather than situational constraints; and (c) if the leader converys a strong commitment to follow through on the promotion offer. The results are interpreted with reference to subjective‐expected‐utility and reciprocity theories.
Attributions About Rape: Effects of Rapist Force, Observer Sex and Sex Role Attitudes
Authors: Krulewitz Judith E. , Payne Elaine Johnson
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated subjects' perceptions of a hypothetical rape situation as a function of the amount of force used in the rape, sex of subject, and subjects' attitudes toward feminism. Two hundred thirty‐two subjects (118 females, 114 males) were randomly assigned by sex to one of three force conditions. Consistent with expectation, subjects expressed greater certainty that a rape had actually occurred with increased force on the part of the assailant (p <.001). A second hypothesis received partial support: Increasing force led to stronger attributions of rape on the part of traditional women, whereas liberal women tended to see the incident as rape at all force levels. A similar relationship did not emerge for men, however. As predicted, profeminist subjects implicated societal factors as causal in rape to a greater extent than did nonfeminists. Contrary to prediction, however, pro‐ and nonfeminists were not found to differ from each other in the degree of blame attributed to either the victim or the assailant. The findings support the general notion that one's gender and sex‐role attitudes as well as the degree of force used by a rape assailant affect one's evaluation of this situation and the manner in which one attributes cause. Implications for rape prevention and victim reaction are discussed.
Differential Responses to Being Ignored: The Effects of Architectural Design and Social Density on Interpersonal Behavior1
Authors: Reichner Richard F.
Published: August 2006

This study examines the experience of being ignored when social interaction is chronically at high or low levels. Subjects in these studies resided in either traditional corridor dormitories or in suite‐type apartments. Previous research has shown that the corridor arrangement leads to an excess of unwanted contacts with other residents. Hence, corridor residents should desire less interaction with strangers than suite residents. It was hypothesized that corridor residents would be less adversely affected if they were ignored during a group discussion. The results of two experiments reported here support this hypothesis. They also demonstrate the generally negative effects of being ignored. Results are discussed in terms of Altman's (1975) model of contact regulation.
An Evaluation of the Jamaican Anticrime Program
Authors: Diener Edward , Crandall Rick
Published: August 2006

A sweeping anticrime package was implemented in Jamaica in 1974. This program included severe penalties for possession of illegal guns, censorhsip of gun scenes from television and the movies, and greatly broadened police powers. The impact of this anticrime package on crime was assessed using quasiexperimental time‐series designs with both months and years as the units of analysis. In a one year period there was a 14% reduction in homicides (p <.05), a 32% reduction in rapes (p <.01), a 25% reduction in robberies (p <.05), and a 37% reduction in nonfatal shootings (p <.01). Data from the second year following the implementation of the anticrime package were not available. The data from the fist year suggest that strict anticrime measures can reduce crime.
An Examination of the Determinants of Intention and Behavior: A Comparison of Two Models
Authors: Brinberg David
Published: August 2006

Two behavioral prediction models were compared. The behavior used was church attendance, and the models used were those proposed by Triandis (1977) and Fishbein (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). The results indicated that both models were effective in the prediction of intention and behavior. However, while Triandis' model accounted for a greater percent of the variance in the prediction of intention, Fishbein's model did better in predicting behavior.
Roommate Compatibility: Is There An Ideal Relationship?1
Authors: Wetzel Christopher G. , Schwartz David , Vasu Ellen S.
Published: August 2006

Three theories of interpersonal attraction were tested for their ability to predict roommates' compatibility. The similarity hypothesis (that we are attracted to and compatible with people who are similar to our self‐concepts) received moderate support; the social desirability hypothesis (that we are attracted to and compatible with people who possess socially desirable traits) received scant support. The ideal hypothesis (that we are attracted to and compatible with people who are similar to our ideals) received strong support. The utility of these theories in terms of preinteractionally matching students in order to maximize compatibility was found to be minimal because it could not be assumed that students peiceive their roommates in the same manner as their roommates perceive themselves.
Perceived Similarity in Interracial Attitudes and Behaviors: The Effects of Belief and Dialect Style1
Authors: Pishop George D.
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated the role of two types of similarity (attitude similarity and dialect style) on interpersonal attitudes and behaviors in a face‐to‐face interaction. Sixty subjects interacted with an experimental confederate who was either black or white, spoke either standard white English or a black dialect, and whom the subject perceived as agreeing or disagreeing on an attitude questionnaire. Subjects' nonverbal behavior during the interaction was coded using Mehrabian's scheme of immediacy cues, and attitudes toward the confederate were measured via questionnaire following the interaction. Subjects showed more favorable attitudes toward the white than black confederate and had more positive attitudes toward the black confederate when she spoke white English. Contrary to previous findings, no significant main effect was found for belief similarity. While no significant mean differences were obtained between conditions for the nonverbal measures, correlations between these measures and a measure of likinglfriendship indicated that this relationship differed depending on the race of the confederate and the dialect used. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for the role of perceived similarity in interracial interaction.
Littering as a Function of Prior Litter and The Presence or Absence of Prohibitive Signs1
Authors: Reiter Susan M. , Samuel William
Published: August 2006

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effect on littering behavior of (1) two types of antilitter signs and (2) the condition of the environment (littered vs. unlittered). It was hypothesized that a sign with a threatening message (i.e., “Littering is Unlawful and Subject to a $10 Fine”.) would induce psychological reactance and therefore would be less effective than one emphasizing cooperation (i.e., “Pitch In!”). It was also predicted that littering would occur more frequently in littered than in nonlittered areas. The study was conducted on six levels of a city parking garage, each floor of which was exposed to a randomly selected combination of the sign and litter treatments. Relative to a no sign control condition, signs had the overall effect of reliably reducing the litter rate, but the “Pitch In” message was not found to be more effective than the “Unlawful” one. The littering rate was, as predicted, lowest in a clean environment. Finally, the impact of the signs was reliably influenced by the day of the observation. This finding was interpreted in terms of reactance theory and led to the conclusion that prior exposure is an important variable determining the effectiveness of signs.
Relative Deprivation, Dissatisfaction, and Militancy: A Field Study In A Protest Crowd1
Authors: Newton James W. , Mann Leon , Geary Dlnise
Published: August 2006

The links between relative deprivation (RD), dissatisfaction with financial situation, and propensity for militancy were examined in a field study of a farmers' rally in Adelaide, South Australia. The rally was held to protest the blockade of sheep exports by the meat workers' union. Consistent with Gurr's (1970) theory, a majority of protesters were relatively deprived. However, there was no support for Morrison's (1971) hypothesis that participants in a conservstive protest demonstration are in a state of “decreinental” RD. No support mas found for Gurr's postulate that RD is the basic condition for participants in collective violence. RD war significantly associated with feelings of dissatisfaction but not with predispositions toward militancy. Dissatisfaction alone was a significant predictor of militant predisposition. Factors that may act to weaken the link between RD and militancy in actual episodes of collective behavior were discussed.
Beauty Is Only “Name” Deep: The Effect of First‐Name On Ratings of Physical Attraction
Authors: Garwood S. Gary , Cox Lewis , Kaplan Valerie , Wasserman Neal , Sulzer Jefferson L.
Published: August 2006

College students (n= 197) voted to select a beauty queen from among six photographs equivalent in physical attractiveness, as determined by rankings of 35 students from a separate university. Half the photographs bore a desirable first‐name and half were assigned an undesirable first‐name. As predicted, firstname had a significant effect on physical attraction: Girls with desirable firstnames received 158 votes to 39 for those with undesirable names. These data were discussed in terms of an additive, rather than an interactive, effect, due to the nature of the task. The strength of these findings was related to the study's ecological validity.
A Comparison of Verdicts Obtained in Severed and Joined Criminal Trials1
Authors: Horowitz Irwin A. , Bordens Kenneth S. , Feldman Marc S.
Published: August 2006

An experiment was conducted to determine the possible prejudicial effect of joining two similar criminal offenses in one trial, as compared to severing those offenses into separate trials. Levels of evidence (clear case for the prosecution, or a close case), trial mode (severed, combined with a clear or a close case), and position of case presentation in the joined trial (first or second) were combined in two 2 × 3 × 2 designs. The results indicated that clear cases received more guilty verdicts than close cases; joined trials obtained more guilty verdicts than severed trials; and first cases in joined trials received higher guilt scores than their severed counterparts or their joined counterparts presented second. The position effect seemed particularly strong when a close case was presented first and combined with a clear case in a joined trial.
The Impact of A Discredited Key Witness
Authors: Hatvany Nina , Strack Fritz
Published: August 2006

An experiment was conducted in order to assess the impact of discredited testimony presented by a key witness in a court setting. One of two videotaped cases was presented to subjects who were asked to assume the role of jurors and to make judgments as to the defendant's liability on the basis of the evidence presented. The three possible effects of discredited testimony on judgments were examined: logic, overcorrection, and perseverance. Subjects dealt with discredited testimony logically, ignoring it, except in one version of one of the cases where the witness' discredited testimony constituted a false accusation. In this version, subjects overcorrected in their judgments.
Attraction to Competent and Incompetent Members of Cooperative and Competitive Groups1
Authors: Rosenfield David , Stephan Walter G. , Lucker G. William
Published: August 2006

A laboratory experiment and a reanalysis of data collected in a previous field study examined the effects of cooperation and competition on liking for other group members who varied in competence. It was hypothesized that when other members of a cooperative group are relatively incompetent, they will tend to be disliked because they decrease the subject's chances of success. On the other hand, in competitive groups incompetent group members should not be disliked because they do not reduce the probability of the subject's success. Both the laboratory experiment and the field study found support for these suggestions. In addition, in the field study it was found that the race of the other group members did not affect these tendencies. Other results from the present study yielded information concerning some of the psychological processes that determine attraction in cooperative and competitive groups. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for the use of cooperative groups in desegregated schools.
Opening Statements in a Jury Trial: The Effect of Promising More Than the Evidence Can Show1
Authors: Pyszczynski Tom , Greenberg Jeff , Mack Dave , Wrightsman Lawrence
Published: August 2006

Previous research has indicated that attorneys' opening statements may have powerful effects on jurors' verdicts. However, since attorneys can never be certain of exactly how witnesses will testify, it may be unwise for them to make extensive opening statements and run the risk of promising more than the evidence can show; they may discredit their cases. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of those opening statements that make promises that are not fulfilled in evidence. Subjects read one of three different versions of a transcript of a simulated criminal trial: (1) the promise‐only version, in which the defense attorney promised evidence that would clearly indicate the defendant's innocence; (2) the promise‐reminder version, in which the same promise was made, followed by a reminder in the prosecuting attorney's closing argument drawing attention to the discrepancy between the promise and evidence; or (3) the non‐promise‐control version, in which neither the promise nor reminder was made. Although the promise led to less guilty verdicts than were found in the control condition, this effect was nullified by the prosecution's reminder. It was suggested that the defense attorney's promise affected the thematic frameworks that jurors used in interpreting the evidence in the case. Implications for trial practice were discussed.
Coping In the Corporation: Sex Role Constraints
Authors: Wiley Mary Glenn , Bkilson Arlene
Published: August 2006

In this paper, the predictive power of status‐based and socialization‐based explanations of the differential rewards accruing to men and women in the corporate world are compared. Ninety‐five experienced managers were asked to evaluate persuasive dialogues between two individuals in a corporate setting. Sex of the actor, sex of the other, and the influence technique used by the actor all affected the personality traits attributed to the influential actor. Our respondents perceived influential males as significantly more powerful, higher in corporate position, and warmer than identically described females. Implications of these and other findings for both male and female managers are discussed.
A Field Study of Conflict in Psychological Exchange: The California Taxpayers' Revolt
Authors: Radford Linda M. , Larwood Laurie
Published: August 2006

The present research applied an exchange analysis to the confrontation between California renters and landlords after the passage of a property tax initiative (Proposition 13). The inability of renters to leave the exchange intensified perceived inequities. As a result, both parties sought solutions to perceived inequities by changing the existing relationship. As predicted, renters and landlords disagreed on the relative importance of exchange inputs and the actions needed to restore equity to their relationship. Relationships examined were consistent with a psychological contract in which renters were blocked from leaving. This interpretation suggests that changes in the intrinsic nature of the psychological contract may be needed to avoid future conflict.
Economic Stress: Notes on the Psychology of Inflation
Authors: Epstein Yakov M. , Babad Elisha Y.
Published: August 2006

This research examines economic inflation as a “psychological stressor.” Economic behavior in response to inflation is hypothesized to be a function of subjective cognitive appraisal of threat as well as objective economic indices such as actual income. A survey of 504 American college alumni compared the contribution of perceived threat and family income to self‐reported changes in buying practices and leisure activities. These changes, as well as the reported degree of stress experienced, were better accounted for by perceived threat than by actual income. Further, threat and income did not interact in affecting economic behavior. Finally, none of the demographic and economic variables differentiated between groups of more versus less threatened individuals. A replication study was conducted on a sample of 112 Israeli college alumni. The rate of inflation in Israel is 10 times higher than the American rate, but income is protected by continuous indexing. The findings for the Israeli sample replicated with a high degree of accuracy the American findings, thereby providing unique cross‐cultural validity to the conception of economic inflation as a psychological stressor.
The Effect of Facial Disfigurement on the Proxemic Behavior of the General Public1
Authors: Rumsey Nichola , Bull Ray , Gahagan Denis
Published: August 2006

The personal space afforded to a disfigured or nondisfigured confederate by 450 pedestrians in a busy street was measured. In Condition 1, the confederate had a birthmark under the right eye (permanent disfigurement). In Condition 2, this was replaced by trauma scarring and bruising (temporary disfigurement). In the third condition, the confederate was “normal” (i.e., no disfigurement). It was found that subjects stood further away from the confederate in the disfigured conditions than in the no disfigurement condition. More specifically, pedestrians arriving first in each trial stood an average distance of 100 cms from the confederate in the birthmark condition, 78 cms in the trauma condition, and 56 cms when the confederate was not disfigured. In addition, subjects chose significantly more often to stand to the left (nondisfigured) side of the confederate in the birthmark and trauma conditions than they did in the normal condition. Those subjects who chose to stand on the right (disfigured) side of the confederate, stood further away from those subjects standing on the nondisfigured side. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of the possible psychological problems associated with facial disfigurement.
Evaluating Identification Evidence from Multiple Eyewitnesses
Authors: Sanders Glenn S. , Warnick Dell H.
Published: August 2006

When two or more eyewitnesses provide identification evidence in a given investigation, their testimony will be characterized either by unanimity or by contradictions. In the present research, nominal groups of several sizes were constructed from the distributions of individual responses in a variety of previous studies. It was found that both unanimity and contradictions could be expected to occur with considerable frequency. When unanimity occurred, the unanimous response was very likely to be accurate, particularly in large groups. When contradictions occurred, the most common, or modal, response was most probably accurate, particularly when four or more witnesses endorsed the modal position. These and several subsidiary findings resulted largely from the fact that individual errors were randomly distributed across many different incorrect response options. Consequently, even when eyewitnesses were generally inaccurate, the correct option was still chosen more frequently than any single incorrect option. Distinctions between the implications of individual vs. multiple eyewitness testimony were discussed.
Recognition of Faces: Own‐Race Bias, Incentive, and Time Delay1
Authors: Barkowitz Paul , Brigham John C.
Published: August 2006

The ability of whites and blacks to correctly identify previously‐seen faces of each race was assessed in a factorial design varying the length of time between inspection and recognition phases (immediate, 2 days, or 7 days) and incentive (possibility of monetary reward for accurate recognition). Recognition of faces of males was poorer after the longer time delays, but no comparable delay over time occurred for pictures of females. Subjects' criteria for responding became more lax after the longer time delays. Incentive had no significant direct impact on recognition accuracy or on subjects' criterion levels. A significant degree of own‐race bias in recognition accuracy occurred, but only among whtte subjects. An own‐race bias in response criteria occurred with subjects of both races. Implications of these findings are discussed.
A Decade of Applied Social Psychology: An Editorial
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Suedfeld Peter
Published: August 2006

The view of the outgoing editors on applied social psychology and on the past decade of the Journal of Applied Social Psychology is presented. The history of the Journal, conceptualizations of its purpose, assessments of journal quality and evaluation approaches to its achievement are discussed. Finally, questions about the future of applied social psychology and the future of the Journal are raised.