bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Permission Granted: A Case Study of the Challenges and Opportunities of Creating Community Experiences at the Gladstone Hotel
Authors: Bronstein Noa , O'Donnell Darren , Welter‐Nolan Britt , Wong Annie
Published: January 2015

How do we create the conditions for dialogue and exchange within a cultural institution? When we cannot define a project from the outset, can we collectively create parameters for communities to unpack their own narratives in an inclusive and dynamic way? This paper examines the alternative models of exhibition and programming that are being employed by the Gladstone Hotel in Toronto, Canada. Situated as a multi‐purpose space, the Gladstone Hotel produces and hosts a myriad of exhibitions, arts, and cultural programming: acting as part‐community center, part‐bar, and part‐art space, the hotel's multifarious approach embraces experimentation and fosters vigorous discussion. The Gladstone Hotel is a contemporary community space that reflects Jane Jacobs's assertion that “new ideas need old buildings.” By examining several curatorial initiatives at the Gladstone, this article explores the ways in which alternative approaches to the concepts of “expert,” “gallery,” and “curator” are realized within the context of a hybrid space.
Co‐Curation as Hacking: Biohackers in Copenhagen's Medical Museion
Authors: Davies Sarah R. , Tybjerg Karin , Whiteley Louise , Söderqvist Thomas
Published: January 2015

In 2012, the University of Copenhagen's Medical Museion collaborated with members of the local DIY biology community to create a DIY biology lab and event series. This article discusses the project and the hacker movement more generally with reference to two current museum trends: first, the opening up of museums through external collaborations, for instance in co‐curation; and second, renewed interest among science and technology museums in revealing the “behind the scenes” of research, including bringing laboratories into museums. With regard to the first trend, we suggest that hacking may be a useful framework for thinking about co‐curation, and argue that co‐curation needs to be understood as a process that doesn't just involve the representation of diverse narratives, but instead incorporates a range of diverse actors into the design and production of an exhibition. With regard to the second, we argue that biohacking may be a better fit to a museum's desire to exhibit research processes than traditional scientific laboratories, given biohacking's emphasis on enabling citizens to understand and carry out scientific research. We develop these suggestions by charting the course of the collaboration.
Neuromuscular performance deficits in low birthweight children: a target for physical activity interventions?
Authors: Cohen Daniel D
Published: January 2015

This commentary is on the original article by Moura‐dos‐Santos et al. on pages 470–475 of this issue.
Brown adipose tissue triglyceride content is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity, independently of age and obesity
Authors: Raiko J. , Holstila M. , Virtanen K. A. , Orava J. , Saunavaara V. , Niemi T. , Laine J. , Taittonen M. , Borra R. J. H. , Nuutila P. , Parkkola R.
Published: January 2015

The aim of the present study was to determine whether single‐voxel proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐MRS) can non‐invasively assess triglyceride content in both supraclavicular fat depots and subcutaneous white adipose tissue (WAT) to determine whether these measurements correlate to metabolic variables. A total of 25 healthy volunteers were studied using 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) and 15O‐H2O PET perfusion during cold exposure, and 1H‐MRS at ambient temperature. Image‐guided biopsies were collected from nine volunteers. The supraclavicular triglyceride content determined by 1H‐MRS varied between 60 and 91% [mean ± standard deviation (s.d.) 77 ± 10%]. It correlated positively with body mass index, waist circumference, subcutaneous and visceral fat masses and 8‐year diabetes risk based on the Framingham risk score and inversely with HDL cholesterol and insulin sensitivity (M‐value; euglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic clamp). Subcutaneous WAT had a significantly higher triglyceride content, 76–95% (mean ± s.d. 87 ± 5%; p = 0.0002). In conclusion, the triglyceride content in supraclavicular fat deposits measured by 1H‐MRS may be an independent marker of whole‐body insulin sensitivity, independent of brown adipose tissue metabolic activation.
Effects of Hemodialysis on Tei Index: Comparison between Flow Doppler and Tissue Doppler Imaging
Authors: Gerede Demet Menekse , Turhan Sibel , Kaya Cansin Tulunay , Ozcan Ozgur Ulas , Goksuluk Huseyin , Vurgun Veysel Kutay , Dincer Irem , Kutlay Sim , Erturk Sehsuvar , Erol Cetin
Published: January 2015

Objective

Myocardial performance index (MPI, Tei index) has been described as a noninvasive measurement of left ventricle (LV) function. Our aim was to investigate the influence of preload on the LV MPI obtained by pulsed‐wave tissue Doppler imaging (PWTDI) and determined by flow Doppler waveforms in patients with end‐stage chronic renal failure (CRF). The second aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the Tei indices obtained by both methods.

Methods

Eighty‐four patients on regular hemodialysis (HD) treatment were included (mean age of 45.3 ± 14.5 years). Standard echocardiographic measurements, the Tei indices obtained by conventional flow Doppler and PWTDI methods, mitral inflow velocities, and mitral lateral annulus tissue Doppler velocities were measured immediately before and after hemodialysis.

Results

After HD, weight loss in patients was significantly revealed (predialysis 63.6 ± 13.3 kg; postdialysis 60.9 ± 13.0 kg; P < 0.001). Left ventricle and left atrium diameters were significantly decreased after HD. Transmitral E and A velocities decreased after HD. Although Tei index measuring by conventional flow Doppler method significantly increased, Tei index measuring by PWTDI did not change after HD.

Conclusions

The conventional flow Doppler‐derived LV Tei index is influenced by hemodialysis. However, PWTDI‐derived LV Tei index is not influenced by hemodialysis. The loading status of a patient should be taken into account during the application of the Tei index to the evaluation of myocardial performance.
Psychosocial functioning in first‐episode psychosis and associations with neurocognition, social cognition, psychotic and affective symptoms
Authors: Stouten Luyken H. , Veling Wim , Laan Winfried , van der Helm Mischa , van der Gaag Mark
Published: January 2015

Aim

Most studies on the determinants of psychosocial functioning in first‐episode psychosis used few predictors. This study examines the effects of multiple cognitive domains and multiple symptoms on psychosocial functioning.

Methods

A total of 162 patients with a first‐episode psychosis were assessed within 3 months after referral to an early psychosis treatment department. Four psychopathological subdomains (positive and negative symptoms, depression and anxiety) and five subdomains of psychosocial functioning (work/study, relationships, self‐care, disturbing behaviour and general psychosocial functioning) were measured. Neurocognitive and social cognitive factors were identified through principal component analyses (PCA) of a 15‐measure cognitive battery. Stepwise backward regression models were computed to identify the determinants of psychosocial functioning.

Results

The three neurocognitive and four social cognitive factors identified through PCA were largely independent of psychopathology. The strongest associations were between cognitive factors and anxiety. Higher levels of negative symptoms, poor general neurocognition and poor general social cognition showed strongest associations with impaired psychosocial functioning, followed by low verbal processing speed and low emotion processing speed. Together, these factors accounted for 39.4% of the variance in psychosocial functioning.

Conclusions

The results suggest that negative symptoms, impaired neurocognition and poor social cognition are related to psychosocial problems in patients with first‐episode psychosis. None of the affective or positive symptoms had a marked impact on psychosocial functioning.
Higher Education as a Field of Study and Research in Europe
Authors: Kehm Barbara M.
Published: January 2015

This article describes the emergence of higher education as a field of research, scholarship and study. In the first part, the meaning of higher education as a field of research is defined contrasting Europe and the US. Then, the institutional basis of higher education research in Europe is analysed (learned societies, institutes and centres, professorships, journals, study programmes). In the second part, the main areas of research and knowledge production are discussed, while the third focuses on the relationships between higher education research, policy and practice. The article ends with sections on future perspectives and conclusions.
A review of equine sepsis
Authors: Taylor S.
Published: January 2015

Sepsis is defined as an exaggerated, systemic inflammatory response to infection and is a common condition in horses. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) associated with bacterial infection is a hallmark of sepsis. Sepsis in neonatal foals is a common sequela of failure of passive transfer and, in addition to development ofSIRS, may be characterised by bacteraemia, pneumonia, enterocolitis, omphalophlebitis, meningoencephalitis or arthritis. Sepsis in mature horses is most commonly observed secondary to gastrointestinal lesions that result in disrupted mucosa and bacterial translocation into circulation (endotoxaemia). Pleuropneumonia and metritis may also cause sepsis in mature horses. Diagnosis of sepsis is based onSIRScriteria as well as suspected or confirmed infection. Due to the relatively low sensitivity of microbial culture and the subjectivity of sepsis scoring, many sepsis biomarkers are being studied for their usefulness in diagnosis and prognostication of sepsis in horses. Treatment of sepsis requires an intensive care approach that includes antimicrobial drug administration, fluid resuscitation and pressure support, and treatment for inflammation, endotoxaemia and coagulopathy. Early recognition of sepsis and prompt antimicrobial drug treatment are critical for a successful outcome. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome may occur in severe cases of sepsis, with common manifestations including laminitis and coagulopathies. Although prognosis for septic mature horses depends highly on the primary disease process, the overall survival rate in septic neonatal foals ranges from 26 to 86%, with most studies indicating a survival rate of 45–60%.
Surgical management of atresia ani and perineal hypospadias in a miniature donkey foal
Authors: Nelson B. B. , Ferris R. A. , McCue P. M. , Leise B. S.
Published: January 2015

A 3‐week‐old miniature donkey was evaluated for tenesmus and constipation resulting from atresia ani. The foal was also diagnosed with hypospadias extending from its perineum to the glans penis and caudoventral penile deviation. A common opening on the perineum allowed faeces and urine to be excreted together, preventing complete intestinal obstruction. Surgical correction of the atresia ani was performed, along with resection of the incomplete urethra, nonfunctional penis and testes. The anal and perineal reconstruction procedures resolved the miniature donkey's difficulty in defaecation. The anourethral portion of the repair healed, but the anoperineal portion dehisced and healed by second intention. The client was satisfied with the outcome.
Child, Family, and Community Protective Factors in the Development of Children's Early Conduct Problems
Authors: Vanderbilt‐Adriance Ella , Shaw Daniel S. , Brennan Lauretta M. , Dishion Thomas J. , Gardner Frances , Wilson Melvin N.
Published: January 2015

This study utilized a resilience model to investigate child, family, and community protective factors in toddlerhood as they relate to low levels of conduct problems at age 5 in a sample of low‐income children at risk for early disruptive problem behavior. Child, family, and community factors were associated with lower levels of conduct problems at age 5. Child, family, and community protective factors also distinguished between children who remained below versus above a clinical threshold for aggressive problems between age 2 and 5. Finally, each domain of protective factors made small but significant unique contributions to lower aggression at age 5. These results emphasize the importance of multivariate analysis of the ecology of development predicting child outcome and suggest potential areas for intervention with children at high risk for conduct problems.
Parenting Stress, Dinnertime Rituals, and Child Well‐being in Working‐Class Families
Authors: Yoon Yesel , Newkirk Katie , Perry‐Jenkins Maureen
Published: January 2015

This study examined the extent to which family dinnertime rituals serve a protective role for families experiencing high levels of stress. Using data from a longitudinal study of working‐class couples, the role of dinnertime rituals as a moderator of mothers' and fathers' parenting stress and child psychosocial outcomes was investigated. Greater dinnertime rituals reported by fathers moderated the effect of parenting stress on internalizing problems for girls, but not for boys. Fathers' reports of dinnertime rituals were related to fewer behavioral symptoms, internalizing problems and externalizing problems, and greater adaptive skills for girls. No significant interaction effects for mothers' parenting stress or rituals were found, but there were significant main effects of mothers' parenting stress and dinnertime rituals on child outcomes. These findings suggest that dinnertime rituals can potentially moderate the effects of parenting stress on child outcomes and fathers and daughters showed the greatest benefits of these family practices.
Interdisciplinary and Innovative Approaches to Strengthening Family and Individual Resilience: An Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Criss Michael M. , Henry Carolyn S. , Harrist Amanda W. , Larzelere Robert E.
Published: January 2015

This special issue presents interdisciplinary and innovative perspectives on family and individual resilience. In this introduction, the authors provide an overview of this collection of conceptual and empirical articles that are organized by four categories: families as contexts, families as systems, intervention and policy implications, and methodological considerations. In addition, the authors highlight how resilience was conceptualized and operationalized in these works. This special issue is intended to stimulate the further study of family and individual resilience, especially research that focuses on interdisciplinary collaboration which we feel will only enhance the understanding of this area of research.
Sourcing Women's Ecological Knowledge: The Worry of Epistemic Objectification
Authors: Tuvel Rebecca
Published: January 2015

In this paper, I argue that although it is important to attend to injustices surrounding women's epistemic exclusions, it is equally important to attend to injustices surrounding women's epistemic inclusions. Partly in response to the historical exclusion of women's knowledge, there has been increasing effort among first‐world actors to seek out women's knowledge. This trend is apparent in efforts to mainstream gender in climate change negotiation. Here, one is told that women's superior knowledge about how to adapt to climate change makes them “poised to help solve and overcome this daunting challenge.” Pulling from the work of Miranda Fricker, I argue that such claims risk epistemically objectifying women. To illuminate the risk of women's epistemic objectification in climate change discourse, I offer a feminist analysis of current efforts to seek women's environmental knowledge, cautioning throughout that such efforts must reflect just epistemic relations.
Chalcogenide Phase‐Change Materials: Past and Future
Authors: Elliott Stephen R.
Published: January 2015

Phase‐change (PC), nonvolatile memory (NVM) materials, such as Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), encode stored digital binary data as structural changes in the material. Reversible, ultrafast (nanosecond) transformations between metastable semiconducting/nonreflective amorphous and near‐metallic/reflective crystalline states occur as a result of Joule heating, caused by applied voltage/laser write pulses, in electronic/optical NVMs, respectively. The canonical PCM, GST, was originally discovered and developed for optical NVM; although it also works as an electronic NVM (phase‐change random‐access memory, PCRAM) material, nevertheless it is not optimal in this role. In this contribution, I will discuss the effects of “doping” (or chemical modification) of GST, with elements such as nitrogen or first‐row transition metals, to improve PC characteristics, such as crystal grain size, and optical‐reflectivity contrast for optical NVM, and to introduce additional PC functionality, for example, magnetism for electronic NVM, respectively. These studies have been carried out by ab initio molecular‐dynamics (AIMD) simulations, in which new compositions of doped PCMs have been obtained by a process of in silico materials discovery. I will also describe a strategy to decrease the rate‐limiting crystallization time of PCMs, which does not also decrease long‐term data retention in the amorphous state (i.e., deleterious spontaneous crystallization), by means of the use of “priming” prepulses. AIMD simulations indicate the structural‐ordering origin of this priming behavior. In this way, we have reduced the crystallization time of GST, from ~10 ns down to ~500 ps, well below the critical switching time of ~1 ns needed to replace volatile Si‐based CMOS DRAM by an NVM‐equivalent, so‐called “universal memory”. Finally, I will outline very recent work which demonstrates that GST PCM cells can also be used to perform “in‐memory” Boolean logic operations, thereby combining memory and processing operations in the same cell.
Changes in fibrillin‐1 expression, elastin expression and skin surface texture at sites of cultured epithelial autograft transplantation onto wounds from burn scar excision
Authors: Kadoya Kuniko , Amano Satoshi , Nishiyama Toshio , Inomata Shinji , Tsunenaga Makoto , Kumagai Norio , Matsuzaki Kyoichi
Published: January 2015

This study investigated the recovery process during which grafted cultured epithelium generated skin elasticity and skin surface microarchitecture. The subjects were 18 patients whose burn scars were excised at a depth not exposing the fat layer and who subsequently received cultured epithelial autografts. A total of 24 samples were obtained from the grafted sites: 6 samples within 6 weeks (stage 1), 5 samples after 6 weeks and within 6 months (stage 2), 6 samples after 6 months and within 18 months (stage 3) and 7 samples beyond 18 months (stage 4) of transplantation. These samples were evaluated by taking replicas of skin surface, and histological changes of fibrillin‐1 and elastin. The expression patterns were classified using a grading scale. The grade of skin surface texture was significantly higher at stage 3 and marginally significantly higher at stage 4 compared with stage 1. The grade of fibrillin‐1 was marginally significantly higher at stage 3 and significantly higher at stage 4 compared with stage 1. The grade of elastin was marginally significantly higher at stage 4 compared with stage 1. These results showed that it is important for patients to have skin care and avoid external forces for at least 18 months after transplantation.
Internal pudendal perforator artery–based gull wing flap for vulvovaginal 3D reconstruction after tumour excision: a new flap
Authors: Han Hyun H , Jun Daiwon , Seo Bommie F , Moon Suk‐Ho , Oh Deuk Y , Ahn Sang T , Rhie Jong‐Won
Published: January 2015

Various skin tumours such as squamous cell carcinoma and extramammary Paget's disease can occur in the vulval area, and reconstruction of the vulval area can be a very challenging task.

A retrospective analysis of vulvar reconstruction using the new method ‘internal pudendal perforator artery–based gull wing flap’ was performed from April 2012 to December 2013. A perforator vessel from the internal pudendal artery was detected with a portable Doppler and marked, and this was the pivot point around which the flap was rotated. The flap was rotated by more than 150°–180° internally, and the labium and the external wall of the vagina were reconstructed with sufficient volume.

Anatomical and aesthetic reconstruction of the labium and the vagina was performed without serious complications. Functional and aesthetic vulvar reconstruction can be achieved by using a flap that provides sufficient volume of the labium. Our new technique, the ‘internal pudendal perforator artery–based gull wing flap’, is good and it can be used to reconstruct a functional and aesthetically acceptable vulvovagina for large defect wound after tumour excision.
Ozonated saline shows activity against planktonic and biofilm growing Staphylococcus aureus in vitro: a potential irrigant for infected wounds
Authors: Al‐Saadi Hayder , Potapova Inga , Rochford Edward TJ , Moriarty Thomas F , Messmer Peter
Published: January 2015

Infections associated with deep wounds require extensive surgical and medical care. New adjunctive treatments are required to aid in the eradication of the bacterial biofilms found on infected wounds and, in particular, any underlying hardware. Ozone has been used as a safe and efficient disinfectant in water treatment plants for many years. The purpose of this study is to investigate the anti‐biofilm potential of ozonated saline against biofilms of Staphylococcus aureus, a microorganism commonly implicated in wound infections.

A custom‐made bacterial biofilm bioreactor was used to grow S. aureus biofilms on discs of medical grade titanium alloy. An ozone generator was connected in‐line and biofilms and planktonic bacteria were exposed to ozone in saline. Cytotoxicity was assessed against primary ovine osteoblasts in the same system.

In tests against planktonic S. aureus, a 99% reduction in bacterial numbers was detected within 15 minutes of exposure. S. aureus biofilms were significantly more resistant to ozone, although complete eradication of the biofilm was eventually achieved within 5 hours. Ozonated saline was not found to be cytotoxic to primary ovine osteoblasts.

Ozonated saline may be suitable as an adjuvant therapy to treat patients as an instillation fluid for wound irrigation and sterilisation.
Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria in Winter Salad (Local Pickle) during Fermentation Using 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis
Authors: Saeedi Mansour , Shahidi Fakhri , Mortazavi Seyed Ali , Milani Elnaz , Tabatabaei Yazdi Farideh
Published: January 2015

Winter salad is a kind of pickle made of different vegetables and is consumed specially in Khorasan Province. The spontaneous fermentation process is mainly carried out by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the LAB species involved in winter salad fermentation at different fermentation time intervals to introduce the native strains. In order to classify selected isolates that seemed LAB, according to preliminary experiments, biochemical tests were performed. Forty‐five selected isolate genotypically identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The results show that the analysis with 16s rRNA gene sequencing could successfully identify eight species, including Pediococcus (51.1%), Lactobacillus (26.7%), Weissella (11.1%), Enterococcus (6.7%) and Leuconostoc (4.4%). Although Weissella cibaria and Lactobacillus plantarum were the predominant LAB in the early periods of winter salad fermentation, Pediococcus pentosaceus was the predominant LAB at the later periods.

Practical Applications

Fermented vegetables are usually used as seasoning in Iran. To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine fermented vegetables lactic acid flora using molecular methods, in Iran. Indigenous starter bacteria are normally considered as genetic resources, and strains obtained from this study could be used in the industry and some of them may be considered as probiotic strains.
Rural Economies and Transitions to Capitalism:Germany andEngland Compared (c.1200–c.1800)
Authors: Ghosh Shami
Published: January 2015

Based on a synthesis of the empirical scholarship onEngland andGermany, this paper demonstrates that in both regions, rural socio‐economic developments fromc.1200 toc.1800 are similar: this period witnesses the rise to numerical predominance and growing economic significance of the ‘sub‐peasant classes’, which had a growing impact on the market as a result of their increasing market dependence, and from which – towards the end of the period – a rural proletariat emerged. Against the influential theory ofRobertBrenner, it is argued that the periodc.1200–c.1400 cannot really be categorized as ‘feudal’ according toBrenner's definition; and ‘agrarian capitalism’ does not adequately describe the socio‐economic system that obtained by the end of the sixteenth century. A genuine transition to capitalism is only evident from after c.1750, and can be found inGermany as well as inEngland; it is predicated both on ideological shifts and on the evolution of the rural proletariat, which is only found in large numbers by or afterc.1800.
Handling Missing Values in Longitudinal Panel Data With Multiple Imputation
Authors: Young Rebekah , Johnson David R.
Published: January 2015

This article offers an applied review of key issues and methods for the analysis of longitudinal panel data in the presence of missing values. The authors consider the unique challenges associated with attrition (survey dropout), incomplete repeated measures, and unknown observations of time. Using simulated data based on 4 waves of the Marital Instability Over the Life Course Study (n = 2,034), they applied a fixed effect regression model and an event‐history analysis with time‐varying covariates. They then compared results for analyses with nonimputed missing data and with imputed data both in long and in wide structures. Imputation produced improved estimates in the event‐history analysis but only modest improvements in the estimates and standard errors of the fixed effects analysis. Factors responsible for differences in the value of imputation are examined, and recommendations for handling missing values in panel data are presented.
Sampling Richness and Qualitative Integrity: Challenges for Research With Families
Authors: Roy Kevin , Zvonkovic Anisa , Goldberg Abbie , Sharp Elizabeth , LaRossa Ralph
Published: January 2015

Sampling is one of the most difficult and contentious aspects of qualitative research design. There are few guidelines for sampling decisions or for understanding saturation in qualitative family research. The authors frame the problematic of data quality in the selection of units of analysis and observation and consider how to enhance sample richness. They outline considerations for data quantity and sample size as well as case‐ and variable‐based approaches. With multiple examples from recent and classic studies to illustrate the consequences of sampling decisions, they explore links between saturation and validity. Finally, they encourage researchers to craft a coherent statement on qualitative integrity to demonstrate how their sampling decisions are rooted in epistemology, theory, and richness and quality of data.
Exploring Ambivalence in Family Ties: Progress and Prospects
Authors: Connidis Ingrid Arnet
Published: January 2015

The 2002 exchange on ambivalence in the Journal of Marriage and Family (Vol. 64, No. 3), published under the editorship of Alexis Walker, prompted an impressive array of research on family ties, in particular intergenerational relationships. Following a discussion of the concept's theoretical underpinnings, the author argues that advancing the concept of ambivalence rests on realizing its multilevel potential by addressing the interplay of shifting contradictions experienced by individuals and in relationships and embedded in social institutions and in macro‐level arrangements and processes. She considers progress and limitations in a critical review of predominant applications of ambivalence and then investigates research that advances ambivalence as a bridging concept across multiple levels of analysis. Work on atypical family ties, dependency, contradictory cultural expectations due to migration and social change, families and the welfare state, and on climate change and disability promotes the multilevel potential of ambivalence and points to ways to advance its promise in theory and practice.
Communicating Qualitative Research: Some Practical Guideposts for Scholars
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. , Allen Katherine R.
Published: January 2015

The purpose of this article is to provide guidance to scholars regarding key aspects of writing qualitative manuscripts. The aim is to offer practical suggestions as opposed to examining epistemological or theoretical issues and debates related to qualitative family research. The authors begin by providing guideposts in writing the major sections of a qualitative article (Introduction, Method, Results, and Discussion). In doing so, they address issues such as composing a literature review, providing sufficient details on the qualitative data analysis, and effectively communicating the contribution of the work. They end by providing some general suggestions for scholars seeking professional development in qualitative research methods and analysis.
Social Relations Model Analyses of Perceived Self‐Control and Trust in Families
Authors: Buyukcan‐Tetik Asuman , Finkenauer Catrin , Siersema Merel , Vander Heyden Karin , Krabbendam Lydia
Published: January 2015

How do people know which family member is trustworthy? In this study, the authors tested the hypothesis that people use their perception of a family member's self‐control as an indicator of his or her trustworthiness. Eighty‐four Dutch families consisting of 2 parents and 2 children completed questionnaires assessing each family member's trust in and perceived self‐control of the other 3 family members. This full‐family design enabled the authors to examine their hypothesis in horizontal relationships, between family members of equal status (i.e., parent–parent and sibling–sibling relationships), and vertical relationships, in which partners have unequal status (i.e., parent–child and child–parent relationships). Consistent with the hypothesis, Social Relations Model analyses showed that being perceived as having higher self‐control is related to greater trustworthiness among adults and children in the large majority of horizontal and vertical relationships (10 out of 12). These findings highlight that perceived self‐control is an important factor by which to gauge trustworthiness in families.
Fifty years of paediatric ethics
Authors: Gillam Lynn
Published: January 2015

In 1965, when the first issue of Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health appeared, medical ethics was just becoming established as a discipline. The sub‐speciality of paediatric ethics did not make an appearance until the late 1980s, with the first key texts appearing in the 1990s. Professional concern to practice ethically in paediatrics obviously goes much further back than that, even if not named as such. In clinical areas of paediatrics, the story of the last 50 years is essentially a story of progress – better understanding of disease, better diagnosis, more effective treatment, better outcomes. In paediatric ethics, the story of the last 50 years is a bit more complicated. In ethics, the idea of progress, rather than just change, is not so straightforward and is sometimes hotly contested. There has certainly been change, including some quite radical shifts in attitudes and practices, but on some issues, the ethical debate now looks remarkably similar to that of 40–50 years ago. This is the story of some things that have changed in paediatric ethics, some things that have stayed the same and the key ethical ideas lying beneath the surface.
Conquering rotavirus: From discovery to global vaccine implementation
Authors: Bines Julie E , Kirkwood Carl D
Published: January 2015

Rotavirus, the commonest cause of severe dehydrating gastroenteritis world‐wide, was discovered less than 50 years ago. It causes about 450 000 deaths per year in children <5 years of age and hospitalises millions more. Rotavirus vaccines have been shown to have a major impact on hospital admissions due to rotavirus gastroenteritis and all‐cause gastroenteritis and reduce mortality in developing countries. In Australia, there has been a 71% decrease in rotavirus hospitalisations in children 0–5 years of age. From the discovery of rotavirus as the major causative agent for severe gastroenteritis, through vaccine development and vaccine post‐marketing surveillance activities, Australian scientists and clinicians have played a significant role in the global effort to reduce the burden of rotavirus infection.
Virulence of Phytophthora sojae in the Pampeana Subregion of Argentina from 1998 to 2004
Authors: Grijalba Pablo E. , Gally Marcela E.
Published: January 2015

Phytophthora root rot is one of the most serious diseases of soybeans in Argentina. Surveys of commercial fields and trial plots of soybean were conducted throughout the northern Pampeana subregion (Argentina) between 1998 and 2004. A total of 193 isolates of Phytophthora sojae were collected and classified into races or virulence formulae. Among the 173 isolates tested on 8 differentials, 42 different pathotypes were detected, including 18 described races. Races 1, 4, 5, 7, 9, 13, 23 and 24 were found in both plants and soils, whereas races 2, 3, 6, 8, 11, 14, 15, 17, 43 and 44 were only isolated from plants. An additional 19 pathotypes were described from 20 isolates tested in Canada on the expanded set of 14 differential cultivars. Currently, all Rps genes/alleles associated with resistance have been defeated, indicating an increased complexity of virulence within the P. sojae populations in the region. The great increase in virulence complexity found in this study is most likely a result of a long period of continuous production of soybean cultivars with Rps genes and the extensive adoption of the no‐tillage system.
Canine Pancreatic‐Specific Lipase Concentrations in Dogs with Heart Failure and Chronic Mitral Valvular Insufficiency
Authors: Han D. , Choi R. , Hyun C.
Published: January 2015

Background

Chronic mitral valvular insufficiency (CMVI) in dogs is very common and might cause clinical signs of congestion and poor tissue perfusion.

Hypothesis

Poor tissue perfusion from CMVI causes pancreatitis in dogs, as indicated by serum pancreatic lipase concentrations.

Animals

Sixty‐two client‐owned dogs consisting of 40 dogs with different stages of heart failure from CMVI and 22 age‐matched healthy dogs, based on full cardiac exam and routine laboratory tests.

Methods

Prospective, controlled, observational study. Serum canine pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (cPLI) concentrations were determined by quantitative cPLI test in healthy and CMVI groups.

Results

Serum cPLI concentrations were 54.0 μg/L (IQR: 38.0–78.8 μg/L) in control, 55.0 μg/L (IQR: 38.3–88.8 μg/L) in ISACHC I, 115.0 μg/L (IQR: 45.0–179.0 μg/L) in ISACHC II and 223.0 μg/L (IQR: 119.5–817.5 μg/L) in ISACHC III. Close correlation to serum cPLI concentration was found in the left atrial to aorta (LA/Ao) ratio (r = 0.597; P = .000) and the severity of heart failure (r = 0.530; P = .000).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This study found CMVI is associated with pancreatic injury in congestive heart failure caused by CMVI. Therefore, periodic monitoring on cPLI could be useful in monitoring dogs in heart failure.
Insect herbivory in alpine grasslands is constrained by community and host traits
Authors: Hülber Karl , Haider Julian A. , Hager Theresa E. , Dullinger Stefan , Fiedler Konrad
Published: January 2015

Question

The consumption of plant biomass by herbivores is an important biotic interaction with possible cascading effects from the level of individual plant performance up to ecosystem functions. However, little is known about the degree and patterns of insect herbivory in alpine ecosystems. We searched for altitudinal differences in herbivory and tested for effects of traits of both the host plants and the surrounding plant communities on herbivory incidence to evaluate predictions derived from the resource availability and the resource concentration hypothesis.

Location

High‐altitude grasslands of the eastern European Alps.

Methods

We recorded insect herbivory on leaves of five plant taxa differing in traits related to nutritional value and anti‐herbivore resistance to provide the first large‐scale assessment of herbivory in high‐altitude environments. Regression analyses were used to test for significant effects of plant community diversity, host species abundance and soil fertility at grasslands in the lower and upper alpine belt.

Results

We found a positive correlation of the incidence of folivory with local plant species richness, soil fertility and local host species abundance. The effects of community traits were stronger at higher altitudes, although the overall level of herbivory was lower at higher altitudes. Taxa lacking strong chemical defences, but possessing either high nutrient or high silica content, were particularly strongly and weakly affected by herbivory, respectively.

Conclusions

These results are in line with predictions derived from the resource availability hypothesis, but remain ambiguous concerning the resource concentration hypothesis. The degree of herbivory not only depends on traits of hosts but also on features of the surrounding plant community. The generally high incidence of herbivory with low levels of damage suggests that insect folivores are omnipresent in high‐altitude grasslands.
Three Arguments Against the Expertise Defense
Authors: Mizrahi Moti
Published: January 2015

Experimental philosophers have challenged friends of the expertise defense to show that (a) the intuitive judgments of professional philosophers are different from the intuitive judgments of nonphilosophers, and (b) the intuitive judgments of professional philosophers are better than the intuitive judgments of nonphilosophers, in ways that are relevant to the truth or falsity of such judgments. Friends of the expertise defense have responded by arguing that the burden of proof lies with experimental philosophers. This article sketches three arguments which show that both (a) and (b) are probably false. If its arguments are cogent, then shifting the burden of proof is a futile move, since philosophical training makes no difference so far as making intuitive judgments in response to hypothetical cases is concerned.
Vasoactive intestinal peptide is a local mediator in a gut‐brain neural axis activating intestinal gluconeogenesis
Authors: De Vadder F. , Plessier F. , Gautier‐Stein A. , Mithieux G.
Published: January 2015

Intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) promotes metabolic benefits through activation of a gut‐brain neural axis. However, the local mediator activating gluconeogenic genes in the enterocytes remains unknown. We show that (i) vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) signaling through VPAC1 receptor activates the intestinal glucose‐6‐phosphatase gene in vivo, (ii) the activation of IGN by propionate is counteracted by VPAC1 antagonism, and (iii) VIP‐positive intrinsic neurons in the submucosal plexus are increased under the action of propionate. These data support the role of VIP as a local neuromodulator released by intrinsic enteric neurons and responsible for the induction of IGN through a VPAC1 receptor‐dependent mechanism in enterocytes.
Evaluation of dynamic parameters of thrombus formation measured on whole blood using rotational thromboelastometry in children undergoing cardiac surgery: a descriptive study
Authors: Faraoni David , Fenger‐Eriksen Christian , Gillard Stephanie , Willems Ariane , Levy Jerrold H. , Van der Linden Philippe
Published: January 2015

Background

Total thrombus formation velocity calculated using amplitude parameters obtained at different times could be used to estimate the amplification and the propagation phases observed during coagulation processes, and therefore might be useful to predict postoperative hemostatic products administration in pediatric patients.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed data from 49 children <3 months of age who underwent cardiac surgery. Children ≤1 month of age routinely received fresh frozen plasma during bypass while children >1 month of age did not. The EXTEM parameters were used to calculate velocity curves using amplitudes obtained at different times, the area under the curve called total thrombus formation and the maximum rate of thrombus formation. These parameters were compared between children who received fresh frozen plasma and those who did not. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to define variables that could be used to predict postoperative fresh frozen plasma transfusion.

Results

Total thrombus formation and maximum rate of thrombus formation significantly increased in children who received fresh frozen plasma compared to those who did not. Both total thrombus formation and maximum rate of thrombus formation have a better specificity to predict postoperative fresh frozen plasma transfusion compared to clotting time or maximal clot firmness.

Conclusion

Based on this descriptive study, dynamic ROTEM® parameters of total thrombus formation could be used to estimate the amplification and the propagation phases of coagulation in children. These parameters might be used in further well‐designed study to predict the need for hemostatic products in children undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass.
Golgi/plastid‐type manganese superoxide dismutase involved in heat‐stress tolerance during grain filling of rice
Authors: Shiraya Takeshi , Mori Taiki , Maruyama Tatsuya , Sasaki Maiko , Takamatsu Takeshi , Oikawa Kazusato , Itoh Kimiko , Kaneko Kentaro , Ichikawa Hiroaki , Mitsui Toshiaki
Published: January 2015

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is widely assumed to play a role in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species caused by environmental stresses. We found a characteristic expression of manganese SOD 1 (MSD1) in a heat‐stress‐tolerant cultivar of rice (Oryza sativa). The deduced amino acid sequence contains a signal sequence and an N‐glycosylation site. Confocal imaging analysis of rice and onion cells transiently expressing MSD1‐YFP showed MSD1‐YFP in the Golgi apparatus and plastids, indicating that MSD1 is a unique Golgi/plastid‐type SOD. To evaluate the involvement of MSD1 in heat‐stress tolerance, we generated transgenic rice plants with either constitutive high expression or suppression of MSD1. The grain quality of rice with constitutive high expression of MSD1 grown at 33/28 °C, 12/12 h, was significantly better than that of the wild type. In contrast, MSD1‐knock‐down rice was markedly susceptible to heat stress. Quantitative shotgun proteomic analysis indicated that the overexpression of MSD1 up‐regulated reactive oxygen scavenging, chaperone and quality control systems in rice grains under heat stress. We propose that the Golgi/plastid MSD1 plays an important role in adaptation to heat stress.
Silencing the expression of the salivary sheath protein causes transgenerational feeding suppression in the aphid Sitobion avenae
Authors: Abdellatef Eltayb , Will Torsten , Koch Aline , Imani Jafargholi , Vilcinskas Andreas , Kogel Karl‐Heinz
Published: January 2015

Aphids produce gel saliva during feeding which forms a sheath around the stylet as it penetrates through the apoplast. The sheath is required for the sustained ingestion of phloem sap from sieve elements and is thought to form when the structural sheath protein (SHP) is cross‐linked by intermolecular disulphide bridges. We investigated the possibility of controlling aphid infestation by host‐induced gene silencing (HIGS) targeting shp expression in the grain aphid Sitobion avenae. When aphids were fed on transgenic barley expressing shp double‐stranded RNA (shp‐dsRNA), they produced significantly lower levels of shp mRNA compared to aphids feeding on wild‐type plants, suggesting that the transfer of inhibitory RNA from the plant to the insect was successful. shp expression remained low when aphids were transferred from transgenic plants and fed for 1 or 2 weeks, respectively, on wild‐type plants, confirming that silencing had a prolonged impact. Reduced shp expression correlated with a decline in growth, reproduction and survival rates. Remarkably, morphological and physiological aberrations such as winged adults and delayed maturation were maintained over seven aphid generations feeding on wild‐type plants. Targeting shp expression therefore appears to cause strong transgenerational effects on feeding, development and survival in S. avenae, suggesting that the HIGS technology has a realistic potential for the control of aphid pests in agriculture.
Melanoma tumors frequently acquire LRP2/megalin expression, which modulates melanoma cell proliferation and survival rates
Authors: Andersen Rikke K. , Hammer Katrine , Hager Henrik , Christensen Julie N. , Ludvigsen Maja , Honoré Bent , Thomsen Mai‐Britt H. , Madsen Mette
Published: January 2015

We show that the multiligand receptor megalin, known to mediate uptake and trafficking of nutrients and signaling molecules, is frequently expressed in malignant melanoma samples. Expression of megalin‐encoding mRNA was investigated in 65 samples of nevi, melanomas, and melanoma metastases and was observed in more than 60% of the malignant samples, while only in 20% of the benign counterparts. Megalin expression in nevus and melanoma samples was additionally investigated by immunohistochemistry, which confirmed our mRNA‐based observations. We furthermore show that a panel of tumor‐derived melanoma cell lines express LRP2/megalin endogenously. In these cells, megalin is internalized from the cell surface and localizes extensively to intracellular vesicles, confirming receptor activity and pointing toward association with the endocytic apparatus. Groundbreaking, our results indicate that sustained megalin expression in melanoma cells is crucial for cell maintenance, as siRNA‐mediated reduction in melanoma cell expression of LRP2/megalin significantly decreases melanoma cell proliferation and survival rates.