bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adding an international dimension to the community college: Examples and implications
Authors: Fersh Seymour H.
Published: October 2006

Community colleges must find ways to make international education a meaningfut reality that pervades all aspects of instruction.
Foreign technical‐assistance programs
Authors: King Maxwell C.
Published: October 2006

Technical‐assistance programs overseas promote world understanding and professional development at home.
Developing the campus‐community link in international education
Authors: Hochhauser Gail A.
Published: October 2006

On‐campus and of‐camp program should be linked to provide for more efective learning for foreign and US. students in US. colleges.
Adapting language across the curriculum to diverse linguistic populations
Authors: Hirsch Linda , Nadal Joanne , Shohet Linda
Published: October 2006

The WAC programs at three colleges illustrate the different shapes that diverse linguistic environments may impose on efforts to foster Writing Across the Curriculum in community colleges.
Minority student recruitment
Authors: Mulder Anne E.
Published: October 2006

Recruitment of minority students centers less on issues related to academic preparedness and financial support than on questions related to institutional environment.
Minority student retention: ENLACE
Authors: Chavez Mauro , Maestas‐Flores Margarita
Published: October 2006

ENLACE has gained a national reputation for developing a model Hispanic community mentor program.
Sources and information: Minority participation in community college education
Authors: Quimbita Grace , Colby Anita Y.
Published: October 2006

This chapter offers an annotated bibliography of ERIC documents and articles.
Leadership in the learning organization
Authors: Gratton Margaret
Published: October 2006

In a learning organization, elaborate structures, chain of command, and approving and authorizing are unnecessary. Rather, power—meaning the ability to make things happen—is learned within each part of the organization.
Tribal colleges: Their role in U.S. higher education
Authors: Hill Michael J.
Published: October 2006

The place of tribal rural community colleges in US. higher education is examined, along with their history, their present scope and role, and their future.
Preparing leaders for diverse institutional settings
Authors: Katsinas Stephen G.
Published: October 2006

This chapter argues that a major gap in our understanding of community colleges is the need to recognize the diversity of institutional settings. A Carnegie‐style classification system for community colleges is proposed, with a discussion of implications for graduate programs preparing community college leaders.
The role of the professoriate in influencing future community college leadership
Authors: Townsend Barbara K.
Published: October 2006

Community college administration faculty affect future leadership in the community college by determining which students are admitted, what they are taught, who teaches them, and how they are treated.
Cotreatment with a novel phosphoinositide analogue inhibitor and carmustine enhances chemotherapeutic efficacy by attenuating AKT activity in gliomas
Authors: Van Meter Timothy E. , Broaddus William C. , Cash Dana , Fillmore Helen
Published: October 2006

BACKGROUND.

Heightened activity of the AKT signaling pathway is prominent in malignant gliomas and has been suggested to play a role in treatment resistance. Selective targeting of AKT, therefore, may increase chemosensitivity. Recently, a novel class of AKT‐selective inhibitors has been described, including SH‐6, a phosphatidylinositol analogue.

METHODS.

The effects of SH‐6 on AKT signaling were tested in glioma cells, and the putative role of AKT signaling in chemoresistance was tested by attenuating AKT signaling pharmacologically and genetically. The initial characterization of SH‐6 included treatment of glioma cells with increasing doses of SH‐6 (0.30–30 μM) and examining the effects on AKT signaling proteins by Western blot analyses and in kinase assays with immunoprecipitated AKT1. Dose‐response studies with SH‐6 administered to glioma cell lines were performed using a luminescent cell‐viability assay (0.1–30 μM). Studies examining the effect of carmustine, either alone or in combination with either the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase inhibitor LY294002 or SH‐6, were performed by cell viability assays and clonogenic survival assays. The effect of carmustine on AKT activity as a response to treatment also was examined. Caspase assays were used to examine the potential role of apoptosis in SH‐6/ carmustine ‐elicited cell death. Finally, the induction of a dominant‐negative AKT1 transgene was used in combination with carmustine to demonstrate the role of AKT1 in carmustine chemoresistance.

RESULTS.

Serum‐stimulated phosphorylation of AKT1 was inhibited by SH‐6 at doses ≥10 μM (>70% decrease in Threonine 308 and Serine 473 phosphorylation of AKT1). In adenosine triphosphate assays, 72 hours of treatment with SH‐6 led to 50% lethal doses near 10 μM for 2 cell lines tested. SH‐6 enhancement of carmustine‐mediated cell death led to synergistic increases in Caspase 3/Capsase 7 activity, implicating apoptosis as the cell death mechanism. In clonogenic assays, SH‐6 cotreatment with carmustine significantly decreased the number of colonies at 10 μM (P < .05) compared with carmustine alone. No decrease was observed in cells that were treated with SH‐6 alone (10 μM). LY294002 (10 μM) was also able to enhance the effects of carmustine significantly in both cell lines.

CONCLUSIONS.

In the current study, the authors characterized the efficacy of a new class of adjuvant chemotherapeutics that show promise in enhancing the efficacy of standard chemotherapy regimens in gliomas. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Age‐dependent decreases in mitogen‐stimulation level and RNA content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of down syndrome patients
Authors: Hamurcu Zuhal , Demirtas Halil , Patiroglu Turkan , Kumandas Sefer , Imamoglu Nalan , Ozkul Yusuf , Donmez‐Altuntas Hamiyet
Published: October 2006

Objective:

The aim of the present study was to determine whether or not the phytohemagglutinin (PHA)‐activated proliferation and average RNA content in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of Down syndrome (DS) patients change with age.

Method:

Stimulated portion of PBMC and total RNA levels in these cells after 72 h of PHA stimulation from 38 DS patients were compared with 28 age‐matched healthy controls using flow cytometric measurement.

Results:

Decreased ratio of PBMC from DS patients undergoes mitogenic stimulation with age (r = −0.84, P = 0.000). This decrease is not observed in the cells of control individuals (r = 0.03, P = 0.869). Stimulated PBMC in infants with DS have higher level of RNA contents compared to controls (Z = 2.227, P = 0.026). While RNA content in mitogen‐stimulated PBMC of DS decreased progressively and significantly with age (r = −0.70, P = 0.000), no significant age‐related change in RNA content was found among the cells of healthy individuals in the range of 0–27 year old (r = 0.275, P = 0.157, P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Age‐dependent decreases in mitogen‐activated proliferation ratio and average RNA content of PBMC from DS patients appear as regular events. These results may contribute to the explanation of the immune deficiency seen in DS patients since the PHA‐stimulated cells are principally T‐lymphocytes. This is the first report on the decrease in PHA‐stimulated proliferation ratio (stimulability) and RNA level in PBMC of DS patients in relation to age. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Behavior of enteric neural crest‐derived cells varies with respect to the migratory wavefront
Authors: Druckenbrod Noah R. , Epstein Miles L.
Published: October 2006

Neural crest‐derived cells colonize the entire gastrointestinal tract. The migration of these enteric neural crest‐derived cells (ENCCs) occurs by their formation of cellular strands that extend into the intestinal mesenchyme. We have studied the behavior of crest cells that underlies the formation and extension of these strands by time‐lapse microscopy. ENCCs expressing fluorescent marker molecules were visualized in situ in the embryonic mouse and chick gut. The major contributor to strand extension is from cells located within a region approximately 300 μm behind (rostral to) the most caudal cells in the migratory wavefront. Cells in the region immediately behind the leading cell of the strand either move intermittently in parallel with the leading cell, or advance caudally toward the wavefront over other ENCCs. Another addition to the strands arises from isolated cells located caudal to the wavefront. These cells showed a range of behavior including attachment and separation from the strands. The extending strands converged to form nodes, and then diverged along independent paths to form new strands, a behavior suggestive of attraction and repulsion. This behavior is probably responsible for the unique reticulated arrangement of ganglia in the enteric nervous system. As cells become positioned farther behind the wavefront, they exhibit more restricted movement and varied trajectories. We conclude that ENCCs exhibit different behaviors, depending on their position with respect to the wavefront. These different behaviors suggest a critical role for cell–cell interaction in the migratory process. Developmental Dynamics 236:84–92, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cross‐presentation of antigens from apoptotic tumor cells by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells leads to tumor‐specific CD8+ T cell tolerance
Authors: Berg Martina , Wingender Gerhard , Djandji Dominik , Hegenbarth Silke , Momburg Frank , Hämmerling Günter , Limmer Andreas , Knolle Percy
Published: October 2006

Development of tumor‐specific T cell tolerance contributes to the failure of the immune system to eliminate tumor cells. Here we report that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells followed by their elimination and local removal of apoptotic tumor cells in the liver leads to subsequent development of T cell tolerance towards antigens associated with apoptotic tumor cells. We provide evidence that liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) remove apoptotic cell fragments generated by induction of tumor cell apoptosis through hepatic NK1.1+ cells. Antigen associated with apoptotic cell material is processed and cross‐presented by LSEC to CD8+ T cells, leading to induction of CD8+ T cell tolerance. Adoptive transfer of LSEC isolated from mice challenged previously with tumor cells promotes development of CD8+ T cell tolerance towards tumor‐associated antigen in vivo. Our results indicate that hematogenous dissemination of tumor cells, followed by hepatic tumor cell elimination and local cross‐presentation of apoptotic tumor cells by LSEC and subsequent CD8+ T cell tolerance induction, represents a novel mechanism operative in tumor immune escape.
Facilitating comprehensive institutional development
Authors: Bergquist William H. , Shoemaker William A.
Published: October 2006

The rationale and procedures for moving academic planning from the fits and starts of “disjointed incrementalism” to a systematic, cyclical process.
Counseling the high‐risk student
Authors: Snow Jerry J.
Published: October 2006

Efftive counseling with high‐risk students begins with interpersonal skills but only begins there. We must go beyond traditional practices to create a low‐risk learning environment for high‐risk students.
Opportunity in adversity: The case of Bradford college
Authors: Levine Arther
Published: October 2006

Hard times force institutions to develop new visions to guide their future.
Leadership styles and institutional renewal
Authors: Guskin Alan E. , Bassis Michael A.
Published: October 2006

Leaders whose style makes them problem‐solving heroes or mediators may deprive faculty of the pride and sense of control over the institution's destiny that are needed for its renewal.
Entrepreneurship and small‐college leadership
Authors: Peck Robert D.
Published: October 2006

Effective entrepreneurs are characterized by a high degree of commitment to the institution's mission and an ability to discern opportunities in unpromising circumstances.
The management of conflict
Authors: Williams M. J.
Published: October 2006

When persons work together there will always be conflict, Does it have to be destructive?
Capital budgeting: A small‐college system
Authors: Harran Stephen F.
Published: October 2006

The limited capital resources of small colleges mandate effective utilization and a simple management system.
Faculty incentives: Some practical keys and practical examples
Authors: Bowen Zeddie
Published: October 2006

Ideally, incentives for faculty vitality are mutually supportive and give rise spontaneously to other incentives.
Who has the role of building in incentives?
Authors: Bevan John M.
Published: October 2006

The chair, the dean or provost, and the director of faculty development can most easily guide and monitor the effective delivery of incentives.
Excellence in business and excellence in the academy
Authors: Settle Theodore J.
Published: October 2006

Concepts of excellence now widely adopted in business also apply to higher education.
The University of Redlands
Authors: Moore Douglas R.
Published: October 2006

Courageous leadership, teamwork, a clarification of mission and long‐confused identity, and commitment to rank among the nation's best colleges converted problems to opportunities at the University of Redlands.
Northland: A Liberal Arts‐Environmental College
Authors: McLean Malcolm
Published: October 2006

Northland College in Wisconsin found that the study of the environment complemented its liberal arts programs, provided a special ethos, and boosted enrollment.
Looking to the future: Implementation of a five‐year plan
Authors: Beukema Phillip L.
Published: October 2006

A Western business school responds to external opportunities and threats with a comprehensive action plan. Key to its success is full participation by all constituencies.
Implementing nonclassroom learning: Management considerations
Authors: Wartgow Jerome F.
Published: October 2006

Differing symbolism and institutional cultures can be major hindrances to the implementation of nonclassroom learning.
The presidential perspective on mission review for new career programs
Authors: Splete Allen P.
Published: October 2006

When considering new career programs, presidents must balance need and temptation with economic reality yet have the courage to take appropriate risks.
Accreditation, certification, and licensure
Authors: Lenn Marjorie Peace
Published: October 2006

Accreditation is a volunta y process attesting to educational quality; when linked by legislation to the certification or licensure of professionals, it can become mandatory.
Equity financing: Real estate
Authors: Thomas Richard , Davies Jonathan
Published: October 2006

Many small, private colleges are examining aggressive ways of economically developing their land and other physical assets.
Recommendations and caveats
Authors: Halpern Diane F.
Published: October 2006

Whatever the reasons for initiating an outcomes assessment program, all successful programs share share crucial features to success.
Intentional student development and retention
Authors: Stodt Martha Mcginty
Published: October 2006

T h e preeminent requirement for successful student retention is cooperation between academic and student affairs domains.
So, what's the use?
Authors: Braskamp Larry A.
Published: October 2006

Good assessment is not something that is done to someone; good assessment begins with commitment, not control.
A role for assessment in higher education decision making
Authors: Ory John C.
Published: October 2006

In institutions of higher education, assessment finds its way into many areas of policy implementation.
Higher education and the federal government
Authors: Woolsey Suzanne H.
Published: October 2006

Government and university leaders sometimes have trouble reaching agreements because they are so much alike.
Allocating resources as a means of inducing and responding to change
Authors: Mathews Keith W.
Published: October 2006

The redirection of resources is an effective means of replying to institutional decline and of managing conditions for growth.
Career maps and institutional highways
Authors: Twombly Susan B.
Published: October 2006

Administrative careers are characterized by ill‐defined career paths, multiple entrance points, and lack of explicit criteria for determining mobility.
Lessons in hiring practices for aspiring academic administrators
Authors: Dingerson Michael R.
Published: October 2006

The Chronicle of Higher Education is full of advertisements for academic administrators. How does an individual sort out the realities of a particular search? What can be learned from hiring practices and procedures?.
Encountering search committees
Authors: Lawrence Jane Fiori , Marchese Theodore J.
Published: October 2006

Searches are highly situational, rarely rational processes.
Mentor relationships: Those that help and those that hinder
Authors: Johnsrud Linda K.
Published: October 2006

Those who aspire to administrative positions in higher education need to understand both the advantages and the risks inherent to mentoring relationships.
Variations on a theme: Colleague consultant networks
Authors: Garth Russell , Rehnke Mary Ann
Published: October 2006

Several avenues are available for finding campus consultants. Informal networking is becoming increasingly popular.
Negotiating the contract
Authors: Curry Lynn
Published: October 2006

Once the consultant has been chosen, details may need negotiation, and a contract protecting both parties must be drawn up and signed.
Managing the consultation
Authors: Enteman Willard F.
Published: October 2006

The administration should use some simple procedures to manage the consultation actively and, thereby, improve the likelihood of success.
Empire State College
Authors: Hall James W. , Bonnabeau Richard F.
Published: October 2006

Through a combination of prior coursework, contract learning, credit for experience, standardized tests, and other methods of evaluating prior learning, this college without a campus provides adults an opportunity to complete requirements for undergraduate degrees.
The public interest in liberal education
Authors: Mohrman Kathryn
Published: October 2006

Writers as varied as Thomas Jefferson and H. G. Wells help us understand the role of liberal education in society.
The motivation to think in working and learning
Authors: Facione Peter A. , Facione Noreen C. , Giancarlo Carol Ann F.
Published: October 2006

Learners and workers must be willing, not just able, to make informed, skilled, and fair‐minded judgments as they solve problems, make decisions, and engage in professional practice.
Unrelated medical care in life years gained and the cost utility of primary prevention: in search of a ‘perfect’ cost–utility ratio
Authors: van Baal Pieter H. M. , Feenstra Talitha L. , Hoogenveen Rudolf T. , Ardine de Wit G. , Brouwer Werner B. F.
Published: October 2006

An important subject of debate in cost–utility analysis of health care programmes is whether to include costs of unrelated medical care in life years gained. The inclusion of such costs is likely to be of consequence in the case of primary prevention. This paper presents different strategies regarding the inclusion not only of the costs, but also of the health effects of unrelated medical care in economic evaluations. Four different cost–utility ratios are presented and related to the criterion of internal consistency. In addition, the possibility to relate the ratios to a well‐posed decision problem is analysed. An example computes the different ratios for smoking cessation interventions in different age groups. Including health care costs of unrelated medical care in life years gained increases cost utility ratios, but excluding unrelated medical costs favours smoking cessation interventions targeted at older smokers over those at younger smokers. We conclude that for primary prevention only a cost utility ratio that includes both the costs and effects of unrelated medical care meets the criterion of internal consistency and is related to a meaningful decision problem. Therefore, this type of cost–utility ratio should be preferred even if the data requirements may be substantial. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some theoretical and practical suggestions for institutional assessment
Authors: Kells H. R.
Published: October 2006

Most assessment efforts suffer from being externally imposed on reluctant institutions. By making the process internally designed as part of a cyclical calendar, schools—as well as outside agencies—benefit. Institutions “must negotiate some control, then do the job.”.
Developments and trends in information technology
Authors: Resnikoff Howard L.
Published: October 2006

Colleges and universities have been slow to take advantage of advances in information technology. As computers become easier to operate and more capable of solving complex problems, this trend may be reversed.
Editor's introduction: Institutional research and strategic planning
Authors: Uhl Norman P.
Published: October 2006

Two question—“What does strategic planning involve, and what is the role of the institutional researcher?”— are addressed, and a preview of the following chapters is presented.
Academic program evaluation
Authors: Clark Mary Jo
Published: October 2006

Evaluations must be relevant, accurate, credible, timely, and persuasive for maximum impact on strategic planning.
Institutional fact book: Catalyst for an integrated institutional research program
Authors: Smith Glynton
Published: October 2006

Timeliness, creativity, and effective communication are necessary in institutional research before it can be channeled into the mainstream of collegial decision making, policy formulation, and planning.
Institutional research and state government—a state agency view
Authors: Lingenfelter Paul E.
Published: October 2006

Institutional researchers influence state government decisions through their information and analysis and their interpersonal skills.
Evaluating the effectiveness of academic libraries and computing facilities
Authors: Brown Donald R. , Smith Shirley M. , Scott Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Libraries and computing facilities are important assets for achieving high‐quality instruction and research, yet most evaluation of them dwells on inputs, not outputs.
Assessing institutional ineffectiveness: A strategy for improvement
Authors: Cameron Kim S.
Published: October 2006

Institutional change and improvement are motivated more by knowledge of problems than by knowledge of successes. Thus, negative feedback is more conducive to advancement than is positive feedback, as is evidenced by the fact that stress produced by negative performance feedback is seen as a necessary precondition for organizational learning.
Advancing the research agenda on undergraduate pricing
Authors: Litten Larry H.
Published: October 2006

Some research issues and the literature on the pricing of undergraduate education are summarized.
Federal student aid: Where we have been, where we are
Authors: Hartle Terry W.
Published: October 2006

The federal government plays a pivotal role in helping students meet the cost of a college education. This chapter describes the recent growth in federal student assistance and discusses three major issues currently pressing institutions and public policy makers: delivering assistance amid growing complexity, meeting the financial needs of graduate and professional students, and defining more precisely who should benefit from student aid.
Building a more complex agenda for institutional research
Authors: Hodgkinson Virginia Ann
Published: October 2006

The increasing complexities of federal policies and new revenue sources will demand more planning efforts at the campus level. This chapter summarizes the kind of information resources that institutional researchers need to develop.
Use of outcomes information at the university of tennessee, knoxville
Authors: Banta Trudy W.
Published: October 2006

For one large public research university, a statewide performance funding initiative provided a strong incentive to examine student outcomes. The result has been a systematic program of data collection and dissemination that has had a significant impact both on the curriculum and on the university's budgeting process.
Developing and using a longitudinal student outcomes data file: The university of colorado experience
Authors: Endo Jean , Bittner Terry
Published: October 2006

Constructing a longitudinal student outcomes data file takes careful planning and attention to detail, but investment in such a resource yields substantial dividends in the ability to document and explain complex patterns of student success.
Appendix
Authors: Ewell Peter T.
Published: October 2006

Some common sources of student outcomes information.
Concluding remarks
Authors: Rosenthal William , Yancey Bernard
Published: October 2006

The tools and skills necessary to defend against litigation are essential, but their potential goes well beyond litigation.
The future of decision support systems in institutional research
Authors: Rohrbaugh John
Published: October 2006

Decision Support Systems need not be expansiue or expensive in order to be effective in institutional settings.
Assessing faculty scholarly performance
Authors: Braxton John M. , Bayer Alan E.
Published: October 2006

Measurement of research performance is multidimensional; no single type of measure is a panacea. The use of only one measure results in failure to assess the full range of professional role performance.
Concluding thoughts: Observing, promoting, evaluating, and reviewing research performance
Authors: Creswell John W.
Published: October 2006

When institutional personnel assess faculty research performance, they should consider the extent to which the campus rewards research, the ways to encourage faculty to be high producers, the criteria for evaluating research performance, and the specific steps useful in reviewing research performance within academic units.
Measuring and expanding sources of private funding
Authors: Loessin Bruce A. , Duronio Margaret A. , Borton Georgina L.
Published: October 2006

Competition for funds from the private sector is intense. Measurement and evaluation of effectiveness in reaching constituencies is essential to success.
Bringing it all together
Authors: Dunn John A.
Published: October 2006

To help the institutional researcher assess the institution's
fund‐raising actiuities and assist the development professional,
a taxonomy of development planning considerations and of
corresponding areas of collaboration are described.
Shifts in postsecondary clientele
Authors: Kaufman Norman S.
Published: October 2006

Changes in the age, geographical, racial, and ethnic composition of the United States' population will make it increasingly difficult to project postsecondary enrollments.
Funding over time: Measuring institutional finance
Authors: Pickens William H.
Published: October 2006

Institutional researchers can provide useful and appropriate data on institutional financial change by following three general guidelines for financial trend analysis.
University financial analysis using interinstitutional data
Authors: Lane Frederick S. , Lawrence James S. , Mertins Herman
Published: October 2006

Can interinstitutional comparisons actually change a state's higher education budgeting? This chapter presents a case study of financial analysis and advocacy at a major state university.
Assessing the market potential for new programs
Authors: Voorhees Richard A.
Published: October 2006

Marketing research offers a positive approach to program planning. A case study of Arapahoe Community College illustrates a range of techniques for gauging market potential.
Describing patterns of competition
Authors: Rowse Glenwood L.
Published: October 2006

Institutional planners responsible for setting enrollment objectives and levels must develop an understanding of college market structure, choose among alternate approaches to market assessment, and apply appropriate methods for measuring patterns of competition.
Identifying market segments
Authors: Wakstein Julie
Published: October 2006

For most institutions, the definition of the key characteristics and needs of student segments influence all subsequent marketing decisions. It is surprising that few institutions make segmentation choices systematically.
The role and management of telecommunications in higher education
Authors: Creutz Alan
Published: October 2006

Telecommunications has tremendous potential for strengthening and revitalizing higher education. To accomplish this revitalization, new approaches to managing telecommunication activities may be necessary.
Using fourth‐generation tools in information management
Authors: Litaker R. Gregory
Published: October 2006

Awareness of the advantages and limitations inherent in applying different tools in different environments is essential to their appropriate and optimal applications.
Decision support in the information age
Authors: McLaughlin Gerald W. , McLaughlin Josetta S. , Howard Richard D.
Published: October 2006

What will be the impact of technology and accountability on the distributed support of decision systems? What sources of influence are available for those who seek to provide such support in the new information age?
Implementing assessment: Some organizational issues
Authors: Ewell Peter T.
Published: October 2006

Designing assessment programs requires defining objectives and choosing techniques. Implementing assessment, however, is an organizational responsibility. Administration should appropriately consider both sets of issues before embarking on such an effort.
Assessment as an instrument of state funding policy
Authors: Banta Trudy W.
Published: October 2006

Tennessee's performance‐funding policy rewards public institutions for undertaking comprehensive assessment programs. New policy guidelines emphasize such quantitative indicators as test scores and alumni ratings.
Promise and perils
Authors: Banta Trudy W.
Published: October 2006

Institutional researchers must bring measurement theorists and assessment practitioners together to develop new and more suitable methods for assessing developmental changes in groups of students.
An annotated bibliography and program descriptions
Authors: Pike Gary R.
Published: October 2006

Before beginning assessment programs, institutions should carefully examine the literature on assessment practice, including the experiences of other institutions.
Prospects for state—higher education relations: A decade of grinding tensions
Authors: McGuinness Aims C.
Published: October 2006

A review of state—higher education relations in the 1990s reveals trends and issues that will affect these relations in the coming decade.
Rethinking admissions criteria in graduate and professional programs
Authors: Hagedorn Linda Serra , Nora Amaury
Published: October 2006

The authors discuss current admissions criteria, their validity in predicting graduate student success, and a potentially more effective model for predicting the success of various graduate student clienteles, including women, minorities, and older students. Innovative admissions criteria are also considered.
Reduction and methylation of sodium arsenate in the rat
Authors: Rowland Ian R. , Davies Margaret J.
Published: October 2006

After a single oral dose of sodium [74As] arsenate to male Wistar rats, arsenic was rapidly absorbed and accumulated in the blood and to a lesser extent in the liver, kidneys, lungs and spleen. Within 1 h of dosing, arsenic was present in the blood, liver and spleen predominantly in the methylated forms (methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid), whereas in the lung and kidneys, approximately 50% was in the inorganic form. Intravenous injection of sodium [74As] arsenate resulted in a pattern of arsenic species in the blood and kidneys similar to that seen after oral administration, suggesting that the gut flora does not contribute significantly to biotransformation of arsenic in vivo. Analysis of the forms of arsenic in portal blood after administration of arsenate via the small intestine revealed a rapid reduction of arsenate to arsenite, followed by linear rates of production of methylarsonic acid and dimethylarsinic acid.
Subchronic feeding study in rats of immobilized lactase following in utero exposure
Authors: Becci Peter J. , Gephart Larry A. , Re Thomas A.
Published: October 2006

The effect of subchronic feeding of immobilized lactase composite following in utero exposure was studied in Sprague‐Dawley rats. The dose levels of immobilized lactase composite that were used were 25, 100 and 400 mg per kg body weight per day. Reproduction performance, body weight gain and food consumption, organ weight, hematological and clinical chemical data, and ophthalmic, gross and histopathological examinations were used to study possible toxicological or pathological effects. No treatment‐related effects were observed in either male or female rats exposed to immobilized lactase composite at any dose level.
Influence of experimental hepatic impairment on the toxicokinetics and the anticholinesterase activity of carbaryl in the rat
Authors: Falzon M. , Fernandez Y. , Cambon‐Gros C. , Mitjavila S.
Published: October 2006

The blood kinetics of carbaryl were followed over 24h after oral administration of 14C‐carbaryl at 20 mg kg (0.17 μCi mg−1) in control animals and in animals with an altered liver function (70% hepatectomy or tranylcypromine treatment). The variations in the primary toxicity of carbaryl were assessed by measuring the inhibition of the plasma and erythrocyte cholinesterases and by evaluation of the lethal doses. The 14C radioactivity in the blood and, in parallel, cholinesterase inhibition were maintained at a higher level in animals with an altered hepatic function. A study of acute toxicity also showed a decrease of the LD50 (91 mg kg−1 with tranylcypromine, 342 mg kg−1 in the hepatectomized group) in the treated animals, with respect to the controls (585 mg kg−1). In all cases, tranylcypromine had a greater effect on blood kinetics, cholinesterase inhibition and LD50 than did 70% hepatectomy.
Susceptibility of lipids to mercurials
Authors: Nakada Susumu , Imura Nobumasa
Published: October 2006

Affinity of mercury compounds to various phospholipids and fatty acids were examined. Inorganic mercury showed a higher affinity to lipids containing unsaturated fatty acids than to those composed of saturated fatty acids. This suggests that inorganic mercury may easily act on the double bonds of fatty acid residues in phospholipids which are major components of the biomembrane. On the other hand, methylmercury was almost inert to these lipids regardless of the presence or absence of unsaturated bonds.
Oxidation of mercury by catalase and peroxidase in homogeneous solution
Authors: Wigfield Donald C. , Perkins Sherry L.
Published: October 2006

Experiments in homogenous solution confirm previous findings that catalase is an effective oxidant for Hg°→Hg2+. Peroxidase also effects the oxidation, and in both oxidations the co‐substrate hydrogen peroxide is not essential for mercury oxidation, although the oxidation is enhanced by the presence of hydrogen peroxide.
Reactivity, SCE induction and mutagenicity of benzyl chloride derivatives
Authors: Hemminki K. , Falck K. , Linnainmaa K.
Published: October 2006

Benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, p‐methylbenzyl chloride, and p‐nitrobenzyl chloride were used to study chemical reactivity with 4‐(p‐nitrobenzyl)‐pyridine (NBP), and with guanosine in vitro, in relation to mutagenic potency in S. typhimurium and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) induction in CHO cells. Benzyl bromide was found to be the most reactive compound, followed by p‐methylbenzyl chloride, benzyl chloride and p‐nitrobenzyl chloride. The order of mutagenicity was p‐nitrobenzyl chloride ≫ benzyl bromide > benzyl chloride ∽ p‐methylbenzyl chloride. The compounds tested caused base‐pair mutations only. The order of SCE‐inducing ability decreased as follows: benzyl bromide > benzyl chloride ∽ p‐nitrobenzyl chloride ∽ p‐methylbenzyl chloride. The particularly high mutagenicity of p‐nitrobenzyl chloride in bacteria may be due to reactions other than direct aralkylation, or it may react particularly actively with DNA. Among the other compounds, benzyl bromide was the most active aralkylating compound, mutagen and SCE inducer. The results suggested that reaction of N2 of guanine, as compared with N‐7 of guanine, failed to show any remarkable mutagenicity or SCE induction, since p‐methylbenzyl chloride, reacting preferentially at N2 of guanosine, failed to show unexceptional potency.
Dose‐dependent induction and suppression of liver mixed‐function oxidase system in chlorinated hydrocarbon solvent metabolism
Authors: Koizumi Akio , Kumai Miho , Ikeda Masayuki
Published: October 2006

The effect of continuous exposure to trichloroethylene (TRI), tetrachloroethylene (TETRA) or methyl‐chloroform (MC) on the hepatic mixed‐function oxidase system (MFOS) was studied in rats by using 10000 × g supernatant fraction. Exposure to TETRA for 240 h at 200, 100 and 50 ppm enhanced oxidative conversion from TETRA to trichloroacetic acid. When the animals were exposed for 240 h to 200, 400 and 800 ppm, oxidative conversion from MC to trichloroethanol was elevated. However, elevation was less remarkable with the increase of exposure intensities from 400 to 800 ppm. With TRI, MFOS activities were more critically assessed as a function of duration and dose because the variable response in MFOS activity was observed in preliminary studies when rats were exposed to 400 ppm for 240 h. The MFOS activities in rats exposed to TRI at 50, 400 or 800 ppm for 48 h, 72 h, 168 h and 240 h were measured. The MFOS activities were all suppressed after 48‐h exposure irrespective of the exposure concentration. After 72–240 h, suppression was superseded by activation at 50 ppm, while continuity of suppressive state was observed at 800 ppm and transitional state was the case of the exposure at 400 ppm. The possibility that epoxide hydratase would be involved in the metabolism of TRI, but not in those of other two chemicals, was also presented. Based on these findings, mathematical models for TRI and TETRA metabolism were established, which can explain hepatotoxicity appearing only after exposure to TRI at 800 ppm for 168 h or more.
Efficiency of a composite treatment for mixed fission products in rats
Authors: Kostial Krista , Kargačin Biserka , Šimonović Ivan
Published: October 2006

The effect of a composite antidotal treatment — consisting of a mixture of calcium alginate, ferrihexacyanoferrate(II) and potassium iodide — administered in diet and/or Na3(CaDTPA) administered intraperitoneally on the absorption and the removal of radioactive strontium, caesium, iodine and cerium was investigated in 7‐week‐old female rats. The animals were on respective treatments for 3 days. The retention of 141Ce, 85Sr, 137Cs and 131I was determined in the whole body, carcass, gut, liver, kidneys and respective critical organs (femur, muscle, thyroid) 6 days after their oral or intraperitoneal administration. In animals which received the antidotal mixture or Na3(CaDTPA) alone, the radionuclide retention was practically the same as in rats which were given the composite treatment [mixture + Na3(CaDTPA)]. This indicates that the efficiency of one treatment was not increased by the other. For 141Ce, Na3(CaDTPA) was an effective antidote, while 85Sr, 137Cs and 131I were reduced by the mixture. It is concluded that the composite treatment might be a quick treatment for choice for reducing mixed fission products retention, especially in cases when identification of exposure is difficult or impossible to make.
An investigation of fibrogenic and other toxic effects of arc‐welding fume particles deposited in the rat lung
Authors: Hicks R. , Al‐Shamma K. J. , Lam H. F. , Hewitt P. J.
Published: October 2006

Lung burdens of deposited particles from fumes generated by arc‐welding were established in rats by single inhalation exposures, repeated intermittent exposure or by intratracheal injection. Fumes from manual metal arc‐welding using flux‐coated mild‐steel rods (MMA‐MS) were compared with those from metal inert‐gas welding with stainless steel wire (MIG‐SS). After initial rapid clearance of deposited material from the lungs, persistent residual deposits remained. Such residues resulting from single inhalation were small and confined mainly to peribronchial accumulations in macrophage clusters. Deposits remaining after repeated inhalation were larger and more widespread. Intratracheal administration (50 mg) established massive residual deposits, giving nodular accumulations in peribronchial, subpleural and perivascular sites, with substantial alveolar parenchymal involvement. Deposits from both types of fumes contained predominantly iron. Particles from stainless steel also contained chromium, but concentrations of this element were low in deposits from MMA‐MS fumes. MMA‐MS deposits contained silica, probably amorphous. Long‐term studies (up to 450 days) attempted to detect evidence of fibrosis resulting from particle burdens. Low‐grade collagen fibre layers developed at margins of MMA‐MS nodules. Diffuse reticulin fibre networks occurred within MIG‐SS aggregates. Tissue hydroxyproline levels were increased (doubled) in lungs with intratracheal burdens of MMA‐MS particles, but no significant increases resulted from MIG‐SS. The major lesions were nodular aggregates of particle‐laden macrophages with giant‐cell formation, and alveolar epithelial thickening with atelectasis.
The genetic activity of anthramycin, tomaymycin and sibiromycin in bacterial forward‐ and reverse‐mutation assays and in the mouse bone‐marrow micronucleus test
Authors: Gairola C. , Thomas H. , Szeinbach S. L. , Lubawy W. C.
Published: October 2006

The genetic activity of the structurally similar antitumor antibiotics anthramycin, tomaymycin and sibiromycin was evaluated in the standard Ames Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay, a Salmonella typhimurium forward‐mutation assay and the micronucleus test. None of the test drugs showed any significant genetic activity in forward or reverse Salmonella mutation assays. The ability of mouse‐liver enzymes to produce mutagens from the drugs was examined in the Salmonella reverse‐mutation assay and was generally negative. As the concentrations of sibiromycin increased, some activity was detected in the presence of liver S‐9 fractions from Aroclor‐induced mice. This observation could not be verified at higher concentrations in the reverse‐mutation assay due to cytotoxicity, and in the forward‐mutation assay due to interference with the selection process by S‐9. Cytogenetic evaluation of anthramycin and tomaymycin in the micronucleus test also gave negative results. However, significant increases in the frequency of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes were observed in the bone marrow of sibiromycin‐treated mice. The results suggest that, except for some possible activity of sibiromycin, these drugs are generally devoid of any marked genetic activity in the test systems employed.
Use of the hamster embryo cell transformation assay to detect metabolic activation of N‐2‐acetylaminofluorene by intact organ cells
Authors: Poiley Judith A. , Ernst Mary K. , Cavanaugh Dorothy M. , Raineri Ronald
Published: October 2006

N‐2‐Acetylaminofluorene (AAF), a potent carcinogen in a variety of animal species and organs, was used to determine the metabolic capabilities of isolated organ cells in transformation as well as biochemical studies. Cells isolated from liver, lung, small intestine, kidney and bladder were compared with hamster embryo fibroblasts (target cells in the transformation studies) and rat mammary fibroblasts in all studies. In addition to studying AAF activation by the cells, we also determined the levels of whole‐cell binding. Liver, kidney, small intestine and lung cells from hamsters, and liver, kidney and lung cells from rats showed high levels of AAF metabolism to 2‐aminofluorene and N‐hydroxy‐2‐acetylaminofluorene. The highest levels of covalent binding to intact cells were seen with the same cell types. These cells were also effective in activating AAF to a form which transformed hamster embryo cells. Cells isolated from a variety of organs can activate AAF as evidenced by the metabolites which are formed and by the levels of whole cell binding. Furthermore, hamster embryo cells are transformed when co‐incubated with a variety of organ cells and AAF.
Comparative carcinogenic and mutagenic activity of coal tar and petroleum asphalt paints used in potable water supply systems
Authors: Robinson M. , Buii R. J. , Munch J. , Meier J.
Published: October 2006

Coal tar and petroleum asphalt paints are among the products used as coatings for water pipes and storage tanks to retard corrosion. Formulations of these coatings were tested in the Ames mutagenesis and the mouse skin carcinogenesis bioassays. To test the mutagenicity of the paints, six doses ranging from 0.005 to 10 μl per plate were assayed. In the mouse skin bioassay, doses of the coal tar paints ranging from 0.2 to 200 μl were administered topically to 30 SENCAR mice per group. These initiating doses were followed by applications of 1.0 μg of 12‐o‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) in 0.2 ml acetone topically, three times weekly for 20 weeks. Petroleum asphalt paints were tested in groups of 40 animals at 200 and 600 μl doses. All coal tar paints showed mutagenic activity after metabolic activation with S‐9, with the highest response being in strains TA 98 and TA 100. None of the petroleum asphalt paints gave mutagenic responses. Both types of coatings resulted in positive responses in the initiation/promotion study. The coal tar paints gave rise to 1000–1800 times the tumor response observed with petroleum asphalt products. One coal tar product was positive when tested as a complete carcinogen in the mouse at 2 μl per application once weekly for 30 weeks, whereas the asphalt paint was negative at 100 times the dose. The biological responses to the products were greater than expected from their polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. These findings suggest that the hazard posed by these coatings may not be fully explained by their PAH contents.
Respiratory responses of humans exposed to an aerosol–gas pollutant mixture: Multivariate contrast of a complex atmosphere to clean air and sodium chloride aerosol controls
Authors: Kleinman M. T. , Bailey R. M. , Linn W. S. , Whynot J. D. , Anderson K. R. , Venet T. G. , Hackney J. D.
Published: October 2006

Data from a group of 20 subjects with normal baseline pulmonary function, who were exposed for 2 h to a test atmosphere containing a complex mixture of pollutants, have been contrasted with data from two other groups exposed to presumably non‐toxic control atmospheres. Group 1 was exposed to clean air, group 2 was exposed to clean air containing sodium chloride aerosol at 270 μg m−3, and group 3 was exposed to the complex atmosphere containing sodium chloride (332 μg m−3) and zinc ammonium sulfate (23 μg m−3) aerosols plus nitrogen dioxide (0.5 ppm) and sulfur dioxide (0.5 ppm). These atmospheres (ranked according to the presumed relative toxicities of the components; clean air=0, sodium chloride=1, complex mixture=2) were contrasted using multiple regression and partial correlation analyses. The effects of exposure to the complex gas‐aerosol mixture on forced expiratory performance were not significantly different from those observed in subjects exposed to clean air or to sodium chloride aerosol.