bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immigrant Intentions and Mobility in a Global Economy: The Attitudes and Behavior of Recently Arrived U.S. Immigrants*
Authors: Massey Douglas S. , Akresh Ilana Redstone
Published: November 2006

Objectives.In this article we develop a conceptual model connecting immigrants' objective circumstances to satisfaction with life in the United States, intentions with regard to naturalization and settlement, and concrete behaviors such as remitting and leaving the country.

Methods.We analyze data from the New Immigrant Survey Pilot to estimate structural equations derived from our conceptual model.

Results.Those expressing a high degree of U.S. satisfaction are significantly more likely to intend to naturalize and, because of this fact, are also more likely to want to stay in the United States forever. In terms of socioeconomic characteristics, however, those with high earnings and owners of U.S. property are less likely to intend naturalizing; and those with high levels of education are least likely to be satisfied with the United States, but satisfaction is itself unrelated to remitting or emigrating, which are determined by citizenship intentions and objective circumstances.

Conclusions.The picture that emerges from this analysis is of a fluid and dynamic global market for human capital in which the bearers of skills, education, and abilities seek to maximize earnings in the short term while retaining little commitment to any particular society or national labor market over the longer term.
Political Orientations and Naturalization Among Latino and Latina Immigrants*
Authors: Pantoja Adrian D. , Gershon Sarah Allen
Published: November 2006

Objective. This study adds to our knowledge of the naturalization process by considering the impact of political orientations in shaping the pursuit of U.S. citizenship among contemporary Latino and Latina immigrants.

Methods. We draw on data from the 1999 Harvard/Kaiser/Washington Post “Latino Political Survey” and use ordered logistic regression analyses to test the effects of political orientations on immigrant naturalization.

Results. Political orientations exert a powerful influence on naturalization beyond the traditional sociodemographic determinants. Furthermore, the impact of political orientations on naturalization varies by gender.

Conclusions. Naturalization can be induced by stressing the importance of voting and being interested in politics. In addition, Latinas are more likely to pursue naturalization than Latinos and the factors driving their decisions systematically differ from those of their male counterparts.
Ductal eccrine carcinoma with squamous differentiation: apropos a case
Authors: Chhibber Vishesh , Lyle Stephen , Mahalingam Meera
Published: November 2006

Sweat gland carcinomas are rare. Given this, they can pose a diagnostic challenge especially in shave biopsy specimens. We present a case of ductal eccrine carcinoma with extensive squamoid differentiation that was repeatedly misdiagnosed by multiple dermatopathologists as squamous cell carcinoma in the initial few biopsies. As the distinction between these two neoplasms is crucial to patient management, we highlight the histologic features of this uncommon entity to highlight the potential diagnostic pitfalls.
Judicial Decision Making During Wartime
Authors: Clark Tom S.
Published: November 2006

The separation of powers becomes increasingly stressed during wartime, as power is traditionally accumulated by and consolidated in the executive. This article asks to what degree the separation of powers collapses by examining judicial deference to the executive during wartime. By analyzing a set of cases in the courts of appeals from a 100‐year time period, this article demonstrates that while judicial preferences undergo a fundamental shift with respect to criminal cases, there is no evidence of heightened deference to the executive during wartime. These findings suggest that a state of war has a preference‐altering effect on judicial treatment of criminal defendants. They further suggest that concerns about judicial deference to the executive during times of war may not be as serious as conventional wisdom suggests.
Placing “Standard of Care” in Context: The Impact of Witness Potential and Attorney Reputation in Medical Malpractice Litigation
Authors: Harris Catherine T. , Peeples Ralph , Metzloff Thomas B.
Published: November 2006

Previous empirical studies have speculated about the role that factors other than negligence play in the resolution of medical malpractice claims. The present study identifies and evaluates the impact of three “strategic variables” in the medical malpractice litigation process: the witness potential of the defendant physician, the witness potential of the plaintiff, and the reputation of the plaintiff's attorney. These factors, unrelated to standard of care, make a difference in the outcome of medical malpractice cases. Data were collected from insurance company files on cases filed in the North Carolina state courts between 1991 and 1995. Analyses revealed that when the insurers’ outside (physician) reviewers rated liability as probable, based on standard of care, settlement occurred in most of the cases. However, when liability was rated as uncertain or unlikely, strategic variables such as perceived witness potential and the reputation of the plaintiff's counsel were significant predictors of case outcome. Cases in which the defendant physician had a strategic advantage were much less likely to settle, while cases in which the plaintiff had a strategic advantage were much more likely to settle.
Current General Trends inBeowulfStudies
Authors: Hill John
Published: November 2006

This overview of late twentieth‐ and early twenty‐first‐century literary criticism charts the kinds of on‐going approaches diverse readers bring to the Old English masterpiece – approaches likely to be mainstays into the near future. The post‐structuralistBeowulfhas many faces: there is the archaicBeowulf, containing a dramatized social world from an anthropologically remote time and place; the feministBeowulf, where the center of contention is over the marginality or not of female figures; the psychologicalBeowulf, replete with one dynamic or another of the unconscious or of the projected, monstrous Other, which in turn yields a monster‐studiesBeowulf. We also have the oral‐traditionalBeowulfwith its political and ethnogenetic implications, the moralBeowulf, the comicalBeowulf, and finally the dragon‐inhabitedBeowulf. Dozens of studies have been organized to illuminate these categories, while the survey ends on suggestions that the poem may in fact be formed deeply according to some arithmetical or geometrical scheme.
Macroeconomic Linkages and Regional Monetary Cooperation: Steps Ahead*
Authors: De BROUWER Gordon , RAMAYANDI Arief , TURVEY David
Published: November 2006

There is a growing appetite for economic cooperation in East Asia. Although the region has forums to facilitate this, economic cooperation has focussed largely on discussion of issues and policies − cooperative action is confined to functional cooperation in finance. There is scope for further cooperation in strengthening markets and institutions, with a view to accelerating convergence and stability in the region and deepening shared preferences about policy objectives, including on monetary and exchange rate issues. Although monetary policy in East Asia is generally focussed on controlling inflation, differences remain in economic structure and preferences about policy trade‐offs, markets, and institutions.
Partnerships between older people and their carers in the management of medication
Authors: Francis Sally‐Anne , Smith Felicity , Gray Nicola , Denham Michael
Published: November 2006

Background.  Responsibility for medication can be an integral part of the informal caring role.

Aims and objectives.  To explore partnerships between older people and their carers in the management of medication and consider the implications for health professionals.

Methods.  Older people and their carers were identified through community pharmacies in four randomly selected areas of England. Data regarding their activities, responsibilities and experiences of managing medication were collected in semi‐structured interviews conducted in respondents’ own homes. Ninety‐four transcripts relating to 47 older people and their associated carers were analysed using a qualitative approach.

Results.  Responsibility for medication was shared to varying extents between older people and their carers, and different patterns of partnership were identified. Differing perspectives between older people and their carers regarding the role, purpose and need for medication were revealed. Underlying these perspectives were issues concerning the sharing/concealment of information, autonomy and control. Caring was also described as a dynamic process. Older people and carers commented on how sharing responsibilities for medication varied on a day‐to‐day basis, as well as expressing concern regarding the changing needs of the older person and the carer's capacity to cope.

Conclusions:  Older people and their carers work together in diverse and sometimes complex ways to manage medication. Problems included dilemmas relating to the sharing of information, patient determination, disputes about the control of medication and concerns about the future.

Relevance to practice:  These patterns of partnership need to be recognized and taken into account by health professionals when providing information, advice and support. They need to listen for indications of differing perspectives and be aware of their possible implications for adherence to medication regimens. In caring for older people, health professionals need to find a balance that respects their autonomy whilst providing support for carers to enable them to be effective in their roles.
Implementing the wandering evidence for older people with dementia: key issues for nurses and carers
Authors: Neville Christine C. , McMinn Bryan , Cave Patricia
Published: November 2006

This paper explores and discusses key issues for nurses and carers in implementing the evidence from the recent assessment of wandering studies conducted by Algase. Wandering is one of the most burdensome of all the behavioural symptoms and is increasing as the prevalence rates of dementia rise with the aging of the population. Wandering describes a diverse pattern of behaviour from aimless walking and pacing through to elopement. Until recently, the empirical evidence in relation to wandering and its implications for caring for older people has seriously lagged behind other research. However, several studies have led to important advances in the management of wandering and despite there being in some instances methodological deficiencies and modest efficacy, nurses, carers and older people who wander will benefit from the findings.
Upregulation of hemolymph and tissue ferritin by dietary HgCl2 in the wax moth Galleria mellonella
Authors: CHOI Chi‐Won , SEO Dong‐Hwan , YUK Ji‐Eun , PARK Jong‐Bae , HWANG Seock‐Yeon , KOH Sang Kyun , YUN Chi‐Young
Published: November 2006

The effect of Hg treatment on hemolymph and tissue ferritin in the wax moth Galleria mellonella was examined by western blotting. At 48 h after feeding HgCl2, the level of hemolymph ferritin increased approximately 1.8‐fold over that of control insects that were not fed HgCl2, while there was a small increase in tissue ferritin. Time series experiments showed that tissue ferritin had a typically saturated pattern, with a maximum level from 24 to 72 h, although it decreased 12 h following HgCl2 feeding, while hemolymph ferritin first decreased but subsequently increased. Tissue ferritin in the fat body, gut and Malpighian tubules, the main tissues of ferritin expression, was upregulated over time following treatment with Hg, and in particular, tissue ferritin in the gut increased by a large amount at 12–48 h. The results suggest that in G. mellonella, the ferritin‐inducible mechanisms following treatment with HgCl2 are different for hemolymph and tissue ferritin, as are their biochemical properties.
A new record of the family Coelopidae (Diptera) from Korea
Authors: SUH Sang Jae , KWON Yong Jung , LEE Won Ja
Published: November 2006

In this paper, Coelopa frigida (Fabricius, 1805) of the family Coelopidae is reported for the first time in Korea. The domestic localities and some illustrations are given.
Myofiber Degeneration in Autosomal Dominant Emery–Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy (AD‐EDMD) (LGMD1B)
Authors: Mittelbronn Michel , Hanisch Frank , Gleichmann Marc , Stötter Mechthild , Korinthenberg Rudolf , Wehnert Manfred , Bonne Gisèle , Rudnik‐Schöneborn Sabine , Bornemann Antje
Published: November 2006

Autosomal dominant Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy is caused by mutations in the LMNA gene that code for the nuclear membrane protein lamin A/C. We investigated skeletal muscle fibers from several muscles for cytoplasmic degenerative changes in three patients with genetically confirmed Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy. Methods included quantitative light and electron microscopy and PCR‐based mutational analysis. Results: The degenerative pathway was characterized by the gradual replacement of individual myofibers by connective tissue. Early stages of degeneration typically involved only a segment of the cross‐sectional area of a myofiber. Intermediate stages consisted of myofiber shrinkage due to “shedding” of peripheral cytoplasmic portions into the endomysial space, and fragmentation of the myofibers by interposed collagen fibrils. Empty basement membrane sheaths surrounded by abundant deposits of extracellular matrix marked the end stage of the degenerative process. The nuclear number‐to‐cytoplasmic area in myofibers of one patient increased with increasing cross‐sectional area, suggesting that satellite cell fusion with myofibers may have compensated for myofiber shrinkage. The pattern of degeneration described herein differs from muscular dystrophies with plasma membrane defects (dystrophinopathy, dysferlinopathy) and explains the frequently found absence of highly elevated serum creatine kinase levels in autosomal dominant Emery–Dreifuss muscular dystrophy.
Fundamental Study on the Super-Long-Period Active Isolation System
Authors: Minagawa Keisuke , Fujita Satoshi
Published: November 2006

Background: Since the Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake Disaster, the number of isolated structures has been greatly increased. The natural period of the isolation system is designed around 3s, because the predominate period of observed seismic waves is usually 0.1 to 1s. However, relatively long period seismic waves have been observed in various earthquakes, and the resonances of long-period structures, such as high-rise buildings, during earthquakes have been reported at the same time. Therefore the natural period needs to be extended. When extending the natural period of the isolated structure using rubber bearings, its stiffness needs to be reduced. It is more difficult to extend the natural period of the isolation system than the conventional system because of a buckling problem. Therefore we propose a super-long-period active seismic isolation system as a new method for extending the natural period of the isolated structure. This system consists of rubber bearings and hydraulic actuators. Method of approach: In this study, we designed a control system by using the model matching method. This is one of the classical control system design methods. Additionally we applied a genetic algorithm (GA) to select parameters of a transfer function. Results: The system designed by applying the GA could reduce response acceleration sufficiently compared with the input acceleration. Further waveforms of the response acceleration retain almost straight forwardly, so this indicates good performance of isolation. Therefore, application of super-long-period active isolation is an effective technique to improve the performance of isolation. However, the control forces are big, and the system needs 95.5×106N for the El Centro NS wave as control force. This force is equivalent to 21 actuators that are used in a large shake table, so there are few possibilities to realize active isolation. Conclusion: The required control force of hydraulic actuators is big, although the super-long-period active isolation system possesses good performance of isolation compared with the conventional isolation system. Therefore it is difficult to apply this isolation system to the real structure. However, the problem regarding requirements of the actuator should be solved because of the realization of an active seismic isolation system. Therefore, we will examine for the parameters of the system and semi-active isolation system.
A Stable Fluid-Structure-Interaction Algorithm: Application to Industrial Problems
Authors: Abouri D. , Parry A. , Hamdouni A. , Longatte E.
Published: November 2006

Fluid-structure interactions occur in a wide range of industrial applications, including vibration of pipe-work, flow meters, and positive displacement systems as well as many flow control devices. This paper outlines computational methods for calculating the dynamic interaction between moving parts and the flow in a flow-meter system. Coupling of phenomena is allowed without need for access to the source codes and is thus suitable for use with commercially available codes. Two methods are presented: one with an explicit integration of the equations of motion of the mechanism and the other, with implicit integration. Both methods rely on a Navier-Stokes equation solver for the fluid flow. The more computationally expensive, implicit method is recommended for mathematically stiff mechanisms such as piston movement. Industrial-application examples shown are for positive displacement machines, axial turbines, and steam-generator tube-bundle vibrations. The advances in mesh technology, including deforming meshes with nonconformal sliding interfaces, open up this new field of application of computational fluid dynamics and mechanical analysis in flow meter design.
Probabilistic Integrity Assessment of Corroded Gas Pipelines
Authors: Lee Sang-Min , Chang Yoon-Suk , Choi Jae-Boong , Kim Young-Jin
Published: November 2006

Pressurized gas pipelines are subject to harmful effects from both the surrounding environments and the materials passing through them. Reliable assessment procedures, including fracture mechanics analyses, are required to maintain their integrity. Currently, integrity assessments are performed using conventional deterministic approaches, even though there are many uncertainties to hinder rational evaluations. Therefore, in this study, a probabilistic approach was considered for gas pipeline evaluations. The objectives are to estimate the failure probability of corroded pipelines in the gas and oil industries and to propose operating limit conditions for different types of loadings. To achieve these objectives, a probabilistic assessment program was developed using reliability index method and simulation techniques, and applied to estimate the failure probabilities of corroded API-5L-X52/X60 gas pipelines subjected to internal pressure, bending moment, and combined loading. The operating limit conditions as well as prototypal evaluation and sensitivity analysis results showed a promising applicability of the probabilistic integrity assessment program.
An Attempt to Scale the Vibrations of Water Pipes
Authors: Moussou P.
Published: November 2006

The goal of the paper is to provide an estimation of the vibrations of a water pipe subjected to standard turbulent excitations. Firstly, a simplified expression of the acoustic pressure generated by a standard valve or orifice is proposed. It is based on the hydraulic pressure drop and a Strouhal number. Secondly, a theoretical analysis of fluid-structure interaction yields a screening expression of the structure velocity power spectral density (PSD), as a function of the acoustic pressure source. Field data are used for validation. It is shown that cavitation-induced vibration can be directly identified by plotting the structure velocity PSD in dimensionless form.
Parametric study of sputtered Sr-deficient SrBi2Ta2O9 thin films
Authors: Zhang Sam , Li Yibin , Fei Weidong , Gan Zhenghao , Mhaisalkar Subodh , Li X. M.
Published: November 2006

Sr-deficient SrBi2Ta2O9 (SBT) thin films for nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memory applications were deposited by radio-frequency magnetron sputtering on Pt∕Ta∕SiO2∕Si substrates. The effect of deposition parameters on microstructures and chemical composition were studied using x-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The composition of the films was dependent on the sputtering conditions. The undesirable pyrochlore phase could be eliminated by adjusting process pressure, target power density, and target-to-substrate distance. The evolution of microstructures at various deposition conditions was attributed to changes in the Bi∕Ta and Sr∕Ta ratios. When Sr became deficient and Bi excessive (Sr0.74Bi2.2Ta2O9+x as determined by XPS), no pyrochlore phase was detected with XRD. Under an electric field of 240kV∕cm, the Sr-deficient SBT film demonstrated a remnant polarization (2Pr) of 11.6μC∕cm2 and a coercive field (2Ec) of 96kV∕cm.
Integrated framework for the flux calculation of neutral species inside trenches and holes during plasma etching
Authors: Kokkoris George , Boudouvis Andreas G. , Gogolides Evangelos
Published: November 2006

An integrated framework for the neutral flux calculation inside trenches and holes during plasma etching is described, and a comparison between the two types of structure in a number of applications is presented. First, a detailed and functional set of equations for the neutral and ion flux calculations inside long trenches and holes with cylindrical symmetry is explicitly formulated. This set is based on early works [T. S. Cale and G. B. Raupp, J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 8, 1242 (1990); V. K. Singh et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 10, 1091 (1992)], and includes new equations for the case of holes with cylindrical symmetry. Second, a method for the solution of the respective numerical task, i.e., one or a set of linear or nonlinear integral equations, is described. This method includes a coupling algorithm with a surface chemistry model and resolves the singularity problem of the integral equations. Third, the fluxes inside trenches and holes are compared. The flux from reemission is the major portion of the local flux at the bottom of both types of structure. The framework is applied in SiO2 etching by fluorocarbon plasmas to predict the increased intensity of reactive ion etching lag in SiO2 holes compared to trenches. It is also applied in deep Si etching: By calculating the flux of F atoms at the bottom of very high aspect ratio (up to 150) Si trenches and holes during the gas chopping process, the aspect ratio at which the flux of F atoms is eliminated and etching practically stops is estimated.
Effects of low-temperature-grown buffers on pulsed-laser deposition of GaN on LiNbO3
Authors: Tsuchiya Y. , Oshima M. , Kobayashi A. , Ohta J. , Fujioka H.
Published: November 2006

The authors have investigated the effects of low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaN buffer layers on the pulsed-laser deposition of GaN films on LiNbO3. LiNbO3 substrates with atomically flat surfaces have been prepared by annealing in a box constructed from blocks of single crystal LiNbO3 wafers. When the GaN growth temperature is lowered from 700to580°C, the GaN∕LiNbO3 interfacial layer thickness is reduced. When these LTG-GaN layers, which have a thickness of 20nm, are employed as buffers for the subsequent high temperature growth of 200-nm-thick GaN layers, a decrease in root-mean-square surface roughness and a reduction in tilt and twist mosaicities are observed. This technique seems quite promising for achieving high quality GaN on LiNbO3 substrates, which is attractive for the fabrication of future optoelectronic integrated circuits.
Heat transfer through a rarefied gas confined between two coaxial cylinders with high radius ratio
Authors: Sharipov Felix , Bertoldo Guilherme
Published: November 2006

Heat flux through a rarefied gas confined between two coaxial cylinders is calculated on the basis of the kinetic equation. The external cylinder radius is assumed to be significantly larger than the internal one. To investigate the influence of the gas-surface interaction on the heat transfer the Cercignani-Lampis scattering kernel is applied at the internal cylinder. It is shown that the surface properties of the external cylinder weakly affect the heat transfer. Comparing the numerical results with experimental data the energy accommodation coefficient is extracted.
Measurement of Cu atom density in a magnetron sputtering plasma source using an YBaCuO target by laser-induced fluorescence imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Gao Junsi , Nafarizal Nayan , Sasaki Koichi
Published: November 2006

In this study, the authors measured the density of Cu atoms in a magnetron sputtering plasma source employing an YBaCuO target by laser-induced fluorescence imaging spectroscopy. It was observed that, when pure Ar gas was used, the Cu density varied temporally after the initiation of the discharge. The temporal variation was examined as a function of the gas pressure and the input rf power as well as the experimental sequence. When the Ar gas pressure was 300mTorr, the Cu density decreased to 60% of the initial value after the transient period of 6min at a rf power of 30W, while at a rf power of 70W, the transient period was 10min and the Cu density at the steady state was 30% of the initial value. The transient period and the steady-state density showed hystereses, and the different transient periods and steady-state densities were observed at different experimental sequences. On the other hand, when the mixture of Ar and O2 (0.7%) was used as the discharge gas, the Cu density was stationary at a value which was approximately 40%–60% of that observed in the pure Ar discharge at the steady state. The Cu atom density had the maximum at an O2 flow rate ratio of 7.4%.
Interfacial characterization and residual stress analysis in diamond films on LiNbO3
Authors: Jagannadham K. , Watkins T. R. , Lance M. J.
Published: November 2006

Diamond films were deposited via microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition on lithium niobate (LN) substrates. Characterization of the interfacial regions formed between diamond films and LN substrates was carried out by several techniques. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to determine the depth profiles of carbon, lithium, niobium, and oxygen in the LN substrate covered with diamond nuclei and in the substrate without nucleation. Results indicate that the diamond nuclei promoted growth of diamond, and in addition, a reduced depth of the lithium deficient zone formed in the LN substrate was observed. Grazing incidence x-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy observations corroborated the results obtained by SIMS. Residual stresses determined experimentally by an x-ray method or by the shift in the characteristic diamond peak in Raman spectroscopy were much smaller than the calculated thermal residual stresses. The results further emphasize that the interfacial phases are responsible for relieving the thermal stresses generated during cooling of the layered structure. The thickness of the interfacial region was found to be well below for attenuation of the surface acoustic waves in the gigahertz frequency surface acoustic wave devices.
Development of a low pressure microwave excited plasma and its application to the formation of microcrystalline silicon films
Authors: Kikukawa Daisuke , Hori Masaru , Honma Koichiro , Yamamoto Masahiro , Goto Toshio , Takahashi Shunji , Den Shoji
Published: November 2006

Microwave excited plasma source operating at a low pressure of 1.5Pa was newly developed. This plasma source was successfully applied to the formation of hydrogenated microcrystalline silicon films in a glass substrate with a mixture gas of silane (SiH4), hydrogen (H2), and xenon (Xe). It was found that the crystallinity of films was dramatically improved with decreasing pressure. The crystalline fraction was evaluated to be 82% at a substrate temperature of 400°C, a mixture gas of SiH4∕H2∕Xe: 5∕200∕30SCCM, and a total pressure of 1.5Pa by Raman spectroscopy. The absolute density of hydrogen atoms and the behavior of higher radicals and molecules in the mixture gas were evaluated using vacuum ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and quadrupole mass spectrometer, respectively. H atom densities were of the order of 1011cm−3. The fraction of H atom density increased, while higher radicals and molecules decreased with decrease in the total pressure. The increase in H atom density and decrease in higher radicals and molecules improved the crystallinity of films in low pressures below 10Pa.
An investigation into the effects of underwater piling noise on salmonids
Authors: Nedwell Jeremy R. , Turnpenny Andrew W. H. , Lovell Jonathan M. , Edwards Bryan
Published: November 2006

Underwater piling was undertaken in 2003 in Southampton Water on the South Coast of England. Monitoring was simultaneously undertaken of the waterborne sound from impact and vibropiling and its effects on brown trout in cages at increasing distances from the piling. Brown trout (Salmo trutta) were used as a model for salmon (Salmo salar), which were the species of interest but were not readily available. No obvious signs of trauma that could be attributed to sound exposure were found in any fish examined, from any of the cages. No increase in activity or startle response was seen to vibropiling. Analysis using the dBht metric indicated that the noise at the nearest cages during impact piling reached levels at which salmon were expected to react strongly. However, the brown trout showed little reaction. An audiogram of the brown trout was measured by the Auditory Brainstem Response method, which indicated that the hearing of the brown trout was less sensitive than that of the salmon. Further analysis indicated that this accounted for the relative lack of reaction, and demonstrated the importance of using the correct species of fish as a model when assessing the effect of noise.
Mean grain size mapping with single-beam echo sounders
Authors: van Walree Paul A. , Ainslie Michael A. , Simons Dick G.
Published: November 2006

Echo energies of single-beam echo sounders are inverted for the sediment mean grain size via a combination of theoretical and empirical relationships. In situ measurements of the seafloor mass density have revealed the presence of a thin transition layer between the water and the sediment. Within this layer, which has a thickness of order 1 cm, the density continuously changes from the water value to the sediment bulk value. The associated impedance gradient affects the normal-incidence reflection coefficient at high frequencies, when the product of wave number and layer thickness is of order unity or higher. A mapping algorithm recognizing this gradient is applied to echo sounder data acquired in three different areas, and for five sounder frequencies between 12 and 200kHz. Compared with a scheme that relies on the Rayleigh reflection coefficient of a discrete interface, an overall improvement of several phi units in the grain size mapping is achieved by taking the gradient into account. A necessary condition to reach agreement between the acoustic and the ground truth grain size is that the thickness of the transition layer increases with a decreasing grain size.
Active waveguide Green’s function estimation with application to time-reversal focusing without a probe source in a range-independent waveguide
Authors: Walker S. C. , Kuperman W. A. , Roux Philippe
Published: November 2006

A method is introduced for using a pair of vertical line transducer arrays (VLAs) to produce time-reversal (TR) foci at any location in a range-independent shallow-ocean waveguide without the need for a probe source. Modal theory suggests that the acoustic response sampled between a pair of VLAs separated by a range R can be repeatedly iterated to estimate the acoustic response at ranges that are integer multiples of R. When combined with the frequency-based variable-range-TR method, the process results in a virtual sampling of the acoustic response over long distances that can be applied to both passive and active shallow-ocean acoustic imaging. Here, the technique is applied to active time-reversal focusing. Array geometry effects are explored and simulation and experimental results are presented.
Composites in Armor
Authors: Hogg Paul J.
Published: November 2006

Composite materials are traditionally regarded as materials that can save energy in large structures associated with transport. They are used to produce lightweight structures for fuel-efficient aircraft such as the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner; lightweight cars from Lotus, Ferrari and TVR; and high-speed trains, speedboats, and racing yachts. Now, however, some of the most interesting applications of composites are those where the materials are used to save lives and protect property by absorbing the energy of projectiles, impacts, and crashes.
Sequencing and Analysis of Neanderthal Genomic DNA
Authors: Noonan James P. , Coop Graham , Kudaravalli Sridhar , Smith Doug , Krause Johannes , Alessi Joe , Chen Feng , Platt Darren , Pääbo Svante , Pritchard Jonathan K. , Rubin Edward M.
Published: November 2006

Our knowledge of Neanderthals is based on a limited number of remains and artifacts from which we must make inferences about their biology, behavior, and relationship to ourselves. Here, we describe the characterization of these extinct hominids from a new perspective, based on the development of a Neanderthal metagenomic library and its high-throughput sequencing and analysis. Several lines of evidence indicate that the 65,250 base pairs of hominid sequence so far identified in the library are of Neanderthal origin, the strongest being the ascertainment of sequence identities between Neanderthal and chimpanzee at sites where the human genomic sequence is different. These results enabled us to calculate the human-Neanderthal divergence time based on multiple randomly distributed autosomal loci. Our analyses suggest that on average the Neanderthal genomic sequence we obtained and the reference human genome sequence share a most recent common ancestor ∼706,000 years ago, and that the human and Neanderthal ancestral populations split ∼370,000 years ago, before the emergence of anatomically modern humans. Our finding that the Neanderthal and human genomes are at least 99.5% identical led us to develop and successfully implement a targeted method for recovering specific ancient DNA sequences from metagenomic libraries. This initial analysis of the Neanderthal genome advances our understanding of the evolutionary relationship of
Homo sapiens
and
Homo neanderthalensis
and signifies the dawn of Neanderthal genomics.
The Psychological Consequences of Money
Authors: Vohs Kathleen D. , Mead Nicole L. , Goode Miranda R.
Published: November 2006

Money has been said to change people's motivation (mainly for the better) and their behavior toward others (mainly for the worse). The results of nine experiments suggest that money brings about a self-sufficient orientation in which people prefer to be free of dependency and dependents. Reminders of money, relative to nonmoney reminders, led to reduced requests for help and reduced helpfulness toward others. Relative to participants primed with neutral concepts, participants primed with money preferred to play alone, work alone, and put more physical distance between themselves and a new acquaintance.
Solid-State Thermal Rectifier
Authors: Chang C. W. , Okawa D. , Majumdar A. , Zettl A.
Published: November 2006

We demonstrated nanoscale solid-state thermal rectification. High-thermal-conductivity carbon and boron nitride nanotubes were mass-loaded externally and inhomogeneously with heavy molecules. The resulting nanoscale system yields asymmetric axial thermal conductance with greater heat flow in the direction of decreasing mass density. The effect cannot be explained by ordinary perturbative wave theories, and instead we suggest that solitons may be responsible for the phenomenon. Considering the important role of electrical rectifiers (diodes) in electronics, thermal rectifiers have substantial implications for diverse thermal management problems, ranging from nanoscale calorimeters to microelectronic processors to macroscopic refrigerators and energy-saving buildings.
Identification of Non-dot/icmSuppressors of theLegionella pneumophilaΔdotLLethality Phenotype
Authors: Vincent Carr D. , Buscher Benjamin A. , Friedman Jonathan R. , Williams Lee Anne , Bardill Patrick , Vogel Joseph P.
Published: November 2006

Legionella pneumophila, a causative agent of bacterial pneumonia, survives inside phagocytic cells by avoiding rapid targeting to the lysosome. This bacterium utilizes a type IVB secretion system, encoded by thedot/icmgenes, to replicate inside host cells. DotL, a critical component of the Dot/Icm secretion apparatus, functions as the type IV coupling protein. In contrast to mostdot/icmgenes, which are dispensable for growth on bacteriological media,dotLis required for the viability of wild-typeL. pneumophila. Previously we reported that ΔdotLlethality could be suppressed by inactivation of the Dot/Icm complex via mutations in otherdot/icmgenes. Here we report the isolation of non-dot/icmsuppressors of this phenotype. These ΔdotLsuppressors include insertions that disrupt the function of theL. pneumophilahomologs ofcpxR,djlA,lysS, and two novel open reading frames, lpg0742 and lpg1594, that we have namedldsAandldsBforlethality of ΔdotL suppressor. In addition to suppressing ΔdotLlethality, inactivation of these genes in a wild-type strain background causes a range of defects inL. pneumophilavirulence traits, including intracellular growth, implicating these factors in the proper function of the Dot/Icm complex. Consistent with previous data showing a role for thecpxsystem in regulating expression of severaldot/icmgenes, thecpxRinsertion mutant produced decreased levels of three Dot/Icm proteins, DotA, IcmV, and IcmW. The remaining four suppressors did not affect the steady-state levels of any Dot/Icm protein and are likely to represent the first identified factors necessary for assembly and/or activation of the Dot/Icm secretion complex.
The
algT
Gene of
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. glycinea andNew Insights into the Transcriptional Organization of the
algT-muc
Gene Cluster
Authors: Schenk Alexander , Berger Michael , Keith Lisa M. , Bender Carol L. , Muskhelishvili Georgi , Ullrich Matthias S.
Published: November 2006

The phytopathogenic bacterium
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. glycinea
infects soybean plants and causes bacterial blight. In addition to
P. syringae
, the human pathogen
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa
and the soil bacterium
Azotobacter vinelandii
produce the exopolysaccharide alginate, a copolymer of
d
-mannuronic and
l
-guluronic acids. Alginate
production in
P. syringae
has been associated with increased
fitness and virulence in planta. Alginate biosynthesis is tightly
controlled by proteins encoded by the
algT-muc
regulatory gene
cluster in
P. aeruginosa
and
A. vinelandii
. These
genes encode the alternative sigma factor AlgT
(σ
22
), its anti-sigma factors MucA and MucB, MucC, a
protein with a controversial function that is absent in
P.
syringae
, and MucD, a periplasmic serine protease and homolog of
HtrA in
Escherichia coli
. We compared an alginate-deficient
algT
mutant of
P. syringae
pv. glycinea with an
alginate-producing derivative in which
algT
is intact. The
alginate-producing derivative grew significantly slower in vitro growth
but showed increased epiphytic fitness and better symptom development
in planta. Evaluation of expression levels for
algT
,
mucA
,
mucB
,
mucD
, and
algD
, which
encodes an alginate biosynthesis gene, showed that
mucD
transcription is not dependent on AlgT in
P. syringae
in
vitro. Promoter mapping using primer extension experiments confirmed
this finding. Results of reverse transcription-PCR demonstrated that
algT
,
mucA
, and
mucB
are cotranscribed as an
operon in
P. syringae
. Northern blot analysis revealed that
mucD
was expressed as a 1.75-kb monocistronic mRNA in
P.
syringae
.
Detection of
Coccidioides
Species in Clinical Specimens by Real-Time PCR
Authors: Binnicker M. J. , Buckwalter S. P. , Eisberner J. J. , Stewart R. A. , McCullough A. E. , Wohlfiel S. L. , Wengenack N. L.
Published: November 2006

Coccidioides
spp. are dimorphic fungal pathogens endemic to the semiarid regions of North, Central, and South America. Currently, direct smear and culture are the most common means of identifying
Coccidioides
spp. While these methods offer relatively sensitive and specific means of detecting
Coccidioides
spp., growth in culture may take up to 3 weeks, potentially delaying the diagnosis and initiation of appropriate antifungal therapy. In addition, growth of the organism represents a significant safety risk to laboratory personnel. The need for a rapid and safe means of diagnosing coccidioidomycosis prompted us to develop a real-time PCR assay to detect
Coccidioides
spp. directly from clinical specimens. Primers and fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) probes were designed to target the internal transcribed spacer 2 region of
Coccidioides
. The assay's limit of detection is below 50 targets per reaction. An analysis of 40
Coccidioides
sp. clinical isolates grown in culture demonstrated 100% sensitivity of the assay. A cross-reactivity panel containing fungi, bacteria, mycobacteria, and viruses was tested and demonstrated 100% specificity for
Coccidioides
spp. An analysis of 266 respiratory specimens by LightCycler PCR demonstrated 100% sensitivity and 98.4% specificity for
Coccidioides
spp. compared with culture. Analysis of 66 fresh tissue specimens yielded 92.9% sensitivity and 98.1% specificity versus those of the culture method. The sensitivity of the assay testing 148 paraffin-embedded tissue samples is 73.4%. A rapid method for the detection of
Coccidioides
spp. directly from clinical material will greatly assist in the timely diagnosis and treatment of patients, while at the same time decreasing the risk of accidental exposure to laboratory personnel.
CTX-M β-Lactamase-Producing
Escherichia coli
in French Hospitals: Prevalence, Molecular Epidemiology, and Risk Factors
Authors: Lavigne Jean-Philippe , Marchandin Hélène , Delmas Julien , Moreau Jérôme , Bouziges Nicole , Lecaillon Evelyne , Cavalie Laurent , Jean-Pierre Hélène , Bonnet Richard , Sotto Albert
Published: November 2006

In 2004, 65 CTX-M-producing
Escherichia coli
isolates were collected from infected patients in four French hospitals. The
bla
CTX-M-15
genes were predominant. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis highlighted a clonal propagation of CTX-M-15-producing strains belonging to phylogenetic group B2, notably in the community. The main risk factors for acquiring these isolates were urinary tract infections or the presence of a urinary catheter in diabetic or renal failure patients.
N-Linked Glycosylation Status of Classical Swine Fever Virus Strain Brescia E2 Glycoprotein Influences Virulence in Swine
Authors: Risatti G. R. , Holinka L. G. , Fernandez Sainz I. , Carrillo C. , Lu Z. , Borca M. V.
Published: November 2006

E2 is one of the three envelope glycoproteins of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). Previous studies indicate that E2 is involved in several functions, including virus attachment and entry to target cells, production of antibodies, induction of protective immune response in swine, and virulence. Here, we have investigated the role of E2 glycosylation of the highly virulent CSFV strain Brescia in infection of the natural host. Seven putative glycosylation sites in E2 were modified by site-directed mutagenesis of a CSFV Brescia infectious clone (BICv). A panel of virus mutants was obtained and used to investigate whether the removal of putative glycosylation sites in the E2 glycoprotein would affect viral virulence/pathogenesis in swine. We observed that rescue of viable virus was completely impaired by removal of all putative glycosylation sites in E2 but restored when mutation N185A reverted to wild-type asparagine produced viable virus that was attenuated in swine. Single mutations of each of the E2 glycosylation sites showed that amino acid N116 (N1v virus) was responsible for BICv attenuation. N1v efficiently protected swine from challenge with virulent BICv at 3 and 28 days postinfection, suggesting that glycosylation of E2 could be modified for development of classical swine fever live attenuated vaccines.
Failure To Open the Blood-Brain Barrier and Deliver Immune Effectors to Central Nervous System Tissues Leads to the Lethal Outcome of Silver-Haired Bat Rabies Virus Infection
Authors: Roy Anirban , Phares Timothy W. , Koprowski Hilary , Hooper D. Craig
Published: November 2006

Rabies is a lethal disease caused by neurotropic viruses that are endemic in nature. When exposure to a potentially rabid animal is recognized, prompt administration of virus-neutralizing antibodies, together with active immunization, can prevent development of the disease. However, once the nonspecific clinical symptoms of rabies appear conventional postexposure treatment is unsuccessful. Over the last decade, rabies viruses associated with the silver-haired bat (SHBRV) have emerged as the leading cause of human deaths from rabies in the United States and Canada as a consequence of the fact that exposure to these viruses is often unnoticed. The need to treat SHBRV infection following the development of clinical rabies has lead us to investigate why the immune response to SHBRV fails to protect at a certain stage of infection. We have established that measurements of innate and adaptive immunity are indistinguishable between mice infected with the highly lethal SHBRV and mice infected with an attenuated laboratory rabies virus strain. While a fully functional immune response to SHBRV develops in the periphery of infected animals, the invasion of central nervous system (CNS) tissues by immune cells is reduced and, consequently, the virus is not cleared. Our data indicate that the specific deficit in the SHBRV-infected animal is an inability to enhance blood-brain barrier permeability in the cerebellum and deliver immune effectors to the CNS tissues. Conceivably, at the stage of infection where immune access to the infected CNS tissues is limited, either the provision or the development of antiviral immunity will be ineffective.