bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pruning in poplar plantations by mechanised devices
Authors: Bajic Vojislav , Danilovic Milorad
Published: September 2009

The effects of factors (branch diameter, number of branches, plantation age number of prunings, working assembly of pruning devices, etc) on the duration of pruning in poplar plantations were investigated. Poplar branches were pruned by mechanized devices Stihl HT 75 and Husqvarna 250 PS. It was concluded that pruning time increases significantly with the number of removed branches in all plantations disregarding the plantation age and spacing. This correlation is represented by a degree function. Also, pruning time increases with the size of average branch diameter removed from the tree. The intervals of five branches can be taken as the working norms because within these intervals there are no statistically significant differences of pruning time.
Tree development and productivity of beech coppice stands in the Crni Vrh region
Authors: Pantic Damjan , Krstic Milun , Danilovic Milorad , Matovic Bratislav , Markovic Nenad
Published: September 2009

The trends of development and increment of individual trees, as well as the productivity of beech coppice stands in the region of Crni Vrh were studied. The trees in the category of 20% of the largest-diameter trees in the stand were analyzed by the standard dendrometric analysis, the productivity was assessed based on the values of the major taxation elements measured at the sample plots. The results of these analyses, combined with the results reported by other authors, who studied beech coppice forests at the same locality but from different aspects, enable the real and comprehensive assessment of the state of these stands. On this basis, the aim of long-term management (conversion into a high silvicultural form) and the actual silvicultural measure (high selection thinning) were defined.
Effect of planting density on diameter structure of black poplar clones S6-7 and M-1 - section Aigeiros [Duby]
Authors: Andrasev Sinisa , Roncevic Savo , Bobinac Martin
Published: September 2009

The parameters of diameter structure of two black poplar clones in the section Aigeiros Duby (S6-7 and M-1) are presented depending on three different spacings: 3x3 m, 4.25x4.25 m and 6x6 m. Modeling of diameter structure was performed by Weibull?s function of probability distribution. We determined the effect of spacing (density) and clone both on the parameters and on the model diameter structure.
The quality of some soils on Kosmaj from the aspect of medicinal plants and aromatic plants
Authors: Kadovic Ratko , Miletic Zoran , Obratov-Petkovic Dragica , Belanovic Snezana , Popovic Ivana
Published: September 2009

In the paper the results of study of soil ecological quality in the area of Kosmaj, from the aspect of chemical degradation process, are presented. The aim of this investigation is to define the possible, limiting and endangered factors for development of medicinal and aromatical plants. The estimate of soil quality was done on the bases of calculation of indicator values of availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), base cations and heavy metals and sensitivity to acidification.
Yield of useful water from beech forests in Serbia
Authors: Letic Ljubomir , Ristic Ratko , Mihajlovic Branislava
Published: September 2009

In this paper are presented the results of investigation of runoff and water yield from beech stands in East Serbia. Investigations are related to the catchment area of river Pek, more exactly, to the parts of catchment where dominates characteristic association Fagetum moesiacae typicum. Beech stands dominate in central parts of Serbia, and they are natural reservoirs of high quality water.
Life cycle of the pathogenic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea Dyko & Sutton
Authors: Milijasevic Tanja
Published: September 2009

The study of the parasitic fungus Sphaeropsis sapinea life cycle shows that the conidia disseminate most massively during the period April-May, i. e. during the critical time of infection, but also during the period June-August. Infection can occur through the buds in the spring, before their flushing, but also in the summer of the year of their development. Infection occurs most frequently through the bark of the young shoots, because of which they die while needle infections mostly lead to the so-called localized infections. Both male and female flowers can be infected, as well as the current-year and second-year cones. In some cases this fungus can behave as a latent parasite, i. e. endophyte.
Contents of heavy metals and micro-flora in some soils of Mt. Stara Planina
Authors: Belanovic Snezana , Knezevic Milan , Milicic Bogic , Djorovic Miroljub
Published: September 2009

This paper presents the contents of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr and Pb) under forest and grass cover (pasture) in studied soils of Mt. Stara Planina, locality Javor. Microbiological analysis includes the total contents of microorganisms, actinomycetes and fungi, as well as the content of physiological groups of microorganisms important for the decomposition and transformation of organic matter.
The most significant parasitic and saprophytic fungi on common mistletoe (Viscum album L) and their potential application in biocontrol
Authors: Karadzic Dragan , Lazarev Vladimir , Milenkovic Milan
Published: September 2009

Common mistletoe (Viscum album L) is a semiparasitic angiosperm, which attacks a great number of broadleaf and coniferous tree species. Especially high damage is caused by subspecies V. album subsp. abietis, which infests fir trees. This paper presents the most frequent parasitic and saprophytic fungi occurring on common mistletoe. There are altogether 22 identified species, of which the most significant are Botryosphaeria dothidea Gibberidea visci and Sphaeropsis visci. Further study should be focused on testing their potential use in the biocontrol of common mistletoe.
Effect of temperature on conidial germination and growth of the fungus Discosporium populeum (Sacc) Sutton
Authors: Keca Nenad , Karadzic Dragan
Published: September 2009

Dothichiza, poplar canker, due to its significance in the establishment of intensive poplar plantations, has been drawing attention for already a long time. The aim of the test was to study some of the most important physiological characteristics of the fungus, such as conidial germination germ tube growth and growth of mycelium at different temperatures on the isolates from north Potisje and to compare the study results with the domestic and foreign literature sources. The aim of this study was not to identify the different lower systematic categories, but to identify the differences between individual isolates - populations, depending on the most significant ecological factors, such as temperature.
Semi-dwarfs in the subspontaneous progeny and the synthesis of red oak dwarf cultivars
Authors: Sijacic-Nikolic Mirjana , Tucovic Aleksandar , Vilotic Dragica
Published: September 2009

The main data on the occurrence of semi-dwarfs in the subspontaneous progeny of American red oak were researched. The grafting of scions from semi-dwarf trees on the stock of related species shortens the juvenile stage, i.e. accelerates the flowering, induces the self-fertilization and potential crossing of related species. The specific undertaking requires to: (1) define the desired type of the dwarf cultivar, (2) develop the model, and (3) plan the genetic nature of the conceived cultivar. The development of cultivars relies on the conceived and long-term activity.
Assortment structure in poplar plantation Populus x euramerjcana I-214 based on European standard
Authors: Danilovic Milorad , Janjatovic Gojko
Published: September 2009

Assortment structure in poplar plantation Populus x euramericana I-214 was obtained by European standard for round wood. Based on the data of theoretical cutting, the correlation between total volume of assortments and tree diameter at breast height was established. Model of the function representing the relation between total volume of assortments of superior quality and tree diameter is reciprocal. The relation between total volumes of normal-quality assortments can be represented by a logarithm model of the function, and the relation between total volume of assortments which cannot be classified into any quality class and tree diameter is best represented by a degree model. Knots up to the height of 6 m had a significant effect on the percentage of classes of superior quality. If the lower branches were pruned from standing trees up to the height of 6 m, the percentage of this class would increase averagely by 22.07%. This shows that pruning of lower branches is a very significant plantation tending measure and that it should be performed in time. Sweep also caused the decrease of percentage of superior assortments, but not to the expected degree, because the plantation is situated along the river Sava.
Decay of oak Wood provoked by fungus Stereum hirsutum (Willd. ex Fr.) S. F. Gray. and its' essential physiological requirements
Authors: Miric Milenko
Published: September 2009

White rot fungi usually decompose cell walls of attacked wood destroying tissue elements (i.e. parenchyma cells, wood fibres, tension wood, tracheas etc) in different amount, depending to wood-species as well as to its' zones. Different fungi secrete specific enzymes that are responsible for certain damages. As consequence, the wood structure use to be significantly and unfixable decomposed and changed. Microscopical analyses that have been run provided clear and indicative information relating to effects of fungal activity on wood tissue. Physiological requirements of fungi are for shore of the highest importance in understanding of mechanism of decaying process in the wood. The most important factors as like temperature and concentration of H ions, as well as main nutrients as sources of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus can affect the behaviour of wood decaying fungi. The impacts of these factors on the growth and production on mycelial mass of Stereum hirsutum (Willd. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray., have been investigated. This fungus is one of the most frequent appearing on the Sessile- and Pedunculate Oak weakened trees or felled logs, behaving as parasite as well as saprophyte. As a causer of Oak sapwood white rot S. hirsutum causes significant damages of wood at forest- as well as at industrial storages.
Manganese content in the soil and foliage of some tree species in NP "Fruska Gora"
Authors: Stankovic Dragica , Krstic Borivoj , Igic Ruzica
Published: September 2009

This paper analyses manganese content in the air, in the soil and in the vegetative parts of seven tree species at seven localities. Soil and plants contaminated by heavy metals can cause environmental risk and cause health problems. Heavy metals are substances which signalize environmental pollution. Within the study of other heavy metals (lead, nickel, zinc and iron), manganese content was analyzed in some tree species depending on the concentrations of manganese in the soil and air in the National Park "Fruska Gora", along the road M-21.
Spring hunting of European roe deer in Vojvodina: Age structure and trophy value
Authors: Gacic Dragan
Published: September 2009

Trophies of the European roe deer are the main source of income in Vojvodina hunting grounds managed by hunting associations. The specificity of site conditions (agro-biotope) aggravates the hunting, especially regarding the assessment of the age and trophy value, so the best males are hunted before they reach the culmination of trophy development. The aim of this study is to define reliably the age of males in spring hunting and to analyze their trophy structure. The study results show that, in the majority of the study hunting grounds, spring (May) hunting was performed correctly and professionally, and the age structure and trophy value of the males were very favorable. The males that are considered as mature for shooting account for one half of the total spring hunting, while their percentage is even higher in the so-called "trophy hunting" (60.7%), which results in a high percentage of trophies in medals (21.5%).
Analysis of flow coefficient in chair manufacture
Authors: Ivkovic Dragoljub , Zivkovic Slaven
Published: September 2009

The delivery on time is not possible without the good-quality planning of deadlines, i.e. planning of the manufacturing process duration. The study of flow coefficient enables the realistic forecasting of the manufacturing process duration. This paper points to the significance of the study of flow coefficient on scientific basis so as to determine the terms of the end of the manufacture of chairs made of sawn timber. Chairs are the products of complex construction, often almost completely made of sawn timber as the basic material. They belong to the group of export products, so it is especially significant to analyze the duration of the production cycle, and the type and the degree of stoppages in this type of production. Parallel method of production is applied in chair manufacture. The study shows that the value of flow coefficient is close to one or higher, in most cases. The results indicate that the percentage of interoperational stoppage is unjustifiably high, so it is proposed how to decrease the percentage of stoppages in the manufacturing process.
Production potential of the soil in sessile oak coppice forests
Authors: Kosanin Olivera , Knezevic Milan
Published: September 2009

The soils in sessile oak forests were studied at three localities in the region of Northeast Serbia. Brownised dystrict humus-siliceous soil was studied on gneiss in M.U. "Zlatica" - N.P. "Djerdap", in the forest of sessile oak with fescue grass (Quercetum montanum subass. festucetosum heterophyllae). Dystric acid brown soil on gneiss was studied in the region of F.E. "Severni Kucaj", M.U. "Ravna Reka", in the community of sessile oak and hornbeam (Querco-Carpinetum moesiacum), and in the region of the Teaching Base "Majdanpecka Domena" in M.U. "Crna Reka - Pek", in the forest of sessile oak with hairy sedge (Quercetum montanum subass. caricetosum pilosae) on schist's. Eutric brown soil was studied on amphibolite schist and on basic and neutral eruptive rocks in the region of N.P. "Djerdap", in M.U. "Zlatica", in the typical sessile oak forest (Quercetum montanum subass. tipicum).
The influence of fire retardants on the properties of beech and poplar veneers and plywood
Authors: Miljkovic Jovan , Grmusa Ivana , Djiporovic Milanka , Kacarevic-Popovic Zorica
Published: September 2009

Rising demands for fire resistance properties of wood construction and elements matching new standards have been an important part of building codes during the last decade. On the other side, lack of more detailed research on interaction between wood species and selected fire retardant chemicals even with basically one is evident. This is particularly truth with domestic wood species. In this research, beech and poplar veneers were immersed in 25% solutions of monoammonium phosphate (MP) and sodium acetate (SA) and impregnated for different periods of time. To determine the preliminary level of fire retardancy achieved in veneers before manufacturing of finished plywood, thermo gravimetric (TG) and derivative thermo gravimetric (DTG) methods were used. TG and DTG analyses of treated and untreated wood, as well as of fire retardants alone, were performed. The next properties of impregnated and no impregnated veneers and plywood were determined: absorption of imp regnant solution (A), weight percent gain (WPG) of imp regnant, equilibrium moisture content (EMC), pH values, and in the case of plywood, strength and fire resistance. Fire resistance of plywood was tested in accordance with standard test for resistance to the effects of fire and the most efficient fire retardant, monoammonium phosphate, had the same result as TG/DTG analyses, which pointed out the validity of TG methods in predicting fire resistance of future products.
Ecological-genetic specificities of the cultivated plant resistance to pathogens
Authors: Tucovic Aleksandar , Karadzic Dragan , Milijasevic Tanja
Published: September 2009

This paper presents the method, specificities and the study results of the specificities of cultivated plant resistance. Experimental methods have the greatest contribution in the analysis of resistance. The cultivated plant resistance is the consequence of major ecological and genetic differentiations in the populations of pathogens and cultivated plants.
Taxodium ascendens Brongn.: Allochthonous conifer species in Serbia
Authors: Tucovic Aleksandar , Ocokoljic Mirjana
Published: September 2009

The differential characters of the cultivated tree Taxodium ascendens Brongn and Taxodium distichum L. Rich. trees in the Banja Koviljaca Park are described. Taxodium ascendens Brongn. is differentiated as the adaptive and fast-growing conifer for the conditions in Serbia.
Contribution to the study of fungi in the genera Sparassis Fr. and Hericium Pers. in our forests
Authors: Karadzic Dragan
Published: September 2009

Fungi in the genera Sparassis and Hericium cause wood decay. In the forests of Serbia and Montenegro 4 species are identified in the genus Sparassis, and 3 species in the genus Hericium. These fungi develop on physiologically weakened trees, recently killed trees and branch litter (windthrows, broken trees, logs, thick branches). Especially great damage in the stands of Pinus species can be caused by the fungus Sparassis crispa. This fungus colonizes the living trees through the root and causes the brown cubical rot of wood. The rot then spreads from the root to the heartwood and gradually occupies the lower, economically the most valuable part of the tree. In the young phase, the fruiting bodies of all the identified species are edible. Sparassis crispa and Hericium erinaceus excel by their nutritive value and today (in some countries) they are even artificially cultivated.
Characteristics of acric luvisol on Magles limestones
Authors: Knezevic Milan , Kosanin Olivera
Published: September 2009

Very deep soils with clearly differentiated two-layered profile physiography were studied on the limestones of the mountain Magles. The very marked morphological differentiation of the profile is followed by significant textural differences and the variation of chemical characteristics of the soils. The profiles are 80-140 cm deep. The topsoil part of the solum, yellow-brown in colour, is 30-90 cm deep. Its textural class is silty-clay loam. Its chemical characteristics are very acid reaction and very low degree of base saturation. The relic (B) horizon is reddish brown in colour, and it is characterized by a very high percentage of the colloidal clay, it is highly plastic and it has a compact structure. Its reaction is mostly weak acid to neutral, and the degree of base saturation is very high. The study results confirm the hypothesis of a very high impact of the Aeolian process on the formation of deep two-layered profiles on Magles limestones.
Floristic diversity of the Jadar river valley as a factor of river management
Authors: Obratov-Petkovic Dragica , Petkovic Slobodan , Popovic Ivana
Published: September 2009

Within the study of the River Jadar management, the biological and hydro-engineering characteristics of the watercourse and the riparian land were comparatively researched. The floristic diversity of the Jadar riparian area was studied and the existing plant species and communities, life forms and floral elements were identified. On the other hand, the study of the morphological and hydraulic characteristics of the water course included the basic factors of river channel and banks regulation - the variation of morphometric parameters, hydraulic resistance and the stability of the river banks. Based on the study results, the guidelines of river management were defined from the aspect of biodiversity conservation and ecosystem enhancement of the Jadar valley. .
Macroscopic characteristics of sessile oak trunk in coppice forests of NP "Djerdap"
Authors: Popovic Zdravko , Todorovic Nebojsa
Published: September 2009

The study of the macroscopic characteristics of wood contributes to the better yield and implementation in the processes of wood processing. Based on the analysis of the significance of coppice forests, this paper presents a part of the study which deals with some parameters of macroscopic characteristics of sessile oak in coppice forests of the National Park "Djerdap". The research was performed on 3 representative trees. The following macroscopic characteristics of oak wood were researched: percentage of stemwood, growth ring width, thickness and percentage of bark, site and percentage of sapwood and heartwood, as well as their variation per tree height. Also, wood moisture was determined at the time of tree felling, as well as its variation per tree height.
Wood volume distribution as an indicatorof stand homogeneity
Authors: Vuckovic Milivoj , Stajic Branko
Published: September 2009

The results of stand homogeneity definition are analyzed based on the percentage ratio of the distribution of tree number and the distribution of volume per diameter degrees. Homogeneity is defined based on homogeneity index (H) and Lorenz?s curve. Homogeneous stand is the hypothetical stand whose trees have equal volumes. Real stands, depending on their silvicultural form and treatment, as well as the development stage, are more or less distant from the absolutely homogenous state. The effect of the diameter degree width on the accuracy of homogeneity index calculation was determined and the possibility of applying the homogeneity index as an additional parameter for the assessment of site quality of selection stands was analyzed.
Antler growth in male roe deer in field hunting grounds in Vojvodina: Effect of age on trophy value
Authors: Gacic Dragan
Published: September 2009

Antler growth in male roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L) was studied on the representative sample consisting of 546 trophies (227 from Backa and 319 from Banat) hunted in the period 19982005. No significant differences in antler characters and trophy values were noted between Backa and Banat (except weight of antlers for 5 year old males), and the data for both regions were pooled. Antler growth is a curvilinear function of age. Mean values of length, weight and volume of antlers, and total trophy score varied significantly between the males in different age groups. The study results prove that in Vojvodina field hunting grounds, healthy males attain the culmination in antler growth and trophy value at the age of six years but already after the age of seven years, they show the first sign of old age and decline.
Role of Armillaria species on tree dying in Turkey oak and Hungarian oak forest in Lipovica
Authors: Keca Nenad , Karadzic Dragan
Published: September 2009

The species and population structure of Armillaria species were studied in Turkey oak and Hungarian oak forest. Two species were observed, Armillaria gallica and A. mellea. Armillaria mellea was found on only one tree, and A. gallica was found on seven trees. Four gewets of A. gallica were observed of which two were represented only by one isolate each, while two covered the area of 5 and 9 areas respectively.
Some characteristics of urea-formaldehyde powder adhesives
Authors: Miljkovic Jovan , Gavrilovic-Grmusa Ivana , Djiporovic-Momcilovic Milanka , Popovic Mladjan
Published: September 2009

Urea-formaldehyde (UF) glue resins were the most important type of adhesives in the wood industry last 60 years, especially for the production of wood based panels. More convenient spray dried UF powders went into use last two decades. Small and medium private wood processing plants in Serbia prefer to use such powder adhesives, since they are more convenient for small capacity production. There is no production of UF powder resin in Serbia so necessary quantities are imported from abroad including producers from Asia. However, their characteristics are variable, dependent on syntheses steps and not well known among users. Objective of this research was to determine conveniences and lacks in application of two imported UF powder resins in comparison to domestic UF emulsion.
Edge screw withdrawal resistance in conventional particleboard and OSB: Influence of the particles type
Authors: Miljkovic Jovan , Popovic Mladjan , Djiporovic-Momcilovic Milanka , Gavrilovic-Grmusa Ivana
Published: September 2009

This research was based on presumption that the changes in size and shape of wood particles are expected to have certain impact on the particleboard quality in general. Since the conventional particleboard (PB) and oriented strand board (OSB) were built of the quite diverse wood particles, they present interesting specimens in the comparison tests. In this work, the influence of the wood particles type on the edge screw holding performance of conventional particleboard and OSB was investigated. Those tests were obtained with the screw diameters of 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm and 5 mm. Depth of embedment was 30 mm for all tests and with the pilot-hole diameter kept in the range of 80-90% in respect of the screw root diameter. Additional tests of the thickness density profile and tensile strength perpendicular to the surface of the board were conducted. Since the middle layer structure of the particleboard embeds the screw body, both mentioned parameters are considered important in the aspect of the quality of the edge screw holding performance. In order to have further insight into the conformation of the middle layer the image survey was obtained on the split board section presenting the surface of the middle layer. Significant differences in the SWR performance of OSB and PB was recorded at all screw diameters. For the screw withdrawal tests parameters OSB samples showed 56-73% superior mean values then conventional PB. On the other hand, the OSB showed wider dispersions of measured withdrawal forces at all screw diameters, which might present some of the problems in certain engineering and project calculations.
Implementation of SMED method in wood processing
Authors: Vukicevic Milan , Vojinovic Srdjan , Mladenovic Bogdan
Published: September 2009

The solution of problems in production is mainly tackled by the management based on the hardware component, i.e. by the introduction of work centres of recent generation. In this way, it ensures the continuity of quality reduced consumption of energy, humanization of work, etc. However, the interaction between technical-technological and organizational-economic aspects of production is neglected. This means that the new-generation equipment requires a modern approach to planning, organization, and management of production, as well as to economy of production. Consequently it is very important to ensure the implementation of modern organizational methods in wood processing. This paper deals with the problem of implementation of SMED method (SMED - Single Digit Minute Exchange of Die) in the aim of rationalization of set-up-end-up operations. It is known that in the conditions of discontinuous production, set-up-end-up time is a significant limiting factor in the increase of flexibility of production systems.
Effect oh health condition on aesthetic value of green spaces in Pionirski park in Belgrade
Authors: Galecic Nevenka , Glavendekic Milka , Gacic Ana
Published: September 2009

The relation between health condition and aesthetic value of green spaces was studied in Pionirski Park. Mean ratings of these values were compared and analyzed for different plant categories (broadleaf trees, coniferous trees broadleaf shrubs, evergreen shrubs and coniferous shrubs). It was concluded that in Pionirski Park broadleaf trees have higher aesthetic values than coniferous trees. Total aesthetic value of coniferous trees is lower than that of broadleaf trees, because the latter are infested by pests and diseases of assimilation organs, which have been present for many years in high degrees of infestation and infection. It was concluded that coniferous trees were significantly degraded thanks to inadequate maintenance, by which their aesthetic value was reduced and their life span significantly shortened. It is extremely important to research the current health condition of green spaces and to determine what reclamation measures are necessary to conserve and enhance its authenticity, cultural-landscape heritage and aesthetic value.
Sustainable forest management in Serbia: State and potentials
Authors: Medarevic Milan , Bankovic Stanisa , Sljukic Biljana
Published: September 2009

Starting from the internationally adopted definition of sustainable forest management, this paper points to the demands of sustainable forest management that can be satisfied by meeting the definite assumptions. The first part presents the objectives of forest and woodland management planning and utilisation, hunting management, and protection of protected areas, as well as the all-inclusive compatible goals of forest policy in Serbia. The second part presents the analysis of the present state of forests in Serbia, in relation to the Pan-European criteria for the assessment of sustainability, and the potentials of our forests to meet all the demands.
Assessment of the effect of quality factors on the assortment structure in poplar plantations
Authors: Danilovic Milorad
Published: September 2009

Quality factors affecting the assortment quality structure in poplar plantations were researched on nine temporary sample plots in the period 1997-2004, from the aspect of the implementation of roundwood standards. Sample plots were selected depending on the factors, the effect of which was studied. The following factors were researched: clonal species, planting pattern, flood risk, pruning of branches, plantation position and age. The study was performed by the original methodology. Based on the study results, it is concluded that knots have the highest effect on the assortment quality structure in poplar plantations, regardless of the site and stand conditions. Their effect rises significantly with the increase of tree diameter. Also, the analyses show that the number of large and rotten knots on the tree trunk increases considerably with the older age. In the flooded area, the sweep of the lower part of the stem is more intensive and multiple curvatures are frequent on the trees growing immediately along the river, whereas curvature decreases with the distance from the river bank. Based on the study results, it is concluded that the percentage of best quality assortments is considerably reduced by the above wood defects.
The most important parasitic and saprophytic fungi in Austrian pine and Scots pine plantations in Serbia
Authors: Karadzic Dragan , Milijasevic Tanja
Published: September 2009

In Austrian pine plantations in Serbia, the greatest damage is caused by the fungi Mycosphaerella pini, Sphaeropsis sapinea, Cenangium ferruginosum, Germmeniella abietina (in the mountain regions) and occasionally Armillaria spp., Lophodermium spp. (seditiosum, conigenum, pinastri) and Cyclaneusma niveum. In Scots pine plantations, the greatest damage is caused by the fungi Heterobasidion annosum (especially in plantations on sandy soils), Armillaria spp, Lophodermium seditiosum, L. pinastri, Cyclaneusma minus and Sphaeropsis sapinea. Damage caused by rust fungi (Coleosporium sennecionis, Melampsora pinitorqua and Cronartium flaccidum) occurs less frequently. In mountainous regions in Scots pine plantations, great damage is caused by Phacidium infestans, Lophodermella sulcigena and Gremmeniella abietina.
Analysis of commercial profitability of poplar plantations aged 24 years
Authors: Keca Ljiljana , Rankovic Nenad , Pajic Sanja
Published: September 2009

The commercial profitability of poplar cultivation was analysed in an artificial poplar plantation, rotation 25 years. The aim of the study was to check the justification of the invested financial means in artificial poplar plantations, based on the analysis of costs and receipts in the period of 25 years, by using the method of analysis of commercial profitability. The evaluation of investments was performed by modern methods which, in this way, found their practical implementation in forestry.
Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae): A new invasive insect pest on black locust in Serbia
Authors: Mihajlovic Ljubodrag , Glavendekic Milka , Jakovljevic Ivana , Marjanovic Sasa
Published: September 2009

Locust gall midge Obolodiplosis robiniae (Haldeman) originates from Pennsylvania, USA. It was introduced to Europe in 2003, to Italy, Veneto. Its spreading was very fast and in the following year it was identified from the Check Republic and Slovenia. In 2005, it was recorded from South Tyrol and in 2006 from Hungary, south Slovakia, Germany, Croatia, Ukraine and Serbia. During 2007 it was identified from Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia & Herzegovina, France, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, Russia and UK. The expansion of locust gall midge was also recorded in Japan, South Korea, where it was identified for the first time in 2002, and in 2005 it was identified from China. The first finding from Serbia was recorded in the autumn 2006 in the surroundings of Sabac. During 2007, it was identified from Belgrade, and in the same year and the following year (2008) it was found at numerous sites in Serbia, the Republic of Srpska and Montenegro. This study presents O. robiniae biology, method of distribution, natural enemies and the ecological significance.
Influence of different joints on quality of dining chairs
Authors: Skakic Dusan , Dzincic Igor , Nestorovic Biserka , Palija Tanja
Published: September 2009

Products quality presents one of the main causes of every contemporary organized production, which includes it, in group of basic exit characteristics. According to national standard, quality mark is based on testing of its quality characteristics. A characteristic of quality has been divided into four groups of demands: functionality (functional dimensions and stability tests), rigidity, surface rigidity, quality of materials and work piece accuracy. Dining chair has been investigated by use of different wood joints, and some remarks on construction has been given. Two groups of investigated chairs has been mounted by use of metal fittings, and one group has been connected with wood dowels by use of PVA wood glue.
Market of wooden windows in Germany from the aspect of their export from Serbia
Authors: Sretenovic Predrag , Glavonjic Branko , Rankovic Nenad
Published: September 2009

The paper presents the results of the condition, trends and impact of production on the consumption of wooden windows in Germany, with special insight into the condition, problems, trends and position of wooden windows compared to the overall window market. Special segment of the research referred to the possibilities and conditions under which the producers of wooden windows from Serbia could export more intensively to German market. In relation to that and based on the research results, the paper presents the corresponding conclusions and recommendations.
Characteristics of the soil in mountain beech communities on mountain Manjaca
Authors: Eremija Sasa
Published: September 2009

The presented results of soil study, which will be used for defining the beech forest types of management unit 'Dubicka Gora' on Mt. Manjaca, are the basis for solving a series of current tasks of forestry profession. Relief and chemical nature of limestone are the main factors of the soil cover differentiation (Knezevic, Kosanin, 2004.). The results of physical and chemical soil properties are shown and its taxonomy is determined. Forest cover is represented by heterogeneous units-forest combinations. Four basic soil types are defined on the basis of detailed field and laboratory research: rendzina on dolomite, chernozem on limestone, brown soil on limestone, illimerised soil on limestone and dolomite.
Redesign of the cooperation concept in wood processing
Authors: Vukicevic Milan
Published: September 2009

Cooperation, in combination with specialization, is aimed at the better utilization of resources, shorter production cycle and cost reduction. This means that cooperation and specialization, in addition to technological aspect, also include the organization aspect. The problem in wood processing is the fact that the organization aspect is completely neglected. For this reason, specialization and cooperation cannot reach their goal. The aim of this paper is to point out the significance of the organization aspect. The selection of cooperants cannot be based on the prices and acquaintances, recommendations, etc. There are numerous criteria which can decide the selection of cooperants. The criteria adopted in this paper are the manufacturing price and the storage cost. Based on the multicriteria decision making, it is possible to define the alternative which enables simultaneously the lowest total price and the lowest total own storage costs.
An Intensive, Progressive Exercise Program Reduces Disability and Improves Functional Performance in Patients After Single-Level Lumbar Microdiskectomy
Authors: Kulig Kornelia , Beneck George J. , Selkowitz David M. , Popovich John M. , Ge Ting Ting , Flanagan Sean P. , Poppert Elizabeth M. , Yamada Kimiko A. , Powers Christopher M. , Azen Stan , Winstein Carolee J. , Gordon James , Samudrala Srinath , Chen Thomas C. , Shamie Arya Nick , Khoo Larry T. , Spoonamore Mark J. , Wang Jeffrey C. ,   Physical Therapy Clinical Research Network (PTClinResNet)
Published: September 2009

Background

Restoration of physical function following lumbar microdiskectomy may be influenced by the postoperative care provided.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a new interventional protocol to improve functional performance in patients who have undergone a single-level lumbar microdiskectomy.

Setting

The study was conducted in physical therapy outpatient clinics.

Design and Participants

Ninety-eight participants (53 male, 45 female) who had undergone a single-level lumbar microdiskectomy were randomly allocated to receive education only or exercise and education.

Intervention and Measurements

The exercise intervention consisted of a 12-week periodized program of back extensor strength (force-generating capacity) and endurance training and mat and upright therapeutic exercises. The Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and physical measures of functional performance were tested 4 to 6 weeks postsurgery and 12 weeks later, following completion of the intervention program. Because some participants sought physical therapy outside of the study, postintervention scores were analyzed for both an as-randomized (2-group) design and an as-treated (3-group) design.

Results

In the 2-group analyses, exercise and education resulted in a greater reduction in ODI scores and a greater improvement in distance walked. In the 3-group analyses, post hoc comparisons showed a significantly greater reduction in ODI scores following exercise and education compared with the education-only and usual physical therapy groups.

Limitations

The limitations of this study include a lack of adherence to group assignment, disproportionate therapist contact time among treatment groups, and multiple use of univariate analyses.

Conclusions

An intensive, progressive exercise program combined with education reduces disability and improves function in patients who have undergone a single-level lumbar microdiskectomy.
Comparison of Gluteus Medius Muscle Electromyographic Activity During Forward and Lateral Step-up Exercises in Older Adults
Authors: Mercer Vicki Stemmons , Gross Michael T. , Sharma Subhashini , Weeks Erin
Published: September 2009

Background

Step-up exercises often are suggested for strengthening the hip abductor muscles and improving balance in older adults. Little is known, however, about whether the forward or lateral version of these exercises is best for activating the hip abductor muscles.

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine the electromyographic (EMG) amplitude of the gluteus medius (GM) muscles bilaterally during forward and lateral step-up exercises.

Design

The study design involved single-occasion repeated measures.

Methods

Twenty-seven community-dwelling adults (7 men and 20 women) with a mean (SD) age of 79.4 (8.0) years performed forward and lateral step-up exercises while the surface EMG activity of the GM muscles was recorded bilaterally. Pressure switches and dual forceplates were used to identify the ascent and descent phases. Subjects were instructed to lead with the right lower extremity during ascent and the left lower extremity during descent. Differences in normalized root-mean-square EMG amplitudes with exercise direction (forward versus lateral) and phase (ascent versus descent) were examined by use of separate repeated-measures analyses of variance for the right and left lower extremities. The alpha level was set at .05.

Results

Gluteus medius muscle EMG activity was significantly greater for lateral than for forward step-up exercises for the left lower extremity during the ascent phase and for both lower extremities during the descent phase. In addition, right GM muscle EMG activity was significantly greater during ascent than during descent for both exercise directions.

Limitations

Study limitations include use of a convenience sample and collection of limited information about participants.

Conclusions

Step-up exercises are effective in activating the GM muscle, with lateral step-up exercises requiring greater GM muscle activation than forward step-up exercises. Further study is needed to determine whether exercise programs for hip abductor muscle strengthening in older adults should preferentially include lateral over forward step-up exercises.
Outcomes following single-treatment Gamma Knife surgery for trigeminal neuralgia with a minimum 3-year follow-up
Authors: Riesenburger Ron I. , Hwang Steven W. , Schirmer Clemens M. , Zerris Vasilios , Wu Julian K. , Mahn Kerry , Klimo Paul , Mignano John , Thompson Clinton J. , Yao Kevin C.
Published: September 2009

Object

Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) has been shown to be effective in treating trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Existing studies have demonstrated success rates of 69.1–85% with median follow-up intervals of 19–60 months. However, series with uniform long-term follow-up data for all patients have been lacking. In the present study the authors examined outcomes in a series of patients with TN who underwent a single GKS treatment followed by a minimum follow-up of 36 months. They used a clinical scale that simplifies the reporting of outcome data for patients with TN.

Methods

Fifty-three consecutive patients with typical, intractable TN received a median maximum radiation dose of 80 Gy applied with a single 4-mm isocenter to the affected trigeminal nerve. Follow-up data were obtained by clinical examination and questionnaire. Outcome results were categorized into the following classes (in order of decreasing success): Class 1A, complete pain relief without medications; 1B, complete pain relief with either a decrease or no change in medications; 1C, ≥ 50% pain relief without medications; 1D, ≥ 50% pain relief with either a decrease or no change in medications; and Class 2, < 50% pain relief and/or increase in medications. Patients with Class 1A–1D outcome (equivalent to Barrow Neurological Institute Grades I–IIIb) were considered to have a good treatment outcome, whereas in patients with Class 2 outcome (equivalent to Barrow Neurological Institute Grades IV and V) treatment was considered to have failed.

Results

A good treatment outcome from initial GKS was achieved in 31 (58.5%) patients for whom the mean follow-up period was 48 months (range 36–66 months). Outcomes at last follow-up were reflected by class status: Class 1A, 32.1% of patients; 1B, 1.9%; 1C, 3.8%; 1D, 20.8%; and Class 2, 41.5%. Statistical analysis showed no difference in outcomes between patients previously treated with microvascular decompression or rhizotomy compared with patients with no previous surgical treatments. Thirty-six percent of patients reported some degree of posttreatment facial numbness. Anesthesia dolorosa did not develop in any patient.

Conclusions

Despite a time-dependent deterioration in the success rate of GKS for medically intractable TN, the authors' study showed that > 50% of patients can be expected to have a good outcome based on their scoring system, with ~ 33% having an ideal outcome (pain free with no need for medications). Long-term data, as those presented here, are important when counseling patients on their treatment options.
On the Chemical Stabilities of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Sowmiah Subbiah , Srinivasadesikan Venkatesan , Tseng Ming-Chung , Chu Yen-Ho
Published: September 2009

Ionic liquids are novel solvents of interest as greener alternatives to conventional organic solvents aimed at facilitating sustainable chemistry. As a consequence of their unusual physical properties, reusability, and eco-friendly nature, ionic liquids have attracted the attention of organic chemists. Numerous reports have revealed that many catalysts and reagents were supported in the ionic liquid phase, resulting in enhanced reactivity and selectivity in various important reaction transformations. However, synthetic chemists cannot ignore the stability data and intermolecular interactions, or even reactions that are directly applicable to organic reactions in ionic liquids. It is becoming evident from the increasing number of reports on use of ionic liquids as solvents, catalysts, and reagents in organic synthesis that they are not totally inert under many reaction conditions. While in some cases, their unexpected reactivity has proven fortuitous and in others, it is imperative that when selecting an ionic liquid for a particular synthetic application, attention must be paid to its compatibility with the reaction conditions. Even though, more than 200 room temperature ionic liquids are known, only a few reports have commented their effects on reaction mechanisms or rate/stability. Therefore, rather than attempting to give a comprehensive overview of ionic liquid chemistry, this review focuses on the non-innocent nature of ionic liquids, with a decided emphasis to clearly illuminate the ability of ionic liquids to affect the mechanistic aspects of some organic reactions thereby affecting and promoting the yield and selectivity.
Amides from Piper capense with CNS Activity – A Preliminary SAR Analysis
Authors: Pedersen Mikael  E. , Metzler Bjørn , Stafford Gary  I. , Van Staden Johannes , Jäger Anna  K. , Rasmussen Hasse  B.
Published: September 2009

Piper capense L.f. (Piperaceae) is used traditionally in South Africa as a sleep inducing remedy. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the roots of P. capense led to the isolation of piperine (1) and 4,5-dihydropiperine (2), which showed moderate affinity for the benzodiazepine site on the GABAA receptor (IC50 values of 1.2 mM and 1.0 mM, respectively). The present study suggests that strict structural properties of the amides are essential for affinity. Taken together, these observations suggest that the carbon chain must contain not less than four carbons, and that a conjugated double bond, adjacent to the amide group, is necessary for binding to the receptor and that the amine part should be bulky.