bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute non-atopic late-onset asthma induced by respiratory infection
Authors: Sobchenko S. A. , Schetchikova O. S. , Yakovleva N. V.
Published: June 2021

The aim of the study was to investigate features of respiratory infection inducing acute non-atopic late-onset asthma (NLA). Virologic and microbiologic examinations of brash biopsy samples of rhinopharyngeal and bronchial mucosa and bronchial lavage fluid were performed in 116 NLA patients admitted to a hospital in autumn and winter. The leading cause of acute NLA was found to be respiratory viral infections. We noted that different clinical NLA types had different sensibility to various viruses: adenoviruses mainly caused exacerbations of aspirin-induced asthma, respiratory syncytial and influenza A viruses were prevalently determined in non-atopic asthma. Patients with posttuberculotic lesions of the lungs mostly had viral and bacterial associations. Such mixed infection resulted in more severe and prolonged exacerbations of NLA.
Results of long-term treatment with short-acting bronchodilators of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COPD combined with asthma
Authors: Shmelev E. I. , Khmelkova M. A. , Grineva Z. O.
Published: June 2021

This study was designed to investigate long term treatment effects of short acting bronchodilators on respiratory symptoms, lung function, and the mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and COPD combined with asthma (COPD + BA). The study involved 14 COPD patients and 16 COPD+BA patients, males and females (the average age, 60 yrs) with moderate to severe disease and the mPAP higher than 20 mm Hg. Clinical examination with scoring of cough, sputum, dyspnea, and lung auscultation signs; spirometry, ECG, echocardiography, chest X ray, and blood analysis were used. Clinical status and lung function were evaluated primarily and in 4, 12, and 24 wks; the mPAP was measured initially and in 12 and 24 wks. Before the study no one patient received persistent supporting therapy with bronchodilators, 15 COPD + BA patients and 7 COPD patients were given inhaled steroids. Persistent therapy of all the patients with Berodual 2 doses 4 times daily for 24 wks resulted in improvement in the clinical symptoms and lung function parameters, reduction in mPAP in both the groups but the results were better and they were reached faster in the patients with combined pathology. Thus, the regularly combined therapy with short acting β2 agonists and anticholinergics (Berodual) can be included in the algorithm of therapy of pulmonary hypertension in patients with COPD and COPD + BA.
Peculiarities of bronchial asthma (BA) course depending on the phenomenon of overcoming the disease
Authors: Tretiakov A. Yu.
Published: June 2021

The object of the research was to study peculiarities of BA course with regard to a phenomenon of overcoming the disease. Moderate asthma patients were recruited to the trial using a questionnaire of overcoming a disease (QOD); they were divided in 2 groups: with a high (the 1 st group) and a low (the 2 nd group) QOD index. Sputum eosinophil number, airway flow rate and pulmonary hemodynamics were investigated twice simultaneously in both the groups (in 6 and 10 or 12 months). Patients with the high QOD index amounted 7.2 % of the patients examined. The 1 st group patients were characterized by stable treatment results, more stable condition under lower doses of inhaled steroids during the 6 month follow up and a reliable reduction in the pulmonary hypertension to the end of the follow up. Thus, being included to the diagnostic algorithm the QOD index could allow distinguishing BA patients with favorable and unfavorable courses of the disease, improving the treatment strategy and reducing a probability of the pulmonary hypertension worsening.
Almitrine bismesylate treatment in patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and moderate chronic respiratory failure. Open prospective multicentre trial
Authors: Chuchalin A. G. , Avdeev S. N. , Bezlepko A. V. , Dobrich V. A. , Ignatiev V. A. , Leshenko I. V. , Martinenko T. I. , Mesheriakova N. N. , Soutochnikova O. A. , Shmelev E. I. , Tsoi A. N. , Cherniak B. A. , Cherniak А. V.
Published: June 2021

The efficacy and safety of almitrine bismesylate treatment was assessed in COPD patients in 6 month open prospective multicentre trial. 77 COPD patients with moderate hypoxemia were included (males / females — 57 / 20, mean age 63.2 ± 9.7 years; mean FEV1 0.95 ± 0.38 L, mean PaO2 63.3 ± 5.4 mmHg, mean PaСO2 44.1 ± 7.3 mmHg). We used an intermittent regime of almitrine administration: 1 mg / kg / day, for 3 months, then a "window" of 1 month, and again active therapy for 2 months. Almitrine therapy resulted in improvement of РаО2: rise after 1 month to 71.5 ± 10.6 mmHg, after 3 month — to 70.3 ± 8.3 mmHg, and after 6 month — to 72.5 ± 14.2 mmHg (р < 0.001). There was a significant fall in dyspnea during daily life activities (MRC score): from 3.5 ± 0.9 to 3.0 ± 0.9 (1 month), 2.8 ± 0.9 (3 month), 2.6 ± 0.7 (6 month) (р < 0.001). The distance during 6 minute walk test (6 MWT) increased from 334 ± 108 m to 371 ± 101 m (1 month), 377 ± 88 m (3 month), 398 ± 104 m (6 month) (р < 0.001). The levels of desaturation and Borg dyspnea score during 6 MWT significantly decreased (both р < 0.001). During almitrine treatment an improvement in almost all domains of SF 36 quality of life questionnaire was noted. 58 COPD patients completed the study. The most common adverse effects were parasthesia (6.4 %) and worsening of dyspnea (5 %), pulmonary artery pressure did not change during study. Conclusions: almitrine treatment in COPD patients with moderate hypoxemia resulted in improvement of arterial oxygenation, reduction of dyspnea during daily life activities and exercise, increase of physical capacity and improvement of health related quality of life.
Porto-pulmonary hypertension and hepatopulmonary syndrome in patients with hepatic cirrhosis
Authors: Garbuzenko D. V.
Published: June 2021

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To a problem of life-time differential diagnosis of thrombosis of right or left coronary arteries. Report at the VIII Conference of Therapeutists, May 25–31, 1925 (the "Russian clinics" journal, September, 1925)
Authors: Pletnev D. D.
Published: June 2021

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British Thoracic Society guidelines for the management of suspected acute pulmonary embolism
Authors: Campbell I. A. , Fennerty A. , Miller A. C.
Published: June 2021

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About morphological changes of pulmonary vessels in lung emphysema
Authors: Izaxon E.
Published: June 2021

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Evaluation of efficacy of thiotropium bromide administration to chronic obstructive lung disease patients at Novosibirsk region
Authors: Pavlenko S. S. , Pavlenko N. S. , Kudelya L. M. , Morozova L. Ya. , Kaigorodov A. A.
Published: June 2021

A regional branch programme "Improvement of quality of life of COPD patients" had been developed and adopted at Novosibirsk region. Its content is financial support and organization of COPD treatment using thiotropium bromide. The study involved 35 COPD patients, 31of them (28 males and 3 females) completed the treatment. The average age of participants was 53.2 ± 3.9 yrs. We assessed severity of clinical signs using a 3-point scale; spirometry parameters, physical tolerability in 6-minute walk test. We also calculated cost of therapy of COPD patients. The follow-up duration was 6 months. Results demonstrated a significant reduction in clinical severity of COPD, improvement in functional capacity during the treatment with Spiriva. The rate of seeking for aid, number of seek days and length of staying in a hospitals decreased. Medical expenses for COPD treatment increased when used Spiriva due to its high cost but with regards to a total expenditure (direct and indirect) the cost-efficacy was 32.7 %.
Treatment of bronchial obstruction in patients with lung tuberculosis
Authors: Shmelev E. I. , Kuklina G. M.
Published: June 2021

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Control of efficacy of rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and asthma using functional diagnostic methods
Authors: Struchkov P. V.
Published: June 2021

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Investigation of pH of the exhaled breath condensate in inflammatory lung diseases
Authors: Anaev E. Kh. , Avdeev S. N. , Chuchalin A. G.
Published: June 2021

Investigation of inflammatory markers in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a non-invasive method for evaluation and monitoring of bronchopulmonary inflammation. Endogenous oxidative processes in the airways can be evaluated by pH measurement in the EBC. We examined 153 healthy volunteers (of them, 51 smokers) and 615 patients with lung pathology (of them, 131 asthma (BA) patients, 205 COPD patients, 43 patients with bronchiectasis, 72 patients with idiopathic lung fibrosis (ILF), 142 pneumonia patients, and 42 cystic fibrosis patients). EBC was collected with ECoScreen equipment (Erich Jaeger, Germany) using a standardized method. The EBC pH was measured using the f32 PH-meter (Beckman, USA) with a glass microelectrode. The average ECB pH was 6.16 ± 0.52 in BA, 6.35 ± 0.56 in COPD, 6.13 ± 0.46 in bronchiectasis, 5.98 ± 0.30 in ILF, 5.96 ± 0.37 in pneumonia, and 6.35 ± 0.23 in cystic fibrosis. It was significantly lower than in the healthy volunteers (6.97 ± 0.31, р < 0.0001). In patients with exacerbation of BA and COPD ECB pH was considerably lower compared with those in stable condition. A reliable growth of pH was noted in pneumonia patients after treatment of the disease. There was a correlation between ECB pH and severity of fibrotic and inflammatory disorders of lung tissue according to HRCT (r = –0.62, p = 0.01), lung diffusing capacity (r = 0.51, p = 0.01), Tiffeneau index (r = 0.68, p = 0.004) in ILF. Therefore, the ECB pH is a distinct marker of the airway inflammatory severity in lung pathology. The ECB pH monitoring can assess the inflammatory activity and efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy in lung diseases.
Social sequences of lung tuberculosis
Authors: Sukhova E. V. , Sukhov V. M. , Kornev A. V.
Published: June 2021

A problem of social sequences of lung tuberculosis has not been reflected in the literature. This study was aimed to investigate social sequences of tuberculosis. We examined a continuous sample of 100 patients with lung tuberculosis (LT) while being treated in a hospital, of them 62 males and 38 females aged 22 to 56 yrs. Fifty patients had infiltrative LT, and other 50 ones had fibrocavitating LT. The diagnosis was reached based on typical clinical, radiological, laboratory, and functional investigations. A special questionnaire was developed to study social sequences of LT. Results showed social isolation is typical for both the newly diagnosed LT patients and chronic LT. The fibrocavitating LT patients experienced negative attitude of relatives and community, worsening working conditions and narrowing fields of interest. The infiltrative LT patients were characterized by changes in marital status and disorders of living plans. Therefore, all LT patients experience social sequences of the disease.
Diagnostic value of exhaled nitric oxide and bronchial challenge tests
Authors: Meliashkevich O. A. , Ahrens P. , Gerein V.
Published: June 2021

The reported practical work shows a significance of detection the exhaled fraction of nitric oxide (FENO) compared with bronchial challenge tests to diagnose the allergic inflammation and to determine the inflammatory activity in the airways. Methods: 30 bronchial challenge tests were performed in 24 children aged 5 to 16 yrs with different degrees of sensitization detected by the pricktest. The challenge tests were performed with various allergens, the lung function was examined by spirometry or pneumotachometry, the airway resistance was studied by impulse oscillometry. The FENO was measured using a chemiluminescent gas analyzer. The FENO levels obtained after the challenge tests allowed to divide the patients with positive test results in 2 groups and those with negative test results in 3 groups. Two negative and the positive groups had the similar FENO levels and only the third negative group had different FENO level. Therefore, the FENO allows detecting the allergy imflammation including its latent form even if the challenge test is negative.
Острая сердечная недостаточность: рекомендациипо диагностике и лечению
Authors: Редакционная Статья
Published: June 2021

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The conclusion of expert meeting "New treatment perspectives of community-acquired pneumonia and bacterial sinusitis"
Authors: Chuchalin A. G. , Belousov Yu. B. , Sinopalnikov A. I. , Kozlov R. S.
Published: June 2021

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Guidelines for occupational asthma
Authors: . .
Published: June 2021

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Pulmonary epithelioid hemangioepithelioma
Authors: Pavlov K. A. , Dubova E. A. , Shchegolev A. I. , Pikunov M. Yu.
Published: June 2021

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Ways to "keep the population" and the role of respiratory diseases for resolution of this problem
Authors: Velichkovsky V. T.
Published: June 2021

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Diagnostic value of cytologic investigation of cell count differential of pleural fluid
Authors: Grigoruk O. G. , Lazarev A. F. , Bazulina L. M.
Published: June 2021

The cell count differential of pleural fluid sample is of great importance for estimation of the nature of pleural effusion. In the present article, we compared the efficiencies of routine cytology method with light microscopy, cytological examination with centrifuge Cytospin-4 and immunocytochemical methods. We have studied cytological samples from 1597 patients, with pleural effusion. Effusions associated with malignancies were reported in 22.7 % of patients including carcinomatosis (74.6 %), primary tumors of pleura (21.5 %), effusions associated with non epithelial malignancies (3.9 %). Benign pleural effusions were reactive (63.6 %), tuberculotic (13.5 %), "cholesterol pleurisy" and chylothorax (0.2 %). Carcinomatous pleuritis was found in patients with lung carcinoma (55.4 %), breast cancer (21.8 %) and ovary cancer (12.2 %). Specific malignant features (direct and indirect) were noted in pleural fluid on breast cancer, carcinomas of ovary, stomach, kidney, small cell lung carcinoma and squamous cell lung carcinoma. These features are hardly detected in patients with malignancies of intestines, prostate and endometria because these types of tumours are rarely metastatic to pleura. We were failed to define particular features of lung adenocarcinoma. The centrifuge Cytospin-4 was used in the most difficult cases (13.5 %) providing minimal number of presumable diagnosis. Primary tumours of pleura are the most difficult for detection. Immunocytochemical analysis found monoclonal mesothelial cell of НВЕМ 1 clone, cytokeratin, vimentin to be positive and carcinoembry onic antigen, Ber-EP4, CD-15 to be negative in the studied tumors.
Clinical variants of lung pathology in Marfan's and Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Authors: Shakhnazarova M. D. , Rozinova N. N. , Semyachkina A. N.
Published: June 2021

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Future perspectives and problems of paediatric pulmonology in Russia
Authors: Gheppae N. A. , Volkov I. K.
Published: June 2021

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Bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Ovsyannikov D. Yu. , Kuzmenko L. G.
Published: June 2021

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Berodual in therapy of bronchoobstructive syndrome: the classics and the contemporaneity
Authors: Tsarkova S. A. , Leshchenko I. V.
Published: June 2021

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A role of respiratory infections in exacerbations of asthma
Authors: Chuchalin A. G. , Ospelnikova T. P. , Osipova G. L. , Lizogub N. V. , Gervazieva V. B. , Krivitskaya V. Z. , Grigoryan S. S. , Mazurina S. A. , Faizuloev E. B. , Nikonova A. A. , Pankratova V. N. , Goncharova S. A.
Published: June 2021

Nineteen patients aged 18–65 years with moderate and severe exacerbations of atopic asthma were examined for respiratory viruses, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Interferon system, IL-4 and γ-IFN serum levels were also investigated. Viral infections (RS-virus, adenovirus, influenza types A (H1N1, H3N2) and B viruses, parainfluenza types 1 and 3 viruses) were diagnosed serologically or using PCR with direct detection of viral nucleic acids in 73.6 % of the patients. Diagnostic level of Mycoplasma pneumoniae antigen was found in 78.9 % of the patients, anti-Chlamydophila pneumoniae antibodies were detected in 31.6 %. Leukocyte interferon-producing function was decreased in all the patients.
Influence of infectious factors on asthma course
Authors: Korvyakov S. A.
Published: June 2021

Microbial contamination of airways is of great interest due to its influence on bronchial asthma (BA) course. The aim of this study was to investigate sputum and colonic microflora in BA patients, influence of dysbiosis on BA course and to find ways for its correction. The study involved 108 BA patients (84 females, 24 males), 15 to 60 years of age, divided into 2 groups: 69 patients with good clinical effect of standard asthma therapy and 40 patients without clinical improvement after 2-wk standard therapy (torpid BA course). The patients have been observed for a year. We evaluated rate and severity of BA exacerbations, sputum and colonic flora. An original questionnaire has been developed to assess main asthma features and their influence of the patient's status. Pathogenic or conditional-pathogenic flora presented in associations with fungi in 85 % was yielded in all the patients with torpid BA course. Antimicrobial and antifungal medications allowed improved asthma control in 82 % and eradication of airway pathogens in 70 % of the patients. Colonic dysbiosis was found in 94.9 % of BA patients. Its correction resulted in better BA control. This effect have maintained for 3 to 5 months after probiotic therapy was finished. Thereafter these patients required repeated bacteriological monitoring and treatment.
Prevalence and particular features of tobacco smoking among adolescents in Chapaevsk, Samara region
Authors: Mokina N. A. , Zeilert V. Yu. , Saraeva N. I. , Sakharova G. M. , Antonov N. S.
Published: June 2021

Under the epidemic rising of tobacco consumption among working-aged people worldwide, there is little Russian detailed data on prevalence and particularities of active and passive tobacco smoking among adolescents. The present 4-stage study involved schoolchildren and students of trade schools (13 to 18 years of age) at Chapaevsk, which is a large industry center of Samara region. The prevalence of tobacco smoking among these adolescents was as high as 28 %. The average age of starting smoking was 14.7 ± 0.4 yrs. A significant effect of tobacco smoking on airway aerodynamics and low motivation for quitting the smoking were found. The most of adolescents had low nicotine dependence but were poorly motivated for smoking cessation and highly influenced by the social surroundings to re-start smoking. The majority of adolescents renewed smoking after return to habitual social conditions.
Morphological and structural variants of cellular and stromal interaction in a focus of destruction in acute lung abscess and lung gangrene in term of formation and stabilisation of fibrin-associated processes
Authors: Shoikhet Ya. N. , Lepilov A. V. , Motin Yu. G. , Bochkarev A. P.
Published: June 2021

Purulent and destructive lung diseases are often complicated by loss of anatomic structure of lung tissue, development of lung cirrhosis with subsequent respiratory and heart failure. We performed pathomorphological examination of operational and post mortem lung tissue specimens from 116 inpatients of 25 to 78 years of age with acute lung abscess or lung gangrene who was treated at a pulmonology center from 1999 to 2005. Acute lung inflammation tending to suppuration was characterized by pronounced cell reaction with no "fibrin blockage" and resulted in extended histolysis and abscess formation. "Young" fibrin was often found. Microvessels were fully passable, full-blooded with no fibrin into lumen. At subacute stage, fibrin was "maturing" with subsequent organization and growth of granulated tissue. Clinically, there were sequestered lung abscesses. Massive deposits of "young" and "maturing" fibrin formed "fibrin cocoon" with macrophages and neutrophils bricked up inside. Cell reaction was weak. There were swelling and desquamation of endothelium of microvessels, massive fibrin deposits into vessel lumen and prominent perivascular impregnation with fibrin. This pathological variant could lead to formation of abscess or pulmonary fibrosis with carnification. In cases of massive subtotal or total, often bilateral lung injury with weak delimiting of purulent and destructive process massive destructive zones with resting lung parenchyma faintly impregnated with fibrin were seen. There were no features of fibrin deposition inside microvessels. Functional activity of neutrophils and macrophages was greatly decreased. Therefore, the most favourable pathohistological variant appears to be formation of fibrin blockage consisted of "young" fibrin deposits; prominent cell reaction and absence of microcirculatory block. Structural changes of cells and stroma should be considered during pathological examination in order to provide optimal treatment strategy.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and co-morbidities
Authors: Chuchalin A. G.
Published: June 2021

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Challenge bronchomotor tests in functional assessment of respiratory system in sportsmen
Authors: Gavrish T. V. , Gavrish I. V.
Published: June 2021

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Evaluation of the central arterial pressure in patients with bronchial asthma
Authors: Geltser B. I. , Brodskaya T. A. , Nevzorova V. A. , Motkina E. V.
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this work was to study the central arterial pressure (CAP) and its correlation with peripheral arterial pressure (PAP) and aortic stiffness in patients with bronchial asthma (BА). We examined 45 asthmatic patients and 25 healthy volunteers using noninvasive arteriography (TensioClinic TL1 arteriograph, TensioMed, Hungary). Aortic stiffness parameters and aortic systolic arterial pressure (SAP) were measured. We estimated a difference between the central SAP and the peripheral SAP (ΔSAP) and calculated index of CAP to PAP conformity (IC). According to the indirect arteriography, the central (aortic) SAP was 20 to 40 % higher in majority of patients with exacerbation of severe and moderate BА compared to the normal level. During BА exacerbation, ΔSAP was significantly decreased and IC was increased in comparison with the healthy persons in whom ΔSAP was 10.2 ± 2.1 mm Hg. This indicates abnormal CAP/PAP ratio in BA exacerbation. In stable BA, CAP, PAP, ΔSAP, and IC did not differ from control values; this assumes transitory character of hemodynamic disorders in BA exacerbation. The degree of increase in aortic SAP during BA exacerbation is thought to be closely connected with abnormal mechanical properties of the arterial walls. This was confirmed by significant correlations between aortic SAP and hypoxemia, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, and hyponitrooxidemia. These factors could play an important role in the pathogenesis of growth in aortic SAP in BA patients.
Pulmonary bronchophonography in early-aged patients with bronchial asthma
Authors: Geppe N. A. , Seliverstova N. A. , Malyshev V. S. , Utyusheva M. G. , Starostina L. S. , Ozerskaya I. V.
Published: June 2021

In this work, use of pulmonary bronchophonography for functional evaluation of respiratory system was analyzed in early-aged patients with bronchial asthma. A computerized acoustic diagnostic complex Pattern-01 was used for this purpose. The breathing pattern was analyzed using amplitude and frequency characteristics of respiratory sound spectrum. The study involved 520 children with asthma aged 1 to 4 yrs (mean age, 2.8 ± 1.1 yrs, 294 males and 226 females) followed-up in the pediatric clinic of Moscow Medical Academy. Fifty healthy children were as controls. We investigated frequency and amplitude spectrum of respiratory sounds in exacerbated and stable asthma. High-frequency acoustic component of work of breathe was significantly different in healthy and in patients with asthma exacerbation. We have selected breathing patterns that could be further applied. Pulmonary bronchophonography allows monitoring lung function and assessing efficacy of treatment in asthma. It is an effective, noninvasive and simple method which is of special importance for detecting functional disorders in early-aged children.
Chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Mishin V. Yu.
Published: June 2021

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Paths to improve diagnostic approach in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with occupational etiology
Authors: Mokina N. A. , Ageeva V. A. , Kapishnikov P. A.
Published: June 2021

The aim of this work was to study functional and diagnostic characteristics of COPD caused by exposure of occupational hazards (chronic dust related bronchitis) using conventional and novel diagnostic methods. The study involved 52 patients (28 males, 24 females) having a history of long-term exposure to low to moderate concentrations of silica dust at the workplace. Of them, 31 % were smokers, 11 % were ex-smokers quitting the smoking ≥ 1 year before, 58 % never smoked. All were diagnosed with moderate COPD. We analyzed findings of spirometry, body plethysmography, and amplitude-frequency characteristics of respiratory sounds using bronchophonography. The functional "image" of COPD caused by occupational hazards included mixed obstructive and restrictive disorders, lung emphysema signs in body plethysmography, significant obstructive disorders in bronchophonography in all the patients, bilateral diffuse and focal abnormalities of lung perfusion in multi-projectional perfusion scintigraphy, worse spirometric values in smokers compared with non-smokers.
Pathogenic classification of occupational respiratory diseases caused by exposure of fibrogenic dust
Authors: Velichkovsky B. T.
Published: June 2021

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Inhaled corticosteroids in stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an evolution of opinions
Authors: Shmelev E. I.
Published: June 2021

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Current approach to diagnosis, antibacterial therapy and prevention of community-acquired pneumonia in adults (on the basis of Infectious Diseases Society of America / American Thoracic Society Consensus Guidelines on the Management of community
Authors: Sinopalnikov A. I. , Chikina S. Yu. , Chuchalin A. G.
Published: June 2021

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Emphysema and air cysts of the lung
Authors: Filatova A. S. , Grinberg L. M.
Published: June 2021

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Morphological and functional erythrocyte parameters in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Privalova E. V. , Vavilova T. V. , Kuzubova N. A.
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate morphological and functional erythrocyte parameters in smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We measured erythrocyte parameters (RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, RDW-SD) using the automatic hematological analyzer Sysmex XT-2000i. Sixty-nine patients participated in the study. The patients were divided into 3 groups: 34 patients with COPD (mean age 63 yrs, median smoking history 36 packyrs); 15 smokers without bronchial obstruction (mean age 56 yrs, median smoking history 28 packyrs) and 20 nonsmokers of the sane age without bronchial obstruction. Smokers with COPD and smokers without bronchial obstruction had significantly higher erythrocyte parameters compared to those of nonsmokers. Smokers demonstrated higher HGB level that could be as a compensatory reaction to nicotine-related preclinical hypoxia. Marked increase in RBC number and anisocytosis (RDW-SD) reflected the erythron activation in smokers with COPD. These results suggest that measurement of erythrocyte parameters could be useful to assess symptomatic erythrocytosis in COPD patients.
Non-invasive lung ventilation in acute respiratory failure in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Avdeev S. N.
Published: June 2021

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Nitroxide changes in newborns with acute lung injury syndrome
Authors: Yashchenko Yu. B. , Buryak A. G.
Published: June 2021

Investigation of informative value of NO metabolite measurement in the exhaled breath condensate (EBC) has been performed. NO metabolites were considered as a biochemical marker for detection and monitoring of course of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in newborns. Measurement of NO metabolites in EBC was performed using spectrophotometry with Grace`s reagent in 80 newborns with different stages of ARDS. Two-fold increase in NO metabolite concentration was found in early stage ARDS (the acute lung injury syndrome) and 3- to 4-fold increase was found in advanced ARDS. In the terminal stage of ARDS, NO synthesis decreased to the level measured in controls. Multifactoral nitroxide changes in the lungs depending on activity of pulmonary proteolysis and fibrinolysis and functional activity of blood neutrophils were describes. Measurement of NO metabolites in EBC is a sensitive and informative test to diagnose ARDS in newborns and could be used for diagnosis of parenchymal type respiratory failure and evaluation of its clinical course in newborns.
Morphological investigation of respiratory tract in rats affected by nitrogen dioxide
Authors: Dvorakovskaya I. V. , Kuzubova N. A. , Fionik A. M. , Platonova I. S. , Lebedeva E. S. , Danilov L. N.
Published: June 2021

The study was performed in 120 Wistar male rats. Animals were exposed to nitrogen dioxide for 15, 30, 60 or 90 days. Ten intact rats were as controls for each exposed group. Histological examination was performed using immunohistochemistry and morphometry. Pathological changes developed simultaneously in all lung structures. After 15-day exposition with nitrogen dioxide, acute changes have been observed, such as oedema, mucosal thickening and inflammation, enhanced bronchial secretion. In 30 days, morphological features reflected a subacute stage. In 60 days of exposition, inflammation became chronic with sclerosis of bronchial wall followed by worsening of the pathology and occurrence of panacinar emphysema if exposition was prolonged to 90 days.
Изменения регионарной перфузии легких у ликвидаторов
последствий аварии на Чернобыльской АЭС
Authors: Поровский Я.В. , Завадовская В.Д. , Тетенев Ф.Ф. , Огородова Л.М.
Published: June 2021

Проведена компьютерная томография и перфузионная сцинтиграфия легких у 12 ликвидаторов последствий аварии на Чернобыльской
АЭС, участвовавших в восстановительных работах, связанных с повышенной запыленностью, и 15 больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ). Коэффициент перфузии верхних / нижних отделов легких (Upper / Lov) у ликвидаторов был в среднем ниже, чем у больных ХОБЛ при одинаковой воздушности легочной ткани. Нарушение перераспределения кровотока от нижних к верхним
отделам легких при ингаляции "чернобыльской пыли" у ликвидаторов может быть связано с развитием периваскулярного фиброза.
Современные рекомендации по ведению больных
бронхиальной астмой в амбулаторно-поликлинических
условиях
Authors: Вахрушев Я.М. , Жукова И.В.
Published: June 2021

Под наблюдением в условиях поликлиники находились 102 больных бронхиальной астмой (БА) на фоне проведения ступенчатой базисной терапии и использования образовательных программ. Показано, что применение адекватной базисной терапии в соответствие
с тяжестью БА оказывает благоприятное влияние на ее клиническое течение, улучшает функцию внешнего дыхания. Обучение в астма-школе дает навыки индивидуального контроля над течением заболевания. В результате у 58 пациентов БА полностью поддавалась контролю, у 31 - носила частично контролируемый характер, и только у 13 больных было неконтролируемое течение болезни.
Роль хронического воспалительного процесса
в прогрессировании атеросклероза у пациентов
с хронической обструктивной болезнью легких
в сочетании с артериальной гипертонией
Authors: Милютина О.В. , Чичерина Е.Н.
Published: June 2021

Целью исследования явилось изучение влияния симвастатина на уровень С-реактивного белка (СРБ) и толщину комплекса интима-медиа (КИМ) общих сонных артерий у больных хронической обструктивной болезнью легких (ХОБЛ) в сочетании с артериальной гипертонией (АГ).
Были oбследованы 12 больных ХОБЛ в сочетании с АГ и 21 пациент из группы сравнения. Проведены допплерографическое исследование сосудов, определение уровня СРБ, оценка липидного спектра. На фоне лечения симвастатином у больных ХОБЛ в сочетании с АГ в течение 6 мес. получена достоверная динамика снижения уровня СРБ и толщины КИМ общих сонных артерий.
Вклад токсических метаболитов оксида азота
в формирование эозинофильного воспаления
при бронхиальной астме
Authors: Козина О.В. , Огородова Л.М. , Геренг Е.А. , Петрова И.В. , Сазонов А.Э. , Егоров В.А. , Комякова Е.В.
Published: June 2021

Цель исследования состояла в оценке участия метаболитов оксида азота в формировании морфологических паттернов воспаления дыхательных путей при бронхиальной астме (БА). У 38 больных легкой и тяжелой БА проведено цитологическое и морфометрическое исследование бронхобиоптатов и изучено содержание нитритов, 3-нитротирозина, интерлейкинов 8 и 4 (IL-8, IL-4), интерферона-γ в бронхиальном смыве (БС). У больных тяжелой БА содержание 3нитротирозина в БС отрицательно коррелирует с объемной плотностью реснитчатых эпителиоцитов и числом эозинофилов в клеточном инфильтрате. Установлена однонаправленность вариабельности уровней
нитрит-аниона, IL-8 в БС и числа нейтрофилов в бронхобиоптате при тяжелой БА. Высокое содержание нитрит-аниона, IL-8 и избирательное накопление нейтрофилов в дыхательных путях при тяжелой БА ассоциировано со снижением объемной плотности всего покровного эпителия, утолщением базальной пластинки, увеличением объема соединительной и снижением доли железистой ткани.
Функционально-структурные изменения сердца
при хронической обструктивной болезни легких
в сочетании с ишемической болезнью сердца
Authors: Горелик И. Л. , Калманова Е. Н. , Айсанов З. Р. , Чучалин А. Г.
Published: June 2021

Целью настоящего исследования была оценка функционально-структурных изменений сердца у пациентов с изолированным течением
хронической обструктивной болезни легких (ХОБЛ) в сочетании с ишемической болезнью сердца (ИБС). Использовались методы
стандартной и тканевой допплерэхокардиографии. В исследовании участвовали 144 пациента, которые были разделены на 3 группы:
1-я - 59 больных ХОБЛ (I-III стадии), 2-я - 56 пациентов с сочетанием ХОБЛ и ИБС, 3-я (контрольная) - 29 курящих пациентов без
клинических и функциональных проявлений сердечнолегочной патологии. Проводились исследование функции внешнего дыхания,
эхокардиография у больных всех групп. Сравнивались планиметрические, гемодинамические, параметры тканевой допплерографии.
Индекс объема левого предсердия достоверно различался во всех группах: в 1-й - 29,2 ± 3,5; во 2-й - 33,7 ± 2,95; в 3-й - 24,1 ± 2,3.
Наиболее выраженными различия между группами были при сравнении параметра Е / Еm левого желудочка. В 1-й группе данный
показатель возрастал на 49,1 % по отношению к контрольной группе, а во 2-й - на 132,7 %. Диастолическая дисфункция левого
желудочка (ДДЛЖ) развивалась у 57,6 % пациентов 1-й группы и у 98,2 % - 2-й группы. Систолическое давление в легочной артерии в 1-й
группе было на 15 % выше, а во 2-й - на 55 % выше, чем в группе контроля. Выраженная легочная гипертензия у пациентов 2-й группы
приводила к ухудшению работы правого желудочка: индекс миокардиальной производительности правого желудочка почти в 2 раза
увеличивался у больных ХОБЛ и еще более - у пациентов с сочетанной патологией. Уменьшение соотношения показателей ранней
и поздней диастолической волн при использовании тканевого допплера c латерального кольца трикуспидального клапана регистрировалось у пациентов 1-й группы и было более выраженным во 2-й группе, что подтверждает усиление степени ДДЛЖ у пациентов
с сочетанием ХОБЛ и ИБС, по сравнению с больными ХОБЛ. Таким образом, метод тканевой допплерографии помогает обнаружить ДД
обоих желудочков на более ранней стадии, когда посредством импульсно-волновой допплерографии изменения не выявляются.
Полиморфизм генов хемокиновых рецепторов ССR5 и CCR2
у больных бронхиальной астмой и их родственников
Authors: Черкашина И. И. , Никулина С. Ю. , Шульман В. А. , Логвиненко Н. И. , Максимов В. Н. , Воевода М. И. , Чернова А. А.
Published: June 2021

Проведено семейное обследование 62 пробандов, у которых была диагностирована бронхиальная астма (БА), и их 172 родственников I,
II, III степени родства (основная группа). В контрольную группу вошли лица без заболеваний бронхолегочной системы. В работе
использовался общепринятый комплекс обследования лиц, страдающих БА, молекулярно-генетические методы исследования, а также
методы статистической обработки данных. Был изучен полиморфизм генов хемокиновых рецепторов ССR5 и CCR2 у больных БА и их
родственников в сравнении с группой контроля. Установлено, что полиморфизм гена хемокинового рецептора CCR5 в кодирующей
области ассоциирован с БА и является важной компонентой наследственной предрасположенности к этому заболеванию. Обнаружены
статистически значимые различия в распределении частот аллелей гена CCR2 между группами родственников с аллергией и здоровыми
родственниками. Можно предположить, что носительство аллеля 64I гена CCR2 является предрасполагающим фактором развития
аллергии.
Качество жизни у лиц, излеченных от туберкулеза легких
Authors: Чушкин М. И. , Мандрыкин Ю. В. , Ярцев С. С. , Белевский А. С. , Мещерякова Н. Н.
Published: June 2021

Целью настоящей работы было изучение качества жизни с помощью Респираторного вопросника Госпиталя св. Георгия для оценки дыхательной функции (SGRQ), исходного индекса одышки (BDI), Анкеты по одышке Университета Сан-Диего (SOBQ) у лиц, излеченных от туберкулеза легких. Были обследованы 152 человека в возрасте от 20 до 82 лет. Средние величины по всем показателям SGRQ
были снижены по сравнению со здоровыми лицами. У 152 пациентов параметры "симптомы" и "активность" составили по 27 %, "влияние" - 16 %, а общая оценка - 21 %. Средняя величина по SOBQ равнялась 16 баллам, а по BDI - 9,7 балла. Наличие выделения микобактерий туберкулеза (МБТ) в анамнезе, снижение функции внешнего дыхания значительно ухудшали качество жизни пациентов, излеченных от туберкулеза легких.
Применение аллергена туберкулезного рекомбинантного (Диаскинтест®) для идентификации туберкулезной инфекции
Authors: Mednikov B. L.
Published: June 2021

Представленные данные обосновывают применение кожной пробы с препаратом Диаскинтест® в комплексе с другими методами для диагностики туберкулеза, активности процесса, эффективности лечения, дифференциальной диагностики и в качестве скрининг-теста высокого риска развития активного туберкулеза.
Эффективность и безопасность двух форм
ингаляционного тобрамицина при обострении
бронхолегочной инфекции у детей,
больных муковисцидозом
Authors: Семыкин С. Ю. , Постников С. С. , Поликарпова С. В. , Дубовик Л. Г. , Сагателян М. А.
Published: June 2021

В статье приводятся данные 1-го в России 15-дневного исследования эффективности и безопасности ингаляционного тобрамицина
в составе комбинации антибиотиков у больных муковисцидозом с обострением бронхолегочного процесса. Отмечено значительное
повышение эффективности терапии при добавлении ингаляционного тобрамицина к стандартным режимам системных антибиотиков
при хорошей безопасности и переносимости лечения.
Клинические особенности внебольничной пневмонии
у больных гриппом А / Н1N1
Authors: Говорин А. В. , Серебрякова О. М. , Филев А. П. , Романова Е. Н.
Published: June 2021

Проведен анализ медицинских карт 97 пациентов с внебольничной пневмонией (ВП), осложнившей грипп А / H1N1. Отмечены кли
нические особенности заболевания - более частое 2стороннее поражение легких, способность к развитию и быстрому прогрессирова
нию острой дыхательной недостаточности (ОДН), высокая частота синдрома диссеминированного внутрисосудистого свертывания
крови. Тяжелая ОДН, вследствие острого респираторного дистресссиндрома (ОРДС), у 16 пациентов явилась показанием для искус
ственной вентиляции легких. В 20 случаях имел место летальный исход, непосредственной причиной являлись ОДН, отек головного
мозга, отек легких, инфекционнотоксический шок на фоне ОРДС.
Диаскинтест® в диагностике и дифференциальной
диагностике туберкулезной инфекции
Authors: Леви Д. Т. , Позднякова А. С. , Бабченок И. В.
Published: June 2021

Представлены результаты оценки эффективности использования нового диагностического препарата Диаскинтест® для диагностики
и дифференциальной диагностики туберкулезной инфекции. Проведено экспериментальное и клиническое исследование по изучению
чувствительности и специфичности препарата, а также сравнительный анализ ответа на туберкулин и Диаскинтест у 70 детей и под
ростков: тубинфицированных, больных туберкулезом и здоровых, вакцинированных БЦЖ.
Эпидемиологический анализ профессиональной заболеваемости органов дыхания в Республике Татарстан
Authors: Амиров Н. Х. , Берхеева З. М. , Мазитова Н. Н.
Published: June 2021

Проведен эпидемиологический анализ профессиональной заболеваемости в Республике Татарстан (РТ). Дана характеристика ведущих нозологических форм профессиональных заболеваний органов дыхания (ПЗ ОД). Показаны региональные особенности эпидемио� логии ПЗ ОД в регионе: увеличение удельного веса ПЗ ОД при параллельном росте абсолютного числа выявляемых случаев, прогрес� сивное снижение удельного веса первичной инвалидизации при ПЗ ОД. Показано, что в течение последних лет большинство случаев заболеваний диагностируется у работников крупных предприятий с сохранившимися здравпунктами и цеховой службой. При этом сократилась диагностика ПЗ ОД у работников мелких предприятий, не имеющих собственной медицинской службы, и расположенных в сельских районах. Делается вывод о необходимости координации деятельности работодателя, медицинской организации, центра профпатологии и органов Роспотребнадзора.
Влияние Иммуновенина на свободнорадикальное окисление у больных пневмонией
Authors: Фархутдинов У. Р. , Мирхайдаров А. М. , Фархутдинов Р. Р. , Фархутдинов Ш. У.
Published: June 2021

Методом регистрации люминолзависимой хемилюминесценции (ХЛ) у 68 больных внебольничной пневмонией (ВП) исследовали генерацию активных форм кислорода (АФК) в цельной крови. Интенсивность ХЛ цельной крови больных зависела от выраженности воспалительного процесса. Были выделены группы больных с высокой и низкой ХЛ крови. В комплексном лечении 33 больных ВП применили иммуноглобулин нормальный человеческий для внутривенного введения (Иммуновенин). Остальные 35 больных получали общепринятую терапию. Применение Иммуновенина у больных ВП корригировало продукцию АФК и повышало эффективность их лечения. У больных, получавших общепринятую терапию, в большинстве случаев сохранялись симптомы заболевания и нарушения процессов свободнорадикального окисления в крови.
Особенности клинического течения внебольничной и нозокомиальной пневмонии у пациентов пожилого и старческого возраста
Authors: Оськина Е. А. , Жестков А. В.
Published: June 2021

Современная демографическая обстановка в России характеризуется прогрессирующим старением насе� ления на фоне снижения рождаемости [1]. Люди пожилого и старческого возраста составляют значи� тельную долю среди всех категорий пациентов меди� цинских учреждений [2]. Особенности заболеваемости лиц старшего воз� раста определяют специфику оказания им медицин� ской помощи [3]. Бактериальные инфекции пред� ставляют серьезную проблему в пожилом возрасте и оказывают существенное влияние на течение мно� гих хронических заболеваний, приводя к увеличе� нию сроков госпитализации, ухудшению прогноза и росту летальности у этой категории больных [4]. У лиц старших возрастных групп при наличии со� путствующих заболеваний летальность от внеболь� ничной пневмонии достигает 15-30 % [5]. Пневмония занимает важное место в тенотогенезе геронтологической популяции. При аутопсии у каж� дого третьего умершего в возрасте старше 60 лет мор� фологически подтверждается диагноз пневмония. Пневмония встречается чаще, чем в других возраст� ных группах, имеет вторичный характер и развивает� ся на фоне предшествующих заболеваний [6]. Целью исследования было изучение клинических, лабораторных и микробиологических особенностей внебольничной и нозокомиальной пневмонии у гос� питализированных больных пожилого и старческого возраста.
Człowiek wobec świata zwierząt w ujęciu Roberta Spaemanna
Authors: Kożuchowski Józef
Published: June 2021

W artykule przedstawiono niektóre wątki interesujących analiz filozoficzno-etycznych Roberta Spaemanna na temat świata zwierząt, podejmowanych przezeń w duchu arystotelesowskim. Dotykają one kwestii, które wydają się być szczególnym przedmiotem zainteresowania zarówno znawców zagadnienia, jak i współczesnego człowieka. Są to: natura (jej specyfika) i status ontyczny zwierząt, cierpienie i jego źródła (m.in. eksperymenty i tresura), zabijanie tych stworzeń oraz jedzenie ich mięsa.

Spaemann nie tylko nie podważał, ale w duchu myśli klasycznej i współczesnej (Helmuth Plessner) oryginalnie podkreślał istotową wyższość człowieka nad zwierzęciem. Czynił to m.in. przez zaakcentowanie zdolności człowieka do samorelatywizacji.

Według wybitnego myśliciela niemieckiego zasady etyczne normujące nasze odniesienie do zwierząt łączą się ściśle z metafizycznym rozumieniem ich bytowości. Zasady te bowiem mają swoją podstawę w teleologicznej naturze naszych mniejszych braci i podmiotowej formie ich egzystencji. Spaemann akcentował rolę życzliwości, odpowiedzialności i troski, utylitarystyczną zasadę rachunku korzyści i strat, imperatyw kategoryczny Kanta oraz normę personalistyczną. Natomiast obowiązek ochrony zwierząt i odpowiedzialności za nie rozwijał w kontekście godności ludzkiej.

Podjęto próbę wykazania, jak doniosła jest teleologiczna perspektywa, której nikt tak wyraziście i przekonująco nie ukazał w odniesieniu do zwierząt we współczesnej niemieckiej filozofii jak właśnie Spaemann. Dokonano także porównania jego stanowiska na temat świata zwierzęcego z wizją Petera Singera. Przede wszystkim w artykule podjęto próbę rekonstrukcji Spaemanna myśli dotyczącej etycznych i metafizycznych aspektów stosunku człowieka do zwierząt.
Body–Soul and the Birth and Death of Man: Benedict Hesse’s Opinion in the Mediaeval Discussion
Authors: Bajor Wanda
Published: June 2021

This issue was discussed with regard to chosen commentaries to Aristotle’s treatise De anima, formed in the so-called via moderna mainstream, in particular those of John Buridan, Nicole Oresme and Laurentius of Lindores. In such a context, the Cracovian commentaries referring to Parisian nominalists were presented by those of Benedict Hesse and Anonymus. The analyses carried out above allow one to ascertain that although William of Ockham’s opinion questioning the possibility of knowledge of the soul in the field of philosophy, nominalists of the late Middle Ages did not resign from speculation on the beginning (birth) and the separation (death) from the body of the soul, also the fate of the soul after death. They focused on the nature of the matter – human body (embryo, semen) and his relation with the soul (forma) – in the moment of birth. In the aspect of death 14th century scholars undertook the struggle, which was one with the justification of the psycho-physical unity of the human being existing after death solely as an immortal soul.

 In both thems, they tried to find their solutions, while if they could not solve these aporeticals questions – they had the courage to admit, that is not possible by solely relying on the natural forces of reason. They had to refer to the teaching of christianity, without however falling prey to fideism. This was a methodical endeavour based on the experience that natural reason in searching for the truth is not capable of its own efforts to attain to certain concepts and might on occasion err, it is then that faith becomes its guide and supplies it with more acceptable solutions. This is the courage of one of the greatest philosophers – Plato, who said that you have to have this “great courage” to undertake only probable knowledge, when another is not possible.