bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improving the NO2 Gas Sensing Performances at Room Temperature Based on TiO2 NTs/rGO Heterojunction Nanocomposites
Authors: Ling Yan , Yu Yunjiang , Tian Canxin , Zou Changwei
Published: November 2024

The development of energy-efficient, sensitive, and reliable gas sensors for monitoring NO2 concentrations has garnered considerable attention in recent years. In this manuscript, TiO2 nanotube arrays/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with varying rGO contents (TiO2 NTs/rGO) were synthesized via a two-step method for room temperature NO2 gas detection. From SEM and TEM images, it is evident that the rGO sheets not only partially surround the TiO2 nanotubes but also establish interconnection bridges between adjacent nanotubes, which is anticipated to enhance electron–hole separation by facilitating electron transfer. The optimized TiO2 NTs/rGO sensor demonstrated a sensitive response of 19.1 to 1 ppm of NO2, a 5.26-fold improvement over the undoped TiO2 sensor. Additionally, rGO doping significantly enhanced the sensor’s response/recovery times, reducing them from 24 s/42 s to 18 s/33 s with just 1 wt.% rGO. These enhancements are attributed to the increased specific surface area, higher concentration of chemisorbed oxygen species, and the formation of p-n heterojunctions between TiO2 and rGO within the nanocomposites. This study provides valuable insights for the development of TiO2/graphene-based gas sensors for detecting oxidizing gases at room temperature.
Group A Streptococcus Infections in Children: Epidemiological Insights Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Karapati Eleni , Tsantes Andreas G. , Iliodromiti Zoi , Boutsikou Theodora , Paliatsiou Styliani , Domouchtsidou Aglaia , Ioannou Petros , Petrakis Vasileios , Iacovidou Nicoletta , Sokou Rozeta
Published: November 2024

Group A streptococcus (GAS) is the cause of both mild and invasive infections in humans with a high morbidity and mortality rate. The transmission of disease usually occurs via droplets, so the implementation of infection mitigation strategies (IMS) during the COVID-19 pandemic altered the incidence of GAS infection. This review aims to provide an overview of the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the incidence of GAS infection in children (invasive or non-invasive). A surge in the incidence of invasive GAS infection was noted in December 2022 after the reversal of IMS. A global uprise in GAS infection (invasive and non-invasive) was noted, especially concerning the pediatric population. Children younger than 5 years old were mostly affected, with complicated pneumonia being the leading clinical manifestation, causing many deaths worldwide. Emm1, specifically M1UK, was recognized as the dominant lineage in Europe and correlated with invasive disease. Healthcare professionals need to be alert about the severity of GAS-related infections, leading to early identification and treatment.
The Mechanisms of Developing Fungicide Resistance in Fusarium graminearum Causing Fusarium Head Blight and Fungicide Resistance Management
Authors: Jayawardana Malini Anudya , Fernando Wannakuwattewaduge Gerard Dilantha
Published: November 2024

Fusarium head blight (FHB), primarily caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the economically significant diseases in small grains. FHB causes severe damage to wheat production and grain quality. Several management strategies have been developed to control FHB, and chemical control through fungicides plays a significant role. Although fungicides have effectively controlled F. graminearum in the field, the continuous exposure causes a selection pressure in the pathogen population towards fungicide resistance. Several studies have identified fungicide-resistant F. graminearum isolates and fungicide-resistance mechanisms. Although new fungicides with a new mode of action can be introduced into the market, developing a new fungicide is time-consuming, and extra efforts are needed for testing, approvals, and registrations. Therefore, it is essential to strategize the methods to delay the fungicide resistance. This review focuses on the impact of several fungicide applications currently used on FHB, focusing on Fusarium graminearum, the status of the fungicide sensitivity for fungicide classes, the resistance mechanisms against fungicides, and the mitigation strategies to delay the development of fungicide resistance in the pathogen population. Studying the fungicide resistance mechanisms and the mitigation strategies will be helpful in the future to use the available fungicides against F. graminearum without losing its effectiveness.
Exploring the Antiviral Potential of Artemisia annua Through JAK-STAT Pathway Targeting: A Network Pharmacology Approach
Authors: Ouassaf Mebarka , Bourougaa Lotfi , Bahaz Farial , Alhatlani Bader Y.
Published: November 2024

Background: Artemisia annua, a plant with antiviral potential, has shown promise against various viral infections, yet its mechanisms of action are not fully understood. This study explores A. annua’s antiviral effects using network pharmacology and molecular docking, focusing on key active compounds and their interactions with viral protein targets, particularly within the JAK-STAT signaling pathway—a critical mediator of immune responses to viral infections. Methods: From the TCMSP database, we identified eight active compounds and 335 drug targets for A. annua, with 19 intersecting targets between A. annua compounds and viral proteins. A protein–protein interaction (PPI) network highlighted 10 key hub genes, analyzed further through Gene Ontology (GO) and KEGG pathways to understand their immune and antiviral roles. ADMET properties of the active compound Patuletin (MOL004112) were assessed, followed by 200 ns molecular dynamics simulations to examine its stability in complex with JAK2. Results: PPI analysis identified JAK2, MAPK3, MAPK1, JAK1, PTPN1, HSPA8, TYK2, RAF1, MAPT, and HMOX1 as key hub genes, with JAK2 emerging as a critical regulator of immune and antiviral pathways. ADMET analysis confirmed Patuletin’s favorable pharmacokinetic properties, and molecular dynamics simulations showed a stable Patuletin-JAK2 complex, with FEL analysis indicating minimal disruption to JAK2’s intrinsic flexibility. Conclusions: These findings highlight JAK2 as a promising target in the antiviral activity of A. annua compounds, particularly Patuletin, supporting its potential as an antiviral agent and providing a foundation for further research on A. annua’s therapeutic applications.
The Entourage Effect in Cannabis Medicinal Products: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: André Rebeca , Gomes Ana Patrícia , Pereira-Leite Catarina , Marques-da-Costa António , Monteiro Rodrigues Luis , Sassano Michael , Rijo Patricia , Costa Maria do Céu
Published: November 2024

This study explores the complementary or synergistic effects of medicinal cannabis constituents, particularly terpenes, concerning their therapeutic potential, known as the entourage effect. A systematic review of the literature on cannabis “entourage effects” was conducted using the PRISMA model. Two research questions directed the review: (1) What are the physiological effects of terpenes and terpenoids found in cannabis? (2) What are the proven “entourage effects” of terpenes in cannabis? The initial approach involved an exploratory search in electronic databases using predefined keywords and Boolean phrases across PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EBSCO databases using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). Analysis of published studies shows no evidence of neuroprotective or anti-aggregatory effects of α-pinene and β-pinene against β-amyloid-mediated toxicity; however, modest lipid peroxidation inhibition by α-pinene, β pinene, and terpinolene may contribute to the multifaceted neuroprotection properties of these C. sativa L. prevalent monoterpenes and the triterpene friedelin. Myrcene demonstrated anti-inflammatory proprieties topically; however, in combination with CBD, it did not show significant additional differences. Exploratory evidence suggests various therapeutic benefits of terpenes, such as myrcene for relaxation; linalool as a sleep aid and to relieve exhaustion and mental stress; D-limonene as an analgesic; caryophyllene for cold tolerance and analgesia; valencene for cartilage protection; borneol for antinociceptive and anticonvulsant potential; and eucalyptol for muscle pain. While exploratory research suggests terpenes as influencers in the therapeutic benefits of cannabinoids, the potential for synergistic or additive enhancement of cannabinoid efficacy by terpenes remains unproven. Further clinical trials are needed to confirm any terpenes “entourage effects.”
The Potential Therapeutic Use of Agarwood for Diabetes: A Scoping Review
Authors: Fadzil Mohammad Adi Mohammad , Abu Seman Norhashimah , Abd Rashed Aswir
Published: November 2024

Introduction: In 2019, 9.3% (463 million) of adults worldwide had diabetes, according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF). By 2030, the number will rise to 10.2% (578 million) and 10.9% (700 million) by 2045 if effective prevention methods are not implemented. Agarwood is a pathological product and valuable plant due to its numerous medicinal properties, and it is used as an essential ingredient in medicine. Therefore, we conducted this review to determine agarwood’s potential health benefit effect on type 2 diabetes. Results and Discussion: Although no clinical trials were found, the evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies is promising. Agarwood has shown the ability to reduce the activity of α-glucosidase, α-amylase, and lipase, promote adiponectin secretion during adipogenesis, and reduce oxidative stress. Animal studies elucidated hypoglycaemic, antidyslipidemia, anti-obesity, and organ protective effects from agarwood. Materials and Methods: Original articles were searched in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library) using the medical subject heading (MeSH) term “diabetes” crossed with the term “agarwood” from 2008 to 2024. Synonyms and relevant search terms were also searched. Conclusions: This effect underscores the need for further research and the potential for groundbreaking discoveries in the field of diabetes treatment.
Pharmacokinetics and Quantitative Structure–Pharmacokinetics Relationship Study of Xanthine Derivatives with Antidepressant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Analgesic Activity in Rats
Authors: Świerczek Artur , Szafarz Małgorzata , Cios Agnieszka , Kobierski Jan , Pociecha Krzysztof , Attard Saliba Daniel , Chłoń-Rzepa Grażyna , Wyska Elżbieta
Published: November 2024

Objective: The aim of this study was to develop quantitative structure–pharmacokinetics relationship (QSPKR) models for a group of xanthine derivatives with proven pharmacological activity and to investigate its applicability for the prediction of the pharmacokinetics of these compounds. Methods: The SYBYL-X, KowWin, and MarvinSketch programs were employed to generate a total of fourteen descriptor variables for a series of new compounds: 7- and 7,8-substituted theophylline derivatives (GR-1–GR-8) and three well-known methylxanthines. Pharmacokinetic profiles of all compounds were determined after intravenous administration of studied compounds to cannulated male rats. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis. Results: Multiple linear regression revealed that logD was the main determinant of the variability in Vss, λz, and CL of the studied compounds. Moreover, λz and CL depended on LUMO and HEFO, while for Vz COAR was the only explanatory variable. The developed QSPKR models accounted for most of the variation in Vss, λz, CL, and fraction unbound (fu) (R2 ranged from 0.68 to 0.91). Cross-validation confirmed the predictive ability of the models (Q2 = 0.60, 0.71, 0.34, and 0.32 for Vss, λz, CL, and fu, respectively). Conclusions: The multivariate QSPKR models developed in this study adequately predicted the overall pharmacokinetic behavior of xanthine derivatives in rats.
Formulation, Characterisation, and Biocompatibility Assessment of Rifampicin-Loaded Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) Composites for Local Treatment of Orthopaedic and Wound Infections
Authors: Singhal Mitali , Seaton Colin C. , Surtees Alexander , Katsikogianni Maria G.
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: The escalating challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) necessitates the development of targeted antibiotic delivery platforms, minimising systemic administration. Polymer-based drug delivery emerges as a promising solution, ensuring sustained release and prolonged efficacy of bioactive compounds, ensuring long-term efficacy. Methods: This study focuses on encapsulating rifampicin (RIF), a key antibiotic for orthopaedic and wound-related infections, within Poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer, through solvent casting, to formulate a PLGA-RIF composite membrane. Comprehensive characterisation, employing Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermal analysis and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), confirmed the integrity of both the starting and produced materials. UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed a controlled drug release profile over 21 days in various media, with the chosen media influencing the drug release, notably the tryptic soya broth (TSB) caused the highest release. The quantitative assessment of the antimicrobial efficacy of the developed PLGA-RIF composite was conducted by measuring the size of the inhibition zones against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Results: The results confirmed the composite’s potential as a robust antibacterial biomaterial, demonstrating a rapid and effective antibacterial response. Cytocompatibility tests incorporated human fibroblast and osteoblast-like cell lines and demonstrated that the RIF:PLGA (1:8) formulation maintained eukaryotic cell viability, indicating the composite’s potential for targeted medical applications in combating bacterial infections with minimal systemic impact. Conclusions: This study presents the significance of investigating drug release within appropriate and relevant physiological media. A key novelty of this work therefore lies in the exploration of drug release dynamics across different media, allowing for a comprehensive understanding of how varying physiological conditions may influence drug release and its effect on biological responses.
Synthesis of Self-Assembled Nanostructured Cisplatin Using the RESS Process
Authors: Sharma Sudhir Kumar , Palanikumar Loganathan , Pasricha Renu , Prakasam Thirumurugan , Magzoub Mazin , Jagannathan Ramesh
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: The primary goal of our research is to develop a process to prepare an aqueous dispersion of Cisplatin, an important anticancer drug, with increased solubility and storage stability. Method: In this context, we report the use of a customized RESS process for the synthesis of a novel, amber-colored and viscous aqueous cisplatin solution, an important anticancer drug, which we have denoted as “liquid” cisplatin. Results: Using specialized liquid cell in situ transmission electron microscopy (Liquid in situ TEM) and Raman spectroscopy, we demonstrated that “liquid” cisplatin comprises a bi-modal distribution of a highly solvated network of stable cisplatin nanoclusters in water and exhibited 27 times greater water solubility than standard cisplatin. More importantly, “liquid” cisplatin was stable at ambient conditions for over two years. Extensive analytical characterization of “liquid” cisplatin confirmed that it retained the original chemical identity of cisplatin. Cell viability and apoptosis studies on human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells provided compelling evidence that “liquid” cisplatin demonstrated a more sustained anticancer effect compared to standard cisplatin. Conclusions: Aqueous cisplatin solubility was increased by 27X in the “liquid” cisplatin medium which retained its bio efficacy over a 2-year period. Our experimental results suggest the possibility of developing non-invasive and highly effective novel cisplatin drug-delivery platforms.
Impact of Microtopography and Neighborhood Effects on Individual Survival Across Life History Stages
Authors: Zhang Haonan , Zheng Xiao , Wu Yi , Xu Baokun , Cui Peng , Zhou Xu , Fang Yanming , Xie Lei , Ding Hui
Published: November 2024

Understanding drivers of plant community assembly and individual survival in forest ecosystems is crucial for effective conservation and management. While macro-scale factors influencing vegetation patterns are well documented, the combined impact of microtopographic variations and neighborhood effects at neighborhood scales, particularly in subtropical forests, requires further study. To contribute to this area of research, we established a 9.6 ha dynamic plot in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest to examine the interplay between microtopographic factors and neighborhood effects on individual plant survival across different life stages. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of microtopographic variables and neighborhood effects, with individual plant survival censused through repeated surveys at 5-year intervals. Mixed-effects models were employed to assess the combined influence of these factors across life stages. Our results reveal that both microtopographic factors and neighborhood effects significantly influence plant survival, with their impacts varying across life stages. Water availability, represented by flow direction, emerged as a consistently critical factor throughout all life stages. Elevation and the topographic position index showed significant positive effects on survival, particularly in later life stages, possibly reflecting adaptations to light acquisition and water drainage. The influence of topographic factors intensified with succession, while the impact of neighborhood effects, particularly asymmetric competition and conspecific negative density dependence, changed as plants matured. This study enhances our understanding of forest community assembly, emphasizing the importance of considering abiotic and biotic factors across multiple scales for effective forest conservation and management. It provides insights into mechanisms driving spatial variation in community composition, crucial for preserving biodiversity in heterogeneous forest landscapes.
Antagonistic Effects and Volatile Organic Compound Profiles of Rhizobacteria in the Biocontrol of Phytophthora capsici
Authors: Ávila-Oviedo José Luis , Méndez-Inocencio Carlos , Rodríguez-Torres María Dolores , Angoa-Pérez María Valentina , Chávez-Avilés Mauricio Nahuam , Martínez-Mendoza Erika Karina , Oregel-Zamudio Ernesto , Villar-Luna Edgar
Published: November 2024

Phytophthora capsici is a devastating pathogen in horticultural crops, particularly affecting Capsicum annuum (pepper). The overuse of chemical fungicides has led to resistance development, necessitating alternative strategies. This study investigates the antagonistic effects of four rhizobacterial isolates (Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas putida, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens) against P. capsici, focusing on the production of volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Using in vitro dual culture assays, we observed a significant inhibition of mycelial growth and sporangia production, especially by B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens. The GC-MS/SPME-HS analysis identified key VOCs responsible for these antagonistic effects. Our findings demonstrate that specific rhizobacteria and their VOCs offer a promising biocontrol strategy, potentially reducing the reliance on chemical fungicides and contributing to sustainable agriculture.
Surface Activation and Characterization of Basalt Fiber by Plasma Treatment and Its Interfacial Adhesion with Epoxy
Authors: Guo Guowan , Yang Zhongjia , Cai Mingjun , Wang Shuhan , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2024

The weakness of the fiber–matrix interface restricts the practical application of basalt fiber (BF) as a reinforcing material. In order to improve the interfacial adhesion between the BF and epoxy matrix, surface activation of the BF was carried out using low-pressure O2 and H2-Ar plasma under various conditions. The interfacial shear strength (IFSS), evaluated by a micro-droplet de-bonding test, was adopted to demonstrate the bonding effects at the BF/epoxy interphase. Compared to bare BF, the IFSS between the modified fibers and epoxy matrix was efficiently improved with an increment of 38.4% and 14.4% for O2 plasma and H2-Ar plasma treatment, respectively. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) analysis indicated that H2-Ar plasma-treated BF had a much rougher and more rugged surface than O2 plasma-treated samples. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and surface energy results revealed that O2 plasma activation could effectively increase the content of oxygenous groups on the BF surface, thus resulting in a higher total surface energy value. Based on the results, O2 plasma modification at a power of 200 W and pressure of 80 Pa for 0.5 min was considered to be the most favorable condition for the surface activation of BF.
Comparative Analysis of Fluorescent Characteristics of Different Provisional Restorative Materials for Improved Dental Esthetics
Authors: Aneksomboonpol Pitchaya , Klaisiri Awiruth , Katheng Awutsadaporn , Limchaikul Katanyoo , Intajak Papichaya , Kittikundecha Nuttaphon , Prawatvatchara Wisarut
Published: November 2024

At present, provisional restorative materials are widely used for both short- and long-term treatment purposes. In esthetic dentistry, for the simulation of natural teeth, fluorescence plays a crucial role in enhancing the elegant, vibrant, and life-like appearance of restorative teeth, making them more closely resemble natural teeth. To achieve ideal esthetic outcomes, restorative materials must replicate the characteristics of natural teeth to provide the most realistic appearance possible. Thus, this study aims to compare the color difference in fluorescence (∆E00) between a normal bovine tooth and eight provisional restorative materials under ultraviolet radiation. Eight provisional restorative materials were fabricated, for a total of 80 specimens (size 13.0 mm × 8.0 mm × 1.0 mm). A sound bovine tooth incisor was collected and used as a control for both enamel and dentine conditions. The color difference in fluorescence (∆E00) was assessed using a spectrophotometer. A one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) were used to analyze the resulting data. The results revealed that the color difference in fluorescence (∆E00) between the normal bovine tooth and eight provisional restorative materials used in this study was higher than the 50% acceptability threshold, indicating a clear mismatch between the fluorescence of the materials and that of the normal bovine tooth. Unifast Trad had the lowest ∆E00 among the provisional restorative materials, while Luxatemp Fluorescence had the highest color difference in fluorescence (∆E00). The color difference in fluorescence (∆E00) between Unifast Trad and Luxatemp Fluorescence is statistically significant. However, no significant difference was observed between Temporary CB, Vipi Block Trilux, and Protemp 4, or between Luxatemp Star and Luxatemp Fluorescence. It can thus be concluded that the ∆E00 mostly differs among the different materials. Luxatemp Star and Luxatemp Fluorescence exhibited the highest ∆E00 by a significant margin compared to the other groups.
The Effect of Laponite on the Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Poly(butylene Succinate)
Authors: Malinowski Rafał , Krasinskyi Volodymyr , Moraczewski Krzysztof , Raszkowska-Kaczor Aneta , Grytsenko Oleksandr , Moravskyi Volodymyr , Miklaszewski Andrzej
Published: November 2024

The comparison of some changes occurring in the physical properties of poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) due to its modification with Laponite (LAP) was the objective of this study. The PBS composites, containing from 1 to 7 wt% LAP, were prepared by co-rotating twin screw extrusion. The geometrical surface structure of the samples’ fractures and the LAP content in the individual composites were examined. In addition, changes in the mechanical and thermal properties, melt flow rate and moisture sorption of the composites were studied. It was found that LAP increases the elastic modulus of PBS and also decreases its impact strength and, in particular, its strain. The strength of PBS changes to a lesser extent with an increase in the LAP content, i.e., it slightly decreases in tensile tests or slightly increases in bending tests. LAP also lowers the flow rate of PBS and significantly increases moisture sorption. Moreover, the composites produced were characterized by a uniform distribution of the dispersed phase in the polymer matrix and an acceptable adhesion at the interface between the two components.
Exploring the Sustainable Utilization of Deep Eutectic Solvents for Chitin Isolation from Diverse Sources
Authors: Li Rou , Hsueh Peng-Hui , Ulfadillah Siti Ayu , Wang Shang-Ta , Tsai Min-Lang
Published: November 2024

Deep eutectic solvents (DES) represent an innovative and environmentally friendly approach for chitin isolation. Chitin is a natural nitrogenous polysaccharide, characterized by its abundance of amino and hydroxyl groups. The hydrogen bond network in DES can disrupt the crystalline structure of chitin, facilitating its isolation from bioresources by dissolving or degrading other components. DES are known for their low cost, natural chemical constituents, and recyclability. Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADES), a subclass of DES made from natural compounds, offer higher biocompatibility, biodegradability, and the lowest biotoxicity, making them highly promising for the production of eco-friendly chitin products. This review summarized studies on chitin isolation by DES, including reviews of biomass resources, isolation conditions (raw materials, DES compositions, solid–liquid ratios, temperature, and time), and the physicochemical properties of chitin products. Consequently, we have concluded that tailoring an appropriate DES-based process on the specific composition of the raw material can notably improve isolation efficiency. Acidic DES are particularly effective for extracting chitin from materials with high mineral content, such as crustacean bio-waste; for instance, the choline chloride-lactic acid DES achieved purity levels comparable to those of commercial chemical methods. By contrast, alkaline DES are better suited for chitin isolation from protein-rich sources, such as squid pens. DES facilitate calcium carbonate removal through H+ ion release and leverage unique hydrogen bonding interactions for efficient deproteination. Among these, potassium carbonate-glycerol DES have demonstrated optimal efficacy. Nonetheless, further comprehensive research is essential to evaluate the environmental impact, economic feasibility, and safety of DES application in chitin production.
Synthesis Characterization and Physicochemical Properties of Rigid Alicyclic Polyimide Films Based on Bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic Dianhydride
Authors: Pérez-Francisco José Manuel , Aguilar-Lugo Carla , Alexandrova Larissa , Gonzalez-Diaz María O. , Sulub-Sulub Rita , Loría-Bastarrachea María Isabel , Aguilar-Vega Manuel
Published: November 2024

Four polyimides based on bicyclo[2.2.2]oct-7-ene-2,3,5,6-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (BTD), BTD-MIMA, BTD-HFA, BTD-FND, and BTD-TPM, with different rigid substituted diamines were synthesized. The chemical structure of the polyimides was corroborated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. These polyimides were soluble in organic solvents and presented molecular weights (Mn) between 39 and 70 KDa. BTD-MIMA, BTD-HFA, BTD-FND, and BTD-TPM showed thermal stability above 400 °C. These polyimides also presented high glass transition temperatures between 272 and 355 °C. The alicyclic moiety increased solubility compared with other rigid polyimides. Membrane films from BTD-MIMA and BTD-HFA exhibited the highest gas permeability compared to BTD-FND and BTD-TPM. The introduction of ortho-substituents in BTD-MIMA or bulky –CF3 groups in BTD-HFA, in combination with the alicyclic dianhydride fragment, prevented chain packing and enhanced macromolecular chain rigidity. In turn, there was a shift toward higher gas permeability coefficients for BTD-MIMA and BTD-HFA, with a moderate loss of CO2/N2 and CO2/CH4 selectivity, and they presented similar selectivities to those of other reported polyimides with alicyclic BTD moieties containing asymmetric fragments.
Study on Frost Resistance of Recycled Rubber Straw Concrete Using Particle Swarm Optimization Enhanced Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Xia Qijing , Ji Yongcheng
Published: November 2024

Rubber particles and straw powder were used to prepare recycled rubber straw concrete, and the freeze–thaw test was conducted on the recycled rubber straw concrete using the quick-freezing method. The frost resistance of the recycled rubber straw concrete was evaluated by determining the relative dynamic modulus of elasticity, the rate of mass loss, and the flexural strength of the recycled rubber straw concrete in the process of freezing and thawing. SEM was used to observe the microstructure of the recycled rubber straw concrete after the freezing and thawing process. SEM observed the microstructure of recycled rubber straw concrete after freezing and thawing. The effect and mechanism of rubber admixture and straw admixture on the frost resistance of concrete were investigated by microanalysis. Based on the experimental data, the particle swarm algorithm and genetic algorithm were used to optimize the BP neural network to establish the prediction model of recycled rubber straw powder, and the results show that the PSO-BP neural network prediction model established in this paper has good accuracy and stability. It has a good prediction effect on the flexural strength and the number of freeze–thaw cycles of recycled rubber straw concrete under different mixing ratios.
Effect of the Infill Density on 3D-Printed Geometrically Graded Impact Attenuators
Authors: dos Reis Mateus Q. , Carbas Ricardo J. C. , Marques Eduardo A. S. , da Silva Lucas F. M.
Published: November 2024

Three-dimensional printing is widely becoming prevalent in various industries, including the automotive sector. As this technology advances, critical structures subjected to impact loads may also be produced using additive manufacturing. A key parameter in this technique is the infill density of the printed geometry, which directly affects mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and ductility. Functionally graded layouts present themselves as one of the best techniques to design effective impact attenuators. The present work combines these techniques and parameters to evaluate the behaviour of geometrically graded impact attenuators produced through additive manufacturing, with different infill densities for polylactic acid (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC) materials. The results obtained show an increase in the mechanical strength for both materials and all the infill densities when compared to reference quasi-static results.
Scalable Engineering of 3D Printing Filaments Derived from Recycling of Plastic Drinking Water Bottle and Glass Waste
Authors: Toghan Arafat , Alduaij Omar K. , Sanad Moustafa M. S. , Elessawy Noha A.
Published: November 2024

The most significant challenge that the world is currently facing is the development of beneficial industrial applications for solid waste. A novel strategy was implemented to produce a composite with varying loadings of glass waste nanoparticles (GWNP) in 5, 10, and 15 wt.% with recycled polyethylene terephthalate drinking water bottle waste (RPET). This strategy was based on glass and drinking water bottle waste. An analysis was conducted to evaluate the performance of the composite as filaments for 3D printer applications. This study evaluated the effect of GWNP addition on the chemical structure, thermal and mechanical characteristics of the composite. The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra of the filament composites and RPET composites exhibited similarities. However, the mechanical strength and thermal stability of the filament composites were enhanced due to the increased GWNP content. Furthermore, the results indicated that the filament developed could be utilized for 3D printing, as demonstrated by the successful fabrication of the filament composite, including 5 wt.% GWNP, using a 3D printer pen. The production of filaments using GWNP and RPET matrix presents a cost-effective, high-yield, and ecologically beneficial alternative. The present study may pave the way for the future advancement and utilization of 3D printing filaments by treating hazardous waste and using more ecologically friendly materials in design applications.
Smart Coating of Carbon Steel Using Polystyrene Clay Nanocomposites Loaded with Cerium and Silanol Inhibitors: Characterization and Electrochemical Study
Authors: Al Juhaiman Layla A. , Al Jufareen Mona A. , Al-Zahrani Saeed M. , Abdus Samad Ubair , Al-Garni Tahani S.
Published: November 2024

Local Khulays clay was modified to prepare polystyrene clay nanocomposite (PCN) coatings on carbon steel. The PCN coatings were added to microcapsules (MCs) loaded with the corrosion inhibitor PCN(MC). The microcapsules were prepared by the encapsulation of rare-earth metal Ce+3 ions and isobutyl silanol into polystyrene via the double emulsion solvent evaporation (DESE) technique. From characterization techniques, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with EDX. SEM and FT-IR confirmed the success of the preparation of the PCN(MC). Nanoindentation tests were performed on the thin-film samples. A significant reduction in both the hardness and the reduced modulus was observed for the PCN film compared to the PS film. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM) all showed an enhanced protection efficiency (%PE) of 3% PCN(MC) over 3% PCN at high temperatures and at different times. The smart coatings were proven by applying the thermal and the mechanical triggers for the 3% PCN(MC) coating. The mechanism of the release of inhibitors was discussed. The self-healing properties of 3% PCN(MC) were evaluated. The enhanced properties of the developed PCN(MC) coatings make them attractive for potential applications in the oil and other industries.
TEA Guiding Bimetallic MOF with Oriented Nanosheet Arrays for High-Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Mao Xiling , Liu Hao , Niu Tingting , Yan Xinyu , Li Mengwei
Published: November 2024

The development of supercapacitors with ultrahigh power density, high energy density, and compatible integration for wearable microelectronic devices is significant but challenging. Herein, a bimetallic metal–organic framework (Ni/Co-MOF) with oriented nanosheets was obtained via triethylamine (TEA) guiding using a hydrothermal treatment, in which the TEA guides the vertically oriented array structures of the Ni/Co-MOF and ensures a fast ion/electron transmission path. Subsequently, an asymmetric supercapacitor was rationally designed by applying the bimetallic MOF cathode and an activated carbon (AC) anode. The obtained Ni/Co-MOF sample offers a high storage capacity of 2034 F g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 by harnessing the optimized Ni/Co-MOF with uniformly oriented nanosheet arrays. The constructed asymmetric supercapacitors exhibited a large voltage window of 1.4 V in 3.0 M KOH and an outstanding energy density of 29.5 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 199.1 W kg−1 was obtained, with a remarkable capacitance retention of 89% after 2000 cycles.
Mechanical Motion and Color Change of Humidity-Responsive Cellulose Nanocrystal Films from Sunflower Pith
Authors: Wang Shujie , Liu Yanan , Tao Zhengkun , Li Yang , Jiang Jie , Zheng Ke
Published: November 2024

Nanocellulose has prompted extensive exploration of its applications in advanced functional materials, especially humidity-responsive materials. However, the sunflower pith (SP), a unique agricultural by-product with high cellulose and pectin content, is always ignored and wasted. This work applied sulfuric acid hydrolysis and sonication to sunflower pith to obtain nanocellulose and construct film materials with humidity-responsive properties. The SP nanoparticle (SP-NP) suspension could form a transparent film with stacked layers of laminated structure. Due to the tightly layered structure and expansion confinement effect, when humidity increases, the SP-NP film responds rapidly in just 0.5 s and completes a full flipping cycle in 4 s, demonstrating its excellent humidity-responsive capability. After removing hemicellulose and lignin, the SP cellulose nanocrystals (SPC-NC) could self-assemble into a chiral nematic structure in the film, displaying various structural colors based on different sonication times. The color of the SPC-NC film dynamically adjusted with changes in ambient humidity, exhibiting both functionality and aesthetics. This research provides a new perspective on the high-value utilization of sunflower pith while establishing a practical foundation for developing novel responsive cellulose-based materials.
Structural and Viscoelastic Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Composites: Implications for Prosthetics
Authors: Pogorelova Natalia , Parshin Daniil , Lipovka Anna , Besov Alexey , Digel Ilya , Larionov Pyotr
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the morphological, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels synthesized by the microbial consortium Medusomyces gisevii. BC gel films were produced under static (S) or bioreactor (BioR) conditions. Additionally, an anisotropic sandwich-like composite BC film was developed and tested, consisting of a rehydrated (S-RDH) BC film synthesized under static conditions, placed between two BioR-derived BC layers. Sample characterization was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), rheometry, and uniaxial stretching tests. To our knowledge, this is the first study to combine uniaxial and rheological tests for BC gels. AFM and SEM revealed that the organization of BC fibrils (80±20 nm in diameter) was similar to that of collagen fibers (96±31 nm) found in human dura mater, suggesting potential implications for neurosurgical practice. Stretching tests demonstrated that the drying and rehydration of BC films resulted in a 2- to 8-fold increase in rigidity compared to other samples. This trend was consistent across both small and large deformations, regardless of direction. Mechanically, the composite (BioR+S-RDH) outperformed BC hydrogels synthesized under static and bioreactor conditions by approx. 26%. The composite material (BioR+S-RDH) exhibited greater anisotropy in the stretching tests compared to S-RDH, but less than the BioR-derived hydrogels, which had anisotropy coefficients ranging from 1.29 to 2.03. BioR+S-RDH also demonstrated the most consistent viscoelastic behavior, indicating its suitability for withstanding shear stress and potential use in prosthetic applications. These findings should provide opportunities for further research and medical applications.
Exploring the Mechanical and Thermal Impact of Natural Fillers on Thermoplastic Polyurethane and Styrene–Butadiene Rubber Footwear Sole Materials
Authors: Serrano-Martínez Víctor M. , Pérez-Aguilar Henoc , Carbonell-Blasco María Pilar , Llobell-Andrés Cristina , Aran-Ais Francisca , García-García Avelina , Orgilés-Calpena Elena
Published: November 2024

The increasing concern for sustainability in the footwear industry has spurred the exploration of eco-friendly alternatives for materials commonly used in sole manufacturing. This study examined the effect of incorporating rice straw and cellulose as fillers into soles made from either styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). Both fillers were used as a substitute in mass percentages ranging from 5 to 20% in the original SBR and TPU formulas, and their impact on mechanical properties such as abrasion and tear resistance, as well as thermal properties, was thoroughly evaluated. The results demonstrated that the inclusion of fillers affects the overall performance of the soles, with the optimal balance of mechanical and thermal properties observed at a 10% filler content. At this level, improvements in durability were achieved without significantly compromising flexibility or abrasion resistance. Thermal analysis revealed increased thermal stability at moderate filler contents. This research not only offers a sustainable alternative to traditional materials but also enhances sole performance by improving the composition. Furthermore, this study paves the way for future research on the feasibility of incorporating eco-friendly materials into other consumer product applications, highlighting a commitment to innovation and sustainability in product design.
Henry More and Thomas Hobbes’s Corporeal God
Authors: Henry John
Published: November 2024

Thomas Hobbes’s strict monistic materialism led many contemporaries to believe he must be an atheist—to hold God to be a corporeal being, they claimed, was effectively to deny his existence. This paper is an addition to those works suggesting that Hobbes’s belief in a corporeal God must be taken seriously. Unlike earlier studies on this theme, it emphasises the change in Hobbes’s theism from an insistence early in his career that God’s nature is utterly unknowable (exempting God from the implications of Hobbes’s materialism) to a belief, first stated in 1668, that God is indeed a corporeal being. Seeking to explain this radical change, this article suggests that Hobbes’s later theology was influenced by the Cambridge Platonist Henry More, who developed the idea that God was an extended three-dimensional being. This article briefly considers alternative accounts, suggesting the influence of ancient Stoicism and aether theories, but affirms the influence of Henry More.
The Fall, Rise, and Fall of Faith: Catholic Lapsing, Belief, and the New Evangelisation in Japan
Authors: Ngo H. Francisco , Lee Christine
Published: November 2024

This paper explores the phenomenon of lapsing among young Japanese Catholics, highlighting how both local and translocal experiences of Roman Catholicism shape the ebbs and flows of faith for our interlocutors. While global Catholic events such as World Youth Day can reignite faith by fostering a sense of belonging to a larger, global Church, the contrast with the small and socially isolated Catholic community in Japan often precipitates lapsing. This study examines the influence of the New Evangelisation, which promotes active belief and translocal unity, and argues that this movement can both strengthen global Catholic identity and exacerbate feelings of alienation in local, non-Catholic societies. Ultimately, we stress, in the context of Roman Catholicism, that lapsing should not be seen as simply a rupture in faith but as part of a continuous, if turbulent, Catholic identity, mediated by translocal flows of belief and institutional authority.
Trajectory Aware Deep Reinforcement Learning Navigation Using Multichannel Cost Maps
Authors: Fahmy Tareq A. , Shehata Omar M. , Maged Shady A.
Published: November 2024

Deep reinforcement learning (DRL)-based navigation in an environment with dynamic obstacles is a challenging task due to the partially observable nature of the problem. While DRL algorithms are built around the Markov property (assumption that all the necessary information for making a decision is contained in a single observation of the current state) for structuring the learning process; the partially observable Markov property in the DRL navigation problem is significantly amplified when dealing with dynamic obstacles. A single observation or measurement of the environment is often insufficient for capturing the dynamic behavior of obstacles, thereby hindering the agent’s decision-making. This study addresses this challenge by using an environment-specific heuristic approach to augment the dynamic obstacles’ temporal information in observation to guide the agent’s decision-making. We proposed Multichannel Cost Map Observation for Spatial and Temporal Information (M-COST) to mitigate these limitations. Our results show that the M-COST approach more than doubles the convergence rate in concentrated tunnel situations, where successful navigation is only possible if the agent learns to avoid dynamic obstacles. Additionally, navigation efficiency improved by 35% in tunnel scenarios and by 12% in dense-environment navigation compared to standard methods that rely on raw sensor data or frame stacking.
Condensable Particulate Matter Removal and Its Mechanism by Phase Change Technology During Wet Desulfurization Process
Authors: Tong Hui , Xu Yun , Ren Qiangqiang , Wu Hao , Shen Linzhi , Sun Menglong , Yang Hongmin
Published: November 2024

Limestone-gypsum wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) played a key role in SOx removal and clean emissions. However, it would also affect the condensable particulate matter (CPM) removal and compositions. The effects of the WFGD system on the removal of CPM and the contents of soluble ions in CPM were investigated in a spray desulfurization tower at varied conditions. The results indicate that the emission concentration of CPM decreased from 7.5 mg/Nm3 to 3.7 mg/Nm3 following the introduction of cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray systems. This resulted in a CPM reduction rate of approximately 51%, reducing the percentage of CPM in total particulate matter and solving the problem of substandard particulate matter emission concentrations in some coal-fired power plants. The concentrations of NO3−, SO42−, and Cl− among the soluble ions decreased by 41–66.6%. As the liquid-to-gas ratio of the cold water spray and hot alkali droplet spray increased, CPM came into contact with more spray, which accelerated dissolution and chemical reactions. Consequently, the CPM emission concentration decreased by 17.4–19%. The liquid-to-gas ratio has a great effect on the ion concentrations of NO3−, SO42−, Cl− and NH4+, with a decrease of 28–66%. The temperatures of the cold water spray and the hot alkali droplet spray primarily affect the ionic concentrations of SO42− and Ca2+, leading to a decrease of 32.3–51%. When the SO2 concentration increased from 0 mg/Nm3 to 1500 mg/Nm3, large amounts of SO2 reacted with the desulfurization slurry to form new CPM and its precursors, the CPM emission concentration increased by 57–68.4%. This study addresses the issue of high Concentration of CPM emissions from coal-fired power plants in a straightforward and efficient manner, which is significant for enhancing the air quality and reducing hazy weather conditions. Also, it provides a theoretical basis and technical foundation for the efficient removal of CPM from actual coal-fired flue gas.