bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk factors for suicide following hospital discharge among cancer patients
Authors: Lin Herng‐Ching , Wu Chih‐Hsiung , Lee Hsin‐Chien
Published: January 2009

Objectives: This study aims to examine risk factors associated with 3‐month post‐discharge suicide among cancer patients using Taiwan's nationwide, population‐based datasets.

Methods: The study cohort comprised all cancer patients discharged from hospitals from 2002 to 2004, inclusive, who committed suicide within 90 days of discharge (n=311). The control group consisted of 1555 cancer patients who did not commit suicide within 90 days of discharge. The dependent variable was whether or not a patient committed suicide within 90 days of discharge, while the independent variables included patient, hospital and physician characteristics at index hospitalization. Cox proportional hazard regression was carried out to compute the 90‐day survival rate, adjusting for possible confounding factors.

Results: The mean interval from discharge to suicide was 39.7 days (±95.2) and almost half (46.3%) of the 3‐month post‐discharge suicides occurred within 14 days after discharge. The adjusted hazard of committing suicide for patients who were not hospitalized in the preceding year was 1.68 (p=0.009), 1.61 (p=0.033), and 2.51 (p<0.001) times greater, respectively, than patients who were hospitalized once, twice and more than twice within the year before index hospitalization. The hazard of committing suicide among patients who were unemployed was 1.71 (p<0.001) times that of their employed counterparts.

Conclusions: We conclude that, while our study was limited to suicides among cancer patients within 90 days of discharge, around 60% of deaths occurred within the first month after discharge. The relevant risk factors include the number of hospitalizations within 1 year and employment status. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Correlated mutation analyses on super‐family alignments reveal functionally important residues
Authors: Kuipers Remko K. P. , Joosten Henk‐Jan , Verwiel Eugene , Paans Sjoerd , Akerboom Jasper , van der Oost John , Leferink Nicole G. H. , van Berkel Willem J. H. , Vriend Gert , Schaap Peter J.
Published: January 2009

Correlated mutation analyses (CMA) on multiple sequence alignments are widely used for the prediction of the function of amino acids. The accuracy of CMA‐based predictions is mainly determined by the number of sequences, by their evolutionary distances, and by the quality of the alignments. These criteria are best met in structure‐based sequence alignments of large super‐families. So far, CMA‐techniques have mainly been employed to study the receptor interactions. The present work shows how a novel CMA tool, called Comulator, can be used to determine networks of functionally related residues in enzymes. These analyses provide leads for protein engineering studies that are directed towards modification of enzyme specificity or activity. As proof of concept, Comulator has been applied to four enzyme super‐families: the isocitrate lyase/phoshoenol‐pyruvate mutase super‐family, the hexokinase super‐family, the RmlC‐like cupin super‐family, and the FAD‐linked oxidases super‐family. In each of those cases networks of functionally related residue positions were discovered that upon mutation influenced enzyme specificity and/or activity as predicted. We conclude that CMA is a powerful tool for redesigning enzyme activity and selectivity. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of formation of the C‐terminal β‐hairpin of the B3 domain of the immunoglobulin binding protein G from Streptococcus. II. Interplay of local backbone conformational dynamics and long‐range hydrophobic interactions in hairpin formation
Authors: Skwierawska Agnieszka , Żmudzińska Wioletta , Ołdziej Stanisław , Liwo Adam , Scheraga Harold A.
Published: January 2009

Two peptides, corresponding to the turn region of the C‐terminal β‐hairpin of the B3 domain of the immunoglobulin binding protein G from Streptococcus, consisting of residues 51–56 [IG(51–56)] and 50–57 [IG(50–57)], respectively, were studied by circular dichroism and NMR spectroscopy at various temperatures and by differential scanning calorimetry. Our results show that the part of the sequence corresponding to the β‐turn in the native structure (DDATKT) of the B3 domain forms bent conformations similar to those observed in the native protein. The formation of a turn is observed for both peptides in a broad range of temperatures (T = 283–323 K), which confirms the conclusion drawn from our previous studies of longer sequences from the C‐terminal β‐hairpin of the B3 domain of the immunoglobulin binding protein G (16, 14, and 12 residues), that the DDATKT sequence forms a nucleation site for formation of the β‐hairpin structure of peptides corresponding to the C‐terminal part of all the B domains of the immunoglobulin binding protein G. We also show and discuss the role of long‐range hydrophobic interactions as well as local conformational properties of polypeptide chains in the mechanism of formation of the β‐hairpin structure. Proteins 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nitride‐organic hybrid heterostructures for possible novel optoelectronic devices: charge injection and transport
Authors: Kim Hyunjin , Zhang Qiang , Song Yoon‐Kyu , Nurmikko Arto , Sun Qian , Han Jung
Published: January 2009

We investigate the physical integration of organic thin film semiconductors with (In)GaN to explore new types of “hybrid” heterojunction device structures. Planar nitride‐organic junctions are found to be quite versatile in enabling charge injection across two very different electronic material constituents. Here (In)GaN/CuPc devices were studied in terms of photogenerated charge transport. An efficient photocurrent response was observed at the absorption wavelength of the InGaN quantum well which requires ready photo‐carrier transport across the organic/inorganic interface. Additionally a weaker photocurrent response from CuPc was acquired near its absorption peak around 640 nm, which suggests that some photo‐generated excitons are diffused and dissociated at the hybrid interface. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fabrication of free‐standing GaN substrate using evaporable buffer layer (EBL)
Authors: Lee Hyun‐Jae , Ha Jun‐Seok , Lee Hyo‐Jong , Lee S. W. , Fujii K. , Hong S. K. , Chang J. H. , Cho M. W. , Goto Takenari , Yao T.
Published: January 2009

A one‐step approach to obtain high quality free‐standing GaN (FS‐GaN) substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) has been developed. FS‐GaN substrates were fabricated by the control of void density at the GaN‐Al2O3 interface using a novel evaporable buffer layer (EBL). The EBL consisted of GaN‐crystallites imbedded in NH4Cl films, and was grown by lowering the growth temperature down to 450 °C under NH3 and HCl ambient in the HVPE system. The NH4Cl was evaporated during heating up for high temperature growth of GaN (HT‐GaN), resulting in high void density, which plays a key role in the self‐separation of thick HT‐GaN during cooling down. The FS‐GaN substrate showed smooth surface morphology without cracks. The full width at half maximum values of (0002) and (10‐10) ω‐rocking curves from a 500 μm‐thick FS‐GaN were 104 and 70 arcsec, respectively. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(110): comparisons with Si(111) and Si(001)
Authors: Cordier Y. , Moreno J.‐C. , Baron N. , Frayssinet E. , Chenot S. , Damilano B. , Semond F.
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we report on the growth of AlGaN/GaN based heterostructure on Si(110) substrates by ammonia source molecular beam epitaxy. The structural, optical and electrical properties of such heterostructure are assessed and compared with the ones obtained on Si(111) and Si(001). The quality of the structure on Si(110) is quite similar to the one obtained on Si(111) and better than the one obtained on Si(001). A two‐dimensional electron gas is formed at the Al0.3Ga0.7N/GaN interface with a sheet carrier density of 9.6×1012 cm–2 and a mobility of 1980 cm2/V.s. at room temperature. Preliminary results concerning high electron mobility transistor static characteristics are presented. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cathodoluminescence evaluation of subsurface damage in GaN substrate after polishing
Authors: Lai K. Y. , Johnson M. A. L. , Paskova T. , Hanser A. D. , Udwary K. , Preble E. A. , Evans K. R.
Published: January 2009

The surface of HVPE grown GaN substrates were treated with two different polishing procedures. Both procedures were successful in producing highly smooth and featureless surfaces. However, subsurface damage was observed in the sample treated by one of the procedures. The subsurface damage was revealed by cathodoluminescence (CL) spectroscopy imaging but was not visible by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) or Atomic force microscopy (AFM). Thermal annealing at 950 °C with different gases was performed in an attempt to remove subsurface damages. Annealing in gas mixtures containing H2 increased both the presence of surface scratches and overall surface roughness. On the other hand, annealing in mixtures of NH3 and N2 (with no H2) led to the surfaces with significantly reduced subsurface damage. The surface roughness and optical properties of the sample after the annealing with such gas mixtures were slightly sacrificed. In order to evaluate subsurface damage depth, CL images were taken from the annealed surface for different acceleration voltages. The results suggest that the observed subsurface damages were within 1.48 μm of the surface. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Luminescence properties of thick InGaN quantum‐wells
Authors: Laubsch Ansgar , Bergbauer Werner , Sabathil Matthias , Strassburg Martin , Lugauer Hans , Peter Matthias , Meyer Tobias , Brüderl Georg , Wagner Joachim , Linder Norbert , Streubel Klaus , Hahn Berthold
Published: January 2009

In this paper, we discuss the physics of recombination in thick InGaN quantum‐well (QW) based structures. Thick InGaN QWs have been suggested as one concept to reduce the typical decrease of internal efficiency of InGaN based light emitters towards high current densities. We show that at typical operation current densities, recombination in such thick QWs mainly originates from excited QW‐states, which exhibit good electron hole overlap and large spatial extent, enabling a reduction of carrier density. We identify these states by comparing current dependent electroluminescence spectra to band structure simulations. The reduction of carrier density is verified by measuring current dependent carrier lifetimes. We find that saturation of efficiency is reduced for increasedQWthickness. However, the same effect can also be achieved using an MQW structure optimized for real MQW emission. We conclude that regardless of the employed concept, a decrease in carrier density is central to improve the high current efficiency of InGaN based light emitters (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Emission characteristics of InGaN multi quantum well light emitting diodes with differently strained InAlGaN barriers
Authors: Kolbe T. , Knauer A. , Wenzel H. , Einfeldt S. , Kueller V. , Vogt P. , Weyers M. , Kneissl M.
Published: January 2009

In this paper we report on the emission characteristics of InGaN multi quantum well light emitting diodes (LEDs) in the near ultra‐violet (UV) spectral range. GaN, AlGaN and InAlGaN with various indium contents were compared as barrier material in the InGaN quantum well active region of the device heterostructure. It was found that the emission wavelength decreases with increasing drive current. This blue shift with an increasing indium content in the quaternary barriers can be attributed to the screening of the polarization fields and band gap renormalization. Light emitting diodes with a constant emission wavelength over a wide current range were realized by using nearly lattice matched InAlGaN barriers. These devices also showed the highest light output power even though the band offset between the quantum wells and the barriers is smaller in comparison to the LEDs with the AlGaN barriers. These effects can be explained by the interplay of a reduction defect density at the quantum well/barrier interface and a improved overlap of the electron and hole wave functions due to the reduction of quantum confined Stark effect. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modulation of mobility in homoepitaxially‐grown AlGaN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Grenko J. A. , Ebert C. W. , Reynolds C. L. , Johnson M. A. L. , Hanser A. D. , Preble E. A. , Paskova T. , Evans K. R.
Published: January 2009

We report on the growth of Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN heterostructures on low dislocation density semi‐insulating c‐axis GaN substrates. Room temperature Hall mobilities up to 1805 cm2/Vs at sheet carrier densities of 0.77x1013 cm–2 have been measured. By varying the GaN buffer layer thickness in these homoepitaxially‐grown Al0.25Ga0.75N/GaN heterostructures, we observed a buffer‐induced modulation of the room temperature 2DEG sheet carrier densities and Hall mobilities. The increase in sheet carrier density and corresponding decrease in mobility as the GaN buffer layer thickness is reduced below 0.75 μm is related to the presence of Si impurities at the bulk GaN substrate/epitaxial interface. Capacitance‐voltage measurements and SIMS analysis confirm the presence of Si impurities at the surface prior to and after epitaxial growth. The factor of 2 reduction in the room temperature mobility is consistent with a predicted theoretical mobility reduction based on intersubband scattering. We have also been able to separate the contributions to the 2DEG carrier density from the ionized donors and the polarization field; the magnitude of each is ∼5x1012 cm–2. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Thermal transitions and heat‐sealing of glycerol‐plasticized whey protein films
Authors: Hernandez‐Izquierdo V. M. , Krochta J. M.
Published: January 2009

Transparent, flexible whey protein‐based edible films plasticized with glycerol were produced by wet (solution‐casting) and dry (twin‐screw extrusion followed by compression‐molding) processes. The relationship between the thermal transitions and the heat‐sealability of the whey protein‐based edible films was investigated. Differential Scanning Calorimetry showed the existence of endothermic peaks with an onset transition temperature of 156.3 ± 1.4°C for both the solution‐cast and extruded films. Films were heat‐sealed using an impulse heat‐sealer at an effective jaw pressure of 293.31 kPa, a voltage of 15 V and a cooling time of 4 s. Various impulse times, ranging from 1.5 to 2.5 s, were used to heat‐seal the films. A thermocouple was used to measure the heat‐sealing temperatures at each impulse time. Heat‐sealing temperatures ranged between 126.1 ± 9.0 and 204.0 ± 5.4°C for the shortest and longest impulse times, respectively. Seal strengths were determined using an Instron Universal Testing Machine. Film thickness appeared to have an effect on seal strength; higher strengths were achieved for thinner films, which, in this case, were the solution‐cast films. Thicker (extruded) films required a longer minimum impulse time to achieve a heat‐seal. The highest seal strength (433.07 ± 39.37 N/m) was obtained with solution cast films (thickness of 0.13 ± 0.01 mm) sealed with an impulse time of 2 s (164.6 ± 5.1°C). Impulse times above 2.5 s (204.0 ± 5.4°C) resulted in degradation of both solution‐cast and extruded films. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of item composition, tag inlay design, reader antenna polarization, power and transponder orientation on the dynamic coupling efficiency of backscatter ultra‐high frequency radio frequency identification
Authors: Mc Carthy Ultan , Ayalew Gashaw , Butler Francis , McDonnell Kevin , Ward Shane
Published: January 2009

The effects of packaged content, packaging material, transponder inlay design, reader antenna polarization, interrogation power and transponder orientation on the detection rate of ultra‐high frequency radio frequency identification (UHF RFID) passive transponders were studied. The influence of individual factors and their interactions were determined using general linear model analysis of variance. Influences originated in order of importance, from sample type, antenna polarization, power and inlay design. Important interactions in decreasing order of significance exist between: power and antenna polarization; sample type and antenna polarization; sample type and inlay design; inlay design and antenna polarization; sample type, power and antenna polarization; sample type and power; inlay design and power; sample type, inlay design and power. It was also observed that random orientation of tags did not cause a statistically significant variation in tag detection rate. It can be concluded that the use of UHF RFID for item level of food requires multi‐parameter assessment before hand. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple model for the interaction between water vapour and oxygen transmission in multilayer barrier materials intended for food packaging applications
Authors: Jakobsen Marianne , Risbo Jens
Published: January 2009

The above article (DOI: 10.1002/pts.799) was published online on 26 October 2007 in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.com), and in print in Packaging Technology and Science 21 (4): 207–216. The following errors were subsequently identified.

On page 208, in the ninth line of text in the right hand column, pw should not have had the upper indices o.

The first equation on page 208 is incorrect and should read:

equation image

The publisher accepts full responsibility for this error and would like to apologise for any confusion caused.
ToF‐SIMS characterisation of methane‐ and hydrogen‐plasma‐modified graphite using principal component analysis
Authors: Deslandes Alec , Jasieniak Marek , Ionescu Mihail , Shapter Joe G. , Fairman Callie , Gooding J. Justin , Hibbert D. Brynn , Quinton Jamie S.
Published: January 2009

Time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) has been used to determine the extent of surface modification of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) samples that were exposed to radio‐frequency methane and hydrogen plasmas. The ToF‐SIMS measurements were examined with the multivariate method of principal component analysis (PCA), to maximise the amount of spectral information retained in the analysis. This revealed that the plasma (methane or hydrogen plasma) modified HOPG exhibited greater hydrogen content than the pristine HOPG. The hydrogen content trends observed from the ToF‐SIMS studies were also observed in elastic recoil detection analysis measurements. The application of the ToF‐SIMS PCA method also showed that small hydrocarbon fragments were sputtered from the hydrogen‐plasma‐treated sample, characteristic of the formation of a plasma‐damaged surface, whereas the methane‐plasma‐treated surface sputtered larger hydrocarbon fragments, which implies the growth of a polymer‐like coating. Scanning tunnelling microscopy measurements of the modified surfaces showed surface features that are attributable to either etching or film growth after exposure to the hydrogen or methane plasma. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS and ToF‐SIMS characterization of a Finemet surface: effect of heating
Authors: Chenakin S. P. , Galstyan G. G. , Tolstogouzov A. B. , Kruse N.
Published: January 2009

X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) were used to study the surface composition and electronic structure of Finemet, Fe73Si15.8B7.2Cu1Nb3, in the original amorphous state and after gradual heating in vacuum to a temperature of 400 °C and cooling back to room temperature. It was found that relaxation processes occurring during heat treatment well below the crystallization onset caused the physico‐chemical state of Finemet surface to change irreversibly. In the relaxed alloy, the surface originally covered with the native air‐formed oxide was significantly enriched with elemental iron and depleted of other alloy constituents compared with the original state. Yet in the as‐quenched state, clustering of copper atoms on the Finemet surface was detected which was enhanced by heating. The thermal treatment resulted in the selective reduction of iron oxides and caused noticeable changes in the valence band structure and the Fe L3VV Auger spectrum associated with atomic redistribution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface functionalization of multi‐walled carbon nanotubes through surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Ryu Jeong , Ramaraj B. , Yoon Kuk Ro
Published: January 2009

Herein, we report the fabrication of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymeric conjugates of shortened multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (sMWCNT). The synthesis method involves the attachment of initiator on the surface of nanotubes followed by surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI‐ATRP) of GMA from the initiator‐bound sMWCNT surface. This is achieved by the procedure consisting of three important steps: introduction of amino groups onto the sMWCNT and attachment of polymerization initiator, 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropinonyl bromide, and polymerization of GMA. The structure and properties of the resultant polymeric conjugates were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SEM. The FT‐IR analysis of polymeric conjugates shows infrared (IR) peaks characteristic of GMA. AFM, TEM and SEM images clearly show the formation of poly(glycidyl methacrylate)(PGMA) polymer on sMWCNT surface. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Core/Shell Semiconductor Nanocrystals
Authors: Reiss Peter , Protière Myriam , Li Liang
Published: January 2009

Colloidal core/shell nanocrystals contain at least two semiconductor materials in an onionlike structure. The possibility to tune the basic optical properties of the core nanocrystals, for example, their fluorescence wavelength, quantum yield, and lifetime, by growing an epitaxial‐type shell of another semiconductor has fueled significant progress on the chemical synthesis of these systems. In such core/shell nanocrystals, the shell provides a physical barrier between the optically active core and the surrounding medium, thus making the nanocrystals less sensitive to environmental changes, surface chemistry, and photo‐oxidation. The shell further provides an efficient passivation of the surface trap states, giving rise to a strongly enhanced fluorescence quantum yield. This effect is a fundamental prerequisite for the use of nanocrystals in applications such as biological labeling and light‐emitting devices, which rely on their emission properties. Focusing on recent advances, this Review discusses the fundamental properties and synthesis methods of core/shell and core/multiple shell structures of II–VI, IV–VI, and III–V semiconductors.

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Snapshots of the Hydrolysis of the Lithium Alkoxide [Li{OC(CF3)3}]4
Authors: Raabe Ines , Wagner Katrin , Santiso‐Quiñones Gustavo , Krossing Ingo
Published: January 2009

Exposure of the tetrameric, heterocubane‐like perfluorinated lithium alkoxide [Li{OC(CF3)3}]4 to humid air gaverise to the hydrolysis products [{(CF3)3CO}Li(H2O)2‐μ‐(H2O)‐Li(H2O)2{OC(CF3)3}], [{(CF3)3CO}Li(H2O)2‐μ‐(H2O)‐Li‐(H2O)3]+[OC(CF3)3]– and [Li(H2O)4]+[OC(CF3)3]– because of stepwise addition of water molecules in a gas‐solid reaction without solvent. All compounds were studied by X‐ray crystallography and their solid‐state structures are strongly influenced by hydrogen bonding and fluorophilic interactions.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Characterisation of Mono‐ and Dinuclear 5,5‐Diethylbarbiturato Complexes of Chromium(0) and Rhenium(I)
Authors: Haque Nadera , Roedel J. Nicolas , Lorenz Ingo‐Peter
Published: January 2009

Addition of 5,5‐diethylbarbituric acid (H2debarb, 1) to [CpCr(NO)2Cl], [Re(CO)5Br] or [(PPh3)Re(CO)4Br] in the presence of triethylamine and AgO3SCF3 (= AgOTf) resulted in the mono‐barbiturato complexes [CpCr(NO)2(Hdebarb)] (2), [PPh3Re(CO)4(Hdebarb)] (3) and [Re(CO)5(Hdebarb)] (4), respectively. Bis‐barbiturato complex [{(CO)5Re}2(debarb)] (5) with a doubly deprotonated barbiturate dianion formed when a molar ratio of metal complex to ligand of 2:1 was used. In the case of the rhenium complexes, AgO3SCF3 must be used additionally to cleave off bromide. All of the complexes were fully characterised by means of IR, mass and 1H, 13C and 31P NMR spectra and elemental analysis. In addition, their solid‐state structures were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The complexes exhibit distorted pseudo‐tetrahedral (2) or pseudo‐octahedral (3–5) configuration around the metal atom. In all complexes the ring system of the Hdebarb ligand is essentially planar.
The historical tragedy and the human tragedy
Authors: Zhixi XIE
Published: January 2009

This essay aims to analyze the types of the historical plays during the War of Resistance Against Japan, reasons for the prosperity of this particular type of play and the historical background. The focus is put on the success of “the historical plays of uniting the chaotic country” by Guo Moruo, “the historical plays of the national crisis” by Aying and Yao Ke and “the historical plays of the peasant uprisings” by Yang Hansheng. The wartime left-wing writers showed great concern for the country and in their works, there are both the political implication of using the past to satirize the present and the complex humanistic feelings. More importantly, the double tragedies of the history and the humanity in these plays remarkably pushed the development of the art of tragedy in China.
The cultural turn in translation studies and its implications for contemporary translation studies
Authors: Tianzhen XIE
Published: January 2009

The author of this paper attempts to make a detailed analysis of the impact the notion of the cultural turn exerted upon the translation studies at home, and to explore the historical elements of the notion and its inevitability of the emergence. The author also intends, at the conclusion of the paper, to present his view on the broad vista that the notion of the cultural turn has opened up the new areas for the current translation studies.
Early Dissimilar Fates of Liver Eicosapentaenoic Acid in Rats Fed Liposomes or Fish Oil and Gene Expression Related to Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Cansell Maud Sabine , Battin Aurélie , Degrace Pascal , Gresti Joseph , Clouet Pierre , Combe Nicole
Published: January 2009

The study was undertaken to determine whether eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 n‐3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n‐3), esterified in phospholipids (PL) as liposomes or in triglycerides (TG) as oil, exhibited comparable fates in liver lipids and whether these fates were associated with gene expressions related to fatty acid (FA) metabolism. PL and TG mixtures with close contents in EPA and DHA were administered to rats over 2 weeks. Most relevant events occurred after 3 days for both treatments. At that time, liposomes, compared with oil, increased the liver content in PL with a FA composition enriched in n‐6 FA, comparable in DHA and much lower in EPA. Moreover, liposomes increased the activity and mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase (CPT) I. In contrast, fish oil exerted opposite effects on CPT I and increased the genic expression of lipogenic enzymes. Liposomes, unlike fish oil, apparently increased the mRNA levels of acyl‐CoA oxidase and the activity of the peroxisomal FA‐oxidising system. Concomitantly, mRNA levels of hepatic lipoprotein receptors were increased with both diets, but intracellular proteins involved in free FA uptake and lipid synthesis were up‐regulated only with liposome‐treated rats. The quasi absence of EPA in hepatic PL of liposome‐treated rats on the short term could result from increased β‐oxidation activities through metabolic regulations induced by more available free EPA and other PUFA.
Cultural perceptions, gestational diabetes, and development
Authors: Nicolaisen Ida
Published: January 2009

Women constitute half of the world's population, but a far larger percentage of the world's poor, particularly in low‐income countries. The UN Millennium Declaration recognizes the link between growth, poverty reduction, and sustainable development, and the crucial role women play in achieving sustainable development. A child's future is interwoven with the life situation of its mother, most intimately so in the case of gestational diabetes. This article discusses the social and economic implications of the rapid growth of type 2 diabetes and diabetes mellitus. It calls for culturally sensitive health policies and programs to address prevention and treatment of these conditions. Notions of conception, pregnancy, and well‐being vary greatly among the world's 5000–6000 cultures. The article illuminates this disparity, drawing on the author's research among indigenous people in Central Borneo. It concludes that culture‐specific perceptions must be incorporated in policies and programs that address the detrimental effects of diabetes on health and socioeconomic development.
Polycystic ovary syndrome and abnormalities in glucose tolerance
Authors: Bhattacharya Sudhindra M.
Published: January 2009

Objectives

To compare the prevalence of abnormal glucose tolerance (AGT) among women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and controls, and assess risk factors associated with PCOS.

Method

A fasting oral glucose tolerance test after ingestion of 75 g of glucose was administered to 264 women with and 116 without PCOS. Moreover, fasting glucose, insulin, and testosterone levels were measured in the women with PCOS. Body mass index (BMI), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and homeostasis model assessment–insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) were calculated for each woman with PCOS.

Results

The AGT prevalence was 14.4% in the PCOS group and 11.2% in the control group (P = 0.17). The women with both PCOS and AGT had significantly higher BMIs, WHRs, testosterone levels, and HOMA‐IR values than those with normal glucose tolerance.

Conclusion

While AGT was not associated with PCOS, the women with both PCOS and AGT were significantly more obese, hyperandrogenic, and insulin resistant than those with PCOS and normal glucose tolerance.
Coenzyme Q10 supplementation during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Teran Enrique , Hernandez Isabel , Nieto Belen , Tavara Rosio , Ocampo Juan Emilio , Calle Andres
Published: January 2009

Objective

To assess whether supplementation with Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) during pregnancy reduces the risk of pre‐eclampsia.

Methods

Women at increased risk of pre‐eclampsia were enrolled in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. Women were assigned to receive 200 mg of CoQ10 or placebo daily from 20 weeks of pregnancy until delivery. The primary outcome was rate of pre‐eclampsia. Statistical analyses were by intention‐to‐treat.

Results

Of the 235 women enrolled in the trial, 118 were randomized to receive CoQ10 and 117 received a placebo. A total of 197 (83.8%) women were followed‐up. The overall rate of pre‐eclampsia was 20% (n = 47). Thirty women (25.6%) in the placebo group developed pre‐eclampsia compared with 17 women (14.4%) in the CoQ10 group, and this reduction was significant (P = 0.035) (relative risk [RR] 0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.33–0.96).

Conclusion

Supplementation with CoQ10 reduces the risk of developing pre‐eclampsia in women at risk for the condition.
Pregnancy and diabetes scenario around the world: India
Authors: Seshiah Veerasamy , Balaji Vijayam , Balaji Madhuri S. , Paneerselvam Arunachalam , Kapur Anil
Published: January 2009

Women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at an increased risk of developing diabetes in the future, as are their offspring. GDM is not only of clinical relevance, but is also an important public health issue. A community‐based prospective study showed that the prevalence of GDM was 13.9%. We also observed that the frequency of GDM varied across urban, semi‐urban, and rural areas. Based on multiple logistic regression analysis and taking the 3 areas into consideration, family history of diabetes, age greater than or equal to 25 years, and body mass index greater than or equal to 25 were found to have a significant independent association with GDM (P < 0.001).
Proof of a Geometrical Theorem
Authors: Macdonald W. J.
Published: January 2009

The middle points of the diagonals of a complete quadrilateral are collinear.

Let ABCDEF be a complete quadrilateral (see fig. 70), and X, Y, Z, the middle points of its diagonals. To prove X, Y, Z, collinear.
Geometrical Notes
Authors: Allardice R. E.
Published: January 2009

Some points of difference between polygons with an even number and polygons with an odd number of sides.

A polygon with an odd number of sides is determined when its angles are given and it is such that a circle of given radius may be circumscribed about it; while a polygon with an even number of sides is not determined by these conditions.
On the value of Δn0m/nm, when m and n are very large
Authors: Professor Tait
Published: January 2009

I had occasion, lately, to consider the following question connected with the Kinetic Theory of Gases:—

Given that there are 3.1020 particles in a cubic inch of air, and that each has on the average 1010 collisions per second; after what period of time is it even betting that any specified particle shall have collided, once at least, with each of the others?
Sur les cordes communes à une conique et à un cercle de rayon nul
Authors: D'Ocagne M. Maurice
Published: January 2009

Etant donnés une conique K, dont l'équation est K = 0, et un point P (α, β), l'équation générale des coniques qui passant par les points d'intersection de la conique K et du cercle P de rayon nul, qui a le point (α, β) pour centre, est

Comme les quatre points d'intersection du cercle P et de la conique K sont imaginaires, le système (1) comprend un seul couple de droites réelles Δ et Δ. Ces droites seront dites, par analogie avec une expression proposée par Chasles, les conjointes du point P et de la conique K.
An Experiment in the Teaching of Geometry
Authors: Fraser A. Y.
Published: January 2009

The course of geometry here referred to was given to pupils in George Heriot's School in the session preceding that in which they should begin the usual systematic study of geometry. The chief object of the course was to furnish their minds with a number of geometrical ideas before they should meet with these ideas as treated by Euclid. Subsidiary ends were also kept in view—such as to get them to make neat and accurate figures, and to enable them to solve various practical problems of construction and measurement.
The Convergence of the Series in Mathieu's Functions
Authors: Watson G. N.
Published: January 2009

Periodic solutions of Mathieu's equation*

where a is a suitable function of q have recently been discussed in several papers in these Proceedings. An elegant method of determining these solutions, which are written

was given by Whittaker, † who obtained the integral equation

which is satisfied by periodic solutions of Mathieu's equation.
On a Class of Integral Equations
Authors: Humbert Pierre
Published: January 2009

In a paper which appeared in the Proceedings of the Edinburgh Mathematical Society, Vol. XXXII., Session 1913–14,* I showed how the application of Laplace's transformation to certain linear differential equations enables us to solve some homogeneous integral equations of the first and second kinds, and I obtained, by an extension of this method, the solution of integral equations whose nucleus is of the form f(zt) or ef(z)f(t).
A Theorem on the Contact of Circles leading up to the Theorems of Feuerbach and Hart
Authors: Dougall John
Published: January 2009

According to Feuerbach's theorem, the inscribed and the three escribed circles of a plane triangle are all touched by a circle

Hart's Theorem extends the proposition to a spherical triangle, or, which comes to the same thing, to a plane triangle formed by three circular arcs.
On Spheroidal Harmonics
Authors: Blades Edward
Published: January 2009

Ellipsoidal harmonics are defined to be those solutions of Laplace's equation

(where x, y, z are rectangular coordinates) which are useful in problems relating to ellipsoids. If the equation

represents a family of confocal quadrics, it is known that the ellipsoidal harmonics belonging to the family are products of the form

where l1, l2… are constants: one term is to be picked out of the square brackets as a multiplier of the other factors. Now if we consider the case in which two of the principal axes of the ellipsoids are equal, the latter become spheroids. If then we put b = 0 in (1) the family of confocal spheroids has the equation

and belonging to this family there will be spheroidal harmonics of the form given by (2) with b zero.
Two remarkable Cubics associated with a Triangle
Authors: Taylor F. Glanville
Published: January 2009

Let O1, and H1 be two points, in the plane of any triangle of reference ABC, so related that if 01P, O1Q, O1R be the perpendiculars drawn to the sides of ABC, then AP, BQ, CR meet in H1. We shall find that O1, and H1 describe respectively two cubics which are related to each other in a remarkable manner. We shall show, for instance, that points in each curve may be derived from each other by two sets of three alternative rational quadric transformations, and that the join of correspondents passes through a fixed point as in plane projection. We shall then discuss the homographic relation between corresponding pencils formed by rays through pairs of related points—not direct correspondents—and investigate the relation between these latter points.
Quaternion Demonstration of the Theorem of Moments in Rigid Dynamics
Authors: Knott Cargill G.
Published: January 2009

In a recent number of the American Mathematical Monthly (December 1914), Professor E. V. Huntington calls attention to the inconclusive, and in some cases erroneous, discussion of the uniplanar motion of a rigid body as it is presented in the more elementary books on mechanics. In the simpler problems considered the solution is usually found by use of the rule that the rate of change of moment of momentum about some convenient point is equal to the torque or turning moment about the same point. In many cases there is no difficulty choosing this convenient point; but apparently there is confusion as to the points which can be legitimately chosen.
Two infinite integrals
Authors: Watson G. N.
Published: January 2009

The infinite integrals

in which λ is positive and – π < θ < π were encountered by Kottler in a problem in the theory of diffraction. They have more recently been studied by Copson and Ferrar, who obtained the remarkably simple Fourier series

in which denotes a “cut Bessel function” of the third kind; this expansion is valid when the term has to be added to the expansion on the right.
On the deformation of the tangent m-plane of a
Authors: Davies E. T.
Published: January 2009

Schouten and van Kampen (1) have studied the deformation of a . Applying the methods of that paper to the tangent vectors , which exist by hypothesis at all points of a certain region Vm′ (m′ > m) of Vn, we shall have

Whence we define the differentials

In the application of the to the lower index is treated as an ordinal index only. We shall not be concerned with any extension of the to indices other than those of the general Vb (see 1, equ. 3.24).
On Non-Associative Systems
Authors: Robinson A.
Published: January 2009

The present paper is concerned with the “logarithmetic”, or arithmetic of shapes of non-associative combinations as defined by Etherington in ref. (1). The shape of a non-associative product is defined as “the manner of association of its factors without regard to their identity”. Thus, for a binary non-communicative operation, the products ((AB)C)D and ((BA)C)D and ((AA)A)A all have the same shape, while D((AB)C) has a different shape. The sum of the two shapes a and b is defined as the shape of the product of two expressions, of shapes a and b respectively, in the original system of non-associative combination. The product of two shapes a and b is defined as the shape of any expression obtained by replacing every factor in an expression of shape b by an expression of shape a. It is readily shown that these definitions are unambiguous.
On a Class of Arrangements
Authors: Rao C. Radhakrishna
Published: January 2009

In this paper, I introduce a class of arrangements called arrays of strength d and discuss methods of constructing them with the help of finite geometrical configurations and algebraic groups involving elements of a Galois field. The definitions of arrays of strength d and other configurations that are used are given below.
On the Analysis of the Kronecker Product of Irreducible Representations of the Symmetric Group
Authors: Makar Ragy H.
Published: January 2009

The Kronecker product of two irreducible matrix representations D(λ), D(μ) of the symmetric group on n letters, furnishes a representation of that group, which is, in general reducible. The question of what irreducible representations will appear in the analysis of such products has been dealt with by Prof. F. D. Murnaghan. Indeed he has obtained the analysis of D(n − p, λ2, …) × D(n − q, μ2, …), for the particular values, p = 1, q = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; p = 2, q = 2, 3, 4; p = 3, q = 3, 4, applying a method which is a recurrence one, in the sense that to obtain such an analysis we have to look at some other analyses which come first in order.
On a Tauberian Theorem of G. Ricci
Authors: Rajagopal C. T.
Published: January 2009

I prove in this note some theorems on Rieszian and Dirichlet summabilities involving a Tauberian hypothesis with gaps. One of the theorems (§ 2, Theorem A) has been proved by Ricci [4, § 6] in a slightly less general form. Another theorem (§ 3) contains a Riesz version of a (C, k)-summability problem studied by Meyer-König [1, Satz 1].
A Cyclic Inequality
Authors: Rankin R. A.
Published: January 2009

For any positive integernand positive real variablesx1,x2, …,xnwrite

wherexris defined for all integersrby the relations

If

and

it is known that (1, 3, 4)

and
On some functional equations from additive and non-additive measures-I
Authors: Kannappan PL
Published: January 2009

It is known that while the Shannon and the Rényi entropies are additive, the measure entropy of degree β proposed by Havrda and Charvat (7) is non-additive. Ever since Chaundy and McLeod (4) considered the following functional equation

which arose in statistical thermodynamics, (1.1) has been extensively studied (1, 5, 6, 8). From the algebraic properties of symmetry, expansibility and branching of the entropy (viz. Shannon entropy Hn, etc.) one obtains the sum representation

which with the property of additivity yields the functional equation (1.1), (9, 10).
Three examples concerning the ore condition in Noetherian rings
Authors: Chatters A. W.
Published: January 2009

A ring R is said to satisfy the right Ore condition with respect to a subset C of R if, given a ∈ R and e ∈ C, there exist b ∈ R and D ∈ C such that ad = cb. It is well known that R has a classical right quotient ring if and only if R satisfies the right Ore condition with respect to C when C is the set of regular elements of R (a regular elemept of R being an element of R which is not a zero-divisor). It is also well known that not every ring has a classical right quotient ring. If we make the non-trivial assumption that R has a classical right quotient ring, it is natural to ask whether this property also holds in certain rings related to R such as the ring Mn(R) of all n by n matrices over R. Some answers to this question are known when extra assumptions are made. For example, it was shown by L. W. Small in (5) that if R has a classical right quotient ring Q which is right Artinian then Mn(Q) is the right quotient ring of Mn(R) and eQe is the right quotient ring of eRe where e is an idempotent element of R. Also it was shown by C. R. Hajarnavis in (3) that if R is a Noetherian ring all of whose ideals satisfy the Artin-Rees property then R has a quotient ring Q and Mn(Q) is the quotient ring of Mn(R).
Fatou-Riesz-theorems in general sequence spaces
Authors: Müller Gerhard Otto , Trautner Rolf
Published: January 2009

Consider a formal serieswith partial sumsand the corresponding power series. Throughout we will assume thatfis analytic for |z| <1, i.e. thatA classical theorem of Fatou-Riesz (see (1,4)) states that ifand

thenis convergent to 0.
On the (sub)logarithmic property of the pole-, zero- and algebraic multiplicity of operator functions
Authors: Thijsse G. Philip A.
Published: January 2009

This paper contains an extension of a result obtained by H. Bart, M. A. Kaashoek and D. C. Lay in (2). These authors studied the reduced algebraic multiplicity RM(A; λ0) of a meromorphic operator function at a point λ0 ∈ C. They proved that under certain conditions this quantity has logarithmic behaviour, i.e.,

For more restricted cases such results had been proved by others, notably I. C. Gohberg and E. I. Sigal (see (4) and (5)). Here we shall prove that such a result also holds for a larger class of operator functions than the diagonable functions considered in (2).
A Cauchy criterion for the summability of an infinite integral
Authors: Thorpe B.
Published: January 2009

If a ∈ L(1, T) for every finite T>1, then we say that the infinite integral a(u)du is convergent with sum s if a(u)du = s. It is well known that a necessary and sufficient condition for a(u)du to be convergent (with some finite sum s) is that Cauchy's criterion,

holds. The object of this note is to obtain a similar result for summability (C, α) of a(u) du which reduces to Cauchy's criterion in the case of convergence. The corresti ponding problem for summable series has been treated by A. F. Andersen in (1).
Near-rings of polynomials over groups
Authors: Meldrum J. D. P. , Pilz G. , So Y. S.
Published: January 2009

The set G[x] of polynomials over a group (G, + )—as well as the polynomial functions P(G) on (G, +) form near-rings with respect to addition and composition (substitution). See [1] for polynomials and [2] for near-rings. A number of results on G[x] can be deduced from [2].

Due to [1], the polynomials in G[x] can uniquely be represented in the following “normal form”:
On ideally finite Lie algebras which are lower semi-modular
Authors: Towers David
Published: January 2009

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first to correct the statement of Theorem 1 in [4], and secondly to consider related problems in the class of ideally finite Lie algebras.

Throughout, L will denote a Lie algebra over a field K, F(L) will be its Frattini subalgebra and φ(L) its Frattini ideal. We will denote by the class of Lie algebras all of whose maximal subalgebras have codimension 1 in L. The Lie algebra with basis {u–1, u0, u1} and multiplication u–1u0 = u–1, u–1u1 = u0, u0u1 = u1 will be labelled L1(0).
Strongly regular near-rings
Authors: Mason Gordon
Published: January 2009

A strongly regular ring R is one in which for all x ∈ R, there is an a ∈ R with x = x2a. Equivalently, for all x there is an a with x = ax2. Such a ring is regular, duo, biregular, and a left and right V-ring. Moreover since R is reduced, all nilpotent elements are central (vacuously) and so all idempotent elements are central.
Radicals and semisimple classes of Ω-groups
Authors: Mlitz Rainer
Published: January 2009

In this paper radicals in the sense of Kuroš and Amitsur (KA-radicals) for Ω-groups will be studied. For the sake of simplicity these radicals will be considered on varieties, the results remaining valid for more general classes.
Holonomy decompositions of near-rings
Authors: Holcombe M.
Published: January 2009

Some techniques developed by Eilenberg (1) in the theory of automata are used to investigate certain types of near-ring.