bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single session endoscopic ultrasound‐guided double bypass (hepaticogastrostomy and gastrojejunostomy) for concomitant duodenal and biliary obstruction: A case series
Authors: Canakis Andrew , Hathorn Kelly E. , Irani Shayan S. , Baron Todd H.
Published: October 2021

Background

Concomitant malignant biliary and gastric outlet obstruction can be difficult to manage endoscopically with traditional endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) and luminal stenting. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)‐guided hepaticogastrostomy (HG) and gastrojejunostomy (GJ) are novel techniques that can relieve both obstructions in a single session. This study aims to describe the outcomes of combined, single session EUS‐HG and EUS‐GJ.

Methods

This is a two‐center retrospective study of consecutive patients who underwent same session EUS‐HG and EUS‐GJ. The primary outcome was technical success. Secondary outcomes included adverse events (AE), reduction in total serum bilirubin, length of hospital stay (LOS), and re‐intervention rates.

Results

A total of 23 patients underwent EUS‐HG and EUS‐GJ (12 males, mean age 66.4 years). Twenty‐one were performed for malignant obstruction. Technical success was 100% and 95.6% for HG and GJ, respectively. All patients subsequently tolerated a soft diet and 72.7% (16/22) of patients had a 50% reduction in bilirubin post‐procedure. The median LOS for the 17 patients who were not discharged home immediately following the procedure was 2 (range 1‐20) days. There were five AEs (2 mild, 3 moderate). Only three patients required reintervention (interventional radiology‐guided biliary drainage, stent exchange for a benign biliary stricture, and placement of a second stent through an occluded distal common bile duct stent) over a median follow‐up of 78 days. One patient with pancreatic cancer underwent successful tumor resection.

Conclusion

Single session EUS‐guided double bypass (HG and GJ) is technically feasible and safe when conducted by experienced endosonographers. Larger, comparative studies are needed.
Methionine synthase deficiency: Variable clinical presentation and benefit of early diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Kripps Kimberly A. , Sremba Leighann , Larson Austin A. , Van Hove Johan L.K. , Nguyen Hoanh , Wright Erica L. , Mirsky David M. , Watkins David , Rosenblatt David S. , Ketteridge David , Berry Susan A. , McCandless Shawn E. , Baker Peter R.
Published: October 2021

Methionine synthase deficiency (cblG complementation group) is a rare inborn error of metabolism affecting the homocysteine re‐methylation pathway. It leads to a biochemical phenotype of hyperhomocysteinemia and hypomethioninemia. The clinical presentation of cblG is variable, ranging from seizures, encephalopathy, macrocytic anemia, hypotonia, and feeding difficulties in the neonatal period to onset of psychiatric symptoms or acute neurologic changes in adolescence or adulthood. Given the variable and nonspecific symptoms seen in cblG, the diagnosis of affected patients is often delayed. Medical management of cblG includes the use of hydroxocobalamin, betaine, folinic acid, and in some cases methionine supplementation. Treatment has been shown to lead to improvement in the biochemical profile of affected patients, with lowering of total homocysteine levels and increasing methionine levels. However, the published literature contains differing conclusions on whether treatment is effective in changing the natural history of the disease. Herein, we present five patients with cblG who have shown substantial clinical benefit from treatment with objective improvement in their neurologic outcomes. We demonstrate more favorable outcomes in our patients who were treated early in life, especially those who were treated before neurologic symptoms manifested. Given improved outcomes from treatment of presymptomatic patients, cblG warrants inclusion in newborn screening.
A stone in the bone
Authors: Halfon Matthieu , Cochat Pierre , Kissling Sebastien , Dattner Nicolas , de Leval Laurence , Fakhouri Fadi , Pruijm Menno , Bonny Olivier
Published: October 2021

Primary hyperoxaluria (PH) is a group of diseases due to mutations in genes coding for enzymes involved in oxalate metabolism. Three types of PH are identified depending on the gene mutated. Type 1 is the most frequent with 80% of the cases, while PH2 and PH3 are rarer. The severity of renal involvement varies between the three types. Indeed, between 60% and 80% of PH1 but only 20% of PH2 patients will reach end‐stage kidney disease. In PH3 patients, dialysis is uncommon. Because oxalate clearance is impaired in CKD patients, oxalate can precipitate in various organs leading to systemic oxalosis. We report an uncommon presentation of bone oxalosis associated with hypercalcemia in a dialyzed patient. This report emphasizes the difficulties to diagnose primary hyperoxaluria and the challenge of treating dialyzed patients.
Breakthrough SARS‐CoV‐2 infections among BBV‐152 (COVAXIN®) and AZD1222 (COVISHIELDTM) recipients: Report from the eastern state of India
Authors: Dash Girish C. , Subhadra Subhra , Turuk Jyotirmayee , Parai Debaprasad , Rath Sonalika , Sabat Jyotsnamayee , Rout Usha K. , Kanungo Srikanta , Choudhary Hari R. , Nanda Rashmi R. , Pattnaik Matrujyoti , Pati Sanghamitra , Bhattacharya Debdutta
Published: October 2021

In this study, we attempted to record the breakthrough cases reported through passive and voluntary reporting at various healthcare facilities from different districts of Odisha, their clinical presentation, requirement of hospitalization postinfection, and antibody titer against spike antigen. Nasopharyngeal swab and serum samples alongwith demographic, clinical presentation and requirement of hospitalization postinfection were collected from vaccinated individuals through passive and voluntary reporting to various healthcare facilities of Odisha state to detect the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) virus infection and quantitative estimation of antibody titers. A total of 274 samples were found to be positive after 14 days of receiving complete doses of the vaccines. More than 83.2% of the individuals were found to be symptomatic with 9.9% of those required hospitalization. The seropositivity in individuals receiving Covishield (96.7%) was significantly higher than in Covaxin (77.1%). Hospitalized patients were having less median antibody titers than individuals in home isolation. The median age for breakthrough infection among the referred cases was 47.0 years (interquartile range [IQR]: 28.0) with a significantly older age group among Covishield recipients. The median spike receptor binding domain IgG titer values for Covaxin and Covishield recipients were 213.5 AU/ml (IQR: 537.5) and 647.5 AU/ml (IQR: 1645.1), respectively. The results reported here highlight the need for systematic data capture for the breakthrough infections to monitor the emergence of any vaccine escape variants and to plan the next steps in the coronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) vaccine development by understanding the link between clinical protection and measured immunity against SARS‐CoV‐2 infection.
Assessment of the effects of spatiotemporal characteristics of drought on crop yields in southwest China
Authors: Mokhtar Ali , He Hongming , Alsafadi Karam , Mohammed Safwan , Ayantobo Olusola O. , Elbeltagi Ahmed , Abdelwahab Ossama M. M. , Zhao Hongfei , Quan Ye , Abdo Hazem Ghassan , Gyasi‐Agyei Yeboah , Li Yu
Published: October 2021

There are limited literature on the impacts of drought on crop yields in warm regions such as southwest China. Drought vulnerability of four different crops (wheat, rice, maize and sugarcane) cultivated in three provinces (Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan) within southwest China were investigated in this study. It was based on the drought index of standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index (SPEI) for ‐3‐ and ‐6 months timescales (SPEI‐3 and SPEI‐6). The correlation between the SPEI and the standardized yield residuals series index for the individual crops was estimated for the period from 1960 to 2018. The highest drought duration was recorded in the southern part of the study area especially in the Yunnan Province. For SPEI‐3, 60% of the total area was affected by drought mainly during the months from August to December for about 13 years (2005–2018). In terms of SPEI‐6, the total affected area by the drought exceeded 80% during the timeframe from 2009 to 2013. Among the studied crops, winter wheat had the highest annual crop yield losses particularly in 2010 when the loss exceeded 50%. The results of this study have implications for agricultural management and climate policymaking in minimizing the influence of drought under the warming climate in southwest China. Further, it provides greater insight into crop–climate interactions and sustainable crop production.
Psychedelics, Mystical Experiences, and Meaning Making: A Renegotiation Process With the Challenges of Existence
Authors: Hearn Benjamin
Published: October 2021

This article addresses the need to develop theory regarding psychedelics’ long‐term mechanisms of action in response to the psychedelic renaissance by providing an existential‐humanistic framework for conceptualizing the effects of psychedelics and the mystical experiences they may occasion as enabling a renegotiation process with the challenges of existence.
Dietary xylo‐oligosaccharide ameliorates colonic mucus microbiota penetration with restored autophagy in interleukin‐10 gene–deficient mice
Authors: Chen Zhongxia , Shen Xiao , Zhou Qunyan , Zhan Qiang , Xu Xingwen , Chen Qiuyu , An Fangmei , Sun Jing
Published: October 2021

Background

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is, nowadays, highly prevalent and presents a global clinical challenge. The objective of this study is to assess the effects of xylo‐oligosaccharide (XOS) on Il10–/– mice, a classic animal model of IBD.

Methods

Male wild‐type (WT) mice were assigned to WT group, and Il10–/– mice were assigned to interleukin‐10 gene–deficient (IL‐10–KO) group and XOS group, respectively. There were 6–8 mice aged 8 weeks in each group. Mice in the XOS group received 1.0 g/kg/day XOS by gavage for 4 weeks.

Results

Compared with mice in IL‐10–KO group, Il10–/– mice with XOS intervention presented significant mild spontaneous colitis with lower disease activity index, histological scores, and bowel inflammatory cytokine levels. Dietary XOS downregulated bowel mucus bacterial penetration, which occurred as early as the onset of bowel colitis. The effect of XOS was associated with restored expression of LC3II/I and decreased expression of p62 and beclin‐1 in colon.

Conclusions

Therefore, XOS decreases colonic mucus microbiota penetration with restored function of antophagy. Our findings suggest that XOS may be a potential dietary supplement or functional food for early management of IBD.
Clitoria ternatea (Linn.) flower extract attenuates vascular dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy via modulation of Ang II/AT1R/TGF‐β1 cascade in hypertensive rats
Authors: Maneesai Putcharawipa , Chaihongsa Nisita , Iampanichakul Metee , Meephat Sariya , Prasatthong Patoomporn , Bunbupha Sarawoot , Wunpathe Chutamas , Pakdeechote Poungrat
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Clitoria ternatea (CT) (the Fabaceae family) has been reported to elicit several biological responses, such as anti‐inflammation and anti‐depression effects. This study evaluated the effect of CT flower extract on blood pressure, vascular function, and left ventricular hypertrophy in a two‐kidney, one‐clip (2K‐1C) rat model. Hypertensive rats were treated with CT extract at various doses (100, 300, or 500 mg kg−1 day−1) or losartan (10 mg kg−1 day−1) for 4 weeks (n = 8/group).

RESULTS

CT extract reduced blood pressure in a dose‐dependent manner, and CT extract at a dose of 300 mg kg−1 was an effective concentration (P < 0.05). Augmentation of contractile responses to electrical field stimulation and impairment of vascular responses to acetylcholine in mesenteric vascular beds and aortic rings of 2K‐1C rats were suppressed by treatment with CT extract or losartan (P < 0.05). Serum angiotensin‐converting enzyme activity and plasma angiotensin II concentration were high in 2K‐1C rats but alleviated by CT extract or losartan treatment (P < 0.05). Increases in superoxide production and lipid peroxidation were attenuated in 2K‐1C rats treated with CT extract or losartan compared with the untreated group (P < 0.05). Increased plasma concentration of nitric oxide metabolites was found in hypertensive rats that received CT extract or losartan. CT extract or losartan suppressed the overexpression of Ang II receptor subtype I (AT1‐R) and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in 2K‐1C rats.

CONCLUSION

CT extract had antihypertensive effects that were associated with improving vascular function and cardiac hypertrophy in 2K‐1C rats. The mechanisms involved suppression of the renin–angiotensin system, of oxidative stress, and of the AT1R/TGF‐β1 cascade. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Vitamin A alleviates heat stress‐induced damage to hair follicle development in Rex rabbits
Authors: Yue Zhengkai , Li Chenyang , Liu Yongxu , Liu Mengqi , Zhao Man , Li Fuchang , Liu Lei
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Rex rabbits are important fur rabbits. Heat stress severely reduces the fur quality of Rex rabbits. The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate the effect of dietary vitamin A (VA) addition on hair follicle development and related signal pathways in Rex rabbits under heat stress.

RESULTS

In the experiment, 90 Rex rabbits were randomly divided into three groups: control group (20–25 °C, fed basic diet), heat stress group (30–34 °C, fed basic diet), and heat stress + VA group (20–25 °C, fed 12 000 IU/kg VA in addition to the basic diet). VA could significantly increase the hair follicle density (P < 0.01), hair length (P < 0.05), and the ratio of secondary to primary hair follicles (P < 0.05). In addition, VA could significantly inhibit the expression of BMP2, BMP4, FGF5, TGF‐β1, and miR‐214 in heat‐stressed Rex rabbits and significantly increase the expression of noggin, IGF1, IGF1R, Wnt10b, CTNNB1, SHH, and miR‐203 and the levels of Wnt10b and p‐β‐catenin; however, there was no significant effect of VA on the expression of EGF and miR‐205.

CONCLUSION

The dietary addition of VA can increase the hair follicle density and fur quality of heat‐stressed Rex rabbits. Wnt10/β‐catenin, insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF1), fibroblast growth factor 5 (FGF5), noggin–BMP, and sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling were associated with VA regulation under heat stress. It is possible that miR‐205 and miR‐194 contribute to the regulation of Wnt10/β‐catenin and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Comparison of fertilizer use efficiency in grain production between developing countries and developed countries
Authors: Liu Qinpu , Wu Ta Yeong , Pu Lijie , Sun Jingrong
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The investigation of chemical fertilization intensity (FI) and efficiency can provide basal data for decision‐making in food production and environmental impact assessments of fertilization. The present study aimed to compare trends of the FI and efficiency during 1961–2018 in developed and developing countries using a simple method.

RESULTS

The FI in China increased rapidly from approximately 5 kg ha−1 in 1961 to the highest value of 282 kg ha−1 in 2014, and then decreased to approximately 231 kg ha−1 in 2018. Although the fertilizer allocation efficiency (FAE) showed a slight downward trend, a slight upward trend was observed for fertilizer integrated efficiency (FIE). FIs in India, Iran and Turkey continuously increased from 5 kg ha−1 in 1961 to 116, 49(148 in 2006),120 kg ha−1 in 2018, respectively, whereas FAEs showed a significant fluctuation around horizontal direction or downward trends and their FIEs showed a slight fluctuation downward. The FIs of Britain, Germany and France, excluding USA, increased rapidly from approximately 200–400 kg ha−1 in 1960s to peaks of 430–530 kg ha−1 in 1980s, decreasing to 150–340 kg ha−1 around 2010, and then increased to the current level of 200–350 kg ha−1, whereas FAEs and FIEs increased rapidly.

CONCLUSION

France and Germany were found to have moderate chemical fertilizer input and the highest FIE. Thus, their experiences of ecological agricultures in both countries could provide good examples for developing countries to follow. In brief, models of FAE and FIE are an easier way of reflecting fertilizer efficiencies in developed and developing countries. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Characterizing the host response to rhPDGF‐BB in a rat spinal arthrodesis model
Authors: Yamaguchi Jonathan T. , Weiner Joseph A. , Minardi Silvia , Greene Allison C. , Ellenbogen David J. , Hallman Mitchell J. , Shah Vivek P. , Weisz Kevin M. , Jeong Soyeon , Nandurkar Tejas , Yun Chawon , Hsu Wellington K. , Hsu Erin L.
Published: October 2021

Background

Due to the constraints surrounding autograft bone, surgeons have turned to osteoinductive agents to augment spinal fusion. Reports of complications and questionable efficacy slowed the adoption of these alternatives. Recombinant human platelet‐derived growth factor B homodimer (rhPDGF‐BB) has been Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved (Augment) to promote fusion in other areas of orthopedics, but its characterization in spine fusion has not yet been tested. The purpose of this study is to characterize the host response to PDGF‐BB in vivo.

Methods

Eighty female Fischer rats underwent L4‐5 posterolateral fusion using one of four implant types: (a) iliac crest syngeneic allograft harvested from syngeneic donors, (b) β‐TCP/bovine collagen matrix (β‐TCP/Col) with sodium acetate buffer, (c) β‐TCP/Col with 0.3 mg/mL “low dose,” or (d) β‐TCP/Col with 3.0 mg/mL “high dose” of rhPDGF‐BB. Animals underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and serum cytokine quantification at 4, 7, 10, and 21 days, postoperatively. Tissues were processed for immunofluorescence staining for Ki67 and von Willebrand factor (vWF) to assess neovascularization.

Results

MRI demonstrated no differences in fluid accumulation among the four treatment groups at any of the time points. Serum cytokine analysis showed no clinically significant differences between treatment groups in 20 of the 27 cytokines. Inflammatory cytokines IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐18, MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, TNF‐α were not induced by rhPDGF‐BB. Histology showed no differences in cell infiltration, and Ki67 and vWF immunofluorescence staining was similar among groups.

Conclusions

rhPDGF‐BB delivered with a β‐TCP/Col matrix exerts no exaggerated systemic or local host inflammatory response when compared to iliac crest syngeneic allograft bone or the control carrier. rhPDGF‐BB mixed with a β‐TCP/Col matrix could be a viable and safe biologic alternative to syngeneic allograft in spine fusion. Further studies need to be performed to evaluate efficacy in this setting.
Simultaneous determination of caffeine and its metabolites in rat plasma by UHPLC‐MS/MS
Authors: Kertys Martin , Žideková Nela , Pršo Kristián , Maráková Katarína , Kmeťová Katarína , Mokrý Juraj
Published: October 2021

Caffeine is a widely consumed psychostimulant with several mechanisms of action and various positive and negative effects on organisms. Caffeine undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism to form main metabolites such as theobromine, theophylline, paraxanthine, and 1,3,7‐trimethyluric acid. However, interspecies diversities have been observed in caffeine metabolism. In the present study, we developed a sensitive and straightforward ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method to quantify caffeine and its primary metabolites, namely theobromine, theophylline, paraxanthine, and 1,3,7‐trimethyluric acid in rat plasma. After extraction of analytes using micro solid‐phase extraction plate, analytes were separated by elution gradient on the Acquity UPLC HSS T3 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.8 μm) column over 4 min. The detection was done on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer by multiple reaction monitoring modes using a positive electrospray ionization interface. The method was successfully validated according to the European Medicine Agency guideline over a concentration range of 5–1500 ng/ml for caffeine, 5–1200 ng/mL for theobromine, and 2.5–1200 ng/mL for theophylline, paraxanthine, and 1,3,7‐trimethyluric acid. The developed method was applied to analyze samples from animal experiments focusing on the metabolism and effects of caffeine and caffeine‐containing beverages.
The Value of Contrast‐Enhanced Ultrasound Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System in the Diagnosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Peng Jing , Zhang Tao , Wang Hang , Ma Xuelei
Published: October 2021

Objectives

The aim of this study is to systematically evaluate the diagnostic ability of the contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) liver imaging reporting and data system (LI‐RADS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

We searched relevant studies from PubMed, Medline, and Embase database. After literature search, duplicate removal, and data extraction, we calculated and analyzed the pooled sensitivity, pooled specificity, pooled odds ratios of diagnostic, pooled likelihood ratio (LR) of positive and negative, and area under the curve (AUC), accuracy, and F1 score to evaluate the diagnostic value of CEUS LI‐RADS for HCC.

Results

Thirteen studies and 6491 patients were included in this analysis. The pooled sensitivity and pooled specificity were 0.72 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70–0.73) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.91–0.93), respectively. The positive LR was 8.02 (95% CI, 4.93–13.06) and the negative LR was 0.31 (95% CI, 0.27–0.37). The pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 27.91 (95% CI, 15.39–50.63). The overall AUC was 0.8406 and the accuracy was 0.77.

Conclusions

CEUS LI‐RADS is an effective and promising method to diagnose HCC.
Analysis of the Clinical Features and Surgical Outcomes of First Branchial Cleft Anomalies
Authors: Yang Runqin , Dong Chen , Chen Yang , Liu Hongsheng , Zhang Changming , Lai Yubin , Zha Dingjun , Han Yu
Published: October 2021

Objectives

To analyze the clinical features and otologic manifestations of first branchial cleft anomalies (FBCAs) and the disparity between Work's classification, and to explore the relationships between postoperative facial paralysis and features of FBCAs.

Study Design

Retrospective clinical study.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 109 patients with FBCAs was conducted, including clinical characteristics and otologic features. Pearson chi‐square tests and Fisher's exact tests were used to compare disparity between Work's classification, and the impact factors of postoperative facial paralysis among 86 patients who were explored in follow‐up.

Results

Patients with FBCAs presented with otologic symptoms, including cysts or fistula in the external auditory canal (EAC) and periauricular (43.2%), microtia (3.7%), EAC web (1.8%), otitis media (1.8%), and otorrhea (4.6%). Eighty‐five cases (78.0%) were type I FBCAs and 24 (22.0%) were type II. Compared to type I FBCAs, type II (58.3%) was more likely to be located deep to the facial nerve (FN) and to have superficial parotidectomy on them (79.2%). This difference was statistically significant (P < .001). FBCAs deep to the FN had a higher incidence of postoperative facial paralysis (P < .05).

Conclusion

The majority of patients (55.0%) had otologic symptoms. The FBCAs of Work type II was commonly deep to the FN and superficial parotidectomy was frequently performed. Postoperative facial paralysis was associated with FBCAs located deep to the FN, but not with Work's type.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 132:1008–1014, 2022
Impact of COVID‐19 on Otolaryngology Literature
Authors: Chillakuru Yeshwant R. , Gerhard Eleanor F. , Shim Timothy , Selesnick Samuel H. , Lustig Lawrence R. , Krouse John H. , Hanna Ehab Y. , Smith Timothy L. , Fisher Edward W. , Kerschner Joseph E. , Monfared Ashkan
Published: October 2021

Objectives/Hypothesis

To understand the effect of the COVID‐19 pandemic on the volume, quality, and impact of otolaryngology publications.

Study Design

Retrospective analysis.

Methods

Fifteen of the top peer‐reviewed otolaryngology journals were queried on PubMed for COVID and non‐COVID‐related articles from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021 (pandemic period) and pre‐COVID articles from the year prior. Information on total number of submissions and rate of acceptance were collected from seven top‐ranked journals.

Results

Our PubMed query returned 759 COVID articles, 4,885 non‐COVID articles, and 4,200 pre‐COVID articles, corresponding to a 34% increase in otolaryngology publications during the pandemic period. Meta‐analysis/reviews and miscellaneous publication types made up a larger portion of COVID publications than that of non‐COVID and pre‐COVID publications. Compared to pre‐COVID articles, citations per article 120 days after publication and Altmetric Attention Score were higher in both COVID articles (citations/article: 2.75 ± 0.45, P < .001; Altmetric Attention Score: 2.05 ± 0.60, P = .001) and non‐COVID articles (citations/article: 0.03 ± 0.01, P = .002; Altmetric Attention Score: 0.67 ± 0.28, P = .016). COVID manuscripts were associated with a 1.65 times higher acceptance rate compared to non‐COVID articles (P < .001).

Conclusions

COVID‐19 was associated with an increase in volume, citations, and attention for both COVID and non‐COVID articles compared to pre‐COVID articles. However, COVID articles were associated with lower evidence levels than non‐COVID and pre‐COVID articles.

Level of Evidence

3 Laryngoscope, 132:1364–1373, 2022
Molecular markers of brain cholesterol homeostasis are unchanged despite a smaller brain mass in a mouse model of cholesteryl ester storage disease
Authors: Aqul Amal A. , Ramirez Charina M. , Lopez Adam M. , Burns Dennis K. , Repa Joyce J. , Turley Stephen D.
Published: October 2021

Lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the gene LIPA, facilitates the intracellular processing of lipids by hydrolyzing cholesteryl esters and triacylglycerols present in newly internalized lipoproteins. Loss‐of‐function mutations in LIPA result in cholesteryl ester storage disease (CESD) or Wolman disease when mutations cause complete loss of LAL activity. Although the phenotype of a mouse CESD model has been extensively characterized, there has not been a focus on the brain at different stages of disease progression. In the current studies, whole‐brain mass and the concentrations of cholesterol in both the esterified (EC) and unesterified (UC) fractions were measured in Lal−/− and matching Lal+/+ mice (FVB‐N strain) at ages ranging from 14 up to 280 days after birth. Compared to Lal+/+controls at 50, 68–76, 140–142, and 230–280 days of age, Lal−/− mice had brain weights that averaged approximately 6%, 7%, 18%, and 20% less, respectively. Brain EC levels were higher in the Lal−/− mice at every age, being elevated 27‐fold at 230–280 days. Brain UC concentrations did not show a genotypic difference at any age. The elevated brain EC levels in the Lal−/− mice did not reflect EC in residual blood. An mRNA expression analysis for an array of genes involved in the synthesis, catabolism, storage, and transport of cholesterol in the brains of 141‐day old mice did not detect any genotypic differences although the relative mRNA levels for several markers of inflammation were moderately elevated in the Lal−/− mice. The possible sites of EC accretion in the central nervous system are discussed.
A Meta‐Analysis and Systematic Review on the Global Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcomes of Coronary Artery Disease in Liver Transplantation Recipients
Authors: Xiao Jieling , Yong Jie Ning , Ng Cheng Han , Syn Nicholas , Lim Wen Hui , Tan Darren Jun Hao , Tan En Ying , Huang Daniel , Wong Raymond C. , Chew Nicholas W. S. , Tan Eunice Xiang Xuan , Noureddin Mazen , Siddiqui Mohammad Shadab , Muthiah Mark D.
Published: October 2021

The shift in the changing etiology of cirrhosis requiring liver transplantation (LT) has resulted in an increasing prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) that can potentially impact post‐LT outcomes. This systematic review and meta‐analysis evaluates the prevalence of CAD, risk factors, and outcomes of patients diagnosed with CAD before LT. MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched for articles describing CAD in pre‐LT patients. Meta‐analysis of proportions using the generalized linear mix model was conducted to analyze the pooled prevalence of CAD in pre‐LT patients. Associated risk factors for CAD in pre‐LT patients and outcomes were evaluated in conventional pairwise meta‐analysis. A total of 39 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of patients diagnosed with CAD before LT was 15.9% (95% CI, 9.8%‐24.7%). Age, male sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, smoking, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatitis B virus, and hepatocellular carcinoma were significantly associated with CAD. Patients from high‐income countries especially North America, Europe, and South America, with the associated risk factors were at increased risk for CAD before LT. CAD before LT was associated with an increased odds of overall mortality (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.4‐1.4; P = 0.01) and cardiac‐related mortality (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.1‐1.3; P = 0.03). A total of 48.7% of included articles considered the presence of cardiovascular risk factors for CAD screening. However, 10.3% of the studies screened for CAD in pre‐LT patients via invasive coronary angiography only, without stress testing or risk stratification. This study demonstrates the high prevalence of CAD in pre‐LT patients, associated risk factors, and outcomes. There is heterogeneity among guidelines and practice in screening for pre‐LT CAD, and more studies are needed to establish consensus.
The Toronto Postliver Transplantation Hepatocellular Carcinoma Recurrence Calculator: A Machine Learning Approach
Authors: Ivanics Tommy , Nelson Walter , Patel Madhukar S. , Claasen Marco P.A.W. , Lau Lawrence , Gorgen Andre , Abreu Phillipe , Goldenberg Anna , Erdman Lauren , Sapisochin Gonzalo
Published: October 2021

Liver transplantation (LT) listing criteria for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain controversial. To optimize the utility of limited donor organs, this study aims to leverage machine learning to develop an accurate posttransplantation HCC recurrence prediction calculator. Patients with HCC listed for LT from 2000 to 2016 were identified, with 739 patients who underwent LT used for modeling. Data included serial imaging, alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), locoregional therapies, treatment response, and posttransplantation outcomes. We compared the CoxNet (regularized Cox regression), survival random forest, survival support vector machine, and DeepSurv machine learning algorithms via the mean cross‐validated concordance index. We validated the selected CoxNet model by comparing it with other currently available recurrence risk algorithms on a held‐out test set (AFP, Model of Recurrence After Liver Transplant [MORAL], and Hazard Associated with liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma [HALT‐HCC score]). The developed CoxNet‐based recurrence prediction model showed a satisfying overall concordance score of 0.75 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64‐0.84). In comparison, the recalibrated risk algorithms’ concordance scores were as follows: AFP score 0.64 (outperformed by the CoxNet model, 1‐sided 95% CI, >0.01; P = 0.04) and MORAL score 0.64 (outperformed by the CoxNet model 1‐sided 95% CI, >0.02; P = 0.03). The recalibrated HALT‐HCC score performed well with a concordance of 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63‐0.81) and was not significantly outperformed (1‐sided 95% CI, ≥0.05; P = 0.29). Developing a comprehensive posttransplantation HCC recurrence risk calculator using machine learning is feasible and can yield higher accuracy than other available risk scores. Further research is needed to confirm the utility of machine learning in this setting.
Lignin‐Based Microgels by Inverse Suspension Polymerization: Syntheses and Dye Removal
Authors: Yiamsawas Doungporn , Kangwansupamonkon Wiyong , Kiatkamjornwong Suda
Published: October 2021

Lignin, as a sustainable building block, has become popular in developing the hydrogel absorbents since the last two decades. Herein, lignosulfonate‐graft‐poly[acrylamide‐co‐(acrylic acid)], LS‐g‐P(AAm‐co‐AA) microgels are synthesized by inverse suspension, a well‐known and practical industrial process. Taking advantage of a chain transfer reaction with lignosulfonate (LS), no modification of lignin is therefore required. LS is confirmed to incorporate in the microgels as evidenced by elemental analysis, FTIR, DOSY 1H NMR, and XPS spectroscopies. Microgel particles with a high percent LS grafting are obtained by decreasing the monomer concentration in the disperse phase. Additionally, the LS‐g‐P(AAm‐co‐AA) microgels containing LS promote thermal stability and render the faster and stronger methylene blue (MB) adsorption. The adsorption kinetics and isotherms understudy indicate that the adsorption behavior of MB on the microgels follows the pseudo‐second order and Langmuir model. It is found that the LS‐g‐P(AAm‐co‐AA) microgels can take up MB with 154 mg g−1 of adsorption capacity. More importantly, the LS‐g‐P(AAm‐co‐AA) microgels can be degraded by laccase enzyme derived by fungi in nature.
A DOPO Derivative Constructed by Sulfaguanidine and Thiophene toward Enhancing Fire Safety, Smoke Suppression, and Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Resin
Authors: Zhang Junjun , Duan Huajun , Zou Jiahao , Cao Jianfan , Wan Chao , Zhang Chenhao , Ma Huiru
Published: October 2021

In order to eliminate the negative effect of traditional 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) ‐based flame retardants on heat resistance, mechanical properties, and curing process of epoxy resin (EP), a DOPO derivative (DST) constructed by sulfaguanidine and thiophene is designed and used as co‐cured agent for EP. Compared with EP, the maximum decrease of glass transition temperature (Tg) in all EP/DST samples is less than 5%, indicating EP modified by DST maintains good heat resistance. Encouragingly, DST shows satisfactory flame‐retardant efficiency and excellent smoke suppressing effects. EP containing barely 5 wt% of DST (P content: 0.37 wt%) achieves a UL‐94 V‐0 rating and 32.8% limited oxygen index (LOI) value. Its peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and total smoke production (TSP) are also decreased by 31.2%, 18.8%, and 30.2% . Further, DST significantly improves mechanical properties of the EP/DDM/DST system. The tensile strength and modulus increase by 37.2% and 14.6%, respectively, as DST content is 7.5 wt%. It is revealed that DST has positive quenching and diluting effects in the gas phase, as well as promoting the formation of a compact char layer in the condensed phase.
Discotic Liquid Crystal Epoxy Resins Integrating Intrinsic High Thermal Conductivity and Intrinsic Flame Retardancy
Authors: Zhong Xiao , Yang Xutong , Ruan Kunpeng , Zhang Junliang , Zhang Haitian , Gu Junwei
Published: October 2021

The integration of intrinsic thermal conductivity and intrinsic flame retardancy of epoxy resins shows wider application prospects in electricals and electronics. Discotic liquid crystal epoxy (D‐LCE) is synthesized from pyrocatechol, 2‐allyloxyethanol, and 3‐chloroperoxybenzoic acid. P/Si synergistic flame‐retardant co‐curing agent (DOPO‐POSS, DP) is synthesized from p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, 9, 10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene 10‐oxide (DOPO), and amino terminated polysilsesquioxane (POSS). Finally, D‐LCE is cured within liquid crystal range with 4, 4′‐diaminodiphenyl methane (DDM) and DP, to obtain intrinsic highly thermal conductive/flame‐retardant epoxy resins (D‐LCERDP). D‐LCERDP‐10.0 (10.0 wt% DP) synchronously possesses excellent intrinsic thermal conductivity and intrinsic flame retardancy, with thermal conductivity coefficient in vertical and parallel direction (λ⊥ and λ∥) of 0.34 and 1.30 W m−1 K−1, much higher than that of general bisphenol A epoxy resin (E‐51, λ⊥ of 0.19 W m−1 K−1, λ∥ of 0.65 W m−1 K−1). The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of D‐LCERDP‐10.0 reaches 31.1, also better than those of E‐51 (19.8) and D‐LCER (21.3).
A general fractional formulation and tracking control for immunogenic tumor dynamics
Authors: Jajarmi Amin , Baleanu Dumitru , Zarghami Vahid Kianoush , Mobayen Saleh
Published: October 2021

Mathematical modeling of biological systems is an important issue having significant effect on human beings. In this direction, the description of immune systems is an attractive topic as a result of its ability to detect and eradicate abnormal cells. Therefore, this manuscript aims to investigate the asymptotic behavior of immunogenic tumor dynamics based on a new fractional model constructed by the concept of general fractional operators. We discuss the stability and equilibrium points corresponding to the new model; then we modify the predictor–corrector method in general sense to implement the model and compare the associated numerical results with some real experimental data. As an achievement, the new model provides a degree of flexibility enabling us to adjust the complex dynamics of biological system under study. Consequently, the new general model and its solution method presented in this paper for the immunogenic tumor dynamics are new and comprise quite different information than the other kinds of classical and fractional equations. In addition to these, we implement a tracking control method in order to decrease the development of tumor‐cell population. The satisfaction of control purpose is confirmed by some simulation results since the controlled variables track the tumor‐free steady state in the whole realistic cases.
Generation of quasi‐developable Q‐Bézier strip via PSO‐based shape parameters optimization
Authors: Cao Huanxin , Zheng Hongchan , Hu Gang
Published: October 2021

The generation of quasi‐developable from two boundary curves finds extensive application in manufacturing system. In this paper, we present a new method to generate a quasi‐developable from two Bézier boundary curves via particle swarm optimization (PSO)‐based shape parameters optimization. Owing to the powerful and flexible shape adjustment ability of Q‐Bézier curves, we introduce the multiple shape parameters of Q‐Bézier model into original boundary curves for developability optimization. We formulate the generation of quasi‐developable as a geometric optimization problem in which the objective function is defined as the developability degree of the strip and search within the value range of the shape parameters for the set of optimal shape parameters by PSO to achieve a higher‐accuracy developability. Modeling examples demonstrate that the proposed method is effective, easy to implement, which provides users with the overall shape control of the output strip. With the control points keeping unchanged, the fairness of the surface and its approximation to the original surface can be guaranteed naturally, and the number of optimization variables is greatly reduced compared with previous methods.
On Fourier–Bessel series and the Kneser–Sommerfeld expansion
Authors: Martin P.A.
Published: October 2021

An error in Watson's Bessel Functions is corrected. It concerns a certain Fourier–Bessel series, an infinite series in which the terms involve the zeros of a Bessel function. Several related examples are discussed, and a connection with finite‐part integrals is noted.
Bifurcation analysis of an age‐structured prey–predator model with infection developed in prey
Authors: Bentout Soufiane , Djilali Salih , Atangana Abdon
Published: October 2021

In this work, we propose an age‐structured prey–predator model with infection developed in the prey population. Our main goal is to distinguish the effect of the predator maturation measured by the age on the interaction between the predator and the prey, even on the spread of the infectious disease. However, it is obtained that the minimal maturation duration can affect the behavior of the solution, where it can lead to the existence of periodic solutions generated by the presence of Hopf bifurcation for three different equilibrium states. The obtained mathematical results are checked numerically using graphical illustrations.
Time and norm optimal controls for the heat equation with dynamical boundary conditions
Authors: Boutaayamou Idriss , Maniar Lahcen , Oukdach Omar
Published: October 2021

In this paper, we deal with time and norm optimal control problems for the heat equation with dynamic boundary conditions. We prove the existence of admissible controls and, combining a suitable Carleman estimate for such an equation with some analyticity results, we show a strong unique continuation property. Then, with the aid of this unique continuation, bang‐bang properties and the connection between time and norm optimal controls can be established.
Integrability of Van der Pol–Duffing oscillator system in three‐dimensional vector field
Authors: Hussein Niazy Hady , Amen Azad Ibrahim
Published: October 2021

In this work, we focus on studying the integrability of the following three‐dimensional Van der Pol–Duffing systemMore precisely, ifm β ≠ 0, then the above system has no analytic and nor Darboux first integrals at the neighborhood of the origin. Also, the stability and instability of the singular points are employed to investigate the integrability of this type of system.
Effect of Intraparticle Mass Transfer on the Catalytic Site Formation in the Preparation of Silica‐Supported Metallocene Catalysts
Authors: Tran Dennis , Sowah Courtney Spain , Choi Kyu Yong
Published: October 2021

The preparation conditions of silica‐supported metallocene catalysts impact the catalytic performance and consistency in ethylene polymerization. In a commonly used catalyst impregnation technique, the concentrations of catalyst solutions and the contact time between silica microparticles and catalyst solutions are used to ensure uniform and stable immobilization of coactivator methyl aluminoxane (MAO) and metallocenes. The overall catalytic activities for olefin polymerization, catalyst particle fragmentation, and the resulting polymer particle morphology depend upon the distribution of active catalyst sites within the silica catalyst particle. This work presents both experimental and theoretical modeling studies on the intraparticle spatial distribution of MAO and metallocene in highly porous silica microparticles for ethylene polymerization in a liquid‐slurry phase. The silica‐catalyst solution contact times and the catalyst solution concentrations are used as two major variables to vary the intraparticle catalyst site distributions. The overall aluminum and zirconium contents in the catalyst and their radial distributions are observed to be strongly affected by the impregnation conditions. A mathematical model is also derived for the catalyst impregnation process and it provides adequate predictions of the impregnation process characteristics.
Muscle biopsy and MRI findings in ANO5‐related myopathy
Authors: Holm‐Yildiz Sonja , Witting Nanna , de Stricker Borch Josefine , Kass Konni , Khawajazada Tahmina , Krag Thomas , Vissing John
Published: October 2021

Introduction/Aims

Mutations in the anoctamin 5 (ANO5) gene are a common cause of muscular dystrophy. We aimed to investigate whether inflammatory changes in muscle are present in patients with ANO5 myopathy when assessed by muscle biopsy and muscle magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Methods

Adults with pathogenic variations in ANO5 known to cause muscular dystrophy were included in our study. Muscle biopsies of pelvic and lower extremity muscles were reviewed retrospectively. Muscle MR short‐tau inversion recovery (STIR) images of a subset of these patients were obtained prospectively.

Results

Muscle biopsies from 24 patients were reviewed. MR STIR images were performed in 17 of these patients. We found inflammatory changes in muscle biopsies of three patients and MRI revealed hyperintense signals on STIR images in 14 of 17 patients.

Discussion

In this study, we found that muscle edema is very common in patients with ANO5 myopathy and that some patients have inflammatory changes in muscle biopsies. Further studies are needed to determine whether the STIR+ lesions reflect inflammation.
Determinants of diaphragm inspiratory motion, diaphragm thickening, and its performance for predicting respiratory restrictive pattern in Duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Fayssoil Abdallah , Nguyen Lee S. , Stojkovic Tanya , Prigent Helene , Carlier Robert , Amthor Helge , Bergounioux Jean , Zini Justine , Damez‐Fontaine Sebastien , Wahbi Karim , Laforet Pascal , Nicolas Guillaume , Behin Anthony , Bassez Guillaume , Leturcq France , Ben Yaou Rabah , Mansencal Nicolas , Annane Djillali , Lofaso Frédéric , Orlikowski David
Published: October 2021

Introduction/Aims

Respiratory status is a key determinant of prognosis in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We aimed to evaluate the determinants of diaphragm ultrasound and its performance in predicting restrictive respiratory patterns in DMD.

Methods

This was a retrospective study of DMD patients followed in our center and admitted for an annual checkup from 2015 to 2018. We included DMD patients who underwent diaphragm ultrasound and pulmonary functional tests.

Results

This study included 74 patients with DMD. The right diaphragm thickening fraction (TF) was significantly associated with age (P = .001), Walton score (P = .012), inspiratory capacity (IC) (P = .004), upright forced vital capacity (FVC) (P < .0001), supine FVC (P = .038), and maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) (P = .002). Right diaphragm excursion was significantly associated with age (P < .0001), steroid use (P = .008), history of spinal fusion (P < .0001), body mass index (BMI) (P = .002), Walton score (P < .0001), IC (P < .0001), upright FVC (P < .0001), supine FVC (P < .0001), and MIP (P < .0001). A right diaphragm TF >28% and a right diaphragm excursion>25.4 mm were associated with an FVC >50% with, respectively, an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 (P = .001) and 0.93 (P < .001). A left diaphragm TF >26.8% and a left diaphragm excursion >21.5 mm were associated with an FVC >50% with, respectively, an AUC of 0.95 (P = .011) and 0.97 (P < .001).

Discussion

Diaphragm excursion and diaphragm TF can predict restrictive pulmonary insufficiency in DMD.
Optimal dividend problems with a risk probability criterion
Authors: Wen Xin , Guo Xianping , Xia Li
Published: October 2021

This paper considers a discrete time optimal dividend payout problem with a risk probability criterion. Different from the expected discounted dividends that are widely studied in the existing literature, our emphasis is the risk probability that an insurance company's total discounted dividend fails to reach a given dividend goal by the time of ruin. We aim to find an optimal dividend policy to minimize such risk probability. More precisely, we establish a general model for optimal dividend problems based on a Markov decision process with varying discount factors and a probability criterion. The associated optimality equation and the existence of optimal policies under the probability criterion are investigated. For a special case with independently identically distributed incomes, we further characterize the properties of optimal value functions and the structures of optimal dividend policies. A value iteration‐type algorithm for computing value functions and optimal policies is developed. The convergence and error bound analyses of the algorithm are also derived. Finally, an optimal dividend policy in a concrete example is presented to demonstrate our main results.