bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of a Community Program Capacity Scale for a Rural American Indian Tribe
Authors: Barbosa-Leiker Celestina , Holliday Carrie , Burduli Ekaterina , Howell Donelle , Wynne Melodi , Numkena Nora , Ford Chanel , Katz Janet
Published: September 2019

Background and Purpose

Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is often preferred in partnerships between universities and American Indian tribes. Central to CBPR is a strong impetus for capacity building. Community capacity includes capabilities and infrastructures to provide a service(s).

Methods

An American Indian community advisory board developed and tested an 11-item community capacity scale. A total of 128 tribal members or those who lived on the reservation completed the survey. Exploratory factor analysis assessed the factor structure and Cronbach's alpha estimated internal consistency.

Results

A one-factor model demonstrated adequate model fit (comparative fit index [CFI] = .92, root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA] = .06, standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = .07), and items were internally consistent (alpha = .79).

Conclusions

Survey development with academic and tribal partners was iterative, with time spent on partnership and consensus building, resulting in a psychometrically sound and culturally relevant community program capacity scale.
Prevalence of Portuguese Children Exposed to Secondhand Smoke at Home and in the Car
Authors: Precioso José , Rocha Vânia , Sousa Isabel , Araújo Ana Carolina , Machado José Cunha , Antunes Henedina
Published: September 2019

Introduction: Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke is a cause of serious health problems and infant morbidity. This is the first nationally representative study conducted in Portugal to describe the prevalence of children exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car.Material and Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study with a representative sample of 2396 Portuguese children aged 0 to 9 years old, stratified by age and administrative region NUTS II. Questionnaires were administered between January and September 2016.Results: Results showed that 6.1% of mothers and 11.2% of fathers reported smoking at home. It was found that 4.5% of mothers and 8.3% of fathers reported smoking in the car. Results also showed that 5.4% of children were double exposed to secondhand smoke at home and in the car. Children whose parents were smokers and had a lower level of education were more exposed to secondhand smoke at home.Discussion: Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke has been decreasing in Portugal. Parental smoking and a low educational level were risk factors for children’s exposure to secondhand smoke at home.Conclusion: The main source of children’s exposure to secondhand smoke is parental smoking. As such, it is crucial to implement effective measures to control parental smoking. It is necessary to promote smoking cessation among parents and to ban smoking inside the car.
Referenciação Precoce para Cuidados Paliativos: O Racionamento dos Cuidados Eficientes de Saúde em Doentes Oncológicos
Authors: Reis-Pina Paulo , Dos Santos Rita Gameiro
Published: September 2019

Os cuidados paliativos oncológicos constituem uma abordagem interdisciplinar, centralizada no doente e nas suas famílias, realizada ao longo da trajetória das doenças neoplásicas, alicerçada no controlo de sintomas, na comunicação assertiva e na tomada de decisão compartilhada. Apesar de as normas de orientação clínica aconselharem uma intervenção holística, integrando precocemente os cuidados paliativos no tratamento oncológico tradicional, a investigação demonstra um grande atraso na referenciação dos doentes, restringindo os cuidados paliativos no fim de vida. Por que razão parece existir um racionamento da referenciação precoce, atentatório da dignidade humana? Em grande parte, é por falta de conhecimento, treino e educação dos profissionais de saúde sobre os cuidados paliativos e as técnicas para lidar com o processo de morrer e a morte. Vários estudos demonstram o benefício da integração de ações paliativas na rotina dos tratamentos oncológicos ativos, não só a nível do controlo eficaz de sintomas físicos e psicológicos, mas a nível da qualidade de vida global, da satisfação do doente e da família, dos custos dos cuidados de saúde e também da sobrevida, em alguns casos. É necessário tomar medidas que encorajem o oncologista a obter mais formação em cuidados paliativos, como um estágio formal, obrigatório, integrado no seu internato de formação específica. Deste modo, uma nova geração de médicos mudará seguramente a vida dos doentes com cancro, e suas famílias, integrando — sem racionamento desproporcionado — oncologia e medicina paliativa.
Numerical modelling of heat transfer through protected composite structural members
Authors: Çırpıcı Burak Kaan , Orhan Süleyman Nazif , Kotan Türkay
Published: September 2019

Among many various types of passive fire protection materials (i.e. plaster boards, sprayed materials and intumescent coatings) thin film intumescent coatings have become the preferable option owing to their good advantages such as flexibility, good appearance (aesthetics), light weight to the structure and fast application. Despite their popularity, there is also a lack of good understanding of fire behaviour. In general, experimental methods are used to push this knowledge with labour and high-energy consumption and extremely expensive processes. With the development of computer technology, numerical models to predict the heat transfer phenomena of intumescent coatings have been developed with time. In this work, the numerical model has been established to predict the heat transfer performance including material properties such as thermal conductivity and dry film thickness of intumescent coating. The developed numerical model has been divided into different layers to understand the sensitivity of steel temperature to the number of layers of intumescent coating and mesh sizes. The temperature-dependent thermal conductivity of intumescent coatings can be calculated based on inverse solution of the equation for calculating temperatures in protected steel according to the Eurocodes (EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2). However, as the temperature distribution in the intumescent coatings is highly non-uniform, that Eurocode equation does not give accurate coating thermal conductivity-temperature relationship for use in numerical heat transfer modelling when the coating is divided into a number of layers, each having its characteristic thermal conductivity values. The comparison study of steel temperature under Standard (ISO 834) and Fast fire conditions against Eurocode analytical solution has also been made by assuming both constant thermal conductivity and variable thermal conductivity. The obtained results show close agreement with the Eurocode solution choosing a minimum certain mesh, number of layer and best-fitted thermal conductivity of the intumescent coating.
Evaluation of Native Wine Yeast as Biocontrol Agents Against Fungal Pathogens Related to Postharvest Diseases
Authors: Reyes-Bravo Paula , Acuña-Fontecilla Andrea , Rosales Ines Marlene , Godoy Liliana
Published: September 2019

Changes in consumer expectations have led to increasing demand for novel plant protection strategies, in order to reduce the application of chemical products, reduce the occurrence of new pests and the impact that all these actions generate in the environment. In recent years there have been numerous investigations related to biological control and the use of microorganisms as new control strategies. As part of integrated disease management, antagonistic microorganisms have been investigated lately and presented great interest. Such microorganisms can be applied in conventional and in organic farming as biological control agents (BCA). Many of these microorganisms are present in the microbial ecology generating interactive associations between surrounding microorganisms. For these reasons, it has become necessary to search new natural antimicrobial agents as alternatives to synthetic and chemical products. It has been discovered that there are microorganisms, particularly yeasts, that have antagonistic activity and different mechanisms of action, indicating that they could be interesting candidates for the development of BCA. Here, we evaluate the antagonist effect of four endophytic yeast, Cryptococcus antarcticus, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cryptococcus terrestris and Cryptococcus oeirensis over the growth of Botrytis cinerea, Monilinia laxa, Penicillium expansum and Geotrichum candidum in in vitro assays (inhibition zone diameter assay and confrontation assay).The results revealed that the four yeast strains evaluated showed antagonistic activity against the phytopathogens tested, suggesting that these yeasts produce compounds capable of inhibiting the growth of fungi and, depending on the assay, the evaluated antagonist-yeasts have differential biocontrolling-effect against the postharvest pathogens tested.
تدريس اللغة العربية في المدارس الشرقية التقليدية الدينية في شرق تركيا(مدارس تِلْلو وجزيرة ابن عمر نموزجا)
Authors: ناس محمد أمين
Published: September 2019

The aim of the research is to identify the traditional religious schools in Eastern Turkey in general with a historical and descriptive perspective.It will also focus on these educational institutions in terms of their programs and curricula in teaching Arabic to non-Arabic speakers with reference to some important historical developments relating to and affecting them.  We will also analyze publications and books circulating in the hands of teachers and students in these institutions (in Tillo and Jazeera) and address them descriptively and concisely. We will examine these institutions in terms of particular characteristics such as formality, descriptive, financial sources, and development in the current time.Finally; we will identify the extent of attractiveness of graduates amongst citizens and their status in society, and the employment and permanence of graduates from these institutions.The method of research is through descriptive, analytical and comparative methods. The conclusion of the research is that the basis of teaching in this school is primarily voluntary free teaching. The method of teaching is to take the lessons either individually or in a group and to memorize the text and then supplement then with commentaries in a deep and logical manner before and after the class. The system by which the books are taught are systematically and to complete them in entirety.
معايير تقييم معلمي اللغة العربية لغير الناطقين بها
Authors: العصيمي عارف بن شجعان
Published: September 2019

The aim of this research is to understand and establish criteria for evaluating the performance of the Arabic teacher for non-native speakers. The standards of learning foreign languages â€‹â€‹and integrating them into the curriculum and its applications in the field of language education. The researcher also pointed to the most important standards in the field of teaching Arabic to non-native speakers. In order to achieve the objectives set for this study, the researcher followed the descriptive method based on the development of the data required to answer the questions of the study describing the phenomenon under study and derived and analyzed to reach tangible results. The researcher chose this approach because it is comprehensive and provides the researcher with a lot of information about the phenomenon and its relevance to the subject studying.

The researcher concluded from this study the results of the most important of which is to prove the role of the educational assessment of the teacher of the Arabic language for non-native speakers and how to achieve the goals of education effectively and strive to provide him with what helps to reflect his ideas abstraction and transfer it to knowledge and planning and application in the best ways to modify the environment of education and the need for educational renewal The need to evaluate the teacher according to basic and functional standards in the educational process such as ACTFI standards, CEFR standards, TESOL standards, Stralah AFMLTA. The need for teaching Arabic language curricula for non-native speakers to the development and activation.
STRATEGI MULTILANGUAGE UNTUK PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB: STUDI DI MA’HAD MAHASISWA
Authors: Mufidah Nuril , Saâ€™adah Nihayatus , Kholis Nur
Published: September 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran Bahasa Arab menggunakan strategi Multilanguage di Ma’had. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan mengambil objek mahasantri Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang tahun 2016. Metode pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan penggunaan strategi Multilanguage pembelajaran dapat menarik motivasi dan minat mahasantri yang tidak memiliki latar belakang bahasa yang memadai, karena bahasa Indonesia membantu mendekatkan mahasantri dengan bahasa asing tujuan khususnya bahasa Arab. Selain itu, penggunaan strategi ini membantu mahasantri untuk dapat menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa.
Toleransi Antar Umat Beragama Perspektif KH. Ali Mustafa Yaqub
Authors: Anggraeni Dewi , Suhartinah Siti
Published: September 2019

This paper is to analyze the thinking of KH Ali Mustafa Yaqub on tolerance inter-religious. Tolerance is urgent for giving solution for the problems religious in Indonesia today. The understanding of tolerance can create harmony inter-religious. This paper is a literature review of Ali  Mustafa Yaqub books. The results of this study indicate that conflict inter-religious often occur and very easy to divide the nation one. Therefore need a meaningful interpretation related to good tolerance among the faithful will bring to the harmony of religious life.

Keywords: Tolerance, Inter-religious, KH Ali Mustafa Yaqub

Abstrak

Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui pemikiran KH. Ali Mustafa Yaqub mengenai toleransi antar umat beragama untuk dijadikan satu solusi dalam menjawab permasalahan umat beragama di Indonesia saat ini, yakni permasalahan krisisnya sikap toleransi. Dengan pemahaman yang mendalam mengenai toleransi diharapkan dapat menciptakan kerukunan yang stabil antar umat beragama. Metode dalam penulisan artikel ini adalah kajian literatur atas buku-buku karya Ali Mustofa Yakub. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa konflik antar umat beragama sering terjadi dan berpotensi memecah belah persatuan bangsa; karenanya diperlukan pemaknaan yang komprehensif terkait toleransi yang baik antar umat beragama.

Keywords: Toleransi,Umat Beragama, KH. Ali Mustofa Yaqub
Sejarah Keberadaan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau Perspektif Hamka dalam Karya â€œAyahkuâ€
Authors: Ikbal Muhamad , Aulia Rihlah Nur , Siregar Khairil Ikhsan
Published: September 2019

This research is aimed to describe of the first origin of Muhamadiyah in Minangkabau beside on Hamka perspective on his book â€œAyahkuâ€, about whom lead Muhamadiyah to Minangkabau, what is the background of Muhamadiyah brought to Minangkabau, and what about the response of Minangkabau society regarding the arrival of Muhamadiyah. This research using history method, mean while for presentation the result of research using descriptive narrative. The Phase of this research method has four elements, such as heuristic (collecting data), critic, interpretative, and historiography (written). The result of this research shows that Muhamadiyah brought to Minangkabau individually where it brought by Haji Abdul Karim Amrullah in 1925. Known Men who spread Muhamdiyah in Minangkabau is Syekh Jamil Jambek, St. Mansur, Sj St Mangkuto and his brother Yusuf Amrullah. Support factor that makes Muhamdiyah accepted in Minangkabau society is because Abdul Karim Amrullah and founder of Muhamdiyah K.H Ahmad Dahlan is a student of Syekh Khatib al Minangkabaui when studying in Mecca also when H.Abdul Karim Amrullah goes to java and his art asked by K.H.Ahmad Dahlan for rewritten in java language.

Keywords : History, Muhammadiyah, Minangkabau, Hamka.  

Abstrak

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan sejarah awal keberadaan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau perspektif Hamka dalam karyanya â€œAyahkuâ€, tentang siapa yang membawa Muhammadiyah ke Minangkabau, apa latarbelakang Muhammadiyah dibawa ke Minangkabau, dan bagaimana respon masyarakat Minangkabau pada saat Muhammadiyah datang.Penelitian ini mengunakan metode sejarah, sementara untuk penyajian hasil penelitian dilakukan dalam bentuk deskriptif â€“ naratif. Hasil penelitian yang telah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa Muhammadiyah dibawa ke Minangkabau secara individual, yaitu dibawa oleh H.Abdul Karim Amrullah pada tahun 1925. Beliau membawa Muhammadiyah ke Minangkabau adalah untuk memperbaiki Agama Islam di Minangkabau. Tokoh yang ikut menyebarkan Muhammadiyah di Minangkabau adalah Syekh Jamil Jambek, St.Mansur, S.J. St.Mangkuto dan adik beliau Yusuf Amrullah. Faktor-faktor Muhammadiyah diterima di masyarakat Minangkabau adalah karena H.Abdul Karim Amrullah dan pendiri Muhammadiyah K.H.Ahmad Dahlan merupakan sama-sama murid dari Syekh Khatib Al-Minangkabaui pada saat belajar agama di Makkah serta pada saat H.Abdul Karim Amrullah ke Jawa karangan-karangan beliau di minta oleh K.H.Ahmad Dahlan untuk disalin dalam bahasa Jawa.

Kata Kunci: Sejarah, Muhammadiyah, Minangkabau, Hamka
ESTIMATING EQUITY RISK PREMIUM: THE CASE OF GREATER CHINA
Authors: Zhu Jie
Published: September 2019

The expected equity risk premium is a key input of many asset prcing models innance. There exist a number of methods to estimate the risk premium. It is alsowell documented that the risk premium is time-varying. This paper briey reviews twodi¤erent approaches. More specically, the historical average and relative estimationare taken into closer examination. The rst approach is applied to estimate equity riskpremium for stock markets in Greater China when the stock markets were recoveringfrom the bottom. Then the relative estimation approach is also adopted to empiricaldata to justify the ndings in the rst one, which takes into consideration the lowerrequired rate of return for Chinese investors due to lack of investment opportunities.After making these adjustments, we nd that risk premium in mainland China is close torisk premium for Hong Kong and Taiwan markets. All of those markets have higher riskpremium compared to US market. The risk premium for Shanghai and Shenzhen marketare about 8% and 10% respectively. For Hong Kong and Taiwan these numbers become8% and 9%, where the long-term forward-looking risk premium for US market is about4%.
REVISITING CALENDAR ANOMALIES IN BRICS COUNTRIES
Authors: Kinateder Harald , Weber Kimberly , Wagner Niklas
Published: September 2019

We use a GARCH-dummy approach to analyze the influence of calendar anomalies on conditional daily returns and risk for BRICS countries’ stock markets during 1996 to 2018. The month-of-the-year (MOY), turn-of-the-month (TOM), day-of-the-week (DOW), and holiday effects are investigated. The most striking DOW effect is given for Tuesdays. The TOM effect is validated, while we interestingly find no evidence of a January effect. A general holiday effect is not documented, but the Indian market shows a significant pre- and a post-holiday effect, the Chinese market is anomalous before public holidays and the South African market is affected after holidays only.
REAL OUTPUT AND OIL PRICE UNCERTAINTY IN AN OIL PRODUCING COUNTRY
Authors: Njindan Iyke Bernard
Published: September 2019

Sudden changes in oil prices have been a major concern for countries – oil producing and non-oil producing countries alike. Due to this, we assessed the effects of such an uncertainty on the real output of Nigeria, an oil producing country, during the period 1980:1 to 2014:4. We achieved this objective by using a vector autoregressive model that permits us to decompose oil price uncertainty into positive and negative uncertainties. We then quantified the responses of real output to these uncertainties. Using the conditional variance of the returns in the composite refiners’ acquisition cost of crude oil deflated by US GDP deflator as our measure of oil price uncertainty, we found that a positive uncertainty leads to a decline in real output, while a negative uncertainty leads to a rise in real output. The response of real output to these uncertainties is asymmetric.
Naturally Occurring Asbestiform Minerals in Italian Western Alps and in Other Italian Sites
Authors: Belluso Elena , Baronnet Alain , Capella Silvana
Published: September 2019

The natural occurrence of asbestos (NOA) in rocks and soil has been known for many years in several areas of the world, differently from the natural presence of asbestiform minerals. In Italy, the mapping of NOA is mandatory according to the 2001 and 2003 regulations. An investigation, not yet concluded, has revealed that in Italy, NOA is represented by chrysotile and tremolite asbestos with minor amounts of actinolite asbestos and anthophyllite asbestos. A field survey conducted in the Italian Western Alps (IWA), dealing with the natural occurrence of asbestiform minerals non-asbestos classified and not regulated, started many years ago and is still ongoing. It revealed that the following kinds of asbestiform silicates are present (in decreasing order of frequency): asbestiform polygonal serpentine and asbestiform antigorite, asbestiform diopside, asbestiform carlosturanite, asbestiform forsterite, asbestiform sepiolite, asbestiform balangeroite, and asbestiform talc. The asbestiform non-silicates brugnatellite and brucite have been rarely detected. Outside the IWA, asbestiform zeolite (erionite and offretite), asbestiform sodium amphibole (fluoro-edenite), and a few other asbestiform silicates have been also detected. For some asbestiform minerals, the identification is problematic and needs the use of transmission electron microscopy combining imaging at high magnification and electron diffraction and chemical data. This investigation is particularly important to distinguish four kinds of asbestiform minerals (antigorite, polygonal serpentine, carlosturanite, and balangeroite) from chrysotile since only the last one is regulated. The issue is much more complicated by the intergrowth of different fibrous species on the submicrometer scale.
Discerning Erionite from Other Zeolite Minerals During Analysis
Authors: Ray Robyn
Published: September 2019

Erionite, a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that belongs to the zeolite group has been designated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a Group 1 Carcinogen on the basis of mesothelioma, a disease also resulting from the inhalation of asbestos fibers. Significant outcrops of fibrous erionite have been reported in California, North Dakota, Nevada, Oregon, and other states. For geologists and industrial hygienists dealing with mining, construction, or various aspects of community protection, it is vital to understand the basics of detecting and handling erionite, since it is similar to asbestos and can cause similar disease. There are many fibrous zeolites, and discerning erionite from these other minerals requires modifications to current asbestos analysis methods. Without these modifications, identification and quantification are questionable and could increase the likelihood of both false negatives and false positives. There is currently no published method specific to erionite analysis; without guidance standards, each laboratory has approached erionite analysis independently. With a few small but significant changes to asbestos analysis methodologies, we developed a reproducible analytical procedure for rapid identification of erionite fibers in air, bulk, and soil samples by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Using specialized preparation techniques, energy dispersive Spectrometry (EDS) calibrations, and a liquid nitrogen cryo-holder (cold stage), we were able to overcome the difficulties associated with erionite analysis. By incorporating these changes, commercial analytical laboratories can contribute reliable data to air-exposure studies and characterization guidelines, which may help in determining regulations and further understanding the health risks of erionite.
Role of Alkali Type in Chemical Loss and ASP-Flooding Enhanced Oil Recovery in Sandstone Formations
Authors: Zhong Huiying , Yang Tingbao , Yin Hongjun , Lu Jun , Zhang Kai , Fu Chunquan
Published: September 2019

Chemical combination flooding techniques, particularly alkali/surfactant/polymer (ASP) flooding, have proved to be effective in enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The development of this flooding technique in the Daqing Oil Field (China) shows that it can prevent production declines and help oil companies increase profits. However, ASP chemical loss and the resulting chromatographic separation in sandstone formations remain as limitations in the practice of ASP flooding.

Laboratory investigations have analyzed the behavior and characteristics of chemical loss in sandstone reservoirs recently subjected to strong-base [sodium hydroxide (NaOH)] and weak-base [sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)] ASP flooding. A set of experiments were reasonably designed to study how formulation compositions, slug combination patterns, and heterogeneity affected the chromatographic separation and consumption loss characteristics of chemicals in sandstone reservoirs subjected to ASP flooding. Our investigations determined chemical-loss ratios through various experiments, described the underlying mechanism behind the discovered consumption loss characteristics, and discussed the effects of comparative ASP flooding processes. Furthermore, the incremental oil recovery factor and degree of permeability damage in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs subjected to strong-base and weak-base ASP flooding processes were assessed and compared. Then, the role of alkali type in chemical loss, EOR efficiency, and reservoir flow assurance in sandstone formations were ascertained for the first time.

The results indicated that chemical-loss behaviors and chemical chromatographic separation could be alleviated in a weak-base ASP flooding. In particular, in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs, the average loss ratios of alkalis and surfactants could be reduced by 9.61% and 15.67%, respectively, compared to the strong-base ASP flooding. A profitable EOR of 20% or more could also be obtained with a weak-base ASP flooding. Moreover, a reduction of approximately 15% in the permeability-damage ratio could be realized in weak-base ASP flooding compared with the strong-base system, and the reservoir flow-assurance issues related to chemical loss could be addressed. The optimal designs for ASP formulations and slug combination patterns could technically and sustainably achieve high oil recovery in sandstone reservoirs with a weak-base ASP flooding.

The results help illustrate the chemical combination flooding mechanism and can contribute to the existing knowledge regarding the additive effects of chemicals during the EOR process. Moreover, they are significant for further improving oil displacement efficiency and reducing the injection cost in heterogeneous sandstone reservoirs subjected to the weak-base ASP-flooding process.
Comparison of retention in observational cohorts and nested Simulated HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials in the Key populations in Uganda
Authors: Abaasa Andrew Max , Todd Jim , Nash Stephen , Mayanja Yunia , Kaleebu Pontiano , Fast Patricia E. , Price Matt
Published: September 2019

Background: Outcomes in observational studies may not best estimate those expected in the HIV vaccine efficacy trials. We compared retention in Simulated HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials (SiVETs) and observational cohorts drawn from two key populations in Uganda.

Methods: Two SiVETs were nested within two observational cohorts, one in Fisherfolk (FF) and another one in Female Sex Workers (FSW). Adult participants in each observational cohort were screened for enrolment into SiVETs until a sample of 572 was achieved. Those screened-out or not screened continued participation in the observational (non-SiVET) cohorts. SiVET participants were administered a licensed hepatitis B vaccine in a schedule that mimicked an actual HIV vaccine efficacy trial. Both cohorts were followed for 12 months and retention was assessed through dropout, defined as lost to follow up, being uncontactable, refusal to continue or missing the last study clinic visit. Dropout rates were compared using Poisson models giving rate ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).

Results: Out of 1,525 participants (565 FF and 960 FSW), 572 (38 %) were enrolled into SiVETs (282-FF and 290-FSW), and 953 (62%) remained in the non-SiVET cohorts. Overall, 326 (101 SiVET, 225 non-SiVET) dropped out in 1,260 Person Years of Observation (PYO), a dropout rate of 25.9 /100 PYO (95%CI: 23.2-28.8); fewer dropped out in the SiVET cohorts (18.4, 95% CI: 15.1-22.4) than in the non-SiVET cohorts (31.6, 95% CI: 27.8-36.1), rate ratio (RR) =0.58, 95% CI 0.46-0.73. In all cohorts, the dropout were more marked in FSW than in FF population. Duration lived in community was associated with dropout in both SiVETs and religion in both non-SiVET cohorts.

Conclusion: The rate of dropout was lower in SiVET compared to non-SiVET cohort. Though the difference in dropout between SiVET and non-SiVET was generally similar, the actual dropout rates were higher in the FSW population. Conduct of SiVETs in these key populations could mean that designing HIV Vaccine Efficacy Trials will benefit from lower dropout rate shown in SiVET than non-SiVET observational cohort.
Animal model of allergy and asthma; protocol for researches
Authors: Athari Seyyede Masoume , Nasab Entezar Mehrabi , Athari Seyyed Shamsadin
Published: September 2019

Allergic diseases and asthma are an important problem in health system and effects large amounts of people in the worlds. Exposure to outdoor and indoor allergens promote the sensitization towards these allergens. Th2 cytokines are main stimulators allergic diseases initiation. Allergic diseases similar to other diseases have been studied in animal for understanding of pathophysiology and treatments. Animal models provide a potential approach to investigation of the pathophysiology, mechanism and drugs designing for allergy and asthma. Physicians and veterinarians with collaboration in this field could improve best animal model. In this review, it will be discussed the various models (especially in mouse) and protocols by focusing on the allergic diseases. Animal models in allergy field, are applicable for important goals. Moral discussion in all procedures should be remarkable.
Effectiveness of combined suprascapular nerve and costoclavicular brachial plexus block for arthroscopic shoulder surgery: a prospective observational study
Authors: Kim Byung-Gun , Lee Woojoo , Kim Hyunzu , Yang Chunwoo , Jeon Yoon Sang , Tae Nayoung , Kim Hongseok
Published: September 2019

Background Although interscalene brachial plexus block provides effective anesthesia and analgesia for shoulder surgery, one major drawback of interscalene brachial plexus block is ipsilateral phrenic nerve palsy. Several diaphragm-sparing nerve blocks have been suggested. We prospectively evaluated the effectiveness of combined suprascapular nerve and costoclavicular brachial plexus block for postoperative analgesia following arthroscopic shoulder surgery.Methods Nineteen patients scheduled for arthroscopic shoulder surgery received combined ultrasound-guided suprascapular nerve and costoclavicular brachial plexus block. Pain scores, use of supplemental analgesia, incidence of phrenic nerve palsy, block-related outcomes, patient satisfaction, and adverse effects were assessed.Results The block was successful in 17 patients (89.5%). Postoperative pain control was effective during the first 24 h after surgery. Phrenic nerve palsy did not occur (0%, 95% confidential interval 0 – 17%). There were no severe adverse events. Patients reported a high degree of satisfaction.Conclusion Combined suprascapular nerve and costoclavicular brachial plexus block provided effective postoperative analgesia for arthroscopic shoulder surgery without causing phrenic nerve palsy.
Are patterns of flower differentiation in response to nutrient supply and pollen concentration optimal for fruit and seed growth?
Authors: Gao Lei , Zhai Jun Jie , Yu Guo Zhu , Li Wei Hua , Peng Chang Lian
Published: September 2019

Background Changes in the proportions of male and female flowers in monoecious plants in response to external environmental conditions are directly related to the reproductive fitness of plants. The monoecious cucumber plant was used in this study to assess the responses of sex differentiation and the breeding process to nutrient supply and the degree of artificial pollination using pollen solutions of different concentrations. Results We found that the nutrient supply significantly increased the number of female flowers after pollination, although the number of female flowers did not increase with the concentration of the pollination solution. The number of male flowers did not decrease even under the low nutrient concentration; consequently, the optimal benefits under different nutrient and pollen resources in the environment were maximized when the number of female flowers decreased due to low nutrient levels after pollination. Pollination treatment affected the fruit growth, seed set, and fruit yield. However, the number of fruit, fruit set percentage, and total seeds per plant did not increase with the pollination level, although the fruit weight and seed number in one fruit did increase. The trade-offs for cucumbers associated with flower differentiation with respect to nutrient supply and pollination may not be optimal for fruit growth or seed set. Conclusions It is concluded that the response of plant flowering to external factors is direct and instantaneous, and there may not be an overall and long-term resource allocation for fruit development and seed formation.
International Classification of External Causes of Injury: a cross sectional study on its coverage rate in Iran
Authors: Salehi Fatemeh , Ahmadian Leila , Padidar Shabnam
Published: September 2019

Background Injuries are a major health issue worldwide and their prevention requires access to accurate statistics in this area. This can be achieved by using the data collected through the international classification systems. This study aimed at investigating the coverage rate of the International Classification of External Causes of Injury (ICECI) regarding the external causes of injury in Shahid Bahonar Hospital.Method This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was performed on 322 injured individuals visiting the emergency unit of Shahid Bahonar Hospital. The data were gathered through patients’ records, a designed form and interviews. The collected data were encoded based on the ICECI textbook by two encoders. Their agreement rate was calculated using the Kappa estimate of agreement. The coverage rate of the classification system and the degree of completeness of the required data for encoding in the patients’ records was measured. Data were analyzed by the SPSS software, ver. 19.Results The findings showed that 70% of the studied external causes of injury were covered by the ICECI system. Among the 322 cases, 138 (43%) had been referred due to car accidents. The injured were mostly drivers of land transport vehicles who had been unintentionally involved in a car accident. The least mechanism for injury was bite injury with 5 (2%) cases which had occurred at home or public transport with a similar rate and totally unintentional. ICECI was capable of classifying 92% of the data related to incident causes. The most incongruous coverage of this system belonged to the "activity when injured" axis (n=18). Lack of precise data recording in the medical files resulted in missing data in at least one of the axis of the incident causes in most records.Conclusion Given that some information regarding the external cause of injury was not categorized by the ICECI system, this research can identify the shortcomings of the system and help its developers to amend it in future revisions.
Isolation and characterization of canine distemper virus from clinical domestic dogs in Addis Ababa pet clinics, Ethiopia
Authors: shurbe mesfin urda
Published: September 2019

Background: Canine Distemper is infectious, highly contagious viral disease of canine and feline species with worldwide occurrence, having characteristics of systemic signs with frequent nervous dysfunction. However, the previous studies have underreported canine distemper status in Ethiopia together with its strain makes this study mandatory. Therefore, the principal aim of the present study was to find out the occurrence of CD from clinical dogs in association with other cases in Addis Ababa pet clinics. Results: Out of the 150 dogs that are brought to different Addis Ababa pet clinics, 70 cases (46.66%) were identified to have signs suggestive of CDV infection. Of all the 70 suspected cases of CD, ocular and nasal discharge swab samples were collected and screened by FASTest DISTEMPER Strip kit test for the presence of canine distemper virus. Of the screened samples, 16 (22.86%) were positive for canine distemper. Samples that were positive for FASTest DISTEMPER Strip kit test were further confirmed using cell culture in Vero cell as gold standard technique. Out of the 16 screened positive samples inoculated in Vero cells, 12 specimen (75%) showed Cytopathic effects (CPE) in the form of Syncytia formation within 24 and 48 hours of inoculation while the rest 4 negative samples were passaged in Vero cell three times before declaring negative. Uninoculated negative controls included in each run did not show any effects. Conclusion: The present study revealed the existence of CD in the study area, showing 16 positive domestic dogs out of 70 cases do not received periodic immunization according to CD strains. Besides this, CD is chief disease of local domestic dogs relative to exotic breed. Therefore isolation of clinical domestic dogs from healthy ones, good management practice, public awareness creation about the disease, routine immunization of animals according to circulating strains of CD is mandatory. Key word : CDV, Cytopathic Effects, Dog, FASTest DISTEMPER Strip kit test
Regulatory Roles of Differentially Expressed MicroRNAs in Metabolic Processes in Negative Lens-Induced Myopia Guinea Pigs
Authors: Guo Dadong , Ding Meihua , Song Xiaoli , Sun Yuanyuan , Li Guoping , Hu Wanli , Li Zonghong , Wu Jianfeng , Jiang Wenjun , Bi Hongsheng
Published: September 2019

Background: Myopia is the most common vision defects and the leading cause of visual impairment worldwide. microRNAs can regulate the target gene expressions, influencing the development of diseases. However, the roles of differentially expressed microRNAs in the development of myopia in lens-induced myopia (LIM) guinea pigs remain still unclear.
Methods: We first established a negative LIM guinea pig model after induction for 2 weeks. Further, we isolated sclera to purify total messenger RNA (mRNA) in both LIM and LIM fellow sclera. Using next generation sequencing technique and bioinformatics analysis, we identified the differentially expressed microRNAs in LIM guinea pigs, performed the bioinformatics annotation for the differentially expressed microRNAs, and validated the expressions of differentially expressed microRNAs.
Results: We successfully established a negative LIM model in guinea pigs, identified 27 differentially expressed microRNAs in LIM guinea pig sclera, including 10 up-regulated and 17 down-regulated microRNAs. The KEGG annotation showed the main signaling pathways were closely associated with PPAR signaling, pyruvate and propanoate metabolisms, and TGF-beta signaling pathways.
Conclusions: In summary, we found the development of myopia is mainly involved in the disorder of metabolic processes in LIM guinea pigs. The PPAR signaling, pyruvate and propanoate metabolism pathways may play a role in the development of myopia.
Species Delimitation and evolutionary history of tree frogs in the Hyla chinensis-group (Hylidae, Amphibian)
Authors: Pan Tao , Wu Guiyou , Kang Xing , Yan Peng , Ali Izaz , Zhou Wenliang , Li Jiatang , Wu Xiaobing , Zhang Baowei
Published: September 2019

Background Species are the cornerstone in many domains of biology research, which made the accurate species delimitation became critically important. In this study, the systematics and biogeography of the Hyla chinensis -group were analyzed based on phylogeny, species delimitation and ancestral area reconstruction methods.Results The phylogenetic results showed six specific clusters existed in the H. chinensis- group. BPP analysis indicated that six distinct species exist due to the high probability values (>0.95), which were also supported by the BF analysis. The divergence time of the H. chinensis -group is estimated to date back to 18.84 Mya in the early Miocene. Combining the results of ancestral area reconstruction, the H. chinensis -group might have originated from Guangxi-Hainan, then spread eastwardly and reached Nanling mountains, Wuyi mountains, Huangshan mountains and Taiwan. In rightabout colonization, it is gradually extended to the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Sichuan basin, Qinling mountains and Dabie mountains. Considering the geological movement from early Miocene to Pliocene, the colonization pattern of the H. chinensis -group maybe closely related to the progressive uplift of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and historical climate change.Conclusions Our study provides evidence for species delimitation and speciation process within the H. chinensis -group. Our study supports the hypothesis that the evolutionary divergence in this species group was a consequence of the progressive uplift of QTP and environmental change.
The Influence of Job satisfaction, Resilience and Work engagement on Turnover Intention among Village Doctor in China:a cross-sectional study
Authors: Zhang Xuewen , Bian Liyan , Bai Xue , Kong Dezhong , Liu Li , Chen Qing , li ningxiu
Published: September 2019

Background As the gatekeepers of rural residents ‘health, the team of village doctors plays a vital role in improving the health level of rural residents. However, a large number of village doctor’s turnover, or even dozens of them turnover collectively, threatening the stability of the village medical team. This research evaluated the influence of job satisfaction, resilience, work engagement on turnover intention of village doctor and explored the mediating role of resilience and work engagement between job satisfaction and turnover intention among village doctor in China.Methods A quantitative study using a self-administered questionnaire containing mostly structured items was conducted among the village doctors with a sample size of 2693 from 1345 rural hospitals or clinics of Shandong province, China, during May and June 2019. All variables including demographic characteristics, job satisfaction, resilience, work engagement and turnover intention were based on literature and measured on 5- or 6-point Likert scale. Such statistical methods as one-way ANOVA, bivariate correlation, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) were used.Results As high as 46.9% of the participants had a high turnover intention and no less than 26.3% of the participants had a medium turnover intention. Job satisfaction not only has a direct negative effect on turnover intention(β=-0.37, p < 0.001), but also has an indirect effect on it through work engagement(β= -0.04, p < 0.001), work engagement has a direct negative impact on turnover intention(β= -0.13, p < 0.002), and resilience had an indirect negative effect on turnover intention through the mediating effect of work engagement(β= -0.09, p < 0.001). The results of this study strongly verified that job satisfaction, resilience, work engagement were early, powerful predicators of turnover intention.Conclusion According to the results, reasonable and fair income, effective promotion mechanism, fair social old-age security, reasonable workload, strong psychological coping mechanism for work stress, should be taken seriously to improve job satisfaction. The turnover intention of village doctors could be reduced through improving job satisfaction, resilience and work engagement.
A Trial Protocol for the Effectiveness of Digital Interventions for Preventing Depression in Adolescents: The Future Proofing Study
Authors: Werner-Seidler Aliza , Huckvale Kit , Larsen Mark E. , Calear Alison L. , Maston Kate , Johnston Lara , Torok Michelle , O’Dea Bridianne , Batterham Philip J. , Schweizer Susanne , Skinner S. Rachel , Steinbeck Katharine , Ratcliffe Julie , Oei Ju-Lee , Patton George , Wong Iana , Beames Joanne , Wong Quincy J. J. , Lingam Raghu , Boydell Katherine , Salmon Allison M. , Cockayne Nicole , Mackinnon Andrew , Christensen Helen
Published: September 2019

Background Depression frequently first emerges during adolescence, and one in five young people will experience an episode of depression by the age of 18 years. Despite advances in treatment, there has been limited progress in addressing the burden at a population level. Accordingly, there has been growing interest in prevention approaches as an additional pathway to address depression. Depression can be prevented using evidence-based psychological programs. However, barriers to implementing and accessing these programs remain, typically reflecting a requirement for delivery by clinical experts and high associated delivery costs. Digital technologies, specifically smartphones, are now considered a key strategy to overcome the barriers inhibiting access to mental health programs. The Future Proofing Study is a large-scale school-based trial investigating whether Cognitive Behaviour Therapies (CBT) delivered by smartphone application can prevent depression.Methods A randomized controlled trial targeting up to 20,000 Year 8 Australian secondary school students will be conducted. In Stage I, schools will be randomized at the cluster level to receive either the CBT intervention app (SPARX) or to a non-active control group comparator. The primary outcome will be symptoms of depression and secondary outcomes include psychological distress, anxiety and insomnia. At the 12-month follow-up, participants in the intervention arm with elevated depressive symptoms will participate in an individual-level RCT (Stage II) and be randomised to receive a second CBT app which targets sleep difficulties (Sleep Ninja) or a control condition. Assessments will occur at post-intervention (both trial stages), and at 6, 12, 24, 36, 48- and 60-months post-baseline. Primary analyses will use an intention-to-treat approach and compare changes in symptoms from baseline to follow-up relative to the control group using mixed effect models.Discussion This is the first trial testing the effectiveness of smartphone apps delivered to school students to prevent depression at scale. Results from this trial will provide much needed insight into the feasibility of this approach. They stand to inform policy and commission decisions concerning if and how such programs should be deployed in school-based settings in Australia and beyond.