bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legal protection concerning marine environment and coastal areas in Indonesia based on the convention on biological diversity (CBD)
Authors: Widayanti Tri Fenny , Djafar Eka Merdekawati , Hakim Muhammad Zulfan , Rivanie Syarif Saddam , Ashri Muhammad
Published: December 2022

Indonesia has ratified The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) through Law Number 5 of 1994 with considerations that biodiversity, including ecosystems, types, and genetics of animals, plants, and micro-organisms, need to be guaranteed for their existence and sustainability for life. However, the management of Marine Conservation, which is also one of the implementations of CBD ratification, has not provided firm and clear legal protection for managing marine and coastal environmental areas. The management of marine conservation itself is a manifestation of sustainable development that stated in the Sustainable Development Goals, Goals 14, Conserve and Sustainability use the oceans, seas, and marine resources for sustainable development, and it is clearly seen that the principles of sustainable development have not been effective synergized in the implementation of CBD in Indonesia. This study uses a normative judicial approach with descriptive analytical research. The result of the research is The regulation of underwater biodiversity related to a sustainable environment which is regulated by various international, national, and local provisions, must be explicitly determined about the importance of protecting and conserving biological diversity, including marine biodiversity. The related framework also should accommodate its availability and ecosystems for a sustainable environment and human benefits for present and future generations. As a result of the destruction of marine ecosystems, marine biodiversity must be given sanctions for the violators. The sanctions can be in the form of administrative sanctions, criminal sanctions, or civil sanctions.
Meroplankton composition and abundance in Ambon Bay, Maluku
Authors: Ruli Fismatman , Prihantini Nining Betawati , Likumahua Sem , Widodo Tri , Abdul Malik Sudin , Pelupesy Iskandar Abd Hamid
Published: December 2022

Here we present the study of meroplankton in Ambon Bay. This study aims to determine the composition and abundance of meroplankton in Ambon Bay. Sixteen stations (eight in the IAB and eight in the OAB) were sampled in March 2022. A plankton sampling was carried out using a plankton net with a mesh size of 300 microns and a diameter of 30 cm drawn at a depth of 10 meters to the surface. The study results showed that the meroplankton in Ambon Bay at the time of observation consisted of fish larvae, fish eggs, Echinodermata larvae, gastropoda larvae,cirripedia larvae, stomatopoda larvae, bracyura larvae (megalopa), bracyura larvae (zoea), nauplius crustacea, sea anemone larvae, other crustacea larvae and annelida larvae. The abundance of meroplankton in the IAB is higher than in the OAB. ANOSIM showed significant differences between IAB and OAB (p <0.05). SIMPER analysis showed that the mean dissimilarity between IAB and OAB was of 56.16%. The meroplankton group was dominated by Echinodermata larvae, which were found to dominate at all research stations, especially in the inner bay of Ambon, with the highest abundance found at station 4, which was 120.31 ind.m−3.
Composition of fish catches and environmental friendliness levels based on code of conduct for responsible fisheries (CCRF) using traditional set net fishing gear with different depths in Malela waters, Awangpone district, Bone Regency
Authors: Patangngari F , Amir F , Najamuddin  , Jaya I
Published: December 2022

This study aims to describe the composition, and analysis of environmental friendliness in the waters of Awangpone district, Bone regency, in November- December 2021. This research method uses exploratory case studies and interviews with FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries (CCRF) analysis (1995) with purposive sampling methods. The composition of the traditional set net with a depth of 1.5 meters there are 47 species with a total weight of 469.98 kg. The percentage of the most catch is milkfish and bluespot mullet. The percentage of recessive fish caught were dory snaper, and rebon shrimp. While the composition of the catch traditional set netdepth of 3 meters there are 46 species with a total weight of 151 kg. The highest percentage of catches were jarbua terapon. The percentage of recessive fish caught were fringescale sardinella, Empirang common hairfin anchovy. There are 3 categories that are environmentally friendly, namely; does not endanger fishermen, does not catch protected fish, is socially acceptable and there are 6 categories that are not environmentally friendly, namely; not selective, destroying habitat, not producing quality fish, production endangering consumers, high by-catch and negative impact on biodiversity.
Scalloped Hammerhead (Sphyrna lewini) Movement Behavior toward Diver in Banda Waters, Maluku
Authors: Mukharror Darmawan A , Ibrahim Salim
Published: December 2022

Shark diving tourism opens opportunities to study shark behavior towards diver. As one of the popular attractions for the marine tourism in Indonesia, shark diving play significant role for the conservation in the eastern part of Indonesia. Banda Sea, as well as Morotai, Derawan, Raja Ampat, Nabire and Teluk Cenderawasih, Bali, Lombok, Komodo, and Gorontalo, is famous for its shark diving attraction. Despite its famous status as a tourism attraction, little is known about the behavior of scalloped hammerhead shark during the interaction with Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA) diver. The information of scalloped hammerhead shark movement behavior during interaction with SCUBA diver is important for developing ecological assessment, safe diving practice, and shark tourism carrying capacity. This research involves DOV (Diver Operated Video) to record the movement patterns of shark while interacting with SCUBA Diver. Evaluation of approximately 457 photos and 32 videos of theSphyrna lewiniduring 14 days of observations has been analyzed during SCUBA diving shows the most common shark agonistic display: pectoral fins depression - apart from other displays such as tail slapping, flank displaying, charging, snout raise, and jaw gapping. It also reveals three (3) new shark agonistic postures which were never been recorded previously: charging, snout raise, and jaw gapping. This study showed that there are consistent behaviors observed while meeting with SCUBA divers and this may be beneficial for development of safety diving management, as well as conservation efforts.
Potential of green mussel (Perna viridis) aquaculture in Cengkok Estuary in Banten Bay West Java
Authors: Sugiarti  , Novianti R
Published: December 2022

This research is aim to analyze water quality for green mussel aquaculture approfiateness and economic potency for green mussel aquaculture in Cengkok estuary in Banten Bay. Banten Bay known as area which have variety of fishes including its estuary around the bay. One of its estuary is Cengkok. Cengkok estuary is known as a fishing area that supports fishermen who lived surrounded it. There is an area for aquaculture, agriculture, and fishing settlements in Cengkok that could affect water quality and fish including green mussel. Green mussel aquaculture has been established earlier in this area, but lack management could not bring successful production for it. Water sampling was conducted in April and October 2021. Water quality in Cengkok estuary analyzed by carried out several physical and chemical parameter analysis. There are water depth, brightness, pH, dissolved oxygen, water temperature, turbidity, conductivity, salinity, water current, Total Dissolved Solids, Total Suspended Solids, Chlorophyl-a, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorous, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Metals Pb, Fe, and Cr. Economic potency for green mussel aquaculture carried out by interview the fishermen and market research. Determination of water quality status is using PI (Pollution Index). Economic potency described using BMC (Business Canvas Model).
Low-cost investigation of wave dynamics across low energy reef environments in Indonesia
Authors: Risandi J , Solihuddin T , Kepel TL , Daulat A , Heriati A , Mustikasari E , Hidayat R
Published: December 2022

The interaction between offshore waves and complex reef bottom profiles determines the hydrodynamic processes within the reef beaches, for instance, Sea-Swell (SS) wave dissipation, Infragravity (IG) wave generation as well as wave-induced currents and setups. These hydrodynamics phenomena are important to several ecological processes and control the associated shoreline erosion and flooding. Hence, a good understanding of the dynamics is needed that wave observations are challenging and expensive otherwise. Here we present a short term (12 hours) investigation of non-directional spectral waves using a series of HOBO pressure sensors. Six pressure sensors were deployed at 3 locations along the fringing reefs of Tunda Island, Banten Province - Indonesia. The wave spectra were estimated from the surface water fluctuations using linear wave theory for each hourly burst data. During observation, the Tunda waters were calm with significant wave heights were less than 10 cm with peak wave periods of ∼12 s at all sites. Despite the short period measurement due to memory issue, the result demonstrated the ability of HOBO pressure sensors to measure non-directional wave spectra at shallow water.
Heat shock treatments for polyploid induction in Clarias gariepinus: Different time after fertilization and treatment duration
Authors: Rozy Ainina Ahmad , Othman Roshani , Ahmad Dzulkarnain Bin , Ghani Intan Faraha A.
Published: December 2022

Manipulation chromosome through heat shock treatment is safe method and can be applied to mass production in order to fulfil demand in animal food industry. The aim of the study was to evaluate how heat shock affected fertilized eggs after 4 minutes (triploid) and 40 minutes (tetraploid) of fertilization. After heat treatment of Clarias gariepinus fish eggs, the rate of abnormality of fertilized eggs were also determined. Heat shock treatments were 39°C, 40°C, and 41°C for 4 minutes, with times of 4 minutes after fertilization and 40 minutes after fertilization, with three repetitions of each treatment. The results showed that heat shock after 4 minutes of fertilization significantly affected the rate of slow embryonic development starting from the cleavage stage of 8 cell up to hatching compared to treatment 40 minutes after fertilization. The treatment with a shocking temperature of 41°C after 4 minutes of fertilization resulted in the highest percentage rate of abnormalities, 45.67%. Thus, this study revealed that tetraploid development was superior to triploid development due to higher egg abnormalities in triploid. Tetraploids are preferable as broodstocks to produce sterile triploids and can enlarge rapidly.
Chemical profile, toxicity, cytotoxicity and antioxidant potencies of ethylacetate extract of soft coral Lobophytum sp. growing in South East Sulawesi Sea
Authors: I Sahidin , Fristiohady Adryan , Malaka Muhammad Hajrul , Sadarun Baru , Rahmatika Nur Syifa , Yodha Agung Wibawa Mahatva , Masrika Nur Upik En , Sundowo Andini
Published: December 2022

Soft coral of Lobophytum sp. grows a lot in the seas of South East Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, no information has been found regarding the study of chemical and pharmaceutical aspects of this genus from this area. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to present the results of a general study on the pharmaceutical and chemical aspects of Lobophytum sp. The sample was collected from the water of Saponda Island, and than extracted by ethyl acetate. The chemical content was analyzed using phytochemical tests and LCMSMS. Antioxidant potency was evaluated by DPPH radicals and ABTS methods, cytotoxicity towards MCF7 cell line using MTT assays, and toxicity by BSLT. The results showed that the ethylacetate extract has potential as an antioxidant and cytotoxic against MCF7 cell lines which is indicated by IC50 value. The antioxidant potential was revealed by IC50 (g/L) 84.99 (DPPH), and 67.99 (ABTS). In addition, the cytotoxicity presented by IC50 (g/L) 37.35 and 50.07 for BSLT. Those activities were supported by the qualitative phytochemical screening that exhibited the extract contains terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and phenolics compounds. LCMSMS data indicated that ethylacetate extract has arachidonic acid, edultin, fragransol D, neociwujiaphenol, pluviatelol, and some unidentified compounds with molecular formulas C21H26O8, C23H47N3O, C32H51NO7, C31H47NO3, C33H51NO3.
Growth, resistance to vibriosis, and tolerance to stressors of the selected giant freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii seeds
Authors: Khasani Ikhsan , Sopian Asep , Pamungkas Wahyu
Published: December 2022

The faster growth and higher survival of a strain, including the giant freshwater prawn (GFP), is an urgent requirement to support GFP farming. The selective breeding of GIMacro II (the superior strain of GFP) resulted in a fourth-generation (G4) which grew faster (35%) than the based population (G0). The comparative test among the selected GI Macro II (SGM), the control of GI Macro II (SGM), and the Siratu (SR, the previous superior strain) were conducted to evaluate the performance of these strains in the larval rearing phage, resistance to vibriosis of the larvae, and tolerance to stressors (pH, temperature, salinity, and formaldehyde) of the juvenile. In the larvae rearing stage, the growth (Larvae stage index, LSI) of the three populations was not different, there were 10.25 ± 0.14, 10.31 ± 0.18, and 10.12 ± 0.15 for SGM, CGM, and SR, respectively. The survival rate of the SGM is about 59.92 ± 4.631 %, significantly higher than the CGM larvae (52.67 ± 2.64 %) and SR larvae (45.85 ± 1.74 %). The resistance level of SGM larvae to Vibrio sp. infection (72.75 ± 4.88 %) is not different from the CGM larvae (70.25 ± 5.06%) and SR larvae (67.88 ± 6.59%). The tolerance level of the SGM, CGM, and SR juvenile to low pH, formaldehyde, temperature fluctuation, and salinity fluctuation were relatively high (>90%). The data suggested that the selected GI Macro II has a good prospect to be developed in the GFP farming system.
The productivity phenomenon of tilapia floating net cages in Jatiluhur Reservoir in line with the Citarum Harum program
Authors: Nugroho Estu , Setijaningsih Lies , Puspaningsih Dewi , Dewi Raden Roro Sri Pudji Sinarni
Published: December 2022

The research was conducted to determine the productivity conditions of tilapia cultivation in the field along with the implementation of reducing the number of floating net cages. Production observations of tilapia culture were carried out on net cages owned by fish farmer in the Jatiluhur Reservoir from 2012 to 2019. The first period-P1 (2013-2015) was before the reduction in the number of net cages, the culture used a double net system and hybrid system. The second period-P2 (2016-2019) when the program started, KJA culture was carried out with a self-maintenance system (100% feeding for tilapia). The value of fish harvest weight ranged from 96.39-102.47 g (P1) and 196.84-278.33 g (P2). The range of survival rate is between 56.99–78.79% (P1), and 60.92–80.41% (P2). The feed efficiency value obtained in the P2 period was 75.77–86.34% while for P1 it was not defined because it was not a 100% feed system (independent). The daily weight gain, productivity and multiple values were as follows: 0.58-1.0 g/day, 0.14-0.45 g/m2, and 2.35-4.56x (P1); 1.43–3.00 g/day, 1.92–2.89 kg/m2 and 6.77–10.80x (P2). The monitored water quality parameters were still within a tolerable range for tilapia floating net cage culture.
Use of probiotics, mangrove leaf extract, and bacterin for alternative disease prevention in tiger shrimp culture
Authors: E Susianingsih , Muliani  , Nurhidayah  , Kadriah I A K. , Atmomarsono M
Published: December 2022

Research has been carried out to determine the effect of probiotics, mangrove leaf extracts, and bacterin as an alternative to disease prevention in shrimp culture. There are 4 treatments and 5 replications. WSSV-free tiger shrimp juveniles with a density of 5 pcs/m2 were applied in each pond. A) used of RICA probiotic (1,2,3) 20g/pond; B), used of mangrove extracts resulting from wet leaf boiling (Sonneratia alba) (300 g in 5 L of cooking water to 2.5 L) as much as 2 L/pond; C) used of vibrio vaccine formalin-inactivated 1% with dose 2.4 mL /kg feed; and D) Control. Administration of probiotics and mangrove leaf extract is carried out every week while bacterin is carried out before culture with immersion method at a dose of 2.4 mL/L for one hour and booster through feed at a dose of 2.4 mL/kg of feed given on days 13, 14, 15, 28, 29 and 30 every month during the culture period. The results showed that the use of mangrove leaf extracts gave the best survival rate and production of the shrimp. TBV/TPC ratio in the pond water ranged from 1.3-8.9%, while in the pond sediment ranged from 0.33-0.97%.
Sustainable management of whiteleg shrimp (Litopennaeus vannamei) aquaculture in Barru Regency, South Sulawesi Province based on EAA (Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture)
Authors: Rusdi R , Kasri  , Kodiran T
Published: December 2022

Sustainable shrimp aquaculture must integrate various factors such as environmental, social, and economic as well as various elements in it. FAO has developed the concept of EAA (Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture) which is an approach to increasing the contribution of aquaculture to sustainable development. In Indonesia, this concept was developed by the Ministry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries to become “Akuakultur Dengan Pendekatan Ekosistem (ADPE)”. Several areas in Indonesia are centers of whiteleg shrimp aquaculture that have developed rapidly, including Barru Regency which is one of the regencies in South Sulawesi and has a large enough potential for whiteleg shrimp aquaculture. This study aims to assess status of ADPE’s implementation in whiteleg shrimp aquaculture area in Barru Regency as a basis for sustainable management aquaculture and recommendation strategies for implementing sustainable aquaculture based on GAP analysis. The results of this study indicate that ADPE assessment status at two locations showed differences, where Corawali Village was in the “poor” category with a score index, is 5,23 and Lawallu Village was in the “medium” category with a score index is 5,08 where based on results of GAP analysis between existing conditions and ideal conditions, it is shown that strategy priority of management plans that can be recommended are environmental management of aquaculture areas, institutions, law enforcement, community participation, and monitoring and evaluation.
The effect of fermentation time and different raw materials on N and P content as nutrient sources of Caulerpa sp. organic
Authors: Darmawati  , Murni  , Sudrajat Iman , Anwar Asni
Published: December 2022

Caulerpa sp. seaweed. is one of the seaweeds being developed because it has great potential in addition to being consumed by humans but in the cultivation of Caulerpa sp. Fertilizer is needed as a source of nutrients for growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the length of time and raw materials containing the highest nitrogen and phosphate that can be used as fertilizer as a source of nutrients Caulerpa sp. The design used is a factorial pattern design with a completely randomized basic design. As for what was tested, factor A was the length of fermentation time (14, 16, and 18 days) and the second factor was raw materials (bean sprouts, Gracillaria sp. seaweed, and banana weevil). The results showed that different treatments for fermentation time and raw materials had a significant effect (p<0.005) on Nitrogen and Phosphate content.153,398ppm and 25,585ppm.
Heavy metal content (Pb, Hg) in threadfin bream (Nemipterus sp.) from Banten Bay, Indonesia
Authors: Ubay MS , Sulistiono  , Lumbanbatu DTF , Affandi R , Riani E , Subhan B , Supriyono E , Lukman  , Sulastri  , Wahyudewantoro G
Published: December 2022

Banten Bay represents waters bordering the areas of marine tourism, industries, settlements, and agriculture. The wastes resulting from those activities can harm the aquatic environment. This study aims to analyze the bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Pb and Hg) in threadfin bream (Nemipterus sp.) in Panjang Island, Banten Bay, Banten Province. Sampling and observation were carried out from March to August 2019 on the island. Measurements of heavy metal contents in fish flesh and gills were conducted using the AAS (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer). Based on the results of analyses, Pb and Hg in fish flesh and gill were 0-0.149 mg/kg and 0-0.064 mg/kg, respectively, indicating that the number of heavy metals in the tissue was under the predetermined threshold; However, the number of heavy metals in the gill organs exceeded the predetermined threshold. The maximum weight limit of the fish flesh that can be consumed by both adults and children was 6.15 g/week and 1.85 g/week, respectively.
The Political Geography of International Advocacy
Authors: Walker Lydia
Published: December 2022

Through a study of the Indian Central Relief Committee for Tibetans and the American Emergency Committee for Tibetan Refugees, this article maps the multiple dimensions of Indian and American civil society advocacy on behalf of Tibet in the immediate aftermaths of the Dalai Lama’s 1959 flight to India: anticommunism, imperialism, discourses of religious freedom and civilizational solidarity, domestic politics, and regional security interests. These contexts did not operate separately, but rather formed layered interactions, layers that eventually bound Tibetan autonomy. While the Dalai Lama and other Tibetan nationalists worked across the geographic and political spectrum to generate international support as a matter of practicality and necessity, the complex web from which this support came, and through which it operated, functioned as constraints as well as backing. Advocacy from such a disparate set of national, personal, religious, and political interests came with limitations that defined Tibetans as communist victims, an oppressed religious minority, and a humanitarian commodity, but not as nationalist claimants.
Topical Hemostatic Agents in Burn Surgery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Battistini Andrea , Gottlieb Lawrence J , Vrouwe Sebastian Q
Published: December 2022

Acute burn surgery has long been associated with significant intra-operative bleeding. Several techniques were introduced to limit hemorrhage, including tourniquets, tumescent infiltration, and topical agents. To date, no study has comprehensively investigated the available data regarding topical hemostatic agents in burn surgery. A systematic review was performed by two independent reviewers using electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science) from first available to September 10, 2021. Articles were included if they were published in English and described or evaluated topical hemostatic agents used in burn excision and/or grafting. Data were extracted on the agent(s) used, their dosage, mode of delivery, hemostasis outcomes, and complications. The search identified 1982 nonduplicate citations, of which 134 underwent full-text review, and 49 met inclusion criteria. In total, 32 studies incorporated a vasoconstrictor agent, and 28 studies incorporated a procoagulant agent. Four studies incorporated other agents (hydrogen peroxide, tranexamic acid, collagen sheets, and TT-173). The most common vasoconstrictor used was epinephrine, with doses ranging from 1:1000 to 1:1,000,000. The most common procoagulant used was thrombin, with doses ranging from 10 to 1000 IU/ml. Among the comparative studies, outcomes of blood loss were not reported in a consistent manner, therefore meta-analysis could not be performed. The majority of studies (94%) were level of evidence III–V. Determining the optimal topical hemostatic agent is limited by low-quality data and challenges with consistent reporting of intra-operative blood loss. Given the routine use of topical hemostatic agents in burn surgery, high-quality research is essential to determine the optimal agent, dosage, and mode of delivery.
Estimating Stand-Level Carbon Supply Curves for Loblolly Pine and Douglas-Fir Plantations
Authors: Tanger Shaun M , da Silva Bruno Kanieski , Polinko Adam D , McConnell T. Eric , McDill Marc E
Published: December 2022

We estimate the carbon sequestration supply curve at the stand level based on the optimal rotation decision and conduct a marginal analysis for payments necessary for postponing harvest for additional 1-year increments of two commercially important species in the United States, loblolly pine and Douglas-fir. Under certain costs, production and timber prices assumptions, payments ranged from $62.23 ($26.97–$105.87) ac/yr. for loblolly pine plantations and $399.17 ($189.80–$628.72) ac/yr. for Douglas-fir plantations. Our results indicate that higher carbon sequestration occurs with higher site index, higher trees per acre, and in unthinned stands. Significant variability within and between species was heavily dependent on the number of years that final harvest was postponed. In addition, we show the effect of prices on the quantity supplied under multiple silvicultural treatments. The study should assist willing forest landowners and potential partners to determine initial reservation prices for carbon sequestration and temporary provision for a 1-year period in line with programs offering this contracting mechanism.
W. B. Yeats and the Language of Sculpture
Authors: Quin Jack
Published: December 2022

This book comprehensively examines the relationship between literature and sculpture in the work of W.B. Yeats, drawing on extensive archival research to offer revelatory new readings of the poet. The book traces Yeats’s literary and critical engagement with Celtic Revival statuary, public monuments in Dublin, the coin designs of the Irish Free State, abstract sculpture by the Vorticists and modernists, and a variety of carvings, decorative sculptures, and objets d’art. By charting Yeats’s early art school education in Dublin, his attempts to raise funds for public monuments in the city and to secure commissions for his favorite sculptors, the book documents a lifelong interest in the plastic arts. New and original readings of Yeats’s poetry, drama, and prose criticism emerge from this concertedly inter-arts and interdisciplinary study.
Deterring in the Baltics
Authors: von Hlatky Stéfanie
Published: December 2022

How does gender intersect with deterrence? NATO’s inability to answer this question is plainly visible in its latest policy updates on Women, Peace and Security. Yet in practice, enhanced forward presence on NATO’s eastern flank is the new testing ground. From the German-led battlegroup in Lithuania to the troops under Canadian command in Latvia, soldiers are planning tank and infantry maneuvers, but the Canadian and German commanders tackle the challenge differently. The Canadian approach is informed by its feminist foreign policy, which places greater emphasis on Women, Peace and Security, when compared to Germany, for example. Indeed, the driving reason for the different experiences across battlegroups is that NATO was not in charge of the operational planning process when enhanced forward presence was established; therefore, contributing countries had more discretion in their application of WPS norms.
Shame, Respect, and Deference
Authors: Belonick Paul
Published: December 2022

A Roman man always felt pressure from two sides. On the one, pressure to advance himself. On the other, pressure to keep within limits, to restrain himself through deference not only to superiors, but to colleagues and to peers. Chapter 1 investigates the norm of deference, not merely to superiors, but to peers, colleagues, and groups of peers; a deference undergirded by social conventions of shame and care for one’s reputation that could act more strongly on an aristocrat even than military necessity or threat of force. When a Roman aristocrat looked as though he might risk Rome’s safety, the dignity of others, or integrity of the office-and-honor-distribution system itself, the first line of defense was appeal to deference, often in the form of a colleague. Pressure came all the more from gatherings of great men, or with the Senate or even the People as a whole to judge his conduct. Those who displayed self-restraint received praise—symbolic capital that might aid their future chances in the competition. Those who did not received shame. Deference, with its emotional underpinning of shame, was thus a force that helped the republican competition of ambitious men operate. The chapter also illustrates how the norm of deference could grow into place through contestation, thus showing that there was no “golden age” of natural “moral” behavior; rather, disputes and conflicts helped build restraint norms into commonly expected behavior.
The Spirit of Socrates
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: December 2022

This chapter contrasts the Socratic approach against the Aristotelian one adopted by most virtue ethicists. The main point is that Aristotelian virtues are supposed to be robust character traits. Socratic virtues at the human level must be projects to which you are committed in the lifelong activity of caring for the soul’s health. You must never think you safely have a virtue, but continue to question yourself and others. Unlike Aristotelian ethics, Socratic ethics asks you to change your life, value justice over happiness, and examine yourself all your life. In making moral decisions, you should use a kind of judgment that is not limited by theory and does not fall for false images or doubles of the virtues, such as fearlessness for courage. You should promote virtue also in your community. So far we can follow Socrates, but we must go beyond him—for example, by defending democracy.
Aiming at Virtue
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: December 2022

Virtues are ideals that we aim to live by, but they are not to be understood as targets, since they are not well-defined. This chapter lays out the kind of things that virtues are, and the kind of commitment that they call for. Virtues can conflict, and the conflicts may appear to be moral dilemmas. That is because we cannot totally dismiss the value of a virtue on either side of a conflict. An appendix to the chapter reviews philosophical discussions of moral dilemmas and argues that such dilemmas do not need to be real to be injurious. For example, I do not need to prove that it is wrong to kill innocent enemy soldiers in battle in order to be injured morally by having done so.
Living Toward Virtue
Authors: Woodruff Paul
Published: December 2022

Actively pursuing virtues makes your soul beautiful, whereas going to sleep with the confidence that you possess a virtue is ugly and dangerous. If you think you possess a virtue, you are on the way to losing it, since virtue, like physical health, must be actively maintained. The beautiful soul is both lovable and loving. The virtues it cultivates are other-regarding, though beneficial to the self. The list of virtues cannot be closed off; we may learn new virtues from cultures new to us. The positive side of caring for the soul is that through this Socratic activity we can continue to grow toward virtue, even into old age, and we can repair moral injuries. The result can be happiness as Socrates understands it, which consists largely in the sense that we are free and in charge of the important aspects of our lives.
Ethics and Nature
Authors: Gill Christopher
Published: December 2022

Chapter 3 examines critically the view often stated that Stoic ethics is grounded in universal nature. One important indicator is that, in ancient summaries, Stoic ethics is presented in various ways: in purely ethical (value-related) terms, or in ethical terms supported by reference to human nature, universal nature, or a combination of these. Also, although physics (more precisely, theology) is sometimes described by the Stoics as authoritative for ethics in its account of nature, ethics is seen as authoritative in its analysis of ethical concepts, and in this respect these branches of knowledge are equal in conceptual status. The chapter also examines a passage of Chrysippus often seen as showing that ethics is grounded on universal nature. It is suggested that the significance of this passage is complex and variable, and that this complexity is reflected in the variations of the idea offered by Epictetus and Marcus.
Ancient Egyptian Peace Traditions
Authors: Bickel Susanne
Published: December 2022

The chapter focuses on political, social, and religious aspects of peace traditions as revealed through the written and visual documentation from ancient Egypt (ca. 2500–30 BCE). Peace and peacefulness were important moral values in the sphere of social relations, often associated with Maat, the fundamental concept of justice and harmony. The attitude toward peace was more ambiguous in the political and religious spheres. The mythologically grounded perception of hostile powers threatening Egypt’s existence and stability shaped the ideal of a martial pharaoh subduing all potential foes and neighboring countries. The discrepancy between real-life politics and traditional worldview appears clearly in the copies of the very detailed peace treaty concluded around 1270 BCE between Egypt under Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire. The treaty, which was copied in several temples, agrees on mutual non-aggression and assistance in parity terms between equal partners. The surrounding texts, however, mobilize traditional ideological language treating the Hittite partner king as an enemy subdued by the forceful pharaoh.
Cell-based analysis reveals that sex-determining gene signals in Ostrinia are pivotally changed by male-killing Wolbachia
Authors: Herran Benjamin , Sugimoto Takafumi N , Watanabe Kazuyo , Imanishi Shigeo , Tsuchida Tsutomu , Matsuo Takashi , Ishikawa Yukio , Kageyama Daisuke
Published: December 2022

Wolbachia, a maternally transmitted bacterium, shows male-killing, an adaptive phenotype for cytoplasmic elements, in various arthropod species during the early developmental stages. In lepidopteran insects, lethality of males is accounted for by improper dosage compensation in sex-linked genes owing to Wolbachia-induced feminization. Herein, we established Ostrinia scapulalis cell lines that retained sex specificity per the splicing pattern of the sex-determining gene doublesex (Osdsx). We found that Wolbachia transinfection in male cell lines enhanced the female-specific splice variant of Osdsx (OsdsxF) while suppressing the male-specific variant (OsdsxM), indicating that Wolbachia affects sex-determining gene signals even in vitro. Comparative transcriptome analysis isolated only two genes that behave differently upon Wolbachia infection. The two genes were respectively homologous to Masculinizer (BmMasc) and zinc finger-2 (Bmznf-2), male-specifically expressed sex-determining genes of the silkworm Bombyx mori that encode CCCH-type zinc finger motif proteins. By using cultured cells and organismal samples, OsMasc and Osznf-2 were found to be sex-determining genes of O. scapulalis that are subjected to sex-specific alternative splicing depending upon the chromosomal sex, developmental stage, and infection status. Overall, our findings expound the cellular autonomy in insect sex determination and the mechanism through which sex is manipulated by intracellular selfish microbes.
Matrix regularization for tensor fields
Authors: Adachi Hiroyuki , Ishiki Goro , Kanno Satoshi , Matsumoto Takaki
Published: December 2022

We propose a novel matrix regularization for tensor fields. In this regularization, tensor fields are described as rectangular matrices, and area-preserving diffeomorphisms and local rotations of the orthonormal frame are both realized as unitary similarity transformations of matrices in a unified way. We also show that the matrix commutator corresponds to the covariantized Poisson bracket for tensor fields in the large-N limit.
Light-induced reversible reorganizations in closed Type II reaction centre complexes: physiological roles and physical mechanisms
Authors: Sipka G. , Nagy L. , Magyar M. , Akhtar P. , Shen J.-R. , Holzwarth A. R. , Lambrev P. H. , Garab G.
Published: December 2022

The purpose of this review is to outline our understanding of the nature, mechanism and physiological significance of light-induced reversible reorganizations in closed Type II reaction centre (RC) complexes. In the so-called ‘closed' state, purple bacterial RC (bRC) and photosystem II (PSII) RC complexes are incapable of generating additional stable charge separation. Yet, upon continued excitation they display well-discernible changes in their photophysical and photochemical parameters. Substantial stabilization of their charge-separated states has been thoroughly documented—uncovering light-induced reorganizations in closed RCs and revealing their physiological importance in gradually optimizing the operation of the photosynthetic machinery during the dark-to-light transition. A range of subtle light-induced conformational changes has indeed been detected experimentally in different laboratories using different bRC and PSII-containing preparations. In general, the presently available data strongly suggest similar structural dynamics of closed bRC and PSII RC complexes, and similar physical mechanisms, in which dielectric relaxation processes and structural memory effects of proteins are proposed to play important roles.
A tunable electromagnetic metagrating
Authors: Putley H. J. , Guenneau S. , Porter R. , Craster R. V.
Published: December 2022

We explore electromagnetic (EM) wave incidence upon gratings of reconfigurable metamaterial cylinders, which collectively act as a metagrating, to identify their potential as reconfigurable subwavelength surfaces. The metacylinders are created by a closely spaced, microstructured array of thin plates that, in the limit of small inter-plate spacing, are described by a semi-analytical continuum model. We build upon metacylinder analysis in water waves, translating this to EM for TE polarization (longitudinal magnetic field) for which the metacylinders exhibit anisotropic scattering; this is exploited for the multiple scattering of light by an infinite metagrating of uniform cylinder radius and angle, for which we retrieve the far-field reflection and transmission spectra for plane-wave incidence. These spectra reveal unusual effects including perfect reflection and a negative Goos–Hänchen shift in the transmitted field, as well as perfect symmetry in the far-field scattering coefficients. The metagrating also hosts Rayleigh–Bloch surface waves, whose dispersion is contingent on the uniform cylinder angle, shifting under rotation towards the light-line as the cylinder angle approaches the horizontal. For both plane-wave scattering and the calculation of the array-guided modes, the cylinder angle is the principal variable in determining the wave interaction, and the metagrating is tunable simply through rotation of the constituent metacylinders.
Fish vulnerability to capture by trapping is modulated by individual parasite density
Authors: Thambithurai Davide , Lanthier Isabel , Contant Eloi , Killen Shaun S. , Binning Sandra A.
Published: December 2022

Commercial fishery harvest is a powerful evolutionary agent, but we know little about whether environmental stressors affect harvest-associated selection. We test how parasite infection relates to trapping vulnerability through selective processes underlying capture. We used fish naturally infected with parasites, including trematodes causing black spots under fish skin. We first assessed how individual parasite density related to standard metabolic rate (SMR), maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and absolute aerobic scope (AAS)—then used laboratory fishing simulations to test how capture vulnerability was related to parasite density. We further explored group-trapping dynamics using experimental shoals containing varying proportions of infected fish (groups of six with either 0, 2, 4 or 6 infected individuals). At the individual level, we found a positive relationship between parasite presence and SMR, but not MMR or AAS. While we saw no relationship between individual metabolic capacity and vulnerability to trapping, we found the length of time fish spent in traps increased with increasing parasite density, a predictor of trapping-related capture probability. At the group level, the number of infected individuals in a shoal did not affect overall group trapping vulnerability. Our results suggest that parasite infection has some capacity to shift individual vulnerability patterns in fisheries, and potentially influence the evolutionary outcomes of fisheries-induced evolution.
Transgenic mice overexpressing mutant TDP-43 show aberrant splicing of autism associated geneZmynd11prior to onset of motor symptoms
Authors: Narayanan Ramesh K. , Panwar Ajay , Butler Tim J. , Cutrupi Anthony N. , Kennerson Marina , Vucic Steve , Balasubramaniem Ashokkumar , Mangelsdorf Marie , Wallace Robyn H.
Published: December 2022

Mutations in TDP-43 are known to cause Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). TDP-43 binds to and regulates splicing of several RNA includingZmynd11. Zmynd11 is a transcriptional repressor and a potential E3 ubiquitin ligase family member, known for its role in neuron and muscle differentiation. Mutations inZmynd11have been associated with autism with significant developmental motor delays, intellectual disability, and ataxia. Here, we show thatZmynd11is aberrantly spliced in the brain and spinal cord of transgenic mice overexpressing a mutant human TDP-43 (A315T), and that these changes occur before the onset of motor symptoms.
Decreased levels of soluble Developmental endothelial locus-1 are associated with thrombotic microangiopathy in pregnancy
Authors: Romanidou Gioulia , Konstantinidis Theocharis G. , Kantartzi Konstantia , Panopoulou Maria , Kontomanolis Emmanouil , Tsigalou Christina , Lambropoulou Maria , Gavriilaki Eleni , Panagoutsos Stylianos , Passadakis Ploumis , Mitroulis Ioannis
Published: December 2022

HELLP syndrome is a life-threatening complication of pregnancy, which is often secondary to preeclampsia. To date, there is no biomarker in clinical use for the early stratification of women with preeclampsia that are under increased risk for HELLP syndrome. Herein, we show that the levels of circulating developmental endothelial locus-1(DEL-1), which is an extracellular immunomodulatory protein, are decreased in patients with HELLP syndrome compared to preeclampsia. DEL-1 levels are also negatively correlated with the circulating levels of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), which is a biomarker for disorders associated with kidney damage. Receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis for DEL-1 levels and the DEL-1 to KIM-1 ratio demonstrated that these values could be used as a potential biomarker that distinguishes patients with HELLP syndrome and preeclampsia. Finally, we show that placental endothelial cells are a source for DEL-1 and the expression of this protein in placenta from patients with HELLP syndrome is minimal. Taken together, this study shows that DEL-1 is downregulated in HELLP syndrome both in the circulation and at the affected placental tissue, suggesting a potential role for this protein as a biomarker, which has to be further evaluated.
Dual Impacts of a Glycan Shield on the Envelope Glycoprotein B of HSV-1: Evasion from Human Antibodies In Vivo and Neurovirulence
Authors: Fukui Ayano , Maruzuru Yuhei , Ohno Shiho , Nobe Moeka , Iwata Shuji , Takeshima Kosuke , Koyanagi Naoto , Kato Akihisa , Kitazume Shinobu , Yamaguchi Yoshiki , Kawaguchi Yasushi
Published: December 2022

Identification of the mechanisms of viral evasion from human antibodies is crucial both for understanding viral pathogenesis and for designing effective vaccines. However, the in vivo efficacy of the mechanisms of viral evasion from human antibodies has not been well documented. Here we show in cell cultures that an N-glycan shield on the HSV-1 envelope glycoprotein B (gB) mediated evasion from neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity due to pooled γ-globulins derived from human blood. We also demonstrated that the presence of human γ-globulins in mice and HSV-1 immunity induced by viral infection in mice significantly reduced the replication of a mutant virus lacking the glycosylation site in a peripheral organ but had little effect on the replication of its repaired virus. These results suggest that the glycan shield on the HSV-1 envelope gB mediated evasion from human antibodies in vivo and from HSV-1 immunity induced by viral infection in vivo. Notably, we also found that the glycan shield on HSV-1 gB was significant for HSV-1 neurovirulence and replication in the central nervous system (CNS) of naïve mice. Thus, we have identified a critical glycan shield on HSV-1 gB that has dual impacts, namely evasion from human antibodies in vivo and viral neurovirulence.

IMPORTANCE

HSV-1 establishes lifelong latent and recurrent infections in humans. To produce recurrent infections that contribute to transmission of the virus to new human host(s), the virus must be able to evade the antibodies persisting in latently infected individuals. Here we show that an N-glycan shield on the envelope glycoprotein B of HSV-1 mediates evasion from pooled γ-globulins derived from human blood both in cell cultures and mice. Notably, the N-glycan shield was also significant for HSV-1 neurovirulence in naïve mice. Considering the clinical features of HSV-1 infection, these results suggest that the glycan shield not only facilitates recurrent HSV-1 infections in latently infected humans by evading antibodies, but is also important for HSV-1 pathogenesis during the initial infection.
A Photonic Resonator Interferometric Scattering Microscope for Label-free Detection of Nanometer-Scale Objects with Digital Precision in Point-of-Use Environments
Authors: Liu Leyang , Tibbs Joseph , Li Nantao , Bacon Amanda , Shepherd Skye , Lee Hankeun , Chauhan Neha , Demirci Utkan , Wang Xing , Cunningham Brian T.
Published: December 2022

Label-free detection and digital counting of nanometer-scaled objects such as nanoparticles, viruses, extracellular vesicles, and protein molecules enable a wide range of applications in cancer diagnostics, pathogen detection, and life science research. The contrast of interferometric scattering microscopy is amplified through a photonic crystal surface, upon which scattered light from an object combines with illumination from a monochromatic plane wave source. The use of a photonic crystal substrate for interference scattering microscopy results in reduced requirements for high-intensity lasers or oil-immersion objectives, thus opening a pathway toward instruments that are more suitable for environments outside the optics laboratory. Here, we report the design, implementation, and characterization of a compact Photonic Resonator Interferometric Scattering Microscope (PRISM) designed for point-of-use environments and applications. The instrument incorporates two innovative elements that facilitate operation on a desktop in ordinary laboratory environments by users that do not have optics expertise. First, because scattering microscopes are extremely sensitive to vibration, we incorporated an inexpensive but effective solution of suspending the instrument’s main components from a rigid metal framework using elastic bands, resulting in an average of 28.7 dBV reduction in vibration amplitude compared to an office desk. Second, an automated focusing module based on the principle of total internal reflection maintains the stability of image contrast over time and spatial position, facilitating automated data collection. In this work, we characterize the system’s performance by measuring the contrast from gold nanoparticles with diameters in the 10-40 nm range and by observing various biological analytes, including HIV virus, SARS-CoV-2 virus, exosomes, and ferritin protein.