bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Secondary organic aerosol formation and primary organic aerosol oxidation from biomass-burning smoke in a flow reactor during FLAME-3
Authors: Ortega A. M. , Day D. A. , Cubison M. J. , Brune W. H. , Bon D. , de Gouw J. A. , Jimenez J. L.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We report the physical and chemical effects of photochemically aging dilute biomass-burning smoke. A "potential aerosol mass" (PAM) flow reactor was used with analysis by a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and a proton-transfer-reaction ion-trap mass spectrometer during the FLAME-3 campaign. Hydroxyl (OH) radical concentrations in the reactor reached up to ~1000 times average tropospheric levels, producing effective OH exposures equivalent to up to 5 days of aging in the atmosphere, and allowing for us to extend the investigation of smoke aging beyond the oxidation levels achieved in traditional smog chambers. Volatile organic compound (VOC) observations show aromatics and terpenes decrease with aging, while formic acid and other unidentified oxidation products increase. Unidentified gas-phase oxidation products, previously observed in atmospheric and laboratory measurements, were observed here, including evidence of multiple generations of photochemistry. Substantial new organic aerosol (OA) mass ("net SOA"; secondary OA) was observed from aging biomass-burning smoke, resulting in total OA average of 1.42 ± 0.36 times the initial primary OA (POA) after oxidation. This study confirms that the net-SOA-to-POA ratio of biomass-burning smoke is far lower on average than that observed for urban emissions. Although most fuels were very reproducible, significant differences were observed among the biomasses, with some fuels resulting in a doubling of the OA mass, while for others a very small increase or even a decrease was observed. Net SOA formation in the photochemical reactor increased with OH exposure (OHexp), typically peaking around three days of equivalent atmospheric photochemical age (OHexp~3.9 × 1011 molecules cm−3 s), then leveling off at higher exposures. The amount of additional OA mass added from aging is positively correlated with initial POA concentration, but not with the total VOC concentration or the concentration of known SOA precursors. The mass of SOA formed often exceeded the mass of the known VOC precursors, indicating the likely importance of primary semivolatile/intermediate volatility species, and possibly of unidentified VOCs as SOA precursors in biomass burning smoke. Chemical transformations continued even after mass concentration stabilized. Changes in the biomass-burning tracer f60 ranged from substantially decreasing to remaining constant with increased aging. With increased OHexp, oxidation was always detected (as indicated by f44 and O/C). POA O/C ranged from 0.15 to 0.5, while aged OA O/C reached up to 0.87. The rate of oxidation and maximum O/C achieved differs for each biomass, and appears to increase with the initial O/C of the POA.
Long-term observations of cluster ion concentration, sources and sinks in clear sky conditions at the high-altitude site of the Puy de Dôme, France
Authors: Rose C. , Boulon J. , Hervo M. , Holmgren H. , Asmi E. , Ramonet M. , Laj P. , Sellegri K.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Cluster particles (0.8–1.9 nm) are key entities involved in nucleation and new particle formation processes in the atmosphere. Cluster ions were characterized in clear sky conditions at the Puy de Dôme station (1465 m a.s.l.). The studied data set spread over five years (February 2007–February 2012), which provided a unique chance to observe seasonal variations of cluster ion properties at high altitude. Statistical values of the cluster ion concentrations and diameters are reported for both positive and negative polarities. Cluster ions were found to be ubiquitous at the Puy de Dôme and displayed an annual variation with lower concentrations in spring. Positive cluster ions were less numerous than negative, but were larger in diameter. Negative cluster ion properties were not sensitive to the occurrence of a new particle formation (NPF) event, while positive cluster ions appeared to be significantly more numerous and larger on event days. The parameters of the balance equation for the positive cluster concentration are reported separately for the different seasons and for the NPF event days and non-event days. The steady-state assumption suggests that the ionization rate is balanced with two sinks: the ion recombination and the attachment onto background aerosol particles, referred to as "aerosol ion sink". The aerosol ion sink was predominant compared to the recombination sink. The positive ionization rates derived from the balance equation (Qcalc) were well correlated with the ionization rates obtained from radon measurement (Qmeas). When ignoring the gamma radiation contribution to the ion production, Qcalc is on average higher than Qmeas during the warm season. In contrast, when a seasonal gamma contribution is taken into account, Qmeas always exceeds Qcalc. We found that neither the aerosol ion sink nor the ionization rate (calculated or measured, with or without the gamma contribution) were significantly different on event days compared to non-event days, and thus, they were not able to explain the different positive cluster concentrations between event and non-event days. Hence, the excess of positive small ions on event days may derive from an additional constant source of ions leading to a non-steady state.
Characteristic nature of vertical motions observed in Arctic mixed-phase stratocumulus
Authors: Sedlar J. , Shupe M. D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Over the Arctic Ocean, little is known, observationally, on cloud-generated buoyant overturning vertical motions within mixed-phase stratocumulus clouds. Characteristics of such motions are important for understanding the diabatic processes associated with the vertical motions, the lifetime of the cloud layer and its micro- and macrophysical characteristics. In this study, we exploit a suite of surface-based remote sensors over the high Arctic sea ice during a week-long period of persistent stratocumulus in August 2008 to derive the in-cloud vertical motion characteristics. In-cloud vertical velocity skewness and variance profiles are found to be strikingly different from observations within lower-latiatude stratocumulus, suggesting these Arctic mixed-phase clouds interact differently with the atmospheric thermodynamics (cloud tops extending above a stable temperature inversion base) and with a different coupling state between surface and cloud. We find evidence of cloud-generated vertical mixing below cloud base, regardless of surface-cloud coupling state, although a decoupled surface-cloud state occurred most frequently. Detailed case studies are examined focusing on 3 levels within the cloud layer, where wavelet and power spectral analyses are applied to characterize the dominant temporal and horizontal scales associated with cloud-generated vertical motions. In general, we find a positively-correlated vertical motion signal across the full cloud layer depth. The coherency is dependent upon other non-cloud controlled factors, such as larger, mesoscale weather passages and radiative shielding of low-level stratocumulus by multiple cloud layers above. Despite the coherency in vertical velocity across the cloud, the velocity variances were always weaker near cloud top, relative to cloud mid and base. Taken in combination with the skewness, variance and thermodynamic profile characteristics, we observe vertical motions near cloud-top that behave differently than those from lower within the cloud layer. Spectral analysis indicates peak cloud-generated w variance timescales slowed only modestly during decoupled cases relative to coupled; horizontal wavelengths only slightly increased when transitioning from coupling to decoupling. The similarities in scales suggests that perhaps the dominant forcing for all cases is generated from the cloud layer, and it is not the surface forcing that characterizes the time and space scales of in-cloud vertical velocity variance. This points toward the resilient nature of Arctic mixed-phase clouds to persist when characterized by thermodynamic regimes unique to the Arctic.
The 2011 Nabro eruption, a SO2 plume height analysis using IASI measurements
Authors: Clarisse L. , Coheur P.-F. , Theys N. , Hurtmans D. , Clerbaux C.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. In the wake of the June 2011 Nabro eruption, large stratospheric plumes were observed by several instruments up to altitudes of 21 km, much higher than initial reported injection heights. It has been debated whether the anticyclone associated with Asian Summer Monsoon played a vital role in the vertical transport of the plume. Here we present a new and fast SO2 height retrieval algorithm for observations of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI). A comprehensive validation with forward trajectories and coincident CALIOP measurements is presented which indicates an accuracy better than 2 km for plumes below 20 km and SO2 columns up to the 1 DU level. We use this new product to analyse the Nabro eruption. Our findings indicate an initial plume located mainly between 15 and 17 km for which the lower parts underwent in succession rapid descent and uplift, within the Asian Monsoon anticyclone circulation, up to the stable thermal tropopause between 16 and 18 km, from where it slowly ascended further into the stratosphere. Evidence is presented that emissions in the first week of the eruption also contributed to the stratospheric sulfur input. This includes a second eruption between 15 and 17 km on the 16th and continuous emissions in the mid-troposphere of which some were also entrained and lifted within the anticyclonic circulation.
Evaluating CALIPSO's 532 nm lidar ratio selection algorithm using AERONET sun photometers in Brazil
Authors: Lopes F. J. S. , Landulfo E. , Vaughan M. A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Since the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) satellite first began probing the Earth's atmosphere on 13 June 2006, several research groups dedicated to investigating the atmosphere's optical properties have conducted measurement campaigns to validate the CALIPSO data products. Recently, in order to address the lack of CALIPSO validation studies in the Southern Hemisphere, and especially the South American continent, the Lasers Environmental Applications Research Group at Brazil's Nuclear and Energy Research Institute (IPEN) initiated efforts to assess CALIPSO's aerosol lidar ratio estimates using the AERONET sun photometers installed at five different locations in Brazil. In this study we develop a validation methodology to evaluate the accuracy of the modeled values of the lidar ratios used by the CALIPSO extinction algorithms. We recognize that the quality of any comparisons between satellite and ground-based measurements depends on the degree to which the instruments are collocated, and that even selecting the best spatial and temporal matches does not provide an unequivocal guarantee that both instruments are measuring the same air mass. The validation methodology presented in this study therefore applies backward and forward air mass trajectories in order to obtain the best possible match between the air masses sampled by the satellite and the ground-based instruments, and thus reduces the uncertainties associated with aerosol air mass variations. Quantitative comparisons of lidar ratios determined from the combination of AERONET optical depth measurements and CALIOP integrated attenuated backscatter measurements show good agreement with the model values assigned by the CALIOP algorithm. These comparisons yield a mean percentage difference of −1.5% ± 24%. This result confirms the accuracy in the lidar ratio estimates provided by the CALIOP algorithms over Brazil to within an uncertainty range of no more than 30%.
Multispectral information from TANSO-FTS instrument – Part 1: Application to greenhouse gases (CO2 and CH4) in clear sky conditions
Authors: Herbin H. , Labonnote L. C. , Dubuisson P.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) mission, and in particular the Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observations–Fourier Transform Spectrometer (TANSO-FTS) instrument, has the advantage of being able to measure simultaneously the same field of view in different spectral ranges with a high spectral resolution. These features allow studying the benefits of using multispectral measurements to improve the CO2 and CH4 retrievals. In order to quantify the impact of the spectral synergy on the retrieval accuracy, we performed an information content (IC) analysis from simulated spectra corresponding to the three infrared bands of TANSO-FTS. The advantages and limitations of using thermal and shortwave infrared simultaneously are discussed according to surface type and state vector composition. The IC is then used to determine the most informative spectral channels for the simultaneous retrieval of CO2 and CH4. The results show that a channel selection spanning the three infrared bands can improve the computation time and retrieval accuracy. Therefore, a selection of less than 700 channels from the thermal infrared (TIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR) bands allows retrieving CO2 and CH4 simultaneously with a similar accuracy to using all channels together to retrieve each gas separately.
Clues for a standardised thermal-optical protocol for the assessment of organic and elemental carbon within ambient air particulate matter
Authors: Chiappini L. , Verlhac S. , Aujay R. , Maenhaut W. , Putaud J. P. , Sciare J. , Jaffrezo J. L. , Liousse C. , Gally-Lacaux C. , Alleman L. , Panteliadis P. , Leoz E. , Favez O.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Along with some research networking programs, the European Directive 2008/50/CE requires chemical speciation of fine aerosol (PM2.5), including elemental (EC) and organic carbon (OC), at a few rural sites in European countries. Meanwhile, the thermal-optical technique is considered by the European and US networking agencies and normalization bodies as a reference method to quantify EC–OC collected on filters. Although commonly used for many years, this technique is still suffering from a lack of information on the comparability of the different analytical protocols (temperature protocols, type of optical correction) currently applied in the laboratories. To better evaluate the EC–OC data set quality and related uncertainties, the French National Reference Laboratory for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (LCSQA) has organized an EC–OC comparison exercise for French laboratories using different thermal-optical methods. While there is good agreement on total carbon (TC) measurements among all participants, some discrepancies can be observed on the EC/TC ratio, even among laboratories using the same thermal protocol. These results led to further tests on the influence of the optical correction: results obtained from different European Laboratories, confirming that there are higher differences between OCTOT and OCTOR measured with NIOSH 5040 in comparison to EUSAAR-2. Also, striking differences between ECTOT/ECTOT ratios can be observed when comparing rural and urban results whatever the thermal protocol ECTOT being 50% lower than ECTOT at rural sites whereas it is only 20% lower at urban sites. The PM chemical composition could explain these differences but the way it influences the EC–OC measurement is not clear and needs further investigations. Meanwhile, some additional tests seem to indicate an influence of the oven soiling on the EC–OC measurement data quality. This enlightens the necessity to follow the laser signal decrease with time and its impact on measurements. Nevertheless, this should be confirmed by further experiments, involving more samples and various instruments, to enable statistical processing. All these results provide insights to determine the quality of EC–OC analytical methods and may contribute to the work toward establishing method standardisation.
Pumping methane out of aquatic sediments – forcing mechanisms that affect the temporal dynamics of ebullition
Authors: Maeck A. , Hofmann H. , Lorke A.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Freshwater systems contribute significantly to the global atmospheric methane budget. A large fraction of the methane emitted from freshwaters is transported via ebullition. However, due to its strong variability in space and time, accurate measurements of ebullition rates are difficult; hence, the uncertainty of its contribution to global budgets is large. Here, we analyze measurements made by continuously recording automated bubble traps in an impounded river in central Europe and investigate the mechanisms affecting the temporal dynamics of bubble release from cohesive sediments. Our results show that the main mechanisms for bubble release were pressure changes, originating from the passage of ship-lock induced surges and ship-passages. The response to physical forcing was strongly affected by previous outgassing. Ebullition rates varied strongly over all relevant timescales from minutes to days; therefore, representative ebullition estimates could only be inferred with continuous sampling over long periods. Since ebullition was found to be episodic, short sampling intervals of a few days or weeks will likely underestimate ebullition rates, which may result in an uncertainty of over 50% in current global freshwater emission estimates.
Last Glacial Maximum world ocean simulations at eddy-permitting and coarse resolutions: do eddies contribute to a better consistency between models and palaeoproxies?
Authors: Ballarotta M. , Brodeau L. , Brandefelt J. , Lundberg P. , Döös K.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Most state-of-the-art climate models include a coarsely resolved oceanic component, which hardly captures detailed dynamics, whereas eddy-permitting and eddy-resolving simulations are developed to reproduce the observed ocean. In this study, an eddy-permitting and a coarse resolution numerical experiment are conducted to simulate the global ocean state for the period of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ~26 500 to 19 000 yr ago) and to investigate the improvements due to taking into account the smaller spatial scales. The ocean state from each simulation is confronted with a data set from the Multiproxy Approach for the Reconstruction of the Glacial Ocean (MARGO) sea surface temperatures (SSTs), some reconstructions of the palaeo-circulations and a number of sea-ice reconstructions. The western boundary currents and the Southern Ocean dynamics are better resolved in the high-resolution experiment than in the coarse simulation, but, although these more detailed SST structures yield a locally improved consistency between model predictions and proxies, they do not contribute significantly to the global statistical score. The SSTs in the tropical coastal upwelling zones are also not significantly improved by the eddy-permitting regime. The models perform in the mid-latitudes but as in the majority of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project simulations, the modelled sea-ice conditions are inconsistent with the palaeo-reconstructions. The effects of observation locations on the comparison between observed and simulated SST suggest that more sediment cores may be required to draw reliable conclusions about the improvements introduced by the high resolution model for reproducing the global SSTs. One has to be careful with the interpretation of the deep ocean state which has not reached statistical equilibrium in our simulations. However, the results indicate that the meridional overturning circulations are different between the two regimes, suggesting that the model parametrizations might also play a key role for simulating past climate states.
Non-orthogonal version of the arbitrary polygonal C-grid and a new diamond grid
Authors: Weller H.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Quasi-uniform grids of the sphere have become popular recently since they avoid parallel scaling bottlenecks associated with the poles of latitude-longitude grids. However quasi-uniform grids of the sphere are often non-orthogonal. A version of the C-grid for arbitrary non-orthogonal grids is presented which gives some of the mimetic properties of the orthogonal C-grid. Exact energy conservation is sacrificed for improved accuracy and the resulting scheme numerically conserves energy and potential enstrophy well. The non-orthogonal nature means that the scheme can be used on a cubed sphere. The advantage of the cubed sphere is that it does not admit the computational modes of the hexagonal or triangular C-grids. On various shallow-water test cases the non-orthogonal scheme on a cubed sphere has accuracy less than or equal to the orthogonal scheme on an orthogonal hexagonal icosahedron. A new diamond grid is presented consisting of quasi-uniform quadrilaterals which is more orthogonal than the equal-angle cubed sphere but with otherwise similar properties. It performs better than the cubed sphere in every way and should be used instead in codes which allow a flexible grid structure.
An evaluation of ambient ammonia concentrations over southern Ontario simulated with different dry deposition schemes within STILT-Chem v0.8
Authors: Wen D. , Zhang L. , Lin J. C. , Vet R. , Moran M. D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. A bi-directional air-surface exchange scheme for atmospheric ammonia was incorporated into the Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport air quality model (STILT-Chem v0.8). STILT-Chem v0.8 was then applied to simulate atmospheric ammonia concentrations at 53 measurement sites in the province of Ontario, Canada for a six-month period from 1 June to 30 November 2006. In addition to the bi-directional scheme, two uni-directional dry deposition schemes were tested. Comparisons of modeled ammonia concentrations against observations show that all three schemes can reasonably predict observations. For sites with low observed ammonia concentrations, the bi-directional scheme clearly overestimated ammonia concentrations. Although all three schemes tend to underestimate ammonia concentrations for locations with elevated observed concentrations, the bi-directional scheme performed better due mainly to its introduction of compensation points into flux calculation parameterizations. The results of additional sensitivity tests suggest that uncertainties in the input values of emission potentials in the bi-directional scheme greatly affect the accuracy of modeled ammonia concentrations. The use of much larger emission potentials than provided in the scheme is required for accurate prediction of elevated ammonia concentrations at intensive agricultural locations.
Stochastic relation between anomalous propagation in the line-of-sight VHF radio band and occurrences of earthquakes
Authors: Motojima K. , Haga N.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. This paper was intended to find out any relation between anomalous line-of-sight propagation on the VHF band and occurrences of earthquakes near the VHF propagation paths. The television and FM radio broadcasting waves on the VHF band were monitored continuously over the long term. For that purpose, a multidirectional VHF band monitoring system was established and utilized. Anomalous line-of-sight propagation on the VHF band was distinguished from the monitored wave by using a statistical analysis. After the stochastic consideration, it was found out that earthquakes associated with anomalous propagation were characterized by magnitude of earthquakes M ≥ 4.5, and distances from epicenters L ≤ 75 km. The anomalous propagation was monitored on the VHF band a few days earlier the associated earthquakes occurred. Moreover, the anomaly appeared on multidirectional propagation paths simultaneously. The anomaly on the line-of-sight propagation indicates possibility of narrow focusing the area of epicenter of earthquake.
Corrupción e Impunidad
Authors: Argentina López Alba
Published: November 2013

El objetivo de realizar la presente investi­gación es conocer el grado de corrupción que existe en nuestro país. Después de haber llevado a cabo el tra­bajo, la conclusión es que la corrupción es un ilícito que se da en todas las in­stituciones de la administración pública, instituciones autónomas, semiautónomas y sector privado del país. Situación está, que debe ser combatida no solo por los entes responsables de su erradicación, sino que con la participación de la ciu­dadanía en general evitando caer todo hondureño en actos de corrupción y de­nunciando dichos actos ante las instan­cias existentes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v33i0.1259 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 33, Nº 1, Año 2012: 31-67
Ley Especial sobre la Intervención de las Comunicaciones Privadas. Decreto 243-2011. Gaceta # 243-2011. 26 de Enero del 2012
Authors: Editora La
Published: November 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/lrd.v33i0.1265 Revista de Derecho, Vol. 33, Nº 1, Año 2012: 161-181
The Solidarity Movement in Poland: Its History and Meaning in Collective Memory
Authors: Kubow Magdalena
Published: November 2013

Contemporary Poland continues to struggle with its economic and sociopolitical adjustments post-1989, with communist-era monuments and architecture in its history’s peripheral view. The heritage reclaimed by Poles through the Solidarity movement is reflected in the symbols used to battle communism from the 1950s to the 1980s. Symbols of hope, freedom, and solidarity expressed through religious icons, roses, and the crowned Polish Eagle remain an integral aspect of social collective memory and culture for Poles. In addressing whether Solidarity was primarily a grassroots movement of workers who were motivated by unfair wages and starvation, or an intellectual movement defined by a need to reassert Poland’s identity by dismembering communist rule, the historian is presented with the fair and complex reality that the movement was from its inception an intimate combination of both influences. With the thirty-third anniversary of the initiation of the official Solidarity movement in 2013, memory not only correlates with a usable history but also acts as a continuing force motivating Poles to strive for greater independence from their oppressive recent past.
A Talk with Janusz Wróbel
Authors: Grondelski John
Published: November 2013

Dr. Janusz Wróbel, the author of a new book, Polonia chicagowska w dobie "Solidarności" 1980-89 (Łódź: Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2012; HB, 495 pp., ISBN 9788363695057) served from 1975 to 1994 in the Institute of History of Łódź, where he obtained his doctorate in 1983. His doctoral dissertation on migrations of peoples in the Łódź region during World War II received an award from the Ministry of National Education. Since 2001, he has worked in the Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. His research dealing with Poles who found themselves outside Poland during World War II.
Short Communication. Application of Meta-Analysis if Forestry Related Topics.
Authors: Kitikidou K. , Milios E. , Stampoulidis A. , Papageorgiou A.
Published: November 2013

Aim of study: Provision of the necessary knowledge to foresters in order carry out objective literature research, through meta-analysis.Area of study:MediterraneanMaterial and Methods: We describe in detail the methodology of meta-analysis. Then, we apply a meta-analysis in a set of independent studies of density of Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.), a common forest species of theMediterranean.Research highlights: Making high quality meta-analyses, can help foresters in making the most of individual forest studies by synthesize them. In this work:We provide details on approaches for undertaking a meta-analysis.We use a silvicultural example to demonstrate our idea.We show how the method of meta-analysis could be applied to forestry also (besides the classical medical study reviews).We have as ultimate goal the use of this article as a reference from other researchers as regards the application of meta-analysis to their area of expertise.Keywords: Literature research; Systematic review.
Neue Sulfido-Antimonate der schweren Alkalimetalle: Synthese, Kristallstruktur und chemische Bindung von (K=Rb=Cs)3SbS3 und Cs3SbS4 · H2O / New Sulfido Antimonates of the Heavy Alkali Metals: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Chemical Bonding of (K=Rb=Cs)3SbS3 and Cs3SbS4 · H2O
Authors: Schindler Lisa V. , Schwarz Michael , Röhr Caroline
Published: November 2013

The new sulfido antimonates(III) (Rb=Cs)3SbS3 were prepared from the alkali metal sulfides Rb2S=Cs2S2 and elemental antimony and sulfur or Sb2S3 at reaction temperatures of about 700 °C. The known isotypic potassium compound was similarily synthesized from the elements. The structures of the light-yellow crystals were refined using single-crystal X-ray data. Both compounds are isotypic to the respective Na salt forming the Na3AsS3 structure type (cubic, space group P213, K/Rb/Cs: a = 947:21(7)=982:28(5)=1025:92(5) pm, Z = 4, R1 = 0:0159=0:0560=0:0582). The Ψ - tetrahedral SbS3-
3 anions with Sb-S bond lengths of 242 pm are arranged in a cubic face centered packing, in which the three crystallographically different A+ cations occupy the tetrahedral and octahedral voids, overall exhibiting a distorted octahedral sulfur coordination. The chemical bonding and the characteristics of the stereochemically active lone electron pair have been investigated by means of FP-LAPW band structure calculations. Needle-shaped crystals of the monohydrate of the antimony(V) salt Cs3SbS4 · H2O were obtained from a suspension of Sb2O3, CsOH and elemental sulfur. Cs3SbS4 · H2O crystallizes in a new structure type (monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 987:17(10), b = 994:83(7), c = 1600:46(14) pm, β = 126:895(8)°, Z = 4, R1 = 0:0234). As expected, the Sb-S distances (233.1 - 234.7 pm) in the nearly ideally tetrahedral anion SbS3-
4 are considerably shorter than in the antimonates(III) but match the bond lengths in the anhydrous sulfido antimonate(V) Cs3SbS4. Due to their similar fcc-like anion packing and the stereochemically active lone electron pair of Sb in the antimonates(III), the whole series of compounds A3SbIII,VS3/4 shows a uniform structure relation, which is elucidated using crystallographic group-subgroup relations
25 YEARS OF THE POLISH SOCIETY FOR STEREOLOGY
Authors: Wojnar Leszek
Published: November 2013

25 years history of the Polish Society for Stereology is summarized by a person playing active role in the Society from the very beginning till now. Formation and growth of the society is described with emphasize to some milestones in the Society history. This paper is the first attempt to summarize the activity of this scientific organization.
COLLAGE-BASED INVERSE PROBLEMS FOR IFSM WITH ENTROPY MAXIMIZATION AND SPARSITY CONSTRAINTS
Authors: Kunze Herb , La Torre Davide , Vrscay Edward
Published: November 2013

We consider the inverse problem associated with IFSM: Given a target function f, find an IFSM, such that its invariant fixed point f is sufficiently close to f in the Lp distance. In this paper, we extend the collage-based method developed by Forte and Vrscay (1995) along two different directions. We first search for a set of mappings that not only minimizes the collage error but also maximizes the entropy of the dynamical system. We then include an extra term in the minimization process which takes into account the sparsity of the set of mappings. In this new formulation, the minimization of collage error is treated as multi-criteria problem: we consider three different and conflicting criteria i.e., collage error, entropy and sparsity. To solve this multi-criteria program we proceed by scalarization and we reduce the model to a single-criterion program by combining all objective functions with different trade-off weights. The results of some numerical computations are presented. Numerical studies indicate that a maximum entropy principle exists for this approximation problem, i.e., that the suboptimal solutions produced by collage coding can be improved at least slightly by adding a maximum entropy criterion.
A Low Dispersion Probabilistic Roadmaps (LD-PRM) Algorithm for Fast and Efficient Sampling-Based Motion Planning
Authors: Khaksar Weria , Hong Tang Sai , Khaksar Mansoor , Motlagh Omid
Published: November 2013

In this paper, we propose a new learning strategy for a probabilistic roadmap (PRM) algorithm. The proposed strategy is based on reducing the dispersion of the generated set of samples. We defined a forbidden range around each selected sample and ignored this region in further sampling. The resultant planner, called low dispersion-PRM, is an effective multi-query sampling-based planner that is able to solve motion planning queries with smaller graphs. Simulation results indicated that the proposed planner improved the performance of the original PRM and other low-dispersion variants of PRM. Furthermore, the proposed planner is able to solve difficult motion planning instances, including narrow passages and bug traps, which represent particularly difficult tasks for classic sampling-based algorithms. For measuring the uniformity of the generated samples, a new algorithm was created to measure the dispersion of a set of samples based on a predetermined resolution.
Distance and Presence in Analogue and Digital Epistolary Networks
Authors: Ross Anthony ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: November 2013

This paper considers the particular ways in which the familiar letter (for thousands of years the predominant means of communicating over distance) and twenty-first century technologies like the Internet differingly shaped and shape our experience of distance and presence. It follows Heidegger, Dreyfus, and Borgmann in critiquing the kinds of experience and action the Internet makes possible, and—by way of Benjamin’s concept of “aura”—argues that while mediated communication over distance might have never been easier, faster, or cheaper, this increase in our effective power comes at the cost of a diminution of the affective power of the messages carried.
Gasification of High and Low Density Crop Residues
Authors: Singh Parihar Amit Kumar , Kulkarni Vinayak B. , Sridhar G.
Published: November 2013

Crop residue constitutes a large fraction of biomass particularly in agricultural based economies like India. The most abundantly generated crop residues are paddy husk, paddy straw, coconut shell, cotton stalk and sugar cane trash. It is estimated that the potential of power generation using crop residue is close to 14 GWe in a country like India. Even though the potential is large, the main drawback with crop residue is that it is sparsely distributed and being of low density causes collection and transportation problem. This drawback could be converted into an advantage by adopting distributed power generation technologies. The distributed power generation would fare well in the power range of few hundred kilowatts and the most appropriate technology would be the biomass gasification technology. Among the biomass gasification technologies, the downdraft technology is ideally suited for power generation. The downdraft technology is proven with solid or woody biomass, whereas there are limitations in terms of acceptance of all types of crop residues. In this paper, performance study of two vastly differing crop residues, namely coconut shell and cotton stalk has been discussed; both the feedstocks have been tested in “post-harvested” condition with minimum amount of pre-processing. The performance with cotton stalk was found to be comparable at part load; however at higher load the gas composition deteriorated due to poor material movement within the reactor. This had implication in terms of maximum power generated. There was loss of power to an extent of 12%. The operational issues with post-harvested cotton stalk has been brought out which are based on detailed measurements.
Tensions internationales autour d’un concombre tueur
Authors: Jourdan Christine , Hobbis Stéphanie
Published: November 2013

Au printemps 2011, des consommateurs de l’Allemagne du nord tombèrent gravement malades, et certains moururent, après avoir, dit-on, consommé des concombres et des tomates provenant d’Espagne infectés par la bactérie ECEH. Dans cet article, nous proposons de faire l’analyse de cette crise alimentaire en nous intéressant à sa représentation dans les courriers des lecteurs de trois journaux européens (Die Welt, El Mundo, Le Monde). Nous montrons comment cette crise alimentaire s’est doublée d’une crise de conscience de la part des consommateurs et de confiance dans le système global alimentaire, les partenaires économiques ainsi que dans les institutions nationales et internationales sensées garantir la sécurité alimentaire.
Transformations de l’acte alimentaire chez les Innus et rapports identitaires
Authors: Roy Bernard , Labarthe Jenni , Petitpas Judith
Published: November 2013

La haute prévalence du diabète de type 2 (DT2) chez les Innus est indissociable des transformations de l’acte alimentaire émergées dans leurs communautés depuis le milieu du XXe siècle. Dans cet article, nous proposons que ces transformations s’inscrivent dans une trame identitaire collective, façonnée dans le contexte de la globalisation et de l’exclusion au travers de rapports sociaux prévalant au sein des communautés innues. Ces transformations ont permis l’inclusion dans la trame identitaire de nouveaux aliments originalement associés à la culture dominante mais qui, rapidement, sont devenus des éléments de la culture locale. Dans cet article nous situons d’abord l’émergence des transformations de l’alimentation des Innus dans des rapports politiques et socioéconomiques du milieu du XXe siècle pour mieux saisir certaines règles d’inclusion et d’exclusion qui caractérisent leur acte alimentaire contemporain. L’évolution de leurs codes alimentaires comme marqueurs de l’« identité innue » est ensuite discutée. Pour conclure, nous suggérons que les transformations de l’acte alimentaire des Innus reflètent, au niveau microsociétal, l’évolution plus globale des dynamiques sociopolitiques entre Autochtones et non-Autochtones et le durcissement des discours identitaires en réaction à l’exclusion sociale.
Autism: Metabolism, Mitochondria, and the Microbiome
Authors: Macfabe Derrick
Published: November 2013

New approaches are needed to examine the diverse symptoms and comorbidities of the growing family of neurodevelopmental disorders known as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD originally was thought to be a static, inheritable neurodevelopmental disorder, and our understanding of it is undergoing a major shift. It is emerging as a dynamic system of metabolic and immune anomalies involving many organ systems, including the brain, and environmental exposure. The initial detailed observation and inquiry of patients with ASD and related conditions and the histories of their care-givers and families have been invaluable. How gastrointestinal (GI) factors are related to ASD is not yet clear. Nevertheless, many patients with ASD have a history of previous antibiotic exposure or hospitalization, GI symptoms, abnormal food cravings, and unique intestinal bacterial populations, which have been proposed to relate to variable symptom severity.

In addition to traditional scientific inquiry, detailed clinical observation and recording of exacerbations, remissions, and comorbidities are needed. This article reviews the role that enteric short-chain fatty acids, particularly propionic (also called propanoic) acid, produced from ASD-associated GI bacteria, may play in the etiology of some forms of ASD. Human populations that are partial metabolizers of propionic acid are more common than previously thought. The results from pre-clinical laboratory studies show that propionic acid-treated rats display ASD-like repetitive, perseverative, and antisocial behaviors and seizure. Neurochemical changes, consistent and predictive with findings in ASD patients, including neuroinflammation, increased oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, glutathione depletion, and altered phospholipid/acylcarnitine profiles, have been observed. Propionic acid has bioactive effects on (1) neurotransmitter systems, (2) intracellular acidification and calcium release, (3) fatty acid metabolism, (4) gap junction gating, (5) immune function, and (6) alteration of gene expression that warrant further exploration. Traditional scientific experimentation is needed to verify the hypothesis that enteric short-chain fatty acids may be a potential environmental trigger in some forms of ASD. Novel collaborative developments in systems biology, particularly examining the role of the micro-biome and its effects on host metabolism, immune and mitochondrial function, and gene expression, hold great promise in ASD.
The Pathophysiology of Autism
Authors: Compart Pamela J.
Published: November 2013

Autism has been classically defined by its behavioral symptoms. Traditional medical research has focused on genetic or intrinsic brain-based causes of autism. While both of these are important, additional research has focused on the underlying disordered biochemistry seen in many individuals with autism. Many of these biomedical factors are amenable to treatment. This article will review the main pathophysiologic factors seen in individuals with autism spectrum disorders.
Transport Properties of Anatase–TiO2 Polycrystalline-Thin-Film Field-Effect Transistors with Electrolyte Gate Layers
Authors: Horita Ryohei , Ohtani Kyosuke , Kai Takahiro , Murao Yusuke , Nishida Hiroya , Toya Taku , Seo Kentaro , Sakai Mio , Okuda Tetsuji
Published: November 2013

We have fabricated anatase–TiO2 polycrystalline-thin-film field-effect transistors (FETs) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), ion-liquid (IL), and ion-gel (IG) gate layers, and have tried to improve the response to gate voltage by varying the concentration of mobile ions in these electrolyte gate layers. The increase in the concentration of mobile ions by doping NaOH into the PVA gate layer or reducing the gelator in the IG gate layer markedly increases the drain–source current and reduces the driving gate voltage, which show that the mobile ions in the PVA, IL, and IG gate layers cause the formation of electric double layers (EDLs), which act as nanogap capacitors. In these TiO2-EDL-FETs, the slow formation of EDLs and the oxidation reaction at the interface between the surface of the TiO2 film and the electrolytes cause unideal FET properties. In the optimized IL and IG TiO2-EDL-FETs, the driving gate voltage is less than 1 V and the ON/OFF ratios of the transfer characteristics are about 1×104 at RT, and the nearly metallic state is realized at the interface purely by applying a gate voltage.
Correlation between Volume Fraction of Silicon Clusters in Amorphous Silicon Films and Optical Emission Properties of Si*and SiH*
Authors: Kim Yeonwon , Hatozaki Kosuke , Hashimoto Yuji , Uchida Giichiro , Kamataki Kunihiro , Itagaki Naho , Seo Hyunwoong , Koga Kazunori , Shiratani Masaharu
Published: November 2013

The volume fraction of silicon clusters in amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) films has been investigated using specially designed quartz crystal microbalances (QCMs) together with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The optical emission intensities of Si*and SiH*and their intensity ratios are selected for comparison with the QCM results. We show that the volume fraction of silicon clusters strongly correlates with not only the electron temperature but also the SiH*intensity. This suggests that the ratios of Si*/SiH*and SiH*can be used to predict the volume fraction of Si clusters in a-Si:H films.
Flux Control of Carbon Nanoparticles Generated due to Interactions between Hydrogen Plasmas and Graphite Using DC-Biased Substrates
Authors: Koga Kazunori , Tateishi Mizuki , Nishiyama Katsushi , Uchida Giichiro , Kamataki Kunihiro , Yamashita Daisuke , Seo Hyunwoong , Itagaki Naho , Shiratani Masaharu , Ashikawa Naoko , Masuzaki Suguru , Nishimura Kiyohiko , Sagara Akio , Group the LHD Experimental
Published: November 2013

Flux control of dust particles in a nanometer size range using dc bias voltage is discussed based on dust collection in a divertor simulator employed helicon hydrogen discharges. To discuss mechanisms of flux control, we have estimated etching rate of deposited dust particles due to hydrogen plasma irradiation and have measured current density toward the dc biased substrates. We have found the contribution of the etching can be negligible in a dc bias voltageVbiasrange between -50 and 70 V. Clear correlation betweenVbiasdependence of current density and that of dust flux shows electrostatic force is one of important forces for controlling flux of dust particles.
Study on Effects of Hydrogen Flow Rates on the Properties of ZnO Thin Film Deposited by Facing Targets Sputtering System
Authors: Kim Hye Ran , Wen Long , Jin Su Bong , Choi Yoon Seok , Choi In Sik , Hori Masaru , Han Jeon Geon
Published: November 2013

Zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film was synthesized using the low processing temperature facing targets sputtering (FTS) system with change in the low and high H2gas flow rates. In this study, an FTS system was adopted, in which the substrate is significantly less thermally damaged by impinging high-energy particles due to the confining magnetic field between the two facing magnetron sources. To monitor the process condition, the substrate temperature change was monitored and an optical emission spectroscopy (OES) diagnostic was performed. According to the structural property analysis, the grain size and crystallization had not changed significantly at a low H2flow rate change. The grain size is 15.27–17.97 nm at a low H2flow regime (O2: 0.4 sccm, H2: 0–1.0 sccm) and 16.85–21.36 nm at a high H2flow regime (O2: 6 sccm, H2: 0–30 sccm). In optical property analysis, the transmittance is over 87% and the optical band gap increased with blue shift from 3.22 to 3.28 eV at a high flow regime. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis showed that the OH/ZnOxratio changed from 0.605 to 0.694 at a low H2flow regime and from 0.386 to 0.554 at a high H2flow regime. Sheet resistance changed from 100 to 10-3MΩ/sq. with an H2flow rate at a low H2flow regime and from 107to 8×10-2MΩ/sq. with an H2flow rate at a high H2flow regime. From the results, it is suggested that the H2flow rates could act as an effective control of the electrical property of the ZnO thin film.
Electrochemical Characteristics of TiN/ZrN Multilayers on the Ti–35Ta–xHf Alloy by Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Moon Byung-Hak , Jeong Yong-Hoon , Eun Sang-Won , Choe Han-Cheol
Published: November 2013

In this study, we investigated the electrochemical characteristics of TiN/ZrN multilayers on a Ti–35Ta–xHf alloy by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The Ti–35Ta–xHf alloy had an α''+ β phase structure. The Ti–35Ta–15Hf alloy had a higher intensity β phase peak than Ti–35Ta–3Hf and 7Hf alloy, which contained lower Hf content. The martensite traces disappeared with increasing Hf content and the Ti–35Ta–15Hf alloy showed an entirely equiaxed structure with a β phase. The multilayer film was developed by alternately depositing TiN and ZrN layers on Ti–35Ta–15Hf substrates using the RF magnetron sputtering system to improve the interface properties between the coating and substrate. The uncoated specimen showed a passive region between 60 and 1300 mV with a current density of 0.38 µA/cm2, whereas, the TiN/ZrN multilayered specimen had a passive region between 210 and 1500 mV with a current density of 0.09 µA/cm2. The experimental results suggest that the as-sputtered layer coated well on the substrate. The TiN/ZrN multilayered film on Ti–35Ta–15Hf substrate exhibited better electrochemical resistance than that of the uncoated Ti–35Ta–15Hf substrate.