bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐linear sloshing in partially liquid filled containers with baffles
Authors: Biswal K. C. , Bhattacharyya S. K. , Sinha P. K.
Published: March 2006

A finite element method is used for computing the non‐linear sloshing response of liquid in a two‐dimensional rigid rectangular tank with rigid baffles. The potential formulation is considered for the liquid domain and a mixed Eulerian–Langrangian scheme is adopted. The solution is obtained by the Galerkin method. The fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method is employed to advance the solution in the time domain. A regridding technique is applied to the free surface of the liquid, which effectively eliminates the numerical instabilities without the use of artificial smoothing. Through the comparison with the available results for the rectangular tank without baffle, the validity of the present formulation is checked and then extended to the solution of tanks with rigid baffles. The effects of baffle parameters such as position, dimension and numbers on the non‐linear sloshing response are examined. The present numerical solution procedure is also applied to the non‐linear sloshing problems in a circular cylindrical container with annular baffle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of traditional and computer‐aided instruction on promoting independent skin care in adults with paraplegia
Authors: Pellerito Joseph M.
Published: March 2006

This study aimed to explore the viability of using computer‐aided instruction (CAI) as an educational tool for promoting independent skin care in adults with paraplegia. There is a need to identify effective intervention strategies that provide health education for skin care management and the prevention of pressure ulcers for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI). There continues to be tremendous financial and personal costs associated with the treatment of pressure ulcers and the prevalence of skin breakdown among the SCI population, despite traditional educational methods. The methodology used in this study evaluated to what degree CAI assisted individuals with paraplegia to acquire knowledge and demonstrate skills necessary for optimal skin care. Results were obtained using a multiple baseline across subjects approach including an ABC (for two subjects) and an AC (for one subject) single case experimental design. Results indicated that CAI was more effective than traditional educational methods in increasing the initiation and performance of pressure‐relieving techniques. Limitations in this study include the possibility of carryover effects, relatively short time periods for baseline and treatment conditions, and extraneous variables that were difficult to control such as the participants' level of motivation and cooperation. Further study using a larger group design with a control group is recommended to explore the effects CAI has on promoting optimal skin care among adults with paraplegia. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Attitudes towards rehabilitation needs and support from assistive technology and the social environment among elderly people with disability
Authors: Lilja Margareta , Bergh Anders , Johansson Lennarth , NygÅrd Louise
Published: March 2006

This study aimed to survey the attitudes of elderly people with disabilities who were living at home regarding their support from assistive technology and the social environment. These attitudes were compared with their identified needs by an occupational therapist and in relation to perception of social engagement, loneliness and overall contentment with life. From a sample of 102 participants who were interviewed using a standardized procedure, 53 persons were included in the study. The results indicated that attitudes among elderly people towards social and occupational engagement and change have a greater influence on their rehabilitation status than their disability as indicated by their health condition and limitations in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. The elderly people who accepted rehabilitation were more able, and were better equipped and better supported with assistive technology, than those who declined rehabilitation. Rehabilitation needs that the occupational therapists recognized were not always shared by the disabled elderly people, for several reasons; one reason of particular importance was the elderly person's attitude towards change and social engagement. However, the small sample size limits the generalization of the findings to the population of elderly people with disabilities. An ethnographic research design that allows for repeated interviews and observations of elderly people with disabilities for a prolonged period of time in their ordinary everyday lives may present an avenue for future research and lead to a deeper understanding of the issues. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Stability of tactile defensiveness across cultures: European and American children's responses to the Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE)
Authors: Royeen Charlotte , Mu Keli
Published: March 2006

Screening and assessment for single and discrete sensory systems, such as screening for tactile defensiveness, can provide valid information for identifying sensory processing dysfunction of children. Tactile defensiveness may be considered to be a specialized type of what was previously called a sensory integrative disorder and now is termed a sensory modulation disorder. The current study was designed to examine further the phenomenon of tactile defensiveness, particularly the stability of the concept, across different cultures. In this study, the test scores of 28 European children (16 girls and 12 boys of three different nationalities) on the Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE) were collected and analysed (Royeen and Fortune, 1990). The TIE scores of the European sample were compared with that of the American sample in the original TIE study (Royeen and Fortune, 1990). Results revealed that the mean test scores on the TIE between the American sample and European sample were very similar (n = 415,M = 41.0 vs. n = 28,M = 39.5) and no significant difference was found between the two samples (t = 0.99,p < 0.05). Internal consistency of the TIE on the European sample was found to be good and close to that obtained from the American sample (0.78 vs. 0.89). The current study provides evidence that tactile defensiveness is a stable phenomenon across different cultures as measured by the TIE. Limitations of the study include use of a small and convenient sample of European children. Further studies are recommended to examine tactile defensiveness as a clinical phenomenon. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A spherical conceptualization of personality traits
Authors: Markey Patrick M. , Markey Charlotte N.
Published: March 2006

This research utilizes the geometric structure of the two‐dimensional Interpersonal Circumplex (IPC), and adds the Five‐Factor Model (FFM) dimension of conscientiousness to create a three‐dimensional spherical model of personality; the interpersonal sphere (IPS). A sample of 250 participants was initially used to select items that conformed to the geometric locations of 26 different characteristics on the IPS. A separate sample of 251 participants confirmed the geometric structure of these characteristic measures using randomization tests. To demonstrate an application of this three‐dimensional model, the IPS was employed as a geometric taxonomy to map various personality constructs. The combined sample of 501 participants was used to cartographically locate 164 scales from the NEO Personality Inventory, (NEO‐PI‐R), the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF), the California Psychological Inventory (CPI), the Hogan Personality Inventory (HPI), the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ), and the Jackson Personality Inventory (JPI‐R) onto the IPS. The spherical conception of traits provided by the three‐dimensional IPS is discussed as both an extension of the FFM and the two‐dimensional IPC. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How nature contributes to mental and physical health
Authors: Pretty Jules
Published: March 2006

Irrespective of where we come from in the world, it seems that the presence of living things makes us feel good. There are three levels of engagement with nature. The first is viewing nature, as through a window, or in a book, on television or in a painting. The second is being in the presence of usually nearby nature, which is incidental to some other activity, such as walking or cycling to work, or reading on a garden seat or talking to friends in a park. The third is active participation and involvement with nature, such as gardening or farming, trekking or running. There is now strong evidence that all these levels deliver mental health benefits. The evidence also suggests that green spaces and nearby nature should be seen as a fundamental health resource. Physical activity is now known to be a co‐determinant of health. Yet there has been a dramatic fall in physical activity in recent decades, with severe health consequences. Exercising in the presence of nature (green exercise) thus has important public and environmental health consequences. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Boundary angst and negotiation in palliative care
Authors: Scott Gill , Brown Angela
Published: March 2006

When negotiation of emotional boundaries between the nurse and the patient arises from purely intuitive, non‐integrated acts, uninformed decisions or unrehearsed actions, the phenomenon of boundary angst can arise. Unless prevented by integrated self‐awareness, one cannot continue to ‘engage’ without consequent accumulation of emotionally burdensome residue. Negotiation of delicate emotional interplay between patient and nurse is explored and the potential for developing personalized stress‐reducing strategies elicited so that, even in deepening one's own emotional engagement and availability ‘with’ patients, one's integrity remains intact.

The authors' ideas, catalysed by participation in the Royal College of Nursing Expertise in Practice Project, are founded in one practitioner's personal ontology: Christianity. Their synthesis argues the need for integration and strengthened meaning in one's practice as crucial for safe and effective interaction. Readers are encouraged to consider the usefulness of enhanced self‐awareness through reflection to negotiate interpersonal relationships in the context of palliative care. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Mycoflora associated with new industrial oilseed crop (vernonia galamensis var. ethiopica) in Ethiopia
Authors: Tefera Tadele , Baye Tesfaye
Published: March 2006

Mycoflora associated with Vernonia galamensis var. ethiopica was studied for the first time under field and laboratory conditions in eastern Ethiopia. In field plantings, Erysiphe and Puccinia spp. were the only mycoflora recorded. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Pythium sp. were found on stored seeds. Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria sp. and Phoma sp. were identified on both field plants and stored seeds. Damping‐off of seedlings caused by complexes of R. solani and Fusarium sp. and powdery mildews caused by Erysiphe sp. led to high disease pressure on field‐planted vernonia. The dominant species causing seed infection under storage were R. solani and Cladosporium sp. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Water extraction of avocado oil in the high lands of Cameroon
Authors: Kameni A , Tchamo P
Published: March 2006

Hot water extraction is a simple method for home production of avocado oil. Avocado fruits were collected from 56 separate trees at random, at altitudes of 1000‐2000 m asl and grouped according to their brown or green and hard or soft skin. The oil was extracted by cooking in water, manual pressing and refining by heating. The yields of oil were 1.8 to 11.6% of the weight of the fruits, with an extraction rate of 82 to 85%. The oils had acceptable peroxide and acid values. Green fruits tended to produce greenish oil and brown fruits a brownish oil. The process could be scaled up to 40 kg batches with similar yields. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Seasonal performance of Zebu cattle under two production systems in South Kordofan, Sudan
Authors: El‐Hag FM , Ahmed MMM , Fadlalla B , Elamin EM , El Wakeel AS , Mekki MA
Published: March 2006

In sedentary and transhumant cattle herds calving cows' weights were significantly different only at six and 12 months after calving. Cows under the sedentary system had the highest weights and those calving in the early dry and rainy seasons had the highest calving weights. Under the sedentary system, cows had the highest milk yields throughout the 12 months after calving and calves had the highest weight gains up to 12 months. Male calves had higher birth weights and weight gains than females. Production system and calving season effects on calf mortality were not significant. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Effect of seed size on yield of two groundnut genotypes
Authors: Sibuga KP , Nsenga JV
Published: March 2006

Small, medium and large seed sizes of the groundnut genotypes Spancross (a released variety) and 2/91 (a breeding line) were assessed for growth and yield under field conditions in 1996 and 1997. In 1997, there were significant effects of cultivar and seed size on shoot and root biomass. The shoot dry matter for large seeds was 36% and 24% greater than for small seeds of Spancross and 2/91 respectively. Large seeds of 2/91 showed a significant increase of 26% in root biomass but Spancross recorded a decline of 8% over small seeds. Generally, productivity increased with seed size. In 1996, rainfall was low and varietal differences were significant, with 2/91 giving significantly higher kernel yields (2082 kg/ha) than Spancross (1498 kg/ha) when averaged across seed size. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Response of sweetpotato to duration of mucuna fallow
Authors: Njoku JC , Okpara DA , Ikeorgu JEG
Published: March 2006

Fallow periods under mucuna (0, 1 and 2 years) and NPK fertilizer were assessed under field conditions for their effect on the growth and yield of sweetpotato varieties TIS 87/0087 and TIS 8164. NPK significantly increased the dry matter in the leaf compared with no mucuna fallow or mucuna for 1 year but not 2 years. Tuber yields were greatest with mucuna for 2 years compared with other periods and NPK treatment, especially for TIS 87/0087. The yield advantage of 2 years of mucuna compared with NPK was probably due to the effect on the soil physical characteristics and the supply of macro and micronutrient elements not contained in NPK fertilizers. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Resistance of sorghum varieties to Striga hermonthica
Authors: Gworgwor NA
Published: March 2006

Four local sorghum varieties, Idon Makaho, Ex‐Dapchi, Ex‐Pulka, and War‐warabashi, and two improved varieties, ICVS 1002 and ICVS 1007, were tested for resistance to Striga hermonthica in the 1997 and 1998 rainy seasons. There was no significant difference in the number of emerged Striga shoots in 1997, but in 1998 ICSV 1002 and ICSV 1007 had fewer Striga shoots than the other varieties. Ex‐Dapchi and Idon Makaho had moderate resistance to Striga. Idon‐Makaho produced significantly the highest grain yield, except that it showed no significant difference from Ex‐Dapchi and Ex‐Pulka in 1997. ICSV 1002 and ICSV 1007 produced significantly the lowest grain yields. Thus the local varieties had significantly the highest number of Striga and produced the highest grain yields. These local varieties could be useful in breeding for resistance to Striga and high grain yield. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Reaktionen vontBuPLi2mit Carbodiimiden
Authors: Iravani Effat , Neumüller Bernhard , Grunenberg Jörg
Published: March 2006

Reaction oftBuPLi2with Carbodiimides

The reaction of bis(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide withtBuPLi2in THF at 20 °C leads to the tetranuclear Li‐complex [Li4(THF)2{tBuP([cHexN]2C)2}2] (1). No addition on the carbodiimide but a silyl transfer was observed under similar conditions during the treatment of bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide withtBuPLi2to give the lithium saltstBuP(SiMe3)Li and [Li(THF)(Me3SiN‐C≡N)]n(2).1was characterized by NMR, IR and RE spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X‐ray analyses. Theoretical calculations were performed for1. According to the structural investigations1consists ofa central centrosymmetrical twelve‐membered Li2N4C4P2ring adjacent by two six‐membered LiN2C2P rings. The peripheric Li+cations posssess coordination number (cn) 3 buildt‐up by two N atoms and a THF ligand, while the two central Li+cations possess only cn 2. However, the theoretical calculations have shown no relevant bonding Li···Li or Li···P interaction.
Crystal Growth, Structure and Properties of the Palladium‐rich Telluride Pd13Te3
Authors: Janetzky Manuel , Harbrecht Bernd
Published: March 2006

Silver shiny crystals of Pd13Te3 were produced by chemical vapour transport reaction using PdCl2 or PdBr2 as transport agent. The crystal structure of Pd13Te3 was established by means of single crystal X‐ray diffraction (space group F ${\rm d}{\bar 3}\rm m$, cF128, a = 1266.81(6) pm, 15 variables, R1(all) = 0.0306). Pd13Te3 is isotypic to Li13In3 [1]. The structure of Pd13Te3 represents a 4a · 4a · 4a ordering variant of a β‐brass type structure for which the atoms of the minority component are ordered according to the motif of a cubic Laves phase on a length scale of ${{a\sqrt{2}} \over {4}}$. The structural relations are confirmed by group‐subgroup analyses. Pd13Te3 shows no discernible homogeneity range and coexists with a Te‐saturated fcc solid solution Pd1−xTex (x ≈ 0.12) and Pd20−xTe7 (x ≈ 0.05). The telluride is noticeably chemically inert. It requires hot aqua regia to get attacked. Pd13Te3 undergoes a peritectoid decomposition at about 1040 K, is weakly paramagnetic (χ ≈ 6·10−10 m3mol−1 related to ${{1} \over {16}} {\rm Pd}_{13}{\rm Te}_{3}$) and a moderate metallic conductor (ρ ≈ 2·10−5 Ωm). Extended Hückel calculations give no hints for an electronic stabilisation of the telluride by the Hume‐Rothery mechanism otherwise effective for brass‐type phases. According to an analysis of crystal orbital overlap populations heteroatomic interactions contribute decisively to the stability of the phase.
Alkoholyse von [Fe2(OtBu)6] als einfacher Weg zu neuen Eisen(III)‐Alkoxo‐Verbindungen: Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen von [Fe2(OtAmyl)6], [Fe5OCl(OiPr)12], [Fe5O(OiPr)13], [Fe5O(OiBu)13], [Fe5O(OCH2CF3)13], [Fe5O(OnPr)13] und [Fe9O3(OnPr)21] · iPrOH
Authors: Kusserow M. , Spandl Johann
Published: March 2006

Alcoholysis of [Fe2(OtBu)6] as a Simple Route to New Iron(III)‐Alkoxo Compounds: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of [Fe2(OtAmyl)6], [Fe5OCl(OiPr)12], [Fe5O(OiPr)13], [Fe5O(OiBu)13], [Fe5O(OCH2CF3)13], [Fe5O(OnPr)13], and [Fe9O3(OnPr)21] · nPrOH

New alkoxo‐iron compounds can be synthesized easily by alcoholysis of [Fe2(OtBu)6] (1). Due to different bulkyness of the alcohols used, three different structure types are formed: [Fe2(OR)6], [Fe5O(OR)13] and [Fe9O3(OR)21] · ROH. We report synthesis and crystal structures of the compounds [Fe5OCl(OiPr)12] (2), [Fe2(OtAmyl)6] (3), [Fe5O(OiPr)13] (4), [Fe5O(OiBu)13] (5), [Fe5O(OCH2CF3)13] (6), [Fe9O3(OnPr)21] · nPrOH (7) and [Fe5O(OnPr)13] (8). Crystallographic Data: 2, tetragonal, P 4/n, a = 16.070(5) Å, c = 9.831(5) Å, V = 2539(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.360 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0636; 3, monoclinic, P 21/c, a = 10.591(5) Å, b = 10.654(4) Å, c = 16.740(7) Å, β = 104.87(2)°, V = 1826(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.154 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0756; 4, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 20.640(3) Å, b = 21.383(3) Å, c = 21.537(3) Å, α = 82.37(1)°, β = 73.15(1)°, γ = 61.75(1)°, V = 8013(2) Å3, Z = 6, dc = 1.322 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0412; 5, tetragonal, P 4cc, a = 13.612(5) Å, c = 36.853(5) Å, V = 6828(4) Å3, Z = 4, dc = 1.079 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0609; 6, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 12.039(2) Å, b = 12.673(3) Å, c = 19.600(4) Å, α = 93.60(1)°, β = 97.02(1)°, γ = 117.83(1)°, V = 2600(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 2.022 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0585; 7, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 12.989(3) Å, b = 16.750(4) Å, c = 21.644(5) Å, α = 84.69(1)°, β = 86.20(1)°, γ = 77.68(1)°, V = 4576(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.344 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0778; 8, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 12.597(5) Å, b = 12.764(5) Å, c = 16.727(7) Å, α = 91.94(1)°, β = 95.61(1)°, γ = 93.24(2)°, V = 2670(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.323 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0594.
The Volume‐Based Thermodynamics (VBT) and Attempted Preparation of an Isomeric Salt, Nitryl Chlorate: [NO2][ClO3]
Authors: Bhasin Kuldip K. , Crawfordb Margaret‐Jane , Brooke Jenkins H. Donald , Klapötke Thomas M. , Liebmand Joel F.
Published: March 2006

Nitrosyl perchlorate, [NO][ClO4], is a known and stable salt. In this contribution we describe the attempt to synthesize the isomeric compound nitryl chlorate, [NO2][ClO3]. The results are discussed on the basis of volume‐based thermodynamics (VBT).
Crystal Structure of a Trinuclear Titanium(IV) Complex with (rac)‐3,3′‐Bis(methoxymethyl)‐BINOLate
Authors: Guo Qun‐Sheng , Song Hai‐Bin , Li Jin‐Shan
Published: March 2006

Reaction of (rac)‐3,3′‐bis(methoxymethyl)‐BINOL [H2(CH3OCH2)2BINO] with excess Ti(OiPr)4 and one equivalent of H2O in CH2Cl2 affords a trinuclear titanium(IV) complex [{(CH3OCH2)2BINO}Ti3(μ3‐O)(OiPr)6(μ2‐OiPr)2]. By dissolving it in dichloromethane and hexane and cooling to 0 °C, plate‐like pale yellow single crystals (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.605(3), b = 21.994(5), c = 19.090(4) Å, β = 92.764(8)°, V = 5286.2(19) Å3, T = 293(2) K) were obtained. Each oxygen atom at 2 or 2′ position of the (CH3OCH2)2BINO ligand bonds to only one titanium atom. There is no interaction between the third Ti atom and the two oxygen atoms of 3,3′‐bis(methoxymethyl)‐BINOLate.
Synthesis and Structures of the Ligands 1‐Methylimidazol‐2‐yl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanone {(py)(mim)CO} and 1‐Benzylimidazol‐2‐yl(1‐phenylaldimine) (PhN=CHbim) as their Tetracarbonylmolybdenum(0) Complexes [Mo(CO)4(L2‐N, N′)]
Authors: Batten Michael P. , Canty Allan J. , Cavell Kingsley J. , Skelton Brian W. , White Allan H.
Published: March 2006

The complexes [Mo(CO)4(L2‐N,N′)] [L2 = 1‐methylimidazol‐2‐yl(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanone and 1‐benzylimidazol‐2‐yl(1‐phenylaldimine)] have been synthesized from hexacarbonylmolybdenum(0) in order to define the coordination characteristics of the bidentate nitrogen‐donor ligands; the complexes exhibit distorted octahedral coordination for molybdenum(0) and cis‐bidentate ligand configurations.
Tieftemperaturuntersuchung von Wasserstoffbrückenbindungen in Lithiumtetrahydroxoborat mit Raman‐Spektroskopie, Röntgen‐ und Neutronenbeugung (Li11B(OD)4)
Authors: Jacobs Herbert , Niemann Anke , Kockelmann Winfried
Published: March 2006

Low Temperature Investigation of Hydrogen Bridge Bonds in Lithium Tetrahydroxoborate by Raman Spectroscopy, X‐Ray and Neutron Diffraction (Li11B(OD)4)

Low temperature Raman spectroscopic measurements on isotopically diluted Li11B(OH)4 with 8 % D and Li11B(OD)4 with 8 % H reveal four crystallographically different hydrogen bridge bonds. With decreasing temperatures beginning at ∼50 K measured down to ∼10 K the stretching modes of the hydroxide ions shift to higher wave numbers. For the strongest bond O–D···O the frequency shift is 16 cm−1and for the weakest 7 cm−1. For O–H···O the maximum in the frequency shift is 22 cm−1. X‐ray single crystal (LiB(OH)4) and neutron powder diffraction (Li11B(OD)4) data result in bond lengths for the four hydroxide ions in the range of 0.943 (3) Å ≤ d(O–D) ≤ 0.974 (3) Å. The value of the effect of inversion of the stretching mode frequencies seems to correlate with the strength of the hydrogen bridge bonds and is found to be different for the two isotopes H and D in this compound.
Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Neutral Complexes of Tellurium(IV) – [PhTeX3L](X = Br, I; L = ethylenethiourea)
Authors: Casagrande Gleison Antonio , Schulz Lang Ernesto , Tirloni Bárbara , Burrow Robert Alan , Manzoni de Oliveira Gelson , Lemos Sebastião S.
Published: March 2006

A three‐step one‐pot synthetic procedure to synthesize the neutral tellurium(IV) coordination compounds PhTeX3L (X = Br, I and L = ethylenethiourea) has been developed and is described in this article. Oxidative halogenation of PhTeTePh in methanol generates the tellurium(II) derivative, PhTeX, which is subsequently complexed with ethylenethiourea, and, finally, further oxidative addition of additional halogen affords the corresponding tellurium(IV) compound PhTeX3L in good yields. The final product was obtained by the slow evaporation of the reaction mixture as black crystals. The X‐ray structural analyses of the compounds show Te···X and X···X secondary interactions in the solid state and suggest a weak dependence of the formation of supramolecular assemblies on the nature of the halogen bonded to the tellurium atom.
Cross‐sectional evaluation of patient functioning and health‐related quality of life in patients with neuropathic pain under standard care conditions
Authors: Gálvez Rafael , Marsal Carlos , Vidal Javier , Ruiz Manuel , Rejas Javier
Published: March 2006

Aim: The purpose of this cross‐sectional evaluation was to determine the impact of neuropathic pain (NeP) on patient functioning and Health‐Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) under standard care conditions.

Methods: Patients with NeP or neuropathic and nociceptive pain [Mixed Pain (MP)] enrolled in the DONEGA study, a naturalistic, prospective and multi‐centre study of the effectiveness of gabapentin under usual care conditions, were included in this cross‐sectional evaluation before starting study treatments. Participants completed the Short Form‐McGill Pain Questionnaire, MOS Short Form‐12 (SF‐12), and Sheehan Disability Scale (ShDS). Multivariate analysis and regression models were used to analyze patient data.

Results: A total of 1519 patients [mean±SD; 56.0±13.7 yrs old (58.8% female)] with NeP or MP were enrolled in the study. The mean pain history was 1.1±2.8 yrs, current pain intensity on a 5‐point visual analogue scale was 2.8±1.0 and mean pain in previous week was 71.3±19.0mm. Pain substantially interfered (i.e., score≥5 on 0–10 scale) with normal work (5.9±3.0), social life (5.7±3.0), and family life (5.3±3.0), producing substantial disability (total ShDS score of 16.9±8.3 pts). Country‐standardised physical (PCS) and mental health (MCS) component summary scores of SF‐12 indicated significant impairment in both domains compared with the general Spanish population: PCS; −1.13±1.0 SDS (standard deviation score), and MCS; −1.21±0.7 SDS, equivalent to the 15th and 25th percentiles of normative populations, respectively.

Conclusions: Under standard care conditions, neuropathic and mixed pain are associated with impaired physical and mental QoL, producing a substantial level of disability in these patients.
Extensive adenosine‐to‐inosine editing detected in Alu repeats of antisense RNAs reveals scarcity of sense–antisense duplex formation
Authors: Kawahara Yukio , Nishikura Kazuko
Published: March 2006

One type of RNA editing converts adenosine residues to inosine in double‐stranded regions. Recent transcriptome analysis has revealed that numerous Alu repeats, present within introns and untranslated regions of human transcripts, are subject to this A → I RNA editing. Furthermore, it revealed global transcription of antisense RNAs. Here, we demonstrate that antisense RNAs are also edited extensively but only in their Alu repeat sequences, and editing does not extend to the surrounding sequence. Our findings imply that sense and antisense RNAs form two separate intramolecular double‐stranded RNAs consisting of inversely oriented Alu repeats, but rarely form intermolecular duplexes.
Unusual histone modifications in Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Janzen Christian J. , Fernandez Joseph P. , Deng Haiteng , Diaz Robert , Hake Sandra B. , Cross George A.M.
Published: March 2006

To start to understand the role of chromatin structure in regulating transcription in trypanosomes, we analyzed covalent modifications on the four core histones of Trypanosoma brucei. We found unusually few modifications in the N‐terminal tails, which are abundantly modified in other organisms and whose sequences, but not composition, are highly divergent in trypanosomes. In contrast, the C‐terminal region of H2A appears to be hyper‐acetylated. Surprisingly, the N‐terminal alanines of H2A, H2B, and H4, were mono‐methylated, a modification that has not been described previously for histones. Possible functions and evolutionary explanations for these unusual histone modifications are discussed.
Endoplasmic reticulum: A metabolic compartment
Authors: Csala Miklós , Bánhegyi Gábor , Benedetti Angelo
Published: March 2006

Several biochemical reactions and processes of cell biology are compartmentalized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The view that the ER membrane is basically a scaffold for ER proteins, which is permeable to small molecules, is inconsistent with recent findings. The luminal micro‐environment is characteristically different from the cytosol; its protein and glutathione thiols are remarkably more oxidized, and it contains a separate pyridine nucleotide pool. The substrate specificity and activity of certain luminal enzymes are dependent on selective transport of possible substrates and co‐factors from the cytosol. Abundant biochemical, pharmacological, clinical and genetic data indicate that the barrier function of the lipid bilayer and specific transport activities in the membrane make the ER a separate metabolic compartment.
Pharmacologic transglutaminase inhibition attenuates drug‐primed liver hypertrophy but not Mallory body formation
Authors: Strnad Pavel , Siegel Matthew , Toivola Diana M. , Choi Kihang , Kosek Jon C. , Khosla Chaitan , Omary M. Bishr
Published: March 2006

Mallory bodies (MBs) are characteristic of several liver disorders, and consist primarily of keratins with transglutaminase‐generated keratin crosslinks. We tested the effect of the transglutaminase‐2 (TG2) inhibitor KCC009 on MB formation in a mouse model fed 3,5‐diethoxycarbonyl‐1,4‐dihydrocollidine (DDC). KCC009 decreased DDC‐induced liver enlargement without affecting MB formation or extent of liver injury. TG2 protein and activity increased after DDC feeding and localized within and outside hepatocytes. KCC009 inhibited DDC‐induced hepatomegaly by affecting hepatocyte cell size rather than proliferation. Hence, TG2 is a potential mediator of injury‐induced hepatomegaly via modulation of hepatocyte hypertrophy, and KCC009‐mediated TG2 inhibition does not affect mouse MB formation.
Cytochrome c6A is a funnel for thiol oxidation in the thylakoid lumen
Authors: Schlarb-Ridley Beatrix G. , Nimmo Robert H. , Purton Saul , Howe Christopher J. , Bendall Derek S.
Published: March 2006

Cytochrome c
6A is a dithio‐cytochrome recently discovered in land plants and green algae, and believed to be derived from the well‐known cytochrome c
6. The function of cytochrome c
6A is unclear. We propose that it catalyses the formation of disulphide bridges in thylakoid lumen proteins in a single‐step disulphide exchange reaction, with subsequent transfer of the reducing equivalents to plastocyanin. The haem group of cytochrome c
6A acts as an electron sink, allowing rapid resolution of a radical intermediate formed during reoxidation of cytochrome c
6A. Our model is consistent with previously published data on mutant plants, and the likely evolution of the protein.
Carbohydrate based vaccines
Authors: Vliegenthart Johannes F.G.
Published: March 2006

In the past decades, a gradual increase in the resistance to antibiotics has been observed, leading to a serious thread for successful treatment of bacterial infections. This feature in addition to difficulties in developing adequate drugs against (tropical) diseases caused by parasites has stimulated the interest in vaccines to prevent infections. In principle, various types of cell surface epitopes, characteristic for the invading organism or related to aberrant growth of cells, can be applied to develop vaccines. The progress in establishing the structure of carbohydrate immuno‐determinants in conjunction with improvements in carbohydrate synthesis has rendered it feasible to develop new generations of carbohydrate‐based vaccines.
Stable RNA interference of host thrombospondin‐1 blocks Trypanosoma cruzi infection
Authors: Simmons Kaneatra J. , Nde Pius N. , Kleshchenko Yuliya Y. , Lima Maria F. , Villalta Fernando
Published: March 2006

Interactions between Trypanosoma cruzi and the extracellular matrix play an important role in cellular invasion. Here we show that T. cruzi increases the levels of thrombospondin‐1 (TSP‐1) expression in host cells during early infection. Stable RNA interference of host cell TSP‐1 knocks down the levels of TSP‐1 transcripts and protein expression in mammalian cells causing inhibition of T. cruzi infection. Addition of TSP‐1 to these cells restores infection. Thus, host TSP‐1, regulated by the parasite, plays a crucial role in early infection. This is the first report showing that a human parasite modulates TSP‐1 expression to facilitate infection.
Cytoplasmic Listeria monocytogenes stimulates IFN‐β synthesis without requiring the adapter protein MAVS
Authors: Soulat Didier , Bauch Angela , Stockinger Silvia , Superti-Furga Giulio , Decker Thomas
Published: March 2006

The mitochondria‐associated adapter protein MAVS (also called IPS‐1, VISA or CARDIF, designated MAVS for reasons of simplicity in our manuscript) relays signals from cytoplasmic sensors of viral RNA to the IRF3 kinase complex and the interferon‐β (IFN‐β) gene. Using siRNA‐mediated knock‐down in macrophages we show that IFN‐β synthesis in response to transfected, intracellular double‐stranded RNA (dsRNA), a pathogen‐associated molecular pattern of viruses, is decreased in absence of MAVS. By contrast, the Gram‐positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes targets the IFN‐β gene without detectable MAVS requirement. The data show that MAVS is not a central adapter protein for all cytoplasmic pathogen sensors that stimulate IFN‐β synthesis.
Economic impacts of changes in the population dynamics of fish on the fisheries of the Barents Sea
Authors: Link P. Michael , Tol Richard S.J.
Published: March 2006

A bioeconomic simulation model of the two interacting fish species cod (Gadus morhua) and capelin (Mallotus villosus) and their fisheries is presented and applied to assess the consequences of changes in the population dynamics of these important fish stocks in the Barents Sea. In each scenario, the population dynamics of the fish species are changed by reducing the reproduction-induced productivities and/or the carrying capacities. Stock sizes and landings of fish are calculated for each fishing period, and the net present values of profits from fishing are determined for time periods prior to and after the change in population dynamics. Results show that reduced growth rates or carrying capacities lead to lower stock levels and consequently to smaller catches. There is only a small short-term economic impact on the fisheries, but the long-term consequences are pronounced. In some cases, greater fishing activity in the first few years after the change in population dynamics causes harvests to remain stable despite diminishing stock sizes. This stabilizes the returns from fishing in the short term, but veils the apparent negative long-term impact on the fisheries resulting from adversely affected stock dynamics.
Temporal and geographic variability of sardine maturity at length in the northeastern Atlantic and the western Mediterranean
Authors: Silva A. , Santos M.B. , Caneco B. , Pestana G. , Porteiro C. , Carrera P. , Stratoudakis Y.
Published: March 2006

We investigate spatial and temporal variations in sardine maturation patterns and discuss the implications for stock structure, using recent samples collected opportunistically across the species range and data collected regularly for the assessment of the Atlanto-Iberian stock. Maturity ogives were fitted to maturity-at-length data using Generalized Linear Models, and maturation patterns are summarized by length at first maturity (L50). Sardine attain sexual maturity at a total length of 10.9–16.8 cm. The percentage of mature small sardine increases from north to south across the Northeast Atlantic. L50 is low in the Mediterranean and Moroccan waters, but maturation is delayed towards the limits of the species' range. Sardine mature smaller in the Gulf of Cadiz than in other areas of the Atlanto-Iberian stock, although there is no indication of a different maturation pattern north of the stock boundary. These results are not sufficient to review the stock structure of sardine, but question the hypothesis of homogeneous biological properties of sardine populations within the stock area. Sardine maturation length reduced and the spawning period extended in western Iberia during the past two decades. Associated increases in fish condition and fat reserves during the summer feeding season suggest that variations in reproductive traits may have been caused by environmentally driven changes in food availability.
A high resolution relative paleointensity record from the Gerlache-Boyd paleo-ice stream region, northern Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Willmott Verónica , Domack Eugene W. , Canals Miquel , Brachfeld Stefanie
Published: March 2006

Herein we document and interpret an absolute chronological dating attempt using geomagnetic paleointensity data from a post-glacial sediment drape on the western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf. Our results demonstrate that absolute dating can be established in Holocene Antarctic shelf sediments that lack suitable material for radiocarbon dating. Two jumbo piston cores of 10-m length were collected in the Western Bransfield Basin. The cores preserve a strong, stable remanent magnetization and meet the magnetic mineral assemblage criteria recommended for reliable paleointensity analyses. The relative paleomagnetic intensity records were tuned to published absolute and relative paleomagnetic stacks, which yielded a record of the last ∼8500 years for the post-glacial drape. Four tephra layers associated with documented eruptions of nearby Deception Island have been dated at 3.31, 3.73, 4.44, and 6.86 ± 0.07 ka using the geomagnetic paleointensity method. This study establishes the dual role of geomagnetic paleointensity and tephrochronology in marine sediments across both sides of the northern Antarctic Peninsula.
Geochronological position of badlands and geomorphological patterns in the Guadix–Baza Basin (SE Spain)
Authors: Díaz-Hernández José Luis , Juliá Ramón
Published: March 2006

The Guadix–Baza basin is one of a number of intramontane depressions located within the Betic Cordillera (SE Spain), where the geological and geomorphological evolution is controlled by tectonic activity. The basin ceased to be closed after capture by the Atlantic network, when five main land systems developed. Late Pleistocene geological evolution basically consisted of erosional modelling, when badlands were deeply incised in highly erodible materials (marls and silts). Three travertine platforms and several Palaeolithic sites were used to determine that this main incision period fell within a 115,000–48,000 yr range. There are few signs of geomorphological evolution of this basin in the last 48,000 yr. Based on these geomorphological data and soil development, tectonic uplift of the basin probably played a secondary role in its evolution, and climatic conditions in southern Iberia in the 144,000–48,000 yr period were more humid and variable than later.
Disruption and reassociation of casein micelles under high pressure
Authors: Huppertz Thom , Kelly Alan L , de Kruif Cornelis G
Published: March 2006

High pressure (HP) treatment affects many constituents of milk (for reviews see Huppertz et al. 2002; Needs, 2002); particular in the properties of casein micelles in HP-treated milk differ considerably from their counterparts in untreated milk. In milk treated at 100–200 MPa, average casein micelle size differs little from that of untreated milk (Needs et al. 2000a; Huppertz et al. 2004a; Regnault et al. 2004; Anema et al. 2005), but micelle size in milk treated at 250 MPa for [ges ]15 min is considerably higher than in untreated milk, probably due to HP-induced aggregation of casein micelles (Huppertz et al. 2004a,b; Regnault et al. 2004); after treatment at 300–800 MPa, micelle size is ~50% lower than that in untreated milk (Needs et al. 2000a; Huppertz et al. 2004a,b; Anema et al. 2005). HP-induced changes in average casein micelle size are irreversible on subsequent storage, except for the increase in micelle size after treatment at 250 MPa (Huppertz et al. 2004a).
Influence of ethanol on the rennet-induced coagulation of milk
Authors: O'Connell John E , Saracino Pasquale , Huppertz Thom , Uniake Therese , de Kruif Cornelis G , Kelly Alan L , Fox Patrick F
Published: March 2006

The influence of ethanol on the rennet-induced coagulation of milk was studied to investigate potential synergistic effects of these two mechanisms of destabilisation on the casein micelles. Addition of 5% (v/v) ethanol reduced the rennet coagulation time (RCT) of milk, whereas higher levels of ethanol (10–20%, v/v) progressively increased RCT. The temperature at which milk was coagulable by rennet decreased with increasing ethanol content of the milk. The primary stage of rennet coagulation, i.e., the enzymatic hydrolysis of κ-casein, was progressively slowed with increasing ethanol content (5–20%, v/v), possibly due to ethanol-induced conformational changes in the enzyme molecule. The secondary stage of rennet coagulation, i.e., the aggregation of κ-casein-depleted micelles, was enhanced in the presence of 5–15% ethanol, the effect being largest at 5% ethanol. Enhanced aggregation of micelles is probably due to an ethanol-induced decrease in inter-micellar steric repulsion. These results indicate an interrelationship between the effects of ethanol and chymosin on the casein micelles in milk, which may have interesting implications for properties of dairy products.
Anglican Orders and Orthodox Politics
Authors: GEFFERT BRYN
Published: March 2006

This essay examines the political and religious impetus behind Patriarch Meletios Metaxakis's recognition of Anglican orders in 1922. The furore surrounding recognition, the events that led up to it and the fall-out that followed shed light on the many difficulties faced by religious leaders in the post-war Orthodox world, difficulties that led to fierce jockeying among Orthodox clerics as they tried to establish themselves in relation to their coreligionists and to the larger Christian world. The controversy also offers insight into the problems inherent when a ‘comprehensive’ Church such as the Church of England enters into discussions with a more uniformly dogmatic confession such as Orthodoxy.
Against markedness (and what to replace it with)
Authors: HASPELMATH MARTIN
Published: March 2006

This paper first provides an overview of the various senses in which the terms ‘marked’ and ‘unmarked’ have been used in 20th-century linguistics. Twelve different senses, related only by family resemblances, are distinguished, grouped into four larger classes: markedness as complexity, as difficulty, as abnormality, and as a multidimensional correlation. In the second part of the paper, it is argued that the term ‘markedness’ is superfluous, because some of the concepts that it denotes are not helpful, and others are better expressed by more straightforward, less ambiguous terms. In a great many cases, frequency asymmetries can be shown to lead to a direct explanation of observed structural asymmetries, and in other cases additional concrete, substantive factors such as phonetic difficulty and pragmatic inferences can replace reference to an abstract notion of ‘markedness’.
The KEY to lexical semantic representations
Authors: KOENIG JEAN-PIERRE , DAVIS ANTHONY R.
Published: March 2006

It is widely accepted that the semantic content of a lexical entry determines to a large extent its syntactic subcategorization or other contexts of occurrence. However, clarifying the precise extent to which this hypothesis holds has proven difficult and on occasion controversial. To maintain this hypothesis, scholars have in many difficult cases introduced syntactic diacritics in their lexical semantic representations, thereby running the risk of rendering it vacuous. Our answer to this challenge is two-fold. First, on the substantive side, we argue that the problem lies in the assumption that the semantic content of lexical entries consists of a recursive predicate-argument structure. In contrast, we claim that the semantic content of lexical entries can consist of a set of such structures, thus eschewing semantically unmotivated predicates that merely ensure the correct semantic geometry. Second, on the structural side, we suggest that the semantic content of words can idiosyncratically select one of those predicate-argument structures for the purposes of direct grammatical function assignment. We show that this hypothesis, which builds on independently motivated proposals regarding the form of underspecified natural language semantic representations, provides a clean account of linking phenomena related to several classes of predicators: verbs whose denotata require the presence of an instrument, the semantic role of French ‘adjunct’ clitics, commercial event verbs, the spray/load alternations, and lexical subordination constructions.
Laryngeal markedness and aspiration
Authors: Vaux Bert , Samuels Bridget
Published: March 2006

We argue that the common phonological assumptions that (i) plain voiceless consonants are less marked than voiceless aspirates and (ii) the unmarked two-way stop system opposes unaspirated voiced and voiceless members are incorrect. A wide range of phonetic and internal and external phonological evidence suggests instead that (i) the maximally unmarked single-series stop is unspecified for laryngeal features and (ii) the unmarked two-way stop system opposes aspirated and unaspirated stops, and the aspirated series may be the unmarked member of this set.
Bivariate line‐fitting methods for allometry
Authors: Warton David I. , Wright Ian J. , Falster Daniel S. , Westoby Mark
Published: March 2006

Fitting a line to a bivariate dataset can be a deceptively complex problem, and there has been much debate on this issue in the literature. In this review, we describe for the practitioner the essential features of line‐fitting methods for estimating the relationship between two variables: what methods are commonly used, which method should be used when, and how to make inferences from these lines to answer common research questions.

A particularly important point for line‐fitting in allometry is that usually, two sources of error are present (which we call measurement and equation error), and these have quite different implications for choice of line‐fitting method. As a consequence, the approach in this review and the methods presented have subtle but important differences from previous reviews in the biology literature.

Linear regression, major axis and standardised major axis are alternative methods that can be appropriate when there is no measurement error. When there is measurement error, this often needs to be estimated and used to adjust the variance terms in formulae for line‐fitting. We also review line‐fitting methods for phylogenetic analyses.

Methods of inference are described for the line‐fitting techniques discussed in this paper. The types of inference considered here are testing if the slope or elevation equals a given value, constructing confidence intervals for the slope or elevation, comparing several slopes or elevations, and testing for shift along the axis amongst several groups. In some cases several methods have been proposed in the literature. These are discussed and compared. In other cases there is little or no previous guidance available in the literature.

Simulations were conducted to check whether the methods of inference proposed have the intended coverage probability or Type I error. We identified the methods of inference that perform well and recommend the techniques that should be adopted in future work.