bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical studies of duration of low-power solar flares
Authors: Боровик Александр , Borovik Aleksandr , Жданов Антон , Zhdanov Anton
Published: June 2018

This paper is a sequel to papers dealing with time parameters of solar flares in the Hα line. Using data from the international flare patrol for 1972–2010, we have determined the mean duration of flares of different importance and classes of area. We have established that 94.6 % of flares last more than 60 min. The duration of 90 % of flares with min is 2.1–3.3 hrs. In rare cases, flares can last about 12 hrs. The duration of powerful solar flares does not exceed 8.3 hrs. We have found that the duration of solar flares depends on features of their development. Flares with one brilliant point in the flare region have the shortest duration; two-ribbon flares and flares exhibiting several intensity maxima have the longest duration. We have confirmed that the duration of flares increases with increasing classes of area and brightness.
Backscatter signal model for Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar
Authors: Ташлыков Виктор , Tashlykov Viktor , Медведев Андрей , Medvedev Andrey , Васильев Роман , Vasilyev Roman
Published: June 2018

The paper presents a backscatter signal model for Irkutsk Incoherent Scatter Radar (IISR) and proposes a technique for solving the inverse problem of determining plasma temperatures from IISR data. This solution is validated by setting up the direct scattering problem and simulating it using the Monte-Carlo method. In addition, we can introduce known systematic error sources into the backscatter signal model. This enables us to determine which approaches can be used to recover temperatures correctly. The major task of this study is to identify and methodically correct the errors that can distort the obtained temperatures. We also report the results of testing of the developed technique for determining temperatures from IISR experimental data. The presented model and IISR experimental data can be used to validate techniques for determining other ionospheric plasma parameters.
Comparative statistical analysis of neutral wind in mid-latitude mesosphere / lower thermosphere based on meteor radar and Fabry — Perot interferometer data
Authors: Васильев Роман , Vasilyev Roman , Артамонов Максим , Artamonov Maksim , Мерзляков Евгений , Merzlyakov Evgeniy
Published: June 2018

Studies of the upper atmosphere wind are very important both for understanding the mechanism of transformation of exposure energy into heating, movement and chemical activity of the atmosphere, and similar processes of energy transfer from lower to upper atmospheric layers. Instruments and methods for studying the wind velocity and its variations at different height levels usually complement each other in such studies. We perform a comparative analysis of information about the neutral horizontal wind over Eastern Siberia in the winter-spring period obtained by different methods. We observe some features appearing at different heights during geomagnetic storms and sudden stratospheric warming events. We propose a method for comparative statistical analysis of the neutral wind registered at different sites and show its validity. Using this method, we make a quantitative comparison of winds measured over Eastern Siberia in the winter-spring period. The wind measured by the meteor radar and Fabry — Perot interferometer at 90 km has similar direction and absolute velocity. The wind measured by the Fabry — Perot interferometer at 100 km differs from that estimated by the meteor radar only in direction. The wind measured by the Fabry — Perot interferometer at 250 km has a velocity 2.5 times faster and a direction differing by 30–40° from the wind obtained by the meteor radar.
Seasonal and interannual variations in the [OI] 630 nm atmospheric emission as derived from observations over Eastern Siberia in 2011–2017
Authors: Михалев Александр , Mikhalev Aleksandr
Published: June 2018

Seasonal and interannual variations in the [OI] 630 nm atmospheric emission are studied from observations of airglow in Eastern Siberia. Among features of seasonal variation in this emission are a pronounced summer maximum, an autumn minimum, and a strong interannual variability in winter months, as well as an increase in the correlation coefficient with a monthly mean value of the F10.7 solar activity index in periods close to equinoxes. We identify possible causes and phenomena (including solar activity) that form the seasonal and interannual variations in the 630 nm atmospheric emission. In this study, we have used observational data from the Geophysical Observatory of the Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (ISTP SB RAS, 52° N, 103° E) for 2011–2017.
Exploring the effects of botulinum toxin type A injections on depression
Authors: Fromage Gemma
Published: June 2018

Depression is a common condition affecting over 300 million people around the world. There are many known treatments for depression, however in long-lasting, moderate-to-severe conditions, depression can, in some cases, lead to suicide. The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial musculature not only expresses mood states, but also regulates them. By contracting a specific muscle, humans can create an emotion and, conversely, by relaxing those muscles, they can minimise an emotion. Botulinum toxin type A is a neurotoxin which acts as a blocking agent, leading to muscles being temporarily weakened or paralysed. Numerous studies have shown the link between a reduction in depressive symptoms and the treatment of the glabella with botulinum toxin type A injections. The manufacturer of Botox (Allergan) has continued with this research and, in 2017, it announced data from a phase 2 study supporting the advancement of botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of major depressive disorder. The company will now be moving the drug forward to a phase 3 programme for a potential new treatment for patients.
Why aesthetic practitioners must keep reporting misconduct to the authorities
Authors: Senior Amy
Published: June 2018

Despite the vast number of articles and posts on online forums about regulations surrounding the promotion of aesthetic procedures, clinics and practitioners are still flouting the rules when it comes to advertising Botox. It is difficult to continue reporting those who are guilty of misconduct, but data from reporting activity are crucial for making a strong case for tighter regulation, says Amy Senior
CCR Expo, 4–5 October 2018: what to expect from this year's event
Authors: Baldwin Courtney
Published: June 2018

Taking place at Olympia, London, in October, CCR Expo will welcome thousands of delegates through its doors for 2 days of educational conferences and workshops, along with over 200 exhibitors. CCR Expo's event manager Courtney Baldwin gives aesthetic nurses a preview of what will be taking place at 2018's event, and introduces some new features and initiatives
CT pulmonary angiography in lower limb arthroplasty
Authors: Karayiannis P. N. , Hill J. C. , Stevenson C. , Finnegan S. , Armstrong L. , Beverland D.
Published: June 2018

Aims

The aims of this study were to determine the indications and frequency of ordering a CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) following primary arthroplasty of the hip and knee, and to determine the number of positive scans in these patients, the location of emboli and the outcome for patients undergoing CTPA.

Patients and Methods

We analyzed the use of CTPA, as an inpatient and up to 90 days as an outpatient, in a cohort of patients and reviewed the medical records and imaging for each patient undergoing CTPA.

Results

Out of 11 249 patients, scans were requested in 229 (2.04%) and 86 (38%) were positive. No patient undergoing CTPA died within 90 days. The rate of mortality from pulmonary embolism (PE) overall was 0.08%. CTPA was performed twice as often following total knee arthroplasty (TKA) compared with total hip arthroplasty (THA), and when performed was twice as likely to be positive. Hypoxia was the main indication for a scan, being the indication in 149 scans (65%); and in 23% (11 of 47), the PE was peripheral and unilateral. Three patients suffered complications resulting from therapeutic anticoagulation for possible PE, two of whom had a negative CTPA.

Conclusion

CTPA is more likely to be performed following TKA compared with THA. Hypoxia was the main presenting feature of PE. A quarter of PEs which were diagnosed were unilateral and peripheral. Further study may indicate which patients who have a PE after lower limb arthroplasty require treatment, and which can avoid the complications associated with anticoagulation. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:938–44.
Can the use of an inclinometer improve the positioning of the acetabular component in total hip arthroplasty?
Authors: Darrith B. , Bell J. A. , Culvern C. , Della Valle C. J.
Published: June 2018

Aims

Accurate placement of the acetabular component is essential in total hip arthroplasty (THA). The purpose of this study was to determine if the ability to achieve inclination of the acetabular component within the ‘safe-zone’ of 30° to 50° could be improved with the use of an inclinometer.

Patients and Methods

We reviewed 167 primary THAs performed by a single surgeon over a period of 14 months. Procedures were performed at two institutions: an inpatient hospital, where an inclinometer was used (inclinometer group); and an ambulatory centre, where an inclinometer was not used as it could not be adequately sterilized (control group). We excluded 47 patients with a body mass index (BMI) of > 40 kg/m2, age of > 68 years, or a surgical indication other than osteoarthritis whose treatment could not be undertaken in the ambulatory centre. There were thus 120 patients in the study, 68 in the inclinometer group and 52 in the control group. The inclination angles of the acetabular component were measured from de-identified plain radiographs by two blinded investigators who were not involved in the surgery. The effect of the use of the inclinometer on the inclination angle was determined using multivariate regression analysis.

Results

The mean inclination angle for the THAs in the inclinometer group was 42.9° (95% confidence interval (CI) 41.7° to 44.0°; range 29.0° to 63.8°) and 46.5° (95% CI 45.2° to 47.7°; range 32.8° to 63.2°) in the control group (p < 0.001). Regression analysis identified a 9.1% difference in inclination due to the use of an inclinometer (p < 0.001), and THAs performed without the inclinometer were three times more likely to result in inclination angles of > 50° (odds ratio (OR) 2.8, p = 0.036). The correlation coefficient for the interobserver reliability of the measurement of the two investigators was 0.95 (95% CI 0.93 to 0.97).

Conclusion

The use of a simple inclinometer resulted in a significant reduction in the number of outliers compared with a freehand technique. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:862–6.
As especificações do exame Celpe-Bras e a descrição das tarefas da parte escrita
Authors: Schoffen Juliana Roquele , Mendel Kaiane
Published: June 2018

Este trabalho se propõe a descrever as tarefas da Parte Escrita do exame Celpe-Bras entre as edições de 1998 a 2016-2, investigando de que modo essas tarefas operacionalizam o construto teórico do Celpe-Bras e contemplam os conteúdos previstos nas suas especificações (BRASIL, 2002). A partir do material disponível no Acervo Celpe-Bras, foram descritas as 156 tarefas aplicadas na Parte Escrita entre 1998 e 2016, verificando-se os elementos mais recorrentes nos seus enunciados e materiais de insumo e relacionando-se tal descrição às especificações apresentadas nos manuais do Celpe-Bras. Os resultados obtidos apontam para a necessidade de atualização das especificações do exame, visto que, apesar de as tarefas trazerem materiais de insumo autênticos e proporem situações de comunicação variadas, prevendo uma relação de interlocução determinada, envolvendo diferentes propósitos e a produção de diferentes gêneros do discurso, essas especificações não são totalmente suficientes para contemplar a complexidade e a variedade das tarefas do exame. Os resultados desta pesquisa contribuem para os estudos de validade do exame Celpe-Bras, bem como fornecem subsídios para a elaboração de material didático, a formação de professores e a preparação de examinandos.
Initial findings of a socio-cultural-pedagogical investigative approach to PHL
Authors: Jennings-Winterle Felicia , Coimbra de Sá Natalia , De Almeida Nogueira Priscilla
Published: June 2018

An increasing number of educational programs that promote Portuguese as a Heritage Language (PHL) can be found all over the world. With fairly new relevance to the field of Heritage Languages (HL), in no way comparable to movements of Spanish, Korean, or Mandarin, this burst shows the level of awareness about the importance of intergenerational transmission of minority languages within the Brazilian community. Such development brings to light fundamental questions: how has this movement developed and for how long? What the institutions involved are teaching and what methods are applied? What is the level of their commitment? Are they prepared to teach and cultivate the language and culture of Brazil? Do educators understand the interconnectivity between language, culture, identity, hybridization, and bilingualism? An ongoing latitudinal-longitudinal study, conducted by members of a study group has been mapping PHL community programs, surveying and interviewing educators as well as closely observing their projects’ development. This paper’s purpose is to discuss initial findings, answer some of the aforementioned questions regarding the emergence of PHL through a socio-cultural-pedagogical perspective. We will describe how educators have been developing their practices and how they can contribute with the field of studies of Heritage Languages.
A língua portuguesa como recurso da política externa brasileira à luz da diplomacia cultural
Authors: Beckhauser Alex Sandro
Published: June 2018

O presente trabalho busca estabelecer um diálogo entre o campo das relações internacionais e da política linguística como forma de compreender a importância da língua portuguesa para a diplomacia cultural a fim de obter vantagens para a política externa brasileira e de promover uma boa imagem do Brasil. Buscar-se–á discutir por que o país priorizou a criação de Centros Culturais Brasileiros (CCBs) em países da América Latina e da África em vez de expandi-los para novas potências emergentes. Consideramos que a diplomacia brasileira tem apostado na divulgação de sua imagem para as aspirações internacionais, dentre elas: conquistar votos dos países em desenvolvimento para uma futura reforma do Conselho de Segurança da ONU.
Complexidade dos sentidos sociopragmáticos
Authors: Lima-Hernandes Maria Célia , Ciocchi-Sassi Karina Viana , Lisboa Lucilene Rehberg
Published: June 2018

Este texto discorre sobre os encaminhamentos teórico-metodológicos de uma pesquisa inédita sobre intenções pragmáticas no campo das Línguas de Herança em contraste com as soluções identificadas por usuários do português como língua materna. Seria o fenômeno pragmático importante para se ensinar aos falantes de LH? Consideramos que a forma de se desculpar permite demonstrar o quão relevante é aprender as regras de polidez na língua-cultura em que o falante de LH está. Demonstraremos isso.
Efek Penambahan Gula Terhadap Kestabilan Warna Ekstrak Fikosianin Spirulina sp.
Authors: Sedjati Sri , Ridlo Ali , Supriyantini Endang
Published: June 2018

Mikroalga Spirulina sp. memiliki kandungan fikosianin yang berpotensi untuk digunakan sebagai pewarna alami, namun fikosianin tidak stabil terhadap suhu, cahaya, pH, dan oksigen, sehingga perlu ditambahkan pengawet. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pengawet gula terhadap kestabilan fikosianin yang diekstraksi dari Spirulina sp.  Spirulina sp  diekstraksi dengan akuades dan larutan buffer fosfat pH 7. Efek penambahan gula diamati selama 14 hari penyimpanan pada suhu kamar (30±30C). Stabilitas pigmen diamati berdasar nilai konsentrasi relatifnya (CR). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar fikosianin Spirulina sp. yang diekstraksi dengan aquades adalah 45,16±1,13 mg/g dw, sedangkan untuk ekstrak dengan pelarut buffer fosfat pH 7 adalah 760,51±0,11 mg/g dw. Penambahan gula fruktosa 5% memberikan hasil yang paling efektif selama 14 hari penyimpanan suhu kamar 30±30C, konsentrasi relatif yang tersisa sebesar 19,39 %, sedangkan  tanpa pengawet konsentrasi relatif hanya 10,57 %. Secara umum penambahan gula (sukrosa, fruktosa dan glukosa 5% dan 10% b/v) mampu meningkatkan konsentrasi relatif menjadi 12,12-19,39%. Kata kunci : Fikosianin,  Spirulina sp,  gula, Aktivitas Antioksidan Microalga Spirulina sp.  has a high content of phycocyanin. Phycocyanin has potential as a natural blue colorant. Phycocyanin is not stable against temperature, light, pH and oxygent. Preservatives are food additives commonly used to preserve unstable food. The purpose of this research was to screening sugar preservatives for phycocyanin. The effect of selected sugar preservatives, sucrose, glucose and fructose on the stability of phycocyanin at room temperature (30±30C) was studied in aqueous solution for 14 days.    Pigment stability after 14 days storages was observed from concentration relative (CR) value.  The result showed that phycocyanin content in aquadest extract was 45,16±1,13 mg/g dw. The CR value remained at approximately 12,12-19,39% after storage for 14 days at room temperature when sugar preservatives (sucrose, glucose and fructose  5% and 10% w/v) was added, while without preservatives CR value decreased to 10,57%. The highest stability of the phycocyanin solution was found in adding fructose 5% (CR value = 19,39%). Keywords : Phycocyanin, Spirulina sp., Sugar, Antioxidant Activity
Prospek Budidaya Kerang Darah (Anadara granosa) untuk Peningkatan Produktifitas Tambak di Kecamatan Tugu Semarang
Authors: Suryono Chrisna Adhi , Irwani Irwani , Rochaddi Baskoro
Published: June 2018

Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah: meningkatkan produktifitas tambak kurang produktip dengan budidaya kerang darah. Metodologi pemecahan masalah yang digunakan adalah mengubah sistim budidaya monokultur menjadi sistim polikultur dua jenis komoditas yang berbeda yang dapat dibudidayakan secara bersamaan dalam satu tambak. Hasil kegiatan menunjukan mitra kerja (petambak) sangat berantusias untuk mengikuti kegiatan tersebut terlihat dari cara mereka yang mengubah sitim budidaya tambak dari monokultur ke polikultur kerang darah. Setelah mengikuti cara sistim polikultur petambak nampak puas dengan hasil peliharaannya karena kedua jenis biota dapat hidup bersama dan menunjukan pertumbuhan yang baik. Dari hasil kegiatan pengabdian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa sistim budidaya polikultur .dapat meningkatkan produktifitas tambak.Kata kunci: Tambak, kerang dan produktifitas The aim of the activities was increasing productivity on unproductive brackishwater pound to change the culture system to culture cockle Anadara granosa. The method used to solve the problem was to change the system cultivation from monoculture to be poly-culture two different species which can live and cultivate together in one brackishwater pound.The result shows, the partners was very serious followed all the instruction cultivation process. It can be seen he has change the system of the monoculture cultivation to be poly-culture system which introduce two different species. The result of program showed the farmer (petambak) was very sustified cause of the species can lives together and shows the increasing of weight. The conclusion of the activities was the poly-culture system can improve brackishwater pound productivity.Key words: brakishwater pound, cockle and productivity
Kondisi Arus dan Gelombang Pada Berbagai Kondisi Morfologi Pantai di Perairan Pantai kendal Provinsi Jawa Tengah
Authors: Handoyo Gentur , Suryoputro Agus A.D
Published: June 2018

Kondisi oseanogreafi sangat berpengaruh terhadap proses akresi dan abrasi yang berlangsung di pantai. Apabila faktor dari daratan lebih dominan maka pantai akan mengalami akresi, sedangkan apabila faktor dari daratan tidak dapat meredam faktor oseanografi maka akan terjadi abrasi di pantai tersebut. Untuk mengetahui perkembangan akresi dan abrasi pantai, sangat diperlukan data kondisi arus dan gelombang di perairan sehingga diperlukan penilaian yang lebih mendalam mengenai karakteristik arus dan gelombang di perairan kendal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik arus dan gelombang di perairan Kendal serta untuk mengetahui pengaruh karakteristik arus dan gelombang terhadap kondisi pantai di perairan Kendal. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif, metode pengambilan data dilakukan dengan metode survey dan metode sampling yang digunakan adalah metode sampling puposive. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat diperoleh kesimpulan sebagai berikut : Pola arus di perairan Kendal dipengaruhi oleh Pasang Surut serta pola arus regional di Laut jawa yang bergerak sesuai dengan angin musim dari Timur ke Barat. Karakteristik gelombang pada lokasi penelitian memperlihatkan kondisi yang sama.Kata kunci : arus, gelombang, morfologi, Kendal.Oceanographic condition affect to acreation adn abration process on shore. Acretion happen if upland factor is dominant, while abration happen if uplland factor can not faint oceanographic process. To find out the expansion of acreation and abration, current and wave condition data are definitely neede so that’s way a deeply research about the characteristics of current and wave on Kendal waters is carry on. The objective of the research is to find out the characteristic of current and wave on Kendal waters, and the effect to the coastel condition. Descriptif methode was used in the research, data sampling by using survey method and sampling by using purposive method. The conclusion based on the research is : current pattern on territorial water Kendal influence by tides and regional current panttern on Java sea. Current panttern move according to mensoon from East to West.Keywords: current, wave, morphology, kendal
Uji Lethal Concentration (LC) Senyawa Cyanida pada Karang Tingkat Laboratatorium dalam Kaitannya sebagai Bahan Penangkap Ikan Hias
Authors: Suryono Chrisna Adhi
Published: June 2018

Salah satu cara menagkap ikan hias yang efektip adalah dengan cara membius dengan menggunakan cyanida. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui letathal concetration senyawa cyanida terhadap karang Porites lutea dan Galaxea fascicularis. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah split plot RAK dengan ulangan 3 kali. Jenis karang merupakan kelompok utama dan konsentrasi cyanida merupakan sub-kelompok. Pengamatan yang diamati adalah jumlah zooxanthellae dan prosentase kematian karang. Hasil penelitian menunjukan semakin tinggi konsentrasi cyanida menunjukan semakin tinggi prosentase kematian karang. Demikain pengaruhnya terhadap zooxanthellae, semakin tinggi konsentrasi cyanida semakin kecil jumlah zooxanthellae pada karang. Hasil uji anova terhadap tingkat kematian karang dan jumlah zooxanthellae.menunjukan pengaruh yang sangat nyata (P<0,001).Kata kunci : Cyanida, LC, karang, dan ikan hiasOne of the most effective to capture ornamental fishes by using cyanide unconscious. The purpose of this study was to conduct LC of cyanide compound on coral Porites lutea and Galaxea fascicularis. The split plot randomized block design with 3 replicate was use on this study. While the kind of corals as the main block and the cyanide concentration as the sub-block. The study focusing on the analyzed of the number of zooxanthellae and the percentage mortality of corals. The results of the study shows, increasing cyanide concentration affected increasing percentage mortality of coral and decreasing the number of zooxanthellae on the coral. The result of ANOVA test showed highly differences significantly (p<0.001).Keywords: Cyanide, LC, coral and artistic fishes
Genangan Banjir Rob Di Kecamatan Semarang Utara
Authors: Handoyo Gentur , Suryoputro Agus A.D. , Subardjo Petrus
Published: June 2018

Kota Semarang yang memiliki wilayah Pesisir di bagian utara adalah daerah yang terkena dampak kenaikan muka laut. Dampak utama yang diakibatkan oleh kenaikan permukaan air laut adalah terjadinya banjir pasang. Kecamatan Semarang Utara merupakan salah satu tempat di Kota Semarang yang sering dilanda banjir rob. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui kondisi genangan rob di Kecamatan Semarang Utara. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode admiralty, sedangkan peramalan pasang surut menggunakan software Mike 21. Model genangan rob dibuat berdasarkan nilai HHWL tahunan yang dikoreksi dengan MSL tahunan. Berdasarkan hasil model genangan rob, luas genangan banjir rob di Kecamatan Semarang Utara yang terjadi pada tahun 2014 mencapai 823.545 ha atau 70,991% dari luas wilayah Kecamatan Semarang Utara. Kata Kunci: Banjir Rob, Mike 21, Kecamatan Semarang Utara
Kajian Pengamanan Dan Perlindungan Pantai Di Wilayah Pesisir Kecamatan Tugu Dan Genuk, Kota Semarang
Authors: Hartati Retno , Pribadi Rudhi , Astuti Retno W. , Yesiana Reny , H Itsna Yuni
Published: June 2018

Semarang is one of many cities which has high vulnerability, damage, and high risk affected by climate change. This study was aimed to determine securing, protecting of Semarang coastal area, especially in Tugu and Genuk Sub-district. Literature review was carried out to seek the proper seawall design and material which feasible to be built in coastal area of Tugu and Genuk Sub-district. Field observation was conducted to determine location characteristic to build seawall in Tugu and Genuk Sub-district. The study revealed that many area of Semarang coast was damage as impact of coastal building, the loss of natural protection as well as effect of global warming. The existing seawall was varied but mostly in damage condition. Therefore it is recommend to build seawall in Karanganyar and Tugurejo Village (in Tugu subdistrict) to support the eco-edutourism in Semarang City as well as ini Trimulyo Village (Genuk Subdistrict) to established sediment enrichment ready for mangroves replant.Keywords : securing, protection, coastal, SemarangSemarang merupakan salah satu kota yang memiliki tingkat kerentanan, bahaya dan resiko tinggi akibat dampak perubahan iklim. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian pengamanan dan perlindungan pantai di wilayah pesisir Kecamatan Tugu dan Genuk, Kota Semarang. Kajian dilakukan ini melalui review literatur dan observasi lapangan. Kajian literatur dilakukan terhadap desain alat penahan ombak (APO) yang memungkinkan dibangun di wilayah pesisir Kecamatan Genuk dan Tugu serta untuk mendapatkan informasi tentang bahan atau material yang dapat digunakan untuk membangun APO. Observasi lapangan dilakukan untuk mengetahui karakteristik lokasi yang akan dibangun APO dan ketersediaan material sesuai desain yang telah direkomendasikan. Hasil kajian ini menunjukkan bahwa kerusakan pantai yang terjadi di Kota Semarang cukup banyak yang diindikasikan sebagai dampak dari bangunan-bangunan yang menjorok ke laut, hilangnya perlindungan alam pantai dan juga merupakan efek dari pemanasan global. Kondisi APO dan breakwater saat ini sangat beragam, namun pada umumnya sudah rusak sehingga mengurangi fungsinya sebagai alat perlindungan pantai. Untuk itu disarankan dibangunnya alat penahan ombak di Kelurahan Karanganyar dan Tugurejo (Kecamatan Tugu) untuk mendukung program eco-eduwisata Kota Semarang dan Kelurahan Trimulyo (kecamatan Genuk) untuk sediment enrichment yang nantinya lokasi siap ditanami mangrove.Kata kunci : pengamanan, perlindungan, pantai, Semarang
Studi Pendahuluan Hubungan Panjang–Berat Ikan Tenggiri (Scomberomorus commerson) dari Perairan Semarang
Authors: Santoso Adi , Susilo Endang Sri
Published: June 2018

Length-weight relationship study of narrow-barred spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson) from Semarang waters was commenced in October-November 2014. The result showed that the fish growth at both the months of October and November 2014 was a negative allometric growth. There was uncertainty to answer the low value for b component during November although at this month was a peak of the fish catching at Java Sea.  Due to small fish landed, it indicated that narrow-barred Spanish mackerel of Semarang waters were not proper to be caught.  Keywords : narrow-barred Spanish mackerel, length-weight relationship, allometric growth Studi hubungan panjang-berat ikan tenggiri (Scomberomorus commerson) dari perairan Semarang sudah dilakukan selama bulan Oktober dan November 2014. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pertumbuhan ikan tenggiri selama bulan Oktober maupun November 2014 adalah bersifat allometrik negative. Tidak diketahui dengan pasti penyebab kecilnya nilai b terutama pada bulan November, meskipun pada periode tersebut merupakan salah satu puncak musim penangkapan ikan tenggiri di Laut Jawa. Kecilnya ukuran ikan yang didaratkan, menunjukkan bahwa ukuran ikan tenggiri di perairan Semarang belum layak tangkap. Kata kunci: ikan tenggiri, hubungan panjang-berat, pertumbuhan allometrik
Keanekaragaman Megabentos yang Berasosiasi di Ekosistem Padang Lamun Perairan Wailiti, Maumere Kabupaten Sikka, Nusa Tenggara Timur
Authors: Riniatsih Ita , Munasik Munasik
Published: June 2018

Padang lamun di Perairan Wailiti yang berlokasi di pesisir Teluk Maumere Kabupaten Sikka, NTT, merupakan salah satu ekosistem laut dangkal yang mempunyai keanekaragaman hayati yang relative tinggi. Ekosistem padang lamun sebagai salah satu ekosistem pesisir di perairan tersebut mempunyai keanekaragaman biota laut yang hidup berasosiasi di dalamnya. Penelitian yang dilakukan dengan metode deskripsi lapangan ini menunjukan hasil pengamatan bahwa ditemukan  sekitar empat jenis lamun, yaitu: Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia hemprichii, Cymodocea rotundata, dan  Syringodium isoetifolium,  tersebar di 3 stasiun pengamatan.  Hasil analisa rata-rata % penutupan lamun sebesar 47,085% dengan kategori kondisi lamun di Perairan Wailiti Kabupaten Sikka dalam kondisi kerapatan sedang. Biota laut yang berasosiasi di padang lamun yang terlihat di lokasi pengamatan antara lain adalah bulu babi, teripang keling, teripang sabuk raja, bivalvia kima, gastropoda dan ular laut. Kata Kunci : Lamun, tutupan, Thalassia hemprichii, sebaran
Ekologi Perairan Semarang – Demak : Inventarisasi Jenis Kerang yang Ditemukan di Dasar Perairan
Authors: Suryono Chrisna Adhi , Riniatsih Ita , Azizah Ria , Djunaedi Ali , Rochaddi Baskoro , Subagiyo Subagiyo
Published: June 2018

The present study was conducted to inventory the cockles (bivalve) in coastal waters between Semarang to Demak.  The samples were collected by bottom trawl modification (dragger) around those areas.  The results were found ten various cockles there were Anadara granosa, A. pilula, A. gubernaculum, A. inaequivalvis, Pharella javanica, Paphia undulate, Marcia hiantina, Harvella plicataria, Mactra violacea, and Placuna placenta.  Meanwhile the waters quality in the in this areas still support to organisms to survive based on the standard water quality from Indonesian Ministry of Environmental.  Abstrak Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menginventarisasi jenis jenis kerang yang ada di perairan antara Semarang dan Demak.  Sampel diambil dengan trawl dasar modivikasi (dragger) sekitar perairan tersebut.  Hasil penelitian menunjukakan beberapa jenis kerang didapat seperti: Anadara granosa, A. pilula, A. gubernaculum, A. inaequivalvis, Pharella javanica, Paphia undulate, Marcia hiantina, Harvella plicataria, Mactra violacea, and Placuna placenta. Berdasar Kepmen Lingkungan Hidup kualitas perairan yang ada di daerah tersebut dapat dikatakan masih mendukung untuk kehidupan organisme.
The Unknown Socrates
Authors: Rossetti Livio
Published: June 2018

The first part of the present paper argues against any attempts to find a set of fixed points of a doctrine that could be ascribed to Socrates. The main thesis of the article has it that Socrates was part of a cultural movement that was marked by a tendency to rather raise questions than merely provide answers and boast about having a number of doctrines or doxai of their own. The second part of the paper concentrates on a number of memorable innovations that eventually constituted Greek culture, e.g., the idea that it is possible and desirable to be in full control of oneself and, consequently, to shoulder responsibility for one’s deeds rather than merely avoid and deny it. Thus, Socrates and ancient Socratic literature are shown here to be a probable source of numerous ideas that the western civilization has built on for centuries, these being, for instance, the idea of the limits of our powers. Hence, the conclusion of the article is that it would be a serious mistake to exclude Socrates from this major cultural development, even though the thinker did produce neither a theory nor a body of theories.
Why Is Poetry More Philosophical Than History? Some Remarks On Aristotle’s Poetics
Authors: Domański Iulius
Published: June 2018

Aristotle’s statement that — in terms of philosophy — poetry is superior to history can be understood better, when analysed in the context of the Stagirite’s epistemology, ontology, and eudaimonic ethics. Both poetry and history deal with numerous contingent and chaotic events, but while history is only reconstructive, poetry reworks its matter more thoroughly. History attempts to recount all events and does it in accord with their contingent and chaotic nature, whereas poetry implies certain choices. By doing so, it introduces uniformity and coherence thus providing a different ontic status than the one that reigned originally. Consequently, the cognitive result of poetry can be compared to the beatific value of conceptual knowledge in philosophy.
Michael Psellos’ ‘Arrangement’ of Hermias’ Commentary on Plato’s Phaedrus
Authors: Arabatzis Georges
Published: June 2018

The Byzantine philosopher Michael Psellos (11th century) wrote a brief treatise entitled An Explanation of the Drive of the Soul Chariot and the Army of Gods According to Plato in the Phaedrus. The treatise consists of a compilation of excerpts from Hermias’ commentary on the Phae­drus. Psellos does not mention Hermias’ name but rather traces the origins of the treatise back to some “Greek theologians”. Psellos’ text presents a great interpretative challenge: the order of the myths about the charioteer and the parade of gods is reversed so that the former explicates the latter in such a way that the whole Platonic argument is dismissed as “absurd”. The Phaedrus in the Neo ‑Platonic tradition (in Iamblichus in particular) is considered to be a strictly theological dialogue. Yet, Psellos’ arrangement shows that he was not interested in the mythographical or allegorical dimension of the excerpts. He rath­er focused on the epistemic problem, i.e., a reduction of the trichotomy of the soul into a duality of principles. Thus, he followed certain Aristo­telian commentators. Psellos suggests a reduction that is subjectivist or individualist in its nature and he refuses to identify individual intellect with any particular piety.
A Historical Outline of Byzantine Philosophy and Its Basic Subjects
Authors: Viglas Katelis
Published: June 2018

The article seeks to present an overview of the history of Byzantine philosophy. It takes its point of departure in the most important factors that influenced and shaped the Patristic thought. Subsequently, the paper considers the relative autonomy of Byzantine philosophy and offers a brief profile of major philosophers that contributed to the stream in the period from 9th to 15th century. From the numerous subjects that were taken into account by the most prominent Byzantine philosophers, the article discusses such issues as: the view of God, the problem of ‘conceptual realism’, the relationship between such ‘disci  plines’ as logic, metaphysics, ethics, aesthetics and philosophical anthro  pology. Furthermore, such questions as the place of man in the world, the scope of their freedom and the problem of evil are also touched upon here. The paper concludes with some remarks on the develop  ment of Byzantine philosophy after the fall of Byzantium.
Socrates’ Accusers
Authors: Kelessidou Anna
Published: June 2018

We have unfortunately very little information on the three accusers ofSocrates: Meletus, Anytus, and Lycon. Notwithstanding this, the presentpaper attempts to discuss the circumstances and motives that led toSocrates’ trial. Furthermore, the article deals with Socrates’ crucial standafter the verdict and considers the philosopher’s arguments as these havebeen presented in the first tetralogy.
Ripensare Socrate: note su alcuni studi recenti
Authors: De Luise Fulvia
Published: June 2018

[ Livio Rossetti, Le dialogue socratique,Les Belles Lettres, Paris 2011 e Livio Rossetti,Alessandro Stavru (a cura di), Socratica2008, Atti Convegno Napoli 2008,Le Rane, Levante, Bari 2011. ]
Charisteria Livio Rossetti Oblata
Authors: Ranzato Sofia
Published: June 2018

Il quinto secolo. Studi di filosofia antica in onore di Livio Rossetti. A cura di S. Giombini e F. Marcacci, Perugia 2010, ss. 752.
Ηοsion, eu dzen and dikaiousune in the Apology of Socrates and Euthyphro
Authors: Dottori Riccardo
Published: June 2018

While linguistic and analytical interpretations of the Euthyphro are usually circumscribed to two passages of the dialogue (Euthphr. 10 a 2–11 b 1), there is a general tendency to disregard the distinc­tion between the ὅσιον and the θεοφιλές. Consequently, one makes hardly any attempt to understand Plato’s criticism of religion. The concepts of θεραπεὶα τοῦ θεοῦ and ἀπεργασία provide us with the possibility of positively characterizing piety and distinguishing it from pure love affection. Contrary to the views of Schleiermacher and Gigon, but following Willamowitz, the present paper shows that the idea of service to the god consists in the doric harmony of Λόγος and Ἔργον, combined with various duties and services to the state. While this is precisely what justice is, the criticism of religion is not solely negative. Through justice, the ὅσιον becomes elevated to εὖ ζῆν and the highest ἀγαθόν in private as well as in public dimension. Without justice, one is left with the neccessity to flee to the other world and embrace the ὁμοούσια with the god, as shown in the Theaetus. If that is the meaning of Socrates’ death, then the idea resembles Kant’s postulate of the immortality of the soul, for in both cases one is faced with the neverending task of realizing the highest good. The question is whether it is possible to realize the δικαιοσύνη in a political life. Plato considers the issue in his the Republic, Sophist, Statesman and Laws. In the Statesman, justice is the primary goal of any political life that can only be attained through cultivting the divine relationship of harmoni­ous elements in the ὅσιον. It is here that Plato’s doctrine of the ὅσιον becomes completed.
»Megiston Agathon« (Pl. Ap., 38 a) – The Heart of Socrates’ Life and Philosophical Challenge
Authors: Wesoły Marian
Published: June 2018

We suggest a certain minimal approach to the historical Socrates on the basis of Plato’s Apology. This text makes it possible to reconstruct the authentic charge and the defense line of Socrates, as well as his motivation and the quintessence of his philosophical challenge. The most important thing is what the philosopher says in the face of his death sentence: that the greatest good for a man is to live an examined life focusing on virtues and ethical values. Unfortunately, the preponderance of studies, even the most recent ones, fail to recognize the philosopher’s provocative challenge, whilst it is not only a crucial motif in the Socratic examining (ἐξετάζειν), i.e. testing the interlocutors’ knowledge by means of irony, elenchos and aporia, but also an inspiration for his direct and indirect followers in seeking virtues and the greatest good.
Anaximander’s 'Boundless Nature'
Authors: Couprie Dirk L. , Kočandrle Radim
Published: June 2018

The usual interpretation has it that Anaximander made ‘the Boundless’ (τὸ ἄπειρον) the source and principle of everything. However, in the works of Aristotle, the nearest witness, no direct connection can be found between Anaximander and ‘the Boundless’. On the contrary, Aristotle says that all the physicists made something else the subject of which ἄπειρος is a predicate (Phys. 203 a 4). When we take this remark seriously, it must include Anaximander as well. This means that Anaximander did not make τὸ ἄπειρον the source or principle of everything, but rather called something else ἄπειρος. The question is, then, what was the subject that he adorned with this predicate. The hypothesis defended in this article is that it must have been ϕύσις, not in its Aristotelian technical sense, but in the pregnant sense of natura creatrix: the power that brings everything into existence and makes it grow and move. This ‘nature’ is boundless. It rules everything and in this sense it can be called ‘divine’. Being boundless, the mechanisms of nature, in which the opposites play an important role, are multifarious. The things created by boundless nature are not boundless, but finite, as they are destined to the destruction they impose onto each other, as Anaximander’s fragment says.
Plato a Disciple of Protagoras? More on the Great Speech of the Protagoras
Authors: Corradi Michele
Published: June 2018

The great speech of the Protagoras (320c–328d) still leaves many questions open. Particularly striking is the presence of doctrines that later on will be taken up and further developed by Plato in such dialogues as the Politicus, the Timaeus and the Laws. For this reason, many scholars tend to think that the words of Protagoras are just a product of Plato’s invention that bear no relation to Protagoras’ actual doctrines. Nevertheless, it is possible to propose a different interpretation. At the beginning of the Protagoras (313a–314b), Socrates develops the image of the sophist as the merchant of various μαθήματα: to sell his products, the sophist praises them all indiscriminately without knowing which of them are useful and which are harmful. But he who has the ability to make this distinction can still purchase the μαθήματα from Protagoras or anyone else. Through the dialectic, Plato is able to examine them without any danger in the Protagoras and then take them up and further develop in new ways in his later dialogues.
Plato – The Motto of Delphi of the Alcibiades I: Between Emphases and Retractions of the Socratics?
Authors: Mazzara Giuseppe
Published: June 2018

The present article aims to examine whether this Platonic dialogue can be regarded as polemical and competing with the similar educational proposals put forward by Xenophon and Antisthenes for the young  Alcibiades aspiring to power in the city of Athens. The present article has been divided into two major parts. In the first one, I propose to unify the two opposing points of view that are reflected in the interpretations of the motto: the one that takes it to be a solitary dialogue of a soul talking to itself (Platonic origin) and the one that takes it to be an intersubjective dialogue (Socratic origin). In the second part, I try to highlight a few points of contact and conflict between Plato, Xenophon and Antisthenes, arguing that it is the latter two that may be alluded to in the dialogue, albeit indirectly, as competing and polemical targets.
The Byzantine Culture Model of the 12th Century in Hugo Etherianus’ view
Authors: Kapriev Georgi
Published: June 2018

The question concerning the view of Hugo Etherianus (Eteriano) is placed here in a broader context of the processes that shaped and reshaped the Byzantine culture model between the 11th and the 12th century. The newly formed culture determined the cultural situation after the fall of Constantinople in 1204 and remained valid until the end of the Byzantine period. Characterizing the Byzantines relation to the West was the key component of this model. During various theological and philosophical debates between Latin and Romaic thinkers in the 12th century in Byzantium, the nearly 20-year career of Hugo Etherianus occupied a prominent position in Constantinople. Hugo was the best Latin expert on Hellenic and Byzantine philosophy and theology in the 12th century, particularly associated with the new dialecticians. His writings and letters as well as his debates with various Byzantine philosophers and theologians are an important testimony on the parting of the Byzantine and the Latin intellectual traditions during the last quarter of the 12th century.
Plethon’s Nómōn syngraphḗ
Authors: Wesoły Marian Andrzej , Jaworska-Wołoszyn Magdalena
Published: June 2018

After a very brief presentation of the most important facts concerning the life and writings of Georgius Gemistus Plethon, we shortly summarize the challenging content of his greatest and posthumously published opus entitled Nómōn syngraphḗ (commonly referred to as the Laws). While this paper offers the first Polish translation of this amazing work, the purpose of present article is to familiarize and promote Plethon’s fascinating treatise.
Symbolic Poetry, Inspired Myths and Salvific Function of Allegoresis in Proclus’ Commentary on the Republic
Authors: Domaradzki Mikołaj
Published: June 2018

The present article is concerned with Proclus’ highly original and profoundly influential account of the symbolic function of poetry, the pedagogic as well as the hieratic value of myths and the soteriological power of allegorical interpretation. Thus, the paper begins with a brief discussion of Plato’s dismissal of poetry as μέγιστον ψεῦδος. Subsequently, Proclus’ theory of three kinds of poetry is examined, upon which attention is paid to his revolutionary idea that σύμβολα rather than μιμήματα are the tools of the highest kind of poetry. Then, Proclus’ views on the difference between Plato’s and Homer’s μυθοποιΐα are considered. While the article concludes with an analysis of Proclus’ conviction about the functional similarity of symbols in myths and those in magic rites, allegoresis is shown to have the same salvational role that Proclus ascribes to theurgy.
The Spirit and Its Thinking. On the Recepcion of Plato’s megista gēnē Doctrine in Plotinus and Proclus
Authors: Gögelein Simon
Published: June 2018

This article is primarily concerned with Platoʼs later dialogue, the Sophist, and the reception of the megista-gēnē-dialectic in Neoplatonism (especially Plotinus and Proclus). The present paper offers a historical comparative study that consists of three parts. The first one gives a short summary concerning Platoʼs request regarding the concept of inverse and complex Ideas. The second one examines Plotinus’ conception of the νοῦς (Enn. VI 2, 7–8), in which the megista gēnē στάσις, κίνησις, ὄν, ταὐτόν and ἕτερον constitute the realm of the intellect. While the third and final part of the article investigates Proclusʼ extrapolation of the Platonic dialectic, it focuses on selected passages from the Commentary on the Parmenides. The paper concludes with a summary of the results.