bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stability of native starch quality parameters, starch extraction and root dry matter of cassava genotypes in different environments
Authors: Benesi Ibrahim RM , Labuschagne Maryke T , Dixon Alfred GO , Mahungu Nzola M
Published: July 2004

Cassava is an important food and cash crop in Malawi. It is also becoming increasingly important for industrial use. The aim of this study was to investigate the native starch quality of different Malawi cassava genotypes. Trials were conducted at Chitedze and Makoka in Malawi in the 2000/01 season. Apart from root dry matter and starch extraction, starch quality parameters considered included protein, moisture and ash contents, pH and whiteness. Various stability measures were used to deal with the problem of genotype × environment interaction. The results showed that all the cassava genotypes produced starch with no protein and with colour as white as required by the industry. Moisture and ash contents and pH fell within the industry‐recommended ranges. This suggests that native cassava starch is suitable for use in various industries. Additive main effects and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) was strongly correlated with other measured stability parameters and is therefore recommended for stability analysis of starch quality parameters. Genotype had a larger influence than environment on root dry matter. This agrees with the hypothesis that one or a few major genes control root dry matter in cassava. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential in fresh and dried Jaffa® sweeties, a new kind of citrus fruit
Authors: Gorinstein Shela , Haruenkit Ratiporn , Park Yong‐Seo , Jung Soon‐Teck , Zachwieja Zofia , Jastrzebski Zenon , Katrich Elena , Trakhtenberg Simon , Belloso Olga Martin
Published: July 2004

Bioactive compounds in the edible parts of fresh and dried Jaffa® sweeties, a new kind of citrus fruit, were analysed and their antioxidant capacities were assessed. Antioxidant‐rich fractions were extracted from fresh and dried sweeties with 1.2 M HCl in methanol/water (1:1 v/v), and the antioxidant activities of these extracts were evaluated. Using the β‐carotene/linoleate model system, the extracts from equivalent quantities of fresh and dried sweeties showed 89 and 87% antioxidant activity respectively. Similarly, using the DPPH radical‐scavenging method, the extracts showed 87 and 85% antioxidant activity respectively. The best correlations were between caffeic acid content and β‐carotene and DPPH antioxidant activity values (r = 0.9849 and 0.9798 respectively, p = 0.005). Both fresh and dried sweeties are bioactive natural products; when fresh fruits are not available, properly dried sweeties could be used as a substitute. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Reaction of halogenated hydrocarbon solvents with tertiary amines: Spectrophotometric and conductimetric study
Authors: Gainza Alberto Hernandez
Published: July 2004

Halogenated hydrocarbon solvents, SolvCl, (dichloromethane, chloroform, and 1,2‐dichloroethane) react with various types of tertiary amines, A, such as tri‐n‐buthylamine, tropane derivatives (tropine and atropine) and quinine generating a quaternary ammonium salt, N‐halogenalkylammonium chloride (SolvA+Cl−). Some tertiary amines, as well as secondary and primary amines, cannot react with these solvents. This reaction has been detected and studied by both conductivity and visible spectrophotometry measures—the latter after adding a small quantity of a dye, such as bromocresol green (BCGH2), bromophenol blue (BPBH2), or tetrabromophenolphthaleinethyl ester (TBPEH). Both study methods permit the determination of the kinetic parameters, and they are in good agreement. The monoprotic TBPEH is the dye of the simplest mechanism, useful to study kinetics of amines of uncertain behavior as quinine, while BPBH2 is the best dye for quantitative determinations. Kinetics for this reaction are of first order for both amine, A, and solvent, SolvCl; activation energy, Ea, and frequency factor are also determined. Rate constants increase with the amine basicity and with a reduction in the number of the halogen atoms present in the solvent. This reaction is slow but not negligible and must be considered a side reaction of these universally used solvents. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 36:500–509, 2004
The role of electron capture dissociation in biomolecular analysis
Authors: Cooper Helen J. , Håkansson Kristina , Marshall Alan G.
Published: July 2004

The introduction of electron capture dissociation (ECD) to electrospray (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT‐ICR MS) constitutes a significant advance in the structural analysis of biomolecules. The fundamental features and benefits of ECD are discussed in this review. ECD is currently unique to FT‐ICR MS and the fundamentals of that technique are outlined. The advantages and complementarity of ECD in relation to other tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques, such as infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and sustained off‐resonance collision‐induced dissociation (SORI‐CID), are discussed. The instrumental considerations associated with implementation of ECD, including activated ion techniques and coupling to on‐line separation techniques, are covered, as are the allied processes electronic excitation dissociation (EED), electron detachment dissociation (EDD), and hot electron capture (HECD). A major theme of this review is the role of ECD in proteomics, particularly for characterization of post‐translational modifications (phosphorylation, glycosylation, carboxyglutamic acid, sulfation, acylation, and methionine oxidation) and the top‐down approach to protein identification. The application of ECD to the analysis of polymers, peptide nucleic acids, and oligonucleotides is also discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 24:201–222, 2005
Theory of the Lamellar Superstructure of an ABC 3‐Miktoarm Star‐Terpolymer
Authors: Birshtein Tatiana M. , Polotsky Alexey A. , Abetz Volker
Published: July 2004

Summary: The theory of lamellar superstructures of an ABC 3‐miktoarm star terpolymer in the conditions corresponding to the strong segregation limit for linear ABC triblock terpolymer has been developed. According to the particular molecular topology (namely, the common junction point for all three blocks), the system cannot avoid volume interactions between monomers of different blocks even in this limit. Hence, in the lamellar superstructure, there exists the so‐called “mixed” domain containing monomers of all three blocks but formed mainly of the block with the lowest degree of incompatibility. It is shown that unfavorable volume interactions in this domain are minimized by the increase of the interfacial area per ABC molecule which makes the mixed domain narrow. This leads to an unusual behavior of the period of the superstructure which decreases with an increase in the length of the block with the lowest incompatibility. However, in the case of a “synchronous” increase in the size of the branches of the ABC 3‐miktoarm star terpolymer, the period of the superstructure increases similarly to that for a linear ABC triblock terpolymer.

ABC 3‐miktoarm star terpolymer.

image

ABC 3‐miktoarm star terpolymer.
Characteristics of a packaged laser‐diode module without band‐stop resonance
Authors: Han Jae‐Ho , Lhee Zail , Park Seung‐Bae , Ryu Gihan
Published: July 2004

Circuit parameters for an equivalent circuit model of a laser diode were extracted with an impedance analyzer. Impedance matching can be achieved by eliminating inductive components of the leads in the package by using lumped chip capacitors, whereas it shows resonance dip in the low‐frequency band. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 347–349, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20300
Low‐profile broadband printed VHF monopole antenna for vehicular applications
Authors: Su Saou‐Wen , Liu Yung‐Tao , Wong Kin‐Lu , Tang Chia‐Lun
Published: July 2004

A novel low‐profile broadband printed monopole antenna suitable for VHF operations on vehicles is presented. The proposed monopole antenna is printed on a flexible printed circuit board and then folded onto a cylindrical foam base. A constructed prototype suitable for operation in the 200‐MHz band is demonstrated. The prototype has a low profile of about 11 cm only (about 7% of the wavelength at 200 MHz) and shows a wide bandwidth (2.5:1 VSWR) of larger than 20%. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 349–350, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20301
Reconstruction of homogeneous dielectric cylinders by a supervised learning system and space‐stepped GPR electromagnetic data
Authors: Caorsi Salvatore , Cevini Gaia
Published: July 2004

This paper addresses the problem of reconstructing homogeneous cylinders buried in a known soil, starting from the electromagnetic data collected by a subsurface radar moving on the soil surface. The proposed approach makes use of neural networks to process some data extracted from the electromagnetic time responses of the subsoil. Some numerical results are given concerning a single cylinder of circular shape. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 353–357, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20303
Compact integrated combline band‐pass filter with interdigital capacitive loads using LTCC technology
Authors: Lim Ohk‐Kun , Kim Yong‐Jun
Published: July 2004

A compact embedded tapped‐line combline filter with interdigital capacitors using low‐temperature co‐fired ceramic (LTCC) technology for wireless application is proposed. The interdigital‐type capacitors have been loaded to reduce the geometrical length while extending the electrical length. The fabricated filter has a relatively small size, 2.7 × 2.03 mm, and good characteristics at the 5‐GHz range. Its small size and relatively simple structure make it a good candidate as an integrated filter for various LTCC substrates. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 377–379, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20309
Miniaturized ring coupler using multiple open stubs
Authors: Chuang Ming‐Lin , Wu Ming‐Tien
Published: July 2004

Two simple and successful methods for miniaturizing ring couplers are proposed. There is no need of any lumped element, via hole, or wire bond; only microstrip lines are needed. The reduced size is arbitrary and the results of the miniaturized ring coupler coincide with that of the traditional ring coupler. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 379–383, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20310
Stop‐band and band‐pass characteristics in coplanar waveguides coupled to spiral resonators
Authors: Falcone F. , Martín F. , Bonache J. , Laso M. A. G. , García‐García J. , Baena J. D. , Marqués R. , Sorolla M.
Published: July 2004

Coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines periodically coupled to spiral resonators (SRs) are proposed to obtain very compact band‐pass or rejection‐band structures. The devices consist of a CPW with SRs etched on the back substrate side, underneath the slots. Due to inductive coupling between the line and the spirals, signal propagation is inhibited in the vicinity of the resonant frequency, resulting in a stop‐band structure. However, by periodically loading the line with narrow wires, this behavior is switched to a band‐pass characteristic. This has been interpreted as being due to the coexistence of a negative effective permittivity and permeability in a narrow band above resonance for the composite structure. Since the dimensions of the spirals are very small in comparison to the signal wavelength at resonance, these devices are very compact and can be of interest in applications where miniaturization is mandatory. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 386–388, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20312
Microstripline fed dual‐frequency dielectric resonator antenna
Authors: Sung Y. , Ahn C. S. , Kim Y.‐S.
Published: July 2004

In this paper, a dielectric resonator antenna for dual‐frequency operation is proposed. The proposed antenna is excited by dual 50Ω microstriplines and printed in a single metal layer, and therefore is easily constructed. In this design, the operating frequency is mainly controlled by the offset in the position. The return loss, radiation patterns, and antenna gain are measured and discussed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 388–390, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20313
Conductor‐loss reduction for high‐frequency transmission lines based on the magnetorheological‐fluid polishing method
Authors: Lee Sang‐No , Lee Joon‐Ik , Kim Wook‐Bae , Yook Jong‐Gwan , Kim Yong‐Jun , Lee Sang‐Jo
Published: July 2004

In this paper, a novel polishing method using magnetorheological (MR) fluid is presented in order to improve conductor‐surface roughness and achieve high‐frequency performance of the electroplated three‐dimensional (3D) CPW, where the MR fluid is utilized to efficiently polish uneven and imperfect conductor surfaces resulting from the widely used MEMS process. For the purpose of comparison, two 50Ω CPW lines on glass substrate are fabricated in order to validate the performance of the proposed polishing scheme. From the measurement, the polished CPW lines using the MR fluid show much lower attenuation constants up to a maximum of 0.3–0.54 dB/cm than unpolished CPW lines, according to the geometries used. Thus, it is clear that the proposed MR fluid‐based polishing scheme is very effective when used to smooth 3D high‐frequency structures and can dramatically improve conductor‐loss characteristics. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 405–407, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20318
Improvement of the extinction ratio of a Mach Zehnder interferometer filter
Authors: Huang Yonglin , Dong Xingfa , Li Jie , Dong Xiaoyi
Published: July 2004

A novel structure of a Mach–Zehnder interferometer filter is proposed and demonstrated. The interferometer is structured by adding an optical isolator to the two outputs of the conventional Mach–Zehnder interferometer. The characteristic of the transmission spectrum is studied theoretically and experimentally. The extinction ratio of the novel interferometer filter is improved greatly in comparison with that of a conventional Mach–Zehnder interferometer filter with the same parameters. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 420–422, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20323
Application of multilayer perceptron networks to laser diode nonlinearity determination for radio‐over‐fibre mobile communications
Authors: Develi Ibrahim
Published: July 2004

This paper presents a new approach based on multilayer perceptron networks to determine the 3rd‐order intermodulation distortion levels in microwave‐intensity‐modulated GaAIAs laser diodes. The Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm is used to train the network. The results obtained from the network are in excellent agreement with the experimental results reported elsewhere. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 42: 425–427, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20325
Effects of boundary conditions and partial drainage on cyclic simple shear test results—a numerical study
Authors: Wang Bin , Popescu Radu , Prevost Jean H.
Published: July 2004

Owing to imperfect boundary conditions in laboratory soil tests and the possibility of water diffusion inside the soil specimen in undrained tests, the assumption of uniform stress/strain over the sample is not valid. This study presents a qualitative assessment of the effects of non‐uniformities in stresses and strains, as well as effects of water diffusion within the soil sample on the global results of undrained cyclic simple shear tests. The possible implications of those phenomena on the results of liquefaction strength assessment are also discussed. A state‐of‐the‐art finite element code for transient analysis of multi‐phase systems is used to compare results of the so‐called ‘element tests’ (numerical constitutive experiments assuming uniform stress/strain/pore pressure distribution throughout the sample) with results of actual simulations of undrained cyclic simple shear tests using a finite element mesh and realistic boundary conditions. The finite element simulations are performed under various conditions, covering the entire range of practical situations: (1) perfectly drained soil specimen with constant volume, (2) perfectly undrained specimen, and (3) undrained test with possibility of water diffusion within the sample. The results presented here are restricted to strain‐driven tests performed for a loose uniform fine sand with relative densityDr=40%. Effects of system compliance in undrained laboratory simple shear tests are not investigated here. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The (s, Q) inventory model with Erlang lead time and deterministic demand
Authors: Kim Jeon G. , Sun Daewon , He Xin James , Hayya Jack C.
Published: July 2004

We develop a simple, approximately optimal solution to a model with Erlang lead time and deterministic demand. The method is robust to misspecification of the lead time and has good accuracy. We compare our approximate solution to the optimal for the case where we have prior information on the lead‐time distribution, and another where we have no information, except for computer‐generated sample data. It turns out that our solution is as easy as the EOQ's, with an accuracy rate of 99.41% when prior information on the lead‐time distribution is available and 97.54–99.09% when only computer‐generated sample information is available. Apart from supplying the inventory practitioner with an easy heuristic, we gain insights into the efficacy of stochastic lead time models and how these could be used to find the cost and a near‐optimal policy for the general model, where both demand rate and lead time are stochastic. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2004
A New Progressive Era
Authors: Dionne, Jr. E. J.
Published: July 2004

Following a period of rapid social and economic change in the late nineteenth century, the reforms of the Progressive Era created a framework in which the new industrial economy could coexist with democratic government and the values of personal independence and mutual assistance. Today there is an overriding need for a new engagement with democratic reform, the political engine that made the industrial era as successful as it was.
The Challenge of Money in a New Vision for American Democracy
Authors: Schmitt Mark
Published: July 2004

New perspectives and new possibilities are now appearing in an emerging national debate, not just about technical aspects of campaign finance legislation but about the role of money in a revitalized American democracy.
Can Technology Save Democracy?
Authors: Westen Tracy
Published: July 2004

New communications technologies offer important opportunities for revitalizing American democracy. They encourage broader issue discussions, greater specificity in candidate positions, and positive messages rather than negative ones. New communications systems can begin to uncouple wealth from voter impressions, make candidate messages available in multiple formats and languages, and encourage two‐way communications: from candidate to candidate, from voter to candidate, and from voter to voter.
Public Opinion Polling and the Future of Democracy
Authors: Lake Celinda , Sosin Jennifer
Published: July 2004

The use of public opinion polling in American politics has exploded in recent years. National candidates spend thousands of valuable campaign dollars on their own polls. Newspapers and television stations regularly conduct polls, as do networks and news magazines. The proliferation of polling raises fundamental questions about the role of the elected representative in democracy. But it also offers exciting opportunities for engaging American voters in direct debates on policy priorities and directions.
Full Representation: The Future of Proportional Election Systems
Authors: Richie Robert
Published: July 2004

Proportional representation (PR) is a system by which like‐minded voters are able to win seats in legislative bodies and councils in proportion to their share of the popular vote. One of several municipal reforms advocated during the Progressive Era, PR never caught on in the United States, despite some obvious advantages over the common winner‐take‐all system—most notably, its greater ability to reflect community diversity.
The Importance of the Civic Sector
Authors: Bradley Bill
Published: July 2004

National policy debates tend to focus narrowly on the government
and the marketplace, but the institutions of the civic sector have an
increasingly important role to play in the well‐being of our society.
Public‐Policy Partnerships Between Universities and Communities
Authors: Cortés Michael
Published: July 2004

Academics, who produce knowledge through research and writing,
can be valuable resources for foundations and community groups
when it comes to public policy discussions. But professional conventions
and career considerations may prevent university faculty from
forging useful partnerships within the civic sector.
Philanthropy and Community Building
Authors: Eisenberg Pablo
Published: July 2004

Grassroots community organizations have made encouraging gains in
revitalizing some of our nation's low‐income neighborhoods. But to
sustain their activities, they need more effective and comprehensive
support from foundations, local government, and other nonprofit
organizations.
Strategic Grantmaking and Community Building
Authors: Smith Gloria
Published: July 2004

The following “dialogues” were adapted from panel discussions that took place at the National Civic League's 103rd National Conference on Governance. The subject of the October 1997 conference was the role of philanthropy in building community.
Systems Reform in Two Cities: Indianapolis, Indiana, and Charlotte, North Carolina
Authors: Potapchuk William R. , Crocker Jarle P. , Schechter Bill
Published: July 2004

In different ways, Indianapolis, Indiana, and Charlotte, North Carolina, are on the cutting edge of system change and government reform. The experiences of government reform and systems change in these two communities offer lessons for other local government leaders.
Five Principles for a Community That Works
Authors: Briand Michael K.
Published: July 2004

The work of communities cannot be accomplished by prevailing upon government to meet our demands. People must become citizens again. What principles and practices have communities used to recreate a successful, citizen‐based approach to politics?
Social Capital and Community Building: Part One
Authors: Wallis Allan , Crocker Jarle P. , Schechter Bill
Published: July 2004

Social capital has emerged as an important concept within the field of community development. This article is the first in a two‐part series exploring the perspectives of academics, public advocates, philanthropists, and community development practitioners on the uses of social capital.
A Toolkit for Building a Healthy City
Authors: Flower Joe
Published: July 2004

What does it take to really make a healthy community through deep and lasting change? Writer and consultant Joe Flower offers a toolkit for citizens who want to make their communities better places to live and work.
An Overview of Citizen Participation in Health Planning: Lessons Learned from the Literature
Authors: Perlstadt Harry , Jackson‐Elmoore Cynthia , Freddolino Paul P. , Reed Celeste
Published: July 2004

Much can be learned from the experience of citizen participation in health planning over the past thirty years. A review of literature on the subject reveals seven key themes: systems change, knowledge transfer, civic engagement, inclusion, decision making, project organization, and project leadership.
Chronic exposure to ethanol alters neurotrophin content in the basal forebrain–cortex system in the mature rat: Effects on autocrine–paracrine mechanisms
Authors: Miller Michael W. , Mooney Sandra M.
Published: July 2004

Neurotrophins are broadly expressed in the mammalian forebrain: notably in cerebral cortex and the basal forebrain (e.g., the septal and basal nuclei). These factors promote neuronal survival and plasticity, and have been implicated as key players in learning and memory. Chronic exposure to ethanol causes learning and memory deficits. We tested the hypothesis that ethanol affects neurotrophin expression and predicted that these changes would be consistent with alterations in retrograde or autocrine/paracrine systems. Mature rats were fed a liquid diet containing ethanol daily for 8 or 24 weeks. Weight‐matched controls were pair‐fed an isocaloric, isonutritive diet. Proteins from five structures (parietal and entorhinal cortices, hippocampus, and the basal and septal nuclei) were studied. ELISAs were used to determine the concentration of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3). All three neurotrophins were detected in each structure examined. Ethanol treatment significantly (p < 0.05) affected neurotrophin expression in time‐ and space‐dependent manners. NGF content was generally depressed by ethanol exposure, whereas NT‐3 content increased. BDNF concentration was differentially affected by ethanol: it increased in the parietal cortex and the basal forebrain and decreased in the hippocampus. With the exception of NGF in the septohippocampal system, the ethanol‐induced changes in connected structures were inconsistent with changes that would be predicted from a retrograde model. Thus, the present data (a) support the concept that neurotrophins act through a nonretrograde system (i.e., a local autocrine/paracrine system), and (b) that chronic exposure to ethanol disrupts these regulatory mechanisms. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Neurobiol 60: 490–498, 2004
Colloidal star polymers: Models for studying dynamically arrested states in soft matter
Authors: Vlassopoulos Dimitris
Published: July 2004

The use of well‐defined macromolecular assemblies with tunable interactions represents the key for exploring the regime of soft‐material behavior between hard spheres and polymer coils. Colloidal stars are ideal choices for such a formidable task and especially for shedding light on the formation and properties of dynamically arrested states. In this brief review, we demonstrate the rich variety of kinetic frustration phenomena that can be encountered with such ultrasoft particles. We address two specific examples in particular: the reversible vitrification upon heating and the melting of star gels upon the addition of linear polymers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2931–2941, 2004
Words to a problem of multiplicity of carbenelike systems in the external electric fields
Authors: Vorontsova I. K. , Mikheikin I. D. , Rakitina V. A. , Abronin I. A.
Published: July 2004

A possibility of multiplicity change for carbenelike systems in external electric fields of different configurations on an example of carbene CH2 and silylene SiH2 is considered by using semiempirical INDO approximation and ab initio calculations with 6‐311G**//6‐311G** and 6‐311G**//3‐21G basis sets taking into account the correlation effects on the level of second‐order Møller‐Plesset perturbation theory (MP2). It is shown that, namely, the nonuniformity of the electric field is the factor that determines the multiplicity of carbenelike structures in external electric fields and that may affect the reactivity of carbenes and carbene analogues. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Nitrite ion formation: Nonempirical simulation in terms of cluster model
Authors: Novakovskaya Yu. V. , Bezrukov D. S. , Stepanov N. F.
Published: July 2004

Neutral and negatively charged nitrogen dioxide molecule either individual or involved in a complex cluster with up to 50 water molecules is nonempirically simulated in the second order of the Møller–Plesset perturbation theory with the unrestricted Hartree–Fock function with the use of atomic basis functions of the 6‐31++G** set and effective fragment potentials for a part of water molecules. The structures corresponding to the local minima of the potential energy surfaces of neutral and anionic clusters are considered, and their dissociation energies are estimated. The geometric parameters of the cavities formed around nitrogen dioxide and its anion in the H‐bond network of water clusters are compared. The vertical electron detachment energies of the anions and the electron affinities of the parent neutral complex clusters depending on the number of water molecules involved are used for estimating the corresponding energetic characteristics of infinitely diluted aqueous nitrogen dioxide systems. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Phosphoric acid enhances the performance of Fe(III) affinity chromatography and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem mass spectrometry for recovery, detection and sequencing of phosphopeptides
Authors: Stensballe Allan , Jensen Ole Nørregaard
Published: July 2004

An integrated analytical strategy for enrichment, detection and sequencing of phosphorylated peptides by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is reported. o‐Phosphoric acid was found to enhance phosphopeptide ion signals in MALDI‐MS when used as the acid dopant in 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5‐DHB) matrix. The effect was largest for multiply phosphorylated peptides, which exhibited an up to ten‐fold increase in ion intensity as compared with standard sample preparation methods. The enhanced phosphopeptide response was observed during MALDI‐MS analysis of several peptide mixtures derived by proteolytic digestion of phosphoproteins. Furthermore, the mixture of 2,5‐DHB and o‐phosphoric acid was an excellent eluant for immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC). Singly and multiply phosphorylated peptide species were efficiently recovered from Fe(III)‐IMAC columns, reducing sample handling for phosphopeptide mapping by MALDI‐MS and subsequent phosphopeptide sequencing by MALDI‐MS/MS. The enhanced response of phosphopeptide ions in MALDI facilitates MS/MS of large (>3 kDa) multiply phosphorylated peptide species and reduces the amount of analyte needed for complete characterization of phosphoproteins. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Probing the molecular weight distributions of non‐boiling petroleum fractions by Ag+ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Roussis Stilianos G. , Proulx Richard
Published: July 2004

This work explores the possibility of Ag+ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) to determine the molecular weight distributions of non‐boiling petroleum fractions. Information about the molecular weight distributions is needed for fundamental studies on the nature of heavy crude oils and bitumens and for the development of novel recovery and processing methods. The method does not depend on thermal processes for the introduction of the fractions into the gas phase of the mass spectrometer, which is a considerable advantage over most other ionization methods. The Ag+ electrospray mass spectra of the fractions analyzed by using a toluene/methanol/cyclohexane (60:28:12%) solvent system display bimodal distributions in the ranges m/z ∼300 to ∼3000 and m/z 3000 to ∼20 000. The abundances of the high molecular weight peak distributions can be reduced by in‐source collisional activation experiments. Comparisons with the results obtained for model heteroatom‐containing compounds (molecular weight <600 Da) and high molecular weight polystyrene standards (up to one million Da) indicate that the majority of the structures in the saturate, naphthenoaromatic and polar aromatic fractions, and a significant portion of the asphaltenes, are small molecules. However, a considerable portion of the asphaltenes and some portion of the other fractions contain high molecular weight structures bound by covalent or strong non‐covalent bonds. The results obtained by the Ag+ ESI method in this study for the saturate, aromatic, and polar fractions in a bitumen are in qualitative agreement with published molecular weight average results obtained for Cold Lake bitumen fractions analyzed by conventional gel permeation chromatography and field desorption mass spectrometry. Further work is needed to study the nature of the bonds and the interactions of the molecules in the asphaltene fractions by Ag+ ESI‐MS. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous quantitation of dexmedetomidine and glucuronide metabolites (G‐Dex‐1 and G‐Dex‐2) in human plasma utilizing liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Ji Qin C. , Zhou Julie Y. , Gonzales R. John , Gage Eric M. , El‐Shourbagy Tawakol A.
Published: July 2004

Dexmedetomidine (Dex) (Precedex™) is a novel lipophilic imidazole derivative with a high affinity for alpha‐2 adrenergic receptors, which exhibits sedative, analgesic‐sparing, and sympatholytic properties. The pharmacological effects and therapeutic benefits of this drug have drawn continued interest from the medical community. Here we report a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method to simultaneously measure the concentrations of dexmedetomidine and its glucoronide metabolites, G‐Dex‐1 and G‐Dex‐2, in human plasma samples. A solid‐phase extraction method was developed to effectively extract Dex, G‐Dex‐1, and G‐Dex‐2 from plasma matrices. An isocratic chromatographic method was developed to achieve baseline separation of G‐Dex‐1 and G‐Dex‐2. The linear dynamic range evaluated was 19.08–1908.56 pg/mL for Dex, 65.17–6518.17 pg/mL for G‐Dex‐1, and 29.42–2943.28 pg/mL for G‐Dex‐2. The linear correlation coefficient (r) ranged from 0.9944–0.9979 for Dex, from 0.9966–0.9984 for G‐Dex‐1, and from 0.9939–0.9966 for G‐Dex‐2. The intra‐assay coefficient of variation (CV) was between 2.5–12.5% for Dex, between 5.2–11.0% for G‐Dex‐1, and between 3.5–12.1% for G‐Dex‐2. The inter‐assay precision of QC samples give % CV ranges from 6.5–9.3% for Dex, from 7.1–10.6% for G‐Dex‐1, and from 8.2–10.2% for G‐Dex‐2. The inter‐assay accuracies ranged from 102.0–109.3% for Dex, from 95.4–105.6% for G‐Dex‐1, and from 98.7–115.0% for G‐Dex‐2. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Integration of Technology with the Management of Student Services
Authors: Moneta Larry
Published: July 2004

The explosion of Internet technology and World Wide Web‐based technology has challenged student affairs administrators to contemplate and implement alternate forms of service to students and other college and university “clients.”
Legal, Ethical, and Policy Issues
Authors: Petersen Rodney J. , Hodges Marjorie W.
Published: July 2004

The impact of emerging case law and state and federal legislation related to the rapid expansion of Internet and World Wide Web access on campus is reviewed.
Integrating Information Technology into Student Affairs Graduate Programs
Authors: Engstrom Catherine McHugh
Published: July 2004

Technology has the power to transform the teaching and learning process, resulting in new roles for faculty and students. This chapter provides concrete suggestions for incorporating information technology into the teaching and advising activities of college student affairs graduate preparation programs.
Values and Principles Guiding Technology Decision Making for the Future
Authors: Komives Susan R. , Petersen Rodney J.
Published: July 2004

Student affairs practitioners must become experts at understanding how changes in technology will affect the nature of human development, relationships, and learning.
Student Affairs World Wide Web Sites
Authors: Seabreeze John R.
Published: July 2004

Innovative World Wide Web sites that enhance student services and promote student learning are listed as potential resources.
The Metropolitan University: History, Mission, and Defining Characteristics
Authors: Seaberry Jeannette , Davis Joe L.
Published: July 2004

Examining the context within which metropolitan institutions operate assists in understanding the unique role they play in American higher education.
The Role of Student Affairs at Metropolitan Universities
Authors: Hoover Richard E.
Published: July 2004

The mission of the metropolitan institution demands that the student
affairs division perform in special ways to meet the needs of students.
Organization, Budgeting, and Staffing
Authors: Ginsburg Michael
Published: July 2004

Identifying the appropriate structure, staff, and financial support is essential in delivery of student services.
Community Relationships and Partnerships
Authors: Palm Richard L. , Toma J. Douglas
Published: July 2004

Opportunities abound at metropolitan institutions to turn community relationships into collaborative partnerships.
Future Challenges and Priorities
Authors: Moneta Larry
Published: July 2004

Successful metropolitan institutions of the future will work in concert with their community to develop strategies for success in meeting future challenges.
Conclusions and Recommended Readings
Authors: Cuyjet Michael J.
Published: July 2004

This chapter provides a short synopsis of the major conclusions in the book and offers an annotated list of several books recommended for further study of the topic.
Greek Letter Organizations: Communities of Learners?
Authors: Whipple Edward G. , Sullivan Eileen G.
Published: July 2004

Greek letter organizations face several challenges in creating campus learning communities, as do the institutions of higher education that maintain fraternities and sororities.
Influencing Ethical Development in Greek Letter Organizations
Authors: Earley Cathy
Published: July 2004

Greek letter organizations can and should be vehicles for their members' ethical development. This chapter discusses ethical challenges for Greek letter organizations and their members, and it provides suggestions for addressing those challenges.
Legal Issues and Greek Letter Organizations
Authors: Hennessy Nicholas J. , Huson Lisa M.
Published: July 2004

Institutions of higher education, as well as the Greek letter organizations they host, are under increasing public and legal scrutiny. Student affairs administrators need to know the legal implications associated with having fraternities and sororities on campus.
The Frog in the Pot: External Influences on Higher Education
Authors: Gehring Donald D.
Published: July 2004

The autonomy of both public and private universities and colleges has steadily eroded since the founding of Harvard in 1636. Currently, higher education is in serious jeopardy of becoming a homogenized federal system of higher education, losing the uniqueness of our individual institutions in the process.
Institutional Policy and Individual Responsibility: Communities of Justice and Principle
Authors: Lowery John Wesley
Published: July 2004

Our institutions have become so blinded by the need to protect the rights of students that they have lost sight of the responsibilities of membership in our communities. Creeds, community standards, and learning communities are but a few of the mechanisms and methods being explored as we look for ways to balance individual responsibilities in an educational environment.
Professional Ethics in a Risky World
Authors: Winston, Jr. Roger B. , Saunders Sue A.
Published: July 2004

Student affairs professionals face many risks, especially legal risks, as they make decisions about staff, students, programs, and services. Prudent practitioners balance personal and institutional risks with the potential gains for students' education and staff effectiveness within the framework of professional ethical standards.
What's Wrong with Race‐Based Affirmative Action?
Authors: Pavela Gary
Published: July 2004

A challenge to race‐based affirmative action, suggesting consideration of economic disadvantage as well as race in affirmative action policies.
Benefits of Affirmative Action in Student Affairs
Authors: Patitu Carol Logan , Terrell Melvin C.
Published: July 2004

Addresses the importance and positive benefits of affirmative action and presents the results of a study highlighting successful programs.
A Case Study: The Effects of the Hopwood Decision on Student Affairs
Authors: Scott Felicia J. , Kibler William L.
Published: July 2004

The Hopwood decision has had significant effects on the practice of student affairs in Texas. This chapter explores those effects from the perspective of a practitioner affected by the decision.
Recommendations for the Future
Authors: Shuford Bettina C.
Published: July 2004

Alternatives to affirmative action and their implications for student affairs.
What Is Professional Development?
Authors: Schwartz Robert A. , Bryan William A.
Published: July 2004

It is quite clear that the diverse nature of the profession of student affairs, the vast array of institutions, and the incredible variety of student affairs professionals demand a wide range of opportunities and possibilities for professional development. This chapter sets the stage for the discussions that follow on personal and professional development. In particular, it examines the question, “What is staff development?”
Learning to write like a scientist: Coauthoring as an enculturation task
Authors: Florence Marilyn K. , Yore Larry D.
Published: July 2004

This multiple case study examined the coauthorship process in research laboratories of different university departments. The study focused on two cases comprising five writing teams, one in biochemistry and microbiology and four in earth and ocean sciences. The role of the research supervisor, the role of the student (graduate and postgraduate), the interaction of the supervisor and the student, the activities and processes inherent in the coauthorship process, and the student's beliefs, expertise, scientific writing, and entry into an academic discourse community were documented utilizing multiple sources of data and methods. Several activities and processes were found to be common across all coauthorship teams, including aspects of planning, drafting, and revising. Elements of scientific and writing expertise, facets of enculturation into scientific research and discourse communities, academic civility, and the dynamics of collaborative groups also were apparent. There was healthy tension and mutual respect in the research groups as they attempted to make sense of science, report their results clearly and persuasively, and share the responsibilities of expertise. The novice scientists came to appreciate that the writing, editing, and revising process influenced the quality of the science as well as the writing. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 637–668, 2004
Developing and Responding to Major Writing Projects
Authors: Herrington Anne J.
Published: July 2004

Developing writing activities, consulting with students as they work on a major writing project, and responding are important vehicles for the kind of teaching that fosters engaged, inquiry‐based learning.
Responding to Writing On‐Line
Authors: Hawisher Gail E. , Moran Charles
Published: July 2004

Electronic dialogues tend to be rapid, informal, and public; when teachers use computer technology to respond to student writing, they have an opportunity to rethink and reinvent the ways in which they teach and students learn.
Grading Student Writing: Making It Simpler, Fairer, Clearer
Authors: Elbow Peter
Published: July 2004

Minimal grading and giving grades more meaning by defining our criteria are two methods of simplifying grading while giving students more substantive feedback about their writing.
The Role of Faculty Development Programs in Helping Teachers to Improve Student Learning Through Writing
Authors: Caldwell Elizabeth Ann , Sorcinelli Mary Deane
Published: July 2004

Writing is central to the activities of academic life; writing‐to‐learn programs for faculty are well received and help faculty improve their own writing as well as their students' writing and understanding of course content.
My Language, My Culture: International Variations in Standards for English
Authors: Stalker James C.
Published: July 2004

International students in American universities may have learned an accepted international variety of English rather than British or American English.
Why Do They Get It When I Say “Gingivitis” But Not When I Say “Gum Swelling”?
Authors: Maylath Bruce
Published: July 2004

Suggestions for teachers and learners on how to handle errors arising when students' native languages influence their understanding of English vocabulary.
Cultural Norms Affect Oral Communication in the Classroom
Authors: Johnson Ellen
Published: July 2004

With respect to oral communication, international students have rules and expectations that differ from those of the teacher, and these influence how students conduct themselves in the classroom.
Responding to Grammar Errors
Authors: Holt Sheryl L.
Published: July 2004

An overview of typical non‐native writer errors and strategies to deal with them.
Competence in Teaching at a Distance
Authors: Cyrs Thomas E.
Published: July 2004

One cannot be successful as a distance teacher by simply transferring classroom‐based strategies to the new media.
Learner Development: Beyond the Technology
Authors: Hardy Darcy Walsh , Boaz Mary H.
Published: July 2004

Distance students need the same kinds of support in their learning as on‐campus students.
Teaching by Television
Authors: Ostendorf Virginia A.
Published: July 2004

Teaching by television requires a skillful blending of teaching and television characteristics.
The Internet: A Learning Environment
Authors: McGreal Rory
Published: July 2004

The advent of the Internet offers exciting but challenging possibilities for distance learning.
Copyright: Opportunities and Restrictions for the Teleinstructor
Authors: Bruwelheide Janis H.
Published: July 2004

The widespread accessibility of distance education brings with it some difficult questions about ownership and rights to materials.
Higher Education: A Global Community
Authors: Cranton Patricia
Published: July 2004

A general framework of kinds of knowledge about teaching demonstrates how teaching and learning in higher education is tied to cultural differences, yet contains universal themes.
Academic Service Learning: Its Meaning and Relevance
Authors: Weigert Kathleen Maas
Published: July 2004

Service learning is conceptualized around both community and academic
concerns. The relevance of service learning as an innovative pedagogical
model is discussed.
Critical Multiculturalism and Service Learning
Authors: Rhoads Robert A.
Published: July 2004

The author discusses how critical multiculturalism may be used to inform service learning, offering as an example the case study of a service learning project in which college students work with homeless citizens in Washington, D.C.
Addressing Academic Culture: Service Learning, Organizations, and Faculty Work
Authors: Ward Kelly
Published: July 2004

This chapter explores the relationship between service learning and organizational
commitment by unraveling the complexities of faculty and organizational
culture. The author focuses on the role organizational leaders might
play in promoting service learning.
A Service Learning Approach to Faculty Development
Authors: Zlotkowski Edward
Published: July 2004

Service learning as an innovative classroom practice challenges faculty in
complex ways. The author introduces a conceptual matrix as a means to
make sense of the many decisions and issues raised by service learning.
Unveiling Some of the Mystery of Professional Judgment in Classroom Assessment
Authors: Speck Bruce W.
Published: July 2004

Assessment of virtually any type of complex student performance has an element
of subjectivity. Professors can help students realize that assessment is
not entirely mysterious by inviting students to participate in the assessment
process.