bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stratospheric Tapping by Intense Convective Storms: Implication for Public Health in the United States
Authors: Dingle A. Nelson
Published: October 2006

The observation of a cloud-free vortex in the top of a violent convective storm over Oklahoma suggests a mechanism whereby large quantities of air may be brought directly from the lower stratosphere to the lower troposphere in the central part of such storms. That this mechanism, in combination with the torrential rains frequently generated by these systems, is capable of producing radioactive "hot spots" on the ground is pointed out. Climatological considerations and observations of accumulated strontium-90 in soils support the hypothesis that the Plains States are peculiarly subject to heavy contamination compared to other middle-latitude areas because of this mechanism.
Microelectrophoresis with Alternating Electric Fields
Authors: Sher Lawrence D. , Schwan Herman P.
Published: October 2006

Electrophoretic mobility of microscopically visible particles is measured from photographs of their oscillatory migration in a low frequency electric field. The measurements are inherently free of gravitational or thermal-convective drifting. Many measurements may be made from one photograph. An automatic timing circuit insures reproducibility and determines the sign of the particles' charge.
Scarp Woodlands, Transported Grassland Soils, and Concept of Grassland Climate in the Great Plains Region
Authors: Wells Philip V.
Published: October 2006

Nonriparian woodlands occur on escarpments and other topographic breaks throughout the grassland province of central North America. Grassland vegetation is mainly correlated with gently sloping or flat terrain mantled by deep, transported soils of Pleistocene or younger age. Paleobotanical evidence suggests that extensive treeless grasslands may be a relatively recent development on the plains. Interaction of topography, wind, and fire may partly account for the observed distribution of vegetation.
Chemical Coding of Behavior in the Brain
Authors: Miller Neal E.
Published: October 2006

Distinctive patterns of behavior can be elicited by directly stimulating the brain with substances that are normally found in it, or with synthetic compounds resembling these substances. Recent research shows that the response elicited depends on both the site stimulated and the type of chemical used. Compounds of different classes, applied via the same cannula to exactly the same site in the brain, can elicit different kinds of behavior, or opposite effects on the same kind of behavior. This differential sensitivity is useful in tracing the circuits in the brain that control different types of behavior, especially since some of these circuits are intimately interlaced in certain places. A better understanding of the chemical coding of behavioral systems in the brain may also help ultimately to provide a more rational foundation for the discovery of new drugs to treat certain forms of mental disorder.
"Zamene," Isomeric C
19
Monoolefins from Marine Zooplankton, Fishes, and Mammals
Authors: Blumer Max , Thomas David W.
Published: October 2006

Three isomeric C
19
monoolefins with the carbon skeleton of pristane (2,6,10,14-tetramethylpentadecane) have been isolated from mixed zooplankton of the Gulf of Maine and from liver oils of various marine fishes and mammals. The structures have been elucidated. Zamene (norphytene), the terminal olefin, is a minor component of the mixture. The usage of the older trivial name "zamene" should be restricted to the total mixture of marine C
19
monoolefins with the pristane skeleton. Conventional chemical nomenclature should be used for individual isomers.
Fatty Acids in Blue-Green Algal Mat Communities
Authors: Parker Patrick L. , Leo Richard F.
Published: October 2006

The concentrations of the major fatty acids were determined for the varied layers of an algal mat community. The living mat contains substantial amounts of the unsaturated acids, while the underlying layers become progressively depleted in unsaturated molecules. A similar progressive increase in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated acids was detected in a sediment core from a hypersaline lagoon.
Density-Gradient Centrifugation: Non-Ideal Sedimentation and the Interaction of Major and Minor Components
Authors: Brakke Myron K. , Daly J. M.
Published: October 2006

A small amount of southern bean mosaic virus was contained in a narrow zone after density-gradient centrifugation, but in a much wider zone after centrifugation with a large amount of a second virus. Zone-spreading of a major component by non-ideal sedimentation in density-gradient centrifugation can cause zone spreading of a minor component that the major component overlaps.
Convection Plumes from
Ulmus americana
L.
Authors: Peterson Everett B. , Damman A. W. H.
Published: October 2006

An unusual example of convection was recently seen above large elm trees shortly after sunset. The condensation of transpirational moisture in air that was cooler than that within the tree crowns is believed to account for the readily visible convective motion above the trees.
Impaired Recovery from Hypothermia after Anterior Hypothalamic Lesions in Hibernators
Authors: Satinoff Evelyn
Published: October 2006

Hypothermia was induced by hypercapnic hypoxia in thirteen-lined ground squirrels,
Citellus tridecemlineatus
. When the squirrels were allowed to recover normal body temperatures at a 10°C ambient temperature, those with anterior hypothalamicpreoptic lesions took three to four times longer than normal controls to reach a body temperature of 35°C.
Paleobiology of a Precambrian Shale
Authors: Barghoorn Elso S. , Meinschein Warren G. , Schopf J. William
Published: October 2006

Investigations have been made of crude oil, pristane, phytane, steranetype and optically active alkanes, porphyrins, microfossils, and the stable isotopes of carbon and of sulfur found in the Nonesuch shale of Precambrian age from Northern Michigan. These sediments are approximately 1 billion years old. Geologic evidence indicates that they were deposited in a nearshore deltaic environment. Porphyrins are found in the siltstones but not in the crude oils of the Nonesuch formation—evidence that these chemical fossils are adsorbed or absorbed and immobile. This immobility makes it highly unlikely that these porphyrins could have moved from younger formations into the Nonesuch sediments, and the widely disseminated particulate organic matters and fossils in this Precambrian shale are certainly indigenous.
Numerical Analysis vs. Mathematics
Authors: Hamming R. W.
Published: October 2006

I hope I have shown not that mathematicians are incompetent or wrong, but why I believe that their interests, tastes, and objectives are frequently different from those of practicing numerical analysts, and why activity in numerical analysis should be evaluated by its own standards and not by those of pure mathematics. I hope I have also shown you that much of the "art form" of mathematics consists of delicate, "noise-free" results, while many areas of applied mathematics, especially numerical analysis, are dominated by noise. Again, in computing the
process
is fundamental, and rigorous mathematical proofs are often meaningless in computing situations. Finally, in numerical analysis, as in engineering, choosing the right model is more important than choosing the model with the elegant mathematics.
Visual Accommodation in Human Infants
Authors: Haynes Harold , White Burton L. , Held Richard
Published: October 2006

By the technique of dynamic retinoscopy, we found that the alert newborn infant can focus his eye on targets only at a particular distance (median, 19 centimeters). Images of targets nearer or farther away are proportionately blurred. However, during the first few postnatal months the range of flexible accommodation increases and approximates adult performance by the 4th month.
Fossil Particle Tracks and Uranium Distributions in Minerals of the Vaca Muerta Meteorite
Authors: Fleischer R. L. , Naeser C. W. , Price P. B. , Walker R. M. , Marvin Ursula B.
Published: October 2006

Fossil tracks of charged particles have been observed in minerals separated from the Vaca Muerta mesosiderite. Irradiation of samples of the meteorite with thermal neutrons in a nuclear reactor, together with measurements of track-length distribution, indicate that some of the tracks result from the spontaneous fission of uranium impurities; others, however, are of different origin. Uranium concentrations, which ranged from about 4000 parts per million in a zircon grain to less than 10
-3
parts per million in hypersthene and anorthite, were also measured by irradiating samples with thermal neutrons.
Functional Ribosomal Unit of Gamma-Globulin Synthesis
Authors: Scharff Matthew D. , Uhr Jonathan W.
Published: October 2006

Nascent protein synthesis is associated with polyribosomes in extracts of lymph node cells removed from hyperimmunized rabbits, if the ribonuclease activity in such extracts is inhibited. Prior treatment of the cells with actinomycin D markedly decreases protein synthesis by polyribosomes.
Glass-Coated Tungsten Microelectrodes
Authors: Baldwin H. A. , Frenk S. , Lettvin J. Y.
Published: October 2006

Unusually rugged microelectrodes for recording the activity of single nerve cells or fibers can be constructed from tapered tungsten wire on which a glass capillary is collapsed and surface bonded. Tip diameter in the range between 1 and 5 microns provides relatively low impedance detection of extracellular potentials.
Specificity of Macroglobulin Antibody Synthesized by the Normal Human Fetus
Authors: Epstein Wallace V.
Published: October 2006

The umbilical cord blood of 47 out of 54 normal human infants contains hemagglutinating activity directed toward cells coated with a type-L Bence-Jones protein. This hemagglutinating material, in some instances, is present in cord blood in the absence of such activity in the maternal blood. Ultracentrifugation of cord serum in a sucrose gradient shows that the activity is associated with the macroglobulin fractions.
Fossil Bacteria in Pyrite
Authors: Ehlerg Ernest G. , Stiles David V. , Birle John D.
Published: October 2006

A considerable variety of bacteria and similar microorganisms are present as preserved remains in pyrite samples of Pennsylvanian age obtained from the coal measures of southeastern Ohio. The types observed are similar to the present-day microflora found in stagnant pools of low oxygen and nutrient content.
Helium-Uranium Ratios for Pleistocene and Tertiary Fossil Aragonites
Authors: Fanale F. P. , Schaeffer O. A.
Published: October 2006

Uranium: helium ages are compared with Th
230
: U
234
ages and stratigraphic ages for selected Pleistocene and Tertiary shells and corals. Agreement is good except for those fossils for which independent criteria (for example, aragonite: calcite, Ra
226
: Th
230
, or U
234
: U
238
ratios) indicate a chemically open system. Certain of the Tertiary samples yield erroneously low ages which probably result from secondary addition of uranium. The helium geochronometer appears to yield reliable minimum ages and may be applicable to direct dating of aragonitic fossils—especially those of Pleistocene age—when used in conjunction with other isotopic and geologic information.
Sound Production by Cichlid Fishes
Authors: Myrberg Arthur A. , Kramer Ernest , Heinecke Peter
Published: October 2006

Adults of three cichlid species,
Hemichromis bimaculatus
Gill,
Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum
(Günther), and
Pterophyllum
sp., produce sounds of apparent biological significance. Both sexes of
H. bimaculatus
produce sounds, but whether both sexes in the other species produce sounds has not been established. The most intense tone frequencies in
H. bimaculatus
and
C. nigrofasciatum
lie generally between 300 and 500 cycles per second. The sound produced by
Pterophyllum
sp., however, has a broad maximum intensity around 3500 cycles per second and component frequencies over 10,000 cycles per second. Sound production appears to depend on the aggressiveness of the individual.
Progesterone: Biosynthesis from Pregnenolone in
Holarrhena floribunda
Authors: Bennett Raymond D. , Heftmann Erich
Published: October 2006

After administration of pregnenolone-4-C
14
to
Holarrhena floribunda
leaves, radioactive progesterone was isolated and purified to constant specific activity by chromatography, conversion to a derivative, and recrystallization. The result suggests that the biogenetic sequence leading to progesterone is the same in plants as in animals.
Transformation by Rous Sarcoma Virus: A Requirement for DNA Synthesis
Authors: Bader John P.
Published: October 2006

Transient inhibition of DNA synthesis immediately after infection of cells with Rous sarcoma virus prevents subsequent morphological transformation of the cells. Inhibition of DNA synthesis for an identical period before infection, or later in the course of infection, has only slight effect on transformation. Thus DNA synthesis is a specific requirement in the transformation of cells by Rous sarcoma virus.
Background and Evoked Activity in the Auditory Pathway: Effects of Noise-Shock Pairing
Authors: Galin David
Published: October 2006

Unanesthetized cats with electrodes permanently implanted along the auditory pathway were presented first with sustained "white" noise stimuli and then with the same noise paired with subcutaneous electric shocks. Pairing noise with shock decreased both background and noise-evoked activity in the inferior colliculus, and, in some cats, also in the cochlear nucleus, trapezoid body, and at the round window. No changes occurred in medial geniculate or auditory cortex recordings. The effects in the inferior colliculus do not depend on changes in the degree of arousal of the animal, on changes in the medullary auditory areas, or on the actions of the middle-ear muscle.
Hurler's Syndrome: Demonstration of an Inherited Disorder of Connective Tissue in Cell Culture
Authors: Danes B. Shannon , Bearn Alexander G.
Published: October 2006

Skin fibroblasts from three patients with Hurler's syndrome were grown in tissue culture and shown to contain metachromatic granules when stained for mucopolysaccharides with toluidine blue O. Similar inclusions were observed in cultures of fibroblasts from other members of the families, who appeared to be clinically normal but who were, judged from studies of pedigree, heterozygous or hemizygous for the abnormal gene.
Ultraviolet Damage to Bacteria and Bacteriophage at Low Temperatures
Authors: Ashwood-Smith M. J. , Bridges Bryn A. , Munson R. J.
Published: October 2006

The survival of
Escherichia coli
B/r WP2 (tryptophan-requiring) from ultraviolet irradiation when suspended in 0.067
M
phosphate buffer (
p
H 7) has been studied over the temperature range 22° to -269°C. In unfrozen suspensions there was no appreciable change in sensitivity between 22° and -10°C. The sensitivity in the presence of ice progressively increased by a factor of 7 when the temperature was lowered to -79°C. Between -79° and -196°C the sensitivity decreased to less than four times the sensitivity at 22°C and was not appreciably different at -269°C. Evidence from experiments with bacteriophage T1 and
E. coli
WP2 HCR
-
(a strain unable to excise thymine dimers) indicates that a new, qualitatively different lesion, less amenable to repair, may replace the thymine dimer in
E. coli
irradiated at -79°C.
Zodiacal Dust: Measurements by Mariner IV
Authors: Alexander W. M. , McCracken C. W. , Bohn J. L.
Published: October 2006

Data from the Mariner IV dust-particle experiment reveal an increase by a factor of 5 in the flux of interplanetary dust particles as the heliocentric distance from the sun increases. There is a variation in the slope of the cumulative flux-mass distribution, with the steepest slope for the distribution occurring between the planets. No enhancement of the flux in the vicinity of Mars was detected.
Base Specificity in the Interaction of Polynucleotides with Antibiotic Drugs
Authors: Ward D. C. , Reich E. , Goldberg I. H.
Published: October 2006

Echinomycin, daunomycin, ethidium bromide, nogalamycin, chromomycin, mithramycin, and olivomycin inhibit RNA synthesis by RNA polymerase by interacting with the DNA template. Chromomycin, mithramycin, and olivomycin form complexes with DNA, preferably in the helical form, but not with RNA. These complexes require guanine in DNA and the addition of a stoichiometric amount of bivalent cation. None of the other antibiotics requires the presence of any single base in the template for its action.
Age of Craters on Mars
Authors: Anders Edward , Arnold James R.
Published: October 2006

The rate of crater formation on Mars is calculated to be about 25 times higher than that on the Moon. The crater density observed by Mariner IV points to an age only one-sixth that of the lunar maria, or 300 to 800 million years. Hence no conclusions can presently be drawn from these photographs concerning the early Martian environment.
Chert: Modern Inorganic Deposition in a Carbonate-Precipitating Locality
Authors: Peterson M. N. A. , von der Borch C. C.
Published: October 2006

Chert is precipitating as gelatinous opal-cristobalite in lakes associated with the Coorong Lagoon of South Australia. Dolomite, magnesite, and magnesian calcite are also being deposited. High
p
H (9.5 to 10.2) causes dissolution of detrital silicates; lowering of
p
H (7.0 to 6.5) and drying of the lakes cause precipitation of chert.
Directed Evolution of an RNA Enzyme
Authors: Beaudry Amber A. , Joyce Gerald F.
Published: October 2006

An in vitro evolution procedure was used to obtain RNA enzymes with a particular catalytic function. A population of 10
13
variants of the
Tetrahymena
ribozyme, a group I ribozyme that catalyzes sequence-specific cleavage of RNA via a phosphoester transfer mechanism, was generated. This enzyme has a limited ability to cleave DNA under conditions of high temperature or high MgCl
2
concentration, or both. A selection constraint was imposed on the population of ribozyme variants such that only those individuals that carried out DNA cleavage under physiologic conditions were amplified to produce "progeny" ribozymes. Mutations were introduced during amplification to maintain heterogeneity in the population. This process was repeated for ten successive generations, resulting in enhanced (100 times) DNA cleavage activity.
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Mosaicism: Utilization as a Cell Marker in the Study of Leiomyomas
Authors: Linder David , Gartler Stanley M.
Published: October 2006

The sex-linked electrophoretic variants A and B of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase were studied in 86 samples of myometrium and 27 leiomyomas from five heterozygous women. All but one sample of myometrium had both A and B bands in equal or nearly equal amounts. In contrast to this, all of the leiomyomas had either an A band or a B band. Both A and B tumors were found in all uteri. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that these tumors arose from single cells.
Lymphocytic-Choriomeningitis Virus in Hamster Tumor: Spread to Hamsters and Humans
Authors: Lewis Andrew M. , Rowe Wallace P. , Turner Horace C. , Huebner Robert J.
Published: October 2006

A passage line of a spontaneous hamster fibrosarcoma is contaminated by the virus of lymphocytic choriomeningitis. Tumors from animals receiving implants when newborn contain high titers of infectious lymphocytic-choriomeningitis virus and complement-fixing antigen, and hamsters receiving implants when weanlings develop high titers of complement-fixing antibody against lymphocytic-choriomeningitis virus. In contrast with the specific reactions of tumorous hamsters to the initiating virus in virus-induced tumors, the development of complement-fixing antibody to lymphocytic-choriomeningitis virus does not depend on the development of tumors. Infant hamsters bearing the tumor have a generalized subclinical infection and seem able to spread virus to other hamsters and to humans.
Histones and Basic Polyamino Acids Stimulate the Uptake of Albumin by Tumor Cells in Culture
Authors: Ryser Hugues J.-P. , Hancock Ronald
Published: October 2006

Basic proteins and polyamino acids are taken up by mammalian cells at rates up to 3000 times greater than serum albumin. When given together with serum albumin they increase the albumin uptake by a factor that correlates with their own rate of uptake and can reach more than 50-fold. The lowest threshold of activity detected (10
-10
M
) is comparable to the activities of the most potent membrane-active agents.
Regulation of Cockroach Fat-Body Metabolism by the Corpus Cardiacum in vitro
Authors: Wiens A. Wayne , Gilbert Lawrence I.
Published: October 2006

Incubation in vitro of young, adult, male
Leucophaea maderae
fat body with extracts of corpora cardiaca or intact corpora cardiaca results in stimulation of oxygen consumption but reduction in carbon dioxide evolved from carbohydrate. The carbohydrate is preferentially used for trehalose synthesis, and the endogenous metabolism of the fat body appears to be supported by increased lipid utilization. A hormone from the corpus cardiacum is most likely responsible for these effects and may act at two points, at least, in the glycolytic pathway.
Herbicide Metabolism:
N
-Glycoside of Amiben Isolated from Soybean Plants
Authors: Colby S. R.
Published: October 2006

The
N
-glycoside of the herbicide 3-amino-2,5-dichlorobenzoic acid (amiben) was synthesized in the laboratory. The compound was chromatographically identical with a conjugate of amiben isolated from soybean plants,
Glycine Max
(L.) Merr. The seeds of a tolerant plant, soybean, and of a susceptible one, barley (
Hordeum vulgare
L.), were incubated in amiben labeled with carbon-14, and the seedlings were extracted. Essentially all the radioactivity in soybean was present as a compound corresponding to
N
-glycosyl amiben. Only a small amount of this conjugate was present in barley; most of the radioactivity was present as free amiben or as other unidentified metabolites.
Pituitary Gland: Enzymic Formation of Methanol from
S
-Adenosylmethionine
Authors: Axelrod Julius , Daly John
Published: October 2006

An enzyme has been found that can transform
S
-adenosylmethionine to methanol and
S
-adenosylhomocysteine. This enzyme is highly localized in the pituitary gland of several mammalian species.
Electron Microscopy: Sodium Localization in Normal and Ouabain-Treated Transporting Cells
Authors: Kaye Gordon I. , Cole Jeanne D. , Donn Anthony
Published: October 2006

When rabbit corneas are fixed in an osmic acid fixative to which potassium pyroantimonate has been added, an electron-opaque precipitate of sodium pyroantimonate is localized along the cellular side of the lateral plasma membrane of the endothelial cells. This heavy precipitate represents areas of high Na
+
concentration and may represent the site of a saturated, high-affinity Na
+
carrier. Significantly heavier precipitate occurs at the same site when ouabain is injected into the aqueous humor prior to fixation of the cornea.
Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty
Authors: Sutton Samuel , Braren Margery , Zubin Joseph , John E. R.
Published: October 2006

The average evoked-potential waveforms to sound and light stimuli recorded from scalp in awake human subjects show differences as a function of the subject's degree of uncertainty with respect to the sensory modality of the stimulus to be presented. Differences are also found in the evoked potential as a function of whether or not the sensory modality of the stimulus was anticipated correctly. The major waveform alteration is in the amplitude of a positive-going component which reaches peak amplitude at about 300 milliseconds.
Inactivation by Nitrogen Mustard of Single- and Double-Stranded DNA and RNA Bacteriophages
Authors: Yamamoto Nobuto , Naito Tatsuro
Published: October 2006

Nitrogen mustard inactivates bacteriophage containing single-stranded DNA and RNA as well as double-stranded DNA. Inactivation may occur by intrastrand cross-linkage in DNA or RNA as well as by interstrand crosslinkage between complementary strands of DNA.
Susceptibility of the Gibbon
Hylobates lar
to Falciparum Malaria
Authors: Ward R. A. , Morris J. H. , Gould D. J. , Bourke A. T. C. , Cadigan F. C.
Published: October 2006

The splenectomized juvenile gibbon,
Hylobates lar
, is susceptible to infection with trophozoites of
Plasmodium falciparum
. All subjects in a group of six animals that were injected with freshly collected blood from four infected humans in Saraburi Province, Thailand, developed parasitemia 2 to 20 days later; infections were transmitted from one of these subjects to three clean gibbons.
Geology of the Central Portion of the Queen Maud Range, Transantarctic Mountains
Authors: Wade F. A. , Yeats V. L. , Everett J. R. , Greenlee D. W. , Laprade K. E. , Shenk J. C.
Published: October 2006

The geologic section consists of a folded and metamorphosed basement complex of geosynclinal and nearshore sediments and intrusives, a thick sequence of nearshore and terrestrial sediments of middle to late Paleozoic age, and thick diabase sheets and basalt flows of Jurassic age. Block faulting, probably during the Miocene age, produced the range, which has been carved into its present from by glaciers.
Uncoupling of a Nerve Cell Membrane Junction by Calcium-Ion Removal
Authors: Penn Richard D. , Loewenstein Werner R.
Published: October 2006

Calcium ion participates in maintaining electrical connections between the nerve cells of Retzius (
Hirudo medicinalis
). The conductance across the junction between these cells decreases with decreasing concentration of free, extracellular Ca
++
. At a certain level of Ca
++
withdrawal from the cell system, junctional conductance reaches a critical low point at which the cells become functionally disconnected: the nerve impulses which are normally discharged in synchrony by the cells become asynchronous. These effects of Ca
++
on junctional connection are irreversible, in contrast to those on nonjunctional surface membrane permeability.
Myristicin in Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Schmeltz Irwin , Stedman R. L. , Ard J. S. , Chamberlain W. J.
Published: October 2006

The pharmacologically active aromatic ether, myristicin, was isolated from the smoke of commercial cigarettes. The compound was identified by spectrometry (infrared, ultraviolet, and mass) and gas chromatography. The amount of myristicin in smoke is relatively low, and its contribution, if any, to the physiological action of cigarette smoke is unknown.
Manganese Nodules: Their Evolution
Authors: Bender Michael L. , Ku Teh-Lung , Broecker Wallace S.
Published: October 2006

That manganese nodules and adjacent deep-sea sediments are accumulating manganese at almost the same rate has been established by thorium-230 dating of both sediments and nodules of known manganese content. The rate of manganese deposition is nearly constant over the world oceans. A relatively simple model of nodule evolution explains the distribution of manganese nodules between sediment column and sediment-water interface; the model appears to apply to other trace elements such as copper, nickel, and cobalt.
Fluctuation Tests with Antibody-Forming Spleen Cell Populations
Authors: Nakano Masayasu , Braun Werner
Published: October 2006

Shortly after immunization of mice, cells forming specific antibodies to one antigen, for example, sheep red blood cells, are nonrandomly distributed throughout the spleen. If the spleen donor has been immunized with two different antigens, for example, sheep red blood cells and chicken red blood cells, the nonrandom distribution of spleen cells forming antibody to one antigen differs significantly from that of cells forming antibody to the other antigen. These findings are in accord with a clonal distribution of antibody-forming cells.
Patterns of Alkaline Phosphatase in Developing
Drosophila
Authors: Schneiderman Herbert , Young William J. , Childs Barton
Published: October 2006

Electrophoretic study of alkaline phosphatase in developing
Drosophila
shows that different stages are characterized by the appearance and disappearance of organ-specific enzyme bands. A new electrophoretic variant, from adult hindgut, is controlled by the second chromosome locus
Aph-2
.
Restoration of Gamma Globulin Production in Agammaglobulinemic Chickens
Authors: Cooper Max D. , Schwartz Melvin L. , Good Robert A.
Published: October 2006

Chickens irradiated and bursectomized in the newly hatched period consistently develop agammaglobulinemia and form no circulating antibodies; if the birds are treated immediately after operations by intra-abdominal injection of unirradiated autologous bursa cells, immunoglobulin production, lymphoid germinal centers, and plasma cells are restored; however, the birds fail to produce antibody to specific antigenic challenge.
Simian Virus 40: Replication in the Presence of Specific Antiserum and Adenovirus 4
Authors: Easton John M. , Hiatt C. W.
Published: October 2006

Twelve consecutive passages of simian virus 40, made in the presence of adenovirus 4 and antiserum to simian virus 40, indicated that simian virus 40 would multiply almost indefinitely under these conditions. The adenovirus and the simian virus had previously replicated together in the absence of antiserum. These data support the conclusion that the SV-40 genome is incorporated within the protein coats of adenovirus 4.
Visually Evoked Potentials: Amplitude Changes with Age
Authors: Dustman Robert E. , Beck Edward C.
Published: October 2006

Visually evoked potentials of 215 subjects, aged 1 month to 81 years, were studied. Amplitudes of waves in the first 250 milliseconds of the response changed markedly with age. In responses recorded from the occiput, there was a rapid increase in amplitude reaching a maximum in the 5- to 6-year-old group, with means of amplitudes at this age being about twice as large as means of some older age groups. With children 7 years and older there was a rapid decline in amplitude until ages 13 to 14, when an abrupt increase in amplitude appeared. Amplitude appeared to stabilize at about age 16. In older subjects, mean age 60 and beyond, significant changes were noted in the earlier components of the response.
Complement-Fixing Antigens in Hamster Tumors Induced by the Bryan Strain of Rous Sarcoma Virus
Authors: Casey M. J. , Rabotti G. F. , Sarma P. S. , Lane W. T. , Turner H. C. , Huebner R. J.
Published: October 2006

Hamster tumors transplanted subcutaneously from primary intracranial tumors which developed after inoculation of the Bryan strain of Rous sarcoma virus, contained virus-specific tumor antigens indistinguishable from those induced by the Schmidt-Ruppin strain.
Peculiar Galaxies and Radio Sources
Authors: Arp Halton
Published: October 2006

Pairs of radio sources which are separated by from 2° to 6° on the sky have been investigated. In a number of cases peculiar galaxies have been found approximately midway along a line joining the two radio sources. The central peculiar galaxies belong mainly to a certain class in the recently compiled
Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies
. Among the radio sources so far associated with the peculiar galaxies are at least five known quasars. These quasars are indicated to be not at cosmological distances (that is, red shifts not caused by expansion of the universe) because the central peculiar galaxies are only at distances of 10 to 100 megaparsecs. The absolute magnitudes of these quasars are indicated to be in the range of brightness of normal galaxies and downward. Some of the radio sources which have been found to be associated with peculiar galaxies are galaxies themselves. It is therefore implied that ejection of material took place within or near the parent peculiar galaxies with speeds between 10
2
and 10
4
kilometers per second. After traveling for times of the order of 10
7
to 10
9
years, the luminous matter (galaxies) and radio sources (plasma) have reached their observed separations from the central peculiar galaxy. The large red shifts measured for the quasars would seem to be either (i) gravitational, (ii) collapse velocities of clouds of material falling toward the center of these compact galaxies, or (iii) some as yet unknown cause.
Drumlin Formation: A Rheological Model
Authors: Smalley I. J.
Published: October 2006

Drumlins are formed in a layer of boulder clay separating a glacier from certain types of terrain. Under certain conditions the large particles in the clay form a dilatant system. When flow in the separating layer is interrupted, part of the layer packs into an obstruction and the rest of the material flows around this obstruction, giving it a streamlined form.
Iron Meteorites with Low Cosmic Ray Exposure Ages
Authors: Cobb James C.
Published: October 2006

Analysis of argon-38 and argon-39 produced by cosmic rays in four iron meteorites gives normal amounts of the radioactive product argon-39 and abnormally low amounts of stable argon-38. This indicates that these meteorites were exposed to cosmic rays for unusually short periods of time. These exposure times are one or two orders of magnitude shorter than those for the average iron meteorite, and they overlap the periods found for chondrites. It is suggested that perhaps 20 percent of the iron meteorites have similarly short exposure periods.
Virus: Mixed Infection with Herpes Simplex and Simian Virus 40
Authors: Rabson Alan S. , O'Conor Gregory T. , Paul Frances J. , Berezesky Irene K.
Published: October 2006

Mixed infection, the infection of a single cell by two distinguishable viruses, has been demonstrated by electron microscopy in cultures of African green monkey kidney cells after inoculation with simian virus 40 and herpes simplex. Mixed infection occurs rarely when the two viruses are inoculated simultaneously, but if herpes is inoculated 24 hours after SV40 both viruses are found in the same nucleus in about 5 percent of intact cells.
Specification of Subunit Assembly by the Hydrophilic Amino-Terminal Domain of the Shaker Potassium Channel
Authors: Li Min , Jan Yuh Nung , Jan Lily Yeh
Published: October 2006

The functional heterogeneity of potassium channels in eukaryotic cells arises not only from the multiple potassium channel genes and splice variants but also from the combinatorial mixing of different potassium channel polypeptides to form heteromultimeric channels with distinct properties. One structural element that determines the compatibility of different potassium channel polypeptides in subunit assembly has now been localized to the hydrophilic amino-terminal domain. A
Drosophila
Shaker B (ShB) potassium channel truncated polypeptide that contains only the hydrophilic amino-terminal domain can form a homomultimer; the minimal requirement for the homophilic interaction has been localized to a fragment of 114 amino acids. Substitution of the amino-terminal domain of a distantly related mammalian potassium channel polypeptide (DRK1) with that of ShB permits the chimeric DRK1 polypeptide to coassemble with ShB.
Deactivation of Visual Transduction Without Guanosine Triphosphate Hydrolysis by G Protein
Authors: Erickson Martha A. , Robinson Phyllis , Lisman John
Published: October 2006

G proteins couple receptors to their target enzymes in many signal transduction cascades. It has generally been thought that deactivation of such cascades cannot occur without the hydrolysis of guanosine triphosphate (GTP) by G protein. This requirement has now been reexamined in both vertebrate and invertebrate phototransduction. Results indicate that GTP hydrolysis is not required for deactivation. Evidence is presented for an alternative model in which the target enzyme is deactivated by an inhibitory factor that is available even when GTP hydrolysis is blocked.
Modulation of Neural Stereoscopic Processing in Primate Area V1 by the Viewing Distance
Authors: Trotter Yves , Celebrini Simona , Stricanne Brigitte , Thorpe Simon , Imbert Michel
Published: October 2006

Accurate binocular depth perception requires information about both stereopsis (relative depth) and distance (absolute depth). It is unclear how these two types of information are integrated in the visual system. In alert, behaving monkeys the responsiveness of a large majority of neurons in the primary visual cortex (area V1) was modulated by the viewing distance. This phenomenon affected particularly disparity-related activity and background activity and was not dependent on the pattern of retinal stimulation. Therefore, extraretinal factors, probably related to ocular vergence or accommodation, or both, can affect processing early in the visual pathway. Such modulations could be useful for (i) judging true distance and (ii) scaling retinal disparity to give information about three-dimensional shape.
Lithium's Failure to Replace Sodium in Mammalian Sympathetic Ganglia
Authors: Pappano Achilles J. , Volle Robert L.
Published: October 2006

Ganglionic responses to electrical stimulation, acetylcholine, and potassium ions were studied in superior cervical ganglia of cats perfused with media containing lithium chloride instead of sodium chloride. In lithium-Locke, ganglionic transmission and depolarization evoked by acetylcholine were blocked completely but reversibly, while the depolarization produced by potassium ions was unaltered.
Visual Disappearances Caused by Form Similarity
Authors: Donderi Don Crosbie
Published: October 2006

Three forms were scaled for similarity by two groups of observers, who used different methods. A third group reported the duration of disappearances observed for each pair of forms. Duration of total disappearance increased with an increase in form-pair similarity. Neural overlap can explain the similarity judgments; cell fatigue, the disappearances.
Rotation of the Planet Mercury
Authors: Jefferys William H.
Published: October 2006

The equations of motion for the rotation of Mercury are solved for the general case by an asymptotic expansion. The findings of Liu and O'Keefe, obtained by numerical integration of a special case, that it is possible for Mercury's rotation to be locked into a 2:3 resonance with its revolution, are confirmed in detail. The general solution has further applications.
d
-Tubocurarine Chloride: Effect on Insects
Authors: Larsen Joseph R. , Miller Donald M. , Yamamoto Toshio
Published: October 2006

Injection of
d
-tubocurarine chloride into certain insects produces complete flaccid paralysis. The site of injection is closely related to the region of primary paralysis. The effect depends on concentration, with distinct differences in the optimum concentrations for various species so far tested. A dose-response curve has been prepared for
Calliphora erythrocephala
.
Pottery Dating from Thermoluminescence
Authors: Mazess Richard B. , Zimmerman D. W.
Published: October 2006

For pottery sherds from an arid region, the ratio of natural thermoluminescence to thermoluminescence induced by a standard dose of radiation corresponds closely to the independently assessed archeologic age. Difficulties in age determination, because of variations among sherds, are reduced by averaging results for samples from the same time period.
Sedimentation of an Initially Skewed Boundary
Authors: Cox David J.
Published: October 2006

An asymmetric initial boundary is often formed when a synthetic boundary cell is used in the analytical ultracentrifuge. Model calculations show that, when such a boundary diffuses, the peak of the corresponding gradient pattern moves. The movement of the peak resulting from diffusion, when superimposed on the sedimentation of the boundary, may produce errors in the measurement of the sedimentation coefficient.
Biosynthesis and Composition of Histones in Novikoff Hepatoma Nuclei and Nucleoli
Authors: Hnilica Lubomir S. , Liau Ming C. , Hurlbert Robert B.
Published: October 2006

Histones were prepared from isolated nuclei and nucleoli of the Novikoff ascitic hepatoma at several time points after the injection of L-lysine uniformly labeled with C
14
into tumor-bearing rats. Amino acid analysis and starch-gel electrophoresis failed to reveal any differences between the nuclear and nucleolar histones, although both fractions were more acidic in composition than calf thymus histones. However, the nucleolar histones were a metabolically distinct fraction, and their rate of synthesis was approximately twice that of the total nuclear histones.
Dieldrin: Extraction of Accumulations by Root Uptake
Authors: Mumma Ralph O. , Wheeler Willis B. , Frear Donald E. H. , Hamilton Robert H.
Published: October 2006

Certain forage crops can absorb and translocate the chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticide dieldrin from soil or sand. An extraction technique routinely used for analyses of residues does not quantitatively remove this internal chemical, but a method employing chloroform-methanol extraction leads to essentially quantitative recovery.
Pteridines in the Fat Body of a Mutant of
Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Wright C. P. , Hanly E. W.
Published: October 2006

A mutant, white-mottled orange, which deposits less than wild-type amounts of drosopterins in the eyes, has been found in
Drosophila melanogaster
. Variations in other pteridines were also observed. The mutant accumulates and later loses drosopterins in the abdominal fat body of adults.
Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: Regulation by a Strain-Specific Factor in Mouse Milk
Authors: Nayudu P. R. V. , Moog Florence
Published: October 2006

Two inbred strains of mice show a threefold difference in duodenal phosphatase activity at 11 days of age. When half-litters of the two strains are interchanged between the two mothers on the day of birth, enzyme activity in young of the low-activity strain is unaffected at 11 days by the source of milk, but is significantly reduced in high-activity young nursed by a low-activity mother.
Reversible Combination of Carbon Monoxide with a Synthetic Oxygen Carrier Complex
Authors: Vaska L.
Published: October 2006

Chlorocarbonyl-
bis
(triphenylphosphine)iridium(I), in solution, reacts reversibly with carbon monoxide under normal conditions, one molecule per metal atom. Formation of a 1 : 1 metal complex-CO adduct is verified by CO absorption measurements and the infrared spectrum of the adduct measured in situ. The spectrum suggests that the metal-C-O bonding is of the type found in conventional metal carbonyl.
Chromium-51 Ethylenediaminetetraacetate for Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate
Authors: Stacy B. D. , Thorburn G. D.
Published: October 2006

Renal clearances of inulin and chromium-51 ethylenediaminetetraacetate were compared in sheep. In 41 clearance periods from five animals the mean clearance ratio of the chelate to inulin was 0.95 ± 0.03 (S.D.). Part of the difference between the two sets of results may have been due to binding of the metal chelate by plasma protein since 1.5 to 2 percent of chromium-51 ethylenediaminetetraacetate in plasma could not be removed by dialysis.
Transformation of Auxotrophic Mutants of Group H Streptococci
Authors: Leonard C. Gomez , Corley Diane , Cole Roger M.
Published: October 2006

Stable auxotrophic mutants of a group H streptococcus (strain Challis) were isolated on a modified Mickelson defined medium after exposure to
N
-methyl-
N
′-nitro-
N
-nitrosoguanidine. Such mutants were transformed to both prototrophy and streptomycin-resistance and hence may be used as nutritional markers in the study of streptococcal genetics.
Mast Cells and Necrosis
Authors: Selye Hans
Published: October 2006

Subcutaneous injections of normally well tolerated amounts of hypertonic NaCl or urea solutions produce extensive topical necroses in rats systemically treated with various mast-cell dischargers and mast-cell products. This response is considered to be closely related to mast-cell function, for it cannot be duplicated by systemic treatment with a variety of other agents.
Allelic Antigenic Factor Inv(a) of the Light Chains of Human Immunoglobulins: Chemical Basis
Authors: Baglioni C. , Zonta L. Alescio , Cioli D. , Carbonara A.
Published: October 2006

Twenty-seven Bence Jones proteins of immunological type K show a common set of peptides. One of the common peptides differs in three of the proteins which are the only ones classified by a serological test as Iav(a+). The difference in the peptide analyzed is caused by a valine-leucine interchange; Inv(a+) proteins have leucine, whereas Inv(a-) proteins have valine in position 189.
Sex Conversion in a Male
Vitis vinifera
L. by a Kinin
Authors: Negi Sushil S. , Olmo Harold P.
Published: October 2006

A synthetic (reputed) kinin, SD 8339, at 1000 parts per million in alcohol solution, applied to flower clusters of a male grapevine about 3 weeks before anthesis, completely converted the flower sex from male to hermaphrodite. Indolebutyric acid, 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, 2-chloroethyltrimethylammonium chloride β-naphthoxyacetic acid, β-indoleacetic acid, α-naphthaleneacetic acid, and gibberellin A
3
failed to modify the sex.
Maturation of a Stress-Activated Mechanism Inhibiting Induction of Tyrosine Transaminase
Authors: Schapiro Shawn , Yuwiler Arthur , Geller Edward
Published: October 2006

Rats of various ages were subjected to the stress of 30 minutes on a noisy reciprocating shaker 4 hours before their liver tyrosine transaminase and tryptophan pyrrolase activities were measured. Adrenalectomized infants and adults and hypophysectomized adults were also stressed. Intact, stressed infants exhibited an increase in tyrosine transaminase activity, while intact, stressed adults showed no change. In the stressed adrenalectomized adult, tyrosine transaminase activity markedly decreased, while adrenalectomized infants showed no change. Hypophysectomy largely, but not completely, abolished inhibition in the adults. Tryptophan pyrrolase activity, when present, was increased by stress in all age groups, but the increase was abolished by adrenalectomy and hypophysectomy. The results suggest stress-activation of a pituitary mechanism that inhibits or represses activation of tyrosine transaminase and that may not function during early postnatal life.
Lipids of the Living Coelacanth,
Latimeria chalumnae
Authors: Nevenzel Judd C. , Rodegker Waldtraut , Mead James F. , Gordon Malcolm S.
Published: October 2006

The muscle of
Latimeria chalumnae
contains 30 to 71 percent (dry weight) of lipid deposited extracellularly. Wax esters constituted 90 percent or more of the lipids from muscle and fat storage tissues. These esters, by gaschromatographic analysis, consisted of C
30
to C
40
homologs with one or two double bonds.
Versatile Perfusion Chamber for Living Cells and Organs
Authors: White Philip R.
Published: October 2006

A microperfusion chamber, which provides controlled circulation of nutrient with chamber depths varying between 15 and 1500 microns and which permits the maintenance of transverse concentration gradients of nutrient constituents or gases, is described. The added advantage of facilitating controlled flow between adjacent chambers on a standard slide (38 × 76 mm) makes the chamber useful in the study of both plant and animal materials. Examples of such use are given.