bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acinic cell carcinoma of minor salivary glands
Authors: FERLITO A.
Published: April 2007

Three cases of acinic cell carcinoma of minor salivary glands, located respectively in the larynx, base of the tongue, and right tonsil, were encountered at the Section of Pathology of the ENT Department of the University of Padua between 1974 and 1978. Such neoplasms arising in minor salivary gland tissue are extremely rare, but may be found in all sites containing normal or aberrant salivary gland tissue. The histological and histochemical characteristics of the tumour are discussed together with the differential diagnosis from other neoplasms, particularly clear‐celled tumours such as glycogen rich adenocarcinoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, metastatic clear cell renal adenocarcinoma and clear cell squamous carcinoma. In general, acinic cell carcinoma can be defined as a tumour of low‐grade malignancy, though not too rarely it may recur and occasionally metastasize.
Placental infiltration in congenital neuroblastoma: a case study with ultrastructure
Authors: GARTH PERKINS D. , KOPP C. M. , HAUST M. DARIA
Published: April 2007

Examination of a large, oedematous placenta of a still‐born infant showed an extensive infiltration of chorionic villi by malignant cells; the nature of these was not apparent by light microscopy. Ultrastructural examination of these cells showed the presence of cytoplasmic granules whose size and appearance were consistent with those characteristically present in neuroblastomas. Whereas no necropsy was carried out on the still‐born infant, it may be assumed, in keeping with the available data, that the placental metastases were derived from a congenital neuroblastoma. Infiltration of the villous stroma by metastatic neuroblastoma observed in the present case was not reported previously as in all other known instances the metastatic neuroblastomatous cells were confined to the lumina of the chorionic vessels.
Cholangiocarcinoma coexisting with developmental liver cysts: a distinct entity different from liver cystadenocarcinoma
Authors: AZIZAH N. , PARADINAS F. J.
Published: April 2007

We report one liver cystadenocarcinoma and two cholangiocarcinomas coexisting with developmental liver cysts. The cystadenocarcinoma was a solitary multilocular cyst with histological features similar to those seen in ovarian mucinous cystadenocarcinoma. In contrast, the other two tumours were a mixture of solid adenocarcinoma and multiple non‐neoplastic cysts containing serous fluid and lined mainly by atrophic epithelium. In both these cases renal cysts were also present and in one case there was focal malignant change of the epithelium lining the cysts from which the solid adenocarcinoma could have originated. Our observations support the view that cholangiocarcinoma associated with developmental liver cysts is an entity different from liver cystadenocarcinoma.
The lungs in fatal measles infection in childhood: pathological, radiological and immunological correlations
Authors: BECROFT D. M. O. , OSBORNE D. R. S.
Published: April 2007

Multinucleated inclusion‐bearing giant cells diagnostic of measles infection were identified in the pulmonary alveoli of seven children post mortem. Two children with leukaemia and a third with thymic dysplasia had prolonged illnesses without typical measles exanthemata. All showed a striking proliferation of the respiratory epithelia, with formation of peribronchiolar fibro‐epithelial nodules and cystic transformation of tracheo‐bronchial glands. The nodular lesions contained many giant cells and were seen radiologically as multiple slowly‐enlarging pulmonary opacities, a pattern which appears to be highly characteristic of measles infection in the presence of cellular immune deficiency. Two other children showed similar proliferative lesions, but had shorter illnesses with exanthemata and few tissue giant cells; these differences are attributed to the late appearance of a cellular immune response in less severe immune deficiencies. Two children who had no evidence of immune deficiencies died of acute viral alveolitis, one in the preexanthematous phase. Acute alveolitis was characterized radiologically by the rapid development of diffuse pulmonary opacification and by variable cytological features which correlated with other evidence for the presence or absence of a cellular immune response against the virus.
Adenomatoid tumours of the uterus
Authors: TILTMAN A. J.
Published: April 2007

In order to assess the incidence of adenomatoid tumours in the uterus, 1000 hysterectomy specimens were cut into 1 mm slices and all myometrial lesions examined microscopically. Twelve of the uteri (1.2%) contained 14 adenomatoid tumours. In 308 specimens in which both Fallopian tubes were present only one adenomatoid tumour was found in the tube indicating the relative frequency of occurrence of this lesion in the uterus and the Fallopian tube. Where recorded, 10 of the 14 uterine tumours were in the fundus. Seven were subserosal and seven were intra‐mural. Microscopically, they presented with plexiform, tubular, canalicular or mixed growth patterns. There was no relationship between the presence of these tumours and other uterine pathology and they are regarded as incidental findings.
Lectin staining of carbohydrates of haemic cells. II. The cells of normal lymphoid origin, of lymphatic leukaemias and related diseases
Authors: JACOBSON W. , STODDART R. W. , COLLINS R. D.
Published: April 2007

Normal and leukaemic lymphoid cells, both human and murine, were stained for specific carbohydrates with three fluorescein‐labelled lectins: Aprotinin for sialyl (or uronyl) groups; Ricinus agglutinin for galactosyl groups; and Con‐canavalin A for mannosyl (or glucosyl) groups. The method gives permanent preparations of sections from methanol fixed, paraffin embedded tissues, from blood and bone marrow films or touch preparations of lymph nodes that were methanol fixed. Whereas normal lymphocytes and lymphoblasts reacted strongly for sialyl groups, lymphoblasts of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and lymphocytes of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia gave a much weaker reaction. The same was the case of the lymphocytes of the Sézary variant and the lymphocytes of macroglobulinaemia. The fine processes of the cells of hairy cell leukaemia stained well for sialyl groups. No obvious differences were detected between normal monocytes and the cells of monocytic leukaemia, nor between normal plasma cells and those of myeloma.
Eosinophilic granuloma of lymph nodes—a variant of histiocytosis X
Authors: MOTOI M. , HELBRON DAGMAR , KAISERLING E. , LENNERT K.
Published: April 2007

A clinicopathologic study of histiocytosis X in lymph nodes disclosed a special variant: primary eosinophilic granuloma of lymph nodes. This variant involves one or more lymph nodes, but does not infiltrate any other organs. Histologically, the infiltration of lymph nodes by histiocytosis X cells and eosinophils is similar to that seen in disseminated or metastatic histiocytosis X. Most cases of eosinophilic granuloma of lymph nodes are recognizable as primary, however, by the heavy infiltration of the surrounding tissue. The predominant proliferating cells are histiocytosis X cells (‘Langerhans cells’), which contain Birbeck granules on electron microscopy and are lysozyme‐negative. The disease was found in 30 patients among a total of 64 cases of histiocytosis X collected at the Lymph Node Registry in Kiel. Primary eosinophilic granuloma of lymph nodes occurs predominantly in children and young adults and shows a slight preponderance of males. Clinically, the patients present with mostly afcbrile and sometimes painful lymphadenopathy, which is more often solitary (in the cervical or inguinal region) than widespread. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or serum α2‐globulin level are elevated in many patients. There may also be an increase in the number of leucocytes, especially eosinophils, in the blood. The prognosis is favourable: the lymphadenopathy disappeared spontaneously in most patients and only one patient developed two recurrences. Thus, primary eosophilic granuloma of lymph nodes is interpreted as a benign lesion. It might be a special reaction of the T cell system.
Endocrine differentiation in mucoid carcinoma of the breast
Authors: CAPELLA C. , EUSEBI V. , MANN B. , AZZOPARDI J. G.
Published: April 2007

Mucoid carcinoma of the breast is not a single homogeneous entity. It comprises two main variants separable on structural and cytological grounds and a smaller transitional type. The salient pathological differences are detailed. One variant is usually arygrophilic and contains dense core granules of the type seen in endocrine tumours. Both endocrine and amphicrine cells have been identified in this subtype. The relationship of this endocrine variant of mucoid carcinoma to other argyrophil carcinomas (so‐called ‘carcinoids’) of the breast is discussed.
Breast tissue inclusions in axillary lymph nodes
Authors: TURNER D. R. , MILLIS R. R.
Published: April 2007

This report describes a female of 54 years with a past history of repeated breast biopsies all showing benign epithelial hyperplasia. The patient subsequently had a simple mastectomy and axillary lymph node biopsy. No evidence of malignancy was found in the specimen but there were numerous foci of epithelial hyperplasia in the breast and one axillary lymph node was extensively replaced by similar tissue. The danger of mistaking benign inclusions in lymph nodes for metastatic malignancy, particularly in tissue examined by cryostat section, is emphasized. The possible aetiology of such lesions is briefly discussed.
Human chorionic gonadotrophin and alpha‐fetoprotein in testicular germ cell tumours: a retrospective immunohistochemical study
Authors: BOSMAN F. T. , GIARD R. W. M. , KRUSEMAN A. C. NIEUWENHUIJEN , KNIJNENBURG G. , SPAANDER P. J.
Published: April 2007

A series of testicular germ cell tumours (46 seminomas and 27 non‐seminomas) was studied immunohistochemically with regard to the presence of αFP and HCG. In three seminomas, HCG reactive syncitiotrophoblast‐like giant cells (STLG) were found. Immunoreactive αFP did not occur in seminomas. In differentiated mature teratomas HCG or αFP could not be demonstrated. In embryonal carcinomas with or without teratoma (MTI/MTU/MTT) HCG immunoreactivity was found in 83%, usually localized in STLG. In 75% of these tumours αFP could be demonstrated. This protein was localized in foci of endodermal sinus or yolk sac differentiation, but also in single cells and cell clusters in areas of embryonal carcinoma. In some cases syncitial cells were present which contained both HCG and αFP. Immunostaining of tumour markers appeared not to provide important additional criteria for classification of these tumours in the currently available classifications. The significance of HCG containing STLG in seminomas deserves further investigation. Prospective studies of embryonal carcinoma with or without teratoma (MTI/MTU/MTT) will be necessary to evaluate the possible prognostic importance of the presence of αFP or HCG or both.
Mesodermomas: a new embryological approach to primary tumours of coelomic surfaces
Authors: DONNA A. , BETTA P. G.
Published: April 2007

It appears that the so‐called mesothelium lining the serous cavities is in fact mesoderm, with an epithelial‐like arrangement which persists in the post‐embryological stage. Cellular variability of primary tumours of serous surfaces can be explained on this developmental evidence. The term mesodermoma seems to be justified to define neoplasms arising from undifferentiated and multipotential mesoderm which, in neoplastic disease, exhibits a wide range of differential activity and gives rise to tumours with prevailing myoblastic, angioblastic, lymphoblastic, chondroblastic, osteoblastic, fibroblastic or epithelial‐like features.
Angiolymphoid hyperplasia with eosinophilia simulating lymphadenopathy
Authors: WRIGHT D. H. , PADLEY N. R. , JUDD M. A.
Published: April 2007

A case of angiolymphoid hyperplasia (AHE) with eosinophilia presenting with recurrent inguinal swellings simulating lymphadenopathy is described. Tissue was examined by light microscopic techniques, electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy showed large numbers of cytoplasmic filaments and bizarre Weibel‐Palade bodies in the atypical endothelial cells that characterize AHE. Factor VIII related antigen was demonstrated in a small proportion of these cells by immunoperoxidase staining. The absence of staining for lysozyme and α1 antitrypsin does not support the concept that these cells are histiocytic in nature. The prominent lymphoid and plasma cell proliferative elements in this case showed a polytypic staining pattern for immunoglobulin. An unusual reticular staining pattern for IgE was observed in the lymphoid follicles. The nature and pathogenesis of AHE is discussed in the light of previous publications and the findings in this case.
An ultrastructural study of a jejunal inflammatory fibroid polyp
Authors: WILLIAMS R. M.
Published: April 2007

Ultrastructural appearances of a small intestinal inflammatory fibroid polyp are reported. There is a vascular scaffolding, with interstices which contain regular and fibrous long‐spacing type collagen, condensed lamellar basement membrane fibroblasts, basophils, some eosinophils and histiocytes. In addition other cells less easily characterized but believed to be of an endothelial and primitive mesenchymal cell nature are recognized. Possible origins of the polyp are considered.
Immunoglobulin deposits in the biliary remnants of extrahepatic biliary atresia: a study by immunoperoxidase staining in 128 infants
Authors: HADCHOUEL M. , HUGON R. N. , ODIEVRE M.
Published: April 2007

Bile duct remnants taken from 128 infants during surgery for extrahepatic biliary atresia were paraffin embedded prior to immunoperoxidase staining. Immunoglobulin deposits were found in 44 remnants. They were made up of IgM alone in 25 cases and of IgM and IgG in 19. Deposits were observed along the basement membranes of glandular structures. These findings suggest that extrahepatic bilary atresia might be an acquired and evolving disease.
Glomerular morphometry I: nephrotic syndrome in childhood
Authors: YOSHIKAWA N. , CAMERON A. H. , WHITE R. H. R.
Published: April 2007

Glomerular morphometry was performed on needle biopsy specimens from 53 children with the nephrotic syndrome with minimal change (MC), focal global glomerulosclerosis (FGS) and segmental glomerulosclerosis (SGS). There were significantly fewer epithelial cells and more mesangial cells in SGS compared with MC and FGS. The number of epithelial cells decreased with age in MC and FGS, but was constantly low at all ages in SGS. There were no significant differences in differential cellularity between MC, with or without focal glomerular obsolescence or focal tubular atrophy, and FGS. Glomerular diameter increased with age in MC and FGS, but not in SGS. These findings support the view that SGS is a distinct entity rather than a variant of MC.
Glomerular morphometry II: familial and nonfamilial haematuria
Authors: YOSHIKAWA N. , CAMERON A. H. , WHITE R. H. R.
Published: April 2007

Differential glomerular cell counts and measurements of glomerular diameter were made in 13 children with Alport's syndrome (AS), four with benign familial haematuria (BFH) and 15 with nonfamilial haematuria (NFH). Mesangial cellularity was increased in the six cases of NFH with diffuse mesangial deposits of IgA (IgA+). In AS, IgA+ and ‐NFH, epithelial cellularity decreased with age while glomerular diameter increased. In AS mesangial and endothelial cellularity also decreased with age. These findings support the view that AS, IgA + and ‐NFH are three distinct entities. BFH, although similar in several respects to IgA–NFH, should nevertheless be retained as a separate category by virtue of its familial incidence of haematuria.
Unusual ovarian, tubal and pelvic mesothelial inclusions in patients with endometriosis
Authors: KERNER HEDVIGA , GATON EDITH , CZERNOBILSKY B.
Published: April 2007

Unusual mesothelial inclusions were observed in ovaries, fallopian tubes and pelvic wall in six out of 57 patients with endometriosis and in none of 100 ovaries without endometriosis. Although of the same origin as the common ovarian epithelial inclusion cysts, these mesothelial inclusions were different being small, closely packed mesothelial cell nests with or without central lumina and occasionally demonstrating a pseudoinfiltrative pattern, rather than the cystically dilated, non‐crowded glands lined by a variety of Mullerian type epithelia. Histochemical reactions of these mesothelial inclusions were similar to those obtained in normal mesothelium, but differed from those seen in common epithelial inclusion cysts, endometriosis and adenocarcinoma. The association of these inclusions with endometriosis suggests that a common stimulus is responsible for the development of both conditions from the multipotential pelvic mesothelium.
Fibrous histiocytoma of lung—a clinicopathological study of two cases
Authors: SAJJAD S. M. , BEGIN L. R. , DAIL D. H. , LUKEMAN J. M.
Published: April 2007

Two cases of fibrohistiocytic tumours of the lung are presented and histogenesis of this group of this group of tumours is discussed. An essentially bisphasic pattern of histiocytes and fibroblasts, and the presence of myofibroblasts and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells is similar to the fibro histiocytic neoplasms in other locations.
The fine structure of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: BEAUMONT A. , BEN OTHMAN S. , FRAGU P.
Published: April 2007

Eight human thyroid cancers (four papillary, and four lymph node metastases of papillary cancers) were studied at the ultrastructural level. The most characteristic anomalies affect the nucleus: ‘ground glass nuclei’, highly indented nuclear membrane with formation of nuclear pseudoinclusions, nuclear bodies probably of nucleolar origin, fractionation of the periphery of the nucleus into multiple lobes joined by thin bridges of nuclear substance. Other abnormalities related to the mitochondria with decrease of size and number of cristae, the rough endoplasmic reticulum which was segregated in parallel saccules and the basal lamina was often reduplicated. The significance of these anomalies is discussed.
Histological study of the bone marrow in chronic granulocytic leukaemia in blast transformation. II. Bone marrow fibre content before and after autografting
Authors: ISLAM A. , CATOVSKY D. , GOLDMAN J. M. , GALTON D. A. G.
Published: April 2007

A serial study of the extent of bone marrow (BM) fibrosis was carried out in 14 patients with chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) in blast transformation (BT) who received intensive treatment followed by autografts to restore marrow haemopoiesis. Some degree of marrow fibrosis (MF) was identified in 13 of the 14 patients when blast transformation was diagnosed. A transient increase in the amount of marrow fibrosis was observed in most cases immediately following intensive chemoradiotherapy or chemotherapy alone but this had regressed by 4–6 weeks when chronic phase haemopoiesis was established in the marrow. The presence of marrow fibrosis when blast transformation was diagnosed did not appear to impair the effectiveness of the autograft.
A dilutional immunoperoxidase study of proliferative ductal lesions and carcinomata of the breast
Authors: WELLS S. , HASLETON P. S.
Published: April 2007

A dilutional immunoperoxidase study of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) reactivity of mild and severe epitheliosis as well as malignant ductal and lobular lesions of the breast was performed. Intraduct carcinoma with a cribriform and clinging pattern showed intracytoplasmic, glycocalyceal and intraluminal staining for CEA at higher dilutions of antiserum than cases with mild and severe epitheli‐osis. Also, many intraduct carcinomas associated with infiltration stain at a lower concentration of antiserum to CEA than pure intraduct lesions. Staining is seen at lowest concentrations in the infiltrating components. This suggests that as intraduct carcinoma becomes invasive, it loses some of its ability to store and possibly to synthesize CEA. The dilutional immunoperoxidase method could be applied routinely to cases of severe epitheliosis to differentiate them from intraduct carcinoma. However, relatively few cases were studied in this preliminary series and a further study is being carried out. The difficulties encountered using CEA as a tumour marker are outlined
Regional pattern of degeneration in Alzheimer's disease: neuronal loss and histopathological grading
Authors: BRUN A. , ENGLUND ELISABET
Published: April 2007

The various structural components of the cortical degeneration of Alzheimer's disease were defined and graded. The severity of the degenerative process was thus mapped in different cortical areas where neuronal numbers and cortical width were also measured and compared with controls. Contrary to the general opinion that the degenerative process is rather uniformly diffuse, though accentuated in the medial temporal and frontal cortex, we found a consistent and more elaborate pattern with clearcut regional differences. Thus the degeneration involved, besides basal medial temporal limbic areas, the posterior cingulate gyrus and superior parietal lobule particularly, with somewhat less marked changes in the inferior parietal lobule and inferior temporal gyri. The sensorimotor, calcarine and anterior cingulate areas of the cortex were notably spared until very late stages. This regionally variable severity of the degeneration was also parallelled by a regionally varying reduction in neuronal numbers and cortical width, and agrees with our previously published results of a regional pattern which closely correlates with clinical parameters, including symptom pattern and regional cerebral blood flow alterations.
Symmetrical fibro‐osseous dysplasia of rib–post‐traumatic dysplasia?
Authors: KANDEL R. A. , PRITZKER K. P. H. , BEDARD Y. C.
Published: April 2007

We describe two patients with a distinctive histological condition which clinically and radiologically mimics fibrous dysplasia of the rib. Both patients presented with chronic pain confined to one rib. In each case their radiographs showed a solitary, fusiform expansion of a rib with variable calcification. Histologically the lesions were characterized by a central core of xanthomatous macrophages surrounded by cancellous bone that showed symmetrical and progressive maturation centrifugally towards the cortex, a pattern which distinguishes these lesions from the irregular pattern of fibrous dysplasia.
Ileal mucosal morphology after total colectomy in man
Authors: BECHI P. , ROMAGNOLI P. , CORTESINI C.
Published: April 2007

The structure of human terminal ileum mucosa was studied both after total colectomy and conventional ileostomy and after total colectomy and ileo‐rectal anastomosis. Villous height, gland depth, number of mitoses, relative density of goblet cells and types of mucins secreted were microscopically evaluated in ileal biopsy specimens from 24 patients a minimum 6 months after surgery. Subtotal villous atrophy with glandular hypertrophy was demonstrated after both surgical procedures. The degree of villous atrophy and glandular hypertrophy was not dependent either on the disease for which surgery was performed, nor on the duration of the post‐surgical period. Villous atrophy and glandular hypertrophy appeared greater in ileo‐rectal anastomosis specimens than in those from ileostomy. Goblet cell density did not seem to be affected by total colectomy. After surgery no changes in the types of mucins secreted were shown by the histochemical techniques employed. This light microscopical study did not provide any evidence of increased ileal absorptive surface after total colectomy.
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, multilobated type
Authors: VAN DER PUTTE S. C. J. , TOONSTRA J. , DE WEGER R. A. , VANUNNIK J. A. M.
Published: April 2007

Three cases of a new type of lymphoma of the skin are described. Clinical manifestations were the development of papules, nodules and tumours which slowly progressed in size and extent in one region of the skin of elderly men. Dissemination to a regional lymph node occurred in only one. Histopathologically the lesions demonstrated a variably perivascular or diffuse dermal infiltrate often with a nodular configuration and sparing the epidermis and a clear subepidermal zone. The infiltrates were dominated by abnormal lymphoid cells with irregular nuclei and blast cells exhibiting a characteristic combination of multilobated nuclei with marginal nucleoli. By immunological and enzyme cytochemical methods the cells were identified as T lymphocytes. It is suggested that the cases described represent different parts of a spectrum running from lymphocytoma cutis‐like conditions to disseminated malignant lymphoma.
Neurosecretory cells of the lamina propria of the appendix and their possible relationship to carcinoids
Authors: RODE J. , DHILLON A. P. , PAPADAKI LUCIENNE , GRIFFITHS D.
Published: April 2007

Carcinoid tumours of the appendix are generally thought to be derived from enterochromaffin cells; in‐situ abnormalities of these cells are, however, rarely observed in the mucosal epithelium. One hundred appendices, removed consecutively at surgery, were stained with an alcian blue‐PAS diastase‐lead haematoxylin sequence and, in 69, cells were found in the lamina propria with a cellular and architectural morphology identical to those of an archetypal appendiceal carcinoid tumour. These cells appeared to contain neurosecretory granules, were diazo‐positive and showed argentaffinity. They were further characterized by the localization of cytoplasmic neurone specific enolase and the presence of neurosecretory granules was confirmed by electron microscopy. These cells are designated subepithelial neurosecretory cells (SNC). It is suggested they are an integral component of the subepithelial nervous plexus and are the progenitors of appendiceal carcinoid tumours. A neuroectodermal origin of the SNC—and hence appendiceal carcinoid tumours—is proposed.
Spindle cell squamous carcinoma: ultrastructural observations
Authors: HARRIS M.
Published: April 2007

Two spindle cell carcinomas of the skin and one of the breast have been studied by electron microscopy. In one tumour the spindle cells were of purely mesen‐chymal type and in the other two the spindle cells exhibited both mesenchymal and epithelial features within the same cells. The significance of the findings in relation to the histogenesis of the spindle cells is discussed, with special reference to the possible alternative roles of mesenchymal metaplasia of the epithelial component and spontaneous cell fusion between carcinoma cells and stromal cells.
Placental site trophoblastic tumour (trophoblastic pseudotumour): a study of four cases requiring hysterectomy including one fatal case
Authors: ECKSTEIN R. P. , PARADINAS F. J. , BAGSHAWE K. D.
Published: April 2007

The clinico‐pathological features of four patients with placental‐site trophoblastic tumour (trophoblastic pseudotumour) are presented. One patient had the nephrotic syndrome associated with evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation, with complete resolution after hysterectomy. In two patients the tumour extended beyond the uterus, and one of them died with many metastases in spite of intensive post‐operative chemotherapy and ‘second look’ laparotomy. In three patients the tumour behaved as an actively infiltrative neoplasm resistant to chemotherapeutic regimes usually effective for choriocarcinoma. Serum HCG levels were relatively low compared with those of choriocarcinoma. Histologically the tumours were predominantly composed of mononuclear cells supported by a variable amount of vascular stroma and lacked the bilaminar structure characteristic of choriocarcinoma. Scattered cells stained positively with anti‐βHCG and anti‐αHCG antisera. Prior curettage was diagnostic in two of three cases. We did not find a clear correlation between mitotic activity and subsequent behaviour. Inflammatory cell infiltration and evidence of organisation around the tumour may be favourable prognostic indicators. We agree with a recent publication stressing the variable behaviour of this tumour, and emphasize the importance of serum HCG monitoring. Total surgical excision is usually feasible and in aggressive cases offers the best chance of eradication. We support the recent suggestion that ‘trophoblastic pseudotumour’ is an unsuitable name for a potentially lethal disease.
Villous adenoma of the duodenum: cellular composition and histochemical findings
Authors: MINGAZZINI P. L. , ALBEDI F. MALCHIODI , BLANDAMURA V.
Published: April 2007

A villous adenoma of the duodenum was studied histologically and histochemically by semi‐thin sections using glycol‐methacrylate as embedding medium. All the four epithelial cell types which are present in normal duodenal mucosa (absorptive columnar, goblet, Paneth, endocrine) were found in the tumour, as well as undifferentiated elements. Neutral and acid non‐sulphated mucins were detected. Cell type distribution and mucin production varied according to the degree of differentiation. Foci of gastric metaplasia were observed. A possible histogenesis from crypt base stem cell is considered.
Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin immunoreactivity in gastric carcinoid
Authors: RAY M. B. , GEBOES K. , CALLEA F. , DESMET V. J.
Published: April 2007

Alpha‐1‐antitrypsin (AAT) was demonstrated in tumour cells in three out of five cases of gastric carcinoma showing the histological characteristics of carcinoid tumour. It was also detected in normal stomach mucosa, but was not found in 10 cases of adenocarcinoma of intestinal or mucous cell type. The AAT‐positive tumour cells were argyrophilic, PAS‐positive and were negative for pancreatic and gastric hormones. These findings suggest a possible malignant proliferation of alpha‐1‐antitrypsin‐containing cells in the stomach.
Prognostic indicators in breast cancer‐morphometric methods
Authors: BAAK J. P. A. , KURVER P. H. J. , DE SNOO‐NIEWLAAT A. J. E. , DE GRAEF S. , MAKKINK B. , BOON MATHILDE E.
Published: April 2007

Morphometric methods were applied to predict the clinical course of individual patients with breast cancer. Measurement of tumour diameter, assessment of mitotic and cellular indices, and quantitative microscopy of nuclear features were assessed together with nuclear features and histological grades. Of the tumours from 78 patients investigated, 42 had died from metastases within 6.5 years (‘non‐survivors’), while the other 36 were alive and well without evidence of metastases at the end of the follow‐up period (minimum 6.5 years) (‘survivors’). If the tumours of the 42 non‐survivors are compared with those of 36 survivors, there are many reproducible significant differences, the most important being cellularity index and mitotic activity index, followed by quantitative microscopical nuclear parameters and nuclear and histological grade. Discriminant analysis, of the quantitative microscopical data alone showed 82% of all patients to be correctly classified as survivor or non‐survivor. By contrast with the axillary lymph node invasion status alone, or the tumour diameter and axillary lymph node status together, 59% and 64% of the patients were predicted correctly as survivor or non‐survivor. With a more realistic statistical approach of discriminant analysis, 78% of the patients were classified correctly with quantitative microscopy, in place of 54% with the axillary lymph node status, 56% with the TNM‐system and 64% with a combination of TNM system and nuclear and histological grade. Morphometry thus seems possible to predict the outcome of individual patients more accurately than with the usual staging/grading methods. This technique might therefore prove to be useful in the selection of patients for adjuvant chemotherapy.
Stromal metachromasia: a marker for areas of infiltrating tumour growth?
Authors: HARTVEIT F. , SANDSTAD E.
Published: April 2007

The presence of stromal metachromasia is reported in 23 of 38 cases of invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix, its absence from 34 of 35 ‘in‐situ’ lesions. The metachromasia was seen at the zone of host/tumour interaction. Its presence was associated with changes in the morphology of the stromal cells and adjacent mast cells. The implications of these observations to the interpretation of tumour histology are discussed.
‘Carcinoid’ tumours of the breast: the morphological spectrum of argyrophil carcinomas
Authors: AZZOPARDI J. G. , MURETTO P. , GODDEERIS P. , EUSEBI V. , LAUWERYNS J. M.
Published: April 2007

Fourteen ‘carcinoid’ tumours of the breast are described. They are separable into five with and nine without intracellular mucin. All the tumours are argyrophil, but none is argentaffin. Four tumours studied ultrastructurally contain dense‐core granules. Argyrophil carcinomas represent the endocrine analogues of ductal carcinoma in situ, of invasive ductal carcinoma and probably of lobular carcinoma also. Current views vary between the one that the so‐called carcinoid is a rare and totally distinct entity to the view, at the other extreme, that it is a very common variant of conventional breast cancer. On the basis of our findings, an intermediate view is justified: argyrophil carcinomas constitute about 5% of breast carcinomas and some varieties at least have non‐argyrophil analogues. Factors influencing the prognosis in individual cases are discussed. Argyrophil carcinomas of the breast form a tumour spectrum with a wide range of morphological and histochemical appearances and a variable prognosis.
Mucoid carcinomas of the breast: a study using mucin histochemistry and peanut lectin
Authors: WALKER ROSEMARY A.
Published: April 2007

The mucin secreted by mucoid carcinomas of the breast has been studied in a series of 20 tumours by histochemical methods and peroxidase labelled peanut lectin. The histochemical techniques showed that the carcinomas could be divided into two groups depending on whether the mucin was composed predominantly of acid or neutral mucopolysaccharides. The specific binding of peanut lectin to β‐galactosyl groups, in combination with neuraminidase treatment, enabled further divisions to be made and so demonstrated the heterogenous nature of the mucin secreted by mucoid carcinomas and also the value of using lectins as specific probes in histological methods.
The sinus reaction in the axillary nodes in breast cancer related to tumour size and nodal state
Authors: HARTVEIT F.
Published: April 2007

The sinuses of the axillary nodes were studied in 59 breast cancer patients. Three types of reaction were defined in them; sinus histiocytosis, a mixed sinus reaction, and sinus catarrh. Sinus histiocytosis, as defined here, was virtually confined to the mode‐negative cases; sinus catarrh, common to both node‐negative and positive, but increasing with tumour size in the former. It is suggested that transition may occur from sinus histiocytosis, via the mixed reaction, to sinus catarrh, and that the establishment of the latter may facilitate tumour spread.
Microglandular adenosis of the breast—a lesion simulating tubular carcinoma
Authors: CLEMENT P.B. , AZZOPARDI J. G.
Published: April 2007

The clinical and pathological features of six cases of a hitherto undescribed lesion of the breast are reported for which the term ‘microglandular adenosis’ has been proposed. This is characterized by a proliferation of small uniform glands lined by epithelial cells without apparent mayoepithelial cells and with usually open lumina. The glands lie ‘naked’ in adipose tissue or within fibrous tissue. Because of these features, the lesion mimics and is easily confused with tubular carcinoma, but attention to a set of criteria which are discussed should allow for their separation.
Papillary mesothelioma of ovary
Authors: ADDIS B. J. , FOX H.
Published: April 2007

A case of primary papillary mesothelioma of the ovary is reported and its microscopic and ultrastructural features described. This tumour was an incidental surgical finding and was accompanied by multiple, partially cystic, peritoneal lesions with similar microscopic features. The histological pattern was predominantly papillary with well‐differentiated mesothelial cells and a prominent stromal infiltrate that included large numbers of lymphocytes and lipid‐filled macrophages. A comparison is made with adenomatoid tumours and with other tumours of ovarian epithelium and it is suggested that this tumour may represent the benign counterpart of one form of clear cell carcinoma of the ovary. The presence of multiple peritoneal lesions may indicate limited malignant potential comparable to some other papillary epithelial neoplasms of the ovary.
Concordance of the Kiel and Lukes‐Collins classifications of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas
Authors: LENNERT K. , COLLINS R.D. , LUKES R.J.
Published: April 2007

The Kiel and Lukes‐Collins classifications of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas are the only classifications based on immunological concepts. Their cytological types have been confirmed by numerous immunological studies as B‐ and T‐cell types and have been related to clinicc‐pathological entities. In this presentation, the cytological types of the two classifications are compared. Eleven of the 13 major types of the Lukes‐Collins classification are essentially identical with the Kiel counterparts, though the terminology differs in four of the 11 types. In the two types in which discordance occurs, the relationship between the types of the two classifications are clarified. As a result, the two classifications are placed into effective alignment for understanding and translating terminological differences. Both classifications represent sound bases for morphological diagnoses and also for relating the results of the broad range of current and future immunological studies to morphology.
Pulmonary blastoma, a true congenital neoplasm*
Authors: ASHWORTH T.G.
Published: April 2007

An infant, after a difficult delivery, had X‐ray shadowing in the right lung. After 32 days sudden death occurred, a pulmonary blastoma being found at autopsy. The controversy over whether this tumour is a blastoma or a carcinosarcoma is discussed and arguments are advanced for acceptance of the designation pulmonary blastoma when the tumour occurs in infancy and childhood. When the equivalent tumour occurs in adults with or without the addition of areas of carcinoma and/or sarcoma, the title ‘mixed tumour of lung’ should replace the term carcinosarcoma.
Lipid cell thecomas of the ovary
Authors: HUGHESDON P.E.
Published: April 2007

An ovarian tumour of mixed thecomatous and lipid cell structure is described and the clinical and pathological features of this and eleven previously reported cases are reviewed. Functionally the tumours resemble lipid cell tumours in being mainly androgenic and are similar in size range and age incidence to the ‘adrenal’ type. Three tumours however contained hilus (Leydig) cells with Reinke crystalloids. The tumours furnish additional evidence of the stromal origin of lipid cell tumours and the term ‘lipid cell thecoma’ is proposed for them as indicating their main morphological affinities. It is suggested that fibromas, fibrothecomas, thecomas, lipid cell thecomas and lipid cell tumours form a series of related stromatogenous tumours of relatively simple structure with functional correlations as one moves from left to right.
Gastric cancer: problems in histogenesi
Authors: PAGNINI CARLA ARSLAN , RUGGE M.
Published: April 2007

Intestinal metaplasia in the mucosa adjacent to a gastric carcinoma suggests that some carcinomas of the stomach might arise from metaplastic mucosa, as well as the existence of a gastric cancer with morphological features resembling intestinal mucosa. In this study, the extent of intestinal metaplasia of adjacent mucosa, the type of intestinal metaplasia (complete or incomplete), the degree of tumour differentiation, the type and quantity of mucins secreted by neoplastic cells and morphological features of the tumours were evaluated in 59 cases of gastric carcinoma. An analysis of the findings suggests that a carcinoma may arise in the stomach with features of association with incomplete metaplasia and histochemical and histological patterns which mimic carcinomas of the large intestine.
Comparative electron microscopic features of normal intermediate and metaplastic pyloric epithelium
Authors: STOCKTON MORAG , McCOLL I.
Published: April 2007

The ultrastructural appearance of surface epithelial cells of normal and abnormal pyloric epithelium is presented. In addition to areas of complete intestinal metaplasia (IM) an incomplete metaplasia is described which contains poorly differentiated mucous cells, goblet cells, an occasional immature absorptive cell as well as the mature mucus‐secreting surface epithelial cells of normal pyloric epithelium. This type of epithelium frequently appeared hyperplastic and showed alterations in the surface microvilli, terminal webs, plasma membranes and mucin granules. Apical vesicles, small electron‐dense bodies and larger electron‐dense multivesicular bodies were also found in the intermediate cells of incomplete IM and in the mature absorptive cells of complete IM. The intermediate cells described here may be synonymous with the sulphomucin‐secreting cells found in adenocarcinomas of the stomach and oesophagus.
An unusual variant of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome: a case report
Authors: BANIK S. , HASLETON P.S. , LYON R.L.
Published: April 2007

A case of multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome (MEN) in a 57‐year‐old woman with multiple endocrine tumours involving the pancreas, parathyroid and thyroid glands is reported. An unusual feature was the presence of collision tumours in the pituitary and adrenal. In the pituitary there were adenomas and a meningioma whereas in the adrenal there was a carcinoma along with a myelolipoma. Such collision tumours in the pituitary and adrenal as components of MEN syndrome have not been previously described.
Pneumatosis coli: a case report with ultrastructural study
Authors: HABOUBI N.Y. , HONAN R.P. , HASLETON P.S. , ALI H.H. , ANFIELD C. , HOBBISS J. , SCHOFIELD P.F.
Published: April 2007

A case of pneumatosis intestinalis studied by light and electron microscopy is presented. The cysts are dilated lymphatic vessels. Abundant fine fatty globules are found in the cysts and in the histiocytes and mutlinucleated giant cells which line the lymphatics and which are present in the interstitium. The giant cell formation and florid histiocytic reaction are most probably due to leakage of fatty material from the dilated lymphatics.
Immunocytochemical localization of neuron specific enolase in small cell carcinomas and carcinoid tumours of the lung
Authors: SHEPPARD M.N. , CORRIN B. , BENNETT M.H. , MARANGOS P.J. , BLOOM S.R. , POLAK J.M.
Published: April 2007

Carcinoid tumours and small cell carcinomas of the lung share many characteristics with normal neuroendocrine cells. While carcinoid tumours contain many dense‐cored neurosecretory granules and are frequently argyrophil, small cell carcinomas are poorly granulated and rarely argyrophil, which casts doubt on their neuroendocrine nature. Immunostaining of the enzyme neuron specific enolase (NSE) was recently used to demonstrate the neuroendocrine components of the lung including nerves and neuroendocrine cells. We therefore used NSE immunostaining to investigate neuroendocrine differentiation in 79 lung tumours, including 18 bronchial carcinoids and 31 small cell carcinomas, and compared these results with those obtained with silver stains. Thirteen of the 18 carcinoids were reactive to silver, all other types being negative. NSE‐immunoreactivity occurred in 16 carcinoids and 18 small cell carcinomas. None of the squamous cell carcinomas, large cell anaplastic carcinomas and adenocarcinomas examined showed NSE‐immucoreactivity. Radioimmunoassay of extractable NSE from 10 fresh lung tumours correlated well with the immunostaining results, demonstrating large amounts in two small cell carcinomas (334 and 517 ng/mg protein) and three carcinoids (152, 908, and 1143 ng/mg protein). Values were much lower for four squamous cell carcinomas (31–44 ng/mg protein) and one large cell anaplastic carcinoma (30 ng/mg protein) and were accounted for by the presence of NSE‐positive nerves and neuroendocrine cells in the surrounding lung. NSE immunostaining is a useful marker of neuroendocrine differentiation in lung tumours and should prove particularly valuable in the diagnosis of small cell anaplastic tumours and their metastases.
Epithelial markers in primary skin cancer: an immunoperoxidase study of the distribution of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 65 primary skin carcinomas
Authors: HEYDERMAN EADIE , GRAHAM* R. M. , CHAPMAN DEBORAH V. , RICHARDSON T. C. , McKEE P. H.
Published: April 2007

Sixty‐five primary malignant skin tumours have been stained for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) using rabbit polyclonal affinity‐purified antibodies and an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. The tumours consisted of 15 invasive squamous carcinomas, 23 basal cell carcinomas, 16 malignant eccrine poromas (porocarrinomas), and 11 sebaceous carcinomas. The basal cell carcinomas were negative for CEA and EMA except where there was keratotic or sebaceous differentiation. All the sebaceous and squamous carcinomas and 15/16 porocarcinomas contained EMA. 12/15 squamous carcinomas were positive for CEA. The malignant poromas were negative for CEA except on the ulcerated surface of two. In tumours classified as sebaceous carcinomas there was positive staining for CEA in some cells, cyst contents and/or keratotic foci. These findings have implications for the use of immunoperoxidase localization of epithelial markers in the differential diagnosis of primary and metastatic skin cancer.
Clinical and immunopathologic study of mesangial IgM nephropathy: report of 41 cases
Authors: HSU HEY‐CHI , CHEN WAN‐YU , LIN GHI‐JEN , CHEN LEUNG , KAO SOU‐LON , HUANG CHIU‐CHING , LIN CHING‐YUANG
Published: April 2007

Forty‐one out of 408 cases (or 10%) of primary glosnerular disease had diffuse fine granular to are‐like short linear mesangial deposits of IgM by direct immunofluorescence. The IgM deposition was accompanied by C1q and/or C4 in the same locality in 29 cases, by C3 in 10, and by trace amounts of IgA in 6. Properdinfactor B was not detected. Fine granular electron dense deposits of low density were detected in the mesangium in all 41 cases by electron microscopy, usually as a discrete granular or are‐like pattern beneath the mesangial glomerular basement membrane and correlated well with the immunofluorescence findings. An immune complex disease with complement activation via the classical pathway is suggested. The ages of the patients varied from 2 to 58 years (average 23.8 years). A male predominance of 2.2:1 was identified. Serum IgM level was elevated in 46.7% of the cases. The majority (87.8%) of the cases manifested a nephrotic syndrome or relapse at time of biopsy, and the remaining cases experienced persistent or intermittent proteinuria. Among the 36 nephrotic patients, 22 cases (61.1%) demonstrated complete remission with steroid therapy, 9 cases (25%) were resistant, and 5 cases (13.9%) had partial remission. Complete and partial remissions were later achieved with cytotoxic drugs or methylprednisolone pulse therapy in 3 and 4 cases respectively in the steroid resistant patients. Frequent relapses occurred during the course in 22 out of 32 cases (68.8%) who had experienced complete or partial remission. Follow‐up study after blopsy demonstrated that sustained complete remission was achieved with prednisolone with or without cytotoxic drugs and pulse therapy in only 14 (42.4%) of the 33 nephrotic cases who had been followed up for longer than 6 months, and six of them had had