bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and Optimization of MeOH to DME in Isothermal Fixed-bed Reactor
Authors: Farsi Mohammad , Jahanmiri Abdolhossein , Eslamloueyan Reza
Published: April 2010

Dimethyl ether (DME) is a green fuel that commercially produced in an adiabatic fixed bed reactor by methanol dehydration. In the present work, a shell and tube fixed bed reactor is modeled and optimized for DME production. The reactor is modeled based on mass and energy conservation equations as well as auxiliary equations. In order to estimate the DME production and temperature profile along the reactor, a one dimensional heterogeneous model consist of a set of nonlinear differential and algebraic equations has been solved numerically. Also, The DME production in the isothermal reactor is maximized by adjusting the optimal temperature distribution along the reactor using genetic algorithm. Then, the performance of the proposed isothermal reactor is compared with industrial adiabatic fixed bed reactor. Results showed the higher DME production rate and methanol conversion in the optimized reactor.
Solid Pyrolysis Modelling by a Lagrangian and Dimensionless Approach--Application to Cellulose Fast Pyrolysis
Authors: Authier Olivier , Ferrer Monique , Khalfi Az-Eddine , Lédé Jacques
Published: April 2010

Many kinds of solids (e.g., biomass, thermoplastic and coal) thermally decompose according to similar types of kinetic pathways. They usually include a first step giving rise to more or less stable solid or liquid species followed by competitive reactions with formation of the final products (solids, vapours, and/or gases). In order to be extended to several types of solids, the present pyrolysis model relies on an original dimensionless Lagrangian approach. Mathematical equations of mass and heat balances are written in the assumptions that non-volatiles products form distinct layers which are separated by each other by moving interfaces that propagate towards the inner parts of the sample. The conditions required to apply this Lagrangian approach to solid thermal decomposition are discussed. The time evolution of pyrolysis products and sample internal temperature profiles are obtained by numerical solving of equations written in a reduced form. The first results of simulations performed in a large range of dimensionless parameters values (thermal Thiele, Biot and thermicity criteria) are reported. It is pointed out that variations of reduced masses as a function of reduced time significantly depend on operating conditions (particularly thermal Thiele and Biot numbers). The results of the model are finally compared to experimental data reported in the literature for cellulose fast pyrolysis. The agreement is quite good considering the uncertainties with which the physicochemical parameters are known from the literature.
Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol in Liquid Phase Catalyzed by Cobalt Oxide
Authors: Ilyas Mohammad , Saeed Muhammad
Published: April 2010

Cobalt oxide was synthesized by mechano-chemical process in solid phase and was characterized by particle size analysis, nitrogen adsorption, XRD and DRIFT. A study was performed to evaluate the catalytic activities of cobalt oxide for oxidation of benzyl alcohol in liquid phase, using toluene as solvent. Benzaldehyde and benzoic acid were identified as the reaction products. Effects of various parameters like reaction time, temperature, catalyst loading and partial pressure of oxygen on reaction performance were studied. Activation energy was found as 46.14 kJ/mol. Langmuir-Hinshelwood type of mechanism was found to be applicable to experimental data. The catalyst was found to be heterogeneous in nature, which can be easily separated from the reaction mixture by filtration.
Performance of Trickle Bed Reactor and Active Carbon in the Liquid Phase Oxidation of Phenol
Authors: Gabbiye Nigus , Font Josep , Fortuny Agusti , Bengoa Christophe , Fabregat Azael , Stuber Frank
Published: April 2010

Application of trickle-bed reactor and active carbon catalyst to catalytic wet air oxidation of phenolic pollutants is explored over a wide range of operating conditions. The study focuses on the assessment of key engineering aspects such as reactor start-up, gas-liquid flow directions and effects of temperature, pressure, phenol feed concentration and liquid flow rate on activity and stability performance of unsupported active carbon. Moreover, for analyzing the potential integration of CWAO as a pre-treatment in biological wastewater remediation, intermediate distribution and biodegradability enhancement of treated effluents are obtained from HPLC analysis and respirometry assays, respectively. Finally, since slow carbon burn-off is occurring at CWAO conditions, some promising options for improvement of catalyst stability are pointed out on both molecular (iron coating of active carbon) and reactor (periodic reactor operation) scale.
Modeling a Delayed Coking Process with GRNN and Double-Chain Based DNA Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Chen Xiao , Wang Ning
Published: April 2010

For characterization or optimization process, a computer prediction model is in demand. This paper describes an approach for modeling a delayed coking process using generalized regression neural network (GRNN) and a double-chain based DNA genetic algorithm (dc-DNAGA). In GRNN, the smoothing parameters have significant effect on the performance of the network. This paper presents an improved GA, dc-DNAGA, to optimize the smoothing parameters in GRNN. The dc-DNAGA is inspired by the biological DNA, where the smoothing parameters are coded in the double-chain chromosomes and modified genetic operators are employed to improve the global search ability of GA. To test the performance of the constructed model, it is used to predict the output of the test data which is not included in the training data. Compared with other reported methods, eight cross validation results show the advantage of the proposed technique that it predicts the new data more accurately.
Comment on Barbera: Your Gift Will Make You Rich
Authors: Mulligan Casey B
Published: April 2010

Casey Mulligan is not swayed by Barbera or Krugman's attacks on the Chicago School of economics. In fact, Mulligan argues that labor market distortions and not a banking collapse are critical to understanding our current deep recession.
Advice from Multiple Experts: A Comparison of Simultaneous, Sequential, and Hierarchical Communication
Authors: Li Ming
Published: April 2010

In this paper, I analyze an example in which two perfectly informed experts advise a decision maker. Each expert has private information about her own bias. I show that consulting two experts is better than consulting just one. I compare the efficiency of information transmission between simultaneous, sequential, and hierarchical forms of communication. I show that simultaneous communication achieves the highest efficiency, followed by sequential and hierarchical communication. However, hierarchical communication, in which a second expert chooses whether to block the first expert's message, achieves a moderate level of efficiency, even though the decision maker receives only one message. Finally, there are preference settings in which both sequential and hierarchical communication are superior to simultaneous communication.
Contractual Incompleteness for External Risks
Authors: Wang Susheng
Published: April 2010

In a model with internal and external risks together with incentive problems, this paper investigates the role of a risky environment on contractual incompleteness. We consider a typical employment contract with an extra control option. This option is contractable ex ante, exercisable ex post, and good for incentives. But, the employer may choose not to have it in a contract. We identify some interesting circumstances under which the option is not in the optimal contract. Our main findings are that (1) external risks determine contractual incompleteness, and (2) a complete contract can better handle incentives, while an incomplete contract can better handle external risks. Hence, our analysis of incomplete contracts is somewhat consistent with Williamson's (1985) idea of low-powered incentives inside the firm and high-powered incentives outside the firm.
Hormesis and a Chemical Raison D'ětre for Secondary Plant Metabolites
Authors: Hadacek Franz , Bachmann Gert , Engelmeier Doris , Chobot Vladimir
Published: April 2010

In plants, accumulation in specific compartments and huge structural diversity of secondary metabolites is one trait that is not understood yet. By exploring the diverse abiotic and biotic interactions of plants above- and belowground, we provide examples that are characterized by nonlinear effects of the secondary metabolites. We propose that redox chemistry, specifically the reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and, in their absence, reduction of molecular oxygen by the identical secondary metabolite, is an important component of the hormetic effects caused by these compounds. This is illustrated for selected phenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The redox reactions are modulated by the variable availability of transition metals that serve as donors of electrons in a Fenton reaction mode. Low levels of ROS stimulate growth, cell differentiation, and stress resistance; high levels induce programmed cell death. We propose that provision of molecules that can participate in this redox chemistry is the raison d'ětre for secondary metabolites. In this context, the presence or absence of functional groups in the molecule is more essential than the whole structure. Accordingly, there exist no constraints that limit structural diversity. Redox chemistry is ubiquitous, from the atmosphere to the soil.
Potential Relevance of Bell-Shaped and U-Shaped Dose-Responses for the Therapeutic Targeting of Angiogenesis in Cancer
Authors: Reynolds Andrew R.
Published: April 2010

Tumor angiogenesis, the growth of new blood vessels into tumors, facilitates tumor growth and thus represents an attractive therapeutic target. Numerous experimental angiogenesis inhibitors have been characterised and subsequently trialled in patients. Some of these agents have failed to show any substantial activity in patients. In contrast, others have been more successful, but even these provide only a few months extra patient survival. Recent work has focused on understanding the effects of anti-angiogenic agents on tumor biology and has revealed a number of new findings that may help to explain the limited efficacy of angiogenesis inhibitors. Herein, I review the evidence that hormetic dose-responses (i.e. bell-shaped and U-shaped dose-response curves) are often observed with anti-angiogenic agents. Agents reported to exhibit these types of dose-response include: 5-fluorouracil, ATN-161, bortezomib, cisplatin, endostatin, enterostatin, integrin inhibitors, interferon-α, plasminogen activator-1 (PAI-1), rapamycin, rosiglitazone, statins, thrombospondin-1, TGF-α1 and TGF-α3. Hormesis may also be relevant for drugs that target the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signalling pathway and for metronomic chemotherapy. Here I argue that hormetic dose-responses present a challenge for the clinical translation of several anti-angiogenic agents and discuss how these problems might be circumvented.
Cancer Mortality in Six Lowest Versus Six Highest Elevation Jurisdictions in the U.S.
Authors: Hart John
Published: April 2010

Low levels of background radiation exist around us continuously. These levels increase with increasing land elevation, allowing a comparison of low elevations to high elevations in regard to an outcome such as cancer death rates. The present study compares archived cancer mortality rates in six low versus six high elevation jurisdictions. The study also compares mortality rates for all causes, heart disease, and diabetes in low versus high elevation jurisdictions in an effort to see if other mortality outcomes are different in low versus high elevations. Statistically significant decreases in mortality, with very large effect sizes, were observed in high land elevation for three of the four outcomes, including cancer. One possible explanation for the decreased mortality in high elevation jurisdictions is radiation hormesis. Another possible explanation, at least in the case of heart disease mortality, is the physiologic responses that accompany higher elevations regarding decreased oxygen levels. Since this is an ecological study, no causal inferences can be made, particularly when viewpoints on possible effects of low level radiation are diametrically opposed. Further research is indicated.
Effects of Ethanol on the Shoaling Behavior of Zebrafish (Danio Rerio)
Authors: Kurta Anastasia , Palestis Brian G.
Published: April 2010

Ethanol (EtOH) often has stimulatory effects at low doses and inhibitory effects at high doses, affecting behavior and physiology of many organisms in a non-linear manner suggestive of hormesis. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) shoaling was studied in adult fish exposed to one of five different EtOH concentrations (v/v): 0.0% control, 0.125%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1.0%. Digital photographs of groups of four fish were taken every 2 min, with each trial lasting a total of 12 min. The median nearest neighbor distance and shoal area were calculated for each photograph. Exposure to 1.0% EtOH inhibited shoaling. In contrast, as predicted from hormesis, shoaling was significantly tighter (as measured by nearest neighbor distance) at low concentrations (0.125%, 0.25%) compared to the control, and a J-shaped dose-response curve was present. A similar pattern occurred for shoal area, but in this case the only statistically significant differences were between the high concentration and all others.
Synthesis, thermal and antitumour studies of Th(IV) complexes with furan-2-aldehyde-N-phenyl thiosemicarbazone
Authors: Rajendran G. , Amritha C.S. , Anto Ruby , Cheriyan Vino
Published: April 2010

Thorium(IV) complexes with the Schiff base furan-2-aldehyde-N-phenyl thiosemicarbazone (L) were synthesised and characterized. The composition and structure of the metal complexes were proposed base on elemental analysis, molar conductivity measurements, FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The Schiff base behaves as a neutral bidentate ligand coordinating through the azomethine N and the thioketo S atoms. From various studies, complexes were ascertained the general formula [ThL2X4] and [ThL2Y2] where X represents the monovalent anions NO3-, NCS-, CH3COO-, CH3CHOHCOO-, ClO4-,and Y the bivalent anions SO4 2-and C2O4 2-. The thermal behaviour of the nitrato and oxalato complexes was studied and kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated using the Coats-Redfern Equation. The ligand and a representative complex [ThL2(NO3)4] were screened in vitro for their antitumour activity against the human cervical cancer cell line (Hela).
Development and evaluation of a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction based test method for quantitation of total anionic surfactants: advantages against reference methods
Authors: Bidari Araz , Ganjali Mohammad , Norouzi Parviz
Published: April 2010

A small-scale, simple, and rapid dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) procedure in combination with fiber optic-linear array detection spectrophotometry (FO-LADS) with charge-coupled device (CCD) detector has been developed, with benefits from the use of a micro-cell. The official reference methods (ASTM D2330 - 02, ISO 7875-1), which require tedious procedures, were replaced with a modified method. The new method provides a major reduction in sample size, elimination of the use of expensive glassware, and a decrease in the quantity of chloroform used, as well as increased sensitivity. Our method requires only one twentieth of the sample (5.0 mL), and less than one three-hundredth of microextraction solvent (chloroform = 138 µL). It provides a faster analysis time than official analytical methods (less than one minute). The calibration curve was linear in the range of 6–80 µg g L−1 of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with a correlation coefficient (r) of better than 0.99 and the LOD was 2 µg L−1. The repeatability of the proposed method (n=7) was found to be 4.5% and 3.6% for the concentrations of 0.03 and 0.07 mg L−1, respectively. The enrichment factor was found to be 75 for SDS.
Synthesis and characterization of molecularly imprinted polymer for controlled release of tramadol
Authors: Azodi-Deilamia Saman , Abdoussa Majid , Rezvaneh Seyedib S.
Published: April 2010

In this paper, we describe how to prepare a highly selective imprinted polymer by a bulk polymerization technique. We used tramadol as the template, (MAA) as functional monomers, and (EGDMA) as the cross-linker in chloroform as solvent. Results from Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) show that this imprinted sorbent exhibits good recognition and high affinity for tramadol. Selectivity of molecularly imprinted polympers (MIP) was evaluated by comparing several substances with similar molecular structures to that of tramadol. Controlled release of tramadol from MIPs was investigated through in vitro dissolution tests and by measuring the absorbance at λmax of 272 nm by (HPLC-UV). The dissolution media employed were hydrochloric acid pH 3.0 and phosphate buffers, pH 5.0 and 7.4, maintained at 37 and 25 ± 0.5°C. The results show the ability of MIP polymers to control tramadol release. In all cases, the release of MIPs was deferred for a longer time as compared to NMIP. At a pH of 7.4 and 25°C slower release of tramadol imprinted polymer occurred.
Fluorescent chemosensors for metal ions based on 3-(2-benzoxazol-5-yl)alanine skeleton
Authors: Milewska Magda , Guzow Katarzyna , Wiczk Wiesław
Published: April 2010

The ability of new chelate ligands, benzoxazol-5-yl-alanine derivatives substituted in position 2 by heteroaromatic substituent, to form complexes with selected metal ions in acetonitrile are studied by means of absorption and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy. Among the ligands studied, only azaaromatic derivatives form stable complexes with transition metal ions in the ground state. Their absorption bands are bathochromically shifted enabling to use those ligands as ratiometric sensors. The fluorescence of each ligand is quenched by metal ions, however, in the presence of Cd(II) and Zn(II) ions a new red shifted emission band is observed.
Sonochemical synthesis and chracterization of Mn3O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Baykal Abdulhadi , Kavas Hüseyin , Durmuş Zehra , Demir Mine , Kazan Sinan , Topkaya Ramazan , Toprak Muhammet
Published: April 2010

We report on the synthesis of Mn3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) using a novel sonochemical method without requiring any pH adjustment. Synthesized material was identified as tetragonal hausmannite crystal structure model of Mn3O4 from XRD analysis. Crystallite size was estimated from x-ray line profile fitting to be 17±5 nm. FTIR analysis revealed stretching vibrations of metal ions in tetrahedral and octahedral coordination confirming the crystal structure. TEM analysis revealed a dominantly cubic morphology of NPs with an average size of ∼20 nm. Magnetic evaluation revealed a blocking temperature, T B of 40 K above which the material behaves paramagnetic. Asymmetric coercive field is attributed to the interaction between ferromagnetic Mn3O4 and antiferromagnetic Mn oxide at the surface of nanoparticles.
Spectrophotometric study of time stability and acid-base characteristics of chelerythrine and dihydrochelerythrine
Authors: Absolínová Helena , Jančář Luděk , Jančářová Irena , Vičar Jaroslav , Kubáň Vlastimil
Published: April 2010

Time stability, acid-base and UV-VIS spectral properties of dihydrochelerythrine (DHCHE) were studied spectrophotometrically in water:methanol and water:ethanol media. DHCHE is stable in strongly acid milieu (pH HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, H3PO4 and their mixtures. Remarkable shifts of formation parts of absorbance-pH (A-pH) curves to the alkaline medium were observed depending on the type and concentration of inert electrolyte (most remarkable for HNO3 and HCl). The corresponding equilibrium constants pKR+ of the transition reaction between charged iminium Q+ and uncharged QOH (pseudo-base, 6-hydroxy-dihydro derivative) forms of chelerythine were calculated using a numerical interpretation of A-pH curves by a SQUAD-G computer program which ranged from 8.51–9.31. The highest changes of ΔpK R+ (0.75 and 0.53) were observed for H3PO4 and H2SO4, respectively. The priority effect of ionic species and ionic strength was confirmed in the presence of additions of NaCl and KCl. The strength of interaction of CHE with biomacromolecular compounds (i.e., peptides, proteins, nucleic acids etc.) may be affected because of the observed influence of both cation and anion of the inert electrolyte on acid-base behavior.
Chromatographic separation of In(III) from Cd(II) in aqueous solutions using commercial resin (Dowex 50W-X8)
Authors: Massoud Ayman , Abou El-Nour F. , Killa H. , Seddik U.
Published: April 2010

This work assesses the potential of an adsorptive material, Dowex 50w-x8, for the separation of indium ions from cadmium ions in aqueous media. The adsorption behavior of Dowex 50 w-x8 for indium and cadmium ions was investigated. The effect of pH, initial concentration of metal ions, the weight of resins, and contact time on the sorption of each of the metal ions were determined. It was found that the adsorption percentage of the indium ions was more than 99% at pH 4.0. The result shows that In (III) was most strongly extracted, while Cd(II) was slightly extracted at this pH value. The recovery of In(III) and Cd(II) ions is around 98% using hydrochloric acid as the best eluent.
Equilibrium and kinetic study of the proton transfer reactions between nitroalkanes and strong organic bases — phosphazenes in tetrahydrofuran solvent
Authors: Binkowska Iwona , Gałęzowski Włodzimierz , Jarczewski Arnold
Published: April 2010

Proton transfer reactions rates between carbon acids 1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)ethane (NPNE), 2-methyl-1-nitro-1-(4-nitrophenyl)propane (MNPNP)) and phosphazenes (BEMP, BTPP, P1-t-Oct) in tetrahydrofuran have been measured, and the activation parameters were determined. The results are compared with those previously obtained for P1-t-Bu phosphazene, guanidines and amidines.
The Valley-Fill Deposits of the Kłodnica River (Southern Poland): Environmental Drivers of Facies Changes from the Late Vistulian Through the Holocene
Authors: Wójcicki Krzysztof
Published: April 2010

Lithological analyses and radiocarbon dating were used to elucidate the patterns and controls of Late Quaternary valley floor development of the Kłodnica River, the Upper Odra Basin. The research results were discussed with data obtained from valleys of rivers draining piedmont basins and highlands of southern Poland. In consequence, five stages of morpho-sedimentary evolution of the Kłodnica valley were distinguished. In the Late Vistulian a large-scale deposition of channel alluvium took place in the conditions of high river discharges. This sedimentary style probably still existed in the Early Pre-Boreal as long as open grass communities survived in the Kłodnica catchment. The next phase, in the Late Pre-Boreal and Boreal, is characterized by a significant increase in accumulation rate of biochemical facies. The considerable restriction of minerogenic deposition was connected with widespread of forest and gradual limitation of the river discharges. The third stage began at the decline of the Boreal and was defined by decrease of accumulation rate or even biogenic accumulation break. Synchronously, periodic increases of fluvial activity were noticed in the form of cutoffs of meander loops and overbank deposition in oxbows. The beginning of the fourth period took place not earlier than in the Early Sub-Boreal. This stage was distinguished by renewed peat growth/increase in biochemical accumulation rate and periodic increase in alluviation, generally taking place in the conditions of low channel-forming flows. The latest phase (from the Middle Sub-Atlantic till now) is characterized by common initiation of slope deposition and a rapid increase in fluvial sedimentation, especially overbank and tributary fan facies. An increase in minerogenic deposition occurred in response to human impact, which became more significant from the Roman Period and occurred on a large scale from the early Middle Ages. Older settlement phases, including intense settlement from the Hallstatt Period, were not clearly recorded in the Kłodnica valley fill.
Radiocarbon Dating of Peat Profile with Metallurgy Industry Evidence
Authors: Tudyka Konrad , Pazdur Anna
Published: April 2010

In this work an age model for a peat core from the site near Żyglin, based on 14C is presented. The investigated profile is marked with some possible evidence of early human activity in this region. The earliest metallurgy industry is expected to correspond with charcoal production and the recent increase of metal content in this profile. In this work the Quantulus 1220™ recently purchased was used for 14C dating with liquid scintillation counting (LSC) technique. Therefore results of calibration, tests and verification with use of samples from inter-comparison programs (VIRI, FIRI) are also presented.
Could Lymphocyte Caspase-3 Activity Predict Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability?
Authors: Ristić Tatjana , Ćosić Vladan , Vlahović Predrag , Deljanin-Ilić Marina , Đorđević Vidosava
Published: April 2010

Could Lymphocyte Caspase-3 Activity Predict Atherosclerotic Plaque Vulnerability?

Apoptotic cell death may play a critical role in a variety of cardiovascular diseases, especially in those developing on the basis of atherosclerosis. The goal of this study was to compare the activity of caspase-3 in different forms of ischemic heart disease and to correlate caspase-3 activity with inflammatory and lipid markers as well as risk factors. This enzyme activity was determined in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of 30 patients with stable angina pectoris (SAP), 27 with unstable angina (USAP), 39 with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and 27 healthy volunteers by a colorimetric commercially available ELISA method. In the SAP group caspase-3 activity was 0.093±0.036 μmol/mg protein, in patients with STEMI it was 0.110±0.062 μmol/mg protein, and both values were insignificantly higher in comparison with controls (0.092±0.022 μmol/mg protein). In PBMC of USAP patients caspase-3 activity (0.122±0.062 μmol/mg protein) was significantly higher (p<0.05) compared to the control group. In SAP patients caspase-3 activity showed a significant positive correlation with triglicerydes (p<0.05). Caspase-3 activity may be a valid parameter for assessing the atherosclerotic plaque activity, and a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Using of T-Spot.TB and Mantoux tests in diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection in BCG vaccinated children aged five and younger
Authors: Ozere Iveta , Skenders Ģirts , Līduma Iveta , Bobrikova Olga , Lauska Zita , Skangale Anita , Jagmane Anita , Kalniņa Vita , Leimane Vaira
Published: April 2010

Using of T-Spot.TB and Mantoux tests in diagnosis of M. tuberculosis infection in BCG vaccinated children aged five and younger

Infection with M. tuberculosis (MT) is difficult to diagnose in young BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccinated children using Mantoux test alone, as a positive test result may be due to infection with MT and previous BCG vaccination. We aimed to test the T-SPOT. TB test for BCG-vaccinated children aged five and younger in two groups — with or without contact with an active tuberculosis (ATB) patient. Prospectively a study group of 121 children (having contact with ATB patient) and a control group of 64 children (without known contact with ATB patient) were examined using Mantoux and T-SPOT. TB tests. The T-SPOT. TB test was positive in 66 (54.5%) study group children and in 2 (3.1%) control group children (P < 0.01). Induration in the Mantoux test ≥ 10 mm was observed in 62 (91.0%) of 68 T-SPOT. TB positive children, and 34 (29.1%) of 117 T-SPOT. TB negative children (P < 0.01). In the group with a negative T-SPOT. TB result boosting of the Mantoux test was observed in 21 (66%) of 32 children who had received repeated Mantoux testing before being included in the study. According to the results, the application of the T-SPOT. TB test is reasonable for primary contact children evaluation and follow-up contact children for whom primary tests did not confirm infection with MT.
Changes of total annual runoff distribution, high and low discharges in Latvian rivers
Authors: Apsīte Elga , Bakute Anda , Rudlapa Ilze
Published: April 2010

Changes of total annual runoff distribution, high and low discharges in Latvian rivers

The paper examines climate change impacts on the hydrological regime of nineteen different river basins in Latvia. Hydrological data series for the period of 1951-2006 were analysed for river basins of four hydrological districts: Western, Central, Northern and Eastern. Climate change has influenced the temporal and spatial distribution of total annual river runoff and high and low flows in Latvia at the turn of century. The results confirm the hypothesis that the main tendency in the run-off change is a decrease in spring floods and increase in winter. Generally, statistically insignificant long-term trends were observed for summer and autumn.
History of mycobiota research of Latvia: Chronology till the middle of the 20th century
Authors: Vimba Edgars
Published: April 2010

History of mycobiota research of Latvia: Chronology till the middle of the 20th century

The paper is mainly devoted to mycological studies in Latvia. Since historically there was a strong link between mycological and phytopathological investigations, the paper includes also information on phytopathological studies in Latvia.
Marija Tauja-Thielman (1889-1975), a Latvian plant physiologist, promoter of university education: In commemoration of her 120th anniversary
Authors: Ozoliņa Gundega
Published: April 2010

Marija Tauja-Thielman (1889-1975), a Latvian plant physiologist, promoter of university education: In commemoration of her 120th anniversary
Development of Pterygoquadrate Complex in the Embryogenesis of Sand Lizard, Lacerta Agilis (Reptilia, Squamata)
Authors: Yarygin A.
Published: April 2010

Development of Pterygoquadrate Complex in the Embryogenesis of Sand Lizard,Lacerta Agilis(Reptilia, Squamata)

Serial sections of 15L. agilisembryos on the successive developmental stages, stained with hematoxylin-eosin or alcian blue and hematoxylin-eosin, were examined. It was found that cartilaginous pterygoquadrate complex ofL. agilisconsists of four parts: quadrate cartilage, pterygoquadrate cartilage, pterygoid process, and processus ascendens. Pterygoquadrate cartilage and pterygoid process are reduced in prenatal ontogenesis, but not earlier than underlying pterygoid bone is developed. The processus ascendens becomes the first cartilaginous parts of this complex, and then the other elements undergo chondrification. Basipterigoid process is formed by two independent parts: aboral part of cranial trabeculas and basipterigoid cartilage. Meniscus pterygoideus is an independent structure, but not a rudiment of the pterygoid process. A previously unrecorded cartilage was revealed and a name basipterigoid cartilage is proposed for it.
New Species of the Genus Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomadae) from Ukraine and Israel
Authors: Zerova M. , Seryogina L.
Published: April 2010

New Species of the Genus Eurytoma (Hymenoptera, Eurytomadae) from Ukraine and Israel

Two new species: Eurytoma kuslitzkyi Zerova, sp. n. from Israel and Eurytoma cornuta Zerova, sp. n. from Ukraine are described. The first species belongs to the robusta species group, and differs from other species of this group by the structure of the mesosternal shelf with two projections. The second species belongs to the compessa species group and differs from all other species of this group by the sharp corn on mesopleura.
Using Spatial Analysis and Geovisualization to Reveal Urban Changes: Milan, Italy, 1737–2005
Authors: Tucci Michele , Giordano Alberto , Ronza Rocco W.
Published: April 2010

The Italian city of Milan provides a fascinating laboratory for disentangling the historical layers that structure the spatial layout of a European city. In the last 250 years, the temporal span of this study, Milan has played a key role in Italy's industrialization and as its gateway to the centres of economic and cultural modernization in Western Europe. This article proposes a spatial analytical methodology that incorporates geovisualization techniques to discover and map urban change in Milan. Using historical maps dating back to the eighteenth century and a 2005 official city map, we applied methods of spatial analysis and geovisualization techniques to determine which parts of the city changed the most in the time interval considered. We then drew parallels between urban changes and political changes in the history of the city. Urban change is defined here as a change in the form and structure of the city (new buildings, new or widened roads, new squares, etc.). Results indicate that morphological changes at the intra-urban scale in Milan appear to be spatially oriented to reflect national and international political events from the mid-eighteenth century to the present. Although this result was not unexpected, the extent to which changes in the built-up environment reflect historical events was somewhat surprising.
"I Want My Boy Back!"
Authors: Dennis Jeffery P.
Published: April 2010

Three recent mass media texts are analyzed in which the object of rescue for a male hero is a teenage boy rather than the traditional damsel in distress. These rescues and their aftermaths display considerable slippage between custodial and romantic conventions, blurring the image of the hero as father and the hero as lover. It is argued that their function is to evoke the possibility of same-sex desire while safely pretending that same-sex desire does not exist.
Europe’s southernmost glaciers: response and adaptation to climate change
Authors: Grunewald K. , Scheithauer J.
Published: April 2010

The southernmost glaciers in Europe are located on the Iberian, Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas in mid-latitudes between 41° N and 44° N at altitudes ranging from 2000 to 3000 m a.s.l. All these glaciers are a legacy of the Little Ice Age (LIA). They survive in a relatively warm environment (mean annual temperature 0°C to +1°C) due to local topographic controls and high levels of accumulation as a result of avalanche and wind-blown snow. In the Pirin Mountains, Bulgaria, Snezhnika glacieret has been cored, providing an archive of recent climate change. Small glaciers such as this respond quickly to climatic extremes. Since the LIA maximum during the 19th century, all southern European glaciers have retreated, losing 30–100% of their volume. However, despite the trend towards warmer years since the late 1970s, some glaciers still survive, even after some of the hottest summers on record. Predicted future warming, especially in summer, and drier conditions in the Mediterranean basin may result in the disappearance of all glacier features at these latitudes in Europe within the next few decades.
A peak-capturing measurement circuit for detecting and recording short-duration glacial signals
Authors: Kavanaugh Jeffrey L. , Moore Peter L.
Published: April 2010

A simple circuit has been developed to allow measurement of brief subglacial water-pressure pulses. This circuit continuously powers a pressure transducer and captures the peak output of the transducer during each measurement interval, thus allowing determination of the maximum pressure attained during the interval. This circuit provides an alternative to setting a data logger to perform rapid repeated measurements, and overcomes some key limitations imposed by rapid measurement. Benefits include significantly lower demands on the data-logger microprocessor, which allows additional instruments to be monitored simultaneously, reduced memory usage and moderately lower power consumption. The reduced microprocessor and memory loads allow older and slower logger models, many of which are still in common use, to be used to obtain data that compare favourably with high-frequency data obtained using newer data loggers.
Molecular Basis and Current Treatment for Alcoholic Liver Disease
Authors: Miranda-Mendez Alejandra , Lugo-Baruqui Alejandro , Armendariz-Borunda Juan
Published: April 2010

Alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependency affect millions of individuals worldwide. The impact of these facts lies in the elevated social and economic costs. Alcoholic liver disease is caused by acute and chronic exposure to ethanol which promotes oxidative stress and inflammatory response. Chronic consumption of ethanol implies liver steatosis, which is the first morphological change in the liver, followed by liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. This review comprises a broad approach of alcohol use disorders, and a more specific assessment of the pathophysiologic molecular basis, and genetics, as well as clinical presentation and current modalities of treatment for alcoholic liver disease.
The Solubility Parameters of Ionic Liquids
Authors: Marciniak Andrzej
Published: April 2010

The Hildebrand’s solubility parameters have been calculated for 18 ionic liquids from the inverse gas chromatography measurements of the activity coefficients at infinite dilution. Retention data were used for the calculation. The solubility parameters are helpful for the prediction of the solubility in the binary solvent mixtures. From the solubility parameters, the standard enthalpies of vaporization of ionic liquids were estimated.
(2E)-3-(3,5-Dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)prop-2-en-1-one
Authors: Asiri Abdullah M. , Khan Salman A.
Published: April 2010

The title compound, (2E)-3-(3,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-1-(2,5-dimethyl-3-thienyl)prop-2-en-1-one (3) was synthesized in high yield by aldol condensation of 3-acetyl-2,5-dimethylthiophene and 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde in ethanolic NaOH at room temperature. Its structure was fully characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and EI-MS spectral analysis.
8-Hydroxyquinoline Dansylates Modified with PAMAM Dendrimer as Fluorescent Fe3+ Sensors
Authors: Zhang Qi , Sha Yaowu , Wang Jin-Hui
Published: April 2010

A series of fluorescent sensors based on 8-hydroxyquinoline dansylate as core and dendritic PAMAM as shell were synthesized. Their fluorescence characteristic and fluorescent sensing behavior toward metal ions were studied in water/methanol (1: 1, v/v). The sensors exhibit good selectivity and sensitivity for Fe3+ ion and to some extent for Cr3+ ion. The third generation dendrimer has the better sensitivity than the first and second generations.
A Mild and Facile One-Pot Synthesis of N-Methyl-3-Acyl-Pyrroles
Authors: Valizadeh Hassan , Fakhari Ashraf
Published: April 2010

N-Methyl-3-acylpyrroles were synthesized via a multicomponent reaction of dimethylacetylene dicarboxylate (DMAD), N-methylhydroxylamine and acylchlorides in the presence of KHCO3. For comparison both conventional and microwave protocols were examined in this procedure. The reaction is clean and gives the products in good to excellent yields under conventional heating conditions at 40 ºC in anhydrous dichloromethane.
UV-B Induced Changes in the Secondary Metabolites of Morus alba L. Leaves
Authors: Gu Xi-Da , Sun Ming-Yao , Zhang Lin , Fu Hong-Wei , Cui Lei , Chen Run-Ze , Zhang Da-Wei , Tian Jing-Kui
Published: April 2010

Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation is harmful to plants and human beings. Many secondary metabolites, like flavonoids, alkaloids, and lignin, are UV-B absorbing compounds, which can protect the genetic material of plants. Furthermore, they are active components of herbal drugs. UV-B radiation can activate the self-protective secondary metabolism system. The results of this paper provide a method to induce bioactive secondary metabolites from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) by UV-B irradiation in vitro. Five significantly different chromatographic peaks were found by HPLC fingerprint after induction, from which two active compounds were identified: One was chalcomoracin, a natural Diels-Alder type adduct with antibacterial activity; the other one was moracin N, which is a precursor of chalcomoracin. Their contents were 0.818 mg/g and 0.352 mg/g by dry weight, respectively.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Mecoprop and Clopyralid in Aqueous Suspensions of Nanostructured N-doped TiO2
Authors: Šojić Daniela , Despotović Vesna , Abramović Biljana , Todorova Nadia , Giannakopoulou Tatiana , Trapalis Christos
Published: April 2010

The work describes a study of the oxidation power of N-doped and undoped anatase TiO2, as well as TiO2 Degussa P25 suspensions for photocatalytic degradation of the herbicides RS-2-(4-chloro-o-tolyloxy)propionic acid (mecoprop) and 3,6-dichloro-pyridine-2-carboxylic acid (clopyralid) using visible and UV light. Undoped nanostructured TiO2 powder in the form of anatase was prepared by a sol-gel route. The synthesized TiO2, as well as TiO2 Degussa P25 powder, were modified with urea to introduce nitrogen into the structure. N-doped TiO2 appeared to be somewhat more efficient than the starting TiO2 (anatase) powder when visible light was used for mecoprop degradation. N-doped TiO2 Degussa P25 was also slightly more efficient than TiO2 Degussa P25. However, under the same experimental conditions, no degradation of clopyralid was observed in the presence of any of the mentioned catalysts. When the kinetics of mecoprop degradation was studied using UV light, more efficient were the undoped powders, while in the case of clopyralid, N-doped TiO2 Degussa P25 powder was most efficient, which is probably a consequence of the difference in the molecular structure of the two herbicides.
Diclofenac Salts. V. Examples of Polymorphism among Diclofenac Salts with Alkyl-hydroxy Amines Studied by DSC and HSM
Authors: Fini Adamo , Cavallari Cristina , Ospitali Francesca
Published: April 2010

Nine diclofenac salts prepared with alkyl-hydroxy amines were analyzed for their properties to form polymorphs by DSC and HSM techniques. Thermograms of the forms prepared from water or acetone are different in most cases, suggesting frequent examples of polymorphism among these salts. Polymorph transition can be better highlighted when analysis is carried out by thermo-microscopy, which in most cases made it possible to observe the processes of melting of the metastable form and re-crystallization of the stable one. Solubility values were qualitatively related to the crystal structure of the salts and the molecular structure of the cation.
CMOS-Integrated Film Bulk Acoustic Resonators for Label-Free Biosensing
Authors: Nirschl Martin , Rantala Arto , Tukkiniemi Kari , Auer Sanna , Hellgren Ann-Charlotte , Pitzer Dana , Schreiter Matthias , Vikholm-Lundin Inger
Published: April 2010

The throughput is an important parameter for label-free biosensors. Acoustic resonators like the quartz crystal microbalance have a low throughput because the number of sensors which can be used at the same time is limited. Here we present an array of 64 CMOS-integrated film bulk acoustic resonators. We compare the performance with surface plasmon resonance and the quartz crystal microbalance and demonstrate the performance of the sensor for multiplexed detection of DNA.
Patterns and causes of incongruence between plastid and nuclear Senecioneae (Asteraceae) phylogenies
Authors: Pelser Pieter B. , Kennedy Aaron H. , Tepe Eric J. , Shidler Jacob B. , Nordenstam Bertil , Kadereit Joachim W. , Watson Linda E.
Published: April 2010

One of the longstanding questions in phylogenetic systematics is how to address incongruence among phylogenies obtained from multiple markers and how to determine the causes. This study presents a detailed analysis of incongruent patterns between plastid and ITS/ETS phylogenies of Tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae). This approach revealed widespread and strongly supported incongruence, which complicates conclusions about evolutionary relationships at all taxonomic levels. The patterns of incongruence that were resolved suggest that incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) and/or ancient hybridization are the most likely explanations. These phenomena are, however, extremely difficult to distinguish because they may result in similar phylogenetic patterns. We present a novel approach to evaluate whether ILS can be excluded as an explanation for incongruent patterns. This coalescence‐based method uses molecular dating estimates of the duration of the putative ILS events to determine if invoking ILS as an explanation for incongruence would require unrealistically high effective population sizes. For four of the incongruent patterns identified within the Senecioneae, this approach indicates that ILS cannot be invoked to explain the observed incongruence. Alternatively, these patterns are more realistically explained by ancient hybridization events.
L'élève sujet dans les textes prescripteurs de l'école primaire
Authors: Bishop Marie-France
Published: April 2010

Cet article se propose, à partir de la lecture des textes officiels de français depuis 1882, de déterminer les différents types d?élève-sujet que les discours prescripteurs instituent. Il apparait que selon les finalités assignées à l'enseignement de l'écriture, cette notion varie. La 3 e République semble instituer un élève sujet moral et civique qu?il faut éduquer pour ses futures fonctions sociales, civiques et humaines. La rédaction fournit un exemple de cette éducation morale. La situation se modifie au tournant des années 1960, lorsque le modèle des pédagogies nouvelles est repris. L?élève est appréhendé comme un individu, dont on favorise l'expression spontanée. L?éducation n?est plus autoritaire, au contraire, elle veut contribuer à l'épanouissement de la personne. Le dernier modèle est celui que nous connaissons actuellement. Plus complexe, il repose à la fois sur la notion de sujet acteur de ses apprentissages et sur celle d?individu détenteur d?un parcours intellectuel particulier.
Le sujet- « je » dans l'écrit universitaire aux Etats-Unis : le débat « expressiviste »
Authors: Donahue Christiane
Published: April 2010

Dans le contexte particulier de l’enseignement de l’écriture universitaire aux États-Unis, plusieurs manières d’utiliser la première personne dans les écrits coexistent. Cet usage du « je », souvent défendu avant l’université est alors permis dans les cours d’initiation à l’écriture universitaire en première année, mais il se trouve de nouveau proscrit dans les cours disciplinaires des années suivantes. Pour les spécialistes de la théorie de la composition, la présence du « je » dans les textes d’étudiants est liée aux débats entre les « expressivistes » et ceux qui cherchent à étudier l’étudiant-écrivain comme celui qu’on initie à l’écriture académique-universitaire. Une fausse dichotomie s’ensuit, entre le « je »-toujours-personnel et l’écriture académique supposée effacer le « je ». En même temps, les spécialistes de l’écriture en première année s’opposent à l’expertise des membres des diverses disciplines. La façon dont le « je »-grammatical représente un « soi » est au cœur de ces débats, sans mettre en question cette relation, qui est loin d’être automatique.
L'enseignement des langues d'origine, à quelles conditions ?
Authors: Lucchini Silvia
Published: April 2010

Les raisons évoquées par les partisans et les opposants des cours de langues et cultures d’origine (LCO) mettent en avant des avantages espérés ou des craintes d’effets négatifs, sur le fond d’une vision politique implicite ou explicite quant à l’intérêt d’une société multilingue et multiculturelle. Entre les attentes ou les craintes et les effets escomptés, il existe toutefois un espace où prennent place les objectifs assignés à ces cours, le plurilinguisme particulier qui caractérise la population d’origine immigrée, et l’articulation entre les deux. Cet article souhaite approfondir les conditions de réalisation des objectifs fixés par l’enseignement des LCO compte tenu de la spécificité sociolinguistique de l’immigration, en Belgique francophone en particulier.