bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient washing of milking units
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, FILONOV ROMAN F.
Published: February 2024

The cleaning and disinfection of milking equipment are extremely important for obtaining high-quality milk. When washing the milking system, the most problematic, costly, and time-consuming operation is to flush teat cups. To optimize the process, the authors carried out analytical studies of air-hydraulic mixture velocity in the teat cup. They have developed a washing device for milking unit, including a feeding system of collector type for distribution of a washing solution into four cone-shaped rotating nozzles with mechanically active surface of arbitrary rotation. The uniform and volumetric supply of the washing liquid to the contaminated surface of the teat cup rubber is carried out through the cone-shaped nozzles. On their surface, there are jet atomizers and bristles providing friction washing. The collector platform with nozzles allows teat cups to be connected without disassembling the milking unit. With the help of an electronic pulsator and a one-way valve mechanism it is possible to simultaneously wash milk hoses and the collector of the milking unit in a non-disassembling way. Increasing the intensity of impact on the inner walls of the teat cup rubber, filling the suckling chamber of the teat cups with washing liquid and reducing the washing time with localizing the milking unit washing circulation. In addition, it significantly accelerates the disinfection of milking machines, reduces the washing time at least twice and reduces the consumption of detergents, proportional to the reduction of washing time, while washing the milking unit.
Influence of various types of drying on the germination and physico-mechanical properties of pea seeds
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, Martekha A.N. 
Published: February 2024

Seed drying affects the quality of seed material. To select a suitable drying method for green peas, the authors studied the effect of convective and vacuum drying, as well as a combination of drying and preliminary microwave treatment of seeds on the germination and physic-mechanical properties of peas. The temperature of convective drying in an oven ranged between 65 and 70°C, vacuum drying in a vacuum rotary dryer was carried out at the same temperature and a pressure of 0.9 MPa. Preliminary microwave treatment of seeds was carried out at an electromagnetic field frequency of 900 MHz and pulsed radiation lasting for 60 s. Peas frozen at -20°C and pre-blanched were tested as a fresh sample. The mechanical properties of freshly defrosted and dried peas were measured using a texture analyzer, Structometer ST-2. The color of pea grains was measured with a three-filter colorimeter KFK-2. The completely dry product was obtained after 24 hours of processing for both drying methods. As a result of drying, the geometric and arithmetic diameter of pea grains decreased by 21 to 23%. During convective drying, the loss of sphericity in peas was observed in 4 to 5% of the grains. During vacuum drying, as contrasted to convective drying, a statistically significant decrease in the density of pea grains by 6 to 7% and load by 50 to 70% was observed. Microwave treatment of seeds, especially in combination with convective drying, has a statistically significant effect on the mechanical properties and internal texture of peas. Vacuum drying, unlike microwave processing and convective drying, does not affect the seed color. Vacuum drying with preliminary microwave treatment ensured the highest germination of pea seeds of 95 to 97%. The greatest efficiency of vacuum drying with preliminary microwave treatment of green peas makes this type of drying a good option for harvesting and processing legumes.
Study of a computer model of the influence of structural elements and grain moisture on the Q-factor of the microwave-convective zone
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, Vasiliev A.A.
Published: February 2024

Grain drying after harvesting is often carried out in convective grain dryers with microwave exposure. When designing microwave devices with resonators strive to achieve the maximum efficiency (Q-factor) of microwave convection zones. Due to the lack of studies on the influence of grain humidity and elements located in the microwave convective zone on its Q-factor, the authors investigated these dependences on a computer model. Using the CST Microwave Studio 2019 software, the authors obtained the data on the change in the Q-factor of the resonators. Time Domain Solver methods were used to perform the calculation of the microwave active zone in a wide range of frequencies, and Eigenmode Solver methods - to find the eigenmodes (natural modes) of resonant structures. Computer modeling was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the authors evaluated the influence on the Q-factor value of the placement in the microwave convective zone of the waveguides. At the second stage, the authors analyzed the change in the Q-factor of microwave convective zone with waveguides and grain of different moisture content (14, 24, and 26%). The study established significant dependence of the Q-factor of the grain processing zone on the design features and placement of technological elements in it, as well as on the humidity of the processed grain and its temperature. The authors recommended that when designing microwave convective zone for technological processes, the goal should be not to achieve the maximum Q-factor, but to ensure uniform distribution of the microwave field in the active zone.
Design of an Androıid Application for Autonomous Control of Mobile Robot
Authors: TOP Ahmet , GÖKBULUT Muammer
Published: February 2024

In the present study, a mobile application for Android is designed to provide the reference values required for the autonomous control of mobile robots designed to be used in different areas and to collect robot information. With this application, robot control parameters can be provided with any Android device without the need for additional hardware or a computer for robot control. In addition to manual control, the application offers an interface for autonomous control and three coordinate points can be sent to the robot so that the robot can go to the desired locations. Additionally, as the robot begins to move, immediate data may be received on the Android device via Bluetooth, and the robot's instant position is displayed coordinate plane on the device screen. in order to demonstrate the efficacy of the study, The autonomous control of a mobile robot, whose design and prototype are carried out, was performed per the references received by the Android application. At the same time, the instant information about the robot was collected on the Android device with the same application with the Excel file extension, transferred to the computer by mail, and the graphs of the data were drawn. The study has shown that not only manual but also autonomous control of robots can be performed via Android devices.
Fındık küspesi ve kahve atığından aktif karbon üretimi ve karakterizasyonu
Authors: YILDIZ Derya
Published: February 2024

Aktif karbon, çok geniş kullanım alanına sahip, gözenekli karbonlu bir malzemedir. Doğal ve tarımsal kaynaklardan elde edilen aktif karbonlar daha düşük maliyetli ve sürdürülebilirdir. Bu nedenle biyokütleden sentezlenen aktif karbonlar üzerine yapılan çalışmalar artmıştır. Bu çalışmada, fındık küspesi ve atık kahve telvesi gibi atık olarak nitelendirilen kaynakların aktif karbon olarak değerlendirilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Fındık küspesi ve kahve atığından, ZnCl2 kimyasal aktivasyonu ile 2:1, 3:1 emdirme oranlarında ve 400°C, 500°C, 600°C karbonizasyon sıcaklıklarında aktif karbon üretilmiştir. Aktif karbonların yüzey özelliklerini belirlemek üzere BET, SEM-EDS ve FTIR analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fındık küspesinden elde edilen aktif karbonlarda en yüksek yüzey alanı 846 m2/g olarak 3:1 emdirme oranında ve 500°C sıcaklıkta elde edilmiştir. Atık kahveden elde edilen aktif karbonlarda ise en yüksek yüzey alanı 747.5 m2/g olarak 3:1 emdirme oranında ve 500 °C sıcaklıkta elde edilmiştir.
Bursting pressure estimation for pipeline containing crack-like flaws using a neural network model
Authors: Варшицкий Виктор Миронович , Козырев Олег Александрович , Фигаров Эльдар Намикович
Published: February 2024

В настоящее время для прогноза величины давления разрушения трубопроводов с дефектами получают широкое распространение подходы, основанные на использовании искусственных нейронных сетей (ИНС). В статье представлен алгоритм и результаты прогнозирования разрушающего давления трубопровода с поверхностным продольным трещиноподобным дефектом на основе применения ИНС. Для автоматизации алгоритма рассматриваются возможности использования готового промышленного программного комплекса нейросетевого моделирования. В качестве исходных данных принимаются результаты натурных испытаний образцов труб с трещиноподобными дефектами, нагружаемых внутренним давлением до разрушения. Представлены основные аспекты обучения ИНС. Показаны преимущества и недостатки прогнозирования с применением ИНС по сравнению с расчетными критериями. Отмечается, что существующие расчетные критерии определения величины разрушающего давления включают размеры дефекта и трубопровода, механические свойства и вязкость материала, но не отражают связь между размером дефекта и напряженным состоянием в дефектной зоне. Применение ИНС позволяет учитывать влияние скрытых зависимостей между размерами дефекта и напряженным состоянием в зоне дефекта на прогноз разрушающих напряжений. По результатам тестирования нейросетевой модели установлено, что разброс значений при прогнозировании давления разрушения с использованием ИНС существенно меньше, чем в случае использования расчетного критерия.

Currently, approaches based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are commonly used to predict the bursting pressure value for flawed pipelines. The paper presents an algorithm and results of bursting pressure prediction for a pipeline containing longitudinal surface crack-like flaw based on the use of ANNs. To automate the algorithm, the potential for use of the off-the-shelf neural network modeling software package is considered. The results of in-situ tests of pipe samples with crack-like defects exposed to internal pressure until bursting failure are taken as input data. The main aspects of ANN training are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of ANN-based prediction compared to use of predictive criteria are shown. It is noted that the existing predictive criteria for determining the burst pressure value include the flaw and pipeline dimensions, material mechanical properties and toughness, but do not take into account the relationship between the flaw size and the flaw area stress state. The ANN application allows to consider the effects of hidden relationships between the flaw size and the flaw area stress state on the bursting failure stress prediction. Based on the neural network model testing results, it is found that the ANN-based burst pressure prediction data scattering is considerably narrower than that for predictive criterion.
Phase decomposition method in solving problems of pipeline integrity monitoring
Authors: Сунцов Андрей Евгениевич , Коршунов Сергей Александрович
Published: February 2024

Рассматривается проблема идентификации сигналов утечек малой интенсивности (менее 5 м3/ч). Энергия таких сигналов в стационарном режиме работы магистрального трубопровода может быть в несколько раз меньше энергии шума. Соответственно, анализ сигналов утечек малой интенсивности требует применения специальных методов подавления шума и выделения полезного сигнала (повышения соотношения сигнал/шум). При исследованиях событий на защищаемом участке трубы решается задача выделения сигналов утечки, идущих изнутри участка. Для этой цели предложен метод фазовой декомпозиции, который позволяет отделить сигналы, идущие изнутри защищаемого участка трубы, заключенного между двумя парами гидрофонов, от сигналов приходящих извне этого интервала. Дальнейшему анализу подвергаются временные ряды, очищенные от шумов и сигналов, приходящих извне защищаемого участка. Таким образом, в результате использования метода фазовой декомпозиции соотношение сигнал/шум увеличивается. Приведен аналитический вывод метода, который выполняется в пространстве Фурье. Продемонстрированы результаты его применения к реальным данным гидрофонов на участке магистрального трубопровода. Показана эффективность метода: соотношение сигнал/шум увеличивается почти в 20 раз, что достаточно для явного выделения сигналов утечек интенсивностью 1 м3/ч и более в условиях стационарного режима.

The problem of identifying low-intensity leakage signals (less than 5 m3/h) is considered. The energy of such signals in the stationary mode of operation of the main pipeline can be several times less than the noise energy. Accordingly, the analysis of low-intensity leakage signals requires special methods of noise suppression and separation of the useful signal (increasing the signal-to-noise ratio). When investigating events on the protected section of the pipe, the problem of separating the leakage signals coming from inside the section is solved. For this purpose, the method of phase decomposition is proposed, which allows separating the signals coming from inside the protected section of the pipe from the signals coming from outside this interval. The time series, cleared of noise and signals coming from outside the protected area, is subjected to further analysis. Thus, the signal-to-noise ratio increases as a result of using the phase decomposition method. The analytical derivation of the method, which is performed in Fourier domain, is given. The results of its application to real data are demonstrated. The effectiveness of the method was shown: the signal-to-noise ratio increases almost 20-fold. Keywords: acoustic signal, signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, signal decomposition, hydrophones, oil leakage, leak detection, leak detection system
Improvement of manufacturability of leaf litter-based sorption products for water surface oil spills containment and elimination
Authors: Алексеева Анна Александровна , Степанова Светлана Владимировна
Published: February 2024

Сорбционная очистка является одним из наиболее безопасных и доступных методов ликвидации аварийных нефтеразливов. В качестве фильтрующей загрузки в настоящее время активно используются природные полимеры и другие гидрофобные материалы со специальными свойствами, при этом сорбенты на основе растительных отходов рассматриваются как наиболее перспективные для применения. Целью настоящей работы является исследование технологических критериев применения листового опада в качестве нефтесорбента при локализации и ликвидации разливов нефти в акваториях. Проведена оценка адсорбционной способности листового опада. По результатам исследования эффективности сорбционной очитки определены размеры фракций листового опада, рекомендуемые для изготовления сорбирующих изделий. Показано, что цилиндрические боны, заполненные сорбентом на основе листового опада с размером фракции 5–15 мм и плотностью загрузки 0,122 г/см3, эффективны для локализации нефтяных пятен при толщине пленки от 1,5 до 2,5 мм и времени контактирования с нефтью до 90 минут. Представлена принципиальная технологическая схема изготовления нефтесорбента и сорбционного изделия с учетом исключения вторичного загрязнения воды. Проведена оценка соответствия разработки основным критериям наилучших доступных технологий.

Sorption purification is one of the safest and most available methods for emergency oil spill elimination. Currently, natural polymers and other hydrophobic materials with special properties are widely used as filter media, and vegetation waste-based sorbents are considered to be the most promising for this application. The purpose of this study is to investigate the process criteria for the use of leaf litter as oil sorbent in the water area oil spill containment and elimination. Leaf litter adsorption capacity was evaluated. Based on the sorption purification performance investigation results, leaf litter sizes recommended for the sorbent products manufacture were determined. It is shown that cylindrical booms filled with the leaf litter-based sorbent of 5–15 mm in size with packing density of 0.122 g/cm3are efficient for containment of oil slicks with film thickness from 1.5 to 2.5 mm and oil contact time of up to 90 minutes. The process flow schematic for oil sorbent and sorbent product manufacture is presented taking into account the secondary water contamination prevention. The developed process is assessed for compliance with the basic criteria of the best available technologies.
Макроміцети Національного природного парку «Гуцульщина» та їх антибактеріальні властивості
Authors: Пасайлюк Марія , Пліхтяк Леся
Published: February 2024

The ability of ethanol extracts of 20 species of macromycetes to inhibit the growth of bacterial cultures was studied. Their influence on indicators of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in relation to three types of test cultures of microorganisms was established. Extracts of Cantharellus cibarius, Grifola frondosa Laetiporus sulphureus, Leccinum scabrum, Mycena leptocephala, Russula rosea, Strobilomyces strobilaceus showed the largest diameters of growth retardation of microorganisms of test cultures. The ability to counteract bacteria is a species-specific feature and does not depend on the trophic timing of macromycetes, the same applies to the ability to suppress the catalase activity of microorganisms. Extracts of macromycetes, which provoked inhibition of the growth of cultures, led to changes in the SOD activity of the studied bacteria: during incubation of M. luteus culture with mushroom extracts, which showed an inhibitory effect on the growth of microorganisms with a diameter of 8-12 mm, superoxide dismutase activity increased 2-3 times, during incubation of M. luteus bacteria with extracts that inhibited growth with a diameter greater than 12 mm, the enzymatic activity increased 8-10 times. The SOD activity of B. spizizeni increased by 40-80% at the 24th hour of the experiment with extracts, the use of which is accompanied by the formation of a 10 mm zone of growth inhibition, but already after 48 hours of the experiment, the indicators of the SOD activity of B. spizizeni decreased to the control values. SOD activity of E. coli increased on the 24th hour of the experiment by 1.4-1.6 times relative to the control values, even with the use of extracts that provoked inhibition of the growth of cultures with a diameter of 8 mm and remained high on the 48th hour of the experiment (in 1.2-1.3 times).
Review of New Directions in Second Language Pragmatics
Authors: Li Xi , Yang Liu , Huang Qiao
Published: February 2024

The volume is edited in honor of Andrew D. Cohen, who is a preeminent and leading scholar in applied linguistics and has made great contributions to pragmatics in second language contexts. In particular, chapters in this volume address Cohen’s legacy in L2 pragmatics (second language pragmatics) in his seminal work (Cohen and Olshtain 1981), including learning, teaching, and assessing. More importantly, as the title of the volume indicates, new directions are presented, which is achieved not by simple application of Cohen’s idea, but by critical refinement. It is the latter that deserves scholars’ attention.
Análisis de Flujo AC Aplicados a un Sistema Eléctrico de Potencia
Authors: Torres Romero Alexander Emanuel , Cárdenas Villacres David Humberto , Salas Ibarra Raquel de los Angeles
Published: February 2024

En la actualidad, la carrera de Ingeniería Eléctrica en la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, sede Guayaquil campus Centenario, se enfrenta a limitaciones de recursos para enseñar el análisis de corriente alterna en Sistemas Eléctricos de Potencia. Este proyecto tiene como objetivo principal proponer y validar prácticas de laboratorio que permitan analizar la corriente alterna en estos sistemas. Se busca desarrollar una metodología de investigación experimental y cuantitativa. En el segundo capítulo, se describe detalladamente el marco teórico del sistema eléctrico, las ecuaciones de flujo de potencia y métodos analíticos como Gauss-Seidel y Newton-Raphson. El tercer capítulo involucra la construcción de un módulo y programación usando herramientas como Matlab, Simulink, Arduino y el ACS712. Este módulo simula y analiza la corriente alterna en el Sistema Eléctrico de Potencia. En el cuarto capítulo, presentamos los resultados de las prácticas, comparando valores teóricos y prácticos.
Modelación de un Muro y Losa de Reacción para Ensayos Cuasi-estáticos, Aplicando el Método de Elementos Finitos.
Authors: Morillo Valencia Andreina Rosa , Toapanta León Carla Fernanda , Díaz Mendoza Sigifredo Décimo , Arévalo Chafuel Diego Armando , Herrera Quishpe Melisa Natalia , Gómez Soto Christian Michael
Published: February 2024

Para realizar ensayos cuasi-estáticos en elementos estructurales se utilizan sistemas de reacción conformados por losas y muros. La presente investigación permitió conocer el estado actual de una estructura con un sistema de reacción compuesto por una losa y un muro en forma de “L”. Se emplearon programas computacionales para su revisión y las características mecánicas de los materiales colocados en el modelo matemático fueron obtenidos a través de ensayos experimentales. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que la capacidad actual de la estructura es mayor a la demanda, adicionalmente para el sistema de reacción se determinó la carga máxima que resiste. A partir de la verificación de la estructura existente se propone el diseño de la ampliación del muro de reacción con una capacidad máxima de 490 [kN] y de la infraestructura del CIV con un área aproximada de 400[m²], lo cual generará un aporte científico al servicio de la sociedad.
Comentario a la Situación Actual sobre las Lesiones por Accidentes de Trabajo en el Sector de la Construcción del Ecuador
Authors: Gómez García Antonio Ramón
Published: February 2024

Comentarario acerca del artículo “Accidentabilidad laboral en el sector de la construcción: Ecuador, período 2016-2019”, publicado en el volumen 4 del número 2 en la Revista INGENIO.
Estudio sobre los Estándares de Ruido Aceptables para Motocicletas, de Acuerdo con el Reglamento Técnico Ecuatoriano INEN 136 (1R), Evaluados a Través de Pruebas Dinámicas y Estáticas
Authors: Puente Moromenacho Edwin Giovanny , Moreno Guamán Gladys Yolanda , Noroña Merchán Marco Vinicio , Cruz Mangui Mayra Cecilia
Published: February 2024

En el año 2020 el Ecuador y el mundo entero se vio afectado por la más grande crisis sanitaria de los últimos tiempos. El covid 19 obligó a muchos de los ecuatorianos a buscar nuevas fuentes de ingresos, y encontraron en las motocicletas la posibilidad de hacerlo ya que las entregas con servicios a domicilio fue una modalidad que adaptaron muchísimos negocios. Este aumento de motocicletas trae consigo que aumente la contaminación, proveniente del ruido que estas producen. Es por esto que nos planteamos la incógnita de si en este crecimiento fuera de la tendencia que tuvo la venta de motocicletas se siguieron cumpliendo las normas y límites máximos de ruido que se permite a las motocicletas producir al circular en nuestro país. Para esto adoptamos el papel de laboratorio acreditado y realizamos los ensayos estáticos y dinámicos, siguiendo los procedimientos de la Directiva Europea 78/1015/CEE, a una muestra de cinco motocicletas para comprobar si cumplían o no con la norma INEN RTE 136 Motocicletas, que es en donde se exponen los valores máximos que pueden emitir por categoría de cilindrada. Con los resultados obtenidos fuimos capaces de concluir y hacer ciertas recomendaciones.
Insights and Challenges for the Development of Mosquito Control Action Thresholds Using Historical Mosquito Surveillance and Climate Datasets
Authors: Steck Madeline R. , Arheart Kristopher L. , Xue Rui-De , Aryaprema Vindhya S. , PEPER Steve T. , Qualls Whitney A.
Published: February 2024

Strategies to advance action threshold development can benefit both civilian and military vector control operations. The Anastasia Mosquito Control District (AMCD) has curated an extensive record database of surveillance programs and operational control activities in St. Johns County, Florida, since 2004. A thorough exploratory data analysis was performed on historical mosquito surveillance and county-wide climate data to identify climate predictors that could be used in constructing proactive threshold models for initiating control of Aedes, Culex, and Anopheles vector mosquitoes. Species counts pulled from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light trap (2004–2019) and BG trap (2014–2019) collection records and climate parameters of temperature (minimum, maximum, average), rainfall, and relative humidity were used in two iterations of generalized linear models. Climate readings were incorporated into models 1) in the form of continuous measurements, or 2) for categorization into number of “hot,” “wet,” or “humid” days by exceedance of selected biological index threshold values. Models were validated with tests of residual error, comparison of model effects, and predictive capability on testing data from the two recent surveillance seasons 2020 and 2021. Two iterations of negative binomial regression models were constructed for 6 species groups: container Aedes (Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus), standing water Culex (Cx. nigripalpus, Cx. quinquefasciatus), floodwater Aedes (Ae. atlanticus, Ae. infirmatus), salt-marsh Aedes (Ae. taeniorhyncus, Ae. sollicitans), swamp water Anopheles (An. crucians), and a combined Total Mosquitoes group. Final significant climate predictors varied substantially between species groups. Validation of models with testing data displayed limited predictive abilities of both model iterations. The most significant climate predictors for floodwater Aedes, the dominant and operationally influential species group in the county, were either total precipitation or frequency of precipitation events (number of “wet” days) at two to four weeks before trap collection week. Challenges hindering the construction of threshold models were discussed. Insights gained from these models provide initial feedback for streamlining the AMCD mosquito control program and analytical recommendations for future modelling efforts of interested mosquito control programs, in addition to generalized guidance for deployed armed forces personnel with needs of mosquito control but lacking active surveillance programs.
“A Subject of Four Notes”
Authors: Renwick William
Published: February 2024

This paper discusses the circumstances that drew

William Crotch into a highly specific and systematic

compositional procedure, and describes how the severe material

and procedural restrictions of his Introduction and Fugue on a

Subject of Four Notes, no others being used all thro' the

movement (ca. 1830) nevertheless permit the creation of a

successful musical work on both intellectual and artistic

scales. The analytical focus of the article is the manner in

which Crotch establishes and deploys a varied content through a

coherent and developmental design despite the self-imposed

limitations.
Modifying Interval-Class Vectors of Large Collections to Reflect Registral Proximity Among Pitches
Authors: Robison Brian
Published: February 2024

The twelve-tone operations of transposition and

inversion reduce all 12-note collections to one set-class,

all 11-note collections to one set-class, and all ten-note

collections to one of six set-classes. Yet throughout this

century, composers have organized large collections in

different ways to produce distinctly characteristic

intervallic content. I propose here a modified version of

Allen Forte’s interval-class vector to preserve some

indication of registral proximity among pitches, assigning

fractional counts to intervals greater than six semitones

in order to derive interval-class vectors which distinguish

different sets of a given set-class.
Destructuring Cartesian Dualism in Musical Analysis
Authors: Covach John
Published: February 2024

The following study represents work-in-progress. In

this preliminary study I will explore the topic of subject-object

dualism as it arises in musical analysis. My work is strongly

influenced by Martin Heidegger’s “fundamental ontology,” which he

presents in his important philosophical work, Being and Time

[1927]. I will argue that Heidegger’s critique of Rene Descartes’

systematic reduction of intellectual certainty to a fundamental “first

fact of knowledge”—the famous cogito, ergo sum—offers us a

useful guide in the consideration of dualism as it occurs in musical

analysis. Heidegger’s notion of destructuring (Destruktion) will

prove to be especially valuable in investigating this problem. The

exploration of subject-object dualism will then lead to consideration

of musical understanding and musical meaning, and concepts derived

from the writings of Heidegger and Hans-Georg Gadamer will be

employed as I suggest a number of preliminary solutions to problems

that will arise in the discussion of these issues.
Bloom, Post-Structuralism(s), and Music Theory
Authors: Krims Adam
Published: February 2024

A number of music scholars have adapted
the work of literary theorist Harold Bloom for
their own use. This article examens Bloom’s
relation to post-structuralist critical theory in
general, and then considers how music-theoretical
adaption may slant that relation. It concludes by
asserting that music scholarship tends to
emphasize the more traditional aspects of Bloom’s
work. This, in turn, may allow music theorists to
believe we are engaging the challenges of recent
critical theory, when in fact we are reinforcing
mainstream music-theoretical ideologies.
Dissonance and Schumann’s Reckless Counterpoint
Authors: Alphonce Bo H.
Published: February 2024

Work in progress about linearity in early romantic music. The essay discusses non-traditional dissonance

treatment in some contrapuntal passages from Schumann’s Kreisleriana, opus 16, and his Grande Sonate F minor,

opus 14, in particular some that involve a wedge-shaped linear motion or a rhythmic shift of one line relative to the harmonic progression.
From Similarity to Distance; From Simplicity to Complexity; From Pitches to Intervals; From Description to Causal Explanation
Authors: Rahn Jay
Published: February 2024

Words and phrases specifying similarity and

distance abound in musical discourse. This essay explores

such pitch-predicates as “matches”, “is in the vicinity of”, and

“is closer to . . . than to”. Sought here are ways in which pitch

and pitch-interval predicates might be inter-connected logically.

Within a nominalist framework, an orderly progression from pitch-

to pitch-interval-predicates can be proven and interpreted

in terms of simplicity. Also indicated are connections

between the present formulation and issues of (i) dimension-

ality and explanation in psychoacoustics, Gestalt psychology,

and behaviorism, and (ii) nominalism and the “numerological

fallacy” in music theory.
The Tristan Chord in Historical Context
Authors: Rothstein William
Published: February 2024

John Rothgeb’s analysis of the “Tristan chord” engages a

large intertextual network, stretching back to the Baroque and

centering on recitative. Examples of a specific figure of recitative,

usually associated with the asking of a question, are presented and

analyzed. Examples include passages in Wagner's operas before

Tristan.
Theories of Categorization and Theories of Music
Authors: Zbikowski Lawrence
Published: February 2024

Processes of categorization are known to be fundamental to

human cognitive processing. This essay reviews the characteristics of

two types of categories that give rise to conceptual representations.

One type, which has been demonstrated to have a graded structure, is

then used to model dynamic processes for thematic materials in the

first movement of Bruckner’s Sixth Symphony.
Schenker’s Value-Judgments
Authors: Pastille William
Published: February 2024

Examination of several key conceptions of Schenker’s musical philosophy reveals the rationale for his belief that analysis provides a basis for value-judgment in music.
Re
Authors: Rothgeb John
Published: February 2024

A recent article by Eytan Agmon proposes a modified version of the theory of harmonic functions promulgated by Hugo Riemann. It is argued here that the proposed theory is superfluous unless the Schenkerian conception of scale degree is trivialized beyond recognition, and that (in any case) the reduction of seven independent scale degrees to only three categories cannot be reconciled with certain palpable musical effects.
Review of Leslie C. Dunn and Nancy A. Jones eds., Embodied Voices: Representing Female Vocality in Western Culture (Cambridge University Press, 1994)
Authors: Lochhead Judy
Published: February 2024

Review of Embodied Voices: Representing female vocality

in western culture edited by Leslie C. Dunn and Nancy A. Jones.

The review discusses the concept of embodiment that underlies the fourteen essays by various authors in this collection and briefly

summarizes two of the essays to show how the concept is variously

manifested. The review concludes by suggesting why the concept

of embodiment is useful to scholars of music.
The Aims of Music Theory and Neurath’s Boat
Authors: Mailman Josh
Published: February 2024

In this commentary, I will first clear the air of a

criticism Walker has made of Brown’s “Adrift on Neurath’s Boat.” Secondly, I will look at what issues arise when naturalizing music theory, by allowing revisions. Thirdly, I will critically address two proposals made by Brown regarding testing theories and the connection between aesthetic and nonaesthetic properties. Finally, I will

consider the ramifications of Brown and Dempster’s scientific model of

music theory and discuss alternatives to this model.
Josquin’s Ave Maria: Musica Ficta versus Mode
Authors: Wibberley Roger
Published: February 2024

Performers and editors of early music have always been conscious of the need to provide accidental inflections not present in the sources themselves. In reviewing some of the work of recent scholars within the context of the writings of established Medieval and Renaissance theorists, I try to explore a way of resolving what seems to be an incompatibility between our own understanding of consonance and interval, and the Renaissance theorists’ understanding and evaluation of mode.
Toward a Unified Theory of the Arts
Authors: Grauer Victor
Published: February 2024

My essay, "Toward a Unified Theory of the Arts," originally published in the journal Semiotica (see details below), outlines the essential ingredients of a theory intended ultimately to encompass all art forms, traditional and modern, western and non-western, within the purview of an approach to semiotics which also does justice to aesthetic (not "aesthetics") as a fully independent "logic" of sensory experience. For practical purposes, I have confined myself to two areas only: the pictorial arts and music. The theory is divided into two opposed but complementary sets of principles, the first concerned with the unifying syntactic or "positive" field of traditionally conceived semiosis, the second with the disjunctive "antactic" or "negative" field established in certain works of modernist art and music which disrupt semiosis. In order to clarify, for the readers of this journal, the relation of my ideas to certain issues in the theory of music, I have added a Preface and Postscript.
Intonational Injustice
Authors: Walker Jonathan
Published: February 2024

Just intonation is commonly dismissed as an impractical, utopian system which could not have had any role to play in the performance of Renaissance vocal polyphony. In the present essay, I attempt to refute this item of received wisdom by providing a theoretical model of a practicable just intonation system, a model which overcomes many of the traditional objections through its flexibility and pragmatism . I argue that other objections result from the inappropriate imposition of a keyboard-based model of pitch on a vocal repertoire. The second section of the essay is devoted to an historical consideration of the counter-claims of Pythagoreanism as the correct intonational system for this repertoire; I argue why there is good reason to believe that a gulf developed between intonation as described by most theorists up to the late 15th century, and intonation in compositional and performance practice.
Sociable Musicopoetics in Vijay Iyer and Mike Ladd’s In What Language
Authors: Aaslid Vilde
Published: February 2024

Through an extended analysis of an excerpt from Vijay Iyer and Mike Ladd’s In What Language, this essay engages with the ongoing deepening of the theory of improvised interactivity. Few studies within music research have considered the rich body of works combining music and poetry in improvising contexts. This article advocates for listening to Iyer and Ladd’s co-created work through the lens of sociable musicopoetics, an analytical stance that hears the interactivity in their creative processes. Through analysis and interviews, this article suggests that the sociable musicopoetics framework helps work against the restrictive binaries of music/language and composition/improvisation and enriches the understanding of improvised music and poetry combinations by highlighting the meaningfulness of interaction itself.
Gestural Perspectives on Popular-Music Performance
Authors: Gardner Samuel , Shea Nicholas J.
Published: February 2024

Music theory has grown to encompass various forms of bodily movement in analysis, including instrumental performance, dance studies, and cognition-based methods. In this paper, we demonstrate how observed physical gestures in popular-music performance can foreground the relationship between the music’s surface elements and its structural features. Live performances by Macy Gray, Alex Lifeson, and Sister Rosetta Tharpe offer various interpretations of physical gesture across vocal and guitar performance. Our analyses illustrate how a performer’s physical gestures aid musical understanding for both the audience and the performer, how pronounced fretboard gestures reflect the embodied segmentation of musical phrasing, and how the demands of instrumental and vocal performance create a hierarchy of gestural function that blurs the boundaries between sound production and musical processing. By focusing on physical gestures that might otherwise be overlooked in traditional music-theoretic analysis, we aim to advocate that each physical movement, from subtle to overt, plays a role in the surface-to-structure process. Paying close attention to such gestures can alter how we hear the music by allowing new nuances to enrich the musical performance and its perception.
Returning to the Continuum
Authors: Goldman Andrew
Published: February 2024

Improvisatory musical practices are often characterized as lying on a continuum between complete prior determination and complete in-the-moment novelty. Continua allow music analysts to avoid problematic absolutisms and enrich their comparative analyses, but their construction ultimately relies on typological distinctions. The poles or dimensions of the continuum must be defined, and this is where much of the theoretical work actually lies—including in constructing new typological distinctions. To this end, I discuss and demonstrate how a typological distinction between embodied and propositional improvisation—a distinction primarily motivated by (but not limited to) a performance practice called Live Coding—predicates a music-analytical research program. I show how this typological distinction forms productive connections with cognitive-scientific research that helps refine the distinction and its application to music analysis, and then use it to discuss the relative contributions of typologies versus continua in the analysis of musical improvisation more generally.
Reassessing the Plagal Cadence in Byrd and Morley
Authors: Long Megan Kaes
Published: February 2024

Many sixteenth-century contrapuntal works include prominent “plagal” cadences—phrase- and section-ending passages with bass descent by fourth or ascent by fifth. But these plagal cadences lack the characteristic melodic formulas that were essential for defining other cadences. Accordingly, sixteenth-century theorists mostly declined to describe them, and they remain problematic for contemporary analysts who have not reached consensus on the origins, purpose, or tonal focus of these cadences. This article presents new evidence from the vocal music of William Byrd and the theoretical writings of Thomas Morley of a nascent theory of plagality in late-sixteenth-century England. Morley’s extensive catalog of cadences—famously copied from Tigrini—includes a number of plagal cadences that were not found in his source. Instead, Morley’s supplementary plagal cadences reflect the variety of cadential structures in contemporary practice, as exemplified by the music of Byrd, Morley’s teacher. The article identifies three distinct uses of plagality in Byrd’s corpus: terminal plagal cadences, terminal cadences to the fifth degree, and phrase-bisecting cadences to the fifth degree.
TheTechneof YouTube Performance: Musical Structure, Extended Techniques, and Custom Instruments in Solo Pop Covers
Authors: O’Hara William
Published: February 2024

They begin with a note, a chord, the tap of a button, or the triggering of a loop: through progressively layered textures, samples, and extended performance techniques, many solo performers on YouTube construct their cover songs piece by piece before the viewer’s eyes and ears. Combining virtuosity and novelty in a package ready-made for viral online popularity, this recent and rapidly growing internet phenomenon draws together traditions old and new, from the “one man band” of the nineteenth century, to the experimental live looping of 1980s performance art, to contemporary electronic music. Building on a number of recent studies that examine the affordances and restrictions of writing and performing music on various instruments, this article argues that these YouTube performers use both music-theoretical and instrumental expertise to convey complex textures through a minimal collection of musical materials. Through their sparse, economic construction, these intricate arrangements are each the end product of a careful analysis of each song, and they have much to teach us about the harmonic, melodic, and rhythmic structures of popular music.
Analyzing the Beat in Metrically Consonant Popular Songs
Authors: Geary David
Published: February 2024

The beat is regularly defined as a song’s primary pulse layer and as a requirement for metric formation. Despite the beat’s familiarity, however, its precise characterization and analytical application is inconsistent in scholarship. In this article, I present a new approach to analyze the beat in popular songs with a consonant, clear, and unchanging quadruple simple meter. At bottom, I take the traditional view of the beat as a singular entity and reframe it a multifaceted phenomenon where different aspects of music can simultaneously, and at times variably, create a sense of metric primacy. My analytical system has three parts: the drum pattern layer, the absolute time layer, and the preferred pulse layer. Further, I introduce the term “interpretive flexibility,” a spin on interpretive multiplicity, to refer to metrically consonant popular songs with multiple options for the perceived beat. In the second half of the article, I apply the three-part system and interpretive flexibility to analyze the beat in popular songs with multiple drum feels and layered drum feels. The evolving sense of metric primacy in these songs is experientially engaging, helps express musical form, and parallels extramusical narratives.
Review of Daniel Kazez, Rhythm Reading: Elementary Through Advanced Training (W.W. Norton and Company, 1997)
Authors: Marvin William M.
Published: February 2024

The second edition of Rhythm Reading is a thorough

revision that improves upon its predecessor throughout. The book

contains a variety of exercises and musical examples, and the author

addresses several important notational topics that are neglected in

competitive texts. However, shortcomings in the pedagogy, and a

failure to address several issues of rhythmic performance found in the

standard music literature, limit the usefulness of this text beyond

the introductory stages.
Estimating the Distributional Burden of General Sales Tax in Pakistan
Authors: Iffat Ara
Published: February 2024

Pakistan’s tax regime heavily relies on indirect taxes, constituting 60 percent of total tax receipts, of which general sales tax (GST) is a major component. This paper assessed who bears how much burden of GST levied on domestic production and sales by examining its incidence and distributional burden across household deciles for the year 2018-19. The paper maintained that even if the final product is exempted from tax, it incorporates the impact of taxes levied on intermediate inputs it uses. In order to trace these cascading effects of taxes, the paper used an input-output model-based approach. The results showed that the overall incidence of GST was, on average, 6.7 percent. The distribution of incidence was found to be regressive across the board as well as in rural and urban areas. Analysis by commodity groups indicated that basic food items bore the highest incidence and displayed the highest extent of regressivity across all deciles. This suggests that the poorer segments of society bear a relatively greater burden of GST in Pakistan.
Identification of mutations in the CYP19 gene in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome in Thi-Qar city
Authors: Doaa Hazem Al-Hashimy  , Hassan Ryssan Al-Rikaby  , Inaas Saleh Al-Khayaat
Published: February 2024

This study was conducted to diagnose the possible relationship between genetic variations in the CYP19 gene with the progression of polycystic ovary disease in Thi- Qar city. This study included ten samples, and a genetic fragment with a length of 202 base pairs was amplified in the 3′ untranslatable region (3′UTR) of the CYP19 gene. These samples were subjected to experiments to determine the sequence from both directions of the amplified fragment. Sequence identification experiments found that there was one previously undiagnosed point mutation, g.27933770C>G, while these experiments found that there were two previously known point mutations, that is, previously discovered in the same amplified fragment, namely rs1201251894 and rs1163221780. Of the total of three-point mutations discovered, the current results indicate the presence of two of those point mutations observed in all the study samples, namely the new g.27933770C>G and the previously known rs1201251894, while the mutation rs1163221780 was observed in only three samples, which are samples No. 3 and 5 and 10. As a result, this observation may contribute to revealing a specific intervention of these discovered mutations, or one of them, in the development of polycystic ovary disease in Thi -Qar. This research is the first to describe the presence of an unprecedented point mutation distributed in all samples subject to sequencing experiments for the CYP19 genetic segment in all patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. This study recommends investigating the pattern and mechanisms of this unprecedented mutation in its possible relationship with polycystic ovary syndrome within this geographical region.