bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polarization Issues in Optical Design
Authors: Chipman Russell A.
Published: February 2023

Coatings, crystals, and polarization elements can do remarkable and puzzling things to the image-forming characteristics of optical systems. They contribute to the wavefront aberrations of systems, but also introduce apodization and polarization aberrations, effects not normally calculated by ray tracing.

Coatings, for example, because of their s and p amplitude and phase coefficients, have their own contributions to the aberrations of an optical system. Near their design wavelength and optimal angle of incidence, these coating induced aberrations are usually insignificant, milliwaves of wavefront aberration. Away from their optimal wavelength and angle of incidence range, these aberrations can become significant. Many unexpected phenomena occur including the following: chromatic aberration, apodization, polarization aberration, on-axis astigmatism in radially symmetric systems, and different wavefront aberrations for different incident polarization states. These effects then alter the point spread functions and modulation transfer functions that would be calculated by geometrical optics in the absence of coating effects. The point spread function can have polarization state variations and can be different for different incident polarization states. Birefringent elements, liquid crystals, electro-optical and magneto-optical materials, diffraction gratings, and binary and holographic optical elements all contribute additional polarization effects.
Lens Design Code Standardization
Authors: Griffin DeVon W.
Published: February 2023

Recent work [1,2] has been undertaken to develop standards for MTF calculations. The goal of these efforts was to enable easy comparison of lens systems, without regard to the program performing the analysis. While this is an admirable goal, data from three well-known PC-based lens design codes has indicated that more fundamental issues need to be resolved before proceeding to MTF comparisons. This paper will deal with the effects of variations in pupil location on MTF results by modeling an off-axis system and a wide-angle design. This study is more timely in light of a recent discussion [3] of the impending marriage of ray tracing and photonics design codes. If calculations are based on inconsistent methodologies, inclusion of photonic design parameters will merely heighten confusion.
Guided Tour of Orthogonal Polynomials Used in Optical Design
Authors: Loomis John S.
Published: February 2023

A variety of sets of orthogonal polynomials have been used in the study of optical aberrations, including Zernike polynomials, Chebyshev polynomials, and the Lukosz polynomials. Aberration triangles are often used in categorizing aberrations. This paper will provide an illustrated tour of optical aberrations using diffraction and geometrical point spread images as the landscape. We will show how the different configurations of orthogonal polynomials make natural “tour stops” in a journey through the aberration triangle.
Point Spread Matrices: A Polarization Generalization of the Point Spread Function
Authors: Pezzaniti J. Larry , Chipman Russell A.
Published: February 2023

This paper describes the point spread matrix, a matrix transfer function for relating an object polarization state to the polarization and intensity distribution across its image. Measurements of a point spread matrix of a 4-F optical system with large polarization aberration are presented. Measurements were performed with a Mueller matrix imaging polarimeter.
Caustic as an Expression of the Image Errors of a Lens
Authors: Stavroudis Orestes N.
Published: February 2023

Caustic surfaces can represent the geometrical aberrations of an optical system. Their calculation and plotting is described. Several examples are given. Their possible use as merit functions is discussed.
Attempt to Global Optimization
Authors: Wang Yongtian , Liu Zhenbiao
Published: February 2023

A test program for the global optimization of optical systems is developed. It uses a combination of several algorithms, namely global search, simulated annealing, and damped-least-squares. Different merit functions are used in different calculation stage. Emphasis is placed on the balance of computer time consumption and optimization performance. Results of a test run are presented.
Color Projection Optics: Two Contrasting Designs
Authors: Jeffs Mark
Published: February 2023

Two contrasting projection optics designs are described. The implications of small changes to first-order parameters such as f-number and exit pupil position are illustrated.
Advanced Military and Civil Head-Up Display Optics
Authors: Rogers Philip J.
Published: February 2023

Modern head-up display optics must provide high luminance, wide-angle images while occupying relatively little space. Methods of achieving this desirable combination in military and civil airframes are discussed.
Microscope Objectives: The State of the Art in Design and Production
Authors: Vollrath Wolfgang
Published: February 2023

Specific examples of high performance microscope objectives are used to demonstrate some highlights in design and production with reference to earlier designs.
Optical System Design for Spectrofluorimeter
Authors: Bewsher Amanda , Powell Ian
Published: February 2023

Optics has been designed for a new type of spectrofluorimeter which is capable of analyzing the fluorescence of a sample as a function of wavelength. The optical layout required to interface the major components within the instrument in order that the radiation is channelled as efficiently as possible through the system is described. These components include a xenon arc light source, a polarization chamber, a pair of monochromators, a sample compartment and a detector assembly.
Inter-Amplifier Pupil Relay Systems for a High-Average-Power Dye Laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Authors: Cohen Simon J.
Published: February 2023

The current configuration of inter-amplifier pupil relay systems for our high average power laser are compared and contrasted with previous and alternate families of designs.
Catadioptric Microlithographic Reduction Lenses
Authors: Williamson David M.
Published: February 2023

A review of microlithographic optical design describes the benefits of catadioptric systems. One such system is described that operates without obscuration of field or aperture with a single mirror and beamsplitter.
Ultimate Limits on Performance/Volume Ratio
Authors: Shafer David
Published: February 2023

Several design forms are shown that seem to give the minimum volume, for 3, 5, and 7 elements, to the 1994 IODC design problem, with a volume of 23,000 cubic mm for the best one. If the design constraints are ignored, the ultimate limit found, so far, has just three elements, has diffractive aspheric surfaces and has a volume of about 2500 cubic mm. The right mix of purely refractive power and purely diffractive power is the key to this 70 degree field f/.9 design with no vignetting.
Optical Corrector Design that Allows a Fixed Telescope to Access a Large Region of the Sky
Authors: Borra E. F. , Moretto G. , Wang M.
Published: February 2023

We discuss a family of two-mirror correctors that can greatly extend the field accessible to a fixed telescope. The performance is remarkable giving excellent images in patches contained within a field greater than 45 degrees.
Null Lens Designs and Testing of the Spherical Aberration Compensating Wide Field and Planetary Camera (WF/PC II) Secondaries for the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)
Authors: Thompson Kevin P. , Meckel Julius
Published: February 2023

At the time that the spherical aberration in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) primary mirror was discovered, the optics for the second generation Wide Field and Planetary Cameras (WF/PC II) had been completed. Like the first generation cameras, the second generation camera optics, shown in Fig. 1, which were designed at Jet Propulsion Laboratories (JPL), were each Ritchey-Chretien telescopes (with a MgFl field flattening lens) operating at f/12.9 and f/30 respectively. The planned upgrade in the second generation cameras was the incorporation of higher performance detectors. It was quickly realized at JPL that the primary mirror of the HST is imaged at or near the secondary mirrors in the WF/PC cameras and that by replacing only the secondaries the imagery at the camera focal planes could be restored. The aspheric departure of compensating secondaries is less than 2 fringes P-V. Fig. 2 shows the geometrical ray caustic in the region of the HST Cassegrain focus in the as-designed and on-orbit configurations.
Optical systems of imaging interferometers
Authors: Mingqiu Xue , Bin Xiangli , Baoqing An
Published: February 2023

The throughput and multiplex advantages of FTSs are well known. But the drawbacks of the traditional temporally modulated instruments with mechanical scanning parts have encouraged the development of spatially modulated FTSs or IFTSs[1-4]. Figure 1 is one of such instruments.
High precision testing of optical components
Authors: Dörband B.
Published: February 2023

High quality lenses have reached a standard where wavefront tolerances of a few nanometers for transmission and surface figure of individual components are necessary. The standard measuring tool in production is digital interferometry. To satisfy the demands of current and future production quality interferometric equipment has to provide an overall accuracy below one nanometer under fabrication environment. This is reasonable especially if „workman's rule“ is applied demanding a tolerance/resolution factor for metrology of ≥10:1.
Very-broad spectrum afocal telescope
Authors: Johnson R. Barry
Published: February 2023

The design of high-magnification afocal telescopes that operate simultaneously over very-broad portions of the visible and infrared spectrums presents a significant challenge to the lens designer.1 Such telescopes are often used with some type of scanning sensor that requires the pupil of the telescope to be located external to the telescope to afford alignment with the sensor’s pupil. The afocal telescope described in this paper comprises a single primary mirror and two lenses to form the secondary optics where each lens is made from the same material. The secondary spectrum of the telescope is maintained at a very-low level by arranging the lenses in a Schupmann dialyte form.2 The telescope can be corrected for axial color and Petzval, and low residual secondary spectrum by using the presented first-order design In principle, both spherical and coma can be corrected by the two lens bendings. In this paper, the design are developed, a practical design procedure is presented, and the optical performance of an example telescope is discussed.
Design of high-speed infrared lenses using conic surfaces
Authors: Fisher Donald
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the optical design of high resolution lens systems used with uncooled infrared (IR) detector arrays. As these lower cost arrays proliferate, the need arises for lenses that are faster (i.e. have smaller f/numbers), less expensive, and out perform previously designed lenses for cooled detectors. Many techniques have been explored to increase the performance of IR lenses, however, they do not reduce the complexity or number of surfaces in the optical system [1]. One method of reducing the number of elements and weight while increasing the optical performance is to employ conic surfaces in addition to spherical surfaces.
Optical system design of the National Ignition Facility
Authors: English R. Edward , Laumann Curt W. , Miller John L. , Seppala Lynn G.
Published: February 2023

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) is a laser fusion facility being constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). The NIF will contain 192 independent laser beams. Each beam will have a square aperture of approximately 40 cm. The neodymium-doped phosphate glass laser system will produce over 3.5MJ of laser energy at a fundamental lasing wavelength of 1.053μm (1ω). The final optics assembly contains a pair of crystals (KDP/KD*P) and a focusing lens to convert the light by sum-frequency-mixing to 3ω (λ=0.35μm) and focus 1.8MJ onto the target.
Conformal optics for medical visualization
Authors: Rolland Jannick P. , Parsons Jim , Hancock Dennis
Published: February 2023

Modern surgeons have at their disposal a vast array of advanced technological data dissemination devices. The ring of high resolution monitors circling the typical operating area to display pre-operative and real-time patient data is esteemly supportive. The drawback, however. is that such displays require the surgeons to frequently shift their head and gaze away from the principle field of interest.
Optical Design of a Laser Range Finder Cum Thermal Imager Using Binary Optics
Authors: Kumar Avinash , Singh Ikbal , Nijhawan O P
Published: February 2023

For airborne operations many type of sensors are required for day vision, night vision and ranging purposes. These sensors are required to perform exceedingly well and must be extremely compact and lightweight. A laser range finder cum thermal imager is one such sensor which is required for airborne applications to range the targets in night time. Although, it will be more appropriate to use CO2 laser range finder in this sensor which operates at 10.6 μm, it is not used because of it’s higher weight and limited life period. Nd: YAG laser range finder operating at 1.06 μm is always preferred for ranging the targets.
Diffusion Theory and Macro-GRIN Material with Prescribable Index Profiles
Authors: Blankenbecler Richard
Published: February 2023

Optical material that is described by a line on the glass map (n
d
= f(υ
d
)), as opposed to a point sufficient for homogeneous material, promises new types of optical design applications of improved performance. These will incorporate lenses of gradient refractive material with either axial or radial profiles. These materials open up the designer’s available parameter space to include a controlled gradient in both index and dispersion. The availability of prescribable GRIN material allows unusual lens geometries that will be illustrated in the talk. The range of applications for axial and radial GRIN lenses are not the same. Prescribable radial GRIN material has a much broader range of applications. The main subject of this talk will be the fusion/diffusion process used to produce radial and axial GRIN material. This process is simple, repeatable, and applicable to mass production for both geometries. The advantage of GRIN technology and its availability in commercial lens design programs provides the opportunity to push performance and reduce cost.
Deformable micromirror devices for video-projection
Authors: Curatu Eugene , Demers Louis , Picard Francis
Published: February 2023

A simplified representation of a typical micro-mirror is shown in Figure 1. The micro-mirror is a highly reflective plate suspended by hinges. Four electrodes lie underneath the mirror: two address electrodes and two landing electrodes.
Guided-wave versus free-space pathways for optical intra-multi-chip-module interconnects: Performance simulations and design rules
Authors: Baukens V. , Verschaffelt G. , Tuteleers P. , Vynck P. , Ottevaere H. , Kufner M. , Kufner S. , Thienpont H. , Veretennicoff I. , Bockstaele R. , Dhoedt B. , Baets. R.
Published: February 2023

The performance of future generation data processing systems will be set by intra-multi-chip-module (intra-MCM) interconnect limitations rather than by the processing performance of the CMOS IC's within these modules. Optical inputs/outputs (I/O) over the entire chip area is pursued as a solution to these interconnection problems in the European Community funded ESPRIT project “Optically Interconnected Integrated Circuits” (OIIC). With this approach, two dimensional (2D) parallel data transfer will be made possible through the use of opto-electronic emitter and receiver arrays, flip-chip mounted on CMOS circuitry, and interconnected by passive optical pathway blocks. At the source side of the optical interconnection, both Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs) and Micro-Cavity Light Emitting Diodes (MCLEDs) [1] are considered. As receivers InP detector arrays are considered. For the optical pathways, two approaches are explored. As a principal choice in this project, a 2D array of small diameter Plastic Optical Fibers (POFs) is used as a flexible transmission medium. As an alternative to this POF-based guided-wave interconnection approach the construction of a free-space optical pathway block is pursued. Manufacturable, high-precision monolithic plastic micro-optical pathway blocks are fabricated using deep proton irradiation as a deep etch lithographic technique [2]. They integrate microlenses and micromirrors to optically interconnect the flip-chip mounted surface-normal transmitters and receivers.
Micro scanning system for laser applications
Authors: Bechtle J. , Grateau H. , Labeye P. , Besesty P. , Petroz K.
Published: February 2023

Scanning devices are used in many laser applications. With the recent progress in miniaturizing laser sources through the application of diode pumped microchip-lasers, the miniaturization of the scanning device could lead to a great reduction in cost and size of the overall system. We developed an integrated micro-opto-electro-mechanical system (MOEMS) using electrostatic force to control the displacement of optical microlens. A monolithic structure including the microlenses and the mechanical system was etched in a silica layer on silicon substrate. Silica offers high transmission for wavelength down to the ultraviolet region and appropriate mechanical properties. The electrostatic force is applied between the electrodes of variable capacitors formed by two comb like structures one of which is fixed on the support, the other is movable and displaces the microlenses. Both are made conductive by a thin film aluminium coating. The laser beam is deflected by the lateral displacement of two converging lenses with respect to a fixed diverging lens. These lenses are cylindrical with curvature in the substrate-plan and corrected for 3rd order aberrations to decrease the distortion of the wavefront. The scanner shows a mechanical resonance frequency of about 800 Hz depending on the exact geometric of the mechanical system and a maximal scan angle of 10°. According to the application the scanner can be used at small frequencies with exact relation between voltage and scan angle, or near the resonance frequency for continous scanning driven by a much smaller voltage. Our scanner was designed for use in a microchip-laser based scanning micro range finder.
Design of an optical system towards some isoplanatic prescription
Authors: Braat Joseph
Published: February 2023

When designing an imaging optical system with an extended imaging region or volume, either an appreciable number of refracting or reflecting surfaces is needed or a limited number of aspherical surfaces. The introduction of a single aspherical surface is sufficient to assure axial stigmatism. Interesting examples of the attainment of axial stigmatism with a single asphere are found in the class of surfaces of revolution which show a conical section when the surface is cut through the optical axis; the most well-known example is the paraboloid generating a perfect image of an infinitely distant object in its focus. In general, stigmatic imaging can be obtained by aspherizing one reflecting or refracting surface in an optical system [1]; other ’correcting’ means like a diffractive surface (DOE) or an inhomogeneous medium may equally serve to obtain the stigmatic imaging.
Compact, Wide Angle LCD Projection Lens
Authors: Caldwell J. Brian
Published: February 2023

A compact, wide angle projection lens suitable for use with large format LCDs is presented. Plastic aspheric elements are used extensively to help simplify the design and minimize aberrations.
Compact, Three Mirror Anastigmat, with ‘Reflective Lens’
Authors: Manhart Paul K. , Ellis K. Scott , Michalski James E.
Published: February 2023

The family of Three Mirror Anastigmats, (TMA’s), has been around for many years. Various design forms have surfaced over the years spanning focal, afocal, relayed and direct imaging telescopes. Two common design forms are shown in Figure 1. For missile optics, (optics in a tube), it is important to use a reimaging design with a buried cold stop near the detector for stray light suppression. Many times this is done with a Cassegrain type front end and a refractive relay group to relay the intermediate image to the detector. TMA’s offer the following optical advantages over the refractive relay configuration. TMA’s allow the correction of three basic aberrations, (spherical, coma and astigmatism), hence, a larger field of view. The sum of the mirror powers can be zero, yielding a flat field and hence a larger field of view on a flat focal plane array, (FPA). The TMA can be relayed, (also termed reimaged), and thus provide good stray light suppression for out-of-field radiation. Relaying a Cassegrain with a refractive assembly compromises the spectral coverage, introduces thermal defocus issues, has the wrong field curvature, is less radiation hard, and lowers transmission relative to a TMA. The TMA proposed here is achromatic and can be used over any spectral band. If made of one material, it may be passively athermal.
How many glass types a lensdesigner really needs?
Authors: Besenmatter Walter , Zeiss Carl
Published: February 2023

Glass manufacturers and optical industry tend to reduce the number of glass types. Obvioulsly, economics is the driver for this development. Leading glass manufacturers, like Schott, still offer up to about 200 different glass types, but only 56 are declared as prefered types. Some types appear on the glass map to be quite close, it can hardly be seen why all this types are needed.
Selection of optical glasses using Buchdahl’s chromatic coordinate
Authors: Griffin DeVon W.
Published: February 2023

Interest in reducing the size of glass catalogs has recently resurfaced. Zhang and Shannon1 used a seven element double gauss to develop a reduced catalog of nine glasses. Smith2 varied the flint element in 90 Cooke triplet designs and concluded that a change in Abbe number of ±2 produce a change in lens performance that would be judged acceptable by most lens designers. In contrast to these analyses, Robb3 developed a method of glass selection based on the goal of minimizing secondary spectrum in a thin lens airspaced doublet. His development began by expanding the refractive index in a power series about the chromatic coordinate defined by Buchdahl.4 He then developed an algebraic expression based on the coefficients in the power series that was designed to indicate which glass pairs should be selected for polychromatic correction. This investigation attempted to extend the method to a global glass selection technique with the hope of guiding glass catalog offerings.
A Novel TIR Lens for Uniform Backlighting of 0.25" LCDs
Authors: Medvedev Vladimir , Pelka David , Parkyn William
Published: February 2023

We present a new type of total-internal-reflection (TIR) lens, which collimates the light from a monochrome, or RGB, LED array. This new design enables the fabrication of a miniature LED backlight suitable for the next generation of cell-phone and pager displays, as well as in digital cameras and video recorders. Their full-page VGA resolution and long eye relief daylight viewing demand high brightness, while their small size and low power budget demand high efficiency over a narrow solid angle of LCD illumination. The design presented here fulfills these requirements cost-effectively, and is suitable for large-scale manufacturing.
Theoretical modeling of reflection near-field optical microscope scanning over metallic surface
Authors: Wang S.
Published: February 2023

In scanning near-field optical microscopy1, an image of the sample with sub-wavelength size structures can be obtained by recording the field intensity collected by the dielectric tip as it scans over the surface. When the substrate is metallic, it can be illuminated with far-field radiation in reflection mode to generate evanescent wave propagating along the surface, and the optical signal is detected at constant height or with constant intensity along the direction parallel to the substrate surface.
Generating and Receiving Optical System based on SRS in Compressed Hydrogen for Sodium D2 Line Resonant Excitation
Authors: Bespalov Victor G. , Krylov Vitaly N. , Parfenov Vadim A. , Staselko Dmitry I.
Published: February 2023

The concept for a new approach to generating and receiving optical system for sodium guide star based on solid-state laser technology and the stimulated Raman scattering/ amplification in compressed hydrogen is presented.
Application of the methods of light scattering to definition of structural characteristics of high-oriented polymeric films
Authors: Zinchik Alexander A. , Stafeev Sergey C. , Fedorov Boris A. , Elyashevich Galina C. , Kozlov Alexander G.
Published: February 2023

Recently of microporous polymeric film are widely used in the various practical purposes, such as a filtration and separation of liquid mixes, and also as the separation material in chemical power supply. The purpose of researches was to investigate the microporous films made of polyethylene. The researches of films structure made of low pressure polyethylene with average molecular weight Mw = 1,4 105 by means of polarized light dispersion method were carried out.
The optical design of a system using a Fresnel lens that gathers light for a solar concentrator and that feeds into solar alignment optics
Authors: Wilkerson Gary W. , Huegele Vinson
Published: February 2023

The Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) has been developing a space deployable, lightweight membrane concentrator to focus solar energy into a solar furnace. For an inner surface, this furnace has a cylindrical heat exchanger cavity coaligned to the optical axis; the furnace warms gas to propel the spacecraft. The membrane concentrator is planned as an F/1.7 Fresnel lens with over a one meter diameter. This large membrane is made from polyimide and is 0.076 mm (0.003 in.) thick; it has the Fresnel grooves cast into it. The Fresnel lens also possesses a narrow annular zone that focuses a reference beam toward four detectors that keep the optical system aligned to the sun. The solar concentrator system has a super fast paraboloid reflector near the lens focus and immediately adjacent to the cylindrical exchanger cavity. The paraboloid collects the wide bandwidth and some of the solar energy scattered by the Fresnel lens. Finally, the paraboloid feeds the light into the cylinder.
CW Double Heterostructure Led and Laser Sources for the 1 µm Wavelength Region
Authors: Pollack M. A. , Nahory R. E.
Published: February 2023

The prospect of fiber optical communications has spurred the development of LED and injection laser sources. The bulk of this effort has been devoted to GaAs/AlGaAs double heterostructure (DH) lasers, which emit at wavelengths between 0.8 and 0.9 µm. For years, these had been the only semiconductor lasers capable of continuous operation at room temperature. Recently, it has become clear, however, that both fiber losses and material dispersion are significantly lower in the region between 1 and 1.2 µm than at shorter wavelengths.1,2 For these longer wavelengths, lasers based on new materials systems have been investigated.3–5 The first one which has been operated continuously at room temperature is the GaAsSb/AlGaAsSb DH injection laser.
Power Transfer Between Local Normal Modes in Dielectric Waveguide Devices
Authors: Burns W. K. , Milton A. F.
Published: February 2023

Many devices and structures of practical interest in integrated optics basically consist of two evanescently coupled waveguides where the phase match between the waveguides or the coupling between the waveguides changes as a function of distance along the direction of propagation. The operation of this class of devices can be conveniently described in terms of the evolution of the local normal modes of the structure if the changes are gradual, or by power transfer between the local normal modes if the changes are abrupt.
Optical Slot and Strip Waveguides Formed by Metal Platings
Authors: Oliner A. A. , Peng S.T.
Published: February 2023

Metal strips plated on thin films on a substrate are often used in devices for integrated optics which require the application of electric fields. It has been recognized [1-3] that some of these structures which utilize metallic platings form linear (as opposed to planar) optical waveguides, but such studies are incomplete and in part incorrect.
Polarization Modulation with [110] Double Heterostructure p-n Junction Diodes
Authors: Reinhart F. K. , McKenna J.
Published: February 2023

Electrooptic double heterostructure (DH) AlyGa1-yAs-AlxGa1-x. As p-n junction modulators have been shown to be very efficient since the optical and the junction electric fields are essentially coextensive and minimized in their physical extent.1 Recent developments of liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) has permitted the monolithic integration of DH lasers with DH phase and absorption modulators.2 In integrated optical circuits it may be desirable to use the state of polarization also for information. Processing this information requires devices that can be integrated and efficiently switch the states of polarization which in planar dielectric waveguides are identifiable with TE and TM modes. To this end we study the specific properties of DH modulators where the junction electric field, Ej, is parallel to the crystallographic [110] direction.
"Propagation Characteristics of Graded-index Optical Waveguides Fabricated by Ion Implantation"
Authors: Aritome H. , Sakajo A. , Nishimura T. , Masuda K. , Namba S.
Published: February 2023

The ion implantation technique as fabrication method of optical waveguides has the following advantages: 1) the change of refractive index and its distribution can be controlled accurately by choosing the dose and the energy of implanted ions, 2) the higher refractive-index region can be buried in the interior of the substrate and the refractive index change is distributed along depth. Therefore, the scattering loss due to an imperfect interface at an abrupt boundary can be reduced. So far the formation of optical waveguides by ion implantation is realized1) in fused quartz, GaAs, CdTe, GaP and ZnTe. By using semiconductors there is a possibility of making an active optical circuits by this technique.
Attenuation in Bends of Diffused Stripe Waveguides
Authors: Gedeon A. , Carnstam B.
Published: February 2023

We report measurements and calculations of the attenuation in bends of diffused stripe waveguides, having different index-profiles and bending radii and for different mode orders excited.
Optical Waveguiding and Optical Clean-Up In Ti-Diffused LiTaO3*
Authors: Barnoski M. K. , Lotspeich J. F.
Published: February 2023

The technique of diffusing certain metals into electrooptic crystal substrates such as LiNbO3 and LiTaO3 has proved to be an effective method of forming low-loss active waveguides for modulation and beam switching.(1)(2) We have recently observed waveguide formation in titanium-diffused lithium tantalate, an original metal-substrate combination. This work is directed toward the development of a high-data-rate electrooptic Bragg diffraction modulator.
Convolution using Guided Acoustooptical Interaction in As2S3 Waveguides*
Authors: Loh K. W. , Chang W. S. C. , Becker R. A.
Published: February 2023

Acoustic surface waves (ASW) have been used to achieve convolution by a number of researchers.1-10 Use of acoustic optical (AO) interactions for convolution in the bulk medium was reported by Damon et al. and Squire et al.11-13 The signal-to-noise ratio and the dynamic range of the bulk AO convolver are low because the AO interaction is not very efficient. Bragg diffraction of optical guided waves (OGW) by ASW can be very efficient in thin-film waveguides, e.g., an As2S3 film deposited on top of a LiNbO3 substrate.14-15 Convolution by guided AO interaction may yield large dynamic range or time-bandwidth product. More importantly, it will allow us to carry out signal processing of the optical energy in thin-film waveguides which may have many applications in the single-mode optical fiber communication systems of the future. We report here the results obtained in an OGW-ASW convolver using the Ti in-diffused LiNbO3 and As2S3 waveguides. This is the first guided-wave AO signal processing that has been observed experimentally.
Multiply-Resonant Distributed Feedback Lasers
Authors: Stoll H. M. , Seib D. H.
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we propose, analyze, and experimentally demonstrate a new type of distributed feedback laser, the multiply-resonant distributed feed-back (MRDFB) laser. For active media having broad, partially- or fully-inhomogeneous gain lines, the MRDFB laser allows colinear lasing to occur simultaneously at several preselected wavelengths. The MRDFB laser has potential application in ultra-high data rate communication systems where frequency multiplexing is required. In such an application, the MRDFB laser offers potential reductions, when compared with a number of conventional, single wavelength lasers, in fabricational complexity and total laser power required.
Recent Researches on Guided-Wave Optical Devices in Japan
Authors: Suematsu Yasuharu
Published: February 2023

Researches in the field of guided-wave optical devices are active in Japan, because there are many possibilities to improve the conventional optical devices. Recently, the main interests are focused on optical sources, modulators, and couplers between various components or fibers, particularly, for optical fiber communications.
Reconstruction of Stellar Images from Coherence Measurements in the Visible
Authors: Roddier F.
Published: February 2023

Image degradation due to atmospheric turbulence is extremely severe in the visible. For instance, it reduces the angular resolution of a 4m telescope by a factor of the order of 30. The reconstruction of a diffraction-limited image is a difficult task. It is usually attempted from records of turbulence degraded images. The most successful methods are based on speckle interferometry (Labeyrie 1970) and related algorithms.
Nonlinear Image Restoration
Authors: Wells Donald C.
Published: February 2023

"Restoration" is the term used in the image processing field for the operation of "deconvolution" (inversion of the linear integral equation of the first kind). In ground-based optical astronomy the convolved function is the "seeing", the approximately Gaussian point-source response which we see when we image an unresolved star through the turbulent atmosphere. Obviously observers would like to "restore" the image details which are attenuated by the convolution. The terms "seeing" (in optical astronomy), "beam" (in radio astronomy), "instrumental profile" (in spectroscopy), "point spread function", and "kernel" are used interchangeably to refer to the convolving kernel of the integral equation of imaging. The term "reconstruction" is sometimes used as a synonym for restoration, but more often it is used in situations where the data are integrals along projections in various directions and the analyst wants to reconstruct the object which probably produced the data. There are strong analogies between reconstruction and restoration problems and workers in either field will generally find some profit in watching the activities in the other field.
Information Extraction from Imaging Spectrometer Data
Authors: Solomon Jerry E.
Published: February 2023

Earth observation remote sensing is on the threshold of a new era in multi- spectral imaging instrument technology. The availability of reliable large linear detector arrays and the promise of large area detector arrays covering the spectrum from the visible through the short wave IR will bring us operational imaging spectrometer instruments on both aircraft and space platforms during this decade. Although these instruments should in principle provide the earth sciences with the ability to directly identify surface materials from remote sensing platforms, the associated data rates and volumes threaten to overwhelm our abilities to efficiently analyse and interpret the resulting imagery.
A High Accuracy Radial Velocity Spectrometer
Authors: McMillan R. S. , Smith P. H. , Frecker J. E. , Perry M. L. , Castillo N. D. , Merline W. J.
Published: February 2023

The large format and high detective quantum efficiency of the RCA 512 × 320 CCD, combined with the use of discriminating algorithms to process the images, are allowing us to make our high resolution spectrometer capable of detecting changes as small as 15 meters/second in the Doppler shift of 6th magnitude solar-type stars. If each such star is observed 10 times/year for five years, this accuracy will be sufficient to detect the reflex Doppler shift due to the orbital motion of a planet with the mass of Jupiter and an orbital semimajor axis of 3 astronomical units.
Theoretical model and experimental characterization of buried, single-mode waveguides in glass
Authors: Noutsios P. C. , Yip G. L.
Published: February 2023

Integrated-optical components in glass fabricated by K+-Na+ ion exchange have become promising candidates for passive single-mode waveguide devices. Recently there has been considerable interest inburied waveguides for improving fiber-waveguide coupling.1 We have reported a new procedure to fabricate shallow buried guides using purely thermal K+ backdiffusion in soda-lime glass.2 Here we present the diffusion properties and correlate them to the propagation characteristics by theoretical modeling and experimentation.
Theory and measurement of mode coupling and loss in waveguide polarizers
Authors: Burton F. A. , Cassidy S. A.
Published: February 2023

Consider a waveguide where X(z) and Y(z) are the amplitudes of the TM and TE modes. These modes have different propagation and loss constants and are coupled by a perturbation of the waveguide. At an increment δz along the guide where α is the decay term for each mode and C is the coupling term.
Asymmetric Fabry–Perot transverse modulators with a record reflection change of > 20%/V
Authors: Yan R. H. , Simes R. J. , Coldren L. A. , Gossard A. C.
Published: February 2023

Currently, there exists an intensive research effort for practical optical modulators in III–V semiconductors for potential uses in optical interconnections of integrated circuits and information processing.1 One of the important considerations is low drive power, e.g., low operating voltage swing in electro-optical modulators. Waveguide devices tend to provide low drive voltages (~1 V) because the field is applied perpendicular to the light propagation direction; however, the coupling of the light into the waveguide adds complexity to practical implementations. On the other hand, although coupling is relatively easy, surface-normal devices tend to require high drive voltages ( > 10 V) because of short interaction lengths. Another important device parameter is the amount of input power that is modulated into the output power. Using a figure-of-merit, normalized electro-optic transfer function (M
v
), defined as the percentage modulation of the input light per unit driven voltage to relate the transfer function of electro-optic modulators between the electrical and optical signals, previous transverse modulators have M
v
values of ~8%/V, and efficient waveguide modulators have a representative value of ≤ 15%/V.1 Here we report a normally-on electroabsorptive surface-normal Fabry–Perot (FP) reflection modulator with an ~80% top mirror and an active region of 24 quantum wells to achieve a reflection change of >45% for an operating voltage swing of only ~ V, with a contrast ratio of more than 15. The wavelength range over which more than half this reflection change is observed extends as wide as 7 nm. Such devices compete effectively with low-voltage waveguide modulators, with further advantages of easy coupling and compact sizes, i.e., small capacitances.
Polymeric optically nonlinear modulators and switches
Authors: Möhlmann G. R. , Horsthuis W. H. G. , Mc. Donach A. , Copeland M. J. , Duchet C. , Fabre P. , Diemeeer M. B. J. , Trommel E. S. , Suyten F. M. M. , Van Tomme E. , Baguero P. , Van Daele P.
Published: February 2023

Optically nonlinear side chain polymers exhibiting attractive processing properties have been developed and produced on kilogram scale. By spin coating and/or dipping, multilayer structures, including a substrate, patterned electrodes, waveguiding core, and optical cladding layers, have been made. These multilayers show good optical waveguiding properties with propagation losses of less than 1 dB/cm at 1.3-μm wavelength. By applying a novel bleaching technique, we have realized monomode channel waveguides of high optical quality. The thicknesses of the various polymer layers in the multilayer structures are in the range 1–4μm.
Polymeric materials and electro-optic waveguide modulators
Authors: Haas David , Teng Chia Chi , Yoon Hyun , Man Hong-Tai , Chiang Kophu
Published: February 2023

We report on organic polymeric materials designed for electro-optic waveguide device fabrication and a fabrication method for integrated-optical devices We have developed polymers and poling procedures that produce electro-optic tensor elements as large as 38 pm/V at 1.3 μm (98 pm/V at 632 nm).
Developments in high-temperature, stable nonlinear-optical polymers
Authors: Horsthuis Winfried H. G. , van der Horst Peter M. , Möhlmann Gustaaf R.
Published: February 2023

Recently, progress has been reported in the development and application of nonlinear-optical (NLO) polymers.1-3 Single-mode devices, such as interferometers and phase-modulators, have been realized with stable performances to approximately 50°C. However, for many applications higher temperature stability is required. A new class of materials, consisting of cross-linked polymers, has been developed. These materials offer a higher stability and allow for the construction of multilayer structures in which both core and cladding layers are NLO active. First results obtained with these new polymers in waveguide experiments are reported.
Numerical modeling of strongly guiding structures
Authors: Yevick David
Published: February 2023

We discuss various numerical techniques for evaluating electric fields in strongly guiding rib-waveguide structures. We first demonstrate that the matrix beam propagation algorithm can be efficiently adapted to modal analysis in a form in which only a few field distributions are evolved in imaginary longitudinal distance. Subsequently, we consider longitudinally varying rib-waveguide elements. We introduce and compare the split-step fast-Fourier-transform, modified split-step fast-Fourier-trans form, split-operator finite-difference, real-space, and split-operator finite-element methods for solving the Fresnel equation. The predicted losses are in good agreement with both experimental measurements on strongly guiding S bends and, in the weakly guiding limit, effective index studies of Y junctions. We further present an explicit illustration of component optimization by determining the power transmission of Y junctions of various geometries.
Photovoltaic mechanism of photoinduced second-harmonic generation in optical fibers
Authors: Dianov E. M. , Kazansky P. G. , Stepanov D. Yu. , Sulimov V. B.
Published: February 2023

Until now no one mechanism of efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG) in optical fibers has been able to give a full explanation of this phenomenon.1,2
Rate-equation model for the evolution of χ(2) gratings in optical fibers
Authors: Kamal A. , Weinberger D. A.
Published: February 2023

The achievement of high conversion efficiencies for second-harmonic generation (SHG) in optical fibers can lead to many practical applications. However, to enhance conversion efficiencies, saturation phenomena limiting the growth χ(2) must be understood. In this paper we report the results of experiments that provide new insight into the evolution of χ(2) gratings in optical fibers conditioned for SHG.
Second-harmonic generation in optical fibers: after four years of models, where are we?
Authors: Sipe J. E.
Published: February 2023

An understanding of this phenomenon is still at least a puzzle and possibly a fundamental problem in nonlinear optics. Various theoretical models are critically reviewed in light of the experimental evidence.
Monolithically integrated butt-coupled InGaAs metal–semiconductor–metal waveguide photodetector by selective area regrowth
Authors: Soole J. B. D. , Schumacher H. , LeBlanc H. P. , Bhat R. , Koza M. A.
Published: February 2023

Photoreceivers integrated with a Final stage of guided-wave optical processing are envisaged for both coherent and multichannel WDM detection systems.1,2 Successful implementation requires photodetectors that are efficiently coupled to the waveguides. This may be achieved by forming the guide adjacent to the detector and butt-coupled light directly into the side of the absorption region.3,4 In this paper we report the fabrication of a fast, efficient butt-coupled interdigitated InGaAs metal–semiconductor-metal (MSM) Schottky barrier waveguide detector mono­lithically integrated with an InP/InGaAsP/InP waveguide.
Picosecond pulse switching in semiconductor active nonlinear directional couplers
Authors: Trillo S. , Wabnitz S. , Daino B. , Wright E. M.
Published: February 2023

Among several integrated all-optical devices proposed to date, the nonlinear directional coupler (NLDC) has received considerable attention.1 Experiments have demonstrated self-switching of light in semiconductor NLDCs with cw2 or picosecond excitation.3 It appears that two main drawbacks may hamper the cascadability of passive semiconductor NLDCs and thus their application to future optical circuits: pulse breakup and absorptive losses.
Transient processes in a picosecond photoconductive switch
Authors: Lu Yiqun
Published: February 2023

A photoconductive switch is a simple device (shown in Fig. 1) with many applications.1 As indicated by Auston,1 a rigorous analysis of transient processes in photoconductors is a difficult task. However, we feel that the transmission lines theory used by Auston is not reliable in the picosecond range, and our approach to this problem is to use the time-do-main finite-difference method2 to solve time-varying Maxwell’s equations and to use the ensemble Monte Carlo (EMC) technique3 to simulate carrier-transport phenomena in photoconductors. They can then be combined together to consider the interactions between electromagnetic fields and carrier transport.
Nonlinear regime analysis of broad-area semiconductor lasers with a profiled reflectivity end facet
Authors: Champagne Yves , McCarthy Nathalie
Published: February 2023

An interesting feature of broad-area (BA) semiconductor lasers is their near-diffraction-limited fundamental mode in the lateral direction (parallel to the junction plane).1,2 Unfortunately, the weak discrimination among the various lateral modes of BA lasers leads to broad far-field radiation patterns because the higher-order lateral modes are successively excited as the drive level is increased above the lasing threshold. In addition, the simultaneous oscillation of several lateral modes degrades the spatial coherence of the output beam.
High-sensitivity 1.3-GHz bandpass interferometric modulator
Authors: Johnson L. M. , Roussell H. V.
Published: February 2023

High-sensitivity bandpass modulators are of interest for analog optical systems.1 Analysis2 shows that impedance-matched lumped-element modulators can have significantly higher response than traveling-wave devices for a range of electrode lengths dependent on the modulation frequency. We have demonstrated an impedance-matched LiNbO3 lumped-element interferometric modulator for operation at 1.3 μm. With an electrode length of 5 mm, the effective Vπ at 1.3 GHz is 2.6 V compared with an estimated effective Vπ of 9.8 V for a traveling-wave device with the same electrode length.