bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The growth and decentralisation of the modern democratic state
Authors: SHARPE L.J.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. That modern democratic governments have grown is beyond dispute, as is the fact that this growth has promoted intense misgivings amongst a number of writers, not least amongst the followers of Hayek. But an examination of the growth in governmental activity reveals that it is the sub‐national level of government which has absorbed a greater share of governmental growth than the centre. The author continues by exploring a number of reasons for this development and concludes that the most likely explanations lie in the continued urbanisation of most western countries; the associated need for more governmental services; and in the possibility that taxpayers' resistance to tax increases is lower at the sub‐national than it is at national level.
Economic voting in the Netherlands
Authors: MIDDENDORP C. P. , TANKE P. R. KOLKHUIS
Published: May 2006

Abstract.An attempt to integrate various previous approaches to economic voting is made and several LISREL‐models were tested in the Netherlands. We found that, like in most American studies, voters' experience with and evaluation of government policies' effects on the National Economic Condition are a more important determinant of the vote than voters' evaluation of the effects of government policies on one's Personal Economic Condition. Different models for various social classes were found (cf. Weatherford, 1978), but ‘self‐reliants’had similar determinants of the vote as compared to ‘government reliants’. The specifying effect of ‘party identification’on the vote was discussed. It seems that about 10–15% of the Dutch vote can be considered determined by economic evaluations, mainly of the perception of government policies' effect on the National Economic Condition (NEC).
The voting behaviour of the European Parliament members and the problem of the Europarties
Authors: ATTINÁ FULVIO
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The members of the European Parliament are elected in nationally organized and domestically oriented polls; however, in the Strasbourg Assembly they form transnational Party Groups or Europarties. The Rules of Procedure require such formations for the functioning of the Assembly, but Party Groups are much more than procedure requisites. They assemble elected representatives of national parties which share a consistent similarity in political ideologies and strategies. Party integration is a decisive development in the unification process of the Western European countries and it is expected to come from the Party Groups experience. The paper analyses such an issue by examining roll‐call votes. Data include a systematic sample of votes cast during the first and second elected Parliament. The research looks into two fundamental items: (a) Party Group cohesion (an index of agreement is used to measure it); (b) voting line‐ups of Party Groups. The aim is to point out the most important political cleavages and issues of the Community political system.
Domestic and foreign policy issues in the 1988 presidential election
Authors: RATTINGER HANS
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Data surveyed for the ‘Americans Talk Security’project prior to the 1988 U.S. election are used to evaluate the impact of domestic and foreign policy attitudes on the presidential vote. Both kinds of issues did have significant effects on voting behavior, contributing to Dukakis’defeat. It is demonstrated, however, that prior attempts to isolate and weigh the electoral influences of these two sets of opinions are flawed, because they ignore their interrelation and their dependence on partisan sympathies. If these factors are explicitly taken into account within a causal modelling approach, the 1988 presidential vote in the aggregate is found to have been much more strongly determined by domestic concerns. Moreover, the assumption of uniform reactions within the electorate to various issue areas is proven wrong. While domestic policies were more decisive for the vote of the majority, there also was a clearly identifiable substantial minority that can be described as a foreign and defence issue voting public.
About voting and non‐voting in the European elections of June 1989
Authors: SCHMITT HERMANN , MANNHEIMER RENATO
Published: May 2006

Abstract: This article reviews conventional wisdom about determinants of electoral participation in general, and of participation in European elections in particular. A model of European electoral participation is proposed which relates indicators of general political involvement, European attitudes and orientations and social‐structural background characteristics to both intended and reported participation. In contrast to the findings of earlier research, it appears that the participation of EC citizens in the European elections of June 1989 ‐ as reported in the post‐electoral surveys of the European Elections Study 1989 ‐ was primarily the result of ‘habitual voting’. Irrespective of their EC related attitudes and more general political involvement, those who participated went to the polls just because they are used to doing so on election day.
European Community politics and electoral representation: Evidence from the 1989 European Elections Study
Authors: VAN DER EIJK CEES , FRANKLIN MARK N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract: In spite of the fact that the European elections were, in most countries, not fought over the issue of Community building and European integration, this article shows that only a few parties take positions towards the Community which are clearly out of line with the average position of their voters. The parties involved are the orthodox‐Protestant combination in the Netherlands, the Workers Party in Ireland, the Italian MSI, and the greens in Germany, the Netherlands, Ireland and, to a somewhat lesser extent, Luxembourg. The discrepancies between these parties'positions and the attitudes of their electorates ‐ in combination with their generally successful electoral performance ‐ underscores what is known from other analyses: Parties do not acquire votes on the basis of European issue concerns, but on the basis of national political concerns. The result of the European elections may still, however, be considered as an ex post facto, endorsement and legitimation of parties'policies towards European integration.
Getting out the vote: Social structure and the mobilization of partisanship in the 1989 European elections
Authors: FRANKLIN MARK N.
Published: May 2006

Abstract: Why do European elections look more like national elections in retrospect than in prospect? One possibility is that during the run‐up to a European election party leaders appeal for the votes of their ‘normal’ supporters, and their success in these appeals gives rise to the ‘normal’ outcome of the campaign. To test this hypothesis two definitions of ‘normal supporters’ are evaluated and the outcome is to discredit the use of party identification as a means of identifying supporters. Instead, social structure is employed to identify the groups that might respond to party appeals, and the basic finding of the article is that supporters defined in this fashion do increase their support for appropriate parties during the run‐up to a European election, as though they were responding to appeals of the hypothesized kind.
The polymorphic nature of party membership
Authors: HEIDAR KNUT
Published: May 2006

Abstract.The article argues that party member activity differs in terms of the degree, type and quality of organizational involvement, a fact often ignored in comparative studies of party membership as well as in arguments about the democratic potential of political parties. The article first presents different perspectives adopted in the literature on party membership. Distinctions are made on the one hand between research treating membership as an independent or as a dependent variable, and on the other between research focusing on different levels of analysis ‐ the country, the organization and the individual. To develop some empirical implications of these points, a survey of Norwegian party members is discussed in the second part. The emphasis here lies on the members'level of party activity and how to explain it. The conclusion is that whether or not the low level of member activity found in Norwegian parties is seen as a problem depends on which normative model of democracy is taken as a point of reference.
Party attachments and political fragmentation in Europe
Authors: VAN DETH JAN W. , JANSSEN JOSEPH I. H.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Values and ideologies seem to be changing rapidly in many countries of Western Europe. These developments imply a shift among the adherents of political parties. On the one hand, we expect to see a process of deideologization weakening the traditional ties between parties and their adherents. On the other hand, increasing pluralization is suggested by the ongoing process of individualization. In this study we analyze the orientations of the adherents of the main political parties in 12 Western European countries in the last two decades. We expect to find clear traces of ongoing deideologization as well as pluralization, but this expectation proves to be inaccurate. Neither deideologization nor pluralization can be accepted as a common feature of party adherents in advanced industrial societies. On the contrary. Each of these processes seems to follow a different path of development in distinct countries and in distinct party families. A general ‘decline‐of‐the‐party’ or an ‘end‐of‐ideology’ is not to be found among the adherents of the main parties in Western Europe in the last decades. The processes appear to be more complicated, with divergent developments in different countries.
The influence of fluoride mouth rinsing on the incidence of gingivitis in Norwegian children
Authors: Birkeland J. M. , Jorkjend L. , Von der Fehr F. R.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The prevalence of plaque and gingivitis in 154 children 11–13 years of age was assessed at intervals of 2 and 6 months after an initial examination. The children were divided into four groups, each receiving weekly mouth rinses with fluoride or a placebo solution. Two of the groups carried out supervised toothbrushing immediately before the rinses. Judged from 48 Pl I and G I scores in each child, the baseline data indicated no sex differences, but slight differences in moderate gingivitis, i.e. score 2, between the groups. Paired comparisons of the score 2 frequencies during the experiment indicated no effect on the incidence of gingivitis caused by the fluoride treatments or the supervised toothbrushing. Thus, the weekly fluoride rinses commonly used in the school dental service do not appear to have a detrimental effect on the gingiva of children. The weekly supervised brushing instruction used in the present program was not able to improve significantly the level of oral hygiene in succeeding periods.
Relation between social drug use/abuse and dental disease in California, U.S.A.
Authors: Silverstein Steven J.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT This study has explored the social drug use/abuse patterns associated with dental disease. Seventy‐seven subjects from the Berkeley Free Clinic were given questionnaires on their drug‐use habits and then were examined for both DMF‐T and OHI‐S scores. Ninety‐seven percent of the subjects indicated that they used one or more of the eight drugs being surveyed. The mean DMF‐T of the subjects was 13.2 and the OHI‐S was 2.61. The study indicated that persons who used barbiturates, miscellaneous hallucinogens and heroin have poorer oral hygiene than those in other categories. An unexpected finding was that subjects who used four or five of the surveyed drugs had lower DMF‐T and OHI‐S scores than those who used a lesser or a greater number of these drugs. The significance of these findings for an individual's oral health is not yet clear, but it is interesting that the oral hygiene index and DMF‐T index did not increase with the increasing number of drugs used, although the specific use of barbiturates, miscellaneous hallucinogens and heroin were related to higher OHI‐S scores. The lower OHI and DMF scores probably can be explained by the frequency of toothbrushing. Ninety‐five percent of the 4–5 drug‐use group brushed one or more times per day.
Oral health status and treatment needs in a disadvantaged, rural population in Norway
Authors: Helöe Leif Arne
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Oral health and dental treatment needs were investigated in 216 disadvantaged, rural dwellers aged 20 to 60 years. Oral health was generally poor. One‐third of the group was edentulous, while the dentulous persons had an average of 13 remaining teeth. Every second dentulous person had one or more residual roots. DMF teeth averaged 28.1, Gingival Index 1.59, and Oral Hygiene Index 2.87. Two‐thirds of the group wore some removable denture, and every second denture was found to have major defects. According to described criteria, 96 % of the group needed some treatment. Prosthetic treatment was the most frequent requirement and applied to 69 % of the group. The estimated total treatment time per individual averaged 255 minutes. The time estimates varied markedly with age and treatment pattern.
Fluoride absorption from swallowed fluoride toothpaste
Authors: Forsman Britta , Ericsson Yngve
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Absorption of fluoride (F) from ingested toothpastes was studied in rats, in adult humans and to some extent in children. The parameters analyzed were mainly 4‐hour unabsorbed F in the rats and 9‐hour urinary excretion in the humans. Five commercial and four experimental preparations were tested. The results indicate that the polishing agents calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate prevent a considerable fraction of the F content from being absorbed, whether this is present as F‐ or PO3F– ions. Polishing agents that are inert towards F do not appear to inhibit the F absorption, but the high bicarbonate content of one toothpaste may exert some inhibition by its osmosis.
Analysis of cumulative caries prevalence in primary molars
Authors: Sobkowiak E.‐M. , Szabo Z. , Radtke G. , Adler P.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Cumulative caries prevalences were estimated clinically in yearly cohorts of boys and girls, between 1 and 7 years of age, with at least 150 examinees in each cohort, and radiographically also from 4 years of age, in the occlusal, mesial, and distal surfaces of all four pairs of primary molars. Analysis of caries prevalence curves revealed best fit (based on least squares) with a transformed arc tan function with left end cut off, both for occlusal and for proximal surface caries. Compared with the exponential function, fit with the arc tan function was better in 19 out of a total of 24 comparisons. This difference was statistically significant in eight instances, but only in one instance of the reverse finding. By mathematical description of cumulative caries prevalence, no essential differences were revealed in the growth pattern of caries in occlusal and proximal surfaces of the primary molars. Implications of this finding are discussed.
Clinical trial among Scottish children of an anti‐caries dentifrice containing 2% sodium monofluorophosphate
Authors: Hargreaves J. A. , Chester G. G.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
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A clinical trial was commenced in 1968 on the Island of Lewis, Scotland, to evaluate the effects of a new dentifrice formulation containing, as its main active ingredient, 2% monofluorophosphate. The trial design conformed to international protocol and three age groups of children, namely, 5‐year‐olds, 8‐year‐olds and 11‐year‐olds, participated for a three‐year period. The results show that the dentifrice is an effective anti‐caries agent and the magnitude of its effects is generally greater than reported in studies of other dentifrice products.
The assessment of dental caries for public health purposes
Authors: Davies G. N. , Horowitz H. S. , Wada W.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
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The results of an evaluation of the W.H.O. recommendations for the assessment of dental caries confirmed that the method and the criteria are satisfactory. Attention is drawn to the limitations of df and DMF indices for predicting requirements for dental treatment, and the efficacy of a simple system for collecting information on requirements for care is described.
Dental caries, gingivitis, and oral hygiene among schoolchildren in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Jensen K. , Kizito E. K. , Langebeæk J. , Nyika T. A.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT
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An epidemiologic survey of dental caries, gingivitis and oral hygiene was conducted on 875 schoolchildren aged 6–15 in Kampala, the capital of Uganda. Findings arc reported in detail for the African children, and in brief for the Asian children. Among the African children, DMF teeth averaged from 0.6–2.7, and def teeth from 0.0–1.9. A significantly higher proportion of the first permanent molars was carious among the 6 to 9‐year‐old than among the 10 to 14‐year‐old Africans, which is interpreted as a sign of the rapid increase in caries prevalence occurring during these years. Among the Asian children, dental caries was more prevalent and advanced. Generalized, mild gingivitis and moderate amounts of soft debris were found uniformly throughout all groups. The need for dental health education is stressed, and the case for longitudinal socio‐epidemiologic studies is discussed.
Dental status and treatment pattern in a group of commuting laborers in Norway
Authors: Helöe Leif Arne , Kolberg Jon Eivind
Published: May 2006

abstract Information on dental status and treatment attendance was obtained by questionnaire from 414 male industrial laborers living in a Norwegian rural community approximately 100 km away from their jobs. Median age of the men was 39 years. Seventeen per cent of the group reported being edentulous, while 44 % reported having 20 or more teeth remaining. Fifteen per cent said that they had removable dentures in both jaws, 28 % in one jaw only. Thirty‐eight per cent reported having visited a dentist during the previous year. Seventy‐three per cent of the group stated that they were interested in receiving low‐cost dental examination and treatment. The dental status and the treatment pattern seemed to be poor, and definitely below the standards prevailing in the general population. These findings were particularly valid for the oldest respondents, probably due to years of dental neglect. Situational factors such as working situation, little leisure time, lack of time, lack of treatment facilities, and difficulties with getting dental appointments conceivably had interfered with the seeking of treatment and thus contributed to the neglect of dental care.
Diet patterns and dental caries in third grade U. S. children
Authors: Bagramian Robert A. , Jenny Joanna , Frazier P. Jean , Proshek John M.
Published: May 2006

abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate further the relationship between intake of sucrose‐containing foods and the prevalence of caries in a natural population of children. The study population was made up of 958 Caucasian third grade children from Minneapolis. Diet and brushing information was collected through personal interviews with the children. Four methods of coding diet information were used: (1) Confection Counting (the number of sucrose‐containing items consumed during a 24‐hour period); (2) Exposure Counting (to collapse sucrose‐containing items consumed in a 30‐min interval into one sucrose exposure); (3) Minneapolis Oral Retention Estimate (an assessment of usual consumption, 24‐hour recall, brushing and consumption of water to estimate likelihood that the individual had sucrose in the oral cavity during a typical day); and (4) “Hidden” Sugar Estimate (utilization of food composition tables to estimate in teaspoons how much sucrose was consumed during a 24‐hour period). The study shows few, if any, relationships existing between consumption of sucrose‐containing foods and def or DMF teeth in both mealtime and between‐meal periods.
Assessment of gingival change using color photography
Authors: Lees G. H.
Published: May 2006

abstract Intraoral color photographs were taken during a survey on 140 pupils at a comprehensive school to test the consistency of color transparencies in recording gingival status. The method is described. The results demonstrate that color photographs taken at the time of clinical examination using a simple, standardized technique increase the accuracy and reliability of information recorded. The value of being able to assess, all at the same time, a series of color transparencies taken at the time of the clinical examinations in a longitudinal study, whether it be an epidemiology survey or a clinical trial, will be obvious. The ability to refer constantly to the baseline condition will protect examiners against all the current difficulties of applying criteria to conditions that, by their very nature, have no finite limits. In addition, examiners using photographs will be constantly reminded of their examination standards and will be less likely to depart from them.
A pilot study to assess the validity of the Orthodontic Treatment Priority Index in English schoolchildren
Authors: Scivier G. A. , Menezes D. M. , Parker C. D.
Published: May 2006

abstract Due to the need for a reliable objective method of assessing the presence and degree of malocclusion by non‐orthodontic personnel for epidemiologic purposes, a study was undertaken to investigate the Orthodontic Treatment Priority Index. A reproducibility trial was carried out, followed by discussions with an orthodontist (D.M.M.) and the use of study models to improve standardization. To test the Index, comparisons with the clinical judgments of two orthodontists were made in two separate studies of 100 children each. Each orthodontist reexamined 20 children for reproducibility. Intraexaminer reliability was good for both Index and clinical scores and a reasonable correlation was obtained between the Index and the clinical assessments in both instances. Although the results are promising and the method practical, further study is indicated, especially to determine interexaminer reliability of Index and clinical standards. It is the opinion of the authors that the Treatment Priority Index is extremely promising and a reliable objective method of assessing the presence and degree of malocclusion for epidemiologic purposes.
The prevalence of scrotal tongue and geographic tongue in 70,359 Israeli schoolchildren
Authors: Chosagk Aubrey , Zadik Dan , Eidelman Eliecer
Published: May 2006

abstract The prevalence of scrotal and geographic tongue among 70,359 Israeli schoolchildren was examined according to age, sex and father's country of birth. Scrotal tongue was observed in 1.96 % of the population, but increased with age from 0.60 % at 7 years to 3.76 % at 12–18 years. Males had a significantly higher prevalence. There were significant differences in the prevalence among the different population groups examined, in that the Ashkenazi had a higher prevalence (2.17 %) than both the non‐Ashkenazi (1.93 %) and the Israeli (1.70%). Prevalence of geographic tongue was 1.14% and was not associated with age. Males had a significantly higher prevalence. The differences between the population groups were significant. A highly significant association was found in the occurrence of scrotal and geographic tongue.
Parental awareness of the dental needs of 5‐year‐old children in the West Midlands, England
Authors: Beal John F. , Dickson S.
Published: May 2006

abstract Following a dental examination of 5‐year‐old children, the mothers of 367 of them were interviewed. Some of the questions related to the mother's awareness of the dental and gingival condition of her child. The replies were then related to the clinical findings. It was found that many of the mothers had an over‐optimistic opinion of the child's dental condition and that very few of them were over‐pessimistic. This lack of knowledge about existing dental disease is a major factor in the gap between the dental need of the community and the demands made for treatment.
Interpretations of DMF registrations of Norwegian recruits with emphasis on previous treatment experience
Authors: Mjor Ivar A.
Published: May 2006

abstract The results from a DMF registration of 235 Nonvegian recruits are presented with emphasis on groups with differences in dental treatment prior to the time of examination. Eighty‐one per cent of the recruits had attended school dental services regularly between the ages of 7 and 14 years. About half of these continued regular dental treatment until they entered the armed forces at ages 18–20, while 13 % did not seek dental treatment. The DMFS and DMFT counts were similar for all groups in the present study. The D/F, M/F and DM/F ratios have been assessed and it is suggested that these ratios may be useful in evaluating the effects of previous treatment as well as the present need for dental care.
Caries‐preventive effect of a dentifrice containing 2% sodium monofluorophosphate in a natural fluoride area in Denmark
Authors: Lind O. P. , Möller I. J. , von der Fher F. R. , Larsen M. Joost
Published: May 2006

abstract A 3‐year, unsupervised, toothbrushing study with a double‐blind, controlled design was conducted to evaluate the caries‐preventive effectiveness of a 2 % sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice among 1,407 7‐ to 12‐year‐old children residing in an optimal, natural fluoride (= 1.2–1.4 parts/106) area of Denmark. With the initial caries lesion as a differential, two levels of clinical caries diagnosis were applied in the quantitative evaluation of the effects. A comparison of the monofluorophosphate dentifrice with a null control dentifrice indicated that its use at home, coupled with regular motivation by home visitors, conferred about a 30 % reduction in dental caries increment over a 3‐year period, beyond those anticariogenic benefits assumed to have been provided by the waterborne fluoride.
Timing of permanent tooth emergence in Danish children
Authors: Helm Sven , Seidler Bjorn
Published: May 2006

abstract Mean times of emergence of the permanent teeth, except the third molars, and mean times of onset of specific dental stages were studied cross‐sectionally in nearly 8,000 Danish children. In both sexes, a tendency for grouped emergence was observed, the teeth within a group showing similar mean times of emergence. The following groups were distinguishable: (1) the first molar in each jaw and the mandibular central incisor, (2) the maxillary central and mandibular lateral incisor, (3) the mandibular canine and the first premolar in each jaw, and (4) the maxillary canine and the second premolar in each jaw. The sex difference in emergence timing ranged from 2–11 months. In Denmark, the first visit to the Child Dental Services usually takes place when the children enter school in the year they attain the age of 7 years. The present findings indicate that, in order to include the initial phase of permanent tooth emergence, organized dental care should be introduced at least 1 year earlier.
Miscegenation and the prevalence of three‐rooted mandibular first molars in the Baffin Eskimo
Authors: Corzon M. E. J.
Published: May 2006

abstract A survey was conducted to determine the prevalence of three‐rooted first mandibular molars (3RM1) in 125 schoolchildren, aged 7–9 years, of Eskimo, Eskimo‐Caucasian and Caucasian parentage. The pure Eskimo group had a prevalence of 21.7 % 3RM1 compared with 16.6 % for the half‐Eskimo group. This difference was not statistically significant. No instance of 3RM1 was recorded in the Caucasian children. The significance of the results concerning the pertinence of Eskimo dental characteristics is discussed.
Dental fluorosis and caries in high‐fluoride districts in Sweden
Authors: Forsman Britta
Published: May 2006

abstract An investigation of the occurrence of fluorosis and caries was carried out in districts in Sweden with extremely high fluoride (F) concentrations in the drinking water. In areas with ∼ 10 ppm F* severe fluorosis, DEAN'S Index Grade 3 and 4, occurred on all permanent teeth and most of the primary teeth. The fluorosis was related to the F supply during the period of mineralization of the teeth. One case of “delayed” fluorosis was, however, demonstrated. In the area ∼ 5 ppm, 50 % of individuals had fluorosis Grade 2 and 28 % Grade 3 or 4 in the permanent teeth. Fluorosis in the primary dentition was milder, but only 20 % of the individuals were completely free from fluorosis and several cases of Grade 3 and 4 occurred in this area also. Caries frequency in the permanent teeth was higher in the ∼ 10 ppm area in comparison with the ∼ 1 ppm area. The highest DMFS values could be related to fluorosis Grade 3 and 4 in both the ∼ 10 ppm and ∼ 5 ppm areas. For the primary teeth the deft value decreased with increasing water F content and the caries frequency was not related to the degree of fluorosis. Duration of breastfeeding influenced the degree of fluorosis in areas up to ∼ 5 ppm in both the primary and secondary dentitions; in areas with ∼ 10 ppm F only the primary dentition was influenced, while the permanent teeth in these areas showed severe fluorosis even with long duration of breastfeeding. F content of saliva was, like the F content of bone and blood plasma, increased in the ∼ 10 ppm area. F deposition in primary teeth from the ∼ 10 ppm area was of the order four times that in the 1 ppm area. Pre‐ and post‐natal F deposition is discussed with reference to analyses of F content of blood and bone, and the significance of these factors during pregnancy.
Probability of congenitally missing teeth: Results in 1,191 children in the Burlington Growth Centre in Toronto
Authors: Thompson G. W. , Popovich F.
Published: May 2006

abstract The position and frequency of anodontia was determined from oblique and postero‐anterior cephalograms of 1,191 children (615 males and 576 females) from the Burlington Growth Centre. These children ranged from age 6 to 12 years and some were studied cross‐sectionally while others were studied serially. The presence or absence of congenitally missing teeth were recorded from cephalograms. Of all the children studied, only 7.4% had congenitally missing teeth. Most frequently, only one or two teeth were congenitally absent. Males, most commonly, had only one tooth missing whereas females had a greater chance of having two or more teeth absent. The most commonly absent tooth was the mandibular second premolar, then the maxillary lateral incisor followed by the maxillary second premolar. When a tooth was missing, there was a greater probability that other teeth would be missing.
The pattern of use of the dental surgery assistant by British dentists
Authors: Silversin J. B. , Shafer S. M. , Smaliss F. C. , Sheiham A.
Published: May 2006

abstract A study was conducted to assess the pattern of utilization of dental surgery assistants (D.S.A.) by British dentists. 1,188 general dental practitioners working in the National Health Service and 103 private non‐N.H.S. dentists responded to a written questionnaire. Although 98.3 % of the N.H.S. dental practitioners utilized a D.S.A., 60.7 % had a D.S.A. at the chairside for 90 % or more of the time. There were only small differenccs in the pattern of use of D.S.A.'s between N.H.S. and private dentists. The majority (67 %) of D.S.A.'s worked standing, whereas 66.4 % of dentists worked sitting down for 50 % or more of the time. Only 3.1 % of dentists had no D.S.A.'s; over half the dentists worked in practices with two to four D.S.A.'s. Overall, 74.4 % of dentists wished they had more instruction in dental ancillary utilization. The training given to undergraduates did not appear to be sulficient nor nieaningful for the students.
The prevalence of dummy and finger sucking habits in Copenhagen children until the age of 3 years
Authors: Ravn J. J.
Published: May 2006

abstract The sucking habits of 248 single‐born children and 30 pairs of twins were recorded. All children examined were between 3 years 0 months and 3 years 1 month on the date of examination. The relationships between sucking habit, the weight of the child at birth and the pattern of nutrition during infancy were examined. There was a sharp reduction in the number of children who sucked dummies as age increased, from 84.3 % at age 1 year to 47.1 % at age 3 years. The situation was quite different with finger‐suckers: of the original 20 suckers, 17 were still sucking at the age of 3 years. A comparison between the two sexes' sucking habits showed that boys give up the sucking habit at an earlier age than girls. The feeding method in infancy has obviously no influence on the extent of sucking habits. It was found that weight at birth probably did not exert significant influence on sucking habits. A comparison between the feeding methods of single‐born infants and twins showed that very few twins are breast‐fed, the great majority being fed by bottle.
The effect of chewing apples on dental plaque and food debris
Authors: BIRKELAND J. M. , JORKJEND L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to assess the cleansing effect of the chewing of apples. The plaque situation in 47 children 12 years of age was assessed by the Plaque Index System. Judging from plaque incidence values, the chewing of apples had no cleansing effect on moderate amounts of plaque. A similar experiment with 57 children of the same age showed, however, that food debris was removed by chewing apples.
A 3‐year study among Yugoslavian schoolchildren on caries reduction after topical application of 4% NaF‐PO4
Authors: Vrbič V. , KOšMELJ B. , Ravnik č;.
Published: May 2006

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to test the caries‐inhibiting effect of 4 %NaF in 0.1M H3PO4, pH 4.6 after application once or twice a year. Four hundred and ninety‐seven children, 10–12 years old, with totally repaired teeth, were randomly divided into three groups, which were treated as follows: Group 1: control, Group 2: fluoride topical application once a year, Group 3: fluoride topical application twice a year at 6‐month intervals. The differences among groups were analyzed on the basis of caries increment of teeth and of caries increment of surfaces. The analysis was made for all teeth, for teeth present initially and for teeth erupted during the study. The 3‐year study showed that topical application of NaF‐POj solution causes a significant caries inhibition in children at that age. It can be stated that the caries reduction expressed in DFT as well in DFS for all teeth was higher in Group 3 (about 30%) than in Group 2 (about 20%). This difference was especially marked for newly erupted teeth (34.4 % against 8.3 %).
Third molar agenesis in the Burlington Growth Centre in Toronto
Authors: Thompson G. W. , Popovich F. , Anderson D. L.
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Serial and cross‐sectional cephalograms were read and the treatment files reviewed, for 521 children of a representative sample, the Burlington Growth Centre sample, to determine the frequency of congenially missing third molars. All the children had at least two cephalograms taken between the ages of 3 and 21 years, and one of these was taken around 16 years. Of the 521 children studied, 22.3 % had congenially missing third molars. There was no sex‐specificity with respect to congenitally missing third molars or to the number of missing third molars in the maxilla and the mandible. Generally, more teeth were absent when third molars were congenitally missing. A relationship was found to exist between congenitally missing teeth and congenitally missing third molars in females. Thus, when third molars were absent, there was a sex‐specificity for other congenitally missing teeth. The probability of specific teeth being missing was higher for those individuals with missing third molars than in the 1,191 10‐ to 12‐year‐old children of the overall Burlington Growth Centre sample.
An epidemiologic study of the relationship between overbite and over jet in English children aged 11–12 years
Authors: Haynes S.
Published: May 2006

Abstract

The relationship between overbite and overjet in 1,147 English children aged 11–12 years has been investigated and a statistically significant positive correlation found. It has also been shown that the ratio of the rate of increase of overbite: rate of increase of overjet is approximately 3:1 relative to the defined categories of overbite. The significance of a specific increase in the demand for treatment of deep overbite is also discussed.
A comparison of the concurrent validity of two epidemiologic diagnostic systems for caries evaluation
Authors: Downer Martin C. , O'Mullane D. M.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The concurrent validity of two methods of caries diagnosis was evaluated by comparing findings obtained by two observers in independent extraoral examinations of 109 posterior teeth with the histologic appearance of these teeth after sectioning. Diagnosis of pit and fissure caries predilection sites and approximal surfaces was carried out by the first examiner using a visual technique of clinical diagnosis (Method 1), and by the second using a visual‐tactile technique, aided by a standardized blunt probe (Method 2). Validity was expressed in terms of sensitivities and specificities of diagnosis. For Method 1, sensitivity was 0.91 for fissure sites and 0.94 for approximal surfaces, the corresponding estimates for Method 2 being 0.92 and 0.93. Specificity estimates for Method 1 were 0.81 for fissures and 0.92 for approximal surfaces, while the corresponding values for Method 2 were 0.85 and 0.97. Comparison of values between methods yielded no statistically significant differences except for the specificities of diagnosis at approximal surfaces. Method 1 returned a significantly higher frequency of false positive diagnoses at these sites than Method 2.
A comparative study of oral health as related to general health, food habits and socioeconomic conditions of 4‐year‐old Swedish children
Authors: Holm A.‐K. , Blomquist H. K:son , Crossner C.‐G. , Grahnén H. , Samuelson G.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT An epidemiologic study of oral health, food habits and socioeconomic conditions of 187 randomly selected 4‐year‐old children was carried out in the city of Umeå in the north of Sweden. The findings were compared with those in an investigation performed 4 years previously in the same area. The investigation showed a decrease in caries frequency from 1967 to 1971, which might be explained by the advice which had been given at Child Health Centers. The food habits had altered, in that there was less between‐meal consumption, particularly of sweets, buns, cakes and soft drinks. Also, increased consumption of fluoride tablets was noted. Multiple regression analyses confirmed the findings of the 1967 study, namely that a high frequency of sweets consumption was positively correlated with caries indexes and that children of parents with a higher educational level had lower caries indexes. It was also found that the Gingival Index was affected by the frequency of consumption of buns, cakes and soft drinks and by a high number of contacts between the teeth.
A review and discussion of goals in community dentistry
Authors: Barenthin Inkeri
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The author discusses the need for clearly stated goals in community dentistry, the choice of goals, and the chances to achieve them. Goals in community health planning should be based on the values, needs and resources of the community in question. When analyzing goals a distinction should be made between dental health and dental care. Some goals for dental care, e.g. equity of access, may concern social justice but do not necessarily lead to better dental health. It is generally agreed that good dental health for a whole community cannot be achieved by restorative treatment alone; good dental health habits are considered to be a better way to promote dental health. Existing research indicates that there are chances to attain an acceptable level of dental health if the community effort is systematically planned and executed. There are indications that a reduction in the prevalence of dental disease can be brought about by new and effective means in the future. Long‐term planning should be flexible enough to respond to new opportunities.
Congenital oral anomalies in Argentinian children
Authors: Sedano Heddie O.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT A total of 6,180 Argentinian school‐age children were examined clinically for the presence of oral congenital anomalies. The following prevalence figures were found: commissured lip pits (0.7 %), ankyloglossia (0.1 %), geographic tongue (1.5 %), localized enamel hypomaturation (2.8 %) median rhomboid glossitis (0.1 %), torus palatinus (0.3 %) and dentinogenesis imperfecta (0.3 %). Data are presented for the first time on snowcap amelogenesis imperfecta with a prevalence value of 0.1 %.
Tetracycline‐stained teeth in Jerusalem preschool children
Authors: Zadik D. , Eidelman E.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The prevalence of tetracycline‐stained teeth was studied in 965 5‐year‐olds attending compulsory kindergartens in West Jerusalem in 1971. In addition, demographic data were collected to determine the socioeconomic status of the children's families. The prevalence of children with stained teeth was 8.0 %, males being affected twice as often as females. The prevalence of staining was significantly higher in children of lower socioeconomic status.
Characteristics of a group of patients with temporomandibular joint disorders
Authors: Helöe Berit , Helöe Leif Arne
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Information concerning social, medical and dental characteristics was obtained from a group comprising 406 patients, 103 men and 303 women, all with some temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorder. Median age for the men was 27 years, and for the women 33 years. Individuals belonging to the middle and upper social classes were clearly overrepresented. Self‐reports on general health indicated no obvious deviation from levels which might be expected to prevail in the general population. Dental health tended to be slightly ahead of Norwegian general standards. Eighty‐two percent of the group were found to have a mandibular pain dysfunction syndrome (MDS), 11 % had chronic osteoarthritis, and 7 % suffered from other arthropathies of traumatic as well as rheumatologic origin. The proportion of patients with MDS was inversely related to age, and after the age of 40, the relative frequency of MDS also fell slightly with the lowering of social class. Presumably the social composition of the clientele reflected differences in the seeking of treatment, rather than in the “true” disease prevalences. No indication was found for assuming that dental factors had played major and independent roles in the development of the disorders.
Prevalence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati among 3,819 Danes
Authors: Saietz Lizzie
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Clinical inspection was made of the palatal mucosa of 3,819 patients at the Royal Dental College, Copenhagen. Any occurrence of leukokeratosis nicotina palati (LNP) was recorded, as were the patients' general data and information on their smoking habits. LNP was most prevalent in 30‐ to 39‐year‐olds. Prevalence was considerably greater among males than females, even when comparing groups with the same smoking habits. LNP was found in connection with all forms of smoking. In male patients, approx. 30 % of pipe smokers had LNP compared with approx. 7 % of other smokers. The greatest single factor of importance to the prevalence of LNP, among those who smoked a pipe only, was the level of consumption. The smoking period was of no particular significance. Individual susceptibility is illustrated by the fact that even among pipe smokers with a relatively high consumption, 40 % did not exhibit LNP.
Incidence of oral cancer among 30,000 villagers in India in a 7‐year follow‐up study of oral precancerous lesions
Authors: Pindborg Jens J. , Mehta Fali S. , Daftary Dinesh K.
Published: May 2006

In three districts of India where an oral precancer registry comprising 30,000 individuals was established in 1967, regular follow‐up surveys have been conducted. This paper discusses the results of a 7‐year follow‐up study. In Bhavnagar district only one case of oral cancer was reported in this study. In the districts of Ernakulam and Srikakulam, age‐adjusted annual incidence rates for oral cancer were found to be 33 and 22 per 100,000 respectively. The significance of tobacco habits and oral submucous fibrosis as etiologic factors is discussed.
The use of dental services among Norwegian adults in 1973
Authors: Helöe Leif Arne , Tronstad Leif
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The dental treatment pattern and its determinants were surveyed in 1973 by interviews with a sample comprising 1,632 persons drawn to cover the total Norwegian population aged 15 and above. In all, 58 % of the interviewees stated having visited a dentist during the year prior to the interview. In contrast, 16 % had not consulted a dentist for at least 5 years. Fifty‐five percent of the sample reported having received fillings at the last dental visit and 15 % reported having received some periodontal and/or preventive treatment. Regular (at least annual) treatment attendance, was claimed by 52 % of the sample. However, some respondents had seemingly embellished their treatment behavior, and a relatively valid estimate for the current proportion of regular treatment attenders was considered to be 40 % of the adult population in Norway. Sex and geographic region were found to be the most influential predictors of the recent treatment pattern, whereas school dental treatment had a major influence in youth. Dental conditions including the wearing of dentures was the reason most often given for not seeing a dentist on a regular basis.
Estimates of orthodontic treatment need in Danish schoolchildren
Authors: Helm Sven , Kreiborg Sven , Barlebo Jörgen , Caspersen Ivar , Eriksen John Havn , Hansen Wilford , Hanusardottir Bergtora , Munck Glaus , Perregaard Jörn , Prydsö Uwe , Reumert Charlotte , Spedtsberg Henning
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Orthodontic treatment need has been assessed on the basis of complete orthodontic records in a random sample of 293 Danish children aged 13–17 years by a group of postgraduate orthodontic students and by three orthodontists. The estimates of treatment need ranged from 45 % to 61 %. Interexaminer agreement in pairs was observed in 77 %– 92 % (mean 83 %) of the cases. Uniformity in four individual assessments was reached in 69 % of the cases: 38 % were considered in need of treatment and 31 % were considered not to present such need; conversely, 31 % gave rise to disagreement. It is argued that, at present, the orthodontist's subjective estimate of treatment need probably constitutes a more realistic approach to the problem of assigning treatment priority than the various indices of malocclusion.
Effect on dental caries of a dental public health program for Danish schoolchildren
Authors: Poulsen S. , Risager J.
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The effect of a dental public health program comprising schoolchildren under the Danish Act on Child Dental Health has been evaluated after 5 years of operation. The program comprised complete restorative care for all children from kindergarten through the 9th grade (16 years of age), but only children attending kindergarten through third grade (10 years) are included in the present study. Each grade comprised approximately 50 children. A number of preventive procedures such as topical fluoride application, oral hygiene instruction and various other educational procedures have been used. The treatment services resulted in almost complete elimination of the “D” component and the “M” component in the DMFS index. The preventive services resulted in marked reductions in the total DMFS index, and almost complete elimination of new carious lesions after enrollment in the program. The non‐experimental nature of the study makes it impossible to determine the effect of each one of the preventive procedures used in the program.