Ocean variability and its influence on the detectability of greenhouse warming signals
Authors: Santer Benjamin D. , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Brüggemann Wolfgang , Cubasch Ulrich , Hasselmann Klaus , Höck Heinke , Maier‐Reimer Ernst , Wigley Tom M. L. 
Published: February 2004

Recent investigations have considered whether it is possible to achieve early detection of greenhouse‐gas‐induced climate change by observing changes in ocean variables. In this study we use model data to assess some of the uncertainties involved in estimating when we could expect to detect ocean greenhouse warming signals. We distinguish between detection periods and detection times. As defined here, detection period is the length of a climate time series required in order to detect, at some prescribed significance level, a given linear trend in the presence of the natural climate variability. Detection period is defined in model years and is independent of reference time and the real time evolution of the signal. Detection time is computed for an actual time‐evolving signal from a greenhouse warming experiment and depends on the experiment's start date. Two sources of uncertainty are considered: those associated with the level of natural variability or noise, and those associated with the time‐evolving signals. We analyze the ocean signal and noise for spatially averaged ocean circulation indices such as heat and fresh water fluxes, rate of deep water formation, salinity, temperature, transport of mass, and ice volume. The signals for these quantities are taken from recent time‐dependent greenhouse warming experiments performed by the Max Planck Institute for Meteorology in Hamburg with a coupled ocean‐atmosphere general circulation model. The time‐dependent greenhouse gas increase in these experiments was specified in accordance with scenario A of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The natural variability noise is derived from a 300‐year control run performed with the same coupled atmosphere‐ocean model and from two long (>3000 years) stochastic forcing experiments in which an uncoupled ocean model was forced by white noise surface flux variations. In the first experiment the stochastic forcing was restricted to the fresh water fluxes, while in the second experiment the ocean model was additionally forced by variations in wind stress and heat fluxes. The mean states and ocean variability are very different in the three natural variability integrations. A suite of greenhouse warming simulations with identical forcing but different initial conditions reveals that the signal estimated from these experiments may evolve in noticeably different ways for some ocean variables. The combined signal and noise uncertainties translate into large uncertainties in estimates of detection time. Nevertheless, we find that ocean variables that are highly sensitive indicators of surface conditions, such as convective overturning in the North Atlantic, have shorter signal detection times (35–65 years) than deep‐ocean indicators (≥100 years). We investigate also whether the use of a multivariate detection vector increases the probability of early detection. We find that this can yield detection times of 35–60 years (relative to a 1985 reference date) if signal and noise are projected onto a common “fingerprint” which describes the expected signal direction. Optimization of the signal‐to‐noise ratio by (spatial) rotation of the fingerprint in the direction of low‐noise components of the stochastic forcing experiments noticeably reduces the detection time (to 10–45 years). However, rotation in space alone does not guarantee an improvement of the signal‐to‐noise ratio for a time‐dependent signal. This requires an “optimal fingerprint” strategy in which the detection pattern (fingerprint) is rotated in both space and time.