bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrast-Induced Encephalopathy Resulting From Use of Ioversol and Iopromide
Authors: Zhang Guilian , Wang Heying , Zhao Lili , Li Tao , Sun Man , Zhang Yiheng , Hu Hua , Teng Guoliang , Chen Jingju , Jian Yating , Liu Jiao
Published: December 2019

Background

Contrast-induced encephalopathy (CIE) is a rare disease, whose etiology and risk factors remain unclear and need investigation.

Methods

We collected 7 CIE cases from 2646 patients injected with ioversol and 5 CIE cases from 526 patients injected with iopromide, all of whom underwent neurointervention surgery in our regional centers. The incidence of CIE, its characteristics, and risks were analyzed in both groups.

Results

The overall incidence of CIE was 0.38%, specifically 0.95% and 0.26% in the iopromide and ioversol groups, respectively; the former incidence was significantly higher than the latter (P = 0.029). The risk of CIE with iopromide was 3.567 to 3.618 times higher than that with ioversol (single-factor analysis odds ratio [OR], 3.618; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.144–11.443; P = 0.029; multifactor analysis OR, 3.567 (95% CI, 0.827–15.379); P = 0.088). Moreover, acute cerebral infarction was an independent risk factor for CIE (OR, 4.024; 95% CI, 1.137–14.236; P = 0.031). Contrast-induced encephalopathy could occur within 5 minutes after injecting contrast media. The CIE characteristics differed according to the medium. In the ioversol group, the most common characteristic was visual disorder (71.43%), whereas in the iopromide group, the most common characteristic was delirium (100%).

Conclusions

Compared with ioversol, iopromide appeared more likely to lead to CIE. Acute cerebral infarction was an independent risk factor for CIE. The earliest CIE onset was within 5 minutes after injecting contrast. The characteristics of CIE varied significantly for different contrast media.
Hospital admission with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with increased all-cause mortality independent of cardiovascular risk factors
Authors: Mann Jake P. , Carter Paul , Armstrong Matthew J. , Abdelaziz Hesham K , Uppal Hardeep , Patel Billal , Chandran Suresh , More Ranjit , Newsome Philip N. , Potluri Rahul
Published: December 2019

Background

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is common and strongly associated with the metabolic syndrome. Though NAFLD may progress to end-stage liver disease, the top cause of mortality in NAFLD is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Most of the data on liver-related mortality in NAFLD derives from specialist liver centres. We aimed to assess mortality in NAFLD when adjusting for CVD in a ‘real world’ cohort of inpatients.

Methods

Retrospective study of hospitalised patients with 14-years follow-up. NAFL (non-alcoholi c fatty liver), non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and NAFLD-cirrhosis groups were defined by ICD-10 codes using ACALM methodology. Cases were age-/sex-matched 1:10 with non-NAFLD hospitalised patients from the ACALM registry. All-cause mortality was compared between groups using cox regression adjusted for CVD and metabolic syndrome risk factors.

Results

We identified 1238 patients with NAFL, 105 with NASH and 1235 with NAFLD-cirrhosis. There was an increasing burden of cardiovascular disease with progression from NAFL to NASH to cirrhosis. After adjustment for demographics, metabolic syndrome components and cardiovascular disease, patients with NAFL, NASH, and cirrhosis all had increased all-cause mortality (HR 1.3 (CI 1.1-1.5), HR 1.5 (CI 1.0-2.3) and HR 3.5 (CI 3.3-3.9), respectively). Hepatic decompensation (NAFL HR 8.0 (CI 6.1-10.4), NASH HR 6.5 (2.7-15.4) and cirrhosis HR 85.8 (CI 72-104)), and hepatocellular carcinoma were increased in all NAFLD groups.

Conclusion

There is a high burden of cardiovascular disease in NAFLD-cirrhosis patients. From a large “real-life” non-specialist registry of hospitalized patients, NAFLD patients have increased overall mortality and rate of liver-related complications compared to controls after adjusting for cardiovascular disease.
Surgical site infection and its associated factors in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shiferaw Wondimeneh Shibabaw , Aynalem Yared Asmare , Akalu Tadesse Yirga , Petrucka Pammla Margaret
Published: December 2019

Background

Despite being a preventable complication of surgical procedures, surgical site infections (SSIs) continue to threaten public health with significant impacts on the patients and the health-care human and financial resources. With millions affected globally, there issignificant variation in the primary studies on the prevalence of SSIs in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of SSI and its associated factors among postoperative patients in Ethiopia.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, Psyinfo, African Journals Online, and Google Scholar were searched for studies that looked at SSI in postoperative patients. A funnel plot and Egger’s regression test were used to determine publication bias. The I2statistic was used to check heterogeneity between the studies. DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was applied to estimate the pooled effect size, odds ratios (ORs), and 95% confidence interval (CIs) across studies. The subgroup analysis was conducted by region, sample size, and year of publication. Sensitivity analysis was deployed to determine the effect of a single study on the overall estimation. Analysis was done using STATA™ Version 14 software.

Result

A total of 24 studies with 13,136 study participants were included in this study. The estimated pooled prevalence of SSI in Ethiopia was 12.3% (95% CI: 10.19, 14.42). Duration of surgery > 1 hour (AOR = 1.78; 95% CI: 1.08 –2.94), diabetes mellitus (AOR = 3.25; 95% CI: 1.51–6.99), American Society of Anaesthesiologists score >1 (AOR = 2.51; 95% CI: 1.07–5.91), previous surgery (AOR = 2.5; 95% CI: 1.77–3.53), clean-contaminated wound (AOR = 2.15; 95% CI: 1.52–3.04), and preoperative hospital stay > 7 day (AOR = 5.76; 95% CI: 1.15–28.86), were significantly associated with SSI.

Conclusion

The prevalence of SSI among postoperative patients in Ethiopia remains high with a pooled prevalence of 12.3% in 24 extracted studies. Therefore, situation based interventions and region context-specific preventive strategies should be developed to reduce the prevalence of SSI among postoperative patients.
Statistical inference for association studies using electronic health records: handling both selection bias and outcome misclassification
Authors: Beesley Lauren J. , Mukherjee Bhramar
Published: December 2019

Health research using electronic health records (EHR) has gained popularity, but misclassification of EHR-derived disease status and lack of representativeness of the study sample can result in substantial bias in effect estimates and can impact power and type I error. In this paper, we develop new strategies for handling disease status misclassification and selection bias in EHR-based association studies. We first focus on each type of bias separately. For misclassification, we propose three novel likelihood-based bias correction strategies. A distinguishing feature of the EHR setting is that misclassification may berelated to patient-specific factors, and the proposed methods leverage data in the EHR to estimate misclassification rateswithout gold standard labels. For addressing selection bias, we describe how calibration and inverse probability weighting methods from the survey sampling literature can be extended and applied to the EHR setting.

Addressing misclassification and selection biases simultaneously is a more challenging problem than dealing with each on its own, and we propose several new strategies to address this situation. For all methods proposed, we derive valid standard errors and provide software for implementation. We provide a new suite of statistical estimation and inference strategies for addressing misclassification and selection bias simultaneously that is tailored to problems arising in EHR data analysis. We apply these methods to data from The Michigan Genomics Initiative (MGI), a longitudinal EHR-linked biorepository.
Quantifying the dynamics of pig movements improves targeted disease surveillance and control plans
Authors: Machado Gustavo , Galvis Jason Ardila , Nunes Lopes Francisco Paulo , Voges Joana , Rosa Medeiros Antônio Augusto , Cárdenas Nicolas Cespedes
Published: December 2019

Tracking animal movements over time can fundamentally determine the success of disease control interventions throughout targeting farms that are tightly connected. In commercial pig production, animals are transported between farms based on growth stages, thus it generates time-varying contact networks that will influence the dynamics of disease spread. Still, risk-based surveillance strategies are mostly based on a static network. In this study, we reconstructed the static and temporal pig networks of one Brazilian state from 2017 to 2018, comprising 351,519 movements and 48 million transported pigs. The static networks failed to capture time-respecting movement pathways. Therefore, we propose a time-dependent network susceptible-infected (SI) model to simulate the temporal spread of an epidemic over the pig network globally through the temporal movement of animals among farms, and locally with a stochastic compartmental model in each farm, configured to calculate the minimum number of target farms needed to achieve effective disease control. In addition, we propagated disease on the pig temporal network to calculate the cumulative contacts as a proxy of epidemic sizes and evaluated the impact of network-based disease control strategies. The results show that targeting the first 1,000 farms ranked by degree would be sufficient and feasible to diminish disease spread considerably. Our finding also suggested that assuming a worst-case scenario in which every movement transmit disease, pursuing farms by degree would limit the transmission to up to 29 farms over the two years period, which is lower than the number of infected farms for random surveillance, with epidemic sizes of 2,593 farms. The top 1,000 farms could benefit from enhanced biosecurity plans and improved surveillance, which constitute important next steps in strategizing targeted disease control interventions. Overall, the proposed modeling framework provides a parsimonious solution for targeted disease surveillance when temporal movement data is available.
Gold nanorod based delivery system could bring about superior therapy effect of Ramucirumab through direct cytotoxicity to cancer cell mediated by differential regulation of phagocytosis in gastric cancer cell
Authors: Fan Linyang , Zhao Minzhi
Published: December 2019

Gastric Cancer (GC) is one of the most serious cancers with high incidence and mortality all over the world. Chemotherapy hadn’t led to desirable effect and targeted therapy brings about a new stage to cancer treatment. Ramucirumab is the first FDA-approved therapy for advanced gastric cancer. It is well known that gold nanorod, a nontoxic biocompatible nanomaterial, is an especially promising candidate for cancer theranostic. In this study, Ramucirumab (Ab) were first modified by gold nanoparticles to enhance uptake efficiency. The simple Nano-delivery system had taken perfect aggregation effect in vivo even better than 5-fold Ab treatment. Gold nanomaterials, especially gold nanorod (AuNR), could induce direct cytotoxic effect to cancer cell in the presence of Ab, while Ab or gold nanoparticle themselves couldn’t lead to such direct killing effect even at an extremely high concentration. Proteomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed this direct cytotoxicity derived predominantly from Ab-mediated phagocytose, and the high affinity receptor for Fc gamma CD64 showed differential up-regulation only in gastric cancer cell treated by these nanodrugs compared with Ab, especially for AuNR group. This was the first time to discover that nanoparticle could induce regulation of immune related pathways and Fcγ receptor in the target cancer cell. Simplified and powerful designs of smart nanoparticles are highly desired for clinical. The dramatic enhancement of Ab accumulation with simple composition, combined with direct cytotoxic effect specific to cancer cells brought perfect therapeutic effects in vivo than Ab, which would promote further clinical application of gold nanorod in the diagnosis and therapeutics of gastric cancer.

Abstract Figure
The history of measles: from a 1912 genome to an antique origin
Authors: Düx Ariane , Lequime Sebastian , Patrono Livia Victoria , Vrancken Bram , Boral Sengül , Gogarten Jan F. , Hilbig Antonia , Horst David , Merkel Kevin , Prepoint Baptiste , Santibanez Sabine , Schlotterbeck Jasmin , Suchard Marc A. , Ulrich Markus , Widulin Navena , Mankertz Annette , Leendertz Fabian H. , Harper Kyle , Schnalke Thomas , Lemey Philippe , Calvignac-Spencer Sébastien
Published: December 2019

Many infectious diseases are thought to have emerged in humans after the Neolithic revolution. While it is broadly accepted that this also applies to measles, the exact date of emergence for this disease is controversial. Here, we sequenced the genome of a 1912 measles virus and used selection-aware molecular clock modeling to determine the divergence date of measles virus and rinderpest virus. This divergence date represents the earliest possible date for the establishment of measles in human populations. Our analyses show that the measles virus potentially arose as early as the 4thcentury BCE, rekindling the recently challenged hypothesis of an antique origin of this disease.

One Sentence Summary

Measles virus diverged from rinderpest virus in the 4thcentury BCE, which is compatible with an emergence of measles during Antiquity.
Disrupted neural synchrony mediates the relationship between white matter integrity and cognitive performance in older adults
Authors: Hinault T. , Kraut M. , Bakker A. , Dagher A. , Courtney S.M.
Published: December 2019

Our main goal was to determine the influence of white matter integrity on the dynamic coupling between brain regions and the individual variability of cognitive performance in older adults. EEG was recorded while participants performed a task specifically designed to engage working memory and inhibitory processes, and the associations among functional activity, structural integrity, and cognitive performance were assessed. We found that the association between white matter microstructural integrity and cognitive functioning with aging is mediated by time-varying alpha and gamma phase-locking value (PLV). Specifically, older individuals with better preservation of the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus showed greater task-related modulations of alpha and gamma long-range PLV between the inferior frontal gyrus and occipital lobe, lower local phase-amplitude coupling in occipital lobes, and better cognitive control performance. Our results help delineate the role of individual variability of white matter microstructure in dynamic synchrony and cognitive performance during normal aging, and show that even small reductions in white matter integrity can lead to altered communications between brain regions, which in turn can result in reduced efficiency of cognitive functioning.

Significance statement

Cognitive aging is associated with large individual differences, as some individuals maintain cognitive performance similar to that of young adults while others are significantly impaired. We hypothesized that individual differences in white matter integrity would influence the functional synchrony between frontal and posterior brain regions, and cognitive performance in older adults. We found that the association between reduced tract integrity and worse cognitive performance in older adults was mediated by task-related modulations of coupling synchrony in the alpha and gamma bands. Results offer a mechanistic explanation for the neural basis of the variability of cognitive performance in older adults who do not have any clinically diagnosable neuropathology, and for the association between structural network integrity and cognition in older adults.
When to wake up? The optimal waking-up strategies for starvation-induced persistence
Authors: Himeoka Yusuke , Mitarai Namiko
Published: December 2019

Prolonged lag time can be induced by starvation contributing to the antibiotic tolerance of bacteria. We analyze the optimal lag time to survive and grow the iterative and stochastic application of antibiotics. A simple model shows that the optimal lag time can exhibit a discontinuous transition when the severeness of the antibiotic application, such as the probability to be exposed the antibiotic, the death rate under the exposure, and the duration of the exposure, is increased. This suggests the possibility of reducing tolerant bacteria by controlled usage of antibiotics application. When the bacterial populations are able to have two phenotypes with different lag times, the fraction of the second phenotype that has different lag time shows a continuous transition. We then present a generic framework to investigate the optimal lag time distribution for total population fitness for a given distribution of the antibiotic application duration. The obtained optimal distributions have multiple peaks for a wide range of the antibiotic application duration distributions, including the case where the latter is monotonically decreasing. The analysis supports the advantage in evolving multiple, possibly discrete phenotypes in lag time for bacterial long-term fitness.

Author summary

Bacteria grow exponentially consuming nutrients, and then starve until the next nutrient is added. During the starvation, the cells enter dormancy and the cells become tolerant not only to starvation but also to other stressors. When nutrients are given to the starved cells, it takes some time before the cells fully “wake-up” and proliferate again. At first sight, it appears that the shorter this lag time the better for the bacteria. However, if the environment may contain another deadly stressor such as antibiotics, it may be better to “over-sleep” until the stressor is gone. Thus, they need to evolve to optimize their waking up strategy in the fluctuating environment. Here we have developed a theory for the optimal strategy for the repeated grow-and-starvation cycles with a fluctuating application of antibiotics. The optimal lag time exhibits a steep transition from immediate wake-up to over-sleep when the severeness of the antibiotics exceeds the threshold. The proposed general framework provides a way to predict the optimal distribution of lag time for various environmental fluctuation, and it may open for possible applications in administrating drug usage for interventions of pathogenic bacteria as well as cancer therapies where drug tolerance of dormant cells are observed.
NanoCaller for accurate detection of SNPs and indels in difficult-to-map regions from long-read sequencing by haplotype-aware deep neural networks
Authors: Ahsan Mian Umair , Liu Qian , Fang Li , Wang Kai
Published: December 2019

Long-read sequencing enables variant detection in genomic regions that are considered difficult-to-map by short-read sequencing. To fully exploit the benefits of longer reads, here we present a deep-learning method NanoCaller, which detects SNPs using long-range haplotype information, then phases long reads with called SNPs and calls indels with local realignment. Evaluation on 8 human genomes demonstrated that NanoCaller generally achieves better performance than competing approaches. We experimentally validated 41 novel variants in a widely-used benchmarking genome, which cannot be reliably detected previously. In summary, NanoCaller facilitates the discovery of novel variants in complex genomic regions from long- read sequencing.
Learning temporal integration from internal feedback
Authors: Nygren Erik , Ramirez Alexandro , McMahan Brandon , Aksay Emre , Senn Walter
Published: December 2019

There has been much focus on the mechanisms of temporal integration, but little on how circuits learn to integrate. In the adult oculomotor system, where a neural integrator maintains fixations, changes in integration dynamics can be driven by visual error signals. However, we show through dark-rearing experiments that visual inputs are not necessary for initial integrator development. We therefore propose a vision-independent learning mechanism whereby a recurrent network learns to integrate via a ‘teaching’ signal formed by low-pass filtered feedback of its population activity. The key is the segregation of local recurrent inputs onto a dendritic compartment and teaching inputs onto a somatic compartment of an integrator neuron. Model instantiation for oculomotor control shows how a self-corrective teaching signal through the cerebellum can generate an integrator with both the dynamical and tuning properties necessary to drive eye muscles and maintain gaze angle. This bootstrap learning paradigm may be relevant for development and plasticity of temporal integration more generally.

Highlights

- A neuronal architecture that learns to integrate saccadic commands for eye position.

- Learning is based on the recurrent dendritic prediction of somatic teaching signals.

- Experiment and model show that no visual feedback is required for initial integrator learning.

- Cerebellum is an internal teacher for motor nuclei and integrator population.
Enhancing Intracellular Accumulation and Target Engagement of PROTACs with Reversible Covalent Chemistry
Authors: Guo Wen-Hao , Qi Xiaoli , Yu Xin , Liu Yang , Chung Chan-I , Bai Fang , Lin Xingcheng , Lu Dong , Wang Lingfei , Chen Jianwei , Su Lynn Hsiao , Nomie Krystle J. , Li Feng , Wang Meng C. , Shu Xiaokun , Onuchic José N. , Woyach Jennifer A. , Wang Michael L. , Wang Jin
Published: December 2019

Current efforts in the proteolysis targeting chimera (PROTAC) field mostly focus on choosing an appropriate E3 ligase for the target protein, improving the binding affinities towards the target protein and the E3 ligase, and optimizing the PROTAC linker. However, due to the large molecular weights of PROTACs, their cellular uptake remains an issue. Through comparing how different warhead chemistry, reversible noncovalent (RNC), reversible covalent (RC), and irreversible covalent (IRC) binders, affects the degradation of Bruton’s Tyrosine Kinase (BTK), we serendipitously discover that cyano-acrylamide-based reversible covalent chemistry can significantly enhance the intracellular accumulation and target engagement of PROTACs and develop RC-1 as a reversible covalent BTK PROTAC with a high target occupancy as its corresponding kinase inhibitor and effectiveness as a dual functional inhibitor and degrader, a different mechanism-of-action for PROTACs. Importantly, this reversible covalent strategy is generalizable to improve other PROTACs, opening a path to enhance PROTAC efficacy.
Large-scale nuclear remodeling and transcriptional deregulation occur on both derivative chromosomes after Mantle Cell Lymphoma chromosomal translocation
Authors: Sall Fatimata Bintou , Pichugin Andrei , Iarovaia Olga , Barat Ana , Tsfasman Tatyana , Brossas Caroline , Prioleau Marie-Noëlle , Sheval Eugeny V. , Zharikova Anastasiya A. , Lazarovici Julien , Camara-Clayette Valérie , Ribrag Vincent , Lipinski Marc , Vassetzky Yegor , Germini Diego
Published: December 2019

Recurrent chromosomal translocations are found in many blood and solid cancers. Balanced translocations, frequent in lymphoid malignancies, lead to the formation of two aberrant derivative (der) chromosomes. This event often leads to overexpression of an oncogene. In many cases, the expression of an oncogene is not enough to produce a malignant phenotype; however, most part of the studies focus on the events involving the chromosome where the oncogene is located, but rarely the other der chromosome where other oncogenic alterations may potentially arise. Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma, is a perfect example of this. In 85% of the cases, it is characterized by the translocation t(11;14), which leads to the overexpression of cyclin D1 (CCND1) gene which results juxtaposed to the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene on the der14 chromosome. This feature alone is not sufficient to induce oncogenesis. Here we focused on the der11 chromosome. We demonstrated that expression of 88 genes located in a 15mb region close to the translocation breakpoint on the der11 was deregulated both in the GRANTA-519 MCL cell line and in B-cells from MCL patients. We found that a large segment of der11containing deregulated genes was relocated from its normal position in the nuclear periphery towards the center of the nucleus in close proximity to the nucleolus where the abundant nucleolar protein nucleolin binds a subset of genes located close to the breakpoint and activates their expression. This finding allowed to identify new potential oncogenes involved in MCL and the mechanisms of their upregulation.
Calcium induced calcium release in proximity to hair cell BK channels revealed by PKA activation
Authors: Bai Jun-ping , Xue Na , Lawal Omolara , Nyati Anda , Santos-Sacchi Joseph , Navaratnam Dhasakumar
Published: December 2019

Large conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels play a critical role in electrical resonance, a mechanism of frequency selectivity in chicken hair cells. We determine that BK currents are dependent on inward flow of Ca2+, and intracellular buffering of Ca2+. Entry of Ca2+is further amplified locally by Ca2+induced Ca2+release (CICR) in close proximity to plasma membrane BK channels. Ca2+imaging reveals peripheral clusters of high concentrations of Ca2+that are suprathreshold to that needed to activate BK channels. PKA activation increases BK currents likely by recruiting more BK channels due to spatial spread of high Ca2+concentrations in turn from increasing CICR. STORM imaging confirms the presence of nanodomains with ryanodine and IP3 receptors in close proximity to the Slo subunit of BK channels. Together, these data require a rethinking of how electrical resonance is brought about and suggest effects of CICR in synaptic release. Both genders were included in this study.
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis in response to a verbal fluency task and associations with task performance
Authors: Becker Linda , Schade Ursula , Rohleder Nicolas
Published: December 2019

Speech fluency can be impaired in stressful situations. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether a verbal fluency task without any further stress induction by itself induces responses of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

The sample consisted ofn= 85 participants (68.2% female; 33.3 ± 15.2 years, BMI = 23.7 ± 4.3 kg/m2) who performed two consecutive verbal fluency tasks for two minutes each. The categories were either ‘stress’ or ‘disease’ and ‘animals’ or ‘foods’ which were presented in a randomized order. Three saliva samples were collected, prior to the task (t0), immediately after (t1), and ten minutes after (t2). Salivary α-amylase and cortisol were assessed. Furthermore, blood pressure, heart rate, and subjective ratings of actual stress perception, level of effort, and tiredness were measured.

The verbal fluency task induced an HPA axis response with a maximum cortisol level at t2(p< .001, ηp2= .19) which was independent of task performance. Furthermore, subjective stress and effort as well of tiredness increased immediately after the task (allp< .001; alld≥ 1.0). Tiredness immediately after the task was negatively correlated with task performance (p= .002). No α-amylase, blood pressure or heart rate responses were found.

We conclude that a verbal fluency task acts like an acute stressor that induces a cortisol response without the need of further (e.g., social-evaluative) stress components. Therefore, it is a little time-consuming alternative to other stress tasks that can be used in field studies with little effort.
An instrument to assess HIV-related knowledge and adjustment to HIV+ status, and their association with anti-retroviral adherence
Authors: Laws M. Barton , Lee Yoojin , Rogers William S. , Taubin Tatiana , Wilson Ira B.
Published: December 2019

Background

Findings on the association between health literacy and anti-retroviral (ARV) adherence are inconsistent. Health literacy is usually operationalized with simple tests of basic literacy, but more complex conceptions of health literacy include content knowledge. People living with chronic illness also conceptualize and experience illness in ways other than biomedical or mechanistic models of disease.

Objective

There are no instruments that comprehensively assess knowledge of people living with HIV concerning HIV disease and treatment; or psychological adjustment to being HIV+. Little is known about the relationship between factual knowledge, or positive identification as HIV+, and anti-retroviral (ARV) adherence.

Methods

Formative work with in-depth semi-structured interviews, and cognitive testing, to develop a structured instrument assessing HIV-related knowledge, and personal meanings of living with HIV. Pilot administration of the instrument to a convenience sample of 101 respondents.

Key Results

Respondents varied considerably in their expressed need for in-depth knowledge, the accuracy of their understanding of relevant scientific concepts and facts about ARV treatment, and psychological adjustment and acceptance of HIV+ status. Most knowledge domains were not significantly related to self-reported ARV adherence, but accurate knowledge specifically about ARV treatment was (r=0.25, p=.02), as was an adapted version of the Need for Cognition scale (r=.256, p=.012). Negative feelings about living with HIV (r=.33, p=.0012), and medication taking (r=.276, p=.008) were significantly associated with non-adherence.

Conclusion

The instrument may be useful in diagnosing addressable reasons for non-adherence, as a component of psychoeducational interventions, and for evaluation of such interventions.

PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY

We developed a questionnaire for people with HIV. General knowledge about HIV wasn’t related to whether people took their medications, but specific information about treatment was. People with lots of bad feelings about living with HIV were less likely to take medications as prescribed. People who liked to think more about their decisions were more likely to take their medications.
Gut-derivedFlavonifractorspecies variants are differentially enriched duringin vitroincubation with quercetin
Authors: Rodriguez-Castaño Gina Paola , Rey Federico E. , Caro-Quintero Alejandro , Acosta-González Alejandro
Published: December 2019

Flavonoids are a common component of the human diet with widely reported health-promoting properties. The gut microbiota transforms these compounds affecting the overall metabolic outcome of their consumption. Flavonoid-degrading bacteria are often studied in isolation under culture conditions that do not resemble the conditions in the colon and that eliminate the multiple interactions that take place in complex communities. In this study, a comparative metataxonomic analysis of fecal communities supplemented with the flavonoid quercetin led us to identify a potential competitive exclusion interaction between two sequence variants related to the flavonoid-degrading species,Flavonifractor plautii, that belong to the same genus but different species. During incubation of fecal slurries with quercetin, the relative abundance of these two variants was inversely correlated; one variant, ASV_65f4, increased in relative abundance in half of the libraries and the other variant, ASV_a45d, in the other half. This pattern was also observed with 6 additional fecal samples that were transplanted into germ-free mice fed two different diets. Mouse’s diet did not change the pattern of dominance of either variant, and initial relative abundances did not predict which one ended up dominating. Potential distinct metabolic capabilities of these twoFlavonifractor-related species were evidenced, as only one variant, ASV_65f4, became consistently enriched in complex communities supplemented with acetate but no quercetin. Genomic comparison analysis of the close relatives of each variant revealed that ASV_65f4 may be an efficient ethanolamine-utilizing bacterium which may increase its fitness in media with no quercetin compared to ASV_a45d. Other discordant features between ASV_65f4- and ASV_a45d-related groups may be the presence of flagellar and galactose-utilization genes, respectively. Overall, we showed that theFlavonifractorgenus harbors variants that present a pattern of negative co-occurrence and that may have different metabolic and structural traits, whether these differences affect the dynamic of quercetin degradation warrants further investigation.
Insights into Functional Connectivity in Mammalian Signal Transduction Pathways by Pairwise Comparison of Protein Interaction Partners of Critical Signaling Hubs
Authors: Ramana Chilakamarti V.
Published: December 2019

Growth factors and cytokines activate signal transduction pathways and regulate gene expression in eukaryotes. Intracellular domains of activated receptors recruit several protein kinases as well as transcription factors that serve as platforms or hubs for the assembly of multi-protein complexes. The signaling hubs involved in a related biologic function often share common interaction proteins and target genes. This functional connectivity suggests that a pairwise comparison of protein interaction partners of signaling hubs and network analysis of common partners and their expression analysis might lead to the identification of critical nodes in cellular signaling. A pairwise comparison of signaling hubs across several related pathways might also reveal novel signaling modules. Analysis ofProteinInteractionConnectome byVenn (PIC-VENN) of transcription factors STAT1, STAT3, NFKB1, RELA, FOS and JUN, and their common interaction network suggested that BRCA1 and TSC22D3 function as critical nodes in immune responses by connecting the signaling nodes into signaling modules. Mutations or differential expression levels of these critical nodes in pathological conditions might deregulate signaling pathways and their target genes involved in inflammation. Biological connectivity emerges from the structural connectivity of interaction networks across several signaling hubs in related pathways. Application of PIC-VENN to several signaling hubs might reveal novel nodes and modules that can be targeted to simultaneously activate or inhibit cell signaling in health and disease.
Temperature sensitive Mutant Proteome Profiling: a novel tool for the characterization of the global impact of missense mutations on the proteome
Authors: Peck Justice Sarah A. , Qi Guihong , Wijeratne H. R. Sagara , Victorino José F. , Simpson Ed R. , Wijeratne Aruna B. , Mosley Amber L.
Published: December 2019

Temperature sensitive (TS) mutants have been foundational in the characterization of essential genes. However, a high-throughput workflow for characterization of biophysical changes in TS mutants is lacking.Temperature sensitiveMutantProteomeProfiling (TeMPP) is a novel application of mass spectrometry (MS) based thermal proteome profiling (TPP) to characterize effects of missense mutations on protein stability and PPIs. This study characterizes missense mutations in two different subunits of the 26S proteasome on the thermal stability of the proteome at large, revealing distinct mechanistic details that were not obtained using only steady-state transcriptome and proteome analyses. TeMPP is a precise approach to measure changes in missense mutant containing proteomes without the requirement for large amounts of starting material, specific antibodies against proteins of interest, and/or genetic manipulation of the biological system. Overall, TeMPP provides unique mechanistic insights into missense mutation dysfunction and connection of genotype to phenotype in a rapid, non-biased fashion.
Critiquing the “National Standards for School-based Initial Teacher Training Mentors” in England
Authors: Jerome Lee , Brook Victoria
Published: December 2019

Purpose

In 2016, the National Standards for School-based Initial Teacher Training (ITT) Mentors were published in England. The purpose of this paper is to critique these standards through a comparison of how others have framed and defined the role of the mentor, drawing on equivalent standards already published in nursing (2008) and social work (2012).

Design/methodology/approach

An analysis of three sets of professional standards was conducted by adapting the “constant comparison” approach in which the researchers sought to combine a form of inductive coding with comparison across the texts. This enabled the identification of a number of common themes and omissions across the three sets of standards.

Findings

The analysis revealed the ITT mentor standards provide a comparatively limited account of the role of the mentor, particularly in relation to the process of assessment, the power dynamics between mentors and student teachers, and the school as an institutional site for professional learning.

Originality/value

The study’s originality lies in the inter-professional comparative analysis, which revealed a number of potentially contentious issues not immediately apparent from a close textual analysis of the ITT mentor standards.
Gratitude and leadership in higher education institutions
Authors: Garg Naval , Gera Shilpika
Published: December 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between gratitude and transformational leadership among university teachers. The study also intended to investigate the mediating effect of social intelligence (SI) on this relationship between gratitude and leadership.

Design/methodology/approach

Correlation and regression are used to analyze the relationship between gratitude, SI and leadership. Mediating effect of SI is accessed using Baron and Kenny’s (1986) method and bootstrapping technique.

Findings

Findings reveal positive relationship between gratitude and teacher leadership. SI is also found to mediate partially. The paper also discusses practical implications, limitations and scope for future researchers.

Originality/value

This is one of the pioneer studies that explore the role of gratitude in leadership development. Findings of the study will guide educational administrators to become more effective and efficient leaders.
Protecting intellectual property from insider threats
Authors: Kim Hyungjin Lukas , Hovav Anat , Han Jinyoung
Published: December 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose a theory of information security intelligence and examine the effects of managers’ information security intelligence (MISI) on employees’ procedural countermeasure awareness and information security policy (ISP) compliance intention.

Design/methodology/approach

A survey approach and structural equation modeling is utilized. Partial least squares (WarpPLS 6.0) and nonlinear algorithm are employed to analyze and examine the hypotheses. In total, 324 employees from companies in South Korea participated in the survey, which was conducted by a professional survey service company.

Findings

MISI positively affects employees’ awareness of information security procedural countermeasures; information security knowledge and problem-solving skills have positive effects on procedural countermeasures awareness; MISI increases employees’ compliance intention through procedural countermeasure awareness; and information security procedural countermeasures positively affect employees’ ISP compliance intention.

Research limitations/implications

This study proposes a theory of information security intelligence and examines its impacts on employees’ compliance intentions. The study highlights the mediating role of information security procedural countermeasures between information security intelligence and employees’ compliance intentions.

Practical implications

Managers should improve and explicitly demonstrate information security knowledge and problem-solving skills to increase employees’ ISP compliance intention. To protect the organization’s intellectual capital, managers should champion the development and promotion of PCM, rather than leave these functions to the information security group.

Originality/value

This is the first empirical study to propose and validate MISI.
A theory of (research) practice makes sense in sensemaking
Authors: van Hilten Adriana
Published: December 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to introduce Bourdieu’s social theory, and its “thinking tools” of habitus, doxa, field and capital, as a sensemaking theory.

Design/methodology/approach

The emic research studied, for a particular group, the firm-wide implementation of a new system. The study used data occurring naturally in the organization (executive newsletters), and externally (third-party surveys), as well as 23 participant interviews to structure the social space (field) and determine what is of interest (identity). Interviews were coded for habitus, doxa, field, capital, symbolic violence and strategies to re-assert interviewees’ own doxa versus logic imposed by the powerful.

Findings

A unique, esteemed identity was being erased through executive attempts to introduce a new culture at the firm, and the new systems represented a challenge to this valued identity. Participants used strategies to re-assert their identity through not participating in the logic of the new tool: discussing misuse, lack of use, relative unimportance and low priority of the new tool.

Practical implications

Change that threatens an esteemed, valued identity is more likely to be resisted. The logic of an established practice or system (beyond merely gathering user requirements) is beneficial in understanding potential reactions to a new system. Change in systems that occur simultaneously with the imposition of a new culture, particularly where the system is seen as being a representation of that imposed culture, may be resisted through non-practice (misuse or lack of use) of the new system.

Originality/value

The paper demonstrates the applicability of Bourdieu’s social theory to organizational studies, providing a sensemaking of change and acts of resistance.
Eight‐year post‐trial follow‐up of health care and long‐term care costs of tele‐based health coaching
Authors: Mustonen Erja , Hörhammer Iiris , Absetz Pilvikki , Patja Kristiina , Lammintakanen Johanna , Talja Martti , Kuronen Risto , Linna Miika
Published: December 2019

Objective

To evaluate the long‐term effect of telephone health coaching on health care and long‐term care (LTC) costs in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and coronary artery disease (CAD) patients.

Data Sources/Study Setting

Randomized controlled trial (RCT) data were linked to Finnish national health and social care registries and electronic health records (EHR). Post‐trial eight‐year economic evaluation was conducted.

Study Design

A total of 1,535 patients (≥45 years) were randomized to the intervention (n = 1034) and control groups (n = 501). The intervention group received monthly telephone health coaching for 12 months. Usual health care and LTC were provided for both groups.

Principal Findings

Intention‐to‐treat analysis showed no significant change in total health and long‐term care costs (intervention effect €1248 [3 percent relative reduction], CI −6347 to 2217) in the intervention compared to the control group. There were also no significant changes among subgroups of patients with T2D or CAD.

Conclusions

Health coaching had a nonsignificant effect on health care and long‐term care costs in the 8‐year follow‐up among patients with T2D or CAD. More research is needed to study, which patient groups, at which state of the disease trajectory of T2D and cardiovascular disease, would best benefit from health coaching.
GDP? Get over it
Authors: Boone Laurence
Published: December 2019

In a revealing interview, the OECD's top economist Laurence Boone PhD1992 suggests governments must look beyond GDP to stem rising global inequalities
Niels Buus
Authors: Buus Niels
Published: December 2019

THE DANISH ENTREPRENEUR AT THE FOREFRONT OF SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY ON COMMERCIALISING THE FINAL FRONTIER
Dorsal striatal functional connectivity changes in Internet gaming disorder: A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Lee Deokjong , Namkoong Kee , Lee Junghan , Jung Young‐Chul
Published: December 2019

Internet gaming disorder (IGD) is a behavioral addiction involving excessive online game use despite negative psychosocial consequences. Unrestricted online gaming may lead to changes in striatal activity and the relationship between the striatum and other cortical regions. This study investigated structural and functional abnormalities involving the striatum through longitudinal follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments. Eighteen young males with IGD (mean age: 23.8 ± 2.0 years) and 18 controls (mean age: 23.9 ± 2.7 years) were evaluated. Subjects were reassessed ≥1 year after the first visit (mean follow‐up duration: 22.8 ± 6.7 months), using voxel‐based morphometry and seed‐based resting‐state functional connectivity (FC) analyses in seed regions of the dorsal and ventral striatum. Subjects with IGD had smaller gray matter volume (GMV) in the anterior/middle cingulate cortex compared with controls during initial and follow‐up assessments. They exhibited decreased FC between the left dorsal putamen and left medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) compared with controls. They exhibited increased FC strength between the right dorsal putamen and right middle occipital gyrus (MOG) during follow‐up. Subjects with IGD showed a significant correlation between changes in the dorsal putamen‐MOG FC and gaming time per day. Young males with IGD showed an altered FC pattern in the dorsal striatum during follow‐up. FC of the dorsal striatum in IGD increased in the mPFC and decreased in the MOG. These findings showed that IGD was accompanied by weakening of prefrontal control and strengthening of the sensorimotor network, suggesting that uncontrolled gaming may be related with functional neural changes in the dorsal striatum.
Automation, Algorithms, and Beyond: Why Work Design Matters More Than Ever in a Digital World
Authors: Parker Sharon K. , Grote Gudela
Published: December 2019

We propose a central role for work design in understanding the effects of digital technologies. We give examples of how new technologies can—depending on various factors—positively and negatively affect job resources (autonomy/control, skill use, job feedback, relational aspects) and job demands (e.g., performance monitoring), with consequences for employee well‐being, safety, and performance. We identify four intervention strategies. First, work design choices need to be proactively considered during technology implementation, consistent with the sociotechnical systems principle of joint optimization. Second, human‐centred design principles should be explicitly considered in the design and procurement of new technologies. Third, organizationally oriented intervention strategies need to be supported by macro‐level policies. Fourth, there is a need to go beyond a focus on upskilling employees to help them adapt to technology change, to also focus on training employees, as well as other stakeholders, in work design and related topics. Finally, we identify directions for moving the field forward, including new research questions (e.g., job autonomy in the context of machine learning; understanding designers’ work design mindsets; investigating how job crafting applies to technology); a reorientation of methods (e.g., interdisciplinary, intervention studies); and steps for achieving practical impact.