bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Human Papillomaviruses Recruit Cellular DNA Repair and Homologous Recombination Factors to Viral Replication Centers
Authors: Gillespie Kenric A. , Mehta Kavi P. , Laimins Laimonis A. , Moody Cary A.
Published: June 2012

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) activate the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM)-dependent DNA damage response to induce viral genome amplification upon epithelial differentiation. Our studies show that along with members of the ATM pathway, HPV proteins also localize factors involved in homologous DNA recombination to distinct nuclear foci that contain HPV genomes and cellular replication factors. These studies indicate that HPV activates the ATM pathway to recruit repair factors to viral genomes and allow for efficient replication.
Complete Genomic Sequence of a Novel Natural Recombinant H6N2 Influenza Virus from Chickens in Guangdong, Southern China
Authors: Jiao Peirong , Yuan Runyu , Wei Liangmeng , Jia Baoqin , Cao Lan , Song Yafen , Gong Lang , Xu Chenggang , Ren Tao , Liao Ming
Published: June 2012

Here, we reported the complete genome sequence of a novel H6N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) isolated from chicken in Guangdong, Southern China, in 2011 which was a natural recombinant virus between the H6N2 and H5N1 subtypes. It will help to understand the epidemiology and molecular characteristics of H6N2 influenza virus in Southern China.
Complete Genome Sequence of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain QY2010 Reveals a Novel Subgroup Emerging in China
Authors: Deng Yuxiu , Pan Yongfei , Wang Dongdong , Zhou Qingfeng , Bi Yingzuo , Chen Feng , Song Yanhua
Published: June 2012

QY2010 is a highly pathogenic North American-type porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). The complete genome sequence shows that QY2010 shares low sequence identity (60 to 88.7%) to all known PRRSV isolates. Phylogenetic analyses further reveal that QY2010 constitutes a novel subgroup within the North American genotype of PRRSV.
Adenovirus Regulates Sumoylation of Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 Components through a Paralog-Specific Mechanism
Authors: Sohn Sook-Young , Hearing Patrick
Published: June 2012

The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex plays a key role in the DNA damage response, presenting challenges for DNA viruses and retroviruses. To inactivate this complex, adenovirus (Ad) makes use of the E1B-55K and E4-open reading frame 6 (ORF6) proteins for ubiquitin (Ub)-mediated, proteasome-dependent degradation of MRN and the E4-ORF3 protein for relocalization and sequestration of MRN within infected-cell nuclei. Here, we report that Mre11 is modified by the Ub-related modifier SUMO-2 and Nbs1 is modified by both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2. We found that Mre11 and Nbs1 are sumoylated during Ad5 infection and that the E4-ORF3 protein is necessary and sufficient to induce SUMO conjugation. Relocalization of Mre11 and Nbs1 into E4-ORF3 nuclear tracks is required for this modification to occur. E4-ORF3-mediated SUMO-1 conjugation to Nbs1 and SUMO-2 conjugation to Mre11 and Nbs1 are transient during wild-type Ad type 5 (Ad5) infection. In contrast, SUMO-1 conjugation to Nbs1 is stable in cells infected with E1B-55K or E4-ORF6 mutant viruses, suggesting that Ad regulates paralog-specific desumoylation of Nbs1. Inhibition of viral DNA replication blocks deconjugation of SUMO-2 from Mre11 and Nbs1, indicating that a late-phase process is involved in Mre11 and Nbs1 desumoylation. Our results provide direct evidence of Mre11 and Nbs1 sumoylation induced by the Ad5 E4-ORF3 protein and an important example showing that modification of a single substrate by both SUMO-1 and SUMO-2 is regulated through distinct mechanisms. Our findings suggest how E4-ORF3-mediated relocalization of the MRN complex influences the cellular DNA damage response.
Electroacupuncture Enhances Motor Recovery Performance with Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Rats with Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Kim Min-Wook , Chung You Chul , Jung Hee Chan , Park Moon-Seo , Han Young-Min , Chung Yong-An , Maeng Lee-So , Park Sang-In , Lim Jiyeon , Im Woo-Seok , Chung Jin Young , Kim Minky , Mook Inhee , Kim Manho
Published: June 2012

Objective

Electroacupuncture (EA) is a traditional medicine in patients with post-stroke rehabilitation. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a potent growth factor involved in recovery following cerebral injury. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether EA increases BDNF levels and facilitates functional recovery.

Methods

Occlusion of the middle cerebral artery was performed in rats (N=12) followed by reperfusion. EA was applied at the GV20 (Baihui) acupoint. Motor and sensory functions were monitored on the Garcia scale for 2 weeks. Expressions of BDNF and receptor tyrosine kinase B (trkB) were determined by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Improvement of Garcia scores, particularly in motor performance, were noted in the group with EA stimulation (p<0.05). With EA application, BDNF was elevated in the ischaemic hemisphere with increased numbers of BDNF(+) cells. Increased expression of trkB was also detected.

Conclusion

These results indicate that EA at GV20 improves motor recovery and stimulates BDNF/trkB expression in rats with cerebral ischaemia.
Legal status and source of offenders' firearms in states with the least stringent criteria for gun ownership
Authors: Vittes Katherine A , Vernick Jon S , Webster Daniel W
Published: June 2012

Background

Gun possession by high-risk individuals presents a serious threat to public safety. U.S. federal law establishes minimum criteria for legal purchase and possession of firearms; many states have laws disqualifying additional categories for illegal possession.

Methods

We used data from a national survey of state prison inmates to calculate: 1) the proportion of offenders, incarcerated for crimes committed with firearms in 13 states with the least restrictive firearm purchase and possession laws, who would have been prohibited if their states had stricter gun laws; and 2) the source of gun acquisition for offenders who were and were not legally permitted to purchase and possess firearms.

Results

Nearly three of ten gun offenders (73 of 253 or 28.9%) were legal gun possessors but would have been prohibited from purchasing or possessing firearms when committing their most recent offense if their states had stricter prohibitions. Offenders who were already prohibited under current law acquired their gun from a licensed dealer, where a background check is required, five times less often than offenders who were not prohibited (3.9% vs. 19.9%; χ2=13.31; p≤0.001). Nearly all (96.1%) offenders who were legally prohibited, acquired their gun from a supplier not required to conduct a background check.

Conclusions

Stricter gun ownership laws would have made firearm possession illegal for many state prison inmates who used a gun to commit a crime. Requiring all gun sales to be subject to a background check would make it more difficult for these offenders to obtain guns.
The economic burden of road traffic injuries: evidence from a provincial general hospital in Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Ha , Ivers Rebecca Q , Jan Stephen , Martiniuk Alexandra L C , Li Qiang , Pham Cuong
Published: June 2012

Objective

To examine the costs of road traffic injuries (RTIs) in Vietnam and factors associated with increased costs.

Method

RTI data were collected in a prospective cohort study on the impact of injuries in Vietnam. Participants were persons admitted to the Thai Binh General Hospital because of RTI. All costs incurred by participants and their family members during hospitalisation were collected, including direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs and indirect costs. Generalised linear models were employed to examine predictors of increased costs including demographic and injury context characteristics.

Results

Each RTI hospitalisation costs the patient and family on average US$363 or 6 months of average salary. Income, injury severity, principal region of injury and length of hospital stay were statistically significant predictors of increased costs; age, gender, occupation and road user group were not. After controlling for injury characteristics and income, participants with principal injuries to the lower extremities had a cost 1.28 (95% CI 1.07 to 1.54) times higher than those with principal injuries to the face. Analyses of motorcycle-related RTIs with principal injury to the head also showed increased costs among those without a helmet (1.41 times higher, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.71).

Conclusions

RTIs can cause a substantial economic burden to the patient and family. During hospitalisation on average, an RTI would cost approximately 6 months of salary. In addition to interventions to decrease the risk of RTIs, those reducing the severity, such as wearing a motorcycle helmet, should be enforced to minimise the economic and health consequences of injury.
Fatal childhood injuries in Finland, 1971–2010
Authors: Parkkari Jari , Mattila Ville , Kivistö Juho , Niemi Seppo , Palvanen Mika , Kannus Pekka
Published: June 2012

Background

Childhood injuries are a major public health problem worldwide, injuries being the leading cause of death and disability from early childhood through adolescence.

Objective

To examine the 40-year nationwide trends in the number and incidence of fatal injuries among children aged 0–14 years in Finland, a country with a white European population of 5.3 million.

Methods

Data were obtained from the Official Cause-of-Death Statistics of Finland during 1971–2010. The main categories for unintentional injury deaths were road traffic injury, water traffic injury, falls, drowning and poisoning. For intentional injury deaths, the main categories were suicide and homicide.

Results

In 1971, there were 109 fatal injuries involving girls and 207 involving boys, and in 2010, these numbers were 10 and 16. The corresponding incidence rates (per 100 000 children per year) were 20.1 and 2.3 (girls), and 36.7 and 3.5 (boys). The reduction in fatal injuries was mostly due to fewer unintentional injuries. The greatest decline occurred in the number of fatal motor vehicle injuries: from 57 (girls) and 92 (boys) in 1971 to 5 (girls) and 2 (boys) in 2010. Drownings followed a similar pattern. Violence-related deaths also showed a decreasing trend. In 1971, there were 14 intentional deaths in girls and 15 in boys, while in 2010 these numbers were 0 and 3, respectively.

Conclusions

This nationwide study confirms a decline in childhood injury deaths over the last four decades, with the greatest declines occurring in the number of fatal motor vehicle injuries, drownings and intentional injuries.
Increasing chlamydia test of re-infection rates using SMS reminders and incentives
Authors: Downing Sandra Gaye , Cashman Colette , McNamee Heather , Penney Debbie , Russell Darren B , Hellard Margaret E
Published: June 2012

Background

Clients diagnosed and treated forChlamydia trachomatisare a recognised high-risk group for subsequent infection. An estimated 8% of clients treated for chlamydia at Cairns Sexual Health Service return for re-testing within the recommended 3–4-month period. There is no recall or reminder system in place. This study assesses the effectiveness of using short messaging service (SMS) reminders with and without incentive payments to increase re-testing rates.

Methods

Eligible consenting clients were randomly allocated to one of three groups. Group 1 (controls) received the standard advice from the clinician to return for re-testing in 3–4 months. Group 2 received the standard advice and an SMS reminder at 10–12 weeks post-treatment. Group 3 received the standard advice and the SMS reminder, which also offered an incentive payment on clinic attendance.

Results

32 participants were recruited to groups 1 and 2 and 30 participants to group 3. 62 SMS reminders were sent with 13 (21.0%) reported as undelivered. Re-testing rates were 6.3%, 28.1% and 26.7% for groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively.

Conclusion

SMS reminders with or without an incentive payment increased re-testing rates in our clients who were diagnosed and treated for chlamydia. However, re-testing remained less than ideal, and the high rate of undelivered SMS reminders suggest that this intervention alone will not achieve desired re-testing rates and that a range of strategies will be required to increase re-testing in this population.
High yield of reinfections by home-based automatic rescreening of Chlamydia positives in a large-scale register-based screening programme and determinants of repeat infections
Authors: Götz Hannelore M , van den Broek Ingrid V F , Hoebe Christian J P A , Brouwers Elfi E H G , Pars Lydia L , Fennema Johan S A , Koekenbier Rik H , van Ravesteijn Sander , Op de Coul Eline L M , van Bergen Jan
Published: June 2012

Introduction

In a systematic internet-based Chlamydia Screening Implementation Programme in The Netherlands, all chlamydia-positive participants automatically received a testkit after 6 months to facilitate early detection of repeat infections. The authors describe participation in repeat testing and prevalence and determinants of repeat infection during three consecutive annual screening rounds.

Methods

Data collection included information on testkits sent, samples received and results of laboratory tests at time of baseline test and retest; (sexual) behavioural variables and socio-demographic variables were assessed. Chlamydia positives were requested to answer additional questions about treatment and partner notification 10 days after checking their results.

Results

Retest rate was 66.3% (2777/4191). Retest chlamydia positivity was 8.8% (242/2756) compared with a chlamydia positivity at first screening test of 4.1%. Chlamydia positivity was significantly higher in younger age groups (14.6% in 16–19 years, 8.5% and 5.5% in 20–24 and 25–29 years; p<0.01); in participants with lower education (15.2% low, 11.1% medium and 5.1% high; p<0.001) and in Surinamese/Antillean (13.1%), Turkish/Moroccan (12.9%) and Sub-Saharan African participants (18.6%; p<0.01). At baseline, 88.7% infected participants had reportedly been treated and treatment of current partner was 80.1%.

Discussion

Automated retesting by sending a testkit after 6 months to all chlamydia positives achieved high retest uptake and yielded a positivity rate twice as at baseline and can therefore be recommended as an additional strategy for chlamydia control. The high rate of repeat infections among known risk groups suggests room for improvement in patient case management and in effective risk reduction counselling.
ON SACKS–UHLENBECK'S EXISTENCE THEOREM FOR HARMONIC MAPS VIA EXPONENTIALLY HARMONIC MAPS
Authors: OMORI TOSHIAKI
Published: June 2012

The blow-up analysis for a sequence of exponentially harmonic maps from a closed surface is studied to reestablish an existence result of harmonic maps from a closed surface into a closed manifold whose 2-dimensional homotopy class vanishes.
GLOBAL EXISTENCE TO THE NAVIER–STOKES EQUATIONS THROUGH A SELF-SIMILAR-LIKE UPPER SOLUTION
Authors: BERNARD GUY
Published: June 2012

A global existence result is presented for the Navier–Stokes equations filling out all of three-dimensional Euclidean space ℝ3. The initial velocity is required to have a bell-like form. The method of proof is based on symmetry transformations of the Navier–Stokes equations and a specific upper solution to the heat equation in ℝ3× [0, 1]. This upper solution has a self-similar-like form and models the diffusion process of the heat equation. By a symmetry transformation, the problem is transformed into an equivalent one having a very small initial velocity. Using the upper solution, the equivalent problem is then solved in the time interval [0, 1]. This local solution is then extended to the time interval [0, ∞) by an iterative process. At each step, the problem is extended further in time in an interval of time whose length is greater than one, thus producing the global solution. Each extension is transformed, by an appropriate change of variables, into the first local problem in the time interval [0, 1]. These transformations exploit the diffusive and self-similar-like nature of the upper solution.
WAVE AND MAXWELL'S EQUATIONS IN CARNOT GROUPS
Authors: FRANCHI BRUNO , TESI MARIA CARLA
Published: June 2012

In this paper we define Maxwell's equations in the setting of the intrinsic complex of differential forms in Carnot groups introduced by M. Rumin. It turns out that these equations are higher-order equations in the horizontal derivatives. In addition, when looking for a vector potential, we have to deal with a new class of higher-order evolution equations that replace usual wave equations of the Euclidean setting and that are no more hyperbolic. We prove equivalence of these equations with the "geometric equations" defined in the intrinsic complex, as well as existence and properties of solutions.
BLOW-UP OF THE SOLUTION FOR SEMILINEAR DAMPED WAVE EQUATION WITH TIME-DEPENDENT DAMPING
Authors: LIN JIAYUN , ZHAI JIAN
Published: June 2012

We consider the Cauchy problem for the damped wave equation with time-dependent damping and a power-type nonlinearity |u|ρ. For some large initial data, we will show that the solution to the damped wave equation will blow up within a finite time. Moreover, we can show the upper bound of the life-span of the solution.
METRIC COMPATIBLE OR NON-COMPATIBLE FINSLER–RICCI FLOWS
Authors: VACARU SERGIU I.
Published: June 2012

There were elaborated different models of Finsler geometry using the Cartan (metric compatible), or Berwald and Chern (metric non-compatible) connections, the Ricci flag curvature, etc. In a series of works, we studied (non)-commutative metric compatible Finsler and non-holonomic generalizations of the Ricci flow theory [see S. Vacaru, J. Math. Phys. 49 (2008) 043504; 50 (2009) 073503 and references therein]. The aim of this work is to prove that there are some models of Finsler gravity and geometric evolution theories with generalized Perelman's functionals, and correspondingly derived non-holonomic Hamilton evolution equations, when metric non-compatible Finsler connections are involved. Following such an approach, we have to consider distortion tensors, uniquely defined by the Finsler metric, from the Cartan and/or the canonical metric compatible connections. We conclude that, in general, it is not possible to elaborate self-consistent models of geometric evolution with arbitrary Finsler metric non-compatible connections.
Manganese porphyrin immobilized on montmorillonite: a highly efficient and reusable catalyst for the aerobic epoxidation of olefins under ambient conditions
Authors: Zhou Xiantai , Ji Hongbing
Published: June 2012

Highly efficient aerobic epoxidation of olefins catalyzed by cationic meso-tetrakis-(1-methyl-4-pyridyl) (TM4PyP) metalloporphyrins immobilized into montmorillonite (MT) interlayer was achieved. The heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by diffuse reflectance UV spectra, infrared, X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption isotherm and scanning electron microscopy. Manganese porphyrin (MnTM4PyP-MT) showed excellent activity and selectivity for the aerobic epoxidation of olefins under ambient conditions, in which more 90% yields of epoxides were obtained. The clay basal spacing played significant role in the catalytic efficiency and selectivity for different olefins. The catalyst could be reused consecutively five times without significant loss of activity.
APPLICATIONS OF CALCIUM PHOSPHATE NANOPARTICLES IN POROUS HARD TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS
Authors: WANG ZHE , TANG ZHURONG , QING FANGZHU , HONG YOULIANG , ZHANG XINGDONG
Published: June 2012

To repair bone defects, an important approach is to fabricate tissue engineering scaffolds as substitutions to replace auto-/allologous bones. Currently, processing a biomaterial into three-dimensional porous scaffolds and incorporating the calcium phosphate (Ca–P) nanoparticles into scaffolds profile two main characteristics of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Based on this fact, in this paper we describe the design principles of the Ca–P nanoparticle-based and porous bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Then we summarize a variety of the Ca–P nanoparticle-based scaffolds, including discussion of the integration of the Ca–P nanoparticles with ceramics and polymers, followed by introduction of safety of the Ca–P nanoparticles in scaffolds.
RECENT PROGRESS IN MULTIFOCAL MULTIPHOTON MICROSCOPY
Authors: QU JUNLE , LIU LIXIN , SHAO YONGHONG , NIU HANBEN , GAO BRUCE Z.
Published: June 2012

Multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) has recently become an important tool in biomedicine for performing three-dimensional fast fluorescence imaging. Using various beamsplitting techniques, MMM splits the near-infrared laser beam into multiple beamlets and produces a multifocal array on the sample for parallel multiphoton excitation and then records fluorescence signal from all foci simultaneously with an area array detector, which significantly improves the imaging speed of multiphoton microscopy and allows for high efficiency in use of the excitation light. In this paper, we discuss the features of several MMM setups using different beamsplitting devices, including a Nipkow spinning disk, a microlens array, a set of beamsplitting mirrors, or a diffractive optical element (DOE). In particular, we present our recent work on the development of an MMM using a spatial light modulator (SLM).
Flexible White Organic Light-Emitting Diodes Based on Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube:Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/Poly(styrene sulfonate) Transparent Conducting Film
Authors: Zhang Beibei , Li Fushan , Lin Zhixiao , Wu Chaoxing , Guo Tailiang , Liu Wenbin , Su Yang , Du Jinhong
Published: June 2012

Single-walled carbon nanotube:poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) hybrid film (SWCNT:PEDOT/PSS) hybrid conducting film was obtained by using spray-coating technique, based on which a white flexible organic light emitting diode (FOLED) was fabricated with the structure of SWCNT:PEDOT/PSS/N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis(1-napthyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4-diamine/5,6,11,12-tetraphenylnaphthacene:4,4'-bis(2,2'-diphenylvinyl)-1,1'-biphenyl/4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline/LiF/Al. The hybrid film exhibited superior surface morphology, electrical conductivity to the pure SWCNT network. The as-fabricated FOLED showed a stable white emission that is close to the equi-energy white point upon bending, and the light-emitting efficiency of the device was significantly improved by using the hybrid film as anode. The hybrid film holds promise for application in flexible lighting and display.
Electrical and Structural Properties of ZnO Films Grown from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Abe Koji , Miura Masaaki
Published: June 2012

ZnO films with a preferentialc-axis orientation have been deposited on ZnO-coated glass substrates by using aqueous solutions containing ZnCl2and ZnF2. The ZnF2ratio [ZnF2/(ZnCl2+ZnF2)] affects electrical, optical, and structural properties of the ZnO films. Except for the ZnO film grown at the ZnF2ratio of 30%, the ZnO films had a transmittance above 80% in the range of 550–1000 nm. Carrier concentration of the ZnO films increased with increasing ZnF2ratio, reaching the maximum value at the ZnF2ratio of 10%. Resistivity of the ZnO films decreased with an increase in the carrier concentration. The resistivity, carrier concentration, and Hall mobility of the ZnO film grown at the ZnF2ratio of 10% were 5.8×10-3Ω cm, 1.0×1020cm-3, and 11 cm2V-1s-1, respectively.
Time-Resolved Surface Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Photoexcited Electron and Hole Dynamics on GaAs Using 92 eV Laser Harmonic Source
Authors: Oguri Katsuya , Kato Keiko , Nishikawa Tadashi , Gotoh Hideki , Tateno Kouta , Sogawa Tetsuomi , Nakano Hidetoshi
Published: June 2012

We have developed a time-resolved surface photoelectron spectroscopy system based on a 1.5 eV laser-pump and 92 eV high-order harmonic probe configuration that enables us to measure the electron and hole dynamics on a semiconductor surface. Core-level photoelectron spectra of GaAs(001) were successfully obtained with a single 59th harmonic, which was selected by using a pair of Mo/Si multilayer mirrors with a narrow reflection bandwidth. We observed transient energy shifts of the Ga 3d core level photoelectron peak of approximately 200 meV towards a higher binding energy, indicating that the surface potential changed due to the spatial separation of electron–hole pairs generated by the laser irradiation. The relatively slow recovery of the Ga 3d core level shift with a time constant of a few ns is dominated by the recombination process of the excess surface charges generated by the laser irradiation.
Fabrication and Characterization of Decanedithiol Molecular Junction Using Nanogap Electrodes
Authors: Takahashi Yuuta , Kiguchi Manabu , Horikawa Masayo , Naitoh Yasuhisa , Tsutsui Ken , Takagi Hitoshi , Morita Masayuki , Tokuda Masahide , Ito Yoshitoshi , Wada Yasuo
Published: June 2012

We have fabricated and characterized the decanedithiol molecular junctions using planar Au nanogap electrodes in solution. The molecular junctions were formed by immersing the nanogap electrodes in decanedithiol solution. The number of molecules bridging the Au electrodes was precisely evaluated using two independent methods. First, the number of molecules was estimated from the area of the nanogap electrodes. The area of the nanogap electrodes was evaluated from the current–voltage (I–V) curve of the nanogap electrodes before the immersion process. Second, the number of molecules was estimated by comparing the conductance of the molecular junction with the previously reported conductance value of the single molecular junction. We also repeatedly form and break the molecular junctions by an electrochemical process.
Geomodelling of carbonate mounds using two-point and multipoint statistics
Authors: Janson Xavier , Madriz Darrin D.
Published: June 2012

The Late Carboniferous strata exposed in the Sacramento Mountains in Southern New Mexico, USA, have long been considered classic exposures documenting reciprocal high-frequency mixed carbonate–siliciclastic cyclicity and shelf-edge algal-mound growth. The growth style and internal architecture of these phylloid algae mounds depend on their position on the shelf and are controlled by potential accommodation space, depth of the photic zone and hydrodynamic energy. The combination of these parameters results in a laterally variable amount of reworked phylloid algae debris and
in-situ
mound core facies along the depositional profile. This variable architecture can be observed on the outcrop and results in a complex distribution of these two lithofacies in three dimensions that is challenging to reproduce in a 3D geocellular model. Two geostatistical estimation algorithms are used to stochastically model carbonate buildups: surface-based and multipoint statistics (MPS)-based. The surface-based model uses two-point statistics and is built by first recreating the overall geometry of the mound and then reproducing the internal architecture using indicator Gaussian simulation, but requires strong secondary trend data to reproduce the correct facies architecture. The MPS model successfully recreates both the geometry and internal architecture of the mound, but requires a complicated training image and complex multigrid simulation that would be hard to implement in subsurface. This comparison demonstrates that modelling carbonate buildup geometry and internal architecture is not trivial and requires complex workflow with secondary trends. These secondary trends require a significant amount of prior knowledge that is easily extracted from outcrop observations, but would be difficult to assess in subsurface data.
AT1a receptor signaling is required for basal and water deprivation-induced urine concentration in AT1a receptor-deficient mice
Authors: Li Xiao C. , Shao Yuan , Zhuo Jia L.
Published: June 2012

It is well recognized that ANG II interacts with arginine vasopressin (AVP) to regulate water reabsorption and urine concentration in the kidney. The present study used ANG II type 1a (AT1a) receptor-deficient (Agtr1a−/−) mice to test the hypothesis that AT1a receptor signaling is required for basal and water deprivation-induced urine concentration in the renal medulla. Eight groups of wild-type (WT) and Agtr1a−/− mice were treated with or without 24-h water deprivation and 1-desamino-8-d-AVP (DDAVP; 100 ng/h ip) for 2 wk or with losartan (10 mg/kg ip) during water deprivation. Under basal conditions, Agtr1a−/− mice had lower systolic blood pressure ( P < 0.01), greater than threefold higher 24-h urine excretion (WT mice: 1.3 ± 0.1 ml vs. Agtr1a−/− mice: 5.9 ± 0.7 ml, P < 0.01), and markedly decreased urine osmolality (WT mice: 1,834 ± 86 mosM/kg vs. Agtr1a−/− mice: 843 ± 170 mosM/kg, P < 0.01), without significant changes in 24-h urinary Na+ excretion. These responses in Agtr1a−/− mice were associated with lower basal plasma AVP (WT mice: 105 ± 8 pg/ml vs. Agtr1a−/− mice: 67 ± 6 pg/ml, P < 0.01) and decreases in total lysate and membrane aquaporin-2 (AQP2; 48.6 ± 7% of WT mice, P < 0.001) and adenylyl cyclase isoform III (55.6 ± 8% of WT mice, P < 0.01) proteins. Although 24-h water deprivation increased plasma AVP to the same levels in both strains, 24-h urine excretion was still higher, whereas urine osmolality remained lower, in Agtr1a−/− mice ( P < 0.01). Water deprivation increased total lysate AQP2 proteins in the inner medulla but had no effect on adenylyl cyclase III, phosphorylated MAPK ERK1/2, and membrane AQP2 proteins in Agtr1a−/− mice. Furthermore, infusion of DDAVP for 2 wk was unable to correct the urine-concentrating defects in Agtr1a−/− mice. These results demonstrate that AT1a receptor-mediated ANG II signaling is required to maintain tonic AVP release and regulate V2 receptor-mediated responses to water deprivation in the inner medulla.
Combined macro-/mesoporous microelectrode arrays for low-noise extracellular recording of neural networks
Authors: Heim Matthias , Rousseau Lionel , Reculusa Stéphane , Urbanova Veronika , Mazzocco Claire , Joucla Sébastien , Bouffier Laurent , Vytras Karel , Bartlett Philip , Kuhn Alexander , Yvert Blaise
Published: June 2012

Microelectrode arrays (MEAs) are appealing tools to probe large neural ensembles and build neural prostheses. Microelectronics microfabrication technologies now allow building high-density MEAs containing several hundreds of microelectrodes. However, several major problems become limiting factors when the size of the microelectrodes decreases. In particular, regarding recording of neural activity, the intrinsic noise level of a microelectrode dramatically increases when the size becomes small (typically below 20-μm diameter). Here, we propose to overcome this limitation using a template-based, single-scale meso- or two-scale macro-/mesoporous modification of the microelectrodes, combining the advantages of an overall small geometric surface and an active surface increased by several orders of magnitude. For this purpose, standard platinum MEAs were covered with a highly porous platinum overlayer obtained by lyotropic liquid crystal templating possibly in combination with a microsphere templating approach. These porous coatings were mechanically more robust than Pt-black coating and avoid potential toxicity issues. They had a highly increased active surface, resulting in a noise level ∼3 times smaller than that of conventional flat electrodes. This approach can thus be used to build highly dense arrays of small-size microelectrodes for sensitive neural signal detection.
Imaging Features of Superficial and Deep Fibromatoses in the Adult Population
Authors: Walker Eric A. , Petscavage Jonelle M. , Brian Pamela L. , Logie Chika Iloanusi , Montini Kenneth M. , Murphey Mark D.
Published: June 2012

The fibromatoses are a group of benign fibroblastic proliferations that vary from benign to intermediate in biological behavior. This article will discuss imaging characteristics and patient demographics of the adult type superficial (fascial) and deep (musculoaponeurotic) fibromatoses. The imaging appearance of these lesions can be characteristic (particularly when using magnetic resonance imaging). Palmar fibromatosis demonstrates multiple nodular or band-like soft tissue masses arising from the proximal palmar aponeurosis and extending along the subcutaneous tissues of the finger in parallel to the flexor tendons. T1 and T2-weighted signal intensity can vary from low (higher collagen) to intermediate (higher cellularity), similar to the other fibromatoses. Plantar fibromatosis manifests as superficial lesions along the deep plantar aponeurosis, which typically blend with the adjacent plantar musculature. Linear tails of extension (“fascial tail sign”) along the aponeurosis are frequent. Extraabdominal and abdominal wall fibromatosis often appear as a heterogeneous lesion with low signal intensity bands on all pulse sequences and linear fascial extensions (“fascial tail” sign) with MR imaging. Mesenteric fibromatosis usually demonstrates a soft tissue density on CT with radiating strands projecting into the adjacent mesenteric fat. When imaging is combined with patient demographics, a diagnosis can frequently be obtained.
Mental Health, Wellness, and Childhood Overweight/Obesity
Authors: Russell-Mayhew Shelly , McVey Gail , Bardick Angela , Ireland Alana
Published: June 2012

Childhood obesity is a growing concern, and while progress has been made to understand the association between multiple biological factors (i.e., genetics, nutrition, exercise etc.), little is known about the relationship between mental health and childhood obesity. In this paper, we offer a review of current evidence about the association between mental health and childhood obesity. A systematic literature search of peer-reviewed, English-language studies published between January 2000 and January 2011 was undertaken and resulted in 759 unique records, of which 345 full-text articles were retrieved and 131 articles were included. A theoretical model is proposed to organize the paper and reflect the current state of the literature and includes psychological factors (i.e., depression and anxiety, self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, eating disordered symptoms, and emotional problems); psychosocial mediating variables (i.e., weight-based teasing and concern about weight and shape), and wellness factors (i.e., quality of life and resiliency/protective factors). We conclude with a number of recommendations to support the creation of solutions to the rise in childhood obesity rates that do not further marginalize overweight and obese children and youth and that can potentially improve the well-being of all children and youth regardless of their weight status.
Histocompatibility and Hematopoietic Transplantation in the Zebrafish
Authors: de Jong Jill L. O. , Zon Leonard I.
Published: June 2012

The zebrafish has proven to be an excellent model for human disease, particularly hematopoietic diseases, since these fish make similar types of blood cells as humans and other mammals. The genetic program that regulates the development and differentiation of hematopoietic cells is highly conserved. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the source of all the blood cells needed by an organism during its lifetime. Identifying an HSC requires a functional assay, namely, a transplantation assay consisting of multilineage engraftment of a recipient and subsequent serial transplant recipients. In the past decade, several types of hematopoietic transplant assays have been developed in the zebrafish. An understanding of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes in the zebrafish has lagged behind transplantation experiments, limiting the ability to perform unbiased competitive transplantation assays. This paper summarizes the different hematopoietic transplantation experiments performed in the zebrafish, both with and without immunologic matching, and discusses future directions for this powerful experimental model of human blood diseases.
Othello Syndrome Secondary to Ropinirole: A Case Study
Authors: Pal Kakali , Smith Abigail , Hayes Joseph , Chakraborty Apu
Published: June 2012

This case report describes a forty-two-year-old man with no previous psychiatric history who developed delusional jealousy (Othello Syndrome) associated with ropinirole treatment. Ropinirole is a commonly used dopamine receptor agonist, which was being used to treat his Parkinson’s disease, and his delusional symptoms resolved entirely with ropinirole dose reduction.
Oxidative Damage, Inflammation, and Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathway Are Increased in Preeclamptic Patients: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Bernardi Fabiana C. B. , Felisberto Francine , Vuolo Francieli , Petronilho Fabricia , Souza Daniela R. , Luciano Thais F. , de Souza Cláudio T. , Ritter Cristiane , Dal-Pizzol Felipe
Published: June 2012

Problem.There was no direct correlation between plasma and placental oxidative damage parameters and inflammation and evidence of TLR4 pathway activation in the placenta in preeclamptic (PE) patients.Method of Study.33 PE patients and 33 normotensive pregnant women were included. The maternal section of the placenta and blood were collected to the determination of oxidative damage markers (thiobarbituric acid reactive species and protein carbonyls), inflammatory response (interleukin-6 and myeloperoxidase activity), and activation of the TLR-4-NF-kB pathway.Results.An increase of IL-6 levels in both plasma and placenta was observed, but myeloperoxidase activity was not significantly different comparing the groups. Oxidative damage parameters were increased in plasma and placenta in PE patients. A significant increase of the protein levels of TLR-4 and NF-kB was observed in the placenta.Conclusion.The TLR4-NF-kB pathway is upregulated in PE, probably generating local and systemic inflammatory response that is followed by local and systemic oxidative damage.
The Effect of Egg Consumption in Hyperlipidemic Subjects during Treatment with Lipid-Lowering Drugs
Authors: Klangjareonchai Theerawut , Putadechakum Supanee , Sritara Piyamitr , Roongpisuthipong Chulaporn
Published: June 2012

Background. Limiting egg consumption to avoid high cholesterolemia is recommended to reduce risk of cardiovascular disease. However, recent evidences suggest that cholesterol from diet has limited influence on serum cholesterol.Objective. To assess the effect of egg consumption on lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic adults treated with lipid-lowering drugs.Material and Method. Sixty hyperlipidemic subjects, mean age of 61 years, who had been treated with lipid-lowering drugs. Every subject was assigned to consume additional 3 eggs per day with their regular diet for 12 weeks. Measurements for lipid profiles and body compositions were performed.Results. An additional consumption of 3 eggs per day for 12 weeks increased HDL-cholesterol by2.46±6.81 mg/dL (P<0.01) and decreased LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol ratio by0.13±0.46(P<0.05). No significant changes were found in other lipid profiles. Body weight and body mass index were significantly increased at 12th week by0.52±1.83 kg and0.31±0.99 kg/m2, respectively (P<0.05).Conclusion. In hyperlipidemic adults who were treated with lipid-lowering drugs, the consumption of additional 3 eggs per day to their regular diet will increase the level of HDL-cholesterol and decrease the ratio of LDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol.
Nonnegative Matrix Factorizations Performing Object Detection and Localization
Authors: Casalino G. , Del Buono N. , Minervini M.
Published: June 2012

We study the problem of detecting and localizing objects in still, gray-scale images making use of the part-based representation provided by nonnegative matrix factorizations. Nonnegative matrix factorization represents an emerging example of subspace methods, which is able to extract interpretable parts from a set of template image objects and then to additively use them for describing individual objects. In this paper, we present a prototype system based on some nonnegative factorization algorithms, which differ in the additional properties added to the nonnegative representation of data, in order to investigate if any additional constraint produces better results in general object detection via nonnegative matrix factorizations.
GABAergic Neuron Specification in the Spinal Cord, the Cerebellum, and the Cochlear Nucleus
Authors: Hori Kei , Hoshino Mikio
Published: June 2012

In the nervous system, there are a wide variety of neuronal cell types that have morphologically, physiologically, and histochemically different characteristics. These various types of neurons can be classified into two groups: excitatory and inhibitory neurons. The elaborate balance of the activities of the two types is very important to elicit higher brain function, because its imbalance may cause neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and hyperalgesia. In the central nervous system, inhibitory neurons are mainly represented by GABAergic ones with some exceptions such as glycinergic. Although the machinery to specify GABAergic neurons was first studied in the telencephalon, identification of key molecules, such as pancreatic transcription factor 1a (Ptf1a), as well as recently developed genetic lineage-tracing methods led to the better understanding of GABAergic specification in other brain regions, such as the spinal cord, the cerebellum, and the cochlear nucleus.
Protective Effects of Salivary Factors in Dental Caries in Diabetic Patients of Pakistan
Authors: Jawed Muhammad , Khan Rashid N. , Shahid Syed M. , Azhar Abid
Published: June 2012

Salivary factors have been studied for their effects on the process of dental caries in patients of diabetes mellitus type 2. In this study, protective role of salivary pH, salivary flow rate, and salivary calcium is assessed in the patients of diabetes mellitus type 2 with dental caries. The samples of saliva were collected from 400 patients of diabetes mellitus type 2 and 300 age- and sex- matched controls after getting informed consent. All the subjects were classified into four groups according to age. The severity of dental caries was counted by decayed, missed, and filled teeth (DMFT) score. The salivary pH, flow rate, and calcium levels were found to be low in patients as compared to controls. The levels of fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, and DMFT score were found to be significantly high in patients than controls. The glycemic factors were significantly correlated with salivary factors indicating their influence on progression of caries in diabetes. On the basis of findings, it is concluded that the suitable salivary pH and flow rate may be regarded as main protective factors against dental caries in diabetes. Optimum level of salivary calcium may be responsible for continuous supply of calcium to arrest the demineralization and help reduce the occurrence of dental caries.
Comparative Study on the Effects of Chloroquine and Artesunate on Histopathological Damages Caused by Plasmodium berghei in Four Vital Organs of Infected Albino Mice
Authors: Soniran O. T. , Idowu O. A. , Ajayi O. L. , Olubi I. C.
Published: June 2012

The aim of the present study was to investigate the positive influence of chloroquine and artesunate on the pathological damages caused by Plasmodium berghei on vital organs of mice in an established infection. Healthy adult albino mice with average weight of 25 g were used for the study. Treated group was administered orally with 100 mg/kg of chloroquine and artesunate, respectively. Control animals were given water for the same period. Histological examination of the liver, spleen, lungs, and kidney revealed absence of accumulation of iron (haemosiderosis) in the liver, thickened alveolar wall, and interstitial mononuclear cells infiltration in the lungs of the artesunate group, while absence of emphysema in the lungs and megakaryoblast hyperplasia in the spleen was observed in the chloroquine group. Lymphoid hypoplasia in the chloroquine group and megakayoblast hyperplasia in the artesunate group were observed but not in the control group. Thus, the use of these drugs especially under the practice of self-medication should be prohibited in lands where they are still in use as antimalaria medicine.
Molecular Pathways: Emerging Pathways Mediating Growth, Invasion, and Metastasis of Tumors Progressing in an Irradiated Microenvironment
Authors: Kuonen François , Secondini Chiara , Rüegg Curzio
Published: June 2012

Radiotherapy is a well-established therapeutic modality in oncology. It provides survival benefits in several different cancer types. However, cancers relapsing after radiotherapy often develop into more aggressive conditions that are difficult to treat and are associated with poor prognosis. Cumulative experimental evidence indicates that the irradiated tumor bed contributes to such aggressive behavior. The involved mechanisms have for long remained elusive. Recent progress in the field revealed previously unrecognized cellular and molecular events promoting growth, invasion, and metastasis of tumors progressing in an irradiated microenvironment. Cellular mechanisms include inhibition of sprouting angiogenesis, formation of hypoxia, activation and differentiation of stromal cells, and recruitment of bone marrow–derived cells with vasculogenic and prometastatic activities. Identified pathways include TGF-β/ALK5, CXCL12/CXCR4, KITL/KIT, and CYR61/αVβ5 integrin. The availability of pharmacologic inhibitors impinging on these pathways opens novel opportunities for translational and clinical studies. These experimental results and ongoing work highlight the importance of the irradiated microenvironment in modulating the tumor response to radiotherapy and open new opportunities for the development of novel therapeutic strategies for patients with cancer who relapse after radiotherapy. Here, we review and discuss recent advances in the field and their translational and therapeutic implications to human cancer treatment. Clin Cancer Res; 18(19); 5196–202. ©2012 AACR.
Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid as a Radiosensitizer through Modulation of RAD51 Protein and Inhibition of Homology-Directed Repair in Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Chen Xufeng , Wong Patty , Radany Eric H. , Stark Jeremy M. , Laulier Corentin , Wong Jeffrey Y.C.
Published: June 2012

Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDI) have shown promise as candidate radiosensitizers for many types of cancers. However, the mechanisms of action are not well understood, and whether they could sensitize multiple myeloma (MM) to radiation therapy is unclear. In this study, we show that suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) at low concentrations has minimal cytotoxic effects, yet can significantly increase radiosensitivity of MM cells. SAHA seems to block RAD51 protein response to ionizing radiation, consistent with an inhibitory effect on the formation of RAD51 focus in irradiated MM cells. These effects of SAHA on RAD51 focus are independent of cell-cycle distribution changes. Furthermore, we show that SAHA selectively inhibits the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway. The results of this study suggest that SAHA, a recently approved HDI in clinical trials for malignancies, at lower concentrations may act as a radiosensitizer via disruption of the RAD51-dependent HDR pathway. Mol Cancer Res; 10(8); 1052–64. ©2012 AACR.