bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detecting New Allies: Modifier Screen Identifies a Genetic Interaction BetweenImaginal disc growth factor 3andcombover, a Rho-kinase Substrate, During Dorsal Appendage Tube Formation inDrosophila
Authors: Espinoza Claudia Y , Berg Celeste A
Published: August 2020

Biological tube formation underlies organ development and, when disrupted, can cause severe birth defects. To investigate the genetic basis of tubulogenesis, we study the formation of Drosophila melanogaster eggshell structures, called dorsal appendages, which are produced by epithelial tubes. Previously we found that precise levels of Drosophila Chitinase-Like Proteins (CLPs), encoded by the Imaginal disc growth factor (Idgf) gene family, are needed to regulate dorsal-appendage tube closure and tube migration. To identify factors that act in the Idgf pathway, we developed a genetic modifier screen based on the finding that overexpressing Idgf3 causes dorsal appendage defects with ∼50% frequency. Using a library of partially overlapping heterozygous deficiencies, we scanned chromosome 3L and found regions that enhanced or suppressed the Idgf3-overexpression phenotype. Using smaller deletions, RNAi, and mutant alleles, we further mapped five regions and refined the interactions to 58 candidate genes. Importantly, mutant alleles identified combover (cmb), a substrate of Rho-kinase (Rok) and a component of the Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) pathway, as an Idgf3-interacting gene: loss of function enhanced while gain of function suppressed the dorsal appendage defects. Since PCP drives cell intercalation in other systems, we asked if cmb/+ affected cell intercalation in our model, but we found no evidence of its involvement in this step. Instead, we found that loss of cmb dominantly enhanced tube defects associated with Idgf3 overexpression by expanding the apical area of dorsal appendage cells. Apical surface area determines tube volume and shape; in this way, Idgf3 and cmb regulate tube morphology.
Adapt or Perish: Evolutionary Rescue in a Gradually Deteriorating Environment
Authors: Marrec Loïc , Bitbol Anne-Florence
Published: August 2020

We investigate the evolutionary rescue of a microbial population in a gradually deteriorating environment, through a combination of analytical calculations and stochastic simulations. We consider a population destined for extinction in the absence of mutants, which can survive only if mutants sufficiently adapted to the new environment arise and fix. We show that mutants that appear later during the environment deterioration have a higher probability to fix. The rescue probability of the population increases with a sigmoidal shape when the product of the carrying capacity and of the mutation probability increases. Furthermore, we find that rescue becomes more likely for smaller population sizes and/or mutation probabilities if the environment degradation is slower, which illustrates the key impact of the rapidity of environment degradation on the fate of a population. We also show that our main conclusions are robust across various types of adaptive mutants, including specialist and generalist ones, as well as mutants modeling antimicrobial resistance evolution. We further express the average time of appearance of the mutants that do rescue the population and the average extinction time of those that do not. Our methods can be applied to other situations with continuously variable fitnesses and population sizes, and our analytical predictions are valid in the weak-to-moderate mutation regime.
Dampak Keterlibatan dan Monitoring Terhadap Kecenderungan untuk Melakukan Eskalasi Komitmen
Authors: Bone Hariman
Published: August 2020

Balance scorecard (BSC) provides objective, measures, targets and initiatives within each perspective to support the achievement of the company’s vision and strategy. Management involvement in strategic initiatives setting in each perspective allows management to keep running the initiative even though the initiative hinders the achievement of goals. This study examined experimentally the effect of management involvement in strategic initiative setting and monitoring on escalation of commitment. We used 2 X 2 between subjects. The Anova result showed that management involvement could encourage participant in escalation of commitment for failed initiatives
Pengaruh Kinerja Keuangan, Ukuran Perusahaan dan Manajemen Laba Terhadap Return Saham dengan Kebijakan Dividen sebagai Variabel Moderasi
Authors: Hawari Muhamad Nazhif , Putri Zuwesty Eka
Published: August 2020

This research aims to test influence of financial performance, company size and profit management on return of shares with dividend policy as moderation variable. This research was conducted in a manufacturing company registered in Indonesia Sharia stock index (ISSI) period 2016-2018. The sampling method in this study uses purposive sampling. The number of samples on this study was as many as 20 companies. The financial performance of the study is calculated by a debt to equity ratio. Hypothesis testing in this study used multiple regression methods and moderated regression analysis. The result of this research show the financial performance and company size has no effect on the stock return and earning management affects the stock return. Dividend policy is not able to moderate the influence of financial performance, company size and profit management on return of shares
Development and validation of severity scales of avocado wilt complex caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, Verticillium dahliae and hypoxia-anoxia disorder and their physiological responses in avocado plants
Authors: Ramírez-Gil Joaquín Guillermo , Morales-Osorio Juan Gonzalo
Published: August 2020

Avocado wilt complex (AWC) is the most important disease in this crop. AWC may be caused by different causal agents that induce similar symptoms. Accurate scales of disease development (SDD) and physiological changes may be of special importance for the diagnosis and management of AWC. The objective of this work was to design and calibrate a specific SDD for the most common causal agents associated with AWC in Colombia,Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands and Verticillium dahliae Klebahn, and the hypoxia-anoxia disorder in both seedlings in net house and adult plants under field conditions. Furthermore, physiological responses to infection were determined. The disease was monitored under field and net house conditions. Shoot symptoms were recorded and quantification of inoculumin infected soil and tissue was performed. The visual scale was described based on external symptoms and calibrated with the inocula values by regression analysis. In the net house, net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration were measured during the different stages of disease development. The three causal agents induced a progressive reduction of net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration. The designed scales can be a valuable tool for epidemiological useand support in the diagnosis and management of AWC.
Can Amplicephalus funzaensis Linnavuori 1968 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) transmit phytoplasmas to strawberry?
Authors: Montaño Novoa Daniela , Brochero Helena Luisa , Franco-Lara Liliana
Published: August 2020

Phytoplasmas are plant pathogenic bacteria of the class Mollicutes that lack cell walls, are restricted to the phloem of their plant hosts, are difficult to culture, and are transmitted by insect vectors. Phytoplasmas from 16SrI and 16SrVII groups have been associated with diseases in urban trees in the Bogota plateau and with potato and strawberry crops in Cundinamarca,Colombia. The objective of this work was to evaluate if the vector Amplicephalus funzaensis (Hemipera: Cicadellidae) could transmit phytoplasmas to Fragaria x ananassa under semi-controlled conditions. A transmission assay on F. x ananassa var. Monterrey was performed with A. funzaensis from a population naturally infected with phytoplasmas, whose host was Cenchrus clandestinus. Seven months after herbivory by these insects, the plants did not show symptoms associated to phytoplasmas, even though more than one third of the insects used carried phytoplasmas. In total, 120 A. funzaensis individuals were tested for the presence of phytoplasmas by molecular methods; of these, 46 (38%) were positive for phytoplasmas, showing the existence of insect populations with a high number of individuals that are a potential source of inoculum for the pathogen transmission. Additionally, for the molecular identification of A. funzaensis, a DNA barcode was generated from the cyitochrome c oxidase (COI) gene.
Chlorophyll a fluorescence and development of zucchini plants under nitrogen and silicon fertilization
Authors: De Mesquita Alves Jackson , De Lima Alex Serafim , Andrade Figueiredo Francisco Romário , Da Silva Toshik Iarley , Ferreira Cavalcante Lourival , De Oliveira Mesquita Francisco , De Mesquita Evandro Franklin , De Figueiredo Suassuna Cesenildo
Published: August 2020

Zucchini (Cucurbita pepo L.) has a great economic and productive potential in the semi-arid region of Brazil, due to the wide acceptance by consumers and quick financial return. The nitrate (NO3-) assimilation process in C3 plants such as zucchini is related to photorespiration, and Si accumulated near the stomata reduces the transpiration rate, making the photosynthesis cycle more efficient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the interaction between nitrogen and silicon fertilization ongrowth, chlorophyll index, and chlorophyll a fluorescence of zucchini plants. The treatments were distributed in a split-plot scheme in a randomized block design with three replicates. The plot was arranged by silicon levels (0 and 6 g/plant) and the subplots constituted by five nitrogen levels (30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 kg ha-1). Leaf, stem and total dry masses, chlorophylla, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a/b ratio and chlorophyll a fluorescence were evaluated. The highest dry matter productions in zucchini were obtained in treatments without Si. Si and N application together positively influences the chlorophyll a/b ratio of zucchini plants. The interaction between Si and N positively influences the maximum fluorescence, variable fluorescence and quantum yield of photosystemII of zucchini plants.
Reuse of agricultural waste as an alternative substrate in the production of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) seedlings
Authors: Matiello Almeida Karoline , Vieira Lo Monaco Paola Alfonsa , Krause Marcelo Rodrigo , Silva de Oliveira Dandara Lyone , Merlo Meneghelli Lorena Aparecida , Merlo Meneghelli Caroline , Pinto Guisolfi Louise
Published: August 2020

Seedling formation is one of the most important phases for the eggplant crop cycle. One of the decisive factors for obtaining quality seedlings and the consequent increase in productivity is the type of substrate used. The objective of this research was to evaluate the growth of eggplant seedlings grown in alternative substrates with increasing levels of “moinha” (residue from the coffee dry milling process) replacing the commercial substrate. The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, with six treatments and ten replicates. The treatments were: T1: commercial substrate (control); T2: 0% moinha (MO) + 40% burnt rice husk (BRH) + 15% coconut fiber (CF) + 5% eggshell (ES) + 40% commercial substrate (CS); T3: 10% MO + 40% BRH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 30% CS; T4: 20% MO + 40% BRH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 20% CS ; T5: 30% MO + 40% BRH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 10% CS; T6: 40% MO + 40% BRH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 0% CS. The electrical conductivity of the substrates and the seedling total dry mass, plant height and stem diameter were evaluated. It is recommended to use the substrate containing 20% MO + 40% BRH + 15% CF + 5% ES + 20% CS.
Gestão das ações de segurança alimentar frente à pandemia pela COVID-19
Authors: Araújo Fábio Resende de , Calazans Dinara Leslye Macedo e Silva
Published: August 2020

Resumo O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as estratégias de intervenção adotadas pela gestão pública frente à crise desencadeada pela COVID-19 para redução da insegurança alimentar, baseado em um estudo de caso no Rio Grande do Norte. Com abordagem qualitativa, foram utilizadas a Teoria do Programa e a abordagem dos múltiplos fluxos para análise das ações emergenciais. No estado, a pandemia confluiu para uma janela de oportunidade, evidenciando o papel importante das Políticas Públicas na agenda governamental, como o Programa Restaurante Popular, e favorecendo a elaboração de respostas rápidas e de medidas de adequação na implementação da política. Conclui-se, neste estudo, que esta pode ser considerada uma boa prática e que ela pode servir de referência a outras ações semelhantes pelo país.
The public administration’s ‘engine room’ in the fight against COVID-19
Authors: Coelho Fernando de Souza , Corrêa Victor , Lisboa Rafael Lincoln , Resch Sibelly
Published: August 2020

Resumo O enfrentamento à COVID-19 no Brasil demanda estratégias e ações integradas e articuladas entre as três esferas de governo e seus diversos setores de políticas públicas para prestar serviços públicos essenciais e ofertar programas governamentais emergenciais. Para que essas ações públicas alcancem os cidadãos-usuários, as áreas-meio da administração pública, consideradas - metaforicamente - neste artigo como a Casa de Máquinas, entram em operação. Sob o prisma dessa dimensão intraorganizacional, este trabalho objetiva descrever e analisar as funções administrativas no ajuste do serviço funerário - elo final da cadeia de combate ao coronavírus em qualquer cidade. O locus empírico é o serviço funerário do município de São Paulo, escolhido pela sua magnitude e por ser monopólio do setor público. Usando-se da análise documental e da realização de entrevistas com gestores públicos locais, o artigo joga luz no back office pelas funcionalidades de finanças, recursos humanos, processos e tecnologia da informação (TI), compras e contratos, logística e operações, e comunicação/marketing, evidenciando as engrenagens das organizações públicas no contexto da crise sanitária e contribuindo para a reflexão sobre os pontos-chave que devem ser considerados em distintas realidades, ainda que com as limitações de uma análise de um processo em curso.
Da Bíblia de Gutenberg à COVID-19
Authors: Leal Carlos Ivan Simonsen
Published: August 2020

Resumo O mundo após a COVID-19 será diferente do mundo de antes, não apenas do ponto de vista dos desafios econômicos, mas também na perspectiva da geopolítica. A globalização tenderá a ser revertida, com claras implicações para a posição dos vários países. O fenômeno da expansão do uso generalizado da tecnologia da informação marcará a dinâmica de vários países, inclusive do Brasil. A academia precisa refletir sobre estratégias de longo prazo para criar empregos e sustentar a empregabilidade enquanto a estrutura da economia se modifica.
LA RESPONSABILIDAD SOCIAL CORPORATIVA Y LA COMPATIBILIDAD ELECTROMAGNÉTICA EN UM CONTEXTO INTERNACIONAL
Authors: IZQUIERDO GREGORIO ESCALERA , PATIER CARMEN CALDERÓN
Published: August 2020

RESUMEN El presente trabajo estudia los criterios de certificación internacionales de calidad referidos a la Compatibilidad Electromagnética (CEM), dirigidos a la protección de los sistemas de comunicación. Serán analizados los tres mercados de referencia, el europeo, norteamericano y japonés, que nos permitirán conocer el estadio actual de regulación, así como las posibles tendencias futuras de las diferentes áreas y zonas de producción en un contexto de globalización internacional.
Interfaces de gênero e empoderamento da mulher no Corfebol: uma revisão descritiva*
Authors: LaudaresSilva Renata , Schwartz Gisele Maria
Published: August 2020

Resumo Baseado na perspectiva de igualdade de gênero no esporte, o estudo investigou a produção de conhecimento sobre as interfaces de gênero e empoderamento da mulher no Corfebol. Os resultados indicam a predominância de estudos sobre igualdade de gênero no âmbito dos esportes de alto rendimento, assim como no contexto das aulas de Educação Física. Porém, não há artigos diretamente relacionados às interfaces de gênero e empoderamento da mulher no Corfebol na literatura acadêmica. Conclui-se que há uma premência na produção de conhecimentos considerando a temática, para minimizar esta lacuna.
New species of Urocleidoides (Monogenoidea: Dactylogyridae) from the gills of two species of Anostomidae from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Oliveira Marcos Sidney Brito , Santos-Neto João Flor , Tavares-Dias Marcos , Domingues Marcus Vinicius
Published: August 2020

Abstract Three species (2 new) of Urocleidoides are described and/or reported from the gills of Schizodon fasciatus and Laemolyta proxima (Anostomidae) from the Jari River in the eastern Brazilian Amazon. Urocleidoides jariensis n. sp. presents a sclerotized, tubular, spiral male copulatory organ (MCO) with one counterclockwise coil, a circular sclerotized tandem brim associated with the base of the MCO; a heavily sclerotized, funnel-shaped vaginal vestibule; and a broadly V-shaped ventral bar with anteromedial constriction and enlarged ends. Urocleidoides ramentacuminatus n. sp. has a sclerotized, tubular, spiral MCO with one counterclockwise coil; an accessory piece with a hook-shaped distal portion; and a dorsal anchor with a short, straight shaft; anchor point with ornamentation as sclerotized shredded filaments. Urocleidoides paradoxus is reported for the first time parasitizing S. fasciatus.
Fibrosis and Immune Cell Infiltration Are Separate Events Regulated by Cell-Specific Receptor Notch3 Expression
Authors: Brandt Sabine , Ballhause Tobias M. , Bernhardt Anja , Becker Annika , Salaru Delia , Le-Deffge Hien Minh , Fehr Alexander , Fu Yan , Philipsen Lars , Djudjaj Sonja , Müller Andreas J. , Kramann Rafael , Ibrahim Mahmoud , Geffers Robert , Siebel Chris , Isermann Berend , Heidel Florian H. , Lindquist Jonathan A. , Mertens Peter R.
Published: August 2020

Significance Statement

In patients with CKD, receptor Notch3 is strongly upregulated. Conversely, in experimental kidney disease models,Notch3deficiency protects from organ damage. To determine whether Notch3 on immune cells or tissue-resident cells participates in the inflammatory response, animals with bone marrow chimerism were generated. These animal strains do not exhibit phenotypic differences in the absence of disease. However, after unilateral ureteral obstruction, distinct alterations in the immune response and organ fibrosis become apparent. Notch3 receptors expressed by immune cells are of relevance for transmigration into tissue; the receptors expressed by resident kidney cells orchestrate organ fibrosis. These events seem to be separable and distinct.

Background

Kidney injuries that result in chronic inflammation initiate crosstalk between stressed resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. In animal models, whole-body receptorNotch3deficiency protects from leukocyte infiltration and organ fibrosis. However, the relative contribution ofNotch3expression in tissue versus infiltrating immune cells is unknown.

Methods

Chimeric mice deficient forNotch3in hematopoietic cells and/or resident tissue cells were generated, and kidney fibrosis and inflammation after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were analyzed. Adoptive transfer of labeled bone marrow–derived cells validated the results in a murineLeishmaniaear infection model.In vitroadhesion assays, integrin activation, and extracellular matrix production were analyzed.

Results

Fibrosis follows UUO, but inflammatory cell infiltration mostly depends upon Notch3 expression in hematopoietic cells, which coincides with an enhanced proinflammatory milieu (e.g., CCL2 and CCL5 upregulation). Notch3 expression on CD45+leukocytes plays a prominent role in efficient cell transmigration. Functionally, leukocyte adhesion and integrin activation are abrogated in the absence of receptor Notch3. Chimeric animal models also reveal that tubulointerstitial fibrosis develops, even in the absence of prominent leukocyte infiltrates after ureteral obstruction. Deleting Notch3 receptors on resident cells blunts kidney fibrosis, ablates NF-κB signaling, and lessens matrix deposition.

Conclusions

Cell-specific receptor Notch3 signaling independently orchestrates leukocyte infiltration and organ fibrosis. Interference with Notch3 signaling may present a novel therapeutic approach in inflammatory as well as fibrotic diseases.
Editorial: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights at 70: African Perspectives on Progress and Prospects
Authors: Dube Felix , Avitus A Agbor
Published: August 2020

This special edition comprises selected papers on critical reflections on the 70th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). The authors critique the contextual relevance of the UDHR to the implementation of human rights within selected domestic legal systems in Africa.
70 Years after the UDHR: A Provocative Reflection Shaped by African Experiences
Authors: Avitus Agbor
Published: August 2020

The 70th anniversary of the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights presents an opportunity for critical reflections from the Global South on why the dream of universalising the rights contained in this ground-breaking document is still just a dream. Shaped by a rigorous interrogation of African experiences as narrated by practitioners and scholars, this paper revisits some of the leading contentious issues which, undoubtedly, have impacted on the realisation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on the African continent. The paper revisits the issue of meaning, and how uncertainties surrounding it have triggered controversial perceptions and constructions of the notion of human rights, aggravated by adjectival calibrations. Capturing the views of scholars and practitioners, this paper takes an evidence-based approach to the matter as it identifies and discusses some of the common, recurrent challenges that have compromised the aspiration of universalising the ideals articulated in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These include, amongst other things, the impact of slavery and the slave trade, colonialism and neo-colonialism, the nature and impact of western hypocrisy, double-standards, bias and inconsistency – factors that not only dilute the recognition of human rights but further deepen the mistrust and misgivings Africans have about human rights. Lastly, the paper appraises the adverse impact of corruption on the realisation of human rights on the African continent. It is argued that all these factors, cumulatively, adversely impact on the perception and realisation of human rights on the African continent.
Comparison of effects exerted by bio-fertilizers, NPK fertilizers, and cultivation methods on soil respiration in Chernozem soil
Authors: Mátyás Bence , Lowy Daniel A. , Singla Ankit , Melendez Jesus R. , Zsolt Sándor
Published: August 2020

Soil respiration is a significant indicator of soil microbial activity; global soil respiration and decomposition processes release yearly to the atmosphere a total of 220 billion tons of carbon dioxide. Therefore, studies on the whole- or one particular aspect of soil carbon cycle aiming at optimizing agricultural carbon dioxide emissions or improving carbon sequestration contribute to a sustainable agriculture practice. In this paper we present the effects of biofertilizer application (Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus circulans, and Pseudomonas putida) on soil respiration in chernozem soil. Experiments were performed at Látókép Experimental Station, belonging to the University of Debrecen, Hungary. Additionally, we compare our results with findings of prior studies related to commercial NPK fertilizer applications (in four doses: N60P45K45; N120P90K90; N180 P135K135;  and N240P180K180),  and two different cultivation methods (ploughed, loosened, RTK in rows, and RTK between rows); these investigations were conducted at the same experimental station. Our results indicate lower tendency for soil respiration, when biofertilizers are applied as compared to commercialNPK fertilizers, which enables to decrease CO2 emission in the environment.We also discuss a unit change indifferent alkali absorption-based methods (Oxitop and Witkamp) to facilitate comparability of recently acquired data with results of previous long-term fertilization experiments.
Fermentor Growth of Streptococcus sanguinis v1
Authors: Puccio Tanya , Kitten Todd
Published: August 2020

Streptococcus sanguinis is a lactic acid-forming bacterium that can be cultured in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. It is a primary colonizer of the oral cavity but can also cause a heart disease called infective endocarditis. Our main objective for this protocol was to grow large, controlled cultures before and after manganese depletion for various analyses. In order to obtain large scale, reproducible growth of S. sanguinis, a biostat was used to maintain controlled conditions. After optimization, it was determined that traditional chemostat conditions (Burne and Chen, 1998) were not appropriate for these experiments. Thus, we decided on this modified protocol. Using this method, we were able to identify a concentration of the non-specific metal chelator, EDTA, that would lead to a decreased growth rate in a manganese transporter mutant but not in the wild-type strain.
ELISA for quantification of IL-21 in human serum or plasma. v1
Authors: A Justiz-Vaillant Angel
Published: August 2020

Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. NK cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes make IL-21. It acts on various immune cells of innate and the adaptive immune systems. IL-21 promotes B and T lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. It enhances NK cell activity. [1] Reference 1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.
ELISA for quantification of IL-9 in human serum or plasma. v1
Authors: A Justiz-Vaillant Angel
Published: August 2020

Interleukins (IL) are a type of cytokine first thought to be expressed by leukocytes alone but have later been found to be produced by many other body cells. They play essential roles in the activation and differentiation of immune cells, as well as proliferation, maturation, migration, and adhesion. They also have pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. The primary function of interleukins is, therefore, to modulate growth, differentiation, and activation during inflammatory and immune responses. Interleukins consist of a large group of proteins that can elicit many reactions in cells and tissues by binding to high-affinity receptors in cell surfaces. Th9, Th2, Th17, mast cells, NKT cells, and regulatory T cells produce interleukin-9. It enhances T-cell survival, mast cell activation and synergy with erythropoietin.[1] Reference 1. Justiz Vaillant AA, Qurie A. Interleukin. In:StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; June 12, 2019.
Vegetation Monitoring Protocol for measuring and collecting ecological data v1
Authors: Hufft Rebecca , Alba Christina , Sahud Amy
Published: August 2020

This protocol outlines the basic methods for measuring understory percent cover, soil moisture, tree canopy cover, and plant species richness, as well as for collecting plant specimens to be vouchered in the herbarium. These measurements estimate the abundance and presence of plant species in an area, and link them to environmental conditions (soil water and light availability) that may affect their distributions. Together, these data can reveal patterns in plant community or ecosystem processes. The understory percent cover measurements will be made using the line-point intercept method. In this method, a 25m transect is placed along the ground with a 25m by 1m belt transect to either side of it. Percent cover is measured along the transect, along with soil moisture and tree canopy cover. Plant richness is measured in the belt transect and the plant vouchering is done outside of the transect and belt transect area.
ethics of responsibility: Fallibilism, futurity and phronesis
Authors: Van Niekerk Anton
Published: August 2020

In this article, I deal with the issue of a possible ethics of responsibility (ER) from a philosophical perspective in general, and bioethics in particular. My aim is to explore whether an ER is able to incorporate or integrate some, if not most, of the valid (and valuable) aspects of utilitarianism and deontology, without succumbing to most of the glaring shortcomings of these two famous frameworks. If such an enterprise could be successful, I would venture to infer that the ER could indeed be highly relevant for the time in which we live. I develop three central ideas of the framework of the ethics of responsibility. These three ideas are, firstly, that an appropriate framework for moral decision-making requires us to make room for the possibility of failure; secondly, we must see the implications of Jonas’ emphasis on the need for an ethics of futurity for taking cognisance of the consequences of acts, and, thirdly, that although consequences of actions may be important, as utilitarianism has always insisted, consequences are not enough. Moral actions are also of necessity guided by rules and principles when making moral decisions. It is particularly in this respect that I shall, at the end, draw on the insights of Aristotle in respect of his notion of phronesis. The crux of my argument is to be found in what Aristotle identifies as the essence of moral knowledge. Moral knowledge respects and often builds upon the norms and action guides that pervade social life. However, merely drawing on deep-seated norms and conventions is not enough. These norms and conventions require application in a host of practical situations. Exactly how they are to be applied, is far from self-evident. That is something that we learn in the practice of daily life by the deliberation that essentially characterises phronesis or prudence (practical wisdom).
do's and don'ts
Authors: Alamu Akiti Glory
Published: August 2020

It is an interesting and refreshing fact that every human society is conventionally structured and subsequently sustained by certain rules and regulations whether written or unwritten by which both social and religious life is regulated. In the religious arena, the holy writ or tradition serves as a functional apparatus in order to attain and guarantee religious order, righteousness, and holiness. Conceptually, Ori Oke means Prayer Mountain, one which is secluded from interruption for the purpose of solitary prayer and worship of the transcendental God. Thus, every Ori Oke (prayer mountain) in Ilorin metropolis is identified and associated with rules and practices which have been a sine-qua non for orderliness, harmony, purity, and security. However, non-compliance with the rules and regulations has been a major problem confronting some attendees and as well as a source of worry to insiders. This, as a matter of fact, elicits lots of concern from troubled members who are alarmed at the extent of violations at odd hours and in unexpected places thereby leading to a critical question of the roles of instruction in Ori Oke. The thrust of the paper is, therefore, to examine the theological and historical aspects to show the indispensable role of Christian traditions or holy writ in the sustainability of peace, orderliness, purity, inclusion, and continuity. The paper adopts a historical-liturgical and expository approach leading to the fact that vigilance and extra care must be employed by Ori Oke caretakers in order to get rid of unholy practices in the holy land.
The rhetorical purpose of the battle between protagonist and antagonist in 2 Maccabees 9
Authors: Cornelius Elma
Published: August 2020

The main theme in 2 Maccabees seems to be the use and abuse of “power”. The very striking battle for power, as presented in 2 Maccabees 9, is the focus of this article. The research questions are: Who are the protagonist and the antagonist in 2 Maccabees 9? How does this chapter describe these characters? What is the nature of the struggle between the protagonist and antagonist? What is/are the rhetorical function(s) of the struggle in 2 Maccabees 9? What is the rhetorical purpose of 2 Maccabees 9? As 2 Maccabees is a narrative, written in a world where rhetoric played an important role in communication, the text is interpreted with the help of rhetorical criticism and narrative criticism. Attention will be given to specifically the text’s description of the antagonist and protagonist and the rhetorical function(s) of these descriptions will be interpreted. As the use and abuse of power play such an important role in the description of these characters, the phenomenon of power will be interpreted by using definitions and discussions by sociologists and psychologists where relevant. It is concluded that the text of 2 Maccabees 9 aims at moving the reader from an attitude of doubt and distrust in God, because of the bad things that happened, to an attitude of trust and obedience in God, who is just and powerful. God is presented as the supernatural power, with the implicit warning that no human being can ever affect this power. It is a message of hope for the victims of power abuse. It is a piece of advice and a warning to be spiritually intelligent and to hold on to the almighty power of God, with the promise that God will always be there, listen to the prayers of believers and act in love towards them. It is also a warning to never oppose God. The reader is persuaded in 2 Maccabees, especially in Chapter 9, of the advantages of a spiritual intelligence. It clearly demonstrates that no abuse of power by humankind, can ever limit the power of God.
Scaffolding leadership dispositions for being radically truthful in the civitas dei and the civitas mundi
Authors: Dames Gordon E
Published: August 2020

Societies across the globe need a new kind of leadership education characterised with a disposition for radical truth-telling. This ideal should go beyond generalised and familiarised ethical leadership formation. Contemporary leaders should become truth tellers and truth seekers for justice. Attaining such a disposition calls us towards an imaginative ethical-educative praxis for justice. Scaffolding leadership-ethical-presences towards being human may proof indispensable. The rediscovery of a vocation for an ethically re-envisioned educational revolution is called for.
importance of early Christian thought for theology today.
Authors: Van de Beek Abraham
Published: August 2020

Early Christianity is not only a source of historical interest, it also challenges the systematic theology and Christian ethics of today. Early Christians saw themselves as a community of life with the Eucharist at its centre. Because they participated in eternal life, they were willing to sacrifice their earthly lives in times of persecution and in the care for those who were in mortal danger. As a community of life, they rejected killing any human being, and thus also rejected abortion and military service. They were not an alternative community marked by their diet, dress or emancipation. In such issues they adapted to their environment. They made a difference by their love for those who were in need and by their faithfulness to Christ – though their message was sometimes better than their praxis.
ABOUT THE CONSERVATIVE CESARIAN SECTION
Authors: Yastrebov N. V.
Published: August 2020

Mm. Gg. I will draw your attention to the operation known under the name of the conservative Caesarian section. This communication is based on three cases that I operated on in the current academic year. Each of these cases has its own casuistic interest, and also sheds light on one side or the other of the issue of this operation.
Ovaryotomy as prevention and treatment of insanity
Authors: Kyung F.
Published: August 2020

Doctor Kitto reports a case of an ovarian (with removal of both tubes), which he performed on a 25-year-old girl about insanity. At the age of 13 she suffered scarlet fever, after which she developed insanity, or, as the author calls it, pseudo-insanity. The treatment in the course of ten years in special medical institutions had only a very short-term success. The symptoms of the disease intensified every year.
The importance of lymphatic vessels in inflammation of the uterus, uterine appendages and pelvic peritoneum
Authors: Runge G.
Published: August 2020

There is nothing more or less common more or less wide adhesions connecting the uterus with the walls of the pelvic floor or with adjacent organs. The author investigated the female genital organs of more than 300 subjects who, however, in most cases, belonged to a more mature age, and he came to the conclusion that a healthy uterus, in the sense of the absence of a large or smaller number of adhesions, which are the consequences of former inflammations, is a rarity. almost an exception.
IVAN FEDOROV. MATERIALS TO THE QUESTION OF LABOR THERAPY IN A NARROW PELVIS
Authors: Solovyov A. S.
Published: August 2020

The issue of the therapy of childbirth with a narrow pelvis seems to be one of the least developed issues of practical obstetrics, and any new work in this direction is of great interest and deserves the attention of obstetricians. The work of Dr. Fedorov named in the title deserves all the more attention, both in terms of the mass of valuable material given in this work, and because the author of the work is one of the ardent admirers and promoters of the widespread use of forceps with a narrow pelvis. Working in one of the richest in pathological obstetric material clinics - the clinic of the University of Warsaw, the author was in extremely favorable conditions for the study of the question he had chosen for his thesis, and had the opportunity to personally check various methods of delivery with a narrow pelvis in such sizes, in which it is not everywhere will succeed. The author presented the results of his observations in his dissertation.
Meeting on September 16, 1892
Authors: Hermonius A. K.
Published: August 2020

A. Martin (Berlin), speaker. The ethiology of ectopic pregnancy is still very dark. Existing hypotheses explain only a few isolated cases, and that is far from perfect. We will not solve this issue satisfactorily and accurately until the physiology of impregnation (seed introduction) is clarified.
Meeting on February 28, 1892.
Authors: Voff I. A.
Published: August 2020

Prof. V. Ye. Chernov read and distributed printed copies of the "report of the commission, elected by the Obstetrician-Gynecological Society in Kiev to develop the issue of measures to support childless children and foundlings in the South-West Territory". This question was submitted for discussion by the head of the region, Count A.P. Ignatiev. Having examined this issue comprehensively, the commission spoke in favor of the need to establish "hospitals for babies" at least in provincial cities, and, if necessary, in more populated areas of the region, and developed rules for these benefits, when compiling which were guided by the current rules for the admission of children to the IMPERIAL Foster homes and return from them.
OBSTETRIC GYNECOLOGICAL SOCIETY IN BERLIN
Meeting on November 27, 1891
Authors: Massen V. N.
Published: August 2020

Winter showed a postpartum uterus with a complete rupture in its lower segment. The rupture passed very obliquely through the anterior wall of the uterus and extended from the ring of contraction almost to the external uterine pharynx. The peritoneum was separated above the gap to the line of tight attachment in such a way that a connection with the abdominal cavity 10 cm long was formed. When opened: the uterus was lying in a strong bend forward; bowel loops and the anterior abdominal wall delimited the rupture site from the abdominal cavity; all intestines were very red and covered with a light coating; in the abdominal cavity there were about one to one and a half liters of liquid and coagulated blood.
A case of acquired hymen obstruction
Authors: Kuhn F.
Published: August 2020

EG, a 30-year-old maid, contacted the author on January 2, 1891. She enjoyed generally good health; she began to menstruate at the age of 20, but the regulations always appeared incorrectly, with interruptions sometimes for several months, were scarce, lasted one day and were accompanied by pain. In June 1890, she was treated for a specific (? Ref.) Throat disease and papular rash. Shortly before that, after coitus'a had some kind of discharge from the vagina and a swelling appeared in the groin. Now she complains of urination disorder and abdominal enlargement.
Closure of large vesicovaginal fistulas by transplantation of the bladder wall
Authors: Brandt A.
Published: August 2020

With large defects in the bottom of the urinary bladder, extensive adhesions of the edges of the fistulas directly with the bony walls of the pelvic floor, or with fixation of the uterus posteriorly, resp. to the sides, as well as in the absence of the anterior lip of the vaginal part or the lower part of the uterus with an existing utero-cystic fistula, it is possible to use the Trendelenburg method to close the defects, transplant a flap from the opposite fistula of the vaginal wall, or release the bladder over a large extent from surrounding parts and apply for transplantation of the wall of the urinary bladder itself.
Non-surgical treatment of uterine cancer
Authors: Kuhn F.
Published: August 2020

Under the non-surgical method of treatment of uterine cancer, the author means scraping with a spoon with sequential cauterization. Without sometimes denying the need for a radical operation, that is, excision of the cervix or the entire uterus, the author believes that in many cases this dangerous operation, which gives a significant percentage of mortality, can be successfully replaced with curettage, especially in cases where the patient resists the operation, or this the latter is dangerous due to the age and emaciation of the patient.
Abdominal attachment of the uterus, with extreme degrees of its prolapse and displacement of it behind
Authors: Kuhn F.
Published: August 2020

The mechanical method of treatment of prolapses and displacements of the uterus from behind in most cases does not give complete healing.
TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE USE OF A PHYSIOLOGICAL SOLUTION OF BOILED SALT IN ACUTE SEVERE ANEMIA FROM POSTNATAL BLEEDING
Authors: Neishtube P. T.
Published: August 2020

One of the most important questions for any practicing physician is what to do in cases where the body is at risk of fatal bleeding? The importance of this issue is evident, on the one hand, from the fact that it occupied the minds of such researchers as V. Lewins, King, Lower, Graily Hewitt and others in England, - Conheim, Kronecker, I. Sander, Bischoff, Kstner, Ponfick, Panum, Falck, Sahli, Leichtenstern and others in Germany, Jolyet, Laffont and others in France, - Tarkhanov, Chudnovsky, Buyalsky, Chiriev, Sutugin, Nikolsky, Kolomnin, Ott and many others in Russia.
Case of ectopic gestation of eleven and half months’ duration
Authors: Lapina A.
Published: August 2020

Mrs. X., 35 years old, menstruation at 17 years old, married, gave birth twice and the last birth was 12 years old. ago. Menstruated correctly after four weeks. The last regulations were in October 1890; gradually the abdomen increased in volume, fetal movements appeared. After 10 months, after the last menstruation, on August 16, 1891, she felt severe abdominal pain, fetal movements stopped. On September 1st, a watery expiration appeared from the genital canal. The patient asked for medical help and Dr. Gramm, having examined the patient, found: the abdomen is strongly and unevenly stretched; a dense tumor is felt on the right.
A case of tubal pregnancy with rupture of the fetal sac; gluttony; recovery
Authors: Soloviev A.
Published: August 2020

A woman of 25 years old, gave birth 4 times completely safely. In the middle of the 3rd month of the 5th pregnancy, there were severe pains in the right side of the abdomen, loss of strength, severe anemia, pulse almost imperceptible. Ice pack; suppositories from opia. The next morning, the pulse improved.
Comparison of Measurement Methods for Electronic Cigarette Puff Topography
Authors: Felicione Nicholas J. , Karaoghlanian Nareg , Shihadeh Alan , Eissenberg Thomas , Blank Melissa D.
Published: August 2020

Objectives: Measurement of electronic cigarette (ECIG) puff topography provides an under- standing of how product characteristics and user behavior affect nicotine delivery. However, mouthpiece-based topography devices may affect natural puffing behavior. This study was designed
to compare ECIG topography measured by mouthpiece-based eTop computerized de- vice and mouthpiece-free video recordings. Methods: ECIG-naïve cigarette smokers (N = 18) and ECIG-experienced users (N = 25) puffed on a standardized ECIG via eTop or conventionally; both sessions were
videotaped. Following overnight abstinence, participants experienced one directed (10 puffs, 30 sec IPI) and 2 ad libitum puffing bouts. Heart rate and subjective response were measured throughout sessions. Results: No statistically significant differences between methods were
observed for topography, heart rate, or abstinence-related subjective effects, and both methods were accurate and reliable. Use of a mouthpiece was perceived to alter aspects of ECIG puffing (eg, "reduce enjoyment). Conclusions: The mouthpiece-based eTop measures ECIG topography precisely
as when no mouthpiece is used, and interferes minimally with subjective ECIG experience. Reliable and valid ECIG topography measurement methods are an important regulatory tool, as they can be used to understand the interplay between product design and user behavior to predict toxicant exposure.
Do They Differ? Flavored versus Unflavored Waterpipe Tobacco Flavor Ingredients
Authors: Adetona Anna M. , Brinkman Marielle C. , Strozier Erich D. , Karam Hani S. , Butler Jennifer M. , Kim Hyoshin , Lim Juyun , McCauley Martha W. , Clark Pamela
Published: August 2020

Objectives: In this study, we characterized the sweet flavor ingredients in 2 internationally popular waterpipe tobaccos, flavored and unflavored. Methods: Tobacco extracts were quantified for humectants, sugars, menthol, nicotine, and sugar alcohols. Qualitative screening
of flavor volatiles was performed, and 12 flavor volatiles were quantified. Results: Humectant content was 20 times greater in the flavored brand versus the unflavored, largely due to greater concentration of the glycerol. Sugar content was approximately 1.7 times higher in the flavored
tobacco. Vanillin levels were > 200 times greater in the flavored brand. Nicotine content of the unflavored tobacco was 1.5 times greater on a mg/g tobacco basis, which can be explained by the much larger humectant mass content of the flavored tobacco. Conclusions: Flavored waterpipe
tobacco may contain significantly greater amounts of humectants and flavor components (the compounds that make up the overall flavor), which may be harmful to users, compared to unflavored. Limiting flavors in waterpipe tobacco could aid in maximizing public health benefits.