bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of upper‐ocean stratification on tropical cyclone‐induced surface cooling in the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Neetu S. , Lengaigne Matthieu , Vincent Emmanuel M. , Vialard Jérôme , Madec Gurvan , Samson Guillaume , Ramesh Kumar M. R. , Durand Fabien
Published: November 2012

Surface cooling induced by tropical cyclones (TCs) is about three times larger during premonsoon than during postmonsoon season in the Bay of Bengal. We investigate processes responsible for this seasonal contrast using an ocean general circulation model. The model is forced by TC winds prescribed from an analytic vortex using observed TC tracks and intensities during 1978–2007. The simulation accurately captures the seasonal cycle of salinity, temperature, and barrier layer in this region, with fresher waters, deeper upper‐ocean stratification, and thicker barrier layers during postmonsoon season. It also reproduces the three times larger TC‐induced cooling during premonsoon than during postmonsoon season. This difference is essentially related to seasonal changes in oceanic stratification rather than to differences in TC wind energy input. During the postmonsoon season, a deeper thermal stratification combined with a considerable upper‐ocean freshening strongly inhibits surface cooling induced by vertical mixing underneath TCs. On average, thermal stratification accounts for ∼60% of this cooling reduction during postmonsoon season, while haline stratification accounts for the remaining 40%. Their respective contributions however strongly vary within the Bay: haline stratification explains a large part of the TC‐induced cooling inhibition offshore of northern rim of the Bay (Bangladesh‐Myanmar‐east coast of India), where salinity seasonal changes are the strongest, while thermal stratification explains all the cooling inhibition in the southwestern Bay. This study hence advocates for an improved representation of upper‐ocean salinity and temperature effects in statistical and dynamical TCs forecasts that could lead to significant improvements of TC intensity prediction skill.
Characterization of Arctic ice cloud properties observed during ISDAC
Authors: Jouan Caroline , Girard Eric , Pelon Jacques , Gultepe Ismail , Delanoë Julien , Blanchet Jean‐Pierre
Published: November 2012

Extensive measurements from ground‐based sites and satellite remote sensing (CloudSat and CALIPSO) reveal the existence of two types of ice clouds (TICs) in the Arctic during the polar night and early spring. The first type (TIC‐2A), being topped by a cover of nonprecipitating very small (radar unseen) ice crystals (TIC‐1), is found more frequently in pristine environment, whereas the second type (TIC‐2B), detected by both sensors, is associated preferentially with a high concentration of aerosols. To further investigate the microphysical properties of TIC‐1/2A and TIC‐2B, airborne in situ and satellite measurements of specific cases observed during Indirect and Semi‐Direct Aerosol Campaign (ISDAC) have been analyzed. For the first time, Arctic TIC‐1/2A and TIC‐2B microstructures are compared using in situ cloud observations. Results show that the differences between them are confined in the upper part of the clouds where ice nucleation occurs. TIC‐2B clouds are characterized by fewer (by more than 1 order of magnitude) and larger (by a factor of 2 to 3) ice crystals and a larger ice supersaturation (of 15–20%) compared to TIC‐1/2A. Ice crystal growth in TIC‐2B clouds seems explosive, whereas it seems more gradual in TIC‐1/2A. It is hypothesized that these differences are linked to the number concentration and the chemical composition of aerosols. The ice crystal growth rate in very cold conditions impinges on the precipitation efficiency, dehydration and radiation balance. These results represent an essential and important first step to relate previous modeling, remote sensing and laboratory studies with TICs cloud in situ observations.
The impact of greenhouse gases on past changes in tropospheric ozone
Authors: Lang C. , Waugh D. W. , Olsen M. A. , Douglass A. R. , Liang Q. , Nielsen J. E. , Oman L. D. , Pawson S. , Stolarski R. S.
Published: November 2012

The impact of changes in the abundance of greenhouse gases (GHGs) on the evolution of tropospheric ozone (O3) between 1960 and 2005 is examined using a version of the Goddard Earth Observing System chemistry‐climate model (GEOS CCM) with a combined troposphere‐stratosphere chemical mechanism. Simulations are performed to isolate the relative role of increases in methane (CH4) and stratospheric ozone depleting substances (ODSs) on tropospheric O3. The 1960 to 2005 increases in GHGs (CO2, N2O, CH4, and ODSs) cause increases of around 1–8% in zonal‐mean tropospheric O3 in the tropics and northern extratropics, but decreases of 2–4% in most of the southern extratropics. These O3 changes are due primarily to increases in CH4 and ODSs, which cause changes of comparable magnitude but opposite sign. The CH4‐related increases in O3are similar in each hemisphere (∼6%), but the ODS‐related decreases in the southern extratropics are much larger than in northern extratropics (10% compared to 2%). This results in an interhemispheric difference in the sign of past O3 change. Increases in the other GHGs (CO2 and N2O) and SSTs have only a small impact on the total burden over this period, but do cause zonal variations in the sign of changes in tropical O3 that are coupled to changes in vertical velocities and water vapor.
Advance warning of high‐speed ejecta based on real‐time shock analyses: When fast‐moving ejecta appear to be overtaking slow‐moving shocks
Authors: Paulson Kristoff W. , Taylor David K. , Smith Charles W. , Vasquez Bernard J. , Hu Q.
Published: November 2012

Interplanetary shocks propagating into the magnetosphere can have significant space weather consequences. However, for many purposes it is the ejecta behind the shock that is the greater threat. The ejecta can be fast moving, impart significant momentum upon the magnetopause, and may contain a flux rope with strong southward magnetic fields. When transient solar wind activity strikes the magnetosphere, it can lead to enhanced magnetospheric currents and elevated radiation levels in the near‐Earth environment. It is therefore desirable to use the observed shocks ahead of ejecta to predict any aspects of the approaching ejecta that can be predicted. We have examined 39 shocks observed by the Advanced Composition Explorer spacecraft in the years 1998 to 2003. Within the selection are shocks that were chosen because they appear to propagate significantly more slowly than the speed of the ejecta behind it. While appearing at first to be a contradiction, we show that the shocks are propagating across the radial direction and at significant angles to the velocity of the ejecta. These slow‐moving shocks are actually precursors of fast‐moving and potentially significant ejecta. Reversing the analysis, we are able to predict the peak speed of the ejecta well in advance of their observation, up to or in excess of 10 h following the shock crossing, when slow‐moving shocks are seen, and we have incorporated this feature into our real‐time shock analysis.
A 1‐D analytical method for estimating surface water–groundwater interactions and effective thermal diffusivity using temperature time series
Authors: McCallum A. M. , Andersen M. S. , Rau G. C. , Acworth R. I.
Published: November 2012

In order to manage surface water (SW) and groundwater (GW) as a single resource, it is necessary that the interactions between them are understood and quantified. Heat, as a natural tracer of water movement, is increasingly being used for this purpose. However, analytical methods that are commonly used are limited by uncertainties in the effective thermal diffusivity of the sediments at the SW‐GW interface. We present a novel 1‐D analytical method. It utilizes both the amplitude ratio and phase shift of pairs of temperature time series at the SW‐GW interface to estimate the Darcy velocity. This eliminates both the need to specify a value for effective thermal diffusivity and the need for iteration. The method also allows for an estimation of effective thermal diffusivity, which can indicate periods where assumptions to the analytical solution are violated. Riverbed temperature data from the Murray Darling Basin (Australia) are used to illustrate the method.
Air-stable chiral primary phosphines part (ii) predicting the air-stability of phosphines
Authors: Stewart Beverly , Harriman Anthony , Higham Lee J.
Published: November 2012

This article reviews recent research from our group on the development of a DFT-based model which has thus far proven capable of predicting and rationalizing the air-stablility/sensitivity of many structurally diverse primary phosphines (RPH2). Furthermore, it also replicates the general trend of increasing resistance to air oxidation upon going from primary phosphines to their tertiary counterparts for a given R group. The model successfully predicted the behaviour of BodPH2, a previously unknown compound, and the first highly fluorescent, air-stable primary phosphine.
Organo-transition metal cluster complexes
Authors: Humphrey Mark G. , Cifuentes Marie P.
Published: November 2012

This chapter covers the chemistry of transition metal carbonyl and organometallic clusters containing three or more metal atoms. The treatment is in Periodic Group order, homometallic compounds being followed by heterometallic clusters. Ligands are not shown for high-nuclearity clusters, emphasis being placed on core geometry.
Alkali/coinage metals – organolithium, organocuprate chemistry
Authors: Harford Philip J. , Wheatley Andrew E. H.
Published: November 2012

Part 1 of this chapter reviews coordination compounds of the alkali metals that contain a carbon-metal bond, looking firstly at organolithiums involving simple silanes. The use of aryl, alkynyl and N-donor ligands is also discussed. Compounds of the coinage metals - copper, silver and gold - are discussed in Part 2 of the review. Discussion is broken down by metal, with copper being considered first. Compounds containing, among others, alkene, amido and phosphido ligands are discussed, along with the significant amount of work on carbene complexes. This interest in carbene complexes is also noted within the silver and gold sections that follow, with a large number of new compounds being described. Polymeric chains and networks containing silver centres have attracted considerable interest and are described, along with the luminescent properties of a selection of novel gold species. This part of the review is completed by coverage of mixed-coinage metal structures, where the systems are found to display luminescent properties. Here again, the compounds discussed contain at least one carbon-metal bond.
Magnetic field measurements in low density plasmas using paramagnetic Faraday rotator glass
Authors: Clark S. E. , Schaeffer D. B. , Bondarenko A. S. , Everson E. T. , Constantin C. G. , Niemann C.
Published: November 2012

Paramagnetic Faraday rotator glass (rare-earth doped borosilicate) with a high Verdet constant will be used to measure the magnetic field inside of low density Helium plasmas (Te ∼ 5 eV, Ti ∼ 1 eV) with a density of n ∼ 1012 cm−3. Linearly polarized light is sent through the glass such that the plane of polarization is rotated by an angle that depends on the strength of the magnetic field in the direction of propagation and the length of the crystal (6 mm). The light is then passed into an analyzer and photo-detector setup to determine the change in polarization angle. This setup can detect magnetic fields up to 5 kG with a resolution of <5 G and a temporal resolution on the order of a nanosecond. The diagnostic will be used to characterize the structure and evolution of laser-driven collisionless shocks in large magnetized plasmas.
Discuss on using Jiles-Atherton theory for charactering magnetic memory effect
Authors: Xu Mingxiu , Xu Minqiang , Li Jianwei , Ma Songshan , Xing Haiyan
Published: November 2012

The characterization of magnetic memory effect is the primary task of the metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique used in quantitative evaluation, and it has been characterized by the Jiles-Atherton (J-A) model in recent papers. The feasibility of using the MMM field to characterize magnetization intensity M and the feasibility of using the J-A model in MMM detection are discussed in this paper to clarify the magnetic memory effect in the elastic stage. According to analysis with the J-A model and the results of a rotating bending fatigue experiment, the MMM field follows the law that the state approaches equilibrium under the action of cyclic stress. This is similar to what the J-A model shows, only with replacement of the global equilibrium state Man in the J-A model with the local equilibrium state M0. The expression of M0 is obtained by considering the energy balance in the process of magnetization. M0 changes with the pinning resistance, external field, and type of stress cycle. Additionally, the M0−σ curve is a loop around the Man−σ curve, which is consistent with experimental results. How the modified J-A model describes the variation in MMM field in the process of fatigue is also discussed. This paper shows that the J-A model can be used to analyze the magnetic memory effect in the process of fatigue after replacing Man with M0.
Optical approaches to improve the photocurrent generation in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells with absorber thicknesses down to 0.5 μm
Authors: Dahan N. , Jehl Z. , Hildebrandt T. , Greffet J.-J. , Guillemoles J.-F. , Lincot D. , Naghavi N.
Published: November 2012

Improving the optical management is a key issue for ultrathin based solar cells performance. It can be accomplished either by trapping the light in the active layer or by decreasing the parasitic absorptions in the cell. We calculate the absorption of the different layers of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) based solar cell and propose to increase the absorption in the CIGSe layer by optimizing three parameters. First, by increasing the transmitted light to the cell using a textured surface of ZnO:Al front contact which functions as a broadband antireflection layer. Second, by replacing the CdS/i-ZnO buffer layers with ZnS/ZnMgO buffer layers which have higher energy bandgaps. Third, by replacing the Mo back contact with a higher reflective metal, such as silver or gold. Calculations show that modifying these layers improves the total absorption by 32% in a 0.5 μm thick CIGSe absorber. These predicted improvements of the short circuit current are confirmed experimentally.
Core-mass nonadiabatic corrections to molecules: $\rm \bf H_2$H2, $\rm \bf H_2^+$H2+, and isotopologues
Authors: Diniz Leonardo G. , Alijah Alexander , Mohallem José Rachid
Published: November 2012

For high-precision calculations of rovibrational states of light molecules, it is essential to include non-adiabatic corrections. In the absence of crossings of potential energy surfaces, they can be incorporated in a single surface picture through coordinate-dependent vibrational and rotational reduced masses. We present a compact method for their evaluation and relate in particular the vibrational mass to a well defined nuclear core mass derived from a Mulliken analysis of the electronic density. For the rotational mass we propose a simple, but very effective parametrization. The use of these masses in the nuclear Schrödinger equation yields numerical data for the corrections of a much higher quality than can be obtained with optimized constant masses, typically better than 0.1 \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm cm^{-1}$\end{document} cm −1. We demonstrate the method for \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm H_2$\end{document}H2, \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$\rm H_2^+$\end{document}H2+, and singly deuterated isotopologues. Isotopic asymmetry does not present any particular difficulty. Generalization to polyatomic molecules is straightforward.
A two-state model of twisted intramolecular charge-transfer in monomethine dyes
Authors: Olsen Seth , McKenzie Ross H.
Published: November 2012

A two-state model Hamiltonian is proposed, which can describe the coupling of twisting displacements to charge-transfer behavior in the ground and excited states of a general monomethine dye molecule. This coupling may be relevant to the molecular mechanism of environment-dependent fluorescence yield enhancement. The model is parameterized against quantum chemical calculations on different protonation states of the green fluorescent protein chromophore, which are chosen to sample different regimes of detuning from the cyanine (resonant) limit. The model provides a simple yet realistic description of the charge transfer character along two possible excited state twisting channels associated with the methine bridge. It describes qualitatively different behavior in three regions that can be classified by their relationship to the resonant (cyanine) limit. The regimes differ by the presence or absence of twist-dependent polarization reversal and the occurrence of conical intersections. We find that selective biasing of one twisting channel over another by an applied diabatic biasing potential can only be achieved in a finite range of parameters near the cyanine limit.
Formation and rupture of capillary bridges in atomic scale friction
Authors: Barel Itay , Filippov Aleksander E. , Urbakh M.
Published: November 2012

While formation of capillary bridges significantly contributes to the adhesion and friction at micro- and nanoscales, many key aspects of dynamics of capillary condensation and its effect on friction forces are still not well understood. Here, by analytical model and numerical simulations, we address the origin of reduction of friction force with velocity and increase of friction with temperature, which have been experimentally observed under humid ambient conditions. These observations differ significantly from the results of friction experiments carried out under ultrahigh vacuum, and disagree with predictions of thermal Prandtl-Tomlinson model of friction. Our calculations demonstrate what information on the kinetics of capillary condensation can be extracted from measurements of friction forces and suggest optimal conditions for obtaining this information.
High pressure synthesis and in situ Raman spectroscopy of H2 and HD clathrate hydrates
Authors: Zaghloul Mohamed A. S. , Celli Milva , Salem N. M. , Elsheikh S. M. , Ulivi Lorenzo
Published: November 2012

By means of a newly constructed high pressure and low temperature optical apparatus we have measured the Raman spectra of H2 and HD simple clathrate hydrates, synthesized in situ by the application of more than 2500 bar gas pressure on solid water. High resolution spectra of the molecular vibration have been measured at low temperature (about 20 K). In the case of HD this band is simpler than in the case of H2, where the presence of the ortho- and para-species complicated the interpretation of the spectrum. We have determined frequency positions of the bands arising from multiple occupancy of the large cages of the sII clathrate, some of which are almost superimposed. The intensity of the bands gives information on the average and distribution of cage occupation, and of the ortho-para (o-p) ratio of H2 molecules. Hydrogen o-p conversion rate is measured, for molecules in the small cages and in the large cages, and it is observed that these are different. A model considering both intrinsic and extrinsic conversion processes is applied to the measured data. The intrinsic conversion rate so derived is compared favorably to that measured for pure hydrogen in different situations.
Constant current etching of gold tips suitable for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Xu Gengzhao , Liu Zhenghui , Xu Ke , Zhang Yi , Zhong Haijian , Fan Yingmin , Huang Zengli
Published: November 2012

We introduce a setup and method to produce gold tips that are suitable for tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy by using a single step constant current electrochemical etch. The etching process is fully automated with only three preset parameters: the etching current, the reference voltage and the immersed length of gold wires. By optimizing these parameters, reproducible high quality tips with smooth surface and a radius curvature of about 20 nm can be formed. Tips prepared with this method were examined by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy experiments on the samples of single-wall carbon nanotube, p-aminothiophenol, and graphene. In the Raman mapping of single-wall carbon nanotubes, the spatial resolution is about 15 nm.
Excited state properties of formamide in water solution: An ab initio study
Authors: Garbuio V. , Cascella M. , Sole R. Del , Marsili M. , Pulci O.
Published: November 2012

We present ab initio quantum calculation of the optical properties of formamide in vapor phase and in water solution. We employ time dependent density functional theory for the isolated molecule and many-body perturbation theory methods for the system in solution. An average over several molecular dynamics snapshots is performed to take into account the disorder of the liquid. We find that the excited state properties of the gas-phase formamide are strongly modified by the presence of the water solvent: the geometry of the molecule is distorted and the electronic and optical properties are severely modified. The important interaction among the formamide and the water molecules forces us to use fully quantum methods for the calculation of the excited state properties of this system. The excitonic wave function is localized both on the solute and on part of the solvent.
Surface roughening in polymer blend thin films by lateral phase separation: A thermodynamic mechanism
Authors: Coveney Sam , Clarke Nigel
Published: November 2012

We use a phase portrait approach to study the phase equilibria of a symmetric binary polymer blend confined between an attracting wall and a neutral wall. We find multiple solutions for this wall regime where only one solution exists for antisymmetric walls. We also argue that, when one wall is a free surface, roughening of the free surface upon lateral phase separation is expected, since thermodynamics alone implies that the coexisting phases should exist at different heights to minimise energy. We focus on the graphical insight provided by this phase portrait approach.
Deformation mechanism of nanoporous materials upon water freezing and melting
Authors: Erko Maxim , Wallacher Dirk , Paris Oskar
Published: November 2012

Temperature-induced non-monotonous reversible deformation of water-filled nanoporous silica materials is investigated experimentally using in-situ small-angle x-ray scattering. The influence of freezing and melting in the nanopores on this deformation is treated quantitatively by introducing a simple model based on the Gibbs-Thomson equation and a generalized Laplace-pressure. The physical origin of the melting/freezing induced pore lattice deformation is found to be exactly the same as for capillary condensation/evaporation, namely the curved phase boundary due to the preferred wetting of the pore walls by the liquid phase. As a practical implication, elastic properties of the nanoporous framework can be determined from the temperature-deformation curves.
Note: Axially pull-up electrochemical etching method for fabricating tungsten nanoprobes with controllable aspect ratio
Authors: Li Chao-Ling , Fang Dong-Yu , Li Xuan , Xue Tao , Yao Pei
Published: November 2012

A mathematical model representing the relation between pulling up speed, time and aspect ratio is reported, accordingly the axially pull-up electrochemical etching method for fabricating nanoprobes is proposed. The tungsten probes with predetermined shape and aspect ratio according to the model were successfully produced with this method. Then the probes were installed inside a micromanipulation system to manipulate the carbon nanotubes and measure their current–voltage (I–V) characteristics. The probe fabrication and application experiments demonstrated the reasonability and reliability of the model and method developed in this note.
The electronic and optical properties of warm dense nitrous oxide using quantum molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Zhang Yujuan , Wang Cong , Zhang Ping
Published: November 2012

First-principles molecular-dynamics simulations based on density-functional theory have been used to study the electronic and optical properties of fluid nitrous oxide under extreme conditions. Systematic descriptions of pair-correlation function, atomic structure, and the charge density distribution are used to investigate the dissociation of fluid nitrous oxide. The electrical and optical properties are derived from the Kubo-Greenwood formula. It is found that the nonmetal-metal transition for fluid nitrous oxide can be directly associated to the dissociation and has significant influence on the optical properties of the fluid.
Bioconversion of wheat straw lignocellulosic sugars to ethanol by recombinant Escherichia coli
Authors: Dhabhai Ravi , Chaurasia Satyendra P. , Dalai Ajay K.
Published: November 2012

Recombinant microorganisms are a promising alternative for production of bioethanol from sugars produced from lignocellulosic materials. In the present work, recombinant Escherichia coli FBR16 has been utilized to produce bioethanol from simulated glucose-xylose mixtures and wheat straw hydrolysates. Hydrolysates were produced by sequential treatment of dilute acid pretreatment at 180 °C for 7 min using 0.5% (v/v) H2SO4 and enzymatic saccharification using cellulase from Trichoderma reesei and β-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger. With increased concentration of glucose-xylose sugar mixtures, ethanol yield and volumetric ethanol productivity decreased. At 22 g/l, ethanol yield of 0.34 g/g and volumetric ethanol productivity of 0.36 g/l·h were obtained which reduced to only 0.19 g/g and 0.17 g/l·h, respectively, at 160 g/l glucose-xylose sugar mixture. Fermentation kinetic parameters were also estimated and it was found that values of parameters were highly dependent on initial sugar concentration. Furthermore, it was observed that E. coli FBR16 is capable of producing bioethanol from almost all lignocellulosic monomeric sugars, especially glucose and xylose. At 16.4 g/l lignocellulosic hydrolysate concentration, ethanol yield of 0.32 g/g and productivity of 0.24 g/l·h were obtained. In order to see the effect of lignocellulosic sugar concentration on ethanol production, hydrolysates were concentrated to 50 g/l from the original concentration of 16.4 g/l. E. coli FBR16 was able to ferment the increased sugar concentration as well; however decreased ethanol yield of 0.29 g/g and volumetric ethanol productivity of 0.17 g/l·h were obtained.
Orientation phenomena for the 1s → 2p±1 atomic collisional excitations in quantum plasmas: Shielding and plasmon coupling
Authors: Jung Young-Dae
Published: November 2012

The influence of the plasmon coupling on the orientation phenomena for the 1s→2p±1 atomic collisional transitions is investigated in quantum plasmas. The effective Hamiltonan model taking into account the quantum and plasma shielding effects is applied to describe the electron-hydrogenic ion interaction in quantum plasmas. The semiclassical method is employed to describe the states of the projectile electron and target system in order to investigate the variation of the collisional orientation parameter as a function of the impact parameter, plasmon coupling parameter, collision energy, and Debye length. The variation and preference of the excitation probabilities due to the shielding and plasma coupling effects are also discussed.
Time-reversal asymmetry in particle physics has finally been clearly seen
Authors: Schwarzschild Bertram M.
Published: November 2012

Bedrock theory has insisted since 1964 that the weak interactions should look slightly different when the movie is run backwards.
Europe moves closer to open-access publishing
Authors: Guinnessy Paul K.
Published: November 2012

More than 20% of physical sciences journals offer a form of open access. New rules in Europe may increase that number.
As its renaissance recedes, US nuclear industry looks abroad
Authors: Kramer David
Published: November 2012

With nuclear energy’s economic picture souring, advocates say the US government has a responsibility to ensure the industry’s ongoing viability.
Women’s experience of domiciliary postnatal care in Victoria and South Australia: a population-based survey
Authors: Biro Mary Anne , Yelland Jane S. , Brown Stephanie J. , Sutherland Georgina A.
Published: November 2012

Objective.
Despite the expansion of postnatal domiciliary services, we know little about the women receiving visits and how they regard their care. The aim of this study is to examine the provision of postnatal domiciliary care from a consumer perspective.

Methods.
All women who gave birth in September–October 2007 in South Australia and Victoria were mailed questionnaires 6 months after the birth. Women were asked if they had received a midwifery home visit, and to rate the care they received.

Results.
More women in South Australia reported receiving a domiciliary visit than in Victoria (88.0% v. 76.0%) and they were more likely to rate their care as ‘very good’ (69.1% v. 63.4%). Younger women, women on a lower income, who were holding a healthcare concession card or who had not completed secondary education were less likely to receive a visit.

Conclusion.
Although the majority of women in public maternity care in Victoria and South Australia receive domiciliary care and rate it positively, there are significant state-based differences. Those more likely to benefit from domiciliary care are less likely to receive a visit. There is a need to further explore the purpose, aims and content of domiciliary care at individual and state-wide levels.

What is known about the topic?
Postnatal domiciliary services have expanded dramatically over the past decade as the postpartum hospital stay has shortened. Despite its widespread introduction, there are no mechanisms in place to monitor or evaluate whether these services are meeting women’s expectations. We know little about the women who receive domiciliary postnatal visits in the first week after discharge from hospital, and how they regard their experience of care.

What does the paper add?
This is the first Australian population-based survey that describes the experience of domiciliary care according to the state in which women reside and to examine the sociodemographic, obstetric and organisational factors associated with the provision of services.

What are the implications for practitioners?
There were state-based differences in the provision of domiciliary care and whilst the majority of women received domiciliary care and rated it positively, an inverse care law seems to apply: women who were more likely to need and derive benefit from domiciliary care were less likely to receive it. There is a need to further explore the purpose, aims and content of domiciliary care at individual and state-wide levels.
Visible Light-Initiated Preparation of Functionalized Polystyrene Monoliths for Flow Chemistry
Authors: Bou-Hamdan Farhan R. , Krüger Kathleen , Tauer Klaus , McQuade D. Tyler , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: November 2012

Styrenic monoliths are produced using a novel visible light-initiated method. Monoliths with varying pore sizes are produced using 1-dodecanol and 1-dodecanol/THF mixtures and it was demonstrated that the more volatile i-PrOH can replace 1-dodecanol while still providing the same porogenic properties. In addition, the visible light-initiation protocol enables the facile incorporation of monomers that are incompatible with thermal or UV-initiated monolith formation methods. In particular, a reactive N-hydroxysuccinimidyl (NHS)-ester can be incorporated into the monolith and then subsequently used as an attachment point for a catalyst. Lastly, we demonstrate that the functionalized monolith supports acylation reactions well and that the loading of the catalyst impacts the reaction rate.
Water extraction and root traits in Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima introgression lines under different soil moisture regimes
Authors: Kijoji Abubakary A. , Nchimbi-Msolla Susan , Kanyeka Zakaria L. , Klassen Stephen P. , Serraj Rachid , Henry Amelia
Published: November 2012

Drought is a major constraint to rainfed rice production in some parts of sub Saharan Africa (SSA) because of irregular and low rainfall. Improving root water uptake during progressive soil drying could contribute to terminal drought stress resistance. Two lysimeter experiments were conducted using 200 introgression lines (ILs) derived from Oryza sativa L. × Oryza glaberrima Steud. crosses (IR64/RAM54 and IR64/RAM90) to characterise water uptake and root traits under progressive soil drying and to assess genetic differences among these lines in relation to drought stress. The lysimeter facility setup and protocols for simultaneous monitoring of water uptake rates and leaf area are described. Significant genetic variability for water uptake and root traits among the ILs was observed under drought stress. Water uptake in the drought stress treatments was correlated with root length density (RLD) and root dry matter (RDM) at lower soil depths. The highest RLD values at depth were observed among the RAM90 ILs and genetic differences were observed between RAM90 and RAM54 populations, implying that accession RAM90 could be used as a source for improving drought avoidance in lowland rice. The ILs with greater water uptake identified in this study will be used in future research for improving drought resistance of rice in SSA.
Impact of pyrethroid resistance on operational malaria control in Malawi
Authors: Wondji Charles S. , Coleman Michael , Kleinschmidt Immo , Mzilahowa Themba , Irving Helen , Ndula Miranda , Rehman Andrea , Morgan John , Barnes Kayla G. , Hemingway Janet
Published: November 2012

The impact of insecticide resistance on insect-borne disease programs is difficult to quantify. The possibility of eliminating malaria in high-transmission settings is heavily dependent on effective vector control reducing disease transmission rates. Pyrethroids are the dominant insecticides used for malaria control, with few options for their replacement. Their failure will adversely affect our ability to control malaria. Pyrethroid resistance has been selected in Malawi over the last 3 y in the two major malaria vectors
Anopheles gambiae
and
Anopheles funestus
, with a higher frequency of resistance in the latter. The resistance in
An. funestus
is metabolically based and involves the up-regulation of two duplicated P450s. The same genes confer resistance in Mozambican
An. funestus
, although the levels of up-regulation differ. The selection of resistance over 3 y has not increased malaria transmission, as judged by annual point prevalence surveys in 1- to 4-y-old children. This is true in areas with long-lasting insecticide-treated nets (LLINs) alone or LLINs plus pyrethroid-based insecticide residual spraying (IRS). However, in districts where IRS was scaled up, it did not produce the expected decrease in malaria prevalence. As resistance increases in frequency from this low initial level, there is the potential for vector population numbers to increase with a concomitant negative impact on control efficacy. This should be monitored carefully as part of the operational activities in country.
Recovery of Larval Sea Lampreys from Short‐Term Exposure to the Pesticide 3‐Trifluoromethyl‐4‐Nitrophenol: Implications for Sea Lamprey Control in the Great Lakes
Authors: Clifford Alexander M. , Henry Matthew , Bergstedt Roger , McDonald D. Gordon , Smits Adam S. , Wilkie Michael P.
Published: November 2012

For over 50 years, invasive sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus populations have been controlled in the Great Lakes using the pesticide 3‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐nitrophenol (TFM), which is applied to streams containing larval sea lampreys. The specificity of TFM is due to the sea lamprey's relative inability to detoxify it using glucuronidation; this inability causes death by interfering with the production of ATP, the main energy currency of cells. TFM treatments typically last 12 h, but given the sea lamprey's relative inability to detoxify TFM we predicted that TFM‐induced homeostatic disturbances and toxicity would occur following shorter periods of exposure. Accordingly, we exposed larval sea lampreys to the 12‐h LC99.9 (i.e., the concentration lethal to 99.9% of the test subjects over 12 h) of TFM for 4 or 6 h and monitored the survival and replenishment of energy stores and metabolite concentrations in surviving sea lampreys over a 24‐h depuration period. Minimal mortality (∼20%) was observed during the post‐TFM recovery, despite respective 50% and 70% reductions in brain and liver ATP, 70–90% decreases in brain phosphocreatine (PCr), and 30–50% reductions in brain and liver glycogen with corresponding increases in lactate. While relatively resistant to TFM, muscle still underwent a 55% decline in PCr. However, energy stores and metabolites returned to preexposure levels 4–12 h after TFM exposure. We conclude that sea lampreys can rapidly restore homeostasis following shorter‐term TFM exposure. The resilience of sea lampreys to shorter‐term TFM exposure suggests that there is no merit in reducing TFM treatment times from 12 h, which could lead to “treatment residuals” that survive lampricide treatments. This capacity to reverse TFM‐induced perturbations also suggests that larvae seen emerging from the stream substrate late in a treatment, or that find refuge near streambanks or in isolated pools, could be another source of treatment residuals, leading to increased sea lamprey parasitism of sport and commercial fisheries in the Great Lakes.
Rapid communication: Perceptual strength is different from sensorimotor strength: Evidence from the centre–periphery asymmetry in masked priming
Authors: Budnik Ursula , Bompas Aline , Sumner Petroc
Published: November 2012

Near-threshold prime stimuli can facilitate or hinder responses to target stimuli, creating either a positive compatibility effect (PCE) or a negative compatibility effect (NCE). An asymmetry has been reported between primes presented in near periphery, which produced a PCE, and foveal primes, which produced an NCE under comparable conditions. This asymmetry has been attributed to the difference in retinal sensitivity, but it remains unclear whether this means that equating discrimination performance for primes in fovea and periphery, in order to account for differences in perceptual sensitivity, would make the priming effects the same. Wider work indicates that perceptual ability can dissociate from visuomotor effects, predicting that equating perceptual ability for fovea and periphery would not equate priming. We tested these opposite possibilities by matching discrimination performance for masked Gabor patches in fovea and near periphery (6°) and using these as primes in a masked priming paradigm expected to elicit NCEs. We found the asymmetry remained: NCE for fovea and PCE for periphery. We replicated this with both blocked and randomized procedures to check for attentional effects. We conclude that equating perceptual strength (discriminability) of stimuli does not equate their sensorimotor impact due to differences in the relative importance of different visual pathways and differing temporal dynamics in perceptual and sensorimotor processes.
Room-temperature ferromagnetism in Ca and Mg stabilized cubic zirconia bulk samples and thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Dimri M Chandra , Khanduri H , Kooskora H , Kodu M , Jaaniso R , Heinmaa I , Mere A , Krustok J , Stern R
Published: November 2012

We report room-temperature ferromagnetism in Ca and Mg stabilized zirconia bulk samples and thin films. Powders were prepared by the citrate-combustion route, and thin films grown on silicon substrates by the pulsed laser deposition technique. X-ray diffractograms and Raman spectra at room temperature reveal the formation of cubic phase zirconia. The observed ferromagnetism is robust at room temperature in both bulk as well as in thin film samples, although it is weaker in thin films. The origin of the ferromagnetism can be related to oxygen vacancies created due to divalent (calcium and magnesium) substitution for tetravalent zirconium ions.
Multi-energy computed tomography using pre-reconstruction decomposition and iterative reconstruction algorithms
Authors: Endrizzi M , Nesterets Y I , Mayo S C , Trinchi A , Gureyev T E
Published: November 2012

The three-dimensional distribution of the materials composing a sample is reconstructed using multiple-energy computed tomography techniques. The a priori knowledge about the specific materials that are present in the sample is used for decomposing the measured intensity projections into projected thicknesses of each component material. Those decomposed projections are then processed using iterative reconstruction algorithms to separately obtain the three-dimensional distribution of each material. A new iterative reconstruction algorithm has been implemented and its performance is compared to the standard filtered back projection and to another existing iterative algorithm based on histogram manipulation. The method is first tested with simulations on data for a realistic, three-materials' numerical sample and then applied to experimental micro-tomography data. The accuracy of the reconstruction from experimental data is tested by means of an energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy scan of the sample.
Alfvén eigenmode properties and dynamics in the TJ-II stellarator
Authors: Melnikov A.V. , Eliseev L.G. , Ascasibar E. , Chmyga A.A. , Hidalgo C. , Ido T. , Jiménez-Gómez R. , Komarov A.D. , Kozachek A.S. , Krupnik L.I. , Khrebtov S.M. , Könies A. , Kuznetsov Yu.K. , López-Fraguas A. , Lysenko S.E. , Mavrin V.A. , Nagaoka K. , de Pablos J.L. , Pedrosa M.A. , Perfilov S.V. , Smolyakov A.I. , Spong D.A. , Ufimtsev M.V. , Yamamoto S.
Published: November 2012

Alfvén eigenmodes (AEs) were studied in neutral beam injection (NBI) heated plasmas in the TJ-II stellarator using a heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) in the core, and by Langmuir (LP) and Mirnov probes (MP) at the edge. AEs were detected over the whole plasma radius by the HIBP with a spatial resolution of about 1 cm. AE-induced oscillations were detected in the plasma density n
e, electric potential φ and poloidal magnetic field B
pol with frequencies 50 kHz < f
AE < 300 kHz. The LP, MP and HIBP data showed a high level of coherency for specific branches of AEs. Poloidal mode wave-vectors k

θ
, mode numbers m(m < 8) and propagation velocities V

θ
 ∼ 30 km s−1 were detected for various branches of AEs, having different radial locations. When the density rose due to NBI fuelling, the AE frequency decreased as predicted by the Alfvén law

. During the AE frequency decay the following new AE features were observed: (i) the poloidal wave-vector k

θ
and mode number m remained constant, (ii) the cross-phases between the oscillations in B
pol, n
e and electric potential remained constant, having an individual value for each AE branch, (iii) V

θ
decreased proportional to the AE frequency. The interaction of the AEs with the bulk (thermal) plasma resulted in clearly pronounced quasi-coherent peaks in the electrostatic turbulent particle flux spectra. Various AE branches exhibited different contributions to the particle flux: outward, inward and also zero, depending on the phase relations between the oscillations in E
pol and n
e, which are specific for each branch. A comparison with MHD mode modelling indicated that some of the more prominent frequency branches can be identified as radially extended helical AEs.
Momentum transport studies from multi-machine comparisons
Authors: Yoshida M. , Kaye S. , Rice J. , Solomon W. , Tala T. , Bell R.E. , Burrell K.H. , Ferreira J. , Kamada Y. , McDonald D. , Mantica P. , Podpaly Y. , Reinke M.L. , Sakamoto Y. , Salmi A.
Published: November 2012

A database of toroidal momentum transport on five tokamaks, Alcator C-Mod, DIII-D, JET, NSTX and JT-60U, has been constructed under a wide range of conditions in order to understand the characteristics of toroidal momentum transport coefficients, namely the toroidal momentum diffusivity (χ

φ
) and the pinch velocity (V
pinch). Through an inter-machine comparison, the similarities and differences in the properties of χ

φ
and V
pinch among the machines have been clarified. Parametric dependences of these momentum transport coefficients have been investigated over a wide range of plasma parameters taking advantage of the different operation regimes in machines. The approach offers insights into the parametric dependences as follows. The toroidal momentum diffusivity (χ

φ
) generally increases with increasing heat diffusivity (χ
i). The correlation is observed over a wide range of χ

φ
, covering roughly two orders of magnitude, and within each of the machines over the whole radius. Through the inter-machine comparison, it is found that χ

φ
becomes larger in the outer region of the plasma. Also observed is a general trend for V
pinch in tokamaks; the inward pinch velocity (−V
pinch) increases with increasing χ

φ
. The results that are commonly observed in machines will support a toroidal rotation prediction in future devices. On the other hand, differences among machines have been observed. The toroidal momentum diffusivity, χ

φ
, is larger than or equal to χ
i in JET and JT-60U; on the other hand, χ

φ
is smaller than or equal to χ
i in NSTX, DIII-D and Alcator C-Mod. In DIII-D, the ratio −RV
pinch/χ

φ
at r/a = 0.5–0.6 is about 2, which is small compared with that in other tokamaks (−RV
pinch/χ

φ
 ≈ 5). Based on these different observations, parametric dependences of χ

φ
/χ
i, RV
pinch/χ

φ
and χ

φ
have been investigated in H-mode plasmas. Across the dataset from all machines, the ratio χ

φ
/χ
i tends to be larger in low

at fixed T
e/T
i and

. An increase in χ

φ
is observed with decreasing n
e and/or increasing T
e. The pinch number (−RV
pinch/χ

φ
) is observed to increase with increasing

at both q
95 = 5.5–7.2 and q
95 = 3.7–4.5. Here

,

, T
e, T
i,

and q
95 are, respectively, the normalized effective electron collision frequency, the normalized ion poloidal Larmor radius, the electron and ion temperatures, the inverse ratio of density scale length,

, to the major radius, R, and the safety factor at the 95% flux surface.
A maximal function characterization of the Hardy space for the Gauss measure
Authors: Mauceri Giancarlo , Meda Stefano , Sjögren Peter
Published: November 2012

An atomic Hardy space

H
1

(
γ
)

H^1(\gamma )

associated to the Gauss measure

γ
\gamma

in

R

n

\mathbb {R}^n

has been introduced by the first two authors. We first prove that it is equivalent to use

(
1
,
r
)

(1,r)

- or

(
1
,
∞
)

(1,\infty )

-atoms to define this

H
1

(
γ
)

H^1(\gamma )

. For

n
=
1

n=1

, a maximal function characterization of

H
1

(
γ
)

H^1(\gamma )

is found. In arbitrary dimension, we give a description of the nonnegative functions in

H
1

(
γ
)

H^1(\gamma )

and use it to prove that

L
p

(
γ
)
⊂

H
1

(
γ
)

L^p(\gamma )\subset H^1(\gamma )

for

1
>
p
≤
∞

1>p\le \infty

.