bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gide em pauta
Authors: Goulet Alain
Published: April 2005

Reflexões sobre a obra de André Gide e as grandes questões que a permeiam, em uma estreita correspondência com sua vida, suas aspirações à liberação de sua sexualidade, sua luta política e privada pela liberdade e a incessante busca de uma linguagem e uma expressão próprias, construtoras de "verdades novas".
O Giacometti de Genet
Authors: Glenadel Paula
Published: April 2005

O trabalho interroga a interpretação dada por Genet da arte de Giacometti, em função da capacidade de estetização do mundo que o primeiro atribui ao segundo. Transfigurando a nudez, a solidão, em condição "gloriosa", o pintor-escultor consegue evidenciar a singularidade de cada ser e de cada objeto. Faz parte dos horizontes do trabalho ver como essa transfiguração pode atingir a própria imagem do artista, tornado personagem para o crítico.
Memorial do convento: "falar das mãos, falar das obras"
Authors: Maia João Roberto
Published: April 2005

Memorial do convento inscreve a via literária na importante tradição reflexiva sobre o desmerecimento do trabalho, problema posto em plano histórico de longo curso no Brasil e em Portugal. Nesse romance de José Saramago, paralelamente à história da construção do convento de Mafra, narra-se a história de uma outra construção, a da passarola. Se a edificação do Convento traz a marca do trabalho como suplício, a da passarola constitui a afirmação da capacidade criativa dos que a constroem, com base em uma verdadeira complementaridade de esforços. Porém não há no Memorial oposição simplista entre uma dimensão positiva e outra negativa do trabalho, pois entre os principais intentos do narrador, que diz respeito tanto ao modo como caracteriza os esforços para erguer a passarola quanto às descrições das obras do convento, figura o de retirar o respaldo à divisão estrita entre a faina braçal e a dimensão intelectiva de certas tarefas.
As rendeiras e a cerzideira ou a metafísica do instante
Authors: Cherem Lúcia Peixoto
Published: April 2005

Neste trabalho procuramos comparar duas obras literárias que apresentam estruturas narrativas muito semelhantes: A hora da estrela, de Clarice Lispector e La dentellière, de Pascal Laîné. A aproximação dos dois romances se torna mais interessante se lembrarmos que foi a própria Clarice quem traduziu o texto francês. O fato não desmerece de maneira alguma o trabalho da escritora brasileira. Ao contrário, sua personagem Macabéa e a construção da narrativa surpreendem como sempre. Além disso, podemos ver como as personagens femininas das duas narrativas se colocam no mundo, tentando, cada uma a seu modo, uma certa transcendência, que chamamos aqui de metafísica do instante.
Metal Surface Treatments
Authors: Brooks Charlie R. , Hacias Kenneth , Hart Robert , Murphy Donald P. , Petschel Michael ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2005

The performance of many metallic components can be markedly improved by developing a surface region, the case, which is harder than that of the underlying region, the core. Case hardening processes, in which the original surface is an integral part of the case, may involve a physical or a chemical change at the surface. Processing may be accomplished through the use of heat or other methods such as plastic deformation or ion implantation. Small atoms, ie, first row elements, deposited in interstitial positions harden metallic components.

The various case hardening processes used for steels are discussed. Carburizing and nitriding, the most common methods employed, and the resultant case‐hardened steels are compared.

Metal surface cleaning is the beginning of any metal treatment. The cleaners for metal surfaces may be classified as solvent‐based or aqueous. Usage of solvent‐based cleaners is declining. Whereas aqueous cleaners may be acidic, neutral, or alkaline, alkaline cleaners are the most widely used. The types of components typically found in an alkaline cleaner for specific types of metals or alloys, together with cleaning temperatures and other conditions of operation, are discussed. The most common mechanisms of soil removal are presented, as well as descriptions of the various cleaner application methods such as spray, immersion, electro‐ and barrel cleaning.

Metals, important materials for construction and manufacture, corrode in certain environments limiting the lifetime of manufactured metal goods. To protect from corrosion and to confer paint adhesive properties to metal surfaces, chemical pretreatment conversion coatings are widely used.

The most common metal surface treatments are iron, zinc, or chromium phosphating, chromating, and anodizing. An overview of the mechanism of coating formation, process operation and control considerations, coating characteristics, coloring procedures, and important applications for various coatings is given.

Pickling of metals and metal alloys involves the use of chemical cleaning agents to remove oxides from metal surfaces. The oxides may be in the form of corrosion by‐products or heat treatment scales. Chemical pickling is an extremely effective and economical method for oxide removal, particularly for intricate shapes not readily cleaned mechanically. The choice of acid or alkali pickling product is generally dictated by the base metal or alloy that is to be cleaned. Sulfuric acid is the most commonly used pickling agent for ferrous metals. Mixtures of acids are often a better choice for nonferrous alloys. Environmental and health concerns are addressed.
Polyethylene, Linear Low Density
Authors: Kissin Yury V.
Published: April 2005

Linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) resins are polyethylene (PE) plastics with densities in a 0.915–0.925‐g/cm3range. They belong to the family of semicrystalline ethylene–α‐olefin copolymers, which are produced in catalytic polymerization reactions. Due to reduced crystallinity, all these copolymers have densities lower than that of the ethylene homopolymer, ∼0.96 g/cm3. This family of PE resins includes medium density PE (MDPE, 0.940–0.925 g/cm3), LLDPE (0.925–0.915 g/cm3), and very low density PE (VLDPE, < 0.915 g/cm3). A variety of resins described by the general term LLDPE differ in several respects: the type of an α‐olefin used in copolymerization with ethylene, 1‐butene, 1‐hexene, 4‐methyl‐1‐pentene, or 1‐octene; the content of the α‐olefin in a copolymer, which varies from 1 mol% in MDPE to 2.5–3.5 mol% in LLDPE and to 10–15 mol% in VLDPE; the density and crystallinity of the resin, and the compositional uniformity of the copolymers.

The LLDPE resins are produced in industry with three classes of catalysts: Ziegler catalysts based on titanium compounds, several types of catalysts utilizing metallocene complexes, and Phillips catalysts based on chromium oxides. The resins are manufactured in gas‐phase, solution, and slurry polymerization processes.

The LLDPE resins are major commodity products with a combined 2005 worldwide manufacture volume of ∼15×106ton/year, ∼25% of the overall polyethylene production. Film is the largest application market for LLDPE resins. The film is used to manufacture grocery sacks, bags for produce, trash bags, bags for merchandise packaging, garment, laundry and dry cleaning bags, and ice bags. The LLDPE film is also used for nonpackaging applications, such as industrial sheeting and agricultural mulch film. High clarity film produced with LLDPE resins manufactured with metallocene catalysts is widely used for food packaging and in numerous medical applications. Injection molding products represent the second largest market for LLDPE, mostly for housewares. These resins are also used for blow molding of bottles and drums; for rotational molding of toys, large containers, and tanks; for pipe and tubing; and for wire coating in electrical and telephone industry.

The VLDPE is a subclass of LLDPE resins; its density is < 0.915 g/cm3and it is mostly used for food packaging of fresh produce, milk, meat, cheese, etc, as well as for the manufacture of multilayer coextruded film. These resins are also blended with other polyethylene and polypropylene‐based resins to enhance clarity, sealability, and toughness of the materials.
Mixing and Blending
Authors: Hemrajani Ramesh R.
Published: April 2005

Fluid mixing is a unit operation carried out to homogenize fluids in terms of concentrations, physical properties, and temperature, and create dispersions of mutually insoluble phases. It is frequently encountered in process industries such as petroleum, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, paper, and mining. Applications range from 0.01‐m
3
reactors to 20,000‐m
3
product storage tanks and continuous in‐line mixers. The fundamental mechanism of mixing involves physical movement of material between various parts of the whole mass by transmitting mechanical energy. Adequate mixing is a prerequisite for the success of chemical processes for minimizing investment and operating costs. In addition, chemical reactions with mass‐transfer limitation can be enhanced to provide high yields. Good mixing, therefore, plays a significant role in the profitability of the process industry.

Mixing systems are broadly divided into single‐phase systems involving blending of miscible liquids; and multiphase systems such as solid–liquid, mutually insoluble liquids, gas–liquid. Fundamental mixing concepts and suitable mixer types, design, and scale‐up issues for these mixing classes are discussed. The mixing equipment described includes agitated tanks, jets, static mixers, unique designs for powders and pastes, and devices for transferring heat. Blending of low and high viscosity liquids and suspension of sinking and floating solids are covered in more detail.
Nickel and Nickel Alloys
Authors: Tundermann John H. , Tien John K. , Howson Timothy E. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: April 2005

World nickel reserves and nickel production and consumption are reviewed. The types of nickel ores that can be economically mined and the extraction and refining processes used to obtain commercial nickel products are described, as are the forms, characteristics, and uses of these products. The physical constants for nickel and the nominal chemistries and properties of a range of cast and wrought nickel alloys and superalloys are listed. The development paths for wrought nickel alloys are given. Nickel is a carcinogen. Hypersensitivity to nickel is common.

Alloying copper, chromium, iron, molybdenum, and other elements with nickel produces a range of corrosion‐ and heat‐resistant materials strengthened by various means. These alloys can operate from cryogenic conditions to temperatures >1000°C. Nickel containing oxide‐dispersion‐strengthened alloys, nickel–aluminide intermetallics, and advanced nickel‐matrix composites are presented.
Maternal antioxidant supplementation does not reduce the incidence of phenytoin‐induced cleft lip and related malformations in rats
Authors: Abela Dominique , Howe Andrew M. , Oakes Diana A. , Webster William S.
Published: April 2005

There is considerable evidence that phenytoin‐induced birth defects in the rat are a consequence of a period of bradycardia and hypoxia in the embryos. Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that phenytoin‐induced birth defects result from free‐radical damage to the embryos during the reoxygenation period posthypoxia. Female rats (>9 per group) were fed either a control diet or a diet high in antioxidants (vitamins C and E and coenzyme Q10) both before and during pregnancy and were then given a teratogenic dose of phenytoin (180 mg/kg) on GD 11. The rats were killed on GD 20 and the fetuses were examined for malformations. The initial results showed that the antioxidant diet had a significant protective effect, with far fewer antioxidant‐group fetuses showing cleft lip or maxillary hypoplasia compared with the control group. However, this result was confounded by reduced food intake by the rats fed the antioxidant diet and a significantly lower maternal body weight at the time of phenytoin administration. Since the phenytoin was administered by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.) the control rats received higher absolute doses of phenytoin and it is speculated that this results in higher fetal exposure. A second experiment, in which the rats were pair‐fed, failed to demonstrate any protective effect of the high antioxidant diet. These results do not support the reoxygenation hypothesis for phenytoin teratogenesis. An alternative explanation would be hypoxia‐induced transcription‐related changes resulting in cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Birth Defects Res B 74:201–206, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Developmental toxicity research of ginsenoside Rb1 using a whole mouse embryo culture model
Authors: Liu Peng , Xu Yajun , Yin Huijun , Wang Junbo , Chen Keji , Li Yong
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: Ginseng has been widely used around the world for many years. Knowledge is limited, however, on its effects on embryonic development. METHODS: Whole embryo culture was used to explore the developmental toxicity of ginsenoside Rb1 (GRb1) on mouse embryos. All embryos were exposed to different concentrations of GRb1, and scored for their growth and differentiation at the end of the 48‐hr culture period. RESULTS: Total morphological score decreased significantly at the concentration of GRb1 of 30 µg/ml and was further reduced at 50 µg/ml. Yolk sac was affected at the lower concentration of 15 µg/ml. Developments of midbrain, forebrain, and optic system were relatively sensitive to GRb1 and were affected at the concentration of 30 µg/ml. Allantois, flexion, branchial arch, and limb buds were affected at 50 µg/ml. At this concentration, the embryonic crown‐rump length, head length, and somite number were also reduced significantly compared to the control group. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that GRb1 has teratogenic effect during the mouse organogenetic period. We suggest that before more data in humans is available, ginseng should be used with caution by pregnant women in the first trimester. Birth Defects Res B 74:207–209, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Occupational exposures and reproductive health: 2003 Teratology Society Meeting Symposium summary
Authors: Grajewski Barbara , Coble Joseph B. , Frazier Linda M. , McDiarmid Melissa A.
Published: April 2005

Assuring reproductive health in the workplace challenges researchers, occupational safety and health practitioners, and clinicians. Most chemicals in the workplace have not been evaluated for reproductive toxicity. Although occupational exposure limits are established to protect ‘nearly all’ workers, there is little research that characterizes reproductive hazards. For researchers, improvements in epidemiologic design and exposure assessment methods are needed to conduct adequate reproductive studies. Occupational safety and health programs' qualitative and quantitative evaluations of the workplace for reproductive hazards may differ from standardized approaches used for other occupational hazards in that estimates of exposure intensity must be considered in the context of the time‐dependent windows of reproductive susceptibility. Clinicians and counselors should place the risk estimate into context by emphasizing the limitations of the available knowledge and the qualitative nature of the exposure estimates, as well as what is known about other non‐occupational risk factors for adverse outcomes. This will allow informed decision‐making about the need for added protections or alternative duty assignment when a hazard cannot be eliminated. These policies should preserve a worker's income, benefits, and seniority. Applying hazard control technologies and hazard communication training can minimize a worker's risk. Chemical reproductive hazard training is required for workers by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration's Hazard Communication Standard. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has formed a National Occupational Research Agenda Team to promote communication and partnering among reproductive toxicologists, clinicians and epidemiologists, to improve reproductive hazard exposure assessment and management, and to encourage needed research. Birth Defects Res B 74:157–163, 2005. Published 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A base‐pairing model of duplex formation. I. Watson–Crick pairing geometries
Authors: Bashford J.D. , Jarvis P.D.
Published: April 2005

We present a base‐pairing model of oligonucleotide duplex formation and show in detail its equivalence to the nearest‐neighbor dimer methods from fits to free energy of duplex formation data for short DNA–DNA and DNA–RNA hybrids containing only Watson–Crick pairs. For completeness, the corresponding RNA–RNA parameters are included. In this approach, the connection between rank‐deficient polymer and rank‐determinant oligonucleotide parameter sets for DNA duplexes is transparent. The method is generalized to include RNA–DNA hybrids where the rank‐deficient model with 11 dimer parameters in fact provides slightly improved predictions relative to the standard method with 16 independent dimer parameters (ΔG mean errors of 4.5 and 5.4%, respectively). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 287–297, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Characterization of changes in PER.C6™ cellular metabolism during growth and propagation of a replication‐deficient adenovirus vector
Authors: Maranga Luis , Auniņš John G. , Zhou Weichang
Published: April 2005

PER.C6 cells were cultivated for propagation of a replication‐defective adenovirus vector in serum‐free suspension bioreactors. Cellular metabolism during cell growth and adenovirus propagation was fully characterized using on‐line and off‐line methods. The energy metabolism was found to accelerate transiently after adenovirus infection with increases in glucose and oxygen consumption rates. Similar to other mammalian cells, glucose utilization was highly inefficient and a high lactate:glucose yield was observed, both before and after virus infection. A higher consumption of most of the essential amino acids was observed transiently after the infection, likely due to increased protein synthesis requirements for virus propagation. To improve virus propagation, a medium exchange strategy was implemented to increase PER.C6 cell concentration for infection. During cell growth, a 50% increase in glucose consumption and lactate production rates was observed after initiation of the medium exchange in comparison to the batch phase. This decrease in medium capacity only affected the central carbon metabolism and no increase in amino acid consumption was observed. In addition, even though cell concentrations of up to 10 × 106 cells/mL were reproducibly obtained by medium exchange, infections at cell concentrations higher than 1 × 106 cells/mL did not proportionally improve volumetric adenovirus productivities. No measured nutrient limitation was observed at those high cell concentrations, indicating that adenovirus cell‐specific productivity at higher cell concentrations is highly dependent on cell physiology. These results provide a better understanding of PER.C6 cellular metabolism and a basis for intensifying PER.C6 growth and adenovirus propagation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microfabricated grooved substrates as platforms for bioartificial liver reactors
Authors: Park Jaesung , Berthiaume François , Toner Mehmet , Yarmush Martin L. , Tilles Arno W.
Published: April 2005

An extracorporeal bioartificial liver device has the potential to provide temporary hepatic support for patients with liver failure. Our goal was to optimize the flow environment for the cultured hepatocytes in a flat‐plate bioreactor, specifically focusing on oxygen delivery using high medium flow rates while reducing the detrimental effects of the resulting shear stresses. We used photolithographic techniques to fabricate microgrooves onto the underlying glass substrate. The microgrooves, perpendicular to the axial flow direction, protected the hepatocytes from the shear stress induced by the flowing medium. Using finite element analysis, we found that the velocity gradient change near the cell surface (i.e., bottom of the grooves) was smaller than that near the top surface of the flow channel, indicating that the grooves would provide protection to the attached cells from the mechanical effects of the flowing medium. We also determined that the shear stress at the cell surface could be reduced by as much as 30 times (channel height of 100 μm) in the grooved‐substrate (0.5 dyn/cm2) bioreactor compared to the flat‐substrate (15 dyn/cm2) bioreactor for a medium flow rate of 4.0 mL/min. Albumin and urea synthesis rates of hepatocytes cocultured with 3T3‐J2 fibroblasts remained stable over 5 days of perfusion in the grooved‐substrate bioreactor, whereas in the flat‐substrate bioreactor they decreased over the same time period. These studies indicate that under “high” flow conditions the microgrooved‐substrate in the bioreactor can decrease the detrimental effects of shear stress on the hepatocytes while providing adequate oxygenation, thereby resulting in stable liver‐specific function. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oxidative stress in plant cell culture: A role in production of β‐thujaplicin by Cupresssus lusitanica suspension culture
Authors: Zhao Jian , Fujita Koki , Sakai Kokki
Published: April 2005

Oxidative stress is a common physiological stress that often challenges plants. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are major factors in oxidative stress that significantly affect plant cell growth and secondary metabolism. Here we used β‐thujaplicin production by Cupressus lusitanica cell culture as an example to demonstrate the common occurrence of oxidative stress in cultivated plant cells and its effect on multiple aspects of cell culture process. C. lusitanica cells cultivated under Fe2+ stress generate a significant level of ROS, and oxidative stress also occurs at late stages of C. lusitanica cell cultures under normal conditions. ROS production inhibited cell growth, induced lipid peroxidation and cell death, and enhanced ethylene and β‐thujaplicin production. It is demonstrated that Fe2+ stress enhances ROS production via the Fenton reaction and promotes β‐thujaplicin production via ROS‐induced lipid peroxidation that may activate cyclic oxylipin and ethylene pathways. Results further indicate that H2O2 is a positive signal for β‐thujaplicin production, whereas superoxide anion radical (O) negatively affects β‐thujaplicin induction and strongly induces cell death. The study suggests that evaluating the oxidative stress and plant responses in a cell culture process is very necessary and important for understanding biochemical processes and for gaining the maximal productivity of target secondary metabolites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Arrested spread of vesicular stomatitis virus infections in vitro depends on interferon‐mediated antiviral activity
Authors: Lam Vy , Duca Karen A. , Yin John
Published: April 2005

A quantitative understanding of the innate immune response will enable its recruitment against emerging, poorly characterized, or weaponized viral pathogens. To gain insights into how the innate responses can limit viral spread, we used quantitative focal infections to study how the spread of recombinant vesicular stomatitis viruses (VSV) on baby hamster kidney (BHK) and delayed brain tumor (DBT) cell monolayers is affected by innate cellular antiviral responses. We observed that rates of infection spread correlated with one‐step growth rankings for four ectopic VSV strains: N1, N2, N3, and N4. However, this correlation was lost for M51R, a recombinant VSV mutant that lacks the ability to shut‐off host gene expression. In BHK cells, M51R spread at two‐thirds the rate of the recombinant control virus, XK3.1, even though their one‐step growth was comparable. In DBT cells, M51R infections failed to spread beyond the site of inoculation. Addition of anti‐interferon antibody restored M51R spread and one‐step growth to wild‐type levels. Interestingly, the antibody enhanced the spread of wild‐type virus but not its growth. These results suggest that while the rate of viral spread generally correlates with the rate of viral growth, the induction of cellular antiviral activities can be in some cases, the overriding factor in both spread and growth. In summary, focal infections enabled us to visualize and quantify how viral spread was inhibited by cellular antiviral activities. This study demonstrates a mechanism for quantifying how innate cellular responses can mitigate infection spread in vitro. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On‐line monitoring of bioreductions via membrane introduction mass spectrometry
Authors: Milagre Cíntia D.F. , Milagre Humberto M.S. , Rodrigues J. Augusto R. , Rocha Lilian L. , Santos Leonardo S. , Eberlin Marcos N.
Published: April 2005

Real‐time and on‐line continuous monitoring of reactants, intermediates, and final products for dicarbonyl compound bioreductions in a continuous plug flow reactor packed with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) whole cells immobilized on calcium alginate beads was performed by membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) via selective ion monitoring. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cover Picture: Sequestered Plutonium: [PuIV{5LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO)}2]—The First Structurally Characterized Plutonium Hydroxypyridonate Complex (Chem. Eur. J. 9/2005)
Authors: Gorden Anne E. V. , Shuh David K. , Tiedemann Bryan E. F. , Wilson Richard E. , Xu Jide , Raymond Kenneth N.
Published: April 2005

In pursuit of selective sequestration of plutonium…︁ the synthesis and structural analysis of [PuIV{5LIO(Me‐3,2‐HOPO)}2], the first PuIV hydroxypyridonate complex (see center: Pu: yellow, N: blue, O: red, C: gray) has been reported. The structure of the deep purple crystals (inset right) was determined by using a small‐molecule diffractometer at the Advanced Light Source (inset left). More details of this fascinating chemistry are described in the Full Paper by K. N. Raymond, D. K. Shuh et al. on p. 2842.chemical structure image
Polymorphisms in GLTSCR1 and ERCC2 are associated with the development of oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Yang Ping , Kollmeyer Thomas M. , Buckner Kristin , Bamlet William , Ballman Karla V. , Jenkins Robert B.
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

Deletions of 19q have been associated with gliomas, especially oligodendrogliomas. In addition, cases with oligodendrogliomas with the 19q deletion have been observed to have a better survival compared with cases without the 19q deletion. The authors have previously described a 150‐kilobase minimal deletion region in gliomas that maps to 19q13.33 and contains 3 novel candidate genes (GLTSCR1, EHD2, and GLTSCR2).

METHODS

The authors performed an association study using 141 cases with gliomas (61 cases with astrocytomas, 40 cases with oligodendrogliomas, 40 cases with mixed oligoastrocytomas) and 108 general controls. They evaluated 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 6 genes within and nearby the minimal 19q deletion region (ERCC2, RAI, ASE‐1, ERCC1, GLTSCR1, and LIG1).

RESULTS

The prevalence of a germline GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 T allele (SNP rs1035938) was 40% in cases with oligodendrogliomas compared with 27% in controls (P = 0.029), and the prevalence of an ERCC2‐exon‐22 T allele (SNP rs1052555) was 35% in cases with oligodendrogliomas compared with 18% in controls (P = 0.043). One high‐risk and 1 low‐risk haplotype were associated with oligodendroglioma development (P = 0.003 and 0.026, respectively). Cases with oligodendrogliomas with the 19q deletion had a significantly higher frequency of the GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 T allele compared with cases without the 19q deletion (P = 0.01). It was noteworthy that cases with gliomas who were homozygous for the GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 T allele had a significantly better survival: 77% and 68% survival at 2 and 5 years compared with 56% and 34% for other genotypes (P = 0.02, log‐rank test). Multivariable analysis identified grade, age, and the GLTSCR1‐exon‐1 and ERCC2‐exon‐22 genotypes as independent predictors for survival.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggested that alterations in GLTSCR1 (or a closely linked gene) were associated with the development and progression of oligodendroglioma. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
HER‐2/neu expression as a predictor of response to neoadjuvant docetaxel in patients with operable breast carcinoma
Authors: Learn Peter A. , Yeh I‐Tien , McNutt Michelle , Chisholm Gary B. , Pollock Brad H. , Rousseau Dennis L. , Sharkey Frances E. , Cruz Anatolio B. , Kahlenberg Morton S.
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND

The use of biologic markers to predict response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy may permit tailoring regimens to achieve maximal tumor response. Taxanes have demonstrated excellent activity in breast carcinoma; however, tumor‐specific factors that predict clinical response have not been characterized thoroughly.

METHODS

The authors performed a historic review evaluating the association of tumor prognostic factors and response to neoadjuvant cyclophosphamide and doxorubicin (AC) with or without docetaxel (D) (AC vs. AC+D) in 121 women who previously were enrolled in a Phase III, randomized, clinical trial. Using pretreatment biopsy materials, immunohistochemical studies were performed for estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), HER‐2/neu, p53, and Ki‐67. Outcome variables were pathologic complete response (pCR) and positive clinical response (cPOS), which was defined as a ≥ 50% regression in clinical tumor size prior to surgery.

RESULTS

In a multivariate analysis that controlled for tumor size and lymph node status, improved cPOS rates were observed with the addition of docetaxel in women with HER‐2/neu‐negative tumors (81% vs. 51%; P < 0.05), yielding an adjusted odds ratio of 3.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.2–13.0) in favor of docetaxel. Women who had HER‐2/neu‐negative tumors appeared to have a lower response rate with AC alone compared with women who had HER‐2/neu‐positive tumors (51% vs. 75%; P = 0.06), but response rates were matched when docetaxel was added (81% vs. 78%; P = 0.99). ER, PR, p53, and Ki‐67 results were not associated significantly with response rates.

CONCLUSIONS

HER‐2/neu status may predict improved clinical response rates from the addition of docetaxel to anthracycline‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Docetaxel may “rescue” the response in women who have HER‐2/neu‐negative tumors to match that observed in women who have HER‐2/neu‐positive tumors treated with AC alone. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Differential expression of CRMP1, CRMP2A, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 in axons or dendrites of distinct neurons in the mouse brain
Authors: Bretin Sylvie , Reibel Sophie , Charrier Emmanuelle , Maus‐Moatti Marion , Auvergnon Nathalie , Thevenoux Anne , Glowinski Jacques , Rogemond Véronique , Prémont Joël , Honnorat Jérôme , Gauchy Christian
Published: April 2005

CRMP1, CRMP2, and CRMP5 have been identified as cytosolic proteins relaying semaphorin 3A signalling, one of the molecular cues conducting axon and dendrite growth and guidance. They are highly expressed during brain ontogenesis, but, because of their lower levels in the adult, their distribution in the mature brain is poorly documented. By using specific antibodies, we investigated the cellular distribution of these CRMPs in different adult brain structures and in neural cell cultures with a special focus on the splice variants CRMP2A and CRMP2B. In brain sections of adult mouse, CRMP1, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 were located predominantly in dendrites of specific neuronal populations, such as cortical pyramidal neurons, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells, or Purkinje cerebellar cells. On the contrary, CRMP2A was specifically associated with axons of the corpus callosum, bundles of the striatum, and mossy fibers of the hippocampus. In cultures of cortical neurons, CRMP1, CRMP2A, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 were equally distributed throughout cell bodies, axons, or dendrites of neurons, whereas CRMP2A and CRMP5 were completely absent from Purkinje cerebellar cells in 12‐day‐old animals. By comparison, oligodendrocytes exclusively express CRMP2B and CRMP5 in cell bodies and processes both in situ in the adult brain and in primary cultures. Overall, our results demonstrate specific subcellular localizations of CRMP1, CRMP2A, CRMP2B, and CRMP5 depending on cell types, neuronal compartment, and developmental stage. This study suggests that, beyond their signalling function in axon outgrowth and guidance, CRMPs also play a role in mature neurons both in axons and in dendrites. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:1–17, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Voluntary exercise alters the cytoarchitecture of the adult dentate gyrus by increasing cellular proliferation, dendritic complexity, and spine density
Authors: Eadie Brennan D. , Redila Van A. , Christie Brian R.
Published: April 2005

Voluntary exercise produces a dramatic increase in the number of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)‐positive cells in the adult dentate gyrus (DG); however, it has never been determined whether this increase reflects neurogenic activity or some exercise‐induced change in the metabolic processing of systemically injected BrdU. In these experiments, we show that 1) 200 mg/kg is a saturating dose for single injections of BrdU in both control and voluntary exercise animals; 2) there is significantly more cell labeling in animals that exercise when saturating doses of BrdU are employed; 3) high doses of BrdU do not affect the number, appearance, or distribution of labeled cells; 4) voluntary exercise leads to similar increases in the number of cells expressing Ki67, an intrinsic marker of cellular proliferation; 5) both dendritic length and complexity are significantly increased in the DG of animals that exercise; and 6) spine density is significantly greater on dendrites in the DG following voluntary exercise. This study demonstrates that exercise up‐regulates neurogenic activity in the DG of adult rats, independently of any putative changes in altered BrdU metabolism, and that it also substantially alters the morphology of dentate granule cell dendrites. The dramatic changes in the cytoarchitecture of the DG induced by voluntary exercise might underlie the enhancement of hippocampal long‐term potentiation and hippocampal‐dependent memory that our group has previously described. These results suggest that exercise may be an effective component of therapeutic regimes aimed at improving the functioning of individuals with neuropathologies that involve the degradation of cells in the hippocampus. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:39–47, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression patterns of the three Teashirt‐related genes define specific boundaries in the developing and postnatal mouse forebrain
Authors: Caubit Xavier , Tiveron Marie‐Catherine , Cremer Harold , Fasano Laurent
Published: April 2005

We compare the expression patterns of the three mouse Teashirt (mTsh) genes during development of the forebrain and at a postnatal stage. During development, mTsh genes are expressed in domains that are restricted both dorsoventrally and rostrocaudally, with major changes in expression level coinciding with compartment boundaries. Striking complementarities in the distribution of mTsh transcripts were observed in the developing diencephalon, telencephalon, and olfactory bulb (OB). A mTsh1‐positive cell population is part of the DLX‐positive population localized in the dorsalmost portion of the lateral ganglionic eminence (dLGE). Comparison of the mTsh1 expression domain with the domains of Er81 and Islet1, which mark two distinct progenitor populations in the subventricular zone of the LGE, suggests that mTsh1 marks OB interneuron progenitors. Furthermore, the distinct expression patterns of mTsh1 and mTsh2 in the ventral LGE and the dLGE highlight the differential contributions of these structures to the striatum and the amydaloid complex. For Sey/Sey mutants, we show that Pax6 function is critical for the correct specification of the mTsh1+ population in the dLGE during embryogenesis. At postnatal stages in the OB, mTsh1 is expressed in granule and periglomerular cells, which originate from the subpallium during development. Furthermore, mTsh1+ cells line the walls of the anterior lateral ventricle, a region that gives rise to the interneurons that migrate in the rostral migratory streams and populate the OB postnatally. Our results suggest a role for mTsh genes in the establishment of regional identity and specification of cell types in the developing and adult forebrain. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:76–88, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Retrograde tracing of the subset of afferent connections in mouse barrel cortex provided by zincergic neurons
Authors: Brown Craig E. , Dyck Richard H.
Published: April 2005

The barrel cortex of rodents is densely innervated by a prominent subclass of glutamatergic neurons that sequester and release zinc from their synaptic boutons. These neurons may play an important role in barrel cortex function and plasticity, as zinc has been shown to modulate synaptic function by regulating neurotransmitter release, excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptors, and second messenger signaling cascades. Here, we utilized intracortical infusions of sodium selenite to identify the source of the zincergic innervation to the mouse barrel cortex. Our results demonstrate that the majority of zincergic projections to the barrel cortex arose from ipsilateral and callosal neurons, situated in cortical layers 2/3 and 6. Regionally, these labeled neurons were most abundant within the barrel cortex itself, posterior parietal association cortex, secondary somatosensory cortex, and motor cortex. Labeled neurons were also found in other somatosensory regions corresponding to the trunk, fore‐ and hindlimb, as well as more distant regions such as the visual, rhinal, dorsal peduncular and insular cortices, the claustrum, and lateral and basolateral amygdaloid nuclei. Further, some mice were injected with the retrograde tracer cholera toxin subunit B to compare retrograde labeling of zincergic neurons with that of the general population of neurons innervating the barrel cortex. Our data indicate that all cortical regions providing inputs to the barrel cortex possess a zincergic component, whereas those from thalamic or brainstem structures do not. These findings demonstrate that zincergic pathways comprise a chemospecific associational network that reciprocally interconnects the barrel cortex with other cortical and limbic structures. J. Comp. Neurol. 486:48–60, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erratum: Brauth SE, Liang W, Amateau SK, Robert TF. 2005. Sexual dimorphism of vocal control nuclei in budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) revealed with Nissl and NADPH‐d staining. J Comp Neurol 484: 15–27
Authors: Brauth Steven E. , Liang Wenru , Amateau Stuart K. , Roberts Todd F.
Published: April 2005

The original article to which this Erratum refers was published in The Journal of Comparative Neurology (2005) 484:157ndash;27.
Critical role for complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18), but not for Fc receptors, in killing of Streptococcus pyogenes by neutrophils in human immune serum
Authors: Nilsson Maria , Weineisen Maria , Andersson Tommy , Truedsson Lennart , Sjöbring Ulf
Published: April 2005

During phagocytosis, surface receptors on neutrophils interact with pathogens opsonized with complement factor C3b/iC3b and in some cases with antibodies. In human immune sera antibodies directed against surface‐bound M proteins mediated killing of Streptococcus pyogenes by neutrophils. Surprisingly, blocking of the Fc receptors had little effect on the killing. In contrast, inhibition of C3b/iC3b generation, or blocking of the major neutrophil iC3b receptor CD11b/CD18, enabled S. pyogenes to grow efficiently in immune sera. Inhibition of CD11b/CD18, but not of CD32, the major neutrophil signaling Fc receptor, prevented Streptococcus‐induced NADPH oxidase‐dependent respiratory burst, and blocking of C3b/iC3b formation inhibited Streptococcus‐induced activation of Cdc42, a small GTPase critically involved in transmitting pro‐inflammatory signals to the cytoskeleton. Consequently, ligation of CD11b/CD18 by bacteria‐bound iC3b is necessary for inducing a neutrophil response leading to elimination of S. pyogenes in immune human serum.
Papillomavirus virus‐like particles induce cytokines characteristic of innate immune responses in plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Lenz Petra , Lowy Douglas R. , Schiller John T.
Published: April 2005

Human papillomavirus (HPV) virus‐like particles (VLP) are being extensively tested as vaccines for the prevention of HPV‐associated cervical cancer. Dendritic cells (DC) acquire and present antigens, initiating innate and adaptive immune responses. It has been shown previously that DC of the myeloid lineage are capable of generating adaptive immune responses to HPV VLP in vitro. However, the capacity of plasmacytoid DC (pDC) to acquire HPV VLP and the nature of the immune response generated have not been reported. In this study we found that freshly isolated as well as CpG‐matured pDC bind papillomavirus VLP and that internalization occurs preferentially in the immature pDC. In contrast to myeloid DC, pDC did not undergo phenotypic maturation upon exposure to HPV16 VLP. However, HPV16 VLP induced pDC to secrete of IFN‐α and IL‐6, both cytokines that play a role in the generation of antibody responses, as well as TNFα and IL‐8. Given that VLP do not contain viral nucleic acids, these results indicate that viral capsids alone may be capable of inducing cytokine production by pDC. Finally, CpG‐activated pDC, but not pDC exposed to HPV16 VLP, activated lymphocytes to secrete IL‐10 and low levels of IFN‐γ. Together these findings suggest a possible immunogenic effect of pDC in the setting of VLP vaccination.
Substance P regulates natural killer cell interferon‐γ production and resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection
Authors: Lighvani Shahrzad , Huang Xi , Trivedi Prachi P. , Swanborg Robert H. , Hazlett Linda D.
Published: April 2005

Studies have shown that after Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) corneal infection, BALB/c mice that are capable of resolving the disease, locally produce IFN‐γ. As T cells are not detected in the infected cornea of these mice, antibody depletion was used to test whether NK cells produce the cytokine. After depletion, decreased corneal IFN‐γ mRNA and increased disease severity, bacterial load, and PMN infiltrate resulted. Further work determined if substance P (SP), a pro‐inflammatory neuropeptide, participated in regulation of this response. To this end, mice were treated with the SP antagonist, spantide I that blocks SP interaction with neurokinin‐1, its major receptor. The treatment significantly decreased corneal IFN‐γ and IL‐18 protein levels and corneal perforation resulted. In vitro experiments using isolated splenic NK cells confirmed their ability to respond to IL‐18 and SP and to secrete IFN‐γ protein. We conclude: that for development of the BALB/c resistance response, NK cells are required to produce IFN‐γ; that the cells express the neurokinin‐1 receptor; and that SP directly regulates IFN‐γ production through this receptor. The data suggest a unique link between the nervous system and development of innate immunity in the cornea.
CD8+ T cell responses to human immunodeficiency viruses type 2 (HIV‐2) and type 1 (HIV‐1) gag proteins are distinguishable by magnitude and breadth but not cellular phenotype
Authors: Gillespie Geraldine M. A. , Pinheiro Susana , Sayeid‐Al‐Jamee Mohammad , Alabi Abraham , Kaye Steve , Sabally Sehu , Sarge‐Njie Ramu , Njai Harr , Joof Ken , Jaye Assan , Whittle Hilton , Rowland‐Jones Sarah , Dorrell Lucy
Published: April 2005

The mechanisms underlying the relatively slow progression of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV‐2) compared with HIV‐1 infection are undefined and could be a result of more effective immune responses. We used HIV‐2 and HIV‐1 IFN‐γ enzyme‐linked immunospot assays to evaluate CD8+ T cell responses in antiretroviral‐naive HIV‐2‐ (‘HIV‐2+’) and HIV‐1‐infected (‘HIV‐1+’) individuals. Gag‐specific responses were detected in the majority of HIV‐2+ and HIV‐1+ subjects. Overlapping gag peptide analysis indicated a significantly greater magnitude and breadth of responses in the HIV‐1+ cohort, and this difference was attributable to low responses in HIV‐2+ subjects with undetectable viral load (medians 2107 and 512 spot‐forming units per 106 PBMC, respectively, p=0.007). We investigated the phenotype of viral epitope‐specific CD8+ T cells identified with HLA‐B53‐ and HLA‐B58‐peptide tetramers (8 HIV‐2+, 11 HIV‐1+ subjects). HIV‐2‐specific CD8+ T cells were predominantly CD27+ CD45RA–, and only a minority expressed perforin. The limited breadth and low frequency of CD8+ T cell responses to HIV‐2 gag in aviremic HIV‐2+ subjects suggests that these responses reflect antigen load in plasma, as is the case in HIV‐1 infection. Immune control of HIV‐2 does not appear to be related to the frequency of perforin‐expressing virus‐specific CD8+ T cells.
Novel tumor necrosis factor‐knockout mice that lack Peyer's patches
Authors: Kuprash Dmitry V. , Tumanov Alexei V. , Liepinsh Dmitry J. , Koroleva Ekaterina P. , Drutskaya Marina S. , Kruglov Andrei A. , Shakhov Alexander N. , Southon Eileen , Murphy William J. , Tessarollo Lino , Grivennikov Sergei I. , Nedospasov Sergei A.
Published: April 2005

We generated a novel tumor necrosis factor (TNF) null mutation using Cre‐loxP technology. Mice homozygous for this mutation differ from their “conventional” counterparts; in particular, they completely lack Peyer's patches (PP) but retain all lymph nodes. Our analysis of these novel TNF‐knockout mice supports the previously disputed notion of the involvement of TNF‐TNFR1 signaling in PP organogenesis. Availability of TNF‐knockout strains both with and without PP enables more definitive studies concerning the roles of TNF and PP in various immune functions and disease conditions. Here, we report that systemic ablation of TNF, but not the presence of PP per se, is critical for protection against intestinal Listeria infection in mice.
Preparation and Electrochemical Study of Fisetin Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode. Application to the Determination of NADH and Ascorbic Acid
Authors: Golabi S. M. , Irannejad L.
Published: April 2005

A new modified electrode, FMGCE, was prepared by electrodeposition of fisetin (F) at the surface of a preactivated glassy carbon electrode. Cyclic voltammetry was used to investigate the electrochemical properties of this electrode. The charge transfer rate constant, ks, and transfer coefficient, αs, for electron transfer between electrode substrate and surface deposited F were calculated as 16.34 s−1 and 0.54, respectively. The electrode ability towards the electrocatalytic oxidation of dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and ascorbic acid (AA) was also studied using cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry as diagnostic techniques. The catalytic currents of NADH and AA were used for determination of heterogeneous rate constant, kh, of these substrates oxidation at the surface of modified electrode. The diffusion coefficients of both substrates were also estimated using chronoamperometric results. Finally, FMGCE was used as voltammetric and amperometric sensors for determination of NADH and AA in quiet and moving solutions respectively. The calculated limit of detection of NADH and AA by voltammetry were 0.06 and 0.05 mM, respectively. While, these values decrease to 2.4 and 1.8 μM, respectively for an amperometric procedure. The latter method was used successfully for quantification of AA in some real samples.