bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Distribution and metabolism of D/L‐, L‐ and D‐glufosinate in transgenic, glufosinate‐tolerant crops of maize (Zea mays L ssp mays) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L var napus)
Authors: Ruhland Monika , Engelhardt Gabriele , Pawlizki Karlheinz
Published: June 2004

The aim of the present study was to determine whether post‐emergence application of glufosinate to transgenic crops could lead to an increase in residues or to the formation of new, hitherto unknown metabolites. Transgenic oilseed rape and maize plants were treated separately with L‐glufosinate, D‐glufosinate or the racemic mixture. Whereas about 90% of the applied D‐glufosinate was washed off by rain and only 5–6% was metabolised, 13–35% of the applied L‐glufosinate remained in the form of metabolites and unchanged herbicide in both transgenic maize and oilseed rape. The main metabolite was N‐acetyl‐L‐glufosinate with total residues of 91% in oilseed rape and 67% in maize, together with small amounts, of 5% in oilseed rape and 28% in maize, of different methylphosphinyl fatty acids. These metabolites were probably formed from L‐glufosinate by deamination and subsequent decarboxylation. The residues were distributed in all fractions of the plants, with the highest contents in treated leaves and the lowest in the grains (0.07–0.3% in maize and 0.4–0.6% in oilseed rape). There was no indication of an accumulation of total residues or of residue levels above the official tolerances for glufosinate. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Bound and unextractable pesticidal plant residues: chemical characterization and consumer exposure
Authors: Sandermann Heinrich
Published: June 2004

Plants are well known to incorporate pesticides into bound and unextractable residues that resist solubilization in common laboratory solvents and are therefore not accessible to standard residue analysis. A characterization of such residues has been proposed for incorporation rates above trigger values of 0.05 mg kg−1 parent pesticide equivalents, or percentage values of 10% (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 1995) or 25% (Commission of the European Communities, 1997) of the total radioactive residue. These trigger values are often exceeded. The present review describes the current status of the chemical characterization and animal bioavailability of bound and unextractable residues that may be xenobiotic in nature or result from natural recycling of simple degradation products. The latter case represents a mechanism of detoxification. Bound residues have been shown to be covalent or non‐covalent in nature. With regard to the plant matrix molecules involved, incorporation into proteins, lignins, pectins, hemicelluloses and cutins has been demonstrated, and four covalent linkage types are known. Animal feeding experiments have revealed cases of low as well as high bioavailability. Many of the studies are limited by experimental uncertainties and by results only being reported as relative percentage values rather than absolute exposure. A preliminary value of absolute exposure from bound and unextractable residues is derived here for the first time from eight case studies. The mean exposure (ca 1.5 mg kg−1 pesticidal equivalents) exceeds some of the existing maximum residue levels (MRLs) of residual free pesticides that are typically in the range of 0.05–1 mg kg−1. A mathematical framework for the correction of current maximum residue levels is presented for cases of highly bioavailable bound residues. As bound pesticidal residues in food plants could represent a source of significant consumer exposure, an experimental test scheme is proposed here. It consists of basic chemical characterization, model digestibility tests and, in exceptional cases, animal bioavailability and additional toxicological studies. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Preparation of cyclic peptide libraries using intramolecular oxime formation
Authors: Roberts Kade D. , Lambert John N. , Ede Nicholas J. , Bray Andrew M.
Published: June 2004

A new method for the synthesis of cyclic head‐to‐side chain peptide libraries has been developed in which the key cyclization step involves reaction between a C‐terminal ketone and an N‐terminal hydroxylamine to form a macrocyclic oxime. This methodology efficiently delivers cyclic products that consist of mixtures of syn and anti isomers. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solution conformational study of nociceptin and its 1–13 and 1–11 fragments using circular dichroism and two‐dimensional NMR in conjunction with theoretical conformational analysis
Authors: Klaudel Lidia , Łȩgowska Anna , Brzozowski Krzysztof , Silberring Jerzy , Wójcik Jacek , Rolka Krzysztof
Published: June 2004

Conformational studies of nociceptin (NC‐NH2), its fully active fragment, NC(1–13)‐NH2, and two significantly less potent fragments, NC(1–13)‐OH and NC(1–11)‐OH, were conducted in water and TFE solutions by the employment of circular dichroism, and in DMSO‐d6 by 2D NMR spectroscopy in conjunction with theoretical conformational analysis. The conformations of all the peptides studied were calculated taking two approaches. The first assumes multiconformational equilibrium of the peptide studied, which is characterized by a set of conformations (and their statistical weight values) obtained from a global conformational analysis using three methods: the electrostatically driven Monte‐Carlo (EDMC) with the ECEPP/3 force field, the simulated annealing (SA) protocols in the AMBER and CHARMM force fields. The second approach incorporates the interproton distance and dihedral angle constraints into the starting conformation. Calculations were performed using the distance geometry and SA protocol in the CHARMM force field implemented in the X‐PLOR program. The CD experiments indicated that for the active peptides, hydrophobic solvents induced a significantly higher (compared with those remaining) content order, probably a helical structure. Unfortunately, as a result of the conformational flexibility of the peptides, the analysis of conformations obtained with both approaches and different force fields did not allow the selection of any structural elements of the NC peptides that might be connected with their bioactivity. The only common element found in most conformations of the active peptides was a helical character of fragment 8–13, which allowed the side chains of basic amino acid residues to be exposed to the outside of the molecule and probably to interact with the ORL1 receptor. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the mechanisms of oligopeptide reactions in solution and clay dispersion
Authors: Bujdák Juraj , Rode Bernd Michael
Published: June 2004

Mechanisms of the reactions of representative dipeptides (Gly2, Gly‐Ala), oligopeptides (Gly3, Gly4) and the polypeptide (poly‐Gly)n) in solution and clay suspensions at 85 °C were investigated. The reaction products and their yields were analysed and determined by means of HPLC. Interestingly, hydrolysis, where water molecules act as the reactant, was not the main reaction, even for oligopeptides. Formation of cyclic dipeptides prevailed in the reactions of dimers as well as oligopeptides. The breakdown of oligopeptide molecules proceeded via an intramolecular cyclization reaction. For example, the reaction of Gly3 led to the formation of equal amounts of cyclic dipeptide, c(Gly)2 and Gly. The presence of clay (montmorillonite) significantly increased yields in the reactions of dipeptides but it did not have much effect on the reactions of oligopeptides. However, an opposite effect of clay, protection of poly(Gly)n against decomposition, was proven. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polymer‐bound alkyltriazenes for mild racemization‐free esterification of amino acid and peptide derivatives
Authors: Smerdka Joachim , Rademann Jörg , Jung Günther
Published: June 2004

A novel tool for polymer‐assisted solution phase (PASP) esterification of amino acid and peptide derivatives has been developed. When treated with carboxylic acids, polymer‐bound alkyltriazenes react with a loss of nitrogen and transfer of the alkyl moiety to the carboxylate anion to form the corresponding alkyl esters. There are no limitations with regard to either the protecting groups or the nature of the amino acid. Furthermore no racemization occurs at the chiral centers of the amino acids as demonstrated by chiral GC‐MS analyses. Alkyltriazene‐resins were also applied successfully to the esterification of peptide acids and other peptidic structures, such as tripalmitoyl‐S‐glyceryl‐cysteine (Pam3Cys). The triazene‐mediated esterification reaction is exceptionally mild, and there is no need for prior activation of the carboxy groups. This method is therefore particularly suitable for the alkylation of complex peptidomimetic structures prone to racemization and for acid‐sensitive structures. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First chemical synthesis of a scorpion α‐toxin affecting sodium channels: The Aah I toxin of Androctonus australis hector
Authors: M'Barek Sarrah , Fajloun Ziad , Cestèle Sandrine , Devaux Christiane , Mansuelle Pascal , Mosbah Amor , Jouirou Besma , Mantegazza Massimo , van Rietschoten Jurphaas , Ayeb Mohamed El , Rochat Hervé , Sabatier Jean‐Marc , Sampieri Franc̨ois
Published: June 2004

Aah I is a 63‐residue α‐toxin isolated from the venom of the Buthidae scorpion Androctonus australis hector, which is considered to be the most dangerous species. We report here the first chemical synthesis of Aah I by the solid‐phase method, using a Fmoc strategy. The synthetic toxin I (sAah I) was renatured in DMSO‐Tris buffer, purified and subjected to thorough analysis and comparison with the natural toxin. The sAah I showed physico‐chemical (CD spectrum, molecular mass, HPLC elution), biochemical (amino‐acid composition, sequence), immunochemical and pharmacological properties similar to those of the natural toxin. The synthetic toxin was recognized by a conformation‐dependent monoclonal anti‐Aah I antibody, with an IC50 value close to that for the natural toxin. Following intracerebroventricular injection, the synthetic and the natural toxins were similarly lethal to mice. In voltage‐clamp experiments, Nav1.2 sodium channel inactivation was inhibited by the application of sAah I or of the natural toxin in a similar way. This work describes a simple protocol for the chemical synthesis of a scorpion α‐toxin, making it possible to produce structural analogues in time. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid phase peptide synthesis on epoxy‐bearing methacrylate monoliths
Authors: Vlakh E. , Novikov A. , Vlasov G. , Tennikova T.
Published: June 2004

Monoliths based on a copolymer of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and ethylene dimethacrylate (EDMA) can be used directly as sorbents for affinity chromatography after solid phase peptide synthesis. The quality of the synthesized products, the amount of grown peptides on a support and the reproducibility of the process must be considered. A determination of the quantity of the introducing β‐Ala (and, consequently, the total amount of synthesized peptide) was carried out. Three peptides complementary to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (t‐PA) have been synthesized using Fmoc‐chemistry on GMA‐EDMA disks. The peptidyl ligands were analysed by amino acid analysis, ES‐MS and HPLC methods.

The affinity binding parameters were obtained from frontal elution data. The results were compared with those established for GMA‐EDMA affinity sorbents formed by the immobilization of the same but separately synthesized and purified ligands. The immobilization on GMA‐EDMA disks was realized using a one‐step reaction between the amino groups of the synthetic ligand and the original epoxy groups of monolithic material. The affinity constants found for two kinds of sorbent did not vary significantly. Finally, the directly obtained affinity sorbents were tested for t‐PA separation from a cellular supernatant. Copyright © 2004 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Design of the Adaptive Sample Size and Sampling Interval np Control Chart
Authors: Wu Zhang , Luo Hua
Published: June 2004

Recent research has shown that the adaptive control charts are quicker than the traditional static charts in detecting process shifts. This paper develops the algorithm for the optimization designs of the adaptive np control charts for monitoring the process fraction non‐conforming p. It includes the variable sample size chart, the variable sampling interval chart, and the variable sample size and sampling interval chart. The performance of the adaptive np charts is measured by the average time to signal under the steady‐state mode, which allows the shift in p to occur at any time, even during the sampling inspection. By studying the performance of the adaptive np charts systematically, it is found that they do improve effectiveness significantly, especially for detecting small or moderate process shifts. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate Extensions to Cumulative Sum Control Charts
Authors: Runger George C. , Testik Murat C.
Published: June 2004

There are several multivariate extensions to the venerable cumulative sum (CUSUM) chart. This work provides a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as performance evaluations and a description of their interrelationships. A new derivation is also provided. Extensive simulation results that include initial and steady‐state conditions are presented. Geometric descriptions are used, and names are proposed based on these geometric characteristics. As several of the key steps in the development of a multivariate extension to a CUSUM also appear in the construction of a two‐sided CUSUM, some approaches to a two‐sided CUSUM are also summarized. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Genetic Algorithm Hybrid for Constructing Optimal Response Surface Designs
Authors: Drain David , Carlyle W. Matthew , Montgomery Douglas C. , Borror Connie , Anderson‐Cook Christine
Published: June 2004

Hybrid heuristic optimization methods can discover efficient experiment designs in situations where traditional designs cannot be applied, exchange methods are ineffective, and simple heuristics like simulated annealing fail to find good solutions. One such heuristic hybrid is GASA (genetic algorithm–simulated annealing), developed to take advantage of the exploratory power of the genetic algorithm, while utilizing the local optimum exploitive properties of simulated annealing. The successful application of this method is demonstrated in a difficult design problem with multiple optimization criteria in an irregularly shaped design region. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A New Method for Constructing Confidence Intervals for the Index Cpm
Authors: Perakis Michael , Xekalaki Evdokia
Published: June 2004

In the statistical literature on the study of the capability of processes through the use of indices, Cpm appears to have been one of the most widely used capability indices and its estimation has attracted much interest. In this article, a new method for constructing approximate confidence intervals or lower confidence limits for this index is suggested. The method is based on an approximation of the non‐central chi‐square distribution, which was proposed by Pearson. Its coverage appears to be more satisfactory compared with that achieved by any of the two most widely used methods that were proposed by Boyles, in situations where one is interested in assessing a lower confidence limit for Cpm. This is supported by the results of an extensive simulation study. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accuracy of the electrostatic theorem for high‐quality Slater and Gaussian basis sets
Authors: Fernández Rico J. , López R. , Ema I. , Ramírez G.
Published: June 2004

The fulfillment of the Hellmann–Feynman electrostatic theorem is examined for the sequences of cc‐pVxZ and cc‐pCVxZ Gaussian basis sets as well as for the VBx and CVBx basis sets of Slater‐type orbitals. The difference between the energy gradient and electrostatic forces is large in small Gaussian basis sets of the two types, but decreases quickly as the basis sets improve. In VBx Slater basis sets these differences are small but the improvement is irregular, whereas in CVBx basis sets the fulfillment of the electrostatic theorem is very satisfactory. For the high‐quality basis sets (cc‐pV5Z, cc‐pCVQZ, cc‐pCV5Z, CVB2, and CVB3) the energy gradient can be replaced by the electrostatic force in most practical applications. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
Electronic band structure evolution as a carbon sheet rolls up to a SWCNT and a SWCNT closes to a torus, by using extended SSH model
Authors: Sünel N. , Özsoy O.
Published: June 2004

We relate the electronic band structure to parameters characterizing geometry and, by varying these parameters, we obtain the continuous evolution of the electronic band structure of a carbon sheet to that of a SWCNT and to that of a torus, in the framework of the extended SSH model. As well, we evaluate the bond distortions. The calculated electronic properties clearly confirm the literature on other tight‐binding approximations. Finally, we break the constraint into two parts and reexamine the electronic band structures and the bond distortions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2004
EQUALITY AND EXPRESSION: THE RADICAL PARADOX
Authors: Altman Andrew
Published: June 2004

The modern liberal state arose as part of a rebellion
against the entrenched hierarchies of rank, power, and
privilege that had characterized the feudal order of European society.
Under that order, a person's prospects in life were determined
almost entirely by his status at birth. The individual lacked the
liberty to change his social and economic ranking and was rendered
dependent on the will of those in higher-ranking positions. It was
against this inclusive, closed, and ascriptive system of inequality
and dependence that the proponents of the liberal state fought.
FREE SPEECH AND OFFENSIVE EXPRESSION
Authors: DeCew Judith Wagner
Published: June 2004

Free speech has historically been viewed as a special and preferred
democratic value in the United States, by the public as well as by the
legislatures and courts. In 1937, Justice Benjamin Cardozo wrote in
Palko v. Connecticut that protection of speech is a
“fundamental” liberty due to America's history,
political and legal, and he recognized its importance, saying,
“[F]reedom of thought and speech” is “the
matrix, the indispensable condition, of nearly every other form of
freedom.” It is likely notable that in the Bill of Rights free
speech is protected in the First Amendment rather than
later.
COPYRIGHT, TRESPASS, AND THE FIRST AMENDMENT: AN INSTITUTIONAL
PERSPECTIVE
Authors: BeVier Lillian R.
Published: June 2004

In this paper I discuss one facet of the multifaceted question of
whether strong protection for intellectual property rights—in
particular, rights in expressive works and in information in digital
form—is, in principle, at odds with the First Amendment guarantee
of freedom of speech. The question has assumed particular urgency in
recent years because the Internet and digital technology seem to have
rendered formerly serviceable legal boundaries obsolete, and doctrines
that sufficed in a print-on-paper world no longer seem adequate. Vigorous
debate rages about what has come to be referred to as
‘propertization’. Commentators ask whether, and how, and based
upon what empirical assumptions, old boundaries ought to be redrawn and
doctrines modified. The academic literature tilts heavily away from endorsing
strong property rights in digitized content, and toward expanded user rights
and intensified First Amendment review in copyright cases. This paper tilts
in a different direction. It swims against the academic tide not only in the
direction of its analysis but, more importantly, in the kinds of
questions it considers relevant and in its analytical focus. Readers
should understand that the analysis is deliberately provisional and
suggestive rather than completely developed, and the conclusions are
tentative. The paper does not purport to be a definitive study that
draws confident conclusions. It is offered as speculation and in the
hope that readers will approach it in that spirit.
RESTRICTIONS ON JUDICIAL ELECTION CAMPAIGN SPEECH: SILENCING
CRITICISM OF LIBERAL ACTIVISM
Authors: Graglia Lino A.
Published: June 2004

Constitutional law in the United States is, for most practical
purposes, the product of ‘judicial review’, the power of
judges to disallow policy choices made by other officials or
institutions of government, ostensibly because those choices are
prohibited by the Constitution. This extraordinary and unprecedented
power, America's dubious contribution to the science of
government, has made American judges the most powerful in the world,
not only legislators but super-legislators, legislators with virtually
the last word. Because lawmaking power divorced from popular will is
tyranny, most states have attempted to reconcile the lawmaking power of
judges with representative self-government by subjecting all or some
judges to some form of popular election. In all but four such states,
judges, encouraged and supported by their fellow lawyers in the
organized bar—would-be judges and beneficiaries of judicial
power—have responded by adopting codes of judicial ethics that
limit what candidates for election to judicial office are permitted to
say. The effect is to undermine elections as a control on judicial
power by limiting criticism of judicial activism, the misuse of
judicial power.
EXPRESSIVE ASSOCIATION AFTER DALE
Authors: Bernstein David E.
Published: June 2004

The right to join with other people to promote a particular outlook,
known as the right of expressive association, is a necessary adjunct to
the right of freedom of speech, which is protected by the First
Amendment of the United States Constitution. Freedom of speech would be
of little practical consequence if the government could suppress ideas
by bluntly prohibiting individuals from gathering with others who share
their perspective. Freedom of expression must consist of more than the
right to talk to oneself.
AUTONOMY AND INFORMATIONAL PRIVACY, OR GOSSIP: THE CENTRAL MEANING
OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT
Authors: Baker C. Edwin
Published: June 2004

My thesis is simple. The right of informational privacy, the great
modern achievement often attributed to the classic Samuel Warren and
Louis Brandeis article, “The Right to Privacy” (1890),
asserts an individual's right not to have private personal
information circulated. Warren and Brandeis claimed that individual
dignity in a modern society requires that people be able to keep their
private lives to themselves and proposed that the common law should be
understood to protect this dignity by making dissemination of private
information a tort. As broadly stated, this right not to have private
information distributed directly conflicts with a broadly conceived
freedom of speech and of the press. My claim is that, in cases of
conflict, the law should reject the Warren and Brandeis innovation.
Speech and press freedom should prevail; the privacy tort should be
ignored. This conclusion requires a normative argument concerning the
appropriate basis and status of speech freedom that this essay will not
really provide but for which I have argued elsewhere. Here, instead, I
will describe that theory of speech freedom, explore its implications
for informational privacy, and finally suggest some reasons to think
that rejection of the privacy tort should not be so troubling and is,
in fact, pragmatically desirable.
FREE SPEECH IN THE AMERICAN FOUNDING AND IN MODERN LIBERALISM
Authors: West Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

It is widely believed that there is more freedom of speech in America
today than there was at the time of the founding. Indeed, this view is
shared by liberal commentators, as one would expect, as well as by
leading conservatives, which is more surprising. “The body of law
presently defining First Amendment liberties,” writes liberal law
professor Archibald Cox, grew out of a “continual expansion of
individual freedom of expression.” Conservative constitutional
scholar Walter Berns agrees: “Legally we enjoy a greater liberty
[of speech] than ever before in our history.” This
shared assessment is correct—from the point of view of the
political theory of today's liberalism—but it is incorrect
from the point of view of the political theory of the American
founding.
DEMOCRATIC IDEALS AND MEDIA REALITIES: A PUZZLING FREE PRESS
PARADOX
Authors: Curtis Michael Kent
Published: June 2004

Freedom of speech, press, assembly, and petition have long been
celebrated as crucial to democratic government. (I will often
refer to these rights collectively as ‘freedom of
expression’ or as ‘freedom of speech’.) United States
Supreme Court decisions have, quite rightly, justified strong
protection of these freedoms because of their crucial role in the
functioning of American democracy. (Of course, there are other
justifications as well, but I will not discuss them in this paper.)
Hepatocyte transplantation for inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Burlina A. B.
Published: June 2004

Summary: Liver transplantation for inborn errors of metabolism has proved effective in some (mostly liver‐associated) inborn errors of metabolism. Significant morbidity and mortality rates have been extensively reported due to disease recurrence or to complications of the immunosuppressive regimen. On the basis of clinical trials in animals as well as in humans, the use of isolated hepatocytes offers a unique opportunity for treating inborn errors of metabolism. The state of art of the technique applied to this field is reviewed here and related practical problems are examined. No final conclusions can be drawn, but further insight into the use of alternative sources of cells, including stem/progenitor cells associated with cryobiology and immunological research, will offer new opportunities for cell therapy for inborn errors of metabolism in the near future.
The genetics and pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type II
Authors: Jenkins A. B. , Campbell L. V.
Published: June 2004

Summary: Type II diabetes is a common, complex and heterogeneous group of disorders of growing public health concern. Paradoxically, rare monogenic forms of diabetes mellitus have been the most informative regarding diabetes pathophysiology to date. We discuss disappointing results of genetic approaches thus far, emphasizing the genetic heterogeneity underlying the common phenotypic endpoint of elevated blood glucose level and the phenotypic misclassification in large studies resulting from this admixture and from the obligatory use of epidemiological or clinical surrogate measures. We suggest that novel approaches that take explicit account of the phenotypic, environmental and genetic complexities of type II diabetes are needed and discuss some principles that might underlie such approaches.
After the genome—the phenome?
Authors: Scriver C. R.
Published: June 2004

Summary:What next? The Human Genome Project signifies complexity rather than simplification in the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Genotypes are embedded in genomes. Individuality in phenotypes is embedded in components ofthe phenome(transcriptome, metabolome, proteome, etc.). The phenome, its layers, and its nodes, links and networks, require elucidation; there is a need for a Human Phenome Project (Freimer and Sabatti 2003). Biology has largely been a reductive science in the recent past; integrative biology lies ahead. Clinician‐scientists (including human biochemical geneticists) will be recognized as key participants in the ‘medical’ Phenome Project as it reveals components of individuality, and their contributions, in simple or combinatorial fashion, to Mendelian and complex traits; better ways to treat ‘genetic disease’ will be by‐products of the project.

Although the Word is common to all, most men live as if each had a private wisdom of his own.

Herakleitos
Enzyme replacement and enhancement therapies for lysosomal diseases
Authors: Desnick R. J.
Published: June 2004

Summary: Although first suggested by de Duve in 1964, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) for lysosomal storage diseases did not become a reality until the early 1990s when its safety and effectiveness were demonstrated in type 1 Gaucher disease. Today, ERT is a reality for Gaucher disease, Fabry disease and mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS I), and clinical trials with recombinant human enzymes are ongoing in Pompe disease, MPS II and MPS VI, and are about to begin in Neimann–Pick B disease. In addition to ERT, enzyme enhancement therapy (EET) offers a novel therapeutic strategy to increase the residual function of mutant proteins. EET employs small molecules as 'pharmacological chaperones' to rescue misfolded and/or unstable mutant enzymes or proteins that have residual function. EET also offers the possibility of treating neurodegenerative lysosomal disorders since these small therapeutic molecules may cross the blood–brain barrier. The current status of ERT and the prospects for EET for lysosomal storage diseases are reviewed.
Treatment of lysosomal storage disorders: Cell therapy and gene therapy
Authors: Eto Y. , Shen J. ‐S. , Meng X. ‐L. , Ohashi T.
Published: June 2004

Summary: Most lysosomal storage diseases have central nervous system (CNS) involvement. No effective treatment is available at present. We investigated the usefulness of brain‐directed gene therapy and cell therapy using mouse models of lysosomal storage diseases. For gene therapy to the CNS, a recombinant adenovirus encoding β‐galactocerebrosidase gene was injected into the cerebral ventricle of neonatal twitcher mice, a murine model of Krabbe disease. Improvements in neurological symptoms and a prolonged lifespan were observed. Brain activity of β‐galactocerebrosidase was increased significantly and the concentration of a cytotoxic metabolite, psychosine, was decreased. Pathological observations of the brain were also improved in treated twitcher mice. For cell therapy to the CNS, a neural stem cell line derived from human fetal brain was genetically engineered to overexpress β‐glucuronidase and transplanted into the cerebral ventricles of neonatal MPS VII mice, a model of β‐glucuronidase deficiency. Transplanted human neural stem cells were found to integrate and migrate in the host brain and to produce large amounts of β‐glucuronidase. Brain contents of the substrate of β‐glucuronidase were reduced and widespread clearing of lysosomal storage was observed in treated MPS VII mice. These data suggest that brain‐directed gene/cell therapy may be useful in the treatment of neurological alterations in lysosomal storage diseases.
Congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG): Update and new developments
Authors: Jaeken J.
Published: June 2004

Summary: After a brief overview on CDG, this workshop concentrated on the experience with (mostly) known CDG in a European country (the Czech Republic) and on the Australasian experience, on recent developments regarding congenital muscular dystrophies due to O‐mannosylglycan assembly defects, and on new presentations of CDG. It was concluded that we are still at the beginning of ‘explosive’ research on CDG and that we need to apply new and known technologies to the diagnosis, understanding of pathophysiology, and treatment of CDG.
Glycine encephalopathy (nonketotic hyperglycinaemia): Review and update
Authors: Applegarth D. A. , Toone J. R.
Published: June 2004

Summary: This article summarizes data and issues covered in the workshop on Glycine Encephalopathy using headings that cover important topics in our present knowledge of this disease.

Presenters were: Dr Ada Hamosh (Baltimore); Dr Johan L. K. Van Hove (Leuven); Dr Christine Vianey‐Saban (Lyon); Dr Shigeo Kure (Sendai); Dr A. Ichinohe (Sendai); Jennifer Toone (Vancouver); Dr Stanley Korman (Jerusalem).
Atmospheric Wet Deposition and Changes in Phytoplankton Biomass in the Surface Ocean
Authors: Zhang J. , Zou L. , Wu Y. , Lin Y. A.
Published: June 2004

The rainwater‐induced change in phytoplankton biomass (FE1) and community growth rate (U1) in surface oceans is examined based on the incubation data. The results indicate that new production (NP) stimulated by atmospheric wet deposition (AWD) (i.e., AWD‐NP) is strongly dependent on the nutrient concentrations and in situ phytoplankton biomass of surface waters. A positive relationship of FE1 and U1 against the amount of seawater nutrients (i.e., CE1) is found over a wide range of trophic states, which allows for estimating AWD‐NP relative to standing stock and recycled oceanic production. Application of a FE1 ‐ CE1 model shows that AWD‐NP is comparable to the new production estimated by the N‐15 technique in the East China Sea.
An application of the coda methodology for moment‐rate spectra using broadband stations in Turkey
Authors: Eken Tuna , Mayeda Kevin , Hofstetter Abraham , Gök Rengin , Örgülü Gonca , Turkelli Niyazi
Published: June 2004

A recently developed coda magnitude methodology was applied to selected broadband stations in Turkey for the purpose of testing the coda method in a large, laterally complex region. As found in other, albeit smaller regions, coda envelope amplitude measurements are significantly less variable than distance‐corrected direct wave measurements (i.e., Lg and surface waves) by roughly a factor 3‐to‐4. Despite strong lateral crustal heterogeneity in Turkey, we found that the region could be adequately modeled assuming a simple 1‐D, radially symmetric path correction. After calibrating the stations ISP, ISKB, and MALT for local and regional distances, single‐station moment‐magnitude estimates (Mw) derived from the coda spectra were in excellent agreement with those determined from multi‐station waveform modeling inversions, exhibiting a data standard deviation of 0.17. Though the calibration was validated using large events, the results of the calibration will extend Mw estimates to significantly smaller events which could not otherwise be waveform modeled. The successful application of the method is remarkable considering the significant lateral complexity in Turkey and the simple assumptions used in the coda method.
Uncertainties in using the hodograph method to retrieve gravity wave characteristics from individual soundings
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Wang Shuguang , Plougonven Riwal
Published: June 2004

The hodograph method is commonly used to retrieve inertio‐gravity wave characteristics from individual vertical profiles of the winds. In order to estimate the uncertainties of this method, we have analyzed mesoscale numerical simulations of a gravity wave event in which a coherent quasi‐monochromatic inertio‐gravity wave packet is present. Single profiles are extracted from the simulations, analyzed using the hodograph method, and the derived wave characteristics are compared to the reference values determined from the four‐dimensional simulated fields. Although the conditions favor the use of the hodograph method, the derived wave parameters possess significant uncertainties.
The 2003 Bam (Iran) earthquake: Rupture of a blind strike‐slip fault
Authors: Talebian Morteza , Fielding Eric J. , Funning Gareth J. , Ghorashi Manoucher , Jackson James , Nazari Hamid , Parsons Barry , Priestley Keith , Rosen Paul A. , Walker Richard , Wright Tim J.
Published: June 2004

An Mw 6.5 earthquake devastated the town of Bam in southeast Iran on 26 December 2003. Surface displacements and decorrelation effects, mapped using Envisat radar data, reveal that over 2 m of slip occurred at depth on a fault that had not previously been identified. It is common for earthquakes to occur on blind faults which, despite their name, usually produce long‐term surface effects by which their existence may be recognised. However, in this case there is a complete absence of morphological features associated with the seismogenic fault that destroyed Bam.
Crustal deformation in Thailand and tectonics of Indochina peninsula as seen from GPS observations
Authors: Iwakuni Makiko , Kato Teruyuki , Takiguchi Hiroshi , Nakaegawa Toshiyuki , Satomura Mikio
Published: June 2004

The Indochina peninsula has been hypothesized to be in the Sunda block, a rigid block in SE Asia. However, its northern boundary is not obvious. To elucidate the boundary and the deformation on the peninsula, six permanent GPS sites were established in Thailand, and observations have been conducted since March 1998. Estimated velocities suggest that most of the Indochina peninsula is rigid and can be considered in the Sunda block. However, close examination suggest small but significant strain in the order of 10−8 exists in Thailand. Statistical test suggests that there is no significant differential motion between the Sunda block and the South China block. On the other hand, acute clockwise rotation of east Himalayan syntax indicates left lateral shear in the north of Thailand, which may be partially accommodated by left lateral motion along Mae Chan fault.
An igneous origin for features of a candidate crater‐lake system in western Memnonia, Mars
Authors: Leverington D. W. , Maxwell T. A.
Published: June 2004

The association of channels, inner terraces, and delta‐like features with Martian impact craters has previously been interpreted as evidence in favor of the past existence of crater lakes on Mars. However, examination of a candidate crater‐lake system in western Memnonia suggests instead that its features may have formed through igneous processes involving the flow and ponding of lava. Accumulations of material in craters and other topographic lows throughout much of the study region have characteristics consistent with those of volcanic deposits, and terraces found along the inner flanks of some of these craters are interpreted as having formed through drainage or subsidence of volcanic materials. Channels previously identified as inlets and outlets of the crater‐lake system are interpreted instead as volcanic rilles. These results challenge previous interpretations of terrace and channel features in the study region and suggest that candidate crater lakes located elsewhere should be reexamined.
Distribution, morphology, and origins of Martian pit crater chains
Authors: Wyrick Danielle , Ferrill David A. , Morris Alan P. , Colton Shannon L. , Sims Darrell W.
Published: June 2004

Pit craters are circular to elliptical depressions found in alignments (chains), which in many cases coalesce into linear troughs. They are common on the surface of Mars and similar to features observed on Earth and other terrestrial bodies. Pit craters lack an elevated rim, ejecta deposits, or lava flows that are associated with impact craters or calderas. It is generally agreed that the pits are formed by collapse into a subsurface cavity or explosive eruption. Hypotheses regarding the formation of pit crater chains require development of a substantial subsurface void to accommodate collapse of the overlying material. Suggested mechanisms of formation include: collapsed lava tubes, dike swarms, collapsed magma chamber, substrate dissolution (analogous to terrestrial karst), fissuring beneath loose material, and dilational faulting. The research described here is intended to constrain current interpretations of pit crater chain formation by analyzing their distribution and morphology. The western hemisphere of Mars was systematically mapped using Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images to generate ArcView™ Geographic Information System (GIS) coverages. All visible pit crater chains were mapped, including their orientations and associations with other structures. We found that pit chains commonly occur in areas that show regional extension or local fissuring. There is a strong correlation between pit chains and fault‐bounded grabens. Frequently, there are transitions along strike from (1) visible faulting to (2) faults and pits to (3) pits alone. We performed a detailed quantitative analysis of pit crater morphology using MOC narrow angle images, Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) visual images, and Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data. This allowed us to determine a pattern of pit chain evolution and calculate pit depth, slope, and volume. Volumes of approximately 150 pits from five areas were calculated to determine volume size distribution and regional trends. The information collected in the study was then compared with non‐Martian examples of pit chains and physical analog models. We evaluated the various mechanisms for pit chain development based on the data collected and conclude that dilational normal faulting and sub‐vertical fissuring provide the simplest and most comprehensive mechanisms to explain the regional associations, detailed geometry, and progression of pit chain development.
The Representation of Neural Data Using Visualization
Authors: Walter Martin , Stuart Liz , Borisyuk Roman
Published: June 2004

Currently, the focus of research within Information Visualization is steering towards genomic data visualization due to the level of activity that the Human Genome Project has generated. However, the Human Brain project, renowned within Neuroinformatics, is equally challenging and exciting. Its main aim is to increase current understanding of brain function such as memory, learning, attention, emotions and consciousness. It is understood that this task will require the ‘integration of information from the level of the gene to the level of behaviour'. The work presented in this paper focuses on the visualization of neural data. More specifically, the data being analysed is multi-dimensional spike train data. Traditional methods, such as the ‘raster plot’ and the ‘cross-correlogram', are still useful but they do not scale up for larger assemblies of neurons. In this paper, a new innovative method called the Tunnel is defined. Its design is based on the principles of Information Visualization; overview the data, zoom and filter data, data details on demand. The features of this visualization environment are described. This includes data filtering, navigation and a ‘flat map’ overview facility. Additionally, a ‘coincidence overlay map’ is presented. This map washes the Tunnel with colour, which encodes the coincidence of spikes.
Molecular dynamics simulation of rotating fluids in a cylindrical container
Authors: Soong C. Y. , Wang S. H. , Tzeng P. Y.
Published: June 2004

In the present work, nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation is performed to investigate the behaviors of the molecular scale rotating fluids confined in an enclosed cylindrical container with a rotating lid disk. The major concerns of the study are the fundamental characteristics including bulk flow pattern, velocity slip, and the validity of the conventional principle of dynamic similarity. Two potentials for taking into account the fluid–fluid and fluid–wall intermolecular interactions, i.e., truncated and shifted Lennard-Jones potential and Weeks–Chandler–Andersen (WCA) potential, are considered for comparison. In addition, simulations based on the boundary conditions with and without wall barrier layers are compared. For this rotation-driven fluid flow, the present results demonstrate the bidirectional density layering phenomenon, the nonlinear fluid motion, and the shear length correlations under various conditions. The simulation with the potential of pure repulsion (WCA) generates a stronger vortical motion. It is also found that the similarity nature in conventional macroflow does not exist in this molecular scale rotating flow and the similarity breakdown is more pronounced in the simulations with WCA potential.
Numerical comparison of Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook models with proper Prandtl number
Authors: Mieussens Luc , Struchtrup Henning
Published: June 2004

While the standard Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) model leads to the wrong Prandtl number, the BGK model with velocity dependent collision frequency as well as the ellipsoidal statistical BGK (ES-BGK) model can be adjusted to give its proper value of 2/3. In this paper, the BGK model with velocity dependent collision frequency is considered in some detail. The corresponding thermal conductivity and viscosity are computed from the Chapman–Enskog method, and several velocity-dependent collision frequencies are introduced which all give the proper Prandtl number. The models are tested for Couette flow, and the results are compared to solutions obtained with the ES-BGK model, and the direct simulation Monte Carlo method. The simulations rely on a numerical scheme that ensures positivity of solutions, conservation of moments, and dissipation of entropy. The advantages and disadvantages of the various BGK models are discussed.
Instability of dust acoustic wave due to nonthermal ions in a charge varying dusty plasma
Authors: Ghosh Samiran , Bharuthram R. , Khan Manoranjan , Gupta M. R.
Published: June 2004

The effects of nonthermal ions with excess of fast (energetic) ions on linear dust acoustic (DA) wave propagation has been investigated incorporating the dust charge variation and the isothermal dust pressure variation. It is seen that due to the dust charge variations in the presence of nonthermal ions, instead of the usual damping, there is a growth of the DA wave if the ion nonthermality parameter a>15(1+σi)/(8−72σi), σi(=Ti/Te≪1), Ti(Te) is the ion (electron) temperature, and there may occur, under certain conditions, exponentially growing mode with zero real frequency. It is also seen that in the absence of dust charge variations there also occurs a zero real frequency, exponentially growing mode if the ion nonthermality parameter a>1. In absence of dust charge variations or in the presence of adiabatic dust charge variations, finite dust temperature Td can stabilize the instability. However, in the presence of nonadiabatic dust charge variations Td cannot stabilize the instability.
Rhizosphere dynamics influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus deserticola) and related changes in leaf nutrient status and yield of Kinnow mandarin {King (Citrus nobilis) × Willow Leaf (Citrus deliciosa)}
Authors: Usha K. , Saxena A. , Singh B.
Published: June 2004

Rhizosphere modification through root exudation is an important attribute that regulates not only the availability of nutrients in the soil but also their acquisition by plants. To test the above, 10-year-old Kinnow mandarin plants budded on Troyer citrange were inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus deserticola) and Azotobacter chroococcum in different combinations with organic-farm-yard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilisers in February when the root system was active. Plants with FYM alone were treated as a control. In the present investigation, a higher release of organic acids such as malic, citric, shikimic, and fumaric acids was evident from symbiotic roots of Kinnow inoculated with AMF (G. deserticola). Soil pH decreased significantly from 8.5 before the start of the experiment to 6.4 at the end of the experiment in the treatment where G. deserticola was applied with FYM. A decrease in soil EC and organic carbon, and an increase in soil availability of N, P, and K, leaf nutrient status, and fruit yield and quality were observed when the plants were inoculated with G. deserticola compared with all other treatments. This study indicates that G. deserticola, when compared with A. chroococcum, modifies the rhizosphere favourably to improve soil nutrient availability and consequent uptake by plants and thus result in better growth, fruit yield, and quality of Kinnow.