bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in atrial fibrillation ablation outcomes: insights from a large-scale multicentre registry
Authors: Tanaka Nobuaki , Inoue Koichi , Kobori Atsushi , Kaitani Kazuaki , Morimoto Takeshi , Kurotobi Toshiya , Morishima Itsuro , Yamaji Hirosuke , Matsui Yumie , Nakazawa Yuko , Kusano Kengo , Okada Masato , Tanaka Koji , Hirao Yuko , Oka Takafumi , Koyama Yasushi , Okamura Atsunori , Iwakura Katsuomi , Fujii Kenshi , Kimura Takeshi , Shizuta Satoshi
Published: April 2020

Aim

The impact of sex differences on the clinical outcomes of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) of atrial fibrillation (AF) is controversial. We investigated the sex differences regarding the efficacy and clinical outcomes of RFCA of AF.

Methods and results

We conducted a large-scale, prospective, multicentre, observational study (Kansai Plus Atrial Fibrillation Registry). We enrolled 5010 consecutive patients who underwent an initial RFCA of AF at 26 centres (64 ± 10 years; non-paroxysmal AF, 35.7%). The median follow-up duration was 2.9 years. Female patients (n = 1369, 27.3%) were older (female vs. male, 68 ± 9 vs. 63 ± 11 years, P < 0.0001) with a lower prevalence of non-paroxysmal AF (27.1% vs. 38.9%, P < 0.0001). Fewer females experienced time-dependent pulmonary vein (PV) reconnections and more females received a non-PV foci ablation than males in the index RFCA. The 3-year cumulative incidence of AF recurrences in the multivariate analysis after single procedures was significantly higher in females than males (43.3% vs. 39.0%, log rank P = 0.0046). Females remained an independent predictor of AF recurrence (hazard ratio 1.24; 95% confidence interval 1.12–1.38, P < 0.0001). The AF recurrence rates after multiple procedures were also higher in females, but fewer females experienced PV reconnections during second sessions. More females experienced de novo pacemaker implantations during the long-term follow-up. Females were associated with a higher risk of heart failure hospitalizations and major bleeding after RFCA in the multivariate analysis.

Conclusions

Females experienced more frequent AF recurrences probably due to non-PV arrhythmogenicity and de novo pacemaker implantations than males during the long-term follow-up after RFCA of AF.
Temporal changes in microbial communities attached to forages with different lignocellulosic compositions in cattle rumen
Authors: Gharechahi Javad , Vahidi Mohammad Farhad , Ding Xue-Zhi , Han Jian-Lin , Salekdeh Ghasem Hosseini
Published: April 2020

The attachment of rumen microbes to feed particles is critical to feed fermentation, degradation and digestion. However, the extent to which the physicochemical properties of feeds influence the colonization by rumen microbes is still unclear. We hypothesized that rumen microbial communities may have differential preferences for attachments to feeds with varying lignocellulose properties. To this end, the structure and composition of microbial communities attached to six common forages with different lignocellulosic compositions were analyzed following in situ rumen incubation in male Taleshi cattle. The results showed that differences in lignocellulosic compositions significantly affected the inter-sample diversity of forage-attached microbial communities in the first 24 h of rumen incubation, during which the highest dry matter degradation was achieved. However, extension of the incubation to 96 h resulted in the development of more uniform microbial communities across the forages. Fibrobacteres were significantly overrepresented in the bacterial communities attached to the forages with the highest neutral detergent fiber contents. Ruminococcus tended to attach to the forages with low acid detergent lignin contents. The extent of dry matter fermentation was significantly correlated with the populations of Fibrobacteraceae, unclassified Bacteroidales, Ruminococcaceae and Spirochaetacea. Our findings suggested that lignocellulosic compositions, and more specifically the cellulose components, significantly affected the microbial attachment to and thus the final digestion of the forages.
The influence of mitochondrial-directed regulation of Wnt signaling on tumorigenesis
Authors: Delgado-Deida Yaritza , Alula Kibrom M , Theiss Arianne L
Published: April 2020

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that play a key role in integrating cellular signaling. Mitochondrial alterations are evident in all stages of tumorigenesis and targeting mitochondrial pathways has emerged as an anticancer therapeutic strategy. The Wnt-signaling pathway regulates many fundamental cellular functions such as proliferation, survival, migration, stem-cell maintenance, and mitochondrial metabolism and dynamics. Emerging evidence demonstrates that mitochondrial-induced regulation of Wnt signaling provides an additional mechanism to influence cell-fate decisions. Crosstalk between mitochondria and Wnt signaling presents a feedforward loop in which Wnt activation regulates mitochondrial function that, in turn, drives Wnt signaling. In this mini-review, we will discuss the recent evidence revealing the mitochondrial control of Wnt signaling and its implications for tumorigenesis and anticancer therapeutic targeting.
Inactivation of ancV1R as a Predictive Signature for the Loss of Vomeronasal System in Mammals
Authors: Zhang Zicong , Nikaido Masato
Published: April 2020

The vomeronasal organ (VNO) plays a key role in sensing pheromonal cues, which elicits social and reproductive behaviors. Although the VNO is highly conserved across mammals, it has been lost in some species that have evolved alternate sensing systems during diversification. In this study, we investigate a newly identified VNO-specific gene, ancV1R, in the extant 261 species of mammals to examine the correlation between genotype (ancV1R) and phenotype (VNO). As a result, we found signatures for the relaxation of purifying selection (inactivating mutations and the elevation of dN/dS) on ancV1Rs in VNO-lacking mammals, such as catarrhine primates, cetaceans, the manatees, and several bat lineages, showing the distinct correlation between genotype and phenotype. Interestingly, we further revealed signatures for the relaxation of purifying selection on ancV1R in true seals, otters, the fossa, the owl monkey, and alcelaphine antelopes in which the existence of a functional VNO is still under debate. Our additional analyses on TRPC2, another predictive marker gene for the functional VNO, showed a relaxation of purifying selection, supporting the possibility of VNO loss in these species. The results of our present study invite more in-depth neuroanatomical investigation in mammals for which VNO function remains equivocal.
Psychiatric Disorders Among Older Black Americans: Within- and Between-Group Differences
Authors: Taylor Robert Joseph , Chatters Linda M
Published: April 2020

Psychiatric disorders impose significant personal, social, and financial costs for individuals, families, and the nation. Despite a large amount of research and several journals focused on psychiatric conditions, there is a paucity of research on psychiatric disorders among Black Americans (i.e., African Americans and Black Caribbeans), particularly older Black Americans. The present literature review examines research on psychiatric disorders among older Black Americans and provides a broad overview of research findings that are based on nationally representative studies. Collectively, this research finds: (1) older African Americans have lower rates of psychiatric disorders than younger African Americans; (2) family support is not protective of psychiatric disorders, whereas negative interaction with family members is a risk factor; (3) everyday discrimination is a risk factor for psychiatric disorders; (4) both older African Americans and African American across the adult age range have lower prevalence rates of psychiatric disorders than non-Latino whites; (5) Black Caribbean men have particularly high rates of depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, and suicide attempts; and (6) a significant proportion of African American older adults with mental health disorders do not receive professional help. This literature review also discusses the “Race Paradox” in mental health, the Environmental Affordances Model, and the importance of investigating ethnicity differences among Black Americans. Future research directions address issues that are directly relevant to the Black American population and include the following: (1) understanding the impact of mass incarceration on the psychiatric disorders of prisoners’ family members, (2) assessing the impact of immigration from African countries for ethnic diversity within the Black American population, (3) examining the impact of racial identity and racial socialization as potential protective factors for psychiatric morbidities, and (4) assessing racial diversity in life-course events and their impact on mental health.
Gamification for Older Adults: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Koivisto Jonna , Malik Aqdas
Published: April 2020

Background and Objectives

During past years, gamification has become a major trend in technology, and promising results of its effectiveness have been reported. However, prior research has predominantly focused on examining the effects of gamification among young adults, while other demographic groups such as older adults have received less attention. In this review, we synthesize existing scholarly work on the impact of gamification for older adults.

Research Design and Methods

A systematic search was conducted using 4 academic databases from inception through January 2019. A rigorous selection process was followed using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Results

Twelve empirical peer-reviewed studies written in English, focusing on older adults aged ≥55, including a gameful intervention, and assessing subjective or objective outcomes were identified. Eleven of the 12 studies were conducted in the health domain. Randomized controlled study settings were reported in 8 studies. Positively oriented results were reported in 10 of 12 studies on visual attention rehabilitation, diabetes control, increasing positive emotions for patients with subthreshold depression, cognitive training and memory tests, engagement in training program, perceptions of self-efficacy, motivation and positive emotions of social gameplay conditions, increased physical activity and balancing ability, and increased learning performance and autonomy experiences. The results are, however, mostly weak indications of positive effects.

Discussion and Implications

Overall, the studies on gameful interventions for older adults suggest that senior users may benefit from gamification and game-based interventions, especially in the health domain. However, due to methodological shortcomings and limited amount of research available, further work in the area is called for.
Slc2a10 knock-out mice deficient in ascorbic acid synthesis recapitulate aspects of arterial tortuosity syndrome and display mitochondrial respiration defects
Authors: Boel Annekatrien , Burger Joyce , Vanhomwegen Marine , Beyens Aude , Renard Marjolijn , Barnhoorn Sander , Casteleyn Christophe , Reinhardt Dieter P , Descamps Benedicte , Vanhove Christian , van der Pluijm Ingrid , Coucke Paul , Willaert Andy , Essers Jeroen , Callewaert Bert
Published: April 2020

Arterial tortuosity syndrome (ATS) is a recessively inherited connective tissue disorder, mainly characterized by tortuosity and aneurysm formation of the major arteries. ATS is caused by loss-of-function mutations in SLC2A10, encoding the facilitative glucose transporter GLUT10. Former studies implicated GLUT10 in the transport of dehydroascorbic acid, the oxidized form of ascorbic acid (AA). Mouse models carrying homozygous Slc2a10 missense mutations did not recapitulate the human phenotype. Since mice, in contrast to humans, are able to intracellularly synthesize AA, we generated a novel ATS mouse model, deficient for Slc2a10 as well as Gulo, which encodes for L-gulonolactone oxidase, an enzyme catalyzing the final step in AA biosynthesis in mouse. Gulo;Slc2a10 double knock-out mice showed mild phenotypic anomalies, which were absent in single knock-out controls. While Gulo;Slc2a10 double knock-out mice did not fully phenocopy human ATS, histological and immunocytochemical analysis revealed compromised extracellular matrix formation. Transforming growth factor beta signaling remained unaltered, while mitochondrial function was compromised in smooth muscle cells derived from Gulo;Slc2a10 double knock-out mice. Altogether, our data add evidence that ATS is an ascorbate compartmentalization disorder, but additional factors underlying the observed phenotype in humans remain to be determined.
Captivity Affects Head Morphology and Allometry in Headstarted Garter Snakes, Thamnophis sirtalis
Authors: Ryerson William G
Published: April 2020

In response to the growing number of amphibian and reptiles species in decline, many conservation managers have implemented captive breeding and headstarting programs in an effort to restore these populations. However, many of these programs suffer from low survival success, and it is often unclear as to why some individuals do not survive after reintroduction. Here I document changes to head morphology in the eastern garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in response to time spent in captivity. Thamnophis raised on three diet treatments all differed in head size from wild individuals, and head size differed between the three treatments. Overall, head size was smaller in all three diet treatments than in wild snakes, potentially limiting the available prey for the captive garter snakes. Allometric patterns of growth in head size were also different for each diet treatment. Several potential implications of these changes in morphology are discussed, and what these changes may mean for other species that are part of headstarting and reintroduction programs.
Linearization of the finite element method for gradient flows by Newton’s method
Authors: Akrivis Georgios , Li Buyang
Published: April 2020

The implicit Euler scheme for nonlinear partial differential equations of gradient flows is linearized by Newton’s method, discretized in space by the finite element method. With two Newton iterations at each time level, almost optimal order convergence of the numerical solutions is established in both the $L^q(\varOmega )$ and $W^{1,q}(\varOmega )$ norms. The proof is based on techniques utilizing the resolvent estimate of elliptic operators on $L^q(\varOmega )$ and the maximal $L^p$-regularity of fully discrete finite element solutions on $W^{-1,q}(\varOmega )$.
The Distribution of H8-Extensions of Quadratic Fields
Authors: Alberts Brandon , Klys Jack
Published: April 2020

We compute all the moments of a normalization of the function that counts unramified $H_{8}$-extensions of quadratic fields, where $H_{8}$ is the quaternion group of order $8$, and show that the values of this function determine a point mass distribution. As a consequence toward non-abelian Cohen–Lenstra heuristics of 2-groups, we show this implies that the probability is 0 for any fixed group to appear as the subgroup of the Galois group of the maximal unramified 2-extension fixing the genus field of the quadratic field. Our method additionally can be used to determine the asymptotics of the unnormalized counting function, which we also do for unramified $H_{8}$-extensions. Furthermore, we propose that a similar normalization of the counting function is necessary to obtain finite moments when $H_{8}$ is replaced by any 2-group $G$.
K-Theoretic Generalized Donaldson–Thomas Invariants
Authors: Kiem Young-Hoon , Savvas Michail
Published: April 2020

We introduce the notion of almost perfect obstruction theory on a Deligne–Mumford stack and show that stacks with almost perfect obstruction theories have virtual structure sheaves, which are deformation invariant. The main components in the construction are an induced embedding of the coarse moduli sheaf of the intrinsic normal cone into the associated obstruction sheaf stack and the construction of a $K$-theoretic Gysin map for sheaf stacks. We show that many stacks of interest admit almost perfect obstruction theories. As a result, we are able to define virtual structure sheaves and $K$-theoretic classical and generalized Donaldson–Thomas invariants of sheaves and complexes on Calabi–Yau three-folds.
Airborne or Droplet Precautions for Health Workers Treating Coronavirus Disease 2019?
Authors: Bahl Prateek , Doolan Con , de Silva Charitha , Chughtai Abrar Ahmad , Bourouiba Lydia , MacIntyre C Raina
Published: April 2020

Cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been reported in more than 200 countries. Thousands of health workers have been infected, and outbreaks have occurred in hospitals, aged care facilities, and prisons. The World Health Organization (WHO) has issued guidelines for contact and droplet precautions for healthcare workers caring for suspected COVID-19 patients, whereas the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has initially recommended airborne precautions. The 1- to 2-meter (≈3–6 feet) rule of spatial separation is central to droplet precautions and assumes that large droplets do not travel further than 2 meters (≈6 feet). We aimed to review the evidence for horizontal distance traveled by droplets and the guidelines issued by the WHO, CDC, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control on respiratory protection for COVID-19. We found that the evidence base for current guidelines is sparse, and the available data do not support the 1- to 2-meter (≈3–6 feet) rule of spatial separation. Of 10 studies on horizontal droplet distance, 8 showed droplets travel more than 2 meters (≈6 feet), in some cases up to 8 meters (≈26 feet). Several studies of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) support aerosol transmission, and 1 study documented virus at a distance of 4 meters (≈13 feet) from the patient. Moreover, evidence suggests that infections cannot neatly be separated into the dichotomy of droplet versus airborne transmission routes. Available studies also show that SARS-CoV-2 can be detected in the air, and remain viable 3 hours after aerosolization. The weight of combined evidence supports airborne precautions for the occupational health and safety of health workers treating patients with COVID-19.
Multiple Resistance Mechanisms to Pyrethroids Insecticides in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato Population From Mali, West Africa
Authors: Keïta Moussa , Sogoba Nafomon , Kané Fousseyni , Traoré Boissé , Zeukeng Francis , Coulibaly Boubacar , Sodio Ambiélè Bernard , Traoré Sekou Fantamady , Djouaka Rousseau , Doumbia Seydou
Published: April 2020

Background

Insecticide-based vector control is responsible for reducing malaria mortality and morbidity. Its success depends on a better knowledge of the vector, its distribution, and resistance status to the insecticides used. In this paper, we assessed Anopheles gambiae sensu lato (A gambiae s.l.) population resistance to pyrethroids in different ecological settings.

Methods

The World Health Organization standard bioassay test was used to assess F0A gambiae s.l. susceptibility to pyrethroids. Biochemical Synergist assays were conducted with piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributyl phosphotritioate, and diethyl maleate. L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations were investigated using TaqMan genotyping.

Results

Anopheles gambiae sensu lato was composed of Anopheles arabienisis, Anopheles coluzzii, and A gambiae in all study sites. Anopheles gambiae sensu lato showed a strong phenotypic resistance to deltamethrin and permethrin in all sites (13% to 41% mortality). In many sites, pre-exposure to synergists partially improved the mortality rate suggesting the presence of detoxifying enzymes. The 3 kdr (L1014F, L1014S, and N1575Y) mutations were found, with a predominance of L1014F, in all species.

Conclusions

Multiple resistance mechanisms to pyrethroids were observed in A gambiae s.l. in Mali. The PBO provided a better partial restoration of susceptibility to pyrethroids, suggesting that the efficacy of long-lasting insecticidal nets may be improved with PBO.
Hide and seek: interplay between influenza viruses and B cells
Authors: Kuraoka Masayuki , Adachi Yu , Takahashi Yoshimasa
Published: April 2020

Influenza virus constantly acquires genetic mutations/reassortment in the major surface protein, hemagglutinin (HA), resulting in the generation of strains with antigenic variations. There are, however, HA epitopes that are conserved across influenza viruses and are targeted by broadly protective antibodies. A goal for the next-generation influenza vaccines is to stimulate B-cell responses against such conserved epitopes in order to provide broad protection against divergent influenza viruses. Broadly protective B cells, however, are not easily activated by HA antigens with native structure, because the virus has multiple strategies to escape from the humoral immune responses directed to the conserved epitopes. One such strategy is to hide the conserved epitopes from the B-cell surveillance by steric hindrance. Technical advancement in the analysis of the human B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) repertoire has dissected the BCRs to HA epitopes that are hidden in the native structure but are targeted by broadly protective antibodies. We describe here the characterization and function of broadly protective antibodies and strategies that enable B cells to seek these hidden epitopes, with potential implications for the development of universal influenza vaccines.
Impact Protection Potential of Mammalian Hair: Testing the Pugilism Hypothesis for the Evolution of Human Facial Hair
Authors: Beseris E A , Naleway S E , Carrier D R
Published: April 2020

Because facial hair is one of the most sexually dimorphic features of humans (Homo sapiens) and is often perceived as an indicator of masculinity and social dominance, human facial hair has been suggested to play a role in male contest competition. Some authors have proposed that the beard may function similar to the long hair of a lion’s mane, serving to protect vital areas like the throat and jaw from lethal attacks. This is consistent with the observation that the mandible, which is superficially covered by the beard, is one of the most commonly fractured facial bones in interpersonal violence. We hypothesized that beards protect the skin and bones of the face when human males fight by absorbing and dispersing the energy of a blunt impact. We tested this hypothesis by measuring impact force and energy absorbed by a fiber epoxy composite, which served as a bone analog, when it was covered with skin that had thick hair (referred to here as “furred”) versus skin with no hair (referred to here as “sheared” and “plucked”). We covered the epoxy composite with segments of skin dissected from domestic sheep (Ovis aries), and used a drop weight impact tester affixed with a load cell to collect force versus time data. Tissue samples were prepared in three conditions: furred (n = 20), plucked (n = 20), and sheared (n = 20). We found that fully furred samples were capable of absorbing more energy than plucked and sheared samples. For example, peak force was 16% greater and total energy absorbed was 37% greater in the furred compared to the plucked samples. These differences were due in part to a longer time frame of force delivery in the furred samples. These data support the hypothesis that human beards protect vulnerable regions of the facial skeleton from damaging strikes.
Energy Stores, Oxidative Balance, and Sleep in Migratory Garden Warblers (Sylvia borin) and Whitethroats (Sylvia communis) at a Spring Stopover Site
Authors: Ferretti Andrea , McWilliams Scott R , Rattenborg Niels C , Maggini Ivan , Cardinale Massimiliano , Fusani Leonida
Published: April 2020

Synopsis

Little is known about how songbirds modulate sleep during migratory periods. Due to the alternation of nocturnal endurance flights and diurnal refueling stopovers, sleep is likely to be a major constraint for many migratory passerine species. Sleep may help to increase the endogenous antioxidant capacity that counteracts free radicals produced during endurance flight and reduces energy expenditure. Here, we investigated the relationship between sleep behavior, food intake, and two markers of physiological condition—the amount of energy reserves and oxidative status—in two migratory songbird species, the garden warbler (Sylvia borin) and the whitethroat (Sylvia communis). In garden warblers, birds with high energy stores were more prone to sleep during the day, while this condition-dependent sleep pattern was not present in whitethroats. In both species, birds with low energy stores were more likely to sleep with their head tucked in the feathers during nocturnal sleep. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between food intake and the extent of energy reserves in garden warblers, but not in whitethroats. Finally, we did not find significant correlations between oxidative status and sleep, or oxidative status and energy stores. Despite our study was not comparative, it suggests that different species might use different strategies to manage their energy during stopover and, additionally, it raises the possibility that migrants have evolved physiological adaptations to deal with oxidative damage produced during migration.
Single-dose pharmacokinetics of temocillin in plasma and soft tissues of healthy volunteers after intravenous and subcutaneous administration: a randomized crossover microdialysis trial
Authors: Matzneller Peter , Ngougni Pokem Perrin , Capron Arnaud , Lackner Edith , Wulkersdorfer Beatrix , Nussbaumer-Pröll Alina , Österreicher Zoe , Duchek Michael , Van de Velde Sebastien , Wallemacq Pierre E , Mouton Johan W , Van Bambeke Françoise , Zeitlinger Markus
Published: April 2020

Background

The antibiotic temocillin has recently been rediscovered as a promising therapeutic option against MDR Gram-negative bacteria. However, some aspects of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of the drug are still to be elucidated: subcutaneous administration of temocillin might be of interest as an alternative to the intravenous route in selected patients. Similarly, information on the penetration of temocillin into human soft tissues is lacking.

Objectives

To investigate the feasibility and plasma PK of subcutaneous dosing as well as soft tissue PK of temocillin after intravenous administration to healthy volunteers.

Methods

Eight healthy volunteers received 2 g of temocillin both as intravenous and subcutaneous infusion in a randomized two-period crossover study. Concentration–time profiles of total temocillin in plasma (after both routes) and of unbound temocillin in plasma, muscle and subcutis (only after intravenous dosing) were determined up to 12 h post-dose.

Results

Subcutaneous dosing caused some infusion site discomfort but resulted in sustained drug concentrations over time with only slightly decreased overall exposure compared with intravenous dosing. Plasma protein binding of temocillin showed concentration-dependent behaviour and was higher than previously reported. Still, unbound drug concentrations in muscle and subcutis determined by microdialysis markedly exceeded those in plasma, suggesting good tissue penetration of temocillin.

Conclusions

The subcutaneous administration of temocillin is a valid and feasible alternative to intravenous dosing. With the description of plasma protein binding and soft tissue PK of temocillin in healthy volunteers, this study provides important information that adds to the ongoing characterization of the PK profile of temocillin and might serve as input for PK/PD considerations.
Performance of commercial methods for linezolid susceptibility testing of Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis
Authors: Dejoies Loren , Boukthir Sarrah , Péan de Ponfilly Gauthier , Le Guen Ronan , Zouari Asma , Potrel Sophie , Collet Anaïs , Auger Gabriel , Jacquier Hervé , Fihman Vincent , Dortet Laurent , Cattoir Vincent
Published: April 2020

Background

Linezolid-resistant enterococci (LRE) causing infections that are challenging to treat are rising, highlighting the need for reliable screening of LRE clinical isolates.

Objectives

To evaluate the ability of the broth microdilution (BMD) method for LRE detection and to assess the performance of seven commercially available techniques for linezolid susceptibility testing.

Methods

A collection of 100 clinical isolates (80 Enterococcus faecium and 20 Enterococcus faecalis), including 20 optrA-positive isolates, 17 poxtA-positive isolates and 1 optrA/poxtA-positive E. faecium isolate, were studied. MICs were determined after 18 h [Day 1 (D1)] and 42 h [Day 2 (D2)] of incubation and interpreted following EUCAST and CLSI guidelines, which currently provide different interpretative breakpoints. Performance of commercial techniques was compared with BMD results.

Results

MIC50/D1 and MIC50/D2 were both 8 mg/L, while MIC90/D1 and MIC90/D2 were 16 and 32 mg/L, respectively. MICD1 values for poxtA-positive isolates were lower than those for optrA-positive isolates. Proportions of susceptible isolates at D1 and D2 were 48% and 41%, respectively, according to EUCAST breakpoints and 35% and 13%, respectively, according to CLSI criteria (the proportions of isolates categorized as intermediate following CLSI recommendations were 13% and 28% at D1 and D2, respectively). Percentage susceptibility assessed by the commercially available techniques was always higher. The four commercial methods allowing MIC determination provided an overall essential agreement of ≥90% at D1. Categorical agreement and error rates were generally improved at D2.

Conclusions

Non-automated methods (Sensititre and UMIC) and, to a lesser extent, gradient strip Etest appear to show an acceptable correlation with the BMD reference method for the detection of isolates with low MICs of linezolid after prolonged incubation.
Following data as it crosses borders during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Plasek Joseph M , Tang Chunlei , Zhu Yangyong , Huang Yajun , Bates David W
Published: April 2020

Data change the game in terms of how we respond to pandemics. Global data on disease trajectories and the effectiveness and economic impact of different social distancing measures are essential to facilitate effective local responses to pandemics. COVID-19 data flowing across geographic borders are extremely useful to public health professionals for many purposes such as accelerating the pharmaceutical development pipeline, and for making vital decisions about intensive care unit rooms, where to build temporary hospitals, or where to boost supplies of personal protection equipment, ventilators, or diagnostic tests. Sharing data enables quicker dissemination and validation of pharmaceutical innovations, as well as improved knowledge of what prevention and mitigation measures work. Even if physical borders around the globe are closed, it is crucial that data continues to transparently flow across borders to enable a data economy to thrive, which will promote global public health through global cooperation and solidarity.
Geographic variation in body size of five Australian marsupials supports Bergmann’s thermoregulation hypothesis
Authors: Stobo-Wilson Alyson M , Cremona Teigan , Murphy Brett P , Carthew Susan M
Published: April 2020

Despite a large body of research, little agreement has been reached on the ultimate driver(s) of geographic variation in body size (mass and/or length). Here we use skull length measurements (as a surrogate for body mass) from five Australian marsupial species to test the primary hypotheses of geographic variation in body size (relating to ambient temperature, productivity, and seasonality). We used a revised articulation of Bergmann’s rule, wherein evidence for thermoregulation (heat dissipation or heat conservation) is considered supportive of Bergmann’s rule. We modeled the skull lengths of four Petaurid glider species and the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) as a function of indices of ambient temperature, productivity, and seasonality. The skull length of Petaurus ariel, P. notatus, and the squirrel glider (P. norfolcensis), increased with increasing winter minimum temperature, while that of T. vulpecula decreased with increasing summer maximum temperature. The skull length of P. ariel decreased with indices of productivity, falsifying the productivity hypothesis. Only P. ariel met the hypothesis of seasonality, as skull length increased with increasing seasonality. Thermoregulation was the most consistently supported driver of geographic variation in body size, as we found evidence of either heat conservation or heat dissipation in four of the five species examined. We found the geographic range of the individual species and the climate space in which the species occurred was integral to understanding the species’ responses to climate variables. Future studies should use specimens that are representative of a species’ entire geographic range, encompass a variety of climatic regions, and use consistent methodologies and terminology when testing drivers of geographic variation in body size.
Penetrance of Colorectal Cancer Among Mismatch Repair Gene Mutation Carriers: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Cathy , Wang Yan , Hughes Kevin S , Parmigiani Giovanni , Braun Danielle
Published: April 2020

Background

Lynch syndrome, the most common colorectal cancer (CRC) syndrome, is caused by germline mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Precise estimates of age-specific risks are crucial for sound counseling of individuals managing a genetic predisposition to cancer, but published risk estimates vary. The objective of this work is to provide gene-, sex-, and age-specific risk estimates of CRC for MMR mutation carriers that comprehensively reflect the best available data.

Methods

We conducted a meta-analysis to combine risk information from multiple studies on Lynch syndrome–associated CRC. We used a likelihood-based approach to integrate reported measures of CRC risk and deconvolved aggregated information to estimate gene- and sex-specific risk.

Results

Our comprehensive search identified 10 studies (8 on MLH1, 9 on MSH2, and 3 on MSH6). We estimated the cumulative risk of CRC by age and sex in heterozygous mutation carriers. At age 70 years, for male and female carriers, respectively, risks for MLH1 were 43.9% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 39.6% to 46.6%) and 37.3% (95% CI = 32.2% to 40.2%), for MSH2 were 53.9% (95% CI = 49.0% to 56.3%) and 38.6% (95% CI = 34.1% to 42.0%), and for MSH6 were 12.0% (95% CI = 2.4% to 24.6%) and 12.3% (95% CI = 3.5% to 23.2%).

Conclusions

Our results provide up-to-date and comprehensive age-specific CRC risk estimates for counseling and risk prediction tools. These will have a direct clinical impact by improving prevention and management strategies for both individuals who are MMR mutation carriers and those considering testing.
Propanal, an interstellar aldehyde – first infrared band strengths and other properties of the amorphous and crystalline forms
Authors: Yarnall Yuki Y , Gerakines Perry A , Hudson Reggie L
Published: April 2020

Chemical evolution in molecular clouds in the interstellar medium is well established, with the identification of over 200 molecules and molecular ions. Among the classes of interstellar organic compounds found are the aldehydes. However, laboratory work on the aldehydes has scarcely kept pace with astronomical discoveries as little quantitative solid-phase infrared (IR) data have been published on any of the aldehydes, and the same is true for important properties such as density, refractive indices, and vapour pressures. In this paper, we examine the IR spectra of solid propanal (HC(O)CH2CH3, propionaldehyde), along with several physical properties, for both the amorphous and crystalline forms of the compound. The quantitative measurements we report, such as IR intensities and optical constants, will be useful in laboratory investigations of the formation and evolution of propanal-containing ices, will serve as benchmark data for theoretical investigations, and will inform observational studies.
Protein disorder-to-order transition enhances the nucleosome-binding affinity of H1
Authors: Sridhar Akshay , Orozco Modesto , Collepardo-Guevara Rosana
Published: April 2020

Intrinsically disordered proteins are crucial elements of chromatin heterogenous organization. While disorder in the histone tails enables a large variation of inter-nucleosome arrangements, disorder within the chromatin-binding proteins facilitates promiscuous binding to a wide range of different molecular targets, consistent with structural heterogeneity. Among the partially disordered chromatin-binding proteins, the H1 linker histone influences a myriad of chromatin characteristics including compaction, nucleosome spacing, transcription regulation, and the recruitment of other chromatin regulating proteins. Although it is now established that the long C-terminal domain (CTD) of H1 remains disordered upon nucleosome binding and that such disorder favours chromatin fluidity, the structural behaviour and thereby the role/function of the N-terminal domain (NTD) within chromatin is yet unresolved. On the basis of microsecond-long parallel-tempering metadynamics and temperature-replica exchange atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of different H1 NTD subtypes, we demonstrate that the NTD is completely unstructured in solution but undergoes an important disorder-to-order transition upon nucleosome binding: it forms a helix that enhances its DNA binding ability. Further, we show that the helical propensity of the H1 NTD is subtype-dependent and correlates with the experimentally observed binding affinity of H1 subtypes, suggesting an important functional implication of this disorder-to-order transition.
Tirofiban Protocol Protects Against Delayed Cerebral Ischemia: A Case-Series Study
Authors: Zanaty Mario , Osorno-Cruz Carlos , Byer Stefano , Roa Jorge A , Limaye Kaustubh , Ishii Daizo , Nakagawa Daichi , Torner James , Yongjun Lu , Ortega-Gutiérrez Santiago , Samaniego Edgar A , Allan Lauren , Hasan David
Published: April 2020

BACKGROUND

There has not been any effective prophylaxis for delayed cerebral ischemia delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) since the introduction of nimodipine. Platelet inhibition may reduce the risk by preventing the formation of microthrombi. Tirofiban has been used as a single monotherapy bridge given its safety profile and controlled platelet inhibition.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the risk of DCI in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhages (aSAH) patients treated with the tirofiban protocol.

METHODS

aSAH patients between December 2010 and March 2019 who were treated with stent assisted coiling or flow-diverting device were started on a continuous tirofiban infusion protocol and were compared with patients who underwent coil embolization without antiplatelet therapy. Safety analysis was performed to assess DCI, hemorrhagic, and ischemic events.

RESULTS

A total of 21 patients were included in the tirofiban series and 81 in the control group. There was no statistical difference in age, gender, Hunt-Hess grade, and Fisher scale between the 2 groups except for a higher Fisher grade II in the tirofiban group. Multivariate analysis revealed tirofiban to reduce the risk of vasospasm by 72 percent (OR .28, P = .03), without affecting the risk of hemorrhagic complications (OR = 0.50, P = .26). Tirofiban reduced the risk of symptomatic stroke endovascular procedure but it did not reach significance (P = .06). DCI, older age, and postprocedural symptomatic stroke were significant predictors of mortality. Tirofiban reduced the mortality risk, but this association was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION

The tirofiban protocol in aSAH patients reduces the risk of DCI without conferring additional risks. This supports previous findings were antiplatelet therapy reduced DCI in human and animal models.
Extreme weather and climate events in China under changing climate
Authors: Zhao Weijie
Published: April 2020

In the summer of 2003, a heat wave swept Europe and caused more than 70 000 additional fatalities [J.-M. Robine et al., C. R. Biologies331 (2008)]. Global warming and climate change is no longer a prophecy to be fulfilled, as strong heat waves and typhoons, as well as severe rainfalls, are becoming more severe. Extreme weather and climate events in the world, especially over Europe and North America, are widely studied and frequently reported in the media. These events may be related to the ongoing climate change. In this NSR forum, active researchers specialized in this field gather to discuss the climate and weather changes in China. They present the current changes, identify knowledge gaps, discuss the research difficulties, and propose ways forward to better serve the society with climate science.

Ying Sun

Professor at the National Climate Center of the China Meteorological Administration, China

Qiuhong Tang

Professor at the Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Zhongwei Yan

Professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Jing Yang

Professor at the Academy of Disaster Reduction and Emergency Management, faculty of Geographic Science of Beijing Normal University, China

Panmao Zhai

Professor at the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences of the China Meteorological Administration, and the current Co-Chair of the IPCC Working Group I, China

Tianjun Zhou

Professor at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, China

Deliang Chen (Chair)

Professor at the University of Gothenburg, NSR Editorial Board member, Sweden
Occupation classification predicts return to work after carpal tunnel decompression
Authors: Stirling P H C , Jenkins P J , Clement N D , Duckworth A D , McEachan J E
Published: April 2020

Background

The relationship between hand function, employment status and return to work (RTW) after carpal tunnel decompression (CTD) is unclear.

Aims

To investigate predictors of RTW following CTD.

Methods

We prospectively collected pre-operative and 1-year post-operative outcomes and RTW data for all patients undergoing CTD at one centre between 29 May 2014 and 29 May 2017. We used the Standard Occupation Classification 2010.

Results

Pre- and post-operative results were available for 469 (79%) of the 597 patients who had CTD surgery. Pre-operatively, 219 (47%) were employed, 216 (46%) were retired, 26 (6%) were not working due to long-term illness and eight (2%) were unemployed. Complete data sets were available for 178 (81%) of the 219 employed patients, of whom 161 (90%) were able to RTW. Of the rest, five (3%) had changed jobs and 12 (7%) were unable to work. Median RTW time was 4 weeks (interquartile range [IQR] 2–6 weeks). Significantly more patients undertaking manual labour were unable to RTW (15% versus 5%; P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in mean number of weeks absent between manual (5.7; 95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9–6.5) and non-manual workers (6.2; 95% CI 4.8–7.6) (P > 0.05). Median pre-operative (difference 15.9; 95% CI 4.5–25) and post-operative (difference 43.2; 95% CI 13.6–43.2) hand function scores were significantly worse in patients who did not RTW (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Most patients can RTW within 1 year of CTD. Failure to RTW is more likely in manual workers and patients with poorer pre-operative hand function.
Systemic sclerosis in an anaesthetist
Authors: Magnavita N , Di Prinzio R R , Soave P M
Published: April 2020

Introduction

Systemic sclerosis is a potentially devastating disease in which the aetiology and pathogenesis has not yet been fully understood. It has been associated with occupational exposure to silica, vinyl chloride, solvents and other chemical agents.

Case summary

In this paper, we present the case of an anaesthetist who developed scleroderma after an occupational exposure to volatile anaesthetic gases (halothane, sevoflurane, isoflurane and enflurane) in operating theatres with poor scavenging systems and we discuss the possible causal link between occupational exposure and the disease.

Conclusions

The case reported is the second that we are aware of in recent years. Reporting scleroderma cases in workers may be the first step in assessing the causal link between occupational exposure to anaesthetic gases and the disease.
Review: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine for Treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
Authors: Pastick Katelyn A , Okafor Elizabeth C , Wang Fan , Lofgren Sarah M , Skipper Caleb P , Nicol Melanie R , Pullen Matthew F , Rajasingham Radha , McDonald Emily G , Lee Todd C , Schwartz Ilan S , Kelly Lauren E , Lother Sylvain A , Mitjà Oriol , Letang Emili , Abassi Mahsa , Boulware David R
Published: April 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a rapidly emerging viral infection causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine have garnered unprecedented attention as potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19 following several small clinical trials, uncontrolled case series, and public figure endorsements. While there is a growing body of scientific data, there is also concern for harm, particularly QTc prolongation and cardiac arrhythmias. Here, we perform a rapid narrative review and discuss the strengths and limitations of existing in vitro and clinical studies. We call for additional randomized controlled trial evidence prior to the widespread incorporation of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine into national and international treatment guidelines.
Paediatric euthanasia in Canada: New challenges for end of life care
Authors: Lamb Christina Marie
Published: April 2020

Canadians are looking to expand their Medical Assistance in Dying (MAID) program to include mature minors. Yet, little evidence exists to support this expansion. The Council of Canadian Academies released a report in December 2018 indicating that little is known about how mature minors make meaning of end of life care. To address this knowledge gap, research is needed to understand how mature minors make meaning of the dying process in the first place. Since social perceptions drive Canadian health care, practice, and end of life mentalities, the question that needs to be asked is: What is the Canadian perception of a good death for mature minors? To answer this question it is first necessary to examine the meaning that death and dying hold for mature minors, as voiced by mature minors themselves.
Ratio-independent prey preferences by an estuarine mysid
Authors: Froneman P William , Cuthbert Ross N
Published: April 2020

The present study quantified prey preferences by adult males and females of the mysid Mesopodopsis wooldridgei fed the calanoid copepods Pseudodiaptomus hessei and Paracartia longipatella at varying proportions. Both sexes of M. wooldridgei showed a lack of prey switching and a strong preference for the smaller, less active P. longipatella irrespective of density. Given a lack of low-density prey refuge, this finding may have important implications for the distribution of P. longipatella in estuaries along the eastern seaboard of South Africa. Results of the present study contribute to a growing body of literature that suggests that selective predation may play an important role in structuring plankton prey populations in shallow water ecosystems.