bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Representation for Design Information During the Product Definition Process
Authors: Aldrich Kelsey S. , Stauffer Larry A.
Published: March 2007

An experiment was conducted to determine how to best represent the information that is used by designers during the product defini tion process—the first step in the product realization process A real-time protocol session between a design engineer and a customer was re corded while they developed product requirements for a new bass-drum pedal From this session, a base-line representation was developed Three additional protocol sessions were recorded to test the base-line representation during which three other engineers designed products where the definition information was presented according to the base-line representation Results from this testing yielded a slightly changed rep resentation scheme which is presented in this paper The categories of information within the representation were also arranged based on the priorities of use from the three sessions, and a case example for the new representation is also presented This representation has become the model upon which we are developing a computer environment which serves as a common database for product definition during concurrent development of products
Integrated Platform for Al Support of Complex Design—Part II: Supporting the Embodiment Process
Authors: Sharpe J.E.E.
Published: March 2007

Engineering design is a highly integrated and integrating process This two-part paper describes an integrated computer-based plat form for the development from first principles of design solutions to appropriately defined need, and the choice and quantification of the best forms of embodiment
A Multiagent Architecture for Concurrent Design, Process Planning, Routing, and Scheduling
Authors: Balasubramanian S. , Norrie D.H.
Published: March 2007

A concurrent engineering system has been developed using a multiagent architecture to address the issues of design, manufactur ability analysis, incremental process planning, dynamic routing, and scheduling simultaneously The system includes a feature-based intelligent design subsystem for prismatic components, a shop-floor subsystem to represent available resources, and a supervisory control interface to manage the shop-floor resources The evaluation of the system used a simulated shop-floor environment with four production machines for the design of a prismatic component. As the design progressed, manufacturability was evaluated and shop-floor planning was carried out concur rently Valid process plans, routing, and scheduling were generated The system is now being extended to incorporate additional design systems and shop-floor environments
Conflicts and Negotiation in Single Function Agent Based Design Systems
Authors: Berker Ilan , Brown David C.
Published: March 2007

A basic ingredient of Concurrent Engineering (CE) is that all aspects of the product's life cycle should be considered as early as possi ble during design A key idea that has been adopted for the implementation of CE is the use of a team, in which each member is an expert on some aspect of the product in a phase of its life cycle in our work, we use a team of software agents Our goal is to study in detail the interactions, conflicts, and conflict resolution that is possible with such a multiagent system The approach is to use Single Function Agents (SiFAs), each of which can perform a very specialized task, from a single point of view The ability to represent expertise with different points of view is very impor tant in design These different points of view usually cause conflicts among agents, and these conflicts need to be resolved in order for the design process to be successful Therefore, agents need to be capable of detecting and resolving these conflicts This paper presents a model of con flicts and negotiations in the SiFA framework A hierarchy of possible conflicts is proposed and the steps of the negotiation process are discussed
Specifying Enterprise Processes with Workflow Modeling Languages
Authors: Bußler Christoph
Published: March 2007

In order to build a competitive enterprise which can survive in a global market an enterprise has to be engineered accordingly El makes use of proven techniques such as enterprise engineering methodologies, enterprise reference architectures and generic building blocks to achieve its goals However, having the most comprehensive model is of no use if the concepts modeled cannot be transferred into the real enterprise to adjust its behavior according to the model As many authors have observed the behavior of an enterprise can be best described through enterprise processes or business processes If those could be enacted automatically to drive the daily business operations, a huge step forward would be achieved in the area of model enactment Workflow-Management-Systems (WFMSs) are one class of information systems which enable the automatic enactment of enterprise or business processes on a global and large-scale level A WFMS provides computationally com plete process specification languages as well as execution facilities to drive business operations according to specified business processes This paper introduces a workflow modeling language of a WFMS to illustrate how enterprise processes can be specified with a formal language designed for automatic execution of processes by WFMSs
Product Design Based on Concurrent Processing of Design and Manufacturing Information by Utility Analysis
Authors: Yoshimura Masataka , Kondo Hideyuki
Published: March 2007

A methodology for concurrent decision making of factors concerning product designs and product manufacturing is proposed for ob taining better product designs from a wider global viewpoint of the product performance and the product manufacturing cost according to the concept of concurrent engineering In this method first a function expressing the satisfactory level of the manufacturing division and a function expressing the satisfactory level of the design division are formulated for the product design being regarded Then an integrated higher ranking decision making utility function is formulated using these two satisfactory level functions by the utility analysis Next Pareto optimum solution sets of the two multiobjective optimization problems of maximization of the product performance and minimization of the product manufacturing cost are obtained for alternative product designs Finally on the Pareto optimum solution curves the values of the integrated satisfactory levels are obtained and the most preferable design solution is selected An applied example of this concurrent design procedure is given to demonstrate its effectiveness in comparison to a conventional design procedure
Spiritual and Religious Issues in Counseling: Ethical Considerations
Authors: Frame Marsha Wiggins
Published: March 2007

More and more counselors are addressing religious and spiritual issues in their clinical work. This article outlines some of the ethical concerns that may arise when working with clients in this arena.
Marriage and Family Licensure in Illinois: Toward a more Inclusive Approach
Authors: White Lyle J.
Published: March 2007

The statutes and rules governing state licensing of marriage and family therapists have been criticized recently for excluding many qualified practitioners because the statues and rules were written to reflect clinical membership in the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy. In September 1998, the Illinois Department of Professional Regulation published a revised set of rules that were intended to be more inclusive and yet maintain the high standards of the profession. These revised rules directly addressed both the needs of the state and issues raised by the critiques. The purpose of this article is to describe the Illinois rule changes, suggest ways other states can begin the process of change, and invite licensure critics, professional societies, and state licensing board members to engage in conversations about the licensure of marriage and family therapy.
The Feeling Word Game: A Tool for Both Teaching and Therapy
Authors: Cron Elyce A.
Published: March 2007

Learning to identify, label, and share feelings is an important ingredient of healthy personal, social, and family functioning. The Feeling Word Game provides a lively, creative context for these tasks. The game consists of 110 colorful cards, each of which displays an emotional descriptor. Divided into two levels of difficulty, the cards can be used in a variety of therapeutic ways with individuals, couples, groups, and families. A creative counselor need not be limited by the six variations of play that are suggested in the game bag; innovative variations are encouraged.
The Relationship of Conflict Resolution Styles and Certain Marital Satisfaction Factors to Marital Distress
Authors: Russell-Chapin Lori A. , Chapin Theodore J. , Sattler Linda G.
Published: March 2007

The data presented in this article report significant predictors and relationships among high levels of marital distress, lack of couple time together, and problems associated with lack of communication. The results are explored in terms of counseling implications.
A Musical Chronology and the Emerging Life Song
Authors: Duffey Thelma H. , Lumadue Christine A. , Woods Sandra
Published: March 2007

Listening to music often evokes in individuals cognitive and affective memories of important life events and significant losses. The authors have observed that music and lyrics significantly contribute to individuals’ creation of relationship narratives that restrict their ability to form and/or maintain intimacy. By connecting music with past relationship experiences, individuals’ perceptions of the viability of loving relationships are often affected. This connection may serve to support or impede their ability to engage in or commit to a love relationship. The authors present a method, the musical chronology, that can assist clients in identifying and reauthoring restrictive relationship narratives. A case example that demonstrates the method’s application is included.
Using Consultation with a Grandmother as an Adjunct to Play Therapy
Authors: Athanasiou Michelle Schicke
Published: March 2007

This article presents a case study illustrating the use of consultation with a grandmother as an adjunct to play therapy. First, a rationale for using consultation is presented, followed by a description of an ecobehavioral model of consultation. Next, a case describing how the consultation model was used with a grandmother whose 4-year-old granddaughter was being seen in play therapy is presented. Finally, advantages of this approach in the context of the case are presented.
The Impact of the Genogram on Couples: A Manualized Approach
Authors: Foster Martha A. , Jurkovic Gregory J. , Ferdinand Lisa G. , Meadows Lindi A.
Published: March 2007

Genograms are widely used in clinical practice but are seldom the focus of research. This report describes a beginning effort to operationalize the clinical application of the genogram with couples to improve the fidelity of the genogram’s use in future research. The five-session manualized method focuses on the genogram interview as a process-oriented intervention in which a couple collects family-of-origin data, identifies key relational patterns, and makes linkages between family-of-origin patterns and the current relationship. The approach uses homework tasks to set the stage for subsequent sessions and computer software to generate and update the genograms. The use of the manualized approach with a premarital couple is presented, and individual and relational changes in the couple are discussed. Applications of the method in research, clinical training, and intervention with couples are discussed.
Legitimizing the Child-Free Family: The Role of the Family Counselor
Authors: Gold Joshua M. , Wilson J. Suzanne
Published: March 2007

Counselors aspiring to cultural sensitivity are directed to consider multiple factors, including issues of family values, and to become aware of personal value stances and what implications these values may have for their counseling practice. This article will focus on society’s pronatal biases by exploring the stereotypes ascribed to child-free families, by reviewing the professional literature on these families, and by offering implications for family counseling.
Marriage and Marital Therapy
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

The dynamics of marriage and marital therapy are explored by means of outcome and process research.
The Brattleboro Family Institute: Reflecting on the Reflecting Position
Authors: West John D. , Bubenzer Donald L. , Morrison Anne , Evans William
Published: March 2007

In this article, use of the reflecting team in family therapy is discussed. Staff members of the Brattleboro Family Institute were interviewed about their understanding and use of the approach.
Attachment Theory as an Integrative Framework for Family Counseling
Authors: Lopez Frederick G.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary attachment theory may serve as an integrative framework for anticipating and explaining individual behavior in close adult relationships. This discussion briefly introduces the theory and reviews recent findings from several theory-derived studies. In light of these findings, the potential value of an attachment theory perspective on important family dynamics such as affect and distance regulation, cognitive processess, dysfunctional family alignments, and intergenerational patterns is explored.
Constructing Genograms with Lesbian Clients
Authors: Magnuson Sandy , Norem Ken , Skinner Christopher H.
Published: March 2007

Intergenerational family therapy has been used to treatclients with many different experiences and presenting problems. We propose that genogram construction may be a useful technique for increasing levels of differentiation inclients with a lesbian sexual orientation. A description,rationale, and illustration of how genogram constructionmay be used by family counselors to treat lesbian clients isprovided.
Harlene Anderson: A Conversation on Language Systems in Therapy and Training
Authors: West John D. , Bubenzer Donald L. , McQuistion Rick R. , Cox Jane A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the use of language systems in psychotherapyis discussed. Harlene Anderson was interviewed with regard to her knowledge and use of language systems inpsychotherapy.
Assessment Education in Marriage and Family Counseling
Authors: Gold Joshua M.
Published: March 2007

Recent research reports that marriage andfamily clinicians describe the use of standardized assessment as "of little importance." However these results contradict the potential advantages of the use of standardized measures for clients, clinicians, and the therapeutic process. This contrast may be explained by the hypothesis that students use what they are taught, prompting a review of assessment course curricula.
Using Dreams in Family Therapy
Authors: Kane Connie M.
Published: March 2007

Dreams have apparently been viewed as individual phenomena with little to offer to systemic therapy. Current literature suggests that dreams are seldom used by marriage and family therapists. Yet, dreams can be powerful tools in bypassing resistance, in conceptualizingfamily dynamics, in identifying contextual variables that need to be considered, and in generating positive alternatives to the current dysfunction. Included are clinical examples that demonstrate the effective use of dreams in marriage and family therapy and a discussion of the interface between dream interpretation and systems therapy.
Solution-Focused Brief Therapy: One Answer to Managed Mental Health Care
Authors: Fleming James Slate , Rickord Bill
Published: March 2007

This article presents relative historical events responsible for bringing about the need to use treatment methods capable of delivering low-cost, quality mental health services. Furthermore, a review of current literature is provided to support this need. The Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Model is presented as one means of service delivery in an age of managed mental health care. This model has been designed to meet the mental health needs of individuals, couples, and families for which effective brief therapeutic intervention is demanded. The reader is provided with a basic understanding of the theoretical underpinnings of the model, which are defined and synthesized into an applied approach. Basic solution-focused language and examples of its application are included so that each aspect of the model can be immediately used with clients.
Robert Smith
Authors: Pietrzak Dale , L'Amoreaux Nadene
Published: March 2007

Robert Smith is the executive director of the Intemnational Association of Marriage and Family Counselors (IAMFC), a division of the American Counseling Association. He has been involved with the IAMFCffrom its beginning and is in a position to provide both a historical perspective and a vision of the division's future. This interview with Smith provides such a perspective and vision.
Neuro-Linguistic Programming (NLP): Changing Points of View
Authors: Andreas Steve
Published: March 2007

Changing the point of view from which a memory is viewed has a profound impact on a person’s understanding and emotional response to the content of the image. A variety of specific ways of changing visual perspective are presented, including the important distinction between associated images (seeing out of your own eyes) and dissociated images (seeing from an outside point of view). The therapeutic usefulness of these understandings in the treatment of phobias and couple and family problems is indicated.
A Comparison of Family-of-Origin Perceptions of Doctoral Student Psychotherapists with Doctoral Students in Other Fields: Implications for Training
Authors: Kier Frederick J. , Lawson David M.
Published: March 2007

This study compared the family-of-origin perceptions of doctoral psychotherapists in training with doctoral students in other social science fields. The sample consisted of 41 therapists in training from three programs (two in counseling and one in clinical psychology) and 47 doctoral students in the fields of history, political science, educational psychology (research measurement statistics), and economics. Results indicated differences in family-of-origin perceptions between the two groups on measures of family cohesion, adaptability, and family satisfaction.
Information Technology for Career Assessment on the Internet
Authors: Gore Paul A. , Leuwerke Wade C.
Published: March 2007

Vocational psychology faces a number of challenges in the next century from the globalization of economies to the changing nature of work and the workforce. Many of the changes facing our profession stem from the explosion in communication technologies during the last 20 years. The Internet is perhaps the most visible of these new technologies. If vocational specialists are to embrace this new technology, they must first arm themselves with the knowledge and skills necessary to utilize it responsibly and efficiently. This article provides both an overview of modern Internet technologies and a discussion of their potential benefits to professionals who wish to engage in Internet-based career assessment.
Résumé Therapy and Vocational Test Feedback: Tailoring Interventions to Self-Efficacy Outcomes
Authors: Krieshok Thomas S. , Ulven Jon C. , Hecox Jennifer L. , Wettersten Kara
Published: March 2007

Self-efficacy is a useful construct in vocational psychology because it helps us conceptualize client issues, interventions to address those issues, and instrumentation to assess vocational status and improvement. This article details two separate studies with veterans seeking vocational assistance within a Veteran's Affairs Medical Center. In both studies, the interventions themselves were designed around the strengthening of specific self-efficacy expectations. In the first study, patients' efficacy regarding general job search and decision-making behaviors was targeted using little more than traditional résumé preparation. In the second study, personality and cognitive functioning test feedback provided a platform to discuss difficult personality issues, their usual manifestation in the patient's work life, and the patient's efficacy about integrating this information in future career decision-making, job seeking, and work. In both studies, moderate to large effect sizes supported the effectiveness of our interventions.
Expanding the Focus of Career Assessment
Authors: Lock Jared D. , Hogan Robert
Published: March 2007

Improvements in technology, enhanced access to information, changes in the job market, movement to multiple careers, greater sophistication of job seekers, and increased emphasis by employers on career assessment all indicate the need to expand traditional views of career assessment. New data also indicate the need to assess more than the traditional catalog of individual skills, abilities, and interests. Both individuals seeking career advice and potential employers are interested in more than job and skill fit; they also want to know about a person's ability to move outside the bounds of traditional career ladders and about the fit between an individual's and organization's goals and values. We present an expanded model of career assessment and some preliminary data to support this model.
Current Trait Factor Career Assessment: A Cognitive-Interactional Perspective
Authors: Chartrand Judy M. , Bertok Rebecca L.
Published: March 2007

A trait factor perspective on career assessment is presented. Adult career client and initial assessment issues are emphasized. A diagnostic taxonomy and conceptual models within person- environment psychology are used to guide the discussion. Specific assessment issues, strategies, and instruments for career choice and adjustment difficulties are reviewed. Trait factor career counseling is characterized as a model that is evolving through integrative efforts. Advances are moving this model in the direction of an articulated theory of career counseling.
The Skills Confidence Inventory: A Measure of Self-Efficacy
Authors: Harmon Lenore W. , Borgen Fred H. , Berreth Jessica M. , King Jennifer C. , Schauer Dawn , Ward Christopher C.
Published: March 2007

The Skills Confidence Inventory (SCI; Betz, Borgen, & Harmon, 1996) General Confidence Theme (GCT) scores differentiated appropriately between members of 21 occupational groups. The GCT scales represent confidence in ability to perform tasks and complete courses in six areas that correspond to the Holland themes (1985). The occupational groups represented all six Holland types and encompassed both professional and nonprofessional fields. For over 80% of the occupational groups, the highest GCT was on a scale matching the Holland code for the occupation. Likewise, the groups that scored highest and lowest on each GCT were consistent with Holland's theory. To determine whether the SCI can be useful in career assessment, it is important to show that the GCTs provide information that is different from the information provided by the Strong Interest Inventory (SII; Harmon, Hansen, Borgen, & Hammer, 1994) General Occupational Themes (GOT), which also provide scores for the six Holland themes. Reports of career assessments with four college students in which both the SCI and SII were used are presented. They suggest that the SCI is useful in career assessment and counseling.
Technology Transfer: The Climate Change Challenge
Authors: Macdonald Gordon J.
Published: March 2007

Recent years have witnessed a growing recogmtion of the link between emission of carbon dioxide and changes in global climate. Of all anthropogenic activities, energy production and use generate the largest portion of these greenhouse gases. Although developing countries currently account for a small share of global carbon emissions, their contribution is growing rapidly. If these countries are to participate in any program to slow the growth the growth of greenhouse gases, they must receive and develop applicable teehnology. Successful technology transfer has several preconditions. Most important, there must be a local demand for the technology. Closely allied to this requirement is that the technology must be appropriate to the situation. Information about the technology must be available to potential users. If a community is to use the technology successfully, the supporting infrastructure must exist, and adequate capital must be available. Overall, the economic consequences of technology transfer must be positive.. These prerequisites are illustrated by examples of technology transfer that succeeded and some that failed.
The Impact of International and Domestic Factors on the Regulation of Acid Rain in Europe: Preliminary Findings
Authors: Sprinz Detlef
Published: March 2007

Studies of international environmental regulation have traditionally focused on transboundary pollution as the major explanation of international regulation. As a consequence, domestic sources of international environmental regulation were neglected. In this paper, the domestic and international sources of international environmental regulation are outlined, and their effects tested for the international regulation of acid rain in Europe. In the analysis, the complex interdependence approach and the foreign environmental policy approach represent the major theories in the tradition of the international sources of international environmental regulation. Among the domestic factors, a range of elite attitudes are evaluated as well as economic and technological factors. The results from the empirical analysis generally show minor support for those theories that stress the importance of the international sources of regulation, while the costs of regulation and access to technology are more strongly associated with a country's support for . international environmental regulation.
Evaluating the Implementation of State-Level Global Climate Change Programs
Authors: Feldman David L. , Wilt Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

Effective management of global climate change and its impacts requires dedicated subnational (i.e., state-level) responses within countries. To ensure that state-level programs effectively advance the goals of sustainable development, they must be evaluated by three criteria: compliance with the goals of higher authorities, efficacy, and credibility. This article offers some preliminary evaluation criteria for assessing these activities and assesses the need for their further refinement. The authors suggest how to operationalize these criteria to ensure that state-level efforts encompass the causes and consequences ofglobal climate change, and they prescribe who should undertake such policy evaluation. They conclude that good evaluation requires transparent, usable data on energy consumption and emissions broken down at the regional level; adoption of evaluation goals appropriate to a country's level of development that have the concurrence of subnational regions; and external evaluation by nongovernmental organizations, particularly scientists, to ensure independence and credibility.
Institutional Solutions for Governing the Global Commons: Design Factors and Effectiveness
Authors: Hall Charles
Published: March 2007

Rather than relying on authoritative political structures to solve the dilemmas of governing the global commons, institutional perspectives show that governance can occur in situations where, at first glance, individual incentives for short-term economic gain seem to proscribe collective action. In this regard, a theoretical framework drawing on the study of common-pool resources explains effective institutional governance as the combination of internal design features and exogenous issue-area factors. This study raises the question of which institutional design principles provide for effective solutions for governing the commons. It does so in the context of international fisheries commissions. These institutions are often less than adequate conservers offish. Through an analysis of institutional goals and objectives, this study identifies some design features of fisheries institutions associated with this lack of conservation effectiveness, while at the same time identifying the institutional sources of the continuity afforded to participants by these enduring institutions.
Item Response Theory in Personality Assessment: A Demonstration using the MMPI-2 Depression Scale
Authors: Childs Ruth A. , Dahlstrom W. Grant , Panter A. T.
Published: March 2007

Item response theory (IRT) analyses have, over the past 3 decades, added much to our understanding of the relationships among and characteristics of test items, as revealed in examinees' response patterns. Assessment instruments used outside the educational context have only infrequently been analyzed using IRT, however. This study demonstrates the relevance of IRT to personality data through analyses of Scale 2 (the Depression Scale) on the revised Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2). A rich set of hypotheses regarding the items on this scale, including contrasts among the Harris-Lingoes and Wiener-Harmon subscales and differences in the items' measurement characteristics for men and women, are investigated through the IRT analyses.
Second Order Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the WAIS-III
Authors: Arnau Randolph C. , Thompson Bruce
Published: March 2007

According to Vernon's structure-of-intellect paradigm, abilities can be conceptualized as a hierarchy, with a factor of general intelligence at the top of the hierarchy, and successively more specific abilities toward the bottom. This paradigm has proven useful for interpreting a number of Wechsler intelligence scales. However, most of the research with this paradigm has used exploratory factor analysis, and the validity of the paradigm for the newest Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-ILI) has yet to be evaluated. The present study examined the WAIS-II using second-order confirmatory factor analysis, which is a more appropriate analytic tool when specific hypotheses are tested. Using the standardization sample for the WAIS-III (N = 2,450), support was found for the hierarchical factor structure with a second-order factor of general intelligence and four firstorder factors of Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Working Memory, and Processing Speed.
Self-Perceptions of Stability and Change in Personality at Midlife: The UNC Alumni Heart Study
Authors: Herbst Jeffrey H. , McCrae Robert R. , Costa Paul T. , Feaganes John R. , Siegler Ilene C.
Published: March 2007

The finding of personality stability in adulthood may be counterintuitive to people who perceive a great deal of change in their own personality. The purpose of this study is to determine whether self-reported perceived changes in personality are associated with actual changes based on a 6-to 9-year follow-up of 2,242 middle-aged male and female participants of the UNC Alumni Heart Study (UNCAHS). Respondents completed the Revised NEO Personality Inventory on two occasions and were asked to reflect back over a 6-year period and assess changes in their personality. The majority of respondents (n = 1,177; 52.5%) reported they had "stayed the same," while 863 (38.5%) reported they had "changed a little" and 202 (9%) reported they had "changed a good deal." Coefficients of personality profile agreement computed to evaluate global personality change for the three perceived change groups were essentially equivalent. Further, directional analyses of domain-specific changes in personality showed that perceived changes were weak predictors of residual gain scores. In an absolute sense, perceptions of stability or change were discordant in 8 of 15 (53%) comparisons. Self-perceptions of change are not an adequate substitute for objective assessments.
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test with Young Adolescents
Authors: Caruso John C. , Jacob-Timm Susan
Published: March 2007

This study examined the factor structure of the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test (KAIT) in 375 11- to 14-year-olds (normative sample) and 60 sixth- and eighth-graders (cross-validation sample). Previous exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of the KAIT have included optional subtests, which are often not administered in practice, and have not tested oblique versus orthogonal two-factor models. In this study, three factor models were tested via confirmatory factor analysis for the six core subtests of the KAIT: a one factor general intelligence (g) model, an orthogonal fluid intelligence (Gf)-crystallized intelligence (Gc) model, and an oblique Gf-Gc model. The orthogonal Gf-Gc model fit poorly in both samples. The g model fit only the cross-validation sample. The oblique Gf-Gc model fit both samples and fit significantly better than the g model in both samples. Additional tests of factor structure, path co-efficients, and covariance between Gf and Ge indicated that the data from both samples fit even the most restrictive oblique Gf-Gc model tested. KAIT users can be confident that the Fluid and Crystallized IQs from the KAIT are adequate representations of a robust and interpretable factor structure when only the core subtests are administered to young adolescents.
A Structure-Based Approach to Psychological Assessment
Authors: Ruscio John , Ruscio Ayelet Meron
Published: March 2007

The present article sets forth the argument that psychological assessment should be based on a construct’s latent structure. The authors differentiate dimensional (continuous) and taxonic (categorical) structures at the latent and manifest levels and describe the advantages of matching the assessment approach to the latent structure of a construct. A proper match will decrease measurement error, increase statistical power, clarify statistical relationships, and facilitate the location of an efficient cutting score when applicable. Thus, individuals will be placed along a continuum or assigned to classes more accurately. The authors briefly review the methods by which latent structure can be determined and outline a structure-based approach to assessment that builds on dimensional scaling models, such as item response theory, while incorporating classification methods as appropriate. Finally, the authors empirically demonstrate the utility of their approach and discuss its compatibility with traditional assessment methods and with computerized adaptive testing.
An Evaluation of the Equivalence of the Stimulus Subsets of the California Card Sorting Test
Authors: Greve Kevin W. , Williams Mary C. , Crouch John A.
Published: March 2007

The California Card Sorting Test (CCST) is a relatively new measure of executive function which seems to hold promise for advancing our understanding of the cognitiveprocesses underlying high level problem-solving ability. Unfortunately, despite its manyadvantages, administration time may be prohibitively long for practical use in many clinical settings. It was hypothesized that the constituent stimulus subsets might be used individually as brief alternatives to the full-length CCST. Interset and set/total correlationswere examined in two groups of subjects (college students, children). Based on the findings of unacceptably low interset correlations, it was concluded that the subsets are notequivalent and should not be treated as interchangeable. However, the generally goodcorrelations between the subset and total test scores indicate that the use of the individual stimulus subsets as "short forms" is justified.
Behavioral Differences in School Age Children after Perinatal Stroke
Authors: Trauner Doris A. , Panyard-Davis Jan L. , Ballantyne Angela O.
Published: March 2007

Little is known about the influence of the right hemisphere (RH) on social and emotional development in children. In order to examine the effect of RH damage on behavioral function, the Personality Inventory for Children was administered to parents of 17 children who had suffered perinatal strokes and 23 control children. Children with focal brain lesions, regardless of hemisphere, had higher T scores (indicating greater abnormality) than controls on scales measuring social competence, emotional behavior, cognitive and academic development. Children with lesions involving the frontal lobe obtained higher T scores than did those with nonfrontal lesions or controls on scales related to cognitive function. The nonfrontal group had higher T scores than those with frontal lesions on measures of social competence and behavior. The data suggest that any focal brain lesion of early onset may predispose one to social and cognitive deficits. The site of the lesion within the hemisphere may be of importance in determining what difficulties the child may experience (i.e., frontal lobe lesions are more likely to result in cognitive deficits, whereas posterior lesions are more likely to be associated with social problems). These findings further suggest that brain localization for cognitive and social skills may be determined very early in development.
Interpretation of VIQ-PIQ and Intersubtest Differences on the Spanish Version of the WAIS (EIWA)
Authors: Demsky Yvonne I. , Gass Carlton S. , Golden Charles J.
Published: March 2007

Although the Spanish version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS; Escala de Inteligencia Wechsler para Adultos [EIWA]) is the most frequently used intellectual assessment for Spanish speaking clients in the United States, there is little information available on score differences necessary to establish reliable and abnormal differences between Performance IQ (PIQ) and Verbal IQ (VIQ), and between the various subtests of the EIWA. The present study, based on EIWA standardization data (N = 616 Puerto Ricans), reports reliability data and base rates to assist in evaluating the clinical significance of PIQ-VIQ differences. The results demonstrated substantial similarity between the EIWA and the English versions of the Wechsler tests. The interpretation of these differences is discussed, and tables are presented of statistically and clinically significant differences.
Effects of Practice in Repeated Administrations of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised in Normal Adults
Authors: Theisen Mary E. , Rapport Lisa J. , Axelrod Bradley N. , Brines D. Brooke
Published: March 2007

Practice effects were examined over four administrations of the immediate (I) and delayed (II) portions of three subtests of the WMS-R: Logical Memory (LM), Verbal Paired Associates (VPA), and Visual Reproduction (VR). A repeated measures ANOVA revealed that large and significant (p < .001) increases occurred in the General Memory (GM) and Delayed Recall (DR) indices and in the LMI, LMII, and VPAI subtests (Effect Sizes [ESs] = 0.70-0.87). Small but significant (p < .001) increases occurred in VRI (ES = 0.24) and VRII (ES = 0.43). The greatest increase in scores occurred at the first retest session, whereas increases of smaller magnitudes occurred at Sessions 3 and 4. Ceiling effects occur in subtests (VPAII, VRI, and VRII) on which individuals score most of the total possible points at the first testing session; this makes interpretation of practice effects difficult. Test-retest reliability coefficients, mean change scores from Session 1 to Session 2, standard errors of prediction, and 95% confidence intervals are presented. These score changes need to be taken into consideration when interpreting performance at retest.
Review : Functional Neuroimaging of Memory
Authors: McCarthy Gregory
Published: March 2007

Cognitive neuroscientists have acquired powerful new tools for studying the functional neuroanatomy of the human brain. Traditional methods such as lesion analysis have been supplemented with electrical and mag netic field recording techniques that can measure the informational transactions of the brain in the scale of milliseconds and neuroimaging techniques that can provide structural details of the brain to a fraction of a millimeter. The most powerful new methods have been functional imaging techniques in which brain activity engendered by a sensory, motor, or cognitive task causes an increase in local blood flow and metabolism that can be imaged with high resolution. This article reviews recent progress in functional neuroimaging, with special emphasis on understanding the neural substrates of memory. The Neuroscientist 1:155-163, 1995
Neuronal Guidance Molecules: Inhibitory and Soluble Factors
Authors: Strittmatter Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Axonal guidance factors play a central role in neural development and regeneration. The ability of cell surface adhesive proteins and extracellular matrix components to promote axonal outgrowth has been documented for some time. Recently, the existence and the importance of molecules that repulse axons and of soluble factors that attract axons have been appreciated. By virtue of their long-range diffusible action, the netrins are now well- defined, soluble axonal guidance molecules. The physiological role of repulsive mecha nisms has been best documented in the development of the retinotectal map and in the ability of CNS myelin to inhibit axonal regeneration. The collapsin/semaphorin family of axonal growth inhibitors has been characterized at the molecular level. It is now clear that an understanding of axonal guidance mechanisms must include soluble cell-surface and matrix-bound factors, which are both attractive and repulsive for axonal growth cones. The Neuroscientist 1:255-258, 1995
REVIEW ■ : Chloride Channel Myotonias
Authors: Steinmeyer Klaus , Jentsch Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

Myotonia (muscle stiffness) is a symptom of several inherited diseases in humans and also in animals. It is due to muscle membrane hyperexcitability, which, in turn, can be caused by mutations in plasma membrane ion channels. The skeletal muscle chloride channel CLC-1 provides the major part of muscle membrane conductance and is important for keeping this membrane close to its resting voltage. Mutations in CLC-1 can cause both recessive (Becker) and dominant (Thomsen) forms of myotonia. Some of these mutations have been introduced into the functional cDNA and analyzed in the Xenopus oocyte expression system. From these studies, it was concluded that CLC-1 functions as a homooligomer with probably four subunits. Dominant mutant subunits are assumed to associate with wild-type ones, leading to their inactivation. The principle disease-causing mechanism of dominant mutations is a drastic alteration in the voltage dependence of CLC-1 gating. Some mutations in CLC-1 can be inherited either recessively or dominantly, probably depending on the genetic background. These studies point to the important role of CLC-1 in muscle physiology and provide interesting insights into the structure and function of this gene family of voltage-gated chloride channels. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:225-232, 1996
Intracellular Na+ Regulation in Neurons and Glia: Functional Implications
Authors: Rose Christine R.
Published: March 2007

Neurons and glial cells maintain a steep inwardly directed electrochemical gradient for Na+ across their plasma membranes. This gradient is provided by Na +, K+-ATPase activity and energizes a multitude of transmembrane processes. Recent investigations have sug gested that sustained increases in Na+i, following inhibition of Na+, K+-ATPase, or Na+ influx via voltage- or transmitter-activated ion channels, are key events during a variety of pathological conditions. Breakdown of the Na+ gradient causes reverse operation of Na+/Ca2+- and Na+/H+-exchange, resulting in intracellular Ca2+ increase and acidification. In addition, reversal of Na +-dependent glutamate transport promotes glutamate export, which can result in toxic glutamate concentrations in the extracellular space. Further stud ies of the mechanisms of Na+i regulation in neurons and glial cells may provide more insights into events initiating cell damage in the nervous system. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:85-88, 1997
Drug Development for Disorders of the Nervous System: Challenge and Opportunity at the Pharmaceutical-Biotech-Academic Interface
Authors: Schmidt William K.
Published: March 2007

Drug development for epilepsy, drug abuse, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, narcolepsy, and other less profitable neurological and psychiatric diseases has often had an uncertain past without the innovation and investment of major pharmaceutical company sponsors. A change has occurred in recent years as newer molecular techniques have made drug discovery accessible to both larger and smaller biopharmaceutical companies, but even more rapid innovation is possible through an alignment of interests by industry, academic, and government collaborators. Several newer medications for epilepsy and drug addiction have emerged only because of cooperative interactions between academic, pharmaceutical company, and government investigators. This sets the stage for even more rapid innovation for underrepresented diseases in the future. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:9-13, 1998
Parenting a Second Time Around: An Ethnography of African American Grandmothers Parenting Grandchildren Due to Parental Cocaine Abuse
Authors: Haglund Kristin
Published: March 2007

This study describes a group of six African American grandmothers parenting their grandchildren secondary to cocaine abuse on the part of the parents. It explores the manner in which such parenting affected the grandmothers’ health. Data for this ethnography design were collected through participant observation, field notes, taped interviews, and supplementary data sources. The identification of cultural themes evolved from domain and taxonomic analyses. The themes—parenting a second time around, sacrifice, and God’s presence in daily life—expressed aspects of the grandmothers’ culture. The effects on health varied from none to exacerbation of chronic illnesses. The study results, and its picture of life from the grandmothers’ perspectives, suggest areas of nursing assessment and intervention that otherwise might be left unexplored.
From Two Perspectives to One Choice: Blending Couple and Individual Views of Prostate Cancer Treatment Selection
Authors: O’Rourke Maureen E. , Germino Barbara B.
Published: March 2007

Prostate cancer is a leading public health concern. Despite advances leading to early detection, the scientific community is at odds as to whether such early detection is beneficial in terms of improved survival and quality of life. Currently available treatment options carry significant side effects such as incontinence, impotence, and impaired bowel functioning. A theoretical basis for guiding decision making from the patient/family perspective is now emerging. This article details the methodological decisions made by one research team in its efforts to examine the prostate cancer treatment selection process as experienced by older couples. Selected findings are presented as they illuminate the process by which couples moved from their individual perspectives of cancer treatment options to one negotiated couple choice.
Supporting Parents: Can Intervention Improve Parent-Child Relationships?
Authors: Letourneau Nicole , Drummond Jane , Fleming Darcy , Kysela Gerard , McDonald Linda , Stewart Miriam
Published: March 2007

Healthy child development has been identified as one of the key determinants of health and resiliency in adulthood. This article reports on the results of two pilot studies of randomized controlled trials of parent support interventions aimed at improving the parent-child relationship and indirectly enhancing the resilience capacity among at-risk children. Participating children were at risk for mental health problems due to poverty and/or their parents’ lack of educational attainment, inexperience, and young age. The interventions were composed of parenting skills training and social support. Eighteen families participated in Supportive Intervention I, and 34 families participated in Supportive Intervention II. Results suggested that parent-child relationships were enhanced in both pilot studies. These promising findings offer direction for future research and for nurses and other interventionists providing support to young at-risk families.