bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lehtimäki v Cooper: Duty and Jurisdiction in Charity Law
Authors: Picton John
Published: December 2020

Lehtimäki v Cooper is a significant Supreme Court decision which establishes that the members of charitable companies are in a fiduciary relationship with respect to the purposes of their organisation. Its core principles have the potential to impact on a very large number of people in the voluntary sector. This note critically assesses the nature and scope of the new fiduciary relationship. In the light of the fact that the majority of new charities are founded as charitable incorporated organisations, the note also criticises the narrow focus on charitable companies taken in the case. Finally, it analyses the expansion in jurisdiction in the decision. The case is notable for bringing companies within the courts’ traditional, and powerful, jurisdiction over trusts.
Determinants of organizational performance in disaster risk reduction: A preliminary study of global humanitarian NGOs
Authors: Fu Jiawei Sophia , Lai Chih‐Hui
Published: December 2020

Humanitarian organizations involved in disaster risk reduction (DRR) play a major role in helping communities better cope with disaster risks. But a lack of research has hindered our understanding of how to equip organizations with the capacity to carry out effective DRR measures. To address this question, this study unpacks the determinants of humanitarian organizations’ DRR performance. Survey data from 104 global humanitarian organizations revealed that external communication capacity was positively associated with organizational leaders’ perception of organizational DRR performance both directly and indirectly via interorganizational collaboration and social media communication. In contrast, collaboration communication quality was positively linked to perceived organizational DRR performance indirectly via interorganizational collaboration and social media communication. These findings highlight the centrality of communicative and relational resources required for effective DRR performance, which helps long‐term community resilience building. Despite social media's importance for engaging with stakeholders, this research suggests that organizations should also use media channels beyond social media to build external communication capacity and improve DRR performance.
The Struggle of Farming Systems in Europe: Looking for Explanations through the Lens of Resilience
Authors: Meuwissen Miranda P.M. , Feindt Peter H. , Midmore Peter , Wauters Erwin , Finger Robert , Appel Franziska , Spiegel Alisa , Mathijs Erik , Termeer Katrien J.A.M. , Balmann Alfons , de Mey Yann , Reidsma Pytrik
Published: December 2020

Many farming systems in Europe are struggling to respond to accumulating economic, environmental, institutional and social challenges. From a resilience perspective, they need three distinct capacities to continue delivering products, income and public goods: robustness, adaptability and transformability. Based on a structured assessment of the resilience capacities of 11 farming systems across Europe we conclude that three mismatches likely contribute to their struggles. First, while farming systems comprised many non‐farm actors, resilience strategies largely focused on farms and their robustness, neglecting other options and opportunities. Second, while the delivery of public goods such as biodiversity and attractive landscapes was seen as a major concern, most resilience strategies focused on the delivery of private goods. Third, while in many farming systems actors expressed the need for transformation, farming systems’ capacity to transform was perceived as low. Building on the differentiated concept of resilience, findings can guide policymakers, farming system actors, consumers and societal interest groups to identify pathways towards more resilient agricultural systems in Europe.
Telling Stories – Farmers Offer New Insights into Farming Resilience
Authors: Nicholas‐Davies Phillipa , Fowler Susan , Midmore Peter
Published: December 2020

We explore elements of resilience on East Anglian farms through analysis of nine farmers’ life stories. Using a largely unprompted narrative approach, narrators had freedom to structure their own personal accounts, and later to review our initial interpretations. Transcriptions were organised in timelines, themes were identified, and causes and effects of major farm turning points distinguished. We find that internal drivers such as intergenerational transition, health and family relationships, from the narrators’ viewpoint, were cited as producing more change than external pressures such as price volatility or production variation. Robust and especially adaptation responses are prevalent in the stories, transformations are neither particularly radical nor innovative, but widespread piecemeal change through time can accumulate to enhance resilience. Four farmers identified more as businesspeople, with blurred boundaries between their farming and other commercial interests. Farming succession, with occasional conflict and new problems arising from extended working lives, prompts most change. Insights can arise as much from what is unsaid in these stories, and self‐explanation to outsiders can have cathartic effects. This narrative and analysis approach challenges preconceptions and can reframe theoretical perspectives and suggest approaches for policy reform. The focus was on existing farms with some resilience, further work should explore why former farmers were not resilient. Narrative analysis in other European countries showed important similarities in differing system contexts, but also divergences in the overall character of the life‐stories.
How do Stakeholders Perceive the Sustainability and Resilience of EU Farming Systems?
Authors: Reidsma Pytrik , Meuwissen Miranda , Accatino Francesco , Appel Franziska , Bardaji Isabel , Coopmans Isabeau , Gavrilescu Camelia , Heinrich Florian , Krupin Vitaliy , Manevska‐Tasevska Gordana , Peneva Mariya , Rommel Jens , Severini Simone , Soriano Bárbara , Urquhart Julie , Zawalińska Katarzyna , Paas Wim
Published: December 2020

An increasing variety of stresses and shocks provides challenges and opportunities for EU farming systems. This article presents findings of a participatory assessment on the sustainability and resilience of eleven EU farming systems, to inform the design of adequate and relevant strategies and policies. According to stakeholders that participated in workshops, the main functions of farming systems are related to food production, economic viability and maintenance of natural resources. Performance of farming systems assessed with regard to these and five other functions was perceived to be moderate. Past strategies were often geared towards making the system more profitable, and to a lesser extent towards coupling production with local and natural resources, social self‐organisation, enhancing functional diversity, and facilitating infrastructure for innovation. Overall, the resilience of the studied farming systems was perceived as low to moderate, with robustness and adaptability often dominant over transformability. To allow for transformability, being reasonably profitable and having access to infrastructure for innovation were viewed as essential. To improve sustainability and resilience of EU farming systems, responses to short‐term processes should better consider long‐term processes. Technological innovation is required, but it should be accompanied with structural, social, agro‐ecological and institutional changes.
Insuring Weather Risks in European Agriculture
Authors: Vroege Willemijn , Finger Robert
Published: December 2020

Smart insurance designs (e.g. tailoring insurances to the individual farm) and technological progress (e.g. advances in satellite technology) enable improvements in insurance schemes. Spatially and temporally more detailed information as well as better knowledge of the relationship between weather and yields losses can reduce basis risk of insurances. However, the use of new and better data does not automatically lead to better insurance schemes. The SURE‐Farm project contributes to the understanding of weather risks and new insurance mechanisms as possible tools to increase the resilience of European agriculture to weather extremes. Therefore, we aim to show how to integrate newly available data sources for different agricultural outputs, namely grassland, crop and dairy production in different European regions. In the four contributions summarised here, we evaluate currently existing index insurance schemes and provide fundamental insights for future developments of index insurances for the crop and livestock sector in Europe. We first summarise and discuss existing index‐based weather insurances. Second, we investigate the drought risk reduction potential of different drought indicators in two case studies on different crops in Eastern Germany. Third, we examine the relationship between hot and humid weather and milk yield losses for dairy producers in Flanders.
Improving the Resilience‐enabling Capacity of the Common Agricultural Policy: Policy Recommendations for More Resilient EU Farming Systems
Authors: Buitenhuis Yannick , Candel Jeroen , Feindt Peter H. , Termeer Katrien , Mathijs Erik , Bardají Isabel , Black Jasmine , Martikainen Anna , Moeyersons Mertijn , Sorrentino Alessandro
Published: December 2020

One of the aims of the post‐2020 Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is to improve the resilience of Europe's farming systems. The CAP of the budget period 2014–2020, however, has insufficiently supported the resilience of farming systems. The ongoing CAP reform process offers an appropriate opportunity to integrate a broader perspective on resilience in the CAP. We therefore propose a set of policy recommendations on how to improve the capability of the CAP to support more fully the resilience (i.e. robustness, adaptability and transformability) of farming systems in the EU. The policy recommendations are based on a comparative analysis of six national co‐design workshops with stakeholders and a final EU‐level workshop with Brussels‐based experts. We concluded three key lessons about the CAP's influence on resilience: (1) resilience challenges, needs and policy effects are context‐specific; (2) resilience capacities are complementary, but trade‐offs between robustness, adaptability and transformability occur at the level of policies and due to budget competition; (3) there is a need for a coordinated long‐term vision for Europe's agriculture, which is difficult to achieve through the bargaining processes associated with a CAP reform. We propose specific policy recommendations that could contribute to a better balance between policies that support robustness, adaptability and transformability of Europe's farming systems.
Making Farming Systems Truly Resilient
Authors: Mathijs Erik , Wauters Erwin
Published: December 2020

The resilience of European farms and farming systems has become prominent on the policy agenda, but the definition of resilience tends to be interpreted narrowly as the ability to withstand shocks and maintain the status quo. We argue that resilience encompasses the capacity of farms, farmers and farming systems to anticipate, cope and respond to shocks and stresses. This capacity is not only influenced by resources held and developed by farmers, but also by resources invested and allocated in farming systems by government and society at large. Furthermore, resilience is not only about coping with crisis, it is also about building up capacity to adapt or even transform farming systems. This should be done by reflecting on three key questions: (1) what characteristics of a farming system enable or constrain anticipating, coping and responsive capacities; (2) which actors can – or even should – play which role in building and mobilising resources to develop these capacities; and (3) how should institutions govern investment in and use resources and capacities? The Common Agricultural Policy – but also other policies – play a key role in determining farming system resilience. However, they tend to put more resources into developing safety nets than into stimulating adaptation and especially transformation.
Higher serum levels of autotaxin and phosphatidylserine‐specific phospholipase A1 in patients with lupus nephritis
Authors: Iwata Yasunori , Kitajima Shinji , Yamahana Junya , Shimomura Shuji , Yoneda‐Nakagawa Shiori , Sakai Norihiko , Furuichi Kengo , Ogura Hisayuki , Sato Koichi , Toyama Tadashi , Yamamura Yuta , Miyagawa Taro , Hara Akinori , Shimizu Miho , Ohkawa Ryunosuke , Kurano Makoto , Yatomi Yutaka , Wada Takashi
Published: December 2020

Background

Recent studies revealed that lysophospholipids (LPLs) and related molecules, such as autotaxin (ATX) and phosphatidylserine‐specific phospholipase A1 (PS‐PLA1), are candidates for novel biomarkers in melanoma, glaucoma and diabetic nephropathy. However, it is not clear whether serum levels of ATX/ PS‐PLA1 would be associated with pathological and clinical findings of lupus nephritis (LN).

Methods

In this retrospective cohort study, serum samples were collected from 39 patients with LN and 37 patients with other glomerular diseases. The serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were evaluated for an association with renal pathology and clinical phenotypes of LN.

Results

The serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were higher in the patients with LN as compared to those with other glomerular diseases. Among the classes of LN, the patients with class IV showed the trend of lower serum levels of ATX. Moreover, the patients with lower levels of ATX exhibited higher scores of activity index (AI) and chronicity index (CI). The level of ATX tended to be negatively correlated with AI and CI. These results might be explained by the effect of treatment, because the serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were inversely correlated with the daily amount of oral prednisolone. Moreover, they did not reflect the level of proteinuria or kidney survival in LN patients.

Conclusion

Although the serum levels of ATX and PS‐PLA1 were affected by the treatment, these levels were higher in the patients with LN. The potential clinical benefits of these markers need to be clarified in further studies.
Effect of willow cultivar and plant age on the melezitose content of giant willow aphid (Tuberolachnus salignus) honeydew
Authors: Tun Kyaw Min , Minor Maria , Jones Trevor , Clavijo McCormick Andrea
Published: December 2020

The giant willow aphidTuberolachnus salignusis an invasive pest in New Zealand, attacking over 50 species and hybrids of willow. The aphids produce copious amounts of honeydew, which is used by other insects as a food source.

When foraged by honeybees,T. salignushoneydew causes honey to crystallize in the comb and affects bee health; these effects are associated with the elevated melezitose content in the honeydew. The impact of host plant‐related factors onT. salignushoneydew melezitose content remains unknown.

This study investigated the effect of willow cultivar and plant age on the melezitose content (and that of other sugars) ofT. salignushoneydew. To do so, we conducted high‐performance liquid chromatography analyses of honeydew samples from 13 willow clones collected in the same season (autumn) from 1‐ and 2‐year old plants under field conditions.

Melezitose was the most abundant of the measured sugars in most samples, but its content did not vary significantly with willow cultivar or plant age. By contrast, sucrose was significantly affected by both factors. Fructose and glucose were significantly impacted by willow plant age and cultivar, respectively. A significant cultivar*age interaction was observed for all sugars.

We recommend the selection of resistant willow cultivars and further research on potential biocontrol agents to lessen melezitose‐related problems in apiculture industries.
Mating and adult feeding behaviour influence pheromone production in female Asian longhorn beetle Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
Authors: Xu Tian , Hansen Laura , Teale Stephen A.
Published: December 2020

The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB) Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky is a destructive invasive species worldwide. Female ALB produce a pheromone component, α‐longipinene, in the genitalia. However, the origin and factors, such as age, mating, adult feeding and host plant, influencing the production of this compound are unclear.

Our results showed that virgin female ALB consistently produced α‐longipinene at various ages after feeding for several days post eclosion, but unfed adult females never produced this compound. Mating significantly reduced the amount of α‐longipinene in female genitalia.

α‐Longipinene was the most dominant compound in the volatiles emitted by females, but not in those emitted by males or host twigs (Acer pensylvanicum L.). The proportion of α‐longipinene among the beetle‐released sesquiterpenes that were known to be male antennally active was significantly greater than that emitted by ALB damaged, mechanically damaged or control twigs.

These results suggest that ALB females probably derive α‐longipinene or a precursor from hosts via adult feeding, and release it at a significantly different ratio from that found in host volatiles. The various ratios of α‐longipinene produced by beetles and host twigs may encode information pertaining to multiple purposes such as aggregation, mate and host location.
Venture Capital Backing and Issuance of Seasoned Equity Offerings: Evidence from China*
Authors: Yang Songling , Li Hemei , Li Juncheng , Zhang Qiuyue , Shi Qianqian
Published: December 2020

We analyze how venture capital (VC) affects the timing of seasoned equity offering (SEO) issuance and the post‐SEO performance of Chinese companies during the 2006–2018 period. Empirical analysis confirms that VC “accelerates” SEO issuance because of greater financing demands. Thus, VC‐backed firms prefer to issue their first SEOs earlier than non‐VC‐backed firms. Moreover, quick SEOs promoted by venture capitalists are more underpriced because of information asymmetry.
How do national values contribute to perceived organizational resilience and employee resilience in times of disaster? An example from the Philippines
Authors: Isidro Ma. Queenie Y. , Calleja Mendiola Teng
Published: December 2020

Using a sequential exploratory mixed‐methods design, this research examined the role of national values on perceived organizational and employee resilience in times of disaster. First, semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 13 Filipino employees and leaders involved in disaster response in six organizations. Thematic analysis revealed bayanihan, malasakit, pananagutan, and volunteerism as values relevant to the disaster response and management efforts of organizations. The Manifestations of Filipino National Values for Disaster in Organizational Management scale was then constructed reflecting these four national values in order to examine the relationship of these values with perceived organizational and employee resilience. In total, 221 employees from various industries participated in the survey. Structural equation modelling was used to test the hypothesized relationships. Results showed a full mediation model wherein except for pananagutan, the national values of bayanihan, malasakit, and volunteerism significantly predicted employee resilience through perceived organizational resilience. These findings indicate that employee resilience can be enhanced not only through personal resources, but also by drawing on organizational and sociocultural resources accessible to employees in times of disaster. Implications for resilience and disaster literature and resilience‐building efforts of organizations are discussed.
Multidisciplinary consensus on sputum induction biosafety during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Crespo‐Lessmann Astrid , Plaza Vicente ,   Consensus Group
Published: December 2020

Sputum induction (SI) is the gold standard approach to the non‐invasive study of airway inflammation. The differential count of inflammatory cells for SI allows patients with asthma to be classified according to inflammatory phenotypes and predicted therapeutic responses. Since SI involves the generation of aerosols, there is a need to establish a protocol to ensure biosafety in clinical practice during the current COVID‐19 pandemic. The multidisciplinary consensus on SI described in this article was developed by 22 experts in SI from different Spanish hospitals who drew on available scientific evidence in achieving consensuated opinions, compiled by means of an electronic survey. We hope that these unified criteria and recommendations will guide health professionals in implementing SI sampling and processing procedures as safely as possible during the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Myonuclear content and domain size in small versus larger muscle fibres in response to 12 weeks of resistance exercise training in older adults
Authors: Snijders Tim , Holwerda Andy M. , van Loon Luc J. C. , Verdijk Lex B.
Published: December 2020

Aim

To assess the relation between muscle fibre hypertrophy and myonuclear accretion in relatively small and large muscle fibre size clusters following prolonged resistance exercise training in older adults.

Methods

Muscle biopsies were collected before and after 12 weeks of resistance exercise training in 40 healthy, older men (70 ± 3 years). All muscle fibres were ordered by size and categorized in four muscle fibre size clusters: ‘Small’: 2000‐3999 µm2, ‘Moderate’: 4000‐5999 µm2, ‘Large’: 6000‐7999 µm2 and ‘Largest’: 8000‐9999 µm2. Changes in muscle fibre size cluster distribution were related to changes in muscle fibre size, myonuclear content and myonuclear domain size.

Results

With training, the percentage of muscle fibres decreased in the Small (from 23 ± 12 to 17 ± 14%, P < .01) and increased in the Largest (from 11 ± 8 to 15 ± 10%, P < .01) muscle fibre size clusters. The decline in the percentage of Small muscle fibres was accompanied by an increase in overall myonuclear domain size (r = −.466, P = .002) and myonuclear content (r = −.390, P = .013). In contrast, the increase in the percentage of the Largest muscle fibres was accompanied by an overall increase in myonuclear content (r = .616, P < .001), but not in domain size.

Conclusion

Prolonged resistance‐type exercise training induces a decline in the percentage of small as well as an increase in the percentage of the largest muscle fibres in older adults. Whereas the change in the percentage of small fibres is best predicted by an increase in overall myonuclear domain size, the change in the percentage of the largest fibres is associated with an overall increase in myonuclear content.
Production Techniques and Microstructures of Copper Granule: Experimental Analysis and Archaeological Case Study
Authors: Tan P. , Yang J. , Ji J. , Jiang F.
Published: December 2020

Granulation is a decorative technique for metalwork where tiny granules are used. Recent discoveries in China confirmed that pure copper granulation was employed as early as the seventh century CE. However, the production techniques for copper granule are still unknown. Herein, a systematic study is carried out to produce pure copper granules by using “pouring method”, “heating method”, and “crucible method” to investigate possible techniques of ancient times. The results reveal that copper granules can be produced by the same methods for ancient gold and silver granules. Furthermore, the granule rate during the pouring method is mainly influenced by the cooling media. In addition, the cooling rate and oxygen content significantly affect the microstructure of copper beads. Moreover, metallographic analysis of two archaeological granulated copper pieces of the seventh century CE is carried out to compare the microstructure of copper granules by different simulation experiments. The microstructural analysis indicates that the two ancient copper granules were most likely produced by the crucible method, which is also a preferred choice from the viewpoints of mass production and precise control of granule dimensions. The paper provides a point of departure for future research on the utilization of copper granules in ancient times.
The α‐arrestin family of ubiquitin ligase adaptors links metabolism with selective endocytosis
Authors: Kahlhofer Jennifer , Leon Sebastien , Teis David , Schmidt Oliver
Published: December 2020

The regulation of nutrient uptake into cells is important, as it allows to either increase biomass for cell growth or to preserve homoeostasis. A key strategy to adjust cellular nutrient uptake is the reconfiguration of the nutrient transporter repertoire at the plasma membrane by the addition of nutrient transporters through the secretory pathway and by their endocytic removal. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that regulate selective nutrient transporter endocytosis, which is mediated by the α‐arrestin protein family. In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 14 different α‐arrestins (also named arrestin‐related trafficking adaptors, ARTs) function as adaptors for the ubiquitin ligase Rsp5. They instruct Rsp5 to ubiquitinate subsets of nutrient transporters to orchestrate their endocytosis. The ART proteins are under multilevel control of the major nutrient sensing systems, including amino acid sensing by the general amino acid control and target of rapamycin pathways, and energy sensing by 5′‐adenosine‐monophosphate‐dependent kinase. The function of the six human α‐arrestins is comparably under‐characterised. Here, we summarise the current knowledge about the function, regulation and substrates of yeast ARTs and human α‐arrestins, and highlight emerging communalities and general principles.
Nitric oxide‐mediated signal transmission in bladder vasculature underlies the therapeutic actions of PDE5 inhibitors in the rat
Authors: Tanaka Hidekazu , Mitsui Retsu , Oishi Mitsuhiro , Passlick Stefan , Jabs Ronald , Steinhäuser Christian , Tanaka Kenji F. , Hashitani Hikaru
Published: December 2020

Background and Purpose

While the bladder vasculature is considered as a target of PDE5 inhibitors to improve bladder storage dysfunctions, its characteristics are largely unknown. Thus, the functional and morphological properties of arteries/arterioles of the bladder focusing on the NO‐mediated signal transmission were explored.

Experimental Approach

Diameter changes in rat bladder arteries/arterioles were measured using a video‐tracking system. Intercellular Ca2+ dynamics in pericytes or smooth muscle cells (SMCs) of suburothelial arterioles were visualised using transgenic mice expressing GCaMP6 under control of the NG2‐ or parvalbumin‐promoter. The perivascular innervation was investigated using fluorescence immunohistochemistry.

Key Results

In rat suburothelial arterioles and vesical arteries, tadalafil (100 nM) attenuated nerve‐evoked sympathetic vasoconstrictions. In both vascular segments, tadalafil‐induced inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstriction was prevented by N ω‐propyl‐l‐arginine hydrochloride (l‐NPA, 1 μM), an nNOS inhibitor or N ω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (l‐NA, 100 μM). Both vascular segments were densely innervated with nNOS‐positive nitrergic nerves in close apposition to tyrosine hydroxylase‐immunoreactive sympathetic nerves. In pericyte‐covered pre‐capillary arterioles of the mouse bladder where sympathetic nerves were absent, nerve stimulation evoked transient reductions in pericyte Ca2+ levels that were shortened by l‐NPA and abolished by l‐NA. In SMC‐containing arterioles, tadalafil (10 nM) caused a l‐NPA‐sensitive suppression of sympathetic Ca2+ transients. In mice, nitrergic perivascular nerves were distributed in the arterioles and the pre‐capillary arterioles.

Conclusion and Implications

Both nitrergic nerve and nerve‐evoked endothelial NO release appear to be involved in vasodilatory signal transmission in bladder vasculature. The NO‐mediated signal transmission is a potential target for PDE5 inhibitor therapy in bladder dysfunctions.
Can the hyperthermia‐mediated heat shock factor/heat shock protein 70 pathway dampen the cytokine storm during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection?
Authors: Rébé Cédric , Ghiringhelli François , Garrido Carmen
Published: December 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is a major global public health problem. Infection by this virus involves many pathophysiological processes, such as a “cytokine storm,” that is, very aggressive inflammatory response that offers new perspectives for the management and treatment of patients. Here, we analyse relevant mechanism involved in the hyperthermia‐mediated heat shock factors (HSFs)/heat shock proteins (HSP)70 pathway which may provide a possible treatment tool.

LINKED ARTICLES

This article is part of a themed issue on The Pharmacology of COVID‐19. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v177.21/issuetoc
Impact of COVID‐19 on the provision of paediatric dental care: Analysis of the Australian Child Dental Benefits Schedule
Authors: Hopcraft Matthew , Farmer Glenda
Published: December 2020

Objectives

Oral health is essential to maintaining good overall health, and access to dental care is necessary for the early detection, prevention and control of oral diseases. The COVID‐19 pandemic has seen a significant disruption in the provision of dental services globally.

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of COVID‐19 on dental services provided in Australia through the Child Dental Benefits Schedule.

Methods

This study was a retrospective analysis of Medicare data on utilization of the Child Dental Benefits Schedule obtained from the Australian Government. Data were analysed for the period February to September 2020, with the number of services provided per month across five categories (diagnostic, preventive, restorative, endodontic and oral surgery) compared with the monthly average for 2019 (95% CI) and the same month for 2019. Total services by month were reported for 2017, 2018 and 2019 to compare the yearly trend with 2020. Differences in services provision by State/Territory were also described.

Results

Over the period of March to September, there were 881 454 fewer dental services provided in 2020 than 2019, with the largest decline seen in April. There was a greater decline in preventive and diagnostic services, and a smaller decline in endodontic and oral surgery services. A second wave of COVID‐19 in Victoria saw 198 609 fewer dental services provided in that state from July to September 2020 than 2019. Dental service provision had still not returned to normal levels across Australia by September 2020.

Conclusion

The COVID‐19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the provision of dental services to children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds who already experience higher levels of dental disease and disadvantage in accessing dental care. Although the restriction of dental services was deemed necessary in order to minimize the risk of transmission of COVID‐19 in the dental setting, the impact of these restrictions on oral health will be long lasting. Given the chronic and progressive nature of dental disease, the deferral of necessary dental care is likely to contribute to poorer oral health and long‐term problems for many Australians.
Neural time course of pain observation in infancy
Authors: Addabbo Margaret , Bolognini Nadia , Turati Chiara
Published: December 2020

Perception of pain in others is of great evolutionary significance for the development of human empathy. However, infants' sensitivity to others' painful experiences has not been investigated so far. Here, we explored the neural time course of infants' processing of others' pain by measuring event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) while 6‐month‐old infants observed a painful tactile stimulation directed towards the eye and a neutral tactile stimulation on the eyebrow. We analyzed both the Negative Central (Nc) and the later Late Positive Potential (LPP) ERP components, indexing respectively attention allocation and cognitive evaluation of perceptual stimuli. Results showed that observing painful touch elicits a mid‐latency Nc (300–500 ms) over the right fronto‐central site, which is greater in amplitude as compared to neutral touch. A divergent activity was also visible in the centro‐parietal early (550–750 ms) and late (800–1000 ms) LPP, showing increased amplitudes in response to neutral compared to painful touch. The cognitive evaluation of painful stimuli, reflected by the LPP, might thus not be fully developed at 6 months of age, as adults typically show a larger LPP in response to painful as compared to neutral stimuli. Overall, infants show early attentional attuning to others' pain. This early sensitivity to others' painful tactile experiences might form a prerequisite for the development of human empathy.
Effects of pupillary light and darkness reflex on the generation of pro‐ And anti‐saccades
Authors: Cherng Yih‐Giun , Crevecoeur Frédéric , Wang Chin‐An
Published: December 2020

Saccades are often directed toward a stimulus that provides useful information for observers to navigate the visual world. The quality of visual signals of a stimulus is influenced by global luminance, and the pupil constricts or dilates after a luminance increase or decrease, respectively, to optimize visual signals for further information processing. Although luminance level changes regularly in the real environment, saccades are mostly studied in the luminance‐unchanged setup. Whether pupillary responses triggered by global luminance changes modulate saccadic behavior are yet to be explored. Through varying background luminance level in an interleaved pro‐ and anti‐saccade paradigm, we investigated the modulation of pupillary luminance responses on the generation of reflexive and voluntary saccades. Subjects were instructed to either automatically look at the peripheral stimulus (pro‐saccade) or to suppress the automatic response and voluntarily look in the opposite direction from the stimulus (anti‐saccade). Level of background luminance was increased (light), decreased (dark), or unchanged (control) during the instructed fixation period. Saccade reaction time distributions of correct pro‐ and anti‐saccades in the light and dark conditions were differed significantly from those in the control condition. Moreover, the luminance condition modulated saccade kinematics, showing reduced performances in the light condition than in the control condition, particularly in pro‐saccades. Modeling results further suggested that both pupil diameter and pupil size derivative significantly modulated saccade behavior, though effect sizes were small and mainly mediated by intersubject differences. Together, our results demonstrated the influence of pupillary luminance responses on the generation of pro‐ and anti‐saccades.
A sectional critical plane model for multiaxial high‐cycle fatigue life prediction
Authors: Qi Xinxin , Liu Tianqi , Shi Xinhong , Wang Jiaying , Zhang Jianyu , Fei Binjun
Published: December 2020

A stress‐based sectional critical plane model is proposed to predict fatigue life under multiaxial constant amplitude loading. The proposed model considers the effects of material properties and loading paths including stress amplitude ratio, phase angle and mean stress. By introducing the ratio of maximum shear stress amplitude to maximum normal stress amplitude, the crack behaviour can be predicted and the critical planes can be divided into three sections: the maximum normal stress plane, maximum damage plane and maximum shear stress amplitude plane. To verify the accuracy and applicability of the proposed model, experimental data of 30CrMnSiA steel conducted by the authors and other test data of different materials from the existing literatures are utilized. The prediction results demonstrate that the proposed sectional critical plane model shows strong applicability for steel, aluminium and titanium alloy materials, especially under the multiaxial loadings with mean stresses. For steel materials, the prediction results of the proposed model are better than the commonly used criteria.
Expanding the joys of cooking: How class shapes the emotional experience of family foodwork
Authors: Oleschuk Merin
Published: December 2020

The emotional experience of foodwork is often considered along a continuum, where pleasure exists in opposition to labor, and where inequalities restrict pleasure. Analyzing qualitative interviews, recall conversations and cooking observations with 34 primary cooks in families, this article explores how diverse parents experience pleasure through family foodwork. Doing so reveals five conditions facilitating pleasure: time, choice, aesthetic freedom, connection, and appreciation. It then analyzes how access to these conditions is shaped by class inequalities, while being attentive to intersections with gender and race/ethnicity. This analysis reveals how socio‐economic inequalities fashion negative emotional relationships to foodwork by imposing disproportionate stressors on low‐income home cooks, but do not necessarily predict cooking pleasure. Through examining intersections between the sensory and material aspects of foodwork, this article furthers theoretical understanding into how foodwork reinforces gendered, racialized, and classed oppression, while simultaneously identifying how agency and empowerment operate through cooking pleasure for low‐income groups.
Foodwork as re‐articulation of women's in/visible work: A study of food allergy blogs
Authors: Morlacchi Piera
Published: December 2020

This paper advances our understanding of foodwork as the organization of women's work and racialized, gendered, and classed inequalities in the provisioning, preparation, and consumption of food. Drawing on notions of the in/visibility of women's work, I conceptualize foodwork as the articulation of visible and invisible women's work in the social organization of everyday food practices. The analysis of three blogs, written by women with, or mothers of children with, food allergies, provides a glimpse into the everyday living with food allergy. The investigation of the actual practices of allergy foodwork shows that they are interactive and intersectional patterns of work and make everyday life possible. The paper maps directions for research to explore how foodwork could be organized differently starting from the transformative potential of everyday food practices, blogs, and food allergy.
Flowing Well—Time‐Domain Solution and Inverse Problem Revisited
Authors: Perina Tomas
Published: December 2020

Time‐domain analytical solution for groundwater flow to a fully penetrating flowing well is derived using the same substitution technique used to re‐derive (Perina 2010) the Theis (1935) equation and the approximate solution by Mishra and Guyonnet (1992) is confirmed. The exponential integral‐based flowing well function is a computationally effective alternative to the original Jacob and Lohman (1952) solution in integral form. For a constant drawdown test, the ratio of drawdown at an observation well to the flowrate is equivalent to drawdown response to pumping at unit constant rate; the transformed observations can be analyzed using the Theis (1935) function. Analysis of field test shows that simultaneous fitting to measurements of flow from the test well and drawdown at an observation well results in more accurate and better resolved estimates of aquifer properties than fitting to flow observations only.
More ‘milk’ than ‘psychology or tablets’: Mental health professionals’ perspectives on the value of peer support workers
Authors: Moore Timothy , Zeeman Laetitia
Published: December 2020

Background

Though growing numbers of peer support workers are employed in the UK National Health Service (NHS), conflicts persist between core values of peer support and values which exert power within these services.

Objectives

To explore what NHS mental health professionals value about the peer support worker role.

Design

Five professionals from different professions and mental health settings were interviewed twice. The first interviews explored their experiences of working with peers. Transcripts were analysed using discourse analysis and psychosocial theory. Second interviews allowed participants to respond to the analysis and influence subsequent analysis.

Results

Mental health professionals valued peers for the deeply empathic, relational approach they brought, based in their subjective experience. Peer work was also valued for the affect‐focused quality of this work, and the challenge peers pose to existing values in mental health services. The values of peer support troubled dominant ways of working based in forms of knowledge that favour objectivity and hence encountered challenges.

Conclusions

Peers fulfil the role of amplifying the status of diverse forms of knowledge, values and related ways of working that have become marginalized in NHS mental health services. It is important that peers are not seen as an isolated solution to the marginalization of these forms of knowledge and values, but that their way of working becomes reflected in other roles whilst evoking change throughout these services.

Patient or Public Contribution

Patient and Public Involvement groups were consulted both in the design and analysis stages of the study.
Investigation on nanoscale material removal process of BK7 and fused silica glass during chemical‐mechanical polishing
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhou Ping , Yan Ying , Guo Dongming
Published: December 2020

Understanding the nanoscale material removal process in chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) is of fundamental importance for the operation and further development of CMP. In this study, the nanoscale material removal processes of both fused silica glass and BK7 glass were investigated based on single‐pad‐asperity polishing experiments. The results indicate that the material removal characteristics are highly dependent on the composition and structure of glass materials. In the mechanically induced chemical bonding removal mode, only atoms locate near the outermost several layers can participate in the formation and breakage of interfacial bridge bonds. Moreover, the force on the abrasive particle must exceed a threshold value to induce significant removal of Si atoms from the glass substrate, because as the breakage of Siglass–O backbonds does not occur in low‐stress conditions. We reveal for the first time that the chemical and mechanical properties of the topmost layer, which is recognized as densification, hydrated, or redeposition layer, have not been significantly affected by the mechanical action of the abrasive particles when polishing in this kind of material removal mode. The results are expected to provide a deeper insight into the nanoscale material removal mechanism during glass CMP.
Cartographers of their Futures: The Formation of Occupational Aspirations of Highly Educated Refugees in Malmö and Munich
Authors: Mozetič Katarina
Published: December 2020

The article engages with occupational aspirations of highly educated refugees with the aim to explore how their social positions of being highly educated and a refugee inform their aspirations. It does so by drawing on semi‐structured interviews with 30 highly educated refugees living in Malmö and Munich. Findings show how highly educated refugees’ occupational aspirations are informed by their educational and occupational resources, identity struggles and an interpretation of the local opportunity structures that is offered by public employment service (PES) case officers. The article thus argues that, rather than reflecting personal traits, occupational aspirations have socially grounded character. In doing so, the article contributes to the empirical knowledge about labour market integration of highly educated refugees, to our conceptualisation of refugee integration and to our understanding of the role that state integration programmes for refugees, particularly the PES case officers, play within it.
The role of neuraminidase in TLR4‐MAPK signalling and the release of cytokines by lupus serum‐stimulated mesangial cells
Authors: Sundararaj Kamala , Rodgers Jessalyn , Angel Peggi , Wolf Bethany , Nowling Tamara K.
Published: December 2020

Previously, we demonstrated neuraminidase (NEU) activity or NEU1 expression, specifically, is increased in the kidneys of lupus mice and urine of human patients with nephritis. Additionally, NEU activity mediates IL‐6 secretion from lupus‐prone MRL/lpr primary mouse mesangial cells (MCs) in response to an IgG mimic. IL‐6 mediates glomerular inflammation and promotes tissue damage in patients and mouse strains with lupus nephritis. This study further elucidates the mechanisms by which NEU activity and NEU1 specifically mediates the release of IL‐6 and other cytokines from lupus‐prone MCs. We demonstrate significantly increased release of multiple cytokines and NEU activity in MRL/lpr MCs in response to serum from MRL/lpr mice (lupus serum). Inhibiting NEU activity significantly reduced secretion of three of those cytokines: IL‐6, GM‐CSF and MIP1α. Message levels of Il‐6 and Gm‐csf were also increased in response to lupus serum and reduced when NEU activity was inhibited. Neutralizing antibodies to cell‐surface receptors and MAPK inhibitors in lupus serum‐ or LPS‐stimulated MCs indicate TLR4 and p38 or ERK MAP kinase signalling play key roles in the NEU‐mediated secretion of IL‐6. Significantly reduced IL‐6 release was observed in C57BL/6 (B6) Neu1+/+ primary MCs compared with wild‐type (Neu1+/+) B6 MCs in response to lupus serum. Additional results show inhibiting NEU activity significantly increases sialic acid‐containing N‐glycan levels. Together, our novel observations support a role for NEU activity, and specifically NEU1, in mediating release of IL‐6 from lupus‐prone MCs in response to lupus serum through a TLR4‐p38/ERK MAPK signalling pathway that likely includes desialylation of glycoproteins.
YAP accelerates vascular senescence via blocking autophagic flux and activating mTOR
Authors: Pan Xianmei , Wu Bo , Fan Xianglin , Xu Guanghui , Ou Caiwen , Chen Minsheng
Published: December 2020

Yes‐associated protein (YAP), a major effector of the Hippo signalling pathway, is widely implicated in vascular pathophysiology processes. Here, we identify a new role of YAP in the regulation of vascular senescence. The inhibition or deficiency and overexpression of YAP were performed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and isolated vascular tissues. Cellular and vascular senescence was assessed by analysis of the senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase (SA‐β‐gal) and expression of senescence markers P16, P21, P53, TERT and TRF1. We found that YAP was highly expressed in old vascular tissues, inhibition and knockdown of YAP decreased senescence, while overexpression of YAP increased the senescence in both HUVECs and vascular tissues. In addition, autophagic flux blockage and mTOR pathway activation were observed during YAP‐induced HUVECs and vascular senescence, which could be relieved by the inhibition and knockdown of YAP. Moreover, YAP‐promoted cellular and vascular senescence could be relieved by mTOR inhibition. Collectively, our findings indicate that YAP may serve as a potential therapeutic target for ageing‐associated cardiovascular disease.