bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE ROLE OF MONOGRAPHS IN SCHOLARLY COMMUNICATION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PHILOSOPHY, SOCIOLOGY AND ECONOMICS
Authors: LINDHOLM‐ROMANTSCHUK YLVA , WARNER JULIAN
Published: January 2008

The principal aim of this study is to examine the transmission of ideas across time in disciplines selected from the humanities and social sciences. Citation analysis is used to trace the diffusion of ideas as they are embodied in monographic publications. The study is part of a developing research programme and is intended to establish a framework to inform future developments. Four specific hypotheses are developed and tested. They are concerned with: the relative impact of monographs and journal articles produced within a discipline; the distinction between core and non‐core group monographs; the correlation between the reception and intellectual survival of a monograph; and the comparative level of impact of monographic and journal article publication by a single author. It is concluded that the presence of core or elite groups can be perceived in all aspects of the study. The validity of the methodologies employed is strengthened by the sharp distinctions between groups of monographs and of authors revealed by the analysis of data. Further analysis is needed to explore intra‐ and inter‐disciplinary diffusion of ideas over time in greater depth.
The Rate for the Job
Authors: Raymond Gould G.
Published: January 2008

For most people, an income, in cash or kind, is an essential part of life. For those in employment this means a salary or wage, commensurate with the responsibility and skills associated with the job and the efforts made and results achieved by the job holder. And yet, we read and know of many disputes, locally and nationally, because people are not satisfied with their pay.
The Storage and Control of Paper During the Semi‐active Phase:
Authors: Smith Kelvin J.
Published: January 2008

Following recent initiatives from HM Treasury, Departmental Records Officers are beginning to think of themselves as part of an information management function. This is not to say that records management has disappeared, or even been absorbed into the new function. Rather, it is one of four aspects of information services — the others being archives administration, libraries and information technology.
Loose Leaves
Authors: Davies Veronica
Published: January 2008

Once again the headhunters are busy, capturing talent and delivering their trophies to the boardrooms of the capital. Since professional Records Managers (as opposed to ‘let's pretend’ PQ accountants) are a rare species, the hunt this last year has been particularly tense. Only by offering thrilling inducements has the ‘big game’ been caught. In the majority of cases, the headhunters' brief is short and simple: to bag a records manager who will set up a system out of chaos and then run it efficiently. This is a tall order. In the majority of cases the existing records management systems are a veritable Augean Stables, the corruption and confusion has now reached such a depth as to prompt urgent attention from top management. A Hercules is required and, if to be attracted, his or her labours will need to be rewarded handsomely. Not so long ago, the going rate for a Records Manager able to organize a system from scratch was of the order of £20,000. Since this inducement commonly resulted in the recruitment of a Hercules more after the manner of Aristophanes than of Aeschylus, a process of salary inflation deriving from scarcity took over. A few months ago, one leading firm of city recruiters were offering £70,000 + for a manager skilled enough to organize a market‐maker's backrooms. Although no doubt exceptional, this level of remuneration (which, when taking the ‘package’ into account, topped six figures) reflects the growing desperation felt in business for the type of executive who really can make order out of chaos and a filing system out of a heap of contract notes.
A comparison between free text and a thesaurus controlled vocabulary in searching an online records management database
Authors: Comber Denis , Stanford Joy
Published: January 2008

The use of an uncontrolled vocabulary or natural language as it is sometimes called, has long been the traditional method of assigning a title to a file.
Managing Information Technology
Authors: Cornes Ralph
Published: January 2008

I want to talk about information retrieval and why applications that are developed to meet apparently simple requests often turn out to be less than satisfactory.
Strategic Information Management & concept and reality
Authors: Newton S.C.
Published: January 2008

The Strategic Issue Organisations — government, companies, institutions — are currently dominated by their service functions. This can be demonstrated easily by looking at the accounts of a public company. However skilfully massaged the figures are, they inevitably betray the fact that a high proportion of expenditure goes to overhead and peripherals. Administration costs, and the non‐productive elements of personnel, prestige expenses, and equipment and maintenance will be likely to effect a reduction of profit close to 30%.
‘Loose Leaves’
Authors: Davies Veronica
Published: January 2008

The 1988 Copyright and Patents Act which came into force in April 1989 made fundamental changes to the Criminal Copyright law of which all records and information managers should be aware. As I write I am making the assumption that all photocopiers scattered across organisations already sport loud stickers warning against the infringement of copyright in respect of reproducing published material for any other purpose than personal study. In what respects then has the law on copyright been tightened? Why are the new regulations of such importance to the Records and Information Manager?
Some Likely Developments in Information Technology and Records Management
Authors: Freeman Grant
Published: January 2008

Before you can begin to review a subject of this nature you must first address a set of problems. These range from the problem of defining the time period that you are talking about, (For instance are we talking 2 years, 5 years, or next century?) to the differing pace of records management in places like Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. (For instance, optical disk is something on everybody's lips here, but is largely disregarded in Australia.) You also have to make the distinction of where records management stops and data processing begins.
Finding the Right Candidate — Part II
Authors: Raymond Gould G.
Published: January 2008

The ideal advertisement should produce one (and one, only) ideal candidate. The chances of this ever happening are so remote, that it is not worth considering. Indeed, many managers might well be very uncertain what to do in such circumstances, and certainly more than a little suspicious.
Managing Information on IT
Authors: Cornes Ralph
Published: January 2008

The closed eye test is useful in evaluating all the procedural paraphernalia needed for running an IT department. You close your eyes and visualise a meeting about one of the problems which you suspect will shortly climb in over the transom. If you can't “see” the meeting following the advised procedures, they won't work.
The Oil Industry: A Need For Standards
Authors: Edmonds Diana
Published: January 2008

Working as a consultant really gives you the opportunity to travel. This week, the office of an oil company … the next, an office in the water industry … and the following week, still more variety—an office in the finance sector. Now capable of writing a thesis on the correlation between wallpapers and SIC codes, we turn our attention to the records held by each industry sector, and the way in which those records are managed. The practice of records management varies considerably from industry to industry and, within industry sectors, from company to company. So the oil industry tends to practice records management in a different way from the water industry or the finance industry. Certainly the oil industry faces particular problems in the range of media which it is required to handle, including well logs, seismic data, oil samples, as well as the inevitable quantities of paper and paper substitutes which all industries face. But not only does records management vary from industry to industry, it also varies from company to company—and so individual companies active within the oil industry operate a variety of records management procedures. A company's records management programme may include a number of elements—and I should like to review the most important of these before looking at the potential for standardisation in record management practices. The major elements within a records management programme may include the following:
Loose Leaves
Authors: Davies Veronica
Published: January 2008

In the first heady days of post‐communist government, citizens in East Germany, Czechoslovakia and Romania occupied archives belonging to the local security police, ransacking these in a search for their own political files. In adjacent rooms, former security staff were busy shredding and burning evidence which might incriminate them in subsequent legal proceedings. Order has now been restored and guards placed over the relevant buildings. Nevertheless, issues of confidentiality and ownership remain to be resolved.
Case Study Well Information: Records Management in the Key Business
Authors: Bullen Graham C.
Published: January 2008

In May 1988 a new Information Support Unit (ISTJ) was created in the Southern Business sector of Shell UK Exploration and Production Limited (Shell Expro), to implement corporate Records and Information Management (RIM) policies into a (hitherto fragmented) informally controlled record group: all records relating to the company's subsurface activities. The records concerned were classified as VITAL to continuing business success.
AIIM '90 Show, Chicago, 9th‐12th April, 1990
Authors: Pritchard John A.T.
Published: January 2008

Last year's AIIM (Association for Information and Image Management) Show in Chicago broke all records with 25,879 visitors (20,490 in San Francisco, 1989), and 247 exhibitors (204 in 1989). For the first time, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Hewlett‐Packard and Sun Microsystems attended the show.
The Work of a Records Manager: A Bit of Advice
Authors: Binmore Ron F.
Published: January 2008

Records Managers should be highly visible, by that I mean they should be known not only by sight, but by reputation too. They should be persons you can talk to, discussing problems about filing and the management of information. If at all possible they should have spent quite a few years in the Records Management section and know who all the magpies are, their natures and characters and where they hoard their papers. Records Managers should be outgoing persons able to talk to the devil, sell humps to a camel and charm the birds off the trees if need be. They should also be able to stand up in front of a class of new entrants or students and teach them the job, at the same time gaining their confidence and respect.
The management of secret Police files in Eastern Europe
Authors: Rady Martyn
Published: January 2008

The communist political system in Eastern Europe rested not upon consent but upon coercion. As an ‘important centre of administrative repression’, the secret police proved vital in ensuring the survival of the regimes which they served. In the earliest phase of communist rule, during the late 1940s and 50s, the secret police were primarily employed as instruments of political and social change. Their task was to intimidate the population as a whole into accepting the fact of communist party rule. Once the communists had consolidated their power, the task of the police altered and became one of ‘political maintenance’. In this second phase, which lasted right up until 1989, the secret police no longer acted as agents of change but, instead, as guardians of the status quo.
Computers in Developing Countries: A Closer Look at the Uganda Situation
Authors: Muhenda Mary
Published: January 2008

Wherever we are, whether we are living in a rural area, in a village or in an isolated community or in an Urban Centre or big city, we all need information of some kind at some time or another. In modern offices this task can be carried out by people with or without the aid of a computer. However, with the aid of a computer the task can be carried out much more efficiently and quickly.
Managing Information Technology
Authors: Cornes Ralph
Published: January 2008

When relational databases (RDBs) appeared there was a deal of confusion about what they were. Everybody now knows that they are only a collection of very simple records in ‘card‐indexed’ files, where anything is automatically cross‐referenced to everything else, but as late as 1986 I had to explain to the MD of a software house that his product was not relational even though it allowed cross‐references to be built between files. Relational databases provide automatic cross‐referencing and keep it up to date. They also check it is not self‐contradictory, or in RDB jargon, ensure it has ‘referential integrity’.
Records Management and the U.S. Savings and Loan Crisis
Authors: Lannon Kathleen M.
Published: January 2008

This article provides the reader with a general understanding of the financial crisis of the U.S. savings and loan industry and a brief description of how the Resolution Trust Corporation (RTC) has dealt with one aspect — records management.
Electronic document management — a personal view
Authors: TOMBS KENNETH
Published: January 2008

Having a substantial interest in one of the still leading edge fields of technology, namely electronic document management or EDM, can be very intellectually rewarding. One of the pleasures of consultancy is being able to help people. But like all counsellors or facilitators, you must suppress your own views to enable the views and skills of others to develop naturally and without prompting. Your own thoughts must not always show through.
Piloting a postgraduate distance learning course in Records Management for practising records managers
Authors: MCLEOD JULIE
Published: January 2008

This article concerns the preparation and delivery of a part of an existing postgraduate records management course to a sample of records management practitioners at a distance. The project was a pilot study for the subsequent development of a distance learning course in records management in the Department of Information and Library Management at the University of Northumbria at Newcastle. The objectives were to investigate the practitioners' learning experience by analysing their thoughts and feelings recorded in a diary, to assess the suitability of existing learning materials and to identify appropriate delivery methods for different types of materials. Models of both learning and writing distance learning materials were adopted from the literature. Paper, audio and electronic materials were developed. The results will be used to make recommendations for developing the entire course.
A taxing question : the legal and other issues relating to media conversion for the records of the Inland Revenue
Authors: BELL JANET
Published: January 2008

This article looks at the issues which the Inland Revenue might consider in deciding whether to convert its paper records to another medium. There is a brief description of the functions of the Revenue, followed by an outline of some of the legislation which governs the actions of the Revenue. Some of the new developments which are currently being introduced in the Revenue are mentioned. Having given this background information the article looks at the ways in which the paper records could be converted to other media. It considers whether such conversion would be acceptable in the context of the legal requirements relating to the Revenue's operations, as the legal aspect of media conversion is the most important issue for an organisation whose main role is to implement tax law. This is followed by a mention of some of the other considerations which relate to media conversion issues, but which are not strictly legal issues. Note that this is not a comprehensive case study of current records conversion practices and policies in the Inland Revenue, but rather an examination of the issues which the Revenue might consider. Other organisations would have similar issues to consider, particularly if they also have strict requirements regarding documents as evidence.
Setting the records straight: a study of hospital medical records undertaken by the Audit Commission
Authors: NICHOLSON LORRAINE
Published: January 2008

The Audit Commission is the statutory body which oversees the external audit of local authorities and agencies within the National Health Service in England and Wales. As part of its function the Commission reviews the economy, efficiency and effectiveness of services provided by these bodies by undertaking studies and audits of selected topics each year. The study of medical records was one of these.
Data Protection — Issues and implications for records managers in the UK
Authors: JONES‐EVANS ANGELA
Published: January 2008

This paper gives an overview of the 1984 Data Protection Act and the implications for records managers who store information about people on a computer. The terminology of the Act and its eight principles are described, and criteria are given for deciding whether or not an organisation should register with the Data Protection Registrar.
Implementation of a media conversion programme within Northumbrian Water Ltd
Authors: REYNARD SARA
Published: January 2008

The following report details a media conversion project undertaken at Northumbrian Water's Head Office based in Durham. Drawing on experience of a pilot document image processing (DIP) system for invoices the project covers the Asset Management Plan which is a detailed assessment of every company asset and its business value as at 31st July, 1994. Although this was a genuine project it was written up as an assessed piece of work for the University of Northumbria at Newcastle. It addresses subjects covered in the Non‐Current Records and Media Conversion Unit of the Information and Records Management Post Graduate Diploma course. The project was written specifically to show an appropriate level of understanding of the course unit — some points are deliberately stressed for the purposes of the assignment.
PD 0008: a lawyer's view of the legal admissibility of document images
Authors: JH SMITH GRAHAM
Published: January 2008

The publication of the British Standards Institute (BSI) Code of Practice for Legal Admissibility of Information Stored on Electronic Document Management Systems — PD 0008 has focused attention on how the courts may react when confronted with documents generated from document imaging systems. To judge by the large attendance at the recent series of conferences to discuss the Code of Practice, this is an area of increasing interest.
Cryptography and records management
Authors: POULTER ALAN
Published: January 2008

Cryptography and related terminology is defined. The design and operation of an encryption algorithm is examined in detail, using the example of DES (Data Encryption Standard). Public key cryptosystems based on the Diffie‐Hellman and RSA (Rivest, Shamir and Adleman) models are described and their revolutionary nature made clear. The necessity for trusted public keys with RSA is explained. Applications in records management are given in sections on storage and transmission. The latter type further breaks down into mail and file transfer/EDI (Electronic Data Interchange) areas of use. Some novel applications are proposed (for example a virtual records centre). A conclusion argues that although the law has yet to catch up with developments in cryptography, when it does cryptography will be central to electronic file management.
Continuing Vocational Education (CVE): the training needs of records management practitioners. Report of a research project
Authors: KING LESLEY A
Published: January 2008

This article describes a survey carried out in the Department of Information and Library Management (DILM) at the University of Northumbria at Newcastle, in relation to the training and education needs of records management practitioners. The survey was conducted as part of the 4 year Continuing Vocational Education (CVE) initiative funded by the Higher Education Funding Council for England. The context of the study within DILM is described and the results of the research are presented along with suggestions for further areas of research.
NVQs for records management revealed
Authors: DAKERS HAZEL , HARE CATHERINE E
Published: January 2008

This article considers the benefits of National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) for records management in the light of the development and aims of NVQs generally. It traces the development of the records NVQs within the national forum of the Information and Library Services Lead Body and provides details of their content at the various levels.
On the move: Société Générale's capital markets relocation project
Authors: MCLEAN ROBERT J
Published: January 2008

This article documents the steps involved in planning and implementing a major relocation of the Société Générale Merchant Bank Plc. It focuses particularly on the role of the Bank's records manager in the move which included a survey of current filing systems, development of a retention policy, specification and selection of new filing systems and equipment and, finally, planning and implementing the conversion from the old to the new system. This article is the first example of the new Putting the Theory into Practice feature.
Records Management in Australia: An Overview
Authors: SCHAUDER CHERRYL , KENNEDY JAY
Published: January 2008

The records management profession in Australia is currently in a period of substantial debate about its role and future directions. This paper gives a brief overview of the development of records management practice in Australia leading up to the current environment of lively debate which is increasingly based on theoretical rather than just practical viewpoints.
Records Management in the USA
Authors: JOHNSON DOUG
Published: January 2008

This article begins with a brief history of Records Management in the United States of America. It then moves on to consider the question of access and protection to public records in the context of the American county court system, which seems to have missed out on appropriate records management practice, with worrying consequences for historians and others.
The records and information management training course: a partnership between business and education
Authors: WILKINSON VICKI
Published: January 2008

This article describes the Records and Information Management Training Course run for the first time at the University of Glasgow in autumn 1996. Developed as a joint initiative between The Royal Bank of Scotland and the University of Glasgow. It was aimed at those working in the field without formal qualifications. In the article the author describes the background to the project, gives an overview of the course itself, summarises the feedback and evaluation and outlines the future for the course and its delegates.
The records management challenge of a large construction project: experiences of the Hong Kong airport railway project
Authors: EDMONDS DIANA , LO RINGO
Published: January 2008

Projects often present specific difficulties for the Records Manager. Records are created in a manner which is fast and furious — with many records being generated in a short space of time. These records are created by different organisations — by the project team, by contractors and by sub‐contractors — and are circulated between them. Different types of document are produced: drawings are often particularly important, as are parts lists. Complex computer applications are now used in many projects, and the records generated by the system should ideally be retained in native format, rather than printed on paper. Change control is important both for hard copy documents and computer based material: documents may go through many revisions, and it is essential that these revisions are managed effectively. The hand‐over of documentation from project to operator can be problematic if the views and requirements of both groups are not considered at an early stage. In this programme, the opportunity was provided to meet with both project and operations personnel: it was significant that both groups were aware of the importance of the documentation generated during the project and were concerned that important records series should be identified and retained. Project staff were aware of the importance of retaining material as a basis for new projects while operating railway personnel require items such as as‐built drawings and manuals to provide an effective ongoing railway service.
Establishing a profile of the users of a records management system
Authors: CHOWN JAN
Published: January 2008

The topic of user profiling appears to be neglected in the records management literature although there is more on profiling in other fields, especially in education. An efficient and effective records management system is one which meets the needs of its users and therefore the techniques of user profiling would seem highly relevant to the records manager. In this article the author investigates what is meant by a profile of users of a Records Management System (RMS) and explains why and when it is needed. Drawing on general experience of local government and particular experience gained in undertaking a user survey as part of a computer security audit throughout Gateshead MBC, she goes on to explore how such a profile could be produced, using Tynedale DC Planning Department as an example.
Taking the Profit out of Crime
Authors: Bridges Martyn J.
Published: January 2008

This paper will consider the link between tax evasion and economic crime and how the tax system can be used to take the profit out of crime.
Money Laundering: Transnational Criminals, Globalisation and the Forces of ‘Redomestication’
Authors: Wiener Jarrod
Published: January 2008

Many scholars of international relations have long argued that by plotting on a map of the world all the transnational contacts of private individuals the international system resembles a ‘cobweb’. While the filaments of the cobweb remain uneven in their magnitude as there is a higher degree of contacts between major centres, the globalisation of financial markets, particularly since the 1970s, has enabled the cobweb to have a more global spread. As importantly, the speed and relative ease with which funds may be transferred across borders has intensified the degree of contact along its filaments. While the intent of this model of world society was to highlight ‘legitimised’ transnational contacts, it has become evident that this cobweb is conducive to spreading security threats emanating from nearly all parts of the globe, as well as being rather effective at hiding the spiders that lurk within it.
Drugs and Organised Crime in Latin America
Authors: Henry Millard George
Published: January 2008

All the ingredients required to produce highly profitable illicit drugs can be found in Latin America. Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia provide the coca plantations and chemicals come from Brazil. The powerful organisations and their laboratories are in Colombia. In the narcotics context, there is not a great difference between countries: practically all the countries of Latin America are involved in some way, in some scale. Each country participates with its specific contribution: from production, to transformation, to processing and, finally, distribution. Latin America is a melting pot for organisations such as the cartels, Italian and US mafia, Lebanese and Nigerian syndicates and even newcomers from eastern Europe.
Hong Kong: Money Laundering Legislation
Authors: Chan Michael
Published: January 2008

In Hong Kong money laundering is mainly governed by two ordinances:
Taxing the Proceeds of Crime
Authors: Glover John
Published: January 2008

Illegally acquired gains are taxable, according to the judge‐made law of common law countries. Revenue codes are surprisingly silent on the subject. For a short while, though, things were different in the USA. Congress received its legislative power to tax ‘incomes from whatever source derived’ with the passage of the 16th amendment in 1913. In the same year, a tax was imposed on income derived from ‘any lawful business carried on for gain or profit’. In 1916, without debate, Congress omitted the word ‘lawful’ — substituting an unqualified form of words which still endures. Senator Williams, moving the Senate's acceptance of the 1913 bill, said that its ‘object’ was
An Economic Analysis of Money Laundering
Authors: Hinterseer Kris
Published: January 2008

In 1984 the world was running a current account deficit with itself of US$100bn. The World Bank, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD), and the US Federal Reserve have all confirmed this observation. Given that world trade forms a closed system, the question arises of what caused the indicators that measure this trade to become so inaccurate. The observation that in the early 1980s the narcotics trade surpassed the petroleum industry to become the world's largest business activity by gross turnover provides a partial answer. Noting that the growth in the narcotics trade is merely one aspect of the unprecedented growth in organised crime and the illegal economy over the last two decades leads to a more complete answer. The implication is that criminal economic activity, which by its nature seeks to evade capture in statistics, accounts for a significant portion of global economic activity missed by standard accounting practices.
Offshore Centres and Money Laundering
Authors: Froomkin Saul M.
Published: January 2008

There was a time in the tide of men, when ‘offshore’ jurisdictions were known as ‘tax havens’, when ‘money laundering’ was an unknown phrase, when ‘insider dealing’ was sport, when ‘bank secrecy’ was applied only to Switzerland, and when far flung islands offered only sun, sand and an exotic holiday experience.
India: The Misuse and Abuse of Legal Provisions in Money Laundering
Authors: Kumar B.V.
Published: January 2008

Billions of dollars of black money moves through the world's financial institutions as part of a confluence of grey money, as bankers call it. Most of this is profits generated from criminal enterprises — organised crime, economic crime, drug trafficking and terrorism. This dubious laundered cash, amounts to an estimated $1trn or more each year. According to British Intelligence estimates, some $500bn may have been laundered world‐wide last year. Half of that may perhaps have come from the illegal trade in drugs, the rest from other forms of organised crime and terrorism.
Money Laundering: A Public Prosecutor's Viewpoint
Authors: Schaap C.D.
Published: January 2008

It is fair to say that there is currently no consensus on the detailed approach to conducting a criminal financial investigation among Dutch public prosecutors, let alone among European public prosecutors as a whole. Nevertheless, since the late 1980s attention has been focused in the Netherlands on the financial aspects of serious forms of crime, at least in the legal and policy‐making process.
Money Laundering and International Political Economy
Authors: Paradise Tracy S.
Published: January 2008

One cynic has speculated that years hence people will look back and be forced to conclude that ‘money laundering was one of the greatest problems facing mankind towards the end of the second millennium’. This would be true of lawyers, politicians, economists, sociologists and many others who have sought to examine the problem, each from their own viewpoint. Yet, the persis‐tently non‐definable trend of globalisation has seemingly demonstrated that uni‐causal or uni‐disciplinary explanations of change in the international arena tend to yield unilateral perspectives on problems, solutions to which are subsequently limited in scope.
Estonia: Opportunities for the Control of Money Laundering
Authors: Leps Ando
Published: January 2008

Money laundering is a problem of world importance, and in the European Union it constitutes a part of the so‐called third pillar. According to an International Monetary Fund (IMF) report, up to $500bn of the money in the world economy in 1996 could have been of suspicious origin. Estonia, which is aspiring to integrate into the European economic space, has the obligation to deal actively with the problem. But it is still difficult to discuss, because Estonia has no special law on money‐laundering control and therefore financial systems are almost totally unprotected. Unfortunately, it has to be admitted that there is widespread money laundering in Estonia.
Jamaica: Combating Money Laundering — A Review of the Money Laundering Act 1996
Authors: Ali Shazeeda A.
Published: January 2008

After several months of controversy and heated debate the Money Laundering Act 1996 (‘the MLA’) has survived its tumultuous passage through Parliament and will take effect imminently. Meanwhile, Jamaicans wait with bated breath to see if it lives up to the expectations — and fears — of the vociferous few.
Taiwan: Recent Opposition to the Money‐Laundering Epidemic
Authors: Lee Lawrence L.C.
Published: January 2008

The Republic of China (ROC or Taiwan) has emerged as one of the world's most aggressive countries in the fight against international and domestic money laundering. Money laundering is an enormous and multifaceted global problem which fertilises organised crime, benefits drug traffickers and damages financial systems. The nature of money laundering is a synthesis of criminal activities that completes the illegal activity and produces the illicit profits. Money laundering, which plays a fundamental role in facilitating the ambitions of various illegal activities, is averse to social and economic ideas. Successful money laundering will furnish the fuel for criminal activities by operating and expanding the illegal operations of drug traffickers, terrorists, arms dealers and other criminals.
Zimbabwe: Report on Money Laundering (No. 61)
Authors: Gubbay A.R.
Published: January 2008

Money laundering is a world‐wide phenomenon and one that is increasing. There are many definitions, but basically the term refers to the practice of the manipulation of the proceeds of crime so as to conceal their true origin. If undertaken successfully it results in the eventual release or return of the proceeds concerned into the economy in a clean laundered state.
A Gateway for Money Laundering? Financial Liberalisation in Developing and Transitional Economies
Authors: Ali Shazeeda A.
Published: January 2008

In the eternal quest to launder money, those seeking legitimacy for their wealth will transcend all frontiers, be they technological, geographic or indeed legal. As one door is shut, launderers find the key to new havens for their ill‐gotten gains. So the inevitable backlash of the strict anti money‐laundering measures adopted by the USA and Western Europe, for example, is that launderers have had to look for a more friendly environment in which to cleanse their funds.
Russia: Organised Crime and Money Laundering
Authors: Fituni Leonid L.
Published: January 2008

Russia‐related money laundering is often mentioned in the international press and reports of government agencies as a serious problem in international financial and banking security. However, very few publications study the problem in detail. Particularly scarce are those which reveal the roots of the phenomenon, its real spread and relevance, as well as techniques and laundering schemes. Knowledge is also very limited about how Russian authorities and law enforcement agencies are combating the legalisation of illicit funds. The goal of this article is to look at the problem of Russia‐related money laundering comprehensively, offering the reader the vision of someone in the battlefield, rather than that of a detached observer.
Zimbabwe: Proposed Additional Money‐Laundering Legislation
Authors: Gubbay Anthony R.
Published: January 2008

Zimbabwe already has in place the Serious Offences (Confiscation of Profits) Act [Ch. 9: 17]. It was enacted in 1990 in response to a Commonwealth initiative which encouraged all Commonwealth members to enact legislation to control money laundering.
Civil Liberties and Privacy
Authors: El‐Rahman Abdalla El‐Sheikh Fath
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this article is only to whet the appetite for discussing the relationship between globalisation of crime and civil liberties and privacy. The topic is too complicated to be thoroughly discussed in a short article at a time which is witnessing diversified economic activities emanating from the adoption of policies of deregulation and steps to facilitate the movement of capital across international boundaries. Needless to say, the process of the globalisation of economic activity has been, to a great extent, enhanced by the computer revolution which in turn has reached unprecedent electronic dimensions coupled with a parallel increase in inventions and new complicated industries, all of which are creations of human beings in the drive to meet new changes and challenges. However, not all men are good citizens adhering to ideal principles and norms to maintain social integration, prosperity and public tranquillity. Instead, some people are inclined by their very nature to dismantle the social system by resorting to any means for improving their economic conditions at the expense of other members of society by committing illegal acts, especially in the economic sector. The situation is worse when the system creates a shield against combating economic crime under the pretext of the protection of civil liberties and right of privacy of the offender who takes advantage of the instruments which enshrine such civil liberties and rights.
Financial Investigations and Criminal Money
Authors: Pheijffer Marcel
Published: January 2008

This article starts with a short introduction to the department of the Dutch Fiscal Investigation and Information Service (FIOD). There will be an introduction on financial investigations in general, a definition and goals. Attention will also be given to the recommendations of the Financial Action Task Force. There are two examples of financial investigations, one in the area of so‐called ‘organised crime’ and one in the area of ‘organisational crime’. These examples make clear that financial investigations can be a successful investigation method. Through the use of this method both tactical information and evidence are given. The examples will also show that financial investigations may have to be connected to other forms of investigation: the use of informers, surveillance, wire tapping and crown witnesses. They will also make clear that, from the point of view of a financial investigator, there is no big or relevant distinction in the way of tackling these sorts of crime.
EU: The EC Money Laundering Directive
Authors: Alexander Richard
Published: January 2008

The Council Directive on prevention of the use of the financial system for the purpose of money laundering was passed on 10th June, 1991, and the anti money laundering legislation of the Member States of the European Union (EU) is now largely based on it. It had its origins in the growing awareness from the mid‐1980s onwards that money laundering was an international problem and therefore international action was needed if it was to be combated effectively. This had led to the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, adopted in 1988 and generally referred to as the Vienna Convention, and the Council of Europe Convention on the laundering, tracing, seizure and confiscation of the proceeds of crime, drawn up in 1990 and generally referred to as the Strasbourg Convention. Both the Vienna and the Strasbourg Conventions are explicitly referred to in the Preamble to the Directive. Other activity had included a study by the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), which published its report, with recommendations in 1991. That said, certain countries had already taken some action against money laundering: in the UK for example, the laundering of the proceeds of drug trafficking had been a criminal offence, carrying up to 14 years' imprisonment, since 1986.
Switzerland: Legislation to Combat Money Laundering
Authors: Sansonetti Riccardo
Published: January 2008

The Swiss legislative policy designed to combat the use of the financial system for money laundering has been progressively tightened over the last few years. It appears that since the 1980s all measures taken were designed in order to have established a consistent framework at the end of the process. The legislative frame has been completed with a key element through the adoption on 10th October, 1997, by Parliament of a new Federal Act on the prevention of money laundering in the financial sector (Money Laundering Act (MLA)). This new piece of legislation entered into force on 1st April, 1998.
Tax Evasion and the Internet
Authors: Bridges Martyn J. , Green Peter
Published: January 2008

The purpose of this article is to address the issue of tax evasion and the internet. While the internet has been the subject of growing media attention, the concept of tax evasion and the internet has only recently been considered.
Good Offices to Bad Governance: Towards International Rules against the Abuse of Off‐shore Companies
Authors: Bernasconi Paolo
Published: January 2008

Corruption, government inefficiency, the lack of transparency in the financial markets, the uncontrolled mix of public sector and private economy activity, the deficient regulation of the conflict of interest and the escalation of organised crime, constitute as many obstacles to the economic development and welfare of a country. The financial crises also caused by the simultaneous and converging input of all these factors is proof enough. Lately the tendency is to search for examples in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe even though, in a not so distant past, examples just as numerous and serious can be found in all the other continents.
Jobs, Crime and Money: Challenges for the G8 Summit in 1998
Authors: Staple George
Published: January 2008

Since the abolition of exchange control in the late 1970s and early 1980s, it has been possible instantly to transfer money of any amount or denomination virtually anywhere in the world. It means that, because the criminal law is territorially based, and differs from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, the investigation and prosecution of fraud and the related offences of money laundering and corruption are peculiarly dependent upon mutual legal assistance between states.
EU: The Perspective of the European Commission
Authors: Clarotti Paolo
Published: January 2008

The European directive on the prevention of money laundering was adopted on 10th June, 1991, and has been in force from 1st January, 1993 (even if not all the Member States have implemented it within the scheduled deadline and there is still an infringement case before the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg).
Gibraltar: An Overview
Authors: Marrache Benjamin J.S.
Published: January 2008

Gibraltar is a self‐governing British Dependent Territory, which has been part of the European Union since 1973, when it joined as a United Kingdom Dependent Territory under Article 227(4) of the Treaty of Rome. It is, however, exempted from the Common Customs Tariff, the Common Agricultural Policy and Harmonisation of Turnover Taxes (for example, there is no VAT in Gibraltar). Indeed, it is the only one of the UK dependencies which chose to do so.
Italy: Suspicious Transaction Reporting: Recent Developments in Legislation
Authors: Zaccagnini Carlo
Published: January 2008

Considered from an international and comparative perspective Italian anti‐money laundering legislation appears rigorous and comprehensive. It includes general norms and aggravating circumstances for conspiracy to engage in organised and economic crime; rules which oblige the financial sector to identify and report currency transactions in excess of 20 million lire (approximately £6,600; and hereinafter called ‘large currency transactions’); provisions punishing money laundering as a crime; norms which sanction the failure to report suspicious transactions by financial intermediaries; provisions prohibiting ‘tipping‐off’ and rules which provide for the confiscation and freezing of the proceeds of crime, which shift the burden of proof in cases where the accused fails to demonstrate the origin of the suspicious assets. The legislative structure provides, likewise, norms on ‘sting operations’, establishing an express immunity clause for ‘undercover agents’. Lastly, the legislation further defines the parameters of international judicial assistance.
Kuwait: Some Thoughts on Money Laundering
Authors: Al‐Melhem Ahmed
Published: January 2008

Money laundering is not considered a novelty on the international or local arena, nor has it become known only recently. What is new in this matter is the criminalisation of money laundering operations.
United Kingdom: Current and Future Strategies for Tackling Money Laundering
Authors: Willis Simon
Published: January 2008

What is money laundering? Why should Finance Ministries and international financial institutions, such as the IMF and the development banks take it seriously? Why does it matter to the City and the financial regulators? How do we improve feedback, and level the playing field domestically and internationally? Why is tax evasion such a critical question for money laundering sytems — even if no one cares about people not paying their taxes?
Switzerland: Money‐Laundering Legislation and Asset Forfeiture
Authors: Gully‐Hart Paul
Published: January 2008

Switzerland is a traditional financial centre with an uninterrupted record of success so far. If the three main banking centres of the country (Zurich, Geneva and Lugano) were pooled, Switzerland would appear as the third banking centre in the world after New York and London. A few years ago it was reckoned that between 5 and 8 per cent of the total world volume of foreign exchange transactions were handled by the Swiss financial market, mostly through inter‐bank transactions. According to an estimation made in 1989 by the Swiss Federal Customs Administration at the request of an inter‐ministry group of experts dealing with money‐laundering issues, it was reckoned that approximately CHF135m (approximately USS100m) poured into Switzerland every week.
Corrupt Leaders and Their Bankers
Authors: Brindle Michael
Published: January 2008

Atlantis is one of the poorest 20 countries in the world. According to official UN statistics, its GDP per capita in 1997 was US$200. Formerly a Portuguese colony, it gained independence in 1961. It had been supported by all the Western powers, in particular the USA, as it was seen as a bulwark against communism.
Tax Evasion and Money Laundering — An Open and Shut Case?
Authors: Bridges Martyn J. , Green Peter
Published: January 2008

Recent debate has centred on the applicability of the money‐laundering legislation to the proceeds of domestic and foreign tax evasion. Banks and other financial institutions have also expressed concern at the practical implications if the proceeds of domestic and foreign tax evasion are covered by the money‐laundering legislation. The purpose of this paper is to address each of these issues and briefly to consider some recent developments.