bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computed Tomography Validation of the Technique of Diagnostic Local Analgesia of the Caudal Part of the Infraorbital Nerve and Caudal Nasal Nerve Used for the Investigation of Idiopathic Headshaking in Horses
Authors: Wilmink S. , Warren‐Smith C.M.R. , Roberts V.L.H.
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Diagnostic local analgesia of the caudal portion of the infraorbital nerve (CPIN) and caudal nasal nerve (CNN) is a valuable aid to the diagnosis of idiopathic headshaking in horses. The site of deposition of local anaesthetic has not been verified.

Aims

To verify the site of deposition of local anaesthetic in this procedure, and to identify any correlation between accuracy of the technique and operator experience.

Methods

The procedure was performed bilaterally using contrast material on 30 cadaver horse heads by 3 groups of veterinarians and veterinary students with varying levels of experience in the technique. Location of deposition was identified by use of computed tomography (CT).

Results

Contrast was deposited around the target site in 53.3% (32/60) of injections. The most experienced operator performed the procedure accurately significantly (P<0.05) more often (80% [16/20]) than did the less and nonexperienced performers (40% [16/40]).

Conclusions

A negative response to diagnostic local analgesia of the CPIN and CNN in the investigation of headshaking does not disprove facial pain as the cause of headshaking in that horse. A negative response could arise due to failure to deposit local anaesthetic around the target area. Sufficient experience of performing the procedure decreases the probability of false negative results.

Practical significance

Clinicians performing diagnostic local analgesia of the CPIN and CNN must be aware of the possibility of false negative results. Experience improves the reliability of results.

Ethical animal research

Not required by this Congress. Horse cadaver heads obtained from horses subjected to euthanasia for reasons other than this study were used. Sources of funding: The Langford Trust for Animal Health and Welfare funded this study and Langford Veterinary Services funded the first author's residency training. Competing interests: None.
Does Plasma ACE Level Accurately Reflect the Occurrence of Exercise‐Induced Pulmonary Haemorrhage?
Authors: Richard E.A. , Depecker M. , Leleu C. , Gennevieve V. , Fortier G. , Couroucé‐Malblanc A. , Pitel P.H.
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) is a highly prevalent airway disorder responsible for poor‐performance in horses. While various methodologies are available for diagnosing EIPH, no readily available systemic biomarker has to date been definitively validated. A recent study demonstrated that angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) activity in plasma was increased in horses with higher degrees of haemorrhage, as assessed by post exercise tracheal endoscopy.

Aims

To investigate plasma ACE activity in horses suffering previous episodes of EIPH and controls.

Methods

Venous blood samples were collected at rest from 121 client‐owned, racing or race‐fit Standardbred racehorses. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples were collected from right and left lung, cytocentrifuged and stained with Perl's Prussian blue. Total haemosiderin scores (THS) were calculated for detecting EIPH. According to THS, 36 horses were diagnosed with EIPH and 85 were assigned as controls. The ACE levels were determined on an automated spectrophotometer, using FAPGG as a substrate.

Results

Plasma ACE levels in EIPH‐affected horses (85.1 ± 24.6 u/l) were lower than those of control horses (94.4 ± 24.0 u/l), even if the tendency was not statistically significant (P = 0.056). Within each group of horse (EIPH and control), no significant difference was found for THS between lungs; a significant correlation between right and left BALF being furthermore observed (R = 0.643; P<0.001). No significant correlation was however found between plasma ACE levels and THS of BALF from either left or right lung.

Conclusions and practical significance

This is the first study determining plasma ACE activity in a large population of racehorses at training. Apart from acute pulmonary haemorrhage, these results highlight that previous episodes of EIPH might be associated with a moderate decrease of circulating ACE levels. Further studies are warranted to establish the precise implication of ACE in the physiopathology of EIPH and determine its relevance as a systemic biomarker.

Ethical animal research

This study has been approved by the Regional Animal Ethic Committee and all owners gave consent. Sources of funding: I.F.C.E. (French National Studs) and S.E.C.F. (French Trotters Racing Association). Competing interests: None.
Inflammation, Immunity, Vaccines for Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Koch Manuel , Meyer Thomas F. , Moss Steven F.
Published: September 2013

Over the last decades, it has become evident that chronic infection by Helicobacter pylori is achieved by colonizing an almost exclusive niche and hiding from many of the host's cellular immune defense mechanisms. Although recent years have seen progress in our understanding of the innate and adaptive immune response against H. pylori, it is still uncertain how to promote the development of immunity with the final goal of a successful vaccine. Research published in the last year revealed an intriguing mutual regulation of innate response mechanisms of mucosal epithelial cells by the host and H. pylori, respectively. A further focus was put on the interaction between H. pylori and dendritic cells, with some emphasis on the inflammasome and the resulting T‐cell responses. Moreover, the function of microRNAs in macrophages and gastric MALT lymphoma development has been studied in more detail. Several novel antigens and adjuvants have been tested as vaccination strategies, primarily in mice. In this review, we present a concise summary of advances in the area of inflammation, immunity, and vaccines during the last twelve months.
The Use of Performance Appraisal Systems: Evidence from Dutch Establishment Data
Authors: Jirjahn Uwe , Poutsma Erik
Published: September 2013

Using Dutch data, we examine the characteristics of establishments that operate performance appraisal systems. Our estimates provide a couple of interesting results: (1) Multitasking and teamwork play a role in the use of performance appraisal systems. (2) While a shared corporate culture, the sharing of information, and a professional personnel management emerge as positive determinants, unions appear to play a negative role. (3) Employers fostering career development and promotion opportunities make greater use of performance appraisal. (4) Public sector affiliation plays a negative role.
Earnings Progression and the Workforce Investment Act: Evidence from Washington State
Authors: Chrisinger Colleen K.
Published: September 2013

This research measures earnings progression among participants in federally funded Workforce Investment Act (WIA) programs in the state of Washington during the period 2001 through 2008, using state administrative data and propensity score‐weighted regressions. Unlike previous evaluations that have emphasized earnings levels, this study addresses both earnings progression and levels to assess whether workers are on a path to reaching economic self‐sufficiency within a short time after participation. The analysis finds that participants in WIA Adult services had similar earnings progression as people receiving only less‐intensive Labor Exchange services.
Was There Ever a Lending Channel?
Authors: Fama Eugene F.
Published: September 2013

The lending channel model posits that control of deposits that have reserve requirements allows the Fed to constrain the loans to businesses and consumers that are the comparative advantage of banks. The constraint works because banks do not use traded assets and liabilities with no reserve requirements to offset the effects of variation in deposits on loans. The results presented here are more consistent with an alternative model in which profit‐maximising banks vary traded assets and liabilities with and without reserve requirements to exercise profit opportunities in loans and so shield them from the Fed.
IDIOSYNCRATIC RISK PREMIA AND MOMENTUM
Authors: Chichernea Doina C. , Slezak Steve L.
Published: September 2013

Theory predicts that in the presence of incomplete information, underdiversified investors will demand idiosyncratic risk premia (IRP) as compensation for idiosyncratic volatility (IV). We estimate IV and IRP at the individual stock level and document the extent to which momentum profits can be explained by cross‐sectional variation in IRP. We show that a large portion of momentum profits can be explained by cross‐sectional variation in IRP and that, as predicted by theory, variations in both momentum profits and IRP are related to the ratio of firm size to investor base. However, significant momentum profits in low‐IV securities cannot be explained by cross‐sectional variation in IRP.
Why do nurses intend to leave their organization? A large‐scale analysis in long‐term care
Authors: Tummers Lars G. , Groeneveld Sandra M. , Lankhaar Marcel
Published: September 2013

Aim

To analyse the impact of six job characteristics on the intention of nurses to leave their organization, specifically focusing on long‐term care settings: nursing homes, care homes and home care.

Background

When nurses leave their organization, this can negatively affect organizational performance. Organizations have to recruit new nurses and tacit knowledge is lost. Furthermore, organizational turnover could contribute to the nursing shortage, which will increasingly become a problem given the ageing population. This article adds to the literature, given: (a) its focus on long‐term care; and (b) by explicating the differences between nursing and care homes (intramural) on one hand and home care (extramural) on the other.

Design

Survey.

Method

Survey of 9982 nurses in 156 Dutch organizations in 2010–2011, 6321 nurses in nursing and care homes and 3661 nurses working in home care, based on the ActiZ Benchmark in Healthcare.

Results

First, the most important reason for nurses’ intention to leave is insufficient development and career opportunities. Secondly, a negative working atmosphere strongly influenced intention to leave. The impact of the working atmosphere is not often examined in the literature. However, this research shows that it is an important reason. Thirdly, intention to leave is partly context dependent. More specifically, when nurses in home care felt that their autonomy was reduced, this strongly influenced their intention to leave, although this was not the case for nurses working in nursing and care homes.

Conclusion

This article provides guidelines for organizations on how to retain their nurses.
Researching IT in education
Authors: Cox M.J. , Niederhauser D.S. , Castillo N. , McDougall A.B. , Sakamoto T. , Roesvik S.
Published: September 2013

Many regions around the world are experiencing a gradual paradigm shift away from information technology (IT) use that complements traditional teaching and towards embedded IT use in E‐learning that is ubiquitous and pervasive. This has been conceptualized in this article using a framework depicting the affects of these shifts on learning environments that may change schooling and impact society. These trends provide new challenges for educational researchers at national and international levels, requiring attention to the interrelationships among the various components in an educational system. New evidence, which builds on earlier claims of an increasing digital divide between developing and developed countries, has shown that this phenomenon is much more complex than was previously thought. We suggest that a promising way to maximize the knowledge and impact of researching IT in education is to establish longitudinal programmatic research sustained through the establishment of E‐learning observatories, which can bring together expertise across a range of disciplines. A major challenge in forming a clear and coherent strategy for researching IT in education lies in the fact that there are multiple stakeholders with differing aims, goals and objectives. Therefore, reciprocal relationships are needed in which practice informs research and research informs practice with support and guidance from policymakers.
Contribution of the ear and the flag leaf to grain filling in durum wheat inferred from the carbon isotope signature: Genotypic and growing conditions effects
Authors: Sanchez‐Bragado Rut , Elazab Abdelhalim , Zhou Bangwei , Serret Maria Dolors , Bort Jordi , Nieto‐Taladriz Maria Teresa , Araus José Luis
Published: September 2013

The ear, together with the flag leaf, is believed to play a major role as a source of assimilates during grain filling in C3 cereals. However, the intrusive nature of most of the available methodologies prevents reaching conclusive results in this regard. This study compares the carbon isotope composition (δ13C) in its natural abundance in the water‐soluble fractions of the flag leaf blade and the ear with the δ13C of mature kernels to assess the relative contribution of both organs to grain filling in durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum). The relative contribution of the ear was higher in landraces compared to modern cultivars, as well as in response to nitrogen fertilization and water stress. Such genotypic and environmentally driven differences were associated with changes in harvest index (HI), with the relative contribution of the ear being negatively associated with HI. In the case of the genotypic differences, the lower relative contribution of the ear in modern cultivars compared with landraces is probably associated with the appearance in the former of a certain amount of source limitation driven by a higher HI. In fact, the relative contribution of the ear was far more responsive to changes in HI in modern cultivars compared with landraces.
Angiographic Perfusion Imaging: Real‐Time Assessment of Endovascular Treatment for Cerebral Vasospasm
Authors: Levitt Michael R. , Morton Ryan P. , Haynor David R. , Cohen Wendy , Ghodke Basavaraj V. , Hallam Danial K. , Kim Louis J. , Fink Kathleen R.
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Cerebral perfusion analysis is useful in the diagnosis and treatment of cerebral vasospasm. A new modality of real‐time cerebral perfusion imaging and analysis has been developed using standard 2‐dimensional angiography. We report our initial experience with this technique to assess response to therapy during endovascular vasospasm procedures.

METHODS

Colorized angiographic perfusion maps were obtained immediately before and after endovascular vasospasm treatment. Semiquantitative perfusion parameters (cerebral blood flow, cerebral blood volume, mean transit time, and time to peak) were calculated from time‐density curves obtained from intraarterial contrast injection. The effects of intraarterial vasospasm therapy were assessed.

RESULTS

Eight vascular territories in 4 patients with vasospasm underwent interventional angiography and angiographic perfusion analysis. Pretreatment perfusion maps demonstrated variable perfusion deficits in specific vascular territories. After endovascular treatment in 6 vessels, improvement was seen to varying degrees in both angiographic appearance and perfusion parameters. Clinical improvement and reduction in transcranial Doppler velocity was also observed.

CONCLUSIONS

Real‐time angiographic perfusion imaging is feasible during endovascular procedures for vasospasm. Perfusion analysis may aid in assessment of efficacy of the intervention. Comparison with traditional perfusion imaging is needed to validate this technique.
White Matter Changes in Patients with Friedreich Ataxia after Treatment with Erythropoietin
Authors: Egger Karl , Clemm von Hohenberg Christian , Schocke Michael F. , Guttmann Charles R.G. , Wassermann Demian , Wigand Marlene C. , Nachbauer Wolfgang , Kremser Christian , Sturm Brigitte , Scheiber‐Mojdehkar Barbara , Kubicki Marek , Shenton Martha E. , Boesch Sylvia
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Erythropoietin (EPO) has received growing attention because of its neuroregenerative properties. Preclinical and clinical evidence supports its therapeutic potential in brain conditions like stroke, multiple sclerosis, and schizophrenia. Also, in Friedreich ataxia, clinical improvement after EPO therapy was shown. The aim of this study was to assess possible therapy‐associated brain white matter changes in these patients.

METHODS

Nine patients with Friedreich ataxia underwent Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) before and after EPO treatment. Tract‐based spatial statistics was used for longitudinal comparison.

RESULTS

We detected widespread longitudinal increase in fractional anisotropy and axial diffusivity (D||) in cerebral hemispheres bilaterally (P < .05, corrected), while no changes were observed within the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and pons.

CONCLUSIONS

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first DTI study to investigate the effects of EPO in a neurodegenerative disease. Anatomically, the diffusivity changes appear disease unspecific, and their biological underpinnings deserve further study.
Uncertainty and the Roots of Extremism
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Kruglanski Arie , van den Bos Kees
Published: September 2013

Extremism in society is the source of enormous human suffering and represents a significant social problem. In this article, we make a case for the urgency of understanding the psychology of societal extremism, discuss the diverse forms that extremism can take, and identify uncertainty as a correlate of and quite possibly precondition for extremism. We discuss the concept of uncertainty and the burgeoning social psychological research on uncertainty and its links with various forms of extremism. Thus, this article frames and contextualizes the subsequent articles in this issue of the Journal of Social Issues, on the psychology of the relationship, and possible causal link, between uncertainty and societal extremism.
Anxious Uncertainty and Reactive Approach Motivation (RAM) for Religious, Idealistic, and Lifestyle Extremes
Authors: McGregor Ian , Prentice Mike , Nash Kyle
Published: September 2013

Reactive Approach Motivation (RAM) theory proposes that the personal uncertainty arising from motivational conflict causes anxiety, and that anxiety draws people to extremes because extremes activate approach‐motivated states that automatically downregulate anxiety. Five new studies consolidate existing evidence for the RAM view of uncertainty‐related threats and reactive extremism. In Studies 1–3, religious, idealistic, and RAM reactions after agentic, communal, and mortality threats were most extreme when threat‐relevant goals had been implicitly primed to create motivational conflict. In Study 4 uncertainty predicted extreme reactions only if goal conflict had been experimentally manipulated. In Study 5 personal uncertainty uniquely predicted lifestyle extremes among undergraduates whose educational goals were conflicted by a labor disruption at their university. Results converge on the conclusion that uncertainty‐related threats cause defensively extreme RAM reactions only if they arouse personal uncertainty about active goals. Results suggest that policies and programs to support the prosocial and/or nonextreme goals, ideals, and identifications of at‐risk people would reduce their motivation for antisocial extremism.
Determinants of Radicalization of Islamic Youth in the Netherlands: Personal Uncertainty, Perceived Injustice, and Perceived Group Threat
Authors: Doosje Bertjan , Loseman Annemarie , van den Bos Kees
Published: September 2013

In this study among Dutch Muslim youth (N = 131), we focus on the process of radicalization. We hypothesize that this process is driven by three main factors: (a) personal uncertainty, (b) perceived injustice, and (c) perceived group threat. Using structural equation modeling, we demonstrate that personal uncertainty, perceived injustice, and group‐threat factors are important determinants of a radical belief system (e.g., perceived superiority of Muslims, perceived illegitimacy of Dutch authorities, perceived distance to others, and a feeling of being disconnected from society). This radical belief system in turn predicts attitudes toward violence by other Muslims, which is a determinant of own violent intentions. Results are discussed in terms of the role of individual and group‐based determinants of radicalization.
Expression and function of NIK‐ and IKK2‐binding protein (NIBP) in mouse enteric nervous system
Authors: Zhang Y. , Bitner D. , Pontes Filho A. A. , Li F. , Liu S. , Wang H. , Yang F. , Adhikari S. , Gordon J. , Srinivasan S. , Hu W.
Published: September 2013

Background

NIK‐ and IKK2‐binding protein (NIBP)/TRAPPC9 is expressed in brain neurons, and human NIBP mutations are associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. The cellular distribution and function of NIBP in the enteric nervous system (ENS) remain unknown.

Methods

Western blot and reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis were used respectively to identify the protein and mRNA expression of NIBP and other neuronal markers. Multi‐labeled immunofluorescent microscopy and confocal image analysis were used to examine the cellular distribution of NIBP‐like immunoreactivity (IR) in whole mount intestine. Enteric neuronal cell line (ENC) was infected with lentivirus carrying NIBP or its shRNA expression vectors and treated with vehicle or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α.

Key Results

NIBP is expressed at both mRNA and protein levels in different regions and layers of the mouse intestine. NIBP‐like‐IR was co‐localized with various neuronal markers, but not with glial, smooth muscular, or interstitial cells of Cajal markers. A small population of NIBP‐expressing cells and fibers in extra‐ganglionic and intra‐ganglionic area were negative for pan‐neuronal markers HuD or Peripherin. Relatively high NIBP‐like‐IR was found in 35–44% of myenteric neurons and 9–10% of submucosal neurons. Approximately 98%, 87%, and 43% of these relatively high NIBP‐expressing neurons were positive for choline acetyltransferase, neuronal nitric oxide synthase and Calretinin, respectively. NIBP shRNA knockdown in ENC inhibited TNFα‐induced NFκB activation and neuronal differentiation, whereas NIBP overexpression promoted it.

Conclusions & Inferences

NIBP is extensively expressed in the ENS with relatively high level in a subpopulation of enteric neurons. Various NIBP expression levels in different neurons may represent dynamic trafficking or posttranslational modification of NIBP in some functionally active neurons and ultimately regulate ENS plasticity.
The evolution of policy and actions to tackle obesity in England
Authors: Jebb S. A. , Aveyard P. N. , Hawkes C.
Published: September 2013

Tackling obesity has been a policy priority in England for more than 20 years. Two formal government strategies on obesity in 2008 and 2011 drew together a range of actions and developed new initiatives to fill perceived gaps. Today, a wide range of policies are in place, including support for breastfeeding and healthy weaning practices, nutritional standards in schools, restrictions on marketing foods high in fat, sugar and salt to children, schemes to boost participation in sport, active travel plans, and weight management services. Data from annual surveys show that the rate of increase in obesity has attenuated in recent years, but has not yet been reversed. This paper considers the actions taken and what is known about the impact of individual policies and the overarching strategy to tackle obesity in England.
Enamel roughness and incidence of caries after interproximal enamel reduction: a systematic review
Authors: Koretsi V. , Chatzigianni A. , Sidiropoulou S.
Published: September 2013

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of interproximal enamel reduction (IER) on tooth surfaces regarding the level of enamel roughness after applying different IER methods and the caries risk of treated teeth. Seven electronic databases were systematically searched. Two independent reviewers rated the articles at every step according to predetermined eligibility criteria. Data on enamel roughness were pooled if the same IER method was used and arithmetic values were available. Data on occurrence of caries were suitable for the analysis if the same units for caries development were used. From 2396 citations initially identified, 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and were further considered (14 studying enamel roughness and four studying the risk of caries after IER). A meta‐analysis of quantitative data regarding enamel roughness was not possible due to statistical heterogeneity; instead, the enamel roughness findings are only described. The meta‐analysis of studies focusing on the incidence of caries revealed no statistical difference between treated and untreated enamel surfaces (p = NS) from 1 to 7 years after IER. Drawing reliable conclusions on enamel roughness after IER is difficult owing to the diversity of the available studies. Statistically, the occurrence of caries on surfaces previously treated with IER was the same as that on intact surfaces, indicating that IER does not increase the risk of caries on treated teeth.
Cadmium uptake in Elodea canadensis leaves and its interference with extra‐ and intra‐cellular pH
Authors: Javed M. T. , Lindberg S. , Greger M.
Published: September 2013

This study investigated cadmium (Cd) uptake in Elodea canadensis shoots under different photosynthetic conditions, and its effects on internal (cytosolic) and external pH. The plants were grown under photosynthetic (light) or non‐photosynthetic (dark or in the presence of a photosynthetic inhibitor) conditions in the presence or absence of CdCl2 (0.5 μm) in a medium with a starting pH of 5.0. The pH‐sensitive dye BCECF‐AM was used to monitor cytosolic pH changes in the leaves. Cadmium uptake in protoplasts and leaves was detected with a Cd‐specific fluorescent dye, Leadmium Green AM, and with atomic absorption spectrophotometry. During cultivation for 3 days without Cd, shoots of E. canadensis increased the pH of the surrounding water, irrespective of the photosynthetic conditions. This medium alkalisation was higher in the presence of CdCl2. Moreover, the presence of Cd also increased the cation exchange capacity of the shoots. The total Cd uptake by E. canadensis shoots was independent of photosynthetic conditions. Protoplasts from plants exposed to 0.5 μm CdCl2 for 3 days did not exhibit significant change in cytosolic [Cd2+] or pH. However, exposure to CdCl2 for 7 days resulted in increased cytosolic [Cd2+] as well as pH. The results suggest that E. canadensis subjected to a low CdCl2 concentration initially sequesters Cd into the apoplasm, but under prolonged exposure, Cd is transported into the cytosol and subsequently alters cytosolic pH. In contrast, addition of 10–50 μm CdCl2 directly to protoplasts resulted in immediate uptake of Cd into the cytosol.
Foreground‐background discrimination indicated by event‐related brain potentials in a new auditory multistability paradigm
Authors: Szalárdy Orsolya , Winkler István , Schröger Erich , Widmann Andreas , Bendixen Alexandra
Published: September 2013

For studying multistable auditory perception, we propose a paradigm that evokes integrated or segregated perception of a sound sequence, and permits decomposition of the segregated grouping into foreground and background sounds. The paradigm combines 3‐tone pitch patterns with alternating timbres, resulting in a repeating 6‐tone structure that can be perceived as rising based on temporal proximity, or as falling based on timbre similarity. Listeners continuously report their percept while EEG is recorded. Results show an ERP modulation starting at ∼70 ms after sound onset that can be explained by whether a sound belongs to perceived foreground or background, with no additional effect of integrated versus segregated grouping. Auditory grouping as indexed by the mismatch negativity did not correspond with reported sound grouping. The paradigm offers a new possibility for investigating effects of conscious perceptual organization on sound processing.
Cortical potentials in an auditory oddball task reflect individual differences in working memory capacity
Authors: Yurgil Kate A. , Golob Edward J.
Published: September 2013

This study determined whether auditory cortical responses associated with mechanisms of attention vary with individual differences in working memory capacity (WMC) and perceptual load. The operation span test defined subjects with low versus high WMC, who then discriminated target/nontarget tones while EEG was recorded. Infrequent white noise distracters were presented at midline or ±90° locations, and perceptual load was manipulated by varying nontarget frequency. Amplitude of the N100 to distracters was negatively correlated with WMC. Relative to targets, only high WMC subjects showed attenuated N100 amplitudes to nontargets. In the higher WMC group, increased perceptual load was associated with decreased P3a amplitudes to distracters and longer‐lasting negative slow wave to nontargets. Results show that auditory cortical processing is associated with multiple facets of attention related to WMC and possibly higher‐level cognition.
Null Subjects in Swabian
Authors: Bohnacker Ute
Published: September 2013

Few studies have investigated referential null subjects in present‐day non‐standard varieties of German. This paper explores the distribution of 4,000 null and overt referential subjects in finite clauses in a new corpus of spoken Swabian, a North Alemannic dialect spoken in Southwest Germany. The paper describes Swabian subject use as it emerges from the corpus data with regard to morphological form, syntactic distribution, reference and informational status. Swabian, unlike Standard German, allows and in some cases prefers clause‐internal referential subjects to be null, whilst in other contexts, referential null subjects are ruled out. There is a robust second person null‐subject property, with 61% of 2nd singular subject pronouns being dropped clause‐internally, i.e. from a position following the finite verb in main clauses or following a complementiser in embedded clauses. 1st singular and 3rd singular neuter subjects are dropped clause‐internally as well, but at much lower frequencies and only in very specific phonological and lexical constellations, not previously noted in the literature. The empirical findings are compared with an earlier unquantified study of Swabian (Haag‐Merz 1996) and discussed in light of other work on present‐day Germanic vernaculars and previous accounts of partial null subject languages.
Fulminant and fatal encephalitis caused by Acanthamoeba in a kidney transplant recipient: case report and literature review
Authors: Satlin M.J. , Graham J.K. , Visvesvara G.S. , Mena H. , Marks K.M. , Saal S.D. , Soave R.
Published: September 2013

Acanthamoeba is the most common cause of granulomatous amebic encephalitis, a typically fatal condition that is classically described as indolent and slowly progressive. We report a case of Acanthamoeba encephalitis in a kidney transplant recipient that progressed to death within 3 days of symptom onset and was diagnosed at autopsy. We also review clinical characteristics, treatments, and outcomes of all published cases of Acanthamoeba encephalitis in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients. Ten cases were identified, and the infection was fatal in 9 of these cases. In 6 patients, Acanthamoeba presented in a fulminant manner and death occurred within 2 weeks after the onset of neurologic symptoms. These acute presentations are likely related to immunodeficiencies associated with solid organ transplantation that result in an inability to control Acanthamoeba proliferation. Skin lesions may predate neurologic involvement and provide an opportunity for early diagnosis and treatment. Acanthamoeba is an under‐recognized cause of encephalitis in SOT recipients and often presents in a fulminant manner in this population. Increased awareness of this disease and its clinical manifestations is essential to attain an early diagnosis and provide the best chance of cure.
Coupling of Packaging Efficiency and Aesthetic Shapes for PET Bottles
Authors: Widiyati Khusnun , Aoyama Hideki
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this research is to develop a system for evaluating product shape, from the viewpoint of aesthetics and packaging. In the previous work, we developed a robust design method to generate a product image based on customers’ feelings, and we quantitatively evaluated the shape based on the principles of the Taguchi method. The underlying idea is that an attractive product with an aesthetically pleasing shape should enable efficient packaging. In this paper, we analyze the packaging efficiency of three different cross-section shapes (circle, square and rectangle) of an aesthetic PET bottle. The packaging efficiency is evaluated based on comparing the space required to contain bottles with the space available in the packaging box. The paper uses the assumption that the space required to contain bottles depends on the space to contain one bottle, and the space to contain one bottle depends on the largest cross-section of the bottle body. The system can give designers suggestions about the packaging efficiency of the designed model.
The Single-Track Three Legged Mobile Robot
Authors: Goulding John R.
Published: September 2013

The Single-Track Three Legged Mobile Robot achieves the form and function of a motorcycle but with the added benefit of legs and partial or fully automatic stability of balance. The robot comprises a body and three articulated legs arranged one behind the other in a narrow profile to walk and maneuver along narrow trails and paths, by placing successive footfalls in a generally single-track or in-line fashion. It achieves stability of balance without motion by positioning the three legs in a tripod stance. It maintains (or regains) stability of balance during locomotion through controlled foot placement and repeating intervals of a bipedal or tripod stance. It executes a single-track turn by leaning the body into the turn, using gravitational forces to counteract the outward centripetal force. The proposed gait strategy keeps two legs on the ground at all times, simplifying balance control to the roll direction. The control system comprises feedback sensors, digital computer, and software for foot position planning. This paper presents the robot design, various three-legged gaits, control method and architecture, experimental results from a digital simulation, and a proof-of-concept prototype.
The Application of Geometric Constraint Programming to the Design of Motion Generating Six-Bar Linkages
Authors: Mirth John A.
Published: September 2013

This paper looks at the application of Geometric Constraint Programming (GCP) to the synthesis of six-bar planar linkages. GCP is a synthesis method that relies on the built-in geometric capabilities of commercial solid-modeling programs to produce linkage designs while operating in the “sketch” mode for these programs. GCP provides the user with the opportunity to create mechanisms in their entirety at multiple design positions.

The complexity of analyzing potential defects (such as circuit or branch defects) within a six-bar mechanism poses significant challenges to the user who might try to design such a mechanism in a single step. The methods presented in this paper apply GCP in a stepwise manner to create six-bar linkages that are less likely to suffer from defects than if they were created in a single step. Stepwise approaches are presented for six-bar mechanisms designed to solve a problem involving rigid-body guidance (motion generation). The linkages considered include the Stephenson I, II, and III chains, as well as the Watt I six-bar. The Watt II six-bar is not included since this mechanism’s application to rigid-body guidance can be handled by GCP methods previously developed for four-bar linkages.
Shape Optimization of Thermoelastic Fields for Stiffness Maximization
Authors: Katamine Eiji , Yoshioka Hiroki , Azegami Hideyuki
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a numerical analysis method for shape optimization in order to achieve stiffness maximization in thermoelastic fields. Mean compliance is used as an objective functional for the shape optimization problem. The mean compliance minimization problem in the thermoelastic fields is formulated on volume constraint condition. The shape gradient of the shape optimization problems is derived theoretically using the adjoint variable method, the Lagrange multiplier method and the formulae of the material derivative. Reshaping is accomplished using a traction method that was proposed as a solution to shape optimization problems. In addition, a new numerical procedure for the shape optimization is proposed. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed based on the results of 2D numerical analysis.
Representing Stresses That Arise in Parallel Assemblies That Contain Imperfect Geometry Allowed by Tolerances
Authors: Niranjan Jaishankar Lupin , Davidson Joseph K. , Shah Jami J.
Published: September 2013

This paper concerns the role of geometric imperfections on assemblies in which the location of a target part is dependent on supports at two features. In some applications, such as a turbo-machine rotor that is supported by a series of parts at each bearing, it is the interference or clearance at a functional target feature, such as at the blades that must be controlled. The first part of the paper relates the limits of location for the target part to geometric imperfections of other parts when stacked-up in parallel paths. In other applications where parts are flexible, deformations are induced when parts in parallel are assembled together by clamping. Presuming that perfectly manufactured parts have been designed to fit perfectly together and produce zero deformations, the clamping-induced deformations result entirely from the imperfect geometry produced during manufacture. The magnitudes and types of these deformations are a function of part dimensions and material stiffnesses, and they are limited by design tolerances that control manufacturing variations. The last part of the paper relates the limits on stresses in parts to functional tolerance limits that must be set at the beginning of a tolerance analysis of parts in any assembly.
Multistability of Compliant Sarrus Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Guimin , Zhang Shouyin
Published: September 2013

Although there are many examples of multistable compliant mechanisms in the literature, most of them are of planar configurations. Considering that a multistable mechanism providing spatial motion could be useful in numerous applications, this paper explores the multistable behavior of the overconstrained spatial Sarrus mechanisms with compliant joints (CSMs). The kinetostatics of CSMs have been formulated based on the pseudo-rigid-body method. The kinetostatic results show that a CSM is capable of exhibiting bistability, tristability, and quadristability. Possible applications of multistable CSMs include deployable structures, static balancing of human/robot bodies and weight compensators.
Encapsulating and Representing the Knowledge on the Evolution of an Engineering System
Authors: Ertek Gurdal , Erdogan Ahmetcan , Patoglu Volkan , Tunc Murat Mustafa , Citak Ceysu , Vanli Tugce
Published: September 2013

This paper proposes a cross-disciplinary methodology for a fundamental question in product development: How can the innovation patterns during the evolution of an engineering system (ES) be encapsulated, so that it can later be mined through data analysis methods? Reverse engineering answers the question of which components a developed engineering system consists of, and how the components interact to make the working product. TRIZ answers the question of which problem-solving principles can be, or have been employed in developing that system, in comparison to its earlier versions, or with respect to similar systems. While these two methodologies have been very popular, to the best of our knowledge, there does not yet exist a methodology that reverse-engineers, encapsulates and represents the information regarding the application of TRIZ through the complete product development process. This paper suggests such a methodology, that consists of mathematical formalism, graph visualization, and database representation. The proposed approach is demonstrated by analyzing the design and development process for a prototype wrist-rehabilitation robot and representing the process as a graph that consists of TRIZ principles.
Representation in Early Stage Design: An Analysis of the Influence of Sketching and Prototyping in Design Projects
Authors: Elsen Catherine , Häggman Anders , Honda Tomonori , Yang Maria C.
Published: September 2013

Sketching and prototyping of design concepts have long been valued as tools to support productive early stage design. This study investigates previous findings about the interplay between the use and timing of use of such design tools. This study evaluates such tools in the context of team design projects. General trends and statistically significant results about “sketchstorming” and prototyping suggest that, in certain constrained contexts, the focus should be on the quality of information rather than on the quantity of information generated, and that prototyping should begin as soon as possible during the design process. Ramifications of these findings are discussed in the context of educating future designers on the efficient use of design tools.
The Balanced Dynamical Bridge: Detection and Sensitivity to Parameter Shifts and Non-Gaussian Noise
Authors: Miller Nicholas J. , Polunin Pavel M. , Dykman Mark I. , Shaw Steven W.
Published: September 2013

In this paper we discuss a parametric sensing strategy employing noise activated escape in a bistable resonator; a system we refer to as the “balanced dynamical bridge.” Noise acting on a bistable system causes random switching between the two metastable states, and the occupation probabilities are very sensitive to system parameters in the weak noise limit. We calculate this sensitivity and the measurement time required when the bridge is employed as a general use detector. The bridge sensitivity is found to be inversely proportional to the noise strength and the measurement time is exponential. We then proceed to consider the dynamical bridge as a detector of non-Gaussian noise. We develop the conditions under which the bridge population ratio is exponentially sensitive only to third and higher moments of a perturbing non-Gaussian noise. As an example, we discuss the implementation of the bridge using a micro- or nano-scale resonator modeled by Duffing’s equation. The locus of parameter values for which the bridge is balanced is presented and we give an example of measuring the statistics of a shot noise process. We also briefly discuss how this class of systems can be employed in micro/nano-scale resonator applications, including mass and force spectroscopy and electron transport.
Augmented Reality User Interface for Mobile Robots With Manipulator Arms: Development, Testing, and Qualitative Analysis
Authors: Vozar Steve , Tilbury D. M.
Published: September 2013

Augmented Reality (AR) combines real-world visual data with an overlay of computer graphics, enhancing the original video feed. AR can improve communication between robots and users via an intuitive spatial and visual dialogue, making it an attractive tool for teleoperated robot user interfaces (UIs). Many Unmanned Ground Vehicle (UGV) teleoperation tasks require both chassis navigation and manipulator arm control; however existing literature usually focuses on one task or the other, so there exists a gap in mobile robot UIs that take advantage of AR for both navigation and manipulation. This work describes the development and initial testing of a low-cost alpha-design UI for a teleoperated mobile manipulation task that uses AR technology to help the user feel more present in the robot’s environment. The results of the initial user tests are to be used to guide the future development of the user interface.
A Model-Based Functional Modeling and Library Approach for Mechatronic Systems in SysML
Authors: Kruse Benjamin , Münzer Clemens , Wölkl Stefan , Canedo Arquimedes , Shea Kristina
Published: September 2013

Even though the concept development phase in product development is arguably the most important phase in mechanical and mechatronics design, the available computer-based support for this stage is marginal. This paper presents a new computational model-based method to improve the early phases of mechatronic product design and to facilitate the application from early designs to detailed designs. The paper focuses on model-based Function-Behavior-Structure (FBS) libraries in SysML to support both the manual and computational generation of standard and innovative concepts. In this paper, an approach to re-usable functional models in SysML is presented. The method uses an operator-flow formulation of functions, based on the NIST functional basis, and is validated against a model of an electric car. The generated functional models are validated with respect to the consistency of the flows and tested by associating the functional model directly to the target product component structure. The results of the research are a new modeling approach for function and component libraries in SysML, an associated workflow for modeling of mechatronic systems, and the necessary extensions of the NIST functional basis. The modeling approach provides means for formal functional decomposition followed by an allocation of the functions to structural components that form the target structure.
Low Cost Micro-Pump Valve Design
Authors: Khalilian Sina , Park Simon S. , Freiheit Theodor
Published: September 2013

In order to achieve an overall low cost micro-pump, the valves, a critical micro-pump subcomponent, have been targeted for design for low manufacturing cost, high endurance, and reliability. In the proposed design, the inlet and outlet valves are etched on one piece of planar stainless steel shim stock. To investigate the static and dynamic behaviour of different valves, a design of experiment is performed on the geometrical dimensions of the valves. By using these physical results in a mathematical model for a micro-pump, the effect of valve parameters on micro-pump performance is predicted. Furthermore, a novel method for micro-pump valve selection is developed based on static test results for flow and backflow characteristics of different valves. Applying design for manufacture and mass fabrication techniques, together with an aim for high performance, robustness, and long fatigue life make the proposed valve design applicable to a variety of micro-pump applications.
Evolutionary System Topology Identification and its Application in Product Reuse
Authors: Pandey Vijitashwa , Mourelatos Zissimos P.
Published: September 2013

A recently developed technique of identifying system topology using tests and system simulation for reliability applications has remanufacturing implications. Two issues affect successful remanufacturing of products; first, lack of knowledge about what constitutes failure of a product in the user’s mind, and second, inability to determine if system failure has occurred based on failure of some components even if all failure modes are known. Remanufacturing must account for soft failures, failures that do not affect the functionality of a product but the overall appeal to the customer. In this paper, we propose defining multiple perception-based product attributes and treating them as fictitious components of a reliability block diagram. Using a recently developed method, we then infer the system topology in a reliability engineering context in terms of success or failure of these components. This allows us to identify the actual or impending failure of the product which can be critical in determining whether the product should be recovered or sold to another customer with different requirements. We demonstrate our proposed method on a cell phone reuse problem.