bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time‐resolved analysis of the precursor fragmentation kinetics in an hybrid PVD/PECVD dusty plasma with pulsed injection of HMDSO
Authors: Garofano Vincent , Bérard Remy , Glad Xavier , Joblin Christine , Makasheva Kremena , Stafford Luc
Published: July 2019

Plasma sampling mass spectrometry (PSMS) has been carried out to study the fragmentation kinetics of hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) in a low‐pressure, axially asymmetric argon rf discharge designed for the growth of nanocomposite thin films through a hybrid PVD/PECVD method. Experiments have been conducted with a pulsed injection of HMDSO over a 5‐s period. Plasma conditions have been chosen to favor formation and disappearance of dust occurring in cycles of a few hundred seconds. The dissociation degree of HMDSO and the relative intensities of HMDSO‐related fragments are reported and analyzed regarding these two specific time‐scales. PSMS showed that formation of dust increases HMDSO dissociation. The same result can be deduced from the particle balance equation of HMDSO using the electron density and temperature obtained from optical emission spectroscopy as the only input parameters. For HMDSO, electron‐impact dissociation is the dominant loss pathway over diffusion and recombination on the reactor walls. Small C
xH
y compounds and H
2 are mostly generated from surface recombination mechanisms and lost by electron‐impact dissociation.
On the role of secondary electron emission in capacitively coupled radio‐frequency plasma sheath: A theoretical ground
Authors: Sun Guang‐Yu , Li Han‐Wei , Sun An‐Bang , Li Yuan , Song Bai‐Peng , Mu Hai‐Bao , Li Xiao‐Ran , Zhang Guan‐Jun
Published: July 2019

We propose a theoretical ground for emissive capacitively coupled radio‐frequency (rf) plasma sheath under low pressure. The rf sheath is assumed to be collisionless and oscillates with external source. A known sinusoidal voltage instead of current is taken as prerequisite to derive sheath dynamics. Kinetic studies are performed to determine mean wall potential as a function of secondary emission coefficient and applied voltage amplitude, with which the complete mean direct current sheath is resolved. Analytical analyses under homogeneous model and numerical analyses under inhomogeneous model are conducted to deduce real‐time sheath properties including space potential, sheath capacitance, and stochastic heating. Obtained results are validated by a continuum kinetic simulation without ionization. The influences of collisionality and ionization induced by secondary electrons are elucidated with a particle‐in‐cell simulation, which further formalizes proposed theories and inspires future works.
Methionine in proteins: The Cinderella of the proteinogenic amino acids
Authors: Aledo Juan C.
Published: July 2019

Methionine in proteins, apart from its role in the initiation of translation, is assumed to play a simple structural role in the hydrophobic core, in a similar way to other hydrophobic amino acids such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine. However, research from a number of laboratories supports the concept that methionine serves as an important cellular antioxidant, stabilizes the structure of proteins, participates in the sequence‐independent recognition of protein surfaces, and can act as a regulatory switch through reversible oxidation and reduction. Despite all these evidences, the role of methionine in protein structure and function is largely overlooked by most biochemists. Thus, the main aim of the current article is not so much to carry out an exhaustive review of the many and diverse processes in which methionine residues are involved, but to review some illustrative examples that may help the nonspecialized reader to form a richer and more precise insight regarding the role‐played by methionine residues in such processes.
Compound asset sharing initiatives between pharmaceutical companies, funding bodies, and academia: Learnings and successes
Authors: Hayes Ann G. , Nutt David J.
Published: July 2019

Over recent years, there have been several initiatives to gain access to compounds which have been deprioritized by pharmaceutical companies, but which have a data package allowing them to be used in human experimental medicine studies. Such compounds provide an invaluable resource for probing human biology and disease pathology, for improving translational capabilities, and ultimately for repurposing to new therapeutic indications. The authors have been involved with the setting up of the Medicine's Chest initiative, which aimed to access compounds for the use in clinical studies of the central nervous system. Other initiatives include those set up by AstraZeneca, the Medical Research Council in the UK and the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences in the US. The purpose of this editorial is to provide an update on progress with some of these initiatives, and to identify some learnings for future endeavours.
Gene flow across host‐associated populations of the rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis Walker (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): implications for Bt resistance management in rice
Authors: Wang Yongmo , Huang Chen , Hu Bing , Liu Yue , Walter Gimme H , Hereward James P
Published: July 2019

BACKGROUND

The rice stem borer, Chilo suppressalis, is a serious pest of rice, but also damages an aquatic vegetable, water oats (Zizania latifolia Turcz.). The time at which mating occurs is different between populations of rice stem borer associated with rice and those associated with water‐oats, which suggests that undetected cryptic species may be associated with these plant hosts. If true, this would have significant management implications. This study is the first empirical test of this idea, using population genetic tools from two sampling cohorts. We genotyped 320 rice stem borer individuals from 2014, collected from rice and water‐oats across five locations (where they exist in sympatry), using seven microsatellite loci.

RESULTS

We found no genetic structuring associated with host plant species. On water oats, some rice stem borers were found that had a similar mating time to the rice population, so in 2016, a second cohort of samples was screened by their timing of mating to get ‘pure rice feeders’ and ‘pure water oats feeders’. These samples were genotyped with microsatellites, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (COI and COII), and a nuclear gene (EF1‐α). Our mtDNA data suggest a relatively low amount of population subdivision associated with plant host, but the microsatellite data revealed no such genetic structure, and we were only able to identify one haplotype of EF1‐α.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results indicate gene flow between rice and water oats populations of rice stem borer, indicating that water oats will likely provide a refuge for resistance management of Bt rice. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Rhenium Diselenide Anchored on Reduced Graphene Oxide as Anode with Cyclic Stability for Potassium‐Ion Battery
Authors: Wu Mingguang , Yang Junliang , Ng Dickon H. L. , Ma Jianmin
Published: July 2019

An effective route is developed to fabricate ultrathin rhenium diselenide (ReSe2) nanosheets anchored on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoflakes (ReSe2@rGO). When the ReSe2@rGO is used as an anode material in the potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs), the graphene offers a conductive matrix to buffer the volume alteration during repeated K+ insertion/extraction cycles. The stable interfacial connection between ReSe2 and graphene greatly promotes the integration of the active ReSe2 nanosheets, preventing their agglomeration. At the same time, these ultrathin nanosheets shorten the ion/electron diffusion path, leading to stable cyclic performance. As a result, the ReSe2@rGO anode enhances the electrochemical performance of the as‐synthesized PIB with a high specific capacity of over 250 mAh g−1 at a current density of 500 mA g−1 even after 200 cycles. Excellent rate performance and lengthy cyclic performance with 150 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1 are also observed even after 500 cycles.
Nardostachys chinensis Batalin: A review of traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology
Authors: Rehman Tayyeba , Ahmad Saeed
Published: July 2019

Nardostachys chinensis Batalin (Valerianaceae) has been widely used in different traditional systems of medicine, including Islamic, Ayurvedic, Chinese, and Korean folk medicine. It has been used in traditional medicine as a tranquilizer, hepatotonic, cardiotonic, diuretic, and analgesic. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies have provided valuable scientific evidence for its traditional uses. This review aims to summarize reported traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological potential of N. chinensis while identifying potential areas of further research of plant. The review comprises literature pertaining to the pharmacological potential and phytochemistry of N. chinensis using worldwide accepted scientific databases via electronic search (Elsevier, Google Scholar, Pub Med, Scopus, Springer, Wiley online library). Moreover, data from ethno botanical text books available in library and electronic search were also included. The Plant List and Kew Herbarium Catalogue databases were used to authenticate the scientific name. Different pharmacological experiments in many in vitro and in vivo models have proved the potential of N. chinensis, namely, anti‐inflammatory, anticonvulsant, antibacterial, antihypertensive, antifungal, neuroprotective, cardioprotective, aldose reductase inhibition, and antioxidant activities. The plant contains sesquiterpenenes of various varieties including aristolane, guaiane, and nardosinane types. Moreover, it also contains coumarins, phenols, lignans, neolignans, and glycosides. Reported activities suggested that there may be pharmacological potential for developing N. chinensis as a drug for infections, hypertension, cardiac diseases, Alzheimer's disease, insomnia, epilepsy, cancer, gastric, and liver diseases. More toxicological studies should be performed that will aid the progress to clinical trial studies of N. chinensis.
Crystalline structure and morphology in uniaxially oriented polypropylene film modified with nanosilica
Authors: Liu Hui , Li DongLi , Xu Wencai , Fu Yabo , Liao Ruijuan , Shi Jiazi , Wang Yajun
Published: July 2019

Silica‐polypropylene (PP) composite resins were prepared with nanosilica particles and PP resin through melt blending. This composite resin was used to prepare uniaxially oriented PP film under certain conditions. Surface and cross‐section morphologies of the PP films were analyzed by SEM, while the crystalline phase, crystalline orientation, and grain size of the PP films were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Crystallinity was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The mechanical properties, heat resistance, and barrier properties of the film were tested and analyzed. The PP melts formed shish‐kebab structure when subjected to shearing or stretching at near‐melting temperatures. The ratio of the intensity of the XRD of 040 crystal surface to that of the 110 crystal surface was greater than 0.71. The modified polypropylene melt was subjected to tensile action at 30°C on a cooling roller, resulting in a specially oriented structure. However, the ratio of the intensity of the XRD of the 040 crystal surface to that of the 110 crystal surface did not change. Under the same processing conditions (ie, low cooling temperature and high unidirectional tension), a transverse 040 wafer was formed on the surface of the unmodified film, but polypropylene film modified by nanosilica was not found. The fiber‐like shish‐kebab structure with regular arrangement appeared on the film. The change in the microstructure of the modified polypropylene film resulted in a material with excellent mechanical properties, toughness, barrier property, and heat resistance.
Count time series prediction using particle filters
Authors: Triantafyllopoulos Kostas , Shakandli Mohamed , Campbell Michael
Published: July 2019

Non‐Gaussian dynamic models are proposed to analyse time series of counts. Three models are proposed for responses generated by a Poisson, a negative binomial, and a mixture of Poisson distributions. The parameters of these distributions are allowed to vary dynamically according to state space models. Particle filters or sequential Monte Carlo methods are used for inference and forecasting purposes. The performance of the proposed methodology is evaluated by two simulation studies for the Poisson and the negative binomial models. The methodology is illustrated by considering data consisting of medical contacts of schoolchildren suffering from asthma in England.
Bank lending to targets of active takeover attempts: The simultaneous choice of loan maturity, pricing, and security
Authors: Lallemand Justin
Published: July 2019

I investigate bank loans to takeover targets considering the simultaneous decision of pricing, maturity, collateral, and covenants applying Generalized Method of Moments (GMM). Results are largely in line with the Agency Theory of Covenants (ATC) as pricing for new bank debt is lower given greater collateral and covenant protection, consistent with existing literature on public debt. However, poor performing targets demonstrate a positive relationship between pricing and covenants while bank loans to high performers are consistent with ATC predictions. Finally, loan terms tied to ex post observations of merger outcomes suggest banks possess some knowledge of merger outcomes in advance.
Untangling serially dependent underreported count data for gender‐based violence
Authors: Fernández‐Fontelo Amanda , Cabaña Alejandra , Joe Harry , Puig Pedro , Moriña David
Published: July 2019

Underreporting in gender‐based violence data is a worldwide problem leading to the underestimation of the magnitude of this social and public health concern. This problem deteriorates the data quality, providing poor and biased results that lead society to misunderstand the actual scope of this domestic violence issue. The present work proposes time series models for underreported counts based on a latent integer autoregressive of order 1 time series with Poisson distributed innovations and a latent underreporting binary state, that is, a first‐order Markov chain. Relevant theoretical properties of the models are derived, and the moment‐based and maximum‐based methods are presented for parameter estimation. The new time series models are applied to the quarterly complaints of domestic violence against women recorded in some judicial districts of Galicia (Spain) between 2007 and 2017. The models allow quantifying the degree of underreporting. A comprehensive discussion is presented, studying how the frequency and intensity of underreporting in this public health concern are related to some interesting socioeconomic and health indicators of the provinces of Galicia (Spain).
On the analysis of two‐phase designs in cluster‐correlated data settings
Authors: Rivera‐Rodriguez C. , Spiegelman D. , Haneuse S.
Published: July 2019

In public health research, information that is readily available may be insufficient to address the primary question(s) of interest. One cost‐efficient way forward, especially in resource‐limited settings, is to conduct a two‐phase study in which the population is initially stratified, at phase I, by the outcome and/or some categorical risk factor(s). At phase II detailed covariate data is ascertained on a subsample within each phase I strata. While analysis methods for two‐phase designs are well established, they have focused exclusively on settings in which participants are assumed to be independent. As such, when participants are naturally clustered (eg, patients within clinics) these methods may yield invalid inference. To address this, we develop a novel analysis approach based on inverse‐probability weighting that permits researchers to specify some working covariance structure and appropriately accounts for the sampling design and ensures valid inference via a robust sandwich estimator for which a closed‐form expression is provided. To enhance statistical efficiency, we propose a calibrated inverse‐probability weighting estimator that makes use of information available at phase I but not used in the design. In addition to describing the technique, practical guidance is provided for the cluster‐correlated data settings that we consider. A comprehensive simulation study is conducted to evaluate small‐sample operating characteristics, including the impact of using naïve methods that ignore correlation due to clustering, as well as to investigate design considerations. Finally, the methods are illustrated using data from a one‐time survey of the national antiretroviral treatment program in Malawi.
Hierarchically Porous W‐Doped CoP Nanoflake Arrays as Highly Efficient and Stable Electrocatalyst for pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Xinqiang , Chen Yuanfu , Yu Bo , Wang Zegao , Wang Haiqi , Sun Baochen , Li Wenxin , Yang Dongxu , Zhang Wanli
Published: July 2019

It is still challenging to develop high‐efficiency and low‐cost non‐noble metal‐based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in pH‐universal electrolytes. Herein, hierarchically porous W‐doped CoP nanoflake arrays on carbon cloth (W‐CoP NAs/CC) are synthesized via facile liquid‐phase reactions and a subsequent phosphorization process. The W‐CoP NAs/CC hybrid can be directly employed as a binder‐free electrocatalyst and delivers superior HER performance in pH‐universal electrolytes. Especially, it delivers very low overpotentials of 89, 94, and 102 mV to reach a current density of 10 mA cm–2 in acidic, alkaline, and neutral electrolytes, respectively. Furthermore, it shows a nearly 100% Faradaic efficiency as well as superior long‐term stability with no decreasing up to 36 h in pH‐universal electrolytes. The outstanding electrocatalytic performance of W‐CoP NAs/CC can be mainly attributed to the porous W‐doped nanoflake arrays, which not only afford rich exposed active sites, but also accelerate the access of electrolytes and the diffusion of H2 bubbles, thus efficiently promoting the HER performance. This work provides a new horizon to rationally design and synthesize highly effective and stable non‐noble metal phosphide‐based pH‐universal electrocatalysts for HER.
A novel space vector modulation algorithm with narrow pulse suppression and high‐voltage jump suppression for high‐power five‐level NPC/H inverter
Authors: Liu Yunlong , Wang Cong , Liu He
Published: July 2019

In the high‐power five‐level neutral point clamping/H‐bridge (NPC/H) inverter, the traditional space vector modulation (SVM) algorithm at a low switching frequency has the disadvantages of a high‐voltage jump at high modulation index and an inherent narrow pulse at low modulation index, which may cause serious damage to the power stage. In this paper, a novel SVM algorithm is proposed to suppress the high‐voltage jump and narrow pulse for the five‐level NPC/H inverter with a high‐power integrated gate‐commutated thyristor (IGCT). An equivalent three‐level NPC model is applied to reduce the redundant switching state. To suppress the high‐voltage jump at high modulation index, the switching state optimization method is proposed. Moreover, the zero sequence voltage injection is proposed to suppress the narrow pulse at low modulation index. Finally, the novel SVM algorithm is experimentally tested on an experimental prototype and an engineering prototype for 6.6 kV to 20 MW motor drive system. The simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed SVM algorithm. © 2019 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
How Justice Pays
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

Plato argued that the just are better off than the unjust, but his argument hasn’t been entirely persuasive, and more recently Philippa Foot after many efforts simply gave up on trying to show that justice pays. However, if we consider certain psychological ideas that have not previously been brought into the discussion, there may be a way at least to show that the morally worst people are less well-off than most people are. The worst people, arguably, are serial killers, rapists, and so on, and there has to be some reason why they want to do the terrible things they want to do to people. Such people typically have had terrible abusive childhoods, and their depredations against others seem to represent a kind of revenge for what they suffered in childhood. A life of revenge shows an underlying unhappiness, and one can no more be happy with a life of taking revenge than with a life of scratching a proliferation of itches.
Conclusion
Authors: Slote Michael
Published: July 2019

This book has brought psychology to bear on many philosophical issues but has avoided cognitive psychology in favor of what could be called personality psychology. Analytic philosophers are uncomfortable with too much psychological delving into the emotions, and that is what we have been doing a lot of here. But Chinese thinkers seem more comfortable with bringing emotion to bear on philosophical issues, and as China gains more political power and influence in the world, I suspect philosophers in the West will have to pay more attention to its ways of thinking about philosophy. In fact, the present book offers some strong reasons for thinking that Western and even Chinese philosophers ought to pay more attention to traditional Chinese ideas.
Neglect, HPA axis reactivity, and development
Authors: Reilly Emily B. , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: July 2019

Neglect is a common and frequently chronic form of child maltreatment that can compromise child development and increase the risk of physical and psychological problems. In this review, we discuss one of the potential ways neglect becomes biologically embedded by shaping the development of a key stress responsive system: namely, the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis. Several potential mediators and moderators of this process are examined, including inflammation, attachment and social buffering, self‐regulation, child sex and age, and genetics.
Comparative Law in the Faculty of Law, University of Indonesia: Course Content and Teaching Methods
Authors: SANTOSO Topo
Published: July 2019

The classic method of teaching comparative law produces students who depend only on course materials. They may gain knowledge of different aspects of the laws and legal systems of various other countries, but find it difficult to conduct research and write on comparative law independently. This paper discusses comparative law teaching methods by examining the experience of teaching comparative criminal law in the Master's Programme in Law at the Faculty of Law, Universitas Indonesia. Although it was once sufficient for students to understand comparative law and some aspects of criminal law, the course's learning outcomes have since changed: students are also expected to have the ability to conduct research and write on comparative law upon completing the course. For this shift to take root, several changes are necessary: first, students must become more active in their learning and do more than just receive knowledge passively from course materials provided by their lecturers; second, students should seek out more reference materials beyond the syllabus and learn to use libraries and online databases more effectively; and third, students must improve their mastery of English and other languages, if possible.
Comparative Public Law Research in Israel: A Gaze Westwards
Authors: COHN Margit
Published: July 2019

This article offers a typology of comparative law research and assesses the state of this body of research in one Asian country – the State of Israel. To identify the work that should be considered ‘comparative’, I classify studies into three groups. Following a short overview of Israel's political and legal system, I assess the ways comparative public law is addressed in the country. Relying on a first-of-its-kind quantitative study of Israeli legal scholarship in English in the field of public law that compares at least two systems, the article shows that the compared systems in Israeli comparative legal research are predominantly western, and that materials from the United States by far outweigh all other sources. The article then considers several possible reasons for the limited gaze eastwards and beyond the United States, granting special attention to the cultural ‘Americanization’ of Israel. Directions for future research are considered in the conclusion, including the expansion of the findings from public law to other fields of law; the comparison of these findings with those of similar systems in Asia and beyond; and the possible ways legal education may promote the development of eastern-bound comparative exercises.
Ebola-Related Health Information Wanted and Obtained by Nurses and Public Health Department Employees: Effects of Formal and Informal Communication Channels
Authors: Xie Bo , Zhou Le (Betty) , Yoder Linda H. , Johnson Karen E. , Garcia Alexandra , Kim Miyong
Published: July 2019

Objectives:

The aim of this study was to (1) understand types and amounts of Ebola-related information that health organization employees wanted and obtained through formal, informal, internal, and external organizational communication channels; (2) determine potential discrepancies between information wanted and obtained; and (3) investigate how organizational structure might affect information wanted and obtained through these communication channels.

Methods:

Primary data were collected from 526 health workers in 9 hospitals and 13 public health departments in Texas from June to November 2015. Survey data were collected for 7 types of Ebola-related information health organization employees wanted and obtained through various types of organizational communication channels. Descriptive statistical analyses, mixed design analysis of variance, regression analyses, and multilevel analyses were used to analyze the data.

Results:

Hospital employees (mostly nurses in our sample) received more self-care information than they wanted from every communication channel. However, they received less about all other types of information than they wanted from every communication channel separately and combined. Public health department employees wanted more information than they received from every communication channel separately and combined for all 7 types of information.

Conclusions:

Discrepancies existed between the types of Ebola-related information wanted and obtained by employees of hospitals and public health departments.
Battling Giants: Spanish Publishing Multinationals in the First Global Economy
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-MOYA MARÍA
Published: July 2019

This study analyzes the variables that influence international competitiveness, both in industrialized and developing countries. Based on rich archival resources, the study explains the intense international competition between European and North American publishers in pursuing Latin American book markets throughout the course of the First Global Economy. The case of Spain provides an opportunity to study the patterns of the internationalization process of a nonleading country and compare them with the strategies developed by German, U.S., French, and British companies. This research sheds light on the importance of social networks and national cultural influences in the internationalization of this singular industry.
Rapid growth and properties of large-aperture 98%-deuterated DKDP crystals
Authors: Cai Xumin , Lin Xiuqing , Li Guohui , Lu Junye , Hu Ziyu , Zheng Guozong
Published: July 2019

In this paper, a highly deuterated potassium dihydrogen phosphate (DKDP) crystal with sizes up to

$318~\text{mm}\times 312~\text{mm}\times 265~\text{mm}$

was grown by the rapid-growth method. The synthesis tank device was specially designed to synthesize a higher deuterium concentration and high-purity DKDP solution. The deuterium content of the as-grown crystal, which was 97.9%, was determined by two methods, including infrared (IR) spectroscopy and thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements. The performances of the 97.9% DKDP crystal, including transmission, absorption coefficient, and laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) were measured. The results indicate that, in the near-infrared band, the transmission of the 97.9% DKDP crystal is higher than that of KDP and 70% DKDP crystals, and the absorption coefficient is lower. The LIDT of the crystal reached

$23.2~\text{J}\cdot \text{cm}^{-2}$

(R-on-1, 1064 nm, 3 ns), which meets the engineering requirements for use in optical applications.
Accessibility percolation on random rooted labeled trees
Authors: Hu Zhishui , Li Zheng , Feng Qunqiang
Published: July 2019

The accessibility percolation model is investigated on random rooted labeled trees. More precisely, the number of accessible leaves (i.e. increasing paths) Zn and the number of accessible vertices Cn in a random rooted labeled tree of size n are jointly considered in this work. As n → ∞, we prove that (Zn, Cn) converges in distribution to a random vector whose probability generating function is given in an explicit form. In particular, we obtain that the asymptotic distributions of Zn + 1 and Cn are geometric distributions with parameters e/(1 + e) and 1/e, respectively. Much of our analysis is performed in the context of local weak convergence of random rooted labeled trees.
What Kind of Movement is Black Lives Matter? The View from Twitter
Authors: Tillery Alvin B.
Published: July 2019

This paper examines the ways that social movement organizations affiliated with the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement use Twitter through three content analysis studies. The main finding presented in the paper is that the modal tweet generated between December 1, 2015 and October 31, 2016 was an emotional response—an expression of sadness, outrage, or despair—to police brutality and the killings of African Americans. The second key finding is that BLM organizations generated more tweets that framed the movement as a struggle for individual rights than ones that utilized frames about gender, racial, and LGBTQ identities. Finally, the paper shows that BLM activists urge their followers to pursue disruptive repertoires of contention less frequently than they encourage other political behaviors. These findings suggest that the BLM movement is intelligible through both the resource mobilization and new social movement paradigms within social movement studies.
Multivariate patterns of gray matter volume in thalamic nuclei are associated with positive schizotypy in healthy individuals
Authors: Di Carlo Pasquale , Pergola Giulio , Antonucci Linda A. , Bonvino Aurora , Mancini Marina , Quarto Tiziana , Rampino Antonio , Popolizio Teresa , Bertolino Alessandro , Blasi Giuseppe
Published: July 2019

Background

Previous models suggest biological and behavioral continua among healthy individuals (HC), at-risk condition, and full-blown schizophrenia (SCZ). Part of these continua may be captured by schizotypy, which shares subclinical traits and biological phenotypes with SCZ, including thalamic structural abnormalities. In this regard, previous findings have suggested that multivariate volumetric patterns of individual thalamic nuclei discriminate HC from SCZ. These results were obtained using machine learning, which allows case–control classification at the single-subject level. However, machine learning accuracy is usually unsatisfactory possibly due to phenotype heterogeneity. Indeed, a source of misclassification may be related to thalamic structural characteristics of those HC with high schizotypy, which may resemble structural abnormalities of SCZ. We hypothesized that thalamic structural heterogeneity is related to schizotypy, such that high schizotypal burden would implicate misclassification of those HC whose thalamic patterns resemble SCZ abnormalities.

Methods

Following a previous report, we used Random Forests to predict diagnosis in a case–control sample (SCZ = 131, HC = 255) based on thalamic nuclei gray matter volumes estimates. Then, we investigated whether the likelihood to be classified as SCZ (π-SCZ) was associated with schizotypy in 174 HC, evaluated with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire.

Results

Prediction accuracy was 72.5%. Misclassified HC had higher positive schizotypy scores, which were correlated with π-SCZ. Results were specific to thalamic rather than whole-brain structural features.

Conclusions

These findings strengthen the relevance of thalamic structural abnormalities to SCZ and suggest that multivariate thalamic patterns are correlates of the continuum between schizotypy in HC and the full-blown disease.
Adipocytes Migration is Altered Through Differentiation
Authors: Lustig Maayan , Zadka Yuliya , Levitsky Irena , Gefen Amit , Benayahu Dafna
Published: July 2019

Adipogenesis is a developmental process in which an elongated preadipocyte differentiates to a round adipocyte along with the accumulation of lipid droplets. In the present study, we focus on the study of cell motility at the single-cell level, toward expanding our knowledge regarding the cytoskeleton alteration during differentiation; since-cell motility is mediated by cytoskeletal components. We used the holographic-microscopy live imaging technique to evaluate, for the first time in the literature, differences between the motility of nondifferentiated preadipocytes and differentiated mature adipocytes in living cell cultures over time. We revealed that mean motility speed of preadipocytes was significantly higher (fourfold) than that of adipocytes, and that the movement of preadipocytes is less consistent and more extensive. Furthermore, we found that preadipocytes tend to migrate to farther distances, while mature adipocytes remain relatively close to their original location. The results presented here are in agreement with the fact that the cytoskeleton of adipocytes is altered during differentiation and similarly, points to the fact that the cell-sensing mechanisms are changing during differentiation. Our research paves the way to gain better insights of the differentiation process and its implications on larger scale systems in the context of obesity.
It Takes a Village: UN Peace Operations and Social Networks in Postconflict Environments
Authors: Gizelis T. I.
Published: July 2019

Why are civil society organizations so often unable to make a difference during the transition to peace? I argue that the contributions of local civil society organizations and women's organizations to postconflict peacebuilding should be understood in terms of the networks that emerge during the peacebuilding process. Horizontal network conditions are essential for successful postconflict reconstruction. Yet external actors often implement policies that strengthen hierarchical links at the expense of such horizontal networks. To explore the types of networks that emerge in postconflict reconstruction, I use semistructured interviews conducted in Liberia. The evidence suggests that emerging horizontal networks are more robust in areas where local communities and women have a tradition of organizing. However, these networks remain fairly unstable. The assistance is mostly channeled centrally, strengthening hierarchical ties and leading to distortions in the distribution of resources.
The Troublesome “Paradox of Gender Quotas”: A Few Methodological Notes on the Margin of an Article by Michael Jankowski and Kamil Marcinkiewicz
Authors: Górecki Maciej A.
Published: July 2019

In a recent article published in Politics & Gender, Michael Jankowski and Kamil Marcinkiewicz (2019) study the effects of gender quotas on the electoral performance of female candidates in open-list proportional representation (OLPR) systems. On the empirical side, their study is a critical reanalysis of the Polish case, in particular the regularities demonstrated in a 2014 study that I coauthored. We argued there that at the micro level (candidate level), the effects of quotas were somewhat “paradoxical”: following the installation of quotas, women candidates tend to perform worse relative to their male counterparts than they did during the pre-quota period. Jankowski and Marcinkiewicz claim to demonstrate that those “paradoxical” effects are minor and thus practically negligible. In this note, I argue that their conclusion is largely a result of the particular methodological choices made by these authors. These choices seem unobvious, debatable, and potentially controversial. The note concludes that we need more reflection and debate on the methodological aspects of analyzing candidates’ electoral success in complex electoral systems, such as multidistrict OLPR. This would greatly facilitate future efforts aimed at an unequivocal examination of the contentious concepts such as the notion of “paradox of gender quotas.”
The effects of garlic supplementation on weight loss: A systematic	review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Mofrad Manije Darooghegi , Rahmani Jamal , Varkaneh Hamed Kord , Teymouri Alireza , Mousavi Seyed Mohammad
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Obesity is related to increase in the incidence of morbidity and mortality. Studies have suggested anti-obesity properties of garlic; however, results are inconsistent. This systematic review and meta-analysis is done to summarize the data obtained from available randomized clinical trials on the effect of garlic supplementation on body weight, Body Mass Index (BMI), and Waist Circumference (WC). The online databases of Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane library were searched until March 2018 for related publications using relevant keywords. Effect sizes of eligible studies were pooled using random-effects models. Cochran’s Q-test and I2 index were used for assessing heterogeneity. We found 1241 records in our initial search, of which 13 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with 15 treatment arms were included. Pooled analysis showed that garlic administration might significantly decrease WC (Weighed Mean Difference (WMD): −1.10 cm, 95% CI: −2.13, −0.07, P = 0.03, I2 = 0%). However, garlic intervention had no significant effect on body weight (WMD): −0.17 kg, 95% CI: −0.75 to 0.39, P = 0.54, I2 = 0%) and BMI (WMD: −0.17 kg/m2, 95% CI: −0.52, 0.16, P = 0.30, I2 = 44.5%) as compared to controls. From Subgroup analysis, it was ascertained that the effect of garlic supplementation on BMI was significant in trials with duration < 12 weeks (WMD: −0.58 kg/m2, 95% CI: −1.08, −0.08, I2 = 19.8%, P = 0.02) compared to those with higher duration (>12 weeks). The current meta-analysis results suggest that garlic supplementation seems to reduce waist circumference unlike body weight and BMI.
Understanding the Seasonal Cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice Extent in the Context of Longer‐Term Variability
Authors: Eayrs Clare , Holland David , Francis Diana , Wagner Till , Kumar Rajesh , Li Xichen
Published: July 2019

Over the 40‐year satellite record, there has been a slight increasing trend in total annual mean Antarctic sea ice extent of approximately 1.5% per decade that is made up of the sum of significantly larger opposing regional trends. However, record increases in total Antarctic sea ice extent were observed during 2012–2014, followed by record lows (for the satellite era) through 2018. There is still no consensus on the main drivers of these trends, but it is generally believed that the atmosphere plays a significant role and that seasonal time scales and regional scale processes are important. Despite considerable yearly and regional variability, the mean seasonal cycle of growth and melt of Antarctic sea ice is strikingly consistent, with a slow growth but fast melt season. If we are to project trends in Antarctic sea ice and understand changes on longer time scales, we need to understand the mechanisms related to the seasonal cycle separately from those that drive variability. Twice‐yearly changes in the position and intensity of the zonal winds circling Antarctica are thought to drive the system by working with or against the evolving sea ice edge to slow the autumn advance and hasten the spring melt. Open water regions, created by divergence associated with the zonal winds, amplify the spring melt through increased warming of the upper ocean. Climate models fail to accurately reproduce mean Antarctic sea ice extent and overestimate its year‐to‐year variability, but they tend to capture the pattern and timing of the Antarctic seasonal cycle.
How Is Recent Arctic Warming Impacting East Asian Weather?
Authors: Kim Seong-Joong , Kim Baek-Min , Ukita Jinro
Published: July 2019

Arctic Warming and East Asia Weather Linkage Workshop; Incheon, South Korea, 13 May 2019
Satellite Data Reveal Growth and Decline of Sargassum
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: July 2019

High nutrient levels in 2018 resulted in a nearly 9,000-kilometer belt of Sargassum, a seaweed critical to many marine animals but also a nuisance when it washes up on shorelines, new results reveal.
How Ice Cores Are Helping to Track Preindustrial Ozone
Authors: Crowell Rachel
Published: July 2019

Research helps allay concerns about discrepancies between atmospheric chemistry models and historical direct measurements.
Anhydrous Phase B: Transmission Electron Microscope Characterization and Elastic Properties
Authors: Addad A. , Carrez P. , Cordier P. , Jacob D. , Karato S.‐I. , Mohiuddin A. , Mussi A. , Nzogang B. C. , Roussel P. , Tommasi A.
Published: July 2019

We have performed an extensive characterization by transmission electron microscopy (including precession electron diffraction tomography and ab initio electron diffraction refinement as well as electron energy loss spectroscopy) of anhydrous phase B (Anh‐B) formed directly from olivine at 14 GPa, 1400 °C. We show that Anh‐B, which can be considered as a superstructure of olivine, exhibits strong topotactic relationships with it. This lowers the interfacial energy between the two phases and the energy barrier for nucleation of Anh‐B, which can form as a metastable phase. We have calculated the elastic and seismic properties of Anh‐B. From the elastic point of view, Anh‐B appears to be more isotropic than olivine. Anh‐B displays only a moderate seismic anisotropy quite similar to the one of wadsleyite.
Lightning Contribution to Overall Whistler Mode Wave Intensities in the Plasmasphere
Authors: Záhlava J. , Němec F. , Santolík O. , Kolmašová I. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Parrot M. , Kurth W. S. , Kletzing C. A.
Published: July 2019

Electromagnetic waves generated by lightning propagate into the plasmasphere as dispersed whistlers. They can therefore influence the overall wave intensity in space, which, in turn, is important for dynamics of the Van Allen radiation belts. We analyze spacecraft measurements in low‐Earth orbit as well as in high‐altitude equatorial region, together with a ground‐based estimate of lightning activity. We accumulate wave intensities when the spacecraft are magnetically connected to thunderstorms and compare them with measurements obtained when thunderstorms are absent. We show that strong lightning activity substantially affects the wave intensity in a wide range of L‐shells and altitudes. The effect is observed mainly between 500 Hz and 4 kHz, but its frequency range strongly varies with L‐shell, extending up to 12 kHz for L lower than 3. The effect is stronger in the afternoon, evening, and night sectors, consistent with more lightning and easier wave propagation through the ionosphere.
The Dynamics of Elongated Earthquake Ruptures
Authors: Weng Huihui , Ampuero Jean‐Paul
Published: July 2019

The largest earthquakes propagate laterally after saturating the fault's seismogenic width and reach large length‐to‐width ratiosL/W. Smaller earthquakes can also develop elongated ruptures due to confinement by heterogeneities of initial stresses or material properties. The energetics of such elongated ruptures is radically different from that of conventional circular crack models: they feature width‐limited rather than length‐dependent energy release rate. However, a synoptic understanding of their dynamics is still missing. Here we combine computational and analytical modeling of long ruptures in three dimension (3D) and 2.5D (width‐averaged) to develop a theoretical relation between the evolution of rupture speed and the along‐strike distribution of fault stress, fracture energy, and rupture width. We find that the evolution of elongated ruptures in our simulations is well described by the following rupture‐tip‐equation‐of‐motion:urn:x-wiley:21699313:media:jgrb53646:jgrb53646-math-0001whereGcis the fracture energy,G0is the steady state energy release rate,vsis theSwave speed, vris the rupture speed,is the rupture acceleration, andis a known function of rupture speed. The steady energy release rate is limited by rupture width asG0 = γ∆τ2W/μ, whereγis a geometric factor,∆τis the stress drop (spatially smoothed over a length scale smaller thanW), andμis the shear modulus. IfGcis a constant and exactly balanced byG0, the rupture can in principle propagate steadily at any speed. IfGcincreases with rupture speed, steady ruptures have a well‐defined speed and are stable. WhenGc ≠ G0, the rupture acquires an inertial effect: the rupture‐tip‐equation‐of‐motion depends explicitly on rupture acceleration. This inertial effect does not exist in the classical theory of dynamic rupture in 2‐D unbounded media and in unbounded faults in 3D, but emerges in 2‐D bounded media or, as shown here, as a consequence of the finite rupture width in 3D. These findings highlight the essential role of the seismogenic width on rupture dynamics. Based on the rupture‐tip‐equation‐of‐motion we define the rupture potential, a function that determines the size of next earthquake, and we propose a conceptual model that helps rationalize one type of “supercycles” observed on segmented faults. More generally, the theory developed here can yield relations between earthquake source properties (final magnitude, moment rate function, radiated energy) and the heterogeneities of stress and strength along the fault, which can then be used to extract statistical information on fault heterogeneity from source time functions of past earthquakes or as physics‐based constraints on finite‐fault source inversion and on seismic hazard assessment.
Strain‐Dependent Rheology of Silicate Melt Foams: Importance for Outgassing of Silicic Lavas
Authors: Ryan A. G. , Russell J. K. , Heap M. J. , Kolzenburg S. , Vona A. , Kushnir A. R. L.
Published: July 2019

Outgassing of volcanic systems is a ubiquitous phenomenon. Yet the mechanisms facilitating gas escape from vesiculating magmas and lavas remain poorly understood. Pervasive outgassing is thought to depend on the efficient and abundant formation of permeable pathways. Here we present results from experiments designed to identify the conditions and mechanisms needed to form such permeable pathways. We use a foamed silicate melt (FOAMGLAS®) in our experiments as a proxy for natural vesicular melts. FOAMGLAS® cores are compressed under a range of temperatures and strain rates, and results are evaluated against the state of melt relaxation (parameterized using the Deborah number). We find that foam microstructure and rheological and outgassing behaviors evolve with strain and as a function of melt relaxation state. Relaxed melt foams harden during deformation but remain impermeable. As foams become less relaxed at higher strain rate and/or melt viscosity, they show complex responses to deformation (strain weakening and hardening) yet remain impermeable. Strain localization and formation of high‐permeability bands occur only in highly strained, unrelaxed foams. However, these bands are thin and oriented perpendicular to the principal stress, resulting in limited outgassing. Permeable pathways do not readily form in foams; rather, high‐porosity melts are “persistently impermeable.” Our results imply that vesicular silicic lavas may not outgas as efficiently as previously thought. Instead, sustained impermeability allows the lava to maintain low effective viscosities, and to flow extended distances. In addition, pore pressures may rise in deforming impermeable lavas, perhaps priming the lava for later explosive behavior.