bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food as a Discriminative Stimulus
Authors: Richards Ralph W.
Published: September 2011

Three pigeons were trained on a “go-no go” discrimination task in which positive trials were preceded by 1.5-sec. access to food and negative trials were preceded by 0-sec. access to food. By the end of training pretrial access to food was exerting strong discriminative control over responding: each subject responded more than eight times more frequently during positive than negative trials. During a subsequent generalization test in which trials were preceded by various amounts of food, an orderly decremental gradient was obtained between 0- and 1.5-sec. access to food. A comparison with the gradients from three other subjects not given discrimination training showed that the training sharpened the generalization gradient between the training stimuli.
Factorial Study of Achievement-Related Motives
Authors: Yamauchi Hirotsugu , Doi Kiyoharu
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to find out the factorial dimensions among achievement-related motives. 77 subjects were administered 11 tests which measured achievement-related motives. Four factors were extracted by the principal components analysis from the correlation matrix and the factors were rotated by a normalized varimax criterion. The findings suggested that achievement-related motivation is not a unitary construct. There were three psychological aspects as follows: (1) the motive to achieve (Ms), (2) the motive to avoid failure (Maf), and (3) the personality component of the resultant achievement-oriented tendency (Ms—Maf).
Moon Phase' in Behavioral Research
Authors: Cahoon D. D.
Published: September 2011

Although the lunation cycle (phases of the moon) has been employed in behavioral research, there is little evidence that the variable is properly understood or recorded. In reality the phases of the moon are not a property of the moon alone but rather result from the angular relationship between the sun, moon, and earth. It is argued that a suitable analysis would require that the celestial longitude of both sun and moon be recorded separately for any given event and then analyzed conjointly with respect to that event. The main effects of both the sun's and moon's position can then be assessed, and the influence of moon phase and other sun-moon relationships will emerge as statistical interactions if significant.
Relationship of Ordinal Position and Sex to Neuroticism in Adults
Authors: Sutton John M. , McIntire Walter G.
Published: September 2011

This study focused on the relationship between birth order, sex, and levels of adjustment of 120 male and 233 female adult college students (primarily graduate students). Subjects were approached in classes and asked to complete the Eysenck Personality Inventory and a personal data questionnaire. They were assigned to one of the three groups on the basis of their scores on the Neuroticism scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory. A significant relationship between sex and ordinal position was found. Onlyborn males and firstborn females were overrepresented in the high neurotic group. In this same group, firstborn males and middle females were underrepresented. The distribution by sex and ordinal position in the average and low neuroticism groups was not different from chance. The present study supports the concept that there are birth-order differences with respect to sex and neuroticism.
Judges' Views of Child Abuse: A Survey of Attitudes and Experience
Authors: Justice Blair , Friedrich Bill , Clark Linda
Published: September 2011

Although judges most often make the final decision in cases of child abuse, the literature is relatively silent as to what they believe to be true about child abuse and neglect. From 224 district judges in the State of Texas, 36%, or 82, returned a 50-item questionnaire reasonably complete. The responses of these judges agreed with many major constructs in the literature on child abuse, but there were a number of important areas, e.g., family pathology, parent pathology, in which a majority of the judges differed from the literature. The 82 respondents showed considerable openness and flexibility in dealing with abuse.
Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Schizophrenia Research
Authors: Herron William G.
Published: September 2011

31 articles on schizophrenia published during the first half of 1975 in four representative journals are thoroughly examined. The aim is to develop significant procedures and directions for subsequent research. The areas covered in order of frequency are thought disorder, responsiveness, methodology, treatment, and etiology. Such an approach provides a relatively rapid yet indicative overview of current trends. There are numerous methodological restrictions and the behavioral findings are highly specific. Recommendations are made that diagnostic criteria be specified and quantified, that sample characteristics be more extensive and precisely delineated, that the limitations of generalization from past findings be carefully acknowledged, that different designs and statistical treatments be employed, and that areas of concern be extended more often to personality variables of probable clinical significance.
Group and Individual Administration of the Wickens Technique
Authors: Goldstein Donald J.
Published: September 2011

A group-administered Wickens task yielded results similar to the individually administered procedure. 19 seventh-grade students were tested under both individual and group procedures, shifting on the dimension of taxonomic category. In terms of both proactive inhibition buildup and release, results indicated that the group test appears to be a reliable alternative to the individual test.
Verbal and Nonverbal Abilities in English First and Second Language Children
Authors: White Donna , Panunto Brenda
Published: September 2011

This study examined verbal and nonverbal abilities in Italian children for whom English is a second language and monolingual English controls. Subjects were 64 of the two-language children and 33 monolingual children attending English kindergarten in middle class areas. In November the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test was administered, and in May of the same school year, the alternate form of the Peabody and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices were administered. The two-language children performed significantly more poorly on the picture vocabulary test in November and May than controls. However, they did improve Peabody scores significantly between November and May. There was no significant difference between the two-language groups on the Raven Matrices. When socioeconomic level is controlled, a relatively culture-free test is selected, and these two-language children are culturally assimilated, deficiencies in nonverbal skills may not be found.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides in a Rural School Population
Authors: Hale Robert L.
Published: September 2011

This investigation analyzed the factor structure of the Bristol Social Adjustment Guides in a rural population of children (67 boys, 33 girls, aged 5 to 16 yr.) referred for psychological evaluations. The factor structure suggested two distinct factors which conformed to temperamental disorders of the conduct and personality types.
Transfer of Paired-Associates as a Function of Stimulus Meaningfulness
Authors: Kahn-Edrington Marla , Merryman Coleman , Helm Shelli , Okowita Gary
Published: September 2011

Paired-associate transfer in the A-D, A-B paradigm was negative for stimuli of high meaningfulness but not for stimuli of low meaningfulness. This result is consistent with Martin's hypothesis of variable encoding.
Relationship between the Desire for Anonymity and Responses to a Questionnaire on Satisfaction with University
Authors: Watkins David
Published: September 2011

The responses of 363 students who supplied their names on a survey of attitude toward the university were compared to those of 61 respondents who chose to remain anonymous. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded no significant difference between the responses of the two groups.
Prediction of Recidivism in a Criminal Population by Birth Order and Family Size
Authors: Horton Arthur MacNeill , Medley Donald M.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the prediction of recidivism by birth order and family size. Subjects were 204 black, 193 white, and 4 other adult male offenders who completed a 10-item questionnaire during intake classification interviews. Birth-order and family-size categories were formed on the basis of Adlerian theory. Data were analyzed by a priori contrasts. A statistically significant effect was found for the firstborn adult, male offender. It is suggested that birth order is a promising area for future research.
Influence of Prior Level of Meaningfulness on Acquisition of New Meaning
Authors: Wilson William H.
Published: September 2011

Previous research has demonstrated that, when a word which has a neutral evaluative meaning is paired in a learning task with a word that has either positive or negative evaluative meaning, the neutral word acquires a new component of meaning. Research in verbal learning has shown that initial level of associative meaning influences the rate of learning of new materials. The objective of the present investigation was to select CVC syllables at two levels of associative meaning and pair them with words of positive and negative evaluative meaning to determine the influence of associative meaning on the acquisition of evaluative meaning. One group of college students received CVCs low in meaningfulness and one high in meaningfulness. After a conditioning period, change in evaluative meaning of the CVCs was assessed with a semantic differential. Data supported the hypothesis that conditioning would be related to initial level of meaningfulness. Change was significantly greater for the low meaningfulness CVCs than for the high, but both groups showed conditioning.
Relationship between Locus of Control, Perceived Group Cohesiveness, and Satisfaction with Coworkers
Authors: Dailey Robert C.
Published: September 2011

To determine if locus of control and perceived cohesiveness of a group had singular and joint effects on experienced satisfaction with coworkers 281 scientists and engineers in 15 Research and Development organizations were tested. Main effects and the interaction of the predictors were significant. Persons scoring internally were less satisfied with coworkers than were those who scored externally. Cohesiveness was significantly related to the criterion and subjects designated as externally oriented demonstrated a stronger relationship between perceived cohesiveness and satisfaction with coworkers than their internally oriented counterparts.
Effects of Group Size, Composition, Introduction Technique and Cage Apparatus on Aggression during Group Formation in Rhesus Monkeys
Authors: Fairbanks Lynn A. , McGuire Michael T. , Kerber William
Published: September 2011

Aggression directed toward rhesus monkey females was monitored for 2 wk. following group formation under several experimental conditions which included: (a) variation in the number of females (6, 12, 18) and the number of males (1, 2); (b) modifications in the cage apparatus (stripped, boxes and pipes, and visual barriers); and (c) differences in introduction technique (unfamiliar animals vs combination of two pre-existing groups). None of these treatments produced significant differences in the amount of aggression received per female. It was concluded that the extreme conditions inherent in the formation of a new group overshadowed the effects of physical and social variables which might have influenced aggression under more stable circumstances.
You Get What You Ask For: Forced-Choice versus Free-Response Measures of Causal Attributions
Authors: Beers Susan E. , Lowe Charles A.
Published: September 2011

To test predictions from Kelley's (1967) attribution model, subjects were presented with stimulus items consisting of a behavior description and high or low consensus and distinctiveness information. In Study I 59 subjects chose among four causal alternatives to explain behavior; in Study II free-response explanations were solicited from 49 other subjects. For Study I person attribution was most frequent given low consensus and low distinctiveness information. In Study II person attribution was frequent under low consensus and environmental attribution under high consensus, but no effect was found for distinctiveness information. It is suggested that observers employ consensus information alone when seeking a sufficient cause to explain behavior; when refined causal discriminations are required, observers employ both consensus and distinctiveness information.
Interrelationship of Sexist, Racist, and Antihomosexual Attitudes
Authors: Henley Nancy M. , Pincus Fred
Published: September 2011

College undergraduates (211, female and male, mostly white) responded to a 7-point questionnaire with subscales on racial, sexual, and homosexual groups. Political orientation, religious membership and involvement, and parent's educational level were also obtained. All intercorrelations of the three scales were positive and significant ( p < .001) and ranged from .44 to .69. Females were significantly lower than males in sexism but not in racism or gayism. Sexism and gayism scores were negatively correlated with father's and mother's education. All three forms of prejudice were higher for those professing more religious involvement; other typical patterns of bias among the three major U. S. religions were found. Political orientation was also related to prejudice, with more bias found as one approaches the Conservative end of the spectrum.
Resistance to Extinction: A Test of the Discrimination Hypothesis
Authors: Dubanoski Richard A. , Weiner Howard R.
Published: September 2011

To test the discrimination hypothesis of the partial reinforcement effect in extinction, partial or continuous reinforcement trials were interpolated between the initial training trials of partial or continuous reinforcement and the extinction period. 112 children from Grades 2 and 3 participated in one of four conditions. Children receiving two consecutive blocks of partial reinforcement showed the greatest resistance to extinction, children receiving two consecutive blocks of continuous reinforcement showed the weakest resistance, and those receiving partial reinforcement followed by continuous reinforcement or vice versa showed intermediate levels of resistance. Discrimination between training and extinction does not seem to be the critical factor involved in the partial reinforcement effect. The results were discussed in terms of a stimulus analyzer or a sequential analysis model.
Replication of the Factor Structure of the Comrey Personality Scales
Authors: Vandenberg Steven G. , Price Richard A.
Published: September 2011

The factor structure of the Comrey Personality Scales was replicated using a sample of suburban Denver residents ( N = 377). Correlations are reported between the Comrey scales and age, socioeconomic status, sex, body type, a short locus of control scale, the Raven Progressive Matrices Test, and the Neuroticism and Extraversion scales from the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Correlations with self-reported leisure time activities and nervous habits provide a partial validation of the Comrey Activity, Stability, and Extraversion scales.
Selection Interview Performance and Intolerance of Ambiguity
Authors: Keenan A.
Published: September 2011

Budner's Intolerance of Ambiguity scale was given to 105 candidates taking part in 493 initial graduate recruitment interviews given by 103 interviewers. Intolerance of ambiguity was positively associated with candidates' level of anxiety before the interview but was negatively associated with their success in the interview. Candidates' anxiety and interview success were uncorrelated.
An Instrument for Measuring the Behavioral Dimension of Social Anxiety
Authors: Zuroff David C. , Schwarz J. Conrad
Published: September 2011

A review of the literature suggested a need for a behavioral measure of characteristic social anxiety, and Rehm and Marston's (1968) role-playing technique was adapted as an analog. This technique requires subjects to place themselves imaginatively in a series of anxiety-producing social situations which are described on a tape recording; their task is to respond to a line of dialog spoken by someone in the situation. Two equivalent test forms were prepared, each of which sampled a wide range of interpersonal situations relevant to both male and female students. Subjects' responses were videotaped and scored using a check list of behavioral anxiety indicators derived from Paul's (1966) list. Interrater reliabilities for the check list score were high ( r = .92), and test-retest reliability over 11 wk. was acceptable ( r = .57). The check list scores were unrelated to Marlowe-Crowne social desirability scores and weakly though positively related to self-report anxiety measures. Limitations of the instrument were pointed out, and suggestions for further validation studies and possible modifications were noted.
College Students' Attitudes toward a Problems Approach to Child Psychology
Authors: Dunbar Ann Mary , Taylor Beverly Weidler
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine students' attitudes toward a problems approach to teaching child psychology. A total of 320 pre-service teachers were surveyed over a 2-yr. period to obtain their reactions to utilizing vignettes and children's books for providing experiences in analyzing children's problems. The following reactions were obtained: (1) students preferred emphasizing problems rather than traditional approaches in child psychology, (2) students preferred using children's books and vignettes rather than traditional texts, (3) students found writing short reactions to the book and vignettes read was stimulating and thought-provoking, and (4) they felt the number and depth of problems dealt with in the course were appropriate.
Relationships between Conceptual Systems and Psychological Types
Authors: Carskadon Thomas G. , Knudson Marshall L.
Published: September 2011

137 college students were given the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and O. J. Harvey's This I Believe test for conceptual systems. For each of the four Myers-Briggs scales, the proportion of each type classified in each of the four main conceptual systems was analyzed. It was hypothesized that sensing and intuitive types would be nonrandomly distributed across conceptual systems, such that the lower conceptual systems would contain higher proportions of sensing types while the higher conceptual systems would contain higher proportions of intuitive types. This was confirmed. An additional unhypothesized trend emerged in which feeling types were overrepresented among System I individuals. The main results were interpreted as supporting the construct validity of the Sensing-Intuition scale of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator.
Use of Analysis of Variance to Assess Individual Differences in Learning
Authors: Leicht Kenneth L. , Miller Richard , Ramseyer Gary C.
Published: September 2011

Historically statistical tests of significance have not permitted determination of whether the trials effect (learning) differs reliably across learners. A common statistical test, analysis of variance, can ordinarily only be used to assess whether the trials effect varies across experimental treatments. However, the learning situation can be so rearranged that reliable individual differences in learning can be statistically evaluated. The proposed arrangement is such that learning materials, rather than learner, is the randomization unit. An illustration of the use of analysis of variance to evaluate individual differences in learning, when the learning setting is rearranged, is given.
Validation of the Nurturance Scale of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
Authors: Woodmansee John J.
Published: September 2011

Nursing personnel (50 females, 13 males) in a state mental hospital were rated by supervisors as to their degree of nurturant behavior on the job. There was a correlation of —.30 between these ratings and the nurses' Nurturance scores on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule. It was suggested that the Edwards Nurturance scale does not reflect nurturant behavior unless the scale is reverse-scored.
Fear of Success, Sex-Role Orientation, and Performance in Differing Experimental Conditions
Authors: Konstam Varda , Gilbert Harry B.
Published: September 2011

The study was undertaken to explore the theoretical differences between Pappo and Horner, in regard to the significance of the variables of sex-role orientation of the individual and sex-role orientation of the task, in predicting performance of females high in fear of success. Subjects were 227 white female high school sophomores and juniors. It was hypochesized that with feedback of success on a task which was deemed sex-role inappropriate, individuals high in fear of success, who demonstrate a traditional sex-role orientation, would manifest smaller increments or larger decrements in performance between Scrambled Word Tasks II and I. Feedback of success-nonsuccess, sex-role orientation, and fear of success were not effective in predicting differences in performance on the Scrambled Word Task. The defensive patterns postulated by Pappo to be characteristic of the high fear of success individual were upheld.
Effect of Frequency and Probability of Reward on Choice
Authors: Grey Daine A.
Published: September 2011

In studies of probability and simultaneous discrimination learning choice is typically to the alternative with higher probability of reinforcement. However, in these situations probability of reinforcement is confounded with frequency of reinforcement, since the alternative with higher probability of reinforcement given a response also typically receives a greater absolute number of reinforcements in each session. In the present study pigeons were given separate stimulus training on two keys, with only one key presented on each trial, and numbers of trials and probabilities of reinforcement on each key manipulated to examine separately the effects of frequency of reinforcement and probability of reinforcement in different groups. Choice was examined on choice trials with both keys presented. When frequency and probability of reinforcement were manipulated independently, each of these variables affected choice.
Personal Control Expectancies and State Anxiety
Authors: Archer Robert Patrick , Stein Donald K.
Published: September 2011

This study examined relationships among generalized expectancy for internal or external control, situational expectancy of control over aversive stimuli, and state anxiety. 80 male subjects, selected from the upper and lower thirds of the distribution of scores from Rotter's 1-E scale, were randomly assigned to one of four conditions of expectancy of control over electric shock. Repeated measures of state anxiety were taken at three points in the experiment, and subjects were asked to rate the degree of control they expected to have in avoiding shocks. Results, based upon analyses of variance, were interpreted as challenging traditional conceptions of a simple, inverse relationship between degree of control and anxiety. Findings were discussed in terms of relationships to the interactional model of behavioral prediction.
Previous Jury Service as a Moderating Influence on Jurors' Beliefs and Attitudes
Authors: Durand Richard M. , Bearden William O. , Gustafson A. William
Published: September 2011

To ascertain the effect that prior jury service had on beliefs and over-ail attitude towards service, 166 randomly selected registered voters who had been summoned for jury service were administered questionnaires on the first day of their service. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine interrelationships between juror beliefs concerning service and over-all attitudes for both those who had and those who had not served previously. Results indicate that those with previous service differed significantly in their perceptions of service from those without prior service. The need for court administrators to develop alternative strategies for both groups is demonstrated.
Simulation of Exceptionalities for Elementary School Students
Authors: Dahl H. G. , Horsman K. R. , Arkell R. N.
Published: September 2011

A non-equivalent control group design was used to investigate the effectiveness of four simulation experiences in modifying the attitudes of 63 students in Grade 5 towards their handicapped peers. Experience in maneuvering a wheelchair was the only simulation which significantly increased attitudes, as measured by a social distance checklist, towards persons having a handicap.
Occupational Stereotypes and Women's Attitude toward Risk
Authors: Beldt Sandra F. , Brightman Harvey J. , Sheshai Kamal El
Published: September 2011

The objective was to examine the impact of masculine and neutral occupations on women's attitudes toward risk. 100 subjects were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group completed the standard Kogan-Wallach Choice Dilemma Questionnaire. The experimental group completed a revised questionnaire in which masculine occupations and male referents were replaced by their neutral forms. The data do not support the hypothesis.
Cross-Cultural Study of Ratings of Phenomenological Experience of Emotion
Authors: Dor-Shav Netta Kohn , Dor-Shav Zecharia
Published: September 2011

The phenomenology of the emotions, anger, fear, sadness, and pride was rated cross-culturally on 23 scales of the semantic-differential, and a hypothesis of cross-cultural agreement was tested. Results were consistent with the hypothesis as 54 of 92 scales (or about 60%) showed similarity across the four cultures, and only 5 scales—a number certainly no greater than would be expected on the basis of chance—yielded ratings which reflected differences in phenomenology, i.e., significant deviations from neutrality lying at opposite poles of a dimension. A Scheffé subset analysis indicated that in two-thirds of our cases all four language-culture groups could be subsumed into one and that there was no case in which at least three of the groups could not be subsumed into one subset. Factor analyses were carried out, and factor scores generated for four factors for each of the four emotions, and across the four language-culture groups. Findings indicated a good deal of cross-cultural similarity (62%). The data are interpreted as supporting a hypothesis of universality in emotional experience.
Measurement of Desire for Control of the Physical Environment
Authors: Jorgenson Dale O.
Published: September 2011

A central theme of Western man's relationship to nature has been the effort to control it. In fact recent efforts to deal with environmental problems have often yielded solutions which would maintain or even increase this control. For this reason an attempt was made to develop a scale to measure the desire to control the physical environment. The resultant 14-item scale yielded a Cronbach's alpha of .83 and a test-retest correlation of .88, as well as evidence of convergent and discriminant validity.
Factor Structure of the MMPI-168 with and without Regression Weights
Authors: Rathus Spencer A.
Published: September 2011

The MMPI-168 was administered to 786 adolescent males and 883 adolescent females to determine whether the scale factor structure was stable across sex and before and after using regression weights to predict full scale scores. For each analysis three factors accounting for 65 to 69% of the variance emerged, though in varying order: psychoticism and acting out, depression (or neuroticism), and defensiveness. Major response clusters on the MMPI-168 thus appear to remain following use of regression equations.
Correlation between Quick Word Test and Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire B Factor Scores
Authors: Watkins Marley
Published: September 2011

A correlation of .37 between scores on Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire source trait B and scores on the Quick Word Test of 104 male and 141 female American college students was calculated. It was concluded that Factor B's validity as an individual assessment of intelligence is not supported for this sample of college students.
Faking Study of Scores on the Women as Managers Scale
Authors: Herbert Theodore T. , Yost Edward B.
Published: September 2011

Peters, Terborg, and Taynor's (1974) Women As Managers Scale instrument was tested for susceptibility to faking. Normal and fake-high (anti-feminist) and normal and fake-low (pro-feminist) conditions differed significantly for 57 university student subjects.
Intermodal Stimulus Generalization and Retention of Habituation in Earthworms
Authors: Gilpin Andrew R. , Ratner Stanley C.
Published: September 2011

50 mature earthworms ( L. terrestris) were assigned randomly to one of five stimulus conditions in an experiment with three phases. In Phase I Group Light-Vibration-Light received 2-sec. presentations of white light (with an 18-sec. intertrial interval) to an habituation criterion; in Phase II vibration was presented on the same schedule; and in Phase III, which began 2 hr. after the end of Phase I, presentations of light were given. Group Vibration-Light-Vibration received vibration in Phases I and III and light in Phase II; Groups Vibration-Rest-Vibration and Light-Rest-Light received no stimulation in Phase II. A control group was observed on the same schedule but received no stimuli. Results indicated that previous habituation to one stimulus reduced responses to the other stimulus, regardless of the type of stimulation (stimulus generalization). Retention of habituation from Phase I to Phase III was reduced in Group Light-Vibration-Light but not Group Vibration-Light-Vibration, relative to their counterparts receiving rest in Phase II. Thus results indicated that the effects of habituation in this organism depend on the presence of stimuli from other modalities.
Training Effects on Attitudes and Personality Characteristics of Nurse Practitioners
Authors: Bruhn John G. , Floyd Chloe S. , Bunce Harvey
Published: September 2011

Three psychological measurements were obtained on applicants to a pediatric nurse practitioner program. 67 were enrolled in the program, the remaining 51 were rejected, withdrew their applications, or did not complete their applications. 43 of the 67 students who entered the program were re-administered Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale, Budner's Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale and Myers-Briggs Type Indicator at the end of the program and at 1-yr. post-graduation. Students tended to be more introverted, more perceptive, and more externally controlled at the end of the program than on entry. One year after graduation the nurses' profiles on all of the psychological measurements tended to resemble those obtained on entry to the program. These findings indicate that, while new skills can be learned by a select group of highly motivated nurses in 4 mo., the practitioner's attitudes will probably vary with their perceived expectations of particular situations.
A Criticism of Forbes and Lebo's Failure to Validate the Lunacy Myth
Authors: Cole Mark , Burd Frederick
Published: September 2011

Forbes and Lebo (1977) reported the incidence of arrests for various crimes as a function of lunar phase. Reanalysis showed the largest deviation of observed from expected frequency occurred in the first quarter for total arrests but in the third quarter for crimes against people. Neither was predicted and neither demonstrates lunar phases influence behavior.
A Rating Scale of Intimate Disclosure between Late Adolescents and Their Friends
Authors: Klos Dennis S. , Loomis Diane F.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were asked to recall actual intimate conversations with closest same-sex friend and closest opposite-sex friend and reconstruct the dialogue. Responses were used to form a reliable example-anchored scale. The criteria for rating were the topic of disclosure, the feeling-content and spontaneity of disclosure, and the receptivity of the target person. The sample was 128 Williams College students, evenly divided by sex, half freshmen and half seniors, Caucasian, and middle-class. An analysis of variance showed significant differences in level of intimate disclosure: freshman males to males, low; freshman males to females and senior males to males, moderate; senior males to females and females of either age to friends of either sex, high. Level of intimate disclosure was independent of the tendency to give socially desirable responses on the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. Using objective ratings as a standard, it was concluded that self-ratings of intimate disclosure are inflated and often inaccurate.
The Concept of Lunacy: A Review
Authors: Cooke Donna J. , Coles E. M.
Published: September 2011

A historical account of the concept of lunacy in terms of its symptomatology and aetiological models, and a critical review of its validity and reliability are given. It is concluded that there is no unequivocal support for a belief in a lunar influence on human behaviour and that any future research should be directed towards the specification of the behaviour and people that might be affected by the phases of the moon.
Partial Reinforcement and Noticeability of an Irrelevant Dimension and Their Effects on Subsequent Performance in a Concept-Shift Task
Authors: Harpur John G. E.
Published: September 2011

The literature suggested that, whereas prior partial reinforcement of a relevant dimension in a concept-shift task has a detrimental effect on learning an extradimensional shift, prior partial reinforcement of an irrelevant dimension has no effect on subsequent transfer performance. The experiment involved increasing the salience of a partially reinforced irrelevant dimension by varying the number of values on this dimension during original learning and determining the effects of this on extra-dimensional shift performance. Subjects were 120 male and female students. Negative transfer occurred. The effect interacted with the number of values present on irrelevant dimensions; results were interpreted in terms of the relative noticeability of the different dimensions within the paradigm.
Some Comments on Test Reliability
Authors: Buros Oscar K.
Published: September 2011

From four parametric models derived from commonly used scores, standardized deviations, deviation scores, ranks or percentile ranks, and absolute scores, are derived a variety of reliability coefficients. Their use would encourage awareness of level of precision in measurement.
Associative Asymmetry: Memory for Antonyms Presented Separately
Authors: Hoosain Rumjahn , Salili Farideh
Published: September 2011

In two studies, one in English and one in Persian, subjects were asked to memorize antonymous words, e.g., heaven, hell, presented separately in random order. Similar results were obtained: (a) more single positive words were recalled than single negative words and (b) when positive members of antonymous pairs were learned before their negative opposites, more positive-negative than negative-positive pairs were recalled but, when negative members were learned first, about the same number of positive-negative and negative-positive pairs were recalled. Inherent associative asymmetry between items must be considered as well as other factors such as order of presentation.
Social Desirability Ratings of MMPI Items as Related to Position of First Person Pronouns
Authors: Petzel Thomas P.
Published: September 2011

This study focused on the position of first person pronouns in personality items of the MMPI and their social desirability ratings. Items beginning with first person pronouns received more favorable ratings by different groups of judges than items having a first person pronoun other than in the first position in the sentence. These results were discussed in terms of a “stimulus pull” hypothesis. Relevant literature on visual scanning patterns as influenced by sentence structure was briefly discussed.
Using Four Chance Profiles to Evaluate Carelessness
Authors: Haertzen C. A. , Ross F. E.
Published: September 2011

By comparing the similarity of a subject's scores with individualized chance scores, a test can be validly evaluated for carelessness. A fixed individualized chance score on any scale for a subject can be estimated with the subject's total percentage of true responses. A sum of D2/100 is then determined between the actual and chance scores. The method is regarded as generally applicable to tests which have many scales. Using the Social Experience Questionnaire 100% of random tests and 3.7% of actual tests for normals ( N = 54), alcoholics ( N = 53), and opiate addicts ( N = 28) had cutting scores of 40 or less.
Internal-External Control and Motivations for Alcohol Use among High School Students
Authors: Schilling Martha E. , Carman Roderick S.
Published: September 2011

Internal-External locus of control and alcohol use were investigated among high school students, and it was found that external control was positively related to problem-oriented motivations and social complications. A developmental model for the relationship between I-E control and drinking is proposed.
Religious Group Membership, Locus of Control, and Dogmatism
Authors: Russell Gerald M. , Jorgenson Dale O.
Published: September 2011

As predicted, members of two religious groups ( Ns = 40 and 29) scored more internal on Rotter's just world, predictable world, and difficult world subscales and more external on the politically responsive world subscale than 122 college students. A measure of dogmatism also correlated moderately with scores on the just and difficult world subscales.
Cross-Cultural Comparison of Personality: New Zealand Children and English Children
Authors: Saklofske D. H. , Eysenck S. B. G.
Published: September 2011

The recently published Junior Eysenck Personality Questionnaire contains scales to measure the personality dimensions of Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism, as well as a Lie (dissimulation) factor. In view of the large volume of standardization data cross-cultural studies of personality structure are possible. The questionnaire was accordingly administered to a sample of New Zealand boys ( N = 644) and girls ( N = 672), aged from 7 to 15 yr., and the New Zealand data compared with the results reported in the manual for samples of English children. The pattern of correlations between scales was similar for both samples, the correlations tending to be quite low. The majority of items loaded on their respective factors, and these factors could be clearly identified with Eysenck's personality dimensions. Factor comparisons indicated a high degree of factor similarity for boys and girls. Internal consistency reliabilities were quite satisfactory for both sexes and closely resembled those reported in the manual. Sex and age trends were also consistent with the English results. Of some interest is the fact that New Zealand children obtained higher Psychoticism scores than did English children; they also obtained lower Lie scores.
The Slosson Intelligence Test as a Quick Screening Test of Mental Ability with Profoundly and Severely Retarded Children
Authors: Rotatori Anthony F. , Epstein Michael
Published: September 2011

The study investigated the test-retest reliability of the Slosson Intelligence Test when administered and scored by 9 special education teachers who had no experience in psychological testing. Subjects were 53 profoundly and severely retarded children, ranging in age from 5 to 16 yr. Pearson product-moment coefficients were .92 for girls, .96 for boys, and .94 for all subjects for scores on two occasions. The results support Slosson's contention that the test can be reliably administered by personnel with little psychometric knowledge.
Whitewashing Conceit: A Failure to Confirm
Authors: Stebbins Robert A.
Published: September 2011

There appears to be an unwitting tendency in some spheres of achievement to whitewash the conceited and therefore offensive remarks of otherwise respected figures by defining those remarks as mere pride. An ex post facto field experiment was designed to test the hypothesis that objectively conceited talk about self-achievement by a star or other superior practitioner in a line of activity is perceived as a justified expression of pride by those far from the top levels of performance in that activity. Judgments of conceited remarks made by a professional football star in a videotaped interview were collected from an experimental group of high school football players ( n = 28) and a control group of college players ( n = 14). An analysis of variance of individual judgments of each of the star's conceited remarks was not significant. Further research is suggested using groups in different lines of achievement, groups that diverge more in their levels of accomplishment than the ones used in the present study.
Construct Validation of the Personal and Sociopolitical Dimensions of Rotter's Internal-External Locus of Control Scale
Authors: Berndt David John
Published: September 2011

The construct validity of two dimensions of the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale was investigated. Subjects (102 females and 63 males) completed measures of state and trait depression, a political activity inventory, and the locus of control scale. While the sociopolitical cluster of items showed evidence of construct validity, the personal cluster was not construct-validated. The need was stressed for further investigation of the validity of dimensions of locus of control.
Note on Demand Characteristics in Analogue Research on Small Animal Phobias
Authors: Barrios Billy A.
Published: September 2011

The present report reviewed the analogue literature on small animal phobias to determine the extent to which researchers employed “blind” experimenters in the assessment of behavioral fear. A total of 87 analogue studies on small animal phobias appearing between January, 1971 and December, 1976 in six professional journals were reviewed. The review showed that only 29% of the studies clearly indicated the employment of “blind” assessors. The results of the review suggest that journal reviewers have been relatively insensitive to this critical design factor and that future research should take the steps necessary to eliminate this major alternative explanation of experimental findings.
Training Therapy of Psychotherapists: Professional Socialization as Interprofessional Relations
Authors: Omark Richard C.
Published: September 2011

One aspect of professional socialization unique to mental health workers is training therapy. It is shown empirically in one large city that only one (psychoanalysis) of the four primary mental health professions (also including psychiatry, clinical psychology, and psychiatric social work) usually provides this kind of socialization. This tendency can be interpreted as showing that the practice of psychoanalysis is the core set of symbolic tasks in psychotherapy and any sharing of it has symbolic value for the other mental health professions. If this interpretation is correct, then one would expect to find in further research that professionals in the other three mental health professions, who have undergone training therapy from a psychoanalyst, would have higher status, more rapid job advancement, and be “core” leaders in their own professions.
Machiavellianism, External Control, and Cognitive Style of American and West German CO-EDS
Authors: Maroldo G. K. , Flachmeier L. C.
Published: September 2011

This study concerned similarities and differences between 59 American and 97 West German co-eds with respect to Machiavellianism, external control, and cognitive style. American and West German co-eds differed in Machiavellian orientation and external control but appeared similar in cognitive style. The discussion revolves around cultural differences, child-rearing practices, socio-economic factors, and cognitive processes as possibly contributing to these results.
Forward and Backward Associations in Learning Letter Sounds
Authors: Speidel Gisela E.
Published: September 2011

20 preschool children were instructed in letter-sound correspondences in one of two ways. One group was presented with the letter symbol and asked to produce the sound, while the other group was presented with the letter sound and asked to point to the corresponding letter symbol in an array of letters. After the last acquisition trial, the children were given a reversal trial in which they were presented with the usual response and asked to produce the stimulus. Performance of both groups on the reversal trial was significantly lower than on the last acquisition trial.
Valence of Arousal and Emotive Imagery
Authors: Remer Rory , Watson John Joseph , Brinly Bonnie Lee
Published: September 2011

Valence of affective arousal on effectiveness of in vivo emotive imagery was explored. The 34 subjects were pretested for tolerance to discomfort, then instructed in and assessed for imagery production. The subjects were posttested for tolerance under three valence conditions induced by positive imagery, negative imagery, and distractor (neutral) scripts. A significant linear trend, pretest being low followed by negative, distractor, and positive conditions, was found. Valence of arousal appears to be the most important element contributing to effectiveness.
A Look at the Moral Reasoning of Prospective Canadian Teachers
Authors: Tan-Willman Conchita
Published: September 2011

The moral reasoning of prospective Canadian teachers ( ns = 256) was measured using Rest's Defining Issues Test. Results indicated that the subjects operated predominantly on the “law and order” orientation (Kohlberg's stages 3 and 4) with a tendency toward anti-establishment and an inclination to choose “gobbledygook” statements as important considerations for making moral decisions. No sex difference was observed. On the assumptions that a teacher needs to function morally, at least a level above his students to facilitate their moral growth to the next higher stage, and that a teacher should operate predominantly on the post-conventional level (stages 5 and 6) to teach democratic principles, the present findings suggested that the majority of the subjects are inadequate in their level of moral reasoning to teach effectively for moral development. Furthermore, the study questioned the subjects' ability to foster creative imagination and divergent thinking in the classroom.
Relation of Suggestibility to Obesity
Authors: Deyoub Paul L.
Published: September 2011

73 subjects participated in an experiment designed to determine whether there is a positive correlation between obesity and suggestibility. Each subject was tested individually for suggestibility, using the Barber Suggestibility Scale under task-motivational conditions. The percentage overweight was estimated for each subject and correlated with the Objective and Subjective suggestibility scores. The correlations were not significant and suggestibility did not increase with an increase in obesity. When the suggestibility scores for the obese subjects were compared with the scores obtained by normal and obese subjects by other investigators, it was clear that obese persons' levels of suggestibility were no greater than that for the general population. There was also no significant relationship between age and suggestibility scores. Implications for treatment and demand characteristics of the experimental situation were discussed.
The Bem Sex-Role Inventory: A North-South Comparison
Authors: Segal Miriam , Richman Shanna
Published: September 2011

The Bem Sex-role Inventory was administered to 100 male and 100 female students in introductory psychology at the University of Georgia and at Adelphi University in New York. It was hypothesized that the latter would be more androgynous than the former, but in fact, there was no association between geographic locale and sex-role identification. Findings reported by Bem for a 1975 sample of Stanford undergraduates are similar to current results, suggesting that college students in the Northeast, Southeast and West do not differ with regard to sex-role identification.