bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determining service provider and transport system related effects of ridesourcing services by simulation within the travel demand model mobiTopp
Authors: Wilkes Gabriel , Briem Lars , Heilig Michael , Hilgert Tim , Kagerbauer Martin , Vortisch Peter
Published: June 2021

Purpose

Ridesourcing services have become popular recently and play a crucial role in Mobility as a Service (MaaS) offers. With their increasing importance, the need arises to integrate them into travel demand models to investigate transport system-related effects. As strong interdependencies between different people’s choices exist, microscopic and agent-based model approaches are especially suitable for their simulation.

Method

This paper presents the integration of shared and non-shared ridesourcing services (i.e., ride-hailing and ride-pooling) into the agent-based travel demand model mobiTopp. We include a simple vehicle allocation and fleet control component and extend the mode choice by the ridesourcing service. Thus, ridesourcing is integrated into the decision-making processes on an agent’s level, based on the system’s specific current performance, considering current waiting times and detours, among other data.

Results and Discussion

In this paper, we analyze the results concerning provider-related figures such as the number of bookings, trip times, and occupation rates, as well as effects on other travel modes. We performed simulation runs in an exemplary scenario with several variations with up to 1600 vehicles for the city of Stuttgart, Germany. This extension for mobiTopp provides insights into interdependencies between ridesourcing services and other travel modes and may help design and regulate ridesourcing services.
Analysis of the transcriptome of bovine endometrial cells isolated by laser micro-dissection (2): impacts of post-partum negative energy balance on stromal, glandular and luminal epithelial cells
Authors: Chankeaw Wiruntita , Lignier Sandra , Richard Christophe , Ntallaris Theodoros , Raliou Mariam , Guo Yongzhi , Plassard Damien , Bevilacqua Claudia , Sandra Olivier , Andersson Göran , Humblot Patrice , Charpigny Gilles
Published: June 2021

Background

In post-partum dairy cows, the energy needs to satisfy high milk production induces a status of more or less pronounced Negative Energy Balance (NEB). NEB associated with fat mobilization impairs reproductive function. In a companion paper, we described constitutive gene expression in the three main endometrial cell types (stromal, glandular and luminal epithelial cells) isolated by laser capture micro-dissection (LCM) showing the specificities of their transcriptomic profiles. This study investigates the specific impact of NEB on gene expression in these cells around 80 days after parturition at day 15 of the oestrus cycle and describes their specific response to NEB.

Results

Following the description of their constitutive expression, the transcriptome profiles obtained by RNA sequencing of the three cells types revealed that differences related to the severity of NEB altered mainly specific patterns of expression related to individual cell types. Number of differentially expressed genes between severe NEB (SNEB) and mild NEB (MNEB) cows was higher in ST than in LE and GE, respectively. SNEB was associated with differential expression of genes coding for proteins involved in metabolic processes and embryo-maternal interactions in ST. Under-expression of genes encoding proteins with functions related to cell structure was found in GE whereas genes encoding proteins participating in pro-inflammatory pathways were over-expressed. Genes associated to adaptive immunity were under-expressed in LE.

Conclusion

The severity of NEB after calving is associated with changes in gene expression around 80 days after parturition corresponding to the time of breeding. Specific alterations in GEs are associated with activation of pro-inflammatory mechanisms. Concomitantly, changes in the expression of genes encoding proteins involved in cell interactions and maternal recognition of pregnancy takes place in ST. The combination of these effects possibly altering the uterine environment and embryo maternal interactions may negatively influence the establishment of pregnancy.
Ecological strategies of biological and chemical control agents on wildfire disease of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: Liu Tianbo , Gu Yabing , Zhou Zhicheng , Liu Zhenghua , Yin Huaqun , Qin Chong , Yi Tuyong , Tao Jiemeng
Published: June 2021

Background

To investigate the ecological effects of chemical and biological control methods on tobacco wildfire disease, a plot field experiment was conducted to compare the control efficiency and mechanisms of a chemical pesticide (kasugamycin wettable powder, KWP) and a biological control agent (BCA) through high-throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S rRNA genes.

Results

The results showed that the BCA displayed better performance in decreasing the disease index and morbidity of tobacco than the chemical pesticide. By monitoring the endophytic community within tobacco leaves, it was found that the control effects of these two methods might be mediated by different changes in the endophytic bacterial communities and community assembly patterns. The application of either method decreased the taxonomic diversity of the leaf endophytic community. Compared to the BCA, KWP showed a more significant effect on the endophytic community structure, while the endophytic community treated with the BCA was able to return to the original state, which presented much lower disease infection. The disease control efficiency of KWP and BCA treatments might be achieved by increasing the abundance of Sphingomonas and Streptophyta, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of the ecological processes in community assembly indicated that the BCA strengthened the homogeneous and variable selection, while KWP enhanced ecological drift.

Conclusions

The results suggested different control mechanisms between KWP and BCA treatments, which will help in developing diverse ecological strategies for plant disease control.
Resilience mediates the effect of self-efficacy on symptoms of prenatal anxiety among pregnant women: a nationwide smartphone cross-sectional study in China
Authors: Ma Ruqing , Yang Fengzhi , Zhang Lijuan , Sznajder Kristin K. , Zou Changqing , Jia Yajing , Cui Can , Zhang Weiyu , Zhang Wenzhu , Zou Ning , Yang Xiaoshi
Published: June 2021

Background

Prenatal anxiety is one of the most prevalent mental disorders during pregnancy. This study assessed the prevalence of prenatal anxiety and examined whether resilience could play the mediating role in the association between self-efficacy and symptoms of prenatal anxiety among pregnant women in China.

Methods

A nationwide smartphone cross-sectional study was carried out in three cities (Shenyang of Liaoning Province, Zhengzhou of Henan Province and Chongqing Municipality) in China from July 2018 to July 2019. The questionnaire consisted of questions on demographic characteristics, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7), the Chinese version of General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES), and the 14-item Wagnild and Young Resilience Scale (RS-14). A total of 665 pregnant women were recruited in this study. A hierarchical multiple regression model was employed to explore the associate factors and mediators of symptoms of prenatal anxiety. A structural equation model was employed to test the hypothesis that resilience mediates the association between self-efficacy and symptoms of prenatal anxiety.

Results

The prevalence of symptoms of prenatal anxiety was 36.4% in this study. Self-efficacy was negatively correlated with symptoms of prenatal anxiety (r = -0.366, P < 0.01). Resilience had a significant positive correlation with self-efficacy (r = 0.612, P < 0.01) and had a negative correlation with symptoms of prenatal anxiety (r = -0.427, P < 0.01). The hierarchical multiple regression model indicated that self-efficacy and resilience were the main factors associated with symptoms of prenatal anxiety and contributed to 11.9% and 6.3% to the variance of symptoms of prenatal anxiety, respectively. Resilience served as a mediator between self-efficacy and symptoms of prenatal anxiety (a*b = -0.198, Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap 95% Confidence interval: -0.270, -0.126).

Conclusions

Self-efficacy was a negative predictor of symptoms of prenatal anxiety among pregnant women. Moreover, resilience mediated the relation between self-efficacy and symptoms of prenatal anxiety among pregnant women in China. It was observed in this study that psychological interventions might be beneficial for pregnant women to relieve symptoms of prenatal anxiety through improved self-efficacy and resilience.
COVID-19 infection across workplace settings in Qatar: a comparison of COVID-19 positivity rates of screened workers from March 1st until July 31st, 2020
Authors: Al-Kuwari Mohamed Ghaith , Al-Nuaimi Asma Ali , Abdulmajeed Jazeel , Semaan Sandy , Al-Romaihi Hamad Eid , Kandy Mujeeb Chettiyam , Swamy Selvakumar
Published: June 2021

Introduction

COVID-19 transmission was significant amongst Qatar’s working population during the March–July 2020 outbreak. The study aimed to estimate the risk of exposure for COVID-19 across various workplace settings and demographics in the State of Qatar.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was conducted utilizing surveillance data of all workplaces with 10 or more laboratory-confirmed cases of COVID-19. These workplaces were categorized using a mapping table adapted from the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) codes, 2017 version. The data was then analyzed to estimate and compare the positivity rate as an indicator of the risk of developing COVID-19 infection across various workplace settings in the State of Qatar.

Results

The highest positivity rate was reported amongst the Construction & Related (40.0%) and the Retail & Wholesale Trade sectors (40.0%), whereas, the lowest positivity rate was attributed to the healthcare workplace setting (11.0%). The highest incidence of COVID-19 infections occurred in South Asian nationalities and in the male gender. The private funded sector employees have seen higher positivity rate than employees of the governmental funded sector.

Conclusion

The elevated risk of infection in Construction and Retail & Wholesale Trade is probably due to environmental and educational vulnerabilities. The predominant labor force of those workplace categories is South Asian craft and male manual workers. Alternatively, the better containment of the healthcare workplace setting can be attributed to the enforcement of infection control and occupational safety measures. These findings imply the importance of using preventive and surveillance strategies for high-risk workplace settings appropriately.
Correction to: Networked neural spheroid by neuro-bundle mimicking nervous system created by topology effect
Authors: Jeong Gi Seok , Chang Joon Young , Park Ji Soo , Lee Seung-A , Park DoYeun , Woo Junsung , An Heeyoung , Lee C. Justin , Lee Sang-Hoon
Published: June 2021

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.
Dietary fiber intake, the gut microbiome, and chronic systemic inflammation in a cohort of adult men
Authors: Ma Wenjie , Nguyen Long H. , Song Mingyang , Wang Dong D. , Franzosa Eric A. , Cao Yin , Joshi Amit , Drew David A. , Mehta Raaj , Ivey Kerry L. , Strate Lisa L. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Izard Jacques , Garrett Wendy , Rimm Eric B. , Huttenhower Curtis , Chan Andrew T.
Published: June 2021

Background

A higher intake of dietary fiber is associated with a decreased risk of chronic inflammatory diseases such as cardiovascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease. This may function in part due to abrogation of chronic systemic inflammation induced by factors such as dysbiotic gut communities. Data regarding the detailed influences of long-term and recent intake of differing dietary fiber sources on the human gut microbiome are lacking.

Methods

In a cohort of 307 generally healthy men, we examined gut microbiomes, profiled by shotgun metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing, and long-term and recent dietary fiber intake in relation to plasma levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), an established biomarker for chronic inflammation. Data were analyzed using multivariate linear mixed models.

Results

We found that inflammation-associated gut microbial configurations corresponded with higher CRP levels. A greater intake of dietary fiber was associated with shifts in gut microbiome composition, particularly Clostridiales, and their potential for carbohydrate utilization via polysaccharide degradation. This was particularly true for fruit fiber sources (i.e., pectin). Most striking, fiber intake was associated with significantly greater CRP reduction in individuals without substantialPrevotella copricarriage in the gut, whereas those withP. copricarriage maintained stable CRP levels regardless of fiber intake.

Conclusions

Our findings offer human evidence supporting a fiber-gut microbiota interaction, as well as a potential specific mechanism by which gut-mediated systemic inflammation may be mitigated.
Microalgal-based feed: promising alternative feedstocks for livestock and poultry production
Authors: Saadaoui Imen , Rasheed Rihab , Aguilar Ana , Cherif Maroua , Al Jabri Hareb , Sayadi Sami , Manning Schonna R.
Published: June 2021

There is an immediate need to identify alternative sources of high-nutrient feedstocks for domestic livestock production and poultry, not only to support growing food demands but also to produce microalgae-source functional foods with multiple health benefits. Various species of microalgae and cyanobacteria are used to supplement existing feedstocks. In this review, microalgae have been defined as a potential feedstock for domestic animals due to their abundance of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and other high-value products. Additionally, the positive physiological effects on products of animals fed with microalgal biomass have been compiled and recommendations are listed to enhance the assimilation of biomolecules in ruminant and nonruminant animals, which possess differing digestive systems. Furthermore, the role of microalgae as prebiotics is also discussed. With regards to large scale cultivation of microalgae for use as feed, many economic trade-offs must be considered such as the selection of strains with desired nutritional properties, cultivation systems, and steps for downstream processing. These factors are highlighted with further investigations needed to reduce the overall costs of cultivation. Finally, this review outlines the pros and cons of utilizing microalgae as a supplementary feedstock for poultry and cattle, existing cultivation strategies, and the economics of large-scale microalgal production.
Effects of root dominate over aboveground litter on soil microbial biomass in global forest ecosystems
Authors: Jing Yanli , Tian Peng , Wang Qingkui , Li Weibin , Sun Zhaolin , Yang Hong
Published: June 2021

Background

Inputs of above- and belowground litter into forest soils are changing at an unprecedented rate due to continuing human disturbances and climate change. Microorganisms drive the soil carbon (C) cycle, but the roles of above- and belowground litter in regulating the soil microbial community have not been evaluated at a global scale.

Methods

Here, we conducted a meta-analysis based on 68 aboveground litter removal and root exclusion studies across forest ecosystems to quantify the roles of above- and belowground litter on soil microbial community and compare their relative importance.

Results

Aboveground litter removal significantly declined soil microbial biomass by 4.9% but root exclusion inhibited it stronger, up to 11.7%. Moreover, the aboveground litter removal significantly raised fungi by 10.1% without altering bacteria, leading to a 46.7% increase in the fungi-to-bacteria (F/B) ratio. Differently, root exclusion significantly decreased the fungi by 26.2% but increased the bacteria by 5.7%, causing a 13.3% decrease in the F/B ratio. Specifically, root exclusion significantly inhibited arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and actinomycetes by 22.9%, 43.8%, and 7.9%, respectively. The negative effects of aboveground litter removal on microbial biomass increased with mean annual temperature and precipitation, whereas that of root exclusion on microbial biomass did not change with climatic factors but amplified with treatment duration. More importantly, greater effects of root exclusion on microbial biomass than aboveground litter removal were consistent across diverse forest biomes (expect boreal forests) and durations.

Conclusions

These data provide a global evidence that root litter inputs exert a larger control on microbial biomass than aboveground litter inputs in forest ecosystems. Our study also highlights that changes in above- and belowground litter inputs could alter soil C stability differently by shifting the microbial community structure in the opposite direction. These findings are useful for predicting microbe-mediated C processes in response to changes in forest management or climate.
The Wire Study—a protocol for a multi-stage feasibility study evaluating K-wire fixation of hand fractures in the UK
Authors: Wormald Justin Conrad Rosen , Mikhail Mark Medhat , Rodrigues Jeremy Neil , Gardiner Sonya , Pezas Theodore , Lloyd-Hughes Hawys , Issa Fadi , Jain Abhilash , Gardiner Matthew David
Published: June 2021

Background

Hand fractures are common and sometimes require surgery to restore function. Placement of Kirschner wires (K-wires) is the most common form of surgical fixation. After placement, a key decision is whether to bury the end of a K-wire or leave it protruding from the skin (exposed). A recent systematic review found no evidence to support either approach and a national clinician and surgeon survey demonstrated further uncertainty. We aim to determine the design of a definitive randomised controlled trial assessing the cost and clinical effectiveness of buried versus exposed Kirschner wires for adults with metacarpal or phalangeal fractures.

Methods

We will employ three methodologies: a national service evaluation of current clinical practice, patient and surgeon focus groups and a consensus meeting to finalise the protocol for a randomised controlled trial. For the service evaluation, all outcomes will be summarised using descriptive statistics overall and split by group (buried versus exposed K-wires). Information collected in the patient focus groups will be analysed thematically. The surgeon consensus meeting will address each part of the design in turn and through discussion agree a final protocol.

Discussion

The study may be monitored, or audited in accordance with the current approved protocol, Good Clinical Practice (GCP), relevant regulations and standard operating procedures. The Chief Investigator will submit and, where necessary, obtain approval from the above parties for all substantial amendments to the original approved documents. A feasibility study report will be published by the Wire Study Steering committee. Additional members of the steering group and citable collaborators will be listed within the manuscript and their roles identified.
Formalising the induction of patient and public involvement contributors on trial oversight committees
Authors: Pickering Emily C. , Hanley Bec , Bell Philip , Gath Jacqui , Hanlon Patrick , Oldroyd Robert , Stephens Richard , Tweed Conor D.
Published: June 2021

Background

Clinical Trials Units are encouraged to integrate Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) into all aspects of trial design, running and oversight. This research explored the induction and training of PPI Contributors joining trial oversight committees and was used to update the Medical Research Council Clinical Trials Unit at University College London’s (MRC CTU at UCL) induction pack for new PPI Contributors.

Methods

Published and unpublished materials provided by other CTUs and research organisations on training for PPI Contributors on oversight committees were reviewed, with themes then triangulated to identify the most common topics covered in induction training. A face-to-face workshop with PPI Contributors from the MRC CTU at UCL reviewed a draft updated Induction Pack. Findings from these discussions were incorporated into a revised induction pack which was then re-reviewed by the workshop attendees.

Results

No published literature on this subject was found. However, several common themes were identified from unpublished materials. Workshop attendees agreed with most of the themes suggested in the initial draft pack based on the literature search and also provided a number of additional topics for discussion.

Conclusions

There is very little consistency in the induction of PPI Contributors on oversight committees. Whilst most local guidance explains the general role of a PPI Contributor, more context and background of the particular trial needs to be provided to allow for adequate induction of new committee members. The Induction Pack created provides a framework upon which trial managers can build a full picture of their study.
Humanitarian support in a denial of access context: emergent strategies at the interface of humanitarian and sovereign law
Authors: Biersteker Erwin , Ferguson Julie , Groenewegen Peter , Boersma Kees
Published: June 2021

The principles of international humanitarian law (IHL) have evoked considerable debate in the practice of humanitarian support, particularly in terms of emerging tensions with sovereign (national) law. Drawing on organization studies, we examine the emergent strategies aimed at resolving the ambiguous legal context in which humanitarian support operations in a conflict context are embedded. Our analysis of two missions revealed two types of emergent strategies, namelynetworkandnegotiationstrategies, differentiated by particular contextual dimensions. We extend the humanitarian law debate by showing the strategic interplay between the operational humanitarian context and international humanitarian principles, thereby connecting the fields of international law and organization science.
Talent management related concepts and debates in container shipping industry by an emerging market perspective
Authors: Yildiz Ramazan Özkan , Esmer Soner
Published: June 2021

Talent management (TM) is referred as a young and developing field and it is claimed to be require more contribution from the different industry and country perspectives. Because of the highly dynamic and competitive nature of the container shipping industry, possession of valuable and unique human capital assets is evaluated as a substantial necessity to achieve business objectives and sustained competitive advantage by container shipping companies. Accordingly, TM is considered to be an essential factor contributing the accomplishment of these goals and the successful implementation of corporate strategy. Therefore, this study aims to contribute the development of TM field by investigating and evaluating TM related concepts and debates in Turkish container shipping industry. Through this extent, a combined method of content analysis with in-depth interview, has been organized to analyse TM oriented subjects in container shipping industry.
First record of a parasitoid, Megaselia (M) scalaris (Diptera: Phoridae) of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) from India
Authors: Deshmukh Sharanabasappa S. , Kiran S. , Naskar Atanu , Pradeep Palam , Kalleshwaraswamy C. M. , Sharath K. N.
Published: June 2021

The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), has become a major threat in maize cultivation since its invasion to India in 2018. The humpbacked fly, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) (Diptera: Phoridae), was recorded as a laboratory parasitoid of FAW, for the first time in India. Initially, 30–40 maggots of M. (M) scalaris emerged out from the dead pre-pupa and pupa of laboratory-reared FAW. The fly laid up to 15 eggs on the outer surface of 6th instar larva or pre-pupa of the FAW. The incubation period was 1–2 days. The fly had 3 larval instars which lasted 3–4 days and a pupal period of 10–11 days. The adults survived for 6–7 days.
High frequency AC electric glow discharge visualization technology and application in big diameter hypersonic low-density wind tunnel
Authors: Jiang Wanqiu , Qiu Huacheng , Yang Yanguang , Shi Yilei , Wang Jie , Li Jie , Long Zhengyi , Mao Chunman
Published: June 2021

In order to visualize the rarefied flow field in a Φ1m hypersonic low-density wind tunnel, an electric glow discharge technique based on high frequency excited power has been developed. Firstly, finite element simulation analysis has been carried out, and it is concluded that the breakdown voltage can be reduced by using high frequency power supply; then an electric glow discharge apparatus has been fabricated, and the discharge images were compared with simulations; besides, a clear flow field around HB-1 standard model has been observed using this technology; finally, the influence of glow discharge on the flow field, as well as the differences between direct current and high frequency electric glow discharges is discussed at the end of this paper.
RUNX1 gene expression in Egyptian acute myeloid leukemia patients: may it have therapeutic implications?
Authors: Said Fadwa , Shafik Roxan E. , Hassan Naglaa M.
Published: June 2021

Background

Acute myeloid leukemia represents the highest percentage of all adult acute leukemia variants. Runt-related transcription factor1 (RUNX1), a transcription factor with a known tumor suppressor function, was recently reported as a tumor promoter in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). We investigated the role of RUNX1 gene expression level in Egyptian AML patients and delineated its clinical significance.

Results

We measured RUNX1 gene expression level using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and found that the RUNX1 gene expression level was significantly higher than the control group (p < 0.001). Patients with FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 internal tandem duplication (FLT3-ITD) mutations had a higher expression level of RUNX1 (p = 0.023). The male patients expressed a significantly higher level of RUNX1 (p = 0.046).

Conclusions

The RUNX1 gene is highly expressed in Egyptian AML patients. It has a relation to FLT3-ITD, which may give a clue that patients carrying this mutation may benefit from new treatments that target RUNX1 in the future. Further studies on a larger number of patients with different ethnic groups may give a clearer vision of the therapeutic implications of a new molecular target.
Poststack seismic inversion using a patch-based Gaussian mixture model
Authors: Wang Lingqian , Zhou Hui , Dai Hengchang , Yu Bo , Liu Wenling , Wang Ning
Published: June 2021

Seismic inversion is a severely ill-posed problem because of noise in the observed record, band-limited seismic wavelets, and the discretization of a continuous medium. Regularization techniques can impose certain characteristics on inversion results based on prior information to obtain a stable and unique solution. However, it is difficult to find an appropriate regularization to describe the actual subsurface geology. We have developed a new acoustic impedance inversion method via a patch-based Gaussian mixture model (GMM), which is designed using available well logs. In this method, first, the nonlocal means method estimates acoustic impedance around wells in terms of the similarity of local seismic records. The extrapolated multichannel impedance is then decomposed into impedance patches. Using patched data rather than a window or single trace for training samples to obtain the GMM parameters, which contain local lateral structural information, can provide more impedance structure details and enhance the stability of the inversion result. Next, the expectation maximization algorithm is used to obtain the GMM parameters from the patched data. Finally, we apply the alternating direction method of multipliers to solve the conventional Bayesian inference illustrating the role of regularization and construct the objective function using the GMM parameters. Therefore, the inversion results are compliant with the local structural features extracted from the borehole data. The synthetic and field data tests validate the performance of our method. Compared with other conventional inversion methods, our method shows promise in providing a more accurate and stable inversion result.
Towards a more relational psychiatry: a critical reflection
Authors: Double Duncan B.
Published: June 2021

Criticism of the biomedical model of psychiatry that regards mental illness as brain disease has been labelled ‘anti-psychiatry’. Critical psychiatry arises out of so-called anti-psychiatry, but has additional roots in transcultural psychiatry, its alliance with psychiatric user/survivor groups, and the methodological critique of the neuroscientific basis of mental health problems and psychiatric treatment effectiveness. It is not opposed to psychiatry as such and argues for a person-centred shift for practice and research. This article discusses how a more truly biopsychosocial model, which critiques the biomedical model to produce a more relational practice, is needed not only for psychiatry but also for medicine in general.
Depression and executive functioning bidirectionally impair one another across 9 years: Evidence from within-person latent change and cross-lagged models
Authors: Zainal Nur Hani , Newman Michelle G.
Published: June 2021

Background

Scar and vulnerability models assert that increased psychopathology may predict subsequent executive functioning (EF) deficits (and vice versa) over protracted timescales, yet most prior work on this topic has been cross-sectional. Thus, we tested the within- and between-person relations between EF, depression, and anxiety.

Methods

Older adult participants (n = 856) were assessed across four waves, approximately 2 years apart. Performance-based EF and caregiver-rated symptom measures were administered. Bivariate latent change score and random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were conducted.

Results

Within persons, random-intercept cross-lagged panel models revealed that prior greater depression forecasted lower subsequent EF, and vice versa (d = −0.292 vs. −0.292). Bivariate dual latent change score models showed that within-person rise in depression predicted EF decreases, and vice versa (d = −0.245 vs. −0.245). No within-person, cross-lagged, EF-anxiety relations emerged. Further, significant negative between-person EF-symptom relations were observed (d = −0.264 to −0.395).

Conclusion

Prospective, within-person findings offer some evidence for developmental scar and vulnerability models.
Mild Idiopathic Infantile Hypercalcemia—Part 2: A Longitudinal Observational Study
Authors: Lenherr-Taube Nina , Furman Michelle , Assor Esther , Elia Yesmino , Collins Carol , Thummel Kenneth , Levine Michael A , Sochett Etienne
Published: June 2021

Context

Idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia (IIH) is an uncommon disorder with variable clinical features. The natural history and response to dietary calcium and vitamin D restriction in IIH remains unclear.

Objective

The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and biochemical response to dietary calcium and vitamin D restriction in a genetically characterized cohort of mild IIH.

Methods

This is a longitudinal, observational cohort study of 20 children with mild IIH monitored for a median of 21months. Biochemical measures, dietary assessment, and yearly renal ultrasound results, since the time of diagnosis, were obtained and assessed prospectively every 4 to 6 months.

Results

Median age at initial diagnosis was 4.5 months. Median levels of serum calcium (2.82 mmol/L) and 1,25 (OH)2D (192 pmol/L) were elevated, whereas serum PTH was reduced (10 ng/L). Urinary calcium:creatinine ratio was elevated for some, but not all individuals (median 1.49 mmol/mmol). All patients who were managed with a low-calcium diet showed an improvement in serum and urinary calcium measures, but the serum concentration of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) and 1,25(OH)2D/PTH ratio remained elevated. In 2 of the 11 subjects, renal calcification worsened. There were no differences in response between individuals with CYP24A1 or SLC34A1/A3 variants.

Conclusion

The clinical presentation of mild IIH is variable, and dietary calcium and vitamin D restriction does not consistently normalize elevated 1,25(OH)2D concentrations or prevent worsening of renal calcification in all cases. Therapeutic options should target the defect in vitamin D metabolism.
The Integration of Sex and Gender Considerations Into Biomedical Research: Lessons From International Funding Agencies
Authors: White Jamie , Tannenbaum Cara , Klinge Ineke , Schiebinger Londa , Clayton Janine
Published: June 2021

To improve the outcomes of research and medicine, government-based international research funding agencies have implemented various types of policies and mechanisms with respect to sex as a biological variable and gender as a sociocultural factor. After the 1990s, the US National Institutes of Health (NIH), the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), and the European Commission (EC) began requesting that applicants address sex and gender considerations in grant proposals, and offering resources to help the scientific community integrate sex and gender into biomedical research. Although it is too early to analyze data on the success of all of the policies and mechanisms implemented, here we review the use both of carrots (incentives) and sticks (requirements) developed to motivate researchers and the entire scientific research enterprise to consider sex and gender influences on health and in science. The NIH focused on sex as a biological variable (SABV) aligned with an initiative to enhance reproducibility through rigor and transparency; CIHR instituted a sex- and gender-based analysis (SGBA) policy; and the EC required the integration of the “gender dimension,” which incorporates sex, gender, and intersectional analysis into research and innovation. Other global efforts are briefly summarized. Although we are still learning what works, we share lessons learned to improve the integration of sex and gender considerations into research. In conjunction with refining and expanding the policies of funding agencies and mechanisms, private funders/philanthropic groups, editors of peer-reviewed journals, academic institutions, professional organizations, ethics boards, health care systems, and industry also need to make concerted efforts to integrate sex and gender into research, and we all must bridge across silos to promote systemwide solutions throughout the biomedical enterprise. For example, policies that encourage researchers to disaggregate data by sex and gender, the development of tools to better measure gender effects, or policies similar to SABV and/or SGBA adopted by private funders would accelerate progress. Uptake, accountability for, and a critical appraisal of sex and gender throughout the biomedical enterprise will be crucial to achieving the goal of relevant, reproducible, replicable, and responsible science that will lead to better evidence-based, personalized care for all, but especially for women.
Genetic Characterization of Short Stature Patients With Overlapping Features of Growth Hormone Insensitivity Syndromes
Authors: Andrews Afiya , Maharaj Avinaash , Cottrell Emily , Chatterjee Sumana , Shah Pratik , Denvir Louise , Dumic Katja , Bossowski Artur , Mushtaq Talat , Vukovic Rade , Didi Mohamed , Shaw Nick , Metherell Louise A , Savage Martin O , Storr Helen L
Published: June 2021

Context

Growth hormone insensitivity (GHI) in children is characterized by short stature, functional insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I deficiency, and normal or elevated serum growth hormone (GH) concentrations. The clinical and genetic etiology of GHI is expanding.

Objective

We undertook genetic characterization of short stature patients referred with suspected GHI and features which overlapped with known GH–IGF-I axis defects.

Methods

Between 2008 and 2020, our center received 149 GHI referrals for genetic testing. Genetic analysis utilized a combination of candidate gene sequencing, whole exome sequencing, array comparative genomic hybridization, and a targeted whole genome short stature gene panel.

Results

Genetic diagnoses were identified in 80/149 subjects (54%) with 45/80 (56%) having known GH–IGF-I axis defects (GHR n = 40, IGFALS n = 4, IGFIR n = 1). The remaining 35/80 (44%) had diagnoses of 3M syndrome (n = 10) (OBSL1 n = 7, CUL7 n = 2, and CCDC8 n = 1), Noonan syndrome (n = 4) (PTPN11 n = 2, SOS1 n = 1, and SOS2 n = 1), Silver–Russell syndrome (n = 2) (loss of methylation on chromosome 11p15 and uniparental disomy for chromosome 7), Class 3-5 copy number variations (n = 10), and disorders not previously associated with GHI (n = 9) (Barth syndrome, autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome, microcephalic osteodysplastic primordial dwarfism type II, achondroplasia, glycogen storage disease type IXb, lysinuric protein intolerance, multiminicore disease, macrocephaly, alopecia, cutis laxa, and scoliosis syndrome, and Bloom syndrome).

Conclusion

We report the wide range of diagnoses in 149 patients referred with suspected GHI, which emphasizes the need to recognize GHI as a spectrum of clinical entities in undiagnosed short stature patients. Detailed clinical and genetic assessment may identify a diagnosis and inform clinical management.
Beckett, Atwood, and Postapocalyptic Tragicomedy
Authors: Dudley Jack
Published: June 2021

Ecological catastrophe has challenged the contemporary novel to find forms that convey the scale and affective conditions of life amid looming planetary devastation. While sincere tragedy has been the dominant mode and tone of the novel's approach, recent scholarship has explored the possibilities of the comic, which presents its own limitations and ethical problems. This article argues that Margaret Atwood's Oryx and Crake moves past these limitations of genre and tone through engagements with the more complicated tragicomic sensibility of Samuel Beckett. The tragicomic first offers Atwood a mode that better conveys the complexity of mixed possible fortunes and futures amid ecological catastrophe while it also better evokes the strange, often contradictory affects of life in the Anthropocene. Yet Atwood sees greater promise in Beckett's tragicomedy beyond his mere endurance of unchangeable existential conditions. She instead repurposes the tragicomic for the ecological and political needs of the contemporary to produce “survival laughter,” an attitude that recognizes the tragic conditions of catastrophe but simultaneously uses comedy to protect the psyche from despair in the face of devastation. Unlike Beckett's laughter that merely endures entropic decline, Atwood's survival laughter opens the possibility for dynamic, creative action oriented to the hope of transformation and flourishing, even amid seemingly total loss. Through tragicomic survival laughter, Atwood moves the ecological novel beyond its dominant mode of sincere tragic disaster while also avoiding the pitfalls of pure comedy to instead imagine more integrated and realistic forms of ecological resilience that powerfully combine mitigation and adaptation.
The structural basis of intraflagellar transport at a glance
Authors: Jordan Mareike A. , Pigino Gaia
Published: June 2021

The intraflagellar transport (IFT) system is a remarkable molecular machine used by cells to assemble and maintain the cilium, a long organelle extending from eukaryotic cells that gives rise to motility, sensing and signaling. IFT plays a critical role in building the cilium by shuttling structural components and signaling receptors between the ciliary base and tip. To provide effective transport, IFT-A and IFT-B adaptor protein complexes assemble into highly repetitive polymers, called IFT trains, that are powered by the motors kinesin-2 and IFT-dynein to move bidirectionally along the microtubules. This dynamic system must be precisely regulated to shuttle different cargo proteins between the ciliary tip and base. In this Cell Science at a Glance article and the accompanying poster, we discuss the current structural and mechanistic understanding of IFT trains and how they function as macromolecular machines to assemble the structure of the cilium.
Study on the Formation Process of Oxide Ion and the Influence of Carbon Matrix in Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Using 18O-Labeled Arsenous Acid
Authors: Ariga Tomoko , Zhu Yanbei , Inagaki Kazumi
Published: June 2021

To obtain further insight into the mechanism of carbon-induced signal enhancement of arsenic (As) at m/z = 75 in inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), the formation process of arsenic oxide ion (AsO+) and the influence of carbon matrix on the process were investigated. The formation process of AsO+ was investigated using arsenous acid isotopically labeled with a highly enriched stable oxygen isotope 18O (H3As18O3). H3As18O3 sample solutions with or without carbon matrix [i.e., 5% (v/v) isopropanol] were analyzed via ICP-MS, and axial intensity profiles of 75As18O+ and 75As16O+ in the ICP were obtained by measuring the signals at axial sampling positions from 3 to 28 mm away from the load coil. Results suggested that AsO+ was formed via two different processes in the ICP: process 1, which involved the decomposition of As-containing molecules (i.e., H3AsO3) to AsO+, and process 2, which involved the recombination between As+ and oxygen originating from liquids introduced into the ICP (e.g., solvents) or gases (e.g., entrained atmospheric gases). In addition, results suggested that carbon matrix has the potential to enhance process 1.
Maternal Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity before and during Pregnancy and Maternal Glucose Tolerance: Does Timing Matter?
Authors: MCDONALD SAMANTHA M. , MAY LINDA E. , HINKLE STEFANIE N. , GRANTZ KATHERINE L. , ZHANG CUILIN
Published: June 2021

Purpose

To assess prospective associations between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) from preconception through pregnancy and glucose metabolism.

Methods

The sample consisted of 2388 women from the NICHD Fetal Growth Studies—Singletons, which enrolled US pregnant women between 8 and 13 wk of gestation. Women recalled their MVPA in periconception (past 12 months, inclusive of first trimester), early-to-mid (13–20 wk of gestation), and mid-to-late second trimester (20–29 wk). These data were obtained at study visits that occurred at enrollment (8–13 wk) and at follow-up visits at 16 to 22 wk and 24 to 29 wk. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was recalled using the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire. Glucose challenge test and oral glucose tolerance test results and gestational diabetes diagnosis (defined by the Carpenter–Coustan criteria) were extracted from medical records. ANCOVA and Poisson regression with robust error variance were performed to estimate associations between MVPA and glucose concentrations and gestational diabetes risk, respectively, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, and prepregnancy body mass index.

Results

Women achieving higher levels of MVPA (≥75th percentile; 760.5 MET·min·wk−1) in early-to-mid second trimester had lower glucose concentrations (β = −3.9 mg·dL−1, 95% CI, −7.4 to −0.5) compared with their least-active counterparts (≤25th percentile; ≤117.0 MET·min·wk−1). Women maintaining recommended levels of MVPA from preconception and first trimester through second trimester (early-to-mid: β = −3.0 mg·dL−1; −5.9 to −0.1; mid-to-late: β = −4.2 mg·dL−1; −8.4 to −0.1) or maintaining sufficient activity throughout second trimester exhibited lower glucose levels (β = −5.6 mg·dL−1; −9.8 to −1.4) compared with their inactive counterparts. No statistically significant associations with gestational diabetes were observed.

Conclusions

These findings demonstrate that achieving MVPA of at least 760.0 MET·min·wk−1 in early-to-mid second trimester or maintaining at least 500 MET·min·wk−1 from preconception through second trimester may be related to improved maternal glucose metabolism in the second trimester.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on self-harm and suicidal behaviour: update of living systematic review
Authors: John Ann , Eyles Emily , Webb Roger T. , Okolie Chukwudi , Schmidt Lena , Arensman Ella , Hawton Keith , O'Connor Rory C. , Kapur Nav , Moran Paul , O'Neill Siobhan , McGuinness Luke A. , Olorisade Babatunde K. , Dekel Dana , Macleod-Hall Catherine , Cheng Hung-Yuan , Higgins Julian P.T. , Gunnell David
Published: June 2021

Background:The COVID-19 pandemic has caused considerable morbidity, mortality and disruption to people’s lives around the world. There are concerns that rates of suicide and suicidal behaviour may rise during and in its aftermath. Our living systematic review synthesises findings from emerging literature on incidence and prevalence of suicidal behaviour as well as suicide prevention efforts in relation to COVID-19, with this iteration synthesising relevant evidence up to 19thOctober 2020.

Method: Automated daily searches feed into a web-based database with screening and data extraction functionalities. Eligibility criteria include incidence/prevalence of suicidal behaviour, exposure-outcome relationships and effects of interventions in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic. Outcomes of interest are suicide, self-harm or attempted suicide and suicidal thoughts. No restrictions are placed on language or study type, except for single-person case reports. We exclude one-off cross-sectional studies without either pre-pandemic measures or comparisons of COVID-19 positive vs. unaffected individuals.

Results:Searches identified 6,226 articles. Seventy-eight articles met our inclusion criteria. We identified a further 64 relevant cross-sectional studies that did not meet our revised inclusion criteria. Thirty-four articles were not peer-reviewed (e.g. research letters, pre-prints). All articles were based on observational studies.

There was no consistent evidence of a rise in suicide but many studies noted adverse economic effects were evolving. There was evidence of a rise in community distress, fall in hospital presentation for suicidal behaviour and early evidence of an increased frequency of suicidal thoughts in those who had become infected with COVID-19.

Conclusions:  Research evidence of the impact of COVID-19 on suicidal behaviour is accumulating rapidly. This living review provides a regular synthesis of the most up-to-date research evidence to guide public health and clinical policy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on suicide risk as the longer term impacts of the pandemic on suicide risk are researched.