bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Indirection in the Negotiation of Self in Everyday Tojolab'al Women's Conversation
Authors: Brody Jill
Published: March 2005

In the speech genre of beta = Io7il 'joking speech' Tojolab'al women use the ambiguity of indirect speech to negotiate their relationship to social norms and cultural values in the midst of everyday conversation. Indirection and ambiguity involve the intersection of form, function, and meaning in lexical, grammatical, and conversational structure. Ambiguity permits criticism and conflict in the context of cooperation and social solidarity.
Applying the stochastic difference equation to DNA conformational transitions: A study of B–Z and B–A DNA transitions
Authors: Lim Wilber , Feng Yuan Ping
Published: March 2005

Despite the existence of numerous models to account for the B–Z DNA transition, experimenters have not yet arrived at a conclusive answer to the structural and dynamical features of the B–Z transition. By applying the stochastic difference equation to simulate the B–Z DNA transition, we have shown that the stretched intermediate model of the B–Z transition is more probable than other B–Z transition models such as the Harvey model. This is accomplished by comparing potential energy profiles of various B–Z DNA transition models and calculating relative probabilities based on the stochastic difference equation with respect to length (SDEL) formalism. The results garnered in this article allow for new approaches in determining the structural transition of B‐DNA to Z‐DNA experimentally. We have also simulated the B–A DNA transition using the stochastic difference equation. Unlike the B–Z DNA transition, the mechanism for the B–A DNA transition is well established. The variation in the pseudorotation angle during the transition is in good agreement with experimental results. Qualitative features of the simulated B–A transition also agree well with experimental data. The SDEL approach is thus a suitable numerical technique to compute long‐time molecular dynamics trajectory for DNA molecules. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 78: 107–120, 2005

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The Nonstoichiometric Ternary Cerium Iron Sulfide Ce2Fe1.82S5.
Authors: Harms Wiebke , Mills Allison M. , Soehnel Tilo , Laubschat Clemens , Wagner Friedrich E. , Geibel Christoph , Hossain Zakir , Ruck Michael
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Bis(ethylenediammonium) Decaaquadisodium Decavanadate, (C2H10N2)2 [Na2(H2O)10][V10O28].
Authors: Li Guo‐Bao , Yang Si‐Hai , Xiong Ming , Lin Jian‐Hua
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Dimensional BeH2 Polymers: Infrared Spectra and Theoretical Calculations.
Authors: Wang Xuefeng , Andrews Lester
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Unprecedented Tetranuclear Niobium Aqua Ion with a Capping μ4‐Sulfido Ligand.
Authors: Ooi Bee‐Lean , Soetofte Inger , Bendtsen Maja F. , Munch Astrid , Nielsen Loa C. , Henriksen Jonas
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Zeolitic Layered Tungsten Phosphate with High Cationic Mobility: Cs3W4O7 (PO4)4×H2O.
Authors: Leclaire Andre , Caignaert Vincent , Raveau Bernard
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Heterogeneous Organocatalysis for the Asymmetric Desymmetrization of meso‐Cyclic Anhydrides Using Silica Gel‐Supported Bis‐cinchona Alkaloids.
Authors: Kim Hyun Sook , Song Yu‐Mi , Choi Jin Seok , Yang Jung Woon , Han Hogyu
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Utility of the Iridium Complex of the Pybox Ligand in Regio‐ and Enantioselective Allylic Substitution.
Authors: Miyabe Hideto , Matsumura Akira , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Takemoto Yoshiji
Published: March 2005

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New 1,3‐Disubstituted Enantiomerically Pure Allylboronic Esters by Johnson Rearrangement of Boron‐Substituted Allyl Alcohols.
Authors: Pietruszka Joerg , Schoene Niklas
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recyclable Organotungsten Lewis Acid and Microwave‐Assisted Diels—Alder Reactions in Water and in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Chen I‐Hon , Young Jun‐Nan , Yu Shuchun Joyce
Published: March 2005

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A Convenient Route to Pyridones, Pyrazolo[2,3‐a]pyrimidines and Pyrazolo[5,1‐c]triazines Incorporating Antipyrine Moiety.
Authors: Farag Ahmad M. , Dawood Kamal M. , Elmenoufy Hanan A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Polyaniline‐Supported Molybdenum‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols to Aldehydes and Ketones.
Authors: Velusamy Subbarayan , Ahamed Muneer , Punniyamurthy T.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The RuO4‐Catalyzed Ketohydroxylation. Part 1. Development, Scope, and Limitation.
Authors: Plietker Bernd
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Convenient Halogenation of α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds with OXONE® and Hydrohalic Acid (HBr, HCl).
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐Mahn , Park In‐Hwan
Published: March 2005

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An Efficient Preparation of Stereospecific β‐Hydroxy Nitriles.
Authors: Jacobo Sheila H. , Adiyaman Mustafa , Chang Chih‐Tsung , Kang Nam‐In , Powell William S. , Rokach Joshua
Published: March 2005

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Regiospecific Functionalization of Methyl C—H Bonds of Alkyl Groups in Reagents with Heteroatom Functionality.
Authors: Lawrence Joshua D. , Takahashi Makoto , Bae Chulsung , Hartwig John F.
Published: March 2005

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Chemoselective Deprotection of Acid Labile Primary Hydroxyl Protecting Groups under CBr4‐Photoirradiation Conditions.
Authors: Chen Ming‐Yi , Patkar Laxmikant N. , Lu Kuo‐Cheng , Lee Adam Shih‐Yuan , Lin Chun‐Cheng
Published: March 2005

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Preparation of Adamantyl‐Substituted Amino Acids Lactams.
Authors: No B. I. , Mokhov V. M. , Vishnevetskii E. N.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenols Reactions with 1,1‐Difluorodichloroethene, 1,2‐Di(fluorochloro)ethene, and Trifluorochloroethene.
Authors: Kremlev M. M. , Mushta A. I. , Moklyarchuk L. I.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Influence of Catalytic System Composition on Formation of Adamantane Containing Ketones.
Authors: Vicha Robert , Potacek Milan
Published: March 2005

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Stereoselective Reduction of β‐Hydroxy α‐Ketoesters: A Concise Synthesis of anti‐α,β‐Dihydroxy Esters.
Authors: Liao Mingyi , Yao Wengang , Wang Jianbo
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Trimethylsilyl Cyanide Addition to Aldimines and Its Application in the Synthesis of (S)‐Phenylglycine Methyl Ester.
Authors: Prasad B. A. Bhanu , Bisai Alakesh , Singh Vinod K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel C—C Bond Formation Through Addition of Ammonium Ylides to Arylaldehydes: A Facile Approach to β‐Aryl‐β‐hydroxy α‐Amino Acid Frameworks.
Authors: Wang Yuanhua , Chen Zhiyong , Mi Aiqiao , Hu Wenhao
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation of Aromatic Compounds. Part 12. Regio‐ and Stereoselective Oxidation Dimerization of Alkyl 3‐Arylpropynoates in the System CF3CO2H—CH2Cl2 —PbO2.
Authors: Savechenkov P. Yu. , Vasil'ev A. V. , Rudenko A. P.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Sequential Cu‐Catalyzed Reduction and Pd‐Catalyzed Arylation of Silyl Enol Ethers.
Authors: Chae Junghyun , Yun Jaesook , Buchwald Stephen L.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Modern Friedel—Crafts Chemistry. Part 26. A Facile Synthesis of trans‐2‐Methyl‐1‐phenylindan via Rearranged Intramolecular Cycloalkylation of 1,2‐Diphenyl‐2‐methyl‐2‐propanol under Friedel—Crafts Conditions.
Authors: Khalaf Ali A. , Albar Hassan A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Formation of Fluoroderivatives of 1,2,3,4‐Tetrahydro‐1,3‐diazafluorene from 2‐Dialkylamino‐3‐(1‐imino‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl)hexafluoroindenes.
Authors: Karpov V. M. , Platonov V. E. , Chuikov I. P.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Regioselective Ring Opening of Aziridines with Activated DMF Complexes: A Facile Synthesis of β‐Haloamines.
Authors: Pandey Manoj K. , Bisai Alakesh , Singh Vinod K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Condensation of 4‐Substituted 2‐Ethoxycarbonyl‐4‐pentanolides with α,β‐Unsaturated Compounds.
Authors: Kochikyan T. V. , Arutyunyan V. S. , Arutyunyan E. V. , Avetisyan A. A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Chiral Pyrrolines with Biological Activity.
Authors: Collina Simona , Loddo Guya , Barbieri Annalisa , Linati Laura , Alcaro Stefano , Chimenti Paola , Azzolina Ornella
Published: March 2005

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Tandem Functionalization of Nonactivated Alkenes and Alkynes in Intramolecular N‐Acyloxyiminium Ion Carbocyclization. Synthesis of 6‐Substituted Hydroindole 2‐Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Hanessian Stephen , Tremblay Martin
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Convenient Synthesis of Melatonin Analogues: 2‐ and 3‐Substituted‐N‐acetylindolylalkylamines.
Authors: Nenajdenko Valentine G. , Zakurdaev Eugene P. , Prusov Eugene V. , Balenkova Elizabeth S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
TiCl4/tBuNH2 as the Sole Catalyst for a Hydroamination‐Based Fischer Indole Synthesis.
Authors: Ackermann Lutz , Born Robert
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chloro(bromo)vinyl Ketones and 2,2‐Dichloroacrolein in Reactions with Hydrazines.
Authors: Bozhenkov G. V. , Levkovskaya G. G. , Mirskova A. N. , Dolgushin G. V. , Larina L. I. , Ushakov P. E.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Methyl 5(6)‐(4‐Aminophenoxy)‐ and 5(6)‐(2‐Aminophenoxy)‐2‐benzimidazolyl Carbamates and Their Biological Properties.
Authors: Pilyugin V. S. , Mikhailyuk A. N. , Kosareva V. M. , Chikisheva G. E. , Kiseleva G. V. , Kuznetsova S. L. , Vorobyeva T. P. , Klimakova E. V.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
cis‐ and trans‐N‐(Benzylsulfinyl)hexahydrobenzoxazolidin‐2‐ones as Novel Chiral Sulfinyl Transfer Reagents.
Authors: Clara‐Sosa Angel , Perez Lydia , Sanchez Mario , Melgar‐Fernandez Roberto , Juaristi Eusebio , Quintero Leticia , Anaya de Parrodi Cecilia
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of 2‐(Ethylsulfanyl)aniline Derivatives Through the Unexpected Ring Opening of N‐Substituted‐2(3H)‐benzothiazolones.
Authors: Lebegue Nicolas , Charrier Gaetan , Carato Pascal , Yous Said , Berthelot Pascal
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Oxamic Acids Thiohydrazides and Carbamoyl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoles.
Authors: Yarovenko V. N. , Shirokov A. V. , Krupinova O. N. , Zavarzin I. V. , Krayushkin M. M.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Isolation and Structural Characterization of the Photolysis Products of Etoricoxib.
Authors: Matthews C. Z. , Subramanian R. , Woolf E. J. , Foster N. , Matuszewski B. K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Inhibition of the Arachidonic Acid Cascade by Aza‐2‐aryl‐1,4‐naphthoquinone Derivatives.
Authors: Richwien A. , Wurm G.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of 4‐Aminoquinazoline and Thieno[3,2‐d]pyrimidin‐4‐ylamine Derivatives by Microwave Irradiation.
Authors: Yoon David S. , Han Ying , Stark Todd M. , Haber James C. , Gregg Brian T. , Stankovich Sara B.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Highly Efficient Catalysts for the Cyclotrimerization of Isocyanates.
Authors: Duong Hung A. , Cross Michael J. , Louie Janis
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Silicon‐Assisted Propargylic Transfer to Aldehydes.
Authors: Lee Kiew‐Ching , Lin Man‐Jing , Loh Teck‐Peng
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catechol—Bisphosphonate Conjugates: New Types of Chelators for Metal Intoxication Therapy.
Authors: Ding Huasheng , Xu Guangyu , Wang Junbo , Zhang Yunlong , Wu Xihan , Xie Yuyuan
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Concise Synthesis of Diethyl 1‐(tert‐Butoxycarbonylamino)‐1‐alkenylphosphonates.
Authors: Blazewska Katarzyna , Gajda Tadeusz
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Efficient Synthesis of N‐Acyl‐α‐amino Acids via Polymer Incarcerated Palladium‐Catalyzed Amidocarbonylation.
Authors: Akiyama Ryo , Sagae Takahiro , Sugiura Masaharu , Kobayashi Shu
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Substrate Controlled, Very Highly Diastereoselective Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction: A Remote Activation of the Diastereofacial Selectivity in the Synthesis of C‐3‐Branched Deoxysugars.
Authors: Sagar Ram , Pant Chandra Shekhar , Pathak Rashmi , Shaw Arun K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Amine Transporter Affinities of Novel Phenyltropane Derivatives as Potential Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging Agents.
Authors: Peng Xuemei , Zhang Ao , Kula Nora S. , Baldessarini Ross J. , Neumeyer John L.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Synthesis of (.+‐.)‐Sparteine.
Authors: Buttler Thomas , Fleming Ian
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Improved Yields in the Synthesis of Spin‐Labeled Fatty Acids
Authors: Mravljak Janez , Pecar Slavko
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Efficient Synthesis of 2α‐(ω‐Hydroxyalkoxy)‐1α,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analogues, Including 2‐epi‐ED‐71 and Their 20 Epimers with HL‐60 Cell Differentiation Activity.
Authors: Kittaka Atsushi , et al. et al.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Studies of ABB′O3 (A: La, Pr, Nd; B: Fe, Mn; B′: Pd, Pt) Perovskites.
Authors: Koponen Markus J. , Suvanto Mika , Pakkanen Tapani A. , Kallinen Kauko , Kinnunen Toni‐J. J. , Haerkoenen Matti
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and CYP24 Inhibitory Activity of 2‐Substituted‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐naphthalen‐1‐one (Tetralone) Derivatives.
Authors: Yee Sook Wah , Simons Claire
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
1‐(2‐Aminoethyl)‐3‐(arylsulfonyl)‐1H‐indoles as Novel 5‐HT6 Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Bernotas Ronald , Lenicek Steven , Antane Schuyler , Zhang Guo Ming , Smith Deborah , Coupet Joseph , Harrison Boyd , Schechter Lee E.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines as Estrogen Receptor Ligands: Defining the Orientation of a Novel Heterocyclic Core.
Authors: Compton Dennis R. , Carlson Kathryn E. , Katzenellenbogen John A.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Role of Unstable Chemical Species (Non‐Graphitic Carbon and Flowing NH3 Gas) on the Equilibrium Point of the Reaction Product (Carbide, Carbo‐Nitride or Nitride)
Authors: Shohoji Nobumitsu
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Ferrite Ceramics
Authors: Louh Rong‐Fuh , Reynolds Thomas G. III , Buchanan Relva C.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Properties and Electronic Structures of L10‐Type MnTM (TM: Ir, Pt, Pd and Ni) Alloy Systems
Authors: Umetsu R. Y. , Sakuma A. , Fukamichi K.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Magnetic Properties of 3d‐Metal Nanocrystalline Films
Authors: Frolov G. I.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
K—N (Potassium—Nitrogen)
Authors: Sangster James
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Proton Transfer to Hydride Ligands with Formation of Dihydrogen Complexes: A Physicochemical View
Authors: Bakhmutov Vladimir I.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
From Stoichiometric Carbonyl Complexes to Stable Zeolite‐Supported Subnanometer Platinum Clusters of Defined Size
Authors: Beneke Martin , Jaeger Nils I. , Schulz‐Ekloff Guenter
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Catalytic and Stoichiometric Reactions by Half‐Metallocene Diene Complexes of Niobium and Tantalum
Authors: Mashima Kazushi
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Transformation of Oxiranes into Other Oxygen‐Containing Heterocyclic Systems
Authors: Kas'yan L. I. , Tarabara I. N. , Kas'yan A. O.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of Novel Artificial Nucleosides for Expansion of Triplex‐Recognition Codes
Authors: Taniguchi Yosuke , Sasaki Shigeki
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Preparation of N‐Methyl‐α‐amino Acids
Authors: Aurelio Luigi , Brownlee Robert T. C. , Hughes Andrew B.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Recent Developments in the Synthesis and Structure of Organosilanols
Authors: Chandrasekhar Vadapalli , Boomishankar Ramamoorthy , Nagendran Selvarajan
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Iron‐Catalyzed Reactions in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Bolm Carsten , Legros Julien , Le Paih Jacques , Zani Lorenzo
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Novel Access to Highly Functionalized Cyclodextrins
Authors: Sollogoub Matthieu , Lecourt Thomas , Sinay Pierre
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Photochromism and Thermochromism of Schiff Bases in the Solid State: Structural Aspects
Authors: Hadjoudis Eugene , Mavridis Irene M.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Biosynthesis of Pantothenate
Authors: Webb Michael E. , Smith Alison G. , Abell Chris
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemical Aspects of Amine Oxidation by Flavoprotein Enzymes
Authors: Scrutton Nigel S.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Fluorometabolite Biosynthesis and the Fluorinase from Streptomyces cattleya
Authors: Deng Hai , O'Hagan David , Schaffrath Christoph
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Carbon Nanotube‐Based Coulter Nanoparticle Counter
Authors: Ito Takashi , Sun Li , Henriquez Ronald R. , Crooks Richard M.
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Relativistic Calculations of Spin—Spin Coupling Constants of Heavy Nuclei
Authors: Autschbach Jochen , Ziegler Tom
Published: March 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Light propagation analysis and high‐speed electro‐optic switching in one‐dimensional photonic crystal with nematic liquid crystal defect layer
Authors: Ozaki Ryotaro , Ozaki Masanori , Yoshino Katsumi
Published: March 2005

It is possible by the application of voltage to control the local level in a one‐dimensional photonic crystal with a liquid crystal defect layer. In the present paper, a nematic liquid crystal is used and high‐speed switching is attempted on the basis of the shift of the localized state wavelength by the photonic bandgap and liquid crystal orientation control. First, by the finite‐difference time‐domain method, the optical propagation characteristics inside a one‐dimensional photonic crystal with a liquid crystal defect layer are analyzed. It is shown that optical switching by control of the localized state wavelength is possible. TiO2 and SiO2 are periodically laminated as a one‐dimensional photonic crystal. A nematic liquid crystal layer is introduced as a defect layer to disturb the periodicity, resulting in a one‐dimensional photonic crystal with a liquid crystal defect layer. By application of a voltage, the orientation of the liquid crystal defect layer is varied in an attempt to perform optical switching by electric field control of the localized state. High‐speed optical switching of microsecond order is successful with nematic liquid crystals. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(4): 46–53, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20087
A miniature thin‐film shielded‐loop probe with a flip‐chip bonding for magnetic near field measurements
Authors: Tamaki Naoya , Masuda Norio , Kuriyama Toshihide , Bu Jin‐Ching , Yamaguchi Masahiro , Arai Ken‐Ichi
Published: March 2005

In order to obtain EMC design information, it is important to accurately evaluate the near field of LSI chips and printed circuit boards as well as the interconnect currents. In particular, the need for measurement of LSI, considered as a source of noise, has increased. The authors have developed miniature shielded loop probes by using a thin film process. There is a problem that electromagnetic shielding at the wire bonding junctions for the loop output has not been sufficient. In the present paper, a new miniature shielded loop probe configuration is proposed in which the loop output is extracted by means of flip‐chip bonding, which is expected to improve the shielding capability and reduce insertion loss. The effectiveness of the flip‐chip bonding is demonstrated by an evaluation of magnetic field detection by the fabricated probe near interconnections. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(4): 37–45, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20091
An optical‐waveguide‐type magnetic field probe with a loop antenna element
Authors: Miyakawa Tosiya , Nishikawa Kenji , Nishida Katsuhiko
Published: March 2005

We measured the magnetic field signal near a printed circuit board and examined an optical‐waveguide‐type magnetic field probe with the object of knowing the current signals flowing in the wires, the crosstalk between the wires, and the radiated noise source without affecting the operating state of the circuit. The frequency response of the probe head was analyzed based on an equivalent circuit model, and the relationship between the antenna setting parameters and the probe characteristics was explained. Next, a probe was designed and fabricated, and its properties evaluated with the objective of proving the operation of magnetic field detection in the cellular phone and wireless LAN frequency bands. Frequency characteristics and magnetic field/electric field sensitivity ratio characteristics similar to those of the equivalent circuit model were seen in the electromagnetic field measurements with a Horn antenna as the transmission source. Magnetic field detection near a microstrip line was also confirmed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 88(4): 18–27, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjb.20121
B cells can prime naive CD4+ T cells in vivo in the absence of other professional antigen‐presenting cells in a CD154‐CD40‐dependent manner
Authors: Rodríguez‐Pinto Daniel , Moreno José
Published: March 2005

The role of B cells as APC is well established. However, their ability to prime naive T cells in vivo has been difficult to examine because of the presence of dendritic cells. The current studies were undertaken to examine this issue in a model of adoptive transfer of antigen‐specific B cells and T cells into histoincompatible Rag2–/– mice. By means of this system, we were able to demonstrate that antigen‐specific B cells are competent APC for naive CD4+ T cells specific for the same antigen. In vivo antigen presentation resulted in expansion of both CD4+ T cells and B cells. The antigen‐presenting function of the transferred B cells was dependent on the CD154‐CD40 interaction, as transfer of CD154‐deficient antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells or CD40‐deficient B cells failed to induce T and B cell expansion in response to immunization. These results indicate that antigen‐specific B cells have the capacity to induce primary T cell responses in the absence of other competent APC.
The advantage of mucosal immunization for polysaccharide‐specific memory responses in early life
Authors: Bjarnarson Stefania P. , Jakobsen Håvard , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Trannoy Emanuelle , Siegrist Claire‐Anne , Jonsdottir Ingileif
Published: March 2005

The aim of vaccination is to rapidly elicit protective immunity and generate memory for sustained protection. We studied the induction and persistence of polysaccharide (PS)‐specific memory in neonatal and infant mice primed with pneumococcal conjugate (Pnc1‐TT) by assessing the response to native pneumococcal PS (PPS‐1), the kinetics of the PPS‐1‐specific IgG response to a second Pnc1‐TT dose and affinity maturation. A subcutaneous (s.c.) Pnc1‐TT booster induced a rapid increase in PPS‐1‐specific IgG, indicating efficient priming for memory by a single dose of Pnc1‐TT already at 1 week of age. High levels were maintained for >12 weeks. However, a PPS‐1 booster induced no response in neonatal or infant mice. The adjuvant LT‐K63 significantly enhanced the IgG response and affinity to Pnc1‐TT by both the s.c. and the intranasal (i.n.) route in all age groups. In neonatal and infant mice, PPS‐1 and LT‐K63 induced a booster response only when given i.n. following either s.c. or i.n. priming with Pnc1‐TT and LT‐K63. In contrast, PPS‐1 with or without LT‐K63 administered s.c. compromised the ongoing PPS‐1‐specific response elicited in neonatal mice by either s.c. or i.n. priming with Pnc1‐TT and LT‐K63. These results demonstrate the advantage of the mucosal route for elicitation of PS‐specific memory responses in early life.
Kinetics of costimulatory molecule expression by T cells and dendritic cells during the induction of tolerance versus immunity in vivo
Authors: Hochweller Kristin , Anderton Stephen M.
Published: March 2005

Steady‐state dendritic cells (DC) present peptide‐MHC complexes to T cells in a tolerogenic manner, presumably because of deficient costimulation. However, it is clear that the path to tolerance involves initial T cell activation, suggesting that the deficit may lie in late‐acting costimulatory molecules. With this in mind we have investigated the kinetics of expression of several costimulatory pairs on DC and OVA‐reactive T cells after i.v. injection of mice with peptide and LPS (immunity), or peptide alone (tolerance). We find that T cells up‐regulate CD154, OX40, RANKL and PD‐1 whether they are destined for tolerance or immunity, although there are some differences in the levels and length of expression. In contrast, when analyzing DC, we found that up‐regulation of CD80, CD86, CD40, RANK and PDL‐1 occurred only when peptide was co‐administered with LPS. These data give a picture of the T cell looking for costimulatory cues that are not forthcoming when pMHC is presented by steady‐state DC, leading to tolerance. However, we did see a strong and rapid up‐regulation of RANKL on T cells that occurred specifically when peptide was given in the absence of LPS, suggesting a possible positive signal influencing the decision between tolerance and immunity.
Impaired Th1 responses in mice deficient in Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene 3 and challenged with physiological doses of Leishmania major
Authors: Zahn Sabine , Wirtz Stefan , Birkenbach Mark , Blumberg Richard S. , Neurath Markus F. , von Stebut Esther
Published: March 2005

Protection against Leishmania major is dependent on IL‐12 release from L. major‐infected dendritic cells (DC) that induce IFN‐γ‐producing Th1/Tc1 cells. IL‐27, a novel member of the IL‐12 family, is a heterodimer composed of p28 and IL‐12p40‐related Epstein‐Barr virus‐induced gene 3 (EBI3), and was shown to be produced by DC. In this study, we utilized EBI3‐deficient mice to investigate the role of IL‐27 in leishmaniasis using physiological low‐dose infections that mimic natural transmissions. Lesions in EBI3–/– mice were significantly larger between weeks 3 and 10 post infection, reaching up to approximately threefold increased lesion volumes compared to wild types. In parallel, dermal lesions of EBI3–/– mice contained greater parasite numbers, reaching a peak load that was 2‐log higher than in C57BL/6 mice. However, lesions in EBI3–/– and wild‐type mice resolved after 12 weeks. At early time points, the antigen‐specific cytokine response in EBI3–/– lymph nodes showed increased levels of IL‐4, IL‐10 and IL‐13 and decreased IFN‐γ production. IL‐27 production was restricted to the DC population, since the majority of EBI3 expression in lymph nodes of infected mice was found in CD11c+ cells. In conclusion, our data show that DC‐derived IL‐27 is critical for the timely initiation of efficient anti‐parasite Th1 immunity early in infections.
Quantitative analysis of six pesticides in fruits by capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Juan‐García Ana , Font Guillermina , Picó Yolanda
Published: March 2005

A method to identify and quantify six pesticide residues – dinoseb, pirimicarb, procymidone, pyrifenox, pyrimethanil, and thiabendazole – in peaches and nectarines using capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐quadrupole ion trap‐tandem mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS/MS) is described. Separation was carried out using a buffer of 0.3 M ammonium acetate at pH 4 with 10% methanol. Pesticide residues present in peach and nectarine samples were preconcentrated by solid‐phase extraction using C18, eluted with CH2Cl2, concentrated to dryness, and redissolved in buffer to obtain lower detection limits. The recoveries of the analytes ranged from 58 to 99% and the relative standard deviations were 9 to 19%. Under optimized CE‐MS/MS conditions the minimum detectable levels for the six pesticides in spiked peach samples were between 0.01 mg/kg for pirimicarb and 0.05 mg/kg for procymidone with pressure injection of 50 mbar for 5 s (5 nL) at a signal‐to‐noise ratio of 3, which constitutes a severalfold increase in sensitivity compared to CE‐MS, using a single quadrupole, and to conventional CE‐UV. The potential of the method was demonstrated by analyzing different samples taken from regional agricultural cooperatives. The pesticides most often detected were thiabendazole and procymidone.
Analysis of nucleic acid constituents by on‐line capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Willems An V. , Deforce Dieter L. , Van Peteghem Carlos H. , Van Bocxlaer Jan F.
Published: March 2005

This review is focused on the capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometric (CE‐MS) analysis of nucleic acid constituents in the broadest sense, going from nucleotides and adducted nucleotides over nucleoside analogues to oligonucleotides. These nucleic acid constituents play an important role in a variety of biochemical processes. Hence, their isolation, identification, and quantification will undoubtedly help reveal the process of life and disease mechanisms, such as carcinogenesis, and can also be useful for antitumor and antiviral drug research to provide valuable information about mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, toxicity, therapeutic drug level monitoring, and quality control related to this substance class. Fundamental investigations into their structure, the search for modifications, the occurrence and biochemical impact of structural variation amongst others, are therefore of great value. In view of the related bioanalytical procedures, the coupling of CE to MS has emerged as a powerful tool for the analysis of the complex mixtures of nucleic acid constituents: CE confers rapid analysis and efficient resolution, while MS provides high selectivity and sensitivity with structural characterization of minute amounts of compound. After an introduction about the biochemical and analytical perspectives on the nucleic acid constituents, the different modes of CE used in this field of research as well as the relevant CE‐MS interfaces and the difficulties associated with quantitative CE‐MS are briefly discussed. A large section is finally devoted to field‐oriented applications.
Generation of Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) velocities, based on monitor functions, for the solution of compressible fluid equations
Authors: Wells B. V. , Baines M. J. , Glaister P.
Published: March 2005

A moving mesh method is outlined based on the use of monitor functions. The method is developed from a weak conservation principle. From this principle a conservation law for the mesh position is derived. Using the Helmholtz decomposition theorem, this conservation law can be converted into an elliptic equation for a mesh velocity potential.

The moving mesh method is discretized using standard finite elements. Once the mesh velocities are obtained an arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) (Journal of Computational Physics 1974; 14:227) fluid solver is used to update the solution on the adaptive mesh.

Results are shown for the compressible Euler equations of gas dynamics in one and two spatial dimensions. Two monitor functions are used, the fluid density (which corresponds to a Lagrangian description), and a function which includes the density gradient. A variety of test problems are considered. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On MILES based on flux‐limiting algorithms
Authors: Grinstein F. F. , Fureby C. , DeVore C. R.
Published: March 2005

Non‐classical large eddy simulation (LES) approaches based on using the unfiltered flow equations instead of the filtered ones have been the subject of considerable interest during the last decade. In the monotonically integrated LES (MILES) approach, flux‐limiting schemes are used to emulate the characteristic turbulent flow features in the high‐wave number end of the inertial subrange region. Mathematical and physical aspects of implicit sub grid scale modelling using nonlinear flux‐limiters are conveniently addressed using the modified LES‐equation formalism. In this study, the performance of MILES is demonstrated as a function of the flux‐limiting scheme in selected representative case studies. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
VP22 does not significantly enhance enzyme prodrug cancer gene therapy as a part of a VP22‐HSVTk‐GFP triple fusion construct
Authors: Hakkarainen Tanja , Wahlfors Tiina , Meriläinen Outi , Loimas Sami , Hemminki Akseli , Wahlfors Jarmo
Published: March 2005

Background

VP22 is a herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) tegument protein that has been suggested to spread from cell to cell, alone or as a part of fusion proteins. Creating controversy, some reports indicate that VP22 cannot facilitate significant intercellular spreading. To study the capacity of VP22 to cause spreading and enhance thymidine kinase/ganciclovir cancer gene therapy, we constructed a novel triple fusion protein containing VP22, HSV thymidine kinase and green fluorescent protein (VP22‐Tk‐GFP). This fusion protein has three functional domains in the same polypeptide, thus making it possible to reliably compare the causality between transduction rate and cell killing efficiency in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

VP22‐Tk‐GFP was cloned into lenti‐ and adenoviral vectors and used for expression studies, analyses for VP22‐mediated protein spreading, and to study the effect of VP22 to thymidine kinase/ganciclovir‐mediated cytotoxicity. The function of VP22‐Tk‐GFP was also investigated in vivo.

Results

The triple fusion protein was expressed correctly in vitro, but intercellular trafficking was not observed in any of the studied cell lines. However, under certain conditions, VP22‐Tk‐GFP sensitized cells more efficiently to ganciclovir than Tk‐GFP. In vivo there was a trend for increased inhibition of tumor growth with VP22‐Tk‐GFP when ganciclovir was present, but the difference with Tk‐GFP was not statistically significant.

Conclusions

Based on our results, VP22 fusion proteins do not seem to traffic intercellularly at detectable levels in most tumor cell types. Even though VP22 enhanced cytotoxicity in one cell line in vitro, the effect in vivo was modest. Therefore, our results do not support the utility of VP22 as an enhancer of enzyme prodrug cancer gene therapy. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable inhibition of hepatitis B virus proteins by small interfering RNA expressed from viral vectors
Authors: Moore Michael D. , McGarvey Michael J. , Russell Rebecca A. , Cullen Bryan R. , McClure Myra O.
Published: March 2005

Background

There has been much research into the use of RNA interference (RNAi) for the treatment of human diseases. Many viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), are susceptible to inhibition by this mechanism. However, for RNAi to be effective therapeutically, a suitable delivery system is required.

Methods

Here we identify an RNAi sequence active against the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), and demonstrate its expression from a polymerase III expression cassette. The expression cassette was inserted into two different vector systems, based on either prototype foamy virus (PFV) or adeno‐associated virus (AAV), both of which are non‐pathogenic and capable of integration into cellular DNA. The vectors containing the HBV‐targeted RNAi molecule were introduced into 293T.HBs cells, a cell line stably expressing HBsAg. The vectors were also assessed in HepG2.2.15 cells, which secrete infectious HBV virions.

Results

Seven days post‐transduction, a knockdown of HBsAg by approximately 90%, compared with controls, was detected in 293T.HBs cells transduced by shRNA encoding PFV and AAV vectors. This reduction has been observed up to 5 months post‐transduction in single cell clones. Both vectors successfully inhibited HBsAg expression from HepG2.2.15 cells even in the presence of HBV replication. RT‐PCR of RNA extracted from these cells showed a reduction in the level of HBV pre‐genomic RNA, an essential replication intermediate and messenger RNA for HBV core and polymerase proteins, as well as the HBsAg messenger RNA.

Conclusions

This work is the first to demonstrate that delivery of RNAi by viral vectors has therapeutic potential for chronic HBV infection and establishes the ground work for the use of such vectors in vivo. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved neuronal transgene expression from an AAV‐2 vector with a hybrid CMV enhancer/PDGF‐β promoter
Authors: Wang C. Y. , Guo H. Y. , Lim T. M. , Ng Y. K. , Neo H. P. , Hwang P. Y. K. , Yee W.‐C. , Wang S.
Published: March 2005

Background

Adeno‐associated virus type 2 (AAV‐2) vectors are highly promising tools for gene therapy of neurological disorders. After accommodating a cellular promoter, AAV‐2 vectors are able to drive sustained expression of transgene in the brain. This study aimed to develop AAV‐2 vectors that also facilitate a high level of neuronal expression by enhancing the strength of a neuron‐specific promoter, the human platelet‐derived growth factor β‐chain (PDGF) promoter.

Methods and results

A hybrid promoter approach was adopted to fuse the enhancer of human cytomegalovirus immediately early (CMV) promoter to the PDGF promoter. In cultured cortex neurons, AAV‐2 vectors containing the hybrid promoter augmented transgene expression up to 20‐fold over that mediated by titer‐matched AAV‐2 vectors with the PDGF promoter alone and 4‐fold over the CMV enhancer/promoter. Injection of AAV‐2 vectors with the hybrid promoter into the rat striatum resulted in neuron‐specific transgene expression, the level of which was about 10‐fold higher than those provided by the two control AAV‐2 expression cassettes at 4 weeks post‐injection and maintained for at least 12 weeks. Gene expression in the substantia nigra through possible retrograde transport of the AAV‐2 vectors injected into the striatum was not obvious. After direct injection of AAV‐2 vectors into the substantia nigra, transgene expression driven by the hybrid promoter was observed specifically in dopaminergic neurons and its level was about 3 and 17 times higher than that provided by the PDGF promoter alone and the CMV enhancer/promoter, respectively.

Conclusions

Enhanced transgene capacity plus neuron‐specificity of the AAV‐2 vectors developed in this study might prove valuable for gene therapy of Parkinson's disease. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐pass filter using a hybrid EBG structure
Authors: Karim M. F. , Liu A. Q. , Alphones A. , Zhang X. J.
Published: March 2005

This paper presents an innovative design of a hybrid electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structure based on nonuniform period and dimensions. A high rejection bandwidth is achieved when the nonuniform period and the dimensions follow the Kaiser distribution. The EBG structures are fabricated on the transmission line and the ground plane, where the offset is one‐quarter of the EBG period. The measurement results show a low‐pass filter response up to the C‐band with insertion loss below 0.25 dB and rejection bandwidth above 12 GHz. This type of nonuniform EBG structure is more compact than the conventional uniform structure. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 95–98, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20734
On potential applications of metamaterials for the design of broadband phase shifters
Authors: Nefedov Igor S. , Tretyakov Sergei A.
Published: March 2005

The possible design of phase shifters with reduced frequency dispersion using combined sections of forward‐wave (FW) and backward‐wave (BW) transmission lines is discussed. It is shown that inclusion of backward‐wave sections into a transmission line always increases the total dispersion. On the other hand, we show that dispersion can be reduced by means of lines with positive anomalous dispersion and provide an example of such line. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 98–102, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20735
A methodology for accurate modeling of a pad structure fromS‐parameter measurements
Authors: Jayabalan J. , Ooi B. L. , Wu B. , Xu D. S. , Iyer M. K. , Leong M. S.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we describe a novel method for modeling pad geometries via parameter extraction usingS‐parameter measurements. We apply the method to a square pad structure, built with a coplanar transmission line on high‐resistivity silicon, and arrive at an equivalent‐circuit model that represents the pad over a wide operating frequency range of 1 to 20 GHz. Two‐port ABCD matrices of two transmission lines of different lengths are used to derive the model. The model is optimized and validated using circuit simulation by comparing the simulated results with those of the measurements. This method is significant for high‐frequency modeling of fine‐pitch wafer‐level package off‐chip interconnects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 115–118, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20740
Wavelength conversion in tapered‐waveguide laser diode amplifiers
Authors: Ghafouri‐Shiraz H.
Published: March 2005

Wavelength conversion using cross‐gain modulation (XGM) in linear tapered‐waveguide semiconductor laser amplifiers (SLAs) has been investigated theoretically and compared with the nontapered semiconductor laser amplifier. For example, we have found that for the linear tapered‐waveguide SLA with a 450‐μm cavity length, a higher signal power is required to achieve an extinction ratio similar to that obtained by the conventional SLA with the same cavity length. However, a similar extinction ratio is observed for both conventional and linear tapered‐waveguide with the cavity length of 1200 μm. The difference between the extinction ratios for up and down conversions is less severe in a linear tapered‐waveguide SLA as compared to that for a conventional SLA. The rise time for the linear tapered‐waveguide is observed to be higher than that for the conventional SLA. It is possible to attain extinction‐ratio conservation using XGM for both up and down conversions in an SLA with a very long cavity length of 2400 μm. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 134–142, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20748
Single‐mode three‐branch waveguide with a diamondlike low‐index microprism
Authors: Huang Chia‐Chih , Huang Chia‐Chien , Wang Way‐Seen
Published: March 2005

A novel three‐branch optical power divider with a diamondlike microprism of low index is proposed. The input power can be equally distributed to three output waveguides at large branching angles. The total transmitted power is as high as 97.7% at θ = 3°, which is higher than that reported. Furthermore, by simply varying the size or refractive index of the microprism, the percentages of the power entering the central and the outer branches can be adjusted. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 145–147, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20750
Reduced‐size wideband microstrip bandpass filter with low loss and high selectivity
Authors: Tümer Tolga , Görür Adnan
Published: March 2005

A reduced‐size low‐loss high‐selectivity wideband microstrip bandpass filter is proposed using three λg/4 short‐circuited stubs and folded λg/2 connecting lines between them. The filter has 2n − 1 poles within the passband, whereas it consists of only n resonators. The 3‐dB bandwidth of the filter is about 92% at 2.1 GHz. The insertion loss is around 0.8 dB within the passband. The filter is verified by both simulation and measurement. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 147–148, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20751
Two‐dimensional array of rectangular slot antennas tuned with patch stubs for wide bandwidth and large scanning range
Authors: Eldek Abdelnasser A. , Elsherbeni Atef Z. , Smith Charles E.
Published: March 2005

This paper presents a 2D array design composed of rectangular slot antennas tuned with patch stubs. The 2D array of 32 × 32 elements for phased‐array applications achieves a 38‐dB gain, 60% impedance bandwidth, and 65° scanning angle without grating lobes. The return loss, radiation patterns, scanning capabilities, and gain are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 149–152, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20752
A band‐notched UWB antenna
Authors: Qiu Jianming , Du Zhengwei , Lu Jianhua , Gong Ke
Published: March 2005

This paper proposes a novel planar antenna for ultra‐wideband (UWB) applications, which has a voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of less than two and is exempt from interference with existing wireless systems with band‐notched characteristics. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 45: 152–154, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20753