bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ADAM17 Mediates Proteolytic Maturation of Voltage-Gated Calcium Channel Auxiliary α2δ Subunits, and Enables Calcium Current Enhancement
Authors: Kadurin Ivan , Dahimene Shehrazade , Page Karen M , Ellaway Joseph I J , Chaggar Kanchan , Troeberg Linda , Nagase Hideaki , Dolphin Annette C
Published: March 2022

The auxiliary α2δ subunits of voltage-gated calcium (CaV) channels are key to augmenting expression and function of CaV1 and CaV2 channels, and are also important drug targets in several therapeutic areas, including neuropathic pain. The α2δ proteins are translated as preproteins encoding both α2 and δ, and post-translationally proteolyzed into α2 and δ subunits, which remain associated as a complex. In this study, we have identified ADAM17 as a key protease involved in proteolytic processing of pro-α2δ-1 and α2δ-3 subunits. We provide three lines of evidence: First, proteolytic cleavage is inhibited by chemical inhibitors of particular metalloproteases, including ADAM17. Second, proteolytic cleavage of both α2δ-1 and α2δ-3 is markedly reduced in cell lines by knockout of ADAM17 but not ADAM10. Third, proteolytic cleavage is reduced by the N-terminal active domain of TIMP-3 (N-TIMP-3), which selectively inhibits ADAM17. We have found previously that proteolytic cleavage into mature α2δ is essential for the enhancement of CaV function, and in agreement, knockout of ADAM17 inhibited the ability of α2δ-1 to enhance both CaV2.2 and CaV1.2 calcium currents. Finally, our data also indicate that the main site of proteolytic cleavage of α2δ-1 is the Golgi apparatus, although cleavage may also occur at the plasma membrane. Thus, our study identifies ADAM17 as a key protease required for proteolytic maturation of α2δ-1 and α2δ-3, and thus a potential drug target in neuropathic pain.
Comparing Effects of Polypharmacy on Inflammatory Profiles in Older Adults and Mice: Implications for Translational Aging Research
Authors: Wu Harry , Mach John , Gnjidic Danijela , Naganathan Vasi , Blyth Fiona M , Waite Louise M , Handelsman David J , Le Couteur David G , Hilmer Sarah N
Published: March 2022

Aging and multimorbidity are associated with inflammation. Polypharmacy is common in older people with multimorbidity. Given the potential for interactions between polypharmacy and inflammation, the relationship between inflammation and polypharmacy were studied in older adults with multimorbidity and in healthy aging mice. A cross-sectional analysis of data from the 5-year wave of the Concord Health and Ageing in Men Project, a population-based study of community-dwelling men aged ≥70 years. Serum concentrations of 27 cytokines were measured using a multiplex immunoassay. Associations between polypharmacy (≥5 medications) and cytokines were evaluated using multivariable linear regression adjusting for age, frailty, comorbidities, and individual drug classes. Interaction between polypharmacy and Drug Burden Index (DBI―drugs with anticholinergic and sedative effects) was analyzed. Effects of polypharmacy and DBI on serum levels of 23 cytokines were determined in aging male mice treated with chronic polypharmacy or control. Compared to the nonpolypharmacy group (n = 495), CHAMP participants with polypharmacy (n = 409) had significantly higher concentrations of IL-8, IL-6, CCL3, Eotaxin, IL-1ra, IL-1β, IP-10, and lower concentrations of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4. In fully-adjusted multivariable models, polypharmacy was positively associated with concentrations of IL-8 and CCL3. There were no significant differences in inflammatory profiles between control and polypharmacy-treated mice. The relationship was not influenced by DBI in men or in mice. Inflammatory markers associated with polypharmacy in older adults were not seen in healthy aged mice administered polypharmacy, and may be related to underlying diseases. The polypharmacy mouse model provides opportunities for mechanistic investigations in translational research.
Identifying Racial and Rural Disparities of Cognitive Functioning Among Older Adults: The Role of Social Isolation and Social Technology Use
Authors: Byrne Kaileigh A , Ghaiumy Anaraky Reza
Published: March 2022

Objectives

Social isolation is associated with poorer cognitive outcomes among older adults. The use of online social technology platforms may provide a means to reduce social isolation. However, research examining whether social technology can mitigate the negative effects of social isolation on cognitive functioning is limited. This study investigates the interaction between social isolation and social technology use on cognitive functioning among older adults and seeks to identify racial and rural–urban differences in this relationship.

Method

Data were obtained from the Health and Retirement Study 2014–2018 waves (N = 5,358). Participants (aged 50–102) completed self-report measures of social isolation, loneliness, and frequency of online social communication and completed the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status, which assesses cognitive functioning. Examinations of race focused on differences between Black/African American and White/Caucasian groups; rurality was operationalized using Beale Rural–Urban Continuum Codes. Data were analyzed using structural equation models.

Results

Social technology use moderated the negative relationship between social isolation and cognitive functioning, controlling for age, education, gender, wealth, and general computer usage. Greater social technology use was associated with better cognitive functioning among socially isolated older adults. Results showed evidence of racial, but not rural–urban, differences in the relationship between social technology use and cognitive functioning. Regardless of the degree of social isolation, frequent social technology use was associated with improved cognitive functioning in Black/African American older adults but not White/Caucasians older adults.

Discussion

Social technology may represent a way to mitigate cognitive decline, particularly among Black/African American older adults.
Biological Insecticides to Control Cabbage Insect Pests, 1986
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

Ranger’ cabbage were seeded on 29 Jul to a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots were single rows 25-ft long and 5-ft wide replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design; a guard row buffered each treated row, Sprays were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer with one drop nozzle on either side of the row and one nozzle over the center calibrated to deliver 60 gal/acre at 40 psi operated at 2 mph. Treatments were applied on 4, 11 Sep and 8 Oct. Number of larvae/10 plants was recorded on 18 Sep and 16 Oct. Foliage injury ratings were recorded on 13 Sep and are expressed as % defoliation. Yield (% marketable heads) were taken on 20 Oct and defined as cabbage heads with no visible feeding and having at least two undamaged wrapper leaves. Ten cabbage heads from each treatment were harvested and weighed on 24 Oct to determine weight/head (lb).
Control of Arthropod Pests on Cantaloupe, 1986
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Royer Tom A. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Magnum 45’ variety cantaloupe was direct seeded in beds on 2 m centers on 17 Mar at the Texas Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Weslaco, TX. Soil type was a Willacy fine sandy loam. Plants were thinned to 45 cm spacing on 15 Apr. Sixty-eight kg N-32 per ha was applied prior to planting. Pesticide treatments were applied 22 Apr and 6 Jun to single bed, 9 m long plots with a tractor mounted, C02 powered sprayer calibrated to deliver 143 liter/ha (2.8 kg/cm2, 4 TX-4 nozzles, 6.4 kmph). Arthropod populations were monitored by surveying 3 primary vines per plot on 29 Apr and 14 May and recording number of cucumber beetle adults, melon aphids, spider mites, flea beetle adults, leafhopper nymphs and adults, leaves with leaf miner mines, leaves, flowers, and fruit. Melon yield was determined as wt/melon and total wt of melons/plot on 3, 6, 10 and 13 Jun. Aphid and mite counts were transformed by taking the loglO + 1 of counts, due to the aggregated nature of populations of these species.
Control of Cabbage Looper, Diamondback Moth and Imported Cabbageworm on Collards, 1986
Authors: Linduska James J.
Published: March 2022

Vates’ collards were direct seeded in 4 row plots 35 ft long on 18 Jul. Plants were spaced 4 inches apart in the row and 36 inches between rows. Each 2 row plot was buffered by a guard row. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The soil was a Norfolk “A” loamy sand. All spray treatments were mixed in 10 gal of water and applied with a custom built row crop sprayer. Each row was covered by 3 drop nozzles delivering 50 gal/A at 90 psi. Treatments were applied on 26 Aug; 3, 9, 18 and 23 Sep. Foliage injury ratings ranged from 0-5 and were indexed as follows: 0) no damage; 1) 1-3% damage—odd holes on leaves; 2) 4-10% damage—few leaves with holes; 3) 11-25% damage—moderate number of leaves with holes; 4) 26-50% damage—most leaves with holes; and 5) 51-100% damage—crown damage and/or all leaves with holes.
Onion Thrips Control, 1986
Authors: Royer T. A. , Edelson J. V. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, TX. ‘Texas Grano 1105 Y’ onions were direct-seeded 7 Nov into single-row beds (40 inch centers) on a Willacy fine sandy loam soil and furrow irrigated as needed. Nitrogen (N-32) was side-dressed 26 Feb on all plots at 60 lb/acre. All plots were treated with idoprodine at 0.75 lb (AI)/acre on 3 and 17 Feb, and 11 Mar, for control of purple blotch (Alternaria porri (Ell.) Cif.) The experiment was arranged in a completely random design with 5 replications. Plots measured 20 ft by two beds. Treatments were applied on 7 and 11 Mar as foliar sprays delivered through a C02 powered ground sprayer at a rate of 30 gal/acre finished formulation. Thrips populations were counted on 5 randomly selected plants per plot on 14 and 18 Mar.
Insect Growth Regulators for Control of Colorado Potato Beetles in Potatoes, 1986
Authors: Ghidiu Gerald M.
Published: March 2022

‘Superior’ white potatoes were planted on 3 Apr in a Sassafras sandy loam field. Plots consisted of 3 rows of potatoes, each row being 25-ft long and 3-ft wide, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were applied with a self-propelled, high-clearance sprayer with one drop nozzle on each side of the row and one over the center of each row calibrated to deliver 75 gal/acre at 40 psi. Treatments were applied on 28 May, 9 and 26 Jun. Percent plant defoliation was recorded on 6, 18 Jun and 1 Jul. Numbers of Colorado potato beetle (CPB) larvae per 5 hills were recorded on 12 Jun. Plots were harvested and yields (cwt/acre) were recorded on 21 Jul.
Insecticide Phytotoxicity Evaluation on Potato in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

A study was conducted at the St. Gabriel Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Louisiana State University, St. Gabriel, LA to evaluate the phytotoxicity of several compounds on potato. Seed potatoes of the cultivar ‘Red Lasota’ were planted on 38-inch rows on 15 May with a plant spacing of 12 inches. Plots were arranged on a randomized complete block design with 5 replications of single row plots 10 ft in length. Pesticides were applied with a hand-held CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 5 gal/acre at 40 psi through a single hollow cone spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were applied on 20 and 26 Jun, 3, 10, and 18 Jul. Evaluations of phytotoxicity were made on 23 Jul. A phytotoxicity scale was used to evaluate foliar damage, as follows: (0) = no damage; (1) = minor yellowing and/or spotting, less than 5% of leaf area affected; (2) = moderate yellowing and spotting, 5-15% of leaf area affected; (3) = serious yellowing and spotting, 15-50% of leaf area affected; (4) = severe yellowing, greater than 50% of leaf area affected; and (5) = dead plant. A stunting scale was used to evaluate plant stunting, where 0 = no stunting and 1 = obvious stunting present. All plants in each replication were rated for stunting and phytotoxicity.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Control of Stink Bugs on Processing Tomatoes, 1986
Authors: Hoffmann Michael P. , Zalom Frank G. , Wilson L. Ted
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in a commercial planting of processing tomatoes located near Davis, CA. The 4 insecticidal treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design and were 15 ft wide (3 single row beds) and 500 ft long. Insecticides were applied at 15 psi and 20 gal water/acre on 29 Aug using a full-coverage tractor mounted boom sprayer. Insecticide efficacy was evaluated by recording the number of live stink bugs found by picking up and shaking tomato plants onto a 14 X 19 inch tray and by searching the soil beneath the tray to a depth of 1 to 2 inches. Twenty-four samples were taken from each replicate at pre-(28 Aug) and post-treatment (3 and 4 Sep). Pretreatment samples were taken from an outer bed while post-treatment samples were from the center bed of each 3 bed wide replicate. A few Thyanta sp. stink bugs were present and were lumped in with E. conspersus counts for data analysis. Since pretreatment data indicated a trend of lower bug counts on some treatments, we also present results for all stages combined as proportion of pretreatment bugs present at post-treatment.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, Missouri, 1986
Authors: Bailey W. C. , Munson R. E.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 18 Apr near Mount Vernon, MO on a 1-year old stand of alfalfa. Plots were 20 x 40 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The alfalfa was ca. 10 inches tall at time of treatment with a temperature of 75° and 0-5 mph winds. Sprays were applied with a 20-ft spray boom, 8002 flat fan nozzles, and 50 mesh screens. Sprays were applied at 16.5 gal/acre and 20 lb/square inch. Measurable precipitation fell on 7 of the 28 days following treatment. Evaluations were conducted at 2.5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days posttreatment by taking 20 (180 degree) sweeps with a 15-inch sweep net.
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Alfalfa Weevil Larvae, 1986
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Gibb T. J. , Blodgett S.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested pre-bud stage alfalfa (13 inches tall) was treated on 11 Apr. Thirteen insecticides and 2 untreated control plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots measured 6 by 9 m. Sprays were applied in water (20 gpa) with a C02-powdered backpack sprayer equipped with 80° hollow cone nozzles.
Potato Leafhopper Control, 1986
Authors: Hower Arthur A. , Alexander Sandy
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted at The Pennsylvania State University farm at (I) University Park and on the Pennsylvania Agriculture Experiment Station farm at (II) Rock Springs. 40 by 40 ft plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the four replications. In experiment I potato leafhopper densities were estimated from 20 pendulum sweeps take randomly across each plot with a 15 inch dia sweep net 10 days after the stubble spray on 28 Jul, but before the foliar sprays were applied on that same date. Thereafter, leafhopper densities were sampled on 3, 11, 18, and 26 Aug. This latter date was 39 and 29 days from the stubble and foliar sprays, respectively. Alfalfa height at the time of the foliar sprays was 6 to 8 inches. Sprays were applied in 20 gal of water per acre at 26 psi with a tractor-mounted sprayer equipped with a 20 ft boom with 80° flat fan nozzles and 50 mesh screens.
Efficacy of Miticides Against Corn Spider Mites, 1986, #2
Authors: Buschman L. L. , Sloderbeck P. E.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted in Finney County, KS in a field of flood irrigated corn where the natural mite populations were augmented with twospotted spider mites. Thirteen treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. The plots were 4 rows wide × 10 ft, 50 ft long, and surrounded by 10 ft borders of untreated corn. Prior to treatment, 4 plants in each plot were selected from the center 2 rows and flagged. The natural mite population was augmented by attaching leaves infested with twospotted spider mites from a greenhouse colony. Treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10 ft boom with 3 nozzles directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18 inch drop hoses). The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 20 gpa of water with 30 psi of CO2 pressure. The plots were treated on 9 Aug. Spider mite counts were made from the flagged plants by searching every other leaf on each plant for large mites (primarily the adult females). Pretreatment counts were made on 29 Jul and the posttreatment counts were made on 14 Aug. The percentage of twospotted spider mites present in each plot was determined by collecting 20 to 40 mites from the flagged plants in 2 of the replicates with a small vacuum sampler and mounting them for microscopic determination of mite species.
Apple, Evaluation of the Effect of Savey and Pounce on Early Season Mite Populations, 1986
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Cobb L. J.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to mature York trees using single tree plots in a randomized block design and replicated 4 times. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean 35 gal/ min hydraulic sprayer operating at 400 psi. Mites and eggs were counted by randomly selecting 25 leaves/replicate, brushing onto glass plates with a modified Henderson-McBurnie brushing machine and counting all motile forms and viable eggs with a binocular microscope.
Control of Slug in No-Till Corn, 1986
Authors: Goh Kean S. , Specker Donald R. , Gafihey Fred , Grinten Martin van der
Published: March 2022

No-till corn plots were located at Big Flats, NY. The soil is a Williamson silt loam, with a pH of 5.6 and 3.1% organic matter. The previous crop was conventional till 'Aroostook' rye (Secale cereale L.). The crop remained unharvested due to hail damage. The straw residue was left in place providing a very dense mulch. Quackgrass (Agropyron repens L. Beauv.), dandelions (Taraxacum officinale Weber) and miscellaneous broadleaf weeds were present in the field in early spring. On 18 Apr the no-till field was prepared by applying 2,4-D ester plus dicamba at 0.24 lb (AI) and 0.04 lb (AI)/acre respectively. Paraquat (0.5 lb (AI/acre) was applied ten days later. On 14 May a tractor drawn IH Cyclo Air Corn Planter was used to seed 4 rows at 30 inch spacing, 1 to 1.5 inches deep, and with seed drop of 27,400 kernels/acre. Furadan 15G were applied at 1 lb (AI)/acre and fertilizer (10-20-20) at 260 lb/acre at planting. Immediately after planting, metolachlor and atrazine were applied at 2.5 and 2 lb (AI)/acre respectively. The molluscicide treatments were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 20 × 20 ft contained 8 rows of corn, the outer two rows being untreated buffers. In each plot three holes, 4 inch diam × 6 inch deep, diagonally and evenly spaced, were excavated between rows with a golf-hole digger. Each hole was covered with a 1 ft-square asphalt shingle wrapped with aluminum foil. The reflective surface keeps the hole cool and moist, hence providing an ideal hiding place for slugs and serving as an efficient sampling method. Broot 15G was applied at seeding. Magnum plus Escort was applied as a seed treatment by evenly coating seed with Magnum, Escort and water. Mesurol bait was prepared by coating cracked corn with the wettable powder using soft drink as a sticking agent and applied at 20 lb bait/acre. Bait and spray treatments were applied on 30 May when the corn was at the 2-3 leaf stage. Slug damage to the corn plants was obvious. The molluscicidal baits were broadcast evenly by hand over the corn rows. Broot 50W was applied with a mechanical backpack sprayer at 50 gpa of water. On 19 Jun, ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) was sidedressed by hand to give 120 lb of nitrogen per acre. Slug counts were taken by inspecting the holes for live slugs at 2 days pretreatment and at 3, 7 and 14 days posttreatment. Corn damage ratings were taken by inspecting 20 corn plants per plot. Corn stand was evaluated on 20 Jun by taking two 1/1000 acre sample per plot (7.4 foot-row per sample).
Efficacy of Insecticides Against Second Generation European Corn Borer Larvae, 1986
Authors: Higgins R. A. , Blodgett S. , Gibb T. J. , Shufran K.
Published: March 2022

Naturally infested milk stage yellow field corn was treated on 19 Jul. Fourteen insecticides and 2 untreated control plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All plots consisted of 4 contiguous rows, each 10 m in length with 91 cm row spacing. Sprays were applied in water (20 GPA) with a carbon COa powered system held above the canopy on a modified backpack frame. The boom was equipped with 45° nozzles to spray 4 rows. Band spreaders were positioned approximately 5 cm above the whorl and distributed products over a 20 cm band.
Comparison of Three Miticides Appued in Varying Volumes Of Finished Spray Against Twospotted Spider Mite (Tsm) on Corn in West Central Nebraska, 1985
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

Three adjacent fields of corn (28, 29, and 18 acres) were divided and 0.5 of each was treated aerially with one of 3 miticides, Supracide, Lorsban or Capture, with 0.5 of each treatment applied in 2 gal water and 0.5 applied in 5 gal. Posttassel treatments were applied by a Rockwell Thrush with a 45 ft wingspan. The spray boom was equipped with no. 12 stainless steel tips with a no. 56 core calibrated to deliver 2 or 5 gal water/acre at 25 psi at 105 mph. Spider mite infestations were rated 1 to 6 on a per leaf basis. A rating of 1 = 0 mites, 2 = a few mites, 3 = a few colonies, … 6 = leaf densely covered with mites. Apparent % control was calculated using the formula presented in the table.
Western Bean Cutworm Hand-Applied Treatments, Eckley, Colorado, 1986
Authors: Peairs Frank B. , Pilcher Stanley D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on 18 Jul with a CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 15.3 gpa through 2 flat fan 8003 nozzles at 30 psi. Plots were two 50-ft rows separated by a single buffer row. They were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Treatments were evaluated by counting the number of western bean cutworm larvae present in 50 ears per plot. Soil type was a sandy loam. The field had been planted to corn since 1981.
In-Whorl Treatments for Fall Armyworm and Second Brood European Corn Borer in Late-Planted Field Corn, 1986
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B.
Published: March 2022

'Pioneer 3147' corn was planted on 15 Jun and 1 Jul at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Fourteen treatments replicated 4 times were arranged in a randomized complete block design for each planting. Plots were 30 ft × 4 rows with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were spaced 40 inches apart with 45 plants/30 row ft. The 2 middle rows were evaluated for whorl damage. The second row was harvested for ensilage yields. Liquid formulations were applied using 2.5 gal compressed C02 sprayers at 30 psi and 30 gal/acre. Granular insecticides were applied with shaker jars. In the first planting, one insecticide application was made on 16 Jul when 65% of the plants were infested with an average of 1.86 larvae/plant. Ensilage yield was determined on 26 Sep at 49.3% moisture. In the second planting, the first insecticide application was made on 31 Jul when 72% of the plants were infested with an average of 3.76 larvae/plant; the second application was made on 12 Aug. Ensilage yield was determined on 9 Oct at 36.4% moisture. Newly damaged whorls by the fall armyworm were counted one week after each application. European corn borer stalk feeding counts (average number of busal tunnels/45 stalks) were made at harvest. Soil type was Dixon silt loam, 2-5% slope. Total rainfall for the growing season was 8.96 inches.
Corn Earworm Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1986
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated at a location in Chowan Co. on peanuts grown in sandy soil (pH-5.6, organic matter-0.6%) under standard production practices. Plots were 4 rows (30 inch centers) by 20 ft long and treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates per treatment. Insecticides were applied using a C02 backpack sprayer delivering 35 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Treatments were applied on 18 Aug under sunny skies and temperatures around 80°F. Two inches of rain fell 24 h prior to treatment, but foliage was dry at the time of application. Peanuts foliage was lush with vines overlapping in row middles. Rain fell 12 h after treatment and continued for 30 h for a total of 3 inches of precipitation. Three row ft of each plot were sampled for caterpillars on 21 Aug using a standard beat cloth technique. Pretreatment counts determined caterpillar populations were greater than 85% corn earworms, and the remainder were fall armyworms, beet armyworms, and yellowstriped armyworms. Most worms were fourth and fifth instar. Foliage was dry during sampling under sunny skies at 89°F.
Twospotted Spider Mite Control on Peanuts, North Carolina, 1986
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts were grown under standard production practices in sandy soil (pH-5.4, organic matter-0.2%) at a location in Northampton Co. Plots 2 rows wide (36 inch centers) by 20 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design with an untreated check in each of the 4 replicates. Treatments were applied using a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 35 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles. The first treatments were applied on 6 Aug under sunny skies and a slight breeze. Pretreatment counts of the motile forms averaged 920 mites/25 leaflets. Twenty-four hr later a 1 inch rain occurred and then from 11-14 Aug continuous rainfall exceeding 5 inches occurred. The plots were retreated on 15 Aug (except Lorsban). Rain began again 12 h later and continued for 2 more days delivering over 2 inches of precipitation. An additional retreatment (except Lorsban) was applied on 21 Aug. Light rain occurred 12 h before the application and 24 h after treatment. Mites were sampled on 18 and 27 Aug by random collection of 25 leaflets/plot. Leaflets were placed in plastic bags and kept cool until processed the following day using a commercially available mite brushing machine.
Control of Soybean Pests in Alabama, 1986
Authors: Herbert D. A. , Schwartz M. A. , Reed T. D.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy trials against soybean pests were conducted in a conventionally planted grower’s field in the Black Belt region of west-central AL. The field, located on an alluvial sandy-loam terrace of the Alabama River, was surrounded by fields predominately planted in cotton. Four treatments, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design, were applied as foliar sprays with a COa pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 12 gpa at 40 psi, through 3 TX 6 nozzles per row. Treatments were applied on 15 Sep when soybeans were at the R5 growth stage (pods fully elongated and 1 node with 0.13 inch seed) and when pest populations were high. Plots were 12 rows (30 inch row spacing) × 50 ft in length. Insect population levels were sampled using a standard beat sheet technique. Two 3 ft pretreatment samples were taken per plot as well as four and one 3 ft samples per plot at 3 and 14 days posttreatment, respectively. Larvae were classified as small (instars 1-2), medium (instars 3-4), and large (instars 5 +).
Systemic Insecticides for the Control of Insects on Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1986
Authors: Semtner Paul J.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted in plots, 40 (24 plants) × 12 ft (3 rows) on 6 May. The test site located was on a sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.8 and 1.9%. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized, complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by 5 or 12 ft alleys and there were no border rows between plots. Insect counts and yields were taken for the center rows of each plot. Pretransplant broadcast and band treatments of granular insecticides were applied with a granular applicator mounted on a push-cart. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 30 gal of finished spray/acre through 8004 tips at 30 psi. Treatments were applied and incorporated by double disking on 29 Apr. The band application of Furadan 4F was made in a 12-inch band with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer delivering 10 gallons of finished spray per acre through an 8004E tip at 30 psi. Treatments were applied and incorporated during the bedding operation on 30 Apr. Post-treatment broadcast applications of Pounce were made on 13 May using the same application method used to apply liquid preplant broadcast treatments. Side-dress applications of Temik were made on 27 May with a tractor-mounted Gandy applicator that delivered the granules in 6-inch bands of each side of the row. Granules were incorporated immediately by cultivation. Layby treatments of RH-7988 were applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal of finished spray/acre at 30 psi through 8004E tips on each side of the row and incorporated by last cultivation on 17 Jun. Tobacco flea beetles and the number of feeding holes on the most damaged leaf were counted on 10 plants/plot. Green peach aphid populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves (at least 6 inches long) for 10 plants/plot. Hornworms and the number of leaves destroyed by hornworms were sampled on 24 plants/plot. Insect counts were made every 1-2 weeks throughout the study. Leaves from each plot were harvested as they ripened and cured for yield and value determinations. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and DMRT multiple range tests. Aphid data were transformed to log10 (X + 1) for analysis, but the actual means were presented in the tables.
Insect Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Insecticides Applied to the Soil and in the Transplant Water, 1985
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco ‘Coker 319’ was transplanted in 20 ft (12 plants) × 8 ft (2 rows) plots on 2 May. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. The test site had a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil with a 5.8 pH and ca. 2% organic matter. Transplant water treatments were applied in 200 gal of solution/acre (116 ml/plant) using a hand-operated transplanter. Temik 15G was applied in a 12 inch band using a Gandy granular applicator mounted on a Honda FourTrax. The granular applicator was also used to broadcast the Furadan treatment. The broadcast and band treatments of Standak were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer operated at 30 psi and incorporated by double disking on 30 Apr. A single 8004E tip was used to apply the band treatment, while the broadcast treatments were applied with a series of 3 8004 tips spaced at 20 inch on a 40 inch boom. Ten and 30 gal of finished spray/acre were used for the band and broadcast applications, respectively. The wind speed on the application date ranged from 2-8 mph and the temperature ranged from 75-82 degrees F. Insect counts were made once every 1-2 weeks from mid-May to mid-August. On the first 3 dates flea beetle feeding holes were counted on 10 plants/plot. Throughout the study, flea beetles and green peach aphids on 4 upper leaves were counted on 10 plants/plot. Tobacco in 1 row was harvested, cured and graded by a USDA Marketing Service grader to determine yield and market price. Aphid data was transformed to Log1() (counts + 1) and hornworm, flea beetle and flea beetle damage data were transformed to the square root (counts + 0.5) before analysis. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and means were compared using DMRT. Actual means of untransformed data are presented in the tables.
Tobacco Flea Beetle Control with Soil Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Southern P. S. , Browne M. M.
Published: March 2022

Five tests were conducted on commercially grown tobacco to evaluate the effect of systemic insecticides on insect numbers and net return. Only flea beetles were present in large enough numbers for control evaluation prior to scheduled foliar sprays. Plots were 0.025 acre, 4 rows wide and were separated laterally by vacant fifth rows and at the ends by turn alleys of at least 16 ft. Treatments were distributed in a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Spray treatments were made using a tractor mounted sprayer delivering 20-24 gpa at 25 psi through 8004 flat-fan nozzles. Granular materials were broadcast using a tractor mounted Noble� granular application. Applications were made 7, 14, 15, 13, and 5 days prior to transplanting (Tests I-V, respectively). Materials were incorporated by discing and forming beds. Transplant water treatments were made using the farmers’ tractor drawn setters delivering 250, 172, 210, 290 and 350 gpa (Tests I-V, respectively). Soils were Norfolk sandy loam (Tests I and II), Cecil fine sandy loam (Tests III and V) and Aycock very fine sandy loam (Test IV). Soil moisture during the evaluation period was dry to very dry in Tests II-IV and moderate in Tests I and V. Flea beetle holes were counted on 5 plants in each of the middle two rows of each plot from a random start. Data were transformed to × + 0.5 prior to analysis.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Soft Red Winter Wheat, 1986
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Moss Teresa P.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle larvae populations in soft red winter wheat. Foliar insecticides were applied on 7 May ‘86 on ‘Saluda’ wheat planted on 18 Oct, ‘85 at the Vernon Delano Farm in Richmond County, VA. Plots were 6 ft by 25 ft with a 5-foot alley between treatments. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. Spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer at 32.8 psi that delivered 32.6 gal of finished formulation per acre. Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002, nozzles were utilized. The efficacy of individual treatments was determined 1-, 5-, 7-, 12-, and 16-days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. Yield estimates were obtained from 20 ft of row collected from the two center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Cutworm Control in Creeping Bentgrass, California 1986
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted in a golf course putting green in Temecula, CA. Experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Plot size was 100 ft2 Granular formulations were shaken from a glass jar manually over the plots and watered in with 1/4 inch of water. Liquids were applied with a Solo® Knapsack sprayer using a hollow cone nozzle @ 32 psi, and a 6 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Cutworm larval density was estimated by flooding 2 randomly selected 1-yd2 areas per plot for 5 min to force the larvae to the surface. Pretreatment larval density was taken on 22 Aug, after which treatments were applied. Posttreatment counts were taken on 4 Sep.
Southern Mole Cricket Control on Bermudagrass Fairways, North Carolina, 1986
Authors: Brandenburg R. L. , Hertl P. T.
Published: March 2022

Eight insecticides were evaluated on bermudagrass at Ocean Isle Beach Golf Course, Brunswick Co. Treatments were replicated 4 times and randomly assigned to 10 by 10 ft plots throughout the most heavily infested area of the fairway. Treatments were applied under sunny skies and temperatures of 80-83�F. Liquid treatments were applied with a COj backpack sprayer delivering 35 gal/acre at 40 psi using 8002 flat fan nozzles. Granular treatments were applied using a custom bicycle wheel granular applicator with a Noble metering unit delivering a 12-inch wide band. The unit was hand pulled back and forth across the plots of 12 inch increments to provide uniform and complete coverage. Following application all plots were irrigated with 0.5 inch of water, except for Orthene which was applied after irrigation. Sampling was conducted at 24 h and 8 DAT. Two 0.5 sq m grids were placed within each plot and 2 gal of water containing 2 tablespoons of household dishwashing detergent were applied with a sprinkling can to each area. The area was then observed for 5 min and the number of mole crickets emerging was recorded.
Summer Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs on a Golf Course Fairway in Oakland Mills, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticide treatments were applied on 28 Aug for control of Japanese beetle grubs. The fairway consisted of annual bluegrass (30%), Kentucky bluegrass (30%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 5 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker, and they were mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay top dressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 66°F; soil temp, 68°F; % RH, 65; % organic matter, 5.0; amount of thatch, 0.125-1.0 inch; soil type, silt-loam; soil pH, 7.2; water pH, 7.9; % soil moisture, 17.2; amount of posttreatment rainfall, 0.9 inches. Immediately after treatment, each replicate was individually watered-in with 0.5 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made at 28 DAT (25 Sep). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded. An average of 17.5 Japanese beetle grubs per ft2 was recorded 28 Aug.
Evaluation of Talstar 10Wp for Aphid Control, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Begley J. , Harris M.
Published: March 2022

Vegetative plants were grown single stem in Metro Mix 500 medium and maintained within a closed greenhouse where they were inoculated with aphids from a cultured colony in Apr. There were 3 plants per 6-inch pot, and 3 replicate pots per treatment. A pre-treatment evaluation was made on one shoot per pot, which was tagged and used for subsequent evaluations. Sample shoots were ca. 3-inches in length. One spray was applied to the point of runoff with hand-held mist bottles.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Somerset, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a COa sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 76°F; soil temp,, 70°F; % RH, 68; amount of thatch, 0.5-1 inch; soil type, silt-loam; % soil moisture, 12; soil pH, 6.8; % organic matter, 5.0; water pH, slightly acidic; 1.4 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 7 DAT after the initial 1 Aug treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Evaluation of Aphid Cleanup Materials on Ready To Ship Hibiscus, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Plants ready for shipment in 6 inch pots were placed in an enclosed greenhouse and inoculated with green peach aphids from a cultured colony. There were 4 replicate pots per treatment. When aphids were well established according to a baseline count, spray and granular treatments were started.Three sprays at 4 and 3 day intervals were applied to runoff with hand-held mist bottles; a single granular treatment was made on the 1st application date. Two post-treatment evalutions were made; 3 days after the 2nd and 2 days after the 3rd application. Evaluations consisted of counting all live aphids on 2 randomly selected shoots (ca. 3 inches in length) from each replicate pot.
Apple, Timing of Apollo Airblast Applications, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The acaricide Apollo 50SC in various concentrations was applied at various times in the season to single 0.15 acre plots in a randomized complete block design consisting of 4 replicates of alternating York Imperial and Golden Delicious trees. All treatments were applied as alternate side sprays except the pink applications which were applied as complete sprays. All sprays were made with a Myers Mity Mist sprayer calibrated at 50 gpa, 2 mph. Dates of application were: pink (25 Apr); petal fall (8 and 12 May); first cover (20 and 27 May); 10 Jul (all pink treatments), and 17 Jul (all pink, petal fall, and the 59 ml rate for first cover). During the season, general maintenance sprays of fungicides (Bayleton, Benlate, Dithane M-45) insecticides (Lorsban, Guthion, Methomyl, Penncap M) as well as calcium chloride were applied with a Friend Airmaster calibrated at 50 gpa and driven at 2.3 mph. The effect of treatments on ERM and TSSM was evaluated by counting mites several times during the season on samples of 25 leaves/tree, 100 leaves/treatment on the cv York Imperial. The predator S. punctum was observed by 3 min counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Pest pressure was moderate throughout the season.
Apple, Effect of Pydrin/Guthion on Mite Control with Savey, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 treatments replicated 4 times. Plots were approximately 0.05 acre in size. Within each plot were 4 rows of trees with each row containing one tree each of cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Treatments were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gal/acre at 2 mph. All sprays were applied to both sides of trees. The Savey applications were as follows: 6 May, 24 Jul , and 1 Aug (Pydrin treatments only). For the Pydrin only and Guthion only treatments, the following acaricide applications were made: 8 Jul (Kelthane 4F 1.89 liters/acre), 24 Jul (Plictran 50WP 340 g plus Vydate 2L 946 ml/acre), and 1 Aug (Plictran 50WP 228 g plus Carzol 92SP 228 g/acre). Insecticides were applied as follows: 6 and 21 May, 4 and 19 Jun, 3 and 17 Jul, 4 and 22 Aug. A regular fungicide schedule (Captan, Dithane M-45 and calcium chloride) was maintained throughout the season. The effect of treatments on ERM was evaluated by collecting a random sample of 25 leaves/tree (cv Delicious), 100 leaves/treatment and brushing them with a Henderson-McBurnie mite brushing machine. The predator S. punctum was observed by making 3 minute counts of adults and larvae around the periphery of test trees. Mite pressure was extremely heavy.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, Mid-Season Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

A 16 year-old apple orchard, varieties Yellow Delicious’ and ‘Red Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated 2 times (test 1) or 3 times (test 2) in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 X Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2. Stethorus = avg no. of S. punctum larvae, pupae and adults/3 min count/tree.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, Apollo-Savey Series Dilution Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

A 16 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Yellow Delicious’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied 9 Jul. For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MDl + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MDl = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2.
Apple, European Red Mite Control with Acaricides, Post Harvest Test, 1986
Authors: Swift Fred C. , Herman Elizabeth J. , Starner Van
Published: March 2022

A 16 year-old apple orchard, variety ‘Stayman’ was used in this test. Single tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design, were sprayed to runoff (ca 5 gal/tree) with a hydraulic sprayer equipped with a handgun and operated at 300 psi. Treatments were applied post-harvest (PH) on 7 Nov, 1985 and at pink (P) on 25 Apr, and petal fell (PF), 7 May, 1986. For disease control the entire orchard was treated with Captan and Polyram as needed. ERM counts were made by randomly picking 25 leaves/tree, brushing mites onto glass plates coated with Triton B-1956, and counting motile mites. Mite-days were calculated as follows: MD = MD1 + [(Ml + M2)/2 x Y], where MD1 = mite-days already accumulated, Ml = avg ERM/leaf on a given counting date, M2 = avg ERM/leaf on the next counting date after Ml and Y = no. of days between Ml and M2.
Pear, Pear Psylla, Screening of Insect Growth Regulators, 1986
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted on pear seedlings (small nursery liners) growing in 4-inch pots and on terminal shoots of ‘Bartlett’ in a Research Center orchard. Seedlings were infested with PP eggs by caging 20 adults on each for 5 days. Shoots in the orchard were naturally infested with mixed stage populations. Treatments were applied to seedlings 1 day before adults were caged on them by dipping them for 5 s in water dilutions of candidate pesticides. Shoot tests were replicated 3 times and were sprayed to the point of drip with a hand pump sprayer. Treated seedlings were held post-treatment in a growth room at ca. 75°F and 16 h photoperiod for 4 weeks. Treated shoots remained in the orchard post-treatment. Treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and nymphs on the entire sample using a dissecting microscope.
Citrus Red Mite Control on Citrus in Louisiana, 1986
Authors: Story R. N. , Bourgeois W. J.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on a plot of'Washington’ navel citrus trees located at the LSU Citrus Research Station, Louisiana Agricultural Experiment Station, Port Sulpher, LA. A randomized complete block design was used with 4 replications per treatment (individual trees served as plots). Pesticides were applied on 18 Aug with a hand-held C02 pressurized sprayer delivering 0.5 1 per tree at 40 psi through a single spray nozzle containing a D-3 disc, No. 25 core, and 16 mesh strainer. Treatments were sprayed until completely covered. Evaluations were made on 26 Aug and 30 Sept by randomly selecting leaves per tree as follows; 2 leaves from each of the 4 compass directions and 2 from the center of the tree. Leaves were taken to the lab, examined under a stero-microscope, and the number of mites recorded.