bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultivar Variation in Fruit Set and Number of Flowers per Cluster in Rabbiteye Blueberry
Authors: Lyrene P. M. , Goldy R. G.
Published: October 2022

Eleven cultivars of Vaccinium ashei Reade in a 10-year-old planting were compared for number of flowers per inflorescence and for percentage of the flowers that set fruit on bagged and open-pollinated branches. Mean flower number per cluster ranged from 7.6 for ‘Bluegem’ to 5.3 for Florida-M. Mean percentage of fruit set on open-pollinated branches ranged from 75% for ‘Southland’ to 36% for ‘Tifblue’. On branches bagged to exclude bees, the range was from 21% for ‘Beckyblue’ to 3% for Tifblue.
Effects of Chilling on Respiration and Ethylene Production of ‘Hass’ Avocado Fruit at 20°C
Authors: Eaks Irving L.
Published: October 2022

The effects of chilling ‘Hass’ avocado fruit at 0° or 5°C on the respiratory rates, rates of ethylene production, ripening, and chilling injury symptoms at 20° were compared with the same responses of fruit exposed to a nonchilling temperature (10°) and fruit placed directly at 20°. Fruit held at 10° for 2 weeks were beginning the climacteric and ripened after about 4 days at 20°. Longer exposures at 10° resulted in ripe or overripe fruit. Fruit held for 2 weeks at 0° or 5° displayed normal climacteric patterns and ethylene production at 20°, and developed no significant chilling injury symptoms. Exposures of 4 and 6 weeks at 0° or 5° resulted in the development of chilling injury symptoms, abnormal ripening, atypical respiratory rate patterns, and reduced ethylene production rates which peaked after 2 days at 20° and showed a declining rate thereafter, with no increase in the rate of ethylene production associated with fruit softening.
Viability, Vigor, and Electrolytic Leakage of Muskmelon Seeds Subjected to Accelerated Aging
Authors: Pesis Edna , Ng Timothy J
Published: October 2022

Seeds of 2 cultivars of muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) were subjected to accelerated aging at 45°C and 100% relative humidity (RH) for periods up to 288 hours. In general, longer periods of aging resulted in greater declines in seed quality as measured by laboratory, greenhouse, and field emergence and germination. Seeds of ‘Iroquois’ were more sensitive to aging than ‘Hale’s Best #36’. Significant declines in germination occurred prior to any significant increases in electrolytic leakage from decorticated seeds indicating that electrolytic leakage is not a suitable test for seed quality with muskmelon.
‘Resisto’ Sweet Potato
Authors: Jones Alfred , Dukes P. D. , Schalk J. M. , Hamilton M. G. , Mullen M. A. , Baumgardner R. A. , Paterson D. R. , Boswell T. E.
Published: October 2022

The ‘Resisto’ sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.)Lam.] developed jointly by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, and the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, combines high yield and excellent baking and canning quality with resistances to disease and insect pests not available in present cultivars.
Red Raspberry Breeding In British Columbia
Authors: Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: October 2022

Southwestern British Columbia, specifically the Lower Fraser Valley, is one of the world's leading producers of red raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.). About 2500 hectares produce the highest yields per unit area of any region in the world today. Production has increased in recent years because of the demands for red raspberry-derived products such as jam, yogurt, and juice as well as increased demand for fresh market berries.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Duncan Andrew A.
Published: October 2022

This symposium is planned as an educational experience that will help each of us to make better decisions about international horticultural affairs.
The Effects of Three Analytical Systems on the Interpretation of Nutrient “Availability” in Pine Bark Growing Media
Authors: Wilkerson D. C. , O’Rourke E. N.
Published: October 2022

An amended pine bark growing medium was extracted for varying lengths of time using modified Spurway, Louisiana State Univ. (LSU), and double acid analytical systems. Concentrations of P, K, Ca, and Mg were then determined in the filtrate. As the extraction time was lengthened, the quantity of P, K, Ca, and Mg removed from the medium increased for each system. The concentration and type of nutrients removed varied according to the composition and action of the extractant.
In Vitro Propagation of Lythrum virgatum
Authors: Heuser Charles W.
Published: October 2022

Tissue culture propagation of Lythrum virgatum L. cv. Morden Pink was achieved from shoot tips using a modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) high salts medium. 6-Benzylamino purine (BA) at 3.0 mg/liter and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 0.1 mg/liter were optimal for shoot production. Proliferated shoots rooted and established 96% in a soilless medium under high humidity.
In Vitro Propagation of Nandina domestica
Authors: Smith Roberta H.
Published: October 2022

Lateral and terminal buds from Nandina domestica Thunb. ‘Purpurea’ (dwarf nandina) developed into shoots on a basal medium (Gamborg’s B5 modified salts, sucrose, activated charcoal, and agar) supplemented with 0.1 mg/liter naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 1 mg/liter 6-benzylamino purine (BA). Shoot multiplication rates of 4–5 per 6–8 weeks could be obtained by transfer to the same medium without charcoal. Shoots were rooted by transfer onto a 1/3-strength Murashige and Skoog medium containing activated charcoal. Rooted plants were successfully established in a sphagnum peatmoss–perlite mix.
Regeneration of Plants from Cell Suspensions of Lactuca saligna, Lactuca sativa, and Lactuca serriola
Authors: Alconero R.
Published: October 2022

‘Black Seeded Simpson’, ‘Buttercrunch’, and ‘New York 12’ lettuce.(Lactuca sativa L.), Plant Introductions (PI) 261653 of Lactuca saligna L., and Acc. No. 500–4 of L. serriola L. regenerated plants from cell suspensions originated from leaf callus. Liquid cultures of these Lactuca spp. in either B5 or Murashige and Skoog (MS) basic medium amended with alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and 6-benzylamino purine (BA) developed roots, shoots, and complete plants when transferred to agar plates of B5 with several concentrations of BA under 16 hr of fluorescent illumination. Shoots were induced to produce a root system when cultured in B5 agar medium amended with NAA. Variation in response between cultivars and between species was observed, with L. serriola and ‘Black Seeded Simpson’ responding best to treatments.
In Vitro Shoot-tip Grafting to Eliminate Citrus Viruses and Virus-like Pathogens Produces Uniform Budlines
Authors: Nauer E. M. , Roistacher C. N. , Carson T. L. , Murashige T.
Published: October 2022

Individual shoot-tip-grafted budlines of ‘Willowleaf mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) and ‘Temple’ tangor [C. reticulata × C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck] were grown to fruiting for evaluation. Fruits of both cultivars were highly uniform among shoot-tip cultures, indicating that this technique for producing disease-free citrus germplasm is reliable and does not increase the production of variant budlines.
Cultivar Variation in Yield Components of Strawberries
Authors: Hancock J. F. , Siefker J. H. , Schulte N. L.
Published: October 2022

Differences were observed both within and between strawberry cultivars in the relative importance of yield components. Most cultivars had high coefficients among yield, crown density at harvest, and fruit number/crown, but there was variation among cultivars in the coefficients between yield and fruit weight.
The Effect of Artificial Shading on Cold Hardiness of Peach and Sour Cherry
Authors: Flore J. A. , Howell G. S. , Sams C. E.
Published: October 2022

Shade treatments giving 36% full sun or less reduced both hardiness and shoot cross-sectional area of one-year-old sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L. cv. Montmorency) and peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven]. Shade significantly reduced soluble carbohydrate in ‘Redhaven’.
Air Rooting of Peach Semihardwood Cuttings
Authors: Coston D. C. , Krewer G. W. , Owings R. C. , Denny E. G.
Published: October 2022

Semihardwood peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] cuttings were successfully rooted when the bases and tops were misted intermittently with water. Rooting was not affected by cultivar or type of cutting (basal vs. terminal). Closer proximity of the bases of the cuttings to the mist line and overhead misting improved rooting percentage.
Hoeing and Hand-held Wiper Application of Glyphosate for Weed Control in Vegetables
Authors: Harrison Howard F.
Published: October 2022

Hoeing and glyphosate (N-(phosphomomethyl)glycine) application with a hand-held wiper were compared for weed control in mixed vegetable plantings. Weed control with wiper-applied glyphosate required significantly less labor and expense than hoeing. Vegetable yields were similar in hoed and wiper-weeded plots and both methods increased the yields of some vegetable species over yields from unweeded plots. Yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.) shoot populations were reduced significantly by wiper weeding but not by hoeing.
Phloem Development in Sweet Potato Cultivars
Authors: De Calderon Celmira , Acock Mary , Garner J. O.
Published: October 2022

Phloem cross-sectional areas (PCSA) in main stems and storage root stalks were determined for 3 cultivars of sweet potato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam] for 98 days, starting 14 days after transplanting at 10-day intervals. As the number of storage roots increased, the total amount of phloem in the storage root stalks available for translocation was greater than that in the main stem. For the last 3 harvest periods, ‘Jasper’ was the only cultivar with less phloem in the storage root stalks than in the main stem. The correlation between PCSA of the storage root stalks and storage root weight was nonsignificant for ‘Jasper’ and ‘ Porto Rico’ but significant for ‘Centennial’, which suggested that the amount of phloem tissue is not critical for storage root development.
Screening for Chilling Resistance in Tomato Seedlings
Authors: Patterson Brian D. , Payne Linda A.
Published: October 2022

Seedlings of a high-altitude form of the wild tomato Lycopersicon hirsutum Humb. & Bonpl. were able to develop the first true leaf when grown at a night temperature of 0°C (16 hours) and a day temperature of 20° (8 hours). Cultivars of L. esculentum Mill, developed poorly or not at all beyond the cotyledon stage under these conditions. The species were crossed and some selections from the second backcross to L. esculentum also were able to develop first true leaves when exposed to the low night temperatures. These gave progeny which approached or equalled the performance of the wild species, indicating that this cold resistance can be transferred from L. hirsutum to L. esculentum using low night temperature as a nondestructive screening technique.
Parthenocarpy in Gynoecious Cucumber as Affected by Chlorflurenol, Genetical Parthenocarpy, and Night Temperatures
Authors: Dean Bill B. , Baker L. R.
Published: October 2022

Methyl-2-chloro-9-hydroxyfluorene-(9)-carboxylate (chlorflurenol) effectively promoted parthenocarpic fruit development in gynoecious pickling cucumbers, Cucumis sativus L. Treatment with chlorflurenol increased yields of fruits under both greenhouse and open-field conditions. Yields were dependent on the degree of genetic parthenocarpy for each cultivar. Parthenocarpic yields following chlorflurenol treatment were higher with night temperatures of 16° and 21°C than with 27°.
Rooting of Poinsettia Cuttings Treated with Various Fungicides in IBA-Talc Powder
Authors: Lee Leland W. , Sanderson Kenneth C. , Williams John C.
Published: October 2022

Cuttings of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.) treated with a basal dip of 0.1% indolebutyric acid (IBA) alone (control) or in combination with 5% ferbam (ferric dimethyldithiocarbamate), benomyl [methyl 1-(butyl-carbamoyl)-2-benzimida-zole-carbamate], metalaxyl [N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N-(methoxyacetyl) alanine methyl ester], PCNB (pentachloronitrobenzene), and ethazol (5-ethoxy-3-tricloromethyl-l,2,4-thiadiazole) did not differ in rooting index or weight. Increasing the percentage of fungicide above 5% generally reduced rooting. However, rooting was similar to the control with combinations of ferbam at 5% to 67% or metalaxyl at 20%. Fenaminosulf (p-dimethylaminobenzenediazo sodium sulfonate) at 5% to 67% reduced rooting.
Growth and Flowering of Exacum affine at Three Radiant Energy Levels
Authors: Williams Sharon , Wolf Susan , Holcomb E. J.
Published: October 2022

Exacum affine Balb. plants grown at 85, 183, or 345 μE m-2s-1 from fluorescent and incandescent lamps flowered most rapidly at 345 μE m-2s-1. Plants grown at 183 μE m-2s-1 energy level were slower to flower, but plant forms were more acceptable commercially.
Yellow Nutsedge Control in Gladiolus
Authors: Stewart P. A. , Talbert R. E. , Wallinder C. J.
Published: October 2022

Preliminary greenhouse and field experiments showed that alachlor [2-chloro-2’,6’-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide] and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] were noninjurious to gladiolus (Gladiolus × hortulanus) and had potential for control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus L.). In subsequent field experiments both herbicides at 2.2 and 4.5 kg a.i./ha preplant-incorporated gave good nutsedge control for 6 weeks. When alachlor and metolachlor at 2.2 and 4.5 kg/ha preplant-incorporated were repeated at 6 weeks, nutsedge control was extended for longer than 3 months. Little or no injury resulted from either herbicide applied once or repeated. Neither herbicide nor application method affected gladiolus height or flower production.
Influence of Leaf Shine Compounds on Light Compensation Point of Ficus benjamina
Authors: Joiner J. N. , Conover C. A. , Poole R. T.
Published: October 2022

Leaf shine compounds applied to Ficus benjamina L. just prior to simulated shipment reduced their tolerance to low light stress as indicated by an increase in the light compensation point.
Flowering of Aglaonema commutatum ‘Treubii’ following Treatment with Gibberellic Acid
Authors: Henny R. J.
Published: October 2022

Aglaonema commutatum Schott ‘Treubii’ sprayed once with 100, 200, or 400 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3) in December flowered about 143 days after treatment. Significantly more flowers were produced at the 400-mg/liter treatment than at 100 or 200 mg/liter.
‘Nemared’ Peach Rootstock
Authors: Ramming David W. , Tanner Owen
Published: October 2022

‘Nemared’ is a new peach rootstock [Prunus persica (L.). Batsch] that combines vigorous growth in the nursery to permit early budding, root-knot nematode resistance, and red leaves to facilitate identification (Fig. 1).
Science for Agriculture:Implications for Horticultural Research
Authors: Lyman J. M.
Published: October 2022

A little more than a year ago, 15 scientists and policymakers met informally at the Winrock International Conference Center in Arkansas to discuss critical issues in American agricultural research. The participants were drawn from government, academic, and private-sector institutions concerned with agricultural research. The purpose of the meeting was to initiate constructive debate about the problems facing the agricultural sector and its supporting research community and to formulate recommendations toward their resolution. I brought perspectives from horticulture and plant breeding to the meeting; I also helped draft the group’s report, Science for Agriculture, known informally as the “Winrock Report” (1).
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Drake S. R.
Published: October 2022

Mechanical harvesting of fruits and vegetables has become an economic necessity. Lack of and cost of hand labor is prohibitive in today’s competitive markets. There are many problems besides cost associated with hand-harvesting that have to be dealt with, even if labor is available. Labor unrest and rough handling can be detrimental to a steady flow of produce from the field to the consumer. Harvest mechanization is the primary alternative, thus helping fruit and vegetable growers to cope with labor and other economic concerns. Harvest mechanization of fruits and vegetables has therefore become a major research thrust in many universities.
Influence of Mechanical Harvesting on Citrus Quality: Cannery vs. Fresh Fruit Crops
Authors: Grierson W. , Wilson W. C.
Published: October 2022

Mechanical harvesting has, of course, long been standard for many annual crops, the “combine harvester” for wheat being an early, and successful, example. In some instances (e.g., tomato, plant breeders have “tailor made” cultivars to adapt them to mechanical harvesting. Typically, such annuals are destroyed in harvesting. The plant must be preserved with perennial crops, although sometimes considerable injury to the plant can be acceptable when (as for grapes or raspberries) the plant is severely pruned annually. Substantial damage to the plant (tree) is not acceptable, in mechanical harvesting of tree crops, but leaf damage is of minor consequence for deciduous tree crops, and the fruit is biologically destined to abscise; if it is not harvested. Damage to the product is not a problem, it will soon fall naturally for some deciduous tree crops (particularly nuts of various kinds). In contrast, mechanical harvesting of citrus fruits involves quite extraordinary problems. The tree is evergreen and substantial leaf damage is not acceptable. The fruit has no clearly defined abscission period. The same grapefruit that might be picked in October can hang on the tree until May. Citrus fruits are extremely subject to decay. ‘Valencia’ (an important cannery orange cultivar) takes 12 to 18 months from bloom to acceptable maturity to complicate matters further. Thus, there are 2 crops on the tree at harvest time; mature fruit that are to be harvested and immature fruit that must not be damaged or removed. It is apparent after 20 years and millions of dollars spent in Florida that the problem (particularly for ‘Valencia’) is as much biological as it is mechanical. The fruit, but not the leaves, must be made to abscise and, for ‘Valencia’, the tree must retain the immature crop while releasing the mature fruit.
Influence of Harvesting Methods on Quality of Deciduous Tree Fruits
Authors: Kader Adel A.
Published: October 2022

Quality of deciduous tree fruits is determined by several factors, including appearance (size, shape, color, absence of decay and other defects), texture, flavor, and nutritive value. Harvesting methods, especially those involving a once-over procedure, may determine uniformity of maturity at harvest, which, in turn, influences these quality attributes. Maturity also affects susceptibility of the fruit to water loss and mechanical injury.
Influence of Mechanical Harvesting on Quality of Small Fruits and Grapes
Authors: Morris Justin R.
Published: October 2022

There has been a revolution in recent years in the area of small fruit and grape harvesting. Hand labor has become both scarce and costly, thus invention and development of mechanical harvesters have become important research objectives for research scientists in Land-Grant Institutions, in the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and in private industry.
Performance and Costs of an Outdoor Propagating Structure Heated with Circulating Groundwater
Authors: Regulski F. J.
Published: October 2022

Groundwater (20°C) circulated through in-bed pipes under winter propagation structures maintained root zone temperatures within 1° of the desired temperature of 13° during periods of – 8° ambient air temperature. Structure air temperatures were held 15° warmer than the minimum ambient air temperature. Rhododendron ‘G.G. Gerbing’ cuttings sustained no cold damage in the water-circulated structures but 40–-50% were severely damaged in the structure with no water circulation. Daily heating costs of the groundwater-circulated structure were calculated to be 50% less than an electrically heated structure of equal size. Similarly, the heating cost of a propane-heated fiberglass greenhouse of comparable growing area was 6 times greater than a water-circulated structure. Groundwater-circulated structures performed successfully at a 20° temperature differential such as those which occur in hardiness zone 9 and part of zone 8.
Control of Oxidative Browning and in Vitro Propagation of Strelitzia reginae
Authors: Ziv Meira , Halevy A. H.
Published: October 2022

The use of tissue culture techniques for the propagation of Strelitzia reginae Banks has invariably failed due to oxidative browning of the explants. The brown exudate which diffuses into the medium is detrimental to further development of the in vitro explant, which eventually becomes necrotic and dies. S. reginae competence to respond to in vitro culture is thus dependent on minimizing and slowing down the browning of the explant. Terminal and axillary buds treated with antioxidant solution by total submergence for 24 hours, and cultured on an agar medium with charcoal, or on paper bridges in liquid medium with dithiothreitol, were found to be capable of growth and further shoot proliferation.
Foliar Applications of BA Increase Branching of ‘Welkeri’ Dieffenbachia
Authors: Wilson M. R. , Nell T. A.
Published: October 2022

Lateral budbreak was increased significantly on ‘Welkeri’ dieffenbachia [Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don] with foliar applications of 6-benzylamino purine (BA) at 500,1000, and 2000 mg/liter. Sodium 2,3:4,6-bis-0-(1-methylethylidene)-a-L-xylo-2-hexulofuranosonic acid (dikegulac) at 1000, 1500, and 2000 mg/liter and (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) at 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/liter had no effect on branching. Plant height was unaffected by application of growth regulators although moderate foliar necrosis was caused by the highest rate of BA.
Resistance of Canna Cultivars to Canna Rust and Hippeastrum Mosaic
Authors: Broschat Timothy K. , Reinert James A. , Donselman Henry M.
Published: October 2022

Fifty-two cultivars of cannas (Canna X generalis L.H. Bailey and C. indica L.) were evaluated in a field planting for relative susceptibility to Hippeastrum mosaic (HM), a disease caused by Hippeastrum mosaic virus. The cultivars ‘Mrs. Pierre S. DuPont’ and ‘Pink Gem’ were the most susceptible to HM, while 2 red-leaved cultivars, ‘Wyoming’ and ‘Ambassador’, were highly resistant. Thirty-eight cultivars of cannas grown in containers were evaluated for susceptibility to canna rust (Puccinia thaliae Dietel). The cultivars ‘Halloween’ and ‘Yellow King Humbert’ were highly susceptible to rust, while the most resistant cultivars, ‘Louis Cayeaux’ and ‘La Boheme’, were still moderately susceptible. No single cultivar exhibited good resistance to both HM and rust.
Interactive Effects of Ethylene Concentration and Storage Temperature on Budbreak and Viability of Dormant ‘Viva’ Roses
Authors: Meadows Sylvia E. , Richardson Daryl G.
Published: October 2022

Dormant ‘Viva’ rose bushes kept at 0° or 5°C were subjected to 0, 1, 10, 100, or 1000 ppm ethylene for 4 weeks, then planted in containers and forced in the greenhouse. At planting, ethylene damage was not apparent, except to the plants exposed to the combination of 5° and 1000 ppm ethylene. However, after 5 weeks of growth, there was progressively more cane mortality and less budbreak as ethylene concentrations were increased, with more damage for the 5° than the 0° treatments.
Drip Irrigation and Tomato Yield under Tropical Conditions
Authors: Lin Steve S. M. , Hubbell J. N. , Tsou Samson C. S. , Splittstoesser Walter E.
Published: October 2022

A drip-irrigation study was conducted at the Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center (AVRDC) to determine its effectiveness on yield and quality of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Four drip-irrigation treatments, with moisture levels maintained above 25, 50, 65, and 80% available water, produced 20% to 40% more marketable yield than the treatment with monthly furrow irrigation, and 80% more than the nonirrigated control. Plots with 25% available water produced fewer nonmarketable fruits with similar yields to other drip-irrigation treatments and required 30% less water than the furrow irrigation control. Electrical conductivity of the root-zone soil extracts was lower for drip-irrigation treatments than for the furrow-irrigated plot. Leaf chloride content during the growing stages was not significantly different among various drip-irrigation treatments but was less than the furrow-irrigation treatment. No differences in fruit quality were measured between treatments.
Effect of Shading and Leaf-tying on Summer Chinese Cabbage
Authors: Sajjapongse A. , Roan Y. C.
Published: October 2022

Leaf-tying significantly increased the yield of ‘Bing Luh’ and ‘Wen Wu’ Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis Rupr.) but had no effect on the heat-tolerant ‘AVRDC Hybrid 62’. Yield increases were due to higher heading rate (number of plants with heads) and the development of heavier heads. The use of polyethylene net cover had a negative effect on yield of ‘Wen Wu’.
An Enzymatic Assay for Sorbitol in Apple Organs
Authors: Brown Christopher S. , Young Eric , Pharr David M.
Published: October 2022

An enzymatic assay for sorbitol in organs of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is described. Sorbitol concentrations in ethanolic extracts of apple leaves, stems, roots, and fruit can be measured by detecting optical density changes at 340 nm resulting from the reduction of NAD + coupled with the conversion of sorbitol to D-fructose by sorbitol dehydrogenase. The assay is unaffected by normal concentrations of fructose, glucose, or sucrose in the tissue. Sorbitol concentrations determined by the enzymatic assay were verified by HPLC analysis of the same tissue samples.
Transport of [14C]-Photosynthate into Young Peach Fruits in Response to CGA-15281, an Ethylene-releasing Compound
Authors: Krewer G. W. , Daniell J. W. , Coston D. C. , Couvillon G. A. , Kays S. J.
Published: October 2022

Application of 960 ppm (2-chIoroethyl)methylbis(phenylmethoxy)silane (CGA-15281) substantially inhibited carbon transport into young fruit of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] 4 to 5 days before visual symptoms of senescence occurred. Carbon transport was unaffected 4.25 hours after treatment, but was greatly reduced after 24 hours. Reduced carbon transport continued through 144 hours following CGA-15281 application.
Thornless Blackberry is a Climacteric Fruit
Authors: Walsh Christopher S. , Popenoe Juanita , Solomos Theophanes
Published: October 2022

Ethylene evolution rate and percentage of soluble solids of thornless blackberry (Rubus sp.) increased with maturity and ripening, while titratable acidity decreased. Following harvest of “purple” fruits, their respiration and ethylene evolution rates increased during 7 days at 25°C. Ethylene evolution rates and differences in shelf-life among cultivars were inversely related. We conclude that thornless blackberry is a climacteric fruit.
Citrus Blight and Wood pH in Cuba and Florida
Authors: Wutscher H. K. , Del Valle N. , de Bernard A.
Published: October 2022

Sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck], grapefruit (C. paradisi Macf.), mandarin (C. reticulata Blanco), and ‘Persian’ lime (C. aurantifolia hybrid?) trees in 6 locations in Cuba were tested for blight with water injections into the trunk and analysis of the outer trunk wood for Zn, water-soluble phenolics, K, Mg, Na, and Cl. Trees with visual symptoms of blight absorbed < 60 ml water in 24 hours; their Zn, water-soluble phenolics, K, Mg, and Cl levels in the wood were higher than those of healthy trees, as in blighted trees in Florida. Trees on rough and Volkamer lemon (C. limon L. Burm. f.), Cuban Shaddock (C. limon hyb.?), Rangpur lime (C. reticulata hyb.?), and Troyer (Poncirus trifoliata × C. sinensis) rootstocks were very blight-susceptible; trees on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) had blight in some areas, but the disorder was not widespread among trees on this rootstock. Slurries of dry wood (1 : 3,w/v) from blighted trees were about 0.1 unit higher in pH than wood slurries from healthy trees. A similar pH difference was found in Florida, but only between moderately blighted and healthy trees; severely affected trees had the same wood pH as healthy trees. The pH difference in Florida was expressed more strongly in fresh than in dried wood.
‘Alamo’, ‘Anza’, ‘Calrey’, ‘Calrico’, ‘Laguna’, ‘Ramona’, ‘Rita’, ‘Vega’, and ‘Vista’ Crisphead Lettuce
Authors: Welch J. E. , Kihara G. M. , Kimble K. A.
Published: October 2022

The University of California and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced the release to commercial lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) seed growers of breeder seed for California production districts of 9 new crisphead lettuce cultivars: ‘Calrey’, ‘Calrico’, ‘Alamo’, ‘Anza’, ‘Laguna’, ‘Ramona’, ‘Rita’, ‘Vega’, and ‘Vista’. The first 2 were released on March 9, 1976, the latter 7 were released on October 15, 1980.
‘Ohio 7814’ Tomato
Authors: Berry S. Z. , Gould W. A.
Published: October 2022

‘Ohio 7814’ is an early season tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) adapted for machine harvest and bulk handling. Processing quality is especially suitable for the production of viscosity products and peeled, coreless, whole-canned tomatoes. It was released in November 1982 by the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University.
The Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)
Authors: Ryder Edward J. , De Vos Neal E. , Bari Mohammad A.
Published: October 2022

A review of the current research, production, botany, history and evolution, and food value of the artichoke. Emphasis is on breeding, cultural practices, and entomology research.
Controlled-environment Guidelines
Authors: Krizek Donald T. , McFarlane J. Craig
Published: October 2022

Since publication of the “Guidelines for Measuring and Reporting the Environment for Plant Studies” in HortScience (2, 3, 4, 6), the guidelines have been refined, reviewed, and published in various journals (1, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15).
Rising Atmospheric CO2 and Crop Productivity
Authors: Wittwer Sylvan H.
Published: October 2022

One of the characteristics of today’s world is that changes may be occurring more rapidly than our ability to cope with them. An example is the CO2 level in the atmosphere which is rising at the rate of 1.5 to 2 ppm per year. It is 10% above the level of 25 years ago, and has increased by about 15% during the past century. Increasing levels may be largely beneficial from the standpoint of biological productivity, since the current level (340 ppm) of CO2 is a constraint for primary productivity and photosynthesis for most plant species. But, the effects of a rising level of atmospheric CO2 on climate are uncertain. Biological effects on the other hand, are much more certain, predictable, and measurable. No one knows now—all things considered—the optimal level of atmospheric CO2.
Air Pollution and Horticulture: An Overview
Authors: MacLean David C.
Published: October 2022

Current interest in air pollution effects on vegetation is derived from 3 basic concerns: economic, aesthetic, and ecologic. The economic concern is an obvious one. Air pollution can result in reduced yield or impaired quality of the harvestable product, either through effects on its appearance, which affect its marketability, or its internal composition that may affect its nutritive value. Commercial losses in horticulture and other agricultural operations due to air pollution amount to hundreds of millions of dollars annually. The esthetic concern, though less pragmatic, also is important. Air pollution can cause foliar symptoms or altered growth that detract from the appearance of native plants in natural areas or ornamental plants in landscaped properties, public parks, and along highways. The third concern has to do with ecologic imbalances caused by air pollution. Vegetation plays an important role in soil and water conservation. It provides food and habitats for wildlife; it is essential for the O2-CO2 balance in nature; and it plays a vital role in the recycling of many elements in the ecosystem. Thus, air pollution directly affects the economic, aesthetic, and ecologic value of plants and these, in turn, directly or indirectly affect the well-being of man.
Remedial Measures to Reduce Air Pollution Losses in Horticulture
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Forsline Philip L.
Published: October 2022

Air pollution research on vegetation has progressed rapidly in the last decade. As a result, our understanding of the effects of pollutants on horticultural crops generally is well documented. Our knowledge of the mode of action of air pollutants injuring plants, however, is much less known. It is difficult to devise practical control methods without such understanding.
The Significance of the Developing Energy Technologies of Coal Conversion to Plant Productivity
Authors: Taylor G. E.
Published: October 2022

Coal conversion technologies are emerging as alternative energy processes to complement traditional sources of petroleum and natural gas. The viability of the conversion technologies is a consequence of a number of factors, including the massive reserves of coal within our national boundaries, documented success in developing the various process technologies, existing systems for product distribution, and a diverse array of end products ranging from gas and liquid fuels to chemical feedstocks (18, 23). Coal conversion facilities are proposed throughout most regions of the continent, unlike many emerging energy technologies that have a limited distribution in North America (e.g., geothermal, oil shale and solar).
Development of a Foam Microenvironment for Enhanced Seedling Establishment
Authors: Taylor A. G. , Kenny T. J. , Carney E. P. , Gibbs G. H.
Published: October 2022

Seeds of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were sown in the greenhouse in a field soil prone to crusting, and at the same time a stable foam was generated and placed over the seed furrow in a 4 x 0.5 cm band. The foam withstood a simulated rain and offered little (0.03 MPa) mechanical resistance to seedling emergence. The percentage of seedling emergence was increased by the foam microenvironment. The foam strip remained over the seed furrow for 3 weeks and was not observed to be phytotoxic to seedling growth.
Evaluation of Seven Media for Micropropagation of Highbush Blueberry
Authors: Wolfe D. E. , Eck P. , Chin Chee-Kok
Published: October 2022

Shoot growth of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L. cv. Bluecrop) in vitro was compared on various modifications of Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium containing Linsmaier and Skoog (LS) vitamins, Zimmerman’s Z-2 and Z-3 media, a modified Knop’s medium, and McCown and Lloyd’s woody plant medium (WPM). The WPM was found to produce best growth and highest number of shoots of 10 mm or longer. Shoots from Zimmerman’s half-strength medium (Z-3) yielded the highest percentage of rooting in sifted sphagnum peat.
In Vitro Rooting of Shoots from Embryo-cultured Peach Seedlings
Authors: Feliciano Ascunia J. , de Assis M.
Published: October 2022

Media containing Murashige and Skoog (MS) inorganic salts at full and halfstrength concentrations supplemented with 3% sucrose, 0.8% agar, and (in mg/liter) 1.0 indolebutyric acid (IBA), 0.5 thiamine, 0.5 nicotinic acid, 0.5 pyridoxine, 2.0 glycine, and 100 myo-inositol were most effective in rooting shoot tips of embryo-cultured peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedlings.
Survival of Dormant Apple Shoot Tips after Immersion in Liquid Nitrogen
Authors: Katano Manabu , Ishihara Aiya , Sakai Akira
Published: October 2022

Shoot tips isolated aseptically from dormant buds of apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. Fuji) survived immersion in liquid nitrogen following prefreezing below — 10°C without cryoprotectant. After thawing, they grew and multiplied shoots in vitro as did unprefrozen shoot tips. This study suggested the possibility of freeze preservation in liquid nitrogen of apple shoot tips.
Chemical Dormancy Breaking of Red Raspberry
Authors: Snir Iona
Published: October 2022

Several chemicals, used to induce budbreak of deciduous fruit trees in areas lacking sufficient chilling units were applied to 3 cultivars of red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L. cvs. Delmes, Mailing Exploit, and Schoenemann) grown in Bet Dagan, Israel. All treatments including oil + dinitrol-o-cresol (5%), KNO3 (5%), thiourea (1%), and cyanamide (4%) solutions improved budbreak, and increased yield. The most impressive effect was obtained with 4% cyanamide, which increased fruit size, earliness, and yield.
The Effect of Rising Energy Costs on the Delivery of Apples to Market
Authors: Jordan Jeffrey L.
Published: October 2022

A budgeting analysis of the impact of rising energy costs on 2 apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) producing states, competing in the Atlanta market, indicates that changes in the competitive position among states was related primarily to transportation costs.
Rooting of Semihardwood Peach Cuttings as Affected by Shoot Position and Thickness
Authors: Marini Richard P.
Published: October 2022

In 2 cultivars of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] semihardwood cuttings of current season shoots rooted better from terminal than from basal portions. Rooting of basal and terminal cuttings was correlated with stem diameter.
Tipburn Susceptibility in Semi-isogenic Inbred Lines of Cabbage as Influenced by Nitrogen
Authors: Peck N. H. , Dickson M. H. , MacDonald G. E.
Published: October 2022

The effects of N rate on tipburn occurrence in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. Capitata group) and on concentrations of inorganic elements in cabbage plants were determined in semi-isogenic inbred lines of cabbage that were resistant and susceptible to tipburn. Resistant inbred lines had very little tipburn in the heads at harvest time, but nearly all of the heads of susceptible lines had tipburn on internal leaves. Addition of N slightly increased tipburn. Early in the growing season, leaves of plants of the resistant inbred lines were higher in concentrations of total N, NO3-N, K, Cl, and Fe, but lower in Zn and Cu than for susceptible lines. At harvest, heads of the resistant inbred lines were higher in concentrations of Ca, SO4-S, and NO3-N, but lower in P, K, Na, and Zn than for heads of susceptible lines.
Ascorbic Acid Content of Fresh and Processed Purees from Twelve Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Warnock Stephen J.
Published: October 2022

Fresh and processed purees of 12 tomato cultivars were analyzed for ascorbic acid content. Five of 11 tomato cultivars were low in ascorbic acid compared to ‘VF145B-7879’. Four other cultivars were not significantly different from ‘VF145B-7879’ in ascorbic acid content. These 9 cultivars were characterized equally well irrespective of whether analyses were done on fresh or processed purees. The average ascorbic acid content of processed purees of ‘VF109’ was significantly greater than ‘VF145B-7879’, but no difference occurred between fresh purees of these 2 cultivars. ‘VF145B-7879’ had a mean ascorbic acid loss of 3.01 mg/100 ml of puree upon processing. None of the other cultivars had significantly greater losses. ‘Rowpac’ and ‘VF109’ had average losses that were less than ‘VF145B-7879’ when their purees were processed.
Induction of Frost Hardiness in Tomato Leaves by Short-term Cold Acclimation
Authors: Shen Zhen-Yan , Li Paul H.
Published: October 2022

The effects of low temperatures on chilling sensitivity and frost hardiness were investigated in leaf tissues of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). A regime of 20°/15°C (day/night) temperature reduces chilling sensitivity. Subsequently, plants were able to survive at 5°, 2°, and even 0° (day/night) for cold acclimation. Using these stepwise treatments, leaf tissues of ‘Early Cascade’ tomato could be cold-acclimated to tolerate extracellular freezing at -3°, whereas nontreated plants were killed at -1.5°.
Management Practices for Fresh-market Tomato Production in the Southeastern Coastal Plain
Authors: Karlen D. L. , Robbins M. L.
Published: October 2022

Yields of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were highest with trickle irrigation, mulching, and staking, but the importance of the individual management components was dependent upon seasonal weather pattern. In 1979, plants that were staked, but not irrigated, produced 78 MT/ha of marketable fruit. Irrigating the staked plants increased yields to 94 MT/ha and to 97 MT/ha if the beds were mulched with black polyethylene. Without staking the plants in 1979, neither trickle irrigation nor mulching influenced fruit yield, which averaged only 45 MT/ha. In 1980, because of a prolonged drought, trickle irrigation increased yields from 33 to 65 MT/ha, mulching increased yields from 42 to 58 MT/ha, but staking did not significantly influence yield. Seasonal water balances suggested that tomato grown on a Norfolk loamy sand should be irrigated before the soil water-tension at the 30-cm depth in the center of the bed exceeds 25 kPa.
Effects of Plant Density, Arrangement, and Genotype on Stability of Sex Expression in Cucumber
Authors: Lower R. L. , Smith O. S. , Ghaderi A.
Published: October 2022

Plant density had little effect on the number of pistillate flowers on gynoecious inbreds of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), but increasing density reduced pistillate flowers in 3 of 4 hybrids. The number of staminate flowers/plant on the gynoecious inbreds was small and was unaffected by density. In 2 of the 4 hybrids of gynoecious x monoecious inbreds, increases in staminate flower production were associated with increasing density.
Effect of Broadcast vs. Banded Applications of Nitrapyrin on Yield and Nitrogen Concentration in Field-grown Sweet Corn
Authors: Mills H. A. , McElhannon W. S.
Published: October 2022

Suppression of denitrification with multiple, banded applications of nitrapyrin totaling 206 g/ha increased N percentage in plants and yield of field-grown sweet corn. Lower (41 g/ha) concentration of banded nitrapyrin and all broadcast applications of nitrapyrin did not increase N percentage or yield consistently.
Efficiency of Three Harvesters and their Effect on Quality of Raw and Processed Snap Beans
Authors: Gonzalez Alfredo R. , Sistrunk William A. , Marx David B. , Morelock T. E.
Published: October 2022

The 3 harvesters tested provided about the same harvest efficiency. Harvesters did not show significant differences in sound, broken, and bruised pods harvested from 2 fields. More pod clusters and less trash were obtained in the field with more mature pods. Under the same field conditions, 2.6 times more snap beans could be harvested with the FMC model GB-110 and Chisholm-Ryder Multi-Density than with the Chisholm-Ryder Hi-Boy. Quality differences of canned beans harvested with the machines were too small to differentiate by the USDA standards for grades of canned snap beans.
Postharvest Effects of Temperature, Dark Storage Duration, and Sleeving on Quality Retention of ‘Gutbier V-14 Glory’ Poinsettia
Authors: Scott Lelia F. , Blessington Thomas M. , Price James A.
Published: October 2022

Sleeved poinsettia plants (Euphorbia pulcherrima, Willd. cv. Gutbier V-14 Glory) had less abscission and damaged bracts and maintained better long-term postharvest quality 30 days after treatment than did nonsleeved plants. Plants had better quality after 30 days in the postharvest environment when the storage temperatue was 12.8°C as opposed to 7.2° or 18.3°. The longer storage durations of 6 or 9 days resulted in plants with greater abscission and lower quality for the 30-day postharvest period than the 3-day storage duration.
Effect of Temperature Treatments on the Scale Propagation of Lilium longiflorum ‘White Europe’ and Lilium X ‘Enchantment’
Authors: van Tuyl Jaap M.
Published: October 2022

The influence of different temperature treatments on the scale propagation of Lilium longiflorum Thunb. ‘White Europe’ and Lilium X ‘Enchantment’ was studied with regard to type of plant development and bulb production. For 22 weeks, scales were treated at starting temperatures of 23°, 26°, and 30°C over a period of 6, 9, or 12 weeks followed by the standard sequence of 17° and 5° to complete 22 weeks. For L. longiflorum, it appeared that the higher the starting temperature, the more direct bolted plants (ETP = epigeous type plant) were formed, while the opposite was observed for ‘Enchantment’. No-green-leaf-bulblets (NLB = dormant bulblets) were almost absent in ‘Enchantment’. The relatively high number of NLB in L. longiflorum decreased when the starting temperatures were higher and more prolonged. High bulb production, observed at the lower temperatures in ‘Enchantment’ and at the higher temperatures in L. longiflorum, is associated with the occurrence of many ETP and few NLB.
Response of Rumohra adiantiformis to Water Application Level and Nitrogen Form
Authors: Mathur D. D. , Stamps R. H. , Conover C. A.
Published: October 2022

Reduction of irrigation level on leatherleaf fern [Rumohra adiantiformis (G. Forst) Ching] to 150 cm/year from 311 cm/year (recommended rate) had no effect on frond yield or fresh weight and increased vase life on 3 of 7 harvest dates. Nitrogen sources of urea or NH4NO3 did not affect frond yield or fresh weight, but there were some minor variable effects on vase life.
‘Daytona’ Grape
Authors: Mortensen J. A. , Stover L. H.
Published: October 2022

‘Daytona’, a pink bunch grape (Vitis X sp.) recommended for fresh fruit consumption, has been released by the University of Florida Agricultural Experiment Station. ‘Daytona’ is resistant to Pierce’s disease (PD), has vini-fera-like fresh fruit character, and has larger bunch and berry size than other PD-resistant cultivars. ‘Daytona’ is suited to homeowner use in areas where PD is a limiting factor to grape growing.
‘Elul’ Grape
Authors: Spiegel-Roy P. , Asaph R. , Baron I.
Published: October 2022

In a breeding program for table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) initiated in 1968 at Bet Dagan, one of the objectives has been to breed late-ripening cultivars. A late-ripening selection from a cross between ‘Dabouki’ and ‘Cal-meria’ has been made and is being named ‘Elul’.
Introduction to the Symposium
Authors: Read Paul E. , Donnan Alvan
Published: October 2022

This symposium is sponsored jointly by the Tissue Culture and Propagation Working Groups, with cosponsorship by ASHS Working Groups on Viticulture and Small Fruits, Citrus, and Fruit Breeding. The interest of these groups indicates the significance of this subject to so many areas of horticulture. Many professionals in both commercial and public sectors devote their efforts to, and earn their livelihood from, a dependency on clonal propagation. Most fruit crops, many nursery species and types, a significant number of floricultural crops, and several vegetables are propagated clonally (6, 7). Recently, many of these clones have been propagated commercially through various tissue-culture methods (7, 14).
Phase Change and Intra-Clonal Variability
Authors: Hackett Wesley P.
Published: October 2022

There is considerable opportunity for intra-clonal variability due to nongenetic or epigenetic causes because of the well-known and striking age-related changes in developmental patterns in plants propagated from seed. It is well-known that a juvenile phase exists in the development of plants from seed, lasting up to 30-40 years in forest trees, during which flowering does not occur and cannot be induced by normal flower-initiating treatments. The ability to flower is achieved in time, however, and the plant is said to have attained the mature condition. This phenomenon has been referred to as a phase change by Brink (6). Changes in morphological and developmental characteristics, such as leaf cuticular characteristics (13), leaf shape and thickness, phyllotaxis, thominess, shoot orientation (46), and other physiological characteristics such as seasonal leaf retention, stem pigmentation (46), ability to form adventitious roots and buds (7, 46), partitioning of photosynthates into main stem vs. branches (30), disease resistance (W.J. Libby, Jr., personal communication) and cold resistance (27), are associated with the phase change. Phase-change-related characteristics are most obvious in woody, perennial plants but also have been demonstrated in herbaceous annuals and perennials (24, 54). Some of these characteristics are important horticulturally and the ability to control or manipulate them has important practical implications.