bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Interspecific Interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa on Their Growth and Physiology
Authors: Zhang Min , Kong Fanxiang , Xing Peng , Tan Xiao
Published: June 2007

Interactions between Microcystis aeruginosa and Chlorella pyrenoidosa were analyzed by flow cytometry and by phytoplankton pulse‐amplitude‐modulated fluorimetry (Phyto‐PAM) in joint cultures as well as in cultures separated by dialysis membranes. Results showed that the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was greater than that of M. aeruginosa, and that the growth of M. aeruginosa but not the growth of C. pyrenoidosa was significantly inhibited by the interactions between M. aeruginosa and C. pyrenoidosa. Culture filtrates of these two algae showed no apparent effects on the growth of the competing species. For M. aeruginosa, decreases in esterase activity, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and maximum quantum yield were observed in joint cultures, indicating that the metabolic activity and photosynthetic capacity of M. aeruginosa were suppressed. Light limitation from the shading effect of C. pyrenoidosa may be the main reason for such inhibition. For C. pyrenoidosa, esterase activity was suppressed in membrane‐separated and joint cultures, suggesting that C. pyrenoidosa was probably affected by allelopathic substances secreted by M. aeruginosa. However, no significant difference was observed in the chlorophyll a fluorescence and maximum quantum yield of C. pyrenoidosa in the two cultures. In addition, interspecific interactions induced a reduction in size in both M. aeruginosa and C. pyrenoidosa, which may contribute to the development of C. pyrenoidosa dominance in the present study. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Subchronic (26‐ and 52‐week) toxicity and irritation studies of a novel microbicidal gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate in animal models
Authors: Piret Jocelyne , Laforest Geneviève , Bussières Martin , Bergeron Michel G.
Published: June 2007

The safety of an ethylene oxide/propylene oxide gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate (2%, w/w), that could be a potent candidate as a topical microbicide, has been evaluated. More specifically, the subchronic (26‐ and 52‐week) toxicity of the formulation when applied intravaginally as well as its irritating potential for the rectal, penile, eye, skin and buccal mucosa have been examined in animal models. The results showed that the vaginal administration of the gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate once and twice daily (with doses 12 ± 2 h apart) for 26 weeks to rats and for 52 weeks to rabbits induced slight to moderate histopathological alterations. When the formulation was applied intrarectally to male and female rabbits once and twice daily (with doses 12 ± 2 h apart) for 14 days, no macroscopic or microscopic changes were reported. For both vaginal and rectal dosing, no effect was seen on the haematology, coagulation and serum chemistry parameters as well as on the body weight of animals and the relative organ weights. Other sporadic macroscopic and histopathological findings were incidental in origin and of no toxicological significance. The gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate was considered as mildly irritating for the penile mucosa of rabbits, non‐irritating for the eye of rabbits, mildly irritating for the skin in a rabbit model and non‐irritating for the hamster cheek pouch. It is suggested that the gel formulation containing sodium lauryl sulfate is safe for most tissues that could be exposed to the product under normal use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo corrosion behavior of Mg‐Mn‐Zn alloy for bone implant application
Authors: Xu Liping , Yu Guoning , Zhang Erlin , Pan Feng , Yang Ke
Published: June 2007

Magnesium alloy has been implanted in rats to investigate the in vivo degradation behavior of magnesium for bone implant application. After 9 weeks postoperation, 100% implants were fixed and no inflammation was observed. Histological analysis showed new bone was formed around magnesium implant and no difference was found in the histological microstructure of the new bone and the cortical bone. A degradation or reaction layer, which was mainly composed of Ca, P, O, and Mg, was formed on the surface of magnesium alloy implants. High Ca content in the degradation layer displayed that magnesium could promote the deposition of Ca. Residual area calculation has showed that 10–17% magnesium alloy implant has been degraded in vivo. Compared with that of the controlled rats, no increase in serum magnesium and no disorder of kidney were observed after 15 weeks postoperation. After 18 weeks postoperation, 100% magnesium implants were fixed and no inflammation was observed. About 54% magnesium implant has degraded in vivo. Element analysis showed that Zn and Mn in Mg‐Mn‐Zn alloy distributed homogeneously in the residual magnesium implant, the degradation layer, and the surrounding bone tissue after 18 weeks implantation, indicating that Zn and Mn elements were easily absorbed by bioenvironment. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Expression of tumor suppressor p53 facilitates DNA repair but not UV‐induced G2/M arrest or apoptosis in Chinese hamster ovary CHO‐K1 cells
Authors: Chang Yu‐Ching , Liao Chu‐Bin , Hsieh Pei‐Yu Chiang , Liou Ming‐Li , Liu Yin‐Chang
Published: June 2007

Tumor suppressor p53 is an essential regulator in mammalian cellular responses to DNA damage including cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Our study with Chinese hamster ovary CHO‐K1 cells indicates that when p53 expression and its transactivation capacity was inhibited by siRNA, UVC‐induced G2/M arrest or apoptosis were unaffected as revealed by flow cyotmetric analyses and other measurements. However, inhibition of p53 rendered the cells slower to repair UV‐induced damages upon a plasmid as shown in host cell reactivation assay. Furthermore, the nuclear extract (NE) of p53 siRNA‐treated cells was inactive to excise the UV‐induced DNA adducts as analyzed by comet assay. Consistently, the immunodepletion of p53 also deprived the excision activity of the NE in the similar experiment. Thus, tumor suppressor p53 of CHO‐K1 cells may facilitate removal of UV‐induced DNA damages partly via its involvement in the repair mechanism. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 528–537, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On divisible designs and local algebras
Authors: Spera Antonino Giorgio
Published: June 2007

We study the action of the group PGL(m,A) on the projective space PG(m − 1,A) over a finite commutative local algebra A in order to construct a class of divisible designs, denoted by Dm(d,A), which is the classical one of 2‐designs (of points and of flats of fixed projective dimension) in the case where A is a field. We also study the constructed divisible designs with particular care for the case where d = m − 1. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Impact of a bedside procedure service on general medicine inpatients: A firm‐based trial
Authors: Lucas Brian P. , Asbury Joseph K. , Wang Yue , Lee Kuenok , Kumapley Rudolf , Mba Benjamin , Borkowsky Shane , Asmar Abdo
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND

Procedure services may improve the training of bedside procedures. However, little is known about how procedure services may affect the demand for and success of procedures performed on general medicine inpatients.

OBJECTIVE

Determine whether a procedure service affects the number and success of 4 bedside procedures (paracentesis, thoracentesis, lumbar puncture, and central venous catheterization) attempted on general medicine inpatients.

DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

SETTING

Large public teaching hospital.

PATIENTS

Nineteen hundred and forty‐one consecutive admissions to the general medicine service.

INTERVENTION

A bedside procedure service was offered to physicians from 1 of 3 firms for 4 weeks. This service then crossed over to physicians from the other 2 firms for another 4 weeks.

MEASUREMENTS

Data on all procedure attempts were collected daily from physicians. We examined whether the number of attempts and the proportion of successful attempts differed based on whether firms were offered the beside procedure service.

RESULTS

The number of procedure attempts was 48% higher in firms offered the service (90 versus 61 per 1000 admissions; RR 1.48, 95% CI 1.06–2.10; P = .030). More than 85% of the observed increase was a result of procedures with therapeutic indications. There were no differences between firms in the proportions of successful attempts or major complications.

CONCLUSIONS

The availability of a procedure service may increase the overall demand for bedside procedures. Further studies should refine the indications for and anticipated benefits from these commonly performed invasive procedures. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:143–149. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Genetic control of basal midbrain development
Authors: Puelles Eduardo
Published: June 2007

Recent breakthroughs in the understanding of the genetic program that controls specification of ventral cell fate in the spinal cord and hindbrain have produced useful tools for the study of similar genetic networks in the more complex rostral regions of the central nervous system. Several research groups have elucidated key factors in the potential signaling processes, as well as transcription factors necessary for differentiation of various basal midbrain nuclei. Importantly, there has been substantial progress in understanding the genetic cascade involved in specifying dopaminergic neurons. This knowledge will be crucial in the understanding and possible treatment of Parkinson's disease. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
No effect of genetic deletion of contactin‐associated protein (CASPR) on axonal orientation and synaptic plasticity
Authors: Pillai Anilkumar M. , Garcia‐Fresco German P. , Sousa Aurea D. , Dupree Jeffrey L. , Philpot Benjamin D. , Bhat Manzoor A.
Published: June 2007

Myelinated axons are endowed with a specialized domain structure that is essential for saltatory action potential conduction. The paranodal domain contains the axoglial junctions and displays a unique ultrastructure that resembles the invertebrate septate junctions (SJs). Biochemical characterizations of the paranodal axoglial SJs have identified several molecular components that include Caspr and contactin (Cont) on the axonal side and neurofascin 155 kDa (NF155) isoform on the glial side. All these proteins are essential for the formation of the axoglial SJs. Based on the interactions between Caspr and Cont and their colocalization in the CA1 synaptic areas, it was proposed that the synaptic function of Cont requires Caspr. Here we have extended the phenotypic analysis of CASPR mutants to address further the role of Caspr at the axoglial SJs and also in axonal orientation and synaptic plasticity. We report that, in CASPR mutants, the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) forms elongated membranous complexes that accumulate at the nodal/paranodal region and stretch into the juxtaparanodal region, a defect that is consistent with the paranodal disorganization. We show that the cerebellar microorganization is unaffected in CASPR mutants. We also demonstrate that Caspr function is not essential for normal CA1 synaptic transmission and plasticity. Taken together with previous findings, our results highlight that the Caspr/Cont complex is essential for the formation of axoglial SJs, whereas Cont may regulate axonal orientation and synaptic plasticity independent of its association with Caspr. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Minocycline modulates chemokine receptors but not interleukin‐10 mRNA expression in hypoxic‐ischemic neonatal rat brain
Authors: Kremlev Sergey G. , Roberts Rebecca L. , Palmer Charles
Published: June 2007

Hypoxic‐ischemic (HI) brain injury in the perinatal period causes significant morbidity. Minocycline (MN) is a tetracycline derivative that has reduced brain injury in various animal models of neurodegeneration, including perinatal ischemia. To determine whether MN can modulate the expression of chemokine receptors and interleukin‐10 (IL10) in a model of neonatal brain injury, we produced an HI insult to the right cerebral hemisphere (ipsilateral) of the 7‐day‐old rat (PD7) by right common carotid artery ligation and 2.25 hr of hypoxia in 8% oxygen. MN (45 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (PBS) was injected twice: 2 days and immediately before the HI insult. At 0, 1, 3, and 24 hr and 14 days after HI, total RNA from the ipsilateral and contralateral (exposed to hypoxia only) hemispheres was extracted, reverse transcribed, and amplified with gene‐specific primers using a semiquantitative RT‐PCR for macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α), interferon‐inducible protein (IP‐10), C‐C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5; MIP‐1α receptor), C‐X‐C chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3; IP‐10 receptor), and IL10. We found that, in the ipsilateral hemisphere, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in MIP‐1α, IP‐10, CCR5, and CXCR3 mRNA levels was observed. MN treatment decreased mRNA levels for CCR5 and CXCR3. In contrast, the levels of antiinflammatory cytokine IL10 were markedly decreased as a result of HI insult. Treatment with MN, however, had no effect on IL10. We conclude that MN decreased proinflammatory chemokine receptor expression but had little or no influence on the expression of antiinflammatory cytokine IL10. These effects confirm the antiinflammatory effect of MN in neonatal HI brain injury. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural plasticity of neonatal hypoglossal nerve for effective suckling
Authors: Fukushima Nanae , Yokouchi Kumiko , Kawagishi Kyutaro , Kakegawa Akira , Ezawa Naoki , Moriizumi Tetsuji
Published: June 2007

The adaptive movement of the tongue after unilateral lesion of the hypoglossal (XII) nerve during the early postnatal days is essential for recovery of milk intake. The present study investigated the basic mechanisms underlying such adaptation, focusing on the neural plasticity that allows effective suckling. After resection of the ipsilateral XII nerve on P1, 1,1′‐dioctadecyl‐3,3,3′,3′‐tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlolate (DiI), a postmortem neuronal tracer, was applied to the contralateral uninjured XII nerve on P4 and P7. DiI‐labeled fibers were traced successfully within the tongue and showed gradually increased extension over the XII nerve‐injured side in the central core portion of the denervated tongue between P4 and P7. Systematic neuroanatomic experiments showed that contralateral axonal sprouting occurred as early as 1 day after nerve injury (P2), and that such axonal sprouting occurred exclusively from the medial branch of the XII nerve responsible for tongue protrusion, an essential movement for suckling. These findings provide direct evidence of functional neural plasticity that allows effective suckling in XII nerve‐injured newborns with suckling disturbance. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sonoporation mediated transduction of pDNA/siRNA into joint synovium in vivo
Authors: Saito Masazumi , Mazda Osam , Takahashi Kenji A. , Arai Yuji , Kishida Tsunao , Shin‐Ya Masaharu , Inoue Atsuo , Tonomura Hitoshi , Sakao Kei , Morihara Toru , Imanishi Jiro , Kawata Mitsuhiro , Kubo Toshikazu
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of sonoporation method on in vivo transduction of plasmid DNA (pDNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) into joint tissue. pGEG.GL3 plasmid was mixed with microbubble and injected into knee joints of rats. Ultrasound sonication was performed percutaneously. Three days after injection, GL3 expression of synovial tissue was determined by luciferase assay and RT‐PCR. siRNA specific for GL3 (siGL3) or nonspecific siRNA were mixed with pGEG.GL3 plasmid and transduced by sonoporation. siRNA specific for EGFP (siEGFP) was transduced into the knee joints of EGFP transgenic rats, and gene silencing effects for endogenous gene were examined. To determine the localization of transduced siRNA, fluorescently labeled siRNA was transduced into joints. The expression of GL3 in the synovium was significantly enhanced by sonoporation. The gene expression was only seen in the synovium of the knee joint. The expression of GL3 was remarkably suppressed by co‐transduction of siGL3, but not suppressed by nonspecific siRNA. siEGFP transduced by sonoporation attenuated green fluorescence on the surface layer of synovium of EGFP transgenic rats. The fluorescently labeled siRNA was seen in the synovium around the patella, femur, and tibia. Sonoporation is examined as a recent, novel, gene transduction method, and the advantage of this technique is minimal invasiveness. In this study, we showed that pDNA/siRNA can be transduced specifically into the joint synovium using sonoporation. The present method may be useful in nucleic acid therapy for joint disorders. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1308–1316, 2007
Synovial fluid recruits human mesenchymal progenitors from subchondral spongious bone marrow
Authors: Endres Michaela , Neumann Katja , Häupl Thomas , Erggelet Christoph , Ringe Jochen , Sittinger Michael , Kaps Christian
Published: June 2007

Microfracture is a frequently used reparative technique that induces a healing response in articular cartilage defects. Penetration of the subchondral bone leads to blood clot formation, allows multipotent mesenchymal cells to access the defect and, subsequently, leads to cartilaginous repair tissue. The aim of our study was to analyze the chemotactic recruitment of human subchondral spongious bone marrow‐derived cells by synovial fluid (SF) from normal donors (ND), patients with osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Subchondral spongious bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal progenitors were isolated from bone cylinders after high tibial osteotomy and analyzed for the presence of stem cell‐related cell surface antigens by flowcytometry. Recruitment of subchondral progenitors by normal SF and SF from donors with degenerated joint diseases was documented by using a modified Boyden chamber chemotaxis assay. The chemotaxis assay demonstrated that synovial fluid has the potential to recruit mesenchymal progenitors in vitro. SF from normal donors and patients with OA showed no difference in the potential to stimulate cell migration. SF obtained from RA donors showed significantly reduced cell recruitment compared to SF derived from OA patients (p = 0.0054) and normal donors (p < 0.0001). The chemotactic activity of SF obtained from normal donors and from patients with degenerative joint diseases suggests that SF may be actively involved in the migration of progenitors in cartilage defects after microfracture. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1299–1307, 2007
In vitro model of full‐thickness cartilage defect healing
Authors: Tam Hok Kei , Srivastava Ajay , Colwell Clifford W. , D'Lima Darryl D.
Published: June 2007

Integration of the host–graft interface is implicated as one of the significant reasons for lack of complete healing in osteochondral grafting procedures for the treatment of cartilage lesions. We developed an in vitro model of cartilage healing in an osteochondral setting to study the effect of developmental age and collagenase treatment. Circular full‐thickness vertical surgical incisions were made in the cartilaginous portion of cylindrical bovine osteochondral specimens. Two age groups were selected: Young (1–2 months old) and Older (6–8 months old). Cartilage integration across the surgical incisions was assessed by histologic analysis and by mechanical push‐out testing at 2 and 4 weeks in culture. Histologic integration as well as peak push‐out shear stress was significantly higher in older calf cartilage than in the young calf. Collagenase pretreatment in the older calf samples increased push‐out strength at 4 weeks. Histologic integration correlated well with the mechanical push‐out strength. Developmental age and time after injury affected the response to collagenase pretreatment. This osteochondral cartilage integration model can be useful to study factors that modulate healing of surgical replacement procedures in vitro, which may aid the development of newer approaches to promote the healing of cartilage defects. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1136–1144, 2007
Toward a field of traumatic stress
Authors: Figley Charles R.
Published: June 2007

The cumulative effect of scholarly and professional activities associated with the concept of traumatic stress suggests, it is noted here, that a new field of study is emerging. The paper first defines traumatic stress and a field of study. It is noted here that eight factors are necessary to qualify as a field of study. The factors noted include: a history, professional organizations, publications, theory, measurement, research methodology, intervention technology, and actions affecting policy and the judicial system. These factors are considered separately. The final section discusses the “new frontiers” of this emerging field. A three‐dimensional model is presented that depicts the finite number of directions for building a scientific literature in traumatic stress studies. The paper concludes with an invitation to readers to add to this literature by contribution to the Journal of Traumatic Stress.
Dissociation and hypnosis in post‐traumatic stress disorders
Authors: Spiegel David
Published: June 2007

After noting the fundamental differences between the agenda of ordinary psychotherapy and the treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the paper discusses the concept of trauma vis‐à‐vis PTSD using Yalom's (1981) four existential themes of death, freedom, isolation, and meaninglessness as organizing principles. The middle section of the paper focuses on the role of dissociation in the symptomatology of PTSD, suggesting, among other things, that many PTSD symptoms are dissociative in nature; that it is a defense against both memories of the event and the experience itself. Research is reviewed supporting the connection between PTSD and hypnotizability and the use of hypnosis in treating traumatic stress is discussed followed by two case examples. The latter section focuses on the limitations of hypnosis, transference considerations, and ends with a summary of the author's eight “C's” treatment approach: confront, condensation, confession, consolation, consciousness, concentration, control, and congruence.
Four syndromes of post‐traumatic stress disorder: Stressors and conflicts of the traumatized with special focus on the Vietnam combat veteran
Authors: Glover Hillel
Published: June 2007

Four clinical syndromes of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are described in this paper. These syndromes can be observed in many Vietnam veterans who have combat‐related stress disorders. Each syndrome has its own independent stressor and central emotional conflict. These conflicts are: (1) survival guilt secondary to losing a close friend, (2) fear and anxiety secondary to life‐threatening situations, (3) guilt and related conflicts secondary to participation in acts of abusive violence, (4) mistrust secondary to the experience of betrayal of trust, especially by persons in authority. The four syndromes and their associated central emotional conflicts are compared with each other across the following five psychological dimensions of behavior: (1) types of emotional symptoms of distress, (2) disturbances in interpersonal relationships, (3) problems with aggression, (4) alterations in self‐concepts, and (5) characteristic changes in the manifest content of dreams. Comparisons are also made with other survivor/victim populations in which similar emotional conflicts have been described.
A five‐phase treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder in families
Authors: Figley Charles R.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to present a rationale for and application of family therapy to traumatized clients and the families of these clients. After noting the frequency of trauma‐inducing, highly stressful events, the paper briefly reviews the relevant traumatic stress literature. Next the paper includes a description of a theoretical orientation which draws from both the literatures of traumatic stress and family therapy. The bulk of the paper explicates a five‐phase treatment approach to treating traumatized families. These phases are: (1) Building Commitment to the Therapeutic Objectives, (2) Framing the Problem, (3) Reframing the Problem, (4) Developing a Healing Theory, and (5) Closure and Preparedness. The concepts of victim blaming, roundtable testimonials, and healing theory are introduced and discussed here. The latter part of the paper presents several challenges for researchers and clinicians who are interested in traumatized families.
Psychological and physical abuse in the schools: A paradigm for understanding post‐traumatic stress disorder in children and youth
Authors: Hyman Irwin A. , Zelikoff Wendy , Clarke Jacqueline
Published: June 2007

The literature on Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in children is rather sparse. Most accounts describe only the aftereffects of horrendous traumas. Yet there is evidence that children are also vulnerable to a wider range of stressor than adults. Since the nosology for PTSD is based upon adult psychopathology, there is a need to examine the syndrome in light of current knowledge about development, psychopathology, and ecological factors in children's lives. The purpose of this paper is to present evidence that the pattern of symptoms of PTSD in children is different from those in adults. The paradigm presented was generated by work with children and youth who were the victims of excessively punitive disciplinary practices in schools. An updated overview of the literature on PTSD in children is presented. Case studies and retrospective data are offered in support of the need to differentiate child/adolescent PTSD from adult nosology and to understand the nature of PTSD when it occurs as a result of school related abuse.
Brief dynamic psychotherapy of post‐traumatic stress disorders: Management of narcissistic regression
Authors: Marmar Charles R. , Freeman Michael
Published: June 2007

Theoretical and research advances of the past decade have contributed to a general theory of the technique of brief dynamic psychotherapy. Future advances depend in part on the specific modification of technique to address individuals with specific personality difficulties in specific life contexts. The purpose of the present paper is to delineate the modifications of brief dynamic therapy for persons with transient narcissistic regression following traumatic life experiences. The approach stresses initial supportive work to be followed by exploration of warded‐off conflicts involving greater self‐critical awareness on the part of the patient. The implications of this sequential strategy for the formation of the therapeutic alliance, the choice and working through of a problem focus, and the handling of termination, are spelled out with reference to a detailed single case example.
Situational exposure and personal loss in children's acute and chronic stress reactions to a school bus disaster
Authors: Milgram Norman A. , Toubiana Yosef H. , Klingman Avigdor , Raviv Amiram , Goldstein Ivan
Published: June 2007

Questionnaire data were obtained on seventh grade children a week after a catastrophic school bus accident, and 9 months later. Both acute and chronic stress reactions were more related to prior friendship with victims than to exposure to accident‐related stressors. In fact, the effect of differential exposure on stress reactions in this particular accident was found to be nil, when the effect of prior friendship was controlled. The incidence of moderate and severe stress reactions was high in the initial acute phase and decreased markedly by 9 months. The professional help received and interest in future help were related to personal loss and to the extent of stress reactions both after 1 week and 9 months. Implications for disaster intervention were drawn.
Cultural impediments to recovery: PTSD in contemporary America
Authors: Young Mitchell B. , Erickson Cassandra A.
Published: June 2007

Culture affects and determines how individual members cope with experiences encountered during the life cycle. Contemporary American culture is currently experiencing a historical transition which affects cultural standards, archetypes, and institutions such as marriage and families. This paper suggests that there is an increase in psychic numbing, alienation, isolation, and difficulties with intimacy for the general population during the present historical moment. For victims of traumatic events this current cultural stress overlaps their post‐traumatic experience since many trauma victims also experience these phenomena. Trauma victims are therefore affected by rapid cultural transition through increased vulnerability to developing traumatic stress reactions as well as increased length of the healing process.
Cognitive and behavioral sequelae of combat: Conceptualization and implication for treatment
Authors: Alford Joe D. , Mahone Charles , Fielstein Elliot M.
Published: June 2007

This paper focuses upon problematic patterns of thought and behavior among Vietnam combat veterans identified with Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder which are associated with difficulties in emotional, interpersonal, and vocational functioning. The following patterns have been identified: intolerance of mistakes, denial of personal difficulties, anger as a problem‐solving strategy, hypervigilance, and absolutistic thinking. The realistic and adaptive origins of these patterns in the combat enviroment are identified, and their maladaptiveness outside the combat enviroment is described. Consideration is also given to why such patterns persist years after the last combat experience. Finally, the implications for psychotherapy of the verteran with PTSD are discussed.
A 3‐year prospective study of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Israeli combat veterans
Authors: Solomon Zahava
Published: June 2007

This study attempted to trace the long‐term psychiatric sequelae of combat in a large representative sample of combat stress reaction (CSR) Israeli casualties and matched controls. Employing DSM‐III criteria for Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) subjects were assessed 1, 2, and 3 years after their participation in the war. Results show that CSR casualties had dramatically higher rates of PTSD than controls at all three points of time. In both groups a decline in prevalence and breadth of PTSD was observed over time. The passage of time had a differential effect on the symptom profile of the CSR casualties and controls. Theoretical, methodological, and treatment implications are discussed.
Assessment and treatment of Asian‐American survivors of mass violence
Authors: Lee Evelyn , Lu Francis
Published: June 2007

This paper presents Asian‐Americans' experiences of mass violence with the hope of stimulating much‐needed research and clinical activities in this area. After a discussion of the literature on the types of traumatic events leading to Post‐traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and other psychological sequelae, the occurrence of similar events in Asia during the past 40 years which may predispose Asian people to PTSD will be reviewed. Asian cultural coping styles which mitigate against or conceal PTSD will be discussed. Assessment and treatment methods tailored for Asian patients will be outlined. Finally, recommendations for clinical service, training, and research in this area with Asian patients will be presented.
Proactive and reactive approaches to PTSD in the aftermath of campus violence: Forming a traumatic stress react team
Authors: Utterback Jim , Caldwell Jay
Published: June 2007

Traumatic stresses are becoming an increasing reality on college campuses. Unfortunately, many campuses are ill‐prepared to respond professionally to the needs of victims and covictims. Even more scarce are proactive prevention programs. The problems experienced by victims of post‐traumatic stress disorder are discussed. The formation of a traumatic stress response team is proposed. A developing program at a small midwestern university is used as illustration.
Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder in Children: Its Identification and Treatment in a Residential Setting for Emotionally Disturbed Youth
Authors: Doyle Joan S. , Bauer Sharon K.
Published: June 2007

In the past 5 years residential programs for emotionally disturbed youth have encountered increasingly difficult‐to‐treat youngsters. These children who frequently are products of physical/sexual/emotional abuse, neglect and multiple out‐of‐home placements, often presented with severe human trauma responses, but post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) was not diagnosed. This paper describes how one residential treatment center correctly identified those children referred having PTSD, developed effective treatment modalities for this syndrome in children and networked with other agencies involved in research and treatment of PTSD. Multiple out‐of‐home placements are highlighted as a heretofore unrecognized contributor to PTSD in children.
Sexual torture of political prisoners: An overview
Authors: Agger Inger
Published: June 2007

Not much is known about the repressive use of sexuality against political prisoners. It is important to gain a better understanding of the trauma involved in sexual torture for treatment purposes. On the basis of clinical experience with refugees from the Middle East, North Africa, and Latin America, and the collection of mainly unpublished material on the subject, a theory of the psychodynamics of sexual torture is proposed. It is claimed that this method of torture is especially traumatic, as it is characterized by a confusing and complex ambiguity containing both libidinal and aggressive components, against which the victim has difficulty maintaining a psychological defense. Hence, his or her core identity processes are threatened. Aspects of transcultural treatment are discussed, and it is stressed that there must be a reframing of the trauma story so as not to repeat the psychological pain of the torture and aggravate symptoms. The Testimony‐Method is introduced as an important tool for reframing. If the refugee presents sexual symptoms, sexological treatment interventions are recommended.
A theory‐based preventive intervention program for bereaved parents whose children have died in accidents
Authors: Murphy Shirley A. , Aroian Karen , Baugher Robert
Published: June 2007

Conflicting theoretical propositions regarding what type of support is most effective at what time during bereavement guided the development and initial testing of a preventive intervention program for bereaved parents. Parents whose adolescent or young adult children died within 4 days following a vehicle‐related accident were assigned to early (2–6 months postloss) or later (7–13 months postloss) transition groups in which they received a two‐dimensinal preventive intervention: informational support and emotional support. A comparison group received no intervention. Weekly and summative evaluations completed by bereaved parents and group leaders showed therapeutic benefits of the preventive intervention for both treated groups. However, the two groups responded differently to the interventions, suggesting that timing and type of support might both be important factors to consider.
Acute postdisaster coping and adjustment
Authors: North Carol S. , Smith Elizabeth M. , McCool Robert E. , Lightcap Patrick E.
Published: June 2007

This study examines coping strategies and short‐term adjustment in survivors of a tornado. Forty‐two subjects were interviewed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule/Disaster Supplement (DIS/DS) within 1 month of the event. Rates of psychiatric disorder in survivors were low, and even rates of symptoms were not especially high. Subjects turned to family and friends for support as their most frequent coping method. While many utilized active coping techniques such as talking and reading about it, others dealt with their experience by avoidance, trying not to think about the tornado. Many also reported that religious and philosophical perspectives helped them. Few required medication to relieve their upset, and none depended on alcohol.
Pierre Janet's treatment of post‐traumatic stress
Authors: van der Hart Onno , Brown Paul , van der Kolk Bessel A.
Published: June 2007

Pierre Janet's therapeutic approach to traumatized patients was the first attempt to create a systematic, phase‐oriented treatment of post‐traumatic stress. Janet viewed the trauma response basically as a disorder of memory which interfered with effective action. Relying heavily on the use of hypnosis, he taught that the treatment of post‐traumatic psychopathology consisted of forming a stable therapeutic relationship; retrieving and transforming traumatic memories into meaningful experiences; and taking effective action to overcome learned helplessness. Most of his observations and recommendations are as challenging today as when he first made them, starting a century ago.
Pierre Janet and modern views of dissociation
Authors: Putnam Frank W.
Published: June 2007

Pierre Janet's numerous important contributions to the understanding of dissociative disorders grew out of his background in philosophy, psychology, and medicine. A religious and even mystical man, he tempered his lifetime studies of psychopathology with precise observation and rigorous documentation. Janet was the first to articulate the clinical principles of the dissociative disorders and to systematically explore and treat the traumatic memories underlying dissociated behavior. He pioneered the use of abreaction and ageregression hypnotherapy techniques for exploring hidden trauma. Our clinical understanding of the dissociative disorders and their treatment stems in large measure from Pierre Janet's careful and thoughtful investigations a century ago.
Combat addiction: Overview of implications in symptom maintenance and treatment planning
Authors: Solursh Lionel Paul
Published: June 2007

“Combat addiction” is discussed as a concept central to understanding the chronicity and treatment‐resistant quality of post‐traumatic stress disorder in Vietnam combat survivors. Possible neurophysiologic, neurochemical, neuroelectrical, and behavioral parameters are addressed with regard to these mutually reinforcing excitatory states beginning with multiple combat experiences. Interviews with 100 such veterans revealed the remarkably frequent (94%) description of intrusive realistic reexperiencing of combat, particularly nightmares, as feeling powerful, exciting—a “high” or “rush” — with intervening states being experienced as unpleasant. Other findings are also presented which tend to support this concept. Implications for treatment planning are outlined.
The relationship between attributional style and post‐traumatic stress disorder in addicted patients
Authors: McCormick Richard A. , Taber Julian I. , Kruedelbach Norman
Published: June 2007

It has been proposed that the animal experiments on inescapable shock may serve as a model for PTSD in humans. Learned helplessness theory, which also derives from the experiments on inescapable shock, proposes that helplessness behavior in humans is the result of people's expectations about events which they perceive to be uncontrollable. The way a person explains or attributes cause to events which occur influences these expectations. The symptoms of PTSD and helplessness behavior heavily overlap. The present study tested whether there was, in fact, a relationship between a proven measure of the attributional style proposed by helplessness theory, the Attributional Style Questionnaire, and measures of PTSD in a group of 99 patients seeking treatment for alcohol dependence and/or pathological gambling. Consistent, significant relationships were found between learned helplessness attributional style and a variety of measures of PTSD. Also replicated were earlier reports of a relationship between coaddiction (alcohol and gambling) and symptoms of PTSD. The usefulness of learned helplessness theory in explaining PTSD and devising treatments for portions of the disorder are discussed.
Factors in the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology: A review
Authors: Gibbs Margaret S.
Published: June 2007

A review of the research literature is provided regarding vulnerability and psychological resource characteristics of the victim that mediate between disaster and psychopathology. Common generalizations about the effect of vulnerability variables such as age, gender, and previous level of functioning are seldom supported. Coping styles appear promising predictive variables. Attitude variables deserve further attention. More complex designs are suggested to determine interaction effects between disaster and victim variables.
Cruelty, culture, and coping: Comment on the Westermeyer paper
Authors: Ochberg Frank M.
Published: June 2007

Refugee trauma, as described by Joseph Westermeyer, M.D., is compared and contrasted with traumatization and victimization. Exposure to cruelty complicates the recovery process. Clinicians who treat Vietnam veterans are good candidates for training programs in cross‐cultural care of Asian refugees.
Guidelines for a short‐term therapy of a torture depression
Authors: Drees Alfred
Published: June 2007

Psychotherapeutic work with torture traumas and their aftereffects are made difficult through a number of factors. Six guiding principles are presented in this publication through which make it possible to influence the actual symptomatology within the limits of the short therapy, even under difficult conditions. Creative images, described in detail as “process fantasies”, are the focus of this short therapy. Situative experiences in the treatment process are not interpreted with reference to the subject or the concrete trauma. This leads to the intra‐psychic patterns being unlinked from traumatic torture experience patterns. With the aid of a model which discusses the torture as a “superinfection” with psychogenic “violence‐viruses”, the penetration and resistance to therapy towards the torture trauma can be illuminated so that a differentiation of social and psychological factors of the torture experience is made possible.
Prevalence of PTSD symptoms in combat veterans seeking medical treatment
Authors: Blake Dudley David , Keane Terence M. , Wine Pamela R. , Mora Catherine , Taylor Kathryn L. , Lyons Judith A.
Published: June 2007

Results from recent research point to the need to screen and assess for PTSD in medical as well as psychiatric patients, and to broaden the scope of assessment to include combat veterans of other recent wars, e.g., World War II and Korea. The present study was designed to obtain the following information: (1) the degree to which PTSD symptomatology is present in veterans who are inpatients on medical units, (2) the respective rates of PTSD symptoms and psychological distress of combat veterans from WW‐II, Korea, and Vietnam, and (3) the extent and nature of psychological disturbance, as measured by the paper and pencil tests, across the three military time periods. One hundred and sixty‐one nonpsychiatric combat and former POW veteran patients served as subjects, with 70.2% having served in World War II, 13.1% having served in Korea, and 16.8% having served in Vietnam. All subjects completed a questionnaire packet which included a demographic data sheet, the Mississippi Scale for Combat‐related PTSD, the Sympton Checklist‐90‐Revised, and the Combat Exposure Scale. Results of the study showed a 24% overall PTSD rate, as determined by subjects' scores on the Mississippi scale. While no differences in combat exposure were found among three war groups, psychiatric disturbance was most apparent among Vietnam veterans. A combination of demographic and psychological factors was found to accurately predict PTSD status. These findings suggest te need to screen and assess all combat veterans who present on medical as well as psychiatric units.
Cognitive functioning in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Gil Tzvi , Calev Avraham , Greenberg David , Kugelmass Sol , Lerer Bernard
Published: June 2007

Tweleve Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients, 12 psychiatric patients matched for severity of psychopathology, and 12 normal controls were assessed for cognitive functioning by means of a comprehensive test battery. Both patient groups felt subjectively more impaired than normals. Performance on measures of intelligence, organicity, verbal fluency, memorry, and attention was significantly poorer in patients than in normals. The performance of the PTSD patients and that of the psychiatric controls was, however, very similar. The premorbid intelligence of both the PTSD patients and the psychiatric controls was average and had deteriorated significantly by the time of current testing. These cognitive problems were not secondary to alcohol, drug abuse, or head injury. The results suggest a cognitive impairment in post‐traumatic patients.
Monitoring and blunting: Implications for combat‐related post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Solomon Zahava , Arad Rivka , Mikulincer Mario
Published: June 2007

The current study examines the impact of monitoring‐blunting strategies on combat‐related psychopathology among soldiers who suffered a combat stress reaction episode during the 1982 Lebanon War. For this purpose, we assessed subjects' habitual use of monitoring and blunting, their mental health status 2 years are participation in war (PTSD, general psychiatric symptomatology, and problems in social functioning), their trauma‐related intrusion and avoidance tendencies, and their habitual coping styles. Results show that soldiers who rely primarily on monitoring strategies suffer the least from traumarelated psychopathology. The use of blunting strategies was associated with more severe psychopathology. In addition, monitors tend to rely on problemfocused coping strategies, while blunters tend to rely on emotion‐focused coping strategies. Results are discussed in terms of Miller's conceptualization of styles of information seeking under threat.
Fatal training accidents: The military unit as a recovery context
Authors: Tyler Mary P. , Gifford Robert K.
Published: June 2007

An exploratory study of military units' recovery from fatal training accidents focused on four Army units which had lost one to three members in maneuver or live‐fire accidents involving tracked vehicles. One hundred seventeen soldiers affected by the accidents provided detailed interview data. In each case, the unit offered a recovery context in which formal and informal organizational structures facilitated individuals' resolution of trauma. The unit's tacit acknowledgment of a hierarchy of bereavement helped it organize caretaking and ritual activities. Soldiers received support from leaders and friends, and were aided by formal and informal rituals. The requirement to return to work, when handled sensitively, played a positive role in recovery.
Symbolic recognition: Ceremony in a treatment of post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Obenchain Jeanne V. , Silver Steven M.
Published: June 2007

This brief report describes the utilization of a „welcome home”︁ ceremony in the treatment of Vietnam War and other war veterans suffering from post‐traumatic stress disorder. Designed primarily to address the issues of sanctuary trauma and social isolation and alienation, the ceremony drew upon knowledge gained from the study of Native American ritual. Carefully avoiding mimicking such ritual, the principles of affirmation of the worth of the warrior, societal participation and reintegration, and spiritual and existential support were translated into a mainstream cultural format. The significance of a woman leading the ceremony and veteran reactions are discussed.