bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation on Adhesion Work and Its Effects on Micro Friction
Authors: Zhang X.J. , Dong Y.K. , Meng Yong Gang , Wen S.Z.
Published: March 2009

Since adhesion plays a significant role in microtribology, properties of adhesion work of several materials, such as Si, and mica are investigated by AFM. Experimental results indicate that, measured adhesion work varies with contacting velocity, surface roughness and so on, which is more than a constant. Meanwhile, under invariable loads, friction force of these materials is also measured over a wide range of velocity, which is found that adhesion work of the sample surface directly influences the velocity dependent property of micro friction force. This makes the observed micro frictional behaviour significantly differs from the traditional macro friction laws, in which friction force is proved be independent of sliding velocity. Additionally, with zero or negative load, friction forces are proved to be determined by adhesion work and adhesion contact area. Finally, a relationship between micro friction force and adhesion work is outlined.
Study on Nanometric Machining Process of Monocrystalline Si
Authors: Tang Yu Lan , Liang Ying Chun , Wang D.X. , Zhao J.W.
Published: March 2009

A three-dimensional model of molecular dynamics (MD) was employed to study the nanometric machining process of Si. The model included the utilization of the Morse potential function and the Tersoff potential function to simulate the interatomic force between atoms. By analysis of snapshots and local radial distribution function (RDF) during the various stages of the cutting process, amorphous phase transformation of chip and machined surface are observed, but no phase transformation of bulk. Chip volume change is observed due to the amorphous phase transformation. Dislocations around the tool and elastic recovery of the machined surface do not appear. The effects of surface adsorption on machined surface state have been studied on the basis of surface energy and surfaces hardness. Surface energy decreases and hardness increases by adsorption. Oxygen atoms adsorbed are on the machined surface and subsurface region.
Study on Cutting Coloring Stainless Steel by Abrasive Waterjet
Authors: Zhu Hong Tao , Huang Chuan Zhen , Wang Jun , Feng Yan Xia , Hou Rong Guo
Published: March 2009

Coloring stainless steel is a kind of corrosion-resistant and ornamental industry material.
Whereas, the oxide film on stainless steel is sensitive to heat. At about 200, the oxide film would
be oxidized or dehydrated. With lesser cutting force and no thermal influence on target material,
AWJ may be a suited method in cutting coloring stainless steel. In this paper, an experimental study
on cutting coloring stainless steel by abrasive waterjet was carried out. By analyzing macroscopic
features of kerfs, a damage model was established and a principle to optimize process parameters
was presented.
Investigation of the Sintering Behavior of Ultrapure α-Alumina Containing Low Amounts of SiO2 or CaO
Authors: Louet Nicolas , Epicier Thierry , Fantozzi Gilbert
Published: March 2009

The target of this work is to investigate the effect of small additions of SiO2 or CaO on
the sintering behavior and the microstructure of an ultrapure α-alumina compound. The sintering
behavior has been investigated through extensive dilatometric study. SiO2 additions lead to a
significant decrease in shrinkage rate during the intermediate stage of sintering whereas CaO is
beneficent to densification. It has been found that during this stage which corresponds to the
maximum of densification rate, grain boundaries diffusion controls densification through oxygen
vacancies. The study of the densification behavior under different atmospheres help us to explain
the role of the additives in agreement with electroneutrality equations. S.E.M. investigations
confirm the well know correlation between doping and heterogeneous microstructures. After doping
with SiO2 or CaO, abnormal grain growth appears at temperatures corresponding to the lowest
eutectics given by Al2O3-SiO2 or Al2O3-CaO phase diagrams. H.R.T.E.M. observations show that
below the critical temperatures for abnormal grain growth, additives enrichment is observed near
grain boundaries (GBs). Above these temperatures, glassy phase for SiO2-doping and calciumhexaluminate
(CA6) for CaO-doping are present at grain boundaries.
Compositional Control in Solid Freeforming; Fabrication of 3D FGM
Authors: Mohebi M.M. , Yang Shou Feng , Evans Julian R.G.
Published: March 2009

Three dimensional functional gradients have been prepared from fine powders by direct ink-jet printing using two methods for ink mixing and for coarser, free-flowing powders by acoustic deposition. Each of these methods can provide compositional accuracy of about 3 wt.%. These are 2nd generation technologies for computer control of both shape and composition. The techniques are described and their potential discussed in terms of resolution and compositional accuracy.
Influence of Nitride on Sinterability of the Composite of Lithium Aluminum Silicate and Silicon Carbide
Authors: Iguchi Mabito , Umezu Motohiro , Kataoka Masako , Nakamura Hiroaki , Ishii Mamoru
Published: March 2009

Ceramics with zero thermal expansion coefficients at room temperature (293K) were
investigated. We found the thermal expansion coefficient was controlled by a compounding ratio of
lithium aluminum silicate (LAS) and silicon carbide (SiC), which have negative and positive thermal
expansion coefficients respectively. Although it was difficult to densify the composite of the LAS and
SiC (LAS/SiC) in the sintering process, an addition of nitride improved the sinterability of the
LAS/SiC. In order to examine the effect of the nitride additive, at first, the melting point of the LAS
with silicon nitride (Si3N4) or aluminum nitride was measured by TG-DTA. The melting point of the
LAS decreased with existence of nitride. It is believed that the densification of the LAS/SiC was
promoted by the nitride, because the nitride causes the LAS/SiC to form a liquid phase, thereby
decreasing the melting point. Next, the lattice constant of the LAS with Si3N4 was measured by XRD
and it was verified that the a-axis was longer and the c-axis was shorter than those of the LAS without
additive. It is supposed that this phenomenon is due to the substitution of nitrogen for oxygen in the
LAS lattice, and the decrease of the melting point of the LAS with nitride seems to be influenced by
this substitution of nitrogen.
Synthesis of Nano-Scaled α-Al2O3 Particles by Combustion Spray Pyrolysis
Authors: Jun B.S. , Lee Sang Jin , Messing Gary L.
Published: March 2009

Unagglomerated α-Al2O3 powders of 100 to 200nm were synthesized by combustion spray pyrolysis with droplet filtration. The ignition conditions of the oxidizer and fuel were well elucidated by the calculation of partial equilibrium species and thermal analysis. A metal screen filter with 500 mesh was employed to dilute the number concentration of the sprayed droplets. The Reynold’s number of the aerosol fluid was kept at the value of 1,200 to keep a short residence time and a laminar flow.
Low-Temperature Sintering of α- and β-SiC Powders with AlB2 Additive
Authors: Tanaka Hidehiko , Nishimura Toshiyuki , Hirosaki Naoto , Kishi Y. , Matsuo H. , Ichikawa Y.
Published: March 2009

We sintered α (6H)- and β(3C)-SiC powders using an Al-B-C additive. SiC powders were densified to > 98% of the theoretical density from 1950 to 2150oC with 0.67-2.7 mass % AlB2 and 2.0 mass % C. Sintering temperatures are 150-200 oC lower than the conventional. During sintering, 6H polytype in α-SiC powder was partly transformed to 4H. α-SiC powder grew moderately into plate-shaped grains. β-/SiC powder was completely transformed to 6H and subsequently 4H with large grain growth. Low-temperature sintering enabled us to use hot isostatic pressing resulting in pore-free SiC materials.
Characteristics of Machining Damage and Their Influence on Strength in Alumina Ceramics System
Authors: Tanaka Satoshi , Sato Kazuyoshi , Yonetani S. , Nakamura Tsuyoshi , Uematsu Keizo
Published: March 2009

Machining damage and its influence on strength was examined for alumina ceramics with
various grain sizes, which were prepared by dry-pressing method with spray-dried granules, followed
by sintering at 1350-1550°C for 2-27 hours. Grain sizes of the sintered bodies were 1-6μm. After
machining at the same grinding force, specimens were placed in an alcohol solution of fluorescent dye
and dried. The fracture strength was measured by 4 point bending. The machining flaws in the
specimens were observed with a confocal scanning laser fluorescence microscope. Machining flaws
appeared continuous, wide and deep in the specimen with small grain size, and discontinuous with
large size. On ground surfaces, intra-grain fracture appeared on the surface, whereas inter-grain
fracture dominates. The continuous, wide and deep flaws were attributed to the dissipation of stored
energy associated with the cracks propagation. The result suggested that the stored energy on the
machining process increased with decreasing grain size. The strength of the specimen with 1 μm
grain size reduced from 500MPa to 250 MPa with machining damage. The strength depended
remarkably on the depth of the machining damage.
Tribological Properties and Thermal Conductivity of Si3 N4 / Si3N4-BN Alternate Layered Composites
Authors: Hirao T. , Hirao Kiyoshi , Yamauchi Yukihiko
Published: March 2009

Alternate layered composites of Si3N4 layers and layers of Si3N4 with 20 vol% of hBN (Si3N4-BN
layers) were fabricated and their tribological properties and thermal conductivities were evaluated.
The layered composites were fabricated by alternate stacking of a monolithic Si3N4 layer and a
Si3N4-BN layer in the form of a green sheet, followed by hot-pressing or annealing. For comparison,
Si3N4 and Si3N4 with 10% hBN were fabricated by hot-pressing powder mixtures. Tribological
properties were evaluated on the side plane of the composites by a block-on-ring test method under
a dry sliding condition and thermal conductivities were evaluated. The layered composites were
found to have lower friction coefficients and higher wear resistance than to simple composites.
Moreover, for the layered composite with an aligned β-Si3N4, the friction coefficient on the plane
composed of faceted hexagonal grains was lower. The layered composite with an aligned β-Si3N4 in
the Si3N4 layer, fabricated by annealing for 72 h indicated both a low friction coefficient (0.28) and
high thermal conductivity (130 W/mK).
Adhesive and Wear Properties of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) Thin Films Deposited by RF Magnetron Sputter
Authors: Kim Yong Nam , Jeon Min Seok , Shin Min Chul , Lee Sang Mok , Lee Hee Soo
Published: March 2009

The adhesive and wear properties of ITO thin film have been investigated using the scratch and wear
tests. ITO thin film was fabricated on glass substrate using RF magnetron sputter and strip lines were
formed by selective etching. In the scratch test, the normal load on WC micro-blade was increased
and kept constant as it was drawn over the films. In the wear test, sapphire, SUS and WC balls slided
repeatedly on the films with the constant normal load. During the scratch and wear, the ESR and the
acoustic signal were monitored and recorded. In order to study the adhesive and wear properties of
ITO thin films, it was desirable to use the ESR rather than the acoustic signal. From the change in the
ESR, it was possible to measure the critical load to cut through ITO film completely and the critical
number of sliding to wear ITO film completely.
Tribological Properties of TiN/DLC Nanocomposite Coatings
Authors: Yang Won Jae , Sekino Tohru , Yoon Jong Won , Shim Kwang Bo , Niihara Koichi , Auh Keun Ho
Published: March 2009

The TiN/DLC nanocomposite coatings were grown on Si wafers using Ar/CH4/TDMAT (Ti[(CH3)2N]4N2) gas mixtures by r.f. plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The sliding friction tests were carried out using a ball-on-flat type tribometer. The different test parameters such as applied loads, counterpart materials and environment were applied to understand the tribological behavior in terms of friction and wear. The coatings provided a low friction coefficient and high wear resistance depending on the friction test conditions.
Characteristic Evaluation of High Corrosion Resistant Ti/ (Pt + B2O3) Electrode with New Microstructure of Coat
Authors: Ju Dong Ying , Koga S. , Bian Pei , Mitamura T.
Published: March 2009

In order to improve the durability of Pt coated Ti electrodes as an anode of the sulfuric acid system electrolysis, tantalum oxide (Ta2O5) additions have been used widely. However that is not enough for uses under severe conditions. In this study,boric acid (H3BO3) was added into the Pt coating during manufacturing process of Ti/Pt-coated electrodes, and the (Pt + B2O3)/Ti electrodes were obtained. The effect of H3BO3 addition on the microstructure, surface area, and lifetime of (Pt + B2O3)/Ti electrodes was also investigated in detail. Commercially available titanium plates (10 100.5mm) were employed for prepare Ti/ (Pt + B2O3) electrodes, where it was confirmed by XRD that B2O3 formed by heating the boric acid was amorphous in the temperature range of 250 to 550. The coating solution of 2 μl of H2PtCl66H2O (Pt:50 g/l) dissolved in butanol and 5~20 mass% H3BO3 mixture was spread over the etched Ti plates. After drying at 70 for 30 min, the substances were heated at 250 to 550 for 10 min. The lifetime of the electrodes was examined by a direct current of 1 A using Pt plate as the counter electrode in 1 M H2SO4 solution at 40. The end of life was determined as the time when the cell voltage changed 2 times of the beginning.
Effect of Reactive Filler Addition for Matrix of SiC Fiber/SiC Composite
Authors: Inoue Takahiro , Suzuki Masato , Tanaka Takahiro , Sodeoka Satoshi
Published: March 2009

Polymer impregnation pyrolysis method (PIP method) has some advantages to fabricate
SiC fiber /SiC composite with large or complex form. However polymer derived SiC contains
some amount of excess carbon and porosity. In particular the excess carbon is easy to be oxidized
in air at high temperature. Therefore reliability of the composite is not sufficient for long term use,
because the oxidized matrix makes strong bonding between the fiber and the matrix. In this study,
TiO2 as a reactive filler was added into polymer to consume the excess carbon by chemical reaction.
Polycarbosilane (PCS) was used as a precursor polymer to synthesize a SiC matrix. It was
confirmed that TiO2 was formed TiC on reaction with PCS over 1673 K by preliminary study. SiC
fiber, Hi-Nicalon®, was used as reinforcement. Al2O3 powder was coated on surface of SiC fiber
as interface layer of fiber/matrix. TiO2 added PCS/hexane solution was compounded with the
fiber tow by filament winding. SiC fiber/SiC composite was synthesized at 1673 K for 3.6 ks in
Ar. The composite was densified by reinfiltration of TiO2 added PCS solution and pyrolysis at
1673 K. Though densification behavior of the composite with TiO2 is slower than composite
without TiO2, it was suggested that composition of synthesized SiC is close to stoichiometric one by
apparent density. Fracture behavior of the composite indicated that addition of TiO2 was increase
bonding strength between fiber and matrix. Bending strength of composite was increased after
oxidation test at 1473 K for 360 ks in air atmosphere.
Deposition Behavior of YSZ Nano-Coating Layer by EB-PVD
Authors: Shin Tae Ho , Yu Ji Heang , Lee Shi Woo , Han In Sub , Woo Sang Kuk , Jang Byung Koog , Hyun Sang Hoon
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the work on the development of ceramic coating processing.
Nano-structured zirconia coating has been developed with functions; substrate temperature and
oxygen gas change in chamber by electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD). The
microstructure of the coating layer has been characterized with FE-SEM, and SEM. The crystalline
phase of the coating layer has been also characterized with XRD. The zirconia coating by EB-PVD
had not monoclinic zirconia phase as shown in XRD pattern and Raman spectra and the thickness of
coating were quite homogeneous. The fracture microstructure of the coating layer for a thickness of
~15 μm showed columnar or non-columnar structure and had nano-structure with nano scaled grain as
shown in micrograph by FE-SEM.
The Effects of Nitrogen and Annealing on the Electrical Property of the Diamond-Like Carbon (DLC) Films
Authors: Choi Bong Geun , Kim Jae Kwang , Yang Won Jae , Niihara Koichi , Yoon Jong Won , Shim Kwang Bo
Published: March 2009

The nitrogenated diamond-like carbon films (a-C:H:N) were deposited on Si-wafer by
the rf-PECVD method with the addition of nitrogen to the mixture gas of methane and hydrogen.
We were investigating the effect of the additive nitrogen gases and annealing in relationship
between bonding structure and electrical properties of the deposited films. The electrical
conductivity of films increased with the flow rate of nitrogen increasing up to 10 sccm. Also as
annealing temperature was increased, the electrical conductivity of films increased. The structure
analysis results show that an increase of the flow rate of nitrogen and annealing temperature favor
the formation of sp2 bonding in the films. Therefore, we confirmed that the increase of the electrical
conductivity is due to structure change by graphitization of the films.
Properties and Microstructure of Mullite-Based Iron Nanocomposite
Authors: Wang Hao , Sekino Tohru , Kusunose Takafumi , Nakayama Tadachika , Niihara Koichi
Published: March 2009

Mullite-based iron nanocomposites were prepared by the reduction of a mullite-iron
oxide solid solution and successive hot pressing. The solid solution was obtained from the heat
treatment of diphasic gel by sol-gel method. Some of the α-iron nanoparticles have an intra-granular
structure just after reduction. Mechanical properties are strongly affected by the content of iron.
Low iron content is beneficial to strengthening while high iron content can improve the fracture
toughness. Furthermore, the nanocomposites also behave ferromagnetic properties at room
temperature.
Fabrication and Properties of Machinable AlN-BN Ceramic Nanocomposites
Authors: Jin Hai Yun , Wang Wen , Gao Ji Qiang , Qiao Guan Jun , Jin Zhi Hao
Published: March 2009

The AlN/h-BN nanocomposite powders were synthesized through the reaction of AlN
powder, boric acid (H3BO3) and urea (CO(NH2)2) in a nitrogen atmosphere, and the machinable
AlN/BN ceramic nanocomposite s were fabricated by hot-pressing in N2 atmosphere. The existing
and distribution of h-BN phase are revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), TEM and SEM. For the
existing of weak interface between h-BN and AlN grains, the machinability of AlN/BN composites is
improved obviously. For the finer microstructures, the mechanical properties and the machinability of
the composites with micrometer sized AlN coated with nano-sized BN are better than the AlN/h-BN
composite of mechanical mixing type.
Preparation and Properties of Porous Alumina Ceramics with Oriented Pores
Authors: Isobe Toshihiro , Kameshima Yoshikazu , Nakajima Akira , Okada Kiyoshi
Published: March 2009

Porous alumina ceramics with unidirectionally oriented pores were prepared by an
extrusion method. Pastes for extrusion were prepared by mixing alumina powder with nylon 66 fibers
(av. 19 μm in diameter), together with dispersants and binders. The resulting pastes were extruded,
dried at room temperature, freed from the binder at 600 °C and fired at 1500 °C for 2 h. The pore size
distribution of the samples showed pores of 16 μm diameter, in good agreement with the original
nylon 66 fibers. The pore size observed from SEM photographs of the sintered body was 16 μm
corresponding to the burnt-out nylon 66 fibers. A very high degree of cylindrical pore orientation was
seen in the SEM micrographs of the samples. The orientation increases with decreasing fiber loading.
Fabrication and Characteristic of Porous Alumina Developed with SiC Nano-Fiber or Nano-Whisker
Authors: Je Sung Jae , Kim Jae Won , Jung Yeon Gil , Paik Ung Yu
Published: March 2009

Porous alumina green bodies were fabricated by a gel-casting method, for which the
slurries of alumina (AKP-30) and PMMA (polymethylmetacrylate) bead were mixed and dispersed at
1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4 volume ratios. PMMA bead as precursor of carbon source was used for growing
SiC nano-fiber or nano-whisker during a VLS (vapor-liquid-solid) reaction at 1450°C for 9hrs.
PMMA beads are converted to carbon particles after calcination at 1300°C for 9hrs in static argon
(Ar) atmosphere. Finally, carbon particles remain in pores of alumina bodies connected by continuous
pore channels. Fe solution was infiltrated into the porous alumina bodies, which are absorbed on the
carbon particles in pores. Fe precursor functions as a seed to develop the SiC nano-fiber or
nano-whisker in the porous alumina bodies. The liquid droplets formed at the end of the SiC fiber or
whisker are evident for the typical VLS mechanism. The microstructure of the SiC fiber or whisker
grown by the VLS reaction was observed by SEM. The porosity was measured by mercury
porosimeter. The formation behavior of SiC fiber or whisker is dependent on volume ratio of carbon
converted from PMMA bead.
Synthesis and Application of Nano Porous La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ on an Oxygen Separation Membrane
Authors: Lee K.J. , Park Jong Wan , Yang Jae Kyo , Lee Kee Sung , Choa Yong Ho
Published: March 2009

As the oxygen permeation flux of La0.7Sr0.3Ga0.6Fe0.4O3-δ (LSGF) membranes is lower than
commercial membranes, we coated the nano porous La0.6Sr0.4CoO3-δ (LSC) particles to enhance the
oxygen permeation flux. The nano porous LSC particles were synthesized in an advanced process to
increase the volume fraction of nano pores by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis. The synthesized LSC
particles consisted of nano sized primary particles and pores. They also had remarkably high surface
area (22 m2/g). It was found that the LSGF membrane coated by the nano porous LSC resulted in
significant improvement in the oxygen permeability.
Preparation of Porous Hydroxyapatite Using Extrusion of PAN
Authors: Ohta Mitsuhiko , Tajika Masahiko , Nakahira Atsushi
Published: March 2009

In this study, porous hydroxyapatite (HAp) bodies were prepared by the simple process. We fabricated porous fibers consisting of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and HAp by an extrusion method of the mixture of PAN and HAp in dimethylformamide (DMF) solution. Fibers obtained by this extrusion method were chopped and molded. Subsequently, these compactions from chopped fibers consisting of HAp and PAN were sintered at various temperatures in air atmosphere. The sintered HAp bodies had high porosity and a number of pores with diameter some hundreds μm. These porous HAp bodies can be used as a scaffold in the body.
Formation of Hydroxyapatite from Mechanochemically Treated β-Tricalcium Bis (Orthophosphate)
Authors: Kaneno Motoki , Sakamoto Kiyoko , Yamaguchi Shunro , Suganuma Katsuaki
Published: March 2009

β-tricalcium bis (orthophosphate) [Ca3(PO4)2] (β-TCP) was mechanochemically treated
with mortar grinder. The ground β-TCP was hydrolyzed in an aqueous ammonium solution
(pH=11.0) at 90 to give Ca-deficient HAp involving small amount of CO3
2- ions. With an
increase in grinding time of β-TCP, it was hydrolyzed easily. Well-crystalline Ca-deficient HAp was
obtained after grinding of β-TCP for 7 hours and the successive hydrolysis.
Photocatalytic Activity of Titania and Zirconia-Doped Titania Nanocrystals Prepared by Surfactant-Assisted Templating Method
Authors: Sakulkhaemaruethai Singto , Suzuki Yoshikazu , Yoshikawa Susumu
Published: March 2009

The photocatalytic activity of undoped and ZrO2-doped titania nanocrystals, prepared by
a surfactant-assisted templating method (SATM), was investigated based on the formation of
tri-iodide (I3
-) species in titania suspension in KI solution under UV-irradiation. Optimum dopant
concentration was found to be 0.5mol% ZrO2-doping in titania. The effects of dopant concentrations
and gelation conditions (gelation at 80oC, and gelation under hydrothermal treatment) on the
photocatalytic activity of the synthesized titania-based nanocrystals are also presented.
Synthesis of Solution-Combusted ZnO Nanopowder and Its Application to Gold Recovery
Authors: Park Sung , Lee Jae Chun , Seo Jung Uk , Lee Ju Hyeon , Kim Hee Joon
Published: March 2009

Photocatlytic ZnO nanopowders were synthesized by a novel method referred to as
“solution-combustion method (SCM)”. They were synthesized using various oxidants and fuels.
Single-phase ZnO powders were obtained. The ZnO powder synthesized using Zn(OH)2 and glycine
as an oxidant and a fuel at fuel/oxidant ratio of 0.8, showed best powder characteristics such as
average grain size of 30 nm and the specific surface area of 120 m2/g. The photocatalytic gold
recovery efficiency by this SCM ZnO nanopowders was about 6 fold higher compared to the case by
the state of the art commercial TiO2 nanopowders. The purity of recovered gold was about 99.6% in
weight% and 98.8% in atomic%. Especially, in this study it was tried to recover gold metal ions from
not simulated wastewater but real plating one. This technology is therefore very viable and
cost-effective to obtain high purity gold from plating wastewater.
Extraction of Crystal Structures Based on Euclidean Voronoi Diagram and Angle Distributions among Atoms
Authors: Kim Deok Soo , Chung Yong Chae , Seo Sang Won , Kim Sang Pil , Kim Chong Min
Published: March 2009

The structural configurations of atom constituting materials are one of the fundamental factors in the study of physical properties of materials. Presented in this paper is a mathematical and computational methodology to efficiently classify a given atomic structure of an arbitrary material into groups of atoms in BCC, FCC, and HCP crystal structures. The approach is based on the angle distributions among neighboring atoms efficiently identified by a computational geometry technique called Voronoi diagram. In this paper, the presented mathematical theory was applied to analyze a multi-layer atomic structure in a geometric perspective so that a best condition for thin film growth can be found.
Damping Behaviors of the Commercially Pure Al Prepared by ECAP
Authors: Wang Jin Cheng , Zhang Zhong Ming , Yang Gen Cang
Published: March 2009

Experiments have been carried out to investigate the damping behaviors of commercially pure
aluminum (L2) prepared by equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP). The damping characterization was
conducted on a DMTA-V apparatus. The internal friction was measured at frequencies of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 4.0 and
8.0 Hz over the temperature range of 20~150°C. The measured damping capacity shows that ultra-fine grained
structure pure Al (L2) prepared by ECAP has a damping capacity that is enhanced in comparison with coarse
one, especially when the temperature is higher than 60°C. The dependence of the damping capacity at room
temperature on the strain amplitude shows a nonlinear characteristic, and increases rapidly with the strain
amplitude (0) when 0 is comparatively low. While the strain amplitude is higher than certain value, the
damping capacity will become saturated slowly. The high damping capacity of the pure Al prepared by ECAP
was attributed to the high density of dislocations and ultra-fine grained structure.
Hydrogen-Induced Damping Peak Temperatures in Bulk Metallic Glasses
Authors: Sinning H.R.
Published: March 2009

Measurements of the H-induced damping peak in Zr-based multi-component metallic glasses, with different tendency to quasicrystal formation, are added to previous reviews of the properties of this damping peak in metallic glasses, and also compared to Ti-Zr-Ni quasicrystals. The results, mainly discussed in terms of a Snoek-type relaxation mechanism for both structure types, indicate a negative correlation between the degree of icosahedral order and the temperature of the damping peak, so that improved damping properties of hydrogen-absorbing bulk metallic glasses can apparently be expected from stronger deviations from icosahedral short-range order.
Suppression of Martensitic Phase Transformation, Shape Memory and High Damping by Ion Implantation in Ni-Ti Thin Films
Authors: Gotthardt Rolf
Published: March 2009

The shape memory effect and the high damping in shape memory alloys are based on the martensitic phase transformation, which takes place essentially without diffusion and any change of order have an influence on its side effects: the memory effect, the superelasticity and the high damping capacity of the martensitic phase. A new method to control the performance of shape memory alloys is presented, which is based on selective modification of specified parts of working components. In this research, ion irradiation has been used to introduce locally disorder into a crystal or even amorphise it. A pre-deformed Ni-Ti, 6μm thin film in its martensitic state has been irradiated with Ni-ions of energy of 5 MeV up to a dose of 1016 ions/cm2. By this treatment, a 2μm thin surface layer has been finally transformed into an amorphous state, in which the martensitic transformation is suppressed. During heating the underlying non-modified layer is contracting and an out-of-plane movement is observed. The amorphous layer is elastically deformed and its energy is used during cooling to bring the film in its original shape. In this way, a reversible movement of the film is created. This new technique not only allows us to design new types of micro-actuators, but also to influence locally the high damping, which can be of great importance for micro-engineering applications.
Application of High-Damping Alloy M2052
Authors: Kawahara Kohji
Published: March 2009

Although the high damping alloy M2052, which has been developed 10 years go,
possesses both of very high damping capacity and excellent workability, it has been used only in the
field of an audio/video field. If this alloy will be produced by combining high-quality raw material
and optimum manufacturing processes, the damping capacity of 0.72 in logarithmic decrement that
is near to that of rubber can be yielded. In addition, since workability is very excellent, the sizes and
shapes of parts required for anti-vibration measures can be easily supplied, thus being able to satisfy
to create all sorts of items necessary for the design of the measures.
In this paper, we show how to use this alloy and some examples of application: a multi-axis
with non-rotating grinding machine, bearing and boring machines, a surface grinder, coiled springs,
and an installation mount.
Many of excellent effects of damping provided by the applications such as an insert, a carpet,
and a variety of new ideas to decrease a spring constant of parts suggest possibility to solve the hard
problem which was not solved by rubber.
Internal Friction of Fe-Mn-Si-Based Shape Memory Alloys Containing Nb and C and Their Application as a Seismic Damping Material
Authors: Sawaguchi Takahiro , Kikuchi Takehiko , Ogawa Kazuyuki , Yin Fu Xing , Kajiwara Setsuo , Kushibe Atsumichi , Ogawa Takatoshi
Published: March 2009

The damping behavior of an Fe-28Mn-6Si-5Cr-0.5NbC (mass%) shape memory alloy
was measured by low cycle fatigue tests during tension-compression loadings. A remarkable
damping capacity was observed above the strain amplitude of 0.1%, and the specific damping
capacity (SDC) parameter reached saturation at ~ 80% above 0.4%. The reversible motion of the γ/ε
interfaces is considered to dominate the cyclic deformation behavior, while the work hardening
during tension-compression loading is negligible. These characteristics are favorable for seismic
damping devices that protect civil structures from earthquakes.
Preparation of Lead-Free Multi-Layered Piezoelectric Actuator
Authors: Futakuchi Tomoaki , Kakuda Tatsunori , Sakai Yuichi , Adachi Masatoshi
Published: March 2009

[BaO]m(Ti0.975Zr0.025)O2 ceramics with Ni electrodes were prepared by a firing in N2 atmosphere. The dielectric,
ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties were examined in terms of the composition. The remanent polarization of
9.5μC/cm2 was obtained for m=1.01 by the addition of 0.5wt% SiO2. The longitudinal piezoelectric constant d33
calculated from a unipolar signal (8kV/cm,10Hz) was 430pC/N. Lead-free multi-layered piezoelectric actuators were
fabricated using this material by the tape casting, screen-printing of Ni electrodes, laminating under heat and pressure, and
firing in N2 atmosphere. The displacement of the actuator with 75μm x 9 active piezoelectric layers was 0.17μm at an
applied voltage of 75V and a frequency of 10Hz.
Morphological Design of Zinc Oxide Films Grown in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yahiro Junko , Imai Hiroaki
Published: March 2009

The morphology of wurtzite-type zinc oxide (ZnO) grown from an aqueous solution was
successfully controlled by addition of phosphate ions and various organic molecules having carboxy
groups. Basically, array of hexagonal needles with a diameter of 50–100 nm was grown on a
substrate in the absence of the additives. Hexagonal plates were perpendicularly arranged on the
substrate by the adsorption of citric, tartaric and maleic acids. The presence of phosphate ions
induced an open cellular structures consisting of zinc oxide nanosheets. Densely packed columns
and bundles consisting of nanoscale fibrous crystals were produced by the addition of bulky dye
molecules, such as phenolphthalein. The influence of the dye molecules depended on pH of the
solution. The morphological variation of ZnO films was ascribed to the selective adsorption of the
anionic species on the basal and prism planes of the wurtzite structure.
Evaluation of Characteristics of Composite Electromagnetic Wave Absorbers
Authors: Sakai Kenji , Hiraki Kiyohiro , Kusunoki Hiroki , Kondo Takatoshi , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: March 2009

It is found through simulation that composite electromagnetic wave absorbers made of Ni-Zn ferrite
and SiO2 particles, which are isolated in the continuous medium of Ni-Zn ferrite, show good
absorption. In particular, absorbers show absorption in the frequency regions both below and above
1 GHz for the mixing ratio of SiO2 of 80 mol%. To simulate the complex permeability of the
composite materials, we considered some arrangements of SiO2 in the Ni-Zn ferrite medium.
Measured values of complex permeability are close to simulated ones above 1 GHz.
High-Rate Charge-Discharge Performance of Composite Materials of β-FeOOH Particles and Carbon Powder Prepared in the Presence of Ti(IV) Ions
Authors: Morimoto Hideyuki , Takeno Kazuhiko , Uozumi Yuuki , Sugimoto Kenichi , Tobishima Shinichi
Published: March 2009

Composite materials of β-FeOOH particles and carbon powder were prepared by hydrolyzing of
FeCl3+Ti(SO4)2 (aq.) in which carbon powder was dispersed. β-FeOOH formed in the presence of
Ti(IV) ions became amorphous and/or low crystallinity. The composite materials prepared in the
presence of Ti(IV) ions worked as lithium intercalation electrodes in nonaqueous electrolytes including
lithium ions. The electrodes exhibited a good cycle performance at large charge-discharge current
density over 5 mA cm-2 ( 4 A g-1 per weight of active material). The composite materials are one of the
promising candidates as electrode materials for energy storage devices, such as hybrid electrochemical
supercapacitor, that require high-power operations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 Nano-Particle by Aerosol Plasma Pyrolysis
Authors: Myoujin Kenichi , Ogihara Takashi , Ogata Nobuo , Nakane Koji , Kodera Takayuki , Omura Suetaka , Uede Masao , Higeta Kazuya
Published: March 2009

Spherical LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 precursor powders were synthesized by aerosol plasma pyrolysis using aqueous solution of metal nitrate. XRD, SEM, TEM and BET analysis were used for determi- nation of the composition, morphology, particle size and surface area. SEM observation showed that the size of as-prepared particles were about 200 nm. The value of geometrical standard deviation (σg) calculated from the particle size distribution was 1.20, suggesting that the particle size distribution was narrow. The crystal phase of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 was resulted in layered rock salt structure with R3m space group. The rechargeable capacity of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 was about 142-175 mAh/g. The discharge capacity of LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 decreased with increasing cycle number. However, the cycling stability of Li(Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3)O2 powders that aerosol plasma pyrolysis process offered superior performance to ultrasonic spray pyrolysis process.
Electrical Properties of Perovskite-Based Ferroelectric Thin Films Modified Using Rare-Earth Elements
Authors: Uchida Hiroshi , Nakaki Hiroshi , Funakubo Hiroshi , Koda Seiichiro
Published: March 2009

The electrical properties of perovskite-based ferroelectric films were improved by ion modification using rare-earth cations. Thin films of rare-earth-modified lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3] were fabricated on (111)Pt/Ti/SiO2/(100)Si substrates by a chemical solution deposition technique. The substitution of volatile cations in the simple-perovskite oxides, such as Pb2+ in Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films, enhanced the insulating properties of the film. The crystal anisotropy of the Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 film could be controlled by varying the species and the amount of replacing cations to enhance the spontaneous polarization. Thus, ion modification using Dy3+ cation could enhance the remanent polarization of Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 film consequently.
Photovoltaic Effect with the Structural Control and its Application to the Optical Sensor
Authors: Ichiki Masaaki , Furue Harumi , Kobayashi Takeshi , Morikawa Yasushi , Nonaka Kazuhiro , Maeda Ryutaro
Published: March 2009

Photovoltaic lead lanthanum zirconate titanate films in a layered structure of different crystallographic orientations are fabricated by an optimized metalorganic deposition method. Such films of (001) orientation exhibit a photovoltaic electrical power of approximately 20 times higher than that of random films. The anisotropic optical properties of the oriented films, including dark conductivity, photoconductivity and photovoltaic tensor surfaces, are obtained quantitatively. These results show that the photovoltaic output current and power of the oriented films are highly improved to be equal to those of semiconductors and suitable for application in the optical sensor of micro-electro-mechanical systems.
Fabrication and Application of MoSi2 Thin Film Electric Heaters
Authors: Itoh Yuki , Wakisaka Kenichi , Satoh Masashi , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: March 2009

Thin-film heaters made of molybdenum silicide (MoSi2) were fabricated by RF magnetron
sputtering, and the heating characteristics of these heaters in a high vacuum were evaluated. The
crystal structure of thin-film was hexagonal contrary to the tetragonal one of the target. MoSi2
thin-film heaters deposited outside an alumina crucible showed almost linear resistance-temperature
(R-T ) characteristics. However, resistance decreased due to repeated heatings. The heaters
generated almost no contamination in vacuum. The temperature of the crucible reached 1000°C at
an electric power of 190 W.
Suppressing Technique of the Antisymmetric Mode by the Superposition of Lamb Waves Generated by Two Laser Beams in a Thin Plate
Authors: Lee Seung Seok , Dho Sang Whoe
Published: March 2009

We present a suppressing technique of the antisymmetric mode by superposition of Lamb
waves generated by two laser beams in a thin plate. Two Lamb waves of the same frequency
propagating from the opposite direction simultaneously arrive at the point of measurement and are
superposed to compose one Lamb wave. The amplitude of the superposed Lamb wave depends on the
distance between two laser beams. The suppressing of antisymmetric Lamb wave mode is
accomplished by selecting the distance between two beams which simultaneously satisfies the
condition of the anti-node(maximum) for the symmetric mode and the minimum for the
antisymmetric mode. By this method, the antisymmetric Lamb wave mode is suppressed to the degree
of 1.4% of the amplitude measured at zero distance between two beams.
Label-Free DNA Detection Using a Near-Field Microwave
Authors: Lee Kie Jin , Babajayan Arsen , Kim Song Hui
Published: March 2009

A near-field scanning microwave microscope (NSMM) is used to study the physical properties of DNA strands with a specific sequence and image lamda-DNA bundles. After the hybridization process between target and capture sequences, specific DNA binding events leads to microwave reflection coefficient (S11) changes of the NSMM. These changes are caused by a modification of the physical dielectric constant due to sequence specific DNA binding. This study demonstrates significant potential of the NSMM as a nondestructive and noncontact tool to detect DNA strands without a target-probe amplification process and as a valuable technique to understand the physical property of DNA.
Glucose Biosensing Using a Near-Field Microwave Microprobe
Authors: Babajayan Arsen , Kim Jong Chul , Kim Song Hui , Friedman Barry , Lee Kie Jin
Published: March 2009

We observed the glucose concentration of solutions using a near-field microwave
microprobe (NFMM). Instead of the usual invasive technique, we take the advantage of the
noncontact and noninvasive evaluation capabilities of an NFMM. The NFMM with a high Q
dielectric resonator allows observation of small variations of the permittivity due to changes in the
glucose concentration. By measuring the reflection coefficient we could observe the concentration of
glucose with a detectable resolution to 0.5 mg/ml (0.05 %). The glucose biosensor using a NFMM
provides an unique approach for glucose monitoring for diabetes.
Measurment of Strain Generated Potential Near Bone and Implant Interface for Assessment of Osseointegration
Authors: Hong Jung Hwa , Park Young Hwan , Ko Sang Ok , Lee Soon Hyuck , Khang Gon
Published: March 2009

In this study, a minimally invasive assessment using bone strain generated potential (SGP)
was developed to examine the amount of osseointegration (OI) at bone-implant interface. SGP is
generated by interstitial fluid flow in porous bone structure. Four experimental white New Zealand
rabbits underwent pure titanium implant insertion surgery to tibia after amputation. After surgery, two
animals were kept in small cages with minimal movement (Group 1). In contrast, the other rabbits
were kept in a large cage that was large enough for jumping and walking (Group 2). At the end of the
5 weeks, all experimental animals were euthanized and the amputated tibia-implants were harvested.
Then, a quasi-static force was applied to a bone site near the bone-implant interface for each
tibia-implant specimen. Also, SGPs were measured near the interface using needle or probe
electrodes. After the measurements, digital radiographs were taken to check the amount of OI for the
interfaces. Full OI was observed for animals in Group 1. However, incomplete OI was found for
animals in Group 2. Also, significant difference was found for mean SGP values between Group 1
and 2. The results could imply that SGP could be used as a minimally invasive assessment method to
check the OI at the bone-implant interface.
Development of a Portable and Wireless Surface EMG
Authors: Lee Sang Sik , Shin Ki Young , Mun Joung H.
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to develop a portable, wireless surface EMG of a
noninvasive type. The limitations of the existing system include its large size and the necessity of a
wire. Therefore, this study focused on the development of a portable and wireless type of EMG. The
developed EMG, which has 10 channels, is composed of an electrode for the measurement of the
EMG signal, a preamplifier for initial processing, a second amplifier, an A/D converter, and a
Bluetooth module for wireless communication. The communication of the developed EMG used a
UART (Universal Asynchronous serial Receiver and Transmitter) and Bluetooth protocols. The rate
of serial communication was set to 723kbps. This system is able to obtain 2,000 Hz in each channel.
The data transfer success rate of the developed EMG is 100%.
A Study on the External and Internal Morphology of the Mandibular First Premolar Using a Micro-CT
Authors: Chun Keyoung Jin , Li Ho Jung
Published: March 2009

Mandibular first premolars in superlative state were scanned by a Micro-CT. Data were
obtained from the scanned 2-D images, and reconstructed into 3-D models for FEA, at which point
stress distribution of the inner and outer part of the tooth were shown. It was found that when
compared with the teeth data used as a standard by G. V. Black, the aspect of the external morphology
of the teeth is comparatively small regardless of gender. Also, differences exist between the
Micro-CT data and G. V. Black’s data. This study also presents the internal morphological data that
was not shown in G. V. Black’s data. The dentin size is larger than the enamel size in both males and
females in the case of the internal morphological data. It is found that the stress was concentrated on
the cervical line, and the stress varied around the boundary between dentin and enamel within the
teeth. It is also revealed that the stress varied at the boundary surface between dentin and pulp.
The results using a Micro-CT and stress analysis may reveal the cause of the abfraction, and bring up
a guideline for endodontic treatment.
Volume Measurement by Using Helmholtz Acoustic Resonance for Porous Produce and Foods -- Real-Time Measurement of Bread Dough Volume in Fermentation Process --
Authors: Nishizu Takahisa , Kawada Shozo
Published: March 2009

The changes in the Helmholtz resonant frequency and acoustic absorption during the rise
of bread dough were investigated. The dough volume predicted by using the Helmholtz resonant
frequency increased in the fermentation process; however, it was below the true volume. The
apparent acoustic absorption coefficients determined by sound intensities increased when the bread
dough rose. The acoustic absorption caused by the pores in the dough might decrease the resonant
frequency. The increase in the dough volume should change the shape of a part of the power
spectrum curve besides the spectrum peak. In order to detect such a small change, the difference
spectrum between two spectra obtained at intervals of 1365.34 ms was used. The values predicted
based on the frequency of the zero crossover point, such as the isosbestic point, agreed with the
dough volume.
Out-of-Plane Micro-ESPI System for Measurement of Mechanical Properties of Film Materials
Authors: Kim Dong Iel , Huh Yong Hak , Kee Chang Doo
Published: March 2009

To measure the micro-mechanical properties for micro/nano materials, out-of-plane ESPI system and micro-strip bend testing system were developed. For the bending system, PZT actuator was controlled with the stroke resolution of 0.6 nm and out-of-plane ESPI system was developed in compact and portable type. To quantitatively analyze the out-of-plane ESPI fringe patterns, 4-bucket technique was used and unwrapped phase map was obtained. Electrolytic copper foil with the thickness of 18 μm was used for preparation of the strip bend specimen with length of 8 mm and three different widths of 2, 3 and 5 mm. The strip bending tests showed that the out-of-plane deflection in the bend specimen was measured with a maximum of 8 % in error. Furthermore, from the experiment, the variation of the deflection along the supporting span could be determined and significant region was linear.