bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Increasing CACREP's Name Recognition: The Effect of Written Correspondence on Site Supervisors' Awareness Level
Authors: La Fountain Rebecca M. , Baer Elizabeth C.
Published: December 2011

This article describes a simple yet significant change that 1 counseling department made in their correspondence with site supervisors as a first step in educating their communities about the significance of CACREP accreditation. The results indicate a statistically significant positive relationship between the changes that were made and recognition of CACREP, both in identification and purpose, among the 52 site supervisors who participated in the study. The implications of these findings and additional ways to promote the CACREP credential are discussed.
Cultural Mistrust, Ethnic Identity, Racial Identity, and Self‐Esteem Among Ethnically Diverse Black University Students
Authors: Phelps Rosemary E. , Taylor Janice D. , Gerard Phyllis A.
Published: December 2011

Cultural mistrust, ethnic identity, racial identity, and self‐esteem were examined among African (n = 26), African American (n = 110), and West Indian/Caribbean (n = 24) university students. African American students' scores were statistically different from those of African and West Indian/Caribbean students on cultural mistrust, racial identity, and ethnic identity measures. There were no statistically significant differences on self‐esteem among the 3 groups. Results did indicate that cultural mistrust, ethnic identity, and racial identity accounted for 37% of the variance in self‐esteem for African American students. Implications for practice and future research directions are discussed.
Clinical Judgment in Case Conceptualization and Treatment Planning Across Mental Health Disciplines
Authors: Falvey Janet E.
Published: December 2011

This study compared clinical judgment on case conceptualization and treatment planning (TP) tasks among psychologists, mental health counselors, and social workers using Clinical Treatment Planning Simulations depicting anxiety and affective disorders. Orientation and work setting did not significantly influence judgment; experience exerted a “modest” curvilinear effect Mental health counselors scored higher than social workers and similar to psychologists on both tasks. The best predictors of TP scores for the anxiety disorder were interventions addressing stress management and family dynamics; strong predictors for the affective disorder included focus on family dynamics and the therapeutic relationship. Implications of findings for training are discussed.
Memory Development in Children: Implications for Children as Witnesses in Situations of Possible Abuse
Authors: Alessi Hunter Downing , Ballard Mary B.
Published: December 2011

This article reviews the physiological constructs of memory development as they relate to a child's ability to recall accurately detailed accounts of sexual abuse. Counselors are provided with practical suggestions for increasing the reliability of child witnesses.
Celebrating 50 Years of Service: A Conversation With Mary Thomas Burke
Authors: Nassar‐McMillan Sylvia C.
Published: December 2011

Mary Thomas Burke, known affectionately to many in Charlotte, North Carolina, and the surrounding communities as “Sister,” has devoted over 50 of the past years of her life to service. In this interview, she explores the paths that her service endeavors have followed, the influences and turning points in her life, and shares her insights on achieving balance in service and in life.
Induced Abortion: An Ethical Conundrum for Counselors
Authors: Millner Vaughn S. , Hanks Robert B.
Published: December 2011

Induced abortion is one of the most controversial moral issues in American culture, but counselor value struggles regarding abortion are seldom addressed in counseling literature. This article considers the conflictual nature of the ethical principles of autonomy, fidelity, justice, beneficence, and nonmaleficence as they can occur within the context of the counseling relationship, particularly with clients considering abortion. In addition, the authors present strategies for counselor self‐evaluation, offer recommendations, and provide questions to facilitate ethical decision making.
Mandated Supervision: An Intervention for Disciplined Professionals
Authors: Cobia Debra C. , Pipes Randolph B.
Published: December 2011

Mandated supervision with disciplined mental health professionals is defined and discussed. In the absence of empirical support for supervision in this context, sources of theoretical support are provided. Risks, benefits, and implications for practice for supervisors are also discussed.
One Family at a Time: A Prevention Program for At‐Risk Parents
Authors: Nicholson Bonnie , Anderson Michelle , Fox Robert , Brenner Viktor
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of a psychoeducational parenting program with at‐risk parents of young children. At‐risk was defined as excessive parental use of verbal and corporal punishment combined with low‐income status. All families were seen for 10 weeks, either individually or in very small groups. Results showed that compared with the control group, parents participating in the program significantly decreased their levels of verbal and corporal punishment, anger, stress, and reported child behavior problems; results were maintained at follow‐up. Implications for counselors are provided.
An Ecological View of Attachment Theory: Implications for Counseling
Authors: Marotta Sylvia A.
Published: December 2011

Counselors who take an ecological perspective on family relationships may be more effective in their consultation, prevention, and direct service roles. The author summarizes current research on the nature of parent and child attachments and on the importance of monitoring children's environments. Implications of this research, which represents a unique juxtaposition of attachment theory and parenting practices, are suggested for counselors and counselor educators to consider in their prevention, training, and service efforts.
Expanding Academic and Career Self‐Efficacy: A Family Systems Framework
Authors: Hall Alex S.
Published: December 2011

This article presents 2 theories useful to school counselors: self‐efficacy and family systems. The author advocates the use of a family‐sensitive model when counseling individuals that recognizes and respects the individual's membership in a family culture. Self‐efficacy and family systems interventions for academic and career development are demonstrated in the hope that individual identities in relation to family identities will be strengthened so that youth can access family legacies as they consider their academic and career options.
Counselors' Perceptions of Female and Male Clients
Authors: Vogel David L. , Epting Franz , Wester Stephen R.
Published: December 2011

Fifty‐nine client cases were analyzed using a grounded theory approach. Two core categories regarding counselors' perceptions of their clients emerged: (a) counselors' attempts to describe their clients' overall functioning and (b) counselors' descriptions of what counseling and the counseling relationship are like. For female clients, themes of “vulnerability” and “attention to how clients assert themselves” were more pronounced than for male clients. For male clients, themes of “being stuck” and “attention to how the client connects to others” were more pronounced than for female clients. Differences also emerged in the emphasis female and male counselors placed on specific themes.
The Impact of Culture on Group Behavior: A Comparison of Three Ethnic Groups
Authors: Shechtman Zipora , Hiradin Aya , Zina Samahar
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare behavior in group counseling of Moslem, Druze, and Jewish adolescents in Israel. On the basis of the literature, differences were expected between the three groups on all dimensions under investigation: self‐disclosure, affiliation (response to self‐disclosure), and gains. The Jewish adolescents were expected to show the highest rates of self‐disclosure, affiliation, and gains; Moslems were expected to be next; and the Druze were expected to have the lowest rates. Contrary to expectations, the highest rates of self‐disclosure were found for the Moslem adolescents; the lowest rates were indeed for Druze. In affiliation and gains, differences were minimal.
Help‐Seeking and Counseling Within a Traditional Male Gender Role: An Examination From a Multicultural Perspective
Authors: McCarthy John , Holliday Ebony L.
Published: December 2011

A traditional male gender role reflects an affirmation of masculine identity associated with such qualities as success and self‐reliance. This gender role is examined from a diversity perspective in counseling, because it may affect many men's help‐seeking attitudes and behaviors. Suggestions from the literature are reviewed from the standpoint of the Multicultural Counseling Competencies (P. Arredondo et al., 1996). The counseling profession would benefit from greater sensitivity in aiding men endorsing this role.
A Ten‐Year Longitudinal Study of the Career Development of Students: Summary Findings
Authors: Helwig Andrew A.
Published: December 2011

This article summarizes the principal findings of a 10‐year longitudinal study of the career development experienced by a sample of students. Beginning with 208 second graders, data were collected 6 times, concluding when the students were in the 12th grade. Principal variables measured included occupational aspirations and expectations, gender role beliefs, out‐of‐school activities, parental involvement in career awareness, and work experience. Concepts from L. Gottfredson's (1981) circumscription theory and the social cognitive model were tested and supported. Implications for career education are presented.
The Relationship Between Marital Characteristics, Marital Interaction Processes, and Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Rosen‐Grandon Jane R. , Myers Jane E. , Hattie John A.
Published: December 2011

Structural Equation Modeling techniques were used to clarify the relationship between marital characteristics, marital processes, and the dependent variable—marital satisfaction—in a sample of 201 participants who were in 1st marriages. The Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; G. B. Spanier, 1976) and the Enriching and Nurturing Relationship Issues, Communication and Happiness Inventory (ENRICH; D. H. Olson, D. G. Fournier, & J. M. Druckman, 1987) provided scales to measure marital interaction processes and marital satisfaction. A new instrument, the Characteristics of Marriage Inventory (CHARISMA; J. R. Rosen‐Grandon & J. E. Myers, 2001), was developed using factor analysis to determine which marital characteristics were statistically significant. Structural equation modeling identified a path model wherein 6 marital interaction processes had a statistically significant influence on marital satisfaction when mediated by 3 latent factors of marital characteristics (love, loyalty, and shared values) and 2 moderating variables (length of marriage and gender of participant).
Revisiting Basic Counseling Skills With Children
Authors: Van Velsor Patricia
Published: December 2011

Counseling with children can be challenging for counselors whose training focused on adult clients. The purpose of this article is to offer information to counselors seeking to improve their skills with children, revisiting a topic discussed in an earlier Journal of Counseling & Development article by P. Erdman and R. Lampe (1996). Examples of microskills from actual counseling sessions and descriptions of stages and themes in the counseling process enhance understanding of child counseling.
Post‐September 11th Perspectives on Religion, Spirituality, and Philosophy in the Personal and Professional Lives of Selected REBT Cognoscenti
Authors: Weinrach Stephen G. , Dryden Windy , DiMattiay Dominic J. , Doyle Kristene A. , MacLaren Catharine , O'Kelly Monica , Malkinson Ruth
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this article was for selected Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT) cognoscenti to examine the impact of the events of September 11th, 2001, on their beliefs about religion, spirituality, and their personal philosophy—including the role of evil in the universe and the implications of these issues on their use of REBT. The degree of consistency of the authors' views with classical REBT theory and philosophy was examined. The authors are current or former members of the Albert Ellis Institute's International Training Standards and Policy Review Committee, of which Albert Ellis, REBT's founder, is also a member.
Communication Counseling as Part of a Treatment Plan for Depression
Authors: Puterbaugh Dolores T.
Published: December 2011

It has been estimated that 1 in 4 persons will experience a depressive episode over his or her lifetime (G. Gintner, 2001). The author discusses various etiologies of depression, interpersonal factors related to depression, and research on various communication‐focused counseling interventions. The author maintains that published literature supports a communication‐skills‐centered approach to alleviating the symptoms of depression and recommends that professional counselors assert their ability to provide their clients with effective and healthy treatment for depression.
Counselors' Stress Appraisals as Predictors of Countertransference Behavior With Male Clients
Authors: Fauth James , Hayes Jeffrey A.
Published: December 2011

The authors investigated the applicability of a transactional theory of stress to the understanding of countertransference with male clients. Counselors responded to either a traditional or nontraditional videotaped male client vignette. As expected, counselors' stress appraisals predicted their countertransference behavior. Specifically, therapists' positive appraisals were linked with more positive diagnostic evaluations of the client, whereas negative appraisals were linked with increased distance from and hesitance with the client. Implications of these results are discussed.
Addressing Classism, Ableism, and Heterosexism in Counselor Education
Authors: Smith Laura , Foley Pamela F. , Chaney Michael P.
Published: December 2011

As the counseling profession charts its future course, issues related to classism, ableism, and heterosexism remain fully incorporated within the multicultural/social justice curriculum. The authors define each of these forms of oppression, explicate their intersections with race, and summarize the resulting implications for counseling education and training.
Racial Identity Development in Middle School: A Case for School Counselor Individual and Systemic Intervention
Authors: Akos Patrick , Ellis Cyrus Marcellus
Published: December 2011

In middle school, counselors should promote optimal development as students navigate the formative stage of puberty. A search for identity is an important developmental task in early adolescence, but school counselors often neglect racial identity development. Through an actual case of an 8th‐grade student, both individual and systemic strategies that can promote racial identity development are highlighted.
Do Lesbians Differ From Heterosexual Men and Women in Levinsonian Phases of Adult Development?
Authors: Wheeler‐Scruggs Kathy S.
Published: December 2011

Research conducted on heterosexual women has been generalized to lesbians. However, the question remains whether lesbians differ in their adult development from heterosexual men and women. This article reviews results of 10 one‐on‐one life story interviews conducted with self‐identified lesbians between the ages of 35 and 45. Information from these interviews was analyzed to see if or how they fit into a Levinsonian (D. J. Levinson, 1978) developmental model compared with heterosexual men and women.
The Effectiveness of Individual Wellness Counseling on the Wellness of Law Enforcement Officers
Authors: Tanigoshi Holly , Kontos Anthony P. , Remley Theodore P.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this exploratory study was to determine the effectiveness of wellness counseling on increasing wellness among law enforcement officers. The study also examined whether position in the Transtheoretical Model (J. O. Prochaska & C. C. DiClemente, 1982) and self‐efficacy influenced the effectiveness of counseling on wellness. These findings indicate that counseling may increase wellness among law enforcement officers.
Counselor Advocacy: Affecting Systemic Change in the Public Arena
Authors: Lee Courtland C. , Rodgers Roe A.
Published: December 2011

This article provides direction for developing advocacy competency in the public arena. Direction for increasing public awareness, affecting public policy, and influencing legislation is presented. A process of creating change entailing establishing a sense of social/political urgency regarding an issue, organizing and educating a group of people to initiate social/political change, developing a vision and strategy for such change, communicating the vision for that change, empowering broad‐based action, and generating actual change is detailed.
Examining Race/Ethnicity and Fears of Children and Adolescents in the United States: Differences Between White, African American, and Hispanic Populations
Authors: Burnham Joy J. , Lomax Richard G.
Published: December 2011

The American Fear Survey Schedule for Children (FSSC‐AM; J. J. Burnham, 1995, 2005) has been used to measure fears of children and adolescents. The FSSC‐AM is based on the 2nd revision of a psychometrically sound and well‐known fear scale (i.e., FSSC‐II; E. Gullone & N. J. King, 1992). In this study, age and gender differences, fear intensity scores, and fear prevalence scores were analyzed across race/ethnicity (i.e., White, African American, and Hispanic populations). Multivariate analyses of variance yielded significant effects for race/ethnicity.
Influence of Counselor Spirituality and Training on Treatment Focus and Self‐Perceived Competence
Authors: van Asselt Kathryn Watkins , Senstock Tracy D. Baldo
Published: December 2011

Spirituality is a potential area of concern for counseling clients. This study presents the empirical results of a survey completed by 572 counselors to determine if counselors' spiritual beliefs, experiences, or training had an impact on their focus of therapy or self‐perceived competence. A counselor's personal spirituality, spiritual experience, and spirituality training did significantly influence treatment focus as well as self‐perceived competence to counsel a client with spiritual concerns.
A Qualitative Investigation of Supervisees' Experiences of Triadic Supervision
Authors: Lawson Gerard , Hein Serge F. , Stuart Carolyn L.
Published: December 2011

Although triadic supervision has existed for some time, few studies have focused on this form of supervision or its effectiveness. In this qualitative study, the experiences of 6 master's‐level students from a counselor education program who participated as supervisees in triadic supervision were explored using in‐depth, open‐ended interviews. The data analysis resulted in 5 major categories, which are discussed. Implications of the findings for clinical supervision and further research are also addressed.
The Relationships Between Mexican American Acculturation, Cultural Values, Gender, and Help‐Seeking Intentions
Authors: Ramos‐Sánchez Lucila , Atkinson Donald R.
Published: December 2011

This study examined the relationships between Mexican acculturation, cultural values, gender, and help‐seeking intentions among Mexican American community college students. Findings suggest that as Mexican Americans lose their culture of origin and increase their generational status, their attitudes toward help seeking become less favorable. This contradicts cultural barrier theory as an explanation for underuse of mental health services by Mexican Americans. Furthermore, adherence to traditional Mexican culture and cultural values may actually encourage help seeking.
A Typology of Burnout in Professional Counselors
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Cho Seong Ho , Kissinger Daniel , Ogle Nick T.
Published: December 2011

The authors used a cluster analysis procedure and the Counselor Burnout Inventory (S. M. Lee et al., 2007) to identify professional counselors' burnout types. Three clusters were identified: well‐adjusted, persevering, and disconnected counselors. The results also indicated that counselors' job satisfaction and self‐esteem were good discriminators between the 3 clusters. Implications for counselors are discussed.
Exploration of Jewish Ethnic Identity
Authors: Altman Abby N. , Inman Arpana G. , Fine Stephanie G. , Ritter Hollie A. , Howard Erin E.
Published: December 2011

Despite a growing amount of research on the topic of ethnic identity, Jews, and the important aspects of a Jewish identity, have not been included in the multicultural and psychological literature. Using consensual qualitative research (C. E. Hill et al., 2005), the authors sought to gain an understanding of Jewish ethnic identity in 10 American young adults, ages 20–27, who identified as Conservative Jews. Six themes were identified: (a) perception of Jewish identity based in multiple influences, (b) personalization of a Jewish identity, (c) reinforcers of a Jewish identity, (d) challenges in holding on to Jewish identity, (e) critical incidents necessitating the expression of one's Jewishness, and (f) critical incidents necessitating the denial of one's Jewishness.
Assessment and Treatment of Insomnia in Adults: A Guide for Clinicians
Authors: Milner Catherine E. , Belicki Kathryn
Published: December 2011

Insomnia leads to disrupted sleep and daytime fatigue. Many people who have this disorder look to the medical profession for treatment; however, it has been demonstrated that psychological approaches are usually more efficacious over the long term. Furthermore, such interventions are safe, cost effective, brief, and do not require extensive expertise. The authors provide an overview of the current best practices in assessment and treatment to encourage counselors to use these techniques when treating clients with insomnia.
School Counseling in Lebanon: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Ayyash‐Abdo Huda , Alamuddin Rayane , Mukallid Samar
Published: December 2011

This article examines the status of school counseling in Lebanon. An overview that points out some weakness in the educational system, such as high dropout and repetition rates, is presented. Calls for counseling have been voiced partly because of the psychological consequences of social change, such as political instability in Lebanon. A sample of school counselors in public and private schools were surveyed. Private school counselors reported fewer stressors and more rewards than did their counterparts in public schools.
Guidelines for Conducting and Reporting Mixed Research in the Field of Counseling and Beyond
Authors: Leech Nancy L. , Onwuegbuzie Anthony J.
Published: December 2011

This article provides guidelines for conducting, reporting, and evaluating mixed research studies in 3 sections: research formulation, research planning, and research implementation. To date, no such guidelines are available. Detailed descriptions of each subsection are included. The authors hope that these standards assist researchers from the field of counseling and beyond.
Consequences of the Postmodernist Vision: Diversity as the Guiding Value for the Counseling Profession
Authors: Hansen James T.
Published: December 2011

The counseling profession has strongly identified with the multicultural movement. Nevertheless, postmodernism, which is the ideological foundation of multiculturalism, has had relatively little impact on other segments of the profession. The author argues that many realms of the counseling profession are locked within modernism and could be significantly enriched by a foundational shift to postmodernism. Two of these realms, professional identity issues and the helping relationship, are elaborated, and conclusions for counseling practice are discussed.
Professional Counseling in South Africa: A Landscape Under Construction
Authors: Maree Jacobus G. , van der Westhuizen Carol N.
Published: December 2011

The focus of this article is on the history, status, and trends of the counseling profession in South Africa and on the similarities with the development of the counseling profession in the United States. A need exists for South African professional counselors to refocus their research efforts to reflect the realities of the 21st century and link counseling practice and theory with global realities to suit the needs and collectivist origins (ubuntu) of the South African population.
Crying for a Vision: The Native American Sweat Lodge Ceremony as Therapeutic Intervention
Authors: Garrett Michael Tlanusta , Torres‐Rivera Edil , Brubaker Michael , Portman Tarrell Awe Agahe , Brotherton Dale , West‐Olatunji Cirecie , Conwill William , Grayshield Lisa
Published: December 2011

The Native American sweat lodge ceremony or sweat therapy is being used increasingly in various medical, mental health, correctional, and substance abuse treatment centers serving both Native and non‐Native clients. This article explores the sweat lodge ceremony's background, elements of Native American spirituality, origin story, cultural symbolism, prayer, and contemporary use. Current evidence of effectiveness and therapeutic benefits is presented, then implications for integrating the sweat lodge ceremony as a complementary counseling approach are discussed.
Time To Refine Titular Nomenclature at The Various Levels of School Guidance
Authors: Humes C. W.
Published: December 2011

TIME: Any fall, winter, or spring PLACE: Any city, U.S.A.
Perceptions in Role Change from Teacher to Counselor
Authors: Kehas Chris D. , Morse Jane L.
Published: December 2011

12 school counselors, former teachers who had been counseling no more than 2 years, were interviewed on how they experienced the processes of role change from teacher to counselor. Theoretical constructs from sociological research on role and reference groups were used in the analysis. Anticipatory socialization was found not to have been engaged in by the new counselors. Having been a teacher was found to be dysfunctional to the extent that (a) it gave rise to ambivalence between the two roles, (b) demanded change in perspective toward the student, the school system, and the teachers, and (c) caused conflict by the necessity of changing the compliance system used with students. Having been a teacher was found to be functional to the counselor role in understanding and working with counselees and teachers on student‐teacher problems. The dysfunctional aspects of having taught outweighed the functional aspects and inhibited positive identification with, as well as impeding adjustment to, the new role of counselor.
Counselee Preferences for Counselors: Some Implications for Counselor Education
Authors: Stranges Richard J. , Riccio Anthony C.
Published: December 2011

The study reported in this paper was concerned with determining whether counselees with different racial and ethnic backgrounds preferred to be counseled by counselors with similar backgrounds. Such research is generally regarded as taboo in counselor education, but the results of this study raise many questions with which counselor educators must concern themselves.
Perceptions in Role Change from Teacher to Counselor: Intra‐Role Conflict and Motivation for Change1
Authors: Kehas Chris D. , Morse Jane L.
Published: December 2011

Twelve former teachers who had been counseling for no more than two years were interviewed on how they experienced the processes of role change from teacher to counselor. This article extends the findings reported in an earlier paper and deals with intra‐role conflict and with the motivation for changing roles. The following hypotheses emerged from the study: (a) if teaching experience heightens the conflict in perceived incompatibility of role expectations, then it is dysfunctional to becoming a counselor; and (b) teachers enter counseling primarily because they seek to fulfill an inner desire for growth toward what they perceive as their ideal role in education. The implications of the testimony given by the counselors for counselor preparation programs and for the structure of roles in schools were examined.
Toward Developing a Behavioral Counselor Education Model
Authors: Jakubowski‐Spector Patricia , Dustin Richard , George Rickey L.
Published: December 2011

Counselor education currently does not have a training model that is systematically employed and contains provisions for individual differences or promotes the development of programs for facilitating transfer of training. In the proposed model, counselor educators must decide which of the counseling student's thinking, feeling, and acting behaviors will become the focus of training efforts. The staff creatively implements its conceptualized behavioral curriculum goals through the application of learning principles to specified counseling student behaviors that are assessed to determine if whether or not the desired behavior changes are occurring.
Teaching Personality Theory: A Games Approach
Authors: ENGEL ANNETTE , MAES WAYNE R.
Published: December 2011

This study compares the subject matter acquisition of a lecture‐discussion group and a game‐playing group in a graduate course in personality theory. The performance of the group which played only two personality theory games during the five‐week summer session was at least as good as that of a lecture‐discussion group attending the same session. An additional, unanticipated gain for the game‐playing group was consistently high motivational level and esprit de corps.
Film‐Simulated Counselor Training
Authors: DANISH STEVEN J.
Published: December 2011

A description of the traditional experiential‐didactic dichotomy and a new technique designed to integrate the two approaches are presented. Beginning counselors are confronted in a group setting with a series of filmed emotional vignettes and are encouraged to respond spontaneously and affectively to them. The task of the group is twofold: (a) to increase trainee self‐awareness and (b) to provide the trainee a basic repertoire of counseling behaviors. The rationale for film‐simulated counselor training is detailed, and its potential is explored.
A Model for Training Group Counselors
Authors: ADAMS HAROLD J. , BARR DONALD J.
Published: December 2011

A teaching model is presented which was used for increasing the skills and interests of practicing school counselors in group counseling. A significant aspect of the model is its inclusion of learnings designed to explore both affective and cognitive aspects of the group process. Although the model described was used in an in‐service workshop for counselors, the format might also be useful in designing a university course in group counseling.
Coached‐Client Effects on Counselor Trainee Response
Authors: GILBERTS RICHARD A. , FREEHILL MAURICE F.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated whether or not coached clients modified the verbal responses of counselor trainees. The responses were judged on two dimensions: (a) interpersonal relatedness and (b) portion of total time consumed by the counselor. The subjects of the study were 58 pre‐practicum graduate students in counseling at the University of Washington. The coached clients did elicit significantly different responses on both the dimensions of relatedness and speaking time. For example, aggressiveness or intrusiveness on the part of a mother client limited counselor verbalism, while aggressiveness on the part of a boy client stimulated overtalk. The counselor's social responsiveness was significantly related to his tendency to respond with reflected feeling instead of inference of diagnosis.
Sex and Age as Factors Relating to Counselor Attitude Change
Authors: ROCHESTER DEAN E.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated attitude changes of 229 counselor students. The constant variables were sex and age. The Test of Counselor Attitudes was administered in pre‐ and post‐Institute sessions to year‐long NDEA Institute counseling students. At the start of the Institutes, students' attitudes differed based on sex and age variables, but at the conclusion neither variable appeared to play a part.
Admissions Policies for Graduate Programs in Counselor Education
Authors: GIMMESTAD MICHAEL J. , GOLDSMITH ELIZABETH BEARD
Published: December 2011

A survey was conducted of a random sample of 100 counselor education programs with regard to their policies and procedures for admission of graduate students. The 68 usable responses also provided data on the number of students admitted to each degree program as well as size of faculty in 1965 and 1970. The results indicate a heavy emphasis on predictors of academic success as initial screening criteria, with a wide variety of other criteria considered. Most programs reported the use of different levels of administration in making admissions decisions, with the majority utilizing a departmental committee as one level.
Effects of Empathy, Warmth, and Genuineness in the Initial Counseling Interview
Authors: ALTMANN H. A.
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this investigation was to determine if levels of accurate empathy, nonpossessive warmth, and genuineness provided by counselors in the initial counseling interview had continuing or terminating effects for normal persons, compared to the effects found with severe chronic schizophrenics. The results indicated that empathy ratings for continuing clients was significantly higher than for those who left.
A Proposed Internship Model for Students in Counselor Education or Supervision
Authors: BATDORF RICHARD L.
Published: December 2011

An internship model is presented for graduate students in counselor education or counselor supervision, particularly those at the doctoral level. The author contends that the internship is a relatively neglected but singularly vital component of graduate training. The author's model proposes five behavioral and interrelated dimensions of intern involvement in the field agency: meetings, observations, conferences, consultations and program evaluations. The article also discusses problems associated with internships, including planning and funding responsibilities as well as the need for defining the internship in behaviorally explicit terms.
Counselor Education: A Touch of Martin Buber's Philosophy
Authors: GUTSCH KENNETH U. , ROSENBLATT HOWARD S.
Published: December 2011

Although the work of Martin Buber has touched the lives of many people, few can benefit so completely from his ideas as counselors. This article explores some of the concepts he has introduced and their appropriateness for the training of present‐day counselors.
Prediction of Human Relations Training Outcome by Traditional and Nontraditional Selection Indices
Authors: ANTHONY WILLIAM A. , GORMALLY JAMES , MILLER HENRY
Published: December 2011

A variety of traditional and nontraditional selection indices were used to predict the outcome of a graduate‐level course in counseling which was specifically designed to improve the students' human relations skills. Multiple correlations of .75 to .80 were found between a measure of training outcome and various combinations of predictors. A series of multiple linear regression analyses indicated that the traditional selection indices (GPA, GRE‐Verbal, GRE‐Quantitative, Miller Analogies Test) accounted for a very minor amount of the variance in ratings of the final taped interview. In contrast, a newly developed selection measure (trainability index) accounted for almost all of the predictable variance. The need for a new and more efficient predictive model for graduate‐level counselor training is discussed.
Power Analysis of Research in Counselor Education
Authors: HAASE RICHARD F.
Published: December 2011

Statistical power analysis as a necessary and desirable activity in counselor education research is reviewed and discussed. Power of counseling research is discussed with respect to alpha levels, sample size, and size of effect. Four years of counselor education research are reviewed and analyzed according to the criteria of statistical power. Recommendations for increasing the power of research in counselor education are made.
How Psychological Education Can Promote Mental Health with Competence
Authors: KURILOFF PETER , RINDNER MARK
Published: December 2011

After citing research indicating that competence is a necessary condition of mental health, this article defines cognitive competence as a crucial form of mastery, attempts to show how it develops, illustrates how mental health depends on this capacity, and briefly sketches out four conditions psychological education curriculums can provide for facilitating students' acquisition of cognitive competence.
The Staffing Conference: An Approach to Student Evaluation
Authors: KELLY F. DONALD , DOWD E. THOMAS
Published: December 2011

In an attempt to confront the problem of student evaluation, the staffing conference was developed as a quality control mechanism to monitor the student's progress through the program. This article describes the structure and process of the staffing conference and discusses some of the resulting benefits that have accrued to staff, students, and the counseling program as a whole.
The Effect of Two Organizational Variables on Guidance Administrators
Authors: BIGGERS JULIAN L.
Published: December 2011

School system size and the guidance administrator's position in the administrative hierarchy were used as independent variables to test effects on the administrator's role, authority level, and needs satisfaction. These two organizational variables appear to have little impact on the guidance administrator's role perceptions. However, patterns were observed within the perceived level of authority and needs satisfaction. The article discusses implications for the training and selection of guidance administrators.
Toward a Unified Consciousness Theory
Authors: JOHNSON RICHARD H.
Published: December 2011

Although research and personal experiences are indicating that telepathy, clairvoyance, psychokinesis, and healing may be more common than previously believed, human development continues to be viewed primarily from physical or cognitive frameworks. These traditional theories are not comprehensive enough to include many human phenomena. As a result many people label these phenomena as extrasensory or paranormal and presume that they exist in only rare cases, if at all. Counselors are not trained to recognize or deal with such phenomena. The beginning of a holistic theory that can treat paranormal phenomena as normal human development is presented. Implications for counseling, counselor education, and counselor supervision are discussed.
Model Competencies for Attending Behavior
Authors: STOKES JOSEPH POWELL
Published: December 2011

Properties of an effective competency‐based training programare considered, and it is suggested that well‐written competencies must be measurable, reliable, and valid.

If these conditions cannot be met, then competency‐based training is inappropri‐ate. Eight model competencies for attending behavior are presented. The data which are presented indicate that these competencies can be measured reliably. Although these competencies were developed for use with microcounseling

training, they are easily adaptable to other training programs.
A Leadership Approach for Counselors
Authors: MOORE LOREN I. , FREDRICKSON RONALD H.
Published: December 2011

A leadership approach applicable for counselors and guidance directors is presented. Videotapes of groups that were given leadership problems were informally studied and a number of dimensions identified that would help counselors in developing a leadership approach appropriate for their situations. The importance of counselors recognizing that leadership skills are different from counseling skills is key to department or unit accomplishments. The importance of first estimating the maturity of the group to accomplish the task is essential in using the correct combination of task‐oriented behavior and relationship‐oriented behavior. A situational life‐cycle approach to leadership is presented as an appropriate option for counselors to consider when they are in leadership roles.
Consulting: Training Counselors to Work with Teachers, Parents, and Administrators
Authors: DINKMEYER DON , CARLSON JON
Published: December 2011

Practicing counselors and researchers are realizing the value of consulting with teachers, parents, and administrators. Counselor educators need to begin to train counselors formally and systematically in these skills. This article presents one training model in detail.
Counselor Anxiety During a Counseling Interview
Authors: BOWMAN JAMES T. , ROBERTS GAYLE T.
Published: December 2011

Physiological and subjective measures of counselor anxiety were compared to determine if counselors experienced greater anxiety during a counseling interview than during a conversation, Twenty experienced rehabilitation counselors in a graduate‐level practicum course volunteered to participate in a 10‐minute conversation and counseling session. Anxiety was assessed by self‐report skin conductance and heart‐rate measures.

Results indicated that there were no significant treatment, period, or interaction effects for heart‐rate data; however, there was a significant period effect for conductance data. There were no significant differences for participants' self‐report evaluations of the two situations. Baseline autonomic data were highly related to autonomic data during the anticipation and stimulus periods, and preexperimental self‐report data were moderately related to postexperimental self‐report data. Conclusions were that counselors experience

comparable anxiety during counseling and conversing, that expectation accounts for most of the counselors' anxiety, and that baseline physiological and self‐report data may prove useful in identifying counselors who would experience anxiety during an interview.
A Model of Client Impression Formation
Authors: BODDEN JACK L. , WINER JANE L.
Published: December 2011

A three‐phase model of clients' impression formation in counseling and psychotherapy was articulated and put to initial empirical validation. The model describes the clients' impression‐formation process, describes changes in client impressions as therapy progresses, and suggests the relevance of client impressions for therapy outcome. An attempt at empirical validation by using a clinical population lent some support to certain aspects of the proposed model.
Continuing Education for School Counselors
Authors: DILLEY JOSIAH
Published: December 2011

Recently, changes have occurred in American society and in the focus of education. Women's liberation, career education, and single‐parent families are three important examples. Each example presents the counselor with expectations and problems that were not present in earlier times. Counselors who received their training 20, 10, 5, and even 3 years ago are probably not meeting present challenges as effectively as they might. Counselors need to learn new skills to meet changing conditions or run the risk of becoming ineffective or irrelevant.

One model for the continuing education of counselors was described by Pulvino and Perrone (1973). This article reports on seven years of experience with that model at the University of Wisconsin in Madison.
School Counselors' Participation in Continuing Education Activities
Authors: DILLEY JOSIAH S. , WOLLEAT PATRICIA L.
Published: December 2011

All certified school counselors in Wisconsin were surveyed in regard to their participation in a variety of professional development activities during a 12‐month period. Results reveal that while many counselors were actively involved in such activities, others were only minimally so and some completely uninvolved. The latter tended to be older males with several years of counseling experience. Implications for maintaining counselor effectiveness in a changing society are discussed.
Toward Performance‐Based Counselor Certification
Authors: BERNKNOPF STAN , SHULTZ JOHN L. , WARE WILLIAM B.
Published: December 2011

For the past four years the Georgia Department of Education has been involved in a statewide effort to establish standards and procedures for certification of educational personnel based on competency demonstration. As part of this effort, a project was commissioned to develop a performance‐based system for the certification of school counselors. This article presents the premises, procedures, and products of the model which was developed.
Log‐Linear Analysis: An Introduction for Researchers in Counseling
Authors: MILONE MICHAEL N. , WOLK STEPHEN
Published: December 2011

This article serves as an introduction to log‐linear analysis, a technique used in the analysis of qualitative data arranged in multidimensional contingency tables. The steps involved in log‐linear analysis are presented in the context of an investigation of a personality characteristic of a group of counselor trainees. The references cited and supplemental readings allow interested readers to pursue the topic further.
Early Training Facilitative Level as a Predictor of Practicum Performance
Authors: STILLMAN STEPHEN M.
Published: December 2011

Thirty‐two counseling trainees were rated on level of facilitative functioning before and after prepracticum. Evidence is presented that pretraining and early training levels of facilitative functioning are directly related to later performance in practicum.
Sex and Conceptual Level Empathic Responses to Ambivalent Affect
Authors: KIMBERLIN CAROLE L. , FRIESEN DELOSS D.
Published: December 2011

Four variables (helper conceptual level, helper sex, client sex, and type of client affect), their interactions, and effects on empathic ability were examined. All undergraduate “helpers” had been trained in empathic response and were asked to respond empathically to videotaped role‐playing “clients.” Client videotapes were equally divided among male and female clients, and among ambivalent and nonambivalent affect states. A significant interaction was found between helper conceptual level and type of client affect. Female helpers were found to be more empathic than male helpers, and responses to the nonambivalent affect statements were more empathic than responses to the more complex ambivalent affect statements.
Guidance of Handicapped Students: Counselor In‐service Needs
Authors: LOMBANA JUDY H.
Published: December 2011

A survey of Florida school counselors' need for inservice training in handicapped student education indicates that, although counselors spend a significant portion of their work time with guidance activities for handicapped students, they have received inadequate preparation, in both preservice and in‐service training.
Personal Growth of Counselor Trainees
Authors: SCHWAB REIKO , HARRIS THOMAS L.
Published: December 2011

This study compared the level of self‐actualization of beginning and advanced students in a master's program in counselor education using the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). The advanced students scored significantly higher than the beginning students on two POI Scales, Feeling Reactivity and Acceptance of Aggression. The beginning students were more like a sample of normal adults than a sample of self‐actualizing persons; however, the advanced students were more like the self‐actualizing group.
Baccalaureate Programs in Counseling: Follow‐up and Implications
Authors: SCHMITZ CHARLES D.
Published: December 2011

Several counselor education programs across the country have become increasingly involved in the training of helping professionals at the undergraduate level. This article reports the results of a follow‐up study of the first 144 graduates of the baccalaureate programs offered in the department of Counseling and Personnel Services at the University of Missouri‐Columbia. The author also describes what the graduates did initially on completion of their programs and suggests several implications that baccalaureate programs have for colleges of education, counselor education programs, and the helping and human services professions in general.