bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research of Intersection Bridge Span Arrangement of Urban Expressway
Authors: Liu Qi Yang , Zhang Qiang , He Min , Liu Yang
Published: September 2014

Based on the problems of development and modernization of urban transportation in China, it introduces the fact that the widely construction of expressway over the past decade as a starting point to analyze its characteristics. Firstly, it analyzes the features of intersection and general design principles of intersection, and studies the specific design methods of intersection. Secondly, the paper studies the span arrangement of Prestressed Concrete Continuous Girder Bridge based on the structural characteristics of the bridge itself. Finally, it studies the span arrangement concerning the traffic design of intersection, and the writer designs the traffic arrangement of intersection and the span arrangement of the bridge above, which is located at the middle ring expressway, Kunshan, Jiangsu and eastern part of Jianghai expressway, Nantong, Jiangsu to give an example.
Research of Seismic Effect for Light Steel Structure with Added Stories
Authors: Wu Pei Cheng , Tang Xue Qing , Ma Shou Cai
Published: September 2014

Light steel structure with added stories is a economic and effective method of strengthening design for existing buildings, and it is promoted and applied widely. But it still has some problems about computing of seismic action effect. The computing is not simply in accordance with the base shear method. The value of dynamic magnification factor which was counted as ß needs further research. In this paper, the value of is 2 on the basis of theoretical analysis and calculation example. The safety factor of the value is higher, and the design with the ß is more economic and reasonable.
Research on the Optimization Design of the Bridge Foundation Bored Piles
Authors: Cheng Yong Chun , Zhao Ji Zhong , Zhang Peng , Tao Jing Lin , Gong Ya Feng
Published: September 2014

This paper improves the method of calculating the vertical bearing capacity of bored piles, and unifies calculation method of singe pile under horizontal force, as well adds and modifies the design parameters of the specification, finally utilizes actual example to make a unified test of the above methods. The results proved that, through the optimization of bridge foundation design method of bored piles, it can significantly reduce construction cost, and makes the pile length, pile diameter, and reinforcement more safe and reasonable. At the same time, it has great directive significance to the design and construction of the bridge.
Formation Mechanism of Thixotropic Microstructure of AM60 Alloy during Solidification
Authors: Xing Bo
Published: September 2014

A research field on semi-solid metal processing is the preparation of semi-solid slurry with non-dendritic microstructure. Nowadays, with the technological innovation of semi-solid slurry preparation, people turn to produce the non-dendritic semisolid microstructure by locally cooling of the alloy melt during solidification. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the formation mechanism of the non-dendritic microstructure formation because the primary phase undergoes a specially controlled nucleation and growth which distinctly different from the commom solidification. In this paper, the semisolid slurry of AM60 alloy was produced by Self-Inoculation Method (SIM), and the microstructure evolution of primary α-Mg was investigated by water quenching method and metallographic analysis. The results indicate that the semisolid microstructure of AM60 alloy produced by SIM composed of small and globular α-Mg particles, and these grains undergone a coarsing process during quiescent holding. The solid substrate caused by the fusion of solid particles and the dendritic fragments caused by melt flow caused the grain multiplication, and then the grain undergone a steadily growth because of the uniform temperature distribution, resulting in the increase of grains density and a small grain size of the AM60 semisolid slurry.
The Assessment of Damages to Scientific Building: The Case of the “Science Centre” Museum in Naples, Italy
Authors: del Giudice Vincenzo , Torrieri Francesca , de Paola Pierfrancesco
Published: September 2014

The present paper presents the results of a study on the assessment of the damages caused by the arson that in March 2013 severely damaged the building of the "Science Centre" museum located in the western part of the city of Naples. The case is contextualized in the broader thematic of the evaluation of damages caused by intentional events to real estate assets. The peculiarity of the case under analysis appears particularly interesting both for the extend of damages caused by the fire and the methodological approach to be adopted for the “quantum” determination. The model implemented is based on the cost approach criterion, considering the physical and technological depreciation in the “status quo ante” the event. In particular, we will test a “functional component” approach to determine the depreciation function for each component due to the specificity of the scientific building under analysis. The results of the study confirmed that the proposed approach appears to be adequate to estimate the damage to the real estate assets, managing to capture the different components that contribute to determining the market value of the property at hand.
The Building Envelope’s Thermal Performance Testing System Based on Infrared Image and Wireless Networks
Authors: Zhang Rang Yong , Han Ling Yan , Cheng Guang He , Zheng Xiao Shi
Published: September 2014

According to national standards and actual needs to test building envelope thermal performance, the thermal performance of building envelope testing system is designed based on infrared thermal imaging analysis, automatic testing, remote communication, wireless network and arithmetic average. It integrates many complex steps together into one system to complete testing work. Those steps had been done manually on different software in the past. It greatly improves the efficiency and reduces the cost of testing.
The Relationship of Water-Cement Ratio to the Strength of Cemented Tailing-Waste Rocks
Authors: Zhang Xiu Xiang , Qiao Deng Pan , Wu Xiang Hui
Published: September 2014

Based on the experimental materials including waste-rocks and tailings are provided by a certain iron mine, designed orthogonal test about the strength of cemented filling body, got 42 groups and 126 dates in total. The results indicate that negative power exponent relationship is showed between the compressive strength and water-cement ratio; meanwhile, the relationship conforms to Arioglu prediction model. The fitting equation is of great significance as well as high precision in fitting results. It also indicates that the model has some applicability and reliability for predicting the strength of cementing filling body, and can be used to preliminary estimate the engineering design parameters in actual filling.
The Research on Vibration and Voice of Civil Helicopter Based on MMES
Authors: Zhang Ji , Li Shu , He Tian Peng , Jian Cheng Wen
Published: September 2014

Describe the situation of the development of the helicopter. For national conditions, narrate the development status of the civil helicopter in our country, and analysis its main effects of the helicopter. Then put forward the effects of the civil helicopter by the vibration and voice, and research the vibration and voice of the civil helicopter from the perspective of man-machine-environment system (MMES), consider the main effects, and give the effect model.
The Stress Performance Analysis of Chimney Structure Based on Finite Element Method
Authors: Xu Yi Feng
Published: September 2014

The structural stress analysis of concrete chimney is the basic security to ensure the safe operation. The Simulation analysis of fine modeling based on large finite element method can make the calculating result more real and reliable. Combined with some chimney project, the fine structural model is established, and stress and internal force’s distribution in different load conditions is analyzed in this paper, and results show that the condition of the worst internal forces should be chosed according to the calculation object. The analysis method based on the finite element can be a reference for other similar chimney.
Wavelet Analysis on the Distribution of the Streambed Forms
Authors: Liu Huai Xiang , Liao Yi , Li Le , Wang Chang Ming
Published: September 2014

As a prevalent phenomenon, there are many streambed forms in rivers. The distribution of them was obviously in certain orders. This paper carried out numerical analysis and field work in natural rivers, to study the law of streambed forms' distribution. The results indicated that: A streambed profile can be considered as an overlay of two parts: the average streambed line which reflect the total slope (called 'Trend part'); the wave line vibrating along this average streambed line which reflect the effect of bed forms (called 'Form part'). The two parts were then distinctively separated by the wavelet analysis. Then the distribution of bed forms can be calculated and analyzed more scientifically.
Acoustic Emission Characteristics of Plain Concrete under Three-Point Bending
Authors: Xu Yue Sheng , Qu Jiao , Lu Fan , Li Lan , Cheng Xin , Huang Shi Feng
Published: September 2014

It is vital to use acoustic emission technology to study on health monitoring of concrete. The aim of this study is to investigate the ability of the AE in order to test the effect of the stepwise displacement load on the damage mechanism of the concrete beams that embedded sensors under three-point bending. The result showed that as the damage increased, amplitude and energy increased. At the same time, embedded sensors can locate the position of the crack.
A Surface Strain Monitoring Technique for Slope of Mountainous Area Substation Based on FBG Sensor
Authors: Hu Ming Yao , Wang Da Da , Wang Hong Liang , Zhao Zheng Gang , Li Ying Na , Peng Qing Jun , Liang Shi Bin , Chen Xian Fu , Li Chuan
Published: September 2014

Geological structure health in mountainous area substation is complex, and the climate is changeable, it is easy to appear the geological disasters like landslide and subsidence in substation, Aiming at the strong electromagnetic interference in substation and other factors, to monitor of slope surface strain of mountainous area substation with FBG strain sensor, in order to reflect the stability of the slope. Combined with the actual situation of slope of Yunnan 220kV mountainous area substation, the surface type FBG strian sensors are installed on the surface of upstream and downstream slope of mountainous area substation, the lower reaches of the substation, the serial network forms a quasi distributed optical fiber sensing network. they form a quasi-distributed optical fiber sensing network through the serial networking methods.When the slope surface occurs deformation due to the soil sliding, it will drive the FBG strain sensor and transfer the equal strain to the FBG strain sensor. By measuring the center wavelength shift of the FBG strian sensor, the strian value of slope surface at each point can be reflected. The monitoring results show that, the period from May 9th to June 6th, the maximum strain of upstream slope is 171uɛ, it appears at the location of marked as US4 FBG strain sensor, the maximum strain of downstream slope is 112uɛ,it appears at the location of marked as DS1 FBG strain sensor.
Research of Application Status and Existing Problems for Light Steel Structure with Added Storey
Authors: Wu Pei Cheng , Tang Xue Qing , Ma Shou Cai
Published: September 2014

According to the study of added stories structure form for existing buildings, the basic form and characteristics of existing four added stories structure were analyzed and summarized in this paper. According to the research, light steel structure with added storey as a economic and effective method of strengthening design for existing building, it is promoted and applied widely. But there are some problems in the identification of design standard, the reasonable choice of structure scheme, the calculation of Seismic effect and constitution design to be solved.
Interannual variability of isotopic composition in water vapor over West Africa and its relation to ENSO
Authors: Okazaki A. , Satoh Y. , Tremoy G. , Vimeux F. , Scheepmaker R. , Yoshimura K.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. This study was performed to examine the relationship between isotopic composition in near-surface vapor (δ18Ov) over West Africa during the monsoon season and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity using the Isotope-incorporated Global Spectral Model. The model was evaluated using a satellite and in situ observations at intraseasonal to interannual timescales. The model provided an accurate simulation of the spatial pattern and seasonal and interannual variations of isotopic composition in column and surface vapor and precipitation over West Africa. Encouraged by this result, a simulation stretching 34 years (1979–2012) was conducted to investigate the relation between atmospheric environment and isotopic signature at the interannual time scale. The simulation indicated that the depletion in the monsoon season does not appear every year at Niamey. The major difference between the composite fields with and without depletion was in the amount of precipitation in the upstream area of Niamey. As the interannual variation of the precipitation amount is influenced by the ENSO, we regressed the monsoon season averaged δ18Ov from the model and annually averaged NINO3 index, and found a statistically significant correlation (R = 0.56, P < 0.01) at Niamey. This relation suggests that there is a possibility of reconstructing past West African monsoon activity and ENSO using climate proxies.
Effect of ammonium input over the distribution of iron in the seawater and the phytoplankton in a mesocosm experiment in a North Patagonian fjord
Authors: Sanchez N. , Ardelan M. V. , Bizsel N. , Iriarte J. L.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The distribution and concentration of iron in seawater and plankton were studied under different ammonium concentrations along a 22 day mesocosm experiment in order to assess possible effects of aquaculture over the phytoplankton and the biogeochemistry in fjords of Chile. Brackish and marine water were used in two different setups, each one with 1 control and 4 different NH4+ concentrations. Total Chelex labile (TFeCh), dissolved Chelex labile (DFeCh) and DGT labile (FeDGT) iron measurements were performed in seawater, wheile the particulate iron content was determined as total (PFe) and fractionated (PFeSF) for the plankton community. Average concentration per treatment showed higher concentrations for both TFeCh and DFeCh in the marine system compared to the brackish. TFeCh showed general increasing trend in time and with increasing ammonium concentration, exhibiting positive correlation to the chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon content, whereas DFeCh presented an inverse pattern as expected. FeDGT showed an average lower concentration compare to DFeCh with final concentrations significantly lower in treatments with artificial ammonium addition. PFe showed an increasing trend in time and with increasing ammonium in both systems. Yet, when normalized to Chlorophyll a or particulate organic carbon the trend inverted, showing that at higher ammonium loading the iron per Chlorophyll a or particulate organic carbon decreases. PFeSF major changes occurred in the marine system in the ratio between the 20–140 μm and the 2–20 μm fractions, suggesting possible community structure shift. Overall, ammonium input indicated an effect over iron in the seawater and the particulate matter, depending on the iron form and the microbial assemblage. The further changes over the microbial composition due to ammonium addition may affect the cycling of iron, having possible negative or positive feedbacks over major biogeochemical cycles.
Longitudinal, Whole-population Data Examining Pathways of Risk from Conception to Disease: The Western Australian Schizophrenia High-risk e-Cohort
Authors: Morgan Vera A. , Valuri Giulietta , Croft Maxine , Shah Sonal , Di Prinzio Patsy , Griffith Jenny , McNeil Thomas , Jablensky Assen V
Published: September 2014

This database has been constructed to support a program of work designed to untangle genetic and environmental contributions to the risk for schizophrenia and other adverse outcomes in the offspring of mothers with schizophrenia and other severe mental illness. To do this, it utilises Western Australian whole-population health and social services databases. Records on the Western Australian psychiatric case register have been linked to Midwives’ Notification of Birth records and to Registrations of Births (for paternal links) as well as to other data sets. Maternal links identify women with psychosis who gave birth in Western Australia between 1980 and 2001. Comparison mothers are those with no record of psychiatric illness who gave birth in Western Australia over the same period. The study database comprises 246,873 mothers and 467,945 children: 889 mothers with schizophrenia (1,672 children); 1,644 mothers with bipolar disorder (3,358 children); 4,200 mothers with unipolar major depression (8,864 children); 775 mothers with other psychoses (1,592 children); and 239,365 comparison mothers (452,459 children). Full psychiatric histories for mothers, fathers and children have been extracted. At the time of the most recent update to the psychiatric data on children, 33,363 children had a history of psychiatric illness; 5,500 of these had had at least one contact with mental health services at which a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder had been recorded. Data have also been collected on obstetric complications and a range of infant and childhood morbidities including birth defects, intellectual disability, educational achievement, childhood abuse, criminal offending.The program aims are to: (i) determine the frequency and distribution of obstetric complications in women with schizophrenia compared to a non-psychiatric comparison group of mothers; (ii) explore the spectrum of outcomes for the children born to women with schizophrenia compared to comparison children, and to assess the specificity of these findings to maternal schizophrenia compared to maternal bipolar disorder, unipolar major depression and other psychotic illness; and (iii) examine the relationship between familial psychiatric status, obstetric complications and mental health outcomes for children.The data sit in an Ingres relational database. A full description of the database and its elements has been published [1]. Numbers in this article differ from previously published numbers as a result of new linkages and updates to the database.
Comparison of hematological and histological analysis of "Clinomon" and "Litovit-M" in mice
Authors: Oyuntsetseg J , Odnoo P , Ganbaatar J , Mandakhsaikhan L , Tsogtsandan L
Published: September 2014

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/mjc.v13i0.157 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry Vol.13 2012: 31-36
Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern of Pathogenic Bacterial Isolates From Diseased Clarias gariepinus From Selected Ibadan And Ikorodu Farms
Authors: Nkechi C. Okere  , A. Olubusola Odeniyi  , K. Olanike Adeyemo
Published: September 2014

This study was carried out to isolate, characterise and identify bacteria from diseased Clarias gariepinusand also assess the occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial in isolated bacteria. Samples of diseased African Catfish were collected for a period of six weeks from consenting farms in Ibadan and Ikorodu in Nigeria and examined for clinical signs of disease. Pond water samples along with organs such as gills, skin, intestine, kidney and lungs from these fish were analyzed microbiologically using differential and selective media. Bacteria enumeration, identification and biochemical characterization were carried out and the physiochemical parameters of the water samples determined. All isolates were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity test using the standard Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The total bacterial load for the organs ranged between 3.0 x 104 (lungs sample) and 6.0 x 107cfu/g (gill sample). The gills had the highest average total bacterial count, while lungs had the least. Morphologically unique bacterial isolates obtained included Salmonella (14 isolates), Pseudomonas (4 isolates), Aeromonas (2 isolates), Edwardsiella (3 isolates) and Shigella (3 isolates). These isolates displayed antibiotic resistance profile to the following: Ceftazidime (38%), Cefuroxime (77%), Gentamicin (37%), Cefixime (73%), Ofloxacin (23%), Augmentin (66%), Nitrofurantoin (58%) and Ciprofloxacin (15%). Two Salmonella isolates had multi-drug resistance pattern. This study showed that indiscriminate use of unlicensed or unapproved antibiotics for aquaculture portends significant hazards to public health therefore disease prevention is preferable through good culture and health management to ensure optimum yields and wholesome products.
Socially Responsible Investment: A Comparison between the Performance of Sustainable and Traditional Stock Indexes
Authors: Curto JosÃ© Dias , Vital Catarina
Published: September 2014

The doubt about whether socially responsible investment is a viable strategy for investors seeking to maximize both social and financial returns is the central question of this paper. This is addressed by investigating whether portfolio selection based on sustainability criteria harms investor's returns, or in contrast it can be a driver of superior financial benefits. With this purpose, daily prices and returns of 4 traditional and 10 sustainable stock indexes are analyzed from 2001 to 2011 and in the peaks and downs of both bull and bear markets. One of the major results of this study is that sustainable indexes outperform traditional stock indexes in all the periods under analysis; however the differences on average returns are not statistically significant. Through unit root tests we acknowledge that returns are stationary and levels are nonstationary. The short-run relationship analysis based on Granger causality test reveals a feedback effect between traditional and sustainable stock indexes returns. In contrast, long-run relationship, based on cointegration analysis, points that most of the stock indexes are not cointegrated, suggesting that sustainable and traditional stock indexes do not have a long-run linkage and thus can diverge without bound.
Vers une critique du sens : sémiose en traduction
Authors: D’Asprer Núria
Published: September 2014

La question du sens fait l’objet d’un débat traductologique de longue date, mais une problématisation s’avère nécessaire afin de rendre compte de la complexité que le concept recouvre et de ses conséquences sur le plan de la pratique traduisante. En retraçant certaines de ses principales formalisations et en les confrontant à des concepts apparentés, nous souhaitons ouvrir la voie à une réflexion utile au regard du texte, de son interprétation et, a fortiori, de la traduction. Les concepts de sens et de signification, que le langage courant tend à assimiler, sous-tendent pourtant des implications variées, comme en témoignent les nombreuses approches (linguistique, sémantique, sémiotique, psychanalytique), ainsi que les controverses conceptuelles qu’ils ont suscitées. Notre objet n’est pas d’entrer dans le vif de ces débats, mais d’examiner la corrélation entre certaines conceptions du sens héritières du structuralisme et une tendance qui domine le panorama actuel de la traduction. La complexité réelle des textes, la portée symbolique du langage, ce qui se dégage du fait de la polysémie et des textures d’iconicité de l’écriture, nous conduit à accorder la priorité à une conception dynamique du sens. Aussi notre approche de la traduction s’inspirera-t-elle d’une visée non immanente de celui-ci et, plus particulièrement, du concept de sémiose, ou signification en acte, élaboré par Charles Sanders Peirce. Plus pertinente au regard de la signification contextuelle, la productivité signifiante envisagée par Peirce rejoint le concept de chaîne signifiante formalisé par Jacques Lacan : le concept même de signifiant, fondé par le psychanalyste à partir de la désignation saussurienne, mais bien plus proche du signe ou representamen de Peirce, pourrait ouvrir une piste pour explorer la nature complexe des processus de signification et le rapport de ceux-ci avec la traduction. Nos hypothèses seront présentées avec, à l’appui, quelques exemples de traduction (français-espagnol) de textes littéraires modernistes ou post-modernes.
From an Empire to a Nation State: Importing the Concept of Nation into Ottoman/Turkish Thinking
Authors: Daldeniz Elif
Published: September 2014

During importation processes of concepts, the target context and the agents involved in these processes are central and shape the imported ideas. Hereby, translation, both in its narrow and broader senses, plays an important role. The aim of this article is to present preliminary research results on the importation process of the concept ofnationinto the Ottoman/Turkish culture as the target culture. The article provides research results gained from the analysis of dictionaries as well as of texts written by important figures of Turkish nationalism during the last decades of the Ottoman Empire. The research covers first-hand analysis of key texts by Yusuf Akçura and Ziya Gökalp whereby the use of the concept of ‘nation’ by other key figures are discussed on the basis of secondary sources. The analysis also includes translations. This study, which is linked to a study on the concept of ‘culture,’ was based on an interdisciplinary approach relying on the perspectives and notions of translation studies and on methodology developed in conceptual history. The theoretical framework and methodology adopted in this study are exposed in the first part, whilst the second part presents and discusses the research results.
La unidad francesa truc o la vaguedad semántica desde una perspectiva argumentativa y traductológica
Authors: Cunillera Domenech Montserrat
Published: September 2014

Certaines unités lexicales se trouvant dans un contexte spécifique se caractérisent néanmoins par des contours sémantiques vagues et imprécis, qui exigent un effort interprétatif considérable et rendent difficile leur traduction dans d’autres langues. Cette imprécision inhérente à certains mots peut, selon le cas, être associée à un point de vue positif, négatif ou neutre, ce qui laisse entrevoir le positionnement du locuteur à l’égard de son propos. S’appuyant sur des concepts développés dans le cadre de la Théorie de l’argumentation dans la langue, selon Anscombre et Ducrot, et de la Sémantique des points de vue, selon Raccah, la présente étude constitue une réflexion sur l’importance de la détermination des points de vue cristallisés dans les mots du lexique afin d’en resituer toutes les nuances lors de la traduction d’un texte. Ainsi, à partir d’une analyse contrastive de l’unité française truc et ses traductions en espagnol et en catalan dans un corpus littéraire, nous proposons d’examiner les instructions sémantiques de base des expressions employées comme équivalents de truc dans les textes d’arrivée et de déterminer les conséquences de leur emploi dans la construction du sens du nouveau texte.
Le domaine vitivinicole en France et en Espagne : similitudes et variabilité conceptuelles
Authors: Ibáñez Rodríguez Miguel
Published: September 2014

Les domaines vitivinicoles français et espagnol sont très proches. Les réseaux conceptuels correspondants peuvent sembler à première vue identiques. Cependant, il y a des différences. L’objet du présent travail est d’étudier la variabilité conceptuelle entre les deux domaines afin d’en analyser les implications terminologiques et traductionnelles. Cette réflexion est nécessaire pour éviter notamment des équivalences erronées. Nous traiterons de différents plans de variabilité : des concepts, des objets et des communautés de travail. Après avoir établi les concepts principaux structurant le domaine vitivinicole, leur organisation conceptuelle est étudiée, puis les entités et les activités spécifiques des deux domaines sont analysées de manière contrastive.
Deformations Experienced in the Human Skin, Adipose Tissue, and Fascia in Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine
Authors: Chaudhry Hans , Bukiet Bruce , Ji Zhiming , Stecco Antonio , Findley Thomas W.
Published: September 2014

Context: Osteopathic manipulative medicine techniques involve compressive and tangential forces to target the fascia. These forces are transmitted to the skin and adipose tissue before the fascia is encountered. Knowing the extent of deformation of these 2 tissue layers relative to the fascia will assist osteopathic physicians in evaluating techniques for manual therapies and adjusting these therapies to reduce patient discomfort and improve results.

Objective: To determine the magnitude of the forces transmitted to the skin, adipose tissue, and fascia, and to determine the magnitude of deformation produced in the skin and adipose tissue relative to the fascia using a mathematical model.

Methods: The large deformation theory of elasticity, valid for 3-dimensional deformations, was used to evaluate the forces that need to be applied such that a specified deformation is produced in any region of the skin, adipose tissue, or fascia layers. Similarly, if the forces are specified, then the deformation produced can be determined.

Results: The normal and tangential forces required to produce a deformation of 9% compression and 4% shear for the skin were 50 N and 11 N, respectively. Normal and tangential forces of about 100 N and 22 N were found for a similar deformation of fascia. For adipose tissue, these forces were 36 N and 8 N, respectively. In addition, the skin experienced more compression and shear—about 1.5 times as much as the fascia, and the adipose tissue experienced about 2.5 to 3.5 times the deformation of the fascia and 50% more than the skin when a given force was applied to the skin.

Conclusion: The forces applied to the surface of the skin were transmitted through this layer and the adipose layer entirely to the fascia. Therefore, the skin and adipose tissue experienced the same magnitude of force as the fascia. However, the skin and adipose tissue experienced more compression and shear than the fascia.
Acceptance of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Patients, Attitudes About Their Treatment, and Related Medical Knowledge Among Osteopathic Medical Students
Authors: Lapinski Jessica , Sexton Patricia , Baker Lauren
Published: September 2014

Context: Limited research exists on the health issues faced by lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) patients, as viewed in the context of osteopathic medical education. A full understanding of current medical students' acceptance of, attitudes toward, and knowledge of these issues could lead to the development and incorporation of curricula focusing on the care of LGBT patients into colleges of osteopathic medicine (COMs).

Objective: To determine among osteopathic medical students the levels of acceptance of LGBT patients, attitudes toward treating this population, and medically relevant knowledge about their distinct health-related issues.

Methods: In August 2012, students at 6 COMs were sent an e-mail invitation that contained basic information about the study and a link providing access to an anonymous Web-based survey. Standard scales used in previous studies were compiled and individualized into 130 items for the purposes of the present study.

Results: Of the 4112 osteopathic medical students contacted, 1698 (41.3%) entered the survey and 1335 (32.5%) completed it. Two hundred respondents (15%) self-identified as having a sexual orientation on the lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) spectrum. Although respondents generally had favorable levels of acceptance of LGBT patients and positive attitudes toward treatment of this population, self-identified LGB students had even greater acceptance of LGBT patients (P<.001) and more positive attitudes toward their treatment (P<.001). When medically relevant knowledge of issues related to the health of LGBT patients was assessed, 125 respondents (12.9%) obtained a passing score of 7 or higher, with LGB students scoring significantly higher than students whose self-identified sexual orientation was heterosexual only (P=.01). Differences in the levels of acceptance of (P=.008), treatment attitudes toward (P=.001), and relevant medical knowledge (P=.05) pertaining to LGBT patients were noted between respondents from the 6 COMs.

Conclusion: The results suggest that even though osteopathic medical students had mostly positive personal attitudes and treatment attitudes toward LGBT patients, some disparities were still present. Also, students lacked adequate knowledge of the unique medical issues faced by the LGBT population. In the future, students should be given more training to effectively treat LGBT patients and their health-related issues.
A Call to Include Medical Humanities in the Curriculum of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine and in Applicant Selection
Authors: Hoff Gary , Hirsch Norma J. , Means J. Jeffrey , Streyffeler Lisa
Published: September 2014

Medicine stands at a crossroad. Disruptive physician behavior has increased, and patient satisfaction has decreased. A growing body of knowledge demonstrates that the medical humanities assist in the creation of compassionate, resilient physicians. Incorporating medical humanities into the medical school curriculum promotes the development of compassionate, culturally sensitive physicians, and also encourages the development of resilience in health care professionals at a time when internal and external pressures on physicians are increasing.
Secondary Pseudoainhum in a Patient With Turner Syndrome
Authors: Davis Brady S. , Harris Scott , Forman Mitchell D.
Published: September 2014

Secondary pseudoainhum is an autoamputation that develops in individuals aged approximately 20 to 50 years and is caused by diseases such as keratodermas, trauma, or congenital factors. The authors report a novel case of secondary pseudoainhum in a patient with Turner syndrome (45,X) who presented with bandlike constrictions in the toes bilaterally. To the authors' knowledge, secondary pseudoainhum has not been reported to be associated with Turner syndrome. However, physicians should be aware of this potentially deforming disease in patients with Turner syndrome.
New species and new records of the lichen genus Cratiria (Physciaceae, Ascomycota) in Australia
Authors: Elix John A.
Published: September 2014

Cratiria burleighensis Elix, C. streimannii Elix and C. verdonii Elix are described as new to science and C. amphorea (Eckfeldt) Marbach is reported from Queensland and New South Wales, Australia for the first time. The new combination Cratiria subtropica (Elix) Elix is made and this species is reported as new to Queensland. In addition, C. lauricassiae (Fée) Marbach and C. obscurior (Stirt.) Marbach & Kalb are reported as new to New South Wales.
Turismo comunitário, tradicionalidade e reserva de desenvolvimento sustentável na defesa do território nativo: aventureiro-Ilha Grande/RJ
Authors: Ferreira Helena Catão Henriques
Published: September 2014

Este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma reflexão em torno da ideia de Turismo Comunitário ou de Base Comunitária a partir de uma análise do que ocorre hoje na Vila do Aventureiro-Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro e suas relações com o processo de recategorização da área para Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável-RDS, recentemente criada (2014). O turismo que ocorre no Aventureiro é hoje considerado como comunitário, ou “de base comunitária” por ser promovido e organizado exclusivamente pelos moradores nativos e por articular a noção de “populações tradicionais” para garantir seu direito ao território. Nesse sentido, a recategorização da área para Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável – RDS tem uma relação reflexiva com este tipo de turismo, em que cada um alimenta o outro. Este texto se baseia em duas pesquisas qualitativas com perspectiva etnográfica, desenvolvidas nos períodos: de 2003/2004 e de 2008 a 2010. Procurou-se captar a percepção da população local sobre sua experiência com o turismo, as sociabilidades emergentes nesse processo, a forma nativa de enfrentamento das dificuldades advindas com a implantação de uma unidade de conservação restritiva em seu território, e, em contrapartida, suas estratégias inovadoras de sustentação econômica e manutenção da cultura.
Acciones privadas en la construcción de un destino turístico. Alojamientos boutique en Purmamarca, provincia de Jujuy, Argentina
Authors: Porcaro Tania , Tommei Constanza , Benedetti Alejandro
Published: September 2014

La localidad de Purmamarca, emplazada en Quebrada de Humahuaca (Patrimonio de la Humanidad, UNESCO, 2003), provincia de Jujuy, Argentina, ha experimentado una transformación vertiginosa desde fines del siglo XX. Este proceso se relaciona intrínsecamente con la promoción turística generada por la Nación y la provincia y por diferentes operadores privados a escala regional y nacional, que tuvo en esta localidad de poco más de 800 habitantes, uno de los principales polos de desarrollo. Si bien sigue siendo una aglomeración con una escasa población estable, el perfil ha cambiado considerablemente, reorientándose desde la agricultura campesina con una baja productividad hacia un centro recreativo y de descanso para turistas procedente de las grandes ciudades del país. Este artículo forma parte de una serie de trabajos que vienen publicando los autores, interesados por analizar las transformaciones materiales y culturales que se están generando tanto en Purmamarca como en la Quebrada de Humahuaca, con particular interés en aquellos procesos asociados al sector turístico. En esta ocasión, el objetivo es describir el desarrollo de los nuevos alojamientos que influyeron en la transformación de Purmamarca y analizar sus vinculaciones con algunas de las nuevas tendencias internacionales en el sector hotelero. Para ello se recurrió al estudio de las características y evolución de los alojamientos turísticos de Purmamarca, utilizando diversas fuentes, como sitios web de alojamientos y de la autoridad provincial de turismo, folletería turística, información recolectada a través de relevamientos in situ y entrevistas, información estadística y bibliografía sobre la temática. De la investigación se desprende que el crecimiento en la cantidad de establecimientos turísticos desde comienzos de la década de 2000 ha sido muy elevado para este pequeño pueblo. Estos alojamientos se caracterizan por una capacidad reducida, un trato personalizado, la oferta de servicios exclusivos, y están dirigidos a un público selecto, siendo muchos de ellos identificados como hoteles boutique. Estos establecimientos marcan su impronta en Purmamarca y participan en los procesos de transformación del pueblo.
Correlation between ionospheric strong range spread F and scintillations observed in Vanimo station
Authors: Wang Z. , Shi J. K. , Torkar K. , Wang G. J. , Wang X.
Published: September 2014

Data from the ionospheric scintillation monitor and ionosonde at the low‐latitude station Vanimo (2.7°S, 141.3°E; dip latitude 11°S) in the Southern Hemisphere in 2003 were statistically analyzed to study the correlation between scintillations and strong range spread F (SSF). The results showed that the observed SF had four types: frequency spread F, mixed spread F, range spread F (RSF), and strong range spread F (SSF). SSF and scintillations usually occurred simultaneously and had nearly the same periods and similar trends. Only the SSF had a high correlation (coefficient 0.7199) with the scintillation, while the other three types of SF were uncorrelated with the scintillation. This implies that the SSF has a different physical mechanism from the RSF, and both the SSF and the scintillation are caused by equatorial plasma bubbles. This is important for us to understand the physical mechanisms of the irregularities in the low‐latitude ionosphere.
A first estimation of SMOS‐based ocean surface T‐S diagrams
Authors: Sabia Roberto , Klockmann Marlene , Fernández‐Prieto Diego , Donlon Craig
Published: September 2014

A first estimation of satellite‐based ocean surface T‐S diagrams is performed by using SMOS Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) and OSTIA Sea Surface Temperature (SST) and comparing them with in situ measurements interpolated fields obtained by the Argo‐buoys for the North Atlantic and over the entire year 2011. The key objectives at the base of this study are: (1) To demonstrate the feasibility of generating routinely satellite‐derived surface T‐S diagrams, obviating the lack of extensive sampling of the surface open ocean, (2) To display the T‐S diagrams variability and the distribution/dynamics of SSS, altogether with SST and the relative density with respect to in situ measurements, and (3) To assess the SMOS SSS data added value in detecting geophysical signals not sensed/resolved by the Argo measurements. To perform the latter analysis, the satellite‐Argo mismatches have been overlapped with geophysical parameters of precipitation rates, surface heat and freshwater fluxes and wind speed data. Ongoing and future efforts focus on enlarging the study area and the temporal frame of the analysis and aim at developing a method for the systematic identification of surface water masses formation areas by remotely sensed data.
The formation of lunar mascon basins from impact to contemporary form
Authors: Freed Andrew M. , Johnson Brandon C. , Blair David M. , Melosh H. J. , Neumann Gregory A. , Phillips Roger J. , Solomon Sean C. , Wieczorek Mark A. , Zuber Maria T.
Published: September 2014

Positive free‐air gravity anomalies associated with large lunar impact basins represent a superisostatic mass concentration or “mascon.” High‐resolution lunar gravity data from the Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory spacecraft reveal that these mascons are part of a bulls‐eye pattern in which the central positive anomaly is surrounded by an annulus of negative anomalies, which in turn is surrounded by an outer annulus of positive anomalies. To understand the origin of this gravity pattern, we modeled numerically the entire evolution of basin formation from impact to contemporary form. With a hydrocode, we simulated impact excavation and collapse and show that during the major basin‐forming era, the preimpact crust and mantle were sufficiently weak to enable a crustal cap to flow back over and cover the mantle exposed by the impact within hours. With hydrocode results as initial conditions, we simulated subsequent cooling and viscoelastic relaxation of topography using a finite element model, focusing on the mare‐free Freundlich‐Sharonov and mare‐infilled Humorum basins. By constraining these models with measured free‐air and Bouguer gravity anomalies as well as surface topography, we show that lunar basins evolve by isostatic adjustment from an initially subisostatic state following the collapse stage. The key to the development of a superisostatic inner basin center is its mechanical coupling to the outer basin that rises in response to subisostatic stresses, enabling the inner basin to rise above isostatic equilibrium. Our calculations relate basin size to impactor diameter and velocity, and they constrain the preimpact lunar thermal structure, crustal thickness, viscoelastic rheology, and, for the Humorum basin, the thickness of its postimpact mare fill.
Reed Leaves as a Sustainable Silica Source for 3D Mesoporous Nickel (Cobalt) Silicate Architectures Assembled into Ultrathin Nanoflakes for High‐Performance Supercapacitors
Authors: Zhao Junhong , Zhang Youjuan , Wang Ting , Li Pengwei , Wei Chengzhen , Pang Huan
Published: September 2014

Mesoporous 3D architectures of silicon dioxide, nickel silicate, and cobalt silicate are for the first time prepared by using reed leafs as a sustainable silica source. Due to the 3D mesoporous architecture, nickel and cobalt silicate allow efficient charge transfer and mass transport, while at the same time buffering the volume changes during ion lithiation/delithiation processes. Especially, the nickel silicate electrode with the mesoporous 3D architecture shows a high specific capacitance, a good rate capability, and cycling stability for electrochemical capacitors.
Electrochemical Design of Nanostructured ZnO Charge Carrier Layers for Efficient Solid‐State Perovskite‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Zhang Jie , Barboux Philippe , Pauporté Thierry
Published: September 2014

The preparation of ZnO structured films designed to act as electron transport layers in efficient ZnO/perovskite CH3NH3PbI3/spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) solid‐state solar cells by electrochemical deposition is reported. Well‐conducting ZnO layers are deposited in chloride medium and grown with tailored (nano)structures ranging from arrays of nanowires to a compact, well‐covering film. Moreover, the effect of a thin intermediate overlayer of ZnO conformally electrodeposited in nitrate medium and with a low n‐type doping (i‐ZnO) is discussed. The results show higher power conversion efficiencies for the nanostructured oxide layers compared to the dense one. Moreover, the presence of the i‐ZnO layer is shown to markedly improve the cell short‐circuit current and the open‐circuit voltage due to charge recombination reduction. For the best cells, the active layers efficiently absorb light over a large spectral range from near‐UV to near infrared region and exhibit excellent charge collection efficiencies. Solar cells based on an optimized design generate a very large photocurrent and the power conversion efficiency at one sun is as high as 10.28%.
Optimization of Carbon‐ and Binder‐Free Au Nanoparticle‐Coated Ni Nanowire Electrodes for Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Kim Sun Tai , Choi Nam‐Soon , Park Soojin , Cho Jaephil
Published: September 2014

A Au nanoparticle‐coated Ni nanowire substrate without binder or carbon is used as the electrode (denoted as the Au/Ni electrode) for Li‐oxygen (Li‐O2) batteries. A minimal amount of Au nanoparticles with sizes of <30 nm on a Ni nanowire substrate are coated using a simple electrodeposition method to the extent that maximum capacity can be utilized. This optimized, one body, Au/Ni electrode shows high capacities of 921 mAh g−1Au, 591 mAh g−1Au, and 359 mAh g−1Au, which are obtained at currents of 300 mAg−1Au, 500 mAg−1Au, and 1000 mAg−1Au respectively. More importantly, the Au/Ni electrode exhibits excellent cycle stability over 200 cycles.
Highly Efficient Flexible Hybrid Nanocrystal‐Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) Solar Cells
Authors: Liao Yu‐Kuang , Brossard Maël , Hsieh Dan‐Hua , Lin Tzu‐Neng , Charlton Martin D. B. , Cheng Shun‐Jen , Chen Chyong‐Hua , Shen Ji‐Lin , Cheng Lung‐Teng , Hsieh Tung‐Po , Lai Fang‐I , Kuo Shou‐Yi , Kuo Hao‐Chung , Savvidis Pavlos G. , Lagoudakis Pavlos G.
Published: September 2014

A novel scheme for hybridizing inkjet‐printed thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells with self‐assembled clusters of nanocrystal quantum dots (NQDs), which provides a 10.9% relative enhancement of the photon conversion efficiency (PCE), is demonstrated. A non‐uniform layer of NQD aggregates is deposited between the transparent conductive oxide and a CdS/CIGS p‐n junction using low cost pulsed‐spray deposition. Hybridization significantly improves the external quantum efficiency of the hybrid devices in the absorption range of the NQDs and in the red to near‐IR parts of the spectrum. The low wavelength response enhancement is found to be induced by luminescent down‐shifting (LDS) from the NQD layer, while the increase at longer wavelengths is attributed to internal scattering from NQD aggregates. LDS is demonstrated using time‐resolved spectroscopy, and the morphology of the NQD layer is investigated in fluorescence microscopy and cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy. The influence of the NQD dose on the PCE of the hybrid devices is investigated and an optimum value is obtained. The low costs and limited material consumptions associated with pulsed‐spray deposition make these flexible hybrid devices promising candidates to help push thin‐film photovoltaic technology towards grid parity.