bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perjuangan Diplomasi Indonesia
Authors: Ananda Dea
Published: October 2021

Resume Perjuangan Diplomasi Indonesia
Persatuan dan kesatuan bhineka tunggal ika
Authors: qoruri Kordio alam
Published: October 2021

Salah satu prinsip persatuan dan kesatuan adalah prinsip Bhinneka Tunggal Ika yang memaknai kita agar mengakui bahwa bangsa Indonesia memiliki keragaman suku, bahasa,agama,dan adat kebiasaan. Prinsip pertama persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa adalah semboyan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika yang tercantum dalam Undang-undang Republik Indonesia nomor 24 tahun 2009 tentang bendera, bahasa, dan lambang negara, serta lagu kebangsaan. Yang dimaksud dengan “semboyan Bhinneka Tunggal Ika” adalah pepatah lama yang pernah dipakai oleh pujangga ternama Mpu Tantular. Kata bhinneka merupakan gabungan dua kata: bhinna dan ika diartikan berbeda-beda tetapi tetap satu dan kata tunggal ika diartikan bahwa di antara pusparagam bangsa Indonesia adalah satu kesatuan. Semboyan ini digunakan mengggambarkan persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa dan Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia." Prinsip Bhinneka Tunggal Ika mempersatukan masyarakat Indonesia yang berbeda-beda menjadi tetap satu. Prinsip ini menjauhkan masyarakat Indonesia dari diskriminasi sehingga persatuan dan kesatuan dapat tercapai. Prinsip nasionalisme Indonesia mengajari kita untuk mencintai bangsa, membangun tali kekeluargaan antarwarga, menumbuhkan rasa rela berkorban bagi negara. Prinsip nasionalisme juga membuat masyarakat memiliki cita-cita dan tujuan yang sama bagi kemajuan bangsa
PANCASILA SEBAGAI IDEOLOGI NEGARA & HAK ASASI MANUSIA DALAM MENJAGA KEUTUHAN NKRI
Authors: DESTIAWAN DEVRITA AYU PUTRI
Published: October 2021

Ideologi dalam kehidupan kita sebagai negara dapat diartikan sebagai konsensus mayoritaswarga tentang dasar nilai-nilai yang ingin mereka wujudkan dengan mendirikan negara.Dalam hal ini, sering juga disebut sebagai philosophische grondslag atau weltanschauung,yaitu pemikiran dan keinginan terdalam warganya untuk mendirikan negara. Ideologi dankepribadian bangsa Indonesia sebagai kristalisasi dari nilai-nilai keramat Indonesia sebagaibangsa, menempatkan manusia pada martabat yang tinggi sebagai makhluk yang berimankepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dengan kesadaran menjalankan kodratnya sebagai makhlukpribadi dan sosial. Seperti yang diabadikan dalam pembukaan untuk UUD 1945, dimanaNegara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI) menghormati apapun upaya suatu bangsa untukmenggariskan dan mengatur hak asasi manusia sesuai dengan sistem nilai dan ideologimasing-masing. Dalam hal ini, Indonesia sebagai bangsa akan menjunjung dan menegakkanhak asasi manusia yang sesuai dengan Pancasila sebagai Ideologi Negara untuk tetapdipegang teguh sebagai Negara Kesatuan Republik IndonesiaKata Kunci : Ideologi, Pancasila, Hak Asasi Manusia, Negara
Shifting the level of selection in science
Authors: Tiokhin Leonid , Panchanathan Karthik , Smaldino Paul E. , Lakens Daniel
Published: October 2021

Criteria for recognizing and rewarding scientists typically focus on individual contributions. This creates a conflict between what is best for scientists’ careers and what is best for science. In this paper, we show how principles from the theory of multilevel selection provide a toolkit for modifying incentives to better align individual and collective interests. A core principle is the need to shift the level at which selection operates, from individuals to the groups in which individuals are embedded. This principle is used in several fields to improve collective outcomes, including animal husbandry, professional sports, and professional organizations. Shifting the level of selection has the potential to ameliorate several problems in contemporary science, including accounting for scientists’ indirect contributions, reducing individual-level competition, and promoting specialization. We discuss the difficulties associated with changing the level of selection and outline directions for future development in this domain.
AI in Third World Farming
Authors: Sakib S M Nazmuz
Published: October 2021

The world of today is now encountering high temperatures and low precipitation, successive dry spells, and a shortage of both ground and surface water. The harming impacts of the worldwide environment through farming change are expanding and most harms are anticipated to happen in non-industrial nations because of their over-dependence. These all are happening due to the erratic precipitation and high occurrence of dry seasons which make farming impossible. Most of the provincial populace in Third World Countries relies upon domesticated animal’s creation for their occupations. In this article, you will look at the effects of Third World Farming and the role of Artificial Intelligence on it.
Can hypnosis make you ticklish? Using suggestion to modulate agency
Authors: Polito Vince , Roberts Andrew , Connors Michael , Barnier Amanda
Published: October 2021

Sense of agency is the subjective sense of control we have over our actions. According to comparator model accounts, this arises when the predicted sensory effects of movements match actual sensory feedback. A consequence of this matching is sensory attenuation of self generated actions. This explains why, typically, we cannot tickle ourselves. Mechanically manipulating the sensory consequences of actions, however, can create a mismatch and the illusion that they are externally-produced; i.e., self-tickling becomes ticklish. Across three experiments, we aimed to create similar alterations in agency using hypnosis. We compared different suggestions - based on real world examples of agency disruptions - for participants of different levels of hypnotisability, with and without a hypnotic induction. We found that suggestions designed to model self-monitoring deficits increased perceived tickliness. These effects were stronger in high hypnotisable participants and after an induction. Demand characteristics explained behavioural but not subjective responses to tickling.
Are tracking recommendations biased? A review of teachers’ role in the creation of inequalities in tracking decisions
Authors: Batruch Anatolia , Geven Sara , Kessenich Emma , van de Werfhorst Herman Gerbert
Published: October 2021

Sorting students into hierarchically ordered tracks or streams on the basis of their academic performance (i.e., tracking) is ubiquitous in educational systems, and oftentimes based on teachers’ track recommendations. International surveys indicate that tracking is associated with educational inequalities. To determine if inequalities in tracking may be due to teacher recommendations being biased against students from disadvantaged socio-economic and/or ethnic backgrounds, we conducted a systematic review of 26 recent articles on tracking recommendations and students’ socio-economic or ethnic background. We find that teacher recommendations are biased against students from disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds, yet evidence with respect to ethnic biases is more mixed. We also conducted an integrative review to examine which factors may account for social and ethnic inequalities in teacher tracking recommendations. We conclude that students’, parents’ and teachers’ attitudes and behaviours play a role in tracking recommendations but cannot fully account for the inequality in these recommendations. We discuss promising areas for future study, and argue that research may want to focus on finding institutional moderators in order to combat biases in educational institutions.
Motivation in der Schule: Implikationen aus der Motivationspsychologie
Authors: Daumiller Martin
Published: October 2021

Der Beitrag beleuchtet unter anderem folgende Themen: Welche Motivationsmodelle sollte man als Lehrkraft kennen? / Motivation der Schüler*innen / Motivation der Lehrkräfte und der Schulgemeinschaft
Towards a simplified justification of the chosen sample size
Authors: Broers Nick J. , Otgaar Henry
Published: October 2021

Since the early work of Cohen (1962) psychological researchers have become aware of the importance of doing a power analysis to ensure that the predicted effect will be detectable with sufficient statistical power. APA guidelines require researchers to provide a justification of the chosen sample size with reference to the expected effect size; an expectation that should be based on previous research. However, we argue that a credible estimate of an expected effect size is only reasonable under two conditions: either the new study forms a direct replication of earlier work or the outcome scale makes use of meaningful and familiar units that allow for the quantification of a minimal effect of psychological interest. In practice neither of these conditions is usually met. We propose a different rationale for a power analysis that will ensure that researchers will be able to justify their sample size as meaningful and adequate.
Perception of Major Life Events and Personality Trait Change
Authors: Haehner Peter , Rakhshani Andrew , Fassbender Ina , Lucas Richard E. , Donnellan Brent , Luhmann Maike
Published: October 2021

Major life events can trigger personality trait change. However, a clear, replicable pattern of event-related personality trait change has yet to be identified. We examined whether the perception of major life events is associated with personality trait change. Therefore, we assessed young adults’ personality traits at five measurement occasions within one year. At the second measurement occasion, we also assessed their perception of a recently experienced major life event using the Event Characteristics Questionnaire. Contrary to our expectations, perceived impact of the event was not associated with the amount of personality trait change, but perceived valence was associated with changes in agreeableness and neuroticism. Exploratory analyses revealed some weak associations between other perceived event characteristics and the amount of personality trait change as well as interactions between perceived event characteristics and event categories in predicting changes in neuroticism. In general, effect sizes were small, and associations depended on the time interval between pre-event and post-event personality assessment. Results indicate that perceived event characteristics should be considered when examining event-related personality trait change.
Gendered household labor & psychological distress: The Middle East vs. North America
Authors: Tomoum Rawda , Hayes Amy
Published: October 2021

Women’s share of household labor (HL) responsibility remains much larger than their male spouses even among dual-earner households. Research has shown how gendered division of HL negatively impacts marital satisfaction. This study measures and compares the division of HL and childcare (CC) among heterosexual married couples and its impact on psychological distress cross-culturally. 284 heterosexual married adults from the Middle East and North America completed an online survey in English or Arabic. Participants completed clinical scales that assess their stress, depression, and anxiety levels. Next, they rated their share of HL responsibility. Data was compared across region and gender, and the analysis examined the impact of gendered division of HL on psychological distress. Results have shown that women in the Middle East had a higher average score for HL and CC than women in North America. Men in North America contributed more in HL and CC than men in the Middle East. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that HL and CC impacts psychological distress. Women complete significantly more HL than men across regions. Among married parents, gendered division of HL is much more prevalent in the Middle East than in North America. Working mothers in the Middle East have the highest correlation between HL and depression. This study highlights the prevalence of gendered division of HL, especially in the Middle East, and it aims to promote a more equitable division of HL for better psychological wellbeing and marital satisfaction.
What are the active ingredients of ‘arts in health’ activities? Development of the INgredients iN ArTs in hEalth (INNATE) Framework
Authors: Warran Katey , Burton Alexandra , Fancourt Daisy
Published: October 2021

Background: There is a scarcity of research concerning what it is about arts engagement that may activate causal mechanisms leading to effects on health and wellbeing outcomes: their active ingredients. Further, the limited studies that do exist have tended to be relevant to specific contexts and types of art forms. The aim of this study was to carry out a comprehensive mapping of potential active ingredients, construct a shared language, and propose a framework and toolkit to support the design, implementation, and evaluation of arts in health activities.Methods: Drawing upon Rapid Appraisal techniques and collaborating with 64 participants, we engaged in a three-phase process: 1) a scoping review to inform the development of an initial framework; 2) a consultation on the initial framework; and 3) analysis of consultation responses and construction of the INNATE framework. Results: The study identified 139 potential active ingredients within the overarching categories of project, people, and contexts. Project components relate directly to the content of the arts activity itself, intrinsic to what the activity is. The people category denotes how people interact through engagement with the activity and who is involved in this interaction, including activity facilitation. Contexts relates to the activity setting comprising the aggregate of place(s), things, and surroundings. Aligning with complexity science, ingredients may overlap, interconnect, or feed into one another to prompt mechanisms, and may not be experienced as distinct by participants. Conclusions: Our mapping exercise is the most extensive to date. In relation to arts in health activities, the INNATE framework can support with: design and implementation, such as in co-producing an intervention to meet the needs of a particular population; evaluation, such as facilitating the comparison of different interventions and their efficacy; and replication, scalability, and sustainability through enabling detailed reporting and specific articulation of what an arts in health activity entails. The toolkit can also be used as a reflexive tool to support those delivering arts in health activities.
Covid-19 Partisanship in the UK: Findings from Survey and Mobility Data
Authors: Vlandas Tim , Klymak Margaryta
Published: October 2021

What is relationship between partisanship and views and behaviours towards Covid-19? This article tackles this research question using nearly 100,000 survey responses to a new and highly granular daily survey as well as google mobility matched to UK general election data. Our results suggest that partisanship is correlated with the views and behaviours of different voters. First, Conservatives saw Covid-19 as less threatening than Labour voters and they tended to leave home more after the national lockdown was announced, even after controlling for potential confounding factors. Second, random forests shows that partisanship as one of the most important predictor of attitudes and behaviours towards Covid-19. Third, the effect of national lockdown on mobility was negative and statistically significant only in less Conservative counties. Thus, partisanship is important to understand the views and behaviours of individuals during a pandemic.
Counting by “elevens” and why nine and two make twenty: The material roots of Polynesian numbers
Authors: Overmann Karenleigh A.
Published: October 2021

Traditional Polynesian number systems provide interesting and occasionally surprising insights into the elaboration of numerical structure and organization. While strongly decimal and capable of counting into the millions, these number systems also developed divergent ways of counting specific types of objects, and objects could be counted collectively (by twos, fours, or eights) as well as singly (one by one). Toward the eastern periphery of the region, in Mangareva, three unique binary steps were also incorporated into an otherwise decimal structure. Here these elaborations are shown to have a material basis: they are the logical outcomes of pragmatic counting methods that minimized physical and mental effort. The elaboration of numbers through the counting methods used highlights the centrality of material forms to the structure and organization of both numerical concepts and their verbal labels. These insights position our manuovisual engagement of material forms alongside language as an interdependent, co-influential, and ultimately distinct means of accessing and elaborating human numerical intuitions, one whose investigation has the potential to yield new insights into human numeracy.
Scaling Up CSP: How Long Will It Take?
Authors: Lilliestam Johan , Du Fengli , Gilmanova Alina , Mehos Mark , Wang Zhifeng , Thonig Richard
Published: October 2021

Concentrating solar power (CSP) is one of the few scalable technologies capable of delivering dispatchable renewable power and, as such, many expect it to shoulder a significant share of system balancing in a renewable electricity future power by cheap, intermittent PV and wind power: the IEA, for example, projects 73 GW CSP by 2030 and several hundred GW by 2050 in its Net-Zero by 2050 pathway. In this paper, we assess how fast CSP can be expected to scale up and how long time it would take to get new, high-efficiency CSP technologies to market, based on observed trends and historical patterns. We find that to meaningfully contribute to net-zero pathways the CSP sector needs to reach and exceed the maximum historical annual growth rate of 30%/year last seen between 2010-2014 and maintain it for at least two decades. Any CSP deployment in the 2020s will rely mostly on mature existing technologies, namely parabolic trough and molten-salt towers, but likely with adapted business models such as hybrid CSP-PV stations, combining the advantages of higher-cost dispatchability and low-cost intermittency. New third-generation CSP designs are unlikely to play a role in markets during the 2020s, as they are still at or before the pilot stage and, judging from past pilot-to-market cycles for CSP, they will likely not be ready for market deployment before 2030. CSP can contribute to low-cost zero-emission energy systems by 2050, but to make that happen, at the scale foreseen in current energy models, ambitious technology-specific policy support is necessary, as soon as possible and in several countries.
Schulentwicklung in der digital geprägten Welt: Strategien, Rahmenbedingungen und Implikationen für Schulleitungshandeln
Authors: Waffner Bettina
Published: October 2021

Die Integration digitaler Medien in die Unterrichtspraxis kann nur dann einen innovativen Charakter entfalten, wenn sie von strategisch angelegten Maßnahmen der Schulentwicklung begleitet wird. Andernfalls bleiben Veränderungen lediglich einzelne Modernisierungen, führen aber nicht zu einer Weiterentwicklung von Schule in der digital geprägten Welt. Das Führungshandeln von Schulleiterinnen und Schulleitern ist in dem Veränderungsprozess von entscheidender Bedeutung. In diesem Critical Review werden aktuelle Forschungsbefunde analysiert, die die strategische Führung von Schulentwicklungsprozessen sowohl theoretisch-konzeptionell fassen als auch empirisch untersuchen. In die Forschungssynthese gingen 56 deutsch- und englischsprachige Studien ein, die zwischen 2016 und Juni 2020 veröffentlicht worden sind. Im Ergebnis werden sechs Konzepte und Modelle vorgestellt, die Orientierung für Schulentwicklungsprozesse und Führungshandeln aus unterschiedlichen Perspektiven mit einem besonderen Blick auf die digital geprägte Welt bieten. Es werden empirische Forschungsbefunde in einer Synthese zu förderlichen Aspekten, Spannungsfeldern und Potenzialen von Schulentwicklungsprozessen dargestellt und Digital Leadership als neues Paradigma von Schulleitungshandeln im Konnex von Schule und Digitalität identifiziert.
Związek antydemokratów z demokracją
Authors: Rawski Tomasz
Published: October 2021

Celem autora artykułu jest próba odpowiedzi na pytania: Kim są współcześni antydemokraci? Jakie są ich intencje i motywy działania? Wyzwanie stanowi też potrzeba dookreślenia antydemokratyzmu jako postawy polityczno-społecznej, a także rozstrzygnięcie dylematu, czy jest ona konsekwencją rozczarowania politykąi politykami oraz niezadowolenia społeczeństwa stanowiąc postawę kontestacji ładu politycznego, czy może użyteczną strategią polityczną prowadzącą do politycznej korzyści.
Paradoks pluralizmu: absorpcja i marginalizacja mniejszości
Authors: Burchert Sara
Published: October 2021

Artykuł dotyczy pluralizmu i pozornego pluralizmu w demokracji. Analiza mechanizmów absorpcji i marginalizacji grup mniejszościowych, ich interesów i uczestnictwa w dyskursie publicznym, sposobów i możliwości artykulacji stanowisk im bliskich, pozwala na scharakteryzowanie zależności i elementów wpływających na jakość i możliwość zaistnienia pluralistycznego społeczeństwa. Istotą funkcjonowania wizji pluralistycznej debaty staje się nadawanie temu, co zastane, znamion różnorodności. Ważna jest również analiza sytuacji medialnej – strukturalnych, przestrzennych, a także finansowych ograniczeń, które stanowią argument już znaturalizowany i zaakceptowany, co do którego nie powinno się toczyć sporów. W ten sposób dwustronnie moderuje się wolną dyskusję, gdzie niemający do niej dostępu akceptują fakt, że nie powinni gomieć, często nawet nie analizując mechanizmów ujarzmiania, jakie stoją za kolejnymi procesami wykluczenia, ewentualnie – absorpcji w ramy głównego nurtu, odzierając z kolei jednostkę z „mniejszościowego” charakteru, tożsamości, możliwości artykulacji własnych interesów.
Open Signals and Systems Laboratory Exercises
Authors: Bolstad Andrew , Dickerson Julie
Published: October 2021

Open Signals and Systems Laboratory Exercises is a collection of lab assignments that have been used in EE 224: Signals and Systems I in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Iowa State University. These lab exercises have been curated, edited, and presented in a consistent format to improve student learning.
Sistem Akuntansi Keuangan Pada CV. Prosper Media Menggunakan Zahir Accounting Versi 6.0
Authors: Rahmawati Mari , Kumalasari Evana Intan
Published: October 2021

Abstrak - Pada zaman globalisasi sistem informasi mempunyai peranan penting untuk kebutuhan manusia dalam membantu proses akuntansi pada suatu perusahaan yang telah berjalan. Masalah yang sering terjadi pada perusahaan yaitu pada sistem pengolahan data hingga menghasilkan suatu informasi yang masih dilakukan secara manual, maka dapat terjadi kesalahan pada saat pencatatan, dan membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama. Sehingga dengan penggunaan sistem akuntansi yang telah terkomputerisasi lebih efisien, akurat, dan efektif mencapai hasil laporan keuangan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut maka penulis melakukan penelitian terhadap proses sistem akuntansi pada CV. Prosper Media dengan menggunakan sistem pencatatan yang sudah terkomputerisasi yaitu Zahir Accounting Versi 6.0. Dalam menerapkan aplikasi Zahir ada beberapa metode yang digunakan yaitu seperti mengamati secara langsung proses keuangan, wawancara kepada pihak perusahaan, memperoleh informasi dari berbagai referensi, pengujian, serta metode bimbingan dan konsultasi. Pada software akuntansi Zahir Accounting Versi 6.0 ini dapat menghasilkan keuangan dengan cepat dan mudah. Pada saat memasukkan data mulai dari setup awal, input data master, input saldo awal, sampai dengan menginput transaksi-transaksi akan secara otomatis menghasilkan suatu laporan keuangan yang akan dibutuhkan oleh pihak yang berkepentingan.Kata Kunci: Sistem Akuntansi, Keuangan, Zahir Accounting
Pengaruh Corporate Governance Terhadap Penghindaran Pajak (Studi pada 7 perusahaan sektor makanan dan minuman di BEI 2015-2019
Authors: Rohyana Cahyat , Maryana Diana
Published: October 2021

Pajak merupakan iuran wajib yang harus dibayarkan oleh wajib pajak kepada negara. Wajib pajak yang dimaksud bisa berupa wajib pajak orang pribadi atau wajib pajak badan. Jika wajib pajak badan, maka pembayaran pajak dapat mengurangi perolehan laba. Guna mendaptakan laba yang besar, perusahaan dapat diindikasikan melakukan penghindaran pajak. Penghindaran pajak adalah salah satu bagian dari perencanaan pajak yang dilakukan secara legal. Salah satu hal guna meminimalisir penghindaran pajak oleh pihak pengelola perusahaan ada dengan Good Corporate Governance. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh dari kepemilikan institusional, dewan komisaris dan komite audit secara parsial maupun simultan terhadap penghindaran pajak. Hasil penelitian menunjukan terdapat pengaruh positif yang signifikan antara variabel kepemilikan institusional dengan variabel penghindaran pajak, terdapat pengaruh positif yang signifikan antara variabel dewan komisaris dengan variabel pengindaran pajak, tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan antara variabel komite audit dengan variabel pengindaran pajak dan terdapat pengaruh positif yang signifikan antara kepemilikan institusional, dewan komisaris dan komite audit terhadap penghindaran pajak.
Kinerja Keuangan Entitas Multifinance: Determinasi Non Performing Loan dan Capital Adequacy Ratio Terhadap Profitabilitas
Authors: Riyanto Andi , Raspati Galih , Rahayu Yuri , Yuniati Yuyun
Published: October 2021

Pada perusahaan pembiayaan, profit merupakan hal mutlak untuk diperoleh agar dapat mempertahankan kontinuitas operasional perusahaan. Oleh karena itu, tujuan utama perusahaan yaitu meningkatkan profitabilitas  agar dapat menghasilkan keuntungan yang maksimal. Dalam menjalankan usaha dan aktivitasnya, perusahaan tidak lepas dari masalah kredit bermasalah atau Non Performing Loan (NPL) dan permodalan atau Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) yang mempengaruhi profitabilitas, artinya perusahaan harus mampu meningkatkan profitabilitas, menekan NPL dan menerapkan kriteria CAR. Tinggi rendahnya rasio NPL dan CAR mempunyai impak terhadap besar kecilnya profitabilitas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian ex post facto dengan pendekatan kuantitatif. Data yang digunakan adalah data keuangan tentang kredit bermasalah dengan total kredit, modal dengan Aktiva Tertimbang Menurut Risiko (ATMR) dan profitabilitas atau Return On Assets (ROA) dengan membandingkan laba setelah pajak dengan total aset pada laporan keuangan 2012-2019. Teknik pengujian menggunakan uji statistik. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan menyatakan bahwa NPL dan CAR berpengaruh secara simultan terhadap tingkat profitabilitas pada PT. Adira Dinamika Multi Finance, Tbk.
Ponadnarodowa organizacja międzynarodowa a kwestia suwerenności – studium międzynarodowoprawne
Authors: Kabat-Rudnicka Danuta , Kuźniak Brygida
Published: October 2021

The article focuses on the concept of sovereignty – an analytical category applicable to states. However, with the emergence of new actors in the international arena, especially new types of organisations such as the European Union, the question arises: whether it is possible to apply sovereignty to entities other than states. The authors have the assumption that in the area of social sciences, it is possible to give the concept of the sovereignty a certain trait of universality, inter alia, to better reconcile the legal and political science approaches. The aim of this study is to identify and then to define an important feature of the EU, which may be sovereignty itself or its equivalent (autonomy, claim to sovereignty, quasi-sovereignty). The results of the study may lead to a better understanding of non-state subjects of public international law such as international organisations in genere, and organisations of integrational and supranational character in specie. The article is analytical, comparative and explanatory.
Proces selekcji kandydatów na posłów do Parlamentu Europejskiego a stabilność personalna polskiej delegacji
Authors: Pacześniak Anna
Published: October 2021

The article analyses the determinants of the selection of candidates for the European Parliament in Polish political parties and the relationship between the way candidates are selected and the personal stability of the Polish representation in the EP. The study is based on the analysis of party documents and data obtained in semi-structured interviews with MEPs elected in the period 2004–2019. The level of variability and stability of the personal composition of the Polish delegation is presented in terms of the four parties that have been part of the Polish representation in all previous terms. The stability of representation is not a leading motive in the intraparty selection of MEP candidates. The domination of informal criteria in creation of the electoral lists further weakens the link between selection process and personal stability of the Polish delegation in the EP.
Media discourse on receiving funds for financing of the elections’2019 in Ukraine
Authors: Iuzva Liudmyla
Published: October 2021

One of the most important indicators of democracy is electoral transparency, which is characterised by the legitimacy of campaign financing. Since Ukraine declares its desire to join the European Union, it should demonstrate the compliance with the values common to the EU, one of which is democracy. In 2019, Ukraine held «double» elections, around which, traditionally, a multi-vector discourse unfolded in the media space. One of the areas covered was the financing of election campaigns. The author applied one of the basic sociological methods of document analysis – content analysis of the discourse devoted to financing the 2019 presidential and parliamentary election campaigns in Ukraine. The results of empirical study demonstrated that funding for these two campaigns was reported differently. Thus, in the coverage of the presidential campaign considerable attention was paid to the coverage of its various aspects. Moreover, the attention was paid to the type of voter bribery, known as direct. The parliamentary media campaign received less attention than the presidential campaign. The most frequent attention was paid to indirect voter bribery. The tone of the discourse was quite difficult to capture, however, if we evaluate the correlation between the negative and positive contexts of describing the financing of election campaigns, then, of course, the negative ones were much more prevalent.
A machine learning approach to identification of self-harm and suicidal ideation among military and police Veterans
Authors: Colic Sinisa , He Jiang Chen , Richardson J. Don , Cyr Kate St. , Reilly James P. , Hasey Gary M.
Published: October 2021

LAY SUMMARY

Combat Veterans are vulnerable to suicidal thoughts and behaviour. Many who die by suicide deny having suicidal ideation (SI). Typically, researchers try to find variables indicating the presence of SI using traditional statistical approaches. These approaches do not possess the capacity to detect highly complex multivariable interactions. In contrast, machine learning (ML) is designed to detect such patterns and can consequently yield much higher predictive accuracy. In this study, the authors trained ML algorithms using 192 variables extracted from questionnaires administered to 738 Veterans and serving personnel to detect the presence of self-harm and SI (SHSI). Using the 10 most predictive non-suicide-related items, the ML algorithms could detect SHSI with 75.3% accuracy. Most of these items reflect psychological phenomena that can change quickly over time, allowing repeated risk reassessment from day to day. The study’s findings suggest that ML methods may play an important role in the discovery, within a large data set, of predictive patterns that might be useful in suicide risk assessment.
Was De Gaulle Anti-American?
Authors: Kuisel Richard F.
Published: October 2021

"Was Charles de Gaulle anti-American?" is a bold question, but hardly a new one. For the General's alleged anti-Americanism has informed much of what Americans have written about him. Nevertheless, scholars have been reluctanct to face this issue squarely. And the charge has usually been denied because we have tried to understand and interpret him for an American audience that was usually critical and sometimes hostile.
De Gaulle et le peuple
Authors: Julliard Jacques
Published: October 2021

Les rapports de de Gaulle avec le peuple constituent en effet une question centrale qui pourrait facilement englober l'ensemble de son action politique, ainsi que sa réflexion sur les problèmes historiques. Tout au long de sa carrière politique, de Gaulle n'a eu de cesse de mener un long dialogue en tête-à-tête avec le peuple. Dialogue in absentia si l'on ose dire, aussi longtemps qu'il se trouve à Londres ou en exil; dialogue concret, permanent, symbolisé par la multiplicité des élections, des référendums, des consultations diverses lors de son retour au pouvoir en 1958 et ce, jusqu'à son départ, en 1969.
De Gaulle, populiste et tragique
Authors: Kriegel Annie
Published: October 2021

Il est curieux que, pour les gens de ma génération, qui dès leur adolescence, ont abordé l'observation de la vie publique avec le problème posé par la présence à Londres, du général de Gaulle, qui tout au long par la suite, ont eu à se situer, lecteurs, électeurs, historiens, politologues, éditorialistes, par rapport à la personne, à l'œuvre, aux propositions concrètes du général, il soit demeuré impossible jusqu'au bout et aujourd'hui encore d'avoir une appréhension nette, une vision claire de cette figure souveraine autour de laquelle s'organise l'histoire contemporaine de la France.
Bibliographie sur Charles de Gaulle
Authors: Rudelle Odile
Published: October 2021

L'année 1990 a été vécue en France sous le signe de la mémoire du Général de Gaulle, puisqu'une initiative, venue de ses anciens collaborateurs groupés autour de l'Institut de même nom, a su trouver non seulement le concours des pouvoirs publics mais aussi la faveur des Français.
Le Canada vu Par S.M. Lipset
Authors: Langlois Simon
Published: October 2021

Rares sont les recherches qui, à la manière de Tocqueville, proposent une comparaison systématique de plusieurs sociétés. La publication de l'ouvrage de Seymour Martin Lipset sur les sociétés canadienne et américaine mérite d'être soulignée, non seulement parce qu'il relève un défi peu commun, mais surtout à cause de scs grandes qualités; documentation très fouillée et complète – sauf peut-être pour les travaux écrits en français sur le Québec et le Canada -, justesse et finesse des analyses, interprétations suggestives, élégance et clarté de l'écriture.
Tocqueville: Ecrits et discours Politiques
Authors: Schleifer James T.
Published: October 2021

This volume, part of the on-going Oeuvres complètes d'Alexis de Tocqueville, is the third and final portion of the Écrits et discours politiques, edited by André Jardin, the pre-eminent French Tocqueville specialist of his generation. This first part, published in 1962, focused on writings about Algeria and other colonies; the second which appeared in 1985 covered the period from 1839 to 1848 when Tocqueville served as Deputy from Valognes during the July Monarchy.
Natural Jurisprudence and Republicanism: the Case of Jefferson
Authors: Holthoon Frédéric L.
Published: October 2021

Since my student days I have been partial to Carl Becker's lovely little book on the Declaration of Independence. I read it almost forty years ago and on further reflection I had vaguely wondered whether taking this straight road from Locke to the American revolution, and beyond, is a wise undertaking. Then I was startled from my complacency by the two books Gary Wills devoted to the Declaration of Independence and the Federalist respectively.
Genèse de la prise de conscience européenne
Authors: Pillorget René
Published: October 2021

Parler d'Europe nous oblige à remonter très haut dans le temps: jusqu'à l'Antiquité grecque, jusqu'aux VIe et Ve siècle avant Jésus-Christ. Europe est le nom d'une Egéennc transportée par Zcus-Taurcau de la Phénicie à la Crète. Il est aussi celui de l'un des trois continents entre lesquels les Grecs ont partagé le monde connu: les deux autres étant l'Asie et la Lybic. Europe est également un terme comme celui d'Helias. Grèce, qui affirme une différence. Europe, adjectif féminin substantivé, signifie région obscure, sombre, c'est-à-dire, par extension, le Couchant, l'Occident.
Constitutional Adjudication as a Means of Realizing the Equal Stature of Men and Women Under the Law
Authors: Ginsburg Ruth Bader
Published: October 2021

My remarks center on case law written in the United States, since 1970, on the equal stature of men and women under the law. Before taking up that development, I will make some opening comments about this conspicuous difference between the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the U.S. Bill of Rights, as ratified 200 years ago: equality is a central theme of the French Declaration; the word "equal" or "equality," by contrast, does not even appear in the original U.S. Constitution or in the first ten amendments that compose the Bill of Rights.
La déclaration de 1789 et le juge : une problématique américaine?
Authors: Favoreu Louis
Published: October 2021

Peut-on concevoir, en France, une application de la Déclaration de 1789 par les tribunaux de la même manière qu'est appliqué aux Etats-Unis le Bill of Rights par l'ensemble des juridictions?
Pierre Trudeau, le nationalisme et la crise canado-québecoise
Authors: Laforest Guy
Published: October 2021

Il y a un peu plus de vingt-cinq ans, au beau milieu d'une tempête politique, monsieur Pierre Elliott Trudeau, l'ex-Prcmier Ministre du Canada, lançait un livre qui demeure l'ouvrage le plus important dans la vie politique et intellectuelle de ce pays au vingtième siècle. Paru quelques mois après le célèbre «Vive le Québec libre» du général de Gaulle dans son discours de Montréal, le livre de monsieur Trudeau précéda de peu le manifeste de René Lévesque. Option Québec. Au moment où son livre. Le fédéralisme et la société canadienne-française. fut publié, en septembre 1967, Trudeau était titulaire du ministère fédéral de la justice. Six mois plus tard, il annonçait sa candidature à la direction du Parti libéral du Canada. Difficilement mais brillamment, il l'emporta. Le 25 juin 1968, il devint Premier Ministre du pays suite à un retentissant succès électoral.
Les paradoxes du contrat social. À propos de "Elitism and Democracy" de R. Dore
Authors: d'Iribarne Philippe
Published: October 2021

Ronald Dore, dans un article provoquant, s'attaque à ce que nos sociétés ont sans doute de plus sacré : l'idéal d'une société de citoyens égaux en droit. Pourtant, s'il propose de prendre en exemple les sociétés paternalistes où, comme au Japon, des élites bienveillantes se penchent sur le sort des moins favorisés, c'est au nom même d'un idéal d'égalité. Et ce faisant, il nous incite à nous interroger.
Le juste contrat. L’éthique de l'engagement dans les mentalités populaires
Authors: Kellerhals Jean , Modak Marianne , Perrin Jean-François
Published: October 2021

Si l'imporlancc du contrat dans les sociétés modernes a etc bien reconnue par la sociologie classique (cf.Durkhcim, 1910; Weber. 1969; Maine, 1969) – à tel point d'ailleurs que l'on a pu faire de ce mode de formation des obligations le trait «typique» de la régulation des échanges dans ces sociétés on s'interroge par contre aujourd'hui sur le fait de savoir si le respect de la parole donnée et des engagements qui en découlent gardent (encore) toute leur légitimité dans les mentalités contemporaines ou si, au contraire, on n'assiste pas à une double érosion du principe de la volonté: le droit à contracter librement se rétrécirait dans le même temps que les engagements pris perdraient de leur force contraignante. Qu'en est-il des conceptions du «juste contrat» dans la morale populaire?
Relativiser le relativisme. Quand la sociologie réfute la sociologie de la science
Authors: Boudon Raymond
Published: October 2021

Depuis une trentaine d'années on voit apparaître dans la philosophie de la science une tendance à déclarer que, contrairement à une hypothèse traditionnelle, les sciences exactes sont incapables de déboucher sur des théories auxquelles on pourrait conférer les attributs de «vrai» ou d'«objectif». Ainsi, les théories scientifiques ne seraient pas plus objectives que les dogmes religieux, par exemple.
Éloge d'Andrew Shonfield
Authors: Fitoussi Jean-Paul
Published: October 2021

Je mesure l'honneur que m'ont fait les organisateurs de celte réunion en me demandant de présenter l'éloge d'Andrew Shonfield, en conclusion d'un séminaire consacré à l'étude des différentes formes de capitalisme. Je les en remercie vivement. J'ai eu en effet la chance et le bonheur d'avoir travaillé avec lui pendant les deux dernières années de sa vie à Florence. D'ordinaire, lorsqu'après avoir au travers des livres rencontré la pensée, on connaît ensuite l'homme, un peu de l'admiration initiale disparaît, tant la vie quotidienne contribue à banaliser ce qui alors apparaissait singulier.
Fascination with 'the Other': Are the French Different?
Authors: Peterson Richard A.
Published: October 2021

The lionization of Benjamin Franklin by the French intelligentsia in those heady days between the beginning of the American and the French revolutions exemplifies the French fascination with the exotic other from across the Atlantic. As Minister Plenipotentiary of the fledgling United States of America to the Royal Court of Louis XVI, Franklin was greeted as a potential ally against the British, and he soon became the darling of the philosophes and their admirers. In his rustic outfits, fur cap, and plain but ingratiating manner--the product, it seemed, of the Pennsylvania wilderness-he appeared to be the embodiment of Rousseau's Nobel Savage, and as the inventor of the lightning rod, scientific savage at that.
Comment
Authors: Kesselman Mark
Published: October 2021

Acentral ingredient of democracy in the United States, according to Tocqueville, was local autonomy – yet the data presented by Professor Austin suggests a fundamental change in the United States since Tocquevilles time. Most local expenditures are now provided by the federal and state governments, most “local” programs are not local at all, for many (if not most) purposes the local government has become an extension of the federal government, and it is often replaced altogether by federally created field agencies (what the French call deconcentrated administration).
News and Notes
Authors: Marshall D. Bruce
Published: October 2021

The Conference Group on French Politics and Society organized two panels on the theme: The International Economic Crisis – The French Response which were held in conjunction with the Annual Meeting of the International Studies Association in Los Angeles on March 21-22, 1980. Chaired by Peter Gou rev itch (UC San Diego), the panelists considered some of the various solutions which the French Government and major interest groups have developed to cope with the troubles that persist in the world economy.
France: la croisee des chemins
Authors: Lepas Armand
Published: October 2021

Le 10 mai 1981, M. François Mitterrand était elu Président de la République Française. Un an aprés, il est possible d’établir un premier bilan significatif de l’action entreprise par le Gouvemement qui s’est mis en place à la suite de la double victoire electorate de la gauche.
The Reagan Administration and Social Policy—is a Counterrevolution Under Way?
Authors: Glazer Nathan
Published: October 2021

The Reagan administration has been in office, at the time of writing, just short of one-and-a-half years. Some evaluation of its record is reasonable, despite the fact that it has two-and- a-half years to go. It is specifically its record in domestic social programs that I analyze in this article, knowing full well that, in the great triad of governmental activities, domestic social programs generally rank third, and often a poor third, in seizing the interest and attention of the President.
Youth and the Church in Middletown
Authors: Bahr Howard M.
Published: October 2021

This paper is an exploration of the beliefs and behavios about organized religion held by young people in the midwestern American community described by Robert S. and Helen M. lynd in Middletown and Middletown in Transition.
Les Elections de 1981 en France et la victoire socialiste
Authors: Grumberg Gérard
Published: October 2021

Depuis le début de la Véme République, la gauche française paraissait vouée à 1’échec. La défaite de 1978 et la gravité de la crise de l’union entre le parti socialiste et le parti communiste constituerent dans la période qui suivit un handicap supplemental. On pouvait commencer a douter que l’alternance fut possible dans ce pays.
Lettre de Paris
Authors: Crozier Michel
Published: October 2021

Vue de Los Angeles la France socialiste allait plutot bien. Pas de désastre économique ou financier en vue. La gestion de Jacques Delors restait habile. Certes on pouvait s’étonner de l’entendre dire que la France était le premier pays occidental à sortir de la récession. Mais peut-étre le L.A. Times avait-il mal traduit une formule plus nuancée.
French Socialism at the End of the Beginning: The Grand Design and its Vicissitudes
Authors: Kesselman Mark
Published: October 2021

One year in office is too soon to make a final judgment about any government, especially one representing social and political forces excluded from national office for over twenty years. Yet Leon Blum’s Popular Front coalition, the closest precedent in French history to the current Socialist-Communist coalition, did not survive a year in office.
Seminar report
Authors: Mendels Franklin
Published: October 2021

The meeting took place thanks to the generous support of the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and the National Science Foundation. As reporter for this meeting, I am pleased on behalf of the other officers of the Society and of the participants in the meeting to acknowledge the financial support of these institutions.
Workers Families and Occupation in Industrial France
Authors: Tilly Louise A.
Published: October 2021

patterns of occupation and employment of workers in the past, like those in the present, have long been understood as the consequence of supply and demand. Family history has developped concepts and methods to look systematically at the supply side. Analysis of household labor allocation in industrial capitalist economies, as revealed in census listings of individuals in households, has used the concept of family strategies to illuminate patterned behavior. Household patterns of employment in concrete historical cases demonstrate that although workers are individual wage earners, the likelihood that they will be employed is shaped by their position in the household, the number and age of children, and who else in the household is earning wages.
Work and Family in Industrializing America
Authors: Zunz Olivier
Published: October 2021

« Work » and « family » : two major components of the human experience which have received concentrated attention. Labor historians, for example, have explored the changing modes of production, the evolving organization of work, and its effects on society. Historical demographers have focused on such family-related issues as the causes of recent fertility decline, the rise of the modem nuclear family, and the revolution in mores. The ways in which the world of the family and the world of work have evolved together, however, have not been as well studied as each separate topic. What is known of the relationship between work and family is that it is complex. In our introductory essay to this seminar. T. Caplow and I stressed the novelty — and impermanence — of the post World War II one wage-earner family. We also pointed to the changing role of women, and compared their role in today's labor force to that of the secondary wage-earners of the nineteenth century, the children