bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventive Methods Used to Study and Control Thermal Necrosis: A Review
Authors: Dahibhate Rajesh V , Jaju Santosh B , Sarode Rajendra I
Published: January 2021

Orthopedic surgeries use screw and plate fixations. Bone drilling is performed for smooth and minimum damage to bone surface during screw insertion. Bone drilling creates a hole with circular cross-section. This process involves cutting and material removal with a helical drill tool. Heat is generated at the drilling site due to cutting, shearing of bone material by drill tool and friction between drill tool and bone surface. Previous research studies found that if temperature at drilling site reaches 47°C and remains the same for one minute, irreversible cell damage i.e. thermal necrosis can occur. Thermal necrosis causes ring sequestrum around the pin; this leads to a vicious cycle involving secondary infection, discharge and pin loosening. This postoperative complication can only be rectified by removal of pin and sequestrum, curettage of the tract and pin replacement and so thermal necrosis- the root cause must be avoided and attended very seriously. To avoid thermal necrosis, postoperative complications and delay in patient rehabilitation, researchers are studying bone drilling in detail. In this review paper, a discussion is made on different innovative methods that are turning points in the study of thermal necrosis and the latest technologically improved equipment devised by researchers. These inventive methods have used experimental set ups, software-based simulations and training programs. The author also conducted experiments on female goat rib bone and based on these observations an improved drilling machine is suggested.
Systemic Shortcomings in Medical Education System of India: A Review with Radical Solutions
Authors: Charmode Sundip , Sharma Shelja , Seth Suryakanta , Kumar Subodh , Mishra Vivek
Published: January 2021

India leads the world in the number of registered medical institutions and produces the largest number of medical doctors in the world. Notwithstanding this, India struggles for the concerns of poor quality of medical education, incompetent medical workforces, and insignificant research contribution to the world which is due to the malfunctioning of Indian regulatory bodies. Many Authors (domestic and foreign) have written extensively on the prevailing deficiencies of the medical education system of India in the last decade but essentially failed in offering effective and realistic solutions for the deficiencies cited by them. The present study undertakes a detailed review of the articles published in the last decade that critically analyses the various aspects of the medical education system of India. The objective of this article is to present the deficiencies in the medical education system in the country supported by statistical facts and figures to provide a framework to enable a better understanding of the complexity of the medical education system in India. This article also attempts to present effective solutions for the same as publicised by the regulatory and governing bodies of medical education and health care system of India thereby providing insight into the future directions in revolutionising it.
A Self-report Oriented Toward Visuoperceptive and Visuomotor Alterations for the Early Identification of Dyslexic Children
Authors: Aleci Carlo , Rosa Claudio
Published: January 2021

Background: Early diagnosis is the main requisite for rehabilitating children suspected to suffer from dyslexia, and self-reports may be as reliable as ordinary screenings, but far less expensive. Research shows that the visual function can be involved in the pathogenesis of dyslexia so that self-reports should inquire about visual signs as well. A questionnaire made of 21 items that provide scores based on the visual signs commonly reported by dyslexics and on the most relevant comorbidities according to the literature has been devised. The aim of this exploratory study is to evaluate its potential for the early identification of dyslexic children.

Methods: The AAP-DD is a set of 21 items subdivided into 4 sections that inquire about visual signs (section S), fatty acid deficiency, inheritance of dyslexia, and related conditions in children and parents. Each item is assigned a specific visuomotor and visuosensory weight in the form of a coefficient. The parents of twenty-three dyslexic children (9.34±0.80 years) and twenty-four normal readers filled the questionnaire. To assess the correspondence between the outcome of the questionnaire and the actual visual function of each participant, spatial relationship perception and ocular movements have been tested psychophysically.

Results: The score of the dyslexic sample was almost double (i.e. worse) compared to the control group (P <.0001). Sensitivity and specificity were, respectively, 87% and 62%. Section S was the most informative, accounting for up to 41% of the variance of the reading rate. Correlation between the DEM and the AAP-DD scores suggests the questionnaire reflects the actual visuomotor condition of the subject.

Conclusion: The AAP-DD seems promising to screen children at risk for dyslexia, and is, therefore, worth to be further investigated in a larger population. The obtained results support the role of the visual function in the pathogenesis of this condition.
Production and Quality Evaluation of Mixed Juice Blend from Soursop (Annona muricata), Mango (Mangifera indica) and Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus)
Authors: Arum C. , Ani J. C.
Published: January 2021

Aims: To evaluate the chemical, microbiological, physico-chemical and sensory properties of fruit juice produced from blends of soursop, mango and watermelon.

Study Design: The data obtained were analyzed using statistical package for social science (SPSS) version 20. The mean and standard deviation were calculated using analysis of variance. Means were separated by Duncan’s new multiple range test.

Place and Duration of Study: The study took place at the Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka between January and July, 2016.

Methodology Juices extracted from Soursop Mango and Watermelon (designated as S, M and W respectively) were blended to give samples containing soursop, mango and watermelon juices in the ratio of 60:25:15, 15:60:25, 25:15:60 and 33.3:33.3:33.3, respectively. The samples were processed, bottled and analyzed for proximate, phytochemical and micronutrients composition, physico-chemical, microbial and sensory qualities using standard methods.

Results: There were significant (p < 0.05) differences in the proximate composition, micro-nutrient and phytochemical composition of the mixed fruit juice blend. The moisture content, ash content, crude fiber, crude fat, crude protein and carbohydrate ranged from 85.0 to 90.03%, 0.14 to 0.6%, 0.95 to 2.94%, 0.19 to 0.44%, 0.75 to 1.72% and 7.23 to 11.48% respectively. pH, brix and Titratable acidity of samples varied significantly (p < 0.05) and ranged from 5.92 to 6.11%, 8.85 to 12.80% and 0.38 to 0.69% respectively. The flavonoid, total phenol and pro-vitamin A contents of the blends ranged from 9.14 to11.04%, 0.3 to 0.5% and 13.01 to 72.9% respectively.  Vitamin C, potassium and calcium contents ranged from 28.25 to 41.75 mg/100ml, 108.32 to 168.92 mg/100 ml and 7.05 to 12.69 mg/100 ml respectively. The microbial results showed that total viable count found present in the mixed fruit juice blended samples ranged from 3.0 x 101 to 9.0 x 101. The sensory scores showed that all the samples were generally accepted while sample which had equal proportions of the individual juices had the highest overall acceptability due to the homogeneity, luscious taste, appearance and consistency of the blend. The overall results showed that improving the quality and availability of fruit and fruit products through processing will raise consumer awareness, boost fruit consumption and improve health, check post-harvest losses and harness the therapeutic advantages of fruits. Blending of soursop, mango and watermelon juices in varying proportions produced acceptable juice that compared favorably with a commercial mixed juice blend in terms of vitamins C and pro-vitamin A content, total sugar, brix content and acidity.
Determinants of the Governance Performance of Producer Organizations: Case Study of Village Cotton Producers Cooperatives in Benin
Authors: Manne Ammadou Soule Alassane , Moumouni Ismail , Nouatin Guy , Edja Honorat , Vodouhe Simplice
Published: January 2021

Aims: This article aims to analyze the main factors that influence the performance of the governance of Producers' Organizations in the context of the Uniform Act of OHADA devoted to the Law on cooperative societies.

Study Design: The case study is based on Village Cotton Producers Cooperatives (CVPCs). Governance performance of CVPCs referred to and has been measured through respectively quality of internal governance (administrative) and quality of services provided to members.

Place and Duration of Study: The study has been carried out in the Department of Alibori, northern Benin Republic. Data collection period run from July to October 2019.

Methodology: We included 242 CVPCs selected in the six municipalities in the Department of Alibori. Primary data relating to socio-economic characteristics (the size of the CVPC, the age, the proportion of women in group, profile of leaders), and governance parameters related to internal governance and the quality of services provided to members.

Results: The results revealed that internal governance is generally poor and the quality of services provided to members is good. The proportion of women and the profile of leaders determine (bad) internal governance compared to good governance. The low profile of the leaders, the small size and the low proportion of women determine the quality of the services provided to members. The more the profile of leaders improves, the more likely it is to have good governance. On the other hand, the more the proportion of women in CVPCs increases, the more there is a chance of having bad internal governance rather than good governance.

Conclusion: These results suggest that the lower or medium the profile of leaders, the poorer or average internal governance and services provided to members will be. A better combination of all these determinants will improve both the quality of internal governance and the services provided to members in a CVPC.
Organogenesis of Dodders, Parasitism, Infestation and Development Phases
Authors: Ngare Innocent Osoro , Koske James Kibii , Gathuku George Njagi
Published: January 2021

Parasitic plants proliferation globally is daunting and a threat to our ecosystems. In this study we explore holoparasites with limitation to dodders (Cuscuta spp. & Cassytha filiformis). An experiment was performed to ascertain anatomical and morphological characteristics of dodder capsule and its stem. We present dodder infestation stages, development phases and close observable internal and external microscopic features. A distinct haustorium trait of dodders is shown by micrographs. The study finds that dodder seeds possess high ecological dispersal character with vast adaptability through morphological analysis. This ramifies their ecological phenotypic plasticity. Externally, dodder stems attack the host phloem through haustoria that suck nutrients from the sap weakening it.
Numerical Modeling of Photonic Jet behind Triangular Prism
Authors: Abramov Arnold , Yue Yutao , Wang Mingming , Wang Zongyang , Xu Yajun
Published: January 2021

The scattering of electromagnetic plane waves by triangular prism and its truncated form (the isosceles triangle and the trapezoid are transverse sections, respectively) has been studied in order to determine possibility of high field intensity (photonic jet) formation. Using high-resolution finite-difference time-domain simulation, an optimal relationship between the wavelength and the size of the prism was found to form photonic jet with sub wavelength waist on the shadow side of the prism. Truncation of the prism (with trapezoids as transverse sections) leads to an improvement in the characteristics of photonic jets (intensity, length and waist). A qualitative explanation of the simulation results obtained is presented.
Clinical Symptoms and Haematological Characteristics among Male and Female COVID-19 Patients in Rivers State: A Single-center Case Reviews
Authors: Jumbo Alali Dan- , Uzosike Tondor Cleopatra , Okuku Mary Obidiya
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The study seeks to assess the sex differences in reported clinical symptoms and haematological parameters of hospitalized COVID-19 cases.

Study Design: A retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Covid-19 Treatment Centre, Rivers State, between May 2020 and July 2020.

Methodology: Descriptive data collection for patients diagnosed of COVID-19 was employed within the months of May to July 2020. A comparison of demographic profile, presenting symptoms, comorbidities and laboratory findings between males and females was analyzed using SPSS version 25. Ethical approval was obtained prior to commencing data collection.

Results: In this study, data of 56 patients were analyzed of which 31 (55.4%) were males and 25 (44.6%) were females. The mean age for all patients was 36 years and males had a higher mean age (40 ± 12.6) compared to females (31 ± 8.8). Twelve patients (21.4%) reported pre-existing co-morbidities and Hypertension 11 (19.6%) was the prevalent co-morbidity followed by peptic ulcer 2 (3.6%) and Diabetes 2 (3.6%) and these were more common among males. Triglyceride level was significantly higher among females (p= 0.028) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) level was significantly lower among females (p= 0.044) while systolic blood pressure level was significantly higher among males (p= 0.011).

Conclusion: Though similar symptoms and haematological findings occur in males and females, specific disparities in some parameters were observed. We recommend healthcare personnel to consider these differences when caring for patients hospitalized for COVID-19.
Naqshbandi Sufism in Southern Chile: A Case Study
Authors: Medina Sebastián Pelayo Benavides
Published: January 2021

The present article presents the motivations and perceptions of Chilean Naqshbandi Haqqani Sufis. The research sought a deeper understanding of the experience of these practices in contemporary Chile, studying a specific case and some of its effects on the social integration of the participants. Perceptions of the intercultural contact involved were recorded and analyzed, with phenomena such as prejudices and discrimination, considering the country’s mainly Christian context. The most important themes analyzed in the results were the centrality of the concept of “search” and the weight of the figure of the master as motivating factors
Distribution of Various Geochemical Forms of Potassium under Horticulture Land Use System of District Ganderbal
Authors: Khushboo . , Bhat Mohammad Auyoub , Wani Mushtaq Ahmad , Bangroo Shabir Ahmed
Published: January 2021

Surface (0-20 cm) and sub-surface (20-40 cm) soil samples were collected from five locations under horticulture land use system of District Ganderbal. The distribution of potassium forms (water soluble, available, exchangeable, non-exchangeable, fixed, lattice and total) were investigated. Soil samples were analyzed for different physical and chemical properties and fractions of potassium. The soils were slightly acidic to neutral in reaction  and soil texture varied from silty clay loam to silt loam. Irrespective of soil depth sequential order of potassium fractions were TK>LK>FK>NEK>AK>EK>WSK. The trend of decrease in water soluble and exchangeable K was noticed in these soils from surface to sub-surface layers. All forms were in dynamic equilibrium with one another and  positively  and significantly correlated with  Organic carbon, CEC, Silt and clay and negatively to sand.
Monitoring of Fish and Shellfish Biodiversity and Marketing Channels in Fish Landing Centre, Noakhali, Bangladesh
Authors: Chakraborty Smriti , Saha Debasish , Dey Swapan Chandra , Yasmin Rahima
Published: January 2021

The present study was conducted to know the species diversity and marketing channels of fish and shellfishes in Chairman Ghat Fish Landing Center, Noakhali. The diversity status of fish and shellfishes was assessed by collecting samples from the study area for a period of one year. Collected samples are identified in the laboratory of Noakhali Science and Technology University. Only 32 fish species, 4 prawn and 1 shrimp species under 22 families were found during the study period. The highest number of species (4) was found from the family Engraulidae and Palaemonidae. Among the species of fishes found, twenty-four (24) species were considered as not threatened (NO), three (3) as critically endangered (CR), and ten (10) as data deficient (DD). The non-availability and less availability of fish species indicate the alarming decline of the biodiversity of fishes in the study area and in the country as a whole. Apart from this, general pattern of marketing channels in the Chairman Ghat Fish Landing Center is - after buying fish from fishermen, middlemen bring to the wholesale market and sell to the wholesaler. The retailers buy fish from wholesaler through auction with a highest bid. The retailers then bring the fish to particular market where they usually sell the fish to the consumers. But consumers can buy fish directly from fisherman or from arotdar, or may be from beparies. Therefore, in depth long-term investigation of fish is urgently needed not only for the conservation and rehabilitation, but also for creating the awareness among the policy makers of the government and non-government organizations, groups and general mass. Finally, the outputs from this study can be applied in the development of national biodiversity strategies, biodiversity conservation planning and in integration of biodiversity information within the development and environmental planning process.
Infestation of Ostracoda Vargula tsujii (Myodocopa: Cypridinidae) in Lethrinus ornatus and Carangoides gymnostethus from Pamban, Southeast Coast India and Its Variation in Prevalence and Abundance with Respect to Seasonality
Authors: Jayapraba S. , Gopalakrishnan A. , Yosuva M.
Published: January 2021

Ostracoda is a diverse group of aquatic crustacean and often infest the fishes and cause huge economic losses. In the present study, the infestation of Ostracoda Vargula tsuji in major food fishes Lethrinus ornatus and Carangoides gymnostethus was studied. A detailed investigation by using biotechnological and molecular tools, it was identified that Ostracoda present in these fishes was Vargula tsujii and the sample was deposited with GeneBank (NCBI MN889442).  An attempt was also made to study the abundance and degree of infestation for different seasonality viz post-monsoon, monsoon, presmonson and summer during 2019.  Weekly samples were made from Pamban (9.27°N, 79.22°E), Gulf of Mannar, fish landing center and reported the monthly average values.  Total 1405 ± 296.5 of L. ornatus were examined during Jan-Dec 2019, of which 285.5 ±70.2 (20.31%) were found infested with Ostracoda  and in the case of Carangoides gymnostethus, out of total 1235.9 ± 205.2 fishes examined, 201.4 ± 47.2 fishes were found with infestation i.e. 16.30% but varying with seasonality.  Both L. ornatus and C.  gymnostethuse fishes had V. tsujii attacked to their gills at a significant level (p < 0.05),  was an incidence of occurrence of infestation of V. tsujii in their buccal cavity of the intestinal track but not to the significant level.  The infestation of V. tsujii in fishes from Indian water is reported for the first time and its prevalence and abundance level for seasonality are presented in this study.
Assessment of the Safety of ‘Suya’ Condiment Vended in Three Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria
Authors: Eruteya Onoriode C. , Nmehielle El-Praise J.
Published: January 2021

Aims: The essence of this research was to assess the microbiological quality of suya condiments/spices sold at different points in Obio/Akpor (Choba and Rumuepirikom) and Ikwerre (Aluu) Local Government Areas, Rivers State and reduction of microbial load using home microwave oven.

Study Design: Completely randomized design with two replications and average values calculated.

Place and Duration of Study: Food and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, University of Port and Emadavistic Medical and Research Laboratory, Osaks House, East-West road Port Harcourt for three months.

Methodology: Twelve (12) samples of already formulated suya condiments/spices were sampled from twelve different suya vendors at Choba, Rumuepirikom, and Aluu. Standard methods were used for the microbiological analyses and microbial inactivation using home microwave oven.

Results: The total plate counts (log10 CFU/g) for the samples ranged from 5.35 to 6.29, 5.67 to 6.09, and 5.88 to 6.36 for samples collected from Choba, Rumuepirikom and Aluu respectively. The isolated bacteria on the basis of cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics were identified as: Staphylococcus spp. (44.4%), Salmonella spp. (11.1%), Bacillus spp. (35.2%), Shigella sp. (1.9%), Enterobacter sp. (3.7%) and Streptococcus sp. (3.7%) from all three locations. A decrease in the microbial load was noted as exposure time increased from 0 to 60 s. (exposure to what)

Conclusion: In all, suya condiments collected for this study were contaminated with bacteria of public health significance which suggest the need for microbial inactivation and an improvement in hygiene practice during processing and storage.
Exploring the Relationships of Autonomy- supportive Climate, Psychological Need Satisfaction and Thwarting with Students’ Self-talk in Physical Education
Authors: Brisimis Evangelos , Krommidas Charalampos , Galanis Evangelos , Karamitrou Aristea , Syrmpas Ioannis , Comoutos Nikos
Published: January 2021

Aims: Based on the framework of the Self-determination Theory and focusing on the theory of Basic Psychological Needs, we explored the relationships between Physical Education (PE) teachers’ autonomy-supportive behaviors and students’ need satisfaction, need thwarting, and self-talk during the PE lesson.

Methodology: Participants were 544 primary and secondary education Greek students (aged from 12 to 15 years), from nine elementary schools (n = 259) and eight secondary schools (n = 285) in central Greece, who completed a multi-section questionnaire.

Results: Results revealed that PE teachers’ autonomy-supportive climate and need satisfaction was positively associated with positive self-talk and negatively associated with negative self-talk, whereas need thwarting was positively related to negative self-talk and negatively related to positive self-talk. Regression analyses revealed that autonomy-supportive climate and competence need thwarting were significant predictors (positive and negative, respectively) of students’ positive self-talk. Furthermore, autonomy and relatedness need satisfaction were negative predictors, whereas competence and relatedness need thwarting were positive predictors of students’ negative self-talk.  

Conclusion: Overall, the findings suggest that when PE teachers create a class environment that supports students’ autonomy and the satisfaction of their BPN, while at the same prevents need thwarting, they can positively influence students’ self-talk.
Residents’ Resentment of Neighbourhood Choice in Port Harcourt Municipality
Authors: Otuore Grace Anita , Nwobidi Ede Precious , Wokekoro Ebiwari
Published: January 2021

This study examined residents’ resentment of neighborhood choice in Port Harcourt municipality, Nigeria. The study utilized both secondary and primary data sources. Primary data were collected using face-to-face administration of a largely pre-coded household questionnaire, to a probability sample of 396 respondents, drawn from the neighbourhoods. Data analysis was based on responses from 193 questionnaires retrieved and the univariate analytical method was adopted. The study found that large percentage of residents reported a negative rating of neighbourhood choice indicators such as waste collection and disposal, safety of lives and property, fire stations, cleanliness of the neighbourhood, residential planning, and government provision of housing for the poor, hospitals/clinics, recreational areas, maintenance of streets, aesthetic condition, noise level and the neighbourhood condition. Residents rated markets adequate and fire hazards low. The study concluded that majority of the residents rated neighbourhood quality indicators inadequate. The study recommended that government should intervene in these areas to improve the neighbourhood quality to achieve sustainability.
Magnetic covalently immobilized nickel complex: A new and efficient method for the Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Keyhaniyan Mahdi , Khojastehnezhad Amir , Eshghi Hossein , Shiri Ali
Published: January 2021

In this study, an efficient procedure was reported to prepare Fe3O4@SiO2magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with immobilized nickel NPs. In order to increase the activity of this catalyst, creatine as a ligand with high content of nitrogen atoms was linked onto the magnetic core–shell structure. Then, Ni(II) ions were coordinated on the surface of the silica‐coated MNPs and reduced to Ni(0) NPs to obtain the final catalyst. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst was studied for the synthesis of biaryl derivatives via the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction in high yields. The catalyst could also be recovered and reused with no loss of activity over five successful runs.
Isolated bilateral external iliac artery dissections with emotional stress
Authors: Kondo Shun , Osanai Hiroyuki , Sakamoto Yusuke , Uno Hiroto , Tagahara Kensuke , Hosono Hirotaka , Miyamoto Shun , Hiramatsu Shotaro , Matsumoto Hikari , Sakaguchi Teruhiro , Kanbara Takahiro , Nakashima Yoshihito , Asano Hiroshi , Ajioka Masayoshi
Published: January 2021

We present a patient with isolated bilateral external iliac artery dissections associated with emotional stress. The diagnosis should be kept in mind in young, fit patients presenting lower back pain occurring subsequent to emotional stress.
Current understanding of the Poa annua life cycle
Authors: Carroll Devon E. , Brosnan James T. , Trigiano Robert N. , Horvath Brandon J. , Shekoofa Avat , Mueller Thomas C.
Published: January 2021

Poa annua L. is a common component of turfgrass systems both as a weed and a desirable species. Since first classified by Carl von Linné in 1753, nearly 50 taxa of P. annua have been described, with delineations made on the basis of plant morphology and not life cycle. Yet, peer‐reviewed turfgrass literature has recognized only two of these taxa over the past 50 yr, P. annua L. var. annua and P. annua var. reptans, categorizing var. annua ecotypes as upright growing annuals and var. reptans ecotypes as laterally growing perennials. Herein we provide a comprehensive review of peer‐reviewed literature to highlight that these associations between life cycle and plant morphology are flawed given that morphology is plastic and strongly influenced by environment. We conclude by exploring knowledge gaps regarding P. annua perennation that, if addressed through research, would help turfgrass managers better understand the biology of the ecotypes they aim to eradicate or maintain.
A major quantitative trait locus resistant to southern root‐knot nematode sustains soybean yield under nematode pressure
Authors: Canella Vieira Caio , Chen Pengyin , Usovsky Mariola , Vuong Tri , Howland Amanda D. , Nguyen Henry T. , Li Zenglu , Mitchum Melissa G. , Shannon Grover
Published: January 2021

Southern root‐knot nematode (SRKN) is one of the most yield‐suppressing pathogens in soybean [(Glycine max (L.) Merr.] in the United States. With limited chemical and cultural management options, the use of genetic resistance is the most efficient and economical approach to control SRKN. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapped to chromosome 10 is the primary source of resistance in soybean cultivars; however, limited studies have been conducted to evaluate its efficacy in minimizing yield suppression under field conditions with SRKN pressure. This study evaluated the yield performance of 202 elite soybean lines in field conditions with variable distribution of SRKN. Soybean lines were characterized based on the presence of the major QTL on chromosome 10 and grown in four‐row yield plots across six environments over 2 yr. Plots were soil sampled and enumerated to determine nematode population densities. No statistically significant differences in yield performance between resistant and susceptible lines were observed in the absence of nematode pressure, indicating no yield drag associated with resistance. Under SRKN pressure, the group of resistant lines yielded, on average, 19.1 and 23.3% higher than the susceptible lines in 2018 and 2019, respectively. For the susceptible lines, the presence of 1,000 SRKN second‐stage juveniles (J2) in 100 cm−3 of soil negatively affected yield by 6.2%. The presence of the major resistance allele on chromosome 10 reduced yield losses by approximately six‐fold in comparison to the susceptible group which provided significant yield protection under high SRKN pressure.
Molecular characteristics of the H9N2 avian influenza viruses in live poultry markets in Anhui Province, China, 2013 to 2018
Authors: Zhang Shuxia , Yu Jun‐Ling , He Lan , Gong Lei , Hou Sai , Zhu Meng , Wu Jia‐Bing , Su Bin , Liu Jia , Wu Guizhen , He Jun
Published: January 2021

Background and Aims

H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) has low‐pathogenicity but causes respiratory symptoms and drop in egg production in chicken with long‐term virus shedding, resulting in great economic losses due to high mortality related to secondary infection with other pathogens. In recent years, H9N2 viruses have been posing a threat to public health, causing human infection in China. Compared to studies on other AIV subtypes, there are relatively few studies on the pathogenic mechanism of the H9N2 virus in mammals. H9N2 subtype AIV has been circulating worldwide in many avian species and transmitting with high efficiency in poultry. It can provide internal genes for other subtypes to produce new viruses, causing a pandemic risk. It is important to carry out long‐term surveillance and pathogenic characteristics of the H9N2 virus. In this study, we conducted environmental surveillance of live poultry markets in Anhui province from 2013 to 2018, and 33 representative environmental isolates were selected and studied systematically.

Methods

The genomic RNA of Anhui H9N2 isolates was subjected to RT‐PCR amplification followed by sequencing analysis.

Results

Thirty‐three strains were isolated from the embryonated eggs of specific‐pathogen‐free chickens. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that h9.4.2.5‐like H9N2 viruses were predominant during 2013‐2018 and acquired multiple specific amino acid mutations that may have increased their affinity for mammals and enhanced their infectivity and transmissibility. Additionally, six internal genes of H9N2 clustered together with the novel human‐lethal reassortant viruses, such as the low‐pathogenicity H7N9, H10N8, and Anhui H5N6 viruses, and even HPAI H7N9.

Conclusion

Because H9N2 viruses may be the donors of internal genes that lead to the generation of novel reassortant viruses with enhanced pathogenicity in Anhui province, continuous environmental surveillance of live poultry markets, a key source of reassorted H9N2 and other avian influenza viruses, is of great importance.
Quantification of surface water and groundwater salinity sources in irrigated lowland area of North China Plain
Authors: Kong Xiaole , Wang Shiqin , Shen Yan‐Jun , Sheng Zhuping , Liu Xiaojing , Ding Fei
Published: January 2021

Seasonally variation of water salinity is observed worldwide, the mechanisms of water salinity are not well understood due to natural factors and anthropogenic activities. Quantification water salinity source are challenging since complex influence factors, especially in agricultural regions irrigated with multi‐water sources. In the lowland area of North China Plain, transferred water, brackish shallow groundwater and fresh deep groundwater were combinative utilized to relieve prominent contradictions between regional water shortages and grain production. In this study, influence factors of surface water (canal water, pond water) and shallow groundwater salinity were identified and quantified through statistical analysis, deuterium excess, and ionic relationship. Salinity of canal water and pond water increased in dry season and decreased in rainy season, while salinity of shallow groundwater decreased in dry season after water transfer and rainy season, but increased in dry season. Evaporation and mineral dissolution were main factors for surface water salinity in dry season, with mineral dissolution was the more important one. The contribution ratio of evaporation and mineral dissolution for canal salinity were 4.4 and 49.1% in dry season after water transfer, 7.1 and 34.4% in dry season, and that for pond water salinity were 12.4 and 18.3% in dry season, respectively. Precipitation and surface runoff were main factors for surface water salinity in rainy season. The contribution of surface runoff for canal water and pond water salinity were 66.1 and 45.8%, respectively. Salinity of canal water and shallow groundwater was temporary decreased by water transfer. Domestic sewage from rural areas had larger influence than agricultural activities for salinity increase of pond water and shallow groundwater. Mineral dissolution was the main contributor for shallow groundwater salinity, with contribution ratio larger than 60% in different periods. This study demonstrated and quantified salinity source of surface water and shallow groundwater and may deepen our understanding of water management under multi‐water resources utilization.
Financial savings structure—Eurozone and Visegrad Group
Authors: Zawadzka Agnieszka , Grzywińska‐Rąpca Małgorzata
Published: January 2021

The purpose of the analysis presented in this text is to identify differences in the structure of financial assets between countries (Eurozone countries and Visegrad Group countries). All groups of forms of saving analyzed are characterized by strong or very strong asymmetry. To compensate for the worrying calculations, the outlier effect has been standardized using weber median. Further statistical analyses used Friedman's non‐aparametric ANOVA test to determine the similarity between the different forms of saving. The PROFIT analysis allowed for a graphical representation of the structure of the similarities between the countries analyzed and their arrangement due to the severity of the selected forms of saving. The analysis showed that in the Eurozone countries the form of saving significantly different from the others turned out to be Equity and investment fund shares, while in the countries of Visegrad Group they are loans and other accounts receivable/payable. In addition, the Netherlands and Estonia were the most outliers in the Eurozone countries, followed by Slovakia and Hungary in the Visegrad Group countries. The results of the analysis may complement the literature on household savings, which are the primary, saving sector of any economy. The dominance of savings only in the form of deposits and currencies can in the long term cause monetary distortions. Determining the share of financial instruments in financial assets and indicating the diversity between regions can be important in the development of financial policy as it indicates differences in economies of varying degrees of development.
Linear functional state bounding for linear positive singular systems with disturbances varying within a bounded set
Authors: Huu Sau Nguyen , Viet Thuan Mai
Published: January 2021

In this paper, the problem of linear functional state bounding for linear positive singular system with an interval time‐varying delay is investigated for the first time. First, the authors present new conditions for positivity, regularity, impulse free, and the existence of componentwise bound for the state vector of the singular systems without disturbance. Based on the obtained results, and by using state transformations, we derive the smallest componentwise ultimate bound of the state vector of the linear positive singular system with bounded disturbances. Then, we propose some sufficient criteria for linear functional state bounding problems of the positive singular system with time‐varying delays by using some new mathematical techniques. Since the conditions are given in terms of the linear programming/Hurwit matrix/spectral abscissa, we can check them easily and compute directly the smallest componentwise ultimate bound. Finally, a numerical example is given to demonstrate the correctness and the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Programming of drug release via rolling‐up of patterned biopolymer films
Authors: Pedron Riccardo , Vandamme Thierry , Luchnikov Valeriy A.
Published: January 2021

Continuous progress of personalized medicine is insistently calling the pharmaceutical sector to increase product variability more than ever before. One of the challenges consists in personalization of the drug release rates and doses from drug‐containing media. Herein is introduced an innovative methodology which resolves this problem by combining inkjet printing and rolling up procedure, allowing for the production of capsules with tailorable distributions of medical compounds. The prototype capsules consist of rolled‐up polymeric films over which fluorescent probes have been deposited via inkjet printing prior to rolling. The position of the probes inside the capsules are determined by the printed 2D pattern. The delay and the rate of the release of the probes in dissolution media can be shaped by the number of rolls and the position of the drug reservoir on the polymeric film before rolling. The innovative method proposed in the paper paves the way to a novel family of drug delivery devices with a broad range of therapeutic applications and it stands alongside other additive manufacturing techniques but allows to avoid their usual constraints.
Comparative study of water‐processable polymeric binders in LiMn2O4 cathode for aqueous electrolyte batteries
Authors: Pace Gordon T. , Wang Han , Whitacre Jay F. , Wu Wei
Published: January 2021

Energy storage systems utilizing neutral pH aqueous electrolytes are increasing in importance, as they are inherently cheaper and safer when compared to their traditional lithium‐ion battery counterparts. However, no thorough study on binder characteristics in the aqueous environment has been reported. This work reports the performance and characterization of multiple binders: a polyacrylonitrile‐based binder (LA133), LA133+carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), styrene‐butadiene rubber (SBR), SBR+CMC, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and PTFE+CMC as implemented with a LiMn2O4 cathode in a neutral pH aqueous electrolyte. Data presented include cyclic voltammetry (CV), resistivity, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results. PTFE+CMC is the overall superior binder, particular touting superior rate performance owing to the strength of PTFE coupled with electrolyte swelling ability of CMC. This work hopes to serve as a resource for rational design of sustainable battery chemistries.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Investigations of the [FeFe]‐Hydrogenase H‐Cluster Mimics Mediated by Bicyclic Dithiols Derivative
Authors: Daraosheh Ahmad Q. , Abul‐Futouh Hassan , Abdel‐Rahem Rami A. , Görls Helmar , Stachel Hans‐Dietrich , Weigand Wolfgang
Published: January 2021

Biomimic of the active site of [FeFe]‐hydrogenase containing bicyclic dithiols as bridging linker has been synthesized and characterized using different spectroscopic methods. The influence of this linker on the redox properties and the catalytic behavior of the resulted binuclear complex was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, showing that it can catalyze the reduction of protons to H2 in the presence of acetic acid (AcOH). Moreover, the results revealed that the bicyclic dithiolene linker has improved the chemical stability of the reduced species and caused a shift to less negative potential in comparison to the synthetic models that mimic the active site of [FeFe]‐hydrogenase reported in the literature. In addition, the structure of the resulted binuclear complex mediated by bicyclic dithiols as bridging linker was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction analysis.
Bioformulation of Microbial Biocontrol Agents for a Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Bejarano Ana , Puopolo Gerardo
Published: January 2021

The application of microbial based biopesticides has become a sustainable alternative to the use of chemicals to prevent yield losses due to plant pathogens. However, microbial based biopesticides are often unsuccessfully formulated and do not meet the demanding regulatory standards required by the agencies, which hinders their commercialization. Hence, an outline on the approaches to attain more effective formulations might be useful for the development of future more effective products.

With this aim, this chapter reports the current state of biocontrol strategies and describes the principles of microbial biocontrol formulations. Emphasis is placed on techniques and tools available for the development and characterisation of microbial products. To provide glimpses on the possible formulations, the different existing additives, carriers, inoculation techniques and formulation types are exhaustively reviewed. Finally, requirements and principles for efficacy evaluation of plant protection products in the European Union are included (see Chaps. 10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_11, 10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_18 and 10.1007/978-3-030-53238-3_19).
Power-aligned 2HDM: a correlative perspective on (g − 2)e,μ
Authors: Li Shao-Ping , Li Xin-Qiang , Li Yuan-Yuan , Yang Ya-Dong , Zhang Xin
Published: January 2021

Abstract

With the hypothesis of minimal flavor violation, we find that there exists a power-aligned relation between the Yukawa couplings of the two scalar doublets in the two-Higgs-doublet model with Hermitian Yukawa matrices. Within such a power-aligned framework, it is found that a simultaneous explanation of the anomalies observed in the electron and muon anomalous magnetic moments can be reached with TeV-scale quasi-degenerate Higgs masses, and the resulting parameter space is also phenomenologically safer under the B-physics, Z and τ decay data, as well as the current LHC bounds. Furthermore, the flavor-universal power that enhances the charged-lepton Yukawa couplings prompts an interesting correlation between the two anomalies, which makes the model distinguishable from the (generalized) linearly aligned and the lepton-specific two-Higgs-doublet models that address the same anomalies but in a non-correlative manner, and hence testable by future precise measurements.
Ginzberg-Landau-Wilson theory for flat band, Fermi-arc and surface states of strongly correlated systems
Authors: Oh Eunseok , Seo Yunseok , Yuk Taewon , Sin Sang-Jin
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We show that we can realize the surface state together with the bulk state of various types of topological matters in holographic context, by considering various types of Lorentz symmetry breaking. The fermion spectral functions in the presence of order show features like the gap, pseudo-gap, flat disk bands and the Fermi-arc connecting the two Dirac cones, which are familiar in Weyl and Dirac materials or Kondo lattice. Many of above features are associated with the zero modes whose presence is tied with a discrete symmetry of the interaction and these zero modes are associated with the surface states. Some of the order parameters in the bulk theory do not have an interpretation of symmetry breaking in terms of the boundary space, which opens the possibility of ‘an order without symmetry breaking’. We also pointed out that the spectrum of the symmetry broken phase mimics that of weakly interacting theory, although their critical version describe the strongly interacting system.
String backgrounds of the Yang-Baxter deformed AdS4 × ℂℙ3 superstring
Authors: Rado Laura , Rivelles Victor O. , Sánchez Renato
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We build string backgrounds for Yang-Baxter deformations of the AdS4 × ℂℙ3 superstring generated by r-matrices satisfying the classical Yang-Baxter equation. We obtain the metric and the NSNS two-form of the gravity dual corresponding to noncommutative and dipole deformations of ABJM theory, as well as a deformed background with Schrödinger symmetry. The first two backgrounds may also be found by TsT transformations while for the last background we get a new family of non-relativistic ABJM theories with Schrödinger symmetry.
Association between mortality and frailty in emergency general surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Fehlmann Christophe Alain , Patel Dilan , McCallum Jessica , Perry Jeffrey Joseph , Eagles Debra
Published: January 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this review was to determine the association between frailty and mortality among adults ≥ 65 years old undergoing emergency general surgery (EGS).

Methods

This systematic review followed the PRISMA guidelines (CRD42020172482 on PROSPERO). A search in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews was conducted from inception to March 5, 2020. Studies with patients ≥ 65 years undergoing EGS were included. The primary exposure was frailty, measured using the Clinical Frailty Scale or the Modified Frailty Index. The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Secondary outcomes were 90-day and 1-year mortality, length of stay, complications, change in level of care at discharge, and loss of independence. Two independent reviewers screened articles and extracted data. Risk of bias was assessed according to the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. A meta-analysis was performed for 30-day mortality using a random-effects model.

Results

Our search yielded 847 articles and six cohort studies were included in the systematic review. There were 1289 patients, 283 being frail. The pooled OR from meta-analysis for frail compared to non-frail patients was 2.91 (95% CI 2.00, 4.23) for 30-day mortality. Frailty was associated with increased odds of all secondary outcomes.

Conclusion

Frailty is significantly associated with worse outcomes after emergency general surgery in adults ≥ 65 years of age. The Clinical Frailty Scale could be used to improve preoperative risk assessment for patients and shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers.

Registration number

CRD42020172482 (PROSPERO).