bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Oral Hygiene Status among Orthodontic Patients
Authors: Awartani Fatin , Atassi Farhad
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral hygiene status of patients with fixed orthodontic appliances.

Methods and Materials

The following indices were used to evaluate the oral hygiene status of patients in orthodontic treatment: gingival bleeding index (GBI), plaque index (PI), and ortho-plaque index (OPI). A self-administrated questionnaire was prepared covering oral hygiene practice, oral hygiene cleaning aids, and number of visits to a dental hygienist.

Results

Fifty patients (15–30 years old) were selected for the study from among the orthodontic patients treated at the King Saud University College of Dentistry, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Results showed that the PI and OPI were high with mean scores of 65.24 (SD 16.43) and 53.56 (SD 8.74) respectively, while the average GBI was a much lower value at 19.14 (SD 7.95). No significant difference was observed between male and female patients for the PI (p=0.925) and for the OPI (p=0.072), but a significant difference was observed for the GBI at the 5 percent significance level (p=0.033). The result of OPI showed that 20 (40 percent) of the patients had fair oral hygiene, whereas 30 (60 percent) had poor oral hygiene. Only 16 (32 percent) of the participants reported visiting the dental hygienist during their orthodontic treatment, while the remaining 34 (68 percent) did not.

Conclusion

The oral home care of the orthodontic patients surveyed was not at an optimal level, which indicated the need to establish an oral hygiene maintenance program.

Clinical Significance

Inadequate oral home care among orthodontic patients may make them more prone to develop gingivitis during orthodontic treatment. It is, therefore, essential that oral hygiene instructions and a hygiene maintenance program not be overlooked during orthodontic treatment.

Citation

Atassi F, Awartani F. Oral Hygiene Status among Orthodontic Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 July; 11(4):025-032. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/ view/volume11-issue4-atassi
Management of Crowded Class 1 Malocclusion with Serial Extractions: Report of a Case
Authors: Hashim Hayder A.
Published: July 2019

Aim

The purpose of this article is to show the value of serial extractions in a young patient with severe crowding.

Background

Serial extraction is a technique advocated for use by Kjellgren1 in 1948 due to a shortage of orthodontists at the time. This form of treatment was intended to facilitate the treatment of orthodontic cases by general dentists to minimize the demand upon the orthodontist.

Case Description

An eight-year-old Sudanese female did not like the appearance of her anterior teeth. Clinical examination revealed a Class I molar relationship, severe crowding of the maxillary and mandibular arches, minimum overjet, and minimum overbite.

Results

The patient's treatment included serial extractions. The treatment resulted in improved esthetics, good arch alignment, and occlusion while maintaining her Class I molar relationship, overjet, and overbite.

This case demonstrated that despite the criticism some may direct toward this interceptive technique, good clinical results can be achieved in carefully selected cases.

Clinical Significance

There are certain clinical situations when treatment planning the use of serial extractions can prove beneficial to young patients.

Citation

Hashim HA. Management of Crowded Class 1 Malocclusion with Serial Extractions: Report of a Case. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 July; 11(4):041-048. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/view/ volume11-issue4-hashim
Continued Root-End Growth and Apexification Using a Calcium Hydroxide and Iodoform Paste (Metapex®): Three Case Reports
Authors: Tandon Shobha , Sridhar N.
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of these case reports is to present a treatment to promote root-end growth and apexification in nonvital immature permanent teeth in children.

Methods and Materials

Three cases were presented where the calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste Metapex® was placed in the root canals of immature permanent teeth using disposable plastic tips. The teeth involved were evaluated radiographically at regular intervals for the first 12 months after placement of the paste. At the end of 12 months all the cases showed continued root growth and apical closure (apexification) with no evidence of periapical pathology. Conventional endodontic treatment was then performed.

Results

In all three of the clinical cases presented, a combination of calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste (Metapex®) was used and showed promising results in inducing root-end growth and closure after 12 months.

Conclusion

In these three clinical cases, the calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste Metapex® (Meta Biomed Co. Ltd., South Korea) was found to induce apical closure when assessed radiographically. Over a period of 12 months all the cases showed continued root growth.

Clinical Significance

The calcium hydroxide and iodoform paste Metapex® promoted continued root-end growth with apexification in the nonvital immature permanent teeth treated.

Citation

Sridhar N, Tandon S. Continued Root-Growth and Apexification Using a Calcium Hydroxide and Iodoform Paste (Metapex®): Three Case Reports. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 October; 11(5):063-070. Available from: http://www.thejcdp.com/journal/view/volume11- issue5-sridhar
Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papilla Using Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft (SCTG) with a Coronally Advanced Flap: A Clinical Evaluation of Five Cases
Authors: Bhongade Manohar , Jaiswal Priyanka , Tiwari Ishan , Chavan Ramesh , Banode Pankaj
Published: July 2019

Aim

The aim of these case reports was to evaluate the effectiveness of a subepithelial connective tissue graft with a coronally advanced flap to reconstruct an interdental papilla.

Background

In the last decade, esthetics has become a major concern in periodontal therapy. One of the most difficult and elusive goals for the periodontist in the esthetic aspect of periodontal therapy is the reconstruction of the interdental papilla. Consequently, the absence or loss of the interdental papilla for a variety of reasons may create significant esthetic, functional, and phonetic challenges for the patient.

Case Description

Five systemically healthy patients between the ages of 23 and 52 years with absence of the periodontal pocket were selected. Loss of interdental papillary height was classified using the Nordland and Tarnow classification system as class 1 to 4. All five patients received a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) with a coronally advanced flap (CAF). Four parameters were measured at baseline and at six months post-surgery: (1) vertical distance from contact point to gingival margin, (2) soft tissue (papilla) height in the interdental area, (3) horizontal distance at the gingival margin, and (4) width of keratinized gingiva. The changes noted at six months post-surgery were (1) the vertical distance decreased from 3.2±0.44 mm to 0.4±0.54 mm, (2) the mean gain in soft tissue (papilla) height increased from 3.2±0.44 mm to 5.8±0.44 mm, (3) the horizontal distance at the gingival margin was reduced from 2.6±0.54 mm to 0.4±0.54 mm and the width of the keratinized gingiva increased 1.4±0.89 mm.

Conclusion

The periodontal surgical technique used for the five reported cases successfully reconstructed the interdental papilla in just one type of papilla loss, the class I situation. Therefore, it should not be concluded that the technique shown would be equally as successful for every type of papilla loss. Furthermore, the postoperative time interval was short, at only six months.

Clinical Significance

A subepithelial connective tissue graft supported by a coronally advanced flap should be considered to surgically correct the loss of an interdental papilla in class I cases.

Citation

Jaiswal P, Bhongade M, Tiwari I, Chavan R, Banode P. Surgical Reconstruction of Interdental Papilla Using Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft (SCTG) with a Coronally Advanced Flap: A Clinical Evaluation of Five Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract [Internet]. 2010 December; 11(6):049-057. Available from: http://www.thejcdp. com/journal/view/volume11-issue6-jaiswal
Clinical Dentin Hypersensitivity: Understanding the Causes and Prescribing a Treatment
Authors: Jacobsen Peter L. , Bruce Gretchen
Published: July 2019

Dentin hypersensitivity is a common condition of transient tooth pain associated with a variety of exogenous stimuli. There is substantial variation in the response to such stimuli from one person to another. Except for sensitivity associated with tooth bleaching or other tooth pathology, the clinical cause of dentin hypersensitivity is exposed dentinal tubules as a result of gingival recession and subsequent loss of cementum on root surfaces. The most widely accepted theory of how the pain occurs is Brännström's hydrodynamic theory of dentin hypersensitivity. Dentinal hypersensitivity must be differentiated from other conditions that may cause sensitive teeth prior to treatment. Three principal treatment strategies are used. Dentinal tubules can be covered by gingival grafts or dental restorations. The tubules can be plugged using compounds that can precipitate together into a large enough mass to occlude the tubules. The third strategy is to desensitize the nerve tissue within the tubules using potassium nitrate. Several over-the-counter products are available to patients to treat this condition.
Herbal Nutriceuticals: A Primer for Dentists and Dental Hygenists
Authors: Meredith Michael J.
Published: July 2019

Herbs have been in use for centuries to prevent and control disease. In recent history demand by the public for herbal supplements has created a multimillion-dollar industry. Herbal extracts are effective because they interact with specific chemical receptors within the body and are in a pharmacodynamic sense, drugs themselves.

A matter for public concern is that herbal supplements are currently independent of regulation by the Federal Drug Administration (FDA). The FDA considers herbal products to be dietary supplements, not drugs. The National Toxicology Program has recently started to examine the composition and standardization of commercial preparations to identify potential health hazards from contaminants or product over use. Many herbal preparations have significant pharmacological effects. The problem that arises for the dental professional is the effect these products have in concert with prescription medications as well as effects on the patient's general response to medication and dental treatment. Drug interactions with the large number of commercially available herbal products can be grouped by the mechanism of most common interactions. These major types of reactions are: (1) alteration of drug metabolizing enzyme activity, (2) interactions with the blood clotting process, and (3) alteration of the inflammatory and immune response.

The widespread use of herbal supplements makes it essential that healthcare providers become informed about this aspect of a patient's personal health practices.
Vital Bleaching with Whitening Strips: Summary of Clinical Research on Effectiveness and Tolerability
Authors: Gerlach Robert W. , Zhou Xiaojie
Published: July 2019

Rapid innovation in vital bleaching has increased the popularity of tooth whitening among dental professionals and patients. A broad range of peroxide-based treatments are currently available including those that are professionally-administered (in-office), professionally-dispensed (custom-tray-based systems), and self-directed (over-the-counter). Recently, a novel, flexible polyethylene bleaching strip was introduced that delivers a hydrogen peroxide bleaching gel to the anterior dentition. This “trayless” system, available in professional-strength and over-the-counter versions, reportedly offers advantages with respect to overall peroxide dose, contact time, and ease-of-use compared to other delivery systems. This paper reviews the relevant published clinical research on whitening strips tested among a broad range of patients commonly encountered in contemporary dental practices.

Citation

Gerlach RW, Zhou X. Vital Bleaching with Whitening Strips: Summary of Clinical Research on Effectiveness and Tolerability. J Contemp Dent Pract 2001;(2)3: 001-016.
Digital Radiography: An Overview
Authors: Parks Edwin T. , Williamson Gail F.
Published: July 2019

Since the discovery of X-rays in 1895, film has been the primary medium for capturing, displaying, and storing radiographic images. It is a technology that dental practitioners are the most familiar and comfortable with in terms of technique and interpretation. Digital radiography is the latest advancement in dental imaging and is slowly being adopted by the dental profession. Digital imaging incorporates computer technology in the capture, display, enhancement, and storage of direct radiographic images. Digital imaging offers some distinct advantages over film, but like any emerging technology, it presents new and different challenges for the practitioner to overcome.

This article presents an overview of digital imaging including basic terminology and comparisons with film-based imaging. The principles of direct and indirect digital imaging modalities, intraoral and extraoral applications, image processing, and diagnostic efficacy will be discussed. In addition, the article will provide a list of questions dentists should consider prior to purchasing digital imaging systems for their practice.

Citation

Parks ET, Williamson GF. Digital Radiography: An Overview. J Contemp Dent Pract 2002 November;(3)4:023-039.
A Review of Drug-Induced Oral Reactions
Authors: Abdollahi Mohammad , Radfar Mania
Published: July 2019

Every drug can produce untoward consequences, even when used according to standard or recommended methods of administration. Adverse drug reactions can involve every organ and system of the body and are frequently mistaken for signs of underlying disease. Similarly, the mouth and associated structures can be affected by many drugs or chemicals. Good oral health, including salivary function, is very important in maintaining whole body health. Regarding different parts of the oral system, these reactions can be categorized to oral mucosa and tongue, periodontal tissues, dental structures, salivary glands, cleft lip and palate, muscular and neurological disorders, taste disturbances, drug-induced oral infection, and facial edema. In this article, the drugs that may cause adverse effects in the mouth and related structures are reviewed.

The knowledge about drug-induced oral adverse effects helps health professionals to better diagnose oral disease, administer drugs, improve patient compliance during drug therapy, and may influence a more rational use of drugs.

Citation

Abdollahi M, Radfar M. A Review of Drug-Induced Oral Reactions. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 February;(4)1:010-031.
The Application of Periodontal Screening and Recording™ (PSR) on a Military Population
Authors: Breault Lawrence G. , Covington Lemuel L. , Hokett Steven D.
Published: July 2019

Periodontal Screening and Recording™ (PSR) is a diagnostic screening tool for the early detection of periodontal disease. The purposes of this study are to utilize PSR to estimate the periodontal health status of a representative military population and to compare the results with other studies of varying populations. When used to evaluate the periodontal health of a randomly-selected military population, PSR demonstrated the following: (1) males and females had a similiar prevalence of being designated PSR+ (having PSR Code 3 score in two or more sextants or a PSR Code 4 score in at least one sextant), (2) Blacks and Hispanics had a similiar prevalence of PSR+, and (3) both groups were twice as likely to be PSR+ as were Caucasians. Although income did not appear to be a significant predictor of PSR+, PSR+ did appear to be inversely proportional to education levels. When comparing PSR scores by sextant, the following was noted: (1) the maxillary central sextant was the most disease-free, (2) the mandibular central sextant most often presented with calculus, (3) mucogingival defects were observed more frequently in maxillary posterior sextants, and (4) the maxillary right sextant demonstrated the most destruction from periodontal disease.

Citation

Covington L, Breault L, Hokett S. The Application of Periodontal Screening and Recording™ (PSR) in a Military Population. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 August;(4)3: 024-039.
The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act and the Practice of Dentistry in the United States: Electronic Transactions
Authors: Chasteen Joseph E. , Murphy Gretchen , Forrey Arden , Heid David
Published: July 2019

This article reviews the kinds of electronic transactions required under the Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act (HIPAA) and relates them to relevant data contained in an electronic oral health record (EOHR). It also outlines the structure of HIPAA transactions using the claim transaction as an example. The relationship of the HIPAA resource management function to those of patient care are discussed. The discussion points out potential future uses of other existing resource management transactions to realize the maximum potential of linking the primary patient care functions to those functions related to managing resources in support of that care. This is needed in all aspects of oral health using the informatics standards activities in which the American Dental Association (ADA) actively participates. The article concludes by providing the dentist a perspective on how to relate these capabilities to his/her individual practice setting.

Citation

Chasteen JE, Murphy G, Forrey A, et. al. The Health Insurance Portability & Accountability Act and the Practice of Dentistry in the United States: Electronic Transactions. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 November;(4)4: 108-120.
Supernumerary Fourth and Fifth Molars: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Kokten Gulseren , Balcioglu Huseyin , Buyukertan Mete
Published: July 2019

Panoramic radiographs of two female patients ages 22 and 21 revealed the presence of two impacted bilateral upper fourth molars and unilateral (right) upper fourth and fifth molars. All of the teeth were distomolars. The supernumerary teeth had normal tooth morphology with regard to their crowns and roots but were slightly smaller than the existing third molars. Their crowns were either two or three tuberculated and they all had single roots.

Citation

Kokten G, Balcioglu H, Buyukertan M. Supernumerary Fourth and Fifth Molars: A Report of Two Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2003 November;(4)4:067-076.
The Immediate Antimicrobial Effect of a Toothbrush and Miswak on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Clinical Study
Authors: Almas Khalid , Al-Zeid Zuhair
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of the miswak chewing stick (Salvadora persica) in vivo, especially on streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. The study was conducted clinically using patients’ saliva and measuring the effect of miswak (chewing stick), miswak extract, toothbrush, and normal saline on mutans and lactobacilli. Forty male subjects aged 20-45 years were included in the study; there were four groups of ten subjects each. For the study, 50% of miswak extract (solution) was used. The levels of mutans streptococci and lactobacilli were measured using commercially available Vivacare line CRT (Caries Risk Test) bacteria 2 in 1 kit.

The results showed there was a marked reduction of streptococcus mutans among all groups. When the groups were compared, the reduction of streptococcus mutans was significantly greater using miswak in comparison to toothbrushing (p = 0.013), and there was no significant difference for lactobacilli reduction (p = 0.147). It may be concluded miswak has an immediate antimicrobial effect. Streptococcus mutans were more susceptible to miswak antimicrobial activity than lactobacilli.

Dietary intake of sugar and oral health status may be considered for controlled clinical trials with special emphasis on the antibacterial activity of miswak on cariogenic bacteria for a longer period of time. A toothbrush with and without toothpaste should be compared with miswak alone. Further research is needed with a larger sample size.

Citation

Almas K, Al-Zeid Z. The Immediate Antimicrobial Effect of a Toothbrush and Miswak on Cariogenic Bacteria: A Clinical Study J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:105-114.
Applying the Social Learning Theory to Children with Dental Anxiety
Authors: Do Catherine
Published: July 2019

Through a review of the literature dental anxiety has been found to be prevalent and problematic within the child population. Dentists are forced to treat the dentally anxious child in such ways that do little to reduce the anxiety of the child and in some cases cause dental anxiety to increase. This article seeks to apply Albert Bandura's social learning theory to reduce dental anxiety in children, in a preventative nature. A description of the social learning theory is offered as well as evidence indicating the effectiveness of applying the social learning theory to dental anxiety in children. Finally, suggestions for applications within the dental office are discussed.

Citation

Do C. Applying the Social Learning Theory to Children with Dental Anxiety. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:126-135.
Orthodontic Treatment of Fused and Geminated Central Incisors: A Case Report
Authors: Hashim Hayder Abdallah
Published: July 2019

A 10-year old Egyptian male presented with a geminated upper right central incisor along with a fused and rotated upper left central incisor in cross bite. He also had severe crowding in the maxillary arch and a congenitally missing lower right first permanent premolar. Orthodontic treatment was carried out to align upper right and left central incisors, lateral incisors, and canines. Treatment options were discussed.

Citation

Hashim HA. Orthodontic Treatment of Fused and Geminated Central Incisors: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:136-144.
Medical Health and Medication Use in Elderly Dental Patients
Authors: Jainkittivong Aree , Aneksuk Vilaiwan , Langlais Robert P.
Published: July 2019

The objectives of this study were to obtain information on the medical conditions and medications used among elderly Thai dental patients and to investigate the relationship between the findings in relation to age and sex. The information regarding medical conditions and medication use was obtained from interviews of 510 dental patients aged 60 years and older. The incidence of medical conditions was 82.5%; women had a significantly higher incidence of medical conditions (86.5%) than men (76.5%). The incidence of medical conditions did not differ among the three age groups. Overall, cardiovascular disease was the leading problem (33.7%) with hypertension being the major component (26.1%). The prevalent problems were bone/joint disorders (32.4%), allergies (18.2%), diabetes mellitus (14.5%), and eye and ear problems (14.3%). In our sample, 65.5% reported taking medications, with an average of 1.5 drug groups per person. The average number of medications taken increased as age increased. Women took medications more frequently than men (70% vs. 58.5%). The four most prevalent drugs were cardiovascular agents (32%), endocrinologic drugs (14.5%), nutritional therapeutics (12.9%), and drugs acting on the musculoskeletal system (11.4%). The present study supports the findings of previous reports in that the presence of medical conditions is high in the elderly and the incidence of medication use increases with advancing age.

Citation

Jainkittivong A, Aneksuk V, Langlais RP. Medical Health and Medication Use in Elderly Dental Patients. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:031-041.
The Visible Portion of Anterior Teeth at Rest
Authors: Al Wazzan Khalid A.
Published: July 2019

The visibility of anterior tooth surfaces with lips at rest or during function is an important factor in determining prosthodontic outcome. There is a lack of sufficient information published on this subject. The aim of this study was to investigate the degree of visibility of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth surfaces when the lips are at rest. Four hundred seventy three adults were examined. All the subjects had maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth present with no caries, restorations, severe attrition, mobility, extrusion, or obvious deformities. The portions of anterior teeth that were visible were measured vertically using a Boley gauge from the border of the lip to the incisal edge for the incisors and to the cusp tip for the canines. The measurement was taken at the midpoint of the tooth when the lips and lower jaw were at the rest position. The length of the upper lip was measured from the base of the columella to the tip of the philtrum at the midline of the face. Males showed more of the maxillary lateral, canine, and mandibular anterior teeth than females. With increasing age, the amount of maxillary anterior teeth that was visible at rest decreased. The subjects with shorter upper lips displayed more maxillary central incisor structure than those with longer upper lips. Racial differences were not found. The amount of visible portions of anterior teeth is determined by muscle positions that vary from person to another. It provides an excellent starting point for vertical positioning anterior teeth that can be modified as necessary in any clinical situation. The findings of this study should help the dentist in providing aesthetic prosthodontic treatment that involves replacement of anterior teeth. A useful guideline for positioning anterior teeth is suggested.

Citation

Al Wazzan KA. The Visible Portion of Anterior Teeth at Rest. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:053-062.
Shear Bond Strengths and Microleakage of Four Types of Dentin Adhesive Materials
Authors: Ateyah Nasrien Z. , Elhejazi Ahmed A.
Published: July 2019

The aim of this investigation was to compare the microleakage of composite resin (Z-100) and shear bond strength to bovine dentin using different types of adhesive systems (Scotch Bond Multi-Purpose, All-Bond 2, One-Step, and Perma Quick) to compare and correlate microleakage to shear bond strength. For the microleakage aspect of the study, 20 class V were prepared (bovine incisors) with 90-degree cavosurface margins and were located at the cemento-enamel junction using a template. Each dentin bonding system was applied to five cavities following the manufacturer's instructions and restored with Z-100 composite resin. After 24 hours of storage in distilled water at 37°C, the teeth were immersed in 2% basic fuchsin dye. All teeth were sectioned in a mesiodistal direction using a diamond saw, and each section was then inspected under a stereomacroscope. For the shear bond strength aspect of the study, 20 bovine incisors were centrally horizontally mounted in Teflon mold with cold cure acrylic resin. Flat labial dentin surfaces were prepared using different grit silicon carbide abrasive wheels. Five specimens were used for each of the bonding agent systems. Each specimen was bonded with restorative composite resin (Z-100) and applied to the treated dentinal surface through a split Teflon mold. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours. The bonds were stressed using shear forces at a crosshead speed of 0.5mm/min using an Instron Universal testing machine.

Findings indicate none of the systems tested in this study were free from microleakage. Scotch bond multipurpose achieved the best seal, with One-Step being second best, while All-Bond 2 and Perma Quick had the poorest seal. However, there were significant differences among the shear bond strengths of the four bonding systems tested. Scotch Bond Multi-Purpose has a higher bond strength to composite resin when compared to the other dentin adhesives. The study also concluded there is no association between microleakage and shear bond strength.

Citation

Ateyah AZ, Elhejazi AA. Shear Bond Strengths and Microleakage of Four Types of Dentin Adhesive Materials. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:063-073.
Photoelastic Study of the Effects of Occlusal Surface Morphology on Tooth Apical Stress from Vertical Bite Forces
Authors: Wang Mei-Qing , Zhang Min , Zhang Jun-Hua
Published: July 2019

The aim of the study was to determine how the morphology of occlusal surfaces might affect occlusal loading that is transferred to the tooth apex. Photoelastic methods were used to assess apical stress generated by seven variations of occlusions. A test assembly with a 2 kg weight was applied to teeth to create a vertical load. By analyzing the direction and magnitude of the apical principle stress under the polar light that was measured at the apexes of mandibular teeth, the occlusal loading position of each tooth and its direction was obtained based on general mechanical principles. It was found distal incline planes (or slopes) of cusps and lingual incline planes (or slope) of buccal cusps of mandibular posterior teeth carried the greatest occlusal load in normal occlusion. In the other six variations of occlusion presented in this study, the principle apical stresses changed more or less as a result of the different occlusal contact relationships. The magnitude of principle apical stress increased considerably in the flat surface occlusion because of the lack of distribution of occlusion loading by the smooth dentition surface. It is concluded the occlusal surface morphology has a significant effect on the direction and magnitude of apical stress. To establish a suitable relationship of occlusion that can conduct favorable occlusal loading physiologically is very important.

Citation

Wang M, Zhang M, Zhang J. Photoelastic Study of the Effects of Occlusal Surface Morphology on Tooth Apical Stress from Vertical Bite Forces . J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 February;(5)1:074-093.
Assessment of Morphological Changes and Permeability of Apical Dentin Surfaces Induced by Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation through Retrograde Cavity Surfaces
Authors: Bala Oya , Türköz Emin , Arisu Hacer Deniz , Alimzhanova Goulnara
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this in vitro study was to observe the morphological changes and apical dye penetration at apical dentin surfaces induced by Nd:YAG laser irradiation at different power settings with and without a laser initiator. Seventy five single rooted human maxillary anterior teeth were used. Following the establishment of the working lengths, the root canals were enlarged with step-back technique. The apex of each root was resected 3 mm perpendicular to its long axis. Standard Class I cavities of 2 mm depth and 2 mm width were prepared. The teeth were randomly divided into five groups with fifteen teeth in each. In Group 1, the retrograde cavity preparations were lased with Nd:YAG laser at 2 W and those in Group 2 preparations were lased with Nd:YAG laser at 3.2 W. In Group 3, the retrograde cavity surfaces were lased with Nd:YAG laser at 2 W following the application of India ink. Group 4 was lased with the same settings of Group 2 after an absorbent cotton point soaked with India ink was inserted into the cut dentinal surfaces and the inner walls of the apical preparations. Group 5 served as control. Five teeth from each group were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The amounts of smear layer, debris, and recrystalized dentin present were assessed and scored. Retrograde cavities of ten teeth from each group were filled with amalgam to examine apical dye penetration. The teeth were immersed in 2% basic fuscin and kept for 48 hours. Dye penetration was evaluated by stereomicroscope at a magnification of X10.

The results showed the usage of India ink with Nd:YAG laser enhanced the amount of melting and recrystalization of dentin and the radiation and initiator increased the leakage.

Citation

Arisu HD, Bala O, Alimzhanova G, Türköz E. Assessment of Morphological Changes and Permeability of Apical Dentin Surfaces Induced by Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation through Retrograde Cavity Surfaces. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:102-113.
The Prevalence and Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Pre-term Low Birth Weight Infants at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Mokeem Sameer Abdullah , Molla Ghadeer Nabeel , Al-Jewair Thikriat Saleh
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence and relationship between periodontal disease and preterm low birth weight (PLBW) among Saudi mothers at King Khalid University Hospital (KKUH) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The periodontal status and the relative risk were also analyzed. The study consisted of 30 cases [infants <37 weeks and/or weighing ≥2.500 kilograms (kg)] and a daily random sample of 60 controls [≥37 weeks and/or weighing >2.500 kg]. Clinical periodontal indices were measured on the labor wards. Associated risk factors for periodontal disease and PLBW were ascertained by means of a structured questionnaire and maternal notes. The prevalence of the PLBW was found to be 11.3%, and the prevalence of periodontal disease was high among the study population. The risk of PLBW remained high with increasing periodontal disease (odds ratio [OR] 4.21, 95% confident interval [CI] 1.99-8.93) despite controlling the other risk factors such as age, smoking, and social class. In conclusion, there is a correlation between periodontal disease and PLBW in KKUH.

Citation

Mokeem SA, Molla GN, Al-Jewair TS. The Prevalence and Relationship between Periodontal Disease and Pre-term Low Birth Weight Infants at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:040-056.
Storage Phosphor Plates: How Durable are they as a Digital Dental Radiographic System?
Authors: Bedard Aurelija , Davis Tracy Dawn , Angelopoulos Christos
Published: July 2019

The aim of thisin vitroinvestigation was to evaluate the durability of storage phosphor plates (SPPs) as a digital dental imaging system and to detect the factors that may contribute to possible reduced durability. A total of 140 new SPPs were divided into groups and exposed to the effects of the various handling steps during the image acquisition. An additional group of plates joined the existing plates in the Radiology Clinic and tested the additive effect of all these factors plus the effect of positioning the plates in a patient's mouth. The images resulting from these SPPs were regularly evaluated for the appearance of scratches as a sign of wear and rated by an oral radiologist using a 6 point scale. Although the manufacturer claims the SPPs can be used indefinitely, we found 95% of our plates were rendered non-diagnostic after only 50 uses. The manufacturer's claim for indefinite use of the SPPs seems to be questionable.

Citation

Bedard A, Davis TD, Angelopoulos C. Storage Phosphor Plates: How Durable are they as a Digital Dental Radiographic System? J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:057-069.
The Effects of Water and Acetone-based Dentin Adhesives on Apical Microleakage
Authors: Bala Oya , Karadag L. Sibel , Türköz Emin , Mihçioğlu Tansev
Published: July 2019

In this study, the aim was to assess the in vitro apical microleakage of a resin-based sealer used with two different adhesives. Thirty nine freshly extracted maxillary incisors were used. The teeth were decoronated at the cemento-enamel junction with a water-cooled fissure bur. Chemo-mechanical debridement of the root canals was accomplished with the step-back technique. The smear layer was removed by 19% ethylenediamine tetra acetic acid (EDTA). The roots were then divided into three experimental groups of thirteen teeth in each. Specimens in group 1 were filled with gutta-percha, AH Plus sealer, and water-based adhesive system (Syntac Single Component). Group 2 specimens were filled with gutta-percha, AH Plus sealer, and acetone-based dentin adhesive (Prime & Bond NT). Specimens of group 3 were filled with only gutta-percha and AH Plus sealer (no adhesive was applied). The teeth were immersed into 2% methylene blue solution. Apical sealing qualities were assessed by measuring the linear dye penetration with a stereomicroscope. Dentin tubule penetration was observed under scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed no statistically significant difference between the materials used, however, the leakage in group 2 was less than group 1 and 3.

Citation

Karadag LS, Bala O, Türköz E, Mihçioğlu T. The Effects of Water and Acetone-based Dentin Adhesives on Apical Microleakage. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 May;(5)2:093-101.
Evaluation of Changes in the Mandibular Angular Cortex Using Panoramic Images
Authors: Ardakani Fatemeh Ezoddini , Niafar Nasim
Published: July 2019

The mandible like other bones of the body has a series of anatomical landmarks that can serve as radiographic indicators. Using these indicators it is possible to evaluate changes in bone with respect to its quantity or quality by different methods of taking images. Osteoporosis is a significant problem of the elderly, especially postmenopausal women. The aim of this study was to determine the thickness of the mandiublar angular cortex on the right and left sides of women as well as bone resorption in different age groups using panoramic radiography. One hundred female patients were selected from applicants for panoramic radiological services who did not have a history of systemic bone disease, hysterectomy, or taking hormonal supplements.

Using a questionnaire, the selected subjects were asked questions about their education, job, marital status, number of pregnancies, age, menopausal status, and history of backaches. After statistical calculation it became clear an increase in age will increase bone resorption, and this process is related to a decrease in the sexual hormones of women. Higher bone resorption was detected in women with a higher number of pregnancies. Also, the higher educated the patient, the less bone resorption. Women with a background of backaches had more bone resorption to those who did not have this backache background. Finally, it was recognized that it would be possible to clear the quality dimension of the process of mandibular bone resorption.

Citation

Ardakani FE, Niafar N. Evaluation of Changes in the Mandibular Angular Cortex Using Panoramic Images. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:001-015.
Treatment of Endodontic Perforations Using Guided Tissue Regeneration and Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft: Two Case Reports with 2-4 Year Post-Surgical Evaluations
Authors: Zenobio Elton Golçalves , Shibli Jamil Awad
Published: July 2019

Clinicians often have difficulty with the diagnosis and treatment of root perforation. This paper reports two patients with root perforation treated with periodontal surgery associated with guided tissue regeneration (GTR) and demineralized freeze-dried bone allograft (DFDBA). This combined treatment resulted in minimal probing depths, minimal attachment loss, and radiographic evidence of bone gain after follow-up evaluations that ranged from 2 to 4 years. These case reports show a correct diagnosis and removal of etiologic factors can restore both periodontal and endodontic health.

Citation

Zenobio EG, Shibli JA. Treatment of Endodontic Perforations Using Guided Tissue Regeneration and Freeze-Dried Bone Allograft: Two Case Reports with 2-4 Year Post-Surgical Evaluations. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:131-141.
The Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Associated with Malnutrition
Authors: Folayan M.O.
Published: July 2019

Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingitivitis (ANUG) is a distinct and specific disease. This disease entity has been described as far back as the days of Hippocrates and is known by many synonyms. With the advent of antibiotics and with improved nutritional status, the incidence has decreased and even become extinct in developed countries. However, with the increasing incidence of severe immunodeficiency states such as seen in Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) the lesion has once more, become a well recognized and often encountered clinical entity in developed countries. In developing countries, however, the condition is still a commonly diagnosed clinical lesion because of the persistently poor nutritional status. Because of the current campaign for increased focus on global health issues, ANUG, a lesion of significant interest for the developing countries where malnutrition is high and for developing countries because of the AIDS, a global pandemic has resurfaced as a topic for discussions and study. This literature review will provide a better understanding of the epidemiology, etiology, and pathophysiology of ANUG associated with malnutrition.

Citation

Folayan MO . The Epidemiology, Etiology, and Pathophysiology of Acute Necrotizing Ulcerative Gingivitis Associated with Malnutrition. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:028-041.
Resistance of Bonded Composite Restorations to Fracture of Endodontically Treated Teeth
Authors: Daneshkazemi A.R.
Published: July 2019

The aim of this in vitro study was performed to evaluate the effect of dentin bonding agents and glass ionomer cement beneath composite restorations and its resistance to fracture of endodontically treated teeth. Fifty sound extracted maxillary teeth were selected; ten of them for controls and the remainder were modified with root canal treatment and a mesial occlusal distal (MOD) cavity preparation. The modified teeth were then divided into five groups:

Sound teeth

Prepared without restorations for control

Prepared and restored with Vitrebond (3M, USA), Singlebond (3M, USA), and Z100 (3M, USA) resin composite

Prepared and restored with Concise enamel bonding agent (3M, USA) and Z100 resin composite

Prepared and restored using Singlebond and Z100 composite resin

The modified specimens were subjected to compressive load by an Instron machine until fracture occurred. Group 1 showed the highest resistance to compressive force followed by Groups 5, 3, 4, and 2, respectively. Statistical analysis using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and a t-test indicated significant difference between all groups. Use of a dentin bonding agent and composite resin increased the resistance of endodontically treated teeth to fracture.

Citation

Daneshkazemi AR. Resistance of Bonded Composite Restorations to Fracture of Endodontically Treated Teeth. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:051-058.
The Effect of Different Lower Third Molar Conditions on the Re-Crowding of Lower Anterior Teeth in the Absence of Tight Interproximal Contacts One-Year Post Orthodontic Treatment: A Pilot Study
Authors: Al-Balkhi Khalid M.
Published: July 2019

The role of lower third molars in lower incisor crowding is a debatable topic. Some believe the presence or eruption of lower third molars is associated with the crowding of mandibular incisors, others negate such association. Thirty-two newly debonded orthodontic patients, with ages ranging from 14-19 years, were randomly selected. No retainers were used for the lower dental arch. Removal of tight interproximal contacts of the lower anterior teeth was created and maintained by periodic abrasive stripping every 2-3 months, if needed. The cases were followed up for one year. Orthopantomographs (OPGs) and study casts were taken at debonding (post-treatment) and at the end of the one year follow up (post retention). Statistical analysis of the lower third molar conditions – erupted, unerupted, or missing with or without sufficient space for their eruption – versus re-crowding of lower incisors was evaluated using Fisher's Exact Test. The results of this pilot study revealed there was no significant correlation between the different conditions of the lower third molars versus lower anterior re-crowding in the absence of tight interproximal incisal contacts; however, a larger sample size is needed to verify such findings.

Citation

Al-Balkhi KM . The Effect of Different Lower Third Molar Conditions on the Re-Crowding of Lower Anterior Teeth in the Absence of Tight Interproximal Contacts One-Year Post Orthodontic Treatment: A Pilot Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 August;(5)3:066-073.
Fixed Prosthetics with a Connective Tissue and Alloplastic Bone Graft Ridge Augmentation: A Case Report
Authors: Breault Lawrence G. , Lee Sung Y. , Mitchell Nicole E.
Published: July 2019

Augmentation of the partially edentulous ridge can significantly improve the final prosthodontic rehabilitation. For enhancing soft tissue contours in the anterior region, the subepithelial connective tissue graft is the treatment of choice. The combination of connective tissue grafts with alloplastic bone graft material can optimize the ridge augmentation and reduce post extraction defects. The aim of this clinical report is to describe the use of subepithelial connective tissue in conjunction with an alloplastic bone graft for augmentation of a maxillary anterior ridge prior to prosthetic rehabilitation.

Citation

Breault LG, Lee SY, Mitchell NE. Fixed Prosthetics with a Connective Tissue and Alloplastic Bone Graft Ridge Augmentation: A Case Report. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 November;(5)4:111-122.
Surface Hardness Properties of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements and Polyacid-Modified Composite Resins
Authors: Bayindir Yusuf Ziya , Yildiz Mehmet
Published: July 2019

In this study the top and bottom surface hardness of two polyacid-modified composite resins (PMCRs), one resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC), and one composite resin were evaluated. The affect of water storage on their hardness was also investigated. The study was conducted using four different groups, each having five specimens obtained from fiberglass die molds with a diameter of 5 mm and a height of 2 mm. Measurements were made on the top and bottom surface of each specimen and recorded after 24 hours and again at 60 days. All tested materials showed different hardness values, and the values of top surfaces of the specimens were found to be higher than the bottom surface in all test groups. There was no statistical difference in the Vickers hardness (HV) values when the test specimens were kept in water storage. In conclusion Hytac displayed microhardness values higher than Vitremer and Dyract. We found the order of HV values to be Surfil > Hytac > Dyract > Vitremer, respectively. Vitremer presented the lowest microhardness level and Surfil the highest.

Citation

Bayindir YZ, Yildiz M. Surface Hardness Properties of Resin-Modified Glass Ionomer Cements and Polyacid-Modified Composite Resins. J Contemp Dent Pract 2004 November;(5)4:042-049.
Gender-Specific Oral Health Attitudes and Behavior among Dental Students in Jordan
Authors: Al-Omari Quasem Diefallah , Hamasha Abed Al-Hadi
Published: July 2019

The aim of this study was to determine the difference in oral health attitudes and behavior between male and female dental students at Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST). A self-administered questionnaire based on a modified version of the Hiroshima University Dental Behavior Inventory (HU-DBI) was distributed among 375 dental students. The response rate was 83.7% with 48% males and 52% females responding. Female students reported brushing their teeth more frequently than male students (P<0.001). Approximately 47% of the male students brushed their teeth less than twice daily compared to 21% of the female students. Also, female students believed in the necessity of using toothpaste during brushing more often than male students (P<0.01). On the other hand, smoking was much more frequent among males than among females (31% vs. 4%) (P<0.001). Male students indicated they had been smoking for longer periods of time than female students. This survey shows male students visit the dentist only when they have dental pain. While this was more than their female peers, it was not statistically significant (P= 0.056). In general the present study showed dental students in Jordan had poor oral health. Further research is needed to examine the students clinically for periodontal and caries conditions. Students should be encouraged to be a model for oral health for their families, friends, and patients.

Citation

Al-Omari QD, Hamasha AA. Gender-Specific Oral Health Attitudes and Behavior among Dental Students in Jordane. J Contemp Dent Pract 2005 February;(6)1:107-114.