bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Den fjärde kvadrantens dilemma : Kunskapsbedömning i en föränderlig historiekultur
Authors:   , Gunnemyr Per
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this dissertation is to explore how history teachers in Swedish upper-secondary school perceive voluntary external tests in history. The study focuses on history teachers' perceptions of 1) the design of the tests, 2) the implementation of the tests, 3) the use of the tests and 4) the impact of the tests on their assessment practice. The overall aim is to investigate how historical culture, as it is expressed in the school subject of history, changes over time. The analytical focus for the study has been to explore the significance of knowledge assessment in general, and voluntary external tests in particular, for this change. The temporal focus for the study has been the 2011 Swedish school policy reforms manifested in the curriculum for upper-secondary school (Gy11). The theoretical framework combines theory of history didactics and theory of assessment. Historical culture and assessment culture are the central concepts of the study. The overall hypothesis of the study is that the relationship between the school's historical-cultural dimension and the assessment-cultural dimension contains a latent tension referred to as the dilemma of the fourth quadrant. The empirical material was collected from qualitative interviews with eight history teachers. The first sub-study included four teachers during the year 2009 who had used a voluntary external test named the History Teachers' Test (HLP). The second sub study included four teachers during the year 2016 who had used a voluntary external test named the Course Test in History (KP). The results show that history teachers perceive and handle the external tests in different ways. One possible interpretation of this difference is that the tests respond to different needs or problems. In the study, two such problem areas have emerged, the equivalence problem and the alignment problem. A conclusion based on the empirical results is that the HLP-teachers use the test results for a summative purpose to deal with an equivalence problem, while the KP-teachers use the test tools for a formative purpose to deal with an alignment problem. The results also show that there is strong a connection between the school's historical-cultural dimension and assessment-cultural dimension, manifested in the history teachers' different ways of perceiving and using voluntary external tests.
Open drug scenes and the merging of policing practice and research: a pracademic approach
Authors:   , Magnusson Mia-Maria
Published: February 2022

Policing research has had an upswing as the evidence-based policing movement has grown stronger and entered police practises worldwide. Within the evidence-based policing (EBP) approach, practically and academically skilled individuals, pracademics, have attracted attention as facilitating the merging of policing practice and research. Using principles from EBP, and with a special focus on translating between policing practice, policy and research, this thesis aims to explore the characteristics of illicit drug markets with a place-based focus and to link this to the enhancement of EBP in Sweden. The theoretical base of the thesis is drawn from disorganization theory, routine activity theory and situational action theory, and these theories are combined with empirical studies from the research field of drug markets. Drug markets are defined as open drug scenes (ODSs) in this pracademic thesis, which includes two empirical studies of patterns that characterize ODSs, one randomized controlled trial (RCT) of a law enforcement tactic at an ODS, and one case study of the impact of the pracademic research approach. The findings show that there are almost 50 ODSs in Stockholm County, which are characterized by patterns of crime concentration, a gun violence overlap, and associations with perceptions of unsafety. Three types of ODSs were identified, providing a basis for the tailoring of future interventions based on area characteristics, ODS stability, levels of violence, and gang activity. Micro places associated with ODSs and gun violence were found to be characterized by harsh social conditions and high levels of crime. A predictive index was created to forecast micro places at which gun violence may occur, and the prediction was enhanced when ODSs were included as predictive locations. The RCT, which was completed at a well-known ODS in the inner city of Stockholm, showed a slight but non-significant effect of the police conducting motivational talks with offenders, which gave rise to questions regarding the method’s effectiveness. The case study of the RCT process found frustration in police departments to be a possible door-opener for research. Ease of implementation was associated with the research having credibility among police officers, which was achieved by including the needs of practice in research questions and through the role played by the pracademic researcher. This thesis argues for making use of pracademics to bridge the research-practice gap, a focus on ODSs, and the testing and tracking of methods such as hot spots policing, with an emphasis on properly implemented evidence-based methods and on the goals of enforcement strategies as a means of improving the effectiveness of drug-market policing.
The Dynamics of Modified Leslie-Gower Predator-Prey Model Under the Influence of Nonlinear Harvesting and Fear Effect
Authors: Al-Momen Saad M. A. , Naji Raid Kamil
Published: February 2022

A modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with fear effect and nonlinear harvesting is developed and investigated in this study. The predator is supposed to feed on the prey using Holling type-II functional response. The goal is to see how fear of predation and presence of harvesting affect the model's dynamics. The system's positivity and boundlessness are demonstrated. All conceivable equilibria's existence and stability requirements are established. All sorts of local bifurcation occurrence conditions are presented. Extensive numerical simulations of the proposed model are shown in form of Phase portraits and direction fields. That is to guarantee the correctness of the theoretical results of the dynamic behavior of the system and to confirm the existence of various forms of bifurcations. The fear rate is observed to have a stabilizing effect up to a threshold value, after which it leads to prey extinction. The harvesting coefficients, on the other hand, serve as control parameters that, when exceeded, trigger the system to extinction.
Design Business Offline and Online Based on Website of Pikyeum SME in Bandung
Authors: Dinda Syabila Elfani  , Endang Chumaidiyah  , Sinta Aryani
Published: February 2022

Pikyeum SME created a new business idea to connect sellers and consumers, introduce products,and place online purchases. By creating a website, Pikyeum SME makes it easy for consumersthroughout Indonesia to find Peuyeum chips. This case study was conducted in Pikyeum SME,located in Lot Leuwidulang No. C 02, Sub-district Pameungpeuk, Bandung, Indonesia. Datacollection and analysis were conducted qualitatively and quantitatively. The purpose of thisresearch is to measure the demand, design technical and operational aspects, design a websitebased application, measure the product's financial feasibility, and measure the sensitivity level ofPikyeum food products offline and online sales. Survey data were analyzed using corrected itemtotal correlation as a validity testing technique and Cronbach's Alpha as a reliability testingtechnique with the aid of the SPSS program. Based on this research, Net Present Value (NPV) isIDR 167.006.461, Interest Rate of Return (IRR) at 36,70%, and Payback Period at 3,4 years. It canbe concluded that Pikyeum SME is feasible to run because NPV > 0, payback period < asseteconomic life, and IRR > MARR. The increase of raw materials and packaging costs shouldn’t bemore than 36,76%. Meanwhile, the increase of labor cost shouldn’t be more than 23,51%. Thedemand decreases shouldn’t be more than 15,63% and selling prices shouldn’t exceed 11,34%.
قياس مخاطر التداول بالعملات الافتراضية/دراسة تحليلية في أسواق الفوركس
Authors: عبدالحميد عبدالعزيز شويش , إبراهيم حنان محمد
Published: February 2022

سعى البحث الى التعرف على العملات الافتراضية وطبيعتها ونشوئها وكيفية اصدارها والتعرف على آلية التداول والاستثمار بالعملات الافتراضية في أسواق الفوركس. وتمثلت مشكلة البحث بالتساؤل الرئيسي ماهي مخاطر التداول بالعملات الافتراضية وما العوائد التي يحصل عليها المستثمرون بهذه العملات؟ وتضمن البحث فرضيتين الاولى: توجد علاقة ارتباط ذات دلالة معنوية بين عوائد ومخاطر المحافظ المكونة من العملات الافتراضية. اما الفرضية الثانية: هناك فروق في أثر كل عملة من العملات الافتراضية على عوائد ومخاطر المحفظة الاستثمارية المؤلفة من هذه العملات. اما الجانب التحليلي فقد اختبر العلاقة بين متغيرات الدراسة باستخدام نسبة شارب للتعرف على درجة مخاطر التداول بالعملات الافتراضية في سوق الفوركس موضوع البحث وذلك عن طريق تحليل البيانات )يومية( من مؤشرات او نوافذ التحليل المالي لدى اسواق الفوركس والتي تم الحصول عليها من مواقع او منصات التداول. وتوصل البحث الى عدة استنتاجات من اهمها ان التقلب العالي بسبب المضاربات يجعل من هذه العملات عرضة للاستغلال مما يخلق مشاكل فنية ومخاوف لدى المتعاملين بها الشراء بقيمة منخفضة ثم اعادة بيعها عند استقرار اسعارها يعمل دائما على اعادة التوازن لسوق العملات الافتراضية، وان نتائج مؤشر شارب اعلى نسبة لعملة الزيكاش ويعني ذلك ان اداء المحفظة ممتاز وهي ذات مخاطر شبه معدومة وعوائد مرتفعة وادنى نسبة كانت لعملة البتكوين أي ان اداء المحفظة كان جيدا وذو مخاطرة متوسطة وعائد مقبول، والنتيجة تشير الى مدى دقة مؤشر شارب في قياس مخاطر المحفظة الاستثمارية كما ان المحافظ التي تتضمن العملات محل الدراسة تكون جيدة وممتازة وفق التحليل من خلال بعد هامش الربح وحجم التداول ومعدل العوائد المتحققة، ومن الممكن ان تجلب عوائد ترضي المستثمرين بنسب مختلفة ومخاطر مقبولة.
واقع تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة الالكترونية في المصارف العراقية دراسة استطلاعية في عينة من المصارف العراقية الحكومية
Authors: فتاح نورا عزيز , عبودي صفاء إدريس
Published: February 2022

يهدف البحث الى وصف وتشخيص مبادئ الحوكمة الالكترونية. وتم اختبار البحث بالمصارف العراقية متمثلة ب )مجموعة من فروع مصرف الرافدين، البنك المركزي العراقي، المصرف الزراعي، المصرف الصناعي( على عينة مكونة من ) 296 ( فرد ا عام ل في مختلف المستويات الادارية وبمؤهل علمي من دبلوم فما فوق حيث تم توزيع ) 350 ( استمارة وتم استرجاع 296 (، واستخدمت الباحثتان الاستبيان كأداة رئيسية لجمع البيانات والمعلومات فضل عن ( المقابلت الشخصية، ولقد هدف البحث الى اختبار عدد من الفرضيات المتعلقة بتبني مبادئ الحوكمة الالكترونية في المصارف العراقية. ومن اجل الاجابة عن التساؤلات المتعلقة بمشكلة البحث والوصول الى الاهداف الموضوعة ومعالجة البيانات والمعلومات استعملت العديد من الاساليب الاحصائية وهي: الوسط ومن أبرز ما توصل اليه البحث من .)Shapiro-Wilk) ، الحسابي، الانحراف المعياري استنتاجات هو تباين مستوى تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة الالكترونية في المصارف المبحوثة ولقد جاءت النتائج متطابقة مع الفرضيات. وختم البحث بمجموعة من التوصيات كان اهمها ضرورة الاهتمام بمبادئ الحوكمة الالكترونية من قبل المصارف وان نتائج البحث الميدانية قد اوضحت تباين الابعاد او المبادئ وعليه إذا ارادت هذه المصارف ان تحقق الفائدة من خدماتها المقدمة لجميع المستفيدين والارتقاء بها يجب عليها ان تضع البرامج والسياسات التي تحرص على تطبيق مبادئ الحوكمة الالكترونية بشكل صحيح.
إمكانية إقامة ممارسات الامدادات العكسية دراسة استطلاعية في عينة من الشركات الصناعية في محافظة دهوك
Authors: العلي أنهار محمد حسين , النعمة عادل ذاکر
Published: February 2022

يمثل البحث الحالي محاولة لتحديد إمكانية اقامة ممارسات الامدادات العكسية دراسة في عدد من الشركات الصناعية في محافظة دهوك ومن خلال جانبين الاول تضمن عرضا لما اوردته الادبيات حول موضوعه، اما الثاني فتجسد بدراسة الواقع الحالي للشركات المبحوثة، وحددت مشكلة البحث بعدة تساؤلات تخص ممارسات الإمدادات العكسية وكالآتي: 1. هل هناك تصور واضح لدى القيادات الإدارية في الشركات المبحوثة إزاء ممارسات الإمدادات العكسية؟ 3. ما هو مستوى توافر ممارسات الإمدادات العكسية في الشركات المبحوثة؟ وقد عمل الباحثان على محاولة الإجابة على هذه التساؤلات من خلال تبني المنهجين الوصفي والتحليلي مع اعتماد أدوات عددية في جمع البيانات والمعلومات متمثلة بالمقابلات الشخصية والمشاهدات الميدانية، فضلاً عن استمارة الاستبانة، واختير المدراء والمشرفين في الشركات المبحوثة بوصفهم عينة قصدية حجمها 45 فردا، من استمارة استبانة اعدت لهذا الغرض عن طريق الافراد المبحوثين، وبعد تحليل النتائج باعتماد بعض الوسائل الاحصائية، توصل البحث إلى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات كان من أهمها أن المعدل العام لإدراك الأفراد المبحوثين كان جيداً وإيجابي ا مما يؤكد أنهم يولون اهتماما بممارسات الإمدادات العكسية في الشركات المبحوثة.واعتمادا على ما توصل إليه البحث من استنتاجات، تم تقديم مجموعة من المقترحات المنسجمة معها وأهمها: ينبغي على إدارة الشركات المبحوثة الاهتمام بممارسات الإمدادات العكسية  والعمل على تطبيقها بشكل سليم من خلال عقد المؤتمرات والندوات وإقامة الدورات التدريبية للمدراء والعاملين في مختلف المستويات الادارية في الشركة بهدف تحسين ادائها في مجال ممارسات الإمدادات العكسية.
دور العلاقات مع الموردين في تخفيض التكاليف البينية دراسة حالة في شركة دار الخير التجارية
Authors: الجبوري مروان محمد داود , التمي خالد غازي عبود
Published: February 2022

اختص هذا البحث بتسليط الضوء الكاشف على كيفية تخفيض التكاليف البينية باستخدام اساليب ادارة التكلفة البينية على انواع العلاقات البينية مع الموردين، اذ هدف البحث الى بيان أثر العلاقات مع الموردين في تخفيض التكاليف البينية في قطاع تجارة التجزئة في العراق وتكمن اهمية هذا البحث في عرض اشكال العلاقات البينية مع الموردين واساليب ادارة التكلفة البينية التي تساعد الشركة عند تطبيقها على تعزيز مركزها التنافسي، ولتحقيق هذا الهدف قام الباحثان بدراسة الاطار النظري لإدارة التكلفة البينية واساليبها وانواع العلاقات مع الموردين، وبعد ذلك حاول الباحثان معالجة المشاكل المطروحة من خلال التطبيق على شركة دار الخير للتجارة العامة. فيما كانت اهم الاستنتاجات هي: تربط الشركة علاقات متنوعة مع مورديها حيث ان نوع العلاقات البينية التي تجمع الشركة مع مورديها لها تأثير كبير على نسبة تخفيض التكاليف البينية للمنتجات باختلاف تطبيق اساليب ادارة التكلفة البينية على حسب نوع العلاقة البينية مع الموردين. قبل البدء في تطبيق الإدارة البينية للتكلفة يجب التأكد من توفر مجموعة من العوامل هي: الاعتماد المتبادل، والاستقرار، والثقة، والتعاون، والمنافع المتبادلة هذا بالإضافة إلى نوعية المكونات والمنتجات، وأيضا نوع العلاقة البينية مع المورد.
« Notre peuple a perdu le sens de la danse honnête ». Danses africaines, catégories légales et (re)définitions européennes de l'obscénité dans le Congo colonial
Authors: Lauro Amandine
Published: February 2022

Dès le début du XXe siècle, les autorités coloniales du Congo Belge se sont inquiétées de la régulation de danses congolaises qualifiées d’obscènes, présentées comme de véritables menaces pour l’ordre moral (voire public) de la jeune colonie. Cet article a précisément pour but d’interroger ces évolutions discursives et normatives ainsi que les projets d’encadrement légal auxquelles elles ont donné lieu. Il analyse les manières dont l’évolution des catégories coloniales du moral et de l’immoral qui s’opère au cours de l’entre-deux-guerres se répercute dans les objets mouvants de la catégorie légale des danses obscènes et des festivités qui y sont associées. Il souligne que le renouvellement des inquiétudes européennes autour de ces pratiques récréatives témoigne d’anxiétés plus larges liées aux limites du contrôle colonial des espaces urbains et des lieux et pratiques de sociabilité (nocturnes) qui s’y développent. Ces questions offrent un terrain particulièrement propice pour explorer les limites de la surveillance coloniale de la fête et de ses espaces dans l’Afrique centrale de la première moitié du XXe siècle ainsi que les manières dont le droit colonial a été mobilisé, en des termes et selon des usages évolutifs et flexibles, pour tenter d’y remédier.
Chacun pour soi(e) ? Lobbying, stratégies économiques et commerce international dans le secteur de la soie aux Pays-Bas espagnols (1618)
Authors: Simon Nicolas
Published: February 2022

En mars 1618 fut promulguée, dans les Pays-Bas espagnols, une ordonnance interdisant l’importation de soies issues de territoires étrangers, c’est-à-dire non soumis à la juridiction des archiducs Albert et Isabelle. Cette ordonnance n’est pas la première du genre puisqu’un précédent acte avait déjà été promulgué en 1606 à la suite d’une requête envoyée par la ville d’Anvers et le métier des merciers de cette même ville. Plus globalement, l’acte de 1618 s’intègre dans la logique des ordonnances dites somptuaires visant à réglementer les habillements jugés trop luxueux. À la suite de l’ordonnance de mars 1618, une campagne de lobbying est menée par deux parties opposées. D’un côté se trouvent les marchands, adversaires de l’interdiction d’importer des soies étrangères. Aux antipodes de cette position se trouvent les préparateurs de la soie de cités flamandes et brabançonnes pour qui l’interdiction signifie la possibilité d’écouler plus facilement le fruit de leur labeur. La présente contribution se propose d’analyser le contexte particulier dans lequel fut prise cette ordonnance de même que l’argumentation et les stratégies narratives utilisées par les préparateurs de soie dans leur requête.
La prosopographie à l’heure du numérique : bilan, prospectives et perspectives à l’aune de l’application « Belgian Magistrates »
Authors: François Aurore , Muller Françoise
Published: February 2022

Cette contribution présente la base de données prosopographique « Belgian Magistrates ». Elle revient sur les choix techniques réalisés pour répondre à diverses contraintes telles que la dimension évolutive des données ou la gestion de données imprécises, voire contradictoires. Elle présente ensuite la structure en quatre parties de la base de données et diverses fonctionnalités de l’application avant d’exposer les défis qu’a posée l’extension du cadre spatio-temporel à l’État indépendant du Congo, au Congo Belge et au Ruanda-Urundi.
Joseph-Marie Portalis (1778-1858) and the freedom of the Press around 1820
Authors: Cahen Raphaël
Published: February 2022

Joseph-Marie Portalis (1778-1858) ancien diplomate, juge, parlementaire et membres de diverses sociétés savantes avait été sensibilisé à la philosophie kantienne et allemande pendant son émigration dans le Holstein. En tant que conservateur modéré, il était partisan de réformes respectant l’esprit du temps et de la charte de 1814 à l’image de la loi sur la presse de 1828 qui porte son nom.
A tribute to the memory of Philippe Annaert
Authors: Bousmar Éric , Horvat Stanislas , Lecomte Catherine , von Boné Emese K. E.
Published: February 2022

Ce texte rend hommage à Philippe Annaert (1959-2018), l’un des éditeurs de ce numéro spécial de revue, malheureusement décédé durant le travail d’édition. On y évoque sa carrière et ses réalisations scientifiques comme archiviste, historien de l’Eglise et historien des institutions. La liste de ses publications est jointe en annexe.
Diversité, priorité pastorale et de conservation des ligneux fourragers des terres de parcours en zone soudano-guinéenne du Bénin
Authors: Sèwadé Clément , Azihou Akomian Fortuné , Fandohan Adandé Belarmain , Houéhanou Thierry Dèhouégnon , Houinato Marcel
Published: February 2022

Description du sujet. Les ligneux fourragers constituent une source importante pour la survie des ruminants en période de soudure. Vu la pression qu’ils subissent et par conséquent leur rareté dans les terres de parcours, une étude a été conduite dans la zone de transition soudano-guinéenne du Bénin auprès des populations riveraines des forêts classées des Monts Kouffé, de Wari-Maro et de l’Ouémé supérieur. Objectifs. L’étude vise à identifier les ligneux fourragers prioritaires pour le pastoralisme, analyser l’utilisation et les intensités de coupe des ligneux fourragers en relation avec les différents groupes sociolinguistiques de la zone d’étude et évaluer leur priorité pour la conservation. Méthode. Les données de la littérature ont permis de compléter celles issues des enquêtes afin de constituer une base de données sur différents critères définis. Les taux de citation des espèces par les populations ont permis d’établir leur priorité pour le pastoralisme, alors que la priorisation des ligneux pour la conservation est réalisée avec une combinaison de quatre méthodes et neuf critères. Résultats. Les résultats montrent que 48 espèces sont utilisées comme fourrage aérien et réparties en 17 familles dominées par les Leguminosae (27,1 %) et les Moraceae (16,6 %), et 37 genres dont le plus représenté est le genre Ficus (16,6 %). L’appétibilité, la disponibilité des espèces et leur productivité (au niveau des animaux) sont les critères de choix des ligneux fourragers par les différents groupes sociolinguistiques. Afzelia africana, Pterocarpus erinaceus, Khaya senegalensis, Vitellaria paradoxa, Mangifera indica, Ficus platyphylla, Balanites aegyptiaca, Annona senegalensis, Ficus umbellata et Daniellia oliveri sont les dix premiers ligneux fourragers prioritaires identifiés pour la conservation dont la plupart se trouvent prioritaires pour le pastoralisme. Conclusions. Pour une exploitation rationnelle des ligneux fourragers, nous suggérons l’utilisation des espèces prioritaires aussi bien pour le pastoralisme que pour la conservation dans les plans d’aménagement des parcours naturels au cours des activités d’afforestation/reforestation et de reboisement.
Synthèse bibliographique sur le comportement de recherche de l’hôte chez la punaise de lit (Cimex lectularius) et applications dans le cadre de la lutte intégrée
Authors: Legrand Pauline , Verheggen François , Haubruge Éric , Francis Frédéric
Published: February 2022

Description du sujet. Cette étude analyse le comportement de recherche de l’hôte chez la punaise de lit, Cimex lectularius, en portant une attention particulière sur les stimuli émis par l’Homme et impliqués dans ce processus d’orientation. Elle met également en évidence les applications possibles en matière de lutte intégrée. Littérature. La punaise de lit est un ectoparasite exclusivement hématophage étroitement lié à l’Homme depuis des millénaires. Lors de sa recherche alimentaire, cet insecte utilise des stimuli émis par son hôte pour s’orienter efficacement. Le dioxyde de carbone issu de la respiration attire davantage l’insecte que la chaleur. D’autres composés chimiques émis par l’Homme sont testés mais leur perception sensorielle et leur influence comportementale ne sont pas toujours analysées conjointement et présentent dans certains cas des résultats discordants. Conclusions. Aujourd’hui, le dioxyde de carbone reste le leurre le plus efficace dans les pièges, bien qu’il soit moins attractif qu’un appât humain. Des pièges artisanaux à base de glace carbonique seraient même plus efficaces que certains pièges utilisant des mélanges complexes de composés chimiques. L’étude du processus d’attraction de la punaise de lit vis-à-vis de l’Homme reste à parfaire et suscite de nouvelles questions. De telles avancées dans ce domaine permettraient d’améliorer les pièges attractifs et représentent ainsi un défi majeur, étant donné la recrudescence de ce nuisible en Europe et sa résistance aux biocides couramment employés.
Crop residue management in arable cropping systems under a temperate climate. Part 2: Soil physical properties and crop production. A review
Authors: Hiel Marie-Pierre , Chélin Marie , Parvin Nargish , Barbieux Sophie , Degrune Florine , Lemtiri Aboulkacem , Colinet Gilles , Degré Aurore , Bodson Bernard , Garré Sarah
Published: February 2022

Introduction. Residues of previous crops provide a valuable amount of organic matter that can be used either to restore soil fertility or for external use. A better understanding of the impact of crop residue management on the soil-water-plant system is needed in order to manage agricultural land sustainably. This review focuses on soil physical aspects related to crop residue management, and specifically on the link between soil structure and hydraulic properties and its impact on crop production. Literature. Conservation practices, including crop residue retention and non-conventional tillage, can enhance soil health by improving aggregate stability. In this case, water infiltration is facilitated, resulting in an increase in plant water availability. Conservation practices, however, do not systematically lead to higher water availability for the plant. The influence of crop residue management on crop production is still unclear; in some cases, crop production is enhanced by residue retention, but in others crop residues can reduce crop yield. Conclusions. In this review we discuss the diverse and contrasting effects of crop residue management on soil physical properties and crop production under a temperate climate. The review highlights the importance of environmental factors such as soil type and local climatic conditions, highlighting the need to perform field studies on crop residue management and relate them to specific pedo-climatic contexts.
A review on the use of sensors to monitor cattle jaw movements and behavior when grazing
Authors: Andriamandroso* Andriamasinoro Lalaina Herinaina , Bindelle* Jérôme , Mercatoris Benoît , Lebeau Frédéric
Published: February 2022

Introduction. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) is spreading rapidly in intensive cattle farms. It is based on the monitoring of individuals using different kinds of sensors. Applied to grazing animals, PLF is mainly based on the recording of three parameters: the location, the posture and the movements of the animal. Until now, several techniques have been used to discriminate grazing and ruminating behaviors with accuracies over 90% on average, when compared to observations, providing valuable tools to improve the management of pasture and grazing animals. However, bites and jaw movements are still overlooked, even though they are of utmost importance to assess the animal grazing strategies for various pasture types and develop future techniques allowing better estimation of their intake. Literature. The goal of this review is to explore the possibility of monitoring the individual jaw movements and the differentiation of bites in grazing animals. For this purpose, (1) the mechanisms of forage intake in cattle are explained briefly in order to understand the movements performed by the cow, especially during grazing, (2) the various sensors that have been proposed to monitor jaw movements of ruminants such as mechanical sensors (pressure sensors), acoustic sensors (microphone) and electromyography sensors are compared and (3) finally the relationship between jaw movements, biting behavior and forage intake is discussed. Conclusions. The review clearly demonstrated the abilities of mechanical, acoustic and electromyography sensors to classify the difference types of jaw movements. However, it also indicated a wide range of accuracies and different observation windows required to reach these accuracies when compared to the observed movement. This classification purpose could lead to a better detection of more specific behavior, e.g. bite detection, and their exact location on pasture.
Integrating biological indicators in a Soil Monitoring Network (SMN) to improve soil quality diagnosis – a study case in Southern Belgium (Wallonia)
Authors: Krüger Inken , Chartin Caroline , Wesemael Bas van , Malchair Sandrine , Carnol Monique
Published: February 2022

Description of the subject. Soil organisms and their activities are essential for soil ecosystem functioning and they can thus be used as pertinent indicators of soil quality. Recent efforts have been undertaken to include biological indicators of soil quality into regional/national monitoring networks. Objectives. The aim of this study was to provide a first dataset of six biological indicators and two eco-physiological quotients for two landscape units in Wallonia. These spatial units are characterized by homogeneous climate conditions, soil type, land-use and management (here, grasslands in the Ardennes, and croplands in the Loam Region). Method. Respiration potential, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen, net nitrogen mineralization, metabolic potential of soil bacteria and earthworm abundance were measured at a total of 60 sites in two different landscape units (LSU). Variability within each LSU was studied. Data was synthesized through calculation of a comprehensive score and presentation as radar plots. Results. All selected biological indicators were significantly higher under grassland than under cropland soils, highlighting the biological indicators’ power of discrimination between main land use types. Variability within LSU depended on the biological indicator and was generally higher in grassland than in cropland soils. Each site could unambiguously be assigned to its landscape unit based on its calculated comprehensive score. Radar plots allowed an assessment of the distribution of values within a landscape unit at a glance. Conclusions. The pilot-study defined the first baseline values for agricultural soils in Wallonia and laid the foundation for a monitoring network of biological soil quality.
Identification of sprinkling storage facilities for windblown timber using a GIS-based modeling approach
Authors: Riguelle Simon , Jourez Benoit , Hébert Jacques , Pirothon Bertrand , Lejeune Philippe
Published: February 2022

Description of the subject. After catastrophic storm events, the storage of windblown timber is an effective measure for mitigating economic losses in the forest sector by preventing wood decay, protecting stands from secondary damage, and regulating the timber supply in the middle and long term. Objectives. In this study, we first propose a GIS-based methodology for identifying suitable sprinkling storage terminals in Wallonia (Belgium). In addition, we suggest an approach for building a coherent regional network as well as methods for selecting and activating terminals within this network after a storm, depending on the severity and distribution of the damage. Method. The GIS-based approach was used to crosscheck technical requirements related to sprinkling storage according to operational and environmental constraints in the Ardenne, which is the most forested sub-region of Wallonia. A three-step process was employed to identify suitable areas. Nine procurement areas were also delineated according to the regional forest inventory plots as a reference for choosing the terminals that should be included in the regional network and activated after the storm. Results. We generated and evaluated 96 scenarios. In the second step, a network of 30 terminals was suggested, which corresponded to a storage capacity of 4 million m³. This network could facilitate the flexibility in the strategic management of storage after huge storms. The procurement area approach also helps addressing routing and transportation issues in a simple way. Conclusions. The GIS approach facilitates the selection of sprinkling storage terminals, but field validation and enhanced collaboration between public and private landowners and forest owners would still be needed.
Plantes aromatiques du Plateau des Cataractes (Bassin du Congo). Caractérisation du chémotype de l’huile essentielle de Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle acclimaté au Congo-Brazzaville
Authors: Silou Thomas , Bikanga Raphaël , Nsikabaka Samuel , Nombault Jayneureuse , Mavoungou Chancelvie , Figuérédo Gilles , Chalchat Jean-Claude
Published: February 2022

Description. Les huiles essentielles de Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt, Cymbopogon flexuosus (Nees ex Steud.) Wats et Cymbopogon citratus L. (DC.) Stapf (lemongrass) sont constituées à plus de 80 % de citronellal, géraniol, citral, citronellol, acétate de géranyle et limonène. Elles ne se distinguent les unes des autres que par les proportions relatives de ces différents constituants. Il est donc important de connaitre la composition chimique exacte des huiles essentielles produites. Objectifs. Évaluer le chémotype de C. nardus acclimaté sur le Plateau des Cataractes. Méthode. Les huiles essentielles de C. nardus acclimatées sur le Plateau des Cataractes ont été extraites par hydrodistillation et analysées par chromatographie (GC et CG/MS) pendant plus d’une décennie. Résultats. Avec un profil caractérisé par la composition suivante : citronellal (40-48 %), géraniol (10-22 %), citronellol (10-12 %), limonène (2-3 %), acétate de géranyle (1-2 %), linalol (1 %), cette espèce produit une huile essentielle de citronella type Java. Ceci tient au fait que la différence entre les types Java et Ceylan de citronella repose uniquement sur les teneurs individuelles de leurs trois principaux constituants : citronellal, géraniol et citronellol. Cymbopogon nardus est connu pour sa variabilité élevée, avec deux variétés et sept sous-variétés. Conclusions. Le citronella diffusé en Afrique de l’Ouest et du Centre sous le nom de Cymbopogon nardus type Java serait plutôt proche de Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt par sa composition chimique.
Does one report design suit all sorts of readers in the forest sector?
Authors: Hartebrodt Christoph , Howard Kathryn
Published: February 2022

Description of the subject. In the past two decades, new types of reports, such as sustainability reports, have become more important. Normally, issuing reports is a cost-intensive activity; however, the effectivity in terms of communicational success is often unknown. Research about forest reporting has often focused on general acceptance of different reporting concepts. Analysis about the perception of published reports is either uncommon or results may not be published for several internal reasons. Objectives. This double case study aims to identify if conceptual elements of sustainability reporting (SR) meet the expectations of different target groups of public forest enterprises in two German provinces. Method. A three sphere model derived from communication theory is introduced and used to analyze the success of reports in different stakeholder groups. A set of hypotheses is derived from the state of knowledge on sustainability as well as corporate social responsibility reporting and is structured according to the model. The hypotheses are tested on the basis of a double case study. Results. It can be shown that satisfaction with traditional reports is already high; however, structural components of SR are also accepted. Readers want shorter reports and printed versions. Results indicate that the SR concept can be transferred to the readers of forest reports. Differences between stakeholder groups are mainly related to contents and different means of verification. Conclusions. The concept of SR can be basically applied in forest enterprises and meets the expectations of most readers. However, it must be kept in mind that traditional reporting concepts already meet most of the expectations of the relevant target groups. Any effort to implement a new reporting instrument should be supported by an ex ante evaluation of the expectations of the target readership.
In vitro effects of hop pellets and oak extracts in combination on ruminal fermentation parameters
Authors: Van Quynh Chau Dang , Gardin Cécile , Mignolet Éric , Froidmont Éric , Focant Michel , Larondelle Yvan
Published: February 2022

Description of the subject. Hop and oak extracts have been found to possess anti-methanogenic and protein-sparing effects in the rumen. Objectives and method. An in vitro incubation with ruminal fluid was conducted to study the effects of increasing inclusions of hop pellets and oak extracts, alone or in combination, on ruminal fermentation parameters. Results. The combination of hop pellets and oak extracts reduced total volatile fatty acid (VFA) production compared with the control (no additive), whereas these additives alone had no effect. The acetate/propionate ratio decreased with the combination of hop pellets and oak extracts, as compared to the control, whereas these additives alone had no effect. Hop pellets at the highest dose alone or in combination with oak extracts reduced the methane (CH4) production, as compared to the control. The CH4/VFA molar ratio was lower than the control for hop pellets at the highest dose combined with oak extracts, whereas the additives used alone had no effect. Ammonia N concentration was reduced by oak extracts treatments at the highest dose alone or in combination with hop pellets, as compared to the control. Conclusions. Hop pellets and oak extracts altered in vitro rumen fermentation with some responses being non-linear when used in combination.
L’expertise pour prédire la production cotonnière en Afrique de l’Ouest : est-elle une solution face aux aléas climatiques émergents ?
Authors: Ndour Abdoulaye , Clouvel Pascal , Goze Éric , Martin Pierre , Leroux Louise , Dieng Abdoulaye , Loison Romain
Published: February 2022

Description du sujet. Face aux effets attendus des aléas climatiques sur l’économie des pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest, anticiper la production agricole est devenu une priorité pour les acteurs du développement. L’article porte sur l’estimation précoce de la production cotonnière avant la récolte au Sénégal, par voie d’expertise de la SODEFITEX. Objectifs. L’étude a pour objectifs d’expliciter les connaissances mobilisées par les experts pour prédire le rendement, eu égard à l’incertitude sur les conditions climatiques à venir, et d’évaluer la performance des prévisions, selon le niveau territorial considéré. Méthode. Pour atteindre ces deux objectifs, l’article s’appuie sur l’analyse statistique de la production cotonnière au Sénégal de 2004 à 2015, combinée à une enquête réalisée auprès de 32 experts de la SODEFITEX. Résultats. L’analyse des résultats d’enquête met en évidence une prévision principalement établie sur la base de l’état des cultures, des pratiques culturales au premier rang desquelles la date de semis et, pour certains experts, de l’historique de la production et son environnement organisationnel et social. La comparaison des prévisions avec la production effective montre que les experts surestiment systématiquement les niveaux de production inférieurs à 1 000 kg·ha-1, en conditions climatiques défavorables. Conclusions. Dans un contexte de faible documentation scientifique sur l’estimation précoce de la production par voie d’expertise, les résultats de l’étude éclairent sur les connaissances mobilisées et la performance des prévisions délivrées, ouvrant ainsi la voie à une critique rationnelle de l’expertise. La diversité de points de vue mise en évidence par l’analyse multicritère, entre niveaux hiérarchiques et entre agents de même niveau, souligne le besoin de confrontation des connaissances pour faire émerger les variables explicatives nécessaires à la prévision et tendre vers une objectivité accrue de l’expertise face aux aléas climatiques récurrents.
Developing a scientific journal in a changing world
Authors: Pochet Bernard , Berben Gilbert , Vermeulen Cédric
Published: February 2022

After a brief historical overview, this article presents the current situation of the journal BASE, its objectives, its challenges, its functioning and its limitations. BASE is a journal that publishes articles in open access in the field of agricultural sciences in the broad sense and offers a free service to authors. The editorial board pays particular attention to the transparency of its validation and editing processes. The data presented allow BASE to be compared with other international scientific journals. At the end of the article, after outlining some of the difficulties encountered, several prospects are described that should address the disadvantages arising from the multidisciplinary nature of BASE.
Das Subjekt und das Gegebene: Die Frage nach den Bedingungen der Möglichkeit der Erfahrung in der Transzendentalphilosophie und in der Phänomenologie
Authors: De Palma Vittorio
Published: February 2022

In this article a comparison is made between the way the conditions of possibility of experience are conceived by Husserl and by Kantian and post-Kantian idealism. I show that — contrary to the latter — Husserl claims that the conditions of possibility of experience lie in the factually given sensuous contents, because sensuous syntheses, which are at the basis of the objectual constitution, depend just on the peculiarity and the course of sensuous contents. Because of a conception of the relation between experience and thought that is antithetical to the idealistic one, Husserl holds that only experienceable (i.e., non-intellectual) forms can produce connections, which are not merely thought, but given in experience. What determines the structure of the world is therefore not the thinking or the understanding, but the sensuous given, which is independent from the subjective thought-activity and factual or contingent, since it cannot be traced back to a priori principles. The world-constitution is consequently an irrational fact, namely something that can be described, but not rationally explained.
Evolución reciente de la economía social en la Unión Europea
Authors: Monzón Jose Luis , Chaves Rafael
Published: February 2022

The general objective of the Report is to study the recent evolution of the social economy in the European Union. It focuses on three areas: firstly, the social economy and the emergent concepts/movements related to it, secondly, the public policies adopted in both the EU and the member states in recent years to enhance the social economy sector and thirdly, measuring the weight of the social economy in each EU member country. This Report shows that the European social economy provides over 13.6 million paid jobs in Europe, accounting for 6.3% of the total EU working population of the EU-28. Despite its size, the social economy remains invisible in the national accounts and statistics around Europe, a hurdle that constitutes another major challenge, although efforts have been made during the last two decades. The new concepts and approaches related to the social economy that have emerged in Europe, such as social enterprises, social innovation, collaborative economy, economy of the common good, circular economy and corporate social responsibility, have been analysed and the main public policies for the social economy that have been implemented in recent years have been studied. Special mention has been made of the Social Business Initiative (SBI) introduced by the European Commission.
Rôle de l’Innovation Sociale dans le Développement Socioéconomique au Maroc
Authors: Bouazza Abdellatif , Nafil Youssef
Published: February 2022

L’innovation a depuis toujours été un concept réservé aux sciences et à la technologie. Pour Schumpeter, le père fondateur de l’innovation, celle-ci est un moyen au service de la performance économique en entreprise. Il considère également que toute innovation, même scientifique ou technologique, a un caractère social. Ce dernier s’est accentué au fil des décennies, car l’innovation était devenue aussi capable de prendre en charge des défis d’ordre social, humain et environnemental. Ce processus de « Socialisation » de l’innovation a donné naissance à l’Innovation Sociale à partir des années 1970 dans un environnement marqué par de nouvelles demandes sociales et des mutations économiques et politiques profondes. L’objectif de l’Innovation Sociale est de trouver de nouveaux moyens (biens, services, idées…) pour satisfaire des besoins sociaux délaissés par le marché et/ ou l’Etat au profit des individus et groupes défavorisés. Au Maroc, les choses ne sont pas différentes. Le pays souffre actuellement de sérieux problèmes sur tous les niveaux : inégalités sociales grandissantes, réduction progressive des efforts de l’Etat dans certains secteurs sociaux importants tels que l’éducation et la santé… ce qui ne l’a pas mis à l’abri de plusieurs revendications et mouvements citoyens. Si ces revendications ne sont pas prises en charge, elles peuvent déstabiliser le pays et mettre en péril sa cohésion sociale déjà objet d’une grande dégradation. De ce fait, il est question de faire appel à de nouveaux modèles alternatifs de développement territorial, et les asseoir sur des principes et pratiques de l’Innovation Sociale. Sur ce point, nous nous proposons dans le présent travail de chercher à savoir quel est le rôle que joue l’Innovation Sociale dans le développement socioéconomique au Maroc, et ce, à partir de l’exploration de la littérature existante, puis la réalisation de 4 études de cas d’associations reconnues de leur véritable apport en matière d’Innovation Sociale au Maroc.
ICT and Ethical Finance
Authors: Gasparini Gian-Luca , Prospero Aurora
Published: February 2022

This paper describes the links between ethical and responsible finance and social innovation. The two have long been in a close relationship. Ethical and responsible finance has traditionally supported projects that face difficulties in the mainstream banking sector, fostering experimental approaches (to give but an example) to market failures of traditional welfare. Moreover, ethical and responsible finance is interested not only on the economic viability of a project to fund, but also its social and/or environmental impact. The additional dimension brought about by the impact of the activities of ethical and responsible finance is social innovation. This potentially encompass several disciplines, phenomena and social constructs, which makes it difficult to analyse. However, interest in social innovation is increasing, especially concerning digital social innovation. After the theoretical analysis, the focus shifts to the PROFIT platform, presented as a practical example of ICT response to the need for improving the financial knowledge and literacy of the citizens for better decision-making and social resilience. During the creation of the platform, its creators have taken the diversity of the potential beneficiaries into account, in order to be useful for as many social groups as possible. The paper concludes with an analysis of the digital social innovation potential of the PROFIT platform.
Buenas prácticas en las políticas públicas relativas a la economía social europea tras la crisis económica
Authors: Chaves Ávila Rafael , Monzón Campos José Luis
Published: February 2022

Since the end of last decade, several institutions of the European Union have called for public policies to boost the social economy at the European, national and regional levels. In this context and also in the context of the last crisis, a new generation of public policies for the social economy have emerged during this decade. The present research outlines a diversified selection of successful practices in public policies regarding the Social Economy across different European countries.
Social and Solidarity Economy perimeter and measurement in France
Authors: Bidet Eric , Richez-Battesti Nadine
Published: February 2022

Over the last two decades, the measurement of the Social and Solidarity Economy (SSE) has raised a growing interest from diverse actors at national and international levels. This interest produced diversified methodologies and frames of reference that are not always clearly identified, nor questioned by those who use them, and that convey sometimes implicit standards. The aim of this working paper is to stress the idea that data should be co-produced and carefully explained in order to be well understood and useful. It first looks at the necessary debate that must accompany the production of figures, then compares the answers provided and the questions raised by the measurement of the SSE at the French national level, and finally concludes by examining the complexity that characterises this issue at the international level due to the diversity of national contexts.
Photocatalytic activity and electron storage capability of TiO2 aerogels with adjustable surface area
Authors: Rose Alexandra , Hofmann Anja , Voepel Pascal , Milow Barbara , Marschall Roland
Published: February 2022

Mesoporous TiO2 aerogels with surface area larger than 600 m2 g-1 have been prepared via acid-catalyzed sol-gel synthesis and supercritical drying. Varying temperature treatment in air results in changes in the morphology of the aerogels and their specific surface area. Interestingly, the ability to store photogenerated electrons in the surface states of the aerogels upon illumination of dispersions in water-methanol mixtures increases with lower calcination temperature. Additionally, the extent of electron storage capability also depends on hole scavenger concentration. Increasing the calcination temperature to 500 °C results in decreased surface area and electron storage capability, however in increased hydrogen evolution rates. Finally, nitrogen reduction to ammonia in the dark is performed with photogenerated stored electrons in TiO2 aerogels, separating the charge carrier photogeneration from the dark reduction reaction.