bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hyperbolic metamaterials coupled with single nanoantenna for efficient energy coupling and functionalized photon emission
Authors: Ou Cuiyu , Xue Jiancai , Meng Ziming , Dong Huafeng , Zhou Jinyun
Published: May 2023

Hyperbolic metamaterials (HMMs) with highly anisotropic dispersion have shown their unique advantages in constructing platforms for enhancing and manipulating light–matter interactions. However, it is challenging to substantially utilize the enhancing effect of HMMs because of the large momentum mismatch between photons in HMMs and in free space. In addition, the functionalization of HMMs has not yet been sufficiently explored, leaving great unachieved developments of relative nanophotonic systems. Here, we realize effective energy coupling by simply applying a single plasmonic nanoantenna onto the surface of HMMs. In terms of the external light source, the incident light can be coupled into the HMMs and focused at nanoscale regions by the nanoantenna, indicating the potential for precise spatial control of light–matter interactions. As for photon emitters inside the HMMs, the out-coupled light energy is conspicuously enhanced, and, with rational position arrangement, emitters with different wavelengths can be enhanced and out-coupled by the same structure. Furthermore, by engineering the morphology of the nanoantenna, a multiwavelength photon routing device is designed, where the photons with different wavelengths can be split by both propagating directions and polarization. This scheme of single nanoantenna hybridized HMMs will not only benefit further applications of HMMs but also provide new inspiration for the design of plasmonic-based light manipulation devices.
Study on strength criterion of composite solid propellants under complex loading
Authors: Wang Xueren , Huang Quanzhang , Yang Qinyu , Zhang Yulun , Geng Tingjing
Published: May 2023

A solid rocket motor is the power source of the missile. In order to accurately evaluate its structural integrity and improve the reliability of the power system, it is mandatory to construct an accurate strength criterion for the composite solid propellant. For investigating the strength criterion of the composite solid propellant, a series of experiments were carried out, including solid propellant uniaxial/biaxial stretch and compress strength experiments, stretch–compress experiments, and uniaxial stretch experiments under confining pressure. Several stress–strain curves were obtained based on observing and analyzing the propellant deformation under different stress conditions. In addition, the strength and elongation rate envelope curve of a composite propellant under a biaxial stress state was obtained. Furthermore, based on the unified strength theory of uniaxial, biaxial, confining pressure, and double shear, the biaxial strength and confining pressure strength criteria of the composite solid propellant were established.
Unexpected energetic particle observations near the Sun by Parker Solar Probe and Solar Orbiter
Authors: Malandraki O. E. , Cohen C. M. S. , Giacalone J. , Mitchell J. G. , Chhiber R. , McComas D. J. , Rodríguez-Pacheco J. , Wimmer-Schweingruber R. F. , Ho G. C.
Published: May 2023

Solar energetic particles (SEPs) from suprathermal (few keV) up to relativistic (∼few GeV) energies are accelerated at the Sun in association with solar flares and coronal mass ejection-driven shock waves. Although our knowledge of the origin, acceleration, and transport of these particles from close to the Sun through the interplanetary medium has advanced dramatically in the last 40 years, many puzzles have still remained unsolved due to the scarcity of in situ measurements well inside 1 AU. Furthermore, energetic particle intensity enhancements associated with high-speed streams or stream interaction regions (SIRs) have been routinely observed at interplanetary spacecraft near Earth orbit since the 1960s. Since only a small sample of SIR events were observed by the Helios spacecraft inside 1 AU, additional observations well inside 1 AU were also needed to further investigate the energization and transport effects of SIR-associated ions and to compare with expectations from contemporary SIR-associated particle acceleration and transport models and theories. The Solar Orbiter (SolO) and Parker Solar Probe (PSP) pioneering missions have been providing unprecedented measurements of energetic particles in the near-Sun environment. This review presents the unexpected observations of SEP and SIR-related ion events as measured by the PSP/IS⊙IS and SolO/EPD experiments, which revealed surprises that challenge our understanding.
Tracking control of a piezo-actuated compliant mechanism based on an improved Bouc–Wen hysteresis model with variable parameters
Authors: Yu Longhuan , Zhang Xianmin , Lai Jianhao , Fatikow Sergej
Published: May 2023

To deal with the challenges that the classical Bouc–Wen model fails to precisely characterize amplitude-dependent hysteresis and asymmetric hysteresis, an improved Bouc–Wen model with variable parameters is presented. The proposed model introduces asymmetric terms and parameter functions related to sinusoidal excitation amplitudes into the classical Bouc–Wen model. It has a relatively simple mathematic form and can be easily identified and applied for inverse feedforward compensation in real-time applications. By comparison with the classical Bouc–Wen model and other existing hysteresis models, the superiority of the proposed model has been verified. Furthermore, inverse hysteresis control and hybrid control combining the developed inverse control and proportional-integral feedback control are proposed. Several comparative experiments are conducted on a piezo-actuated micro-scanner. Results demonstrate that inverse control and hybrid control using the improved Bouc–Wen model with variable parameters can achieve better tracking performance and are meaningful in actual trajectory-tracking applications.
Analysis of the laterally bent piezoelectric semiconductor fibers with variable cross sections
Authors: Xu Zelin , Fang Kai , Yu Mengran , Wang Tiqing , Li Peng , Qian Zhenghua , Liu Dianzi
Published: May 2023

Piezoelectric semiconductor (PS) materials have attracted much attention in recent years due to their unique properties. This paper explores the electromechanical coupling behavior of bent piezoelectric semiconductor fibers with non-uniform cross-sectional areas. The study uses the generalized differential quadrature method to numerically solve the field equations with variable coefficients derived from piezoelectric theory. The research examines the mechanical and electrical field distribution of bent variable cross-sectional fibers, comparing the performances of non-uniform fibers with different profiles. The study reveals that the variable cross-sectional profile of the fiber changes the characteristic of the uniform fiber’s electrical distribution along the axis, and it exhibits a more sensitive and stronger electrical response to the same external force. The research also shows that the concavity and convexity of the radius distribution function of the non-uniform fibers determine whether there are extreme points of surface potential. Finally, the study suggests that by designing extreme points of the PS fiber profile, surface potential extreme points can be artificially created at the same location. These results offer a theoretical direction for creating advanced piezoelectric semiconductor nanodevices and present novel insights into designing higher-efficiency nanogenerators and mechanical strain sensors in the future.
Discontinuous Plurality in Chilean Spanish
Authors: Christensen Rachel
Published: May 2023

This work proposes an analysis to account for a
discontinuous construction in Chilean Spanish resulting in plural
inflectional morphology on the corresponding verb. In contrast with
a plural DP or a conjunction of two singular DPs, this construction
combines a bundle of Φ features, licensed by an Operator Phrase, and
a DP that is introduced by a with-phrase. This
study provides the first analysis of this agreement pattern in
Chilean Spanish and introduces new empirical data that distinguishes
Chilean from other Spanish varieties. Research addresses the
distinctions of this Chilean construction and expands on previous
theories of plural agreement, i.e., Plural Pronoun Construction and
Comitative Coordination (Vassilieva, 2005; Camacho, 1996) to account for a wider array of
linguistic variety.
Exploring future-in-the-past variation in Seville and
Caracas
Authors: Swain Angela , Berríos Juan , Kanwit Matthew
Published: May 2023

Research on Spanish future-time expression has
revealed a diachronic rise for the periphrastic future. However,
future-in-the-past expression remains understudied. Two common
variants are the periphrastic future in the imperfect (e.g.,
iba a bailar ‘I was going to dance’) and the
conditional (e.g., bailaría ‘I would dance’). Our
study is unique in assessing future-in-the-past expression through a
controlled task able to elicit greater token counts and its
consideration of data beyond Spain. In this exploratory study, we
analyzed residents of Seville, Spain and Caracas, Venezuela via a
written contextualized task, examining linguistic predictors
(temporal distance, polarity, and verb type). Results echo research
on future-time expression: the periphrastic form has gained traction
and has developed through analogous predictors. Moreover, findings
reveal notable cross-variety similarity.
Civics, ideology, and Spanish in Kansas
Authors: Colcher Drew
Published: May 2023

Research on Spanish as a Heritage Language (HL)
describes how integrative ideologies emphasizing
cultural/linguistic identity motivate HL students more than
instrumental ideologies of Spanish as a
professional resource. Less explored are civic
ideologies of serving communities through bilingualism. Studies of
service-learning in language classes highlight the importance of
civics, but do not analyze civic motivations as part of
service-learning’s efficacy. To further ground pedagogical theory in
community norms, I explore ideologies/motivations among heritage
Spanish speakers outside of HL programs. The analysis suggests
participants variably associate civic, instrumental, and integrative
ideologies with their language capabilities, simultaneously
positioning themselves as variably integrated within the community.
These associations ask us to rethink common conceptions of
motivation.
L2 sociolinguistic perception of stylistic variation
Authors: Michalski Ian
Published: May 2023

There is growing interest in using experimental
perception tasks to study the sociolinguistic competence of second
language learners. Previous studies on L2 attitudes and perception
have largely focused on single linguistic variants presented in
guises with limited social context. This chapter reports on a study
that explores the L2 sociolinguistic perception of stylistic
variation in Spanish. L2 learner participants
(n = 108) completed a matched-guise task in which
they evaluated digitally manipulated audio guises containing the
variable reduction of [paɾa] to [pa] and the variable weakening of
coda /s/. The guises were rated according to social attractiveness
and social superiority. Linear mixed-effects modeling selected
speaker voice, linguistic variables, and experience with linguistic
courses as significant factors in predicting the attitudinal
responses.
Identifying need for spay and neuter services: A GIS-based analysis
Authors: Carow Cameron R. , Lindenmayer Joann M.
Published: May 2023

This study provides a method for assessing the need for spay and neuter services in Massachusetts by creating a composite index that accounts for spatial accessibility and social vulnerability. An accessibility index (AI) of existing low-cost spay/neuter (S/N) facilities was created using the two-step floating catchment area (2SFCA) method which was then combined with the social vulnerability index (SVI) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to create a need index (NI). Two methods for selecting the final target areas from the NI results were examined and used to make recommendations for S/N funding allocation. The construction of the NI (i.e. factors included or weights applied to factors) had a significant impact on the results. The NI displayed statistically significant spatial autocorrelation, and hot spot analysis revealed statistically significant clusters of comparatively high- and low-need regions in the state. The target areas identified were strongly influenced by high levels of social vulnerability in urban areas and low spatial accessibility of low-cost S/N facilities in more rural western Massachusetts. The results of this project demonstrate the utility of geographic information systems (GIS)-based analysis in veterinary and shelter medicine, as well as the potential for the use of non-veterinary specific data, such as the CDC SVI, when planning the equitable distribution of limited resources.

One Health impact statement

Providing spay and neuter (S/N) services to owned and free-roaming cats, dogs and other companion animal species is integral to the health and well-being of the animals themselves. Their human companions also reap the physical and mental health benefits of the human–animal bond, in addition to the environmental and public health impact of limiting free-roaming dog and cat populations. By recognizing the relationships between human and animal populations, existing gaps in need can be addressed through the use of human data to inform decisions on animal health when relevant animal health service data are lacking.

A composite index of factors accounting for the social vulnerability was combined with the spatial accessibility of existing S/N resources to create a final index of need for S/N resources. This transdisciplinary approach takes methodologies from public health, acknowledges the impact of the vulnerability of human populations on surrounding companion animal populations, and applies a practical method of identifying the need for specific veterinary medical services.
Heat treatment effects on microstructure and properties of advanced high-strength steels
Authors: Chen Shangping , Mostert Richard , Aarnts Maxim
Published: May 2023

The effects of the austempering time on the microstructure and properties of two third-generation high-strength steels are investigated for austempering (TBF), and for quenching and partitioning (QP). The process parameters are chosen according to the capacity of an existing continuous annealing or galvanising line. More than 10% retained austenite can be stabilised although carbides start to form at short overageing times with the simulated cycles. The product of the tensile strength and total elongation for TBF is higher than for QP, and it peaks with increasing austempering time for TBF, but decreases monotonously for QP. The hole expansion capacity for QP is higher than for TBF and it peaks with austempering time for both TBF and QP.
A new weak fault diagnosis approach for train bearings based on improved grey wolf optimizer and adaptive variational mode decomposition
Authors: He Deqiang , He Changfu , Jin Zhenzhen , Lao Zhenpeng , Yan Fei , Shan Sheng
Published: May 2023

Accurately identifying the health status of train running gear bearings is crucial to ensure the quality of operation. As the early fault information of bearings is weak and submerged in the complex noise environment, which is difficult to diagnose. Therefore, a new weak fault diagnosis approach for train running gear bearings based on variational mode decomposition (VMD) with improved performance and refined weighted kurtosis (RWK) index is proposed to solve this problem. First, an improved grey wolf optimizer (IGWO) based on a variety of strategies is proposed. Secondly, the VMD performance is improved using the IGWO algorithm, and the improved VMD is used to process the early weak signals of bearings. A new fault-sensitive index called the RWK is proposed to detect the mode with the most fault information. Finally, the envelope analysis of the characteristic signals is performed to achieve the early weak fault diagnosis of bearings. Compared with the other nine optimization algorithms, the IGWO algorithm has strong optimization ability, stable performance and a fast convergence speed. Four cases verify that the RWK index has the highest sensitivity to fault information and can more effectively filter out modal components containing rich fault information than the comparison methods.
Effect of a DC transport current on the AC loss in no-insulation ReBCO racetrack coils exposed to AC parallel magnetic field at 77 K and 4.2 K
Authors: ter Harmsel Jeroen , Otten Simon , Dhallé Marc , ten Kate Herman
Published: May 2023

ReBCO coils are developed as DC field coils in linear motor systems to increase the force density, in favor of permanent magnets. Such coils have to sustain a relatively large heat load stemming from the AC magnetic field environment in which they operate. The use of no or partial turn-to-turn insulation can make them more stable against the effects of local heating. Conversely, the radial electrical connections in no-insulation (NI) coils allow for large coupling currents, causing additional AC loss on top of the already significant heat load. Here we report on the AC loss in sub-scale NI, 4 mm wide single-tape, ReBCO racetrack coils exposed to parallel-to-the-tape magnetic field in the frequency range of 10−4 to 1 Hz at 77 K and 4.2 K, while carrying a DC transport current. AC loss is measured magnetically and electrically. The main goal of these experiments is to validate our 2D numerical model, which provides more insight into the origin of the AC loss. At low frequencies, inter-turn coupling currents are spread more or less homogeneously throughout the winding pack. Whereas at high frequencies, the skin effect causes shielding of the interior of the coil and large induced currents only occupy the coil’s outer surface.
Primordial black holes from D-parity breaking in SO(10) grand unified theory
Authors: Mishra Sasmita , Yajnik Urjit A.
Published: May 2023

The growing evidence of gravitational waves from binary black hole mergers has renewed the
interest in study of primordial black holes (PBH). Here we study a mechanism for the formation of
PBH from collapse of pseudo-topological domain walls which form out of equilibrium during
inflation and then collapse post inflation. We apply the study to domain wall formation due to 
D-parity embedded in a supersymmetric grand unified theory (GUT) based on SO(10) and compare
the abundance of resulting PBH with the existing constraints. Thus the macroscopic relics can
then be used to constrain or rule out a GUT, or demand a refinement of the theory of PBH formation
in this class of GUTs.
Bounds for orders of zeros of a class of Eisenstein series and their applications on dual pairs of eta quotients
Authors: Akbary Amir , Aygin Zafer Selcuk
Published: May 2023

Let

k
k

be an even positive integer,

p
p

be a prime and

m
m

be a nonnegative integer. We find an upper bound for orders of zeros (at cusps) of a linear combination of classical Eisenstein series of weight

k
k

and level

p
m

p^m

. As an immediate consequence we find the set of all eta quotients that are linear combinations of these Eisenstein series and hence the set of all eta quotients of level

p
m

p^m

whose derivatives are also eta quotients.
An inequality for the ratio of Legendre and Chebyshev polynomials
Authors: Alzer Horst , Volkmer Hans
Published: May 2023

Let

P
n

P_n

and

T
n

T_n

be the Legendre polynomial of degree

n
n

and the Chebyshev polynomial of the first kind of degree

n
n

. We prove that if

n
≥
3

n\geq 3

, then, for

x
∈
(
−
1
,
1
)

x\in (-1,1)

,
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartFraction 1 minus upper T Subscript n Baseline left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis Over 1 minus upper P Subscript n Baseline left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis EndFraction greater-than StartFraction 2 n Over n plus 1 EndFraction period">

1
−

T
n

(
x
)

1
−

P
n

(
x
)

>

2
n

n
+
1

.

\begin{equation*} \frac {1-T_n(x)}{1-P_n(x)}>\frac {2n}{n+1}. \end{equation*}

This bound is sharp.
𝐴𝑢𝑡-invariant quasimorphisms on groups
Authors: Fournier-Facio Francesco , Wade Richard
Published: May 2023

For a large class of groups, we exhibit an infinite-dimensional space of homogeneous quasimorphisms that are invariant under the action of the automorphism group. This class includes non-elementary hyperbolic groups, infinitely-ended finitely generated groups, some relatively hyperbolic groups, and a class of graph products of groups that includes all right-angled Artin and Coxeter groups that are not virtually abelian.

This was known forF2F_2by a result of Brandenbursky and Marcinkowski [Comment. Math. Helv. 94 (2019), pp. 661–687], but is new even for free groups of higher rank, settling a question of Miklós Abért. The case of graph products of finitely generated abelian groups settles a question of Michał Marcinkowski. As a consequence, we deduce that a variety ofAutAut-invariant norms on such groups are unbounded.
High extracellular glucose promotes cell motility by modulating cell deformability and contractility via the cAMP-RhoA-ROCK axis in human breast cancer cells
Authors: Oh Mijung , Batty Skylar , Banerjee Nayan , Kim Tae-Hyung
Published: May 2023

The mechanical properties of cancer cells, which are largely determined by their deformability and contractility, play a critical role in multiple steps of metastasis. Our study identifies key components in triple-negative breast cancer cells that convert high extracellular glucose levels into changes in cell mechanotype and behavior relevant to cancer metastasis.
Translating Predictive Analytics for Public Health Practice: A Case Study of Overdose Prevention in Rhode Island
Authors: Allen Bennett , Neill Daniel B , Schell Robert C , Ahern Jennifer , Hallowell Benjamin D , Krieger Maxwell , Jent Victoria A , Goedel William C , Cartus Abigail R , Yedinak Jesse L , Pratty Claire , Marshall Brandon D L , Cerdá Magdalena
Published: May 2023

Prior applications of machine learning to population health have relied on conventional model assessment criteria, limiting the utility of models as decision support tools for public health practitioners. To facilitate practitioners’ use of machine learning as a decision support tool for area-level intervention, we developed and applied 4 practice-based predictive model evaluation criteria (implementation capacity, preventive potential, health equity, and jurisdictional practicalities). We used a case study of overdose prevention in Rhode Island to illustrate how these criteria could inform public health practice and health equity promotion. We used Rhode Island overdose mortality records from January 2016–June 2020 (n = 1,408) and neighborhood-level US Census data. We employed 2 disparate machine learning models, Gaussian process and random forest, to illustrate the comparative utility of our criteria to guide interventions. Our models predicted 7.5%–36.4% of overdose deaths during the test period, illustrating the preventive potential of overdose interventions assuming 5%–20% statewide implementation capacities for neighborhood-level resource deployment. We describe the health equity implications of use of predictive modeling to guide interventions along the lines of urbanicity, racial/ethnic composition, and poverty. We then discuss considerations to complement predictive model evaluation criteria and inform the prevention and mitigation of spatially dynamic public health problems across the breadth of practice.

This article is part of a Special Collection on Mental Health.
Structural interaction fingerprints and machine learning for predicting and explaining binding of small molecule ligands to RNA
Authors: Szulc Natalia A , Mackiewicz Zuzanna , Bujnicki Janusz M , Stefaniak Filip
Published: May 2023

Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) play crucial roles in living organisms and some of them, such as bacterial ribosomes and precursor messenger RNA, are targets of small molecule drugs, whereas others, e.g. bacterial riboswitches or viral RNA motifs are considered as potential therapeutic targets. Thus, the continuous discovery of new functional RNA increases the demand for developing compounds targeting them and for methods for analyzing RNA—small molecule interactions. We recently developed fingeRNAt—a software for detecting non-covalent bonds formed within complexes of nucleic acids with different types of ligands. The program detects several non-covalent interactions and encodes them as structural interaction fingerprint (SIFt). Here, we present the application of SIFts accompanied by machine learning methods for binding prediction of small molecules to RNA. We show that SIFt-based models outperform the classic, general-purpose scoring functions in virtual screening. We also employed Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)—the SHapley Additive exPlanations, Local Interpretable Model-agnostic Explanations and other methods to help understand the decision-making process behind the predictive models. We conducted a case study in which we applied XAI on a predictive model of ligand binding to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 trans-activation response element RNA to distinguish between residues and interaction types important for binding. We also used XAI to indicate whether an interaction has a positive or negative effect on binding prediction and to quantify its impact. Our results obtained using all XAI methods were consistent with the literature data, demonstrating the utility and importance of XAI in medicinal chemistry and bioinformatics.
Rebuilding Social Networks in Long-term Social Recovery from Substance-Use Problems
Authors: Vigdal Mariann Iren , Moltu Christian , Svendsen Thomas Solgaard , Bjornestad Jone , Selseng Lillian Bruland
Published: May 2023

Rebuilding one’s social network is essential to long-term social recovery from a substance-use problem. Despite this awareness, studies are needed for showing how people in long-term social recovery describe their networks and what they perceive as important in developing these networks. This study has sought to investigate (i) how people in long-term social recovery from substance-use problems describe their social networks and (ii) what they experience as key factors in developing their networks. We interviewed seventeen participants in long-term social recovery and mapped out their person-centred networks. Most of the participants were satisfied with their social networks, although some felt their networks were small and wanted more friends in the future. The qualitative thematic content analysis suggested that rebuilding networks was experienced as a demanding, anxiety-filled, long-term process. Access to social arenas, prolonged time spent with others and identification with and recognition from others were key to developing social networks. We argue that there is a need for tailored assistance and long-term support for people in long-term recovery to help them cope with the stresses of entering new social arenas, overcome societal stigma and develop social networks.
Mutational signatures and increased retrotransposon insertions in xeroderma pigmentosum variant skin tumors
Authors: Corradi Camila , Vilar Juliana B , Buzatto Vanessa C , de Souza Tiago A , Castro Ligia P , Munford Veridiana , De Vecchi Rodrigo , Galante Pedro A F , Orpinelli Fernanda , Miller Thiago L A , Buzzo José L , Sotto Mirian N , Saldiva Paulo , de Oliveira Jocelânio W , Chaibub Sulamita C W , Sarasin Alain , Menck Carlos F M
Published: May 2023

Xeroderma pigmentosum variant (XP-V) is an autosomal recessive disease with an increased risk of developing cutaneous neoplasms in sunlight-exposed regions. These cells are deficient in the translesion synthesis (TLS) DNA polymerase eta, responsible for bypassing different types of DNA lesions. From the exome sequencing of 11 skin tumors of a genetic XP-V patients’ cluster, classical mutational signatures related to sunlight exposure, such as C>T transitions targeted to pyrimidine dimers, were identified. However, basal cell carcinomas also showed distinct C>A mutation spectra reflecting a mutational signature possibly related to sunlight-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, four samples carry different mutational signatures, with C>A mutations associated with tobacco chewing or smoking usage. Thus, XP-V patients should be warned of the risk of these habits. Surprisingly, higher levels of retrotransposon somatic insertions were also detected when the tumors were compared with non-XP skin tumors, revealing other possible causes for XP-V tumors and novel functions for the TLS polymerase eta in suppressing retrotransposition. Finally, the expected high mutation burden found in most of these tumors renders these XP patients good candidates for checkpoint blockade immunotherapy.
Local community capacity building: exploring non-governmental organizations approaches in Tamil Nadu
Authors: Langmann Sten , Bezemer Pieter-Jan , Pick David
Published: May 2023

Locally based non-governmental organizations (NGOs) play an important role in community capacity building (CCB). Because these NGOs are generally located close to the affected communities, they have the local knowledge to identify problems and assist the affected communities to address them. However, the methods these local NGOs use to build capacity in the local communities and the reasons they choose certain CCB approaches are not well known. To enhance the knowledge in these areas, this study conducted semistructured interviews with local NGOs and local NGO experts in Tamil Nadu, India. It was found that local NGOs build capacity in communities using emotional empowerment; a process that involves providing communities with (i) a sense of care and hopefulness, (ii) spaces to voice their feelings and challenges, and (iii) support to transform their voices into community action. Local NGOs adopted this approach because they found that long-term disadvantaged communities had high affective barriers, such as discouraging personal outlooks and an acceptance of existing social structures, which prevented them from taking ownership of the situation. Theoretically, these insights contribute to CCB literature by drawing attention to the community’s psychological processes and emotional empowerment characteristics. They also add to wider poverty debates by highlighting the affective community barriers that perpetuate existing inequalities.
The Effects of Dual-Enrollment Programs on Students’ Post-Secondary Academic Performance
Authors: Kirby Cody , Misra Kaustav , Bagchi Misra Arundhati , Cox Sharon P
Published: May 2023

Early college programs allow high school students to go beyond the advanced courses that the high school offers. Much of the literature on this topic focuses on small sample sizes, theories, or qualitative evidence; quantitative evidence of such a relationship is lacking. This study will examine the relationship between early college programs and academic performance, as well as graduation and retention rates and provide quantitative evidence of such relationships. The study uses survey data collected from two public universities in the state of Michigan. The results suggest that dual enrollment participation has a significant and positive effect on students’ college grade point average (GPA). Based on our results, dual enrollment participation is beneficial to students and should be encouraged. Because of the quantitative nature of the data, policy makers can use it to make informed decisions about early college programs and how these programs may benefit their students and institutions.
Utility of Commercially Available Quantitative hCG Immunoassays as Tumor Markers in Trophoblastic and Non-Trophoblastic Disease
Authors: Franks Caroline E , Li Jieli , Martinez Magen , Farnsworth Christopher W , Jones Patricia M , Grenache David G , Meng Qing H , Gronowski Ann M
Published: May 2023

Background

The use of quantitative human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) as a tumor marker is widely accepted despite lack of FDA-approval for oncology. Differences in iso- and glycoform recognition among hCG immunoassays is well established, exhibiting wide inter-method variability. Here, we assess the utility of 5 quantitative hCG immunoassays for use as tumor markers in trophoblastic and non-trophoblastic disease.

Methods

Remnant specimens were obtained from 150 patients with gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD), germ cell tumors (GCT), or other malignancies. Specimens were identified by review of results from physician-ordered hCG and tumor marker testing. Five analyzer platforms were used for split specimen analysis of hCG: Abbott Architect Total, Roche cobas STAT, Roche cobas Total, Siemens Dimension Vista Total, and Beckman Access Total.

Results

Frequency of elevated hCG concentrations (above reference cutoffs) was highest in GTD (100%), followed by GCT (55% to 57%), and other malignancies (8% to 23%). Overall, the Roche cobas Total detected elevated hCG in the greatest number of specimens (63/150). Detection of elevated hCG in trophoblastic disease was nearly equivalent among all immunoassays (range, 41 to 42/60).

Conclusions

While no immunoassay is likely to be perfect in all clinical situations, results for the 5 hCG immunoassays evaluated suggest that all are adequate for use of hCG as a tumor marker in gestational trophoblastic disease and select germ cell tumors. Further harmonization of hCG methods is needed as serial testing for biochemical tumor monitoring must still be performed using a single method. Additional studies are needed to assess the utility of quantitative hCG as a tumor marker in other malignant disease.
BCS Information Security Specialist Group Celebrates its 40th Anniversary
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: May 2023

Conceived in 1983, the ISSG was founded to focus on professionalism and professional development within security. BCS marked its landmark anniversary with a London event. Martin Cooper MBCS reports.
Experiences of Disability and Neurodiversity in IT
Authors: Runciman Brian
Published: May 2023

This year, BCS is exploring the contribution that disabled and neurodivergent people make to the profession, and what can be done to allow those groups to contribute even more. The issues disabled and neurodivergent people face not only impacts individuals but prevents people from contributing to the profession in ways that benefit the whole of society. Brian Runciman MBCS and Matthew Bellringer MBCS MBPsS want to get you involved in a new project for 2023.
A New Way to Tackle the Skills Gap
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: May 2023

Through fostering close links to industry and with BCS, the South Central Institute of Technology in Bletchley is creating new and inclusive IT career pathways. Jim Nowell, Head of School, talks to Martin Cooper MBCS.
Inside Ransomware’s Organised Underworld
Authors: Cooper Martin
Published: May 2023

From selecting the victim to making off with clean cash, Lisa Forte MBCS – partner at Red Goat – talks Martin Cooper MBCS through what happens in a ransomware attack.
Chatgpt in the Classroom: Friend or Foe?
Authors: Smith Georgia
Published: May 2023

ChatGPT and other AIs like it look destined to change the role the web plays in our lives. But what does this mean for education and equal opportunity? Georgia Smith reports.
Revolutionising Drug Discovery
Authors: Thomas Dan
Published: May 2023

Prof Dan Thomas FBCS, from Pixel AI, explores how AI is transforming the design and validation of life-saving medications.
Business Analysis
Authors: Lovelock Christina
Published: May 2023

Christina Lovelock MBCS explores whether business analysis has a play to part in cyber cybersecurity
Prognostic value of right ventricular longitudinal strain in patients with secondary mitral regurgitation undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge mitral valve repair
Authors: Lupi Laura , Italia Leonardo , Pagnesi Matteo , Pancaldi Edoardo , Ancona Francesco , Stella Stefano , Pezzola Elisa , Cimino Giuliana , Saccani Nicola , Ingallina Giacomo , Margonato Davide , Inciardi Riccardo Maria , Lombardi Carlo Mario , Tomasoni Daniela , Agricola Eustachio , Metra Marco , Adamo Marianna
Published: May 2023

Aims

To evaluate the prognostic impact of pre-procedural right ventricular longitudinal strain (RVLS) in patients with secondary mitral regurgitation (SMR) undergoing transcatheter edge-to-edge repair (TEER) in comparison with conventional echocardiographic parameters of RV function.

Methods and results

This is a retrospective study including 142 patients with SMR undergoing TEER at two Italian centres. At 1-year follow-up 45 patients reached the composite endpoint of all-cause death or heart failure hospitalization. The best cut-off value of RV free-wall longitudinal strain (RVFWLS) to predict outcome was −18% [sensitivity 72%, specificity of 71%, area under curve (AUC) 0.78, P < 0.001], whereas the best cut-off value of RV global longitudinal strain (RVGLS) was −15% (sensitivity 56%, specificity 76%, AUC 0.69, P < 0.001). Prognostic performance was suboptimal for tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, Doppler tissue imaging-derived tricuspid lateral annular systolic velocity and fractional area change (FAC). Cumulative survival free from events was lower in patients with RVFWLS ≥ −18% vs. RVFWLS < −18% (44.0% vs. 85.4%; < 0.001) as well as in patients with RVGLS ≥ −15% vs. RVGLS < −15% (54.9% vs. 81.7%; P < 0.001). At multivariable analysis FAC, RVGLS and RVFWLS were independent predictors of events. The identified cut-off of RVFWLS and RVGLS both resulted independently associated with outcomes.

Conclusion

RVLS is a useful and reliable tool to identify patients with SMR undergoing TEER at high risk of mortality and HF hospitalization, on top of other clinical and echocardiographic parameters, with RVFWLS offering the best prognostic performance.
The effect of early versus delayed space closure on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Daraqel Baraa , Mheissen Samer , Li Jiahua , Khan Haris , Allan Shawkat , Zheng Leilei
Published: May 2023

Background

Orthodontic space closure of extraction sites can be initiated early, within 1-week post-extraction, or it can be delayed for a month or more.

Objective

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effect of early versus delayed initiation of space closure after tooth extraction on the rate of orthodontic tooth movement.

Search methods

Unrestricted search of 10 electronic databases was conducted until September 2022.

Selection criteria

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the initiation time of space closure of extraction sites in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were included.

Data collection and analysis

Data items were extracted using a pre-piloted extraction form. The Cochrane’s risk of bias tool (ROB 2.0) and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach were used for quality assessment. Meta-analysis was undertaken if there are at least two trials reporting the same outcome.

Results

Eleven RCTs met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analysis revealed that early canine retraction resulted in a statistically significant higher rate of maxillary canine retraction when compared to delayed canine retraction [mean difference (MD); 0.17 mm/month, 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.28, P = 0.003, 4 RCTs, moderate quality]. Duration of space closure was shorter in the early space closure group, but not statistically significant (MD; 1.11 months, 95% CI: −0.27 to 2.49, P = 0.11, 2 RCTs, low quality). The incidence of gingival invaginations was not statistically different between early and delayed space closure groups (Odds ratio; 0.79, 95% CI: 0.27 to 2.29, 2 RCTs, P = 0.66, very low quality). Qualitative synthesis found no statistically significant differences between the two groups regarding anchorage loss, root resorption, tooth tipping, and alveolar bone height.

Conclusions

Based on the available evidence, early traction within the first week after tooth extraction has a minimal clinically significant effect on the rate of tooth movement compared to delayed traction. Further high-quality RCTs with standardized time points and measurement methods are still needed.

Registration

PROSPERO (CRD42022346026).
Diversity and metabolic energy in bacteria
Authors: Allen Ben , Gonzalez-Cabaleiro Rebeca , Ofiteru Irina Dana , Øvreås Lise , Sloan William T , Swan Donna , Curtis Thomas
Published: May 2023

Why are some groups of bacteria more diverse than others? We hypothesize that the metabolic energy available to a bacterial functional group (a biogeochemical group or ‘guild’) has a role in such a group’s taxonomic diversity. We tested this hypothesis by looking at the metacommunity diversity of functional groups in multiple biomes. We observed a positive correlation between estimates of a functional group’s diversity and their metabolic energy yield. Moreover, the slope of that relationship was similar in all biomes. These findings could imply the existence of a universal mechanism controlling the diversity of all functional groups in all biomes in the same way. We consider a variety of possible explanations from the classical (environmental variation) to the ‘non-Darwinian’ (a drift barrier effect). Unfortunately, these explanations are not mutually exclusive, and a deeper understanding of the ultimate cause(s) of bacterial diversity will require us to determine if and how the key parameters in population genetics (effective population size, mutation rate, and selective gradients) vary between functional groups and with environmental conditions: this is a difficult task.
Smoking prevention within social work organizations: a qualitative study about youngsters’ and youth workers’ perceptions
Authors: Leta Kenji , Lauwerier Emelien , Willems Sara , Vermeersch Sarah , Demeester Babette , Verloigne Maïté
Published: May 2023

Tobacco smoking uptake is still a major public health concern, especially among youngsters living in vulnerable situations. Finding optimal ways to engage youngsters in smoking prevention is important. Compared to traditional settings such as schools, social work settings providing sports-based and recreational activities (SR-settings) tend to reach and engage youngsters more. This study aimed to gain insight into the reasons for smoking uptake among youngsters living in vulnerable situations and the conditions through which SR-settings are potentially beneficial for smoking prevention initiatives. Data were collected in two SR-settings in Flanders, Belgium, by means of five focus group discussions and six individual interviews with youngsters (n = 38, mean age = 12.9 ± 2.61 years, 69.7% boys) and eight individual interviews with youth workers (n = 8, mean age = 27.5 ± 7.95 years, 87.5% men). A thematic analysis (TA) approach was applied to analyse the data. Besides individual factors, such as attitudes towards smoking, the desire to be part of a group and conformity to group norms seem to be important drivers of smoking uptake among youngsters in vulnerable situations. The presence of powerful role models in SR-settings with whom youngsters identify may counteract group norms by encouraging healthy behaviour. SR-settings seem suitable for questioning perceptions of vulnerable youngsters, unlike other settings where they may struggle to be heard. The conditional characteristics of SR-settings, such as authentic group processes, having meaningful roles, and being heard, make these contexts promising venues for smoking prevention efforts among vulnerable youngsters. Youth workers who have established trusting relationships with youngsters seem well-suited to communicate smoking prevention messages. A participatory approach, in which youngsters are involved in developing smoking prevention programs, is desirable.
Estimating intra-cluster correlation coefficients for planning longitudinal cluster randomized trials: a tutorial
Authors: Ouyang Yongdong , Hemming Karla , Li Fan , Taljaard Monica
Published: May 2023

It is well-known that designing a cluster randomized trial (CRT) requires an advance estimate of the intra-cluster correlation coefficient (ICC). In the case of longitudinal CRTs, where outcomes are assessed repeatedly in each cluster over time, estimates for more complex correlation structures are required. Three common types of correlation structures for longitudinal CRTs are exchangeable, nested/block exchangeable and exponential decay correlations—the latter two allow the strength of the correlation to weaken over time. Determining sample sizes under these latter two structures requires advance specification of the within-period ICC and cluster autocorrelation coefficient as well as the intra-individual autocorrelation coefficient in the case of a cohort design. How to estimate these coefficients is a common challenge for investigators. When appropriate estimates from previously published longitudinal CRTs are not available, one possibility is to re-analyse data from an available trial dataset or to access observational data to estimate these parameters in advance of a trial. In this tutorial, we demonstrate how to estimate correlation parameters under these correlation structures for continuous and binary outcomes. We first introduce the correlation structures and their underlying model assumptions under a mixed-effects regression framework. With practical advice for implementation, we then demonstrate how the correlation parameters can be estimated using examples and we provide programming code in R, SAS, and Stata. An Rshiny app is available that allows investigators to upload an existing dataset and obtain the estimated correlation parameters. We conclude by identifying some gaps in the literature.
Airport Cyber Resilience and Managing Supply Chain Risk
Authors: Piggin Richard
Published: May 2023

Security surrounding air travel is understandably tight and managed differently from other sectors. Dr Richard Piggin CEng MBCS discusses managing supply chain risk and regulation changes.
Reconstruction of a massive chest wall defect using a free anterolateral–lower medial thigh flaps: a case report
Authors: Sim Nadia Hui Shan , Ngaserin Sabrina , Feng Jia Jun , Kok Yee Onn , Chua Hui Wen , Gaviria-Pinzon Jorge , Chew Khong Yik , Wong Allen Wei-Jiat
Published: May 2023

Critical defects of the chest wall require robust soft tissue coverage to protect the thoracic viscera. We define massive chest wall defects as larger than two-thirds of the chest wall. For such defects, classic flaps like the omentum, latissimus dorsi and anterolateral thigh flaps are usually insufficient. In our patient, a bilateral total mastectomy for locally advanced breast cancer resulted in a massive chest wall defect (40 by 30 cm). Soft tissue coverage was achieved with a combined anterolateral–lower medial thigh flaps. Revascularization of the anterolateral thigh and lower medial thigh components was via the internal mammary and thoracoacromial vessels, respectively. Post-operative recovery was uneventful and the patient received adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in a timely manner. The total follow up was 24-months. We illustrate the novel use of the lower medial thigh territory in extending the size of the anterolateral thigh flap to reconstruct massive chest wall defects.
The influence of a close secondary star on the planetary formation: the case of γ cephei b
Authors: Camargo B C B , Kley W , Winter O C
Published: May 2023

The formation of planets around a single star is a complex process that depends on many parameters. Planetary systems with a secondary star too close to the primary star can significantly complicate the process. In this work, we explored the formation of γ Cephei b, a giant planet located in a close binary system, using a hydrodynamic approach. We tested different parameters for the discs and protoplanet in an attempt to reproduce the observed features. We found that in situ formation can reach the observational mass of the planet. Both isothermal and radiative disc conditions exhibited similar planetary evolution. However, our results demonstrated a high planetary eccentricity. To understand this behaviour, we applied secular theory to the γ Cephei system. We found that the system can reproduce the observational and simulated values of eccentricities.