bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trading Incas
Authors: Heaney Christopher
Published: July 2023

In 1822 the South American patriot José de San Martín sent an “Inca mummy” from Lima to the British Museum, initiating a century of the international collection of the “ancient Peruvian” and Andean dead. This chapter shows how these collections began with Peruvian independence and the relaxation of laws surrounding huaqueo (tomb-raiding). Peruvian grave-openers and scholars built museums around Andean mummies as scientific symbols of embalming and recovered sovereignty. They collaborated with foreign collectors in the excavation and export of the Andean dead, whose bodies and artifacts became mobile laboratories for the dissection of precolonial Peruvian history, anatomy, civilization, and the desiccating natural resources that preserved them. Debate centered on whether Peruvian mummification was “artificial” or “natural,” implying different levels of civilization. These efforts helped empty Andean cemeteries along the coast, but revealed surviving Andean understandings of the dead as spiritually powerful. Some highland communities paraded the dead once again.
The Sociedad Cultural Nuestro Tiempo
Authors: Quevedo Marysol
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses Cuban composers who were active in the Sociedad Cultural Nuestro Tiempo (SCNT) throughout the 1950s. The SCNT evolved out of the music-centered Sociedad Amadeo Roldán once composers began expanding their activities to include collaborations with artists in other fields. SCNT activities also coincided with a decade of political radicalization that reflected a leftist political agenda, presaged the ensuing Revolution, and led to the SCNT’s member’s persecution by Batista’s regime. The overlap in political and social ideology of SCNT members with that of the revolutionary leaders positioned SCNT members as leaders of the post-1959 cultural organizations. This chapter examines several collaborations and events that demonstrate the SCNT composers’ efforts in creating art that was Cuban and modern, of, in their words, “our time.” Case studies include Edgardo Martín’s Cuatro Fugas as choreographed by the Ballet Nacional, Juan Blanco’s Quinteto No. 1 and film score for El Mégano, and Harold Gramatges’s Tres preludios a modo de toccata.
A Decade of Revolution and Experimentation in Music
Authors: Quevedo Marysol
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores how Cuban composers affected and maneuvered dramatic shifts in international artistic networks after the 1959 Revolution and the consequent changes in their aesthetic and compositional preferences. It begins with a discussion of political and economic changes in Cuba in the early years of the Revolution and their impact on the classical music scene. Juan Blanco’s report on a visit to Cuba by Soviet and East German composers and musicologists sheds light on the tensions and conflicts between the Cuban composers and their Eastern European socialist counterparts. In the early years of the Revolution a socialist and revolutionary discourse regarding the arts emerged, one in which innovation, vanguardismo, socialism, and Cubanness gained importance and acquired new meanings. This chapter then shifts to discussing specific developments in the Cuban classical music scene via several defining moments: the 1962 Latin American Music Festival, the 1964 concerts of experimental and electronic music at the UNEAC, and the OSN’s October 1969 concert of orchestral experimental works. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the mixed opinions on avant-garde and experimental music among Cuban composers at the close of the decade—citing a book by José Ardévol and a pair of essays by Leo Brouwer—setting the stage for the following chapter on the institutionalization and centralization of culture and the arts in Cuba in the 1970s.
Lifting the Chains
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

Lifting the Chains: The Black Freedom Struggle in Americas Since Reconstruction discusses the history of the Black experience in America since the Civil War. Using scores of oral history interviews with Black activists conducted over the last fifty years by Duke scholars, as well as traditional written sources, it argues that the long battle against racism in America was carried forward primarily by Black Americans through their churches, civil rights organizations, and community activist groups. Despite repeated defeats, culminating with the era of Jim Crow and disenfranchisement in the early 20th century, Black insurgents persisted, and aided by the changes wrought by their involvement in World War II, the civil rights movement of the 1940s, 50s, and 60s struggled to reshape America. The book elaborates on this struggle, the relationship between political equality and economic equality, and what remains to be achieved before the promises of the Declaration of Independence can be realized.
The Twilight Years, 1877–1898
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter covers African Americans’ efforts to strengthen their institutional and community life despite the resurgence of white control in 1877. Black Americans sought to enhance their own internal communities even as they persisted in probing the system of white social control while striving to rekindle the drive for freedom. The annual celebration of Emancipation, Juneteenth, recalled the sense of communal joy that accompanied the dawn of freedom, while reminding people of how far African Americans still had to go to redeem the promise of liberation. The chapter explains that Black people continued their struggle for freedom by refusing to accept white definitions of their rights and opportunities.
Education and Work
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter elaborates on the struggles of Black people in negotiating for better work and education. It acknowledges the constant tension of Black life in the age of Jim Crow. Black people needed to constantly seek a middle ground that would allow progress toward their collective goals and simultaneously avoid alienating white people who governed their fate. The chapter focuses on how Jim Crow laws created categories that made open economic advancement impossible since the laws presumed the structure of white power, while most Black people worked as servants. After Jim Crow deprived Black people forever of the right to participate in politics, every activity of Black Southerners concerning white Southerners would turn out to be political.
Politics and Resistance
Authors: Chafe William H.
Published: July 2023

This chapter looks into politics and resistance from 1900 until World War I. It considers the notion of segregation to be the bastion of white supremacy. Despite the difficulties of being denied citizenship rights, without recourse to the ballot box, and under constant threat, Black Americans persisted in defending their communities and working to advance their dignity and their rights. During the worst years of Jim Crow, Black Southerners still found ways to sustain and nourish their democratic aspirations. The chapter clarifies that there was no single course of action in responding to Jim Crow; rather resistance had to be according to local circumstances.
Who Was Nietzsche’s Genealogist?
Authors: Millgram Elijah
Published: July 2023

Nietzsche’s Genealogy of Morals is enormously and insistently absent-minded, and the book makes sense only once you see it as presenting you with its author, and making a point about him. The “Genealogist” is an intellectual, and intellectuals manage to pretend, to themselves and others, that they are rigorously consistent by simply forgetting what they previously thought. The portrait serves as the launch pad for Nietzsche’s subversive account of ethics.
The Evolution of the Russian Regulatory State
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa
Published: July 2023

The chapter describes the development of Russian regulatory state institutions between 1991 and 2021. It traces the growth of these institutions through the corresponding development of legislation and executive-level binding regulations. It takes a closer look at the formal rules and regulations issued by political and administrative institutions to formulate and execute state regulatory policy and discuss how legislative statutes, presidential and gubernatorial orders, government resolutions, and ministerial and agency-level directives can be used as quantitative measures of regulatory complexity and mechanisms of political control over state bureaucracy. The analysis demonstrates that regulatory documents are the source of formal institutional constraints of the policy implementation practices. The more elaborate formal rules provide a firmermer foundation for implementation that is consistent with the intent of policymakers. Formal rules regulate not only companies and individuals, but also the bureaucrats who implement them.
Bureaucratic Discretion and Business Climate around the World
Authors: Duvanova Dinissa
Published: July 2023

This chapter evaluates economic effects of discretionary institutional powers in a cross-national comparative framework. Much of the existing research does not distinguish between government regulatory policy and its implementation. This results in overlooking the importance of issues of implementation and creates a void in understanding the efficacy of regulatory regimes. The chapter fills in this gap by disentangling the effects of regulatory policy from those of regulatory implementation empirically and shows that these have separate, albeit interactive, effects on economic performance. Using cross-sectional data covering 102 autocratic and democratic countries, I find that institutions enabling bureaucratic discretion render the state regulatory involvement largely irrelevant. Under high levels of bureaucratic discretion, the extent of state economic intervention has no effect on economic outcomes. This analysis confirms that institutions of regulatory implementation are dependent and consequential components of state governance beyond the context of transitional economies and autocratic politics.
Language
Authors: Shieber Joseph
Published: July 2023

Among the many reasons for which it was celebrated, the Scottish Enlightenment period was notable for the heightened interest accorded to language as a phenomenon worthy of study. This chapter explores language as a topic of study for Scottish Enlightenment thinkers through a focus on four central areas: (1) evidence that facts about language might provide for conclusions about human nature; (2) speculations on the origins of language; (3) thoughts on rhetoric; and (4) the epistemic status of testimony. In each section, a few central texts will serve as the focus for more general observations on how Scottish Enlightenment thinkers addressed these topics, situating the conversation in Scotland within the larger intellectual context of the period.
Shakespeare: 1599, 1603–6
Authors: Sharpe Will
Published: July 2023

This chapter, which broadly covers the middle period of Shakespeare’s career (c.1599–1606), argues that, with the exception of Timon of Athens, his co-authored works from this period are exclusively characterized by acts of revision rather than the joint composition of plays by multiple writers. Shakespeare has in recent years been identified with increasing confidence as the revising hand responsible for the additions to The Spanish Tragedy (probably c.1599) that appeared first in the 1602 text, and the chapter begins with this and with Thomas Heywood’s possible part in that process. The chapter also discusses Shakespeare’s part in the manuscript play Sir Thomas More, an apparently censorship-induced revision, considering the circumstances of and dramatic qualities of his contribution, this time in demonstrable close cooperation with Heywood. The final section of the chapter looks at Shakespeare’s collaborative work with Thomas Middleton on Timon, and at Middleton’s apparent adaptations of Measure for Measure, Macbeth, and All’s Well that Ends Well after Shakespeare’s death.
Page
Authors: Sharpe Will
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the early print history of collaborative plays and how collaboration, and particular collaborators, come in and out of focus as selling points during the period of the early theatres and beyond. The discussion will cover both cheap imprints (quartos) and prestige Folio imprints and the stationers responsible for them, considering the paradox that the expensive volumes falsify authorial title-page statements around collaboration more than their lower-end counterparts. The coverage of the discussion ranges beyond Shakespeare, while a section talks exclusively about the 1634 imprint of The Two Noble Kinsmen as the only early text accurately to advertise Shakespearean co-authorship. The final section looks at modern editions of Shakespeare, and considers the ways in which collaboration has—or frequently hasn’t—featured in their marketing strategies.
Certainty and Undercutting
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: July 2023

In chapter four discuss certainty. Much epistemological modeling represents agents as certain of a variety of facts—logical truths, their evidence, whatever they know. But—so a common narrative goes—ever since the failure of the Cartesian project we've known that almost nothing is certain. This might seem like a natural place to start talking about idealization; it's fruitful for various purposes to represent facts as certain when, strictly speaking, they're merely highly probable. This is not the approach I'll defend. While I'll agree that we're idealizing when we represent agents as being certain, I'll argue it's too quick to assume that there are strict truths to the effect that what we represent as certain is instead merely highly probable.
Introduction
Authors: Greco Daniel
Published: July 2023

In the introduction I provide an overview of the book and a chapter by chapter summary.
Introduction
Authors: Forjwuor Bernard
Published: July 2023

This chapter frames the conceptual concerns, critical questions, and methodological approaches the book embraces. It contemplates the following questions: What is political independence? As a political act, what was it sanctioned to accomplish? Was political independence sanctioned to dismantle colonialism? If so, was political independence’s affirmation of self-determinization coterminous to decolonization? But what is the nature of this colonialism that political independence must necessarily eradicate? Was colonialism the deferment of freedom for which the transfer of power must restore or a violation of human rights for which remedial justice is required? Is self-determination/political independence an affirmation of freedom, an explication of remedial justice, or perhaps both? What is the difference between freedom and justice? Must one automatically lead to the other, in which case political independence fulfilled both necessary obligations? If political independence is, in fact, a decolonial initiative, is it not the case then that this act of self-determination is necessarily a remedial justice? Thus, is self-determination not the effective negation of centuries of exploitation, genocide, extraction of resources, barbarism, dispossession, capture, and selling of humans as cargo/commodity, etc.? If it seems that self-determination is insufficiently a decolonial accomplishment, it is because it is framed outside the condition of its most effective use.
Why Mercenary Operations Occasionally Succeed
Authors: Kinsey Christopher
Published: July 2023

This chapter seeks to explain the success of the mercenary operations examined in the previous chapters. It is a well-documented fact that most mercenary operations fail. What this chapter explains is that particular norms, rules, and decision-making procedures that impose tight control over these mercenary operations are the prime factors on those occasions where they succeed. The reason tight control is essential is that it transforms the capacity to work into meaningful output, and by association into successful results. Without tight control, mercenary output is reduced and therefore unlikely to meet the geostrategic and operational objectives set by whatever government agency is running the mercenary operation. However, achieving tight control is not straightforward. In our cases, it is achieved through adopting certain norms, abiding by certain rules, and following certain decision-making procedures. Moreover, by cross-referencing between these three operations, the chapter is able to identify which norms, rules, and decision-making procedures dominated in these operations, facilitating their success. Again, there is very little in the extant literature that seeks to explain why some mercenary operations succeed, making this chapter unique.
The Stade
Authors: Matthew Christopher A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the unit of measure that Eratosthenes gave his result in (the stade): what it is, how it was derived, and the varying sizes of the unit as were used in ancient Greece. The chapter then moves on to examine the attempts by prior scholars to determine the size of the stade used by Eratosthenes and how all previous examinations on this topic are inconclusive, incomplete, or incorrect.
The Wartime Period, 1939–45
Authors: Baylis John , Eames Anthony
Published: July 2023

The political and scientific foundations of the Anglo-American nuclear relationship emerged during World War II through cooperation on the Manhattan Project and a series of meetings between Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill. Scientific trust and the close relationship between the president and prime minister proved critical in the efforts to overcome suspicion and competitive impulses at the military and civilian industrial levels of the relationship. Despite the remarkable joint efforts of Roosevelt, Churchill, and the American and British scientific communities, a failure to institutionalize the relationship would underlie challenges in the coming years.
Alliance Nuclear Modernization and SDI Dilemmas, 1982–9
Authors: Baylis John , Eames Anthony
Published: July 2023

The deployment of intermediate-range nuclear forces, the development of the Strategic Defense Initiative and the Reykjavik Summit meeting raised the spectre of nuclear abolition in superpower arms control talks which highlighted the dilemmas and complexities of ‘embedded trust’ in the Anglo-American nuclear relationship. The Reagan administration’s willingness to consider the elimination of nuclear weapons clashed with the Thatcher government’s commitment to nuclear deterrence. However, the decades of cooperation and the US and UK governments’ shared efforts to confront the transatlantic anti-nuclear movement were reflected in the close friendship between Reagan and Thatcher. Together they embarked on productive diplomacy with the Soviet Union that would bring about an end to the Cold War.
Continuities and ‘Pebbles in the Shoe’, 2016–23
Authors: Baylis John , Eames Anthony
Published: July 2023

The rise in conservative populism alongside the increasing belligerence of rival great powers created a confounding set of conditions for the Anglo-American nuclear relationship. While investments in next-generation warheads and delivery systems underscore the fact that the relationship has become effectively institutionalized, personalities still play a major role. This is especially the case when the special nuclear relationship functions in multilateral spaces such as the JCPOA regime or the new arrangements made for AUKUS. Despite political instabilities in the UK and US pressure for a solution to the Northern Ireland Protocols, the war in Ukraine and growing concerns about China have reinforced close Anglo-American defence and intelligence ties, ensuring a continuation of the nuclear relationship between Britain and the United States
Narrative templates
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike
Published: July 2023

This chapter introduces the concept of the template, describes its components, points out how we use templates in our everyday lives, and explains how they can be employed to produce narratives. Next, we present the notion of digital templates. Because templates require data and computers are good at getting and processing large amounts of data, we explain how to employ digital technology to fill in templates automatically. We provide examples that illustrate how to use this technique, for example to generate automatic sport news articles. Finally, the chapter describes diverse methods for generating more flexible templates, such as contextual templates, and thus to produce more appealing texts, emphasizing the relevance of data analysis.
Narrative generation from the character’s perspective
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses how problem-solving techniques are employed for the automatic generation of narratives. In this approach, characters’ goals (e.g. actors deciphering puzzles to discover a treasure, heroes trying to help people in problems) drive the development of the tale. These goals are broken into easier tasks. In this way, a collection of relatively simple challenges produces complex scenarios that result in interesting narratives. We introduce the main concepts behind problem-solving: goal-structure, character-structure, action-structure, preconditions, post conditions, goal’s plan, backwards reasoning. Next, we provide an example that illustrates the central mechanisms that this type of storyteller employs to generate narratives. Finally, we discuss the core features of a narrative generation system based on problem-solving.
Weaving texts with patterns
Authors: Pérez Rafael Pérez y , Sharples Mike
Published: July 2023

This chapter describes how a statistical information technique, known as Markov Chains, can be employed to generate texts. We introduce concepts like probabilistic distribution, patterns, and generalization. We provide an example that illustrates how this technique works. Employing the short story ‘The Devoted Friend’, by Oscar Wilde, we show how it is possible to generate novel sentences using statistical methods. The chapter continues with some comments about the novel A Noise Such as a Man Might Make written by a computer program using Markov Chains. This program employs data extracted from two novels: The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway, published in 1952, and The Road by Cormac McCarthy, published in 2006. We finish with some thoughts about the use of statistical information techniques for text generation.
Quantitative Measurement of Secretory Protein Mistargeting by Proximity Labeling and Parallel Reaction Monitoring
Authors: Lyu Ziqi , Genereux Joseph C.
Published: July 2023

Proximity labeling is a powerful approach for characterizing subcellular proteomes. We recently demonstrated that proximity labeling can be used to identify mistrafficking of secretory proteins, such as occurs during pre-emptive quality control (pre-QC) following endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. This assay depends on protein quantification by immunoblotting and densitometry, which is only semi-quantitative and suffers from poor sensitivity. Here, we integrate parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry to enable a more quantitative platform for ER import. PRM as opposed to densitometry improves quantification of transthyretin mistargeting while also achieving at least a ten-fold gain in sensitivity. The multiplexing of PRM also enabled us to evaluate a series of normalization approaches, revealing that normalization to auto-labeled APEX2 peroxidase is necessary to account for drug treatment-dependent changes in labeling efficiency. We apply this approach to systematically characterize the relationship between chemical ER stressors and ER pre-QC induction in HEK293T cells. Using dual-FLAG-tagged transthyretin (FLAGTTR) as a model secretory protein, we find that Brefeldin A treatment as well as ER calcium depletion cause pre-QC, while tunicamycin and dithiothreitol do not, indicating ER stress alone is not sufficient. This finding contrasts with the canonical model of pre-QC induction, and establishes the utility of our platform.

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Customer engagement and loyalty: the moderating role of involvement
Authors: Perez Benegas Jesica Yanet , Zanfardini Marina
Published: July 2023

Purpose

The purposes of the present study were to analyse: (1) if there is a hierarchical relationship between cognitive dimension (attention) and emotional dimension (enthusiasm); (2) to what extent the cognitive and emotional dimensions of the customer engagement (CE) affect loyalty to consumer brands in traditional settings and in social media; and (3) if involvement moderates the relationships between cognitive and emotional dimensions of CE and between each CE dimension and the two kinds of loyalties (offline and social media).

Design/methodology/approach

The authors applied structural equation model on a sample of 272 passengers of main airlines operating the domestic Argentinian market in 2018. The authors also used multigroup analysis to combine involvement as a moderator variable.

Findings

Cognitive dimensions of engagement (attention) had a direct and positive effect on the emotional engagement (measured by enthusiasm). Capturing the attention of passengers is key to maintaining their loyalty both in offline and online environments, especially if they are lowly involved with brands.

Research limitations/implications

The present study suggests and tests a model for the consequences of CE as a multidimensional construct in a specific service context.

Originality/value

Following the attitude formation approach and the hierarchy of effect of advertising theory, this study researched the dynamic of relationship between cognitive and emotional dimensions of CE. The results contribute on the line of considering CE as a process, including stages that consumers go through until they achieve the engagement with the brand. The results offer evidence of the specific impact of each CE dimension on loyalty at two environments (offline and social media).
Disentangling the antecedents of rational versus emotional negative electronic word of mouth on a peer-to-peer accommodation platform
Authors: Yang Chaofan , Sun Yongqiang , Wang Nan , Shen Xiao-Liang
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Although extant studies have investigated the antecedents of negative electronic word of mouth (eWOM), they treated it as a unidimensional concept without classification. To bridge this knowledge gap, this paper distinguishes rational negative eWOM (RNW) from emotional negative eWOM (ENW) and leverages the consumer value framework to investigate their drivers in the context of peer-to-peer accommodation platforms (PPAPs).

Design/methodology/approach

This study collected data through an online survey of 437 PPAP users. Partial least squares (PLS) were used to validate the proposed hypotheses. Further, the path coefficients comparison method was adopted to distinguish the different impacts of consumer values on RNW and ENW.

Findings

This research showed that self-presentation exerted a positive impact on RNW, but its relationship with ENW was insignificant. Anger and regret were, respectively, positively related to ENW and RNW. Besides, altruism exerted a positive effect on RNW, whereas it had a negative effect on ENW.

Originality/value

First, this paper makes a fresh attempt to categorize negative eWOM into RNW and ENW. Second, this paper draws upon the consumer value framework to dissect varied motivations for posting RNW versus ENW on PPAPs. Third, this paper empirically verifies the differential influences that consumer values exert on RNW and ENW.
How to increase the uptake of circular public procurement? Lessons learned from local authorities in Sweden
Authors: Hunka Agnieszka , Vanacore Emanuela , Mellquist Ann-Charlotte , Fuertes-Gine Letitia
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Circular procurement is assumed to foster innovation and influence demand for and supply of goods through criteria setting and dialogue with suppliers. However, even in countries placed at the forefront of sustainability practices such as Sweden, examples of procurement that can truly be considered to be circular are rare. This paper aims to examine circular public procurement practices in a selection of Swedish municipalities and regions through the lens of the Advocacy Coalition Framework. The authors propose a categorisation of municipalities by circular procurement uptake and identify factors that support the acceleration of the circular transition in Sweden.

Design/methodology/approach

Using the key informant approach, the authors conducted semi-structured interviews with employees of seven municipalities, one region and one external procurement agency, as well as seven suppliers of various sizes. The authors also analysed procurement documents received from municipalities. Participating organisations represented a variety of Swedish local government structures and local conditions.

Findings

The authors proposed a categorisation of circular procurement uptake. Notably, beginners differ from leaders in circular procurement, most importantly by the level of flexibility policy brokers have within their organisations and by policy brokers’ ability to accommodate changes that materialise between existing organisational structures and set routines.

Social implications

The fragmented uptake of circular procurement poses a challenge for local businesses interested in implementing circular business models. It also both highlights and exacerbates inequalities in access to resources between sparsely populated, rural municipalities and more urbanised areas.

Originality/value

Despite existing national government guidelines for the circular economy transition in Sweden, circular procurement is not fully realised at the local level. In this paper, the authors examine the Swedish experience with circular procurement and propose several steps to improve the uptake of circular procurement by the public authorities. The authors' findings concerning the role of policy brokers may well be generalised to similar socio-cultural contexts.
The relationship between authentic leadership and workplace loneliness during the COVID-19 pandemic: the mediating role of interactional justice
Authors: Cenkci Ada T. , Bircan Tuba
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Based on the social penetration theory and affect theory of social exchange, this study aims to examine the relationship between authentic leadership (AL) and workplace loneliness (WL), as well as the mediating effect of interactional justice (IJ) on this relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US higher education sector.

Design/methodology/approach

An online, self-administrated questionnaire was distributed to full-time employees working at higher education institutions in the USA. A total of 464 employees participated in the survey, with structural equation modeling being used to analyze the data.

Findings

The outcomes provide evidence that AL is positively related to IJ, whereas the latter is negatively associated with WL. Moreover, IJ fully mediates the relationship between AL and WL. Overall, the findings underline the importance of IJ in affecting employee WL.

Practical implications

The outcomes provide valuable insights for higher education leaders and HR professionals in reducing employee WL. In particular to this end, it is recommended that organizations focus on improving employee IJ and AL perceptions. Furthermore, higher education organizations need to select and promote leaders who exhibit IJ behaviors and AL characteristics. In addition, organizations could offer IJ and AL training to their current leaders.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the limited literature on WL by offering a unique research model that examines IJ as a mediating variable between AL and WL. In addition, it adds to the literature by investigating WL in the context of US higher education sector, which is an understudied area in this research context.
Transition to organic farming negatively affects bat activity
Authors: Fialas Penelope C. , Froidevaux Jérémy S. P. , Jones Gareth , Batáry Péter
Published: July 2023

The effectiveness of organic farming on biodiversity has been widely documented especially for plants, arthropods and birds; however, the effects of the transition period required to become an organic farm on wildlife remain poorly understood.

We assessed the effects of organic farming on insectivorous bats in citrus orchards in the Republic of Cyprus employing two matched designs (conventional vs. 3‐year organic‐transitional and conventional vs. organic‐certified) and a third unmatched design (3‐year organic‐transitional vs. organic‐certified). We specifically investigated whether the transition period prior to full organic certification influenced bat activity with a special focus on any moderation effects from surrounding semi‐natural areas.

The activity of three (Pipistrellus kuhlii, Hypsugo savii and Miniopterus schreibersii) of four bat species was significantly lower in farms undergoing the transitional period than in conventional farms, and P. kuhlii and H. savii were significantly less active in organic transitional farming systems that in organic‐certified ones. Furthermore, the activity of the most dominant species (P. kuhlii) was significantly higher on organic than transitional and conventional citrus orchards, thus suggesting a time‐lag effect. Landscape complexity measured as the amount of semi‐natural areas did not moderate the effects of farming system for any study species.

Synthesis and application. The transition to organic farming had persistent detrimental effects on bats and potentially on the pest suppression services they provide. Future agri‐environmental policy should consider the transition period and implement measures to mitigate any negative effects on biodiversity, alongside promoting asynchronous transition of nearby farms. Our findings further highlight the crucial need to consider the time since transition to organic farming when assessing potential benefits of organic management on biodiversity.
COVID‐19 symptoms and antibody positivity among unvaccinated pregnant women: An observational study in seven countries from the Global Network
Authors: Kavi Avinash , Goudar Shivaprasad S. , Somannavar Manjunath S. , Moore Janet L. , Derman Richard J. , Saleem Sarah , Naqvi Seemab , Billah Sk Masum , Haque Rashidul , Figueroa Lester , Mazariegos Manolo , Lokangaka Adrien , Tshefu Antoinette , Esamai Fabian , Mwenechanya Musaku , Chomba Elwyn , Patel Archana , Das Prabirkumar , Bauserman Melissa , Petri William A. , Krebs Nancy F. , Carlo Waldemar A. , Bucher Sherri , Hibberd Patricia L. , Koso‐Thomas Marion , McClure Elizabeth M. , Goldenberg Robert L.
Published: July 2023

Objective

To determine the relation of COVID‐19 symptoms to COVID‐19 antibody positivity among unvaccinated pregnant women in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).

Design

COVID‐19 infection status measured by antibody positivity at delivery was compared with the symptoms of COVID‐19 in the current pregnancy in a prospective, observational cohort study in seven LMICs.

Setting

The study was conducted among women in the Global Network for Women's and Children's Health's Maternal and Newborn Health Registry (MNHR), a prospective, population‐based study in Kenya, Zambia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Bangladesh, Pakistan, India (Belagavi and Nagpur sites) and Guatemala.

Population

Pregnant women enrolled in the ongoing pregnancy registry at study sites.

Methods

Data on COVID‐19 symptoms during the current pregnancy were collected by trained staff between October 2020 and June 2022. COVID‐19 antibody testing was performed on samples collected at delivery. The relation between COVID‐19 antibody positivity and symptoms was assessed using generalised linear models with a binomial distribution adjusting for site and symptoms.

Main outcome measures

COVID‐19 antibody status and symptoms of COVID‐19 among pregnant women.

Results

Among 19 218 non‐vaccinated pregnant women who were evaluated, 14.1% of antibody‐positive women had one or more symptoms compared with 13.4% in antibody‐negative women. Overall, 85.3% of antibody‐positive women reported no COVID‐19 symptoms during the present pregnancy. Reported fever was significantly associated with antibody status (relative risk [RR] 1.10, 95% CI 1.03–11.18; P = 0.008). A multiple variable model adjusting for site and all eight symptoms during pregnancy showed similar results (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.23; P = 0.012). None of the other symptoms was significantly related to antibody positivity.

Conclusions

In a population‐based cohort in LMICs, unvaccinated pregnant women who were antibody‐positive had slightly more symptoms during their pregnancy and a small but significantly greater increase in fever. However, for prevalence studies, evaluating COVID‐19‐related symptoms does not appear to be useful in differentiating pregnant women who have had a COVID‐19 infection.
The wolf spider Pardosa milvina varies silk deposition in response to self and same‐sex conspecific silk
Authors: O'Donovan Michael , Persons Matthew H.
Published: July 2023

Silk is an important communication medium for spiders with roles in species recognition, sex identification, and mating status assessment. Spiders may benefit by discriminating between their own or another same‐sex conspecific's silk. Silk‐mediated self‐recognition could allow spiders to identify areas that they have previously visited, competitively block silk advertisements from sexual rivals or minimize redundant signaling in an area. Silk deposition behavior may also be contingent upon silk cues detected from same‐sex conspecifics. We tested if males and females of the wolf spider Pardosa milvina show different silk deposition patterns when encountering their own silk versus the silk of another spider of the same sex. Using a within‐between‐subjects design, we quantified male and female deposition of three silk types: draglines, cord silk, and attachment disks on substrates containing either their own silk or the silk of an adult same‐sex conspecific (N = 23 males, 28 females). Both males and females significantly increased dragline and cord silk deposition on substrates containing conspecific rather than their own silk with males producing more cord silk than females. Males significantly increased attachment disk deposition on conspecific male silk compared to their own while females showed the opposite response, decreasing attachment disk deposition on conspecific female silk. Both male and female P. milvina can recognize their own silk, but we found significant qualitative and quantitative sex differences in silk deposition suggesting sex‐specific functions for attachment disks compared to cord or dragline silk.
Introduction to the special section on dissent in social work
Authors: Garrett Paul Michael
Published: July 2023

Introduction to the special section on dissent.
Protein–Protein Interfaces as Druggable Targets: A Common Motif of the Pyridoxal-5′-Phosphate-Dependent Enzymes to Receive the Coenzyme from Its Producers
Authors: Aleshin Vasily A. , Bunik Victoria I.
Published: July 2023

Pyridoxal-5′-phosphate (PLP), a phosphorylated form of vitamin B6, acts as a coenzyme for numerous reactions, including those changed in cancer and/or associated with the disease prognosis. Since highly reactive PLP can modify cellular proteins, it is hypothesized to be directly transferred from its donors to acceptors. Our goal is to validate the hypothesis by finding common motif(s) in the multitude of PLP-dependent enzymes for binding the limited number of PLP donors, namely pyridoxal kinase (PdxK), pyridox(am)in-5′-phosphate oxidase (PNPO), and PLP-binding protein (PLPBP). Experimentally confirmed interactions between the PLP donors and acceptors reveal that PdxK and PNPO interact with the most abundant PLP acceptors belonging to structural folds I and II, while PLPBP – with those belonging to folds III and V. Aligning sequences and 3D structures of the identified interactors of PdxK and PNPO, we have identified a common motif in the PLP-dependent enzymes of folds I and II. The motif extends from the enzyme surface to the neighborhood of the PLP binding site, represented by an exposed alfa-helix, a partially buried beta-strand, and residual loops. Pathogenicity of mutations in the human PLP-dependent enzymes within or in the vicinity of the motif, but outside of the active sites, supports functional significance of the motif that may provide an interface for the direct transfer of PLP from the sites of its synthesis to those of coenzyme binding. The enzyme-specific amino acid residues of the common motif may be useful to develop selective inhibitors blocking PLP delivery to the PLP-dependent enzymes critical for proliferation of malignant cells.
The February 6, 2023, Earthquakes in Turkey: A Model of the Rupture Surface Based on Satellite Radar Interferometry
Authors: Mikhailov V. O. , Babayantz I. P. , Volkova M. S. , Timoshkina E. P. , Smirnov V. B. , Tikhotskiy S. A.
Published: July 2023

Two strike–slip faults, displacements along which caused the catastrophic earthquakes in Turkey on February 6, 2023, were mapped from satellite radar interferometry data. According to the satellite data, the relative displacements of the sides of the East Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), with which the first event of Mw 7.8 was associated, exceeded 5 m in the central segment. The rupture surface extends from the area of the Doğanyol-Sivris earthquake Mw 6.7 of January 24, 2020, in the north to the Mediterranean coast in the south, where the earthquake Mw 6.3 occurred on February 20, 2023. The second event Mw 7.5 is associated with the Surgü-Çardak fault; the relative displacements of its sides, according to satellite data, exceeded 7 m. The obtained displacement fields of the Earth’s surface were used to construct a model of the seismic rupture. This model was worked out on the basis of the Pollitz, 1996 solution, which defines displacements on the surface of the spherically stratified planet as a result of along dip and strike displacements on a rectangular rupture located inside the sphere. Ignoring the spherical stratification of the planet leads to errors of up to 20%, especially in the presence of a large strike–slip component [5]. Ignoring sphericity also causes an error, when using the solution obtained for an elastic homogeneous half-space, as the US Geological Survey (USGS) has done, in modeling the seismic rupture for earthquakes in Turkey in 2023. Our model differs in the detailed consideration of the fault geometry. For this purpose, the faults were approximated by 19 planes along the strike, divided into two levels along the dip. In our rupture model strike–slip displacements in the central segment of the EAFZ reached 12.7 m. In the southern segment of this rupture, the displacements are much smaller. It should be emphasized that we registered the displacements for the period from January 29, 2023, to February 10, 2023; therefore, together with co-seismic ones, they also include post-seismic displacements for four days after the main seismic events. The displacements on the rupture surface along the Surgü-Çardak Fault, where the Mw 7.5 earthquake occurred, were up to 10 m. The results demonstrate, in particular, the efficiency of application of the satellite radar interferometry in the operative study of catastrophic geodynamic phenomena and processes.
Eyewash with balanced salt solution after intravitreal methotrexate injection in a case of vitreoretinal lymphoma: a simple but effective way to prevent ocular surface toxicity
Authors: Moharana Bruttendu , Parija Sucheta , Palanisamy Shanmugasundaram , Mishra Priyadarshini
Published: July 2023

Intravitreal methotrexate injection (400 µg/0.1 mL) is the current mainstay for managing vitreoretinal lymphoma. Various complications associated with intravitreal methotrexate are cataract, keratopathy, maculopathy, sterile endophthalmitis, optic atrophy, vitreous haemorrhage, etc. The most common adverse effect of intravitreal methotrexate is keratopathy occurring in more than half of cases. The severity may range from diffuse punctate keratopathy to severe epitheliopathy leading to photophobia, pain, visual blurring, epiphora, etc. This may become a reason for reduced compliance with treatment. The management of these complications includes oral folic acid, topical folinic acid supplementations and reduced frequency or cessation of methotrexate intravitreal injections. Here, we report a simple method of eyewash in a large amount of balanced salt solution after the intravitreal injection procedure to reduce the severity of keratopathy, which helped the patient tolerate the treatment.
Quantum f-divergences via Nussbaum–Szkoła distributions and applications to f-divergence inequalities
Authors: Androulakis George , John Tiju Cherian
Published: July 2023

The main result in this paper shows that the quantum [Formula: see text]-divergence of two states is equal to the classical [Formula: see text]-divergence of the corresponding Nussbaum–Szkoła distributions. This provides a general framework for studying certain properties of quantum entropic quantities using the corresponding classical entities. The usefulness of the main result is illustrated by obtaining several quantum [Formula: see text]-divergence inequalities from their classical counterparts. All results presented here are valid in both finite and infinite dimensions and hence can be applied to continuous variable systems as well. A comprehensive review of the instances in the literature where Nussbaum–Szkoła distributions are used, is also provided in this paper.
Algebraic dependences of meromorphic mappings from complete Kähler manifolds into projective spaces sharing few hyperplanes
Authors: Pham Duc Thoan
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we give some results on the algebraic dependence of meromorphic mappings from a complete Kähler manifold whose universal covering is biholomorphic to a ball in [Formula: see text] into [Formula: see text] sharing few hyperplanes in subgeneral position with truncated multiplicities to level [Formula: see text], where all zeros with multiplicities greater than certain values do not need to be counted. Our results are generalizations and improvements of the previous results in recent times.
Effect of [Li]/[Nb] ratios on doping concentration and defect structure of Mg:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3crystals
Authors: Dai Li , Wang Houliang , Lai Ning , Zhang Lin
Published: July 2023

Mg:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3crystals with different [Li]/[Nb] ratios (0.946, 1.05, 1.20, 1.38) were prepared by the Czochralski method. The crystal structure and the occupancy of impurity ions were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The effective segregation coefficient was analyzed by an inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (ICP-AES). The optical uniformity of the crystal is analyzed by birefringence gradient. The results show that the dopant ions do not change the crystal structure, and the concentration of dopant ions changes with the ratio of [Li]/[Nb]. The greater the ratio of [Li]/[Nb], the better the optical uniformity. Finally,we conclude that when the [Li]/[Nb] ratio approaches 1.20, the intrinsic defects of Mg:Fe:Cu:LiNbO3crystals almost disappear and the crystals approach the stoichiometric ratio. When the [Li]/[Nb] ratio is 1.38, the optical uniformity of the crystal is the best.