bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
E-Cigarette Assessment for Youth Revised (EAsY - R)
Authors: Hartmann Sarah , Cristello Julie , Manresa Odette , Sutherland Matthew T. , Trucco Elisa
Published: February 2022

The E-Cigarette Assessment for Youth Revised (EAsY-R) is a comprehensive tool for the assessment of quantity and frequency of youth vaping behaviors. The original EAsY (developed by a subset of the current authorship) was revised through the use of cognitive interviews with youth who use vaping devices.
Visualization of Latent Components Assessed in O*Net Occupations (VOLCANO): A robust method for standardized conversion of occupational labels to scale ratio format
Authors: Yu Ju-Chi , Sokolowski H Moriah , Rao Kirthana S. , Moraglia Luke E. , Khoubrouy Soudeh A. , Abdi Hervé , Levine Brian
Published: February 2022

Occupations are typically characterized in nominal form, a format that limits options for hypothesis testing and data analysis. We drew upon ratings of knowledge, skills, and abilities for 966 occupations listed in the US Department of Labor’s Occupational Classification Network (O*NET) database to create an accessible, standardized multidimensional space in which occupations can be quantitatively localized and compared. Principal components analysis revealed that the occupation space comprises three main dimensions that correspond to 1) the required amount of education and training, 2) the degree to which an occupation falls within a science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) discipline versus social sciences and humanities, and 3) whether occupations are more mathematically or health-related. Additional occupational spaces reflecting cognitive versus labour-oriented categories were created for finer grained characterization of dimensions within occupational sets defined by higher or lower required educational preparation. Data-driven groupings of related occupations were obtained with hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA). Proof-of-principle was demonstrated with a real-world dataset (470 participants from the Nathan Kline Institute – Rockland Sample; NKI-RS), whereby verbal and non-verbal abilities—as assessed by standardized testing—were related to the STEM versus social sciences and humanities dimension. Visualization of Latent Components Assessed in O*Net Occupations (VOLCANO) is provided to the research community as a freely accessible tool, along with a shiny app for users to extract quantitative scores along the relevant dimensions. VOLCANO brings much-needed standardization to unwieldy occupational data. Moreover, it can be used to create new occupational spaces customized to specific research domains.
A shared serial order system for verbal working memory and language production: Evidence from aphasia
Authors: Tian Yingxue , Dial Heather Raye , Martin Randi , FISCHER-BAUM SIMON
Published: February 2022

Serial order information is critical in our daily life, as in recalling a phone number, producing a sequence of phonemes when saying a word out loud, or writing down a sequence of letters when spelling. In the current study, we use a multiple case study approach to investigate the extent to which a common serial order system is shared in these daily activities. Three individuals with brain damage due to stroke completed a series of working memory (WM) tasks in both verbal and nonverbal (visuospatial) domains to assess whether they had a WM impairment specific to the capacity to maintain serial order. In addition, participants were administered a series of spoken production and spelling tasks, and the error corpus produced by these three individuals was analyzed to assess whether there was a tendency to produce the correct phonemes/letters in the wrong order. M.B. showed a serial order impairment with verbal but not visuospatial stimuli in WM tasks, whereas the other two participants did not exhibit any serial order impairment in either domain. This dissociation between verbal and nonverbal serial order WM systems provides clear evidence for the domain-specific nature of serial order WM. In both spoken and written production tasks, M.B. had a tendency to make errors that involved producing serial order errors, or errors in which the right segments were produced in the wrong order, whereas the other two participants did not produce serial order errors at rates different than would be expected by chance. The association between M.B.’s serial order impairments in verbal WM, spoken production, and spelling, along with the other two patients’ preserved serial order performance, supports a shared system for processing serial order information in verbal WM and language production.
Assessing Student Veterans’ Academic Outcomes and Well-Being: A Scoping Review
Authors: Moeck Ella , Takarangi Melanie , Wadham Ben
Published: February 2022

Higher education provides a pathway for military veterans to transition to an engaged civilian life. Veterans can be model students because of their diverse experiences, resilience, and discipline. Yet some veterans are simultaneously “at-risk”; most are non-traditional students and more likely than the general population to face mental/physical health issues. We propose well-being might protect student veterans from academic difficulties, ensuring positive outcomes. But few studies have investigated the relationship between student veterans’ well-being and academic outcomes. To guide much-needed research, we mapped how well-being and academic outcomes have been assessed in the student veteran literature. We reviewed 96 studies that quantitatively measured student veterans’ well-being or academic outcomes (databases: PsycINFO, ERIC, Proquest Dissertation/Theses, PubMed). Well-being was conceptualized in several ways, demonstrating lack of uniformity. Academic outcomes predominantly focused on performance, though non-performance-based measures (e.g., adjustment) were common. We outline existing research limitations and provide future research measurement recommendations.
Can we get social assistance without losing agency? Engaging in market relationships as an alternative to searching for help from others
Authors: Gasiorowska Agata , Zaleskiewicz Tomasz
Published: February 2022

Commentary to Milyavsky, M., Kruglanski, A. W., Gelfand, M., Chernikova, M., Ellenberg, M., & Pierro, A. (2022). People Who Need People (and Some Who Think They Don’t): On Compensatory Personal and Social Means of Goal Pursuit. Psychological Inquiry. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/huyb4
Assessment of character strengths
Authors: Wagner Lisa , Ruch Willibald
Published: February 2022

Character strengths are among the most frequently studied research topics in positive psychology (Donaldson et al., 2015). This chapter briefly introduces the VIA classification of character strengths and virtues (Peterson & Seligman, 2004) and discusses some general considerations when assessing character strengths. We then focus on reviewing different instruments that have been used to assess character strengths across different age groups and contexts. Overall, we aim to provide an overview of the instruments available and the challenges that go along with assessing character strengths.
Face Templates for the Chicago Face Database
Authors: Singh Balbir , Gambrell Ashleigh , Correll Joshua
Published: February 2022

Researchers often need to manipulate faces, such as developing a continuum between two faces or averaging a set of faces. In order to do so, researchers use morphing software, but they first need to fit a template to the idiosyncratic landmarks in each face. In this paper, we present a set of templates for the Chicago Face Database (CFD; Ma, D. S., Correll, J., & Wittenbrink, B. (2015). The Chicago face database: A free stimulus set of faces and norming data. Behavior Research Methods, 47(4), 1122-1135). The CFD is a free online face database that contains images of faces of people from various races and genders. We provide templates for each of 597 neutral (non-expressive) faces in version two of the CFD. Our templates are unique because the facial landmarks were hand placed by researchers. Hand placing facial landmarks allows for more accurate placement of landmarks than a computer-generated template. Historically, hand-placed templates were created by individual labs and not shared. In this paper, we describe how our templates were created, and some possible uses for the templates. We hope that our templates ease the burden for other researchers to manipulate faces.
Why do they trust it? Determinants of the initial Trust in Automated Driving
Authors: Manchon J. B. , Beaufort Romane , Bueno Mercedes , Navarro Jordan
Published: February 2022

Because driving automation is quickly increasing, humans’ relation to automated driving evolves accordingly. Trust in automated driving has been shown to strongly correlate with drivers’ acceptance of such systems. Nonetheless, there is currently a lack of specific questionnaires to assess drivers’ level of trust in Highly Automated Driving (HAD). Moreover, little is known about which factors determine trust before any interaction with HAD systems. Theoretical trust in automation models propose several factors to explain how trust builds before and during interactions with automation. Using 844 answers collected through an online survey, this paper aims to propose a new scale designed to evaluate initial trust in automated driving. Moreover, we also measure other factors linked to drivers’ initial level of trust in HAD by operationalizing the trust components proposed by Hoff and Bashir (2015)’s theoretical trust model. In order to better describe what determines trust in HAD, a linear model based on the collected data is proposed. The model not only weights the factors determining trust but is also able to predict the level of trust considering these factors.
Actively open-minded thinking and the political effects of its absence
Authors: Baron Jonathan , Isler Ozan , Yilmaz Onurcan
Published: February 2022

Actively Open-Minded Thinking (AOT) is a set of standards for rational thinking. Because the thinking of citizens and officials affects political decisions, good thinking is a moral virtue, like honesty. AOT standards have two functions: people try to follow their own standards; and they apply these standards to the evaluation of the thinking of others. The second function is especially important in public policy, where most of us often ``outsource'' our thinking to others. Individual differences in AOT primarily involve two dimensions: open-mindedness, avoiding ``myside bias''; and overconfidence in a favored conclusion. The most dangerous political beliefs are those that are held with great confidence despite minimal or biased thinking. Here we review the recent literature on the role of AOT (as a standard, and the correlations between AOT measures and particular political beliefs, such as acceptance of conspiracy theories. We argue for a ``positive manifold'' in which Enlightenment-based ideas about thinking and politics are all correlated with each other. We then report a study that tries to find the source of individual differences in this sort of ``cognitive liberalism'' and associated beliefs, comparing two major accounts: cultural background and thinking by oneself. We find evidence for both influences. But people often regard themselves as rebelling against their background, despite its actual influence on them.
Interactions between attributions and beliefs at high temporal resolution : evidence from a novel task
Authors: Zamfir Elena , Dayan Peter
Published: February 2022

Inferring causes of the good and bad events that we experience is part of the process of building models of our own capabilities and of the world around us. Making such inferences can be dicult because of complex reciprocal relationships between attributions of the causes of particular events, and beliefs about the capabilities and skills that influence our role in bringing them about. Abnormal causal attributions have long been studied in connection with psychiatric disorders, notably depression and paranoia; however, the mechanisms behind attributional inferences and the way they can go awry are not fully understood. We administered a novel, challenging, game of skill to a substantial population of online participants, and collected trial-by-trial time series of both their beliefs about skill and attributions about the causes of the success and failure of real experienced outcomes. We found reciprocal relationships that provide empirical confirmation of the attribution-self representation cycle theory. This highlights the dynamic nature of the processes involved in attribution, and validates a framework for developing and testing computational accounts of attribution-belief interactions.
Patterns of episodic content and specificity predicting subjective memory vividness
Authors: Cooper Rose Alison , Ritchey Maureen
Published: February 2022

The ability to remember and internally represent events is often accompanied by a subjective sense of “vividness”. Vividness measures are frequently used to evaluate the experience of remembering and imagining events, yet little research has considered the objective attributes of event memories that underlie this subjective judgment, and individual differences in this mapping. Here, we tested how the content and specificity of event memories support subjectively vivid recollection. Over three experiments, participants encoded events containing a theme word and three distinct elements — a person, a place, and an object. In a memory test, memory for event elements was assessed at two levels of specificity — semantic gist (names) and perceptual details (lure discrimination). We found a strong correspondence between memory vividness and memory for gist information that did not vary by which elements were contained in memory. There was a smaller, additive benefit of remembering specific perceptual details on vividness, which, in one study, was driven by memory for place details. Moreover, we found individual differences in the relationship between memory vividness and objective memory attributes primarily along the specificity dimension, such that one cluster of participants used perceptual detail to inform memory vividness whereas another cluster were more driven by gist information. Therefore, while gist memory appears to drive vividness on average, there were idiosyncrasies in this pattern across participants. When assessing subjective ratings of memory and imagination, research should consider how these ratings map onto objective memory attributes in the context of their study design and population.
Switch it Up! How Context Influences the Efficiency of Redundancy Gains in a Peripheral Task
Authors: Howard Zachary L , Thorpe Alexander , Fox Elizabeth
Published: February 2022

Optimizing the time and accuracy with which peripheral tasks can be monitored concurrent with a central primary task is of paramount importance for human factors researchers developing human systems. Nonetheless, the design of peripheral task are often evaluated in isolation, and their effectiveness is assumed to generalize to multi-task contexts. Our work acknowledges that peripheral displays may be utilized in a variety of operational contexts. Across four experiments we examine peripheral task detection speeds under several contextual factors related to operator workload and task-set. We use the capacity coefficient from the Systems Factorial Technology framework to quantify the extent that context influences redundant signal enhancements in a peripheral detection task. Across four experiments we manipulated the presence, difficulty and stability of the primary task to simulate different workload contexts. Using a novel time-varying estimate of workload capacity, we show that efficiency in detecting redundant peripheral targets decreases with high primary task demands, contrary to previous findings. Our results also indicated higher capacity in less stable environments but a correspondingly greater workload impairment in these conditions. Implications for system design include consideration of the expected operator workload, as well as attention recruiting strategies to improve peripheral task detection speeds.
More what Duchenne smiles do, less what they express
Authors: Krumhuber Eva , Kappas Arvid
Published: February 2022

The paper by Sheldon and colleagues is part of the body of literature that tries to disambiguate the function of a particular facial movement regarding emotional and social processes in humans: the concurrent activation of the zygomaticus major and orbicularis oculi muscle. The resulting visible change in facial appearance is often referred to as Duchenne Smile (DS) in honor of Duchenne de Boulogne, who published in 1862 a series of photographs of facial behavior triggered by external electrical stimulation of individual muscles (Duchenne, 1862/1990). Some authors have argued that DS are authentic because they are difficult to produce voluntarily. Indeed, the idea of reliable facial muscles (i.e., the orbicularis oculi muscle as Duchenne marker) unique to genuine emotional experiences that are difficult to deliberately control was reinforced in the late 20th century, particularly via the work of Paul Ekman and his colleagues (e.g., Ekman, 1990; Ekman, Davidson, & Friesen, 1990). A popular notion at the time was the idea of facial affect programs that trigger prototypical facial configurations corresponding to the basic six emotions. In this logic, the DS is a neurobiologically hard-wired (i.e., diagnostic, spontaneous) marker of enjoyment said to activate only during felt affect. By contrast, smiles without the Duchenne marker are thought of as false, fake, or dishonest, and lacking genuine positive affect (Frank, Ekman & Friesen, 1993). We would like to elaborate on some of the points raised by Sheldon et al. (2021) and try to clarify the arguably complicated nature of the DS. For this, it is important to closely examine the literature that has been cited in support of the authors’ hypotheses and make a distinction between the production and perception of DS.
Effects of temporally regular versus irregular distractors on goal-directed cognition and behavior
Authors: Lui Troby Ka-Yan , Wöstmann Malte
Published: February 2022

Human environments comprise plenty of task-irrelevant sensory inputs, which are potentially distracting. Auditory distractors often possess an inherent temporal structure. However, it is largely unknown whether and how the temporal regularity of distractors interferes with goal-directed cognitive processes, such as working memory. Here, we tested a total sample of N = 90 participants across four working memory tasks with sequences of temporally regular versus irregular distractors. Temporal irregularity was operationalized by a final tone onset time that violated an otherwise regular tone sequence (Experiment 1), by a sequence of tones with irregular onset-to-onset delays (Experiment 2), and by sequences of speech items with irregular onset-to-onset delays (Experiments 3&4). Across all experiments, temporal regularity of distractors did not modulate participants’ primary performance metric, that is, accuracy in recalling items from working memory. Instead, temporal regularity of distractors modulated secondary performance metrics: For regular versus irregular distractors, recall of the first item from memory was faster (Experiment 3) and the response bias was more conservative (Experiment 4). Taken together, the present results provide evidence that the temporal regularity of task-irrelevant input does not inevitably affect the precision of memory representations (reflected in the primary performance metric accuracy) but rather the response behavior (reflected in secondary performance metrics like response speed and bias). Our findings emphasize that a comprehensive understanding of auditory distraction requires that existing models of attention include often-neglected secondary performance metrics to understand how different features of auditory distraction reach awareness and impact cognition and behavior.
Predicting individual differences in motor learning: a critical review
Authors: Ranganathan Rajiv , Cone Simon , Fox Brian
Published: February 2022

The ability to predict individual differences in motor learning has significant implications from both theoretical and applied perspectives. However, there is high variability in the methodological and analytical strategies employed as evidence for such predictions. Here, we critically examine the evidence for predictions of individual differences in motor learning by reviewing the literature from a 20-year period (2000-2020). Specifically, we examined four factors: (i) the predictor and predicted variables used, (ii) the strength of the prediction and associated sample size, (iii) the timescale over which the prediction was made, and (iv) the type of motor task used. Overall, the results highlight several issues that raise concerns about the quality of the evidence for such predictions. First, there was a large variation in both predictor and predicted variables, suggesting the presence of a large number of researcher degrees of freedom. Second, sample sizes tended to be small and the strength of the correlation showed an inverse relation with sample size. Third, the timescale of most predictions was very short, mostly constrained to a single day. Last, most studies were largely restricted to two experimental paradigms - adaptation and sequence learning. Based on these issues, we highlight recommendations for future studies to improve the quality of evidence for predicting individual differences in motor learning.
Computational investigations of learning and synchronization in cognitive control
Authors: Huycke Pieter , Lesage Elise , Boehler C. Nico , Verguts Tom
Published: February 2022

Complex cognition requires binding together of stimulus, action, and other features, across different time scales. Several implementations of such binding have been proposed in the literature, most prominently synaptic binding (learning) and synchronization. Biologically plausible accounts of how these different types of binding interact in the human brain are still lacking. To this end, we adopt a computational approach to investigate the impact of learning and synchronization on both behavioral (reaction time, error rate) and neural (θ power) measures. We train four models varying in their ability to learn and synchronize for an extended period of time on three seminal action control paradigms varying in difficulty. Learning, but not synchronization, proved essential for behavioral improvement. Synchronization however boosts performance of difficult tasks, avoiding the computational pitfalls of catastrophic interference. At the neural level, θ power decreases with practice but increases with task difficulty. Our simulation results bring new insights in how different types of binding interact in different types of tasks, and how this is translated in both behavioral and neural metrics.
Smartphone Ownership, Digital Literacy, and the Mediating Role of Connectedness and Loneliness In Improving The Wellbeing among Community-Dwelling Singaporean Older Adults of Low Socio-Economic Status
Authors: Soundararajan Amrish , Lim Jie Xin , Ngiam Nerice Heng Wen , Tey Angeline Jie-Yin , Tang Aaron Kai Wen , Lim Haikel A. , Yow Ka Shing , Jie Cheng Ling , Ho Jess , Teo Qun Xuan Nigel , Qi Yee Wan , Yoon Sungwon , Leng A/Prof Low Lian , Ng Kennedy Yao Yi
Published: February 2022

Importance: Safe-distancing measures used during the COVID-19 pandemic may exacerbate social isolation and loneliness with their attending negative consequences. Digital technology may mitigate the negative impact of safe-distancing measures; however, older adults of low socioeconomic status (SES) who may not be digitally literate remain a vulnerable population.Objective: To examine the relationship between digital literacy and social connectedness, loneliness, wellbeing, and quality of life (QOL) amongst older adults. To identify demographic factors associated with smartphone ownership, digital literacy, and willingness to enroll in a home-based digital literacy program. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Convenience sampling of older adults receiving financial aid or living in rental flat referred to a volunteer-led digital literacy program.Participants: 302 community dwelling older adults who are ≥55 years old. Main Outcomes: Smartphone ownership, self-reported digital literacy, willingness to enroll in a digital literacy program; social connectedness (Lubben Social Connectedness Scale, LSNS-6), loneliness (UCLA 3-item scale, UCLA-3), wellbeing (Personal Wellbeing Score), and QOL (EQ-5D-3L [utility index], EQ VAS). Results: Social digital literacy had a positive indirect effect on both the wellbeing and QOL (mediated by social connectedness and perceived loneliness) of older adults, while instrumental digital literacy had a negative indirect effect on the two outcomes. 59.9% of participants owned an internet-enabled phone (smartphone). The median digital literacy index is 3 (score ranging from 0 to 13). Older adults who are younger and more educated were more likely to own a smartphone; while older adults who are more educated, Chinese (ethnic majority), have a smartphone, and lower digital literacy index were more likely to enroll in a home-based digital literacy education program.Conclusions and Relevance: During the COVID-19 pandemic, community dwelling older adults of low SES are socially isolated, lonely, and have low digital literacy. Interventions to improve digital literacy (especially the social domain) may help to reduce social isolation and loneliness, ultimately improving wellbeing and QOL.
Using the Reproducible Open Coding Kit & Epistemic Network Analysis to Model Qualitative Data
Authors: Zörgő Szilvia , Peters Gjalt - Jorn Ygram
Published: February 2022

Epistemic Network Analysis (ENA) is a unified, quantitative – qualitative method aiming to draw from both methodological worlds by leveraging a data set containing raw and quantified qualitative data, as well as metadata about data providers or the data itself. ENA generates network models depicting the relative frequencies of co-occurrences of each unique pair of codes in designated segments of qualitative data. This is a step-by-step tutorial demonstrating how qualitative data can be quantified through coding and segmentation and subsequently modelled with ENA. To prepare data, the Reproducible Open Coding Kit (ROCK) can be employed, a human- and machine-readable standard for representing coded qualitative data, enabling researchers to document their workflow, as well as organize their data and exchange it in a format that is agnostic to software of any kind. ENA allows researchers to obtain insights otherwise unavailable by efficiently presenting relative code frequencies and co-occurrence patterns and facilitating comparison of those patterns, both between groups and for individual data providers.
Machine learning mega-analysis applied to the Response Time Concealed Information Test: No evidence for advantage of model-based predictors over baseline
Authors: Lukács Gáspár , Steyrl David
Published: February 2022

The response time Concealed Information Test (RT-CIT) can help to reveal whether a person is concealing the knowledge of a certain information detail. During the RT-CIT, the examinee is repeatedly presented with a probe, the detail in question (e.g., murder weapon), and several irrelevants, other details that are similar to the probe (e.g., other weapons). These items all require the same keypress response, while one further item, the target, requires a different keypress response. Examinees tend to respond to the probe slower than to irrelevants, when they recognize the former as the relevant detail. To classify examinees as having or not having recognized the probe, RT-CIT studies have almost always used the averaged difference between probe and irrelevant RTs as the single predictor variable. In the present study, we tested whether we can improve classification accuracy (recognized the probe: yes or no) by incorporating the average RTs, the accuracy rates, and the SDs of each item type (probe, irrelevant, and target). Using the data from 1,871 individual tests and incorporating various combinations of the additional variables, we built logistic regression, linear discriminant analysis, and extra trees machine learning models (altogether 26), and we compared the classification accuracy of each of the model-based predictors to that of the sole probe-irrelevant RT difference predictor as baseline. None of the models provided significant improvement over the baseline. Nominal gains in classification accuracy ranged between –1.5% and 3.1%. In each of the models, machine learning captured the probe-irrelevant RT difference as the most important contributor to successful predictions, or, when included separately, the probe RT and the irrelevant RT as the first and second most important contributors, respectively.
The association between vaccination status identification and societal polarization
Authors: Henkel Luca , Sprengholz Philipp , Korn Lars , Betsch Cornelia , Böhm Robert
Published: February 2022

Public discord between those vaccinated and those unvaccinated for COVID-19 has intensified globally. Theories of intergroup relations propose that identifying with one’s social group plays a key role in the perceptions and behaviors that fuel intergroup conflict. We test whether identification with one’s vaccination status is associated with current societal polarization. The study draws on panel data from samples of vaccinated (n = 3,267) and unvaccinated (n = 2,038) respondents in Germany and Austria that were collected in December 2021, February, March, and July 2022. The findings confirm that vaccination status identification (VSI) explains substantial variance in a range of polarizing attitudes and behaviors. VSI was also related to higher psychological reactance toward mandatory vaccination policies among the unvaccinated. Higher levels of VSI reduced the gap between intended and actual counter-behaviors over time by the unvaccinated. VSI appears to be an important measure for predicting behavioral responses to vaccination policies.
Stereo viewing upsets cinematic continuity: Filmic cuts are more salient in 3D than in 2D movies
Authors: Papenmeier Frank , Meyerhoff Hauke S. , Hecht Heiko , Huff Markus
Published: February 2022

Filmmakers have established editing rules that aim to create cinematic continuity across filmic cuts, thereby avoiding viewers’ confusion despite the abrupt changes in perception. In our present project, we investigated the impact of 3D films, as opposed to 2D films, on the salience of filmic cuts. We employed a cut detection task and focused on within-scene cuts with mere changes in camera perspective. We presented short video clips to our participants and asked them to press a key whenever they noticed a filmic cut, and we measured their cut detection performance. In addition to viewing mode (2D vs. 3D presentation), we considered cross-modal auditory influences (visual vs. audiovisual presentation) on the salience of filmic cuts. Participants detected cuts more accurately and faster when the video clips were presented in 3D rather than in 2D and when the video clips were presented only visually (without soundtrack) rather than audiovisually (with soundtrack). Both factors influenced cut detection performance independently. We conclude that while the regular audiovisual presentation of films supports the filmmakers’ mission to achieve cinematic continuity, filmmakers should also be aware of the additional salience of cuts that comes with 3D film presentation and consider its effects on cinematic continuity.
A Quantum Cognitive Perspective on Control and Arousal
Authors: Rosendahl Morgan L , Cohen Jonathan D.
Published: February 2022

In this article, we consider a quantum approach to modeling the influence of control and arousal on decision making. This builds on the multi-particle multi-well (MPMW) framework, introduced in [47]and [48], that uses quantum potential landscapes to provide a mathematically tractable framework for analyzing multi-alternative decision making, and in which stochasticity emerges, alongside leak and com-petition, as an inherent property of the system rather than requiring treatment as a free parameter. Here, we show how the MPMW frame-work can be extended to model phenomena associated with cognitive control, such as the effect of control on processing conflict, and the stability-flexibility tradeoff. Furthermore, we show that the MPMW framework, by its treatment of arousal, can be extended naturally to provide a mathematically coherent account of a broader class of psychological phenomena, such as the non-monotonic relationship be-tween arousal and performance. In addition to seamlessly accommodating both control and arousal, the the MPMW predicts some unusual effects, such as discontinuous changes in performance with changes in attention and arousal, that emerge as a result of its quantum foundations.
Doctoral researchers’ mental health and PhD training satisfaction during the German COVID-19 lockdown: results from an international research sample
Authors: Naumann Sandra , Matyjek Magdalena , Bögl Katharina , Minds  , Dziobek Isabel
Published: February 2022

Academia has been facing a mental health crisis particularly affecting early career researchers (ECRs). Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic posed an unprecedented burden on the mental health of many individuals. Therefore, we cross-sectionally investigated how doctoral researchers (N = 222) evaluate their mental health status and satisfaction with their PhD training before and during the pandemic. As compared to self-reported, retrospective evaluations about the pre-pandemic state, we found decreased satisfaction with PhD training and overall well-being. The whole sample exhibited high levels of personal and work-related burnout, a fifth indicated clinically meaningful levels of depressive symptoms and almost 25% experienced severe loneliness. When exploring predictors of depression, anxiety, and burnout, we identified low satisfaction with PhD training as the most prominent predictor for poor mental health, suggesting a link between the doctoral work and their mental health status. Females vs. males and doctoral researchers in individual doctorate vs. structured PhD programs reported higher symptoms of burnout. Our study replicates previous findings of poor mental health in doctoral researchers and indicates further decreases of mental wellbeing under the influence of the pandemic. Systematic adjustments in academia are required to improve the mental health of ECRs.
Social Comparison of Ability and Fear of Missing Out Mediate the Relationship between Subjective Well-Being and Social Network Site Addiction
Authors: Steinberger Philipp , Kim Hyunji
Published: February 2022

As social network sites (SNS) gain more users, the problem of unhealthy user behavior such as SNS addiction arises. We conducted a cross-sectional study (n = 296) on how subjective well-being (SWB) impacts SNS addiction by investigating two possible mediators: social comparison and the fear of missing out (FOMO). While doing so, we tested two distinct effects of social comparison: social comparison of ability (SCA) and social comparison of opinion (SCO). Splitting two components of social comparison is important because, while SCA involves social outcomes often depicted in SNS posts (e.g., performance, material wealth, health, and achievements) that might evoke negative emotions such as FOMO and jealousy, SCO involves presenting or sharing one’s beliefs and values in SNS posts (e.g., arguments, comments, and statements) that might evoke relatively little negative emotions. We replicated previous findings by showing that social comparison and FOMO jointly mediated the relationship between SWB and SNS addiction. More importantly, SCA (together with FOMO), but not SCO, uniquely mediated the relationship between SWB and SNS addiction. Such distinct effects call for future research on identifying specific elements of social comparison contributing to the relation between FOMO and SNS addiction.
Lower Socioeconomic Position is Associated with Greater Activity in and Integration within an Allostatic-Interoceptive Brain Network in Response to Affective Stimuli
Authors: Alvarez Gabriella M , Rudolph Marc D. , Cohen Jessica R. , Muscatell Keely
Published: February 2022

Socioeconomic inequities shape physical health and emotional well-being. As such, recent work has examined the neural mechanisms through which socioeconomic position (SEP) may influence health. However, there remain critical gaps in knowledge regarding the relationships between SEP and brain function. These gaps include a lack of research on: (1) the association between SEP and brain functioning in later life, (2) relationships between SEP and functioning of the whole brain beyond specific regions of interest, and (3) how neural responses to positive affective stimuli differ by SEP. The current study addressed these gaps by examining the association between SEP (i.e., education, income) and neural responses to affective stimuli among 122 mid- to late-life adults. During MRI scanning, participants viewed 30 positive, 30 negative, and 30 neutral images; activation and network connectivity analyses explored associations between SEP and neural responses to these affective stimuli. Analyses revealed that those with lower SEP showed greater neural activity to both positive and negative images in regions within the allostatic-interoceptive network (AIN), a system of regions implicated in representing and regulating physiological states of the body and the external environment. There were no positive associations between SEP and neural responses to negative or positive images. Additionally, graph-theory network analyses showed that individuals with lower SEP demonstrated greater global efficiency within the AIN and executive control network, across all task conditions. The findings suggest that lower SEP is associated with enhanced neural sensitivity to affective cues that may be metabolically costly to maintain over time and suggest a mechanism by which SEP might get "under the skull" to influence mental and physical well-being.
Towards a 4E perspective curricula for health and medical education
Authors: Costa-Cordella Stefanella , Reardon Eilis , Parada Francisco J.
Published: February 2022

Most of the current healthcare approaches used and taught in health professional education are labeled as biopsychosocial in opposition to the former dominant biomedical model that has been largely criticized for its exclusion of psychosocial aspects of health. However, the biopsychosocial model has significant limitations.The Embodied, Extended, Embedded and Enactive (4E) perspective offers a transdisciplinary approach to patient care, providing a robust and holistic theoretical framework that can be taught and applied in clinical practice. Moreover, the 4E perspective serves as an ethical, ontological, epistemological, and methodological ground for teaching, researching, and implementing future curricula, effectively integrating psychological, health, and social sciences with the humanities.In this Eye-Opener article, we first review the biopsychosocial model and its main caveats. We then present the 4E perspective, focusing on some of its many implications for healthcare education and clinical practice: specifically, the possibilities of creating novel clinical hypotheses, improving treatment decisions and communication. Finally, we discuss how the 4E perspective opens a transdisciplinary future for healthcare and organically fit, support, and advance current integrative efforts such as the One-Health/One-World approach.
PREPRINT - Arabic digit processing in adults with MLD
Authors: Lepoittevin Samuel , Keymolen Gaétane , Andres Michael , De Visscher Alice
Published: February 2022

Processing Arabic digits is a core difficulty for children suffering from mathematical learning disability (MLD). Dominant accounts assume a semantic impairment affecting either the magnitude representation per se or its access from numerical symbols. But recent data have raised the alternative hypothesis of a selective deficit of digit visual recognition (i.e., recognizing a symbol as one of the digits, no matter its identity or numerical meaning). This study aims at testing whether the difficulty to process Arabic digits remains prevalent in adults with MLD and whether it is effectively associated with a digit visual recognition deficit. To do so, we compared 19 adults with MLD to 19 matched controls in an Arabic digit comparison task that required to identify the largest of two digits, and in an Arabic digit lexical decision task that required to decide whether a visual stimulus is a digit or not. The results showed that MLD participants took more time than control participants to perform the comparison task. In contrast, their performance in the digit lexical decision task was within the range of controls. Overall, these findings indicate that adults with MLD continue to experience difficulties to process the magnitude of Arabic digits efficiently, and that this cannot be explained by a visual recognition deficit for Arabic digits. We conclude that their difficulties are best explained by an impaired representation of number magnitude or by an impaired access to this representation.
Florida Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) and Children's Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI): A Reliability Generalization Meta-analysis
Authors: Sandoval-Lentisco Alejandro , Lopez-Nicolas Ruben , López-López José A , Sánchez-Meca Julio
Published: February 2022

The Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (FOCI) and its pediatric version, the Child-Florida Obsessive Compulsive Inventory (C-FOCI) are instruments for evaluating obsessive-compulsive symptomatology. A reliability generalization meta-analysis was conducted to estimate an average reliability of the scores and to identify study characteristics that explained the heterogeneity among scores. Using KR-20 and Cronbach’s alpha, a total of 23 and 20 independent samples were included in the meta-analysis for the FOCI and C-FOCI. We found an average KR-20 of .826 for the FOCI's Symptom Checklist and an alpha of .882 FOCI's Symptom Severity. An average KR-20 of .740 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Checklist, while an average alpha of .794 was found for the C-FOCI's Symptom Severity. Moderator analyses showed that the source of the coefficients (i.e. whether they were reported by authors or estimated) was an important variable for the FOCI Symptom Severity, and that the focus of the study (i.e. whether it was psychometric or applied) and the sample size were relevant for the C-FOCI Symptom Checklist. Conclusions: Considering that the FOCI and C-FOCI are scales characterized by their brevity and ease of use, and the reliabilities obtained here, both scales are well suited for screening purposes.
The effect of evening light on circadian-related outcomes: A systematic review
Authors: Cyr Mariève , Artenie Despina Z. , Bikaii Alain Al , Borsook David , Olson Jay A.
Published: February 2022

Bright light exposure at night can help workers adapt to their shift schedules, but there has been relatively little research on evening light. We conducted a systematic review of studies that manipulated light exposure in the evening (broadly defined as 16:00 to 22:00) before real or simulated night shifts. Across the five eligible studies, evening light produced phase delays in melatonin, body temperature, and sleep propensity; it also improved sleep quality, sleep duration, memory, and work performance. There were mixed effects for mood, no changes in sleepiness, and no negative effects. The confidence in these results ranged from moderate for physiological markers of circadian phase delays to very low for mood. Future studies should compare the relative effectiveness and safety of evening versus night-time light exposure. Overall, the benefits of evening light for shift workers are tentative yet promising.
A Case for Developing Domain-Specific Vocabularies for Extracting Suicide Factors from Healthcare Notes
Authors: Morrow Destinee , Zamora-Resendiz Rafael , Beckham Jean C. , Kimbrel Nathan A. , Oslin David W. , Tamang Suzanne , Crivelli Silvia , Group Million Veteran Program Suicide Exemplar Work
Published: February 2022

The onset and persistence of life events (LE) such as housing instability, job instability, and reduced social connection have been shown to increase risk of suicide. Predictive models for suicide risk have low sensitivity to many of these factors due to under-reporting in structured electronic health records (EHR) data. In this study, we show how natural language processing (NLP) can help identify LE in clinical notes at higher rates than reported medical codes. We compare domain-specific lexicons formulated from Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) selection, content analysis by subject matter experts (SME) and the Gravity Project, to datadriven expansion through contextual word embedding using Word2Vec. Our analysis covers EHR from the VA Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW) and measures the prevalence of LE across time for patients with known underlying cause of death in the National Death Index (NDI). We found that NLP methods had higher sensitivity of detecting LE relative to structured EHR variables. We observed that, on average, suicide cases had higher rates of LE over time when compared to patients who died of non-suicide related causes with no previous history of diagnosed mental illness. When used to discriminate these outcomes, the inclusion of NLP derived variables increased the concentration of LE along the top 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% of predicted risk. LE were less informative when discriminating suicide death from non suicide related death for patients with diagnosed mental illness.
LEX-BADAT: Language EXperience in Bilinguals with and without Aphasia DATaset
Authors: Marte Manuel Jose , Carpenter Erin , Falconer Isaac , Scimeca Michael , Abdollahi Fatemeh , Peñaloza Claudia , Kiran Swathi
Published: February 2022

LEX-BADAT: Language EXperience in Bilinguals with and without Aphasia DATaset; an open dataset of bilingual language experience.
Collaborative Creativity: Information-driven coordination dynamics and prediction in movement and musical improvisation
Authors: Wiltshire Travis J. , Fairhurst Merle Theresa
Published: February 2022

Humans collaborate with a large number of people in order to create and accomplish incredible feats. We argue that rich coordination dynamics underpin our capacity for collaborative creativity. These dynamics characterize the ways in which people are able to covary their thoughts, actions, behavior etc. for functional purposes. We investigated the coordination dynamics of improvisation as a special case of collaborative creativity from two openly available datasets: a movement-based mirror game (Noy et al., 2011) and jazz piano improvisation (Setzler & Goldstone, 2020). By focusing on improvisation, the tasks elicit the need for real-time adaptation and mutual prediction based on information exchange between interacting individuals, with the creative ‘product’ being the behavioral performance itself. For each dataset, we performed a transfer entropy analysis as well as an estimate of predication decay. The combination of these two methods allows us to understand the dynamics as information-driven coordination flow and to differentiate unidirectional influence from mutual influence as well as the predictability of signals exhibited during collaborative creativity. We observed that for the mirror game, experts and novices exhibited unidirectional and bidirectional influence on each other’s movements largely, independent of their improvisational experience level. Further, movement improvisation signals generated by experts were generally more predictable than those of novices. In terms of the jazz improvisation, our results showed evidence of bidirectional influence between the onset densities of coupled and one-way improvisational dyads and the predictability of the signal did not vary systematically across these conditions. We discuss these findings in terms of differences between improvisational contexts, methodical challenges, and future directions.