bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kerala, equidad y agricultura bloqueada
Authors: Pipitone Ugo
Published: July 2017

En la bibliografía internacional Kerala ha sido considerada por mucho tiempo como un “modelo” de relativo bienestar a pesar de su bajo crecimiento económico. Ahora que la situación se ha alterado con una clara aceleración económica, surgen nuevas inquietudes: la calidad de un crecimiento que no ha podido activar un fuerte empuje productivo ni en la agricultura ni en la industria. Se analizan aquí las razones del bloqueo agrícola que desde hace años condiciona negativamente el desempeño de una economía que sigue caracterizándose por un relativamente alto bienestar (en el contexto indio) y, al mismo tiempo, un gran desempleo que sigue alimentando importantes flujos migratorios.
Economía de la felicidad. Hallazgos relevantes respecto al ingreso y el bienestar
Authors: Rojas Mariano
Published: July 2017

Este artículo presenta el estado del arte de la economía de la felicidad, con particular interés en la investigación realizada para la relación entre el ingreso y la felicidad. El artículo analiza los fundamentos epistemológicos y metodológicos de le economía de la felicidad. Se presenta los dos enfoques tradicionales en el estudio del bienestar: el de imputación y el de presunción. Luego se propone el bienestar subjetivo como otro enfoque valioso en el estudio del bienestar. El enfoque de bienestar subjetivo se interesa por el bienestar que las personas experimentan, y planea que la mejor manera para conocerlo es mediante la pregunta directa a la persona. El artículo continúa con una presentación de los principales hallazgos de la economía de la felicidad en lo referente al papel del ingreso. Se muestra que además de su función de satisfacción de necesidades el ingreso cumple una función de definición posicional para las personas; por ello, el ingreso relativo importa. También se comenta acerca de la pertinencia de la brecha aspiracional del ingreso y de los procesos de habituación al ingreso, al igual que acerca de la importancia que los valores usados por la persona para juzgar su vida tiene para la relación entre ingreso y felicidad. Se manifiesta también que el ingreso tiene una influencia muy pequeña en la satisfacción que las personas experimentan en muchos de los dominios de vida donde ejercen como seres humanos; esto explica que la relación entre ingreso y bienestar no sea estrecha. El artículo también esboza otras contribuciones de la economía de la felicidad a la disciplina económica.
La agricultura y el bienestar nacional en el mundo
Authors: Bravo Ortega Claudio , Lederman Daniel
Published: July 2017

Las estimaciones de los efectos marginales del bienestar sugieren que el desarrollo agrícola ha tenido importantes efectos positivos en el bienestar nacional, en particular en los países en desarrollo. Los países de la América Latina y del Caribe también se han beneficiado del crecimiento agrícola, pero la producción no agrícola también ha tenido efectos marginales de bienestar, cuya magnitud es mayor que los proporcionados por las actividades agrícolas. Los países industrializados de altos ingresos obtuvieron ganancias marginales positivas de sus actividades no agrícolas, pero los efectos de la agricultura son negativos. Estos cálculos de los efectos marginales de bienestar en las diferentes regiones dependen de estimaciones econométricas de las elasticidades que relacionan las actividades económicas agrícolas y no agrícolas con cuatro elementos propuestos en una función teórica del bienestar nacional: el PIB nacional per capita, el ingreso promedio de los hogares más pobres dentro de los países, los resultados ambientales en lo que se refiere a la contaminación del aire y del agua y la deforestación, y la volatilidad macroeconómica. Los modelos econométricos fueron estimados empleando varias técnicas econométricas que tratan de la causalidad y la heterogeneidad internacional.
Estudios de economía y cooperación social. Un estudio experimental con estudiantes universitarios en Chile
Authors: Núñez Javier , Miranda Leslie , Scavia Javier
Published: July 2017

Este artículo aporta nuevas pruebas experimentales del efecto de estudiar economía en dos dimensiones de la cooperación social: la confianza y la reciprocidad. Estas dimensiones son aproximadas por medio del conocido juego de confianza. Empleando técnicas de muestreo e igualación (matching), y un reclutamiento de sujetos por invitación selectiva en vez de convocatoria abierta, el trabajo permite separar el efecto asociado al estudio de la economía del efecto asociado al potencial sesgo de selección en las preferencias de quienes escogen estudiar economía. La muestra está compuesta por estudiantes universitarios de economía y de otras carreras con escaso o nulo contenido de economía en Chile. Los resultados muestran que los montos enviados por los estudiantes de economía en la primera etapa del juego de confianza son significativamente menores en comparación con los estudiantes de otras carreras, lo que indica una menor propensión de los primeros a confiar en los demás. A su vez, encontramos una menor inclinación de los economistas a devolver los montos prometidos, lo que muestra una menor tendencia a la reciprocidad de la confianza depositada en ellos en el juego de confianza.
Desempeño operacional posterior a la oferta pública inicial de acciones de las empresas chilenas
Authors: González Marcelo , Farías Pablo
Published: July 2017

En general, la evidencia empírica internacional ha documentado que las empresas que efectúan una IPO (Initial Public Offering, oferta pública inicial) de acciones presentan en el largo plazo un inferior desempeño financiero y operacional al mostrado por empresas de similares características. Pese a las pruebas internacionales, las empresas IPO chilenas no han mostrado un peor desempeño financiero (véase, por ejemplo, Aggarwal et al, 1993; Celis y Maturana, 1998). En cuanto al desempeño operacional, éste no ha sido estudiado para el caso chileno. En este artículo se documenta que las empresas IPO chilenas no mostraron un inferior desempeño operacional y tampoco presentaron un incremento en los costos de agencia posterior a la IPO. Posibles causas y efectos de estos resultados son comentados por los autores.
La intolerancia a la deuda
Authors: Reinhart Carmen M. , Rogoff Kennth S. , Savastano Miguel A.
Published: July 2017

Este artículo presenta el concepto de la “intolerancia a la deuda”, que se manifiesta en la extrema presión que experimentan muchos mercados emergentes por las deudas que parecerían manejables según los estándares de países desarrollados. Argumentamos que los umbrales “seguros” de la relación deuda externa/PNB para países con intolerancia a la deuda son bajos, quizá de hasta 15% en algunos casos. Estos umbrales dependen de la trayectoria de morosidad e inflación de cada país. La intolerancia a la deuda está vinculada con el fenómeno de la morosidad recurrente que afecta a muchos países desde hace dos siglos. La comprensión y medición de la intolerancia a la deuda es fundamental para evaluar los problemas provenientes de la sostenibilidad y reestructuración de la deuda, la integración de los mercados de capitales y el alcance de los préstamos internacionales para aminorar las crisis. Nuestra meta es hacer un primer intento por cuantificar la intolerancia a la deuda, incluyendo la delineación de los clubes y regiones de vulnerabilidad de los deudores, tomando como base una historia de eventos de crédito que data desde el decenio de 1820 de más de 100 países.
El sector informal en México. Hechos y explicaciones fundamentales
Authors: Loayza Norman , Sugawara Naotaka
Published: July 2017

Partiendo de una definición legal de la informalidad, este artículo estudia las causas de la informalidad en general y su aplicación al caso particular de México. El artículo comienza con un análisis de la definición y los índices de la informalidad. Acto seguido, argumenta y aporta pruebas de que la informalidad es no sólo un reflejo del subdesarrollo, sino que podría también ser la fuente de un mayor atraso económico. Posteriormente se analiza los principales determinantes de la informalidad, a la vez que se argumenta que la informalidad no es resultado de una causa única sino de la combinación de las deficiencias de los servicios públicos, un régimen normativo gravoso y la poca capacidad del Estado para supervisar la actividad y hacer valer la ley. Esta combinación resulta particularmente explosiva cuando el país en análisis tiene escaso rendimiento educacional y está sometido a presiones demográficas y estructuras productivas primarias. Por último, se evalúa la relevancia empírica de cada uno de los determinantes de la informalidad en el caso específico de México.
La demanda de alcohol entre los jóvenes españoles desde una perspectiva de género
Authors: Gil Lacruz Ana Isabel
Published: July 2017

El objetivo principal de este artículo es analizar la demanda de bebidas alcohólicas entre los jóvenes españoles desde una perspectiva de género. Desarrollamos un marco empírico que combina elementos de las teorías de desagregación del presupuesto y de la adicción mediante un sistema de demanda cuadrático casi ideal. La estimación se concreta en la sociedad española con la Encuesta sobre Drogas a la Población Escolar (2000). Entre los principales resultados destacamos que una menor capacidad adquisitiva del individuo (vía incremento de precios o reducción del gasto) contiene la participación presupuestaria destinada a la compra de bebidas alcohólicas, por lo que las políticas fiscales son efectivas en la reducción del consumo de alcohol entre los adolescentes. La cerveza y, sobre todo, los licores son bienes de lujo para los hombres, mientras que para las mujeres el vino representa un bien normal ordinario.
Estudio del agente-principal en la agricultura
Authors: Fernández Olmos Marta , Marín Vinuesa Luz María
Published: July 2017

¿Con qué tipo de contrato debería un terrateniente arrendar sus tierras a un agricultor dado: trabajo asalariado, aparcería o renta fija? El surgimiento de la teoría de agencia aplicado a la selección contractual en los decenios de los setenta y ochenta del siglo pasado ha generado abundante bibliografía que persigue explicar por qué y en qué condiciones se selecciona cada contrato. El presente artículo examina la bibliografía de los acuerdos contractuales en la agricultura, centrándose en la teoría del principal-agente. Después de analizar la teoría de agencia, se proporciona una síntesis de las principales aportaciones a la selección contractual y se subraya las principales controversias de los resultados. Encontramos que esta teoría proporciona un marco coherente y útil para responder los interrogantes que plantea la aparcería, pero también observamos que existe poco apoyo empírico en muchos aspectos clave de la teoría de agencia que requieren abordarse. Por último, tratamos las consecuencias de estos aspectos y subrayamos las direcciones para futuras investigaciones.
Crisis macroeconómica y desempeño de la empresa individual. La experiencia mexicana
Authors: Watkins Karen , Van Dijk Dick , Spronk Jaap
Published: July 2017

Este artículo considera proporciones (ratios) financieras, operativas, de solvencia y desempeño para detectar cuándo hay variaciones en los estados financieros de las empresas mexicanas, a raíz de la crisis cambiaria de 1994, con datos trimestrales de 88 empresas mexicanas no financieras que sobrevivieron la crisis, para las cuales se aplican pruebas de cambio estructural. Los resultados muestran que en general los estados financieros se deterioraron entre los cuartos trimestres de 1993 y 1995. A pesar de que en la mayoría de los casos hubo mejoría posterior a la crisis, la recuperación fue parcial y gradual, y en general este episodio fue perjudicial incluso para las empresas sobrevivientes.
Diferenciales y discriminación de salarios contra la etnia mapuche en Chile
Authors: Zurita Zapata Grethel , Dresdner Cid Jorge
Published: July 2017

Se analiza el diferencial de salarios entre la población no indígena y mapuche en Chile. Se descompone dicho diferencial en un componente de dotaciones de características y un componente “discriminatorio”. Se estima ecuaciones de participación y salarios separadas por grupo étnico y género, y se controla por sesgo de selección muestral. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias significativas en las dotaciones de capital humano en favor de los no indígenas, tanto para hombres como para mujeres. No se rechaza la hipótesis de discriminación salarial contra los mapuches varones, pero sí para las mujeres. La evidencia indica que la discriminación contra los hombres mapuche no aumentó en el periodo 2000-2006. Los resultados sugieren que una política de fomento del capital humano de los mapuches, para reducir diferenciales de ingreso, puede tener resultados ambiguos, y que el mercado laboral ofrece incentivos para la emigración de los mapuches a la ciudad.
Differences in tensile adhesion strength between HEMA and nonHEMA-based dentin bonding applied on superficial and deep dentin surfaces
Authors: Wurdani Eresha Melati Kusuma , Soetojo Adioro , Juniarti Devi Eka
Published: July 2017

Background: Improvement in dentistry shows some progresses, due to patients awareness on the importance of dental care. Cervical lesion is the most common phenomenon which oftenly found 46.36% in man and 38.13% in woman. Cervical lesions need composite restoration for treatment to stop the process of tissue damage. The process of adhesion of composite restoration material to the structure of the tooth is not easily separated and it needs optimal function in the oral cavity. Application of dentin bonding agents to attach the composite is needed. Selection of HEMA-based bonding material and Hema free-based bonding material which have a different solvent in their composition, as applied to the dentin superficial and deep dentin, affect the results of debonding test. Debonding test is done to measure the adhesion strength of a bonding material. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to analyze differences in tensile bond strength of dentine bonding HEMA-based and HEMA-free based after application in superficial and deep dentine surfaces. Method: The tooth of the bovine was as samples. A superficial dentine sample was taken from 0.5-1 mm of dentino enamel junction and a deep dentine sample was taken from 0.5 mm culmination of pulp horn. Dentine surface area was equal to p x r2 = (3.14 x 22) = 12.56 mm2. Six samples of HEMA-based bonding was applied to the dentine superficial. Six samples of HEMAfree based bonding was applied to the superficial dentine. Six samples of HEMA-based bonding was applied to the deep dentine. Six samples of HEMA-free based bonding was applied to the deep dentine. Tensile strength was measured using an Autograph AG-10TE. Result: There were differences tensile bond strength of dentine bonding HEMA-based and HEMA-free based after the application on superficial (p=0.000) and deep dentine surfaces (p=0.000). Conclusion: There were differences tensile bond strength of dentine bonding HEMA-based and HEMA-free based after the application on superficial and deep dentine surfaces. The use of dentine bonding materials HEMA-free based were better than HEMA-based after application on different dentine depths.
QUASIGROUP STRING PROCESSING: PART 4
Authors: Markovski Smile , Bakeva Verica
Published: July 2017

A b s t r a c t: Given a ¯nite alphabet A and a quasigroup operation ¤ on the set A, in earlier paper of ours we have de¯ned the quasigroup transformation E : A+ ! A+, where A+ is the set of all ¯nite strings with letters from A. Here we present several generalizations of the transformation E and we consider the conditions under which the transformed strings have uniform distributions of n-tuples of letters of A. The obtained results can be applied in cryptography, coding theory, de¯ning and improving pseudo random generators, and so on.
SOURCE MECHANISM OF THE 1994 SEPTEMBER 1 ML = 5.2 BITOLA EARTHQUAKE
Authors: Čejkovska Vera , Pekevski Lazo , Černih Dragana
Published: July 2017

A b s t r a c t: Тhe source mechanism of the earthquake occurred on September 1, 1994, with local magnitude ML = 5.2, in the Bitola region in the south-western part of the Republic of Macedonia, was studied in details. The studies included P-nodal planes determination for the earthquake, synthesizing of P-wave traces with the two P-nodal planes taken separately as fault planes, locating of adjacent earthquakes, as well as a comparison of all the obtained results with the results of the previous macroseismic studies of the earthquake and the neotectonic conditions in the Bitola region. A normal left-lateral fault striking toward WNW was confirmed as a source mechanism of the earthquake. That fault can be associated with the neotectonic Pelister fault, the last being the northern border of the mountain Baba.
EXPONENTIAL CONVEXITY OF THE FAVARD'S INEQUALITY AND RELATED RESULTS
Authors: Latif Naveed , Pečarić Josip , Perić Ivan
Published: July 2017

A b s t r a c t: In this paper we prove positive semi-definiteness of matrices generated by differences deduced from unweighted and weighted Favard's inequality. This implies a surprising property of exponential convexity of this differences which allows us to deduce Gram's, Lyapunov's and Dresher's types of inequalities for this differences.
TOPOLOGY INDEPENDENT SIRS PROCESS
Authors: Tomovski Igor , Trpevski Igor , Kocarev Ljupčo
Published: July 2017

A b s t r a c t: Following our recent work on the topology independent SIS spreading model [25, 26], in this article we analyze a SIRS type of a spreading processes, taking place on complex networks characterized by a special form of contact dynamics, for which we use the term "acquisition exclusivity". We show that, identically as for the SIS type process, for the studied set-up, in circumstances where statistical independence of joint events may be assumed, analytical solution for the probabilities that each node is in a certain status in stationary regime may be found. Furthermore, the obtained results indicate that the SIRS process, under the analyzed circumstances is topology independent.
Effect of Organizational Commitment, Competence and Good Governance on Employees Performance and Quality Asset Management
Authors: Gunawan Hendra , Haming Murdifin , Zakaria Junaiddin , Djamareng Asdar
Published: July 2017

This research aims to examine and analyze the influence of organizational commitment, competence and governance to employee performance and quality asset management at the regional Work Units (SKPD) of The Makassar city government. This research is an explanatory research,  by observing cross-section a on the 203 civil servants who work in the 64 Regional Work Units (SKPD SKPD) Government of Makassar, using total sampling as sampling technique. Analysis of Structural Equation Model (SEM) through Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) Ver. 18 is used as a data analysis tool.  
Hypothesis testing results provide evidence that organizational commitment, competence and good governance has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Organizational commitments have a negative and significant effect on the quality of asset management. The different results shown on the competence, good governance and employee performance are positive and significant effect on the Quality asset management for local Governments. Organizational commitment and competence indirectly significant effect on the quality asset management for local Governments: The mediating role of employee performance. On the other mediator variable testing, good governance indirectly has a significant effect on the quality of asset management: The mediating role of employee performance.
Taboos of the Ao-Nagas: Change and Continuity
Authors: Longchar Resenmenla , . Imchasenla
Published: July 2017

The Ao-Naga is also one of the many tribes from Nagaland, North-east of India. The Ao-Naga tribe itself is not homogenous and is divided into six major clans, followed by many sub-clans. The following clans such as Pongen, Longkumer and Jamir of the Chungli group; Imchen, Walling and Longchar of the Mongsen group form the six major clans. The Ao-Naga tribe form major populace of Mokokchung district. The geographical distribution of the Ao region is bounded by the Tzula River; Sangtam, Chang and Phom tribes on the East; the Lotha tribes, the Assam plains on the west; Konyak tribe in the north and the Sema tribe in the south. The entire Ao territory is divided into six ranges (Tsükong), each having a name comprising of several villages. The ranges run parallel to one another and are called: the Ongpangkong, the Langpangkong, the Asetkong, the Changkikong, the Japukong, the Tsurangkong. The Ao-Naga consists of many villages and many sub-clans where they have their own rules and customary laws. The Aos fall under four language groups representing Mongsen, Chungli, Changki and Sangpur. However the major languages of the Ao-Naga are Mongsen and Chungli.
A Study on Occupational Stress among Railway Employees with Special Reference to Thrissur Railway Station
Authors: Mohan Neethu , Sivaraman Athira
Published: July 2017

Indian railway is one of the income generating industries in India. The industry is a success because of its efficient staff. They are valuable assets of the industry and the key to success. The employees in the Indian railway are experiencing a tremendous amount of pressure at the work place. Increased workloads, overtime, hostile work environment and shift work are just a few causes of stressful working conditions. In such a situation it is necessary to study the occupational stress of railway employees because if not controlled, it can affect the person’s family or social life, health, performance etc. hence in the study an attempt has been made to find out the major sources and causes of stress and gather knowledge about the techniques to lower stress.   The results of the study show that the employees are facing stressful situations in their work place and they are well aware of the techniques to lower stress.
Política económica y desarrollo competitivo para pymes: Colombia y China desde un análisis sistémico
Authors: Piñeiro Cortes Leidy Lorena , Moreno Salamanca Maria Carolina , Estrella Pantoja R. Simón
Published: July 2017

Rev.esc.adm.neg

Este artículo contiene la revisión teórica y conceptual de la investigación realizada dentro de la disertación doctoral Direccionamiento estratégico para la competitividad de las pymes del sector textil-confecciones de la ciudad de Bogotá: un análisis frente a la competencia china de la Universidad de Celaya en México y sirvió como base de análisis para el proyecto en la Universidad EAN acerca del análisis y la explicación de las deficiencias estructurales que impiden el desarrollo competitivo de las pymes del sector textil-confección de Bogotá frente a la competencia china desde un enfoque sistémico. Una de las hipótesis propuestas hace referencia a que el desconocimiento y la poca participación por parte de las pymes del sector textil-confecciones de Bogotá en las políticas macro que genera el Gobierno hacen que estas muestren resultados poco competitivos frente a la competencia, en especial con su principal competidor que son los textiles y las confecciones provenientes de China. En consecuencia, la variable de análisis de este escrito es la política macroeconómica, por lo que se analizará su relación con la competitividad de las pymes del sector. Dentro de este análisis, se hace un recuento de la importancia de la política económica en Colombia en los dos últimos periodos presidenciales y otro de la política económica en China en el último quinquenio, el cual termina con un comparativo de los dos países en relación con el manejo de sus políticas económicas y los aportes de estas a la competitividad empresarial. Palabras clave: enfoque sistémico, política económica, competitividad, pymes, sector textil-confecciones
Características de las pymes según la gerencia sea hombre o mujer: caso empírico de Cali
Authors: García Solarte Mónica , González Campo Carlos Hernán , Murillo Vargas Guillermo
Published: July 2017

Rev.esc.adm.neg

El  objetivo  de  esta  investigación  es  caracterizar  el  comportamiento  de  las  PyMEs  según  la  gerencia   sea hombre o mujer. Para lograr el objetivo, se utilizó una metodología de enfoque cuantitativo, en la  que se aplicó una encuesta estructurada a 142 gerentes de Cali. Los resultados obtenidos dan cuenta  de  que  las  PyMEs  que  son  dirigidas  por  mujeres  son  pocas,  y  presentan,  entre  otras,  las  siguientes   características: son de mayor tamaño; tienen menor participación femenina dentro de sus empleados,  pero mayor participación dentro de las juntas directivas; no pertenecen ampliamente a organizaciones  de carácter familiar; tienen mayores socios o dueños hombres y su nivel de formación mayoritariamente  es en estudios básicos. El aporte fundamental de esta investigación radica en la apertura de nuevos  campos de conocimiento en Colombia donde el tema de gerencia no ha sido ampliamente investigado  especialmente cuando las mujeres ocupan este tipo de cargos.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer Application on Corn Residue Decomposition in Iowa
Authors: Al‐Kaisi Mahdi M. , Kwaw‐Mensah David , Ci En
Published: July 2017

Core Ideas

Application of 32% urea ammonium nitrate after harvest has no effect on residue decomposition.

Three months after N addition, 54 to 69% of residue remained with no N rate differences.

The remaining amount of residue after 12 mo was 35 to 49% across all N treatments.

Incubation study shows soil temperature as a major factor in residue decomposition.

Nitrogen addition suppressed CO2–C evolution during residue incubation.

Corn (Zea mays L.) residue is one of the sources of soil organic carbon (SOC) in row cropping systems in the Midwest. Farmers in Iowa apply liquid N to corn residue after harvest, assuming it will increase corn residue decomposition. The objective of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of N application for increasing corn residue decomposition. The study included two fields with three N rates (0, 34, or 67 kg N ha−1) of liquid 32% urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) applied after harvest, and two laboratory incubation experiments with three temperatures (0, 25, and 35°C) in 2012 and 2013. The experiment design was a randomized complete block in four replications in a no‐tillage system (NT). The average mass of residue organic carbon (OC) after harvest was in the range of 1.6 to 1.7 Mg ha−1. Residue OC in the field declined sharply in both years, particularly during the first 3 mo, with no significant difference between N treatments. The only difference in field residue decomposition occurred after 6 mo (P = 0.0241) at the Olson location in 2012, where a greater (>21%) amount of remaining OC was associated with 0 kg N ha−1 than with other N treatments. The incubation study showed an increasing rate of residue decomposition with increasing soil temperature with no N application effects on residue decomposition. These findings show that air and soil temperatures are the driving force for residue decomposition, especially at 25°C, rather than with N addition.
Profitability of Alternative Management Practices in a Wheat–Soybean, Double‐Crop Production System in Arkansas
Authors: Tsiboe Francis , Popp Jennie S. , Brye Kristofor R.
Published: July 2017

Core Ideas

Wheat and soybean yields were estimated using combinations of management practices.

The estimated yields were used to simulate profitability differences by combination.

Six combinations were 7 to 118% more profitable than the traditional combination.

Growing concerns about the sustainability of soil and water resources in the highly agriculturally productive lower Mississippi River Valley, particularly in the Delta region of eastern Arkansas, require the investigation of traditional and alternative agricultural management practices and their comparative long‐term profitability. Therefore, this study used a simple, but robust, two‐step novel procedure, econometrics and simulation, to evaluate the long‐term effects of a combination of management practices. It consisted of tillage (conventional tillage [CT] or no‐tillage [NT]), wheat residue burning (burn [B] or no burn [NB]), wheat‐residue level (low [L] and high [H] achieved with differential N fertilization), and irrigation (irrigated [I] or non‐ irrigated [NI]), on net farm revenue in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) –soybean (Glycine max L. [Merr.]), double‐crop production system in the region. Results from the last 10 yr of a 15‐yr‐long field study on a silt‐loam soil showed that the alternative combinations of NT–B–H–I, NT–NB–L–I, NT–B–L–I, CT–B–L–I, NT–NB–H–I, and NT–B–H–NI were 7 to 118% more profitable than the traditional set of management practices (CT–B–H–I) for soybean production. Results suggest that leaving wheat residue on the soil surface unburned followed by NT soybean production can be equally to more profitable for producers, while at the same time providing extra benefits to improve the long‐term sustainability of soil resources. The NT–B–H–NI can conserve both soil and water.
The Effect of Vitazyme, a Liquid Bio‐Stimulant, in Combination with Nitrogen on Yield and Nutritive Value of Bermudagrass in Southern Oklahoma
Authors: Rogers James K.
Published: July 2017

Core Ideas

Vitazyme did not increase bermudagrass yield at the manufacture's recommended application rate.

Vitazyme did not improve nutritive value of bermudagrass when applied at the manufacturer's recommended rate.

Bermudagrass response to nitrogen rate was linear but was not influenced by Vitazyme application.
Nutrient Losses during Winter and Summer Storage of Separated and Unseparated Digested Cattle Slurry
Authors: Perazzolo Francesca , Mattachini Gabriele , Riva Elisabetta , Provolo Giorgio
Published: July 2017

Management factors affect nutrient loss during animal manure slurry storage in different ways. We conducted a pilot‐scale study to evaluate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) losses from unseparated and digested dairy slurry during winter and summer storage. In addition to season, treatments included mechanical separation of digestate into liquid and solid fractions and bimonthly mixing. Chemical analyses were performed every 2 wk for the mixed materials and at the start and end of storage for unmixed materials. The parameters examined allowed us to estimate C and N losses and examine the factors that determine these losses as well as emission patterns. Gas measurements were done every 2 wk to determine the main forms in which gaseous losses occurred. To evaluate the effect of separation, measured losses and emissions of separated liquid and solid fractions were mathematically combined using the mass separation efficiency of the mechanical separator. Nutrient losses were mainly affected by climatic conditions. Losses of C (up to 23%) from unseparated, unmixed digestate and of N (38% from combined separated fractions and from unseparated digestate) were much greater in summer than in winter, when C and N losses were <7%. Mixing tended to significantly increase N losses (P < 0.1) only in winter. Mechanical separation resulted in lower GHG emissions from combined separated fractions than from unseparated digestate. Results indicate that to maximize the fertilizer value of digested slurry, dairy farmers must carefully choose management practices, especially in summer. For separated digestates, practices should focus on storage of the liquid fraction, the major contributor of C and N losses (up to 64 and 90% of total losses, respectively) in summer. Moreover, management practices should limit NH3, the main form of N losses (up to 99.5%).

Core Ideas

Season had the most significant effect on N and C losses during slurry storage.

Mechanical separation did not significantly affect N and C losses.

In summer, temperature caused losses of up to 38% of TKN and 23% of TOC from digested slurry.

CO2 and NH3 were the predominant gaseous forms of C and N losses.
Speciation of Soil Phosphorus Assessed by XANES Spectroscopy at Different Spatial Scales
Authors: Hesterberg Dean , McNulty Ian , Thieme Juergen
Published: July 2017

Precise management of soil phosphorus (P) to meet competing demands of agriculture and environmental protection can benefit from more comprehensive characterization of P speciation in soils. Our objectives were to provide spatial context for spectroscopic analyses of soil P speciation in relation to molecular‐scale species and landscape‐scale management of P, and to compare soil P‐species diversity from spectroscopic measurements at submicron and millimeter scales. The spatial range of ∼26 orders of magnitude between atomic and field scales presents a challenge to upscaling and downscaling information from spectroscopic analyses of soils. Scanning fluorescence X‐ray microscopy images of a 50‐μm × 45‐μm area of an organic soil sample showed heterogeneous distributions of P, Al, and Si. Microscale X‐ray absorption near edge structure (μ‐XANES) spectra collected at the P K‐edge from 12 spots on the soil sample exhibited diverse features that indicated variations in highly localized P speciation. Linear combination fitting analysis of the μ‐XANES spectra included various proportions of three standards that appeared in fits for most spots and five standards that appeared in fits for one spot each. The fit to a bulk‐soil spectrum was dominated by two of the common standards in the μ‐XANES fits, and a fit to the sum of μ‐XANES spectra included four of the standards. These results illustrate a gain in P species sensitivity from spatially resolved XANES analysis. Integrating spectroscopic analyses from multiple scales determines soil P species diversity and will ultimately help connect speciation to the chemical reactivity and mobility of P in soils.

Core Ideas

Diverse molecular‐scale species of phosphorus occur in a soil.

XANES analysis at different scales connects speciation across scales.

Microscale XANES spectroscopy analysis improves detection of minor P species.

Bulk‐sample XANES spectroscopy analyzes major P species in a representative volume.
Long‐term Effects of Organic Waste Fertilizers on Soil Structure, Tracer Transport, and Leaching of Colloids
Authors: Lekfeldt Jonas Duus Stevens , Kjaergaard Charlotte , Magid Jakob
Published: July 2017

Organic waste fertilizers have previously been observed to significantly affect soil organic carbon (SOC) content and soil structure. However, the effect of organic waste fertilizers on colloid dispersibility and leaching of colloids from topsoil has not yet been studied extensively. We investigated how the repeated application of different types of agricultural (liquid cattle slurry and solid cattle manure) and urban waste fertilizers (sewage sludge and composted organic household waste) affected soil physical properties, colloid dispersion from aggregates, tracer transport, and colloid leaching from intact soil cores. Total porosity was positively correlated with SOC content. Yearly applications of sewage sludge increased absolute microporosity (pores <30 μm) and decreased relative macroporosity (pores >30 μm) compared with the unfertilized control, whereas organic household waste compost fertilization increased both total porosity and the absolute porosity in all pore size classes (though not significant for 100–600 μm). Treatments receiving large amounts of organic fertilizers exhibited significantly lower levels of dispersible colloids compared with an unfertilized control and a treatment that had received moderate applications of cattle slurry. The content of water‐dispersible colloids could not be explained by a single factor, but differences in SOC content, electrical conductivity, and sodium adsorption ratio were important factors. Moreover, we found that the fertilizer treatments did not significantly affect the solute transport properties of the topsoil. Finally, we found that the leaching of soil colloids was significantly decreased in treatments that had received large amounts of organic waste fertilizers, and we ascribe this primarily to treatment‐induced differences in effluent electrical conductivity during leaching.

Core Ideas

Sewage sludge application may lead to an increase in the percentage of small pores.

Organic waste compost application leads to a general increase in porosity.

Large amounts of organic waste fertilizers lead to decreased leaching of colloids.

Soil water EC may be a stronger determinant of colloid leaching than organic C.
Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of Lupin Seed Subjected to 29 Years of Storage
Authors: Dobiesz Malwina , Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Michalczyk Dariusz J.
Published: July 2017

Physiological and biochemical changes resulting from long‐term storage of lupin (Lupinus luteus L.) seed were studied in a precisely controlled experiment to gain a better knowledge of the seed deterioration process. The seed was stored at different temperatures (0, −14, and +20°C) during a 29‐yr period. It was found that after long‐term storage at −14 and 0°C, the seed germinated well, whereas seed stored at +20°C did not germinate at all. The contents of albumin, biogenic amines, and soluble carbohydrates were determined. The content of albumin decreased in seed stored at +20°C. In two‐dimensional electrophoresis of seed proteins, 343 spots were obtained with seed stored at −14°C, whereas the extract of seed stored at +20°C gave 290 spots. Out of all detected spots, 27 displayed significant differences in intensity related to seed storage temperature (−14, 0, +20°C). The identified 27 proteins could be assigned to four major functional categories: storage proteins, proteins connected with defense mechanisms, proteins responsible for energy reactions, and proteins involved in growth and development. Spermine, spermidine, and putrescine were also analyzed in stored seed. The content of biogenic amines was higher in seed stored at +20°C. Significant changes occurred in the content of soluble carbohydrates during seed storage. In seed stored at +20°C, verbascose did not occur and the total content of raffinose family oligosaccharides decreased. The content of reducing monosaccharides and sucrose increased. The results show that lupin seed storage at −14 and 0°C resulted in very similar levels of physiological and biochemical changes, affecting the germination rate, proteome, biogenic amines, and soluble carbohydrates, whereas storage at +20°C is incomparably more detrimental.
Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping of Soybean Maturity Gene E6
Authors: Li Xiaoming , Fang Chao , Xu Meilan , Zhang Fengge , Lu Sijia , Nan Haiyang , Su Tong , Li Shichen , Zhao Xiaohui , Kong Lingping , Yuan Xiaohui , Liu Baohui , Abe Jun , Cober Elroy R. , Kong Fanjiang
Published: July 2017

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] sensitivity to photoperiod determines adaptation to a specific range of latitudes for soybean cultivars. When temperate‐adapted soybean cultivars are grown in low latitude under short day conditions, they flower early, resulting in low grain yield, and consequently limiting their utility in tropical areas. Most cultivars adapted to low‐latitude environments have the trait of delayed flowering under short day conditions, and this trait is commonly called long juvenile (LJ). In this study, the E6 locus, the classical locus conditioning the LJ trait, was molecularly mapped on Gm04 near single‐nucleotide polymorphism marker HRM101. Testcross, genetic mapping, and sequencing suggest that the E6 and J loci might be tightly linked. Genetic interaction evaluation between E6 and E1 suggests that E6 has a suppressive effect on E1 and that the function of E6 is dependent on E1. The tagging markers for E6 are very useful for molecular breeding for wide adaptation and stable productivity of soybean under low‐latitude environments. Molecular identification and functional characterization of the E6 gene will greatly facilitate the understanding of the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying the LJ trait.
Produção de energia elétrica a partir da incineração de resíduos sólidos domésticos usando motor Stirling alfa caseiro
Authors: Duarte Gabriela Dienne Figueredo , Cavalcanti Caroline dos Santos , Neves Henrique John Pereira
Published: July 2017

A discussão acerca da destinação final incorreta dos resíduos sólidos move a busca por novas tecnologias no Brasil. Uma forma de tratamento extremamente eficiente e bastante polêmica para estes resíduos é a incineração, não descartando a necessidade de políticas públicas que abordem a educação ambiental no país, principalmente na base escolar, para que haja um entendimento por parte da população sobre a importância da redução, da reciclagem, da reutilização e da destinação final correta dos resíduos sólidos. A proposta do projeto de iniciação científica foi produzir energia elétrica a partir da queima de resíduos sólidos domésticos, utilizando um motor tipo Stirling construído com materiais reaproveitados. O país que serviu de inspiração para a realização deste projeto foi a Alemanha, que incinera 40% dos seus resíduos e faz o reaproveitamento energético eficiente. Durante a execução do projeto surgiu a oportunidade de uma das participantes conhecer esta tecnologia de perto, através de um intercâmbio. Em síntese o presente artigo contempla a experiência do intercâmbio realizado, bem como o alcance dos objetivos propostos no projeto de iniciação científica. Foram construídos um incinerador e um motor termodinâmico, que gerou energia suficiente para acender uma lâmpada de led de 10 W, a partir da combustão dos resíduos selecionados para o processo.
Riqueza florística em uma área ciliar de Caatinga no Cariri Ocidental da Paraíba, Brasil
Authors: Farias Renally Cardoso , Lacerda Alecksandra Vieira de , Gomes Azenate Campos , Barbosa Francisca Maria , Dornelas Carina Seixas Maia
Published: July 2017

Decorrente dos elevados níveis de fertilidade, as matas ciliares da Região Semiárida brasileira vêm sendo constantemente degradadas. Objetivou-se com este trabalho identificar a composição florística de um sistema ecológico ciliar conservado no Cariri paraibano. A pesquisa realizou-se no Riacho da Umburana, Município de Sumé, Cariri Ocidental da Paraíba. As coletas da vegetação arbustivo-arbórea foram realizadas quinzenalmente de forma assistemática. A classificação e identificação dos exemplares coletados foram realizadas através de consultas a especialistas e por meio de morfologia comparada, usando bibliografia especializada. As espécies foram organizadas por família, incluindo-se informações sobre o hábito. Foram registradas 57 espécies, distribuídas em 22 famílias e 42 gêneros. O componente predominante foi o arbóreo com 37 espécies. As Famílias Fabaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Anacardiaceae e Cactaceae se destacaram como as de maior riqueza, representando 49% da amostra. Portanto, a frequência de espécies destas famílias na área, revela-se como subsídios para a elaboração de novos conceitos e estratégias para ocupar áreas do conhecimento lacunares, na compreensão de modelos de conservação e recuperação dos recursos vegetais em ecossistemas ciliares do semiárido.
SENTENCE ORDERING USING CLUSTER CORRELATION AND PROBABILITY IN MULTI-DOCUMENTS SUMMARIZATION
Authors: Adi Guna I Gusti Agung Socrates , Fauziah Suci Nur , Saputra Wanvy Arifha
Published: July 2017

Most of the document summary are arranged extractive by taking important sentences from the document. Extractive based summarization often not consider the connection sentence.  A good sentence ordering should aware about rhetorical relations such as cause-effect relation, topical relevancy and chronological sequence which exist between the sentences.  Based on this problem, we propose a new method for sentence ordering in multi document summarization using cluster correlation and probability for English documents. Sentences of multi-documents are grouped based on similarity into clusters. Sentence extracted from each cluster to be a summary that will be listed based on cluster correlation and probability. User evaluation showed that the summary result of proposed method easier to understanding than the previous method. The result of ROUGE method also shows increase on sentence arrangement compared to previous method.
Identification of nontuberculous mycobacteria isolated from hospital water by sequence analysis of the hsp65 and 16S rRNA genes
Authors: Maleki Mehdi Roshdi , Kafil Hossein Samadi , Harzandi Naser , Moaddab Seyyed Reza
Published: July 2017

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) have emerged as an important cause of opportunistic nosocomial infections. NTM has frequently been isolated from hospital water distribution systems. The aim of this study was to survey the risk of NTM infections and determine the prevalence of NTM species in the hospital water distribution systems in Tabriz, Iran. One hundred and twenty samples of water from different sources of Tabriz hospitals were collected. The samples were filtered through 0.45-µm pore size membranes and decontaminated with 0.01% cetylpyridinium chloride. The sediment was inoculated onto Lowenstein–Jensen medium and incubated for 8 weeks. For identification to the species level, partial sequence analysis of the hsp65 and 16S rRNA genes were used. NTM were detected in 76 (63.3%) of 120 samples. Potentially pathogenic mycobacteria and saprophytic mycobacteria were isolated. Mycobacterium gordonae was the only single species that was present in all types of water. The prevalence of NTM in Tabriz hospitals' water compared with many investigations on hospital waters was high. This indicates that the immunocompromised patients and transplant recipients are at risk of contamination which necessitates considering decontamination of water sources to prevent such potential hazards.
Water quality model with axial dispersion solved by Eulerian-Lagrangian operator-splitting method in water distribution system
Authors: Chen Guoqiang , Long Tianyu , Bai Yun
Published: July 2017

This study explores the effects of water quality simulation results by embedding axial dispersion into the classical advective-reactive model in a water distribution system. The Eulerian-Lagrangian operator-splitting method is employed to solve the model with axial dispersion. Satisfactory results were obtained after the numerical solution was tested against the analytical and other numerical solutions. The water quality simulation results without the reaction item show that when water velocity is low (or Peclet numbers are small), dispersion is dominant and significantly affects the numerical simulation results. The contaminant concentration at downstream node gradually increased with time along the upstream pipelines from the source, which is particularly reflected in the terminal. The simulation results show that the biomass concentration may demonstrate synthetic effects of axial dispersion and reaction, i.e. mutual promotion, given the multicomponent (substrate, residual chlorine, and microbial biomass) reaction-transport processes. It is particularly reflected in the low flow velocity.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN FEED SUPPLEMENT VITERNA PADA AIR MINUM TERHADAP PENAMPILAN AYAM PEDAGING
Authors: Sutomo Bayu , Ihsan Muhammad Nur , Hamiyanti Adelina Ari
Published: July 2017

Pemberian feed supplement Viterna melalui air minum, dan dilakukan mulai hari ke 1 sampai hari ke 35. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah percobaan lapangan dengan menggunakan rancangan acak lengkap (RAL). Perlakuan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 4 perlakuan dan masingâ€“masing perlakuan diulang 6 kali, sehingga terdapat 24 unit percobaan, setiap unit percobaan terdiri dari 5 ekor ayam. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan penambahan Viterna dalam air minum ternak dengan jumlah sebagai berikut :1) P0 : air minum tanpa Viterna, 2) P1: air minum+0,1% Viterna/liter air, 3) P2: air minum+0,2% Viterna/liter air, 4) P3 : air minum+0,3% Viterna/liter air. Variabel pengamatan meliputi konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, konversi pakan dan bobot badan akhir. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penambahan Viterna dalam air minum tidak mempengaruhi konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan dan bobot badan akhir, dengan penambahan Viterna sebanyak 2 cc/liter air minum ternak menurunkan nilai konversi pakan dan level pemberian terbaik.Â Kata Kunci : konsumsi pakan, pertambahan bobot badan, konfersi pakan