bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of face masks on oxygen saturation at graded exercise intensities
Authors: Vishwanath Varnita , Favo Clinnt L. , Tu Trevyn H. , Anderson Blake , Erickson Colby , Scarpulla Megan , Kern Julia , DeWinter Lisa , Gawelko Anette , Bolch Charlotte , Al-Nakkash Layla
Published: October 2022

Context

Mask wearing to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 and other viral infections may raise concerns on the effects of face masks on breathing and cardiopulmonary health. Non–evidence-based apprehensions may limit the use of masks in public.

Objectives

We will assess the parameters related to heart and lung physiology between healthy male and female adults exposed to wearing face masks (or not) under conditions of rest and graded exercise.

Methods

We performed a cross-sectional study including 20 male and 20 female adults who met our inclusion criteria. Adults with underlying respiratory and cardiac conditions were excluded. Physiologic parameters were measured while the participants underwent three activity levels (10 min each) in a randomly assigned order: rest, walking, and stair climbing. Each activity level was conducted under three mask conditions: no mask, surgical mask, and N95 respirator. Heart rate (HR) and blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded via pulse oximeter after each activity. Perceived exertion was recorded utilizing a Borg 15-point scale. A mixed-effects analysis of variance (ANOVA) was utilized to interpret the results.

Results

A significant increase in perceived exertion was reported for N95 users (p<0.0001). There was also a significant increase in mean HR for N95 users in comparison to no-mask users (p=0.0031). The mean SpO2 in females was higher than males under rest and walking conditions (p=0.0055). There was no change in SpO2 between mask type overall, nor between mask type vs. exercise intensity, nor between mask type and sex.

Conclusions

Our findings provide evidence that surgical masks and N95 respirators do not influence SpO2 at rest or during exercise.
A goal based index to analyze the competitive balance of a football league
Authors: Deb Soudeep
Published: October 2022

Competitive balance in a football league is extremely important from the perspective of economic growth of the industry. Many researchers have earlier proposed different measures of competitive balance, which are primarily adapted from standard economic theory. However, these measures fail to capture the finer nuances of the game. In this work, we discuss a new framework which is more suitable for a football league. First, we present a mathematical proof of a theoretically optimal situation where a football league becomes perfectly balanced. Next, a goal based index for competitive balance is developed. We present relevant theoretical results and show how the proposed index can be used to formally test for the presence of imbalance. The methods are implemented on the data from the top five European leagues, and it shows that the new approach can be helpful in explaining the changes in the seasonal competitive balance of the leagues. Further, using panel data models, we show that the proposed index is more suitable to analyze the variability in total revenues of the football leagues. We also discuss how the methods can be easily extended to develop other goal-based indices under different modeling assumptions.
Integrated metasurfaces on silicon photonics for emission shaping and holographic projection
Authors: Hsieh Ping-Yen , Fang Shun-Lin , Lin Yu-Siang , Huang Wen-Hsien , Shieh Jia-Min , Yu Peichen , Chang You-Chia
Published: October 2022

The emerging applications of silicon photonics in free space, such as LiDARs, free-space optical communications, and quantum photonics, urge versatile emission shaping beyond the capabilities of conventional grating couplers. In these applications, silicon photonic chips deliver free-space emission to detect or manipulate external objects. Light needs to emit from a silicon photonic chip to the free space with specific spatial modes, which produce focusing, collimation, orbital angular momentum, or even holographic projection. A platform that offers versatile shaping of free-space emission, while maintaining the CMOS compatibility and monolithic integration of silicon photonics is in pressing need. Here we demonstrate a platform that integrates metasurfaces monolithically on silicon photonic integrated circuits. The metasurfaces consist of amorphous silicon nanopillars evanescently coupled to silicon waveguides. We demonstrate experimentally diffraction-limited beam focusing with a Strehl ratio of 0.82. The focused spot can be switched between two positions by controlling the excitation direction. We also realize a meta-hologram experimentally that projects an image above the silicon photonic chip. This platform can add a highly versatile interface to the existing silicon photonic ecosystems for precise delivery of free-space emission.
A dependent case approach to complex event nominals in standard Arabic
Authors: Ahmed Amer , Lenchuk Iryna
Published: October 2022

This paper addresses case assignment in Standard Arabic (SA). It shows that the current Agree-based accounts of case in SA are problematic, as they face problems accounting for case assignment in complex event nominals. Using Baker’s (2015) dependent case theory, we argue that there are two modalities of structural case assignment in SA, i.e., the dependent case and the Agree-based case, and that the latter is only available when the former fails to apply. It is also argued that case assignment takes place at Spell Out, the point where phase heads are merged into the structure. We provide evidence that vP in SA is a soft phase and we claim that v in SA is incapable of assigning the accusative case to the object, due to v’s deficiency. We also claim that a DP of the complex nominal type in SA is a hard phase. SAPROis argued to lack a case feature, and it is therefore neither a proper goal for case in the Agree-based case mechanism, nor is it a proper case trigger/competitor in the dependent case mechanism. We believe that the proposed account solves the problems that previous accounts of case in SA face.
Word-formation and reduplication in standard Arabic: A new distributed morphology approach
Authors: Alqarni Muteb
Published: October 2022

The current paper aims to capture the properties of reduplication within the distributed morphology model (Halle and Marantz 1993, 1994; Embick and Noyer 2007; Siddiqi 2009; Embick 2010). Taking Standard Arabic (SA) as a representative, the article shows that SA, like many other languages, has both full and partial reduplication. Full reduplication repeats entire stems while partial reduplication doubles part of it. Rather than the available two analyses, i.e. the readjustment approach (Raimy 2000; Frampton 2009) and the affixation approach (Haugen 2008, 2010, 2011; Haugen and Harley 2010), the current paper provides a novel approach to the phenomenon of reduplication in the world languages. It argues that root consonants and vowels should be decomposed into non-phonetic distinctive features that undergo late insertion at PF. These non-phonetic distinctive features are supplied with sound items at PF in the same fashion that the terminal nodes with morphosyntactic features are fed with vocabulary items. This approach serves three purposes. It accounts for speech errors, captures the non-concatenative morphology in Semitic languages, and allows the reduplicant form to copy all the distinctive features of the roots, yielding instances of full reduplication. Instances of partial reduplication can be generated by root-sensitive impoverishment rules which target and delete some of the features of the stem or the reduplicant form.
Formulaic language in oral academic discourse socialization of graduate students in a Northern Cyprus university
Authors: Hadizadeh Abbas , Vefali Gülşen M.
Published: October 2022

Socialization studies have emphasized the concept of indexicality, in that certain linguistic forms, having “salient social meanings and resonances” (Duff 2019: 12), are used to socialize novices to various social dimensions such as social roles, social statuses, power and social identities (Burdelski and Cook 2012). The present study explored, within the framework of second language socialization, how a group of graduate students in a non-western educational context were socialized to oral academic discourse in whole-class discussions through a specific type of formulaic language, lexical bundles. The study employed corpus techniques and conducted frequency and functional analyses of the attested data collected from whole-class discussions by a cohort of graduate candidates over one academic semester in a graduate English Language Teaching (ELT) course. The results of the study revealed that the graduate students used various lexical bundles with varying frequencies and functions that exhibited their socialization into the oral academic discourse of their graduate course community. The findings of the study offer some implications for the socialization role of lexical bundles to respective graduate community discourse in non-western tertiary contexts.
‘Wonder’ Nouns and the Development of a Mirative Constructional Network: An Exercise in Semiotic Diachronic Construction Grammar
Authors: Van linden An , Brems Lieselotte
Published: October 2022

This paper discusses the emergence and development of a mirative constructional network involving the shell nounswonder,marvelandchance, called ‘wonder’ nouns here. In combination with negative quantifiers (e.g.no wonder), they can be used either lexically or as part of grammatical, mirative markers, qualifying a proposition as unsurprising in view of another situation. The network emerges in Old English aroundwonder, with three meso-constructions which differ in surface structure but all inherit the anti-concessive discourse schema from the macro-construction, consisting of a proposition, mirative qualifier and justification. Two additional meso-constructions emerge in Middle English, which is also the time when the Romance loanmarveljoins the network, making it gain in schematicity, abstractness and productivity. In Present-day English, another Romance loan,chance, expands the mirative network even more. Throughout time, we observe node loss, node creation, constructional substitution and changes in frequencies of constructions. Theoretically, we propose a semiotic approach to diachronic construction grammar, arguing that multi-sign constructions invariably involve syntagmatic relations, which are themselves form-meaning pairings. This approach allows us to capture generalizations which would otherwise be missed.
Cambio de cobertura vegetal y uso de suelo generado por actividades agrícolas en el municipio de Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit, México
Authors: Bravo Olivas Myrna Leticia , Morales Hérnandez Julio César , Gallardo Arce Bianca Georgina , Carrillo González Fatima Maciel , Frausto Oscar
Published: October 2022

El crecimiento urbano es considerado el principal problema que provoca la transformación de los ecosistemas, principalmente cuando su transición es de rural a urbano, asociándose a procesos de urbanización, crecimiento poblacional y modelos de desarrollo ineficientes. La cobertura vegetal mundial ha cambiado por causas naturales y antropogénicas. En Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit, México, estos cambios se relacionan con el abandono de áreas agrícolas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las modificaciones en la cobertura vegetal y uso de suelo asociados a actividades agrícolas. Para este análisis, se obtuvo la clasificación de uso de suelo durante el periodo 2000-2020. Lo anterior se estimó con la ayuda de tres imágenes satelitales Landsat procesadas con herramientas de un sistema de información geográfica (SIG), donde se obtuvieron cinco coberturas vegetales. En los resultados se identifican aceleradas transformaciones, sustituyendo elementos naturales por artificiales; dando como resultado la falta de equilibrio e integración al entorno, así como paisajes construidos donde se han presentado diferentes escenarios agrarios y rurales con drásticas transformaciones derivadas de la urbanización acelerada. Estos efectos son producto del crecimiento del municipio a raíz de la demanda del sector turístico.
Abstract Encoding of Categorical Decisions in Medial Superior Temporal and Lateral Intraparietal Cortices
Authors: Zhou Yang , Mohan Krithika , Freedman David J.
Published: October 2022

Categorization is an essential cognitive and perceptual process for decision-making and recognition. The posterior parietal cortex, particularly the lateral intraparietal (LIP) area has been suggested to transform visual feature encoding into abstract categorical representations. By contrast, areas closer to sensory input, such as the middle temporal (MT) area, encode stimulus features but not more abstract categorical information during categorization tasks. Here, we compare the contributions of the medial superior temporal (MST) and LIP areas in category computation by recording neuronal activity in both areas from two male rhesus macaques trained to perform a visual motion categorization task. MST is a core motion-processing region interconnected with MT and is often considered an intermediate processing stage between MT and LIP. We show that MST exhibits robust decision-correlated motion category encoding and working memory encoding similar to LIP, suggesting that MST plays a substantial role in cognitive computation, extending beyond its widely recognized role in visual motion processing.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCategorization requires assigning incoming sensory stimuli into behaviorally relevant groups. Previous work found that parietal area LIP shows a strong encoding of the learned category membership of visual motion stimuli, while visual area MT shows strong direction tuning but not category tuning during a motion direction categorization task. Here we show that the medial superior temporal (MST) area, a visual motion-processing region interconnected with both LIP and MT, shows strong visual category encoding similar to that observed in LIP. This suggests that MST plays a greater role in abstract cognitive functions, extending beyond its well known role in visual motion processing.
Victimización (Bullying) según enfoque de género en adolescentes escolares de Huamanga y Sicuani
Authors: Amemiya Hoshi Isabel , Oliveros Donohue Miguel , Acosta Evangelista Zully , Piscoya Sara Julia , Martina Chávez Martha
Published: October 2022

Introducción. La victimización escolar es un problema vigente en el Perú. El enfoque de género en el análisis de sus características permitirá adaptar estrategias de intervención diferenciadas. Objetivo. Determinar los factores de riesgo de victimización según enfoque de género en adolescentes escolares de las ciudades de Huamanga y Sicuani. Diseño. Estudio observacional transversal analítico. Participantes. 1160 alumnos de primero a quinto de secundaria de dos colegios (privado y público) en Huamanga y Sicuani. Intervención. Encuesta validada para identificar víctimas de bullying. Análisis. Descriptivo, chi-cuadrado, OR (IC95%) y análisis multivariado de regresión logística. Se utilizó SPSS v. 15. Principales medidas de resultados. Porcentaje y factores de riesgo de victimización escolar. Resultados. El 37,3% de estudiantes fueron victimizados. En varones, “ha presenciado algún acto violento” 1,72 (1,122 – 2,636); en mujeres “vivir con uno de los padres” 1,682 (1,072 – 2,641); en “Huamanga” 1,767 (1,119 – 2,790); en ambos sexos “tener algún defecto físico” y “padres reaccionan con violencia cuando se portan mal” fueron los factores de riesgo más importantes. Formas de victimización más reportadas en ambos sexos fueron “te pusieron apodos” y “has sido discriminado”. Predominó en varones, las formas directas como “te llamaron homosexual” y “has sido golpeado”; y en mujeres las indirectas. Conclusiones. La victimización escolar es problema importante. En mujeres estuvo asociada con características individuales y familiares; y en varones con la seguridad escolar. Las formas directas de victimización se relacionaron con varones.
International comparison of manifestations and tendencies of registered juvenile delinquency in Lithuania
Authors: Sakalauskas Gintautas , Kalpokas Vaidas , Buzaitytė-Kašalynienė Jolita , Švedaitė-Sakalauskė Birutė
Published: October 2022

In the article manifestations of registered juvenile delinquency, its‘ structure and tendencies in Lithuania are analyzed, Lithuanian indicators are also compared with the indicators of other European countries. The comparative study shows large differences in registered juvenile delinquency, which are primarily determined by different scopes of criminalization of delinquency, different intensity of formal control, as well as different rules for registering juvenile delinquency. The absolute indicators of registered juvenile criminal offences in Lithuania have been decreasing for the past two decades, and the relative indicators of registered juvenile criminal behavior have also been consistently decreasing for the last five years. 2020–2021 the number of administrative offenses committed by minors in Lithuania also decreased, which is primarily associated with restrictions in public life introduced due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Serious violent crimes by minors, characterized by low latency, are often widely described in the media, and constitute a small part of the structure of crimes committed by minors in Lithuania, and the number of murders is consistently decreasing – in 2021 it was the smallest during the entire period of independent Lithuania – only one murder was registered. After completing this study, it can be said that the indicators of registered juvenile delinquency compared to other countries should be seen first of all as an output of the juvenile behavior control mechanisms operating in each country, which tells little about the real extent of juvenile delinquency. The minor juvenile delinquency is more latent and its rates should be first evaluated. Cases of serious delinquency are characterized by a much lower latency, but in this case too, in order to compare registered delinquency, it is necessary to simultaneously assess complex differences in criminal prosecution between countries.
Moral Self-Realization in Kant and Spinoza
Authors: Kozyra Wojciech
Published: October 2022

Spinoza and Kant are considered to be polar opposites with respect to ethics. The radical difference between them is supposed to consist in Spinoza’s ethical egoism, or interest-based Strebensethik, and Kant’s duty-cantered, deontological Sollensethik. I challenge this opposition and argue that both in Kant and Spinoza we deal with a notion of the self’s realization that is “interest”-based and therefore does not involve self-sacrifice. I show, on the one hand, that the streben in Spinoza’s Strebensethik consists in realising one’s essentially human interest, which resides in ethical-rational action, and, on the other hand, that sollen in Kant’s Sollensethik is in fact a streben of the Kantian “proper self” (eigentliches Selbst) after the realization of its ethical-rational interest.
Dampak Pelaksanaan Merdeka Belajar: Kampus Merdeka Di Universitas Trilogi
Authors: Herawati Aty , Utomo Kabul Wahyu , Setiawan Rudi , Subekti Rizki Dito
Published: October 2022

Education is a step of liberation through knowledge. The Ministry of Education and Culture seeks to promote the liberalization of the education system through various efforts through Permendikbud No. 3 of 2020 concerning National Standards for Higher Education. Universities must be able to provide changes to students and have readiness before completing education. This study discusses the impact that results from the implementation of the Merdeka Learning Campus Merdeka. Using a qualitative research method with a descriptive approach with data collection through the distribution of survey forms to the entire academic community of Trilogy University. The results show that the majority of the academic community, both Lecturers, Students, and Education Personnel, are aware of the MBKM program. This program is expected to provide benefits to the economic and social aspects, one of which is entrepreneurship. This is because the Trilogy University campus places great emphasis on all students having an entrepreneurial spirit. This principle is in accordance with the vision and mission of the university.Keywords: MBKM; Qualitative; Entrepreneurship Abstrak:Pendidikan adalah langkah pembebasan melalui ilmu pengetahuan. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan berupaya menggalakkan pembesasan sistem pendidikan dengan berbagai upaya melalui Permendikbud Nomor 3 Tahun 2020 tentang Standar Nasional Pendidikan Tinggi. Universitas harus mampu memberikan perubahan kepada peserta didik dan mempunyai kesiapan sebelum menyelesaikan pendidikan. Penelitian ini membahas tentang dampak yang hasilkan dari pelaksanaan Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka. Menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif dengan pengumpulan data melalui penyebaran borang survei kepada seluruh sivitas akademika Universitas Trilogi. Hasil menunjukkan mayoritas sivitas akademika, baik Dosen, Mahasiswa maupun Tenaga Kependidikan mengetahui program MBKM. Dengan adanya program ini diharapkan dapat memberikan manfaat kepada aspek ekonomi dan sosial salah satunya adalah kewirausahaan. Hal ini karena kampus Universitas Trilogi sangat menekankan kepada seluruh mahasiswa untuk berjiwa wirausaha. Prinsip ini sesuai dengan visi dan misi yang dimiliki universitas.Keywords: MBKM; Kualitatif; Kewirausahaan
A Comparison of Methods Examining Time-to-Readmission in the First Year of Life
Authors: Milliren Carly E. , Melvin Patrice , Ozonoff Al
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Readmissions analyses typically calculate time-to-readmission relative to hospital discharge. For newborns, this definition can be challenging when comparing groups with disparate birth stays. We compare 2 approaches to calculate readmissions and examine 1 year readmissions for newborns with versus without neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome (NOWS; mean length of stay = 17 vs 2 days).

METHODS

Using birth discharge data from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS), we compared crude and adjusted 1 year readmissions by NOWS diagnosis using Cox regression models predicting time-to-readmission from: (1) birth discharge; and (2) birth (day-of-life), with left truncation allowing for delayed entry into the at-risk period at birth discharge.

RESULTS

We included N = 155 885 birth discharges (n = 1467 with NOWS). At 1 year, 10% of infants with NOWS versus 6% without had been readmitted. Readmission risk was highest within 1 week since discharge or birth for newborns without NOWS, whereas those with NOWS were at higher risk later into infancy. NOWS was associated with a higher adjusted hazard of 1 year readmissions since discharge (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]=1.58; 95% CI: 1.20–2.08) and a higher adjusted hazard of 1 year readmissions since birth (aHR = 1.56; 95% CI: 1.21–2.03). Estimates vary by choice of index date, particularly at early time-points, converging later into infancy.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings underscore the importance of methodological decisions for newborn readmissions. Although results were similar at 1 year with nearly identical adjusted hazards, approaches differed substantially through the neonatal period.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Perinatal Health of Infants Conceived by ART
Authors: Lisonkova Sarka , Ukah Ugochinyere Vivian , John Sid , Yearwood Lauren , Muraca Giulia M , Razaz Neda , Sabr Yasser , Yong Paul J , Bedaiwy Mohamed A.
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Although racial and ethnic disparities in adverse birth outcomes have been well documented, it is unknown whether such disparities diminish in women who use medically assisted reproduction (MAR). We examined differences in the association between maternal race and ethnicity and adverse birth outcomes among women who conceived spontaneously and those who used MAR, including assisted reproduction technology (ART), eg, in-vitro fertilization, and also non-ART MAR, eg, fertility drugs.

METHODS

We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using data on all singleton births (N = 7 545 805) in the United States from 2016 to 2017. The outcomes included neonatal and fetal death, preterm birth, and serious neonatal morbidity, among others. Modified Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted rate ratios (aRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and to assess the interactions between race and ethnicity and mode of conception.

RESULTS

Overall, 93 469 (1.3%) singletons were conceived by MAR. Neonatal mortality was twofold higher among infants of non-Hispanic Black versus non-Hispanic White women in the spontaneous-conception group (aRR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.8–1.9), whereas in the ART-conception group, neonatal mortality was more than fourfold higher in infants of non-Hispanic Black women (aRR = 4.1, 95% CI: 2.9–5.9). Racial and ethnic disparities between Hispanic versus non-Hispanic White women were also significantly larger among women who conceived using MAR with regard to preterm birth (<34 weeks) and perinatal mortality.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared to women who conceived spontaneously, racial and ethnic disparities in adverse perinatal outcomes were larger in women who used MAR. More research is needed to identify preventive measures for reducing risks among vulnerable women who use medically assisted reproduction.
Simon Egbert & Matthias Leese: Criminal Futures
Authors: Poechhacker Nikolaus
Published: October 2022

Simon Egbert & Matthias Leese: Criminal Futures. Predictive Policing and Everyday Police Work (Routledge, 2021), 231 Seiten. Eine Rezension / a review von Nikolaus Poechhacker. Egbert & Leese (2021) liefern mit ihrer umfassenden Studie über Predictive Policing einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Diskussion über die fortschreitende Digitalisierung und Algorithmisierung der Polizeiarbeit. Ziel des Buches ist es, Predictive Policing als eine Reihe zusammenhängender sozio-technischer Praktiken zu verstehen. Die Autoren diskutieren umfangreiches empirisches Material im Kontext der Akteur-Netzwerk-Theorie (ANT) und versuchen, Erkenntnisse aus der (kritischen) Kriminologie, der Soziologie und den Wissenschafts- und Technologiestudien (STS) miteinander zu verbinden. Während des gesamten Buches folgen die Autoren dem Fluss der Daten und den verschiedenen Akteuren durch den Prozess der Entwicklung und Durchführung von Predictive Policing. Durch eine konsequente Darstellung der unterschiedlichen Übersetzungsschritte stellen die Autoren klar dar, wie prädiktive Polizeiarbeit die Praxis der Polizeiarbeit verändert. Insbesondere der vorgeschlagene STS-Ansatz ist sehr überzeugend und fügt dem Feld eine neue und wichtige Perspektive hinzu.
Ernst Fuchs (1851-1930) and the Worldwide Renown of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology around 1900
Authors: Schmidt-Wyklicky Gabriela
Published: October 2022

For the first time, a complete scientific monograph dealing with the life and work of the ophthalmologist Ernst Fuchs (1851-1930) is presented. Not only within the Vienna School of Ophthalmology, but even internationally, he is considered the most important Austrian ophthalmologist from the turn of the 19th to the 20th century. Following the new guidelines issued by the 2nd Vienna Medical School, Fuchs based his understanding of eye diseases on the pathological changes in the ocular tissues uncovered by his extensive histological research. Thus, Fuchs was able to identify numerous new ocular diseases, most of them still bearing his name. Due to his innovative teaching and his Text-book of Ophthalmology, which was translated into English, French, Italian, Spanish, Russian, Japanese and Chinese, Fuchs gained the highest appreciation worldwide. As a pioneer initiative, Fuchs expanded the range of courses offered by the Vienna Medical Faculty by establishing summer courses in ophthalmology in the English language, which, from 1879 onwards, became a regular institution. Thus, Fuchs gathered at his clinic a great number of disciples from all over the world. Up to the beginning of World War I, they transferred the doctrines of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology to their home countries and often founded eye clinics according to the model of their teacher. After his voluntary retirement in 1915, extensive travel enabled Fuchs to visit his former disciples on all continents of the world except Australia. For several weeks he held postgraduate courses and lectures on special topics. The main destinations of his international teaching were the USA, Japan, and China. Through all these achievements, Fuchs raised the Vienna School of Ophthalmology to the international leading position within this specialty for five decades.
Like high cholesterol, population decline is a problem, but not in the way you might think...
Authors: Sigle Wendy
Published: October 2022

The prospect of population decline in Europe is commonly understood to be an important policy problem. Discussions and research typically focus on the level and the trend of demographic indicators. Can policies be designed which, by targeting the constrained optimisation of rational individuals, cause the indicators to change in the right direction? In this intervention, I argue that like a surrogate marker in medicine, a demographic indicator is not a meaningful endpoint: something that is a direct measure of health or, analogously, a healthy society. Treating population indicators as meaningful endpoints can, as history has shown, lead to great harm. In my view, it is this misconception that makes population decline a truly serious and terrifying problem. So yes, population decline is a problem, but not in the way you, or the people who pose this sort of question, might think.
The Last Four Decades of Research on Wills in Hungary
Authors: Horváth József
Published: October 2022

In recent decades, there has been growing interest in the use of wills as historical sources. This period has seen a tenfold increase in the number of source publication volumes and editions published by Hungarian researchers, and an even greater increase in the number of wills published in their entirety. In the period under review, around 70 researchers have been actively working with this source type: besides the archivists spearheading their publication, dozens of legal historians, historians, and ethnographers have been involved in the work. Following an overview of the most important historical research antecedents and a brief appreciation of the work of Ernő Tárkány Szücs in this field, the present study examines the respective work carried out in Hungary during the last four decades, grouped according to the researched periods. With the publication of the Prothocollum Testamentorum of Bratislava, the number of published wills from the late Middle Ages significantly increased, while important findings have also emerged in terms of research on the wills of the nobility. From the early Middle Ages, a significant selection has been made from among the extant testaments originating from various royal free cities (e.g., Nagyszombat [Trnava, Slovakia], Sopron, and Debrecen) and market towns (e.g., Gyöngyös, Győr, and Kecskemét), while a significant number of wills belonging to the Transylvanian nobility have also been published. While large numbers of extant testaments originating from market towns (Nyíregyháza, Szentes, Vác, Zalaegerszeg, etc.) in the 18th and 19th centuries have been published, important publications have also appeared containing the wills of the nobility, clergy, and village serfs. The vast majority of such volumes have included a longer or shorter introductory study, although we might also mention the dozens of important analytical essays published in volumes of collected studies, which illustrate the value of testaments as sources in the fields of social, economic, cultural, ecclesiastical, and legal history.
Renaissance humanism in the age of the Jagiellonian kings in Hungary (1490–1526)
Authors: Kiss Farkas Gábor
Published: October 2022

The present study offers a re-evaluation of literary production in Hungary under the Jagiellonian kings Wladislas II and Louis II. Traditionally, the literary works produced in this period have been contrasted to the blossoming of humanist literature under King Matthias, and disregarded in many respects. The aim of this study is to make a survey of the main authors and other agents of the literary culture of this period and to stress that this age experienced an unseen growth and expansion in late medieval and humanist scholarly and lay culture. While János Horváth called the authors of this period “humanists with party allegiances”, I argue that their stronger “party allegiance” is, in fact, the direct result of the steady growth in the number of intellectuals with a modern, humanistic educational outlook, and of a less centralized state.
«Christus in fide adest». Cristo presente en el creyente o la teología de la deificación en Lutero
Authors: Urbano López de Meneses Pedro
Published: October 2022

1. EL REDESCUBRIMIENTO DE LA TEOLOGÍA DE LUTERO SOBRE LA THEOSIS. a. La óptica de la escuela finesa. b. La crítica de la escuela finesa a la interpretación anterior. 2. LA TRADICIÓN DE LA THEOSIS Y LA DOCTRINA LUTERANA. a. La tradición mística alemana. b. La teología escolástica de la gracia. c. La raíz agustiniana de la «theosis ». d. La crítica de Lutero a la mística neoplatónica. 3. CHRISTUS IN FIDE ADEST. LA PRESENCIA DE CRISTO EN EL CREYENTE. a. La relación entre la «theosis» y la justificación del cristiano. b. «Fides Christo formata». c. La fe y la presencia de Cristo. d. La fe y la gracia. e. Gracia y justificación luteranas. 4. «MYSTICA» Y «THEOSIS». a. La mística de la fe que hace presente a Cristo. b. La «vis effectiva» del amor. c. La unión con Dios «extra se». d. La oscuridad del amor. 5. BALANCE DE LA THEOSIS LUTERANA.
La Trinidad y la Eucaristía
Authors: Abad José Antonio
Published: October 2022

SUMARIO: I. LA TRINIDAD EN LA LITURGIA PRIMITIVA. 1. La oración litúrgica, cuna de la Trinidad económica. 2. Las doxologías. 3. La norma litúrgica. 4. Profesiones de fe. II. LA TRINIDAD EN LA LITURGIA EUCARÍSTICA. 1. Estructura trinitaria de las primitivas oraciones eucarísticas. El estadio de la plegaria eucarística improvisada. La primera plegaria eucarística escrita. La plegaria eucarística de Addai y Mari. Praxis normativa posterior. 2. Dinámica trinitaria de las primeras plegarias eucarísticas. 3. Estructura y dimensión trinitaria de las plegarias eucarísticas del periodo posniceno. La quiebra teológica de la concepción trinitaria. La recuperación del camino primigenio. III. REFLEXIONES CONCLUSIVAS.
Santidad y Sacerdocio. Del Antiguo al Nuevo Testamento
Authors: Varo Francisco
Published: October 2022

SANTIDAD Y SACERDOCIO EN EL ANTIGUO TESTAMENTO. Desde los orígenes hasta el Destierro. Durante la época persa. Durante la época helenística. JESUCRISTO ANTE LA SANTIDAD Y EL SACERDOCIO DE SU ÉPOCA. SANTIDAD Y SACERDOCIO DE JESUCRISTO. SANTIDAD Y SACERDOCIO CRISTIANO. Santidad y sacerdocio común. Santidad y sacerdocio ministerial.
Notas sobre el lenguaje cristológico de Gregorio de Nisa
Authors: Mateo-Seco Lucas F.
Published: October 2022

I. El lenguaje cristológico en la literatura Espiritual del Niseno. El nombre de Cristo e la Espiritualidad cristiana. El significado del nombre de Cristo. La unidad de Cristo. II. El lenguaje cristológico en los ecritos dogmáticos. La Oratio Catechetica Magna. El tercer libro del Contra Eunomium. El Adversus Apolinarium.
Rito, culto, cultura. En los márgenes de la encíclica "Ecclesia de Eucharistia"
Authors: Gutiérrez-Martín José Luis
Published: October 2022

A propósito de la encíclica Ecclesia de Eucharistia de Juan Pablo II, el autor estudia el carácter ritual de la celebración litúrgica. Tras constatar la profunda dimensión cultural del rito, se pregunta si es suficiente una aproximación fenomenológica para comprender la naturaleza última de la celebración litúrgica, o si esta trasciende en realidad toda posible interpretación meramente antropológica. Concluye, por último, afirmando que, pese a todo, la atención al rito resulta determinante no sólo para una adecuada intelección de la liturgia, sino también para la articulación de una correcta teología, por su carácter de elemento estructural del acontecer actual del misterio salvífico.
La antropología teológica de Rudolf Bultmann
Authors: Chapa Juan
Published: October 2022

Es casi un lugar común afirmar que Bultmann reduce la teología a una antropología. Para el teólogo de Marburgo hablar de Dios es sólo posible al hablar del hombre: Dios sólo es conocido como determinando la existencia humana en el mundo. El presente trabajo se centra en esta cuestión poniendo de manifiesto algunos presupuestos teológicos y antropológicos que se detectan en su obra. Se muestra cómo la tradición luterana de la que es deudor conduce a Bultmann a una concepción del hombre marcadamente negativa, acentuada por la interpretación existencial del Nuevo Testamento.
Hacia una teología personalista del Reino de Dios
Authors: Alviar José
Published: October 2022

Este artículo reexamina la densa noción de «Reino» en la Sagrada Escritura, en la literatura patrística y en algunos documentos magisteriales recientes. Se centra en la relación específica entre Dios y los hombres que indica el término. Esta relación no es una simple relación entre soberano y súbditos, como aparece en el Antiguo Testamento, sino también —según la revelación neotestamentaria— una relación entre padre e hijos obrada por el Espíritu Santo.
Temas centrales del diálogo ciencia-fe en la actualidad.
Authors: Arana Juan
Published: October 2022

El trabajo quiere presentar los retos actuates en el diálogo entre la fe y la ciencia. Los retos no se encuentran en el descubrir temas comunes donde establecer el dialogo, sino en la actitud que deben adoptar el cientifico y el teólogo ante las cuestiones que se les plantean desde la otra parte. El teologo que escucha las conclusiones del conocimiento cientifico esta en mejores condiciones de dar razón de su fe, hoy. El cientifico cristiano que conoce la articulación de la fe tiene los horizontes de conocimiento mucho mas despejados. La cuesti6n se aplica a varios aspectos actuates en este dialogo: el cuerpo y el alma, la relacion de Dios con el mundo, el conocimiento de Dios a partir de lo creado, etc.
Cristianismo y opción por el «lógos»
Authors: Vigo Alejandro G.
Published: October 2022

La opción por la razón es una de las características del cristianismo como religión. En este sentido se distingue del atavismo de otras religiones. Se entienden también otras cosas, como el valor que se concede a la analogía en el conocimiento de Dios. Sin embargo, las relaciones entre la razón y la revelación cristiana, comportan una purificación de ambas partes. Diversos pensadores modernos (Adorno, Horkheimer, Husserl, Heidegger) han señalado que la noción moderna de razón, necesita un purificación a la luz de las preguntas últimas: origen y destino del hombre, apertura a la trascendencia, etc. En la misma línea se pronunció recientemente Benedicto XVI.
Cristo revela el hombre al propio hombre
Authors: O'Callaghan Paul
Published: October 2022

El estudio reflexiona sobre la afirmación de Gaudium et spes, n. 22: «Cristo manifiesta el hombre al propio hombre». Una lectura demasiado simple, meramente asimilativa, de la expresión podría llevar a entender el ser humano como simple reflejo de Cristo, como Cristo lo es de Dios. Esto es un error, ya que desde el punto de vista noético hay una significativa discontinuidad entre el hombre y Cristo, y entre Cristo y Dios. De ahí que, como ya mostró Juan Pablo II en su encíclica Redemptor hominis (1979), sea más correcto entender que Cristo revela al hombre lo que es el hombre cuando le conduce a la conversión y a la fe. En el interior de este proceso, entendido obviamente en contexto escatológico, el cristiano descubre en Cristo el «principio unificador» de toda la antropología.
Racionalidad de la apertura a la vida y anticoncepción
Authors: Pardo José María
Published: October 2022

Desde la publicación en 1968 de Humanae vitae, el estudio teológico sobre la anticoncepción ha posibilitado nuevas argumentaciones para profundizar en las enseñanzas de la Encíclica de Pablo VI. Este trabajo intenta, desde la perspectiva racional y, en concreto, desde la virtud de la castidad, colaborar en el desafío de mostrar que la razón y la fe son las dos alas para poder alcanzar la auténtica verdad y el pleno significado de la sexualidad humana.
Palabra y Eucaristía
Authors: Arocena Solano Félix María
Published: October 2022

El misterio pascual de Jesucristo no habría sido comprendido como evento salvífico en favor de los hombres si no hubiera existido la experiencia de la última Cena, en la cual Jesús reveló a los Apóstoles el verdadero significado de su Cuerpo entregado y de su Sangre derramada. En este sentido, así como la última Cena fue interpretación del misterio pascual, así la mesa eucarística realiza hoy la hermenéutica litúrgica de las perícopas del Leccionario que se proclaman. En cada palabra y en cada gesto de Jesús está presente el misterio pascual como el todo está presente en el fragmento. El modo de interpretar la Biblia en la celebración consiste en leerla y comprenderla desde el misterio de Cristo. Esto es lo característico de la aproximación litúrgica a la Escritura.
Abusos sexuales de menores. Consideraciones sobre el derecho de defensa y la colaboración con la autoridad civil
Authors: Nuñez Gerardo
Published: October 2022

La nueva legislación sobre los delitos de abusos a menores, contenidas en las normas del 2010, promulgada por la Congregación para la Doctrina de la Fe, recoge la experiencia de estos últimos decenios. En este artículo se explicará el procedimiento canónico tanto administrativo como judicial, así como algunos de los interrogantes que se plantean en su aplicación: derecho de defensa (la necesidad de asistencia de abogado y la publicidad de las pruebas) y la colaboración con la autoridad civil auspicada por la propia Iglesia.
Actividad fibrinolítica del factor contacto
Authors: Anar J. , López Borrasca A. , Macarulla J.M.
Published: October 2022

Se ha estudiado la actividad fibrinolítica del factor contacto (FO). Se demuestra que el mismo es un fibrinolitico de tipo indirecto que desarrolla su acción activando al proactivador plasmático y al plasminógeno. Dicho estudio se ha realizado utilizando como técnica de experimentación, la placa de fibrina preparada con fibrinógeno bovino.

Sobre la misma se incuba el eluido de FC, valorándose los resultados en relación con las áreas de lisis obtenidas en cada experiencia.
Medio siglo de medicina de cabecera
Authors: Sardaña Jesús
Published: October 2022

Aunque las lecciones que se publican en esta Sección de la Revista se suelen modificar antes de su publicación para adaptarlas a la forma escrita, la conferencia del Dr. Sardaña que hoy nos complacemos en reproducir en nuestras páginas posee un sello tan personal que hemos preferido darla a la luz tal como él la pronunció, sin atrevernos a alterar nada en la transcripción de la misma.
Regulación hepática del metabolismo periférico de las hormonas tiroideas
Authors: Muñoz M.
Published: October 2022

El hígado participa en todos los mecanismos que ocasionan la degradación periférica de las hormonas tiroideas.

La primera etapa de esta degradación parece ser la trasaminación o desaminación oxidativa que convierte a las distintas tironinas y a sus metabolitos en sus derivados de los ácidos acético y pirúvico.

A continuación tendría lugar la desiodación que se efectuaría por medio de dos sistemas enzimáticos relativamente específicos.

Primeramente actuaría la tiroxindeshalogenasa que desplazaría los átomos de iodo de las posiciones 3' y 5', dando como producto intermedio la 3,5 diiodotironina, luego desplazaría a los átomos de iodo desde estas últimas posiciones para dar lugar a la tironina como producto final de su actividad. Según estudios recientes parece ser que las tironinas todavía iodadas sufrían la rotura del puente éter difenilico. El radical fenilo daría origen a los derivados p- u o-quinonas, mientras que el anillo fenilo iodado (DIT) sufriría la desiodación por medio acaso de la tirosindesiodasa.

La conjugación con el ácido glucorónico de las hormonas tiroideas y sus parece significar principalmente un mecanismo de eliminación de estos productos. Sin embargo, los glucoronconjugados de la tiroxina y triiodotironina participan ampliamente en la circulación enterohepática y en cierto modo regulan el nivel de hormona en el plasma.

Los sulfoconjugados representan una reserva hormonal periférica, según la opinión de muchos autores. Este mecanismo es más evidente para el conjugado de la triiodotironina.

Actualmente varios grupos de investigadores tratan de aclarar la naturaleza de un complejo proteico que incluye a la tiroxina y que aparece siempre en el origen de los cromatogramas.
Influencia de la anfetamina sobre el efecto emético de la apomorfina
Authors: Jiménez Vargas J. , González Barón S. , Asirán M.
Published: October 2022

En un estudio experimental en perros se investiga la posible interacción de anfetamina y apomorfina sobre la respuesta emética. En perros normales intactos, la inyección subcutánea de anfetamina previa a la apomorfina produce potenciación del efecto emético de la apomorfina en grado variable según la dosis. Con dosis bajas de anfetamina el efecto no es significativo, pero con dosis de 0,5 mg y 1 mg/Kg de anfetamina es significativo.
Lipomas submocosos de colon
Authors: Lera J. M. , Gómez-Portilla A. , Fakih A. , Vicente F. , Zornoza G.
Published: October 2022

Se presentan tres casos de lipoma sintomático de colon.

Los tres eran submucosos y causaron un cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal, alteración del ritmo intestinal y en dos de ellos rectorragias.

Los tres pacientes tuvieron una pérdida de peso importante desde el comienzo de los síntomas hasta la intervención, dato no recogido en la literatura revisada. Dos de ellos asociaban una diverticulosis cólica.

El diagnóstico se basa en la radiología y la endoscopia. Fueron tratados con éxito con resección segmentaria de colon.
El Síndrome de Wolff-Parkinson-White
Authors: Martínez-Caro Diego
Published: October 2022

Se presentan cuatro casos de síndrome de WPW, uno en un sujeto joven sin aparente lesión cardíaca, los otros tres en adultos con signos más o menos evidentes de cardiopatía.

Tres de los cuatro casos presentan crisis de taquicardia paroxística. En uno de ellos ha sido posible un detallado estudio de las mismas y de su tratamiento, recogiéndose formas de transición, de gran interés para la interpretación del síndrome.

Se discute a la luz de dichos trazados las características del síndrome y las tres principales teorías patogénicas que sobre él se han propuesto. Una gran parte de los datos obtenidos encuentran fácil interpretación mediante la teoría de la conducción acelerada de Prinzmetal.

Se sugiere que éste podría ser el mecanismo de las formas adquiridas del síndrome, pudiendo ser en cambio, un fascículo auriculo-ventricular aberrante, el responsable de las formas congénitas.
Formas mixtas de Pequeño Mal atípico en dos hermanos. Consideraciones etiopatogénicas
Authors: Martínez-Lage J. M. , Molina P. , Posada J. T. , De la Herrán J. L.
Published: October 2022

Se estudian clínica y electroencefalográficamente dos casos de Pequeño Mal atípico mixto que presentan dos hermanos de cuatro y ocho años de edad y se hacen diversas consideraciones etiopatogénicas discutiendo fundamentalmente qué factor común - genético, adquirido o mixto- pudo haber actuado y ser responsable de la aparición de ambos síndromes.
La laparoscopia como medio de diagnóstico de las enfermedades hepáticas
Authors: Gómez de la Cruz A.
Published: October 2022

El autor preconiza una mayor difusión en el uso del laparoscopio para el diagnóstico de las enfermedades hepáticas, ya que según su experiencia personal, ha resuelto bastantes diagnósticos, clínicamente insolubles gracias a este método de exploración.