bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Core–shell titanium@silica nanoparticles impregnating in poly (itaconic acid)/poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) microgel for multifunctional cellulosic fabrics
Authors: Mohamed Amina L. , Hassabo Ahmed G.
Published: February 2022

A novel method for multi-finishing cellulosic fabrics is based on the consolidation of a thin layer of active material containing micro-gels, titanium nanoparticles and silica. The titanium@silica core–shell particles were synthesized and characterized for their morphological, structural, and compositional properties using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The nanoparticles are approximately 250 nm in size and have a spherical shape. A microgel/titanium@silica nanoparticles composite was prepared mixing with the gel produced from copolymerizing N-isopropyl acrylamide with itaconic acid and then it was characterized. The prepared gel is characterized to be pH and temperature-sensitive. Pad dry cure from the emulsion was used to applied the prepared gel with and without titanium nanoparticles to the cellulosic fabric. Fabric treated with a gel containing and without titanium nanoparticles was tested for antibacterial properties, ultraviolet protection, temperature, and pH sensitivity. According to the evaluation, treated fabric with titanium nanoparticles has better antibacterial, ultraviolet protection, and is more sensitive to pH and temperature than treated fabric without titanium nanoparticles, and both treated fabrics outperform the untreated one.
Perceptions, beliefs and behaviors of nutritional and supplementary practices in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Sinclair Jonathan , Dillon Stephanie , Bottoms Lindsay
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To gain insight into the behaviors, perceptions and beliefs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients nutritional and supplementary practices and also to explore perceptions and behaviors in relation to anti-inflammatory supplementation with specific emphasis on Montmorency tart cherries.

Methods

80 IBD patients completed a 16-item close-ended questionnaire which was divided into three sub-sections: baseline/demographic characteristics, disease characteristics and dietary and supplementary perceptions, beliefs and behaviors. One-sample chi-square goodness of fit tests were used for each question and two-way Pearson chi-square tests of independence were used to undertake bivariate cross-tabulation comparisons to test differences in responses to each question between baseline/demographic variables.

Results

The majority of participants (N = 40) did not follow a specific dietary pattern or use supplements (N = 56). Respondents also predominantly rated that diet can both positively (N = 66) and negatively (N = 68) influence IBD. In addition, participants rated that supplements can positively influence IBD (N = 65) and that lack of scientific evidence was the primary mechanism preventing them from utilizing supplements (N = 34). Finally, patients also strongly reported that they would be willing to take Montmorency tart cherry supplementation (N = 73).

Conclusions

The disconnect between behavior and beliefs in both diet and supplementary practices, indicate that interventions designed to translate beliefs/knowledge into behaviors are warranted. There is also a necessity to undertake well-designed intervention trials examining the efficacy of food supplements, and with patient’s willingness to take Montmorency tart cherry, there is a strong rationale for future randomized trials examining the efficacy of tart cherry supplementation in IBD.
Analysis of the Weighted Kappa and Its Maximum with Markov Moves
Authors: Rapallo Fabio
Published: February 2022

In this paper, the notion of Markov move from algebraic statistics is used to analyze the weighted kappa indices in rater agreement problems. In particular, the problem of the maximum kappa and its dependence on the choice of the weighting schemes are discussed. The Markov moves are also used in a simulated annealing algorithm to actually find the configuration of maximum agreement.
Predicting the peak particle velocity from rock blasting operations using Bayesian approach
Authors: Aladejare Adeyemi Emman , Lawal Abiodun Ismail , Onifade Moshood
Published: February 2022

Measuring the blast-induced ground vibration at blasting sites is very important, to plan and avoid adverse effects of blasting in terms of the peak particle velocity (PPV). However, the measurement of PPV often requires time, cost, and logistic commitment, which may not be economical for small-scale mining operations. This has prompted the development of numerous regression equations in the literature to estimate PPV from a relatively easier to estimate scaled distance (SD) measurement. With numerous regression equations available in the literature, there is a challenge of how to select the appropriate model for a specific blasting site, more so that rocks behave differently from site to site because of different geological processes that rocks are subjected to. This study develops a method that selects appropriate models for specific blasting sites by comparing the evidence and occurrence probability of different regression models. The appropriate model is the model with the highest evidence and occurrence probability given the available blasting site SD data. The selected model is then integrated with prior knowledge and available blasting SD data in Bayesian framework for probabilistic characterization of PPV. The SD and PPV data at the opencast coal mine, Jharia coalfield in the Dhanbad district of Jharkhand, India, is used to illustrate and validate the approach. The mean and standard deviation of simulated PPV samples from the proposed approach are 12.38 mm/s and 7.36 mm/s, respectively, which are close to the mean of 12.03 mm/s and standard deviation of 9.24 mm/s estimated from the measured PPV at the site. In addition, the probability distribution of the simulated PPV samples is consistent with the probability distribution of the measured PPV at the blasting site.
The Role of Patch Testing in Evaluating Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions to Medications
Authors: Woodruff Carina M. , Botto Nina
Published: February 2022

Confirming drug imputability is an important step in the management of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (CADR). Re-challenge is inconvenient and in many cases life threatening. We review the literature on ideal patch testing technique for specific CADRs. Testing should be performed approximately 3 months after the resolution of the eruption using standard patch testing techniques. Commercially available patch test preparations are available for a minority of drugs, so in most cases, testing should be performed with the drug at various recommended concentrations and in different vehicles. Testing to all known excipients, such as dyes, vehicles and preservatives is also important. Immunosuppressive medications should be discontinued or down titrated to the lowest tolerable dose to decrease the risk of false negative reactions. We provide an overview of expert recommendations and extant evidence on the utility of patch testing for identifying the culprit drug in common CADRs and for specific drug or drug classes. Overall, there appears to be significant variability in the patch test positivity of different drugs, which is likely the result of factors intrinsic to the drug such as dermal absorption (as a function of lipophilicity and molecular size) and whether the drug itself or a downstream metabolite is implicated in the immune reaction. Drugs with high patch test positivity rates include beta-lactam antibiotics, aromatic anticonvulsants, phenytoin, and corticosteroids, among others. Patch testing positivity varies both as a function of the drug and type of CADR. The sum of the evidence suggests that patch testing in the setting of morbilliform eruptions, fixed drug eruption, acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis, and possibly also drug-induced hypersensitivity syndrome, photoallergic and eczematous reactions may be worthwhile, although utility of testing may vary on the specific drug in question for the eruption. It appears to be of limited utility and is not recommended in the setting of other complex CADR, such as SJS/TEN and leukocytoclastic vasculitis.
Impact of transforming growth factor beta 1 on normal and thyroid cancer side population cells
Authors: Latar Nani Md , Mahkamova Kamilla , Elson Joanna , Karnik Isha , Sutherland Rachel , Aspinall Sebastian , Meeson Annette
Published: February 2022

Purpose

To determine the impact of exogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) on side population (SP) cells isolated from normal, papillary thyroid cancer and anaplastic thyroid cancer cell lines and from human thyroid tissues.

Methods

All cell populations were stained with Hoechst 33342 and analysed using dual wavelength flow cytometry to identify SP cells. This SP assay was used to assess the impact of TGF-β1 treatment and withdrawal of treatment on SP percentages. Semi-quantitative and quantitative PCR were used for molecular analysis of cells pre and post TGF-β1 treatment.

Results

All cell lines expressed mRNA for both TGFB1 and its receptors, as well as showing variable expression of CDH1 and CDH2, with expressing of CDH1 being highest and CDH2 being lowest in the normal cell line. Exposure to exogenous TGF-β1 resulted in a reduction in mRNA expression of ABCG2 compared to controls which was significant between control and treated cancer cell lines. SP cells were isolated from primary human thyroid tissues, with numbers being significantly higher in papillary thyroid cancers. Exposure to TGF-β1 decreased the SP percentage in both thyroid cancer cell lines and completely abrogated these cells in the primary papillary thyroid cancer cultures. On withdrawal of TGF-β1 the SP phenotype was restored in the cancer cell lines and SP percentages increased to above that of untreated cells.

Conclusions

TGF-β1 exposure transiently regulates thyroid cancer SP cells, leading to a reduction in SP percentages, while withdrawal of TGF-β1 results in restoration of the SP phenotype.
“I” get license but “we” keep consistent: The role of self-construal in subsequent pro-environmental decision
Authors: Xiong Shasha , Wang Kui , Zhang Lei , Xiao Haowen
Published: February 2022

How to motivate consumers to maintain environmentally responsible consumption choice rather than occasional green consumption is an important component of sustainability within modern society. Yet, past literature provides two contradictory routes for sequential pro-environmental decisions: consistency effect and licensing effect. The consistency effect builds on follows the logics of self-perception theory and implies that consumers tend to repeat their prior environmentally responsible and irresponsible decisions; the licensing effect follows a goal-based logic to highlight that past pro-environmental behaviour produces a “license” to engage in less pro-environmental behaviour. To reconcile these contradictory predictions, this study extends the existing literature by following a consistent, goal-based logic in theory and exploring self-construal as a moderator that switches from one mode of sequential pro-environmental decisions to the other. Three experimental studies affirm that self-consistency effect occurs for consumers with an accessible interdependent self-construal, but licensing effect is more pronounced for consumers with an accessible independent self-construal. In addition, the interdependent- consistency effect will be stronger and the independent-licensing effect will be weaker if consumers are reminded of high tendency of others’ pro-environmental behaviour in the first decision. Together, these results shed light on the downstream consequences for consumers of pro-environmental choice, with implications for the marketing and regulation of such products.
Components of engagement in saying-is-believing exercises
Authors: Lee Hye Rin , Santana Lisabeth M. , McPartlan Peter , Eccles Jacquelynne S.
Published: February 2022

The saying-is-believing effect is an important step for changing students’ attitudes and beliefs in a wise intervention. However, most studies have not closely examined the process of the saying-is-believing effect when individuals are engaged in the activity. Using a qualitative approach, the present study uses an engagement framework to investigate (a) components of engagement in the saying-is-believing effect; and (b) how differently students may engage in a saying-is-believing exercise. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 undergraduates in a scholarship program for low-income transfer students from community college. Analysis using inductive and deductive approaches found that students varied on the extent to which they experienced the effectiveness of the saying-is-believing effect through affective, cognitive, and behavioral experiences. The study offers examples of how people can indeed differ in the extent to which they experience the saying-is-believing effect, and the implications for designing more effective interventions. Specifically, students’ positive affective experiences from seeing the larger goal of creating videos may be important components for the saying-is-believing effect to work. Behavioral experiences, such as learning soft skills, academic skills learned indirectly from the intervention, and academic skills learned directly from the intervention were accompanied by both positive affective and cognitive experiences. Findings show the importance of students’ differential engagement in saying-is-believing exercises both for building more effective wise interventions and interpreting heterogeneity in intervention effectiveness.
On the Contribution of Neuroethics to the Ethics and Regulation of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Farisco Michele , Evers Kathinka , Salles Arleen
Published: February 2022

Contemporary ethical analysis of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is growing rapidly. One of its most recognizable outcomes is the publication of a number of ethics guidelines that, intended to guide governmental policy, address issues raised by AI design, development, and implementation and generally present a set of recommendations. Here we propose two things: first, regarding content, since some of the applied issues raised by AI are related to fundamental questions about topics like intelligence, consciousness, and the ontological and ethical status of humans, among others, the treatment of these issues would benefit from interfacing with neuroethics that has been addressing those same issues in the context of brain research. Second, the identification and management of some of the practical ethical challenges raised by AI would be enriched by embracing the methodological resources used in neuroethics. In particular, we focus on the methodological distinction between conceptual and action-oriented neuroethical approaches. We argue that the normative (often principles-oriented) discussion about AI will benefit from further integration of conceptual analysis, including analysis of some operative assumptions, their meaning in different contexts, and their mutual relevance in order to avoid misplaced or disproportionate concerns and achieve a more realistic and useful approach to identifying and managing the emerging ethical issues.
Summer roadside vegetation dominated by Sorghum halepense in peninsular Italy: survey and classification
Authors: Fanfarillo Emanuele , Zangari Giulio , Küzmič Filip , Fiaschi Tiberio , Bonari Gianmaria , Angiolini Claudia
Published: February 2022

Sorghum halepense is a synanthropic tall grass distributed worldwide from tropical to temperate zones, and it is often considered an invasive alien. It is a perennial, rhizomatous plant that tends to form dense stands derived from vegetative and sexual propagation. Despite roadside plant communities dominated by Sorghum halepense are very common in southern Europe, their phytosociological aspects are scarcely studied. In this work, we present the results of a vegetation survey in peninsular Italy, carried out by means of the phytosociological method. In total, we carried out 73 relevés in Liguria, Tuscany, Latium, Campania, Basilicata, and Apulia. We statistically compared our relevés to those from the Balkans classified in the Cynodonto-Sorghetum halepensis, an association of agricultural annual weed vegetation of the class Stellarietea mediae s.l. used in the past as a reference for Italian S. halepense-dominated communities. Our results show that the Italian communities are different from the Cynodonto–Sorghetum halepensis communities, since the latter are rich in annual species, while the former are rich in perennial species. From the syntaxonomic point of view, the Italian communities are better classified in the class Artemisietea vulgaris. We describe the new (sub-)ruderal association Potentillo reptantis–Sorghetum halepensis, including a meso-hygrophilous variant with Urtica dioica and an agricultural variant with Elymus repens. We have evidence that the Potentillo–Sorghetum occurs in Italy, Kosovo and Slovenia, but its distribution is possibly wider due to conspicuous presence of cosmopolitan species characterizing the association. Our work provides a baseline for the knowledge of an alien-dominated plant community that can invade habitats with high conservation value.
The Incidence, Cost, and Burden of Concussion in Women’s Rugby League and Rugby Union: A Systematic Review and Pooled Analysis
Authors: King Doug A. , Hume Patria A. , Hind Karen , Clark Trevor N. , Hardaker Natalie
Published: February 2022

Background

The extent of concussion injury in the rugby codes for women is unclear.

Objective

Our aim was to review all published studies reporting concussion injuries from match and training participation in rugby codes and report the pooled data estimates for rugby league and union concussion injury epidemiology.

Methods

We conducted a systematic literature analysis of concussion in rugby league and rugby union for published studies from January 1990 to July 2021. Data from 16 studies meeting the inclusion criteria were extracted for women’s concussion injuries and were subsequently pooled. Costs from Accident Compensation Corporation (ACC) data were attributed to the results to provide cost estimates.

Results

The pooled analysis match injury incidence of women’s concussion was higher for rugby league (10.3 per 1000 match hours) than rugby 15 s (2.8 per 1000 match hours) or rugby 7 s (8.9 per 1000 match hours). There was a fourfold difference in the pooled incidence of concussion in women’s rugby league (risk ratio [RR] 4.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.8–11.3];p = 0.0001) when compared with rugby 15 s. There was also a ninefold higher risk of a concussion during match participation compared with training participation for women’s rugby 15 s (RR 9.3, 95% CI 1.29–66.78;p = 0.0070). The total estimated costs for the concussions reported were NZ$1,235,101. For rugby 7 s, the pooled concussive injury burden was 33.2 days.

Conclusions

Our pooled analysis clarified the extent of concussion injury and the possible associated costs at several levels of the game for women’s rugby codes. The pooled mean days lost because of concussions was 33 days. As this was considerably longer than the 7- to 10-day expected timeframe outlined in the Concussion in Sport Consensus statement, these guidelines need to be updated to include sex-specific differences.
Clinician and Patient Experience of Internet-Mediated Eye Movement Desensitisation and Reprocessing Therapy
Authors: Bursnall Matthew , Thomas Benjamin D. , Berntsson Hannah , Strong Emily , Brayne Mark , Hind Daniel
Published: February 2022

Many eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapists moved their practice online during COVID-19. We conducted surveys and interviews to understand the implementation and acceptability of online EMDR therapy. From 17 June to 2nd August 2021 an online survey was open to EMDR therapists from the EMDR Association UK & Ireland and EMDR International Association email lists, and, through them, their clients. Questions related to determinants of implementation (for therapists) and acceptability (for clients) of online EMDR. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a sample of therapist respondents to provide a deeper understanding of survey responses. Survey responses were received from therapists (n = 562) from five continents, and their clients (n = 148). 88% of clients responded as being extremely or very comfortable receiving EMDR therapy online. At the initial point of ‘social distancing’, 54% of therapists indicated strong or partial reluctance to deliver online EMDR therapy compared to 11% just over one year later. Four fifths of therapists intended to continue offering online therapy after restrictions were lifted. Free-text responses and interview data showed that deprivation and clinical severity could lead to exclusion from online EMDR. Internet connectivity could disrupt sessions, lead to cancellations, or affect the therapy process. Therapists benefited from training in online working. Online EMDR is generally acceptable to therapists and clients, with reservations about digital exclusion, case severity, poor internet connectivity and the need for training. Further research is needed to confirm that online EMDR is clinically non-inferior to in-person working.
Stoicism and death acceptance: integrating Stoic philosophy in cognitive behaviour therapy for death anxiety
Authors: Menzies Rachel E. , Whittle Lachlan F.
Published: February 2022

Growing empirical evidence has revealed the central role of death anxiety in numerous mental health conditions. Given this, there is a significant need for treatments which specifically address fears of death. Whilst such treatments have only recently been developed within clinical psychology, the discipline of philosophy has a long history of offering valuable perspectives on death which may ameliorate this fear. In particular, we propose that the philosophy of Stoicism, which originated in ancient Greece and influenced the early development of cognitive and behaviour therapy (CBT), is of particular benefit to clinicians seeking to address death anxiety. We present a summary of Stoic philosophy and its arguments concerning death. Through integrating the ideas of Stoicism, we argue that current treatments for death anxiety would benefit from directly integrating Stoic perspectives on death. Lastly, we review evidence which suggests that cultivating attitudes to death which are consistent with Stoic philosophy may be associated with reduced death anxiety. We conclude that an awareness of Stoic philosophy has the potential to guide and improve CBT treatments for fears of death. Further research is needed in order to confirm whether treatments centering on Stoic perspectives on death lead to significant reductions in death anxiety.
Profiling the Bisecting N-Acetylglucosamine Modification in Amniotic Membrane via Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chen Qiushi , Zhang Yuanliang , Zhang Keren , Liu Jie , Pan Huozhen , Wang Xinran , Li Siqi , Hu Dandan , Lin Zhilong , Zhao Yun , Hou Guixue , Guan Feng , Li Hong , Liu Siqi , Ren Yan
Published: February 2022

Bisecting  N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), a GlcNAc linked to the core β-mannose residue via a β1,4 linkage, is a special type of N-glycosylation that has been reported to be involved in various biological processes, such as cell adhesion and fetal development. This N-glycan structure is abundant in human trophoblasts, which is postulated to be resistant to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity, enabling a mother to nourish a fetus without rejection. In this study, we hypothesized that the human amniotic membrane, which serves as the last barrier for the fetus, may also express bisected-type glycans. To test this hypothesis, glycomic analysis of the human amniotic membrane was performed, and bisected N-glycans were detected. Furthermore, our proteomic data, which have been previously employed to explore human missing proteins, were analyzed and the presence of bisecting GlcNAc-modified peptides was confirmed. A total of 41 glycoproteins with 43 glycopeptides were found to possess a bisecting GlcNAc, and 25 of these glycoproteins were reported to exhibit this type of modification for the first time. These results provide insights into the potential roles of bisecting GlcNAc modification in the human amniotic membrane, and can be beneficial to functional studies on glycoproteins with bisecting GlcNAc modifications and functional studies on immune suppression in human placenta.
“How every Black man should be”: Historical narrative construction as identity rearticulation
Authors: Castro Eliana
Published: February 2022

This case study is a sociocultural analysis of how Kareem, a young Black man, both constructed a historical narrative and rearticulated two of his racialized identities. Kareem carried out two mediated actions. In the first, he incorporated cultural tools from the classroom—the schematic narrative template of racial progress and the specific narrative of the Movement—to support his thesis that NBA legend Bill Russell advanced the Civil Rights Movement. In the second, he positioned Bill Russell as a model Black man, drawing on cultural tools forged from his self-identification, his awareness of the racialization of Black men, and his desire to articulate a positive image of them. Data include field notes, audio-recorded conversation, written work, and an interview. The paper concludes with implications of this study for K-12 educators, teacher educators, and researchers: (1) that students’ racialized identities and experiences are cultural tools that can intersect with disciplinary learning; (2) that racialization includes non-racial identities and practices; and (3) that history/social studies curriculum and instruction can facilitate students’ analyses of how narratives function in the learning of the past.
Cultural-Historical Perspectives on Collective Intelligence
Authors: Baltzersen Rolf K.
Published: February 2022

In the era of digital communication, collective problem solving is increasingly important. Large groups can now resolve issues together in completely different ways, which has transformed the arts, sciences, business, education, technology, and medicine. Collective intelligence is something we share with animals and is different from machine learning and artificial intelligence. To design and utilize human collective intelligence, we must understand how its problem-solving mechanisms work. From democracy in ancient Athens, through the invention of the printing press, to COVID-19, this book analyzes how humans developed the ability to find solutions together. This wide-ranging, thought-provoking book is a game-changer for those working strategically with collective problem solving within organizations and using a variety of innovative methods. It sheds light on how humans work effectively alongside machines to confront challenges that are more urgent than what humanity has faced before. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Emergence of dual and multicarbapenemase coproducing organisms in the United States
Authors: Tadese Bekana K. , Olumuyiwa Tolulope , Darkoh Charles
Published: February 2022

Carbapenemase-producing organisms commonly carry a single carbapenemase gene conferring resistant to carbapenems and other β-lactam antibiotics. Here, we report rare cases of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Acinetobacter baumannii strains that coproduce multiple carbapenemases and exhibit extensive drug resistance. Such resistant strains are rarely identified in the United States.
Random Young towers and quenched limit laws
Authors: SU YAOFENG
Published: February 2022

We obtain quenched almost sure invariance principles (with convergence rates) for random Young towers if the average measure of the tail of return times to the base of random towers decays sufficiently fast. We apply our results to some independent and identically distributed perturbations of some non-uniformly expanding maps. These imply that the random systems under study tend to a Brownian motion under various scalings.
Thermodynamic metrics on outer space
Authors: AOUGAB TARIK , CLAY MATT , RIECK YO’AV
Published: February 2022

In this paper we consider two piecewise Riemannian metrics defined on the Culler–Vogtmann outer space which we call the entropy metric and the pressure metric. As a result of work of McMullen, these metrics can be seen as analogs of the Weil–Petersson metric on the Teichmüller space of a closed surface. We show that while the geometric analysis of these metrics is similar to that of the Weil–Petersson metric, from the point of view of geometric group theory, these metrics behave very differently than the Weil–Petersson metric. Specifically, we show that when the rank r is at least 4, the action of
$\operatorname {\mathrm {Out}}(\mathbb {F}_r)$
on the completion of the Culler–Vogtmann outer space using the entropy metric has a fixed point. A similar statement also holds for the pressure metric.
A physical model for indirect noise in non-isentropic nozzles: transfer functions and stability
Authors: Jain Animesh , Magri Luca
Published: February 2022

We propose a mathematical model from physical principles to predict the sound generated in nozzles with dissipation. The focus is on the sound generated from the acceleration of temperature inhomogeneities (also known as entropy waves), which is referred to as indirect noise. First, we model the dissipation caused by flow recirculation and wall friction with a friction factor, which enables us to derive quasi-one-dimensional equations from conservation laws. The model is valid for both compact nozzles and nozzles with a spatial extent. Second, the predictions from the proposed model are compared against the experimental data available in the literature. Third, we compute the nozzle transfer functions for a range of Helmholtz numbers and friction factors. It is found that the friction and the Helmholtz number have a significant effect on the gain/phase of the reflected and transmitted waves. The analysis is performed from subsonic to supersonic regimes (with and without shock waves). The acoustic transfer functions vary significantly because of non-isentropic effects and the Helmholtz number, in particular, in the subsonic-choked regime. Finally, we calculate the effect that the friction of a nozzle guide vane has on thermoacoustic stability. It is found that the friction and the Helmholtz number can change thermoacoustic stability from a linearly stable regime to a linearly unstable regime. The study opens up new possibilities for the accurate prediction of indirect noise in realistic nozzles with implications on both noise emissions and thermoacoustic stability.
Effective boundary conditions for dynamic contact angle hysteresis on chemically inhomogeneous surfaces
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Xu Xianmin
Published: February 2022

Recent experiments (Guan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 116, issue 6, 2016a, p. 066102; Guan et al., Phys. Rev. E, vol. 94, issue 4, 2016b, p. 042802) showed many interesting phenomena on dynamic contact angle hysteresis while there is still a lack of complete theoretical interpretation. In this work, we study the time averaging of the apparent advancing and receding contact angles on surfaces with periodic chemical patterns. We first derive a new Cox-type boundary condition for the apparent dynamic contact angle on homogeneous surfaces using the Onsager variational principle. Based on this condition, we propose a reduced model for some typical moving contact line problems on chemically inhomogeneous surfaces in two dimensions. Multiscale expansion and averaging techniques are employed to approximate the model for asymptotically small chemical patterns. We obtain a quantitative formula for the averaged dynamic contact angles. It describes explicitly how the advancing and receding contact angles depend on the velocity and the chemical inhomogeneity of the substrate. The formula is a coarse-graining version of the Cox-type boundary condition on inhomogeneous surfaces. Numerical simulations are presented to validate the analytical results. The numerical results also show that the formula characterizes well the complicated behaviour of dynamic contact angle hysteresis observed in the experiments.
Acceleration statistics of tracer and light particles in compressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: Wang Xiangjun , Wan Minping , Biferale Luca
Published: February 2022

The accelerations of tracer and light particles (bubbles) in compressible homogeneous isotropic turbulence are investigated by using data from direct numerical simulations up to turbulent Mach number

$M_t =1$

. For tracer particles, the flatness factor of acceleration components,

$F_a$

, increases gradually for

$M_t \in [0.3, 1]$

. On the contrary,

$F_a$

for bubbles develops a maximum around

$M_t \sim 0.6$

. The probability density function of longitudinal acceleration of tracers is increasingly skewed towards the negative value as

$M_t$

increases. By contrast, for light particles, the skewness factor of longitudinal acceleration,

$S_a$

, first becomes more negative with the increase of

$M_t$

, and then goes back to

$0$

when

$M_t$

is larger than

$0.6$

. Similarly, differences among tracers and bubbles appear also in the zero-crossing time of acceleration correlation. It is argued that all these phenomena are intimately linked to the flow structures in the compression regions close to shocklets.
The effect of inlet turbulence on the quiescent core of turbulent channel flow
Authors: Asadi Masoud , Kamruzzaman Md , Hearst R. Jason
Published: February 2022

The impact of inlet turbulence on the structure of turbulent channel flow is investigated using particle image velocimetry. Streamwise–wall-normal plane measurements are performed in a channel, where different turbulence intensities were generated at the inlet with an active grid. Four cases are tested with matched centreline mean velocities, while the centreline turbulence intensities ranged from 3.7 % for the reference case, up to 6.4 %. The friction velocity is found to be approximately constant with varying centreline turbulence intensities, resulting in a matched friction Reynolds number of

$Re_\tau \approx 770$

for all cases, which contrasts with similar experiments performed in a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer. The log region remains intact for all cases. The so-called quiescent core of the turbulent channel flow is also investigated. In addition to increased core discontinuity, the increased fluctuations of the streamwise velocity give rise to new core states, which differ from the conventional ones in their characteristic velocity. They are associated with a bulk of low- or high-momentum fluid passing through the measurement domain, and their occurrence increases with turbulence intensity. Tracking the core boundaries indicates an overall tendency of the core to move closer to the wall for increased inlet turbulence intensities, resulting in an increased core thickness. Moreover, it is found that the low-momentum cores generally reside closer to the wall compared with the ordinary cores and appear to be thicker than them, whereas the opposite, i.e. residing farther from the wall and being thinner, is true for the high-momentum cores.
Swinging and tumbling of multicomponent vesicles in flow
Authors: Gera Prerna , Salac David , Spagnolie Saverio E.
Published: February 2022

Biological membranes are host to proteins and molecules which may form domain-like structures resulting in spatially varying material properties. Vesicles with such heterogeneous membranes can exhibit intricate shapes at equilibrium and rich dynamics when placed into a flow. Under the assumption of small deformations and a two-dimensional system, we develop a reduced-order model to describe the fluid-structure interaction between a viscous background shear flow and an inextensible membrane with spatially varying bending stiffness and spontaneous curvature. Material property variations of a critical magnitude, relative to the flow rate and internal/external viscosity contrast, can set off a qualitative change in the vesicle dynamics. A membrane of nearly constant bending stiffness or spontaneous curvature undergoes a small amplitude swinging motion (which includes tangential tank-treading), while for large enough material variations the dynamics pass through a regime featuring tumbling and periodic phase-lagging of the membrane material, and ultimately for very large material variation to a rigid-body tumbling behaviour. Distinct differences are found for even and odd spatial modes of domain distribution. Full numerical simulations are used to probe the theoretical predictions, which appear valid even when studying substantially deformed membranes.
“A question of bank notes, cars, and houses!” Matchmaking and the Moral Economy of Love in Urban China
Authors: Pettier Jean-Baptiste
Published: February 2022

Chinese practices of matchmaking have been controversial for over a century. Their continued transformations reveal a complex nexus of sentimental and material dimensions in the marriage-decision process at the heart of the negotiations between families and in their selections of proper candidates. This interplay between personal sentiments, concrete considerations, and the desire for success makes marriage controversial, as “love” is claimed and proclaimed at the same time. Moral debates around materialism, which have reverberated through the public sphere over the last decade, show how “love” acts as a tool of social reproduction while it also expresses sincere aspirations for an emotionally satisfying life. In comparative perspective, the complex of romantic love examined here reveals a recent, original synthesis of the tradition of parental arrangement and the political question of the place of love in modernity. The paper elucidates one of the contradictions within Chinese society today: the family remains central, but wider trends of individualization continue to unfold. A multifaceted understanding of love clarifies how it can bind families together while it also discourages others from pursuing romance.
An ontology-based fault generation and fault propagation analysis approach for safety-critical computer systems at the design stage
Authors: Diao Xiaoxu , Pietrykowski Mike , Huang Fuqun , Mutha Chetan , Smidts Carol
Published: February 2022

Fault propagation analysis is a process used to determine the consequences of faults residing in a computer system. A typical computer system consists of diverse components (e.g., electronic and software components), thus, the faults contained in these components tend to possess diverse characteristics. How to describe and model such diverse faults, and further determine fault propagation through different components are challenging problems to be addressed in the fault propagation analysis. This paper proposes an ontology-based approach, which is an integrated method allowing for the generation, injection, and propagation through inference of diverse faults at an early stage of the design of a computer system. The results generated by the proposed framework can verify system robustness and identify safety and reliability risks with limited design level information. In this paper, we propose an ontological framework and its application to analyze an example safety-critical computer system. The analysis result shows that the proposed framework is capable of inferring fault propagation paths through software and hardware components and is effective in predicting the impact of faults.
The Trump Effect: How 2016 Campaign Rallies Explain Spikes in Hate
Authors: Feinberg Ayal , Branton Regina , Martinez-Ebers Valerie
Published: February 2022

The 2016 Trump campaign held more than 300 rallies. Our research examines whether these rallies and Trump’s rhetoric served as opportunities for the spread of hate. We measured the number of reported white-supremacist propaganda, anti-Semitic incidents, and extremist behaviors that occurred both leading up to and directly following these campaign events. We contend that Trump’s rhetoric and rallies increased the perceived threat facing white Americans, heightening their white identity, all while justifying violence and extralegal methods to address their grievances and thereby increasing reported bias incidents. We find that counties that hosted a Trump rally experienced an increase in hate-motivated events. We systematically show that Trump political rallies were associated with a limited size but significant rise in the likelihood of reported hate and bias incidents.
Increasing Love Feelings, Marital Satisfaction, and Motivated Attention to the Spouse
Authors: Langeslag Sandra J. E. , Surti Kruti
Published: February 2022

Abstract. Love typically decreases over time, sometimes leading to divorces. We tested whether positively reappraising the spouse and/or up-regulating positive emotions unrelated to the spouse increases infatuation with and attachment to the spouse, marital satisfaction, and motivated attention to the spouse as measured by the late positive potential (LPP). Married individuals completed a regulation task in which they viewed spouse, pleasant, and neutral pictures without regulation prompt as well as spouse and pleasant pictures that were preceded by regulation prompts. Event-related potentials were recorded, and self-reported infatuation, attachment, and marital satisfaction were assessed. Viewing spouse pictures increased infatuation, attachment, and marital satisfaction compared to viewing pleasant or neutral pictures in the no regulation condition. Thinking about positive aspects of the spouse and increasing positive emotions unrelated to the spouse did not increase infatuation, attachment, and marital satisfaction any further. Motivated attention, measured by the LPP amplitude, was greatest to spouse pictures, intermediate to pleasant pictures, and minimal to neutral pictures. Although the typical up-regulation effect on the LPP amplitude was observed for pleasant pictures, positively reappraising the spouse did not increase the LPP amplitude and hence motivated attention to the spouse any further. This study indicates that looking at spouse pictures increases love and marital satisfaction, which is not due to increased positive emotions unrelated to the spouse. Looking at spouse pictures is an easy strategy that could be used to stabilize marriages in which the main problem is the decline of love feelings over time.
Human-Like Robots and the Uncanny Valley
Authors: Mara Martina , Appel Markus , Gnambs Timo
Published: February 2022

Abstract. In the field of human-robot interaction, the well-known uncanny valley hypothesis proposes a curvilinear relationship between a robot’s degree of human likeness and the observers’ responses to the robot. While low to medium human likeness should be associated with increased positive responses, a shift to negative responses is expected for highly anthropomorphic robots. As empirical findings on the uncanny valley hypothesis are inconclusive, we conducted a random-effects meta-analysis of 49 studies (total N = 3,556) that reported 131 evaluations of robots based on the Godspeed scales for anthropomorphism (i.e., human likeness) and likeability. Our results confirm more positive responses for more human-like robots at low to medium anthropomorphism, with moving robots rated as more human-like but not necessarily more likable than static ones. However, because highly anthropomorphic robots were sparsely utilized in previous studies, no conclusions regarding proposed adverse effects at higher levels of human likeness can be made at this stage.
Assessment of the Precision of Spectral Model Turbulence Analysis Techniques Using Direct Numerical Simulation Data
Authors: Strelnikov B. , Rapp M. , Fritts D. C. , Wang L.
Published: February 2022

The spectral model turbulence analysis technique is widely used to derive kinetic energy dissipation rates of turbulent structures (ɛ) from different in situ measurements in the Earth's atmosphere. The essence of this method is to fit a model spectrum to measured spectra of velocity or scalar quantity fluctuations and thereby to derive ɛ only from wavenumber dependence of turbulence spectra. Owing to the simplicity of spectral model of Heisenberg (1948), https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01668899 its application dominates in the literature. Making use of direct numerical simulations which are able to resolve turbulence spectra down to the smallest scales in dissipation range, we advance the spectral model technique by quantifying uncertainties for two spectral models, the Heisenberg (1948), https://doi.org/10.1007/bf01668899 and the Tatarskii (1971) model, depending on (a) resolution of measurements, (b) stage of turbulence evolution, (c) model used. We show that the model of Tatarskii (1971) can yield more accurate results and reveals higher sensitivity to the lowest ɛ‐values. This study shows that the spectral model technique can reliably derive ɛ if measured spectra only resolve half‐decade of power change within the viscous (viscous‐convective) subrange. In summary, we give some practical recommendations on how to derive the most precise and detailed turbulence dissipation field from in situ measurements depending on their quality. We also supply program code of the spectral models used in this study in Python, IDL, and Matlab.
A 50‐Year Tropical Cyclone Exposure Climatology in Southeast Asia
Authors: Tran Thao Linh , Ritchie Elizabeth A. , Perkins‐Kirkpatrick Sarah E.
Published: February 2022

In this study, the landfalling tropical cyclone (TC) exposure in Southeast Asia for a 50‐year period from 1970 to 2019 is investigated relative to the total western North Pacific (WNP) climatology taking disparities in historical records into account. Long‐term trends in landfalling TCs are analyzed and intercompared among the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center of Tokyo (TOKYO), China Meteorological Administration (CMA), Hong Kong Observatory (HKO), and Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) best track datasets. Interannual and intra‐seasonal variations are further examined by sub‐region and nation using JTWC records. Approximately half of the WNP TCs make landfall in Southeast Asia representing over 75% of the total WNP landfalls in all datasets. Over the study period, there is a slight upward trend in landfalling TC frequency in both the WNP and Southeast Asia in the JTWC dataset, while the number of landfall events has decreased in the CMA and TOKYO datasets. A consistent northward shift in landfalling locations over the 50‐year period is found in all datasets such that landfalls have decreased in the Philippines, Vietnam, but increased in some South China areas. The TOKYO dataset alone suggests that landfalling TCs in South China have slowed down over the study period, which would increase rainfall and wind risks in their path if substantiated. Less TC landfalls occur in El Niño years with landfalling locations shifting northwestward over the Asian mainland, while landfalls are higher and more distributed in La Niña, and highest in Neutral years.