bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compulsory guesthood, social cohesion, and the politics of hospitality in Turkey
Authors: Babül Elif M.
Published: November 2023

This article explores hospitality as a key rhetorical framework for refugee management in Turkey by focusing on how host‐guest relations are mobilized to represent, interpret, and problematize the current state of affairs regarding Syrian refugees, as well as to formulate policies. It analyses the transformation of hospitality rhetoric, the notion of ‘compulsory guesthood’, and the most recent social cohesion initiatives. I argue that host‐guest metaphors are used to assert power and leverage both domestically and internationally by exerting sovereign control over a post‐imperial nation‐space, performing neo‐imperial guardianship over the downtrodden, and claiming an ethno‐religious, civilizational morality that exceeds the legalistic logic of human rights and entitlements.
Should we include margins of error in public opinion polls?
Authors: KRAUSE WERNER , GAHN CHRISTINA
Published: November 2023

Public opinion polls have become vital and increasingly visible parts of election campaigns. Previous research has frequently demonstrated that polls can influence both citizens' voting intentions and political parties' campaign strategies. However, they are also fraught with uncertainty. Margins of error can reflect (parts of) this uncertainty. This paper investigates how citizens' voting intentions change due to whether polling estimates are presented with or without margins of error.

Using a vignette experiment (N=3224), we examine this question based on a real‐world example in which different election polls were shown to nationally representative respondents ahead of the 2021 federal election in Germany. We manipulated the display of the margins of error, the interpretation of polls and the closeness of the electoral race.

The results indicate that margins of error can influence citizens' voting intentions. This effect is dependent on the actual closeness of the race and additional interpretative guidance provided to voters. More concretely, the results consistently show that margins of error increase citizens' inclination to vote for one of the two largest contesting parties if the polling gap between these parties is small, and an interpretation underlines this closeness.

The findings of this study are important for three reasons. First, they help to determine whether margins of error can assist citizens in making more informed (strategic) vote decisions. They shed light on whether depicting opinion‐poll uncertainty affects the key features of representative democracy, such as democratic accountability. Second, the results stress the responsibility of the media. The way polls are interpreted and contextualized influences the effect of margins of error on voting behaviour. Third, the findings of this paper underscore the significance of including methodological details when communicating scientific research findings to the broader public.
Host and environmental influences on the gut bacterial community of carabid beetles in distinct paddy fields
Authors: Do Yuno , Park Woong‐Bae , Park Jun‐Kyu , Park Siae , Kwon Ohseok , Choi Moon Bo
Published: November 2023

The relationship between the gut bacterial communities of carabid beetles and their habitats holds implications for understanding ecological dynamics. This study examined the gut bacterial communities of two carabid beetle species, Chlaenius pallipes and Pheropsophus jessoensis, in terraced and flat paddy fields. Differences in gut bacterial communities were evident at the species level and were based on habitat. Specifically, P. jessoensis had a greater presence of Firmicutes and Proteobacteria in terraced fields but more Actinobacteria in flatland fields. In comparison, C. pallipes consistently showed high levels of Firmicutes in both habitats. These differences were reflected at class and genus levels, emphasizing the role of host specificity in shaping gut microbiota. Alpha diversity metrics indicated that P. jessoensis hosted a more diverse bacterial community than C. pallipes. Terraced fields, however, showed slightly reduced diversity in P. jessoensis, suggesting environmental effects on microbial populations. Beta diversity analysis using Bray–Curtis distances differentiated the bacterial communities of the two beetles. Multivariate analysis of variance reinforced these findings. Insights from the Sloan neutral model indicate that environmental factors predominantly influence bacterial community assembly through stochastic processes. Functionally, metabolism was highlighted, indicating the role of gut bacteria in beetle metabolic processes. Notably, energy metabolism varied between field types, revealing environmental effects on gut bacterial functions. This study offers in‐depth insights into interactions between host‐specific and environmental factors influencing gut bacterial communities of carabid beetles, contributing to a broader understanding of microbial ecology and the roles of environment and host in microbiota dynamics.
Management and outcomes of glioblastoma: 20‐year experience in a single Australian institution
Authors: Lenffer Bianca , Ruben Jeremy , Senthi Sashendra , Millar Jeremy , Ong Wee Loon
Published: November 2023

Introduction

We aimed to evaluate the changing patterns in the management of glioblastoma (GBM) and impact on survival outcomes over a 20‐year period.

Methods

This is a retrospective study of patients diagnosed with GBM between 2001 and 2020, who had radiation therapy (RT) in an Australian institution. The primary outcomes were changes in treatment modalities (including surgery, RT, and chemotherapy) over time and overall survival (OS). Multivariable Cox regressions were used to evaluate factors associated with OS, including age, sex, ECOG performance status, treatment modalities, treatment facility, and year of treatment.

Results

1079 patients were included in this study. Thirty‐five per cent of patients had gross total resection, increasing from 31% in 2001–2005 to 45% in 2016–2020 (P < 0.001). Sixty‐four per cent of patients had ≥60 Gy RT, increasing from 57% in 2001–2005 to 66% in 2016–2020 (P < 0.001). Seventy‐five per cent of patients had chemotherapy, increasing from 22% in 2001–2005 to 89% in 2016–2020 (P < 0.001). Treatment received varied based on patients' age and ECOG performance status. The median OS for the entire cohort was 13.0 months (95% CI = 12.0–13.7). Median OS in patients who had maximal treatment (i.e., gross total resection, ≥60 Gy RT and chemotherapy) was 20.6 months (95% CI = 17.3–22.8). In multivariable analyses, age, sex, treatment facility, extent of surgical resection, RT dose, and chemotherapy use were associated with OS.

Conclusion

This is one of the largest Australian series on the management and outcomes of GBM spanning a 20‐year period. We observed improvement in OS over time, which is likely associated with evolving treatment options over the study period.
The burden of musculoskeletal pain, associated sociodemographic factors, and disability in Pakistan
Authors: Ahmed Hina , Saeed Muhammad Ahmed , Attique Fatima
Published: November 2023

Objective

The objective of this survey was to determine the burden of musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, its association with sociodemographic factors and disability in the semi‐urban community of Nain‐Sukh, Lahore.

Methods

The current article's data is taken from the COPCORD survey conducted in the community of Nain‐Sukh. After formal IRB approval, data collection was done via interview by a trained team using validated Urdu translation of COPCORD core questionnaires. Participants of both genders, >16 years, were enrolled through a random walk and quota sampling. In phase 1, sociodemographic factors were recorded. In phase 2, the impact of MSK pain on functional disability was assessed by the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (MHAQ). The data was compiled and analyzed using software SPSS version 25. The Chi‐square test was applied to determine association while generalized linear regression models to see the dependence of sociodemographic factors and MSK pain.

Results

Out of 4922 participants, 1425 (28.9%) had MSK pain, with a mean age of 35 ± 14  years, with female predominance. Illiteracy, marital status, and household work with moderate intensity were significantly associated with MSK pain. Based on the MHAQ score, the majority 769 (82.9%) had a mild disability. Odds of advancing age, illiteracy, and moderate intensity of work were statistically significant for MSK pain.

Conclusion

Every fourth subject in the surveyed population had MSK pain. Musculoskeletal pain was found to be significantly associated with female gender, advancing age, household work, illiteracy, married status, and moderate nature of work. More than two‐thirds of the subjects with MSK pain had some degree of disability.
CEO social capital, business environment, and the level of corporate risk‐taking in China
Authors: Su Xin , Fu Wenxiu , Zou Liping , Wu Ji (George)
Published: November 2023

We find a significant positive role of chief executive officer (CEO) social capital on the level of corporate risk‐taking for Chinese listed firms from 2008 to 2019. We reveal that a better business environment tends to reduce this positive relationship. In addition, we also find that corporate innovations provide moderation effects on the relationship. Further analysis of heterogeneity tests on firm characteristics suggests that CEO social capital's effect on corporate risk‐taking is significant and stronger for non‐state‐owned enterprises, firms with fewer female directors on their board, and firms with more cash holdings.
Effects of ultrasonics and trephine burs on dentinal microcrack formation during broken instrument removal procedures: A micro‐CT analysis
Authors: Özdayi Kadriye , Yilmaz Sehnaz , Dumani Aysin , Yoldas Oguz
Published: November 2023

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of ultrasonic and trephine burs on microcrack formation during the removal of broken instruments, utilising micro‐computed tomography (Micro‐CT). Twenty‐five extracted human mandibular molars were used for this study. The hand files were fractured into the mesiobuccal canal, except in the control group. In the ultrasonic group (n = 10), ultrasonic tips were used to retrieve the instrument, while in the trephine group (n = 10), trephine burs (Meitrac, Meisinger) and an extractor device were utilised. For the control group (n = 5), only staging platform was prepared. After the removal procedures, micro‐CT images were obtained from the specimens. The chi‐squared test was used to analyse the data, and significance was considered to be p < 0.05. Overall, 15 736 cross sections were analysed. No significant differences were found between control and experimental groups. Removal of broken instruments with trephine burs caused significantly more dentinal microcracks compared with ultrasonics (p = 0.016).
Validation of the Sw71‐spheroid model with primary trophoblast cells
Authors: Alexandrova Marina , Manchorova Diana , You Yuan , Terzieva Antonia , Dimitrova Violeta , Mor Gil , Dimova Tanya
Published: November 2023

Problem

Human implantation is a limiting factor for the success of natural and IVF reproduction since about 60% of pregnancy losses occur in the peri‐implantation period. The in vitro modeling of human implantation challenges the researchers in accurate recreation of the complex in vivo differentiation and function of human blastocyst in the peri‐implantation period. In previous studies, we constructed Sw71‐spheroid models, which like human blastocyst undergo compactization, attaches to the endometrial epithelium, invade, and migrate. The aim of this study was to validate the trophoblast Sw71‐spheroid model with primary trophoblast cells, derived from healthy women in early pregnancy.

Method of Study

We performed a direct comparison of Sw71‐spheroid model with placenta‐derived primary trophoblasts regarding their hybrid phenotype and HLA status, as well as the ability to generate spheroids able to migrate and invade. From the primary trophoblast cells, isolated by mild enzymatic treatment and Percoll gradient separation, were generated long‐lived clones, which phenotype was assessed by FACS and immunocytochemistry.

Results

Our results showed that cultured primary trophoblasts have the EVT phenotype (Vim+/CK7+/HLA‐C+/HLA‐G+), like Sw71 cells. In both 3D culture settings, we obtained stable, round‐shaped, multilayered spheroids. Although constructed from the same number of cells, the primary trophoblast spheroids were smaller. The primary trophoblast spheroids migrate successfully, and in term of invasion are equally potent but less stable as compared to Sw71 spheroids.

Conclusions

The Sw71 cell line and cultured native trophoblast cells are interchangeable regarding their EVT phenotype (HLA‐C+/HLA‐G+/Vim+/CK7+). The blastocyst‐like spheroids sourced by both types of cells differentiate in the same time frame and function similarly. We strongly advise the use of Sw71 spheroids as blastocyst surrogate for observation on trophectoderm differentiation and function during early human implantation.
ISE/ISHNE expert consensus statement on the ECG diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy: The change of the paradigm
Authors: Bacharova Ljuba , Chevalier Philippe , Gorenek Bulent , Jons Christian , Li Yi‐Gang , Locati Emanuela T. , Maanja Maren , Pérez‐Riera Andrés Ricardo , Platonov Pyotr G. , Ribeiro Antonio Luiz Pinho , Schocken Douglas , Soliman Elsayed Z. , Svehlikova Jana , Tereshchenko Larisa G. , Ugander Martin , Varma Niraj , Elena Zaklyazminskaya , Ikeda Takanori
Published: November 2023

The ECG diagnosis of LVH is predominantly based on the QRS voltage criteria. The classical paradigm postulates that the increased left ventricular mass generates a stronger electrical field, increasing the leftward and posterior QRS forces, reflected in the augmented QRS amplitude. However, the low sensitivity of voltage criteria has been repeatedly documented. We discuss possible reasons for this shortcoming and proposal of a new paradigm. The theoretical background for voltage measured at the body surface is defined by the solid angle theorem, which relates the measured voltage to spatial and non‐spatial determinants. The spatial determinants are represented by the extent of the activation front and the distance of the recording electrodes. The non‐spatial determinants comprise electrical characteristics of the myocardium, which are comparatively neglected in the interpretation of the QRS patterns. Various clinical conditions are associated with LVH. These conditions produce considerable diversity of electrical properties alterations thereby modifying the resultant QRS patterns. The spectrum of QRS patterns observed in LVH patients is quite broad, including also left axis deviation, left anterior fascicular block, incomplete and complete left bundle branch blocks, Q waves, and fragmented QRS. Importantly, the QRS complex can be within normal limits. The new paradigm stresses the electrophysiological background in interpreting QRS changes, i.e., the effect of the non‐spatial determinants. This postulates that the role of ECG is not to estimate LV size in LVH, but to understand and decode the underlying electrical processes, which are crucial in relation to cardiovascular risk assessment.
The effectiveness and safety of temporary transvenous cardiac pacing leads placement into coronary sinus vein in patients with sick sinus syndrome
Authors: Chen Mingxian , Wu Zhihong , Hu Lin , Li Xuping , Yang Hui , Liu Zhenjiang , Xiao Yichao , Liu Qiming , Zhou Shenghua
Published: November 2023

Background

The temporary pacing lead routinely is placed into right ventricular (RV), which pose a risk of dislocation and cardiac perforation.

Objective

We aim to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of temporary transvenous cardiac pacing (TTCP) leads placement into the coronary sinus vein (CSV) in patients with sick sinus syndrome (SSS).

Methods

We investigated patients with SSS who underwent TTCP lead placement into the CSV under the guidance of X‐ray between January 2013 and May 2023. Patients were randomly divided into two groups: RV group (n = 33) and CSV group (n = 22). The ordinary passive bipolar electrodes were applied in both groups. In RV groups, electrodes were placed into RV. In CSV group, electrodes were placed into CSV. We evaluated the operation duration, fluoroscopic exposure, first‐attempt success rate of leads placement, pacing threshold, success rate of leads placement, rate of leads displacement, and complications.

Results

Compared with that in RV group, the procedure time, fluoroscopic exposure was significantly prolonged, while the first‐attempt success rate of lead placement was obviously increased in CSV group (both p < .05). Compared with that in RV group, the rate of leads displacement is lower in CSV group (both p < .05). There were three patients occurred cardiac perforation in RV group, but no cardiac perforation was reported in CSV group (p > .05).

Conclusion

TTCP leads placement into the CSV is an effective and safe strategy in patients with SSS. It indicates a high rate of pacing effectiveness with low device replacement and complication rates.
Grassland Geopoetics: Son Jarocho and the Black Sense of Place of Plantations and Pastures
Authors: Astorga de Ita Diego
Published: November 2023

This essay considers how the grasslands of the Mexican region of El Sotavento entangle with the history of racial capitalism and with traditional Sotaventine music. Throughout this text, I argue that son Jarocho music and its poetics counterpoint racist colonial discourses making space for ways of being beyond racial capitalism. I review the history of Sotaventine grasslands, counterpointing their historical becomings with ethnographic materials and current poetic expressions. I especially focus on two sones: La Caña, written in the 1990s by Patricio Hidalgo Belli regarding sugarcane, and the 18th century Toro Zacamandú that speaks of cowboying. Using scholarly writings on the plantation and plantation histories from McKittrick and Glissant, King's work on fungibility, scholarship on Maroon landscapes and marronage, and an array of writers who explore poetics and geopoetics, we shall see how racial capitalism and the historical becomings of plantations and pastures are reflected and overturned in Sotaventine sounds.
Comparing the outcomes of laparoscopic proximal and laparoscopic total gastrectomy: A retrospective analysis of a single center in Japan
Authors: Aizawa Masaki , Yabusaki Hiroshi , Aoki Ryota , Bamba Takeo , Nakagawa Satoru
Published: November 2023

Introduction

Despite the increasing performance of laparoscopic proximal gastrectomy (LPG) for proximal gastric cancer and esophagogastric junction cancer, the benefit of LPG over laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) remains to be established. Therefore, this study was conducted to compare postoperative outcomes between LPG and LTG.

Methods

Data from 141 patients who underwent LPG or LTG for gastric neoplasm with curative intent between 2016 and 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinicopathological findings, body weight changes, and serological nutritional markers during the postoperative course were evaluated.

Results

LPG and LTG were performed in 78 patients and 63 patients, respectively. Patients' characteristics did not differ; however, tumor stages in patients who underwent LTG were more advanced than those who underwent LPG. The mean (± standard deviation) weight loss rate after 1 year was −13.5 (±6.9)% and −18.7 (±6.6)% for LPG and LTG, respectively (p < .01). LTG (OR: 3.326, p < .01), pT disease (OR: 3.000, p = .01), pN disease (OR: 2.708, p = .02), and postoperative chemotherapy (OR: 2.488, p = .05) were correlated with severe weight loss (16% or more) 1 year after surgery, then multivariate analysis identified LTG as an independent factor (p = .01). The mean (± standard deviation) serum total protein level of LPG was significantly higher than that of LTG at 3 months (6.8 ± 0.5 vs. 6.6 ± 0.4 g/dL, p = .02) and 1 year (6.9 ± 0.4 vs. 6.7 ± 0.5 g/dL, p = .01) postoperatively. No difference was observed in postoperative serum hemoglobin and albumin levels.

Conclusion

LPG more improved postoperative weight loss than LTG.
When pink is a question: Comparative gross and microscopic skin structure analyses reveal the histological basis of skin colour in Galápagos pink land iguanas (Conolophus marthae)
Authors: Lewbart Gregory A. , Colosimo Giuliano , Gaudette Christopher , Negrão Watanabe Tatiane T. , Parker Joshua , Sevilla Christian , Gerber Glenn P. , Gentile Gabriele
Published: November 2023

One of the rarest and most unusual iguanas on the planet is the Galápagos pink land iguana (Conolophus marthae). There have been a number of hypotheses on the source of their pink coloration, including that the colour is from blood and a relative lack of dermal pigmentation. We obtained full thickness skin biopsies of three species and compared tissue from darkly pigmented areas and lightly pigmented surfaces. “Pink” areas of pink iguanas are devoid of pigment cells (e.g. melanophores) and the dermal tissue is rich with aggregates of confluent capillaries. This was in sharp contrast to the minimally vascular (only capillaries were observed) dermal areas of the marine and yellow iguanas. The dermal stratum laxum of every biopsy site contained melanophores except for the pink skin of pink iguanas. Interestingly, marine iguanas have a much thicker epidermal stratum germinativum/granulosum, between 2 and 10 cells thick depending on location, compared to the thinner epidermal stratum germinativum/granulosum of land iguanas (one to three cells thick with most areas possessing just one or two cell layers). These microscopic differences might reflect differences in habitat and ecology of the three species.
Are female CEOs greener? Female CEOs and green innovation: The role of their political embeddedness
Authors: Tang Fei , Li Dayuan
Published: November 2023

Are female CEOs greener? Few studies have explicitly scrutinised the roles of female CEOs and their political embeddedness in green innovation. In the present work, the influence of female CEOs on green innovation is first examined. Then, the effect of politically embedded female CEOs on green innovation is explored by differentiating female CEOs as those who are and who are not politically embedded, respectively. Furthermore, the moderating effects of external environmental factors on this relationship, namely market competition and market development, are investigated. Using data on China's publicly operated firms from 2008 to 2017, the findings suggest the following: (1) female CEOs negatively affect green innovation; (2) politically embedded female CEOs positively affect green innovation; (3) the positive influence of politically embedded female CEOs on green innovation is strengthened when firms are situated in less competitive industries and more developed markets. This article extends the research and current knowledge base about female CEOs, political embeddedness, and green innovation.
Identification of target cells of human papillomavirus 18 using squamocolumnar junction organoids
Authors: Toyohara Yusuke , Taguchi Ayumi , Ishii Yoshiyuki , Yoshimoto Daisuke , Yamazaki Miki , Matsunaga Hiroko , Nakatani Kazuma , Hoshi Daisuke , Tsuchimochi Saki , Kusakabe Misako , Baba Satoshi , Kawata Akira , Ikemura Masako , Tanikawa Michihiro , Sone Kenbun , Uchino‐Mori Mayuyo , Ushiku Tetsuo , Takeyama Haruko , Oda Katsutoshi , Kawana Kei , Hippo Yoshitaka , Osuga Yutaka
Published: November 2023

Human papillomavirus 18 (HPV18) is a highly malignant HPV genotype among high‐risk HPVs, characterized by the difficulty of detecting it in precancerous lesions and its high prevalence in adenocarcinomas. The cellular targets and molecular mechanisms underlying its infection remain unclear. In this study, we aimed to identify the cells targeted by HPV18 and elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying HPV18 replication. Initially, we established a lentiviral vector (HPV18LCR‐GFP vector) containing the HPV18 long control region promoter located upstream of EGFP. Subsequently, HPV18LCR‐GFP vectors were transduced into patient‐derived squamocolumnar junction organoids, and the presence of GFP‐positive cells was evaluated. Single‐cell RNA sequencing of GFP‐positive and GFP‐negative cells was conducted. Differentially expressed gene analysis revealed that 169 and 484 genes were significantly upregulated in GFP‐positive and GFP‐negative cells, respectively. Pathway analysis showed that pathways associated with cell cycle and viral carcinogenesis were upregulated in GFP‐positive cells, whereas keratinization and mitophagy/autophagy‐related pathways were upregulated in GFP‐negative cells. siRNA‐mediated luciferase reporter assay and HPV18 genome replication assay validated that, among the upregulated genes, ADNP, FHL2, and NPM3 were significantly associated with the activation of the HPV18 early promoter and maintenance of the HPV18 genome. Among them, NPM3 showed substantially higher expression in HPV‐related cervical adenocarcinomas than in squamous cell carcinomas, and NPM3 knockdown of HPV18‐infected cells downregulated stem cell‐related genes. Our new experimental model allows us to identify novel genes involved in HPV18 early promoter activities. These molecules might serve as therapeutic targets in HPV18‐infected cervical lesions.
Children's overestimation of performance across age, task, and historical time: Ameta‐analysis
Authors: Xia Mengtian , Poorthuis Astrid M. G. , Thomaes Sander
Published: November 2023

Children tend to overestimate their performance on a variety of tasks and activities. The present meta‐analysis examines the specificity of this phenomenon across age, tasks, and more than five decades of historical time (1968–2021). Self‐overestimation was operationalized as the ratio between children's prospective self‐estimates of task performance and their actual (i.e., objectively measured) task performance. A total of 246 effect sizes from 43 published articles were analyzed (4277 participants; 49.6% girls; sample mean ages range from 4 to 12; 86.0% of studies conducted in North America or Europe). Children's self‐overestimation was robust across tasks, with their estimates of performance being 1.3 times their actual performance. In addition, children's self‐overestimation decreased with sample age and increased with the year of data collection.
Computer‐assisted and robotic implant surgery: Assessing the outcome measures of accuracy and educational implications
Authors: Pimkhaokham Atiphan , Chow James , Pozzi Alessandro , Arunjaroensuk Sirida , Subbalehka Keskanya , Mattheos Nikos
Published: November 2023

Objective

This scoping review aimed to (1) critically evaluate the outcomes measures used to assess the accuracy of implant placement with Computer Assisted Implant Surgery (CAIS) and (2) review the evidence supporting the efficient implementation of CAIS in training and education of clinicians.

Methods

A scoping literature review was conducted aiming to identify (a) clinical trials assessing accuracy of implant placement with CAIS, and (b) clinical trials or simulation/cadaver studies where CAIS was utilised and assessed for the training/education of clinicians. Studies since 1995 were assessed for suitability and data related to the outcomes measures of accuracy and educational efficacy were extracted and synthesised.

Results

Accuracy of CAIS has been mainly assessed through surrogate measures. Individual clinical trials have not shown any difference between static and dynamic CAIS, but recent meta‐analyses suggest an advantage of dynamic CAIS in reducing angular deviation. The combination of static and dynamic CAIS might offer higher accuracy than each of the two used alone. Dynamic CAIS is suitable for novice surgeons and might even have added value as an education tool for implant surgery, although mastering the technique requires longer training than static.

Conclusion

Meta‐analyses of large samples, new and diverse outcomes measures, as well as benchmarking of levels of accuracy with specific clinical outcomes will help to better understand the potential and limitations of CAIS. Dynamic CAIS is suitable for novice operators, but educational interventions distributed over longer periods of time will be required for mastery of the process.
Paraventricular thalamus‐insular cortex circuit mediates colorectal visceral pain induced by neonatal colonic inflammation in mice
Authors: Zhang Fu‐Chao , Wei Ying‐Xue , Weng Rui‐Xia , Xu Qi‐Ya , Li Rui , Yu Yang , Xu Guang‐Yin
Published: November 2023

Aims

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, but its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood, particularly the involvements of central nervous system sensitization in colorectal visceral pain. Our study was to investigate whether the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) projected to the insular cortex (IC) to regulate colorectal visceral pain in neonatal colonic inflammation (NCI) mice and underlying mechanisms.

Methods

We applied optogenetic, chemogenetic, or pharmacological approaches to manipulate the glutamatergicPVT‐IC pathway. Fiber photometry was used to assess neuronal activity. Electromyography activities in response to colorectal distension (CRD) were measured to evaluate the colorectal visceral pain.

Results

NCI enhanced c‐Fos expression and calcium activity upon CRD in the ICGlu, and optogenetic manipulation of them altered colorectal visceral pain responses accordingly. Viral tracing indicated that the PVTGlu projected to the ICGlu. Optogenetic manipulation of PVTGlu changed colorectal visceral pain responses. Furthermore, selective optogenetic modulation of PVT projections in the IC influenced colorectal visceral pain, which was reversed by chemogenetic manipulation of downstream ICGlu.

Conclusions

This study identified a novel PVT‐IC neural circuit playing a critical role in colorectal visceral pain in a mouse model of IBS.
The phosphokinase activity of IRE1ɑ prevents the oxidative stress injury through miR‐25/Nox4 pathway after ICH
Authors: Liao Yuhui , Huang Juan , Wang Zhenhua , Yang Zhengyu , Shu Yue , Gan Shengwei , Wang Zhixu , Lu Weitian
Published: November 2023

Background

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress are the major pathologies encountered after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Inositol‐requiring enzyme‐1 alpha (IRE1α) is the most evolutionarily conserved ER stress sensor, which plays a role in monitoring and responding to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. Recent studies have shown that ER stress is profoundly related to oxidative stress in physiological or pathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of IRE1α in oxidative stress and the potential mechanism.

Methods

A mouse model of ICH was established by autologous blood injection. The IRE1α phosphokinase inhibitor KIRA6 was administrated intranasally at 1 h after ICH, antagomiR‐25 and agomiR‐25 were injected intraventricularly at 24 h before ICH. Western blot analysis, RT‐qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, hematoma volume, neurobehavioral tests, dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, H2O2 content, brain water content, body weight, Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) were performed.

Results

Endogenous phosphorylated IRE1α (p‐IRE1α), miR‐25‐3p, and Nox4 were increased in the ICH model. Administration of KIRA6 downregulated miR‐25‐3p expression, upregulated Nox4 expression, promoted the level of oxidative stress, increased hematoma volume, exacerbated brain edema and neurological deficits, reduced body weight, aggravated spatial learning and memory deficits, and increased anxiety levels. Then antagomiR‐25 further upregulated the expression of Nox4, promoted the level of oxidative stress, increased hematoma volume, exacerbated brain edema and neurological deficits, whereas agomiR‐25 reversed the effects promoted by KIRA6.

Conclusion

The IRE1α phosphokinase activity is involved in the oxidative stress response through miR‐25/Nox4 pathway in the mouse ICH brain.
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1: A potential therapeutic target for the treatment of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Liao Zhidong , Umar Muhammad , Huang Xingyun , Qin Ling , Xiao Guozhi , Chen Yan , Tong Liping , Chen Di
Published: November 2023

This study aims to determine the molecular mechanisms and analgesic effects of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) in the treatments of osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We summarize and analyse current studies regarding the biological functions and mechanisms of TRPV1 in arthritis. We search and analyse the related literature in Google Scholar, Web of Science and PubMed databases from inception to September 2023 through the multi‐combination of keywords like ‘TRPV1’, ‘ion channel’, ‘osteoarthritis’, ‘rheumatoid arthritis’ and ‘pain’. TRPV1 plays a crucial role in regulating downstream gene expression and maintaining cellular function and homeostasis, especially in chondrocytes, synovial fibroblasts, macrophages and osteoclasts. In addition, TRPV1 is located in sensory nerve endings and plays an important role in nerve sensitization, defunctionalization or central sensitization. TRPV1 is a non‐selective cation channel protein. Extensive evidence in recent years has established the significant involvement of TRPV1 in the development of arthritis pain and inflammation, positioning it as a promising therapeutic target for arthritis. TRPV1 likely represents a feasible therapeutic target for the treatment of OA and RA.
Epidemiology of acute infections in people who inject drugs in Australia
Authors: Attwood Lucy O. , O'Keefe Daniel , Higgs Peter , Vujovic Olga , Doyle Joseph S. , Stewardson Andrew J.
Published: November 2023

Issues

People who inject drugs are at risk of acute infections, such as skin and soft tissue infections, infective endocarditis, bone and joint infections and bloodstream infections. There has been an increase in these infections in people who inject drugs internationally over the past 10 years. However, the local data regarding acute infections in Australia has not been well described.

Approach

We review the epidemiology of acute infections and associated morbidity and mortality amongst people who inject drugs in Australia. We summarise risk factors for these infections, including the concurrent social and psychological determinants of health.

Key Findings

The proportion of people who report having injected drugs in the prior 12 months in Australia has decreased over the past 18 years. However, there has been an increase in the burden of acute infections in this population. This increase is driven largely by skin and soft tissue infections. People who inject drugs often have multiple conflicting priorities that can delay engagement in care.

Implications

Acute infections in people who inject drugs are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Acute infections contribute to significant bed days, surgical requirements and health‐care costs in Australia. The increase in these infections is likely due to a complex interplay of microbiological, individual, social and environmental factors.

Conclusion

Acute infections in people who inject drugs in Australia represent a significant burden to both patients and health‐care systems. Flexible health‐care models, such as low‐threshold wound clinics, would help directly target, and address early interventions, for these infections.
Genomic evidence for climatic adaptation in Fejervarya multistriata
Authors: Lei Zhaoxia , Yan Chaochao , Jin Long , Li Jiatang , Yan Chengzhi , Liao Wenbo
Published: November 2023

Aim

Genetic diversity driven by natural selection contributes to population divergence in amphibians, thus facilitating local adaptation to climate change. Understanding the mechanisms of genetic adaptation is one of the important issues in evolutionary biology. This study set out to reveal drivers responsible for intraspecific divergence in Fejervarya multistriata and further investigate the potential involvement of selected genes in responding to climate challenges.

Location

China.

Method

To identify adaptive traits associated with climate change, we conducted genome RAD‐seq of 300 F. multistriata individuals from 15 locations across a bio‐geographical range with gradual climatic variation in China.

Results

The results indicate a substantial genetic diversity among populations of F. multistriata and highlight specific genes and pathways that likely contribute to intraspecific divergence. The demographic history of F. multistriata can be traced back to the last interglacial period, during which elevated temperatures may have led to a significant decline in effective population size. The analysis of genome‐climate association identified five candidate genes (BMP2K, NRAP, ZW10, MYH1 and PLB1) potentially involved in local climate adaptation.

Main Conclusions

Our findings have shed light on the genetic mechanisms of local adaptation to climate change in F. multistriata, thereby aiding in determining the possible fate of populations under future climate change.
Longitudinal caregiver‐reported motor development in infants born at term and preterm
Authors: Warschausky Seth , Gidley Larson Jennifer C. , Raghunathan Trivellore , Berglund Patricia , Huth‐Bocks Alissa , Taylor H. Gerry , Staples Angela D. , Lukomski Angela , Barks John , Lajiness‐O'Neill Renee ,   the PediaTrac Project Consortium
Published: November 2023

Aim

To examine the extent to which estimates of a latent trait or underlying construct of motor ability differ in infants born at term and preterm, based on caregiver ratings of the motor domain of PediaTrac v3.0.

Method

The sample consisted of 571 caregiver–infant dyads (331 born at term, 240 born preterm), 48% female, with 51.7% of caregivers identifying as an ethnic minority. Latent trait of motor ability was estimated based on item response theory modeling. Gestational group differences (term and preterm birth) were examined at the newborn/term‐equivalent, 2‐, 4‐, 6‐, 9‐, and 12‐month time points.

Results

Caregiver ratings of latent trait of motor ability were reliably modeled across the range of abilities at each time point. While the group born preterm exhibited significantly more advanced motor abilities at the term‐equivalent time point, by 6 months the group born at term was more advanced. Biological sex difference main and interaction effects were not significant.

Interpretation

Caregivers provided reliable, longitudinal estimates of motor ability in infancy, reflecting important differences in the motor development of infants born at term and preterm. The findings suggest that significant motor development occurs in infants born preterm from birth to the term‐equivalent time point and provide a foundation to examine motor growth trajectories as potential predictors in the early identification of neurodevelopmental conditions and needs.

What this paper adds

Longitudinal caregiver ratings of motor function in early infancy yielded reliable estimates of the latent trait of motor ability.

Motor ability at the term‐equivalent time point was higher in infants born preterm than infants born at term.
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors are associated with kidney benefits at all degrees of albuminuria: A retrospective cohort study of adults with diabetes
Authors: Fujita Kaden K. , Ye Feng , Collister David , Klarenbach Scott , Campbell David J. T. , Chew Derek S. , Quinn Amity E. , Ronksley Paul , Lau Darren
Published: November 2023

Aim

To estimate the real‐world effectiveness of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) versus dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors (DPP4is) at reducing loss of kidney function and adverse kidney events in adults with varying levels of albuminuria.

Materials and Methods

In this retrospective cohort study using administrative data, we matched new SGLT2i users 1:2 to DPP4i users on diabetes therapy, chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage, albuminuria and time‐conditional propensity score. Albuminuria was defined by spot urine albumin or equivalent as mild, moderate or severe. Linear regression was used to model the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and Poisson regression for a composite kidney outcome (> 40% loss of eGFR, kidney replacement therapy or death from kidney causes) and all‐cause mortality.

Results

SGLT2i users (n = 19 238, median age 57.9 years, female 40.9%) had mostly nil/mild albuminuria (70.7%). SGLT2is were associated with a 1.36 (95% CI 0.98‐1.74) mL/min/1.73m2 (P < .001) acute (≤ 60 days) decline in eGFR, relative to DPP4is. Thereafter, SGLT2is were associated with 1.04 (95% CI 0.93‐1.15) mL/min/1.73m2 (P < .001) less annual eGFR loss. SGLT2i users had fewer adverse kidney outcomes (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 0.58 [0.47‐0.71]; P < .001), but not all‐cause mortality (IRR 0.82 [0.66‐1.01]; P = .06). Outcomes were similar considering only those with nil/mild albuminuria.

Conclusions

SGLT2is may prevent eGFR decline and reduce the risk of adverse kidney events in adults with diabetes and nil or non‐severe albuminuria.
Association of five diet scores with severe NAFLD incidence: A prospective study from UK Biobank
Authors: Petermann‐Rocha Fanny , Carrasco‐Marin Fernanda , Boonpor Jirapitcha , Parra‐Soto Solange , Shannon Oliver , Malcomson Fiona , Phillips Nathan , Jain Mahek , Deo Salil , Livingstone Katherine M. , Dingle Sara E. , Mathers John C. , Forrest Ewan , Ho Frederick K. , Pell Jill P. , Celis‐Morales Carlos
Published: November 2023

Aim

This study aimed to contrast the associations of five common diet scores with severe non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) incidence.

Materials and Methods

In total, 162 999 UK Biobank participants were included in this prospective population‐based study. Five international diet scores were included: the 14‐Item Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS‐14), the Recommended Food Score (RFS), the Healthy Diet Indicator (HDI), the Mediterranean Diet Score and the Mediterranean‐DASH Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay score. As each score has different measurements and scales, all scores were standardized and categorized into quartiles. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounder factors investigated associations between the standardized quartiles and severe NAFLD incidence.

Results

Over a median follow‐up of 10.2 years, 1370 participants were diagnosed with severe NAFLD. When the analyses were fully adjusted, participants in quartile 4 using the MEDAS‐14 and RFS scores, as well as those in quartiles 2 and 3 using the HDI score, had a significantly lower risk of severe incident NAFLD compared with those in quartile 1. The lowest risk was observed in quartile 4 for the MEDAS‐14 score [hazard ratio (HR): 0.76 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.62‐0.94)] and the RFS score [HR: 0.82 (95% CI: 0.69‐0.96)] and as well as in quartile 2 in the HDI score [HR: 0.80 (95% CI: 0.70‐0.91)].

Conclusion

MEDAS‐14, RFS and HDI scores were the strongest diet score predictors of severe NAFLD. A healthy diet might protect against NAFLD development irrespective of the specific approach used to assess diet. However, following these score recommendations could represent optimal dietary approaches to mitigate NAFLD risk.
Comparing fracture resistance on bovine incisors restored by tooth fragment reattachment versus direct composite restoration techniques
Authors: Aharonian Shiran , Schachter Andrea Dora , Masri Mahmoud , Tunis Tanya Sella , Blumer Sigalit , Brosh Tamar , Ratson Tal
Published: November 2023

Background/Aim

Anterior teeth are prone to traumatic dental injuries (TDIs). Although a number of techniques ranging from original tooth fragment reattachment (TFR) to direct composite restoration (DCR) can be used to restore uncomplicated crown fractures, there is no consensus on which method is best. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fracture resistance of bovine incisors restored by two different techniques (TFR and DCR) in three different fracture models.

Materials and Methods

Sixty extracted bovine lower incisors were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20). Angle, oblique, or transverse sections of all the teeth in a group were prepared by using a disk. The cut surfaces were scanned, and the cross‐sectional areas (CSA) of the enamel and dentin were measured. Half the teeth in each group were restored by DCR (n = 10) and the other half by TFR (n = 10). The forces required to fracture the restored teeth were then measured using a Universal testing machine, and the fracture modes were analyzed (cohesive, adhesive, or mixed).

Results

No statistically significant differences between the TFR and DCR restorations were detected for total and enamel CSAs in any of the restoration shapes (p > .067). The fracture forces required to break DCR angle and transverse restorations were significantly greater than for the corresponding shapes restored with TFR (p < .033). However, the difference in the forces needed to fracture oblique section restorations by DCR or TFR was not statistically significant (p = .239), despite a similar trend (143.4 ± 51 N and 120.9 ± 25 N, respectively).

Conclusion

This study revealed that a greater force is required to fracture teeth restored by the DCR than by the TFR technique, especially for a transverse section. This demonstrates that restoring a fractured tooth provides a superior outcome compared to reattaching the fractured fragment.
Effect of different materials for conventional and 3D‐printed models on the mechanical properties of ethylene‐vinyl acetate utilized for fabricating custom‐fit mouthguards
Authors: Rondón Airin Karelys Avendaño , Lozada Maribí Isomar Terán , Soares Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira , Raposo Luis Henrique Araujo , Soares Carlos José
Published: November 2023

Background/Aim

The interaction between the ethylene‐vinyl acetate (EVA) with distinct materials utilized for obtaining dental models can affect the performance of resulting mouthguards. This study attempted to evaluate the effect of different materials for conventional (dental stone) or 3D‐printed (resin) models on EVA's physical and mechanical properties and surface characteristics.

Material and Methods

EVA sheets (Bioart) were laminated over four model types: GIV, conventional Type IV dental stone model (Zhermak); ReG, resin‐reinforced Type IV dental stone model (Zero Stone); 3DnT, 3D resin printed model (Anycubic) without surface treatment; 3DT, 3D‐printed model (Anycubic) with water‐soluble gel (KY Jelly Lubricant, Johnson & Johnson) coating during post‐curing process. The EVA specimens were cut following the ISO 37‐II standard (n = 30). Shore A hardness was measured before and after plasticization on the contact (internal) or opposite (external) surfaces with the model. The breaking force (F, N), elongation (EL, mm), and ultimate tensile strength (UTS, MPa) were measured using a universal testing machine. Macro‐photography and scanning electron microscopy were adopted for classifying the EVA surface alteration. Data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA with repeated measures, followed by Tukey's test (α = .05).

Results

Plasticization significantly decreased Shore A values for the tested EVA regardless of the model type (p < .001). Higher F, El, and UTS values were verified for the EVA with 3DT and GIV models compared to ReG and 3DnT (p < .001). 3DnT models resulted in severe surface alteration and a greater reduction of the mechanical properties of the EVA.

Conclusion

The interaction of EVA with 3D resin‐printed models without surface treatment or resin‐reinforced Type IV dental stone models significantly affected the physical and mechanical properties of this material. The utilization of water‐soluble gel coating during the post‐curing process of 3D resin printed models improved the mechanical properties of the EVA, similarly when this material was plasticized over conventional Type IV dental stone model.