bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Is Sjogren’s Syndrome?
Authors: Grayzel Arthur
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter Sjogren’s syndrome will be described and classified by means of its signs, symptoms, autoimmune features, and autoantibodies. This material is intended to be an overview, with both the concepts and specific findings to be explained in more detail in the following chapters.
How Can I Be Sure It’s Really SJogren’s?
Authors: Spiera Robert F Spiera Harry
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we will explore the differential diagnosis of Sjogren’s syndrome and the occurrence of sicca (dryness) and other Sjogren’s features in other, nonautoimmune conditions that can mimic Sjogren’s.
Taming Sjogren’s: Fighting Fatigue, Lifestyle Factors, and Nondrug Management
Authors: Melvin Jeanne L
Published: November 2023

Once A Person Develops a serious illness or condition that cannot be cured with medication or surgery, it is extremely helpful to approach healing from a very broad, holistic perspective that will strengthen overall health and the immune system in addition to treating or reducing the specific symptoms. This process is called self-management.
Conquering Sjogren’s
Authors: Broderick Joan E , Bromet Evelyn J
Published: November 2023

In This Chapter, we discuss anger, depression, fatigue, and chronic pain, four critical issues that Sjogren’s patients often face on a daily basis. We then consider strategies for managing these challenges.
History of Rehabilitation for Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Boake Corwin , Diller Leonard
Published: November 2023

While the occurrence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) in some ancient myths implies that TBI was recognized before recorded history (Courville, 1967), the resulting high fatality rate made rehabilitation generally impossible until the twentieth century. As shown by Gurdjian’s (1973) compilation of statistics of brain wounds suffered in wars, most penetrating brain wounds before the 1900s were fatal. For example, during the U.S. Civil War, the fatality rate from penetrating brain wounds was about 70%. When advances in neurotrauma care during World War I led to improved survival, rehabilitation of TBI victims became a possibility.
Substance Abuse
Authors: Corrigan John d.
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a review of current research on traumatic brain injury (TBI) and problems associated with the use of alcohol and other drugs. While these problems are primarily substance use disorders [abuse and dependence as described in the DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 1994)], intoxication at time of injury and potentially harmful patterns of consumption after injury (that may not rise to the definition of abuse) are also discussed. Unfortunately, there is far more information on the problem and its scope than there is on treatment approaches to ameliorate use-related disorders. This imbalance will be reflected in this chapter as well. The topics covered will elucidate the scope of the problem, including intoxication at the time of injury, a preinjury history of substance use disorder, use following the injury, the combined effect of TBI and substance abuse on brain structure and function, and negative psychosocial outcomes. Interventions and treatment approaches that have specifically addressed substance use following TBI are reviewed as well. This chapter concludes with a proposed research agenda to address substance use and TBI.
Rehabilitation of Patients with Disorders of Consciousness
Authors: Giacino Joseph T
Published: November 2023

Among individuals who sustain severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), a significant percentage experience prolonged or permanent disorders of consciousness (DOC). The reliability of published data is suspect; however, 10%–15% of those admitted to a hospital with severe TBI are discharged in a vegetative state. Of these, only 50% recover consciousness over the next 1 to 3 years (Levin & Eisenberg, 1996). Prevalence estimates for the vegetative state range from 15,000 to 40,000 (Multi-Society Task Force on PVS, 1994; National Consensus Development Panel on Rehabilitation, 1999), with as many as 280,000 additional individuals believed to be in the minimally conscious state in the United States (Strauss et al., 2000).
The Bay of Pigs
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

In January 1959, as Fidel Castro entered Havana in triumph, Americans hailed the revolutionary as a hero. Then came Castro’s increasingly anti-American talk, the rise in his regime of the openly Marxist Ché Guevara and Raúl Castro, and seizures of American-owned assets. In little more than a year, President Dwight D. Eisenhower concluded that Castro must go. In Bay of Pigs, Howard Jones provides a concise, incisive, and dramatic account of the disastrous attempt to overthrow Castro. He deftly examines the train of missteps and self-deceptions that led to the invasion of U.S.-trained exiles at the Bay of Pigs. Ignoring warnings from the ambassador to Cuba, the Eisenhower administration put in motion an operation that proved nearly unstoppable even after the inauguration of John F. Kennedy. The CIA and Pentagon, meanwhile, both voiced confidence in the outcome of the invasion, especially after coordinating previous successful coups in Guatemala and Iran. As a vital part of the Cuban effort, the CIA sought to incite a popular insurrection by recruiting the Mafia’s help in engineering Castro’s assassination on the eve of the invasion. And so the Kennedy administration launched the exile force toward its doom in Cochinos Bay on April 17, 1961. Jones gives a riveting account of the battle - and the confusion in the White House - before moving on to explore its implications. The Bay of Pigs, he writes, set the course of Kennedy’s foreign policy. It was a humiliation for the administration that fueled fears of Communist domination and pushed Kennedy toward a hardline cold warrior stance. But at the same time, the failed attack left him deeply skeptical of CIA and military advisers and influenced his later actions during the Cuban missile crisis. Richly researched, vividly written, Bay of Pigs offers an engaging and thoughtful account of the turning point in Kennedy’s foreign policy and indeed in foreign policy for decades to come.
Inquisition
Authors: Jones Howard
Published: November 2023

After an emotional meeting with friends and relatives of those who died at the Bay of Pigs, President Kennedy moaned to Richard Nixon that this marked ‘‘the worst experience of my life.’’ He later told the press, ‘‘There’s an old saying that victory has a hundred fathers and defeat is an orphan.’’ But the president publicly assumed full blame for the debacle, declaring in no uncertain terms, ‘‘I am the responsible officer of the government.’’ Privately, however, he castigated the Joint Chiefs as ‘‘[t]hose sons-of-bitches with all the fruit salad [who] just sat there nodding, saying it would work,’’ and ‘‘those CIA bastards’’ whose office I would like ‘‘to splinter’’ into ‘‘a thousand pieces and scatter . . . to the winds.’’ His most valued advisers had opened him to ridicule. Less profile and more courage, critics sarcastically demanded in alluding to his Pulitzer Prize–winning work, Profiles in Courage. Not only did the Bay of Pigs fiasco expose him to the charge of imperialism; worse, it showed he wasn’t even good at it.
American Wilderness
Authors: Lewis Michael
Published: November 2023

Shining Rock. The Big Horn Mountains. Cumberland Island. Gates of the Arctic. Mojave. From the Absaroka-Beartooth to Yosemite, the names alone thrill. These are some of the 677 federally designated wilderness areas of the United States, the most carefully preserved landscapes in the nation. In many of these places, you can walk for days without seeing another person or any obvious signs of human artifice, should you choose to do so. Outside this federal national wilderness system, more wilderness is preserved in our national parks, our national forests, and the numerous other categories of federally managed land. Still more wilderness can be found in private property—from estates and hunting clubs to Nature Conservancy sites. In a world that is increasingly paved and groomed, such places are precious. And given the continued thirst of our consumerist society for resources, their existence is at first glance surprising. The nation that, arguably, most fully has embraced industrial capitalism and consumer culture, a nation whose wealth has been predicated on its ability to harvest and transform an unusually rich bounty of natural resources, simultaneously developed rationales and models for setting aside landscapes (often spectacular ones) as permanent wildlands. This book explores the apparently contradictory history of Americans and their wilderness.
Natural History, Romanticism, and Thoreau
Authors: Dean Bradley P
Published: November 2023

Twenty-three decades after the Pilgrims arrived in Provincetown harbor to a “hideous and desolate wilderness,” another sort of pilgrim returned to his study in that same New World. He recorded a different impression of what he had seen during his afternoon walk: “How near to good is what is wild. There is the marrow of nature—there her divine liquors—that is the wine I love.” What had been “hideous and desolate” in 1620 had in 1849 become “near to good.”1 Wilderness is a manifestation of the physical world that people perceive very similarly, but each person’s conceptions of it differ. Wilderness per se does not change; we change. The newly arrived Pilgrims felt threatened because of conceptions about wilderness that had been packed in their minds just as surely as food and other necessities had been packed in the hold of their ship. Humans see in wilderness what we bring to it in our minds. And in the years since the Pilgrims landed in the New World, new conceptions of wilderness based upon changing religious, scientific, and philosophical beliefs about nature—in particular, natural history and romanticism—had led some mid-nineteenth-century Americans to a radically different way of seeing wilderness.
The Fate of Wilderness in American Landscape Art
Authors: Miller Angela
Published: November 2023

In the 2004 film The Day after Tomorrow, the Northern Hemisphere is engulfed by a new “ice age,” a catastrophic climate change resulting from global warming that transforms the conditions of life on the planet. The administration in Washington, struggling to understand the scale of the crisis, meets in a rotunda somewhere in the White House, which is hung with four paintings by the leading artists of the nineteenth-century American landscape tradition, including Thomas Cole. No such space exists in the White House; however, the selection of landscape art as a backdrop to an unprecedented environmental crisis is entirely appropriate to evoke the central dilemma the film confronts: the interdependence of our advanced postindustrial society with a natural world whose laws it has consistently violated. The film’s creators evidently banked on the symbolic resonance that grand images of the American wilderness continue to carry for American audiences as a symbol of a time when the nation was carpeted with forests instead of highways and factories, preserving an equilibrium crucial to climatic and social stability.
Wilderness Parks and Their Discontents
Authors: Johnson Benjamin
Published: November 2023

The turn of the twentieth century witnessed the transformation of wilderness as an idea into wilderness as practice: the creation of parks and other areas permanently set aside from settlement. By this point, a body of influential Americans had become convinced that America’s abuse of nature had spiraled far out of control of such haphazard measures. Where were the enormous herds of buffalo that had once covered the Great Plains? Yellowstone, a few private ranches, and an isolated park in Canada housed the pathetic remnants of a population that had once numbered as much as 40 million. Flocks of passenger pigeons had once numbered in the billions, darkening the sky in flight and blanketing hundreds of miles of forest when at roost. Sports hunters and commercial hunters blazed away, convinced of nature’s inexhaustibility. The last known passenger pigeon, Martha, died a lonely death in a Cincinnati zoo in 1914, more than a decade after the last verifiable sighting in the wild.1 In parts of Wisconsin and Michigan, where majestic stands of red and white pines had once loomed, smoldering stumps stretched as far as the eye could see. Cattle and sheep trampled the meadows of even the most remote mountain valleys. Reflecting on such depressing developments, Theodore Roosevelt articulated a key conservationist sentiment when he concluded in 1897 that “[t]he frontier had come to an end; it had vanished.”2 Wilderness preservation was but one part of the larger response of conservationists to what they understood as nothing less than a crisis of their civilization.
The Return to Spirit
Authors: Fulcher Jane F
Published: November 2023

On 6 January 1939, two months before France belatedly began preparations for an imminent war, Jacques Rouche astutely staged a work of Maurice Ravel. The choice of composition is revealing, for it was not one representative of the “less serious” Ravel that the Popular Front, according to its critics, hastily produced following his death. The work that Rouche now presented was Ravel’s (choreographed) Valses nobles et sentimentales, a choice that articulated a changing mood and a process of symbolic reinvestment in his music. Indeed, such reinterpretation of canonic French composers symbolically manifests a discernible shift in the state’s priorities in music and in its criteria for aesthetic legitimacy. Rouche, heading the now united administration of the national lyric theaters (funded exclusively by the state), was here implementing the aesthetic agenda of a conservative government confronting certain crisis. The cultural “territory” that had been previously occupied and expanded by the Popular Front now was being reclaimed, invested with new meaning in light of the more conservative climate. This included the nation’s lyric theaters, which were consolidated, just as the museums and libraries, in order both to improve efficiency and to better monitor their direction.
Reading Latin Efficiently and the Need for Cognitive Strategies
Authors: McCaffrey Daniel V
Published: November 2023

As you skim over this paragraph, trying to decide whether or not to read the whole chapter, you are not consciously aware of all the mental processes you are using to read it. For example, without looking back at the last sentence or running over the words in your mind, you might find it hard to recall the main verb or whether the sentence contained a relative clause. Many of the workings of language are buried so deep in our minds that psycholinguists can discover them only with clever experimental sentences and electronic equipment recording reaction times in milliseconds. “Participants in psycholinguistic experiments, for example, cannot self-report on how syntactic and semantic information come together to produce meaning because the process is normally entirely unconscious” (Ainsworth-Darnell et al. 128).
CavelI and the Concept of America
Authors: Conant James
Published: November 2023

Is there, as President Wilson thought, an internal relation between the concept of America and a certain ideal? Or is it that, as Chesterton thought, there is nothing the matter with Americans except their ideals?1 Or does America stripped of its ideals amount to nothing more than President Coolidge’s vision of it? And, if so, ought one then to sympathize with Dr. Johnson’s view of the matter? Or is there adistinction to be drawn, as Emerson thought, between the ideal and its debasement by those who most loudly proclaim it? As these quotations evidence, the topic of America—what it stands for, what it is, and what it should be—excites and aggrieves both those who make their home in America and those who do not.
Passionate and Performative Utterance Morals of Encounter
Authors: Cavell Stanley
Published: November 2023

In Aristotle’s Categories, meant to list the basic objects or components of thought, the little that is said about the concept of passion (or affection) is paired with the concept of action, and the only example offered, I believe (in chapter 4, referred back to in chapter 9), is the following: ‘“To lance,’ ‘to cauterize’ [are terms indicating] action; ‘to be lanced,’ ‘to be cauterized,’ affection.” Call this the metaphysical sense of passion. The psychological sense of passion, as naming members of a constellation of emotions (for example, anger, fear, pity, envy), Aristotle treats most fully in his Rhetoric, as aids to the rhetorical goal of persuasion and dangers to the means of worthy argumentation. The connection between the metaphysical and psychological “senses” of passion, suggested in the idea of suffering, is that of passiveness.
Reconstruction Politics and the Politics of Reconstruction
Authors: Fitzgerald Michael W
Published: November 2023

The notion that historical scholarship reflects changing contemporary preoccupations and values is almost a truism. Nowhere has this been more evident than in the literature on southern Reconstruction, which has mirrored a changing national climate more than methodological innovations or wider historiographic trends. Reconstruction scholarship has been shaped by its utility in furthering one or another political agenda, or at least in expressing an evolving racial ethos. In particular, modern work has been conducted in the shadow of the civil rights movement—its stirring triumphs and unfinished legacy. For decades, the analogy with contemporary southern struggles animated scholarship. In recent years, as that parallel has become less compelling, interest in Reconstruction partisan contests has declined. This less politicized environment offers some compensations, and the time is perhaps opportune for taking stock.
The Past as A Foreign Country:Reconstruction, Inside and Out
Authors: Smith Mark M
Published: November 2023

Many historians of Reconstruction have assumed an air of studied indifference toward foreign affairs. This essay attempts to prick their interest in the topic. It reviews what little work there is on the subject, surveys the modest contributions to the field made by diplomatic historians, and points to examples of recent work that suggest how and why we might begin to appreciate the importance of foreign affairs for our understanding of Reconstruction and how that appreciation itself might shape our intellectual understanding of the relationship between the ostensibly stable and discrete categories of “domestic” and “foreign.” Any reasonable, full, and nuanced understanding of Reconstruction must include an awareness of events that took place outside of the United States. In this sense, my essay is a call for inclusion. But more than that, I argue that slighting the importance of events beyond the United States and downplaying Americans’ awareness of the foreign during Reconstruction blinds us to the depth, meaning, and subtleties of what Reconstruction at home actually meant. Reconstruction as a domestic episode, in short, is best understood by appreciating foreign developments and initiatives.
Reconstructions in Intellectual and Cultural Life
Authors: Butler Leslie
Published: November 2023

Charles Eliot Norton, descendant of Puritan divines and wartime editor of the North American Review, and Edward Pollard, advocate of the African slave trade and wartime editor of the Richmond Examiner, agreed on very little. Yet both perceived, as did the British liberal political philosopher John Stuart Mill, that ideas were at the heart of the American Civil War. Norton envisioned an epic battle between two systems of thought, Pollard understood ideas as weapons with which to win the peace, and Mill diagnosed a mental jolt so forceful it would make the American mind newly receptive to reasoned inquiry. Recent scholarship has taken up and extended all three of these viewpoints, establishing that the massive upheaval of the 1860s did mobilize and transform American thought. The Civil War and its aftermath elicited reconstructions in intellectual terms no less than in social, political, or economic ones. No matter how one defines “Reconstruction”—as the reentry of the former Confederate states into the Union, as the adjustment to the emancipation of some four million slaves, or as the integration of the national economy under a newly powerful centralized state—the process of moving from Civil War to a civil peace required mental adaptation. All major wars undoubtedly result in periods of cultural and intellectual activity. Participants struggle to define the conflict, give purpose to the loss of life, reconcile initial aspirations with postwar realities, and vie for the meaning of the peace.
House and Garden
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

The word for “home” in Chinese is a pictograph of a roof with a pig beneath. The roof was, of course, essential to any dwelling built above ground. A pig in an abode, however, was peculiar to China. Throughout most of China’s history, even in the twentieth century, the pig has been the most prized source of meat, butchered and eaten on ceremonial or sacrificial occasions by even the most humble people. For that reason the lowly peasant made every effort to protect the creature from theft and allocated space for it within his house. Those with greater resources rich peasants, merchants, officials, and aristocrats-had sties to house their hogs and did not keep them in their living quarters.
Clothes and Hygiene
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

In 815 an assassin waylaid Pei Du, a chief minister, near his home and struck him on the head. Pei fell off his horse and landed in a drainage ditch. A member of his entourage grabbed the killer from behind and raised the alarm with a loud bellow. The desperado cut off the man’s arm and fled before the authorities could apprehend him. Although the blow to his head inflicted a wound, Pei survived the assault because the felt of his hat was so thick.
Crime and, Punishment
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

Upon returning from a nocturnal fox hunt on January 9, 827, Emperor Jing zong caroused in the palace with twenty-eight eunuchs and captains of his polo teams. After he got merrily drunk, the emperor retired to change his clothes in another chamber. Suddenly all of the lights in the hall went out, and his drinking companions slew him in the dressing room. This regicide was the fruition of a conspiracy whose objective was to depose the king and install his uncle on the throne. A rival clique of eunuchs, however, had other ideas. They induced Jing zong’s brother to issue an order authorizing the execution of the assassins. Imperial troops duly entered the palace and massacred the murderers the same day.
Sickness and Health
Authors: Benn Charles
Published: November 2023

In the early seventh century the mother of Wei, a wealthy man, suddenly lost her sight. The son consulted a fortune-teller, who told him, “Next year someone wearing black garb will come from the east on the first day of the third moon. His therapy is guaranteed to heal your mother.” On the appointed day a stranger wearing a short robe woven from coarse, black thread approached Wei’s home. Wei invited the man in and spread a lavish feast for him. The man clad in black said, “Your humble servant knows nothing of medicine, but I do know how to make plows.
Covenant in Jerusalem
Authors: Parramore Thomas C
Published: November 2023

Nat Turner, a slave on the farm of carriage-maker Joseph Travis, met his cohorts by prearrangement on the afternoon of Sunday, 2 1 August 1831, at nearby Cabin Pond. They had talked for months about rebelling against the whites, and Nat had called the meeting to make final preparations for it. Present were Hark Travis and Will Francis, who, like Nat, were said to be Methodist “exhorters” (lay preachers). Nelson Williams, Sam Francis, Jack Reese, and Henry Porter were also present.
A Prophet in His Own Land: Support for Nat Turner and His Rebellion within Southampton’s Black Community
Authors: Breen Patrick H
Published: November 2023

In August of 1831 Nat Turner and a handful of men began a slave rebellion that left about 60 whites dead. Southern Virginia fell into chaos and terror spread throughout the South as whites wondered about the extent of the rebellion and the danger that their human property posed. Within six months, Virginia’s house of delegates debated the propriety of slavery and considered emancipation schemes. Black people worried about their safety as bands of white men roved panic-stricken portions of the South seeking re\’enge, often with little concern for distinguishing the partisans of Nat Turner from bystanders whose only crime was their black skin. These responses to the rebellion have overshadowed any careful examination of the support that Nat Turner received in America’s most famous slave rebellion.
Nat Turner and Sectional Crisis
Authors: Masur Louis P
Published: November 2023

The heavens darkened and Nat Turner prepared to strike. “And on the appearance of the sign, (the eclipse of the sun last February) I should arise and prepare myself, and slay my enemies with their own weapons,” he proclaimed. The sign that signaled the beginning of the rebellion was no figment of his imagination. “THE GREAT ECLIPSE OF 1831,” alerted Ash’s Pocket Almanac, “will be one of the most remarkable that will again be witnessed in the United States for a long course of years.”
Radio Voices
Authors: Ritchie Donald A
Published: November 2023

“What does it matter on radio?” quipped a Washington correspondent, expressing his indifference to getting his facts wrong on an early radio broadcast. To newspaper reporters, radio news seemed as fleeting as the airwaves that carried it, but their own papers’ management did not share their cavalier attitude. Publishers recognized radio as potential competition for advertising revenue, and editors resented radio’s ability to scoop them on fast breaking news. As the general manager of the Trenton Times complained in 1931, “How can an eight-column banner line on some spot news happening hold the same thrill after it has been heard over the radio?” Afraid that newspapers might not survive if “headline-minded” Americans got used to radio’s condensed version of events, the newspapers launched a preventive war. For a decade they fought radio’s ability to broadcast the news, and denied its Washington correspondents press passes. Not until the Second World War would radio news finally find its voice.
Dietary Assessment and Monitoring in Real Time
Authors: Glanz Karen , Murphy Suzanne
Published: November 2023

Nutrition plays an important role in the risk of chronic diseases that are major causes of illness and death in America today. Good nutrition, often in combination with physical activity and maintenance of a healthy weight, can help prevent heart disease, stroke, hypertension, diabetes, and some types of cancer (DHHS, 1998; Norris, Harnack, Carmichael, et al., 1997; World Cancer Research Fund, 1997). About half of all U.S. adults are overweight (DHHS, 1998), and the mean percentage of daily total food intake from dietary fat is at 34 percent, well above the health recommendations of 30 percent energy from fat (Norris et al., 1997). Consumption of fruits and vegetables is essential to healthy nutrition and weight; it can help control weight and may also lead to eating fewer high-fat foods (USDA/DHHS, 2000). However, many people do not consume enough fruits and vegetables (Norris et al., 1997; World Cancer Research Fund, 1997), and there is a great public health need for prevention strategies to promote healthy nutrition among Americans.
Ecological Momentary Assessment as a Resource for Social Epidemiology
Authors: Kamarck Thomas W , Shiffman Saul , Muldoon Matthew F , Sutton-Tyrrell Kim , Gwaltney Chad J , Janicki, Denise L , Schwartz Joseph E
Published: November 2023

Over the past several decades, behavioral scientists have identified several social-environmental characteristics that appear to be linked with enhanced risk for premature morbidity or mortality (Hemingway & Marmot, 1999; Rozanski, Blumenthal, & Kaplan, 1999). As with other environmental risk factors (for example, passive smoking; Hackshaw, Law, & Wald, 1997), the impact of such characteristics on health should be expected to vary as a function of the frequency, duration, or intensity of daily exposure. Documenting the extent of environmental risk exposure (e.g., Fehrenbacher & Hummel, 1996) is a challenge for epidemiologists who study the risk factors related to disease (see Labarthe, 1998), and all the more so when such risk factors involve psychosocial processes. Here we examine the potential benefits of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) as a strategy for measuring exposure to social environments that may increase health risk. As a case in point, we discuss the relationship between occupational stress and cardiovascular disease..
Health Promotion Ethical and Social Dilemmas of Government Policy
Authors: Bayer Ronald , Moreno Jonathan D
Published: November 2023

That health is endangered, lives are lost, and illness increased as a result of poor or destructive personal habits are by now well-established facts. In the United States, as well as in other societies with advanced systems of medical care, repeated calls are made for efforts to alter or modify behavioral patterns with negative consequences for health. Interest in such policies stems partly from growing doubts about the ability of therapeutic medicine to solve the problems posed by the current pattern of morbidity and mortality. The interest also stems from the realization that an upper limit may have been reached in the willingness of the citizenry to shoulder the burden of an expanding health care sector that now consumes close to 11 percent of the gross national product. But whatever the sources of the interest in the modification of personal habits and behaviors that affect the health of men and women, it is clear that many now believe that something must be done.
“A Loss That Is Greater Than We Can Bear”: Going To War
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Two months had passed since the bloody day along Battle Road. It was June 14, and in sweltering Philadelphia John Adams wished to address the Continental Congress on an urgent matter. Rising from his chair, Adams took the floor in the stuffy Pennsylvania State House and told Congress that he wished to nominate a man to command an American army, a soldier who was “modest and virtuous, … generous and brave.” He sits “among Us and [is] very well known to all of Us,” Adams went on, “a Gentleman whose Skill and Experience as an Officer, whose independent fortune, great Talents and excellent universal Character [will] commend the Approbation of all America and unite … all the Colonies better than any other Person in the Union.” That man was Colonel Washington of Virginia.
“This Hour Of Adversity”: TO The End Of 1776
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Washington’s tattered little army began to run on November 20, the day Cornwallis crossed the Hudson above Fort Lee. It did not stop running for twelve days, until it was in Pennsylvania and the Delaware River lay like a welcome rampart between it and the enemy. Two months earlier neither Washington nor Howe had thought the campaign of 1776 would boil down to this. Both commanders had believed that if the fighting moved beyond Manhattan, it would centre around a contest for control of the Hudson River, with Howe attempting to link up with the British army coming south out of Canada. Consequently, throughout the grim struggle for New York, both leaders—but Howe in particular—had impatiently sought word of Carleton’s invasion of northern New York.
“The Caprice Of War”: Americ A’s Pivo Tal Vict ory Atsar Atoga
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

The last lonely streaks of daylight slanted through the leafless trees as the Continental army entered Morristown, New Jersey, on January 6, 1777. This was to be the army’s quarters for the winter. Twenty-six miles west of New York City, astride both the Whippany River and the post road that linked the Hudson and Delaware Rivers, Morristown was a market center for local farmers and iron miners. Situated in a region of rolling, sometimes lofty hills, the craggy narrow passes leading to the village could be easily defended, and the river that coursed through it was entirely in American hands. The village sat atop a triangular plateau. Hollows fell down two sides of the town and rugged Thimble Mountain stood tall at its back. Morristown was a carefully chosen site. The Continental army would be unassailable in these quarters.
Choices, 1780
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

A month after d’Estaing’s failure in Savannah, John Adams, America’s minister plenipotentiary for peace, sailed for France on the frigate La Sensible. Adams learned of his appointment only about six weeks after he returned from a fifteen-month assignment in France. Accepting Congress’s call meant a second hazardous wartime crossing of the Atlantic and still another long separation from his family. (Between his service in Congress and abroad, he had already been apart from Abigail and his children during fifty-five of the past sixty months.) Many men—perhaps most—would not have accepted the appointment, but Adams never hesitated to accept. He thirsted after glory, and hoped for accolades once he negotiated the peace settlement. Despite Abigail’s pleas that she be permitted to accompany him, he refused. He feared what might happen to her should La Sensible be captured, but he also wanted her at home to manage the farm, their security for latter years. When he accepted Congress’s appointment, Adams told Abigail that she was “all that is dear to me in this World.” He also reminded her that if the Revolution was to succeed, the revolutionaries must make personal sacrifices. “We shall be happy, whenever our Country is so,”he said.
Choices, 1781
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

We are bankrupt with a mutinous army,” Congressman James Lovell reported on the second day of 1781.At that very moment British naval and land forces—the help that Cornwallis had requested from Clinton to facilitate his planned invasion of North Carolina—were launching a raid on Virginia. Far away in France, Foreign Minister Vergennes, frustrated with a war that was going nowhere, was willing to consider a way out, some means of quitting the war on honourable and satisfactory terms for his nation, if not for his American ally. An uncharacteristically exuberant mood prevailed in Great Britain, which only recently had learned of Camden. Hope was widespread that the guerrillas in Georgia and South Carolina could not hold out forever, especially if North Carolina and Virginia were conquered. Not every- one in England was sanguine, but North’s ministry had retained its majority in elections during the autumn, the first contest for Parliament since before the war. Perhaps most observers, like Samuel Johnson, read into the outcome that “As to the American war, the sense of the nation is with the ministry.”The foreboding that had gripped England in 1777 as Burgoyne plunged south of Ticonderoga was not present as Cornwallis prepared to move into North Carolina. Not every- one expected that he would succeed, but hardly anyone feared a calamity.
“Little Short Of A Miracle”: Accounting For Americ A’s Victory
Authors: Ferling John
Published: November 2023

Three years into the war a scribbler in a London newspaper remarked that any “other General in the world than General Howe would have beaten General Washington, and any other General in the world than General Washington would have beaten General Howe.”Study the War of Independence long enough and you might be tempted to bend the wag’s observation into the following: any major power other than Great Britain could have suppressed the American rebellion, and any nation other than the United States would have gained victory over Great Britain in a much briefer time.
Bobcat Master of Survival
Authors: Hansen Kevin
Published: November 2023

Bobcat: Master of Survival tells the story of the most adaptable and resilient wild feline in the world. While half the wild cat species worldwide are in danger, the bobcat is thriving, even expanding its range in North America. Why are bobcats flourishing when so many other wild felines are scientists apply the latest in wildlife research technology to probe this diminutive predator’s habits and behavior. The reader is invited inside the bobcat’s world to see how they hunt, kill prey, raise their young, coexist with humans, and deftly navigate the endless obstacles to survival. The bobcat is both the most studied and the most exploited wild feline in the world. Millions have been killed for the fur trade. They were the focus of major controversy in the 1970s that transformed international conservation of wild felines. The book discusses how economics and politics play a far greater role in bobcat management and conservation than does science. Bobcat is the most comprehensive and up-to-date book on the natural history and management of bobcats to appear in 40 years.
African Pliocene Paleoecology: Hominin Habitats, Resources, and Diets
Authors: Reed Kaye E , Rector Amy L
Published: November 2023

Paleoecology is not only the reconstruction of habitat; it is also the study of the interactions of hominins with their environment. The paleoenvironment includes the climate, geomorphology, vegetation structure, and the faunal community, essentially the factors that make up an ecosystem. Climate includes abiotic parameters such as rainfall, temperature, and evapotranspiration. Climatic factors combined with soil nutrient properties determine the ultimate vegetation structure in an area, or broadbased habitat (e.g., forests or grasslands). The primary productivity of the plants in a given habitat is thus also dependent on these factors. The plant productivity within various habitats ultimately provides the resources for a variety of herbivorous animals who, in turn, supply carnivorous creatures. Geomorphology is important to climatic regimes such that each geographic region and/or locale is uniquely affected by these abiotic climatic strictures due to the influences of mountains (rain shadows), rivers (flooding), lakes (subterranean water), and so on.
The Dealey Plaza Irregulars: The JFK Assassination and the Collapse of Trust in the 1960s
Authors: Olmsted Kathryn S
Published: November 2023

In February 1964, three months after the assassination that shattered her world, Shirley Martin packed her four children and her dog into her car and drove seven hours southwest to Dallas. With a recorder concealed in her armpit and her kids in tow, she tracked down the people she was sure could help her learn the truth. On this and several subsequent trips, she interviewed more than fifty people who had information about the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, including the priest who gave him the last rites, the woman who shared her house with the accused assassin, Lee Harvey Oswald, and his family, and the furniture salesman who stood close to the limousine when the fatal shot hit. Mrs. Martin’s husband used a stopwatch to check the FBI’s time frame for Oswald’s alleged movements. Before the assassination, Shirley Martin had been a house-wife from Hominy, Oklahoma. But now she had a calling: she was going to discover who had killed the president.
The Restless Puritan
Authors: Gaustad Edwin S
Published: November 2023

Religious Turbulence And Turmoil Plagued England In The seventeenth century, as they had in the sixteenth. In the sixteenth century, England, under the prompting of King Henry VIII, had broken with the pope and the Roman Catholic Church. But how “Protestant” this made the newly created Church of England was a much-debated question. Then, in her five-year reign beginning in 1553, Queen Mary I tried unsuccessfully to bring England back into the fold of the Roman church. This created great confusion in both domestic and foreign policy, even as it made suspicions and fears of “Catholic plots” an enduring feature of subsequent English life.
Reclaiming Your Life After Rape
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

This powerful client workbook is written in an encouraging and easy-to-understand style specifically for women who have been sexually assaulted and have developed chronic symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Clients learn how cognitive-behavioral therapy has helped other victims and how it can work for them. This book explains how to distinguish PTSD symptoms from other disorders and teaches powerful techniques for overcoming these symptoms. In writing this book, the authors aim to address two goals. First, they want to present information about PTSD and related problems in language understandable to nonprofessionals. This information will include a review of the studies on posttrauma problems and on the effectiveness of different treatments. They also describe why some survivors develop PTSD and others do not. The second goal of the book is to provide a detailed client workbook for the treatment of trauma-related problems, especially PTSD, to assist clients working with a therapist. The authors are aware of the fact that people have different problems and different needs. What works for one person may not work for another. Therefore, they describe several different treatment techniques. The book is organized around the different cognitive-behavioral techniques that have been studied and proven effective with women sufferers of PTSD following an assault. Throughout the book, the authors focus mainly on women who have been sexually assaulted and as a result developed chronic symptoms of PTSD, which have disturbed their daily functioning and cause them emotional distress. Most of the examples they use to demonstrate the cognitive-behavioral techniques are drawn from their experience in treating rape survivors. However, the cognitive-behavioral procedures outlined here have been as successful in helping women who have been sexually abused in childhood and adult female survivors of nonsexual assaults, like aggravated assault and robbery. Other survivors of traumas such as natural disasters and car accidents were also helped by this cognitive-behavioral approach.
Introduction
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

On Christmas Day 1932, the German chemical combine I.G. Farbenindustrie filed a patent application on behalf of a red dye that its medical researchers and chemists had found to have a remarkable ability to cure certain kinds of bacterial infections in mice. By the time the patent was awarded just over two years later, the dye, now called by the trade name Prontosil, had been found to have the same curative powers in humans. Announced in a brief publication in a German medical journal in February 1935 by Gerhard Domagk, the medical researcher responsible for the work, Prontosil went on the market and became available to doctors in April 1935.
Feminism In The 1980s:Surviving The Backlash
Authors: Evans Sara M
Published: November 2023

In the 1980s, feminism was out of fashion with most young women. Like flappers in the 1920s, these women looked on feminists of the previous decade as old hat, stodgy, and unpleasantly angry. Paula Kamen, writing for the University of Illinois student newspaper in 1988, soon understood “that taking a stand on anything even remotely construed as a women’s issue aroused strange and strong suspicions. “ When she subsequently interviewed more than 100 female peers, she found that the word “feminist “ conjured for them caricatures of “bra-burning, hairy-legged, Amazon, castrating, militant-almost-anti-feminine “ women. She attributed these stereotypes in part to the sense that young feminists were almost invisible in the 1980s. “During our ‘coming of age’ years from 1980 to 1990, young feminists didn’t seem to exist. “1 The new freedoms younger women experienced were to be explored in highly individualistic ways. Yet, in fact, they were in the middle of a revolution—something more like the eye of the storm than its aftermath.
Prosodic Features
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

In singing the pitch of the voice rises and falls as the singer follows the melodic line. In fact, for many people this is the most important part of singing; we often enjoy a song in another language even if we cannot understand the words. In speech, most people tend to take the opposite view and think of the words as the only important part and the melodic line as mere decoration. Possibly because of the powerful influence of the alphabetic writing system (see chapter 15), even linguists have tended to concentrate on the segmental aspects of speech, that is, on the individual sounds (phonemes), words, parts of words (morphemes), and ways of combining them into larger units (syntax). There are, however, other aspects of speech that are as important as—and, in many cases, may be more crucial than— the sounds and words themselves. Utterances may contain very different messages depending upon the tone of voice in which they are delivered (see chapter 10). Most of the factors that contribute to the tone of voice have been investigated under the heading prosodic features (or suprasegmental features).
Language Change
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

One of the remarkable characteristics of language is the fact that it can be transmitted so effectively from one generation to another over centuries. There are words whose meaning and pronunciation (as far as we can tell) have changed very little over two or maybe three thousand years. They have been preserved, not especially because they have been written down, though that provides some of our knowledge of their existence over the past thousand years or so. They have survived because each generation of children learns the language of the community in which they are growing up. Despite the individual nature of language learning, children grow up to speak in a way that identifies them as members of a speech community, sharing its norms. This can be seen most clearly in the survival of dialect forms (see chapter 13) that are not part of the standard language. The fact that forms which are not normally written down should survive with such persistence over long periods of time is evidence of the successful transmission of community norms. In fact, many dialect forms are conservative or relic forms; it is the standard language that has changed, for combined with stability there is also the possibility of change.
Literature
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

It used to be common for linguists to claim that all languages are equal or words to that effect. This was a natural reaction to the kind of elitism that asserted the superiority of Latin, Greek, French, or English for some reason or other. Like many generalizations the claim of equality contains an element of truth. All known human languages are highly complex, sophisticated, structured systems of communication. There are no primitive languages “with only a few hundred words,” such as have sometimes been mistakenly attributed to tribes living in inaccessible parts of the world. All languages that are spoken by groups of people as their first language have to be able to deal with the complexity of interaction in the society in which the language is used. Many of the languages spoken by peoples whose way of life might seem very limited (or “primitive”) to those in technologically advanced societies make subtle distinctions that are not found in, for example, modern European languages.