bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemistry and Pollution of the Stratosphere
Authors: Robert MacKenzie A. , Pope Francis D.
Published: January 2023

This chapter deals with perhaps the most iconic symbol of global atmospheric pollution – the ‘ozone hole’. Discovered in the mid-1980s, the ‘hole’ is a dramatic reduction in ozone amounts above the Antarctic in southern springtime that continues to appear each year. Similar losses occasionally occur above the Arctic in northern springtime, for example in spring 2011. These springtime ozone losses, at heights of 12–25 km, are the result of a subtle interplay between gas-phase chemistry, reactions on aerosol particles, and global-scale atmospheric circulation. The gas-phase chemistry controlling stratospheric ozone involves radical oxides of hydrogen, nitrogen, chlorine and bromine in catalytic cycles so that, even when the radicals are a thousand-fold less abundant than ozone, the radicals can effect large changes in ozone abundance. The aerosol particles in the stratosphere usually come from volcanic eruptions (and other smaller sources) but there is discussion now of putting aerosol particles into the stratosphere, as a geoengineering scheme, to reduce global warming deliberately. This injection of artificial aerosol particles could have negative consequences for the evolution of the ozone layer if it was to be implemented. Although there are many natural sources of the gases that produce radical oxides, anthropogenic emissions of chlorine-, bromine- and nitrogen-containing gases have added greatly to the potential for stratospheric ozone destruction. The most important of these gases, the chlorofluorocarbons and their relatives, have been very successfully regulated through the Montreal Protocol and its amendments. In the coming century, nitrous oxide, from fertiliser use, may become the most important anthropogenic ozone-depleting substance.
Air Pollution and Health
Authors: Maynard Robert L. , Ayres Jon
Published: January 2023

Evidence showing that current concentrations of air pollutants have effects on health continues to accumulate. Both long-term and short-term exposure to particulate matter causes an increase in deaths from cardio-pulmonary disease and admissions to hospital. Long-term exposure to fine particles (measured as PM2.5) has also been shown to be associated with an increase risk of death from lung cancer. Methods for estimating the impact of air pollutants on health have been developed, these include: estimates of the burden of disease imposed by air pollution and the impacts of policies designed to reduce levels of air pollutants. Such methods allow the application of cost–benefit analyses to specific policy initiatives. Exposure to current levels of fine particles is associated with the equivalent of nearly 29 000 deaths each year in the UK and the loss of 340 000 years of life expectancy. The toxicological mechanisms underlying these effects remain imperfectly understood though it is clear that the majority of the burden on public health arises as a result of effects on the cardiovascular system. It is striking that the major effects of cigarette smoking: an increase in risk of death from cardiovascular disease and from lung cancer and a reduction in birth weight are mirrored by the effects of long-term exposure to the ambient aerosol. Progress regarding the effects of gaseous air pollutants has been limited, though recent work suggests that the effects of ozone are not characterised by a threshold and that nitrogen dioxide, even at low concentrations, may have an effect which is independent of the effects of particulate matter with which nitrogen dioxide is closely associated in urban areas.
Soil Pollution and Risk Assessment
Authors: Collins Chris D.
Published: January 2023

Soil is a vital resource to the operation of the global ecosystem it provides a wide range of functions including; a growing medium for crops, support for buildings and regulating elemental cycles. Pollutants in the soil environment can disrupt these processes. It is therefore essential that we strive to reduce these impacts. In order to do this we must understand the source of contaminants, their transport within soils and how they reach potential receptors. The receptor maybe the soil itself, an organism within it or a person exposed to it. By understanding these linkages we can develop strategies to reduce negative outcomes. This chapter describes this source-pathway-receptor linkage and how it is quantified for the purposes of risk assessment. First the sources are described for the potentially toxic elements and organic pollutants. The transport in soils following contamination is then outlined for these two groups of pollutants. Finally the quantification of exposure is briefly described to determine the human impact of these chemicals. The chapter also illustrates new chemical methods for the analysis of soils to fine tune the risk assessment procedure.
Solid Waste Management
Authors: Eduljee Gev
Published: January 2023

Policy development in the arena of waste management has moved decisively towards a systems approach, in which push-pull effects arising from different parts of the life cycle of a product are addressed within a single, integrated policy framework. Sustainable waste management strategies are formulated within the paradigms of resource efficiency and the waste hierarchy, as a combination of policy and other measures. Certain core policies drive the strategy forward – these typically include mandatory producer responsibility, combined with contract-bound voluntary agreements and economic instruments such as landfill taxes and recycling credits. Optimization of waste management plans in terms of their operational effectiveness has moved from purely technical and capacity considerations of individual unit processes to an assessment of the entire plan from a life cycle perspective, with particular regard to the overall environmental impact of the scheme. The use of formal tools such as life cycle thinking enables comparisons and optimization of waste plans and technology selection to be performed in a structured, transparent manner, open to examination and audit. This is particularly important if greater public participation is to be encouraged in seeking consensual solutions to the problem of waste management.
The Environmental Behaviour of Persistent Organic Pollutants
Authors: Harrad Stuart , Abou-Elwafa Abdallah Mohamed
Published: January 2023

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organohalogen chemicals that, due to their potential for long-range environmental transport, toxicity, persistence and ability to bioaccumulate, are subject to bans and restrictions under a variety of jurisdictions worldwide. Those POPs forming the focus of this chapter are: polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD). The first three are all listed as POPs under the UNEP Stockholm Convention, while HBCD will be included for such listing shortly. This chapter outlines current scientific understanding of the adverse effects of these POPs, how they are monitored in the environment, their principal sources, how their physicochemical properties influence how they behave in the environment, and how this is incorporated into mathematical models of such behaviour.
Radioactivity in the Environment
Authors: Nicholas Hewitt C.
Published: January 2023

Pollution of the natural environment by radioactive substances causes exposure of humans to ionising radiation, with potential detrimental effects on health. In this chapter an introduction to radiation and radioactivity is given, followed by a description of the biological effects of radiation. Natural and man-made sources of radiation are described in detail and topics of current concern are highlighted.
Polysaccharide Nanostructures
Authors: Kontogiorgos Vassilis
Published: January 2023

This chapter reviews the microstructural evolution of single polysaccharide gels, mixed protein–polysaccharide systems and fluid gels. It also covers the physicochemical behaviour of the crystalline and glassy solid states of polysaccharide systems. The chapter outlines the structural monomers of the polysaccharide backbone and goes on to describe how the various structures are built and stabilized. The forces that act among the chains are also discussed, as they control how the structures evolve and stabilize. Two regimes, which depend on the water content of the systems, can be distinguished whereby polysaccharides form completely different structures with distinct physical and mechanical properties. In the high moisture regime polysaccharides are able to form gels, making it possible to structure water or air. At the opposite extreme, where moisture content is low, crystalline and glassy states and the related relaxation phenomena control the structural stability of these intricate carbohydrate polymers. The greatest drawback for materials based on polysaccharides is their metastability, that is, their sensitivity to structural evolution in time. In food applications this is usually manifested by limited shelf-life and changes in functional and textural properties during storage.
Protein Nanostructures
Authors: Griffith Jones Owen
Published: January 2023

Proteins are one of the essential building blocks of biological structures at both the macro- and micro-scales, and many nanometer-sized protein structures are responsible for the basic functions of living systems. By understanding the attributes and potential interactivity of individual proteins one can design specific protein structures at the nanometer length-scale for advanced applications in food or medicine. In this chapter, major classes of protein nanostructures are discussed which have been developed over several decades of research. Of particular emphasis are the protein nanostructures that have been purposefully designed for use in medical or food applications, where it is most desirable to maintain reduced cost and natural sources. The nanostructures discussed include coacervates, self-assembled conjugates, desolvated nanoparticles, emulsion-templated nanoparticles, microgels, and fibrillar structures. By providing a cursory discussion on the principles of their formation and attributes of the finished nanoparticles, this chapter aims to provide perspective and potential inspiration for further development in protein-based nanoparticles.
Lipid Mesophase Nanostructures
Authors: Nikiforidis Constantinos V.
Published: January 2023

Lipid mesophases (lyotropic liquid crystals) are amongst the most fascinating nanostructures. They are formed from polar lipids that, owing to their amphiphilic nature, self-assemble and possess properties intermediate between crystalline solids and isotropic liquids. A variety of structures from spherical to cylindrical micelles and three-dimensional interconnected channels can be formed, depending on the geometry of the self-assembled lipids and the interfacial energy. These mesostructures can be directly or indirectly visualized with the use of modern techniques that provide qualitative and quantitative insights. The mesophases are sensitive to external parameters including the composition of the solvent, pressure and temperature, as only physical forces are taking place. Owing to their molecular organization, mesophases can have many innovative applications, such as the delivery of biocompounds and aroma, forming the structure of edible lipids (oleogels) and interfacial stabilization.
Self-assembled Fibrillar Networks of Low Molecular Weight Oleogelators
Authors: Rogers Michael A.
Published: January 2023

Self-assembly into nanofibers, although a recently harnessed technology exploited in various industrial applications, occurs naturally in food and biological materials. Proteins, such as gelatin, bovine serum albumin, and β-lactoglobulin, as well as polysaccharides including chitin have most commonly been shown to aggregate into nano-fibers when exposed to appropriate acidic and/or ionic environments. These complex environments lead to protein denaturation and unfolding, followed by aggregation via hydrophobic agglomeration due to the exposed hydrophobic core and secondary hydrogen bonding and disulfide interchanges. The electrostatic, hydrophobic and ionic parameters involved in aggregation are extremely well understood in aqueous environments. However, the underlying principles governing self-assembly into fibrillar networks cannot be extrapolated or applied to hydrophobic environments. In hydrophobic environments, such as vegetable oils, low solubility of proteins and most polysaccharides is an impediment to fibril formation. The insolubility of biological macromolecules has turned the attention of researchers to small amphiphilic molecules capable of aggregating to length scales that are in orders of magnitude greater than their molecular size/volume. These molecules are capable of immobilizing oil via surface tension and capillary forces within a continuous three-dimensional gel network.
Nanoemulsions
Authors: Tang Dongming , Chomistek Kenneth J.
Published: January 2023

A nanoemulsion is an emulsion with droplet size of 100 nm or less. The emulsifiers used in nanoemulsions include non-ionic emulsifiers such as polysorbates and sucrose esters, Zwitterionic emulsifiers such as lecithin, and food polymeric emulsifiers such as starch sodium octenyl succinate (OSA - starch). Recently some new emulsifiers have been used to make nanoemulsion like Quillaja saponin and d-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vitamin E TPGS). To optimize the formulation and process of nanoemulsion, it is important to understand the properties of emulsifiers such as their hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values, critical packing parameters (CPP), and microemulsion phase diagram. There are two approaches in preparing nanoemulsion: top-down or high energy shearing device, and bottom-up or low energy emulsification methods.
Intrinsic defects at the interface of the FAPbI3/MAPbI3 superlattice: insight from first-principles calculations
Authors: Cheng Liping , Xu Baoen , Zeng Yanli , Meng Lingpeng
Published: January 2023

First-principles calculations show that FAPbI3/MAPbI3 superlattice perovskite exhibits high defect tolerance. PbI3+ is a dominant and detrimental defect and it is suggested to synthesize the FAPbI3/MAPbI3 superlattice under I-rich conditions.
Wintertime spatial patterns of particulate matter in Fairbanks, AK during ALPACA 2022
Authors: Robinson Ellis S. , Cesler-Maloney Meeta , Tan Xinxiu , Mao Jingqiu , Simpson William , DeCarlo Peter F.
Published: January 2023

Fairbanks-North Star Borough (FNSB), Alaska perennially experiences some of the worst wintertime air quality in the United States.
Seven-member-ring-based electron-transporting materials for high-efficiency OLEDs
Authors: Chou Kuo-Hsien , Chen Tun-Hao , Huang Xian-Qing , Huang Chia-Sheng , Chang Chih-Hao , Chen Chien-Tien , Jou Jwo-Huei
Published: January 2023

The synthesis of four novel seven-member-ring-based electron-transporting materials with high thermal stability and the fabrication of high-performance OLED devices using the same are reported.
MoS2@C with S vacancies vertically anchored on V2C-MXene for efficient lithium and sodium storage
Authors: Liu Guilong , Zhang Ting , Li Xiaojie , Li Jin , Wu Naiteng , Cao Ang , Yuan Weiwei , Pan Kunming , Guo Donglei , Liu Xianming
Published: January 2023

V2C-MXene induced abundant S vacancies and modulated the charge distribution of MoS2, thereby enhancing the intrinsic conductivity and providing more active sites for ion adsorption. V2C-MoS2@C displayed excellent electrochemical performance in LIBs and SIBs.
NiFeCu phosphides with surface reconstruction via the topotactic transformation of layered double hydroxides for overall water splitting
Authors: Ge Jingmin , Diao Shuteng , Jin Jiaxing , Wang Yiping , Zhao Xuhui , Zhang Fazhi , Lei Xiaodong
Published: January 2023

NiFeCuP is synthesized by the topotactic transformation of layered double hydroxide (LDH) precursors. Crystal surface engineering of the bi-functional catalyst NiFeCuP can enhance the OER and HER performance via crystal surface engineering.
Solution-processed OLEDs for printing displays
Authors: Zeng Xin-Yi , Tang Yan-Qing , Cai Xiao-Yi , Tang Jian-Xin , Li Yan-Qing
Published: January 2023

Recent advances in solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes toward printing displays are reviewed in terms of light-emitting materials, devices, printing techniques and applications.
(Fe, F) co-doped nickel oxyhydroxide for highly efficient oxygen evolution reaction
Authors: Wang Jiajun , Ren Yanmei , Wang Ping
Published: January 2023

Substitutional Fe3+- and F− -doping in NiOOH significantly improves OER activity and (Fe, F) co-doped NiOOH shows outstanding stability in a F-containing alkaline electrolyte.
Activity of N–H in phenothiazine derivatives: synthesis and applications in fluoride ions sensing and electrochromism
Authors: Zhang Weidong , Feng Xiucun , Zhang Chao , Jia Qiangqiang , Liu Xingliang , Zhou Kun
Published: January 2023

A series of novel phenothiazine derivatives with N–H have been synthesized, and those materials were suitable for colourimetric detection of fluoride ions and electrochromism.
Brain-like optoelectronic artificial synapses with ultralow energy consumption based on MXene floating-gates for emotion recognition
Authors: Cao Yixin , Zhao Chun , Zhao Tianshi , Sun Yi , Liu Zhengjun , Li Xianyao , Yin Li , Gu Jiangmin , Ren Hao , Geng Xianwei , Yao Jian , Kang Lixing
Published: January 2023

In the new generation of brain-like optoelectronic visual signal processing and artificial perception systems, floating-gate artificial synaptic devices based on two-dimensional materials represent a feasible route.
An efficient enhancement in organic photovoltaics by introducing simple-structured benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-based large-bandgap small molecules as the third component
Authors: Feng Huanran , Liu Zhihui , Bao Yinhui , Zhao Baofeng , Wu Baohua , Bi Zhaozhao , Wu Weiwei , Ma Wei , Gao Chao
Published: January 2023

A series simple-structured small molecules of BR-X are used as third components in the binary blends of PM6:Y6 to achieve efficient ternary solar cells with enhanced PCEs up to 17.49%.
Design and modelling of three‐to‐five phase three‐limbed transformer
Authors: Khelafi Abdelhakim , Djebli Abdelmalik , Touhami Omar , Ibtiouen Rachid
Published: January 2023

This study presents a design study and modelling of three‐to‐five phase transformer with three‐limb magnetic core. The basics of phase transformation windings are discussed. The purpose of such winding is to produce at the secondary a balanced multiphase voltage system, from multiphase primary of different number of phases, without unbalance in the primary and secondary under load conditions. In order to overcome the imbalance due to the dispositions of the winding coils on the magnetic core, simulations using aided computer design are performed. Furthermore, this study presents a model of a three‐to‐five phase three‐limbed transformer, which is suitable for modelling the behaviour of this transformer at no‐load, under load, and under unbalance load conditions. This study is conducted by simulation and experimental tests.
Synergistic effects of 3D chitosan‐based hybrid scaffolds and mesenchymal stem cells in orthopaedic tissue engineering
Authors: Qi Ping , Ning Zhaohui , Zhang Xiuju
Published: January 2023

Restoration of damaged bone and cartilage tissue with biomaterial scaffolds is an area of interest in orthopaedics. Chitosan is among the low‐cost biomaterials used as scaffolds with considerable biocompability to almost every human tissue. Considerable osteoconductivity, porosity, and appropriate pore size distribution have made chitosan an appropriate scaffold for loading of stem cells and a good homing place for differentiation of stem cells to bone tissue. Moreover, the similarity of chitosan to glycosaminoglycans and its potential to be used as soft gels, which could be lasting more than 1 week in mobile chondral defects, has made chitosan a polymer of interest in repairing bone and cartilage defects. Different types of scaffolds using chitosan in combination with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are discussed. MSCs are widely used in regenerative medicine because of their regenerative ability, and recent line evidence reviewed demonstrated that the combination of MSCs with a combination of chitosan with different materials, including collagen type 1, hyaluronic acid, Poly(L‐lacticacid)/gelatin/β‐tricalcium phosphate, gamma‐poly[glutamic acid] polyelectrolyte/titanium alloy, modified Poly(L‐Lactide‐co‐Epsilon‐Caprolactone), calcium phosphate, β‐glycerophosphate hydrogel/calcium phosphate cement (CPC), and CPC‐Chitosan‐RGD, can increase the efficacy of using MSCs, and chitosan‐based stem cell delivery can be a promising method in restoration of damaged bone and cartilage tissue.
Fabrication of nano‐encapsulated angelica (Heracleum persicum) essential oil for enriching dairy dessert: Physicochemical, rheological and sensorial properties
Authors: Nanakali Narin Mhemmedamin
Published: January 2023

In this study, the nanoemulsions containing angelica essential oil (AEO) was used as a novel nano‐carrier for enrichment of dairy dessert. Firstly, oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions were prepared by different levels of GE (1%, 5%, 10%, and 15%) as the dispersed phase, Tween 80 as surfactant with a constant surfactant to essential oil ratio (1:1), and distillated water as a continuous phase. Droplet size, free radical scavenging capacity, antimicrobial activity against gram‐positive (Staphylococcus aureus (25923 ATCC)) and gram‐negative (Escherichia coli H7 O157 (700728 ATCC)) were evaluated for produced nanoemulsions. The mean droplet size of nanoemulsion increased from 75 to 95 nm and antioxidant capacity also enhanced from 15.4% to 30.2% by increasing AEO level from 1% to 15%. Antimicrobial analysis by disk diffusion methods for nanoemulsions containing different levels of AEO cleared that nanoemulsions with high levels of AEO showed the stronger antimicrobial activity against both used bacteria and especially more activity against Staphylococcus aureus. The results of the total count and yeast and mould count show that the nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO have been effective on the number of microorganisms, particularly during storage. The incorporation of pure essential oil and nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO did not affect significantly the pH of different dessert samples however, they affected the dry matter and free radical scavenging capacity. Adding of nanoemulsions with different levels of AEO to the desserts had a considerable effect on the rheological properties including apparent viscosity, Gʹ, G", Tan δ and complex viscosity and all samples showed shear‐thining behaviour. Results from organoleptic characteristics (taste, odour colour, mouthfeel and total acceptance) showed that enriched samples by nanoemulsions, particularly with higher level of AEO had higher sensorial scores. In general, samples containing free AEO (not encapsulated) had the lower scores in all organoleptic characteristics.
Spread sea clutter suppression via prior knowledge‐based space time adaptive processing in high frequency hybrid sky‐surface wave radar
Authors: Li Ya‐Jun , Wang Zhuo‐Qun , Xu Lin , Zhang Wen‐Hao , Lu Zhu‐Hao , Wang Zhi‐Cheng
Published: January 2023

In high frequency (HF) hybrid sky‐surface wave radar, the first‐order sea clutter broadening is severe under the action of ionospheric phase disturbance and bistatic angles. In this study, a spread sea clutter suppression method based on prior knowledge and joint domain localised (JDL) algorithm is proposed. Firstly, the first‐order sea clutter broadening mechanisms and model under the action of ionospheric phase disturbance and bistatic angles are introduced. Secondly, the space‐time coupling characteristics of the first‐order sea clutter is analysed. Then in order to better suppress clutter or avoid target information loss, the spread sea clutter suppression method based on space time adaptive processing is proposed. In the proposed method, the space‐time distribution characteristics and simulation model of the first‐order sea clutter is used as the prior knowledge into JDL algorithm to improve the sea clutter suppression performance. Finally, the performance of sea clutter suppression based on JDL algorithm is simulated and analysed. And the proposed spread sea clutter suppression method based on prior knowledge and JDL algorithm is proved by measured data.
From exo-Earths to exo-Venuses: Flux and polarization signatures of reflected light
Authors: Mahapatra G. , Abiad F. , Rossi L. , Stam D. M.
Published: January 2023

Context. Terrestrial-type exoplanets in or near stellar habitable zones appear to be ubiquitous. It is, however, unknown which of these planets have temperate, Earth-like climates or for example, extreme Venus-like climates.

Aims. Technical tools to distinguish different kinds of terrestrial-type planets are crucial for determining whether a planet could be habitable or incompatible with life as we know it. We aim to investigate the potential of spectropolarimetry for distinguishing exo-Earths from exo-Venuses.

Methods. We present numerically computed fluxes and degrees of linear polarization of starlight that is reflected by exoplanets with atmospheres in evolutionary states ranging from similar to the current Earth to similar to the current Venus, with cloud compositions ranging from pure water to 75% sulfuric acid solution, for wavelengths between 0.3 and 2.5 µm. We also present flux and polarization signals of such planets in stable but spatially unresolved orbits around the star Alpha Centauri A.

Results. The degree of polarization of the reflected starlight shows larger variations with the planetary phase angle and wavelength than the total flux. Across the visible, the largest degree of polarization is reached for an Earth-like atmosphere with water clouds due to Rayleigh scattering above the clouds and the rainbow feature at phase angles near 40°. At near-infrared wavelengths, the planet with a Venus-like CO2 atmosphere and thin water cloud shows the most prominent polarization features due to Rayleigh-like scattering by the small cloud droplets. A planet in a stable orbit around Alpha Centauri A would leave temporal variations on the order of 10−13 W m s−1 in the total reflected flux and 10−11 in the total degree of polarization as the planet orbits the star and assuming a spatially unresolved star-planet system. Star-planet contrasts are on the order of 10−10 and vary proportionally with planetary flux.

Conclusions. Current polarimeters appear to be incapable to distinguish between the possible evolutionary phases of spatially unresolved terrestrial exoplanets, as a sensitivity close to 10−10 would be required to discern the planetary signal given the background of unpolarized starlight. A telescope or instrument capable of achieving planet-star contrasts lower than 10−9 should be able to observe the large variation of the planets resolved degree of polarization as a function of its phase angle and thus be able to discern an exo-Earth from an exo-Venus based on their clouds unique polarization signatures.
Space environment and magnetospheric Poynting fluxes of the exoplanet τ Boötis b
Authors: Elekes F. , Saur J.
Published: January 2023

Context. The first tentative detection of a magnetic field on the hot-Jupiter-type exoplanet τ Boötis b was recently reported by Turner et al. (A&A, 645, A59). The magnetic field was inferred from observations of circularly polarized radio emission obtained with the LOFAR telescopes. The observed radio emission is possibly a consequence of the interaction of the surrounding stellar wind with the planet's magnetic field.

Aims. We aim to better understand the near space environment of τ Boötis b and to shed light on the structure and energetics of its near-field interaction with the stellar wind. We are particularly interested in understanding the magnetospheric energy fluxes powered by the star-planet interaction and in localizing the source region of possible auroral radio emission.

Methods. We performed magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the space environment around τ Boötis b and its interaction with the stellar wind using the PLUTO code. We investigated the magnetospheric energy fluxes and effects of different magnetic field orientations in order to understand the physical processes that cause the energy fluxes that may lead to the observed radio emission given the magnetic field strength proposed in Turner et al. (A&A, 645, A59). Furthermore, we study the effect of various stellar wind properties, such as density and pressure, on magnetospheric energy fluxes given the uncertainty of extrasolar stellar wind predictions.

Results. We find in our simulations that the interaction is most likely super-Alfvénic and that energy fluxes generated by the stellar wind-planet interaction are consistent with the observed radio powers. Magnetospheric Poynting fluxes are on the order of 1–8 × 1018 W for hypothetical open, semi-open, and closed magnetospheres. These Poynting fluxes are energetically consistent with the radio powers in Turner et al. (A&A, 645, A59) for a magnetospheric Poynting flux-to-radio efficiency >10−3 when the magnetic fields of the planet and star are aligned. In the case of lower efficiency factors, the magnetospheric radio emission scenario is, according to the parameter space modeled in this study, not powerful enough. A sub-Alfvénic interaction with decreased stellar wind density could channel Poynting fluxes on the order of 1018W toward the star. In the case of a magnetic polarity reversal of the host star from an aligned to anti-aligned field configuration, the expected radio powers in the magnetospheric emission scenario fall below the observable threshold. Furthermore, we constrain the possible structure of the auroral oval to a narrow band near the open-closed field line boundary. The strongest emission is likely to originate from the night side of the planet. More generally, we find that stellar wind variability in terms of density and pressure does significantly influence magnetospheric energy fluxes for close-in magnetized exoplanets.
JWST’s PEARLS: A new lens model for ACT-CL J0102−4915, “El Gordo,” and the first red supergiant star at cosmological distances discovered by JWST
Authors: Diego J. M. , Meena A. K. , Adams N. J. , Broadhurst T. , Dai L. , Coe D. , Frye B. , Kelly P. , Koekemoer A. M. , Pascale M. , Willner S. P. , Zackrisson E. , Zitrin A. , Windhorst R. A. , Cohen S. H. , Jansen R. A. , Summers J. , Tompkins S. , Conselice C. J. , Driver S. P. , Yan H. , Grogin N. , Marshall M. A. , Pirzkal N. , Robotham A. , Ryan R. E. , Willmer C. N. A. , Bradley L. D. , Caminha G. , Caputi K. , Carleton T. , Kamieneski P.
Published: January 2023

The first James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) data on the massive colliding cluster El Gordo allow for 23 known families of multiply lensed images to be confirmed and for eight new members of these families to be identified. Based on these families, which have been confirmed spectroscopically by MUSE, we derived an initial lens model. This model guided the identification of 37 additional families of multiply lensed galaxies, among which 28 are entirely new systems, and nine were previously known. The initial lens model determined geometric redshifts for the 37 new systems. The geometric redshifts agree reasonably well with spectroscopic or photometric redshifts when those are available. The geometric redshifts enable two additional models that include all 60 families of multiply lensed galaxies spanning a redshift range 2 < z < 6. The derived dark-matter distribution confirms the double-peak configuration of mass found by earlier work with the southern and northern clumps having similar masses. We confirm that El Gordo is the most massive known cluster at z > 0.8 and has an estimated virial mass close the maximum mass allowed by standard cosmological models. The JWST images also reveal the presence of small-mass perturbers that produce small lensing distortions. The smallest of these is consistent with being a dwarf galaxy at z = 0.87 and has an estimated mass of 3.8 × 109 M⊙, making it the smallest substructure found at z > 0.5. The JWST images also show several candidate caustic-crossing events. One of them is detected at high significance at the expected position of the critical curve and is likely a red supergiant star at z = 2.1878. This would be the first red supergiant found at cosmological distances. The cluster lensing should magnify background objects at z > 6, making more of them visible than in blank fields of a similar size, but there appears to be a deficiency of such objects.
Rate coefficients for rotational state-to-state transitions in H2O + H2O collisions for cometary and planetary applications, as predicted by mixed quantum-classical theory
Authors: Mandal Bikramaditya , Babikov Dmitri
Published: January 2023

Aims. We present new calculations of collision cross sections for state-to-state transitions between the rotational states in an H2O + H2O system, which are used to generate a new database of collisional rate coefficients for cometary and planetary applications.

Methods. Calculations were carried out using a mixed quantum-classical theory approach that is implemented in the code MQCT. The large basis set of rotational states used in these calculations permits us to predict thermally averaged cross sections for 441 transitions in para- and ortho-H2O in a broad range of temperatures.

Results. It is found that all state-to-state transitions in the H2O + H2O system split into two well-defined groups, one with higher cross-section values and lower energy transfer, which corresponds to the dipole-dipole driven processes. The other group has smaller cross sections and higher energy transfer, driven by higher-order interaction terms. We present a detailed analysis of the theoretical error bars, and we symmetrized the state-to-state transition matrixes to ensure that excitation and quenching processes for each transition satisfy the principle of microscopic reversibility. We also compare our results with other data available from the literature for H2O + H2O collisions.
Retail price competition of domestic and international companies: A bi-level game theoretical optimization approach
Authors: Parvasi Seyed Parsa , Taleizadeh Ata Allah , Cárdenas-Barrón Leopoldo Eduardo
Published: January 2023

Drawing on the Stackelberg game approach to solving the pricing problem in a supply chain, this paper develops a bi-level model whereby a domestic company and a foreign manufacturer compete to gain more profit from the market of a retailer. The domestic company acts as the leader and the retailer as the follower. The domestic company has two manufacturers each of whom produces and sells a different quality of the product. The retailer decides to purchase products based on the prices offered by the low-quality manufacturer, the high-quality manufacturer, and the foreign manufacturer, known as an exogenous factor. In fact, the first level seeks to maximize its profits and the second level seeks to reduce the cost of purchasing. In this paper, the price of the products of each manufacturer is considered a contributing factor to the retailer’s tendency to buy from each manufacturer. This assumption is designed by the multinomial logit model. As the proposed model has binary variables in its follower segment, a novel hybrid exact method based on explicit enumeration method and Lambert-W function is applied to solve it. In other words, to calculate the optimal selling price of domestic products and their profit first by using the explicit enumeration method, the bi-level model is transformed into a single-level problem. The problem is, then, solved precisely by applying the Lambert-W function. The efficiency of the proposed model is proven by the results obtained from solving the model and the sensitivity analysis of the main parameters of the model. Moreover, to have a detailed managerial analysis of each manufacturer’s profit on the competitive market environment, the market is studied in view of three different scenarios: (1) when there is a sense of patriotism regarding domestic manufacturers; (2) when customers have low incomes; and (3) when customers have high incomes. Finally, the study results conclude that if the domestic company has two manufacturers that produce a different type of quality can lead to an increase in the profit of the domestic company. Indeed, the proposed model can increase the competitive power of the domestic company against imported products by providing appropriate pricing on its products.
Gait is not Affected by Hemispherotomy—Case Report from Two Children
Authors: Alexander Nathalie , Cip Johannes , Müller Elisabeth , Lengnick-Lampadius Katrin , Broser Philip Julian
Published: January 2023

In children with therapy refractory epilepsy, the functional disconnection of one hemisphere (hemispherotomy) may be considered as a treatment option. The visual field defects and hand function effects associated with the procedure have been extensively studied. However, the effect of the hemispherotomy on gait pattern has thus far only been analyzed qualitatively, and there is limited quantitative data. At the Children's Hospital, we regularly perform standardized quantitative gait analysis studies and care for children with complex epilepsies. During the standard routine of care for two children with structural therapy refractory epilepsy, gait analysis was performed prior to and after hemispherotomy. Both patients had prenatal ischemic brain lesions, had developed severe epilepsy during the first 3 years of life, and were treated with the hemispherotomy at about 7 years of age. Interestingly, one patient did not show any changes in gait pattern, while for the other patient, differences could be observed by means of three-dimensional gait analysis. However, greater deviations to controls postoperatively may also be related to day-to-day variability.
Bioinspired Formal Synthesis of Pancracine via Selective Hydro­genation of an Indole Derivative
Authors: Qi Xiangbing , Han Shoule , Lou Mingliang
Published: January 2023

A bioinspired formal synthesis of the montanine-type Amaryllidaceae alkaloid pancracine through selective hydrogenation of a 3-arylindole derivative is disclosed. The key features of this synthesis include a hexahydroindole synthesis by a chemoselective hydrogenation of an aryl-substituted indole and a diastereoselective silyl hydride reduction of an iminium intermediate generated from an enaminone through Tf2O activation. The eight-step assembly of the 5,11-methanomorphanthridine framework represents a novel and efficient strategy that permits one of the shortest syntheses of pancracine reported so far.
Investigations on Biomimetic Dimerization in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Hu Xiangdong , Zhang Fan , Chen Chongchong
Published: January 2023

Biomimetic dimerization is a fascinating pathway to natural product synthesis. By using structurally inferior monomers, complex molecular architectures can be readily established with distinct efficiency and elegance. In this Account, our investigation on biomimetic dimerization in natural product synthesis has been summarized, which includes our synthetic exploration of linderaspirone A, bi-linderone, parvistemin A, (±)-diperezone, scabellone B, and spiroxins A/C/D.

1 Introduction

2 Biomimetic Dimerization in the Synthesis of Linderaspirone A and Bi-linderone

3 Biomimetic Dimerization in the Synthesis of Parvistemin A and (±)-Diperezone

4 Biomimetic Dimerization in the Synthesis of Scabellone B

5 Dimerization Investigation in the Synthesis of Spiroxins A/C/D

6 Conclusion
Endobronchial Inflammatory Myofibroblastic Tumor in a 3-Year-Old Child
Authors: Guanà Riccardo , Carpino Andrea , Miglietta Marta , Zambaiti Elisa , Cerrina Alessia , Lonati Luca , Guerrera Francesco , Vallero Stefano , Garofalo Salvatore , Bardessono Marco , Maletta Francesca , Shilly Steffi , Gennari Fabrizio
Published: January 2023

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor (IMT) is a mesenchymal tumor that can occur at any age. However, it is primarily seen in children, with the most common site being in the lung parenchyma, usually present with rare endobronchial lesions. This case reports the incidence in a 3-year-old girl diagnosed with pericardiac pneumonia treated with antibiotics with no clinical improvement. A chest computed tomography (CT) scan identified a 1.5-cm lesion in the left main bronchus. Bronchoscopy revealed complete obstruction of the left main stem bronchus. A left posterolateral thoracotomy was performed. Additionally, a left sleeve upper bronchial resection was conducted under fibroendoscopic control. Definitive histology confirmed IMT. After 2 years of endoscopic follow-up, there is no evidence of recurrence.
Dedicated Chalazion Clinic as a Tool for Early Surgical Education in Ophthalmology Residency
Authors: Lin Lisa Y. , Armstrong Grayson W. , Gardiner Matthew , Lorch Alice , Freitag Suzanne K. , Yadav Prashant
Published: January 2023

Objective Ophthalmology residency programs aim to improve resident surgical teaching through increased surgical exposure over a 4-year period. Resident-centric surgical clinics across various surgical specialties have been established to help develop surgical autonomy and experience. We present the first demonstration of a resident-centric chalazion incision and drainage clinic (chalazion clinic) in an ophthalmology residency with the goal of increasing early surgical exposure to residents.

Design The chalazion clinic was founded in July 2019. It is a once weekly procedure clinic conducted by an ophthalmology resident and supervised by an ophthalmology attending. Patients with chalazia were referred directly to this clinic for evaluation and management, rather than the oculoplastics clinic as they were in the past. Retrospective review of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) case logs of all residents per academic year before and after establishment of the chalazion clinic was performed in order to assess the impact on residents' chalazion procedures numbers per academic year.

Setting The study involved a single academic ophthalmology department.

Participants Ophthalmology residents of all years were present.

Results A resident of any year performed an average of 3.0 chalazion procedures per year in the 2018 to 2019 academic year, 3.8 in 2019 to 2020, and 8.4 in the 2020 to 2021, which represents a 180% increase in procedure numbers per resident. Among post-graduate-year 2s (PGY)2s, the average number of chalazion procedures increased from 2.1 procedure per year to 22.3 per year (961.9% increase).

Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of a dedicated resident-centric chalazion clinic in an ophthalmology residency program. PGY2s demonstrated the largest increase in procedural numbers. While chalazion incision and drainage is a minor procedure, increased exposure to surgical procedures early in training could help improve residents' skills and confidence. This clinic provides a proof of concept of a dedicated minor procedure clinic for ophthalmology residents to increase early procedural volume.
The Association between Bleeding Disorders and Postoperative Complications Following Operative Treatment of Distal Radius Fracture
Authors: Quan Theodore , Chen Frank R. , Manzi Joseph E. , Mcdaniel Lea , Howard Peter , Marquardt Caillin , Ranson Rachel , Tabaie Sean
Published: January 2023

Background While previous studies have investigated the association between bleeding disorders and outcomes with hip or knee surgeries, no studies have investigated the association between bleeding disorders and outcomes in upper extremity surgery.

Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to investigate if a past history of bleeding disorders is associated with which, if any postoperative complications for patients receiving distal radius fracture open reduction internal fixation.

Patients and Methods Patients undergoing operative treatment for distal radius fracture from 2007 to 2018 were identified in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database. Patients were stratified into two cohorts: patients with a bleeding disorder and patients without a bleeding disorder. In this analysis, 30-day postoperative complications were assessed, as well as mortality, extended length of stay, reoperation, and readmission. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results Of the 16,489 total patients undergoing operative treatment for distal radius fracture, 16,047 patients (97.3%) did not have a bleeding disorder, whereas 442 (2.7%) had a bleeding disorder. Following adjustment on multivariate analyses, an increased risk of postoperative transfusion requirement (odds ratio [OR] 17.437; p = 0.001), extended length of hospital stay more than 3 days (OR 1.564; p = 0.038), and readmission (OR 2.515; p < 0.001) were seen in patients with a bleeding disorder compared to those without a bleeding disorder.

Conclusion History of bleeding disorders is an independent risk factor for transfusions, extended length of stay, and readmission. We recommend a multidisciplinary team approach to addressing bleeding disorders before patients receive distal radius fracture open reduction internal fixation.

Level of Evidence Level III, retrospective study.
A data selection method for matrix effects and uncertainty reduction for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: LONG Jie , SONG Weiran , HOU Zongyu , WANG Zhe
Published: January 2023

Severe matrix effects and high signal uncertainty are two key bottlenecks for the quantitative performance and wide applications of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Based on the understanding that the superposition of both matrix effects and signal uncertainty directly affects plasma parameters and further influences spectral intensity and LIBS quantification performance, a data selection method based on plasma temperature matching (DSPTM) was proposed to reduce both matrix effects and signal uncertainty. By selecting spectra with smaller plasma temperature differences for all samples, the proposed method was able to build up the quantification model to rely more on spectra with smaller matrix effects and signal uncertainty, therefore improving final quantification performance. When applied to quantitative analysis of the zinc content in brass alloys, it was found that both accuracy and precision were improved using either a univariate model or multiple linear regression (MLR). More specifically, for the univariate model, the root-mean-square error of prediction (RMSEP), the determination coefficients (R
2) and relative standard derivation (RSD) were improved from 3.30%, 0.864 and 18.8% to 1.06%, 0.986 and 13.5%, respectively; while for MLR, RMSEP, R
2 and RSD were improved from 3.22%, 0.871 and 26.2% to 1.07%, 0.986 and 17.4%, respectively. These results prove that DSPTM can be used as an effective method to reduce matrix effects and improve repeatability by selecting reliable data.