bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toxicological Evaluation of Two Named Herbal Remedies Sold Across Orumba South Local Government Area of Anambra State, South-Eastern Nigeria
Authors: I. Egba S. , O. Ogbodo J. , O. Ogbodo P. , A. Obike C.
Published: July 2019

Aim: Herbs are plants or parts of plants used for their therapeutic, aromatic or savoury values. This work studied the potential sub-chronic toxic effects of Goko and BetaB, two herbal remedies used in treating human diseases and sold in Orumba Local Government Area of Anambra state, Nigeria.

Design: Experimental adult Wister female albino rats were divided into five groups (A, B, C, D and E) of five animals per group. The first and second groups received 0.1 ml/kg body weight and 0.2 ml/kg body weight of Goko while the third and fourth groups received 0.1 ml/kg body weight and 0.2 ml/kg body weight of BetaB orally. The control group was given standard feed and clean drinking water only. Administration lasted for 14 days after which the animals were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and blood samples collected for biochemical assay.

Results: The results of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and concentration of serum total bilirubin and albumin showed varying significant (P < 0.05) differences when compared with the control.

Conclusion: Result obtained from this study seems to suggest that Goko and BetaB may not be safe for use sub-chronically at high doses.
Evaluation of Serum Levels of Endothelial Adhesion Molecules: Leukocyte Adhesion Molecule-1 (LAM-1), CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) and CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) in Fibrotic Patients
Authors: E. Mosa Tamer , El-Sherbiny Mahmoud , F. Arafa Azza , A. Orban Hisham , E. Hodhod Tarek , Abo-Zeid Mostafa
Published: July 2019

Leukocyte adhesion molecule-1 (LAM-1), CD11a/CD18 (LFA-1) and CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) are adhesion molecules and constitute important steps in the liver inflammation due to chronic hepatitis C. We measured soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (LAM-1), (LFA-1) and (Mac-1) as well as cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the serum of 120 patients with fibrosis. A study was carried out to analyze levels of LAM-1, LFA-1 and Mac-1in fibrotic patients, and find whether increasing with cholesterol and triglycerides. 120 serum samples from fibrotic patients were classified according to levels of Cholesterol and Triglycerides concentration into four groups. Positive LAM-1 samples were found in 90% of patients in first group, 83% in the second group, 73% in the third group and 46% in the fourth group. These levels were significantly higher than their levels in control group (p<0.0001) indicating extremely significant. Level of LAM-1in group (1) was extremely significant compared to group (4) (356 ± 70.5 vs. 209± 5 p < 0.0001 ES). High LFA-1level was found in 76% in first group, 73% in the second group, 70% in the third group, and 40% in the fourth group. The levels of MAC-1 in first group were significantly greater than their levels in control group (p<0.0001), and +ve MAC-1 samples were found in 66% in first group, 53% in the second group, 46% in third group, and 36% in fourth group. AST and ALT were significantly higher in first group, compared to healthy group (95.68 ± 33.32 vs. 31.77 ± 8.11, p < 0.001) for AST and (78.6 ± 29.86 vs. 28.55 ± 7.15 p < 0.001) for ALT indicating very significant relationship, while no significant was detected between the fourth group and healthy individuals (33.56±8.16 vs. 28.55 ± 7.15 p = 0.05 NS). Our study showed a significant increase in levels of LAM-1 and LFA-1 rather than MAC-1 in fibrosis compared to healthy individuals. The results showed the ability to circulate LAM-1 and LFA-1 to predict fibrosis disease and evaluated the relationship between circulating adhesion molecules and fibrotic patients.
Modulations of Some Carbohydrate Metabolic Enzymes by Aqueous and Ethanol Buchholzia coriacea Seed Extract in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: O. Gbagbeke K. , O. Naiho A. , R. C. Esegbue P. , O. Odigie M. , A. Omoirri M.
Published: July 2019

Characterised by abnormal increase in blood glucose level, Diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is associated with complications in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. In recent times, medicinal herbs have been implicated in traditional medical practice for the treatment of this ailment. Studies have shown that Buchholzia coriacea seed possesses some anti-hyperglycemic properties that may be useful in the management of diabetes. To this point, present study investigated the effect(s) of oral administration of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Buchholzia coriacea on some carbohydrate metabolism parameters in normal and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Forty (40) adult rats of both sexes were randomly assigned into two groups (normoglycemic and hyperglycemic). While group 1 (normoglycemic) had normal control, metformin, aqueous extract (250mg/kg) and ethanol extract (250 mg/kg) treated sub-groups respectively, Group 2 (hyperglycemic) contained the diabetic control, metformin, aqueous extract (250 mg/kg), and ethanol extracted (250mg/kg) treated sub-groups dosed daily by oral gavage for 14 days. At the end of the treatment, rats were euthanized via cervical dislocation; blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture for statistical analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that dosing with extracts had insignificant effect(s) on body weight of rats. Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG) levels were elevated before and after extracts administration. Metformin, aqueous and ethanol extracts significantly reduced (p<0.05) FBG levels. Also, compared with control, total carbohydrate, liver glucose, glycosylated haemoglobin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Isocitrate dehydrogenase, MDH, SDH, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, G6PD and CcO activities were significantly reduced (p<0.05) in diabetic treated rats. Buccholzia Coriacea was therefore seen to pose hypoglycemic and glycolytic effects, regulating activities of carbohydrate metabolic enzymes. Apparently, there is a scientific merit in the use of the extract in the management of diabetes.
Vitamin D Deficiency and Evaluation of the Parathyroid Hormone Status in People Living with HIV in Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Jeanne Armande Aké Aya , Boyvin Lydie , Laurent Séri Kipré , Jean Maurel Allico Mousso , Djakaridja Yéo Kadjoweli , Francis Yapo Adou , Joseph Djaman Allico
Published: July 2019

Background: Micronutrients play an important role in the human immune system. During HIV infection, the virus utilises the micronutrients of the body, for its replication causing metabolic disorders including phosphocalcic. Parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D3 (25-hydroxyvitamin D3) and calcitonin are essential for the maintenance of phosphocalcic homeostasis and the proper functioning of the body. In Côte d'Ivoire, very few studies on HIV infection and the mechanism of phosphocalcic metabolism have been done. The purpose of this study was to determine the status of 25 (OH) D3 and parathyroid hormone in people living with HIV.

Methodology: The study involved 326 adults (163 HIV-positive and 163 HIV-negative as control subjects). After confirmation by HIV serologic scanning result, CD4 count was performed by flow cytometry (Facs Calibur). Assays for 25 (OH) D3 and PTH were performed by HPLC and COBAS 6000 automated systems, respectively.

Results: A decrease in mean values ​​of 25 (OH) D3 (16 ± 0.46 ng / mL) was observed in 50% of HIV-infected on ART and 87% of these patients presented a normal PTH level (28 ± 1.95 pg / mL). Deficiency of 25 (OH) D3 (20 ± 1.03 ng / mL) is higher in HIV-infected on ART who have a CD4 count < 200 cells / mL.

Conclusion: Parathyroid hormone levels were normal in this study. Insufficiency or deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 is more common in HIV-infected on ART with a CD4 count < 200 cells / mL. This decrease characterized the degree of immunodepression.
Lipid Profiles in Different ABO Blood Groups in Owerri Metropolis, South East Nigeria- A Preliminary Study
Authors: O. Ureme Samuel , C. Anioke Innocent , Igboerika C.
Published: July 2019

Objective: The study investigated the possibility of using blood groups as predictive indices for diseases associated with lipid metabolism.

Methods: Lipid profiles were examined in 100 apparently healthy male (40) and female (60) subjects of different ABO blood groups aged between 18-30 years from Imo State University.  Of these, 20 were blood group A, 30 were B blood type, 4 were  AB blood type, and 46 were blood group O. Lipid profile parameters were determined according to enzymatic assay using a commercial kit from Randox Laboratories, United Kingdom and calculation using Friedewald’s equation. Monoclonal ABO blood grouping reagent by CLAS Technology, United Kingdom was used to determine the blood group. 

Results: Total Cholesterol (140.62 ± 21.66 mg/dl) and High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)                      (96.20 ± 40.32 mg/dl) were highest in blood group B. Blood group A had the highest level of Triglyceride (80.84 ± 18.60 mg/dl) and Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) (15.21 ± 6.24 mg/dl). Blood group O showed TC level of 130.60 ±34.76 mg/dl with the highest level of LDL (70.74 ± 20.15 mg/dl) and the lowest level of HDL (51.68 ± 20.50 mg/dl) compared to non- O blood types                    (P < 0.05).

 Conclusion: The study revealed that blood group O might have a higher propensity for dyslipidemia, suggesting an increased risk for disease associated with lipid metabolism.
Effects of Crude Methanol Soluble Extract of Momordica charantia on Cancer Cell Lines and L6 Cell Line
Authors: Manoharan Gunasekar
Published: July 2019

A multitude of plants have been used extensively for the treatment of cancers throughout the world.  In many parts of the world, especially in poor countries, this may be the only form of cancer therapy. Much research has been focused on the scientific evaluation of traditional anti-cancer drugs from the tropical plant; Momordica charantia (MC) is one of them and it has been used frequently as an anti-cancer agent. The green leaves, fruits, seeds and stems of M. charantia composed of many different proteins and steroids that are chemically active. These proteins are α and β momorcharins which possess anti-cancer and anti-HIV properties similar to crude water and methanol soluble extracts of M. charantia. This study investigated the anti cancer effect of crude methanol soluble extract of M. charantia based on dose-dependent and time-dependent on the viability of 1321N1, Gos-3, U87-MG, Sk Mel, Corl -23, Weri Rb-1 and L6 cell lines employing different concentrations of each extract or drug. The results have shown that the crude methanol soluble of M. charantia (200 µg - 800 µg) had little effect on the viability of the different cancer cell lines.
Protective Effects of Aqueous Extract of Ocimum gratissimum on Prostate Functions in Hormonal Induced Enlarged Prostate in Adult Rats
Authors: Melvin Nnaemeka Ugwu , Peter Nnamdi Ogueche, , Mbeh Ubana Eteng, , Mbeh Ubana Eteng, , Margaret Akpan Eno,
Published: July 2019

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histological disease characterised by an increased number of epithelial cells and stromal cells within the prostate gland.  We investigated the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum on BPH induced animal model.

Methods: BPH was induced in male rats weighing 250-350 g through exogenous administration of testosterone and estradiol. A total of 30 rats were divided into five groups. One group was used as a control, and the other groups received subcutaneous injections of the two hormones. Groups 1 to 2 were treated orally with different doses of extract and group 3 received finasteride, group 4 was left untreated, and group 5 served as normal control. After forty-five days of treatment with the extract, the animals were sacrificed blood collected through cardiac puncture for biochemical analysis. The prostate glands were harvested and processed for paraffin embedding and stained with H and E.

Results: Treatment with the extract and finasteride resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decrease in prostate-specific antigen (PSA), estradiol and prolactin and testosterone when compared to BPH control. Also, there was a significant increase in the protein content of the prostate gland when compared to BPH control.  Prostate weight was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced in treated groups compared to BPH control. This was supported by the histological examination of the prostate gland.  Conclusion: Therefore, Ocimum gratissimum was effective in reducing PSA, prolactin, testosterone, estradiol and prostate weight induced BPH in a rat model, and may be useful for the clinical treatment of patients with BPH.
Ethnomedicinal Use, Phytochemical Constituents and Bioactivity of Wild Edible Fruits Commonly Consumed in Burkina Faso
Authors: Rouamba Ablassé , Compaoré Moussa , Kiendrebeogo Martin
Published: July 2019

The screening of bioactive phytochemical constituents in edible fruits and vegetable is interesting to researchers owing their benefit property on consumer’s health. Fruits are used ethnomedicinally to treat numerous diseases including metabolic and microbial diseases. They are also used in human or animal nutrition because of their high energy value and their mineral contents. The pharmacological proprieties of fruits include antioxidant, anticancer, anti-mutagenic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and anti-neurodegenerative properties. These bioactive compounds are among others flavonoids, phenolic, anthocyanin, phenolic acids, stilbenes, tannins, as well as sugars, essential oils, carotenoids, vitamins, and minerals.  This review summarizes the ethnomedicinal use, the phytochemical constituents and the bioactivity of wild edible fruits commonly consumed in Burkina Faso.
Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria Probiotics in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Elaby Shahenda, M. , Salem Asmaa A. , Ali Jehan, B. , Abdel-Salam A. F.
Published: July 2019

Two lactobacilli strains; Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 20079 and Lactobacillus plantarum ATCC 20179 and two bifidobacteria strains; Bifidobacterium bifidum GSGG 5286 and Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707 were studied their abilities to reduce the cholesterol content in vitro. It was investigated that the in vivo cholesterol-lowering effect of L. plantarum ATCC 20179, B. bifidum GSGG 5286 and mixture of both probiotics (L. plantarum ATCC20179 and B. bifidum GSGG5286) on hyperlipidaemic rats for 8 weeks. All lactobacilli and bifidobacteria strains assimilate the cholesterol content in laboratory media. It was observed the highest assimilation of cholesterol was in L. plantarum ATCC 20179 and B. bifidum GSGG 5286 strains. In vivo, L. plantarum ATCC 20179  group was more effective in improving serum lipid profile levels [total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein – cholesterol                   (HDL-C), very low density lipoprotein – cholesterol (VLDL-C) and Atherogenic Index (AI)],                      liver enzyme activities (ALT, AST and ALP),  malonaldehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and total antioxidants capacity (TAC) levels than mixed-organisms and B. bifidum groups, respectively of hyperlipidaemic rats. It was concluded that L. plantarum ATCC 20179 showed more                     favourable results than B. bifidum GSGG 5286 in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in hyperlipidaemic rats.
Toxicity Activity-Guided Characterization of Toxic Constituents in Azadirachta indica Seed
Authors: Okafor Edwin N. , Njoku O. U. , Charles Okoli
Published: July 2019

Background: Azadiradita indica seed has been used in traditional system of medicine. It is known to be natural medicine with many benefits. Toxicological studies have reported that toxic effects may be related to the complex mixtures of active constituents and other chemicals which increase the risk of adverse reactions.

Objective: The purpose of the study was designed to isolate and characterize the toxic constituents with a view of recommending for clinical trials.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The seeds were collected, identified and extracted with conventional Soxhlet extraction technique. Chromatographic techniques were used for fractionation and isolation of the toxic constituents. A total of eighty- four (84) adult Albino rats of both sexes were randomly assigned into fourteen (14) groups containing 6 rats in each group. Each group I-VI received one of the 100, 500, or 1000 mg/kg of Methanol Extract (ME) or Hexane Extract (HE), respectively. Group VII was the control and received 0.5 ml/kg of the vehicle, 3% v/v Tween 80. Group VIII-XIV received 100 mg/kg of Pet-ether-ethylaceate fraction (PEF), Methanol fraction (MF), Methylene Chloride /Acetone fractions 9:1, 8:2 and 7:3 (MAC-1, MAC-2, MAC-3),  Isolate 1 (TN-1), and Isolate 2 (TN-2), respectively. Extracts and fractions were administered orally once daily for 30days for animals in group I-XII. Groups XIII-XIV were treated for only 10 days. On days 10, 20, 30, 3 ml of blood was withdrawn from each rat by an ocular puncture for liver function test (ALT and AST). Body/ organ weights were equally used as a toxicity guide in the separation of toxic constituents.

Results: The ME and various fractions caused significant (P<0.05) increase in the activities of ALT and AST. The isolated compounds TN1 and TN2 also caused a significant effect on AST and ALT. The toxic effect of TN-2 was higher than that exhibited by TN-1. The methanol and fractions caused significant (P<0.05) dose related increase in the body weight of treated animals. TN-1 and TN-2 caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in the organ weight of the treated animals.

Conclusion: Although there was no evidence of lethality for acute toxicity of the extract, chronic oral administration of the extract and solvent fractions caused hepatotoxicity. Structure elucidation revealed TN-1 and TN-2 to be 6- deacetylnimbin and Nimbolide, respectively.
High-level Expression and Purification of DNA and DNase Free Taq DNA Polymerase
Authors: Mishra Mukti Nath , Mohanraj Jeevanandam , Nisshanthini S. Durairaju , Bhat Shama
Published: July 2019

Aim: Taq DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is a key enzyme in the field of molecular biology that has been mostly used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Our aim is to produce standard grade Taq DNA polymerase free from censorious impurities like DNase, DNA and other contaminating proteins.

Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were performed at the Molecular Diagnostic Division of Bhat Biotech India (P) Ltd., Bangalore from February 2017 to January 2018.

Methodology: The recombinant Taq DNA polymerase clone was confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing followed by BLAST analysis. The recombinant protein was in soluble form and was expressed by E. coli DH5α strain. The enzyme was extracted using the boil-lysis method and followed by purification with ion exchange chromatography and silica column chromatography to remove the contaminating protein, DNase and DNA.  The yield of the protein was also calculated.

Results: In our laboratory, high-quality Taq DNA polymerase was purified using ion exchange chromatography columns and silica column, with a resulting yield of about 45-50 mg/L and the activity was found to be 1.5 U/µL.

Conclusion: The use of a silica column to remove the residual DNA is a remarkable step in obtaining an unequalled quality of Taq DNA polymerase.
Intestinal Microbiota and Immunity: A Review
Authors: Egwuonwu C. F. , Evans E. C. , Olokun A. L.
Published: July 2019

Microorganisms establish a symbiotic relationship at all stages of growth in man, beginning from birth to adulthood. They are found in every part of the body, and they participate in the immune system against pathogen-mediated immune responses. Their actions are elicited by secreting microorganism associated-molecular proteins (MAMPs) which they use as signalling molecules to activate a cascade of immunological responses within the host cell. They maintain the barrier function of the intestinal wall as well as prevent colonisation of the intestine by pathogens. Using their MAMPs, they bind to specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) activating immune mediators in response to pro-inflammation by pathogens. These immune mediators are either induced or suppressed (in the case of overproduced immune response). Some of these symbionts elicit their action by anaerobic fermentation of dietary fibres into byproducts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These bacterial metabolites functions by binding to G-protein coupled reactions (GPCRs) on colonic macrophages and Dendritic cells (DCs) and contributed to the increased production of interleukin 10 (IL 10) in response to pathogen-mediated immune response. These unique immunological actions of intestinal microbiota, have shown that microorganisms are beneficial to the host as against the widespread belief that they are disease-causing agents.
Toxoplasma gondii and Tuberculosis Co-infection among Tuberculosis patients at the Bamenda Regional Hospital, North West Region, Cameroon
Authors: Kita Wanabo M. , Tume Christopher B.
Published: July 2019

Aim: To determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis co-infection among (TB) patients. 

Study Design: A cross-sectional study was employed to gather data on 147 sputum positive TB patients.

Place and Duration of Study:  Bamenda Regional Hospital (BRH), Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory and Treatment Centre from October 2015 to April, 2016.  

Method: An epidemiological questionnaire was applied to gather data on positive-sputum pulmonary TB patients of both sexes on whom some risk factors for Toxoplasma were explored, followed by blood sampling. T. gondii IgM and IgG antibodies were researched in sera samples using indirect ELISA.

Results: T. gondii antibodies prevalence amongst the TB population was 83% (122/147, 95% CI 112-130). 85.25% of the Toxoplasma infection in the study population were recent infections with T.gondii parasite while up to 53.28% of patients were reactivating, no significant difference in prevalence between HIV negative or HIV positive TB patients was established.

Conclusion: The high seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis among TB subjects attending treatment at the Bamenda Regional Hospital is suggestive of co-infection. Toxoplasmosis and tuberculosis co-infection are opportunistic infections for HIV/AIDS, and life threatening to TB patients and could be the reason for unexplained deaths among these patients on treatment.
Ameliorative Effect of Methanol Extract of Hymenocardia acida Leaves on Gentamicin-Induced Renal Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Chukwuemeka Nweje-Anyalowu Paul , Adejoh Idakwoji Precious , Osafanme Iserhienrhien Lucky , Chizoba Anosike Joy
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study evaluated the nephroprotective effect of methanol extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves in rat model of gentamicin induced renal damage.

Materials and Methods: Twenty- four (24) Wistar albino rats of either sex weighing 150- 200g were divided into 4 groups of 6 animals each; Group I served as the control and received normal saline, Group II- IV received gentamicin (40 mg/kg, i.p), Groups III and IV also received 200 and 400 mg/kg body wt., p.o methanol extract of Hymenocardia acida leaves respectively for 15 days. Body weight measurement, serum urea, creatinine, electrolytes analyses and histopathological examination of kidney were carried out.

Results: Gentamicin treatment caused nephrotoxicity as evidenced by marked elevation in Serum urea, creatinine, decreased sodium and chloride ions, elevated serum level of potassium ion and pathological signs such as congestion, focal areas of inflammation, tubular necrosis, and glomerular atrophy. Administration of the extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg/ body wt significantly (p< 0.05) decreased Creatinine and urea levels, significantly (p< 0.05) increased sodium and chloride ion and significantly (p< 0.05)  decreased potassium ion level when compared to the gentamicin- alone- treated group. Histopathological analysis also revealed a gradual reversal of the pathological features caused by gentamicin toxicity.

Conclusion: It was concluded that the extract possesses nephroprotective potential.
Ameliorative Effect of L-Arginine as Antioxidant Agent on Hematological and Testicular Functions in Lead-Induced Toxicity in Male Rats
Authors: Ibrahuim Marwan A.
Published: July 2019

Aims: The present study aimed to elucidate the protective role of L-Arginine on lead – induced suppression of the pathway of heme synthesis and the toxicity of lead on testis.

Methodology: The current study included two experiments; the first was carried out on two groups to follow up the changes that could occur in iron status and reproductive system of male rats because of the lead exposure. The second experiment, three comparisons were made between three groups of rats with lead treatment only and other three groups rats with lead treatment followed by additional of daily injection of L-Arginine intraperitoneal about 500 mg L-Arginine / kg.b.wt. / day for 10, 20 and 30 days after the end of lead treatment.

Results: Lead significantly abolished heme synthesis presented by decrease in Hb, Fe and ceruloplasmin (Cp) and elevation in total iron binding capacity (TIBC) and serum ferritin. Furthermore, testosterone (total and free) significantly decreased after rats treated with 1% lead acetate while, estradiol (E2) and acid phosphatase (total and prostatic) were elevated. The concentration of dehydroepiandrosterone sulphat (DHEA-S) did not change after lead treatment.

Conclusion: Daily treatment with 500 mg L-Arginine/kg body weight prevented the suppressive effects of lead on hematological parameters and testicular functions. The mechanism of L-Arginine action on lead induced changes was attributed to protection of antioxidant capacity in cells in addition to the ability of L-Arginine to scavenge free radicals and acts as cell membrane stabilizer.
Synthesis and Evaluation of the Antitumor Activity of (E)-3-((2-(5-(4-chlorophenyl) thiazol-2-yl) hydrazono) methyl) benzene-1,2-diol “In vitro and In vivo Study”
Authors: Z. Mohamed Faten , Elghreeb Mohamed S. , Abdelhamid Moustafa S. , Elbaz Hazem A.
Published: July 2019

Background: Thiazole nucleus–containing compounds have an antitumor efficiency against various types of cancer.

Purpose: The present study was designed to determine the cytotoxic effect of newly synthesized thiazole derivative (TD1) on human cancer cell lines, in addition to evaluate its antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) in mice.

Materials and Methods: TD1 was synthesized and investigated for its cytotoxic effect on HCT116 (colon cancer), HepG2 (liver cancer), PC3 (prostate cancer) and MCF7 (breast cancer). The effect of TD1 on cell viability, tumor volume, and percent of increase in life span (% ILS) in Ehrlich–bearing mice was studied. Hematological parameters, liver and kidney function tests were evaluated. The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione levels were determined in liver and kidney tissues. The expression of P53 in EAC was analyzed by flow cytometry.

Results: TD1 demonstrated an inhibitory effect on both cancer cell lines in vitro and Ehrlich ascites cells in vivo. TD1 increased in life span of Ehrlich–bearing mice compared to control. Cell cycle and flow cytometric analysis revealed that TD1 directed Ehrlich cells toward apoptosis by increasing of P53 expression.

Conclusion: It was concluded that TD1 have a potent antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice beside a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7, PC3, HepG2 and HCT-116.
Effects of Methanolic Root Extract of Holarrhena floribunda on the Lipid Profile and Sex Hormones in Wistar Rats
Authors: Amaechi Dennis, , Udosen E. O. , Ekam V. S. , Ekpe I. P.
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study aims to determine the effects of methanolic root extract of Holarrehna floribunda on the level of some serum sex hormones, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone, estradiol, progesterone and lipid profile in Wistar rats.  

Materials and Methods: Twenty- four male and female Wistar rats (150-250 g body weight) were randomly assigned into 4 groups of 6 rats each. Group 1 (control male) took normal rat chow and drinking water. Group 2 (control female) took normal rat chow and drinking water, Group 3(Male test group), was administered with 200 mg/kg of Holarrehna floribunda extract, Group 4(Female test group), was administered with 200 mg/kg of Holarrehna floribunda. The feeding regimens lasted for 5weeks.

Results: The values for the lipid profile shows CHOL in Group 1 and Group 3 were 4.02±0.41 mmol/l  and 5.75±0.09 mmol/l, Group 2 and Group 4 were 3.87±0.22 mmol/l  and 5.80±0.10 mmol/l  respectively, TRIG  for Group 1 and Group 3 were 1.30±0.05 mmol/l  and 2.11±0.15 mmol/l  for Groups 2 and 4 were 1.15±0.03 mmol/l  and (2.10±0.12 mmol/l,HDL-C for Groups 1 and 3 were 30.01±0.82 mg/dL  and 39.88± 1.24mg/dL,for Groups 2 and 4 were 29.98± 0.77 mg/dL  and 38.20± 1.83 mg/dL, LDL-C for Groups 1 and 3 were 2.26±0.37 mmol/L  and 4.17±0.35 mmol/L respectively, for Groups 2 and 4 were 3.27±0.47 mmol/L  and 4.06±0.21 mmol/L  respectively, shows significant increase(p<0.05) in HDL-C (mg/dL) in Groups 1,2,3 and 4.The values obtained showed significant increase (p<0.05) in HDL-C (mg/dL) in Groups 1,2,3and 4The serum concentrations of FSH, Estradiol, LH and progesterone in the control Group 2 were 0.38 ±0.07mIU/mL, 7.83±0.35 mIU/mL, 15.50±0.15 Pg/mL and 0.86±0.03 ng/mL respectively, and in test Group 4 were 0.77±0.04mIU/mL, 8.75±0.17 mIU/mL, 21.09±0.79 Pg/Ml 0.33±0.05 ng/mL. Follicle stimulating hormone levels was significantly higher (p<0.05) in test group compared with control. While in Group 1 and 3, the serum concentrations of FSH, LH, and testosterone in control Group 1 were (0.51 ±0.06) mIU/mL, (16.44±0.31) mIU/mL and (8.41±0.50) ng/mL respectively and in test Group 3 were 0.88±0.06 mIU/mL19.88±1.46mIU/mL and10.68±0.64 ng/mL, respectively.

Conclusion: The extract improves the level of sex hormones in both the male and female rats.  which could enhance reproductive functions in normal rats and those with loss of reproductive function.
Biochemical Studies of (5-P-chlorophenyl -2-benzo 5, 6-coumarin-3-yelthylidene aminothiazole) as Antitumor Agent
Authors: Mohamed Faten Z. , Elghreeb Mohamed S. , Abdelhamid Moustafa S. , Elbaz Hazem A.
Published: July 2019

Heterocyclic compounds have a large spectrum of biological activities including antitumor activity. The present study describes the cytotoxic effect of newly synthesized thiazole derivative (TD2) that can prove effective antitumor activity on both in vivo and in vitro studies.

Objective: the essential objective of this research is to prove the cytotoxic effect of newly synthesized thiazole derivative (TD2) up on EAC bearing mice and many kinds of human cell lines.

Materials and Methods: Antitumor activity of TD2 was examined on EAC in Swiss albino Mice at dose of 2.5 mg/kg. TD2 was injected for 10 following days after transplantation of tumor. After one day of last dose and 18 hours of fasting, 7 Mice were sacrificed and the remaining was kept to evaluate ILS %.

Antitumor activity of TD2 was assessed by inspecting tumor volume, tumor weight, viable cell count and nonviable cell count, hematological, biochemical and antioxidant parameters of mice.

Results: TD2 demonstrated an inhibitory effect on both cancer cell lines in vitro and Ehrlich ascites cells in vivo.TD2 increased in life span of Ehrlich–bearing mice compared to control. Cell cycle and flow cytometric analysis revealed that TD2 directed Ehrlich cells toward apoptosis by increasing of P53 expression.

Conclusion: It was concluded that TD2 have a potent antitumor activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice beside a cytotoxic effect on MCF-7, PC3, HepG2 and HCT-116.
Comparative Study on Quality Characteristics and Variations in Fatty Acid Composition of Different Varieties of Rapeseed and Mustard (Brassica spp.)
Authors: Hossain Md. Delwar , Ahmed Kamal Uddin , Chowdhury Mst. Farhana Nazneen , Barman Alak , Ahmed Arif , Sourov Md. Ziaul Hasan , Islam Shahidul
Published: July 2019

With a view to studying the qualitative features and the variations in fatty acid composition of 6 rapeseed (B. campestris and B. napus) and mustard (B. juncea) varieties, an experiment was conducted. Among these varieties, BARI Sarisha-14 presented the value of 168.4 which was recorded the highest. Both BARI Sarisha-11 and BARI Sarisha-14 was found with the highest iodine value of 39.44; and the highest amount of acid value was recorded from BARI Sarisha-11 (1.867). Gas-liquid chromatographic (GLC) method has been used to determine the composition of essential fatty acid in the seeds of Brassica spp. (L.). From the GLC analysis, it was found that erucic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and lenolenic acid were the prime fatty acids in all the varieties. Erucic acid was in the range of 41.11 – 51.28%, oleic acid was the highest both in BARI Sarisha-11 and BARI Sarisha- 13 contained (18.69%), while BARI Sarisha-9 contained the highest amount of the unsaturated linoleic (17.75%)  and linolenic (15.83%) acids. Moreover, palmitic acid, stearic acid and archidic acid were also present in small amount.
Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Analysis of Some Oil Plants Found in Bihar, India: A Comparative Study
Authors: Kanth Manish Kumar , Jee Chandrawati , Kumar Anit , Kashyap Abhijeet , Kumari Rupam , Kumar Nivesh
Published: July 2019

Today’s developmental world needs large amount of energy. Due to the limited fossil fuel source, there is need of some alternate fuel sources among which biodiesel from vegetable oil widely practiced. There is an increasing interest in India to search for suitable low cost alternative fuels that are Eco friendly. Biodiesel is a renewable, biodegradable and non toxic fuel. In this paper an attempt has been made to study and compare the oil percentage and Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) components of three non edible oil seed plants abundantly found in Bihar, India.

Oil from the seed kernel was extracted by solvent extraction technique through Soxhlet apparatus using n-hexane as solvent. Percentage oil content for Jetropha, Mahua and Castor are found around 76 %, 41% and 33% respectively. Further extracted oil were analysed by GC-MS for their FAME components. Palmitic, linoleic, oleic are most common fatty acid found among three.
A Review on Therapeutic Potential of Protease Inhibitors from Medicinal Plants
Authors: Gamage R. N. N. , Kumari K. D. K. P.
Published: July 2019

Most of the currently available therapeutic agents, particularly for cardiovascular disorders and cancers are very expensive and induce some serious side effects. Some of these drugs have also become less effective due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. There is a necessity and great demand for the development of novel efficacious plant-based agents that are of pharmacologically effective. In this connection, this review focuses on therapeutic potential of plant protease inhibitors. Protease inhibitors are of a particular concern at present due to their potent ability to inhibit protease enzymes that are involved in pathogenesis of various human diseases. In addition to their function as protein-degrading enzymes, protease inhibitors are now well-known for their capability to involve in many biological activities as signaling molecules. Plant protease inhibitors are also engaged in several physiological and pathological processes, such as blood clotting, inflammation, immune regulation, apoptosis and carcinogenesis. Therefore, isolation of plant protease inhibitors and evaluation of their therapeutic capacity against chronic human diseases have become a major research interest. Nevertheless, protease inhibitor content and protease specificity vary significantly even in the same plant species depending on the geographical location and environmental factors. Consequently, it is important to identify potent therapeutic potential of each plant protease inhibitor on human health individually.
Comparative Effect of Aspirin, Meloxicam and Terminalia catappa Leaf Extract on Serum Levels of Some Inflammatory Markers in Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: Ben Ezekiel E. , Asuquo Asuquo E. , Owu Daniel U.
Published: July 2019

Background: The association between diabetes mellitus and inflammation is established but the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs is not without some health risk.

Aim: The study was aimed at comparing the levels of some inflammatory biomarkers in diabetic rats treated with aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia catappa, non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and exogenous insulin.

Materials and Methods: Thirty six (36) Wistar rats were assigned to 6 groups of 6 animals each. Group 1 and 2 served as normal and diabetic controls and received orally 5ml/kg body weight of distilled water. Group 3 was diabetic treated orally with 130mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia catappa.  And groups 4, 5 and 6 were administered orally with aspirin (30mg/kg), meloxicam (2mg/kg) and 0.75U/kg body weight of insulin subcutaneously. Diabetes was induced with intraperitoneal injection of 150mg/kg body weight of alloxan solution and diabetes confirmed after 72 hours with blood glucose levels ≥200mg/dl. The experiment lasted for 14 days and blood was collected by cardiac puncture for serum analysis of C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6 and Fibrinogen by ELISA method.

Results: The results showed significant (P<0.05) increase in serum levels of C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6 and blood fibrinogen in diabetic group compared to control. These inflammatory biomarker were significantly (P<0.05) reduced by the extract, aspirin, meloxicam and insulin. 

Conclusion: The reduced levels of C-reactive protein, Interleukin-6 and fibrinogen by aqueous leaf extract of Terminalia catappa was significant compared to aspirin and meloxicam. This may present the extract as a potent anti-inflammatory agent and could complement the function of insulin in diabetes treatment.
Extract of Icacina trichanta Improves lipid Profile and CCl4- Induced Histological Changes in Wistar Rats
Authors: Abu O. D. , Aleogho B. M. , Omoregie F. O.
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Icacina trichanta on lipid profile and CCl4- induced histological changes in Wistar rats.

Study Design: Liver damage was induced with CCl4 and the rats were treated with aqueous extract of Icacina trichanta.

Place and Duration of Study: This study was undertaken at the Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria, between January to March 2014.

Methodology: Phytochemical screening, lipid profile analysis and histopathological studies were carried out. Thirty-five male rats were divided into seven groups of five rats each. Groups I (normal control) and III rats were not induced. Groups II (negative control), IV, V, VI and VII were induced with 1.0 ml CCl4/kg body weight. Group II rats were not administered the extract, while those in group IV received 100 mg/kg bw of silymarin. Varied concentrations of the extract ranging from 200 to 400 mg/kg bw was administered to the test rats.

Results: Phytochemical analyses revealed the presence of alkaloids, saponins, tannins and polyphenols. The concentration of triacylglycerol (TG) in the CCl4 control was significantly increased when compared with the normal control group (p<0.05). Concentrations of total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) of the CCl4 control were significantly reduced relative to the normal control and the test rats (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) among the groups (p > 0.05). Results of histopathological examinations showed an ameliorative effect of aqueous leaf extract of Icacina trichanta on hepatorenal toxicity.

Conclusion: Aqueous extract of I. trichanta leaf improves lipid profile and CCl4-induced histological changes in Wistar rats.
Effect of Aqueous Leaf Extract of Eriosema psoraleoides on Antihyperglycemic and Hypolipidemic Potentials in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: O. Nduka, Florence , N. Ogugua, Victor , O. Nwigwe, Juliet , B. Nwaso, Chika , B. Abdulrasheed, Momoh
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study was targeted at valuing a claim by traditional herbal practitioners that the leaf of Eriosema psoraleoides possesses a hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic property by assessing the effect of aqueous leaf extract of Eriosema psoraleoides on antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic potentials in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Methodology: Thirty male albino rats weighing 180-220 g were divided into 5 experimental groups of six rats each; control, diabetic untreated, diabetic treated with glibenclamide and diabetic treated with Eriosema psoraleoides. Diabetes was induced by 130 mg/kg body weight (b.wt) of alloxan monohydrates. The control and diabetic groups received normal saline while the diabetic treated groups were administered with 0.3 mg/kg body weight glibenclamide, and 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg body weight of aqueous leaf extract of Eriosema psoraleoides respectively. The experiment period was 7 days, with the determination of their glucose level and body weight every two days.  At the end of the experimental period, the animal’s blood samples were taken from the animals for the determination of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Statistical comparisons were performed by one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures and one-way analysis of variance followed by Duncan’s multiple range tests.

Results: The results of the study show a significant reduction in blood glucose. The result also showed that in diabetic rats, body weight was decreased but the application of the extract increased (P<0.05, n=6). Similarly, the result showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, TG and LDL level of the diabetic group when compared with the control, glibenclamide and extract treated diabetic groups (with the highest performance at 400 mg/kg). Also, Eriosema psoraleoides aqueous leaf extract treated diabetic rat’s shows a significant increase in HDL levels compared to the diabetic control.

Conclusion: The study indicates that Eriosema psoraleoides possess hypolipidemic and antihyperglycemic potentials.
Heavy Metal Intoxication: A Key-Player in Chronic Kidney Disease (A Review)
Authors: Ibama Onengiyeofori
Published: July 2019

Heavy metals gain entry into biological systems mainly via inhalation and ingestion, and also via radiation or radio-therapeutic measures. The accumulation of these heavy metals in biological systems overtime may cause several deleterious health challenges such as liver, kidney and brain damages amongst others. Intoxication with heavy metals may either be acute or chronic, and because the kidney has the ability to reabsorb and accumulate divalent metals, it happens to be the primary target organ for heavy metal toxicity, inducing renal damage. The extent of this damage depends on the dose, nature, route and duration of exposure to the metal. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a permanent loss of nephrons accompanied by an eventual decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR); this (to a greater extent) maybe due to heavy metal intoxication and the renal reabsorption of these heavy metals. Although 70 percent of the heavy metals are reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, all segments of the nephrons are involved in the reabsorption of these metals, where several transporters such as the Divalent Metal Transporter (DMT)-1, Na+/amino acid co-transporter, Zinc Transporter (ZnT)-1 and stretch-activated cation channels (SAC) facilitate the reabsorption. In the nephrons of each kidney, heavy metals are primarily reabsorbed via the apical membrane and accumulate at the basolateral membrane; these heavy metals do not readily exit the basolateral membrane, which overtime may result in chronic inflammation of the nephrons, fibrosis and kidney failure. However, the loss of nephrons and decline in GFR in CKD are compensated by certain changes (glomerular and cellular, enhanced renal blood flow, enhanced single nephron glomerular filtration rate and tubular hypertrophy) in the remaining functional nephrons. These changes help to deliver solutes to the remaining functional nephrons for uptake by the epithelial cells of the renal tubules. Also, because the luminal and basolateral surfaces of tubular epithelial cells of the remaining healthy nephrons are also potentially exposed to higher levels of metabolic wastes, xenobiotics, heavy metals and other nephrotoxicants, renal injury, tubular or glomerulosclerosis, and death of these nephrons occur. These compensatory changes become insufficient once about 75 percent of the nephrons are no longer functional and incapable of maintaining homeostasis and renal function. This results in the accumulation of metabolic wastes in the blood, and induction of metabolic disturbances and/or organ intoxication.
Assessment of Bread in Ogbomoso Metropolis for the Presence of Potassium Bromate
Authors: Airaodion Augustine I. , Awosanya Olaide O. , Ogbuagu Emmanuel O. , Ogbuagu Uloaku , Njoku Onyinyechi C. , Esonu Chimdi , Airaodion Edith O.
Published: July 2019

Aim: This study is aimed at evaluating the level of potassium bromate in bread in Ogbomoso metropolis.

Study Design: This study was made to fit a one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).

Place and duration of Study: The bread samples were purchased in Ogbomoso metropolis and analyzed in Ibadan, both in Oyo State, Nigeria between July and December, 2018.

Methodology: Twenty five loaves of different brands of bread were purchased in Ogbomoso metropolis and transported to Ibadan for analysis. They were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of potassium bromate. The qualitative test was performed directly on a portion of each bread sample using 2 ml of 0.01 M promethazine and 0.6 ml of 12 M hydrochloric acid. The change in colour of each bread sample to purple indicates the presence of potassium bromate. Quantitative determination was done using spectrophotometric method that is based on the redox reaction between bromate and promethazine hydrochloride in an acidic medium. The absorbance of the product was read at 620 nm.

Results: Only one out of the 25 bread samples analyzed in this study representing 4.00 % contain potassium bromate under the permissible level. One of the bread samples contains 10.12 µg/g of potassium bromate which is more than 500 times higher than the permissible level. The quantity of KBrO3 in each bread sample correlates with the degree of purple colour obtained in the qualitative test.

Conclusion: Since 96.00% of the sampled bread contained potassium bromate in concentrations above safe level for human consumption, bread consumers and bakers are at risk of exposure to potassium bromate with health implications. The need for continuous surveillance and enforcement of the ban on use of potassium bromate in baking industry in Nigeria is recommended.