bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wheel Drive Unit Lift Corrections in Automotive Wind Tunnels
Authors: Josefsson Erik , Urquhart Magnus , Sebben Simone
Published: April 2024

Correct simulations of rotating wheels are essential for accurate aerodynamic investigations of passenger vehicles. Therefore, modern automotive wind tunnels are equipped with five-belt moving ground systems with wheel drive units (WDUs) connected to the underfloor balance. The pressure distribution on the exposed areas of the WDU belts results in undesired lift forces being measured which must be considered to obtain accurate lift values for the vehicle. This work investigates the parasitic WDU lift for various configurations of a crossover SUV using numerical simulations that have been correlated to wind tunnel data. Several parameters were considered in the investigation, such as WDU size, WDU placement, tyre variants and vehicle configurations.

The results show that the parasitic lift is more sensitive to the width than the length of the WDU. However, the belt length is also important to consider, especially if the wheel cannot be placed centred. Varying the tyre pattern changes the parasitic lift and the effect is coupled to the rim design. The lift correction reduces for wider tyres, as there is less exposed belt area. Modifying the tyre shoulder and sidewall geometry or considering different vehicle configurations only results in minor differences. Finally, fitting the same wheels to a different vehicle, causes deviations only at the rear wheels due to differences in the shielding from the front wheel wake.

Generally, the largest differences in parasitic lift occur when there is a shift in the balance between the inner and outer low-pressure zones at the upstream tyre shoulders. In this work, such changes are observed when there is a considerable alteration of the separation point on the tyre shoulder or the amount of outwash from the wheel wake.
A Naturalistic Driving Study for Lane Change Detection and Personalization
Authors: Lakhkar Radhika Anandrao , Talty Tim
Published: April 2024

Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving features are becoming nearly ubiquitous in new vehicles. The intent of the Driver Assistant features is to assist the driver in making safer decisions. The intent of Autonomous Driving features is to execute vehicle maneuvers, without human intervention, in a safe manner. The overall goal of Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving features is to reduce accidents, injuries, and deaths with a comforting driving experience. However, different drivers can react differently to advanced automated driving technology. It is therefore important to consider and improve the adaptability of these advances based on driver behavior. In this paper, a human-centric approach is adopted to provide an enriching driving experience. We perform data analysis of the naturalistic behavior of drivers when performing lane change maneuvers by extracting features from extensive Second Strategic Highway Research Program (SHRP2) data of over 5,400,000 data files. First, the difficult problem of filtering the data to automatically detect lane change events is developed. We will present our robust automated lane change event detection algorithm that employs machine vision lane tracking system variables such as lane marker probabilities. We then show that detected lane changing instances can be validated using only vehicle kinematics data. Kinematic vehicle parameters such as vehicle speed, lateral displacement, lateral acceleration, steering wheel angle, and lane change duration are then extracted and examined using temporal characteristics. We show how these vehicle kinematic parameters exhibit patterns during lane change maneuvers for a specific driver. The work shows limitations of analyzing vehicle kinematics parameters separately and develops a novel metric, Lane Change Dynamic Score (LCDS) that shows collective effect of vehicle kinematic parameters during lane change maneuvers and driver behaviors. LCDS is then used to classify each lane change and identification of driving styles. The results presented here will assist in the development of Driver Assistance and Autonomous Driving Lane Change maneuvers that result in more naturalistic assisted and automated vehicle controls.
Use of Accurate Simulation Workflows to Optimize Waste Heat Recovery from Thermoacoustic Engines
Authors: Mukutmoni Devadatta , Powell Robert , Kandasamy Satheesh
Published: April 2024

Thermoacoustic heat engines convert heat into useful energy by generating acoustic waves from a heat source that can then be extracted as useful work. These engines are inexpensive, robust, versatile, and capable of extracting energy from a wide variety of heat sources ranging from waste heat from power plants to exhaust heat of vehicles.

In this article, our investigation focuses on using simulation workflows to improve the performance of thermoacoustic engines. We begin with validating the workflows with published data for both traveling wave and standing wave thermoacoustic engines. Following that, we investigate the effect of changing the working fluid and the operating pressure to increase acoustic power.

This study uses a coupled PowerFLOW™ and PowerTHERM™ methodology to simulate the buoyancy-driven flows that generate acoustic pressure waves. Good correlations were observed for both traveling and standing wave thermoacoustic engines. For the design iterations, the most improved design showed large improvements both in absolute power output and relative to the thermodynamic maximum of a Carnot cycle.
Innovating Mobility: The Design and Optimization of an Efficient Two-Speed Transmission for EVs
Authors: Saini Sandeep , Rodrigues Keith , Jennings John , Finn Dustin
Published: April 2024

With the shift towards electrification, automakers are constantly looking for ways to increase efficiency of the electric vehicles (EVs). Whether through advanced materials, battery technology, powertrain optimization, software optimization, or reliability improvements, these strategies can help improve EV range, performance, and energy efficiency, making EVs a more attractive option for consumers. This paper focuses on powertrain optimization by utilizing a two-speed transmission instead of a conventional single-speed solution. Multi-speed transmissions offer faster acceleration, increased speed, better gradeability, and reduced energy consumption, which translates to increased vehicle range. Cost and space are critical factors in development and are considered when selecting architecture. The gear ratios are selected by solving an optimization problem to minimize the energy loss and maximize the dynamic performance. The vehicle system-level simulation is set up in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and comprises the electric plant, drivetrain subsystems, and associated control algorithms. Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) iteratively searches for the optimal solution, ensuring the motor and the inverter operate in the most efficient region during the selected drive cycle. The present architecture considers a three-plane or 3-stage with a 2-speed design. Stages 1 & 3 incorporate compound offset gearing with the 3rd stage connecting to the differential. The shiftable 2nd stage is proposed as a planetary gearset with a sun connection to the 1st stage and carrier connection to the 3rd stage. The planetary ring member can be fixed or released in case of 1st speed or 2nd speed respectively. The ring member release can also support free-wheel conditions in the case of all-wheel drive (AWD) vehicles in one-axle drive mode. Bi-stable electromagnetic clutches are used instead of conventional frictional clutches, making it a compact and efficient solution. Software control is used to optimize the handshake between clutches to facilitate the feel of a power shift. The initial findings suggest that by incorporating a multispeed transmission, the main motor in an electric vehicle can be downsized to half its power while maintaining two-thirds of its torque. Simulation suggests an increase of 52% in overall efficiency for such a configuration.
Development and Simulation Validation of a Wheel/Tire Selective-Matching Algorithm Considering an Error Function of Wheel Runout Measuring Equipment
Authors: Yoon Youngsam , Lee Taesuk , Kim Hyungjoo , Lee Jaekil , Sim Kyuho
Published: April 2024

In this study, a novel selective matching logic for a wheel/tire is proposed, to decrease the vehicle driving vibration caused by wheel/tire non-uniformity. The new logic was validated through matching simulation/in-line matching evaluation. A theoretical radial force variation model was established by considering the theoretical model of the existing references and the wheel/tire assembly mechanism. The model was validated with ZF’s high-speed uniformity equipment, which is standard in the tire industry. The validity of the new matching logic was verified through matching simulation and mass production in-line evaluation. In conclusion, the novel logic presented herein was demonstrated to effectively decrease the radial force variation caused by the wheel/tire.
Design Optimization and Methodology for Safe Wheel End Joint
Authors: Raghatate Shreyas , Sharma Suchit , Sindal Vinayak
Published: April 2024

Threaded joints are considered the most basic of components. Although in use for over a century, significant problems still exist with their usage. Wheel bolt loosening in overloaded segments such as HD tippers and high-speed intercity buses poses a safety challenge for drivers, passengers, and pedestrians. Wheel nut loosening is a notable cause of service, fretting, and cracks in the mating components; contributing a significant chunk of warranty cost to the company. The need of the hour is to reinforce these joints while keeping resources at bay. This paper establishes a methodology for the evaluation and design of a safe wheel bolt joint interface including key parameters such as embedding, axial forces, and shear forces. It is necessary to obtain the minimum preload requirement for a wheel bolt joint to hold the clamped surfaces intact, which if not maintained otherwise would cause relative movement, play, shear load onto the bolt, and eventually failure. For physically auditing the pre-load the “on-off-on tightness checking method” has been incorporated. The study shows a significant increase in pre-load in geomate-coated nuts (M22X2.5 10.9 grade nuts binding rim, drum, and hub having PCD 335 mm) via optimizing the fastener finish and internal profile. A risk assessment study has been done involving bolt-nut grades, bearing stress, and thread stripping. Proof of concept has been established, verified for feasibility, and implemented in HD tippers. This approach saves any cost impact, development time, or changes in service operations, all being crucial to the industry. This proves to be a frugal and efficient way of strengthening bolted joints without disturbing size, PCD, or grade while maintaining modularity across platforms.
Multiphysics Modeling of Industrial Top Coating with Rotary Bells
Authors: Panov Dmitrii , Menon Muraleekrishnan , Zhu Huaxiang , Stadik Alexander , Zhang Lingran , Kotian Akhilesh , Peng Chong , Monaco Ernesto , Borra Ravi Kanth , Boraey Mohammed
Published: April 2024

Rotary Bell Atomizers are well established in the automotive industry for top coating applications. This type of atomizer allows to create a uniform coating and is characterized by high productivity. Meanwhile, the effectiveness of the process depends on many complex factors. For instance, the transfer efficiency of the paint material, which is the percentage of the paint reaching the structure surface, ranges from 60-95% depending on the application conditions. Any increase in the transfer efficiency can not only reduce energy and material costs, but also reduce the emission of harmful non-deposited paint particles and the effort to handle them. The use of accurate numerical methods in this process helps to optimize the application process, reduce the number of expensive field experiments, and shortens the development cycle of new vehicles, which ensures predictability of production costs. This paper describes a multidisciplinary framework that allows to simulate the industrial processes of coating paint quickly with high accuracy on complex car geometries. Film deposition of paint droplets on the target, the movement of paint particles between the target and the atomizer and the effect of a swirling air jet on the droplet trajectory are all considered. The complex atomization around the bell cup is replaced by a statistical droplet generator. Furthermore, to speed up the simulation, a simplified version of the complex shaping air system is proposed in the work. To model the process, a coupled multi-physics solver is developed, which combines lattice Boltzmann method for air flow, Lagrangian particle method for paint droplets, and the thin film solver for coating thickness calculation. The paper presents the physical and mathematical model of the process, brief introduction on the numerical methodology, validation results based on experimental data, and the results of modelling practical coating scenarios. Results show that the proposed approach has high reliability and can be applied to accurate top coating simulation and the related process/design optimization.
1D-3D CFD Investigations to Improve the Performance of Two-Stroke Camless Engine
Authors: Tripathy Srinibas , Dahlander Petter , Somhorst Joop , Kuylenstierna Claes
Published: April 2024

The transportation sector still depends on conventional engines in many countries as the alternative technologies are not mature enough to reduce carbon footprints in society. The four-stroke diesel engines, primarily used for heavy-duty applications, need either high intake boosting or a large bore to produce higher torque and power output. There is an alternative where a four-stroke engine operated in two-stroke mode with the help of a fully flexible variable valve actuation (VVA) system can achieve similar power density without raising the intake boosting or engine size. A fully flexible VVA is required to control the valve events (lift, timing, and durations) independently so that the four-stroke events can be completed in one cycle. In this study, 1D-3D CFD coupled simulations were performed to develop a gas exchange process for better air entrapment in the cylinder and evacuate the exhaust products simultaneously. The intake and exhaust valve closing timings were optimized based on the engine torque. The in-cylinder fresh charge mostly leaves the cylinder through exhaust ports during the gas exchange process even if the valve timings were optimized. Hence, a new design was proposed in which different deflectors (rectangular and semi-circular) were placed near the intake valve seats with the hope of achieving better air entrapment in the cylinder. The deflectors prevented the intake charge particles from being shot-circuited through the exhaust port and helped the charge particles to trap in the cylinder. The semi-circular deflector showed a more promising technique than the rectangular deflector and achieved a 45% higher torque improvement than the baseline design without a deflector.
A Study on the Relationship between ECN Spray D and Marine-Sized Nozzles Using FGM Combustion Model
Authors: Di Matteo Andrea , Somers Bart
Published: April 2024

Present work investigates the relationship between the combustion parameters of a well-known ECN heavy-duty nozzle called Spray D and marine-size nozzles. The study is carried out in OpenFOAM software within the framework of RANS turbulence modelling, using a flamelet based tabulation technique known as FGM to model the combustion. The large nozzles are tested in a constant volume chamber representative of marine engines, for which a CFD setup is validated against inert data in literature. The reacting results have been validated first with experimental data, initializing the domain with a highly reactive environment (23% oxygen) and engine-like swirl. Then, a less reactive initial condition was set up in the domain (15% oxygen) without swirl, to achieve a Spray D-like environment. The main goal is to study the variation of the combustion parameters Ignition Delay Time (IDT) and Lift-Off Length (LOL) as function of nozzle diameter, leading to a mathematical correlation to estimate the IDT and the LOL for different nozzle sizes from the well-known Spray D. The resulting dependency was well captured by a polynomial relationship y(x) = axb + c. Only the smaller nozzle of 300μm, does not follow this trend, possibly confining its validity to a range of diameters larger than two times the Spray D nozzle.
Iterative Aero-Structural Analysis of a Passenger Vehicle Wheel Liner under Aero Loading
Authors: Venkatraman Gurumoorthy , M Vijayamuthan , Durairaj Rajaguru , Antonelli Santiago
Published: April 2024

Aerodynamic performance plays a crucial role in the design and functionality of modern passenger vehicles, particularly concerning wheel liners that are exposed to complex airflow patterns. In this study, an iterative approach is presented to analyze the aero-structural behavior of a wheel liner for a passenger vehicle, aiming to achieve a realistic and accurate representation of the system's response to aerodynamic loads. The proposed method involves a cyclic process of aerodynamic analysis, pressure mapping and structural simulation. Initially, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is deployed to calculate aero pressure loads acting on the wheel liner. These pressure loads are then mapped into the corresponding structural model and structural analysis is performed to determine the displacement response. If the initial displacement exceeds a predefined target value, the deformed model is considered for further analysis. The iteration process is repeated until the variation in displacement between the baseline model and the current iterative model remains within an acceptable range. Upon achieving convergence, the displacement results from the final iteration are used to characterize the performance of the wheel liner under the applied aerodynamic loading. The max displacement between the most recent and preceding iteration must be saturated to finish the iterative operation and conclusions are drawn based on the displacement results from the last converged iteration. Furthermore, the results from the iterative process show a strong correlation with wind tunnel test data, validating the accuracy and reliability of the methodology. The study's primary intention is to ascertain whether the wheel liners maintain sufficient tire clearance at high speeds, ensuring safe and optimal vehicle operation. The findings contribute to the advancement of passenger vehicle design, facilitating enhanced performance and safety in real-world driving conditions.
Coordinated Control of Trajectory Tracking and Yaw Stability of a Hub-Motor-Driven Vehicle based on Four-Wheel-Steering
Authors: Fu Yao , Xie Renmin , Kaku Chuyo , Zheng Hongyu
Published: April 2024

In order to improve the trajectory tracking accuracy and yaw stability of vehicles under extreme conditions such as high speed and low adhesion, a coordinated control method of trajectory tracking and yaw stability is proposed based on four-wheel-independent-driving vehicles with four-wheel-steering. The hierarchical structure includes the trajectory tracking control layer, the lateral stability control decision layer, and the four-wheel angle and torque distribution layer. Firstly, the upper layer establishes a three-degree-of-freedom vehicle dynamics model as the controller prediction model, the front wheel steering controller is designed to realize the lateral path tracking based on adaptive model predictive control algorithm and the longitudinal speed controller is designed to realize the longitudinal speed tracking based on PID control algorithm. Then, the middle layer decides the rear wheel steering angle and the additional yaw moment to maintain the vehicle's yaw stability based on the super-twisting sliding mode control algorithm and the improved particle swarm PID (IPSO-PID) control algorithm, respectively. Next, the lower layer allocates the four wheel steering angle according to the Ackermann Angle relation of four-wheel-steering vehicle, and optimally assigns the four wheel hub motor torques using sequential least squares planning with the objective function of minimizing the sum of the four tires' adhesion utilization. Finally, the CarSim/Simulink co-simulation platform is built to carry out the simulation test of medium-speed low-adhesion and high-speed high-adhesion double-lane-change conditions respectively. The simulation results show that the coordinated control strategy of trajectory tracking and yaw stability designed in this paper can improve the path tracking accuracy of the vehicle and meet the yaw stability of the vehicle under dangerous working conditions.
Torque Converter Modeling for Torque Control of Hybrid Electric Powertrains
Authors: Sha Hangxing , Patel Nadirsh , Banuso Abdulquadri
Published: April 2024

This paper introduces a novel approach to modeling Torque Converter (TC) in conventional and hybrid vehicles, aiming to enhance torque delivery accuracy and efficiency. Traditionally, the TC is modelled by estimating impeller and turbine torque using the classical Kotwicki’s set of equations for torque multiplication and coupling regions or a generic lookup table based on dynamometer (dyno) data in an electronic control unit (ECU) which can be calibration intensive, and it is susceptible to inaccurate estimations of impeller and turbine torque due to engine torque accuracy, transmission oil temperature, hardware variation, etc. In our proposed method, we leverage an understanding of the TC inertia – torque dynamics and the knowledge of the polynomial relationship between slip speed and fluid path torque. We establish a mathematical model to represent the polynomial relationship between turbine torque and slip speed. The mathematical model is used in the forward torque converter model to calculate current impeller torque based on known input speed and turbine speed and reverse torque converter model to calculate target input speed to deliver driver torque request. The parameters of the polynomial torque converter model are online identified with a Kalman Filter to adapt the model to the varying transient operating conditions of the powertrain. The effectiveness of this approach is demonstrated through vehicle results, showcasing improved performance under changing powertrain conditions.
Integrating Functional and Component-Level Threat Analyses in Automotive Systems: A Holistic Approach to Risk Assessment
Authors: Mazzara Bill , Davidovich Issak
Published: April 2024

Threat Analysis Risk Assessment (TARA) for automotive systems is standardized in ISO/SAE 21434. Traditionally these analyses have been bifurcated into either analysis focused on system functionality identifying impacts to assets based on the mission of the product, or analysis targeting vulnerabilities associated with the hardware and software of interfaces selected to be a part of a product. Furthermore, in the age of Software Defined Vehicles, the challenges to decouple use cases and the software that implements such from specific fixed hardware designs magnifies the disconnect between these risk methods. Use Case Based threat analysis, grounded in understanding features, stakeholders, and user stories, inherently yields security requirements tailored to specific functionalities and their contexts. While component-based threat analysis, derived from enumerations of vulnerabilities associated with interface choices, inherently yields security requirements tailored to specific defenses of these vulnerabilities. This paper will outline how a Use Case Based TARA partitions a user story into its assets and stakeholders and maintains traceability to risk through the development of that user story. This method's detailed approach ensures that cybersecurity requirements can be readily implemented as a part of feature design, addressing the concerns of feature owners directly. This paper will discuss the merits of asset based approach to cybersecurity over attack based recognizing the inherent strengths and limitations of both methods and underscores the need for a unified approach. Combining these analyses fosters a holistic view, ensuring that security requirements are both actionable and comprehensive. This paper provides the opportunity to point out the shift toward agile development and the need to provide incremental value on short intervals. This article delves into the intricacies of these concurrent threat analysis processes, highlighting the potential gaps and overlaps that may arise when treated in isolation. We argue that a fragmented approach not only leads to potential vulnerabilities but also results in redundancies, making the threat mitigation process inefficient.
Trucking Forward: Intrusion Detection for SAE J1708/J1587 Networks in Heavy-Duty Vehicles
Authors: Nnaji David , Daily Jeremy
Published: April 2024

Automotive researchers and industry experts have extensively documented vulnerabilities arising from unauthorized in-vehicle communication through academic research, industry investigations, sponsored events, and learnings from real-world attacks. While current cybersecurity endeavors in the heavy-duty (HD) vehicle space focus on securing conventional communication technologies such as the controller area network (CAN), there is a notable deficiency in defensive research concerning legacy technologies, particularly those utilized between trucks and trailers. In fact, state-of-the-art attacks on these systems have only come to public attention through official disclosures and public presentations as recently as 2020.

To address these risks, this paper introduces a system-wide security concept called Legacy Intrusion Detection System (LIDS) for heavy-duty vehicle applications utilizing the SAE J1708/J1587 protocol stack. LIDS relies on coordinated network gateways at each host and employs specialized J1587 security messages to alert other hosts of anomalies. Each gateway uses configurable busload, access control, and transmission rate parameters to perform signature-based and anomaly-based detection on inbound and outbound network traffic for its host.

This paper also presents the development process of the gateway and summarizes the experiments conducted to satisfy the hardware, software, and security requirements imposed by the J1708/J1587 stack and the LIDS concept. Subsequently, we deploy, test, and evaluate LIDS on a retrofitted dual air brake system simulator (DABSS) at CSU's Powerhouse Energy Campus. Under the assumptions presented, the experiments show that LIDS is effective against message spoofing attacks originating from a compromised host or rogue device and flooding attacks from hosts. However, LIDS' effectiveness against flooding attacks from rogue nodes depends on the designer's false positive tolerance. This research builds upon learnings in prior work while incorporating guidelines outlined in SAE J3061. To the best of current knowledge, this publication marks the first presentation of cybersecurity defense research on the SAE J1708/J1587 protocol stack.
Vulnerability analysis of DoIP implementation based on model learning
Authors: Luo Feng , Wang Jiajia , Li Zhihao , Zhang Xiaoxian
Published: April 2024

The software installed in Electronic Control Units (ECUs) has witnessed a significant scale expansion as the functionality of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (ICVs) has become more sophisticated. To seek convenient long-term functional maintenance, stakeholders want to access ECUs data or update software from anywhere via diagnostic. Accordingly, as one of the external interfaces, Diagnostics over Internet Protocol (DoIP) is inevitably prone to malicious attacks. It is essential to note that cybersecurity threats not only arise from inherent protocol defects but also consider software implementation vulnerabilities. When implementing a specification, developers have considerable freedom to decide how to proceed. Differences between protocol specifications and implementations are often unavoidable, which can result in security vulnerabilities and potential attacks exploiting them. Considering the security risks and technology trends of vehicles, this paper uses model learning for the first time to infer the protocol implementation state model against DoIP and aims to explore the unexpected state transitions that may occur during the interaction of diagnostic services. This is an automated black-box technique that provides the possibility to obtain a corresponding model of the observed implementation behavior. To achieve this, we construct a framework for applying model learning against DoIP implementation and utilize it to learn the state model. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed vulnerability analysis method can effectively and accurately obtain the state model of specific protocol implementation. Software developers can visually spot the presence of such superfluous states or transitions by examining the obtained state model, further avoiding potential attacks that could exploit these vulnerabilities.
Automated TARA Framework for Cybersecurity Compliance of Heavy Duty Vehicles
Authors: Mairaj ud din Qazi , Ahmed Qadeer
Published: April 2024

Recent advancements towards autonomous heavy-duty vehicles are directly associated with increased interconnectivity and software driven features. Consequently, rise of this technological trend is bringing forth safety and cybersecurity challenges in form of new threats, hazards and vulnerabilities. As per the recent UN vehicle regulation 155, several risk-based security models and assessment frameworks have been proposed to counter the growing cybersecurity issues, however, the high budgetary cost to develop the tool and train personnel along with high risk of leakage of trade secrets, hinders the automotive manufacturers from adapting these third party solutions. This paper proposes an automated Threat Assessment & Risk Analysis (TARA) framework aligned with the standard requirements, offering an easy to use and fully customizable framework. The proposed framework is tailored specifically for heavy-duty vehicular networks and it demonstrates its effectiveness on a case study. The proposed framework incorporates the findings of UN Task Force on Cyber Security and over-the-air (OTA) issues and guidelines from ISO/SAE 21434 to identify the security lapses in the design phase of a vehicular electrical and/or electronic E/E network. It is designed to automate the process of TARA, thereby assisting the security analysts and reducing the inconsistencies in TARA evaluation. It draws the architectural model of the case study using data flow diagrams (DFD), performs threat modeling, estimates the risk value for the system and suggests controls for the reported threats. The versatile nature of the framework enables it to be adapted for threat modeling of other types of vehicles and cyber physical systems in general.*
Simplify Design Modification by Accurate Thermal Simulation of Baking Oven
Authors: Skagius-Kallin André , Kiani Farzad , Monaco Ernesto , Stadik Alexander , Boraey Mohammed , Menon Muraleekrishnan , Peng Chong , Panov Dmitrii
Published: April 2024

Baking ovens in the automotive paint shop are crucial to ensuring quality of paint curing and hence meet the corrosion protection targets in manufacturing process. Ovens are also among the most energy consuming processes in the entire paint shop. With the onset of Electric Vehicle revolution, original equipment manufacturers focus heavily on light weighting resulting in significant design changes to the body in white (BIW). This presents a challenge of achieving accurate curing in the existing ovens designed for the current and past generations of vehicles Using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), this research intends to present a solution by minimizing the need for prototyping for design changes. Lattice Boltzmann Method (LBM) based thermal simulations are used to predict the curing behaviour on the BIW surface. The LBM based conjugated heat transfer simulations consider turbulence using a Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) approach and Boussinesq approximation. The approach does not need complex preprocessing or mesh generation. Graphical Processing Unit (GPU) based computational modelling allows for easy parallelization to simulate the massive computational domain in an industrially feasible timeline. Meanwhile, dynamic simulations consider real-time conditions inside the oven derived from an upfront design of the heating and cooling regions. Consideration of design changes on the BIW itself, especially for the internal cavities and specific problem regions can be quite time consuming even with CFD simulations. This research specifically focuses on making high fidelity simulations on interested regions of the BIW possible with minimal increase is computational time. This solution will reduce the number of prototypes needed for new designs, and hence minimize the physical resources and time utilized in new car body designs.
Exploring Class 8 Long-Haul Truck Electrification: Key Technology Evaluation and Potential Challenges
Authors: Gao Zhiming
Published: April 2024

The phenomena of global warming and climate change are encouraging more and more countries, local communities, and companies to establish carbon neutrality targets, which has very significant implications for the US trucking industry. Truck electrification helps fleets to achieve zero tailpipe emissions and macro-scale decarbonization while allowing continued business growth in response to the rapid expansion of e-commerce and shipping related to increased globalization. This paper presents an analysis of Class 8 long-haul truck electrification using a commercial vehicle electrification evaluation tool and Fleet DNA drive data. The study provides new insight into the impacts of streamlined chassis, battery energy density, and superfast charging on battery capacity needs as well as implications for payload, energy consumption, and greenhouse gas emissions for electric long-haul trucks. The study also identifies a pathway for achieving optimal long-haul truck electrification. The results show that no single technology can simultaneously achieve significant improvements in all these key areas and that a cost-effective approach requires a deliberate combination of all of these technologies. Moreover, the analysis highlights the strong evolution of vehicle and battery technologies and the excellent potential for long-haul truck electrification to achieve 100% year-round service coverage with continued technology advancement.
Aspects of Engine Lubricant Operating Conditions and Fuel Economy Differentiation; In-Vehicle Comparisons of Standard Internal Combustion Engine with Two Types of Hybrid Electric
Authors: Butcher Richard , Bradley Nathan , Jamieson Mathew , Chambers Thomas
Published: April 2024

Due to the global drive for carbon neutrality, passenger vehicle gasoline engines are transitioning to higher levels of electrification, such as hybrid electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, HEVs and PHEVs. Compared with conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, the HEV or PHEV engine whilst in ICE only operation, typically operates for multiple shorter periods, in turn the engine coolant and lubricant temperatures are lower.

Conventional internal combustion engines are often able to yield valuable fuel economy benefits by selecting appropriate engine lubricating oils, typically employing reduced viscosity and suitable additives. There are commercial engine tests available for measurement, often in an engine test cell for precision. Steady state testing is also a simplified option.

Such efforts require care, as the accurate measurement is technically and practically challenging. This level of difficulty is again increased by the further complication of vehicle hybridisation, aspects of which are discussed. However, this paper presents comparison data of similar engine technology in different vehicle types, namely ICE and two different types of HEV, with different engine operation strategies, to show an effect on lubricant differentiation for fuel economy. Possible explanations of the results are discussed.

Based on field observations, an often highly loaded area of the gasoline direct injection (GDI) ICE is the high-pressure (HP) fuel pump with oil lubricated cam and follower. This often presents a challenge for the engine lubricant. A novel test rig is described, which measures GDI HP fuel pump friction accurately. Further comparison data showing the contribution of this to the engine friction is presented over the transient Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Transient cycle, WLTC, for both ICE and HEV operation in charge sustaining mode; lubricant friction differentiation in this area is shown.

The choice of a relevant drive cycle is important for developing new and existing lubricant products. The range of engine operation strategies controlled by both the vehicle and the driver is much wider for hybrid engines, when compared with standard ICE vehicles. To illustrate aspects of this, some recent on road PHEV data is also presented.
Simulation Study on the Influence of Multi-Magnetic Particles on Oil Sensor Signals
Authors: Chen Sen , Shen Yitao , Qiang Guiyan , Zheng Zheng , Wang Zheyu , Hao Yin , Hu Ting
Published: April 2024

Engine operation produces particles that contaminate the lubricating oil and can damage the engine's internal components. This paper presents a model for a three-coil inductive metal particle sensor and verifies the rationality and accuracy of the model by simulating the motion of a single spherical iron particle passing through the sensor. On this basis, the simulation of coupling double particles with different sizes, distances, and shapes is carried out. The study explores the influence of particle motion on the sensor-induced signal under various conditions. The research shows that when two particles pass through the sensor, the induced voltage signal will produce superposition when the distance between the two particles is small. The peak value of the induced voltage is 1-2 times the peak value of the induced voltage of a single particle. As the distance increases, the peak value of the induced voltage initially decreases, then slowly increases, and finally stabilizes. When the double particle signal is superimposed, the enhancement effect of the peak value of the induced voltage gradually increases as the particle diameter decreases. For particles with the same volume but different shapes, the peak value of the induced voltage increases with the increase of the cross-sectional area of the particles.
Gas Exchange Potential Ratio – A Quantitative Evaluation Parameter for Fully Variable, Time-Based Valve Train Concepts
Authors: Dost Tobias , Schambach Ricardo , Getzlaff Joern
Published: April 2024

The research and development of variable valve train concepts increase the DOF of their functionalities. Beginning with discrete switching between two valve timings (Alfa Romeo: “Variatore di Fase Dinamico”), also the discrete variability of the valve lift (Honda: “VTEC”) was introduced in the 1980s. Increasing the variability to continuous camshaft phasing in the 1990s (Porsche: “VarioCam”) and lift control in the 2000s (BMW: “VALVETRONIC”) an almost fully variable electrohydraulic valve train concept for the inlet valves has been introduced (Alfa Romeo: “MultAir”). Regardless of whether in future a fully variable free valve concept will be introduced or not, a quantitative characterization of the variability of valve trains seems to be necessary to compare different valve train designs with each other. More, the operational parameter of electromagnetic (e.g. voltage, current) or electrohydraulic (e.g. hydraulic pressure, switching times) can be characterized with such a quantity. Based on measurements of a developed and designed electrohydraulic valve train, a suitable quantity has been devised: The Gas Exchange Potential Ratio (GEPR). This parameter describes and evaluates the variability of gas exchange valves and is based on their valve lift curves, which are influenced by the two following main control parameters: the hydraulic operation pressure and valve opening time of a hydraulic switch valve. The introduced quantity is dimensionless and applicable for any valve train, whereby the advantages of the GEPR are primary at time-based valve trains.
Characterizing Galling Conditions in Sheet Metal Stamping
Authors: Reinberg Natalia , Murray Ryan , Ascencio Barrera Sindi , Pineda Carranza Cristina , Golovashchenko Sergey
Published: April 2024

Multiple experimental studies were performed on galling intiation for variety of tooling materials, coatings and surface treatments, sheet materials with various surface textures and lubrication. Majority of studies were performed for small number of samples in laboratory conditions. In this paper, the methodology of screening experiment using different combinations of tooling configurations and sheet material in the lab followed by the high volume small scale U-bend performed in the progressive die on the mechanical press is discussed. The experimental study was performed to understand the effect of the interface between the sheet metal and the die surface on sheet metal flow during stamping operations. Aluminum sheet AA5754 2.5mm thick was used in this experimentation. The sheet was tested in laboratory conditions by pulling between two flat insert with controllable clamping force and through the drawbead system with variable radii of the female bead. Comparing pulling forces during sheet metal flow through the testing setup provides information on flow resistance along the interface between the sheet and the tool surfaces. Onset of galling can be detected by the growth of the pulling force. In addition, it is defined by measurement of the surface of the tool and the scratches on the surface of the samples. Typical galling is seen as lines of sheet material deposit on the surface of the die parallel to the sheet material sliding. Most of galling is observed in the areas where lubricant can be forced out of the contact zone, such as edges of the strip, die entry radii or female bead radius.
DESIGN INSTRUCIONAL E EDUCAÇÃO
Authors: Meroto Monique Bolonha das Neves , Costa Elionides José da , Pereira Filomena Alves , Oliveira Nivaldo Pedro de , Mungo Wesley Schulz
Published: April 2024

O Design Instrucional (DI) é uma abordagem sistemática que traduz os princípios de aprendizagem em planos para materiais e atividades educacionais. Utilizando modelos busca criar ambientes de aprendizagem significativos, sendo essencial para o sucesso do ensino online e corporativo. O DI é uma ferramenta crucial na promoção de resultados positivos na educação contemporânea. A metodologia adotada envolveu uma revisão de literatura em estudos relacionados ao tema, visando esclarecer os objetivos propostos. O objetivo central deste trabalho foi abordar o design instrucional, destacando práticas, especialmente no modelo Dick and Carey, e a contribuição do profissional de design instrucional para a qualidade do ensino. A discussão enfocou a promoção da personalização da aprendizagem e a integração efetiva de recursos tecnológicos, alinhados às necessidades e características dos alunos na educação contemporânea. Contudo, o design instrucional (DI) é fundamental na educação contemporânea, transformando princípios de aprendizagem em planos instrucionais. Modelos como o ADDIE e Dick and Carey oferecem estruturas abrangentes para esse processo, com destaque para o último, que possui nove fases interdependentes. Apesar das vantagens, como abordagem sistemática e foco no aluno, o modelo enfrenta desafios, como demanda por recursos e rigidez estrutural. O profissional de design instrucional desempenha papel crucial ao projetar estratégias e materiais, integrando tecnologia para uma educação personalizada e significativa. Em suma, o design instrucional, aliado ao modelo Dick and Carey e à expertise do profissional, é fundamental para aprimorar a qualidade da educação contemporânea, integrando análise de necessidades, estratégias inovadoras e tecnologia.
USO DE TECNOLOGIAS COMO FERRAMENTAS EDUCACIONAIS NO ENSINO DE CIÊNCIAS DA NATUREZA
Authors: Gomes Lucas Ferreira , Machado João Carlos , Cruz Kesia Nascimento da , Martins Paula Welliana Araujo , Souza Valéria Costa
Published: April 2024

Este trabalho baseia-se em uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o uso de tecnologias no ensino de ciências da natureza com alunos do ensino fundamental II. O objetivo visa evidenciar como o uso das tecnologias auxilia no ensino e interesse dos estudantes pelos conteúdos de ciências da natureza. A partir das pesquisas realizadas e das referências encontradas, foi possível observar que os alunos encontram-se desinteressados pelos temas estudados, logo os docentes têm buscado novas formas de apresentar e ensinar os conteúdos, sendo o uso das tecnologias uma maneira que tem se mostrado eficiente como alguns estudos mostram, onde cerca de 81% dos discentes afirmam que o uso de aplicativos como o Scratch é interessante, torna a aula mais dinâmica e faz com que os estudantes entendam e absorvam melhor os conteúdos. Portanto é notável a necessidade de um engajamento por parte dos professores para que as tecnologias sejam utilizadas em sala de aula, visando a melhoria de compreensão e a formação de cidadãos conscientes e investigativos.
Simulation training in situ as a method of developing professional competence in the study of the discipline “ophthalmology”
Authors: Rusina E. , Perepelitsa S.
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of training of students of the specialist program of the Higher School of Medicine of Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University in the specialty “General Medicine” in the discipline “Ophthalmology” using the “Simulated Patient” technique in the conditions of ophthalmological offices of medical organizations. With the help of this methodology, students gain the skills of predictive analytics, which is in demand and relevant in the context of a competencybased approach to education. The result of such training is the improvement (or training) of communication, the development of critical and clinical thinking, skills for analyzing various clinical situations, as well as the skills of questioning and initial examination of the patient, communication with patients and their relatives.
A model of step-by-step development of emergency medical care competencies with the implementation of a simulation course “in situ” conditions
Authors: Khodus S. V. , Oleksik V. S. , Borzenko E. S.
Published: April 2024

The article presents a model of training medical workers and employees from among the administrative staff of medical organizations in the skills of providing medical care in emergency and urgent forms, the formation of resource management competencies, effective decision-making in a critical situation, implemented by employees of the Accreditation and Simulation Center of the Amur State Medical Academy. This model makes it possible to optimize the professional development plan for medical workers, identify technical and non-technical problems in the organization of healthcare in the provision of emergency and emergency medical care.