bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Reliability and Calibration of Fatigue Design Factors for Offshore Wind Turbines
Authors: Márquez-Domínguez Sergio , Sørensen John D.
Published: June 2012

Consequences of failure of offshore wind turbines (OWTs) is in general lower than consequences of failure of, e.g., oil & gas platforms. It is reasonable that lower fatigue design factors can be applied for fatigue design of OWTs when compared to other fixed offshore structures. Calibration of appropriate partial safety factors/Fatigue Design Factors (FDF) for steel substructures for OWTs is the scope of this paper. A reliability-based approach is used and a probabilistic model has been developed, where design and limit state equations are established for fatigue failure. The strength and load uncertainties are described by stochastic variables. SN and fracture mechanics approaches are considered for to model the fatigue life. Further, both linear and bi-linear SN-curves are formulated and various approximations are investigated. The acceptable reliability level for fatigue failure of OWTs is discussed and results are presented for calibrated optimal fatigue design factors. Further, the influence of inspections is considered in order to extend and maintain a given target safety level.
Electric Vehicle Scenario Simulator Tool for Smart Grid Operators
Authors: Soares João , Canizes Bruno , Lobo Cristina , Vale Zita , Morais Hugo
Published: June 2012

This paper presents a simulator for electric vehicles in the context of smart grids and distribution networks. It aims to support network operators’ planning and operations but can be used by other entities for related studies. The paper describes the parameters supported by the current version of the Electric Vehicle Scenario Simulator (EVeSSi) tool and its current algorithm. EVeSSi enables the definition of electric vehicles scenarios on distribution networks using a built-in movement engine. The scenarios created with EVeSSi can be used by external tools (e.g., power flow) for specific analysis, for instance grid impacts. Two scenarios are briefly presented for illustration of the simulator capabilities.
German federal election of 2009: The challenge of participatory cultures in political campaigns
Authors: Jungherr Andreas
Published: June 2012

Increasingly, political actors have to act in online communication environments. There they meet overlapping networked publics with different levels of participatory cultures and varying expectations of participation in the (re)making and coproduction of political content. This challenges political actors used to a top-down approach to communication. Meanwhile, online users are increasingly politically involved as legislatures all over the world become more active in regulating communication environments online. These new political actors often share participatory practices and have high levels of new media skills. Now they are challenged to adapt these bottom-up participatory cultures to the traditional political environment. This paper examines these adaption processes by examining three examples from the campaign for the German federal election of 2009. These examples include the attempt of Germany's conservative party (CDU) to encourage their supporters to adapt participatory practices, the German Social Democrats' (SPD) top-down production and distribution of online content that mimicked the look and feel of user-generated content, and the bottom-up emergence of political flash mobs.
Too fat to fly: A case study of unsuccessful fan mobilization
Authors: Phillips Tom
Published: June 2012

A seemingly invisible aspect of activism scholarship is the failure to act in the face of apparent suitability. Engaging with tropes of activist literature, such as the prevalence of computer-mediated communication and the factors of emotion and extremism, I will perform a case study of a specific fan community that appears to adhere to these conventions, and discuss the potential for activist practices as a result. I examine the reaction of the fan community for filmmaker Kevin Smith following Smith's ejection from a Southwest Airlines flight in 2010. He was removed from the plane for apparently breaching their "passenger of size" policy, but he ardently rebuked the company's justification. Smith's treatment at the hands of the airline would seem to be an ideal rallying point for the subject of a fan activism campaign–using a personal issue to springboard into wider debates of corporate practice, body image, and consumer rights. However, despite this potential, his fan community apparently failed to mobilize into a cohesive force. I will explore why this failure occurred, and discuss why such a failure should be examined within academia.
Honey bee (Hymenoptera: Apidae) guarding behaviour may not be a rare task
Authors: Unger Peter , Guzman-Novoa Ernesto
Published: June 2012

Newly emerged honey bees (Apis mellifera Linnaeus; Hymenoptera: Apidae) of four strains were placed into observation hives and observed for guarding behaviour. Significant differences were found between strains for guarding propensity. The proportion of introduced bees observed guarding was significantly higher in all strains (41% of bees that were alive at the time of observations) than proportions reported in earlier studies. This discrepancy is likely due to methodological differences and also to the fact that in this study, living bees were counted when calculating proportions, whereas other studies have used the total number of introduced bees. Further studies on the proportion of honey bees performing guarding behaviour are warranted.
Malignant Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma of the Liver Successfully Treated with Sorafenib
Authors: Sangro Bruno , Iñarrairaegui Mercedes , Fernández-Ros Nerea
Published: June 2012

Hepatic epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (HEH) is a rare disease of unknown etiology for which a standard systemic treatment has not been established. The common expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its receptor in HEH provide a rationale for the reported use of antiangiogenic drugs, including bevacizumab, lenalidomide and thalidomide. We report a case of a young male patient with HEH who was treated with sorafenib for almost 2 years. Sorafenib was used instead of other VEGF inhibitors due to its convenient oral route, its dual antiangiogenic and antiproliferative activity, and its favorable safety profile. Sorafenib therapy resulted in durable stabilization with progressive calcification of liver tumors and minor but stable response of lung lesions.
Investigation of the temporal fluctuations of the 1960–2010 seismicity of Caucasus
Authors: Telesca L. , Matcharashvili T. , Chelidze T.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. The time-clustering behaviour of the seismicity of the Caucasus spanning from 1960 to 2010 was investigated. The analysis was performed on the whole and aftershock-depleted catalogues by means of the method of Allan Factor, which permits the identification and quantification of time-clustering in point processes. The whole sequence is featured by two scaling regimes with the scaling exponent at intermediate timescales lower than that at high timescales, and a crossover that could be probably linked with aftershock time activiation. The aftershock-depleted sequence is characterized by higher time-clustering degree and the presence of a periodicity probably correlated with the cyclic earth surface load variations on regional and local scales, e.g. with snow melting in Caucasian mountains and large Enguri dam operations. The obtained results were corroborated by the application of two surrogate methods: the random shuffling and the generation of Poissonian sequences.
Recent Trends in Chronic Pelvic Pain Diagnosis
Authors: Kim Ari , Kim Heung Yeol
Published: June 2012

Chronic pelvic pain is a common and significant disorder of women. It is estimated to have a prevalence of 3.8% in women. The etiology of chronic pelvic pain in women is poorly understood. Although a specific diagnosis is not found in the majority of cases, some common diagnoses include endometriosis, adhesions, irritable bowel syndrome, and interstitial cystitis. The initial history and physical examination can narrow the diagnostic possibilities, guide any subsequent evaluation, and rule out malignancy or significant systemic disease. If the initial evaluation does not reveal a specific diagnosis, a limited laboratory and ultrasound evaluation can clarify the diagnosis, as well as rule out serious disease and reassure the patient. Laboratory and imaging studies should be selectively utilized, as should laparoscopy. Conscious laparoscopic pain mapping has been proposed as a way to improve information derived from laparoscopic evaluations.
A Case of F-18 FDG PET-CT Detection of Sporadic Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma and Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis of Ovarican Cancer
Authors: Seo Joo Wan , Park Chang Jun , Jeon Yun Kyung , Kim Sang Soo , Kim Bo Hyun , Kim In Ju
Published: June 2012

Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is derived from the parafollicular or C-cells. As surgical resection is the only curative therapy for MTC, the early diagnosis is important for the patient's survival. F18-Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET CT) is a noninvasive imaging method which can be used to diagnose malignant thyroid tumors including recurrent or residual MTC. However, due to the limitations of this technique, it is difficult to differentiate benign from malignant thyroid tumors. We herein present a 47-year-old woman with ovarian cancer history who was found to have thyroid incidentaloma with metastatic cervical lymph node through F-18 FDG PET CT. Thyroid incidentaloma of the patient was examined by fine needle aspiration and the result of this diagnostic procedure showed suspicious MTC. The patient was subsequently diagnosed as having sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma and metastatic cervical lymph node due to ovarian cancer.
Virologic, clinical and immunologic responses following failure of first‐line antiretroviral therapy in Haiti
Authors: Charles Macarthur , Leger Paul D , Severe Patrice , Guiteau Colette , Apollon Alexandra , Gulick Roy M , Johnson Warren D , Pape Jean W , Fitzgerald Daniel W
Published: June 2012

Background

Since HIV‐1 RNA (viral load) testing is not routinely available in Haiti, HIV‐infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) are monitored using the World Health Organization (WHO) clinical and/or immunologic criteria. Data on survival and treatment outcomes for HIV‐1 infected patients who meet criteria for ART failure are limited. We conducted a retrospective study to compare survival rates for patients who experienced failure on first‐line ART by clinical and/or immunologic criteria and switched to second‐line ART vs. those who failed but did not switch.

Methods

Patients receiving first‐line ART at the GHESKIO Center in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti, who met WHO clinical and immunologic criteria for failure were identified. Survival and treatment outcomes were compared in patients who switched their ART regimen and those who did not. Cox regression analysis was used to determine predictors of mortality after failure of first‐line ART.

Results

Of 3126 patients who initiated ART at the GHESKIO Center between 1 March 2003 and 31 July 2008, 482 (15%) met WHO immunologic and/or clinical criteria for failure. Among those, 195 (41%) switched to second‐line ART and 287 (59%) did not. According to Kaplan–Meier survival analysis, the probability of survival to 12 months after failure of first‐line ART was 93% for patients who switched to second‐line ART after failure and 88% for patients who did not switch. Predictors of mortality after failure of first‐line ART were weight in the lowest quartile for sex, CD4 T cell count ≤ 100, adherence < 90% at the time of failure and not switching to second‐line ART.

Conclusions

Patients who failed first‐line ART based on clinical and/or immunologic criteria and did not switch to second‐line therapy faced a higher mortality than those who switched after failure. To decrease mortality, interventions to identify patients in whom ART may be failing earlier are needed urgently. In addition, there is a major need to optimize second‐line antiretroviral regimens for improved potency, lower toxicity and greater convenience for patients.
Gradient Elution Chromatography
Authors: Dolan J.W. , Snyder L.R.
Published: June 2012

Elution chromatography can be carried out in either isocratic or gradient modes. In isocratic elution, the mobile‐phase composition is held constant during separation of the sample, e.g. 60% v acetonitrile–water. In gradient elution, the mobile‐phase composition will be varied during sample separation, e.g. changing from 0 to 100% v acetonitrile–water. Gradient elution requires special chromatographic equipment, as well as somewhat greater care on the part of the operator, but it has important advantages for many separations. Thus, in isocratic elution, sample peaks tend to ‘bunch up’ at the beginning of the chromatogram (often with decreased resolution) and to broaden at the end of the chromatogram (with reduced detection sensitivity). Gradient elution, on the other hand, provides a more even spacing of peaks, similar widths throughout the chromatogram, and often a shorter run time. For these and other reasons, gradient elution is preferred for the separation of many samples.
Zinc‐Binding Domain Junín Virus Arenavirus Envelope Glycoprotein
Authors: Briknarová Klára
Published: June 2012

Arenaviruses are endemic in rodent populations, and several arenavirus species can be transmitted to humans and cause life‐threatening hemorrhagic fevers. Entry of arenaviruses into the host cells is mediated by the viral envelope glycoprotein, GPC. Unlike other viral envelope glycoproteins, mature GPC contains a cleaved stable signal peptide (SSP) in addition to the canonical receptor‐binding (G1) and transmembrane fusion (G2) subunits. SSP is essential for GPC function and is retained in the complex primarily through interaction with a cytoplasmic zinc‐binding domain (ZBD) in G2. The structure of the ZBD from one arenavirus species, Junín, is currently available. The ZBD displays a novel fold and contains two bound zinc ions that are coordinated by four and three residues. The zinc ion that is coordinated by three residues mediates the interaction with the SSP subunit, accepting an invariant cysteine from the cytoplasmic C‐terminal tail of SSP as the fourth ligand.
Interface and Surface Cation Stoichiometry Modified by Oxygen Vacancies in Epitaxial Manganite Films
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Bosman Michel , Yang Zhen , Ren Peng , Wang Lan , Cao Liang , Yu Xiaojiang , Ke Chang , Breese Mark B. H. , Rusydi Andrivo , Zhu Weiguang , Dong Zhili , Foo Yong Lim
Published: June 2012

Perovskite manganites are viewed as one of the key building blocks of oxide spintronics devices due to their attractive physical properties. However, cation off‐stoichiometry at epitaxial interfaces between manganites and other materials can lead to interfacial dead layers, severely reducing the device performance. Here, transmission electron microscopy and synchrotron‐based spectroscopy are used to demonstrate that oxygen vacancies during growth serve as a critical factor for modifying the cation stoichiometry in pulsed laser deposited La0.8Sr0.2MnO3 films. Near the film/substrate (SrTiO3) interface, A‐site cations (La/Sr) are in excess when oxygen vacancies are induced during film growth, partially substituting Mn. Simultaneously, Sr cations migrate towards the film surface and form a SrO rock‐salt monolayer. Consequentially, a gradient of the Mn nominal valence is observed along the film growth direction, leading to anomalous magnetic properties. The results narrow the selection range of useful oxygen pressures during deposition and demonstrate that accurate cation stoichiometry can only be achieved after oxygen vacancies are eliminated during growth. This finding suggests that the oxygen pressure serves as a tuning parameter for the interfacial dead layers and, hence, for control over device properties.
Establishing Meal Patterns by Lickometry in the Marmoset Monkey (Callithrix jacchus): Translational Applications From the Bench to the Field and the Clinic
Authors: ROSS CORINNA N. , POWER MICHAEL L. , TARDIF SUZETTE D.
Published: June 2012

The ability to measure and interpret variables associated with feeding behavior and food intake is essential to a variety of nonhuman primate study modalities. The development of a technique to accurately and efficiently measure food intake and meal patterning in captivity will enhance both the interpretation of foraging behavior in the wild as well as our ability to model clinically relevant human feeding pathologies. In this study, we successfully developed the use of a rodent lickometer system to monitor meal patterning in captive common marmosets. We describe the modifications necessary for this type of instrumentation to be used successfully with marmosets. We define variables of interest that relate to both previous rodent literature and human clinical measures. Finally, we relate our findings to potential translational value for both primate field research and biomedical applications. Am. J. Primatol. 74:901‐914, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Parasite Transmission Risk From Geophagic and Foraging Behavior in Chacma Baboons
Authors: PEBSWORTH PAULA A. , ARCHER COLLEEN E. , APPLETON CHRIS C. , HUFFMAN MICHAEL A.
Published: June 2012

Numerous behavioral and ecological factors are associated with parasite transmission. One factor explored in human research, but absent from nonhuman primate research, is parasite transmission from soil ingestion. Human studies suggest geophagy, the regular and deliberate consumption of soil, increases risk of soil‐transmitted helminth (STH) infection. Geophagy, which is prevalent in nonhuman primates, has several positive associations: gastrointestinal distress alleviation, possible mineral supplementation, and bacterial infection prevention. Our objective was to determine whether STH transmission was possible from deliberate or accidental soil ingestion, in a troop of chacma baboons (Papio hamadryas ursinus) that engaged in geophagy, foraged on the terrestrial substrata, and had a Trichuris sp. sample prevalence of 100%. We collected and analyzed 80 soil samples from geophagy and ground foraging sites on and around Wildcliff Nature Reserve, South Africa. Forty soil samples were collected from sites where soil was consumed, and 40 were collected from sites where soil was not consumed. At geophagy sites, the number of Trichuris sp. eggs recovered varied significantly between areas used and unused by the baboons, suggesting behavior is an important factor. In contrast, at foraging sites, there was only a tendency to recover more eggs at used than unused areas, and we propose egg recovery was influenced by fecal contamination that occurred throughout foraging stands. The difference in egg recovery between used areas at geophagy sites and used areas at foraging sites was not significant. These preliminary findings suggest both geophagy and foraging sites are a potential source of STH infection for this troop. Whether geophagy benefits outweigh the potential cost of parasite reinfection for this baboon troop is unknown, so we encourage future research on the influence that host foraging behavior may have on parasite reinfection. Am. J. Primatol. 74:940‐947, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Planning interactive task for intelligent characters
Authors: Zong Dan , Li Chunpeng , Xia Shihong , Wang Zhaoqi
Published: June 2012

Motion planning is an important problem in character animation and interactive simulation. However, few planning methods have considered domain‐specific knowledge that governs the agent's behaviors, and none of them is capable of planning the interactive task in which the agent interacts with the objects in the virtual environment. This paper presents a novel method to plan the interactive task based on Q‐learning for intelligent characters. The approach can be described as a three‐phase framework: data preprocessing phase, controller learning phase, and motion‐synthesis phase. In the data preprocessing phase, we abstract the motion clips as high‐level behaviors and construct the interactive behavior graph (IBG) to define the interactive capabilities of the agent in terms of interactive features. For the controller training phase, with IBG, Q‐learning algorithm is employed to train the control policy in the discrete domain with interactive features. In the motion‐synthesis phase, the optimal motion sequences can be generated by following the policy to accomplish the interactive task finally. The experimental results demonstrate that the uniform framework can generate reasonable and realistic motion sequences to plan interactive task in complex environment. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a Natural Chalcone and Its Prenyl Analogs – Evaluation of Tumor Cell Growth‐Inhibitory Activities, and Effects on Cell Cycle and Apoptosis
Authors: Neves Marta P. , Lima Raquel T. , Choosang Kanthima , Pakkong Panee , de São José Nascimento Maria , Vasconcelos M. Helena , Pinto Madalena , Silva Artur M. S. , Cidade Honorina
Published: June 2012

Six prenyl (=3‐methylbut‐2‐en‐1‐yl) chalcones (=1,3‐diphenylprop‐2‐en‐1‐ones), 2–7, and one natural non‐prenylated chalcone, 1, have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro growth‐inhibitory activity against three human tumor cell lines. A pronounced dose‐dependent growth‐inhibitory effect was observed for all prenylated derivatives, except for 7. The chalcone possessing one prenyloxy group at C(2′), i.e., 2, was the most active derivative against the three human tumor cell lines (5.9<GI50<7.7 μM). The majority of compounds caused an increase in percentage of apoptotic cells and/or they interfered with cell cycle distribution in the MCF‐7 cell line.
Chemical Diversity of Volatiles of Teucrium orientale L. var. orientale, var. puberulens, and var. glabrescens Determined by Simultaneous GC‐FID and GC/MS Techniques
Authors: Özek Gulmira , Özek Temel , Dinç Muhittin , Doǧu Süleyman , Başer Kemal H. C.
Published: June 2012

In the present work, three varieties of Teucrium orientale, var. orientale, var. puberulens, and var. glabrescens, were collected and investigated for chemical composition of the oils. Subsequent gas chromatography (GC‐FID) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS) revealed high abundance of sesquiterpenes in the essential oils analyzed. All the oils contained β‐caryophyllene (22.6, 8.5, and 6.3%, resp.) and hexadecanoic acid (7.9, 12.8, and 13.1%). Germacrene D (24.6 and 33.4%) and bicyclogermacrene (6.7 and 8.5%) were found to be the main constituents of var. orientale and var. puberulens, respectively. The high percentages of β‐cubebene (26.9%), α‐cubebene (9.0%), and α‐copaene (7.2%) established the diversity of var. glabrescens. The qualitative difference between the essential oils allowed the differentiation between the varieties in agreement with the morphological observations described in Flora of Turkey for each variety studied. In addition, a cluster analysis of twelve Teucrium taxa based on the essential‐oil composition has been carried out. Hovewer, the analysis did not clearly reflect the infrageneric classification of the genus, it largely confirmed the relationships between the infraspecific taxa of Teucrium orientale and T. chamaedrys.
Molecular‐Dynamics Simulation of Dioxygen Egress from 12/15‐LipoxygenaseArachidonic Acid Complex
Authors: Pietra Francesco
Published: June 2012

Extensive random‐acceleration molecular‐dynamics (RAMD) simulations of the egress of dioxygen (O2) from a model of rabbit 12/15‐lipoxygenasearachidonic acid complex disclosed several exit portals in addition to those previously described from implicit ligand sampling calculations and limited MD simulations.
Population Variability of Nonacosan‐10‐ol and n‐Alkanes in Needle Cuticular Waxes of Macedonian Pine (Pinus peuceGriseb.)
Authors: Nikolić Biljana , Tešević Vele , Đorđević Iris , Todosijević Marina , Jadranin Milka , Bojović Srdjan , Marin Petar D.
Published: June 2012

This is the first report on population variability of nonacosan‐10‐ol and n‐alkanes in needle epicuticular waxes of Macedonian pine (Pinus peuce Griseb.) Hexane extracts of needle samples, originating from two natural populations in Montenegro (Zeletin and Sjekirica) and from one population in Serbia (Mokra Gora) were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The amount of nonacosan‐10‐ol varied individually from 41.3 to 72.31% (average 55.9%), with the Sjekirica population being statistically divergent (64.4% on average). The results showed n‐alkanes in epicuticular waxes ranging from C18 to C33. The most abundant alkanes were C29, C25, C27, and C23 (15.5, 11.1, 10.6, and 10.5% on average, resp.). The carbon preference index of Pinus peuce ranged from 1.0 to 4.3 (1.9 on average). Average chain length ranged from 18.4 to 27.7 (average 25.7). A high level of inidividual quantitative variation in all of these hydrocarbon parameters was also detected. These results were compared with published data on other species from the Pinus genus.
Cumene Hydroperoxide Hydrogenation on a Pd/Al2O3 Catalyst in a Trickle Bed Reactor – Kinetics of Hydrogenation and Deactivation
Authors: Ma Y. , Zhu Q.‐C.
Published: June 2012

Liquid‐phase hydrogenation using a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst provides a potential technique for the reduction of cumene hydroperoxide (CHP) to α‐cumyl alcohol (CA). In this paper, CHP hydrogenation was carried out in a cocurrent downflow trickle‐bed reactor over a wide range of reaction conditions to study the reaction and deactivation kinetics. The proposed intrinsic rate expression for CHP hydrogenation is based on an Eley‐Rideal mechanism that accounts for an irreversible surface reaction between the absorbed CHP with nonabsorbed hydrogen molecules. During CHP hydrogenation, an exponential decay in activity of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst and the presence of residual activity were observed. A kinetic deactivation model with residual activity was developed. Based on reaction and deactivation kinetics, catalyst deactivation was attributed to oxidation of the catalyst surface by CHP. The presence of residual activity was due to the partial reduction of oxidized catalyst surface by hydrogen.
Consecutive Intermolecular Reductive Hydroamination: Cooperative Transition‐Metal and Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalysis
Authors: Fleischer Steffen , Werkmeister Svenja , Zhou Shaolin , Junge Kathrin , Beller Matthias
Published: June 2012

Enantiomerically pure chiral amines are of increasing importance and commercial value in the fine chemical, pharmaceutical, and agrochemical industries. Here, we describe the straightforward synthesis of chiral amines by combining the atom‐economic and environmentally friendly hydroamination of alkynes with an enantioselective hydrogenation of in situ generated imines by using inexpensive hydrogen. By following this novel approach, a wide range of terminal alkynes can be reductively hydroaminated with primary amines including alkyl‐, and arylalkynes as well as aryl and heteroaryl amines. Excellent yields and selectivities up to 94 % ee and 96 % isolated yield were obtained.
A Nano‐Fibrillated Mesoporous Carbon as an Effective Support for Palladium Nanoparticles in the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols “on Pure Water”
Authors: Karimi Babak , Behzadnia Hesam , Bostina Mihnea , Vali Hojatollah
Published: June 2012

A novel nano‐fibrillated mesoporous carbon (IFMC) was successfully prepared via carbonization of the ionic liquid 1‐methyl‐3‐phenethyl‐1H‐imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (1) in the presence of SBA‐15. The material was shown to be an efficient and unique support for the palladium nanoparticle (PdNP) catalyst Pd@IFMC (2) in aerobic oxidation of heterocyclic, benzylic, and heteroatom containing alcohols on pure water at temperatures as low as 40 °C for the first time and giving almost consistent activities and selectivities within more than six reaction runs. The catalyst has also been employed as an effective catalyst for the selective oxidation of aliphatic and allylic alcohols at 70–80 °C. The materials were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), N2 adsorption–desorption analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electron tomography (ET). Our compelling XPS and ET studies showed that higher activity of 2 compared to Pd@CMK‐3 and Pd/C in the aerobic oxidation of alcohols on water might be due to the presence of nitrogen functionalities inside the carbon structure and also the fibrous nature of our materials. The presence of a nitrogen heteroatom in the carboneous framework might also be responsible for the relatively uniform and nearly atomic‐scale distribution of PdNPs throughout the mesoporous structure and the inhibition of Pd agglomeration during the reaction, resulting in high durability, high stability, and recycling characteristics of 2. This effect was clearly confirmed by comparing the TEM images of the recovered 2 and Pd@CMK‐3.
Synthetic Studies toward C‐Glucosidic Ellagitannins: A Biomimetic Total Synthesis of 5‐O‐Desgalloylepipunicacortein A
Authors: Malik Gaëlle , Natangelo Anna , Charris Jaime , Pouységu Laurent , Manfredini Stefano , Cavagnat Dominique , Buffeteau Thierry , Deffieux Denis , Quideau Stéphane
Published: June 2012

C‐glucosidic ellagitannins constitute a subclass of bioactive polyphenolic natural products with strong antioxidant properties, as well as promising antitumoral and antiviral activities that are related to their capacity to interact with both functional and structural proteins. To date, most synthetic efforts toward ellagitannins have concerned glucopyranosic species. The development of a synthetic strategy to access C‐glucosidic ellagitannins, whose characteristic structural feature includes an atropoisomeric hexahydroxydiphenoyl (HHDP) or a nonahydroxyterphenoyl (NHTP) unit that is linked to an open‐chain glucose core by a C‐aryl glucosidic bond, is described herein. The total synthesis of the biarylic HHDP‐containing 5‐O‐desgalloylepipunicacortein A (1 β) was achieved by either using the natural ellagic acid bis‐lactone as a precursor of the requested HHDP unit or by implementing an atroposelective intramolecular oxidative biarylic coupling to forge this HHDP unit. Both routes converged in the penultimate step of this synthesis to enable a biomimetic formation of the key C‐aryl glucosidic bond in the title compound.
ortho‐Quinone Methides in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Willis Nicky J. , Bray Christopher D.
Published: June 2012

ortho‐Quinone methides (o‐QMs) are emerging as highly useful intermediates, the inherent reactivity of which can be used in linchpin reactions for the construction of complex natural products. This review encompasses the major contributions in this field, exemplifying the major strategies and reactivity modes which can be applied.
Organophosphorus Reagents in Organocatalysis: Synthesis of Optically Active α‐Methylene‐δ‐lactones and δ‐Lactams
Authors: Albrecht Anna , Morana Fabio , Fraile Alberto , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: June 2012

In this paper we describe new asymmetric, catalytic strategies for the synthesis of biologically important α‐methylene‐δ‐lactones and δ‐lactams. The elaborated protocols utilize iminium‐ion‐mediated Michael addition of trimethyl phosphonoacetate to α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes catalyzed by (S)‐(−)‐α,α‐diphenyl‐2‐pyrrolidinemethanol trimethylsilyl ether as the key step. Enantiomerically enriched Michael adducts are employed in three different reaction pathways. Transformation into α‐methylene‐δ‐lactones is realized by a sequence of reactions involving chemoselective reduction of the aldehyde, followed by a trifluoroacetic acid (TFA)‐mediated cyclization and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination of formaldehyde. On the other hand, indolo[2, 3‐a]quinolizine‐framework‐containing products can be accessed when enantiomerically enriched Michael adducts are employed in a Pictet–Spengler reaction with tryptamine, followed by Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination. Finally, reductive amination of the Michael adducts by using methylamine and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination of formaldehyde is demonstrated to give α‐methylene‐δ‐lactams. The developed strategies can be realized without the purification of intermediates, thus greatly increasing their practicality.
Detection of knee‐joint motions using two linear accelerometers for pendulum test
Authors: Kusuhara Toshimasa , Jikuya Kazuaki , Nakamura Takao , Michinishi Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Yoshitake , Okamoto Takuji
Published: June 2012

In order to solve nonlinear differential equations concerning spinal stretch reflexes in the pendulum test, mutually synchronized values of the angle, angular velocity, and angular acceleration in the knee joint are frequently used as initial values. In this study, we propose a method which can detect both the angle and angular acceleration in the knee joint at the same time by simple operations on the outputs of two accelerometers. The principle of knee‐joint motion detection, the evaluation of amplitude accuracy in the measured waveforms, and the evaluation of synchronization accuracy are successively described. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 95(7): 41–48, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.11383
Different Inertness of Titanocene [Cp2Ti] and Decamethyltitanocene [Cp*2Ti] in Reactions with N,N‐Bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfurdiimide – Elimination of Tetramethyl­fulvene and Formation of Half‐Titanocene Complexes
Authors: Kaleta Katharina , Kessler Monty , Beweries Torsten , Arndt Perdita , Spannenberg Anke , Rosenthal Uwe
Published: June 2012

The reaction of the titanocene alkyne complex [Cp*2Ti(η2‐Me3SiC2SiMe3)] (1) (Cp* = η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) with N,N‐bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfurdiimide (2) results in the formation of 1,2,3,4‐tetramethylfulvene (3) as well as three titanium complexes 4, 5 and 6. During the reaction, formal elimination of one Cp* ligand induces a series of C–H and N–S bond activation steps, thus yielding the products. The molecular structures of complex 5 and of the free fulvene were determined by X‐ray crystallographic analysis. Evidently, in these reactions [Cp*2Ti] is less stable than [Cp2Ti]; a possible reason was found to be the well‐known intramolecular C–H activation yielding the tautomeric tetramethylfulvene hydride species, from which 1,2,3,4‐tetramethylfulvene (3) can dissociate.
A 2DE approach for high‐throughput antigen separation applicable to mAb production
Authors: Carta Franco , Lobina Omar , Mannu Franca , Ferru Emanuela , Pantaleo Antonella , Orrù Marcella , Turrini Francesco
Published: June 2012

A constantly increasing number of mABs are required for the validation of a large proportion of proteomic and protein–protein interaction data. The development of new robotic platforms has greatly enhanced the throughput of monoclonal antibody production; however, the availability of highly purified proteins to use as antigens currently represents the major bottleneck of the process. In this article, we describe a new 2DE approach to purify hundreds of proteins from cellular extracts in a very cost‐effective and time‐efficient way. The accuracy of the new purification method is shown to be comparable to high‐resolution analytical 2DE. The effectiveness and the throughput of the method to purify proteins suitable for the development of mAbs are then assessed. Using this methodology, we were able to separate 447 proteins starting from 50 mg of proteins extracted from HT29 cells. Fractions containing more than 30 μg of protein constantly induced immunization in mice. Using a high‐throughput process for monoclonal antibody production, we obtained an average of 3.5 mAbs for each protein. According to pilot experiments, we can predict that starting from an unfractionated cellular extract it is possible to obtain approximately 200 proteins usable for monoclonal antibody development. Our results indicate that the number of antigens available for monoclonal antibody production can be further increased by running parallel separations. The proposed methodology will then facilitate the high‐throughput monoclonal antibody process providing a vast array of high quality antigens at very low cost.
Measurements of Pore Size Distribution, Porosity, Effective Oxygen Diffusivity, and Tortuosity of PEM Fuel Cell Electrodes
Authors: Yu Z. , Carter R. N. , Zhang J.
Published: June 2012

The characterization of proton exchange membrane fuel cell electrodes is essential for understanding the electrode performance. In this paper, mercury intrusion porosimetry and the nitrogen adsorption method were used to measure pore size distributions and porosities (ϵ) of various electrodes, which were made with either platinum supported on amorphous carbon (Pt/VA) or platinum supported on graphitized carbon (Pt/VG), and had ionomer‐to‐carbon weight ratios (I/C) of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. The oxygen effective diffusivity ($ D_{{\rm O}_2}^{\rm eff} $) in electrodes was measured as a function of relative humidity (RH) in an apparatus that was previously described [Z. Yu, R. N. Carter, J. Power Sources 195 (2010) 1079–1084]. The tortuosity of electrodes at the dry condition (80 °C and 0% RH) was then determined from the measured porosities and $ D_{{\rm O}_2}^{\rm eff} $. For a given catalyst, as the I/C ratio increased, it was found that the electrode's mean pore size, porosity, and $ D_{{\rm O}_2}^{\rm eff} $ all decreased, but the tortuosity increased. For a given I/C ratio, the Pt/VA electrode exhibited larger mean pore size, larger porosity, larger $ D_{{\rm O}_2}^{\rm eff} $, and smaller tortuosity compared with the Pt/VG electrode. The contrast between Pt/VA and Pt/VG electrodes with the same I/C ratio indicates different ionomer distribution on the catalyst surface.
Novel Route to 4‐(Adamantan‐1‐yl)quinoline Derivatives Based on the Friedländer Condensation
Authors: Kozubková Zuzana , Rouchal Michal , Nečas Marek , Vícha Robert
Published: June 2012

2,3,4‐Trisubstituted quinolines, substituted with adamantan‐1‐yl or (adamantan‐1‐yl)methyl in the 4‐position, were prepared from the corresponding admantan‐1‐yl 2‐aminophenyl ketones or admantan‐1‐ylmethyl 2‐aminophenyl ketones and ketones with an α‐CH2 group. These reactions were carried out under neat conditions or in toluene, and the products were obtained in moderate‐to‐excellent yields. The scope and limitations of the examined procedures are discussed. All new compounds are fully characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The molecular structures of five new quinolines, obtained via single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses, are discussed.
Successful therapeutic vaccination with integrase defective lentiviral vector expressing nononcogenic human papillomavirus E7 protein
Authors: Grasso Felicia , Negri Donatella R.M. , Mochi Stefania , Rossi Alessandra , Cesolini Armando , Giovannelli Andrea , Chiantore Maria Vincenza , Leone Pasqualina , Giorgi Colomba , Cara Andrea
Published: June 2012

Persistent infection with high risk genotypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is the cause of cervical cancer, one of most common cancer among woman worldwide, and represents an important risk factor associated with other anogenital and oropharyngeal cancers in men and women. Here, we designed a therapeutic vaccine based on integrase defective lentiviral vector (IDLV) to deliver a mutated nononcogenic form of HPV16 E7 protein, considered as a tumor specific antigen for immunotherapy of HPV‐associated cervical cancer, fused to calreticulin (CRT), a protein able to enhance major histocompatibility complex class I antigen presentation (IDLV‐CRT/E7). Vaccination with IDLV‐CRT/E7 induced a potent and persistent E7‐specific T cell response up to 1 year after a single immunization. Importantly, a single immunization with IDLV‐CRT/E7 was able to prevent growth of E7‐expressing TC‐1 tumor cells and to eradicate established tumors in mice. The strong therapeutic effect induced by the IDLV‐based vaccine in this preclinical model suggests that this strategy may be further exploited as a safe and attractive anticancer immunotherapeutic vaccine in humans.
Eating Issues in Schools: Detection, Management, and Consultation With Allied Professionals
Authors: Carney Jennifer Maskell , Scott Heather Lewy
Published: June 2012

School counselors play a crucial role in the prevention, assessment, treatment, and overall management of eating‐related problems among children and adolescents. This article provides a framework for conceptualizing these difficulties on a continuum of severity and includes recommendations at each level for intervention and consultation. Collaboration with other professionals is encouraged when confronted with these multifaceted issues. Efforts by school counselors are vital to prevention and recovery from eating disorders.
Enhanced Cognitive Behavior Therapy: A Single Treatment for All Eating Disorders
Authors: Fursland Anthea , Byrne Sharon , Watson Hunna , La Puma Michelle , Allen Karina , Byrne Susan
Published: June 2012

Eating disorders are serious mental illnesses affecting a significant proportion of women and a smaller number of men. Approximately half of those with an eating disorder (ED) will not meet the criteria for anorexia or bulimia nervosa, and will be diagnosed with an eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Until recently, there were no recommended treatments for EDNOS. This article provides an overview of enhanced cognitive behavior therapy, a validated treatment for all forms of EDs.
Professional Counseling in Nigeria: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Okocha Aneneosa A. G. , Alika Ijeoma H.
Published: June 2012

The events that circumscribed the parameters of today's counseling in Nigeria are many and varied regarding their influence in shaping the development of the profession in the country. The authors review these events and the current status of counseling in Nigeria, including the challenges faced in the profession. Future trends and suggestions for strengthening the profession are emphasized.
Simvastatin‐loaded macroporous calcium phosphate cement: Preparation, in vitro characterization, and evaluation of in vivo performance
Authors: Yin Han , Li Yong‐Gang , Si Meng , Li Jian‐Min
Published: June 2012

The aim of our study was to construct macroporous calcium phosphate bone cements (CPCs) with enhanced osteogenic potential. For this purpose, 300 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as an air‐entraining agent was added to the liquid phase and 1, 5, and 10% simvastatin (SIM) was homogenized with the solid phase. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the test samples were investigated. Biological properties of the new CPCs were examined after intramuscular and endosteal implantation in rabbits. The introduction of SDS produced interconnected macropores and did not significantly affect initial setting time, transformation of solid phase to hydroxyapatite, and biocompatibility of CPCs. Large amounts (10 wt %) of SIM could decrease the compressive strength and induce severe muscular necrosis and inflammatory reaction. Small amounts (1 wt %) of SIM were compatible with the CPCs did not affect the physico‐chemical properties or biocompatibility and were sufficient to enhance the osteogenic potential of macroporous CPCs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:2991–3000, 2012.
An analysis of polymer type and chain length for use as a biological composite graft extender in impaction bone grafting: A mechanical and biocompatibility study
Authors: Tayton Edward , Fahmy Sherif , Purcell Matthew , Aarvold Alexander , Smith James O. , Kalra Spandan , Briscoe Adam , Lanham Stuart , Howdle Steven , Shakesheff Kevin , Dunlop Douglas G. , Oreffo Richard O. C.
Published: June 2012

Impaction bone grafting (IBG) with human allograft remains the preferred approach for replacement of lost bone stock during revision hip surgery. Associated problems include cost, disease transmission, and stem subsidence. Synthetic grafts are therefore appealing, and ideally display similar mechanical characteristics as allograft, but with enhanced ability to form de novo bone. High and low molecular weight forms of three different polymers [poly(DL‐lactide) (PDLLA), poly(DL‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PDLLGA), and poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL)] were milled, impacted into discs, and then examined in a shear testing rig, in comparison to allograft. In addition, skeletal stem cells (SSCs) were combined with each of the milled polymers, followed by impaction and examination for cell viability and number, via fluorostaining and biochemical assays. The shear strengths of high/low mwt PDLLA, and high/low mwt PDLLGA were significantly higher than allograft (p < 0.01). High/low mwt PCL had significantly lower shear strengths (p < 0.01). WST‐1 assay and fluorstaining indicated significantly increased cell viability on high mwt PDLLA and high mwt PDLLGA over allograft (p < 0.05). Mechanical and biochemical analysis indicated improved properties of high mwt PDLLA and high mwt PDLLGA over allograft. This study indicates the potential of these polymers for use as substitute human allograft, creating a living composition with SSC for application in IBG. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 100A:3211–3219, 2012.
Positive ground states for asymptotically periodic Schrödinger–Poisson systems
Authors: Zhang Hui , Xu Junxiang , Zhang Fubao
Published: June 2012

In this paper, we establish the existence of positive ground states for asymptotically periodic Schrödinger–Poisson systems with general nonlinearities by the method of Nehari manifold. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kawahara equation and modified Kawahara equation with time dependent coefficients: symmetry analysis and generalized ‐expansion method
Authors: Kaur Lakhveer , Gupta R. K.
Published: June 2012

In this paper, variable coefficients Kawahara equation (VCKE) and variable coefficients modified Kawahara equation (VCMKE), which arise in modeling of various physical phenomena, are studied by Lie group analysis. The similarity reductions and exact solutions are derived by determining the complete sets of point symmetries of these equations. Moreover, some exact analytic solutions are considered by the power series method. Further, a generalized
‐expansion method is applied to VCKE and VCMKE for constructing some new exact solutions. As a result, hyperbolic function solutions, trigonometric function solutions and some rational function solutions with parameters are furnished. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.