bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate signals in carbon and oxygen isotope ratios ofPinus cembratree‐ring cellulose from the Călimani Mountains, Romania
Authors: Nagavciuc Viorica , Kern Zoltán , Ionita Monica , Hartl Claudia , Konter Oliver , Esper Jan , Popa Ionel
Published: October 2019

We analyse annually resolved tree‐ring stable carbon (δ13C) and oxygen (δ18O) isotopic chronologies from Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembraL.) in Romania. The chronologies cover the period between 1876 and 2012 and integrate data from four individual trees from the Calimani Mts in the eastern Carpathians where climatic records are scarce and starts only from 1961. Calibration trials show that the δ13C values correlate with local April–May relative humidity and with regional to larger scale (European) summer precipitation. δ18O correlates significantly with local relative humidity, cloud cover, maximum temperature, as well as European scale drought conditions. In all cases, the climate effects on δ13C values are weaker than those recorded in the δ18O data, with the latter revealing a tendency toward higher (lower) values of δ18O during extremely dry (wet) years. The most striking signal, however, is the strong link between the interannual δ18O variability recorded in the Calimani Mts and large‐scale circulation patterns associated with North Atlantic and Mediteraneean Sea sea surface temperatures. High (low) values of δ18O occur in association with a high (low) pressure system over the central and eastern part of Europe and with a significantly warmer (colder) Mediterranean Sea surface temperature. These results demonstrate the possibility of using tree ring oxygen isotopes from the eastern Carpathians to reconstruct regional drought conditions in eastern Europe on long‐term time scales and larger scale circulation dynamics over the preinstrumental periods.
The composition and oxidative stability of vegetarian omega‐3 algal oil nanoemulsions suitable for functional food enrichment
Authors: Lane Katie E , Zhou Qiqian , Robinson Sharon , Li Weili
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Long chain omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (LCn3PUFA) nanoemulsion enriched foods offer the potential to address habitually low oily fish intakes. Nanoemulsions increase LCn3PUFA bioavailability, although they may cause lipid oxidation. The present study examined the oxidative stability of LCn3PUFA algal oil‐in‐water nanoemulsions created by ultrasound using natural and synthetic emulsifiers during 5 weeks of storage at 4, 20 and 40 °C. Fatty acid composition, droplet size ranges and volatile compounds were analysed.

RESULTS

No significant differences were found for fatty acid composition at various temperatures and storage times. Lecithin nanoemulsions had significantly larger droplet size ranges at baseline and during storage, regardless of temperatures. Although combined Tween 40 and lecithin nanoemulsions had low initial droplet size ranges, there were significant increases at 40 °C after 5 weeks of storage. Gas chromatograms identified hexanal and propanal as predominant volatile compounds, along with 2‐ethylfuran, propan‐3‐ol and valeraldehyde. The Tween 40 only nanoemulsion sample showed the formation of lower concentrations of volatiles compared to lecithin samples. The formation of hexanal and propanal remained stable at lower temperatures, although higher concentrations were found in nanoemulsions than in bulk oil. The lecithin only sample had formation of higher concentrations of volatiles at increased temperatures, despite having significantly larger droplet size ranges than the other samples.

CONCLUSION

Propanal and hexanal were the most prevalent of five volatile compounds detected in bulk oil and lecithin and/or Tween 40 nanoemulsions. Oxidation compounds remained more stable at lower temperatures, indicating suitability for the enrichment of refrigerated foods. Further research aiming to evaluate the oxidation stability of these systems within food matrices is warranted. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Polyphenol analysis using high‐resolution mass spectrometry allows differentiation of drought tolerant peanut genotypes
Authors: Juliano Fernanda F , Alvarenga José Fernando R , Lamuela‐Raventos Rosa Maria , Massarioli Adna P , Lima Liziane M , Santos Roseane C , Alencar Severino M
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important economic food crop highly appreciated worldwide. Although peanut cultivation has been expanding to dry regions, with water stress during growth stages, current genotypes are not adapted to drought. This study aimed to identify and quantify the full range of polyphenols in five peanut genotypes with different degrees of drought tolerance developed by Embrapa (Brazil) using ultra‐high‐definition accurate‐mass liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–LTQ‐Orbitrap–mass spectrometry.

RESULTS

Fifty‐eight polyphenols of the classes hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, flavanols, flavonols and flavanones were identified and quantified using high mass accuracy data and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometric experiments. High‐definition mass spectrometric analyses revealed nine phenolic compounds that have never been reported in peanuts before. Polyphenol assessment using multivariate analysis allowed identification of the level of similarities among the five peanut genotypes studied.

CONCLUSION

Higher drought‐tolerant genotypes exhibited higher content of flavonoids, which suggests a relationship between these compounds and drought tolerance traits. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Patterns of Dysphagia and Airway Protection in Infants with 22q11.2‐Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Wong Nicole S. , Feng Zipei , Rappazzo Christina , Turk Catherine , Randall Chelsea , Ongkasuwan Julina
Published: October 2019

Objective

22q11.2‐deletion syndrome is a genetic condition that affects 1:3000 births. In addition to cardiac anomalies and immunosuppression, individuals with 22q11.2‐deletion syndrome can have feeding difficulties from birth resulting in failure to thrive and infections. This study aims to characterize the dysphagia seen in infants with 22q11.2‐deletion syndrome.

Methods

This is a retrospective chart review of infants with 22q11.2‐deletion syndrome who underwent videofluoroscopic swallow studies (VFSS) from June 1, 2008 to January 1, 2018 at a tertiary children's hospital. Demographic data and VFSS findings were collected.

Results

Forty‐four patients were identified, 52% were females, and mean age at VFSS was 71 days. In their lifetime, 30% of the patients had at least 1 episode of pneumonia, 66% had NG‐tube placement and 41% required G‐tube placement. 93% had oral‐phase dysphagia, and 89% had pharyngeal‐phase dysphagia. Twenty‐two patients (50%) demonstrated evidence of penetration. Eighteen patients (41%) showed tracheal aspiration. Of the patients that showed tracheal aspiration, 83% of them aspirated “silently.” Three patients (7%) had upper esophageal sphincter (UES) opening dysfunction.

Conclusion

Vast majority of the infants with 22q11.2‐deletion syndrome referred for swallow studies demonstrated evidence of dysphagia in both oral and pharyngeal phases with deficits in swallow physiology not yet documented in other studies. Importantly, more than 80% of these infants showed evidence of “silent” tracheal aspiration, which can lead to recurrent pneumonia and significant morbidity if overlooked. Prompt recognition is paramount in these infants to intervene early and reduce long‐term complications and also develop targeted interventions.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 130:2532–2536, 2020
Endoscopic Removal of a Cervical Esophageal Duplication Cyst
Authors: Leader Brittany A. , Rutter Michael J. , Shott Sally R. , Smith Matthew M.
Published: October 2019

A 6‐month‐old female presented for 2 months of noisy breathing. Flexible laryngoscopy showed limited bilateral vocal fold abduction. Computed tomography revealed a non‐enhancing 3.6 × 2.3 × 3.5 cystic prevertebral mass spanning C2‐T. Using an endoscopic approach, the overlying mucosa was incised, and the cyst was freed and fully excised from the surrounding mucosa with blunt microlaryngeal instruments without complication. Three months postoperatively she had no respiratory issues and was eating well. Flexible laryngoscopy revealed bilateral vocal fold mobility. We propose that endoscopic removal of a cervical esophageal duplication cyst in selected cases is an alternative to open excision. Laryngoscope, 130:2053–2055, 2020
Olfactory cleft and sinus opacification differentially impact olfaction in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Loftus Catherine , Schlosser Rodney J. , Smith Timothy L. , Alt Jeremiah A. , Ramakrishnan Vijay R. , Mattos Jose L. , Mappus Elliott , Storck Kristina , Yoo Frederick , Soler Zachary M.
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Prior studies have indicated that olfactory cleft (OC) opacification correlates with olfaction in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). However, the results have been unclear in patients without polyps. The purpose of this study was to further explore the relationship between OC opacification, sinus opacification, and olfactory function in patients with CRS.

Methods

One hundred and forty‐eight patients with CRS were prospectively enrolled across five institutions. Olfactory function was evaluated using the Sniffin’ Sticks tests (Burghardt, Wedel, Germany) and the 17‐item Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD‐NS). Computed tomography (CT) scans for each patient were acquired and Lund‐Mackay scores recorded. Opacification of the OC was determined using OsiriX MD (Pixmeo, Bernex, Switzerland) and correlated with olfaction scores.

Results

A total of 148 CRS patients, 73 CRS without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) and 75 CRS with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), as well as 30 control subjects were enrolled. Overall OC opacification averaged 63.7% in CRS patients and 47.1% in control subjects (P < 0.001). In the overall cohort, OC opacification significantly correlated with threshold, discrimination, and identification (TDI) (r = −0.520; P < 0.001) and QOD‐NS scores (r = 0.374; P < 0.001). CRSwNP patients demonstrated a significant correlation between OC opacification and TDI scores (r = −0.464; P < 0.001) but not the CRSsNP group (r = −0.143; P = 0.229). Lund‐Mackay score correlated with TDI in both the CRSsNP (r = −0.300; P = 0.010) and CRSwNP (r = −0.271; P = 0.019) groups.

Conclusion

CT opacification is associated with olfactory dysfunction differentially based on nasal polyp status. Smell loss in CRSwNP correlated with both OC opacification and Lund‐Mackay score, whereas CRSsNP correlated only with Lund‐Mackay score, indicating different relationships between olfactory function and local inflammatory processes in these disorders.

Level of Evidence

2 Laryngoscope, 130:2311–2318, 2020
Comparative transcriptomics supports the presence of G protein‐coupled receptor‐based signaling in unicellular marine eukaryotes
Authors: Mojib Nazia , Kubanek Julia
Published: October 2019

Being abundant primary producers, single‐celled eukaryotic diatoms and dinoflagellates dominate marine food webs and significantly impact the ecology of the oceans. These organisms face competition and predation which have contributed to the evolution of chemical defenses and their ability to sense chemical cues. Elucidating how these chemical cues are perceived by organisms requires identification of proteins involved in relaying chemical information to cells. The functions of G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling diversified over evolutionary time in multicellular organisms, but the role that GPCR signaling plays in unicellular eukaryotes remains largely unknown. Using comparative transcriptomic analysis, we identified repertoires of GPCR signaling proteins from 81 diatom and 36 dinoflagellate transcriptomes. Diatoms and dinoflagellates express putative GPCRs that are highly diverged from known metazoan GPCRs along with well‐conserved core components of GPCR signaling pathways. Unlike other eukaryotes that express multiple classes of GPCRs, diatoms and dinoflagellates were each found to express a single, major class of putative GPCRs with greatest similarity to class C and rhodopsin‐like GPCRs, respectively. Furthermore, only 4.2% of the GPCR‐like transcripts from dinoflagellates were predicted to be true GPCRs compared to 48% in diatoms. These results suggest that further expansion of GPCRs did not take place within each of these two major phytoplankton groups, and that dinoflagellate GPCRs are more divergent from known GPCRs than are diatom GPCRs. Our results provide additional evidence for the global existence of relatively ancestral GPCR signaling machinery in marine phytoplankton.
Negative brand meaning co‐creation in social media brand communities: A laddering approach using NVivo
Authors: Rossolatos George
Published: October 2019

Social media brand communities (SMBCs) have been heralded for their co‐creative, participatory potential whereby consumers actively contribute to the proliferation of meaningful brand avenues in a virtuously circular relationship with brands. Elevated loyalty and enhanced brand equity have been posited repeatedly as likely outcomes of a positively engaged community of brand aficionados. However, evidence to the contrary as negative brand co‐creation or brand co‐destruction has been progressively piling up in the extant literature. This paper contributes to the meaning co‐creation in SMBCs literature primarily on two grounds: first, by offering a methodological framework for adapting the laddering research technique in a mixed methods vein to SMBCs data in a thread‐specific context, by leveraging the analytical capabilities of NVivo CAQDAS software; second, by addressing bottlenecks in the applicability of the proposed methodology in light of negative brand co‐creation.
Nonunion Vulnerability Analysis—Part 2
Authors: Wich Scott
Published: October 2019

This is the second and final installment of a two‐part article on conducting an internal analysis of your organization's vulnerability to union organizing. Part 1 was published in the October issue.
Sex differences in Parkinson's disease: A transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Kolmancic Kaja , Perellón‐Alfonso Ruben , Pirtosek Zvezdan , Rothwell John C. , Bhatia Kailash , Kojovic Maja
Published: October 2019

Background

Demographic and clinical studies imply that female sex may be protective for PD, but pathophysiological evidence to support these observations is missing. In early PD, functional changes may be detected in primary motor cortex using transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Objective

We hypothesised that if pathophysiology differs between sexes in PD, this will be reflected in differences of motor cortex measurements.

Methods

Forty‐one newly diagnosed PD patients (22 males, 19 females) were clinically assessed using MDS‐UPDRS part III, and various measures of cortical excitability and sensorimotor cortex plasticity were measured over both hemispheres, corresponding to the less and more affected side, using transcranial magnetic stimulation. Twenty‐three healthy (10 men, 13 women) participants were studied for comparison.

Results

Among patients, no significant differences between sexes were found in age, age of diagnosis, symptom duration, and total or lateralized motor score. However, male patients had disturbed interhemispheric balance of motor thresholds, caused by decreased resting and active motor thresholds in the more affected hemisphere. Short interval intracortical inhibition was more effective in female compared to male patients in both hemispheres. Female patients had a preserved physiological focal response to sensorimotor plasticity protocol, whereas male patients showed an abnormal spread of the protocol effect.

Conclusion

The study provides one of the first neurophysiological evidences of sex differences in early PD. Female patients have a more favorable profile of transcranial magnetic stimulation measures, possibly reflecting a more successful cortical compensation or delayed maladaptive changes in the sensorimotor cortex. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Omnidirectional broadband patch antenna with horizontal gain enhanced by epsilon‐negative metamaterial superstrate
Authors: Guo Yao , Zhao Jing , Hou Quanwen , Zhao Xiaopeng
Published: October 2019

It is hard to improve the horizontal gain of broadband omnidirectional patch antenna based on zero‐order resonance. Enlightened by metamaterial employed to enhance the directional patch antenna, we devised an epsilon‐negative (ENG) metamaterial as a cover that placed above omnidirectional antenna to enhance the horizontal gain. Then, the air layer is replaced by a low permittivity foam for practical application. Measured results prove that this method can improve the horizontal gain more than 30% (0.6 dBi) at various frequencies with roundness below 3 dB. This method provides a novel approach to improve the horizontal gain of broadband omnidirectional patch antenna, which is especially suitable for dedicated short‐range communication field.
High altitude ducts causing abnormal wave propagation in coastal area of Korea
Authors: Lim Tae Heung , Wang Sungsik , Chong Young‐Jun , Park Yong Bae , Ko Jinwon , Choo Hosung
Published: October 2019

This article analyzes the number of duct occurrences in the Korean coastal area by seasonal statistical histograms using massive atmospheric data sets collected from 2010 to 2017 at four meteorological observatories. In order to estimate electromagnetic wave propagation characteristics in the presence of the duct atmosphere, we obtain and examine the path loss values by using the advanced refractive prediction system (AREPS) software applying the massive refractive index data set and the actual Korean coastal terrain data. These results are then fitted using Burr Type XII PDF curves to derive quantitative mean and variance values. To verify the suitability of the simulated path losses in the proposed analysis, the measurement of the path losses between Jeung‐do and Heuksan‐do are carried out in October 2017. The measurements and simulations of the autumn results are fitted by Burr Type XII CDF curves and agree well with each other.
Design of a dual band dual mode antenna for on/off body communications
Authors: Zhao Chen , Geyi Wen
Published: October 2019

A dual band dual mode patch antenna for on/off body communications is proposed in this letter. The antenna operates at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz with different radiation modes. The radiation pattern is omnidirectional at the lower frequency band while directional in the broadside at the higher frequency band. Through introducing a ground plane below the radiating patch, the influence of the human body on the performance of the proposed antenna is minimized and the specific absorption rate value is significantly reduced and is much lower than the standard limit value.
Application of the TRS 483 code of practice for reference and relative dosimetry in tomotherapy
Authors: Lopes Maria do Carmo , Santos Tania , Ventura Tiago , Capela Miguel
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To apply the recent code of practice from the IAEA/AAPM, TRS 483, to helical tomotherapy (HT) for reference and relative dosimetry obtaining correction factors for the Exradin A1SL ionization chamber.

Methods

The beam quality correction factor for the A1SL chamber was obtained through three different approaches following TRS 483 concepts and compared with published values. The determination of the reference absolute dose for the machine‐specific reference (msr) field was complemented with relative dosimetry through the determination of output factors of small fields using different detectors. The response of A1SL was compared with correction‐free film results and corrected output factors of other detectors.

Results

A weighted mean beam quality correction factor of 0.9945± 0.0073 was obtained for the A1SL chamber which is in agreement with values reported in the literature. Output factors obtained with different detectors were in agreement, given the uncertainty level. Considering the film output factors as free of corrections, the average value for A1SL output factors corrections was 1.000 ± 0.007.

Conclusions

The beam quality correction factors for the A1SL chamber obtained through the three different pathways recommended by TRS 483 agreed with each other and also with published values. The measurements from the A1SL chamber normalized to the msr field in HT can be taken as output factors for small clinical field sizes without further corrections.
Calculation of clinical dose distributions in proton therapy from microdosimetry
Authors: Bertolet Alejandro , Cortés‐Giraldo Miguel Antonio , Souris Kevin , Cohilis Marie , Carabe‐Fernandez Alejandro
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To introduce a new algorithm—MicroCalc—for dose calculation by modeling microdosimetric energy depositions and the spectral fluence at each point of a particle beam. Proton beams are considered as a particular case of the general methodology. By comparing the results obtained against Monte Carlo computations, we aim to validate the microdosimetric formalism presented here and in previous works.

Materials and methods

In previous works, we developed a function on the energy for the average energy imparted to a microdosimetric site per event and a model to compute the energetic spectrum at each point of the patient image. The number of events in a voxel is estimated assuming a model in which the voxel is completely filled by microdosimetric sites. Then, dose at every voxel is computed by integrating the average energy imparted per event multiplied by the number of events per energy beam of the spectral distribution within the voxel. Our method is compared with the proton convolution superposition (PCS) algorithm implemented in Eclipse™ and the fast Monte Carlo code MCsquare, which is here considered the benchmark, for in‐water calculations, using in both cases clinically validated beam data. Two clinical cases are considered: a brain and a prostate case.

Results

For a SOBP beam in water, the mean difference at the central axis found for MicroCalc is of 0.86% against 1.03% for PCS. Three‐dimensional gamma analyses in the PTVs compared with MCsquare for criterion (3%, 3 mm) provide gamma index of 95.07% with MicroCalc vs 94.50% with PCS for the brain case and 99.90% vs 100.00%, respectively, for the prostate case. For selected organs at risk in each case (brainstem and rectum), mean and maximum difference with respect to MCsquare dose are analyzed. In the brainstem, mean differences are 0.25 Gy (MicroCalc) vs 0.56 Gy (PCS), whereas for the rectum, these values are 0.05 Gy (MicroCalc) vs 0.07 Gy (PCS).

Conclusions

The accuracy of MicroCalc seems to be, at least, not inferior to PCS, showing similar or better agreement with MCsquare in the considered cases. Additionally, the algorithm enables simultaneous computation of other quantities of interest. These results seem to validate the microdosimetric methodology in which the algorithm is based on.
Monte Carlo study of out‐of‐field exposure in carbon‐ion radiotherapy: Organ doses in pediatric brain tumor treatment
Authors: Matsumoto Shinnosuke , Yonai Shunsuke , Bolch Wesley E.
Published: October 2019

Purpose

To estimate out‐of‐field doses during carbon‐ion radiotherapy (CIRT) for pediatric cerebellar ependymoma.

Methods

Given that the out‐of‐field dose of CIRT depends on beam parameters, we set them for treatment of typical pediatric cerebellar ependymoma based on a previous study. The out‐of‐field dose during CIRT for pediatric cerebellar ependymoma was then estimated using the Particle and Heavy‐Ion Transport code System with Monte Carlo simulations and a computational phantom developed at the University of Florida. From the simulation results, out‐of‐field doses at dose equivalents of passive beam and active scanning beam CIRT were calculated and compared to the secondary neutron‐equivalent dose of passive beam CIRT and proton therapy.

Results

The out‐of‐field dose equivalent decreases from 1.45 mSv/Gy (relative biological effectiveness — RBE) at the thyroid to 0.06 mSv/Gy (RBE) at the bladder, verifying decay as the distance from the treatment target increases. The out‐of‐field neutron‐equivalent dose in organs per prescribed dose for passive beam CIRT is lower than that for passive beam proton therapy. Moreover, the out‐of‐field organ dose equivalent per prescribed dose for the active scanning beam CIRT is lower than that for the passive beam CIRT.

Conclusions

Active scanning beam CIRT is promising for pediatric cerebellar ependymoma regarding out‐of‐field exposure, outperforming the comparison radiotherapy modalities.
A variationally separable splitting for the generalized‐α method for parabolic equations
Authors: Behnoudfar Pouria , Calo Victor M. , Deng Quanling , Minev Peter D.
Published: October 2019

We present a variationally separable splitting technique for the generalized‐α method for solving parabolic partial differential equations. We develop a technique for a tensor‐product mesh which results in a solver with a linear cost with respect to the total number of degrees of freedom in the system for multidimensional problems. We consider finite elements and isogeometric analysis for the spatial discretization. The overall method maintains user‐controlled high‐frequency dissipation while minimizing unwanted low‐frequency dissipation. The method has second‐order accuracy in time and optimal rates (hp+1 in L2 norm of u and hp in L2 norm of ∇u) in space. We present the spectral analysis on the amplification matrix to establish that the method is unconditionally stable. Various numerical examples illustrate the performance of the overall methodology and show the optimal approximation accuracy.
A general and efficient multistart algorithm for the detection of loss of ellipticity in elastoplastic structures
Authors: Al Kotob Moubine , Combescure Christelle , Mazière Matthieu , Rose Tonya , Forest Samuel
Published: October 2019

The present paper proposes a new efficient and robust algorithm for evaluating the loss of ellipticity criterion. While commonly used in two‐dimensional models for thin metal sheet forming processes, it is rarely evaluated in three‐dimensional structures due to the computational cost. The proposed algorithm is based on a Newton‐Raphson scheme and a multisampling optimization method based on a discretization method of the half unit sphere. First the new process is compared to the existing methods in the literature and then it is applied to a structural problem, namely tubes in torsion. The evolution of the loss of ellipticity in these structures is analyzed leading to conclusions about the failure of the structure. Meanwhile, the stability of the discretized problem is analyzed in order to better understand the loss of regularity of the finiteelement method problem. These results are then used to predict the failure of an experimentally tested torsion sample.
Crystal and solution structures of human oncoprotein Musashi‐2 N‐terminal RNA recognition motif 1
Authors: Lan Lan , Xing Minli , Kashipathy Maithri , Douglas Justin , Gao Philip , Battaile Kevin , Hanzlik Robert , Lovell Scott , Xu Liang
Published: October 2019

Musashi‐2 (MSI2) belongs to Musashi family of RNA binding proteins (RBP). Like Musashi‐1 (MSI1), it is overexpressed in a variety of cancers and is a promising therapeutic target. Both MSI proteins contain two N‐terminal RNA recognition motifs and play roles in posttranscriptional regulation of target mRNAs. Previously, we have identified several inhibitors of MSI1, all of which bind to MSI2 as well. In order to design MSI2‐specific inhibitors and compare the differences of binding mode of the inhibitors, we set out to solve the structure of MSI2‐RRM1, the key motif that is responsible for the binding. Here, we report the crystal structure and the first NMR solution structure of MSI2‐RRM1, and compare these to the structures of MSI1‐RBD1 and other RBPs. A high degree of structural similarity was observed between the crystal and solution NMR structures. MSI2‐RRM1 shows a highly similar overall folding topology to MSI1‐RBD1 and other RBPs. The structural information of MSI2‐RRM1 will be helpful for understanding MSI2‐RNA interaction and for guiding rational drug design of MSI2‐specific inhibitors.
An Experiment‐Based Numerical Treatment of Spin Wave Modes in Periodically Porous Materials
Authors: Van Opdenbosch Daniel , Hukic-Markosian Golda , Ott Steven , Abert Claas , Bartl Michael H.
Published: October 2019

To determine a general correlation between structure and dynamic magnetic properties of porous materials, the frequencies of magnetic spin waves are studied by Brillouin light scattering from nickel inverse opals and backed up by micromagnetic simulations. Within the observed unit cell size regime between 400 and 800 nm, discrete thickness standing modes are found to change with unit cell size. By applying pair correlation functions of the inverse opal solid phase normal to the applied field to an equation for perpendicular standing modes, the directional and unit cell size‐dependent spectral intensities above the surface mode region can be traced. Thus, an accessible general approach for the prediction of standing spin waves in porous materials is obtained.
First‐Principles Calculation of Bandgaps of Al1−xInxN Alloys and Short‐Period Al1−xInxN/Al1−yInyN Superlattices
Authors: Kawamura Takahiro , Fujita Yuma , Hamaji Yuya , Akiyama Toru , Kangawa Yoshihiro , Gorczyca Izabela , Suski Tadeusz , Wierzbowska Małgorzata , Krukowski Stanisław
Published: October 2019

Bandgaps of AlInN alloys, short‐period InN/AlN superlattices (SLs), and short‐period AlInN alloy SLs are calculated using first‐principles calculations with the pseudopotential self‐interaction correction method. The dependence of these bandgaps on the composition and thickness of the SLs and the influence of strain are investigated. It is found that the bandgaps of the InN/AlN SLs depend on both the composition and thickness of the SLs. The maximum value of the bandgap equal to 2.56 eV is obtained for 1InN/4AlN SLs. The bandgaps of AlInN alloy SLs decrease with an increase in In content, and they cover the whole range between the values of AlN and InN. The bandgaps of InN/AlN SLs lattice‐matched to AlN are smaller than those of free‐standing InN/AlN SLs.
Revisiting Quantum Feedback Control: Disentangling the Feedback‐Induced Phase from the Corresponding Amplitude
Authors: Barkemeyer Kisa , Finsterhölzl Regina , Knorr Andreas , Carmele Alexander
Published: October 2019

Coherent time‐delayed feedback allows the control of a quantum system and its partial stabilization against noise and decoherence. The crucial and externally accessible parameters in such control setups are the round‐trip‐induced delay time τ and the frequencies ω of the involved optical transitions which are typically controllable via global parameters like temperature, bias, or strain. They influence the dynamics via the amplitude and the phase of the feedback signal. These quantities are, however, not independent. Here, the aim is to control the feedback phase via a microwave pump field. Using the example of a Λ‐type three‐level system, it is shown that the Rabi frequency of the pump field induces phase shifts on demand and therefore increases the applicability of coherent quantum feedback control protocols.
Complex Formation between Soy Proteins and Potato Starch: Effect of pH, Biopolymer Ratio, and Biopolymer Concentration
Authors: Dong Die , Qi Zhengliang , Cui Bo
Published: October 2019

Understanding the factors that induce protein–starch complex formation under acidic conditions is important for the production of acidic beverages. This study investigates the formation of complexes between soy proteins (SP) and potato starch (PS). Measurements of turbidity and ζ potential are used to study complex formation as a function of pH (7.0–2.0), SP/PS ratio (1:8–4:1, w/w), biopolymer concentration (Cp, 0.1–0.8%, w/v), and PS concentration (CPS, 0.05–0.8%, w/v). For 1:4 SP/PS mixtures, the highest turbidity (OD600 = 0.33) is reached at pH 3.2 (defined as the optimal pH [pHopt]), where the ζ potential is 0 mV. Thus, biopolymer interactions reach a maximum at the charge balanced point. With increasing SP/PS ratio (1:8–1:4), the pHopt increases. At SP/PS ratios > 1:2, soy protein aggregates affect the turbidity. The turbidity increases with increasing biopolymer concentration (0.1%–0.5%), indicating more interactions between SP and PS. Sedimentation measurements prove that the addition of PS reduces SP aggregation at its isoelectric point owing to electrostatic repulsion. Soy protein aggregates are confirmed to be involved in SP/PS complex formation, leading to higher and broader turbidity curves. This study will provide necessary theoretical support for the application of starch in acid protein beverage.
A Year Then Forever: Personal Resolution Making and the Temporal Bridge of the Near Future
Authors: Mullaney Jamie L.
Published: October 2019

Based on in‐depth interviews and drawing exercises with 25 resolution makers, this paper explores the use of time in structuring and enacting improvement projects of the self. Resolutions are intentional, identity‐laden moments when people bring the future into the present. They provide a window into the identity work of the “near future”—an underresearched but fascinating site where individuals transition between what they see as an immediate, controllable future to a more distant one that is less certain. In attempt to mitigate the emotionally and cognitively daunting prospects of the distant future, resolution makers enlist time as a form of capital, constructing the “temporal bridge” of the near future by engaging in three interrelated processes: structuring and remembering, being flexible, and maintaining optimism.
Identification of major ADH genes in ethanol metabolism of Pichia pastoris
Authors: Karaoğlan Mert , Erden‐Karaoğlan Fidan , Yılmaz Semiramis , İnan Mehmet
Published: October 2019

The methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris (syn. Komagataella phaffii) is a successful host widely used in recombinant protein production. The widespread use of a methanol‐regulated alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter for recombinant protein production has directed studies particularly about methanol metabolism in this yeast. Although there is comprehensive knowledge about methanol metabolism, there are other mechanisms in P. pastoris that have not been investigated yet, such as ethanol metabolism. The gene responsible for the consumption of ethanol ADH2 (XM_002491337, known as ADH3) was identified and characterized in our previous study. In this study, the ADH genes (XM_002489969, XM_002491163, XM_002493969) in P. pastoris genome were investigated to determine their roles in ethanol production by gene disruption analysis. We report that the ADH900 (XM_002491163) is the main gene responsible for ethanol production in P. pastoris. The ADH2 gene, previously identified as the only gene responsible for ethanol consumption, also plays a minor role in ethanol production in the absence of the ADH900 gene. The investigation of the carbon source regulation mechanism has also revealed that the ADH2 gene exhibit similar expression behaviours with ADH900 on glucose, glycerol, and methanol, however, it is strongly induced by ethanol.
A comparison of understanding of the amphibian crisis by zoo visitors across three countries
Authors: Dos Santos Marcileida M. , Griffiths Richard A. , Jowett Tim , Rock Jennifer , Bishop Phillip J.
Published: October 2019

Despite the global declines in the rate of amphibians, evaluation of public understanding of the crisis has not yet been carried out. We surveyed visitors (n = 1,293) at 15 zoos in Brazil, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom, using a certainty‐based assessment method to compare visitor knowledge of the global amphibian crisis. We further analyzed zoo educational material about amphibians to explore its potential to raise awareness through amphibian‐focused environmental education. Visitors in the three countries had relatively little understanding of amphibians and the global amphibian crisis. When the degree of confidence in answering the questions (high, medium, and low) is accounted for, correct answers varied between 28% and 39%. This compared to scores of between 58% and 73% when the degree of confidence in responding was not accounted for. However, specific areas of knowledge (e.g., biology, conservation, biogeography, and conceptual ideas) varied significantly across the countries. Visitors had a weaker grasp of biogeographical and conservation issues than general amphibian biology. Zoo visitors in Brazil knew less about amphibian conservation than those in New Zealand or the United Kingdom. There was less amphibian‐focused content in educational materials in zoos in Brazil than there was in the United Kingdom. Improving information about the global amphibian crisis may increase support for future conservation actions. Outreach education is one of the most important approaches in any strategic planning for conservation of species. Amphibian‐focused environmental education at institutions such as zoos and aquaria can be a crucial intervention to support amphibian conservation worldwide.
Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the NOTCH1 intracellular domain by dual-specificity tyrosine-regulated kinase 2
Authors: Morrugares Rosario , Correa-Sáez Alejandro , Moreno Rita , Garrido-Rodríguez Martín , Muñoz Eduardo , de la Vega Laureano , Calzado Marco A.
Published: October 2019

NOTCH proteins constitute a receptor family with a widely conserved role in cell cycle, growing and development regulation. NOTCH1, the best characterised member of this family, regulates the expression of key genes in cell growth and angiogenesis, playing an essential role in cancer development. These observations provide a relevant rationale to propose the inhibition of the intracellular domain of NOTCH1 (Notch1-IC) as a strategy for treating various types of cancer. Notch1-IC stability is mainly controlled by post-translational modifications. FBXW7 ubiquitin E3 ligase-mediated degradation is considered one of the most relevant, being the previous phosphorylation at Thr-2512 residue required. In the present study, we describe for the first time a new regulation mechanism of the NOTCH1 signalling pathway mediated by DYRK2. We demonstrate that DYRK2 phosphorylates Notch1-IC in response to chemotherapeutic agents and facilitates its proteasomal degradation by FBXW7 ubiquitin ligase through a Thr-2512 phosphorylation-dependent mechanism. We show that DYRK2 regulation by chemotherapeutic agents has a relevant effect on the viability, motility and invasion capacity of cancer cells expressing NOTCH1. In summary, we reveal a novel mechanism of regulation for NOTCH1 which might help us to better understand its role in cancer biology.
Investigating Wilms’ Tumours Worldwide: A Report of the OxPLORE Collaboration—A Cross‐Sectional Observational Study
Authors: Ford K. , Gunawardana S. , Manirambona E. , Philipoh G. S. , Mukama B. , Kanyamuhunga A. , Cartledge P. , Nyoni M. J. , Mwaipaya D. , Mpwaga J. , Bokhary Z. , Scanlan T. , Heinsohn T. , Hathaway H. , Mansfield R. , Wilson S. , Lakhoo K.
Published: October 2019

Background

Childhood cancer is neglected within global health. Oxford Pediatrics Linking Oncology Research with Electives describes early outcomes following collaboration between low‐ and high‐income paediatric surgery and oncology centres. The aim of this paper is twofold: to describe the development of a medical student‐led research collaboration; and to report on the experience of Wilms’ tumour (WT).

Methods

This cross‐sectional observational study is reported as per STROBE guidelines. Collaborating centres included three tertiary hospitals in Tanzania, Rwanda and the UK. Data were submitted by medical students following retrospective patient note review of 2 years using a standardised data collection tool. Primary outcome was survival (point of discharge/death).

Results

There were 104 patients with WT reported across all centres over the study period (Tanzania n = 71, Rwanda n = 26, UK n = 7). Survival was higher in the high‐income institution [87% in Tanzania, 92% in Rwanda, 100% in the UK (X2 36.19, p < 0.0001)]. Given the short‐term follow‐up and retrospective study design, this likely underestimates the true discrepancy. Age at presentation was comparable at the two African sites but lower in the UK (one‐way ANOVA, F = 0.2997, p = 0.74). Disease was more advanced in Tanzania at presentation (84% stage III–IV cf. 60% and 57% in Rwanda and UK, respectively, X2 7.57, p = 0.02). All patients had pre‐operative chemotherapy, and a majority had nephrectomy. Post‐operative morbidity was higher in lower resourced settings (X2 33.72, p < 0.0001). Methodology involving medical students and junior doctors proved time‐ and cost‐effective. This collaboration was a valuable learning experience for students about global research networks.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates novel research methodology involving medical students collaborating across the global south and global north. The comparison of outcomes advocates, on an institutional level, for development in access to services and multidisciplinary treatment of WT.
Does the ATA Risk Stratification Apply to Patients with Papillary Thyroid Microcarcinoma?
Authors: Stefanova Dessislava I. , Bose Arpita , Ullmann Timothy M. , Limberg Jessica N. , Finnerty Brendan M. , Zarnegar Rasa , Fahey Thomas J. , Beninato Toni
Published: October 2019

Background

The incidence of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) has increased over the past decade. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) suggests that these patients may undergo either thyroid lobectomy or active surveillance. It remains unclear whether there exists a subgroup of PTMC patients who may benefit from more aggressive treatment due to increased risk of recurrence.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed 357 patients with PTMC who underwent surgery at a single institution from 2004 to 2016. Patients were classified according to 2015 ATA risk stratification for structural disease recurrence. Demographic, oncologic, and clinicopathologic data were compared between groups.

Results

Out of 357 patients, 246 were classified as low‐risk PTMC, 93 were intermediate‐risk, and 18 were high‐risk. There were more male patients in the high‐risk group (38.9%) than the intermediate‐ (31.2%) or low‐risk groups (15.4%) (p < 0.001). Patients with low‐risk microcarcinomas were more likely to have an incidental PTMC when compared to intermediate‐ or high‐risk groups (98[39.8%], 15[16.1%], 1[5.6%], respectively, p < 0.001). Patients with high‐risk PTMCs, compared to those with intermediate‐ and low‐risk PTMCs, were more likely to have rising postoperative thyroglobulin levels after total thyroidectomy (6[40.0%], 4[5.1%], 9[5.7%], respectively, p = 0.001) and structural recurrence after lobectomy or total thyroidectomy (3[16.7%], 0[0%], 0[0%], respectively, p < 0.001). The median follow‐up time was 17.5 (IQR 3–55) months.

Conclusions

Patients with high‐risk PTMC have an increased risk of recurrence when compared to low‐ and intermediate‐risk microcarcinomas, whereas intermediate‐risk PTMC may behave similarly to low‐risk tumors. ATA risk stratification may inform clinical decision making for patients with PTMC.
Epidemiological Data and Treatment of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Insights From Tertiary Referral Hospitals in Latvia
Authors: Ptasnuka Margarita , Ozolins Arturs , Narbuts Zenons , Truskovs Arturs , Sperga Maris , Plaudis Haralds
Published: October 2019

Background

Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP‐NEN) are rare, heterogeneous group which tend to rise in incidence. Epidemiological profile and outcomes of GEP‐NEN may vary among countries. The aim of study was to provide baseline clinical and histopathological features of patients with GEP‐NEN from tertiary referral hospitals in Latvia.

Methods

A retrospective study of patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of GEP‐NEN treated between 2006 and 2018. Joinpoint regression modeling was used to estimate annual percentage change (APC) for incidence trends. Overall survival (OS) rate was obtained by Kaplan–Meier method.

Results

In total, 205 patients were included. The median age at diagnosis was 61.0 (IQR 52.0–70.5) years, 69.3% were females. The age‐adjusted incidence per 100 000 inhabitants increased from 0.03 in 2006 to 0.67 in 2018 with APC of 24.1%,p < 0.005. The most common primary tumor site was pancreas (30.7%), followed by stomach (24.9%) and small intestine (20.5%). Non‐functional tumors are present in 83.4%, while carcinoid syndrome in 7.8%. Stage IV metastatic disease was present in 27.8% tumors. The majority of patients (82%) received an operation with radical or palliative intent. The 1‐ and 3‐year OS rate were 88.0% (95% CI 83.3–92.7) and 77.1% (95% CI 70.4–83.8), respectively. Increasing tumor grade, stage and the presence of distant metastases were associated with significantly worse OS.

Conclusion

Our study highlights increasing incidence of GEP‐NEN in Latvia. The most common primary site was pancreas and surgery considered as main modality of treatment. Registry and long‐term data collection are necessary to develop GEP‐NEN management concept in Latvia.
Prognostic Assessment of Non‐functioning Neuroendocrine Pancreatic Neoplasms as a Basis for Risk‐Adapted Resection Strategies
Authors: Watzka F. M. , Meyer F. , Staubitz J. I. , Fottner C. , Schad A. , Lang H. , Musholt T. J.
Published: October 2019

Background

In contrast to exocrine pancreatic carcinomas, prognosis and treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (PNEN) are significantly different. The variable growth pattern and associated clinical situation of functioning and non‐functioning PNEN demand an individualized surgical approach. However, due to the scarce evidence associated with the rare disease, guidelines lack detailed recommendations for indication and for the required extent of surgical resection.

Methods

In a retrospective single‐center study from 1990 to 2018, 239 patients with PNEN were identified. Clinical data were collected in the MaDoc database of the University Medical Center Mainz. A total of 155 non‐functional PNEN were selected for further analysis.

Results

According to the classification of NET by the WHO in 2017, 28.8% (n = 40) of the tumors were G1, 61.9% (n = 86) G2, and 9.4% (n = 13) G3. In 73 patients, hepatic metastases were present. Sixty patients had lymph node metastasis. An R0 resection was achieved in 98 cases, an R1 situation in 10 cases. Five times, a tumor debulking was carried out (R2) and 5 times the operation was aborted without any resection because of the advanced tumor stage. A relapse occurred in 29 patients. Different prognostic factors (grade, tumor size, age) were analyzed. Grade‐dependent 10‐year overall survival rates were 79.5% (grade 1) and 60.1% (grade 2), respectively. The survival rate of grade 3 patients was limited to 66.7% after 13 months.

Conclusion

In our study, patients with non‐functioning PNEN had a longer overall survival after successful R0 resection. The risk analysis confirmed a Ki‐67 cutoff value of 5%, which divided a high‐ and low‐risk group. Patients with a PNEC G3 (Ki‐67 index > 50%) had a very poor prognosis.