bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Soil Moisture and Spatial Yield Patterns to Identify Subsurface Flow Pathways
Authors: Gish T. J. , Walthall C. L. , Daughtry C. S. T. , Kung K.‐J. S.
Published: June 2010

Subsurface soil water dynamics can influence crop growth and the fate of surface‐applied fertilizers and pesticides. Recently, a method was proposed using only ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and digital elevation maps (DEMs) to identify locations where subsurface water converged into discrete pathways. For this study, the GPR protocol for identifying horizontal subsurface flow pathways was extended to a 3.2‐ha field, uncertainty is discussed, and soil moisture and yield patterns are presented as confirming evidence of the extent of the subsurface flow pathways. Observed soil water contents supported the existence of discrete preferential funnel flow processes occurring near the GPR‐identified preferential flow pathways. Soil moisture also played a critical role in the formation of corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield patterns with yield spatial patterns being similar for mild and severe drought conditions. A buffer zone protocol was introduced that allowed the impact of subsurface flow pathways on corn grain yield to be quantified. Results indicate that when a GPR‐identified subsurface clay layer was within 2 m of the soil surface, there was a beneficial impact on yield during a drought year. Furthermore, the buffer zone analysis demonstrated that corn grain yields decreased as the horizontal distance from the GPR‐identified subsurface flow pathways increased during a drought year. Averaged real‐time soil moisture contents at 0.1 m also decreased with increasing distance from the GPR‐identified flow pathways. This research suggests that subsurface flow pathways exist and influence soil moisture and corn grain yield patterns.
Degradation ofN‐Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in Landscape Soils
Authors: Yang W. C. , Gan J. , Liu W. P. , Green R.
Published: June 2010

N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a potential carcinogen, was commonly found in treated wastewater as a by‐product of chlorination. As treated water is increasingly used for landscape irrigation, there is an imperative need to understand the leaching risk for NDMA in landscape soils. In this study, adsorption and incubation experiments were conducted using landscape soils planted with turfgrass, ground cover, and trees. Adsorption of NDMA was negligibly weak (Kd< 1) in all soils, indicating that NDMA has a high potential for moving with percolating water in these soils. Degradation of NDMA occurred at different rates among these soils. At 21°C, the half‐life (t1/2) of NDMA was 4.1 d for the ground cover soil, 5.6 d for the turfgrass soil, and 22.5 d for the tree soil. The persistence was substantially prolonged after autoclaving or when incubated at 10°C. The rate of degradation was not significantly affected by the initial NDMA concentration or addition of organic and inorganic nutrient sources. The relative persistence was inversely correlated with soil organic matter content, soil microbial biomass, and soil dehydrogenase activity, suggesting the importance of microorganisms in NDMA degradation in these soils. These results suggest that the behavior of NDMA depends closely on the vegetation cover in a landscape system, and prolonged persistence and increased leaching may be expected in soils with sparse vegetation due to low organic matter content and limited microbial activity.
How Accurate Is the Assessment of Phosphorus Pools in Poultry Litter by Sequential Extraction?
Authors: Hunger Stefan , Sims J. Thomas , Sparks Donald L.
Published: June 2010

Amending poultry litter with Al sulfate (alum) has proven effective in reducing water‐soluble P in the litter and in runoff from fields that have received litter applications. Although its effectiveness has been demonstrated on a macroscopic scale in the field or in the poultry houses, little is known about P speciation in either alum‐amended or unamended litter. This knowledge is important for the evaluation of long‐term stability and bioavailability of P, which is a necessary prerequisite for the assessment of the sustainability of intensive poultry operations. Here we report results from an investigation of alum‐amended poultry litter (PL) that combined a chemical extraction sequence with solid‐state 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analysis of the residues. Aluminum is predominantly found in the fine size separate (<125 μm), indicating that the alum added to the poultry houses hydrolyzed without being completely dispersed in the litter. The NMR spectra confirmed the hypothesis that calcium phosphate phases are only dissolved during extraction with dilute acid and phosphate associated with Al is mainly dissolved during extraction with NaOH. Extraction of phosphate associated with Al was incomplete, however, as evidenced by 31P NMR spectroscopy. It could also be demonstrated that the extraction sequence overestimates the calcium phosphate fraction by an order of magnitude in this particular sample. Results from sequential chemical extraction should therefore be used with caution when assessing the magnitude of different phosphate pools in poultry litter.
The Relationship between Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Intensity of Milk Production in Ireland
Authors: Casey J. W. , Holden N. M.
Published: June 2010

European Union agri‐environmental schemes aim to reduce the environmental impact of agricultural production, but were developed before consideration of greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture. Life cycle assessment methodology provided a framework for comparing emissions as kg CO2 equivalent per kg of energy corrected milk (ECM) (kg CO2 kg−1 ECM yr−1) and per hectare (kg CO2 ha−1 yr−1) for farms both within and outside the Irish agri‐environmental scheme. The agri‐environmental scheme farms operate extensive systems from 40 to 120 cows producing between 3032 and 5946 kg ECM cow−1 lactation−1 The cows are fed on grass, conserved silage, and concentrates. Supplementation ranged between 250 and 620 kg cow−1 yr−1 The conventional farms had between 30 and 77 milking cows producing 4736 to 6944 kg ECM cow−1 lactation−1 Supplementation ranged from 400 to 1000 kg cow−1 yr−1 The emissions from each unit were estimated using published emissions factors and possible error was evaluated by using ranges for each factor. Calculated emissions ranged from 0.92 to 1.51 kg CO2 kg−1 ECM yr−1 and 5924 to 8323 kg CO2 ha−1 On average, total emissions from conventional farms were around 18% (p = 0.01) greater than the agri‐environmental scheme farms and emissions per hectare (total area required) were 17% greater (p = 0.02) but there was no significant difference (p = 0.335) in terms of emission per unit milk produced. To evaluate greenhouse gas emissions for each farm in terms of the system intensity it was necessary to define a measure of intensification and area per liter of milk produced that was best.
Assessment of Herbicide Leaching Risk in Two Tropical Soils of Reunion Island (France)
Authors: Bernard H. , Chabalier P. F. , Chopart J. L. , Legube B. , Vauclin M.
Published: June 2010

Application of organic chemicals to a newly irrigated sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) area located in the semiarid western part of Reunion Island has prompted local regulatory agencies to determine their potential to contaminate ground water resources. For that purpose, simple indices known as the ground water ubiquity score (Gustafson index, GUS), the retardation factor (RF), the attenuation factor (AF), and the log‐transformed attenuation factor (AFT) were employed to assess the potential leaching of five herbicides in two soil types. The herbicides were alachlor [2‐chloro‐2′,6′‐diethyl‐N‐(methoxy‐methy) acetanilide], atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐1,3,5‐triazine], diuron [3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea], 2,4‐D [(2,4‐dichlorophenoxy) acetic‐acid], and triclopyr [((3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl)oxy) acetic‐acid]. The soil types were Vertic (BV) and Andepts (BA) Inceptisols, which are present throughout the Saint‐Gilles study area on Reunion Island. To calculate the indices, herbicide sorption (Koc) and dissipation (half‐life, DT50) properties were determined from controlled batch experiments. Water fluxes below the root zone were estimated by a capacity‐based model driven by a rainfall frequency analysis performed on a 13‐yr data series. The results show a lower risk of herbicide leaching than in temperate regions due to the tropical conditions of the study area. Higher temperatures and the presence of highly adsorbent soils may explain smaller DT50 and higher Koc values than those reported in literature concerning temperate environments. Based on the RF values, only 2,4‐D and triclopyr appear mobile in the BV soil, with all the other herbicides being classified from moderately to very immobile in both soils. The AFT values indicate that the potential leaching of the five herbicides can be considered as unlikely, except during the cyclonic period (about 40 d/yr) when there is a 2.5% probability of recharge rates equal to or higher than 50 mm/d. In that case, atrazine in both soils, 2,4‐D and triclopyr in the BV soil, and diuron and alachlor in the BA soil present a high risk of potential contamination of ground water resources.
Model prediction of frost tolerance as related to winter survival of wheat in Finnish field trials
Authors: BERGJORD A.K. , BONESMO H. , SKJELVÅG A.O.
Published: June 2010

The model FROSTOL simulates course of frost tolerance in winter wheat on a daily basis from sowing on as affected by soil temperature (2 cm), snow cover, phenological development, and a genotypic maximum level of frost tolerance (LT50). A series of cultivar trials in Finland was used to evaluate the model's ability to estimate plant survival in natural field environments during winters with differing weather conditions. Recorded survival was compared with number of intersections between the curves of simulated LT50 and the soil temperature curve for each field. A cumulative stress level (CSL) was calculated based both on number of intersections and FROSTOL simulated stress levels. The correlation between CSL and field recordings was quite low. While the field trials characterize a general ability to stand various types of winter stress, FROSTOL estimates damage caused by the soil temperature regime only. However, FROSTOL simulations seemed to correspond reasonably well to field observations when low temperature was the eventual cause of damage.
Synthesis, structure and solvatochromic properties of 5-(3- and 4-substituted phenylazo)-4,6-diphenyl-3-cyano-2-pyridones
Authors: Alimmari Adel , Marinkovic Aleksandar , Mijin Dusan , Valentic Natasa , Todorovic Nina , Uscumlic Gordana
Published: June 2010

A series of some new pyridone arylazo dyes was synthesized from the corresponding diazonium salts and 4,6-diphenyl-3-cyano-2-pyridone using the classical reaction for the synthesis of the azo compounds. The structures of these dyes were confirmed by UV-vis, FTIR and 1H-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The solvatochromism of the dyes was evaluated with respect to visible absorption properties in various solvents. The effects of solvent dipolarity/polarizability and solvent/solute hydrogen bonding interactions were analyzed by means of the linear solvation energy relationship concept proposed by Kamlet and Taft. The 2-pyridone/2-hydroxypiridine tautomeric equilibration was found to depend on the substituents as well as on the solvents.
Issues and Challenges for Secondary School Economics Education in South Korea: Implications from Five Events since 2004
Authors: Hahn Kyungdong , Kim Kyung Mo
Published: June 2010

Since 2004, five events have led to issues and challenges for economics education in South Korea: economics education fever in 2004; a debate on the economics textbook in 2007; revision of the economics curriculum in secondary schools during 2005–2007; alternative trial of economics standards in and out of school economics education in 2008; and re-reformulation of the economics curriculum in secondary schools in 2009. These gave an opportunity for considering the effectiveness of the economics education curriculum in schools and the relationship between economics education and ideology.
Update on Methodologies Available for Ciguatoxin Determination: Perspectives to Confront the Onset of Ciguatera Fish Poisoning in Europe
Authors: Caillaud Amandine , De la Iglesia Pablo , Darius H. Taiana , Pauillac Serge , Aligizaki Katerina , Fraga Santiago , Chinain Mireille , Diogène Jorge
Published: June 2010

Ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP) occurs mainly when humans ingest finfish contaminated with ciguatoxins (CTXs). The complexity and variability of such toxins have made it difficult to develop reliable methods to routinely monitor CFP with specificity and sensitivity. This review aims to describe the methodologies available for CTX detection, including those based on the toxicological, biochemical, chemical, and pharmaceutical properties of CTXs. Selecting any of these methodological approaches for routine monitoring of ciguatera may be dependent upon the applicability of the method. However, identifying a reference validation method for CTXs is a critical and urgent issue, and is dependent upon the availability of certified CTX standards and the coordinated action of laboratories. Reports of CFP cases in European hospitals have been described in several countries, and are mostly due to travel to CFP endemic areas. Additionally, the recent detection of the CTX-producing tropical genus Gambierdiscus in the eastern Atlantic Ocean of the northern hemisphere and in the Mediterranean Sea, as well as the confirmation of CFP in the Canary Islands and possibly in Madeira, constitute other reasons to study the onset of CFP in Europe [1]. The question of the possible contribution of climate change to the distribution of toxin-producing microalgae and ciguateric fish is raised. The impact of ciguatera onset on European Union (EU) policies will be discussed with respect to EU regulations on marine toxins in seafood. Critical analysis and availability of methodologies for CTX determination is required for a rapid response to suspected CFP cases and to conduct sound CFP risk analysis.
Wavelet Analysis for Wind Fields Estimation
Authors: Leite Gladeston C. , Ushizima Daniela M. , Medeiros Fátima N. S. , De Lima Gilson G.
Published: June 2010

Wind field analysis from synthetic aperture radar images allows the estimation of wind direction and speed based on image descriptors. In this paper, we propose a framework to automate wind direction retrieval based on wavelet decomposition associated with spectral processing. We extend existing undecimated wavelet transform approaches, by including à trous with B3 spline scaling function, in addition to other wavelet bases as Gabor and Mexican-hat. The purpose is to extract more reliable directional information, when wind speed values range from 5 to 10 ms−1. Using C-band empirical models, associated with the estimated directional information, we calculate local wind speed values and compare our results with QuikSCAT scatterometer data. The proposed approach has potential application in the evaluation of oil spills and wind farms.
Fast Scene Recognition and Camera Relocalisation for Wide Area Augmented Reality Systems
Authors: Guan Tao , Duan Liya , Chen Yongjian , Yu Junqing
Published: June 2010

This paper focuses on online scene learning and fast camera relocalisation which are two key problems currently limiting the performance of wide area augmented reality systems. Firstly, we propose to use adaptive random trees to deal with the online scene learning problem. The algorithm can provide more accurate recognition rates than traditional methods, especially with large scale workspaces. Secondly, we use the enhanced PROSAC algorithm to obtain a fast camera relocalisation method. Compared with traditional algorithms, our method can significantly reduce the computation complexity, which facilitates to a large degree the process of online camera relocalisation. Finally, we implement our algorithms in a multithreaded manner by using a parallel-computing scheme. Camera tracking, scene mapping, scene learning and relocalisation are separated into four threads by using multi-CPU hardware architecture. While providing real-time tracking performance, the resulting system also possesses the ability to track multiple maps simultaneously. Some experiments have been conducted to demonstrate the validity of our methods.
A Critical Assessment of the Performance of Magnetic and Electronic Indices of Aromaticity
Authors: Solà Miquel , Feixas Ferran , Jiménez-Halla J. Oscar C. , Matito Eduard , Poater Jordi
Published: June 2010

The lack of reference aromatic systems in the realm of inorganic aromatic compounds makes the evaluation of aromaticity in all-metal and semimetal clusters a difficult task. To date, calculation of nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) has been the most widely used method to discuss aromaticity in these systems. In the first part of this work, we briefly review our previous studies, showing some pitfalls of the NICS indicator of aromaticity in organic molecules. Then, we refer to our study on the performance of some aromaticity indices in a series of 15 aromaticity tests, which can be used to analyze the advantages and drawbacks of aromaticity descriptors. It is shown that indices based on the study of electron delocalization are the most accurate among those analyzed in the series of proposed tests, while NICS(1)zz and NICS(0)πzz present the best behavior among NICS indices. In the second part, we discuss the use of NICS and electronic multicenter indices (MCI) in inorganic clusters. In particular, we evaluate the aromaticity of two series of all-metal and semimetal clusters with predictable aromaticity trends by means of NICS and MCI. Results show that the expected trends are generally better reproduced by MCI than NICS. It is concluded that NICS(0)π and NICS(0)πzz are the kind of NICS that perform the best among the different NICS indices analyzed for the studied series of inorganic compounds.
Synthesis of oxa-bridged derivatives from Diels–Alder bis-adducts of butadiene and 1,2,3,4-tetrahalo-5,5-dimethoxycyclopentadiene
Authors: Khan Faiz Ahmed , Parasuraman Karuppasamy
Published: June 2010

Bis-adducts of 1,2,3,4-tetrahalo-5,5-dimethoxycyclopentadiene and 1,3-butadiene, generated in situ from 3-sulfolene, have been synthesized in excellent yield. Ruthenium catalyzed oxidation of the bis-adducts followed by a one-pot transformation of the resulting α-diketone furnished oxa-bridged compounds. Unambiguous stereochemical assignments of both diastereomeric series are reported.
Les croyances religieuses : entre raison, symbolisation et expérience
Authors: Lamine Anne-Sophie
Published: June 2010

Résumé Est-il possible de prendre en compte les trois dimensions de la croyance religieuse : les processus de rationalisation, ceux de symbolisation et le croire en acte (et en présence, en émotion) ? Ces approches sont discutées, à partir de leurs appuis théoriques (Weber, Schutz/Luckmann et Simmel/Wittgenstein) et de cas empiriques, ainsi que l’articulation entre elles. On montre qu’il y a d’une part une dimension rationnelle dans le fait de rendre des expériences ou des croyances signifiantes et plausibles et d’autre part une dimension existentielle de la croyance comme vécu ou comme pratique, qui peut — temporairement ou durablement — suspendre l’analyse rationnelle, la justification, l’explication réflexive. Les trois dimensions explicatives de la croyance apparaissent donc comme complémentaires et compatibles.
Croyances fantastiques et rationalité
Authors: Renard Jean-Bruno
Published: June 2010

Résumé Raymond Boudon a appliqué sa théorie générale de la rationalité à la connaissance ordinaire et à la connaissance scientifique, principalement les sciences humaines. Les croyances fantastiques, c’est-à-dire l’affirmation de l’existence d’êtres ou de phénomènes extraordinaires, sont fréquemment expliquées, à cause de leur étrangeté, par l’irrationalité humaine ou par un « besoin de merveilleux ». Elles relèvent pourtant aussi, le plus souvent, de la rationalité subjective. L’article explorera les « bonnes raisons de croire » à des choses incroyables comme les sirènes, le monstre du Loch Ness, le yéti, les extraterrestres, les phénomènes paranormaux…
Éthique et engagement dans un groupe antispéciste
Authors: Turina Isacco
Published: June 2010

Résumé Cet article présente les résultats d’une enquête ethnographique sur une association italienne qui lutte pour les droits des animaux, en se focalisant sur les aspects éthiques de cette forme d’engagement. Par contraste avec l’antispécisme des philosophes moraux, je me propose de définir la version élaborée par ce groupe comme « antispécisme anti-humaniste », vu que, au sein de ce collectif, la défense des animaux va de pair avec un mépris pour les hommes et une méfiance généralisée envers l’humanité, jugée moralement inférieure aux autres espèces et vouée à l’extinction. Dans un deuxième temps, j’analyse les actions entreprises par le groupe en deux sphères distinctes : celle de l’éthique, qui renvoie à l’œuvre de Weber, et celle de la morale, définie d’après Durkheim. Je suggère que cette distinction peut se révéler utile dans le développement d’une sociologie empirique des phénomènes éthiques, qui semble de plus en plus urgente pour mieux comprendre et analyser les sociétés pluralistes contemporaines.
De l'angoisse au symptôme
Authors: Haie Brigitte
Published: June 2010

On peut constater cliniquement que le symptôme n’apparaît pas toujours en premier lieu. C’est l’angoisse qui amène le sujet à consulter. L’élaboration du symptôme s’effectuera dans un second temps en s’appuyant sur les moments d’angoisse. Cette prise en compte de l’angoisse peut permettre que se reconstruise le symptôme par l’intermédiaire du fantasme. Deux récits cliniques en rendront compte.
Le symptôme dans tous ses états
Authors: Noël Dominique
Published: June 2010

À l’aide du fil rouge des découvertes théoriques concernant le symptôme, il s’agit d’en retrouver le tranchant et la pertinence dans la pratique analytique et la direction de la cure. Chaque face théorique freudienne et lacanienne du symptôme comme signe, signe linguistique, du symptôme comme métaphore, comme lieu de jouissance et enfin comme lettre, est reprise et illustrée à l’aide d’exemples cliniques. Quelques instants de cures dévoilent comment le symptôme qui, dans un premier temps, fait signe au patient, s’installe au décours du travail analytique, au lieu même du langage et du corps qui le soutient.
De la poésie aux poèmes : quel questionnement du poétique dans le secondaire ?
Authors: Larraburu-Dedouret Sandrine
Published: June 2010

L’enseignement de la poésie se réduit trop souvent à une approche de l’histoire culturelle, voire à une histoire des formes. Comment en sortir ? Lire, étudier des poèmes pose et doit susciter des interrogations sur le rapport à la langue, le rapport à l’histoire, la question du sujet, l’écoute d’une voix et l’enjeu de sa réception. L’enjeu de la poéticité doit rester au centre des préoccupations car ce serait renoncer à la littérature que de réduire le texte poétique à une pratique de la lecture, de l’oral ou même de l’écriture, et d’essayer de lui trouver une fonction rentable ou utilitariste.
Danser le poème : une voie de création essentielle
Authors: Lebrat Isabelle
Published: June 2010

Saisir la voix à l’œuvre dans le texte est une expérience intime, une affaire sensible. Danser le poème pourrait constituer un nouveau mode d’appropriation du texte poétique. Le passage par la danse peut en effet provoquer, activer, réactiver les réactions aux effets de voix dans le texte pour pouvoir, à terme, affiner la réception esthétique, adopter une position d’auteur et de lecteur engagé dans le continu de l’œuvre.
Deux mots seulement : une traversée des bimots de Julien Blaine
Authors: Maunet Isabelle
Published: June 2010

L’article propose, comme son titre l’indique, « une traversée des bimots de Julien Blaine », l’un des pionniers des poésies dites action ou élémentaire. Cette étude formule quelques-unes des données fondamentales qui régissent l’univers de ces singuliers poèmes constitués de deux mots mis en et sous tension. De cet entre-deux, fondé sur un principe d’économie littérale, nait une variation sur le temps, l’espace, la langue et le poème, qu’on peut déployer dans des ateliers de littérature (pratique de lecture-écriture) de l’école primaire au lycée.
Stakeholder theorising and the corporate-centric world
Authors: Bevan David , Werhane Patricia
Published: June 2010

Résumé Cet article propose une analyse critique de la théorie des parties prenantes qui retrace l’évolution des idées lancées par R. Edward Freeman, notamment dans la perspective de l’éthique de l’entreprise. Il souligne en particulier la nécessité de dépasser une vision actuellement trop centrée sur l’entreprise et de donner un visage aux différentes catégories de parties prenantes.
Une analyse historique du concept de parties prenantes : Quelles leçons pour l'avenir ?
Authors: Mercier Samuel
Published: June 2010

Résumé Cet article présente les origines du concept de parties prenantes et met en avant les principales critiques qu’il doit affronter et surmonter pour améliorer sa robustesse.
Les sources d'inefficacité des mécanismes de gouvernance d'entreprise
Authors: Boulerne Sandrine , Sahut Jean-Michel
Published: June 2010

Résumé Les derniers scandales révélés en pleine crise des subprimes montrent que ces mécanismes de gouvernance ne fonctionnent que de façon imparfaite. En effet, on constate que la plupart des entreprises ne font pas de la gouvernance un enjeu majeur. Elles sont plutôt dans une démarche de respect formel de dispositions réglementaires ou professionnelles plutôt que dans celle d’une adhésion réelle aux principes de gouvernance. Dans ce contexte, cet article a pour principal objectif d’identifier les mécanismes de gouvernance applicables aux sociétés par action et d’expliquer leurs sources d’inefficacité en France. Outre les causes culturelles, organisationnelles et environnementales, les auteurs avancent comme explication principale que les dirigeants considèrent que les mécanismes de gouvernance concernent plus la non-destruction qu’une véritable création de valeur.
L'éthique des comportements concurrentiels: une approche perceptuelle
Authors: Dornier Raphaël , Goetschmann Michel , Cothias Vanessa
Published: June 2010

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de déterminer, dans une perspective exploratoire, dans quelle mesure la création de chartes éthiques collectives dans le secteur de la production de voyage a un impact sur le caractère non-éthique des comportements concurrentiels, tels que perçus par les dirigeants. Nos résultats montrent que si la plupart des dirigeants interrogés estiment que de telles chartes ont un impact positif sur le caractère éthique des comportements concurrentiels, elles peuvent aussi être « instrumentalisées » par certains voyagistes, essentiellement pour améliorer leur image.
Multidimensionnalité des enjeux du paysage : de l'évaluation à la décision
Authors: Plottu Éric , Plottu Béatrice
Published: June 2010

Le paysage présente plusieurs sources de valorisation (écologique, économique, ...) qu’il convient d’intégrer dans l’évaluation et la prise de décision. La notion de Valeur Économique Totale, distinguant valeurs d’usage et de non-usage, permet de rendre compte de la diversité de ces sources de valorisation. Toutefois, la définition purement monétaire de ces valeurs ne permet pas de restituer la multidimensionnalité des enjeux soulevés par la gestion du paysage, sous-jacents à ces valeurs. Nous proposons de ré-interpréter la valeur du paysage au sein d’un cadre d’analyse multidimensionnelle basé sur la distinction de trois niveaux d’enjeux - identitaire, stratégique, de rentabilité -, liés à la gestion de l’espace. Nous montrons que la règle d’agrégation de type Comparer Agréger et l’utilisation des méthodes d’aide multicritère à la décision permettent de rendre cette approche opérationnelle et d’éclairer la décision.
La participation électorale : un déficit inégalé
Authors: Muxel Anne
Published: June 2010

Résumé Seuls quatre Européens sur dix ont participé aux élections européennes de 2009. Par rapport à 2004, l’abstention a encore progressé d’un peu plus de deux points. Une nouvelle fois, les abstentionnistes forment le premier parti européen. L’abstention ne peut être analysée ni comme un phénomène linéaire ni comme un comportement homogène. Des facteurs à la fois sociologiques, institutionnels, et politiques entrent en ligne de compte. Par ailleurs elle s’inscrit dans un mouvement de transformation du rapport au vote. Mais son ampleur signe avant toute autre chose l’européanisation d’un enjeu crucial pour la réalisation de l’Europe politique : l’information et l’éducation à la citoyenneté européenne.
Collaborations in the Open Innovation Era
Authors: Inzelt Annamária
Published: June 2010

Although the impact of open innovation on a global scale on the collaboration between universities and foreign industry is clearly important, empirical evidence from the field is lacking. This chapter investigates the collaboration between Hungarian universities and foreign companies in research and development. The chapter attempts to provide a relevant picture of the research-related linkages of Hungarian universities and foreign companies by employing secondary data processed from various data-banks. The analysis suggests that foreign direct investment and foreign companies play major roles in the internationalisation of research during this second decade of the transition process. Assessing the research and technology products which have originated in university-industry collaboration is no easy task. According to experimental measurements and pilot data-bank, there were more joint publications involving foreign than domestic companies, and the citation value per publication was significantly higher with the former. Data-bank also show that developments in new technology in terms of patent figures rarely involved university-owned or co-owned inventions, although there is some evidence there are more patents which are university-related than owned. Domestic invention and the foreign ownership of patents represent one more sign of Hungarian involvement in global innovation in the development of new technologies.
Technology Resilience and Diffusion
Authors: Amaizo Yves Ekoué
Published: June 2010

Economic zones are facing difficulties to control their endogenous process of technology creation. Technology poverty does exist. How to ensure that fragile economic zones become more resilient in capturing technology? How to achieve a competitive advantage in non-agile economies and get a larger category of their populations benefit from it? These challenges have taken all serious developmentalists by storm. Unfortunately, the so-called ‘technology transfer’ does not yield to the outcomes it promotes resulting to mitigated results in non-agile countries. This chapter argues that in an unpredictable and changing environment, technology diffusion is part of a complex change process which needs to be dealt with in a comprehensive manner. It cannot take place without revisiting the capability formation dilemma in non-agile economies. The technology-driven capability should therefore be supported by strategic policies and public private institutions. Technology diffusion may appear as the systemic link between shared wealth creation and collective efficiency.
Adopter Fatigue Phenomenon in Diffusion of Innovations
Authors: Ejiogu Augustine O.
Published: June 2010

This chapter examines the adopter fatigue phenomenon in the diffusion of nanotechnology and microelectronics innovations. It is hypothesized that innovations spread through a social system in an s-curve and that the speed of technology adoption is determined by two variables p and q where p represents the speed at which adoption takes off and q the speed at which later growth occurs. However, this two-variable model has been criticized as an over-simplification of a complex reality hence the need to examine adopter fatigue phenomenon defined as the hesitation, delay, or refusal by an individual to adopt an innovation on account of prevailing circumstances including the rapid evolution of new technologies. This phenomenon is particularly relevant to nanotechnology and microelectronics products and processes which are characteristically continuously refined and upgraded. Because the phenomenon is a symptom of poverty, it is recommended that overcoming adopter fatigue be achieved through multidisciplinary approach including empowering individuals by subsidizing the cost of adoption, and developing ancillary infrastructure such as electricity. Both governments and non-governmental organizations, in the spirit of public-private-partnership, should act in synergy in solving the poverty-linked problem of adopter fatigue.
Challenges to Intellectual Property Rights from Information and Communication Technologies, Nanotechnologies and Microelectronics
Authors: Driouchi Ahmed , Kadiri Molk
Published: June 2010

Information and communication technologies, nanotechnologies and microelectronics are progressively challenging the current state of intellectual property rights. This is related to the economic features underlying these technologies. The directions of changes in intellectual property rights are found to require further coping with the overall chain of innovation and with the uncertainty that can be embedded in the new trends of technological development.
Emissions Distribution in Post–Kyoto International Negotiations
Authors: Cantore Nicola , Padilla Emilio
Published: June 2010

An abundant scientific literature about climate change economics points out that the future participation of developing countries in international environmental policies will depend on their amount of pay offs inside and outside specific agreements. Though these contributions represent a corner stone in the research field investigating future plausible international coalitions and the reasons behind the difficulties incurred over time to implement emissions stabilizing actions, they cannot disentangle satisfactorily the role that equality plays in inducing poor regions to tackle global warming. Scholars recently outline that a perceived fairness in the distribution of emissions would facilitate a wide spread participation in international agreements. In this chapter the authors overview the literature about distributional aspects of emissions by focusing on those contributions investigating past trends of emissions distribution through empirical data and future trajectories through simulations obtained by integrated assessment models. They will explain methodologies used to elaborate data and the link between “real data” and those coming from simulations. A particular attention will be devoted to the role that technological change will play in affecting the distribution of emissions over time and to how spillovers and experience diffusion could influence equality issues and future outcomes of policy negotiations.
Technology Development and Transfer
Authors: Sanyang Saikou E.
Published: June 2010

Agricultural technology development and transfer is a driving force for national development. The perspective is to reduce poverty and hunger facing people by adopting new measures to raise income and attain household food security. This is attainable through the establishment of research institutions, extension services, farmer organizations, and public private participation. The primary function of extension service is to deliver efficient and effective transfer of agricultural technologies to farmers as a factor for rural development. The importance of technology development and transfer approaches in developing countries has been recognized as a tool for economic development. Technology development and transfer economics create employment opportunities, reduce poverty, and enhance economic growth. Therefore, better agricultural technologies and better policies can serve as catalysts for economic return. This chapter examines the components of agricultural technology development and transfer and offers implied lessons for emerging technologies like nanotechnology and microelectronics transfer and diffusion.
Review of formation resistivity factor equations related to new pore-structure concepts
Authors: Katsube T J
Published: June 2010

Formation resistivity factor (F) is the ratio of a rock's electrical resistivity (rho r) to its satur-ating fluid resistivity (rho f): F = rho r/rho f. Since rho r represents electric current flow, F adds information to the rock's porosity (phi) and fluid-flow
properties, and is used for hydrocarbon seal characterization. This study reviews the F-equation evolution related to pore-structure concept developments since the 1940s, and concludes the recent general format of F = bft2/phi (bf = 1.5, t is connecting pore tortuosity) is adequate, except that the
current bf values need reconsideration in certain cases. For example, bf = 1.5 is adequate if phi represents the total connecting-pore porosity (phiC) for certain sheet-like pores, but if phi represents effective porosity (phiE), as most former cases, or if it represents phiC of circular and/or
tubular pores, the bf value must be changed. This paper provides some new bf values and methods to determine them.
The routine use of a flumazenil infusion following percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement to reduce early post-procedure mortality
Authors: Bosanko NC , Barrett D , Emm C , Lycett W , O’Toole S , Evans K , Hearing SD
Published: June 2010

Objectives: Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertion offers secure enteral nutrition, but there is a significant mortality associated with the procedure. We reviewed our sedation practice and the effect of yearly protocol changes to establish if the routine reversal of midazolam with a flumazenil infusion improved mortality.

Methods: Since 2003 yearly protocol changes have been introduced, including pre-assessment and sedation reversal. We retrospectively audited one-week and one-month mortality and aspiration rates.

Results: The average one-week mortality rate was 9.2%. The pooled death rates within the first week for patients prior to routine sedation reversal (n=522) was 10.7% and for patients who received routine reversal (n=144) was 5.4% (p=0.087). Within the first month, death rates were 26.3% prior to reversal and 21.4% in the sedation reversal group (p=0.30).

Conclusions: The routine use of flumazenil infusion in appropriate patients is safe. Flumazenil infusion may have a role to play in selected patients at highest risk of aspiration. A prospective, randomised study is warranted.
Autoimmune limbic encephalitis: a reversible form of rapidly progressive amnesia and seizures
Authors: Ahmad A , Ramakrishna S , Meara J , Doran M
Published: June 2010

Many forms of rapidly progressive cognitive impairment are irreversible and rarely treatable. We present a case of autoimmune limbic encephalitis associated with voltage-gated potassium channel autoantibodies that led to rapid cognitive deterioration and bizarre behaviour, which subsequently improved following immunosuppressant therapy. The diagnosis of autoimmune limbic encephalitis needs to be considered in patients presenting with apparent viral encephalitis, in more unusual clinical situations in subjects with acute psychiatric illness and in cases of refractory epilepsy, particularly if there is evidence of amnesia. The diagnosis depends on the detection of specific antibodies directed against central nervous system targets. There can be a good response to immunosuppressant therapy.
Tornado-type stationary vortex with nonlinear term due to moisture transport
Authors: Rutkevich P. B. , Rutkevych P. P.
Published: June 2010

Abstract. Tornado vortex is believed to be essentially nonlinear phenomenon; and the puzzle to choose the nonlinear term(s) responsible for its formation is still unresolved. In the present work we consider the nonlinear term associated with atmosphere humidity, by introducing variable temperature gradient depending on the vertical velocity of the fluid. Such term is able to yield energy to the system and is very suitable for such a problem. Other nonlinear terms are neglected, assuming slow rotation, or in other words a "weak" tornado approximation. We consider one-dimensional radial boundary problem, and use a modificaiton of shooting method to satisfy boundary conditions at large radii. Obtained numerical solutions of the nonlinear differential equation qualitatively agree with the observed atmosphere vortices (tornados, tropical cyclones). The obtained results show general possibility of existence of unstable motion even in convectively stable atmosphere stratification.
pH‐Activated Near‐Infrared Fluorescence Nanoprobe Imaging Tumors by Sensing the Acidic Microenvironment
Authors: Li Cong , Xia Jinsong , Wei Xunbin , Yan Huihui , Si Zhan , Ju Shenghong
Published: June 2010

Imaging tumors in their early stages is crucial to increase the surviving rate of cancer patients. Currently most fluorescence probes visualize the neoplasia by targeting the tumor‐associated receptor over‐expressed on the cancer cell membrane. However, the expression level of these receptors in vivo is hard to predict, which limits their clinical translation. Furthermore, the signal output of these receptor‐targeting probes usually stays at a high level, which leads to a strong background signal in normal tissue due to non‐specific binding. In contrast to receptors, characteristics of the tumor microenvironment – such as acidosis – are pervasive in almost all solid tumors and can be easily accessed. In this work, a novel biodegradable nanoprobe InNP1 that demonstrates pH‐activated near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescence in both human glioblastoma U87MG cancer cells in vitro and the subcutaneous U87MG tumor xenografts in vivo is developed. Bio‐distribution, in vivo optical imaging, and autoradiography studies demonstrate that the pH‐activated NIR fluorescence is the dominant factor responsible for the high tumor/normal tissue (T/N) ratio of InNP1 in vivo. Overall, the work provides a nanoprobe prototype to visualize the solid tumor in vivo with high sensitivity and minimal systemic toxicity by sensing the tumor acidic microenvironment.
Construction and Characterization of Porous SiO2/Hydrogel Hybrids as Optical Biosensors for Rapid Detection of Bacteria
Authors: Massad‐Ivanir Naama , Shtenberg Giorgi , Zeidman Tal , Segal Ester
Published: June 2010

The use of a new class of hybrid nanomaterials as label‐free optical biosensors for bacteria detection (E. coli K12 as a model system) is demonstrated. The hybrids combine a porous SiO2 (PSiO2) optical nanostructure (a Fabry–Pérot thin film) used as the optical transducer element and a hydrogel. The hydrogel, polyacrylamide, is synthesized in situ within the nanostructure inorganic host and conjugated with specific monoclonal antibodies (IgGs) to provide the active component of the biosensor. The immobilization of the IgGs onto the hydrogel via a biotin‐streptavidin system is confirmed by fluorescent labeling experiments and reflective interferometric Fourier transform spectroscopy (RIFTS). Additionally, the immobilized IgGs maintain their immunoactivity and specificity when attached to the sensor surface. Exposure of these modified‐hybrids to the target bacteria results in “direct cell capture” onto the biosensor surface. These specific binding events induce predictable changes in the thin‐film optical interference spectrum of the hybrid. Preliminary studies demonstrate the applicability of these biosensors for the detection of low bacterial concentrations in the range of 103–105 cell mL−1 within minutes.
Cardiac tamponade or normal respiratory variation? An illustrative case of septal ablation for obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Schwartzenberg Shmuel , Sorajja Paul
Published: June 2010

Cardiac tamponade can be a lethal complication in the cardiac catheterization laboratory. Patients with obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy are particularly vulnerable to the hemodynamic effects of tamponade because of their heightened sensitivity to ventricular load in the generation of forward stroke volume. Cardiac tamponade should be distinguished from the normal effects of respiration on dynamic outflow tract obstruction in these patients. This recognition not only ensures an accurate hemodynamic diagnosis, but it also will expedite timely therapy for patients in need. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel 14F endograft for abdominal aortic aneurysm: First in man
Authors: Laborde Jean Claude , Kipshidze Nickolas , Ruiz Carlos E.
Published: June 2010

Objective: This study evaluated the feasibility of percutaneous endovascular treatment of infra‐renal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) using the novel low profile modular Tripelay system (Tripelay, France). Background: Endovascular aortic aneurysm treatment (EVAR) has become more widely used as early mortality has been significantly reduced. Also, percutaneous access has become possible with the introduction of vascular closure devices and with the initial reduction in size of delivery catheters. However, percutaneous access is not commonly used and anatomical considerations, such as access vessel size and tortuousities, preclude a number of patients from being efficiently treated with EVAR. Methods: The novel Tripelay system enables two semicircular preshaped self‐expandable stentgrafts to be positioned side by side on the aneurysm neck extending into the iliac arteries. Each stentgraft being smaller than the target vessel diameter, the delivery catheter is reduced in size (14F) and accommodates with smaller and more tortuous access vessels than conventional devices. This device was used to treat a 57‐year‐old male patient with significant comorbidities (previous coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and abdominal surgeries, smoking, hypertension, obesity, hyperlipidemia). Percutaneous access was made on both femoral arteries. The device was inserted, positioned, and deployed as planned. Iliac extensions were used bilaterally. Results: The EVAR procedure was performed successfully, and the patient was discharged on day 6. Follow‐up computed tomography scans at 1, 6, and 12 months revealed perfect exclusion of the aneurysm sac, patent stentgraft, and vessels, and no prosthesis migration, endoleaks or stent fracture were observed. The patient remained asymptomatic and reported no adverse events during that period. Conclusion: The Tripelay system seemed as an effective and user friendly tool for treatment of AAAs. Of course, this procedure still needs further clinical evaluation with more cases and longer follow‐up to confirm long‐term efficacy and safety of this device. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.