bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cytochrome bd oxidase from Escherichia coli displays high catalase activity: An additional defense against oxidative stress
Authors: Borisov Vitaliy B. , Forte Elena , Davletshin Albert , Mastronicola Daniela , Sarti Paolo , Giuffrè Alessandro
Published: May 2013

Cytochrome bd oxygen reductase from Escherichia coli has three hemes, b
558, b
595 and d. We found that the enzyme, as‐prepared or in turnover with O2, rapidly decomposes H2O2 with formation of approximately half a mole of O2 per mole of H2O2. Such catalase activity vanishes upon cytochrome bd reduction, does not compete with the oxygen‐reductase activity, is insensitive to NO, CO, antimycin‐A and N‐ethylmaleimide (NEM), but is inhibited by cyanide (K
i ∼2.5 μM) and azide. The activity, possibly associated with heme‐b
595, was also observed in catalase‐deficient E. coli cells following cytochrome bd over‐expression suggesting a protective role against oxidative stress in vivo.
Lysophosphatidylcholine enhances NGF‐induced MAPK and Akt signals through the extracellular domain of TrkA in PC12 cells
Authors: Wuhanqimuge  , Itakura Asako , Matsuki Yuri , Tanaka Masato , Arioka Manabu
Published: May 2013

Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is one of the major lysophospholipids mainly generated by phospholipase A2 (PLA2)‐mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). We previously found that LPC displays neurotrophin‐like activity in the rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells and in cerebellar granule neurons, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. We report here that LPC specifically enhances nerve growth factor (NGF)‐induced signals in PC12 cells. When PC12 cells were treated with NGF, MAPK was phosphorylated, but this phosphorylation was significantly elevated when LPC was added together. In accordance, NGF‐induced expression of immediate early genes, c‐fos and NGF‐IA, was upregulated by LPC. Phosphorylation of the upstream components, MEK and NGF receptor TrkA, was also promoted by LPC, which was in line with increased phosphorylation of Akt. In contrast, LPC did not enhance epidermal growth factor (EGF)‐, basic fibroblast growth factor‐, or insulin‐like growth factor‐1‐induced signals. Studies using TrkA/EGF receptor chimeras demonstrated that the extracellular domain, but not the transmembrane or intracellular domains, of TrkA is responsible for the effect of LPC. Exogenously‐added secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) enhanced NGF‐induced MAPK phosphorylation at a comparable level to LPC, suggesting that LPC generated in situ by sPLA2‐mediated hydrolysis of membrane PC stimulated NGF‐TrkA signal. Taken together, these results indicate a specific role and function of LPC on NGF‐TrkA signaling pathway.
Association between socioeconomic status and ectopic pregnancy rate in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Yuk Jin‐Sung , Kim Yong Jin , Hur Jun‐Young , Shin Jung‐Ho
Published: May 2013

Objective

To estimate the ectopic pregnancy rate in the Republic of Korea and to identify whether socioeconomic factors contribute to the incidence of ectopic pregnancy.

Methods

Korean National Health Insurance data from January to December 2009 were analyzed to calculate the rate of ectopic pregnancy.

Results

Among the patient sample (n = 599 186), 59 261 had diagnosis codes for ectopic pregnancies, abortions, or deliveries, and 1102 ectopic pregnancies were identified. The frequency of ectopic pregnancy treated by either surgery or methotrexate was 16.60 per 1000 pregnancies. Low socioeconomic status was a risk factor for ectopic pregnancy (odds ratio [OR], 1.718; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.065–2.772; P = 0.03), as was older age (OR, 1.016; 95% CI, 0.998–1.033, P = 0.07), although the association was not significant. Among women aged 25–44 years, low socioeconomic status and age were associated with a high incidence of ectopic pregnancy (OR, 1.863; 95% CI, 1.074–3.233, P = 0.03; and OR, 1.061; 95% CI, 1.041–1.081, P < 0.01, respectively). Surgical and methotrexate treatment rates were 90.7% and 9.3%, respectively. The methotrexate failure rate was 30.7%. The recorded ectopic pregnancy sites were tubal or ovarian (90.2%), cornual (6.0%), cervical (2.8%), and abdominal (1.0%).

Conclusion

Older age and low socioeconomic status were risk factors for ectopic pregnancy.
Variants in PPP3R1 and MAPT are associated with more rapid functional decline in Alzheimer's disease: The Cache County Dementia Progression Study
Authors: Peterson David , Munger Caitlin , Crowley Jared , Corcoran Chris , Cruchaga Carlos , Goate Alison M. , Norton Maria C. , Green Robert C. , Munger Ronald G. , Breitner John C.S. , Welsh‐Bohmer Kathleen A. , Lyketsos Constantine , Tschanz JoAnn , Kauwe John S.K. ,   Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
Published: May 2013

Background

Single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in the gene encoding the regulatory subunit of the protein phosphatase 2B (PPP3R1, rs1868402) and the microtubule‐associated protein tau (MAPT, rs3785883) gene were recently associated with higher cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tau levels in samples from the Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center at Washington University (WU) and Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). In these same samples, these SNPs were also associated with faster functional decline, or progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as measured by the Clinical Dementia Rating sum of boxes scores (CDR‐sb). We attempted to validate the latter association in an independent, population‐based sample of incident AD cases from the Cache County Dementia Progression Study (DPS).

Methods

All 92 AD cases from the DPS with a global CDR‐sb ≤1 (mild) at initial clinical assessment who were later assessed on CDR‐sb data on at least two other time points were genotyped at the two SNPs of interest (rs1868402 and rs3785883). We used linear mixed models to estimate associations between these SNPs and CDR‐sb trajectory. All analyses were performed using Proc Mixed in SAS.

Results

Although we observed no association between rs3785883 or rs1868402 alone and change in CDR‐sb (P > .10), there was a significant association between a combined genotype model and change in CDR‐sb: carriers of the high‐risk genotypes at both loci progressed >2.9 times faster than noncarriers (P = .015). When data from DPS were combined with previously published data from WU and ADNI, change in CDR‐sb was 30% faster for each copy of the high‐risk allele at rs3785883 (P = .0082) and carriers of both high‐risk genotypes at both loci progressed 6 times faster (P < .0001) than all others combined.

Conclusions

We replicate a previous report by Cruchaga et al that specific variations in rs3785883 and rs1868402 are associated with accelerated progression of AD. Further characterization of this association will provide a better understanding of how genetic factors influence the rate of progression of AD and could provide novel insights into preventative and therapeutic strategies.
Protection of Intraluminal Pathway with Zero Fluid Displacement Connector Reduces Catheter-Related Bloodstream Infections in a Comprehensive Cancer Center
Authors: Caillouet Brenda
Published: May 2013

Background/Purpose: Although annual rates of catheter-related bloodstream infections (CR-BSI) in a comprehensive cancer center were below the national average, further reductions were sought. Research indicates that contamination of a catheter's intraluminal pathway is a major cause of CR-BSI. Connectors are the gateway to the intraluminal pathway and studies link positive displacement, negative displacement, and split septum connectors to CR-BSI.

Project Description: The infusion therapy team piloted a zero fluid displacement (ZFD) connector based on the design of the ZFD, which appeared uniquely suited to CR-BSI prevention. A product trial was performed in intensive care units to compare the CR-BSI rates associated with the current split septum connector to the ZFD connector. The design was quantitative and quasiexperimental.

Results: During the trial, CR-BSI rates decreased from 4.2 (2,331 catheter days) with the split septum connector, to 0.4 (2,477 catheter days) with the ZFD connector. Six months after institutional implementation of the ZFD connector there were zero CR-BSI in the intensive care units across 4,424 catheter days, despite the complexity and acuity of a largely immunocompromised oncology patient population. The previous 6 months with the split septum the CR-BSI rate was 2.24 across 4,920 catheter days.

Conclusions: Our institution's success suggests that protecting the intraluminal pathway with a properly designed connector may be more crucial to the prevention bundle than is widely understood or practiced. Other hospitals may achieve comparable results by implementing a similar device.
A Comparative Study of the Sapphire and Equistream Hemodialysis Tunneled Cuffed Catheters
Authors: Kakkos Stavros K. , Kournoian Jaclyn , Haddad Georges K.
Published: May 2013

Background: Tunneled cuffed catheters (TCCs) for hemodialysis are plagued by high dysfunction and infection rates and research toward improved products is extremely important to improve hemodialysis quality. The aim of our study was to compare 2 different TCC types.

Methods: Two hundred seventy-six TCCs in 246 patients referred for new TCC placement or exchange of a pre-existing TCC over a guide wire were studied, including 144 Equistream TCCs (Bard Access Systems, Salt Lake City, UT) and 132 Sapphire TCC historical controls (Covidien, Mansfield, MA). The 2 study groups were mostly comparable in terms of baseline characteristics.

Results: Primary assisted patency (PAS) at 6 months with the Equistream and Sapphire TCCs was 80.6% and 81.3%, respectively ( p=0.45). PAS at the internal jugular site was better than the femoral site (86.3% and 66.7%, respectively) at 3 months ( p<0.001), with no difference between TCC type. TCC material failure-free rate at 6 months with the Equistream and Sapphire TCCs was 93.5% and 98.1%, respectively ( p=0.20). TCC material failure-free rate at 6 months after TCC exchange for dysfunction compared with the remaining cohort was 85.2% versus 98.9%, respectively ( p<0.001). For the Equistream and Sapphire TCC subgroups, these rates were 66.0% and 100% ( p<0.001), and 100% and 97.6% ( p=0.43), respectively.

Conclusions: The 2 catheter types are equivalent in terms of PAS. The use of historical controls necessitates confirmation by a randomized controlled trial, whereas the mechanical problems of the Equistream TCCs deserve further investigation.
Retrospective Analysis of a Pediatric Vascular Access Program and Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Pitts Stephanie
Published: May 2013

Background: The specialty of pediatric vascular access has grown rapidly during the past 5 years across the United States. The majority of children's hospitals have nurse-led vascular access teams that are providing comprehensive services, including the placement of peripherally inserted central catheters. A children's hospital in the southeastern United States conducted an Internal Review Board approved, retrospective analysis of 669 patients who had a peripherally inserted central catheter placed.

Objective: The objective was to have a better understanding of the program and clinical outcomes as well as identify areas for improvement.

Methods: A data collection tool was developed to review the medical records of patients receiving a peripherally inserted central catheter from January 2009 through June 2011. Variables of interest included patient age, admitting diagnosis, intended therapy, procedure location, sedation type and usage, procedure success, insertion attempts, vessel selected, catheter size and type, catheter tip location, reason for discontinuation, and infection. The data was collected and analyzed by a nurse researcher from the University of South Florida.

Results: Using the Modified Seldinger Technique and ultrasound, the team inserted a full line of polyurethane catheters, including computed tomography-injectable catheters, with an insertion success rate of 94%. We identified a significant reduction in our hospital's infection rate—from 9.12 per 1,000 catheter line days to 2.0 per 1,000 catheter line days—during the first year and a half of the program. The use of sedation and anesthesia was significantly reduced, with 49% of patients receiving an oral anxiolytic dose of midazolam and the integration of certified child life specialists into the procedure.

Conclusions: Pediatric vascular access is a rapidly growing specialty in nursing. Nurse-led vascular access teams have become commonplace in children's hospitals throughout the United States. Although the specialty has grown rapidly during the past 5 years, there is a need for data sharing to contribute to the knowledge base of pediatric vascular access.
The spirit of capitalism among the income classes
Authors: Smoluk H.J. , Voyer John
Published: May 2013

This paper tests the consumption‐based capital asset model within the context of the spirit of capitalism. The spirit of capitalism asserts that consumers gain utility not just from consumption of goods and services, but also from the social status obtained from wealth. We examine two asset pricing models developed by Bakshi and Chen (1996) that employ wealth in the utility function, for households sorted by income quintiles. In the first model, households obtain utility from both consumption and the social status that comes from their own wealth. In the second model, households gain utility from both consumption and the social status obtained from their own wealth relative to the wealth of other peer households. Our results indicate that both models are inconsistent with the data regardless of income. However, using cointegration methods as a diagnostic tool, we find that the data are “loosely” consistent with the spirit of capitalism, at least for the upper income quintiles.
Holocene temperature fluctuations in the northern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Zhao Cheng , Liu Zhonghui , Rohling Eelco J. , Yu Zicheng , Liu Weiguo , He Yuxin , Zhao Yan , Chen Fahu
Published: May 2013

Arid Central Asia (ACA) lies on a major climatic boundary between the mid-latitude westerlies and the northwestern limit of the Asian summer monsoon, yet only a few high-quality reconstructions exist for its climate history. Here we calibrate a new organic geochemical proxy for lake temperature, and present a 45-yr-resolution temperature record from Hurleg Lake at the eastern margin of the ACA in the northern Tibetan Plateau. Combination with other proxy data from the same samples reveals a distinct warm–dry climate association throughout the record, which contrasts with the warm–wet association found in the Asian monsoon region. This indicates that the climatic boundary between the westerly and the monsoon regimes has remained roughly in the same place throughout the Holocene, at least near our study site. Six millennial-scale cold events are found within the past 9000 yr, which approximately coincide with previously documented events of northern high-latitude cooling and tropical drought. This suggests a connection between the North Atlantic and tropical monsoon climate systems, via the westerly circulation. Finally, we also observe an increase in regional climate variability after the mid-Holocene, which we relate to changes in vegetation (forest) cover in the monsoon region through a land-surface albedo feedback.
Motion of drops on inclined surfaces in the inertial regime
Authors: Puthenveettil Baburaj A. , Senthilkumar Vijaya K. , Hopfinger E. J.
Published: May 2013

We present experimental results on high-Reynolds-number motion of partially non-wetting liquid drops on inclined plane surfaces using: (i) water on fluoro-alkyl silane (FAS)-coated glass; and (ii) mercury on glass. The former is a high-hysteresis ($3{5}^{\circ } $) surface while the latter is a low-hysteresis one (${6}^{\circ } $). The water drop experiments have been conducted for capillary numbers $0. 0003\lt Ca\lt 0. 0075$ and for Reynolds numbers based on drop diameter $137\lt Re\lt 3142$. The ranges for mercury on glass experiments are $0. 0002\lt Ca\lt 0. 0023$ and $3037\lt Re\lt 20\hspace{0.167em} 069$. It is shown that when $Re\gg 1{0}^{3} $ for water and $Re\gg 10$ for mercury, a boundary layer flow model accounts for the observed velocities. A general expression for the dimensionless velocity of the drop, covering the whole $Re$ range, is derived, which scales with the modified Bond number ($B{o}_{m} $). This expression shows that at low $Re$, $Ca\sim B{o}_{m} $ and at large $Re$, $Ca \sqrt{Re} \sim B{o}_{m} $. The dynamic contact angle (${\theta }_{d} $) variation scales, at least to first-order, with $Ca$; the contact angle variation in water, corrected for the hysteresis, collapses onto the low-$Re$ data of LeGrand, Daerr & Limat (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 541, 2005, pp. 293–315). The receding contact angle variation of mercury has a slope very different from that in water, but the variation is practically linear with $Ca$. We compare our dynamic contact angle data to several models available in the literature. Most models can describe the data of LeGrand et al. (2005) for high-viscosity silicon oil, but often need unexpected values of parameters to describe our water and mercury data. In particular, a purely hydrodynamic description requires unphysically small values of slip length, while the molecular-kinetic model shows asymmetry between the wetting and dewetting, which is quite strong for mercury. The model by Shikhmurzaev (Intl J. Multiphase Flow, vol. 19, 1993, pp. 589–610) is able to group the data for the three fluids around a single curve, thereby restoring a certain symmetry, by using two adjustable parameters that have reasonable values. At larger velocities, the mercury drops undergo a change at the rear from an oval to a corner shape when viewed from above; the corner transition occurs at a finite receding contact angle. Water drops do not show such a clear transition from oval to corner shape. Instead, a direct transition from an oval shape to a rivulet appears to occur.
Why Philosophy Needs Logical Psychologism
Authors: Lehan-Streisel Vanessa
Published: May 2013

In this paper, I argue that social psychologism is the most philosophically appealing form of psychologism. I present two arguments in support of social psychologism. The first is that this form of psychologism allows philosophers to justify normative claims about human reasoning. In the second part of this paper I argue that social psychologism ameliorates historical concerns with psychologism in general. The conclusion I draw from this discussion is that a need to outline and justify a normative system for deductive reasoning requires some discussion of how formal systems and human minds connect to one another.
Monitoring an Endangered savannah ungulate, Grevy's zebraEquus grevyi: choosing a method for estimating population densities
Authors: Zero Victoria H. , Sundaresan Siva R. , O'Brien Timothy G. , Kinnaird Margaret F.
Published: May 2013

Methods that accurately estimate animal abundance or density are crucial for wildlife management. Although numerous techniques are available, there have been few comparisons of the precision and cost-effectiveness of different approaches. We assess the precision and cost of three methods for estimating densities of the Endangered Grevy's zebraEquus grevyi. We compare distance sampling and photographic capture–recapture, and a new technique, the random encounter model (REM) that uses camera-trap encounter rates to estimate density. All three methods provide comparable density estimates for Grevy's zebra and are preferable to the common practice of raw counts. Photographic capture–recapture is the most precise and line-transect distance sampling the least precise. Line transects and photographic capture–recapture surveys are cost-effective in the first year and REM is most cost-effective in the long-term. The methods used here for Grevy's zebra may be applied to other rangeland ungulates. We suggest that for single species monitoring programmes in which individuals can be identified, photographic capture–recapture surveys may be the preferred method for estimating wildlife abundances. When encounter rates are low, distance sampling lacks the precision of the other methods but its cost advantage may make it appropriate for long-term or multi-species monitoring programmes. The REM is an efficient and precise method of estimating densities but has high initial equipment costs. We believe REM has the potential to work well for many species but it requires independent estimates of animal movements and group size.
Pull-back attractors for three-dimensional Navier—Stokes—Voigt equations in some unbounded domains
Authors: Anh Cung The , Trang Pham Thi
Published: May 2013

We study the first initial–boundary-value problem for the three-dimensional non-autonomous Navier–Stokes–Voigt equations in an arbitrary (bounded or unbounded) domain satisfying the Poincaré inequality. The existence of a weak solution to the problem is proved by using the Faedo–Galerkin method. We then show the existence of a unique minimal finite-dimensional pull-back $\smash{\mathcal D_\sigma}$-attractor for the process associated with the problem, with respect to a large class of non-autonomous forcing terms. We also discuss relationships between the pull-back attractor, the uniform attractor and the global attractor.
Nitric oxide production and the expression of two nitric oxide synthases in the avian retina
Authors: TEKMEN-CLARK MERVE , GLEASON EVANNA
Published: May 2013

Nitric oxide (NO) is known to exert multiple effects on the function of many retinal neurons and their synapses. Therefore, it is equally important to understand the potential sources of NO within the retina. To explore this, we employ a combination of 4-amino-5-methylamino-2′,7′-difluorofluorescein diacetate (DAF-FM) based NO detection and immunohistochemistry for the NO synthetic enzymes, neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS). We find DAF signals in photoreceptors, horizontal cells, amacrine cells, efferent synapses, Müller cells, and cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL). nNOS immunoreactivity was consistent with the DAF signal with the exception that horizontal cells and Müller cells were not clearly labeled. eNOS-like immunoreactivity (eNOS-LI) was more widespread with photoreceptors, horizontal cells, occasional bipolar cells, amacrine cells, Müller cells, and cells in the GCL all showing labeling. Double labeling with antibodies raised against calretinin, syntaxin, and glutamine synthetase confirmed that horizontal cells, amacrine cells, and Müller cells (respectively) were expressing eNOS-LI. Although little or no nNOS labeling is observed in horizontal cells or Müller cells, the expression of eNOS-LI is consistent with the ability of these cells to produce NO. Together these results suggest that the capability to produce NO is widespread in the chicken retina. We propose that multiple forms of regulation for nNOS and eNOS play a role in the patterning of NO production in the chicken retina.
Relationship of Locus of Control, Psychological Distress, and Trauma Exposure in Groups Impacted by Intense Political Conflict in Egypt
Authors: Papanikolaou Vasiliki , Gadallah Mohsen , Leon Gloria R. , Massou Efthalia , Prodromitis Gerasimos , Skembris Angelos , Levett Jeffrey
Published: May 2013

Introduction

Social and political instability have become common situations in many parts of the world. Exposure to different types of traumatic circumstances may differentially affect psychological status.

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the relationship between personal perceptions of control over the events happening in one's life and psychological distress in two groups who experienced physical trauma but differed as to whether the trauma was a result of political upheaval and violence. Views on the extent to which the state was interested in the individual were also assessed.

Methods

The sample consisted of 120 patients who were injured in the Cairo epicenter and 120 matched controls from the greater Cairo area whose injuries were from other causes. The Brown Locus of Control Scale and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (SCL 90-R) were administered approximately three months after the January 2011 start of the demonstrations and subsequent overthrow of the government.

Results

The groups did not differ on locus of control. For both groups, externality was associated with greater distress, suggesting a relationship between perceived helplessness in controlling one's life and distress. The Cairo group scored significantly higher than the control group on the SCL 90-R Global Severity Index (GSI) and Positive Symptom Total (PST). Perceptions of state interest in the population were low; overall, 78% viewed the state as having little or no interest in them.

Discussion

The relationship between exposure intensity and psychological distress is examined. In addition, differences in findings in populations experiencing political chaos compared with other types of disasters are considered.

Conclusion

Beliefs regarding personal control over one's life circumstances are more closely associated with psychological distress than the circumstances in which the trauma occurred.

PapanikolaouV, GadallahM, LeonG, MassouE, ProdromitisG, SkembrisA, LevettJ. Relationship of locus of control, psychological distress, and trauma exposure in groups impacted by intense political conflict in Egypt. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2013;28(4):1-5.
Can transcranial direct current stimulation enhance outcomes from cognitive training? A randomized controlled trial in healthy participants
Authors: Martin Donel M. , Liu Rose , Alonzo Angelo , Green Melissa , Player Michael J. , Sachdev Perminder , Loo Colleen K.
Published: May 2013

Computer-administered cognitive training (CT) tasks are a common component of cognitive remediation treatments. There is growing evidence that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), when given during cognitive tasks, improves performance. This randomized, controlled trial explored the potential synergistic effects of CT combined with tDCS in healthy participants. Altogether, 60 healthy participants were randomized to receive either active or sham tDCS administered during training on an adaptive CT task (dual n-back task), or tDCS alone, over 10 daily sessions. Cognitive testing (working memory, processing speed, executive function, reaction time) was conducted at baseline, end of the 10 sessions, and at 4-wk follow-up to examine potential transfer effects to non-trained tasks. Altogether, 54 participants completed the study. Over the 10 ‘online’ sessions, participants in the active tDCS+CT condition performed more accurately on the CT task than participants who received sham tDCS+CT. The performance enhancing effect, however, was present only during tDCS and did not result in greater learning (i.e. improvement over sessions) on the CT task. These results confirm prior reports of enhancement of cognitive function during tDCS stimulation. At follow-up, the active tDCS+CT group, but not the sham tDCS+CT group, showed greater gains on a non-trained test of attention and working memory than the tDCS-only group (p < 0.01). Although this gain can mainly be attributable to training, this result suggests that active tDCS may have a role in further enhancing outcomes.
Can You Tell What It Is Yet? Public Attitudes Towards ‘the Big Society’
Authors: Defty Andrew
Published: May 2013

‘The big society’ was a central theme in the Conservative's 2010 general election campaign. Opinion polls at the time of the election suggested that ‘the big society’ had little resonance with the public. Nevertheless, ‘the big society’ has been the subject of a number of prominent re-launches since the election. It appeared to underpin the Coalition government's policies in a range of areas and the Prime Minister invested considerable personal capital in it. This article examines public attitudes towards ‘the big society’. Drawing on public opinion data, it focuses on public recognition and understanding of ‘the big society’ and more broadly on whether the government's approach to rolling back state provision has prompted an increased public appetite for involvement in the delivery of services.
Introduction
Authors: Atchison Amy L.
Published: May 2013

Recommendation 5: That the character and implications of ethnic, gender, and cultural diversity and the international and transnational dimensions of particular problems and policies be addressed in all relevant courses—“main-streamed,” in the pedagogical vernacular—not treated as a separate and unique problem to be dealt with in a particular course or two or by a particular faculty member. (Wahlke 1991, 53; emphasis in original)

The idea for this Critical Perspectives section came from a short course at the 2011 American Political Science Association Annual Meeting, “Teaching Gender and Politics: Views from the Field.” In one of the panel discussions, a senior feminist international relations scholar mentioned the above-quoted Wahlke Report, and most participants—almost all of whom identify as gender scholars, many of whom are senior in the field—were surprised not only that APSA recommended gender mainstreaming in the political science classroom, but also that it happened so long ago. Despite this now twenty-year-old recommendation, the available data on gender mainstreaming indicate that gender as a powerful theoretical and analytical construct remains outside the mainstream of political science education (Cassese, Bos, and Duncan 2012). It is illustrative to note that our workshop participants were not the only political scientists who seem to have missed Wahlke's recommendation on inclusion of gender and ethnicity; it was not highlighted in either the immediate aftermath of the publication of the report or in more recent evaluations of the report's influence (Bennett 1991; Ishiyama 2005; Ishiyama, Breuning, and Lopez 2006; Kaufman-Osborn 1991). Given the many benefits of gender mainstreaming—from improving democratic citizenship to increasing the number of women in the profession—our goal for this Critical Perspectives section is to bring renewed focus to the subject of gender mainstreaming in political science education. We hope to start new conversations: What are the benefits of mainstreaming? How can faculty approach mainstreaming? What tools do faculty need in order to mainstream effectively? In the following essays, the authors approach these questions from a variety of viewpoints.
Störungen des Sozialverhaltens
Authors: Petermann Franz , Petermann Ulrike
Published: May 2013

Die Störungen des Sozialverhaltens gehören zu den häufigsten psychischen Auffälligkeiten im Kindes- und Jugendalter. Diese Störungen sind besonders stabil und wirken sich auf alle Lebensbereiche aus; besonders ungünstig ist die Prognose dann, wenn die Störungen bereits im Kindergartenalter auftreten. Neben den klassischen Erscheinungsformen beobachtet man seit einigen Jahren neue Problemverhaltensweisen, die Erscheinungsformen der Störungen des Sozialverhaltens aufweisen (z. B. Cyber-Mobbing). Die Ursachenforschung im Kontext der Störungen des Sozialverhaltens kann als besonders produktiv bewertet werden. Psychosoziale, neuropsychologische und neurobiologische Risikofaktoren sind bekannt; geschlechtsspezifische Entwicklungsmodelle werden diskutiert. Verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlungsansätze weisen die besten Evidenzen auf.
Aggressive Kinder: Welche Bedeutung besitzt der Belohnungsaufschub?
Authors: Gledhill Daniela , Petermann Franz
Published: May 2013

Schon Kinder unterscheiden sich in ihrer Bereitschaft, Belohnungen aufzuschieben. Die über die Lebensspanne relativ stabile Fähigkeit des Belohnungsaufschubs wird als ein Prädiktor für die Entwicklung externalisierender Störungen betrachtet. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird die Bedeutung des Belohnungsaufschubs als Schutzmechanismus gegen späteres aggressives Verhalten diskutiert. Hierzu wird ein kurzer Überblick zu möglichen Ursachen eines mangelnden Belohnungsaufschubs und daraus resultierende Auswirkungen auf die Entwicklung sozial-emotionaler Kompetenzen gegeben. Um aggressives Verhalten bei Kindern und Jugendlichen frühzeitig zu verhindern, sind gezielte entwicklungsorientierte Präventionsmaßnahmen notwendig, für die der Aspekt des mangelnden Belohnungsaufschubs bisher noch nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt wurde.
Emotionsregulation und aggressives Verhalten im Jugendalter
Authors: Koglin Ute , Petermann Franz , Jaščenoka Julia , Petermann Ulrike , Kullik Angelika
Published: May 2013

Die Störungen des Sozialverhaltens treten im Jugendalter häufig auf und sind mit schwerwiegenden Konsequenzen verbunden. Einen proximalen Risikofaktor dafür stellt wahrscheinlich eine defizitäre Emotionsregulation dar. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde daher der Zusammenhang zwischen Emotionsregulation und aggressivem Verhalten im Grundschulalter untersucht. 278 Jugendliche (12 – 17 Jahre) füllten Selbstberichtsfragebögen zu internalen, externalen, funktionalen sowie dysfunktionalen Emotionsregulationsstrategien und aggressivem Verhalten aus. Hierarchische multiple Regressionsanalysen analysieren den Einfluss von Emotionsregulationsmustern auf verschiedene Formen der Aggression. Die Ergebnisse zeigen zwar signifikante Geschlechtsunterschiede bei der Häufigkeit der Anwendung von Regulationsstrategien, die sich jedoch nicht im Ausmaß aggressiven Verhaltens äußern. Internal- und external-dysfunktionale Emotionsregulation waren bedeutsame Prädiktoren oppositionell-aggressiven Verhaltens und allgemein aggressiven Verhaltens. Allein die external-dysfunktionale Emotionsregulation war Prädiktor aggressiv-dissozialen Verhaltens. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unterschiedliche Formen aggressiven Verhaltens in differenzierter Weise mit Emotionsregulationsdefiziten in Beziehung stehen. Gezielte Interventionen zur Förderung der Emotionsregulation könnten zukünftig verbreitete Maßnahmen zur Therapie der Störung des Sozialverhaltens ergänzen.
Determining indicator taxa across spatial and seasonal gradients in the Columbia River coastal margin
Authors: Fortunato Caroline S , Eiler Alexander , Herfort Lydie , Needoba Joseph A , Peterson Tawnya D , Crump Byron C
Published: May 2013

Bacterioplankton communities are deeply diverse and highly variable across space and time, but several recent studies demonstrate repeatable and predictable patterns in this diversity. We expanded on previous studies by determining patterns of variability in both individual taxa and bacterial communities across coastal environmental gradients. We surveyed bacterioplankton diversity across the Columbia River coastal margin, USA, using amplicon pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes from 596 water samples collected from 2007 to 2010. Our results showed seasonal shifts and annual reassembly of bacterioplankton communities in the freshwater-influenced Columbia River, estuary, and plume, and identified indicator taxa, including species from freshwater SAR11, Oceanospirillales, and Flavobacteria groups, that characterize the changing seasonal conditions in these environments. In the river and estuary, Actinobacteria and Betaproteobacteria indicator taxa correlated strongly with seasonal fluctuations in particulate organic carbon (ρ=−0.664) and residence time (ρ=0.512), respectively. In contrast, seasonal change in communities was not detected in the coastal ocean and varied more with the spatial variability of environmental factors including temperature and dissolved oxygen. Indicator taxa of coastal ocean environments included SAR406 and SUP05 taxa from the deep ocean, and Prochlorococcus and SAR11 taxa from the upper water column. We found that in the Columbia River coastal margin, freshwater-influenced environments were consistent and predictable, whereas coastal ocean community variability was difficult to interpret due to complex physical conditions. This study moves beyond beta-diversity patterns to focus on the occurrence of specific taxa and lends insight into the potential ecological roles these taxa have in coastal ocean environments.
Magnetoelectric properties and magnetomechanical energy harvesting from stray vibration and electromagnetic wave by Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 single crystal/Ni cantilever
Authors: Kambale Rahul C. , Yoon Woon-Ha , Park Dong-Soo , Choi Jong-Jin , Ahn Cheol-Woo , Kim Jong-Woo , Hahn Byung-Dong , Jeong Dae-Yong , Chul Lee Byung , Chung Gwiy-Sang , Ryu Jungho
Published: May 2013

Magnetoelectric (ME) rectangular unimorph cantilever beam structures of piezoelectric Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PMN-PZT) single crystal on magnetostrictive Ni plate was designed with ⟨001⟩ and ⟨011⟩-cut crystallographic directions and investigated their ME response and mechanical vibration based energy harvesting behavior. Both magnetoelectric (ME) voltage coefficient (αME) and mechanically harvested power output was found to be strongly dependent on the crystallographic cut directions of PMN-PZT single crystals. The maximum αME and power output of 7.28 V/cm Oe and 1.31 mW was observed for ⟨011⟩ PMN-PZT/i unimorph ME structure at resonance mode under 0.7 G acceleration. The ⟨011⟩ PMN-PZT single crystal showed that in-plane anisotropic behavior, i.e., d31 and d32 significantly affect to the magnitude of αME and harvested power output.
Spin-orbit quenching of the C+(2P) ion by collisions with para- and ortho-H2
Authors: Lique François , Werfelli Ghofran , Halvick Philippe , Stoecklin Thierry , Faure Alexandre , Wiesenfeld Laurent , Dagdigian Paul J.
Published: May 2013

Spin-orbit (de-)excitation of C+(2P) by collisions with H2, a key process for astrochemistry, is investigated. Quantum-mechanical calculations of collisions between C+ ions and para- and ortho-H2 have been performed in order to determine the cross section for the C+ 2P3/2 → 2P1/2 fine-structure transition at low and intermediate energies. The calculation are based on new ab initio potential energy surfaces obtained using the multireference configuration interaction method. Corresponding rate coefficients were obtained for temperatures ranging from 5 to 500 K. These rate coefficients are compared to previous estimations, and their impact is assessed through radiative transfer computation. They are found to increase the flux of the 2P3/2 → 2P1/2 line at 158 μm by up to 30% for typical diffuse interstellar cloud conditions.
On the structure of Si(100) surface: Importance of higher order correlations for buckled dimer
Authors: Back Seoin , Schmidt Johan A. , Ji Hyunjun , Heo Jiyoung , Shao Yihan , Jung Yousung
Published: May 2013

We revisit a dangling theoretical question of whether the surface reconstruction of the Si(100) surface would energetically favor the symmetric or buckled dimers on the intrinsic potential energy surfaces at 0 K. This seemingly simple question is still unanswered definitively since all existing density functional based calculations predict the dimers to be buckled, while most wavefunction based correlated treatments prefer the symmetric configurations. Here, we use the doubly hybrid density functional (DHDF) geometry optimizations, in particular, XYGJ-OS, complete active space self-consistent field theory, multi-reference perturbation theory, multi-reference configuration interaction (MRCI), MRCI with the Davidson correction (MRCI + Q), multi-reference average quadratic CC (MRAQCC), and multi-reference average coupled pair functional (MRACPF) methods to address this question. The symmetric dimers are still shown to be lower in energy than the buckled dimers when using the CASPT2 method on the DHDF optimized geometries, consistent with the previous results using B3LYP geometries [Y. Jung, Y. Shao, M. S. Gordon, D. J. Doren, and M. Head-Gordon, J. Chem. Phys. 119, 10917 (2003)10.1063/1.1620994]. Interestingly, however, the MRCI + Q, MRAQCC, and MRACPF results (which give a more refined description of electron correlation effects) suggest that the buckled dimer is marginally more stable than its symmetric counterpart. The present study underlines the significance of having an accurate description of the electron-electron correlation as well as proper multi-reference wave functions when exploring the extremely delicate potential energy surfaces of the reconstructed Si(100) surface.
The ice-like water monolayer near the wall makes inner water shells diffuse faster inside a charged nanotube
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyan , Wang Chunlei , Wu Fengmin , Feng Mei , Li Jingyuan , Lu Hangjun , Zhou Ruhong
Published: May 2013

Using molecular dynamics simulations, we have investigated the impact of the ice-like water monolayer inside the tube and nearest to the tube wall on the diffusion properties of other inner water shells confined within a charged nanotube. We find that the axial diffusion coefficient of the first water monolayer near the wall monotonously decreases with the charge size on the nanotube, indicating a tighter control of the first monolayer from the larger sized charge. However, for the other water shells, the diffusion coefficients increase when the charge is larger than a critical value qc (∼1.0 e). This unexpected phenomenon is attributed to the decreased number of hydrogen bonds between the first monolayer and other inner water shells caused by the very unique hydrogen-bond network patterns in the first ice-like monolayer, which makes it behave like a “hydrophobic water layer.” Our findings may have implications for water treatment, non-fouling surfaces, catalysis engine, and biological sensor.
Alcohol-induced drying of carbon nanotubes and its implications for alcohol/water separation: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Tian Xingling , Yang Zaixing , Zhou Bo , Xiu Peng , Tu Yusong
Published: May 2013

Alcohols are important products in chemical industry, but separating them from their aqueous solutions is very difficult due to the hydrophilic nature of alcohols. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, we observe a striking nanoscale drying phenomenon and suggest an energy-saving and efficient approach toward alcohol/water separation by using single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). We use various common linear alcohols including C1-C6 1-alcohols and glycerol for demonstration (the phenol is also used as comparison). Our simulations show that when SWNTs are immersed in aqueous alcohols solutions, although the alcohols concentration is low (1 M), all kinds of alcohols can induce dehydration (drying) of nanotubes and accumulate inside wide [(13, 13)] and narrow [(6, 6) or (7, 7)] SWNTs. In particular, most kinds of alcohols inside the narrow SWNTs form nearly uniform 1D molecular wires. Detailed energetic analyses reveal that the preferential adsorption of alcohols over water inside nanotubes is attributed to the stronger dispersion interactions of alcohols with SWNTs than water. Interestingly, we find that for the wide SWNT, the selectivity for 1-alcohols increases with the number of alcohol's carbon atoms (Ncarbon) and exhibits an exponential law with respect to Ncarbon for C1-C5 1-alcohols; for narrow SWNTs, the selectivity for 1-alcohols is very high for methanol, ethanol, and propanol, and reaches a maximum when Ncarbon = 3. The underlying physical mechanisms and the implications of these observations for alcohol/water separation are discussed. Our findings provide the possibility for efficient dehydration of aqueous alcohols (and other hydrophilic organic molecules) by using SWNT bundles/membranes.
On the Kohn–Luttinger conundrum
Authors: Hirata So , He Xiao
Published: May 2013

Kohn and Luttinger [Phys. Rev. 118, 41 (1960)]10.1103/PhysRev.118.41 showed that the conventional finite-temperature extension of the second-order many-body perturbation theory had the incorrect zero-temperature limit in metals and, on this basis, argued that the theory was incorrect. We show that this inconsistency arises from the noninclusion of the temperature effect in the energies of the zeroth-order eigenstates of the perturbation theory, which causes not only the Kohn–Luttinger conundrum but also another inconsistency with the zero-temperature many-body perturbation theory, namely, the different rates of divergence of the correlation energy in a homogeneous electron gas (HEG). We propose a renormalized many-body perturbation theory derivable from the finite-temperature extension of the normal-ordered second quantization applied to the denominators of the energy expression, which involves the energies of the zeroth-order states, as well as to the numerators. The renormalized theory is shown to have the correct zero-temperature limit and the same rate of divergence in a HEG as the zero-temperature counterpart, and is, therefore, the correct finite-temperature many-body perturbation theory.
Ab initio potential energy surface and predicted rotational spectra for the Ne–H2O complex
Authors: Sun Xueli , Hu Yun , Zhu Hua
Published: May 2013

A new three-dimensional potential energy surface for the Ne–H2O complex was calculated using the coupled-cluster singles and doubles with noniterative inclusion of connected triples [CCSD(T)] with a large basis set supplemented with bond functions. The interaction energies were obtained by the supermolecular approach with the full counterpoise correction for the basis set superposition error. The CCSD(T) potential was found to have a planar T-shaped global minimum, two first-order saddle points, and a second-order saddle point. The global minimum is located at R = 3.23 Å, θ = 101.4°, and φ = 0.0° with a well depth of 64.14 cm−1. The radial discrete variable representation/angular finite basis representation method and the Lanczos algorithm were employed to calculate the rovibrational energy levels for four isotopic species 20Ne–H216O, 22Ne–H216O, 20Ne–H217O, and 20Ne–H218O. Rotational spectra within two internal rotor states, namely, the Σ(000) and Σ(101) states, were predicted. The average structural parameters of four Ne–H2O isotopomers on the two states were also calculated and analyzed.
A Monte Carlo density functional theory for the competition between inter and intramolecular association in inhomogeneous fluids
Authors: Marshall Bennett D. , García-Cuéllar Alejandro J. , Chapman Walter G.
Published: May 2013

A Monte Carlo density functional theory is developed for chain molecules which both intra and intermolecularly associate. The approach can be applied over a range of chain lengths. The theory is validated for the case of an associating 4-mer fluid in a planar hard slit pore. Once validated, the new theory is used to study the effect of chain length and temperature on the competition between intra and intermolecular association near a hard wall. We show that this competition enhances intramolecular association near wall contact and inverts the chain length dependence of the fraction bonded intermolecularly in the inhomogeneous region.
A comparative DFT study of the mechanical and electronic properties of greigite Fe3S4 and magnetite Fe3O4
Authors: Roldan A. , Santos-Carballal D. , de Leeuw N. H.
Published: May 2013

Greigite (Fe3S4) and its analogue oxide, magnetite (Fe3O4), are natural minerals with an inverse spinel structure whose atomic-level properties may be difficult to investigate experimentally. Here, [D. Rickard and G. W. Luther, Chem. Rev. 107, 514 (2007)10.1021/cr0503658] we have calculated the elastic constants and other macroscopic mechanical properties by applying elastic strains on the unit cells. We also have carried out a systematic study of the electronic properties of Fe3S4 and Fe3O4, where we have used an ab initio method based on spin-polarized density functional theory with the on-site Coulomb repulsion approximation (Ueff is 1.0 and 3.8 eV for Fe3S4 and Fe3O4, respectively). Comparison of the properties of Fe3S4 and Fe3O4 shows that the sulfide is more covalent than the oxide, which explains the low magnetization of saturation of greigite cited in several experimental reports.