bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic restriction of immune responsiveness to synthetic peptides corresponding to sequences in the pre‐S region of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope gene
Authors: Neurath A. Robert , Kent Stephen B. H. , Strick Nathan , Stark Dennis , Sproul Phyllis
Published: March 2007

Proteins of the HBV envelope (env) are coded for by two adjacent regions of the HBV env gene: the pre‐S and S regions. Antigenic determinants corresponding to amino acid sequences of both regions are recognized by human antibodies and are important in virus‐neutralizing responses. Protective immune responses to HBV appear to be linked to the major HLA histocompatibility complex. Inbred and congenic strains of mice represent a model system relevant for studies on the genetic control of immune responsiveness of humans to HBV envelope proteins. Such mouse strains were ranked according to their antibody response to the S protein and divided into high [d,q], intermediate [a,k,b], and low [s] responders (letters in brackets indicate H‐2 haplotype.) Selected pre‐S antigenic determinants can be mimicked with high fidelity by synthetic peptide analogues that are immunogenic without any carriers. Thus it is possible to study directly the genetic control of immune responsiveness to pre‐S epitopes mimicked by these peptides without having to consider the influence of carriers or of S protein. The results presented here show that inbred mouse strains can be ranked according to their antibody responses to the synthetic peptide pre‐S( 120–145) as follows: A/J[a] ≅ SWR/J[q] > C57BL/6J[b] ≅ AKR/J[k] ≅ SJL/J[s] ≫ DBA/2J[d] > BALB/ cJ[d]. Only SJL/J[s] mice responsed well to another synthetic peptide pre‐S (12‐ 32). Thus, H‐2‐linked genes regulating the immune response to S protein and to epitopes on pre‐S‐coded sequences are distinct. Anti‐pre‐S( 120‐ 145) responses in S protein‐nonresponders circumvent this nonresponsiveness. This should be considered in the design of hepatitis B vaccines.
High frequency of coxsackie‐B‐virus‐specific IgM in children developing type I diabetes during a period of high diabetes morbidity
Authors: Frisk Gun , Fohlman Jan , Kobbah Mounen , Ewald Uwe , Tuvemo Torsten , Diderholm Hans , Friman Göran
Published: March 2007

Twenty‐four consecutive children with newly diagnosed insulin‐dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) were investigated for a history of infectious disease. Thirteen of the 24 (54%) patients reported symptoms of acute infection within two months before diabetes was diagnosed. The mean age was 8.5 years and 15 (63%) of the patients were girls. No clear seasonal variation in onset was seen.

Coxsackie B (CB)‐virus‐specific IgM responses were detected by reverse radioimmunoassay (RIA) in 16 of the 24 (67%) patients on the day of diagnosis of IDDM. The highest titre was usually recorded at that time, but with some the highest titre was found with a second serum obtained three to seven weeks after diagnosis. Thereafter the titres declined, and after six months IgM was detected only in a few patients. Thirteen patients displayed monotypic IgM responses, whereas three patients showed ditypic responses. Among the former, IgM was recorded against Coxsackie B4 (CB4) in four, B5 (CB5) in three, B1 (CBI) in two, B2 (CB2) in two, and B3 (CB3) in two patients. The ditypic responses were against CB2 and CB3, CB3 and CB4, and CB4 and CB5. No CB‐virus‐specific IgM was detected in sera, found during the same period, from age‐matched nondiabetic children without evidence of infection. In neutralisation (NT) tests, antibodies to the homotypic virus were found in 12 of the 16 diabetic patients showing CB‐virus‐specific at the time of diagnosis. A significant rise in NT titre was demonstrated in three of these patients. No significant clinical difference was noted between IgM positive and IgM negative patients. There was no significant correlation between clinical symptoms of acute infection and IgM response. This study was carried out during a period of high IDDM morbidity.
Immune responses to late booster doses of hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Jilg Wolfgang , Schmidt Marion , Deinhardt Friedrich
Published: March 2007

Nineteen healthy young adults were vaccinated with plasma‐derived hepatitis B vaccine at months 0, 1, and 12, and their immune responses were compared to those of a similar group of 20 vaccinees immunized at months 0, 1, and 6. Late booster injections at 12 months produced nearly fivefold higher geometric mean anti‐HBs levels than those of the control group. The higher anti‐HBs values may lead to longer persistence of anti‐HBs and thus to longer protection against hepatitis B.
A murine monoclonal antibody recognising a single glycoprotein within a human cytomegalovirus virion envelope glycoprotein complex
Authors: Law Katherine M. , Wilton‐Smith Peter , Farrar Graham H.
Published: March 2007

Nonionic detergent solubilised polypeptides from highly purified human cytomegalovirus virions were used as immunogens to produce murine monoclonal antibody secreting hybridomas. One monoclonal antibody was shown, by immunoprecipitation followed by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDSPAGE), to precipitate three glycoproteins with molecular weights 52, 95, and 130 (all × 103) and one minor component with a molecular weight of 50 × 103. When virion envelope components were first separated by SDS‐PAGE and electrophoretically transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, this monoclonal antibody recognised two related components with molecular weights 50 and 52 (both × 103). Immunofluorescence studies suggested that these viral antigens were associated with membrane systems of virus‐infected cells and were particularly abundant late in infection.
Factors influencing the sensitivity of herpes simplex virus detection in clinical specimens in a simultaneous enzyme‐ linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Clayton Anne‐Louise , Beckford Urszula , Roberts Carol , Sutherland Sheena , Druce Anthony , Best Jennifer , Chantler Shireen
Published: March 2007

A rapid simultaneous enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using monoclonal antibodies was investigated for herpes simplex virus (HSV) detection. All HSV isolates (n = 127) were detected, whereas no response was obtained with HSV negative preparations. Equivalent results were obtained from 275 of 277 clinical specimens in the monoclonal ELISA and in an ELISA using polyclonal antibodies, confirming that appropriately selected monoclonal antibodies may be as efficacious as polyclonal antibodies in antibody‐based assays. In clinical specimens, the rate of HSV detection (sensitivity) relative to tissue culture isolation was low for both assays, and the major factor responsible for this was the low concentration of virus present in some specimens. The sensitivity of ELISA obtained in routine use varied with different panels of unselected specimens and was related to the speed of development of the cytopathic effect. These results emphasise the need for caution in assigning a definitive sensitivity level to ELISA tests evaluated on different panels of specimens.
Virus‐specific antibody‐producing cells in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in acute Japanese encephalitis
Authors: Burke Donald S. , Nisalak Ananda , Lorsomrudee Wanida , Ussery Michael A. , Laorpongse Thanom
Published: March 2007

During an epidemic of Japanese encephalitis (JE) in northern Thailand, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leukocytes and blood leukocytes from 28 patients with suspected JE were tested for spontaneous in vitro synthesis of antibodies to JE virus (JEV). Sixteen patients were subsequently proven to be infected with JEV. Supernatant fluids of three‐day cultures of unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes or unstimulated unfractionated CSF leukocytes were tested for JEV IgM and IgG antibodies with isotype‐specific “antibody capture” radioimmunoassays. Blood‐derived leukocytes from all sixteen JEV‐infected patients and CSF‐derived leukocytes from four JEV‐infected patients synthesized JEV antibodies. Bloodderived and CSF‐derived leukocytes from all 12 patients with central nervous system infections caused by agents other than JEV uniformly failed to synthesize JEV antibodies. Virus‐specific antibody‐producing cells can be detected in the blood and CSF early in the clinical course of acute JE.
Characterization of rotaviruses and subgroup F adenoviruses from acute summer gastroenteritis in South Africa
Authors: Kidd A. H. , Rosenblatt A. , Besselaar T. G. , Erasmus M. J. , Tiemessen C. T. , Berkowitz F. E. , Schoub B. D.
Published: March 2007

Six hundred and sixteen specimens were collected from black children hospitalised with acute gastroenteritis during the summer and autumn of 1982–1983 (October to May). Eighty‐five children (13.8%) shed rotavirus and at least 40 (6.5%) shed adenovirus (Ad) type 40 or 41 belonging to subgroup F. The highest monthly prevalence of shedding subgroup F adenoviruses (10.1%) coincided with a peak in admissions in midsummer, whereas the highest monthly prevalence of shedding rotaviruses (41.9%) coincided with a peak in admissions in autumn. There were at least five genome types of rotavirus, at least three genome types of Ad40, and at least five genome types of Ad41 circulating in the Johannesburg‐Soweto area during the study period. The high rate of rotavirus shedding in autumn could not be attributed to an upsurge in infections by any particular rotavirus strain.
Hepatitis A virus replication in tamarins and host immune response in relation to pathogenesis of liver cell damage
Authors: Karayiannis P. , Jowett T. , Enticott M. , Moore D. , Pignatelli M. , Brenes F. , Scheuer P. J. , Thomas H. C.
Published: March 2007

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) shedding in the faeces, appearance of HAV‐Ag (antigen) in the liver, and development of humoral immunity to HAV have been studied in experimentally infected tamarins. The appearance of liver damage measured by transaminase elevation and histology, in relation to the above variables, suggests that the virus is not cytopathic and the immune system contributes to the production of liver cell damage. Preliminary data suggest that HAV replication may occur in the mucosa of the small intestine and in the liver.
Human and monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen recognise a single immunodominant epitope
Authors: Ferns R. Bridget , Tedder Richard S.
Published: March 2007

Monoclonal antibodies were raised against hepatitis B core antigen (HBcAg) synthesized in Escherichia coli. They identified a single immunodominant determinant on both liver‐derived and E. coli‐derived HBcAg. Cross‐inhibition studies demonstrated that HBsAg‐containing human sera which contained antibodies to HBcAg (anti‐HBc) together with either hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) or its antibody (anti‐HBe) essentially only recognised the same single determinant as the murine antibodies. The identification of a single dominant HBcAg determinant may be important if future hepatitis B virus vaccines contain HBcAg.
Occurrence of respiratory syncytial virus subtypes a and b strains in sweden
Authors: Åkerlind Britt , Norrby Erling
Published: March 2007

The subtype characteristics of 22 strains of respiratory syncytial (RS) virus isolated in Sweden were determined by the use of monoclonal antibodies. Eleven antibodies specific for distinct epitopes on five different structural proteins were used in immunofluorescence and radioimmune precipitation assays. One group of 12 isolates were derived from a three‐month epidemic during 1984, whereas the other ten virus isolates were recovered during a time period of 13 years (1971‐ 1983). All isolates could be allocated to the previously defined groups of subtype A and B strains of RS virus. During the single epidemic season, five subtype A and seven subtype B strains were found. During the 13‐year period a randomly alternating appearance of six subtype A and four subtype B strains was observed. Thus RS virus strains of different subtype characteristics may occur alternately or concomitantly. The possible significance of consecutive infections with RS virus subtypes for immunopathological events deserves further studies.
Protein kinase in nondiabetogenic coxsackievirus B4
Authors: Chatterjee Nando K. , Nejman Catherine
Published: March 2007

Alkali‐dissociated, purified preparations of prototype coxsackievirus B4 release a protein kinase that catalyzes the incorporation of gamma‐phosphate from 32Plabeled ATP into three virus capsid proteins (VP1, VP3, VP4), several additional proteins of the particle, and exogenous acceptor proteins. Using protamine sulfate as an acceptor protein, we detected nearly 20‐fold more enzyme activity in membrane‐bound virions (MBV) than in virions of the virus. The activity in the MBV is cyclic nucleotide‐independent, divalent cation‐dependent, and has a pH optimum of 8.0. Phosphoserine is labeled with 32P. The enzyme activity sediments at about 5S and is separated into at least two peaks of heterogeneous proteins by ion‐exchange chromatography. The patterns of phosphorylation by these enzyme peaks are somewhat similar. Coxsackievirus‐associated protein kinase appears to be located internally in the virus and may be host‐cell‐coded. The enzyme appears to be lacking in a variant of the virus that produced diabetes in mice.
Coxsackievirus Group B Replication in Cultured Fetal Baboon Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Godeny Elmer K. , Gauntt Charles J. , Sprague Eugene A. , Schwartz Colin J.
Published: March 2007

All six coxsackievirus B (CVB) serotypes replicated to various extents in fetal baboon aortic smooth muscle cells (SMC) in culture. CVB3 and CVB4 replicated to the highest titers and induced no cytopathology at the level of light microscopy. Maximum yields of CVB3 were produced between 12 and 24 hr postinoculation. Up to 15% of SMC cells became infected, as determined by immunofluorescence assays with anti‐CVB3 antiserum, yet overall cell division in infected cultures did not differ from infected SMC cultures. Electron microscopy of CVB3‐inoculated SMC cultures revealed changes in some cells: viruslike particles, secondary lysosomes containing dense bodies, and peripheral nuclear chromatin condensation. CVB3 replicated well in SMC passages up to the eighth, but did not replicate in eleventh‐passage cells. Because of the cardiotropic and myotropic potential of this virus and its ability to replicate in aortic SMC with associated ultrastructural alterations, CVB3 (and other CVB) should be further examined as an etiologic agent(s) that could induce atherosclerosis.
Detection of IgM Antibodies to Delta Antigen After Coinfection and Superinfection With the Delta Virus
Authors: Dimitrakakis Mary , Waters Mary‐Jo , Wootton Ann , Gust Ian
Published: March 2007

A sensitive microtitre radioimmunoassay was developed for detection of IgM antibodies to delta antigen. The assay was based on the selective binding of IgM from test sera to antihuman IgM (u‐chain specific) fixed to wells of a microtitre plate, and utilized delta antigen extracted from the liver of an experimentally infected chimpanzee. This test proved to be useful in distinguishing between coinfection and superinfection with the hepatitis delta virus (HDV). Transient anti‐delta IgM responses were observed in patients co‐infected with HDV, while prolonged elevated IgM levels were found in HBsAg carriers with chronic liver disease superinfected with HDV. Two distinct serological patterns were observed in both coinfection and superinfection. In coinfection, only 50% of patients with detectable anti‐delta IgM went on to develop a long‐lasting antibody response. Following superinfection with HDV either stationary or fluctuating levels of IgM antibody were demonstrated. In patients with fluctuating antibody levels, the presence or absence of IgM antibody related to the level of viral replication.
Effect of thymosin immunostimulation with and without corticosteroid immunosuppression on chimpanzee hepatitis B carriers
Authors: Eichberg Jorg W. , Lawlor David L. , Hoofnagle Jay H. , Seeff Leonard B. , Buskell‐Bales Zelma , Ishak Kamal , Langloss John M. , Goldstein Alan L.
Published: March 2007

Carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) are at a high personal risk of developing chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary hepatocellular carcinoma, and they pose a potential health threat to others. Accordingly, erradication of the carrier state is an important therapeutic goal. Several categories of drugs have been evaluated for this purpose, with, at best, limited success. The immune stimulants constitute a drug group considered to have potential benefit, since altered cell‐mediated immunity (CMI) appears to have a pathogenic role in the perpetuation of the carrier state. One such immune stimulant is the thymic hormone, thymosin, which is known to enhance suppressor T‐cell activity. We therefore examined its possible therapeutic role by evaluating its effect on four chronic HBsAg‐ and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive chimpanzees. After baseline biochemical, serological, immunological, and histochemical studies were conducted, all four chimpanzees received parenteral thymosin for a period of 10–14 weeks; two of them were pretreated for 4 weeks with corticosteroids. All four were then reevaluated in the same manner at regular intervals during the 14‐week period. Neither immunosuppression nor immunostimulation significantly affected biochemical, serological, or histological measures. Indices of CMI were altered, however: both T4 and T8 cells increased with thymosin treatment, although the T4/T8 ratio declined because of the relatively greater increase of the T8 than of the T4 cells. Thymosin did not affect the mitogen assays. Thus, while immunostimulation with thymosin did slightly alter CMI, it had no affect on the HBsAg carrier state or on measures of chronic hepatitis, even when preceded by corticosteroid immunosuppression.
Detection of varicella‐zoster virus in lymphocytes by DNA hybridization
Authors: Vonsover A. , Leventon‐Kriss S. , Langer A. , Smetana Z. , Gotlieb‐Stematsky T. , Zaizov R. , Potaznick D. , Cohen I. J.
Published: March 2007

The availability of cloned varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) DNA probes allows rapid detection of viral‐specific DNA by “dot‐blot” hybridization in lymphocytes or in lesion aspirates. Thirty‐six blood specimens were obtained from 25 patients with suspected varicella or zoster. VZV‐specific DNA was demonstrated in 15 lymphocyte preparations of nine patients with varicella and in one with disseminated zoster out of five patients with zoster. VZV‐specific DNA was detected prior to rise in antibodies, indicating early viremia in these patients. Virus isolation from lesions and serological tests confirmed VZV infections. VZV‐specific DNA was detected in lymphocytes of three patients out of six with active herpetic lesions, whereas it was not detected in lymphocyte specimens from two patients with undiagnosed rash or four with lymphoproliferative diseases, who did not present varicella or zoster, or from 18 healthy controls. No signal was obtained in herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐infected and ‐uninfected cell lines. The hybridization assay proved that specific and viral or cellular DNAs other than VZV did not crosshybridize with the probe. The sensitivity limit of detection was 4–15 pg of homologous DNA, and the assay was accomplished within 72–96 hr. These results point to the possible rapid diagnosis of VZV infection in patients suspected of varicella or generalized zoster. In addition, simultaneous infection with both VZV and HSV seems to occur in some patients.
Herpes simplex‐specific IgG subclass response in herpetic keratitis
Authors: McBride Brian W. , Ward Kevin A.
Published: March 2007

The measurement of the local IgG response in ocular Herpes simplex virus infection presents particular problems due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient tear samples and the possible transudation of IgG from the serum to the inflamed eye. Using specific monoclonal antibodies to Human IgG subclasses in an enzyme‐linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) the local IgG antibody response in Herpes simplex keratitis was analysed. All serum samples from patients and controls contained quantifiable levels of HSV specific IgG1 and IgG4 antibody. Comparison of serum antibody levels with tear levels for patients showed that HSV specific IgG1 serum concentrations were 16.1 fold or more higher than in tears, whereas IgG4 concentrations were only 6.5 fold higher in serum than in tears. This difference was not apparent in the control group. Radioimmunoprecipitation assay of 35S‐methionine labelled HSV antigens revealed only minor differences in the protein profiles produced by immunoprecipitation using serum or tear antibody. These results suggest a role for IgG4 antibodies in mucosal immunity in the eye as has been suggested for the mucosal surface of the lung.
Non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in Omdurman, Sudan
Authors: Al‐Arabi M. A. , Mahgoub M. , Ai‐Hag A. A. , Hyams K. C. , El‐Ghorab N.
Published: March 2007

One‐hundred nineteen patients (cases) at least 13 years of age with acute hepatitis were studied to determine the viral etiology of acute hepatitis in Omdurman, Sudan. Ninety‐eight control subjects (controls) were also evaluated to determine the risk factors associated with the development of clinical disease. Acute hepatitis non‐A, non‐B was diagnosed in 88 cases (73.9%), hepatitis B in 15 cases (12.6%), delta infection in 15 (12.6%), and hepatitis A in just one patient (0.8%). A higher percentage of hepatitis B cases had received a parenteral injection for medical therapy during the previous 6 months than control subjects (26.7 % vs 4.1 %, p ≤ 0.05). The data in this study indicate that hepatitis non‐A, non‐B may be the major cause of acute hepatitis in adults in this area of Sudan. The suggested association of parenteral therapy with the transmission of hepatitis B could have important implications for the spread of other parenterally‐transmitted diseases.
Detection of specific types of human papillomavirus in cervical scrapes, anal scrapes, and anogenital biopsies by DNA hybridization
Authors: Henderson Beric R. , Morris Brian J. , Thompson Carol H. , Rose Barbara R. , Cossart Yvonne E.
Published: March 2007

Specific varieties of human papillomavirus (HPV) infecting the anogenital region were detected in clinical samples by use of a filter hybridization technique suitable for rapid screening of cervical and anal scrapes. In this way possibly benign types (HPV6 and HPV11) could be differentiated from types thought to be capable of malignant transformation (HPV16 and HPV18). Cervical or anal canal cells were applied directly to nylon filters and fixed by u.v. irradiation before hybridization with mixed viral DNA probes under both low‐ and high‐stringency conditions. In addition, probe for the human Alu‐repeated DNA sequence was used to assess the relative amount of total nucleic acids in each sample applied to the filter. HPV DNA was detected in 3 of 19 cervical scrapes from patients with no past or present history of wart virus infection or cervical dysplasia. Within a positive study group totalling 71 patients, HPV (6/11 or 16/18) was detected in cervical scrapes from 24% of 41 patients who did not have visible genital dysplasia, 30% of 27 patients with visible genital dysplasia or cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) I, and in 1 of 3 patients with past CIN IUIII. In addition, HPV6/11 or 16/18 DNA was detected in anal scrapes from 3 of 6 male patients and in 85% of genital biopsies. A notably high proportion (4/6) of vaginal condylomata were positive with both the HPV6/11 and the HPV16/18 mixed viral DNA probes. Of the biopsies prepared for histopathology and positive for HPV DNA, the HPV group‐specific antigen could be detected in only 60%.
Studies on transmission of human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis to marmosets
Authors: Watanabe Toshiaki , Katagiri Jiro , Kojirna Hideo , Kamimura Tomoteru , Ichida Fumihiro , Ashida Masahiko , Harnada Chuya , Shibayama Takao
Published: March 2007

Two sera obtained from four healthy blood donors, which caused non‐A, non‐B post‐transfusion hepatitis in two recipients, were experimentally inoculated into nine marmosets. Three of seven marmosets developed acute hepatitis characterized by the elevation of serum concentrations of glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) and/or isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) 8‐11 weeks after inoculation. Four of seven showed histopathological changes of acute hepatitis in liver biopsy specimens during the biochemically acute phase. In electron microscopic examination, attached membrane‐like structures, which consisted of two‐unit membranes of two neighboring endoplasmic reticula with electron‐dense material between them were noted in cytoplasm of hepatocytes during the acute phase of hepatitis. Furthermore, acute‐phase sera obtained from two animals were inoculated into four additional marmosets and non‐A, non‐B hepatitis was successfully passaged in two of them. The results of this study indicate that certain species of marmoset monkeys are susceptible to human non‐A, non‐B hepatitis agents and provide a useful animal model for non‐A, non‐B hepatitis.
Microbial Structures in a Patient With Sporadic Non‐A, Non‐B Fulminant Hepatitis Treated by Liver Transplantation
Authors: Fagan Elizabeth A. , Ellis David S. , Portmann Bernard , Tovey George M. , Williams Roger , Zuckerman Arie J.
Published: March 2007

Double‐shelled virus‐like panicles (60 nm) and long cytoplasmic tubular structures were found in the cytoplasmic of hepatocytes from areas of collapsed and regenerating areas of hepatectomised liver in a 13‐year‐old boy who received a liver graft for fulminant hepatitis attributed to sporadic non‐A, non‐B hepatitis. The patient died on the ninth postoprative day from acute graft failure. Although virus‐like particles were not found. instead, gram‐negative rods were identified in the necrotic graft and the most likely cause of death was a gram‐negative septicaemia with a Shwartzman‐like reaction localized to the liver.
Hepatitis B vaccine in infants from an endemic area: Long‐term anti‐HBs persistence and revaccination
Authors: Yvonnet B. , Coursaget P. , Chotard J. , Sarr M. , Ndoye R. , Chiron J. P. , Diop‐Mar I.
Published: March 2007

Persistence of anti‐HBs in 156 Senegalese infants immunized with hepatitis B vaccine was studied for periods ranging from 2 to 6 years after booster dose administration. Six years after the booster dose, 90.4% of the infants had detectable anti‐HBs antibodies, with 78.1% having titers higher than 10 mlU/ml. The geometric mean titer was 60 mlU/ml. Females showed higher anti‐HBs values than males. In a group of 11 infants who received no booster dose, anti‐HBs antibodies were detectable 7 years after the first dose. However, the geometric mean titer was lower (26 mlU/ml).

Revaccination (56 infants) led to an increase of the geometric mean titer to 469 mlU/ml 2 months later. These results show that a booster injection every 5‐6 years should provide adequate protective anti‐HBs levels in infants.
Absence of HTLV I from New Zealand
Authors: Reddy D. , Okochi K. , Woodfield D. G. , Judd W.
Published: March 2007

Sera from 1,943 individuals from Auckland, New Zealand, were tested for the presence of serum antibodies to human T cell lymphotropic virus I (HTLV I), mainly with an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with cell extracts as target antigen. The individuals tested were blood donors and mostly Caucasian, but included indigenous Maoris and representatives of several groups of Pacific islanders now resident in New Zealand. Also included were 37 patients with various hematological malignancies including seven with T cell leukemias. Although 1% of samples were positive by ELISA, none of these were confirmed as positives by Western blotting. On the basis of these results we consider that it is unlikely that HTLV I infection occurs in Auckland; however, we cannot exclude the possibility that pockets of virus infection may occur in other parts of New Zealand or the South Pacific.
Congenital cytomegalovirus: Immunological alterations
Authors: Cauda R. , Prasthofer E. F. , Grossi C. E. , Whitley R. J. , Pass R. F.
Published: March 2007

Immunological studies on 29 children with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection were performed. Two groups of patients were considered according to the presence or absence of clinical symptoms. Asymptomatic patients had increased numbers of natural killer (NK) cells (CD 16+), activated NK cells (CD16+/ HLA‐DR), and activated suppressor/cytotoxic cells (CD8+/HLA‐DR+/TAC). In addition, cells from this group of patients showed increased NK activity against fibroblasts infected with CMV and a significant proliferative response to CMV antigens. In contrast, cells from symptomatic patients had reduced NK activity against fibroblasts infected with CMV and a defective proliferative response to CMV antigens. In both groups, the number of total T, T‐helper, and T‐suppressor/cytotoxic cells was normal, as was the ratio of helper/suppressor.

The reported differences in the immunological parameters between the asymptomatic and symptomatic patients suggest that cell‐mediated immunity may play an important role in determining the outcome of the infection.
Interferon response in the guinea pig infected with Junín virus
Authors: Dejean Cristina B. , Ayerra Bethy L. , Teyssié Angélica R.
Published: March 2007

The “in vivo” interferon (IFN) induction capacity of two Junín virus strains—the attenuated XJCI, and the intermediate virulent MC2—was studied in the guinea pig experimental model.

Three different doses of XJCI3 strain—2,000, 10,000, and 50,000 TCID50—and a single dose of 10,000 TCID50 of MC2 were assayed.

Animals were bled from day 0 to day 14 postinjection (pi) XJCl3 groups showed a constant serum IFN response. MC2 infection showed that 16% of the animals failed to develop interferonemia. The IFN activity was alpha type in most cases. The IFN serum levels induced by the MC2 strain were always lower than those attained after XJCl3 infection. The response to the positive control assayed, Newcastle disease virus, was higher and earlier than that obtained for Junín virus strains. The highest IFN individual value, which induced 160 guinea pig IFN U/ml, was detected at day 2 following XJCl3 infection, and corresponded to the highest XJCl3 dose assayed. Average values ranged from 23 to 65 guinea pig IFN U/ml, for XJCl3 groups and 15 guinea pig IFN U/ml for the MC2 group, measured at the day of maximal response.

IFN presence was studied in homogenates from brain, spleen, and lymph nodes; it was detected in organs from guinea pigs infected with XJCI3 but not in organs from MC2 infected animals.

IFN levels in sera or in organs failed to correlate with the histological findings.

Demonstration of viral antigens in organs of infected animals, and seroconversion of Junín virus (JV) confirmed the evolution of the disease. A significant weight loss was observed just after serum IFN disappearance. Infection with different viral doses produced different mortality rates, although no correlation could be established between death and previous IFN level.

We demonstrated low IFN levels in JV infection of the guniea pig, which were in direct relation to the viral dose employed. The MC2 strain exhibited a lower capacity of IFN induction than XJCl3.
Lymphocyte transformation test responses to cytomegalovirus in healthy adults from Britain and Iraq
Authors: Booth J. C. , Rashid S. A. , Aziz T. A. G.
Published: March 2007

Lymphocyte transformation tests to CMV were carried out on young healthy adults from Britain and Iraq. Positive results were obtained in all of 28 seropositive British subjects as compared to 17 of 33 (51.5%) seropositive Iraqis; moreover, stimulation index values in the British group (mean 11.58) were significantly higher than in the Iraqi group (mean 2.84). Attempts to relate these differences to demographic characteristics, antibody response to CMV, including the response to early antigens, lymphoproliferative response to herpes simplex virus, and to phytohaemagglutinin and the presence of blocking factors were unrewarding.
Latex agglutination test for adenovirus diagnosis in diarrheal disease
Authors: Grandien M. , Pettersson C.‐A. , Svensson L. , Uhnoo I.
Published: March 2007

A commercial latex agglutination test for diagnosis of adenovirus in diarrheal disease (Adenolex, Orion Diagnostica, Finland) was evaluated by comparison with the results obtained by ELISA, electron microscopy (EM), and virus isolation. Fifty specimens originated from the diagnostic routine, and 50 were selected from a previous epidemiological study on the etiology of diarrheal disease in children. Thirteen of the 100 specimens reacted with the latex control, impairing interpretation of the results. Although the ELISA detected adenovirus antigen in 102 higher dilutions than the latex agglutination test, a total agreement was obtained between results by the two tests for 87 specimens including 42 positives. The two additional positives found by EM and virus isolation could not be diagnosed by the latex agglutination test. Of 37 specimens containing enteric adenoviruses (types 40 and 41), the agglutination test diagnosed all but 4 specimens containing type 41 virus. These four specimens were negative also by ELISA and adenovirus had been detected by virus isolation on the 293 cell line. The latex agglutination test gave positive results with nine specimens containing adenovirus types other than the enteric types 40 and 41.

The latex agglutination test was found to be a rapid and simple method for the detection of adenovirus in diarrheal disease. Compared to ELISA and EM, the sensitivity was 100% and 95%, respectively, and the specificity 100%.
Sequential studies of pre‐S2 antigenemia and anti‐pre‐S2 antibodies in relation to viral replication in acute hepatitis B followed from the early incubation phase
Authors: Brahm Javier , Vento Sandro , Rondanelli Elio G. , Ranieri Sergio , Fagan Elizabeth A. , Williams Roger , Eddleston Adrian L. W. F.
Published: March 2007

To determine the time sequence of expression of pre‐S2 peptide (120–150) during the presymptomatic phase of acute hepatitis B, we used a monoclonal antibody radioimmunoassay in five subjects followed from 30 to 70 days before the onset of liver damage. Pre‐S2 peptide was present in serum at low levels from the early incubation phase and started to increase immediately after the first detection of HBV‐DNA in serum, in parallel with the increase in HBsAg levels. During the symptomatic phase, levels of pre‐S2 peptide declined rapidly; it was no longer detectable after recovery. Anti‐pre‐S2 antibodies were detected, in four patients, only in the recovery phase. These results demonstrate that expression of pre‐S2 peptide occurs very early in the incubation phase of acute HBV infection and is cleared in parallel with HBsAg. Anti‐pre‐S2 antibodies seem to play no role in viral clearance in these patients.
The relative frequency of subgroup I and II rotaviruses in black infants in South Africa
Authors: Steele A. D. , Alexander J. J.
Published: March 2007

Between March 1983 and December 1986, a total of 1571 stool specimens were collected from black South African infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis, and tested for the presence of rotavirus. Monoclonal antibodies against the major inner capsid protein were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay to determine the subgroup specificity of the rotavirus isolates. Subgroup II rotaviruses occurred more frequently than subgroup I isolates (74.4% vs 12.3%), while 13.3% could not be typed and may indicate the presence of a third subgroup. Two of the subgroup I isolates had a long RNA profile (ie, faster moving gene segment 11) typical of the subgroup II human rotaviruses, and a single subgroup II strain had a short RNA profile possibly indicating an in vivo rotavirus reassortant.
Seroepidemiologic studies on the acquisition of antibodies to cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus, and human immunodeficiency virus among general hospital patients and those attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases
Authors: Berry N. J. , Burns D. MacDonald , Wannamethee G. , Grundy J. E. , Lui S. F. , Prentice H. G. , Griffiths P. D.
Published: March 2007

A total of 731 sera were collected from general hospital patients, divided into five distinct subgroups, and tested for the presence of immunoglobulin (IgG) to cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus (HSV). The results indicate a high level of association between the two viruses, although HSV was found to be more prevalent in the earlier years of life, whereas CMV was acquired constantly throughout life. An increase in age was also accompanied by significantly higher antibody levels to both viruses. Individuals with antibody to HSV were significantly more likely to have antibodies to CMV, suggesting that these viruses are transmitted by similar routes (?saliva).

In addition, 430 sera from 94 homosexual and 336 heterosexual males attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases were tested for antibody to CMV, HSV, and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Homosexual males were more likely to have antibody to CMV and HIV than were heterosexuals, but no difference was seen for HSV antibodies. The levels of CMV‐specific IgG were significantly raised in homosexuals, compared with heterosexuals, but again no difference was seen for HSV antibodies as in the general hospital patients, however, individuals with HSV antibodies were significantly more likeoy to possess antibodies of CMV. However, the additional association of CMV antibodies with a homosexual lifestyle suggests that an alternative route for acquisitionof this virus exists (?semen). As raised levels of CMV antibodies, but not HSV antibodies, were found among homosexuals, this suggests that frequent CMV reinfections, rather than merely reactivation of latent herpes viruses, may be occurring.
Assessment of human immunodeficiency virus expression in cocultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy seropositive subjects
Authors: Ulrich Paul P. , Busch Michael P. , El‐Beik Tarek , Shiota Jean , Vennari Joann , Shriver Kathy , Vyas Girish N.
Published: March 2007

We have evaluated a number of methodological variables effecting the expression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 93 healthy anti‐HIV‐positive and 72 healthy seronegative subjects. For optimal HIV recovery, PBMCs had to be freshly separated from whole blood. Short‐term freezing of purified PBMCs was practically advantageous and actually resulted in more rapid virus recovery. The minimal number of PBMCs necessary for virus expression was determined by dilutional cultures and varied from 102 to 106 cells. HIV expression was demonstrated initially at the cellular level by immunocytochemical detection of HIV core and envelope proteins using a mixture of monoclonal antibodies, subsequently confirmed by detection of viral antigens and reverse transcriptase (RT) in the culture supernatants. HIV recovery was not improved following induction with 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (IUDR) and only marginally improved following depletion of the CD8+‐suppressor cell population in the PBMC specimens. The overall frequency of HIV detection in cultures was 84% in healthy seropositive subjects, whereas none of the PBMCs from 72 seronegative persons yielded HIV expression.
Natural and artificial immunity to varicella zoster virus
Authors: Ndumbe Peter M. , Cradock‐Watson John , Levinsky Roland J.
Published: March 2007

The live varicella vaccine has been recommended for use in immunocompromised subjects and in adults who are susceptible to chickenpox. However, we do not know how humoral and cell‐mediated immune responses induced after vaccination differed from those obtained after natural infection. To answer this, 45 previously infected subjects (23 chickenpox, 22 vaccinated) were tested for their varicella zoster virus (VZV)‐ specific antibody levels and for their lymphocyte stimulation responses to VZV antigen. Antibody was measured by both an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunofluorescence assay (IF), while lymphocyte stimulation was detected by tritiated thymidine incorporation. Antibody was tested in ten postchickenpox and nine vaccinated subjects. About 6 to 8 weeks after first exposure, the magnitude of the responses determined by both ELISA and IFT were much higher in the naturally infected than in the vaccinated group (P < 0.001 with both test methods). There was no significant difference in the lymphocyte transformation responses in both groups of subjects.

Thirteen postchickenpox and 13 vaccinated subjects who had been infected at least 12 months previously were also tested. Total antibody levels were again significantly higher in the naturally infected than in the vaccinated group (P < 0.001). One vaccinated subject had VZV‐specific IgA and IgM in the serum. The magnitude of the lymphocyte transformation reaction was higher in the naturally infected than in the vaccinated group (P < 0.01).

Thus, antibody responses to VZV were better in naturally infected than in vaccinated subjects. The IFT appears to be a more sensitive technique for antibody detection in the vaccinated subjects. The magnitude of the lymphocyte stimulation response was higher in naturally infected than in vaccinated persons. These results would be worth considering in planning varicella zoster virus immunisation programmes.
Rapid immunodiagnosis of active cytomegalovirus infection by monoclonal antibody staining of blood leucocytes
Authors: Van Der Bij Wim , Torensma Ruurd , Van Son Willem J. , Anema Jetske , Schirm Jurjen , Tegzess Adam M. , The T. Hauw
Published: March 2007

The appearance of cytomegalovirus (CMV) antigen positive blood leucocytes (CMV antigenaemia) was investigated in 52 renal transplant recipients during the first three months after transplantation. Using a mixture of three monoclonal antibodies, CMV (immediate early) antigens were detected in cytocentrifuged blood leucocytes within 3–5 h after sampling. The results were related to virus isolation from buffy coats (CMV viraemia), serology with a sensitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and clinical symptoms of CMV disease.

The antigen test was positive in all 14 patients with CMV viraemia, in 25 out of 27 of patients with serological evidence of primary or secondary CMV infection, and in 2 out of 25 patients without active infection. In patients with a clinical CMV syndrome the presence of CMV antigen (CMV‐Ag) positive blood cells correspond with the period of signs and symptoms. CMV antigens were not detected in 23 out of 25 patients without active infection, nor in healthy controls and patients with other herpesvirus infections. CMV‐Ag positive blood cells appeared, on average, nine days before serological signs of active infection.

This method provides a rapid and sensitive approach to CMV detection, enabling early clinical diagnosis and subsequent tapering of immunosuppression or commencement of antiviral therapy.
A placebo‐controlled dose response study of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a live cold‐recombinant influenza B virus vaccine in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ganzinger U. , Bachmayer H. , Liehl E. , Martindale J. J. , Hamilton F. , Kuwert E. K.
Published: March 2007

A live cold‐recombinant influenza B virus vaccine (RB77) was given intranasally in a placebo‐controlled, double blind study to volunteers in dosages of 107.9 EID50/ml, 107.25 EID50/ml, 105.7 EID50/ml. The tolerability, safety, and immunogenicity of the vaccine were investigated. No revertant virus was found in nasal swabs taken after immunisation. Local reactions were mild and showed a significant increase over the placebo only in the highest dose group. Systemic reactions were not different from the placebo. A significant increase in haemagglutinin inhibition titre was found in the highest dose group against the immunising strain (RB77) and the two wild strains B/TEC and B/Sing.
Case report: Seventh cranial nerve paralysis with myokymia during acute co‐infection with hepatitis B and delta viruses
Authors: Cargnel A. , Davoli C. , Vigano P. , Caccia M. R. , Zanetti A. R. , Tovey G. , Ellis D. S. , Zuckerman A. J.
Published: March 2007

A patient with peripheral cranial nerve paresis and bilateral myokymia is described during the course of acute co‐infection with hepatitis B and delta viruses. Specific circulating hepatitis B immune complexes were found by electron microscopy concomitantly with the neurological symptoms.
Detection of herpes simplex virus type 1 in herpetic ocular diseases by DNA‐DNA hybridization using a biotinylated DNA probe
Authors: Nago Ryosuke , Hayashi Kyoko , Ochiai Hiroshi , Kubota Yasuo , Niwayama Seihachiro
Published: March 2007

A diagnostic hybridization assay for detecting herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) in ocular specimens was developed using cloned viral DNA as a probe. This hybridization assay is based on visualizing a biotinylated probe that is hybridized to the target DNA by a streptavidin/alkaline phosphatase system. The time required for performing this assay system is only two days. This assay system could detect a probe which had been hybridized to as little as 1 pg of homologous DNA and did not cross‐react with DNA of other human herpes viruses except that of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2) which showed weak cross‐reactivity. The assay system was applied to experimental keratitis in albino rabbits and clinical specimens. In experimental keratitis in rabbits it was possible to detect HSV‐1 DNA in the eye swab samples at least until the ninth day after virus inoculation. Five clinical specimens collected from patients with corneal ulcer or blepharitis contained HSV‐1 DNA in spite of the failure of demonstration of viral antigen and/or virus isolation in two cases.
Serological responses in varicella and zoster assayed by immunoblotting
Authors: Harper David R. , Kangro Hillar O. , Heath Raymond B.
Published: March 2007

Acute and convalescent zoster sera taken from 11 patients with varicella and 12 patients with zoster were assayed using immunoblotting for the presence of IgG‐and IgM‐class antibodies to proteins present in varicella‐zoster virus‐infected cells. All patients exhibited a detectable virus‐specific response with both antibody classes.

The IgG responses involved up to 28 protein bands between 28 and 255 kilodaltons (kDa). The reactivity was particularly strong in the 78–114‐kDa region, with additional bands observed with all patients at 32, 35, 66, and 220 kDa. This pattern of reactivity typically developed more slowly and was weaker and more variable in patients with varicella compared to those with zoster.

The reactivity of IgM antibodies in immunoblotting was similar after varicella and after zoster. Individual sera showed up to 25 bands, with the major reactivity being directed against the 78–96‐kDa region and two bands at 32 and 35 kDa.

Some differences were apparent between the primary and anamnestic responses with both IgG and IgM antibodies, but this did not allow reliable discrimination of the two types of infection.