bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficient Photochemical Approaches for Spatially Resolved Surface Functionalization
Authors: Delaittre Guillaume , Goldmann Anja S. , Mueller Jan O. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: September 2015

Materials interfaces—with a gas, a liquid, or another solid—are highly important for advanced applications. Besides their topological design, controlling interactions at these interfaces is typically realized by tuning the chemical composition of the materials surface. In areas such as nanoscience or biology, it is, however, highly desirable to impart heterogeneously distributed properties. Photopatterning, more than micro‐ and nanoprinting methods, is often the method of choice for precise functionalization, especially in terms of versatility. Recently, a range of new or rediscovered photochemistry approaches have been applied to precision surface functionalization, with the common aim of increasing efficiency and resolution while concomitantly lowering the amount of required energy. A survey of such methods is presented in this Review, with a focus on those we have explored.
Isoniazid@Fe2O3Nanocontainers and Their Antibacterial Effect on Tuberculosis Mycobacteria
Authors: Leidinger Peter , Treptow Jens , Hagens Kristine , Eich Jacqueline , Zehethofer Nicole , Schwudke Dominik , Oehlmann Wulf , Lünsdorf Heinrich , Goldmann Oliver , Schaible Ulrich E. , Dittmar Kurt E. J. , Feldmann Claus
Published: September 2015

Isoniazid‐filled Fe2O3hollow nanospheres (INH@Fe2O3, diameter <30 nm, 48 wt % INH‐load) are prepared for the first time and suggested for tuberculosis therapy. After dextran‐functionalization, the INH@Fe2O3@DEX nanocontainers show strong activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) and M.tb.‐infected macrophages. The nanocontainers can be considered as “Trojan horses” and show efficient, active uptake into both M.tb.‐infected macrophages and even into mycobacterial cells.
Introducing all‐polyamide composite coated fabrics: A method to produce fully recyclable single‐polymer composite coated fabrics
Authors: Jabbari Mostafa , Skrifvars Mikael , Åkesson Dan , Taherzadeh Mohammad J.
Published: September 2015

Novel all‐polyamide composite (APC) has been developed to replace traditional coated fabrics with good interfacial adhesion and enhanced recyclability. The composite is fully recyclable since it contains no other materials except polyamide. APC was prepared by partially dissolving a polyamide fabric by treatment with a film‐forming polyamide solution. The effect of the polyamide solution concentration and gelling time on tensile and viscoelastic properties of APCs was investigated to explore the optimum processing parameters for balancing the good interfacial adhesion. The composite properties were studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA), tensile testing and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed a good adhesion between the coating and the fabric. A new method was introduced to convert a low value added textile waste to a high value‐added product. The composite is tunable, in terms of having a dense or a porous top‐layer depending on the end‐use requirements. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42829.
Separation of oil/water emulsions using nano MgO anchored hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for environmental abatement
Authors: Arumugham Thanigaivelan , Kaleekkal Noel Jacob , Rana Dipak , Doraiswamy Mohan
Published: September 2015

This work focuses on utilizing the dual role of sulfonated polyphenyl sulfone (SPPSU) as both an anchoring agent and an interlayer modifying agent in the preparation of nano MgO/SPPSU/PPSU membranes for oil removal from water. These asymmetric membranes were prepared using the phase inversion technique. The dispersed nano MgO was observed in the membrane matrix as seen by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The reduction in contact angle value establishes the increases in hydrophilicity. An increase in SPPSU (wt %) loosens the nano MgO/SPPSU/PPSU membrane packing as exhibited by the increase ofd‐spacing by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The antifouling properties were tested using humic acid, as a model foulant. Further, in castor oil/water emulsion separation, it was found that the membrane with 25 wt % anchored moiety SPPSU/nano MgO produced a greater flux recovery ratio of 94.9% (±0.3) without compromising the oil rejection of 99% (±0.4) and better oleophobic surfaces for oil. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,132, 42848.
Differential Pattern of Interhemispheric Connections Between Homotopic Layer V Regions in the Forelimb Representation in Rat Barrel Field Cortex
Authors: Decosta‐Fortune Tina M. , Li Cheng X. , de Jongh Curry Amy L. , Waters Robert S.
Published: September 2015

Layer V neurons in forelimb and shoulder representations in rat first somatosensory cortex (SI) project to the contralateral SI. However, few studies have addressed whether projections from specific subregions of the forelimb representation, namely forepaw, wrist, or forearm, terminate at homotopic sites in the contralateral SI. Neuroanatomical retrograde (cholera toxin B subunit [CT‐B]) or anterograde (biodextran amine [BDA]) tracers were injected into physiologically identified sites in layer V in specific forelimb and/or shoulder representations in SI to examine the projection to contralateral SI in young adult rats (N = 17). Injection and target sites were flattened and cut in a tangential plane to relate labeling to the body map or cut along a coronal plane to relate labeling to cortical layers. Results indicate that layer V neurons project to cortical laminae II–VI in contralateral SI, with the densest labeling in layer V followed by layer III. In contrast, layer V neurons send sparse projections to layer IV. Furthermore, layer V neurons in wrist, forearm, and shoulder project to homotopic sites in contralateral layer V, while neurons in the forepaw representation project largely to sites in perigranular and dysgranular cortex adjacent to their homotopic territory. Our results provide evidence for a differential pattern of interhemispheric projections from forelimb and shoulder representations to the opposite SI and a detailed description of areal and laminar projection patterns of layer V neurons in the SI forelimb and shoulder cortices. Anat Rec, 298:1885–1902, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Total Joint Arthroplasty and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction: A General Population, Propensity Score–Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Lu Na , Misra Devyani , Neogi Tuhina , Choi Hyon K. , Zhang Yuqing
Published: September 2015

Objective

To replicate recent findings indicating that total knee arthroplasty (TKA) or total hip arthroplasty (THA) surgery will substantially reduce the risk of serious cardiovascular events among patients with osteoarthritis.

Methods

A time‐stratified, propensity score–matched cohort study was conducted to assess the incidence of myocardial infarction (MI) in a UK general population. The study population included individuals ages ≥50 years who had a UK National Health Service READ code diagnosis of knee osteoarthritis (to evaluate TKA) or hip osteoarthritis (to evaluate THA) between January 2000 and December 2012.

Results

Among the patients who underwent TKA and their matched non‐TKA control subjects (each n = 13,849), 306 patients and 286 control subjects developed MI during the followup. During the first postoperative month, the risk of MI was substantially increased among the TKA group compared with the non‐TKA group (hazard ratio [HR] 8.75, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 3.11–24.62), and then gradually declined during the subsequent followup. The HR for the risk of MI over the entire followup was 0.98 (95% CI 0.82–1.18). The corresponding HRs for the risk of MI in those who had undergone THA compared with the non‐THA group (each n = 6,063) were 4.33 (95% CI 1.24–15.21) in the first postoperative month and 0.87 (95% CI 0.66–1.15) overall. In analyses using venous thromboembolism as a positive control outcome, both the first month and overall HRs for the risk of venous thromboembolism were substantially increased in both the TKA and THA groups.

Conclusion

These findings provide the first general population–based evidence to indicate that TKA and THA among osteoarthritis patients are associated with a substantially increased risk of MI during the immediate postoperative period. However, the overall long‐term impact of these surgeries was null, unlike the risk of venous thromboembolism, which remained elevated years after patients had undergone the procedure.
25. Dresdner Brückenbausymposium – eine deutsche Erfolgsgeschichte
Authors: Stritzke Jürgen
Published: September 2015

Magnifizenz Prof. Dr.‐Ing. habil. D.Eng./Auckland Drs. h.c. HANS MÜLLER‐STEINHAGEN hieß am 10. März d. J. die über 1.400 Teilnehmer zum silbernen Jubiläum des Dresdner Brückenbausymposiums herzlich willkommen und erinnerte an die viele Jahrhunderte alte Tradition des Brückenbaus, der immer wieder mit neuen Ideen und Entwicklungen aufwarten kann. Auch in diesem Jahr wurde mit den Themen der Bogen von bemerkenswerten historischen Ingenieurleistungen über Neuheiten bei den technischen Entwicklungen, Baustoffen und Verfahren bis zu neuen Brückenbauwerken, zur Vorstellung von Instandsetzungsprojekten und Visionen gespannt. Das Dresdner Brückenbausymposium habe in seiner eigenen Dynamik gleichsam die Entwicklung der Technischen Universität Dresden im kleinen Maßstab mitgestaltet, betonte der Rektor. Es sind auch wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen vom Format des Symposiums, die die Aufmerksamkeit auf die TU Dresden lenken. Die Brücke steht schlechthin als ein Symbol für das Verbindliche an sich. Sowohl der Brückenbau in der Praxis als auch in Forschung und Entwicklung an der TU Dresden bleibt mit Sicherheit spannend und die besten Ausblicke auf die künftigen Entwicklungen bekommt man auch in Zukunft bei diesem Symposium.
Prognose und Bewertung von Bauwerkserschütterungen infolge Tiefbauarbeiten
Authors: Achmus Martin
Published: September 2015

Bei Tiefbauarbeiten wird häufig rammend oder vibrierend auf den Baugrund eingewirkt. Hierdurch entstehen Erschütterungswellen, die sich im Baugrund ausbreiten und auf im Umfeld befindliche Bauwerke übertragen werden. Die Frage, welche Erschütterungsintensitäten in Bauwerken abhängig von Art und Intensität der Einwirkung, Abstand zum Bauwerk, Baugrundverhältnissen und Bauwerkseigenschaften zu erwarten sind und ob dadurch Schäden entstehen können, ist baupraktisch von großer Bedeutung. Es werden grundlegende Zusammenhänge erläutert und empirisch basierte Prognoseverfahren für verschiedene Bauverfahren (Vibrations‐ und Schlagrammung, Vibrationsverdichtung, Tiefenrüttlung) zusammengestellt. Hiermit lässt sich die maximale Schwinggeschwindigkeitsamplitude im Boden bzw. an einem Fundament abschätzen. Auf die Übertragung von Erschütterungen innerhalb des Bauwerks, also vom Fundament auf Decken und Wände, wird ebenfalls eingegangen. Durch Gegenüberstellung von Prognosewerten mit in DIN 4150 Teil 3 angegebenen Anhaltswerten lassen sich Erschütterungen hinsichtlich ihrer potenziellen Schadensrelevanz beurteilen. Ergänzend wird auch die Abschätzung von Baugrundsetzungen infolge Erschütterungseinwirkung thematisiert. Mit den dargestellten Ansätzen ist es möglich, den erforderlichen bzw. empfehlenswerten Mindestabstand eines Baugeräts von einem vorhandenen Bauwerk zu bestimmen.

Prediction and assessment of building vibrations due to ground works

In ground works hammer strokes or vibrations often act on the subsoil. This generates vibration waves which propagate through the subsoil and are transferred to adjacent buildings. The questions, which vibration intensities originate in buildings dependent on the intensity of the ground work, the distance to the building, the subsoil conditions and the building features and whether building damages have to be expected, are of immense practical relevance. In the paper, basic relationships are explained and empirical prediction approaches for different types of ground works (vibratory and impact driving, vibratory compaction, deep vibro compaction) are presented, which make the estimation of peak particle velocities in the ground below or directly at footings possible. The transfer of vibrations inside a building, i.e. from the footings to walls or floor slabs, is also considered. By comparison of predicted values with indicative values given in DIN 4150‐3, vibrations can be assessed with regard to potential damages. Complementary, the estimation of settlements due to ground vibrations is dealt with. The presented approaches enable the determination of required or recommendable minimum distances of a ground work device from existing buildings.
Environmental assessment of bioethanol from onshore grown green seaweed
Authors: Brockmann Doris , Pradinaud Charlotte , Champenois Jennifer , Benoit Maud , Hélias Arnaud
Published: September 2015

Algae are an attractive, alternative renewable source for biofuel production compared to biomass from food crops or cellulosic materials. Marine algae do not need fresh water or arable land and, thus, production of marine algae does not compete with food production. In contrast to biofuel production from microalgae, the use of macroalgal biomass as feedstock for biofuel production is still in its infancy. This study presents an environmental assessment of bioethanol from onshore grown green seaweed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The environmental assessment is based on data from literature and initial laboratory scale experiments, as industrial scale facilities for bioethanol production from macroalgae do not exist. Alternative systems are compared to the reference system and the limits of the LCA are discussed with respect to the co‐product management (allocation vs. substitution) in the LCA model. Impact assessment results showed that nutrients for seaweed growth and electricity consumption by the culture system were the main contributors to the environmental burdens of the reference system. Bioethanol from onshore cultivated green seaweed turned out to be an environmentally efficient biofuel compared to fossil fuel and bioethanol from sugarcane. The type of co‐product management selected in LCA largely affected the impact assessment results. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Der Durkheim‐Test. Anmerkungen zu Susan Leigh Stars Grenzobjekten
Authors: Gießmann Sebastian
Published: September 2015

The Durkheim Test. Remarks on Susan Leigh Star’s Boundary Objects. The article reconstructs Susan Leigh Star’s conceptual work on the notion of ‘boundary objects’. It traces the emergence of the concept, beginning with her PhD thesis and its publication as Regions of the Mind in 1989. ‘Boundary objects’ attempt to represent the distributed, multifold nature of scientific work and its mediations between different ‘social worlds’. Being addressed to several ‘communities of practice’, the term responded to questions from Distributed Artificial Intelligence in Computer Science, Workplace Studies and Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), and microhistorical approaches inside the growing Science and Technology Studies. Yet the interdisciplinary character and interpretive flexibility of Star’s invention has rarely been noticed as a conceptual tool for media theory. I therefore propose to reconsider Star’s ‘Durkheim test’ for sociotechnical media practices.
Zur Einführung einer begrifflichen Perspektive in die Mathematik: Dedekind, Noether, van der Waerden
Authors: Koreuber Mechthild
Published: September 2015

For the Introduction of a Conceptual Perspective in Mathematics: Dedekind, Noether, van der Waerden.„She [Noether] then appeared as the creator of a new direction in algebra and became the leader, the most consistent and brilliant representative, of a particular mathematical doctrine – of all that is characterized by the term ‚Begriffliche Mathematik‘.“2The aim of this paper is to illuminate this “new direction”, which can be characterized as a conceptual [begriffliche] perspective in mathematics, and to comprehend its roots and trace its establishment. Field, ring, ideal, the core concepts of this new direction in mathematical images of knowledge, were conceptualized by Richard Dedekind (1831–1916) within the scope of his number theory research and associated with an understanding of a formation of concepts as a “free creation of the human spirit”3. They thus stand for an abstract perspective of mathematics in their entirety, described as ‘modern algebra’ in the 1920s and 1930s, leading to an understanding of mathematics as structural sciences. The establishment of this approach to mathematics, which is based on “general mathematical concepts” [allgemein‐mathematische Begriffe]4, was the success of a cultural movement whose most important protagonists included Emmy Noether (1882–1935) and her pupil Bartel L. van der Waerden (1903–1996). With the use of the term ‘conceptual’, a perspective is taken in the analysis which allows for developing connections between the thinking of Dedekind, the “working and conceptual methods” [Arbeits‐ und Auffassungsmethoden]5of Noether as well as the methodological approach, represented through the thought space of the Noether School as presented under the term “conceptual world” [Begriffswelt]6in theModerne Algebraof van der Waerden. This essay thus makes a contribution to the history of the introduction of a structural perspective in mathematics, a perspective that is inseparable from the mathematical impact of Noether, her reception of the work of Dedekind and the creative strength of the Noether School.
Anita Krätzner, Die Universitäten der DDR und der Mauerbau 1961, Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag 2014
Authors: Hoffmann Dieter
Published: September 2015

307 S., geb., zahlreiche Abb., € 44,00. ISBN 978‐3‐86583‐808‐7.
Bioleaching of rare earth elements from monazite sand
Authors: Brisson Vanessa L. , Zhuang Wei‐Qin , Alvarez‐Cohen Lisa
Published: September 2015

Three fungal strains were found to be capable of bioleaching rare earth elements from monazite, a rare earth phosphate mineral, utilizing the monazite as a phosphate source and releasing rare earth cations into solution. These organisms include one known phosphate solubilizing fungus, Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015, as well as two newly isolated fungi: an Aspergillus terreus strain ML3‐1 and a Paecilomyces spp. strain WE3‐F. Although monazite also contains the radioactive element Thorium, bioleaching by these fungi preferentially solubilized rare earth elements over Thorium, leaving the Thorium in the solid residual. Adjustments in growth media composition improved bioleaching performance measured as rare earth release. Cell‐free spent medium generated during growth of A. terreus strain ML3‐1 and Paecilomyces spp. strain WE3‐F in the presence of monazite leached rare earths to concentrations 1.7–3.8 times those of HCl solutions of comparable pH, indicating that compounds exogenously released by these organisms contribute substantially to leaching. Organic acids released by the organisms included acetic, citric, gluconic, itaconic, oxalic, and succinic acids. Abiotic leaching with laboratory prepared solutions of these acids was not as effective as bioleaching or leaching with cell‐free spent medium at releasing rare earths from monazite, indicating that compounds other than the identified organic acids contribute to leaching performance. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 339–348. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Meta-analysis of perioperative antibiotics in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Authors: Pasquali S , Boal M , Griffiths E A , Alderson D , Vohra R S
Published: September 2015

Background

The effectiveness of perioperative antibiotics in reducing surgical-site infection (SSI) and overall nosocomial infections in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy for biliary colic and low- and moderate-risk cholecystitis (Tokyo classification) is unclear. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to assess this.

Methods

Searches were conducted of the MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane databases. Only randomized clinical trials (RCTs) were included. The analysis was performed using the random-effects method, and the risk ratio (RR) with 95 per cent c.i. was employed.

Results

Nineteen RCTs, published between 1997 and 2015, with a total of 5259 participants, of whom 2709 (51·5 per cent) were treated with antibiotics, were included. SSI and overall nosocomial infections were detected in 2·4 and 4·2 per cent respectively of patients given perioperative antibiotics, and in 3·2 and 7·2 per cent of those who received no antibiotics. Antibiotics did not significantly reduce the risk of SSI (RR 0·81, 95 per cent c.i. 0·58 to 1·13; P = 0·21) or overall nosocomial infections (RR 0·64, 0·36 to 1·14; P = 0·13). There was no significant between-study heterogeneity for SSI, but significant between-study heterogeneity in the eight studies that reported nosocomial infections. Analysis of studies considered to be high quality, grouped according to the timing of antibiotics (preoperative only or perioperative) and reporting intention-to-treat analyses, again failed to show a significant reduction in SSI.

Conclusion

Antibiotics should not be administered before laparoscopic cholecystectomy in patients with biliary colic and/or low- and moderate-risk cholecystitis.
Experimental study of the potential hazards of surgical smoke from powered instruments
Authors: In S M , Park D-Y , Sohn I K , Kim C-H , Lim H L , Hong S-A , Jung D Y , Jeong S-Y , Han J H , Kim H J
Published: September 2015

Background

Many surgical instruments have been replaced with powered devices in open gastrointestinal and laparoscopic surgery. The production of smoke as a result of vaporization of surgical tissue is inevitable, and exposure to surgical smoke is a long-standing concern. These vapours are potentially hazardous to patients and surgical teams. The present research was designed to compare various surgical devices to determine whether viable cells exist in their surgical smoke.

Methods

The search for viable cells in surgical smoke was conducted using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. Various cancers were cauterized with electrocautery, radiofrequency ablation and ultrasonic scalpels, and the resulting surgical smoke was aspirated with Transwell® membrane; viable cells were sought in the surgical smoke. In an in vivo experiment, samples of SCC7 were cauterized with an ultrasonic scalpel and the sediment from the rinsed Transwell® membrane liquid after centrifugation was injected subcutaneously into the lower back of mice.

Results

Viable cells were found only in the smoke from ultrasonic scalpels (in all 25 samples taken 5 cm from the cautery; 2 of 25 samples at 10 cm). Viable cells in the surgical smoke from ultrasonic scalpels implanted in mice grew in 16 of 40 injection sites. Histological and biochemical analyses revealed that these cancer cells were identical to the cancer cells cauterized by the ultrasonic scalpel.

Conclusion

Viable tumour cells are produced in the surgical smoke from tumour dissection by ultrasonic scalpel. Surgical relevanceSurgical smoke is a by product of dissection using a number of powered devices. Hazards to operating room personnel and patients are unclear.This study has shown that use of an ultrasonic dissection device can produce smoke that contains viable tumour cells.Although the model is somewhat artificial, a theoretical risk exists, and measures to evacuate surgical smoke efficiently are important.
Extraction of nutraceuticals from Spirulina (blue‐green alga): A bioorganic chemistry practice using thin‐layer chromatography
Authors: Herrera Bravo de Laguna Irma , Toledo Marante Francisco J. , Luna‐Freire Kristerson R. , Mioso Roberto
Published: September 2015

Spirulina is a blue‐green alga (cyanobacteria) with high nutritive value. This work provides an innovative and original approach to the consideration of a bioorganic chemistry practice, using Spirulina for the separation of phytochemicals with nutraceutical characteristics via thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) plates. The aim is to bring together current research, theory, and practice, and always in accordance with pedagogical ideas. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43(5):366–369, 2015.
Community College Faculty Engagement in Boyer's Domains of Scholarship
Authors: Braxton John M. , Lyken‐Segosebe Dawn
Published: September 2015

This chapter describes the findings from a national survey of community college faculty. With the lens of Boyer's Domains of Scholarship applied to these findings, a more fine‐grained and accurate assessment of the engagement of community college faculty members in scholarship emerges.
Scholarship and the Professional Identity of Community College Faculty Members
Authors: Palmer James C.
Published: September 2015

The institutional culture of community colleges often fosters a professional identity among faculty members that sees research, publication, and other forms of out‐of‐class scholarship as detrimental to teaching and student learning. But the professional associations established by and for community college faculty members in specific academic disciplines have forged a path to an alternative professional identity that recognizes disciplinary scholarship as an essential part of faculty work. This chapter examines how the associations have fostered the social conditions for the development of this alternative professional identity.
Filling the Void: The Roles of a Local Applied Research Center and a Statewide Workforce Training Consortium
Authors: Perniciaro Richard C. , Nespoli Lawrence A. , Anbarasan Sivaraman
Published: September 2015

This chapter describes the development of an applied research center at Atlantic Cape Community College and a statewide workforce training consortium run by the community college sector in New Jersey. Their contributions to the economic development mission of the colleges as well as their impact on the perception of community colleges by stakeholders are discussed.
Transcatheter mitral valve repair with mitraclip for significant mitral regurgitation long after heart transplantion
Authors: Ferraro Paolo , Biondi‐Zoccai Giuseppe , Giordano Arturo
Published: September 2015

The role of transcatheter mitral valve repair with MitraClip implantation is becoming increasingly important for high‐risk surgical patients with significant mitral regurgitation. Eligibility criteria for MitraClip are however rather strict, and the risk–benefit balance of this device in off‐label settings remains unclear. Patients with prior heart transplantation may represent particularly challenging candidates for MitraClip, given their peculiar atrial anatomy. We hereby present the case of a 72‐year‐old gentleman with prior heart transplantation and significant mitral regurgitation who, after heart team consensus, was referred to us for MitraClip implantation. After careful planning, we were able to successfully implant two clips, achieving a significant improvement in the severity of the mitral regurgitation. Similarly favorable findings were confirmed at 3‐month clinical and transthoracic/transesophageal echocardiographic follow‐up. This clinical vignette highlights the key procedural milestones for successfully implanting MitraClip in patients with significant mitral regurgitation and prior heart transplantation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Idiopathic hyperzincemia with associated copper deficiency anemia: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Merza Hussein , Sood Neha , Sood Raman
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical Message

Prompt serum copper and zinc in addition to vitamin B12 levels should be measured in patients suffering from refractory anemia with neurological symptoms. A timely copper supplementation can help revert the hematological and possibly the neurological manifestations.
Hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia during magnesium infusion therapy in a pre‐eclamptic patient
Authors: Hudali Tamer , Takkar Chandandeep
Published: September 2015

Key Clinical Message

We present a case of prominent hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia attributed to magnesium infusion in a preeclamptic patient. Iatrogenic hypermagnesemia is an underrecognized cause of hypocalcemia and hyperkalemia. Our report illustrates the effects of magnesium therapy on serum calcium and potassium, necessitating close electrolytes monitoring when used.
Heterogeneous Chemoenzymatic Catalyst Combinations for One‐Pot Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Applications
Authors: Långvik Otto , Saloranta Tiina , Murzin Dmitry Yu. , Leino Reko
Published: September 2015

Heterogeneously catalyzed one‐pot reactions combining individual reaction steps into sequences enhance the efficiencies of overall chemical processes by reducing costs, time, and labor efforts. This minireview focuses on the production of chiral compounds by using dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) and related sequential reactions, utilizing heterogeneous and immobilized metal catalysts and enzymes. Enzymes, especially lipases, often possess high chemical, stereo‐, and regiospecificities under mild reaction conditions. Supported transition‐metal catalysts are effective and widely used for various chemical transformations including racemization and hydrogenation reactions. This minireview discusses both the early and important applications, as well as modern state‐of‐the‐art processes, in which different catalyst combinations are utilized. Also catalyst compatibility issues, including catalyst inhibition and applicability are addressed with specific focus on the racemization catalysts applied in DKRs. Finally, some examples on the utilization of heterogeneous catalysts in flow reactors are presented.
Catalytic Biomass Gasification to Syngas Over Highly Dispersed Lanthanum‐Doped Nickel on SBA‐15
Authors: Oemar Usman , Kathiraser Yasotha , Ang Ming Li , Hidajat Kus , Kawi Sibudjing
Published: September 2015

Catalytic biomass gasification is an environmentally benign solution to energy problems. A series of Ni catalysts on mesoporous SBA‐15 are synthesized with various La2O3 loadings. The catalytic activity of unpromoted Ni/SBA‐15 catalyst indicates that it has a high carbon formation rate, resulting in fast deactivation. In contrast, addition of La2O3 to Ni/SBA‐15 catalyst helps to remove deposited carbon by formation of oxycarbonate, resulting in higher CO production. A 1 % La doping in the Ni/SBA‐15 catalyst is sufficient to achieve high activity and stability in biomass gasification with various raw materials and in the steam reforming of toluene as a tar model compound. The combination of small metal particle size, high metal dispersion, high surface area of SBA‐15, the crucial role of La in carbon removal, and the novel synthesis method result in a highly active, stable, and effective 1 % La‐Ni/SBA‐15 catalyst for biomass gasification.
Identification of Active and Spectator Sn Sites in Sn‐β Following Solid‐State Stannation, and Consequences for Lewis Acid Catalysis
Authors: Hammond Ceri , Padovan Daniele , Al‐Nayili Abbas , Wells Peter. P. , Gibson Emma K. , Dimitratos Nikolaos
Published: September 2015

Lewis acidic zeolites are rapidly emerging liquid‐phase Lewis acid catalysts. Nevertheless, their inefficient synthesis procedure currently prohibits greater utilization and exploitation of these promising materials. Herein, we demonstrate that SnIV‐containing zeolite beta can readily be prepared both selectively and extremely rapidly by solid‐state incorporation (SSI) method. Through a combination of spectroscopic (XRD, UV/Vis, X‐ray absorption, magic‐angle spinning NMR, and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy) studies, we unambiguously demonstrate that site‐isolated, isomorphously substituted SnIV sites dominate the Sn population up to a loading of 5 wt % Sn. These sites are identical to those found in conventionally prepared Sn‐beta, and result in our SSI material exhibiting identical levels of intrinsic activity (that is, turnover frequency) despite the threefold increase in Sn loading, and the extremely rapid and benign nature of our preparation methodology. We also identify the presence of spectator sites, in the form of SnIV oligomers, at higher levels of Sn loading. The consequences of this mixed population with regards to catalysis (Meerwein–Pondorf–Verley reaction and glucose isomerization) are also identified.
Design of Artificial Metabolisms in Layered Nanomaterials for the Enzymatic Synthesis of Phosphorylated Sugars
Authors: Mahdi Rima , Guérard‐Hélaine Christine , Prévot Vanessa , de Berardinis Véronique , Forano Claude , Lemaire Marielle
Published: September 2015

Biohybrid nanoreactors operating in one‐pot cascade reactions were designed by co‐immobilization of enzymes in an inorganic layered matrix, namely, layered double hydroxides. These biohybrid systems were devoted to prepare dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and phosphorylated sugars through stereoselective C−C bond formation. In the first system, two kinases were exploited for the in situ generation of DHAP. Increasing the complexity, the second nano‐bioreactor combined up to four enzymes to lead to d‐fructose‐6‐phosphate from the aldol‐catalyzed addition of dihydroxyacetone to d‐glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate generated in situ from DHAP. The biohybrid catalyst showed the same reaction rate as that of the free enzymes and was reusable.
Strong Metal–Support Interactions for Palladium Supported on TiO2 Catalysts in Heterogeneous Hydrogenation with Parahydrogen
Authors: Kovtunov Kirill V. , Barskiy Danila A. , Salnikov Oleg G. , Burueva Dudari B. , Khudorozhkov Alexander K. , Bukhtiyarov Andrey V. , Prosvirin Igor P. , Gerasimov Evgeny Y. , Bukhtiyarov Valerii I. , Koptyug Igor V.
Published: September 2015

The front cover artwork for Issue 17/2015 is a collaboration between the International Tomography Center (Russia) and the Boreskov Institute of Catalysis (Russia). The image shows that palladium catalysts supported on titania and reduced in H2 flow at 500 °C exhibit a SMSI (strong metal–support interaction) effect, which dramatically reduces the pairwise hydrogen addition activity. See the Communication itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500618.
Leisure Activities in Unemployed Emerging Adults: Links to Career Adaptability and Subjective Well‐Being
Authors: Celen‐Demirtas Selda , Konstam Varda , Tomek Sara
Published: September 2015

The present study examined if frequency and quality of 3 types of leisure activities (i.e., relaxation, achievement, and social) can function as protective factors for subjective well‐being (SWB) and career adaptability (CA) among 184 unemployed emerging adults (84 women, 100 men). Participants responded to measures of leisure frequency and quality, SWB, and CA. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the frequency of relaxation, achievement, and social leisure activities had no effect on SWB and CA. However, regression analyses indicated that the quality of social leisure activities significantly predicted SWB and the quality of achievement and social leisure activities significantly predicted CA. The quality of relaxation leisure activities was not associated with SWB and CA. Findings indicate that counselors who work with unemployed emerging adults can use leisure activities to promote SWB and CA. Future research to better understand the role of leisure in well‐being and career development among emerging adults is encouraged.
Becoming Counselors Through Growth and Learning: The Entry Transition Process
Authors: Wagner Holly H. , Hill Nicole R.
Published: September 2015

This article explored counselor development within the entry transition into counselor education programs using 4 interviews and interpretive dialogues with 8 beginning counselors. Six categories resulted from the authors' grounded theory analysis: Anticipation, Evolving Identity, Growth and Learning, Coping, Choosing to Trust the Process, and Interacting With Feedback.
High‐Performance Solid‐State Supercapacitors Based on V2O5/Carbon Nanotube Composites
Authors: Yilmaz Gamze , Guo Chun Xian , Lu Xianmao
Published: September 2015

Solid‐state supercapacitors with high energy densities and excellent stabilities were developed by using V2O5/carbon nanotube (CNT) composites. A facile printing method was employed to prepare electrodes on indium tin oxide glasses with various V2O5/CNT ratios. The fabricated electrodes offer hierarchically porous structures, which provide short diffusion routes for the electrolyte and conducting pathways for electron transport. Moreover, the electrode is stabilized by a gel electrolyte, which enhances cycling stability by preventing dissolution of V2O5. The resulting hierarchically porous V2O5/CNT composites deliver a high energy density (1.47 mWh cm−3) and power density (0.27 W cm−3) with LiCl/polyvinyl alcohol electrolyte in a two‐electrode configuration. Remarkably, the capacitance retention after 5000 cycles is more than 91 % at a charge–discharge current density of 5 A g−1.
Fabrication and evaluation of acrylated epoxidized castor oil‐toughened diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A nanocomposites
Authors: Paluvai Nagarjuna Reddy , Mohanty Smita , Nayak Sanjay K.
Published: September 2015

Castor oil‐based epoxy monomer was prepared using a two‐step approach: epoxidation of castor oil, followed by acrylation of epoxidized castor oil. A bio‐based diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) epoxy nanocomposites was prepared by the incorporation of organo‐modified montmorillonite (OMMT) clay to the DGEBA/AECO system. The cured bio‐based DGEBA epoxy nanocomposites at 0.80:0.2:0.001 g/g exhibited higher tensile strength (56 MPa), tensile modulus (1933 MPa), flexural strength (132 MPa), flexural modulus (2518 MPa), elongation (23.1 %), and impact strength (34 kJ/m2). The nanocomposites at 0.6:0.4:0.001 g/g can easily bend up to 360° without any damage; similarly, the 0.8:0.2:0.001 g/g system can bend up to 180°. Thermal behaviour of the bio‐based epoxy systems was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). The obtained nanocomposites displayed a higher char yield (8.9 %) at 700 °C and glass transition temperature (108 °C) than the DGEBA/AECO systems. Further SEM analysis was used to study the morphological changes in the fractured surfaces of bio‐based epoxy systems, which reveals that crack propagation decreases with addition of AECO to the DGEBA epoxy system.
MS Binding Assays for D1and D5Dopamine Receptors
Authors: Neiens Patrick , Höfner Georg , Wanner Klaus Theodor
Published: September 2015

MS Binding Assays are a label‐free alternative to radioligand binding assays. They provide basically the same capabilities as the latter, but an unlabeled reporter ligand is used instead of a radioligand. The study presented herein describes the development of MS Binding Assays that address D1and D5dopamine receptors. A highly sensitive, rapid and robust LC–ESI‐MS/MS quantification method for the selective D1dopamine receptor antagonist SCH23390 ((5R)‐8‐chloro‐3‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐1,2,4,5‐tetrahydro‐3‐benzazepin‐7‐ol) was established and validated, using its 8‐bromo analogue SKF83566 as an internal standard. This quantification method proved to be suitable for the characterization of SCH23390 binding to human D1and D5receptors. Following the concept of MS Binding Assays, saturation experiments for D1and D5receptors were performed, as well as competition experiments for D1receptors. The results obtained are in good agreement with results from radioligand binding assays and therefore indicate that the established MS Binding Assays addressing D1and D5receptors are well‐suited substitutes for radioligand binding assays, the technique that has so far dominated affinity determinations toward these targets.
Lung cancer in China: The new frontier?
Authors: Ramalingam Suresh S. , Khuri Fadlo R.
Published: September 2015

Although the burden of lung cancer has started to decline in the United States in recent years, in China, the world's most populous nation, nearly 650,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. These staggering statistics call for urgent action at multiple levels of society to reduce the burden of lung cancer in China.
Early detection of lung cancer in China: The immediate imperative
Authors: Veeraraghavan Srihari , Ramalingam Suresh S. , Khuri Fadlo R.
Published: September 2015

As the burden of lung cancer grows dramatically in China, efforts towards prevention and early detection are urgently needed. Implementation of an effective tobacco‐control policy will have to go hand‐in‐hand with other actions.
Ignorance is not bliss: Statistical power is not probability of trial success
Authors: Zierhut ML , Bycott P , Gibbs MA , Smith BP , Vicini P
Published: September 2015

The purpose of this commentary is to place probability of trial success, or assurance, in the context of decision making in drug development, and to illustrate its properties in an intuitive manner for the readers of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. The hope is that this will stimulate a dialog on how assurance should be incorporated into a quantitative decision approach for clinical development and trial design that uses all available information.
Postsynthesis‐Treated Iron‐Based Metal–Organic Frameworks as Selective Catalysts for the Sustainable Synthesis of Nitriles
Authors: Rapeyko Anastasia , Climent Maria J. , Corma Avelino , Concepción Patricia , Iborra Sara
Published: September 2015

The dehydration of aldoximes to the corresponding nitriles can be performed with excellent activity and selectivity by using iron trimesate as a homogeneous catalyst. Iron trimesate has been heterogenized by synthesizing metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) from iron trimesate, that is, Fe(BTC), and MIL‐100 (Fe). These materials were active and selective aldoxime dehydration catalysts, and postsynthesis‐treated MIL‐100 (Fe) produced the desired nitriles with 100 % conversion and selectivities >90 % under mild reaction conditions and in short reaction times. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed the presence of different Fe species in the catalyst, and in situ IR spectroscopy combined with catalytic results indicates that the catalytic activity is associated with Fe framework species. The postsynthesis‐treated MIL‐100 (Fe)‐NH4F can be recycled several times and has an excellent reaction scope, which gives better catalytic results than other solid acid or base catalysts.
Metabolic characterization of AH‐7921, a synthetic opioid designer drug: in vitro metabolic stability assessment and metabolite identification, evaluation of in silico prediction, and in vivo confirmation
Authors: Wohlfarth Ariane , Scheidweiler Karl B. , Pang Shaokun , Zhu Mingshe , Castaneto Marisol , Kronstrand Robert , Huestis Marilyn A.
Published: September 2015

AH‐7921 (3,4‐dichloro‐N‐[(1‐dimethylamino)cyclohexylmethyl]benzamide) is a new synthetic opioid and has led to multiple non‐fatal and fatal intoxications. To comprehensively study AH‐7921 metabolism, we assessed human liver microsome (HLM) metabolic stability, determined AH‐7921's metabolic profile after human hepatocytes incubation, confirmed our findings in a urine case specimen, and compared results to in silico predictions. For metabolic stability, 1 µmol/L AH‐7921 was incubated with HLM for up to 1 h; for metabolite profiling, 10 µmol/L was incubated with pooled human hepatocytes for up to 3 h. Hepatocyte samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography quadrupole/time‐of‐flight high‐resolution mass spectrometry (MS). High‐resolution full scan MS and information‐dependent acquisition MS/MS data were analyzed with MetabolitePilot™ (SCIEX) using multiple data processing algorithms. The presence of AH‐7921 and metabolites was confirmed in the urine case specimen. In silico prediction of metabolite structures was performed with MetaSite™ (Molecular Discovery). AH‐7921 in vitro half‐life was 13.5 ± 0.4 min. We identified 12 AH‐7921 metabolites after hepatocyte incubation, predominantly generated by demethylation, less dominantly by hydroxylation, and combinations of different biotransformations. Eleven of 12 metabolites identified in hepatocytes were found in the urine case specimen. One metabolite, proposed to be di‐demethylated, N‐hydroxylated and glucuronidated, eluted after AH‐7921 and was the most abundant metabolite in non‐hydrolyzed urine. MetaSite™ correctly predicted the two most abundant metabolites and the majority of observed biotransformations. The two most dominant metabolites after hepatocyte incubation (also identified in the urine case specimen) were desmethyl and di‐desmethyl AH‐7921. Together with the glucuronidated metabolites, these are likely suitable analytical targets for documenting AH‐7921 intake. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disentangling host, pathogen, and environmental determinants of a recently emerged wildlife disease: lessons from the first 15 years of amphibian chytridiomycosis research
Authors: James Timothy Y. , Toledo L. Felipe , Rödder Dennis , da Silva Leite Domingos , Belasen Anat M. , Betancourt‐Román Clarisse M. , Jenkinson Thomas S. , Soto‐Azat Claudio , Lambertini Carolina , Longo Ana V. , Ruggeri Joice , Collins James P. , Burrowes Patricia A. , Lips Karen R. , Zamudio Kelly R. , Longcore Joyce E.
Published: September 2015

The amphibian fungal disease chytridiomycosis, which affects species across all continents, recently emerged as one of the greatest threats to biodiversity. Yet, many aspects of the basic biology and epidemiology of the pathogen,Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis(Bd), are still unknown, such as when and from where didBdemerge and what is its true ecological niche? Here, we review the ecology and evolution ofBdin the Americas and highlight controversies that make this disease so enigmatic. We explore factors associated with variance in severity of epizootics focusing on the disease triangle of host susceptibility, pathogen virulence, and environment. Reevaluating the causes of the panzootic is timely given the wealth of data onBdprevalence across hosts and communities and the recent discoveries suggesting co‐evolutionary potential of hosts andBd. We generate a new species distribution model forBdin the Americas based on over 30,000 records and suggest a novel future research agenda. Instead of focusing on pathogen “hot spots,” we need to identify pathogen “cold spots” so that we can better understand what limits the pathogen's distribution. Finally, we introduce the concept of “the Ghost of Epizootics Past” to discuss expected patterns in postepizootic host communities.
Crystal Structure, Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Compounds in the RCrMnO5 Family (R = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho and Er) Synthesized Under High Oxygen Pressure
Authors: Pomiro Fernando , Lohr Javier , Miner Elisa V. Pannunzio , Nassif Vivian , Sánchez Rodolfo D. , Carbonio Raúl E.
Published: September 2015

RCrMnO5 (R = Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Ho, and Er) were synthesized at high O2 pressures and 900–950 °C. Crystal structures were refined by using powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) and powder neutron diffraction (PND) for Tb, Ho, and Er compounds and PXRD for Sm, Eu and Gd compounds. All compounds were isostructural with RMn2O5. By using the bond‐valence model we found that (Cr/Mn)4+ mainly occupy the octahedral sites and (Cr/Mn)3+ occupy the pyramidal sites. Antisite disorder between octahedral and pyramidal sites was found in the three samples analyzed by PND. From the values obtained for the occupancies of Cr and Mn in the pyramidal and octahedral sites and from the approximate average oxidation states for each crystallographic site obtained by the bond‐valence calculations, an estimated ionic distribution model was proposed. The μeff value for RCrMnO5 could be explained by considering the contribution of all the paramagnetic species and by using the ionic distribution model. No magnetic long‐range order was observed by PND in R = Er, Ho, and Tb compounds. All the Curie–Weiss temperatures obtained from the magnetic susceptibility were negative (θ < 0), indicating antiferromagnetic correlations. For the compounds with Eu and Sm, θ close to –200 K were obtained for the Cr–Mn sublattice. The semiconducting properties could be described by a variable range hopping mechanism associated with antisite disorder of Cr/Mn. No dielectric transitions were observed in the electric permittivity in the measured temperature range.