bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lessons from the First International Conference on Social Work
Authors: Kuilema Joseph
Published: October 2014

This article presents the history of the First International Conference on Social Work in 1928 and explores five themes from the conference proceedings: cross-disciplinary collaborations, international activity that respects national identities, increasing professionalism in social work education, personal relationships, and a sense of both urgency and optimism. Implications for international efforts in social work today are briefly explored.
“I’m not Afropolitan — I’m of the Continent”: A conversation with Yewande Omotoso
Authors: Fasselt Rebecca
Published: October 2014

Since the end of apartheid, South Africa has become a new home for many immigrants and refugees from all over the African continent. Engaging with this “new season of migration to the South”,1 South African writers are increasingly including migrants from elsewhere on the continent into their casts of protagonists. Moreover, in autobiographies and works of fiction, African migrants themselves have begun to reflect on their experiences of living in South Africa. In this interview, Yewande Omotoso discusses her emigration from Nigeria to South Africa in the early 1990s. She argues that her family’s choice to remain on the African continent, rather than emigrating to the UK or the US, as so many contemporary Nigerian writers did, has given her a distinct diasporic experience. As the interview unfolds, she emphasizes that the notion of Afropolitanism does not capture this experience. She also discusses recent developments in contemporary South African publishing and literature, stressing that the country’s literary scene, despite its shortcomings, is vibrant, young, and full of creative energy. Omotoso’s comments on her debut novel Bom Boy reveal that she is a writer deeply concerned with questions of migration, displacement, and loneliness.
Evaluating Alternative Aftercare Models for Ex-Offenders
Authors: Jason Leonard A. , Olson Bradley D. , Harvey Ronald
Published: October 2014

This study examined the role played by aftercare following (mainly) inpatient community-based treatment in the outcomes of criminal ex-offenders with substance use disorders. Two hundred seventy individuals who had been released from the criminal justice system were randomly assigned to either a therapeutic community (TC), recovery homes called Oxford Houses (OHs), or usual care settings (UA). The OHs and TCs are residential settings that emphasized socialization and abstinence from drugs and alcohol, but OHs do not include the formal therapeutic change interventions common to TCs, nor do they include any on-site access to drug abuse or health care professionals. UA involved what occurred naturally after completing treatment, which included staying with friends or family members, their own house or apartment, homeless shelters, or other settings. Longer lengths of stay in either the TCs or OHs were associated with increased employment, and reduced alcohol and drug use. Those assigned to the OH condition received more money from employment, worked more days, achieved higher continuous alcohol sobriety rates, and had more favorable cost–benefit ratios.
Relationship Between Low-Income Patient Census and Substance Use Disorder Treatment Programs’ Availability of Tobacco Cessation Services
Authors: Muilenburg Jessica L. , Laschober Tanja C. , Eby Lillian T.
Published: October 2014

Low-income adults with substance use disorders (SUDs) have a high prevalence of tobacco use and often limited access to tobacco cessation treatment. This study examines the relationship between low-income SUD patient census (i.e., percentage of patients whose treatment costs are covered by Medicaid and Federal block grants) and SUD programs’ availability of three evidence-based tobacco cessation services (TCS): behavioral treatments, system-level support, and pharmacotherapy. Data were collected from a random sample of 1,006 program administrators in 2010. Mixed-effects models results show that the percentage of low-income patients is significantly positively associated with the availability of behavioral treatments and system-level support but not pharmacotherapy. Thus, low-income patients may have similar access to tobacco cessation pharmacotherapy but greater access to behavioral treatments and system-level support. However, the availability of TCS is not widespread overall, which may hamper access to extensive services to address low-income SUD patients’ high smoking rates.
How General Is the General Theory of Crime? Using Self-Control to Predict Substance Use Between Sexual Orientation Groups
Authors: Koeppel Maria D. H.
Published: October 2014

This research tests the strength and generalizability of Gottfredson and Hirschi’s theory by comparing the ability of self-control to predict substance use for heterosexual and non-heterosexual groups. Self-reported data from college students were gathered and key variables included sexual orientation, self-control (as measured by the Grasmick scale), alcohol use, marijuana use, and drug use. Linear and logistic regression models were used for the analysis. Results from the multivariate models found that self-control was a stronger predictor for the heterosexual sample. Self-control was a statistically significant predictor for two models for the heterosexual sample (alcohol consumption and marijuana use), while it was never statistically significant for the non-heterosexual sample. Despite having similar levels, self-control was a stronger predictor for substance use for heterosexuals. Heterosexuals and non-heterosexuals have different experiences as a result of their sexual orientation, which lead to varying relationships between self-control and substance use.
Growth of rural migrant enclaves in Guangzhou, China: Agency, everyday practice and social mobility
Authors: Liu Ye , Li Zhigang , Liu Yuqi , Chen Hongsheng
Published: October 2014

Previous studies have attributed the proliferation of rural migrant enclaves in China’s large cities primarily to the constraints limiting migrants’ residential options. Through an ethnographic exploration of Xiaohubei, a migrant enclave with a high concentration of Hubei rural migrants and small-scale garment producers in Guangzhou, this paper sheds new light on the dynamics and implications of the migrant enclaves. It argues that rural migrants are actually active agents who develop a vibrant garment manufacturing cluster by establishing a flexible garment production system, embedding their business within the enclave and maintaining a nationwide translocal network. It also contends that the enclave provides a feasible path through which migrants can achieve social mobility and adapt themselves to the urban environment. This paper concludes with a plea to take into account the agency and everyday practice of rural migrants when understanding the migrant enclaves and a reflection on the existing large-scale and indiscriminate demolition of the enclaves.
Empathy, Target Distress, and Neurohormone Genes Interact to Predict Aggression for Others–Even Without Provocation
Authors: Buffone Anneke E. K. , Poulin Michael J.
Published: October 2014

Can empathy for others motivate aggression on their behalf? This research examined potential predictors of empathy-linked aggression including the emotional state of empathy, an empathy target’s distress state, and the function of the social anxiety-modulating neuropeptides oxytocin and vasopressin. In Study 1 ( N = 69), self-reported empathy combined with threat to a close other and individual differences in genes for the vasopressin receptor ( AVPR1a rs3) and oxytocin receptor ( OXTR rs53576) to predict self-reported aggression against a person who threatened a close other. In Study 2 ( N = 162), induced empathy for a person combined with OXTR variation or with that person’s distress and AVPR1a variation led to increased amount of hot sauce assigned to that person’s competitor. Empathy uniquely predicts aggression and may do so by way of aspects of the human caregiving system in the form of oxytocin and vasopressin.
Early onset of prosthesis failure after aortic valve replacement
Authors: Karangelis D , Fragoulis S , Bairaktaris A
Published: October 2014

We report an unusual case of a 78-year-old male who underwent an aortic valve replacement with a 21 mm Labcor tissue porcine aortic valve due to symptomatic aortic stenosis of his native valve. Only 3 months after an uncomplicated postoperative course, on a routine follow-up, transthoracic echo showed restrictive motion of the non-coronary cusp, incomplete closure of the coaptation line and severe aortic regurgitation. The patient was scheduled for a new operation during which the previous prosthetic valve was explanted and a different model was used.
Modified Tessari Tourbillon technique for making foam sclerotherapy with silicone-free syringes
Authors: Whiteley Mark S , Patel Salil B
Published: October 2014

The longevity of foam made using sodium tetradecyl sulphate and gas (air or a CO2:O2 mixture) is increased significantly if silicone-free syringes are used over the normal syringes containing silicone oil lubrication. However, the plungers in silicone-free syringes start sticking after several passages when making foam for sclerotherapy, preventing the smooth injection of the resulting foam. We describe a three syringe technique which allows foam to be made using the Tessari Tourbillon ‘three-way stopcock’ principle between two syringes, but with the foam ending up in a third syringe which has not undergone multiple passages of the plunger. This allows a smoother injection of the resultant foam, which is particularly useful when injecting small diameter veins under ultrasound control.
Twelve-year follow-up of a randomized controlled trial of comprehensive physiotherapy following disc herniation operation
Authors: Ebenbichler Gerold R , Inschlag Silke , Pflüger Verena , Stemberger Regina , Wiesinger Günther , Novak Klaus , Krall Christoph , Resch Karl L
Published: October 2014

Objective:

To evaluate the long-term effects of postoperative comprehensive physiotherapy starting one week after lumbar disc surgery.

Design:

Twelve-year follow-up of a three-armed, randomized, controlled, single-blinded clinical trial.

Setting:

Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation.

Participants:

Of 111 patients following first-time, uncomplicated lumbar disc surgery who participated in the original study and completed the treatment originally allocated, 74 ((67%; 29 (73%) physiotherapy, 22 (58%) sham therapy, 23 (68%) no therapy) completed a 12-year follow-up examination.

Interventions:

In the original study, patients had been randomly assigned to comprehensive physiotherapy, sham intervention (neck massage), or no therapy.

Measures:

Low Back Pain Rating Scale; best score 0, worst score 130 points).

Results:

At 12 years after surgery, the group participating in comprehensive physiotherapy had significantly better functional outcomes, as rated on the Low Back Pain Rating Score, than the untreated group (mean difference: −13.2 (95% CI: (−25.4; −1.0)). Equally, there was a clinically relevant, non-significant difference between the sham therapy and no therapy (mean difference: −12.5 (95%CI: −26.1; 1.1)). Consequently, the Low Back Pain Rating Score outcome did not differ between physiotherapy and sham therapy (mean difference: −0.7 (95%CI: −14.2; 12.8)).

Conclusions:

Participating in a comprehensive physiotherapy program following lumbar disc surgery may be associated with better long-term health benefits over no intervention, but may not be superior to sham therapy.
Influence of a user-adaptive prosthetic knee on quality of life, balance confidence, and measures of mobility: a randomised cross-over trial
Authors: Prinsen Erik C , Nederhand Marc J , Olsman Jeroen , Rietman Johan S
Published: October 2014

Objective:

To study the influence of a transition from a non-microprocessor controlled to the Rheo Knee® II on quality of life, balance confidence and measures of mobility.

Design:

Randomised crossover trial.

Setting:

Research department of a rehabilitation centre.

Subjects:

Persons with a transfemoral amputation or knee disarticulation ( n=10).

Interventions:

Participants were assessed with their own non-microprocessor controlled knee and with the Rheo Knee® II. The low-profile Vari-Flex with EVO foot was installed in both knee conditions, followed by eight weeks of acclimatisation. The order in which knees were tested was randomised.

Main measures:

Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire with addendum, Activities-specific Balance Confidence scale, Timed “up & go” test, Timed up and down stairs test, Hill Assessment Index, Stairs Assessment Index, Standardized Walking Obstacle Course and One Leg Balance test.

Results:

Significant higher scores were found for the Rheo Knee® II on the Residual Limb Health subscale of the Prosthesis Evaluation Questionnaire when compared to the non-microprocessor controlled prosthetic knee (median [interquartile range] resp. 86.67 [62.21-93.08] and 68.71 [46.15-94.83]; P=0.047) In addition, participants needed significantly more steps to complete an obstacle course when walking with the Rheo Knee® II compared to the non-microprocessor controlled prosthetic knee (median [interquartile range] resp. 23.50 [19.92-26.25] and 22.17 [19.50-25.75]; P=0.041). On other outcome measures, no significant differences were found.

Conclusions:

Transition towards the Rheo Knee® II had little effect on the studied outcome measures.
Externalities in the Fragmented Metropolis
Authors: Jimenez Benedict S.
Published: October 2014

A highly fragmented system of local governance represents a market-like arrangement in which competition among service providers benefits citizen-consumers by improving the efficiency of local public service delivery. Yet, the local public market can also fail, producing negative outcomes for some communities and their residents. Because fragmentation can have differential impacts on the welfare of different groups of citizens—benefiting others and harming some—the organization of the local public sector raises important equity questions. This research focuses on the negative outcomes or externalities generated by local government fragmentation, specifically urban sprawl and spatial economic segregation. The results of the empirical analysis suggest that the design of the local public sector structure involves a trade-off between efficiency and equity.
Do Transformational Leaders Affect Turnover Intentions and Extra-Role Behaviors Through Mission Valence?
Authors: Caillier James Gerard
Published: October 2014

Although transformational leadership and mission valence have been linked separately to desirable work-related attitudes, research has not fully considered how these two factors work together. In fact, both these value-based concepts emphasize the motivational properties of an agency’s mission. In this study, a causal model was developed to explore how transformational leadership and mission valence interact to influence turnover intentions and extra-role behaviors. The model was tested using survey data from U.S. public sector employees. The results showed that transformational leadership had a direct, negative association with turnover intentions. Furthermore, the relationship between transformational leadership and turnover intentions was partially mediated by mission valence, whereas the relationship between transformational leadership and extra-role behaviors was fully mediated by mission valence. The implications of these findings for both theory and practice in public organizations are discussed.
Going Green in Public Organizations
Authors: Stritch Justin M. , Christensen Robert K.
Published: October 2014

Public servants are expected to be good stewards of resources, including the energy and environmental resources consumed in a public organization’s day-to-day operations. Many government organizations have enacted policies to mitigate the environmental impact of their operations. Even in the absence of formal policies, however, individual public employees might engage in a number of discretionary, pro-environmental behaviors known as eco-initiatives. What motivational factors cause a public employee to exhibit eco-initiative? To answer this question, we draw on a theoretical framework based on connectedness to nature, organizational commitment, public service motivation (PSM), and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). We use employee-level data from a large city in the southeast United States to examine employee participation in individual eco-initiatives. We contextualize these discretionary initiatives as interesting forms of OCB, which are directed toward the environment (OCB-E). Our findings suggest that connectedness to nature, organizational commitment, and PSM are significant predictors of eco-initiative in the public workplace. In addition, we find that PSM conditions the impact of organizational commitment on eco-initiatives for certain types of employees. We conclude with a discussion that underscores the importance of individual employee motivation in discretionary efforts that advance OCB-E and effective public stewardship generally.
Transtibial Versus Tibial Inlay Techniques for Posterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Song Eun-Kyoo , Park Hyeong-Won , Ahn Yeong-Seub , Seon Jong-Keun
Published: October 2014

Background:

The most common technique for posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstruction is transtibial or tibial inlay. However, few studies have reported long-term outcome comparisons between the 2 techniques.

Hypothesis:

Tibial inlay PCL reconstruction with patellar tendon autograft will exhibit better clinical and radiographic outcomes than transtibial PCL reconstruction with hamstring autograft.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

A total of 66 patients (66 knees) treated with PCL reconstruction for chronic injuries constituted the study cohort. Patients were divided into 2 groups: transtibial with hamstring (36 patients) and tibial inlay with patellar tendon (30 patients). The mean time from injury to reconstruction was 12.2 months (range, 2-60 months), and the mean follow-up was 148 months (range, 98-196 months). Outcomes were measured by use of Lysholm knee scores, Tegner activity scores, return to preinjury sports activity, posterior drawer test, laxity test with a Telos device, and development of osteoarthritis.

Results:

The preoperative mean Lysholm knee score was 59.9 (range, 37-70) in the transtibial group and 54.5 (range, 22-76) in the tibial inlay group, improving postoperatively to 89.9 (range, 74-100) and 92.1 (range, 80-100), respectively. The mean Tegner activity scores increased from 2.5 (range, 2-5) to 5.9 (range, 4-7) in the transtibial group and 2.3 (range, 2-4) to 6.0 (range, 3-8) in the tibial inlay group. Twenty-one patients (58.3%) in the transtibial group and 19 patients (63.3%) in the tibial inlay group were able to return to preinjury sports activity. In the posterior drawer test, 6 patients in the transtibial group and 4 patients in the tibial inlay group showed grade II laxity. The mean side-to-side difference was 10.1 mm (range, 7-12 mm) in the transtibial group and 10.4 mm (range, 9-13 mm) in the tibial inlay group, improving postoperatively to 4.1 mm (range, 0-8 mm) and 4.2 mm (range, 1-8 mm), respectively. There was significant improvement between preoperative and final follow-up values. However, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in final follow-up outcomes. Final follow-up radiographs showed that 6 patients (16.7%) in the transtibial group and 3 patients (10.0%) in the tibial inlay group were rated grade C according to International Knee Documentation Committee guidelines.

Conclusion:

Clinical and radiographic outcomes between the 2 PCL reconstruction techniques were comparable. Osteoarthritis was observed in patients, with a significant proportion presenting loss of joint space. Examined factors, excluding meniscectomy, were not correlated with the development of osteoarthritis.
The Multiligament Quality of Life Questionnaire
Authors: Chahal Jaskarndip , Whelan Daniel B. , Jaglal Susan B. , Smith Peter , MacDonald Peter B. , Levy Bruce A. , Davis Aileen M.
Published: October 2014

Background:

Existing knee joint–specific outcome questionnaires lack content pertinent to patients with multiligament knee injuries.

Purpose:

To develop and test the reliability and validity of a novel disease-specific quality of life questionnaire for patients with multiligament knee injuries.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2.

Methods:

Participants in this study included patients with multiligament knee injuries and clinician experts. Inclusion criteria were (1) patients with multiligament knee injury (age, 18-60 years), (2) ≥6 months after injury, and (3) operative or nonoperative treatment. Exclusion criteria were (1) preexisting osteoarthritis or inflammatory arthritis and (2) intracerebral/spinal cord injury. In phase I of the study, 85 eligible patients were mailed a questionnaire composed of 132 items from 11 existing knee questionnaires. Items were rated with regard to importance and frequency on a 5-point Likert scale. Criteria for inclusion in the first draft of the Multiligament Quality of Life (MLQOL) questionnaire included mean importance rating ≥3.5 and frequency <30% for the response “never experienced.” In phase II, patient focus groups and expert interviews were conducted until no further new content was generated for the MLQOL, and in phase III, 99 eligible patients across 2 centers were mailed a preliminary MLQOL questionnaire along with the Tegner activity scale, Short Form (SF)–36, and anchor questions. Interitem and item-to-total correlations were used to perform item reduction to generate a final MLQOL instrument, which was tested for internal consistency (Cronbach alpha), test-retest reliability (interclass correlation coefficient [ICC]), and construct validity.

Results:

At the end of phase III, a final MLQOL instrument was developed that was composed of 4 domains (physical impairments [PI], emotional impairments [EI], activity limitations [AL], and societal involvement [SI]) with 52 items in total. The MLQOL had adequate content validity, as none of the domains had any floor or ceiling effects. The Cronbach alpha was .94 (PI), .93 (EI), .94 (AL), and .91 (SI); ICC values were .89 (PI), .86 (EI), .91 (AL), and .88 (SI). Seven of 8 a priori hypotheses were satisfied, indicating good construct validity.

Conclusion:

The MLQOL instrument is a novel disease-specific quality of life tool that has demonstrated excellent content validity, reliability, and construct validity.
Public Employees and Performance Appraisal
Authors: Kim Taehee , Holzer Marc
Published: October 2014

There is considerable agreement that organizations can benefit from using performance appraisal. Nevertheless, some studies find that both supervisors and employees have negative reactions to the process. This article addresses this contradiction by emphasizing the importance of cognitive aspects of performance appraisal. Without understanding individual employees’ reactions to performance appraisal and its supportive organizational context, it is less likely for performance appraisal to be used for its original objective, which is performance improvement. Given the importance of employee acceptance of a performance measurement system, this article attempts to identify key factors which can heighten employee acceptance of performance appraisal using data from the 2005 Merit Principles Survey. The findings indicate that the developmental use of performance appraisal, employee participation in performance standard setting, the quality of the relationship they have with their supervisors, and employee perceived empowerment are positively associated with employee acceptance of performance appraisal.
Syncope
Authors: Ray Jordan C. , Kusumoto Fred , Goldschlager Nora
Published: October 2014

Syncope is common representing approximately 3% of ED visits and up to 6% of hospital admissions, with a cost close to 2 billion dollars per year. Diagnostic testing is often poorly sensitive and evaluations commonly lack a standardized approach. A mindful and systematic approach can increase sensitivity and improve diagnostic accuracy. A thorough history and physical exam is paramount, as conclusions drawn from the history and exam will guide further assessment. Developing a strategy for the first and, if necessary, subsequent tests will improve the accuracy of identifying the etiology of syncope and reduce cost. Although syncope has a favorable prognosis, identification of patients with structural heart disease is critical, as these patients are at greatest risk for mortality. Several risk scoring systems have been developed to help separate high risk from low risk patients.
Issues and Challenges in the Application of Husserlian Phenomenology to the Lived Experience of Hate Crime and Its Legal Aftermath
Authors: Salter Michael , McGuire Kim
Published: October 2014

The field of hate crime research addresses the presence, sources, and impact of particular types of expressions of prejudice, often perceived as particularly damaging and hurtful forms of interpersonal abuse and violence. There is the reflexive question of the possibilities of researchers themselves ever being able to adopt a truly “unprejudiced” approach to the presence of such damaging prejudices. Can this goal be realized without a researcher necessarily losing an experientially grounded understanding of what these meanings, values and purposes have come to mean, and how they are themselves interpretively reconstituted anew, including within the lived experience of victims, witnesses, police, prosecutors, judges, and victim support workers? A possible philosophically informed approach to the dilemmas posed by this topic is offered by Husserl’s phenomenology. This study critically explores the possibilities, reflective stages, and theoretical limitations of a sympathetically reconstructed Husserlian approach to hate crime. It argues that despite its manifest tensions, gaps, ambiguities, and internal contradictions, aspects of the Husserlian philosophical approach directed toward the different levels of experienced hate crime still retain the potential to both challenge and advance our understanding of this topic.
Violence Exposure and Teen Dating Violence Among African American Youth
Authors: Black Beverly M. , Chido Lisa M. , Preble Kathleen M. , Weisz Arlene N. , Yoon Jina S. , Delaney-Black Virginia , Kernsmith Poco , Lewandowski Linda
Published: October 2014

This study examines the relationships between exposure to violence in the community, school, and family with dating violence attitudes and behaviors among 175 urban African American youth. Age, gender, state support and experiences with neglect, school violence, and community violence were the most significant predictors of acceptance of dating violence. Experiences with community violence and age were important predictors of dating violence perpetration and victimization. Findings highlight the importance of planning prevention programs that address variables affecting attitudes and behaviors of high-risk youth who have already been exposed to multiple types of violence.
She Said, He Said, Judge Said
Authors: Lucken Karol , Rosky Jeffrey W. , Watkins Cory
Published: October 2014

A modest body of research has examined judicial decision making in civil protection order (CPO) cases. A major finding of this prior research is that the factors expected to shape judicial responses to CPO requests are often found to be insignificant. Because such decisions are often rendered in an environment of vast judicial discretion and competing allegations, the question of “what matters?” assumes added importance. This study examines permanent/final restraining order (PRO) outcomes for intimate partner violence on a number of variables. Specifically, chi-square analyses were performed examining the associations between granting/denying a PRO and demographic, relationship, hearing, and allegation characteristics associated with the petitioner and respondent. These tests helped to reveal relationships at the bivariate level and aided in further model-building using logistic regression and decision-tree analysis. The findings show that the factors most associated with PRO outcomes, namely, the denial of a PRO, are those reflecting the licit rather than illicit behavior of the respondent.
The Process of Adapting a Universal Dating Abuse Prevention Program to Adolescents Exposed to Domestic Violence
Authors: Foshee Vangie A. , Dixon Kimberly S. , Ennett Susan T. , Moracco Kathryn E. , Bowling J. Michael , Chang Ling-Yin , Moss Jennifer L.
Published: October 2014

Adolescents exposed to domestic violence are at increased risk of dating abuse, yet no evaluated dating abuse prevention programs have been designed specifically for this high-risk population. This article describes the process of adapting Families for Safe Dates (FSD), an evidenced-based universal dating abuse prevention program, to this high-risk population, including conducting 12 focus groups and 107 interviews with the target audience. FSD includes six booklets of dating abuse prevention information, and activities for parents and adolescents to do together at home. We adapted FSD for mothers who were victims of domestic violence, but who no longer lived with the abuser, to do with their adolescents who had been exposed to the violence. Through the adaptation process, we learned that families liked the program structure and valued being offered the program and that some of our initial assumptions about this population were incorrect. We identified practices and beliefs of mother victims and attributes of these adolescents that might increase their risk of dating abuse that we had not previously considered. In addition, we learned that some of the content of the original program generated negative family interactions for some. The findings demonstrate the utility of using a careful process to adapt evidence-based interventions (EBIs) to cultural sub-groups, particularly the importance of obtaining feedback on the program from the target audience. Others can follow this process to adapt EBIs to groups other than the ones for which the original EBI was designed.
Lasting Effect of Intimate Partner Violence Exposure During Preschool on Aggressive Behavior and Prosocial Skills
Authors: Holmes Megan R. , Voith Laura A. , Gromoske Andrea N.
Published: October 2014

Intimate partner violence (IPV) exposure can negatively affect children’s social behavior. However, it is unknown if the negative effects of IPV exposure during the preschool years are sustained through the early school years, if maladaptive behavior in one domain (e.g., aggressive behavior) is linked to subsequent maladaptive behavior in a different developmental domain (e.g., prosocial skill deficits), and if these relations differ by gender. This study addresses these gaps by using data from a sample of 1,125 children aged 3 to 4 at Time 1 and aged 5 to 7 at Time 2 from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. A series of nested longitudinal structural equation models were tested. Aggressive behavior and prosocial skills were stable across time. Time 1 IPV was associated with increased aggressive behavior at Time 1, which in turn was related to increased Time 2 aggressive behavior. Gender differences emerged; Time 2 IPV was associated with prosocial skills deficits for girls but not boys. A cross-domain relation existed between Time 1 aggressive behavior and Time 2 prosocial skills deficits for boys but not girls. These findings support that behavioral problems demonstrated later in childhood may emerge from earlier adverse developmental experiences and that difficulties in one domain may spill over into other developmental domains. Gender-specific interventions to promote competence in children may contribute to diverting children from maladaptive developmental outcomes.
Yugoslavia’s Open-Door Policy and Global Tourism in the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Tchoukarine Igor
Published: October 2014

In post-Stalin Eastern Europe, international tourism occupied a paradoxical position. For practical and ideological reasons, socialist states continued to implement stringent passport regimes and strictly regulated the movement of people to and from their territories. At the same time (and for similar reasons), socialist entities were also compelled and enticed, albeit with hesitations, to allow their citizens and foreigners to temporarily move across their borders. Examining the tension between these policies and practices, this article explores how political and tourist institutions in Tito’s Yugoslavia negotiated and engaged with mobility by Yugoslav citizens and visitors, gradually leading to the country’s “open-door policy” of the 1960s. This policy—and with it, international tourism—became a trademark of sorts for Yugoslavia’s atypical socialism and, as Yugoslav officials and tourism experts often claimed, served both as a reflection of and a channel for the expression of the country’s distinct foreign policy and socioeconomic agenda. Though Yugoslavia’s engagement with global tourism was hardly unique during the Cold War, the country’s rapid transformation to a relatively successful and recognized tourist destination in the 1960s was remarkable and typically a step ahead of other socialist states. The article argues that this transformation occurred through the enaction of liberal mobility policies that intelligently intersected with the country’s foreign policy. Through this, it asserts, Yugoslavia set itself apart in many respects, particularly in terms of its mobility and tourism practices, which were, for the most part, in tune with Western standards.
Eradicating Reliance on Free Artificial Milk
Authors: Srinivas Ganga L. , Swiler Kristin B. , Marsi Vicki A. , Taylor Sarah N.
Published: October 2014

Hospitals that set forth to obtain Baby-Friendly Hospital designation often face considerable challenges in implementing the purchase of formula and supplies at a fair market rate as outlined in the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. Some of the challenges include difficulty tracking products in use and volumes used and obtaining pricing information from manufacturers of artificial milk. We report on our experience with assessing these factors, with an example of calculations used to arrive at fair market pricing, which might benefit other institutions seeking Baby-Friendly Hospital designation.
Police Mothers at Home
Authors: Agocs Tricia , Langan Debra , Sanders Carrie B.
Published: October 2014

Studies of the challenges faced by women in policing have paid little attention to the specific experiences of policewomen who are mothers. Guided by critical theorizing on the gendered nature of the police culture and domestic labor, 16 police officer mothers in Ontario, Canada, were interviewed. Our qualitative analyses explore their experiences of the “lion’s share” of domestic labor; the organizational, cultural, and operational features of policing; and the challenges of child care, and examine how these combine to foster particular stresses. In contrast to intensive mothering approaches that rely on the advice of external experts, our participants work to protect children by carefully constructing stories and asking questions that are based on their own on-the-job experiences with dangerous and/or abhorrent situations. As such, they engage in danger-protection parenting practices to prevent their children from becoming victims or offenders. Our research extends the theorizing on intensive/extensive mothering practices, builds on the scholarship on policing, and adds to the literature on women in nonstandard occupations. This sociological analysis of police mothers’ experiences and practices underscores the importance of understanding and working to change the social contexts, at work and at home, that compromise the well-being of police mothers and other emergency-response workers.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, Hospital Visits, and Comorbidities
Authors: Wheaton Anne G. , Ford Earl S. , Cunningham Timothy J. , Croft Janet B.
Published: October 2014

Objective: To characterize the prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) among residential care facility (RCF) residents in the United States, and to compare patterns of hospital visits and comorbidities with residents without COPD. Method: Resident data from the 2010 National Survey of Residential Care Facilities were analyzed. Medical history and information on past-year hospital visits for 8,089 adult residents were obtained from interviews with RCF staff. Results: COPD prevalence was 12.4%. Compared with residents without COPD, emergency department visits or overnight hospital stays in the previous year were more prevalent ( p < .05) among residents with COPD. Less than 3% of residents with COPD had no comorbidities. Arthritis, depression, congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, coronary heart disease, and asthma were more common ( p < .05) among residents with COPD than those without COPD, but Alzheimer’s disease was less common. Discussion: COPD is associated with more emergency department visits, hospital stays, and comorbidities among RCF residents.
The illusion of autonomy
Authors: Han Sam
Published: October 2014

This article assesses a realm of psychoanalytic social theory that is relatively under-discussed – existential psychoanalysis – in order to gain further insight into the relationship of psychoanalytic ideas to humanism. I offer a reading of certain influential thinkers in this tradition, namely Jean-Paul Sartre, Ludwig Binswanger and Medard Boss, presenting conceptual clarifications while highlighting a cluster of important aspects of their respective repertoires relevant to humanism. I do so with the intention of teasing out how contributing voices to existential psychoanalysis negotiate humanism’s foundational ideas, specifically the notion of ‘the individual subject’, with the bed-rocks of psychoanalytic thought, namely the unconscious. Finally, I conclude with critical commentary on the existential-psychoanalytic project drawn from what is often thought of as the anti-humanist tradition, with specific attention paid to Jacques Lacan and Michel Foucault.
Badiou’s theory of the event and the politics of trauma recovery
Authors: Bistoen Gregory , Vanheule Stijn , Craps Stef
Published: October 2014

There exists a conceptual parallel between psychological accounts of psychic trauma on the one hand, and French philosopher Alain Badiou’s notion of the event on the other: both are defined by a relation of incommensurability or excessiveness with regard to the pre-existent context or system. Further development of this parallel, i.e., viewing trauma as an event in the Badiouian sense, enables us to pinpoint and clarify a logical fallacy at work in psychological theories of post-traumatic growth. By thinking of trauma recovery as a process of accommodating the pre-existent mental schemata to the “new trauma-related information,” these theories risk taking as a given that which must first be constituted by the subject: the “content” (i.e., “information”) of the trauma. By emphasizing the necessity of the activity of the subject for the development of a new context that allows the event to be “read,” Badiou’s theory of the subject offers a way around the aforementioned logical fallacy. In so doing, it re-introduces the essential yet generally neglected political dimension of trauma recovery. This is illustrated through the example of the speak-outs of the 1970s women’s liberation movement.
Documentary and tree-ring evidence for a long-term interval without ice impoundments from Glaciar Perito Moreno, Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Guerrido Claudia M , Villalba Ricardo , Rojas Facundo
Published: October 2014

Glaciar Perito Moreno (hereafter GPM; 50°30′S and 72°50′W) is a major outlet glacier from the South Patagonia Icefield. In contrast to most Patagonian glaciers, glaciological studies indicate that GPM has been advancing or remained stable during the 20th century. The advances periodically block Canal de los Témpanos creating an ice dam that impounds Brazo Sur–Rico arms of Lago Argentino, raising their elevations, until the water is released in a major outburst flood. Documentary evidence indicates that GPM reached the coast of Península de Magallanes for the first time in 1917. However, the first major damming and rupture event occurred in 1936, when the flooding of the shorelines of Brazo Sur–Rico killed thousands of Nothofagus trees, some still standing dead today. Naturalists who visited the area before 1936 described dense forests extending downslope to the shoreline, confirming the evidence of photographs from 1899 to 1928 displaying no standing dead trees by the shores. Estimates of the water level in Brazo Sur–Rico during each glacier damming vary but indicate values of 10–12 m for the 1936–1948 events and maxima of 23.5 m for the 1954–1956 ice dams. There is evidence for 21 ice dams between 1936 and 2013 with an average interval of c. four years from 1936 to 1988 and c. two years between 2004 and 2012. However, ring counts from standing Nothofagus dead trees along the flooded shorelines indicate that the oldest trees killed by drowning were at least 250 years old providing evidence of no major damming and rupture events from c. 1650 to 1936. These data indicate that damming and outburst events by GPM, world-renowned processes, did not occur for a long-term period before 1936. Unlike most glaciers in Patagonia, GPM was less extensive in the 1700s and 1800s than it is today.
ENSO and monsoon variability during the past 1.5 kyr as reflected in sediments from Lake Kalimpaa, Central Sulawesi (Indonesia)
Authors: Wündsch Michael , Biagioni Siria , Behling Hermann , Reinwarth Bastian , Franz Sarah , Bierbaß Peggy , Daut Gerhard , Mäusbacher Roland , Haberzettl Torsten
Published: October 2014

The climate of Sulawesi is driven by the monsoon system as well as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Until now, mechanisms and long-term variations of these complex interacting climate processes have been poorly understood. This paper uses a sediment record from Lake Kalimpaa to investigate long-term rainfall trends of the past ~1500 years. Granulometric and geochemical data provide indications for an increasingly wetter climate (higher rainfall intensities and/or mean rainfall) on centennial to millennial time scales from approximately ad 560 to the 20th century. Highest rainfall intensities probably occurred at the end of the ‘Little Ice Age’ (LIA). The trend towards wetter conditions during this time could also be detected in other palaeoclimatic studies from the region. A plausible explanation for these observations is the southward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) associated with changes in monsoon dynamics. However, comparison of the results with other proxy and model data indicates that the long-term rainfall variability in Central Sulawesi is also determined by variations in ENSO. During the 20th century, the climate signal in the Kalimpaa record is superimposed by human impact. Moreover, the data suggest that two periods of disturbance occurred within the lake catchment between about ad 1090–1190 and ad 1450–1620. Comparison with fire frequency derived from macro-charcoal analysis indicates that these events were caused by forest fires which likely took place during periods of drought. Broadly simultaneous drought periods have been detected in records from East Java suggesting a regional drought occurrence affecting at least East Java and Sulawesi.
Can media monitoring be a proxy for public opinion about technoscientific controversies? The case of the Italian public debate on nuclear power
Authors: Neresini Federico , Lorenzet Andrea
Published: October 2014

Is it possible to infer information about public opinion by looking at how the media discuss controversial technoscientific public issues? We conduct content analysis on media coverage of nuclear power in Italy in the years 1992–2012 and compare it with longitudinal public opinion surveys. By treating a large amount of textual data and applying an innovative methodology based on indicators of the presence of ‘risky terms’, that is, keywords referring to the issue of risk and danger, very high correlation has been found between media discourse on risk and opposition within public opinion. The analysis is conducted testing as a preliminary step Mazur’s hypothesis on quantity of coverage and opposition towards controversial technoscience. Then, risk content measures are used in order to gain stronger correlations between media and public attitudes towards nuclear power.
Strategies for handling ethical problems in end of life care: obstacles and possibilities
Authors: Rejnö Åsa , Berg Linda
Published: October 2014

Background:

In end of life care, ethical problems often come to the fore. Little research is performed on ways or strategies for handling those problems and even less on obstacles to and possibilities of using such strategies. A previous study illuminated stroke team members’ experiences of ethical problems and how the teams managed the situation when caring for patients faced with sudden and unexpected death from stroke. These findings have been further explored in this study.

Objective:

The aim of the study was to illuminate obstacles and possibilities perceived by stroke team members in using strategies for handling ethical problems when caring for patients afflicted by sudden and unexpected death caused by stroke.

Research design:

A qualitative method with combined deductive and inductive content analysis was utilized.

Participants and research context:

Data were collected through individual interviews with 15 stroke team members working in stroke units of two associated county hospitals in western Sweden.

Ethical considerations:

The study was approved by the Regional Ethics Review Board, Gothenburg, Sweden. Permission was also obtained from the director of each stroke unit.

Findings:

All the studied strategies for handling of ethical problems were found to have both obstacles and possibilities. Uncertainty is shown as a major obstacle and unanimity as a possibility in the use of the strategies. The findings also illuminate the value of the concept “the patient’s best interests” as a starting point for the carers’ ethical reasoning.

Conclusion:

The concept “the patient’s best interests” used as a starting point for ethical reasoning among the carers is not explicitly defined yet, which might make this value difficult to use both as a universal concept and as an argument for decisions. Carers therefore need to strengthen their argumentation and reflect on and use ethically grounded arguments and defined ethical values like dignity in their clinical work and decisions.