bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets Content on the Hardness of Mg6%Zn0.2%Mn Composites
Authors: Abang Beniamin Abang Mohamad Harith , Noor Mohamed Noor Hisyam , Yusof Mahsuri
Published: March 2023

The effect of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) content on the hardness of magnesium-based composites was studied. A magnesium-based composite, Mg6%Zn0.2%Mn with graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), was fabricated via powder metallurgy process at room temperature and compressive pressures of 50kN for 20 minutes, which was then sintered at 500°C for 2 hours. It produced significant grain refinement microstructure. The change in microstructure was examined by 3D microscope analysis, and the hardness value was evaluated using the Vickers microhardness apparatus. This study demonstrated the importance of GNPs reinforcement with zinc and manganese for microhardness analysis in the sintered Mg-based GNPs composites. It also portrayed their influence on grain refinement of the microstructure. The hardness results agreed with the microstructure results, proving that the presence of GNPs increases the hardness of the Mg-based composites.
Study and Simulation of the Electric Field-Induced Spin Switching in PZT/NiFe/CoFe Nanostructured Composites
Authors: Thi Nguyen Minh Hong , Pham Thanh Tien , Van La Nam , Chen Soo Kien , Nguyen Tiep Huy
Published: March 2023

In this work, we have studied the electric field-induced spin switching in the PZT/NiFe/CoFe nanostructured composites by sputtering ferromagnetic layers on a horizontal polarized piezoelectric PZT substrate. The electric field-induced change in the magnetization orientation was investigated systematically using a vibrating sample magnetometer and analytical simulations. The results revealed that electric field applications could indirectly control the magnetic spin orientations. Moreover, the magnetization change depends not only on the electric field but also on the direction of the electric field applying against the magnetic field. The images of magnetic moment orientations under various electric field applications are modeled by the Monte Carlo and NMAG simulations. In particular, a critical electric field of Ecr ≈ 300 kV/cm, which makes a 90o spin switching, was determined. These results are proposed to offer an opportunity for random access memory applications.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF STATISTICS TOPICS TEACHED IN KAZAKHSTAN IN GRADES 6–8
Authors: G. М. Assanbayeva  , А. U. Dauletkulova
Published: March 2023

The Republic of Kazakhstan pays special attention to the quality of education in order to keep up with the number of developed countries, as a result of which the school curriculum is undergoing various changes, and the haphazard nature of Statistics topics found in Mathematics textbooks makes it difficult for children to understand statistics and probability theory. Elements of statistics are an important branch of science used in many fields . Therefore, in the age of information, it is very important for students to be able to understand the elements of Statistics and work with data. In this article, we identified the advantages and disadvantages of some systems taught in our country by conducting an analysis of the topics of Statistics and the assignment of tasks that are found in textbooks of grades 6–8. The results of the analysis will be useful in bringing the topics of Statistics to a certain system.
THE CONCEPT OF HUMAN CAPITAL AND ITS PLACE IN PEDAGOGY
Authors: A. Shaimerdenova  , G. Kazhikenova  , S. Antikeyeva
Published: March 2023

The first foundation of human capital is the ability to understand whether professional competence is suitable or invalid for the quality of value, to be able to constantly ask questions and classify what they can and cannot do. Human psychology in the Soviet era has undergone a complete transformation, the intellectualization of its capital and the process of paradigmatic analysis of the benefits and disadvantages of orders and changes in society. At the same time, the essence of the formula of «matter», «time», «space» in the three corners of Pythagoras is to determine the dependence of material value on time and space, and to create its scientific basis. «Time» - 24 hours, how many of these 24 hours are spent sleeping, bathing, eating, working, resting. He proved in accordance with the science of logic that a person who does not take this into account is a prisoner of 100 percent of rarity. Our main goal is to create conditions for students to capitalize their knowledge and scientific intuition through psychological and pedagogical disciplines. One of the most pressing issues today is the formation and development of human capital from a pedagogical and psychological point of view. This topic analyzes the concept of modern human capital by reviewing research in the history of pedagogy.
РОЛЬ ЭЛЕКТИВНОГО КУРСА В ФОРМИРОВАНИИГОТОВНОСТИ БУДУЩИХ УЧИТЕЛЕЙ КИНТЕГРИРОВАННОМУ ОБУЧЕНИЮ В НАЧАЛЬНОЙ ШКОЛЕ
Authors: А. Д. Калимова  , Б. А. Жекибаева
Published: March 2023

В статье рассматривается роль элективного курса в формировании готовности будущих учителей к интегрированному обучению в начальной школе. Цель данного исследования - определить влияние элективного курса на формирование готовности будущих учителей к интегрированному обучению младших школьников. Опытно-педагогическая работа проводилось на базе Павлодарского педагогического университета им. Ә. Марғұлан и Карагандинского университета имени академика Е.А. Букетова, со студентами образовательной программы «Педагогика и методика начального обучения», в количестве 242 человек. По результатам констатирующего эксперимента была выявлена необходимость внедрения элективного курса, который способствовал формированию необходимых теоретических знаний и практических навыков искомой готовности. Анализ результатов исследования позволил определить, что целенаправленная и последовательная работа с будущими учителями, на основе внедренного элективного курса, обеспечила положительную динамику, а также полноту и системность усвоения будущими учителями теоретических знаний и развитие их педагогических умений. Разработка и реализация элективного курса проводилась в ходе осуществления практической части проекта, реализуемого в рамках грантового финансирования исследований молодых ученых по Республиканскому проекту «Жас ғалым на 2022-2024 годы».
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PERATURAN WALIKOTA PALEMBANG NOMOR 57 TAHUN 2016 TENTANG TUGAS POKOK , FUNGSI DAN TATA KERJA PADA DINAS PERHUBUNGAN KOTA PALEMBANG
Authors: Saputra Iswanda , Fadilah Arief , Hamdian Reby
Published: March 2023

Implementasi kebijakan peraturan Walikota Palembang nomor 57 tahun 2016 tentang tugas pokok fungsi dan tata kerja pada Dinas Perhubungan Kota Palembang belum efektif dan efisien karena tidak didukung sumberdaya manusia yang profesional serta proses dan prosedurnya masih berbelit-belit dan terlalu birokratis.  Rumusan masalah dalam penelitian ini yaitu “Bagaimana Implementasi Kebijakan Peraturan Walikota Palembang 57 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tugas Pokok, Fungsi Dan Tata Kerja Oleh Dinas Perhubungan Kota Palembang. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui studi dokumentasi, wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Sedangkan analisisnya menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pola pikir inductive analysis yang diimbangi dengan rasionalisasi synthesis analysis. Pisau analisisnya menggunakan Teori Konsep Kebijakan, Manajemen Strategi. Dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Peraturan Walikota Palembang 57 Tahun 2016 Tentang Tugas Pokok Fungsi Dan Tata Kerja Pada Dinas Perhubungan Kota Palembang tersebut belum dibarengi dengan Sosialisasi dan Pembinaan yang berkesinambungan, serta Pengawasan, Monitoring dan Evaluasi yang berkelanjutan. Penyebaran tugas pada beberapa unit dalam implementasi kebijakan dalam satu organisasi hanya untuk memberikan kekhususan dan membentuk keahlian dari implementor.
Pemanfaatan Lahan Pekarangan Rumah Sewa Mahasiswa Untuk Budidaya Sayuran Pada Media Tanam Portabel
Authors: Romdhon M. Mustopa , Widiono Septri , Nusril Nusril
Published: March 2023

Pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan di rumah sewa mahasiswa yang terbatas harus terpadu (Lakitan, 2012), kontinu (Suryana et al, 1997) serta sumber bahan pangan tambahan (Novitasari, 2011).Pandemi Covid-19 menyebabkan mahasiswa tinggal dirumah sewa dalam waktu relatif lama menimbulkan rasa jenuh dan stres yang dapat menurunkan imunitas tubuh. Mahasiswa perlu mengisi waktu luang dengan kegiatan positif, salah satunya dengan pemanfaatan lahan pekarangan rumah sewa mahasiswa untuk budidaya sayuranpada media tanam portable.  Kegiatan ini menggunakan metode observasi, pelatihan, dan pendampingan. Alat dan bahandigunakan terdiri dari  Pot/polybag/kantong besar, Benih sayur kangkung dan pokcay, Pupuk kandang, pupuk urea dan tanah, Spanduk Pelatihan serta kamera untuk pembuatan dokumentasi dan video kegiatan.Hasil dari kegiatan ini diketahui mahasiswa pionir peserta program telah menguasai budidaya kangkung dan pokcay pada media tanam portable di rumah sewa.Hasil ini merokemdasikan kegiatan sejenis perlu diperluas kepada mahasiswa yang berada di rumah  tinggal bersama orang tua.
RekognisiMelalui Webinar Branding Desain GrafisDi Era 4.0
Authors: Kusumadinata Ali Alamsyah , Amalia Nadia , Biralda Niswan , Hanafi Hanafi
Published: March 2023

Perkembangan teknologi komunikasi memberikan dampak yang sangat beragam. Salah satunya adalah sebagai alat promosi dalam memasarakan produk atau personal yang dikenal dengan personal selling. Kemampuan ini perlu dimiliki setiap mahasiswa, dosen dan praktisi serta pemerintahan dalam menunjukkan siapa dan bagaimana membangun integritas produknya. Laporan ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji hasil webinar yang telah dilakukan dalam rangkaian mata kuliah desain komunikasi grafis. Sebagai bagian dari peran serta perguruan tinggi peduli terhadap masyarakat yang terpapar literasi digital. Metode penulisan ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif yang menggunakan data kuantitatif hasil pernyataan responden yang mengikuti serta penilaian responden terhadap desain grafis dalam membangun branding itu sendiri. Pengabdian ini dilakukan pada bulan Januari 2022 selama satu hari. Hasil pengabdian ini menunjukkan ketertarikan masyarakat khsususnya kalangan muda dan memiliki kemampuan usaha untuk membangun desain yang menarik namun keterbatasan oleh teknologi yang dimiliki. Oleh karena itu diperlukan kesabaran, kemampuan membaca informasi teknologi, kemampuan penggunaan teknologi media dan pengamatan serta mengenal produk desain yang diminati. Hal ini perlu didukung oleh komunitas yang mampu membawa kepada kelas belajar yang bias saling berbagi.
Transmigrasi Sebagai Upaya Pertanian
Authors: Purba Yudhi Zuriah Wirya , Saleh Wardi
Published: March 2023

Pelaksanaan program transmigrasi adalah pemerataan pada berbagai aspek pengembangan.  Penyelenggaraan transmigrasi yang selama ini berciri sentralistik, kini dihadapkan pada tantangan berupa penerapan asas desentralisasi dan otonomi. Sejak reformasi atau era otonomi daerah, dan penolakan transmigrasi di beberapa daerah, transmigrasi sebagai contoh yang khas dan strategi pengembangan wilayah yang original di Indonesia pada dasarnya masih merupakan program yang masih dibutuhkan di daerah-daerah terutama dalam konteks pengembagan wilayah di luar Pulau Jawa. Dalam konteks tersebut, diperlukan reorientasi pelaksanaan program transmigrasi, yang utama terkait dengan pengembangan wilayah adalah bagaimana menempatkan pemukiman/ kawasan transmigrasi sehingga dapat benar-benar terintegrasi dengan wilayah – wilayah sekitarnya sebagaimana suatu kawasan fungsional, sehingga tidak menjadi kawasan yang bersifat ekslusif. Usaha-usaha yang dilakukan dalam hal ini adalah merancang keterkaitan antara pemukiman/kawasan transmigrasi dengan wilayah-wilayah sekitarnya, baik keterkaitan fisik-spasial, sosial,ekonomi maupun budaya. Keterkaitan yang kuat ini diharapkan dapat mengeliminir berbagai stigma negatif dari program transmigrasi dan sekaligus akan mampu memicu pengembangan wilayah khususnya wilayah-wilayah di luar Pulau Jawa. Untuk mendukung reorientasi pembangunan kawasan transmigrasi, sudah waktunya dikembangkan konsep dan strategi baru pengembangan kawasan transmigrasi disertai dengan indikator-indikator pengembangan yang lebih komprehensif, baik menyangkut indikator perkembangan fisik, perkembangan ekonomi, social capital dan lingkungan.  Tiga kendala utama dalam penyelenggaraan program transmigrasi, yaitu: struktural, berupa lemahnya organisasi, sumber daya aparat yang berkaitan dengan integrasi dan sinkronisasi,  substansial yang berkaitan dengan kebutuhan agar pembangunan transmigrasi ikut memantapkan pembangunan nasional meskipun anggaran terbatas dan teknis operasional, yang berkaitan dengan kurang tepat pemilihan lokasi sehingga  kurang terpadu program antar sektor dan antar kegiatan pembangunan.
Eril Egemen Kültüre Dişinin Biyolojik Darbesi: Priapos Kültüne Bilimsel Açıdan Farklı Bir Bakış
Authors: Akbaş Nazlı , Parlıtı Umut , Karaoglan Murat
Published: March 2023

Fallus, uygarlık tarihi boyunca egemenliği, servet ve bereketi temsil etmiştir. Görsel figürlerde birçok kez abartılı erekte erkek genital organı olarak tasvir edilen fallusla birlikte testissiz örnekleri de vardır. Bu örneklerde dikkati çeken diğer bir nokta da boy uzunluğunun kısa olmasıdır. Mitolojide bereket tanrısı olarak geçen Priapus da büyük, erekte fallusuna karşın, kısa boylu, çirkin bir yüz görünümüne sahiptir. Bu özellikler, günümüz modern tıp bilgilerine göre, konjenital adrenal hiperplazi hastalığına sahip bireylerin fenotip özelliklerini yansıtır. İşin ilginç tarafı ise bu hastaların aslında erkek olmamasıdır. Konjenital adrenal hiperplaziler, kortizol sentezinden sorumlu genetik defektlere bağlı olarak kortizol sentezindeki defektlerle karkaterize edilen ve böbreküstü bezi yetersizliği ile sonuçlanan bir hastalıktır. 21 hidroksilaz eksikliğine bağlı konjenital adrenal hiperplazide enzim yolağındaki bloğa bağlı olarak dişil cinsiyet hormonu östrojen sentez edilemez ve yolak erkek cinsiyet hormonunu androjenlerin aşırı üretilmesine yol açar. Aşırı androjen üretimi karyotip olarak hem erkek hem de dişilerde gerek genital organlarda gerekse de diğer bedensel özelliklerde virilizasyona yani yan erkekleşmeye neden olur. Aşırı kıllanma, yaygın sivilceler ve hiperandrojenizme bağlı kemik olgunlaşmasındaki hızlanmaya bağlı nihai boyun aşırı kısa olması görülür. Kadınlarda klitoris o kadar büyür ki, erkek genitalyası görünümüne dönüşür. Bazı durumlarda bu dişi bireyler, erkek sanılarak büyütülür. Biz, Priapus’un tasvirlerinden yola çıkarak gerçekte bir erkek olmayıp, aşırı büyük dış genitalyası, boyunun aşırı kısa olması, çirkin yüz görünümü, olası sivilceler, hatta bazı figürünlerin de testissiz olması nedeniyle 21 hidroksliaz ekskiliğine bağlı basit virilizan tip ya da 11 beta hidroksilaz eksikilğine bağlı konjenital adrenal hiperplaziden muzdarip bir dişi olabileceğini varsayıyoruz. Moden biyoloji ve tıp bilgilerine dayanan bu yaklaşımın mitoloji ile geçmiş kültürlerdeki dişilliğe, erilliğe ve onların beden algılarına olan kavrayışlarını değerlendirmede kırılma yaratacak önemli bir açılım sağlayacağını da düşünüyoruz.
A RARE LOCALIZATION OF PRIMARY HYDATID CYST: ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
Authors: Kılıç Murat Özgür , Sarı Zeliha Burcu
Published: March 2023

Hydatid cyst is a parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus
granulosus, and is endemic in some countries and regions
where the common hosts (cattle, cow, sheep) are frequently
raised, such as Middle East, Australia, South America,
and Turkey (1). The human is an intermediate host of this
parasite, and is usually contaminated through infected
foods. Liver and lungs are the most common sites of hydatid
cyst whereas soft tissues are rare localizations for this
disease, even in endemic areas. Among those, abdominal
wall is an extremely unusual site for primary hydatid cyst
(1-3). Herein, a rare and interesting case of hydatid cyst
located in the anterior abdominal wall was presented.
Conservación e Importancia de la salud en tiempos post pandemia
Authors: Sánchez-Dávila Keller
Published: March 2023

A inicios del 2022, la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) reportó aproximadamente 300 millones de casos de COVID-19, más de cinco millones de muertes, y nueve mil millones de vacunas administradas. La COVID-19 ha afectado desproporcionadamente a los adultos mayores, evidenciando su vulnerabilidad, así como la fragilidad de los sistemas de salud. Los adultos mayores son más propensos a desarrollar formas severas de la enfermedad por cambios en su inmunidad y por tener enfermedades crónicas, lo que genera altas tasas de hospitalización y mortalidad.
SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF HEART RATE VARIABILITY IN PATIENTS WITH CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
Authors: Mubarak Sadia , Imran Majeed Syed Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Alamgir
Published: March 2023

Objective: To carryout frequency domain analysis ofheart rate variability in patients with coronary arterydisease.

Methods: Forty coronary artery disease patients with coronary artery stenosis greater than 70% of at least onevessel lumen were included. Patients with diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, structural heart diseases andbundle branch block were excluded. DMS 300 4A Holter monitors were used to obtain long-term 12 leaddigital ECG recordings. Cardio Scan premium luxury software was used for analysis of heart rate variability.

Results: The mean values of heart rate variability in patients were TP (2171.70 ± 1028.7), VLF (1661.41 ±807.88), LF (392.71 ± 227.92), HF (112.03 ± 77.90) and LF/HF ratio (4.03 ± 1.75). On comparison with normalreference values there was a significant decrease (p-value < 0.05) in all parameters except VLF (p-value =0.351). TP was reduced in all the patients (100%), VLF in 26 (65%), LF in 36 (90%), HF in 36 (90%) and LF/HFratio in 29 (72.5%) patients. The difference between the frequency of patients with decreased heart ratevariability was statistically significant (p-value < 0.05) except VLF (p-value = 0.082).

Conclusion: Heart rate variability decreases significantly in patients with coronary artery disease.
Assessment of First Aid Emergency Knowledge Among Medical Students from First Year to Final Year-A Comparative Study
Authors: Hisam Aliya , Mashhadi Syed Fawad , Ameer Zainab , Khan Affan Ahmed , Sattar Danish , Tahir Zeeshan , Yaqub Pakeeza
Published: March 2023

Objectives: To assess the level of first aid knowledge among undergraduate medical students in Army Medical College, Rawalpindi. The research aimed to compare the level of medical knowledge across five years of medical training and to evaluate the effect of demographic details on the degree of first aid awareness.

Study Design: The study design is cross-sectional.

Place and Duration of Study: Study was conducted in Army Medical College, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Nov 2021 to Apr2022

Methodology: A preformed questionnaire was used and was divided into two groups: The first group contained two parts: i) Personal information and ii) Question about previous attendance of the first aid course. The second group contained 14 questions aimed at assessing major aspects of first-aid. The results for every year were compared. Data was entered an SPSS version 25.

Results: In the study there was a marked increase in the level of first aid knowledge from first year to final year. The study also showed that those living at home had better scores than those availing university accommodation. Demographic background or receiving training in first-aid had an insignificant effect on it.

Conclusion: The study discovered that the academic year had a substantial impact on knowledge levels. From first year to final year, there was a significant increase in first-aid knowledge. Every year, medical students' first-aid education should be reinforced in order to improve their skills.
Pathology-Based Tumour Registry Analysis of Cases of Female Genital Tract Malignancies
Authors: Anwar Madeeha , Khadim Muhammad Tahir , Asif Muhammad , Din Hafeez Ud , Jamal Shahid
Published: March 2023

Objective: To study the frequency and distribution of Female genital tract (FGT) malignancies through data recouped from the tumour registry of Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan.

Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study.

Place and Duration of Study: Histopathology Department, Armed Force Institute of Pathology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from 2009-2018

Methodology: A total of 1586 cases of malignant tumours of FGT were retrieved from the AFIP tumour registry, and data were analyzed in terms of the age of the patients' site of the tumour. It was also compared with regional and international data.

Results: Thirty-seven thousand seven hundred ninety-three malignant cases were reported at AFIP from 2009-2018, out of which 1586(4.19%) were of the female genital tract. Ovarian malignancies were most frequent among FGT tumours,637(40.1%), followed by uterine tumours 519(32.6%). Carcinoma of the cervix was found in 237 cases (15%). Vulva and vaginal cases were seen in only 7.7% patients. The FGTs ranked fourth among the top ten commonest tumours in females.

Conclusion: The most common malignancy of the female genital tract was ovarian cancer. Endometrial carcinoma was the second most frequent gynaecological malignancy, followed by cervical carcinoma. Ovarian malignancies were in fourth position among the top ten commonest female tumours in the current analysis as well, as in the previous analysis from AFIP.
Establishing Reference Intervals for HBA1C in all three Trimesters of Pregnancy; A Cross-Sectional Study on Healthy Pregnant Women of Quetta, Baluchistan
Authors: Khan Azadi , Asif Naveed , Ullah Raza , Khan Taimoor Ashraf , Khan Asma , Malik Saima Shakil
Published: March 2023

Objective: To establish the reference intervals in healthy pregnant females of Quetta, Baluchistan, for Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) in all three trimesters of pregnancy.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department Combined Military Hospital, Quetta Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019.

Methodology: Blood samples of healthy pregnant females were drawn for Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Fasting plasma glucose and haemoglobin were also measured to rule out hyperglycemia and anaemia. Samples for Glycated haemoglobin(HbA1c) were analyzed by Turbidimetric Immuno-inhibition (TINIA) method. For all the trimesters, 5th and 95th percentiles were taken as reference intervals for Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and compared for each trimester.

Results: A total of 388 samples were taken, of which 136(35.05%) females were from the first trimester, 128(32.98%) and 124(31.97%) from the second and third trimesters, respectively. The mean age of the study population was 25.1±3.7 years in the first trimester, 26.7±4.5 years in the second-trimester while and the third trimester it was 26.8±4.8 years. In the first, second,and third trimesters, the reference intervals for Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were 3.8-5.2%, 4.1-5.4%, and 4.2-5.7%,respectively.

Conclusion: For the exact diagnosis of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, each laboratory should establish its reference intervals of Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) for each trimester as it varies from trimester to trimester.
Correlation between Knowledge, Attitude and Practice towards Malaria in Endemic Areas: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Munir Khurram , Khan Memoona , Saulat Zeenat
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find a correlation between knowledge, attitude and practice of malaria in endemic areas and to identify any significant factors associated with them.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of the Study: Pathology Department, Combined Military Hospital, Khuzdar, from Nov 2019 to Oct 2020.

Methodology: People admitted with malaria from Khuzdar district, and surrounding areas were included in the study.Patients with the communication barrier were excluded. Patients with debilitating illness or pregnant ladies and those allergic to the drugs were also excluded from the study.

Results: Total 203 people with a confirmed malarial diagnosis were enrolled. The age of participants ranged from 20-48 years,with a mean of 30.49±6.45 years. All the study participants had heard about malaria and had adequate knowledge about its mode of transmission. 84.3% patients had a positive attitude towards understanding disease as potentially life-threatening.70.9% patients had good practices about using anti-mosquito sprays, and 71.9% had good practices about using personal protective clothing. Our study showed that malaria prevention practice was significantly associated with endemic areas (p<0.001).

Conclusions: All the patients had adequate knowledge about malaria. Targeted interventions towards malaria prevention in endemic areas should be enhanced.
Serological and Molecular Characterization of Blood Group A2 in Pakistan
Authors: Habib Iram , Salamat Nuzhat , Ud Din Nasir , Yazdani Muhammad  Sajid , Khan Saleem Ahmed , Naeem Muhammad Abdul
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the frequency of Blood Group A2 genotype among Group A Pakistani whole blood donors.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Transfusion (AFIT), Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jan 2019 to Jan 2020.

Methodology: One thousand (1000) healthy and unrelated blood donors were selected. The blood samples were typed for ABO, and those of Blood Groups-A and AB were further subtyped with the help of anti-A1 lectin to categorize them as A1,non-A1, A1B and non-A1B Groups. Next, DNA of non-A1 samples was extracted, and a Polymerase Chain Reaction using sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) for type A2 was performed, followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE).

Results: Among one thousand blood donors, 247(24.7%) were typed as Blood Group-A, 94(9.4%) as AB-Group, 339(33.9%) BGroup and 320(32%) O Group with variable strength of reaction with ABO antisera. A and AB Blood Groups were further subgrouped as A1 202(20.2%), A1B 77(7.7%), non-A1 45(4.5%) and non-A1B 17(1.7%). Anti-A1 antibodies were detected in 6(13.3%) of non-A1 samples. PCR of non-A1 samples showed 32(12.9%) to be genotypically A2, and the remaining 13(5.2%) were not A2 and were not further resolved.

Conclusion: Blood Group A2 is not a rare Subgroup in our population. PCR-SSP is a more specific technique than anti-A1 lectin for establishing the Blood Group status of an individual.
A Study of the Relationship of Learning Styles of Undergraduate Medical Students to Academic Achievements
Authors: Khan Amjad Mahmood
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find out whether learning styles influence the academic achievements of students of medical schools.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Medical College, Mirpur, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Pakistan, from Jun 2018 to Jun 2019. Methodology: Two hundred medical students participated in the study by completing VARK (visual, aural, read/write, kinaesthetic) questionnaire. The learning styles were assessed based on the questionnaire. The performance grades were obtained from the students' Department of the college.

Results: Most students preferred unimodal learning 104(52%). However, there was a statistically significant gender difference. Most male students preferred unimodal learning (62.7%), whereas female students preferred bimodal (41.4%) learning styles. Aural learning was the most prevalent in the unimodal group 42(21%) in both male and female groups. The academic achievement was labelled as low (<50% marks in annual tests) and high (>50% marks). There were 72.5% (n=145) of highachievers. More male students were high-achievers than female students (80.5% vs. 68.4%). There was no significant relationship between learning style and academic outcome.

Conclusion: There was no difference in the outcome of academic achievement in subgroups of different learning styles. Further analysis revealed no gender differences in the effect of learning style on academic achievement.
Evaluating Unenhanced Multidetector Computed Tomography of Kidneys, Ureters and Bladder (CT KUB) as the Initial Imaging Service in Suspected Acute Renal Colic Patients
Authors: Saleem Nida , Balooch Salahuddin , Qayyum Adil , Afzal Tayyaba , Niazi Najam Us Saqib Khan , Adil Ruqqayia
Published: March 2023

Objective: To assess the role of unenhanced multidetector computed tomography (CT) of kidneys, ureters and bladder (KUB) in the initial imaging of suspected acute renal colic.

Study Design: Retrospective longitudinal study.

Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Kharian Pakistan, from Jan 2020 to Jan 2021.

Methodology: One hundred and thirty-eight cases of suspected acute renal colic underwent CT-KUB. The demographic,radiological, clinical, and follow-up data were recorded for each patient.

Results: There were 88(51.8%) males and 82(48.2%) females in the present study, with a mean age of 50.86±18.57 years. Out of 170 patients, only 138(81.17%) were indicated with acute findings, whereas 32(18.82%) individuals showed no acute findings.The mean stone size was found to be 4.77±0.98mm. Most of the stones had a location near the pelvic brim (n=47; 34.15%).

Conclusion: The use of CT KUB should be encouraged for the evaluation of renal colic.Keywords: Acute renal colic, Computed tomography (CT), Computed tomography of Kidneys, ureter and bladder (CT-KUB).
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV2 Antibodies among Patients and Healthy Individuals of Lahore
Authors: Cheema Kanwal Hassan , Anwar Muhammad Saeed , Hameed Fatima , Rauf Majid , Sarwar Afia , Iqbal Mariam Danish
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV2 antibodies in patients and healthy individuals presenting to a tertiary care hospital in Lahore.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department of Surayya Azeem Hospital, Lahore Pakistan, from May to Jul 2020.

Methodology: The study included clinically suspected patients of COVID-19 referred by clinicians and healthy individuals presenting to the hospital for the SARS-CoV-2 antibody test, irrespective of age and gender.

Results: The SARS-CoV-2 antibody positivity was 704(59.4%) in our study. Out of 1184 individuals tested, 690 patients had a positive clinical history of COVID-19 infection, and 517(74.9%) were positive for COVID-19 antibodies. Out of 494 asymptomatic healthy individuals, positivity for COVID-19 antibodies was 187(37.8%). It was observed that positivity was significantly higher 169(44.0%) in contacts of COVID-19 infection patients compared to asymptomatic healthy individuals 18(16.3%).

Conclusion: Our study shows that the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the general public in Pakistan has greatly increased.
The Spectrum of Oesophagal Varices, Portal Hypertensive Gastropathy and Child Pugh’s Class in Cirrhotic Patients at Tertiary CareHospital
Authors: Farooq Muhmmad Asif , Yasin Muhammad Awais , Parveen Bushra , Mansoor Hala , Khattak Abdul Latif , Siddique Muhammad
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find the association of Child-Pugh’s Class with oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy in cirrhotic patients at CMH Lahore.

Study Design: Cross sectional study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Gastroenterology and Department of Pathology, Combined Military Hospital Lahore Pakistan, from Feb to May 2021.

Methodology: All patients with cirrhosis of the liver, irrespective of aetiology, who underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy, were included in the study. Lab data was retrieved from the Pathology Department to calculate Child Pugh’s score. Endoscopic findings of oesophagal varices and portal gastropathy were recorded and their correlation/association with Child-Pugh’s Class was calculated separately by using Pearson’s coefficient.

Results: A total of 148 patients were included in the study. Male patients were 90(60.8%) and female were 58(39.2%). The age range was 27-85 years, with the mean of patients being 55.93±13.19 years. Association of Child Pugh’s Class with oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy revealed that higher grades of oesophagal varices (Grade-lll) and severe portal hypertensive gastropathy were found in Child Pugh’s Class-B (13.51%, 14.18%) and C (15.54%, 16.2%) as compared to Class- A (4.72 %, 1.35%). Child-Pugh’s Class positively correlates with both oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy by Pearson’s coefficient r=0.594 and 0.035, respectively; both have significant p values (p <0.05).

Conclusion: Child-Pugh’s Class has a positive correlation with both oesophagal varices and portal hypertensive gastropathy in patients with cirrhosis
Post Total Thyroidectomy Hypocalcaemia and relation with the Age of the Patient
Authors: Ahmad Iftikhar , Malik M Jalil , Hassan Mansoor , Naeem Saquib , Nadeem Syed farrukh , Hussain Fayyaz
Published: March 2023

Objective: To find the magnitude of clinically overt hypocalcaemia post-total thyroidectomy and its relation with the age of the patient.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, from Jan 2017 to Dec 2019.

Methodology: Sixty patients who were to undergo total thyroidectomy were included in the study in strict compliance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients were divided into two groups according to their ages. In Group-A, patients younger than 50 and Group-B, patients older than 50 years were included. All the patients were followed up by clinical examination for the development of clinically overt hypocalcaemia and confirmed by measurement of serum calcium.

Results: Mean age of the patients was 42.75±13.05 years, with an age range of 20 to 68 years. Of all the patients, 14(23.3%) were male, and 46(76.7%) were females. Seven patients in Group-A developed post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia clinically,whereas, in Group-B, only one developed this condition. Clinical post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia developed more often in the younger age group and these results were statistically significant (p= 0.023).

Conclusion: Clinically overt hypocalcaemia develops more often in younger patients after total thyroidectomy.Keywords: Biochemical hypocalcaemia, Clinical hypocalcaemia, Post thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia, Total thyroidectomy
Comparison of Recurrence Rate of Wrist Ganglion Between Seton and Open Surgical Excision in Military Hospitals of Pakistan
Authors: Saeed Bilal , Ullah Jamil Salamat , Aziz Majid , Shahid Muhammad , Siraj Arsalan S , Tariq Shah Rukh
Published: March 2023

Objective: To evaluate the recurrence following open surgical excision and Seton placement in treating symptomatic wrist ganglions in Military Hospitals in a six-month follow-up study.

Study Design: Quasi-experimental study

Place and Duration of Study: Department of General Surgery, Combined Military Hospital, Bahawalpur Pakistan, Combined Military Hospital, Dera Nawab Sahib Pakistan and Pakistan Airforce Force Hospital, Shorkot Pakistan, from Jun 2015 to Dec 2020.

Methodology: The patients were divided into two groups after informed consent. A consultant general surgeon carried out every procedure. The findings were recorded on a uniform proforma, and recurrence was recorded at ten days, six weeks and six months for both groups.

Results: The mean age of the patients was 29.45±8.13 years in Group-A (Seton-Group) and 28.56±8.32 years in Group-B (OpenSurgery). There was no difference in the recurrence rates between the Seton-Group (n=7, 4.35%) and Open Surgery-Group (n=2, 4.65%, p=0.931).

Conclusion: Seton insertion for treating Ganglions of the wrist is a simple, economical and cosmetic procedure which can be done in the outpatient department. It is a safe alternative to open resection for successful treatment of the wrist Ganglion.Keywords: Ganglion, Open surgery, Recurrence, Seton, Wrist.
Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction in Patients of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Sukhera Zahra Asif , Mirza Muhammad Zill-e-Hamayun , Azam Rizwan , Gondal Ibrahim Zafar , Sukhera Asif Mumtaz , Arshad Komal
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the left ventricular systolic dysfunction and the association of various factors with this dysfunction in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2020 to May 2021.

Methodology: We included the patients diagnosed with sleep apnea syndrome by a consultant pulmonologist based on a sleep study. Patients were labelled as having left ventricular systolic dysfunction if the ejection fraction was less than 40% on echocardiography.

Results: Eighty patients diagnosed with sleep apnea syndrome were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 48.551±9.971 years. Out of 80 patients, 19(23.75%) had left ventricular systolic dysfunction on echocardiography, while 61(76.25%) had no evidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction. With the application of relevant statistical tests, we found that patients with high body mass index and the presence of comorbid illnesses had a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) with the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction among patients with sleep apnea syndrome.

Conclusion: Considerable number of patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome showed the presence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction on echocardiography. High Body mass index and comorbid illnesses emerged as risk factors for left ventricular systolic dysfunction in our study population.
Comparison of the International Crowding Measure in Emergency Departments (ICMED) and the National Emergency Department Overcrowding Study (NEDOCS) in Tertiary Care Hospital to Measure Emergency Department Crowding
Authors: Zafar Zara , Ashraf Nadeem , Alamgir Wasim , Rehman Aayesha , Ain Qurat-Ul- , Ilyas Sumaira
Published: March 2023

Objective: To compare NEDOCS with ICMED in predicting clinicians' concerns regarding crowding in the Emergency Department of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan.

Study Design: Prospective comparative study.

Place and Duration of Study: Accident & Emergency Department, Pak Emirates Military Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Dec 2021 to Jan 2022.

Methodology: This study was conducted at the Accident and Emergency Department over 14 different days, 30 data sets of 3-hour intervals each were collected using the NEDOCS and ICMED proforma. NEDOCS Scores and ICMED scores were calculated. In addition, perceptions of the staff regarding crowding and danger to the patient's status were recorded on Visual Analogue scales.

Results: The mean recorded NEDOCS score was 577.94±251.57, with 29 'extremely overcrowded' and 1 'overcrowded' data set.The mean ICMED score was 2.86±0.83. Twenty-four (80%) sets did not have crowding, with only six (20%) sets being categorized as 'crowded'. The NEDOCS score had a moderately positive correlation with the crowding perception of the staff (Correlation coefficient (r)=0.593).

Conclusion: NEDOCS was a more suitable measure for recording ED crowding in Pakistan, as it recorded the quantitative component of waiting time. ICMED, on the other hand, only recorded waiting time on a binary scale, with the waiting time impact not translated fully on the total score.
Coagulation Profile in Diabetes and Its Association with Diabetic Microvascular Complications
Authors: Khan Amna , Rauf Abdul , Khan Summaya , Sarfraz Muhammad Haroon , Tarrar Muhammad Shahid , Nisar Maryam
Published: March 2023

Objective: To investigate the hemostatic parameters and to assess their relationship with microvascular complications in patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus.

Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology, Rawalpindi Pakistan, from Jul to Dec 2020.

Methodology: Patients with type-2 diabetes aged 40-70 years of both genders were included. We included sixty subjects with diabetes and sixty healthy individuals. HBA1c, prothrombin time, activated partial thrombin time, and fibrinogen levels were measured in both groups, and retinal photographs were taken.

Results: The platelet count was in the normal range for both groups but significantly lower in cases compared to controls (177.5±18.3 vs 231.2±18.1, p<0.001). Similarly, the mean fibrinogen level was significantly higher among cases compared to controls (298.2±11.4 vs 256.6±6.5, p<0.001). No significant difference was found between mean prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time among the groups. Most complicated cases belonged to the group with more than 7% glycosylated haemoglobin compared to non-complicated cases (p<0.001). A significant association between the level of HBA1c and diabetic retinopathy was found.

Conclusion: The study showed that with a rise in glycemic index, the coagulation profile derangement occurs, with an increase in fibrinogen levels, decrease in platelets count and increase in microvascular complications.
Impacted Mandibular Third Molars, A Nuisance to Neighbouring Mandibular Molars; A Radiographic Study
Authors: Khan Shafi Ullah , Mahmood Khalid , Rukhsar Muqaddas , Khan Imran , Ibrahim Aqeel , Iqbal Kanza , Umar Maryum
Published: March 2023

Objective: To know the distal caries in mandibular second molars due to impacted mandibular third molars and their association with the type of impaction of patients who visited a tertiary care dental centre in Lahore, Pakistan.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: 28 Military Dental Centre, Combined Military Hospital, Lahore Pakistan from Dec 2020 to Nov 2021.

Methodology: The dental records of 378 patients reported at 28 Military Dental Centres were retrieved from the data bank,then decoded and analysed.

Results: Out of 378 patients, 242(64%) males and 136(36%) females were referred to Oral and Maxillofacial clinics of 28 MDC to undergo surgical extraction of mandibular third molar teeth. Mesio-angular 242(64%), depth Class-B 281(74.3%), and Ramal relationship I 224(59.3) were the most common impactions referred for surgical removal. 289(76.5%) impactions of all categories were unilateral. 178(73.6%) mesioangular impactions had neighbouring second molar distal caries on Orthopentomogram while none of the transverse impactions had neighbouring second molar caries. A significant association between angulation of impaction and neighbouring second molar caries has been noted (p<0.001).

Conclusion: Increased mandibular second molar distal caries were noted adjacent to Mesioangular, depth B, Class 1 Ramal relationship mandibular wisdom tooth impaction.Keywords: Distal caries, Mesioangular impaction, Orthopantomograms, Radiographic study, Surgical extraction.
Biopsy Proven Renal Morphology Cognizance into its Four-Year Evolving Pattern; A Pakistani Perspective
Authors: Ul Abedin Zain , Nabi Zahid , Anjum Nosheen , Hashmi Fasi , Mansoor Khurram , Ishaque Muhammad
Published: March 2023

Objective: To determine the pattern of Biopsy Proven Renal Diseases (BPRD) in a single tertiary care centre in Islamabad, Pakistan.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Nephrology, KRL Hospital, Islamabad Pakistan, from Mar 2016 to Nov 2020.

Methodology: The archival records of all native renal biopsies performed in adults (>18 years) were retrospectively analyzed.The biopsies were performed according to standard indications and evaluated by light microscopy and immunofluorescence.

Results: A total of 134 renal biopsies were studied. Among these, 85(61.1 %) were males, and 49(36.5 %) were females. The mean age was 44.70±14.63 years. Primary glomerulonephritis’s were the predominant group of diseases found in 93(69.4%) cases. Membranous nephropathy (MN) was the most common lesion in 52(38.8%), followed by focal segmental Glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) in 22(16.4%) cases. Chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis (Ch. TIN) 12(9.0%) was the third most common lesion among all biopsies. Other diagnoses included lupus nephritis (LN) 10(7.5%) and IgA nephropathy (IgAN) 9(6.7%). One sample one-sided t-test was used to estimate the minimum proportion of occurrence of different biopsies in our concerned population. The estimated minimum proportion of membranous nephropathy (MN) was 0.31, with a p-value of 0.034.

Conclusion: We concluded that primary Glomerulonephritis (PGN) is the most common renal disease, and membranous nephropathy is the most common biopsy-proven Glomerulopathy in our concerned population.
Current Causes and Clinical Pattern of Fixed Drug Eruption at a Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Habib Aamir
Published: March 2023

Objective: To identify the current common causative drugs and the clinical pattern of FDE in Pakistani patients presenting to a Tertiary Care Hospital.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology Combined Military Hospital, Kharian Pakistan, from Nov 2018 to Oct 2021.

Methodology: Patients of all ages and sexes reporting in dermatology outpatient during the study period with Fixed drug eruption (FDE) were included in the study after taking informed consent. Diagnosis of FDE was based on the finding of welldemarcated erythematous patches or plaques and violaceous pigmentation. In cases where history was not suggestive, the drug was confirmed by an oral provocation test. In addition, the causative drug, site(s) affected, duration, number of skin lesions, history of FDE, and the purpose for using the drug were noted for each patient.

Results: Sixty-one patients were included in the study. Doxycycline (thirteen patients, 21.3%) was the commonest causative drug, followed by Quinolones and Paracetamol in ten (16.4%) patients each, Cotrimoxazole in eight (13.1%) patients and Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in seven (11.5%) patients. Multiple lesions were common in patients with a history of FDE. The disease affected single-body sites in 16(26.23%) patients only. The most common site was the genital area in forty-two (71.19%) patients, followed by upper limbs in thirty-one (52.54%) patients and lips in twenty-eight ...............

Conclusions: Knowing the current causative drugs and carefully seeking a history of FDE may help prevent recurrent FDE.
Adverse Childhood Experiences in Patients Admitted with Depression at A Tertiary Care Hospital in Pakistan
Authors: Riaz Sahar , Azad Nadia , Mansoor Sawera , Abbas Nadeem , Hayat Khalid , Zubair Usama Bin
Published: March 2023

Objective: To consider adverse childhood experiences in patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan with depressive disorder.

Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi Pakistan from Sep 2018 to Aug 2020.

Methodology: All the patients who were admitted to the psychiatry ward of the hospital after being diagnosed with depression were included in the study. Detailed history and mental state examination were carried out on all patients by a psychiatrist, and the adverse childhood experience questionnaire was administered.

Results: Out of 400 patients admitted with a diagnosis of depressive episode in the hospital during the study period, 59(14.75%) were males, and 341(85.25%) were females. The mean age of the study participants was 39.49±8.926 years. 153(38.25%) did not have significant adverse childhood experiences, while 247(61.75%) had significant adverse childhood experiences. The severity of depressive episodes and substance use had a statistically significant relationship with the presence of significant adverse childhood experiences in our study participants (p-value<0.001).

Conclusion: The presence of significant adverse childhood experiences was alarmingly high in patients admitted with a depressive episode in our study. These experiences were associated with the more severe forms of depressive illness and comorbid illicit substance use.