bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ocean properties, ice–ocean interactions, and calving front morphology at two major west Greenland glaciers
Authors: Chauché N. , Hubbard A. , Gascard J.-C. , Box J. E. , Bates R. , Koppes M. , Sole A. , Patton H.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Warm sub-polar mode water (SPMW) has been identified as a primary driver of mass loss of marine terminating glaciers draining the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) yet, the specific mechanisms by which SPMW interacts with these tidewater termini remain uncertain. We present oceanographic data from Rink Glacier (RG) and Store Glacier (SG) fjords, two major marine outlets draining the western sector of the GrIS into Baffin Bay over the contrasting melt-seasons of 2009 and 2010. Submarine melting occurs wherever ice is in direct contact with warmer water and the consistent presence of 2.8 °C SPMW adjacent to both ice fronts below 400 m throughout all surveys indicates that melting is maintained by a combination of molecular diffusion and large scale, weak convection, diffusional (hereafter called ubiquitous) melting. At shallower depths (50–200 m), cold, brine-enriched water (BEW) formed over winter appears to persist into the summer thereby buffering this melt by thermal insulation. Our surveys reveal four main modes of glacier–ocean interaction, governed by water depth and the rate of glacier runoff water (GRW) injected into the fjord. Deeper than 200 m, submarine melt is the only process observed, regardless of the intensity of GRW or the depth of injection. However, between the surface and 200 m depth, three further distinct modes are observed governed by the GRW discharge. When GRW is weak (≲1000 m3 s−1), upward motion of the water adjacent to the glacier front is subdued, weak forced or free convection plus diffusional submarine melting dominates at depth, and seaward outflow of melt water occurs from the glacier toe to the base of the insulating BEW. During medium intensity GRW (∼1500 m3 s−1), mixing with SPMW yields deep mixed runoff water (DMRW), which rises as a buoyant plume and intensifies local submarine melting (enhanced buoyancy-driven melting). In this case, DMRW typically attains hydrostatic equilibrium and flows seaward at an intermediate depth of ∼50–150 m, taking the BEW with it. Strong GRW (≳ 2000 m3 s−1) yields vigorous, buoyant DMRW, which has sufficient vertical momentum to break the sea surface before sinking and flowing seaward, thereby leaving much of the BEW largely intact. Whilst these modes of glacier–ocean interaction significantly affect the ice–ocean interaction in the upper water column (0–200 m), below 200 m both RG and SG are dominated by the weak forced convection/diffusional (herein termed ubiquitous) melting due to the presence of SPMW.
Rinsing the Extra Corporeal Circuit with a Heparin and Albumin Solution Reduces the Need for Systemic Anticoagulant in Hemodialysis
Authors: Fransson Filip , Kyrk Tobias , Skagerlind Malin , Stegmayr Bernd
Published: November 2013

Background

Systemic anticoagulation during hemodialysis (HD) increases the risk for bleeding complications pre- or post-operatively. Based on the concept of blood-membrane interaction, we developed a heparin-albumin solution to rinse the dialysis circuit before start. The aim of this study was to investigate if this method was a valuable tool for our patients at risk for bleeding complications.

Material and methods

This retrospective, comparative, quality assessment study included 248 HD in 68 patients; Group1: 178 treatments were performed at patients for risk of bleeding using heparin-albumin-priming and Group 2: 70 acute HD were performed on patients without increased risk of bleeding using a bolus of heparin at start and a continuous infusion of heparin. In Group 1 additional heparin was given upon suspicion of progressive clotting. One L saline contained albumin (1 g/l) and heparin (5000 U/l) used for priming. Excess priming solution was removed by filling the circuit with blood at start of treatment.

Results

In Group 1, a mean total dose of 2000 U of heparin was given during the HD (18% performed HD without any heparin) and Group 2 used a mean total dose of 5500 U (p<0.001). There was no increased incidence of clotting in Group 1 versus Group 2 compared to standard HD. No bleeding complications were reported during any of the HA-priming treatments.

Conclusions

Heparin-albumin priming resulted in a reduced total dose of heparin. There was no increased clotting and no incidence of bleeding was reported in either group.
El giro de la cooperación española al desarrollo: entrelazando miedo, cultura despolitizada y poder coercitivo estatal para controlar las migraciones
Authors: Rocha José Luis
Published: November 2013

Desentrañado el proceso mediante el cual la cultura se ha convertido en una herramienta para gestionar el desarrollo y su particular tratamiento del tema de las migraciones, este texto busca poner sobre el tapete la lógica que entrelaza el fortalecimiento del aparato coercitivo del Estado, la despolitización de la cultura y el fomento del apartheid global. En la perversa relación que existe entre el giro cultural de la cooperación, la “securitisation” del desarrollo y el tratamiento de la migración, el saldo es el miedo, una muralla de menos costo que las de metal o concreto. La pesquisa empieza con la evolución del concepto y práctica de la cooperación al desarrollo –con énfasis en el caso de Nicaragua–, continúa con una dilucidación del concepto de cultura que manejan las más recientes políticas españolas para el desarrollo, expone una crítica del sesgo tecnológico del concepto, y presenta cómo se inserta el tema migratorio en la agenda cultural de la cooperación española con la presentación de documentales y exposiciones fotográficas que muestran el aspecto aterrador del tránsito migratorio sin mencionar las raíces poíticas –y en las políticas – de ese drama. La conclusión es que el miedo es el mejor mecanismo de control porque es un mecanismo introyectable y generador de conductas conservadoras. El miedo resulta más penetrante cuando más desapercibidos encuentra a los sujetos, que asisten a un evento presuntamente despolitizado, pero que esconde en sus entretelas una agenda bien definida.
Problem Analysis: Challenging All Learners
Authors: Garcia Katie , Davis Alicia
Published: November 2013

Teachers can modify existing materials to meet new curricular goals, reaching learners at all levels.
Algebraic Activities Aid Discovery Lessons
Authors: Wallace-Gomez Patricia
Published: November 2013

Three graphing activities lead students to discover the shapes and properties of the graphs for linear, quadratic, and absolute value functions and inequalities.
The Back Page: My Favorite Lesson: Modeling Exponential Decay
Authors: Mall Alison L. , Risinger Mike
Published: November 2013

Our favorite lesson, an interactive experiment that models exponential decay, launches with a loud dice roll. This exploration engages students in lively data collection that motivates interest in key components of the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics: functions, modeling, and statistics and probability (CCSSI 2010).
Intraseasonal variability and atmospheric controls on daily dust occurrence frequency over the central and western Sahara during the boreal summer
Authors: Ashpole Ian , Washington Richard
Published: November 2013

We classify satellite‐derived maps of daily dust occurrence frequency over the central and western Sahara (CWS) during the boreal summer in order to identify typical patterns using the neural network based system of self‐organized maps. Resulting dust states vary in terms of the frequency of dust occurrence and its location. The most commonly occurring dust states are those of relatively low dust detection frequency. On days with relatively high dust occurrence, dust tends to favor either a location close to the Algeria‐Mali‐Niger border triple point (TP) or further to the northwest across the western half of the Mali‐Algeria border (MAB). States in which dust is detected at both locations simultaneously are rare. There is a distinct intraseasonal progression in preferred dust location from the TP in the early season to the MAB later in the season. The evolution of dust states reveals a one‐way transition from dust at the TP to dust at the MAB and then to reduced daily dust occurrence frequency. There is a distinct degree of interannual variability in the occurrence frequency of the different states, dominated by the extremes of high and low dust detection frequency. Analysis of climatological composites demonstrates that monsoon surges into the Saharan heat low are associated with days of high dust detection frequency, while a strong Harmattan into the CWS is linked to days with less frequent dust presence. The CWS atmospheric dust budget for June–August is thus strongly linked to the dynamics of the West African monsoon.
Anion channel blockade: Effects upon erythrocyte membrane calcium response
Authors: Eaton John W. , Branda Richard F. , Hadland Christian , Dreher Kenneth
Published: November 2013

The influx of small amounts of calcium into normal human red cells adversely affects cellular metabolism, shape, ion and water content, and deformability. Because restriction of cation (potassium) efflux moderates these deleterious effects of Ca++ influx, we investigated the possibility that inhibition of anion permeability might be similarly beneficial. Human red cells were treated with 4,4′‐diisothiocyano‐2,2′‐stilbene disulfonate (DIDS), which reacts preferentially with external sites on the transmembrane protein, band 3, and specifically inhibits inorganic anion transport. DIDS‐treated and control cells were then exposed to the ionophore A23187 and Ca++. We find that DIDS treatment blocks Ca++‐induced K+ and water loss and diminishes changes in osmotic fragility and cellular elasticity. Furthermore, DIDS reduces the “trapping” of hemoglobin by red cell membranes and increases the apparent affinity of the cell membrane for glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase.
Polycythemia vera in childhood: Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Danish Elizabeth H. , Rasch Cleo A. , Harris John W.
Published: November 2013

A patient presented at 5 years of age with polycythemia vera. He subsequently developed splenic infarctions and died at 20 years of age following cerebral hemorrhage and infarctions. Two months before his death, he developed hypertension and had biochemical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism and possibly pheochromocytoma.

Only nine reported childhood cases of polycythemia vera fulfill the criteria of the Polycythemia Vera Study Group. These cases are summarized and the complications discussed. Although none have progressed to myeloid metaplasia or acute leukemia, these patients are at risk of developing thrombo‐hemorrhagic complications; available evidence indicates that they should be managed to keep the hematocrit between 40 and 45%.
Hyperbaric oxygen for blast‐related postconcussion syndrome: Three‐month outcomes
Authors: Cifu David X. , Walker William C. , West Steven L. , Hart Brett B. , Franke Laura Manning , Sima Adam , Graham Carolyn W. , Carne William
Published: November 2013

Objective

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) and postconcussion syndrome (PCS) are common among military combatants. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) is a proposed treatment for these conditions, but it has not been rigorously studied. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of HBO2 by 3 months post compression at 2 commonly employed dosing levels to treat PCS; whether specific subgroups may have benefited; and if no overall effect was found, whether benefit is masked by other conditions.

Methods

This randomized, double‐blind, sham‐controlled study was conducted at the Naval Air Station in Pensacola, Florida on 61 male Marines with a history of mTBI and PCS. Intervention consisted of 40 once daily 60‐minute hyperbaric chamber compressions at 2.0 atmospheres absolute (ATA) at 1 of 3 randomly preassigned oxygen fractions, resulting in respective blinded groups with an oxygen‐breathing exposure equivalent to (1) surface air (sham), (2) 100% oxygen at 1.5ATA, or (3) 100% oxygen at 2.0ATA. The main outcome measure was the Rivermead Post‐Concussion Questionnaire‐16 (RPQ‐16) collected before compressions and at 2 later points.

Results

The interaction of time by intervention group was not significant for improvement on the RPQ‐16. Nor was there evidence of efficacy on the RPQ‐16 for any subgroup. No significant time by intervention interaction was found for any functional, cognitive, or psychomotor secondary outcome measure at an unadjusted 0.05 significance level.

Interpretation

Using a randomized control trial design and analysis including a sham, results showed no evidence of efficacy by 3 months post‐compression to treat the symptomatic, cognitive, or behavioral sequelae of PCS after combat‐related mTBI. ANN NEUROL 2014;75:277–286
Pulsed‐EPR Evidence of a Manganese(II) Hydroxycarbonyl Intermediate in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide by a Manganese Bipyridyl Derivative
Authors: Bourrez Marc , Orio Maylis , Molton Florian , Vezin Hervé , Duboc Carole , Deronzier Alain , Chardon‐Noblat Sylvie
Published: November 2013

A key intermediate in the electroconversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide, catalyzed by a manganese tris(carbonyl) complex, is characterized. Different catalytic pathways and their potential reaction mechanisms are investigated using a large range of experimental and computational techniques. Sophisticated spectroscopic methods including UV/Vis absorption and pulsed‐EPR techniques (2P‐ESEEM and HYSCORE) were combined together with DFT calculations to successfully identify a key intermediate in the catalytic cycle of CO2 reduction. The results directly show the formation of a metal–carboxylic acid–CO2 adduct after oxidative addition of CO2 and H+ to a Mn0 carbonyl dimer, an unexpected intermediate.
Proteins with Highly Similar Native Folds Can Show Vastly Dissimilar Folding Behavior When Desolvated
Authors: Schennach Moritz , Breuker Kathrin
Published: November 2013

Proteins can be exposed to vastly different environments such as the cytosol or membranes, but the delicate balance between external factors and intrinsic determinants of protein structure, stability, and folding is only poorly understood. Here we used electron capture dissociation to study horse and tuna heart Cytochromes c in the complete absence of solvent. The significantly different stability of their highly similar native folds after transfer into the gas phase, and their strikingly different folding behavior in the gas phase, can be rationalized on the basis of electrostatic interactions such as salt bridges. In the absence of hydrophobic bonding, protein folding is far slower and more complex than in solution.
Supervised learning models to predict firm performance with annual reports: An empirical study
Authors: Qiu Xin Ying , Srinivasan Padmini , Hu Yong
Published: November 2013

Text mining and machine learning methodologies have been applied toward knowledge discovery in several domains, such as biomedicine and business. Interestingly, in the business domain, the text mining and machine learning community has minimally explored company annual reports with their mandatory disclosures. In this study, we explore the question “How can annual reports be used to predict change in company performance from one year to the next?” from a text mining perspective. Our article contributes a systematic study of the potential of company mandatory disclosures using a computational viewpoint in the following aspects: (a) We characterize our research problem along distinct dimensions to gain a reasonably comprehensive understanding of the capacity of supervised learning methods in predicting change in company performance using annual reports, and (b) our findings from unbiased systematic experiments provide further evidence about the economic incentives faced by analysts in their stock recommendations and speculations on analysts having access to more information in producing earnings forecast.
Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of fermented orange juice (poly)phenols in rats
Authors: Escudero‐López Blanca , Calani Luca , Fernández‐Pachón María‐Soledad , Ortega Ángeles , Brighenti Furio , Crozier Alan , Del Rio Daniele
Published: November 2013

Two milliliters of a fermented, pasteurized orange juice containing ∼1% alcohol and 2.3 μmol of (poly)phenolic compounds was fed to rats by gavage after which plasma and urine collected over a 36 h period were analyzed by UHPLC‐mass spectrometry. The main constituents in the juice were hesperetin and naringenin‐O‐glycosides, apigenin‐6,8‐C‐diglucoside, and ferulic acid‐4′‐O‐glucoside. Plasma contained seven flavanone glucuronides, with the principal metabolites, naringenin‐7‐O‐glucuronide, naringenin‐4′‐O‐glucuronide, and an isosakuranetin‐O‐glucuronide, peaking 6 h after intake at concentrations of ∼10 nmol/L. Urinary excretion of four hesperetin glucuronides was equivalent to 0.28% of intake while that of the two naringenin glucuronides was 2.8% of intake. The plasma and urine data suggest that while some absorption occurred in the small intestine, the main site of uptake was the colon. Urine also contained dihydroferulic acid‐4'‐O‐glucuronide and dihydroferulic acid‐4′‐O‐sulfate which were excreted in quantities corresponding to 48.2% of the ingested ferulic acid‐4′‐glucoside. This indicates that the hydroxycinnamate is much more bioavailable than the flavanones in the rat model. Conversion of the ferulic acid glucoside to the dihydroferulic acid metabolites involves the action of colonic microbial glycosidases and reductases/hydrogenases followed by postabsorption phase II metabolism before renal excretion. © 2013 BioFactors, 40(3):327–335, 2014
Predicting the expression of recombinant monoclonal antibodies in Chinese hamster ovary cells based on sequence features of the CDR3 domain
Authors: Pybus Leon P. , James David C. , Dean Greg , Slidel Tim , Hardman Colin , Smith Andrew , Daramola Olalekan , Field Ray
Published: November 2013

Despite the development of high‐titer bioprocesses capable of producing >10 g L−1 of recombinant monoclonal antibody (MAb), some so called “difficult‐to‐express” (DTE) MAbs only reach much lower process titers. For widely utilized “platform” processes the only discrete variable is the protein coding sequence of the recombinant product. However, there has been little systematic study to identify the sequence parameters that affect expression. This information is vital, as it would allow us to rationally design genetic sequence and engineering strategies for optimal bioprocessing. We have therefore developed a new computational tool that enables prediction of MAb titer in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells based on the recombinant coding sequence of the expressed MAb. Model construction utilized a panel of MAbs, which following a 10‐day fed‐batch transient production process varied in titer 5.6‐fold, allowing analysis of the sequence features that impact expression over a range of high and low MAb productivity. The model identified 18 light chain (LC)‐specific sequence features within complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) capable of predicting MAb titer with a root mean square error of 0.585 relative expression units. Furthermore, we identify that CDR3 variation influences the rate of LC‐HC dimerization during MAb synthesis, which could be exploited to improve the production of DTE MAb variants via increasing the transfected LC:HC gene ratio. Taken together these data suggest that engineering intervention strategies to improve the expression of DTE recombinant products can be rationally implemented based on an identification of the sequence motifs that render a recombinant product DTE. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 30:188–197, 2014
LES‐Lagrangian modelling on gasification of combustible solid waste in a spouted bed
Authors: Xie Jun , Zhong Wenqi , Jin Baosheng
Published: November 2013

A three‐dimensional numerical model is developed to simulate gasification of combustible solid waste in a spouted bed. Both complex gas–solid flow and chemical reactions are considered. The particle motion is modelled by the Lagrangian method and the gas motion by the large eddy simulation (LES) turbulent model. Calculations were carried out in a cylindrical spouted bed with a diameter of 160 mm, a height of 900 mm, and a conical base of 60°. Effects of equivalence ratio (ER) on product gas compositions were investigated. The flow patterns, profiles of temperatures and gas compositions in the reactor were also discussed.
The single‐crystal NMR experiment: An experimentalist's guide: Part II: Data analysis and assignment of symmetry‐related tensors
Authors: Kennedy Michael A. , Ellis Paul D.
Published: November 2013

Explicit expressions needed for the extraction of the chemical shielding tensor from the angle‐dependent chemical shifts are derived for orthogonal and off‐angle probe experiments. Assignment of symmetry‐related chemical shielding tensors via 1) a semi‐empirical method and 2) angle‐dependent line‐widths due to heteronuclear dipolar couplings are discussed.
Phase Transition for the Speed of the Biased Random Walk on the Supercritical Percolation Cluster
Authors: Fribergh Alexander , Hammond Alan
Published: November 2013

We prove the sharpness of the phase transition for the speed in biased random walk on the supercritical percolation cluster on ℤd. That is, for each d ≥ 2, and for any supercritical parameter p > pc, we prove the existence of a critical strength for the bias such that below this value the speed is positive, and above the value it is zero. We identify the value of the critical bias explicitly, and in the subballistic regime, we find the polynomial order of the distance moved by the particle. Each of these conclusions is obtained by investigating the geometry of the traps that are most effective at delaying the walk.

A key element in proving our results is to understand that, on large scales, the particle trajectory is essentially one‐dimensional; we prove such a dynamic renormalization statement in a much stronger form than was previously known. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential of Hexyl Acrylate Monomer as an Initiator in Photo‐initiated CVD
Authors: Suresh Aravind , Anastasio Daniel , Burkey Daniel D.
Published: November 2013

The potential of hexyl acrylate as an initiator in photo‐initiated (pi) CVD is explored by demonstrating its auto‐polymerization under ultraviolet (UV) radiation of wavelength 254 nm. Deposition of poly(hexyl acrylate) films on silicon substrates proceeds at high rates, approaching 1.7 µm min−1, at a stage temperature of 12.1°C, and the process is observed to be adsorption controlled.
Epithelial invasion outcompetes hypha development during Candida albicans infection as revealed by an image‐based systems biology approach
Authors: Mech Franziska , Wilson Duncan , Lehnert Teresa , Hube Bernhard , Thilo Figge Marc
Published: November 2013

Candida albicans is the most common opportunistic fungal pathogen of the human mucosal flora, frequently causing infections. The fungus is responsible for invasive infections in immunocompromised patients that can lead to sepsis. The yeast to hypha transition and invasion of host‐tissue represent major determinants in the switch from benign colonizer to invasive pathogen. A comprehensive understanding of the infection process requires analyses at the quantitative level. Utilizing fluorescence microscopy with differential staining, we obtained images of C. albicans undergoing epithelial invasion during a time course of 6 h. An image‐based systems biology approach, combining image analysis and mathematical modeling, was applied to quantify the kinetics of hyphae development, hyphal elongation, and epithelial invasion. The automated image analysis facilitates high‐throughput screening and provided quantities that allow for the time‐resolved characterization of the morphological and invasive state of fungal cells. The interpretation of these data was supported by two mathematical models, a kinetic growth model and a kinetic transition model, that were developed using differential equations. The kinetic growth model describes the increase in hyphal length and revealed that hyphae undergo mass invasion of epithelial cells following primary hypha formation. We also provide evidence that epithelial cells stimulate the production of secondary hyphae by C. albicans. Based on the kinetic transition model, the route of invasion was quantified in the state space of non‐invasive and invasive fungal cells depending on their number of hyphae. This analysis revealed that the initiation of hyphae formation represents an ultimate commitment to invasive growth and suggests that in vivo, the yeast to hypha transition must be under exquisitely tight negative regulation to avoid the transition from commensal to pathogen invading the epithelium. © 2013 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Ultrasonographic thyroid findings suspicious for malignancy
Authors: Azar Nami , Lance Craig , Nakamoto Dean , Michael Claire , Wasman Jay , Pantanowitz Liron
Published: November 2013

Asymptomatic incidental thyroid nodules (thyroid incidentalomas) are found in up to a third of the adult population. There is notable overlap in the sonographic appearance of benign and malignant thyroid nodules. This paper provides a brief review of the ultrasound findings of thyroid nodules that are suspicious for malignancy with pathologic correlates. We then discuss the standard approach to a fine needle aspiration biopsy of a thyroid nodule at our institution. Finally, we review specific diagnostic challenges in image guided fine needle aspiration biopsies. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:1107–1114. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolism of boldione in humans by mass spectrometric techniques: detection of pseudoendogenous metabolites
Authors: de la Torre Xavier , Curcio Davide , Colamonici Cristiana , Molaioni Francesco , Botrè Francesco
Published: November 2013

Boldione is an anabolic androgenic steroid (AAS) related to boldenone, androstenedione, and testosterone bearing two double bonds in C1 and C4 positions. Boldione is rapidly transformed to the well‐known AAS boldenone, being both compounds included in the list of prohibited substances and methods published yearly by the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA). After the administration of boldione to a male volunteer, the already described urinary metabolites of boldenone produced after reduction in C4, oxydoreduction in C3 and C17, and hydroxylation have been detected. In addition, minor new metabolites have been detected and their structure postulated after mass spectrometric analyses. Finally, the reduction of the double bound in C1 produces metabolites identical to the endogenously produced ones. A method based on gas chromatography coupled to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) after a urine sample purification by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) permitted to confirm the main synthetic like boldione/boldenone metabolite (17β‐hydroxy‐5β‐androst‐1‐en‐3‐one) and boldenone at trace levels (< 5 ng/mL) and then to establish its synthetic or endogenous origin, and to determine the exogenous origin of metabolites with the same chemical structure of the endogenous ones. The detection of pseudoendogenous androgens of synthetic origin partially overlapped boldenone and its main metabolite detection, being an additional proof of synthetic steroids misuse. By the use of IRMS, the correct evaluation of the modifications of the steroid profile after the administration of synthetic AAS that could be converted into endogenous like ones is possible. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenotypic divergence in reproductive traits of a moth population experiencing a phenological shift
Authors: Santos Helena M. , Paiva Maria‐Rosa , Rocha Susana , Kerdelhué Carole , Branco Manuela
Published: November 2013

Allochrony that is reproductive isolation by time may further lead to divergence of reproductive adaptive traits in response to different environmental pressures over time. A unique “summer” population of the pine processionary moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa, reproductively isolated from the typical winter populations by allochronic differentiation, is here analyzed. This allochronically shifted population reproduces in the spring and develops in the summer, whereas “winter” populations reproduce in the late summer and have winter larval development. Both summer and winter populations coexist in the same pine stands, yet they face different climatic pressures as their active stages are present in different seasons. The occurrence of significant differences between the reproductive traits of the summer population and the typical winter populations (either sympatric or allopatric) is thus hypothesized. Female fecundity, egg size, egg covering, and egg parasitism were analyzed showing that the egg load was lower and that egg size was higher in the summer population than in all the studied winter populations. The scales that cover the egg batches of T. pityocampa differed significantly between populations in shape and color, resulting in a looser and darker covering in the summer population. The single specialist egg parasitoid species of this moth was almost missing in the summer population, and the overall parasitism rates were lower than in the winter population. Results suggest the occurrence of phenotypic differentiation between the summer population and the typical T. pityocampa winter populations for the life‐history traits studied. This work provides an insight into how ecological divergence may follow the process of allochronic reproductive isolation.
Nanoscaled Bismuth Oxido Clusters: Probing Factors of Structure Formation and Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Schlesinger Maik , Weber Marcus , Rüffer Tobias , Lang Heinrich , Mehring Michael
Published: November 2013

Hydrolysis of bismuth(III) nitrate in the presence of sodium benzoate (NaOBz) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) gave the bismuth oxido cluster [{Bi38O45(NO3)20(OBz)4(DMSO)24}·4DMSO][{Bi38O45(NO3)24(DMSO)26}·4DMSO] (1), which crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with cell parameters of a = 35.8728(12) Å, b = 20.2750(5) Å, c = 34.8624(11) Å, and β = 111.797(4)°. The asymmetric unit contains two crystallographically independent bismuth oxido clusters of different composition. Because of the distinct structural relationship of this type of bismuth oxido clusters with the photocatalytically active polymorph β‐Bi2O3, colloidal suspensions of nanoscaled 1 as well as colloids composed of the recently reported clusters [Bi6O4(OH)4(NO3)6]·H2O (2), [{Bi38O45(NO3)24(DMSO)26}·2DMSO][{Bi38O45(NO3)24(DMSO)24}·0.5DMSO] (3), and [Bi38O45(OMc)24(DMSO)9]·2DMSO·7H2O (4) were probed for their photocatalytic activity. The bismuth oxido cluster 3 decomposes more than 85 % of a 1 × 10–5 M aqueous solution of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation within 150 min. Colloids of such clusters might serve as model compounds for indirect photodegradation processes of organic contaminants at the metal oxide surface.
The zeta potential of PMMA in contact with electrolytes of various conditions: Theoretical and experimental investigation
Authors: Falahati Hamid , Wong Lambert , Davarpanah Leila , Garg Abhinandan , Schmitz Peter , Barz Dominik P. J.
Published: November 2013

Many unit operations required in microfluidics can be realised by electrokinetic phenomena. Electrokinetic phenomena are related to the presence of electrical surface charges of microfluidic substrates in contact with a liquid. As surface charges cannot be directly measured, the zeta potential is considered as the relevant parameter instead. PMMA is an attractive microfluidic substrate since micron‐sized features can be manufactured at low costs. However, the existence of PMMA surface charges is not well understood and the zeta potential data found in the literature show significant disagreement. In this article, we present a thorough investigation on the zeta potential of PMMA. We use computations of the potential distribution in the electrical double layer to predict the influence of various electrolyte parameters. The generated knowledge is compared to extensive experiments where we investigate the influence of ionic strength, pH, temperature and the nature of the electrolyte. Our findings imply that two different mechanisms influence the zeta potential depending on the pH value. We propose pure shielding in the acidic and neutral milieus while adsorption of co‐ions occurs along with shielding in the alkaline milieu.
The interactive effects of chytrid fungus, pesticides, and exposure timing on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) larvae
Authors: Hanlon Shane M. , Parris Matthew J.
Published: November 2013

Aquatic organisms are often exposed to a wide variety of perturbations in nature, including pathogens and chemical contaminants. Despite the co-occurrence of these 2 stressors, few studies have examined the effects of chemical contaminants on host–pathogen dynamics. The authors tested the individual and combined effects on gray treefrog (Hyla versicolor) tadpoles of 2 commonly used pesticides (Roundup® and Sevin®) and the pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). A fully factorial design was used, and tadpoles were exposed to Bd, Roundup, or Sevin alone, or a combination of Bd and either pesticide at 3 points during larval development (early, mid, late). It was predicted that pesticides would mediate the effect of Bd on tadpoles and reduce the likelihood of negative consequences of infection and that timing of exposure would influence these effects. Tadpoles exposed to Bd at the mid point experienced higher survival through metamorphosis than those exposed to Bd at the early or late points, while tadpoles exposed to Sevin at the early point experienced reduced survival compared with those exposed to Roundup or no-pesticide control at the same exposure point. Roundup ameliorated the effects of Bd on survival compared with tadpoles exposed to Bd alone, while there was no interactive effect of Sevin on survival. In addition, Sevin reduced mass of new metamorphs compared with Roundup and reduced snout–vent length compared with all other treatments. The present study supports the hypothesis that pesticides can mitigate the effects of Bd on amphibian hosts and that such effects may depend on the timing of exposure. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:216–222. © 2013 SETAC
A protocol for metering data pseudonymization in smart grids
Authors: Rottondi Cristina , Mauri Giulia , Verticale Giacomo
Published: November 2013

A tradeoff between data collection needs and user privacy is of paramount importance in the Smart Grid. This paper proposes a pseudonymization protocol for data gathered by the Smart Metres, which relies on a network infrastructure and a dedicated set of nodes, called privacy preserving nodes. The network privacy is enforced by a separation of duties; the privacy preserving nodes perform data pseudonymization without having access to the measurements, which are masked by means of a secret sharing scheme, while the entities accessing the data recover and relate the plain measurements generated by the same metre along a time window of finite duration but have no access to the metre identities. The paper also provides an evaluation of the security and of the performance of the protocol, comparing it to the two alternative encryption techniques, which mask the measurements by means of the Chaum mixing scheme or of an identity‐based proxy re‐encryption scheme. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of small cell technology in future Smart City applications
Authors: Cimmino Antonio , Pecorella Tommaso , Fantacci Romano , Granelli Fabrizio , Rahman Talha Faizur , Sacchi Claudio , Carlini Camillo , Harsh Piyush
Published: November 2013

Meeting citizens’ requirements economically and efficiently is the most important objective of Smart Cities. As a matter of fact, they are considered a key concept both for future Internet and information and communications technology. It is expected that a wide range of services will be made available for residential users (e.g. intelligent transportation systems, e‐government, e‐banking, e‐commerce and smart management of energy demand), public administration entities, public safety and civil protection agencies and so on with increased quality, lower costs and reduced environmental impact. In order to achieve these ambitious objectives, new technologies should be developed such as non‐invasive sensing, highly parallel processing, smart grids and mobile broadband communications. This paper considers the communication aspects of Smart City applications, specifically, the role of the latest developments of Long‐Term Evolution‐Advanced standard, which forecast the increase of broadband coverage by means of small cells. We shall demonstrate that the novel concept of small cell fully meets the emerging communication and networking requirements of future Smart Cities. To this aim, a feasible network architecture for future Smart Cities, based on small cells, will be discussed in the framework of a future smarter and user‐centric perspective of forthcoming 4G mobile technologies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
7‐Halogeno‐2‐Vinylfluorenes and Related Compounds
Authors: Berkovic S.
Published: November 2013

Acetylation of 2‐fluoro and 2‐chlorofluorene attacks the 7‐position. Thus, 2‐fluoro‐, 2‐chloro‐ and also 2‐bromo‐7‐vinylfluorene have been prepared. Analogously 4‐fluoro‐and 4‐bromo‐1‐vinylnaphthalene have been synthesized.
A Study on Salmonella Asparaginase
Authors: Kott Y.
Published: November 2013

α‐N‐methyl DL‐asparagine was rapidly hydrolyzed by Sal. carmel and Sal. hadar preparations. Higher alkyl derivatives were not hydrolyzed and inhibited L‐asparagine hydrolysis.

N (β DL‐aspartyl) methyl amine was not attacked by the enzymatic preparations and inhibited competitively the hydrolysis of L‐asparagine. Similarly, higher β‐N‐alkyl derivatives of asparagine were not hydrolyzed and inhibited L‐asparagine hydrolysis, although to a less extent. D‐asparagine was not hydrolyzed and inhibited competitively the cleavage of L‐asparagine.

Zn+ +, Mg+ +, Cu+ + inhibited the enzyme action, while Br−, Cl−, I−, NO3− had no influence on L‐asparagine hydrolysis.
Synthesis of DL‐o‐Trimethylsilyl Phenylalanine
Authors: Gertner D. , Shenhar A. , Zilkha A.
Published: November 2013

DL‐o‐Trimethylsilyl phenylalanine was prepared by condensation of o‐trimethylsilyl benzylbromide with diethylformamidomalonate, followed by mild hydrolysis, decarboxylation and deformylation. Its N‐carboxyanhydride was obtained on reaction of the amino acid with phosgene and was polymerized.
The Iodination of Borazines
Authors: Muszkat K.A. , Kirson B.
Published: November 2013

N‐Trimethyl‐ and N‐triphenylborazines were iodinated by elemental iodine giving B‐mono‐, B‐di‐ and B‐triiodo‐N‐trimethylborazines and B‐mono‐ and B‐di‐iodo‐N‐triphenylborazines. Borazine itself, however, yields on iodination a non‐volatile product whose structure is discussed. A possible mechanism for the iodination reaction is considered. The charge transfer complex of N‐triphenylborazine and iodine is described.
Polar Effects in the Homoallylic Rearrangement of Arylcyclopropylcarbinols
Authors: Sarel S. , Breuer E. , Ertag Sh. , Salamon R.
Published: November 2013

The synthesis of some p‐substituted phenylmethylcyclopropylcarbinols of the structure (I) is herein reported. Dehydration of the cyclopropylcarbinols by means of acetic anhydride yielded mixtures of α‐cyclopropylstyrenes (V) and 4‐arylpent‐3‐enyl acetates (VI) the ratio of which depended on both the polar characteristics of the substituent X and on reaction conditions. The relative order of the effect of substitution in the phenyl group on V/VI ratio is Cl > H > CH3 > OCH3. The data presented being interpreted in terms of stability of the cyclopropylbenzylium ions (III). The more stable carbonium ions (III or IV) would favor the formation of rearranged products (VI) whereas the less stable would favor the production of V.
Separation of Lithium by Ion Exchange Chromatography
Authors: Ratner R. , Ludmer Z.
Published: November 2013

Small amounts of lithium were separated from large amounts of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium ions. The separation was performed by a cation exchange chromatographic method. Amberlite IR‐120 was used as cation exchanger and a mixture of methanol (9 volumes)‐hydrochloric acid (1 volume) was employed as eluent. The separation was quantitative, lithium was eluted first and the effluents containing lithium were free from other cations. In the effluent, lithium was determined by a flame photometric procedure.
4‐Fluoroindole and Derivatives
Authors: Bentov M. , Pelchowicz Z. , Levy A.
Published: November 2013

4‐Fluoroindole(VIII) has been prepared by a five‐step synthesis from 2‐fluoro‐6‐nitrotoluene (III). (VIII) has been converted into a number of N,N‐dialkylated 4‐fluorotryptamines.
Synthesis of 5‐and 6‐Halogenoindoles from Indoline
Authors: Ikan R. , Hoffmann E. , Bergmann E. D. , Galun A.
Published: November 2013

For the preparation of 5‐ and 6‐chloro‐ and ‐fluoro‐indoles, methods based on the nitration of indoline have been elaborated.
Spot Test Differentiation of o‐Cresol and 1‐Naphthol from their Isomers
Authors: Feigl F. , Yariv S.
Published: November 2013

The differentiation of o‐cresol and 1‐naphthol from their isomers can be based on their behavior towards ceric salts and the extractibility with ether of the colored reaction products formed. The pertinent spot test procedures are described.
Cobalt Nitroso‐Pentammines
Authors: Ardon M.
Published: November 2013

Several structural formulae have been suggested in the past for the red and the black cobalt nitroso‐pentammine salts, but the evidence in their favour is shown to be inconclusive. An ion exchange technique is employed to determine the binuclear structure of the red salts.
Specific and Sensitive Reactions with the Aid of Montmorillonite II: Pyrocatechol and its Derivatives
Authors: Yariv S. , Bodenheimer W.
Published: November 2013

Non chelated phenolic complexes with Fe(III) which are known to form in aqueous solution are not sorbed on montmorillonite. Pyrocatechol which does form a chelate with Fe(III) is absorbed and can therefore be identified in the presence of isomers. Other aromatic compounds with two hydroxy groups in ortho position and esters and ethers of pyrocatechol and its derivatives have also been studied. A sensitive and selective spot test for the identification of pyrocatechol and its derivatives has been worked out.
Organometallic‐Clay Complexes. Part V. Fe(III)‐Pyrocatechol
Authors: Yariv S. , Bodenheimer W. , Heller L.
Published: November 2013

The simultaneous sorption of Fe(III) and pyrocatechol by montmorillonite from aqueous solution at various pH values and the sorption of pyrocatechol by Fe(III) saturated montmorillonite was investigated by chemical and differential thermal analysis and by X‐ray methods. It was inferred that a cationic complex is formed in interlamellar space with an Fe(III): pyrocatechol ratio of 1:1. This differs from the anionic 1:2 and 1:3 complexes previously isolated in the solid state.
Structural Relationship Between Two Polymorphic Forms of β‐Naphthol
Authors: Coppens P. , Heairfield I.
Published: November 2013

The metastable modification of β‐naphthol is shown to be isomorphous with naphthalene. This implies that its crystal structure is disordered, the center of symmetry being statistical. The structures of the metastable and the stable form are rather similar but the phase transformation requires a 180° rotation of about half of the molecules in the crystal.
A Quick and Precise Heterometric Microdetermination of Vanadium with 5,7‐Dibromo‐8‐Hydroxyquinoline
Authors: Bobtelsky M. , Gancz M.
Published: November 2013

A heterometric study was made of the reaction between vanadium and 5,7‐dibromo‐8‐hydroxy‐quinolin. A method is presented for the determination of 0.2 mg V+5 in 20 ml aqueous solution which can be carried out within 10 minutes. The analysed solution may generally contain over 95 mol % Ca, Mg, Zn, Ni, Co, Cd, Cr, NaCl, NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4, citrate, arsenate and tartrate, and over 70 mol % A1, Pb, U, Zr, Th.

The error is about 1%
Spectrochemical Determination of Boron and Strontium in Reactor Waters
Authors: Schoenfeld I.
Published: November 2013

An adaptation of the copper spark excitation method of spectrochemical analysis is presented for the determination of boron and strontium in reactor waters. The Intensities of the analytical lines BII‐3451.41A and SrII‐4077.714A were determined photometrically and related to the concentrations of B and Sr.

The method covers the ranges 5 × 10−7 to 7.5 × 10−6% and 2.5 × 10−7 to 5 × 10−6% for B and Sr respectively. The method was extended to lower concentrations by five superimposed exposures (the limits of detection then being 10−7% for B and 5 × 10−8% for Sr), and it can be extended even further, when necessary, by use of a greater concentration factor and/or mote superimposed exposures. The method is simple and rapid, and yet adequately sensitive and precise. The coefficients of variation for single determinations of B and St content are about 10% and 14% respectively.
The Preparation and Properties of Some Halomethylpyrimidines
Authors: Ashani Y. , Cohen S.
Published: November 2013

Halogen reactivity in various 5‐halomethylpyrimidines is ascribed to mesomeric electron transfer from the ring to the halomethyl group. In the more stable 6‐halomethylpyrimidines, electron abstraction from the ring is of an inductive nature. These effects are reflected in differences in the dissociation constants of corresponding members of the two series.
Reactivators of Inhibited Acetylcholinesterase. I. the Preparation and Properties of 4‐Hydroxyminomethyl‐1‐Methylpyrimidinium Iodide
Authors: Ashani Y. , Edery H. , Zahavy J. , Künberg W. , Cohen Sasson
Published: November 2013

4‐Hydroximinomethyl‐pyrimidine (VIII) has been prepared from 4‐methylpyrimidine (III) by nitrosation or, more preferably, by the Ortoleva‐King procedure. The oxime VIII has a syn configuration and yields, upon alkylation with iodomethane, 4‐hydroximinomethyl‐1‐methyl‐pyrimidinium iodide (IX). The latter proved to be a reactivator of phosphorylated acetylcholine esterase in vitro. In combination with low doses of atropine it also protected mice against organophosphate intoxication.
The Course of N‐Alkylation of 6‐Methylmercaptopurines
Authors: Neiman Z. , Bergmann F.
Published: November 2013

Reaction of a 6‐methylmercaptopurine with methyl iodide in an aprotic solvent gives only a single methylation product. Both the 7‐ and the 9‐methyl derivatives are alkylated at N‐3. 3‐Methyl‐6‐methylmetcaptopurine is attacked at N‐7, while the 1‐methyl isomer is substituted at position 9. The course of the latter reaction depends markedly on the reaction conditions, as in the presence of an alkali carbonate alkylation takes place at N‐7. The mechanism of these methylations is discussed.
Organic Reactions in Melts and Solids. Part III: Hydrogenolysis by Neat Acyloins
Authors: Goldberg O , Michman M. , Patai S.
Published: November 2013

Acyloins were investigated as hydrogen donors in thermal reactions. With neat materials, satisfactory yields were obtained when weak oxidants such as mercuric cyanide and other mercuric salts were used as hydrogen acceptors. The reactions show a high degree of selectivity: acyloins alone are oxidized by mercuric cyanide while compounds of related structure do not react. The reactions of neat materials, in the molten state, yield results which clearly differ from those previously obtained in various solvents.
Electrodialytic Determination of the Capacity of Permselective Membranes
Authors: Kertész D. , De Körösy F.
Published: November 2013

The determination of exchange capacities of permselective membranes has been speeded up from 1–2 weeks to 1–2 days by use of electrodialytic methods for all exchange and washing processes. The total and the non‐quaternary capacities of anionic membranes are determined in a single operation. Capacities in general agree well with analytical data of the membranes.