bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Resonance Raman Evidence of Immobilization of Laccase on Self-Assembled Monolayers of Thiols on Ag and Au Surfaces
Authors: Michota-Kaminska A. , Wrzosek B. , Bukowska J.
Published: July 2006

Resonance Raman (RR) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy have been used to study immobilization of laccase on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of thiols containing carboxylic and amino groups, deposited on silver and gold electrodes. A new, indirect way of monitoring laccase bound to the thiol-coated Ag and Au surfaces is presented. It was demonstrated that by recording the resonance Raman spectra of the colored product of the oxidation of syringaldazine (4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzaldehydeazine) by laccase in the presence of molecular oxygen, one may easily confirm binding as well as enzymatic activity of laccase immobilized on the SAMs modified silver and gold surfaces.
Far-Infrared Spectroscopy of Interlayer Vibrations of Cu(II), Mg(II), Zn(II), and Al(III) Intercalated Muscovite
Authors: Friedrich Frank , Gasharova Biliana , Mathis Yves-Laurent , Nüesch Rolf , Weidler Peter G.
Published: July 2006

In this study the intercalation behavior of di- and trivalent cations like Cu(II), Mg(II), Zn(II), and Al(III) into the interlayers of muscovite was investigated by X-ray diffraction and far-infrared spectroscopy. The X-ray diffractometry shows that the original material is a muscovite 2 M1. During the metal cation treatment, new peaks occur at about 1.1 and 2.2 nm, while the original peaks strongly decrease. This gives evidence for the formation of a strongly modified mica structure. The occurrence of bands at low wavenumbers (93 cm−1 and 104 cm−1) in the far-infrared spectra show that the untreated material was partly dehydroxylated. The strong decrease of the band at 93 cm−1 and the occurrence of a band at 110 cm−1 during the intercalation are strong hints about the rehydroxylation of the mineral. The strong increase of the band intensity at 88 cm−1 and the occurrence of a band at 119 cm−1 in the treated muscovites prove the formation of a new, strongly modified mica phase that has both the new cations and the potassium incorporated into the interlayer space.
Monitoring the Speciation of Aqueous Free Chlorine from pH 1 to 12 with Raman Spectroscopy to Determine the Identity of the Potent Low-pH Oxidant
Authors: Cherney Daniel P. , Duirk Stephen E. , Tarr James C. , Collette Timothy W.
Published: July 2006

The speciation of aqueous free chlorine above pH 5 is a well-understood equilibrium of H2O + HOCl ⇌ OCl− + H3O+ with a p Ka of 7.5. However, the identity of another very potent oxidant present at low pH (below 5) has been attributed by some researchers to Cl2 (aq) and by others to H2OCl+. We have conducted a series of experiments designed to ascertain which of these two species is correct. First, using Raman spectroscopy, we found that an equilibrium of H2O + H2OCl+ ⇌ HOCl + H3O+ is unlikely because the “apparent p Ka” increases monotonically from 1.25 to 2.11 as the analytical concentration is increased from 6.6 to 26.2 mM. Second, we found that significantly reducing the chloride ion concentration changed the Raman spectrum and also dramatically reduced the oxidation potency of the low-pH solution (as compared to solutions at the same pH that contained equimolar concentrations of Cl− and HOCl). The chloride ion concentration was not expected to impact an equilibrium of H2O + H2OCl+ ⇌ HOCl + H3O+, if it existed. These observations supported the following equilibrium as pH is decreased: Cl2 (aq) + 2H2O ⇌ HOCl + Cl− + H3O+. The concentration-based equilibrium constant was estimated to be approximately 2.56 × 10−4 M2 in solutions whose ionic strengths were ∼0.01 M. The oxidative potency of the species in low pH solutions was investigated by monitoring the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones. These and other results reported here argue strongly that Cl2 (aq) is the correct form of the potent low-pH oxidant in aqueous free-chlorine solutions.
Continuous Glucose Monitoring by Means of Fiber-Based, Mid-Infrared Laser Spectroscopy
Authors: Lambrecht A. , Beyer T. , Hebestreit K. , Mischler R. , Petrich W.
Published: July 2006

The application of mid-infrared laser spectroscopy to the reagent-free quantification of the concentration of glucose was investigated using cryogenically cooled lead salt lasers or, alternatively, quantum cascade lasers operating at room temperature. The concentration of glucose in aqueous solutions was quantified by means of fiber-based attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy (fiber-optical evanescent field analysis, FEFA) as well as fiber-based transmission spectroscopy. Both methods have the potential to be utilized by small fiber sensors, which can be inserted into the subcutaneous tissue in order to continuously measure the local concentration of glucose. In our in vitro experiments, noise-equivalent concentrations as low as 10 mg/dL were achieved. The midterm stability of the measurement schemes was investigated by means of Allan variance analysis. Based on the research presented in this manuscript, an all-room-temperature measurement scheme using quantum cascade lasers, miniaturized fiber-optic sensors, and pyroelectric detectors appears well suited for the continuous monitoring of glucose concentrations at physiological levels.
Application of Near-Infrared and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in the Characterization of Ligand-Induced Conformation Changes in Folate Binding Protein Purified from Bovine Milk: Influence of Buffer Type and pH
Authors: Bruun Susanne W. , Holm Jan , Hansen Steen Ingemann , Jacobsen Susanne
Published: July 2006

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy have been applied to detect structural alterations in folate binding protein (FBP) induced by ligation in different buffer types. The amide I region pointed to a β-sheet to α-helix transition upon ligation in acetate and phosphate buffers, and the formation of intermolecular β-sheet was indicated at pH 5.0, in agreement with a dimerization of FBP taking place at this pH. The ligand-induced changes in the 2100–2300 nm NIR region were significant for FBP in acetate and phosphate buffers of pH 5.0, and the variations were interpreted as secondary structure changes, based on previous assignments of secondary structures to the combination bands in the NIR region. In the case of acetate buffer, variations in the amide combination bands agreed with the amide I analysis, but for the other buffer types some discrepancies were found and explained by side-chain contributions to the NIR, which could reflect the tertiary and quaternary structure differences. NIR spectra of FBP at pH 7.4 and 5.0 revealed contradictory effects on the side chains, reflecting different polymerization events at the two pH values, whereas the amide I region indicated similar changes at the two pH values. Therefore, we suggest that FT-IR and NIR spectroscopy may complement each other, such that the two techniques in combination may give information on all three types of protein conformational changes. While the secondary structure changes are revealed by FT-IR, the tertiary and quaternary structure changes are reflected in the NIR spectra, although the general influence of the latter changes on the NIR spectra remains to be confirmed.
Phosphorescence of Erythrosin B as a Robust Probe of Molecular Mobility in Amorphous Solid Sucrose
Authors: You Yumin , Ludescher Richard D.
Published: July 2006

Luminescence from the triplet probe erythrosin B (tetra-iodo fluorescein, Ery B) provides spectroscopic characteristics such as lifetime and emission energy that are sensitive to molecular mobility of the local environment in amorphous solids. This study investigated how variations in the local concentration of Ery B free acid as well as the presence of the dispersing solvent affect the spectroscopic measurements of solid matrix properties (the free acid of Ery B is poorly soluble in water and thus must be introduced via an organic solvent). The emission energy of Ery B from 5 to 100 °C in thin films of amorphous sucrose at various probe and solvent (N,N-dimethyl formamide, DMF) concentrations was determined using excitation at 500 nm and emission over the range 520–750 nm. The emission lifetime was determined over the same temperature range using a stretched exponential analysis of intensity decays collected using excitation at 530 nm and emission at 680 nm. Variations in the probe/sucrose mole ratio (concentration) over the range from 0.5 to 10 × 10−4 and 10-fold variations in the amount of DMF used to disperse the probe did not affect the emission energy, the shape of the emission spectra, or the measured lifetimes of Ery B in amorphous sucrose. These results thus indicate that erythrosin B introduced into amorphous solids can provide a robust measure of the intrinsic mobility of the solid matrix that is relatively insensitive to final probe concentration or presence of residual solvent.
Photoluminescent Distinction among Plant Life Forms Using Phosphate Buffered Saline Extract Solutions
Authors: Danielson Timothy L. , Obeidat Safwan , Rayson Gary D. , Anderson Dean M. , Fredrickson Ed L. , Estell Rick E.
Published: July 2006

Photoluminescence of plant extract solutions has been investigated for discrimination of plant life forms (grasses, forbs, and shrubs) using principal component analysis (PCA). Clippings from each of six plant species representing three different plant life forms potentially found in the diets of free-ranging herbivores in the Chihuahuan Desert of North America were investigated for possible discernment. These plants included Sporobolus flexuosus (mesa dropseed, a grass), Pleuraphis mutica (tobosa, a grass), Dimorphocarpa wislizenii (spectacle pod, a forb), Sphaeralcea incana (pale globemallow, a forb), Flourensia cernua leaves (tarbush, a shrub), and Atriplex canescens leaves and stems (fourwing saltbush, a shrub). Emission spectra (370–600 nm) from phosphate buffered saline (PBS) extract solutions (pH 2.2, 7.5 and 12.5) were recorded for each plant with excitation at 365 nm. Use of PBS minimized chlorophyll interference. Discernment among plant life forms within these plant species was achieved.
Characterization and Quantitation of a Tertiary Mixture of Salts by Raman Spectroscopy in Simulated Hydrothermal Vent Fluid
Authors: Dable Brian K. , Love Brooke A. , Battaglia Tina M. , Booksh Karl S. , Lilley Marvin D. , Marquardt Brian J.
Published: July 2006

This article will demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool for monitoring the chemical composition of hydrothermal vent fluids in the deep ocean. Hydrothermal vent systems are difficult to study because they are commonly found at depths greater than 1000 m under high pressure (200–300 bar) and venting fluid temperatures are up to 400 °C. Our goal in this study was to investigate the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize and quantitate three Raman-active salts that are among the many chemical building blocks of deep ocean vent chemistry. This paper presents initial sampling and calibration studies as part of a multiphase project to design, develop, and deploy a submersible deep sea Raman instrument for in situ analysis of hydrothermal vent systems. Raman spectra were collected from designed sets of seawater solutions of carbonate, sulfate, and nitrate under different physical conditions of temperature and pressure. The role of multivariate analysis techniques to preprocess the spectral signals and to develop optimal calibration models to accurately estimate the concentrations of a set of mixtures of simulated seawater are discussed. The effects that the high-pressure and high-temperature environment have upon the Raman spectra of the analytes were also systematically studied. Information gained from these lab experiments is being used to determine design criteria and performance attributes for a deployable deep sea Raman instrument to study hydrothermal vent systems in situ.
Automated Estimation of White Gaussian Noise Level in a Spectrum with or without Spike Noise Using a Spectral Shifting Technique
Authors: Schulze H. Georg , Yu Marcia M. L. , Addison Christopher J. , Blades Michael W. , Turner Robin F. B.
Published: July 2006

Various tasks, for example, the determination of signal-to-noise ratios, require the estimation of noise levels in a spectrum. This is generally accomplished by calculating the standard deviation of manually chosen points in a region of the spectrum that has a flat baseline and is otherwise devoid of artifacts and signal peaks. However, an automated procedure has the advantage of being faster and operator-independent. In principle, automated noise estimation in a single spectrum can be carried out by taking that spectrum, shifting a copy thereof by one channel, and subtracting the shifted spectrum from the original spectrum. This leads to an addition of independent noise and a reduction of slowly varying features such as baselines and signal peaks; hence, noise can be more readily determined from the difference spectrum. We demonstrate this technique and a spike-discrimination variant on white Gaussian noise, in the presence and absence of spike noise, and show that highly accurate results can be obtained on a series of simulated Raman spectra and consistent results obtained on real-world Raman spectra. Furthermore, the method can be easily adapted to accommodate heteroscedastic noise.
Quantitative Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectra of the Cortical Sarcoma and the Adjacent Normal Tissue Determined with an in vivo Experimental Method and Theoretical Model
Authors: Li Yuezhi , Li Mingzhao , Xu Tao
Published: July 2006

In this paper, a time-resolved fluorescence spectrum method is proposed to study the difference between the cortical sarcoma and the adjacent normal tissue. This is a fluorescence-light-intensity-independent method, which makes it more reliable in the presence of interference light emitted by nonfluorescent light absorbers and scatterers. In the implementation, a model of the tumor tissue and a model of light transport in turbid media using improved Monte Carlo simulations are proposed. In this method, the time-resolved fluorescence is collected in vivo. The improved theoretical model can interpret the fluorescence lifetime measurement. The simulation results show that the decay constant of the tumor tissue spectrum is larger than that of the adjacent normal tissue because of hypoxia and haperplasia, which fits the theoretical analysis very well.
Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy of High-Pressure Bulk Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Lawrence-Snyder Marion , Scaffidi Jon , Angel S. Michael , Michel Anna P. M. , Chave Alan D.
Published: July 2006

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is presented for detection of several Group I and II elements (e.g., Na, Ca, Li, and K), as well as Mn and CaOH, in bulk aqueous solution at pressures exceeding 2.76 × 107 Pa (276 bar). Preliminary investigations reveal only minor pressure effects on the emission intensity and line width for all elements examined. These effects are found to depend on detector timing and laser pulse energy. The results of these investigations have implications for potential applications of LIBS for in situ multi-elemental detection in deep-ocean environments.
Celluloid chain reactions: The China Syndrome and Three Mile Island
Authors: Wills John
Published: July 2006

In March 1979, Americans watched two nuclear incidents unfold. On television, news reporters covered a real-life partial meltdown at Three Mile Island nuclear power plant near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. At the movie-theater, a fictional atomic plant in California nearly met disaster
in The China Syndrome directed by James Bridges. This article explores how the nuclear industry, environmental protesters and the American public responded to the two dramas. It discusses the extent to which a Hollywood thriller provided a window on events at Three Mile Island. It highlights
the role of fiction in common comprehensions of the nuclear age and in the formation of nationwide nuclear anxieties.
A balance that you can hear: deep ecology, serious listening and the soundscape recordings of David Dunn
Authors: Ingram David
Published: July 2006

The phonographic recordings of the American composer David Dunn combine conservationist advocacy with philosophical speculations on the relationship between ecology and music informed by the systems philosophy of Gregory Bateson, and the avant-garde experimentalism of composer John
Cage. His album Why Do Whales and Children Sing? A Guide to Listening in Nature (1999) risks reducing the natural world to easily consumable sound bites, and thereby contributing to the commodification of nature that Dunn opposes. He counters this risk with a self-reflexive critique
of his own methodology; that is, he actively encourages his listeners to question the very act of listening to nature sound recordings. Dunn wants his listeners to be intellectually active and informed, and therefore to be more than merely passive consumers of his work. Serious listening is
a way of finding interrelationships of what Gregory Bateson called mind in the natural world.
Unpacking something dark: Narrating Southern female adolescence in Jill McCorkle's The Cheer Leader, Sylvia Wilkinson's Bone of My Bones and Thulani Davis's 1959
Authors: McLennan Rachael
Published: July 2006

This article explores the role the concept of adolescence plays in the critical work of the Southern writer Jill McCorkle. It finds that difficulties in defining adolescence are caused by, and cause, close relations between adolescence and metaphor. Examination of how McCorkle figures
adolescence is brought to bear on her own first novel, The Cheer Leader (1984), Thulani Davis's 1959 (1992) and Sylvia Wilkinson's Bone of My Bones (1982) to argue that in these texts, narrating the experience of female adolescence in the American South involves signifying
on the South (through narrative acts of metaphorical unpacking) in order to relocate the narrators within South(s), which they endeavour to revise.
Elucidation of the structure of cellulolytic enzyme lignin
Authors: Hu Zhoujian , Yeh Ting-Feng , Chang Hou-min , Matsumoto Yuji , Kadla John F.
Published: July 2006

Cellulolytic enzyme lignin (CEL) and milled wood lignin (MWL) were prepared by three different ball-milling methods. The structure of CEL at various yields was elucidated and compared with MWL using wet chemical analysis, FTIR and solution-state NMR techniques. Results show that ball milling of wood degrades β-O-4 structures in lignin. However, even after extensive ball milling, less than 25% of the β-O-4 structures were degraded. The extent of degradation was less for softwood than for hardwood lignin. Extractable lignin yield, either MWL or CEL, was the best way to assess the extent and effect of ball milling. CEL is preferred over MWL, as it can be isolated in higher yield with less degradation. CEL was isolated at yields ranging from 20% to 86%. Over this range the CEL had similar structures, suggesting that lignin in the secondary wall is uniform in structure. The residual enzyme lignin (REL) was structurally different from CEL and may originate mainly from the middle lamella. In this paper we propose a new procedure for the isolation of lignin for use in structural studies, whereby wood is sufficiently milled and successively extracted to produce three lignin fractions representing the total lignin in wood.
The hydration of paper studied with solid-state magnetisation-exchange 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Garvey Christopher J. , Parker Ian H. , Simon George P. , Whittaker Andrew K.
Published: July 2006

The wide-line 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of paper in equilibrium with ambient humidity consists of super-imposed relatively broad and narrow lines. The narrower line is of the order of 2 kHz wide at half the maximum height, while the broader line is of the order of 40 kHz in width at half height. On the basis of these line widths, the narrow line is assigned to water sorbed to the paper, and the broad line to the polymeric constituents of the paper. It was not possible to distinguish between the various polymeric components of paper contributing to the 1H NMR spectra. A modified Goldman-Shen pulse sequence was used to generate a spatial magnetisation gradient between the polymer and water phases. The exchange of magnetisation between protons associated with water and those associated with the macromolecules in paper was observed. The exchange of magnetisation is discussed within a heat transfer model for homonuclear dipolar coupling, with exchange being characterised by a spin-diffusion coefficient. Consideration of the magnitude of the initial rate of the exchange process and estimates of the spin-spin relaxation times based on 1H line widths indicate that some water must exist in a sufficiently immobile state as to allow homonuclear dipolar interactions between adjacent polymer and water protons. Thus, water sorbed onto paper must exist in at least two states in mass exchange with each other. This observation allows certain conclusions to be drawn about the ratio of free/bound water as a function of moisture content and the dispersal of water within the polymer matrix.
Factors influencing timber gluability with one-part polyurethanes – studied with nine Australian timber species
Authors: Widsten Petri , Gutowski Voytek S. , Li Sheng , Cerra Tony , Molenaar Sharon , Spicer Mark
Published: July 2006

The bulk and surface properties of blocks of nine Australian wood species of commercial importance were investigated to elucidate the factors affecting timber gluability with structural one-component polyurethane adhesives. Cross-lap joints were prepared from freshly sanded blocks and the joints were subjected to creep loading in a condensing humidity environment. The median tensile strength (MTS) of the joints was found to improve with decreasing phenolic extractives content, lower timber density and decreasing lipophilic surface extractives content. The latter was assessed from O/C atomic ratios of the timber surfaces determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The content of bulk lipophilic extractives and lignins and wettability of the surface as determined by the sessile drop method did not reveal significant correlations with the adhesion properties. The adhesion tests indicated significant gluability differences between the species investigated.
Parameters of wood welding: A study with infrared thermography
Authors: Ganne-Chédeville Christelle , Properzi Milena , Pizzi Antonio , Leban Jean-Michel , Pichelin Frédéric
Published: July 2006

Welding of wood is a well-known joining procedure that offers several advantages over traditional mechanical fasteners or gluing. During welding, extensive solid-state transformation phases occur in the so-called melting zone and the heat-affected zone. The nature and the extension of such transformations are correlated to the energy input and thus to the heat generated during the process at the wood joint interface. In the present work the influence of the welding parameters and wood grain orientation on the temperature profile and distribution and final strength of welded connections was investigated. For this purpose, the characteristics of the joints were evaluated with both destructive and non-destructive techniques. Non-destructive evaluation was performed with infrared thermography, which allowed measurement of the maximal and average peak temperature, temperature profile and distribution, and rate of temperature increase. Thus, this technique can also be used to detect welding defects and to provide information on material modification during welding.
Combined effect of boron compounds and heat treatments on wood properties: Boron release and decay and termite resistance
Authors: Kartal S. Nami
Published: July 2006

The decay and termite resistance of boric acid (BA)- and di-sodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT)-treated sugi sapwood was tested in the context of additional heat treatments at two temperature levels. Heat treatments had no effect on boron release and almost all boron was leached from specimens during a 10-day weathering period. Decay tests with the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and a 3-week termite resistance test with the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus were performed. Heat treatments did not increase the decay resistance of either BA- or DOT-treated specimens against the brown-rot fungus. However, the decay resistance of BA-treated specimens against the same fungus increased after heat treatment at 220°C for 2 h. Heat treatments at 180°C for 4 h and 220°C for 2 h also resulted in increased decay resistance of DOT-treated specimens against T. versi-color. Increased resistance against termite attack was observed only in DOT-treated specimens heated at 180°C for 4 h or at 220°C for 2 h. Accordingly, a synergistic effect between heat and DOT treatments was observed for resistance against white-rot decay and termites.
Das „Modell Deutschland“ zwischen Erfolgsgeschichte und Verfallsdiagnose
Authors: Rödder Andreas
Published: July 2006

Vorspann

Die Erfolgsgeschichte des „Modells Deutschland“ war nur eine Illusion. Diesen Eindruck gewinnt man jedenfalls, wenn man die Verfallsdiagnosen liest, die sich in letzter Zeit in der öffentlichen Debatte häufen. Andreas Rödder, einer der besten Kenner der Materie, warnt vor Übertreibungen. Mit nüchternem Blick zieht er eine Bilanz der jüngsten deutschen Geschichte – mit ihren Defiziten, Chancen und vor allem ihren Ambivalenzen.
Rathenau in Rapallo. Eine notwendige Korrektur des Forschungsstandes
Authors: Fleischhauer Eva Ingeborg
Published: July 2006

Vorspann

Rapallo gibt noch immer viele Rätsel auf. Welche Ziele verfolgte die deutsche Regierung, welche Absichten hatte die sowjetrussische, als sie sich 1922 über eine Kooperation verständigten und damit die Westmächte offen herausforderten? Was bewog insbesondere Walther Rathenau, den Befürworter einer Annäherung an den Westen, den Vertrag zu unterzeichnen? Eva Ingeborg Fleischhauer kann Antworten auf diese Fragen geben, die mehr als achtzig Jahre nach Rapallo noch immer die Gemüter bewegen.
Sowjetische Justiz und Kriegsverbrechen. Dokumente zu den Verurteilungen deutscher Kriegsgefangener, 1941–1949
Authors: Hilger Andreas
Published: July 2006

Vorspann

Kein Land hatte im Zweiten Weltkrieg so sehr unter der deutschen Besatzungsherrschaft zu leiden wie die Sowjetunion. Um so nachdrücklicher stellt sich die Frage, wie diese Verbrechen nach 1945 geahndet wurden. Im Zentrum der sowjetischen Nachkriegsprozesse stand jedoch nicht das Prinzip der Wahrheitsfindung. Stattdessen wurden diese juristischen Prozesse bestimmt von den Prinzipien von Politik, Propaganda und Ideologie. Daran lassen die hier präsentierten Dokumente keinen Zweifel.
No “Rip Van Winkles” Here: Amish Education Since Wisconsin v. Yoder
Authors: McConnell David L. , Hurst Charles E.
Published: July 2006

This study examines the educational implications of the shift in economic livelihood in a Ohio Amish community since a landmark 1972 Supreme Court decision paved the way for control of their schools. The clash between tradition and economic pragmatism, and their multiple interpretations, has led to diverse educational pathways, including public schools, charter schools, homeschooling, GED programs, and vocational courses. The diverse ways in which the Amish continue to renegotiate social boundaries with their English neighbors suggests the need for more attention to internal diversity in the anthropological study of schooling in so called "folk societies."
Integrative Anthropology: A Focus on Iron‐Deficiency Anemia
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam Patricia
Published: July 2006

Susan Kent was an archaeologist with a mission; at a time when increasing specialization was “in vogue,” she was a generalist who had a holistic, synthetic view of anthropology. As can be seen by the breadth and scope of this volume she had many and varied interests including an interest in my own field of biological anthropology. We connected because we discovered that at around the same time we both independently developed similar ideas on a paleopathology of the skull known as porotic hyperostosis. The prevailing view of the time was that porotic hyperostosis was due to iron‐deficiency anemia primarily caused by an iron‐poor diet. We both questioned this—we felt that, for a number of reasons, it did not make sense that an iron‐poor diet would be the main factor in the development of iron‐deficiency anemia in ancient peoples. We strongly believed in examining issues from multidisciplinary, biocultural, and temporal perspectives, so both independently and together we explored iron and iron‐deficiency anemia within prehistoric, historic, modern, medical, anthropological, biological, political, and cultural contexts. This chapter is a summary of our collaborative work and my own work on iron‐deficiency anemia over a period of 20 years.
Dating, Paleoenvironments, and Archaeology: A Progress Report on the Sunnyside 1 Site, Clarens, South Africa
Authors: Henderson Zoë , Scott Louis , Rossouw Lloyd , Jacobs Zenobia
Published: July 2006

Susan Kent had been working on a project excavating an open‐air archaeological site in the eastern Free State, South Africa, at the time of her death. She had commissioned geological studies, which had indicated that the archaeological horizon was in situ, and had involved colleagues in taking dating, pollen, and phytolith samples. We decided to continue with the analysis of the samples after her death and to complete the analysis of the artifacts from the site. This multifaceted approach to understanding the context of the archaeological horizon was the background against which Susan intended to investigate the spatial distribution of the lithic material as a means of identifying activity areas at the site. This chapter reports some of the results of the continuing analysis. The archaeological horizon has been dated to around 30 ka by optically stimulated luminescence. This date supports the final Middle Stone Age or Transitional Middle Stone Age/Later Stone Age designation suggested by a preliminary analysis of part of the lithic sample. Paleoenvironmental information from the site indicates that conditions were favorable for human settlement in the eastern Free State area during this period. Although the site may not necessarily be suitable to answer all the questions Susan initially asked of it, it will certainly make a contribution to our understanding of human settlement of the area during this little‐researched time period of the central interior.
Susan Kent and the Relevance of Anthropological Archaeology
Authors: Sabloff Jeremy A.
Published: July 2006

One of Susan Kent's greatest legacies was her commitment to make archaeologists and their field relevant to the modern world. This chapter briefly examines the importance of a discipline that is concerned as much with the present and the future as it is with the past and examines the role Susan Kent's work played in advancing such a vision.
Anomalous Archaeologist
Authors: Kehoe Alice Beck
Published: July 2006

Susan Kent was an anomaly as an archaeologist. A short, plump woman, often dressed in pink, she was the antithesis of Flannery's Real Archaeologist, the guy dressed in faded khakis, eyes squinting in a weather‐beaten face, pipe in the left hand and Marshalltown in the right. (“A guy named Sue”?) Yet Kent was an indefatigable fieldworker in inhospitable lands. In a career in which substantial significant, often‐cited publications are the key to advancement, Kent was author or editor of a series of major contributions to the discipline, yet she remained in a provincial service‐oriented university, one of two women making up the anthropology program. A great range of archaeologists acknowledge a deep debt to Kent's guidance and kindness—nurturing, in a word—yet she was sharp in analysis and vigorous in debate on theory. Philosophers of science, beginning with Kuhn, credit anomalies with extraordinary power to clarify the normal science of a field. This is so with Susan Kent: examining her contributions and career brings out the real models and practices of American archaeology in the late 20th century.
Purépecha Pottery Ethnoarchaeology
Authors: Shott Michael J. , Williams Eduardo
Published: July 2006

Most pottery studies begin with production and end with use. Yet every pot and sherd was discarded to enter the archaeological record, and archaeologists neglect this critical passage. We must know more about how long pots lasted and why they were discarded. For five years we studied the use life of ethnographic Purépecha pottery in Michoacán, Mexico. Use life affects discard rate, which affects assemblage size and composition, which affect inferences to social context of production, occupation span, precision and validity of seriation, and other things. Use life is not so trivial or tedious as it may seem but instead is a vital concern in any intelligent archaeological analysis of pottery.
Revisiting the Sexual Division of Labor: Thoughts on Ethnoarchaeology and Gender
Authors: Jarvenpa Robert , Brumbach Hetty Jo
Published: July 2006

In gauging the impact of Susan Kent's scholarship, we examine how a controlled ethnoarchaeological comparison of gender and subsistence in circumpolar societies may be used to reassess a bedrock concept of anthropology: the sexual division of labor. Much discourse on this topic is marred by an exclusionary tone. That is, the sexual division of labor is presented as a list of things women cannot do, should not do, or are prohibited from doing by men. Rather than accentuating the negative and proscriptive, comparative ethnoarchaeology suggests that positive contributions of labor specialization by both women and men merit reexamination.
Cardiac and Clinical Phenotype in Barth Syndrome
Authors: Spencer Carolyn T. , Bryant Randall M. , Day Jane , Gonzalez Iris L. , Colan Steven D. , Thompson W. Reid , Berthy Julie , Redfearn Sharon P. , Byrne Barry J.
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Barth syndrome, an X-linked disorder that is characterized by cardiomyopathy, neutropenia, skeletal myopathy, and growth delay, is caused by mutations in the taffazin gene at Xq28 that result in cardiolipin deficiency and abnormal mitochondria. The clinical phenotype in Barth syndrome has not been characterized systematically, and the condition may be underrecognized. We sought to evaluate extent of cardioskeletal myopathy, potential for arrhythmia, delays in growth, and biochemical correlates of disease severity in patients with this disorder.

METHODS. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional study of the largest cohort of patients with Barth syndrome to date (n = 34; age range: 1.2–22.6 years). Evaluation included echocardiography, electrocardiography (standard and signal-averaged), microvolt T wave alternans analysis, biochemical and hematologic laboratory analyses, and physical therapy evaluation of skeletal myopathy.

RESULTS. Family history was positive for confirmed or suspected Barth syndrome in 63%. Ninety percent of patients had a clinical history of cardiomyopathy (mean age at diagnosis of cardiomyopathy: 5.5 months; at genetic confirmation of Barth syndrome: 4.6 years). Echocardiography revealed a mean ejection fraction of 50% ± 10%, mean fractional shortening of 28% ± 5%, and mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume z score of 1.9 ± 1.8. Left ventricular morphology demonstrated increased trabeculations or true noncompaction in 53%. Of 16 patients who were evaluated at ≥11 years of age, 7 (43%) had documented ventricular arrhythmia. Growth deficiency was present (mean weight percentile: 15%; mean height percentile: 8%). Laboratory analysis revealed low total white blood cell count (absolute count: <4000 cells per μL) in 25% of those who were not on granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Hypocholesterolemia was present in 24%, decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in 56%, low prealbumin in 79%, and mildly elevated creatine kinase in 15%.

CONCLUSIONS. Our cohort demonstrated clinical variability, but most had cardiomyopathy and diminished growth velocity, with a propensity toward neutropenia and low cholesterol. There was increased incidence of ventricular arrhythmia, predominantly in adolescents and young adults. Barth syndrome should be considered when boys present with cardiomyopathy, especially when associated with increased left ventricular trabeculations, neutropenia, skeletal muscle weakness, or family history indicating an X-linked pattern of inheritance.
Absorption and Translocation of SC-0051 in Corn and Soybean
Authors: Armel Gregory R. , Mayonado David J. , Hatzios Kriton K. , Wilson Henry P.
Published: July 2006

Studies were conducted to compare foliar- and root-based absorption and translocation of SC-0051 in corn and soybean using radio-tracer techniques. Visual injury symptoms expressed in soybean by SC-0051 were bleaching in newly formed (meristematic) tissue followed by necrosis. Corn expressed little to no visual injury. SC-0051 was absorbed more rapidly by foliage of corn and soybean than by their roots. Although soybean absorbed more SC-0051 through roots than did corn, there was no difference between species in foliar absorption of SC-0051. SC-0051 was rapidly translocated throughout corn plants but was concentrated mainly in the meristematic tissue of soybean. Even though there were slight differences in absorption and translocation of SC-0051 in corn and soybean, it is likely that differential metabolism of the herbicide explains selectivity.
Imazethapyr at Different Rates and Timings in Drill- and Water-Seeded Imidazolinone-Tolerant Rice
Authors: Pellerin Kristie J. , Webster Eric P.
Published: July 2006

Imazethapyr applied to the soil at 0, 35, 53, 70, 87, 105, and 140 g ai/ha followed by (fb) early-postemergence (EPOST) or late-postemergence (LPOST) applications at 140, 105, 87, 70, 53, 35, and 0 g ai/ha, respectively, was evaluated for weed control, crop tolerance, and grain yield in imidazolinone-tolerant rice. In drill- and water-seeded rice, imazethapyr effectively controlled barnyardgrass 91 to 97% with a soil fb EPOST or LPOST application except when applied at 105 fb 35 g/ha EPOST at 49 d after late-postemergence treatment. Rice yields were 5,920 and 3,920 kg/ ha in the drill-seeded study with a single application of imazethapyr at 140 g/ha EPOST in 2000 and 2001, respectively. These yields were greater than or equal to those from treatments with two imazethapyr applications.
Wheat Cultivar Tolerance to AE F130060 03
Authors: Bailey William A. , Wilson Henry P. , Brann Daniel E. , Griffey Carl A.
Published: July 2006

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted under weed-free conditions in 2000 and 2001 to investigate the responses of 10 soft red winter wheat cultivars to postemergence applications of the experimental herbicide AE F130060 03 at 15 g ai/ha with the crop safener AE F107892 at 30 g ai/ha. In the greenhouse, AE F130060 03 injured wheat 7 to 12% and reduced height 11 to 14% at 3 wk after treatment (WAT) across all cultivars but did not reduce biomass of any cultivar. In the field, AE F130060 03 injured wheat 11 to 32%, reduced tiller number of all cultivars except ‘Roane’, ‘Coker 9663’, and ‘VA98W-593’, and reduced height of all cultivars except ‘USG 3209’ and VA98W-593 at 3 WAT. By 9 WAT, tiller number and height of treated wheat was similar to that of nontreated wheat. AE F130060 03 did not influence moisture content or kernel weight of any cultivar. However, AE F130060 03 reduced grain yield in ‘FFR 518’, Coker 9663, and VA98W-593 in both years as well as in ‘AgriPro Patton’ in 2001. These yield reductions suggest that further investigation into soft red winter wheat cultivar tolerance to AE F130060 03 is needed.
Individual Plant Control of Tall Larkspur (Delphinium barbeyi) with Tebuthiuron
Authors: Ralphs Michael H. , Woolsey Lee , Bowns James E.
Published: July 2006

A replicated field trial was conducted to determine the effective rates of tebuthiuron for control of individual tall larkspur plants in the mountains near Emery, UT, Cedar City, UT, and Yampa, CO. The size of larkspur plants was measured, and tebuthiuron was applied to the base of each plant at 0.1, 0.21, and 0.5 g product/1,000 cm2of foliar crown cover. Tebuthiuron at 0.21 g/ 1,000 cm2rate controlled 62% of the plants. Tebuthiuron at 0.5 g/1,000 cm controlled 78% of the plants (2.5 g for an average-sized plant of 5,000 cm2). The high clay content of the soils at Emery or high organic matter content of soils at Cedar City or Yampa did not adversely affect efficacy.
Weed Control with Fall and Early-Preplant Herbicide Applications in No-Till Soybean
Authors: Hasty Ryan F. , Sprague Christy L. , Hager Aaron G.
Published: July 2006

Field studies were conducted during 1999 and 2000 to compare weed control after fall and early-preplant (EPP) herbicide applications in no-till soybean. Three residual treatments (chlorimuron plus metribuzin, chlorimuron plus sulfentrazone, and metribuzin) were applied at two rates and timings (fall and 30 d EPP) either alone or in combination with glyphosate and 2,4-D. The addition of glyphosate and 2,4-D to fall-applied residual herbicides significantly increased control of common chickweed, annual bluegrass, cressleaf groundsel, and shepherd's-purse. The effect of application rate on weed control was species dependent. Fall-applied residual herbicides were comparable with EPP treatments with respect to winter annual weed control; however, at planting control of summer annual weed species with fall treatments was less consistent compared with EPP residual herbicides.
Tolerance of White Beans to Postemergence Broadleaf Herbicides
Authors: Sikkema Peter H. , Soltani Nader , Shropshire Christy , Cowan Todd
Published: July 2006

Weed control in white beans is currently limited by the small number of registered herbicides. The tolerance of two white bean cultivars, ‘AC Compass’ and ‘OAC Thunder’, to various postemergence (POST) herbicides at the maximum use rate and twice the maximum use rate for soybean or corn was evaluated at two Ontario locations in 2001 and 2002. Generally, the two cultivars did not differ in their response to the POST herbicides. POST applications of imazamox plus fomesafen, imazamox plus bentazon, and cloransulam-methyl decreased plant height, shoot dry weight, and yield by as much as 29, 41, and 55%, respectively, and increased seed moisture content up to 3.9%. POST applications of thifensulfuron, chlorimuron, and bromoxynil decreased plant height as much as 57%, shoot dry weight by up to 71%, yield as much as 93% and increased seed moisture content up to 15.5%. Based on these results, AC Compass and OAC Thunder white beans do not possess sufficient tolerance to support the registration of imazamox plus bentazon, imazamox plus fomesafen, cloransulam-methyl, thifensulfuron, chlorimuron, and bromoxynil.
Analysis of Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects of Herbicides Using Nonlinear Mixed-Model Methodology
Authors: Blouin David C. , Webster Eric P. , Zhang Wei
Published: July 2006

When herbicides are applied in mixture, and infestation by weeds is less than expected compared with when herbicides are applied alone, a synergistic effect is said to exist. The inverse response is described as being antagonistic. However, if the expected response is defined as a multiplicative, nonlinear function of the means for the herbicides when applied alone, then standard linear model methodology for tests of hypotheses does not apply directly. Consequently, nonlinear mixed-model methodology was explored using the nonlinear mixed-model procedure (PROC NLMIXED) of SAS System®. Generality of the methodology is illustrated using data from a randomized block design with repeated measures in time. Nonlinear mixed-model estimates and tests of synergistic and antagonistic effects were more sensitive in detecting significance, and PROC NLMIXED was a versatile tool for implementation.
Common Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) and Green Foxtail (Setaria viridis) Interference in Dry Bean
Authors: Mesbah Abdel O. , Miller Stephen D. , Koetz Paul J.
Published: July 2006

Field experiments were conducted in 1994 and 1995 under sprinkler irrigation at the University of Wyoming Research and Extension Center at Torrington to evaluate the effects of season-long interference and the effects of duration of interference of several common sunflower and green foxtail densities, alone or in combination, on pinto bean yield. Green foxtail densities did not significantly affect pinto bean yield in 1994 and reduced yield only at the highest density in 1995. In contrast, sunflower densities reduced pinto bean yield, except at the lowest density in 1994. Pinto bean yield was reduced as the combined density of green foxtail and sunflower increased. Compared with yield losses from each weed species alone, yield reductions from mixed species were additive in 1994 and at low weed densities in 1995 and less than additive at higher weed densities in 1995. The minimum number of weeds per m of row that will economically reduce pinto bean yield was estimated to be 1.6 to 2.9 for green foxtail and 0.12 to 0.2 for sunflower. Pinto bean yield reduction increased as the duration of green foxtail and sunflower interference increased, whether grown alone or in combination. The maximum duration that green foxtail, sunflower, and green foxtail plus sunflower can interfere with pinto bean before causing economical losses was estimated to be 4.5, 3.2, and 2.5 wk, respectively.
Response of Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) to Glyphosate Application Timing and Rate in Glyphosate-Resistant Corn
Authors: Sikkema Peter H. , Shropshire Christy , Hamill Allan S. , Weaver Susan E. , Cavers Paul B.
Published: July 2006

Field studies were conducted over 3 yr at two locations to evaluate the effect of glyphosate rate and time of application on common lambsquarters control, density, dry weight, seed production, and the number of seedlings emerging from soil cores taken the year after herbicide application in glyphosate-resistant corn. Glyphosate was applied at 0, 112, 225, 450, 675, or 900 g ai/ha when common lambsquarters were at the two-, four-, or six-leaf stage of growth. Nicosulfuron was applied to all experimental areas to control annual grasses. Visual estimates of percent control increased, whereas density, dry weight, seed production, and seedlings emerging the year after treatment decreased as the rate of glyphosate was increased from 0 to 450 g/ha. Increasing the glyphosate rate above 450 g/ha had little effect on these parameters. Corn yield declined only at glyphosate rates below 450 g/ha. Time of application had no effect on common lambsquarters control and corn yield because little emergence occurred after the first glyphosate application. There was no interaction between glyphosate rate and time of application for any of the parameters evaluated. In these studies, the application of glyphosate at half the manufacturer's registered rate provided control of common lambsquarters equivalent to the full-registered rate with no measured increase in weed seed production and no increase in weed seedlings emerging from soil cores the year after herbicide application. The results suggest that in some cases the use of reduced herbicide rates can provide excellent weed control and maintain crop yields, while reducing the cost of production and the environmental impact of herbicides. The use of extremely low rates (112 or 225 g/ha), however, resulted in reduced corn yields, increased common lambsquarters seed production and seedlings emerging the year after application, and possibly increased weed management costs in subsequent years.