bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Behavior of B and Na Through the Contact of B-Doped Silicon with Na2O-SiO2 Slags
Authors: Safarian Jafar , Tranell Gabriella , Tangstad Merete
Published: March 2013

Boron (B) is the most problematic impurity to be removed in the processes applied for the production of solar grade silicon. Boron removal from liquid silicon by sodium-silicate slags is experimentally studied and it is indicated that B can be rapidly removed within short reaction times. The B removal rate is higher at higher temperatures and higher Na2O concentrations in the slag. Based on the experimental results and thermodynamic calculations, it is proposed that B removal from silicon phase takes place through its oxidation at the slag/Si interfacial area by Na2O and that the oxidized B is further gasified from the slag through the formation of sodium metaborate (Na2B2O4) at the slag/gas interfacial area. The overall rate of B removal is mainly controlled by these two chemical reactions. However, it is further proposed that the B removal rate from silicon depends on the mass transport of Na in the system. Sodium is transferred from slag to the molten silicon through the silicothermic reduction of Na2O at the slag/Si interface and it simultaneously evaporates at the Si/gas interfacial area. This causes a Na concentration rise in silicon and its further decline after reaching a maximum. A major part of the Na loss from the slag is due to its carbothermic reduction and formation of Na gas.
Neuromuscular Disease A Case-Based Approach
Authors: Wokke John H. J. , van Doorn Pieter A. , Hoogendijk Jessica E. , de Visser Marianne
Published: March 2013

There are over 600 neuromuscular disorders and the variability of these syndromes can leave clinicians feeling as if they are lost in a maze as they seek to diagnose and manage patients. This book addresses this problem by using the case-history and symptom manifestation as a starting point for the diagnostic process in adult patients, mimicking the situation in the consultation room. For each case, diagnostic tools, disease pathogenesis, prognosis and treatment options are discussed, along with rare manifestations and differential diagnoses. Symptoms, signs and syndromes are cross-linked to help the reader navigate the variety of disorders. Accompanying tables give a broader picture of the manifestations of a particular disease within the landscape of neuromuscular disorders. This highly-illustrated book, with accompanying videos, will aid neurologists at all levels, internists, geneticists, rehabilitation physicians and researchers in the field, as they seek to familiarize themselves with this complex range of disorders.
Group Theory
Authors: Ramond Pierre
Published: March 2013

Group theory has long been an important computational tool for physicists, but, with the advent of the Standard Model, it has become a powerful conceptual tool as well. This book introduces physicists to many of the fascinating mathematical aspects of group theory, and mathematicians to its physics applications. Designed for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, this book gives a comprehensive overview of the main aspects of both finite and continuous group theory, with an emphasis on applications to fundamental physics. Finite groups are extensively discussed, highlighting their irreducible representations and invariants. Lie algebras, and to a lesser extent Kac–Moody algebras, are treated in detail, including Dynkin diagrams. Special emphasis is given to their representations and embeddings. The group theory underlying the Standard Model is discussed, along with its importance in model building. Applications of group theory to the classification of elementary particles are treated in detail.
Physical Mathematics
Authors: Cahill Kevin
Published: March 2013

Unique in its clarity, examples and range, Physical Mathematics explains as simply as possible the mathematics that graduate students and professional physicists need in their courses and research. The author illustrates the mathematics with numerous physical examples drawn from contemporary research. In addition to basic subjects such as linear algebra, Fourier analysis, complex variables, differential equations and Bessel functions, this textbook covers topics such as the singular-value decomposition, Lie algebras, the tensors and forms of general relativity, the central limit theorem and Kolmogorov test of statistics, the Monte Carlo methods of experimental and theoretical physics, the renormalization group of condensed-matter physics and the functional derivatives and Feynman path integrals of quantum field theory.
The Climate Crisis
Authors: Archer David , Rahmstorf Stefan
Published: March 2013

An incredible wealth of scientific data on global warming has been collected in the last few decades. The history of the Earth's climate has been probed by drilling into polar ice sheets and sediment layers of the oceans' vast depths, and great advances have been made in computer modelling of our climate. This book provides a concise and accessible overview of what we know about ongoing climate change and its impacts, and what we can do to confront the climate crisis. Using clear and simple graphics in full colour, it lucidly highlights information contained in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change reports, and brings the subject completely up-to-date with current science and policy. The book makes essential scientific information on this critical topic accessible to a broad audience. Obtaining sound information is the first step in preventing a serious, long-lasting degradation of our planet's climate, helping to ensure our future survival.
The State of Freedom
Authors: Joyce Patrick
Published: March 2013

What is the state? The State of Freedom offers an important new take on this classic question by exploring what exactly the state did and how it worked. Patrick Joyce asks us to re-examine the ordinary things of the British state from dusty government files and post offices to well-thumbed primers in ancient Greek and Latin and the classrooms and dormitories of public schools and Oxbridge colleges. This is also a history of the 'who' and the 'where' of the state, of the people who ran the state, the government offices they sat in and the college halls they dined in. Patrick Joyce argues that only by considering these things, people and places can we really understand the nature of the modern state. This is both a pioneering new approach to political history in which social and material factors are centre stage, and a highly original history of modern Britain.
Critical Pragmatics
Authors: Korta Kepa , Perry John
Published: March 2013

Critical Pragmatics develops three ideas: language is a way of doing things with words; meanings of phrases and contents of utterances derive ultimately from human intentions; and language combines with other factors to allow humans to achieve communicative goals. In this book, Kepa Korta and John Perry explain why critical pragmatics provides a coherent picture of how parts of language study fit together within the broader picture of human thought and action. They focus on issues about singular reference, that is, talk about particular things, places or people, which have played a central role in the philosophy of language for more than a century. They argue that attention to the 'reflexive' or 'utterance-bound' contents of utterances sheds new light on these old problems. Their important study proposes a new approach to pragmatics and should be of wide interest to philosophers of language and linguists.
Computational Models for Polydisperse Particulate and Multiphase Systems
Authors: Marchisio Daniele L. , Fox Rodney O.
Published: March 2013

Providing a clear description of the theory of polydisperse multiphase flows, with emphasis on the mesoscale modelling approach and its relationship with microscale and macroscale models, this all-inclusive introduction is ideal whether you are working in industry or academia. Theory is linked to practice through discussions of key real-world cases (particle/droplet/bubble coalescence, break-up, nucleation, advection and diffusion and physical- and phase-space), providing valuable experience in simulating systems that can be applied to your own applications. Practical cases of QMOM, DQMOM, CQMOM, EQMOM and ECQMOM are also discussed and compared, as are realizable finite-volume methods. This provides the tools you need to use quadrature-based moment methods, choose from the many available options, and design high-order numerical methods that guarantee realizable moment sets. In addition to the numerous practical examples, MATLAB scripts for several algorithms are also provided, so you can apply the methods described to practical problems straight away.
Earth Dynamics
Authors: Smylie D. E.
Published: March 2013

The Earth is a dynamic system. Internal processes, together with external gravitational forces of the Sun, Moon and planets, displace the Earth's mass, impacting on its shape, rotation and gravitational field. Doug Smylie provides a rigorous overview of the dynamical behaviour of the solid Earth, explaining the theory and presenting methods for numerical implementation. Topics include advanced digital analysis, earthquake displacement fields, Free Core Nutations observed by the Very Long Baseline Interferometric technique, translational modes of the solid inner core observed by the superconducting gravimeters, and dynamics of the outer fluid core. This book is supported by freeware computer code, available online for students to implement the theory. Online materials also include a suite of graphics generated from the numerical analysis, combined with 100 graphic examples in the book to make this an ideal tool for researchers and graduate students in the fields of geodesy, seismology and solid earth geophysics. The book covers broadly applicable subjects such as the analysis of unequally spaced time series by Singular Value Decomposition, as well as specific topics on Earth Dynamics.
The Rationalizing Voter
Authors: Lodge Milton , Taber Charles S.
Published: March 2013

Political behavior is the result of innumerable unnoticed forces and conscious deliberation is often a rationalization of automatically triggered feelings and thoughts. Citizens are very sensitive to environmental contextual factors such as the title 'President' preceding 'Obama' in a newspaper headline, upbeat music or patriotic symbols accompanying a campaign ad, or question wording and order in a survey, all of which have their greatest influence when citizens are unaware. This book develops and tests a dual-process theory of political beliefs, attitudes and behavior, claiming that all thinking, feeling, reasoning and doing have an automatic component as well as a conscious deliberative component. The authors are especially interested in the impact of automatic feelings on political judgments and evaluations. This research is based on laboratory experiments, which allow the testing of five basic hypotheses: hot cognition, automaticity, affect transfer, affect contagion and motivated reasoning.
Measurement Uncertainty and Probability
Authors: Willink Robin
Published: March 2013

A measurement result is incomplete without a statement of its 'uncertainty' or 'margin of error'. But what does this statement actually tell us? By examining the practical meaning of probability, this book discusses what is meant by a '95 percent interval of measurement uncertainty', and how such an interval can be calculated. The book argues that the concept of an unknown 'target value' is essential if probability is to be used as a tool for evaluating measurement uncertainty. It uses statistical concepts, such as a conditional confidence interval, to present 'extended' classical methods for evaluating measurement uncertainty. The use of the Monte Carlo principle for the simulation of experiments is described. Useful for researchers and graduate students, the book also discusses other philosophies relating to the evaluation of measurement uncertainty. It employs clear notation and language to avoid the confusion that exists in this controversial field of science.
Montaigne and the Life of Freedom
Authors: Green Felicity
Published: March 2013

More than any other early modern text, Montaigne's Essais have come to be associated with the emergence of a distinctively modern subjectivity, defined in opposition to the artifices of language and social performance. Felicity Green challenges this interpretation with a compelling revisionist reading of Montaigne's text, centred on one of his deepest but hitherto most neglected preoccupations: the need to secure for himself a sphere of liberty and independence that he can properly call his own, or himself. Montaigne and the Life of Freedom restores the Essais to its historical context by examining the sources, character and significance of Montaigne's project of self-study. That project, as Green shows, reactivates and reshapes ancient practices of self-awareness and self-regulation, in order to establish the self as a space of inner refuge, tranquillity and dominion, free from the inward compulsion of the passions and from subjection to external objects, forces and persons.
Leo Strauss and the Theologico-Political Problem
Authors: Meier Heinrich
Published: March 2013

This book, by one of the most prominent interpreters of Leo Strauss's thought, was the first to address the problem that Leo Strauss himself said was the theme of his studies: the theologico-political problem or the confrontation with the theological and the political alternative to philosophy as a way of life. In his theologico-political treatise, which comprises four parts and an appendix, Heinrich Meier clarifies the distinction between political theology and political philosophy and reappraises the unifying center of Strauss's philosophical enterprise. The book is the culmination of Meier's work on the theologico-political problem. It will interest anyone who seeks to understand both the problem caused by revelation for philosophy and the challenge posed by political-religious radicalism. The appendix makes available for the first time two lectures by Strauss that are immediately relevant to the subject of this book and that will open the way for future research and debate on the legacy of Strauss.
Slavery and Emancipation in Islamic East Africa
Authors: McMahon Elisabeth
Published: March 2013

Examining the process of abolition on the island of Pemba off the East African coast in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this book demonstrates the links between emancipation and the redefinition of honour among all classes of people on the island. By examining the social vulnerability of ex-slaves and the former slave-owning elite caused by the abolition order of 1897, this study argues that moments of resistance on Pemba reflected an effort to mitigate vulnerability rather than resist the hegemonic power of elites or the colonial state. As the meaning of the Swahili word heshima shifted from honour to respectability, individuals' reputations came under scrutiny and the Islamic kadhi and colonial courts became an integral location for interrogating reputations in the community. This study illustrates the ways in which former slaves used piety, reputation, gossip, education, kinship and witchcraft to negotiate the gap between emancipation and local notions of belonging.
The Business of Corporate Learning
Authors: Ben-Hur Shlomo
Published: March 2013

Corporate learning functions are now an established part of many of the world's leading multinational firms. In this book, Shlomo Ben-Hur demonstrates how corporate learning can and should have an integral, strategic, role in a company. Based on firsthand experience, Ben-Hur provides a practical guide to setting up or restructuring a corporate learning function within a company, covering its seven key activities. He identifies and elucidates the key decision points in this process. But The Business of Corporate Learning is much more than a 'how-to' guide. For the first time, this book sheds light on the reasons for success or failure in the strategic deployment of corporate learning. Real-world case studies are used to illustrate the potential pitfalls and demonstrate how – when successfully integrated into the company's strategic management system – corporate learning is able to deliver tangible business results.
International Business Strategy
Authors: Verbeke Alain
Published: March 2013

Verbeke provides a new perspective on international business strategy by combining analytical rigour and true managerial insight on the functioning of large multinational enterprises (MNEs). With unique commentary on 48 seminal articles published in the Harvard Business Review, the Sloan Management Review and the California Management Review over the past three decades, Verbeke shows how these can be applied to real businesses engaged in international expansion programmes, especially as they venture into high-distance markets. The second edition has been thoroughly updated and features greater coverage of emerging markets with a new chapter and seven new cases. Suited for advanced undergraduates and graduate courses, students will benefit from updated case studies and improved learning features, including 'management takeaways', key lessons that can be applied to MNEs and a wide range of online resources.
Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions
Authors: Paquette Gabriel
Published: March 2013

As the British, French and Spanish Atlantic empires were torn apart in the Age of Revolutions, Portugal steadily pursued reforms to tie its American, African and European territories more closely together. Eventually, after a period of revival and prosperity, the Luso-Brazilian world also succumbed to revolution, which ultimately resulted in Brazil's independence from Portugal. The first of its kind in the English language to examine the Portuguese Atlantic World in the period from 1750 to 1850, this book reveals that despite formal separation, the links and relationships that survived the demise of empire entwined the historical trajectories of Portugal and Brazil even more tightly than before. From constitutionalism to economic policy to the problem of slavery, Portuguese and Brazilian statesmen and political writers laboured under the long shadow of empire as they sought to begin anew and forge stable post-imperial orders on both sides of the Atlantic.
Corporate Tax Law
Authors: Harris Peter
Published: March 2013

Many corporate tax systems lack structure. Focusing on structural defects and how they are addressed in practice, this comprehensive and comparative analysis of corporate tax systems uses a conceptual framework to illustrate and analyse the many difficult issues corporations pose. This framework is enhanced by the examination of a large body of legal rules and practical considerations which demonstrate how corporate tax systems work in practice. While adopting a broad comparative approach, the analysis also drills down into the detail of influential corporate tax systems in order to illustrate the major issues they face and the options available to them.
Forensic Seismology and Nuclear Test Bans
Authors: Douglas Alan
Published: March 2013

With the signing in 1996 of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, interest has grown in forensic seismology: the application of seismology to nuclear test ban verification. This book, based on over 50 years of experience in forensic seismology research, charts the development of methods of seismic data analysis. Topics covered include: the estimation of seismic magnitudes, travel-time tables and epicentres; seismic signal processing; and the use of seismometer arrays. Fully illustrated with seismograms from explosions and earthquakes, the book demonstrates methods and problems of visual analysis. Each chapter provides exercises to help the reader familiarise themselves with practical issues in the field of forensic seismology, and figures and solutions to exercises are also available online. The book is a key reference work for academic researchers and specialists in the area of forensic seismology and Earth structure, and will also be valuable to postgraduates in seismology and solid earth geophysics.
Operation Typhoon
Authors: Stahel David
Published: March 2013

In October 1941 Hitler launched Operation Typhoon the German drive to capture Moscow and knock the Soviet Union out of the war. As the last chance to escape the dire implications of a winter campaign, Hitler directed seventy-five German divisions, almost two million men and three of Germany's four panzer groups into the offensive, resulting in huge victories at Viaz'ma and Briansk - among the biggest battles of the Second World War. David Stahel's groundbreaking new account of Operation Typhoon captures the perspectives of both the German high command and individual soldiers, revealing that despite success on the battlefield the wider German war effort was in far greater trouble than is often acknowledged. Germany's hopes of final victory depended on the success of the October offensive but the autumn conditions and the stubborn resistance of the Red Army ensured that the capture of Moscow was anything but certain.
Purity, Spectra and Localisation
Authors: Prest Mike
Published: March 2013

It is possible to associate a topological space to the category of modules over any ring. This space, the Ziegler spectrum, is based on the indecomposable pure-injective modules. Although the Ziegler spectrum arose within the model theory of modules and plays a central role in that subject, this book concentrates specifically on its algebraic aspects and uses. The central aim is to understand modules and the categories they form through associated structures and dimensions, which reflect the complexity of these, and similar, categories. The structures and dimensions considered arise particularly through the application of model-theoretic and functor-category ideas and methods. Purity and associated notions are central, localisation is an ever-present theme and various types of spectrum play organising roles. This book presents a unified, coherent account of material which is often presented from very different viewpoints and clarifies the relationships between these various approaches.
Dynamics of Change in Chile: Explaining the Emergence of the 2006PingüinoMovement
Authors: DONOSO SOFIA
Published: March 2013

Focusing on the first large-scale protests in Chile after the reinstatement of democracy in 1990, this article examines the emergence of the 2006Pingüinomovement and shows how it succeeded in mobilising thousands of secondary school students against the neoliberal education model. It argues that several distinct but intertwined dimensions explain the movement's emergence. In 2006, secondary school student groups merged to form a single organisation and adopted a horizontal and participatory decision-making mechanism. At the same time, shortcomings in the education reforms of the 1980s and 1990s were revealed in terms of quality and equity, creating grievances that were fed into the movement's collective action frame. Finally, President Bachelet's rhetoric of a ‘government of citizens’ as an attempt to counteract the elitist nature of the Concertación's governance formula signified an opening of the structure of political opportunities that the students knew to take advantage of.
A Circular Debate: Rock Carvings at Knarrbyn, Dalsland, Sweden
Authors: Coles John
Published: March 2013

The rock carvings at Knarrbyn in Dalsland, Sweden, lie high on a rocky ridge and consist almost entirely of multiple circles in various groups. In both location and imagery the panels at Knarrbyn provide a contrast with the varied figurative images on a majority of large rock carving sites of the Bronze Age in southern Scandinavia, which are mostly set low and near the contemporary seas. The paper aims to explore both shape and place of the Knarrbyn discs, with new recordings and landscape assessment. In contrast to the general opinion that Bronze Age carvings of circles had some close relationship to concepts of the sun, the Knarrbyn discs, by their unusual internal shaping and their position here on the high rocks, offer an alternative concept, that these particular carvings had close physical and ideological relationships with Bronze Age burial cairns in this isolated part of Dalsland. These and other late prehistoric monuments are mapped in the paper and include several previously unrecorded sites on the Knarrbyn ridge. The precise landscape location of the carving sites suggests they were part of a sacred passage in the Bronze Age, leading southwards to the major cemetery and rock carving sites at Tisselskog; such a passage may have foreshadowed and influenced the emergence and orientation of thePilgrimsledenthat traversed the same landscape some 2000 years later.
Making a Point: a Critical Review of the Barbed Point Manufacturing Process Practised at Star Carr
Authors: Elliott Ben , Milner Nicky
Published: March 2013

Star Carr, North Yorkshire, has the largest deposition of Mesolithic antler barbed points in the country; in fact it accounts for roughly 97% of all Early Mesolithic barbed points known in Britain. There has been much debate about whether barbed point manufacture occurred at the site or elsewhere within the landscape but the process of manufacturing has never been examined in great detail. This paper presents a new evaluation based on analysis of museum collections, recent excavations and experimental work and concludes that there is evidence to suggest that the full manufacturing process took place at Star Carr.
Potboilers Reheated
Authors: Thomas Mike Seager
Published: March 2013

Finds of heated stone from prehistoric sites in England were for many years interpreted as ‘potboilers’, a view recommended for the south-east of the country in particular by the finding of pots – invariably of later Bronze Age date – filled with them. When exposed to stress, stone behaves in a predictable way. A comparison of stones from apparently in situ archaeological potboilings with those produced during experimental potboilings supports the evidence of earlier work on pottery (Woods 1984) that they were nothing of the sort, the wider contextual associations of the archaeological finds suggesting instead that they comprise votive deposits. At the end of their functional life, heated stones acquired a symbolic charge, and were placed in pots in funerary contexts. This realisation both supports and qualifies Brück's recent post-modern interpretation of deposits of heated stones from later Bronze Age sites in southern England, reminding us on the one hand of the need to understand our data in terms its of its own nature – in this case geological and sedimentological – as well as its wider archaeological context, and on the other of the importance of non-traditional approaches to these. A number of other possible explanations for heated stones found in Bronze Age pots are reviewed and – for the time being – discarded.
Diversity Rules. On Late Prehistoric Settlement of the Eastern Netherlands and the Need for Regionally Specific Models
Authors: van Beek Roy
Published: March 2013

General habitation models based on well-researched regions tend to be applied to other, less intensively studied regions, usually implicitly. However, whether they lend themselves to do that is hardly ever tested. It may even be that such general models prevent us from obtaining a clear view of patterns of supra-regional, regional, and local diversity. As a test case, this paper focuses on the development of landscape and habitation in the eastern part of the Netherlands from the Late Neolithic period until the start of the Middle Roman period (c. 2850 BC–AD 100). Special attention is given to site location, settlement development, and landscape organisation. The research area until now has hardly entered the archaeological debate on the habitation history of the Low Countries. It is demonstrated that even though some habitation characteristics are well-known from other parts of the Low Countries, and sometimes beyond, the organisation of later prehistoric societies in the research area also deviates in interesting ways. The case-study makes clear that leaning too heavily on research results from other regions brings the risk that specific characteristics of a region will be overlooked or that regional diversity will be ignored in order to make the data fit the expected pattern. One size does not fit all. The only way to prevent this is to build new, solid interpretative frameworks for regions that have so far received little attention, and to create an awareness that existing models should not be applied uncritically.
Close to the Edge: New Perspectives on the Architecture, Function and Regional Geographies of the Coastal Promontory Forts of the Castlemartin Peninsula, South Pembrokeshire, Wales
Authors: Barker Louise , Driver Toby
Published: March 2013

Many of Pembrokeshire's 58 coastal promontory forts are iconic and well-known monuments. They occur in a density unparalleled in the rest of Wales. Morphology is highly variable, as is Pembrokeshire's ever-changing coastal geology, from resistant granite in the north to softer limestones and sandstones in the south. New surveys by the Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales (RCAHMW) of three promontory forts on the Castlemartin Peninsula in south Pembrokeshire – Linney Head Camp, Flimston Bay Camp, and Greenala Point Fort – have demonstrated how complex and different each of these sites is and, as part of a wider study of the Castlemartin Peninsula, have raised new questions concerning our understanding of this monument type. Dominating and shaping the discussion is our modern-day perception that coastal promontory forts are remote, exposed, and dangerous places. How much is this an accurate portrayal of prehistoric attitudes to the sea or was their outlook more mundane and practical? Did coastal promontory forts share identical functions as defended domestic/agricultural settlements, exploiting a seaward position for ease of defence, or were they indeed special places? Their highly variable architecture – coupled with some unusual characteristics of topography and setting – may indicate varying functions among even closely neighbouring sites. The evidence revealed from the study suggests that some coastal promontory forts may have been exclusively used for ceremonial or seasonal activity, while others may have been quite different prestigious residences investing heavily in monumental architecture. In conclusion, there is considerable merit in the detailed resurvey and re-investigation of coastal promontory forts within distinct regional groups to shed new light on our understanding of this later prehistoric monument type.
A Re-appraisal of the Evidence for Violence in the Late Iron Age Human Remains from Maiden Castle Hillfort, Dorset, England
Authors: Redfern Rebecca C.
Published: March 2013

The human remains excavated by Sir Mortimer Wheeler from Maiden Castle hillfort (Dorset, England) were recorded by the author in the first re-examination of the sample since Wheeler's 1943 publication. This study focuses on the osteological evidence for trauma, and employed bioarchaeological, clinical, and forensic methods to identify and interpret the skeletal evidence for ante- and peri-mortem fractures, blunt-force cranial trauma, and sharp and blunt projectile injuries. Examination of the human remains found overwhelming evidence for targeted blows to the head and body, assault injuries, and over-kill. Skeletal evidence for trauma was identified in adolescent and adult individuals, suggesting that both sexes and older subadults were exposed to and/or engaged in martial activity during the Late Iron Age. The presence of healed direct-force traumas suggests that many had survived previous episodes of interpersonal violence. The higher crude prevalence rates of trauma in the late Iron Age Belgic war cemetery and Iron Age C groups suggest that these burials reflect multiple episodes of intra- or intertribal warfare and may potentially provide evidence for the Roman invasion inad43.
When Helping the Victim Matters More Than Helping a Victim
Authors: JAMES SCOTT M.
Published: March 2013

Consequentialists insist there is no rational basis for distinguishing between determinate (or identifiable) victims and indeterminate (or statistical) victims. Whether it's a child drowning at our feet or needy communities abroad, our reason to help is the same. Experimental data indicate, however, that we regularly make such distinctions. In this article, I show that there are indeed persuasive normative grounds for preserving this distinction. When potential beneficiaries are determinate, they have a special claim on us grounded in fairness. I present several cases that demonstrate that treating determinate beneficiaries the same as indeterminate beneficiaries is unjust. I conclude with an analysis of the relevant social psychology data.
A Reply to Halliday
Authors: TAN KOK-CHOR
Published: March 2013

I must first thank Daniel Halliday for his incisive but fair review essay of my book. Regretfully, I can only consider, and only in outline at that, some of his well-taken questions.
Program Obesity Zero (POZ) – a community-based intervention to address overweight primary-school children from five Portuguese municipalities
Authors: Rito Ana Isabel , Carvalho Maria Ana , Ramos Carlos , Breda João
Published: March 2013

Objective

Results of the WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative indicated that on average one out of four primary-school children is overweight or obese. Portugal presented one of the highest prevalences of obesity. Childhood obesity prevention and treatment should be a top priority. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Program Obesity Zero (POZ), a multi-component, community-, family- and school-based childhood obesity intervention.

Design

Parents and children attended four individual nutrition and physical activity counselling sessions, a one-day healthy cooking workshop and two school extracurricular sessions of nutrition education. Waist circumference, BMI, physical activity level, sedentary behaviours, and nutrition and physical activity knowledge, attitudes and behaviour were assessed at baseline and after 6 months. Diet was assessed using two 24 h recalls, at baseline and at 6 months.

Setting

Five Portuguese municipalities and local communities.

Subjects

Two hundred and sixty-six overweight children (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) aged 6–10 years, from low-income families in five Portuguese municipalities, were assigned to the intervention.

Results

Children showed reductions in waist circumference (−2·0 cm; P < 0·0001), mean BMI (−0·7 kg/m2; P < 0·0001) and BMI-for-age percentile (−1·7; P < 0·0001) at 6 months. Overall, children's intake of fruit and vegetables was <400 g/d throughout the intervention. After 6 months, higher fibre consumption and an apparent decrease in sugary soft drinks intake to a quarter of that observed at baseline (mean intake: 198 ml/d at baseline), with improvements in physical activity levels and screen time <2 h/d, were also observed.

Conclusions

The findings suggested that POZ is a promising intervention programme, at municipality level, to tackle childhood overweight and obesity.
Neural tube defects in Latin America and the impact of fortification: a literature review
Authors: Rosenthal Jorge , Casas Jessica , Taren Douglas , Alverson Clinton J , Flores Alina , Frias Jaime
Published: March 2013

Objective

Data on the prevalence of birth defects and neural tube defects (NTD) in Latin America are limited. The present review summarizes NTD prevalence and time trends in Latin American countries and compares pre- and post-fortification periods to assess the impact of folic acid fortification in these countries.

Design

We carried out a literature review of studies and institutional reports published between 1990 and 2010 that contained information on NTD prevalence in Latin America.

Results

NTD prevalence in Latin American countries varied from 0·2 to 9·6 per 1000 live births and was influenced by methods of ascertainment. Time trends from Bogota, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Guatemala City, Mexico and Puerto Rico showed average annual declines of 2·5 % to 21·8 %. Pre- and post-fortification comparisons were available for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Costa Rica, Puerto Rico and Mexico. The aggregate percentage decline in NTD prevalence ranged from 33 % to 59 %.

Conclusions

The present publication is the first to review data on time trends and the impact of folic acid fortification on NTD prevalence in Latin America. Reported NTD prevalence varied markedly by geographic region and in some areas of Latin America was among the lowest in the world, while in other areas it was among the highest. For countries with available information, time trends showed significant declines in NTD prevalence and these declines were greater in countries where folic acid fortification of staples reached the majority of the population at risk, such as Chile and Costa Rica.
Neighbourhood and consumer food environment is associated with dietary intake among Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participants in Fayette County, Kentucky
Authors: Gustafson Alison , Lewis Sarah , Perkins Sarah , Wilson Corey , Buckner Elizabeth , Vail Ann
Published: March 2013

Objective

The aim of the study was to determine the association between dietary outcomes and the neighbourhood food environment (street network distance from home to stores) and consumer food environment (Nutrition Environment Measurement Survey-Stores (NEMS-S) audit).

Design

The neighbourhood food environment was captured by creating 0·5-mile and 1-mile network distance (street distance) around each participant's home and the nearest food venue (convenience store, grocery store, supermarket, farmers' market and produce stand). The consumer food environment was captured by conducting NEMS-S in all grocery stores/supermarkets within 0·5 and 1 mile of participants’ homes.

Setting

Fayette County, KY, USA.

Subjects

Supplemental Nutrition Assessment Program (SNAP) participants, n 147.

Results

SNAP participants who lived within 0·5 mile of at least one farmers’ market/produce stand had higher odds of consuming one serving or more of vegetables (OR = 6·92; 95 % CI 4·09, 11·69), five servings or more of grains (OR = 1·76; 95 % CI 1·01, 3·05) and one serving or more of milk (OR = 3·79; 95 % CI 2·14, 6·71) on a daily basis. SNAP participants who lived within 0·5 mile of stores receiving a high score on the NEMS-S audit reported higher odds of consuming at least one serving of vegetables daily (OR = 3·07; 95 % CI 1·78, 5·31).

Conclusions

Taken together, both the neighbourhood food environment and the consumer food environment are associated with a healthy dietary intake among SNAP participants.
PERSONHOOD, ANIMALS, AND THE LAW
Authors: Korsgaard Christine M.
Published: March 2013

The idea that all the entities in the world may be, for legal and moral purposes, divided into the two categories of ‘persons’ and ‘things’ comes down to us from the tradition of Roman law. In the law, a ‘person’ is essentially the subject of rights and obligations, while a thing may be owned as property. In ethics, a person is an object of respect, to be valued for her own sake, and never to be used as a mere means to an end, while a thing has only a derivative value, and may be used as a means to some person's ends. This bifurcation is unfortunate because it seems to leave us with no alternative but to categorize everything as either a person or a thing. Yet some of the entities that give rise to the most vexing ethical problems are exactly the ones that do not seem to fit comfortably into either category. For various, different, kinds of reasons, it seems inappropriate to categorize a fetus, a non-human animal, the environment, or an object of great beauty, as a person, but neither does it seem right to say of such things that they are to be valued only as means.
NON-CONTRADICTION: OH YEAH AND SO WHAT?
Authors: Nelson Mark T.
Published: March 2013

The logical Law of Non-contradiction – that a proposition cannot be both true and false – enjoys a special, perhaps uniquely privileged, status in philosophy. Most philosophers think that finding a contradiction – the assertion of both P and not-P – in one's reasoning is the best possible evidence that something has gone wrong, the ultimate refutation of a position. But why should this be so? What reason do we have to believe it?
Kognitive Beeinträchtigungen und Depressivität im Alter
Authors: Rupprecht Roland , Lang Frieder R.
Published: March 2013

Kognitive Beeinträchtigungen im Alter bedeuten nicht selten eine hohe psychische Belastung und können zu psychoreaktiven Verstimmungen führen. Wir untersuchen, inwieweit die belastenden Effekte kognitiver Verluste durch Bildungsressourcen abgemildert und ausgeglichen werden. An der Studie nahmen 201 ältere Personen teil, die das Diagnose- und Beratungsangebot des Gedächtniszentrums des Instituts für Psychogerontologie nutzten. Untersucht wurden die Zusammenhänge zwischen berichteten Beschwerden, kognitiver Leistung und Depressivität in drei Gruppen von dementen Patienten (n = 77), leicht kognitiv beeinträchtigten Patienten (MCI, n = 78) sowie nur subjektiv beeinträchtigten, gesunden Personen (n = 46). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass unabhängig von Gesundheit, Familienstand, und Demenzdiagnose die Zusammenhänge zwischen berichteten Beschwerden und Depressivität in Abhängigkeit von Bildungseinflüssen variieren. Zwar gingen berichtete Beschwerden generell mit erhöhtem Depressivitätserleben einher, dieser Zusammenhang war aber bei höher gebildeten Personen geringer. Bildungsressourcen können somit belastende Effekte subjektiver Leistungseinbußen auf die Befindlichkeit kompensieren.
Simultaneous Perfusion and Permeability Measurements Using Combined Spin- and Gradient-Echo MRI
Authors: Schmiedeskamp Heiko , Andre Jalal B , Straka Matus , Christen Thomas , Nagpal Seema , Recht Lawrence , Thomas Reena P , Zaharchuk Greg , Bammer Roland
Published: March 2013

The purpose of this study was to estimate magnetic resonance imaging-based brain perfusion parameters from combined multiecho spin-echo and gradient-echo acquisitions, to correct them for T1-, T2-, and T∗2-related contrast agent (CA) extravasation effects, and to simultaneously determine vascular permeability. Perfusion data were acquired using a combined multiecho spin- and gradient-echo (SAGE) echo-planar imaging sequence, which was corrected for CA extravasation effects using pharmacokinetic modeling. The presented method was validated in simulations and brain tumor patients, and compared with uncorrected single-echo and multiecho data. In the presence of CA extravasation, uncorrected single-echo data resulted in underestimated CA concentrations, leading to underestimated single-echo cerebral blood volume ( CBV) and mean transit time ( MTT). In contrast, uncorrected multiecho data resulted in overestimations of CA concentrations, CBV, and MTT. The correction of CA extravasation effects resulted in CBV and MTT estimates that were more consistent with the underlying tissue characteristics. Spin-echo perfusion data showed reduced large-vessel blooming effects, facilitating better distinction between increased CBV due to active tumor progression and elevated CBV due to the presence of cortical vessels in tumor proximity. Furthermore, extracted permeability parameters were in good agreement with elevated T1-weighted postcontrast signal values.
Seipin differentially regulates lipogenesis and adipogenesis through a conserved core sequence and an evolutionarily acquired C-terminus
Authors: Yang Wulin , Thein Shermaine , Guo Xiangxiang , Xu Feng , Venkatesh Byrappa , Sugii Shigeki , Radda George K. , Han Weiping
Published: March 2013

Homozygous mutations in BSCL2 (Berardinelli–Seip congenital lipodystrophy)/seipin cause CGL2 (congenital generalized lipodystrophy type 2). Recent data suggest that seipin regulates LD (lipid droplet) dynamics and adipocyte differentiation, but whether these roles are mechanistically linked remains unclear. To understand how seipin regulates these processes, we investigated the evolutionary changes of seipin orthologues, and studied individual domains in regulating lipid accumulation in non-adipocytes and adipocytes. Mammalian seipins comprise at least two distinct functional domains, a conserved core sequence and an evolutionarily acquired C-terminus. Despite its requirement for adipocyte formation, seipin overexpression inhibited oleate-induced LD formation and accumulation in nonadipocytes, which was mediated by the core sequence. In contrast, seipin overexpression did not inhibit LD accumulation during adipocyte differentiation or the adipogenic process in 3T3-L1 cells. However, adipogenesis and LD accumulation were impaired in 3T3-L1 cells expressing a seipin mutant lacking the C-terminus. Furthermore, expression of the same mutant without the C-terminus failed to rescue the adipogenic defects in seipin-knockdown cells, demonstrating the importance of the C-terminus for seipin's function in adipocyte development. We propose that seipin is involved in lipid homoeostasis by restricting lipogenesis and LD accumulation in non-adipocytes, while promoting adipogenesis to accommodate excess energy storage.
Research in Information Systems: A Study of Diversity and Inter-Disciplinary Discourse in the AIS Basket Journals between 1995 and 2011
Authors: Bernroider Edward WN , Pilkington Alan , Córdoba José-Rodrigo
Published: March 2013

The paper investigates how Information Systems (IS) has emerged as the product of interdisciplinary discourses. The research aim in this study is to better understand diversity in IS research, and the extent to which the diversity of discourse expanded and contracted from 1995 to 2011. Methodologically, we apply a combined citations/co-citations analysis based on the eight Association for Information Systems basket journals and the 22 subject-field classification framework provided by the Association of Business Schools. Our findings suggest that IS is in a state of continuous interaction and competition with other disciplines. General Management was reduced from a dominant position as a reference discipline in IS at the expense of a growing variety of other discourses including Business Strategy, Marketing, and Ethics and Governance, among others. Over time, IS as a field moved from the periphery to a central position during its discursive formation. This supports the notion of IS as a fluid discipline dynamically embracing a diverse range of adjacent reference disciplines, while keeping a degree of continuing interaction with them. Understanding where IS is currently at allows us to better understand and propose fruitful avenues for its development in both academia and practice.
The Effect of Drag from the Galactic Hot Halo on the Magellanic Stream and Leading Arm
Authors: Diaz Jonathan , Bekki Kenji
Published: March 2013

We study the effect of drag induced by the Galactic hot halo on the two neutral hydrogen (HI) cloud complexes associated with the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds: the Magellanic Stream (MS) and the Leading Arm (LA). In particular, we adopt the numerical models of previous studies and re-simulate the tidal formation of the MS and LA with the inclusion of a drag term. We find that the drag has three effects which, although model-dependent, may bring the tidal formation scenario into better agreement with observations: correcting the LA kinematics, reproducing the MS column density gradient, and enhancing the formation of MS bifurcation. We furthermore propose a two-stage mechanism by which the bifurcation forms. In general, the inclusion of drag has a variety of both positive and negative effects on the global properties of the MS and LA, including their on-sky positions, kinematics, radial distances, and column densities. We also provide an argument which suggests that ram-pressure stripping and tidal stripping are mutually exclusive candidates for the formation of the MS and LA.