bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homeostatic Expansion and Phenotypic Conversion of Human T Cells Depend on Peripheral Interactions with APCs
Authors: Onoe Takashi , Kalscheuer Hannes , Chittenden Meredith , Zhao Guiling , Yang Yong-Guang , Sykes Megan
Published: May 2010

Immune recovery in lymphopenic hosts depends largely on homeostatic peripheral expansion, especially when thymopoiesis is insufficient, as is often the case in human adults. Although it has been well studied in mice, the study of homeostatic peripheral expansion of human T cells has been limited by the lack of an appropriate in vivo model. In this study, we use T cell-deficient humanized mice and an adoptive transfer approach to demonstrate that two distinct proliferative responses of autologous T cells occur in vivo in a lymphopenic setting. Human naive CD4 and CD8 T cells that undergo rapid proliferation acquire a memory-like phenotype and the ability to rapidly produce IFN-γ, whereas those undergoing slow proliferation retain naive phenotypic and functional characteristics. Recovery of both populations depends on the extent of human non-T cell chimerism in the periphery of recipient humanized mice. Furthermore, memory conversion of CD4 and CD8 T cells correlates with the level of human CD14+ and CD19+ chimerism in recipient mice, respectively, suggesting that different types of APCs support memory conversion of CD4 and CD8 T cells. Because lymphopenia affects clinical outcomes, this model, which will allow detailed investigation of the effects of lymphopenia in patients, is of clinical significance.
Nonlinear Multipoint Boundary Value Problems for Second Order Differential Equations
Authors: Jankowski Tadeusz
Published: May 2010

In this paper we shall discuss nonlinear multipoint boundary value problems for second order differential equations when deviating arguments depend on the unknown solution. Sufficient conditions under which such problems have extremal and quasi-solutions are given. The problem of when a unique solution exists is also investigated. To obtain existence results, a monotone iterative technique is used. Two examples are added to verify theoretical results.
Periods of Modular Forms and Imaginary Quadratic Base Change
Authors: Trifković Mak
Published: May 2010

Let f be a classical newform of weight 2 on the upper half-plane , E the corresponding strong Weil curve, K a class number one imaginary quadratic field, and F the base change of f to K. Under a mild hypothesis on the pair (f, K), we prove that the period ratio is in ℚ. Here ΩF is the unique minimal positive period of F, and ΩE the area of E(ℂ). The claim is a specialization to base change forms of a conjecture proposed and numerically verified by Cremona and Whitley.
On the seasonal dependence of relativistic electron fluxes
Authors: Kanekal S. G. , Baker D. N. , McPherron R. L.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. The nature of the seasonal dependence of relativistic electron fluxes in the Earth's outer zone is investigated using 11 years of data from sensors onboard the SAMPEX spacecraft. It is found that, the relativistic electron fluxes show a strong semiannual modulation. However, the highest electron fluxes occur at times well away from the nominal equinoxes, lagging them by about 30 days. The time lag also shows a solar cycle phase dependence for the peak fluxes. The electron peak fluxes lag the vernal equinox by almost 60 days during the ascending phase of the solar cycle while the time lag near the autumnal equinox remains unchanged. The observed times of the peak electron fluxes during the descending phase of the solar cycle agrees most closely with the Russel-Mcpherron effect and less so with the equinoctial effect even after including propagation effects for finite solar wind speed. The observed times of the electron peaks are in disagreement with the axial effect. The asymmetrical response of the relativistic electrons during the ascending part of the solar cycle remains a puzzle.
On the fine structure of medium energy electron fluxes in the auroral zone and related effects in the ionospheric D-region
Authors: Hargreaves J. K. , Birch M. J. , Evans D. S.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. This study is based on measurements of trapped and precipitated electrons of energy >30 keV and >100 keV observed by polar orbiting environmental satellites during overpasses of the imaging riometer at Kilpisjärvi, Finland. The satellites are in sun-synchronous orbits of about 850 km altitude, recording the electron fluxes at 2-s time resolution. The riometer measures the radiowave absorption at 38.2 MHz, showing the spatial pattern within a 240 km field of view. The analysis has focussed on two areas. Having found a close correlation between the radiowave absorption and the medium-energy electron fluxes during satellite overpasses, empirical relationships are derived, enabling one quantity to be predicted from the other for three sectors of local time. It is shown that small-scale variations observed during a pass are essentially spatial rather than temporal. Other properties, such as the spectra and the relation between precipitated and trapped components, are also considered in the light of the theory of pitch angle scattering by VLF waves. It is found that the properties and behaviour depend strongly on the time of day. In the noon sector, the precipitated and trapped fluxes are highly correlated through a square law relationship.
Contrasting effects of temperature and winter mixing on the seasonal and inter-annual variability of the carbonate system in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Dumousseaud C. , Achterberg E. P. , Tyrrell T. , Charalampopoulou A. , Schuster U. , Hartman M. , Hydes D. J.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Future climate change as a result of increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations is expected to strongly affect the oceans, with shallower winter mixing and consequent reduction in primary production and oceanic carbon drawdown in low and mid-latitudinal oceanic regions. Here we test this hypothesis by examining the effects of cold and warm winters on the carbonate system in the surface waters of the Northeast Atlantic Ocean for the period between 2005 and 2007. Monthly observations were made between the English Channel and the Bay of Biscay using a ship of opportunity program. During the colder winter of 2005/2006, the maximum depth of the mixed layer reached up to 650 m in the Bay of Biscay, whilst during the warmer (by 2.6 ± 0.5 °C) winter of 2006/2007 the mixed layer depth reached only 300 m. The inter-annual differences in late winter concentrations of nitrate (2.8 ± 1.1 μmol l−1) and dissolved inorganic carbon (22 ± 6 μmol kg−1, with higher concentrations at the end of the colder winter (2005/2006), led to differences in the dissolved oxygen anomaly and the chlorophyll α-fluorescence data for the subsequent growing season. In contrast to model predictions, the calculated air-sea CO2 fluxes (ranging from +3.7 to −4.8 mmol m−2 d−1) showed an increased oceanic CO2 uptake in the Bay of Biscay following the warmer winter of 2006/2007 associated with wind speed and sea surface temperature differences.
Comparison of algorithms and parameterisations for infiltration into organic-covered permafrost soils
Authors: Zhang Y. , Carey S. K. , Quinton W. L. , Janowicz J. R. , Pomeroy J. W. , Flerchinger G. N.
Published: May 2010

Abstract. Infiltration into frozen and unfrozen soils is critical in hydrology, controlling active layer soil water dynamics and influencing runoff. Few Land Surface Models (LSMs) and Hydrological Models (HMs) have been developed, adapted or tested for frozen conditions and permafrost soils. Considering the vast geographical area influenced by freeze/thaw processes and permafrost, and the rapid environmental change observed worldwide in these regions, a need exists to improve models to better represent their hydrology. In this study, various infiltration algorithms and parameterisation methods, which are commonly employed in current LSMs and HMs were tested against detailed measurements at three sites in Canada's discontinuous permafrost region with organic soil depths ranging from 0.02 to 3 m. Field data from two consecutive years were used to calibrate and evaluate the infiltration algorithms and parameterisations. Important conclusions include: (1) the single most important factor that controls the infiltration at permafrost sites is ground thaw depth, (2) differences among the simulated infiltration by different algorithms and parameterisations were only found when the ground was frozen or during the initial fast thawing stages, but not after ground thaw reaches a critical depth of 15 to 30 cm, (3) despite similarities in simulated total infiltration after ground thaw reaches the critical depth, the choice of algorithm influenced the distribution of water among the soil layers, and (4) the ice impedance factor for hydraulic conductivity, which is commonly used in LSMs and HMs, may not be necessary once the water potential driven frozen soil parameterisation is employed. Results from this work provide guidelines that can be directly implemented in LSMs and HMs to improve their application in organic covered permafrost soils.
Ab Initio Guided Design of bcc Ternary Mg–Li–X (X = Ca, Al, Si, Zn, Cu) Alloys for Ultra‐Lightweight Applications
Authors: Counts William Art , Friák Martin , Raabe Dierk , Neugebauer Jörg
Published: May 2010

Ab initio calculations are becoming increasingly important for designing new alloys as these calculations can accurately predict basic structural, mechanical, and functional properties using only the atomic composition as a basis. In this paper, fundamental physical properties (like formation energies and elastic constants) of a set of bcc Mg–Li and Mg–Li‐based compounds are calculated using density functional theory (DFT). These DFT‐determined properties are in turn used to calculate engineering parameters such as (i) specific Young's modulus (Y/ρ) or (ii) shear over bulk modulus ratio (G/B) differentiating between brittle and ductile behavior. These parameters are then used to identify those alloys that have optimal mechanical properties for lightweight structural applications. First, in case of the binary Mg–Li system, an Ashby map containing Y/ρ versus G/B shows that it is not possible to increase Y/ρ without simultaneously increasing G/B (i.e., brittleness) by changing only the composition of a binary alloy. In an attempt to bypass such a fundamental materials‐design limitation, a set of Mg–Li–X ternaries (X = Ca, Al, Si, Cu, Zn) based on stoichiometric Mg–Li with CsCl structure was studied. It is shown that none of the studied ternary solutes is able to simultaneously improve both specific Young's modulus and ductility.
Strength Effects in Micropillars of a Dispersion Strengthened Superalloy
Authors: Girault Baptiste , Schneider Andreas S. , Frick Carl P. , Arzt Eduard
Published: May 2010

The present paper investigates the uniaxial compression behavior of highly alloyed, focused ion beam (FIB) manufactured micropillars, ranging from 200 up to 4000 nm in diameter. The material used was the Ni‐based oxide‐dispersion strengthened (ODS) alloy Inconel MA6000. Stress–strain curves show a change in slip behavior comparable to those observed in pure fcc metals. Contrary to pure Ni pillar experiments, high critical resolved shear stress (CRSS) values were found independent of pillar diameter. This suggests that the deformation behavior is primarily controlled by the internal obstacle spacing, overwhelming any pillar‐size‐dependent mechanisms such as dislocation source action or starvation.
STED Microscopy to Monitor Agglomeration of Silica Particles Inside A549 Cells
Authors: Schübbe Sabrina , Cavelius Christian , Schumann Christian , Koch Marcus , Kraegeloh Annette
Published: May 2010

The widespread use of engineered nanomaterials increases the exposure of the materials to humans. Therefore, it is necessary to know how these materials interact with cells. One approach is to trace particles by fluorescent labeling. The aim of the present work was to study the behavior of silica particles in A549 cells. For the first time, we applied stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy for this approach. Therefore, SiO2 particles conjugated with Atto647N were prepared by L‐arginine‐catalyzed hydrolysis of tetraethoxysilane. The Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles exhibit a mean size of 128 ± 7 nm and a zeta‐potential of −11 mV in cell culture medium. STED microscopy enables subdiffraction resolution imaging of single Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles not only in pure solution but also in a cellular environment. To visualize Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles inside A549 cells, the membrane was labeled and image stacks, that give three‐dimensional information, were taken after 5, 24, and 48 h exposure of particles to cells. During this incubation period, an increase in particle uptake was observed and STED micrographs allowed us to evaluate the agglomeration of Atto647N labeled SiO2 particles inside A549 cells. Our results show that STED microscopy is a powerful technique to study particles in a cellular environment.
Dielectric Properties of a Printed Sol–Gel Matrix Composite
Authors: Lehnert Tobias , Herbeck‐Engel Petra , Adam Jens , Klein Gabi , Kololuoma Terho , Veith Michael
Published: May 2010

Low temperature processable materials with high dielectric constants are required for application on flexible organic substrates, for example, in printed electronics. To date, mainly organic polymers with embedded functional particles have been investigated for this purpose. For the first time, we present a printable dielectric composite material composed of ferroelectric high permittivity particles (BaTiO3) bonded by a mainly inorganic sol–gel derived network. The exemplary optimization of the properties by varying the sol–gel precursor illustrates the potential of sol–gel chemistry for printable functional materials. An operational gravure printed capacitor including printed silver electrodes is presented. The measured dielectric constants are among the highest reported in literature for low temperature cured films with moderate dissipation factors. Besides these promising dielectric properties, this composite film shows a ferroelectric response.
Silver Nanoparticles with Controlled Dispersity and Their Assembly into Superstructures
Authors: Moh Karsten , Werner Ulf , Koch Marcus , Veith Michael
Published: May 2010

In this paper we report on the influence of particle size distribution, particle substrate interaction, and drying behavior on the self‐assembly process using ligand stabilized silver particles. Two‐dimensional particle arrays were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and extensive image analysis. The formation of such structures was observed in situ using an environmental scanning electron microscope in WET‐STEM mode. The results confirm that a small particle size distribution is crucial for the formation of regular particle patterns with long range order, but also the particle substrate interaction and the particle density have an influence on the degree of ordering. Additionally, we find that separated binary particle assemblies keep the orientation of their two‐dimensional hexagonal lattices over alternating domains of small and big particles. This is probably enabled due to the formation of dislocations and a small change of the course of the lattice lines within the respective boundary.
High Quality Factor Metallodielectric Hybrid Plasmonic–Photonic Crystals
Authors: Yu Xindi , Shi Lei , Han Dezhuan , Zi Jian , Braun Paul V.
Published: May 2010

A 2D polystyrene colloidal crystal self‐assembled on a flat gold surface supports multiple photonic and plasmonic propagating resonance modes. For both classes of modes, the quality factors can exceed 100, higher than the quality factor of surface plasmons (SP) at a polymer–gold interface. The spatial energy distribution of those resonance modes are carefully studied by measuring the optical response of the hybrid plasmonic–photonic crystal after coating with dielectric materials under different coating profiles. Computer simulations with results closely matching those of experiments provide a clear picture of the field distribution of each resonance mode. For the SP modes, there is strong confinement of electromagnetic energy near the metal surface, while for optical modes, the field is confined inside the spherical particles, far away from the metal. Coating of dielectric material on the crystal results in a large shift in optical features. A surface sensor based on the hybrid plasmonic–photonic crystal is proposed, and it is shown to have atomic layer sensitivity. An example of ethanol vapor sensing based on physisorption of ethanol onto the sensor surface is demonstrated.
Fourth case of cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, skeletal syndrome (CODAS), description of new features and molecular analysis
Authors: Marlin S. , Ducou Le Pointe H. , Le Merrer M. , Portnoi M.F. , Chantot S. , Jonard L. , Mantel‐Guiochon A. , Siffroi J.P. , Garabedian E.N. , Denoyelle F.
Published: May 2010

Cerebral, ocular, dental, auricular, skeletal syndrome (CODAS, OMIM 600373) is a very rare congenital malformation syndrome. This clinical entity is highly distinctive and associates mental retardation, cataract, enamel abnormalities, malformations of the helix, epiphyseal and vertebral malformations, and characteristic dysmorphic features. Since 1991, only three affected children have been reported. The etiology and pattern of inheritance of CODAS syndrome still remain unknown. We describe a new sporadic case presenting with all the characteristic features of CODAS syndrome associated with previously unreported malformations of the heart, larynx, and liver. All investigations such as karyotype, metabolic screening and array CGH were normal. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical variability and novel neurodevelopmental findings in 49, XXXXY syndrome
Authors: Gropman Andrea L. , Rogol Alan , Fennoy Ilene , Sadeghin Teresa , Sinn Stephanie , Jameson Robert , Mitchell Francine , Clabaugh Jaye , Lutz‐Armstrong Margaret , Samango‐Sprouse Carole A.
Published: May 2010

49, XXXXY is a rare chromosomal syndrome due to double nondisjunction of the replicating X chromosome. Considered a severe variant of XXY or Klinefelter syndrome, boys with this chromosome constitution are assumed to have severe mental retardation (MR) in addition to craniofacial, genital, endocrine, and heart abnormalities. Here, we present a multidisciplinary analysis including the clinical and neurobehavioral aspects of this condition in 20 boys with 49, XXXXY who share a common phenotype and neurobehavioral profile. The phenotypic presentation of the boys with 49, XXXXY shares some characteristics with 47, XXY, but there are also other unique and distinctive features. Previously unappreciated intact nonverbal skills are evident in conjunction with moderate to severe developmental dyspraxia. Variability in clinical and cognitive functioning may reflect skewed X inactivation, mosaicism, or other factors that warrant further investigation. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Facioaudiosymphalangism syndrome and growth acceleration associated with a heterozygous NOG mutation
Authors: Rudnik‐Schöneborn Sabine , Takahashi Tsutomu , Busse Sabine , Schmidt Thorsten , Senderek Jan , Eggermann Thomas , Zerres Klaus
Published: May 2010

We report on a father and son with facioaudiosymphalangism syndrome, an alternative designation for multiple synostoses syndrome, type I. This syndrome includes synostosis, brachydactyly, craniofacial dysmorphic features, stapes fixation, hyperopia, and growth retardation. In contrast to the typical presentation, the height of the 10‐year‐old son was above the 97th centile from the age of 3.5 years and he had markers of an activated bone metabolism. The father and son had a novel heterozygous missense mutation c.696C > G, p.Cys232Trp, in the NOG gene. While not yet described in human NOG‐related disorders, there is experimental evidence that suppression of noggin might accelerate osteogenesis, which could explain the phenotype in the family reported here. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kabuki syndrome and cancer in two patients
Authors: Tumino Manuela , Licciardello Maria , Sorge Giovanni , Cutrupi Maria Concetta , Di Benedetto Fabrizio , Amoroso Loredana , Catania Roberta , Pennisi Monica , D'Amico Salvatore , Di Cataldo Andrea
Published: May 2010

Both hepatoblastoma and neuroblastoma are occasionally associated with congenital syndromes such as Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome and trisomy 18. There have been no reports of hepatoblastoma in patients with Kabuki syndrome, whereas one patient with neuroblastoma and this syndrome has been reported. In this paper we present two patients with Kabuki syndrome and a neoplasm: a child of 6 years with hepatoblastoma and an infant, of 6 months affected by neuroblastoma. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Spondylo‐epiphyseal dysplasia, Maroteaux type (pseudo‐Morquio syndrome type 2), and parastremmatic dysplasia are caused by TRPV4 mutations
Authors: Nishimura Gen , Dai Jin , Lausch Ekkehart , Unger Sheila , Megarbané André , Kitoh Hiroshi , Kim Ok Hwa , Cho Tae‐Joon , Bedeschi Francesca , Benedicenti Francesco , Mendoza‐Londono Roberto , Silengo Margherita , Schmidt‐Rimpler Maren , Spranger Jurgen , Zabel Bernhard , Ikegawa Shiro , Superti‐Furga Andrea
Published: May 2010

Recent discoveries have established the existence of a family of skeletal dysplasias caused by dominant mutations in TRPV4. This family comprises, in order of increasing severity, dominant brachyolmia, spondylo‐metaphyseal dysplasia Kozlowski type, and metatropic dysplasia. We tested the hypothesis that a further condition, Spondylo‐epiphyseal dysplasia (SED), Maroteaux type (MIM 184095; also known as pseudo‐Morquio syndrome type 2), could be caused by TRPV4 mutations. We analyzed six individuals with Maroteaux type SED, including three who had previously been reported. All six patients were found to have heterozygous TRPV4 mutations; three patients had unreported mutations, while three patients had mutations previously described in association with metatropic dysplasia. In addition, we tested one individual with a distinct rare disorder, parastremmatic dysplasia (MIM 168400). This patient had a common, recurrent mutation seen in several patients with Kozlowski type spondylo‐metaphyseal dysplasia. We conclude that SED Maroteaux type and parastremmatic dysplasia are part of the TRPV4 dysplasia family and that TRPV4 mutations show considerable variability in phenotypic expression resulting in distinct clinical‐radiographic phenotypes. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The phylogenetic affinities of the Pondaung tali
Authors: Dagosto Marian , Marivaux Laurent , Gebo Daniel L. , Beard K. Christopher , Chaimanee Yaowalak , Jaeger Jean‐Jacques , Marandat Bernard , Soe Aung Naing , Kyaw Aung Aung
Published: May 2010

The phylogenetic affinities of the primates of the late middle Eocene Pondaung Formation of Myanmar have long been disputed. The discovery of the NMMP 39 talus (Marivaux et al.: Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 (2003) 13173–13178) provided the first clear evidence from the postcranium that a relatively large‐bodied haplorhine primate is represented in the Pondaung fauna. Another talus (NMMP 82; Marivaux et al., 2010). Talar morphology, phylogenetic affinities and locomotor adaptation of a large‐bodied amphipithecid primate from the late middle Eocene of Myanmar, Am J Phys Anthropol DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.21307) has been recently recovered which also pertains to Haplorhini. The metric and nonmetric features supporting the hypothesis of anthropoid affinities for NMMP 39 have been criticized by Gunnell and Ciochon (Gunnell GF, Ciochon RL. 2008. Revisiting primate postcrania from the Pondaung Formation of Myanmar. In: Fleagle JG, Gilbert CC, editors. Elwyn Simons: a search for origins. New York: Springer. p 211–228). Their analysis, however, was based on a very limited choice of variables, taxa, and individuals. Based on an extended sample, we are able to produce both principal components and discriminant functions that yield a rather clear separation of extant haplorhine and strepsirhine tali. Both principal components and discriminant function scores of the Pondaung tali fall with those of haplorhine primates. In addition, the Pondaung tali lack all the derived nonmetric features characteristic of strepsirhine primates, but exhibit all the features characteristic of haplorhine primates. We dispute the features Gunnell and Ciochon (2008) claim are uniquely shared by the Pondaung tali and adapiforms. Their rejection of the phylogenetic significance of the features shared by these tali and haplorhines is unwarranted by the evidence. Based on both metric and nonmetric features, the Pondaung tali are structurally most similar to the tali of haplorhines, particularly anthropoids. Am J Phys Anthropol 143:223–234, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melt spun microporous fibers using poly(lactic acid) and sulfonated copolyester blends for tissue engineering applications
Authors: Sumanasinghe Ruwan D. , Haslauer Carla M. , Pourdeyhimi Behnam , Loboa Elizabeth G.
Published: May 2010

Microporous fibers can potentially increase diffusional properties of three‐dimensional nonwoven scaffolds used for tissue engineering applications. We have investigated the use of a water‐dispersible copolyester, sulfonated copolyester (SP), to create micropores in composite fibers containing a blend of SP and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) at 1, 3, 5, and 10% SP content. PLA and SP were blended at 175°C in a microcompounder followed by extrusion of composite fibers and removal of SP from composite fibers by using hydrodispersion to form micropores in the composite fibers. Differential scanning calorimetric studies on unhydrolysed composite fibers showed that SP was partially miscible in PLA. Fourier transform infrared mapping of composite fiber cross sections revealed that SP was randomly dispersed throughout the cross section where the degree of dispersion depended on the SP content. As revealed by the scanning electron micrographs, the size of the micropores was dependent on the SP content. Micropores on fiber cross sections were observed in fibers above 3% SP indicating that at least 3% SP content is needed to produce droplet morphology of SP in these fibers. These results show that SP can be successfully used in a blend with PLA to produce microporous fibers to fabricate three‐dimensional nonwoven scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Preparation of chitosan nanoparticles and their application to Antheraea pernyi silk
Authors: Lu Yan‐Hua , Chen Yu‐Yue , Lin Hong , Wang Cheng , Yang Zhao‐Dan
Published: May 2010

In this study, a chitosan nanoparticle dispersion solution as a novel multifunctional agent was developed to modify Antheraea pernyi silk. An ionization gelation methodology with chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was used to prepare the chitosan nanoparticle solution, and then, Fourier transform infrared spectra, laser particle size analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to characterize the structure and size distribution of the chitosan nanoparticles. The peaks at 3390.7, 1633.7, 1538.2, and 1258.1 cm−1 revealed the reaction between the chitosan and STPP molecules in the chitosan nanoparticles. The average size of the nanoparticles in the aqueous dispersion solution was approximately 20 nm. TEM images clearly showed the round spherical morphology and the distribution of the particles in the solid state. The obtained chitosan nanoparticle dispersion solution was then applied to treat silk filaments and fabric. The results indicate that the surface of the chitosan‐nanoparticle‐treated A. pernyi silk fiber was rougher than that of the chitosan‐treated and untreated ones, and a higher specific surface was achieved. In addition, the antibacterial activity, breaking strength, and wrinkle‐resistance properties of the chitosan‐nanoparticle‐treated A. pernyi silk fabric were also enhanced. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Geophysical Archaeology Research Agendas for the Future: Some Ground‐penetrating Radar Examples
Authors: Conyers Lawrence B. , Leckebusch Juerg
Published: May 2010

Archaeological geophysics research and its applications to archaeology are today positioned to move in a number of directions, building on successes in the past few decades. The basics of data acquisition, processing and interpretation are now commonplace, and along with a variety of new geophysical tools and software, readily available to most dedicated practitioners. It is now time to move beyond the basics to develop new areas of research for the coming decades. Here, we propose some future avenues that can be followed, using ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) as an example. One avenue is the application of these techniques to test ideas about culture and history in ways not possible using traditional archaeological methods. Another is the application of sophisticated new equipment and three‐dimensional processing methods that can produce greater precision in the products produced, while simplifying data acquisition and revealing more information about buried archaeological features. While we discuss below our ideas with regard to the future of GPR, these basic concepts and future pathways are potentially applicable to the other commonly used near‐surface geophysical methods. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Affective motivations to help others: A two‐stage model of donation decisions
Authors: Dickert Stephan , Sagara Namika , Slovic Paul
Published: May 2010

Emotional reactions are an important element in the motivation to help others. Our research examined the role of affective vs. deliberative information processing in the genesis and use of emotional reactions in decisions to provide financial aid to people in distress. In two studies, we investigated whether information processing mode influenced participants' donations, affective reactions, and the relationship between the two. Information processing was manipulated by a priming procedure and a cognitive load paradigm. Participants' empathic emotions were assessed by self‐reported sympathy, compassion, and distress. Additionally, we measured how much better a donation would make participants feel and their anticipated regret for not donating, which were taken as indicators of their motivation to donate as a form of mood management. Results suggest that different mechanisms govern the initial decision to donate money (Stage 1) compared to later decisions on how much money to donate (Stage 2). Motivations for mood management were primarily predictive of donation decisions, whereas empathic feelings were predictive of the donation amount. The potentially disruptive effects of deliberative processing on prosocial behavior are discussed in light of a two‐stage processing model of donations. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model Based Quantification of Internal Flow Distributions from Breakthrough Curves of Flat Sheet Membrane Chromatography Modules
Authors: von Lieres E. , Wang J. , Ulbricht M.
Published: May 2010

A novel model for quantifying radial flow distributions in flat sheet membrane chromatography modules under non‐binding conditions is presented and applied for the practical analysis of two modules. The proposed model partitions the total void volume of the chromatography module into zones that are considered homogeneous with respect to flow velocity. The corresponding solute concentrations are time variant, but also spatially homogeneous within each zone. The model is mathematically represented and analytically solved as a network of continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR). An additional plug flow reactor (PFR) is connected in series with the CSTR network in order to account for a time‐lag that is not associated with the system dispersion. The capability of the model to describe experimental breakthrough data is compared to the frequently applied standard model for extra‐membrane system dispersion, which consists of a single CSTR in series with a PFR. Non‐binding conditions are deliberately chosen for studying the impact of module geometries on breakthrough curves separately from chromatographic membrane performance. The commercial CIM module and a custom designed cell (Scell) are studied with acetone and lysozyme as test tracers at varied flow rates and for various membrane pore sizes under non‐binding conditions. In all studied cases, the proposed model fits the measured breakthrough curves better than the standard model. Moreover, the minimal number of radial flow zones that are required to accurately describe observed breakthrough curves and the estimated flow fractions through these zones provide valuable information for the analysis and optimization of internal module designs.
Overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐induced progestin insensitivity in human endometrial carcinoma cells by the EGFR/mitogen‐activated protein kinase signaling pathway
Authors: Ai Zhihong , Wang Juan , Wang Yudong , Lu Lihua , Tong Jianqian , Teng Yincheng
Published: May 2010

BACKGROUND:

Fertility‐sparing management is an important treatment for young women who have endometrial carcinoma (EC). Many patients with EC exhibit insensitivity or resistance to progestin therapy, and the molecular mechanisms of that insensitivity and resistance have been elusive. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpression has been observed in EC, but the roles of EGFR in progestin resistance have not been investigated.

METHODS:

EGFR and progesterone receptor isotype B (PR‐B) messenger RNA and protein levels were determined in EC tissue samples and cell lines by immunohistochemical, real‐time reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analyses. The biologic function of EGFR in the regulation of PR‐B expression and induced progestin resistance was investigated by transfecting recombinant plasmids that expressed EGFR into Ishikawa EC cells. In addition, the role of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathway was investigated by Western blot analysis.

RESULTS:

EGFR was detected in 60% of PR‐B–positive samples and in 90.5% of PR‐B–negative samples (P = .015). EGFR expression was higher in progestin‐resistant KLE EC cells than in progestin‐sensitive Ishikawa EC cells. In contrast, PR‐B expression was higher in Ishikawa cells than KLE cells. Higher EGFR expression reduced sensitivity to progestin and decreased PR‐B expression in Ishikawa cells; it also abnormally activated the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibited cell apoptosis. The EGFR tyrosine kinase‐specific inhibitor AG1478 effectively inhibited the proliferation of EC cells that overexpressed EGFR.

CONCLUSIONS:

The current results indicated that EGFR overexpression may play an important role in reducing sensitivity to progestin treatment in EC. An EGFR tyrosine kinase‐specific inhibitor may be useful in the treatment of EC. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Recent Advances in Gyrokinetic Full‐f Particle Simulation of Medium Sized Tokamaks with ELMFIRE
Authors: Janhunen S.J. , Kiviniemi T.P. , Heikkinen J.A. , Korpio T. , Leerink S. , Nora M. , Ogando F.
Published: May 2010

Large‐scale kinetic simulations of toroidal plasmas based on first principles are called for in studies of transition from low to high confinement mode and internal transport barrier formation in the core plasma. Such processes are best observed and diagnosed in detached plasma conditions in mid‐sized tokamaks, so gyrokinetic simulations for these conditions are warranted. A first principles test‐particle based kinetic model ELMFIRE [1] has been developed and used in interpretation [1, 2] of FT‐2 and DIII‐D experiments. In this work we summarize progress in Cyclone (DIII‐D core) and ASDEX Upgrade pedestal region simulations, and show that in simulations the choice of adiabatic electrons results in quenching of turbulence (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Statistical Approach to Neutral Transport in Turbulent Plasmas
Authors: Marandet Y. , Mekkaoui A. , Reiter D. , Börner P. , Genesio P. , Rosato J. , Capes H. , Koubiti M. , Godbert‐Mouret L. , Stamm R.
Published: May 2010

In this work we present a statistical model aimed at retaining edge turbulence fluctuations in the EIRENE neutral transport code. The model relies on sampling a large number of plasma backgrounds, using a given 1 point PDF and a 2 points correlation function, and computing the corresponding average quantities (neutral density profile, …). Its implementation is validated using a simplified case for which the calculations can be carried out analytically. An intuitive picture of neutral transport in turbulent plasmas is presented (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modelling with COREDIV Code of JET ILW Configuration
Authors: Zagörski R. , Telesca G. , Fundamenski W. , McCormick K.
Published: May 2010

In this paper we present integrated numerical modeling for the first time applied to AT discharges with tungsten wall using the COREDIV code. We concentrate on numerical simulations of Ne seeded scenarios in the new ILW JET configuration. Results show that the JET operating space might be limited, with tungsten wall, to high density plasmas (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modeling of Plasma Parameters during High Pressure Gas Injection with a Three Temperature Model
Authors: Baronova E. O. , Vikhrev V. V.
Published: May 2010

A three temperature model is constructed to describe dynamics of plasma parameters during argon injection, which is aimed to mitigate disruption consequences. Model predicts fast decrease of electron and ion temperatures, distribution of ionization stages and average ion charge in time, the rate of total radiation losses and time dependent intensities of ArXVII lines, widely used in plasma diagnostics. It was found that rapid drop of electron temperature is not associated with radiation losses (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Edge Stability and Pedestal Profile Sensitivity of Snowflake Diverted Equilibria in the TCV Tokamak
Authors: Medvedev S. Yu. , Ivanov A. A. , Martynov A. A. , Poshekhonov Yu. Yu. , Behn R. , Martin Y. R. , Moret J.‐M. , Piras F. , Pitzschke A. , Pochelon A. , Sauter O. , Villard L.
Published: May 2010

A second order null divertor (snowflake) has been successfully created and controlled in the TCV tokamak [1] (F. Piras et al., Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion, 2009). The results of ideal MHD edge stability computations show an enhancement of the edge stability properties of the snowflake equilibria compared to standard x‐point configurations [2] (S. Yu. Medvedev et al., 36th EPS Conference on Plasma Physics, 2009). However, a sensitivity study of the stability limits to variations of the pedestal profiles is essential for making conclusions about possibilities of ELM control in snowflake plasmas. Variations of the edge stability and beta limits for several types of snowflake equilibria, different values of triangularity and various pedestal profiles are investigated (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Edge Plasma in Snowflake Divertor
Authors: Umansky M.V. , Rognlien T.D. , Ryutov D.D. , Snyder P.B.
Published: May 2010

The snowflake divertor (Ryutov 2007, Phys. Plasmas 14, 064502) uses a 2nd order null of the poloidal magnetic field instead of the 1st order null used in the standard divertor. This leads to a number of interesting geometric properties such as stronger fanning of the poloidal flux, stronger magnetic shear in the edge region, larger radiating volume, and larger connection length in the scrape‐off layer. These can potentially lead to new ways for alleviating heat loads on the divertor target plates. Discussion of properties of snowflake is presented, along with results of numerical modeling. Divertor leg volume is larger in snowflake than in the standard x‐point configuration, which leads to larger fraction of radiated power in the divertor. This allows the snowflake to transition to a strongly detached plasma regime more easily than for the standard x‐point. Besides, stronger shearing of the magnetic field in snowflake may be beneficial for controlling magneto‐hydrodynamic instabilities in the edge (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Simulations of NSTX with a Liquid Lithium Divertor Module
Authors: Stotler D. P. , Maingi R. , Zakharov L.E. , Kugel H.W. , Pigarov A.Yu. , Rognlien T.D. , Soukhanovskii V. A.
Published: May 2010

A strategy to develop self‐consistent simulations of the behavior of lithium in the Liquid Lithium Divertor (LLD) module to be installed in NSTX is described. In this initial stage of the plan, the UEDGE edge plasma transport code is used to simulate an existing NSTX shot, with UEDGE's transport coefficients set using midplane and divertor diagnostic data. The LLD is incorporated into the simulations as a reduction in the recycling coefficient over the outer divertor. Heat transfer calculations performed using the resulting heat flux profiles provide preliminary estimates on operating limits for the LLD as well as input data for subsequent steps in the LLD modeling effort (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Stabilization of Radiation‐Condensation Instability by Light Impurity Injection
Authors: Pshenov A. A. , Morozov D. Kh.
Published: May 2010

As it has been shown in [1,2], Radiation‐Condensation Instability (RCI) may initiate Microfaceted Asymmetric Radiation from the Edge (MARFE) in tokamaks (see also review papers [3‐5]). Nevertheless, experiments demonstrate the stable regimes with strongly radiated edge plasmas after Ne injection [6‐8] or in siliconized discharges. Two effects destabilize radiative plasmas, the decrease of radiation losses Q with the electron temperature Te increase, and the increase of Q with electron and impurity densities rise. The finite relaxation time of impurity distribution over ionization states [6] as well as the thermal force acting on the growth rate doesn't shift the instability margin. Hence, one can examine the stability margin using the approximation of the coronal equilibrium. Radiation losses of intrinsic impurities like beryllium, carbon and nitrogen usually decrease with the temperature increase at the temperature range typical for the edge (see Fig. 1, curve 1). The situation may be significantly different for impurity mixtures. Radiation losses L ≡ Q /(nenI)normalized by electron and impurity densities ne and nI for the mixture of carbon and neon are shown in Fig. 1, curves 2‐5. One can see that ∂Q/∂T > 0 for practically any temperature at the edge if the concentration ratio nNe/nC ≥ 5. Hence, one can expect the stabilization of RCI by injection of additional impurity and achievement of stable regime with the strongly radiated edge plasmas. The stability of plasmas with few impurity mixtures is examined in the present paper numerically (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Progress on Radiative Transfer Modelling in Optically Thick Divertor Plasmas
Authors: Rosato J. , Reiter D. , Kotov V. , Marandet Y. , Capes H. , Godbert‐Mouret L. , Koubiti M. , Stamm R.
Published: May 2010

The physical model used in the photon transport module of the Monte‐Carlo code EIRENE (www.eirene.de) is presented. A critical assessment of the spectral line broadening mechanisms (which give the shape of the photon‐atom reaction rates) and of their relevance in a transport simulation is carried out (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of Turbulence on Radiative Properties of Tokamak Edge Plasmas
Authors: Rosato J. , Rosmej F. B. , Stamm R. , Kadomtsev M. B. , Levashova M. G. , Lisitsa V. S.
Published: May 2010

The effect of turbulent temperature fluctuations on the radiative losses in tokamak edge and divertor plasmas is investigated. A statistical model is developed. The formalism involves both the probability density function of the fluid quantities and the expression of the emitting energy level population in terms of these quantities. We apply the statistical model to calculations of radiative power losses, successively for lithium and hydrogen radiation. In the former case, the energy level populations are obtained with an analytical collisional‐radiative model accounting for non‐coronal and transport effects. In the hydrogen case, the emitting level population is calculated by a collisional‐radiative code. The role of electron temperature fluctuations is discussed in detail. Application to hydrogen line radiation in JET conditions reveals the significant role of turbulence in the repartition of the radiated energy inside the divertor (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Theoretical Aspects of Dust in Fusion Devices
Authors: Krasheninnikov S. I. , Pigarov A. Yu. , Smirnov R. D. , Soboleva T. K.
Published: May 2010

It is known that micro‐particles (dust) exist in fusion devices. However, an impact of dust on plasma contamination, material migration, and performance of fusion devices is still under debate. In burning plasma experiments like ITER dust can also pose safety problems related to it's chemical activity, toxicity, tritium retention, and radioactive content. In order to address all these issues we need to understand the physics of dust generation, dynamics, and transport. In this paper, the results of recent theoretical studies of dust in fusion plasmas are reviewed. Different aspects of the physics of dust in fusion plasmas, including the processes of dust generation, charging, heating, destruction, spinning, forces acting on dust, dust collision with material walls, etc are discussed. The numerical models of these processes have been incorporated into the dust transport code DUSTT, which is capable of tracking of dust particles in fusion devices in 3D geometry. The results of the simulations of dust particle dynamics, transport, and the impact on edge plasma performance are considered. The latest results on nonlinear interactions of dust grain with tokamak plasma as well as remaining gaps in the understanding of physics of dust in fusion devices are discussed (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Acceleration and Redeposition of a Dust Particle in SOL/Divertor Plasma of HL‐2A Tokamak
Authors: Tomita Y. , Kawamura G. , Pan Y.D. , Yan L.W.
Published: May 2010

Acceleration of a iron dust particle is studied in the SOL (Scrape‐Off Layer)/divertor plasma of the HL‐2A tokamak in Southwestern Institute of Physics, China, with a single‐null configuration. In this study the simplest model of the dust dynamics is applied: spherical shape of a dust, ion drag force due to Coulomb scattering and drag force due to the plasma ion absorption as dominant forces, and spontaneous charging of a dust particle to the equilibrium charge. In the outer region near the plasma‐facing wall the parallel plasma flow along the magnetic field pushes the dust particle to the divertor plates. It is clarified that the dust particle with a radius of 1mm from the top of the SOL/divertor region is accelerated up to around 100 m/s in a few hundreds milliseconds to the divertor plates. In our model even the small dust particle with 1nm size can overcome the sheath potential and redeposite on the divertor plate (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Linear Polarization of Photons Emitted from Excited Hydrogen Atoms Formed above Metal Surfaces
Authors: Kato D. , Kenmotsu T. , Ohya K. , Tanabe T.
Published: May 2010

This paper presents theoretical results for linear polarization of Lyman‐α and Balmer‐α emission following single electron capture by hydrogen nuclei to excited levels above Mo surfaces. The polarization degrees are evaluated for photons from the hydrogen atoms outgoing along surface normal with translation velocities of 0.05‐1 au. In this geometry, the excited states are aligned with respect to the surface normal (quantization axis). Finite polarization degrees are obtained for electric‐dipole photons emitted at right angle to the surface normal; the linear polarization preferentially along the surface plane at lower translation velocities turns to the surface normal at higher velocities (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)