bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acculturation and Physical Activity Among Latinas Enrolled in a 12-Month Walking Intervention
Authors: Joseph Rodney P. , Benitez Tanya J. , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Todd Michael , Keller Colleen
Published: February 2017

This report evaluates the relationship between acculturation and assimilation with the physical activity (PA) outcomes of a 12-month walking intervention for postpartum Latinas ( n = 81, M age = 29.2 years, M BMI [body mass index] = 30.0). PA was measured by ActiGraph GT1M accelerometers. Acculturation and assimilation were measured by the Hazuda Acculturation and Assimilation Scales. Data were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. Results showed a trend for participants classified in the least acculturated groups to engage in more moderate-to-vigorous PA than participants classified in the higher acculturated/assimilated groups for two dimensions of acculturation (Adult Proficiency in English Versus Spanish, p = .002; Adult Pattern of English Versus Spanish Language Usage, p = .001) and two dimensions of assimilation (Childhood Interaction With Members of Mainstream Society, p = .028; Adult Functional Integration With Mainstream Society, p ≤ .001). No other significant effects were observed. Findings highlight the continued need to understand the context in which acculturation and assimilation influence PA.
Management of a tracheoesophageal fistula in a patient with AIDS
Authors: Cabañero Alberto , Dronda Fernando , Saldaña David , Hermida José Manuel , Muñoz Gemma , Moreno Santiago
Published: February 2017

Despite the high frequency of gastrointestinal complications and opportunistic infections in HIV-1 infected patients, tracheoesophageal (TEF) and bronchoesophageal (BEF) fístulas are rare. Our objective is to comunicate an additional and unusual case of TEF in an HIV-1-infected patient whose immunologic status was good with complete suppression of viral replication, so although uncommon, TEF/BEF of an infectious origen should be considered in AIDS. Endoscopic treatment with tracheal/esophageal stents is not without morbidity and mortality. As long as the patient can undergo reconstructive surgery, this should be the technique of choice.
What about the employees in entrepreneurial firms? A multi-level analysis of the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation, role ambiguity, and social support
Authors: Andersén Jim
Published: February 2017

Research on entrepreneurial orientation (EO) has mainly addressed outcomes of EO at the level of the firm. However, few studies have examined how EO affects employees. Using a multi-level analysis of 343 employees nested in 25 small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) the analysis presented shows that EO will increase the degree of role ambiguity among employees. Social support from management was not found to have any effect on the relationship between EO and role ambiguity. However, social support from co-workers weakens the EO-ambiguity relationship and can counteract the negative effects of EO to some degree. The study contributes to the EO literature by being one of a few studies that have considered the possible negative consequences of EO. The article also highlights how to reduce role ambiguity in entrepreneurial SMEs.
Automatic image fusion of real-time ultrasound with computed tomography images: a prospective comparison between two auto-registration methods
Authors: Cha Dong Ik , Lee Min Woo , Kim Ah Yeong , Kang Tae Wook , Oh Young-Taek , Jeong Ja-Yeon , Chang Jung-Woo , Ryu Jiwon , Lee Kyong Joon , Kim Jaeil , Bang Won-Chul , Shin Dong Kuk , Choi Sung Jin , Koh Dalkwon , Seo Bong Koo , Kim Kyunga
Published: February 2017

Background

A major drawback of conventional manual image fusion is that the process may be complex, especially for less-experienced operators. Recently, two automatic image fusion techniques called Positioning and Sweeping auto-registration have been developed.

Purpose

To compare the accuracy and required time for image fusion of real-time ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) images between Positioning and Sweeping auto-registration.

Material and Methods

Eighteen consecutive patients referred for planning US for radiofrequency ablation or biopsy for focal hepatic lesions were enrolled. Image fusion using both auto-registration methods was performed for each patient. Registration error, time required for image fusion, and number of point locks used were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test.

Results

Image fusion was successful in all patients. Positioning auto-registration was significantly faster than Sweeping auto-registration for both initial (median, 11 s [range, 3–16 s] vs. 32 s [range, 21–38 s]; P < 0.001] and complete (median, 34.0 s [range, 26–66 s] vs. 47.5 s [range, 32–90]; P = 0.001] image fusion. Registration error of Positioning auto-registration was significantly higher for initial image fusion (median, 38.8 mm [range, 16.0–84.6 mm] vs. 18.2 mm [6.7–73.4 mm]; P = 0.029), but not for complete image fusion (median, 4.75 mm [range, 1.7–9.9 mm] vs. 5.8 mm [range, 2.0–13.0 mm]; P = 0.338]. Number of point locks required to refine the initially fused images was significantly higher with Positioning auto-registration (median, 2 [range, 2–3] vs. 1 [range, 1–2]; P = 0.012].

Conclusion

Positioning auto-registration offers faster image fusion between real-time US and pre-procedural CT images than Sweeping auto-registration. The final registration error is similar between the two methods.
Altered brainstem anatomy in migraine
Authors: Marciszewski Kasia K , Meylakh Noemi , Di Pietro Flavia , Macefield Vaughan G , Macey Paul M , Henderson Luke A
Published: February 2017

Background

The exact mechanisms responsible for migraine remain unknown, although it has been proposed that changes in brainstem anatomy and function, even between attacks, may contribute to the initiation and maintenance of headache during migraine attacks. The aim of this investigation is to use brainstem-specific analyses of anatomical and diffusion weighted images to determine if the trigeminal system displays altered structure in individuals with migraine.

Methods

Voxel-based morphometry of T1-weighted anatomical images (57 controls, 24 migraineurs) and diffusion tensor images (22 controls, 24 migraineurs) were used to assess brainstem anatomy in individuals with migraine compared with controls.

Results

We found grey matter volume decreases in migraineurs in the spinal trigeminal nucleus and dorsomedial pons. In addition, reduced grey matter volume and increased free water diffusivity occurred in areas of the descending pain modulatory system, including midbrain periaqueductal gray matter, dorsolateral pons, and medullary raphe. These changes were not correlated to migraine frequency, duration, intensity or time to next migraine.

Conclusion

Brainstem anatomy changes may underlie changes in activity that result in activation of the ascending trigeminal pathway and the perception of head pain during a migraine attack.
Olfactory Development, Part 2: Neuroanatomic Maturation and Dysgeneses
Authors: Sarnat Harvey B. , Flores-Sarnat Laura
Published: February 2017

Olfactory axons project from nasal epithelium to the primitive telencephalon before olfactory bulbs form. Olfactory bulb neurons do not differentiate in situ but arrive via the rostral migratory stream. Synaptic glomeruli and concentric laminar architecture are unlike other cortices. Fetal olfactory maturation of neuronal differentiation, synaptogenesis, and myelination remains incomplete at term and have a protracted course of postnatal development. The olfactory ventricular recess involutes postnatally but dilates in congenital hydrocephalus. Olfactory bulb, tract and epithelium are repositories of progenitor stem cells in fetal and adult life. Diverse malformations of the olfactory bulb can be diagnosed by clinical examination, imaging, and neuropathologically. Cellular markers of neuronal differentiation and synaptogenesis demonstrate immaturity of the olfactory system at birth, previously believed by histology alone to occur early in fetal life. Immaturity does not preclude function.
The History and Challenge of Rett Syndrome
Authors: Haas Richard H.
Published: February 2017

Rett syndrome was first described in 1966 by Dr Andreas Rett, who reported in German his findings in 22 patients. Recognition of the syndrome grew slowly until 1983, when a series of 35 patients from several countries was reported in English. By 1987, the number of known cases had grown to over 1,250 worldwide, the International Rett Syndrome Association had been founded, and international conferences on the syndrome were being held regularly. Although a developmental staging system has been devised, many questions remain concerning the course of the disease. Rett syndrome poses a challenge to the physicians, therapists, psychologists, educators, and families involved with affected patients, as well as to researchers investigating the syndrome. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S3-S5).
The Clinical Recognition and Differential Diagnosis of Rett Syndrome
Authors: Trevathan Edwin , Naidu Sakkubai
Published: February 2017

Rett syndrome (RS) is characterized by progressive loss of intellectual functioning and fine and gross motor skills as well as development of stereotypic hand movement abnormalities, occurring after 6 to 18 months of normal development. Rett syndrome has been previously reported only in girls, but the possibility of the syndrome existing in male children cannot be currently excluded. Although the syndrome is thought to be relatively common, it was only described in the English literature 5 years ago. There is currently no marker for the syndrome; diagnosis is based on clinical criteria. The newly developed diagnostic criteria for RS are reviewed, with special attention given to the historical aspects of the diagnosis in the prenatal, perinatal, neonatal, and early childhood periods. Rett syndrome is characterized by a predictable, orderly progression of signs and symptoms. Four stages of RS have been described; each stage has special characteristics and offers different diagnostic challenges for the neurologist. Infantile autism is the most common incorrect diagnosis made for children with RS. The simultaneous regression of both motor and language skills, as well as the stereotypic hand movements, hyperventilation, bruxism, and seizures in early childhood are all typical in RS and help distinguish RS from infantile autism. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S6-S16).
The Epidemiology and Public Health Significance of Rett Syndrome
Authors: Trevathan Edwin , Adams M.J.
Published: February 2017

Current data indicate that Rett syndrome is an important contributor to the total burden of idiopathic mental retardation. Studies from Sweden suggest that among girls the prevalence of Rett syndrome may be twice the prevalence of phenylketonuria. Successful epidemiologic studies of idiopathic mental retardation syndromes will require both large sample sizes and homogeneous populations. Because Rett syndrome is a relatively homogeneous and common syndrome of idiopathic mental retardation, epidemiologic methods may be more productive in the study of Rett syndrome than in other syndromes of mental retardation that are less clinically homogeneous. The approaches used in studying Rett syndrome epidemiologically may later be useful in the study of other syndromes of idiopathic mental retardation. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S17-S20).
The Therapist's Role in the Management of Girls with Rett Syndrome
Authors: Lieb-Lundell Cornelia
Published: February 2017

Guidelines for providing therapy intervention for persons with Rett syndrome are presented according to the four stages of the disease. In describing various aspects of Rett syndrome the differences between Rett syndrome, cerebral palsy, and autism are discussed. The role of the therapist in maintaining functional skills is emphasized. The changing nature of the therapist's involvement in relation to the progression of the disease is briefly addressed. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl): S31-S34).
Austistic Spectrum Disorders: Clinical Presentation in Preschool Children
Authors: Allen Doris A.
Published: February 2017

It is well recognized that children with "autistic features" constitute a very heterogeneous population. There is a growing consensus that the core symptoms seen in autism include deficits in: (1) social/affective/behavioral functions, (2) developmental language disorders with concomitant deficits in interpersonal communication, and (3) play/preferred activities/ preoccupations which have a repetitive or stereotypic quality. The definition of the boundaries of "autism" as opposed to other related pervasive developmental disorders is widely debated among clinicians and research investigators alike. In the present paper, it is argued that autism is a cover term for a spectrum disorder with similarities and differences in the clinical presentation of preschool children. A model for subtyping the autistic spectrum disorders is suggested. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S48-S56).
Diagnostic Features of Autism
Authors: Schreibman Laura
Published: February 2017

Autism is a severe form of childhood psychopathology first described by Leo Kanner in 1943. While over the years there has been substantial controversy about many features of the syndrome, there is today some consensus as to the behavioral characteristics associated with the diagnosis. These include onset of the disorder in the early preschool years, severe and pervasive deficits in social behavior and attachments, deficits in speech and language, insistence for the preservation of sameness, unusual responsiveness to the sensory environment, self-stimulation, self-injurious behavior, isolated skill areas, and inappropriate affect. Another associated feature of many cases of autism is mental retardation. The present article describes these behavioral features as well as the application of the diagnosis and differentiation of autism from other disorders including primary mental retardation, childhood schizophrenia, developmental aphasia, and pervasive developmental disorder. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S57-S64).
Research in Rett Syndrome: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Percy Alan K.
Published: February 2017

Past, present, and future research activities in Rett syndrome are described. Studies to this point have failed to define a biologic or chemical marker. It is hoped that heightened activity in this unique syndrome will provide guidance for the diagnosis of this disorder, and with it, better understanding. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S72-S75).
Genetic Aspects of Rett Syndrome
Authors: Zoghbi Huda
Published: February 2017

To date over 1,000 cases of Rett syndrome have been described in females exclusively. Some of these cases, less than 2 in 100, are familial. The inheritance through maternal lines in the familial cases suggests that Rett syndrome is an X-linked disorder lethal in males. Hypotheses about the genetic mechanisms involved in this syndrome along with suggestions to approach the molecular basis of this disorder are presented. (J Child Neurol 1988;3(Suppl):S76-S78).
Neurosonographic Features of Central Nervous System Infections in Infancy and Childhood
Authors: Frank L. Matthew , White Larry E.
Published: February 2017

Infections of the central nervous system (CNS) are a serious threat to the developing brain and are a major cause of neurologic handicap in the young. Of the neuroimaging modalities available, cranial ultrasonography has become an important technique in providing information about intracranial infection because of its portability, low cost, minimal morbidity, and diagnostic image quality. Authors of recent reports described ultrasonographic changes in brain parenchyma, extracerebral fluid, and ventricles. Parenchymal changes have been observed with cerebritis, edema, hemorrhage, infarction, and abscess formation; changes in extracerebral fluid include effusion and empyema; and ventricular changes associated with ventriculitis and hydrocephalus have been reliably described. By identifying changes associated with intracranial infections, ultrasonography has emerged as a technique that provides valuable information in making the diagnosis, identifying complications, and directing decisions in management of CNS infection. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S41-S51).
Imaging Through the Posterior Fontanelle
Authors: Maertens Paul
Published: February 2017

Sonography of the posterior fontanelle is easily performed and yields exquisite details of the outline of the major structures of the posterior fossa and the tentorium. These structures are more clearly outlined through the posterior fontanelle than via the traditional anterior fontanelle approach, probably because the longitudinal axis of the sonographic beam passing through the posterior fontanelle is nearly perpendicular to the outline of the aqueduct of Sylvius, the fourth ventricle, the brain stem, the cerebellar vermis, and the tentorium. Several cases are presented briefly to illustrate the sonographic appearance of the normal and abnormal infratentorial anatomy via a posterior fontanelle approach. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S62-S67).
Transcranial Doppler Sonography in Children
Authors: Bode Harald , Eden Alec
Published: February 2017

The blood flow velocities in the basal cerebral arteries can be recorded at any age by transcranial Doppler sonography. By a standardized examination technique, the vessel identification is reliable even without visual control of the site of the sample volume. A stable state of vigilance is necessary to obtain constant recordings. Age has a tremendous influence on the flow velocities. The velocities increase rapidly during the first weeks and reach their maximum around the sixth year of life. The influence of carbon dioxide partial pressure, gestational age, birth weight, hematocrit, and vigilance on the velocities has to be considered. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure are relevant only in cases of extreme values. The clinical applications of transcranial Doppler sonography cover diseases like patent ductus arteriosus, perinatal brain damage, increased intracranial pressure, cerebral malformations, brain death, and stenoses and occlusions of main cerebral arteries. The technique is helpful for control of certain therapies. A continuous recording technique has also been developed for this purpose. Care should be taken in deriving a prognosis from Doppler recordings. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S68-S76).
Transcranial Doppler: A Noninvasive Method to Monitor Hydrocephalus
Authors: Norelle Alexis , Fischer Asma Q. , Flannery Ann M.
Published: February 2017

The ability to discriminate between ventriculomegaly and hydrocephalus often relies on clinical impression and parameters such as change in ventricular size and configuration, increasing head circumference, and evidence of developmental delay. In an effort to confirm clinical impressions, 24 children underwent transcranial doppler (TCD). All had ventriculomegaly confirmed by computerized cranial tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and/or cranial ultrasound (CS). Fifteen were infants and nine were older children with closed fontanelles. Three patient groups were established. Group 1 included those patients with ventriculomegaly but no clinical evidence of increased intracranial pressure. Group 2 included those children with hydrocephalus and evidence of increased intracranial pressure. The last group consisted of hydrocephalic children who had shunts placed for increased pressure. The Gosling pulsatility index (PI) as well as the peak systolic velocity (PS) as measured by the TCD were compared in all three groups. The PI was found to be a useful indicator of increased intracranial pressure and need for eventual shunt. Transcranial doppler sonography may therefore prove useful as a noninvasive, easily reproducible screening tool to evaluate children with hydrocephalus. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S87-S90).
Perioperative Sonography
Authors: Chadduck William M.
Published: February 2017

Experience using intraoperative real-time sonographic examinations for over a thousand patients has delineated the advantages of this surgical adjunct for a number of cranial and spinal pediatric neurosurgical procedures. Unusual and unfamiliar angles of insonation call for careful attention to anatomy. The advantages of intraoperative sonography in localizing intracerebral tumors, brain abscesses, and foreign bodies are demonstrated. In addition, adequacy of tumor removal can be assessed better at the time of operation and the operative area can be inspected for bleeding even after dural closure. In the pediatric age group, intraoperative real-time sonography is used most commonly for placement of shunts, allowing positioning of the ventricular catheter tip away from the choroid plexus. The use of air as a contrast agent in conjunction with intraoperative sonography allows better identification of catheter tips and can demonstrate the intercommunication of potentially isolated cavities within the brain. Intraoperative sonography has been extremely helpful, especially for identifying cysts within and the extent of intramedullary spinal cord tumors. Visualization of a syrinx is exquisite. Some of the cases presented also serve to identify limitations of intraoperative sonography as a surgical adjunct. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S91-S100).
Quantitative Sonography of Muscle
Authors: Heckmatt John , Rodillo E. , Doherty Mark , Willson Keith , Leeman Sidney
Published: February 2017

Ultrasound imaging allows detection of pathologic change in muscle on the basis of increased strength of echoes. With current commercial equipment, however, there is no method of quantitation of the echoes representing muscle, and there is lack of uniformity in scanning methodology. We describe a specially constructed scanning system, designed to access the raw echo data directly from the ultrasound transducer, and allow display and measurement of the echo signals on a computer. In a study of 38 boys with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, aged 1 to 11 years, who had an ultrasound scan of the thigh muscle, 32 (84%) had abnormality on quantitation of the ultrasound echoes. The quantitative techniques we describe could easily be incorporated into the design of ultrasound scanners. (J Child Neurol 1989;4:S101-S106).
The Role of Frontal Dysfunction in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Benson D. Frank
Published: February 2017

Among diverse postulations concerning the etiology of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), frontal dysfunction remains strong. The influences of frontal systems on attention, particularly the elements of higher mental control postulated as prefrontal functions, are illustrated through presentation of a number of syndromes of abnormal mental awareness associated with prefrontal brain damage. Against this background, a theory explaining part (but not all) of the problem seen in ADHD children is postulated, and a firm stand for prefrontal dysfunction as one element in the disorder is presented. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S9-S12).
Comorbidity: A Critical Issue in Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Shaywitz Bennett A. , Shaywitz Sally E.
Published: February 2017

In this report, we examine the interrelationships between attention deficit disorder (ADD), learning disabilities (LD), and conduct and oppositional disorders (COD). We indicate that it is reasonable to consider ADD as a distinct entity, frequently co-occurring with LD on the one hand, and COD on the other. The first section reviews the interrelationships between ADD and LD. Here we focus on definitional issues, trace the historical antecedents of ADD and LD, examine the prevalence of ADD and LD, and review studies designed to differentiate cognitive from attentional mechanisms in children with ADD, LD, or both. In the next section, we review the evidence linking ADD with COD, a distinction blurred in earlier investigations by problems with referral bias. More recent studies suggest that the antecedents, clinical characteristics, and prognosis may differ in children with ADD alone compared to those with ADD in association with COD. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S13-S20).
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Weinberg Warren A. , Emslie Graham J.
Published: February 2017

Children and adolescents doing poorly in school or at home or both are often labelled as suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Frequently the referred child is not examined systematically for the presence of other disorders. This paper presents the diagnostic criteria and management of disorders that may be wrongly identified as ADHD or may coexist with ADHD, thus complicating identification and treatment. The disorders discussed are depression, mania, primary disorder of vigilance, narcolepsy, developmental specific learning disorders, conduct disorders, and acquired neurologic deficits. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S21-S34).
Attention Deficit Disorder Without Hyperactivity: A Distinct Behavioral and Neurocognitive Syndrome
Authors: Hynd George W. , Lorys Alison R. , Semrud-Clikeman Margaret , Nieves Naomi , Huettner Marion I.S. , Lahey Benjamin B.
Published: February 2017

This study examined the issue as to whether or not children carefully diagnosed as having either attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity (ADDH) or without hyperactivity (ADDnoH) could be distinguished on selected cognitive, academic, rapid naming, and behavioral measures. Employing a previously validated multimodal, multi-informant diagnostic process that results in reliable clinical diagnoses, 10 ADDH and 10 ADDnoH children were examined. While no significant differences in cognitive ability were noted between groups, significant underachievement was found in the children diagnosed as ADDnoH, particularly in mathematics achievement. The ADDnoH children were also significantly slower on rapid naming tasks than the ADDH children. Further, 60% of the ADDnoH children had a codiagnosis of a developmental reading or arithmetic disorder while none of the ADDH children received such a codiagnosis. Conversely, 40% of the ADDH children had a codiagnosis of conduct disorder and were rated by their parent as significantly more motorically active, impulsive, and deviant in the demonstration of age-appropriate social skills. These findings are discussed as they relate to the notion that children with attention deficit disorder may suffer from a right hemispheric syndrome. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S35-S41).
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder- Residual Type
Authors: Denckla Martha Bridge
Published: February 2017

Evidence for the persistence into adult life of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has accumulated in publications of the past two decades. As reviewed here, retrospective and longitudinal data suggest that a residual type of ADHD (ADHD-RT) can be recognized. Diagnostic historical interview and checklist criteria, primarily the Utah set developed by Wender and colleagues, have been proposed. The difficulties of obtaining reliable and valid historical information, which are greater than those encountered in diagnosing childhood cases, add to the desirability of some direct examination for ADHD-RT. It is proposed herein that assessment of the neuropsychological domain of executive function—broader than, yet encompassing, several facets of attention-offers opportunities for documentation of the cognitive correlates of ADHD-RT, its responsiveness to therapeutic intervention, and clues as to its neurobiological foundation. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S42-S48).
Clinical Management of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Voeller Kytja K.S.
Published: February 2017

This article reviews current approaches to the diagnosis and management of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a multidisciplinary setting. The physician's role in terms of data collection, formulation of the diagnosis, and discussion of findings with the parents and child is reviewed. The use of psychostimulants in this condition is reviewed, and some case vignettes are presented. ( J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S49-S65).
A Possible Pathophysiologic Substrate of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M. , Voeller Kytja K.S. , Nadeau Stephen E.
Published: February 2017

The attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with defective attention and response inhibition and motor restlessness. Inattention, defective response inhibition, and impersistence are more commonly seen in adults with right than with left hemisphere dysfunction. In light of this fact and because children with ADHD not only appear to demonstrate these symptoms but also neglect the left side and have decreased activation of their right neostriatum, we propose that these children have a right hemisphere dysfunction. In addition, because both inattention and defective response inhibition can be seen in children with ADHD and in patients and animals who have frontal lobe and striatal dysfunction, we propose that children with ADHD have dysfunction in a right-sided frontal-striatal system. Motor restlessness may reflect frontal lobe dysfunction due to impairment of the mesocortical dopamine system. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S74-S79).
Chronic Low-Dose MPTP in Nonhuman Primates: A Possible Model for Attention Deficit Disorder
Authors: Roeltgen David P. , Schneider Jay S.
Published: February 2017

Schneider and Kovelowski (1990) showed that chronic low-dose N-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) administration to monkeys caused cognitive dysfunction without significant motor impairment on tasks thought to be related to the caudate-frontal axis. The cognitive difficulties were similar to those seen in monkeys with frontal lesions, normal young monkeys, and normal young children. The caudate-frontal dysfunction is consistent with the cognitive difficulties that are thought to exist in children with attention deficit disorder (ADD). The caudate-frontal dysfunction is also consistent with the distribution of decreased cerebral blood flow and, presumably, decreased metabolism that has recently been found in children with ADD. In monkeys given chronic low-dose MPTP, pilot neurochemical studies have suggested abnormalities in dopamine and norepinephrine metabolism, the two neurotransmitters most frequently linked with ADD. We suggest that chronic low-dose MPTP induced cognitive dysfunction in primates may not only be a model for the cognitive disturbances that accompany Parkinson's disease but may also aid in understanding the cognitive dysfunction seen in children with ADD. (J Child Neurol 1991;6(Suppl):S80-S87).
Prevention of postoperative adhesions by biodegradable cryogels from pectin and chitosan polysaccharides
Authors: Konovalova Mariya V , Markov Pavel A , Popova Galina Yu , Nikitina Ida R , Shumikhin Konstantin V , Kurek Denis V , Varlamov Valery P , Popov Sergey V
Published: February 2017

The main complication that may arise after surgery is the formation of adhesions. The current trend in the prevention of postoperative adhesions is the application of anti-adhesive barrier materials for the separation of wound tissue during the critical period of mesothelial repair and healing. In this work, cryogels based on pectin and chitosan were obtained by the ionic cryotropic gelation method. It was found that the Heracleum L. pectin cryogels are more elastic (73 ± 6 kPa) than the apple pectin cryogels (29 ± 11 kPa). The addition of chitosan with different physical and chemical characteristics did not significantly affect the elasticity of pectin–chitosan cryogels. The greatest swelling ability was achieved during in vivo incubation of Heracleum L. pectin cryogels and Heracleum L. pectin with reacetylated chitosan cryogels (17.1 ± 1.6 and 14.2 ± 2.0 g/g, respectively). It was found that the complete biodegradation of apple pectin cryogels occurred within 24 h of incubation in the rat abdominal cavity. Heracleum L. pectin cryogels were encapsulated in a fibrous capsule and detected in the abdominal cavity after 168 h. Maximum anti-adhesion effect was observed through the use of apple pectin cryogels (0 ± 0.5 score). Significant anti-adhesive effect was also observed through the use of apple pectin–reacetylated chitosan cryogels (1 ± 0.5 score). Due to the high anti-adhesive activity, such cryogels can be recommended for the development of a new barrier material for use in surgery. The potential anti-adhesive mechanism of apple pectin cryogels which may be attributed to a combination of barrier function and bioactivity of cryogels components was discussed.
Gender Differences in Complex Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms, and Their Relationship to Mental Health and Substance Abuse Outcomes in Incarcerated Adults
Authors: Giarratano Paulette , Ford Julian D. , Nochajski Thomas H.
Published: February 2017

Complex trauma (CT; for example, childhood abuse) has been associated with significant behavioral health problems (i.e., mental health and substance use disorders) and symptoms that are consistent with complex posttraumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD). CT is prevalent in adult forensic populations, and particularly important for women as they tend to report more adverse consequences of exposure to traumatic stressors and are entering the criminal justice system at a heightened rate compared with men. However, no studies have empirically tested the relationship among CT, C-PTSD, and behavioral health problems with gender among incarcerated adults. The present study examined the relationship between gender and childhood abuse history, C-PTSD symptom severity, and behavioral health problems in 497 incarcerated adults. Findings indicate that women were more likely to report a history of childhood abuse, and more severe C-PTSD symptoms and behavioral health problems than men. Childhood abuse history significantly accounted for the gender difference observed in C-PTSD symptom severity. C-PTSD partially mediated the gender difference in psychiatric morbidity and in risk of hard drug use. Implications for trauma-informed and gender-responsive services and research in the adult criminal justice system are discussed.
Prevalence and Implementation Practices of School Salad Bars Across Grade Levels
Authors: Bruening Meg , Adams Marc A. , Ohri-Vachaspati Punam , Hurley Jane
Published: February 2017

Purpose:

To assess the prevalence of school salad bars in Arizona and to describe common practices of salad bar use among school nutrition managers across grade level.

Design:

Cross-sectional web-based surveys.

Participants:

School nutrition managers from elementary, middle, high, and K-12 schools (N = 648).

Measures:

Prevalence of salad bars; implementation practices such as years with salad bar, salad bar type, location, monitor, and reimbursement practices; and food-related components of salad bars including frequency of items, popular items, and sources of food.

Analysis:

Descriptive analyses were conducted including Fisher exact test, analysis of variance, and the Kruskal-Wallis test comparing practices across grade level (elementary, middle, high, and K-12 schools).

Results:

Overall, 61.1% of respondents had a salad bar; there were significant differences in the prevalence across grade level: elementary, middle, high, and K-12 schools had prevalence of 67.3%, 75.0%, 45.5%, and 51.1%, respectively ( P < .001). We observed significant differences in the implementation and food-related components of salad bars across grade levels including type, salad bar location, sources of food, and frequency of serving cut vegetables.

Conclusion:

This study provides insights on the prevalence of salad bars and is the first to report on implementation practices of school salad bars. These results may also guide the development of interventions for nutrition educators to use for the promotion fruit and vegetable consumption via school salad bars.
Do Monetary Incentives Increase Fitness Center Utilization? It Depends
Authors: Hooker Stephanie A. , Wooldridge Jennalee S. , Ross Kaile M. , Masters Kevin S.
Published: February 2017

Purpose:

To examine the effects of an employer-based monetary incentive program on membership termination and usage at a fitness center.

Design:

Retrospective nested case–control study examining the relationship between participation in an incentive program, visits to the fitness center, and membership termination at 1 year.

Setting:

University-based fitness center.

Participants:

Members (N = 1122) of a university-based fitness center.

Intervention:

Members were offered either a US$25 incentive for each month they visited the fitness center at least 10 times or no incentive.

Measures:

Data were extracted from the membership database and included membership termination at 1 year (yes, no), length of membership (days), participation in the incentive program (yes, no), and visits to the fitness center per month.

Analysis:

Cox proportional hazards model.

Results:

Members in the incentive program visited the fitness center on average more times per month (5.3 vs 4.3; P < .0001) but were significantly more likely to terminate memberships at 1 year compared to members who did not receive the incentive (38% vs 31%; P = .013). After controlling for relevant covariates, members who received the incentive had a 24% greater hazard of terminating their memberships compared to members who did not receive the incentive (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.24; P = .041). After controlling for the number of visits per month, the incentive program was no longer significantly related to membership termination (HR = 1.21; P = .07).

Conclusion:

Being in a monetary incentive program to attend a fitness center may be initially associated with a greater fitness center utilization but may not be associated with a reduced risk of membership termination.
Perspectives of Patients, Clinicians, and Health System Leaders on Changes Needed to Improve the Health Care and Outcomes of Older Adults With Multiple Chronic Conditions
Authors: Ferris Rosie , Blaum Caroline , Kiwak Eliza , Austin Janet , Esterson Jessica , Harkless Gene , Oftedahl Gary , Parchman Michael , Van Ness Peter H. , Tinetti Mary E.
Published: February 2017

Objective: To ascertain perspectives of multiple stakeholders on contributors to inappropriate care for older adults with multiple chronic conditions. Method: Perspectives of 36 purposively sampled patients, clinicians, health systems, and payers were elicited. Data analysis followed a constant comparative method. Results: Structural factors triggering burden and fragmentation include disease-based quality metrics and need to interact with multiple clinicians. The key cultural barrier identified is the assumption that “physicians know best.” Inappropriate decision making may result from inattention to trade-offs and adherence to multiple disease guidelines. Stakeholders recommended changes in culture, structure, and decision making. Care options and quality metrics should reflect a focus on patients’ priorities. Clinician–patient partnerships should reflect patients knowing their health goals and clinicians knowing how to achieve them. Access to specialty expertise should not require visits. Discussion: Stakeholders’ recommendations suggest health care redesigns that incorporate patients’ health priorities into care decisions and realign relationships across patients and clinicians.
Incidence of Radiographic Cystic Lesions Associated With Unerupted Teeth in Dogs
Authors: Babbitt Sam G. , Krakowski Volker Mary , Luskin Ira R.
Published: February 2017

Medical records and radiographs were retrospectively reviewed over a 3-year period (2012-2015) from dogs presented to a private dental referral practice. Medical records were evaluated for the diagnosis of impacted or embedded teeth. The identified dogs’ radiographs were reviewed for the presence of radiographically significant cystic lesions that were associated with the impacted or embedded teeth. Radiographic criteria were established by the authors for the purposes of identifying cystic lesions in dogs of different breeds and sizes, using established indices from human dental pathology as a basis. When histopathology results were available, they were reviewed and reported. In this study, 136 dogs ranging in age from 3 months to 17 years were diagnosed with 213 unerupted teeth during the study period. There were 62 (29.1%) of the 213 radiographically apparent cystic lesions identified based on the criteria proposed in this study. In this study, 146 (68.5%) of the 213 unerupted teeth were identified as mandibular first premolar teeth. Histopathology was obtained on 28 (45.1%) of the 62 diagnosed cystic lesions. Dentigerous cysts accounted for 20 (71.4%) of the 28 cystic lesions. Brachycephalic breeds were overrepresented in this study. Boxer, pug, Shih Tzu, and Boston terrier dogs were most likely to present with cystic lesions associated with unerupted teeth. Seventeen (85%) of the 20 cases with a histopathologic diagnosis of dentigerous cyst were found within these 4 brachycephalic breeds.
Dental Implants and Incisor Bridge Placement in a Dog
Authors: Mele Rocco E. , Caiafa Anthony , Kurtzman Gregori M.
Published: February 2017

Veterinary dentistry has tended to follow the trends and advancements in the human dental field. As for any procedure performed on a patient, whether human or animal, an informed decision is based on the available evidence regarding treatment options. This is certainly true for the more involved treatments in veterinary dentistry which can include the disciplines of endodontics and dental implantology. A number of published case reports have been accepted by the specialty that endodontic therapy is indeed a predictable and a valuable service that can be offered to pet owners. Oral implantology has become an accepted and predictable procedure in the human dental field and can now be offered to pet owners if performed by suitable trained veterinary clinicians. The success rate for endosseous implant osseointegration is very high in humans. Success rates are also very high in animals used for implantology research. Canine studies have shown good bone-to-implant contact of around 73% in osseointegrated endosseous implants based on histological sections. Radiographic and histological findings demonstrate stable alveolar crestal bone levels after loading endosseous implants for up to 12 months in a dog model. This article discusses use of dental implants in the rostral mandible of a companion dog to replace periodontally diseased incisors, their restoration, to return the animal to full dental function and 3-year follow-up.
Gingival Fibrosarcoma in a Horse
Authors: Horbal Apryle , Dixon Padraic M.
Published: February 2017

A 4-year-old thoroughbred cross mare was referred to the University of Edinburgh Veterinary School Equine Hospital for treatment of a soft tissue tumor on the buccal gingival margin of the rostral right maxillary cheek teeth. The lesion was initially surgically excised and diagnosed as a fibrosarcoma via histopathology. Adjunctive treatment with intralesional cisplatin chemotherapy was begun. The tumor recurred and was repeatedly treated with intralesional cisplatin injections and additional surgical resection over the course of 14 weeks. Despite the initial poor response to treatment, no further regrowth of the tumor occurred 3 months following its final treatment. The horse remained free of visible evidence of tumor nearly 5 years later.
Charitable Giving in Arts and Culture Nonprofits: The Impact of Organizational Characteristics
Authors: Krawczyk Kelly , Wooddell Michelle , Dias Ashley
Published: February 2017

Considerable research examines the impact of nonprofit organizational characteristics on charitable giving. Unresolved questions remain, however, about the impact of specific revenue sources on charitable giving, and whether or not organizational characteristics affect various categories of private donations in different ways. This study addresses these questions utilizing an empirical model of organizational-level determinants of charitable giving that includes new revenue sources, and that examines the impact of government revenue in a more nuanced way. We also disaggregate charitable giving in arts and culture nonprofits into specific sources: individuals, trustees, corporations, and foundations. Using a large database of arts and cultural nonprofits and generalized least squares analyses, we offer a new contribution by illustrating the impact of additional organizational characteristics on charitable giving, and by empirically testing the established framework with the addition of new elements. Findings allow arts and culture nonprofits to make more informed fundraising decisions.
Aerodynamic performance analysis and optimization of a turbine duct with low degree of partial admission
Authors: Sui Xiuming , Zhao Wei , Sun Xiaolei , Luo Weiwei , Zhao Qingjun
Published: February 2017

A partial admission turbine duct with outlet-to-inlet area ratio greater than unity can increase the admission degree of the downstream turbine stage and, thus improve the performance of a multistage turbine with a low partial admission degree. However, the upstream flow structures of ducts, such as secondary flow, especially the circumferential nonuniformities originating from the effect of the partial admission, make the flow in ducts complex. The complexity of the flow has a negative impact on the performance of ducts. In the present investigation, numerical study of the flow behavior within ducts is done to evaluate the effect of the partial admission on the performance of the ducts. The study is carried out with regard to two cases, i.e. which are with the same duct geometry but are at different working conditions to highlight the impact of partial admission on the performance of ducts. Case 1 is used as baseline. It is designed based on circumferential mass-averaged flow conditions at ducts inlet. It causes the circumferential nonuniformities originating from the partial admission to have no impact on the performance of case 1. Case 2, which considers partial admission, is compared with case 1 to know the impact of the partial admission on the performance of ducts, and to give guidelines to design a duct for the partial admission turbines. Since the duct inlet conditions is a result of the interaction between partial admission turbine and duct, a straightforward way to consider the effect of the partial admission is to simulate the flows in ducts and upstream turbines contemporaneously. Comparative results indicate that the mixing of main flow in the admitted channel and the windage fluid from the unadmitted channel occurs at the duct inlet close to the duct circumferential wall. The adverse pressure gradient of case 2 in that region becomes larger than that of case 1. As a result, the flow separates at that region deteriorating the performance of ducts. Based on the simulation results of the previous cases, case 2’s circumferential wall surface, which is along the gas swirling direction is shrunk to accelerate the flow and, thereby, overcome the adverse pressure gradient imposed by the effect of the partial admission. The results show that the separation is restrained and the decrease in total pressure loss is 52.9%.
Fault estimation for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle by integrating the parity space approach with recursive least squares
Authors: Han Weixin , Wang Zhenhua , Shen Yi
Published: February 2017

This paper studies actuator fault detection and estimation for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle. By combining a parity space approach and a recursive least squares algorithm, we propose a novel fault detection and estimation method strategy for a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle, which is described by a linear time-varying system. Specifically, the parity space approach is used to generate a residual in fault detection, and then the magnitude of the fault is estimated by a recursive least squares algorithm with a variable forgetting factor based on the parity. Numerical simulations of a quadrotor unmanned aerial vehicle are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.