bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
In vivo regulation of neutrophil apoptosis by C5a during sepsis
Authors: Guo Ren-Feng , Sun Lei , Gao Hongwei , Shi Kevin X , Rittirsch Daniel , Sarma Vidya J , Zetoune Firas S , Ward Peter A
Published: September 2006

Delayed neutrophil apoptosis is characteristic of sepsis and may accentuate organ injury. It has been shown that PI-3K and MAPK pathways provide survival signaling in neutrophils. In this study, we demonstrate that neutrophils isolated from septic rats are resistant to apoptosis in comparison with the cells from normal animals. In contrast to normal serum, septic sera induced strong phosphorylation of AKT and p44/42 in neutrophils obtained from normal rats, resulting in marked resistance of these cells to apoptosis. Protection from apoptosis by septic sera was abrogated completely by inhibition of PI-3K and partially diminished by MEK inhibition. Increased neutrophil survival in septic rats was associated with increased levels of Bcl-xL in neutrophils and decreased levels of Bim expression. In vivo blockade of C5a in cecal ligation and puncture rats by anti-C5a antibody markedly restored the susceptibility of neutrophils to undergo apoptosis. C5a activated AKT and p44/42 and also enhanced X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis expression in neutrophils. LPS and C5a were able to induce Bcl-xL expression. Thus, neutrophil survival signals derived from effects of septic sera could be linked to activation of ERK1/2 and PI-3K, increased antiapoptotic protein expression, and ultimately, delayed neutrophil apoptosis.
Priming by tumor necrosis factor-α of human neutrophil NADPH-oxidase activity induced by anti-proteinase-3 or anti-myeloperoxidase antibodies
Authors: Reumaux Dominique , Hordijk Peter L , Duthilleul Patrick , Roos Dirk
Published: September 2006

Anti-proteinase-3 (anti-PR3) or anti-myeloperoxidase (anti-MPO) antibodies are capable of activating human neutrophils primed by TNF-α in vitro. We described previously the involvement of FcγRIIa and β2 integrins in this neutrophil activation. In the literature, the requirement of TNF priming has been attributed to an effect of TNF-α on the expression of PR3 or MPO on the cell surface. Under our experimental conditions, TNF-α (2 ng/ml) increased the binding of the antibody against PR3, whereas binding of the antibody against MPO could hardly be detected, not even after TNF-α treatment. The aim of this study was to consider (an)other(s) role(s) for TNF-α in facilitating the NADPH-oxidase activation by these antibodies. We demonstrate the early mobilization of the secretory vesicles as a result of TNF-induced increase in intracellular-free calcium ions, the parallel colocalization of gp91phox, the main component of the NADPH oxidase with β2 integrins and FcγRIIa on the neutrophil surface, and the FcγRIIa clustering upon TNF priming. TNF-α also induced redistribution of FcγRIIa to the cytoskeleton in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, blocking CD18 MHM23 antibody, cytochalasin B, and D609 (an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine phospholipase C) inhibited this redistribution and the respiratory burst in TNF-treated neutrophils exposed to anti-PR3 or anti-MPO antibodies. Our results indicate direct effects of TNF-α in facilitating neutrophil activation by these antibodies and further support the importance of cytoskeletal rearrangements in this priming process.
The maturation potential of NK cell clones toward autologous dendritic cells correlates with HMGB1 secretion
Authors: Semino Claudia , Ceccarelli Jenny , Lotti Lavinia V , Torrisi Maria R , Angelini Giovanna , Rubartelli Anna
Published: September 2006

Interaction of NK cells with autologous immature dendritic cells (iDCs) results in reciprocal activation. We have previously reported that NK cells trigger iDC to polarize and secrete IL-18; in turn, DC-activated NK cells secrete the nuclear protein/proinflammatory cytokine high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), which induces DC maturation and prevents DC from lysis. However, activated NK cells can also kill iDC. To investigate whether effector and maturative properties may coexist or segregate in different NK subsets, human NK cell clones were generated and analyzed for their effects on iDC. We found that the ability of different NK cell clones to induce iDC maturation is unlinked to their phenotypic and cytolytic features but correlates with the relocation of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytoplasm. “Maturative” NK cell clones secrete HMGB1 spontaneously. It is interesting that secretion is strongly enhanced by engagement of the surface molecule NKp30 but only slightly induced by triggering of the activating NK receptor CD16. However, culturing freshly isolated NK cells for 1 week with low doses of anti-CD16 triggers the relocation of HMGB1 from nucleus to cytoplasm and its spontaneous secretion, resulting in a stronger maturation potential of the NK cells. Together, our data indicate that NK cells comprise functionally different subsets, endowed with different capacities to secrete HMGB1 and to induce maturation of autologous iDC. Nonetheless, maturation properties can be modulated by different stimuli. This suggests that depending on the environmental stimuli, NK/iDC interaction can lead to different outcomes, thus influencing immune response.
Leukocyte phosphoinositide-3 kinase γ is required for chemokine-induced, sustained adhesion under flow in vivo
Authors: Smith David F , Deem Tracy L , Bruce Anthony C , Reutershan Jörg , Wu Daniel , Ley Klaus
Published: September 2006

During inflammation, leukocytes roll along the wall of postcapillary venules scanning the surface for immobilized CXCL1, a chemokine that triggers firm adhesion by activating CXCR2 on the neutrophil. PI-3K are signaling molecules important in cellular processes, ranging from cellular differentiation to leukocyte migration. PI-3Kγ can be activated directly by the βγ dimer of heterotrimeric G proteins coupled to CXCR2. Here, we used in vivo and ex vivo intravital microscopy models to test the role of PI-3Kγ in leukocyte arrest. PI-3Kγ null mice showed an 80% decrease in CXCL1-induced leukocyte adhesion in venules of the exteriorized mouse cremaster muscle. In wild-type mice, rolling leukocytes showed rapid and sustained adhesion, but in PI-3Kγ−/− mice, adhesion was not triggered at all or was transient, suggesting that absence of PI-3Kγ interferes with integrin bond strengthening. Wild-type mice reconstituted with PI-3Kγ null bone marrow showed a 50% decrease in CXCL1-induced leukocyte adhesion. In a blood-perfused micro-flow chamber, leukocytes from PI-3Kγ−/− mice showed a defect in adhesion on a P-selectin/ICAM-1/CXCL1 substrate, indicating that leukocyte PI-3Kγ was required for adhesion. The adhesion defect in PI-3Kγ−/− mice was as severe as that in mice lacking LFA-1, the major integrin responsible for neutrophil adhesion. We conclude that the γ isoform of PI-3K must be functional in leukocytes to allow efficient adhesion from rolling in response to chemokine stimulation.
Depletion of MCP-1 increases development of herpetic stromal keratitis by innate immune modulation
Authors: Kim Bumseok , Sarangi Pranita P , Lee Yunsang , Deshpande Kaistha Shilpa , Lee Sujin , Rouse Barry T
Published: September 2006

Chemokines are important chemoattractant inflammatory molecules, but their interdependent network in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. Studies in mouse models have shown that herpetic stromal keratitis (SK) is produced by the consequence of a tissue-destructive immunoinflammatory reaction involving herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) infection. Here we found that ocular HSV infection leads to increased expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), one of the major chemoattractants for immune cells that express CCR2, in the SK cornea. However, MCP-1 is unlikely to be a chemoattractant for infiltrating Gr-1+, CD11b+ cells in SK, as these cells are found to be CCR2 negative. Nevertheless, infection of MCP-1−/− mice resulted in more severe SK lesion severity compared with WT mice (P<0.01). We demonstrated that the loss of MCP-1 in the SK cornea caused a significant overexpression of macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) (P<0.01) on days 2 and 4 postinfection and increased infiltration of inflammatory cells (Gr-1-high and CD11b+) expressing CXCR2, a receptor for MIP-2, into the cornea. Subsequently, increased infiltration of inflammatory cells accelerated by MIP-2 overexpression might result in the high production of inflammatory molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and IL-1β in SK, as well as CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN)-implanted eyes of MCP-1−/− mice. These results indicate that MCP-1 in the SK cornea might regulate the expression of other chemokines, as well as the infiltration of inflammatory cells and control development of SK.
Cytokine-induced killer T cells kill immature dendritic cells by TCR-independent and perforin-dependent mechanisms
Authors: Joshi Pramod S , Liu Jin-Qing , Wang Yin , Chang Xing , Richards John , Assarsson Erika , Shi Fu-Dong , Ljunggren Hans-Gustaf , Bai Xue-Feng
Published: September 2006

Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells are ex vivo, expanded T cells with proven anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo. However, their functional properties with the exception of their cancer cell-killing activity are largely unclear. Here, we show that CIK T cells recognize dendritic cells (DC), and although mature DC (mDC) induce CIK T cells to produce IFN-γ, immature DC (iDC) are killed selectively by them. Moreover, CIK T cell activation by mDC and their destruction of iDC are independent of the TCR. The cytotoxicity of CIK T cells to iDC is perforin-dependent. Our data have revealed an important regulatory role of CIK cells.
Monocyte/macrophage infiltration in tumors: modulators of angiogenesis
Authors: Dirkx Anita E M , oude Egbrink Mirjam G A , Wagstaff John , Griffioen Arjan W
Published: September 2006

The role of a tumor immune infiltrate in cancer progression and metastasis has been debated frequently. Although often considered to be associated with improved prognosis and leading to the enhanced survival of cancer patients, inflammatory cells have also been described to assist the tumor’s capabilities to progress, proliferate, and metastasize. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), for example, have been shown to be symbiotically related to tumor cells: Tumor cells recruit TAMs and provide them with survival factors, and TAMs in turn produce a variety of angiogenic factors in response to the tumor microenvironment. This review will describe the composition of an immune infiltrate in tumors and the angiogenic and angiostatic properties of the cells present. Special emphasis will be on the angiogenesis-associated activities of TAMs. The development of immunotherapy and gene therapy using TAMs to mediate tumor cytotoxicity or to deliver gene constructs will be discussed as well. As immunotherapy has so far not been as effective as anticipated, a combination therapy in which angiostatic agents are used as well is put forward as a novel strategy to treat cancer.
Mycobacteria-primed macrophages and dendritic cells induce an up-regulation of complement C5a anaphylatoxin receptor (CD88) in CD3+ murine T cells
Authors: Connelly Mary Anne , Moulton Rachel A , Smith Amanda K , Lindsey Devin R , Sinha Meenal , Wetsel Rick A , Jagannath Chinnaswamy
Published: September 2006

Complement C5a anaphylatoxin is a potent activator of macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells (DC) and binds the C5a receptor (C5a-R; CD88). Although C5a is chemotactic for T cells, expression of C5a-R on murine T cells has been disputed. We report here that naïve, Con A-activated, and cytokine (IL-12, IL-18)-stimulated murine CD3+ T cells from three strains of mice [C57Bl/6, B10.nSn (C5+/+), B10.on (C5−/−)] lacked C5a-R, as evaluated by immunophenotyping with an anti-C5a-R mAb. Ligation of CD3 induced a modest up-regulation with 3% of CD3+ T cells expressing cell surface C5a-R. T cells primed by APC differentiate into effector T cells. Activation of mycobacteria [bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG)]-sensitized T cells through MHC II and TCR interactions via BCG-infected macrophages enhanced the expression of C5a-R with ∼14% of CD3+ T cells positive for C5a-R. Comparable expression was found in C5+/+ as well as C5−/− strains of mice (14% and 15%, respectively). Furthermore, anti-CD3-activated T cells were primed by BCG-infected DC, and a larger proportion of the primed T cells expressed C5a-R (30–40%). Finally, mice infected with BCG showed significant numbers of CD3+ T cells expressing C5a-R in the spleens during infection. As APC, such as macrophages and DC, can secrete C5 and cleave C5 to C5a and C5b through a peptidase, we suggest that macrophage and DC-T cell interactions can up-regulate C5a-R on T cells through MHC II-TCR and provide a C5a peptide for additional local activation of T cells via C5a-R.
A high-affinity, tryptophan-selective amino acid transport system in human macrophages
Authors: Seymour Robert L , Ganapathy Vadivel , Mellor Andrew L , Munn David H
Published: September 2006

Tryptophan catabolism via the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) allows human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) and other APC to suppress T cell proliferation. IDO helps protect murine fetuses from rejection by the maternal immune system and can promote tolerance and immunosuppression. For tryptophan to be catabolized by IDO, it must first enter the APC via transmembrane transport. It has been shown that MDM in vitro readily deplete tryptophan present in the extracellular medium to nanomolar levels via IDO activity; yet, no currently known amino acid transport system displays high affinity and specificity sufficiently to permit efficient uptake of tryptophan at these low concentrations. Here, we provide biochemical characterization of a novel transport system with nanomolar affinity and high selectivity for tryptophan. Tryptophan transport in MDM was predominantly sodium-independent and occurred via two distinct systems: one consistent with the known system L transporter and a second system with 100-fold higher affinity for tryptophan (Km<300 nM). Competition studies showed that the high-affinity system did not correspond to any known transporter activity and displayed a marked selectivity for tryptophan over other amino acids and tryptophan analogs. This new system was expressed at low levels in fresh monocytes but underwent selective induction during MDM differentiation. In contrast, resting human T cells expressed only the conventional system L. We speculate that the high-affinity, tryptophan-specific transport system allows MDM to take up tryptophan efficiently under conditions of low substrate concentration, such as may occur during interaction between T cells and IDO-expressing APC.
Phase II Trial Evaluating the Palliative Benefit of Second-Line Zoledronic Acid in Breast Cancer Patients With Either a Skeletal-Related Event or Progressive Bone Metastases Despite First-Line Bisphosphonate Therapy
Authors: Clemons Mark J. , Dranitsaris George , Ooi Wei S. , Yogendran Geetha , Sukovic Tatjana , Wong Betty Y.L. , Verma Sunil , Pritchard Kathleen I. , Trudeau Maureen , Cole David E.C.
Published: September 2006

Purpose

This study evaluated whether additional palliative benefits could be derived from the second-line use of the more potent bisphosphonate zoledronic acid in metastatic breast cancer patients with either progressive bone metastases or skeletal-related events (SRE), despite first-line therapy with either pamidronate or clodronate.

Patients and Methods

This prospective study evaluated the impact of second-line zoledronic acid on pain, quality of life, and markers of bone turnover (for example, urinary N-telopeptide [NTX]). Patients received monthly zoledronic acid (4mg) for 3 months. Study evaluations were made weekly during the first month and again at week 8. No changes in chemotherapy or endocrine therapy were allowed in the month before or after commencing study treatment.

Results

Thirty-one women completed this study. By week 8, patients had experienced significant improvements in pain control (P < .001). There was a downward trend in urinary NTX levels over the same time period (P = .008). Overall, there was a trend towards a positive correlation between improvement in pain control and reduction in week one urinary NTX relative to baseline (Spearman's rho r = 0.27; P = .15).

Conclusion

This is the first study to demonstrate that patients with either progressive bone metastases or SREs while on clodronate or pamidronate can have relevant palliative benefits with a switch to the more potent bisphosphonate zoledronic acid. This is reflected by significant improvements in pain control and bone turnover markers. If confirmed in randomized trials, these findings have major implications to the use of bisphosphonates in both the metastatic and adjuvant settings.
Use of bimetallic welds in nuclear reactors: Associated problems and structural integrity assessment issues
Authors: Chhibber R , Arora N , Gupta S R , Dutta B K
Published: September 2006

The bimetallic welds (BMWs) play a critical and indispensable role in the primary heat transport piping system of nuclear reactors. The primary heat transport system in itself is the critical part of a nuclear reactor. Any failure of this system can lead to grave consequences, not only speaking of huge monetary losses resulting from non-utilization of the reactor setup, but also immensely valuable and irreparable loss of human life. The present paper is an effort towards identifying and understanding the problems affecting the BMWs and is as well an attempt to highlight the current issues in the structural integrity assessment of structures having these welds. The basic aim of this work is to provide a clear understanding of the current structural safety issues and their importance in underpinning the use of BMWs in modern nuclear reactors.
Extracting second-order system matrices from state space system
Authors: Houlston P R
Published: September 2006

This technical note concerns the reformation of a second-order system from an arbitrary first-order system. At present, the majority of control literature is concerned with controlling systems within the first-order linearization of a system. The author is part of a growing community looking to expand the direct control of second-order systems and the benefits associated in doing so. However, there are potential stages of system modelling that may result in it being necessary to form the first-order form of the system, such as model reduction. This may have the effect of destroying the second-order notion of the system.

The purpose of this note is to regain the structure of the second-order system and thus enable the benefits of direct second-order control to be realized. Although the problem itself has been previously resolved, the author proposes the virtue of a simpler method.
A model for tracheal study
Authors: Fredrickson John M. , Rogers John H.
Published: September 2006

While attempting to devise a valvular device to prevent aspiration in tracheo‐esophageal anastomosis, we employed a model in the clog, which we feel would be very useful in the study of other tracheal problems. Essentially, a segment of trachea with its blood supply intact is isolated and turned through 90 degrees. One end of the segment is then anastomosed to the skin whereas the other end is either anastomosed to the gullet or covered with silastic, depending upon the required investigation. In both cases, after an interval of at least nine months, the segment continued to be lined by respiratory epithelium and no stenosis had occurred.

Where silastic sheeting was employed to cover the end of the segment, the inner aspect of the silastic was covered with a thin layer of fibrous tissues lined by respiratory epithelium.
Shear Testing of Soft Rock Masses
Authors: Szymakowski J
Published: September 2006

Previous studies aimed at improving our understanding of rock mass behavior have incorporated laboratory techniques, case studies, or numerical methods. This study extends the laboratory based data by examining the behavior of relatively large scale jointed, soft rock mass samples in direct shear. The rock mass samples tested in this study were fabricated by cutting joint sets into a soft, synthetic siltstone block. Therefore, the development of new procedures and equipment for fabricating and shear testing the rock mass samples was required. The visual and measured data recovered from this testing was used to identify and model the prepeak behavior and failure mechanisms occurring within the samples. The observed prepeak behavior of the rock masses was found to comprise either sliding along one of the joint sets or rotation of a portion of the rock mass defined by the jointing pattern. All samples ultimately failed by shearing through intact rock coincident with the shear plane defined by the testing apparatus.
Instrumentation of an Unsaturated Expansive Soil Slope
Authors: Zhan TLT , Ng CWW , Fredlund DG
Published: September 2006

To understand the complex soil-water interaction in an unsaturated expansive soil slope subjected to rainfall infiltration, a comprehensive instrumentation and monitoring program was carried out on an 11-m high cut slope in Hubei of China. The instrumentation included jet-filled tensiometers, thermal conductivity suction sensors, moisture probes, earth pressure cells, inclinometers, vertical movement points, artificial rainfall simulator, a tipping bucket rain gage, a vee-notch flow meter, and an evaporimeter. The technique and experience associated with each of the instrumentations are presented in this paper with an emphasis on the difference from the instrumentation in nonexpansive soils. In particular, a deliberate sealing scheme was adopted to prevent the potential bypass water flow through the shallow cracks into the installation holes for the suction sensors and the moisture probes. All the instruments worked well throughout the two month monitoring period, during which two artificial rainfall events were created. The recorded responses in pore-water pressure, water content, horizontal stress, and soil deformation were reasonably consistent with one another.
Short-Beam-Shear Testing of Composite Rings With Variable Cross Section as Representative for Full-scale Delamination
Authors: Samyn P , Van Schepdael L , Leendertz JS , Van Paepegem W , De Baets P , Degrieck J
Published: September 2006

Carbon fiber reinforced/epoxy (CFR-E) rings are used as radial reinforcement for polymer bearing elements with diameter 249 mm, functioning under 150-MPa contact pressure. Full-scale loading revealed shear failure caused by a critical radial-axial shear stress. This stress, acting in a section of the CFR-E ring under nonhydrostatic conditions, should be representatively simulated on small-scale short-beam-shear tests. Finite element analysis will be used for verification of a small-scale stress failure criterion. A standard sample geometry could not be applied as the reinforcing ring contains machined edges leading to stress concentrations. A nonhydrostatic stress condition similar to full-scale tests should be simulated in the center of the small-scale beam. Therefore, the effects of various loading conditions and testing parameters such as cross-sectional geometry, beam support and span, beam curvature, and convex/concave loading are investigated. It is concluded that curved beams are preferred over flat geometries and convex loading is preferred above concave loading since it induces a nonhydrostatic stress situation identical to full-scale tests. During small-scale testing of nonrectangular ring sections, an asymmetric stress distribution near the machined edge is representatively simulated. Experimental short-beam-shear tests confirm the influence of the test geometry and a 27-kN equivalent normal load is required for avoiding fulls-cale fracture.
Influence of Interimplant Distance on Papilla Formation and Bone Resorption: A Clinical-radiographic Study in Dogs
Authors: de Oliveira Rafael R. , Novaes Arthur B. , Papalexiou Vula , Muglia Valdir A. , Taba Mário
Published: September 2006

Implant esthetics has been the focus of attention for the past decade, and one vital issue is the effect of interimplant distance on interimplant papilla formation and crestal bone loss. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 1, 2, and 3 mm of interimplant distance on papilla formation and crestal resorption in submerged and nonsubmerged Ankylos implants after prosthetic restoration. Bilateral mandibular premolars of 7 dogs were extracted, and after 12 weeks each dog received 8 implants. Implants were placed so that 3 interimplant distances were created at 1 mm (group 1), 2 mm (group 2), and 3 mm (group 3). The sides and the position of the groups were randomly selected. Twelve weeks after placement, the implants received metallic prostheses that allowed 5 mm of space between the prosthetic contact point (CP) and the crestal bone (CB). After 8 weeks, the distance between the CP and the papilla (CP-P) and the gingival height at the distal proximal aspect of the prosthesis (CP-DE) was clinically measured. Radiographic images were obtained to measure the distance of the CP to the CB within the interimplant surfaces (CP-IP) and adjacent to the edentulous surfaces (CP-ED). The clinical measurement of CP-P for submerged and nonsubmerged implants was 3.57 ± 1.17 mm and 3.10 ± 0.82 mm for group 1, 3.57 ± 0.78 mm and 3.16 ± 0.87 mm for group 2, and 3.35 ± 0.55 mm and 3.07 ± 0.93 mm for group 3. The CP-DE was 3.25 ± 0.77 mm for submerged and 2.78 ± 0.64 mm for nonsubmerged implants. The CP-IP for the submerged and nonsubmerged implants was 6.91 ± 0.95 mm and 7.68 ± 2.73 mm for group 1, 7.46 ± 1.43 mm and 5.87 ± 1.71 mm for group 2, and 7.72 ± 0.81 mm and 7.59 ± 1.33 mm for group 3. The CP-ED was 6.77 ± 1.33 mm for submerged implants and 6.03 ± 1.58 mm for nonsubmerged implants. There were no statistical significant differences for any of the measured parameters. We conclude that when the distance from the CP to the CB was 5 mm, interimplant distances of 1 to 3 mm did not affect papilla formation or crestal resorption of submerged or nonsubmerged implants in the dog model.
Calcification at the Interface Between Titanium Implants and Bone: Observation With Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Nishikawa Tetsunari , Masuno Kazuya , Mori Masahiko , Tajime Yasuhiro , Kakudo Kenji , Tanaka Akio
Published: September 2006

It has not been previously possible to observe bone formation in undecalcified sections with titanium implants at high magnification because of the difficulty in sectioning bone together with implants. A method for examining the bone-implant interface in undecalcified sections is described in which implants are left in situ and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is used to examine both the implant surface and adjacent bone. Pulsing of animals at different times with the fluorescent dyes calcein and alizarin red permitted assessment of temporal patterns of bone formation by CLSM. Reflectivity of the polished implant surface permitted accurate assessment of the position of the implant relative to labeled bone. The analysis showed that bone first formed as thin processes towards and across the implant surface, followed by further bone formation behind these processes. The interface between calcified bone tissue and the implant surface was characterized by a 10-μm space. The CLSM technique enabled detailed observations of new bone formation at the titanium implant interface.
Sinus Floor Augmentation Using a Composite Graft of Bone Morphogenic Protein-2 and Allogenic Cancellous Bone (Puros): Case Report
Authors: Whitesides Lee M. , Radwan Alaaaldin , Sharawy Mohamed
Published: September 2006

Reconstruction of the atrophic maxilla is a difficult task. The gold standard for such reconstruction is autogenous bone. Presently, many excellent products are available to the dental surgeon to facilitate alveolar reconstruction in the absence of autogenous bone. This study describes the use of bone morphogenic protein in combination with allogenic bone substitute (Puros) to reconstruct the maxilla in preparation for dental implant placement.
The Relevance of a New Generation of Monobloc Posts and Impression Copings for Implant-supported Fixed Partial Dentures: A 2-year Clinical Prospective Study With the FM-Clip System on EVL Implants (SERF)
Authors: Leclercq Philippe , Zenati Charlotte , Dohan David M.
Published: September 2006

The use of monobloc posts for implant-supported fixed partial dentures is interesting for biomechanical and biological reasons, but it suffers from a lack of precision during the impression phase. The use of a new generation of monobloc posts associated with individual impression copings with a piston offers a simple and efficient impression procedure for small and medium implant-supported fixed partial dentures. This article presents the FM-Clip system for EVL implants composed of new straight monobloc posts and small impression copings with a piston for precise impressions and easy production of implant-supported fixed partial dentures.
Fabrication of a Cement- and Screw-retained Multiunit Implant Restoration
Authors: Uludag Bulent , Celik Gozde
Published: September 2006

Retrieval of cemented implant restorations can be difficult for both the patient and the dentist. The method described in this article combines the advantages of cement- and screw-retained restorations. Abutment screws can be easily reached by the screw access channel prepared in the waxing phase; the restoration can be retrieved without destroying the implants and prosthesis. This article describes a simple and reliable method to fabricate a retrievable cemented prosthesis.
Effects of Periodontal Cell Grafts and Enamel Matrix Proteins on the Implant–Connective Tissue Interface: A Pilot Study in the Minipig
Authors: Craig Ronald G. , Kamer Angela R. , Kallur Sathya P. , Inoue Miho , Tarnow Dennis P.
Published: September 2006

We have developed an experimental model to help identify and characterize factors necessary for periodontal connective tissue attachment formation on dental implants. In this pilot study, we report the effect of autogenous periodontal cell grafts, with and without the application of enamel matrix derivative (EMD), on the implant–connective tissue interface. Periodontal ligament (PDL) and gingival connective tissue (GCT) cultures were established from an adult minipig. Implants were placed in osteotomies prepared with exaggerated countersinks that served as recipient sites for autogenous cell grafts in bilateral edentulated posterior mandibular sextants. In addition, 1 side received an application of EMD before placement of the autogenous cell grafts. A bioabsorbable membrane covering the coronal portion of the implants was placed before closure. After 8 weeks, quantitative histomorphometric and qualitative light microscopic analyses revealed that the implants that received gelatin vehicle alone were surrounded by bone, whereas the implants that received GCT cell grafts were mostly surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. In contrast, implants that received PDL cells without the application of EMD demonstrated good bone contact, but strands of epithelium were observed in the implant–connective tissue interface. Implants that received PDL cells and EMD also had good bone contact but without evidence of epithelium. A cementum-like interface was not observed in any of the groups. Results of this pilot study suggest that EMD and the type of cell populations present in the implant wound-healing environment may alter the implant–connective tissue interface.
Shade Matching by Dental Students
Authors: Winkler Sheldon , Boberick Kenneth G. , Weitz Kasia S. , Datikashvili Isaac , Wood Robert
Published: September 2006

Dental students achieved a high identification rate for darker shades (P14 and P24) on the Portrait IPN shade guide, which represent the highest chroma and lowest value in the grayish and reddish yellow hue groups. A high identification rate was also obtained for P32, representing the lowest chroma and highest value in the reddish gray hue group. The data suggest that dental students had the most difficulty determining the correct hue group for unmarked shade tabs. Incorrect responses tended to remain in the same value and chroma range but were selected in a different hue group.
An Evaluation of Two Commercially Prepared Feeds on Growth Performance and Liver Condition of Juvenile African Cichlids Pseudotropheus socolofi and Haplochromis ahli
Authors: Royes Juli-Anne B , Murie Debra J , Francis-Floyd Ruth , Terrell Scott
Published: September 2006

A 12-week feeding trial was conducted to evaluate growth performance and hepatocyte changes in juvenile African cichlids Pseudotropheus socolofi and Haplochromis ahli fed commercial diets commonly used on cichlid farms in south Florida. Fish were fed either a trout starter pellet diet (TP diet; 52% crude protein, 17% lipid) or a mixed flake feed diet (fish flake [FF] diet) (47% crude protein, 7% lipid). For both species, growth was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in fish fed the TP diet than in fish fed the FF diet, H. ahli administered the FF diet exhibiting the slowest growth. The hepatosomatic index was not significantly different among treatments (P > 0.1). Histological examination revealed severe vacuolation of hepatocytes in P. socolofi fed the TP diet and moderate vacuolation in H. ahli fed the TP diet. Moderate vacuolation of hepatocytes was observed in P. socolofi fed the FF diet, and only mild vacuolation was found in H. ahli fed the FF diet. The lipid-rich TP diet may be suitable for commercial production of juvenile African cichlids up to 12 weeks of age, but prolonged feeding may result in excess lipid deposition and necrosis of the liver. Feeds like the FF diet, which produced slower growth but lower lipid deposition in livers, may be more suitable as a maintenance diet for cichlids in the home aquarium.
Influence of Dietary Replacement of Menhaden Oil with Canola Oil on Fatty Acid Composition of Sunshine Bass
Authors: Wonnacott Emily J , Lane Ryan L , Kohler Christopher C
Published: September 2006

The replacement of menhaden Brevoortia spp. oil with graded levels of canola oil in diets fed for 20 weeks to sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) significantly impacted the fatty acid composition of fillets and livers. As the amount of canola oil increased from 0% to 100% of the oil in the diet, the amount of 18:1(n-9) and 18: 2(n-6) fatty acids in fillets increased linearly, whereas the amounts of 20:5(n-3), 22:6(n-3), long-chain n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), and total long-chain HUFAs in the fillets decreased linearly. Total long-chain n-3 HUFA levels did not differ significantly between fillets from fish fed a diet with 50% canola oil and those from fish fed 100% menhaden oil. The experimental diets also significantly altered the fatty acid compositions of the livers, though fatty acid levels were highly variable within and among treatments and differences usually were not as pronounced as differences in fillets. We observed no significant differences in weight gain, feed conversion, or total lipid content among fish fed the different diets. Our results suggest that high levels of canola oil in growing diets of sunshine bass could be used for the majority of the production cycle, to be followed by a “finishing” diet that would elevate HUFA levels, thereby increasing the fillets' nutritional benefit to the human consumer.
A Review of Methods for Detoxification and Neutralization of Formalin in Water
Authors: Masters Amanda L
Published: September 2006

Formalin is used at many fish farms and is typically discharged untreated from these facilities as part of normal hatchery effluents. The majority of aquaculture facilities that are regulated for formalin discharge are regulated on a concentration basis. These facilities most commonly use dilution methods to manage formalin concentrations in effluents. Dilution is not feasible at all farms, however, due to the unavailability of dilution water and the necessity of complex management practices to achieve adequate dilution. As hatchery discharge regulations become stricter, larger amounts of dilution water are required, which are not always available; therefore, practical methods of treating formalin in hatchery effluents are needed. This paper reviews the physical, chemical, and biological methods of aqueous formaldehyde neutralization and detoxification that have been tested to date and identifies those methods that may be practical for use at fish farms, including the application of sodium sulfite, commercially available neutralizers, or a combination of hydrogen peroxide and ferric ions. More research on the use of these treatment methods at aquaculture facilities is recommended to determine overall treatment effectiveness, cost, and practicality.
Ammonia Tolerance by Sunshine Bass Fry: Implication for Use of Ammonium Sulfate to Control Prymnesium parvum
Authors: Barkoh Aaron , Smith Dennis G , Schlechte J Warren , Paret John M
Published: September 2006

Ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2SO4, is recommended for controlling the toxic alga Prymnesium parvum in fish production ponds. Because the un-ionized ammonia from ammonium sulfate that kills P. parvum is also toxic to fish, we determined the maximum concentration of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen that 4–5-d-old sunshine bass (female white bass Morone chrysops × male striped bass M. saxatilis) can tolerate for 48 h; this was part of a study to assess the feasibility of using ammonium sulfate in sunshine bass fingerling production ponds. We compared sunshine bass treated with six ammonium sulfate treatments— 3, 5, 8, 10, 15, and 20 mg (NH4)2SO4/L at pH 8.5 and 20°C—with untreated fish (control). Fish mortality and total ammonia nitrogen were monitored for 48 h, and un-ionized ammonia nitrogen concentrations were calculated from the total ammonia nitrogen values. Mean mortalities for all treatments were 0.0–3.3% during the first 24 h and 8.0– 37.1% after 48 h. The mean 48-h cumulative mortality was 8.0% for the control, 10.4% for ammonium sulfate concentrations of 3–15 mg/L, and 37.1% for 20 mg/L. Mean mortalities for un-ionized ammonia nitrogen concentrations of 0.0–0.25 mg/L were approximately 5–12% and were not statistically different. Mean mortality increased significantly at 0.33 mg/L of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen, resulting in 37% mortality of the fish. Because sunshine bass fry withstood un-ionized ammonia nitrogen concentrations of up to 0.25 mg/L (89% survival) and the minimum concentration of un-ionized ammonia nitrogen needed to control P. parvum is 0.17 mg/L, it appears that ammonium sulfate treatments that result in un-ionized ammonia nitrogen concentrations of 0.17 to 0.25 mg/L will control P. parvum while minimizing mortality in sunshine bass fry.
Comparison of Three Methods of Size Grading Channel Catfish Stockers
Authors: Green Bartholomew W , Heikes David L , Goodwin Andrew E
Published: September 2006

The stocking of size-graded catfish into production ponds should increase production efficiency, but grading large numbers of fish with existing technology is laborious. We evaluated the effectiveness of a mechanical grader recently developed at the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff (UAPB) relative to that of box and sock graders and assessed injuries sustained by stocker channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus during grading. Three 0.25-acre ponds were stocked at 11,777 lb/acre. Initial total length (TL) ranged from 6.3 to 15.7 in, and initial weight of individuals ranged from 0.04 to 1.10 lb. The fish population in each pond was divided into three groups graded with the box grader, UAPB grader, or sock grader. Fish were graded twice with the box and UAPB graders; a bar spacing of 13/32 in was used to grade off small fish and a spacing of 13/8 in to grade off large fish. Sock grader mesh size was 13/8 in. Mean weights and lengths of the size-classes produced by grading (small, medium, and large) were compared to those of the initial population in each pond. Blood samples were collected from sampled fish, and serum was analyzed for creatine phosphokinase (CPK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities to assess fish injury levels. Each grader separated the initial population into distinct populations. Mean weight and TL of the medium size-class was significantly lower for the UAPB grader than for the box grader. The frequency distributions of the fish populations obtained from each grader differed significantly. Undergrade and overgrade error for the medium size-class did not differ significantly between the box and UAPB graders. Undergrade error averaged 5.4% for TL and 1.6% for individual weight; overgrade error averaged 7.8% for TL and 10.3% for weight. Serum CPK and LDH activities were highly variable, which prevented detection of significant treatment differences.
Effect of Diet and Strain on Growth and Performance in Hybrid Bluegills
Authors: Stinefelt Beth M , Eya Jonathan C , Semmens Kenneth J , Blemings Kenneth P
Published: September 2006

Little is known about the diets and genetic strains that are optimal for the production of hybrids of bluegill Lepomis macrochirus. The objective of this study was to determine whether there are differences in feed, nitrogen and amino acid conversion, lipid deposition, liver lysine oxidation, and liver glycogen in two such hybrids—Georgia Giant (GG, a proprietary strain of hybrid bluegill) and a commercial hybrid bluegill (CHBG, green sunfish L. cyanellus × bluegill)—fed five commercially available diets. The diets were formulated to the following minimum crude protein (CP)–fat ratios: 32/3, 38/8, 40/10, 42/16, and 45/20. Fish were randomly allotted to 20 tanks, with two tanks per diet within each strain. After 12 weeks in experimental conditions, GGs had higher feed intake (P < 0.001), higher weight gain (P < 0.001), better feed conversion (P < 0.05), and lower liver glycogen (P < 0.05) than CHBG. Liver lysine oxidation and whole-body lipid deposition was not significantly different between strains. Consumption of the 42/16 diet resulted in increased growth, a better feed conversion (P < 0.05), and a better retention of specific amino acids than all other diets, regardless of strain. Diet composition did not result in significant differences in liver lysine oxidation, liver glycogen, and lipid deposition, regardless of strain. These data demonstrate that genetic strain and diet have important impacts on bluegill production and that the most nutrient-dense diets do not necessarily lead to enhanced performance relative to diets of lower CP and fat.
Rapid and Slow Sand Filtration Techniques and Their Efficacy at Filtering Triactinomyxons of Myxobolus cerebralis from Contaminated Water
Authors: Arndt Ronney E , Wagner Eric J
Published: September 2006

Slow and rapid sand filtration methods were tested for their ability to remove triactinomyxon actinospores (Tams), the waterborne infective stage of the salmonid parasite Myxobolus cerebralis, from contaminated water. Within the rapid sand filtration treatments, two backflush protocols were tested. The first consisted of extended backflush duration, and the second consisted of diverted flow past the aquaria with fish for 5 min after backflushing. A slow sand filter treatment served as a nonbackflushed control to the two rapid sand filters and also as its own unique filtration technique. Negative and positive controls were run simultaneously and served both slow and rapid sand filters. The sand used consisted only of particles greater than 180 μm (diameter). Triactinomyxon actinospores were regularly introduced to the fish-rearing systems above the sand filters. After 60 d, clinical signs of whirling behavior and black tails were seen among the positive controls. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for M. cerebralis conducted at the study's conclusion indicated no infection among the negative controls and both of the rapid sand filter treatments. In the slow sand filter treatment 1.6% of all fish were infected, whereas 98% of the positive controls were infected. Portions of the same tissue samples used for the PCR analysis were also assayed according to the pepsin–trypsin digest (PTD) test. Within the rapid sand filters, 2.9% of fish within the long back flush treatment were infected, as were 100% of the positive controls. The diverted backflush, slow sand filter, and negative controls were all negative according to the PTD test. These results demonstrate that the backflush technique is important in the proper function of rapid sand filters used to remove Tams and that both rapid and slow sand filtration could be viable options in treating hatchery water supplies that are contaminated with whirling disease.
Safer High-Density Polyethylene Plastic Paddles for Hatching Channel Catfish Eggs
Authors: Steeby James A , Nobile Jerry , Wright Wayne
Published: September 2006

A new paddle made from high-density polyethylene plastic has been devised for use in egg hatching troughs. This paddle is very safe as it will paddle properly through water and can be stopped easily when grabbed by hand. The plastic used to fabricate this paddle is 1/8 inch thick and cut from a drum with a reciprocating saw. New 30-gal drums, made of food-grade federally approved high-density polyethylene can be purchased for about US$30.
The Effect of Hatchery Spawning Protocols on Coho Salmon Return Timing in the Cowlitz River, Washington
Authors: Tipping Jack M , Busack Craig A
Published: September 2006

We compared the pre- and posthatchery return times of adult coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch on the Cowlitz River, Washington, after 30 years of hatchery operation. In addition, at the Cowlitz Salmon Hatchery in fall 1998, 1999, and 2000, we differentially tagged juveniles for release in 1999, 2000, and 2001 that were produced from broodstock originating from early (August to mid-October), middle (mid-October through November), and late (December and thereafter) time arrival windows to determine the fidelity of adult return time distribution to the window of origin. We found that posthatchery mean and median coho salmon adult return times were delayed about 2 weeks compared with prehatchery conditions, that October–November returns increased from 46% to 81% after hatchery operation, that a mean of 57% of 3-year-old adult fish returned in the return time window of origin, and that many of the early- and late-origin fish returned in the middle time period. A mean of 70.4% of 2-year-old jacks from all releases returned in the middle return window. Much of the increase in October–November returns was probably due to a hatchery production emphasis of the middle-returning fish. We recommend that broodstock be accumulated at historically proportional rates with respect to run timing, which may require additional adult holding ponds at the hatchery.
The Effect of Juvenile Rearing Density on Adult Returns of Summer Steelhead
Authors: Tipping Jack M , Byrne James B , Hillson Todd D
Published: September 2006

Juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss were reared at two hatcheries in an attempt to determine the influence of loading (kg · L−1 · min−1) and density (kg/m3) on adult survival. At one hatchery in which fish were reared and released from raceways for 3 years, there was no significant difference in recovery rates of fish reared at levels 20% below normal loadings and densities compared with those reared at 20% above normal loadings and densities. At a second hatchery in which fish were reared in ponds for 3 years before release, flows were adjusted so that loadings were similar but densities differed; a significant decrease was observed in returns of test fish when loading was 2.1 kg · L−1 · min−1 and density was 5.8 kg/m3, and returns greatly decreased when test fish loading was 2.3 kg · L−1 · min−1 and density was 6.3 kg/m3.