bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opposing effects of methylmercury and n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on adult rat brain essential fatty acids
Authors: Craig‐Schmidt Margaret C , Baker Julie T , Teodorescu Carmen A , Newland M Christopher
Published: June 2021

The objective was to assess interactive effects of methylmercury (MeHg) and n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on brain essential fatty acids in animals exposed chronically to MeHg and fed a diet with (+) or (‐) without n‐3 LCPUFA. Female rats (n=8/grp) were exposed for 1 yr to 0, 0.5, & 5 ppm MeHg in water and consumed a diet containing palm, safflower, soybean and either coconut in (‐) n‐3 diet or fish oil in (+) n‐3 diet. Fatty acids of the phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidyl‐ethanolamine (PE) fractions of the adult rat brain were determined by gas capillary chromatography. In the adult forebrain, chronic MeHg exposure had no significant effects on the alteration of the major LCPUFA; docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), as well as total n‐3 and total n‐6 fatty acids. However, there was a dietary effect showing a significant increase in DHA in both the PE (23‐30% increase) and PC (25‐46% increase) fractions in animals consuming dietary fish oil compared with those consuming the coconut oil diet (P<0.001). There were significant decreases of ARA in both the PE (18‐20% decrease) and PC (12‐28% decrease) fractions. Thus, fatty acids in the adult rat brain can be influenced by long‐term feeding of dietary fish oil, but chronic mercury exposure had no effect on brain LCPUFA. (Funded by AAES 13‐014)
n‐3 fatty acids are reduced in advanced cancer patients with sarcopenia
Authors: Murphy Rachel A , Mourtzakis Marina , Martin Lisa , Reiman Tony , Clandinin Tom MT , Mazurak Vera C
Published: June 2021

Little is known about the essential fatty acid status of cancer patients at diagnosis and throughout treatment. Sarcopenia (depletion of skeletal muscle) is associated with physical disability and mortality in aging and chronic diseases but the relationship between body composition and nutritional status in cancer is unclear. The objective of this study was to measure n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acids in plasma phospholipids of advanced non‐small cell lung cancer patients. Total skeletal muscle cross‐sectional area (n=22) was evaluated using lumbar CT images. Cut‐points [?: <55.4 cm2/m2; ?: <38.9cm2/m2; Mourtzakis et al Appl Physiol Nutr Metabol 2008] were used to classify subjects as sarcopenic (n=13) or non‐sarcopenic (n=9). Phospholipids were isolated from plasma lipids using thin layer chromatography. Amounts and types of fatty acids were determined using gas liquid chromatography. Total n‐3 fatty acids of sarcopenic subjects were lower than non‐sarcopenic subjects (16±11µg/mL versus 35±10 µg/mL, p=0.001), with 45% lower 20:5n‐3(p=0.005) and 54% lower 22:6n‐3 (p=0.0098). This resulted in a two‐fold higher n6:n3 ratio (p=0.05) in the sarcopenic versus non‐sarcopenic subjects. Cancer patients with sarcopenia have pronounced alterations in lipid metabolism, specifically n‐3 fatty acids, suggesting an important relationship between muscle atrophy and essential fatty acid metabolism. (Supported by CIHR).

Grant Funding Source

Canadian Institute for Health Research
Dietary carbohydrate level alters body composition and post‐prandial glycemic regulation
Authors: Lasker Denise A Walker , Layman Donald K
Published: June 2021

Maintenance of blood glucose requires constant adjustments between hepatic release and insulin‐mediated peripheral uptake. Low carbohydrate (CARB), high protein diets are associated with improved insulin sensitivity and body composition. We propose metabolic thresholds reflecting low, moderate or high dietary CARB intake involving discrete changes in glycemic regulations in liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue serve to maintain glucose homeostasis and improve body composition. Male rats (N= 48, 150g) were adapted to a meal‐feeding protocol with 3 meals/d for 24 d. Diets provided CARB at: 58%(HC): 40%(MC): 25%(LC) of energy with fat at 30%. Rats were killed at 0 and 80 min. post‐prandial (pp). Glucose uptake was determined by injection of 2‐deoxy‐D‐[2,6‐3H]‐glucose 60 min before tissue collection. Measurements included plasma glucose and insulin, tissue Akt and glycogen and gene expression of gluconeogenic enzymes. Although LC ate less than MC or HC, final body weight differed only with HC weighing less than MC (P<0.05). Tissue weights revealed difference in body composition: LC had less adipose than MC and HC and both LC and MC had more muscle than HC (P<0.01). While no differences were seen in plasma glucose, insulin at 80 min. pp was lower in LC vs. MC or HC (P<0.05). Decreased CARB levels promote better body composition and pp glycemic regulation.

Support: Illinois Council of Food and Agricultural Research.

Grant Funding Source

Illinois Council of Food and Agricultural Research
Contribution of nondigestible oligosaccharides in meeting dietary fiber needs‐essentiality
Authors: Gordon Dennis Theodore
Published: June 2021

Dietary fiber (DF) is an undefined nutrient, but an essential nutrient. While numerous health benefits are ascribed to DF, its quintessential properties are aiding laxation (L) and providing the necessary energy for the intestinal microbiota (M) through fermentation (FEM). No one chemical/physical form/source of DF is the best example that reaches the large intestine; DF is a complex nutrient. Historically, DF was thought to be only associated with fruits, vegetables and cereals/grains (F/V/C/G), which are foods, not DF. Repeated clinical research substantiate that nondigestible oligosaccharides (NDO) can provide the same quintessential properties as DF in F/V/C/G. Contrary to historical beliefs that F/V/C/G is the only source of DF, the accumulation of evidence is that NDO such galactooligosaccharies (GOS), inulin/FOS, Polydextrose, and Resistant Maltodextrin can significantly contribute to DF needs, which helps achieve the DF hypothesis. These NDO can significantly promote FEM and increase intestinal M mass and M specie levels, but higher amounts ( = 25g/d) are needed to significantly enhance L. Current DF intakes of 18‐20 g/d as measured by current methodology do not adequately report NDO level in the food supply by 3‐5 g. The gap between current DF intakes and recommend daily levels of 38 and 25 g/d for men and woman, respectively, while not meet with F/V/C/G is being partially filled with NDO. No support.
Food intake, appetite, gut hormones, and resting energy expenditure in resistance trained vs. sedentary older adults
Authors: Apolzan John W , Leidy Heather J , Mattes Richard D , Campbell Wayne W
Published: June 2021

Objective

To assess the effects of chronic resistance training (RT) on food intake, appetite, fasting gut hormones, and energy expenditure (EE) in 16 RT and 35 sedentary (Sed) older persons (62‐84 y).

Methods

Free‐living energy intake and appetite sensations (hunger, fullness and desire to eat) were assessed on 3 days (2 weekdays, 1 weekend day) and fasting‐state resting EE, plasma glucose and gut hormones (Cholecystokinin, CCK; glucagon‐like peptide‐1, GLP‐1; insulin; ghrelin) were measured.

Results

Maximum strength was higher for RT (8.3 ± 0.3) vs. Sed [6.9 ± 0.2 kg/kg fat free mass (*, p<0.05); mean ± SE]. RT did not affect total energy (RT 2079 ± 79 vs. Sed 1995 ± 66 kcal/d), protein, carbohydrate and fat intakes. Hunger and desire to eat area under the curve (AUC) values were not different between groups. Fullness AUC was lower in RT (0.4 ± 0.2) vs. Sed (0.9 ± 0.3* AU·720 min). EE was not different between groups, and respiratory exchange ratio tended to be lower in the RT (0.87 ± 0.00) vs. Sed (0.89 ± 0.01, p=0.06). CCK was higher in RT (0.71 ± 0.38) vs. Sed (0.51 ± 0.05* ng/mL), and GLP‐1 was lower in RT (0.31 ± 0.32) vs. Sed (1.45 ± 0.19* ng/mL). RT did not affect glucose, insulin, and ghrelin.

Conclusions

RT alters fasting concentrations of CCK and GLP‐1. However, despite the isolated differences in appetitive sensations and gut hormones, RT did not influence EI.

Grant Funding Source

NIH R01 AG021911, Purdue Bilsland Fellowship
Dietary resistant starch significantly increased food intake in aged mice in response to an energy deficit
Authors: Zhou Jun , Keenan Michael J , Bruce‐Keller Annadora , Keller Jeffery , Fernandez‐Kim Sun Ok , Pistell Paul , Tulley Richard T , Raggio Anne M , Shen Li , Zhang Hanjie , Martin Roy J
Published: June 2021

Aging is associated with poor energy sensing and decline in appetite. Both elderly humans and aged rodents fail to increase compensatory food intake after fasting. This failure of response to acute energy deficits means impaired regulation of energy homeostasis. Resistant starch (RS) is a fermentable fiber. Dietary RS improves the control of energy homeostasis in young animals. Here, we tested similar effects in aged mice. Two year old male C57BL/6J mice were fed an 18% or a 36% resistant starch diet for 8 weeks and fasted for 12‐13 hours before being fed their regular assigned treatment diets. Compensatory food intake was measured at 1, 2, and 4 hours after the re‐feeding. RS fed mice had significantly higher food intake than controls at 1 hour for the 18% RS, at 2 hours for the 36% RS (P<0.01), and at 4 hours for both RS groups (P<0.05). The study was ended at week 9. Both RS groups had similar body weight, body fat, liver weight, and spleen weight as the controls. Ex vivo splenic responses to mitogens were also similar between control and RS groups. However, RS fed mice had increased cecal content and empty cecal weight which are indicators of fermentation. Thus, aged mice respond to increased doses of RS with increased fermentation.

Conclusion

without any observed adverse effects, dietary RS promotes fermentation and increases food intake in response to an energy deficit in aged mice.
Dietary fiber does not influence satiety, glucose, and insulin levels in a dose‐dependent manner
Authors: Willis Holly J , Thomas William , Eldridge Alison L , Harkness Laura , Green Hilary , Slavin Joanne
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Conventional wisdom suggests that dietary fiber increases satiety while lowering glucose and insulin response. We hypothesized that there would be a dose dependent effect.

Methods

Healthy men (n = 10) and women (n = 10) with a body mass index of 23.7 ± 0.5 (mean ± SEM) participated in this randomized, double‐blind, crossover study. On four separate visits, fasting subjects consumed a muffin with 0, 4, 8, or 12 g of mixed fibers. Muffins had 500 calories and similar macronutrient content. Hunger and satiety were measured with visual analogue scales and blood was drawn to measure glucose and insulin for 3‐hr after muffin consumption.

Results

In all satiety measures, muffins with 12 g of fiber were significantly more satiating than muffins with 0 g of fiber. Muffins with 4 g and 8 g of fiber produced intermediate satiety. Glucose and insulin response did not correlate with satiety responses or fiber dose. Glucose area under the curve (AUC) was significantly lower after 0 g fiber compared to all other treatments. Insulin AUC was significantly lower after 0 g fiber compared to 4 g fiber, but was indistinguishable from 8 g or 12 g fiber.

Conclusion

In this study, the effects of dietary fiber were not dose dependent. Glucose and insulin levels were not consistently lower with increasing doses of fiber. However, satiety ratings were consistently higher after 12 g of fiber than after no fiber.

Nestle Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland supported this research.

Grant Funding Source

Nestle Research Center
Attitude and self‐efficacy are important predictors of the intention to continue exclusive breastfeeding for six months among WIC participants
Authors: Bai Yeon , Middlestadt Susan E , Fly Alyce D , Wunderlich Shahla
Published: June 2021

One in ten US mothers continues exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the recommended duration, the first six months of life. Theory‐based interventions can be effective in meeting the recommendation. This study was conducted to examine psychosocial factors underlying the behavior "continuation of EBF for six months", relative to socioeconomic status(WIC, non‐WIC) using Fishbein's integrative model. Postpartum mothers who initiated EBF (N=188) were recruited from hospitals in Central Indiana and Southern New Jersey. Participants completed a questionnaire that measured constructs and underlying beliefs of the behavior to predict intention. Participant demographics were 69.7% White, 61.2% married, 50.5% WIC participants, and 29 ±6.1 years old. Attitude (A), subjective norm (SN), and self‐efficacy (SE) accounted for a significant proportion of the intention (p<.01): R2=44.1%, R=0.66 for WIC, R2=70.8%, R=0.84 for non‐WIC. Regression weights (β) were compared to determine the relative importance of constructs to intention for each group. Influential theoretical constructs were A (β=0.43) and SE (β=0.28) for WIC, but SN (β=0.35) and SE (β=0.58) for non‐WIC. Improving self‐efficacy should increase the EBF continuation rate in both groups. Interventions should educate WIC mothers on advantages/disadvantages of the behavior, and improve opinions of the behavior held by non‐WIC mother's social referents.
Vitamin D status is associated with total and regional fat mass in lactating adolescents
Authors: Bezerra Flávia F. , Mendonça Laura M.C. , Donangelo Carmen M.
Published: June 2021

The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of serum concentrations of vitamin D (25OHD) and PTH with body composition in 28 lactating adolescents (15‐18y). Total bone mineral content (BMC), total lean mass, and total and regional (trunk, arms and legs) fat mass were assessed by DXA. Serum 25OHD and iPTH were determined by radioimmunoassay and chemiluminescent assay, respectively. Concentrations of 25OHD varied in a range (49‐75.5 nmol/L) below the proposed cutoff for adequacy (80 nmol/L). Serum 25OHD correlated negatively with serum iPTH (r=‐0.57, P<0.01) and positively with BMC (r=0.56, P<0.01) and total lean mass (r=0.56, P<0.01). In contrast to observations in other physiologic states, serum 25OHD was also positively associated with total body weight (r=0.61, P<0.001) and with fat mass in total body (r=0.57, P<0.05), trunk (r=0.55, P<0.01), arms (r=0.49, P<0.05) and legs (r=0.51, P<0.01). Serum iPTH was not associated with body composition measurements. Our results suggest that the influence of fat mass on vitamin D status may vary according to physiologic state. The mobilization of fat stores characteristic of lactation may contribute to increase circulating 25OHD levels, although this needs further investigation.

Financial support: CNPq and FAPERJ (Brazil)
Contribution of complementary feeding (CF) to nutrient intake of low‐income rural infants, aged 6 to 12 mo, in Guatemala City: Macro‐ and micronutrient intakes and adequacy of daily recommendations
Authors: Hernandez Liza Mariana , Campos Raquel , Solomons Noel W.
Published: June 2021

Objective

To quantify macro‐ and micronutrient intakes from CF, with and without an estimated contribution from maternal milk (MM), and assess the contributions to nutritional needs of low‐income, rural infants.

Methods

3 non‐consecutive 24‐h recalls were collected from mothers of 64 infants, aged 6‐12 mo, in the rural, highland village of Santo Domingo Xenacoj. The WHO/FAO recommended nutrient intakes (RNI) were standards for adequacy. We modeled MM intake based on total energy recommendations.

Results

The estimated total daily energy intake was 660±64 kcal (549 ‐ 873 kcal). The dietary energy contribution from CF alone was 401±191 kcal (10‐873 kcal), with that from MM constituting 256±175 kcal (31‐873 kcal). The percentage macronutrient distribution for the whole diet was:12%, prot%; 74%, CHO; and 14%, fat. The median intakes of the micronutrients from the combination of CF and BM were: 279 RAE, vit A; 19.4 mg, vit C; 0.2 mg, thi; 0.4 mg, ribo; 4.9 mg, nia; 146 mg, fol; 201, Ca; 4.4 mg, Fe; and 2.6 mg, Zn. The overall percentage of children who did not achieve the FAO/WHO RNIs were: 67%, vit A; 89%, vit C; 26%, thi; 55%, ribo; 36%, nia; 16%, fol; 89%, Ca; 94%; Fe, and 87%, Zn 0.6.

Conclusions

Vitamin A, Ca, Fe and Zn remain problem nutrients in this population. Home fortification or a fortified d must be considered as a public health measure for this community.

Funded in part by Sight & Life and Wyeth Nutrition
Examination of the effect of overall diet quality on chronologic age and body weight status at the onset of puberty
Authors: Kranz Sibylle , Gerlach Stefanie , Cheng Guo , Libuda Lars , Guenther Anke , Karaolis‐Danckert N , Kroke Anja , Buyken Anette E
Published: June 2021

There is lack of information on the relevance of diet quality during childhood for the chronologic age of the onset of puberty and body weight status (BMI) at that time. We examined if overall diet quality of healthy children (n=244) two years prior to the pubertal growth spurt (age at take off (ATO), baseline) was associated with age or BMI z‐score at the onset of puberty using multivariate regression analysis in the Dortmund Nutritional and Anthropometric Longitudinally Designed Study (DONALD). Diet quality was determined using the nutrient‐density‐based Nutritional Quality Index (NQI) and the Revised Children's Diet Quality Index (RC‐DQI) at baseline. Children with higher NQI scores (better diet quality) at baseline were 0.37 years older at ATO than children with lower diet quality. ATO by tertiles of NQI were 9.26 years (95% CI 9.06, 9.47), 9.48 (9.30, 9.65), and 9.63 (9.43, 9.83), adjusted for sex, total energy, and baseline BMI (p‐value 0.04). However, children with higher NQI also had higher BMI values at ATO (p‐value 0.01). This association was lost after correcting for baseline BMI. RC‐DQI scores were not significantly associated with age or BMI at ATO. Results of this study indicate that children with better diet quality as indicated by total nutrient‐density intake levels enter puberty later and that this relationship is independent of body weight status two years prior to ATO.
Predictors of Hypertension Among HIV Infected Adults in Botswana, Africa
Authors: Dusara Priti , Bussmann Hermann , Lima Claudia , Tsalaile Lesedi , Makhema Joe , Campa Adriana , Widenfelt Erik , Sales Sabrina , Li Yinghui , Burns Patricia J , Marlink Richard , Baum Marianna K
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine the relationship of body composition with hypertension (HTN) in asymptomatic HIV+ adults.

Methods

After consenting, 746 asymptomatic HIV+ adults were given demographic and nutritional questionnaires. Anthropometries were taken, and Body Mass Index (BMI) calculated. HTN was defined as a diagnosis of HTN in the medical record, treatment for HTN, or having a blood pressure >140/90. Student t‐test and linear regression models were used.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 33.4±8.0 years, 72.48% were women and 18.5% had HTN. Those with HTN were significantly older (38.3±8.7 vs 32.2±7.4, p=<.0001), had higher BMI (26.1±6.2 vs 23.9±4.5 kg/m2, p=0.0001), lean body mass kg (48.5±10.9 vs 45.6±7.9, p=0.0036), fat mass kg (22.7±11.9 vs 18.6±8.3, p=0.0002), and fat mass % (30.5±9.6 vs 28.2±9.0, p=0.0095) than those without HTN. Lean body mass/total mass, however, was lower in those with HTN (69.4±9.6 vs 71.7±9.0, p=0.0095). When all the significant variables were entered into regression analyses with systolic pressure, only waist (p=0.034) and hip size (p=0.041) remained significant after adjusting for age and gender.

Conclusions

The prevalence of HTN among asymptomatic HIV+ adults in Botswana is higher than that of the general population (7.8%) in the same age groups. Of the risk factors considered, waist and hip size were the best predictors of HTN.

Supported by NIDA
Association of candy consumption with physiological parameters in participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999‐2004)
Authors: Fulgoni Victor L , Fulgoni Sally A , Bodor Alison R
Published: June 2021

The association between candy consumption and physiological parameters was examined in children and adults using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999‐2004). Candy consumers (CC) were defined as those who consumed any amount of chocolate candy, sugar candy, and/or gum during the 24‐hour dietary recall. Compared to non‐consumers (NC), children (2‐18 years, n=3,817) CC had significantly (p<0.05) lower body weight (42.2 ± 0.3 vs 43.6 ± 0.3 kg), waist circumference (67.8 ± 0.3 vs 68.9 ± 0.3 cm), and triceps skin fold measures (13.6 ± 0.2 vs 14.0 ± 0.1 mm). Additional adjustment for physical activity did not alter these results. Other physiological parameters were similar in young CC and NC. Using CDC growth charts to assess weight status, children CC were 19% less likely (p<0.05) to be overweight (=95th percentile) and 18% less likely to be at risk of being overweight or becoming overweight (=85th percentile). Adult (19+ years, n=3,279) CC exhibited lower (p<0.05) waist circumference (95.5 ± 0.3 vs 96.5 ± 0.3 cm); all other health parameters were not significantly different in adult CC as compared to NC. Thus, these data suggest that children and adult consumers of candy were able to balance energy intake and consume candy in amounts that do not appear to negatively affect health. Supported by National Confectioners Association.
Water: consumption; total water sources; and adequacy in terms of the recommended daily intakes in one‐day diet records of urban Guatemalan schoolchildren
Authors: Montenegro‐Bethancourt Gabriela , Vossenaar Marieke , Doak Colleen , Solomons Noel W.
Published: June 2021

Background

The US. Institute of Medicine developed DRIs for total daily water in 2005. Lack of specifying drinking water intake in most dietary surveys limits using this reference in population studies.

Aim

To quantify Total Daily Water Acquisition (TDWA) and its various individual and composite components.

Methods

A field dietary survey in 449 3rd and 4th graders in Quetzaltenango, was conducted using 1‐d pictorial registries of all beverages and foods consumed over a 24‐h period. A nutrient database for 247 food and beverages items was created. All water sources, including plain, in beverages, and in foods (=Total Water Intake {TWI} of the 2005 DRI) were combined. Additionally, metabolic water (from the oxidation of macronutrients) was added for the TDWA calculation. Gender‐specific reference values for Adequate Intake of TWI for 9‐11 y/o children were used.

Results

28% of children consumed plain water; the average intake in this subgroup was 491±350 mL. Mean TWI was 1574±429 mL for girls and 1571±519 mL for boys, compared to the respective DRI AIs of 2100 and 2400 mL. Partitioned across the whole sample, the percent contributions to TDWA were: 6.9% plain water; 49.4%, beverages; 29.1%, foods; and 14.7%, metabolic water.

Conclusion

Daily water acquisition in these children was low, in part due to low participation in drinking plain water.

Funded in part by Sight & Life, Basel and Nestlé Waters Co, Paris
Reducing Diabetes Risk among African American Women using Trained Peer Educators in a Church Setting
Authors: Cherry Carinthia , Scripa Ioana , Taylor Martha
Published: June 2021

A pilot study was developed to evaluate the efficacy of peer‐led nutrition and lifestyle education based on the Stages of Change theory and the National Institutes of Health's Small Steps Big Rewards campaign on the risk of Type 2 diabetes in older adult African American (AA) women. Using a two condition (usual care and intervention) repeated measures (pretest, posttest, and follow‐up) design, the 8‐week intervention will educate AA women ages 45 and older at risk for Type 2 diabetes on the effects of dietary practices and physical activity (PA) on reducing risk of Type 2 diabetes. Outcome measures include body weight changes and diabetes‐related clinical indicators (total cholesterol, LDL, fasting blood glucose, and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c)). We hypothesize that women receiving the program (intervention) from trained peer educators in a church setting will improve dietary practices and increase PA (number of steps walked), resulting in a decreased risk profile for Type 2 diabetes (baseline to follow‐up) compared to those not receiving the program (usual care). Women will receive educational handouts, developed for the project, a pedometer, and dietary and blood analysis results. Findings of this study will be used to further develop culturally relevant intervention strategies to prevent Type 2 diabetes among older adult AA women in community‐based settings. Supported by NCMHD/NIH 1P20MD002289‐01.
Dietary Calcium and Dairy Product Consumption Inversely Correlate with BMI Percentile in Children Enrolled in an After‐School Nutrition Education Behavior Change Program
Authors: Gunther Carolyn Woods , Branscum Paul , Kaye Gail
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity in the United States has increased in past decades and continues to rise steadily. Healthy weight is achieved by reaching a balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. Thus, understanding the role of dietary factors in the etiology of this complex disease is critical and has attracted much interest. Recent studies suggest that high calcium and/or dairy intake may reduce body fat accumulation or enhance fat mass loss during energy restriction. In this cross‐sectional analysis, the relationships of amounts of dietary calcium and dairy product consumed (measured by 24 hr recall) with body weight, BMI, and BMI percentile (derived from CDC sex‐specific BMI‐for‐age growth chart) were assessed in 102 healthy children (8‐13 yrs) enrolled in an after‐school nutrition behavior change program. Subject characteristics included (mean+SD): dietary calcium (1037.7+429.6 mg/day), dairy product consumption (2.8+1.4 cup equivalents/day), weight (39.8+13.3 kg), BMI (20.4+5.2 kg/m2), and BMI percentile (70.9+29.4). Dietary calcium and dairy product consumption inversely correlated with BMI percentile (R=‐0.28, p=0.004; R=‐0.27, p=0.005, respectively). These data support the potential role of dietary calcium and/or dairy products in weight control in children.
Golden Syrian hamsters resist bone loss due to ovarian hormone deficiency
Authors: Bakhshalian Neema , Campbell Sara Chelland , Hooshmand Shirin , Arjmandi Bahram H.
Published: June 2021

Ovarian hormone deficiency places women at an increased risk for osteoporosis. Recently, it has been suggested that hamsters as a model may offer unique advantages in age‐related bone research. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of ovariectomy (Ovx) on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC). Seventy‐two 6‐month old Golden Syrian hamsters were either sham‐operated (sham) or Ovx and divided into three groups (n=12): sham, Ovx, and Ovx+ E2 (17â‐estradiol). Hamster were equal‐fed a semi‐purified casein‐based and cholesterol‐free powdered diet for 120 days. Upon euthanasia blood and bone samples were collected for analysis. Regional as well as whole body BMD and BMC were measured using dual energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Data analyses involved computation of least square means and standard error (SE) for each of the treatment groups using SAS version 8.2. Results showed that Ovx was successful as evident by significant uterine atrophy and lower plasma E2 levels. After 120 days Ovx animals did not experience significant losses in total bone area (36.1±0.6 vs 35.0±0.6), BMD (0.153±.002 vs 0.149±.002) or BMC (0.6±0.1 vs 0.3±0.1) or individual bones compared to sham animals. Our results suggest that the Ovx hamsters do not lose bone and may serve as a distinctive model to examine what protects these animals from bone loss.
Associations of maternal folate status with serum C‐reactive protein level in pregnant women
Authors: Kim Hyesook , Choi Hyung In , Kim Ki Nam , Ha Eun‐Hee , Park Hyesook , Ha Mina , Kim Yangho , Hong Yun‐Chul , Chang Namsoo
Published: June 2021

Folate deficiency and elevated serum C‐reactive protein (CRP) concentration in pregnant women is known to be related to adverse pregnancy outcomes, but relationship between serum folate and CRP levels not has been explored. In 480 pregnant women of 12‐28 weeks of gestation, the association between serum levels of folate and CRP was evaluated. Dietary intake data was collected by the semiquantitative food frequency method for usual intake over one year prior to pregnancy and 24‐hour recall method for the intake one day before blood sampling. Serum folate and CRP levels were analyzed by the radioimmunoassay and high sensitivity immuno‐turbidimetirc assay, respectively. Maternal serum folate at parturition was positively correlated with folate intake during pregnancy (p<0.05). Maternal serum folate during pregnancy (p<0.05) and at parturition (p<0.01) was negatively correlated with serum CRP at parturition. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying the associations between serum folate and CRP levels, and also the implications of these results in relation to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

This work was supported by the Ministry of Environment and the 2nd stage of Brain Korea 21 project in 2008
A high carbohydrate diet coordinately alters transcriptomic profiles in the adipose tissue leading to enhanced lipid biosynthesis
Authors: Shankar Kartik , Harrell Amanda , Ronis Martin J , Badger Thomas M
Published: June 2021

To assess the role of dietary macronutrient composition on adipose gene expression we evaluated changes in transcriptomic profiles in the WAT of rats following high carbohydrate (HC) diets. Female Sprague‐Dawley rats received liquid diets at 187 or 220 kcal/kg3/4/d via intragastric infusion. Diets were either HC (75% carb calories) or high fat (HF, 45% fat calories) and were infused 23 h/d for 3 wk. Rats fed HC diets gained greater body‐weights and %body fat (p<0.05) than HF counterparts. Microarray analyses of retroperitoneal WAT using GeneSpring Gx7.3 revealed 581 transcripts were altered by HC at either 187 or 220 Kcal (±1.8‐fold, p <0.05). Of these, 153 transcripts were altered by HC at both caloric intakes, indicating direct responsiveness to dietary carbohydrate. Specifically genes involved in glucose transport (GLUT4), glycolysis (HK2, ALDO2, Me1, ACLY, Pdh, OCD), fatty acid biosynthesis, elongation and desaturation (FASN, SCD2, ACC1, ELOVL4, 5 and 6, FADS2, adiponutrin) were significantly up‐regulated. 13 genes involved in cholesterol biosynthesis and transport were also induced by HC. Most interestingly, mRNA expression of ChRBEP was also induced in adipose tissue of HC rats. These data indicate carbohydrates transcriptionally regulate a diverse suite of genes involved in the entire pathway of lipid biosynthesis in the adipose tissue. Support ARS‐CRIS 6251‐51000‐005‐00D.
Determination of plasma glucose enrichment in human subjects after primed, constant infusions of 13C‐glycine before and after dietary vitamin B‐6 restriction
Authors: da Silva Vanessa Rodrigues , Lamers Yvonne , Ralat Maria , Gilbert Lesa , Keeling Christine , Stacpoole Peter , Gregory Jesse F
Published: June 2021

Pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate (PLP) is involved in the production of glucogenic substrates via its role as a coenzyme for transamination reactions. A deficiency of vitamin B‐6 leads to impaired availability of glucogenic amino acids in rats and may affect glucose synthesis rates. This study aims to assess the impact of marginal vitamin B‐6 deficiency (plasma PLP 20 ‐30 nM) on gluconeogenesis from glycine in humans. We report here the feasibility of determining the rate and extent of glucose synthesis from an infused precursor. Thirteen healthy men and women received primed, constant infusions of 9.26 µmol/(kg*h) [1,2‐13C2]glycine before and after a 28‐d dietary vitamin B‐6 restriction. Plasma glucose was analyzed by positive chemical ionization gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry following preparation of glucose aldonitrile pentaacetate derivatives. This infusion protocol yields glycine M+2 enrichment of 5.2 mole % excess (MPE), with serine M+1 and serine M+2 enrichment of 0.7 and 1.4 MPE, respectively. Plasma glucose M+1 enrichment in this protocol was approximately 0.4 MPE. Investigation is underway to determine glucose synthesis rates and evaluate the effect of vitamin B‐6 status on gluconeogenesis. Supported by NIH grant DK072398 and GCRC grant M01‐RR00082.

Grant Funding Source

NIH
Enrichment of broccoli and tomato with bioactive components: effects on bioactivity markers in vivo
Authors: Volker Sonja E. , Liu Ann G. , Erdman John W. , Jeffery Elizabeth H.
Published: June 2021

Several bioactive components isolated from cruciferous vegetables and tomatoes exhibit anti‐cancer properties. To evaluate their bioactivity within the vegetable matrix, male Copenhagen rats were fed diets supplemented with 10% broccoli or tomato powders containing different levels of bioactives for 7 days. Indole‐3‐carbinol‐rich broccoli increased hepatic ethoxyresorufin‐O‐deethylase (EROD) and quinone reductase activity (QR) 1.4 and 1.3‐fold, respectively, and colon QR 1.6‐fold. Sulforaphane‐rich broccoli sprouts increased QR 1.9‐fold in liver and 2.3‐fold in colon, but showed no EROD induction. Selenium‐rich broccoli induced hepatic EROD 1.8‐fold; QR was elevated 2.2 and 1.8‐fold in liver and colon, respectively. No changes in EROD or QR were observed with low or high‐carotenoid, or high‐lycopene tomato diets. Serum testosterone and steroid 5‐alpha reductase 1 and 2 mRNA did not change with any dietary treatment. High‐lycopene tomato and regular broccoli diets decreased glutathione S‐transferase P1 (GSTP1) mRNA. These data show that enrichment of broccoli, but not tomato, with bioactive components enhances detoxification enzymes, whereas both vegetables decrease expression of GSTP1, a biomarker of chemopreventive action. Supported by the Illinois Council on Food and Agricultural Research, CF071‐006‐4‐SEN.
Cancer Prevention of Anthocyanins in the Purple Sweetpotato bred in Kansas
Authors: Lim Soyoung , Provenzano Kacey , Gehrt Genna , Wang Weiqun(George) , Iwamato Takeo , Carey Edward
Published: June 2021

Anthocyanins are versatile and plentiful flavonoid pigments that account for the purple color in may plant foods such as red grapes, berries, red cabbages, and purple sweetpotato. Although anthocyanins have been epidemiologically associated with reduced cancer risk, the anticancer ability of the purple sweetpotato has not been well investigated. Considering the high contents of anthocyanin in the purple sweetpotato, we have bred purple‐fleshed sweetpotato cultivars using seeds from controlled crosses provided by the International Potato Center in Lima, Peru. Over 2000 seedlings from four full‐sib progenies cultured at the John C. Pair Horticulture Research Center, Kansas, have been segregated by multiple traits based upon flesh pigmentation and fiber contents. We and determined the prominent anthocyanin contents by HPLC‐MS, including cyanidin 3‐sophoroside‐5‐glucoside (m/z 774), p‐hydroxybenzoylated cyanidin 3‐sophoroside‐5‐glucoside (m/z 894), caffeoylated cyanidin 3‐sophoroside‐5‐glucoside (m/z 908), and peonidin 3‐(6,6′‐caffeoyl‐p‐hydroxybenzoylsophoroside)‐5‐glucoside (m/z 1055). Furthermore, the selected purple sweetpotato extracts with high levels of anthocyanins have been assessed in the human colon cancer SW480 cells for potential anticancer mechanisms. Better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may provide scientific evidence and health benefits of purple sweetpotato grown in Kansas.
New screening for photoprotective compounds using zebrafish as a vertebrate model. Validation with PPL‐240
Authors: Rodriguez‐Martin Ivan , Araujo‐Bazan Lidia , Palacios Lucia , Guinea Joaquin , Reyes Eduardo , Gonzalez Salvador , Acebo Paloma
Published: June 2021

Skin overexposure to UVR leads to photodamage (sunburn, photoaging, immune suppression and skin cancer). Cells culture models have been mostly used to perform studies of radiation cytotoxicity; however, the response of cells under culture conditions does not reflect the response of a whole organism. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) has increased its importance as a vertebrate model both for toxicology assays and screening of therapeutic agents, due to its transparency, fast development and easiness to handle. Using this zebrafish model, a new screening for photoprotective compounds has been developed. The photoprotective effect of Polypodium leucotomos extract (PPL‐240) has been investigated besides Trolox and vit C. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to UVB radiation, with or without previous incubation with the compounds. Irradiated embryos treated with the different compounds were compared with those untreated by evaluating the morphological abnormalities and viability up to 48 hpf. Our results, showing an increase in the viability and a decrease in the number of malformed embryos, of the PPL‐240 and Trolox treated irradiated embryos, seem to validate the use of zebrafish model to determine the effects of UVB radiation in terms of oxidation and photodamage. This new approach provides a useful, rapid and easily to perform method to detect photoprotection properties of natural extracts and other compounds.
Provision of a 100% vegetable juice beverage improves health outcomes, including weight loss, in a metabolic syndrome population given DASH diet counseling
Authors: Reeves Rebecca , Foreyt John P , Poston Walker SC , Haddock C K , Kazaks Alexandra G , Holt Roberta R , Shenoy Sonia F , Keen Carl L
Published: June 2021

Programs aimed at improving vegetable intake have had limited success. In this randomized controlled trial we tested whether providing a vegetable juice product, in addition to DASH diet counseling, would increase vegetable intake and improve health parameters in people with metabolic syndrome. Participants were assigned to 0, 1 or 2 cups of low sodium (LS) vegetable juice/day. Primary outcomes for the 12‐week trial included body weight and vegetable intake. Demographics were distributed evenly across groups (mean age=49.8±6.9 years, 72% female, 84% minority). General Linear Models with repeated measures were used to examine changes in weight in both completers (n=60; 74%) and intention‐to‐treat models (ITT). Vegetable juice consumption resulted in a significant increase in daily vegetable intake (p<0.001), which was low at baseline in all groups. Completers consuming vegetable juice lost more weight compared to those receiving only diet counseling (‐1.8±2.7kg vs. ‐0.6±2.7kg; p=0.02 after adjustment for confounders). ITT models also showed greater weight loss among juice consumers (p=0.03). Leptin levels decreased in the vegetable groups parallel to weight loss (p=0.04). These results show that provision of a tangible food, in this case 100% LS vegetable juice, improved health outcomes in a high risk population compared to diet counseling alone. Research funding in part from Campbell Soup Company.
Evaluation of purslane on selective cardiovascular biomarkers in liver and heart tissue of hamsters
Authors: Dawkins Norma L , Williams Tiffany A. , Pace Ralphenia D
Published: June 2021

Many traditional vegetables consumed by African Americans contain cardio‐protective nutrients that may reduce risk associated with CVD. This study evaluated the effectiveness of purslane on liver and heart lipids, vitamin E, vitamin C, and glutathione peroxidase. Lipid values, vitamin C and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined using diagnostic kits and vitamin E was determined using HPLC. Sixty Golden Syrian hamsters were fed diets containing two levels of fat [12% & 45%] and purslane [2% and 4%]. A total of six diets were fed including two controls, a low and high fat. Data was analyzed using ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test.

In liver and heart tissues, total cholesterol, LDL‐C and triacylglycerols (TAGs) significantly decreased in low and high fat diets containing both levels of purslane (P< 0.05) and HDL‐C increased. Vitamin E significantly increased in animals fed the normal and high fat diets, supplemented with low and high purslane. The levels of GPx increased (P< 0.02) in animals fed the high fat high purslane diet compared to the control and low purslane group. Liver ascorbic decreased in the normal and high fat diet compared to the control. The results from this study indicate that consumption of purslane may selectively decrease CVD risks by increasing vitamin E and HDL levels and decreasing athrogenic lipids.
Effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) juice consumption on cardiovascular and inflammatory markers in male participants
Authors: Murphy‐Walsh Gina , Gottschall‐Pass Katherine , Sweeney‐Nixon Marva
Published: June 2021

Wild blueberries are rich in antioxidants and may offer a novel approach to treat heart disease due to anti‐inflammatory properties. Thus, this study examined the effect of human consumption of wild blueberry juice on markers of cardiovascular disease. Fourteen middle‐aged men with cardiovascular risk factors consumed wild blueberry juice for 3 weeks in a single‐blind, randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover intervention trial (with a 2‐week washout). Exclusion criteria included use of lipid‐altering medications or history of inflammatory disease. Compliance was monitored using 3‐day food records. Fasting blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of each treatment period, and serum analyzed. In general, results were not statistically significant. However there were trends toward an increase in adiponectin, and a decrease in serum glucose (p=0.075) and insulin concentrations in the treatment group. Insulin resistance, estimated using the homeostasis model assessment, decreased in the treatment group whereas it increased in the placebo group. Also, blueberry lowered levels of inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, CRP, TNFα (p=0.081)). These results suggest that dietary blueberry may exhibit cardio‐protective properties in men. However, more studies with a greater sample size and longer treatment time are needed to further define efficacy and dose. [Funded by PEI WBGA and AIF]
Involvement of HIF‐1 Pathway in Regulation of p27/kip1 and p21/cip1 by Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant
Authors: KIM Jong‐Sang , Quintos Lesley , LEE In Ae , LIM Ji‐Sun , SEO Ji‐Yeon , KIM Hak Ryul , Sung Mi‐Kyung , Yoon Park Jung Han
Published: June 2021

Our previous proteomic study showed that oxidative stress to HT29 human colon cancer cells suppressed expression of p27/kip1 and p21 while cotreatment with delphinidin, an antioxidant, restored the normal level or enhanced their expression. Current study was conducted to confirm the regulation of these proteins using in vivo system. ICR mice were injected with varying concentrations of hydrogen peroxide, delphinidin and both. Western blot analysis for the mouse large intestinal tissue showed that both p27/kip1 and p21 expression was downregulated by hydrogen peroxide in a dose dependent manner, but was enhanced by combined treatment with hydrogen peroxide and delphinidin. Same results were observed using HCT 116 cells. Furthermore, suppression of cell proliferation by delphinidin appears to be associated with enhanced expression of p27/kip1 and p21, two major components responsible for cell cycle arrest. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the levels of these proteins are modulated by C‐myc activity via regulation of HIF‐1 level which is, in turn, governed by its upstream regulators comprising of mTOR/AkT/PI3K signaling pathway. In conclusion, HIF‐1alpha appears to play an important role in the regulation of cell cycle regulator proteins, and thereby may be a good target for cancer prevention.
Formylated Peptide Receptor Mediated Commensal‐Epithelial Signaling
Authors: Wentworth Christy Colleen , Jones Rheinallt , Nusrat Asma , Neish Andrew
Published: June 2021

Commensal bacteria and/or their products engender beneficial effects on the mammalian gut, including promotion of homeostatic cellular turnover and enhanced wound healing. These bacteria have also been shown to activate the pro‐growth ERK signaling pathway, while having no stimulatory effects on the pro‐inflammatory NFkappaB or JNK pathways. Here we examine a mechanism by which luminal commensal bacteria activate gut epithelial ERK signaling. Polarized model epithelial cells (T84) were apically incubated with a panel of commensal bacteria for up to 30 min. All commensal bacteria tested potently induced ERK phosphorylation, but not IkappaB or JNK phosphorylation. This specific phosphorylation of ERK was recapitulated using apical purified bacterial peptide N‐formyl‐Met‐Leu‐Phe (fMLF). Host cells perceive fMLF via formylated peptide receptors (FPR) located on the apical surface of gut epithelial cells. Apical commensal or fMLF treatment resulted in the activation of FPR. Also, pretreatment of model epithelia with BOC2 (a specific peptide antagonist) or pertussis toxin (a Gi‐protein inhibitor) abolished commensal mediated ERK phosphorylation. Together, these data show that commensal bacteria specifically activate the pro‐growth ERK pathway in an FPR dependent manner, and suggests a mechanism by which commensal bacteria contributes to gut epithelial cellular turnover.
Nitric oxide and cytokine release induced by goat milk: nutraceutical application to human immune response modulation
Authors: Jirillo Emilio , Cianciulli Antonia , Jirillo Felicita , D'Alessandro Angela Gabriella , Magrone Thea , Martemucci Giovanni , Panaro Maria Antonietta
Published: June 2021

Goat milk has been used in the diet as an alternative to bovine milk, but little is known about its properties on the immune system. The aim of this work was to investigate the effects of three different types of goat milks on the in vitro responses by normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We used commercial goat milk (Amalattea) and goat milks from two different Apulia locations in Italy (Jonica and Saanen). PBMC were stimulated for 24 hrs with milk alone or in presence of Escherichia coli LPS to evaluate the nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine release. Results demonstrated that goat milks‐treated PBMC exhibited greater NO levels when compared to untreated cells. NO levels resulted significantly higher vs samples treated with LPS alone. The commercial milk was able to induce higher amounts of NO in comparison to the other two. As far as cytokine response is concerned, Th1 response was not observed since IFN‐gamma and IL‐2 were secreted in negligible amounts. Release of IL‐4, IL‐13 and IL‐5 indicates a polarization of immune response toward the Th2 type. Production of IL‐10 and TGF‐beta justified inhibition of Th1 response and low production of TNF‐alpha. IL‐17a and IL‐6 were not released at all, whereas G‐CSF generation supports the concept of a robust inflammatory response elicited by all milks. Overall, these results demonstrate that goat milks may exert immunostimulating activities suggesting their therapeutic potential in the prevention of chronic disease.

Work supported by a grant of "INTERREG III/A ‐ Greece‐Italy".