bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WOMEN'S AUTONOMY AND UNINTENDED PREGNANCIES IN THE PHILIPPINES
Authors: ABADA TERESA , TENKORANG ERIC Y.
Published: September 2012

To date, very few studies have examined what contributes to unwanted and mistimed births in the Philippines. In a country where women have higher educational levels than their male counterparts, and their status is among the highest in Asia, it is expected that unwanted births will be low. The evidence, however, points to the contrary as 44% of births reported in the last five years were unintended. Using the 2003 Philippines National Demographic and Health Survey, this article focuses on married women who are currently pregnant and those who had given birth in the last five years. Multinomial logistic regression is employed to ascertain the risks of a recent birth/pregnancy being unwanted, mistimed or wanted. Regardless of women's status, having a final say in household and sexual matters with husbands lowers the risk of unwanted births but not mistimed births, calling into question the use of status variables such as education and wealth as indicators of women's autonomy. The success of implementing family planning programmes and policies in reducing unintended pregnancies underscores the importance of understanding how women are able (or unable) to make decisions surrounding their reproductive intentions.
An Anti-Urban Education? Work Camps and Ideals of the Land in Interwar Britain
Authors: FIELD JOHN
Published: September 2012

This article examines the role of work camp movements in developing rural critiques of urban living in interwar Britain. A variety of work camp movements flourished in Europe during the interwar years, often partly as a reaction against urbanisation, and this paper explores the ways in which three such movements developed the work camp as a means of countering the socialising influences of city life. Yet while all of the interwar British work camps were located in the countryside, they varied in the extent to which they tried to promote rural values and orientations among their trainees. We can see the work camp as a liminal pedagogic space, designed to lead trainees to particular educational outcomes, using techniques and methods that focused on bodily change as well as cognitive development.
Modulation of equatorial turbulence by a tropical instability wave
Authors: Inoue R. , Lien R.‐C. , Moum J. N.
Published: September 2012

Strong modulation of turbulent mixing by a westward‐propagating tropical instability wave (TIW) was observed in the stratified shear layer between the equatorial undercurrent (EUC) and the surface mixed layer during October and November 2008 at 0°N 140°W. The unique deep diurnal‐cycle mixing in the stratified layer beneath the equatorial cold tongue was observed where nighttime turbulent mixing was a factor of 10 greater than during daytime. The turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate, ε, was Ο(10−6) W kg−1, and the turbulent heat flux was ∼−500 W m−2, at least 5–10 times greater than observed previously in the central equatorial Pacific. Turbulence mixing varied significantly during the four distinct phases of the meridional flow associated with the TIW. Observations during the northward‐to‐southward transition recorded the largest values of reduced shear squared, the thickest nighttime surface mixed layer, the deepest penetration of the deep‐cycle turbulence, and the largest turbulent heat flux and largest integrated ε in the deep‐cycle layer (DCL). During steady southward flow, the depth of the bases of the nighttime surface mixed layer and of the DCL were the shallowest. A 50‐m‐thick layer of strong turbulence was observed immediately above the EUC core during the northward‐to‐southward and steady southward phases. Here, the average ε exceeded 10−6 W kg−1, the eddy diffusivity exceeded 10−3 m2 s−1, and the turbulent heat flux was ∼−500 W m−2. To parameterize mixing in the central equatorial Pacific accurately, numerical models must simulate the enhancement of mixing associated with TIWs and also the variability of mixing in different TIW phases.
Infrasonic waves generated by supersonic auroral arcs
Authors: Pasko Victor P.
Published: September 2012

A finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) model of infrasound propagation in a realistic atmosphere is used to provide quantitative interpretation of infrasonic waves produced by auroral arcs moving with supersonic speed. The Lorentz force and Joule heating are discussed in the existing literature as primary sources producing infrasound waves in the frequency range 0.1–0.01 Hz associated with the auroral electrojet. The results are consistent with original ideas of Swift (1973) and demonstrate that the synchronization of the speed of auroral arc and phase speed of the acoustic wave in the electrojet volume is an important condition for generation of magnitudes and frequency contents of infrasonic waves observable on the ground. The reported modeling also allows accurate quantitative reproduction of previously observed complex infrasonic waveforms including direct shock and reflected shockwaves, which are refracted back to the earth by the thermosphere.
Can solar wind viscous drag account for coronal mass ejection deceleration?
Authors: Subramanian Prasad , Lara Alejandro , Borgazzi Andrea
Published: September 2012

The forces acting on solar Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) in the interplanetary medium have been evaluated so far in terms of an empirical drag coefficient CD ∼ 1 that quantifies the role of the aerodynamic drag experienced by a typical CME due to its interaction with the ambient solar wind. We use a microphysical prescription for viscosity in the turbulent solar wind to obtain an analytical model for the drag coefficient CD. This is the first physical characterization of the aerodynamic drag experienced by CMEs. We use this physically motivated prescription for CD in a simple, 1D model for CME propagation to obtain velocity profiles and travel times that agree well with observations of deceleration experienced by fast CMEs.
Relationship between 3He/4He ratios and subduction of the Philippine Sea plate beneath southwest Japan
Authors: Umeda Koji , Kusano Tomohiro , Asamori Koichi , McCrank Glen F.
Published: September 2012

Regional and local variations in mantle helium provide insight into the coupling of mantle‐crust tectonics, and heat and/or mass transfer from the Earth's interior. In order to further elucidate the geographic distribution of3He/4He ratios in southwest Japan, the data from a total of 924 sites were compiled and synthesized. These include data from 48 additional hot spring and drinking water well sites on the northern Kyushu Island and in the northern Chugoku region. There appears to be good correlation between variations in helium isotope ratios and the geophysical evidence used to determine the configuration of the subducting Philippine Sea plate (PHS). Seismological studies reveal that the leading edge of the aseismic slab does not extend to the northern Chugoku region nor to the Osaka Bay area, where gas samples with significantly elevated 3He/4He ratios occur. This is consistent with a mantle‐derived helium in these areas, from melts and/or mantle fluids ascribed to upwelling asthenosphere without being hindered by the descending PHS slab. In contrast, gas samples in the regions where the overriding crust comes into direct contact with the subducting PHS are dominated by radiogenic helium derived from the crust because of the absence of a mantle wedge, the most plausible source of mantle helium. Owing to the abrupt changes in the seismicity and focal mechanisms of intraplate earthquakes, the PHS is considered to have slab tears beneath the Kii Channel and/or the eastern Kii Peninsula oriented in a NW‐SE direction. However, the lenear alignment of anomalously high3He/4He ratios does not appear to be NW‐SE trending along the assumed slab tears but rather forms an broad, ENE‐WSW trending zone between the tears where low‐frequency events occur. The emanation of gas with elevated3He/4He ratios in the central peninsula can be explained by the upward mobilization of mantle volatiles derived from the mantle wedge above the PHS and/or transferred from the hydrated slab mantle through the N‐S trending fractured medium within the PHS. Accordingly, the helium isotopes observed on the Earth's surface may be efficient geochemical indicators of the configuration of a relatively younger, warm aseismic slab, and be especially useful in seismically inactive areas.
Heat flow in vapor dominated areas of the Yellowstone Plateau Volcanic Field: Implications for the thermal budget of the Yellowstone Caldera
Authors: Hurwitz Shaul , Harris Robert N. , Werner Cynthia A. , Murphy Fred
Published: September 2012

Characterizing the vigor of magmatic activity in Yellowstone requires knowledge of the mechanisms and rates of heat transport between magma and the ground surface. We present results from a heat flow study in two vapor dominated, acid‐sulfate thermal areas in the Yellowstone Caldera, the 0.11 km2 Obsidian Pool Thermal Area (OPTA) and the 0.25 km2 Solfatara Plateau Thermal Area (SPTA). Conductive heat flux through a low permeability layer capping large vapor reservoirs is calculated from soil temperature measurements at >600 locations and from laboratory measurements of soil properties. The conductive heat output is 3.6 ± 0.4 MW and 7.5 ± 0.4 MW from the OPTA and the SPTA, respectively. The advective heat output from soils is 1.3 ± 0.3 MW and 1.2 ± 0.3 MW from the OPTA and the SPTA, respectively and the heat output from thermal pools in the OPTA is 6.8 ± 1.4 MW. These estimates result in a total heat output of 11.8 ± 1.4 MW and 8.8 ± 0.4 MW from OPTA and SPTA, respectively. Focused zones of high heat flux in both thermal areas are roughly aligned with regional faults suggesting that faults in both areas serve as conduits for the rising acid vapor. Extrapolation of the average heat flux from the OPTA (103 ± 2 W·m−2) and SPTA (35 ± 3 W·m−2) to the ∼35 km2 of vapor dominated areas in Yellowstone yields 3.6 and 1.2 GW, respectively, which is less than the total heat output transported by steam from the Yellowstone Caldera as estimated by the chloride inventory method (4.0 to 8.0 GW).
A global morphology of gravity wave activity in the stratosphere revealed by the 8‐year SABER/TIMED data
Authors: Zhang Y. , Xiong J. , Liu L. , Wan W.
Published: September 2012

From 8 years' SABER/TIMED temperature profiles between January 2002 and December 2009, we studied the activity of gravity waves in the stratosphere globally. Global distribution of stratospheric gravity wave potential energy was calculated from the temperature perturbations. Seasonal comparison of gravity wave potential energy Ep shows an annual variation in middle and high latitudes and a semiannual variation in the tropics. Around the equator, gravity wave interannual enhancements are identified just below the zonal wind zero (u = 0) contours corresponding to descending eastward shear phase of the QBO. Furthermore, we provide observation evidence to support the conclusion that the deep convection is a major source for the observed tropical gravity wave activity. The considerable longitude variations of largest potential energy around the equator are related not only to the specific topography and tropical convections but also to many other factors. We can infer that topography and tropical deep convection are the important sources of the gravity waves in the stratosphere, but the observed gravity waves in the tropical/subtropical stratosphere are strongly affected by winds with different QBO phases.
Spatial patterns of soil n‐alkaneδD values on the Tibetan Plateau: Implications for monsoon boundaries and paleoelevation reconstructions
Authors: Bai Yan , Fang Xiaomin , Tian Qian
Published: September 2012

Between 2010 and 2011, this project collected and analyzed forty‐nine superficial soil samples, for wax‐derivedn‐alkaneδD values (δDwax), along a south to north transect of the Tibetan Plateau, from the southern Plateau and Nepalese Himalayas, passing through the Nam Co basin, to Qilian Mountains. Twenty‐two paired river water samples were also collected from northeastern Tibet during this period and analyzed forδD (δDRW). The δDRW and δDwaxvalues become progressively more negative northward from ∼27.5°N, and reach a minimum at ∼30.6°N (Nam Co basin). North of the Nam Co basin, to 35°N, isotope values increase, due to increasing contributions from the year‐round westerlies and recycled moisture from the Plateau. Relatively high and constantδDwax and δDRW values prevail in areas north of ∼35°N in northeastern Tibet. Results show that these δDwaxvalues vary considerably with location and relate closely to the influences of the summer monsoon and circulation changes. These changes track the spatial variability of isotopes from modern river water and precipitation at large spatial scales. Paleoelevation reconstructions should take into account the impact of mixing between continental and monsoon‐derived moisture on the relationships with elevation andδDwax (and linear isotopic lapse rates) for central northeastern Tibet. Based on extended and more sensitive (relative to δ18O) δDwax and δDRW values, we infer that in the past the westerlies reached further south, to the north piedmont of the Nyainqentanglha Range, and that Indian Summer Monsoon moisture pushes across the Tanggula Mountains and approaches the Kunlun Mountains.
Optimized regional and interannual variability of lightning in a global chemical transport model constrained by LIS/OTD satellite data
Authors: Murray Lee T. , Jacob Daniel J. , Logan Jennifer A. , Hudman Rynda C. , Koshak William J.
Published: September 2012

Nitrogen oxides (NOx ≡ NO + NO2) produced by lightning make a major contribution to the global production of tropospheric ozone and OH. Lightning distributions inferred from standard convective parameterizations in global chemical transport models (CTMs) fail to reproduce observations from the Lightning Imaging Sensor (LIS) and the Optical Transient Detector (OTD) satellite instruments. We present an optimal regional scaling algorithm for CTMs to fit the lightning NOxsource to the satellite lightning data in a way that preserves the coupling to deep convective transport. We show that applying monthly scaling factors over ∼37 regions globally significantly improves the tropical ozone simulation in the GEOS‐Chem CTM as compared to a simulation unconstrained by the satellite data and performs equally well to a simulation with local scaling. The coarse regional scaling preserves sufficient statistics in the satellite data to constrain the interannual variability (IAV) of lightning. After processing the LIS data to remove their diurnal sampling bias, we construct a monthly time series of lightning flash rates for 1998–2010 and 35°S–35°N. We find a correlation of IAV in total tropical lightning with El Niño but not with the solar cycle or the quasi‐biennial oscillation. The global lightning NOxsource ± IAV standard deviation in GEOS‐Chem is 6.0 ± 0.5 Tg N yr−1, compared to 5.5 ± 0.8 Tg N yr−1 for the biomass burning source. Lightning NOx could have a large influence on the IAV of tropospheric ozone because it is released in the upper troposphere where ozone production is most efficient.
On the quantification of oceanic rainfall using spaceborne sensors
Authors: Behrangi Ali , Lebsock Matthew , Wong Sun , Lambrigtsen Bjorn
Published: September 2012

Much of our knowledge about oceanic rainfall comes from spaceborne sensors. These sensors provide direct or indirect information used for precipitation retrievals through various algorithms. A thorough understanding of rain frequency and intensity and its regional distribution, which is especially important in a warming climate, requires an evaluation of the performance of rain‐measuring sensors and identification of strengths and limitations offered by each sensor. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) has enabled significant advancement in quantification of moderate to intense rainfall. However, a common limitation of the current suite of rain‐measuring sensors is their lack of sensitivity to light rainfall, especially over subtropical and high‐latitude oceans. Among various spaceborne sensors, CloudSat enables superior retrieval of light rainfall and drizzle. By using 3 years (2007–2009) of rainfall data from CloudSat and the precipitation radar aboard TRMM, it was determined that the quasi‐global (60°S–60°N) oceanic mean rain rate is about 3.05 mm/d, considerably larger than that obtained from any individual sensor product. In the deep tropics, especially within 20°S–20°N, the sensors show the highest agreement, with a large fraction of total rain volume captured by the majority of sensors. However, toward higher latitudes and within the subtropical high‐pressure regions, a significant fraction of rainfall, which can exceed 50% or more of total rain volume, is missed by the majority of the sensors.
Major‐element abundances on the surface of Mercury: Results from the MESSENGER Gamma‐Ray Spectrometer
Authors: Evans Larry G. , Peplowski Patrick N. , Rhodes Edgar A. , Lawrence David J. , McCoy Timothy J. , Nittler Larry R. , Solomon Sean C. , Sprague Ann L. , Stockstill‐Cahill Karen R. , Starr Richard D. , Weider Shoshana Z. , Boynton William V. , Hamara David K. , Goldsten John O.
Published: September 2012

Orbital gamma‐ray measurements obtained by the MESSENGER spacecraft have been analyzed to determine the abundances of the major elements Al, Ca, S, Fe, and Na on the surface of Mercury. The Si abundance was determined and used to normalize those of the other reported elements. The Na analysis provides the first abundance estimate of 2.9 ± 0.1 wt% for this element on Mercury's surface. The other elemental results (S/Si = 0.092 ± 0.015, Ca/Si = 0.24 ± 0.05, and Fe/Si = 0.077 ± 0.013) are consistent with those previously obtained by the MESSENGER X‐Ray Spectrometer, including the high sulfur and low iron abundances. Because of different sampling depths for the two techniques, this agreement indicates that Mercury's regolith is, on average, homogenous to a depth of tens of centimeters. The elemental results from gamma‐ray and X‐ray spectrometry are most consistent with petrologic models suggesting that Mercury's surface is dominated by Mg‐rich silicates. We also compare the results with those obtained during the MESSENGER flybys and with ground‐based observations of Mercury's surface and exosphere.
Notch signalling inhibits the adipogenic differentiation of single‐cell‐derived mesenchymal stem cell clones isolated from human adipose tissue
Authors: Osathanon Thanaphum , Subbalekha Keskanya , Sastravaha Panunn , Pavasant Prasit
Published: September 2012

ADSCs (adipose‐derived mesenchymal stem cells) are candidate adult stem cells for regenerative medicine. Notch signalling participates in the differentiation of a heterogeneous ADSC population. We have isolated, human adipose tissue‐derived single‐cell clones using a cloning ring technique and characterized for their stem cell characteristics. The role of Notch signalling in the differentiation capacity of these adipose‐derived single‐cell‐clones has also been investigated. All 14 clones expressed embryonic and mesenchymal stem cell marker genes. These clones could differentiate into both osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. However, the differentiation potential of each clone was different. Low adipogenic clones had significantly higher mRNA expression levels of Notch 2, 3 and 4, Jagged1, as well as Delta1, compared with those of high adipogenic clones. In contrast, no changes in expression of Notch signalling component mRNA between low and high osteogenic clones was found. Notch receptor mRNA expression decreased with the adipogenic differentiation of both low and high adipogenic clones. The γ‐secretase inhibitor, DAPT (N‐[N‐(3,5‐difluorophenacetyl)‐l‐alanyl]‐(S)‐phenylglycine t‐butyl ester), enhanced adipogenic differentiation. Correspondingly, cells seeded on a Notch ligand (Jagged1) bound surface showed lower intracellular lipid accumulation. These results were noted in both low and high adipogenic clones, indicating that Notch signalling inhibited the adipogenic differentiation of adipose ADSC clones, and could be used to identify an adipogenic susceptible subpopulation for soft‐tissue augmentation application.
Feasibility study for mega-electron-volt electron beam tomography
Authors: Hampel U. , Bärtling Y. , Hoppe D. , Kuksanov N. , Fadeev S. , Salimov R.
Published: September 2012

Electron beam tomography is a promising imaging modality for the study of fast technical processes. But for many technical objects of interest x rays of several hundreds of keV energy are required to achieve sufficient material penetration. In this article we report on a feasibility study for fast electron beam computed tomography with a 1 MeV electron beam. The experimental setup comprises an electrostatic accelerator with beam optics, transmission target, and a single x-ray detector. We employed an inverse fan-beam tomography approach with radiographic projections being generated from the linearly moving x-ray source. Angular projections were obtained by rotating the object.
Growth mechanisms of ZnO(0001) investigated using the first-principles calculation
Authors: Fujiwara Katsutoshi , Ishii Akira , Abe Tomoki , Ando Koshi
Published: September 2012

We investigated the dynamics of zinc (Zn) and oxygen (O) adsorbed atoms (adatoms) on a Zn-polar ZnO(0001) surface using the first-principles calculation. The results of the first-principles calculation revealed that a high-quality ZnO crystalline growth condition is induced by wurtzite structure packing under a Zn-rich growth condition using a Zn-polar ZnO(0001) surface. However, it was shown that an O adatom is not sufficient to promote surface atomic diffusion. For high-quality ZnO crystal, promoting surface diffusion of adatoms using high temperature is important.
Nanoparticle magnetization measurements by a high sensitive nano-superconducting quantum interference device
Authors: Russo R. , Granata C. , Esposito E. , Peddis D. , Cannas C. , Vettoliere A.
Published: September 2012

A high sensitive nano superconducting quantum interference device (nanoSQUID) operating as a magnetic flux to critical current transducer with a suitable feedback circuit is employed to measure the magnetization of ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. An improved SQUID responsivity has been obtained by using a loop inductance asymmetry. Iron oxide nanoparticles having a mean diameter of 8 nm have been excited by applying a polarizing field in the plane of the nanoSQUID loop. The field dependence of the nanoparticle magnetization at T = 4.2 K shows magnetic hysteresis. Magnetic relaxation measurements are reported and compared with those obtained by using a commercial measurement system.
Modified threshold of two-photon-pumped random lasing of ZnO nanorods by femtosecond laser ablation
Authors: Dai Jun , Fu Zhi-Cheng , Lan Sheng , Wan Xia , Tie Shao-Long , Trofimov Vyacheslav A. , Lysak Tatiana M.
Published: September 2012

We investigated systematically the modification of the two-photon-pumped random lasing (TPPRL) behavior of ZnO nanorods through femtosecond (fs) laser ablation. The excitation wavelength dependence of the TPPRL behavior of ZnO nanorods was measured and the threshold of TPPRL before and after fs laser ablation was compared. With increasing excitation wavelength, a rapid increase in the threshold of TPPRL was observed at ∼720 nm and it offers us the opportunity to significantly modify the two-photon luminescence from ZnO nanorods by fs laser ablation. The excitation wavelength dependence of the threshold was attributed to the wavelength dependence of the mean free path of photons in ZnO nanorods. When the fs laser ablation was carried out at 720 nm, it was found that the improvement in TPPRL could be achieved at excitation wavelengths longer than 620 nm while the TPPRL behavior became deteriorated for excitation wavelengths shorter than 620 nm. If the ablation and characterization wavelengths were chosen to be the same, then no obvious change was found for wavelengths shorter than 680 nm. However, a significant improvement in TPPRL could still be observed at 720 nm. The effects of ablation time and ablation method on the TPPRL behavior were also studied. It was revealed that the reduction in the threshold and the enhancement in the internal quantum efficiency could be realized by increasing ablation time and using continuous ablation. The results presented in this paper will be useful for the modification of the TPPRL behavior of random lasing media.
Modifications of magnetic anisotropy and magnetization reversal in [Co0.4 nm/Pd0.7 nm]50 multilayers induced by 10 keV-He ion bombardment
Authors: Ehresmann Arno , Hellwig Olav , Buhl Oliver , David Müglich Nicolas , Weis Tanja , Engel Dieter
Published: September 2012

[Co0.4 nm/Pd0.7 nm]50 multilayers with Pd film thicknesses in the first ferromagnetic maximum of interlayer exchange coupling display almost purely perpendicular-to-plane anisotropy and labyrinth stripe domain patterns in remanence. Their magnetization reversal is characterized by domain nucleation starting at a defined field HN and domain wall movement in a defined magnetic field range. The modification of the magnetization reversal by 10 keV He ion bombardment due to the reduced magnetic anisotropy has been investigated by polar magneto-optical Kerr effect, by vibrating sample magnetometry, and by magnetic force microscopy at room temperature. It is shown that the ion bombardment creates and increases areas with ferromagnetic in-plane anisotropy and proportions of the sample showing superparamagnetism, the latter predominantly in the deeper layers.
Optical properties of hybrid quantum dot/quantum well active region based on GaAs system
Authors: Thoma Jiri , Ochalski Tomasz J. , Hugues Maxime , Zhang Shiyong , Hegarty Stephen P. , Huyet Guillaume
Published: September 2012

We experimentally investigate the optical properties of a novel hybrid material/structure consisting of a GaInNAs quantum well and stacked InAs/InGaAs quantum dot layers on GaAs substrate. We demonstrate that the strong quantum confined Stark effect within the quantum well can effectively control well-dot detuning when reverse bias voltage is applied. With a combination of low- and room-temperature time resolved luminescence spectra we infer device absorption recovery time under 30 ps. These properties could be utilized in high-speed optoelectronics devices, in particular electro-absorption modulated lasers and reconfigurable multisection devices, where the hybrid quantum dots – quantum well material system could offer easily and rapidly interchangeable function, i.e., emission gain or variable attenuation, of each section depending on the external bias.
High sensitivity SQUID-detection and feedback-cooling of an ultrasoft microcantilever
Authors: Vinante A. , Kirste A. , den Haan A. , Usenko O. , Wijts G. , Jeffrey E. , Sonin P. , Bouwmeester D. , Oosterkamp T. H.
Published: September 2012

We measure the motion of an ultrasoft cantilever, carrying a ferromagnetic particle, by means of a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). In our scheme, the cantilever motion modulates the magnetic flux in the SQUID due to the coupling with the magnetic particle. For the cantilever fundamental mode, cooled to temperatures below 100 mK, we achieve a dimensionless coupling factor as large as 0.07, displacement sensitivity of 200 fm/Hz, and subattonewton force sensitivity. We demonstrate the outstanding combination of very low displacement and force noise by feedback-cooling the cantilever mode to an effective mode temperature of 160 μK.
Efficient physical-thermal model for thermal effects in AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors
Authors: Rousseau M. , Soltani A. , De Jaeger J. C.
Published: September 2012

This letter describes the thermal behavior of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors on different substrates thanks to a fully consistent physical-thermal model. Self-heating explains the drastic reduction in the current flowing from drain to source. It is shown that, in order to keep the material from significantly degrading at the gate exit, the maximum dissipated power must be limited to 7 W/mm, 13 W/mm, and 38 W/mm for silicon, silicon carbide, and diamond substrates, respectively. These results have been validated from experimental thermal measurements.
Influence of Additives on the Speciation, Morphology, and Nanocrystallinity of Aluminium Electrodeposition
Authors: Liu Lian , Lu Xingmei , Cai Yingjun , Zheng Yong , Zhang Suojiang
Published: September 2012

The effects of various additives, including alkali metal chlorides, rare earth chlorides, small organic molecules, and surfactants on the electrodeposition of aluminium were investigated. The analytical techniques of cyclic voltammetry, potentiostatic coulometry, scanning electron microscope, and X-ray diffraction were applied to determine the speciation, morphology, and nanocrystallinity. It was found that additives significantly influence the morphology and grain parameters of the aluminium deposits. Inorganic additives and macromolecular surfactants play a prominent role in altering the speciation of aluminium. Small organic molecules (including surfactants) with simple structures have almost no effect on the aluminium separation process, but have a role in densification and homogenisation. In addition, the grain size can be adjusted after adding various additives, and then nanocrystallinity can be achieved. In conclusion, the effect of additive on the aluminium deposit can be predicted by cyclic voltammetry, which is a clue for smart-design on technological conditions of aluminium electrodeposition.
Ionic Liquids for Lignin Processing: Dissolution, Isolation, and Conversion
Authors: Hossain Md. Mokarrom , Aldous Leigh
Published: September 2012

We present a review on the multifunctional use of ionic liquids with respect to lignin processing. In a biorefinery context, lignocellulosics could be used to provide sustainable sources of fuels such as bioethanol, and feedstock molecules for the chemical industry such as phenols and other aromatics. However, separation of lignin from cellulose and hemicellulose is a vital step. Ionic liquids can dissolve extensive quantities of biomass, and even be designed to be multifunctional solvents. We highlight the use of ionic liquids in selectively or non-selectively dissolving lignin, the depolymerization reactions that have been attempted on lignin in ionic liquids, and the effect ionic liquids have been observed to have on such processes. Finally, we present some of the challenges and issues that must be addressed before the informed and large-scale application of ionic liquids can be realized for lignin processing.
Effect of high temperature on the reproductive development of chickpea genotypes under controlled environments
Authors: Devasirvatham Viola , Gaur Pooran M. , Mallikarjuna Nalini , Tokachichu Raju N. , Trethowan Richard M. , Tan Daniel K. Y.
Published: September 2012

High temperature during the reproductive stage in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a major cause of yield loss. The objective of this research was to determine whether that variation can be explained by differences in anther and pollen development under heat stress: the effect of high temperature during the pre- and post-anthesis periods on pollen viability, pollen germination in a medium, pollen germination on the stigma, pollen tube growth and pod set in a heat-tolerant (ICCV 92944) and a heat-sensitive (ICC 5912) genotype was studied. The plants were evaluated under heat stress and non-heat stress conditions in controlled environments. High temperature stress (29/16°C to 40/25°C) was gradually applied at flowering to study pollen viability and stigma receptivity including flower production, pod set and seed number. This was compared with a non-stress treatment (27/16°C). The high temperatures reduced pod set by reducing pollen viability and pollen production per flower. The ICCV 92944 pollen was viable at 35/20°C (41% fertile) and at 40/25°C (13% fertile), whereas ICC 5912 pollen was completely sterile at 35/20°C with no in vitro germination and no germination on the stigma. However, the stigma of ICC 5912 remained receptive at 35/20°C and non-stressed pollen (27/16°C) germinated on it during reciprocal crossing. These data indicate that pollen grains were more sensitive to high temperature than the stigma in chickpea. High temperature also reduced pollen production per flower, % pollen germination, pod set and seed number.
Scat happens: spatiotemporal fluctuation in dingo scat collection rates
Authors: Allen Benjamin L.
Published: September 2012

The number of dingo (Canis lupus dingo and hybrids) scats collected from an area has been used as a measure of pack stability in order to make inferences about dingo pack structures and function. In doing so, some studies sampling different sites at different times/seasons have been forced to assume that scat collection rates vary little throughout the year in order to attribute observed site/treatment differences to the effect of interventions (e.g. lethal control), rather than natural spatiotemporal variation in scat densities. In this study, 4112 dingo scats systematically collected from adjacent dingo-baited and unbaited areas at three arid-zone sites on a regular basis over 2–4 years are used to test this assumption. Scat collection rates varied between treatments, sites and surveys, with substantial differences occurring within a few weeks or months. Similar temporal trends between treatments at each site demonstrated that scat collection rates fluctuated independently of dingo control. It was concluded that observations of different scat collection rates between different sites sampled at different times may simply reflect normal spatiotemporal variability in scat densities, which may not reflect absolute dingo abundance.
Biases in long-term location memory in the real world
Authors: Sampaio Cristina , Cardwell Brittany A.
Published: September 2012

The category adjustment (CA) approach to distortions in location memory has been largely documented in simplified lab-created spaces but minimally in navigable real-world environments. In the current paper, we extend the approach to a navigable real-world environment and specifically evaluate the assumption that long-term location memory may be retrievable despite errors in recall. Memory for the location of a fountain in a heavily navigated square on a university campus was tested by reproduction on a photograph of the square and then by a forced-choice recognition test. While the recall data showed the standard bias, the recognition data revealed chance-level performance. The pattern of results suggests a possible difference between accessibility of working memories for locations within laboratory-created spaces and long-term memories for locations within complex navigable spaces. The results are discussed in terms of the CA model.
Multivariate Continuous Blocking to Improve Political Science Experiments
Authors: Moore Ryan T.
Published: September 2012

Political scientists use randomized treatment assignments to aid causal inference in field experiments, psychological laboratories, and survey research. Political research can do considerably better than completely randomized designs, but few political science experiments combine random treatment assignment with blocking on a rich set of background covariates. We describe high-dimensional multivariate blocking, including on continuous covariates, detail its statistical and political advantages over complete randomization, introduce a particular algorithm, and propose a procedure to mitigate unit interference in experiments. We demonstrate the performance of our algorithm in simulations and three field experiments from campaign politics and education.
A Comprehensive Review on Pharmacotherapeutics of Herbal Bioenhancers
Authors: Dudhatra Ghanshyam B. , Mody Shailesh K. , Awale Madhavi M. , Patel Hitesh B. , Modi Chirag M. , Kumar Avinash , Kamani Divyesh R. , Chauhan Bhavesh N.
Published: September 2012

In India, Ayurveda has made a major contribution to the drug discovery process with new means of identifying active compounds. Recent advancement in bioavailability enhancement of drugs by compounds of herbal origin has produced a revolutionary shift in the way of therapeutics. Thus, bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing classical text books and peer-reviewed papers, consulting worldwide-accepted scientific databases from last 30 years. Herbal bioenhancers have been shown to enhance bioavailability and bioefficacy of different classes of drugs, such as antibiotics, antituberculosis, antiviral, antifungal, and anticancerous drugs at low doses. They have also improved oral absorption of nutraceuticals like vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and certain herbal compounds. Their mechanism of action is mainly through absorption process, drug metabolism, and action on drug target. This paper clearly indicates that scientific researchers and pharmaceutical industries have to give emphasis on experimental studies to find out novel active principles from such a vast array of unexploited plants having a role as a bioavailability and bioefficacy enhancer. Also, the mechanisms of action by which bioenhancer compounds exert bioenhancing effects remain to be explored.
Autonomous and nonautonomous roles of Hedgehog signaling in regulating limb muscle formation
Authors: Hu Jimmy Kuang-Hsien , McGlinn Edwina , Harfe Brian D. , Kardon Gabrielle , Tabin Clifford J.
Published: September 2012

Muscle progenitor cells migrate from the lateral somites into the developing vertebrate limb, where they undergo patterning and differentiation in response to local signals. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a secreted molecule made in the posterior limb bud that affects patterning and development of multiple tissues, including skeletal muscles. However, the cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous functions of Shh during limb muscle formation have remained unclear. We found that Shh affects the pattern of limb musculature non-cell-autonomously, acting through adjacent nonmuscle mesenchyme. However, Shh plays a cell-autonomous role in maintaining cell survival in the dermomyotome and initiating early activation of the myogenic program in the ventral limb. At later stages, Shh promotes slow muscle differentiation cell-autonomously. In addition, Shh signaling is required cell-autonomously to regulate directional muscle cell migration in the distal limb. We identify neuroepithelial cell transforming gene 1 (Net1) as a downstream target and effector of Shh signaling in that context.
Leadership and the deified/demonic: a cultural examination of CEO sanctification
Authors: Wray‐Bliss Edward
Published: September 2012

I examine in this paper deification and demonisation – the social attribution of absolute ‘Good’ and ‘Evil’ to individuals or individual entities. Specifically, I unpack ways that evilness and goodness have become personified in the figure of the chief executive officer in contemporary, particularly US, business culture. Showing both the readily accessible and widely used nature of these religious tropes, I nevertheless argue that both deification and demonisation have ethically and politically disempowering effects for organisational members, the wider citizenry, and for critique within the field of business ethics.
The care‐of‐self ethic with continual reference to Socrates: towards ethical self‐management
Authors: Deslandes Ghislain
Published: September 2012

‘Have you ever taken sufficient care of yourselves?’ By asking the elite Athenian youth this question, Socrates implies that the liberation of self and the capacity to govern are inseparable. Drawing on the lectures given by Michel Foucault at the Collège de France in 1984 – only recently made available to the public – we show the consequences of the return to this ancient care‐of‐self ethic in the organizational context. After reviewing the contributions made to business ethics by these two philosophers, we propose four phases necessary to the emergence and constitution of a moral subject in organizations: self‐awakening, self‐evaluation, self‐transformation and self‐presentation. We then suggest various managerial practices and behaviour inspired by this philosophical parrhesia embodied by the Greek philosopher wherein the manager should have a personal relationship with his or her own activity. Finally, we discuss implications of our study in the field of business ethics and propose an agenda for future research.
A study of the SCN5A gene in a cohort of 76 patients with Brugada syndrome
Authors: García‐Molina E , Lacunza J , Ruiz‐Espejo F , Sabater M , García‐Alberola A , Gimeno JR , Cañizares F , García A , Martínez P , Valdés M , Tovar I
Published: September 2012

We aim to study the SCN5A gene in a cohort of Brugada syndrome (BS) patients and evaluate the genotype–phenotype correlation. BS is caused by mutations in up to 10 different genes, SCN5A being the most frequently involved. Large genomic rearrangements in SCN5A have been associated with conduction disease, but its prevalence in BS is unknown. Seventy‐six non‐related patients with BS were studied. Clinical characteristics and family risk profile were recorded. Direct sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) of the SCN5A gene for identification of mutations and larger rearrangements were performed, respectively. Eight patients (10.5%) had point mutations (R27H, E901K, G1743R (detected in three families), V728I, N1443S and E1152X). Patients with mutations had a trend toward a higher proportion of spontaneous type I Brugada electrocardiogram (ECG) (87.5% vs 52.9%, p = 0.06) and had evidence of familial disease (62.5%, vs 23.5%, p = 0.03). The symptoms and risk profile of the carriers were not different from wild‐type probands. There were non‐significant differences in the prevalence of type I ECG, syncope and history of arrhythmia in carriers of selected polymorphisms. None of the patients had any deletion/duplication in the SCN5A gene. In conclusion, 10.5% of our patients had mutations in the SCN5A gene. Patients with mutations seemed to have more spontaneous type I ECG, but no differences in syncope or arrhythmic events compared with patients without mutations. Larger studies are needed to evaluate the role of polymorphisms in the SCN5A in the expression of the phenotype and prognosis. Large rearrangements were not identified in the SCN5A gene using the MLPA technique.
Predicting survival in advanced hematologic malignancies: do patient‐reported symptoms matter?
Authors: Efficace Fabio , Cartoni Claudio , Niscola Pasquale , Tendas Andrea , Meloni Elisabetta , Scaramucci Laura , Soldati Salvatore , Brunetti Gregorio Antonio , Marini Maria Giulia , Mandelli Franco
Published: September 2012

Objective

To investigate whether patient‐reported symptoms provide independent prognostic information for survival in patients with hematological malignancies.

Study Design and Setting

Overall 119 patients with various diagnoses were recruited in an observational study and symptoms were assessed with the M.D. Anderson Symptom Inventory (MDASI). Key potential socio‐demographic, biomedical, and physician‐reported prognostic candidates were also considered. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used for both univariate and multivariate analyses of survival. Additional sensitivity analysis, based on 500 bootstrap‐generated simulation datasets, was also performed to confirm the results obtained with the Cox regression model.

Results

The median survival of the entire cohort was 4.8 months (range 0–28 months). The MDASI was completed at baseline by 91% of patients. The final multivariate model retained two parameters as independent prognostic factors for survival: clinical prognostic group and patient's self‐reported severity of drowsiness. The following hazard ratios (HR) were found for curable vs. terminal: 0.055 (95% CI, 0.022–0.136; P < 0.001) and 0.193 (95% CI, 0.103–0.362: P < 0.001) for advanced vs. terminal. Patient's self‐reported severity of drowsiness independently predicted survival with a HR of 1.801 (95% CI, 1.044–3.107; P = 0.033). Additional sensitivity analysis confirmed the independent prognostic value of variables identified in this study.

Conclusion

The results suggest that patients' self‐reporting of symptoms provides independent prognostic information for survival in patients with hematologic malignancies. These findings underscore the value of collecting patient‐reported symptom data in routine clinical practice.
Is biochar a source or sink for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in agricultural soils?
Authors: Quilliam Richard S. , Rangecroft Sally , Emmett Bridget A. , Deluca Thomas H. , Jones Davey L.
Published: September 2012

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment originate mainly from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, and pose a significant human health risk. Soils act as environmental sinks for PAHs, as they become strongly absorbed onto soil particles; degradation is mainly driven by microbial catabolism, although it is dependent on PAH bioavailability. There is current interest in burying biochar in soil as a long‐term soil carbon store; however, biochar inherently contains varying levels of PAHs and its application could contaminate soil, and its high sorptive capacity may facilitate the persistence of PAHs in the environment. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding biochar to soil on microbial mineralization of PAHs, and to quantify whether or not soils amended with biochar were less likely to leach PAHs. We used contrasting agricultural soils (Eutric Cambisol and Cambic Podzol) spiked with the labelled PAH compound 14C‐phenanthrene and amended with either wood biochar or rice husk biochar. Mineralization was quantified by measuring the release of 14CO2 and simulated rain used to quantify leaching of PAH through biochar‐amended soil. Rice husk biochar had higher concentrations of PAHs (64.65 mg kg−1) than wood biochar (9.56 mg kg−1), and both soil types contained quantifiable levels of PAHs. However, soil that had contained biochar for 3 years had significantly higher levels of PAH (1.95 mg kg−1) compared to unamended soil (1.13 mg kg−1). PAH catabolism in soil was reduced when amended with biochar, although biochar amendment did not consistently decrease PAH leaching. Biochar‐mediated inhibition of PAH mineralization is a consequence of increased sorption and reduced bioavailability. Before large scale biochar addition to soils is adopted, future work is needed to address the dynamic between sorbent saturation and microbial activity and how this relates to the concentration of PAHs in soil solution and their persistence in the environment.