bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surgery of Medial Epicondylitis (Golfer's Elbow), an Overview
Authors: Bark Awadh Abood Hashem , Jasem AlSanawi Yousif , Madhaf Alshaharni Ali , Ayesh Mohammed Alshahrani Faleh , Haif Alqahtani Bander , Bahkali Ali Altherwi Mohammed , Abdulsamad Ahmad Alhamoud Ahmad , Yahya M Asiri Mohammed , Khalil Alenezi Mohammed , Saleh  Alamri Mohammad
Published: November 2022

Golfer's elbow, also known as medial epicondylitis, is a common disease. When doing activities that include wrist flexion and forearm pronation, repetitive forced wrist extension and forearm supination can lead to flexor-pronator tendon degeneration. An ongoing pathologic process in the tendon can lead to structural failure, irreversible fibrosis, or calcification. The most common complaint from patients is chronic, medial-sided elbow pain that gets worse with everyday activity. During the late cocking or early acceleration stages of the throwing action, athletes may have symptoms that are particularly severe. Injections of corticosteroids, activity modification, and NSAIDs are all examples of nonsurgical supportive therapy. After the acute symptoms have subsided, attention is directed toward injury prevention and flexor-pronator mass rehabilitation. Patients with severe symptoms are often the only ones who receive open surgical procedures. Hence the study aimed to summarize and explain the evidences regarding surgical management of medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow).
Meigs Syndrome: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors:   Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bolognini Hospital, ASST Bergamo Est, Seriate, Bergamo, Italy, Paola Algeri , Marta Seca ,   University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Monza e Brianza, Italy, Marco Manzoni ,   Department of Pathology, Bolognini Hospital, ASST Bergamo Est, Seriate, Bergamo, Italy, Francesco Clemente ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bolognini Hospital, ASST Bergamo Est, Seriate, Bergamo, Italy, Marco Adorni ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bolognini Hospital, ASST Bergamo Est, Seriate, Bergamo, Italy, Massimo Ciammella ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bolognini Hospital, ASST Bergamo Est, Seriate, Bergamo, Italy
Published: November 2022

Introduction: Meigs syndrome is defined by the presence of an ovarian benign tumor, ascites, and pleural effusion. The restoration of normal conditions following the removal of the ovarian mass is typical. Although an increase in CA 125 has been reported in association with Meigs syndrome, a level above 1000 IU/mL is unusual, and there is no clear association between patients’ or tumor/cancer characteristics and CA 125 increment to the best of our knowledge. Materials and methods: We conducted a review of Meigs syndrome cases associated with high CA 125 levels and then divided and compared all cases found in the literature and the one described in the text, taking into account the increase of CA 125 = 1000 IU/mL, to identify any possible factor influencing the CA 125 increase. Results: A 55-year-old woman with Meigs syndrome (hydrothorax, ovarian fibroma, and ascites) presented CA 125 of 1713 IU/mL. In our review, we found 43 articles that collected 55 cases of Meigs syndrome with an increase in CA 125 of 25% or more than 1000 IU/mL. Considering two groups, divided considering the CA 125 value of 1000 IU/mL, we found that the presence of bilateral masses and ascites over 2 L represented independent risk factors for high elevation of CA 125. Conclusion: The presence of bilateral mass and an increase in ascites were associated with an increase in CA 125 of 1000 IU/mL, which could be useful in maintaining a benign lesion hypothesis even if the definitive diagnosis could not be made until after surgery, at histological evaluation.
Consumers’ Purchase Intention Toward Online Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alatawy Khald S.
Published: November 2022

Literature reported a dearth of research on Online Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this paper thus is to understand the antecedents of Consumers’ Purchase Intention toward Online Health Insurance in Saudi Arabia. The paper drew data from 355 Saudi Arabian internet buying communities. The paper used Smart-PLS 3 to analyze the data. The findings show that attitude, perceived behavioral control, subjective norms and perceived trust have significant positive influences on purchase intention toward online health insurance in Saudi Arabia. However, the relationship between religiosity and purchase intention toward online health insurance was not supported. Various theoretical and managerial implications of these findings were discussed.
Analytic description of teeth profile and justification of precessional gear parameters selection
Authors:   Technical University of Moldova, BOSTAN ION
Published: November 2022

The most requirements forwarded by the beneficiaries of mechanical transmissions consists in increasing reliability, efficiency and loaded capacity. The target problem can be solved with special effects by developing new types of multipliers based on planetary precessional transmissions with multiple gear, that were developed by the authors. Absolute multiplicity of precessional gear (up to 100% pairs of teeth simultaneously involved in gearing, compared to 5%-7% - in classical gearings) provides increased loaded capacity and small mass and dimensions. Teeth profiles have an important role in the efficient transformation of motion in the precessional transmissions. Under this aspect the paper presents the analytic description of teeth nonstandard profile.
Análisis cualitativo sobre las características de las conductas agresivas entre estudiantes
Authors: Beltrán Llera Jesús , Sánchez Burón Adolfo , Fernández-Martín M.P.
Published: November 2022

La conducta agresiva entre estudiantes,mental o física, guiada por una personao por un grupo y dirigida contra otroque no puede o no es capaz de defenderse,puede adoptar varias formas, obien directa a través de manifestacionesfísicas (atacar a los demás, robar odañar sus pertenencias) o verbales(insultar, poner motes, contestar entono desafiante) , o bien de forma indirectamediante la propagación derumores peyorativos, exclusión social,etc. En este artículo se muestran cuálesson los roles que adoptan el agresor y lavíctima respectivamente, los sentimientosque se generan y cómo evolucionanlas conductas agresivas entre los dosgrupos de escolares objeto del estudio:el primero formado por alumnos de 1º a4º de primaria y el segundo por alumnosde 5º y 6º de primaria, secundaria,bachillerato, ciclos formativos y garantíasocial.
Rajendranagar Vari-2 [IET 26143 (RNR 15435)] – An aromatic long grain rice variety
Authors:   Rice Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., S Vanisree , Ch Surender Raju , L Krishna ,   Rice Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., Ch Damodar Raju ,   Rice Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., Y Chandra Mohan ,   Rice Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., P Narasimha Reddy ,   Rice Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., N Rama Gopala Varma ,   Rice Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India., R Jagadeeshwar ,   Rice Research Centre, ARI, PJTSAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Published: November 2022

A cross was performed between RNR 17818 and Vasumathi with an aim to develop aromatic long grain rice varieties suitable for Telangana and forwarded the generations following pedigree of breeding. Rajendranagar vari-2 was identified in F7 generation during the year 2011 and evaluated in yield and screening trials. It is an aromatic long grain, medium duration (135-140 days) culture suitable for kharif. It has recorded 58.8%, 13.19%, 17.4% yield superiority over check, Sumathi in station trials, multilocation trials and minikit trials, respectively. Rajendranagar vari-2 has moderate resistance to blast and brown spot. It also has good cooking quality parameters with aroma, intermediate amylose and more kernel length after cooking. Rajendranagar vari-2 was notified for cultivation in the state of Telangana vide Indian Gazette No. S.O. 8 (E) Dated 24.12.2021.
Validation of pencil beam scanning proton therapy with multi‐leaf collimator calculated by a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine
Authors: Tominaga Yuki , Sakurai Yusuke , Miyata Junya , Harada Shuichi , Akagi Takashi , Oita Masataka
Published: November 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the clinical beam commissioning results and lateral penumbra characteristics of our new pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton therapy using a multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) calculated by use of a commercial Monte Carlo dose engine. Eighteen collimated uniform dose plans for cubic targets were optimized by the RayStation 9A treatment planning system (TPS), varying scan area, modulation widths, measurement depths, and collimator angles. To test the patient‐specific measurements, we also created and verified five clinically realistic PBS plans with the MLC, such as the liver, prostate, base‐of‐skull, C‐shape, and head‐and‐neck. The verification measurements consist of the depth dose (DD), lateral profile (LP), and absolute dose (AD). We compared the LPs and ADs between the calculation and measurements. For the cubic plans, the gamma index pass rates (γ‐passing) were on average 96.5% ± 4.0% at 3%/3 mm for the DD and 95.2% ± 7.6% at 2%/2 mm for the LP. In several LP measurements less than 75 mm depths, the γ‐passing deteriorated (increased the measured doses) by less than 90% with the scattering such as the MLC edge and range shifter. The deteriorated γ‐passing was satisfied by more than 90% at 2%/2 mm using uncollimated beams instead of collimated beams except for three planes. The AD differences and the lateral penumbra width (80%–20% distance) were within ±1.9% and ± 1.1 mm, respectively. For the clinical plan measurements, the γ‐passing of LP at 2%/2 mm and the AD differences were 97.7% ± 4.2% on average and within ±1.8%, respectively. The measurements were in good agreement with the calculations of both the cubic and clinical plans inserted in the MLC except for LPs less than 75 mm regions of some cubic and clinical plans. The calculation errors in collimated beams can be mitigated by substituting uncollimated beams.
Biomarker‐Responsive Nanosystems for Chronic Disease Theranostics
Authors: Fu Qinrui , Yu Leilei , Wang Yin , Li Peifeng , Song Jibin
Published: November 2022

Chronic diseases claim millions of lives every year, and it is of great significance to explore and develop advanced drugs to improve the cure rate of chronic diseases. Nanotheranostics are innovative strategies that enable the integration of diagnostic and therapeutic properties into a single nanosystem. Despite great success in nanotheranostics, their applications of nanotheranostics in nanomedicine are still in their infancy. This is because each disease has its corresponding characteristic pathological microenvironment, which motivates the development of endogenous biomarker‐responsive nanosystems to meet the requirements of diagnosis and treatment. Herein, recent progress is presented in biomarker‐responsive nanosystems and their biomedical applications. First, biomarker‐responsive nanosystems are classified into eight subsections according to the type of chronic diseases, including tumors, cardiovascular diseases, neurological diseases, Wilson's diseases, chronic liver diseases, chronic kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, and rheumatoid arthritis. In the following, a variety of intriguing applications of biomarkers‐responsive nanosystems are briefly elaborated, such as biosensing, diagnosis, therapy, combined theranostics, and early evaluation of therapy effect, etc. Finally, the challenges and future directions from research to clinical translation of these responsive nanosystems are also presented.
Alloyable Viscous Fluid for Interface Welding of Garnet Electrolyte to Enable Highly Reversible Fluoride Conversion Solid State Batteries
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Meng Junwei , Lei Meng , Yu Yifan , Lai Chuanzhong , Li Chilin
Published: November 2022

The garnet‐type solid‐state Li‐metal batteries are promising to develop into the high‐energy‐density system when coupled with the high‐capacity conversion reaction cathodes. However, the high interfacial resistance and poor contact between garnet electrolyte and Li anode are still a challenge. Here, an alloyable viscous fluid strategy is proposed for Li/garnet interface welding to enable highly reversible fluoride conversion solid‐state batteries. The super‐assembled phenide polymer with liquid metal property can serve as “oily” interlayer to in situ construct an ionic/electronic mixed conduction network by thermal and electrochemical lithiation. The resultant healing effect of contact voids between garnet and Li enables a dramatic reduction of interfacial resistance to 6 Ω cm2. The confinement and compaction of conversion products by garnet electrolyte endow the FeF3 based batteries with long‐cycling and high‐rate performance (520 and 330 mAh g−1 at 0.2 and 2 C respectively). This ceramic configuration also endows the CuF2 conversion battery with much better rechargeability (instead as widely known primary battery).
Autonomous Soft Robots Empowered by Chemical Reaction Networks
Authors: Fusi Giorgio , Del Giudice Daniele , Skarsetz Oliver , Di Stefano Stefano , Walther Andreas
Published: November 2022

Hydrogel actuators are important for designing stimuli‐sensitive soft robots. They generate mechanical motion by exploiting compartmentalized (de)swelling in response to a stimulus. However, classical switching methods, such as manually lowering or increasing the pH, cannot provide more complex autonomous motions. By coupling an autonomously operating pH‐flip with programmable lifetimes to a hydrogel system containing pH‐responsive and non‐responsive compartments, autoonenomous forward and backward motion as well as more complex tasks, such as interlocking of “puzzle pieces” and collection of objects are realized. All operations are initiated by one simple trigger, and the devices operate in a “fire and forget” mode. More complex self‐regulatory behavior is obtained by adding chemo‐mechano‐chemo feedback mechanisms. Due to its simplicity, this method shows great potential for the autonomous operation of soft grippers and metamaterials.
Generation and Control of Ultrafast Circular Photon Drag Current in Multilayer PtSe2 Revealed Via Terahertz Emission
Authors: Zhang Longhui , Zhang Dongwen , Hu Fangrong , Xu Xinlong , Zhao Qiyi , Sun Xu , Wu Haizhong , Lü Zhihui , Wang Xiaowei , Zhao Zengxiu
Published: November 2022

The generation and control of ultrafast photocurrents on the surface of transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are essential for the development of advanced optoelectronic devices. A detailed understanding of the mechanism of ultrafast photocurrent generation is primarily needed to design functional devices. Here, it is reported that ultrafast photocurrents in multilayer PtSe2 are induced by the photon drag effect with high conversion efficiency. Particularly, under circularly polarized laser excitation, anisotropic in‐plane photon drag currents are generated, leading to the elliptically polarized terahertz (THz) radiation directly controlled by the helicity of the pump beam. Furthermore, a new model called “THz emission by the circular ac Hall effect” (TECacHE) is proposed to unveil the carrier transport process. It is observed that the origins of elliptically polarized THz emission controlled by helicity involve the pure circular photon drag current and the retardation induced by the Lorentz force. Besides, ultrafast ternary encoding is proposed and demonstrated by polarized THz emission. The results not only provide a new contactless detection model to study surface ultrafast photocurrents but also afford a fundamental investigation of the circular photon drag current in layered TMDs for THz telecommunication devices.
Efficient and Moisture‐Stable Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells via n‐Type Small‐Molecule‐Assisted Surface Treatment
Authors: Hong Ji A , Jeong Mingyu , Park Sujung , Lee Ah‐Young , Kim Hye Seung , Jeong Seonghun , Kim Dae Woo , Cho Shinuk , Yang Changduk , Song Myoung Hoon
Published: November 2022

Defect states at the surface and grain boundaries of perovskite films have been known to be major determinants impairing the optoelectrical properties of perovskite films and the stability of perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). Herein, an n‐type conjugated small‐molecule additive based on fused‐unit dithienothiophen[3,2‐b]‐pyrrolobenzothiadiazole‐core (JY16) is developed for efficient and stable PeSCs, where JY16 possesses the same backbone as the widely used Y6 but with long‐linear n‐hexadecyl side chains rather than branched side chains. Upon introducing JY16 into the perovskite films, the electron‐donating functional groups of JY16 passivate defect states in perovskite films and increase the grain size of perovskite films through Lewis acid–base interactions. Compared to Y6, JY16 exhibits superior charge mobility owing to its molecular packing ability and prevents decomposition of perovskite films under moisture conditions owing to their hydrophobic characteristics, improving the charge extraction ability and moisture stability of PeSCs. Consequently, the PeSC with JY16 shows a high power conversion efficiency of 21.35%, which is higher than those of the PeSC with Y6 (20.12%) and without any additive (18.12%), and outstanding moisture stability under 25% relative humidity, without encapsulation. The proposed organic semiconducting additive will prove to be crucial for achieving highly efficient and moisture stable PeSCs.
Nitrite Electroreduction to Ammonia Promoted by Molecular Carbon Dioxide with Near‐unity Faradaic Efficiency
Authors: Zhang Yangyang , Wang Yuan , Han Lu , Wang Shengnan , Cui Tengda , Yan Yifan , Xu Ming , Duan Haohong , Kuang Yun , Sun Xiaoming
Published: November 2022

Electrochemical reduction of nitrite (NO2−) offers an energy‐efficient route for ammonia (NH3) synthesis and reduction of the level of nitrite, which is one of the major pollutants in water. However, the near 100 % Faradaic efficiency (FE) has yet to be achieved due to the complicated reduction route with several intermediates. Here, we report that carbon dioxide (CO2) can enhance the nitrite electroreduction to ammonia on copper nanowire (Cu NW) catalysts. In a broad potential range (−0.7∼−1.3 V vs. RHE), the FE of nitrite to ammonia is close to 100 % with a 3.5‐fold increase in activity compared to that obtained without CO2. In situ Raman spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that CO2 acts as a catalyst to facilitate the *NO to *N step, which is the rate determining step for ammonia synthesis. The promotion effect of CO2 can be expanded to electroreduction of other nitro‐compounds, such as nitrate to ammonia and nitrobenzene to aniline.
Autonomous Non‐Equilibrium Self‐Assembly and Molecular Movements Powered by Electrical Energy**
Authors: Ragazzon Giulio , Malferrari Marco , Arduini Arturo , Secchi Andrea , Rapino Stefania , Silvi Serena , Credi Alberto
Published: November 2022

The ability to exploit energy autonomously is one of the hallmarks of life. Mastering such processes in artificial nanosystems can open technological opportunities. In the last decades, light‐ and chemically driven autonomous systems have been developed in relation to conformational motion and self‐assembly, mostly in relation to molecular motors. In contrast, despite electrical energy being an attractive energy source to power nanosystems, its autonomous harnessing has received little attention. Herein we consider an operation mode that allows the autonomous exploitation of electrical energy by a self‐assembling system. Threading and dethreading motions of a pseudorotaxane take place autonomously in solution, powered by the current flowing between the electrodes of a scanning electrochemical microscope. The underlying autonomous energy ratchet mechanism drives the self‐assembly steps away from equilibrium with a higher energy efficiency compared to other autonomous systems. The strategy is general and might be extended to other redox‐driven systems.
Blocked Phosphates as Photolatent Catalysts for Dynamic Photopolymer Networks
Authors: Dertnig Carina , Guedes de la Cruz Gema , Neshchadin Dmytro , Schlögl Sandra , Griesser Thomas
Published: November 2022

While latent catalysts are a well‐established strategy for initiating and controlling the rate of polymerization reactions, their use in dynamic polymer networks is still in its infancy. The ideal latent catalyst should be thermally stable and release a highly active species in response to an external trigger. Here, we have synthesized a temperature resistant (>200 °C) organic phosphate with a photolabileo‐nitrobenzyl protecting group that can be cleaved by UV light. Introduced in a visible light curable thiol‐click photopolymer, the sequence‐dependent λ‐orthogonality of the curing and cleavage enables an efficient network formation at 451 nm, without premature release of the catalyst. Once cured, irradiation at 372 nm spatiotemporally activates the phosphate, which catalyzes transesterifications at elevated temperature. The formed catalyst has no effect on the thermal stability of the polymeric network and allows the activation of bond exchange reactions in selected domains of printed 3D objects.
Fluorescent RNA Tags for In Situ RNA Imaging in Living Cells
Authors: Yin Peng , Kuang Shi , Nie Zhou
Published: November 2022

RNA imaging paves the way to investigate RNA function and regulation from the aspect of RNA subcellular localization and expression level. In the past decades, various highly precise and genetic coding fluorescent RNA, which can bind and light up the fluorophore by their specific sequence/structure, has been developed for RNA imaging, including Broccoli, Mango, SRB‐2, RhoBAST, and Pepper et al. In this Review, we summarize the RNA imaging approaches and the progress made in the development of fluorescent RNA. Next, we emphasize the application of fluorescent RNA for in situ RNA imaging in living cells. Of particular note, besides the artificially selected fluorescent RNAs, a new kind of fluorophore that can bind and light up intrinsic RNA structure is described together for the first time. Finally, a summary of current strategies for designing fluorescent RNA and future perspectives are also presented. We hope this expanding topic will inspire the study of the architecture and functions of these fascinating molecular machinery in biological systems.
Long‐term anxiety and depression signatures of participants that received esophageal cancer screening: A multicenter population‐based cohort study
Authors: Zhu Juan , Ma Shanrui , Chen Ru , Xie Shuanghua , Liu Zhaorui , Liu Zhengkui , Wei Wenqiang
Published: November 2022

Background

Current evidence on the psychological impact of screening and diagnosis of esophageal cancer (EC) is limited and unclear.

Methods

This multicenter, population‐based, prospective study was conducted in five high‐incidence regions in China from 2017 to 2020. The screened participants were diagnosed as healthy, esophagitis, low‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN), high‐grade intraepithelial neoplasia (HGIN), or EC based on pathological biopsy. The psychological impact of the screening was assessed by comparing anxiety and depression symptoms at baseline and follow‐up.

Results

A total of 1973 individuals were ultimately included, with an average follow‐up of 22.2 months. The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in screened population at baseline was 14.3% and 18.4%. The prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms of screeners at follow‐up declined (all p < 0.001). The anxiety (RR [95% CI]: 0.37 [0.30–0.46]) and depression (0.29 [0.24–0.36]) of screeners weakened over time, but the anxiety and depression symptoms was continuous for patients with HGIN and patients with EC. Compared with the participants classified as normal, the RRs(95% CI) of anxiety and depression symptoms were 2.20 (1.10–4.30) and 2.03 (1.07–3.86) for the patients with HGIN and 2.30 (0.82–6.20) and 3.79 (01.71–8.43) for the patients with EC.

Conclusion

The anxiety and depression symptoms of screeners weakened over time, except in patients with HGIN and EC, for whom it remained lasting and high. Psychological assistance and interventions are urgently needed for individuals who are ready for screening and for those diagnosed as having HGIN or EC.
Synthesis and Characterization of Eugenia uniflora L. Silver Nanoparticles and L‐Cysteine Sensor Application
Authors: Lopes Isabela Santos , Cassas Fernando , Veiga Thiago André Moura , de Oliveira Silva Flavia Rodrigues , Courrol Lilia Coronato
Published: November 2022

L‐Cysteine (Cys) is a non‐essential sulfur‐containing amino acid, crucial for protein synthesis, detoxification, and several metabolic functions. Cys is widely used in the agricultural, food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. So, a suitable sensitive and selective sensing approach is of great interest, and a low‐cost sensor would be necessary. This article presents silver nanoparticles (EuAgNPs) synthesized by a green synthesis method using Eugenia uniflora L. extracts and photoreduction. The nanoparticles were characterized by UV/VIS, transmission electron microscopy, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), FTIR, and Zeta potential. With the addition of Cys in the EuAgNPs solution, the terminal thiol part of L‐cysteine binds on the surface of nanoparticles through Ag−S bond. The EuAgNPs and CysAgNPs coexist until flavonoids bound the amino group of Cys, enhancing the red color of solutions. The EuAgNPs provided selectivity to detect Cys among other amino acids, and its detection limit was found to be 3.8 nM. The sensor has the advantages of low‐cost synthesis, fast response, high selectivity, and sensitivity.
Food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome with pneumatosis intestinalis in an exclusively breastfed infant: A case report and literature review
Authors: Hernández‐Almeida Pamela , Vásconez‐Muñoz Fabián , Vásconez‐Montalvo Andrea , Sempértegui‐Moscoso Rodrigo , Contreras Gabriel , Carrión‐Jaramillo Estefanía
Published: November 2022

A 1‐month‐old male, exclusively breastfed, presented with 24 h of bloody stools, vomiting, metabolic acidosis, and pneumatosis intestinalis. The patient was initially treated for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). However, after suspecting food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES), oral feeding was resumed using an exclusive elemental formula, and the biochemical and radiological findings were resolved.
Metal‐Free Catalytic Hydroboration of Unsaturated Compounds: A Greener Strategy for the Synthesis of Organoboranes
Authors: Das Amrita , Panda Tarun K.
Published: November 2022

This review discusses the immense progress made over recent years in metal‐free catalytic hydroboration. Reactions with several unsaturated functional groups, such as alkynes, alkenes, carbonyl compounds, carbon dioxide, carbodiimides, imines, allenes, pyridines, carboxylic acid derivatives etc., have been explored. Although there are significant developments in hydroboration reactions using metal‐based catalysts, metal‐free catalytic strategies are more desirable from a sustainability perspective. Considerable effort has been made by various research groups on metal‐free catalysts in the hydroboration of unsaturated compounds. Lewis acid, Brønsted acid, Lewis acid‐base pairs, and frustrated Lewis pairs were involved as metal‐free sources to catalyze hydroboration reactions in a sustainable manner. Detailed mechanisms of the catalytic pathways of metal‐free hydroboration are also discussed in this review. This discussion will provide an overview of the extent of work carried out as well as indicate scope for future research.
Facile Synthesis of Clickable Unnatural Sugars in the Unprotected and 1,6‐Di‐O‐Acylated Forms for Metabolic Glycan Labeling
Authors: Cheng Bo , Wang Chunting , Hao Yi , Wang Jiankun , Xia Xiaoqian , Zhang Hao , He Rundong , Zhang Shaoran , Dai Peng , Chen Xing
Published: November 2022

Clickable unnatural sugars have been widely used in studying glycosylation in living systems via the metabolic glycan labelling (MGL) strategy. Partial protection of unnatural sugars by 1,6‐di‐O‐acylation increases the labelling efficiency while avoiding the non‐specific S‐glyco‐modification. Herein, we report the facile synthesis of a series of clickable unnatural sugars in both the unprotected and 1,6‐di‐O‐acylated forms at the ten‐gram scale. By evaluation of the labelling specificity, efficiency, and biocompatibility of various 1,6‐di‐O‐acylated sugars for MGL in cell lines and living mice, we demonstrate that 1,6‐di‐O‐propionylated unnatural sugars are optimal chemical reporters for glycan labelling. The synthetic routes developed in this work should facilitate the widespread use of MGL with no artificial S‐glyco‐modification for investigating the functional roles of glycans.
Crystal Plane‐Related Oxygen‐Evolution Activity of Single Hexagonal Co3O4 Spinel Particles
Authors: Varhade Swapnil , Tetteh Emmanuel Batsa , Saddeler Sascha , Schumacher Simon , Aiyappa Harshitha Barike , Bendt Georg , Schulz Stephan , Andronescu Corina , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: November 2022

The electrocatalytic activity for the oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline electrolyte of hexagonal spinel Co3O4 nanoparticles derived using scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) is correlated with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy images of the droplet landing sites. A unique way to deconvolute the intrinsic catalytic activity of individual crystal facets of the hexagonal Co3O4 spinel particle is demonstrated in terms of the turnover frequency (TOF) of surface Co atoms. The top surface exposing 111 crystal planes displayed a thickness‐dependent TOF with a TOF of about 100 s−1 at a potential of 1.8 V vs. RHE and a particle thickness of 100 nm. The edge of the particle exposing (110) planes, however, showed an average TOF of 270±68 s−1 at 1.8 V vs. RHE and no correlation with particle thickness. The higher atomic density of Co atoms on the edge surface (2.5 times of the top) renders the overall catalytic activity of the edge planes significantly higher than that of the top planes. The use of a free‐diffusing Os complex in the alkaline electrolyte revealed the low electrical conductivity through individual particles, which explains the thickness‐dependent TOF of the top planes and could be a reason for the low activity of the top (111) planes.
Inclusion complexes of atorvastatin calcium (ATV‐Ca) and rosuvastatin calcium (ROV‐Ca) drugs with α‐CD, β‐CD, γ‐CD, HP‐β‐CD, M‐β‐CD, and maltodextrin along with their characterizations through experimental and computational methods
Authors: Ahmadi Aliakbar , Ayoubi‐Chianeh Mojgan , Kassaee Mohamad Z. , Bayat Farhad
Published: November 2022

The aim of this research is a comparison of the efficiency of six commercially available cyclodextrins (CDs) to improve the solubility and oral bioavailability of atorvastatin calcium (ATV‐Ca) and rosuvastatin calcium (ROV‐Ca) drugs in aqueous media. Inclusion complexes of both drugs with non‐toxic α‐CD, β‐CD, γ‐CD, HP‐β‐CD, M‐β‐CD, and maltodextrin were prepared in a 1:1 stoichiometry via the kneading method. To reach the best CD, various experimental and computational analyses were performed including phase solubility, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), hydrogen‐1 nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR), carbon‐13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13CNMR), and molecular docking calculations. The M‐β‐CD turned out to be the best substrate for the micro‐encapsulation of both drugs. Also, ATV showed a higher tendency than ROV to form inclusion complexes with CDs. Molecular docking studies showed that HP–β–CD and M‐β‐CD are the most suitable substrates for the formation of inclusion complexes, respectively. Our research showed that the β‐CD is not necessarily the most efficient substrate for increasing solubility based on previous reports in the literature; meanwhile, the other employed substrates in this study can show acceptable performances in this regard. According to our results, M‐β‐CD is the best substrate for the micro‐encapsulation of both drugs, which increases their solubility in water.
Immunotherapy partners after progression: Right place, right time?
Authors: Rouhani Sherin J. , Bestvina Christine M.
Published: November 2022

This editorial aims to place the trial of pembrolizumab plus next line chemotherapy by Salous et al. in the context of other clinical trials evaluating different strategies to extend the benefit of immunotherapy after disease progression. Included in this article are the INSIGNA trial, off‐protocol treatment beyond progression, local ablative therapy with radiation, the recently published Lung‐MAP S1800A study, and a summary of other immunotherapy‐based combinations currently under investigation.
Culturing and Neuronal Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells
Authors: Goorha Sarita , Victor A. Kaitlyn , Reiter Lawrence T.
Published: November 2022

A major issue in studying human neurogenetic disorders, especially rare syndromes affecting the nervous system, is the ability to grow neuronal cultures that accurately represent these disorders for analysis. Although there has been some success in generating induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from both skin and blood, there are still limitations to the collection, production and use of iPSC derived neurons. We have had significant success in collecting and growing human dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) from exfoliated teeth sent directly to our laboratory by the parents of children with a variety of rare neurogenetic syndromes. This protocol outlines our current methods for the growth and expansion of DPSC from exfoliated (baby) teeth. These DPSC can be differentiated into a variety of cell types including osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and mixed neuron and glial cultures. Here we provide our protocol for the differentiation of early passage DPSC cultures into neurons for molecular and cellular studies. © 2022 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol 1: Collection and transportation of exfoliated teeth

Basic Protocol 2: Dental pulp extraction

Basic Protocol 3: Passage, freezing, and thawing of DPSC cultures

Basic Protocol 4: Differentiation of DPSC into mixed neuronal cultures
A peptoid interleukin‐15 receptor antagonist suppresses inflammation and arthritis in mice
Authors: Cho Kwang Bog , Shukla Satya Prakash , Kannan Maheshkumar , Zhang Haowen , Amina Sundus Jabeen , Zhou Shuang , Chen Yanping , Molligan Jeremiah F , Taneja Veena , Mohan Chandra , Udugamasooriya D Gomika , Guo Bin
Published: November 2022

Objective

To discover a novel peptoid antagonist that targets the interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) receptor and to evaluate its therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of inflammation and arthritis.

Methods

A new compound (IFRA3, interleukin‐15 receptor antagonist 3) was discovered using a unique on‐bead two‐colour combinatorial cell screening of a peptoid library. The interaction of IFRA3 with IL‐15 receptor was assessed by in vitro pull‐down and thermal shift assays. The efficacy of IFRA3 in treating inflammation and arthritis was evaluated in mouse models.

Results

IFRA3Q1 (a tetrameric derivative of IFRA3) inhibited the activity of IL‐15 and suppressed CTLL‐2 cell proliferation (which depends on IL‐15 activity). IFRA3Q1 exhibited strong in vivo anti‐inflammatory activity in carrageenan‐induced inflammation in mice. Furthermore, IFRA3Q1 inhibited collagen‐induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice.

Conclusion

By binding to and inhibiting the function of IL‐15 receptor, IFRA3Q1 exhibited significant anti‐arthritis activity. Our findings suggest that IFRA3Q1 represents a new paradigm for arthritis therapy by targeting IL‐15 signalling.
Usefulness of third‐generation narrow band imaging and texture and color enhancement imaging in improving visibility of superficial early gastric cancer: A study using color difference
Authors: Kawasaki Azusa , Yoshida Naohiro , Nakanishi Hiroyoshi , Tsuji Shigetsugu , Takemura Kenichi , Doyama Hisashi
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Overlooking early gastric cancer (EGC) during endoscopy is an issue to be resolved. Image‐enhanced endoscopy is expected to improve EGC detection. This study investigated the usefulness of third‐generation narrow band imaging (3G‐NBI) and texture and color enhancement imaging (TXI) in improving the visibility of EGC using the color difference between EGC and its surrounding gastric mucosa.

Methods

In this retrospective observational study, we examined 51 superficial EGCs that underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection and were observed by all three methods: 3G‐NBI, TXI, and white light imaging (WLI). The primary endpoint was to compare the color difference of each method. For each EGC, we prepared one non‐magnifying image for each method so that the location and size of the lesion in each image were the same. The L*a*b* color space was used to evaluate the color values. When the color values of the cancerous lesion and its surrounding mucosa were (L*c, a*c, b*c) and (L*s, a*s, b*s), respectively, the color difference was defined to be [(L*c−L*s)2+(a*c−a*s)2+(b*c−b*s)2]1/2.

Results

The median color difference was 9.2 (interquartile range, 5.3–15.7) in WLI, 13.5 (interquartile range, 9.4–19.5) in 3G‐NBI, and 15.3 (interquartile range, 9.1–22.1) in TXI. Statistically, the color difference was significantly larger in 3G‐NBI than in WLI (p < 0.001) and TXI compared with WLI (p < 0.001). However, there was no significant difference between 3G‐NBI and TXI (p = 0.330).

Conclusions

Regarding color difference, both 3G‐NBI and TXI were estimated to be more useful than WLI in improving the visibility of superficial EGC.
Adaptive versus maladaptive right ventricular remodelling
Authors: Rako Zvonimir A. , Kremer Nils , Yogeswaran Athiththan , Richter Manuel J. , Tello Khodr
Published: November 2022

Right ventricular (RV) function and its adaptation to increased afterload [RV–pulmonary arterial (PA) coupling] are crucial in various types of pulmonary hypertension, determining symptomatology and outcome. In the course of disease progression and increasing afterload, the right ventricle undergoes adaptive remodelling to maintain right‐sided cardiac output by increasing contractility. Exhaustion of compensatory RV remodelling (RV–PA uncoupling) finally leads to maladaptation and increase of cardiac volumes, resulting in heart failure. The gold‐standard measurement of RV–PA coupling is the ratio of contractility [end‐systolic elastance (Ees)] to afterload [arterial elastance (Ea)] derived from RV pressure–volume loops obtained by conductance catheterization. The optimal Ees/Ea ratio is between 1.5 and 2.0. RV–PA coupling in pulmonary hypertension has considerable reserve; the Ees/Ea threshold at which uncoupling occurs is estimated to be ~0.7. As RV conductance catheterization is invasive, complex, and not widely available, multiple non‐invasive echocardiographic surrogates for Ees/Ea have been investigated. One of the first described and best validated surrogates is the ratio of tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion to estimated pulmonary arterial systolic pressure (TAPSE/PASP), which has shown prognostic relevance in left‐sided heart failure and precapillary pulmonary hypertension. Other RV–PA coupling surrogates have been formed by replacing TAPSE with different echocardiographic measures of RV contractility, such as peak systolic tissue velocity of the lateral tricuspid annulus (S′), RV fractional area change, speckle tracking‐based RV free wall longitudinal strain and global longitudinal strain, and three‐dimensional RV ejection fraction. PASP‐independent surrogates have also been studied, including the ratios S′/RV end‐systolic area index, RV area change/RV end‐systolic area, and stroke volume/end‐systolic volume. Limitations of these non‐invasive surrogates include the influence of severe tricuspid regurgitation (which can cause distortion of longitudinal measurements and underestimation of PASP) and the angle dependence of TAPSE and PASP. Detection of early RV remodelling may require isolated analysis of single components of RV shortening along the radial and anteroposterior axes as well as the longitudinal axis. Multiple non‐invasive methods may need to be applied depending on the level of RV dysfunction. This review explains the mechanisms of RV (mal)adaptation to its load, describes the invasive assessment of RV–PA coupling, and provides an overview of studies of non‐invasive surrogate parameters, highlighting recently published works in this field. Further large‐scale prospective studies including gold‐standard validation are needed, as most studies to date had a retrospective, single‐centre design with a small number of participants, and validation against gold‐standard Ees/Ea was rarely performed.
Central haemodynamic abnormalities and outcome in patients with unexplained dyspnoea
Authors: Omote Kazunori , Verbrugge Frederik H. , Sorimachi Hidemi , Omar Massar , Popovic Dejana , Obokata Masaru , Reddy Yogesh N.V. , Borlaug Barry A.
Published: November 2022

Aims

Little data are available regarding prognostic implications of invasive exercise testing in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The present study aimed to investigate whether rest and exercise central haemodynamic abnormalities are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in patients with dyspnea.

Methods and results

Patients with exertional dyspnoea and ejection fraction ≥50% (n = 764) underwent invasive exercise testing and follow‐up for heart failure hospitalization or death. There were 117 patients with events over a median follow‐up of 2.7 (interquartile range 0.5–4.6) years. Among patients with normal resting pulmonary artery wedge pressure (PAWP) (<15 mmHg, n = 380 [50%]), increased exercise PAWP (≥25 mmHg) was present in 187 (24% of cohort) and was associated with 2.4‐fold higher risk of events compared to those with normal exercise PAWP (<25 mmHg, n = 193 [25%]) (hazard ratio [HR] 2.44; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.11–5.36; p = 0.03), while patients with elevated resting PAWP (≥15 mmHg, n = 384 [50%]) displayed even higher risk compared to HFpEF with normal resting PAWP (HR 2.24; 95% CI 1.38–3.65; p = 0.001). Similar findings were observed for rest/exercise right atrial pressure, and rest/exercise pulmonary artery pressures. Higher peak oxygen consumption was associated with decreased risk of events, and this relationship was solely explained by exercise cardiac output. In a multivariable‐adjusted Cox model, each 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in exercise PAWP was associated with a 41% greater hazard of events (HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.13–1.76; p = 0.002), while each 1 SD decrease in exercise cardiac output was associated with a 37% increased risk (HR 0.63; 95% CI 0.47–0.83; p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Haemodynamic abnormalities currently used for diagnosis of HFpEF are associated with increased risk for adverse events. Treatments that reduce central pressures while improving cardiac output reserve may offer greatest benefit to improve outcomes in HFpEF.
Metal Doping and Ligand Engineering as Tools for Tailoring the Electronic Structure of Coordination Polymers and their Oxygen Evolution Electrocatalytic Activity
Authors: Menendez Rodriguez Gabriel , Macchioni Alceo
Published: November 2022

Electrocatalytic production of fuels [green hydrogen from water, C1‐high energy molecules from CO2, NAD(P)H from NAD(P)+], utilizing renewable energy sources, has in the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) its Achilles’ heel. Among the catalysts developed for facilitating OER, those based on coordination polymers (CPs) are attracting considerable interest due to their simplicity of preparation and modularity. In this review, after having recalled the key‐parameters that have to be considered when evaluating and benchmarking electrocatalysts, it is shown how the performance of CP‐based OER catalysts can be rationally improved by a) the suitable selection of the metal ion combination and b) engineering CPs with appropriate organic linkers. It is inferred that the catalytic effect of adding a different metal ion, than that of the CP structure (metal doping), occurs through an indirect alteration of the electronic features of the active metal center, which might be described by considering the energy of the d‐band with respect to that of the Fermi level (Ed), the eg occupancy or the metal ionic electronegativity (MIE). In rare cases, it is assumed that the added metal center can directly and synergistically participate at the catalytic process. The much less explored strategy b) to improve the performance of OER electrocatalysts, by properly engineering organic linkers, is related not only to an alteration of the electron density (acidity) of the metal center but also to a modification of the electron localization and conductivity of CPs.
Selective Synthesis of α‐Alkoxy Enones by α‐Addition of Alcohols to Alkynones Using 1,1,1,3,3,3‐Hexafluoroisopropanol and PPh3 as Co‐catalysts
Authors: Li Xiu‐Ming , Yang Jing‐Kui
Published: November 2022

α‐Alkoxy enones are quite useful building blocks in organic chemistry. The existing methods for syntheses of these compounds remain somewhat limited. Over the past years, nucleophilic phosphine catalysis has emerged as a practical and powerful tool for constructing diverse molecules with the advantages of environmental‐friendly, metal‐free, and mild reaction conditions. Meanwhile, alkynone is easy to prepare, can undergo a variety of reactions, and is a commonly used substrate for organic synthesis. α‐Addition of alcohols to alkynones is a direct way to construct α‐alkoxy enones. In this study, it was delightful to find that using PPh3 (10 mmol %) and 1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) (20 mmol %) could redirect from β‐addition to α‐addition. With this approach, a variety of α‐alkoxy enones could be obtained directly with good yields and regioselectivity. Under optimal conditions, the generality of the reaction was investigated. Substrate scope studies showed that the reaction was well tolerated with many alcohols. Mechanistic study is also demonstrated.
Phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity and sensory evaluation of sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaf tea
Authors: He Qian , Yang Kailin , Wu Xinyan , Zhang Chunhong , He Chunnian , Xiao Peigen
Published: November 2022

Sea buckthorn leaf tea, an emerging potential functional beverage product, has not yet had appropriate product standards and corresponding quality evaluation methods, and its poor taste directly affects the acceptance of the population, thus limiting its market consumption potential. In this study, two major packaging forms of sea buckthorn leaf tea available in the Chinese market were selected. The contents of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and 10 phenolic compounds, as well as the in vitro antioxidant capacity and sensory characteristics of sea buckthorn leaf tea were analyzed. Results showed that the quality of sea buckthorn leaf tea in the Chinese market varied widely. The total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, antioxidant activity, and consumer acceptance of bagged sea buckthorn leaf tea were higher than those of bulk sea buckthorn leaf tea. Multifactorial statistical analysis showed that the taste astringency of sea buckthorn leaf tea was closely related to ellagic acid and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐neohesperidin. Furthermore, isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐neohesperidin had a greater effect on the antioxidant activity of sea buckthorn leaf tea. Therefore, ellagic acid and isorhamnetin‐3‐O‐neohesperidin can be used as potential quality markers for sea buckthorn leaf tea. This work provides a reference for taste improvement and quality control of sea buckthorn leaf tea.