bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognition and Faith Formation: A Reflection on the Interrelationship of Schema, Thema, and Faith
Authors: Kim Jonathan
Published: March 2018

In the effort of suggesting a holistic paradigm of Christian nurture, this paper examines the relationship between cognition and faith. 1 The author relies on and expresses the epistemic frameworks of Piaget (1969, 1970) and Vygotsky (1962) particularly as they relate to faith formation. 2 The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to explain the theoretical underpinning of the two perspectives of faith formation; and second, to set forth a broader framework within which to think about the interface between cognition and faith. The paper is not by any means an exhaustive or a definitive study of faith development. It offers a limited theoretical reflection on two distinct modes of cognition that contribute to the preliminary conception and validation of faith, hence the word formation rather than development will be used.
Christian Formation: Tweaking the Paradigm
Authors: Bramer Paul D. G.
Published: March 2018

In the field of Christian education, deferred conceptual maintenance has resulted in fragmentation and enervation. This article considers some of the limitations in the Christian education movement, the recent popularity of spiritual formation as a way forward, and suggestions for a comprehensive approach under the banner of Christian formation which might invigorate and give a basis for integrating educational ministries. Earlier versions of this were published in Covenant Quarterly 59, no. 4 (2001): 27–38 and given in a NAPCE workshop.
A Long Adolescence in a Lame Direction? What Should We Make of the Changing Structure and Meaning of Young Adulthood?
Authors: Kiesling Chris
Published: March 2018

Sociological data confirms what we have often felt: (a) adulthood is now a more difficult status to attain; (b) transitioning to adulthood admits to different pathways, complicating ministry with young adults; and (c) the meaning people attribute to being “adult” is more varied than when societal roles were more ascribed. This article offers sociological analysis of these trends, especially as they impact how Christian identity is shaped. It also suggests strategic foci for Christian educators tending the life course of young adults.
Facilitating the Transition to Manhood: Themes from a New Zealand Study
Authors: Smith Andrew
Published: March 2018

Literature identifies individuals and institutions as potentially significant contributors to the development of gender identity in young males. However, the views of the men interviewed for the study reported in this paper, which was undertaken in New Zealand, suggest that potential is not being realized. The experiences and perceptions of the men interviewed provoke consideration of the maps and signposts that are provided for those on the journey to manhood.
All the Rage: How Small Groups Are Really Educating Christian Adults Part 1: Assessing Small Group Ministry Practice: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Rynsburger Mary , Lamport Mark A.
Published: March 2018

This mini-series considers the current and widespread trend of church-based small groups for adult spiritual formation. It is proposed that a focus on relationships must be kept in balance with learning and application of biblical truth in order for greater spiritual growth to result. The mini-series appears in three parts: The first article assesses small group ministries for an understanding of the current state of its sometimes-blemished practice. In addition, a review of Christian-oriented small group literature is included as well as an annotated bibliography of non-Christian-oriented small group literature. The second article (Fall 2008) is intended to augment small group practice by adapting key educational insights from the academic disciplines of group dynamics, communication theory, and educational psychology. The third article (Spring 2009) anchors small group practice by delving into the unique spiritual aspects of learning and addresses the biblical/theological apologetic for the centrality of Scripture. Finally, suggested applications are given for small group leaders and trainers of leaders as to how adults may be more effectively stimulated to learn and grow through such group involvement.
Technology and the Transformation of Persons
Authors: Blevins Dean
Published: March 2018

Christian educators need proactive criteria to explore the nature of personal transformation in conversation with new insights from science and technology. Many current approaches treat technology cautiously or focus upon utopian threats. An alternative approach anchored in a view of the practicing self moves beyond traditional Cartesian dualism to offer an alternative approach to understanding holistic formation—even the place of transformation—in the midst of technology. The following research essay offers a mediating position by asserting a role for technological practice that contributes to a sense of relationality contextuality and complexity. The presentation includes current scientific insights on emergence, as well as the nature of Christian practice, ritual, and developmental theory.
Teaching in the Name of Jesus
Authors: Pazmiño Robert W.
Published: March 2018

This article explores a biblical and theological reflection on the meaning of teaching in Jesus’ name. It proposes that the five Christian virtues of truth, love, faith, hope, and joy serve to guide teaching that faithfully represents Jesus today.
A Practical Theology of Aging: Biblical Perspectives for Individuals and the Church
Authors: Davies James
Published: March 2018

Aging is a gracious gift given by God to cause us to ask about and work on the real issues of life. The Bible presents three main themes on aging. Achieving old age is a Divine Tribute. People in the last half of life are to be honored and respected. Growing older brings about Definite Testing along with blessing. Adults in the last third of their lives can glorify God uniquely. New understandings and spiritual depth can be developed. The process of aging well can be a Distinctive Triumph. How we see the issue of ministry with older adults depends largely on our vision of the old. In a culture striving to remain youthful and avoid any evidence of growing old, we would do well to allow our values about aging to be shaped by the age-related themes found in Scripture.
Trends and Challenges for Ministry among North America's Largest Generation
Authors: Mcintosh Gary
Published: March 2018

The baby boomers, the generation born between 1946 and 1964, are aging differently than previous generations. The events that shaped this generation and the sheer size of the cohort suggest that the aging baby boomers will have significant influence on the culture of aging. As a result, Christian baby boomers will bring different expectations and demands to their church and ministry life that will reshape the way ministry with adults past 60 is construed.
Perspectives on the Spiritual Development of the “Aging” Boomers
Authors: Pettegrew Hal
Published: March 2018

The current generation of baby boomers is aging differently than previous generations. The activism of the 60's generation is morphing into an experience of active retirement. This article suggests that as Christian educators consider characteristics of the baby boomers, the lenses of calling/vocation and wisdom be used to guide our thinking about spiritual formation for this generation.
The Spiritual Influence of Grandparents
Authors: Allen Holly Catterton , Oschwald Heidi Schultz
Published: March 2018

Though grandparents hope to influence the new generation, to pass on their values, understanding, wisdom, and faith, little empirical evidence exists that reveals if (or how) grandparents actually influence their grandchildren spiritually. To investigate this issue, the authors revisit the raw data from Allen's 2002 qualitative dissertation on children's spirituality and analyze what the 40 children in the field research said about their grandparents. The statements of these children as well as data from other empirical studies offer strong support for the idea that grandparents nurture their grandchildren's relationship with God through their frequent prayers, their stories, their clear example, their quiet witness, their availability, and especially their ability to lavish love, grace, and mercy on grandchildren in deep need of such gifts.
An Annotated Bibliography on the Intersection of Aging, Spirituality, Religion and Ministry Practices
Authors: Chechowich Faye
Published: March 2018

This annotated bibliography is designed to introduce both scholars and practitioners to the range of sources that address the intersection between religion, spirituality, aging and ministry by and for those in the last third of life. The inclusion of several annotated bibliographies in this source has allowed less concern that, in a limited list, key sources will be left out. Because the focus of this theme issue is on the transition we are experiencing and will continue to experience in ministry with senior adults, a few sources about the baby boomers are included as well.
Nurture: The Distinctive Feature of Princeton Piety
Authors: Hoffecker W. Andrew
Published: March 2018

From its inception in 1812 to the early 20th century, Princeton Seminary articulated a distinctive piety of nurture consistent with its Calvinist orthodoxy. Princetonians countered the view of revivalists that demanded a dramatic conversion experience as evidence of the Christian life. They proposed instead development beginning at childhood, continuing through familial instruction, pastoral oversight, and faithful use of the sacraments culminating in adult profession of faith and mature Christian living.
An Introduction to Field Education in Higher Christian Education
Authors: Atkinson Harley
Published: March 2018

Field education, as a key link between Christian education institutions and practical ministry experience, has expanded in recent decades. This article introduces the reader to the foundational issues of field education including definition of terms, the nature of experiential education, the history of field education, and significant issues for field education related to educational ministry programs.
Making the Connection: A Case Study on Bridging Classroom and Experiential Learning
Authors: Drummond Sarah
Published: March 2018

This article describes a 9-month longitudinal study, which in part examined how seminary students (N=60) connect classroom learning with field education experiences. Findings indicate that many students began field education either underestimating the connections between their courses and ministry in the field or overestimating their ability to move between theory and practice. Over time, students gained a deeper appreciation of the nuanced connections between classroom and experiential learning. Some students emerged from this deeper sense of connection disillusioned by disconnects between real-life ministry and their classroom learning. This disillusionment is important for educators to expect, understand, and address.
Demystifying “Constructivism” Teasing Unnecessary Baggage from Useful Pedagogy
Authors: Henze Mark E.
Published: March 2018

The term constructivism is commonly used in the field of education. As a solely pedagogical term, it is helpful in understanding the human learning process. Yet, the term is of en bundled together with a variety of overlooked or unconsidered philosophical assumptions that are unnecessary and of en detrimental to its pedagogical underpinnings. Many educators unwittingly adopt the concept without understanding or fully delineating what form of constructivism they embrace. This article provides a simple background to help the educator recognize the many permutations of constructivism and helps them to tease out the philosophical baggage that of en seems indelibly etched into the concept. Educators must learn to embrace the helpful pedagogy while critically determining for themselves whether to accept the attached baggage.
All the Rage: How Small Groups are Really Educating Christian Adults Part Three: Anchoring Small Group Ministry Practice—Biblical Insights and Leadership Development
Authors: Rynsburger Mary , Lamport Mark A.
Published: March 2018

This three-part series considers the current and widespread trend of church-based small groups for adult spiritual formation. It is proposed that a focus on relationships must be kept in balance with learning and application of biblical truth in order for greater spiritual growth to result. The mini-series appears in three parts: The first article (Spring 2008) assesses small group ministries for an understanding of the current state of its sometimes blemished practice. In addition, a review of Christian-oriented small group literature is included, as well as an annotated bibliography of non-Christian-oriented small group literature. The second article (Fall 2008) is intended to augment small group practice by adapting key educational insights from the academic disciplines of group dynamics, communication theory, and educational psychology. The third article (Spring 2009) anchors small group practice by delving into the unique spiritual aspects of learning and addresses the biblical/theological apologetic for the centrality of Scripture. Finally, suggested applications are given for small group leaders and trainers of leaders as to how adults may be more effectively stimulated to learn and grow through such group involvement.
A Biblical Model of the People of God: Overcoming the Clergy/Laity Dichotomy
Authors: Maddix Mark
Published: March 2018

The paper explores the theological and historical relationship between clergy and laity to see if a justification exists for a clergy/laity dichotomy. The paper also explores the intent of Reformation theology and traces the development of the clergy/laity dichotomy's impact on the church today. The paper addresses the following questions: Where and with whom does authority rest? What distinguishes clergy leadership from lay leadership? What was Luther's intent in the “priesthood of all believers”? What are the effects of clergy professionalism and theological training of the laity? The paper argues that the biblical perspective of the “people of God” provides a framework to minimize the dichotomy and to move toward a more shared approach to leadership.
Skilled and Satisfied: Research Findings regarding Executive Pastors
Authors: Powell Doug
Published: March 2018

Three hundred one executive pastors from Baptist churches with a weekly Sunday school average of at least 1,000 people participated in a study designed to determine correlations between administrative and managerial competency and ministry satisfaction. Correlation testing revealed low, but positive, linear relationships between competency and satisfaction factors. Interpersonal skill and implementation and decision-making skill demonstrated highest statistical significance relative to satisfaction. Self-reported satisfaction levels were high. Age and years in ministry correlated strongest in relation to staffing and controlling competencies. Demographic data produced a representative executive pastor profile. This study extended the heretofore limited research knowledge base for the executive pastor role.
Leading Ministry Teams, Part I: Theological Reflection on Ministry Teams
Authors: Eguizabal Orbelina , Lawson Kevin E.
Published: March 2018

This article seeks to establish the biblical and theological foundations for teamwork and team leadership for ministry practice. In order to understand and evaluate the applicability of a ministry team approach, selected models of team leadership in both the Old and New Testaments are explored. Some biblical concepts including love, unity, and the image of the body, together with concepts such as co-laborer, plurality of leadership, shared leadership, and servant leadership, are also explored. The models and concepts reviewed show key elements and spiritual principles for leading ministry teams. Scriptures clearly depict teamwork through the practice of loving each other and living in the unity of the Spirit to the building up of the body of Christ. Therefore, a ministry team approach structured upon biblical and theological foundations should help the church to work together harmoniously and corporately as intended by Jesus Christ, the founder and head of the Christian church.
Striving towards Maturity: On the Relationship between Prayer and Sport
Authors: Hochstetler Douglas R.
Published: March 2018

What should be the proper role of prayer in sport? The purpose of this article is to examine prayer and sport and to offer recommendations based on the notion of spiritual maturity. The Christian athlete, I argue, should strive towards maturity with respect to prayer, as evidenced by the fruit of the Spirit in his or her life.
Asian-American College Students' Parental Attachment and Their Relationship with God
Authors: Shin Heuikwang (Joseph)
Published: March 2018

This study examined to what extent college students' attachment to their parents affected their relationship with God by investigating 206 Korean-American and 95 Chinese-American college students in the Dallas and Austin areas (n=301). Students completed the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (IPPA) and the Spiritual Assessment Inventory (SAI). Results showed that students with low attachment to their parents displayed more instability and disappointment in their relationships with God than students with high attachment. Highly attached students, however, showed a high level of awareness of God's presence in their lives and a positive self-image in religious lives.
Book Review: Teaching Kids Authentic Worship: How to Keep them Close to God for Life
Authors: Carr Jane , Long Lisa Milligan
Published: March 2018

In this section 10 books are reviewed, presented in the following general order: children/family ministry, youth ministry, adult ministry, foundations, teaching-learning process, spirituality/spiritual formation, and leadership/administration—although reviews may not appear for each area. We invite readers to consider reviewing a book for CEJ. Guidelines are available in downloadable documents at www.biola.edu/cej . A list of each area and responsible editors appears after the last review.

Note: Jim Mohler, who had been serving as Book Review Editor for the CEJ for the past year, has had to step down to focus energy on treatments and recovery from cancer. Our prayers are with him for a complete recovery. Jane Carr, an Associate Professor of Christian Education at Talbot School of Theology, Biola University, has stepped into this role and we are grateful for her service.
Ministry Students Ages of Conversion with Implications for Childhood Evangelism and Baptism Practices
Authors: Horton Dennis
Published: March 2018

In recent years, the age of conversion and baptism in North America has steadily decreased for most Christian faith traditions that practice believer's baptism. Several denominational leaders and Christian educators have expressed concerns about the possible negative effects related to these seemingly premature conversions. The findings from a national study of ministry students, however, provide some evidence that early conversions of individuals within a strong Christian environment (i.e., devout Christian parents and a high level of church involvement) do not necessarily have detrimental effects on the individual's spiritual growth or long-term faith commitment. Nevertheless, some basic guidelines should be followed to encourage the most appropriate practices related to childhood evangelism and baptism.
Six Themes to Guide Spiritual Formation Ministry Based on Jesus' Sermon on the Mount
Authors: Issler Klaus
Published: March 2018

What key themes for spiritual formation ministry and Christlike living does Jesus identify? From a study of Jesus' central Sermon on the Mount (SM) emerged six broad formation themes. Further support for these six themes was then sought in relevant ways the Holy Spirit ministers to believers today. This six-theme model of Christlikeness may serve as an initial fundamental framework for assessing the scriptural correspondence within the varied goals for Christian formation offered by Christian leaders. As an illustration, the six themes were compared with Robert Pazmiño's five-task model for the church. Finally some suggestions for practical implications of the six themes are offered. Future studies may confirm, amplify, revise, or replace these particular six themes in order to establish a robust evaluative framework as one means to address the problem of “sanctification pluralism.”
Moses and the Monk: Two Desert Voices on the Centrality of Thought Life in Spiritual Formation
Authors: Busby Daryl Frederick
Published: March 2018

A disciplined mind provides the foundation for many approaches to spiritual formation. Whether Catholic, broadly Protestant, evangelical, or of another religious heritage, many writers address the role of thought life in spiritual disciplines. This essay provides an evangelical assessment of one Desert Father, Evagrius de Pontus, who wrote often about the mind and sets his insights alongside those in Deuteronomy. While the essay may introduce the reader to one more ancient writer, the essay can also assist students of spiritual formation in the vital task of reading sources with theological discernment.
A Welcome Guest: Ministerial Training as an Act of Hospitality
Authors: Shaw Perry W. H.
Published: March 2018

In the biblical record, the act of hospitality is frequently a theological drama of the work of reconciliation. In light of a Christian understanding of knowledge as rooted in relationship and the centrality of reconciliation to the mandate of ministerial training, hospitable space is an essential element in effective ministerial training. Some specific praxis implications of hospitable ministerial training include building an atmosphere of trust, reciprocity, and modeling the character of God.
Leadership Development: Churches Don't Have to Go it Alone, Part II
Authors: Thoman Rick
Published: March 2018

Despite all that has been written, conferences that have been attended, and our best efforts, leadership development remains a critical need for our churches. Over claims of either relevancy or expediency, some churches have abandoned higher education and have started training leaders from their own ranks of volunteers. This three-part series suggests that the academy can assist the local church with this need by taking a holistic approach to developing emerging leaders and finding ways to partner with the local church in the process. The first article (Fall 2009) briefly reviewed the academy's relationship with the church and addressed ways to increase a leader's capacity to lead, focusing on the first domain, the leader's heart or character development. This second article examines the next domain of holistic development, the leader's knowledge. It will seek to answer the question, “What do ministry leaders need to know and where should it be learned?” The third article focuses on the final domain—skills. The expected abilities of ministry leaders will be discussed. All three articles will consider the implications to the curriculum and suggested church involvement.
Unite the Pair so Long Disjoined: Justice and Empathy in Moral Development Theory
Authors: Maddix Mark A.
Published: March 2018

The paper provides an analysis of moral development theory developed by Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. The paper explores the primary critiques of Kohlberg's moral development theory, including justice (the right) as the primary motivation for morality. The paper examines the research of Martin Hoffman's view of empathy (the good) as the primary motivation for morality. John Gibbs takes Hoffman's research a step further by advocating that the primary motivation for morality is co-primary (the right and the good). A Wesleyan view of moral psychology is developed by following Charles Wesley's famous stanza, “Unite the pair so long Disjoined: Knowledge and vital piety.” This statement is a framework to discuss how empathy and justice become the primary motivation for moral development. The paper argues for a Wesleyan view of morality that includes the transformation of the human emotions and affections by the “means of grace” as a basis for moral development. The paper concludes by exploring how congregations can be a means of grace in shaping and forming moral persons.
Narrative Discipleship: Guiding Emerging Adults to “Connect the Dots” of Life and Faith
Authors: Byrd Nathan C.
Published: March 2018

The challenge of creating an effective, lasting transformative Christian discipleship has become more difficult in our current cultural milieu. During a narrative study of emerging adult faith development, participants connected disparate life experiences in the process of developing and discussing their faith biographies. These narrative connections created an environment for transformative learning to occur. In this article, I use narrative methods to inform the practice of emerging adult discipleship to encourage transformation. This article forwards narrative as useful in developing an effective method of discipleship for emerging adults.
Inside Story of a Landmark Study on the Religious and Spiritual Lives of Emerging Adults: An Interview with Christian Smith
Authors: Thayer Jane
Published: March 2018

The National Study of Youth and Religion has been a highly influential research effort for those who teach youth ministry in higher education or lead youth ministry in church and parachurch settings. This interview with Christian Smith explores some of the major themes emerging from the research and their application in educational/youth ministry settings.
Toward Intergenerational Ministry in a Post-Christian Era
Authors: Glassford Darwin , Barger-Elliot Lynn
Published: March 2018

This article addresses intergenerational fragmentation within the church's teaching ministry which undermines the unity and purpose of the body of Christ. This phenomenon is the consequence of an overreliance on the social sciences which, combined with a preference for formal education models, fuels fragmentation between generations. Drawing on the Christian tradition's rich history and theology, this article describes and assesses the philosophical and pedagogical underpinnings of generational fragmentation; explores biblically and theologically how generations ought to be integrated with the teaching ministry; and suggests ways of cultivating an ethos that embodies the church's commitments.
Globalization, Global Church & Educational Ministries: Forging Ecclesiological Relationships between the “Christian” South and the “Post-Christian” West
Authors: Plueddemann Jim
Published: March 2018

As missions becomes increasingly multicultural, leaders and teachers in these settings are faced with many joys and challenges. This article explores current trends and some critical issues for successful multicultural leadership in mission settings.
Reimagining Frankena: Toward a Holistic Model for Philosophy of Ministry
Authors: Setran David P. , Ramler Nathan
Published: March 2018

This article seeks to articulate the outlines of a framework that can be used for the development of a philosophy of ministry. Against the foil of the well-known model proposed by William K. Frankena in the 1960s, this model seeks to make room for a more comprehensive approach, highlighting four distinct ministry domains: learners, leaders, external communities, and systems. Seeking to delineate aims, practices, and missions for all four categories, the model attempts to recognize the need for focused theological, philosophical, and empirical attention in each domain. Finally, the article attempts to demonstrate how the model can be used as a means of facilitating the real-life implementation of the developed philosophy.
Analyzing and Evaluating Christian Religious Education Curricula
Authors: Reck Stacie
Published: March 2018

Historically, there has been theological evaluation of Christian religious education curricula, but there is a lack of systematic pedagogical evaluation of Christian religious education material. Consumer and market demand for material has resulted in very little serious examining of the material being produced. Consequently, Christian religious education material used in the church context often remains virtually unchallenged. Using current research and existing evaluation documents, this exploration raises possible parameters for a method through which to examine and evaluate curriculum, recognizing the need for an approach that critically examines the approaches to teaching and learning that undergird existing Christian religious education materials.
Helping Families Deal with Anger: A Biblical Perspective
Authors: Gliebe Sudi Kate
Published: March 2018

The spiritual effects of anger in families are devastating. However, the Bible offers hope; it provides guidance on how to deal with anger constructively. This article will address the dynamics of angry families and the crucial role of parents. It will explore the contemplative method and its potential to provide biblical guidance and restoration to angry children. Specifically, the article proposes meditation and journaling as viable solutions to help children with habitual anger.
Open Hearts, Open Minds, Open Doors: Including Children with Special Needs in Ministry
Authors: Barnes M. Alyssa
Published: March 2018

Families with children who have special needs often roam from church to church, never finding a true “home.” Parents are typically more interested in locating a supportive group that accepts their child before identifying a place they feel comfortable to grow and develop spiritually. In turn, many children's ministry leaders are now questioning the readiness of their programs, volunteers, and facilities to minister to children with special needs. This paper examines the teachings of Jesus and how to implement the Christian calling. Woven throughout is a realistic but fictional account of a family in search of a spiritual home, the author uses Scripture to reinforce the importance of God's acceptance of all individuals. Finally, based on Carter's (2007) framework, the article provides an outline for children's ministers interested in developing an inclusive ministry program.
Our Future is Intergenerational
Authors: Roberto John
Published: March 2018

Christian congregations across the United States are rediscovering the importance of intergenerational faith formation and relationship building and making it a defining characteristic of their community life. This rediscovery comes at a time when research is finding the enduring importance of intergenerational relationships in the church community upon the faith life and church involvement of young adults. It also comes at a time when churches are questioning their overreliance on age-specific programming to the detriment of intergenerational relationships and experiences in the faith community. This article focuses on the blessings and benefits of being intentionally intergenerational and provides strategies and examples for strengthening intergenerational practices in faith formation.
Intergenerational Ministry: A Review of Selected Publications since 2001
Authors: Chechowich Faye E.
Published: March 2018

This review highlights ten publications that focus on intergenerational ministry which have been published in the last decade. Books from North American and British authors from a variety of Christian traditions are presented.
Transformational Rest for Educators
Authors: Campbell Marla
Published: March 2018

In these hectic days of informational superhighways and busy life schedules, Christian educators desiring to teach for transformation often find little time to rest and to be transformed personally. Implementing biblical models of rest, contemplation, and time alone with God could provide a balanced life that would in turn impart this lesson to our students in an integrated manner. Spiritual transformation must first flow from who we are and how we have been transformed by the Holy Spirit. Paul's Epistle to the Romans encourages Christians to be transformed by the renewing of our minds. Embracing the created design of the rhythms and cycles of life not only changes the way we think, but more importantly how we live and what we teach our students.
Deuteronomy 32 and Anointed Teaching: Bearing Fruits of Liberation, Celebration and Sustenance
Authors: Pazmiño Robert W.
Published: March 2018

This article revisits after 30 years the Song of Moses from Deuteronomy 32 that provides a lens for understanding the anointing of the Holy Spirit in the ministries of Christian teaching. The themes of liberation, celebration, and sustenance are explored.
Christian Nurture and Conversion: A Conversation between Horace Bushnell and John Wesley
Authors: Maddix Mark A.
Published: March 2018

This article provides an overview of Horace Bushnell's view of Christian nurture and its impact on the field of Christian education. Specific attention is given to how Bushnell's thesis has been critiqued and how it shapes current approaches to Christian nurture. The article also explores John Wesley's view of childhood education and conversion. The article includes a conversation between Bushnell and Wesley on issues of original sin, infant baptism, Christian nurture, and conversion. The article concludes by providing practical approaches to developing educational ministries that focus on Christian nurture and formation.
An Integrative Model for E-Mentoring Christian Education Students
Authors: Mullen Steve
Published: March 2018

This article describes an exploratory study of synchronous and asynchronous mentoring of Christian education students at Dallas Baptist University. In recent years, as the practice of faculty mentoring students has emerged, the role of a mentor has been expanded beyond face-to-face mentoring to include e-mentoring. An e-mentoring program in Christian education should focus on rich and engaging course content, Christ-centered integration, campus community, and a personal connection.
An Assessment of Bible Knowledge among Adult Southern Baptist Sunday School Participants
Authors: Gourlay Kenneth H.
Published: March 2018

Biblical illiteracy is a major spiritual problem in America today. Churches and society pay a high price when so many cannot discern between good (what is biblical) and evil. This research examines Bible knowledge among Southern Baptist adult Sunday school participants and investigates the relationships that exist between Bible knowledge and length of Sunday school attendance, size of the overall Sunday school, and frequency of Sunday school attendance. In addition to presenting quantitative evidence concerning the participants’ level of Bible knowledge, this research study draws specific conclusions and gives four explicit recommendations for pastors, church leaders, and Christian educators.
Social Constructivism and Online Learning Environments: Toward a Theological Model for Christian Educators
Authors: Deulen Angela A.
Published: March 2018

While many theories exist to explain the phenomenon of learning, one of the oldest and most supported models is Vygotsky's social constructivism. Although once a forgotten voice, many of the newer Western studies support this model. The present paper discusses social constructivism as an andragogical model for Christian educators teaching in online learning environments and offers possible frameworks and strategies for doing so.
The Technologizing of Faith: An Ethnographic Study of Christian University Students Using Online Technology
Authors: Lee Yu-Ling
Published: March 2018

This article examines the complex relationship between Christian living, online technology, and the “Christian Net Generation.”1 It is the culmination of a yearlong ethnographic research project in the lives of Christian undergraduate students and staff who are part of the InterVarsity Christian Fellowship (IVCF) at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Vancouver, Canada. These Christian students use the Internet as extensions of their lives. They experiment with their faith online, which enhances their embodied spiritual experiences: attending church, sharing meals, communal Bible studies, and living together in communal housing. They demonstrate that it is possible to follow Jesus through the technologizing of their faith.
Such as These: Exploring Conversations with Southern Baptist Children about Conversion and Baptism
Authors: Sanders Thomas
Published: March 2018

The history of Baptists describes their changing views of conversion and baptism of children. This qualitative research was designed to explore how 22 children, their parents/guardians, pastors, and other leaders from 14 Southern Baptist churches describe the phenomenon of conversion and baptism in the lives of the boys and girls. The research revealed that leaders in the faith community play a significant role in conversion, language of the faith can assist and distract from understanding, and children are influenced by the need to be included or by concern related to exclusion.
Stop, Look, Listen: Contemplative Teaching and Learning
Authors: Anderson E. Byron
Published: March 2018

In an age of overwhelming quantities of information, an increasing superficiality of understanding, and an increasing emphasis on “devices,” Christian educators can invite learners into transformational learning through focal contemplative practices that help learners sharpen their attention and deepen their experience. Participation in focal practices invites the emergence of contemplation and helps cultivate a readiness to receive the gift of contemplation. This essay explores briefly the relationship between focal practice and contemplation. It then considers three particular practices that can support and encourage contemplative knowing across a range of teaching/learning contexts: contemplative looking, contemplative reading, and contemplative play.
Transformative Learning Theory: Connections with Christian Adult Education
Authors: Marmon Ellen L.
Published: March 2018

This article explores Transformative Learning Theory, primarily as asserted by Jack Mezirow, and highlights its relevance for the field of Christian education. The theory's core elements of experience, critical reflection, corporate discourse, authentic relationships, and change identify significant building blocks of effective adult discipleship.
Small Groups: The Same Yesterday, Today, and Forever?
Authors: Donahue Bill , Gowler Charles
Published: March 2018

Over the last 40 years the use of small groups for building community and fostering spiritual growth has gained wide acceptance across North American churches of all sizes and theological persuasions. Indeed, the rapid growth of group life in churches has led observers to refer to the phenomenon as the “small group movement” in church ministry. As the movement grew, a logical question arose: Are groups effective in making disciples and, if so, to what extent? Beginning with Robert Wuthnow's work in the 1990s, this article will discuss findings from key research efforts conducted with participants of church-based groups, assess the current state of the small group movement, and offer observations concerning the direction and focus of the movement for the years ahead.
Small Group Models: Navigating the Commonalities and the Differences
Authors: Boren Scott , Egli Jim
Published: March 2018

Confronted with an abundance of small group models, pastors and church leaders often find it challenging to understand the various alternatives and what the differences are between them. This article outlines the origins and distinctives of some of the most popular contemporary small group models to help readers better understand them so that they can develop the best approach for their own church.
Francis E. Clark: Founder of Christian Endeavor
Authors: Lanker Jason
Published: March 2018

Francis E. Clark (September 12, 1851–May 26, 1927) is considered by many to be the founder of modern youth ministry. Concerned with the disconnection of young adults from his congregation, he created a segregated prayer ministry that he called the Young People's Society of Christian Endeavor (Y.P.S.C.E). Armed with an “iron-clad” pledge, a weekly newsletter, and the incessant travels of its founder, the society grew to be a worldwide organization boasting more than 4 million members by the time of his death at the age of 75.
Eschatological Foundations of Christian Education: How our Beliefs about Christ's Return Impact our Educational Ministry Efforts
Authors: Estep James R. , Lawson Kevin E.
Published: March 2018

Recent theological work on foundations of Christian education has explored a wide range of important systematic theology topics (e.g., sanctification, ecclesiology, pneumatology, Trinity, the nature of Scripture). An area that has not received much attention is eschatology. How do understandings of Christ's promised return impact the focus of educational ministries in the church? What is important for us to learn in this time of waiting? This paper focuses on biblical images and themes associated with waiting for Christ's return and key issues that should have an impact on Christian educators' ministry efforts. It explores how eschatological views give direction and shape to the church's teaching ministries.
Experiencing God: The History and Philosophy of “Children and Worship”
Authors: Jonker Laura
Published: March 2018

The Children and Worship education approach stems from the value of children experiencing God through age-appropriate sensorimotor learning in preparation for corporate worship community. The origins of the philosophy behind Children and Worship led to the development of its distinctive approach based on the Montessori educational method. Founded by Jerome W. Berryman and Sonja Stewart in the 1980s, Children and Worship uses nonverbal and verbal experiences to teach children priorities in worship. Children and Worship is a product of rich dialogue and discovery—an approach centered on trusting God to be the leading force in child spiritual development.
Exploring the Conceptual Compatibility of Transformative Learning Theory in Accounts of Christian Spiritual Renewal at Wheaton College in 1995
Authors: McLaughlin Richard J.
Published: March 2018

This research explored the conceptual compatibility of Transformative Learning Theory (TLT) in accounts of spiritual renewal at Wheaton College in 1995. TLT was applied using quadrants of experience, critical reflection, rational dialogue, and action. The sample was drawn from the Billy Graham Center Archives at Wheaton College. These audio interviews involved 28 people. The findings confirmed compatibility between TLT and these Christian spiritual renewal accounts. Implications involved prioritizing prayer, expanding vision, and clarifying intentions personally and collectively.
Community, Discipleship, and Social Media
Authors: Williams Myron
Published: March 2018

As Christian educators how should we view social media? Friend or enemy? Embrace or ignore? Encourage or discourage it? How does social media affect relationships, especially relationships in terms of community and discipleship? Can social media be used as part of a discipleship strategy? The uses of social media are evident in many congregations today. This article explores the philosophical, theological, and practical questions about the uses of social media as part of a discipleship strategy. Who are the people using social media and how does their use affect the church's discipleship strategy? The article concludes by recommending some key questions that ministry leaders must ask if they are to consider using social media as part of their discipleship strategy.
Relationships Matter: The Impact of Relationships upon Emerging Adult Retention
Authors: Brown Megan G.
Published: March 2018

In recent years, a number of studies have surfaced focusing upon attrition and retention issues as they relate to emerging adult church attendance. Both researchers and practitioners have shown interest in the attendance pattern of emerging adults. This article explores the experiences of emerging adults and provides evidence for the importance of relationships, when emerging adult retention is considered. Understanding the impact of relationships may provide ministries with helpful information to consider in the quest to retain emerging adults. The findings presented are followed by potential ministry implications for a variety of ministry contexts.
Recommendations for Including People with Intellectual Disabilities in Faith Communities
Authors: Slocum Victoria
Published: March 2018

Although people with intellectual disabilities have a low rate of participation in faith communities, such participation has been identified as playing a significant role in their quality of life. This literature review examines the literature for recommendations of specific strategies to increase the inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities in the life and activities of faith communities. The results indicate that there is a need for meaningful inclusion of people with disabilities in faith communities beyond physical presence. Several strategies for doing so are recommended, including utilizing the expertise of special educators, using explicit teaching strategies, and providing training for leaders and members of faith communities. Recommendations for further research are discussed.
The Gospel of Luke: A Framework for a Theology of Disability
Authors: McReynolds Kathy
Published: March 2018

A disability is anything that puts one at a disadvantage. This article will argue that Christ's ministry to the vulnerable and the outcast provides a model and a mandate for the church to reach out to those with disabilities. In Luke, Jesus highlights those with disabilities as “unexpected” disciples, as examples of true humility—a hallmark of discipleship—and as those who will be most welcome into the kingdom of God.
The Measurement and Evaluation of Children's Ministry Praxis
Authors: Blanchette Leon , Crosby Robert G.
Published: March 2018

Popular books and resources for children's ministers are typically based on philosophical assertions, anecdotal evidence, or the experience of the author, rather than on empirical evidence. The present study seeks to advance the science of children's ministry by validating a measure of children's ministry praxis and determining whether different approaches to children's ministry are actually associated with the outcomes they are assumed to produce. Statistical analyses of existing survey data collected from 201 Nazarene churches in the United States revealed three empirically distinct ministry models differentially associated with attendance growth, conversion rates, evangelism rates, and service participation. Practical implications are discussed.
Joining the Journey: Using Memory Research to Help Students Identify with Biblical Events
Authors: Culp A. J.
Published: March 2018

The world of the Old Testament is one many students see as a “strange land” (Rodd, 2001). For those who teach the Old Testament as Scripture, this is a significant problem, for that land and its people are part of our faith story—something we need to identify with. The aim of this article, then, is to show how memory research might provide a way forward in helping students identify with Scripture. By leveraging false memory research in particular, it is argued that by carefully embedding sensory features within storytelling we can facilitate a pseudo-experience, thereby helping students to “see” themselves in biblical events. This seeing, in turn, accomplishes meaningful and long-term identification, for it shifts students' memory of biblical events from the perspective of an observer to that of a participant. The book of Deuteronomy is used to show how this can be put into practice.