bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Cytogenetic Damage Induced during Hysterosalpingography Procedure: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Chodankar Sayali Satish , Vishakh R , Selvan G Tamizh , Shetty Shashi Kumar , Vidyan Savin K , Laad Amarja Pandurang , Kumari N Suchetha
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Hysterosalpingography (HSG) is a radiographic procedure used to visualise the fallopian tubes and uterine cavity by injecting a contrast medium, commonly employed for diagnosing infertility cases. However, due to the associated radiographic and fluoroscopic exposure, there is an increased risk of chromosomal damage to the gonads. Aim: To investigate the impact of radiographic and fluoroscopic exposure on chromosomal integrity in peripheral blood lymphocytes using the Cytokinesis Blocked Micronucleus (CBMN) assay. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional time-bound study included 10 patients (n=10) scheduled for HSG procedures at the Department of Radiology, Justice KS Hegde Hospital, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India from April 2021 to March 2022. Following radiation exposure, the CBMN assay was conducted to evaluate chromosomal damage in both test and control group blood samples. Blood samples from healthy donors were divided into three cryo vials, with one serving as the control and the remaining two exposed to radiation at the entrance and exit areas during the HSG procedure. The data were expressed as mean±Standard Deviation (SD). A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. The analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: A statistically significant (p<0.05) increase in biological damage was observed when comparing the Micronucleus (MN) frequency of the test groups (entrance=0.022±0.005 and exit group=0.0172±0.005) with the control group (0.006±0.003). Additionally, a decrease in MN frequency was noticed within the test groups, particularly in the exit group, although the results were not statistically significant (p=0.066). Conclusion: The HSG is an effective clinical diagnostic technique. However, the present study indicates a potential risk of chromosomal damage associated with the procedure, emphasising the need for judicious use of radiation exposure during HSG.
Chloride as a Prognostic Factor in Children with Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Suresh Preethi , Rangaraj Suresh , Raju Prasanna , Sundar Subash
Published: January 2024

Introduction: In the management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA), importance is given to electrolytes such as sodium and potassium, but not chloride. There is evidence that high chloride levels can lead to Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). However, chloride as a prognostic factor has not been thoroughly investigated. Aim: To evaluate the role of chloride as a prognostic factor in the treatment of children with DKA. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study collected data from 22 children with severe DKA, aged under 14 years, admitted to the Department of Paediatrics, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, between January 2016 and October 2020. Data included demographic details, blood glucose, arterial blood gas, renal function tests, serum electrolytes at admission and at 24 hours, and outcome parameters. All children received regular monitoring and standard treatment as per the International Society for Paediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) guidelines. The children were divided into two groups: Recovery within 48 hours (Group-A) and more than 48 hours (Group-B). Electrolyte and renal parameters after 24 hours of treatment were compared. Univariate analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0. Student's t-test, Chisquare test, and odds ratio were used for statistical analysis. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the 22 children, 50% recovered within 48 hours, while the remaining half took more than 48 hours. A total of 13 had hyperchloraemia at 24 hours (59%). The mean serum chloride at 24 hours was 115.91 mmol/L in Group-B compared to 106.09 mmol/L in Group-A (p=0.0079*). Two developed AKI, requiring renal replacement therapy and ventilatory support, and eventually died. Conclusion: In the present study, children with severe DKA who developed hyperchloraemia after 24 hours of admission, following fluid resuscitation with 0.9% normal saline and subsequent standard treatment, took a longer time to recover
Clinical Profile in Patients of Amoebic Liver Abscess with and without Hyperbilirubinemia: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Sujitha S , Kumar Rajiv Ranjan , Kumar Jitendra , Dewan Rekha
Published: January 2024

Introduction: In tropical countries like India, two-thirds of liver abscess cases are amoebic. Along with abdominal pain, fever, and other non-specific clinical features, jaundice is commonly observed in Amoebic Liver Abscess (ALA) cases. However, the understanding of jaundice in a patients with ALA is limited, and it is associated with a poor prognosis. Aim: To compare the morbidity and mortality of ALA patients with and without hyperbilirubinemia, as well as their clinical outcomes. Materials and Methods: The present prospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary teaching institute in northern India. It included 150 patients aged between 20 and 60 years with a confirmed diagnosis of ALA. The patients were divided into two groups based on the presence or absence of hyperbilirubinemia. Those with jaundice resulting from other causes or a history of hepatitis were excluded. Variables examined in the study included age, sex, alcohol intake, basic laboratory parameters, ultrasound-assessed abscess size and number, and duration of hospital stay. Results: Among the 150 cases, 22 (14.6%) had elevated serum bilirubin levels (>1 mg/dL). Additionally, 122 (81.33%) had a history of alcohol intake, and 117 (78%) had a single abscess cavity. In ALA patients with hyperbilirubinemia, 12 (54.55%) had abnormal creatinine values, and 6 (27.26%) experienced complications such as rupture and peritonitis. One mortality occurred in a patient with ALA and jaundice. Conclusion: ALA patients with jaundice exhibited larger abscess cavities, a higher complication rates, a longer hospital stays, and a poor prognoses.
Реликтовые раннемеловые саламандры «Великого сибирского рефугиума», "Природа"
Authors: Скучас П.П. , Колчанов В.В.
Published: January 2024

Обнаруженные в нижнемеловых местонахождениях Шестаково 1 в Кемеровской обл. и Тээтэ в Якутии (Республика Саха) примитивные саламандры — это реликтовые для раннего мела формы. Эти саламандры — важный компонент уникальной фауны раннемелового «Великого сибирского рефугиума», обширной северо-восточной части Азиатского континента, на территории которой сохранились многочисленные реликтовые позвоночные юрского происхождения. Возможной причиной существования «Великого сибирского рефугиума» было отсутствие серьезных климатических изменений и катастрофических событий в поздней юре — раннем мелу на данной территории.
Measures of Urbanisation and Interrelationship between Factors Thereof in Tiruchirapalli District: A SEM Analysis
Authors: Gayathri E. , Devi K. Sita
Published: January 2024

Urbanization is a complex socio-economic process that transforms the built environment, converting formerly rural into urban settlements, while also shifting the spatial distribution of population from rural to urban areas. Urbanization was an important driving force in migration and commuting, because urban areas offer many economic opportunities to rural people through better jobs, new skills and cultural changes. The specific objective formulated for the study are to find out the various measures of urbanisation in the study area and to develop a structural equation model for depicting the interrelationship between these factors of urbanisation. A multistage random sampling technique was adopted. The tools of analysis for the study are Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) using Structural Equation Model (SEM). The results revealed that the variables in the study had effect on urbanisation and the recommended fitness models and reliability test were achieved the required level for the study. The study concluded that the urbanisation has influence on the factors such as cropping pattern, land use pattern, growing employment and rural-urban migration in the study area.
Structure and Composition of Woody Species in the Kpatawee Tropical Rainforest in Liberia
Authors: Mahari Abraham , Blasin Clinton G. , Bekele Aberash
Published: January 2024

Studying ecosystem structure and species composition is pivotal, offering critical insights into environmental health and biodiversity. It facilitates the evaluation of environmental changes, like deforestation and climate shifts, and their influence on species dynamics within ecosystems. Our study aimed to assess the woody species composition and structure within Liberia's Kpatawee tropical rainforest. We conducted transect walks, crossing the forest south-north and east-west, establishing six 20 m x 20 m sampling plots. Using the PlantNet plant species identifier tool, we cataloged surviving trees with a DBH ≥ 5 cm, including their scientific names. Results unveiled 71 tree species across 42 families, with Leguminosae displaying the highest diversity. Prominent species included Quararibea asterolepis, Hasseltia floribunda, and Castilla elastica. An intriguing inverted J-shaped pattern in diameter distribution linked to stem-stand shrubs, small-sized trees, and young large trees characterized the first class. The tree layer, mainly species like Garcinia benthamiana, Iramyan therasagotiana, and Eschweilera decolarans, contributed significantly to the total DBH (65.45%). Total basal area (BA) for trees DBH ≥ 5 cm was 16.39 m² ha-1. Notably, eight species accounted for 93% of the basal area, reflecting a concentration of individuals in lower DBH classes in the first category. This trend suggests a gradual decline in numbers in higher DBH classes. Consequently, we recommend implementing sustainable forest management to mitigate the impacts of selective cutting on forest recruitment and regeneration processes. The inverted J-shaped pattern, indicating prolific regeneration but limited recruitment, possibly due to selective cutting, underscores the imperative for prudent forest management.
Interventions in Selection of Fish Feed Ingredients with Special Reference to Leaves and Water Plants: A Review
Authors: Pratiwy Fittrie Meyllianawaty , Haetami Kiki , Musthopa Andrean Alief
Published: January 2024

Efforts in managing leafy materials and aquatic plants as fish feed are essential approaches in sustainable fish farming. The purpose of this article is to explore the potential utilization of leaves, aquatic plants, and the processing methods involved in turning them into supplementary fish feed. The writing methodology employed is a literature review, involving stages such as journal search, journal selection, journal analysis, and journal synthesis. Based on the review of several relevant journals, it is evident that various leaf species such as Taro (Colocasia esculenta L.), Gamal (Gliricidia sepium), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala), Cassava (Manihot utilissima), Noni (Morinda citrifolia), Turi (Sesbania grandiflora L.), Kale (Ipomoea aquatica), Papaya (Carica Papaya), and aquatic plants like Lemna Minor, Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), Azolla microphylla can serve as references for supplementary feed with beneficial content for fish growth. The utilization of these plants is a judicious step as it can reduce commercial feed costs, provide stable feed availability throughout the year, and mitigate negative environmental impacts while enhancing water quality. Managing plants as fish feed is not only economically favorable but also a positive stride towards sustainable and environmentally friendly fish farming.
Irrigation Scheduling and Cultivar Management for Increasing Water Productivity under Dryland Condition: A Review
Authors: Maurya Shravan Kumar , Kalhapure Aniket , Verma V. K. , Tiwari Ankit , Chaubey Chandrakant , Maurya Durgesh Kumar , Kumar Mandeep
Published: January 2024

In Dryland environments with limited water resources, irrigation scheduling and cultivar management are play pivotal roles in enhancing water productivity. Effective irrigation scheduling involves the judicious timing and amount of water application, considering factors such as soil moisture levels and crop growth stages. Utilizing advanced technologies, such as soil moisture sensors and remote sensing, facilitates precise irrigation management. This approach not only conserves water but also prevents waterlogging and salinity issues, promoting optimal plant growth. Cultivar selection is another critical aspect, focusing on identifying and cultivating crops that are well-adapted to arid conditions. Drought-resistant cultivars with traits like deep root systems and efficient water use contribute significantly to water productivity. Integrating modern breeding techniques and genetic engineering enhances the development of cultivars with improved drought tolerance, ensuring resilience in dryland agriculture. Furthermore, the implementation of agro ecological practices, such as conservation tillage and organic farming, complements irrigation scheduling and cultivar management. These practices enhance soil structure, water retention, and overall ecosystem health, fostering a more sustainable and resilient agricultural system. Adopting a comprehensive approach that combines precise irrigation scheduling, resilient cultivar selection and agro ecological practices holds great potential for increasing water productivity in dryland conditions. This integrated strategy not only addresses the challenges posed by water scarcity but also contributes to the long-term viability of agriculture in arid regions.
In vitro Evaluation of Antagonistic Effect of Bio Control Agents (BCA) against Mango Dieback Incited by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl
Authors: Parmar K. A. , Rakholiya K. B. , Patel P. R. , Singh Neha
Published: January 2024

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important tropical fruit crops, belongs to family anacardiaceae. Mango is infected by number of diseases at all stages of its development, among them dieback caused by Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. is considered to be the most destructive disease, leading to significant yield loss and low fruit quality of mango due to slowly wilting of tree. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the inhibitory activity of different bio-control agents (BCA) against L. theobromae. Different bioagents viz., Trichoderma viride NAU isolate, T. harzianum, NAU isolate, Pseudomonas fluorescens NAU isolate, Bacillus subtilis NAU isolate and Rhizospheric actinobacteria were tested by dual culture technique. Among them, highest per cent growth inhibition was found in T. viride (71.47%) followed by T. harzianum (67.15%) and rhizospheric actinobacteria (47.84%). P. fluorescens (3.46%) was found least effective against pathogen. The results indicated that among all the BCA, T. viride was most effective against L. theobromae. Hence, it can be explored further for management of mango dieback.
Socio-economic Correlates of Intestinal Helminthiasis Infestation in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Presenting in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-ozalla, Enugu
Authors: JO Onyia , OA Onyia , CD Nzeduba , NC Maduka , Agu G  , Chime P  , IN Asinobi , JM Chinawa
Published: January 2024

Background: Children infected with Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be more prone to helminthic infestation and this may be modified by their socio-demographic and hygiene-related variables.
Objectives: This study was aimed at eliciting the various socioeconomic correlates that affect helminth infections among children with HIV and comparing it with their normal counterparts who had no HIV.
Methods: A cross-sectional study where a total of 140 subjects including 70 HIV-infected children and 70 children without HIV infection. They were consecutively recruited from the Paediatric HIV clinic and matched for age and sex with.
Results: Socio-economic class, area of residence, hygienic practices such as method of feacal disposal, hand washing practices and footwear practices were significantly associated with helminthic infestation at the bivariate level of analysis (p < 0.05). Using bivariate analysis, of the independent variables that were significant at the bivariate analysis, only lower socioeconomic class was an independent predictor of helminthic infestation (AOR = 6.403, 95% CI: 1.303 to 31.469)
Conclusion: Socio-demographic and hygiene-related risk factors are similar in HIV-positive and negative children. However, lower socioeconomic status is an independent predictor of helminthic intestinal infestation after controlling for potential confounders such as age and gender.
UV-C Light Treatment to Extend the Shelf-Life of Paneer (Un-ripened Soft Cheese)
Authors: Devaraju R.  , Manjunatha H.  , Kalla Adarsh M. , Shashi Kumar C. S.  , Basavabharati  , Akshaykumar
Published: January 2024

Aim: Application of UV-C light to reduce the post-processing surface contamination and to extend the shelf-life of paneer

Study Design: The study was aimed for 3×4 factorial design and the paneer samples were exposed to UV-C light for 60, 120 and 180 seconds and studied for its surface decontamination bymicrobiological studies and effect on sensory properties using 9-point hedonic scale after 3, 6 and 9, days of storage in a refrigerated conditions.

Place and Duration of Study: Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Sciences University (KVAFSU), Dairy Science College, Mahagaon Cross, Kalaburagi, Karnataka, India

Methodology: A standard method was followed for the preparation of paneer. The paneer samples were treated with UV-C light in a UV chamber. Further, the samples were analysed for its Total Bacterial Count (TBC), Yeast and Moulds, and Coliform count, and sensory attributes such as flavour, colour and appearance, body and texture, and overall acceptability on a 9-point hedonic scale. The sensory evaluation of the sample was carried out by a panel of minimum 10 semi-trained judges who are well acquainted with the product features.

Results: The effect of varied exposure time of UV-C light and after storage days for a specific period was studied on the level of destruction of microbial-count and effect on the sensory characteristics. There was a significant (P=0.05) difference between the treated and non-treated samples in their microbial-count., and a log scale reduction in the bacterial and yeast and mould count on the surface by the effect of UV-C light was observed. The overall acceptability score for UV-C treated and non-treated sample was 8.36 and 8.10 at 0th day, and 7.02 and 5.65 after 9 days, respectively. Hence, the result was comparable to that of non-treated paneer.

Conclusion: The chemical-free and cost-effective UV-C treatment for surface decontamination of microorganisms could be a viable technique to extend the shelf-life of paneer.

Recommendation: Combination of other non-thermal techniques with UV-C light and with different packaging method could be studied to enhance the keeping quality.
Regulation of bone resorption and osteoclast survival by nitric oxide: Possible involvement of NMDA‐receptor
Authors: Mentaverri R. , Kamel S. , Wattel A. , Prouillet C. , Sevenet N. , Petit J. P. , Tordjmann T. , Brazier M.
Published: March 2003

Nitric oxide has been shown to play an important role in regulation of bone resorption. However, the role of endogenous nitric oxide on osteoclast activity remains still controversial. In this work, using RT‐PCR amplification, we demonstrated that rabbit mature osteoclasts express mRNA encoding for neuronal nitric oxide synthase suggesting that this enzyme could be involved in basal nitric oxide production in these cells. Then we assessed the effect of carboxy‐PTIO, a nitric oxide scavenger, on in vitro bone resorption and osteoclast survival. Carboxy‐PTIO (10–100 μM) inhibited osteoclastic bone resorption in a dose dependent manner and induced osteoclast apoptosis by a mechanism involving caspase 3 activation. These results suggest that basal concentration of endogenous nitric oxide may be essential for normal bone resorption by supporting osteoclast survival. Because osteoclasts express N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate‐receptor (NMDA‐R), we hypothesized that in osteoclasts NMDA‐R may be involved in nitric oxide production as in neuronal cells. We confirmed that blockade of NMDA‐R with specific non‐competitive antagonists, MK801 and DEP, strongly inhibited bone resorption. As for carboxy‐PTIO, we showed that blockade of NMDA‐R by both antagonists induced osteoclast apoptosis in a dose dependent manner by a mechanism dependent on caspase 3 activation. Intracellular calcium concentration in osteoclasts decreased within minutes in the presence of both antagonists. Finally, MK801‐induced osteoclast apoptosis was partially reversed in the presence of small amount of SNAP (100 nM), a nitric oxide donor, suggesting that the effect of NMDA‐R on osteoclast apoptotic cell death could be due to a decrease in nitric oxide production. Taken together, our results are consistent with the hypothesis that NMDA‐R on osteoclasts could have a similar function as those in neuronal cells, i.e., to allow a calcium influx, which in turn activates a constitutive neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide generated by this pathway may be essential for osteoclast survival and hence for normal bone resorption. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1145–1156, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1): Role in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair—perhaps through transcription
Authors: Somasundaram Kumaravel
Published: March 2003

Mutations of BRCA1 gene are associated with more than half the cases of hereditary breast cancer. Breast cancer formation in BRCA1 mutation carriers is generally accompanied by loss of the wild‐type allele, suggesting that BRCA1 protein may function as a tumor suppressor. The human BRCA1 gene encodes a nuclear protein of 1863 amino acids. Although several lines of evidences suggest that BRCA1 protein may have a role to play in cell cycle regulation, DNA repair, and other processes, the exact mechanism of functioning by BRCA1 protein is not clear. Recent evidences from several laboratories suggest that BRCA1 may regulate the expression of many genes like p21WAF1/CIP1, Gadd45, Cyclin B1, DBB2, XPC, 14‐3‐3ó and others at the level of transcription. These BRCA1‐regulated gene products have been implicated directly or indirectly in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. Thus a plausible model is proposed in which BRCA1 protein may bring its effects on cell cycle and DNA repair through its ability to modulate gene expression at the level of transcription. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1084–1091, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
VLA‐4 antagonists: Potent inhibitors of lymphocyte migration
Authors: Yang Ginger X. , Hagmann William K.
Published: March 2003

Circulating lymphocytes normally migrate through extravascular spaces in relatively low numbers as important members of the immunosurveillance process. That is until signals are received by endothelial cells that there is an underlying infection or inflammatory condition. These vascular surface cells in turn overexpress and present ligands to circulating lymphocyte adhesion molecules. Upon encountering this higher density of ligands, lymphocytes, which had been leisurely rolling along the vascular surface, now become more firmly attached, change shape, and migrate through tight junctions to the sites of infection or inflammation. If the initiating events are not resolved and the condition becomes chronic, there can be a sustained extravasation of lymphocytes that can exacerbate the inflammatory condition, which in turn will continue to recruit more inflammatory cells resulting in unwanted tissue destruction. It is for the attenuation of this cycle of sustained inflammatory cell recruitment that very late activating antigen‐4 (VLA‐4) antagonists are being developed. Most lymphocytes, except neutrophils, express VLA‐4 on their surface and they interact with endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (VCAM‐1). It is this interaction that VLA‐4 antagonists are intended to disrupt, thus, putting an end to the cycle of chronic inflammation, which is the hallmark of many diseases. This review will provide an update of VLA‐4 antagonists that have appeared since early 2001 and will discuss some of the issues, both positive and negative, that may be encountered in their development. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 3, 369‐392, 2003
Entropy Approach in the Analysis of Anisotropy of Digital Images
Authors: Kirsanova Eugenia N. , Sadovsky Michael G.
Published: March 2003

Anisotropy is assumed to be the difference of a plane object observed in different dimensions. For digital images, anisotropy is determined in two ways. The first one is based on the comparison of mosaics bearing rectangular smalts developed in different (perpendicular, to be exact) directions. The comparison is provided through an intermediate mosaic called palette, that is the mosaic with the frequency of smalts equal to arithmetic mean of the frequency of smalts of compared mosaics. The latter is based on the calculation of the information capacity of the mosaics developed in different directions. The information capacity is the specific entropy of real mosaic calculated against the reconstructed one bearing the most probable expansions of smaller smalts. The problem of test object is discussed.
Relationship of the Escherichia coli TrkA System of Potassium Ion Uptake with the F0F1-ATPase Under Growth Conditions Without Anaerobic or Aerobic Respiration
Authors: Trchounian Armen , Ohanjanyan Yelena , Bagramyan Karine , Vardanian Vitya , Zakharyan Eleonora , Vassilian Anait , Davtian Misak
Published: March 2003

K+ uptake by the Escherichia coli TrkA system is unusual in that it requires both ATP and ΔμH; a relation withH+ circulation through the membrane is thereforesuggested. The relationship of this system with the F0F1-ATPase was studied in intact cells grownunder different conditions. A significant increase of the N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide(DCCD)-inhibitedH+ efflux through the F0F1 by 5 mMK+, but not by Na+ added into thepotassium-free medium was revealed only in fermenting wild-type orparent cells, that were grown under anaerobic conditions withoutanaerobic or aerobic respiration and with the production of H2. Such an increase disappeared in the Δunc or the trkA mutants that have alteredF0F1 or defective TrkA, respectively. This finding indicates a closed relationship between TrkA andF0F1, with these transport systems beingassociated in a single mechanism that functions as an ATP-driven H+–K+-exchanging pump. ADCCD-inhibited H+–K+-exchangethrough these systems with the fixed stoichiometry of H+and K+ fluxes(2H+/K+) and a higherK+ gradient between the cytoplasm and the externalmedium were also found in these bacteria. They were not observed incells cultured under anaerobic conditions in the presence of nitrate orunder aerobic conditions with respiration and without production of H2. The role of anaerobic or aerobic respiration as adeterminant of the relationship of the TrkA with the F0F1 is postulated. Moreover, an increase of DCCD-inhibited H+ efflux by added K+, aswell as the characteristics of DCCD-sensitiveH+–K+-exchange found in a parentstrain, were lost in the arcA mutant with a defective Arc system, suggesting a repression of enzymes in respiratorypathways. In addition, K+ influx in the latest mutantwas not markedly changed by valinomycin or with temperature. The arcA gene product or the Arc system is proposed to beimplicated in the regulation of the relationship between TrkA and F0F1.
Nitric Oxide: A Unique Endogenous Signaling Molecule in Vascular Biology
Authors: Ignarro Louis J.
Published: March 2003

The properties of nitric oxide as an endogenous cell signaling molecule in vascular biology are described.
Lipoprotein lipase deficiency and transient diabetes mellitus in a neonate
Authors: Raupp P. , Keenan C. , Dowman M. , Nath R. , Hertecant J.
Published: March 2003

Lipoprotein lipase deficiency (LPLD) represents a rare (<1:100 000), life‐threatening neonatal condition, and a challenge for dietary management. We describe a neonate who developed diabetes mellitus as a feature of LPLD, without evidence of pancreatitis.
NMR Studies of Drug Interaction with Membranes and Membrane-Associated Proteins
Authors: Xu Yan , Yushmanov Victor E. , Tang Pei
Published: March 2003

This review focuses on the recent developments in the study of drug interactions with biological membranes and membrane-associated proteins using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and other spectroscopic techniques. Emphasis is placed on a class of low-affinity neurological agents as exemplified by volatile general anesthetics and structurally related compounds. The technical aspects are reviewed of how to prepare membrane-mimetic systems and of NMR approaches that are either in current use or opening new prospects. A brief literature survey covers studies ranging from drug distribution in simplified lipid matrix to specific drug interaction with neuronal receptors reconstituted in complicated synthetic membrane systems.
Reversal of Sodium Arsenite Inhibition of Rat Liver Microsomal Ca2+ Pumping ATPase by Vitamin C
Authors: Odunuga Odutayo O. , Okunade Gbolahan W. , Olorunsogo Olufunso O.
Published: March 2003

Sodium arsenite (NaAsO2), at 10% of its median lethal dose, was administered to rats with and without vitamin C pretreatment. Liver microsomal fraction was isolated and the activity of Ca2+-ATPase was assayed. Sodium arsenite was found to inhibit the activity of the liver microsomal Ca2+-ATPase to 50% to that of control rats. The specific activity of the enzyme in rats administered sodium arsenite with vitamin C pretreatment was not significantly different from that of control rats.
Simvastatin Reduces the Expression of Adhesion Molecules in Circulating Monocytes From Hypercholesterolemic Patients
Authors: Rezaie-Majd Abdolreza , Prager Gerald W. , Bucek Robert A. , Schernthaner Gerit H. , Maca Thomas , Kress Hans-Georg , Valent Peter , Binder Bernd R. , Minar Erich , Baghestanian Mehrdad
Published: March 2003

Objective—The intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1/CD54) and its ligand, CD11a/CD18, mediate endothelial adhesion of leukocytes and their consecutive transmigration. Anti-inflammatory effects of statins are considered to be exerted in part through inhibition of leukocyte–endothelial interactions. We investigated the in vivo effects of simvastatin treatment in hypercholesterolemic patients and the influence of various statins on expression of cellular adhesion molecules in vitro.

Methods and Results—A total number of 107 hypercholesterolemic patients were treated with 20 mg (n=52) or 40 mg (n=55) of simvastatin daily. After 6 weeks of treatment, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) expressed lower amounts of CD54-, CD18-, and CD11a-mRNA compared with pretreatment values. Surface expression of CD54 and CD18/CD11a on CD14+-monocytes also decreased significantly in both groups of patients. Moreover, simvastatin, atorvastatin, and cerivastatin were found to downregulate tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α–induced expression of CD54 and CD18/CD11a in isolated PBMCs obtained from normal donors as well as TNF-α–dependent expression of these CAMs in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, all three statins were found to reduce the binding of PBMCs to TNF-α–stimulated HUVECs in vitro.

Conclusions—Statin-induced inhibition of expression of CD54 and CD18/CD11a in PBMCs and HUVECs with consecutive loss of adhesive function may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects of these drugs and some of their beneficial clinical activities.
Genetics and educational psychology
Authors: Plomin Robert , Walker Sheila O.
Published: March 2003

Background: Molecular genetics, one of the most energetic and exciting areas of science, is slowly but surely coming to educational psychology.

Aims: We review recent molecular genetic research on learning disabilities as a sign of things to come in educational psychology. We also consider some misconceptions about genetics that have slowed the acceptance of genetics in educational psychology.

Samples: Diverse samples of children with learning disabilities have been studied, primarily in the UK and the USA.

Methods: Linkage analysis can detect genes that have large effects on learning disabilities. Association analysis can detect genes of much smaller effect size, which is important because common disorders such as learning disabilities are likely to be influenced by many genes as well as by many environmental factors.

Results: For reading disability, replicated linkages have been identified on chromosomes 6, 15 and 18. A gene responsible for a rare type of language impairment has recently been identified. For common language impairment, linkages on chromosomes 16 and 19 have recently been reported. More than 200 genetic disorders, most extremely rare, include mental retardation among their symptoms, and chromosomal abnormalities are a major cause of mental retardation.

Conclusions: Although finding specific genes associated with learning disabilities is unlikely to have much of a direct application for teachers in the classroom, such findings will have far‐reaching implications for diagnosis, treatment and prevention of learning disabilities and for research in educational psychology. Educational psychology has been slower to accept evidence for the importance of genetics than other areas of psychology in part because of misconceptions about what it means to say that genetics is important for common complex disorders such as learning disabilities.
Effects of Bafilomycin A1: An inhibitor of vacuolar H (+)‐ATPases on endocytosis and apoptosis in RAW cells and RAW cell‐derived osteoclasts
Authors: Xu Jiake , Feng Hao Ting , Wang Cathy , Yip Kirk H. M. , Pavlos Nathan , Papadimitriou John M. , Wood David , Zheng Ming H.
Published: March 2003

Bafilomycin A1, a specific inhibitor of V‐ATPases, is a potent inhibitor of bone resorption, but the underlying mechanisms of its action remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the effect of Bafilomycin A1 on endocytosis and apoptosis in RAW cells and RAW cell‐derived osteoclasts. Quantitative analysis by flow cytometry showed that Bafilomycin A1 increased total transferrin levels when RAW cells were exposed to labeled transferrin and decreased the total uptake of Dextran‐rhodamine B, both in a dose‐ and time‐dependent fashion, indicating that Bafilomycin influences receptor‐mediated and fluid phase endocytosis in these cells. Furthermore, Bafilomycin A1 induced apoptosis of RAW cells in a dose dependent manner as evidenced by Annexin V flow cytometry. The action of Bafilomycin A1 on endocytotic events appeared to be more sensitive and occurred earlier than on its apoptosis inducing effects, suggesting that interrupting of endocytosis might be an early sign of Bafilomycin‐mediated osteoclast inhibition. Semi‐quantitative RT‐PCR analysis showed that the gene transcripts of putative Bafilomycin A1 binding subunit, V‐ATPase‐subunit a3, were expressed in the preosteoclastic RAW cell line, and up‐regulated during RANKL‐induced osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclasts treated with Bafilomycin A1 exhibited apoptosis as well as altered cellular localization of Transferrin Alexa 647. Given that endocytosis and apoptosis are important processes during osteoclastic bone resorption, the potent effect of Bafilomycin A1 on endocytosis and apoptosis of osteoclasts and their precursor cells may in part account for Bafilomycin A1 inhibited bone resorption. J. Cell. Biochem. 88: 1256–1264, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Boronic acid compounds as potential pharmaceutical agents
Authors: Yang Wenqian , Gao Xingming , Wang Binghe
Published: March 2003

Boronic acid compounds have been used, because of their unique structural features, for the development of potent enzyme inhibitors, boron neutron capture agents for cancer therapy, and as antibody mimics that recognize biologically important saccharides. Consequently, there has been a surge of interests in boronic acid compounds. This study reviews the recent development in this area during the last six years. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 23, No. 3, 346–368, 2003
Neurophysiological Prediction of Outcome in Obstetric Lesions of the Brachial Plexus
Authors: BISINELLA G. L. , BIRCH R. , SMITH S. J. M.
Published: March 2003

Seventy-three children with slow recovery after obstetric lesions of the brachial plexus (biceps function returning after 3 months of age) and with relatively favourable neurophysiological investigations were followed until a mean age of 4.3 years. Predictions for C6 and C7 were confirmed in 92% and 96% of the cases, respectively. Predictions for C5 were confirmed in a smaller proportion of cases (78%). The inability to record nerve action potentials for C5, and the high frequency of secondary shoulder pathology are reasons for this. In all, 33 of the 73 children came to operation for medial rotation contracture (11) or posterior subluxation/dislocation (21); there was one case operated for inferior contracture.
Long-Term Results of Syndactyly Correction: Full-Thickness versus Split-Thickness Skin Grafts
Authors: DEUNK J. , NICOLAI J. P. A. , HAMBURG S. M.
Published: March 2003

In order to compare the long-term results of full-thickness and split-thickness skin grafts after the correction of congenital syndactyly, 27 patients have been investigated after an average follow-up of 21 years. Post-operative functional and cosmetic results have been assessed by patient records, questionnaires and physical examination. The webs that had received split-thickness grafts showed more flexion and extension lags and the overall spreading of the operated fingers was significantly decreased compared to the control fingers. On the other hand, more re-operations because of web creep had to be performed after full-thickness grafts. Hyperpigmentation and hair growth in the grafts was found in most of the full-thickness grafts, while breakdown of the graft was found in some of the split-thickness grafts. Therefore, based on the results of this study, either full- or split-thickness skin grafts can be used when treating of congenital syndactyly.
Closed Reduction Transarticular Kirschner Wire Fixation Versus Open Reduction Internal Fixation in the Treatment of Bennett’s Fracture Dislocation
Authors: SAILER M. , LUTZ R. , ZIMMERMANN R. , GABL M. , ULMER H. , PECHLANER S.
Published: March 2003

Thirty two patients with fracture dislocations of the base of the thumb metacarpal with a single large fracture fragment (Bennett’s fracture) were either treated by open reduction and internal fixation or closed reduction and percutaneous transarticular Kirschner wiring. All were assessed at a mean follow up of 7 (range 3–18) years. Patients with an articular step off more than 1 mm were excluded. The type of treatment did not influence the clinical outcome or the prevalence of radiological post-traumatic arthritis. The percutaneous group had a significantly higher incidence of adduction deformity of the first metacarpal. This was attributed to Kirschner wire placement near the fracture line or in the compression zone of the fracture, resulting in loss of reduction. This however did not result in an inferior outcome.
Ganglion-Associated Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome Treated by Ultrasonographically Assisted aspiration and Splinting
Authors: NAKAMICHI K. , TACHIBANA S.
Published: March 2003

We describe a case of ulnar nerve compression at the wrist due to a ganglion. This was treated by aspiration of the ganglion under ultrasonography and splinting because the patient was pregnant. The ulnar nerve palsy resolved completely and the ganglion disappeared. A follow-up ultrasonographic examination after 2 years showed no recurrence of the ganglion.
Hand Function Tests and Questions on Hand Symptoms as Related to the Stockholm Workshop Scales for Diagnosis of Hand–Arm Vibration Syndrome
Authors: CEDERLUND R. , IWARSSON S. , LUNDBORG G.
Published: March 2003

The severity of hand–arm vibration syndrome (HAVS) is usually graded according to the Stockholm workshop scales. Although the Stockholm workshop scales are regarded the gold standard for assessing the severity of HAVS, they are based primarily on subjective symptoms. The aim of the present study was to explore the agreement between Stockholm workshop scales and the outcome from ten well-defined clinical tests commonly used in hand rehabilitation for assessment of hand function. One hundred and eleven vibration-exposed workers participated in the study. Ten objective tests of hand function and four questions on subjective hand symptoms were included. The results indicated that, out of these tests, perception of vibration, perception of touch/pressure and dexterity showed a moderate agreement with Stockholm workshop scales. Among specific questions on hand symptoms, cold intolerance and pain showed a high agreement with Stockholm workshop scales. It is concluded that defined objective tests combined with directed questions on specific hand symptoms, together with the Stockholm workshop scales, may be helpful for diagnosing HAVS.
Palmar Wrist Ganglion: Does Intervention Improve Outcome A Prospective Study of the Natural History and Patient-Reported Treatment Outcomes
Authors: DIAS J. , BUCH K.
Published: March 2003

A prospective cohort study was undertaken to observe the long-term outcome of different treatments for palmar wrist ganglia. One hundred and eighty-two patients agreed to participate in the study. One hundred and fifty-five patients (88%) responded at 2 or 5 years. Seventy-nine had been treated by surgical excision, 39 by aspiration and 38 by reassurance alone. At 5 years no significant differences were observed in the recurrence rates which were 42% after excision of a palmar wrist ganglion and 47% (19 of 39) after aspiration. Twenty of the 39 untreated ganglia had disappeared spontaneously. Eighty-five per cent of the patients were satisfied irrespective of treatment. Patients having surgery had a complication rate of 20% and took more time off work (14 days). Significantly more patients in the untreated group felt the persistent ganglion was unsightly. The patient evaluation measure scores were similar. At 2 and 5 year follow-up, regardless of treatment, no difference in symptoms was found, regardless of whether the palmar wrist ganglion was excised, aspirated or left alone. One in four wrists remained weak regardless of treatment or disappearance of the ganglion.
Building contingency planning for closed‐loop supply chains with product recovery
Authors: Guide V.Daniel R , Jayaraman Vaidy , Linton Jonathan D
Published: March 2003

Contingency planning is the first stage in developing a formal set of production planning and control activities for the reuse of products obtained via return flows in a closed‐loop supply chain. The paper takes a contingency approach to explore the factors that impact production planning and control for closed‐loop supply chains that incorporate product recovery. A series of three cases are presented, and a framework developed that shows the common activities required for all remanufacturing operations. To build on the similarities and illustrate and integrate the differences in closed‐loop supply chains, Hayes and Wheelwright’s product–process matrix is used as a foundation to examine the three cases representing Remanufacture‐to‐Stock (RMTS), Reassemble‐to‐Order (RATO), and Remanufacture‐to‐Order (RMTO). These three cases offer end‐points and an intermediate point for closed‐loop supply operations. Since they represent different positions on the matrix, characteristics such as returns volume, timing, quality, product complexity, test and evaluation complexity, and remanufacturing complexity are explored. With a contingency theory for closed‐loop supply chains that incorporate product recovery in place, past cases can now be reexamined and the potential for generalizability of the approach to similar types of other problems and applications can be assessed and determined.
Gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric newborn screening for propionic acidaemia by targeting methylcitrate in dried filter‐paper urine samples
Authors: Kuhara T. , Ohse M. , Inoue Y. , Yorifuji T. , Sakura N. , Mitsubuchi H. , Endo F. , Ishimatu J.
Published: March 2003

Propionic acidaemia (PCCD) or deficiency of propionyl‐CoA carboxylase (PCC) is one of the most common organic acidaemias. Recent studies have suggested that this disease can cause somatic or cognitive deterioration even in patients without ketosis or metabolic acidosis, or in cases with unusually late onset. This suggests that for this disease a sensitive yet practical screening procedure'is required to achieve early treatment. We conducted a pilot study of gas chromatographic–mass spectrometric screening of 12 000 newborns for PCCD using eluates from dried filter‐paper urine collected at 4–7 days of age. Methylcitrate (MC) was targeted for PCCD. For bulk screening, 2‐hydroxyundecanoate was used as internal standard; for quantification, stable‐ isotope‐labelled MC was used. Urease pretreatment without fractionation allowed satisfactory recovery and reproducibility of the highly polar MC. We detected an asymptomatic male infant with distinctly elevated MC: the creatinine‐corrected level relative to 2‐hydroxyundecanoate was 4.8 SD above the normal mean. The MC concentration calculated using the stable‐isotope‐ labelled internal standard was 70.6 mmol/mol creatinine 14.7 SD above the normal mean of 3.70. Parallel analysis of the dried blood spot at 4 days of age by tandem MS showed only borderline elevation of propionylcarnitine. The activity of PCC in lymphocytes was 7% of control. Gene analysis revealed that a single missense mutation, TAT to TGT, resulting in Y435C in the β chain was present in a homozygous form. Dietary treatment including carnitine supplementation decreased this infant's MC level and to date (at 13 months of age), he shows no neurological or somatic abnormalities.
Congenital microcephaly and seizures due to 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase deficiency: Outcome of treatment with amino acids
Authors: De Koning T. J. , Duran M. , Maldergem L. Van , Pineda M. , Dorland L. , Gooskens R. , Jaeken J. , Poll‐The B. T.
Published: March 2003

Congenital microcephaly, intractable seizures and severe psycho‐motor retardation characterize 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (3‐PGDH) deficiency, a disorder of L‐serine biosynthesis. The enzyme defect results in low concentrations of serine and to a variable degree of glycine in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid. Short‐term beneficial effects have been reported of oral treatment with the deficient amino acids. In this paper, we report the first follow‐up data of amino acid therapy in five patients treated for 3–7.5 years. Different treatment regimes were used, but a favourable response to amino acids was observed in all patients. A major reduction in seizure frequency occurred in all patients; two patients became free of seizures. Amino acids were well tolerated and no adverse effects were documented. A progress of psychomotor development was only observed in one patient, diagnosed early and treated with a high dosage of L‐serine. A favourable outcome of 3‐PGDH deficiency depends on early diagnosis and treatment.