bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding and Preventing Ideologically Justified Violence in Custodial Settings: The MICO Paradigm
Authors: Dean Christopher
Published: February 2023

Internationally, secure institutions face a range of challenges presented by detainees convicted or suspected of terrorism-related crimes and those interested or involved in groups that support ideologically justify violence (IJV). Currently, there is an apparent absence of a theoretically grounded but operationally focused paradigm (or conceptual lens) for understanding and preventing IJV within such settings. In response, this article presents such a paradigm, to inform and direct the implementation of coherent organizational policies and practices to address this issue. The paradigm, its theoretical basis, its implications for correctional policy and practice, and limitations are outlined and discussed.
Canadian Prison Environments: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Authors: Weinrath Michael , Ricciardelli Rosemary
Published: February 2023

The current study uses a mixed methods approach to assess quality of prison life in Canada's Atlantic provincial correctional institutions. Questions from the Measurement of the Quality of Prison Life were adapted to create scales to assess prisoner climate dimension perceptions, with open-ended questions providing qualitative data. Across eight prison sites, statistical analysis revealed between prison differences and confirmed that prison sentence location did matter. The qualitative data emergent themes also produced several consistent concerns that Likert responses could not capture, ranging from primary needs to service desires. Research affirms the importance of studying prison environments and supports the use of mixed methods, as qualitative data can provide greater insight into the lived experience of inmates and better chart change that is beneficial to them.
Improved CO2/N2 separation performance of Pebax-1074 blend membranes containing poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Guan Xin , Wu Yonghong , Zheng Yingfei , Zhang Bing
Published: February 2023

Developing blend membrane material is one feasible and effective route for improving the gas separation efficiency and commercial attractiveness of membrane technologies. Here, free-standing membranes were prepared by casting method using Pebax-1074 as continuous polymer matrix and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as dispersive organic fillers. The morphology, surface functional groups, microstructure and thermal stability of the membranes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The effects of preparation variables including average molecular weight and dosage of PEG on the microstructure, morphology and properties of the blend membranes were investigated. In addition, the effects of operation conditions including permeation temperature and permeation pressure on the gas separation performance of the blend membranes were also examined. The results showed that the addition of PEG can obviously modify the structure-properties and significantly improve the separation performance of resultant membranes. Under the conditions of 30°C and 0.25 MPa, the optimal CO2 permeability and CO2/N2 selectivity respectively reached to 124.3Barrer and 115.8 for the blend membranes made by PEG600 with a content of 20% in Pebax-1074 matrix. In brief, the as-prepared blend membranes are proved to be promising for CO2/N2 separation application.
Coloniality of anti-corruption: Whiteness, disasters, and the US anti-corruption policies in Puerto Rico
Authors: Atiles Jose
Published: February 2023

This article introduces the concept of ‘coloniality of anti-corruption’ to help situate and describe contemporary US anti-corruption policies aimed at Puerto Rico. The aim of the concept of coloniality of anti-corruption is to underscore corruption’s inextricable relationship to race, class, gender, and other colonial power relations. The article argues that US interventions with the Puerto Rican government, along with its distribution of disaster relief in the wake of Hurricane María (2017) and subsequent earthquakes (2020), are best understood against the backdrop of a long history of corruption narrative implemented by the US. This is a narrative that seeks to legitimate US’s colonial and capitalist expansion in Puerto Rico. To demonstrate this, the article explores the application of anti-corruption narratives by the Trump administration to justify its disaster relief policies for Puerto Rico. In particular, the article focuses on Trump’s tweets describing Puerto Rican politicians as ‘corrupt’ and Puerto Rico as ‘geography of fraud.’ In doing so, the article provides a theoretical account of the uses of corruption and anti-corruption discourses to justify colonial and capitalist’s global endeavors. It also illustrates how anti-corruption policies reproduce the idea of the non-white other as the corrupt subject and denotes the humanitarian consequences of such policies.
Situating decolonial strategies within methodologies-in/as-practices: A critical appraisal
Authors: Hui Allison
Published: February 2023

Whilst work on decolonising methodologies has persisted for more than 20 years, engagement remains uneven. Despite rich discussions of indigenous methodologies and decolonial thinking, the challenge of ‘methodological stasis’ remains, as Western knowledges, research practices and methods continue to dominate. This article argues for new critiques and concepts to further decolonial efforts. It first situates a discussion of methodological stasis in considerations of social change, arguing we should attend to the diversity of methodologies when evaluating the extent or direction of change. It then asserts that though depictions of methodological fractionation support critiques of dominant Western knowledges, they fail to provide new strategies for change. The concept of methodologies-in/as-practices is thus presented as a novel starting point, drawing from practice theories, which foregrounds the interlinking of diverse researching practices and researchers inside and outside academia. Exploring how methodologies-in/as-practices connects to and contrasts with decolonial, postcolonial and feminist contributions, the article establishes how this concept supports new trajectories for decolonial thinking and methodological change. It demonstrates how discussions of methodological techniques, philosophies and autobiographies can be critiqued and resituated through engagement with this concept, producing openings for new decolonial links and interventions. Furthermore, engaging with the case of practice theory methodologies for this critique outlines crucial steps towards decolonising the tradition of work the concept draws upon. Methodologies-in/as-practices is thus shown to support the spiralling work of undoing and redoing, unlearning and relearning central to decolonising methodologies.
Impact of Social Support and Reciprocity on Consumer Well-Being in Virtual Medical Communities
Authors: Wu Jyh-Jeng , Lien Che-Hui , Wang Tien , Lin Tzu-Wei
Published: February 2023

This study pursues a better understanding of consumer well-being in online medical cosmetics communities by investigating the antecedents of well-being and moderating influence of community norms. A total valid sample of 484 respondents was collected from 2 popular medical cosmetics discussion platforms. A partial least squares analysis was used to validate the research model. Emotional support, informational support, and sense of belonging were important predictors of well-being. Among these 3 antecedents, emotional support showed the strongest influence on consumer well-being. Sense of belonging was significantly and positively influenced by emotional support and reciprocity, and hence plays a pivotal role in mediating the effects of emotional support and reciprocity on well-being. However, informational support does not appear to significantly influence sense of belonging. Members’ compliance with community norms positively moderates the influence of sense of belonging on well-being. This study contributes to the literature on realizing members’ social behaviors specifically in virtual medical cosmetics communities and provides insights for the management of online communities.
Analysis of Factors Affecting Psychological Resilience of Emergency Room Nurses Under Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Lu Jiayun , Xu Pei , Ge Jinjin , Zeng Haiyan , Liu Weiqun , Tang Peifeng
Published: February 2023

Resilience is essential for frontline health workers to cope with the unfavorable situations, especially under public health emergencies. Emergency room (ER) nurses are a special cohort of health professionals that may present moderate level of resilience. This study aimed to identify factors that are correlated with resilience in this special cohort to provide directions for intervention and management. ER nurses that have encountered a public health emergency within 3 months were recruited using purposive sampling and snowball technique for the study. Questionnaires, including Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) were established, followed by an in-depth interview to identify different clusters of themes. Thirteen ER nurses were recruited, and the average CD-RISC score was 66 ± 21. Resilience was negatively correlated with SDS index, and positively correlated with personal accomplishment. Five clusters of themes were identified from in-depth interviews, including physical tolerability, psychological tolerability, tenacity of internal drive, institutional implementation, and external adjustment. This study identified factors associated with resilience in ER nurses under public health emergencies, providing useful information for future directions for intervention.
Trumpism and the rejection of global climate governance
Authors: Ettinger Aaron , Collins Andrea M
Published: February 2023

This paper explains the ideational foundations of Donald Trump’s rejection of global climate cooperation and its implications for the future of global climate governance. We argue that Trumpism’s antipathy is a fundamental normative challenge to the key ideas that underpin global climate cooperation. Here we explore two specific norm contestations: (1) Collective action versus extralegal sovereignty, and (2) Common but Differentiated Responsibility versus fairness-as-reciprocity. Trump’s aggressive norm rejections are quite novel. His rejection of climate politics in particular and his desire to return to a status quo ante in world politics, positions him as a distinct type of actor in the spectrum of norm contestation – a reactionary norm entrepreneur. We contribute an ideational explanation of Trumpism’s rejection of global climate cooperation by identifying the fundamental clash of ideas and his role as a reactionary norm entrepreneur within the broader framework of global climate governance. It offers a case study in a high-profile instance of norm contestation and its implications for the survival of the global climate change regime.
Cleansing or Licensing? Corporate Social Responsibility Reconciles the Competing Effects of Unethical Pro-Organizational Behavior on Moral Self-Regulation
Authors: Liao Zhenyu , Yam Kai Chi , Lee Hun Whee , Johnson Russell E. , Tang Pok Man
Published: February 2023

Although emerging actor-centric research has revealed that performing morally laden behaviors shapes how employees behave subsequently, less is known about what work behaviors may emerge following employees’ unethical pro-organizational behavior (UPB)—a unique behavior with competing moral connotations. We integrate the moral self-regulation literature with research on micro corporate social responsibility (CSR) to develop and test a theoretical framework articulating how perceived CSR initiatives reconcile the morally paradoxical nature of UPB and how people respond to such behavior. We propose that, given its dual moral nature, performing UPB simultaneously increases feelings of moral deficit (which triggers moral cleansing) and psychological entitlement (which triggers moral licensing). Importantly, perceived CSR initiatives moderate these countervailing psychological experiences by strengthening feelings of moral deficit while weakening psychological entitlement, which respectively result in increased service-oriented helping behavior and decreased deviant behavior. Results from a scenario-based lab study, an online experiment, and two field studies largely corroborate our propositions. This research provides a finer-grained understanding of the complex moral self-regulation processes that employees experience at work and highlights why and how organizations’ CSR initiatives affect employees’ moral mindsets and behaviors.
Discharge Readiness and Associated Factors Among Postpartum Women in Tamale, Ghana
Authors: Lau Elizabeth , Adams Yenupini Joyce , Ghiaseddin Roya , Sobiech Kathleen , Ehla Ethel Emefa
Published: February 2023

Ghana experiences a relatively high maternal mortality ratio, with the majority of maternal deaths occurring in the postpartum period. Discharge readiness is a reliable indicator of maternal health outcomes and involves a postpartum woman’s perception of preparedness to leave the hospital following delivery. We measured the discharge readiness of postpartum women in Ghana through an institutional-based cross-sectional study involving 151 participants. Participants completed an interviewer-administered survey, and data analyses included linear regression models. The study sample demonstrated relatively high discharge readiness, with a mean score of 177.57 on a scale from 0.00 to 220.00. Higher gravidity was positively associated with discharge readiness score, while longer length of hospital stay and receiving educational handouts were negatively associated with discharge readiness score. Clinical interventions addressing the factors found to be associated with discharge readiness have significant potential to improve postpartum care and maternal outcomes in Ghana.
Epigenomics and the Xenoformed Earth: Bioinformatic Ruminations with Gilbert Simondon
Authors: Morgan William R.
Published: February 2023

A quiet revolution in genetics is increasingly rendering our milieu strange and artificial. Epigenomics, informatic cousin of epigenetics, is a xenoforming process, giving birth to an alien milieu, replacing the natural with the technical. If epigenetics is understood as the heritable changes in gene expression that do not alter DNA sequence, epigenomics takes as object the set of epigenetic modifications. Environmental, social, even political aspects of life’s variability are re-understood digitally in epigenomic profiles, the previous categories computationally accounted for as potential triggers of epigenesis. Following Gilbert Simondon, the xenoforming procedures of epigenomics can be understood as the concretization and adaptation processes of a technical object, the invention of which gives birth to a technogeographic milieu. In this article, the author examines Simondon’s work, especially, ‘On the Mode of Existence of Technical Objects’, alongside contemporary scholarship on epigenetics.
Innovative theory in the digital age: Clarifying our positions
Authors: Grover Varun , Lyytinen Kalle
Published: February 2023

In this paper, we respond to Baiyere, Berente and Avital (2023) who misinterpret portions of our article. In this essay, we engage in a dialog with these authors and clarify our positions and even reinforce some points the authors themselves are making.
Vulnerability, resilience, and rape: Uncovering the hidden work of police officers during rape investigations
Authors: Rumney Phillip NS , McPhee Duncan
Published: February 2023

Drawing on original empirical data comprising police interviews and case file analysis, this article seeks to better understand the policing responses to cases of rape and specifically, the ways in which officers assist victims in the context of two themes – encouraging engagement with the investigative process and ensuring victim safety and general welfare. This work – which we call ‘hidden work’ as it is often neglected in the research literature – involves victim care, multi-agency working, provision of practical assistance, along with efforts to protect victims from physical and psychological harm. This article reaffirms key observations in the existing literature that emphasise the importance of victim welfare and engagement as part of a police investigation. A focus on victim care can be seen as an end in itself but also as a strategy that may carry benefit to the police themselves in the pursuance of performance goals should a victim remain engaged with the criminal justice process. However, the central argument in this paper is that traditional measures of police performance, such as detection and arrest rates, miss a significant amount of police activity which are important to rape victims and that a broader range of considerations should be factored into discussion of police performance. This is suggested not to diminish or downplay the significance of traditional measures of performance, or indeed to minimise police shortcomings in these areas, but to facilitate a more nuanced discussion of some of the realities of investigative work in the complex field of sexual offences. The article concludes by arguing that much of this hidden work should be included in formal assessments of police performance alongside traditional key performance indicators.
Private Military Companies, Foreign Legions and Counterterrorism in Mali and Central African Republic
Authors: Amoah Michael
Published: February 2023

The exacerbation of terrorism in Sahelian West and Central Africa and the presence of foreign legions in aid of counterterrorism has generated research interest in private military companies (PMCs) as legions, including drone legions. This article discusses the French Legion in Mali, PMC Wagner in Central Africa Republic (CAR) and United States (US) drone legions in Sahelian West and Central Africa which is entirely francophone. French Legion disengagements from counterterrorism assignments in Mali and CAR due to increasing operational challenges compounded by policy disagreements with host governments or political disenchantment, also ushered in PMC Wagner, while US drone PMCs provided surveillance and intelligence. The choreography between France’s hard-line policy not to negotiate with terrorists and Mali’s decision to negotiate with terrorists, points to a gradual development across governmental, non-governmental and military circles home and abroad rather than an overnight policy switch against the French. The consensus going forward is a cautious dialogue with the terrorists. Meanwhile, Wagner incursions across Africa have re-ignited Cold War East–West competition for African alliances. With the proliferation of legion presence, African militaries have become actors in the foreign policy agendas of whichever legions they host, whether French, Russian or American. However, there are no guarantees yet that drone operators would protect drone hosts from terrorist backlash.
The SIH-EBP Score: A grading scale to predict the response to the first epidural blood patch in spontaneous intracranial hypotension
Authors: Lin Po-Tso , Wang Yen-Feng , Hseu Shu-Shya , Fuh Jong-Ling , Lirng Jiing-Feng , Wu Jr-Wei , Chen Shu-Ting , Chen Shih-Pin , Chen Wei-Ta , Wang Shuu-Jiun
Published: February 2023

Background

To develop and validate an easy-to-use scoring system to predict the response to the first epidural blood patching in patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension.

Methods

This study recruited consecutive patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension receiving epidural blood patching in a tertiary medical center, which were chronologically divided into a derivation cohort and a validation cohort. In the derivation cohort, factors associated with the first epidural blood patching response were identified by using multivariable logistic regression modeling. A scoring system was developed, and the cutoff score was determined by using the receiver operating characteristic curve. The findings were verified in an independent validation cohort.

Results

The study involved 280 patients in the derivation cohort and 78 patients in the validation cohort. The spontaneous intracranial hypotension-epidural blood patching score (range 0–5) included two clinical variables (sex and age) and two radiological variables (midbrain-pons angle and anterior epidural cerebrospinal fluid collections). A score of ≥3 was predictive of the first epidural blood patching response, which was consistent in the validation cohort. Overall, patients who scored ≥3 were more likely to respond to the first epidural blood patching (odds ratio = 10.3).

Conclusion

For patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension-epidural blood patching score ≥3, it is prudent to attempt at least one targeted epidural blood patching before considering more invasive interventions.
Headache comorbidity in refugees and migrants with post-traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Westergaard Maria Lurenda , Jensen Rigmor Højland , Carlsson Jessica
Published: February 2023

Background

Headache is often comorbid with post-traumatic stress disorder yet overlooked in health assessments of refugees.

Objectives

To describe prevalence of severe headache among refugees with post-traumatic stress disorder and compare severity of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and treatment outcomes among those with and without severe headache.

Methods

This follow-up study used data from the Danish Database on Refugees with Trauma. Participants were recruited from 2009 to 2015 at a specialized psychiatric clinic. Prevalence of severe headache was computed by age, sex, and history of head injury or torture. Severe headache was defined as maximum headache scores on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, Symptom Checklist-90 or the Visual Analogue Scale. Groups with and without severe headache were described according to validated questionnaires before and after 12–18 months of multidisciplinary treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder. Regression analyses were used to analyze associations between headache at start of treatment and symptom burden post-treatment, controlled for pre-treatment scores and possible confounders.

Results

Among 403 female and 489 male participants, nearly all (97.5%) complained of headaches. Severe headache prevalence was 31.4% to 50.0% (depending on which questionnaire was used) and was significantly more common among females and those aged 30–49 years. There was no clear relationship between headache and head injury or torture. Participants with severe headache had heavier symptom burdens compared to those without severe headache. Post-treatment, headache prevalence by age and sex did not change significantly. Those without severe headache showed a tendency toward improvement in outcome measures; this was not seen among those with severe headache. Pre-treatment headache scores were correlated with all outcome measures. Regression analyses controlled for pre-treatment scores of the outcome variables showed associations between pre-treatment headache scores (Hopkins Symptom Checklist or Symptom Checklist-90) and post-treatment scores for intrusion, numbing, hyperarousal, anxiety, disability, and quality of life (all p < 0.02).

Conclusion

Headache is a prevalent comorbid condition among refugees with post-traumatic stress disorder. Measures of pre-treatment headache severity appear to predict post-traumatic stress disorder treatment outcomes. Severe headache adversely affects post-traumatic stress disorder prognosis. Assessment and treatment options should be studied further.
Pre-treatment non-ictal cephalic allodynia identifies responders to prophylactic treatment of chronic and episodic migraine patients with galcanezumab: A prospective quantitative sensory testing study (NCT04271202)
Authors: Ashina Sait , Melo-Carrillo Agustin , Szabo Edina , Borsook David , Burstein Rami
Published: February 2023

Background

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder involving generalized abnormalities in processing sensory information. Adopting evidence that central sensitization imposes major hurdles in the treatment of migraine, we hypothesized that it is the non-ictal (rather than ictal) allodynia that may determine the outcome of migraine prevention with peripherally-acting drugs.

Methods

To test this hypothesis, we used Quantitative Sensory Testing to determine whether it is possible to identify a patient’s response to prophylactic treatment with galcanezumab based on presence/absence of cephalic and/or extracephalic allodynia during the pre-treatment non-ictal phase of migraine.

Results

Using strict criteria for allodynia (heat 32–40°C, cold 32–20°C, mechanical <60 g), we report that (a) the incidence of pre-treatment non-ictal cephalic allodynia was 21% in the 24 responders (>50% decrease in monthly migraine days) and 85% in the 19 non-responders; (b) the incidence of non-ictal extracephalic allodynia distinguishes responders from non-responders less accurately; and that (c) the incidence of non-ictal cephalic allodynia was similar in the chronic migraine and high-frequency episodic migraine groups.

Conclusions

Clinically, the findings suggest that presence/absence of non-ictal allodynia can be used to identify galcanezumab responders with nearly 80% accuracy and galcanezumab non-responders with nearly 85% accuracy. Mechanistically, the presence of non-ictal allodynia (reflecting a state of activity-independent central sensitization) in both chronic migraine and high-frequency episodic migraine patients raises the possibility that the state of non-ictal allodynia may be attributed to physiological properties of central trigeminovascular neurons that are due to the genetic load of the individual patient rather than their migraine frequency.
Cephalalgia – The early history
Authors: Evers Stefan
Published: February 2023

The journal Cephalalgia was founded in 1980 and was first published in 1981. The foundation was mainly laid by Ottar Sjaastad who also served as the first Editor-in-Chief. In the early years, Cephalalgia was published in Scandinavia and was owned by the Norwegian Migraine Society. It became the official journal of the International Headache Society in 1984 and in 1993 ownership of Cephalalgia was transferred to International Headache Society. The publisher changed in 2000 and then again in 2009. The success of Cephalalgia can be seen by the almost continuous rising of its impact factor and by the increasing number of issues including supplements and special issues. In the future, Cephalagia will become more digital and open access.
Insufficient sleep may alter cortical excitability near the migraine attack: A blinded TMS crossover study
Authors: Mykland Martin Syvertsen , Uglem Martin , Stovner Lars Jacob , Brenner Eiliv , Snoen Mari Storli , Gravdahl Gøril Bruvik , Sand Trond , Omland Petter Moe
Published: February 2023

Background

Migraine is a brain disorder with a multifaceted and unexplained association to sleep. Brain excitability likely changes periodically throughout the migraine cycle. In this study we examine the effect of insufficient sleep on neuronal excitability during the course of the migraine cycle.

Methods

We examined 54 migraine patients after two nights of eight-hour habitual sleep and two nights of four-hour restricted sleep in a randomised, blinded crossover study. We performed transcranial magnetic stimulation and measured cortical silent period, short- and long-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation and short-latency afferent inhibition. We analysed how responses changed before and after attacks with linear mixed models.

Results

Short- interval intracortical inhibition was more reduced after sleep restriction compared to habitual sleep the shorter the time that had elapsed since the attack ( p = 0.041), and specifically in the postictal phase ( p = 0.013). Long-interval intracortical inhibition was more increased after sleep restriction with time closer before the attack ( p = 0.006), and specifically in the preictal phase ( p = 0.034). Short-latency afferent inhibition was more decreased after sleep restriction with time closer to the start of the attack ( p = 0.026).

Conclusion

Insufficient sleep in the period leading up to a migraine attack may cause dysfunction in cortical GABAergic inhibition. The results also suggest that migraine patients may have increased need for sufficient sleep during a migraine attack to maintain normal neurological function after the attack.
Hypnic Headache – What do we know in 2022?
Authors: Lindner Diana , Scheffler Armin , Nsaka Michael , Holle-Lee Dagny
Published: February 2023

Background

Hypnic Headache, also known as “alarm clock headache”, is a rare primary headache disorder. It is characterized by frequently recurring headache attacks, which only develop during sleep, especially nighttime sleep.

Objective

This article gives a narrative review on the current knowledge about Hypnic Headache with a focus on secondary Hypnic Headache.

Methods

Based on literature research, using Pubmed and Google Scholar, latest case reports, studies, and systematic reviews about Hypnic Headache were analyzed and summarized focusing on therapeutic options and causes of secondary Hypnic Headache.

Conclusion

Hypnic Headache mainly occurs in elderly patients. However, younger patients and children may also suffer from Hypnic Headache. Many different causes of secondary Hypnic Headache are described in the literature and ought to be ruled out before diagnosing primary Hypnic Headache. The pathophysiology of primary Hypnic Headache remains unclear, but a dysfunction of the hypothalamus seems to play a key role.
Disagreement Between the Accepted Best-Fit Circle Method to Calculate Bone Loss Between Injured and Uninjured Shoulders
Authors: Do Woo-Sung , Kim Joo-Hyung , Lim Joon-Ryul , Yoon Tae-Hwan , Chun Yong-Min
Published: February 2023

Background:

No study has evaluated whether best-fit circles based on glenoids with defects accurately represent normal inferior glenoids before injury.

Purpose:

To investigate whether the best-fit circles on the affected side with a glenoid defect can accurately represent native glenoids before injury.

Study Design:

Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

This retrospective study included 58 patients with unilateral recurrent anterior shoulder instability. First, we compared the diameter of best-fit circles based on affected and unaffected glenoids. Glenoid defect sizes based on each best-fit circle were then calculated and compared. Second, we created serial virtual glenoid defects (10%, 15%, 20%, 25%) on unaffected glenoids and compared diameters of best-fit circles on the glenoids before and after virtual defects. We also analyzed and compared the size of virtual and calculated glenoid defects. Bland-Altman plots and intraclass coefficients (ICCs) were used to compare and analyze agreement of measurements. After categorization of glenoid defects based on clinical cutoff values, Cohen κ and percentage agreement were calculated.

Results:

The diameter of 55.2% (32/58) of best-fit circles from affected glenoids over- or underestimated the diameter on the unaffected side by >5%. In 28 of the 32 patients, the diameter of the affected side circle was overestimated. Consequently, 41.4% (24/58) of glenoid defects were over- or underestimated by >5%. In 19 of the 24 patients, the glenoid defect from the affected side was >5% larger. ICCs between sides for best-fit circle diameters and defect sizes were 0.632 and 0.800, respectively. Agreement of glenoid defect size between sides was 58.6% (34/58) overall, but when the defect was ≥10%, agreement decreased to 32.3% (10/31). Among 232 glenoids with virtual defects created from 58 normal glenoids, the diameter of 31.0% (72/232) of best-fit circles and the size of 11.6% (27/232) of defects were over- or underestimated by >5%.

Conclusion:

When assessing glenoid defects in anterior shoulder instability, best-fit circles based on affected glenoids do not always represent the native glenoid and may thus lead to inaccurate circle sizes and defect estimates.
Clinical Outcomes After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstructions With Concomitant Ulnar Nerve Transposition in Overhead Athletes: A Matched Cohort Analysis
Authors: Lynch Jeffrey C. , Johnson Emma E. , Ciccotti Michael C. , Erickson Brandon J. , Dodson Christopher C. , Cohen Steven B. , Ciccotti Michael G.
Published: February 2023

Background:

Injury of the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) has become increasingly common, particularly in overhead athletes. There is no consensus on management of the ulnar nerve in UCL reconstruction (UCLR) in patients with preoperative ulnar nerve symptoms, as literature supports both not decompressing the nerve as well as ulnar nerve transposition (UNT).

Hypothesis/Purpose:

The purpose of this study was to compare subjective clinical outcomes and return-to-sports (RTS) metrics between patients who received UNT during UCLR and a matched cohort who underwent UCLR alone. We hypothesized that there would be no significant difference in patient outcomes or RTS metrics between the cohorts.

Study Design:

Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.

Methods:

Using an institutional database, patients who underwent UCLR with UNT between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively identified. These patients were matched based on sex, age at surgery (±3 years), and body mass index (±2 kg/m2) to a comparison group that underwent UCLR alone. Patients completed the Kerlan-Jobe Orthopaedic Clinic Shoulder & Elbow (KJOC) score, the Timmerman and Andrews elbow score, the Conway-Jobe scale, and custom patient satisfaction and RTS questionnaires.

Results:

Thirty patients who underwent UCLR with concomitant UNT and 30 matched patients who underwent UCLR without UNT were available for follow-up at a mean of 6.9 (3.4-9.9) and 8.1 (3.4-13.9) years, respectively. The UNT group reported similar KJOC (78.4 in UNT vs 76.8; P = .780), Conway-Jobe (60% excellent in UNT vs 77% excellent; P = .504), Timmerman and Andrews (86.2 in UNT vs 88.8; P = .496), and satisfaction scores (85.3% in UNT vs 89.3%; P = .512) compared with UCLR group. In terms of RTS rate (84% in UNT vs 93% in UCLR; P = .289) and duration required to RTS (11.1 months in UNT vs 12.5 months in UCLR; P = .176), the 2 groups did not significantly differ. Finally, despite significant differences in preoperative ulnar nerve symptoms (100% in UNT vs 7% in UCLR; P < .001), the 2 groups did not statistically differ in the proportion of patients who experienced postoperative ulnar nerve symptoms (13% in UNT vs 0% in UCLR; P = .112).

Conclusion:

This matched cohort analysis showed no statistically significant differences in patient-reported outcomes and RTS between patients undergoing UCLR with and without UNT.
Effect of build orientation on tribological and flexural properties of FDM-printed composite PLA parts
Authors: Yaman Paşa , Ekşi Olcay , Karabeyoğlu Sencer Süreyya , Feratoğlu Kamil
Published: February 2023

In the study, parts are fused deposition modeling–printed using polylactic acid filaments filled with copper, brass, bronze, tungsten, and carbon fiber. Wear and three-point bending tests are applied to FDM-printed specimens and it is yielded that on-edge oriented specimens had higher flexural strength while flat orientation contributed to wear resistance. Wear tracks are examined, and mostly abrasive wear is detected in the dry sliding condition while adhesive, fatigue and abrasive wear is observed in the wet sliding condition. Brass-filled polylactic acid specimens showed highest flexural strength and flexural modulus with 46.73 MPa and 1.53 GPa, respectively. Besides, the most wear resistant filler is determined as tungsten for dry and wet sliding conditions.
Lethal aid and human security: The effects of US security assistance on civilian harm in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Sullivan Patricia L.
Published: February 2023

Since 2001, there has been a dramatic increase in the amount of US military aid flowing to foreign governments. What is the impact of this aid on human security? Drawing on recent research on the principal–agent relationship between state leaders and security sector actors, I develop a theory of the impact of security assistance on the use of deadly force against civilians. Using methods to account for the endogeneity of aid allocations, I find that the impact of security assistance on state violence varies based on the type of assistance provided and the institutional environment in the recipient state.
Pandemic diplomacy and patron–client relations in Sino-Serbian cooperation
Authors: Kowalski Bartosz , Rekść Magdalena
Published: February 2023

Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, the authorities of Serbia have undertaken a concerted effort to secure China’s support in containing the coronavirus. This asymmetrical cooperation, apart from aspects concerning health security, has allowed both sides to obtain considerable political and economic benefits. This article examines how China and Serbia utilize pandemic cooperation to pursue and realize their wider foreign and internal policy goals through patron–client ties, as well as highlighting the pitfalls of this kind of relationship. Although the outbreak of the pandemic and the medical cooperation that followed do not constitute a turning point in the well-established relations between the two countries, the article argues that pandemic cooperation has considerably strengthened relations. In many ways, the pattern observed by the authors resembles China’s pandemic exchanges with other countries, especially smaller states with authoritarian inclinations.
Antimicrobial resistance in sexually transmitted Shigella in men who have sex with men: A systematic review
Authors: O’Flanagan Holly , Siddiq Mohammed , Llewellyn Carrie , Richardson Daniel
Published: February 2023

Background

Outbreaks of sexually transmitted Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei in men who have sex with men (MSM) are a major public health issue. While most cases can be managed conservatively, a minority require antimicrobial treatment. Recent reports have highlighted increasing antimicrobial resistant (AMR) strains of Shigella spp. in men who have sex with men. We aimed to systematically review antimicrobial resistance (and decreased antimicrobial sensitivity) in sexually transmitted shigella in men who have sex with men, focussing on macrolides, quinolones, and third generation cephalosporins.

Methods

We systematically searched 4 bibliographical databases (EMBASE, medline, EMCARE and CINAHL) from January 2011 to November 2021. We used a 2-stage process to assess eligibility: the primary author conducted an initial screen and then 3 authors conducted independent full-text reviews to determine the final eligible manuscripts. We only included manuscripts in English which included men who have sex with men with sexually transmitted shigella where data on antimicrobial resistance was available.

Results

Thirty-nine manuscripts met the inclusion criteria. A majority of the manuscripts ( N = 34) described reduced susceptibility or antimicrobial resistant to macrolides, quinolones and third generation cephalosporins in circulating strains of shigella within sexual networks of men who have sex with men. Extensively drug resistant outbreaks of shigella in men who have sex with men have been reported containing genetic markers of ceftriaxone resistance (e.g. BlaCTX-M27) where isolates also contained markers of reduced susceptibility, and antimicrobial resistant to macrolides and quinolones.

Conclusion

There is little role for macrolides, quinolones or third generation cephalosporins in the management of sexually transmitted shigella in men who have sex with men. More research is needed to develop novel strategies for shigella control in men who have sex with men, as antimicrobial options are diminishing.
Study on the influence mechanism of green investment to promote green ecological development: Evidence from the provincial level in China
Authors: Peng Ruikun , Huang Huichun , Zhang Xinchao
Published: February 2023

The impact of green investment on green ecological development is still controversial. Based on the provincial panel data from 2009 to 2020, this study uses a spatial econometric model to test the impact of green investment on green ecological development and regional differences. Results found that the green investment significantly improved the local green ecological level and had less impact on the green ecological level of surrounding areas. Green innovation significantly affects green investment to promote green ecology in local and surrounding areas, inhibiting the development of green ecology. Environmental regulation improved the effect of local green investment to promote green innovation and has an inhibitory effect on surrounding areas. Moreover, environmental regulation inhibits the effect of local green investment to promote a green ecology. Finally, the promotion effect of green investment on local green ecology is only significant in the eastern region. The effect in the western region is not significant. This study has important practical significance for promoting China's green ecological development.
Teaching the sociology of time in a time of disruption (a strike and a pandemic)
Authors: Lyon Dawn
Published: February 2023

This short article shares the innovative pedagogic practices I explored and developed to nurture temporal reflexivity in the classroom to engage students in the study of the sociology of time in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and a local strike. It takes the reader through the module as it was structured and delivered in two parts: from calendars to calibration and from memory to procrastination. This is interspersed with details of the learning exercises we undertook in the classroom and the module assignments.
Networked security in the colonial present: Mapping infrastructures of digital surveillance and control in São Paulo
Authors: Altenhain Claudio
Published: February 2023

The saturation of urban space with all kinds of information and communication technology–driven security devices has long since turned into a recurrent topic of both human geography and critical security studies. However, comparatively little effort has been made to analyze these technologies and infrastructures in relation to their locally specific modes of deployment. This relative failure to account for technopolitical path-dependencies may result in unilaterally positivistic descriptions, when, in fact, there is no such thing as a technopolitically and/or semantically ‘virgin’ urban fabric waiting to accommodate a new securitarian blueprint. The present article aims to address this lacuna by analyzing the introduction of a ‘smart’ surveillance system in São Paulo, Brazil. Taking as its point of departure the condomínio fechado (the ‘closed condominium’) as a locally specific urban diagram, it sets out to trace the system’s implementation along the lines of a (post)colonial topology sorting bodies and organizing circulations according to a historically entrenched pattern of social domination. Accordingly, despite its failure to significantly reduce crime rates and raise the general level of public security, the system succeeded in further normalizing a configuration in which the obsession with personal security eclipses any potential for political transformation. Its implementation thus endorses a social status quo that is both structurally violent and profoundly unequal.
Women, Marriage and Migration in the Bangladeshi Enclaves in the India–Bangladesh Borderland
Authors: Roy Anamika
Published: February 2023

Based on an ethnographic study of former Bangladeshi enclaves in India, the article explores how the India–Bangladesh border is negotiated and reproduced in the everyday spaces of people living in the borderland that is often overlooked by the usual representation of geopolitical nationalism and hard realities of the barbed wire. Enclaves are fragmented territories surrounded by another state, such as Bangladeshi enclaves surrounded by Indian land and vice versa. Being abandoned by the home state, the former enclave residents were deprived of identity documents, and as a result, precluded from judicial and citizenship rights. The article focuses on marriage-related migration of women that was often used as a way out to overcome the vulnerabilities associated with living in the enclaves. Marriage proposal inside the host country promises access to public goods like a ‘Ration Card’, or identity documents like an ‘Aadhaar card’, thus determining the possible migration of women—their life paths and destinations across the enclaves and the host country. The latitudes of such migratory life courses of women along the border are determined by their religion and economic status. The study shows that these practices, although often necessary for survival, subsequently compromise the agency of the women in the process.
Comorbidity and Operative Time are Stronger Predictors than Age for Palatoplasty Adverse Airway Events, A NSQIP-P Study of 6668 Cases
Authors: Yu Victor , Pham Jason , Lukomski Lydia , Joseph Jeremy , Guo Yifan
Published: February 2023

Background

Adverse airway events (AAEs) are rare but devastating complications following palatoplasty. The purpose of this study is to evaluate patient risk factors for their effect on these complications. We hypothesize that prolonged operative time and the presence of multiple medical comorbidities are risk factors for AAEs.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Participant hospitals in the Pediatric American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program year 2016–2019.

Patients

Cases of palatoplasty in children under 3 years of age.

Outcomes

Adverse airway events including postoperative reintubation or any requirement of postoperative mechanical ventilation.

Results

A total of 6668 patients met inclusion criteria. The median operative time was 126 min (IQR 82). AAEs were identified in 107 (1.6%) patients. The incidence of risk factors was found to increase with age and AAEs were more prevalent in younger and older patients. Although patients in the older age groups had significantly higher burden of comorbidities, differences in age were not independently associated with AAEs. Following multivariable logistic regressions, operative times greater than 2 h, ASA class ≥3, >3 medical comorbidities, and black race were found to be significant independent risk factors.

Conclusions

In this large, retrospective database study in palatoplasty, increased operative time, ASA classification ≥3, multiple comorbidities, and black race were independently associated with AAEs.
Technology Enhanced Active Learning: A Promising Model for Low Language Readiness to Study at an EMI University
Authors: Tekir Serpil
Published: February 2023

Teenagers coming from low socioeconomic backgrounds are at a disadvantage when they are accepted to study at an EMI university in terms of their foreign language readiness. Thus, most of them cannot persist in their endeavor and drop out of university. In this mixed-methods design study, we implemented the Technology Enhanced Active Learning Model (TEALM) to improve the language readiness of disadvantaged students and evaluated its effectiveness through a semi-experimental design with a pre-test–post-test paired control group. We also collected students’ views on their language learning experiences through semi-structured interviews. The findings showed that the students in the experimental group had significantly higher learning gains in productive skills, and they had much more positive perceptions about language learning.