bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of row spacing on the yield of two flax cultivars (Linum usitatissimum L.)
Authors: KOCJAN AČKO Darja , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In the period 2003-2006 we have performed block trials with two flax (Linum usitatissimum) cultivars: RBK cultivar (domestic flax population from Raztresen farm in Bela Krajina) and Laura cultivar (fibre-type-flax from the Common Catalogue of EU). The trial was carried out at the Experimental Field at the Biotechnical Faculty of Ljubljana (Slovenia). The two cultivars were sown in the first decade of April with manual sowing machine to the row spacing of 8.5 cm, 17 cm and 34 cm. Crop care was traditional. The plants were plucked at the end of the yellow maturity (the last decade of July). There was no significant difference between the average yields of stems produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.92 t/ha) and 17 cm (1.99 t/ha), but significantly the lowest yield was reached at the row spacing of 34 cm (1.52 t/ha). In the period of 4 years the average yield of stems that was reached by the RBK cultivar was 1.83 t/ha, and the one reached by the Laura cultivar was unsignificantly lower (1.79 t/ha). Compared to the average yield of the flaxseed from both cultivars produced at the row spacing of 8.5 cm (1.34 t/ha) and 34 cm (1.01 t/ha), the average yield of the seeds obtained from the 17 cm row spacing was significantly the highest (1.52 t/ha); for 0.11 t seed/ha the RBK cultivar (1.35 t/ha) was significntly more productive than the Laura cultivar. The influence of growing conditions to the yield of stems and seed was most favourable in the year of the drought (2003), when - with the cultivar RBK and at the row spacing of 17 cm - we produced significantly the highest quantity of stems (2.64 t/ha) and seeds (1.93 t/ha). We discovered that the unbranched stem of the RBK cultivar corresponds to the fibre-type-flax, the hight of plants (50 to 60 cm), absolute mass (6.3 to 6.8 g) and the yield of the seed (above 1 t/ha) show good biological capability for the seed production. Production and processing of flax should not remain just an attractive cultural and historical presentation of this activity at some turist farms in Bela Krajina (JV of Slovenia); it should also present a challenge to young farmers to find the place for this crop in organic production of food and other raw materials with the use of mechanisation and modern technological procedures. The production and processing of flax presents the possibility for increased biotic diversity of the cultural landscape and revitalization of rural areas.
Širjenje koruznega hrošča Diabrotica v. virgifera v Sloveniji v obdobju 2003 - 2007
Authors: MODIC Špela , KNAPIČ Matej , UREK Gregor
Published: December 2023

Koruznega hrošča, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera (Dvv), smo v Sloveniji prvič našli leta 2003 na vzhodu v Pomurju in Podravju vzdolž meje z Madžarsko in Hrvaško ter na zahodu na Goriškem v bližini meje z Italijo. V obdobju 2003-2007 smo sistematično spremljali njegovo širjenje v Sloveniji. Za ulov škodljivca smo uporabljali feromonske in spolno-prehranske vabe ter rumene lepljive plošče. Na podlagi rezultatov smo ugotovili, da se je koruzni hrošč v obdobju 2003-2006 postopoma širil od severovzhoda proti notranjosti države za povprečno 24 km/leto, v letu 2007 pa se je, zaradi zanj ugodnih okoljskih razmer, areal njegove razširjenosti povečal za dobrih 70 km. Vzorec širjenja Dvv kaže na to, da so glavne transportne poti, kot so ceste, železnica, letališče Jožeta Pučnika, vključno z nekaterimi manjšimi letališči s povečanim notranjim prometom ter večjimi počivališči ob avtocestah, poleg njegovega naravnega širjenja in pridelave koruze v monokulturi, eden glavnih dejavnikov, ki vplivajo na njegovo razširjenost pri nas. V letu 2007 se je koruzni hrošč pojavil prej kot v prejšnjih letih, zaradi česar je prišlo tudi do občutnih razlik v obsegu širjena.
Entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae), a new member of Slovenian fauna
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TÓTH Tímea , LAKATOS Tamás , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In April 2008, 120 soil samples from 24 locations were collected in Gorenjska, Notranjska and Primorska regions as well as in Ljubljansko barje. The presence of entomopathogenic nematodes was confirmed in 9 samples from 6 locations. Only the sample C101, which was taken in the village Svino in the area of Breginjski kot (western part of Slovenia, the vicinity of Italian border), was sent to genetic analysis. Molecular biological analysis was proved the identity of the sample with the species Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). This was the first record of Steinernema carpocapsae in Slovenia. In preceding researches on the fauna of entomopathogenic nematodes in Slovenia, which started in 2007, we already established the occurrence of Steinernema affine (Bovien) and Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev).
Influence of carbon dioxide, inoculum rate, amount and mixing of casing soil on Agaricus blazei fruiting bodies yield
Authors: GREGORI Andrej , PAHOR Bojan , GLASER Roman , POHLEVEN Franc
Published: December 2023

Influence of carbon dioxide concentration during compost and casing soil overgrowth, inoculum rate, casing soil depth and mixing on Agaricus blazei fruiting bodies yield was determined. Compost composed of chicken manure and wheat straw which is used for commercial button mushrooms cultivation in Slovenia showed to be appropriate for A. blazei fruiting bodies production. Out of the parameters tested in our experiments, casing soil depth and inoculum rate had the biggest positive effect on fruiting bodies production. For A. blazei fruiting bodies production higher rates of inoculum and at least 8.5 kg of commercial casing soil per square meter of compost surface should be used. Higher carbon dioxide concentrations shoved to be beneficial for attaining higher yields of A. blazei fruiting bodies.
Nekatere prehranske možnosti za preprečitev škodljivega vpliva fuzarijskih toksinov (T-2 in DON) na proizvodne lastnosti in lipidno peroksidacijo pri piščancih
Authors: REZAR Vida , FRANKIČ Tamara , SALOBIR Janez
Published: December 2023

Mikotoksini, sekundarni metaboliti gliv, so strupeni tako za ljudi, kot tudi za živali. Prisotnost fuzarijskih toksinov (T-2 toksina in deoksinivalenola (DON-a)) v krmi, predvsem v višjih koncentracijah, vpliva na zmanjšanje zauživanja krme, posledično pa tudi na prirast živali in zmanjšano težo živali, kar lahko povzroča večje ekonomske izgube. Novejše raziskave so pokazale, da toksini v krmi vplivajo tudi na imunsko odpornost organizma in povzročajo oksidacijski stres oz. povečano lipidno peroksidacijo v organizmu. Namen predstavljenih raziskav je bil ugotoviti vpliv stopnjevane koncentracije T-2 toksina v krmi (od 0,5 do 13,5 mg/kg) in koncentracije 10 mg/kg T-2 toksina in DON-a na proizvodne lastnosti in oksidacijski stres, pri rastočih piščancih, ter ugotoviti potencialni prehranski vpliv mikotoksinskega vezalca in nukleotidov na zmanjšanje negativnih vplivov fuzarijskih toksinov. Rezultati so pokazali, da koncentraciji 10 in 13,5 mg/kg T-2 toksina vplivata na zmanjšanje zauživanja krme in slabše priraste. Deset in 13,5 mg/kg T-2 toksina in 10 mg/kg DON-a v krmi povzroči poškodbe DNA v levkocitih, merjene s kometnim testom. Rezultati dokazujejo, da lahko z dodajanjem mikotoksinskega vezalca v krmo vsaj delno preprečimo absorpcijo mikotoksinov iz črevesja in tako zmanjšamo njihov negativni vpliv na oksidacijski stres (primerjava med skupinama z in brez dodatka s 13,5 mg T-2 toksina/kg krme), medtem ko z dodajanjem nukleotidov lahko vplivamo na mehanizme popravljanja poškodb DNA imunskih celic, ki so jih povzročili fuzarijski toksini.
Farm income analysis of agricultural holdings in Macedonia using FADN methodology
Authors: MARTINOVSKA-STOJČESKA Aleksandra , GEORGIEV Nenad , ERJAVEC Emil
Published: December 2023

No consistent farm income data on micro level is available in Macedonia. The FADN methodology, being the only standardised and harmonised farm accountancy system in EU, was applied and tested on a sample of agricultural holdings. In addition, data on quantity of inputs and applied technology, as well as occurrence of non-agricultural income were recorded. The structure and farm income of Macedonian farms in 2002–04 was presented upon a sample of farms belonging to different economic sizes and farm types. The results were analysed and interpreted in EU context, by comparison with a panel of EU member countries. The size of Macedonian farms in economic terms (5.9 ESU) was five times smaller than the EU-25 average (32.7 ESU). The gross farm income of the Macedonian sample was 5,500 EUR/farm, representing about 15% of what an average EU farm generated at that level. The family farm income reached 4,100 EUR, four times lower than the EU-25 average. Due to differences in income will the EU-accession pose major challenges to Macedonian farmers, but also expectedly bring improvement of the income situation of commercial-orientated farms. Very little support was available to Macedonian farms until 2004, thus the farm income includes no subsidies, in contrast to the EU farms. The benefits of farm income data on micro level will contribute to the creation and evaluation of the agricultural policy, as well as the measurement of the recently launched national policy support schemes and the imminent pre-accession funds.
Genetic parameters for growth in Charolais calves
Authors: ČEPON Marko , SIMČIČ Mojca , MALOVRH Špela
Published: December 2023

Genetic parameters for birth weight (BW), weight at the beginning (WB), in the middle (WM), and at the end of grazing season (WE), as well as weight at the age of one year (WY) were estimated. Data were collected on 319 Charolais calves. The total number of records, including pedigree data (parents and grandparents) was 377 animals. Variance and covariance components were estimated by REML method using the VCE-5 package. The effects of sex, parity and year of birth were included in the models for all traits. Age of calves at the beginning of grazing season was included as linear regression in models for all traits except for birth weight. The age of calves in the middle, at the end of grazing season, and age at approximately one year were included as linear regression in the models for corresponding weights. Direct additive genetic effect was included in models for all traits as random effect. Estimated heritabilities for BW, WB, WM, WE and WY were 0.62 ± 0.06, 0.23 ± 0.09, 0.35 ± 0.08, 0.29 ± 0.07 and 0.23 ± 0.07, respectively.
Insecticidal activity of four different substances against larvae and adults of sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata [Say], Heteroptera, Tingidae)
Authors: ROJHT Helena , MEŠKO Anja , VIDRIH Matej , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In a paper the results of insecticidal activity of two known insecticides (deltamethrin and imidacloprid), thujone and essential oil of rosemary against the larvae and adults of sycamore lace bug (Corythucha ciliata) are presented. The experiment was conducted in a laboratory, under room conditions. We tested the activity of each product in three different concentrations. The most desirable insecticidal activity had deltamethrin, which caused almost 100 % mortality of both developmental stages of the pest at all three concentrations. Succeeding products were imidacloprid, which caused 89.6 % larval mortality at recommended concentration, and essential oil of rosemary, which caused 81.7 % adult mortality at 1 % concentration. Larvae of sycamore lace bug were significantly more susceptible to tested products than adults. Significantly the lowest mortality was determined one day after treatment (41.7 %), while the highest mortality was stated three days after treatment (71.3 %). For future reduction of the damage caused by the studied pest on plane trees, we recommend the application of thujone and essential oil of rosemary, which appeared to be environmentally more acceptable substances. In our study both agents showed a middle satisfying activity in controlling larvae and adults, but they have also obvious repellent activity, which leads to their better efficacy in the open.
Vpliv nekaterih dejavnikov na naselitev navadne pršice (Tetranychus urticae Koch) na krizanteme Chrysanthemum 'Veria Dark ' in 'Cassablanca White'
Authors: REMIC Mojca , MILEVOJ Lea , PINTAR Marina
Published: December 2023

Raziskava nekaterih dejavnikov (temperatura zraka, relativna zračna vlaga, načini namakanja in gostota nežleznih dlačic) v povezavi z naselitvijo navadne pršice (Tetranychus urticae Koch) na krizanteme Chrysanthemum 'Veria Dark' in 'Cassablanca White' je potekala v letih 2003 in 2004 v rastlinjaku in v laboratorijih na Biotehniški fakulteti (Ljubljana). Krizanteme obeh sort so bile vzgojene iz sadik s koreninsko grudico. Tehnologija gojenja krizantem je bila v skladu s priporočili stroke in na podlagi lastnih opazovanj. Namakanje je bilo leta 2003 kapljično in poplavno, leta 2004 pa samo poplavno. Na naselitev navadne pršice na preučevani sorti krizantem vpliva način naselitve in poraščenost listov z nežleznimi dlačicami. Na razvoj navadne pršice vplivata temperatura zraka in relativna zračna vlaga. Prevelika količina vode v substratu pa negativno vpliva na kondicijo krizantem.
Massive occurrence and identification of the nematode Alloionema appendiculatum Schneider (Rhabditida: Alloionematidae) found in Arionidae slugs in Slovenia
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , ROSS Jenna L. , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In the period from June to October 2008 we collected 500 slugs from the genus Arion in the area of Ljubljana and Prekmurje (Slovenia). By means of dissection we determined the presence of parasitic nematodes in slug cadavers. Identification of the nematodes was made by a molecular technique (PCR). In these slugs we did not find the parasitic nematode Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita, however the presence of Alloionema appendiculatum in larger quantities was confirmed. The most infected was a Spanish slug, Arion lusitanicus. In Petri dishes younger slugs showed a satisfactory mortality rate already on the fourth day after the application of the nematode suspension. Unfortunately, we can not confirm with certainly that the nematode A. appendiculatum undergoes a complete life cycle in A. lusitanicus, which is otherwise typical for Phasmarhabditis hermaphrodita.
Testing the efficacy of different substances against Arion slugs (Arionidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , MIHIČINAC Maja , RUPNIK Jaka , VIDRIH Matej , PRŠA Igor , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In 2008 and 2009 we studied molluscicidal activity of 26 substances in 89 different treatments under laboratory conditions. The experiments in which slugs (Arion spp.) were a part took place in two series: 1) with the injection of active substances in slug intestines; and 2) with the application of pellets. After giving the injection we observed 100% mortality of slugs in treatments with Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (0.25 ml in 10% concentration/individual), caffeine (0.25 ml in 10% concentration/individual), sodium dodecyl sulphate (0.25 ml in 10% concentration/individual, 0.125 ml in 10% concentration/individual, 0.125 ml in 5% concentration/individual, 0.0625 ml in 10% concentration/individual), and pirimicarb (0.25 ml in 10% concentration/individual, 0.125 ml in 10% concentration/individual, 0.125 ml in 5% concentration/individual, 0.0625 ml in 10% concentration/individual). Meanwhile, the application of pellets resulted in the highest (100%) slug mortality when sodium dodecyl sulphate in 0.5% concentration with caraway as a supplement was used.
Evaluation of buckwheat sprouts as microgreens
Authors: JANOVSKÁ Dagmar , ŠTOČKOVÁ Lenka , STEHNO Zdeněk
Published: December 2023

Microgreens from common and tartary buckwheat genotypes were evaluated for total flavonoid content (rutin, quercetine and kaempferol separately), bound phenolic acids content, carotenoids and -tocopherol content and antioxidant activity. The results have shown that in common and tartary buckwheat microgreens antioxidant activity was found. High level of flavonoids, carotenoids, and -tocopherol was detected as well. Higher amount of flavonoids was found out in tartary buckwheat microgreens. No significant differences were detected between common and tartary buckwheat microgreens in content of phenolic acids. Microgreens of both common and tartary buckwheat represent potential nutritional sources for alternative vegetable in the Czech Republic.
Potato yield and tuber quality in 75 cm and 90 cm wide ridges
Authors: BERNIK Rajko , GODEŠA Tone , DOLNIČAR Peter , VUČAJNK Filip
Published: December 2023

In 2002, 2003, and 2004, a field trial was carried out in three locations in Slovenia, i.e., Pšata, Brnik, and Brežice with two different inter-row widths (IRWs) of 75 cm and 90 cm using three different potato cultivars (i.e., Agria, Bright, and Carlingford). The aim of this trial was to determine the influence of inter-row width (75 cm or 90 cm) with three potato cultivars on the market yield, the yield of green tubers, the cross-sectional area of the ridge, and the percentage of tubers with a hollow heart or blackspot. The trial was designed in the form of split plots with five repetitions. In the years with abundant rainfall during the period of growth (2002 and 2004), when plants completely covered the ground, the market yield at the 90 cm IRW was higher than at the 75 cm IRW. In 2003, however, the market yield was higher at the 75 cm IRW. The yield of green tubers was lower at the 90 cm IRW than at the 75 cm IRW, due to a larger cross-sectional area of the ridge (> 1000 cm2). Thus, the soil covering of tubers in the ridge was better. The hollow heart and blackspot disorders affecting the tubers depend more on the susceptibility of a particular cultivar and the meteorological conditions during the period of growth than the IRW. The findings showed that the Agria cultivar was more susceptible to the hollow heart disorder, particularly in the years with a higher yield with thicker tubers (2002 and 2004). The Bright cultivar was affected by blackspot in 2003, the year with a lack of rainfall.
Recenziji
Authors: MAČEK Jože
Published: December 2023

/
In Memoriam Prof. Dr. Franc LOČNIŠKAR, Ph.D. (1923–2010)
Authors: DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

/
Variations in the fatty acid composition and nutritional value of Adriatic sardine (Sardina pilchardus Walb.) through the fishing season
Authors: MARIN Monika , POLAK Tomaž , GAŠPERLIN Lea , ŽLENDER Božidar
Published: December 2023

We investigated the chemical composition, in terms of water, protein, ash, total fat and fatty-acid composition, of sardine meat, and estimated its nutritional value. The samples originated from Adriatic sardines (Sardina pilchardus Walb.) that were collected in the north Adriatic Sea through the winter, spring, summer and autumn seasons. The content of 20 fatty acids was determined by in-situ transesterification and capillary column gas-liquid chromatography, using nonadecanoic acid (19:0) as internal standard. The mean contents of the sardine meat were: 70.8% water, 21.0% protein, 2.5% ash and 6.4% fat. For the fatty-acid composition, 18.0% were mono-unsaturated, 42.6% polyunsaturated and 39.8% saturated. The total-fat content increased through the year, from winter to autumn (0.69 to 18.15 g/100 g meat). The fatty-acid composition in the sardine meat varied significantly, with the levels of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (4.6 g/100 g meat), and especially eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3, 0.98 g/100 g meat) and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, 1.9 g/100 g meat), being the highest in autumn, before spawning. The n-6/n-3 ratio (0.13) and P/S ratio (7.6) show that sardine meat can and should be included in a balanced human diet. Considering the recommended daily intake of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is 0.45 g per day for a healthy population, this would be consumed as 10 g sardine meat collected in the autumn or 100 g sardine meat collected in the winter.
Wine production on Istria family farms
Authors: ILAK PERŠURIĆ Anita Silvana , TEŽAK Ana
Published: December 2023

Viticulture in Istria is considered as a pillar in the agricultural economy. Wine tourism is present in Istria in the last two decades along with the establishment of wine roads. There are three existing wine roads in Istria. One of the activities on the wine road is wine tasting. From the perspective of the family farms it is a service that offers the farm product (wine) directly to consumers. We questioned farmers on Istrian wine roads and partners in Vinistra (the Istrian association of grape and wine producers) the wine offer and concluded that most wine cellars offer wines like Malvazija istarska and Teran from autochthonous varieties, Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon from introduced grape varieties, was examined. Very few wine cellars offered wines like Borgognja, Hrvatica or other. Also issues like consumer’s preferences and possible solutions of enhancing the wine offer and wine roads of Istria in general were referred.
Mutagenic treatment induces high transposon variation in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: POLOK Kornelia , ZIELINSKI Roman
Published: December 2023

With more than 2700 mutant-derived cultivars, mutation techniques belong to the most efficient breeding methods. Despite a relatively good understanding of mutagenesis there is no agreement about the range of genome changes in mutants. Visualizing the gain and the loss of transposon insertion sites in SSAP profiles, the present studies aimed to answer whether or not mutants can be regarded as near isogenic lines with respect to their parent cultivar. Activities of BARE-1 retrotransposon and Tpo1-like DNA transposon from the CACTA superfamily were analysed in ten barley mutants derived by mutagenic treatment of two cultivars, Brenda and Scarlett. A large number and proportion of mutations (on average 21.4 mutations encompassing 19.7% loci) confirm high efficiency of applied mutagens. However, differences exist among both cultivars and transposons. The lack of clear correlation between transposon activities and morphology reflects different mechanisms shaping the mutant architecture. With respect to a transposon type, BARE-1 and Tpo1-like were equally active in inducing mutations. However, their activity differs in that the former was mainly responsible for new insertions while the latter equally for insertions and deletions. An excess of new insertions over recombinational loss suggests a transposon burst as a response to stress caused by chemical mutagens. Low estimations of Nei’s similarities, well within the range of semispecies demonstrate the role of mutagenic factors in diversification of populations. This way mutagenic treatment not only provides rough breeding materials but also can be used as a model in evolutionary studies.
LINGRA: model za simulacijo rasti in pridelka travne ruše
Authors: POGAČAR Tjaša , KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka
Published: December 2023

Razvoj in uporaba agro-meteoroloških modelov sta pomembna za raziskave razvoja travne ruše in tudi za napovedovanje produktivnosti travne ruše ob različnih podnebnih danostih. V delu je predstavljen dinamičen model LINGRA, ki simulira rast travinja na osnovi procesov, ki se dogajajo v rastlini in upošteva, kako na te procese vplivajo okoljske razmere. Podane so glavne enačbe v pod-modelih LINGRA s katerimi računamo prestrezanje svetlobe, učinkovitost izrabe svetlobe, aktivnost vira in ponora, stopnjo razraščanja poganjkov, stopnjo pojavljanja listov, količino vode v tleh in evaporacijo. Model je dokaj enostaven za uporabo in če ga dobro umerimo, je uporaben za različne simulacije vpliva vremenskih in podnebnih razmer na pridelek trave, kar je uporabno pri sprejemanju raznih odločitev ali pri oceni tveganja rastlinske pridelave.
Ugotavljanje stopnje hibridizacije populacije kranjske čebele (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman) v Sloveniji na podlagi obarvanosti obročkov na zadku
Authors: KOZMUS Peter
Published: December 2023

V Sloveniji je kranjska čebela (Apis mellifera carnica Pollman 1879) avtohtona in zaščitena čebelja podvrsta. Glede na morfološke karakteristike je uvrščena v jugovzhodno evropsko skupino čebel in je druga najbolj razširjena podvrsta čebel na svetu. Slovenija je priznana za izvorno območje kranjske čebele, njeno ohranjanje pa je tudi zakonsko določeno. V zadnjem obdobju v populaciji kranjske čebele v Sloveniji opažamo vse več čebel z rumenimi obročki na zadku, ki za kranjsko čebelo niso značilni in so posledica križanj z drugimi podvrstami medonosne čebele. Na stanje v populaciji kranjske čebele v Sloveniji imajo vpliv tako čebelarji (trgovina z maticami in čebeljimi družinami, prevažanje čebel) kot tudi naravne razmere in mešanje sosednjih populacij po naravni poti. Da bi ugotovili, kolikšen del križancev-hibridov je prisotnih v populaciji kranjske čebele v Sloveniji, smo izvedli morfološko analizo obarvanosti obročkov na zadku čebel delavk. Ugotovili smo, da je največji odstotek čebel z rumenimi obročki na zadku prisoten na zahodnem delu Slovenije ob meji z Italijo (obalno kraška in goriška regija) ter na Koroškem. V povprečju je v populaciji kranjske čebele v Sloveniji 5,6 % čebel z rumenimi obročki na zadku. Nadaljnja križanja bi lahko vodila k izgubi morfoloških, etoloških in genetskih karakteristik, značilnih za kranjsko čebelo ter s tem izgubo avtohtone kranjske čebele v Sloveniji.
impact of processing methods on the quality of Sudanese white cheese produced by small scale in New Halfa area
Authors: ELKHIDER I.A.E. , El ZUBEIR I.E.M. , BASHEIR A.A.
Published: December 2023

This study was carried out to compare the effects of production and processing methods of Sudanese white cheese produced in small production units on cheese quality. The study was based on surveying 10 small scale producers in New Halfa area (eastern Sudan) during the period of February to July, 2008. The production was carried out mainly by private sector (70%), while 30% were owned by governmental institutes. Milk used in the cheese making was fresh cow milk purchased from nomads (90%) compared to only 10% from dairy farms. Regarding the level of education, 60% of cheese producers finished secondary school and 40% were university graduates. The average age of cheese producers ranged between 35–50 years. The results showed no variation between cheese manufacturing methods in the majority of production units in New Halfa. The supervision by the health authority comprised about 80% of production units. Significant (P < 0.05) variation was found in fat and ash content and non significant differences were observed for total solids, protein content and the acidity of the Sudanese white cheese due to variation in education, training, ownership, health visits, heat treatment and marketing methods. Moreover, the producers owing the plant for cheese processing produced cheese with significantly (P < 0.05) high counts for total bacteria, yeast, mould and coliform. However training and the regular health visits were found to improve the hygienic quality. The study suggested that interventions and training of cheese producers would help to improve Sudanese white cheese quality in New Halfa area. In conclusion, traditional cheese methods need to be encouraged and improved to utilize the surplus milk in rural areas.
Induction of drought tolerance with seed priming in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: EIVAZI Alireza
Published: December 2023

Delay in sowing and low precipitation (<300mm annual) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) farming is the major problem in the irrigated and rainfall lands of Iran. A factorial experiment for evaluating the effects of seed priming on wheat cultivars was carried out under laboratory, greenhouse and at two field conditions during seasons of 2008-2010. Arrangement of treatments were Zarrin, Shariar, Sardary and Azar cultivars as A factor, and priming treatments including distilled water (DW), osmotic solutions (10% PEG, 2.5% KCl, 4% MN, 10% Urea, 5% NaCl W/V) and plant growth inducers (20 ppm IAA, 1000 ppm CCC) with non-primed seed as a control established B factor. During the second year of field experiment two separate treatments were done under drought stress and well watered conditions. Drought stress was withheld by irrigation at booting stage of plants. Maximum amount of absorbed water was determined in cultivar Shariar, 15.5 g DW. Seed weight of all cultivars increased the most when primed with CCC and IAA. Irrespective of the cultivar seedlings related traits revealed that treatment with CCC increased plumule and radical dry weights (11.5 and 8.0 mg) and their lengths (17.2 and 17.8 cm). In opposite, urea pretreatment had negative effects on seedlings growth. All priming treatments increased grain yield and its components, chlorophyll content and nitrogen absorbed under field and green house conditions in four cultivars in comparison to control. Plants arising from seeds primed with potassium chloride under drought stress had the lowest percentage of variation for traits such as relative water content (-9.3%), total dry matter (-10.7%) and grain yield (-4.0%) in comparison with well watered plants. Potassium chloride improved drought tolerance at all wheat cultivars. There were significant correlations between grain yield at primed with KCl and following wheat traits: number of spikes per square meter (0.91**), number of grains per spike (0.92**) and total dry matter (0.79*). Therefore, it seems that these traits could be used as indirect criteria for selection of high grain yield of cultivars for primed seed.
Improved quality of fungicide deposition and coverage of potato leaves using flat fan air-injector nozzle IDK
Authors: VUČAJNK Filip , BERNIK Rajko
Published: December 2023

The aim of our experiment was to improve fungicide spray deposition and coverage of potato leaves by using air-injector nozzle types. We used two standard nozzle types - a flat fan nozzle ST and a hollow cone nozzle TR, as well as a couple of air-injector nozzle types - an air-injector compact nozzle IDK and a symmetric double flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN (with a 30 ° forward and a 30 ° backward spray jet angle). Water-sensitive paper was placed on the upper, middle and lower part of the plant in order to determine the quality of fungicide deposition and the ability of droplets to penetrate lower parts of the plant. When using the air-injector compact nozzle IDK, potato leaves were covered well at all three levels of the plant. The use of the above-mentioned nozzle resulted in the lowest reduction in coverage value and droplet impression area from the top towards the lowest part of the plant. Furthermore, the nozzle created large enough droplets with sufficient mass and speed to penetrate the dense canopy all the way to the lowest part of the plant. When using the symmetric double flat fan air-injector nozzle TWIN, the angle of both spray jets was excessively wide in order for the droplets to reach the lower part of the plant despite a very large droplet impression area. The use of both standard nozzle types resulted in a poor spray mixture coverage of the middle and lower part of the plant. This predominantly occurred due to insufficient droplet size and the subsequent lack of kinetic energy. Results show that the use of a newer air-injector compact nozzle IDK improves the deposition and coverage of potato leaves with spray mixture.
Pomen prehranske vlaknine v prehrani človeka
Authors: GOLOB Terezija , BERTONCELJ Jasna , KOROŠEC Mojca
Published: December 2023

Prispevek podaja definicijo in opredelitev prehranske vlaknine ter njeno vlogo v prehrani človeka. Predstavljena je delitev prehranske vlaknine glede na fizikalno-kemijske lastnosti in fiziološke učinke. Prikazani so fiziološki učinki topnih in netopnih komponent vlaknine, priporočila glede dnevno zaužite količine vlaknine in njena energijska vrednost. Prikazani so pozitivni učinki uživanja prehranske vlaknine na zdravje ljudi in na zaščito pred različnimi obolenji. Nakazani so dvomi o pretiranem pomenu prehranske vlaknine v prehrani.
Migration of Scaphoideus titanus Ball from the surrounding vineyards into the nursery
Authors: GRIŽON Primož , SELJAK Gabrijel , VUK Irma
Published: December 2023

A one-year study of the mobility of leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus Ball (ST), vector of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma, was conducted in 2009 and included three Slovenian nurseries in the Primorska winegrowing region, as well as two Italian and one Swiss nursery, and was aiming at evaluating the risk of spreading ST with vine propagating material. The presence of ST was monitored by the means of yellow sticky traps that were placed at three distances in the nurseries and the nearby vineyards on three parallel lines (replicates). The traps were equidistantly placed from the nurseries’ and vineyards’ borders in order to determine the possible distance gradient. The monitoring started in the latest nymphal stages (middle of June) and terminated in the first decade of October. Insecticide treatments with deltamethrin (Decis 2.5 EC) were applied in nurseries, according to the instructions for use and recommendations for suppression of ST. On all Slovenian plots in the vineyards, the population level of ST was high (1796 adults in average / vineyard or 18 adults per trap / week), which indicated a great migration potential of the vector towards the nurseries. Catches were very low (54 adults in average / nursery or 0.4 adults / trap / week) on two nurseries’ plots (Lože and Slap), although high numbers of ST adults were caught in the adjacent untreated vineyards. On the Poreče nursery plot, insecticide treatments were not sufficient to avoid high numbers of ST catches (in total 481 adults or 3 adults / trap / week). This could be related to the sub-optimal timing of the first insecticide treatment and/or migration of adults from two nearby untreated vineyards located at a distance of 70 and 150 m. The distance between the nurseries and vineyards did not affect ST catches in the nurseries.
Expression and molecular analysis of DsRed and gfp fluorescent genes in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)
Authors: OVEN Kati , LUTHAR Zlata
Published: December 2023

Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco leaf disks with Agrobacterium tumefaciens (A. t.) strain LBA4404 and two plasmids (pCAMBIA1390-DsRed and pART27 2mgfp5-ER) was used for introducing red fluorescent gene (DsRed), green fluorescent gene (gfp) and corresponding selection genes (hptII for resistance to antibiotic hygromycin and nptII for resistance to kanamycin) into leaf discs of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.). Epifluorescent microscopy with the appropriate set of filters did not reveal phenotypic expression of the DsRed gene in 6.9 % of regenerants and the gfp gene in 1.3 % of regenerants that were successfully grown on selective medium. The duplex PCR method also did not confirm the presence of fragments specific to DsRed or gfp genes in these regenerants, while the presence of fragments characteristic of selection genes hptII and nptII was confirmed. A built-in nptII gene mutation, a deletion, was detected in one regenerant. Out of the 139 regenerants generated after the transformation of A. t.-pCAMBIA1390-DsRed, 38 or 25.5 % successfully grew only on non-selective medium; after transformation with A. t.-pART27 2mgfp5-ER 9 or 5.4 % of the 161 generants grew successfully. PCR analysis confirmed in all regenerants the presence of fragments characteristic of both transgenes, which were not expressed or were silenced. The effectiveness of transformation after infection with A. t.-pCAMBIA1390-DsRed was 93.1 %, and 98.7 % after infection with A. t.-pART27 2mgfp5-ER. We established that both fluorescent genes are suitable for setting up a transformation system. The antibiotics hygromycin and kanamycin successfully prevented the growth of untransformed tissues, but the antibiotic timentin successfully prevented the growth of bacteria A. t. after the transformation.
Genetic variation among accessions of Lathyrus inconspicuous (L.) as revealed by SDS Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
Authors: RADWAN Safaa A. , El-KOLY Aziza S. , SAMMOUR Reda H.
Published: December 2023

Eighteen L. inconspicuous accessions collected from different countries were evaluated for variations of seed weight, seed protein content, and electrophoretic patterns of the total seed proteins analyzed under reducing conditions. They exhibited a reasonable genetic variability for the evaluated traits. This genetic variability revealed that improvement through simple selection for these traits is possible. The variation between the seed size of this accessions was attributed to the development process or the life cycle of the plant, and the environmental condition to which the mother plant is exposed. On the other hand, the variation in protein content among the different accessions may be due to genotype and/or seasonal influences. The relationship between protein content and 100 seeds weight in the evaluated accessions was reversible, the accession showed the lowest quantity of the total seed proteins was the accession that exhibited highest weight of 100 seeds and nearly vice versa. Each accession gave a different electrophoretic pattern except the two accessions collected from Iran, exhibited an identical one. The difference in 100 seed weight and total protein content of these accessions indicated that they are not genetically identical. The variation in the electrophoregram of the evaluated accessions located in the bands with molecular weight more than 98 kDa, the heavy subunits of alpha-lathyrin subunits and the region molecular weight around 70 kDa. The results of cluster analysis based of SDS/PAGE under reduction conditions indicated that genetic diversity between Turkish, Syrian, and Iranian and Australian accessions is pronounced, and Turkish accessions are closer to both Syrian and Iranian accessions than the relation between Syrian and Iranian. This suggested that crosses between the Iranian and Syrian accessions could create more genetic variability than crosses with Turkish accessions. The distribution of Turkish and Syrian accessions between more than one clusters revealed that genetic diversity and geographic distribution were independent of each other. PCA showed that all accessions were separated on the first principal component, indicating that the accessions showed a good association, due, probably, to parallel evolution.
Effect of intermittent irrigation with saline water on rice yield in Rasht, Iran
Authors: REZAEI M. , DAVATGAR N. , KHALEDIAN M.R. , PIRMORADIAN N.
Published: December 2023

Guilan, a well-known province in rice production in Iran, has been facing water shortage and water degradation. In order to study the effects of salinity stress as well as water stress on rice a pot experiment was conducted at Rice Research Institute of Iran. Five water salinity levels: fresh water (EC = 1 dS m-1), 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1 and five irrigation regimes: continues flooding, Alternative Wetting and Drying (AWD), intermittent irrigation at 100, 90 and 80 percent of field capacity (FC) were considered as irrigation treatments. The results showed severe effects of water and salinity stresses on rice yield and yield components. Fresh water produced the highest yield, 18.57 gr pot-1, whereas, the yield in salinity levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 dS m-1 were 13.78, 5.78, 3.61 and 0.74 gr pot-1, respectively, with the yield losses of 25, 70, 80 and 97%, respectively. Intermittent irrigation at FC produced the highest yield. The yield increased 8 and 13% in AWD and intermittent irrigation at FC treatments respectively, while it decreased 8 and 27% in intermittent irrigation at 80 and 90% of FC treatments as compared with continues flooding treatment. The highest yield with application of intermittent irrigation at FC was valid only in water salinity less than 4 dS m-1. When water salinity was higher than 4 dS m-1 all irrigation methods gave the same yield. This study showed that the best method to use saline water was intermittent irrigation at FC with EC = 2 dS m-1. In case of more salinity, mixing fresh and saline water and intermittent irrigation can mitigate the severe effects of salinity on rice.
suitability of malolactic fermentation for the Cviček wine
Authors: ČUŠ Franc
Published: December 2023

Cviček is a traditional, light red Slovenian wine made by blending the grapes, must or wine of red and white grapevine varieties. The malic acid concentration in Cviček wine is relatively high, so the use of malolactic fermentation (MLF) during its production was studied in two consecutive vintages, particularly with respect to the varieties with which it might be appropriate. The concentrations of organic acids were analysed using HPLC and UV-Vis detection. The simple ranking test and directional difference test were used for sensory assessments. They showed that partial MLF, concerning 15-50% of the wines in the final blend, contributed to a balanced acidity of Cviček. A suitable technique concerned either the MLF of Blaufränkisch or that of Blaufränkisch and white wine together. The MLF of Blauer Kölner or white wine alone was not appropriate. Despite our analysis of only a limited number of bottled wines, it appeared that MLF is already used in Cviček production and the resulting quality is promising.
Antioksidativni potencial otrobov pire, navadne in tatarske ajde
Authors: LUKŠIČ Lea
Published: December 2023

Pira, navadna in tatarska ajda vsebujejo antioksidante in še nekatere snovi, ugodne za ohranjanje zdravja ljudi. V raziskovalni nalogi smo preučevali predvsem koliko in katere antioksidante vsebujejo otrobi posameznih vrst rastlin in v kakšnem zaporedju po količini antioksidantov, si vrste sledijo. Antioksidante smo tako v vzorcih rastlin določali spektrofotometrično. Ugotovili smo, da otrobi tatarske ajde vsebuje največ antioksidantov. Njena skupna antioksidativna aktivnost znaša 87,23 % DPPH razbarvanja, sledi ji navadna ajda z 11,71 % DPPH razbarvanja, najmanjšo skupno antioksidativno aktivnost pa ima pira z 1,01 % DPPH razbarvanja.
Novejši podatki o vsebnosti semen vrst iz rodu Ambrosia v krmi za prostoživeče ptice v Sloveniji
Authors: JAKOVAC STRAJN Breda , POZVEK Kristina Jelka , PROSENIK Tanja , LEŠNIK Mario , UJČIČ VRHOVNIK Igor
Published: December 2023

Vdihavanje peloda vrst iz rodu Ambrosia lahko povzroči preobčutljivostne reakcije. Krma za prostoživeče ptice je eden od dejavnikov, ki pripomorejo k širjenju omenjenih rastlin. Leta 2010 so zato k Direktivi o nezaželenih snoveh v živalski krmi (2002/32/ES) dodali aneks, da lahko krma za živali, ki vsebuje nezmleta žita, vsebuje do 50 mg semen vrst iz rodu Ambrosia v kilogramu krme (UL L 290/54). Podatkov o vsebnosti semen te rastline v krmi je zelo malo, zato smo z mikroskopsko metodo preiskali 40 vzorcev krme za prostoživeče ptice. Semena ambrozije je vsebovalo 20 vzorcev oziroma 50 %. Ugotovljeno število semen v kilogramu posameznega vzorca je bilo od 2 do 146 (10 mg do 774 mg). V skladu s predpisi smo vsebnosti preračunali relativno na vzorec z 12 % vlage in ugotovili, da je dovoljeno mejo presegalo 5 vzorcev (12,5 %).
Tla ali prst ? Prispevek k razpravam o rabi izrazov 'tla' in 'prst' v slovenskem poljudnem in strokovnem izrazoslovju
Authors: VRŠČAJ Borut
Published: December 2023

Skrb za natančno in bogato izrazoslovje, tako poljudno in predvsem strokovno, je nujen in pomemben prispevek k razvoju in pestrosti materinega jezika. Pri rabi strokovnih izrazov se pogosto soočamo z različnimi interpretacijami in nepotrebno pestrostjo izrazov. To praviloma ne prispeva h kakovosti jezika in prej kaže na premalo skrbno izrazoslovje, na pomanjkljive oz. strokovno neustrezne opredelitve in/ali spregledan izvorni pomen posameznih izrazov. Strokovni izrazi morajo biti nedvoumni in ne smejo dovoljevati različne interpretacije, pomena. Raba in uvajanje poljudnih izrazov v strokovno izrazoslovje je prisotno tudi v izobraževanju. Primer takih zadreg v pedologiji je tudi raba besed 'tla' in 'prst'. Na prvi pogled sicer obrobna tematika ima širšo in pomembnejšo dimenzijo. Zmeda v strokovnem jeziku se namreč pojavlja tudi v prevodih evropske zakonodaje. Tako slovenske verzije nekaterih EU dokumentov mestoma zaradi neustreznih in pomensko dvoumnih oz. zgrešenih prevodov ne odražajo pravega pomena izvornih besedil. To predstavlja zadrego, ki jo je potrebno urediti. Prispevek predstavlja terminološke nedoslednosti v pedološkem izrazoslovju, pojasnjuje in utemeljuje razloge za rabo osnovnih izrazov s področja tal, osvetljuje ljudski pomen besed 'prst' in 'zemlja', primerja s stanjem v drugih jezikih ter nakazuje ustrezno rabo nekaterih ključnih izrazov v strokovnih/znanstvenih besedilih, za potrebe prevajanja in pedagoškega procesa.
Poultry infected with Mycoplasma gallisepticum or Mycoplasma synoviae produce antibodies to their cysteine protease CysP
Authors: CIZELJ Ivanka , BERČIČ Rebeka Lucijana , DUŠANIĆ Daliborka , BENČINA Mateja , NARAT Mojca , ZORMAN-ROJS Olga , BENČINA Dušan
Published: December 2023

Major poultry pathogens, Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae possess cysteine protease CysP, which in vitro cleaves chicken immunoglobulin G (IgG) into Fab (antigen-binding fragment) and Fc (crystallisable region fragment). We used recombinant CysP of M. synoviae (rCysP) in enzyme immunoassays to detect antibodies to CysP in sera, synovial fluids, and in washings of respiratory tract and oviducts of chickens and turkeys experimentally or naturally infected with M. gallisepticum or M. synoviae. In poultry infected with M. synoviae, 70.4 % of samples contained antibodies reacting with rCysP. In birds infected with M. gallisepticum we detected CysP antibodies in 63.1 % of samples. Our data demonstrate that CysP is immunogenic for chickens and turkeys and indicate that M. gallisepticum and M. synoviae infecting chickens and turkeys synthesise CysP in vivo. This is the first study demonstrating that proteases of any Mycoplasma species can induce production of specific antibodies in the natural host.
Mammary tumors in ruminants
Authors: PRPAR MIHEVC Sonja , DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

The frequency of mammary neoplasia in different species varies tremendously. Among women, breast cancer features as one of the most frequent types of cancer globally. Breast cancer is the cause of almost half a million deaths worldwide each year. Of these deaths, more than 58 % are occurring in developing countries. Mammary tumors are rare in cows, mares, goats, ewes, and sows as evident by few cases reported in literature. In dairy cattle and milking goats the udders are inspected daily by palpation when milking and the tumors would be detected soon. The morphological features of bovine mammary gland are more similar to those in human than in rodents, the latter being commonly used for cancerogenic studies. There are several factors that might affect the high rate of tumor development in women and attenuate the development of tumors in ruminants. Besides diet, life style, reproductive history, stress load, the general physiology and metabolism might have an influence. Translational research using different mammary gland cell populations from several species may lead to comparative studies and may help reduce the risk and contribute to discovery of new therapeutic targets to treat breast cancer. In present work the zero occurrence of mammary gland tumors in ruminants will be reviewed focusing on literature records and mechanisms underlying the resistance.