bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Software-algorithmic System for Locating and Processing Acoustic Emission
Authors: Sagatov Miraziz , Komilova Kholidakhon , Dadaboev Alijon , Akkulova Yulduz , Mamadjanov Bohodir
Published: April 2023

Research on the problems of creating effective control and diagnostic systems allows us to single out the following areas: development of the theory and methods for diagnosing and predicting the strength and reliability of structures, theoretical and experimental studies of fracture processes and the corresponding changes in characteristics and parameters, i.e. carriers of information about the processes occurring in the material during destruction; creation of information-measuring systems designed to register and analyze the information necessary to resolve the issue of the state of the structure; development of software for measuring equipment, including not only the main programs for generating and processing incoming information, but auxiliary subroutines that provide information compression, increase the reliability of measurement results, defect recognition, decision making. The article is devoted to the methods of acoustic-emission control of metal structures and the development of a computerized system for its implementation. The basics of organizing a software-algorithmic system for locating and processing acoustic emission signals are considered, including: methods for discretizing models of sensors and acoustic emission signals, which make it possible to obtain computational schemes such as a digital filter that provide effective algorithmic implementation; description of fragments of an experimental software-algorithmic system for processing acoustic emission signals, illustrating the principle of constructing software tools in an arbitrarily chosen computing area, the structure of the software organization of computational processes for locating an acoustic emission signal, which ensure the construction of the corresponding subsystem of a computer complex for acoustic-emission control, both in single-antenna and in a multi-antenna version.
Study on wastewater treatment based on local minerals
Authors: Umirov Farhod , Urunova Khurshida , Temirov Uktam
Published: April 2023

In this article, the HMP-3 wastewater treatment process with natural minerals (vermiculite, zeolite, dolomite, saponite, shungite, bentonite, basalt minerals), rice husk, 1% NaClO (sodium hypochlorite) and 3% H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) solutions will be discussed. According to the research results, the activation of samples used for wastewater treatment in the form of 1% sodium hypochlorite solution and 3% hydrogen peroxide solution shows high efficiency.
Enhancement of availability of high calcareous phosphorite by neutralization of acid effluent and composting of cattle manure
Authors: Shamuratov Sanjarbek , Baltaev Umid , Achilova Sanobar , Alimov Umarbek , Namazov Shafoat , Usanbaev Najimuddin
Published: April 2023

In this article, the influence of acidic effluent (AE) neutralization process, the production of raw fatty acids of cotton soap stock, on the change in the applicability of phosphate powder (PP) and mineralized mass (MM), which are low-grade phosphorites of the Central Kyzylkum, has been studied. It was found that with wide changes in the mass ratios of AE : PP and AE: MM (from 100:10 to 100:40) at a temperature of 60 °C and a time duration of 30 min, the content of the relative assimilable forms of phosphorus in 2% citric acid are approximately from 1.95 to 1.63 and from 3.67 to 1.72 folds more with a content of 17.52 and 9.11% of the assimilable form of P2O5 for citric acid PP and MM respectively. Activated phosphorite obtained at a mass ratio of AE: PP and AE: MM = 100:20 was introduced into cattle manure at various mass ratios from 100:8 to 100:20 for composting for 3 months. The prepared mixture was moistened periodically with water to a moisture content of 65-70%. It has been established that with an increase in the content of activated phosphorite and the duration of composting time, it leads to an increase in the content of humic acids, fulphonic acids, and water-soluble organics in the compost products. On the other hand, the duration of composting tends to increase the degree humification above 60%. The approach of acid treatment and composting of carbonate phosphorites can be included as a promising technology for obtaining effective organomineral fertilizers for creating an organic garden in agriculture.
Treatment of waste water contaminated with iron ions on the basis of activated defecate
Authors: Azimova Durdona , Salikhanova Dilnoza , Nomozova Gulmira , Eshmetov Izzat , Temirov Uktam
Published: April 2023

The results of the analysis of the waste water of the industrial enterprise containing iron ions and the analysis of these iron ions on the basis of defecate is being as a local sugar production waste are presented. In the analysis, laboratory tests were conducted for wastewater treatment using samples of the sugar production waste activated at different temperatures. The information on the results of the analysis of the dependences on the activation temperature of the defecate, the stirring time, and the amount of weight added defecate to in order to remove of iron ions from the waste water is presented.
Study on the main parameters of an air ionizer for fruit storage
Authors: Rakhmatov Abdugani , Shamshiev Jafar , Shipilova Kamila , Alimov Orif
Published: April 2023

This article reveals the results of studying various technological schemes of ionization of the fruit storage. The key factors influencing the quality of product processing are determined. The main requirements for ionizers for fruit storages and the mechanism of the ionized air blowing on the stored product are considered, and the operating modes of ionization of the ionizer for fruit storages are established.
Studies of the physico-chemical properties of humic simple superphosphate obtained on the basis of Central Kyzylkum phosphorites and oxidized coal
Authors: Ganiev Pirnazar , Namazov Shafoat , Usanbaev Najimuddin , Temirov Uktam , Numonov Bakhtiyor
Published: April 2023

This article presents the results of the physical and chemical properties of humic simple superphosphate obtained by decomposition of the ordinary phosphorous flour of the Central Kyzylkum with sulfuric acid and the addition of oxidized coal from the Angren deposit with hydrogen peroxide. The distinctive characteristics of humic simple superphosphate are shown in comparison with simple superphosphate obtained without the addition of oxidized coal.
Econometric analysis of the influence of climate characteristics on the ecological condition of soils and the productivity of agricultural crops
Authors: Saidova Munisa , Yadgarov Akram , Kodirova Dilrabo , Turdialiev Jamol , Embergenova Gulayxan
Published: April 2023

An increase in air temperature causes water loss from irrigated areas due to evaporation. Such changes, in turn, increase the water demand of crops. High air temperature accelerates the natural decomposition of organic matter and causes a decrease in soil fertility. Furthermore, the probability of the spread of plant pests and diseases increases. This article presents an econometric analysis of the influence of climate characteristics on the ecological status of soils and the productivity of agricultural crops. The results of econometric modeling show that the constructed models can be used to forecast cotton yield for future periods. In Chimboy district (model 1), the influence of non-saline and weakly saline lands, groundwater level and relative air humidity on productivity was clearly demonstrated.
Lepton Flavor Universality at Belle and Belle II
Authors: Choudhury Seema
Published: April 2023

We report the test of lepton flavor universality at Belle and Belle II experiments considering b → c and b → s transitions. We use 711 fb−1 and 189 fb−1 of data collected at 𝒴(4S ) resonance from electron-positron collisions for Belle and Belle II, respectively. For the b → c transition, we present the measurement of lepton-flavor-universality in B0 → D*−ℓ+νℓ decay, exclusive measurement of ℛ(D) & ℛ(D*) in Belle data, and inclusive ℛ(Xe/µ) in Belle II. For the b → s transitions, we provide measurements of RK and RK* using Belle data, measurement of the branching fraction for the decay B → K*ℓℓ, and test of lepton-flavor-universality in B → J/ψK using Belle II data. Additionally, we report the lepton-flavor-universality in $ \Omega_{c}^{0} $ → Ω−ℓ+νℓ decay using 922 fb−1 of data collected by the Belle detector.
Search for CP-Violation in ortho-Positronium Decay
Authors: Haugen Tom-Erik , George Elizabeth A. , Naviliat-Cuncic Oscar , Voytas Paul A.
Published: April 2023

We report here on the design and development of a new apparatus aiming at a 10-fold improved search for CP-violation in ortho-Positronium decay to be performed at the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.
Neutrino mass measurement and sterile neutrinos search with the KATRIN experiment
Authors: Onillon Anthony
Published: April 2023

In this proceeding, we report on the latest results of the KATRIN experiment on the effective electron anti-neutrino mass and the search for sterile neutrinos. KATRIN performed a high resolution and high statistics spectroscopy measurement of the tritium β-decay spectrum around its endpoint energy. The analysis of ~ 1265 h of data acquired during the first two measurement campaigns of 2019 led to the most stringent limit on the neutrino mass with mν < 0.8 eV- (90% CL). We also report on the improved KATRIN exclusion limits for the eV- and keV-scale sterile neutrinos search. Finally, the future of KATRIN with the TRISTAN detector aiming at further improve the laboratory-based sensitivity to keV-scale sterile neutrino is discussed.
ENUBET: A monitored neutrino beam for high precision cross section measurements
Authors: Torti Marta , Acerbi Fabio , Angelis Ioannis , Bomben Luca , Bonesini Maurizio , Bramati Filippo , Branca Antonio , Brizzolari Claudia , Brunetti Giulia , Calviani Marco , Capelli Stefano , Carturan Sara , Catanesi Maria Gabriella , Cecchini Simone , Charitonidis Nikolaos , Cindolo Federico , Cogo Giacomo , Collazuol Gianmaria , Dal Corso Flavio , Delogu Claudia , De Rosa Gianfranca , Falcone Andrea , Goddard Brennan , Gola Alberto , Halić Leon , Iacob Fabio , Jollet Cecile , Kain Verena , Klicek Budimir , Kudenko Yury , Lampoudis Christos , Laveder Marco , Longhin Andrea , Ludovici Lucio , Lutsenko Evgenii , Magaletti Lorenzo , Mandrioli Gianni , Margotti Anselmo , Mascagna Valerio , Mauri Nicoletta , Meazza Luca , Meregaglia Anselmo , Mezzetto Mauro , Nessi Marzio , Paoloni Alessandro , Pari Michelangelo , Parozzi Elisabetta Giulia , Pasqualini Laura , Paternoster Giovanni , Patrizii Laura , Pozzato Michele , Prest Michela , Pupilli Fabio , Radicioni Emilio , Ruggeri Alan Cosimo , Sampsonidis Dimos , Scian Carlo , Sirri Gabriele , Stipcevic Mario , Tenti Matteo , Terranova Francesco , Tzamarias Spyros , Vallazza Erik , Velotti Francesco , Votano Lucia
Published: April 2023

The main source of systematic uncertainty on neutrino cross section measurements at the GeV scale is represented by the poor knowledge of the initial flux. The goal of cutting down this uncertainty to 1% can be achieved through the monitoring of charged leptons produced in association with neutrinos, by properly instrumenting the decay region of a conventional narrow-band neutrino beam. Large angle muons and positrons from kaons are measured by a sampling calorimeter on the decay tunnel walls (tagger), while muon stations after the hadron dump can be used to monitor the neutrino component from pion decays. This instrumentation can provide a full control on both the muon and electron neutrino fluxes at all energies. Furthermore, the narrow momentum width (<10%) of the beam provides a O(10%) measurement of the neutrino energy on an event by event basis, thanks to its correlation with the radial position of the interaction at the neutrino detector. The ENUBET project has been funded by the ERC in 2016 to prove the feasibility of such a monitored neutrino beam and is cast in the framework of the CERN neutrino platform (NP06) and the Physics Beyond Colliders initiative. In our contribution, we summarize the ENUBET design, physics performance and opportunities for its implementation in a timescale comparable with next long baseline neutrino experiments.
A moderate deviation principle for stochastic Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Xu Jie , Gong Jiayin , Ren Jie
Published: April 2023

We prove a moderate deviation principle for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) with non-Lipschitz conditions. As an application of our result, we also study the stochastic Hamiltonian systems.
Proposed national diagnostic reference levels for computed tomography examinations based on clinical indication, patient gender and size and the use of contrast in Lebanon
Authors: Hakme M. , Rizk C. , Francis Z. , Fares G.
Published: April 2023

This study aims to propose national diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) for computed tomography (CT) scans performed on adult patients based on clinical indication (CI), patient gender and size and the use of contrast in Lebanon. The volume CT dose index (CTDIvol), size-specific dose estimate (SSDE) and dose length product (DLP) were collected between July 2017 and May 2022 from 14 Lebanese hospitals. The data were collected from at least 20 patients for 15 common group of CIs (GCIs) in the head, thorax, abdomen (AB), abdomen-pelvis (ABP) and thorax-abdomen-pelvis (TABP) regions. National DRLs were calculated for each GCIs, patient gender and size and depending on the use of contrast as the third quartile of the CT units’ median values of CTDIvol, SSDE and DLP. The proposed national DRLs in term of CTDIvol (DLP) were 65, 15, 9, 9 and 13 mGy (1104, 483, 520, 442 and 611 mGy.cm), respectively, for Head/Hemorrhage, ABP/Appendicitis, AB/Abdominal pain, Thorax/Covid-19 and TABP/Trauma. The proposed national DRLs were higher than those from the literature pointing up the need for a dose optimization strategy to protect the patient from the harmful effects of radiation.
C Allele of the PPARδ+294T>C Polymorphism
Confers a Higher Risk of Hypercholesterolemia, but not Obesity and Insulin
Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Li Shujin , Zhang Youjin , Xu Wenhao , Lv Zhimin , Xu Luying , Zhao Zixuan , Zhu Dan , Song Yongyan
Published: April 2023

The relationships of the PPARα Leu162Val and
PPARδ+294 T>C polymorphisms with metabolic
indexes have been reported to be inconsistent and even contradictory. The
meta-analysis was conducted to clarify the relationships between the two
variants and the indexes of obesity, insulin resistance, and blood lipids.
PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for eligible
studies. Standardized mean difference with 95% confidence interval was
calculated to estimate the differences in the metabolic indexes between the
genotypes of the Leu162Val and+294 T>C polymorphisms.
Heterogeneity among studies was assessed by Cochran’s x2-based
Q-statistic test. Publication bias was identified by using Begg’s test.
Forty-one studies (44 585 subjects) and 33 studies (23 018 subjects) were
identified in the analyses for the Leu162Val and+294 T>C
polymorphisms, respectively. C allele carriers of
the+294 T>C polymorphism had significantly higher levels
of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than TT homozygotes
in the whole population. Notably, C allele carriers of
the+294 T>C polymorphism had significantly higher levels
of triglycerides and total cholesterol in East Asians, but lower levels of
triglycerides in West Asians than TT homozygotes. Regarding the Leu162Val
polymorphism, it was found that Val allele carriers had significantly higher
levels of blood glucose than Leu/Leu homozygotes only in European
Caucasians. The meta-analysis demonstrates that C allele of
the+294 T>C polymorphism in PPARδ gene confers a
higher risk of hypercholesterolemia, which may partly explain the relationship
between this variant and coronary artery disease.
Editorial
Authors: Carl Hans-Dieter
Published: April 2023

Viele Leserinnen und Leser werden sich noch gut an den Moment erinnern, an dem sie
vor mittlerweile knapp 25 Jahren erstmals über ein Biologikum zur Behandlung
entzündlich rheumatische Erkrankungen gelesen haben. Seit den
Anfängen dieser Therapie mit Infliximab und Etanercept sind mittlerweile
zahlreiche Zytokin- und Rezeptorblockaden zur Therapie bei einem breiten Spektrum
rheumatischer Erkrankungen zugelassen. Verfügbar sind mittlerweile
Inhibitoren von Tumor-Nekrose-Faktor(TNF)-α-, Interleukin(IL)-1-, IL-6-,
IL-12-, IL-17- und IL-23. Weitere Therapieprinzipien bestehen in der Hemmung der
T-Lymphozyten Aktivierung oder die Depletion von B-Lymphozyten. Mit dem Einzug
dieser Substanzklassen konnte auch das Behandlungsziel neu definiert werden,
mittlerweile kann eine Remission der Erkrankungen als das Fehlen jeglicher
Krankheitssymptome bei einer Vielzahl der Patientinnen und Patienten erreicht
werden. Aus den definierten Kriterien zur Krankheitsaktivität und
Wirksamkeit der biologischen Therapie resultierte das Treat-to-target-Prinzip, sowie
neue Algorithmen zum Einsatz der Inhibitoren als First line- oder Second
line-Therapie. Dies hat im Bereich der Orthopädischen Rheumatologie dazu
geführt, dass Synovektomien weniger häufig durchgeführt
werden müssen, und auch die Anzahl der primären Endoprothetik bei
entzündlich rheumatischen Erkrankungen leicht zurückging.
“Heart of the Matter”: Cardiac Dysfunction in Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Authors: Gowda Sharada H. , Patel Neil
Published: April 2023

Despite advances in caring for neonates with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), mortality and morbidity continues to be high. Additionally, the pathophysiology of cardiac dysfunction in this condition is poorly understood. Postnatal cardiac dysfunction in neonates with CDH may be multifactorial with origins in fetal life. Mechanical obstruction, competition from herniated abdominal organs into thoracic cavity combined with redirection of ductus venosus flow away from patent foramen ovale leading to smaller left-sided structures may be a contributing factor. This shunting decreases left atrial and left ventricular blood volume, which may result in altered micro- and macrovascular aberrations affecting cardiac development in the prenatal period. Direct mass effect from herniated intra-abdominal contents restricting cardiac growth and/or reduced left ventricular preload may contribute independently to left ventricular dysfunction in the absence of right ventricular dysfunction and or pulmonary hypertension. With variable clinical phenotypes of cardiac dysfunction, pulmonary hypertension, and respiratory failure in patients with CDH, there is increased need for individualized diagnosis and tailored therapy. Routine use of therapy such as inhaled nitric oxide and sildenafil that induces significant pulmonary vasodilation may be detrimental in left ventricle dysfunction, whereas in a patient with pure right ventricle dysfunction, they may be beneficial. Targeted functional echocardiography serves as a real-time tool for defining the pathophysiology and aids optimization of vasoactive therapy in affected neonates.

Key Points
Kazimierz S. Kozlowski, 1928–
Authors: Beighton Peter , Vanhoenacker Filip M.
Published: April 2023

This history page in the series “Leaders in MSK Radiology” is dedicated to the achievements of the Polish radiologist Kazimierz Kozlowski, whose name is associated with the Kozlowski type of spondylometaphyseal dysplasia.
Imaging of Bone Anatomical Variants Around the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Daffinà Julia , Ricci Ilaria , Arrigoni Francesco , Bruno Federico , Palumbo Pierpaolo , Splendiani Alessandra , Di Cesare Ernesto , Masciocchi Carlo , Barile Antonio
Published: April 2023

Different anatomical variants can be found in the ankle and foot, generally as occasional findings, although they can be the cause of diagnostic pitfalls and difficulties, especially in radiographic interpretation in trauma. These variants include accessory bones, supernumerary sesamoid bones, and accessory muscles. In most cases, they represent developmental anomalies found in incidental radiographic findings. This review discusses the main bony anatomical variants, including accessory and sesamoid ossicles, most commonly found in the foot and ankle that can be a cause of diagnostic challenges.
Evidence-Based Medicine for Lower Facial Rejuvenation
Authors: Cristel Robert T. , Branham Gregory H.
Published: April 2023

Lower facial rejuvenation is an expanding area in facial plastic surgery with both surgical and nonsurgical treatment options. Evidence-based medicine is essential to providing high-quality care and creating long-lasting results. A systematic approach and understanding of the layers of the aging lower face is important to develop an individualized treatment plan. This review will focus on surgical and nonsurgical treatments for the aging lower face with an emphasis on evidence-based medicine.
The dilemma and countermeasures of educational data ethics in the age of intelligence
Authors: Guan Xiu , Feng Xiang , Islam A.Y.M. Atiquil
Published: April 2023

With the advent of the era of intelligent education, artificial intelligence and other technologies are being integrated into education, so that more educational data can be collected, processed, and analyzed. However, educational data ethics is an important factor that hinders the application of educational data. Thus, it is important to ensure privacy and security by reasonable use of educational data. As such, this research focuses on analysis of hot-points, trends in development and problems of educational data ethics in existing research using bibliometric analysis. Based on in-depth analysis, this study proposes targeted problem-solving strategies, and future developmental direction for learner-centered educational data ethics in the era of intelligent education. This study found three major problems in the educational data ethics: (a) violation of privacy during data collection, storage, and sharing, (b) the deprivation of the ability of educational subjects to make independent choices by prediction of educational data, (c) and the lack of “forgetting ability” based on data as the evaluation standard, which is one of the restrictions on the development of educational subjects. This research proposes that the corresponding problem-solving strategy in China should be learner-centered, combined with technologies such as blockchain, 5 G technology, and federated learning to form targeted solutions from different levels. Firstly, it is necessary to establish a standard system and related platforms of educational data from the macro level. Second, the research-practice dual channels should make efforts to build a new ecology of educational data. Third, schools and teachers must appropriately apply educational data in evaluation. Finally, this study provides direction and guidance for other countries or regions in researching educational data ethics.
Fabrication and characterization of NiCr-based films with high resistivity and low temperature coefficient of resistance
Authors: Zhai Diaohao , Chen Yongping , Zhai Houming , Liu Yi
Published: April 2023

As a metal alloy, NiCr films have a relatively high resistivity and low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and are widely used in electronic components and sensors. However, the resistivity of pure NiCr is insufficient for high-resistance and highly stable film resistors. In this study, a quaternary NiCrAlSi target (47:33:10:10, wt. %) was successfully used to prepare resistor films with resistivities ranging from 1000 to 10 000 μΩ cm and TCR within ±100 ppm/K. An oxygen flow was introduced during the sputtering process. The films exhibit high-temperature stability at 450 °C. The films were analyzed using Auger electron spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that the difference in the oxide proportion of the films caused the differences in resistivity. The near-zero TCR values were considered to be due to the competition between silicon and other metals. This study provides new insights into the electrical properties of NiCr-based films containing Si, which will drive the manufacturing of resistors with high resistivity and zero TCR.
Discrete and zeta-regularized determinants of the Laplacian on polygonal domains with Dirichlet boundary conditions
Authors: Greenblatt Rafael L.
Published: April 2023

For Π⊂R2, a connected, open, bounded set whose boundary is a finite union of disjoint polygons whose vertices have integer coordinates, the logarithm of the discrete Laplacian on LΠ∩Z2 with Dirichlet boundary conditions has an asymptotic expression for large L involving the zeta-regularized determinant of the associated continuum Laplacian. When Π is not simply connected, this result extends to Laplacians acting on two-valued functions with a specified monodromy class.
Development of air-assisted atomization device for the delivery of cells in viscous biological ink prepared with sodium alginate
Authors: Yan Xintao , Wang Ce , Ma Yuting , Wang Yao , Song Feifei , Zhong Jinfeng , Wu Xiaodong
Published: April 2023

Skin wounds, especially large-area skin trauma, would bring great pain and even fatal risk to patients. In recent years, local autologous cell transplantation has shown great potential for wound healing and re-epithelialization. However, when the cell suspension prepared with normal saline is delivered to the wound, due to its low viscosity, it is easy to form big drops in the deposition and lose them from the wound bed, resulting in cell loss and uneven coverage. Here, we developed a novel air-assisted atomization device (AAAD). Under proper atomization parameters, 1% (w/v) sodium alginate (SA) solution carrier could be sprayed uniformly. Compared with normal saline, the run-off of the SA on the surface of porcine skin was greatly reduced. In theory, the spray height of AAAD could be set to achieve the adjustment of a large spray area of 1–12 cm2. In the measurement of droplet velocity and HaCaT cell viability, the spray height of AAAD would affect the droplet settling velocity and then the cell delivery survival rate (CSR). Compared with the spray height of 50 mm, the CSR of 100 mm was significantly higher and could reach 91.09% ± 1.82% (92.82% ± 2.15% in control). For bio-ink prepared with 1% (w/v) SA, the viability remained the same during the 72-h incubation. Overall, the novel AAAD uniformly atomized bio-ink with high viscosity and maintained the viability and proliferation rate during the delivery of living cells. Therefore, AAAD has great potential in cell transplantation therapy, especially for large-area or irregular skin wounds.
Dark matter axion search using a Josephson Traveling wave parametric amplifier
Authors: Bartram C. , Braine T. , Cervantes R. , Crisosto N. , Du N. , Leum G. , Mohapatra P. , Nitta T. , Rosenberg L. J. , Rybka G. , Yang J. , Clarke John , Siddiqi I. , Agrawal A. , Dixit A. V. , Awida M. H. , Chou A. S. , Hollister M. , Knirck S. , Sonnenschein A. , Wester W. , Gleason J. R. , Hipp A. T. , Jois S. , Sikivie P. , Sullivan N. S. , Tanner D. B. , Lentz E. , Khatiwada R. , Carosi G. , Cisneros C. , Robertson N. , Woollett N. , Duffy L. D. , Boutan C. , Jones M. , LaRoque B. H. , Oblath N. S. , Taubman M. S. , Daw E. J. , Perry M. G. , Buckley J. H. , Gaikwad C. , Hoffman J. , Murch K. , Goryachev M. , McAllister B. T. , Quiskamp A. , Thomson C. , Tobar M. E. , Bolkhovsky V. , Calusine G. , Oliver W. , Serniak K.
Published: April 2023

We describe the first implementation of a Josephson Traveling Wave Parametric Amplifier (JTWPA) in an axion dark matter search. The operation of the JTWPA for a period of about two weeks achieved sensitivity to axion-like particle dark matter with axion–photon couplings above 10−13 Ge V−1 over a narrow range of axion masses centered around 19.84 µeV by tuning the resonant frequency of the cavity over the frequency range of 4796.7–4799.5 MHz. The JTWPA was operated in the insert of the axion dark matter experiment as part of an independent receiver chain that was attached to a 0.56-l cavity. The ability of the JTWPA to deliver high gain over a wide (3 GHz) bandwidth has engendered interest from those aiming to perform broadband axion searches, a longstanding goal in this field.
Partially coherent broadband 3D optical transfer functions with arbitrary temporal and angular power spectra
Authors: Ledwig Patrick , Robles Francisco E.
Published: April 2023

Optical diffraction tomography is a powerful technique to produce 3D volumetric images of biological samples using contrast produced by variations in the index of refraction in an unlabeled specimen. While this is typically performed with coherent illumination from a variety of angles, interest has grown in partially coherent methods due to the simplicity of the illumination and the computation-free axial sectioning provided by the coherence window of the source. However, such methods rely on the symmetry or discretization of a source to facilitate quantitative analysis and are unable to efficiently handle arbitrary illumination that may vary asymmetrically in angle and continuously in the spectrum, such as diffusely scattered or thermal sources. A general broadband theory may expand the scope of illumination methods available for quantitative analysis, as partially coherent sources are commonly available and may benefit from the effects of spatial and temporal incoherence. In this work, we investigate partially coherent tomographic phase microscopy from arbitrary sources regardless of angular distribution and spectrum by unifying the effects of spatial and temporal coherence into a single formulation. This approach further yields a method for efficient computation of the overall systems’ optical transfer function, which scales with O(n3), down from O(mn4) for existing convolutional methods, where n3 is the number of spatial voxels in 3D space and m is the number of discrete wavelengths in the illumination spectrum. This work has important implications for enabling partially coherent 3D quantitative phase microscopy and refractive index tomography in virtually any transmission or epi-illumination microscope.
Toward streaked collective Thomson scattering measurements on an extreme ultraviolet plasma light source
Authors: Simeni Simeni M. , Davies A. S. , Diallo A.
Published: April 2023

We show through forward modeling calculations that streaked collective Thomson scattering measurements are feasible on laser-produced tin plasmas generated under conditions relevant for extreme ultraviolet lithography. Using a 532 nm probe laser beam, the feasibility of simultaneous measurements of electron plasma wave (EPW) and ion acoustic wave (IAW) spectra is investigated. Absolute photon counts for laser scattering off both waves are calculated. Probe laser electron heating and bremsstrahlung background radiation effects are accounted for. While a large spatiotemporal region can be successfully probed based on the IAW feature, only one measurement location can be accessed through the EPW as a result of the low signal to noise ratio. A portable/traveling tabletop system is proposed.
Depth-dependent recovery of thermal conductivity after recrystallization of amorphous silicon
Authors: Huynh Kenny , Wang Yekan , Liao Michael E. , Pfeifer Thomas , Tomko John , Scott Ethan , Hattar Khalid , Hopkins Patrick E. , Goorsky Mark S.
Published: April 2023

The depth-dependent recovery of silicon thermal conductivity was achieved after the recrystallization of silicon that had been partially amorphized due to ion implantation. Transmission electron microscopy revealed nanoscale amorphous pockets throughout a structurally distorted band of crystalline material. The minimum thermal conductivity of as-implanted composite material was 2.46 W m−1 K−1 and was found to be uniform through the partially amorphized region. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal 60% strain recovery of the crystalline regions after annealing at 450 °C for 30 min and almost full strain recovery and complete recrystallization after annealing at 700 °C for 30 min. In addition to strain recovery, the amorphous band thickness reduced from 240 to 180 nm after the 450 °C step with nanoscale recrystallization within the amorphous band. A novel depth-dependent thermal conductivity measurement technique correlated thermal conductivity with the structural changes, where, upon annealing, the low thermal conductivity region decreases with the distorted layer thickness reduction and the transformed material shows bulk-like thermal conductivity. Full recovery of bulk-like thermal conductivity in silicon was achieved after annealing at 700 °C for 30 min. After the 700 °C anneal, extended defects remain at the implant projected range, but not elsewhere in the layer. Previous results showed that high point-defect density led to reduced thermal conductivity, but here, we show that point defects can either reform into the lattice or evolve into extended defects, such as dislocation loops, and these very localized, low-density defects do not have a significant deleterious impact on thermal conductivity in silicon.
Laser repointing scheme for octahedral spherical hohlraums on the SGIII laser facility
Authors: Cao Hui , Xie Xufei , Chen Yaohua , Dong Yunsong , Wang Liquan , Cao Zhurong , Chen Xu , Wang Qiangqiang , Zhou Wei , Zhang Wei , Li Zhichao , Li Sanwei , Deng Bo , Hao Liang , Li Shu , Wu Junfeng , Ren Guoli , Hang Xudeng , Huo Wenyi , Huang Xiaoxia , Peng Xiaoshi , Yang Dong , Xu Tao , Hou Lifei , Che Xingsen , Guo Liang , Du Huabing , He Xiaoan , Li Chaoguang , Yang Pin , Gu Qianqian , Wang Yuancheng , Zheng Kuixing , Huang Yunbao , Feng Bin , Yuan Guanghui , Jiang Baibin , Zhang Haijun , Wang Feng , Yang Jiamin , Liu Shenye , Xie Jun , He Zhibing , Du Kai , Liu Jie , Zou Shiyang , Ding Yongkun , Zhu Qihua , Lan Ke
Published: April 2023

The novel octahedral spherical hohlraum can provide an ideal and practical approach for the next generation of laser systems to support both direct and indirect drive to achieve predictable and reproducible fusion gain via multiple schemes. To demonstrate its advantage in a naturally high symmetry at a cylindrically configured laser facility, it requires to repoint the laser beams to approach as close as possible the ideal octahedral beam configuration with an injection angle (the angle between a beam and the normal direction of its laser entrance hole (LEH)) ranging from 50° to 60°. We report our investigation and experiment on the optimum repointing scheme at the SGIII facility, which uses 32 beams, with 8 beams entering each polar LEH at 49.5° and 55°, and 4 beams entering each equatorial LEH at 61.5° and 62.1°. It contains residual imbalance between the polar and equatorial beams, leading to an asymmetry dominated by the spherical harmonic Y20 mode, which can be remarkably reduced by the stronger backscatters of equatorial beams. Our experiment demonstrated the feasibility of the 32-beam optimum repointing scheme and generation of 175 eV under 86 kJ inside a 2.4-mm-radius octahedral hohlraum with 0.7-mm-radius LEHs, which provided a strong support for the later experiment on proof-of-concept of octahedral spherical hohlraum [Lan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 245001 (2021)]. 2D simulations on LEH closure agree well with the observations. This work opens a novel way of realization of a quasi-spherical irradiation at a cylindrically configured laser facility without supplementary symmetry control.
Low peak-to-average ratio 850 GHz backward wave oscillator for THz communication
Authors: Bao Rong , Wang Hongguang , Li Yongdong , Liu Chunliang
Published: April 2023

In sub-THz communication systems, compact, high-power, tunable radiation sources are required. Backward wave oscillators (BWO) have been practical devices for THz communication, but the maximum output power can be several times more than the minimum in the operation frequency range. To obtain the low peak-to-average ratio (LPAR) of the maximum power to the average power, the local maximum output power in the operation frequency range is first found theoretically and verified by particle-in-cell simulation. The LPAR 850 GHz BWO is then proposed. It applies a corrugated rectangular waveguide slow-wave structure, whose geometrical parameters are optimized using a multi-constrained optimization method. The optimized BWO operating in the frequency range from 790  to 882 GHz is simulated by the CST Particle Studio. The device can deliver at least 0.58 W with a LPAR of 1.08 when the conductivity of the slow-wave structure is 5.96 × 107 S/m. For a smaller conductivity of 3 × 107 S/m, the BWO can deliver at least 0.4 W with a LPAR of 1.13.
The effects of strain history on aortic valve interstitial cell activation in a 3D hydrogel environment
Authors: West Toni M. , Howsmon Daniel P. , Massidda Miles W. , Vo Helen N. , Janobas Athena A. , Baker Aaron B. , Sacks Michael S.
Published: April 2023

Aortic valves (AVs) undergo unique stretch histories that include high rates and magnitudes. While major differences in deformation patterns have been observed between normal and congenitally defective bicuspid aortic valves (BAVs), the relation to underlying mechanisms of rapid disease onset in BAV patients remains unknown. To evaluate how the variations in stretch history affect AV interstitial cell (AVIC) activation, high-throughput methods were developed to impart varied cyclical biaxial stretch histories into 3D poly(ethylene) glycol hydrogels seeded with AVICs for 48 h. Specifically, a physiologically mimicking stretch history was compared to two stretch histories with varied peak stretch and stretch rate. Post-conditioned AVICs were imaged for nuclear shape, alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) and vimentin (VMN) polymerization, and small mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 2 and 3 (SMAD 2/3) nuclear activity. The results indicated that bulk gel deformations were accurately transduced to the AVICs. Lower peak stretches lead to increased αSMA polymerization. In contrast, VMN polymerization was a function of stretch rate, with SMAD 2/3 nuclear localization and nuclear shape also trending toward stretch rate dependency. Lower than physiological levels of stretch rate led to higher SMAD 2/3 activity, higher VMN polymerization around the nucleus, and lower nuclear elongation. αSMA polymerization did not correlate with VMN polymerization, SMAD 2/3 activity, nor nuclear shape. These results suggest that a negative feedback loop may form between SMAD 2/3, VMN, and nuclear shape to maintain AVIC homeostatic nuclear deformations, which is dependent on stretch rate. These novel results suggest that AVIC mechanobiological responses are sensitive to stretch history and provide insight into the mechanisms of AV disease.
A review of methods for solving the optical molecular tomography
Authors: Wang Beilei , Li Shuangchen , Zhang Lizhi , Li Jintao , Zhao Yizhe , Yu Jingjing , He Xuelei , Guo Hongbo , He Xiaowei
Published: April 2023

As a high-sensitivity and non-invasive technique, optical molecular tomography (OMT) can locate and visualize tissue quantitatively in three dimensions by collecting surface photons generated from luminescent biomarkers. It has great potential for tumor detection, surgery guidance, and pharmacokinetics research studies. However, due to the limited measurable surface photons and the highly scattered feature of photons, the reconstruction of OMT is highly ill-posed and ill-conditioned, which limits the performance in practice. To improve the accuracy of OMT, plenty of studies focus on precisely modeling photon propagation and accurately reconstructing light source. Since these methods are carried out based on different theories, we review famous solutions for the reconstruction in terms of the photon propagation models and inverse reconstruction algorithms to make an overall understanding for the methods of OMT reconstruction. Additionally, some prospects are listed to provide possible research orientation that may benefit future research.
Magnetic skyrmion nucleation via current injection in confined nanotrack with modified perpendicular anisotropy region
Authors: Chen Zhenzhen , He Xinyan , Cai Xinyi , Qiu Yang , Zhu Mingmin , Yu Guoliang , Zhou Haomiao
Published: April 2023

Magnetic skyrmions, as spintronic information carriers, are promising for next-generation spin logic and memory devices. For such skyrmion-based devices, effective control of skyrmion nucleation and controllable motion in the nanotrack are of great importance. The ion irradiation process can modify magnetic properties, such as perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction (DMI), at the nanoscale, which can be used to reduce the design complexity of devices. In this study, a nanoregion without PMA in the nanotrack is adopted as a skyrmion nucleation seed and a current-driven highly efficient, in-line, and on-demand skyrmion nucleation schematic is presented. A key factor for realizing this concept is that the disappearance of PMA and the existence of DMI induce magnetization tilts and create a chiral perpendicular stripe domain within the nucleation region. This stripe domain allows the effective control of the spin transfer torque, and it is ejected from the PMA-modified region and propelled into the nanotrack, forming a stable skyrmion. Our proposed device allows the controlled nucleation and propagation of a series of skyrmions, which allows binary information to be written in a controlled manner, consequently, yielding simple devices with two terminals. This study provides an efficient route for designing tunable skyrmionics-mechanic memory devices.
High density polarization-induced 2D hole gas enabled by elevating Al composition in GaN/AlGaN heterostructures
Authors: Shao Pengfei , Fan Xing , Li Siqi , Chen Songlin , Zhou Hui , Liu Huan , Guo Hui , Xu Weizong , Tao Tao , Xie Zili , Lu Hong , Wang Ke , Liu Bin , Chen Dunjun , Zheng Youdou , Zhang Rong
Published: April 2023

A two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) induced by polarization charges at the GaN/AlGaN hetero-interface is attracting much attention because of its potential to develop p-channel transistors required for GaN complementary logic integrated circuits. This platform is compatible with commercial AlGaN/GaN n-channel electronics, but the performance of GaN p-channel transistors has been far behind. In this work, 2DHGs in GaN/AlGaN/GaN heterostructures grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy have been investigated. The Al composition of the AlGaN barrier has been pushed as high as possible without obvious strain relaxation, and the record high 2DHG sheet density and conductivity on the GaN/AlGaN/GaN platform have been obtained. By adopting a parallel conduction model, a dependent relationship of the 2DHG density on temperature has been extracted. The temperature dependent Hall-effect results have demonstrated that the 2DHG density boosts by 75 times and 46 times at room temperature and 77 K, respectively, when the Al composition is pushed from 0.18 to 0.45 for the AlGaN barriers. The 2DHG sheet density reaches 3.6 × 1013 and 2.1 × 1013 cm−2 at room temperature and 77 K, respectively, and the lowest sheet resistance is 8.9 kΩ/□ at 77 K. Such a 2DHG is beneficial for fabrication of p-channel GaN transistors with lower on-resistance on the already-industrialized platform.
Effect of nozzle upscaling on coaxial, gas-assisted atomization
Authors: Zhang Feichi , Wachter Simon , Zirwes Thorsten , Jakobs Tobias , Zarzalis Nikolaos , Trimis Dimosthenis , Kolb Thomas , Stapf Dieter
Published: April 2023

Mass flow scaling of gas-assisted coaxial atomizers from laboratory to industrial scale is of major interest for a wide field of applications. However, there is only scarce knowledge and research concerning the effect of atomizer scale-up on liquid breakup and spray characteristics. The main objective of this study is therefore to derive basic principles for liquid jet breakup using upscaled nozzles to increase the liquid mass flow rate Ṁliq. For that purpose, atomizers with the same geometrical setup but increased sizes have been designed and experimentally investigated for Ṁliq=20, 50, 100, and 500 kg/h, while the aerodynamic Weber number Weaero and gas-to-liquid ratio GLR have been kept constant. The primary jet breakup was recorded via high-speed imaging, and the liquid core length LC and the frequency of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability fK were extracted. Applying these results as reference data, highly resolved numerical simulations have been performed to gain a deeper understanding of the effect of mass flow scaling. In the case of keeping Weaero and GLR constant, it has been shown by both experiments and simulations that the breakup morphology, given by a pulsating liquid jet with the disintegration of fiber-type liquid fragments, remains almost unchanged with the degree of upscaling n. However, the normalized breakup length LC/dliq has been found to be considerably increased with increasing n. The reason has been shown to be the decreased gas flow velocity vgas at the nozzle exit with n, which leads to a decreased gas-to-liquid momentum flux ratio j and an attenuated momentum exchange between the phases. Accordingly, the calculated turbulence kinetic energy of the gas flow and the specific kinetic energy in the liquid phase decrease with n. This corresponds to a decreased fKHI with n or Ṁliq, respectively, which has been confirmed by both experiments and simulations. The same behavior has been shown for two liquids with different viscosities and at different Weaero. The obtained results allow a first-order estimate of the liquid breakup characteristics, where the influence of nozzle upscaling can be incorporated into j and Reliq in terms of n.
Resonant collisions of high-order localized waves in the Maccari system
Authors: Cao Yulei , Cheng Yi , He Jingsong
Published: April 2023

Exploring new nonlinear wave solutions to integrable systems has always been an open issue in physics, applied mathematics, and engineering. In this paper, the Maccari system, a two-dimensional analog of nonlinear Schrödinger equation, is investigated. The system is derived from the Kadomtsev–Petviashvili (KP) equation and is widely used in nonlinear optics, plasma physics, and water waves. A large family of semi-rational solutions of the Maccari system are proposed with the KP hierarchy reduction method and Hirota bilinear method. These semi-rational solutions reduce to the breathers of elastic collision and resonant collision under special parameters. In case of resonant collisions between breathers and rational waves, these semi-rational solutions describe lumps fusion into breathers, or lumps fission from breathers, or a mixture of these fusion and fission. The resonant collisions of semi-rational solutions are semi-localized in time (i.e., lumps exist only when t → +∞ or t → −∞), and we also discuss their dynamics and asymptotic behaviors.
Development of the control system for electron cyclotron resonance heating on J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Chen X. X. , Hu F. R. , Weng W. T. , Zheng W. , Xia D. H. , Wang Z. J. , Pan Y.
Published: April 2023

A 105 GHz/500 kW/1 s electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) system has been developed on J-TEXT tokamak since 2017. The core component of the ECRH system is a gyrotron manufactured by Gyrotron Complexes Ltd. (GYCOM Ltd.), which generates microwaves of a certain frequency and power. To guarantee safe and stable operation, it is necessary to design a specialized control system. The control system is expected to perform time sequence trigger, protection, signal monitoring, communication, and data acquisition. The hardware is built with real-time processors and data acquisition modules from National Instruments. The control program is realized by LabVIEW. Test results indicate that the control system can commit stable and safe operation of the gyrotron, which guarantees the integrated commissioning tests of the whole ECRH system and ECRH related physics experiments. Under the operation of this control system, the gyrotron can generate microwaves as expected, and the ECRH system is well protected when a fault takes place.