bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design methods for granular filters—critical review
Authors: Indraratna B. , Locke M. R.
Published: August 2016

Filters are used to control seepage, and to act as a barrier for preventing base soil erosion. This study is a review of past research into filtration which includes empirical, theoretical and geometric–probabilistic methods. Empirical methods are those involving laboratory testing of many base-soil–filter combinations to determine guidelines for safe filters. Theoretical packing methods determine the maximum size of particles which can fit through idealized models of the filter material. Geometric–probabilistic methods mathematically simulate the filtration process using models of pore voids and statistical techniques to determine the penetration of base particles into the filter. These methods attempt to explain base–filter interaction during filtration. In this paper, filtration of cohesive materials is discussed including problems associated with concentrated leaks and dispersive soils. Broadly graded and gap-graded materials also require individual attention, and methods to identify and deal with their problems are presented. More significantly, a recommended design procedure for filters is described, based on empirical criteria and the newly emerging geometric–probabilistic methods.
North Morecambe Terminal, Barrow: pile design for seismic conditions
Authors: Raison C. A.
Published: August 2016

Very poor ground conditions and soils that were susceptible to liquefaction to depths of up to 20 m beneath the site were major problems for the construction of the largest natural gas processing terminal in Europe. Foundations were required to cater for liquefaction and the need to design for defined magnitudes of earthquake. An innovative foundation solution combining deep vibrocompaction with short cast-in-place piles driven into the treated soils was adopted as both cost- and programme-effective. The design and build project included preliminary site preparation and civils work comprising earthworks, drainage and road construction. The contract started in September 1991 and was completed by October 1992, with the process plant programmed to be on stream by October 1994. This paper presents details of the unusual pile design and foundation solution proposed to overcome the earthquake risk.
Geomembrane liner defects—causes, frequency and avoidance
Authors: McQuade S. J. , Needham A. D.
Published: August 2016

Defect-free geomembrane liners can be considered impermeable to most landfill leachates so the objective of installing a geomembrane liner without holes and one that will remain intact throughout its design life is usually of paramount importance. Various types of defects, including holes arising prior to, during and after installation, and the reasons for their occurrence are considered. Post-installation liner failure can occur from environmental stress cracking, downdrag stresses caused by settling waste, folds, scratches and cuts subjected to stress, and penetration by items of waste, among other causes. The frequency of holes, taken from published data and from previously unpublished records of over 100 sites in the UK, is considered. The relevance of early (1980s) published data on hole frequency to present practice is addressed. Properties of manufactured sheet and tests of particular relevance to defect avoidance including environmental stress crack resistance, frictional properties and effectiveness of protection materials are discussed, together with the importance of careful design by the landfill engineer. Discussion on means of avoiding defects during installation and placement of cover materials addresses the benefits of construction quality assurance, leak location surveys and the importance of post-installation protection.
Mechanical behaviour of landfill barrier systems
Authors: Edelmann L. , Hertweck M. , Amann P.
Published: August 2016

Landfills may need to be surrounded by engineered liner systems to prevent dangerous leakage to the environment. Depending on the location of the liner, that is, at the bottom, surface or sides of the landfill, the system may be highly stressed in bending or shear. Full-scale tests and additional field measurements were carried out to define the ultimate state of the permeability of horizontal and vertical compacted clay liners. The results of these tests can be used in the overall design of such landfill liners. The testing equipment developed may be used to improve new system designs or to test alternative combinations of materials.
Unleashing potential – the benefits of new infrastructure in the Balkans
Authors: Wright Dominic
Published: August 2016

The Bechtel–Enka partnership has been working in the Balkans for over 15 years on five separate motorway projects. This paper describes the challenges of working with new and politically complex governments and institutions in several Balkan countries to bring such projects to life, and deliver results that connect communities and countries. It describes the process of engaging with stakeholders and communities with different ethnic backgrounds, and high rates of poverty and unemployment, so that they respond positively to the opportunities afforded to them through associated job opportunities, training, skills and knowledge transfer. The paper provides a local perspective on the overall economic and development benefits brought about by such major civil engineering projects, and describes a range of transformative initiatives that will leave behind a lasting legacy.
Urban ventilation design for megacities: Hong Kong and beyond
Authors: Cammelli Stefano , Wong Bryan
Published: August 2016

The 2002 Sars outbreak in China focused global attention on the issue of poor air quality in major cities. The Hong Kong government responded by developing a mandatory air ventilation assessment framework for new master plans. The aim is to ensure that massing of new developments is specifically designed to enhance air ventilation at street level and avoid stagnant pockets of contaminated air. With 60% of China’s population likely to be living in cities by 2020, the framework could have wide application beyond Hong Kong. This paper introduces the framework and looks at outdoor airflow in cities from a building aerodynamics standpoint. A number of measures are provided that can be adopted to improve and enhance air ventilation at pedestrian level.
Enhancing public engagement in a fast-paced project environment
Authors: Ng Thomas , Wong Kelwin , Wong James
Published: August 2016

Public engagement is becoming increasingly important in the delivery of infrastructure projects. Based on a study conducted in Hong Kong, this paper identifies key challenges in public engagement for infrastructure projects in a region of fast-paced project environments. It proposes a series of recommendations for improving existing practices and presents a roadmap for implementing them. The study involves the review of existing practices and project cases in Hong Kong as well as other countries, and a series of interviews with industry experts who have significant experience in public engagement for infrastructure projects.
An overview of subsea tunnel engineering in Hong Kong
Authors: Morris Martin , Yang Morgan W. W. , Tsang Chor Kin , Hu Alan Y. M. , Shut Dunson S. C.
Published: August 2016

The Hong Kong Cross Harbour tunnel was opened in 1972, breaking the barrier of highway transport between the busiest urban areas of the Kowloon peninsula and Hong Kong Island. With the rapid economic and population growth of Hong Kong between 1970 and 1997, four more subsea tunnels were constructed under Victoria Harbour. The MTR Shatin to Central link will be the sixth such tunnel across Victoria Harbour. Immersed tunnels of different form and structure were adopted for all of these tunnels. To the west of the harbour, two more subsea tunnels are currently being constructed. As a part of the Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge project, the world’s longest immersed tunnel is under construction to connect Hong Kong to mainland China. Within the Hong Kong boundary, a subsea tunnel connecting Tuen Mun and Chek Lap Kok will be constructed using a large diameter tunnel boring machine. This paper provides an overview of all the subsea tunnels already built or currently under construction for road and rail transport in Hong Kong. Considerations for selecting the most appropriate method for subsea tunnelling for each location are described.
Planning and procurement of the Queensferry Crossing in Scotland
Authors: Shackman Lawrence , Climie David
Published: August 2016

The Forth Road Bridge has carried road traffic across the Forth estuary in Scotland since 1964. It will be replaced at the end of 2016 by the Queensferry Crossing, Scotland’s biggest infrastructure project in a generation. Currently estimated to cost around £1·3 billion, the replacement crossing project consists of a 2·7 km long cable-stayed bridge, associated connecting roads and junction improvements, and a state-of-the-art 22 km long intelligent transport system to manage traffic through the project corridor. All of these elements are key to maintaining the strategically vital link. This paper concentrates on the various stages of the project’s development from initial scoping through to the award of the construction contracts. Construction will be covered in a future paper.
ICE supports new online training initiatives for civil engineering undergraduates
Authors: Broadbent Oliver
Published: August 2016

Two unique online resources for civil engineering undergraduates have recently been launched thanks to support from the Institution of Civil Engineers research and development enabling fund. Oliver Broadbent of Think Up introduces Materials Lab Online and Engineering Mastermind.
Stability monitoring of a rail slope using acoustic emission
Authors: Dixon Neil , Smith Alister , Spriggs Matthew , Ridley Andrew , Meldrum Philip , Haslam Edward
Published: August 2016

The paper details the use of acoustic emission generated by active waveguide subsurface instrumentation to monitor the stability of a rail soil cutting slope failure. Operation of the active waveguide, unitary battery-operated acoustic emission sensor and warning communication system are described. Previous field trials reported by the authors demonstrate that acoustic emission rates generated by active waveguides are proportional to the velocity of slope movement, and can therefore be used to detect changes in rates of movement in response to destabilising and stabilising effects, such as rainfall and remediation, respectively. The paper presents a field trial of the acoustic emission monitoring system at a reactivated rail-cutting slope failure at Players Crescent, Totton, Southampton, UK. The results of the monitoring are compared with both periodic and continuous deformation measurements. The study demonstrated that acoustic emission monitoring can provide continuous information on displacement rates, with high temporal resolution. The ability of the monitoring system to detect slope movements and disseminate warnings by way of text messages is presented. The monitoring approach is shown to provide real-time information that could be used by operators to make decisions on traffic safety.
Ultimate lateral capacity of timber poles embedded in clay
Authors: Pender Michael , Rodgers Peter
Published: August 2016

This paper presents results of field testing to evaluate the lateral capacity of timber poles embedded in Auckland residual clay. The work was undertaken because a relationship proposed by Broms in 1964 predicts lateral capacities for embedded poles used in construction of pole retaining walls that are frequently too conservative because of assuming zero lateral resistance over the upper 1·5 embedment diameters. In all, 16 poles were installed in residual clay at a site in Albany (north of the city of Auckland, New Zealand), 12 of them were concreted into 0·45 m bored holes and four of them were driven. In total, 14 poles were tested. The paper describes the test method and the interpretation of the results. The main conclusion is that an ultimate lateral pressure distribution starting from about 2su at the ground surface and increasing linearly to 9su at a depth of about nine embedment diameters gives satisfactory modelling of the measured pole capacities. For the limited range of embedment depths and loading geometries covered in the field testing, an equation based on a constant ultimate lateral pressure with depth of 3su gives a reasonable prediction of the lateral capacity of the timber poles.
Primary firm secant pile concrete specification
Authors: Gannon John
Published: August 2016

The minimum compressive strength of concrete at age 28 d is the main performance criterion for the acceptability of an approved mix design. In secant pile wall construction, it is necessary for the secondary male pile bore to be cut into the concrete of the primary female pile concrete to produce a water-resistant pile interlock. The accuracy and efficiency of the cut and the pile verticality that can be achieved are influenced, among other things, by the strength of the primary pile concrete at the time the cut is made. Minimum characteristic primary pile concrete strength depends also on the long-term function of the pile and can vary widely from about 0·5 MPa for ‘soft’ non-structural piles to about 40 MPa for ‘hard’ structural piles. Thus, there are potentially conflicting concrete requirements for early and long-term strength. This paper reviews current practice for concrete used in secant piling, identifies that there are areas of uncertainty in standard specifications, that over-specification and over-provision of strength is probably commonplace and shows how a window of allowable compressive strength would be a superior method to control pile concrete strength.
When floods strike close to home
Authors: Rowley David , Buckler Mick , Barnett Joanne
Published: August 2016

Flooding and the impact on the highway network is a major influence in the design and implementation of municipal emergency response and disaster relief planning. Worcestershire is a low-lying shire county in the UK West Midlands, bordered to the southwest by the Malvern Hills. Dissected by a number of major waterways, most notably the rivers Severn, Avon and Teme, and the Droitwich, Staffs and Worcester, Grand Union and Stratford upon Avon canals – a combination of both tidal and non-tidal waterways – the impact of prolonged inclement weather can have far-reaching effects on the effectiveness of the highway network and its ability to perform adequately. The year 2013 saw the worst rainfall since records began; this paper outlines actions taken to minimise disruption to the travelling public, methods of working and learning achieved to prepare for future occurrences in light of predicted climate change and its effect on weather patterns.
Post-earthquake performance indicators for sewerage systems
Authors: Liu Miao , Giovinazzi Sonia , Beukman Piet
Published: August 2016

This paper presents a set of performance indicators (PIs) for assessing loss of wastewater service and the induced functional impacts in three different phases: emergency response, short-term recovery and long-term restoration. Built on the experience and learning of the Stronger Christchurch Infrastructure Rebuild Team in reinstating the resilience of the Christchurch wastewater system following the Canterbury Earthquakes in 2010–2011, the developed PIs aim to evaluate holistically the structural, hydraulic, environmental, social and economic consequences that might arise due to the earthquake-induced physical damage to sewerage components. This includes sewer pipelines, pumping stations, manholes and council-owned laterals. Furthermore, a framework in which the proposed PIs are integrated into is introduced for demonstrating practical applications. The decision support framework includes three modules, namely: (a) physical damage module, (b) functional impact module and (c) serviceability restoration module. The framework is intended to support the decision-making process in terms of restoration strategy selection and resource allocation in the move towards an effective and informed reinstatement of sewerage systems after earthquakes.
Effects of forward directivity on the response of soil–structure systems
Authors: Khoshnoudian Faramarz , Attarnejad Reza , Paytam Farzane , Ahmadi Ehsan
Published: August 2016

The effects of input parameters of pulse-like ground motions on the response of soil–structure systems are investigated through employing an ensemble of 64 ground motions. The soil and superstructure are idealised as a semi-infinite cone and a non-linear multiple-degrees-of-freedom shear building, respectively. The results confirm that the location of the critical storey is significantly affected by the pulse inputs and interacting parameters. Also, the pulse period ranges in which the critical storey complies with upper storeys are influenced considerably by interacting parameters. Moreover, there is a trade-off between pulse period and amplitude to determine the seismic demands of the structure.
Structural response of a MRF exposed to travelling fire
Authors: Rezvani Farshad Hashemi , Ronagh Hamid R.
Published: August 2016

In this study, structural response of a seismically designed steel moment-resisting frame subjected to travelling fire is investigated. This is to determine the structural strength of a generic frame designed for an extreme load when subjected to fire as another extreme load in addition to quantifying the effect of travelling fire size on its collapse behaviour. In this study, using the concept of travelling fire, and calculating the thermal field applied to structural elements, a generic frame was examined against a family of fires travelling across its first floor. In this regard, the resolved far-field gas temperatures dependent on the distance to the centre of fire were considered in order to calculate the temperature at the unprotected steel members. Analysis results revealed that fire size can deeply affect the total collapse time of a frame so that by reducing the fire size to a half or a quarter, collapse time increases by 19% and 62%, respectively. It was also suggested that columns of such structures should be designed against travelling fire considering the effect of load redistribution by which axial forces of columns might be doubled compared to the nominal loads applied to them prior to fire.
Cement-stabilised rammed-earth square column in compression
Authors: Tripura Deb Dulal , Singh Konjengbam Darunkumar
Published: August 2016

The paper presents a novel experimental investigation, comprising tests on cement-stabilised rammed-earth (CSRE) prisms and columns of varying slenderness ratios, focusing on the effects of concentric axial loading and variation of the moisture content along the height of the column, and of the slenderness ratio on capacity/stress reduction factors. An attempt was also made to determine the ultimate compressive strength (σu) of columns using tangent modulus theory and the validity of using masonry design rules for the design of CSRE columns. The results showed that the load-carrying capacity of columns decreased with increasing slenderness ratio. The location/zone in the column where the difference in the moisture content was relatively higher (i.e. 3·86% and above) at the time of testing was found to be the weakest zone leading to untimely failure. Tangent modulus theory underestimated σu. The experimental reduction factors were found to be more conservative than the masonry code provisions. The characteristic strength obtained for CSRE columns yielded a relatively higher safety factor and showed that it is possible to construct a single-storey load-bearing house when designed properly.
Response of low-quality solid concrete block infilled frames
Authors: Kumar Mukesh , Haider Muhammad , Lodi Sarosh Hashmat
Published: August 2016

The characteristics of low-quality solid concrete block infills and their influence on the response of reinforced-concrete (RC) frames under lateral loading were investigated. To this end, the constituents of the masonry infill were investigated separately under compressive load as well as in the form of assemblages in order to evaluate the compressive strength, bond strength and coefficient of friction of the prisms. The diagonal tensile strength and shear strength of the masonry walls were then evaluated using masonry wallets. To investigate the influence of the infill on the lateral response of RC frames, quasi-static tests on three full-scale single-bay frames (one bare frame and two infilled frames with centre-to-centre dimensions of 2·480 m × 2·310 m) were performed. The obtained experimental data in the form of load–deformation curves clearly indicate that, even with the presence of low-quality infill panels, both the strength and stiffness of the RC frames were greatly enhanced. In addition, the presence of infill was found to significantly alter the deflected shape and internal forces in various elements of the infilled frames in comparison with bare counterparts.
Using fibres and fly ash in concrete-filled steel tube columns
Authors: Jegadesh J. S. Sankar , Jayalekshmi Selvan
Published: August 2016

The aim of the present study is to experimentally investigate the behaviour of concrete-filled steel tubular columns under axial loading. The grade of concrete used is M20 and the yield strength of the steel is 250 MPa. Fly ash is used as partial replacement (25%) of cement and 0·5, 1·0 and 1·5% polypropylene fibres are added to the concrete; the optimum mix is selected based on the mechanical properties of the concrete and used as a filler material for the columns. Twenty-seven columns of different cross-sections, such as circular, rectangular and square cross-sections with length-to-depth ratio of 2 to 11·83, and two different concrete infills are tested. The load–deflection response of axially loaded columns is obtained. The strength of the columns is predicted theoretically by various international design standards, including Eurocode 4 (BS EN 1994-1-1). A comparative study is made between the experimental and theoretical values. From the investigations, it is inferred that the partial replacement of cement by fly ash and addition of fibres in the concrete is advantageous as infill material in concrete-filled steel tubular columns.
A model of truck speed profiles on short upward slopes
Authors: Arellano Daniela , Echaveguren Tomás , Vargas-Tejeda Sergio
Published: August 2016

Truck speed reduction on upward slopes increases the crash risk. Existing speed–distance models estimate speed reduction on upward slopes by assuming that the resistive forces equal the tractive forces. In this case, the truck speed is a minimum and is called the crawl speed. This paper describes the calibration of a speed–distance model on short upward slopes using data obtained with a GPS device. The calibration was performed for trucks with a weight-to-power ratio of 95–160 kg/kW and for operating speeds of 70–93 km/h at the beginning of the upward slope. The results show that on short upward slopes, the minimum speed was 1·15 times higher than the theoretical crawl speed. The model was also used to obtain the required length for a speed reduction of 15–40 km/h, which is useful for establishing the need to provide climbing lanes on short upward slopes.
Modelling speed–density relationship in traffic streams
Authors: Sarkar Alireza , Mansourkhaki Ali , Malakouti Mahmoud , Yeganeh Sadegh
Published: August 2016

This study set out to estimate the mean speed of passenger cars based on traffic density in two traffic conditions in Tehran, Iran: a homogeneous flow regime in urban highways and a heterogeneous flow regime in suburban highways. Three established models – Greenshields, Greenberg and Underwood – were initially used. However, for higher model compatibility and better mean speed prediction, two new models were proposed. Step-wise regression was used as the statistical analysis for all models and model evaluation was made through multi-collinearity checks, Durbin–Watson tests and coefficients of determination. Results showed poor compatibility of the three established models in a heterogeneous stream and partial compatibility in a homogeneous stream. Using developments of the established models in heterogeneous flow and a new dual-regime model in homogeneous flow, the mean speed could be predicted with higher accuracy and better compatibility.
Evaluation of overtaking manoeuvres on two-lane rural roads
Authors: Mohaymany Afshin Shariat , Kashani Ali Tavakoli , Shahri Matin
Published: August 2016

Two-way two-lane roads constitute a major proportion of rural road networks in Iran. The work described in this paper aimed to investigate the factors that influence overtaking manoeuvres using traffic conflict techniques to collect field data related to dangerous overtaking. The process of data collection was conducted by means of video recordings and other heuristic methods using inductive loop detectors. As one of the most important underlying independent variables, the percentage of time spent following was simulated. The classification and regression tree method (a common data mining approach) was used to identify important variables and explore the cut points of continuous variables. No-passing distance, road width, mean speed and vehicle time spent following were identified as the most important variables, and the results indicated a direct relationship between no-passing distance and the number of dangerous overtaking manoeuvres. Road widths less than the standard values and an increase in mean speed were also found to lead to an increase in the number of dangerous overtakings.
Waterbus system optimisation for low-carbon transportation
Authors: Yu Bin , Guan Feng , Zhang Lin , Zhu Hanbing , Zhang Chao , Peng Zixuan , Yao Baozhen
Published: August 2016

This paper compares the operation of waterbuses and overland buses from an environmental perspective. A two-stage model considering carbon dioxide emissions is established. The first stage covers the transit modal split and the objective of the second stage is to maximise the benefit of waterbus operations. A heuristic algorithm is proposed to solve the model. Dalian city in China is chosen as an example to prove the feasibility of the model and the algorithm. The data show that the proposed model for waterbus operational optimisation has practical significance.
Interval analysis applied to road standard controls
Authors: Bosurgi Gaetano , D'Andrea Antonino , Pellegrino Orazio
Published: August 2016

This paper deals with the application of an analytical technique known as ‘interval analysis’ to the usual audits contained in international road standards. Generally, a design solution is constrained by a number of parameters (dependent on the morphology of territory, on existing conditions, on type of road, etc.) that, materially, cannot exceed certain values. Although the final choice is respectful of these constraints, the ordinary calculation techniques do not allow use of the full potential of the most critical variables. In order to determine all the possible solutions of the problem, the so-called interval analysis, which is generally used to treat uncertain problems when only the limits of existence of uncertain variables but not their probabilistic characteristics are known, was used. The application to the visibility of a horizontal curve has allowed different solutions to be identified, by starting from the knowledge of the range of existence of one or more input variables and isolating the result which was more convenient for that specific situation. This procedure is easily applicable to the design of new or existing roads, especially when one or more variables of the problem are close to the threshold imposed by the standards.
Briefing: Collaborative management for sustainable beaches
Authors: Faggi Ana Maria
Published: August 2016

This briefing describes examples of integrated coastal zone management systems carried out along the Atlantic coastal strip in Argentina. The programmes helped to limit negative impacts and to regulate uses, applying adaptive management based on a holistic approach. This briefing forms part of the ‘current trends in municipal engineering‘ series.
Road traffic noise prediction models in the metropolitan area of the Strait of Messina
Authors: Cirianni Francis , Leonardi Giovanni
Published: August 2016

The paper outlines a methodological approach for the quantitative analysis of the level of noise produced on and by transport infrastructure in urban settings. Traffic-related noise is a source of pollution which can cause severe damage to communities in terms of health and social welfare. It is thus necessary to develop adequate and specific mathematical tools to reproduce or simulate different acoustic scenarios. An analysis is presented of the acoustic data measured in the metropolitan area of the Straits of Messina (Italy), which for its location is always subject to heavy traffic flows in transit between Sicily and the mainland (Calabria). An integrated neural-fuzzy approach to assess traffic noise, which was calibrated with the field data, is also proposed. The application of this model is compared with the traditional regressive prediction models known in the literature and the results are presented.
The Political Origin of Home Bias: The Case of Europe
Authors: De Marco Filippo , Macchiavelli Marco
Published: August 2016

We show that politics is at the root of the banks-sovereign nexus that exacerbated the Eurozone crisis. First, government-owned banks or banks with politicians in the board of directors display higher home bias in sovereign debt compared to privately-owned banks throughout the 2010-2013 period. Second, only government-owned banks increased the home bias during the sovereign crisis (moral suasion). We exploit the fact that equity injections (bail-outs) by domestic governments were not directly targeted to politically connected banks to show that, upon receiving such assistance, only government-owned banks purchase domestic debt. Moral suasion is stronger in countries under stress.
Optimizing Physical Training of Female High Schoolers through Power Aerobics
Authors: Санжарова Н. М. , Кропивка Т. М.
Published: August 2016

The purpose of the research is to determine ways to optimize physical training of female high schoolers through power aerobics.Research methods: analysis of pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature; interviews with experts, questionnaires; pedagogical observations; pedagogical testing; methods of mathematical statistics.Results. The paper analyzes the theoretical data and the experience of the experts in recreational aerobics to develop the methods of physical education of high school girls through power aerobics. The methods get implemented in school classes of physical training. The implementation results show that physical training classes organized and conducted with power aerobics exercises in them in high school contribute to the development of flexibility, strength and endurance, which found experimental confirmation as part of the study.
Pedagogical Control of Motor Readiness of Junior School Boys
Authors: Іващенко О. В. , Худолій О. М. , Єрмаков С. С. , Черненко С. О. , Головко А. Р.
Published: August 2016

The research objective is to come up with model for classification of motor readiness level in boys aged 7-9.Research methods. Achieving the tasks of the research relied on the use of the theoretical and empirical methods, namely: analysis and collation of scientific and methodological literature, system analysis, modeling, anthropometry, pedagogical testing, pedagogical observations and experiment, methods of mathematical statistics.Research results. The study revealed statistically reliable deviations in the mean group testing results in the following tests: No. 2 “Walking on hexagon segments (steps)” (p < 0.033), No. 3 “30‑m (s) running)” (p < 0.001), No. 4 “Standing long jump (cm)” (p < 0.002), No. 5 “300-m (min) Running” (p < 0.001), No. 6 “Pullup on a rope in mixed suspension (times)” (p < 0.038), No. 7 “Shuttle run 4x9 m (s)” (p < 0.001), No. 8 “Raising to a sitting position in 1 minute (times)” (p < 0.009), No. 11 “Height (cm)” (p < 0.001), No.15 “Acromion-acromion distance (cm)” (p < 0.001), No. 16 “Index evaluation of shoulder joint flexibility” (p < 0.005), No. 17 “Side circles with a gymnastic stick (points)” (p < 0.009), No. 18 “Frequency of hand movements (times)” (p < 0.048), No. 20 “Walking in a straight line after 5 turns (cm)” (p < 0.002), No. 21 “Hold of a falling Dietrich stick (cm)” (p < 0.036 ).Conclusions. The first discriminant function can serve as the final pedagogical control of motor and functional readiness of boys aged 7, with emphasis on the most informative variables. If the results in the boys aged 7 prove similar to those in the boys aged 8, we can state the effectiveness of such physical education. The results shown by the boys aged 9 with emphasis on the most informative indicators of the discriminant function serve as a guidemark for the final pedagogical control of motor readiness in boys aged 8.
Pengembangan Model Penyusunan Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) yang Mengacu pada Standar Nasional Pendidikan
Authors: Halimah Lely , Rostika Deti , Sudirjo Encep
Published: August 2016

This research is performed due to the presence of gap between the policy in the improvement of curriculum and the existing field‐condition in elementary school. On one side School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) is expected to be applied in schools autonomously, on the other hand, neither the principals nor the teachers, especially of elementary schools, have had comprehensive understanding on the concept of School‐Based Curriculum, its construction process, as well as the implementation. The problem of this research, therefore, is ”How is a model for the construction of School‐Based Curriculum that refers to National Education Standard developed to result in School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) document”?

With reference to the above mentioned background, this research is purposed to offer facilities to schools, especially elementary schools, in the process of constructing School‐Based Curriculum that refers to the guideline of KTSP construction by Badan Standar Nasional Pendidikan (National Standard Agency for Education), so that they can have KTSP document. In other words, this research will result in a product of the process of School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) model development for KTSP document.   

In order to achieve the objectives, this research is conducted using Research and Development approach.   In the implementation, this research and development forms a cycle, which begins with a preliminary study to find an early product required. This early product is then developed in a certain condition, with a test, the result of which is revised and retested until the final product, which is considered satisfactory, is obtained. The validity of this final product is then examined. This research is conducted in elementary schools in Cileunyi District of Bandung Regency, of which the principal and the teachers become the subject of this research.  

Referring to the Research and Development measures, as mentioned above, the process of constructing School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) contains two stages. The first stage is the work discussion of the team that consists of Headmaster as the chairman, teachers, and school committee, and involves related parties from the Subdistrict Office of National Education Department and experts (in this case: the research team), which produces book 1 containing general guideline of School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) development. The second stage is the work discussion of the research team, Headmaster, and teachers, which produces book 2 consisting of six copies of books for each grade, from the first to the sixth.   Suggestions put forward in this research is that the socialization of School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) should be carried out in whole and applicable so as to give clear description of the process and product of School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) construction to those school, since they –elementary schools in particular‐ have not been able to create School‐Based Curriculum (KTSP) autonomously.
Menggugah Kepedulian Siswa Terhadap Satwa Liar Melalui pendidikan IPA Di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Irianto Dede Margo
Published: August 2016

Abstrak Kepedulian terhadap satwa liar ini harus ditanamkan sejak dini, agar dalam setiap gerak kehidupan sesuai dengan perkembangan usia manusia, mereka selalu menaruh perhatian terhadap satwa liar dalam bentuk tindakan kongkrit, yang dapat ikut mencegah kepunahan satwa liar. Penanam kepedulian terhadap satwa liar sejak usia dini dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai cara. Salah satu cara yang menurut penulis tepat adalah dengan pendidikan, khususnya melalui pendidikan IPA di sekolah dasar. Pendidikan IPA di Sekolah Dasar dapat digunakan untuk menanamkan kepedulian siswa terhadap satwa liar sejak dini. Kepedulian terhadap satwa liar tersebut dapat dimasukkan dalam bahan ajar yang menyangkut tentang Makhluk hidup dan proses kehidupannya, yaitu manusia, hewan, tumbuhan, dan interaksinya. Permasalahannya adalah, tindakan konkrit apa yang harus dilakukan oleh para praktisi pendidikan dalam melaksanakan kegiatan pembelajaran IPA di sekolah dasar, dalam materi-materi terkait, sehingga dapat menanamkan kepedulian siswa terhadap satwa liar sejak usia dini. Kata Kunci : Kepedulian Siswa, Satwa Liar, Pendidikan IPA, Sekolah Dasar
Penerapan Model Bengkel Sastra Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Mahasiswa Menulis Dan Mengapresiasi Sastra
Authors: Rohayati Etty , Abidin Yunus
Published: August 2016

Abstrak Some mistake are finding in teaching and learning literature at the schools until today. This condition happened because there is some mistake in teaching and learning literature at the university. Because of that, the process of teaching and learning literature at university must be change by using the effective models of teaching and leaning which can improve student ability in appreciation and writing poetry. One of the models for teaching and learning appreciation and writing poetry at the students university is bengkel sastra model. The problems of this research are (1) how to using bengkel sastra model in teaching and learning process of appreciation and writing poetry?; and (2) how can bengkel sastra model improve student ability in appreciation and writing poetry? The aims of this research are to know (1) the using of bengkel sastra model in teaching and learning process of appreciation and writing poetry; and (2) student ability in appreciation and writing poetry by using bengkel sastra model. Method of this research is classroom action research. The subject of this research is student in Indonesia Language concentration at PGSD Department, UPI Cibiru Campus. Measurement utilizes test and observation. The trigonometry analysis technique is using to analysis the date. Result of this research concludes that (1) bengkel sastra model can improve student ability in appreciation poetry and (2) bengkel sastra model can improve student ability in writing poetry. Thus, bengkel sastra model can using to improving student ability in appreciation poetry by using reader responds approach. Bengkel sastra model can using to improving student ability in writing poetry especially in diction, imagination, sense, and rime, but cannot optimal functions to improve student ability in choosing theme, making message, tone, and felling.

Key Word: bengkel sastra model, writing, appreciation poetry
Penerapan Pendekatan Kontektual Untuk Meningkatkan Sikap Ilmiah Pada Pembelajaran Gaya Di Kelas V Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Hindasah Iin
Published: August 2016

Abstrak

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan berdasarkan permasalahan yang ditemui di ruang kelas. Pada saat belajar, motivasi belajar siswa terhadap materi IPA kurang sehingga pemahaman siswa rendah. Oleh karena itu dilaksanakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) kelas V SDN Sindanglaya 4 sebagai upaya untuk meningkatkan sikap ilmiah dan pemahaman siswa pada pembelajaran IPA pokok bahasan gaya dengan menggunakan pendekatan kontekstual yang dilaksanakan melalui diskusi dan menempuh tujuh langkah kontekstual. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan sikap ilmiah dan pemahaman siswa dalam pelajaran IPA di sekolah dasar. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah pedoman observasi, catatan lapangan, lembar wawancara, lembar evaluasi dan kamera. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dan direfleksi dengan menggunakan metode deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Dari hasil penelitian, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa sikap ilmiah dan pemahaman siswa pada pembelajaran IPA pokok bahasan gaya di kelas V Sekolah Dasar dapat ditingkatkan melalui penerapan pendekatan kontekstual. Dengan demikian direkomendasikan kepada peneliti selanjutnya dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran kontekstual, hendaknya pembelajaran lebih menekankan pada proses sehingga dapat mengembangkan sikap ilmiah siswa.

Kata Kunci: Pendekatan Kontekstual, Sikap Ilmiah, Gaya, Pembelajaran Gaya
Metode Bercerita Dalam Pembelajaran Menyimak Di Kelas V Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Kartini Sinsin
Published: August 2016

Abstrak

Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh hasil studi pendahuluan yang menunjukan kemampuan menyimak siswa kelas V SD Negeri Mekarsari yang hanya mencapai nilai rata-rata 55 dalam tes kemampuan menyimak. Sedangkan Standar Kemampuan Minimal untuk mata pelajaran bahasa Indonesia adalah 65. Hal tersebut disebabakan oleh beberapa faktor, diantaranya, guru kurang tepat memilih metode, materi yang disampaikan kurang menarik, dan siswa kurang memahami perbendaharaan kata dalam bahasa Indonesia. Berdasarkan masalah tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk (1) memperoleh gambaran pelaksanaan pembelajaran menyimak dengan menggunakan metode bercerita, (2) mengetahui aaktivitas pembelajaran menyimak melalui penggunaan metode bercerita, dan (3) memperoleh gambaran hasil menyimak siswa kelas V SD Negeri Mekarsari setelah menggunakan metode bercerita. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan pendekatan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) model Elliot, yang disusun secara berdaur dalam tiap siklusnya yang meliputi perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pemantauan, dan refleksi. Data yang diperoleh dari hasil penelitian ini menyangkut prilaku siswa kelas V sebanyak 28 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian adalah lembar catatan lapangan,lembar observasi, pedoman wawancara, dan evaluasi. Evaluasi hasil dipokuskan pada hasil kemampuan menyimak siswa setelah pelaksanaan pembelajaran. Pelaksanaanpembelajaran menyimak dengan metode bercerita pada siswa kelas V SD Negeri Mekarsari ini dilaksanakan dalam tiga siklus. Setiap siklus terdiri dari satu tindakan. Setiap tindakan pembelajaran dipokuskan pada menceritakan kembali isi cerita. Evaluasi hasil pelaksanaan tindakan siklus I memperoleh nilai rata-rata kelas 72. Pelaksanaan tindakan siklus II memperoleh nilai rata-rata kelas 79. Pelaksanaan tindakan siklus III memperoleh nilai rata-rata kelas 86. Evaluasi hasil pelaksanaan tindakan tersebut menunjukkan adanya peningkatan nilai siswa pada setiap siklusnya.

Kata Kunci: Metode Bercerita; Pembelajaran Menyimak
Pendekatan Tematik Dalam Pembelajaran IPS
Authors: Kartini Tien
Published: August 2016

Abstrak

Model pembelajaran tematik merupakan model pembelajaran yang pengembangannya dimulai dengan menentukan topik tertentu sebagai tema atau topik sentral, setelah tema ditetapkan maka selanjutnya tema itu dijadikan dasar untuk menentukan dasar sub-sub tema dari bidang studi lain yang terkait. Pendekatan pembelajaran tematik dalam IPS sering disebut dengan pendekatan interdisipliner. Model pembelajaran tematik pada hakikatnya merupakan suatu sistem pembelajaran yang memungkinkan peserta didik baik secara individual maupun kelompok aktif mencari, menggali, dan menemukan konsep serta prinsipprinsip secara holistik dan otentik. Pada pendekatan pembelajaran termatik, program pembelajaran IPS disusun dari berbagai cabang ilmu dalam rumpun ilmu sosial. Pengembangan pembelajaran termatik dalam hal ini, dapat mengambil suatu topik dari suatu cabang ilmu tertentu, kemudian dilengkapi, dibahas, diperluas, dan diperdalam dengan cabang-cabang ilmu yang lain. Topik/tema dapat dikembangkan dari isu, peristiwa, dan permasalahan yang berkembang. Bisa membentuk permasalahan yang dapat dilihat dan dipecahkan dari berbagai disiplin atau sudut pandang, contohnya banjir, pemukiman kumuh, potensi pariwisata, IPTEK, mobilitas sosial, modernisasi, revolusi yang dibahas dari berbagai disiplin ilmu-ilmu sosial.

Kata Kunci: Pendekatan Tematik, Pembelajaran IPS
Media Komik Pada Pelajaran IPA Untuk Meningkatkan Multiple Intelligences Siswa SD
Authors: Yuliariatiningsih Margaretha Sri
Published: August 2016

Abstract

This study was grounded on the students’ hobby in reading comics. The result of the literature study showed that comic used as media in learning Physics was very effective as learning media and attractive to be read. One of the supporting factors of this success in improving the students’ multiple intelligences was the integration of art and craft activities in the science learning process. Moreover, the theory of multiple intelligences accomodated students with various way of learning thinking. The developed training model in this study consisted of five stages that were orientation, presentation, structured excersice, guided excersice and individual excersice. In each Science class, the learning process was always started with the elicitation of students’ prior knowledge. Then each student got one comic to be read. After the reading session, the teacher asked them about the contents of the comics either classically or individually. In the next step the students were invited to observe the demonstration done by the teacher only if the instruments or materials were not safe for them, (e.g hot water). Nevertheless, if they were safe enough for the students, they were allowed to do the experiment by themselves. Students’ worksheets (LKS) were done by the students in group to develop their interpersonal and verbal-linguistic intelligences. Based on observation during experiments and drawing activities, the students’ visual-spatial intelligences were developed. Every learning process was always ended with knowledge test individually which would be discussed later. The study concluded that: 1) the training model improved PGSD students’ skills in developing comic as teaching media, 2) comics are proven to improve the elementary school students’ motivation in learning science, 3) comic enhanced elementary school students’ understanding in science knowledge which was indicated by the achievement of the students’ test score (85 point grade). Comic also developed elementary school students’ multiple intelligences in the aspects of verbal-linguistic, logical-mathematic, visual-spatial, naturalist, and interpersonal. It is recommended that comic should be developed as teaching media especially in elementary school. Comis can be used as one alternative of learning medias that can motivate students to learn something as well as improving their reading hobby. Key Word: comic, motivation, learning science, achievement