bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PASYWNA TARCZA TERMICZNA DO PROWADZENIA SZKOLEŃ I STRZELAŃ W DZIEŃ I W NOCY
Authors: Świderski Waldemar , Hłosta Paweł
Published: November 2017

W artykule przedstawiono koncepcję tarczy termicznej. Tarcza ta zapewnia prowadzenie strzelań z użyciem celowników noktowizyjnych i termowizyjnych w warunkach nocnych i dziennych bez wymiany tarczy. Obraz tarczy w celownikach nocnych jest widoczny dzięki oświetleniu jej przez reflektor podczerwieni. Tarcza jest tak skonstruowana aby odbity od tarczy strumień promieniowania podczerwonego był skierowany do obiektywu celownika. W porównaniu z dotychczas stosowanymi rozwiązaniami nowa tarcza termiczna ma wiele zalet: jest natychmiast gotowa do działania po oświetleniu przez reflektor bez konieczności długotrwałego podgrzewania, zużywa znacznie mniej energii i cechuje ją większa żywotność. Projekt jest obecnie na etapie badań prototypu tarczy.
Epigenetic modifications: An important mechanism in diabetic disturbances
Authors: Rorbach-Dolata Anna , Kubis Adriana , Piwowar Agnieszka
Published: November 2017

In the search for explanations of diabetes pathomechanisms, especially the development of its vascular complications (micro- and macrovascular ), although current, good metabolic control of diabetes, attention was drawn to the role of epigenetic inheritance associated with epigenetic modifications of histone proteins and DNA in hyperglycemia conditions. This study showed the significant role of DNA methylation and histone epigenetic modifications (a different nature and a different degree) in the transmission of information that is not connected with gene inheritance but concerns the persistent changes induced by hyperglycemia..Attention was paid to the role of DNA methylation of pancreatic cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, but also type 2. The important role of DNA methylation changes in a so-called intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) as reason of subsequent development of diabetes was particularly emphasized. In the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and its complications, especially microvascular complications, the greatest share and importance of epigenetic modifications on mitochondrial DNA metylation are the most important. The multidirectionality Complicaand
complexity of epigenetic modifications of histone proteins indicate their importance
in the development of diabetic disturbances. An especially important role is attributed to
methylation and acetylation of histone proteins, in particular on arginine and lysine, whose
changes occur most frequently. Moreover, epigenetic modifications of the enzymes, especially
methylases, responsible for these processes are the underlying. It has been indicated that the
identification of epigenetic differences within the DNA or histone proteins may be a useful
prognostic biomarker of susceptibility to the disease development in the future. Moreover,
they may become a potential target for future therapeutic interventions for clinical disorders
in diabetes.
Editorial: Humour in nonsense literature
Authors: Hołobut Agata , Chłopicki Władysław
Published: November 2017

n/a
Associations Between Slower Walking Speed and T1ρ Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Femoral Cartilage Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Pfeiffer Steven , Harkey Matthew S. , Stanley Laura E. , Blackburn J. Troy , Padua Darin A. , Spang Jeffrey T. , Marshall Stephen W. , Jordan Joanne M. , Schmitz Randy , Nissman Daniel , Pietrosimone Brian
Published: November 2017

Objective

To determine whether walking speed, collected at 6 and 12 months following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR), is associated with inter‐extremity differences in proteoglycan density, measured via T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging, in tibiofemoral articular cartilage 12 months following ACLR.

Methods

Twenty‐one individuals with a unilateral patellar‐tendon autograft ACLR (10 women and 11 men, mean ± SD age 23.9 ± 2.7 years, mean ± SD body mass index 23.9 ± 2.7 kg/m2) were recruited for participation in this study. Walking speed was collected using 3‐dimensional motion capture at 6 and 12 months following ACLR. The articular cartilage of the medial femoral condyle (MFC) and lateral femoral condyle and medial and lateral tibial condyles was manually segmented and subsectioned into 3 regions of interest (anterior, central, and posterior) based on the location of the meniscus in the sagittal plane. Inter‐extremity mean T1ρ relaxation time ratios (T1ρ ACLR extremity / T1ρ contralateral extremity) were calculated and used for analysis. Pearson product‐moment correlations were used to determine associations between walking speed and inter‐extremity differences in T1ρ relaxation time ratios.

Results

Slower walking speed 6 months post‐ACLR was significantly associated with higher T1ρ relaxation time ratios in the MFC of the ACLR extremity 12 months following ACLR (posterior MFC, r = −0.51, P = 0.02; central MFC, r = −0.47, P = 0.04). Similarly, slower walking speed at 12 months post‐ACLR was significantly associated with higher T1ρ relaxation time ratios in the posterior MFC ACLR extremity (r = −0.47, P = 0.04) 12 months following ACLR.

Conclusion

Slower walking speed at 6 and 12 months following ACLR may be associated with early proteoglycan density changes in medial femoral compartment cartilage health in the first 12 months following ACLR.
Drop‐on‐Demand Inkjet Printing of Thermally Tunable Liquid Crystal Microlenses
Authors: Parry Ellis , Bolis Serena , Elston Steve J. , Castrejón‐Pita Alfonso A. , Morris Stephen M.
Published: November 2017

In this letter, the authors demonstrate Drop‐on‐Demand printing of variable focus, polarization‐independent, liquid crystal (LC) microlenses. By carefully selecting the surface treatment applied to a glass substrate, the authors are able to deposit droplets with a well‐defined curvature and contact angle, which result in micron‐sized lenses with focal lengths on the order of 300–900 µm. Observations with an optical polarizing microscope confirm the homeotopic alignment of the LC director in the droplets, which is in accordance with the polarization independent focal length. Results show that microlenses of different focal lengths can be fabricated by depositing successive droplets onto the same location on the substrate, which can then be used to build up programmable and arbitrary arrays of microlenses of various lens sizes and focal lengths. Finally, the authors utilize the thermal dependency of the order parameter of the LC to demonstrate facile tuning of the focal length. This technique has the potential to offer a low‐cost solution to the production of variable focus, arbitrary, microlens arrays.
From 3D ZIF Nanocrystals to Co–Nx/C Nanorod Array Electrocatalysts for ORR, OER, and Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Amiinu Ibrahim Saana , Liu Xiaobo , Pu Zonghua , Li Wenqiang , Li Qidong , Zhang Jie , Tang Haolin , Zhang Haining , Mu Shichun
Published: November 2017

Designing a highly active electrocatalyst with optimal stability at low cost is must and non‐negotiable if large‐scale implementations of fuel cells are to be fully realized. Zeolitic‐imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) offer rich platforms to design multifunctional materials due to their flexibility and ultrahigh surface area. Herein, an advanced Co–Nx/C nanorod array derived from 3D ZIF nanocrystals with superior electrocatalytic activity and stability toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) compared to commercial Pt/C and IrO2, respectively, is synthesized. Remarkably, as a bifunctional catalyst (Ej = 10 (OER) − E1/2 (ORR) ≈ 0.65 V), it further displays high performance of Zn–air batteries with high cycling stability even at a high current density. Such supercatalytic properties are largely attributed to the synergistic effect of the chemical composition, high surface area, and abundant active sites of the nanorods. The activity origin is clarified through post oxygen reduction X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis and density functional theory studies. Undoubtedly, this approach opens a new avenue to strategically design highly active and performance‐oriented electrocatalytic materials for wider electrochemical energy applications.
Highly Efficient Ternary‐Blend Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by a Nonfullerene Acceptor and Two Polymer Donors with a Broad Composition Tolerance
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Bi Zhaozhao , Ma Wei , Wang Zishuai , Choy Wallace C. H. , Wu Wenlin , Zhang Guangjun , Li Ying , Peng Qiang
Published: November 2017

In this work, highly efficient ternary‐blend organic solar cells (TB‐OSCs) are reported based on a low‐bandgap copolymer of PTB7‐Th, a medium‐bandgap copolymer of PBDB‐T, and a wide‐bandgap small molecule of SFBRCN. The ternary‐blend layer exhibits a good complementary absorption in the range of 300–800 nm, in which PTB7‐Th and PBDB‐T have excellent miscibility with each other and a desirable phase separation with SFBRCN. In such devices, there exist multiple energy transfer pathways from PBDB‐T to PTB7‐Th, and from SFBRCN to the above two polymer donors. The hole‐back transfer from PTB7‐Th to PBDB‐T and multiple electron transfers between the acceptor and the donor materials are also observed for elevating the whole device performance. After systematically optimizing the weight ratio of PBDB‐T:PTB7‐Th:SFBRCN, a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.27% is finally achieved with an open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.93 V, a short‐circuit current density (Jsc) of 17.86 mA cm−2, and a fill factor of 73.9%, which is the highest value for the ternary OSCs reported so far. Importantly, the TB‐OSCs exhibit a broad composition tolerance with a high PCE over 10% throughout the whole blend ratios.
Superelastic Hybrid CNT/Graphene Fibers for Wearable Energy Storage
Authors: Lu Zan , Foroughi Javad , Wang Caiyun , Long Hairu , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: November 2017

The demands for wearable technologies continue to grow and novel approaches for powering these devices are being enabled by the advent of new electromaterials and novel fabrication strategies. Herein, a novel approach is reported to develop superelastic wet‐spun hybrid carbon nanotube graphene fibers followed by electrodeposition of polyaniline to achieve a high‐performance fiber‐based supercapacitor. It is found that the specific capacitance of hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT)/graphene fiber is enhanced up to ≈39% using a graphene to CNT fiber ratio of 1:3. Fabrication of spring‐like coiled fiber coated with an elastic polymer shows an extraordinary elasticity capable of 800% strain while affording a specific capacitance of ≈138 F g−1. The elastic rubber coating enables extreme stretchability and enabling cycles with up to 500% strain for thousands of cycles with no significant change in its performance. Multiple supercapacitors can be easily assembled in series or parallel to meet specific energy and power needs.
Hydrodynamics in a jet bubbling reactor: Experimental research and mathematical modeling
Authors: Huang Zhengliang , Wang Haotong , Shuai Yun , Guo Tianqi , Lungu Musango , Yang Yao , Wang Jingdai , Yang Yongrong
Published: November 2017

The radial distribution of liquid velocity in the axial direction of a jet bubbling reactor has been measured by experimentation. Three different typical flow structures controlled by liquid jet, gas bubbling, and liquid jet coupled with bubbling are observed. A tank in series model is established on this basis. Calculated values in each region are in good agreement with measured values in jet, bubbling, and wall effect controlled areas. Axial flow rate, radial exchange rate, and jet controlled volume η are analyzed from energy input aspect under different ug and uj. Simulation results indicate that under the synergetic action of the liquid jet and gas bubbling effect, jet controlled area exhibits a “spindle” structure, and its size decreases with the increase of ug. When gas input power occupies about 67% of total energy consumption, the best synergy of liquid jet and gas bubbling is obtained. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 1814–1827, 2018
Clinical and genetic characterization of AP4B1‐associated SPG47
Authors: Ebrahimi‐Fakhari Darius , Cheng Chi , Dies Kira , Diplock Amelia , Pier Danielle B. , Ryan Conor S. , Lanpher Brendan C. , Hirst Jennifer , Chung Wendy K. , Sahin Mustafa , Rosser Elisabeth , Darras Basil , Bennett James T. ,   on behalf of CureSPG47
Published: November 2017

The hereditary spastic paraplegias (HSPs) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by degeneration of the corticospinal and spinocerebellar tracts leading to progressive spasticity. One subtype, spastic paraplegia type 47 (SPG47 or HSP‐AP4B1), is due to bi‐allelic loss‐of‐function mutations in the AP4B1 gene. AP4B1 is a subunit of the adapter protein complex 4 (AP‐4), a heterotetrameric protein complex that regulates the transport of membrane proteins. Since 2011, 11 individuals from six families with AP4B1 mutations have been reported, nine of whom had homozygous mutations and were from consanguineous families. Here we report eight patients with AP4B1‐associated SPG47, the majority born to non‐consanguineous parents and carrying compound heterozygous mutations. Core clinical features in this cohort and previously published patients include neonatal hypotonia that progresses to spasticity, early onset developmental delay with prominent motor delay and severely impaired or absent speech development, episodes of stereotypic laughter, seizures including frequent febrile seizures, thinning of the corpus callosum, and delayed myelination/white matter loss. Given that some of the features of AP‐4 deficiency overlap with those of cerebral palsy, and the discovery of the disorder in non‐consanguineous populations, we believe that AP‐4 deficiency may be more common than previously appreciated.
Single Metal Ohmic and Rectifying Contacts to ZnO Nanowires: A Defect Based Approach
Authors: Jarjour Alexander , Cox Jon W. , Ruane William T. , Von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius , Brillson Leonard J.
Published: November 2017

Ohmic and rectifying metal contacts to semiconductor nanowires are integral to electronic device structures and typically require different metals and different process techniques to form. Here we show how a noble metal ion beam of Pt commonly used to pattern conducting contacts in electron microscopes can form both ohmic and Schottky/blocking contacts on ZnO nanowires by controlling native point defects at the intimate metal‐semiconductor interface. Spatially‐resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy on a nanoscale both laterally and in depth gauges the nature, density, and spatial distribution of specific native point defects inside the nanowires and at their metal interfaces. Combinations of electron and ion beam deposition, annealing, and sculpting of the same nanowire provide either low contact resistivity ohmic contacts or a high Schottky/blocking barrier with a single metal source. These results highlight the importance of native point defects distributed inside nanowires and their variation near interfaces with sculpting and annealing.
CO Hydrogenation on Cobalt‐Based Catalysts: Tin Poisoning Unravels CO in Hollow Sites as a Main Surface Intermediate
Authors: Paredes‐Nunez Anaëlle , Lorito Davide , Burel Laurence , Motta‐Meira Debora , Agostini Giovanni , Guilhaume Nolven , Schuurman Yves , Meunier Frederic
Published: November 2017

Site poisoning is a powerful method to unravel the nature of active sites or reaction intermediates. The nature of the intermediates involved in the hydrogenation of CO was unraveled by poisoning alumina‐supported cobalt catalysts with various concentrations of tin. The rate of formation of the main reaction products (methane and propylene) was found to be proportional to the concentration of multi‐bonded CO, likely located in hollow sites. The specific rate of decomposition of these species was sufficient to account for the formation of the main products. These hollow‐CO are proposed to be main reaction intermediates in the hydrogenation of CO under the reaction conditions used here, while linear CO are mostly spectators.
A Hierarchical MFI Zeolite with a Two‐Dimensional Square Mesostructure
Authors: Shen Xuefeng , Mao Wenting , Ma Yanhang , Xu Dongdong , Wu Peng , Terasaki Osamu , Han Lu , Che Shunai
Published: November 2017

A conceptual design and synthesis of ordered mesoporous zeolites is a challenging research subject in material science. Several seminal articles report that one‐dimensional (1D) mesostructured lamellar zeolites are possibly directed by sheet‐assembly of surfactants, which collapse after removal of intercalated surfactants. However, except for one example of two‐dimensional (2D) hexagonal mesoporous zeolite, no other zeolites with ordered 2D or three‐dimensional (3D) mesostructures have been reported. An ordered 2D mesoporous zeolite can be templated by a cylindrical assembly unit with specific interactions in the hydrophobic part. A template molecule with azobenzene in the hydrophobic tail and diquaternary ammonium in the hydrophilic head group directs hierarchical MFI zeolite with a 2D square mesostructure. The material has an elongated octahedral morphology, and quaternary, ordered, straight, square channels framed by MFI thin sheets expanded along the a–c planes and joined with 90° rotations. The structural matching between the cylindrical assembly unit and zeolite framework is crucial for mesostructure construction.
A Scandium‐Stabilized Diisophosphaethynolate Ligand: [OCPPCO]4−
Authors: Grant Lauren N. , Pinter Balazs , Manor Brian C. , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Mindiola Daniel J.
Published: November 2017

The first example of the OCPPCO ligand, diisophosphaethynolate, is reported via reductive coupling of a Sc−OCP precursor. Upon reduction with KC8, isolation of the dinuclear complex, namely [K(OEt2)]2[(nacnac)Sc(OAr)]2(OCPPCO), is observed, leading to a unique motif [OCPPCO]4−, stabilized by two scandium centers. Detailed NMR spectra of all complexes as well as IR and single crystal X‐ray studies were obtained to fully elucidate the nature of these complexes in solution as well as in the solid state. Theory is combined to probe the electronic structure and orbitals responsible for the bonding interactions in the Sc−OCPPCO−Sc skeleton but also to compare to the linear mode observed in the precursor.
Enhanced degradation properties of polypropylene integrated with iron and cobalt stearates and its synthetic application
Authors: Subramaniam Malini , Sharma Swati , Gupta Arun , Abdullah Norhayati
Published: November 2017

Synthetic plastic leads to environmental contamination, and a promising solution to this problem is to use prooxidants as fillers within them to speed up the photooxidation and thermooxidation processes. This makes plastics more susceptible to biodegradation. In this study, the degradation properties of the widely used polymer polypropylene (PP) were improved by integration with cobalt stearate (CoSt2) and iron stearate (FeSt3) as prooxidants with accelerating weathering degradation. The metal stearates were blended with PP in the concentration range 0.1–0.9% w/w. The properties of the blends were studied by mechanical properties testing, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, and water absorption measurement. We performed the degradation properties and thermooxidative studies by conducting an accelerated weathering test on PP–metal salt blends. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy analysis of the samples before and after the accelerated weathering test were performed to study the extent of degradation in PP‐based metal salt blends. The results indicate that the tensile strength was inversely proportional to the concentration of metal stearates, and the samples showed an increased degree in polymer crystallinity (PPFe5 > PPCo5), and this led to the degradation of PP in less time. CoSt2 predominantly enhanced the degradation of PP in comparison to FeSt3. Food containers and pots were constructed with the tailored polymers of PP in the injection‐molding machine. Thus, metal‐stearate‐integrated polymers have great industrial potential to generate value‐added products. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46028.
Decorated‐magnetic‐nanoparticle‐supported bromine as a recyclable catalyst for the oxidation of sulfides
Authors: Hu Yanfang , Ma Weiqian , Tao Meilin , Zhang Xueyan , Wang Xiaohong , Wang Xiaoyu , Chen Li
Published: November 2017

Herein, we present a strategy for supporting bromine as a catalyst for the oxidation of sulfides. In this strategy, branched poly(ethylene imine) was first decorated by magnetic oxide and then used to support liquid bromine to obtain solid polymeric bromine (M@PEI@Br) nanoparticles. Compared with free bromine, the stability of the M@PEI@Br nanoparticles improved obviously. The oxidation of thioanisole to methyl phenyl sulfoxide was chosen as a reaction model to evaluate the catalytic activity of the M@PEI@Br nanoparticles. All of the obtained results verify that the M@PEI@Br nanoparticles exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency and could accelerate the oxidation process under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature; this highlighted the potential of decorated polymers to support active and unstable small‐molecule organic catalysts. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46036.
Revisit the Cavernous Sinus from Fetus to Adult—New and Old Data
Authors: CHOW MAGGIE S. M. , WU SHARON L. , HUI VIVIAN , CHOW TONY C. H. , YEW D. T.
Published: November 2017

This article highlighted three advances in the study of the cavernous sinus: (1) the initial formation of the sinus reticulum in early development of the sphenoid bone before ossification (2) extension of reticulum of the sinus and connection with other venules, and (3) the cavernous sinus and the nerves evolved inside this sinus during gestation, for example, the trigeminal nerve already formed bundles of motor and parasympathetic components during fetal development. This ontogenetic study further confirmed the cavernous sinus is not a single or a dual set of sinuses, but a group of extensions of venous sinuses or sinusoids. These new insights were integrated with previous understandings of the cavernous sinus to form this review article. Anat Rec, 301:819–824, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Application of multiple baseline designs in behavior analytic research: Evidence for the influence of new guidelines
Authors: Coon Jodi C. , Rapp John T.
Published: November 2017

The multiple baseline (MBL) design is a single‐case experimental design that has both research and applied utility. Although the concurrent and nonconcurrent MBL variants are valid designs, each rules out different threats to internal validity. To help clarify these differences, studies have provided guidelines for graphically depicting and distinguishing between concurrent and nonconcurrent MBLs. This study assessed the extent to which data‐presentation guidelines have been adopted by examining single‐case experimental design studies published in 3 behavior‐analytic journals from 2000 to 2015. Results suggest that data‐depiction guidelines have increased correct identification of concurrent multiple baseline designs but also indicate that these guidelines have not been universally adopted.
An Activated TiC–SiC Composite for Natural Gas Upgrading via Catalytic Oxyhalogenation
Authors: Zichittella Guido , Puértolas Begoña , Siol Sebastian , Paunović Vladimir , Mitchell Sharon , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: November 2017

Alkane oxyhalogenation has emerged as an attractive catalytic route for selective natural gas functionalization to important commodity chemicals, such as methyl halides or olefins. However, few systems have been shown to be active and selective in these reactions. Here, we identify a novel and highly efficient TiC–SiC composite for methane and ethane oxyhalogenation. Detailed characterization elucidates the kinetics and mechanism of the selective activation under reaction conditions to yield TiO2–TiC–SiC. This catalyst outperforms bulk TiO2, one of the best reported catalysts, reaching up to 85 % selectivity and up to 3 times higher titanium‐specific space‐time‐yield of methyl halides or ethylene. This is attributed to the fact that the active TiO2 phase generated in situ is embedded in the thermally conductive SiC matrix, facilitating heat dissipation thus improving selectivity control.
Tunable Emission from Fluorescent Organic Nanoparticles in Water: Insight into the Nature of Self‐Assembly and Photoswitching
Authors: Gulyani Akash , Dey Nilanjan , Bhattacharya Santanu
Published: November 2017

Excitation‐dependent tuning of the emission behavior of fluorescent organic nanoparticles (FONs) with two simple luminescent pyrenyl–pyridyl conjugates as model systems is demonstrated. In the case of the compound with a flexible bis‐picolyl moiety, the simultaneous presence of multiple ground‐state species with distinct absorption and emission characteristics can be observed. The relative ratios of these species can easily be modulated, and it is possible to selectively stimulate any one of them individually by choosing an appropriate excitation channel. Moreover, at high concentration, a drastic change in the nature of the self‐assembly is observed, which shifts from donor–acceptor‐type self‐assembly to exciplex‐type self‐agglomeration. On the contrary, the compound containing a rigid terpyridine unit has only a single ground state and shows no such tunable emission. However, it can exhibit multiple emission bands in water, whereby the positions of their emission maxima depend on the extent of aggregation‐induced planarization of the probe molecules. Overall, this work demonstrates multimodal modulation of FON emission and a gives insight into how molecular order can translate into complete switching of nanoparticle self‐assembly and photophysics.
Soft Chemistry, Coloring and Polytypism in Filled Tetrahedral Semiconductors: Toward Enhanced Thermoelectric and Battery Materials
Authors: White Miles A. , Medina‐Gonzalez Alan M. , Vela Javier
Published: November 2017

Filled tetrahedral semiconductors are a rich family of compounds with tunable electronic structure, making them ideal for applications in thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, and battery anodes. Furthermore, these materials crystallize in a plethora of related structures that are very close in energy, giving rise to polytypism through the manipulation of synthetic parameters. This Minireview highlights recent advances in the solution‐phase synthesis and nanostructuring of these materials. These methods enable the synthesis of metastable phases and polytypes that were previously unobtainable. Additionally, samples synthesized in solution phase have enhanced thermoelectric performance due to their decreased grain size.
Acid‐Triggered O−O Bond Heterolysis of a Nonheme FeIII(OOH) Species for the Stereospecific Hydroxylation of Strong C−H Bonds
Authors: Serrano‐Plana Joan , Acuña‐Parés Ferran , Dantignana Valeria , Oloo Williamson N. , Castillo Esther , Draksharapu Apparao , Whiteoak Christopher J. , Martin‐Diaconescu Vlad , Basallote Manuel G. , Luis Josep M. , Que Lawrence , Costas Miquel , Company Anna
Published: November 2017

A novel hydroperoxoiron(III) species [FeIII(OOH)(MeCN)(PyNMe3)]2+ (3) has been generated by reaction of its ferrous precursor [FeII(CF3SO3)2(PyNMe3)] (1) with hydrogen peroxide at low temperatures. This species has been characterized by several spectroscopic techniques and cryospray mass spectrometry. Similar to most of the previously described low‐spin hydroperoxoiron(III) compounds, 3 behaves as a sluggish oxidant and it is not kinetically competent for breaking weak C−H bonds. However, triflic acid addition to 3 causes its transformation into a much more reactive compound towards organic substrates that is capable of oxidizing unactivated C−H bonds with high stereospecificity. Stopped‐flow kinetic analyses and theoretical studies provide a rationale for the observed chemistry, a triflic‐acid‐assisted heterolytic cleavage of the O−O bond to form a putative strongly oxidizing oxoiron(V) species. This mechanism is reminiscent to that observed in heme systems, where protonation of the hydroperoxo intermediate leads to the formation of the high‐valent [(Porph.)FeIV(O)] (Compound I).
Direct Correlation of Excitonics with Efficiency in a Core–Shell Quantum Dot Solar Cell
Authors: Dana Jayanta , Maiti Sourav , Tripathi Vaidehi S. , Ghosh Hirendra N.
Published: November 2017

Shell thickness dependent band‐gap engineering of quasi type II core–shell material with higher carrier cooling time, lower interfacial defect states, and longer charge carrier recombination time can be a promising candidate for both photocatalysis and solar cell. In the present investigation, colloidal CdSe@CdS core–shells with different shell thickness (2, 4 and 6 monolayer CdS) were synthesized through hot injection method and have been characterized by high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM) followed by steady state absorption and luminescence techniques. Ultrafast transient absorption (TA) studies suggest longer carrier cooling, lower interfacial surface states, and slower carrier recombination time in CdSe@CdS core–shell with increasing shell thickness. By TA spectroscopy, the role of CdS shell in power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been explained in detail. The measured PCE was found to initially increase and then decrease with increasing shell thickness. Shell thickness has been optimized to maximize the efficiency after correlating the shell controlled carrier cooling and recombination with PCE values and a maximum PCE of 3.88 % was obtained with 4 monolayers of CdS shell, which is found to be 57 % higher than compared to bare CdSe QDs.
Late‐adoptions in adolescence: Can attachment and emotion regulation influence behaviour problems? A controlled study using a moderation approach
Authors: Pace Cecilia Serena , Di Folco Simona , Guerriero Viviana
Published: November 2017

A growing body of research suggests that, compared to normative adolescence, adoptive adolescence could be considered a specific risk condition characterized by more psychiatric problems, attachment insecurity, and emotional regulation difficulties as consequences of negative experiences in preadoption relationships. The current study explores (a) a moderation model of adoption status on the association between attachment representations (secure, dismissing, preoccupied, and disorganized) and behavioural problems and (b) a moderation model of adoption status on the association between emotion regulation processes (cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression) and behavioural problems. Both the moderation models were controlled for verbal skills. Forty‐six adopted adolescents and a control group of 34 nonadopted peers (12–16 years old) living with both their biological parents were assessed using the Friends and Family Interview, the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents, the Child Behaviour Check List 6–18, and the verbal subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, the latter as control measure. Results showed that adoption status (but not attachment) positively predicted externalizing and total behaviour problems, whereas attachment disorganization (but not adoption status) positively predicted internalizing problems in both group. Moreover, low cognitive reappraisal had a negative impact on externalizing problems only for adopted adolescents, but not for nonadopted youths. The clinical implications of these findings are discussed in order to enhance effective intervention with adopted adolescents and their parents.
Model answers: Rational application of murine models in arthritis research
Authors: Benson Robert A. , McInnes Iain B. , Garside Paul , Brewer James M.
Published: November 2017

Advances in targeted immune therapeutics have profoundly improved clinical outcomes for patients with inflammatory arthropathies particularly rheumatoid arthritis. The landscape of disease that is observed and the treatment outcomes desired for the future have also progressed. As such there is an increasing move away from traditional models of end‐stage, chronic disease with recognition of the need to consider the earliest phases of pathogenesis as a target for treatment leading to resolution and/or cure. In order to continue the discovery process and enhance our understanding of disease and treatment, we therefore need to continuously revisit the animal models we employ and assess their relevance and utility in the light of contemporary therapeutic goals. In this review, we highlight the areas where we consider new developments in animal models and their application are most required. Thus, we have contextualised the relevant mouse models and their use within the current concepts of human inflammatory arthritis pathogenesis and highlight areas of need.
Role of oxygen supply in α, ω‐dodecanedioic acid biosynthesis from n‐dodecane by Candida viswanathii ipe‐1: Effect of stirring speed and aeration
Authors: Cao Weifeng , Wang Yujue , Luo Jianquan , Yin Junxiang , Wan Yinhua
Published: November 2017

α, ω‐Dodecanedioic acid (DC12) usually serves as a monomer of polyamides or some special nylons. During the biosynthesis, oxygenation cascaded in conversion of hydrophobic n‐dodecane to DC12, while the oxidation of n‐dodecane took place in the intracellular space. Therefore, it was important to investigate the role of oxygen supply on the cell growth and DC12 biosynthesis. It was found that stirring speed and aeration influenced the dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration which in turn affected cell growth as well as DC12 biosynthesis. However, the effect of culture redox potential (Orp) level on DC12 biosynthesis was more significant than that of DO level. For DC12 biosynthesis, the first step was to form the emulsion droplets through the interaction of n‐dodecane and the cell. When the stirring speed was enhanced, slits in the surface layer of the emulsion droplets would be increased. Thus, the substances transportation by water through the slits would be intensified, leading to an enhanced DC12 production. Compared with the batch culture at a lower stirring speed (400 rpm) without culture redox potential (Orp) control, the DC12 concentration was increased by 5 times up to 201.3 g/L with Orp controlled above 0 mV at a higher stirring speed (800 rpm).
Combined influence of oxygenation and salinity on aggregation kinetics of the silver reference nanomaterial NM-300K
Authors: Devoille Laurent , Revel Messika , Batana Célia , Feltin Nicolas , Giambérini Laure , Châtel Amélie , Mouneyrac Catherine
Published: November 2017

The combined influence of oxygenation and salinity on agglomeration and/or aggregation kinetics of the silver (Ag) nanomaterial NM-300K was investigated, and the relationship between its physicochemical fate and toxicity toward an estuarine bivalve was established. The results showed that the presence of NaCl under certain oxygen conditions (8.5 ppm) promoted the formation of AgCl aggregates that could be linked to toxicity effects on aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1007–1013. © 2017 SETAC
Temperature of post‐flashover compartment fires—Calculations and validation
Authors: Byström Alexandra , Wickström Ulf
Published: November 2017

This paper describes and validates by comparisons with tests a one‐zone model for computing temperature of fully developed compartment fires. Like other similar models, the model is based on an analysis of the energy and mass balance assuming combustion being limited by the availability of oxygen, ie, a ventilation‐controlled compartment fire. However, the mathematical solution techniques in this model have been altered. To this end, a maximum fire temperature has been defined depending on combustion efficiency and opening heights only. This temperature together with well‐defined fire compartment parameters was then used as a fictitious thermal boundary condition of the surrounding structure. The temperature of that structure could then be calculated with various numerical and analytical methods as a matter of choice, and the fire temperature could be identified as a weighted average between the maximum fire temperature and the calculated surface temperature of the surrounding structure as a function of time.

It is demonstrated that the model can be used to predict fire temperatures in compartments with boundaries of semi‐infinitely thick structures as well as with boundaries of insulated and noninsulated steel sheets where the entire heat capacity of the surrounding structure is assumed to be concentrated to the steel core. With these assumptions, fire temperatures could be calculated with spreadsheet calculation methods. For more advanced problems, a general finite element solid temperature calculation code was used to calculate the temperature in the boundary structure. With this code, it is possible to analyze surrounding structures of various kinds, for example, structures comprising several materials with properties varying with temperature as well as voids.

The validation experiments were accurately defined and surveyed. In all the tests, a propane diffusion burner was used as the only fire source. Temperatures were measured with thermocouples and plate thermometers at several positions.
Methods for backcasting, nowcasting and forecasting using factor‐MIDAS: With an application to Korean GDP
Authors: Kim Hyun Hak , Swanson Norman R.
Published: November 2017

We utilize mixed‐frequency factor‐MIDAS models for the purpose of carrying out backcasting, nowcasting, and forecasting experiments using real‐time data. We also introduce a new real‐time Korean GDP dataset, which is the focus of our experiments. The methodology that we utilize involves first estimating common latent factors (i.e., diffusion indices) from 190 monthly macroeconomic and financial series using various estimation strategies. These factors are then included, along with standard variables measured at multiple different frequencies, in various factor‐MIDAS prediction models. Our key empirical findings as follows. (i) When using real‐time data, factor‐MIDAS prediction models outperform various linear benchmark models. Interestingly, the “MSFE‐best” MIDAS models contain no autoregressive (AR) lag terms when backcasting and nowcasting. AR terms only begin to play a role in “true” forecasting contexts. (ii) Models that utilize only one or two factors are “MSFE‐best” at all forecasting horizons, but not at any backcasting and nowcasting horizons. In these latter contexts, much more heavily parametrized models with many factors are preferred. (iii) Real‐time data are crucial for forecasting Korean gross domestic product, and the use of “first available” versus “most recent” data “strongly” affects model selection and performance. (iv) Recursively estimated models are almost always “MSFE‐best,” and models estimated using autoregressive interpolation dominate those estimated using other interpolation methods. (v) Factors estimated using recursive principal component estimation methods have more predictive content than those estimated using a variety of other (more sophisticated) approaches. This result is particularly prevalent for our “MSFE‐best” factor‐MIDAS models, across virtually all forecast horizons, estimation schemes, and data vintages that are analyzed.
Geochronology and geochemistry of early‐middle Silurian intrusive rocks in the Lanzhou–Baiyin regions, eastern part of Qilian Block, NW China: Source and tectonic implications
Authors: Li Xi‐Yao , Li San‐Zhong , Zhao Shu‐Juan , Somerville I.D. , Guo Xiao‐Yu , Yu Sheng‐Yao , Huang Zeng‐Bao , Cao Hua‐Hua , Huang Xing‐Fu
Published: November 2017

The Qilian Block is one of many continental blocks involved in the early Paleozoic orogenesis of the Central China Orogen, which experienced complex interaction with adjacent blocks and orogens. In this study, we present zircon U–Pb–Hf isotopic, whole‐rock elemental, and Sr–Nd isotopic data of the early‐middle Silurian intrusive rocks in the Lanzhou–Baiyin regions, eastern part of the Qilian Block, to constrain their source and tectonic settings. The Houchangchuan granodiorite and Shichuan monzogranite were emplaced at ca. 437 Ma and ca. 428 Ma, respectively. These granitoids are peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.1–1.3), enriched in LREEs and LILEs (Rb, Th, U, Pb), depleted in HFSEs (Nb, Ta) with negative Eu and Sr anomalies, and have relatively high whole‐rock εNd(t), −4.3 to −2.1, and zircon εHf(t), −10.9 to 1.1, values. The Shichuan monzonite is characterized by intermediate SiO2, metaluminous (A/CNK = ~0.8), and high LREEs fractionation with LILEs (Th, U, Pb) enrichment and HFSEs (Nb, Ta) depletion. We suggest the Houchangchuan granodiorite and Shichuan monzogranite were derived from the metasedimentary (metapelitic) source, which could be the Mesoproterozoic basement of the Qilian Block, and the mantle‐derived materials injected into their source region. The Shichuan monzonite could have a mantle‐derived origin. Integrated with data from previous studies, the early‐middle Silurian (437–428 Ma) intrusive rocks in the eastern part of the Qilian Block were formed during the transition period from a syn‐collisional to postcollisional setting, relating to the collisional process after the consumption of North Qilian Ocean (Proto‐Tethys Ocean) in the northern margin of the Gondwana continent.
Functional antagonism of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor 1 prevents cuprizone‐induced demyelination
Authors: Kim SunJa , Bielawski Jacek , Yang Hyunmin , Kong Yu , Zhou Beiyan , Li Jianrong
Published: November 2017

Recent evidence suggests that the oral drug Fingolimod (FTY720) for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (MS) may act directly on the central nervous system (CNS) and modulate disease pathogenesis and progression in experimental models of MS. However, the specific subtype of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate (S1P) receptors that mediates the effect of FTY720 on the CNS cells has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that S1P receptor 1 (S1PR1) is elevated in reactive astrocytes in an autoimmunity independent mouse model of MS and that selective S1PR1 modulation is sufficient to ameliorate the loss of oligodendrocytes and demyelination. The non‐selective S1PR modulator, FTY720, or a short‐lived S1PR1‐specific modulator, CYM5442, was administered daily to mice while on cuprizone diet. Both FTY720‐ and CYM5422‐treated mice displayed a significant reduction in oligodendrocyte apoptosis and astrocyte and microglial activation in comparison to vehicle‐treated groups, which was associated with decreased production of proinflammatory mediators and down‐regulation of astrocytic S1PR1 protein. Interestingly, S1PR1 modulation during the early phase of cuprizone intoxication was required to suppress oligodendrocyte death and consequent demyelination as drug treatment from 10 days after the initiation of cuprizone feeding was no longer effective. CYM5442 treatment during the brief cuprizone exposure significantly prevented Il‐1β, Il‐6, Cxcl10, and Cxcl3 induction, resulting in suppression of subsequent reactive gliosis and demyelination. Our study identifies functional antagonism of S1PR1 as a major mechanism for the protective effect of FTY720 in the cuprizone model and suggests pathogenic contributions of astrocyte S1PR1 signaling in primary demyelination and its potential as a therapeutic target for CNS inflammation.
The association amongst visual, hearing, and dual sensory loss with depression and anxiety over 6 years: The Tromsø Study
Authors: Cosh S. , von Hanno T. , Helmer C. , Bertelsen G. , Delcourt C. , Schirmer H. ,   the SENSE‐Cog Group
Published: November 2017

Objective

To examine the longitudinal association of dual and single (vision and hearing) sensory loss on symptoms of depression and anxiety in older adults.

Methods

Two thousand eight hundred ninety adults aged 60 years or over who participated in the longitudinal population‐based Tromsø Study, Norway, were included. The impact of objective vision loss, self‐report hearing loss, or dual sensory loss on symptoms of depression and anxiety, as assessed by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist 10, was examined at baseline and 6‐year follow‐up using linear mixed models.

Results

Hearing loss had a cross‐sectional relationship with increased depression (b = 0.1750, SE = 0.07, P = .02) and anxiety symptoms (b = 0.1765, SE = 0.08, P = .03); however, these relationships were not significant at the 6‐year follow‐up. Both vision loss only and dual sensory loss predicted increased depression scores at follow‐up (b = 0.0220, SE = 0.01, P = .03; and b = 0.0413, SE = 0.02, P = .01, respectively). Adjustment for social isolation did not attenuate the main depression results.

Conclusion

Dual sensory loss resulted in increased depression symptomatology over time and posed an additional long‐term risk to depression severity beyond having a single sensory loss only. Only hearing loss is associated with anxiety symptoms. Older adults with vision, hearing, and dual sensory loss have different mental health profiles. Therefore, management and intervention should be tailored to the type of sensory loss.
Network dynamics engaged in the modulation of motor behavior in stroke patients
Authors: Pool Eva‐Maria , Leimbach Martha , Binder Ellen , Nettekoven Charlotte , Eickhoff Simon B. , Fink Gereon R. , Grefkes Christian
Published: November 2017

Stroke patients with motor deficits typically feature enhanced neural activity in several cortical areas when moving their affected hand. However, also healthy subjects may show higher levels of neural activity in tasks with higher motor demands. Therefore, the question arises to what extent stroke‐related overactivity reflects performance‐level‐associated recruitment of neural resources rather than stroke‐induced neural reorganization. We here investigated which areas in the lesioned brain enable the flexible adaption to varying motor demands compared to healthy subjects. Accordingly, eleven well‐recovered left‐hemispheric chronic stroke patients were scanned using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Motor system activity was assessed for fist closures at increasing movement frequencies performed with the affected/right or unaffected/left hand. In patients, an increasing movement rate of the affected hand was associated with stronger neural activity in ipsilesional/left primary motor cortex (M1) but unlike in healthy controls also in contralesional/right dorsolateral premotor cortex (PMd) and contralesional/right superior parietal lobule (SPL). Connectivity analyses using dynamic causal modeling revealed stronger coupling of right SPL onto affected/left M1 in patients but not in controls when moving the affected/right hand independent of the movement speed. Furthermore, coupling of right SPL was positively coupled with the “active” ipsilesional/left M1 when stroke patients moved their affected/right hand with increasing movement frequency. In summary, these findings are compatible with a supportive role of right SPL with respect to motor function of the paretic hand in the reorganized brain.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral drugs in the treatment of multiple myeloma
Authors: Morival Camille , Oumari Sitty , Lenglet Arthur , Le Corre Pascal
Published: November 2017

Treatment of myeloma is a long‐term treatment mainly based on all‐oral combinations of drugs. Because oral drugs have a more complex pharmacokinetics compared with IV treatments, an appropriate knowledge of the factors that may alter their systemic exposure is of particular clinical relevance. Both drug‐drug interactions, food‐effect, and dose‐adaptation in renal and hepatic impairment may influence the systemic drug levels with a potential impact on drug efficacy or safety. Moreover, a better control of drug exposure may improve the side effect profiles of these treatments with a favourable impact on patient compliance. Furthermore, as long‐term treatments, these drugs may also alter the systemic exposure of coadministered medications in these rather old patients. The aim of this review was to identify the factors modifying the systemic exposure of oral drugs used in myeloma by focusing on the pharmacokinetic drug‐drug interactions and the effects of renal and hepatic impairment and of food impact.