bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Single Photon Lidar: From Satellite Laser Ranging to Airborne Experiments to ICESat-2
Authors: Degnan John J.
Published: September 2024

In September 2018, NASA launched the ICESat-2 satellite into a 500 km high Earth orbit. It carried a truly unique lidar system, i.e., the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System or ATLAS. The ATLAS lidar is capable of detecting single photons reflected from a wide variety of terrain (land, ice, tree leaves, and underlying terrain) and even performing bathymetric measurements due to its green wavelength. The system uses a single 5-watt, Q-switched laser producing a 10 kHz train of sub-nanosecond pulses, each containing 500 microjoules of energy. The beam is then split into three “strong” and three “weak” beamlets, with the “strong” beamlets containing four times the power of the “weak” beamlets in order to satisfy a wide range of Earth science goals. Thus, ATLAS is capable of making up to 60,000 surface measurements per second compared to the 40 measurements per second made by its predecessor multiphoton instrument, the Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) on ICESat-1, which was terminated after several years of operation in 2009. Low deadtime timing electronics are combined with highly effective noise filtering algorithms to extract the spatially correlated surface photons from the solar and/or electronic background noise. The present paper describes how the ATLAS system evolved from a series of unique and seemingly unconnected personal experiences of the author in the fields of satellite laser ranging, optical antennas and space communications, Q-switched laser theory, and airborne single photon lidars.
Comparative Transcriptomics Revealed Physalis floridana Rydb. Influences on the Immune System of the 28-Spotted Ladybird Beetle (Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata)
Authors: Wang Xianzhong , Guan Liwen , Wang Tianwen , Yu Liuhe , Wang Shuangle , He Biner , Tang Bin , Lu Jiangjie
Published: September 2024

Physalis floridana Rydb., a member of the Solanaceae family, is renowned for its diverse secondary metabolites, including physalins and withanolides. The 28-spotted ladybird beetle (Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata) is a notorious pest severely damaging Solanaceous crops. This study demonstrates that P. floridana Rydb. significantly impacts on the development and reproductive suppression of H. vigintioctopunctata. A comparative transcriptome analysis was performed by feeding H. vigintioctopunctata larvae on P. floridana Rydb., Solanum nigrum L., Solanum tuberosum L., and Solanum lycopersicum L. The results reveal that larvae fed on P. floridana Rydb. exhibit numerous differentially expressed genes, which are notably enriched in pathways related to energy metabolism, immunity, and detoxification. These functions and pathways are less enriched in larvae fed by other hosts. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis (WGCNA) indicates that feeding on P. floridana Rydb. influences the expression of specific genes involved in the Toll and IMD signaling pathways, impacting the immune system of H. vigintioctopunctata larvae. This study provides transcriptomic insights into larval responses to different diets and suggests that the effect of P. floridana Rydb. on the immune system of H. vigintioctopunctata is a key defense mechanism against herbivores.
Cross-Kingdom RNA Transport Based on Extracellular Vesicles Provides Innovative Tools for Plant Protection
Authors: Zhao Yujin , Zhou Yanguang , Xu Jingyan , Fan Sen , Zhu Na , Meng Qingling , Dai Shijie , Yuan Xiaofeng
Published: September 2024

RNA interference (RNAi) shows great potential in plant defense against pathogens through RNA-mediated sequence-specific gene silencing. Among RNAi-based plant protection strategies, spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is considered a more promising approach because it utilizes the transfer of exogenous RNA between plants and microbes to silence target pathogen genes. The application of nanovesicles significantly enhances RNA stability and delivery efficiency, thereby improving the effectiveness of SIGS and further enhancing plant resistance to diseases and pathogens. This review explores the role of RNAi in plant protection, focusing on the cross-kingdom transport of small RNAs (sRNAs) via extracellular vesicles. It also explores the potential of nanotechnology to further optimize RNA-based plant protection, offering innovative tools and methods in modern plant biotechnology.
Breeding Rice to Increase Anthocyanin Yield Per Area through Small, Black Grain Size and Three Grains per Spikelet
Authors: Sricha Thanarote , Monkham Tidarat , Sanitchon Jirawat , Aung Nan Myo San , Suwannual Teerawat , Chankaew Sompong
Published: September 2024

Rice varieties with high anthocyanin content are often recognized for their vibrant colors and health benefits. The demand for rice with high anthocyanin is increasing domestically and internationally due to consumers becoming more health-conscious. However, the current increase in yield might not raise the anthocyanin content due to its location in the grain pericarp and seed coat, which are relative to the grain surface area. This study aims to develop rice lines to increase anthocyanin yield per production area by improving rice varieties with small, black, and three grains per spikelet. Accordingly, six rice recombinant inbred lines (RILs) were bred by crossing Niaw Dam Chaw Mai Pai 49 (NDCMP49) with Khao Nok (LLR059). The grain color, size, and number of grains per spikelet were selected from the F1 to the F4 population through the pedigree selection method. Six RILs and their parents were assigned in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under field conditions during the rainy season of 2021 and 2022 in four locations. The results showed statistically significant differences in environmental conditions, affecting productivity and the yield components of rice lines. Consequently, the rice lines adapted to a specific environment, and there were significant differences in genotype. This study identified three RILs with higher yield performance (13-1 (3842 kg/ha), 374-1 (3699 kg/ha), and 903-3 (3550 kg/ha)) compared with the parent NDCMP49 (1996 kg/ha). However, the grain yields were unstable in the three top-yielding RILs due to varying environmental conditions, indicating that selective breeding requires a specific, narrow environment. Based on grain yield and grain size, the RILs performed better in the grain surface area than in the parent NDCMP49. Moreover, only two RILs (374-1 and 903-3) produced the highest anthocyanin content and yield, although this was lower than in the parent NDCMP49. However, the 374-1 and 903-3 RILs produced more grains, black grains, and three grains per spikelet with high yield and moderate anthocyanin content. They can, therefore, be backcrossed to the parent NDCMP49 to increase the accumulated anthocyanin content with a stable, high yield. This work provides a resource of small grains, black grains, and three grains per spikelet in the rice breeding line for breeding programs in the future.
Recent Insights into the Physio-Biochemical and Molecular Mechanisms of Low Temperature Stress in Tomato
Authors: Lee Kwanuk , Kang Hunseung
Published: September 2024

Climate change has emerged as a crucial global issue that significantly threatens the survival of plants. In particular, low temperature (LT) is one of the critical environmental factors that influence plant morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes during both the vegetative and reproductive growth stages. LT, including abrupt drops in temperature, as well as winter conditions, can cause detrimental effects on the growth and development of tomato plants, ranging from sowing, transplanting, truss appearance, flowering, fertilization, flowering, fruit ripening, and yields. Therefore, it is imperative to understand the comprehensive mechanisms underlying the adaptation and acclimation of tomato plants to LT, from the morphological changes to the molecular levels. In this review, we discuss the previous and current knowledge of morphological, physiological, and biochemical changes, which contain vegetative and reproductive parameters involving the leaf length (LL), plant height (PH) stem diameter (SD), fruit set (FS), fruit ripening (FS), and fruit yield (FY), as well as photosynthetic parameters, cell membrane stability, osmolytes, and ROS homeostasis via antioxidants scavenging systems during LT stress in tomato plants. Moreover, we highlight recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms, including LT perception, signaling transduction, gene regulation, and fruit ripening and epigenetic regulation. The comprehensive understanding of LT response provides a solid basis to develop the LT-resistant varieties for sustainable tomato production under the ever-changing temperature fluctuations.
Characterization of a Drought-Induced Betaine Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Gene SgBADH from Suaeda glauca
Authors: Jin Hangxia , Tang Min , Zhu Longmin , Yu Xiaomin , Yang Qinghua , Fu Xujun
Published: September 2024

Betaine aldehyde dehydrogenases (BADHs) are key enzymes in the biosynthesis of glycine betaine, which is an important organic osmolyte that maintains cell structure and improves plant tolerance to abiotic stresses, especially in halotolerant plants. Improving the drought tolerance of crops will greatly increase their yield. In this study, a novel BADH gene named SgBADH from Suaeda glauca was induced by drought stress or abscisic acid. To explore the biological function of SgBADH, the SgBADH gene was transformed into Arabidopsis. Then, we found SgBADH-overexpressing Arabidopsis seedlings showed enhanced tolerance to drought stress. SgBADH transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings also had longer roots compared with controls under drought stress, while SgBADH-overexpressing Arabidopsis exhibited increased glycine betaine accumulation and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) under drought stress. Our results suggest that SgBADH might be a positive regulator in plants during the response to drought.
Dynamic Analysis of the Fruit Sugar-Acid Profile in a Fresh-Sweet Mutant and Wild Type in ‘Shatangju’ (Citrus reticulata cv.)
Authors: Li Xiangyang , Zeng Yuan , Wang Ting , Jiang Bo , Liao Mingjing , Lv Yuanda , Li Juan , Zhong Yun
Published: September 2024

Citrate is a major determinant of fruit flavor quality. Currently, citrus species and/or varieties with significant alterations in citrate level have greatly advanced the molecular basis of citrate accumulation in fruit. However, in-depth dissections of the molecular mechanism specific to citrate accumulation are still limited due to the lack of mutants, especially within one single variety. In this study, a fresh-sweet ‘Shatangju’ mutant (Citrus reticulata cv.) was obtained during a survey of citrus resources in Guangdong, China, and the phenotype, fruit morphology, and primary flavor profiles were comparatively analyzed. Unlike the wild-type ‘Shatangju’ (WT), the mutant (MT) material exhibited a dwarfed and multi-branched tree shape, delayed flowering and fruit ripening at maturity, a prolonged fruit tree-retention time, and a decreased single fruit weight at maturity. Dynamic measurement of the metabolite levels further suggested that the contents and fluctuation patterns of vitamin C, malate, quinate, and oxalate showed no obvious difference between MT and MT fruits, while the citrate level in MT fruits significantly decreased over various developmental stages, ranging from 0.356 to 1.91 mg g−1 FW. In addition, the accumulation patterns of the major soluble sugars (sucrose, fructose, and glucose), as well as the sugar/acid ratio, were also altered in MT fruits during development. Taken together, this study provides a novel acid-free ‘Shatangju’ mutant, which can serve as a powerful tool for the research of fruit flavor quality, especially for the comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanism of citrate accumulation in fruits.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of GST Genes during Light-Induced Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Yuan Shiqing , Yang Chengkun , Zheng Bin , Ni Junbei , Zhou Kaibing , Qian Minjie , Wu Hongxia
Published: September 2024

Anthocyanins are important secondary metabolites contributing to the red coloration of fruits, the biosynthesis of which is significantly affected by light. Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) play critical roles in the transport of anthocyanins from the cytosol to the vacuole. Despite their importance, GST genes in mango have not been extensively characterized. In this study, 62 mango GST genes were identified and further divided into six subfamilies. MiGSTs displayed high similarity in their exon/intron structure and motif and domain composition within the same subfamilies. The mango genome harbored eleven pairs of segmental gene duplications and ten sets of tandemly duplicated genes. Orthologous analysis identified twenty-nine, seven, thirty-four, and nineteen pairs of orthologous genes among mango MiGST genes and their counterparts in Arabidopsis, rice, citrus, and bayberry, respectively. Tissue-specific expression profiling highlighted tissue-specific expression patterns for MiGST genes. RNA-seq and qPCR analyses revealed elevated expression levels of seven MiGSTs including MiDHAR1, MiGSTU7, MiGSTU13, MiGSTU21, MiGSTF3, MiGSTF8, and MiGSTF9 during light-induced anthocyanin accumulation in mango. This study establishes a comprehensive genetic framework of MiGSTs in mango fruit and their potential roles in regulating anthocyanin accumulation, which is helpful in developing GST-derived molecular markers and speeding up the process of breeding new red-colored mango cultivars.
Genome-Wide Identification of Rubber Tree SCAMP Genes and Functional Characterization of HbSCAMP3
Authors: Yang Baoyi , Huang Xiao , Zhang Yuanyuan , Gao Xinsheng , Ding Shitao , Qi Juncang , Wang Xiangjun
Published: September 2024

Natural rubber produced by the rubber tree is a vital industrial raw material globally. Seven SCAMP gene family members were identified in the rubber tree, and the phylogenetic tree classified HbSCAMPs into three subfamilies. Significant differences were observed among HbSCAMPs in terms of gene length, number of exons, and composition of conserved motifs. The expansion of HbSCAMPs in the rubber tree genome is associated with segmental duplications. The high expression of HbSCAMP1–6 in petioles and HbSCAMP7 in stem tips, along with their distinct responses to drought, salt, and wound stresses, indicates their crucial roles in substance transport and stress adaptation. Transgenic poplar experiments demonstrated that overexpression of HbSCAMP3 significantly promotes plant height growth, with localization in the tobacco plasma membrane, suggesting its involvement in regulating plant growth through membrane transport processes. These findings enhance the understanding of HbSCAMPs in rubber trees and provide new insights into how plants finely tune gene family members to adapt to environmental changes.
GWAS and Meta-QTL Analysis of Kernel Quality-Related Traits in Maize
Authors: Tang Rui , Zhuang Zelong , Bian Jianwen , Ren Zhenping , Ta Wanling , Peng Yunling
Published: September 2024

The quality of corn kernels is crucial for their nutritional value, making the enhancement of kernel quality a primary objective of contemporary corn breeding efforts. This study utilized 260 corn inbred lines as research materials and assessed three traits associated with grain quality. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was conducted using the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) for quality traits, resulting in the identification of 23 significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Additionally, nine genes associated with grain quality traits were identified through gene function annotation and prediction. Furthermore, a total of 697 quantitative trait loci (QTL) related to quality traits were compiled from 27 documents, followed by a meta-QTL analysis that revealed 40 meta-QTL associated with these traits. Among these, 19 functional genes and reported candidate genes related to quality traits were detected. Three significant SNPs identified by GWAS were located within the intervals of these QTL, while the remaining eight significant SNPs were situated within 2 Mb of the QTL. In summary, the findings of this study provide a theoretical framework for analyzing the genetic basis of corn grain quality-related traits and for enhancing corn quality.
Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal the Molecular Mechanisms of Albizia odoratissima’s Response to Drought Stress
Authors: Wei Shuoxing , Gao Feng , Wang Zhihui , Yin Guoping , Wen Shizhi , Ou Hanbiao , Liu Zhiming
Published: September 2024

Albizia odoratissima is a deciduous tree species belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is widely distributed in the southern subtropical and tropical areas of China and has important ecological and economic value. The growth and metabolic processes of A. odoratissima are affected by drought stress, but the molecular mechanisms remain unknown. Therefore, this study investigated the physicochemical properties, gene expression, and metabolites of A. odoratissima seedlings under drought stress. The results show that, in leaves of A. odoratissima seedlings, drought stress reduced the moisture content, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic efficiency, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and gibberellin (GA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) contents while increasing the catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities and malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugar, and soluble protein contents. Within the CK5 (Day 5 of control group) vs. T5 (Day 5 of drought treatment), CK10 vs. T10, CK15 vs. T15, and CK20 vs. T20 groups (CK: control group; T: drought treatment), a total of 676 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were upregulated and 518 DEGs were downregulated, and a total of 228 and 143 differential accumulation metabolites (DAMs) were identified in the CK10 vs. T10 and CK20 vs. T20 groups. These were mainly involved in the amino acid and alkaloid metabolism pathways in the leaves of the A. odoratissima seedlings. In the amino acid and alkaloid biosynthesis pathways, the relative expression levels of the AoproA (Aod04G002740, ORTHODONTIC APPLIANCE), AoOAT (Aod07G015970, ORNITHINE-OXO-ACID TRANSAMINASE), and AoAOC3 (Aod12G005010/08G003360/05G023920/08G003000/08G003010, AMINE OXIDASE COPPER CONTAINING 3) genes increased, which concurrently promoted the accumulation of arginine, proline, piperine, cadaverine, and lysine. Furthermore, some key transcription factors in the response to drought were identified in the leaves using the weighted gene co-expression network analyses (WGCNA) method. These findings reveal that A. odoratissima seedlings respond to drought stress by improving the capacities of the antioxidant system and secondary metabolism.
Resistance Mechanisms of Plant Pathogenic Fungi to Fungicide, Environmental Impacts of Fungicides, and Sustainable Solutions
Authors: Islam Tarequl , Danishuddin  , Tamanna Noshin Tabassum , Matin Muhammad Nurul , Barai Hasi Rani , Haque Md Azizul
Published: September 2024

The significant reduction in agricultural output and the decline in product quality are two of the most glaring negative impacts caused by plant pathogenic fungi (PPF). Furthermore, contaminated food or transit might introduce mycotoxins produced by PPF directly into the food chain. Eating food tainted with mycotoxin is extremely dangerous for both human and animal health. Using fungicides is the first choice to control PPF or their toxins in food. Fungicide resistance and its effects on the environment and public health are becoming more and more of a concern, despite the fact that chemical fungicides are used to limit PPF toxicity and control growth in crops. Fungicides induce target site alteration and efflux pump activation, and mutations in PPF result in resistance. As a result, global trends are shifting away from chemically manufactured pesticides and toward managing fungal plant diseases using various biocontrol techniques, tactics, and approaches. However, surveillance programs to monitor fungicide resistance and their environmental impact are much fewer compared to bacterial antibiotic resistance surveillance programs. In this review, we discuss the PPF that contributes to disease development in plants, the fungicides used against them, factors causing the spread of PPF and the emergence of new strains, the antifungal resistance mechanisms of PPF, health, the environmental impacts of fungicides, and the use of biocontrol agents (BCAs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and nanotechnologies to control PPF as a safe and eco-friendly alternative to fungicides.
Differences in Physicochemical Properties of Stems in Oat (Avena sativa L.) Varieties with Distinct Lodging Resistance and Their Regulation of Lodging at Different Planting Densities
Authors: Liu Lingling , Liang Guoling , Liu Wenhui
Published: September 2024

Planting density is an effective strategy for regulating both oat lodging and forage quality. To delve into the regulatory mechanisms of planting density on lodging and oat forage quality, lodging-resistant variety LENA and lodging-sensitive variety QY2 were grown in 2018 and 2019 growing seasons, and four planting densities were implemented: 2.25 × 106 plants/ha (D1), 4.5 × 106 plants/ha (D2), 6.75 × 106 plants/ha (D3), and 9 × 106 plants/ha (D4). At the milk stage, we measured the contents of potassium, calcium, magnesium, silicon, lignin, crude fiber, starch, soluble sugar, and soluble protein in the second and third stem internodes of the plants. The results revealed the lodging-resistant variety LENA demonstrated significantly higher contents of calcium, potassium, silicon, crude fiber, lignin, and lower contents of starch, soluble sugar, and soluble protein (p < 0.01). Similar trends in the physicochemical properties of stem internodes for both oat varieties with increasing planting density. Crude fiber, soluble sugar, magnesium, starch, potassium, and lignin were the key characteristics affecting the lodging coefficient, and variety and planting density affected the lodging coefficient mainly by regulating the synthesis of starch, soluble sugar, and crude fiber. At planting density D3, stem internodes exhibited higher physicochemical properties and a lower lodging coefficient, favoring oat forage production. The results offer a valuable theoretical foundation and practical reference for oat lodging-resistant cultivation.
Endogenous γ-Aminobutyric Acid Accumulation Enhances Salinity Tolerance in Rice
Authors: Chen Mingjia , Zhu Changhua , Zhang Hui , Chen Siheng , Wang Xi , Gan Lijun
Published: September 2024

Rice is an important food crop worldwide but is usually susceptible to saline stress. When grown on soil with excessive salt, rice plants experience osmotic, ionic, and oxidative stresses that adversely affect growth performance. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a nonproteinogenic amino acid that plays an important role in the metabolic activities of organisms. Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) is the rate-limiting enzyme in GABA metabolism. Here, we genetically modified rice GAD by overexpression or CRISPR-mediated genome editing. These lines, named gad3-ox1 and gad3-ox2 or gad1/3-ko, were used to explore the effects of endogenous GABA accumulation on salt tolerance in rice. Both the gad3-ox1 and gad3-ox2 lines exhibited significant accumulation of the GABA content, whereas the gad1/3-ko line presented a reduced GABA content in vivo. Notably, the two overexpression lines were markedly resistant to salt stress compared with the wild-type and knockout lines. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that endogenous GABA accumulation in the gad3-ox1 and gad3-ox2 lines increased the contents of antioxidant substances and osmotic regulators, decreased the content of membrane lipid peroxidation products and the Na+ content, and resulted in strong tolerance to salt stress. Together, these data provide a theoretical basis for cultivating rice varieties with strong salt tolerance.
Chemotaxonomy of Southeast Asian Peperomia (Piperaceae) Using High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography Colour Scale Fingerprint Imaging and Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Banchong Yutthana , Leepasert Theerachart , Jarupund Pakawat , Hodkinson Trevor R. , Boylan Fabio , Suwanphakdee Chalermpol
Published: September 2024

The morphological characters of Southeast Asia’s indigenous Peperomia species are very similar, especially in their flower structures. The flowers are simple, hermaphrodite and lack a perianth. Therefore, many species are hard to distinguish using morphological characters alone. Here, we apply chemometric data for species identification and classification, gathered using multiwavelength detection combined with the colour scale High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprinting procedure and chemical compounds determined by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Fourteen taxa were investigated using hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol solvent extractions. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used with the colour scale fingerprints to classify the Peperomia species. The PCA and HCA using the chromatogram profile from hexane divided the taxa into six groups compared to the profile from ethyl acetate and ethanol, which each detected seven groups. The chromatogram from the combined dataset of all three solvents can differentiate all the species. The GC-MS data detected a total of 40 compounds from the hexane extract, and these differed among Peperomia species. This approach based on HPTLC fingerprinting and GC-MS analysis can therefore be used as a tool for authentication and identification studies of Peperomia species.
The Influence of Water Deficit on Dehydrin Content in Callus Culture Cells of Scots Pine
Authors: Korotaeva Natalia , Shmakov Vladimir , Bel’kov Vadim , Pyatrikas Daria , Moldavskaya Sofia , Gorbenko Igor
Published: September 2024

Under a water deficit, the protective proteins known as dehydrins (DHNs) prevent nonspecific interactions in protein and membrane structures and their damage, in addition to playing an antioxidant role. The DHNs of a widespread xerophytic species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) have been poorly studied, and their role in resistance to water deficits has not been revealed. In this paper, we have expanded the list of DHNs that accumulate in the cells of Scots pine under the conditions of water deficits and revealed their relationship with the effects of water deficits. In this investigation, callus cultures of branches and buds of Scots pine were used. A weak water deficit was created by adding polyethylene glycol to the culture medium. Under the conditions of a water deficit, the activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes increased in the callus cultures. A moderate decrease in the total water content was correlated with a decrease in the growth rate of the callus cultures, as well as with an increase in the activity of lipid peroxidation. The accumulation of Mr 72, 38, and 27 kDa DHNs occurred in the callus cultures of buds, and the accumulation of Mr 72 and 27 kDa DHNs positively correlated with the lipid peroxidation activity. An increase in the content of DHNs was observed in cultures that differed in origin, growth indicators, and biochemical parameters, indicating the universality of this reaction. Thus, previously undescribed DHNs were identified, the accumulation of which is caused by water deficiency and is associated with manifestations of oxidative stress in the kidney cells of Scots pine.
Assessment of Chemical and Biological Fungicides for the Control of Diplodia mutila Causing Wood Necrosis in Hazelnut
Authors: Retamal Verónica , San Martín Juan , Ruíz Braulio , Bastías Richard M. , Sanfuentes Eugenio , Lisperguer María José , De Gregorio Tommaso , Maspero Matteo , Moya-Elizondo Ernesto
Published: September 2024

Fungal trunk disease (FTD) poses a significant threat to hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) production worldwide. In Chile, the fungus Diplodia mutila, from the Botryosphaeriaceae family, has been frequently identified causing this disease in the Maule and Ñuble Regions. However, control measures for D. mutila remain limited. This research aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and biological fungicides against D. mutila under in vitro, controlled pot experiment, and field conditions. An in vitro screening of 30 fungicides was conducted. The effectiveness was assessed by measuring the length of vascular lesions in hazelnut branches inoculated with D. mutila mycelium disks under controlled and field conditions. Field trials were conducted in a hazelnut orchard in Ñiquén, Ñuble Region, Chile. The results showed that three biological and five chemical fungicides were selected in vitro with >31% inhibition after 14 days. In pot experiments, all fungicides reduced necrotic lesions on branches by 32% to 61%. In field experiments, the most effective systemic fungicides were fluopyram/tebuconazole, fluxapyroxad/pyraclostrobin, and tebuconazole, while the effectiveness of antagonists Pseudomonas protegens ChC7 and Bacillus subtilis QST713 varied with seasonal temperatures. Effective conventional and biological fungicides against D. mutila could be integrated into disease management programs to protect hazelnut wounds from infections.
Response of Plant Endophyte Communities to Heavy Metal Stress and Plant Growth Promotion by the Endophyte Serratia marcescens (Strain JG1)
Authors: Liu Jiayi , Liu Chao , Zheng Jiaxin , Zhang Xiaoxia , Zheng Kang , Zhuang Jiayao
Published: September 2024

Effects of heavy metals on soil microbial communities have been extensively studied due to their persistence in the environment and imposed threats to living organisms; however, there is a lack of in-depth studies of the impacts of heavy metals on plant endophyte communities. Therefore, the responses of plant endophyte communities to different concentrations of heavy metals were investigated in this study. The endophyte communities of plants existing in severely (W1, Pb, 110.49 mg/kg, Cd, 1.11 mg/kg), moderately (W2, Pb, 55.06 mg/kg, Cd, 0.48 mg/kg), and mildly (W3, Pb, 39.06 mg/kg, Cd, 0.20 mg/kg) contaminated soils were analyzed by 16s rRNA high-throughput Illumina sequencing. Furthermore, networks were constructed to illustrate the relationships between microorganisms and environmental factors. High-quality sequences were clustered at a 97% similarity level. Results revealed that the diversity of the community and relative abundance of Cyanobacteria phylum increased with decreasing levels of pollution. Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria were found to be the dominant phylum, while Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas were observed as the dominant genus. Tukey’s HSD test showed that the relative abundances of Cyanobacteria and Proteobacteria phyla and Methylobacterium and Sphingomonas genera differed significantly (p < 0.01) among the plants of the three sample sites. Environmental factor analysis revealed a significant negative correlation (p < 0.01) of Cyanobacteria and a significant positive correlation (p < 0.01) of Methylobacterium with the heavy metal content in the environment. These findings suggest that Cyanobacteria and Methylobacterium may be phylum and genus indicators, respectively, of heavy metal toxicity. Tax4Fun analysis showed the effect of heavy metal toxicity on the abundance of genes involved in plant metabolism. In addition, culturable endophytic strains were isolated to study their resistance to heavy metal stress and their ability to promote plant growth. The potting tests showed that the JG1 strain was tolerant to heavy metals, and it could significantly promote the growth of the host plant under stress caused by multiple heavy metals. Compared to the control, the JG1-treated plants showed a 23.14% increase in height and a 12.84% increase in biomass. Moreover, AP, AK, and HN contents in JG1-treated plants were 20.87%, 12.55%, and 9.03% higher, respectively, under heavy metal stress. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for the construction of an efficient plant endophyte restoration system.
Frictional Wear Behavior of Water-Lubrication Resin Matrix Composites under Low Speed and Heavy Load Conditions
Authors: Ouyang Wu , Pan Feipeng , Wang Lei , Zheng Ruicong
Published: September 2024

Resin matrix composites are commonly utilized in water-lubricated stern tube bearings for warship propulsion systems. Low-speed and high-load conditions are significant factors influencing the tribological properties of stern tube bearings. The wear characteristics of resin-based laminated composites (RLCs), resin-based winding composites (RWCs), and resin-based homogeneous polymer (RHP) blocks were investigated under simulated environmental conditions using a ring-on-block wear tester. Simulated seawater was prepared by combining sodium chloride with distilled water. The wetting angle, coefficient of friction (COF), and mass loss were measured and compared. Additionally, their surface morphologies were examined. The results indicate a significant increase in the COFs for the three materials with an increased speed or load under dry conditions. The COF of the RLCs is the lowest, indicating that it has superior self-lubricating properties. In wet conditions, the COFs of the three materials decrease with an increasing speed or load, exhibiting a pronounced hydrodynamic effect. The COF and mass loss of RWCs are the highest, while RLCs and RHP exhibit lower COFs and mass loss values. The reticulated texture and flocculent fibers on the surface of RLC enhance the heat diffusion and improve the material wettability and water storage capacity. The surface of RWC is dense, and the friction area under dry conditions is melted and brightened. The surface of RHP is smooth, while the worn material forms an agglomerate and exhibits susceptibility to burning and blackening under dry conditions. The laminated formation method demonstrates superior tribological performance throughout the wear evolution process.
Chemically Degradable Vitrimers Based on Divanillin Imine Diepoxy Monomer and Aliphatic Diamines for Enhanced Carbon Fiber Composite Applications
Authors: Telatin Tommaso , De la Flor Silvia , Montané Xavier , Serra Àngels
Published: September 2024

This study presents the development of a diglycidyl monomer containing two imine groups that can act as dynamic and reversible bonds. During the curing of the monomer with two different amine hardeners, we confirmed the formation of new imine groups due to the transamination reaction between the imine groups of the diepoxy monomer with the amine groups of the hardener. The effect of this structural change was observed in the stress relaxation behavior, resulting in the overlapping of two different relaxation modes. The analytical modelling was able to extract two distinct characteristic relaxation times using a double-element Maxwell model. A second characterization of the stress relaxation process by frequency sweep experiments was performed to corroborate the results obtained, confirming speedy stress relaxation. Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis was performed on the studied materials, demonstrating the complete degradation of the network. We finally confirmed that the synthesized diepoxy compound is suitable for preparing carbon-fiber-reinforced composite materials, demonstrating easy fiber impregnation, fast reshaping, and especially a total degradation of the polymer matrix that allows for the recovery of the carbon fibers in mild conditions. This epoxy–amine system is an excellent candidate for overcoming the traditional limits of thermosets in preparing fiber-reinforced composites.
Induction Heating of Laminated Composite Structures with Magnetically Responsive Nanocomposite Interlayers for Debonding-on-Demand Applications
Authors: Gkartzou Eleni , Zafeiris Konstantinos , Tsirogiannis Christos , Pedreira Alberto , Rodríguez Adrián , Romero-Rodriguez Pablo , Gakis Giorgos P. , Kosanovic-Milickovic Tatjana , Kyritsis Apostolos , Charitidis Costas A.
Published: September 2024

In the present study, the feasibility to achieve localized induction heating and debonding of multi-material composite structures is assessed in testing coupons prepared by Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) and extrusion-based additive manufacturing (AM) technologies. Nano-compounds of Polyether-ketone-ketone (PEKK) with iron oxide nanoparticles acting as electromagnetic susceptors have been processed in a parallel co-rotating twin-screw extruder to produce filament feedstock for extrusion-based AM. The integration of nanocomposite interlayers as discrete debonding zones (DZ) by AFP-AM manufacturing has been investigated for two types of sandwich-structured laminate composites, i.e., laminate-DZ-laminate panels (Type I) and laminate-DZ-AM gyroid structures (Type II). Specimens were exposed to an alternating magnetic field generated by a radio frequency generator and a flat spiral copper induction coil, and induction heating parameters (frequency, power, heating time, sample standoff distance from coil) have been investigated in correlation with real-time thermal imaging to define the debonding process window without compromising laminate quality. For the optimized process parameters, i.e., 2–3 kW generator power and 20–25 mm standoff distance, corresponding to magnetic field intensities in the range of 3–5 kA m−1, specimens were effectively heated above PEKK melting temperature, exhibiting high heating rates within the range of 5.3–9.4 °C/s (Type I) and 8.0–17.5 °C/s (Type II). The results demonstrated that localized induction heating successfully facilitated debonding, leading to full unzipping of the debonding zones in both laminate structures. Further insight on PEKK nanocomposites debonding performance was provided by thermal, morphological characterization and non-destructive inspection via X-ray micro-computed tomography at different processing stages. The developed framework aims to contribute to the development of rapid, on-demand joining, repair and disassembly technologies for thermoplastic composites, towards more efficient maintenance, repair and overhaul operations in the aviation sector and beyond.
The Correlations between Microstructures and Color Properties of Nanocrystalline Cellulose: A Concise Review
Authors: Zhu Keming , Zhou Xing , Wang Dong , Li Dexiang , Lei Wanqing , Fang Changqing , Hu Jingbo , Luo Rubai
Published: September 2024

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a green resource which can produce photonic crystal films with structural colors in evaporation-induced self-assembly; CNC photonic crystal films present unique structural colors that cannot be matched by other colored materials. Recently, the mechanisms of CNC photonic crystal films with a unique liquid crystal structure were investigated to obtain homogenous, stable, and even flexible films at a large scale. To clarify the mechanism of colorful CNC photonic crystal films, we briefly summarize the recent advances from the correlations among the preparation methods, microstructures, and color properties. We first discuss the preparation process of CNCs, aiming to realize the green application of resources. Then, the behavior of CNCs in the formation of liquid crystal phases is studied, considering the influence of the CNCs’ size and shape, surface properties, and the types and concentrations of solvents. Finally, the film formation process of CNCs and the control of structural colors during the film formation are summarized, as well as the mechanisms of CNC photonic crystal films with full color. In summary, considering the above factors, obtaining reliable commercial CNC photonic crystal films requires a comprehensive consideration of the subsequent preparation processes starting from the preparation of CNCs.
Innovative Poly(lactic Acid) Blends: Exploring the Impact of the Diverse Chemical Architectures from Itaconic Acid
Authors: Carrasco-Fernández Miriam , López-Martínez Erika Ivonne , Flores-Gallardo Sergio Gabriel , Estrada-Moreno Iván Alziri , Mendoza-Duarte Mónica Elvira , Vega-Rios Alejandro
Published: September 2024

Environment-friendly polymer blends of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and itaconic acid (IA), poly(itaconic acid) (PIA), poly(itaconic acid)-co-poly(methyl itaconate) (Cop-IA), and net-poly(itaconic acid)-ν-triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (Net-IA) were performed via melt blending. The compositions studied were 0.1, 1, 3, and 10 wt% of the diverse chemical architectures. The research aims to study and understand the effect of IA and its different architectures on the mechanical, rheological, and thermal properties of PLA. The PLA/IA, PLA/PIA, PLA/Cop-IA, and PLA/Net-IA blends were characterized by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, rotational rheometer (RR), thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The complex viscosity, storage module, and loss module for the RR properties were observed in the following order: PLA/Cop-IA, PLA/Net-IA, and PLA/PIA > PLA > PLA/IA. Thermal stability improved with increasing concentrations of Cop-IA and Net-IA. In the same way, the mechanical properties were enhanced. In addition, the micrographs illustrated the formation of fibrillar structures for all blends. The crystallinity degree displayed higher values for the blends that contain Net-IA > Cop-IA than IA > PIA. Therefore, IA and its architectures can influence these studied properties, which have potential applications in disposable food packing.
Formulation and Characterization of Deep Eutectic Solvents and Potential Application in Recycling Packaging Laminates
Authors: Loukodimou Adamantini , Lovell Christopher , Li Tianmiao , Theodosopoulos George , Maniam Kranthi Kumar , Paul Shiladitya
Published: September 2024

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) show promising abilities for the delamination of multilayer packaging films that are used in food packaging and in pharmaceutical blister packs. Due to the complexity of their structure, the recycling of such materials is a challenging task, leading to the easiest or cheapest disposal option of either landfill or incineration. Towards the development of ‘green’ solvents for efficient waste management and recycling, this research focuses on the preparation of a range of hydrophobic and hydrophilic DESs based on carboxylic acids in combination with various naturally derived aliphatic and aromatic organic compounds as well as amino acids. Chemical and physical characterization of the solvents was undertaken using differential scanning calorimetry, rheometry, and density measurements for the determination of their properties. Subsequently, batches of solvent were tested against different types of consumer packaging to evaluate the ability of the DES to delaminate these structures into their component materials. The laminate packaging waste products tested were Al/PE, PE/Al/PET, Al/PE/paper, and PVC/PE/Al. Separated films were collected and studied to further examine the effect of solvent delamination on the materials. Depending on the DES formulation, the results showed either partial or full delamination of one or more of the packaging materials, albeit there were challenges for certain solvent systems in the context of delivering a broad delamination efficiency. Variables including temperature, agitation rate, mixing time, and solvent ratios were investigated via a Design of Experiments process to assess the effects of these parameters on the delamination outcome. The results showed that the DESs presented in this research can offer an efficient, low-energy, affordable, and green option for the delamination of laminate packaging materials.
Exploring the Potential of Pectin as a Source of Biopolymers for Active and Intelligent Packaging: A Review
Authors: Dirpan Andi , Deliana Yosini , Ainani Andi Fadiah , Irwan  , Bahmid Nur Alim
Published: September 2024

The use of fossil-based plastics in food packaging poses a serious environmental concern. Pectin, a natural biodegradable polymer, offers a potential solution for environmentally friendly and sustainable food packaging to replace fossil-based plastics. This article reviews the applications of pectin in active and intelligent packaging and analyzes the latest research trends. Bibliometric analysis was used to review the existing literature on pectin in food packaging. Data were collected from the Scopus database, which covers research on film manufacturing and pectin-based coating. Pectin-based active packaging contains antimicrobial and antioxidant compounds such as ascorbic acid and essential oils, which effectively prevent bacterial growth while absorbing oxygen and water vapor. In contrast, pectin-based intelligent packaging allows real-time monitoring of food quality through integrated color-changing indicators, eliminating the need for open packaging. Research trends have shown a significant increase in publications on pectin-based packaging, reflecting the growing interest in sustainable packaging solutions. With a focus on innovation and sustainability, pectin can replace conventional plastics and provide safer and more durable packaging solutions, thereby supporting global efforts to reduce the environmental impact of plastic waste.
Application of Active Packaging Films for Extending the Shelf Life of Red Meats: A Review
Authors: Figueroa-Enríquez Cielo Estefanía , Rodríguez-Félix Francisco , Ruiz-Cruz Saúl , Castro-Enriquez Daniela Denisse , Gonzalez-Rios Humberto , Perez-Alvarez José Ángel , Tapia-Hernández José Agustín , Madera-Santana Tomás Jesús , Montaño-Grijalva Eneida Azaret , López-Peña Itzel Yanira
Published: September 2024

Meat is known for its high perishability and short shelf life if not properly packaged or stored. Packaging materials play a crucial role in preserving food quality, and there is a growing demand from consumers, industry professionals, and researchers for natural packaging materials that incorporate health-beneficial extracts. Additionally, there is an increasing emphasis on avoiding non-biodegradable plastics in order to reduce environmental pollution. Currently used polymers in food packaging typically feature properties such as oxygen barriers, moisture resistance, and oxidation inhibition, helping to prevent undesirable aromas, flavors, and colors in food. Packaging not only serves as a container for transportation but also prevents physical damage, maintains quality, and ensures food safety. In the pursuit of more sustainable solutions, various compounds are being explored for food packaging, including those derived from proteins, lipids, waxes, and polysaccharides. These materials can be combined with bioactive compounds, such as natural plant extracts, which provide antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer benefits. Different techniques, such as electrohydrodynamic processes and casting methods, are employed in the preparation of these packaging materials. This review highlights the applications and properties of polymers used in meat packaging and promotes the use of biodegradable materials as a viable solution to reduce environmental pollution.
A Comprehensive Synthesis on Analytical Algorithms for Assessing Elastic Buckling Loads of Thin-Walled Isotropic and Laminated Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Tănase Maria
Published: September 2024

A comprehensive review is presented on the main analytical methods used in the specialized literature to evaluate the buckling loads of thin-walled cylindrical shells (TWCS) subjected to different mechanical loads or load combinations. The analytical formulations are first presented for unstiffened TWCS, followed by stiffened TWCS in different configurations (stiffeners in the axial direction, circumferential direction or both axial and circumferential directions, placed on the external or internal surface of the shell). This research can serve as a helpful resource for researchers investigating this field, allowing the analytical methods to be used as a reference basis for numerical and experimental results regarding the behavior of structures in the category of TWCS.