bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of a Biogas Fuel Supply System for an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Cacho Juan Guillermo Lira , Oliveros Alfredo , Barrera Jhordann
Published: April 2022

A supply system of dual biogas/gasoline is proposed for a smallspark ignited internal combustion (SIIC) engine. This work comprehendsthe design, manufacturing and testing of the fuel supply system, includ-ing the devices to maintain the constant engine speed at all loads. Forthe development of the carburetor—mixing device, the authors have em-ployed a mathematical model to optimise its geometry, with the aim ofreducing the pressure losses and maintaining an adequate fuel/air ratio.Moreover, this work shows the experimental results carried out at Insti-tute of Internal Combustion Engines—at Universidad Nacional de Ing-eniería (UNI) in Peru, using a 6 kW, one cylinder, stationary engine. Withrespect to original gasoline engine, with the biogas fired engine, the teamwas able to achieve a drastic reduction in toxic emissions.
Exergetic Comparison of Bagasse-based Cogeneration Plants
Authors: Kamate S.C. , Gangavati P.B.
Published: April 2022

Sugar industry employs different cogeneration schemes to satisfythe plant’s process steam demand and generate possible surplus powerby upgrading the steam inlet parameters. Though, energy efficienciesare most commonly used up to now, a thermodynamically more accu-rate evaluation and more fair comparison between different systems canbe based on exergetic efficiency. In the light of this, in this article exerget-ic performance comparison of three actual heat-matched, bagasse-basedcogeneration plants working in, three different sugar mills located in,Belgaum district, Karnataka State, India, namely (i) Hira Sugar WorksLtd (HSWL) (ii) Doodhaganga Krishna Sahakari Sakkare Karkhane Ltd(DKSSK), (iii) Ugar Sugar Works Ltd (USWL) is presented. In the analy-sis, in addition to the more conventional energy analysis, exergy analysisis employed to evaluate overall and component efficiencies and to assessthe thermodynamic losses. The results indicate that the three-cogenera-tion plants perform with energy and exergetic efficiency of 0.702, 0.628,0.648 and 0.187, 0.234, 0.225 respectively for HWSL, DKSSK and USWL.Boiler is the major component contributing most to the overall in-effi-ciency in all the three plants.
36 Distributed Generation and Alternative Energy Journal Energy From Salt Lakes: A Primer on Salt Gradient (Solar) Ponds
Authors: Hignett Cliff
Published: April 2022

Any lake absorbs heat from the sun. Normally, heat is lost aswarmed water rises to the surface and cools by evaporation. But wateris a VERY poor conductor of heat and if this circulation can be stopped,the heat can be trapped in the bottom of the lake. A salt lake, (ideallyabout 3m deep), managed so that the water on top is of relatively lowsalinity (density ~1.0g/cc) and the water on the bottom is of very highsalinity (density ~1.2g/cc), will not circulate to release heat because thewater on the bottom is so heavy with salt it cannot rise—even at quitehigh temperatures. The deeper water gets very hot—in the right circum-stances (the record is 114°C)—70°C degrees is common in even temperateclimates. In Southern Australia 50°C is easily achievable—even in winter.Run like this, such ponds are called ‘Salt Gradient Solar Ponds’ orjust ‘Solar Ponds’.
Optimum Salt-Gradient Solar Pond in Jordan
Authors: Al-Dabbas Mohammed
Published: April 2022

A brief description of the various models of solar ponds, their mainobjectives and their development, including a detailed review of theworld wide activities in this field are given. Such models usually givean accurate representation of seasonal variation in pond performanceand help understand the effect of varying pond designs parameters. Inthis work, a mathematical model was developed for a one dimensiontransient conduction heat transfer with heat generation in a Salt Gradi-ent Solar Pond (SGSP). The model incorporates an attenuation model forsolar radiation through the water body as proposed by Brinkworth andHawalder. The model includes a detailed representation of the loss fromthe pond service by using average daily and monthly meteorologicaldata for the Dead Sea region, in middle Jordan (31.03°N lat) and (348°Elong). The relationship derived by the model is solved numerically byemploying an implicit finite difference approach, and incorporatinginitial and boundary conditions and load variation. Next, the stabilityand convergence of solar pond is examined over a wide range of depthdifference and time difference. Finally, numerical results confirm thatsolar heating In the SGSP is considerably more pronounced during thehot seasons than during the cold ones.
Experimental Analysis on the Performance and Characteristics of Compact Solar Refrigeration System
Authors: Achuthan M. , Rathnasamy Prof. Rangasamygounder , Venkatraman Prof. A.
Published: April 2022

This article focuses on the experimental analysis of fabricatedCompact Solar Refrigeration System (CSRS) for small capacity coolingapplications operating with water as refrigerant and lithium bromide asabsorbent. Micro nozzles are introduced in the evaporator and in theabsorber to shower the operational fluids in the system with the objectiveof increasing the heat transfer with effective absorption in the evaporatorand absorber respectively. Modelling and performance analysis of theCSRS has done the influence of source temperatures and other operatingparameters on the performance of systems fitted with micro nozzles. Itappears that the coefficient of performance in CSRS has been improvedfrom 0.3 to 0.6, since the heat transfer rate is improved in evaporator.
Process Optimization for Biodiesel Synthesis From Jatropha Curcas Oil
Authors: Gandhi B. Sanjay , Chelladurai S. Sam , Kumaran Dr. D. Senthil
Published: April 2022

Crude Jatropha Curcas Oil (CJCO) obtained from the seeds grownin the Western Ghat section of South India was investigated for biodie-sel production using one step alkali catalyzed transesterification. Thereactions were conducted at 400 rpm agitation rate for 1 hour. Differentmethanol to oil molar ratios (5.5:1, 6:1, 6.75:1, 7.5:1 and 8:1), catalyst tooil ratios (1.43, 1.68, 1.85, 2.1, 2.35 and 2.52 %w/w of oil) and reactiontemperatures (50°C to 70°C) were employed to investigate their effecton biodiesel yield. The maximum yield of 80.5% was obtained at theoptimum methanol to oil molar ratio of 7.5:1, catalyst to oil ratio of2.09%w/w of oil and reaction temperature 60°C. The physiochemicalproperties of the biodiesel produced meet the ASTM standards. Thereason for the low yield was observed as the high free fatty acid content(13.7 mg KOH/g of oil) in the Crude Jatropha Curcas oil. A biodieselfueled four-stroke diesel engine-generator set yielded an overall fuel-to-electricity efficiency of 24.38% at maximum load condition, thusshowing the possibility of utilization of CJCO derived fuel in dieselengines.
DG Source Allocation by Fuzzy and Clonal Selection Algorithm for Minimum Loss in Distribution System
Authors: Lalitha M. Padma , Reddy V.C. Veera , Reddy N. Sivarami , Reddy V. Usha
Published: April 2022

Distributed Generation (DG) is a promising solution to many powersystem problems such as voltage regulation, power loss, etc. This articlepresents a new methodology using Fuzzy and Artificial Immune System(AIS) for the placement of Distributed Generators (DGs) in a radial dis-tribution system to reduce the real power losses and to improve the volt-age profile. A two-stage methodology is used for the optimal DG place-ment. In the first stage, the Fuzzy Set approach is used to find the optimalDG locations and in the second stage, Clonal Selection algorithm of AISis used to size the DGs corresponding to maximum loss reduction. Thisalgorithm is a new, population based, optimization method inspired bythe cloning principle of the human body immune system. The advantageof this algorithm is the population size is dynamic and it is determinedby the fitness values of the population. The proposed method is testedon standard IEEE-33 based bus test system. Net, the results are com-pared with different approaches available in the literature. The proposedmethod outperforms the other methods in terms of the quality of solu-tion and computational efficiency.
Energy Sufficiency Kaizen Achieving Zero Energy Cost and Variance with Sufficiency-inclu- sive Private Energy Portfolios
Authors: Overturf Michael C. , Chrosny Wojciech M. , Stine Richard G.
Published: April 2022

Mid-sized industrial and commercial firms consume between 300to 30,000 MWh of electrical and thermal energy per month. Energy man-agers in these firms seek to minimize costs, both in terms of absoluteexpense and the indirect costs of variances from expected quality.While many business managers negotiate direct utility costs, fewfirms have a continuous improvement process that structure cost con-trol, efficiency improvement, and risk reduction. A complete manage-ment process requires planning, quantifying and exercising options, andvariance analysis of efficiency and risk measures. The methods to ac-complish this are not well understood.We describe how an Energy Index is used in the context of theDeming cycle with sufficiency-inclusive private energy portfolios, usu-ally implemented as a microgrid. We discuss valuation, planning tech-niques, and show how business can institute a process that can be usedto drive both energy cost and variance to zero over time.
The Promotion and Development of Solar Photovoltaic Industry: Discussion of Its Key Factors
Authors: Lin Grace TR
Published: April 2022

Due to the severe greenhouse effect and the decreasing reserveof fossil fuels, governments in the world have put more emphasis onthe strategic use of renewable energy. Taiwan also considers the solarphotovoltaic industry to be one of its important industry targets con-cerning effective and efficient renewable energy exploitation. However,the development of solar photovoltaic industry, in comparison to otherhigh-technology innovation developments in this island country, is stillway behind. This research adopts Porter’s diamond model as a theoreti-cal basis and uses the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory(DEMATEL) to explore how to establish the competitiveness of Taiwan’ssolar photovoltaic industry based on the interactions among factors ofindustrial development. Our empirical results show that demand con-ditions, government support, and related supporting industries arethree factors that mainly affect the country competitiveness of its so-lar photovoltaic industry. Factor conditions and firm strategy, structure,and rivalry are then the affected factors of the establishing of Taiwan’scompetence in solar photovoltaic industry. Moreover, according to prag-matic results, this research provides policy suggestions for the relatedauthorities to refer.
The CHP Space: A Basic Model
Authors: Wong-Kcomt Jorge B.
Published: April 2022

The second part of this article shows the development of an eco-nomic design model for grid-interconnected cogeneration systems. Thedesign model advocates a graph- and math-based methodology. Sucha methodology is the foundation upon which future, more complexengineering-economic models of cogeneration systems will be built. Theunderlying work focuses on deriving a set of linear equations to repre-sent the technical and economic performance of a basic combined heatand power (CHP) system. The vector space spanned by such equationsis called the base CHP space. The CHP space is instrumental to build-ing comprehensive design-optimization models with which cogenerationsystems take into consideration (a) equipment performance characteris-tics, (b) regulatory requirements, (c) CHP demand or loads, (d) financialconstraints, (e) operational and reliability goals, and (f) environmentalrequirements.
Performance of Single Slope Solar Still with Solar Protected Condenser
Authors: Al-Hamadani Ali Abdulruda Farhan , Shukla S.K.
Published: April 2022

To improve the performance of the single slope solar still, an ab-sorber plate with block shaped fins and a Phase Change Material cham-ber (PCM) with slender shaped fins are used. Experimental investiga-tions have been carried out on two solar stills, namely conventional solarstill and a modified solar still with PCM. The influence of the depth ofwater and the mass of PCM on the performance of the modified solar stillwith PCM has been investigated. The fins were equipped in the basin ofthe solar still to augment evaporation of the basin water. To enhance theheat transfer between the phase change material and the absorber plate,slender shaped fins were welded on the upper of PCM’s chamber. Thecondensation of solar still was increased by using a secondary condenseron the shaded side of single slope solar still. The added secondary con-denser was shielded to keep the surface of the condenser cool. It wasfound that the productivity of the modified solar still in comparisonwith conventional solar still was enhanced during day and night.
Comparatives Study of Production Biodiesel from Soybean oil and Jatropha Curcas Seeds Oil
Authors: Uthman Habibu , A. Saka Abdulkareem
Published: April 2022

This study involves transesterification of soybean and Jatrophaoils with methanol, using sodium hydroxide as the catalyst to producedbiodiesel as an alternative to petroleum diesel. This work investigatesthe effects of temperature and time on the production of biodiesel fromthe feed stocks employed. Also investigated are the effects of particlesize and temperature on the production of oil from the Jatropha seed.The produced biodiesels from soybean and Jatropha oil were character-ised to determine their suitability as a replacement for the petrol diesel.Results obtained shows that both temperature and time influence theproduction of biodiesel from the soybean and Jatropha oil. Analyses ofthe produced biodiesels also indicates that the properties of the biodie-sels produced shows that the density, refractive index, moisture content,viscosity, flash point, cetane number, pour point and sulphur content ofthe biodiesel produced from soybean oil are 0.882g/cm3, 1.486, 0.018%,6.24cP, 148°C, 51.3, –8.2 and 0.004% respectively. While the correspond-ing values of these properties for the biodiesel produced from Jatrophaoil are 0.861g/cm3, 1.532, 0.013%, 2.8cP, 89°C, 49.5, –7.9 and 0.001%. Itcan be inferred from the results on the properties of biodiesel that theproperties of the produced biodiesels from soybean and Jatropha oilsfit well within the set limits for the standard biodiesel and fossil diesel,the biodiesel can therefore be used as a replacement for the petrol diesel.Results of various analyses conducted on the biodiesels produced fromsoybean and Jatropha oil shows that biodiesel of good qualities can alsobe produced from the Jatropha oil and can be used as a substitute forproduction of biodiesel from soybean which is edible oil.
Performance Evaluation of Gas-Steam Combined Cycle Having Transpiration Cooled Gas Turbine
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Singh Onkar
Published: April 2022

In recent years improved gas turbine performance throughdevelopments in high temperature materials and blade cooling methodshas made a positive impact on the combined cycle performance.Transpiration cooling technique has emerged as the most promisingtechnique to improve the gas turbine cycle performance by allowinghigher turbine inlet temperatures. This paper concentrates on improvingthe combined cycle performance by allowing higher turbine inlettemperatures (TIT) using transpiration cooling of gas turbine blades. Afour-stage advanced gas turbine coupled with the dual pressure steambottoming cycle is considered for the performance of combined cycle.Realistic input parameters used in current industrial practice havebeen considered for this study. The effects of variation of TIT on theperformances of topping, bottoming and combined cycle are presentedand discussed. For the combined cycle with transpiration cooled gasturbine an increase in TIT from 1600 K to 1800 K exhibits the combinedcycle efficiency increase by 2.37 percent and the combined specific workincreases by 185.42 kJ/kg. The results indicate that at a TIT of 1800 K theachievable efficiency of combined cycle with transpiration cooled gasturbine is 59.97 percent.
A Novel Mechanical Hardware in the Loop Platform for Distributed Generation Systems
Authors: Carmeli Maria Stefania , Castelli-Dezza Francesco , Mauri Marco , Marchegiani Dr. Gabriele
Published: April 2022

The growing number of distributed generation (DG) plants has em-phasized the need to perform tests before the plants begin to operate. DGsystems are complex enough that setting up of an experimental phaserequires high costs and efforts. Moreover, renewable energy sources areintrinsically intermittent as they vary randomly with the time of day, theseason and the weather. Consequently, the possibility of emulating thebehavior of the whole renewable generation system in a real time envi-ronment, where a part of the real system, the natural energy source, isreplaced by a real time computer simulation allows one to test the actualsystem in all the operating conditions, optimizing the control strategy be-fore its service entrance, overcoming the randomness of renewable en-ergy sources. This article proposes a mechanical hardware in the loop ap-proach applied to a renewable energy generating system, where the wholedrive (control, power electronics and electric machine) is tested and themechanical part is simulated in real time environment. The problem ofemulating the inertial torque, which can have a significant high value, issolved through an approach that relaxes the high dynamic requirementsof the electrical drive that emulates the mechanical part. The hardware inthe loop test bench emulates two energy sources (hydro and wind). In ad-dition, a control strategy that emulates the inertial torque is implemented.An experimental phase in which different energy sources are modeledand emulated in a real time environment is presented as well. The under-lying hardware-in-the-loop energy source emulation and experimentationscheme is shown to accurately represent real systems performance, undervarious control strategies and varying operating conditions
Performance Evaluation of a Desiccant Dehumidifier using Different Desiccants
Authors: Rai Ms. Prachi , Shukla Dr. S.K.
Published: April 2022

This article reports an analysis of different empirical dehumidificationeffectiveness correlations for packed bed columns using two desiccantsolutions viz. lithium chloride and calcium chloride. The analysis showswide variations in effectiveness values ranging from 10% to 50% or more,with higher deviations occurring for lower ratios of liquid to gas flowrates. It is also reported that for same ratio of liquid to Gas flow rate, thedehumidification effectiveness is more for the desiccant system using LiCl.Design variables found to have the greatest impact on the performanceof the dehumidifier, are desiccant concentration (slope = 2.7), desiccanttemperature (slope = –1.4), air flow rate (slope = –0.9), and air humidityratio (slope = 2.5).
Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Performance Analysis of a Solar Distillation System with PCM Storage: Energy and Exergy Analysis
Authors: Al-Hamadani Ali Abdulruda Farhan , Shukla S.K.
Published: April 2022

This article presents the experimental performance investigation ofsolar still integrated with two types of phase change materials namelyLauric acid and Myristic acid independently, used as storage mediumof solar energy. The experiments were performed during the months ofApril-May 2011, under Indian climatic conditions. The effect of inputparameters such as mass of water in basin and mass of phase changematerial integrated with solar still basin on productivity of the solar stillhas been studied. Also on the basis of the experimental data the valuesof exergy and energy were calculated. It has been found that (i) produc-tivity of solar still integrated with Lauric acid is 22% more than the solarstill integrated with Myristic acid. (ii) the energy efficiencies for solarstill integrated with Lauric acid and Myristic acid are found to be 39.6%and 34.4% where as exergy efficiencies values are 0.29% and 0.74% re -spectively (iii) the cost of using Lauric acid is lesser than using Myristicacid for same amount of productivity.
Dynamic Performances of Split-shaft Microturbine Generator (MTG) System In Stand-alone Mode and When Connected to a Rural Distribution Network
Authors: Das Bikash , Das Debapriya
Published: April 2022

The article presents the dynamic analysis of split-shaft microturbinecoupled with synchronous generator. Dynamic studies of microturbinegenerator (MTG) system are investigated considering both speed con-troller and load following controller. It is shown that speed controller isnecessary for MTG system when there is a sudden increase or decrease ofload demand with respect to the reference set point. A new load followingcontroller with a frequency deviation as an input signal to it, is also pro-posed and eliminates the need of a speed controller for MTG system forvariations of load demand. Finally MTG system is connected to an 11 kVrural distribution network to examine the transient behavior during activepower injection. Simulation results for various cases are presented.
Evaluation of Different Hybrid Distributed Generators in a Microgrid—A Metaheuristic Approach
Authors: Som T. , Chakraborty N.
Published: April 2022

An economic estimation of an autonomous power delivery systemconstituting different types of non-conventional and renewable energyresources has been performed considering an Indian load demand sce -nario. The mathematical analysis was done by the application of a modi-fied differential evolution (MDE). The MDE-evaluated total annual costsfor the autonomous microgrid system utilizing three sets of distributedenergy resources (DERs) have been compared. Solar module and fuelcells as DERs form the first set of DERs; solar module and bio-mass gas -ifier unit as DERs is considered as second set; and fuel cell along withBattery Energy Storage System (BESS) constitute the third set of DERs.Different types of consumers together form the microgrid with optimalsupply of power from DERs. The optimal power generation conditionshave been obtained pertaining to minimum cost of microgrid system.For the same load demand in microgrid operation, the results, using ahybrid solar-biomass system are found to be most cost effective. A re-duction of 6.9 % in the annual cost is obtained using the combination ofsolar module and biomass gasifier unit from that obtained using a solarmodule fuel cell combination. The corresponding reduction is 10% fromthat utilizing only fuel cell.
Converting LPG Stoves To Use Biomethane
Authors: Suwansri Mr. Suriyun , Moran Dr. James , Aggarangsi Dr. Pruk , Tippayawong Dr. Nakorn , Rerkkriangkrai Dr. Prasert
Published: April 2022

This article presents a study on using portable biomethane for domestic cooking in Thailand in domestic stoves. Thailand presently uses approximately 20,000 tonnes of LPG every day. It is estimated that Thailand has the potential to produce the equivalent of 3,000 tonnes of LPG equivalent energy from compressed biomethane gas (CBG) per day. This assumes full conversion of all agricultural, industrial and mu-nicipal wastes into CBG. Since CBG is a form of renewable energy, the use of it for domestic cooking purposes will help to reduce Thailand’s dependence on imported energy and have a positive impact on the en-vironment. The difficulty arises when a cylinder of biomethane, which is processed biogas comprising of at least 85% methane, is used instead of LPG, which is comprised of propane and butane, in a cooking stove. The Wobbe index for LPG is approximately double that of biomethane indicating that they are not interchangeable gases. The density of LPG is also 2 - 3 times that of biomethane which results in incompatible calorific or heating values and flow rates, assuming constant pressure, in domestic stoves. Without modification to the stove or the supply conditions the biomethane will not properly combust. Two domestic stoves types were selected and modified to allow biomethane to be used. An experiment was setup to measure the fuel flow rates, pressure and combustion efficiency in these modified stoves. The results of these experiments point to an optimal design modifications for converting an LPG to a biomethane stove.
Technical Strategies for Voltage Power Regulation in LV Distribution Networks
Authors: Delfanti Maurizio
Published: April 2022

We report the integration of a novel voltage regulation strategyin the inverter control algorithm for Dispersed Generation (DG) appli -cations. The adoption of a decentralized voltage control based on localcurves allows the voltage profile to be controlled at the Point of CommonCoupling (PCC) of the generators and, therefore, the capacity of exist-ing distribution networks to host more generation from renewables. Thework is focused on a low voltage distribution network and both the re-active power modulation and the real power curtailment are consideredin the proposed local strategy. Both numerical and experimental analysisare necessary in order to test and validate the proposed voltage controlstrategy. Firstly, the performances of the proposed control are tested by anumeral analysis and the impact on both the electrical system and the in-verter apparatus is evaluated. Secondly, the benefit of the control strategyis analysed by experimental analysis in a test facility to verify the feasibil-ity of voltage regulation in a real feeder.
The Potential of Wind for Energy Production and Water Pumping in Iran, Saravan County
Authors: Nedaei Mojtaba , Ataei Dr. Abtin , Yoo Dr. Changkyoo , Choi Dr. Jun-Ki , Assareh Ehsanolah
Published: April 2022

Sustainable sources of energy are vital for energy production inremote areas which have difficult access to electricity and grid. Thus,in this paper an initial evaluation of wind resource for over 18 monthswas done to evaluate the potential of wind energy as a power genera -tion source in a remote village in Saravan county, southeastern Iran.The Weibull distribution is employed to model the wind data at threeheights: 10, 30 and 40 meters. The Weibull distribution presented in thisstudy indicates a good compatibility with the measured wind data. Dif-ferent wind speed parameters such as monthly and diurnal wind speedprofiles at different heights, wind direction, turbulence intensity, andetc. have been estimated and analyzed. The results showed the studiedsite has not the sufficient wind speed and power for development ofcommercial wind power plants. But the studied site may be suitablefor development of small and residential wind turbines. Therefore inthe next part of study, energy production of different small wind tur -bines has been estimated. It was concluded that one of the small windturbines which has the highest net energy production of 33,685 kWh/yr and highest capacity factor of 25.6% can be suitable for non-grid con-nected electrical and mechanical applications, such as local consump -tion, battery charging, and water pumping. In the last phase of study,the water pumping potential of the studied area has been investigated.
Design Investigations on Solar Cooking Devices for Rural India
Authors: Shukla S.K. , Khandal R.K.
Published: April 2022

This article discusses the usefulness of Second Law analysis (ex -ergy analysis) for comparing and optimizing the performance of solarcollectors. Here, the exergetic formulas for both the parabolic and flatplate collectors are deduced and a parametric study is made usinghourly solar radiation. The exergy output is optimized with respectto the collector temperature and different parameters are calculated. Itis found that most of the parameters such as exergy output, exergeticand thermal efficiencies, stagnation temperature, increases with a risein solar intensity for both the collectors. However initially, the value ofexergetic efficiency varies in accordance with the solar intensity but de -clines further with an increase in solar intensity for parabolic collector.
Performance of Conventional Engine with Algae Oil at Varying Injection Timing and Injection Pressure
Authors: Singh B.P.
Published: April 2022

The performance of a Field Marshal® diesel engine using biodieselobtained from algae oil and its blend at varying injection timing and in-jection pressure have been discussed in this paper. Engine performance(brake specific fuel consumption, brake thermal efficiency) and emis-sions (CO, NO x) were measured to evaluate and compute the behaviorof the diesel engine running on biodiesel. The brake specific fuel con -sumption increased, whereas brake thermal efficiency decreased withincrease in the proportion of biodiesel in the blends’ at all injection tim -ings and injection pressures tested. However, a reverse trend for theseparameters was observed with increase in the injection timing and fuelinjection pressure.
Analysis of Generations of Wind Power Technologies Based on Technology Life Cycle Approach
Authors: Madavar M. Dehghani , Nezhad MH Ghodousi , Aslani Dr. Alireza , Naaraonja Dr. Marja
Published: April 2022

Utilization of renewable energy technologies is one of the strate-gies of the governments in order to increase the level of energy security. One of the main renewable energy resources with fast utilization growth is wind power. However, development of wind power is highly de-pended on its related technologºies. Therefore, wind power technology forecasting is an indispensable requirement to understand how each of the wind energy domains will improve in the future. This research is to focus on the analysis of wind power technologies based on the technol-ogy life cycle approach. The contributions can help researchers, technol-ogy futurists, and policy makers to focus better on the related R&D and utilization policies.
Techno-economic Analysis of Non-linear DG Penetration in Radial Distribution Systems
Authors: Kumar Narinder , Kumar Ashwani
Published: April 2022

Increasing penetration of Distributed Generation (DG) in recentyears has presented new challenges for planning and optimal operationof integrated distribution systems. In this scenario, harmonic distortionscaused by non-linear DG operation in the distribution networks havefurther added to the complexities of regulating such interconnectedsystems. In this article, a comprehensive analysis of unbalanced radialdistribution systems (RDS) integrated with non-linear DG has been at -tempted. The analytical assessment has been carried out by consideringvarious voltage harmonics in non-linear DG in the presence of shunt ca-pacitors in the radial distribution systems. Results are obtained for TotalHarmonic Distortion (THD) of voltage and current at various buses ofthe RDS, along with harmonic power profile. An economic assessmentof annual energy loss in the presence of non-linear DG has also been at-tempted. The proposed method is tested on two IEEE radial distributionfeeders interconnected with non-linear DG. Results show that the pres-ence of even acceptable level of voltage harmonics in non-linear DG cancause severe harmonic amplification in the entire network, consequentlyleading to increased energy losses for certain harmonic orders.
Parametric Performance Analysis of a Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Cao Yang , Li Jinyi , Wu Guoqing , Li Qiaomei , Shi Yujuan , Xing Shuda
Published: April 2022

As the power efficiency is affected by every aspect of a wind tur-bine and its blades, a 2D-computational investigation of several keyparameters is proposed after which actual experiments are performed.Six parameters are examined in the computational investigation: instal-lation angle; blade airfoil; chord length; number of blades; radius ofan impellor; and wind speed. To find out the optimum performance ofa Vertical Axis Wind Turbine or VAWT, one appropriate parameter isselected at each section of the simulation progression. Afterwards, anexperimental prototype of wind turbine is fabricated and put into an air-dynamic test to ascertain the validity of the previous CFD simulation.
A Review on the Performance of Organic Rankine Cycle with Different Heat Sources and Absorption Chillers
Authors: Pathak Saurabh , Shukla S.K.
Published: April 2022

This article reviews the performance of organic Rankine cycle withdifferent heat sources. Plenty of waste heat is widely available in lowto medium temperature range from various sources such as engines,machines and processes. The conversion of these low-grade waste heatinto electricity is a feasible solution to provide clean energy. The OrganicRankine Cycle (ORC) is a suitable thermal cycle for the waste heat recov-ery application. The thermodynamic performance of ORC with differentoperational parameters and several working fluids is discussed. Further,the feasibility of integration of various absorption chillers in ORC, whichis run by low-grade waste heat available at the outlet of the evaporatorof ORC is evaluated.
A Feasibility Study of Carbon-dioxide Based Rankine Cycle Powered by the Linear Fresnel Reflector Solar Concentrator System
Authors: Manikumar Dr. R. , Arasu Dr. A. Valan
Published: April 2022

Theoretical analysis of a linear Fresnel reflector solar concentratorpowered Rankine thermodynamic cycle utilizing supercritical C0 2 as aworking fluid is presented. The system model consists of a linear Fresnelreflector solar concentrator with trapezoidal cavity absorber, a powergenerating turbine, a heat recovery system and a feed pump. The effectsof the principal parameters of the supercritical C0 2 on the performanceof the system are investigated numerically by means of MATLAB simu-lation program under the assumed design conditions. It is shown thatthe key performance parameters, such as concentrator area, concentrat-ed power reached to the absorber, C0 2 flow rate have significant effectson the thermal performance of the supercritical C0 2 in the trapezoidalcavity absorber. Analytical simulations show that the proposed systemmay have 0.3-0.38 kW power generation and 2.0-2.14 kW heat output forthe various mass flow rates of the C0 2. The results recommend the po-tential of this new system for applications to electricity power and heatpower generation.
Optimal Allocation of DGs and Capacitor Banks in Radial Distribution Systems
Authors: Injeti Satish Kumar , Shareef Sd. Meera , Kumar T. Vinod
Published: April 2022

Little attention has been paid to the integration of Distributed Gen-erators or DGs and capacitor banks in radial distribution system to meetthe increased electricity demand and to improve the technical aspectslike power loss reduction, voltage profile improvement, etc. Such im-provements involve major concerns such as finding the optimal sizing ofDGs and capacitor banks and their locations. This article presents the ap-plication of two new optimization algorithms: Firefly Algorithm (FFA)and Backtracking Search Algorithm (BSA) to solve the optimal place-ment of both DG and fixed capacitor banks, in order to reduce the powerloss and improve voltage profile of distribution system. A detailed per-formance analysis is carried out on 33-bus and 69-bus radial distributionsystem to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms andthe results are compared with the Genetic Algorithm/Particle SwarmOptimization (GA/ PSO), Imperial Competitive Algorithm/ Genetic Al-gorithm (ICA/ GA) and Analytical approaches available in the literature.
Economic Analysis of WECSs Using LCOE and PVC Approaches in Northern Ethiopia
Authors: Kodicherla Shiva Prashanth Kumar , Gaddada Satyanarayana
Published: April 2022

In this study, the relative economic contrast of wind energy conver-sion systems (WECSs) are examined using levelized cost of electricity(LCOE) and present value cost (PVC) as measures of merit of systemlife cycle cost. From the analysis of data and discussion, capacity factorand useful life of the wind turbine have a positive impact on the costof electricity produced by the WECS, while the other input parametersof LCOE and PVC increase the system life cycle cost, as their values in-creases. The trend of capacity factors decreased linearly, and the simul-taneous increase in LCOE and PVC was noticed.
Optimization of Distributed Generation Based Hybrid Renewable Energy System for a DC Micro-Grid Using Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Manas Munish
Published: April 2022

This research work aims to design and optimize a multi-objectivefunction modeled on the variables concerning distributed generatorsbased on photovoltaic, wind and biogas based IC engine hybrid systemfor community smart DC Micro-grid using particle swarm optimization(PSO). The objectives of the research are to maximize the availabilityof power and reduction of the cost, which in turn will reduce the sizeof system with premier achievable availability. The output power ofphotovoltaic, wind and biogas based IC engine generators would havethe highest priority for feeding the direct current bus as per the meth -odology proposed. It was found that proposed method especially par -ticle swarm optimization had shown the effective cost and availabilityof photovoltaic, wind and biogas based IC engine generators in termsof accuracy to the practical values and a faster rate of convergence.When compared with other algorithms, particle swarm optimizationperforms well in reducing the cost of the photovoltaic, wind and biogasbased IC engine generators. In addition, it was noted that availabilityof photovoltaic, wind and biogas based IC engine generators would beeasily obtained using PSO algorithm. Future work would pertain to thedesigning of a similar hybrid Renewable energy system considering Up-time and Ramp rate constraints of biogas based IC engine generators forcommunity smart direct current micro-grid and optimize it using MultiObjective Genetic Algorithm and compare its results with PSO.
A Hybrid Islanding Detection Method For Distribution Systems
Authors: Pouryekta Aref , Ramachandaramurthy Vigna K.
Published: April 2022

Continuous operation of Renewable Energy Systems (RES) isachieved either in grid-connected mode or in autonomous mode in theform of Islands or Microgrid, which has predefined boundaries. Thus,distribution systems should be capable of detecting islanding condi -tion for smooth transition to an Islanded mode. In this article, a hybridislanding detection method, which combines remote and passive meth -ods, is proposed. Distributed Generation (DG) units can be in the formof inverter interfaced or synchronous based generators and when usedtogether can cause difficulti¥es in islanding detection such as delay orinaccurate detection. The number of DG units in the network also affectsthe accuracy of islanding detection. Thus a new hybrid method, which isbased on communication and passive methods, is proposed to overcomethis problem. The accuracy and effectiveness of the proposed hybridmethod is investigated using PSCAD software. The proposed detectionmethod features an improvement in detection accuracy.
Comparison of Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biofuel and Diesel Fired Engine
Authors: P Dinesha , K Prof. (Dr) Jagannath
Published: April 2022

Biodiesel is playing an important role in transport sector as a substitutefor petroleum fuels. The present study diagnoses the use of phenolicbiofuel blends namely, cardanol at higher fuel injection pressureon the performance and exhaust emissions of a direct injection, 4-stroke,single cylinder compression ignition engine. In this study, biofuel blendsused with three different percentage composition of cardanol such asB10M10, B20M10 and B30M10. The results are compared with base linediesel operation at 180 bar standard injection pressure. The experimentalresults show better engine performance and exhaust emission characteristicsfor the biofuel blends at 220 bar injection pressure. Biofuel blendB20M10 gives better performance and emission results when comparedto B30M10, and there is not much difference in the results when comparedto B10M10. B20M10 blend gives slightly lower brake thermalefficiency (BTE), sharp reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), unburnthydrocarbon (HC) and smoke emissions and drastic increase in oxides ofnitrogen emissions (NOx), when compared to baseline diesel operation.
The Design Process for a Closed Combustion Chamber Flow Blurring Nozzle
Authors: Pongvuthithum Radom , Moran James , Sankui Tanakarn
Published: April 2022

This research outlines a process whereby a flow blurring nozzle isoptimized for use in a meso-scale combustion chamber. Flow blurringis defined as the generation of small turbulence scales in a liquid from asingular back-flow pattern of a gas. Flow blurring nozzles are beginningto be adapted in many technical applications, from emission spectrom-etry of heavy metals in biodiesel, vaporization of high viscosity fuels tomeso-scale combustion applications. This nozzle can vaporize liquidsat low flow rates efficiently and inexpensively. It uses an air stream tobreak up the liquid but it operates in a novel flow blurring regime dif -ferentiating it from a regular air blast atomizer. There are two issues withusing this nozzle for combustion applications. The first is that the airused to vaporize the hydrocarbon in the flow blurring nozzle is insuf -ficient to burn all the hydrocarbon and it is difficult to increase this airsupply. The second issue is that the vaporized mixture at the exit of theflow blurring nozzle has a relatively high velocity. The mixture velocitymust be decelerated to enable stable combustion without blowoff. Thisarticle outlines the design process for solving both these issues. In total,five design iterations were implemented before a satisfactory final de -sign was achieved.
Experimental Analysis of Partially Premixed Charge in a Diesel Engine with Jatropha Oil Methyl Ester and Diesel Blends
Authors: Sendilvelan S. , Bhaskar K.
Published: April 2022

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) is an alterna -tive combustion process which received considerable interest to meetthe stringent emission norms. One such technology developed is par -tially premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion modea variant of HCCI combustion mode. In this work an attempt has beenmade to experimentally analyze the performance and emission char-acteristics with Premixed Charge Compression Ignition (PCCI) modeassisted with pilot injection. Experiments were conducted in a modifiedsingle cylinder water-cooled diesel engine employing a conceptual sys -tem known as transient state fuel induction with different modes suchas diesel and biodiesel conventional mode, diesel PCCI–diesel, biodieselPCCI-diesel and biodiesel PCCI-biodiesel modes. In the present work,diesel and jatropha methyl ester was used premixed fuel along with con-ventional injection of either diesel or 20% jatropha oil methyl ester blendwith diesel. The results indicate that brake thermal efficiency decreasesmarginally as the methyl ester in the conventional and PCCI modes andHC, CO emissions are higher and soot levels are lower in the case ofbiodiesel PCCI-biodiesel mode.
An Experimental Study on the Smart Home Concept with PV and Energy Management and Control Strategy Using an Open Source Platform
Authors: GHOUARI Adel. , HAMOUDA Dr-Ing. Chaâbane , CHAGHI Prof. Abdelaziz , CHAHDI Dr. Mohamed
Published: April 2022

The smart grid system is key to the new electrical network in -frastructure. It takes into account the use of the new information andcommunication technologies (ITC) and the integration of the renewableenergy power generation (photovoltaics PV, concentrated solar powerCSP, wind, etc). The smart grid promises better management and controlof energy sources. The application of the smart grid, especially, in Alge-ria allows the optimal control of the electricity demand since the latterkeeps rising continuously. The use of smart grid allows the rationaliza -tion of the electricity consumption in smart homes through applianceautomated control. Input energy savings result in the reduction of cemission. Herein, we present a new energy management strategy testedin an experimental smart home (SM). The implemented management ap-proach was made possible by using a new electronic system that allowedthe control of all appliances via the internet network. For this purpose, adynamic monitoring web interface was developed under an open sourceplatform in order to process the whole data delivered by the system. Thefinal output of the system which consists of a balance between all typesof energy involved, including CO2 gas emission, is displayed. It is onlythen that the user can take adequate decision and establish the prioritiesfor rational use of the energy available.
A New and Simple Mathematical Technique to Study the Steady-state Performance of Isolated Asynchronous Generator
Authors: Chatterjee HimadriSekhar , Mahato Sankar Narayan
Published: April 2022

Isolated Asynchronous Generator (IAG) is nowadays widely used for renew-able power generation from the sources like wind and small hydro. Tradi-tionally, the steady-state analysis of IAG is carried out by solving a complexhigher order non-linear polynomial equation obtained in a complicated wayfrom the steady-state circuit diagram. In this paper, a simple new mathe-matical procedure has been introduced to obtain two non-linear polynomialequations in much more simplified form which can easily be solved forthe unknown variables i.e., per unit generated frequency (a) and magnetiz-ing reactance (Xm). Between these two equations, one equation comprisesonly one unknown variable‘a’ and hence, easy to solve. Differential SearchAlgorithm (DSA) has been efficiently implemented for solving these non-linear equations. The computational efficacy of DSA has been compared withthat of Newton-Raphson (N-R) method, Linear Search Algorithm (LSA),Binary Search Algorithm (BSA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique. The performance of the IAG has been studied under differentoperating conditions such as variation of speed, capacitance and load. Allthe simulated results have been experimentally verified using a three-phase,415 volts, 2.2 kW, star-connected induction generator and a close agreementhas been found.
Multi-variable Optimization Formulation for Maximum Power Transmission Capability of a Standalone Six-phase Induction Generator
Authors: Ghosh Saikat , Mahato S. N.
Published: April 2022

This paper presents an optimization based scheme to derive the maxi-mum power transmission capability of a self-excited six-phase inductiongenerator (SPIG). For execution of this proposed scheme, an easy andstraight forward method has been developed here for figuring out themaximum amount of power which can be transmitted by SPIG consid-ering different functional conditions. An optimization based problem isformulated with the help of multi-variable constraint, for finding out themaximum power transmission capability of SPIG. The total impedance ofSPIG, calculated from its equivalent circuit, is considered as the objec-tive function. Fmincon optimization toolbox of MATLAB has been usedto solve this numerical based problem. The critical power and the max-imum power transmission capability have been investigated for varia-tions of capacitor, load power factor and speed. The power transmis-sion capability of SPIG directly depends on the factors like machineparameters, rotor speed, power factor of the load and the capacitance value of self-excitation. From the analysis of the simulated results, it isfound that the performance of SPIG is satisfactory for various operatingconditions.