bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Skill Acquisition and Entrepreneurial Intention Among Corp Members in Southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Adewusi Adedeji Oluwaseun
Published: April 2019

The objective of this chapter was twofold: it examined the perceived differences between institution-based and the SAED-based entrepreneurship programs and documented the factors influencing the entrepreneurial intention of corps members in Southwest Nigeria. A total of 352 copies of questionnaire were administered, and 45 in-depth interviews were conducted among corps members that were purposively selected in Lagos, Oyo, and Osun states. The study found that institution-based entrepreneurship knowledge was basically theoretical in that it never gave room for hands-on training that SAED-based entrepreneurship provides corps members with. Also, the findings of the study conformed to the theoretical standpoint that was adopted as it was discovered that the intention of being self-employed was positively and negatively influenced by factors that were demographical, economic, family, social, political, educational, and religious in nature. Conclusions and recommendations were made thereafter.
Writing With Emergent Bilingual Students
Authors: Rodriguez Sanjuana Carrillo
Published: April 2019

The aim of this chapter is to provide teachers with an understanding of who emergent bilingual students are and how they can adapt their practices in order to use students' home language as a resource rather than as a deficit. The chapter will share findings from a study conducted with emergent bilingual students in a kindergarten writing workshop. It will also focus on how teachers can adopt an additive approach to language that expands children's linguistic, social, and cultural resources while supporting learning a new language as well and literacy development.
Development or Training
Authors: Gursoy Esim , Eken Elif
Published: April 2019

As a testing ground for theory and practice transition, teaching practice is a key element of teacher training process. One way to ensure that teacher candidates are acquiring and practicing critical teaching skills is to provide feedback through reflective practice during the student teaching. However, it should be beyond the helpful prescriptions in order for student teachers to develop their own teaching philosophies. For this reason, this study focuses on the growing trend toward cooperative models of student teaching supervision: the clinical supervision model (CSM). The study reports on the student teachers' perceptions on professional development with regard to the feedback they receive (direct or indirect). Twelve ELT student teachers contributed to the study and the data was collected via an open-ended and a closed-ended questionnaire, researchers' field-notes and video-taped reflection sessions. The data analysis revealed that although having varying degrees of abstraction, most of the student teachers had positive perceptions regarding indirect feedback during CSM.
A Bibliometric Analysis of the Technological Innovation in China
Authors: Shen Chien-wen , Ho Jung-tsung
Published: April 2019

This chapter uses direct citation network analysis and bibliometric analysis approach to explore the overall research development of China's technological innovation. Results show that environmental science ecology, engineering, science technology, and energy fuels are the top research topics related to China. A direct citation network of technological innovation in China is also illustrated to show the major themes of the technological innovation among key researchers in China. In addition, the authors adopt the relatedness measure as the basis of cluster analysis, which classifies five main research development groups related to the technological innovation in China. They then review the core papers under each group to illustrate the detailed development of each group. Researchers and practitioners can refer the results to identify the key papers in each development group and understand the influential research that may lead to the important technological innovations in China.
Solving Selected Problems with Ultrasonic Surface Strengthening of Metal Components
Authors: Králik Marian , Jerz Vladimír
Published: April 2019

The final machining and component forming operations have a considerable impact on final state of the surface layers in the machining process. These also include the technological operation of ultrasonic dynamic strengthening of the component surface layers. It is a specific surface-forming technology due to which the component properties can be effectively influenced, especially in their surface layers. Correct implementation of this technology can improve efficiency and extend the life span of both the produced components and the technical equipment. The article deals with the methods of special simulation of ultrasonic dynamic strengthening of metallic materials. Based on the results of the simulation, the technological parameters of the process of metallic material strengthening and ultrasonic concentrator design can be determined.
Computer Modeling Application of Fluid Outflow from Vessels
Authors: Kraváriková Helena
Published: April 2019

The aim of the paper is to evaluate numerical analysis of the fluid flow during the outflow from vessel orifices at various locations. The problems of the outflow velocities and pressure fields were well-chosen for the given purposes. The selected fluid flow problems were solved by numerical simulation using FEM in ANSYS. For numerical simulation, we used the basic steps to design an abstract model in the ANSYS virtual environment. Numerical simulation requires a geometric model complemented by physical properties of flowing fluids as well as both the initial and boundary conditions. It is then possible to calculate the velocity and pressure fields by numerical simulation for a particular fluid type. The results obtained from the numerical simulation were compared with those of the analytical solution. The results obtained from modeling and numerical simulation correspond to the actual values ​​with minimum deviations. The demonstrated type of the problem solved by numerical simulation and modeling confirmed the advantages and possibilities of flexible solutions for any combination of problems in the field of ​​fluid dynamics. Modeling and numerical simulation of fluid flow can provide results regarding the speed and the pressure fields in vessels and pipelines.
Manufacturing Component Base Broadening in the Flexible Manufacturing System by Using a Group Technology
Authors: Košťál Peter , Mudriková Andrea , Václav Stefan , Michal Dávid , Lecký Šimon , Cazañas Ronald Díaz
Published: April 2019

The engineering production is currently characterized by frequent changes. These changes are caused because the life cycle of products is shortened. Producers must introduced the upgraded products in a shorter interval. In this article we will focus on identifying the possibilities of production innovation in the flexible manufacturing system. An analysis of the production possibilities of one of the production machines in the flexible production system will be carried out. This production machine is a lathe that produces one basic part of the finished product. We will determine what variants of this component can be manufactured without changing the physical configuration of the machine.
Effect of Concentration and pH of PBS to the Electrocatalytic Performance of Enzymatic Glucose Biosensor
Authors: Noorhashimah Mohamad Nor , Khairunisak Abdul Razak , Lockman Zainovia
Published: April 2019

Phosphate buffer saline (PBS) is commonly applied as an electrolyte for glucose sensor application because ion concentration and osmolality of PBS are similar to the human body. Therefore, it is important to study the effect of concentration and pH of PBS to the electrocatalytic performance of the modified electrode in glucose detection. In this study, the modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) glass electrode by utilizing iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP) coated with citric acid (CA), glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme and Nafion layer (Nafion/Gox/IONP-CA/ITO) were performed. IONP was prepared by using the precipitation technique through formation of colloidal stable IONP in water at physiological pH. The size of IONP-CA precipitates was ~19 nm with maghemite (γ-Fe2O3) phase characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Increasing the PBS concentration increased the electrocatalytic performance of the bioelectrode whereas pH of PBS buffer solution affected the GOx bioactivity. The modified electrode Nafion/Gox/IONP-CA/ITO displayed good electrochemical and electrocatalytic performance in glucose detection.
Digitalization Goes Subsea
Authors: Kristiansen Karstein Berge
Published: April 2019

This paper discusses the requirements for a "next-generation" subsea control system and provides a description of the proposed setup/architecture. Requirements for "next-generation" subsea control focuses on requirements for "digitalization" and Industry 4.0 capabilities. Existing subsea control systems today are intended for and used to control hydraulic valves in subsea production setups. The proposed "next-generation" subsea control system is specified, designed and built for an all-electric process control setup, with requirements for extensive usage of digitalization toolboxes.

Primary requirements for the "next-generation" subsea control system would be deterministic behavior and latency in the millisecond range for the control of operations part/signals/objects, while at the same time generating large amounts of high quality and highly accurate time-stamped condition monitoring data to be used in the digitalization setup. The proposed concept integrates subsea control and historian systems directly into the existing topsides control and historian systems. Implementation of an anti-surge control system will be used as an example to illustrate the concept for control of operations, and the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and historical stored data would be used as examples for topside digitalization techniques used on subsea installed equipment.

Removing boundaries between topsides and subsea automation as suggested in this paper provides options to use already available toolboxes for digitalization of topsides assets on similar subsea components. The proposed open architecture control system would also easily interface directly to any cloud-based solution with standard interfaces or well-defined application program interfaces (APIs).

Economic benefits of implementing an open-architecture control system would include CAPEX and OPEX reductions, while at the same time creating a "future-proof" system that allows for the addition of digitalization options. Subsea data would be delivered and stored with higher quality, providing operators with the option to look retrospectively and evaluate historian data based on knowledge to be obtained in the future.

Moreover, having one integrated control system provides better protection against cyberthreats, as it eliminates the requirement for several systems, which need to be updated and maintained during the lifetime of the installation.

Various predictions and thoughts about the future of subsea controls beyond the proposed "next-generation" subsea control system will also be included in this paper.
Libra Subsea Achievements and Future Challenges
Authors: de Melo Ricardo Toneto , dos Santos Tadeu Milão , Valença Cláudio J. G. M. , Buk Jr Leonidio , Pereira Rafael Merenda , Passarelli Fabio Menezes , Hoelz Fabio Rocha
Published: April 2019

The paper uses a case study approach to present the challenges to develop a large and thick oil carbonate reservoir, full of opportunities but also of uncertainties. Additionally, Libra block development is under a Production Sharing Contract that was awarded to a Consortium where Petrobras is the operator in partnership with Shell, Total, CNOOC Limited and CNPC. This paper will present the main subsea technological achievements made during the execution of the Libra Extended Well Test (EWT) Project so far and also future technologies that will contribute to overcome the full field development challenges.
Validation and Extension of Soil Response Framework for Fatigue Analysis of Offshore Wells and Piles
Authors: Zakeri Arash , Sturm Hendrik , Jeanjean Philippe
Published: April 2019

A soil response framework for use in fatigue assessment of offshore wells and piles is presented. The framework covers clay and sand soil types. It was developed through comprehensive series of physical testing and numerical simulations. It hinges on determination of the unload-reload secant stiffness response of soils degraded under cyclic fatigue loading and reaching a steady-state condition. The framework comprises two calibrated approaches: spring-only and spring-dashpot. The latter is more appropriate when dynamic response of a structure needs to be more accurately determined through for time-domain analysis. Efficacy and validation of the framework are demonstrated through three (3) field monitoring programs involving offshore wells installed in ground conditions ranging from soft clays typically encountered in deepwater to layered sands and clays in shallow waters. Further validation is provided by presenting results from an extensive laboratory testing program involving nine (9) soil samples taken from various geographical locations against the key relationships of the framework. The laboratory tests were conducted in a novel apparatus developed specifically for obtaining soil resistance–displacement relationship for input to fatigue analysis.
Degradable Materials for Multi-Stage Stimulation
Authors: Tu Huilin , Aviles Isaac , Dardis Michael
Published: April 2019

Degradable plug-and-perf systems made of degradable alloys and polymers are being used extensively for multi-stage stimulation (MSS). This paper reviews the degradable materials available in the market, including degradable magnesium and aluminum alloys and degradable plastics and elastomers, compares their degradation mechanisms, and discusses the factors affecting their degradation behavior.

A series of degradable aluminum alloys with good mechanical properties, and a tunable range of degradation rates were developed in Schlumberger for MSS applications. Key parameters, such as material formulation, temperature, and hydrostatic pressure are used to control the degradation behavior of these degradable alloys. Predictive models are established to predict the degradation time window under a broad range of downhole conditions for improved completions job planning. Comprehensive testing has been done to verify the performance of the materials in the simulated downhole conditions. In addition, field operation results are available to validate the performance of the degradable fracturing plugs made of these degradable alloys.

Degradable materials enable degradable fracturing plug applications and eliminate the need for mechanical intervention. They receive more and more attention in the MSS market. We will see more rapid growth of their applications in the coming years.
Subsea Digitalization: From the Virtual World into the Real World—Using Augmented Reality in Offshore Operations
Authors: Parente Manuel , Stevens Mark , Ferreira Joao , Simao Rafael , Dionisio Mariana
Published: April 2019

Recent advances have made it possible to include augmented reality (AR) technology in the subsea intervention process to overcome problems commonly encountered during remotely operated vehicle (ROV) operations in deep water. Newly developed AR technology uses a state-of-the-art 3D engine to accurately model subsea assets and a geographic information system (GIS) to precisely determine the relative location of assets in the field, creating a virtual 3D visualization of the subsea facilities.

ROV operations are enhanced by superimposing the virtual environment onto the live feed of the ROV's pilot camera. Merging real-time camera images with AR and other data streams augments visibility, improves safety, increases efficiency, and reduces overall costs.

The use of AR technology for subsea operations is enabled by advanced software to digitalize subsea assets, cloud computing to run applications and store data, satellite communications to link offshore operations to onshore decision-makers, command centers that support remote operations, and simulation techniques for pre-job planning and ROV pilot training.

Since testing began in 2015, the AR-enhanced process has been applied in deepwater fields in the Gulf of Mexico and North Sea.

Looking ahead, it is expected that the experience using AR and structured data sets for improved subsea activity will lead to fully autonomous operations controlled by artificial intelligence to achieve project objectives with lower risk and greater efficiency.
Libra@35 - Bringing the Project Break Even to US$ 35/bbl
Authors: Coelho Junior Osmond , Costa Ana Luiza Silva , Bisinoto Luísa Gontijo , Guimarães Mariane Duarte
Published: April 2019

Having a resilient break-even price is essential for deep-water development projects due to all the technical uncertainties inherent to the O&G business and, because of the oil price volatility, especially in recent times. To cope with this permanent threat, the Libra Consortium envisaged, structured and implemented a consortium corporate program called Libra@35. The programs’ main objective is to reduce the projects break-even prices to US$ 35/bbl, by improving the recovery factor and /or reducing costs. This paper describes the Libra@35 methodology and procedures, explaining how the program has helped Libra optimize its projects on a continuous basis through a structured and rigorous methodology. Additionally, it presents the beneficial results and impacts achieved to date. To finalize, the paper discloses the Consortium's future objectives for this successful Program and how it is structured to assist in shaping Libra's projects of tomorrow.
The Evolution of Asset Management: Harnessing Digitalization and Data Analytics
Authors: Nixon John , Pena Emil
Published: April 2019

Underwriting the costly insurance of complex oil and gas projects — with every one unique — requires careful risk assessment of numerous factors via long-standing criteria. But two risk-mitigation factors not currently considered are (a) the increased operational visibility; and (b) predictive maintenance made possible by today’s advanced asset management technologies. Those technologies include the digital twin, data analytics, and secure Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. With these technologies, E&P operators can now better quantify the probabilities of untoward events and mitigate their risks, improving their HSE posture, and potentially reducing the cost of their insurance premiums. In fact, one E&P OEM using digitalization to better quantify risks related to project errors and omissions led to a $750,000 premium reduction from its insurer, one of the world’s largest insurance companies.
Automatic Slip Status and Stand Detection in Real-Time Drilling
Authors: Zhao Jie , Chambon Sylvain , Shen Yuelin , Venkatakrishnan Sai , Hamzah Mohammad Khairi
Published: April 2019

The drilling process can be broken down into various activities from top-level activities (e.g., drilling and tripping) to lower-level activities (e.g., in-slip, out-of-slip, making connection, and circulation). The detection of the fundamental drilling unit, a stand, is necessary and essential for recognizing and inferring drilling activities. A new method is proposed to detect slip status, pipe change, and drilling/tripping stands based on real-time streaming data.

The slip status is a critical element because it indicates a connection is made before drilling or tripping a stand. The proposed method is designed to infer the slip status with hookload, standpipe pressure (SPPA), and surface torque (STOR) sensor data. Specifically, the logic using hookload includes two criteria, a hookload standard deviation criterion and a dynamic hookload threshold criterion. This allows addressing the limitations of prior methods at shallow depth and using a manual threshold, which prevents the full automation of slip detection. In addition, the slip status can be confirmed or corrected with a logic using a combination of SPPA and STOR data. Then, a check is performed on whether a stand is added or removed during in-slip period. If needed, the stand detection can also be run to detect where a stand begins and ends.

The method has been extensively tested and validated on many land and deepwater wells with drilling/tripping operations. Without human intervention, the dynamic hookload threshold can be determined automatically and adaptively after one or two drilling or tripping stands. Moreover, the hookload standard deviation criterion works well to detect the change of slip status at shallow depth. It is shown that high accuracy of detection can be achieved when the streaming data have a proper range of sampling rate.

The new method addresses two limitations of the existing methods: (1) it automatically determines the dynamic hookload thresholds and eliminates the need of setting up the hookload threshold manually, and (2) it improves the accuracy of slip status and stand detection at shallow depth. This innovative work enables the automation of the slip status and stand detection process in batch runs or in real time without operator input.
Aasta Hansteen Hull-Topsides Dry Transport and Dual Barge Mating Operations
Authors: Vernes Niels , Donia Stephan , van Ginkel Anthony , de Jonge Jan , Selstad Henning , Krokeide Bjørn
Published: April 2019

The Aasta Hansteen Field development in 1300m water depth is the deepest field on the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) and is developed using a Truss Spar FPSO. The platform was made ready with platform mooring chains after which Topsides were installed by float-over method in a fjord before the complete platform was being towed to the field vertically in summer of 2018.

The Topsides of 25,300 t and the hull of 46,000 t were both constructed by Hyundai Heavy Industries in Korea and transported to Norway on Boskalis heavy transport vessels. Due to its size and weight, the Truss Spar FPSO had to be transported by the largest heavy transport vessel in the world, BOKA Vanguard.

Topsides mating onto the Spar hull was carried out by Boskalis in a Norwegian fjord by a dual barge float-over operation. The Topsides was first transferred from HTV White Marlin to two S-class vessels, then from the two S-Class vessels to the Spar hull. Load transfer was obtained by simultaneous ballasting of the dual barge hulls and de-ballasting of the Spar hull.

The paper will focus on the engineering and design process of the dual barge float-over operation and the subsequent translation to a real time simulation model followed by the actual dual barge float-over and mating operation. The information and discussion provided in the paper can be used for planning and design of other large floater applications.

There were several firsts in the execution of this scope ranging from transporting the world's largest Spar platform on the world's largest heavy transport vessel to executing a dual barge float-over and mating operation using two heavy transport vessels. The use of real time simulation as validation and training tool has been a highlight of this scope.
Validating Drilling States Classifiers with Suboptimal Datasets
Authors: Pereira Luis R
Published: April 2019

The wide-scale deployment of analytics to support the well construction processes based on rig data has opened a host of opportunities to improve performance, quality, and safety at all levels in the offshore drilling industry. As automation and high-stakes decision making starts to rely more on these types of classifiers, a topic of consideration is the validation methods employed during their development to ensure accuracy and precision, requiring the best available methods to help data scientists evaluate their soundness, features and limitations, and explain to key stakeholders who may not be familiar with such techniques. In the particular case of drilling states determination from signal data, there may be cases where the ground truth records are either at lower resolution than desired, or where some degree of uncertainty on the labeling exist, techniques such as inter-rater reliability (IRR) or inter-rater agreement (IRA) can help to demonstrate consistency among observational decision provided by multiple sources and be used as a way to show the level of agreement between, for example, a proposed drilling state generator classifier using drillfloor data and existing IADC codes from available logs at the same time. This approach can be used to help decisions on further development of the particular classifier before committing to stricter model validation. This paper will show examples of these techniques applied to automatic generation of certain IADC codes using signal data vs log records, and how IRR/IRA can help inform the quality of the results.
How Digital Engineering and Cross-Industry Knowledge Transfer is Reducing Project Execution Risks in Oil and Gas
Authors: Evans Simon Jonathan
Published: April 2019

Technology has transformed the energy industry over the last 60 years. It has made processes more efficient, employees more productive and crucially, it has improved the safety of both workers and facilities.

In a mature industry, such as oil and gas, operators and owners are faced with the challenge of safely and efficiently managing their ageing plant and assets. This challenge is compounded by poor historic records and information, and the potential loss of knowledge as the current workforce retires. Coupled with the increasing requirement for high levels of design assurance and confidence in solutions, and the constant pressure to deliver value, faster and cheaper; companies are constantly looking at the latest technological advances, and to other industry sectors, for possible solutions.

This paper explores, through case studies, how the latest digital modelling and visualisation techniques are being innovatively deployed to enhance design, delivery and operations in the oil and gas sector. SNC-Lavalin have been uniquely deploying these technologies into the nuclear sector, where access time is highly-limited due to nuclear radiation. This learning has been brought to the oil and gas sector, and is an exemplar of cross-industry working and knowledge transfer.
Innovative Field Development Scheme Based on Saipem's ETH PiP and Relevant Subsea Power Feeding System
Authors: Arcangeletti Giorgio , Bacati Fabrice , Radicioni Alessandro , Breuskin Bruno , Jacquet Sylvie , D'Amico Amerigo , La Sorda Enrico
Published: April 2019

The overall complexity of future subsea transportation systems is expected to increase due to new challenges posed by the novel field development schemes mainly dictated by the combination of tie-back distance and water depth with the target to make the field exploitation profitable, safe and reliable in the current Oil & Gas price scenario.

It is becoming more frequent to face field development projects with long step-out distances associated with considerable water depth and/or low wellhead product temperature. During normal or transient conditions, these factors lead to flow assurance issues that can be avoided by deploying new cost effective technologies such as insulated and heated pipeline systems combined with subsea processing elements like Subsea Boosting.

A dedicated team has performed different studies and internal development activities on this subject based on expected needs of Operators considering their real future subsea fields under investigation.

New development schemes and operating philosophies have been identified together with the relevant technologies that, in some cases are under development, jointly with major suppliers.

The most efficient production schemes have been selected and the conceptual design of its relevant technological building blocks has been performed. These building blocks have been further investigated in terms of market ownership & readiness with technology suppliers and O&G operators. The main enabling technologies involved for the oil fields are Subsea Active Heating/Insulation such as proprietary Electrically Trace-Heated Pipe In Pipe (ETH PIP), Subsea Boosting, Subsea Power Distribution and the All Electric Control System.

ETH PiP, combined with Subsea Power Distribution (Subsea Switchgear, Subsea Transformers, Subsea VSD, etc.) and the All Electric Control System, can significantly support overall investment cost reduction and facilitate the tie-back development to an existing facility by ensuring the flexibility of operations and suitability with a wide range of project design basis.

This paper outlines the selected development schemes for the long tieback oil fields and describes the main technological building blocks. It also outlines the actions initiated to provide a global solution for these types of fields and mainly to industrialize the second generation of the ETH PIP solution for longer tie-backs.

It discusses the main components of the ETH PIP solution and the relevant Subsea Power Feeding System that provide and distribute power also to the other subsea utilities like boosting pumps and All Electric Control.
Well Intervention in Shallow Waters with Dynamically Positioned Vessels: A Study Case for Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Pestana Rafael Guimarães , Rocha Vinicius Sales , Braga Daniel Rocha , Oliveira Eric Ribeiro
Published: April 2019

This paper presents the technical analysis, simulation and work carried out in planning and executing an open sea workover riser operation for decommissioning a well from a dynamically positioned (DP) vessel in shallow waters, on southeastern Brazil. The main challenge in using a DP rig in this situation is the risk of thruster blackout, resuling in a driftoff scenario. In shallow waters, the system safe allowable vessel driftoff is usually strict, resulting in tight Red Alarm Offsets or even making the operation unfeasible. Real time monitoring and analysis may be used to obtain dynamic optimized Red Alarm Offsets during an operation, but simulations must be performed for operational planning. Statistical treatment of a database of measured and simulated metocean conditions led to reduced environmental loadcases than usually considered in standard industry analysis, while retaining an acceptable safety level. Modification of the riser control system also resulted in reduced Emergency Disconnection Sequence (EDS) time, resulting in broader Red Alarm Offset results. The methodology herein presented may be refined even further, in order to make possible the use of DP vessels in even shallower water scenarios.
Design, Testing, and Operation of a Completion Deflector Running and Test Tool for Efficient Multilateral Completions
Authors: Stokes Matthew Bradley , Lajesic Borisa , Ramirez Christian Alexander , Dupler Lester Barett
Published: April 2019

Trip optimization is essential in multilateral well construction, especially for extended-reach drilling (ERD) wells. This paper describes the design, testing, and operation of a completion deflector running and test tool (RTT) that was recently used during completion of one of the industry's deepest extended-reach multilateral wells. The RTT allows for running and pressure testing of a completion deflector and lower completion components in a single trip, thus saving at least one trip, and up to three trips.

The challenge was to develop the capability to run a completion deflector with an existing pressure test tool. This was accomplished by converting the pressure test tool into a running tool. The new pressure actuated mechanism built into the tool releases the completion deflector automatically after a successful pressure test. A secondary release mechanism was also incorporated for contingency options. Extensive engineering qualification tests validated the new features to be highly reliable.
Integrated Uncertainty Study for Resources Evaluation Under Operational Constraints
Authors: Chugunova Tatiana , Trani Mario , Shchukina Natalia
Published: April 2019

Total E&P has developed for its fields an integrated workflow to assess the 2G&R uncertainties which provides a Resource evaluation distribution through the integrated Geoscience platform. If the uncertainty study also considers the operational limitations by integrating them in the modeling process, the reliability of the outputs is clearly improved. The objective of this study was to provide an evaluation of In-Place and Resource on a deep-offshore discovery located in the Gulf of Mexico while assessing not only the multiple Geoscience uncertainties but also capturing the operational constraints identified for this future development.

The discovery, located under a salt canopy with a thickness up to 18’000 feet, had limitation from seismic imaging for the field interpretation. The well penetrations proved that the reservoir was highly compartmentalized and most of the faults were not seen on seismic. On top of this lateral disconnection, for each of the compartments the fluid contact depends on the structural horizons which are, on their turn, uncertain. The bulk of the information comes from few appraisal wells. Last but not least, the completions of the future development wells should integrate the drilling and well architecture limitations.

All these uncertainties and constraints were managed in an integrated workflow using a Monte-Carlo Nested Multi-Realization approach. First, the structural uncertainties impact the grid which is distorted for every realization. Second, the filling of the grid with facies and petrophysical properties is done considering global and local geostatistical uncertainties. The contacts distributions are defined for almost hundred compartments. For some of them, the contacts are defined as a function of a crest, for others – a function of a spill while both (crest and spill depths) vary with the structure from one realization to another. The dynamic uncertainties on the permeability multipliers and on the relative permeability curves are considered as well. The risk of having more active faults than seen on seismic is mitigated by randomly sealing additional faults. The modeling chain also takes into account the completion limitations on future development wells. The completion tally design (minimum distance between screens and total distance of the completion intervals) are tailored to every realization in an automatic manner.

The novelty of this work is that the different sources of uncertainties and the operational constraints are not modeled in separated workflows (e.g.: geophysics + geology + dynamic + completion design) but included in a single automatic process while parametrizing their complex dependencies. Thus, the eventual interactions and non-linear effects of a combination of all parameters can be anticipated, therefore providing a more accurate evaluation for decision making and development options.
A Pre-Commissioning Decision: Dewater the Flexible Flowlines or Not
Authors: Banks Marlycia , Meng Weihong , Jover Azpurua Julio
Published: April 2019

This paper presents the drivers used to determine the preferred method for pre-commissioning the flexible flowlines for a shallow water gas development project in Trinidad by BP.

Upon mechanical completion, the flexible flowlines are required to be hydrotested to ensure the system is leak-free. After the hydrostatic pressure test, the industry norm is to dewater and dry the flowlines. However, the system architecture (one flexible flowline per well) requires subsea maneuvers around the subsea trees, which brings about significant risk of damaging the trees.

Several alternatives (shown below) were proposed:Base Case – The original plan was to remove the tree choke insert, then insert the newly developed temporary subsea pig receiver into the choke body. Nitrogen (N2) and gel pigs are used to push water from the topsides to the subsea tree. The specification is to reduce the flowline water content to 5% or less.Alternative 1 – Involved not using the gel pigs and only using N2 gas to push the water out from the topside to the subsea tree. This alternative would not require a temporary pig receiver, which reduces the chance of damaging the choke insert profile.Alternative 2 – Involves dewatering the flowline using the umbilical tubes (methanol lines). This has an advantage in that there is no need to pull the subsea tree choke insert, which reduces the risk of damaging the trees.Alternative 3 – Do nothing and leave the seawater in the flowlines. The production stream would be used to push the water into the production system during first gas production (well offloading).

The study concluded that all three alternatives were technically feasible. For Alternative 3, an additional assessment was conducted to determine the impact of seawater on the flexible pipe when exposed for an extended time. Ultimately, the decision was made to not dewater the flowlines. The corresponding well offloading (flow back) procedure and a contingency plan were then developed.

The Juniper development had first gas in September 2017. The first well offloading with integrated de-watering went as planned. The decision of not-dewatering the flowlines was proven to be a good decision by reducing risks, costs and simplifying the schedule during the commissioning period.
New Technology Enables Development of Field in Norwegian Sea
Authors: Skeie Arne
Published: April 2019

The ærfugl field is a gas condensate field located in the Norwegian Sea to the West of Skarv and Idun fields. The first phase consisting of well 4, 5 and 6 is planned to be developed with three off single slot templates as a 20 km long tie-back to the Aker BP operated Skarv FPSO connected to existing subsea infrastructure. The field layout can be seen in

Heat input into the flow line system is required during shut down and potentially also during off-plateau production periods. A new enabling technology Electrically Heat Traced Flowline (EHTF) will be utilised to enable system start-up and shut down, and to maintain the production fluids outside of the hydrate envelope during steady state operation. The EHTF system is developed by Subsea 7 and ITP InTerPipe.

The ærfugl EHTF system consists of an electrically heated 10" flowline inside a 16" carrier pipe (Pipe in Pipe). The large annulus between the 10" and the 16" allows for good insulation, and combined with reduced annulus pressure, a U-value of less than 0.5 W/m/K is achieved. Such a low U-value allows for a more passive system where only limited power is required for heating.

The ærfugl EHTF system is based on a topside transformer. The power cables go directly from a topside bus bar via a dynamic and static power umbilical system to the In-Line Power Inlet Structure (ILPISTM) on the Electrically Heat Traced Flowline (EHTF). There is as such not any sophisticated subsea components to transform or split the current. All components that may need maintenance and repair are located topside. This gives a high availability and reliability of the subsea system.

The EHTF technology is new. As such, we have limited literature on this technology. The paper will present how the EHTF technology works, and describes how it is set up for the ærfugl field.

The information provided in this paper can be used as input to evaluate if EHTF should be considered in developments of new fields. This is especially relevant for fields with challenging flow assurance, such as long tie-backs.
Advancing the Industry Practice in Offshore Wind Load Estimation - An Overview of On-Going SNAME OC-8 Activities
Authors: Hodapp David , Voogt Arjan , Ma Wei , Cheater Brian , Brekke James
Published: April 2019

In early 2014, the Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) OC-8 Panel was formed to address regulatory acceptance of wind tunnel testing for stability calculations of offshore floating production systems governed by the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Initially, this focused on updating the 1988 SNAME T&R Bulletin 5-4 "Guidelines for Wind Tunnel Testing" which has served as a de facto industry standard for nearly 25 years. The update was intended to leverage new technologies and lessons learned to improve the accuracy and repeatability of the results. As time progressed, the focus of the Panel broadened to encompass the empirical ‘building block’ method of wind load estimation (i.e., the basis of the CFR stability calculations) and computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

The need to step back and objectively assess the relative accuracy and repeatability of these estimation methods was recognized in 2016. In response, SNAME OC-8 organized a ‘first-of-its-kind’ comparative wind load study to benchmark the relative accuracy and repeatability of available wind load estimation methods (i.e., empirical ‘building block’ methods, wind tunnel testing, and CFD) for a representative semi-submersible hull. The study resulted in two important outcomes: 1) U.S. regulatory authorities participated in the workshop and expressed support for acceptance of wind tunnel test results pending the publication of a new industry guideline which could assure accuracy/ repeatability, and 2) key stakeholders from operators, engineering companies, classification societies, and regulatory bodies expressed support for the development of a new industry design guideline to broadly address wind load estimation (including the use of CFD) through the engineering design spiral.

The present paper summarizes the contributions of the SNAME OC-8 Panel since its inception. High- level findings/ take-aways from the 2017 comparative wind load study are discussed, and unanswered questions of importance are highlighted. The SNAME OC-8 Panel plans to deliver two new industry guidelines to improve the accuracy and repeatability of empirical ‘building block’, wind tunnel, and CFD wind load estimates; the on-going efforts of the Panel and its constituent subcommittees are further outlined in the latter portion of the paper.
Coming to Americas
Authors: Oswald Erik , Yeilding Cindy , Portela Carlos , Duncan Tim , Schwarze Liz , Golden Chris , Wilson Julie , Khurana Sandeep
Published: April 2019

The deepwater basins of the Americas have been among the most active and successful with discovered resources to date of over 100 billion boe. Some of the world’s most prolific hydrocarbon basins are located along the Americas margins. Considerable undiscovered potential remains, and prospects can be multi-billion barrels of oil in size. This paper will focus on deepwater hot spots in East Coast Canada, Gulf of Mexico, the Equatorial and Atlantic Margins, and Colombia.

This paper will explore the factors that have contributed to building a successful deepwater sector – from access to exploration, from development to production. It highlights some of the common challenges operators face across the region, and best practice by governments and industry in handling these issues for sustainability in a highly cyclical oil and gas business.

And, finally, this paper will set the stage for a panel discussion scheduled for 9.30am to 12.00pm, Wednesday, May 8, 2019 at the Offshore Technology Conference (OTC). The panelists are oil company executives representing independents, integrated oil companies and national oil companies along with service providers as follows: Erik Oswald, VP Americas, ExxonMobil ExplorationCindy Yeilding, Senior VP, BP AmericasCarlos Portela, President, Ecopetrol AmericaTim Duncan, CEO, Talos EnergyLiz Schwarze, VP Global Exploration, ChevronChris Golden, Senior VP, EquinorJulie Wilson, Director, Wood MackenzieSandeep Khurana, Senior Manager, Granherne
ESD Ideas: Propagation of high-frequency forcing to ice age dynamics
Authors: Verbitsky Mikhail Y. , Crucifix Michel , Volobuev Dmitry M.
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Palaeoclimate records display a continuous background of
variability connecting centennial to 100 kyr periods. Hence, the dynamics at
the centennial, millennial, and astronomical timescales should not be
treated separately. Here, we show that the nonlinear character of ice sheet
dynamics, which was derived naturally from the ice-flow conservation laws,
provides the scaling constraints to explain the structure of the observed
spectrum of variability.
Atmospheric observations made at Oliktok Point, Alaska as part of the Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments (POPEYE) campaign
Authors: de Boer Gijs , Dexheimer Darielle , Mei Fan , Hubbe John , Longbottom Casey , Carroll Peter J. , Apple Monty , Goldberger Lexie , Oaks David , Lapierre Justin , Crume Michael , Bernard Nathan , Shupe Matthew D. , Solomon Amy , Intrieri Janet , Lawrence Dale , Doddi Abhiram , Holdridge Donna J. , Ivey Mark D. , Schmid Beat , Hubbell Michael
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Between 1 July and 30 September 2018, small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS), tethered balloon systems (TBS), and additional radiosondes were deployed at Oliktok Point, Alaska to measure the atmosphere in support of the second special observing period for the Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP). These measurements, collected as part of the “Profiling at Oliktok Point to Enhance YOPP Experiments” (POPEYE) campaign, targeted quantities related to enhancing our understanding of boundary layer structure, cloud and aerosol properties and surface-atmosphere exchange, and provide extra information for model evaluation and improvement work. Over the three-month campaign, a total of 59 DataHawk2 sUAS flights, 52 TBS flights, and 238 total radiosonde launches were completed as part of POPEYE. The data from these coordinated activities provide a comprehensive three-dimensional data set of the atmospheric state (air temperature, humidity, pressure, and wind), surface skin temperature, aerosol properties, and cloud microphysical information over Oliktok Point. These data sets have been checked for quality and submitted to the US Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program data archive (http://www.archive.arm.gov/discovery/) and are accessible at no cost by all registered users. The primary dataset DOIs are https://doi.org/10.5439/1418259 (DataHawk2 measurements; Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, 2016b), https://doi.org/10.5439/1426242 (TBS measurements; Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, 2017) and https://doi.org/10.5439/1021460 (radiosonde measurements; Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program, 2013a).