bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Green Campaign of Food Waste Handling: Communicating the Food Sustainability
Authors: Susilo Daniel , del Rosario Julian M. S. , Navarro Maria Elizabeth T. , Smith Juan Carlos M. , Primadini Intan
Published: October 2022

Several cities in Southeast Asia are dealing with a variety of issues related to food waste management. The rapid growth of fast food retail in Jakarta, Manila, and Bangkok has resulted in a high level of food waste. This food waste, if not properly processed, will be harmful not only to individual health but also to the environment. Food waste management, which is primarily the responsibility of retail companies, requires the use of effective strategies and tactics. Some of the tactics that can be used include increasing consumer awareness, changing the behaviours of corporate agents, and adjusting stores and items. Another strategic approach is to lobby the government to enforce food waste management regulations. The purpose of this study is to determine which communication channels are effective in communicating the dangers and environmental awareness of the impact of food waste, based on public perception in the Southeast Asian community. How do Southeast Asians handle food waste, manage food waste, and become aware of the dangers of food waste? This study employs a quantitative approach, with questionnaires distributed at random via Google Form to 400 respondents, including 198 Indonesians, 105 Filipinos, 73 Thais, and 24 Singaporeans. According to the study’s findings, the majority of respondents were aware of the food waste problem and took measures to address it effectively. The remaining respondents were already aware of the dangers posed by food waste, but chose to disregard the gravity of the situation. Some respondents, however, are completely unaware of their food waste. Another finding is that Singaporeans have the highest level of awareness in Southeast Asia, with more than 65 percent of Singaporeans aware of the environmental dangers posed by food waste.
The Effects of the Application of Trichoderma Asperellum and Biochar on Growth and Productivity of Rice Cultivated by the SRI Method and on Soil Quality
Authors: Elita Nelson , Agustamar  , Susila Eka
Published: October 2022

Continuous use of chemical fertilizers to increase productivity often causes disruption to essential soil nutrients and environmental degradation and adversely affects soil rhizosphere microorganisms. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the joint application of Trichoderma asperellum and biochar for increasing rice productivity using the SRI method and for improving the quality of paddy fields. This study consisted of eight treatments: T0BC (standard application of NPK without Trichoderma asperellum and biochar), T1BG (Trichoderma asperellum + NPK), T2BC (husk biochar + NPK), T3BC (coconut shell biochar + NPK), T4BC (mangrove biochar mangove + NPK), T5BG (Trichoderma asperellum + husk biochar + NPK), T6BC (Trichoderma asperellum + coconut shell biochar + NPK), and T7BC (Trichoderma asperellum + mangrove biochar + NPK). A randomized block research design was applied with three replications. Observations were conducted on plant height, number of tillers, leaf area index, number of panicles, number of pithy grains, number of empty grains, yield per pot, yield per hectare, and soil nutrient. The results showed that the application of a combination of Trichoderma asperellum and positive biochar increased the observed growth and yields 55.31% higher than the full dose of inorganic fertilizer. Combined application also increased pH, total N, available P, and Kdd, thereby increasing the nutrient content of paddy fields. Collectively, Trichoderma asperellum and biochar increased soil fertility and nutrient absorption, and encouraging the growth of Trichoderma asperellum increased the population in the rhizosphere.
Extraction of oil and characteristics from avocado seeds and flesh
Authors: Djonny Maxie , Sarungallo Rosalia Sira , Melawaty Lydia
Published: October 2022

In this study the extraction of fat and avocado seeds. The method used to obtain the fat of meat and avocado seeds is by cold extraction with blender for 2 minutes and heat extraction with reflux for 2 hours. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) how much fat can be obtained from the flesh and avocado seeds. (2) how characteristics meat and avocado seed that is by determination of the number of saponification, acid number, melting point and organoleptic. The result of fat analysis on the flesh obtained fat of 3.5%, saponification number 64,515 mg KOH / g, acid number 3.08 mg KOH / g, melting point 28-35 °C with greenish-yellow fat color and avocado scent. In the avocado seeds obtained fat by 1.5%, the saponification number 119.493 mg KOH / g, acid number 3.30 mg KOH/g, melting point 26-407 °C with brownish yellow color and the smell of avocado seeds.
Fermentation Process Effect to Enhance Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Phenolic Compounds and Its Possible Application to Galactomannan Polysaccharides: A Review
Authors: Sinaga Dandi Parningotan , Tampubolon Devi Kresi Adelina , Kembaren Roga Florida , Martgrita Merry Meryam
Published: October 2022

Bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and phenols are some groups of compounds that have antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Many bioactive compounds are contained in plants. The increase in antioxidant and antibacterial activity in plants have been widely studied through fermentation methods with the help of microorganisms such as fungi or bacteria. Research had proven that antioxidant and antibacterial activity increased after fermentation. This literature review aims to study the potential of increasing antioxidant and antibacterial activity in galactomannan through fermentation method. One of the plants that contains galactomannan and has been known to have antioxidant and antibacterial activity is sugar palm fruit obtained from sugar palm tree (Arenga pinatta). Sugar palm trees grow in large numbers in Toba Regency and the fruits produced are only used as food. The potential of increasing antioxidant and antibacterial activity in galactomannan has not been much studied. This report reviews the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of various types of plant polysaccharides and the effect of fermentation on increasing the antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Based on the analysis of some literature, it can be concluded that the activity of antioxidant and antibacterial compounds contained in galactomannan are possible to be increased through fermentation process. The recommended fermentation methods are submerged fermentation, solid state fermentation, and liquid fermentation, and the recommended microorganisms areRhizopus oryzaeand lactic acid bacteria.
Phytochemical Screening and Antioxidant Test of Arabika Roasted Coffee Bean Extract (Coffea arabica L.) from Agam Regency
Authors: Fadri Rince Alfia , Roza Irwan , Tazar Nurzarrah , Fajri Prima Yaumil
Published: October 2022

Coffee allegedly has antioxidant activities to reduce free radical activities. In Agam Regency, coffee is a beverage consumed almost every day. This study aimed to screen phytochemical substances and investigate the antioxidant activities of ethanol extracts of arabica coffee beans with the 2.2-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH). Arabica coffee bean extract was made by percolating using ethanol solvents. The obtained extracts were thickened using a rotary evaporator. and measured of its antioxidant activities by using the 2.2-Diphenyl-2-Picrylhydrazyl method (DPPH) at a maximum wavelength of 517 nm. Positif control used vitamin C. Phytochemical screening results showed that ethanol extracts of arabica coffee beans contained a group of compounds of tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, and steroids. The results of the study showed that antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of arabica coffee beans had a very strong category with C50 of 12.481 ppm and vitamin C with IC50 of 0.279 ppm.oid, saponin, flavonoid, and steroids.
Morphological Characterization of Gunung Omeh Citrus (Citrus nobilis Lour) in Guguak District, Lima Puluh Kota Regency
Authors: Sagita Chan Sari Rukmana Okta , Achmad Benny Satria , Ferdinant
Published: October 2022

The Gunung Omeh citrus (Citrus nobilis Lour.) is one of the priority commodities in the agricultural sector of West Sumatra. It has been cultivated in several locations in Lima Puluh Kota Regency, one of which is Guguak District. Using various cultivation techniques the fruits produced are highly diverse phenotypically. The purpose of this study was to figure out the phenotypic diversity of Gn. Omeh citrus derived from Guguak District based on morphological characters. This study was conducted from April to October 2021. The research used a survey method and descriptive analysis. Ten samples of citrus plants were taken using a purposive sampling technique at each location in Guguak District. The morphological characters observed included those of the stem, leaf, and fruit. Data analysis was carried out by an analysis of genetic diversity. Results of the observation of quantitative characters showed that there were variations across the 5 locations observed. Meanwhile, the observation of qualitative characters showed a broad range of leaf and bud colors across 5 locations. Phenotypic diversity was due to genetic diversity, which in turn was caused by cultivation techniques and planting location altitudes.
Application of gelatin from chicken leg skin as a stabilizer in ice cream
Authors: Sari Devi Kumala , Nuraini Henny , Suryati Tuti
Published: October 2022

Gelatin is the result of the partial hydrolysis of collagen proteins. Food and non-food industries use gelatin a lot. Gelatin, especially in the food industry, is used as a foaming agent, a stabilizer, a gelling agent, an adhesive, a thickener, and an emulsifier. Chicken leg skin gelatin can be applied to food and non-food products and meet the halal requirement. Applications of gelatin to food products include one in the production of ice cream as a stabilizer. This study aimed to evaluate the application of gelatin from chicken leg skin to ice cream. This study used a randomized block design (RBD). In this study there were 3 treatments with 3 repeats: without any gelatin addition, with an addition of chicken leg skin gelatin, and with an addition of commercial gelatin. Analysis of data on the quality of ice cream was performed using ANOVA, followed by Duncan’s multiple comparison test. Data of the sensory properties of ice cream were tested non-parametrically (with the Kruskal-Wallis test). The results show that the quality of the ice cream added with gelatin from chicken leg skin was no different from the ice cream added with commercial gelatin. Chicken leg skin gelatin application to the ice cream manufacture produced good-quality ice cream whose sensory properties were acceptable to the panelists.
The Long Composting Period Effect of Leaf Shallots on the Compost Quality
Authors: Juwanda Muhammad , Sakhidin  , Saparso  , Kharisun
Published: October 2022

Compost is a solid organic material that biologically changes into a final product that can be used as fertilizer. Utilizing shallot leaf waste as raw material for composting is the latest technology and has never been applied by shallot farmers. This study aimed to determine the best quality of shallot leaf compost with the long treatment of the composting process. This process was supported through Trichoderma, sp activator with 106 cfu/mL density. The treatment design was arranged as follows: K0 = no composting (leaves were simply dried in the sun), K1 = composting for 1 day, K2 = composting for 2 days, K3 = composting for 3 days, K4 = composting for 4 days, K5 = composting for 5 days, K6 = composting for 6 days, K7 = composting for 7 days, K8 = composting for 14 days, K9 = composting for 21 days, and K10 = composting for 28 days. The data were analyzed descriptively. The results showed that the shallot leaf waste with the composting process was dried by the sunlight (natural composting) and had a C/N ratio. Meanwhile, the C-organic and N-total of this composting process were better than that of composting using a solution containing Trichoderma sp. activator.
Modelling the Sediment Load in the Bird Feather-Type Watersheds along the Main Rivers of Banyuwangi Regency
Authors: Erwanto Zulis , Anwar Nadjadji
Published: October 2022

A sediment transportation process may lead to a river overflow. This was the case with 4 major rivers in Banyuwangi Regency, namely Baru, Setail, Bomo, and Tambong rivers. The watersheds in Banyuwangi are shaped alike to bird feathers, belonging to the dendritic drainage type with an elongated drainage form, relatively small discharge, and flooding that occurs for a relatively long time. The use of downstream areas by residents for sand mining indicates a high amount of sediment in the watersheds. The purpose of this study was to model the sediment load in the bird feather-type watersheds along the main rivers of Banyuwangi Regency. Data from water level, flow velocity, and discharge measurements were correlated with the results of suspended load and bedload analyses to create rating curves. Equations for the modeling of the sediment load in the bird feather-type watersheds were generated by regression methods. The results of the modeling of the sediment load in the bird feather-type watersheds in Banyuwangi Regency using the equations above were obtained by the suspended load model qs (tons/day) = 27.0 - 39.0.h (m) – 122.V (m/s) + 71.1.q (m3/s), with R-Sq = 59.4%, and by the bedload model qb (tons/day) = - 0.0758 + 0.0853.h (m) + 0.0585.V (m/s) + 0.165.q (m3/s), with R-Sq = 73.6%. Sediment load modeling can be used as a projection of sediment transport in studies on type C excavations along the major rivers in Banyuwangi Regency.
The Implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT) on an Automatic Plant Watering and Fertilizing System Based on Solar Electricity
Authors: Hendra  , Trinovita Z. J. , Riza Nurtam M. , Laksmana Indra , Jamaluddin  , Amrizal  , Putera Perdana , Nurazizi  , Putri Ihsani Amaliah , Soecipto
Published: October 2022

This research aimed to design a plant fertilizing and watering system that can be controlled and observed through a smartphone and use the solar electric energy source. The results of this study can ease the work of farmers in terms of energy and cost because they allow the fertilizing and watering processes to run automatically. The system is assembled using the following components: 100WP solar module, 30A solar charge controller, deep-cycle battery, Arduino Uno, ESP8266WiFi, DHT11 sensor, soil moisture sensor, and 12V DC electric solenoid valve. This system works in the following way: if the soil moisture sensor reads that the soil is dry and if the air temperature sensor reads that the air is cool, then the microcontroller will order electric faucets to drain water containing fertilizer to the ground until the soil becomes wet. This system is supported by connection to the Internet so it can be controlled and observed from an Android-based smartphone. The calculation conducted in an economic analysis of the system yielded cost principal of Rp47.6/l and BEP for production of 11,389 l/year.
The effect of substrate consumption on the increasing of biofloculans productivity and activity of cultivation by Alcaligenes latus
Authors: Sumarno L , Rudiyono  , Nurlaila  , Siska E
Published: October 2022

The efficient technology cultivation is developed as a respond to the emergence of clean technology trend issue to produce biogically degraded product. This research aims to review the effect of sweet potato hydrolysis concentration on biofloculan cultivation productivity and its effect on flocculation activity. Cultivation starts from cell refreshment to propagation and inoculation into cultivation medium which has been sterilized. Enzymatically, the sweet potato starch hydrolyzate supernatant usage (S) as a cultivation medium is expected can substitute glucose (G) synthetic medium and able to increase bioflocculant activity and bioabsorbent formation, while the Nitrogen substrate usage from CSL (C) and yeast extract (Y) into the medium. Cultivation of Alcaligenes latus can stimulate the formation of acid biopolymers which have large molecular weights. Furthermore, made a notation like SC-10 which is a medium of glucose supernatant factor with Corn steep liquor (CSL) with an initial sugar concentration level of 10 g/l. Control process including the analysis of reduced sugar (RS) and nitrogen, viscosity, pH, measurement of dry cell weight (DC), and flocculation activity (AF) is conducted during cultivation. The research results indicates the usage of sweet potato supernatan hydrolysate is to subsitute the synthetic mediums due to its ability to increase biofloculan activity. The best medium for biofloculan cultivation is SC-10 with kinetic parameter μ, 0,0834 hours-1; Xmax,12,54 g/l; m, 0,641 and n, 0,0105 g product/g biomass/hours; α, 0,409 and β, 0,0006 g biomass/g substrate/ hours; Yp/s, 68%; Yx/s, 97%. There is no significant viscosity changes during cultivation so that it can not be used as a production index. Flocculation Activity resulting from the cultivation of SC-10 medium is the strongest process in forming flok-flok while SC-30 medium is the least.
A critical review on the influence of humidity for plant growth forecasting
Authors: Chia S Y , Lim M W
Published: October 2022

Relative humidity of ambient air is a critical parameter for crop production as it influences the water balance and photosynthesis process in the plants. A comprehensive review on leafy, fruiting, flowering plants and grains were conducted to determine the effects of varying humidity levels on plant growth. Data from published works concluded that the plant growth improved with increasing humidity, as higher humidity conditions help to keep the stomata open to maintain the photosynthesis process and minimize evaporation process of the plants. By using regression analysis, it is forecasted that the increase in the air relative humidity by 10% would increase the leaf length, width and aerial dry weight for Lactuca Sativa by 10±3%, 2±5% and 28±3% respectively. The data trend suggests that the optimal relative humidity that could improve plant growth is 85±2%, as low humidity below optimum level will increase stomatal resistance, which leads to a reduction of carbon dioxide uptake and photosynthesis rate. Inversely, relative humidity above the optimal levels will adversely reduce the transpiration rate, which negatively affects the plant growth and leaf development due to impaired nutrient assimilation. The outcome of this study provides an insight for the development of plant growth forecasting model.
Promoting Circular Economy Between Palm Oil Sector with Multiple Industries
Authors: Hwang J Z H , Andiappan V , Ng D K S
Published: October 2022

Malaysia is the second largest producer and exporter of palm oil products in the world, with the increasing production of crude palm oil (CPO) over the recent years. On the contrary, the palm oil sector has also received number of negative perceptions, such as high carbon footprint, unutilised waste and deforestation. The global organization of sustainable palm oil promotes sustainable practices to be being implemented in the palm oil sector to counter the negative image of unsustainable palm oil. One of the important areas to recover the generated waste into value-added products and energy. Therefore, the waste generation in palm oil sector can be viewed as an opportunity rather than a threat. In order to enhance the resource conservation, the generated waste can be reused/recycled within the palm oil sector, as presented in many previous research works. However, there are still large amount of waste generated being disposed. To address such issue, a circular economy approach is proposed around the palm oil industry. The generated waste from palm oil sector can be used as feedstock or input to other industries such as polymer, construction materials, furniture, paper production, etc. In this work, a systematic approach is developed to determine the optimum integrated supply chain network of palm oil sector with other industries Via such approach, materials that are low in cost, weight, renewable and biodegradable can be used as feedstock to create a self-regenerative system amongst the industries.
Process Integration and Optimization for Sustainable and Circular Hydrogen Production
Authors: Lim Moy Hian M , Lim C H , How B S , Ng W P Q , Lam H L
Published: October 2022

With omnipresent issues concerning environmental degradation following the extensive use of fossil fuels, there is an urgent need to move towards more sustainable fuels such as hydrogen, which produces only water as by-product upon combustion. However, hydrogen production processes have limitations in terms of raw materials, process parameters and energy input which affects the sustainability of the product. As hydrogen demand is forecasted to increase, process optimization studies are favourable due to limited current work on this topic. In this paper, six hydrogen production processes are integrated into a superstructure with special consideration given to implementation of circular economies. Mathematical modelling of the superstructure then allows optimization of three case studies based on economic and environmental performance. This study shows the possibility of achieving zero net CO2 emissions through water electrolysis, provided that electricity generated with the produced hydrogen is used to power the plant. Gross profits of 1489.14 RM/hr and 4075.60 RM/hr show the potential of Palm Oil Biomass as feedstock. Overall, implementation of circular economy was found favourable to achieve sustainable production. This framework created has the potential to act as decision- making tool for policy makers to assist them in determining optimum hydrogen production pathways.
Production of Monoethylene Glycol from Lignocellulosic Biomass via Catalytic Hydrogenation: A Review
Authors: Norhanifah A H , Norliza A R , Rafidah J
Published: October 2022

Ethane and ethanol are produced through steam cracking and fermentation into ethylene respectively, which is then hydrolysed into monoethylene glycol (MEG). The disadvantages of both processes included used of easily oxidized substance and large quantities of water in order to minimize by-products such as diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol. Apart from that, MEG can also be produced by catalytic hydrogenation of biomass at extreme temperature and pressure with presence of catalyst. At the same time, this process uses lignocellulosic waste that have a high cellulose content such as residues from the agricultural and food industries. However, lignocellulosic biomass has to be treated to remove lignin content that may lower the rate of hydrogenation activity. In addition, most studies have found that the temperature in range of 240 °C to 280 °C and pressure of 5 MPa to 6 MPa are able to produce 18 wt% to 64 wt% of MEG. Meanwhile, the catalyst that have attract the researchers’ attention are nickel and tungsten species which are able to increase the MEG yield by overcoming the activation energy of the hydrogenation process. Factors such as lignocellulose’s pre-treatment, operating temperature and pressure, and the presence of catalyst will be discussed further.
Selective epoxidation of the unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Mahadi M. B , Rasib I.M. , Abas N.Z , Rahman M.A. , SH Azmi I. , Jalil M.J.
Published: October 2022

Nowadays, epoxidized vegetable oils are of major significance since they are derived from renewable and sustainable natural resources and are eco-friendly. Epoxide is a crucial chemical precursor to produce alcohols, glycols, and polymers such as polyester and epoxy resin. Oleic acid’s long alkyl chain including an unsaturated double bond (C=C) makes it an appealing fatty acid for producing eco-friendly epoxide. The epoxidation of unsaturated fatty acid was accomplished by generating performic acid in situ to yield epoxidized oleic acid. The result of this reaction will be dihydroxystearic acid (DHSA). DHSA is one of the chemical precursors used to manufacture cosmetics. The optimal level of epoxidized unsaturated oleic acid was 82%.
Design of control system for water quality monitoring system for hydroponics application
Authors: Safira M R , Lim M W , Chua W S
Published: October 2022

In hydroponic farming, optimal pH value is important to regulate nutrient availability for efficient plant growth. This study aims to design an autonomous pH monitoring and control system for maintaining an optimal pH range. The prototype was developed for data acquisition, data processing and data visualization to ensure that the measured nutritional solution parameters are within the specified range: temperature (18–35°C), pH (5.5–8.0), and dissolved oxygen level (>2 ppm). Data collected at sampling rate of 10 seconds utilising temperature sensor, pH sensor, and dissolved oxygen sensor were processed using a microcontroller on a Node-RED interface in a Raspberry Pi. The processed data were stored in InfluxDB before being displayed in Grafana. If the value exceeded the threshold, a Telegram alert was delivered to the end-user. The pH data were used to build a framework to control the pH levels within range. Two peristaltic pumps (DFRobot, DFR0523) were utilized to pump potassium hydroxide or phosphoric acid solution if the pH was out of range. The developed prototype was able to automatically control the pH within the optimum range in the nutrient solution, which will positively impact the nutrient adsorption and subsequent plant growth in a hydroponics system.
A new way of working: Intelligent remote engineering via hybrid first principle modelling
Authors: Hing A A M K , Norman A R , Mubin A F H A , Mansor M H
Published: October 2022

The digital transformation era in the oil and gas industry is changing the way we operate our assets. A new way of working introduces automation of processes and a wider application of digital solutions. These improve remote engineering capabilities to maximise usage and applications of process advanced analytics to allow faster identification and troubleshooting of equipment and process issues. The foundation of remote diagnostic engineering is the hybrid of plant data and first principle simulation model. One of the main features of the tool is harnessing a process simulation model’s strength in producing first-principle verified data and analysis, as example, a predictive composition properties model and virtual flow analysers. This soft sensor approach fills in the gaps of actual plant data availability and quality. Another main feature is the enablement of performance monitoring and diagnostics which includes equipment such as compressors, pumps, and heat exchangers. Adaptation of the new ways of working concepts will capture the intended outcomes namely reduced HSSE risks, improved profitability, higher capital efficiency and pandemic proofing. In the future, a wider application of the intelligent remote engineering tool is recommended to introduce prescriptive analysis, enriching insights for improved operational excellence.
Life Cycle Optimisation for Bio-energy Systems with Carbon Capture and Storage in Electricity Generation
Authors: Cheng X H , Ng Denny K S , Ng L Y , Murugappan V A
Published: October 2022

Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) has been identified as the most viable and cost-effective technology to achieving the 1.5°C targets set down in the 2015 Paris Agreement. It is essential to understand the impact of BECCS on carbon dioxide removal at a commercial scale. As such, this research presents an extensive life cycle analysis and optimisation of BECCS. To ensure the proposed methodology is appropriate for this research, case study of three cases is performed. In the case study, an existing coal-fired power plant is used as a base case for comparison between 2 different BECCS configurations. A regional assessment of the BECCS configurations from various critical performance aspects is then performed. This consists of assessing the system effectiveness, environmental impacts, energy efficiency, and cost optimisation from a life cycle perspective.
Investigation of glyphosate removal from aqueous solution using calcium peroxide
Authors: Li F , Choong T S Y , Abdullah L C , Md Jamil S N A
Published: October 2022

Glyphosate, an organophosphate herbicide containing carboxyl group, is widely used in agriculture. It can be found as a contaminant in water, and procedures are required for its removal. The present study investigated the efficiency of glyphosate removal from aqueous solutions using a Fenton-like system. Calcium peroxide (CaO2) was used as a source of hydroxyl free radicals with Fe2+ as the catalyst to trigger Fenton reaction. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and potassium permanganate titration were carried out for characterization of calcium peroxide. The effect of operating parameters such as pH, molar ratio of Ca2+: Fe2+, and initial dosage of calcium peroxide on the total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiency was studied. The maximum TP removal was 94.50% under optimal conditions (pH = 3.0, initial glyphosate concentration = 50 ppm, initial CaO2 dosage = 0.5 g, molar ratio of Ca2+: Fe2+= 6). This study demonstrated that calcium peroxide could be considered as an effective oxidant for glyphosate wastewater treatment.
Foaming Tendency in Anaerobic Digestion of Wastewater Inoculated with Anaerobic Sludge and Cow Manure: Effect of Protein Concentration
Authors: Syed Sabeer Ali S N , Omar R , Che Man H , Md Idris A I , Tajuddin H A
Published: October 2022

Foaming has impacted the digestion process causing severe process failures. The basis of foaming is often unclear due to multiple foaming compounds in a single system. This study aims to elucidate the effect of protein concentration on foaming in anaerobic sludge and cow manure (CM) digesters inoculated with synthetic wastewater as a substrate. Gelatine was used to alter the protein concentration in the digesters. The foaming tendency, biogas production, protein, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal were measured to comprehend the findings. The results show that the foaming tendency increased with protein concentration in anaerobic sludge digesters. It also had the highest biogas production. There was no evident process inhibition observed in the anaerobic sludge digester, even at higher protein and COD concentrations. For CM digester, the foaming tendency and biogas production increased to 9 g/L; however, the biogas production decreased with increased substrate protein concentration, indicating process inhibition. The results indicate that the biogas production, foaming tendency, COD and protein removal increased steadily for both digesters. However, the trend decreased for CM digester at increased protein concentrations. This study also concluded that protein creates foaming when inoculated with anaerobic sludge and CM even at low substrate protein concentration.
Fluorine-free superhydrophobic cotton fabric for highly-efficient gravity-driven oil/water separation
Authors: Voo WX , Chong WC , Teoh HC , Mohammad AW
Published: October 2022

Rapid urbanisation and industrialisation have imposed great environmental impact due to the discharge of oily wastewater and oil spill incidents. The application of superhydrophobic and superoleophilic surfaces in oil/water separation (OWS) has attracted much attention due to their high selectivity of oil which leads to high separation efficiency in OWS. Herein, a fluorine-free superhydrophobic cotton fabric filter was prepared by loading SiO2 onto the surface from the silica sol and followed by coating with stearic acid through facile dip coating method. The silica sol was prepared using tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) where the loading was manipulated in order to study its effect on hydrophobicity. In the drying process, the effect of the drying temperature on the hydrophobicity was studied. All the pristine and modified cotton fabric samples were characterised by employing FTIR, SEM-EDX and water contact angle measurement. In the preparation process, the optimum TEOS loading was determined to be 4.5 mL. Additionally, the as-prepared superhydrophobic cotton fabric was used to perform OWS, under sole influence of gravity, by using different oil-water mixture solutions and the separation efficiency was above 99%. The results showed that higher drying temperature gives rise in hydrophobicity, and thus lead to more efficient OWS.
How to extinguish burnout
Authors: Duffy Caitlin
Published: October 2022

Caitlin Duffy argues why it is important for PhD students to develop interests outside the lab and not just solely focus on their research.
Magnetic economy
Authors: McKenzie James
Published: October 2022

James McKenzie realizes that we’re going to need lots of magnets if we want to turn the economy green.
Out of sight, beyond imagination
Authors: Hiscott Laura
Published: October 2022

Laura Hiscott reviews The Invisible Universe: Why There’s More to Reality than Meets the Eye by Matthew Bothwell.
From intern to chief of staff
Authors: Grimston Oliver
Published: October 2022

Petrophysicist Oliver Grimston talks about his career at British oil and gas company bp, from taking part in their graduate programme to his current role as the firm’s chief of staff in Iraq.
Association Between Dental Calculus and Hypertension Phenotypes in Highly Fit Adults: CHIEF Oral Health Study
Authors: Tsai Kun-Zhe , Huang Ren-Yeong , Cheng Wan-Chien , Han Chih-Lu , Huang Wei-Chun , Sui Xuemei , Lavie Carl J , Lin Gen-Min
Published: October 2022

Background

Poor oral health evaluated by presence of dental calculus has been associated with hypertension (HTN) among middle- and old-aged adults. However, it is unclear for the association of HTN phenotypes with dental calculus in young adults.

Methods

This study examined the association between dental calculus and HTN in 5,345 military personnel, aged 19–45 years, without antihypertensive medications therapy in Taiwan from 2018 to 2021. Dental calculus was defined as presence of supragingival calculus in any teeth, except impacted teeth, and third molar. Combined HTN (CHTN) was diagnosed as systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥130 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥80 mm Hg. Isolated systolic and diastolic HTN were, respectively, defined as SBP ≥130 mm Hg only (ISHTN) and DBP ≥80 mm Hg only (IDHTN). Multiple logistic regression with adjustments for sex, age, toxic substance use, anthropometrics, lipid profiles, fasting glucose, and blood leukocyte counts were used to determine the association between dental calculus and HTN phenotypes in young adults.

Results

The prevalence of those with dental calculus, CHTN, ISHTN, and IDHTN was 20.8%, 10.8%, 10.2%, and 7.0%, respectively. The dental calculus was associated a greater possibility with CHTN [odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval: 1.60 (1.31–1.95)]. However, the associations of dental calculus with ISHTN and IDHTN were null [OR: 1.05 (0.81–1.27) and 1.12 (0.86–1.46), respectively].

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that among young adults, poor oral health manifested by presence of dental calculus was associated with a greater possibility of CHTN, while not for ISHTN and IDHTN.
Propagation, detection and correction of errors using the sequence database network
Authors: Goudey Benjamin , Geard Nicholas , Verspoor Karin , Zobel Justin
Published: October 2022

Nucleotide and protein sequences stored in public databases are the cornerstone of many bioinformatics analyses. The records containing these sequences are prone to a wide range of errors, including incorrect functional annotation, sequence contamination and taxonomic misclassification. One source of information that can help to detect errors are the strong interdependency between records. Novel sequences in one database draw their annotations from existing records, may generate new records in multiple other locations and will have varying degrees of similarity with existing records across a range of attributes. A network perspective of these relationships between sequence records, within and across databases, offers new opportunities to detect—or even correct—erroneous entries and more broadly to make inferences about record quality. Here, we describe this novel perspective of sequence database records as a rich network, which we call the sequence database network, and illustrate the opportunities this perspective offers for quantification of database quality and detection of spurious entries. We provide an overview of the relevant databases and describe how the interdependencies between sequence records across these databases can be exploited by network analyses. We review the process of sequence annotation and provide a classification of sources of error, highlighting propagation as a major source. We illustrate the value of a network perspective through three case studies that use network analysis to detect errors, and explore the quality and quantity of critical relationships that would inform such network analyses. This systematic description of a network perspective of sequence database records provides a novel direction to combat the proliferation of errors within these critical bioinformatics resources.
Use of sponge-assisted endoluminal vacuum therapy for the treatment of colorectal anastomotic leaks: expert panel consensus
Authors: Bemelman Willem A , Arezzo Alberto , Banasiewicz Tomasz , Brady Richard , Espín-Basany Eloy , Faiz Omar , Jimenez-Rodriguez Rosa M
Published: October 2022

Background

Anastomotic leaks represent one of the most significant complications of colorectal surgery and are the primary cause of postoperative mortality and morbidity. Sponge-assisted endoluminal vacuum therapy (EVT) has emerged as a minimally invasive technique for the management of anastomotic leaks; however, there are questions regarding patient selection due to the heterogeneous nature of anastomotic leaks and the application of sponge-assisted EVT by surgeons.

Method

Seven colorectal surgical experts participated in a modified nominal group technique to establish consensus regarding key questions that arose from existing gaps in scientific evidence and the variability in clinical practice. After a bibliographic search to identify the available evidence and sequential meetings with participants, a series of recommendations and statements were formulated and agreed upon.

Results

Thirty-seven recommendations and statements on the optimal use of sponge-assisted EVT were elaborated on and unanimously agreed upon by the group of experts. The statements and recommendations answer 10 key questions about the indications, benefits, and definition of the success rate of sponge-assisted EVT for the management of anastomotic leaks.

Conclusion

Although further research is needed to resolve clinical and technical issues associated with sponge-assisted EVT, the recommendations and statements produced from this project summarize critical aspects to consider when using sponge-assisted EVT and to assist those involved in the management of patients with colorectal anastomotic leaks.
‘Should I Stay or Should I Go’? The Experiences of Forty Social Workers in England Who Had Previously Indicated They Would Stay In or Leave Children and Families Social Work
Authors: McLaughlin Hugh , Scholar Helen , McCaughan Su , Pollock Sarah
Published: October 2022

This article is focused on the concern about the retention of child and family social workers in England. Retention of workers is seen as a major issue for the delivery of quality services for service users, stability of workforces and development of social work. The article reviews international studies in relation to retention identifying a gap in relation to studies that have followed up those who indicated they were going to leave child and family social work but were unable to say whether they acted on this intention or not. This study focuses on forty semi-structured interviews with child and family social workers in year 2 of a five-year longitudinal study half of whom had indicated they would remain or leave social work practice and followed them up to as whether they did so or not. The findings indicated that there were major similarities between those who left and those who stayed. However, the importance of the interaction of organisational, job role and individual factors provides organisations with opportunities to mitigate such challenging aspects of children and families social work so that their workers feel supported, and able to respond to these challenges positively.
Targeting neuroplasticity to improve motor recovery after stroke: an artificial neural network model
Authors: Norman Sumner L , Wolpaw Jonathan R , Reinkensmeyer David J
Published: October 2022

After a neurological injury, people develop abnormal patterns of neural activity that limit motor recovery. Traditional rehabilitation, which concentrates on practicing impaired skills, is seldom fully effective. New targeted neuroplasticity protocols interact with the central nervous system to induce beneficial plasticity in key sites and thereby enable wider beneficial plasticity. They can complement traditional therapy and enhance recovery. However, their development and validation is difficult because many different targeted neuroplasticity protocols are conceivable, and evaluating even one of them is lengthy, laborious, and expensive. Computational models can address this problem by triaging numerous candidate protocols rapidly and effectively. Animal and human empirical testing can then concentrate on the most promising ones. Here, we simulate a neural network of corticospinal neurons that control motoneurons eliciting unilateral finger extension. We use this network to (i) study the mechanisms and patterns of cortical reorganization after a stroke; and (ii) identify and parameterize a targeted neuroplasticity protocol that improves recovery of extension torque. After a simulated stroke, standard training produced abnormal bilateral cortical activation and suboptimal torque recovery. To enhance recovery, we interdigitated standard training with trials in which the network was given feedback only from a targeted population of sub-optimized neurons. Targeting neurons in secondary motor areas on ∼20% of the total trials restored lateralized cortical activation and improved recovery of extension torque. The results illuminate mechanisms underlying suboptimal cortical activity post-stroke; they enable the identification and parameterization of the most promising targeted neuroplasticity protocols. By providing initial guidance, computational models could facilitate and accelerate the realization of new therapies that improve motor recovery.
Distinguishing Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Persistence and Reinfection: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Turbett Sarah E , Tomkins-Tinch Christopher H , Anahtar Melis N , Dugdale Caitlin M , Hyle Emily P , Shenoy Erica S , Shaw Bennett , Egbuonu Kenechukwu , Bowman Kathryn A , Zachary Kimon C , Adams Gordon C , Hooper David C , Ryan Edward T , LaRocque Regina C , Bassett Ingrid V , Triant Virginia A , Siddle Katherine J , Rosenberg Eric , Sabeti Pardis C , Schaffner Stephen F , MacInnis Bronwyn L , Lemieux Jacob E , Charles Richelle C
Published: October 2022

Background

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) reinfection is poorly understood, partly because few studies have systematically applied genomic analysis to distinguish reinfection from persistent RNA detection related to initial infection. We aimed to evaluate the characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and persistent RNA detection using independent genomic, clinical, and laboratory assessments.

Methods

All individuals at a large academic medical center who underwent a SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) ≥45 days after an initial positive test, with both tests between 14 March and 30 December 2020, were analyzed for potential reinfection. Inclusion criteria required having ≥2 positive NAATs collected ≥45 days apart with a cycle threshold (Ct) value <35 at repeat testing. For each included subject, likelihood of reinfection was assessed by viral genomic analysis of all available specimens with a Ct value <35, structured Ct trajectory criteria, and case-by-case review by infectious diseases physicians.

Results

Among 1569 individuals with repeat SARS-CoV-2 testing ≥45 days after an initial positive NAAT, 65 (4%) met cohort inclusion criteria. Viral genomic analysis characterized mutations present and was successful for 14/65 (22%) subjects. Six subjects had genomically supported reinfection, and 8 subjects had genomically supported persistent RNA detection. Compared to viral genomic analysis, clinical and laboratory assessments correctly distinguished reinfection from persistent RNA detection in 12/14 (86%) subjects but missed 2/6 (33%) genomically supported reinfections.

Conclusions

Despite good overall concordance with viral genomic analysis, clinical and Ct value-based assessments failed to identify 33% of genomically supported reinfections. Scaling-up genomic analysis for clinical use would improve detection of SARS-CoV-2 reinfections.
Medicaid Spending on Antiretrovirals From 2007 Through 2019
Authors: Walsh Bryan S , Kesselheim Aaron S , Rome Benjamin N
Published: October 2022

Background

Antiretroviral (ARV) medications to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are a major contributor to Medicaid prescription drug spending. Despite having been used for over 3 decades, the first generic ARVs only recently became available, and many newer versions continue to be sold at high prices despite within-class competition. We estimated Medicaid spending on ARVs from 2007 through 2019.

Methods

Using public Medicaid State Drug Utilization data, we identified trends in ARV spending and use from 2007 through 2019. We estimated net spending and average prices (spending per 30-day supply), accounting for statutory Medicaid rebates, including a 15%–23% base rebate plus additional rebates if a drug's price increased faster than inflation.

Results

Among 48 ARVs, estimated net Medicaid spending from 2007 through 2019 was $25 billion for 17 million 30-day supplies. Annual use increased 118%, from 0.7 million 30-day supplies in 2007 to 1.6 million in 2019. During this time, estimated annual net spending increased 178%, from $1.1 billion to $3.0 billion, and average net prices increased 28%, from $1432 to $1830 per 30-day supply.

Conclusions

Annual Medicaid net spending on ARVs nearly tripled from 2007 to 2019, due to a combination of expanded use and rising prices. Medicaid did not extract expected benefits from its mandatory inflationary rebates because they were offset by use of newer, more expensive ARVs. To better control spending related to products with incremental innovation, the US government should be authorized to assure that launch prices for new drugs are aligned with the added benefit they offer over existing therapies.