bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis of Alfaxalone Administered as a Bolus Intravenous Injection of Phaxan in a Phase 1 Randomized Trial
Authors: Goodchild Colin S. , Serrao Juliet M. , Sear John W. , Anderson Brian J.
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND:

Previous formulations of alfaxalone have shown it to be a fast-acting intravenous anesthetic with high therapeutic index. Alfaxalone has been reformulated for human use as Phaxan, an aqueous solution of 10 mg/mL of alfaxalone and 13% betadex. This study assessed the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics of alfaxalone given as a bolus intravenous injection of this formulation to human male volunteers.

METHODS:

A dose of 0.5 mg/kg (0.42–0.55 mg/kg) of alfaxalone [mean (range)] was given by single intravenous bolus injection to 12 healthy subjects. Plasma alfaxalone concentrations and bispectral index (BIS) values were analyzed using an integrated pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PKPD) model using nonlinear mixed-effects models. Effect (BIS) was described using a sigmoidal fractional maximum effect (EMAX) model. All parameters were scaled using allometry and standardized to a 70-kg person using exponents of 0.75 for clearance parameters (CL, Q2, and Q3), 1.0 for volumes (V1, V2, and V3), and 0.25 for time-related parameters half-time keo (t
1/2keo).

RESULTS:

A 3-compartment model used to fit PK data with an additional compartment, linked by t
1/2keo to describe the effect compartment, yielded alfaxalone PK parameter estimates: CL: 1.08 L/min; 0.87–1.34 L/min (median; 95% confidence interval [CI]); central volume of distribution (V1): 0.99 L; 0.53–2.05 L (median; 95% CI); intercompartment CLs (Q2): 0.87 L/min; 0.32–1.71 L/min (median; 95% CI) and Q3: 0.46 L/min; 0.19–1.03 L/min (median; 95% CI); and peripheral volumes of distribution (V2): 6.36 L; 2.79–10.7 L (median; 95% CI) and V3: 19.1 L; 8.61–37.4 L (median; 95% CI). PD interrogation assumed a baseline BIS of 96, with an estimated EMAX: 0.94; 0.71–0.99 (median; 95% CI), a plasma concentration (Cp) for 50% effect (C50): 0.98 mg/L; 0.83–1.09 mg/L (median; 95% CI), and a Hill coefficient (γ): 12.1; 6.7–15 (median; 95% CI). The t
1/2keo was 8 minutes; 4.70–12.8 minutes (median; 95% CI). The mean time to a BIS 50 was 0.94 minutes (standard deviation [SD] = 0.2 minutes).

CONCLUSIONS:

After a single bolus intravenous injection, alfaxalone has a high plasma CL equal to hepatic blood flow as reported for earlier studies of bolus injections of a previous formulation of alfaxalone. The plasma levels associated with BIS values of <60 are comparable to those previously reported in patients anesthetized with alfaxalone. The t
1/2keo is relatively high, but the large Hill coefficient contributes to rapid onset and offset of action. This information can inform future studies of this formulation.
Goats decrease hindlimb stiffness when walking over compliant surfaces
Authors: Clites Tyler R. , Arnold Allison S. , Singh Nalini M. , Kline Eric , Chen Hope , Tugman Christopher , Billadeau Brahms , Biewener Andrew A. , Herr Hugh M.
Published: May 2019

Leg stiffness, commonly estimated as the “compression” of a defined leg element in response to a load, has long been used to characterize terrestrial locomotion. This study investigated how goats adjust the stiffness of their hindlimbs to accommodate surfaces of different stiffness. Goats provide a compelling animal model for studying leg stiffness modulation, because they skillfully ambulate over a range of substrates that vary in compliance. To investigate the adjustments that goats make when walking over such substrates, ground reaction forces and three-dimensional trajectories of hindlimb markers were recorded as goats walked on rigid, rubber, and foam surfaces. Net joint moments, powers, and work at the hip, knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal joints were estimated throughout stance via inverse dynamics. Hindlimb stiffness was estimated from plots of total leg force versus total leg length, and individual joint stiffnesses were estimated from plots of joint moment versus joint angle. Our results support the hypothesis that goats modulate hindlimb stiffness in response to surface stiffness; specifically, hindlimb stiffness decreased on the more compliant surfaces (p<0.002). Estimates of joint stiffness identified hip and ankle muscles as the primary drivers of these adjustments. When humans run on compliant surfaces, they generally increase leg stiffness to preserve their center-of-mass mechanics. We did not estimate center-of-mass mechanics in this study; nevertheless, our estimates of hindlimb stiffness suggest that goats exhibit a different behavior. This study offers new insight into mechanisms that allow quadrupeds to modulate their gait mechanics when walking on surfaces of variable compliance.
In silico survey of the central conserved regions in viroids of the Pospiviroidae family for conserved asymmetric loop structures
Authors: Freidhoff Paul , Bruist Michael F.
Published: May 2019

Viroids are the smallest replicative pathogens, consisting of RNA circles (∼300 nucleotides) that require host machinery to replicate. Structural RNA elements recruit these host factors. Currently, many of these structural elements and the nature of their interactions are unknown. All Pospiviroidae have homology in the central conserved region (CCR). The CCR of potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) contains a sarcin/ricin domain (SRD), the only viroid structural element with an unequivocal replication role. We assumed that every member of this family uses this region to recruit host factors, and that each CCR has an SRD-like asymmetric loop within it. Potential SRD or SRD-like motifs were sought in the CCR of each Pospiviroidae member as follows. Motif location in each CCR was predicted with MUSCLE alignment and Vienna RNAfold. Viroid-specific models of SRD-like motifs were built by superimposing noncanonical base pairs and nucleotides on a model of an SRD. The RNA geometry search engine FR3D was then used to find nucleotide groups close to the geometry suggested by this superimposition. Atomic resolution structures were assembled using the molecular visualization program Chimera, and the stability of each motif was assessed with molecular dynamics (MD). Some models required a protonated cytosine. To be stable within a cell, the pKa of that cytosine must be shifted up. Constant pH-replica exchange MD analysis showed such a shift in the proposed structures. These data show that every Pospiviroidae member could form a motif that resembles an SRD in its CCR, and imply there could be undiscovered mimics of other RNA domains.
APC/C: current understanding and future perspectives
Authors: Yamano Hiroyuki
Published: May 2019

The separation of sister chromatids at anaphase, which is regulated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase called the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), is arguably the most important irrevocable event during the cell cycle. The APC/C and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) are just two of the many significant cell cycle regulators and exert control through ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, respectively. The temporal and spatial regulation of the APC/C is achieved by multiple mechanisms, including phosphorylation, interaction with the structurally related co-activators Cdc20 and Cdh1, loading of distinct E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, binding with inhibitors and differential affinities for various substrates. Since the discovery of APC/C 25 years ago, intensive studies have uncovered many aspects of APC/C regulation, but we are still far from a full understanding of this important cellular machinery. Recent high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy analysis and reconstitution of the APC/C have greatly advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning the enzymatic properties of APC/C. In this review, we will examine the historical background and current understanding of APC/C regulation.
Monitoring the Formation of Competences of Students of Economic Special Field As a Result of Work Placement
Authors: Логинова Т. , Loginova T. , Титова Н. , Titova N. , Смирнова Т. , Smirnova T.
Published: May 2019

The article summarizes the experience of organizing, conducting and evaluating the results of educational and teaching practice. Practice is a tool for intermediate verifi cation of students’ readiness for independent work, allows the student to assess his level in achieving certain competencies and set himself the task of working on shortcomings and further progress in the educational process. The authors of the article conducted a sociological study, the purpose of which was to monitor students’ assessment of the degree of competence development as a result of undergoing educational practice at the undergraduate and pedagogical practice in the magistracy. The results of a study conducted among students on the eff ectiveness of educational and pedagogical practices in the acquisition of competences and skills of research and teaching work are presented in the form of comparative tables and diagrams. The article analyzes the problems faced by students during practical training. Such monitoring allowed to reveal the bottlenecks of the organization of the practice, the directions of the methodical support of students, to improve the tasks for the practice.
Visual Art in the Museum and Exhibition Space and Modern Communication Technologies
Authors: Диденко В. , Didenko V. , Татищева Ю. , Tatischeva Yu.
Published: May 2019

The article is devoted to the use of modern communication technologies in the field of modern art. The authors consider and analyze such concepts as artistic communication and artistic perception in relation to the field of modern art. The ways of using modern communication technologies in modern art and museum and exhibition activities are presented in more detail.
Problems and Prospects of Communication Development in the Modern World
Authors: Каргин Н. , Kargin N. , Быков М. , Bykov M.
Published: May 2019

The article is devoted to the problems of the role, place and importance of communication processes in the world community, the prospects of creating a theoretical concept of communication studies, providing effective interaction between different forms of activities and between the individuals representing them. The purpose and objectives of the research are defined, the modern approach from the position of system methodology is postulated. Means of communication, its means, technologies and processes, as well as structure, mechanism and form are consistently considered. In conclusion, brief conclusions are made.
Potential of Word Creation in Dayly Communication
Authors: Плотникова Л. , Plotnikova L.
Published: May 2019

In article the examples of word creation recorded in the daily speech are analyzed, structural, semantic and communicative-cognitive features of speech innovations are described. Process of creating of lexical neoplasms is regarded as a linguistic and creative process aimed at the creation of the necessary in this speech situation of the word. New words are distinguished by a variety of word-formation models. The paper notes the most productive derivational affixes and methods of word formation. Results of the linguistic experiment made it possible to draw certain conclusions about the features of the formation of new words and the role of words-stimuli in the process of word production.
The Problem of Supporting the Attention of the Student Audience During the Lecture as an Important Modern Problem of The University Teacher
Authors: Романенко Н. , Romanenko N.
Published: May 2019

The article explores ways of supporting the active attention of the student’s audience by means of various resources and mechanisms. The author updates the problem of supporting the students’ attention during the lecture, since modern electronic devises have increased their «stickiness», attractiveness and accessibility and have become the main teachers’ “competitor” in obtaining students’ attention. Numerous statements regarding the term «attention» and types of attention are given by leading domestic and foreign psychologists” in its essential characteristics. The author indicates that today’s modern students’ society understanding has been more formed in the virtual world than in real one, this kind of understanding communicates with social networks in non-stop mode and within the study time, during the lectures, seminars, between the work of mastering professional training program. The demonstration of an abstract, passive listening by students of a lecturer in the course of lessons, poor subject mastering causes fears among teachers, who are powerless in the face of the pressure of the gadget revolution and technological modernization. The author focuses on the various components of the lecture, makes recommendations for the increase of students’ active attention.
Storytelling as a Communicative Tool of Corporate Media Discourse
Authors: Гвозданная Н. , Gvozdannaya N.
Published: May 2019

Over the past decades the number of studies devoted to the use of storytelling technologies in various spheres of human activity has significantly increased. The article reveals the concept of the term “storytelling” and consideres its role in the corporate media discourse.
Russia's external debt
Authors: Николайчук Ольга , Nikolaychuk Olga , Люшнина Надежда , Lyushnina Nadezhda
Published: May 2019

The monograph introduces a new approach to the study of the problem of foreign debt. The mistakes of institution-building, and most importantly their fix every year it becomes more expensive for Russian companies. In this regard, the study of external debt problems through the prism of features that affect the institutional efficiency of the economy, explains and justifies the growing interest in such research
The Renal Dietetic Outcome Tool (RDOT) in clinical practice
Authors: Gardiner Claire , El-Sherbini Nevine , Perry Sue , Alderdice Jane , Harman Annabel , Tarm Linda
Published: May 2019

Providing cost- and clinically-effective services is essential in today's NHS, but it can be difficult to capture this data in day to day practice. The identification and development of outcome measures for dietetics is an ongoing challenge. This article describes how the Renal Nutrition Group of the British Dietetic Association developed three renal-specific Dietetic Outcome Models and a Renal Dietetic Outcome Tool (RDOT) to measure dietetic outcomes in potassium and phosphate management and oral nutrition support in patients with chronic kidney disease for use in daily clinical practice
Nutrition screening in hospitalised patients—a renal perspective
Authors: Jackson Helena
Published: May 2019

Malnutrition is common in hospitalised patients, and studies indicate that 50% patients who are admitted to specialist renal wards may be malnourished. The detection of malnutrition is challenging, particularly in patients with renal disease. Nutrition screening is a brief malnutrition risk assessment and provides the opportunity for early detection and prompt treatment of malnutrition
English Foundations of American Law, 1500s–1776
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes current sources and techniques useful for finding seventeenth- and eighteenth-century laws of England and introduces some methods an attorney in England in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries might have used. Before researchers can find the law, they must know what was considered to be the source of law in the period being investigated. Reporting, publishing, and finding cases has been important in English law for centuries. Parliamentary enactments during the colonial period also play an important part in the framework surrounding any particular legal issue. Meanwhile, English law is built on a foundation of common law, which is built on case law. As such, finding cases that relate to a particular topic is critical in research. A good case-finding option is a digest of cases; these have been written over the centuries, as have abridgments and treatises on particular areas of law.
The Administrative State, 1930s–2010s
Authors: Nann John B. , Cohen Morris L.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores sources of information for administrative law research. Today there is a large, well-developed body of both federal and state administrative law. Administrative law includes the law that governs governmental administrative agencies and the law created by those agencies. There are four types of administrative materials: (1) materials created by administrative agencies or executive departments other than the president before the mid-1930s, (2) presidential materials, (3) materials created by administrative agencies or executive departments other than the president after the mid-1930s, and (4) some miscellaneous materials. In 1938, Congress passed the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Act. The CFR, published annually in four parts, organizes the regulations in force by topic and within each topic by agency. Other sources of information include administrative decisions, state administrative law, and federal government documents.
In Waiting
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This chapter explains the figure of the servant in literature. The focus here is on the eighteenth century, via a close reading of Miss Sara Sampson. Paying close attention to Goethe's long list of servants (and especially to his valet Carl Stadelmann), the chapter examines the articulation of power relations between master and subject and, further, the topos of the world upside down, which threatens to turn those power structures on their head. The chapter concludes with a discussion of mimetic desire. Using examples from Goethe and Proust, it shows not merely how servants mimic the behavior of their masters but also how the actions subalterns imitate come to affect, in turn, the models set by their superiors.
Channel Service
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This chapter turns to the servants of (tele)communication networks, particularly to their relation to the channel of information transmission. The central focus here is the transformation of the conditions of communication and the replacement of the classic server with technical media, in the introduction of electricity, the telegraph, and the telephone in the nineteenth century. With the aid of yet another scientific subaltern, namely Carl Friedrich Gauss' institute assistant, the chapter evokes a key moment in the development of modern telecommunications, an event that takes place in Göttingen in 1833. The question framing the discussion is how the same event can lend itself to different views according to the various media theoretical approaches employed.
Listen, James
Authors: Krajewski Markus
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter examines the figure of the servant from several perspectives, ranging from architectural to literary and scientific contexts. It argues that the server metaphor involves much more than just a cursory formula or a decorative analogy; the term has a rich historical background. As a ministering spirit of communication, the server defies definitions, since the figure it invokes—the servant—fulfills a multitude of historical and media-specific functions. And it is precisely the long, multifaceted history of that figure that may provide assistance in unpacking the metaphor. The chapter shows that the aim of the book is to trace the intricate pathways of service in a broad arc that extends from the present day to the baroque.
“I Cherish a Desire to Be at Sea”
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses John Wompas's “desire to be at sea.” Wompas spent his life straddling two worlds, so there is harmony in the fact that he sought the companionship of a group of men who spent half of their lives at sea and half ashore. From 1668 until his death, the maritime community—on sea and land—was where John seemed most at ease. Perhaps his desire to be at sea is not surprising; water was central to both his Indian and English worlds. The Nipmucs were the “freshwater people” because their lives and livelihood centered on the large lakes that dotted their homeland. Meanwhile, Wompas's years in the English world also showed him the centrality of seafaring to the English.
“Hee Had Lost a Great Many Men in the Warr”
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the war between the colonists and many of the surrounding Native peoples in New England, which began in late June 1675. Initially, it involved only the English of Plymouth Colony and the Wampanoags under their sachem Philip Metacom—also known as King Philip—but the conflict quickly spread to Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and northern New England, drawing in English and Indian combatants from all of those locales, including the Nipmucs of the central Massachusetts highlands. Few groups suffered more during King Philip's War than the Christian Indians, caught as they were between the distrust of their Indian kin and the English to whom they had pledged their loyalty. Their treatment by the English during and after King Philip's War fueled John Wompas's growing anger against the Massachusetts government, which would explode on his return to Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1677.
“Royall Protection”
Authors: Pulsipher Jenny Hale
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on John Wompas's residence in London, which allowed him to make new friends and acquaintances. As he had done before, he drew on them for financial and emotional support and rewarded them with deeds to Native land. Wompas again found a welcome reception at the court of Charles II, including expressions of support for the rights of the Crown's Native subjects. However, the king's supportive words would not translate into deeds, an outcome that reveals much about the English empire's shallow commitment to Native peoples. Resourceful as ever, Wompas managed through his own actions to secure assistance for himself and protection for the lands of his Nipmuc kin.
Freedom under the Gun
Authors: Ashwood Loka
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the implications of crime and gun ownership in Burke County, Georgia. Burke County's aggravated assault rate in 2011 was more than three times the national average: about 8 for every 1,000 people, versus 2.41 per 1,000 nationally. In 2010, its violent crime rate was more than twice the national average. These are not typical numbers for rural counties in America. For a county of 23,316, with only 28 people per square mile, the crime and violence in Burke County contradict widespread idyllic notions of the countryside and places identified as rural. Gun ownership is also high. One reason is because of white residents' proximity to black residents. There is a long tradition in the South of perpetrating violence against black people simply because white people perceived them as a threat, even when they were innocent. These prejudices are dramatized by crimes that may have no confirmed evidence of black-on-white assault, but still agitate prejudicial fears.
The Literariness of Graphic Satire
Authors: Taylor David Francis
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter discusses the literariness of graphic satire. First applied to visual satire in the mid-nineteenth century, the term graphic satire problematically implies a straightforward formal equivalence between the modern editorial cartoon and the political caricature of the Georgian period, which was published and disseminated as a single-sheet etching. However, the fallacy that such images yield their meaning directly and near instantaneously is an old one. To speak of the literariness of caricature is to recognize and attend to its syntactical and narrative structures: structures that are themselves constituted through the enmeshing of images and words; the appropriation and parody of literary scenes and tropes; and often-dense networks of allusions to other cultural texts, practices, and traditions. It is also necessary to acknowledge that a print's meaning and sociopolitical orientation comes into focus only when seen in relation to the cultural constellation of which it was a vital and highly self-conscious constituent.
Leon Pinsker
Authors: Shumsky Dmitry
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on a figure that the existing historiography considers to be the first to articulate the principle of territorial self-determination in modern Jewish nationalism: Leon Pinsker (1821–1891). He is the founder of the Hibat Tsiyon movement and author of the formative text of the modern Jewish political nationalism, “Autoemancipation!” (September 1882). The account of how Pinsker came to write “Autoemancipation!,” became a fixture of the historiography discourse on Pinsker. However, the chapter shows that a reexamination of recently uncovered writings by Pinsker reaches conclusions that are fundamentally different from the conventional account.
Theodor Herzl
Authors: Shumsky Dmitry
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines Theodor Herzl (1860–1904), the founder of political Zionism. The very expression “Herzl, visionary of the state,” which has become common not only in Israeli public discourse but in academic discourse as well, contains more than a little anachronism. Here, the anachronistic approach creates an artificial dichotomy that disregards certain conceptual aspects of Herzl's thought while selectively emphasizing and isolating others. By way of comparison between Herzl's and Max Nordau's cultural–linguistic vision and the cultural–national conceptions of the Slovenian, Czech, Lithuanian, Norwegian, and other national movements of the nineteenth century's non-dominant nationalities, the chapter sheds new light on Herzlian Zionism as a cultural–national approach that is embedded in the historical context of its time.
Ahad Ha’am
Authors: Shumsky Dmitry
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes the political outlook of Asher Ginsberg (Ahad Ha'am, 1856–1927), the founder of spiritual–cultural Zionism. The approach to Ahad Ha'am in this historiography, however, is another instructive example of the distortion that the nation-state paradigm creates in the study of the history of Zionist national thought, and any reevaluation of the ideological history of Zionism must contend with this distortion as well. Here, it will also become clear that the nation-state methodology creates a somewhat artificial dichotomy in its representation of the Jewish national vision held by Zionism's founders. This time, the dichotomy to be overcome is between the Herzlian “Jews' state” and the Ahad Ha'amian so-called spiritual center.
Introduction
Authors: Hamilton Shane
Published: May 2019

This chapter introduces the concept of the Farms Race and how it links to the weaponization of American supermarkets during the Cold War. The connections between supermarket retailing and industrial agricultural supply chains are introduced, highlighting the ways in which this book is not a traditional business history but is instead a history of capitalism that uses supermarkets as a lens into the workings of industrial agriculture. The introduction also explains why the book is not a military or diplomatic history of the Cold War, or a study framed primarily by the concept of “Americanization.” American supermarkets were machines for selling goods as well as ideas, for enabling as well as constraining the choices made by food producers and consumers. As such, they were instruments of power.
Food Power and the Global Supermarket
Authors: Hamilton Shane
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses how U.S. transnational agribusiness corporations demonstrated U.S. farm and food power to the world from the 1960s into the 1980s. In earlier decades of the Farms Race, U.S. farmers were called upon to feed the hungry world as a counter-revolutionary project with a humanitarian veneer. By the late 1970s, politicians and businessmen were increasingly declaring their intent to rewrite the rules of global food production and trade on entirely profit-driven terms. Building on Cold War-inspired modernization and development projects initiated in the 1940s–1960s, U.S.-based transnational agribusinesses in the 1970s–1990s—including the International Basic Economy Corporation (IBEC), the former linseed-oil manufacturer turned global commodities giant Archer Daniels Midland, and the Ozarks-based retail chain Walmart—constructed a world in which private corporations, including supermarkets, emerged as the primary institutional mechanisms for regulating and coordinating global food chains.
Shelley Burning
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the origins of British engagement with the Mediterranean, going back to August 1822, when Lord George Byron, his friend Edward Trelawny, a gaggle of Tuscan soldiers, and a local health official dug out Percy Bysshe Shelley's corpse from the spot on the beach near Viareggio where it had been buried two weeks before in the burning yellow sand; they then burned the body on a makeshift pyre. Relics from the burning of Shelley's corpse later became a cause célèbre, with claims attached to locks of hair and splinters of bone; the cremation became a source of mythology in its own right. This event was a totemic moment in the history of the Anglo-Mediterranean cultural encounter, not only because of who Shelley was but because of where the event occurred, and how it relates to a quasi-sanctification occupied by the Mediterranean in British life.
Blue Solitudes
Authors: Holland Robert
Published: May 2019

This chapter details British engagement with the Mediterranean from 1830 to 1860. Any discussion of Victorian cultural life is hindered by a stereotype: that it was an age of intimidating confidence and national, increasingly imperial, certainties. The truth was very different. Leading Victorians were wracked by fears of individual and collective decay and outright breakdown, often fomented by disturbing Mediterranean experience, real or imagined, which had religious, mental, and sexual connotations. There was also fear of political dissolution from the outset of this period. Moreover, aristocratic influences became enmeshed in the shibboleths of the emerging Victorian middle class. In their cultural form, those influences always had a deep Mediterranean imprint.
The post-Marxist Gramsci
Authors: Martin James
Published: May 2019

Gramsci's ideas, particularly his formulation of cultural and ideological ‘hegemony’, have been a vital reference point in post-war Marxism and radical political thinking generally. Laclau and Mouffe's recasting of hegemony in a post-Marxist idiom continued a wider tendency to amplify a specific aspect of Gramsci's work, largely by neglecting consideration of his historical context or political and organisational commitments. By expanding hegemony into a radical theory of social constitution, I argue, Laclau and Mouffe drew upon Gramsci effectively to distance themselves from much of his legacy. This, I suggest, exemplified an interpretive attitude of ‘mourning’ that contrasts with the tendency to a ‘left melancholia’ that seeks an authentic radical subject prior to politics.
Laclau and Mouffe’s blind spots: a reply to Goldstein
Authors: Fournier Philippe
Published: May 2019

This reply to Philip Goldstein's ‘Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe: the evolution of post- Marxism’ makes the case that Laclau and Mouffe's work is symptomatic of a flight into abstraction that has muted the genuinely critical aspects of the Marxist tradition and failed both to reflect and guide protest movements in the age of neoliberalism.
From domination to emancipation and freedom: reading Ernesto Laclau’s post-Marxism in conjunction with Philip Pettit’s neo-republicanism
Authors: Khan Gulshan
Published: May 2019

In this paper, I bring Ernesto Laclau's post-Marxist approach into conversation with the analytical thinker Philip Pettit, who has developed an influential neo-republican conception of freedom as ‘non-domination’. Both thinkers aim to reconfigure power and domination towards more democratic and egalitarian relations and I evaluate the political implications of their respective conceptions of domination/non-domination, emancipation and freedom. I show that despite these common points of reference, the two authors exhibit considerable differences which manifest in their respective conceptions of structure and agency. In the opening section, I compare Laclau's and Pettit's respective conceptions of ‘domination’ where I highlight the differences between them in two alternate readings of Henrik Ibsen's play A Doll's House. In the second section, I examine their respective understandings of ‘emancipation’ and ‘freedom’, and I demonstrate that Pettit does not model his conception of freedom as non-domination on the idea of emancipation. This stands in contrast to Laclau, for whom emancipation remains the focal point of political struggle, despite formal equality, and who maintains the idea of the possibility of a more radical transformation in the underlying structures of society. In the final section, I consider Laclau's and Pettit's alternative conceptions of politics where both thinkers place a premium on democratic contest in challenging and overturning arbitrary power. I show that for Pettit political freedom is a mode of contestability within the established institutions, while Laclau's notions of emancipation and freedom functions at the level of competing hegemonic projects, and this facilitates a form of political struggle that might transcend the existing regime to instantiate a new institutional order. I conclude by amalgamating the respective strengths of both thinkers to provide a multi-layered analysis of contemporary forms of domination to better aid our understanding about the kinds of struggle needed to contest them.
Cultures of breastfeeding: reflections for policy and practice
Authors: Tedstone Sally , Lucas Geraldine
Published: May 2019

As an infant feeding specialist in midwifery practice and a university senior lecturer in midwifery, we have had some very interesting discussions about the work presented in this group of chapters. It has become clear to us that what midwifery students learn is heavily influenced by the practice they observe while on clinical placements. This may seem obvious, but from our perspective the pressures that higher education and the NHS face in the current climate of austerity in the UK have resulted in a squeeze on opportunities for dialogue, feedback and reflection between the two sectors, and we feel that this has a potential impact on the quality of student learning....
Embodiment as a gauge of individual, public and planetary health
Authors: Boswell-Penc Maia
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins by considering the specific context of the workplace as it presents significant barriers to women seeking to continue breastfeeding as they return to work. From there, the chapter considers lactating working mothers alongside lactating (working) cows, the source of most infant formula that non-nursing mothers use. Considering both lactating mothers and lactating cows, the chapter reveals that increasing degrees of embodiment correspond with increasing degrees of individual, public, and planetary health. Breast milk for young ones and non-dairy milk for others emerges as critical to securing optimal health for all; additionally, as research has surfaced pointing to ways in which we make healthier decisions when we focus on others, compassion becomes an entry into moving into practices that support global health. As research into ‘kangaroo care’ — skin-to-skin engagement with infants — suggests, full embodiment increases compassion, just as breastfeeding increases oxytocin. Compassion in its broadest sense may become part of the toolbox that can help breastfeeding professionals make a case for exclusive and extended breastfeeding.
Conclusion
Authors: Dowling Sally , Pontin David , Boyer Kate
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter discusses the interdisciplinary approach taken towards the subject of breastfeeding and how these can contribute to policy and academic study. It shares some of the dialogue and enthusiasm with people who could use it in their everyday life/work supporting women who breastfeed their babies. This chapter shows how each contributor to this book presented their work during the six seminars and otherwise participated in an ongoing conversation on the topic of breastfeeding over the life of the series. Other practitioners have provided insight and reflection into the usefulness of the academic work for policy makers and practitioners. ‘Practitioner’ here is interpreted in the widest sense, to refer to breastfeeding support delivered by health professionals, breastfeeding peer and other supporters, infant feeding leads in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals/community services, and local authority managers. The chapter also reveals the many connections between chapters in different sections, and across the book, though there are many others that readers are encouraged draw themselves.
Action: professionals learning to labour
Authors: Gunter Helen M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter suggests that the combination of the ‘uncommon’ knowledges for and about the curriculum and teacher readies both for schools as businesses, where data on pupil outcomes has come to dominate the design and delivery of the curriculum and pedagogy for a segregated marketplace. Core to this has been a shift in accountability away from collegiality and peer review towards data-determined performance measurement as competent teaching. Teachers and teaching are now directly implicated in the construction and maintenance of sectarian divides based on uncommon knowledges. The chapter explores these trends using Hannah Arendt's identification of labour, work, and action. It first outlines her ideas before critically engaging with the notion and realities of performance accountability.
Introduction: widening the lens on grandparenting
Authors: Timonen Virpi
Published: May 2019

It is important that patterns of contact and transfers of time and material resources between family generations continue to receive attention, yet it is also essential to broaden the enquiry to examine the evolving nature and meanings of these transfers, and changes in intergenerational relationships more generally. The demographic and welfare state contexts of grandparenting have retained their central importance, and evince some intriguing developments, not in the least the postponement in the age of becoming a grandparent in some contexts. Grandparenting in countries that are undergoing rapid economic and social development is flagged as an area of growing interest. Gender and intersectionalities are brought into particularly close focus, through investigations into the gendered divisions of labour among grandmothers and grandfathers. The growing importance of transnational grandparenting is emphasised. Grandparental roles, agency and influence are highlighted as topics that deserve more attention.
Class-based grandfathering practices in Finland
Authors: Ojala Hanna , Pietilä Ilkka
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on class-based features of grandfathering in the context of a Nordic welfare state. Based on interviews with 17 middle- and working-class Finnish grandfathers, the chapter shows that while men’s grandparenting practices are not limited to auxiliary roles to assist grandmothers, grandchildren’s age has an effect on how grandfathers spend time with their grandchildren. School-aged children received most attention, and working-class grandfathers tended to provide their grandchildren with practical skills, whereas middle-class were focused more on increasing their grandchildren’s social capital. Working-class grandfathering practices emphasised creating continuity between men’s generations and transferring masculine knowledge. In the middle-class, active grandfather role was explained by the pressures of working life among the middle generation. Day care services, provided by the welfare state, are not flexible enough to meet the needs of middle-class families whose work demands are set by global enterprises, and who thus need support from grandparents.
The nature of the evidence assembled
Authors: Gorard Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the conduct of education research, as well as some methodological innovations that have been proposed and used. A simple general approach to research is described; including a ‘sieve’, or a set of criteria, used to assist in the estimation of trustworthiness of any research study and the number of counterfactual cases needed to disturb a finding (NNTD). The chapter describes these and other innovations to generate evidence used in the following chapters; such as the mean absolute deviation and the Gorard segregation index. Furthermore, it presents an outline of additional research methods used in the following chapters.
The wider outcomes of schools as societies
Authors: Gorard Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at how education and experiences at school can influence outcomes and attributes other than cognitive attainment. After all, while attainment is important, it is only one possible educational outcome of schooling. Others such as wellbeing, enjoyment of learning, or preparation for adult life could be just as important. Although interventions and policies to enhance wellbeing, resilience, or engagement may not convert into higher attainment, they can still lead to positive outcomes in their own right. Thus, the topics addressed in this chapter fall into two main categories. It looks at formative interactions at school between adults and students, and between student peers as well as their link to students' intentions for the future, their sense of justice, and expectations of life. The chapter then evaluates interventions intended to improve students' non-cognitive outcomes such as communication, teamwork, and confidence.
The supply of professionals
Authors: Gorard Stephen
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers the reported shortages of scientists and school teachers in the United Kingdom. STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics) subjects, students, and teachers occupy a privileged position in UK government education policy because of their economic importance, but are in short supply and/or reducing in proportion to the number of available opportunities. As with scientists, there appears to be a constant demand for more teachers in the United Kingdom and other developed countries. This chapter shows that whereas UK public spending has declined in real terms since the economic downturn of 2008 onwards, one area where policy-makers have claimed that spending has been sustained and even increased is encouraging the supply of new STEM graduates. The UK government proposals to develop the nation's scientific skills base largely lie in increasing the supply of young people into the STEM professions. Similarly, a whole range of policy initiatives have been proposed and tried to increase the supply of teachers. This chapter shows, however, the issue of shortages has yet to be effectively addressed.
Introduction
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

Any observer of the public or private actors involved in the production of public action will encounter frequent complaints about the lack of resources available to these actors. A common statement likely to be heard in this context is: ‘I would like to take action, but I do not have the necessary money, legal basis, people, time etc.’ Surprisingly, such statements are made not only by marginal actors but also, and perhaps even more often, by individuals and groups that the observer would identify as powerful political-administrative, economic or social actors who enjoy a high degree of public visibility and a strong presence in a considerable number of policy contexts. Moreover, this observation is not limited to the development of new activities that may be initiated by these actors; it also concerns the implementation of follow-up interventions or inventions involving the production of public action in existing areas....
The foundations of public policy analysis2
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

This chapter revisits the foundations of public policy analysis as presented in our previous textbook of 2011 (Knoepfel et al., 2011): the definition of public policies (distinction between substantive and institutional policies), the rejected notion of public action, causality models, actor triangles and resources. It adds some new perspectives on the relation between actors (political-administrative actors, target groups and beneficiaries) and their resources. Finally, it brings some clarification to the topic of the institutions, which are considered as the ‘rules of the game’, and introduces a list of possession, behavioural and decisional rules that feature in the constitutional and private law of Switzerland. The majority of these rules can also be found in other democratic political systems.
Public policy management by actors’ endowment
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: May 2019

As shown in this chapter, Action Plans (AP) can be considered as means of improving both the efficiency and effectiveness of public policies. Such plans aim to coordinate and target the production of administrative outputs in terms of defining (functional, temporal, spatial or social) priorities. The chapter shows that the ‘service level agreements’ (French: mandat/contrat de prestation; German: Leistungsvertrag), which are increasingly used in Switzerland, can be in interpreted as specific action plans that attempt to control public action by means of specific allocations of public action resources. Initially aimed at limiting state intervention (liberal state), such agreements have become general instruments for the management of public policies by identifying (quantitatively or qualitatively determined) objectives and related resources and outputs to be produced by various public agencies. The chapter shows, however, that such agreements take little or no account of the effectiveness in terms of the results (outcomes) of public policies. Hence, new public management reforms still lack adequate management or control of their (claimed) capacity for steering problem-solving through public policies by means of the allocation of budgets of both very familiar (Law, Time, Personnel, Money) and still not entirely recognized resources (Organization, Information, Consensus, Political Support).
Description of Housework Study
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the study of housework. The sociological neglect of housework was demonstrated in the last chapter. Because so little material exists, the study presented in this book was conceived as an exploratory, pilot survey. A first aim is to describe the housewife's work situation and the housewife's attitudes to housework. A second is to examine patterns of satisfaction and dissatisfaction with housework in relation to a number of variables, including social class, education, the division of labour in marriage, technical equipment, and patterns of social interaction. A third aim is to suggest possible hypotheses directed towards explaining differences between housewives in attitudes to housework and the housework situation. The sample consisted of forty London housewives, all aged between twenty and thirty at the time of interview.
Conclusions
Authors: Oakley Ann
Published: May 2019

This concluding chapter addresses the problem of the kind of awareness housewives have, or might be encouraged to have, of their situation as women. When the housewives in the present research sample were asked for their opinions on the women's liberation movement, the attitude revealed was a predominantly negative one. This is perhaps not surprising, since the interviews were carried out in early 1971 when public opinion was much less alert to the women's liberation issue than it is today. The chapter then argues that the systematic correction of sexism in society is an operation which has to proceed on many different levels simultaneously. Theoretical analysis constitutes one level; another level consists of the practical measures which must be taken towards institutional equality; yet a third is concerned with the erosion of biases against women in social attitudes.