bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students’ Perspectives on Bullying
and School Climate
Authors: Weiner Mary T. , Day Stefanie J. , Galvan Dennis
Published: September 2013

Student Perspectives reflect school climate. The study examined perspectives among deaf and hard of hearing students in residential and large day schools regarding bullying, and compared these perspectives with those of a national database of hearing students. The participants were 812 deaf and hard of hearing students in 11 U.S. schools. Data were derived from the Olweus Bullying Questionnaire (), a standardized self-reported survey with multiple-choice questions focusing on different aspects of bullying problems. Significant bullying problems were found in deaf school programs. It appears that deaf and hard of hearing students experience bullying at rates 2–3 times higher than those reported by hearing students. Deaf and hard of hearing students reported that school personnel intervened less often when bullying occurred than was reported in the hearing sample. Results indicate the need for school climate improvement for all students, regardless of hearing status.
From “Flowery Tales” to “Heroic Rapes”: Virginal Subjectivity in the Mythological Meadow
Authors: Deacy Susan
Published: September 2013

This paper extends the “third-wave” feminist goal of looking for female agency in unexpected places to the female construction of desire in the abduction meadow. It argues that the meadow is an erotically charged space because of the perceived “pluckability” of its inhabitants and because of their erotic play. It explores how, rather than being determined by the male intruders, the meadow’s eroticism is actively produced by the girls themselves. There is a particular focus upon the construction of virginal subjectivity in the experiences of two of the females: Europa and Persephone.
Eloquent Collisions: The Annales of Tacitus, the Column of Trajan, and the Cinematic Quick-Cut
Authors: Waddell Philip
Published: September 2013

In this paper, using the analogy of the cinematic quick-cut and comparison to the contemporary Column of Trajan, I examine Tacitus’s vivid use of sudden transition and its effect on the reader of the Annales . I sub divide the quick-cut into three categories of “narrative,” “collision,” and “attraction,” each of which compels the reader to forge the deep narrative of Tacitus’s Annales . Through his adroit use of the quick-cut, Tacitus is able to construct a deep narrative “secret history” that trumps both logic and the surface historical “facts.”
Too Old to Work?: The Influence of Retraining on Employment Status for Older Immigrants to Canada
Authors: Hochbaum Christine V.
Published: September 2013

Research has established that immigrants who possess host-country human capital fare better on employment outcomes relative to those with foreign credentials. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of retraining on the employment status of older immigrants to Canada. Using the three waves of the Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants to Canada (LSIC), cross-sectional and longitudinal logistic regression models are conducted to test whether the probability of being employed is significantly related to retraining, while controlling for gender, age at arrival, immigration category, visible minority status, marital status, dependents in the household, highest level of education obtained outside of Canada, language proficiency, recognition of foreign work experience, health, and social networks. The results reveal that retraining at wave 2 is significantly related to the probability of being employed at wave 2. Longitudinally, a different pattern emerged in which the probability of being employed at wave 3 is greatest among those who did not pursue retraining at wave 1. Gender does not moderate the association between retraining and employment status for any of the waves.

Selon la recherche, les immigrés qui ont acquis dans leur pays-hôte des qualifications en termes de capital humain s’en tirent mieux dans le domaine de l’emploi que ceux qui n’ont que des titres de compétence étrangers. Le but de cet article est d’examiner les effets d’une nouvelle formation sur la situation professionnelle de personnes d’un certain âge qui immigrent au Canada. À partir des trois vagues de collecte de l’Enquête longitudinale des immigrants au Canada (ELIC), nous avons réalisé trois modèles de régression logistiques transversaux et longitudinaux pour tester dans quelle mesure la probabilité de trouver un emploi est liée de manière significative à un recyclage professionnel, ceci en tenant compte du genre, de l’âge au moment de l’arrivée au Canada, de la catégorie d’immigrant, du statut de minorité visible, de la situation maritale, des personnes dépendantes de la famille, du niveau le plus élevé d’éducation atteint hors frontières, des compétences linguistiques, de la reconnaissance de l’expérience professionnelle étrangère, de la santé et des réseaux sociaux. Les résultats révèlent que, lors de la vague 2, ceux qui ont acquis une formation ont eu significativement plus de chances de trouver un emploi. Longitudinalement, la tendance qui apparaît est différente : dans ce cas, ceux qui n’ont pas tenté de se recycler lors de la première vague ont eu plus de possibilités d’embauche lors de la troisième. Quant à l’association entre formation complémentaire et la situation professionnelle, le genre ne joue de rôle dans aucune des trois vagues.
Theorizing Age and Generation in Migration Contexts: Towards Social Age Mainstreaming?
Authors: Clark-Kazak Christina
Published: September 2013

This paper proposes social age as an analytical framework within which to understand and respond to age and generation in migration contexts. It argues that comprehensive social age analysis can lead to greater age sensitivity in migration research, policy and programming. As such, this introduction situates the empirical studies in the special issue and draws on them to test, challenge and inform the social age analytical framework.

Le cadre analytique que nous proposons dans cet article pour comprendre et trouver des réponses à la question des âges divers et des générations dans des contextes de migration est l’âge social. Nous soutenons qu’une analyse compréhensive de ce dernier peut mener à une plus grande sensitivité envers la question de l’âge dans la recherche, la politique et la programmation sur la migration. En tant que telle, cette introduction donne dans ce numéro spécial une place aux études empiriques, dans lesquelles elle s’appuie pour tester, mettre au défi et alimenter le cadre analytique de l’âge social.
The Intersecting Dynamics of Social Exclusion: Age, Gender, Race and Immigrant Status in Canada’s Labour Market
Authors: Lightman Naomi , Gingrich Luann Good
Published: September 2013

Through the use of a social exclusion framework and analysis of recent data from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (2009), a national longitudinal database, this empirical research investigates the mechanisms through which social groups are made and socio-economic outcomes are determined in Canada today. Our objective is to explore and describe the social characteristics and personal attributes that intersect to direct divergent economic realities. To this end, we initially present a brief review of the social exclusion literature, as well as descriptive data on several aspects of age and immigration. This is followed by logistic regressions for five dimensions of economic exclusion, to examine who is made socially excluded in economic terms in Canada. Subsequently, to progress the analysis from a focus on the individual effects of specific social attributes, we calculate the combined odds of two dimensions of economic exclusion (low individual earnings and insecure employment) for eight prototypes of individuals, to highlight the intersecting effects of social dynamics related to age, gender, visible minority status and immigrant status, and to ultimately explore who gets ahead and who falls behind in the Canadian labour market. We conclude with a discussion of policy and research implications.

À partir d’un cadre d’exclusion sociale et de l’analyse de données récentes de l’Enquête sur la dynamique du travail et du revenu de 2009, une base de données longitudinale et nationale, cette recherche empirique étudie les mécanismes de formation des groupes sociaux et d’identification des enjeux socio-économiques d’aujourd’hui au Canada. Notre objectif est d’explorer et de décrire les caractéristiques sociales et les attributs personnels qui s’entrecoupent pour adresser des réalités pécuniaires divergentes. À cette fin, nous présentons d’abord une brève revue de la documentation sur l’ostracisme social, ainsi que des données descriptives sur plusieurs aspects de l’âge et de l’immigration. Puis, nous en venons aux régressions logistiques pour cinq dimensions de l’exclusion économique, afin d’examiner qui est socialement l’objet d’un rejet en termes financiers au Canada. Ensuite, pour faire avancer l’analyse à partir d’une focalisation sur les effets individuels d’attributs sociaux spécifiques, nous calculons les probabilités de deux composantes de cette exclusion économique (de bas revenus individuels et un travail précaire) pour huit prototypes d’individus, afin de mettre en lumière les effets croisés de dynamiques sociales reliées à l’âge, au genre, au statut de minorité visible et à celui d’immigré, et pour finalement explorer qui passe devant et qui reste en arrière dans le marché du travail. Nous concluons avec un examen des implications à étudier dans les domaines des politiques et de la recherche.
Ossian’s Folk Psychology
Authors: Savarese John
Published: September 2013

When James Macpherson turned to the popular poetry of ancient Scotland, he found in it what philosophers now call folk psychology: a commonsense theory about how minds work. Yet because his poems were largely forgeries, Macpherson winds up importing more recent physiology into his portrayal of ancient, pagan materialism. As a result, the poems’ vernacular packaging ultimately delivers a philosophy closer to more counterintuitive models of mindedness: primitive animism, radical materialism, and innate faculties of mind recognition. In ways that remain relevant today, the Ossianic project seeks a materialism that might situate literary artifacts within a broader, interdisciplinary terrain.
Ruiz de Burton, Railroads, Reconstruction
Authors: Thomas Brook
Published: September 2013

María Amparo Ruiz de Burton’s fiction has been analyzed primarily by critics trained in Hispanic or Western literary studies. But, with one work written in the midst of Reconstruction and the other set during its timeframe, her novels also invite a reconsideration of the literature of Reconstruction. This is especially true of The Squatter and the Don , whose portrayal of railroads reminds us that Reconstruction was an economic program as well as one to advance the rights of freedmen. Revising our understanding of de Burton’s literary politics, this essay argues that Reconstruction remains an unfinished revolution in part because of its failure to implement progressive economic reform.
Love Against Substitution: John Milton, Aphra Behn, and the Political Theology of Conjugal Narratives
Authors: Song Eric B.
Published: September 2013

This article argues that John Milton and Aphra Behn define conjugal love precisely as a rejection of substitutes. Their depictions of love thereby amplify the tension between marriage’s roles in regulating intergenerational substitution and in producing love for a unique object. Both authors use the resulting ambivalence to put affective pressure on political and theological economies relying on the fungibility of persons, including hereditary succession and Christian atonement. Milton and Behn write from starkly opposed political positions at different moments of upheaval in seventeenth-century England. Yet they share a literary definition of conjugal love that can test the political theology of a Christ-like monarch.
L’Avant-gardisme aristocratique de Valentine de Saint-Point
Authors: Martens David , Oberhuber Andrea
Published: September 2013

Les écrits manifestaires de Valentine de Saint-Point sont sous-tendus par une contradiction entre le caractère avant-gardiste de nombre des modes d’intervention de l’auteure, qui a été proche du futurisme, et des références à des principes conçus et présentés comme intemporels, dont la société occidentale moderne serait dépourvue et qu’il conviendrait de revivifier. Le présent article s’attache à dégager la cohérence de ces tensions constitutives, qu’il situe notamment dans l’imaginaire nobiliaire de l’auteure-artiste.
Dada, Surrealism, Antropofagia: The Consuming Process of the Avant-gardes
Authors: Pouzet-Duzer Virginie
Published: September 2013

This article shows how cannibalism links symbolically and aesthetically the famous European-centered Dada and Surrealism movements and the lesser known Brazilian Antropofagia movement. Via manifestos and creations such as collages, these three avant-gardes indeed consume and devour each other, turning innovation into tradition, and the new into the old, before renewing it.
Drame du constructeur : Michaux lecteur de Poe
Authors: Ravindranathan Thangam
Published: September 2013

La critique a avancé diverses hypothèses quant aux origines du nom de Plume, unique personnage dans l’œuvre d’Henri Michaux. Par ailleurs, “Le drame des constructeurs,” texte de jeunesse peu étudié, prête à des fous (pour le leur refuser peu après) un pouvoir d’invention et d’intervention où on reconnaît les éléments fondateurs d’une dramaturgie animant toute l’œuvre de Michaux. Croisant ces deux énigmes et suivant les pistes qu’elles ouvrent, cet article considère ce qu’un drame continuel de la construction chez Michaux emprunte à la nouvelle d’Edgar Allen Poe, “Le Système du Docteur Goudron et du Professeur Plume.”
« Les Regards envoyés dehors » : Roch Grey, une poétique moderniste du déplacement
Authors: Reverseau Anne
Published: September 2013

La baronne d’Œttingen, qui écrit sous les noms de Léonard Pieux et de Roch Grey, a inventé une forme poétique descriptive dont on suit le développement, de ses proses courtes dans Les Soirées de Paris (1912–1914) à son roman Billet circulaire n°89 (1929). Avatar moderniste de la littérature de voyage, sa poétique du regard en déplacement est à la fois portrait et paysage . Les analyses de détail montrent le fonctionnement d’un lyrisme descriptif dans lequel les “regards [sont] envoyés dehors” ainsi que la façon dont la posture humble du témoin se double, comme chez Valery Larbaud, d’un dispositif ironique. Cette étude de cas permet de révéler les tensions du modernisme poétique français, pris dans la dialectique de l’ancien et du nouveau.
Crisis Temporalities: States of Emergency and the Gendered-Sexualized Logics of Asian American Women Abroad
Authors: Itagaki Lynn Mie
Published: September 2013

The failure of a binding peace treaty to end the Korean War creates a decades-long possibility of open hostilities between North and South Korea and their respective allies: in particular, China and the United States. After their capture at the Chinese-North Korean border and a five-month-long imprisonment in Pyongyang, Asian American journalists Laura Ling and Euna Lee faced criticism for jeopardizing US foreign relations, accused of betraying their family, race, culture, and nation by North Korean officials and US audiences alike. These journalists' published memoirs reveal multiple states of emergency through their preoccupations with temporality: the split-second decision to cross the border illegally; the minute they trespassed on North Korean territory; the almost sixty years of tense US-North Korean relations. Exemplifying what this article calls "crisis temporalities," these preoccupations reveal how conflicting and overlapping regimes of sovereignty and biopower produce and "make" life—for Ling and Lee in captivity, and also for the vulnerable populations they represent at both the US and North Korean borders: trafficked women, racialized immigrants, and those perceived as criminals and terrorists. Crisis temporalities determine, and are determined by, how, under states of emergency, the gendered-sexualized logics of racial formations determine belonging to the nation-state.
How to Survive Contagion, Disease, and Disaster: The "Masked Asian/American Woman" as Low-Tech Specter of Emergency Preparedness
Authors: Jen Clare Ching
Published: September 2013

This article approaches post-9/11 public health anxieties as human-technology-border agitations. Face masks and narratives of un/masking function as key components in the discursive production of emergencies. Incongruities—of "what is human," "what is technology," "what is un/natural," and "what is native or invasive"—surface as unsettling specters and take the form of the "masked Asian/American woman." Government, science, and mainstream publications deploy her as part of emergency-preparedness pedagogy and performance. The masked Asian/American woman as an analytic construct, in an intersectional and transnational feminist science studies approach to analyses of public health anxieties, can provide insight into: neoliberal gestures of self-defense and individual responsibility; representational biopolitics of the global economy; gendered labor mobility across borders; configurations of monsters and ghosts during states of emergency; and health justice for women and immigrant communities. She is a low-tech specter of emergency preparedness. At best, her hauntings—spooky, tormenting, and, at times, comically bizarre—call upon the public to examine and challenge public health inequalities.
Perpetual States of Emergency: The Sexuality of Terrorism in Middle America
Authors: Mason Carol
Published: September 2013

This article is a cultural analysis of the racial, sexual, and colonial aspects of homegrown terrorist assemblages in the American heartland. Applying Jasbir K. Puar's theories in Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times to the 2008 remarks by Oklahoma State Representative Sally Kern, who said that homosexuality is a worse threat than terrorism or Islam, this study illuminates how some conservative lawmakers declare states of emergency for political gain and to advance neoliberal policies. The article first reads Kern's nationally protested statements through the lens of Puar's work and in the context of the Oklahoma City bombing of 1995, then examines Kern's 2011 book as a narrative of white oppression grounded in an erasure of racism and imperialism, and concludes that her regular endorsement of emergency clauses in legislation corresponds with the apocalyptic temporality that characterizes her theological outlook. Even as it critically analyzes Kern's discourse and politics, this study cautions against reading her or the state she represents as retrograde, backward, or anti-modern, lest it perpetuates the spatiotemporal binaries that anchor civilizing missions and their homonationalist impulses.
The Immigration State of Emergency: Racializing and Gendering National Vulnerability in Twenty-First-Century Citizenship and Deportation Regimes
Authors: Oliviero Katie E.
Published: September 2013

Twenty-first-century efforts to address an "immigration state of emergency" are anchored by timeworn racialized and gendered discourses of national precariousness and belonging. Through an assessment of recent policies governing mixed-citizenship-status families, this article studies how rhetorics of protecting the security of a vulnerable national citizenry justify the disparate legal treatment of undocumented migrants and their US citizen children. Part 1 of the article explores how recent attempts to repeal birthright citizenship for US-born children of undocumented parents merely reflect in exaggerated form how procedures for determining foreign-born children's citizenship have long relied upon racialized and feminized discourses of national vulnerability. Part 2 examines how family-deportation regimes forcing undocumented parents to choose between deporting their citizen children with them or leaving them in state custodial institutions like foster care communicate that nationalist cultural assimilation should trump the constitutional right to family and national residency. Children's unique developmental needs combine with national security fears to authorize sociolegal states of emergency. By evaluating 2010-13 immigration enforcement legislation, the channeling of children from mixed-legal-status families into foster care, and new policies like prosecutorial discretion and Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals, the article contributes to the feminist, ethnic, and migration studies literatures.
The Threat of Demographic Winter : A Transnational Politics of Motherhood and Endangered Populations in Pro-Family Documentaries
Authors: Trimble Rita
Published: September 2013

The article examines a set of documentaries that serves to promulgate a depopulation crisis narrative and heteronormative "natural family" solution for the World Congress of Families, a transnational network of primarily conservative Christian organizations engaged in "pro-family" politics. These videos provide a portable delivery system of rationales for preserving sexual norms aimed at countering claims for the sexual and reproductive rights of women and sexual minorities. The films, revolving around a theme of "demographic winter," warn of the collapse of social-security systems and ultimately the end of so-called Western civilization. The documentaries locate the problem principally in women's individual marriage and childbearing decisions and blame environmentalist, feminist, and LGBT-rights movements for spreading misinformation that fuels what the films declare to be problematic choices. The article argues that these documentaries employ a politics of fear in an attempt to secure social norms based on a set of gender and racial hierarchies. They mobilize fear of economic, moral, racial, and sexual chaos positioned against a "familiar" model of home, motherhood, and safety. The analysis highlights how emotional and demographic elements combine to shape an argument for patriarchy that resonates with a variety of global anxieties and political goals.
Prostitution Politics and Feminist Activism in Modern America: Sophonisba Breckinridge and the Morals Court in Prohibition-Era Chicago
Authors: Jabour Anya
Published: September 2013

In 1930, Sophonisba Breckinridge, a feminist social work professor at the University of Chicago, initiated a campaign to reform the branch of Chicago's Municipal Court system that dealt with prostitutes. A product of an international anti-prostitution movement, the Morals Court was considered a model reform at the time of its inception in 1913. Yet as scholars have observed, reformers' efforts to abolish prostitution resulted in repressive policies that sanctioned state control and police harassment of sex workers. Although most studies note feminist critiques of prostitution policies on civil libertarian grounds, few have explored this phenomenon, particularly after 1920. Breckinridge's crusade to secure civil rights for accused prostitutes in Prohibition-era Chicago offers a new perspective on the politics of prostitution, prompts a reexamination of American feminism after the achievement of suffrage, and sheds light on current debates about the international traffic in women.
Anatomizing the Trade: Designing and Marketing Anatomical Models as Medical Technologies, ca. 1700-1900
Authors: Maerker Anna
Published: September 2013

Models of the body were made for a wide range of purposes, from anatomical study to obstetric training, public education, and fine art. This paper develops an understanding of anatomical models as medical technologies, using a definition of technologies as both combinations of objects with purposive human activities and embodiments of expertise. The analysis investigates the wide range of strategies employed by European modelling enterprises in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to establish their models as medical technologies. The paper shows that in the nineteenth century, new marketing and distribution methods enabled by cheap printing and transportation complemented continuing traditional measures such as attempts to configure users, appeals to notions of public utility, and support from noble or academic patrons. However, models' claims to the status of medical technologies remained contested throughout the period.
Instruments of Medical Information: The Rise of the Medical Trade Catalog in Britain, 1750-1914
Authors: Jones Claire L.
Published: September 2013

Recent interest in our current information age has provided scholars in a wide range of disciplines with increasing impetus to study the origins and development of a variety of forms of printed and non-printed media. This article addresses the rise of a largely neglected but significant non-literary form of print within the medical trade between 1750 and 1914: the mail-order catalog. It focuses on the development of the physical form of the publication—from attractive book of display to commercial mail-order catalog—to highlight economic, technological and professional changes within and beyond the field of medicine. As a result of such changes, catalogs became an increasingly important technology of medical information used by medical and surgical instrument makers to access and control markets of late-eighteenth, nineteenth, and early-twentieth century medical practitioners on local, national, and international scales.
Good Fortune, Mirrors, and Kisses
Authors: Bijker Wiebe E.
Published: September 2013

Wiebe Bijker, in his plenary lecture on the occasion of receiving SHOT's 2012 Leonardo da Vinci Medal, traces the history of the social construction of technology (SCOT) and interweaves this with observations on the development of the history of technology during the last three decades and with some biographical reflections. His collaborations with Thomas P. Hughes and Trevor Pinch figure prominently. He concludes with two examples from his current research collaboration with Indian researchers: on the making of the first Scanning Tunnel Microscope in India, and on reinventing a more sustainable socio-technology of handloom weaving.
Captivity and hospitality in the New Americas
Authors: Lee Melissa Karmen
Published: September 2013

This article discusses the languages of hospitality as influential in the construction of nationhood. Concepts such as ‘home’ and ‘belonging’ and ‘otherness’ have all contributed towards the understanding of America as a boundary-enforced country, outlining the mapping and bordering of empire expansion in the New World. The relationship of hospitality with nation building manufactures a sense of entitlement, community and national identity among its citizens. In this context, hospitality links home and comfort to the building of a nation and continent, yet also in a more ominous fashion, implies the demarcation of boundaries, the violent hostility of host and homelands and implied hostility directed towards external factors threatening the conceptual and geographical borders of home. This article examines nineteenth-century captivity narratives by Mary Jemison and Susannah Johnson to further understand the negotiating process of home and visitor relationships between the Anglo European settlers and the Amerindians.
Taste: A bloodless revolution
Authors: Finkelstein Joanne
Published: September 2013

The public debates about taste arrived in the public domain during the eighteenth century although the practice of creating social divisions through the discipline of rules of etiquette has had many precedents. The consumer age is distinguished by a trade in taste: conspicuous consumption becomes a new social mode. Individuals consumed goods and services in order to demonstrate their capacity to consume. Consumption was not limited by need but became an expression of taste that in turn reflected social mobility and wealth. The training of taste was a new commodity with the democratization of consumption and with the publication of books on household protocols and the rules of conduct at social events. The churning of distinctions through the ‘trickle down’ and the ‘springing up’ of changes in style becomes intertwined with social mobility and industrial modernity which, in turn, produces a divorce between fashion and taste. A further consequence is that being fashionable is increasingly a sign of the lack of taste, although it was not always so.
Working in the ‘Bleak House’ – an autoethnographic study of ethnic segmentation, precarization and informalization in the London hotel industry
Authors: Slavnic Zoran
Published: September 2013

During the past three decades, the traditional model of the welfare state in advanced economies has been replaced successively by the neo-liberal economic and political model. As a result, global labour markets today are extensively characterized by precariousness, instability, insecurity, vulnerability, risk and, of course, increased exploitation. However, these processes have not affected all segments of the population or all sectors of the economy equally severely. Some groups and individuals, and certain sectors, have been affected worse and earlier than others. This article attempts to demonstrate this through a case study of labour conditions in the London hotel industry in the mid-1980s. Using the author’s personal experience as an empirical point of departure, the article demonstrates how the precarious nature of the work, ethnic segmentation and informal economic arrangements that dominated the London hotel industry at that time were early signs of what were going to become the key characteristics of most economic sectors not only in London and the United Kingdom, but – today – globally.
Elevated CSF1 serum concentration predicts poor overall survival in women with early breast cancer
Authors: Aharinejad Seyedhossein , Salama Mohamed , Paulus Patrick , Zins Karin , Berger Andreas , Singer Christian F
Published: September 2013

Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) is a key regulator of mammary gland development, and a modulator of tissue macrophages. Expression of the CSF1 receptor geneC-FMS(CSF1R) is strongly associated with poor outcome in breast cancer and results in tumor cell invasiveness and pro-metastatic behaviorin vitro. However, CSF1's role as a predictive factor in breast cancer remains unclear. We have prospectively measured circulating CSF1 using ELISA in 572 women with early breast cancer and in 688 women with benign breast lesions, and correlated these concentrations with overall survival (OS), nodal status, and other clinical and histological parameters. Serum CSF1 concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with early breast cancer when compared with those with benign tumors (P<0.0001). Within breast cancer patients, CSF1 was higher in women with axillary lymph nodes (P=0.03). Serum CSF1 correlated with tumor size (P=0.002), age (P<0.001), and Ki67 expression (P=0.006). Log CSF1 serum concentrations were predictive of poor survival in both univariate (hazard ratio (HR): 3.77, 95% CI: 1.65–8.65,P=0.002) and multivariate analyses (HR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.03–9.33,P=0.04). Post- but not premenopausal women with CSF1 serum concentrations >873 pg/ml experienced a significantly poorer outcome (P=0.004 log-rank test). Serum CSF1 concentrations are elevated in women with malignant breast tumors. In early breast cancer, elevated serum CSF1 is associated with nodal involvement, and in postmenopausal women also with poor OS.
GATA augments GNRH-mediated increases in Adcyap1 gene expression in pituitary gonadotrope cells
Authors: Thomas Robin L , Crawford Natalie M , Grafer Constance M , Zheng Weiming , Halvorson Lisa M
Published: September 2013

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide 1 (PACAP or ADCYAP1) regulates gonadotropin biosynthesis and secretion, both alone and in conjunction with GNRH. Initially identified as a hypothalamic-releasing factor, ADCYAP1 subsequently has been identified in pituitary gonadotropes, suggesting it may act as an autocrine–paracrine factor in this tissue. GNRH has been shown to increase pituitaryAdcyap1gene expression through the interaction of CREB and jun/fos with CRE/AP1cis-elements in the proximal promoter. In these studies, we were interested in identifying additional transcription factors and cognatecis-elements which regulateAdcyap1gene promoter activity and chose to focus on the GATA family of transcription factors known to be critical for both pituitary cell differentiation and gonadotropin subunit expression. By transient transfection and electrophoretic mobility shift assay analysis, we demonstrate that GATA2 and GATA4 stimulateAdcyap1promoter activity via a GATAcis-element located at position −191 in the ratAdcyap1gene promoter. Furthermore, we show that addition of GATA2 or GATA4 significantly augments GNRH-mediated stimulation ofAdcyap1gene promoter activity in the gonadotrope LβT2 cell line. Conversely, blunting GATA expression with specific siRNA inhibits the ability of GNRH to stimulate ADCYAP1 mRNA levels in these cells. These data demonstrate a complex interaction between GNRH and GATA on ADCYAP1 expression, providing important new insights into the regulation of gonadotrope function.
Expression and regulation of secreted phosphoprotein 1 in the bovine corpus luteum and effects on T lymphocyte chemotaxis
Authors: Poole Daniel H , Ndiaye Kalidou , Pate Joy L
Published: September 2013

Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) in the bovine corpus luteum (CL) regulates cell function during the transitional periods of luteinization and luteal regression. The objectives were to i) characterize SPP1 expression in the CL throughout the estrous cycle, ii) determine factors that regulate SPP1 expression in luteal cells, and iii) examine the role of SPP1 in lymphocyte chemotaxis, proliferation, and function.SPP1mRNA was greater in fully functional (d10) CL and late cycle (d18) CL compared with developing (d4) CL. Additionally,SPP1mRNA increased within 1 h and remained elevated 4 and 8 h following induction of luteolysis with prostaglandin (PG)F2α. Expression of the SPP1 receptor, β3integrin, was not different throughout the estrous cycle but decreased following induction of luteolysis. Expression ofCD44increased during the estrous cycle but did not change during luteal regression. In cultured luteal cells,SPP1mRNA was upregulated by PGF2αand/or tumor necrosis factor α. Western blots revealed the presence of both full-length SPP1 and multiple cleavage products in cultured luteal cells and luteal tissue. Depletion of endogenous SPP1 did not hinder luteal cell-induced lymphocyte proliferation or lymphocyte phenotype but did inhibit lymphocyte migration toward luteal cells. Based on these data, it is concluded that SPP1 is initially activated to establish and maintain cellular interactions between steroidogenic and nonsteroidogenic cells during the development of the CL. Upon induction of luteolysis, SPP1 serves as a signaling molecule to recruit or activate immune cells to facilitate luteal regression and tissue degradation.
Status of the down-regulated canine testis using two different GNRH agonist implants in comparison with the juvenile testis
Authors: Goericke-Pesch S , Gentil M , Spang A , Kowalewski M P , Failing K , Hoffmann B
Published: September 2013

Testicular function in the dog was down-regulated using two different GNRH agonist implants, with adult and juvenile testes serving as controls. Treatment resulted in an increased percentage of the interstitial area and decreased area of Leydig cell nuclei. Expression of StAR and the steroidogenic enzymes cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc, CYP11A1) and cytochrome P450 17α-hydroxylase-17,20-lyase (P450c17, CYP17A1) in Leydig cells was blocked at the mRNA and protein level, showing no differences between the two agonists. Staining for androgen receptor (AR) by immunohistochemistry was positive in Sertoli, Leydig and peritubular cells and some spermatogonia, within situhybridization confirming expression in Sertoli cells. At the mRNA level, expression ofARwas not affected; however, translation was blocked (reduced percentage of AR-positive Sertoli cells), with the number of nuclei in basal position being decreased. In the juvenile testes, mRNA expression ofStAR,CYP11A1andCYP17A1was higher compared with the other groups but distinctly lower for the AR. At the protein level, the expression was at the limit of detection for StAR; AR-positive Sertoli cells were not detected. Our observations show that the down-regulated testis is different from the juvenile one rather resembling the testicular status in seasonal breeders out of season.
Risk of Suicide Attempt in Adopted and Nonadopted Offspring
Authors: Keyes Margaret A. , Malone Stephen M. , Sharma Anu , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:

We asked whether adoption status represented a risk of suicide attempt for adopted and nonadopted offspring living in the United States. We also examined whether factors known to be associated with suicidal behavior would mediate the relationship between adoption status and suicide attempt.

METHODS:

Participants were drawn from the Sibling Interaction and Behavior Study, which included 692 adopted and 540 nonadopted offspring and was conducted at the University of Minnesota from 1998 to 2008. Adoptees were systematically ascertained from records of 3 large Minnesota adoption agencies; nonadoptees were ascertained from Minnesota birth records. Outcome measures were attempted suicide, reported by parent or offspring, and factors known to be associated with suicidal behavior including psychiatric disorder symptoms, personality traits, family environment, and academic disengagement.

RESULTS:

The odds of a reported suicide attempt were ∼4 times greater in adoptees compared with nonadoptees (odds ratio: 4.23). After adjustment for factors associated with suicidal behavior, the odds of reporting a suicide attempt were reduced but remained significantly elevated (odds ratio: 3.70).

CONCLUSIONS:

The odds for reported suicide attempt are elevated in individuals who are adopted relative to those who are not adopted. The relationship between adoption status and suicide attempt is partially mediated by factors known to be associated with suicidal behavior. Continued study of the risk of suicide attempt in adopted offspring may inform the larger investigation of suicidality in all adolescents and young adults.
Validity of Different Pediatric Early Warning Scores in the Emergency Department
Authors: Seiger Nienke , Maconochie Ian , Oostenbrink Rianne , Moll Henriëtte A.
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:

Pediatric early warning scores (PEWS) are being advocated for use in the emergency department (ED). The goal of this study was to compare the validity of different PEWS in a pediatric ED.

METHODS:

Ten different PEWS were evaluated in a large prospective cohort. We included children aged <16 years who had presented to the ED of a university hospital in The Netherlands (2009−2012). The validity of the PEWS for predicting ICU admission or hospitalization was expressed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

RESULTS:

These PEWS were validated in 17 943 children. Two percent of these children were admitted to the ICU, and 16% were hospitalized. The areas under the ROC curves for predicting ICU admission, ranging from 0.60 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.57−0.62) to 0.82 (95% CI: 0.79–0.85), were moderate to good. The area under the ROC curves for predicting hospitalization was poor to moderate (range: 0.56 [95% CI: 0.55–0.58] to 0.68 [95% CI: 0.66–0.69]). The sensitivity and specificity derived from the ROC curves ranged widely for both ICU admission (sensitivity: 61.3%–94.4%; specificity: 25.2%–86.7%) and hospital admission (sensitivity: 36.4%–85.7%; specificity: 27.1%–90.5%). None of the PEWS had a high sensitivity as well as a high specificity.

CONCLUSIONS:

PEWS can be used to detect children presenting to the ED who are in need of an ICU admission. Scoring systems, wherein the parameters are summed to a numeric value, were better able to identify patients at risk than triggering systems, which need 1 positive parameter.
Eating Disorders in Adolescents With a History of Obesity
Authors: Sim Leslie A. , Lebow Jocelyn , Billings Marcie
Published: September 2013

Adolescent patients with obesity are at significant risk of developing an eating disorder (ED), yet due to their higher weight status their symptoms often go unrecognized and untreated. Although not widely known, individuals with a weight history in the overweight (BMI-for-age ≥85th percentile but <95th percentile, as defined by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts) or obese (BMI-for-age ≥95th percentile, as defined by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention growth charts) range, represent a substantial portion of adolescents presenting for ED treatment. Given research that suggests that early intervention promotes the best chance of recovery, it is imperative that these children’s and adolescents’ ED symptoms are identified and that intervention is offered before the disease progresses. This report presents 2 examples of EDs that developed in the context of obese adolescents’ efforts to reduce their weight. Each case shows specific challenges in the identification of ED behaviors in adolescents with this weight history and the corresponding delay such teenagers experience accessing appropriate treatment.
Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Childhood Diarrhea: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Aluisio Adam R. , Maroof Zabihullah , Chandramohan Daniel , Bruce Jane , Mughal M. Zulf , Bhutta Zulfiqar , Walraven Gijs , Masher Mohammad I. , Ensink Jeroen H.J. , Manaseki-Holland Semira
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVE:

To investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on the incidence and risk for first and recurrent diarrheal illnesses among children in Kabul, Afghanistan.

METHODS:

This double-blind placebo-controlled trial randomized 3046 high-risk 1- to 11-month-old infants to receive 6 quarterly doses of oral vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol 100 000 IU) or placebo in inner city Kabul. Data on diarrheal episodes (≥3 loose/liquid stools in 24 hours) was gathered through active and passive surveillance over 18 months of follow-up. Time to first diarrheal illness was analyzed by using Kaplan-Meier plots. Incidence rates and hazard ratios (HRs) were calculated by using recurrent event Poisson regression models.

RESULTS:

No significant difference existed in survival time to first diarrheal illness (log rank P = .55). The incidences of diarrheal episodes were 3.43 (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.28–3.59) and 3.59 per child-year (95% CI, 3.44–3.76) in the placebo and intervention arms, respectively. Vitamin D3 supplementation was found to have no effect on the risk for recurrent diarrheal disease in either intention-to-treat (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98–1.17; P = .15) or per protocol (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.98–1.12; P = .14) analyses. The lack of preventive benefit remained when the randomized population was stratified by age groups, nutritional status, and seasons.

CONCLUSIONS:

Quarterly supplementation with vitamin D3 conferred no reduction on time to first illness or on the risk for recurrent diarrheal disease in this study. Similar supplementation to comparable populations is not recommended. Additional research in alternative settings may be helpful in elucidating the role of vitamin D3 supplementation for prevention of diarrheal diseases.
Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Child Care Settings: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Lange Shannon , Shield Kevin , Rehm Jürgen , Popova Svetlana
Published: September 2013

BACKGROUND:

Children often enter a child-care system (eg, orphanage, foster care, child welfare system) because of unfavorable circumstances (eg, maternal alcohol and/or drug problems, child abuse/neglect). Such circumstances increase the odds of prenatal alcohol exposure, and thus this population can be regarded as high risk for fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). The primary objective was to estimate a pooled prevalence for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) and FASD in various child-care systems based on data from existing studies that used an active case ascertainment method.

METHODS:

A systematic literature review, using multiple electronic bibliographic databases, and meta-analysis of internationally published and unpublished studies that reported the prevalence of FAS and/or FASD in all types of child-care systems were conducted. The pooled prevalence estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated by using the Mantel-Haenszel method, assuming a random effects model. Sensitivity analyses were performed for studies that used either passive surveillance or mixed methods.

RESULTS:

On the basis of studies that used active case ascertainment, the overall pooled prevalence of FAS and FASD among children and youth in the care of a child-care system was calculated to be 6.0% (60 per 1000; 95% CI: 38 to 85 per 1000) and 16.9% (169 per 1000; 95% CI: 109 to 238 per 1000), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

The results confirm that children and youth housed in or under the guardianship of the wide range of child-care systems constitute a population that is high-risk for FASD. It is imperative that screening be implemented in these at-risk populations.
Developmental Trajectories of Daily Activities in Children and Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Vos Rimke C. , Becher Jules G. , Ketelaar Marjolijn , Smits Dirk-Wouter , Voorman Jeanine M. , Tan Siok Swan , Reinders-Messelink Heleen A. , Dallmeijer Annet J.
Published: September 2013

OBJECTIVES:

To describe the developmental trajectories of mobility performance and daily activities in children and young adults with cerebral palsy (CP). To explore the influence of gross motor function and intellectual disability on these trajectories.

METHODS:

Four hundred and twenty-four Dutch participants with CP (aged 1–20 years at study onset) were followed yearly over a period of 2 to 4 years. Developmental trajectories (from ages 1–16 years) were described for mobility performance and performance of daily activities, assessed by using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale for gross motor function (classified by the Gross Motor Function Classification System) and intellectual disability (by IQ or school type). A subanalysis was done for performance of daily activities in a subgroup of participants without intellectual disability (aged 1–24 years).

RESULTS:

The developmental trajectories of mobility performance differed according to levels of gross motor function but not levels of intellectual disability. Intellectual disability affected the performance of daily activities, with lower overall trajectory levels for participants with intellectual disabilities. For participants without intellectual disability, high-level developmental trajectories were found, with values similar to those of typically developing children despite differences in gross motor function level.

CONCLUSIONS:

Mobility performance is determined mainly by levels of gross motor function. For performance of daily activities, intellectual disability was a more important determinant. Participants without intellectual disability showed developmental trajectories approaching values for typically developing participants. These estimated trajectories can guide rehabilitation interventions and future expectations for children and young adults with CP.