bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mice with a conditional deletion of Talpid3 (KIAA0586) – a model for Joubert syndrome
Authors: Bashford Andrew L , Subramanian Vasanta
Published: March 2019

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a ciliopathy associated with mutations in numerous genes encoding cilia components. TALPID3 encoded by KIAA0856 in man (2700049A03Rik in mouse) is a centrosomal protein essential for the assembly of primary cilia. Mutations in KIAA0856 have been recently identified in JS patients. Herein, we describe a novel mouse JS model with a conditional deletion of the conserved exons 11–12 of Talpid3 in the central nervous system which recapitulates the complete cerebellar phenotype seen in JS. Talpid3 mutant mice exhibit key hallmarks of JS including progressive ataxia, severely hypoplastic cerebellar hemispheres and vermis, together with abnormal decussation of the superior cerebellar peduncles. The Purkinje cell layer is disorganised with abnormal dendritic arborisation. The external granule layer (EGL) is thinner, lacks primary cilia, and has a reduced level of proliferation. Furthermore, we describe novel cellular defects including ectopic clusters of mature granule neurons, and abnormal parallel fibre‐derived synapses and disorientation of cells in the EGL. The defective glial scaffold results in abnormal granule cell migration which manifests as ectopic clusters of granule neurons. In addition, we show a reduction in Wnt7a expression suggesting that defects may arise not only from deficiencies in the Hedgehog (Hh) pathway but also due to the additional roles of Talpid3. The Talpid3 conditional knockout mouse is a novel JS model which fully recapitulates the JS cerebellar phenotype. These findings reveal a role for Talpid3 in granule precursor cell migration in the cerebellum (either direct or indirect) which together with defective Hh signalling underlies the JS phenotype. Our findings also illustrate the utility of creating conditional mouse models to assist in unravelling the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying JS. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
The relation of social skills and school climate of diversity to children's life satisfaction: The mediating role of school connectedness
Authors: In Hyoyeon , Kim Hyunhee , Carney JoLynn V.
Published: March 2019

The present study examined the role of school connectedness in mediating the relations of social skills and school climate of diversity (SCD) to life satisfaction (LS) among school‐aged children. This study also investigated whether there is any gender difference in relationships. Participants included 873 elementary school students in Grades 4 through 6. The results of the structural equation modeling supported the partial mediating role of school connectedness, indicating that social skills and SCD lead to LS both directly and indirectly through enhanced school connectedness. Multigroup analysis demonstrated that the direct path from the SCD to LS was significant only for boys, while other paths are invariant across gender. Implications are addressed for school‐based interventions to promote school connectedness and LS.
A Retrospective Comparison of Five‐Year Health Outcomes Following Upper Limb Amputation and Serious Upper Limb Injury in the Iraq and Afghanistan Conflicts
Authors: Melcer Ted , Walker Jay , Sechriest Vernon Franklin , Bhatnagar Vibha , Richard Erin , Perez Katheryne , Galarneau Michael
Published: March 2019

Background

Limited population‐based research has described long‐term health outcomes following combat‐related upper limb amputation.

Objective

To compare health outcomes following upper limb amputation with outcomes following serious upper limb injury during the first 5 years postinjury.

Design

Retrospective cohort.

Setting

Departments of Defense (DoD) and Veterans Affairs (VA) inpatient and outpatient health care facilities.

Participants

Three‐hundred eighteen U.S. Service Members.

Methods

Patients sustained an above elbow (AE, n = 51) or below elbow (BE, n = 80) amputation or serious arm injury without amputation (NO AMP, n = 187) in the Iraq or Afghanistan conflicts, 2001 through 2008. Injuries were coded by trauma nurses. Outcomes came from DoD and VA health databases.

Main Outcome Measurements

International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) diagnostic codes.

Results

Most patients were injured by blast weaponry causing serious to severe injuries. All groups had a high prevalence of physical and psychological health diagnoses. The prevalence for nearly all wound complications and many physical and psychological disorders decreased substantially after postinjury year 1. The prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder, however, increased significantly from postinjury year 1 (20%) to 3 (36%). Pain and psychological disorders ranged from 69% to 90% of patients during postinjury year 1 and remained relatively high even postinjury during year 5 (37%‐53%). After adjusting for covariates, the AE group had significantly higher odds for some physical and psychological diagnoses (eg, deep vein thrombosis/pulmonary embolism, cervical pain, osteoarthritis, obesity, and mood and adjustment disorders) relative to the BE or NO AMP groups. BE patients had significantly lower odds for osteomyelitis, and AE and BE patients had lower odds for fracture nonunion and joint disorders versus NO AMP.

Conclusions

The results identify similarities and differences in clinical outcomes following combat‐related upper limb amputation versus serious arm injury and can inform medical planning to improve rehabilitation programs and outcomes for these patients.

Level of Evidence

III
Evolution of photoresist layer structure and surface morphology under fluorocarbon‐based plasma exposure
Authors: Pranda Adam , Gutierrez Razo Sandra A. , Fourkas John T. , Oehrlein Gottlieb S.
Published: March 2019

Ion bombardment of photoresist materials during plasma etching results in the formation of a surface dense amorphous carbon (DAC) layer that contributes to both etch resistance and the development of surface roughness. Real‐time ellipsometric measurements/analysis reveals that a C4F8‐containing plasma interacts with an Ar‐plasma‐formed DAC layer to produce a modified DAC/fluorocarbon (FC) layer by FC deposition/diffusion of fluorine into the surface. The depletion of the DAC layer via modification and ion bombardment causes the etch rate of the bulk layer to increase. As the modified surface layer is formed, a noticeable decrease in surface roughness decrease is observed. These findings provide an understanding of the mechanisms of atomic layer etching processes in photoresist materials.
Genome‐wide analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms reveal the consequences of traditional mass‐rearing on genetic variation in Aphytis melinus (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae): the danger of putting all eggs in one basket
Authors: Gebiola Marco , Streicher Jeffrey W , Rugman‐Jones Paul F , Morse Joseph G , Stouthamer Richard
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND

Aphytis melinus DeBach (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) is a highly effective biocontrol agent of the California red scale Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae). It is commercially reared and used for augmentative releases within integrated pest management programs. However, mass rearing of biocontrol agents can result in population bottlenecks and high levels of inbreeding and/or adaptation to the factitious rearing conditions. Although these factors can all negatively impact field performance of biocontrol agents, few empirical studies have examined the genetic consequences of mass rearing. We used double‐digest RAD sequencing (ddRADseq) to investigate the effect of traditional mass rearing on genetic variation among insectary colonies of A. melinus relative to wild populations in native (Pakistan) and introduced (California) ranges.

RESULTS

Analyses of up to 9700 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) revealed that insectary populations had less genomic variation than introduced populations. This was evidenced by fewer private alleles, reduced heterozygosity, and greater missing data in the insectary populations. Further, California insectaries formed a distinct genomic cluster relative to the other samples, a surprising result given that the insectary colonies were putatively established at different times and from different source populations. These differences were evident across most data sets also after we filtered out contaminant DNA from the most common host species (Aspidiotus nerii Bouché and A. aurantii).

CONCLUSION

We hypothesize that this pattern would only result if: (i) directional selection for ‘captive’ phenotypes produces convergent patterns of genomic variation across insectaries; or (ii) the California insectary colonies were all founded from a unifying source population and/or that the insectaries regularly exchange ‘genetic’ stocks. We show that RADseq is an effective method to investigate the effects of mass rearing on genetics of biocontrol agents. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Functionalized Nanomaterial Assembling and Biosynthesis Using the Extremophile Deinococcus radiodurans for Multifunctional Applications
Authors: Li Jiulong , Webster Thomas J. , Tian Bing
Published: March 2019

The development of functionalized nanomaterial biosynthesis processes is important to expand many cutting‐edge nanomaterial application areas. However, unclear synthesis mechanisms and low synthesis efficiency under various chemical stresses have limited the use of these biomaterials. Deinococcus radiodurans is an extreme bacterium well known for its exceptional resistance to radiation oxidants and electrophilic agents. This extremophile, which possesses a spontaneous self‐assembled surface‐layer (S‐layer), has been an optimal model organism to study microbial nanomaterial biotemplates and biosynthesis under various stresses. This review summarizes the S‐layers from D. radiodurans as an excellent biotemplate for various pre‐synthesized nanomaterials and multiple applications, and highlights recent progresses about the biosynthesis of functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), as well as gold and silver bimetallic nanoparticles using D. radiodurans. Their formation mechanisms, properties, and applications are discussed and summarized to provide significant insights into the design or modification of functionalized nanomaterials via natural materials. Grand challenges and future directions to realize the multifunctional applications of these nanomaterials are highlighted for a better understanding of their biosynthesis mechanisms and functionalized modifications.
A compact index for order‐preserving pattern matching
Authors: Decaroli Gianni , Gagie Travis , Manzini Giovanni
Published: March 2019

Order‐preserving pattern matching has been introduced recently, but it has already attracted much attention. Given a reference sequence and a pattern, we want to locate all substrings of the reference sequence whose elements have the same relative order as the pattern elements. For this problem, we consider the offline version in which we build an index for the reference sequence so that subsequent searches can be completed very efficiently. We propose a space‐efficient index that works well in practice despite its lack of good worst‐case time bounds. Our solution is based on the new approach of decomposing the indexed sequence into an order component, containing ordering information, and a δ component, containing information on the absolute values. Experiments show that this approach is viable, is faster than the available alternatives, and is the first one offering simultaneously small space usage and fast retrieval.
Evaluating multi-loop Feynman integrals numerically through differential equations
Authors: Mandal Manoj K. , Zhao Xiaoran
Published: March 2019

Abstract

The computation of Feynman integrals is often the bottleneck of multi-loop calculations. We propose and implement a new method to efficiently evaluate such integrals in the physical region through the numerical integration of a suitable set of differential equations, where the initial conditions are provided in the unphysical region via the sector decomposition method. We present numerical results for a set of two-loop integrals, where the non-planar ones complete the master integrals forgg→γγand$$ q\overline{q} $$qq¯→γγscattering mediated by the top quark.
Higgs bundles for M-theory on G2-manifolds
Authors: Braun Andreas P. , Cizel Sebastjan , Hübner Max , Schäfer-Nameki Sakura
Published: March 2019

Abstract

M-theory compactified on G
2-holonomy manifolds results in 4d

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 1 supersymmetric gauge theories coupled to gravity. In this paper we focus on the gauge sector of such compactifications by studying the Higgs bundle obtained from a partially twisted 7d super Yang-Mills theory on a supersymmetric three-cycle M
3. We derive the BPS equations and find the massless spectrum for both abelian and non-abelian gauge groups in 4d. The mathematical tool that allows us to determine the spectrum is Morse theory, and more generally Morse-Bott theory. The latter generalization allows us to make contact with twisted connected sum (TCS) G
2-manifolds, which form the largest class of examples of compact G
2-manifolds. M-theory on TCS G
2-manifolds is known to result in a non-chiral 4d spectrum. We determine the Higgs bundle for this class of G
2-manifolds and provide a prescription for how to engineer singular transitions to models that have chiral matter in 4d.
Correction to: Prophylactic Intraperitoneal Onlay Mesh Following Midline Laparotomy—Long‐Term Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Glauser Philippe M. , Brosi Philippe , Speich Benjamin , Käser Samuel A. , Heigl Andres , Rosenberg Robert , Maurer Christoph A.
Published: March 2019

In the original version of the article, Philippe M. Glauser’s, Philippe Brosi’s, Benjamin Speich’s, Samuel A. Käser’s, Andres Heigl’s, and Christoph A. Maurer’s first and last names were interchanged. The names are correct as reflected here. The original article has been corrected.
Non-transitive Better than Relations and Rational Choice
Authors: Herlitz Anders
Published: March 2019

This paper argues that decision problems and money-pump arguments should not be a deciding factor against accepting non-transitive better than relations. If the reasons to accept normative standpoints that entail a non-transitive better than relation are compelling enough, we ought to revise our decision method rather than the normative standpoints. The paper introduces the most common argument in favor of non-transitive better than relations. It then illustrates that there are different ways to reconceptualize rational choice so that rational choice is possible also when the relevant better than relation is non-transitive.
Calculation Accuracy and Efficiency of a Transient Model for Submerged Entry Nozzle Clogging
Authors: Barati H. , Wu M. , Kharicha A. , Ludwig A.
Published: March 2019

A transient numerical model was proposed and validated by the current authors for nozzle clogging (Barati et al. in Powder Technol 329:181-98, 2018). The model can reproduce the experiment in pilot scale satisfactorily. In the present article, the main objective is to validate the model for application in industry process continuous casting of steel, referring to the model accuracy and calculation efficiency. The results have shown that for the complex geometry of submerged entry nozzle (SEN), where it is difficult to create hexahedron mesh in the entire domain, a mixed mesh type is recommended, i.e., the wedge mesh for regions adjacent to SEN walls and the tetrahedron mesh for inner regions. Another challenge to the calculation of real SEN clogging is the huge number of particles involved in the industry process. An artificial factor, the N-factor, has to be introduced to reduce the calculation cost. A dimensionless number (α) is defined to limit the N-factor and ensure the modeling accuracy. Simulation of a test case has indicated that by an appropriate N-factor (1000, corresponding to α = 6 × 10−5), the calculation time would be reduced significantly to a reasonable time.
Thermal hydraulic considerations of nuclear reactor systems: Past, present and future challenges
Authors: Yeoh Guan Heng
Published: March 2019

Thermal hydraulic analysis of nuclear reactor core and its associated systems can be performed using analysis system, subchannel or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) codes to estimate the different thermal hydraulic safety margins. The safety margins and operating power limits under different conditions of the primary as well as secondary cooling system such as the system pressure, coolant inlet temperature, coolant flow rate, and thermal power and its distributions are considered as key parameters for thermal hydraulic analysis. Considering the complexity of rod bundle geometry, boiling heat transfer and different turbulent scales bring about the many challenges in performing the thermal hydraulic analysis to ensure the safe design and operation of nuclear reactor systems under normal and abnormal conditions. A comprehensive review is presented of past, present and future challenges in state-of-the-art thermal hydraulic analysis c overing various aspects of experimental, analytical and computational approaches.
Loneliness as a mediator for college students' social skills and experiences of depression and anxiety
Authors: Moeller Robert W. , Seehuus Martin
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Rates of anxiety and depression are increasing among college undergraduates. Existing research has demonstrated a link between social skills and mental health outcomes. This study explores the relationship between verbal social skills (encoding and decoding) and anxiety and depression by measuring the extent to which loneliness mediates these relationships.

Methods

Baseline data from a cross‐sequential study exploring college student mental health was used to analyze social skills, loneliness, as well as, depression and anxiety. A diverse group of students (n = 2,054; M = 19.95; SD = 1.26) participated from two residential colleges in the United States.

Results

Six mediation models were estimated, separately testing whether loneliness mediated the relationship between anxiety and depression and social expressiveness, sensitivity, and control. All six found that (a) anxiety and depression were separately predicted by the verbal encoding skills of social expressivity and social control and the decoding skill of social sensitivity, and (b) all of those relationships were mediated by loneliness. These models accounted for 37–38% of the variability in scores of depression and 17–20% of the variability in scores of anxiety.

Conclusions

The results of this study indicate verbal social skills play an important role in students experience of loneliness as well as depression and anxiety. Improving the social skills of students should be considered by colleges seeking to reduce the mental health burdens experienced by their students.
Novel methods for integration and visualization of genomics and genetics data in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bihlmeyer Nathan A. , Merrill Emily , Lambert Yann , Srivastava Gyan P. , Clark Timothy W. , Hyman Bradley T. , Das Sudeshna
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Numerous omics studies have been conducted to understand the molecular networks involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the pathophysiology is still not completely understood; new approaches that enable neuroscientists to better interpret the results of omics analysis are required.

Methods

We have developed advanced methods to analyze and visualize publicly‐available genomics and genetics data. The tools include a composite clinical‐neuropathological score for defining AD, gene expression maps in the brain, and networks integrating omics data to understand the impact of polymorphisms on AD pathways.

Results

We have analyzed over 50 public human gene expression data sets, spanning 19 different brain regions and encompassing three separate cohorts. We integrated genome‐wide association studies with expression data to identify important genes in the pathophysiology of AD, which provides further insight into the calcium signaling and calcineurin pathways.

Discussion

Biologists can use these freely‐available tools to obtain a comprehensive, information‐rich view of the pathways in AD.
Association between an individual dietary index based on the British Food Standard Agency Nutrient Profiling System and asthma symptoms
Authors: Andrianasolo Roland M. , Julia Chantal , Varraso Raphaëlle , Egnell Manon , Touvier Mathilde , Kesse-Guyot Emmanuelle , Hercberg Serge , Galan Pilar
Published: March 2019

The role of diet in asthma is still debated. In France, a front-of-pack (FOP) nutrition label based on a modified Food Standards Agency Nutrient Profiling System/High Council for Public Health (FSAm-NPS/HCSP) has recently been implemented to help consumers to make healthier food choices during purchase. At the individual level, the FSAm-NPS dietary index (DI) has been shown to reflect the nutritional quality of the diet. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the FSAm-NPS DI and the asthma symptom score. In total, 34 323 participants (25 823 women and 8500 men) from the NutriNet-Santé cohort were included. The overall nutritional quality of the diet was assessed using the FSAm-NPS DI. Increasing FSAm-NPS DI reflects decreasing overall diet quality. Asthma was defined by the asthma symptom score (sum of five questions). Negative binomial regression was used to evaluate the association between the FSA-NPS DI and the asthma symptom score. Overall, mean participant’s age was 54 ± 14 years, and about 27 % reported at least one asthma symptom. We observed a significant positive association between less healthy diet, as expressed by higher FSAm-NPS DI, and the asthma symptom score. The adjusted OR were 1·27 (95 % CI 1·17, 1·38) among women and 1·31 (95 % CI 1·13, 1·53) among men. Unhealthy food choices, as reflected by a higher FSAm-NPS DI, were associated with greater asthma symptoms. These results reinforce the relevance of public health approach to orient consumers towards healthier food choices by using a clear and easy-to-understand FOP nutrition label based on the FSAm-NPS, such as the Nutri-Score.
Longitudinal analysis of Voice Handicap Index in early glottic cancer patients treated with transoral laser microsurgery: age, gender, stage and time dependence
Authors: Lane C , Rigby M , Hart R , Trites J , Levi E , Taylor S M
Published: March 2019

Objectives

Transoral laser microsurgery is an increasingly common treatment modality for glottic carcinoma. This study aimed to determine the effect of age, gender, stage and time on voice-related quality of life using the Voice Handicap Index-10.

Methods

Primary early glottic carcinoma patients treated with transoral laser microsurgery were included in the study. Self-reported Voice Handicap Index testing was completed pre-operatively, three months post-operatively, and yearly at follow-up appointments.

Results

Voice Handicap Index improvement was found to be dependent on age and tumour stage, while no significant differences were found in Voice Handicap Index for gender. Voice Handicap Index score was significantly improved at 12 months and 24 months. Time versus Voice Handicap Index modelling revealed a preference for non-linear over linear regression.

Conclusion

Age and stage are important factors, as younger patients with more advanced tumours show greater voice improvement post-operatively. Patient's Voice Handicap Index is predicted to have 95 per cent of maximal improvement by 5.5 months post-operatively.
Analysis of factors associated with multiple ventilation tube insertions in children with otitis media with effusion
Authors: Choi H , Lee D , Hong Y , Kim D-K
Published: March 2019

Objective

To determine the factors related to multiple ventilation tube insertions in children with otitis media with effusion.

Methods

A retrospective review was performed of 126 ears of 81 children aged less than 12 years who had undergone insertion of a Paparella type 1 ventilation tube for the first time between August 2012 and March 2018.

Results

Mean age at the first operation was 4.0 ± 2.2 years, and the mean duration of otitis media with effusion before the first ventilation tube insertion was 5.4 ± 4.5 months. Among 126 ears, 80 (63.5 per cent) had a single ventilation tube insertion and 46 (36.5 per cent) had multiple insertions. On multivariate logistic regression, tympanic membrane retraction, serous middle-ear discharge, and early recurrence of otitis media with effusion were independent predictive factors of multiple ventilation tube insertions.

Conclusion

Tympanic membrane retraction, serous middle-ear discharge, and early recurrence of otitis media with effusion after the first tube extrusion are associated with multiple ventilation tube insertions.
Numerical study of azimuthal sheath structure and asymmetric anomalous erosion in a stationary plasma thruster
Authors: Liu Hui , Niu Xiang , Yu Da-Ren
Published: March 2019

The influence of the azimuthal electron drift on anomalous erosion and the sheath profile in a stationary plasma thruster (SPT) is analysed in this article. It is found that the anomalous erosion has a self-organized structure, which is formed by the interaction between the plasma and the ceramic walls. In order to interpret the mechanism of the azimuthal erosion structure, a particle in cell (PIC) model is developed to simulate the azimuthal sheath. The results show that the electron azimuthal Hall drift due to crossed electric and magnetic field plays a key role in the azimuthal erosion evolution process. Electron Hall drift can generate an asymmetric sheath structure and induce azimuthal sheath oscillation. Furthermore, an asymmetric sheath caused by the integrated effect of the azimuthal irregular wall structure and azimuthal Hall drift will result in the azimuthal movement of ions. Based on the sheath simulated results, an erosion model is used to simulate the azimuthal erosion evolution. An asymmetric erosion profile caused by the azimuthal asymmetric ion sputtering is found.
Time for care: exploring time use by carers of older people
Authors: Bowes Alison , Dawson Alison , Ashworth Rosalie
Published: March 2019

The paper focuses on temporal aspects of informal caring for older people. Limitations of large-scale surveys in capturing such data are noted and time-use methodology, despite its own limitations, is proposed as a promising alternative. Adopting a critical perspective on time that includes carers’ own conceptualisations, we report the findings of a qualitative study of carers’ time use. Sixty-two interviews with carers, male/female, co-resident/not co-resident, employed/not employed, and located across Great Britain were conducted. Analysis considered people's own diverse and ambiguous views of their care activities. Carers’ accounts of their time revealed non-linear experiences and a sense of being permanently on call. Interviewees often travelled distances to engage in support activities with or for older people. Changes over time were pervasive, increasing or reducing care requirements. Unanticipated events could precipitate radical changes in time use. Managing time, exercising temporal agency, was particularly apparent in accounts of care, employment, other family responsibilities and choices about friendship. Measurement of carers’ time use which draws on the conceptual foundation of carers’ own perspectives on time may provide more effective quantitative understanding of the temporal aspects of caring. It should not pre-define time, must grasp a variety of tasks, take account of intermittent activity, incorporate the 24–7 experience of many carers and demonstrate how caring time interacts with other time.
Constructing weak simulations from linear implications for processes with private names
Authors: Horne Ross , Tiu Alwen
Published: March 2019

This paper clarifies that linear implication defines a branching-time preorder, preserved in all contexts, when used to compare embeddings of process in non-commutative logic. The logic considered is a first-order extension of the proof system BV featuring a de Morgan dual pair of nominal quantifiers, called BV1. An embedding of π-calculus processes as formulae in BV1 is defined, and the soundness of linear implication in BV1 with respect to a notion of weak simulation in the π -calculus is established. A novel contribution of this work is that we generalise the notion of a ‘left proof’ to a class of formulae sufficiently large to compare embeddings of processes, from which simulating execution steps are extracted. We illustrate the expressive power of BV1 by demonstrating that results extend to the internal π -calculus, where privacy of inputs is guaranteed. We also remark that linear implication is strictly finer than any interleaving preorder.
Outside lending in the New York City call loan market: evidence from the Panic of 1907
Authors: Moen Jon , Tallman Ellis
Published: March 2019

Before the Panic of 1907 the large New York City banks were able to maintain the call loan market's liquidity during panics, but the rise in outside lending by trust companies and interior banks in the decade leading up the panic weakened the influence of the large banks. Creating a reliable source of liquidity and reserves external to the financial market like a central bank became obvious after the panic. In the call loan market, like the REPO market in 2008, lack of information on the identity of lenders and volume of the market hindered attempts to stop panic-related depositor withdrawals. Our new estimates of who was participating in the call loan market reveal that it did not contract after 1907; while the trust companies became less important, the New York national banks and outside lenders more than made up the difference.
Strawberry, black medic (Medicago lupulina), and Carolina geranium (Geranium carolinianum) growth under light-limiting conditions
Authors: Sharpe Shaun M. , Yu Jialin , Boyd Nathan S.
Published: March 2019

Broadleaf infestations interfere with Florida strawberry production. Broadleaf POST herbicide options applied atop the crop are limited to synthetic auxins and not suitable for conventional multi-cropping and organic systems. Reducing light access and interception during weed emergence may reduce interference. Light-limited growth of two problematic broadleaves, black medic and Carolina geranium, and the most commonly grown strawberry cultivar (‘Florida Radiance’), were examined in the greenhouse. The experimental design was completely randomized, and the trial was repeated. Black medic was susceptible to reductions in incoming solar radiation, wherein reducing the daily maximum available light from 331 to 94 µmol m−2s−1reduced leaf number and area by 93% and 89%, respectively. Carolina geranium growth was less susceptible to reduced-light treatments, with leaf area and number each reduced by 66% when light was reduced from 331 to 94 µmol m−2s−1. Belowground, Carolina geranium biomass was similarly reduced between the 331 and 94 µmol m−2s−1treatments. Strawberry was relatively tolerant to shading at 155 µmol m−2s−1, but further reductions did increase mortality. Shade-induced weed suppression is a promising alternative strategy for conventional and organic Florida strawberry production. Targeted application during periods of weed emergence may play a role within integrated pest management strategies. This approach is most feasible for black medic management but may be useful for Carolina geranium in concert with other strategies.
The Plausibility of September–November Congo Basin Rainfall Change in Coupled Climate Models
Authors: Creese A. , Washington R. , Munday C.
Published: March 2019

As one of three global hot spots of tropical convection, potential future changes to the Congo Basin climate system will have regional and tropics‐wide implications. However, the latest generation of climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 5 disagree on the sign and magnitude of future change and diverge in their estimation of the historical rainfall climatology. This study assesses the plausibility of different signals of future rainfall change by examining the processes relating to rainfall projections in samples of historically wet or dry models during the September–November rainy season. In the west Congo Basin, there are no significant differences in rainfall change projections in models that are historically wet or dry. Both composites feature wetting in the north (up to 1.8 mm/day) and drying in the south, associated with enhanced tropical Atlantic sea surface temperatures, increased evaporation, and enhanced low‐level moisture flux into the basin. In the east Congo Basin, there is greater evidence that differences in model historical climatologies has an influence on the magnitude of future rainfall change. Historically wet models project significant wetting in the northeast (1.19 mm/day) associated with a weakened northern component of the African Easterly Jet (AEJ) and enhanced moisture convergence. Dry models do not capture the structure of the AEJs in the historical period, and so changes to the AEJs under warming do not produce the same wetting pattern. The analysis therefore casts doubt on the plausibility of the driest rainfall change signals in the east Congo Basin.
Salt Marsh Greenhouse Gas Fluxes and Microbial Communities Are Not Sensitive to the First Year of Precipitation Change
Authors: Emery Hollie E. , Angell John H. , Fulweiler R. W.
Published: March 2019

Changing precipitation patterns are predicted to alter ecosystem structure and function with potential carbon cycle feedbacks to climate change. Influenced by both land and sea, salt marshes are unique ecosystems and their productivity and respiration responses to precipitation change differ from those observed in terrestrial ecosystems. How salt marsh greenhouse gas fluxes and sediment microbial communities will respond to climate‐induced precipitation changes is largely unknown. We conducted 1‐year precipitation manipulation experiments in the Spartina patens (high marsh) zone of two salt marshes and quantified ecosystem functions at both and microbial community structure at one. Precipitation treatments (doubled rainfall, extreme drought, and seasonal intensification) had a significant, although transient, impact on porewater salinity following storms at both sites, but most site conditions (nutrient concentrations, sediment moisture, and temperature) were unaffected. Extreme drought led to a subtle change in microbial community structure, but most ecosystem functions (primary productivity, litter decomposition, and greenhouse gas fluxes) were not affected by precipitation changes. The absence of ecosystem function change indicates functional redundancy (under extreme drought) and resistance (under doubled precipitation and seasonal intensification) exist in the microbial community. Our findings demonstrate that salt marsh ecosystems can maintain function (including ecosystem services like carbon sequestration) under even the most extreme precipitation change scenarios, due to resistance, resilience, and functional redundancy in the underlying microbial community.
Effects of Precipitation on Mercury Accumulation on Subtropical Montane Forest Floor: Implications on Climate Forcing
Authors: Wang Xun , Yuan Wei , Lu Zhiyun , Lin Che‐Jen , Yin Runsheng , Li Fen , Feng Xinbin
Published: March 2019

Processes facilitated by precipitation play an important role on mercury (Hg) accumulation on forest floor and therefore key to Hg cycling in forest ecosystems. Sites along the windward slope of 1,250 to 2,400 m at Mt. Ailao, Southwestern China, have higher precipitation than the leeward slope sites. In this study, measurements of Hg concentration and associated stable isotope composition for soil, fresh, and degraded litterfall samples were made at sites along two slopes of Mt. Ailao to quantify the direct and indirect effects of precipitation on Hg accumulation on forest floor. Higher soil Hg concentrations, larger litterfall Hg depositions, and faster litter decomposition rates were observed on the windward slope (1,250–2,400 m). Data of Hg isotopic signatures suggest that Hg in surface soils is mainly derived from litterfall Hg input. Precipitation enhances litterfall Hg deposition by increasing litter biomass production, reduces litter decomposition rate, facilitates short‐term Hg uptake to decomposing litter, and potentially increases microbial activity that increases Hg loss via microbial reduction or runoff. Structural equation modeling results support that the indirect effect of precipitation on increased biomass production merge as the most important factor controlling soil Hg variation. Given the climate forcing on global precipitation pattern and vegetation growth cycle, Hg biogeochemical cycling is likely to continue to evolve under the changing climate.
Structural equation modeling of a winnowed soil microbiome identifies how invasive plants re-structure microbial networks
Authors: Mamet Steven D , Redlick Ellen , Brabant Michelle , Lamb Eric G , Helgason Bobbi L , Stanley Kevin , Siciliano Steven D
Published: March 2019

The development of microbial networks is central to ecosystem functioning and is the hallmark of complex natural systems. Characterizing network development over time and across environmental gradients is hindered by the millions of potential interactions among community members, limiting interpretations of network evolution. We developed a feature selection approach using data winnowing that identifies the most ecologically influential microorganisms within a network undergoing change. Using a combination of graph theory, leave-one-out analysis, and statistical inference, complex microbial communities are winnowed to identify the core organisms responding to external gradients or functionality, and then network development is evaluated against these externalities. In a plant invasion case study, the winnowed microbial network became more influential as the plant invasion progressed as a result of direct plant-microbe links rather than the expected indirect plant–soil–microbe links. This represents the first use of structural equation modeling to predict microbial network evolution, which requires identification of keystone taxa and quantification of the ecological processes underpinning community structure and function patterns.
Direct electronetting of high-performance membranes based on self-assembled 2D nanoarchitectured networks
Authors: Zhang Shichao , Liu Hui , Tang Ning , Ge Jianlong , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: March 2019

There is an increasing demand worldwide on advanced two-dimensional (2D) nanofibrous networks with applications ranging from environmental protection and electrical devices to bioengineering. Design of such nanoarchitectured materials has been considered a long-standing challenge. Herein, we report a direct electronetting technology for the fabrication of self-assembled 2D nanoarchitectured networks (nano-nets) from various materials. Tailoring of the precursor solution and of the microelectric field allows charged droplets, which are ejected from a Taylor cone, to levitate, deform and phase separate before they self-assemble a 2D nanofibre network architecture. The fabricated nano-nets show mechanical robustness and benefit from nanostructural properties such as enhanced surface wettability, high transparency, separation and improved air filtration properties. Calcination of the nano-nets results in the formation of carbon nano-nets with electric conductivity and titanium dioxide nano-nets with bioprotective properties.
Increased H-Bond Stability Relates to Altered ε-Cleavage Efficiency and Aβ Levels in the I45T Familial Alzheimer’s Disease Mutant of APP
Authors: Götz Alexander , Högel Philipp , Silber Mara , Chaitoglou Iro , Luy Burkhard , Muhle-Goll Claudia , Scharnagl Christina , Langosch Dieter
Published: March 2019

Cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein’s (APP) transmembrane domain (TMD) by γ-secretase is a crucial step in the aetiology of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Mutations in the APP TMD alter cleavage and lead to familial forms of AD (FAD). The majority of FAD mutations shift the preference of initial cleavage from ε49 to ε48, thus raising the AD-related Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. The I45T mutation is among the few FAD mutations that do not alter ε-site preference, while it dramatically reduces the efficiency of ε-cleavage. Here, we investigate the impact of the I45T mutation on the backbone dynamics of the substrate TMD. Amide exchange experiments and molecular dynamics simulations in solvent and a lipid bilayer reveal an increased stability of amide hydrogen bonds at the ζ- and γ-cleavage sites. Stiffening of the H-bond network is caused by an additional H-bond between the T45 side chain and the TMD backbone, which alters dynamics within the cleavage domain. In particular, the increased H-bond stability inhibits an upward movement of the ε-sites in the I45T mutant. Thus, an altered presentation of ε-sites to the active site of γ-secretase as a consequence of restricted local flexibility provides a rationale for reduced ε-cleavage efficiency of the I45T mutant.
Ti2NiCoSnSb - a new half-Heusler type high-entropy alloy showing simultaneous increase in Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity for thermoelectric applications
Authors: Karati Anirudha , Nagini M. , Ghosh Sanyukta , Shabadi Rajashekhara , Pradeep K. G. , Mallik Ramesh Chandra , Murty B. S. , Varadaraju U. V.
Published: March 2019

A new single phase high entropy alloy, Ti2NiCoSnSb with half-Heusler (HH) structure is synthesized for the first time by vacuum arc melting (VAM) followed by ball-milling (BM). The BM step is necessary to obtain the single phase. Local electrode atom probe (LEAP) analysis showed that the elements are homogeneously and randomly distributed in the HH phase without any clustering tendency. When the BM was carried out for 1 hour on the VAM alloy, microcrystalline alloy is obtained with traces of Sn as secondary phase. When BM was carried out for 5 h, single HH phase formation is realized in nanocrystalline form. However, when the BM samples were subjected to Spark plasma sintering (SPS), secondary phases were formed by the decomposition of primary phase. Nanostructuring leads to simultaneous increase in S and σ with increasing temperature. The micro (1 h BM-SPS) and nanocrystalline (5 h BM-SPS) alloys exhibited a power factor (S2σ) of 0.57 and 1.02 mWm−1K−2, respectively, at 860 K. The microcrystalline sample had a total thermal conductivity similar to bulk TiNiSn sample. The nanocrystalline alloy exhibited a ZT of 0.047 at 860 K. The microcrystalline alloy showed a ZT to 0.144 at 860 K, in comparison to the nanocrystalline alloy.
MoS2 photodetectors integrated with photonic circuits
Authors: Gonzalez Marin Juan Francisco , Unuchek Dmitrii , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Kis Andras
Published: March 2019

In recent years, two-dimensional materials have risen as an attractive platform for integrated optoelectronics, due to their atomic scale thickness, favorable electrical, mechanical, and optical properties. In particular, graphene has been exploited as an ultrafast light modulator and photodetector, operating at telecommunication wavelengths. However, materials with larger bandgaps are required for light detection in the visible range of the spectrum, with wide applications in space communication, industrial quality controls, light sensing, etc. Even though TMDC-based light emitting and detecting devices in the visible spectrum have already been realized, efficient light absorption and photocurrent generation on integrated devices has not been achieved yet. Here, we demonstrate the integration of an ultrasensitive MoS2 photodetector with a silicon nitride photonic circuit. In contrast to the limited vertical light absorption, we observe near-unity lateral absorption, which results in even higher responsivity. By fabricating an alternative device where the MoS2 semiconducting channel is combined with a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) substrate, we significantly improve the speed of the photodetector. Low power operation is further achieved in a third device with graphene local gates. These results pave the way for future TMDC-based integrated optoelectronic devices.
Electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy using a single artificial atom
Authors: Toida Hiraku , Matsuzaki Yuichiro , Kakuyanagi Kosuke , Zhu Xiaobo , Munro William J. , Yamaguchi Hiroshi , Saito Shiro
Published: March 2019

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy is an important technology in physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology. Sensitive detection with a small sample volume is a key objective in these areas, because it is crucial, for example, for the readout of a highly packed spin based quantum memory or the detection of transition metals in biomaterials. Here, we demonstrate a novel EPR spectrometer using a single artificial atom as a sensitive detector of spin magnetization. The artificial atom, a superconducting flux qubit, provides advantages in terms of its strong coupling with magnetic fields. We estimate a sensitivity of ~400 spins·Hz−1/2 with a magnetic sensing volume around 10−14λ3 (50 femtoliters), where λ is the wavelength of the irradiated microwave. Our artificial atom works as a highly sensitive EPR spectrometer with micron-scale area with future opportunity for measuring single spins on the nanometer scale.
Emergent charge order near the doping-induced Mott-insulating quantum phase transition in Sr3Ru2O7
Authors: Leshen Justin , Kavai Mariam , Giannakis Ioannis , Kaneko Yoshio , Tokura Yoshi , Mukherjee Shantanu , Lee Wei-Cheng , Aynajian Pegor
Published: March 2019

Search for novel electronically ordered states of matter emerging near quantum phase transitions is an intriguing frontier of condensed matter physics. In ruthenates, the interplay between Coulomb correlations among the 4d electronic states and their spin-orbit interactions, lead to complex forms of electronic phenomena. Here we investigate the double layered Sr3(Ru1−xMnx)2O7 and its doping-induced quantum phase transition from a metal to an antiferromagnetic Mott insulator. Using spectroscopic imaging with the scanning tunneling microscope, we visualize the evolution of the electronic states in real- and momentum-space. We find a partial-gap at the Fermi energy that develops with doping to form a weak Mott insulating state. Near the quantum phase transition, we discover a spatial electronic reorganization into a commensurate checkerboard charge order. These findings bear a resemblance to the universal charge order in the pseudogap phase of cuprates and demonstrate the ubiquity of charge order that emanates from doped Mott insulators.
Applications of boroxide ligands in supporting small molecule activation by U(iii) and U(iv) complexes
Authors: Arnold Polly L. , Puig-Urrea Laura , Wells Jordann A. L. , Yuan Dan , Cruickshank Faye L. , Young Rowan D.
Published: March 2019

The boroxide ligand [OBAr2]− (Ar = Mes, Trip) is shown to be able to support both UIII and UIV centres for the first time.
Design of multifunctional supercapacitor electrodes using an informatics approach
Authors: Patel Anish G. , Johnson Luke , Arroyave Raymundo , Lutkenhaus Jodie L.
Published: March 2019

Multifunctional energy storage devices can greatly impact public safety and flexible electronics.
Bioinspired interface design modulates pathogen and immunocyte responses in biomaterial-centered infection combination therapy
Authors: Li Jinhua , Liu Wei , Kilian David , Zhang Xianlong , Gelinsky Michael , Chu Paul K.
Published: March 2019

Biologically inspired biomaterial interface design can regulate the behaviors of pathogens and immunocytes for “infection combination therapy”.
Thermocatalytic cleavage of C–C and C–O bonds in model compounds and kraft lignin by NiMoS2/C nanocatalysts
Authors: Mukundan Swathi , Atanda Luqman , Beltramini Jorge
Published: March 2019

The effective utilization of biomass derived lignin as a source of chemicals and fuels involves chemical transformation such as depolymerization and deoxygenation reactions.