bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The perception of Mandarin lexical tones by listeners from different linguistic backgrounds
Authors: Tsukada Kimiko , Xu Hui Ling , Rattanasone Nan Xu
Published: October 2015

Two groups of non-native adult learners of Mandarin in Australia were directly compared in their ability to perceive monosyllabic Mandarin words contrasting in lexical tones. They differed in their linguistic experience (non-heritage (n=10), heritage (n=12)). A group of eight native Mandarin speakers and a group of ten functionally monolingual speakers of Australian English were included as controls. All non-native learners used English as their primary language of communication. However, the heritage learners were able to communicate in Cantonese as well as English. The primary question of interest was whether heritage learners’ knowledge of contrastive tone in Cantonese might give them an advantage over English-speaking learners in perceiving tone contrasts in Mandarin. In general, there were more similarities than differences between the two groups of learners in their response patterns. Of the six tone contrasts examined (T1-T2, T1-T3, T1-T4, T2-T3, T2-T4, T3-T4), the two groups significantly differed only on T1-T4. The heritage learners were less accurate on T1-T4 than the non-heritage learners who are monolingual speakers of Australian English. On the other hand, the non-heritage learners were more accurate than Australian English speakers with no prior experience with Mandarin on all tone contrasts. Thus, we conclude that simply having an exposure to and functional knowledge of another tonal language since early childhood does not guarantee accurate perception of Mandarin tones in comparison with adult learners without prior experience with tonal languages.
Mandarin learners’ (L2) comprehension of zero anaphora in Mandarin phone conversations
Authors: Bailey Benjamin
Published: October 2015

This article analyzes patterns of comprehension of zero anaphor by native-English-speaker learners of Mandarin in recordings and transcriptions of four naturally occurring Mandarin telephone conversations. Because many anaphoric pronouns have no overt expression in Mandarin, comprehension of even basic clause constituents of Mandarin texts can require discourse-level inferencing that English does not require. Despite these differences between English and Mandarin, intermediate to advanced level Mandarin learners in this study were able to successfully interpret and translate zero anaphor in these telephone conversation texts about 72% of the time. The greatest difficulties with zero anaphor were related to a) instances in which the initial, explicitly expressed antecedent was misinterpreted, and b) shifts in footing, or verbal activity, in which speakers moved, for example, from narrative description to direct address of interlocutor or personal evaluation of a situation just described. These patterns suggest that greater awareness of discourse level structures in naturally occurring verbal interaction – which could be taught through explicit instruction – might help intermediate and advanced Mandarin learners to correctly interpret a broader range of zero anaphora.
从叙实性看古代汉语连词 “虽” 的两种语义功能
Authors: 新良 李 , 艳 刘
Published: October 2015

提要

“虽” 作连词是上古汉语就已产生的用法, 古代汉语中的连词 “虽” 具有表达转折和让步两种差别较大的语义功能。本文针对这种比较奇怪的现象, 旨在弄清出现这种现象的原因和机制, 并试图找到这两种语义功能之间的内在关联。本文的研究思路是:先简要回顾动词的叙实性研究的历史并梳理跟叙实性相关的概念, 进而指出古代汉语连词 “虽” 的两种语义功能可以纳入叙实性进行研究。通过跟现代汉语中的 “虽然” 和 “即使” 进行类比分析, 我们发现, 具有叙实和反叙实两种语义功能的连词 “虽” 都可以表达转折关系, 都是种反预期的表达方式, 这是它们在语义上的共通之处; 而反叙实作用的 “虽” 由于引入了一个 “可能世界”, 所以还可以表达 “假设” 和 “让步” 关系, 这是它们在语义上的不同点。最后从语言编码和解码的角度审视古代汉语中的“虽”的两种语义功能。
Rationale Anämieabklärung
Authors: Hastka Jan , Metzgeroth Georgia
Published: October 2015

Eine Anämie ist definiert als eine Verminderung der Hämoglobinkonzentration unter die alters- und geschlechtsspezifische Norm. Diese beträgt nach der WHO 120 g/L für Frauen und 130 g/L für Männer. Prinzipiell gibt es viele Differentialdiagnosen, die bei der Abklärung einer Anämie ursächlich berücksichtigt werden müssen. Die Diagnose wird zusätzlich dadurch erschwert, dass Anämien häufig nicht nur eine Ursache haben, sondern multifaktoriell bedingt sind. Eine rationale Anämieabklärung sollte immer die epidemiologischen Daten und die individuelle Anamnese berücksichtigen. Eine zentrale diagnostische Rolle spielt nach wie vor die Einteilung der Anämien nach der Größe und dem Hämoglobingehalt der Erythrozyten anhand der Erythrozytenindizes. Die weltweit wichtigste Ursache einer hypochrom-mikrozytären Anämie ist der Eisenmangel, differentialdiagnostisch sind die Anämie der chronischen Erkrankungen (anemia of chronic disorders, ACD) und Thalassämien zu berücksichtigen. Die klinisch wichtigste Ursache einer hyperchrom-makrozytären Anämie sind Störungen des Vitamin-B12- und Folsäurestoffwechsels, bzw. der DNA-Synthese. Die normochrom-normozytäre Gruppe beinhaltet die meisten Anämieformen. Bei deren Abklärung sollte man nicht versuchen alle möglichen Ursachen durch ein allesumfassendes Laborpanel bereits mit der ersten Blutentnahme zu erfassen. Es ist sinnvoller schrittweise vorzugehen und zunächst nur die wichtigsten Ursachen diagnostisch abzudecken. Dies gilt insbesondere für geriatrische und multimorbide Patienten, bei denen der diagnostischen Aufwand nicht nur aus wirtschaftlichen, sondern auch aus ethischen Gründen der individuellen Prognose und den Bedürfnissen des Patienten angepasst werden sollte. Bei ungeklärten Anämien sollte eine Vorstellung bei einem Hämatologen erwogen werden, weil im Zweifelsfall auch eine Knochenmarkpunktion erfolgen muss, um die Hämatopoese genau zu beurteilen und eine hämatologische Grunderkrankung auszuschließen.
Mechanical and structural properties of titanium dioxide deposited by innovative magnetron sputtering process
Authors: Wojcieszak Damian , Mazur Michał , Indyka Joanna , Jurkowska Aleksandra , Kalisz Małgorzata , Domanowski Piotr , Kaczmarek Danuta , Domaradzki Jarosław
Published: October 2015

Titanium dioxide thin films were prepared using two types of magnetron sputtering processes: conventional and with modulated plasma. The films were deposited on SiO2 and Si substrates. X-ray diffraction measurements of prepared coatings revealed that the films prepared using both methods were nanocrystalline. However, the coatings deposited using conventional magnetron sputtering had anatase structure, while application of sputtering with modulated plasma made possible to obtain films with rutile phase. Investigations performed with the aid of scanning electron microscope showed significant difference in the surface morphology as well as the microstructure at the thin film cross-sections. The mechanical properties of the obtained coatings were determined on the basis of nanoindentation and abrasion resistance tests. The hardness was much higher for the films with the rutile structure, while the scratch resistance was similar in both cases. Optical properties were evaluated on the basis of transmittance measurements and showed that both coatings were well transparent in a visible wavelength range. Refractive index and extinction coefficient were higher for TiO2 with rutile structure.
Comment on ‘Debating a great site: Ban Non Wat and the wider prehistory of Southeast Asia’
Authors: White Joyce
Published: October 2015

Many of the components of this argument can be seen as a matter of debate; for example, the occurrence at sites in north-east Thailand of indisputably Bronze Age flexed burials contradicts Higham's contention that flexed graves represent earlier indigenous hunter-gatherer populations. The occurrence of tin-bronze artefacts in ordinary graves at other sites in north-east Thailand belies the proposed scenario that bronze was necessarily a ‘prestige valuable’ that generated a competitive milieu, particularly as the early metal artefacts at Ban Non Wat are unalloyed copper. It is my view that although the argument may initially appear convincing, it is based on selected, simplified and flawed data chosen to fit pre-determined social and chronological models.
Reply to responses
Authors: Higham C.F.W.
Published: October 2015

The principal point of my debate paper was to stress the importance of anchoring the chronology of the Neolithic to the Iron Age cultural sequence in north-east Thailand by applying Bayesian analysis to large, third-generation sets of radiocarbon determinations. Three of my respondents agree not only with this proposition, but also with the results of the AMS dating of bone, shell and charcoal from the five prehistoric sites in question.
Rarity and rank in Neolithic France
Authors: James N.
Published: October 2015

The pursuit of higher social rank by possessing artefacts of rare skill or distant origin is a familiar principle (Binford 1962; Helms 1993).Signes de richesse(‘Signs of wealth’) is an exhibition of evidence for this practice during the Neolithic period in France. It opened in June 2015 at the French National Museum of Prehistory, Les Eyzies, where the usual fare is Palaeolithic archaeology (Chancerelet al. 2015: 13). The exhibition's main concepts and some of its data spring from the great ‘Jade Project’ on the acquisition, manufacture and distribution of ‘big axes’ (Pétrequinet al. 2012). The display is alluring, but the underlying argument is flimsy because the conceptual principles remain implicit. For whom, then, wasSignesdesigned?
Genome-Wide Architecture of Disease Resistance Genes in Lettuce
Authors: Christopoulou Marilena , Wo Sebastian Reyes-Chin , Kozik Alex , McHale Leah K , Truco Maria-Jose , Wroblewski Tadeusz , Michelmore Richard W
Published: October 2015

Genome-wide motif searches identified 1134 genes in the lettuce reference genome of cv. Salinas that are potentially involved in pathogen recognition, of which 385 were predicted to encode nucleotide binding-leucine rich repeat receptor (NLR) proteins. Using a maximum-likelihood approach, we grouped the NLRs into 25 multigene families and 17 singletons. Forty-one percent of these NLR-encoding genes belong to three families, the largest being RGC16 with 62 genes in cv. Salinas. The majority of NLR-encoding genes are located in five major resistance clusters (MRCs) on chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 4, and 8 and cosegregate with multiple disease resistance phenotypes. Most MRCs contain primarily members of a single NLR gene family but a few are more complex. MRC2 spans 73 Mb and contains 61 NLRs of six different gene families that cosegregate with nine disease resistance phenotypes. MRC3, which is 25 Mb, contains 22 RGC21 genes and colocates with Dm13. A library of 33 transgenic RNA interference tester stocks was generated for functional analysis of NLR-encoding genes that cosegregated with disease resistance phenotypes in each of the MRCs. Members of four NLR-encoding families, RGC1, RGC2, RGC21, and RGC12 were shown to be required for 16 disease resistance phenotypes in lettuce. The general composition of MRCs is conserved across different genotypes; however, the specific repertoire of NLR-encoding genes varied particularly of the rapidly evolving Type I genes. These tester stocks are valuable resources for future analyses of additional resistance phenotypes.
A Seleção de Pessoal em Psicologia em Questão
Authors: Feijoo Ana Maria Lopez Calvo de , Pietrani Elina Eunice Montechiari
Published: October 2015

O objetivo deste trabalho consiste em tecer uma análise crítica do processo de seleção de pessoal em Psicologia, que, aliando-se às concepções descritas por Heidegger como a era da técnica, que detém como verdades algumas características como fundo de reserva, funcionalidade (utilidade) e a produtividade sem limites, expõe a capacidade produtiva como requisito fundamental para aquele que busca um posto de trabalho. Ocorre que, ao tomar esse critério como a única e absoluta verdade da capacidade do trabalhador, outras capacidades e motivações, quando muito, ficam relegadas a um segundo plano. O homem, assim tomado, passa a se comportar de modo autômato, tal como a máquina, cuja utilidade dura enquanto durar a necessidade de sua produção, sendo descartado quando outras necessidades se sobrepõem àquela. Pretende-se, por meio de uma visada fenomenológico-hermenêutica do processo de seleção de pessoal em Psicologia, poder abrir outras possibilidades de pensar o homem, o trabalho e o processo seletivo em suas inter-relações.
Estresse e Burnout no Trabalho em Oncologia Pediátrica: Revisão Integrativa da Literatura
Authors: Santos Ana Flavia dos , Santos Manoel Antônio dos
Published: October 2015

Profissionais da oncologia pediátrica enfrentam estressores psicossociais no desempenho de suas atividades laborais que os tornam vulneráveis aoburnout. Este estudo teve por objetivo apresentar uma revisão integrativa da literatura relacionada ao estresse eburnout em profissionais da oncologia pediátrica. O levantamento bibliográfico foi realizado nas bases LILACS, MedLine e PsycINFO com análise da produção científica nacional e internacional relativa ao período de 1998 a 2012. Os resultados apontaram para uma produção científica restrita na área. Houve predominância de estudos voltados à identificação de fatores estressores. Enfermeiros constituíram a população mais frequentemente investigada. Os achados mostram a necessidade de ampliação dos estudos que abordem a relação entre estresse ocupacional e aspectos psicossociais, considerando a relevância desses fatores que perpassam a vivência dos profissionais que cuidam da criança com câncer.
Repercussões do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH) na Experiência Universitária
Authors: Oliveira Clarissa Tochetto de , Dias Ana Cristina Garcia
Published: October 2015

Buscou-se verificar de que forma o diagnóstico do Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade (TDAH), ou a presença dos sintomas do transtorno, interfere na vida acadêmica de estudantes universitários. Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática de literatura com os descritores estudantes universitários/college students e TDAH/ADHD nas bases de dados Scielo Brasil, Index Psi, Redalyc, Medline, ePsycARTICLES no período de 2004 a 2014. Foram encontrados 53 artigos e, destes, 15 foram analisados. Os trabalhos visavam apontar as semelhanças e as diferenças entre estudantes universitários com e sem sintomas ou diagnóstico de TDAH quanto a variáveis que podem afetar a experiência universitária, bem como descrever o transtorno nessa população. Os jovens com e sem TDAH tendem a ser semelhantes no que se refere ao autoconceito e ao bem-estar psicológico, mas diferentes quanto à adaptação à universidade e às preocupações com o desempenho acadêmico. Esta revisão oferece um panorama sobre o que já se sabe sobre TDAH em estudantes universitários e sobre a forma como os estudos com esse público têm sido realizados.
Perfil dos Supervisores de Psicologia em Serviços-Escola Brasileiros
Authors: Gauy Fabiana Vieira , Fernandes Luan Flávia Barufi , Silvares Edwiges Ferreira de Matos , Marinho-Casanova Maria Luiza , Löhr Suzane Schmidlin
Published: October 2015

Perfil dos supervisores de psicologia em Serviços-Escola Brasileiros (treino/atendimento) Este trabalho teve como objetivo descrever o perfil demográfico dos supervisores dos cursos de graduação em Psicologia, obtidos pelo projeto de pesquisa intitulado "Serviços-Escola de Psicologia no Brasil", que tinha entre seus objetivos a caracterização dos serviços-escola de psicologia brasileiros. A pesquisa foi disponibilizada on-line em umsite da internet específico para a pesquisa, divulgado através de vários meios de comunicação, no qual, o participante em potencial da pesquisa (supervisor, estagiário ou gestor de uma das clinica escolas de Psicologia do Brasil), depois de acessar a pagina e o seu campo específico, informava dados pessoais (sexo e idade), dados institucionais (vínculo de trabalho, tipo de instituição e localização) e dados profissionais (abordagem teórica e tempo de experiência/área). Do total de 846 participantes potenciais apenas 147 eram supervisores de cursos de Psicologia que haviam completado totalmente o questionário e foram, por isso, considerados para presente análise. Os dados coletados, no período de 2008 a 2010, apontaram que a maioria dos respondentes era do sexo feminino (77,6%), tinha idade entre 38 a 45 anos (45,5%), possuía vínculo formal de trabalho (90%) com instituições de ensino privado (56%), localizadas nas Regiões Sul e Sudeste (78%). A Psicanálise figurou como abordagem mais referida (24%) e aqueles que referiam ter mais de 10 anos de experiência em Psicodiagnóstico/Psicoterapia (64,4%). Apesar do tamanho da amostra não ser representativa do perfil dos supervisores brasileiros, os dados obtidos forneceram informações importantes sobre o perfil dos supervisores, peça chave na formação do aluno de graduação.
Psicologia nas Emergências: uma Nova Prática a Ser Discutida
Authors: Paranhos Mariana Esteves , Werlang Blanca Susana Guevara
Published: October 2015

Desastres e emergências são eventos desencadeadores de estresse pela exposição a um perigo imediato à integridade física e emocional das pessoas envolvidas, requerendo assim ações imediatas. A Psicologia foi convidada a compor a resposta a tais contextos, devendo, portanto apropriar-se dos pilares que norteiam as intervenções em emergências, delimitando os objetivos e o conhecimento necessário para tal. O objetivo desta revisão da literatura foi identificar os pressupostos epistemológicos desta prática inovadora a partir da busca em artigos científicos, capítulos de livros e resumos de eventos científicos. Apresenta-se um breve histórico sobre o tema e o panorama atual na America Latina e no Brasil. Discute-se os propósitos da Teoria da Crise, Intervenção em Crise, aliado às ideias postuladas pela Psicologia Positiva. As intervenções calcadas nestes alicerces partem da suposição de que pessoas possuem habilidades para superação de forma positiva dos efeitos da crise, e seu foco é na prevenção do crescimento positivo e da deterioração psicológica, que será facilitada pelo apoio social provido por instituições que potencializem a capacidade autoeficiente dos sobreviventes. A intervenção mais amplamente proposta são os primeiros auxílios emocionais (PAE). A atenção a pessoas que experimentam fatos favoráveis a incapacitações físicas e psicológicas se tornará mais comum, considerando a realidade contemporânea, e a Psicologia deve prover assistência visando fortalecer habilidades de enfrentamento em situações críticas.
Psicologia Social e Etnografia: Histórico e Possibilidades de Contato
Authors: Souza Mauricio Rodrigues de
Published: October 2015

A etnografia pode ser definida como um método de pesquisa qualitativa que visa a descrição e o entendimento integrativo de fenômenos socioculturais presentes em grupos ou comunidades particulares de acordo com os próprios termos e atitudes daqueles que os vivenciam cotidianamente. Ao se voltar especificamente para esta dimensão ao mesmo tempo metodológica e ética da etnografia, o presente artigo adota como objetivo principal a realização de uma reconstituição histórica direcionada à reapropriação desta modalidade de estudos de campo por parte da Psicologia Social norte-americana e brasileira. Para tanto, focaliza um momento e uma instituição específicos: a primeira metade do século XX e a Escola Sociológica de Chicago, a qual aparece pensada aqui a partir de aspectos da vida e da obra de três dos seus principais representantes: Robert Park, George Mead e Donald Pierson. De maneira conclusiva, o artigo debate algumas das especificidades da prática etnográfica e, unindo passado e presente, defende a pertinência da sua utilização na contemporaneidade da pesquisa psicossociológica.
Escala de Ciúme Romântico (ECR): Evidências Psicométricas de uma Versão Reduzida
Authors: Gouveia Valdiney Veloso , Silveira Samara Silva , Santos Walberto Silva , Souza Sarah Stella Bomfim de , Belo Raquel Pereira
Published: October 2015

Este artigo objetivou descrever a elaboração da versão reduzida da Escala de Ciúme Romântico (ECR), reunindo evidências de sua adequação psicométrica. Dois estudos foram realizados. No Estudo 1 participaram 301 pessoas com idade média de 29 anos (54,2% mulheres). Estes responderam a ECR e perguntas demográficas. Os resultados apoiaram a adequação psicométrica da ECR, cuja análise de componentes principais mostrou dois componentes (ameaça e não ameaça) com alfas de Cronbach (α) superiores a 0,70. NoEstudo 2 participaram 281 pessoas com idade média de 24 anos (51,6% mulheres), as quais responderam o mesmo questionário do estudo prévio. Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmatória endossaram a solução bifatorial, resultando em uma medida breve com 15 itens, cujos fatores também apresentaram αs acima de 0,70. Concluindo, esta parece ser uma medida que apresenta evidências de validade fatorial e consistência interna, podendo ser útil em contextos de pesquisa e clínico.
Does Platelet-Rich Fibrin Enhance Bone Quality and Quantity of Alveolar Cleft Reconstruction?
Authors: Shawky Hazem , Seifeldin Sameh Ahmed
Published: October 2015

Background

Recently, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was described as a second-generation platelet concentrate. PRF is known as a rich source of autologous cytokines and growth factors and is universally used for tissue regeneration in clinical medicine.

Objective

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the effect of PRF on the quality and quantity of bone formation in unilateral maxillary alveolar cleft reconstruction.

Patients and Methods

Twenty-four patients with unilateral alveolar cleft underwent bone reconstruction. Patients were randomly divided into two groups. Group A consisted of patients grafted with PRF combined with autogenous anterior iliac crest bone graft. Group B patients were grafted using autogenous bone graft alone (control group). Computed tomography was performed 6 months postoperatively to assess the quality and quantity of the newly formed bone.

Results

The percentage of newly formed bone (quantity) in group A ranged from 79.74% to 88.4%, with a mean percentage of 82.6% ± 3.9%. In group B, the percentage of bone formation ranged from 60.3% to 76.4%, with a mean percentage of 68.38% ± 6.67%. There was a statistically significant increase in the percentage of newly formed bone in group A. The mean bone density (quality) of the newly formed bone was lower in group A than group B, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P < .05).

Conclusions

PRF in combination with autogenous bone was beneficial in improving the volume of newly formed bone in alveolar cleft reconstruction and does not enhance bone density.
Gianni Bonadonna: A Tribute
Authors: Tanneberger Stephan , Pannuti Franco
Published: October 2015

The authors celebrate the life of the late Gianni Bonadonna, who made several pioneering contributions to the field of oncology. In addition to his research in breast cancer and lymphoma, Bonadonna worked tirelessly to foster cooperation in the scientific community and preserve the dignity of his patients.
Comparison of two data-driven modelling techniques for long-term streamflow prediction using limited datasets
Authors: Oyebode O , Adeyemo J , Otieno F
Published: October 2015

This paper presents an investigation into the efficacy of two data-driven modelling techniques in predicting streamflow response to local meteorological variables on a long-term basis and under limited availability of datasets. Genetic programming (GP), an evolutionary algorithm approach and differential evolution (DE)-trained artificial neural networks (ANNs) were applied for flow prediction in the upper uMkhomazi River, South Africa. Historical records of streamflow, rainfall and temperature for a 19-year period (1994-2012) were used for model design, and also in the selection of predictor variables into the input vector space of the model. In both approaches, individual monthly predictive models were developed for each month of the year using a one-year lead time. The performances of the predictive models were evaluated using three standard model evaluation criteria, namely mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean-square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination (R2). Results showed better predictive performance by the GP models (MAPE: 3.64%; RMSE: 0.52: R2: 0.99) during the validation phase when compared to the ANNs (MAPE: 93.99%; RMSE: 11.17; R2: 0.35). Generally, the GP models were found to be superior to the ANNs, as they showed better performance based on the three evaluation measures, and were found capable of giving a good representation of non-linear hydro-meteorological variations despite the use of minimal datasets.
Comparative analysis of diagnostic tools that are used in educational facilities of Moscow city during the work with children with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Manelis N.G. , Khaustov A.V. , Pantsyr S.N. , Volgina N.N. , Mamontova N.A.
Published: October 2015

Currently one of the thorniest question of Russian education and psychology is the problem of diagnostics and functional assessment of skills in children with autism spectrum disorders since existing methods usually access one specific area of development or small set of skills. Urgency of this issue is explained by necessity of development for each of these children individual educational and treatment plan aimed at their socialization, raising their social adaptation, development and efficient education. Development of such plans is complicated due to lack of the unified approach to the issues of education and treatment of children with autism and may be based only on accurate data about developmental level of each child, that can be determined only through the use of special assessment tools. In the results of the research the diagnostics procedures that are used in the educational facilities of Moscow in order to develop individual educational plan for children with autistic spectrum disorders were determined and described, the
comparative analysis of these diagnostics tools was accomplished, the areas of used of each method was determined. Methodical recommendations were completed within the framework of the research work of the professionals of the Center for Psychological, Medical and Social Support to Children and Adolescents of the Moscow State University of Psychology and Education.
The experience of use of the sand art-therapy with children with autism spectrum disorders
Authors: Kotlovanova O.V. , Malinina E.V.
Published: October 2015

The article presents the results of effective work to use sand art-therapy for treatment of behavior problems in children with autism spectrum disorder. The article describes the session plan, children's behavior in dynamics and intermediate results of work with children with autism spectrum disorders in the framework of this program. The influence of the sand art-therapy on the children's behavior was analyzed. The clinical case of sessions with the boy K. was described. The overwhelmingly positive influence of such sessions was determined.
In memoriam of Vera Mikhailovna Bashina
Authors: Ulianova R.K.
Published: October 2015

Памяти Веры Михайловны Башиной, выдающегося отечественного врача-психиатра, занимавшейся проблемами детей с расстройствами аутистического спектра.
Morning Akinesia and the Potential Role of Gastroparesis – Managing Delayed Onset of First Daily Dose of Oral Levodopa in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Isaacson Stuart H , Chaudhuri K Ray ,   Associate Professor, Florida International University, Herbert Wertheim College School of Medicine, Miami; Director, Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders Center of Boca Raton; Research Director, Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Regional Hospital, Florida, US,   Professor of Neurology/Movement Disorders and Director, National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, Department of Neurology, King’s College Hospital; Kings Health Partners, London, UK
Published: October 2015

In patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD), motor and non-motor symptoms are frequent during OFF periods, especially when the next levodopa dose has a delayed onset of action (delayed ON). Delayed ON of the first daily dose of levodopa is known as morning akinesia, which can significantly affect quality of life and impair daily activities. Morning akinesia can occur due to a delay in gastric emptying, impaired intestinal absorption, pharmacodynamic effects or other mechanisms. Gastroparesis is common in patients with PD and can cause gastrointestinal symptoms, delayed ON and morning akinesia. Alternative delivery of dopaminergic therapy by a non-oral route may be useful in patients with PD and gastroparesis. Subcutaneous apomorphine injection is used by patients with PD in the OFF state to decrease time-to-ON. An ongoing study is investigating its use for morning akinesia, as well as the frequency of delayed gastric emptying in these patients.
HIV-associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura — What We Know So Far
Authors: Meiring Muriel , Webb Mike , Goedhals Dominique , Louw Vernon ,   Associate Professor and Specialist Scientist, Department of Haematology and Cell Biology,   Senior Specialist, Division of Clinical Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine,   Pathologist and Senior Lecturer, Department of Medical Microbiology and Virology,   Associate Professor and Principal Specialist, Division of Clinical Haematology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
Published: October 2015

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a life-threatening disease characterised by microvascular platelet deposition and thrombus formation in selected organs, resulting in microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neurological symptoms and renal failure. Typically a very rare disorder, TTP is being seen with increased frequency in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Deficiency of the von Willebrand factor cleavage protease, ADAMTS13, has been implicated as the cause of TTP. However, the pathophysiology of HIV-associated TTP and the thrombotic potential in these patients are not known. This article provides not only an overview of the literature regarding HIV-associated TTP, but also presents new data on this disease. We propose a mechanism for the initial onset of HIV-associated TTP that includes the release of extreme amounts of von Willebrand factor and the downregulation of ADAMTS13 and/or the production of autoantibodies to ADAMTS13.
IOLMaster® 500 and Integration of the Holladay 2 Formula for Intraocular Lens Calculations
Authors: Mahdavi Shareef , Holladay Jack ,   President, SM2 Strategic,   Retired Clinical Professor of Ophthalmology
Published: October 2015

The use of advanced formulas to improve the accuracy of cataract surgery has been a process of ongoing improvement since the 1980s. Today’s leading formula – Holladay 2 – has now been added directly to the IOLMaster®500 device (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG). This will allow a much larger group of surgeons to access the latest formula and should improve both intraocular lens calculation and the resulting visual outcome.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in the Diabetic Patient with Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Cheng Steven , Coyne Daniel
Published: October 2015

In the US, diabetic nephropathy accounts for the majority of chronic kidney disease (CKD). It contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality among the diabetic population1,2and accounts for approximately 40% of patients with end-stage renal disease.3The earliest manifestation of renal involvement in diabetes is the presence of microalbuminuria, as defined by urine albumin excretion of 30–300mg/day.4Progression to overt proteinuria (urine albumin excretion greater than 300mg/day) and diabetic nephropathy occur more frequently in those with poor glycemic control, glomerular hyperfiltration, and hypertension.5
Management of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Santillan Roberto Medina
Published: October 2015

Diabetes remains the most common cause of neuropathy in the US, and neuropathy is the most common complication and greatest source of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients. Additionally, emerging studies suggest that impaired glucose tolerance may lead to polyneuropathy, particularly painful small-fiber neuropathy. It is estimated from epidemiological studies that the prevalence of neuropathy in diabetic patients is approximately 30% in hospitalized patients and 20% in community-dwelling diabetic patients.
Thyroid Cancer - Changing Patterns of Diagnosis and Treatment
Authors: Mazzaferri Ernest L
Published: October 2015

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. It comprises several distinct tumor types; including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC); follicular thyroid cancer (FTC); and Hürthle cell thyroid cancer (HTC), which are tumors of the thyroid follicular cell derived from the embryonic foregut. They ordinarily concentrate iodine and sometimes synthesize and secrete thyroid hormone, and for this reason are collectively referred to as differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The three tumor types represent 80%, 11%, and 3% of all thyroid cancers, respectively, and have 10-year mortality rates of approximately 7%, 15%, and 25%, respectively.1
Ultrasound of the Endocrine Neck
Authors: Baskin Jack
Published: October 2015

Over the past decade, ultrasound has become an essential part of the examination of thyroid and parathyroid patients. Sonography has been integrated with the history and physical exam and other tests (especially needle biopsy) to provide valuable information that has improved patient care.Advances in technology and engineering, including high-resolution phased-array transducers, color flow, and power Doppler, have provided much more detail and information regarding thyroid and neck morphology, making diagnosis more accurate.
Hypoglycemia The Major Barrier to Good Glycemic Control
Authors: Davis Stephen N , Dunn Julia P
Published: October 2015

Approximately 20.8 million Americans (14.6 million diagnosed and 6.2 million undiagnosed) have diabetes mellitus (diabetes) and in 2002 it was the sixth leading cause of death, emphasizing the need for improved treatment. However, iatrogenic hypoglycemia precludes reaching and maintaining euglycemia. During the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) and United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), outcomes of diabetes improved while hypoglycemia worsened with intensive therapy. The consequence was that hypoglycemia became the major obstacle to achieving the stated glycemic targets in these studies. As a result, hypoglycemia becomes a major barrier in improving outcomes in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This has considerable financial implications as at least US$40 billion is spent each year in the US on complications of diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms and impact of hypoglycemia in diabetes is vital so that it can be addressed clinically. Furthermore, newer pharmacologic agents offer the clinician options to reduce iatrogenic hypoglycemia.
What Breathing Insulin Means for Diabetes Treatment
Authors: Rendell Marc
Published: October 2015

Type 1 diabetes is a disease of severe deficiency of endogenously secreted insulin. When introduced in the late 1920s, injected insulin treatment proved to be a lifesaving treatment for type 1 patients. The primary abnormality in type 2 diabetes is a relative deficiency of insulin secretory capacity resulting in insufficient response to tissue insulin resistance. Normalization of blood glucose levels is the goal of diabetes treatment.Yet, a large proportion of patients with diabetes fail to meet recommended glycemic goals. Two-thirds of patients (67%) in one survey conducted by the American College of Clinical Endocrinologists failed to meet the target goal of 6.5% glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c).1
Islet Cell Function Its Role in the Onset and Progression of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Taylor Roy
Published: October 2015

Studies of the natural history of type 2 diabetes have transformed views on the nature of the condition in the last two decades.The Belfast Study is one of the earliest and most complete studies to observe the change in blood glucose control during six years of best possible management by dietary means. After the rapid initial fall from presenting blood glucose levels over 11mM, mean fasting blood glucose was maintained around 8mM for only two years before an inexorable rise occurred. By six years after diagnosis mean plasma glucose was over 10mM.This work is all the more impressive as no oral agent therapy was used during the course of the study which truly observed natural history modified only by consistent and expert dietary advice. Calculated beta cell function revealed a fall from around 30% of normal function at diagnosis to around 22% after six years.
The PROactive and DREAM Studies
Authors: Taylor Roy
Published: October 2015

These two large studies, PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events (PROactive) and Diabetes REduction Assessment with ramipril and rosiglitazone Medication (DREAM), had very different aims. PROactive asked whether the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist pioglitazone could decrease macrovascular morbidity and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes who were already taking maximum preventive treatment.1DREAM asked whether rosiglitazone and ramipril (PPARγ agonist and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, respectively), either in combination or individually, could decrease the rate of progression to diabetes in people with abnormal glucose tolerance.2,3
Salmon Calcitonin and the Treatment of Acute Osteoporosis
Authors: Rosen Harold N
Published: October 2015

There are many different treatment options for osteoporosis available to physicians. Most of these are designed to prevent and treat osteoporosis by inhibiting bone resorption and/or increasing bone formation. One group of patients with very specific needs is those with vertebral compression fractures especially in those whom the most commonly used treatment, bisphosphonate, is not well tolerated. Under these circumstances salmon calcitonin, a treatment that has known efficacy in reducing further vertebral fracture, an analgesic effect, and is known to be safe and well tolerated in older individuals, could be the answer.

Salmon calcitonin is the most widely used of the calcitonins effective in humans. It has 40 times the affinity for osteoclasts as human calcitonin and is very effective at inhibiting bone resorption.1,2
Thyroid Disease in Pregnancy
Authors: Elizabeth N Pearce , Angela M Leung
Published: October 2015

The spectrum of thyroid disease in pregnancy has implications for both the mother and the developing fetus. Here we review the interpretation of thyroid function test values, thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism, iodine requirements, autoimmune thyroid disease, and thyroid screening recommendations as they pertain to pregnant women. It should be noted that the management of thyroid dysfunction in pregnancy should be closely co-ordinated with obstetricians and other providers.
The Evolving Role of the Diabetes Educator—Changing Patient Behavior in Diabetes Self-management Education
Authors: Blackman Daniel J
Published: October 2015

In this day and age of evidence-based practice, we seek to provide interventions that we know will make a significant difference in the lives of our patients. For those of us who specialize in the care of people with diabetes, e.g. endocrinologists and diabetes educators, diabetes self-management education/training (DSME/T) has long been considered an essential intervention, a cornerstone of diabetes care. The government’s Healthy People 2010 objective that 60% of persons with diabetes should receive formal diabetes education supports this logic.1However, for many healthcare professionals outside of the specialty, this belief in the efficacy of DSME/T appears to be less solid, as evidenced by the poor referral rates for education. This disconnect is illustrated by the following findings. Although Medicare covers DSME/T as a benefit for patients with diabetes, only 1% of Medicare beneficiaries received this service in 2004 and 2005.2The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) d ta indicate that only 54.3% of people who responded to a survey had ever attended some type of diabetes self-management class.3A 2007 Roper US Diabetes Patient Market Study found that only 26% of nearly 17 million diagnosed diabetes patients in the US had visited a diabetes educator within the past year.4Anecdotal reports from diabetes educators support the notion that with the current type 2 diabetes epidemic facing the US, education programs should be over-run with referrals for DSME/T. This, however, is far from the case for most programs. Most diabetes educators are sorely underutilized, and the rate of recognized diabetes education program closures is staggering, at three per week in the US.5
A Review of Type 2 Diabetes Drug Classes
Authors: Hollander Priscilla
Published: October 2015

Diabetes is assopciated with long-term micro- and macrovascular complications, and is widely recognized as a leading cause of mortality and morbidity. As the western lifestyle spreads throughout the world, so does the prevalence of type 2 diabetes.1This disease involves a combination of b- cell dysfunction and insulin resistance such that the body struggles to maintain euglycemia. Glucagon, as well as insulin, is an important regulator of glucose metabolism, helping to stimulate glucose production in the liver. In type 2 diabetes, plasma glucagon concentrations are often elevated, causing an increase in glucose output.
Advances in Our Understanding of Acromegaly – Is There an Optimal Management Regimen?
Authors: Higham Claire E , Trainer Peter J ,   Diabetes and Endocrinology Specialist Registrar,   Consultant Endocrinologist, Department of Endocrinology, Christie Hospital, Manchester
Published: October 2015

The two- to three-fold increased mortality associated with active acromegaly can be significantly decreased and even normalised with effective treatment to reduce growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) levels to within normal limits. This article addresses the advances in surgical techniques, new approaches in radiotherapy and the choice of medical treatments that make it possible to achieve biochemical remission and improve signs and symptoms of disease in almost every patient with acromegaly. The literature is reviewed with regard to the relative merits of each treatment method, recent controversies such as the role of radiotherapy and primary octreotide therapy are discussed and a treatment algorithm is proposed to provide a guide to management.
Autoimmune Encephalitis—Antibody Targets and Their Potential Pathogenicity in Immunotherapy-responsive Syndromes
Authors: Bera Katarzyna D , Vincent Angela , Irani Sarosh R ,   Medical Student,   Professor,   Clinical Fellow, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, UK
Published: October 2015

Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) associated with neural autoantibodies is increasingly recognized as a cause of subacute onset amnesia, confusion, and seizures. In the past decade, several key antibody targets have been identified in AIE. These include the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, voltage-gated potassium channel complexesin particular leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD). There is accumulating clinical and laboratory evidence that antibodies targeting the extracellular domains of cell-surface molecules are directly pathogenic. Each antibody target associates with a spectrum of clinical features and relative response to immunotherapies. These immunotherapies have been shown to improve short- and long-term clinical outcomes in affected patients. AIE is an important differential diagnosis to consider in patients presenting with symptoms of encephalitis as early diagnosis can lead to successful treatment.
Needle Revision for Filtering Blebs
Authors: Feldman Robert M ,   Professor and Chairman, Richard S Ruiz, MD, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Texas Medical School, Houston
Published: October 2015

Trabeculectomy is generally a successful procedure for reducing intraocular pressure (IOP) in glaucoma patients. However, failure of the filtering bleb may occur. Needling is a minimally invasive procedure used to re-establish aqueous flow in the eye in the event of bleb failure. Needle revision is useful in cases of low blebs where flow is restricted by episcleral fibrosis, thick walled loculations within blebs otherwise appearing functional, encapsulated blebs, localized blebs, and dysesthetic blebs. The procedure can be performed in a variety of settings from the operating room to the slit lamp. Use of antifibrotics can make the procedure more effective. Significant complications are unusual but include hypotony, intrableb bleeding, and failure to resolve the indication for surgery. Needle revision is a simple procedure that should be considered in cases of inadequate filtration, need for bleb remodeling, and where re-establishing flow will control IOP.
Quality of Life in Glaucoma Patients
Authors: Skalicky Simon , Goldberg Ivan ,   Professorial Senior Ophthalmology Registrar, Glaucoma Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, and Clinical Senior Lecturer, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney,   Head, Glaucoma Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia, and Clinical Associate Professor, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,   Professorial Senior Ophthalmology Registrar, Glaucoma Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, and Clinical Senior Lecturer, Discipline of Ophthalmology, University of Sydney,   Head, Glaucoma Unit, Sydney Eye Hospital, Sydney, Australia, and Clinical Associate Professor, Discipline of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
Published: October 2015

Glaucoma affects the quality of life (QoL) of millions of people. Patients with glaucoma have a reduced QoL in early stage disease, which worsens as the disease progresses. Reduced visual function is the main determinant of poor QoL in glaucoma, however ocular surface discomfort, psychological factors, and social constraints contribute to the burden of disease. The assessment of QoL in glaucoma is important in clinical practice to assessing a patient’s wellbeing, visual function and level of satisfaction with their care. It can be used to make important therapeutic decisions and allow clinician and patient to share common, realistic goals leading to better treatment outcomes. Quality of life assessment is increasingly important in clinical research. Various tools have been used to assess QoL in glaucoma, including general health-related questionnaires, vision-specific questionnaires, glaucoma-specific questionnaires, utility value assessments and objective visual function assessment. These tools are summarized and critically appraised in this article.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DO NUTRICIONISTA NA QUALIDADE DE REFEIÇÕES ESCOLARES: ESTUDO COMPARATIVO DE CARDÁPIOS DE ESCOLAS PARTICULARES DE ENSINO INFANTIL NO MUNICÍPIO DE SÃO PAULO
Authors: Paiva Patrícia Yumi Uemura , Santos Danielle Assis Cardoso , Santos Laís Cristina Coelho , Souza Beatriz Silva Rodrigues , Cruz Carla Lizandra Jesus Teixeira , Matias Andrea Carvalheiro Guerra , Spinelli Mônica Glória Neumann
Published: October 2015

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar qualitativamente o cardápio de almoço de três escolas particulares de educação infantil do município de São Paulo. Avaliou-se, por meio de um questionário, pelo método AQPC, o cardápio de almoço de um mês das três escolas com diferentes tipos de gestão: autogestão sem nutricionista (ESN), terceirizada (ET) e autogestão com nutricionista (EAG). Observou-se que na escola sem nutricionista há uma menor oferta de frutas, verduras, legumes e leguminosas e uma maior oferta de gorduras e açúcares, além de uma maior monotonia do cardápio e repetição de cores. Apesar do preço semelhante, as escolas com nutricionista oferecem uma refeição mais equilibrada. Concluiu-se que a frequência do nutricionista no local influencia de forma decisiva a qualidade da oferta e do equilíbrio do cardápio, ajudando a adequar o cardápio e monitorar o consumo alimentar.