bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
T lymphocyte dynamics in methylisothiazolinone‐allergic patients
Authors: Popple Amy , Williams Jason , Maxwell Gavin , Gellatly Nichola , Dearman Rebecca J. , Kimber Ian
Published: May 2016

Background

Methylisothiazolinone (MI), a preservative that is commonly used in personal care products, is now recognized as an important contact allergen in both cosmetic and occupational settings.

Objectives

To analyse T lymphocyte responses to MI, in order to provide important information regarding the relationship between the nature of such responses and skin sensitization potency.

Methods

Proliferative responses to free MI and to an MI–human serum albumin (HSA) conjugate were measured according to [3H]thymidine incorporation (n = 56 donors; patch test scores of + in 20, ++ in 29, and +++ in 7). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of MI (0.001–1 µg/ml) or MI–HSA (0.001–100 µg/ml). Proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were identified by flow cytometry with the intracellular marker Ki‐67.

Results

For free MI, modest positive responses were recorded for 7 of 31 donors. In contrast, MI–HSA stimulated more marked responses in 17 of 31 donors. Characterization of positive proliferative responses showed variable patterns of proliferating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from donors with the same patch test scores and similar maximal values.

Conclusions

MI–HSA is able to induce secondary responses in lymphocytes drawn from sensitized subjects, and provides a more effective source of antigen than free MI. Furthermore, individual donors show differential activity profiles with respect to T lymphocyte subsets.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy in Chronic Spinal Cord Injury: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Shroff G
Published: May 2016

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have a role in treating neurological disorders. The efficacy and safety of hESC in treating spinal cord injury (SCI) was reported in our previous study. In the present study, we have evaluated the efficacy and safety of hESC therapy in 226 patients with SCI. In the first treatment phase (T1), 0.25 mL hESCs were administered intramuscularly twice daily, 1 mL every 10 days i.v., and 1–5 mL every 7 days. Of 153 patients in the American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) scale A at the beginning of T1, a significant number of patients (n = 80; 52.3%) moved to lower scales at the end of T1 (p = 0.01). At the end of T2, of 32 patients in ASIA scale A, 12 patients (37.5%) moved to scale B (p = 0.01). Of 19 patients, 3 patients (37.5%) moved to scale B at the end of T3 (p = 0.02). No serious adverse events (AEs) were observed. hESC transplantation is safe and effective.
Comparison of Right Ventricle Systolic Function between Long‐Term Anabolic–Androgenic Steroid User and Nonuser Bodybuilder Athletes: A Study of Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Alizade Elnur , Avci Anil , Tabakcı Mehmet Mustafa , Toprak Cuneyt , Zehir Regayip , Acar Goksel , Kargin Ramazan , Emiroğlu Mehmet Yunas , Akçakoyun Mustafa , Pala Selçuk
Published: May 2016

Background

Right ventricular (RV) effects of long‐term use of anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are not clearly known. The aim of this study was to assess RV systolic functions by two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) in AAS user and nonuser bodybuilders.

Methods

A total of 33 competitive male bodybuilders (15 AAS users, 18 AAS nonusers) were assessed. To assess RV systolic functions, all participants underwent standard two‐dimensional and Doppler echocardiography, and 2DSTE.

Results

Interventricular septal thickness, left ventricle posterior wall thickness, relative wall thickness, and left ventricle mass index were significantly higher in AAS users than nonusers. While standard diastolic parameters were not statistically different between the groups, tissue Doppler parameters including RV E′ and E′/A′ were lower in AAS users than nonusers (10.1 ± 2.0 vs. 12.7 ± 2.1; P = 0.001, 1.1 ± 0.1 vs. 1.5 ± 0.4; P = 0.009, respectively). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, RV fractional area change, and RV S′ were in normal ranges. However, RV S′ was found to be lower in users than nonusers (12.2 ± 2.2 vs. 14.6 ± 2.8, P = 0.011). RV free wall longitudinal strain and strain rate were decreased in AAS users in comparison with nonusers (−20.2 ± 3.1 vs. −23.3 ± 3.5; P = 0.012, −3.2 ± 0.1 vs. −3.4 ± 0.1; P = 0.022, respectively). In addition, there were good correlations between 2DSTE parameters and RV S′, E′, and E′/A′.

Conclusion

Despite normal standard systolic echo parameters, peak systolic RV free wall strain and strain rate were reduced in AAS user bodybuilders in comparison with nonusers. Strain and strain rate by 2DSTE may be useful for early determination of subclinical RV dysfunction in AAS user bodybuilders.
A Challenging Differential Diagnosis: Distinguishing between Endomyocardial Fibrosis and Apical Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Maia Cintia Prado , Gali Luís Gustavo , Schmidt André , de Almeida Filho Oswaldo César , Santos Marcel Koenigkam , Saraiva Luciano Albuquerque Lima , Rodrigues Alfredo José , Maciel Benedito Carlos , Romano Minna Moreira Dias
Published: May 2016

Endomyocardial fibrosis, which is a cause of restrictive cardiomyopathy, is characterized by the deposition of fibrous tissue in the apical region of 1 or both ventricles. The condition not only affects the diastolic dynamics of the ventricles, but also the function of the atrioventricular valves. The disease occurs predominantly in tropical regions worldwide and in sub‐Saharan Africa. This condition is not well understood, with varied manifestations, from subclinical presentations to chronic and progressive edematous syndromes. Here, we present the challenging case of a patient with an indeterminate echocardiographic image, suggesting apical hypertrophy, plus severe aortic stenosis and fibrosis of the left ventricular outflow tract. An electrocardiogram revealed symmetrical T‐wave inversion, which is a characteristic manifestation of apical hypertrophy. The importance of cardiac imaging examinations such as echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance for differentiating between endomyocardial fibrosis and apical hypertrophy is highlighted in this patient's case.
Early Transthoracic Echocardiography after Cardiac Surgery Predicts Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Lacalzada Juan , Jiménez Juan José , Iribarren José Luis , de la Rosa Alejandro , Martín‐Cabeza Marta , Izquierdo María Manuela , Marí‐López Belén , García‐González Martín Jesús , Jorge‐Pérez Pablo , Barragán Antonio , Laynez Ignacio
Published: May 2016

Purpose

Postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) is frequent after cardiac surgery. We aimed to establish a predictive model of POAF based on postoperative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) findings.

Methods

This study included 147 patients (aged 67 ± 11 years; 109 men) undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and/or aortic valve replacement. TTE and Doppler tissue imaging were performed on intensive care unit arrival after surgery. All patients were continuously monitored during hospitalization. The end point was the appearance of POAF.

Results

POAF appeared in 37 patients (25.2%). These patients were older (69 ± 16 vs. 65 ± 12 years; P < 0.001) and had increased long axis of the left atrium (LA) dimension (5.4 ± 1 vs. 4.8 ± 0.9 cm, P = 0.02), lower early diastolic velocity of the mitral annulus (e′) (6.9 ± 2.1 vs. 8 ± 1.8 cm/sec; P < 0.01), and higher early diastolic pulsed Doppler mitral ratio (E)/e′ (E/e′) (17.4 ± 6.8 vs. 13.8 ± 6; P = 0.01). Left ventricle diastolic dysfunction grade (DFG) of 2 or 3 relative to grade 0 was significant: odds ratio (OR) 22.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 4.52–57.2; P < 0.001, and OR: 23.6, 95% CI: 3.57–60.1; P = 0.001), respectively. On multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of POAF were age (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01–1.18; P < 0.05), long‐axis LA dimension (OR: 6.24, 95% CI: 1.97–8.23; P = 0.0017), DFG‐2 (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.57–15.81; P < 0.001), and DFG‐3 (OR: 8.3, 95% CI: 4.11–25.37; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Apart from age, the simple determination by postoperative TTE of long‐axis LA dimension and DFG after cardiac surgery proved to be powerful independent predictors of POAF and may be useful for risk stratification of these patients.
Conditioned medium from human bone marrow stromal cells attenuates initial inflammatory reactions in dental pulp tissue
Authors: Al‐Sharabi Niyaz , Mustafa Manal , Ueda Minoru , Xue Ying , Mustafa Kamal , Fristad Inge
Published: May 2016

Aim

To evaluate the effect of MSC‐conditioned medium (CM) on the secretion of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines from dental pulp cells (hDPC) in vitro, and on the gene expression in vivo after replantation of rat molars.

Materials and methods

hDPC were cultured in CM for 24 h, and the concentration of interleukin IL‐10, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐8, regulated on activation, normal T Cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in the media were measured by multiplex assay and ELISA, respectively. Expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) was also examined by Western blot analysis after 24 h. Left and right maxillary first rat molars (n = 20) were elevated for 2 min and then replanted with or without application of CM into the tooth sockets. Levels of IL‐1β, IL‐10, IL‐4, IL‐6, and IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) mRNA were evaluated by real‐time qRT‐PCR 3 and 14 days following tooth replantation.

Results

The production of IL‐8, IL‐10, and IL‐6, RANTES and PGE2 by cells cultured in CM was significantly higher than production by cells cultured in standard medium (DMEM). At day 3 following replantation in vivo, the levels of IL‐1β and IL‐6, and TNF‐α mRNA were significantly lower in the CM‐treated replanted teeth compared with control teeth. Further, at day 3, the IL‐6/IL‐10 ratio was significantly lower in the CM‐treated replanted teeth compared with control. At day 14 following replantation, no differences in the mRNA ratios were detected between the pulp tissues of replanted and control teeth.

Conclusions

These findings indicated that CM promotes secretion of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines from hDPCin vitro and attenuates the initial inflammatory response in the rat dental pulp in vivo following tooth replantation.
Is long sleep duration a risk factor for intracerebral hemorrhage?
Authors: Camilo M. R. , Pontes‐Neto O. M.
Published: May 2016

Click here to view the accompanying paper in this issue.
Update on causes of premature death in people with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China
Authors: Si Yang , Chen Deng , Tian Linyu , Mu Jie , Chen Tao , Liu Ling , Deng Ying , He Jun , Li You , He Li , Zhou Dong
Published: May 2016

This longitudinal prospective study updated a previous report on premature mortality and focused on the risk factors among patients with convulsive epilepsy in resource‐poor settings. The present cohort size (7,231) and follow‐up (mean 33.4 months) were expanded. The basic epidemiologic aspects of this cohort were similar to the original report (case fatality: 3.26% vs. 2.97%, respectively; injury contributed more than half of the deaths). Cox regression analysis suggested that male patients, late ages of onset (>45 years old), short duration of epilepsy (<10 years), and high convulsive seizure frequency (>2 per month) were independent risk factors for overall premature death. Male patients with late ages of onset and high seizure frequency had a higher risk of injury‐specific death. This study emphasizes the preventable nature of injuries that are leading putative causes of death among people with convulsive epilepsy in rural West China. Education on specific populations and efficient seizure control are of paramount importance in reducing the risk of premature mortality.
Ultrasonographic and morphological sequelae to repeated testicular biopsies in stallions in relation to the lateral branching of the testicular artery
Authors: Pozor M. A. , Zambrano G. L. , Runcan E. E. , Kelleman A. A. , Macpherson M. L.
Published: May 2016

The objectives of this study were to investigate the sequelae to repeated testicular biopsies in stallions and to determine if arterial injuries can be prevented. This study was part of a larger project focused on the antispermatogenic effects of an oral contraceptive compound,RTI‐4587‐073(l), which was given to 3 mature Miniature horse stallions, while another 3 received a placebo treatment. Testicular biopsies were taken once before treatment and 3 times after treatment. They were obtained from alternating testes, 2 procedures per testis, 2 samples each time, using a 18 gauge split‐needle core biopsy instrument (penetration depth: 22 mm). Colour Doppler ultrasonography was performed prior to the procedure to detect and thus avoid lateral branches of the testicular artery. Testicular parenchyma was evaluated ultrasonographically just before, and 2–6 h, 3 days and weekly after the biopsies were obtained. Changes in testicular volumes and semen parameters were monitored. All stallions were then castrated and the testes were evaluated for any gross pathology. There was no major scrotal swelling or gross haemorrhage after the procedures. Only mild, focal lesions were found in the testicular parenchyma 3 and 7 days after taking the biopsies. Three lateral branches of the testicular arteries were punctured, but there was no evidence of significant bleeding or other complications associated with these injuries. We conclude that repeated testicular biopsies may be taken from stallions without causing major complications, regardless of a presence or absence of the lateral branches of the testicular artery. Furthermore, we conclude that using colour Doppler ultrasonography to detect the lateral branches of the testicular arteries is unreliable; however, puncturing these vessels during a biopsy procedure does not necessarily result in significant haemorrhage.
Using nitrification inhibitors to mitigate agricultural N2O emission: a double‐edged sword?
Authors: Lam Shu Kee , Suter Helen , Mosier Arvin R. , Chen Deli
Published: May 2016

Nitrification inhibitors show promise in decreasing nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from agricultural systems worldwide, but they may be much less effective than previously thought when both direct and indirect emissions are taken into account. Whilst nitrification inhibitors are effective at decreasing direct N2O emission and nitrate (NO3–) leaching, limited studies suggest that they may increase ammonia (NH3) volatilization and, subsequently, indirect N2O emission. These dual effects are typically not considered when evaluating the inhibitors as a climate change mitigation tool. Here, we collate results from the literature that simultaneously examined the effects of nitrification inhibitors on N2O and NH3 emissions. We found that nitrification inhibitors decreased direct N2O emission by 0.2–4.5 kg N2O‐N ha−1 (8–57%), but generally increased NH3 emission by 0.2–18.7 kg NH3‐N ha−1 (3–65%). Taking into account the estimated indirect N2O emission from deposited NH3, the overall impact of nitrification inhibitors ranged from −4.5 (reduction) to +0.5 (increase) kg N2O‐N ha−1. Our results suggest that the beneficial effect of nitrification inhibitors in decreasing direct N2O emission can be undermined or even outweighed by an increase in NH3 volatilization.
Soil carbon and belowground carbon balance of a short‐rotation coppice: assessments from three different approaches
Authors: Berhongaray Gonzalo , Verlinden Melanie S. , Broeckx Laura S. , Janssens Ivan A. , Ceulemans Reinhart
Published: May 2016

Uncertainty in soil carbon (C) fluxes across different land‐use transitions is an issue that needs to be addressed for the further deployment of perennial bioenergy crops. A large‐scale short‐rotation coppice (SRC) site with poplar (Populus) and willow (Salix) was established to examine the land‐use transitions of arable and pasture to bioenergy. Soil C pools, output fluxes of soil CO2, CH4, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and volatile organic compounds, as well as input fluxes from litter fall and from roots, were measured over a 4‐year period, along with environmental parameters. Three approaches were used to estimate changes in the soil C. The largest C pool in the soil was the soil organic carbon (SOC) pool and increased after four years of SRC from 10.9 to 13.9 kg C m−2. The belowground woody biomass (coarse roots) represented the second largest C pool, followed by the fine roots (Fr). The annual leaf fall represented the largest C input to the soil, followed by weeds and Fr. After the first harvest, we observed a very large C input into the soil from high Fr mortality. The weed inputs decreased as trees grew older and bigger. Soil respiration averaged 568.9 g C m−2 yr−1. Leaching of DOC increased over the three years from 7.9 to 14.5 g C m−2. The pool‐based approach indicated an increase of 3360 g C m−2 in the SOC pool over the 4‐year period, which was high when compared with the −27 g C m−2 estimated by the flux‐based approach and the −956 g C m−2 of the combined eddy‐covariance + biometric approach. High uncertainties were associated to the pool‐based approach. Our results suggest using the C flux approach for the assessment of the short‐/medium‐term SOC balance at our site, while SOC pool changes can only be used for long‐term C balance assessments.
Congruence of phenotypic and genetic variation at the subspecific level in a Neotropical passerine
Authors: García Natalia C. , Barreira Ana S. , Lavinia Pablo D. , Tubaro Pablo L.
Published: May 2016

The increasing availability of molecular phylogenies has highlighted the issue that genotypic and phenotypic patterns of variation are not always congruent, particularly below the species level. This has led to an ongoing discussion on the validity of the subspecies category and on the use of molecular data to help revise traditional classifications based on phenotypic data. We compared patterns of spatial diversification in genotype and phenotype in the Blue‐black Grosbeak Cyanocompsa cyanoides, a Neotropical songbird with four recognized subspecies. Variation in phenotype and genotype are partially congruent among the four subspecies. The more genetically divergent subspecies C. c. rothschildii is strongly differentiated from the other subspecies in morphological characters, plumage coloration and song. We suggest that this taxon be accorded full species status as Cyanocompsa rothschildii. Regarding the remaining diversity within C. cyanoides, both phenotypic and genetic markers suggest that it could be divided into two subgroups, but the boundaries of genetic lineages do not coincide with those of subspecies defined using phenotypic data. Lack of complete congruence between phenotypic and molecular markers may be expected, as they are subject to different evolutionary processes. The discordance could also be due to a methodological problem, as subspecies' geographical boundaries were defined on the basis of phenotypic descriptions that were not systematically evaluated. We consider the subspecies to be an informative taxonomic entity, but note that many current subspecific designations for diverse species need extensive reassessment.
Discrimination due to Ethnicity and Gender: How susceptible are video‐based job interviews?
Authors: Kroll Esther , Ziegler Matthias
Published: May 2016

Fairness toward job applicants differing in gender and ethnicity in a video‐based assessment interview was explored. For this purpose, 103 female and 105 male participants, including 38 who declared to have a migration background of their own, rated a behavior anchored rating scale after having watched the videotaped answers of a potential applicant. The domains assessed were communication skills and the capacity to work in a team. The videos of the applicants were generated with the help of standardized scripts and semi‐professional actors. Eight videos were made operationalizing a two (Turkish migration background–native German) by two (male–female) by two (more positive applicant answers–moderately good applicant answers) experimental design. A multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) revealed a small to moderate main effect only for migration background of the applicants. Subsequent ANOVAs found that in three of the four dependent variables this effect reached significance of p < .05. The effects were robust against consideration of the raters’ agreeableness and the raters’ own migration background as covariates. Applicants with Turkish background scored higher in the evaluation of their videotaped answers than German native applicants did. Social Identity Theory (Taijfel & Turner, ) provides an approach to integrate these findings.
The Determinants of Student Migration to Poland Based on the Opolskie Voivodeship Study
Authors: Kubiciel‐Lodzińska Sabina , Ruszczak Bogdan
Published: May 2016

Until recently Poland has been considered a country to emigrate from. However, the situation is now beginning to change, and Poland is becoming an immigration country. This also refers to student migration. Polish universities are becoming increasingly attractive to foreign students, who are mainly of Ukrainian origin. They only began to promote their services abroad in 2005 and their foreign student population growth dynamic is one of the highest in the world. The study was conducted in the Opolskie Voivodeship, the first region in Poland where systematic action was taken to address depopulation, and the steps to counteract population decline were included in its strategic policies. One of the objectives of such policies was to stimulate immigration. For this reason, it was decided that the Opolskie Voivodeship might serve as a lab to study migration processes, including the inflow of foreign students.
Communicative challenges in the home care of older persons – a qualitative exploration
Authors: Sundler Annelie J. , Eide Hilde , van Dulmen Sandra , Holmström Inger K.
Published: May 2016

Aim

To explore communicative challenges in encounters between nurse assistants and older persons during home care visits.

Background

The older population is increasing worldwide. Currently, there is a shift in care for older people from institutional care to home care. Providing home care in a person's home involves several challenges, including the complexity of communication.

Design

A descriptive observational design with a qualitative approach was used.

Methods

The data consisted of audio recordings of real‐life encounters during home care visits between nurse assistants and older persons, collected in 2014. A hermeneutic phenomenological analysis was conducted.

Results

Communicative challenges were identified: (a) in situations where the older persons had a different view than the nurse assistants on the care task and its content; and (b) when unexpected actions or turns occurred in the communication. Challenges included older person's existential issues, fragility and worries and concerns, which often appeared to be only vaguely expressed and difficult to verbally detect and tackle. This engendered a risk of misinterpretation or ignorance of these challenges.

Conclusion

The findings point to the importance of communication as the key to facilitate person‐centred home care. Communication training should focus more on addressing needs and existential issues in older persons. Person‐centred home care for older persons needs to be addressed at both an individual and an organizational level.
Prevalence of elevated alanine transaminase in Australia and its relationship to metabolic risk factors: A cross‐sectional study of 9,447 people
Authors: Mahady Suzanne E , Gale Joanne , Macaskill Petra , Craig Jonathan C , George Jacob
Published: May 2016

Background and Aim

Elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) is a strong predictor of metabolic syndrome, but there are few data from the Australian population. We aimed to determine the prevalence of elevated ALT and association with metabolic risk factors.

Methods

In this cross‐sectional study including adult participants (N = 9,447) from a nationwide, population‐based survey, we assessed the prevalence of elevated ALT [defined as ≥ 40 IU/L (men) and ≥ 30 IU/L (women) as baseline, and ALT as ≥ 30 IU/L (men) and ≥ 19 IU/L (women) as lower threshold], distribution of metabolic risk factors, and independent predictors of elevated ALT in logistic regression models. Analyses were weighted to the population with population weights.

Results

Elevated ALT levels were found in 11.2% of the Australian population. People with elevated ALT were younger (43 vs 46 yrs) with more truncal adiposity (100 vs 91 cm), higher pro‐atherogenic lipids and glucose and exercised less (120 vs 160 min per week, P < 0.05 for all analyses). Regression analyses indicated that younger age, male sex, diabetes, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, and waist circumference were independent predictors of elevated ALT. The population attributable fraction of elevated ALT due to truncal obesity was estimated at 47%.

Conclusion

These data demonstrate a high prevalence of elevated ALT in the general population that is closely associated with metabolic risk factors. Individuals with elevated ALT should be evaluated for co‐existent metabolic disorders.
Overcoming translational barriers impeding development of Alzheimer's disease modifying therapies
Authors: Golde Todd E.
Published: May 2016

It has now been ~ 30 years since the Alzheimer's disease (AD) research entered what may be termed the ‘molecular era’ that began with the identification of the amyloid β protein (Aβ) as the primary component of amyloid within senile plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid and the microtubule‐associated protein tau as the primary component of neurofibrillary tangles in the AD brain. These pivotal discoveries and the subsequent genetic, pathological, and modeling studies supporting pivotal roles for tau and Aβ aggregation and accumulation have provided firm rationale for a new generation of AD therapies designed not to just provide symptomatic benefit, but as disease modifying agents that would slow or even reverse the disease course. Indeed, over the last 20 years numerous therapeutic strategies for disease modification have emerged, been preclinically validated, and advanced through various stages of clinical testing. Unfortunately, no therapy has yet to show significant clinical disease modification. In this review, I describe 10 translational barriers to successful disease modification, highlight current efforts addressing some of these barriers, and discuss how the field could focus future efforts to overcome barriers that are not major foci of current research efforts.

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Seminal discoveries made over the past 25 years have provided firm rationale for a new generation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) therapies designed as disease modifying agents that would slow or even reverse the disease course. Unfortunately, no therapy has yet to show significant clinical disease modification. In this review, I describe 10 translational barriers to successful AD disease modification, highlight current efforts addressing some of these barriers, and discuss how the field could focus future efforts to overcome these barriers.

This article is part of the 60th Anniversary special issue.
The clinical spectrum of sporadic and familial forms of frontotemporal dementia
Authors: Woollacott Ione O. C. , Rohrer Jonathan D.
Published: May 2016

The term frontotemporal dementia (FTD) describes a clinically, genetically and pathologically diverse group of neurodegenerative disorders. Symptoms of FTD can present in individuals in their 20s through to their 90s, but the mean age at onset is in the sixth decade. The most common presentation is with a change in personality and impaired social conduct (behavioural variant FTD). Less frequently patients present with language problems (primary progressive aphasia). Both of these groups of patients can develop motor features consistent with either motor neuron disease (usually the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis variant) or parkinsonism (most commonly a progressive supranuclear palsy or corticobasal syndrome). In about a third of cases FTD is familial, with mutations in the progranulin, microtubule‐associated protein tau and chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 genes being the major causes. Mutations in a number of other genes including TANK‐binding kinase 1 are rare causes of familial FTD. This review aims to clarify the often confusing terminology of FTD, and outline the various clinical features and diagnostic criteria of sporadic and familial FTD syndromes. It will also discuss the current major challenges in FTD research and clinical practice, and potential areas for future research.

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This review clarifies the terminology of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and summarizes the various clinical features and most recent diagnostic criteria of sporadic and familial FTD syndromes. It also discusses the current major challenges in FTD research and clinical practice, and highlights potential areas for future research.

This article is part of the Frontotemporal Dementia special issue.
Mobile Phone Short Message Service to Improve Malaria Pharmacoadherence in Zambia
Authors: Steury Elinda Enright
Published: May 2016

Purpose

The current malaria treatment in Zambia is more than 97% effective when the regimen is strictly adhered to. However, the mean adherence rate in sub‐Saharan Africa is only 38% to 48%. Poor pharmacoadherence remains a significant barrier to malaria control and elimination. The purpose of this study was to determine if adherence rates to a six‐dose artemesinin‐based combination therapy (ACT) treatment differ between patients who received short message service (SMS) reminders and those who did not. This is the first study of its kind using SMS directly to the patient for ACT adherence in sub‐Saharan Africa.

Design

An experimental, randomized controlled trial was conducted through a sample of 96 adult malaria patients at Fisenge Clinic in Zambia in 2014.

Methods

The intervention group received SMS messages to remind them to take their medication according to the prescribed regimen. An electronic pillbox was used to measure pharmacoadherence for both groups, and patients were classified as probably adherent or probably nonadherent.

Findings

Data were analyzed using chi‐square for association between the SMS intervention and pharmacoadherence, and logistic regression was used for predictors of adherence. No significant association was found between SMS reminders and pharmacoadherence (χ2 = 0.19, df = 1, p = .67). Binary logistic regression indicated that there were no variables associated with adherence (p > .05).

Conclusions

SMS reminder messages did not appear to improve pharmacoadherence in malaria medication.

Clinical Relevance

The study indicates few implications to nursing practice due to the lack of association between SMS and adherence, but adds to current knowledge.
Cosmeceuticals: peptides, proteins, and growth factors
Authors: Husein el Hadmed Husein , Castillo Rafael Fernandez
Published: May 2016

Recent research advances in the molecular and biochemical processes involved in wound healing and skin aging have led to the development of innovative cosmeceuticals that rely on peptides, proteins, and growth factors to enhance skin health. Although the long‐term benefits of these products have not been fully tested and evaluated, evidence of the benefits derived from their use is steadily growing. This study describes the peptides, proteins, and growth factors that are most frequently used in cosmeceuticals and discusses their potential benefits and practical use in dermatology.
Boy with silvery grey hair and immunodeficiency
Authors: Khemka Priti , Bhattacharyya Rajat , Ray Swapan , Mukherjee Mallar
Published: May 2016

See Answer
Utility of early influenza diagnosis through point‐of‐care testing in children presenting to an emergency department
Authors: Li‐Kim‐Moy Jean , Dastouri Fereshteh , Rashid Harunor , Khandaker Gulam , Kesson Alison , McCaskill Mary , Wood Nicholas , Jones Cheryl , Zurynski Yvonne , Macartney Kristine , Elliott Elizabeth J , Booy Robert
Published: May 2016

Aim

Influenza causes a large burden of disease in children. Point‐of‐care testing (POCT) can rapidly diagnose influenza with the potential to reduce investigation and hospital admission rates, but information on its use in an Australian setting is limited.

Methods

Through a retrospective review of laboratory‐confirmed influenza cases presenting at a paediatric emergency department (ED) in 2009, we evaluated children diagnosed by POCT versus standard testing (direct fluorescent antibody, polymerase chain reaction or viral culture) and assessed differences in investigations, admission requirements, length‐of‐stay (LOS) in ED/hospital and antibiotic/antiviral prescription. The rate of serious bacterial infection was examined.

Results

Compared with standard testing (n = 65), children diagnosed by positive POCT (n = 236) had a shorter median hospital LOS by 1 day (P = 0.006), increased antiviral prescription (odds ratio 3.31, P < 0.001) and a reduction in the time to influenza diagnosis (2.4 vs. 24.4 h, P < 0.001); however, a negative POCT result (n = 63) resulted in delayed diagnosis (44.0 h, P = 0.001). POCT did not decrease LOS in ED. Interpretation of reductions in admission and investigations with POCT may be limited by possible confounding. Approximately 4% of influenza patients had a serious bacterial infection; urinary tract infections were commonest (2.7%), but no cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive. A single positive blood culture was seen among 332 immunocompetent influenza patients.

Conclusions

Influenza diagnosis by POCT was quicker and reduced LOS of hospitalised children, whereas negative results delayed diagnosis. Negative POCT should not alter usual investigations if influenza remains suspected. A controlled prospective study during the influenza season is needed to clarify the direct benefits of POCT.
Health service use and costs for infant behaviour problems and maternal stress
Authors: Le Ha N D , Gold Lisa , Mensah Fiona K , Cook Fallon , Bayer Jordana K , Hiscock Harriet
Published: May 2016

Aim

We aim to describe health service (HS) use in the first 6 months post‐partum and to examine the associations between service costs, infant behaviour and maternal depressive symptoms.

Methods

Participants were 781 infants and mothers in Melbourne, Australia. Mothers reported infant feeding, sleeping and crying problems, depressive symptoms and health service use. Costs were valued in 2012 Australian dollars.

Results

The most common services used were maternal child health nurses, general practitioners (GP) and allied health. Infant feeding problems were associated with increased costs for services relevant to infant behaviour including maternal child health nurses (P = 0.007), GP (P = 0.008) and paediatricians (P = 0.03). Maternal depressive symptoms were associated with increased costs for services relevant to depressive symptoms including parenting centres (P = 0.04), GP (P = 0.004), psychiatrists (P = 0.02) and psychologists (P = 0.001). Mothers who completed high school had higher service costs for infant problems than those with lower education (P = 0.02). Single mothers had higher costs for services used for their depressive symptoms than partnered mothers (P < 0.001). Mothers with English as a second language had lower service costs for their depressive symptoms (P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Infant feeding problems and maternal depressive symptoms are associated with higher costs for health services relevant to these conditions. Cost‐effective strategies to manage these conditions are needed with accessibility being ensured for mothers who are experiencing social adversity.
Urethrocutaneous fistulae after hypospadias repair: When do they occur?
Authors: Liao Adelene Y , Smith Grahame HH
Published: May 2016

Aim

The aim is to determine the incidence and timing of urethrocutaneous fistula diagnosis after hypospadias surgery.

Methods

A retrospective review of all patients who had both initial hypospadias surgery and subsequent fistula repair from 1995 to 2012. A comparison was made between patients who had an initial onlay island flap procedure and those who had a tubularised incised plate repair.

Results

Patient age at initial surgery ranged from 6 months to 16 years of age. The median time to fistula presentation was 8.5 months with a range of less than 1 month to 13.9 years post‐hypospadias surgery. The median time to fistula repair was 17 months. The overall fistula rate was 8%. There was no significant difference between the rates of fistulae for onlay island flap (9%) versus tubularised incised plate procedure (7%).

Conclusions

Urethrocutaneous fistulae can present many years after the original hypospadias repair. The majority are diagnosed within the first year after surgery. Rates of fistulae are probably underreported due to short follow‐up, but more importantly, due to patients transferring to other surgeons for fistula repair.
Factors associated with parents' attitudes to unhealthy foods and beverages
Authors: Pettigrew Simone , Jongenelis Michelle , Quester Pascale , Chapman Kathy , Miller Caroline
Published: May 2016

Aim

Previous research has identified convenience, enjoyment, value for money and perceived goodness as primary dimensions of parents' attitudes to foods and beverages. The aim of the present study was to examine the factors associated with parents' scores on each of these attitudinal dimensions to identify key issues for future interventions designed to improve parents' food provision behaviours and children's diets.

Methods

A sample of 1302 Australian parents of children aged 8 to 14 years completed an online survey relating to their food‐related beliefs. Linear regression analyses were undertaken to examine factors associated with parents' attitudes to soft drinks and energy‐dense nutrient‐poor foods.

Results

Consistent factors were identified for both energy‐dense, nutrient‐poor foods and soft drinks, indicating that similar approaches could be adopted in interventions for both product categories. The primary factors were social norms, child pestering, television viewing and exposure to food advertising.

Conclusions

Food advertising represents a common link between the primary factors, indicating that it constitutes a critical component of future interventions designed to modify parents' attitudes to unhealthy food products and to reduce the frequency with which these foods are consumed by children.
Perspective: Understanding the Nature and Measurement of the Lead User Construct
Authors: Hienerth Christoph , Lettl Christopher
Published: May 2016

The lead user concept has attracted a lot of attention from scholars and practitioners alike. However, different studies apply different conceptualizations and measures of the lead user construct. Such variation in measurement of the construct make it almost impossible to consolidate findings from prior lead user research, which in turn hampers the accumulation of insights on the concept itself. This is also a challenge with respect to managerial practice: due to different interpretations of the concept, managers and R&D staff find it difficult to identify lead users for workshops and cooperation, and companies are often unable to transfer results from lead user projects to new product and business development. As a result, they only rarely repeat their work with lead users. The aim of this article is therefore to provide some thoughts and guidance on the conceptualization and measurement of the lead user construct.
Influence of Stocking Density on Growth Performance, Antioxidant Status, and Physiological Response of Juvenile Turbot, Scophthalmus maximu, Reared in Land‐based Recirculating Aquaculture System
Authors: Jia Rui , Liu Bao‐Liang , Han Cen , Huang Bin , Lei Ji‐Lin
Published: May 2016

This study aimed to assess the effects of stocking density on the growth, antioxidant status, and physiological response of juvenile turbot. Turbot (average initial weight 70.0 ± 5 g) were reared at three different initial densities (low density [LD], 5.13 ± 0.03 kg/m2; medium density [MD], 7.71 ± 0.11 kg/m2; and high density [HD], 10.8 ± 0.12 kg/m2) for 80 d. At the end of this trial, the final densities were 13.2 ± 0.10, 19.9 ± 0.15, and 25.7 ± 0.12 kg/m2 in the LD, MD, and HD groups, respectively. The growth performances were adversely influenced by a high stocking density. Levels of cortisol, glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, and glutamate oxalate transaminase in the plasma significantly increased in HD treatment. Results of oxidative stress analyses showed that there was a clear decrease in superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, glutathione, and total antioxidant capacity, and an obvious increase in malondialdehyde in plasma and/or liver of turbot reared in HD group (P < 0.05). Overall, the results indicated that increasing stocking density reduced the growth performance, modulated the physiological response, and induced oxidative stress in turbot.
A scaffold protein connects type IV pili with the Chp chemosensory system to mediate activation of virulence signaling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Inclan Yuki F. , Persat Alexandre , Greninger Alexander , Von Dollen John , Johnson Jeffery , Krogan Nevan , Gitai Zemer , Engel Joanne N.
Published: May 2016

Type IV pili (TFP) function as mechanosensors to trigger acute virulence programs in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. On surface contact, TFP retraction activates the Chp chemosensory system phosphorelay to upregulate 3′, 5′‐cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) production and transcription of virulence‐associated genes. To dissect the specific interactions mediating the mechanochemical relay, we used affinity purification/mass spectrometry, directed co‐immunoprecipitations in P. aeruginosa, single cell analysis of contact‐dependent transcriptional reporters, subcellular localization and bacterial two hybrid assays. We demonstrate that FimL, a Chp chemosensory system accessory protein of unknown function, directly links the integral component of the TFP structural complex FimV, a peptidoglycan binding protein, with one of the Chp system output response regulators PilG. FimL and PilG colocalize at cell poles in a FimV‐dependent manner. While PilG phosphorylation is required for TFP function and mechanochemical signaling, it is not required for polar localization or binding to FimL. Phylogenetic analysis reveals other bacterial species simultaneously encode TFP, the Chp system, FimL, FimV and adenylate cyclase homologs, suggesting that surface sensing may be widespread among TFP‐expressing bacteria. We propose that FimL acts as a scaffold enabling spatial colocalization of TFP and Chp system components to coordinate signaling leading to cAMP‐dependent upregulation of virulence genes on surface contact.
Analysis of the interacting partners eIF4F and 3′‐CITE required for Melon necrotic spot virus cap‐independent translation
Authors: Miras Manuel , Truniger Verónica , Querol‐Audi Jordi , Aranda Miguel A.
Published: May 2016

We have shown previously that the translation of Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV, family Tombusviridae, genus Carmovirus) RNAs is controlled by a 3′‐cap‐independent translation enhancer (CITE), which is genetically and functionally dependent on the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4E. Here, we describe structural and functional analyses of the MNSV‐Mα5 3′‐CITE and its translation initiation factor partner. We first mapped the minimal 3′‐CITE (Ma5TE) to a 45‐nucleotide sequence, which consists of a stem‐loop structure with two internal loops, similar to other I‐shaped 3′‐CITEs. UV crosslinking, followed by gel retardation assays, indicated that Ma5TE interacts in vitro with the complex formed by eIF4E + eIF4G980–1159 (eIF4Fp20), but not with each subunit alone or with eIF4E + eIF4G1003–1092, suggesting binding either through interaction with eIF4E following a conformational change induced by its binding to eIF4G980–1159, or through a double interaction with eIF4E and eIF4G980–1159. Critical residues for this interaction reside in an internal bulge of Ma5TE, so that their mutation abolished binding to eIF4E + eIF4G1003–1092 and cap‐independent translation. We also developed an in vivo system to test the effect of mutations in eIF4E in Ma5TE‐driven cap‐independent translation, showing that conserved amino acids in a positively charged RNA‐binding motif around amino acid position 228, implicated in eIF4E–eIF4G binding or belonging to the cap‐recognition pocket, are essential for cap‐independent translation controlled by Ma5TE, and thus for the multiplication of MNSV.
Challenges in linking trait patterns to niche differentiation
Authors: D'Andrea Rafael , Ostling Annette
Published: May 2016

Among approaches to establish the importance of niche differentiation for species coexistence, the use of functional traits is attractive for its potential to suggest specific coexistence mechanisms. Recent studies have looked for trait patterns reflective of niche differentiation, building on a line of research with a deep but somewhat neglected history. We review the field from its foundation in limiting similarity theory in the 1960s to its resurgence in 2000s, and find the theory of trait patterning still in a stage of development. Elements still to be accounted for include environmental fluctuations, multidimensional niche space, transient dynamics, immigration, intraspecific variation, evolution and spatial scales. Recent empirical methods are better than early approaches, but still focus on patterning arising in simplistic models, and should rigorously link niche space with trait space, use informative null models, and adopt new metrics of pattern as theory develops. Because tests based on overly simplistic expectations of trait pattern are of little value, we argue that progress in the field requires theory development, which should entail exploring patterns across a set of conceptual and system‐specific models of competition along trait axes.

Synthesis

Traits relate to ecological performance and are easy to measure. Trait patterns can thus be a practical tool for inferring community assembly processes, and have been extensively used for this purpose. Classical trait patterning theory dates back to the 1960s, and despite heavy criticism still persists in empirical studies. Here we highlight steps needed for traits to realize their potential. These include firmly linking them to niche axes, and updating pattern expectations to consider recent results from models of niche dynamics, such as the emergence of species clusters. Further theory development should reveal whether there is a common traits‐based signature across different niche mechanisms.
Regulation of Black Pepper Inflorescence Quantity by Shading at Different Growth Stages
Authors: Zu Chao , Wu Guiping , Li Zhigang , Yang Jianfeng , Wang Can , Yu Huan , Wu Huasong
Published: May 2016

Black pepper is a perennial plant that can bloom throughout the year. It is generally expected that pepper inflorescence quantity could be minimized at the nonfull‐bloom stage. The objective of this study was to find an appropriate shading measure that could inhibit blooming at other growing stages except the full‐bloom stage and did not cause any reduction in pepper yield and quality. In this study, pepper trees were shaded up to 15%, 30%, 60% and 75%, respectively, and the inflorescence quantity, photosynthetic characteristics, pepper yield and quality traits were investigated at every growing stage. The results showed that the effect of shading on pepper yield decreased as time progressed. Shading treatment did not alter the composition of piperine and volatile oil, but reduced the moisture content. Based on the correlation between photosynthetic parameter and inflorescence number, the appropriate shading intensities for regulating inflorescence quantity at different phenological stages were determined. Moreover, it was found that the regulation of inflorescence quantity could be achieved by controlling leaf temperature during recovery to filling period. This research outcome also will give us some guidelines to develop other management strategies that control leaf temperature and regulate inflorescence quantity to consequently improve pepper yield.