bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucose and Lipid Homeostasis and Inflammation in Humans Following an Isocaloric Ketogenic Diet
Authors: Rosenbaum Michael , Hall Kevin D. , Guo Juen , Ravussin Eric , Mayer Laurel S. , Reitman Marc L. , Smith Steven R. , Walsh B. Timothy , Leibel Rudolph L.
Published: May 2019

Objective

The objective of this study was to measure changes in glucose, lipid, and inflammation parameters after transitioning from a baseline diet (BD) to an isocaloric ketogenic diet (KD).

Methods

Glucose homeostasis, lipid homeostasis, and inflammation were studied in 17 men (BMI: 25‐35 kg/m2) during 4 weeks of a BD (15% protein, 50% carbohydrate, 35% fat) followed by 4 weeks of an isocaloric KD (15% protein, 5% carbohydrate, 80% fat). Postprandial responses were assessed following mixed‐meal tests matched to compositions of the BD (control meal [CM]) and KD (ketogenic meal).

Results

Fasting ketones, glycerol, free fatty acids, glucagon, adiponectin, gastric inhibitory peptide, total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, and C‐reactive protein were significantly increased on the KD. Fasting insulin, C‐peptides, triglycerides, and fibroblast growth factor 21 were significantly decreased. During the KD, the glucose area under the curve was significantly higher with both test meals, and the insulin area under the curve was significantly higher only for the CM. Analyses of glucose homeostasis suggested that the KD insulin sensitivity decreased during the CM but increased during the ketogenic meal. Insulin‐mediated antilipolysis was decreased on the KD regardless of meal type.

Conclusions

Switching to the KD was associated with increased cholesterol and inflammatory markers, decreased triglycerides, and decreased insulin‐mediated antilipolysis. Glucose homeostasis parameters were diet dependent and test meal dependent.
Oral squamous cell carcinoma occurring secondary to oral lichen planus around the dental implant: A case report
Authors: Noguchi Kazuma , Moridera Kuniyasu , Sotsuka Yohei , Yamanegi Koji , Takaoka Kazuki , Kishimoto Hiromitsu
Published: May 2019

Oral lichen planus (OLP) or chronic inflammation is a risk factor for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). We report a case of OSCC derived from OLP around dental implant (DI) in a 78‐year‐old woman. First incisional biopsy of this region was diagnosed as OLP. Epidermal hyperplasia was revealed in a second biopsy performed after 1 year and 4 months. After 8 months, OSCC occurred on the same site and surgical treatment was successfully performed. This case may present a process of malignant conversion from OLP to OSCC via epithelial hyperplasia. There is a possibility that periimplantitis was involved in this change.
Seeing a crisis through colored glasses: How partisan media leads to attribution of crisis responsibility and government trust
Authors: Chon Myoung‐Gi , Fondren Elisabeth
Published: May 2019

This study uses a real national crisis, South Korea's 2014Sewolferry disaster, to examine how publics exposed to partisan media perceive the attribution of crisis responsibility and government trust differently. The study also investigates the mediating role of the attribution of crisis responsibility on the relationship between partisan media and government trust. The results demonstrate that citizens' partisan selective exposure influence their polarized perceptions of crisis responsibility and their trust in government. The attribution of crisis responsibility partially mediated the effects of partisan media on government trust. This study suggests the importance for government public relations to understand partisan media users so that public relations managers can engage and communicate effectively with all citizens during a national crisis.
Preparation and property evaluations of zeolite rigid foam composites
Authors: Wang Xiao‐Xiao , Peng Hao‐Kai , Li Ting‐Ting , Lou Ching‐Wen , Wang Yan‐Ting , Lin Jia‐Horng
Published: May 2019

Polyether polyol, isocyanate, and a flame retardant (10 wt%), zeolite (0 wt%, 1 wt%, 3 wt%, 5 wt%, 7 wt%, and 9 wt%) are used to form the rigid polyurethane (PU) foam, while a nylon nonwoven fabrics (400 g/m2) and a polyester aluminum foil are combined to serve as the panel. The rigid PU foam and the panel are combined to form the rigid foam composites. The cell structure, compressive stress, combustion resistance, thermal stability, thermal conductivity, sound absorption, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of the rigid foam composites are evaluated, examining the effects of using flame retardant agent and zeolite. When the zeolite is 5 wt%, the rigid foam composites have an optimal density of 0.172 g/cm3, an average cell size of 0.2131 mm, a maximum compressive stress of 460.03Kpa, an optimal LOI of 28, and optimal EMSE of 40 dB, and the maximum thermal stability, thermal insulation, and sound absorption.
Introduction of a New Method for a Quantitative Detection of Biological Analyte
Authors: Bier Jonathan , Keusgen Michael , Frey Jochen
Published: May 2019

Fluorescence spectroscopy is a method for clinical diagnostics and drug screening. The authors introduce a new way to detect fluorescence markers quantitatively by using an optical sensor which works as a correlation receiver. The evaluable signals from the sensor array are time‐resolved and, due to the sensor's characteristics, less affected by background fluorescence. Thereby, we expect a significant improvement of the sensor platform's sensitivity. A mathematical approach on how to analyze the time‐resolved signal from the sample is done in this paper as well as simulations to prove the approach.
Room Temperature Silicon Detector for IR Range Coated with Ag2S Quantum Dots
Authors: Tretyakov Ivan , Shurakov Alexander , Perepelitsa Alexey , Kaurova Natalya , Svyatodukh Sergey , Zilberley Tatyana , Ryabchun Sergey , Smirnov Mikhail , Ovchinnikov Oleg , Goltsman Gregory
Published: May 2019

For decades, silicon has been the chief technological semiconducting material of modern microelectronics and has a strong influence on all aspects of the society. Applications of Si‐based optoelectronic devices are limited to the visible and near infrared (IR) ranges. For photons with an energy less than 1.12 eV, silicon is almost transparent. The expansion of the Si absorption to shorter wavelengths of the IR range is of considerable interest for optoelectronic applications. By creating impurity states in Si, it is possible to cause sub‐bandgap photon absorption. Herein, an elegant and effective technology of extending the photo‐response of Si toward the IR range is presented. This approach is based on the use of Ag2S quantum dots (QDs) planted on the surface of Si to create impurity states in the Si bandgap. The specific sensitivity of the room temperature zero‐bias Si_Ag2S detector is 1011 cm √Hz W−1 at 1.55 μm. Given the variety of available QDs and the ease of extending the photo‐response of Si toward the IR range, these findings open a path toward future studies and development of Si detectors for technological applications. The current research at the interface of physics and chemistry is also of fundamental importance to the development of Si optoelectronics.
The effects of prior co‐investments on the performance of venture capitalist syndicates: A relational agency perspective
Authors: Bellavitis Cristiano , Rietveld Joost , Filatotchev Igor
Published: May 2019

Research Summary

This study provides a reconciliation of previous findings regarding the effects of prior co‐investments among venture capitalists (VCs) and the performance of VC syndicates. We propose a relational agency framework outlining cost–benefit trade‐offs associated with prior co‐investments between VCs. A longitudinal study of 4,550 U.S. ventures receiving syndicated investments from 1980 to 2017 shows that there exists an inverted U‐shaped relationship between the number of prior co‐investments and a venture's likelihood of a successful exit through initial public offering or merger and acquisition. We further find that the relationship between prior co‐investments and syndicate performance is moderated by venture‐ and partner‐specific risks.

Managerial Summary

We study the effects of prior co‐investments among venture capital (VC) firms on the performance of VC syndicates. We propose a framework outlining cost–benefit trade‐offs associated with prior co‐investments between VCs. A study of 4,550 U.S. ventures receiving syndicated investments shows that there exists an inverted U‐shaped relationship between the number of prior co‐investments and a venture's likelihood of a successful exit through initial public offering or merger and acquisition. Our findings hold implications for managers considering whom to partner with for future co‐investments and the conditions under which prior co‐investments are more or less likely to be beneficial.
Matching algorithms for causal inference with multiple treatments
Authors: Scotina Anthony D. , Gutman Roee
Published: May 2019

Randomized clinical trials are ideal for estimating causal effects, because the distributions of background covariates are similar in expectation across treatment groups. When estimating causal effects using observational data, matching is a commonly used method to replicate the covariate balance achieved in a randomized clinical trial. Matching algorithms have a rich history dating back to the mid‐1900s but have been used mostly to estimate causal effects between two treatment groups. When there are more than two treatments, estimating causal effects requires additional assumptions and techniques. We propose several novel matching algorithms that address the drawbacks of the current methods, and we use simulations to compare current and new methods. All of the methods display improved covariate balance in the matched sets relative to the prematched cohorts. In addition, we provide advice to investigators on which matching algorithms are preferred for different covariate distributions.
A New Memristor with 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene Flakes as an Artificial Bio‐Synapse
Authors: Yan Xiaobing , Wang Kaiyang , Zhao Jianhui , Zhou Zhenyu , Wang Hong , Wang Jingjuan , Zhang Lei , Li Xiaoyan , Xiao Zuoao , Zhao Qianlong , Pei Yifei , Wang Gong , Qin Cuiya , Li Hui , Lou Jianzhong , Liu Qi , Zhou Peng
Published: May 2019

Two‐dimensional (2D) materials have attracted extensive research interest in academia due to their excellent electrochemical properties and broad application prospects. Among them, 2D transition metal carbides (Ti3C2Tx) show semiconductor characteristics and are studied widely. However, there are few academic reports on the use of 2D MXene materials as memristors. In this work, reported is a memristor based on MXene Ti3C2Tx flakes. After electroforming, Al/Ti3C2Tx/Pt devices exhibit repeatable resistive switching (RS) behavior. More interestingly, the resistance of this device can be continuously modulated under the pulse sequence with 10 ns pulse width, and the pulse width of 10 ns is much lower than that in other reported work. Moreover, on the nanosecond scale, the transition from short‐term plasticity to long‐term plasticity is achieved. These two properties indicate that this device is favorable for ultrafast biological synapse applications and high‐efficiency training of neural networks. Through the exploration of the microstructure, Ti vacancies and partial oxidation are proposed as the origins of the physical mechanism of RS behavior. This work reveals that 2D MXene Ti3C2Tx flakes have excellent potential for use in memristor devices, which may open the door for more functions and applications.
Prevalence, risks, underlying mechanisms, preventative guidelines, and interventions of sonographer work‐related injuries: A literature review
Authors: Tinetti Celia J. , Thoirs Kerry
Published: May 2019

Work‐related injuries (WRIs) in sonographers are concerning for sonographers and their employers. This review synthesised published guidelines, recommendations, and research relating to the prevalence, risks, underlying mechanisms, and preventative interventions of sonographer WRIs to improve understanding of the existing evidence and knowledge gaps in this area. Seventy articles published between 1985 and 2018 were identified and reviewed. Sonographer WRIs are very prevalent.Monitoring of prevalence should continue, preferably using a standardised, validated, and reproducible survey instrument. Risk factors for sonographer WRIs predominantly include not only ergonomic and postural factors, but also workflow, health status, mental stress, sonographer age, and patient characteristics. More case‐control and cohort studies are needed to provide more accurate data for determining risk factors. More studies evaluating preventative interventions using rigorous research methods which include consultation with work, health, and safety experts, and stakeholders such as sonographers, sonographer employers/managers, equipment manufacturers, and patients are required. There is a lack of studies investigating long term, economic, and productivity outcomes of preventative interventions. The building and expansion of a cohesive and useful body of knowledge of sonographer WRIs will inform future guideline development and revision, and motivate sonographers and their managers to implement and support valid preventative interventions.
Sonographer credentialing in extended focussed assessment by sonography in trauma (eFAST)
Authors: Cormack Carolynne J. , Lavender Ilona , Coombs Peter R. , Ptasznik Ronnie
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Sonographers of a large, metropolitan health service were trained and credentialed in extended focussed assessment by sonography in trauma in preparation for a potential mass casualty incident. Given the prior ultrasound experience of this cohort, the suitability of an abbreviated credentialing pathway based upon that required for emergency physicians was evaluated.

Method

A training and credentialing process to teach extended focussed assessment by sonography in trauma was planned for sonographers. The model was based upon existing credentialing requirements for emergency physicians. The project was undertaken in two stages, using a “train the trainer” approach. The initial stage trained and credentialed a group of senior sonographer trainers. This group then supported the training and credentialing of the wider sonographer cohort.

Results

Twenty‐eight qualified sonographers were successfully trained and credentialed in extended focussed assessment by sonography in trauma scanning. Practical competency assessment demonstrated 100% (28/28) pass rate. Image interpretation assessment results also demonstrated 100% (28/28) pass rate.

Conclusion

An abbreviated model is suitable for the training and credentialing of sonographers in extended focussed assessment by sonography in trauma, given their pre‐existing ultrasound skills and knowledge.
Association of p38MAPK‐p53‐Fas aggregation in S‐allyl cysteine mediated regulation of hepatocarcinoma
Authors: Chatterjee Sujan , Patra Debajyoti , Chakraborti Udipta , Sengupta Dipanwita , Ghosh Pujita , Basu Anupam , Sadhukhan Gobinda Chandra , Chowdhury Kaustav Dutta
Published: May 2019

Bioactive components of dietary phytochemicals have been reported to possess antitumor activities. Evidences suggested key role of stress responsive p38MAPK in the induction of nutraceuticals mediated apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Current study demonstrated detailed molecular bagatelle associated with p38 MAPK mediated effective suppression of cell growth both in HepG2 and chemically induced liver carcinoma after S‐allyl cysteine (SAC) treatment. SAC promoted p38MAPK activity responsible for p53 phosphorylation, its stabilization followed by nuclear translocation leading to induction in expression and oligomerization of Fas protein. Distinctive p38MAPK‐p53 axis dependent Fas‐FasL‐FADD mediated caspase activities along with perturbed cell cycling became normalized with continuation of SAC treatment for another month to diethylnitrosamine induced liver carcinoma. Co‐treatment with SB203580, the p38MAPK inhibitor, prevented pro‐apoptotic effect of SAC by altering p53 phosphorylation and death inducing signaling complex conformation in HepG2 and induced HCC. Collectively study suggested significant contribution of p38MAPK‐p53‐DISC‐Caspase pathway in the regulation of anti‐neoplastic activity of SAC against HCC.
Recent methodology progress of deep learning for RNA–protein interaction prediction
Authors: Pan Xiaoyong , Yang Yang , Xia Chun‐Qiu , Mirza Aashiq H. , Shen Hong‐Bin
Published: May 2019

Interactions between RNAs and proteins play essential roles in many important biological processes. Benefitting from the advances of next generation sequencing technologies, hundreds of RNA‐binding proteins (RBP) and their associated RNAs have been revealed, which enables the large‐scale prediction of RNA–protein interactions using machine learning methods. Till now, a wide range of computational tools and pipelines have been developed, including deep learning models, which have achieved remarkable performance on the identification of RNA–protein binding affinities and sites. In this review, we provide an overview of the successful implementation of various deep learning approaches for predicting RNA–protein interactions, mainly focusing on the prediction of RNA–protein interaction pairs and RBP‐binding sites on RNAs. Furthermore, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these approaches, and highlight future perspectives on how to design better deep learning models. Finally, we suggest some promising future directions of computational tasks in the study of RNA–protein interactions, especially the interactions between noncoding RNAs and proteins.

This article is categorized under:

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Interactions: Functional Implications

RNA Evolution and Genomics > Computational Analyses of RNA

RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein–RNA Recognition
Applying the Social Change Model of Leadership Development to the Practice of Student Employment
Authors: Tugas Fred
Published: May 2019

This chapter presents a preliminary leadership development process framework for student employees. The model promotes holistic student development, career readiness, and alignment with staffing procedures.
Emigration from Latvia: A Brief History and Driving Forces in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Hazans Mihails
Published: May 2019

In recent years, Latvia has established itself as one of the top two countries with the most intensive emigration among EU/EFTA member states. This chapter starts by describing the demographic context and the scale of emigration post-2000, followed by a brief history of the main population flows (migration, refugees and deportation) from and to Latvia in the twentieth century. It then offers a more detailed analysis of emigration during the first 15 years of the twenty-first century including a closer look at the four waves of recent emigration: (i) the pre-EU accession wave, 2000–2003; (ii) the post-accession wave, 2004–2008; (iii) the crisis-driven wave, 2009–2010; and (iv) the post-crisis wave, 2011–2016. For each wave, description of the economic and social context is given within a conceptual framework using insights from human capital theory, the new economic theory of migration, network theory and migration systems theory. Institutional factors are also emphasised. Together with some survey-based evidence, this leads to a set of hypotheses about the nature of the four emigration waves. Our own compilation of data from receiving countries (which reveals problems with Latvia’s official migration statistics) is used for documenting the dynamics of the scale and main destinations of this emigration. Empirical analysis of the changes in the reasons for and intended duration of emigration, its effects on the structure and demographic potential of the population and changes in emigrant profiles and selectivity with respect to human capital and ethnicity is based on a number of independent data sources, including the Latvian Labour Force Survey (2000–2015), the Database of Immigrants in OECD Countries (DIOC 2010/2011), and The Emigrant Communities of Latvia survey conducted worldwide in 2014.
Variational autoencoders for new physics mining at the Large Hadron Collider
Authors: Cerri Olmo , Nguyen Thong Q. , Pierini Maurizio , Spiropulu Maria , Vlimant Jean-Roch
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Using variational autoencoders trained on known physics processes, we develop a one-sided threshold test to isolate previously unseen processes as outlier events. Since the autoencoder training does not depend on any specific new physics signature, the proposed procedure doesn’t make specific assumptions on the nature of new physics. An event selection based on this algorithm would be complementary to classic LHC searches, typically based on model-dependent hypothesis testing. Such an algorithm would deliver a list of anomalous events, that the experimental collaborations could further scrutinize and even release as a catalog, similarly to what is typically done in other scientific domains. Event topologies repeating in this dataset could inspire new-physics model building and new experimental searches. Running in the trigger system of the LHC experiments, such an application could identify anomalous events that would be otherwise lost, extending the scientific reach of the LHC.
Prospects of indirect searches for dark matter annihilations in the earth with ICAL@INO
Authors: Tiwari Deepak , Choubey Sandhya , Ghosh Anushree
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study the prospects of detecting muon events at the upcoming Iron CALorimeter (ICAL) detector to be built at the proposed India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) facility due to neutrinos arising out of annihilation of Weakly Interactive Massive Particles (WIMP) in the centre of the earth. The atmospheric neutrinos coming from the direction of earth core presents an irreducible background. We consider 50kt × 10 years of ICAL running and WIMP masses between 10-100 GeV and present 90% C.L. exclusion sensitivity limits on σ
SI which is the WIMP-nucleon Spin Independent (SI) interaction cross-section. The expected sensitivity limits calculated for ICAL for the WIMP annihilation in the earth are more stringent than the limits obtained by any other neutrino detector. For a WIMP mass of 52.14 GeV, where the signal fluxes are enhanced due to resonance capture of WIMP in earth due to Fe nuclei, the sensitivity limits, assuming 100% branching ratio for each channel, are: σ
SI = 3.43 × 10−45 cm2 for ν

μ

$$ {\overline{\nu}}_{\mu } $$

ν
¯

μ

channel, σ
SI = 1.02 × 10−44 cm2 for τ
+
τ
− channel and σ
SI = 5.36 × 10−44 cm2 for

$$ b\;\overline{b} $$

b

b
¯

channel.
An etude on recursion relations and triangulations
Authors: He Song , Yang Qinglin
Published: May 2019

Abstract

Following [1], we derive a recursion relation by applying a one-parameter deformation of kinematic variables for tree-level scattering amplitudes in bi-adjoint ϕ
3 theory. The recursion relies on properties of the amplitude that can be made manifest in the underlying kinematic associahedron, and it provides triangulations for the latter. Furthermore, we solve the recursion relation and present all-multiplicity results for the amplitude: by reformulating the associahedron in terms of its vertices, it is given explicitly as a sum of “volume” of simplicies for any triangulation, which is an analogy of BCFW representation/triangulation of amplituhedron for

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

SYM.
Two-loop perturbative corrections to the constrained effective potential in thermal QCD
Authors: Guo Yun , Du Qianqian
Published: May 2019

Abstract

In this paper, we compute the constrained QCD effective potential up to two-loop order with finite quark mass and chemical potential. We present the explicit calculations by using the double line notation and analytical expressions for massless quarks are obtained in terms of the Bernoulli polynomials or Polyakov loops. Our results explicitly show that the constrained QCD effective potential is independent on the gauge fixing parameter. In addition, as compared to the massless case, the constrained QCD effective potential with massive quarks develops a completely new term which is only absent when the background field vanishes. Furthermore, we discuss the relation between the one- and two- loop constrained effective potential. The surprisingly simple proportionality that exists in the pure gauge theories, however, is in general no longer true when fermions are taken into account. On the other hand, for high baryon density μ

B
and low temperature T, in the massless limit, we do also find a similar proportionality between the one- and two-loop fermionic contributions in the constrained effective potential up to

$$ \mathcal{O}\left(T/{\mu}_B\right) $$

O

T
/

μ
B

.
Competences in Context: Students’ Expectations and Reflections as Guided by the Mobile Application Reflect.UP
Authors: Knoth Alexander , Kiy Alexander , Müller Ina , Klein Mathias
Published: May 2019

Mobile applications are suitable as a structural possibility for students beginning their studies. Using the app Reflect.UP, students are encouraged to reflect on the organization, contents, and objectives of their studies. This article focuses on how students can acquire the academic ability to consider their own actions, which is an intrinsic component of academic professionalization. The work examines how a competency framework is derived through study regulations and module descriptions, and how subsequent questions for students’ reflection are systematically created using this framework. Next, the hybrid mobile application Reflect.UP and its underlying software components are introduced, stimulating students’ reflections on study content and objectives. The data gathered through the practical use of Reflect.UP is evaluated, and then the ensuing conclusions drawn from students’ problems and learning processes for organizing the course of studies are explored. In addition, this paper reflects on the strengths and weaknesses of a mobile application as a sociological and technological compound for structural support of the introductory phase of education.
Progress in molecular docking
Authors: Fan Jiyu , Fu Ailing , Zhang Le
Published: May 2019

Background

In recent years, since the molecular docking technique can greatly improve the efficiency and reduce the research cost, it has become a key tool in computer‐assisted drug design to predict the binding affinity and analyze the interactive mode.

Results

This study introduces the key principles, procedures and the widely‐used applications for molecular docking. Also, it compares the commonly used docking applications and recommends which research areas are suitable for them. Lastly, it briefly reviews the latest progress in molecular docking such as the integrated method and deep learning.

Conclusion

Limited to the incomplete molecular structure and the shortcomings of the scoring function, current docking applications are not accurate enough to predict the binding affinity. However, we could improve the current molecular docking technique by integrating the big biological data into scoring function.
Gender differences of patients at-risk for psychosis regarding symptomatology, drug use, comorbidity and functioning – Results from the EU-GEI study
Authors: Menghini-Müller Stephanie , Studerus Erich , Ittig Sarah , Heitz Ulrike , Egloff Laura , Andreou Christina , Valmaggia Lucia R. , Kempton Matthew J. , van der Gaag Mark , de Haan Lieuwe , Nelson Barnaby , Barrantes-Vidal Neus , Nordentoft Merete , Ruhrmann Stephan , Sachs Gabriele , Rutten Bart P. , Os Jim van , Riecher-Rössler Anita ,   EU-GEI High Risk Study Group
Published: May 2019

Background:

Gender differences in symptomatology in chronic schizophrenia and first episode psychosis patients have often been reported. However, little is known about gender differences in those at risk of psychotic disorders. This study investigated gender differences in symptomatology, drug use, comorbidity (i.e. substance use, affective and anxiety disorders) and global functioning in patients with an at-risk mental state (ARMS) for psychosis.

Methods:

The sample consisted of 336 ARMS patients (159 women) from the prodromal work package of the EUropean network of national schizophrenia networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI; 11 centers). Clinical symptoms, drug use, comorbidity and functioning were assessed at first presentation to an early detection center using structured interviews.

Results:

In unadjusted analyses, men were found to have significantly higher rates of negative symptoms and current cannabis use while women showed higher rates of general psychopathology and more often displayed comorbid affective and anxiety disorders. No gender differences were found for global functioning. The results generally did not change when corrected for possible cofounders (e.g. cannabis use). However, most differences did not withstand correction for multiple testing.

Conclusions:

Findings indicate that gender differences in symptomatology and comorbidity in ARMS are similar to those seen in overt psychosis and in healthy controls. However, observed differences are small and would only be reliably detected in studies with high statistical power. Moreover, such small effects would likely not be clinically meaningful.
Preventing epigenetic traces of caregiver maltreatment: A role for HDAC inhibition
Authors: Doherty Tiffany S. , Chajes Johanna R. , Reich Lauren , Duffy Hannah B.D. , Roth Tania L.
Published: May 2019

Reorganization of the brain's epigenetic landscape occurs alongside early adversity in both human and non‐human animals. Whether this reorganization is simply incidental to or is a causal mechanism of the behavioral abnormalities that result from early adversity is important to understand. Using the scarcity‐adversity model of low nesting resources in Long Evans rats, our lab has previously reported specific epigenetic and behavioral trajectories occurring in response to early disruption of the caregiving environment. To further probe that relationship, the current work investigates the ability of the epigenome‐modifying drug sodium butyrate to prevent maltreatment‐induced methylation changes when administered alongside maltreatment. Following exposure to the scarcity‐adversity model, during which drug was administered prior to each caregiving session, methylation of Brain‐derived Neurotrophic Factor (Bdnf) IX DNA was examined in the Prefrontal Cortex (PFC) of male and female pups at postnatal day (PN) 8. As our previous work reports, increased methylation at this exon of Bdnf in the PFC is a stable epigenetic change across the lifespan that occurs in response to early maltreatment, thus giving us a suitable starting point to investigate pharmacological prevention of maltreatment‐induced epigenetic marks. Here we also examined off‐target effects of sodium butyrate by assessing methylation in another region of Bdnf (exon IV) not affected in the infant brain as well as global levels of methylation in the brain region of interest. Results indicate that a 400 mg/kg (but not 300 mg/kg) dose of sodium butyrate is effective in preventing the maltreatment‐induced rise in methylation at Bdnf exon IX in the PFC of male (but not female) infant pups. Administration of sodium butyrate did not affect the methylation status of Bdnf IV or overall levels of global methylation in the PFC, suggesting potential specificity of this drug. These data provide us an avenue forward for investigating whether the relationship between adversity‐induced epigenetic outcomes in our model can be manipulated to improve behavioral outcomes.
Promoting adoption of management practices from the outside: Insights from a randomized field experiment
Authors: Nguyen Quang , Kim Trang Huong
Published: May 2019

We conducted a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) to explore the role of government information intervention on a firm's management practices and performance. Specifically, we studied whether providing managers with information regarding the benefits of Quality Management practice (QM) can enable government to influence manager perception and adoption of QM, output quality, and firm performance. Our main finding demonstrates that the information intervention improves manager perception of QM benefits; this, in turn, encourages managers to adopt QM, leading to improvements in quality and firm performance.
Fear and learning in student teaching: Accountability as gatekeeper in social studies
Authors: Hawley Todd S. , Whitman Gretchen M.
Published: May 2019

Today's pre-service teachers grew up attending schools where high stakes testing and teacher accountability were the norm. Despite a substantial body of research focused on the influence high-stakes testing on the practices of novice social studies teachers, a gap exists regarding the accountability movement's influence on novice social studies teachers. This study focused explicitly on the influence high-stakes testing and the culture of accountability had on two pre-service social studies teachers during their student teaching experience. Our findings highlight the ways the accountability culture of public schools served a narrow gatekeeping function, limiting what participants learned during student teaching. Rethinking gatekeeping during student teaching within the current era of accountability and oversight positions teacher educators to confront the constricting nature of student teaching today. Student teachers must learn to recognize the gatekeeping aspects of the accountability culture and to make sense of the contradictions embedded in the student teaching experience.
Failure analysis and design improvement of a rotary vane actuator vane seal
Authors: Huan Sun , Liangxi Xie , Tian Xie , Panfeng Wu
Published: May 2019

This article mainly analyses vane seal damage of a vane-type rotary vane actuator (RVA) and looks at ways of improving the design of the vane seal. In view of the phenomenon of vane seal breakage that occurred during the experiments described, it is suggested that there may be material spikes in the system's cylinder block, the interference of the O-ring seal is too large or parts of the design are imperfect. The work discussed in this article aims to improve the design according to the experimental results – providing a solution to the problem of vane seal damage. Ultimately, the objective is to provide a reference for the design of RVA vane seals.
Ownership concentration and institutional investors’ governance through voice and exit
Authors: Jahnke Patrick
Published: May 2019

Drawing on data collected in interviews with investors and corporates in the United States and Europe, this paper sheds light on the motives behind shareholder engagement. It explains why index funds engage in corporate governance, despite their apparent lack of financial incentive to do so. Applying Hirschman's concepts of exit and loyalty to the investment management industry, this paper suggests that for many institutional shareholders today, voice is more feasible than exit. For the largest index investors, the cost of engagement has fallen to a level where it is today negligible. The immense concentration amongst index funds, with the three largest fund managers controlling over 90 percent of assets, ensures sufficient return on their governance investments. Furthermore, interviews with activist investors suggest that they have learned to work with index investors and that index funds do not present barriers to successful campaigns. This paper therefore advocates against restricting index funds’ voting rights. Doing so would muzzle those shareholders with the deepest pockets and the greatest potential for corporate oversight. Instead what is needed is regulation to ensure greater disclosure of engagement efforts by the largest fund companies enabling greater academic and public oversight of asset managers’ engagement activities.
Queuing as a Changing Shopper Experience: The Case of Grocery Shopping in Britain, 1945–1975
Authors: BAILEY ADRIAN R. , ALEXANDER ANDREW , SHAW GARETH
Published: May 2019

Queues are part of everyday routine and experienced by most shoppers, yet little attention has been given to providing historical accounts of queuing as a consumer task or as a shopper experience. This paper examines grocery shop queues and the changing experience of shoppers in historical perspective, specifically focusing upon the shift from counter-service to self-service grocery formats in Britain from 1945 to 1975. The paper draws upon a wide range of material using evidence from oral histories and witness groups, which is supported by contemporary sources from the Mass Observation Archive, newspapers, shopper surveys, and trade publications and reports. The conceptual framework developed in the paper explores the public and private dimensions of queues to consider the experiences and perceptions of shoppers during a period of rapid change in the retail grocery system. More generally, the paper contributes to our understanding of how management innovations are connected to untraded public values.
Postprandial factor VII metabolism: the effect of the R353Q and 10 bp polymorphisms
Authors: Roche Helen M. , Black Irene L. , Noone Enda , Tully Anne-Marie , Whitehead Alexander S. , Gibney Michael J.
Published: May 2019

Elevated levels of coagulation factor VII activity (FVIIc) are associated with increased risk of CHD. FVIIc is strongly determined by two polymorphisms (R353Q and 0/10 base pairs (bp)) and plasma triacylglycerol (TAG) concentrations. The Q and 10 bp polymorphisms show strong linkage disequilibrium and have been associated with lower levels of fasting FVII, but there has been little investigation of the effect of these genotypes on the postprandial FVII metabolism. The present study demonstrated that fasting activated factor VII (FVIIa) and factor VII antigen (FVIIag) levels were significantly lower in the heterozygotes carrying the Q and 10 bp alleles (n12), than in the R/0 bp homozygotes (n12) (43·0 (SE 4·8)v. 23·9 (SE 6·5) mU/ml and 85·7 (SE 5·4)v. 71·6 (SE 7·5) % respectively). During postprandial lipaemia there was a significant increase in FVIIa in R/0 bp homozygotes but not in the heterozygotes carrying the Q and 10 bp alleles. The proportion of FVIIa (FVIIa : FVIIag) increased in the homozygotes but not in the heterozygotes (2·04 (SE 0·35)v. 1·20 (SE 0·26) respectively). Therefore possession of the relatively common Q and 10 bp alleles is not associated with postprandial activation of FVII, which may in turn have a protective effect against CHD.
Effect of postprandial lipaemia and Taq 1B polymorphism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene on CETP mass, activity, associated lipoproteins and plasma lipids
Authors: Noone Enda , Roche Helen M. , Black Irene , Tully Anne-Marie , Gibney Michael J.
Published: May 2019

A large number of studies in recent years have investigated the effects of hyperlipidaemias and diabetes on cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) on neutral lipid transfer activity and plasma lipids. There has been an ongoing debate as to whether CETP is pro- or anti-atherogenic as it provides a mechanism for the transfer of cholesterol from the cardioprotective HDL subfraction to the potentially atherogenic LDL subfraction. This study was designed to investigate whether there was significant variability of CETP mass and activity in a large normolipidaemic population and whether there is an association between CETP and plasma lipoprotein composition. The presence of a known polymorphism of CETP gene (Taq 1B) was investigated to see if there was any association between this polymorphism and CETP mass and activity, and plasma lipids. There was significant (P< 0·0001) increase in CETP mass and activity in plasma postprandially at 6 h. Using multiple stepwise regression analysis there was significant association with fasting CETP mass and activity (β = 0·055;P= 0·002) and triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (β = 0·013;P= 0·005) and postprandial CETP mass (β = 0·254;P= 0·007). Repeated-measures analysis showed a strong association between the absence of Taq 1B polymorphism and low CETP mass and elevated HDL- and HDL2-cholesterol and HDL-phospholipid concentrations than did those who were homozygous or heterozygous for the presence of the restriction site.
No energy compensation at the meal following exercise indietary restrained and unrestrained women
Authors: Lluch Anne , King Neil A. , Blundell John E.
Published: May 2019

The objective of this investigation was to compare the acute effects of exercise and diet manipulations on energy intake, between dietary restrained and unrestrained females. Comparisons of two studies using an identical 2 × 2 repeated-measures design (level of activity (rest or exercise) and lunch type (high-fat or low-fat)) including thirteen dietary unrestrained and twelve restrained females were performed. Energy expenditure during the rest session was estimated and the energy cost of exercise was measured by indirect calorimetry. Relative energy intake was calculated by subtracting the energy expenditure of the exercise session from the energy intake of the test meal. Post-meal hedonic ratings were completed after lunch. Energy intake and relative energy intake increased during high-fat conditions compared with the low-fat, independently of exercise (P < 0·001). There was a positive relationship between dietary restraint scores and energy intake or relative energy intake in the rest conditions only (r 0·54, P < 0·01). The decrease of relative energy intake between the rest and exercise conditions was higher in restrained than in unrestrained eaters (P < 0·01). These results confirm that a high-fat diet reversed the energy deficit due to exercise. There was no energy compensation in response to an acute bout of exercise during the following meal. In restrained eaters, exercise was more effective in creating an energy deficit than in unrestrained eaters. Exercise may help restrained eaters to maintain control over appetite.
The effects of breed and level of nutrition on whole-body and muscle protein metabolism in pure-bred Aberdeen Angus and Charolais beef steers
Authors: Lobley G. E. , Sinclair K. D. , Grant C. M. , Miller L. , Mantle D. , Calder A. G. , Warkup C. C. , Maltin C. A.
Published: May 2019

Eighteen pure-bred steers (live weight 350 kg) from each of two breeds, Aberdeen Angus (AA) and Charolais (CH), were split into three equal groups (six animals each) and offered three planes of nutrition during a 20-week period. The same ration formulation was offered to all animals with amounts adjusted at 3-week intervals to give predicted average weight gains of either 1·0 kg/d (M/M group) or 1·4 kg/d (H/H group). The remaining group (M/H) were offered the same amount of ration as the M/M group until 10 weeks before slaughter when the ration was increased to H. Data on animal performance, carcass characteristics and fibre-type composition in skeletal muscle are presented elsewhere (; ). On three occasions (17, 10 and 2 weeks before slaughter) the animals were transferred to metabolism stalls for 1 week, during which total urine collection for quantification of Nτ-methylhistidine (Nτ-MeH) elimination was performed for 4 d. On the last day, animals were infused for 11 h with [2H5] phenylalanine with frequent blood sampling (to allow determination of whole-body phenylalanine flux) followed by biopsies from m. longissimus lumborum and m. vastus lateralis to determine the fractional synthesis rate of mixed muscle protein. For both breeds, the absolute amount of Nτ-MeH eliminated increased with animal age or weight (P < 0·001) and was significantly greater for CH steers, at all intake comparisons, than for AA (P < 0·001). Estimates of fractional muscle breakdown rate (FBR; calculated from Nτ-MeH elimination and based on skeletal muscle as a fixed fraction of live weight) showed an age (or weight) decline for M/M and H/H groups of both breeds (P < 0·001). FBR was greater for the H/H group (P = 0·044). The M/H group also showed a lower FBR for the first two measurement periods (both at M intake) but increased when intake was raised to H. When allowance was made for differences in lean content (calculated from fat scores and eye muscle area in carcasses at the end of period 3), there were significant differences in muscle FBR with intake (P = 0·012) but not between breed. Whole-body protein flux (WBPF; g/d) based on plasma phenylalanine kinetics increased with age or weight (P < 0·001) and was similar between breeds. The WBPF was lower for M/M compared with H/H (P < 0·001) based on either total or per kg live weight0·75. Muscle protein fractional synthesis rate (FSR) declined with age for both breeds and tended to be higher at H/H compared with M intakes (intake × period effects, P < 0·05). Changing intake from M to H caused a significant increase (P < 0·001) in FSR. The FSR values for AA were significantly greater than for CH at comparable ages (P = 0·044). Although FSR and FBR responded to nutrition, these changes in protein metabolism were not reflected in differences in meat eating quality (Sinclair et al. 2000).
Apparent low frequency of undernutrition in Dublin hospital in-patients: should we review the anthropometric thresholds for clinical practice?
Authors: Corish Clare A. , Flood P. , Mulligan S. , Kennedy N. P.
Published: May 2019

Protein–energy undernutrition, or the possibility of its development, has been documented to occur frequently in patients on admission to hospital. Deterioration in nutritional status is known to occur in hospital. In a prospective study of 594 sequential hospital admissions, we aimed to assess the prevalence of undernutrition among patients on admission to two acute teaching hospitals in Dublin, Republic of Ireland using the widely-accepted anthropometric criteria applied in a large study from Dundee, Scotland, UK () and to determine changes in nutritional status in hospital. The mean prevalence of undernutrition (11 %) was considerably lower than was reported from Dundee (40 %). Unintentional weight loss before admission and functional impairment on admission occurred to a similar extent in both centres. Weight loss in hospital occurred in the same proportion of patients, but less frequently among those undernourished on admission to hospital, in Dublin compared with Dundee. The patients found to be undernourished on admission in this study had a mortality rate in hospital (6·5 %) over three times that of the adequately nourished group (2 %). The magnitude of the difference in prevalence of undernutrition between the two centres cannot be explained by ethnicity, case-mix or age distribution. With the secular increase in BMI in the population, the thresholds for classifying patients as undernourished or at risk of nutritional deterioration may need to be reviewed. For clinical use, recent weight loss and functional status may be more appropriate variables to use in the evaluation of nutritional status on admission to hospital.