bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Winteraceae pollen tetrad from the early Paleocene of western Greenland, and the fossil record of Winteraceae in Laurasia and Gondwana
Authors: Grímsson Friðgeir , Grimm Guido W. , Potts Alastair J. , Zetter Reinhard , Renner Susanne S.
Published: December 2017

Aim

Winteraceae comprise c. 130 species in seven genera, with the greatest species diversity in the Pacific (Pseudowintera, Zygogynum), Australia (Bubbia, Tasmannia), New Guinea (Belliolum, Bubbia, Zygogynum, Tasmannia) and Madagascar (Takhtajania). Only Drimys occurs in South America. Because of their Cretaceous leaves, wood and pollen fossils, and their lack of xylem vessels, Winteraceae throw light on early angiosperm evolution. We describe a Winteraceae pollen tetrad from the Paleocene of Greenland, review the family's fossil record and palaeogeography and document its current climate preferences.

Location

Worldwide.

Methods

Extant and fossil pollen were studied with light and scanning electron microscopy. Molecular phylogenetic and character mapping approaches were used to infer the evolution of pollen characters, and 37,842 collections from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility were used to infer the climate and vegetation types occupied by today's Winteraceae and to compare them to the Paleocene climate and vegetation of Greenland as inferred from the fossil record of other families.

Results

Winteraceae are the only flowering plants with persistent, acalymmate tetrads composed of ulcerate grains with a distinct reticulate sculpturing. The tetrad described here as Pseudowinterapollis agatdalensis Grímsson & Zetter spec. nov. comes from Agatdalen valley in western Greenland and dates to the Early Paleocene, Danian, 64–62 Ma. It shows the complete character suite of modern Winteraceae and overlaps the LM characters of the three previously known Pseudowinterapollis species from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. The palaeoflora of the Agatdal Formation consisted of a mixed deciduous–evergreen forest resembling habitats where Winteraceae occur today.

Main conclusions

Macro‐ and microfossil records of Winteraceae extend back to the Upper Cretaceous in both Laurasia and Gondwana, and the family's biogeography, like that of its sister family, Canellaceae, cannot be understood by focusing only on southern Gondwana. Winteraceae instead were part of broadleaved forests in Paleocene and Eocene North American and Greenland and may have reached Europe via the North Atlantic Land Bridge, explaining Eocene Winteraceae wood in northern Germany.
Assessment of resting energy expenditure and body composition in Japanese pregnant women with diabetes
Authors: Eto Eriko , Maki Jota , Tamada Shoko , Mitsui Takashi , Hayata Kei , Hiramatsu Yuji , Masuyama Hisashi
Published: December 2017

Aims/Introduction

To measure longitudinal changes in resting energy expenditure and body composition of Japanese pregnant women with or without diabetes.

Materials and Methods

The study population consisted of women who had delivered a live singleton neonate after 22 weeks’ gestation at Okayama University Hospital from July 2013 to June 2017. Resting energy expenditure and body composition were measured in the first trimester, second trimester, third trimester and postpartum.

Results

A total of 144 women participated in this study: 103 with normal glucose tolerance and 41 with diabetes. The resting energy expenditure (kcal/day) of pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance was significantly higher in the third trimester (1,644 ± 234) than in the first (1,461 ± 215) and second trimesters (1,491 ± 219), and postpartum (1,419 ± 254), whereas that of pregnant women with diabetes did not significantly change during all periods (1,568 ± 404, 1,710 ± 332, 1,716 ± 251, 1,567 ± 249). The resting energy expenditure of women with good glycemic control was lower than that of women with poor control. Fat‐free mass was closely correlated with resting energy expenditure.

Conclusions

The resting energy expenditure of Japanese pregnant women with normal glucose tolerance was significantly increased in the third trimester. The resting energy expenditure of women with good glycemic control was lower than that of women with poor control. Resting energy expenditure and fat‐free mass are potential indexes for medical nutrition therapy in pregnant women with diabetes.
Poaching in media: Harm to subscribers?
Authors: Carroni Elias
Published: December 2017

Two media platforms compete for heterogeneous users bothered by commercials and sell advertising spaces to firms. In a two‐period model, media are allowed to condition subscription prices on the past behavior of users. Within‐group price discrimination intensifies media competition on the firms' side, as some firms advertise only on one media outlet (single‐home), where they can meet early users and switchers. As a consequence, advertising revenues are reduced and this puts an upward pressure on subscription prices. However, price discrimination also induces stronger within‐group competition to poach the rival's users. Depending on the balance between these two forces, conditioning subscription prices on past behavior might be beneficial or detrimental to users, whereas it is always detrimental to platforms. In relation to within‐group uniform pricing, total welfare might increase or decrease, as the lower advertising intensity may entail either underprovision or a mitigation of overprovision of advertisements.
Methods for identification and differentiation of different Shewanella spp. isolates for diagnostic use
Authors: Jung‐Schroers V , Jung A , Ryll M , Bauer J , Teitge F , Steinhagen D
Published: December 2017

Shewanella spp. are Gram‐negative, rod‐shaped, motile bacteria that are widely distributed in marine and freshwater environments. The bacteria are present in the physiological microflora of fish from temperate waters and are known as fish spoilage species. From clinically healthy fish and from fish with skin ulcerations, Shewanella spp. is regularly isolated, indicating a possible role as fish pathogen. In this study, 74 isolates of Shewanella spp. were analysed. For species identification, biochemical techniques, 16S rRNA sequencing, MALDI‐TOF MS and the Sherlock Microbial Identification System (MIS) based on the composition of fatty acid ethyl esters were compared. The phylogenetic relationship, cytotoxicity in vitro and resistance against antibiotics were tested. The most reliable method for species identification was 16S rRNA sequencing. From diseased fish, clinically healthy fish and the aquatic environment, different Shewanella species were isolated. This indicates that Shewanella spp. is widespread in the aquatic milieu and acts as a secondary pathogen. The virulence of Shewanella spp. is probably not depending on the species but on the isolate itself. Many isolates of Shewanella spp. were showing multiresistances against antibiotic substances, especially in samples derived from retailers and in routine diagnostics, all Shewanella spp. should therefore be tested for resistances against antibiotic agents.
Concentration of fruit juice aroma compound from model multicomponent solution and natural apple juice hydrolate: Optimization and modeling by design of experiment
Authors: Dawiec‐Liśniewska Anna , Podstawczyk Daria , Witek‐Krowiak Anna
Published: December 2017

This study presents aroma compounds separation from a model multicomponent solution as well as natural apple juice hydrolate by pervaporation (PV). Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the influence of the operating parameters on membrane separation performance. The experiments were planned in accordance with the Box–Behnken design for such three input variables as temperature, feed flow rate, and the concentration of aroma compounds in the feed. For the enrichment factor as the system response, the optimal values of independent variables amounted to respectively T = 60 °C, Q = 1.30 dm3/min, and C = 0.5 wt %. For these conditions, the enrichment factor was predicted to be 87.56. In the last step, PV of apple juice hydrolate was performed under optimal conditions as determined through RSM for a multicomponent system. Optimal conditions determined by RSM for the model solution allowed for getting satisfactory effectiveness of PV of real fruit juice hydrolate.

Practical Applications

Aroma compounds of natural origin have nowadays become a precious commodity, due to a growing awareness on the part of the customers who are concerned with the quality and origin of the goods they purchase. Manufacturers are on the lookout for new production techniques that can reduce energy, natural resources or reagents consumption. Pervaporation (PV) ranks among such techniques, thanks to mild process conditions, low energy consumption, modular apparatus, and high effectiveness as compared to the commonly applied thermic processes or extractions with solvents. The current study investigates mathematical modeling of PV in order to determine optimal process parameters for separation experiments of aroma compounds from multicomponent aqueous systems as well as apple juice hydrolate. So far, RSM coupled with Box–Behnken design has not been applied for PV optimization of aroma compounds from multicomponent aqueous solutions. Additionally, PV has not yet been applied in the concentration of apple juice hydrolate.
Serological and molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats in Kashan, Central Iran
Authors: Rasti Sima , Marandi Nader , Abdoli Amir , Delavari Mahdi , Mousavi Seyed Gholam Abbas
Published: December 2017

Toxoplasmosis is one of the most common meat‐borne parasitic infections worldwide. Consumption of raw or undercooked meat which contains Toxoplasma gondii tissue cysts is an important route of human infection. In this study, we investigate the serological and molecular prevalence of T. gondii infection in sheep and goat samples in Kashan, Iran, from 2015 to 2016. Serological (IgG antibody) and molecular detections were performed by the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and polymerase chain reaction on the sera and heart samples of sheep (n = 90) and goats (n = 90), respectively. T. gondii‐IgG antibody was detected in 12.2% of sheep and 4.4% of goat samples. The parasite's DNA was detected in 17.8 and 8.9% of sheep and goat samples, respectively.

Practical applications

The results of this study emphasize on the role of the sheep and goat as reservoirs of T. gondii infection. Hence, consumption of adequately cooked meat should be considered for prevention of T. gondii infection in humans.
Safety evaluation of subchronic feeding of nisI transformed Lactobacillus plantarum in Sprague‐Dawley rats
Authors: Liu Haiyan , He Xiaoyun , Xu Wentao , Huang Kunlun , Zhang Jianwei
Published: December 2017

The nisI gene was inserted into Lp (Lactobacillus plantarum) genome and obtained Lp590 (L. plantarum 590). The nisI gene can help Lp590 tolerate higher concentration of nisin. Although Lp was generally recognized as safe, the safety of the nisI transformed Lp is unknown. In this study, six groups of Sprague‐Dawley (three groups/sex) rats were orally administered with Lp, Lp590 or physiological saline for 90 days. Nutritional status and growth performance were evaluated followed by analysis of blood biochemistry, hematology and organ variables. Compared with control, we did not find any treatment‐related adverse or toxic effects on the examination of clinical signs, body weight, organ weight, serum biochemistry, hematology, gross, and microscopic anatomic pathological examination. These results demonstrated that the Lp590 is as safe as Lp in our subchronic feeding trial.

Practical applications

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety of transformed Lactobacillus plantarum. In this current 90‐day feeding study, body weight, feed consumption and toxicological response variables (hematological parameters, serum chemistry, absolute, and relative organ weight) were measured, and gross as well as microscopic pathology were examined. No adverse effects were observed on animals. The results indicated that Lp590 is as safe as Lp. The result can add the safety evidence of transformed microorganism.
Anti‐Shiga toxin 2 antibodies in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 infected patients may predict hemolytic uremic syndrome
Authors: Dammermann Werner , Mihajlov Valentin , Middendorf Barbara , Mellmann Alexander , Karch Helge , Lüth Stefan , Ullrich Sebastian
Published: December 2017

Background and Aim

An outbreak of Shiga toxin 2 (Stx2) producing enterohemorrhagic and enteroaggregative Escherichia coli O104:H4 infection in May 2011 in Germany caused enterocolitis and an unprecedented high 22% rate of hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). We hypothesized that anti‐Stx2 IgM or IgG titers might predict HUS development.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients infected with enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O104:H4 (HUS: n = 23; non‐HUS: n = 9) were retrospectively screened for anti‐Stx2 IgM/IgG and matched with clinical data regarding HUS development, fever, superinfection, dialysis, neurological symptoms, intensive care, antibiotic treatment, and plasmapheresis.

Results

Only HUS patients showed a prominent Stx2‐specific humoral response in the early acute phase. Despite a strong trend towards prediction of HUS development, statistical analysis revealed no significant correlation between high IgM/IgG titers and further key clinical parameters such as fever, superinfection, neurological symptoms, antibiotic treatment, and plasmapheresis.

Conclusions

Anti‐Stx2 antibodies seem to accompany or even precede HUS development.
Age and Hydration dependence of jowl and forearm skin firmness in young and mature women
Authors: Mayrovitz Harvey N. , Wong Jennifer , Fasen Madeline
Published: December 2017

Background

Quantitative assessment of possible linkages between skin's firmness and water content is useful for cosmetic and clinical purposes and to better understand features of advancing age.

Objectives

Our goals were to characterize age‐related differential features in skin firmness in women and determine the relationship between skin firmness and indices of skin water.

Methods

Skin firmness was quantified using handheld devices that measure the force to indent skin 0.3 and 1.3 mm (F0.3 and F1.3). Skin hydration was quantified using handheld devices that measured tissue dielectric constant (TDC) at 300 MHz to skin depths of 0.5 and 2.0‐2.5 mm. All parameters were measured bilaterally in the jowl area and volar forearm of 60 women grouped by age <45 years (YOUNG) and ≥45 years old (MATURE).

Results

All measured parameters were bilaterally symmetrical at jowl and forearm. Forearm and jowl indentation forces were greater in YOUNG with statistically significant declines with advancing age with regression relations most evident at shallower indentation depths (P < .001). Quantitative relations for arm and jowl were F0.3 = 0.256 × AGE + 32.7 mN and F0.3 = −0.07 × AGE + 17.7 mN. Firmness was related to TDC values only when indentation force and TDC were assessed on the arm at the shallowest skin depths, as weakly related to firmness and was observed to change with age only when measured to a depth of 0.5 mm represented by TDC5 = 0.096 × AGE + 32.7.

Conclusions

Experimental finding show clear differences in skin firmness between age‐groups with skin hydration playing a minor role. Possible explanations and suggestions for further studies are provided.
Retracted: The Development of Willingness to Sacrifice and Unmitigated Communion in Intimate Partnerships
Authors: Johnson Matthew D. , Horne Rebecca M. , Neyer Franz J.
Published: December 2017

The above article, published online on December 27, 2017 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com) has been retracted by agreement between the author, journal Editor in Chief Kristi Williams and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. The retraction has been agreed due to discovery of a coding error by the author. The labeling for the willingness to sacrifice and unmitigated communion items was mistakenly reversed during the construction of the longitudinal dataset. The authors notified the editor immediately upon discovering the error. Although the central conclusions of the research are unchanged, a fully corrected version of the paper is forthcoming.
Effect of a warm‐up sample on stabilizing the performance of untrained panelists in time–intensity evaluation
Authors: Gotow Naomi , Moritani Ami , Hayakawa Yoshinobu , Akutagawa Akihito , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Kobayakawa Tatsu
Published: December 2017

To improve the reliability of sensory evaluation, it is necessary to minimize response bias. In this study, we investigated the effect of a warm‐up sample on time–intensity evaluation of after‐flavor. Untrained panelists evaluated continuously perceived intensity of bitterness and retronasal aroma, using four types of samples (two brands of coffee beverages × two types of lids). Half of participants evaluated bitterness intensity in the first session and retronasal aroma intensity in the second session, whereas the other half evaluated them in the opposite order. Each session consisted of four trials, and we regarded the first trial sample of each session as a warm‐up. Results revealed that perceived intensity was significantly lower in the first trial than in the following trials, and that the time courses of the second, third, and fourth trials were similar except when participants evaluated bitterness intensity in the second session. In other words, the use of a warm‐up sample stabilized the performance of time–intensity evaluation of bitterness and retronasal aroma in the first session. Furthermore, no warm‐up sample was needed in the second session when participants evaluated bitterness intensity, but a warm‐up was needed when they evaluated retronasal aroma intensity.

Practical application

Based on the results of this study, we concluded that the use of a warm‐up sample stabilized performance in time–intensity evaluation of after‐flavor by untrained panelists. We proposed that in order to obtain reliable performance in time–intensity evaluation of after‐flavor, untrained panelists should be provided a training trial using warm‐up sample before staring the test trials.
Change Is Good, But Not Too Much: Dynamic Positioning in the Interfirm Network and New Product Development
Authors: Mazzola Erica , Perrone Giovanni , Handfield Robert
Published: December 2017

This research considers the dynamic positioning of an enterprise in an interfirm network and its propensity for new product development. Specifically, we explore how firms reconcile the dichotomy between central and structural holes network positions, by dynamically shifting from a central to a structural holes position (and vice versa) over time. By grounding this research in network dynamics theory, we argue how prior strong central (structural holes) network positions in the interfirm network increase the likelihood the firm will benefit from structural holes (central) positions in the following time period. We also propose that these positions can be modeled by an inverted U‐shaped relationship, which determines the firm's ability to develop new products. Indeed, by balancing central and structural holes positions, firms derive product development advantages from both network positions while reducing the relative drawbacks. However, a risk of such dynamic behavior is that when applied too often, it may prevent firms from assimilating the advantages brought by the two network positions. We test our theoretical framework with a sample of firms from the biopharmaceutical industry over a period of 10 years (2001 until 2010) using two approaches. First, we test the presence of dynamic behaviors using a panel data sample consisting of a network of 3121 firms observed for 10 years (2001–2010). Second, we explore the effect of dynamic behavior on each firm's ability to develop new products using a cross‐sectional data sample of 544 public firms belonging to the network of the 3121 firms. Our results suggest that a dynamic perspective employed in reconciling the dichotomy between central and structural holes network positions increases the ability of a firm to develop new products. However, findings also suggest that if firms shift too often from one network position to another, benefits of the dynamic network strategy are diminished.
Experiences of mental health nursing staff working with voice hearers in an acute setting: An interpretive phenomenological approach
Authors: McMullan E. , Gupta A. , Collins S. C.
Published: December 2017

Accessible summary

What is known on the subject?

Community mental health staff and their service users have reported mixed views on the importance of talking about the content of voices.

Community staff have reported feeling that they do not have the skills to explore voice content and worry about making things worse.

Voice hearers experiencing extreme distress due to the content of their voices can access support through acute inpatient mental health services.

No previous studies have focused on the experiences of staff who nurse voice hearers at a time of acute distress.

What does this study add to existing knowledge?

MHNs and HSWs working with voice hearers in acute distress report feeling powerless and helpless, as they feel that they cannot lessen the distress experienced by the voice hearer.

Despite these difficult feelings, staff report finding ways of coping, including using structured tools to help make sense of their service users' voice‐hearing experiences and accessing reflective practice forums.

What are the implications for practice?

Due to the current context of increased acuity and limited resources in acute services, there may be a need to further protect time for staff to access reflective practice groups and supervision forums to help them manage the difficult feelings arising from their work with voice hearers.

Introduction

Mental health nursing (MHN) staff in acute settings work with voice hearers at times of crises when they experience high levels of distress. Previous research has focused on community mental health staff's experiences and their service users views on exploring the content of voices. No studies have explored this from an acute mental health service perspective.

Aim

This study therefore sought to explore the experiences of staff working with voice hearers in an acute mental health service.

Method

Due to the exploratory nature of the research, a qualitative design was chosen. Three MHNs and five healthcare support workers (HSWs) were interviewed. The data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

Results

A group analysis elicited three master themes: “It's quite scary really, not unlike a horror movie;” “I can only influence what's in front of me;” and “Just chipping away”.

Discussion

Staff working with voice hearers in acute settings experience feelings of powerlessness and helplessness, as they feel unable to reduce the distress experienced by voice hearers in their care. Staff employ coping strategies to help manage these difficult feelings, including using structured tools in their work with voice hearers and attending reflective practice forums.

Implications for Practice

Acute mental health services may need to protect time for staff to access regular reflective practice and other supervision forums to help manage their feelings of powerlessness and helplessness arising from their work with voice hearers.
The influence of tongue strength on oral viscosity discrimination acuity
Authors: Steele Catriona M.
Published: December 2017

The ability to generate tongue pressures is widely considered to be critical for liquid bolus propulsion in swallowing. It has been proposed that the application of tongue pressure may also serve the function of collecting sensory information regarding bolus viscosity (resistance to flow). In this study, we explored the impact of age‐related reductions in tongue strength on oral viscosity discrimination acuity. The experiment employed a triangle test discrimination protocol with an array of xanthan‐gum thickened liquids in the mildly to moderately thick consistency range. A sample of 346 healthy volunteers was recruited, with age ranging from 12 to 86 (164 men, 182 women). On average, participants were able to detect a 0.29‐fold increase in xanthan‐gum concentration, corresponding to a 0.5‐fold increase in viscosity at 50/s. Despite having significantly reduced tongue strength on maximum isometric tongue‐palate pressure tasks, and regardless of sex, older participants in this study showed no reductions in viscosity discrimination acuity.

Practical applications

In this article, the relationship between tongue strength and the ability to discriminate small differences in liquid viscosity during oral processing is explored. Given that tongue strength declines with age in healthy adults and is also reduced in individuals with dysphagia, it is interesting to determine whether reduced tongue strength might contribute to difficulties in evaluating liquid viscosity during the oral stage of swallowing. Using an array of mildly to moderately thick xanthan‐gum thickened liquids, this experiment failed to find any evidence that reductions in tongue strength influence oral viscosity discrimination acuity.
Effect of Prophylactic Calcitriol Administration on Serum Ionized Calcium Concentrations after Parathyroidectomy: 78 Cases (2005–2015)
Authors: Armstrong A.J. , Hauptman J.G. , Stanley B.J. , Klocke E. , Burneko M. , Holt D.E. , Runge J.J. , Rubin J.A.
Published: December 2017

Background

Prophylactic administration of calcitriol has been suggested to mitigate the risk of hypocalcemia after parathyroidectomy. The effect of calcitriol on postoperative serum ionized calcium concentrations has not been evaluated in dogs after parathyroidectomy.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To determine the effect of prophylactic calcitriol administration on postoperative serum ionized calcium (iCa) concentrations in dogs with primary hyperthyroidism (PHPTH) treated by parathyroidectomy.

Animals

Seventy‐eight dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism treated surgically.

Methods

Multi‐institutional retrospective case study. Medical records from 2005 to 2015 were evaluated. Dogs were included if they had a diagnosis ofPHPTHand had surgery to remove parathyroid tissue. Serum iCa concentrations were monitored for a minimum of 2 days postoperatively. Two study groups were evaluated: calcitriol administration and no calcitriol administration.

Results

Serial postoperative iCa concentrations measured at 12‐hour time intervals for 2 days postoperatively were positively associated with preoperative iCa concentrations. This association was evident at each time interval, and the effect of preoperative iCa concentrations on postoperative iCa concentrations decreased as time elapsed (12 hours,P < 0.0001; 24 hours,P < 0.0001; 36 hours,P < 0.04; and 48 hours,P = 0.01). Prophylactic calcitriol administration was not found to be significantly associated with postoperative iCa concentrations or its rate of decrease after parathyroidectomy.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

We found no protective value in administering calcitriol prophylactically to prevent hypocalcemia in the immediate postoperative period (48 hours) after parathyroidectomy. Preoperative iCa concentrations had a significant positive association with postoperative iCa concentrations throughout the monitoring period.
Can spatial statistics help decipher impact crater saturation?
Authors: Kirchoff Michelle R.
Published: December 2017

Impact crater saturation equilibrium is a state where a surface is so densely cratered that a new crater cannot form without removing older craters and the observed crater density is in (quasi‐)equilibrium. Whether densely cratered surfaces throughout the solar system are saturated for large, kilometer‐sized craters has been debated for decades. This work explores if spatial statistics can provide insight if these crater distributions are in saturation equilibrium. The supposition is that crater distributions become more spatially uniform (more evenly spaced) as they reach saturation (Squyres et al. ). A numerical simulation of crater saturation is combined with observations of cratered terrains throughout the solar system to assess the utility of using spatial statistics. The numerical simulations examine spatial statistics and saturation equilibrium for crater distributions for various input population size‐frequency distribution (SFD) slopes, along with a range in the effective crater erasure size, effectiveness of smaller craters erasing the rims of larger craters, and the amount of rim needed to recognize a crater. Simulations show that saturated terrains do become more spatially uniform, and that the degree of uniformity appears to be most dependent on the input SFD slope. When simulation results are compared to observed crater distributions, I find that large, kilometer‐sized craters on densely cratered terrains throughout the solar system are likely in saturation equilibrium.
The Chelyabinsk meteorite: New insights from a comprehensive electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy study with evidence for graphite in olivine of ordinary chondrites
Authors: Kaeter David , Ziemann Martin A. , Böttger Ute , Weber Iris , Hecht Lutz , Voropaev Sergey A. , Korochantsev Alexander V. , Kocherov Andrey V.
Published: December 2017

We present results of petrographic, mineralogical, and chemical investigations of three Chelyabinsk meteorite fragments. Three distinct lithologies were identified: light S3 LL5, dark S4–S5 LL5 material, and opaque fine‐grained former impact melt. Olivine–spinel thermometry revealed an equilibration temperature of 703 ± 23 °C for the light lithology. All plagioclase seems to be secondary, showing neither shock‐induced fractures nor sulfide‐metal veinlets. Feldspathic glass can be observed showing features of extensive melting and, in the dark lithology, as maskelynite, lacking melt features and retaining grain boundaries of former plagioclase. Olivine of the dark lithology shows planar deformation features. Impact melt is dominated by Mg‐rich olivine and resembles whole‐rock melt. Melt veins (<2 mm) are connected to narrower veinlets. Melt vein textures are similar to pegmatite textures showing chilled margins, a zone of inward‐grown elongated crystals and central vugs, suggesting crystallization from supercooled melt. Sulfide‐metal droplets indicate liquid immiscibility of both silicate and sulfide as well as sulfide and metal melts. Impact melting may have been an important factor for differentiation of primitive planetary bodies. Graphite associated with micrometer‐sized melt inclusions in primary olivine was detected by Raman mapping. Carbon isotopic studies of graphite could be applied to test a possible presolar origin.
Selfish X chromosomes and speciation
Authors: Patten Manus M.
Published: December 2017

In two papers published at about the same time almost thirty years ago, Frank (Evolution, 45, 1991a, 262) and Hurst and Pomiankowski (Genetics, 128, 1991, 841) independently suggested that divergence of meiotic drive systems—comprising genes that cheat meiosis and genes that suppress this cheating—might provide a general explanation for Haldane's rule and the large X‐effect in interspecific hybrids. Although at the time, the idea was met with skepticism and a conspicuous absence of empirical support, the tide has since turned. Some of the clearest mechanistic explanations we have for hybrid male sterility involve meiotic drive systems, and several other cases of hybrid sterility are suggestive of a role for meiotic drive. In this article, I review these ideas and their descendants and catalog the current evidence for the meiotic drive model of speciation. In addition, I suggest that meiotic drive is not the only intragenomic conflict to involve the X chromosome and contribute to hybrid incompatibility. Sexually and parentally antagonistic selection pressures can also pit the X chromosome and autosomes against each other. The resulting intragenomic conflicts should lead to co‐evolution within populations and divergence between them, thus increasing the likelihood of incompatibilities in hybrids. I provide a sketch of these ideas and interpret some empirical patterns in the light of these additional X‐autosome conflicts.
Cardiolipin synthase A colocalizes with cardiolipin and osmosensing transporter ProP at the poles of Escherichia coli cells
Authors: Romantsov Tatyana , Gonzalez Karen , Sahtout Naheda , Culham Doreen E. , Coumoundouros Chelsea , Garner Jennifer , Kerr Craig H. , Chang Limei , Turner Raymond J. , Wood Janet M.
Published: December 2017

Osmosensing by transporter ProP is modulated by its cardiolipin (CL)‐dependent concentration at the poles of Escherichia coli cells. Other contributors to this phenomenon were sought with the BACterial Two‐Hybrid System (BACTH). The BACTH‐tagged variants T18‐ProP and T25‐ProP retained ProP function and localization. Their interaction confirmed the ProP homo‐dimerization previously established by protein crosslinking. YdhP, YjbJ and ClsA were prominent among the putative ProP interactors identified by the BACTH system. The functions of YdhP and YjbJ are unknown, although YjbJ is an abundant, osmotically induced, soluble protein. ClsA (CL Synthase A) had been shown to determine ProP localization by mediating CL synthesis. Unlike a deletion of clsA, deletion of ydhP or yjbJ had no effect on ProP localization or function. All three proteins were concentrated at the cell poles, but only ClsA localization was CL‐dependent. ClsA was shown to be N‐terminally processed and membrane‐anchored, with dual, cytoplasmic, catalytic domains. Active site amino acid replacements (H224A plus H404A) inactivated ClsA and compromised ProP localization. YdhP and YjbJ may be ClsA effectors, and interactions of YdhP, YjbJ and ClsA with ProP may reflect their colocalization at the cell poles. Targeted CL synthesis may contribute to the polar localization of CL, ClsA and ProP.
Fulminant Cryptococcus neoformans infection with fatal pericardial tamponade in a patient with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia who was treated with ruxolitinib: Case report and review of fungal pericarditis
Authors: Liu Jing , Mouhayar Elie , Tarrand Jeffrey J. , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P.
Published: December 2017

Cryptococcus neoformans is a saprophytic fungal pathogen that can cause serious illness in immune‐compromised hosts and it presents with a wide variety of clinical symptoms. We present a fatal case of fulminant C. neoformans infection presenting as pericardial tamponade in a 71‐year‐old male with chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia undergoing chemotherapy with the JAK‐STAT inhibitor ruxolitinib. We also review the published cases of fungal pericarditis/tamponade. In addition to illustrating an atypical presentation of C. neoformans, this case highlights the risk for opportunistic fungal infections in patients with haematological malignancies, especially the ones treated with small molecule kinase inhibitors.
Pediatric renovascular hypertension: Treatment outcome according to underlying disease
Authors: Lee Yeonhee , Lim Young Shin , Lee Sang Taek , Cho Heeyeon
Published: December 2017

Background

Renovascular hypertension (RVH) accounts for 5–10% of pediatric hypertension, and can be associated with underlying disease involving other organs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and assess the treatment outcomes of Korean pediatric patients with RVH.

Methods

The medical records of 25 Korean pediatric patients with RVH were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Twenty‐four patients had underlying disease, and the most common cause was moyamoya disease (MMD; n = 10; 40%). Of 10 patients with MMD, seven had RVH prior to MMD. All patients required antihypertensive medication as the initial treatment and 22 patients subsequently underwent percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA). The majority of patients with MMD had ostial lesions on angiography. Eight patients had favorable outcomes after the first PTA. One patient received nephrectomy, and two patients received bypass surgery because of restenosis after PTA and technical failure of PTA, respectively. During follow up, blood pressure was well‐controlled in nine patients, but only four patients were able to discontinue medication. Eight patients had target‐organ damage of the brain, heart, and retina at the time of initial diagnosis, and five patients developed chronic kidney disease during follow up.

Conclusion

The most common cause of RVH in Korean children is MMD, and RVH caused by MMD with an ostial lesion is associated with poor PTA outcomes. Angioplasty alone does not appear to control blood pressure effectively in MMD patients, and combined treatment is necessary to prevent target organ damage.
Pathogenicity of 21 newly described Phytophthora species against seven Western Australian native plant species
Authors: Belhaj R. , McComb J. , Burgess T. I. , Hardy G. E. St. J.
Published: December 2017

The pathogenicity of some Phytophthora species recently described from Western Australia, together with P. cinnamomi as a control, was tested against seven Western Australian native plant species in the glasshouse. Host species were Banksia grandis, B. littoralis, B. occidentalis, Casuarina obesa, Corymbia calophylla, Eucalyptus marginata and Lambertia inermis. Twenty‐two Phytophthora species were grown on a vermiculite, millet seed and V8 substrate and used as soil inoculum when the plant hosts were approximately 3 months old. Pathogenicity was assessed after 6 weeks and plants were scored for death, root damage, and percentage reduction of shoot growth compared with control plants. The pathogenicity of P. cinnamomi was confirmed. Phytophthora niederhauserii was shown to be similar to P. cinnamomi in pathogenicity and of concern ecologically. Other species that killed one or more hosts were P. boodjera, P. constricta, P. elongata, P. moyootj and P. rosacearum, while P. condilina, P. gibbosa, P. gregata, P. litoralis and P. ‘personii’ caused significant reduction to shoot and/or root growth, but did not kill plants. Host species susceptible to the highest number of Phytophthora species were B. grandis, B. littoralis, B. occidentalis and E. marginata. No Phytophthora species tested killed C. calophylla.
The Associations of Breast Feeding with Infant Growth and Body Mass Index to 16 years: ‘Children of 1997’
Authors: Cheng Tuck Seng , Kwok Man Ki , Leung Gabriel M. , Schooling C. Mary
Published: December 2017

Background

Controversial findings concerning associations of breast feeding with growth have been reported. This study examined whether the associations of breast feeding with early growth trajectories and body mass index to 16 years differed by sex or age.

Methods

In Hong Kong's ‘Children of 1997’ population‐representative birth cohort, contemporaneously reported breast‐feeding status in the first 3 months was classified as exclusive breast feeding (BF) (n = 470), mixed feeding (MF) (n = 2693), and formula feeding (FF) (n = 4204). Adjusted sex‐ and age‐specific associations of breast feeding with infant growth (gains in weight‐for‐age z scores (WAZ), length/height‐for‐age z scores (LAZ), and body‐mass‐index‐for‐age z score (BAZ) based on the World Health Organization standards/references from birth to 36 months) were assessed using linear regression and mixed modelling, respectively. Adjusted sex‐specific associations of breast feeding with average BAZ from 3 months to 16 years were assessed using generalized estimating equation. Potential confounders were maternal and infant characteristics, and household income.

Results

Among 7367 children, associations of breast feeding with infant growth did not vary by sex, but WAZ gains varied by age. Greater WAZ gains were observed in BF than FF infants from 0 to 3 months but in FF than BF infants from 3 to 9 months. Breast feeding was not associated with overall BAZ from 3 months to 16 years, with no differences by sex.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that breast feeding may only have short‐term effects on growth. Further studies of the role of breast feeding in other metabolic diseases may be needed.
Non‐monophyly of Bostrychia simpliciuscula (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta): Multiple species with very similar morphologies, a revised taxonomy of cryptic species
Authors: Zuccarello Giuseppe C. , West John A. , Kamiya Mitsunobu
Published: December 2017

The discovery of a plethora of cryptic species in many algal groups has led to speculation as to the causes of this observation and has affected taxonomy, with reluctance to give names to species that look identical. While this is defensible for monophyletic cryptic species complexes, both our understanding of similar morphologies (crypsis) and nomenclature is challenged when we encounter non‐monophyletic ‘cryptic’ species. Bostrychia simpliciuscula is a wide‐ranging species in which multiple cryptic species are known. Our increased sampling shows that this species consists of four lineages that do not form a clade, but lineages are sister to species with different morphologies. Careful morphological examination shows that characters, especially branched monosiphonous laterals and rhizoid morphology in haptera, are able to distinguish these four lineages into two groups, that are still not monophyletic. The similar morphologies in these lineages could be due to convergence, but not developmental constraints or lack of time to diverge morphologically; or possibly maintenance of a generalized body plan. These lineages appear to have specific biogeographic patterns and these will be used to propose a new taxonomy. B. simpliciuscula is now confined to the tropics. Another of these lineages matches a previously described species, B. tenuissima, that was synonymized with B. simpliciuscula and is from cold temperate Australasia, and is resurrected. Another lineage is found in Japan in which a previous name is also available, B. hamana‐tokidae; the last lineage is found in central New South Wales, morphologically it resembles B. tenuissima, with which it overlaps in distribution around Sydney, and is named as a new species, B. kingii sp. nov.
Knowledge‐lies re‐examined
Authors: Krstić Vladimir
Published: December 2017

Sorensen says that my assertion that p is a knowledge‐lie if it is meant to undermine your justification for believing truly that ∼p, not to make you believe that p and that, therefore, knowledge‐lies are not intended to deceive. It has been objected that they are meant to deceive because they are intended to make you more confident in a falsehood. In this paper, I propose a novel account according to which an assertion that p is a knowledge‐lie if it is intended not to provide evidence that p but to make you stop trusting all testimonies concerning whether p (in a room full of obvious liars, you will trust no one), which is how they undermine your testimonial knowledge. Because they are not intended to provide evidence that bears on the truth of p, they are not intended to make you more confident in a falsehood; therefore, knowledge‐lies are not intended to deceive. This makes them a problem for the traditional account, which takes the intention to deceive as necessary for lying, and an interesting example of Kant's idea that allowing lies whenever one feels like it would bring it about that statements in general are not believed.
Detecting Potential Underreporting of Suicide Ideation Among U.S. Military Personnel
Authors: Anestis Michael D. , Mohn Richard S. , Dorminey Jack W. , Green Bradley A.
Published: December 2017

Using a military sample comprised largely of National Guard personnel, zero‐inflation negative binomial regression was applied to estimate the effects of indirect, nonface valid indicators of suicide ideation [Thwarted Belongingness (TB), Perceived Burdensomeness (PB), and Hopelessness], in predicting suicide ideation. Data from a sample of 497 military personnel (82.1% male; mage = 27.24; range = 18–59) were analyzed. TB and the interaction of TB with Hopelessness were significant predictors in the logistic regression, and in the negative binomial regression, the main effects of TB and hopelessness, and the interactions of TB with hopelessness and PB with hopelessness were significant. The findings further indicated that approximately 10% of those not reporting ideation would be predicted to be ideators. Clinically, these results indicate that, in samples reluctant to report ideation, the assessment of suicide risk may improve through the use of relevant measures that do not explicitly reference suicide thoughts.
The impact of strength level on adaptations to combined weightlifting, plyometric, and ballistic training
Authors: James L. P. , Gregory Haff G. , Kelly V. G. , Connick M. J. , Hoffman B. W. , Beckman E. M.
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether the magnitude of adaptation to integrated ballistic training is influenced by initial strength level. Such information is needed to inform resistance training guidelines for both higher‐ and lower‐level athlete populations. To this end, two groups of distinctly different strength levels (stronger: one‐repetition‐maximum (1RM) squat = 2.01 ± 0.15 kg·BM−1; weaker: 1.20 ± 0.20 kg·BM−1) completed 10 weeks of resistance training incorporating weightlifting derivatives, plyometric actions, and ballistic exercises. Testing occurred at pre‐, mid‐, and post‐training. Measures included variables derived from the incremental‐load jump squat and the 1RM squat, alongside muscle activity (electromyography), and jump mechanics (force‐time comparisons throughout the entire movement). The primary outcome variable was peak velocity derived from the unloaded jump squat. It was revealed that the stronger group displayed a greater (P = .05) change in peak velocity at mid‐test (baseline: 2.65 ± 0.10 m/s, mid‐test: 2.80 ± 0.17 m/s) but not post‐test (2.85 ± 0.18 m/s) when compared to the weaker participants (baseline 2.43 ± 0.09, mid‐test. 2.47 ± 0.11, post‐test: 2.61 ± 0.10 m/s). Different changes occurred between groups in the force‐velocity relationship (P = .001‐.04) and jump mechanics (P ≤ .05), while only the stronger group displayed increases in muscle activation (P = .05). In conclusion, the magnitude of improvement in peak velocity was significantly influenced by pre‐existing strength level in the early stage of training. Changes in the mechanisms underpinning performance were less distinct.
Silent KEL alleles identified from Japanese individuals with the Ko phenotype
Authors: Onodera T. , Kawai M. , Obara K. , Enomoto T. , Sasaki K. , Osabe T. , Ogasawara K. , Toyoda C. , Tsuneyama H. , Uchikawa M. , Inaba S. , Satake M.
Published: December 2017

Background and Objective

The rare Ko phenotype lacks all 36 antigens in the Kell blood system. The molecular basis of the Ko phenotype has been investigated, and more than 40 silent KEL alleles are reported by many investigators. The majority of silent alleles are the KEL*02 background. Here, we report molecular genetic analysis of the KEL gene in Japanese individuals with the Ko phenotype.

Materials and Methods

The Ko phenotype was screened from Japanese blood donors for several years using monoclonal anti‐Ku or anti‐K14 by an automated blood grouping system PK7300. Kell‐related antigens were typed by standard tube tests. Genomic DNA was extracted from the blood samples, and KEL gene was analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Sanger sequencing.

Results

We collected 35 Ko blood samples with K−k−, Kp(a−b−), Js(a−b−) and K14−. PCR and sequence analysis revealed that 11 individuals were homozygous for a mutant KEL allele with a c.299G>C (p.Cys100Ser) mutation (rs. 200268316). Three individuals were homozygous for the KEL*02N.24 allele that is c.715G>T (p.Glu239*), and one individual was homozygous for the KEL*02N.40 allele that is c.1474C>T (p.Arg492*). Five individuals were homozygous for novel KEL alleles with single‐nucleotide mutations, four individuals had a c.2175delC (p.Pro725 fs*43), and one individual had a c.328delA (p.Arg110 fs*79). The remaining 15 individuals were compound heterozygous, and eight new alleles were identified from them.

Conclusions

We identified three known and ten new silent KEL alleles from Japanese individuals with the Ko phenotype. The KEL allele with the c.299G>C (p.Cys100Ser) mutation was the most frequent.