bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transient P‐cadherin expression in radiation proctitis; a model of mucosal injury and repair
Authors: Hardy Robert G. , Brown Rachel M. , Miller Sarah J. , Tselepis Chris , Morton Dion G. , Jankowski Janusz A. Z. , Scott A. Sanders D.
Published: October 2002

Morphology at both cellular and glandular levels in the colon is dependent to an extent on cell–cell adhesion mediated by cadherin–catenin complexes. Alterations in the expression of E‐cadherin, the cadherin normally present in colon, have been shown to be implicated in tissue remodelling within the gastrointestinal tract. Furthermore, it has previously been shown that P‐cadherin, normally present only in stratified epithelia and placenta, is expressed in colitis and during neoplastic change in the colon. The morphological features of mucosal injury induced by pre‐operative radiotherapy in the non‐neoplastic rectal mucosa were studied in patients with rectal adenocarcinoma. Three characteristic phases of radiation proctitis were defined on histological grounds (acute injury, and early and late regenerative phases) essentially correlating with the time interval between radiotherapy and surgery; such features were mirrored by alterations in cadherin–catenin expression and localization in rectal crypts. On immunohistochemistry and western blotting, P‐cadherin was highly expressed in the acute injury and early regenerative phases, with a decreased level of expression during late regeneration. E‐cadherin and associated catenins were translocated from membrane to cytoplasm in degenerating crypts, with return of normal membranous expression in regenerating crypts. In conclusion, radiation‐induced proctitis represents an in vivo model of mucosal injury and regeneration and provides a valid model in which to study events during epithelial injury and repair. Altered cadherin expression, in particular transient aberrant P‐cadherin expression, is intimately associated with these processes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of CXC chemokine IP‐10 in testicular germ cell tumours
Authors: Schweyer S. , Soruri A. , Baumhoer D. , Peters J. , Cattaruzza M. , Radzun H. J. , Fayyazi A.
Published: October 2002

Tumour‐infiltrating T lymphocytes (TILs) possess discrepant properties ranging from anti‐ to pro‐tumour activities. Understanding precisely which mechanisms navigating T lymphocytes into the tumour site will help to further the anti‐tumour or to disrupt the pro‐tumour activities of TILs. The present study asked what enables TILs to migrate into testicular germ cell tumours (TGCTs). TILs were characterized and the expression of a large panel of T‐lymphocyte‐attracting chemokines was investigated in 21 TGCT cases. Flow cytometry revealed that ≈80% of TGCT‐infiltrating T lymphocytes express CXCR3, a receptor for the chemokine interferon‐inducible protein‐10 (IP‐10). RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry indicated that IP‐10 was the only chemokine investigated which was constantly expressed in TGCT. As IP‐10 was found to be expressed by endothelial cells of TGCT‐associated blood vessels, the question arose whether the IP‐10‐regulating cytokine interferon‐γ (IFNγ) is produced by tumour cells and if so, whether tumour‐derived IFNγ can induce IP‐10 in endothelial cells. Applying in situ hybridization, IFNγ transcripts were found in neoplastic germ cells. Analyses of two TGCT cell lines indicated that the tumour cells not only express IFNγ mRNA, but also produce and secrete IFNγ protein; tumour‐derived IFNγ provokes IP‐10 expression and secretion by endothelial cells in vitro, as assessed by PCR and ELISA. Together, the data suggest that neoplastic germ cells secret IFNγ and thereby stimulate tumour‐associated endothelial cells to express IP‐10, which contributes to the recruitment of CXCR3+ T lymphocytes to the site of TGCTs. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiotherapy and rectal cancer
Authors: Scott N.
Published: October 2002

Pre‐operative radiotherapy is being used to reduce local recurrence and improve survival following surgery for rectal cancer. A report by Nagtegaal et al. analyses the histopathological effects in a large, randomized study employing short course radiotherapy. In future, changes in some of these tumour parameters will have to be considered when auditing rectal cancer resections and identifying prognostic factors. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of heterozygosity in the clonal evolution of flat colorectal neoplasms
Authors: Fujii Hiroaki , Ajioka Yoichi , Kazami Shinsuke , Takagaki Tetsuya , Gong Zhu Xue , Hirose Sachiko , Watanabe Hidenobu , Shirai Toshikazu
Published: October 2002

In contrast to invasive colorectal carcinomas that develop in typical exophytic adenoma–carcinoma sequences, some invasive cancers may evolve from flat mucosal dysplastic lesions. Despite their relatively small size, these flat colorectal lesions are often associated with high‐grade dysplasia and may show an aggressive clinical course. To delineate the genetic pathways in the clonal evolution of these tumors, multiple foci were microdissected from 13 cases and the allelic deletions of 15 chromosomal arms were analysed. Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) was detected most frequently on 17p (77%), followed by 18q (69%), and 5q (54%). In five cases with concomitant low‐grade adenomas, only one case showed LOH in low‐grade adenoma foci. In high‐grade dysplasia with/without submucosal invasion, early and homogeneous LOH of one to several chromosomal arms was detected. Overall, homogeneous and thus early LOH were most frequently detected on 17p (seven of 10 cases with 17p LOH), followed by 3p (two of three cases with 3p LOH), and 5q (four of seven cases with 5q LOH). In addition to homogeneous LOH, the LOH patterns observed in different portions of dysplasias and invasive cancers in individual cases identified several different genetic patterns of tumour progression, either with linear or branching (divergent) trees. Positive immunostaining for p53 was detected in 10 of the 13 cases; of these, five cases were concomitant with 17p LOH in all of the microdissected foci, four cases were concomitant with 17p LOH in a majority of foci and, one case showed retention of 17p. Except for the flat configuration and early 17p LOH, genetic heterogeneity in the flat high‐grade dysplastic foci was found to be similar to genetic chaos in the late dysplastic and preinvasive stages of exophytic adenoma. These findings suggest a potentially aggressive course for these neoplasms. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Significance of loss of heterozygosity of the RB1 gene during tumour progression in well‐differentiated liposarcomas
Authors: Schneider‐Stock Regine , Boltze Carsten , Jaeger Viola , Stumm Marcus , Seiler Christiane , Rys Janusz , Schütze Karin , Roessner Albert
Published: October 2002

Tumour progression can be investigated in liposarcomas showing a transition from a low‐grade well‐differentiated (WD) to a high‐grade dedifferentiated (DD) variant. As RB1 gene alterations are common defects in sarcomas, this study examined the frequency of RB1 loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in a group of 14 well‐differentiated liposarcomas (WDLs) and 17 well‐differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas (WD/DDLs), using a microdissection approach (PALM laser pressure catapulting) that allows the two histological components to be separated for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. In addition, RB1 protein expression and the Mib1 proliferation index were determined by immunohistochemistry and interphase FISH was performed with an RB1 probe at 13q14. By the use of four intragenic polymorphic RB1 markers (introns 1, 17, 20, and 25) for PCR, allelic losses were found only in the DD parts, but never in the pure WDLs or in the WD components of the WD/DDLs investigated. Furthermore, DD areas characterized by a heterogeneous RB1 protein expression pattern (35–65% immunopositivity), as compared with 90–100% RB1 positivity in WD areas, showed a marked increase in Mib1 proliferation index (19.6% versus 1.8% in WD areas; p<0.001). Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) detected a higher RB1‐LOH rate in the DD components of WD/DDLs. Considering the different detection sensitivities of the three methodologies, it is concluded that loss of RB1 function already begins in the WDL, and that the tumour cell population with RB1‐LOH starts prevailing in the tumour mass during progression of a WDL. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is expressed by neoplastic Hodgkin–Reed–Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease
Authors: Doussis‐Anagnostopoulou Ipatia A. , Talks Kate L. , Turley Helen , Debnam Paul , Tan Daphne C. , Mariatos George , Gorgoulis Vassilis , Kittas Christos , Gatter Kevin C.
Published: October 2002

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is involved in tumour angiogenesis, an important process for the growth and metastatic potential of solid tumours. Numerous studies have demonstrated up‐regulation of VEGF at both mRNA and protein level in various tumours and a correlation with advanced stage and prognosis has been demonstrated in some cases. Limited information exists about its role in lymphoid malignancies and in particular, Hodgkin's disease. The present study examined the immunohistochemical expression of VEGF using the monoclonal antibody VG1 in a series of 61 cases of Hodgkin's disease, including both classical Hodgkin's disease and the nodular lymphocyte predominance variant, and correlated these results with microvessel density, using an anti‐CD31 monoclonal antibody. In 41 cases (70.6%) of classical Hodgkin's disease and one of the three cases of nodular lymphocyte predominance Hodgkin's disease, the neoplastic Reed–Sternberg and Hodgkin cells expressed VEGF. The staining observed was cytoplasmic, either diffuse or with a focal paranuclear distribution. Macrophages were always positive, while reactive lymphocytes showed occasional positivity. A variable amount of strong extracellular staining was also observed in the tissue stroma and intravascular plasma staining was prominent. There was no statistically significant relationship between VEGF expression and the subtype of Hodgkin's disease or microvessel density. In vitro studies using the Reed–Sternberg cell lines L428 and KM‐H2 were also performed in both normoxia and hypoxia and VEGF protein production was assessed by flow cytometry (FACS), immunoassay of cell culture supernatant, and RT‐PCR. Analysis by FACS demonstrated a subset of cells in both cell lines reacting with VG1 and analysis of secreted VEGF (pg/ml per 1×106 cells) in cell culture supernatant confirmed the normoxic production in both cell lines and significant hypoxic induction (p<0.005). Additionally, both cell lines expressed VEGF mRNA, as demonstrated using the RT‐PCR method. In conclusion, neoplastic cells express VEGF in Hodgkin's disease, as is the case in solid tumours, and this expression may be induced by hypoxia. The presence of VEGF in reactive macrophages and in the extracellular matrix might facilitate tumour progression. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cardiac stem cells
Authors: Hughes Siân
Published: October 2002

Augmentation of myocardial performance in experimental models of therapeutic infarction and heart failure has been achieved by the transplantation of exogenous cells into damaged myocardium, a procedure known as cellular cardiomyoplasty (CCM). Historically, a wide range of cell types have been used for CCM, including rat and human fetal ventricular myocytes, but the availability of human fetal donor cells for clinical purposes is limited. The quest for suitable alternative donor cells has prompted research into the use of both embryonic stem (ES) cells and adult somatic stem cells, but the optimal choice of donor cell source is not yet known. Recently, there has been a growing body of evidence that multipotent somatic stem cells in adult bone marrow exhibit tremendous functional plasticity and can reprogramme in a new environmental tissue niche to give rise to cell lineages specific for the new organ site. This phenomenon has made a huge impact on myocardial biology and has captured the imagination of scientists who have recently discovered that multipotent adult bone marrow haematopoeitic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells can repopulate infarcted rodent myocardium and differentiate into both cardiomyocytes and new blood vessels. These data, coupled with the identification of a putative primitive cardiac stem cell population in the adult human heart, may pave the way for novel therapeutic modalities for enhancing myocardial performance and treating end‐stage cardiac disease. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distinct promoter hypermethylation of p16INK4a, CDH1, and RAR‐beta in intestinal, diffuse–adherent, and diffuse–scattered type gastric carcinomas
Authors: Oue Naohide , Motoshita Junichi , Yokozaki Hiroshi , Hayashi Ken , Tahara Eiichi , Taniyama Kiyomi , Matsusaki Keisuke , Yasui Wataru
Published: October 2002

Hypermethylation of CpG islands in gene promoters is associated with silencing of various tumour suppressor genes. Recent studies of colorectal and gastric carcinomas have defined a CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP), which involves the targeting of multiple genes by promoter hypermethylation. In this study, methylation‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to study methylation of CpG islands in the promoters of the p16INK4a, cadherin 1 (CDH1), and retinoic acid receptor‐beta (RAR‐beta) genes in 45 gastric carcinomas and to investigate whether CDH1 and RAR‐beta promoter hypermethylation is associated with CIMP‐positive gastric carcinoma. CpG island hypermethylation of the p16INK4a, CDH1, and RAR‐beta promoters was detected in 12 (27%), 26 (58%), and 24 (53%) of the 45 gastric carcinomas, respectively. Hypermethylation of the p16INK4a promoter was more common in intestinal type than in diffuse type gastric carcinomas (p = 0.0023; Fisher's exact test) and was inversely associated with p53 mutations (p = 0.0225; Fisher's exact test). However, CDH1 and RAR‐beta promoter hypermethylation was observed more frequently in diffuse–scattered type gastric carcinoma than in other types (intestinal and diffuse–adherent types) (p = 0.0175 and p = 0.0335, respectively; Fisher's exact test) and was not associated with p53 mutation status. Moreover, hypermethylation of the CDH1 and RAR‐beta promoters occurred concordantly (p < 0.0001; Fisher's exact test). These results suggest that at least two types of promoter methylation status are involved in the development of the intestinal (p16INK4a promoter hypermethylation) and diffuse–scattered types (CDH1 and RAR‐beta promoter hypermethylation) of gastric carcinoma. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of heterozygosity for the NF2 gene in retinal and optic nerve lesions of patients with neurofibromatosis 2
Authors: Chan Chi‐Chao , Koch Christian A. , Kaiser‐Kupfer Muriel I. , Parry Dilys M. , Gutmann David H. , Zhuang Zhengping , Vortmeyer Alexander O.
Published: October 2002

Individuals affected with the neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2) cancer predisposition syndrome develop specific ocular lesions. To determine whether these lesions result from altered NF2 gene expression, microdissection and PCR were used to investigate 40 ocular lesions from seven eyes of four NF2 patients for LOH, with markers that flank the NF2 gene on chromosome 22q. NF2 protein (merlin) expression was also evaluated in these lesions, using immunohistochemistry. Retinal hamartoma was observed in all seven eyes, including one with combined pigment epithelial and retinal hamartoma (CPERH). Retinal tufts were present in four eyes (three patients), retinal dysplasia in two eyes (two patients), optic nerve neurofibroma in one eye, iris naevoid hyperplasia in two eyes (two patients) and pseudophakia in all eyes. Markers were informative in three patients (six eyes from three unrelated families). One patient was non‐informative due to prolonged decalcification. All retinal and optic nerve, but not iris lesions, demonstrated consistent LOH for the NF2 gene. Merlin was not expressed in the retina, optic nerve, or iris lesions. These results suggest that inactivation of the NF2 gene is associated with the formation of a variety of retinal and optic nerve lesions in NF2 patients. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcription and alternative splicing of telomerase reverse transcriptase in benign and malignant breast tumours and in adjacent mammary glandular tissues: implications for telomerase activity
Authors: Zaffaroni Nadia , Della Porta Chiara , Villa Raffaella , Botti Claudio , Buglioni Simonetta , Mottolese Marcella , Grazia Daidone Maria
Published: October 2002

Telomerase activity was determined in 15 breast cancers, 24 benign breast lesions, and 36 breast tissues adjacent to benign or malignant tumours. A positive TRAP (telomeric repeat amplification protocol) signal was detected in 67% of carcinomas and 29% of benign tumours. In five of ten cases, non‐invaded breast tissues adjacent to telomerase‐positive carcinomas also displayed telomerase activity. Conversely, in peritumoural specimens adjacent to benign lesions, telomerase activity was never detected. To investigate the regulatory mechanisms of telomerase activity in breast tissues, the expression of telomerase subunits was assessed, as well as the presence of alternatively spliced variants of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT). The presence of the hTERT full‐length transcript appeared necessary for telomerase activity in breast carcinomas. Specifically, all telomerase‐positive carcinomas expressed the hTERT full‐length message, together with different combinations of alternatively spliced variants, whereas in telomerase‐negative cancers, the hTERT full‐length transcript was not detectable, or its abundance was markedly lower than that of alternatively spliced variants. Results obtained in benign tumours and normal tissues surrounding carcinomas instead showed that the presence of hTERT full‐length transcript was not sufficient to determine telomerase activity. These findings suggest that in non‐neoplastic tissues there are other mechanisms that suppress telomerase activity downstream from hTERT transcription and mRNA splicing and that such mechanisms have been lost during neoplastic transformation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenotypic characterization of mononuclear and multinucleated cells of giant cell reparative granuloma of small bones
Authors: Itonaga I. , Schulze E. , Burge P. D. , Gibbons C. L. M. H. , Ferguson D. , Athanasou N. A.
Published: October 2002

Four cases of giant cell reparative granuloma (GCRG) of small bones were analysed in order to determine the pathogenesis of the lesion and the nature of the component mononuclear and multinucleated cells. In cell cultures, giant cells formed a non‐proliferating homogeneous population which expressed features characteristic of the osteoclast phenotype, including leucocyte common antigen, CD68, vitronectin receptor, and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase. The giant cells were capable of lacunar resorption and their activity was inhibited by calcitonin. In addition to numerous macrophage‐like cells, some of which expressed osteoclast phenotypic characteristics, there were also mononuclear stromal cells which proliferated in culture and were alkaline phosphatase‐positive; these cells expressed receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) and were capable of supporting human osteoclast formation from circulating precursors in vitro. These findings suggest that the osteoclast‐like giant cells in GCRG of small bones are formed from monocyte/macrophage‐like osteoclast precursors which differentiate into osteoclasts under the influence of mononuclear osteoblast‐like stromal cells. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving the prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia using citrulline/ornithine+arginine ratio in amniotic fluid
Authors: Chadefaux‐Vekemans B. , Rabier D. , Chabli A. , Blanc A. , Aupetit J. , Bardet J. , Kamoun P.
Published: October 2002

Prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia is performed using a direct argininosuccinate synthetase (ASS) assay on chorionic villi (CV) and citrulline concentration measurement in early amniotic fluid (AF). Here we report the results of 40 prenatal diagnoses performed using this method, discuss the difficulties encountered in interpreting the results, and propose the use of the citrulline/ornithine+arginine ratio (which is more discriminatory than citrulline concentration alone) when performing prenatal diagnosis of citrullinemia. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Female pseudohermaphroditism in a fetus with a deletion 9(q22.2q31.1)
Authors: Coulomb L'Herminé A. , Aboura A. , Simon‐Bouy B. , Robin F. , Audibert F. , Strouk N. , Capron F. , Frydman R. , Tachdjian G.
Published: October 2002

Interstitial deletions of chromosomal region 9q are rarely seen. We report the first prenatal diagnosis of a de novo interstitial deletion 9q. The fetus was karyotyped for intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Conventional and molecular cytogenetics showed female karyotype with a de novo deletion of the chromosomal region 9(q22.2q31.1) leading to a partial monosomy 9q. At autopsy, the fetus showed growth retardation, dysmorphy, and a female pseudohermaphroditism. These results suggest that a gene(s) for genital development reside in chromosomal region 9q22.2q31.1. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prenatal detection of structural abnormalities of chromosome 18: associations with interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and maternal serum screening
Authors: Graf Michael D. , Gill Prabhcharan , Krew Michael , Schwartz Stuart
Published: October 2002

We describe two cases of prenatally ascertained isochromosome 18. Case 1 included both an isochromosome 18p and an isochromosome 18q, while Case 2 involved only an isochromosome 18q. Both of these cases were associated with a positive maternal serum triple screen trisomy 18 risk (greater than 1 in 100 risk). In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on uncultured amniotic fluid interphase cells in both cases looking for aneuploidy for chromosomes 13, 18, 21, X and Y. The results of the interphase analyses support the common knowledge that careful interpretation of interphase FISH analysis is necessary and that results should be followed by full cytogenetic analysis. To our knowledge these are the first reported cases of structurally abnormal chromosomes 18 being associated with a positive maternal serum triple screen for trisomy 18. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessing the quality of life of adolescents with diabetes: using the SEIQoL, DQoL, patient and diabetes specialist nurse ratings
Authors: Walker Julian , Bradley Clare
Published: October 2002

This pilot study aimed to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) of adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus using an individualised interview measure (SEIQoL1) and a first generation diabetes‐specific questionnaire (DQoL2), and to compare patients' ratings with those given by their diabetes specialist nurse.

When asked to name the five most important domains of life for their quality of life, adolescents with diabetes spontaneously generated three common domains: family, friends and school. The remaining two domains varied, but could be covered by a further seven domains. Despite knowing the patients well, the nurse had great difficulty rating their QoL, diabetes‐related QoL or identifying factors important for their QoL. For the adolescents, diabetes was not always the most important domain affecting QoL, nor was their evaluation of their diabetes a good predictor of overall QoL. These data indicate the need for individualised questionnaire measures of QoL, which have now been designed for routine use with adolescents with diabetes. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Current Awareness
Authors:   John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Published: October 2002

In order to keep subscribers up‐to‐date with the latest developments in their field, John Wiley & Sons are providing a current awareness service in each issue of the journal. The bibliography contains newly published material in the field of pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Each bibliography is divided into 19 sections: 1 Books, Reviews & Symposia; 2 General; 3 Anti‐infective Agents; 4 Cardiovascular System Agents; 5 CNS Depressive Agents; 6 Non‐steroidal Anti‐inflammatory Agents; 7 CNS Agents; 8 Anti‐neoplastic Agents; 9 Haematological Agents; 10 Neuroregulator‐Blocking Agents; 11 Dermatological Agents; 12 Immunosuppressive Agents; 13 Autonomic Agents; 14 Respiratory System Agents; 15 Neuromuscular Agents; 16 Reproductive System Agents; 17 Gastrointestinal System Agents; 18 Anti‐inflammatory Agents ‐ Steroidal; 19 Others. Within each section, articles are listed in alphabetical order with respect to author. If, in the preceding period, no publications are located relevant to any one of these headings, that section will be omitted.
Using community pharmacies to conduct an HSV‐1 prevalence study
Authors: Veltri Joseph C. , Geiringer Katharine A. , Richardson Clark , Boon Ron J.
Published: October 2002

Purpose

To describe the effectiveness of community‐based pharmacists in conducting a study to measure the baseline prevalence of Herpes simplex virus, type‐1 susceptibility to two antiviral medications in subjects with recurrent Herpes labialis

Method

A cross‐sectional study conducted in 47 US community pharmacies. The pharmacist obtained a viral sample from the surface of the lesion, placed the virus‐laden swab in a vial of holding medium, and stored it in a refrigerator until shipment to a central laboratory.

Results

The population that had swabs processed for viral isolation (1795) was predominantly white (90.1%) and female (67.9%) with a mean age of 37.5 years. A total of 1087 (60.3%) swabs were positive for HSV‐1. On‐site monitoring revealed 219 protocol deviations related to the stage of the lesion (124), not properly dating or signing the consent form (80), and indeterminate age (15).

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the ability of pharmacists to conduct a large surveillance study in busy community pharmacies. A population of RHL sufferers with active lesions was recruited to study pharmacies during a 5‐month period. Pharmacists successfully obtained viral samples from cold sore lesions at a rate comparable to physician‐conducted studies. Protocol deviations were generally not serious, and did not compromise the study results or endanger the rights or welfare of participants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex differences in the estimated intelligence of school children
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Budhani Salima
Published: October 2002

This study investigated sex differences in estimated general and multiple intelligence in school children, their parents, and their teachers. There were three groups of participants: 285 (149 female, 136 male) pupils of a mixed government‐run comprehensive school, between the ages of 13 and 16 years; 93 mothers and 58 fathers of the pupils; and five female and eight male teachers. Children estimated their own and their parents' IQ, whilst the parents estimated their own and their children's IQ; the teachers estimated only the children's intelligence. The aims of this study were firstly to assess whether perceptions of male intellectual superiority were observable in school age children and school teachers, and to make direct comparisons between the children's self‐estimations and those of the parents and the teachers. Secondly, this study aimed to replicate previous literature on adult self‐estimations of overall and multiple intelligences, and to compare these to estimations by children of these adults (their parents). Fewer sex differences were observed than expected. Teachers' estimations did not follow conceptions of male superiority. The patterns of sex differences in mother and teacher estimations of children were similar to each other, as were those of fathers and children. Verbal and numerical abilities were found to be most closely related to estimations of overall IQ in all three groups. Most striking was the lack of correlation between father and daughter estimations of each other. Reasons why this study failed to replicate findings on adult samples are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Young adults' achievement and attributional strategies in the transition from school to work: antecedents and consequences
Authors: Määttä Sami , Nurmi Jari‐Erik , Majava Eeva‐Maria
Published: October 2002

This study focused on investigating the extent to which the achievement and attributional strategies individuals deploy influence their success in dealing with the transition from school to work, and whether their success or failure in this particular would have consequences for the kinds of strategy they deployed later in life. Two hundred and fifty young adults filled in the Cartoon‐Attribution‐Strategy Inventory, a revised version of Beck's Depression Inventory, and a work status questionnaire at the beginning of the last spring term of their curriculum, four months after their graduation, and a year and a half after it. The results showed that the deployment of maladaptive strategies, such as passive avoidance, led to problems in dealing with the transition from school to work. In turn, young adults' problems in dealing with this transition decreased their use of self‐serving causal attributions, which was also found to lead to increased depressive symptomatology. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who exhibits more stereotypical thinking? The effect of need and ability to achieve cognitive structure on stereotyping
Authors: Bar‐Tal Yoram , Guinote Ana
Published: October 2002

Need for cognitive structure (NCS) could affect stereotypical thinking. In the present paper, it is suggested that the effect of NCS on stereotyping is moderated by the ability to achieve cognitive structure (AACS). NCS is defined as the preference to use cognitive structuring (versus piecemeal processing) as a way to achieve certainty. AACS is defined as the extent to which individuals are able to use information processing processes (cognitive structuring or piecemeal) consistent with their level of NCS. Two studies were conducted to examine this hypothesis. The first examined the effect of NCS and AACS on negative stereotypes held by Israelis towards Palestinians. The second examined the effect of NCS and AACS on perceived in‐group (psychology students) and out‐group (engineering students) variability. Results of both studies showed that for high‐AACS participants, higher NCS was associated with greater stereotypical thinking, whereas for low‐AACS participants, higher NCS was associated with less stereotyping. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and biological activity of phthalimide‐based polymers containing 5‐fluorouracil
Authors: Lee Neung‐Ju , Koo Ja‐Chul , Ju Sung‐Suk , Moon Seong‐Bae , Cho Won‐Jei , Jeong In‐Cheol , Lee Song‐Jae , Cho Moo‐Youn , Theodorakis Emmanuel A
Published: October 2002

The attachment of anticancer agents to polymers is a promising approach towards reducing the toxic side‐effects and retaining the potent antitumour activity of these agents. A new tetrahydrophthalimido monomer containing 5‐fluorouracil (ETPFU) and its homopolymer and copolymers with acrylic acid (AA) and with vinyl acetate (VAc) have been synthesized and spectroscopically characterized. The ETPFU contents in poly(ETPFU‐co‐AA) and poly(ETPFU‐co‐VAc) obtained by elemental analysis were 21 mol% and 20 mol%, respectively. The average molecular weights of the polymers determined by gel permeation chromatography were as follows: Mn = 8900 g mol−1, Mw = 13 300 g mol−1, Mw/Mn = 1.5 for poly(ETPFU); Mn = 13 500 g mol−1, Mw = 16 600 g mol−1, Mw/Mn = 1.2 for poly(ETPFU‐co‐AA); Mn = 8300 g mol−1, Mw = 11 600 g mol−1, Mw/Mn = 1.4 poly(ETPFU‐co‐VAc). The in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds against FM3A and U937 cancer cell lines increased in the following order: ETPFU > 5‐FU > poly(ETPFU) > poly(ETPFU‐co‐AA) > poly(ETPFU‐co‐VAc). The in vivo antitumour activities of all the polymers in Balb/C mice bearing the sarcoma 180 tumour cell line were greater than those of 5‐FU and monomer at the highest dose (800 mg kg−1).

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Physical studies of foamed reinforced rubber composites Part I. Mechanical properties of foamed ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer and nitrile–butadiene rubber composites
Authors: Lawindy A M Y El , El‐Kade K M Abd , Mahmoud W E , Hassan H H
Published: October 2002

Reinforced ethylene–propylene–diene terpolymer (EPDM) and nitrile–butadiene rubber (NBR) blends were compounded with different concentrations of azodicarbonamide (ADC/K) foaming agent to obtain foamed EPDM and NBR composites. The mechanical properties under compression and under extension at different temperatures were measured for these foams. It was found that the increase of foaming agent concentration and temperature affect all the mechanical parameters. The obtained stress–strain data are discussed in the light of the continuum mechanics theory for compressible materials.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Polymerization of olefins and polar monomers catalyzed by bis(imino)Ni(II)/dibutylmagnesium/alkylaluminium halide systems
Authors: Chien James C W , Fernandes Susete , Correia Sandra G , Rausch Marvin D , Dickson L Charles , Marques Maria M
Published: October 2002

[Bis(N,N′‐dimesitylimino)acenaphthene]dibromonickel (1) when activated with diethylaluminium chloride (DEAC) is a very active catalyst for ethylene homopolymerization. The activity (AE) of 1/100 DEAC is twenty times greater than that of 1/100 MAO and of the same order of magnitude as 1/2000 MAO. In the case of homopolymerization of propylene the highest activity (AP) was obtained at a ratio of 25/15 for AlDEAC/Ni. Trialkylaluminium compounds were also found to act as cocatalysts for 1. The PE synthesized with four different cocatalysts was found by 13C NMR to have dissimilar branching distributions. 1/DEAC shows no activity for the polymerization of proximately substituted polar monomers. The introduction of dibutylmagnesium, (DBM) activates the 1/DEAC system to copolymerize ethylene and a number of proximately substituted polar monomers. Compared with the 1/MAO/monomer.AlR3 catalyst system the former is three times more active for copolymerization of 5‐hexene‐1‐ol or 10‐undecen‐1‐oic acid with ethylene. The activity of copolymerization is 1/24, 1/5 and 1/2 as active as homopolymerization, respectively, in the case of methyl vinyl ketone, vinyl acetate and ϵ‐caprolactam. In the case of tetrahydrofuran/ethylene, the 1/MAO catalyst produced copolymers using AlR3 pretreated THF whereas the 1/DEAC/DBM catalyst produces homopolyethylene only. No polymerization occurred with an acrylonitrile/ethylene mixture in the presence of 1/DBM/DEAC catalyst.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparison of the General Ability Measure for Adults and the Kaufman Adolescent and Adult Intelligence Test with college students
Authors: Lassiter Kerry S. , Matthews T. Darin , Bell Nancy L. , Maher Carrie M.
Published: October 2002

Ninety‐four college students were administered the GAMA and KAIT. GAMA IQs were significantly and moderately correlated with KAIT Fluid, Crystallized and Composite IQs, supporting the convergent validity of this instrument. Although significant correlations between measures emerged and nonsignificant differences were found between mean scores across these instruments, GAMA IQ scores did not accurately predict KAIT Composite IQ scores when GAMA IQ scores were compared to KAIT Composite IQs. Similarly, when the sample was divided into two groups by ability level, GAMA IQs accurately estimated the intelligence for individuals of Average and Below Average intelligence, but underestimated the KAIT Composite IQ scores by 4 points for the Above Average group. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research are provided. © 2002, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Static and dynamic dipole polarizabilities of 2‐ and 3‐methylthiophenes in solution: experimental and theoretical determination
Authors: Alvarado Ysaías J. , Cubillan Nestor , Labarca Paola H. , Karam Arquímedes , Arrieta Federico , Castellano Olga , Soscún Humberto
Published: October 2002

The dynamic and static dipole polarizabilities of 2‐methythiophene (2MT) and 3‐methylthiophene (3MT) molecules were investigated using refractometric and theoretical calculations. The experimental properties were studied within the Garito and Singer approach for dilute CCl4 and CH3CN solutions. The local field effects were tested with the Onsager and Lorentz local fields. The static dipole polarizabilities of 2MT and 3MT were obtained from extrapolation to zero frequency of the corresponding dispersion Cauchy‐type curves, which gave a monotonic increase as a function of the squared frequency. The differences between these curves were analyzed as a function of the solvent effects and the local fields. The theoretical static properties were evaluated by using ab initio (Hartree–Fock) and density functional theory (DFT) (BLYP and B3LYP) methods with the 6–31 + G(d,p), 6–311 ++ G(3d,3p) and Sadlej basis sets. The dynamic polarizabilities were calculated with the time‐dependent Hartree–Fock (TDHF) approach and the 6–31 + G(d,p) and Sadlej basis sets. In order to make a comparison with the experimental results, the solvent effects were studied at the TDHF level in both CCl4 and CH3CN solvents and the Onsager model. The calculations were performed with fully optimized geometries. The experimental values of the static dipole polarizabilities of the 2MT and 3MT were determined as 1.129 × 10−21 and 1.140 × 10−21 esu, respectively, whereas the corresponding B3LYP/6–311 ++ G(3d,3p) values were 1.151 × 10−21 and 1.139 × 10−21 esu, respectively. Additionally, for the B3LYP/Sadlej method the corresponding values were 1.176 × 10−21 and 1.174 × 10−21 esu, respectively. In general, there was good agreement between the experimental and the DFT theoretical results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Towards molecular machines and motors based on transition metal complexes
Authors: Colasson Benoît Xavier , Dietrich‐Buchecker Christiane , Jimenez‐Molero Maria Consuelo , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre
Published: October 2002

Biological motors and machines are multicomponent assemblies undergoing large‐amplitude geometrical changes or leading to the locomotion of one of the components, under the action of either an external stimulus (pH change, redox process, light pulse, etc.) or a chemical gradient. Many examples are known of proteins which undergo important shape modifications (folding–defolding) after a signal has been sent to the protein. Threaded or interlocking rings are ideally suited to the construction of fully artificial molecular motors. If a ring is threaded onto a rod, it can either rotate around the axle or undergo a translation movement. Similarly, in catenanes (i.e. interlocking ring multicomponent systems), a ring can glide at will and spin within another ring. Several examples of such compounds have been elaborated and studied in recent years, using threaded and interlocking molecules. Our group has proposed several molecular assemblies acting as ‘machines.’ They are based on transition metal complexes and the systems are set in motion by sending an electrochemical or photochemical signal. A recent contribution from our team describes a doubly threaded compound which can be contracted or stretched at will. By sending a chemical signal to the molecule, one can readily convert the contracted compound [copper(I) complex] to the extended situation (zinc complex). The back reaction is also easily carried out and it is quantitative. Potentially, the system is ready to react to an electrochemical stimulus and lead to the same movement. The present molecular assembly is thus reminiscent of skeletal muscles. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of solvent on reactivity and basicity: aminolyses of p‐nitrophenyl acetate in H2O and in DMSO
Authors: Um Ik‐Hwan , Lee Eun‐Ju , Jeon Sang‐Eun
Published: October 2002

Second‐order rate constants (kN) have been measured spectrophotometrically for the reactions of p‐nitrophenyl acetate with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in H2O and in DMSO at 25.0 ± 0.1 °C. The solvent change from H2O to DMSO resulted in rate enhancements. The effect of solvent on reactivity was found to be most significant for the reaction with piperazinium ion and least significant for the reaction with piperidine. The pKa values of the conjugate amines studied were also determined in DMSO. It was found that piperazinium ion is more basic in DMSO than in H2O by 1.04 pKa units while piperidine is less basic in DMSO by 0.50 pKa units. The Brønsted‐type plot was linear with a large slope (βnuc = 0.76–0.82) for both reactions run in H2O and in DMSO, indicating that the aminolyses proceed through rate‐determining breakdown of the addition intermediate. The difference in pKa values determined in DMSO and in H2O (ΔpKa = pKa in DMSO − pKa in H2O) showed a linear correlation with the difference in the second‐order rate constants determined in DMSO and in H2O (Δlog kN = log kN in DMSO − log kN in H2O) with a slope close to unity, suggesting that ΔpKa is fully responsible for the rate enhancement in DMSO. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionization equilibria of dicarboxylic acids in dimethyl sulfoxide as studied by NMR
Authors: Choi Paul J. , Petterson Krag A. , Roberts John D.
Published: October 2002

The ionization equilibria of dicarboxylic acids measured by K1/K2 are expected to be substantially influenced by stabilization of the monoanion through intramolecular hydrogen bonding. However, except in sterically favorable cases, such as with maleic, 3,4‐furandicarboxylic, 2,3‐bicyclo[1.2.2]heptadienedicarboxylic and diethylmalonic acids, the K1/K2 values for other dicarboxylic acids, where intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the monoanion might be expected, are relatively small at ∼100 in water. This research uses NMR to corroborate and extend the pioneering conductance measurements of K1/K2 of dicarboxylic acids by Kolthoff and coworkers with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent. In extending these measurements, we have determined K1/K2 for 3,4‐furandicarboxylic (1) and 2,3‐bicyclo[1.2.2]heptadienedicarboxylic (2) acids, because these were predicted by McCoy to be especially sterically favorable for intramolecular hydrogen bonding in the form of their monoanions and, indeed, we have found K1/K2 values for these acids in DMSO of 1 × 1015 and 4 × 1016 respectively. In contrast, the corresponding value for succinic acid is about 108. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicted high proton affinity of poly‐2,5‐ dihydropyrrolimines—the aromatic domino effect
Authors: Maksić Zvonimir B. , Glasovac Zoran , Despotović Ines
Published: October 2002

The basicity of a family of 2,5‐dihydropyrrolimines is examined by the Hartree‐Fock model. It is found that these systems exhibit high proton affinity, which increases with the number of the five‐membered rings present. The origin of the pronounced basicity is identified as the tandem or domino aromatic effect occurring in the conjugate acids. The aromatization is triggered by protonation and spread over whole systems via mobile π‐electrons. Proton affinities as high as 300 kcal/mol or more can be achieved in the gas phase, if the aromatization is combined with the favourable substituent effects and with the intramolecular hydrogen bond corona effect. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of pKR values of fluorenyl and anthracenyl cations
Authors: Courtney Michael C. , MacCormack Aoife C. , More O'Ferrall Rory A.
Published: October 2002

A value of pKR = −5.1 for the anthracenonium ion in 50:50 (v/v) aqueous trifluorethanol is reported based on a ratio of measured rate constants kH for acid‐catalysed dehydration of the 9,10‐hydrate of anthracene and k for the reverse hydrolysis of the carbocation (KR = k/kH). Comparison with pKR = −15.9 for the fluorenyl cation indicates that the latter ion is less stable by more than 10 log units (15 kcal mol−1). This difference is (a) considerably larger than that between the benzhydryl (pKR = −11.7) and fluorenyl cations (ΔpK = 4.2), which has been considered too small to indicate antiaromatic character for the fluorenyl cation, and (b) comparable to that between pKas for the ionization (in DMSO) of fluorene (22.6) and diphenylmethane (32.2), which has been interpreted as implying aromatic character for the fluorenyl anion. It is shown that a difference in stability of anthracene hydrate and 9‐hydroxyfluorene makes only a minor contribution to the difference in pKR values and that the fluorenyl cation is destabilized by ca 10 kcal mol−1. A smaller difference in pKas for protonation of fluorenimine (5.85) and benzhydrylimine (7.0) is consistent with the expected moderating effect of an electron‐donating substituent on relative carbocation stabilities. Evidence from calculations relating to the antiaromaticity of the fluorenyl cation is reviewed in the light of these measurements. An additional comparison between equilibrium constants for the ionization of aralkylazides (Kaz) and alcohols (KR) reveals the influence of differences in geminal σ‐bond interactions for the hydroxy and azido groups in their respective reactants. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the gas‐phase decomposition of neutral α‐amino acid ethyl esters. Part 1—The elimination of N,N‐dimethylglycine ethyl ester and ethyl 1‐piperidineacetate
Authors: Quijano Jairo , Notario Rafael , Chamorro Eduardo , León Luis A. , Sánchez Claudia , Alarcón Gustavo , Quijano J. Camilo , Chuchani Gabriel
Published: October 2002

Theoretical studies of the thermolysis of two α‐amino acid ethyl esters in the gas phase were carried out using ab initio theoretical methods, at the HF/6–31G(d) and the MP2/6–311 + G(2d,p)//MP2/6–31G(d) levels of theory. The reactions studied have two steps: the first one corresponds to the formation of ethylene and a neutral amino acid intermediate via a six‐membered cyclic transition state, and the second is the rapid decarboxylation of this intermediate via a five‐membered cyclic transition state. The progress of the first step of the reactions was followed by means of the Wiberg bond indices. The results indicate that the transition states have an intermediate character between reactants and products, and the calculated synchronicities show that the reactions are concerted and slightly asynchronous. The bond‐breaking processes are more advanced than the bond‐forming processes, indicating a bond deficiency in the transition states. The kinetic parameters calculated for both reactions agree very well with the available experimental results. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.