bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light, Heat and Electricity Integrated Energy Conversion System: Photothermal‐Assisted Co‐Electrolysis of CO2 and Methanol
Authors: Wang Yi‐Rong , Ding Hui‐Min , Sun Sheng‐Nan , Shi Jing‐wen , Yang Yi.‐Lu , Li Qi , Chen Yifa , Li Shun‐Li , Lan Ya‐Qian
Published: October 2022

Strategy that can design powerful photothermal‐catalysts to achieve photothermal‐effect assisted coupling‐catalysis is much desired for the improvement of energy conversion efficiency and redox product value in CO2 electroreduction system. Herein, a kind of bifunctional viologen‐containing covalent organic framework (Ni‐2CBpy2+‐COF) has been prepared and successfully applied in photothermal‐assisted co‐electrolysis of CO2 and methanol. Specifically, the FECO (cathode) and FEHCOOH (anode) for Ni‐2CBpy2+‐COF can reach up to ≈100 % at 1.9 V with ≈31.5 % saved overall electricity‐consumption when the anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is replaced by methanol oxidation. The superior performance could be attributed to the cyclic diquats in Ni‐2CBpy2+‐COF that enhance the photothermal effect (ΔT=49.1 °C) to accelerate faster charge transfer between catalyst and immediate species as well as higher selectivity towards desired products as revealed by DFT calculations and characterizations.
Intrinsic Phase Stability and Inherent Bandgap of Formamidinium Lead Triiodide Perovskite Single Crystals
Authors: Chen Liang , Yoo Jin Wook , Hu Manman , Lee Seung‐Un , Seok Sang Il
Published: October 2022

Understanding the intrinsic phase stability and inherent band gap of formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) perovskites is crucial to further improve the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, we explored the α‐ to δ‐phase transition and band gap of FAPbI3 single crystals grown by an inverse temperature solubility method. We found that the residual γ‐butyrolactone solvents in the inner empty space of the FAPbI3 single crystal accelerate the phase transition at kinetics. By adopting 2‐methoxyethanol as the solvent, over 2000 h of stable α‐FAPbI3 crystals could be acquired. This proves that although FAPbI3 is regarded as unstable at thermodynamics, it could own excellent kinetic stability without any doping or additives because of the slow solid to solid phase transition instead of the fast phase transition assisted by the solvents. Furthermore, we revealed that the bulk FAPbI3 single crystal with a size above 100 μm can have an inherent band gap of 1.41 eV. Thus, our work provides key scientific guidance for high‐performance FAPbI3‐based PSCs.
Construction of Catalytic Covalent Organic Frameworks with Redox‐Active Sites for the Oxygen Reduction and the Oxygen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Liu Minghao , Liu Sijia , Cui Cheng‐Xing , Miao Qiyang , He Yue , Li Xuewen , Xu Qing , Zeng Gaofeng
Published: October 2022

Construction of catalytic covalent organic frameworks (COFs) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is significant but rarely demonstrated. In this work, we have first constructed bifunctional COFs towards ORR and OER by integrating diarylamine derivatives into the Co‐porphyrin based frameworks. Both of the new COFs (CoTAPP‐PATA‐COF and CoTAPP‐BDTA‐COF) have good ordered structures, high surface areas, and robust chemical stability. The diarylamine units, as a typical electron donor and redox‐active cores, promote intramolecular electron transport along the frameworks and improve the electrochemically active surface areas. Thus, the COFs showed higher catalytic activities than that of the COF without redox‐active units. CoTAPP‐PATA‐COF had a halfwave potential of 0.80 V towards ORR, and delieved an overpotential of 420 mV for OER in 0.1 M KOH. The theoretical calculation revealed introducing diarylamine unites improved the oxygen electrocatalysis.
Photoexcited Enzymes for Asymmetric Csp3−Csp3 Cross‐Electrophile Couplings
Authors: Schmidt Sandy
Published: October 2022

Enzymes have several advantages over conventional catalysts for organic synthesis. Over the last two decades, much effort has been made to further extend the scope of biocatalytic reactions available to synthetic chemists, particularly by expanding the repertoire of enzymes for abiological transformations. In this regard, exciting new developments in the area of photobiocatalysis enable now the introduction of non‐natural reactivity in enzymes to solve long‐standing synthetic challenges. A recently described example from the Hyster group demonstrates in an unprecedented way how the combination of photochemistry with enzyme catalysis empowers the catalytic asymmetric construction of Csp3−Csp3 bonds with high chemo‐ and enantioselectivity.
A Sensitive and Nonoptical CRISPR Detection Mechanism by Sizing Double‐Stranded λ DNA Reporter
Authors: Mohammad Noor , Katkam Shrinivas S. , Wei Qingshan
Published: October 2022

CRISPR‐based biosensors often rely on colorimetric, fluorescent, or electrochemical signaling mechanism, which involves expensive reporters and/or sophisticated equipment. Here, we demonstrated a simple, inexpensive, nonoptical, and sensitive CRISPR‐Cas12a‐based sensing platform to detect ssDNA targets by sizing double‐stranded λ DNA as novel report molecules. In this platform, the size reduction of λ DNA was quantified by gel electrophoresis analysis. We hypothesize that the massive trans‐nuclease activity of Cas12a toward λ DNA is due to the presence of single‐stranded looped structures along the λ DNA sequence. In addition, we observed a strong binding affinity between Cas12a and λ DNA, which further promotes the trans‐cleavage activity and helps achieve sub‐picomolar detection sensitivity, ≈100 times more sensitive than the fluorescent counterpart. The concept of utilizing the physical size change of λ DNA unlocks the possibility of using a variety of dsDNA as CRISPR reporters.
Improving culture initiation of mature oak shoots through use of silver thiosulfate
Authors: Winkeljohn Max , Pence Valerie C. , Culley Theresa M.
Published: October 2022

Premise

Of the approximately 430 species of oaks (Quercus spp.) that have been assessed, 31% are threatened with extinction and in need of safeguarding. However, oak seeds cannot be seed banked, and thus rely on alternative strategies such as in vitro culture for ex situ conservation. One challenge to this approach is low culture initiation rates. Our objective was to identify factors that may improve the establishment of shoot cultures in vitro using new growth collected from mature trees.

Methods

Shoot cuttings were harvested from individuals of five different oak species (Q. alba, Q. bicolor, Q. macrocarpa, Q. muehlenbergii, and Q. palustris). Shoots were cultured onto medium with or without 50 µM silver thiosulfate (STS), a known inhibitor of the stress hormone ethylene. Cultures were grown for one month, at which point shoots were assessed for survival.

Results

Shoot survival was significantly greater in shoots cultured on medium containing STS compared to the control group, with the overall survival rate increasing from 65% to 73%.

Discussion

Increasing the survival rate of newly established cultures is important in ensuring that material collected from endangered species has the best chance for survival, which is critical for successful ex situ conservation.
Comparing an interdependent and dependent group contingency to increase physical activity in students during recess
Authors: Asaro Madeline M. , Zonneveld Kimberley L. M. , Frijters Jan C.
Published: October 2022

Physical activity produces important physiological, mental health, academic, and cognitive benefits in children and youth. Despite these advantages, a large proportion of this population does not meet the recommended amount of physical activity. Recent studies have shown that the interdependent (IGC) and dependent (DGC) group contingencies improve physical activity; however, no comparison of the effects of these contingencies on physical activity has been conducted. We used a multielement within a concurrent multiple baseline design across three classes to compare the effectiveness of group contingencies on physical activity. Both group contingencies increased physical activity, with the IGC producing slightly higher overall levels of physical activity at the classwide and individual levels of analyses. We also compared participants' positive and negative statements and found that, regardless of the group contingency in effect, participants emitted higher levels of positive statements about the contingency when they earned the reward than when they did not, suggesting that reward delivery influenced statements more so than the group contingency arrangement. Results are discussed within the context of treatment decisions and future research.
Adjuvant 5‐Fluorouracil/leucovorin, capecitabine, and oxaliplatin‐related regimens for stage II/III colon cancer patients 66 years or older
Authors: Jones Emily , Duan Zhigang , Nguyen Thinh T. , Giordano Sharon H. , Zhao Hui
Published: October 2022

Adjuvant chemotherapy of leucovorin‐modulated 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU/LV), capecitabine, and adding oxaliplatin to 5‐FU/LV or capecitabine (FLOX/OX) have been standard regimens for high‐risk stage II or III colon cancer (CC). We aimed to evaluate their patterns of use, association with survival, and rate of emergency room visit (ER) or hospitalization during the treatment period. High‐risk stage II or III patients aged >65 years diagnosed between 2007 and 2015, underwent colectomy, and received any of these three regimens were selected from SEER and Texas Cancer Registry (TC) linked with Medicare data. Chi‐square test, Kaplan–Meier survival curves, Cox regression, and logistic regression were used in data analysis. A total of 5621 (1080 stage II and 4541 stage III) patients with median age of 72 years were included in this study. For stage II, 24.4% used 5‐FU/LV, 31.2% used capecitabine, and 44.4% used FLOX/OX; the respective numbers for stage III were 13.8%, 17.9%, and 68.3%. Patients aged <70 years, not in the West region, not in Medicare state‐buy‐in program, and with no comorbidity were more likely to use FLOX/OX. FLOX/OX was associated with improved overall survival (OS) in stage II and III patients and improved cancer‐specific survival in stage III patients compared with 5‐FU/LV. The survival benefit of FLOX/OX was sustained in stage III patients aged ≥70 years. Capecitabine had the lowest ER/hospitalization rate with 19.2% in stage II and 28.9% in III. The use of FLOX/OX was associated with improved survival compared with 5‐FU/LV among CC patients. Capecitabine was associated with the lowest ER/hospitalization rate.
Long noncoding RNA THRIL promotes foam cell formation and inflammation in macrophages
Authors: Song Xiaosu , Gao Fen , Li Hong , Qin Weiwei , Chai Chanjuan , Shi Guojuan , Yang Huiyu
Published: October 2022

Tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) and heterogenous nuclear ribonucleoprotein L (hnRNPL)‐related immunoregulatory lincRNA (THRIL) is a long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) involved in various inflammatory diseases. However, its role in atherosclerosis is not known. In this study, we aimed to investigate the function of THRIL in mediating macrophage inflammation and foam cell formation. The expression of THRIL was quantified in THP‐1 macrophages after treatment with oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (oxLDL). The effect of THRIL overexpression and knockdown on oxLDL‐induced inflammatory responses and lipid accumulation was determined. THRIL‐associated protein partners were identified by RNA pull‐down and RNA immunoprecipitation assays. We show that THRIL is upregulated in macrophages after oxLDL treatment. Knockdown of THRIL blocks oxLDL‐induced expression of interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and TNF‐α and lipid accumulation. Conversely, ectopic expression of THRIL enhances inflammatory gene expression and lipid deposition in oxLDL‐treated macrophages. Moreover, THRIL depletion increases cholesterol efflux from macrophages and the expression of ATP‐binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 and ABCG1. FOXO1 is identified as a protein partner of THRIL and promotes macrophage inflammation and lipid accumulation. Furthermore, overexpression of FOXO1 restores lipid accumulation and inflammatory cytokine production in THRIL‐depleted macrophages. In conclusion, our data suggest a model where THRIL interacts with FOXO1 to promote macrophage inflammation and foam cell formation. THRIL may represent a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis.
Effects of fall stocking rates on naturalized cool‐season stockpiled pastures
Authors: Bailey Bobbi , Griggs Thomas C. , Felton Eugene , Krause Karen Marie
Published: October 2022

The potential of tall fescue (Schedonorus arundinaceus Dumort) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) as stockpiled forages has been documented; however, limited information describes the characteristics of other species, especially complex mixtures of cool‐season naturalized pastures. A 3‐yr study assessed the herbage mass, forage quality, and botanical composition of mixed cool‐season naturalized pastures [orchardgrass, tall fescue, clover (Trifolium spp.), narrowleaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), and quackgrass (Elymus repens [L.] Gould)] in response to two stocking rates based on daily herbage allowances of 3.5% (low) or 7.0% (high) of heifer bodyweight. The stocking rate for the entire pasture area, including unoccupied paddocks during the grazing period, was 2.4 and 1.3 heifers acre−1 for the low and high treatments, respectively. Stockpiling began in August; grazing began in early November. The initial herbage mass and botanical composition were determined at the end of the stockpiling period. Herbage samples were taken throughout the fall grazing period at intervals of 11 to 19 d. The stocking rate had no effect on changes in botanical composition. Total legume percentage increased from 6% in Year 1 to 31% in Year 3 (P < .05). Herbage mass declined more quickly in Year 3 than in Years 1 and 2 (P < .05), probably because of the high percentage of legumes. As fall grazing progressed, crude protein content and in vitro true dry matter digestibility declined, and neutral detergent fiber content increased. Mixed cool‐season naturalized pastures could be used for stockpiling and grazed intensively without detrimental effects on subsequent stockpiling periods.
Efficient Synthesis of Diaryl Quaternary Centers by Rh(II)/Xantphos Catalyzed Relay C−H Functionalization and Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Ge Zhaoliang , Lu Bin , Teng Huailong , Wang Xiaoming
Published: October 2022

A three‐component reaction ofN, N‐disubstituted aniline,α‐diazo ester, and an allylic electrophile has been realized by [Rh(II)]2/Xantphos catalysis, providing a direct access to various aniline derivatives bearing diaryl allylic quaternary centers in good yields. The synthetic utility of this protocol was demonstrated by facile derivatization of the products for preparation of biologically relevant molecules and structural scaffolds, which offers a high potential for increasing the molecular diversity. Mechanistic studies identifiedα,α‐diarylacetate species as an active intermediate, thereby revealing the presence of a C(sp2)−H functionalization of aniline derivatives/allylic alkylation cascade in this attractive catalytic transformation.
Dielectric Relaxation and Dielectric Switching Behaviors in (N,N‐Diisopropylethylamine) Tetrachloroantimonate(III)
Authors: Wei Wen‐Juan , Gao Hong‐Qiang , Luo Xiao‐Hua , Tang Yun‐Zhi
Published: October 2022

Dielectric switches have drawn renewed attention to the study of their many potential applications with the adjustable switch temperatures (Ts). Herein, a novel antimony‐based halide semiconductor, (N,N‐diisopropylethylamine) tetrachloroantimonate ((DIPEA)SbCl4, DIPEA+=N,N‐diisopropylethylamine), with dielectric relaxation behavior and dielectric switches has been successfully synthesized. This compound, consisting of coordinated anion
chains and isolated DIPEA+ cations, undergoes an isostructural order‐disorder phase transition and shows a step‐like dielectric anomaly, which can function as a frequency‐tuned dielectric switch with highly adjustable switch temperature (Ts). Variable‐temperature single‐crystal structure analyses and first‐principles molecular dynamics simulations give information about the general mechanisms of molecular dynamics. This work enriches the dielectric switch family and proves that hybrid metal halides are promising candidates for switchable physical or chemical properties.
Improving cervical cancer survival–A multifaceted strategy to sustain progress for this global problem
Authors: Markovina Stephanie , Rendle Katharine A. , Cohen Alexander C. , Kuroki Lindsay M. , Grover Surbhi , Schwarz Julie K.
Published: October 2022

Cervical cancer is associated with profound socioeconomic and racial disparities in incidence, mortality, morbidity, and years of life lost. The last standard‐of‐care treatment innovation for locally advanced cervical cancer occurred in 1999, when cisplatin chemotherapy was added to pelvic radiation therapy (chemoradiation therapy). Chemoradiation therapy is associated with a 30%–50% failure rate, and there is currently no cure for recurrent or metastatic disease. The enormity of the worldwide clinical problem of cervical cancer morbidity and mortality as well as the egregiously unchanged mortality rate over the last several decades are recognized by the National Institutes of Health as urgent priorities. This is reflected within the Office of Research on Women's Health effort to advance National Institutes of Health research on the health of women, as highlighted in a recent symposium. In the current review, the authors address the state of the science and opportunities to improve cervical cancer survival with an emphasis on improving access, using technology in innovative and widely implementable ways, and improving current understanding of cervical cancer biology.

Lay summary

Cervical cancer is associated with profound socioeconomic and racial disparities in incidence, mortality, morbidity, and years of life lost.

In this review, the state of the science and opportunities to improve cervical cancer survival are presented with an emphasis on improving access, using technology in innovative and widely implementable ways, and improving current understanding of cervical cancer biology.
Overcoming disparities to improve cancer care: The story of cervical cancer
Authors: Duska Linda R.
Published: October 2022

Lay summary

Effective screening and vaccination programs can potentially eliminate cervical cancer in the future; however, to accomplish this goal, we have to be able to offer services to all girls and women.

In particular, women who live in rural areas and women who have low socioeconomic status are at highest risk.

Efforts are required to improve access to care at all levels for these women at risk.
When IV−VI Meets I−V−VI2: A Reinvigorating Thermoelectric Strategy for Tin Monochalcogenides
Authors: Shi Xin , Ren Zhifeng
Published: October 2022

Resembling the widely studied PbTe−AgSbTe2(LAST) and GeTe−AgSbTe2(TAGS) thermoelectric materials, alloying group I−V−VI2compounds to tin monochalcogenides (SnTe, SnSe, and SnS) was also initially studied in the 1960s. Nevertheless, this thermoelectric strategy has regained popularity only in recent years, and boosted performance is now generally expected in these alloys. Given its encouraging revival and the absence of a corresponding research summary, here we carefully review current advances in this system, which is categorized into three major subgroups, that is, I−Sb−VI2‐alloyed SnTe, I−Bi−VI2‐alloyed SnTe, and I−Sb−VI2‐alloyed SnSe. Emphasis is placed on exploring the underlying mechanisms of this system in addition to its thermoelectric properties. Some future directions of this reinvigorating strategy are also proposed in the hope that they can serve as a guide for its further exploration.
Understanding Conformational Properties and Role of Hydrogen Bonds in Glycosaminoglycans‐Interleukin8 Complexes in Aqueous Medium by Molecular Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Dhurua Shakuntala , Jana Madhurima
Published: October 2022

Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations were performed under ambient conditions to explore the conformational features and binding affinities of hexameric glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) with chemokine Interleukin8 (IL8) in an aqueous medium. We tried to understand the role of hydrogen bonds (HBs) involving conserved water in mediating the interactions. The Luzar‐Chandler model was adopted to study the kinetics of HB breaking and formation concerning different water‐mediated HBs. The conformational flexibilities of bound GAGs are due to the flexible glycosidic linkages than the occasional/rare ring pucker conformation. The free energy landscape constructed with ϕ, and ψ, depicted that different conformational minima associated with the glycosidic linkage flexibility of the GAGs in bound states are separated by energy barriers. The binding affinities of IL8 towards GAGs are favored through the electrostatic and non‐polar solvation interactions. 4‐different types of conserved water were explored in the solvent‐mediated binding of GAGs with IL8. The average lifetime of the IL8‐GAG direct HB pairs was ∼ten times less than the IL8‐GAG‐shared water HBs. This is due to the rapid establishment of HB breaking and reformation kinetics involving water of a shared layer. We find that despite the highly negatively charged surface of GAGs, the IL8 surface populated by non‐cationic amino acids could serve as a promising binding site in addition to the cationic surface of the protein.
An In Vivo Mouse Model for Chronic Inflammation–Induced Immune Suppression: A “Factory” for Myeloid‐Derived Suppressor Cells (MDSCs)
Authors: Ben‐Meir Kerem , Twaik Nira , Meirow Yaron , Baniyash Michal
Published: October 2022

Myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells known to play a role in perpetuating a wide range of pathologies, such as chronic infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. MDSCs were first identified in mice by the markers CD11b+Gr1+, and later, based on their morphology, they were classified into two subsets: polymorphonuclear MDSCs, identified by the markers CD11b+Ly6G+Ly6CLow, and monocytic MDSCs, detected as being CD11b+Ly6G–Ly6CHi. MDSCs are studied as immunosuppressive cells in various diseases characterized by chronic inflammation and are associated with disease causes/triggers such as pathogens, autoantigens, and cancer. Therefore, different diseases may diversely affect MDSC metabolism, migration, and differentiation, thus influencing the generated MDSC functional features and ensuing suppressive environment. In order to study MDSCs in a pathology‐free environment, we established and calibrated a highly reproducible mouse model that results in the development of chronic inflammation, which is the major cause of MDSC accumulation and immune suppression. The model presented can be used to study MDSC phenotypes, functional diversity, and plasticity. It also permits study of MDSC migration from the bone marrow to peripheral lymphatic and non‐lymphatic organs and MDSC crosstalk with extrinsic factors, both in vivo and ex vivo. Furthermore, this model can serve as a platform to assess the effects of anti‐MDSC modalities. © 2022 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Basic Protocol: Repetitive M.tb immunizations for the induction of chronic inflammation

Alternate Protocol 1: Creating a lower grade of inflammation by changing the site of immunization

Alternate Protocol 2: In vivo evaluation of immune status

Support Protocol 1: Preparation of reconstituted M.tb aliquots and M.tb‐IFA emulsions for each of the three injections

Support Protocol 2: Preparation of an ovalbumin lentiviral expression vector

Support Protocol 3: Fluorescence titering assay for the lentiviral expression vector

Support Protocol 4: Spleen excision, tissue dissociation, and preparation of a single‐cell suspension

Support Protocol 5: Labeling of splenocytes with CFSE proliferation dye
Synthesis of Aluminum N,N‐Dialkylcarbamates by Insertion of CO2 into Al−N Bonds
Authors: Schumann Erik , Brendler Erica , Böhme Uwe , Mertens Florian
Published: October 2022

Despite decades of research on various carbamates and their important applications, only one aluminum N,N‐dialkylcarbamate (ADC) with an aluminum:carbamate ratio of 1 : 3 has been structurally described and comprehensively studied so far, namely tris(diisopropyl)carbamate. The reasons for this situation include problems with the used synthetic routes. The process of CO2 insertion into Al−N bonds of tris(dialkylamido)alanes resolved these difficulties. Using this advantageous synthetic route, the dimethyl and diethyl, as well as the pyrrolidino, piperidino, and N‐methylpiperazino derivatives were now successfully prepared. These ADCs were investigated by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, where line‐shape analyses of the 27Al NMR spectra allowed conclusions with respect to the determination of the quadrupole coupling parameters. Furthermore, data of an intermediate during the CO2 insertion into tris(diisopropylamido)alane were obtained by in‐situ IR spectroscopy, which were complemented by NMR measurements of samples periodically taken during the reaction. Partial hydrolysis of tris(pyrrolidino)carbamate revealed a complex Al3(μ3‐O) cluster structure, which was elucidated by single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Small‐Molecule Activation by Heteroleptic Metallasilylenes
Authors: Schoening Juliane , Wölper Christoph , Schulz Stephan
Published: October 2022

We report on reactions of heteroleptic metallasilylenes L1(Cl)MSiL2(M=Al1, Ga2, L1=HC[C(Me)NDipp]2, Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3; L2=PhC(NtBu)2) with CO2, N2O, and Me3SiN3, yielding the corresponding carbonate complexes L1(Cl)MOSi(CO3‐κ2O,O−)L2(M=Al3, Ga4), silanoic esters L1(Cl)MOSi(O)L2(M=Al5, Ga6), and silaimine L1(Cl)GaSi(NSiMe3)L2(8), whereas {L2Si[N(SiMe3)Al(Cl)C(Me)NDipp][CHC(Me)N(Dipp)]}7was formed by C−C bond cleavage of the L1ligand. Compounds3–8were characterized by NMR (1H,13C) and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and single crystal X‐ray diffraction.
Room Temperature DBN Initiated Phospha‐Brook Rearrangement of α‐Hydroxyphosphonates to Phosphates
Authors: Mahandru‐Gill Muskaan , Iqbal Aleema , Damai Margarita , Spiedo Francesco , Kasonde Edward K. , Sykes Daniel , Devine Kevin G. , Patel Bhaven
Published: October 2022

A series of substituted aryl phosphate esters have been synthesized from their α‐hydroxyphosphonates substrates, using DBN (1,5 diazabicyclo(4.3.0)non‐5‐ene) at room temperature, via a phospha‐Brook rearrangement. The aryl‐substrate dependence of the rearrangement was explored, and excellent yields of the phosphate esters were achieved irrespective of whether the aryl moiety was activated or unactivated. A plausible mechanism for the rearrangement has been proposed. Based on the low temperature 31P‐NMR, the mechanism of the phospha‐Brook rearrangement is proposed to take place via an oxaphosphirane intermediate.
The role of intelligent manufacturing systems in the implementation of Industry 4.0 by small and medium enterprises in developing countries
Authors: Atieh Anas Mahmoud , Cooke Kavian Omar , Osiyevskyy Oleksiy
Published: October 2022

The desire to enhance connectivity and communication while simplifying data used to improve and optimize products and processes has driven many organizations within developed countries to invest heavily in implementing intelligent technologies for manufacturing. These technologies promise to enhance global manufacturing capabilities while sustaining demands by integrating equipment and frameworks in advanced economies for future production systems. On the other hand, many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) within developing countries have shown apprehension and mistrust toward the emerging technologies associated with Industry 4.0. This article provides a comprehensive review of SMEs' readiness within developing countries to implement the novel technologies falling within the Industry 4.0 realm. Such techniques include intelligent manufacturing systems, cyber‐physical systems, and other crucial technological tools for improved connectivity and communication within manufacturing and production systems. Analysis of the literature shows that many SMEs within developing countries are experiencing delays in introducing intelligent manufacturing and digitizing factories due to a lack of knowledge and communication issues. These firms lag in embracing the transformation to equipment and systems that can communicate with future‐oriented technologies and introduce intelligent devices and machines into production processes. This article explores challenges, identifies gaps and suggests the potential solutions to address the readiness of SMEs toward Industry 4.0 in developing countries, through a systematic summary and integrative analysis of the findings from the literature.
Performance analysis of hybrid solid liquid desiccant material: Dehumidification and CO2 absorption
Authors: Sanjay  , Mishra Sanjay , Alam Tabish , Shankar Ravi
Published: October 2022

As the population and living standard of human beings rises, energy requirement also increases rapidly. In developing country like India, a major part of energy requirement is fulfilled by thermal power‐based plants. It generates pollutant gases and water vapor responsible for global warming and other environmental problems. To overcome these problems in controlled area, a continuous experimental investigation has been performed based on the hybrid solid–liquid desiccant (HSLD) containing CaCl2 (0.33 M), lithium chloride (0.66 M), titanium dioxide (0.026 M), silicon dioxide (0.316 M), copper oxide (0.067 M) for dehumidification, and CO2 removal from the atmospheric air. In addition, CO2 removal capacity of HSLD has been performed from CO2 + air mixture containing variable CO2 to air as 0.33–5.46 (wt ratio). Present study suggest relative humidity of air is reduced from 75% to ~40% at 21.5°C. Outlet air contain 36.41, 72.83, 127.45, 200.27, 291.31, 418.76 ppm, 655.45, 1238.07, 2075.57 ppm CO2 for inlet condition of 0.33 (400.66), 0.51 (619.20), 0.75 (910.60), 0.97 (1165.56), 1.18 (1420.53), 1.44 (1730.13), 1.80 (2167.22), 2.70 (3241.72), 3.85 (4625.83) g CO2/g dry air (ppm) respectively desiccant flow rate of 6 L/min. Overall proposed HSLD could be effective for dehumidification and CO2 absorption.
Optimization of the seismic response of bridges using variable‐width joints
Authors: Mikes Ioannis G. , Kappos Andreas J.
Published: October 2022

An aspect of seismic design of bridges that has hardly received proper attention so far is the appropriate selection of joint gaps. End gaps define the boundary conditions of the bridge and affect its dynamic response; their proper design can lead to an improved structural performance under dynamic actions. The idea of the ‘Dynamic Intelligent Bridge’ is explored here, wherein current bridge joints that have a fixed width are substituted by variable‐width joints and, under seismic loading, the joint gap is optimised either with a one‐off adjustment, or continuously (in real time) through semi‐active control. In all cases, a novel device is used that permits this improved behaviour of the joints, the moveable shear key (MSK), a device for blocking the movement of the bridge deck, which has the possibility to slide, hence varying the size of the existing joint gap. In this context, the effect of gap size on the seismic response of bridges is assessed herein and a methodology is put forward for optimising this size, using a number of criteria such as maintaining the functionality of the bridge for moderate earthquakes, and ensuring the safety of the bridge and its users under earthquakes stronger than that used for design.
New French guidelines to adapt the “Isolate/Detect/Trace” strategy for COVID‐19 adult peoples or contacts considering the exponential spread of Omicron variant
Authors: Lepelletier Didier , Chidiac Christian , Mansour Zeina , Chauvin Franck ,   for the High Council for Public Health working group
Published: October 2022

Introduction

The objectives were to elaborate new recommendations for the French Government taking into account the new epidemiological situation due to Omicron variant of SARS‐CoV‐2 virus and to maintain essential functions of the State through socioeconomic and health life.

Method

Two self‐decision matrix were built for isolation (cases) and quarantine (contacts) and for citizen testing, respectively. The recommendations included in the two matrix were validated internally by experts and scientists from the scientist literature.

Results

A strategic breakdown into five phases corresponding to the possible phases of Omicron variants spread was built. Exceptional and transitory derogation for essential activities was proposed in fully vaccinated professionals. Suspension of quarantine period for fully vaccinated contacts and professionals was proposed with routine self‐testing program.

Conclusion

These new HCSP guidelines aims to preserve public health as a whole and to minimize the socioeconomic and health consequences linked to the emergence of the Omicron variant by making trade‐offs/adaptations in dependent scientist contexts.

Patient or Public Contribution

HCSP scientists and experts were in charge of drafting the recommendations and promoting them to the Government for their application by regulatory decree voted by law.
Incidence, indications, and maternal outcomes of emergency peripartum hysterectomy at a tertiary hospital in Ethiopia: A retrospective review
Authors: Bayable Mehari , Gudu Wondimu , Wondafrash Mekitie , Sium Abraham Fessehaye
Published: October 2022

Objective

To determine the incidence, indications, and maternal outcomes of emergency peripartum hysterectomy (EPH) at a tertiary setting in Ethiopia.

Materials and methods

A 4‐year retrospective review of EPH cases was conducted at St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College (Ethiopia) from January 2016 to December 2019. Data were collected by reviewing maternal charts of EPH cases using a structured data extraction format. Stata Statistical Software, release 14, was used for data analysis. Frequency and percentages are used to present the significance of results.

Results

Among 39 629 deliveries during the study period, there were 105 EPH, making the incidence rate 2.6 per 1000 deliveries. The common indications for EPH were uterine rupture (63/105; 60%), intractable uterine atony (23/105; 21.9%), and placenta accreta spectrum (14/105; 14.7%). The most common complications were anemia (85/105; 80.9%), puerperal fever (13/105; 12.4%), acute kidney injury (10/105; 9.5%), and relaparotomy (7/105; 6.7%).

Conclusion

The incidence of EPH observed in our institution is high. Appropriate patient selection for vaginal delivery and strict labor follow up with early intervention for labor abnormalities should be the guiding principles of optimal obstetrical care to alleviate the burden of uterine rupture.
Regulating f orbital of Tb electronic reservoir to activate stepwise and dual‐directional sulfur conversion reaction
Authors: Yu Shuang , Yang Shuo , Cai Dong , Nie Huagui , Zhou Xuemei , Li Tingting , Liang Ce , Wang Haohao , Dong Yangyang , Xu Rui , Fang Guoyong , Qian Jinjie , Ge Yongjie , Hu Yue , Yang Zhi
Published: October 2022

The sluggish kinetics in multistep sulfur redox reaction with different energy requirements for each step, is considered as the crucial handicap of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Designing an electron reservoir, which can dynamically release electron to/accept electron from sulfur species during discharge/charge, is the ideal strategy for realizing stepwise and dual‐directional polysulfide electrocatalysis. Herein, a single Tb3+/4+ oxide with moderate unfilled f orbital is synthetized as an electron reservoir to optimize polysulfide adsorption via Tb–S and N···Li bonds, reduce activation energy barrier, expedite electron/Li+ transport, and selectively catalyze both long‐chain and short‐chain polysulfide conversions during charge and discharge. As a result, Tb electron reservoir enables stable operation of low‐capacity decay (0.087% over 500 cycles at 1 C), high sulfur loading (5.2 mg cm−2) and electrolyte‐starved (7.5 μL mg−1) Li–S batteries. This work could unlock the potential of f orbital engineering for high‐energy battery systems.

image
Histological classification of atherosclerotic arteries using high‐speed confocal Raman microscopy with machine learning
Authors: Xing Jingchao , Lee Dong‐Ryoung , Kim Jin Won , Yoo Hongki
Published: October 2022

Confocal Raman microscopy is a useful tool to observe composition and constitution of label‐free samples at high spatial resolution. However, accurate characterization of microstructure of tissue and its application in diagnostic imaging are challenging due to weak Raman scattering signal and complex chemical composition of tissue. We have developed a method to improve imaging speed, diffraction efficiency, and spectral resolution of confocal Raman microscopy. In addition to the novel imaging technique, the machine learning method enables confocal Raman microscopy to visualize accurate histology of tissue sections. Here, we have demonstrated the performance of the proposed method by measuring histological classification of atherosclerotic arteries and compared the histological confocal Raman images with the conventional staining method. Our new confocal Raman microscopy enables us to comprehend the structure and biochemical composition of tissue and diagnose the buildup of atherosclerotic plaques in the arterial wall without labeling.
Mechanical and morphological responses of osteoblast‐like cells to two‐photon polymerized microgrooved surfaces
Authors: dos Santos Laura M. S. , de Oliveira Jonathas M. , da Silva Elaine C. O. , Fonseca Vitor M. L. , Silva Juliane P. , Barreto Emiliano , Dantas Noelio Oliveira , Silva Anielle C. A. , Jesus‐Silva Alcenísio J. , Mendonça Cléber R. , Fonseca Eduardo J. S.
Published: October 2022

Microgrooved surfaces are recognized as an important strategy of tissue engineering to promote the alignment of bone cells. In this work, we have investigated the mechanical and morphological aspects of osteoblasts cells after interaction with different micro‐structured polymeric surfaces. Femtosecond laser writing technique was used for the construction of circular and parallel microgrooved patterns in biocompatible polymeric surfaces based on pentaerythritol triacrylate. Additionally, we have studied the influence of the biocompatible TiO2 nanocrystals (NCs) related to the cell behavior, when incorporated to the photoresin. The atomic force microscopy technique was used to investigate the biomechanical reaction of the human osteoblast‐like MG‐63 cells for the different microgroove. It was demonstrated that osteoblasts grown on circular microgrooved surfaces exhibited significantly larger Young's modulus compared to cells sown on flat films. Furthermore, we could observe that TiO2 NCs improved the circular microgrooves effects, resulting in more populated sites, 34% more elongated cells, and increasing the cell stiffness by almost 160%. These results can guide the design and construction of effective scaffold surfaces with circular microgrooves for tissue engineering and bone regeneration.
An automated method for graph‐based chemical space exploration and transition state finding
Authors: Ramos‐Sánchez Pablo , Harvey Jeremy N. , Gámez José A.
Published: October 2022

Algorithms that automatically explore the chemical space have been limited to chemical systems with a low number of atoms due to expensive involved quantum calculations and the large amount of possible reaction pathways. The method described here presents a novel solution to the problem of chemical exploration by generating reaction networks with heuristics based on chemical theory. First, a second version of the reaction network is determined through molecular graph transformations acting upon functional groups of the reacting. Only transformations that break two chemical bonds and form two new ones are considered, leading to a significant performance enhancement compared to previously presented algorithm. Second, energy barriers for this reaction network are estimated through quantum chemical calculations by a growing string method, which can also identify non‐octet species missed during the previous step and further define the reaction network. The proposed algorithm has been successfully applied to five different chemical reactions, in all cases identifying the most important reaction pathways.
High titers of neutralizing antibodies in the blood fail to eliminate SARS‐CoV‐2 viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract
Authors: Li Lu , Cui Jianping , Tang Jingyan , Shi Jingrong , Deng Xilong , Zheng Xiaowen , Fan Qinghong , Liu Ying , Yu Haisheng , Tang Xiaoping , Hu Fengyu , Li Feng
Published: October 2022

Retest‐positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) viral RNA, as a unique phenomenon among discharged individuals, has been demonstrated to be safe in the community. Still, the underlying mechanism of viral lingering is less investigated. In this study, first, we find that the frequency of viral RNA‐positive retesting differs among variants. Higher ratios of viral RNA‐positive retest were more frequently observed among Delta (61.41%, 514 of 837 cases) and Omicron (39.53%, 119 of 301 cases) infections than among ancestral viral infection (7.27%, 21 of 289 cases). Second, the tissues where viral RNA reoccurred were altered. Delta RNA reoccurred mainly in the upper respiratory tract (90%), but ancestral virus RNA reoccurred mainly in the gastrointestinal tract (71%). Third, vaccination did not reduce the frequency of viral RNA‐positive retests, despite high concentrations of viral‐specific antibodies in the blood. Finally, 37 of 55 (67.27%) Delta‐infected patients receiving neutralizing antibody therapy become viral RNA retest positive when high concentrations of neutralizing antibodies still patrol in the blood. Altogether, our findings suggest that the presentence of high titers of neutralizing antibodies in the blood is incompetent in clearing residual viral RNA in the upper respiratory tract.
Characteristics and clinical significance of plasma IL‐18, sCD14, and sCD163 levels in patients with HIV‐1 infection
Authors: Li Liya , Cai Weiping , Guo Pengle , Hu Fengyu , Lan Yun , Li Yonghong , Zhong Huolin , He Haolan , Chen Xiejie , Zhong Haidan , Liu Cong , Li Linghua
Published: October 2022

Biomarkers of monocyte‐macrophages activation and inflammation in plasma such as interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), soluble leukocyte differentiation antigen 14 (sCD14), and sCD163 are associated with disease severity and prognosis in HIV‐1 infected patients, however, their relationships with efficacy of antiretroviral therapy (ART) need further investigation. We aimed to characterize and explore the clinical significance of plasma IL‐18, sCD14, and sCD163 in this population. This was a retrospective cohort study consisting of HIV‐1 infected patients enrolled in a randomized, controlled, open‐label, noninferiority trial (ALTERLL study), with follow‐up time points including initiation of ART (baseline), 12‐, 24‐ and 48‐weeks of treatment. Plasma levels of IL‐18, sCD14, and sCD163 were measured using the enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method. Viral suppression was defined as HIV‐1 RNA < 20 copies/ml. Among the 193 studied patients (median age of 29.0 years, 180 males), IL‐18 and sCD163 had U‐shaped regression curves and sCD14 had an inverted U‐shaped regression curve while the virus was decreased and immune function recovered. Patients with higher levels of IL‐18 or lower levels of sCD163 at baseline were less likely to achieve viral suppression at Week 12 or Week 24 of treatment, respectively. In multivariate analysis, baseline sCD163 ≤ 500 pg/ml (adjusted odds ratio 0.33, 95% confidence interval 0.16–0.68) was independently associated with a lower rate of viral suppression at Week 24 of treatment. In conclusion, we demonstrated different dynamic changes among IL‐18, sCD14, and sCD163 after ART. Baseline sCD163 level could be a potential predictor of early virological response to ART. Further validation and mechanistic research are needed.
Characterization and application of a series of monoclonal antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 nucleocapsid protein
Authors: Zhou Liling , Mo Chuncong , Yang Yujie , Zhou Zhichao , You Aiping , Fan Ye , Liu Wenkuan , Li Xiao , Zhou Rong , Tian Xingui
Published: October 2022

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic has a significant global social and economic impact, and the emergence of new and more destructive mutant strains highlights the need for accurate virus detection. Here, 90 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that exclusively reacted with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) nucleocapsid protein (NP) were generated. These MAbs did not cross‐react with NPs of common human coronaviruses (HCoVs, i.e., 229E, OC43, HKU1, and NL63) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Subsequently, overlapped peptides in individual fragments (N1–N4) of NP were synthesized. N1‐3 (25‐GSNQNGERSGARSKQ‐39), N3‐1 (217‐AALALLLLDRLNQL‐230), and N4‐8 (393‐TLLPAADLDDFSKQL‐407) were identified as major epitopes using enzyme‐linked immunoassay (ELISA) and recognized by 47, 1, and 18 MAbs, respectively. The 24 remaining MAbs exhibited no reactivity with all synthetic peptides. Among MAb‐epitope pairs, only MAbs targeting epitope N1‐3 displayed no cross‐reaction with NPs of SARS‐CoV‐1 and other SARS‐related CoVs. All Omicron variants contained a three‐amino acid deletion (31ERS33) in the N1‐3 region. Thus, MAbs targeting N1‐3 failed to recognize these variants. Furthermore, a double‐antibody sandwich ELISA for antigen detection was established using the optimal MAbs. Overall, a series of MAbs targeting SARS‐CoV‐2 NP was prepared, characterized with epitope mapping, and applied for the detection of SARS‐CoV‐2 antigens, and some novel B‐cell epitopes of the viral NP were identified.
Self‐assembly preparation of Zn2+‐immobilized silica hybrid monolith and application in solid‐phase micro‐extraction of β‐agonists
Authors: Peng Chuanyun , Zhang Shaowen , Wu Chunlai , Feng Yong , Zhao Xiaojie , Li Juan , Zhang Qing
Published: October 2022

Exploiting adsorbents with highly efficient extraction performance is of great promise for extracting small organic molecules from biological samples. In this work, a novel Zn2+‐immobilized chitosan@silica hybrid monolith was prepared through a simple self‐assembly Zn2+‐immobilization process. Exploited as an adsorbent in solid‐phase micro‐extraction for extracting trace β‐agonists, the monolith exhibited high extraction efficiencies for salbutamol, clenbuterol, and ractopamine with the enrichment factors approaching 120, 85, and 52, respectively. These could be attributed to the effective interaction between Zn2+ ions and the target molecule via coordination or other intermolecular interactions. Under optimized extraction operations, a sensitive determination was successfully developed coupling with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection. The linear range was 0.17–58.8, 0.12–68.5, and 0.18–65.5 ng/ml for salbutamol, clenbuterol, and ractopamine. The limits of detection of the β‐agonists were from 0.04 to 0.07 ng/ml, and the limits of quantification were from 0.12 to 0.18 ng/ml. The recoveries of spiking in mutton samples were observed in the range of 85.9%–95.7%, with relative standard deviations <8.0% (n = 3). Application tests demonstrated this newly developed determination was practical, accurate, and convenient for detecting trace content β‐agonists in meat.