bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dentin permeability: the basis for understanding pulp reactions and adhesive technology
Authors: Mjör Ivar A.
Published: May 2009

Permeability involves the passage of fluids, ions, molecules, particulate matter and bacteria into and through a substance or tissue under different and varying conditions. The permeability of the dentin is essential to support the physiology and reaction patterns of the pulp-dentin organ. Nutrients and impulses are transported from the pulp via the odontoblast process and the contents of its tubules maintain the dentin as a vital tissue. However, the main interest of this paper focuses on penetration from the outside towards the pulp rather than from the pulp towards the outside. The present overview centers on the dentinal tubules; how they are formed and how they change as a result of normal and abnormal function, age, and pathological processes and the effect of these processes on the permeability of dentin. Particular attention is focused on the patency of the dentinal tubules.This overview is largely based on the author’s own research, clinical insights and active participation in continuing dental education over the last 50 years. It is not a review of the literature related to the permeability of dentin. Rather it presents interpretation of results related to the permeability of dentin based on experience and opinions acquired over a lifetime in dental research.
Immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and CD44v6 in squamous cell carcinomas of the lower lip and tongue
Authors: Cruz Maria Carmen Fontoura Nogueira da , Pereira Antonio Luiz Amaral , Lopes Fernanda Ferreira , Nonaka Cassiano Francisco Weege , Silva Raimunda Ribeiro da , Freitas Roseana de Almeida , Souza Lélia Batista de , Pinto Leão Pereira
Published: May 2009

This study analyzed the immunohistochemical expression of E-cadherin and CD44v6 in 15 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of lower lip and 15 SCCs of tongue in order to verify a possible association between these proteins and the anatomic location of the lesion, nodal metastasis and histological grading of malignancy. The pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells were evaluated. The results were analyzed with the Fisher's exact test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman's Correlation Coefficient (r). using the SPSS software 10.0 for Windows. Statistical significance was set at 5% determined for a p-value<0.05 for all tests. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells for E-cadherin and CD44v6, regarding the anatomical location and nodal metastasis. For the histological grading, low score SCCs showed higher immunopositivity for E-cadherin and CD44v6, both for the pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells (p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between the total score of malignancy and the pattern of expression and number of immunopositive cells for E-cadherin and CD44v6 (p<0.05). In conclusion, SCCs of the lower lip and tongue did not reveal significant differences in the expression of E-cadherin and CD44v6. The expression of these adhesion molecules revealed association only with tumor histological grading of malignancy. Therefore, these results suggest that E-cadherin and CD44v6 may not help elucidating the differences between the biological behavior of SCCs of the lower lip and tongue.
Dental needs in brazilian patients subjected to head and neck radiotherapy
Authors: Rosales Ana Carolina de Mesquita Netto , Esteves Sérgio Carlos Barros , Jorge Jacks , Almeida Oslei Paes de , Lopes Márcio Ajudarte
Published: May 2009

In spite of its recognized benefits in the treatment of malignant tumors, radiation therapy have several side effects in the head and neck region. The evaluation of oral conditions by a dentist is important to prevent or minimize these problems. The aim of this retrospective review was to analyze the dental needs in 357 patients who received radiotherapy in the head and neck region and were treated at Orocentro/FOP/UNICAMP, between January 1990 and December 2004. Review of patient files showed that dental examination before radiotherapy was not performed in 148 patients (41.5%) and was done in 209 patients (58.5%). From the total of examined patients, 94 (45%) did not require dental procedures at the moment of examination, while 115 (55%) presented some sort of dental need. Following the patients after the radiotherapy, it was observed that the group of patients that was evaluated before radiation presented less need of restorations, root canal filling and dental extractions than those who were not evaluated. The results of this study confirm that the evaluation of oral conditions prior to radiotherapy is essential to minimize the dental needs, emphasizing the importance of the dentist in the multidisciplinary team that treats cancer patients.
Produção de muda orgânica de pimentão com diferentes substratos
Authors: Araújo Neto Sebastião Elviro de , Azevedo José Marlo Araújo de , Galvão Robson de Oliveira , Oliveira Elizângela Barbosa de Lima , Ferreira Regina Lúcia Félix
Published: May 2009

A fase de muda na horticultura é fundamental para obter boa produtividade, e o substrato é grande responsável por isso. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, identificarem-se combinações de resíduos orgânicos na confecção de substratos para a produção de mudas de pimentão Casca Dura Avelar. Sementes foram semeadas em copos plásticos de 180cm³, contendo misturas de resíduos orgânicos em cada substrato, como segue T1 Plantmax® (tratamento controle); T2 composto orgânico + casca de coco triturada (1:1 v/v); T3 composto orgânico + cama-de-frango + casca de arroz carbonizada (1:1:1 v/v); T4 composto orgânico + esterco bovino + casca de arroz carbonizada (1:1:1 v/v); T5 composto orgânico + coprólitos de minhoca + casca de arroz carbonizada (1:1:1 v/v); T6 composto orgânico + caroço de açaí triturado (1:1:1 v/v); T7 composto orgânico + coprólitos de minhoca + casca de coco triturada (1:1:1 v/v); T8 composto orgânico + esterco bovino + casca de coco triturada (1:1:1 v/v). Após a semeadura, os recipientes foram transferidos para casa de vegetação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com oito tratamentos e quatro repetições, e a unidade experimental foi constituida de três plantas: uma em cada recipiente. Decorridos 20 dias da semeadura, avaliaram-se a altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea, massa seca de raízes e massa seca total. O substrato Plantmax® foi o que apresentou melhor desempenho. Entre os substratos alternativos, o substrato T5 foi o de melhor resultado.
Efeito de extratos vegetais no controle de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp tracheiphilum em sementes de caupi
Authors: Silva Jandiê Araújo da , Pegado Claúdia Maria Alves , Ribeiro Valéria Veras , Brito Noelma Miranda de , Nascimento Luciana Cordeiro do
Published: May 2009

A fusariose é uma doença de grande importância para a cultura do feijoeiro em virtude da redução da produtividade. O controle da doença vem sendo realizado com aplicações indiscriminadas de fungicidas químicos, acarretando problemas ao homem e ao meio ambiente. Objetivou-se, no presente trabalho, avaliar o efeito de extratos vegetais no controle de Fusarium oxysporum f. sp tracheiphilum, proveniente de sementes de caupi, comparando-se com o efeito do fungicida químico. Utilizaram-se extratos de alho, angico e manjericão, isolados ou combinados entre si e ou em associação ao fungicida Mancozeb. Uma alíquota de 50 µL de cada tratamento foi adicionada em orifício feito no centro das placas de Petri com BDA, sobre o qual depositou-se um disco de micélio do fungo. Avaliou-se durante sete dias, medindo-se o crescimento micelial do patógeno. Sementes de caupi foram desinfestadas com hipoclorito de sódio a 4,0%, semeadas em sacos de polietileno contendo solo autoclavado. Oito dias após germinação, efetuaram-se ferimentos no colo das plântulas, aplicando-se suspensão de esporos do fungo (1,4 x 10-5 con/mL). As avaliações de severidade da doença foram realizadas diariamente durante 30 dias após a inoculação, utilizando-se escala de notas. Os extratos combinados de alho + manjericão e angico + manjericão não inibiram o crescimento micelial do fungo, enquanto o extrato de manjericão isoladamente, proporcionou o menor crescimento micelial, indicando a ação fungicida e inibitória desse tratamento sobre o fungo F. oxysporum f. sp tracheiphilum nas condições analisadas. O fungicida Mancozeb + o extrato de angico proporcionou menor média de severidade nas plantas avaliadas.
Análise do processo de exame de grau na pós-graduação stricto sensu
Authors: Pezzi Silvana , Steil Andrea Valéria
Published: May 2009

O artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para o aprofundamento das discussões acerca da qualidade da pós-graduação stricto sensu no âmbito nacional, a partir de um de seus elementos constituintes: o exame de grau. O exame de grau é discutido de forma teórica, por meio da análise sistematizada de pesquisas nacionais e internacionais relacionadas com o tema. Primeiramente, são discutidos os propósitos de mestrados e doutorados, analisados os objetivos dos exames de grau, investigados os procedimentos e os critérios adotados na avaliação dos exames de grau, apontando seus pontos de vulnerabilidade. A seguir, sistematizam-se e analisam-se as variáveis relacionadas à subjetividade dos elementos decisórios de cada examinador e as influências externas às quais a banca está envolta. Em sua conclusão, ressalta-se o alto nível de heterogeneidade associado ao conhecimento e à percepção dos padrões esperados para a formação de um mestre e um doutor, que influencia sistemicamente no processo de exame de grau. Por fim, os temas sugeridos para a continuação da pesquisa visam buscar maior consistência nos procedimentos de avaliação dos exames de grau e uma avaliação mais equitativa do pós-graduando, contribuindo para a qualidade da pós-graduação stricto sensu.
Trajetória de herdeiro entre dois projetos políticos
Authors: Bittencourt Agueda Bernardete
Published: May 2009

A trajetória intelectual e social do educador Anísio Teixeira é estudada neste artigo considerando suas origens geográficas na Bahia - estado politicamente periférico em relação a outros da federação brasileira situados no sudeste e sul -, bem como suas origens sociais, que não o predestinavam a jogar um papel de primeiro plano na cena nacional, muito menos antes de completar 40 anos. Uma série de documentos com registros de suas viagens internacionais permite aqui a análise dos momentos-chave de suas primeiras coletas de informações sobre o tema da educação e o uso que fez dos seus contatos com intelectuais e políticos em instituições de ponta na Europa e Estados Unidos, visando o desenho de um projeto brasileiro de Educação num momento de transição política, ou seja, o período 1925 a 1934. Com ênfase nos encontros de Anísio Teixeira com intelectuais fascistas na Itália e França e com os proponentes da educação democrática nos Estados Unidos, o artigo está voltado para mostrar também como essas viagens permitiram a redefinição da carreira em função de bloqueio dado pela revolução ao destino que sua educação familiar lhe projetara. Aproximações e articulações do grupo baiano com intelectuais paulistas na capital da República encarregaram-se de reposicionar o herdeiro em sua trajetória de homem político.
Do método do caso ao case: a trajetória de uma ferramenta pedagógica
Authors: Menezes Maria Arlinda de Assis
Published: May 2009

O presente trabalho procura distinguir os conceitos acerca do método de estudo de casos e o método do caso dentro das Ciências Sociais e suas aplicabilidades, assim como diferenciar o modo empírico/indutivo e o teórico/dedutivo de pensar, sendo apresentado no trabalho como característicos de americanos e alemães respectivamente, fatores que diferenciam o ensino nos dois países. Para tanto, realiza uma descrição sobre o momento do surgimento do método do caso na escola de Direito em Harvard, destacando a conjuntura social, econômica e cultural que possibilitaram a criação desse instrumento pedagógico e, concomitantemente, apresenta o estudo de caso que, como proposto por Yin, cuja obra referenciou o trabalho em questão, se configura em um dos mais utilizados métodos nos estudos científicos, rompendo com o credo de que é um método fácil de ser aplicado, antes, exige do pesquisador dedicação e rigor científico, além de uma elaboração do problema de maneira a não torná-lo óbvio, um simples relato de experiência. Já o método de casos, criado por Christopher Columbus Langdell, não busca a pesquisa empírica como resposta a um determinado problema, antes, é uma ferramenta pedagógica utilizada na formação de advogados, juristas e administradores de empresas em que a teoria é um subsídio à análise de jurisprudências e experiências em administração, não apenas o objetivo puro e simples da academia.
Tireoide ectópica no mediastino anterior
Authors: Guimarães Maria José Araújo da Cunha , Valente Carla Manuela Silva , Santos Lèlita , Baganha Manuel Fontes
Published: May 2009

A ectopia de tireoide é rara, e a sua localização no mediastino anterior é excepcional, estando descritos apenas 5 casos nos últimos 30 anos. Os autores apresentam 2 casos clínicos, além de uma revisão da literatura abordando a etiologia, a embriologia e manifestações clínicas de ectopia de tireoide.
Toxicity of ivermectin on cladocerans: Comparison of toxic effects onDaphnia and Ceriodaphniaspecies
Authors: Lopes Christelle , Charles Sandrine , Vollat Bernard , Garric Jeanne
Published: May 2009

Interspecies differences in contaminant sensitivity are measured to assess environmental risk based on species sensitivity distribution. The present study was intended to demonstrate the importance of studying the effects of contaminants on the life-history traits of various species. To do this, we compared the effects of ivermectin on the survival, growth, and reproduction of two cladoceran species (Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia) and two strains of D. magna (one Japanese and one European). Ivermectin is widely used against endo- and ectoparasites in livestock and pets and is known for its high toxicity. Local aquatic ecosystems can be contaminated due to direct excretion into surface waters, but few data are available about the chronic effects of ivermectin on aquatic organisms. Adult daphnids were exposed to concentrations from 0 to 1 ng/L. Our results show a significant effect on all the life-history traits measured and reveal inter- and intraspecies differences. The no-observed-effect concentration found for growth and reproduction is 0.0003 ng/L for D. magna versus 0.001 ng/L for C. dubia, and the lowest-observed-effect concentration is 0.001 ng/L for D. magna versus 0.01 ng/L for C. dubia. C. dubia is smaller than D. magna and appeared to be less sensitive to ivermectin. The European strain of D. magna exhibited less resistance than the Japanese strain. A bias in the sex ratio was observed for all strains tested.
The Theory And Instrumentation Of Radiation Logging
Authors: Atkins E.R.
Published: May 2009

This review contains the fundamentals of radiation logging, as known today. After a brief history of nuclear physics and radiation logging, the general theories of nuclear physics and their application to the interpretation of particular radiation logs are discussed. A general description of the instruments required for radiation logging is given. The types of logs being used and field tested today are indicated. For those interested in a more complete review of radiation logging, the references will provide further information.

Introduction

In the 55 years since Villard of France discovered the effects of gamma rays on a photographic plate, this form of electromagnetic radiation has been put to many practical uses. A considerable fund of information has been accumulated regarding the nature of gamma rays and means for their measurement.

0nly 25 years have elapsed since Bothe and Becker first observed the effects of neutrons in the laboratory. Today the technology of neutron application is being brought to bear on problems of both peace and war.

This paper is concerned with the interactions of both gamma rays and neutrons with earth strata penetrated by boreholes. For purposes of convenience, this discussion will be restricted to these interactions as they apply to formations encountered in oil exploration and development. Under suitable conditions, the interpretation of the recorded effects of these reactions are useful for:The location of porous zones which might contain petroleum.The correlation between wells of similar lithologic structures.The determination of gas-oil interfaces in known petroleum reservoirs.The evaluation of the porosity of particular beds.The determination, in conjunction with a collar locator, of the location of casing with respect to beds of interest.The logging of wells which were drilled and cased without obtaining an electric log.The evaluation, in conjunction with an induction log, of oil or gas content of beds drilled with oil base mud.
Formation Evaluation Of Felix Jackson No. 40 Well, Frio Formation, Oyster Bayou Field, Chambers County, Texas
Authors: Glanville C.R.
Published: May 2009

Introduction

The Oyster Bayou field is located in southeastern Chambers County, Tex., about 10 miles north of the High Island Dome. The geological structure is anticlinal, probably the result of a deep-seated salt dome. Oil and gas accumulations occur on the upthrown side of a major down-to-the-coast fault which is striking almost due north and south and limited by lesser east-west faulting to an area of about 1,200 acres. Production is obtained primarily from the first massive sands below the Marginulina texana shore line [Frio], locally named the Seabreeze A-1 and A-2 sands. These sands are connected through minor faulting and are operating as a single reservoir. The total productive column is 260 ft, 200 ft of which is oil.

The discovery well was completed in April, 1941, fill-in drilling reduced the well spacing to 40 acres. There are presently 41 wells completed in the Seabreeze sand reservoir. The productivity of the field is extremely high, and 400 BOPD on a 1/8 in. coke is the current well allowable. The original production was obtained by a dissolved gas drive plus a natural water drive. Production is now obtained almost entirely by artificial water drive under a program of reservoir pressure maintenance by water flooding which began in 1951.

The Felix Jackson No. 40 well was drilled during July and Aug., 1953,as a fill-in well. Although drilled late in the field development, this well was selected for a very unusual coring and logging program. The procedure was to core the entire Seabreeze reservoir section using oil base mud and to log the same section by many different methods. An interesting situation was thereby created for a study of the usefulness of log interpretation of basic reservoir information in place of core analysis.

Operations

Drilling was begun using a mixture of clay and water as a drilling fluid. This mixture was treated with complex phosphates and Quebracho, and clays were added to increase gelation during drilling.
Therapeutic Perspectives of Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Höcht Christian , Mayer Marcos , A. Taira Carlos
Published: May 2009

In the last decade, new biologically active components of the renin-angiotensin system were found. Angiotensin-(1-7)
(Ang-(1-7)), a metabolite of angiotensin I and angiotensin II (Ang II), is considered the most pleiotropic
component of the renin-angiotensin system, acting as a counterregulatory mediator of Ang II. Ang-(1-7) exerts beneficial
effects on the cardiovascular system, including reduction of blood pressure, myocardial antihypertrofic and antifibrotic actions,
and reversal of renal dysfunction, among others. Recent discovery of enzymatic pathways involved in Ang-(1-7)
synthesis, such as the angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) and the existence of a specific receptor to this heptapeptide,
the Mas receptor, have increased interest in the design of therapeutic strategies aimed at increasing the biological actions
of Ang-(1-7). ACE inhibitors, AT receptor blockers and aldosterone antagonists enhance Ang-(1-7) levels by different
mechanisms. Actually, non-peptidic Ang-(1-7) agonists and ACE2 activators are under development and could
have a role in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

The aim of the present review is to describe the biochemical and physiological actions of Ang-(1-7), the therapeutic
strategies designed to enhance Ang-(1-7) activity foccusing in their possible role and limitations in the treatment of cardiovascular
disease.
Characteristics of the Tooth in the Initial Movement: The Influence of the Restraint Site to the Periodontal Ligament and the Alveolar Bone
Authors: Shinya Kyoko , Shinya Akikazu , Nakahara Rizako , Nakasone Yuji , Shinya Akiyoshi
Published: May 2009

It is critical to clarify orthodontic load transfer mechanism from tooth to alveolar bone, and to determine the influence of applied orthodontic force on tooth behaviour. In this study, two dimensional (2-D) finite element (FE) models were constructed to simulate to mechanical behaviour observed during the initial movement of periodontal ligament (PDL) deformation, and to evaluate the effects of the presence of PDL and various restraint sites on tooth behaviour.

A 2-D solid FE model of the tooth-PDL-alveolar bone system was constructed and investigated into stress distribution pattern and displacement. The first analysis was carried out with combinations of FE model with and without PDL. The second analysis was compared with three different sites restraint of alveolar bone.

By incorporating PDL in FE models, excessively large stress values and deformation generated in a tooth and alveolar bone were relieved. Since restraint conditions did not affect a tooth and PDL, but had an effect on alveolar bone, orthodontic force necessary for tooth displacement was transmitted correctly. The results of this study revealed that inclusion of PDL in FE models is indispensable to transmit orthodontic force appropriately when investigating tooth behaviour for orthodontic treatment. Restrained sites affected stress distribution in alveolar bone.
Effect of Pre-Incisional Continuous Regional Block on Early and Late Postoperative Conditions in Tibial Osteotomy and Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Motamed C , Combes X , Ndoko S.-K , Dhonneur G
Published: May 2009

Background:

Postoperative regional anesthesia hastens recovery and reduces the length of hospital stay of orthopedic surgical patients. This study was designed to assess the impact of pre-incisional continuous femoral block on postoperative conditions (POC) of tibial osteotomy and total knee arthroplasty patients.

Methods:

After insertion of a femoral catheter under peripheral nerve stimulation control, 111 patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty or tibial osteotomy were randomized to receive either pre-incisionnal (treatment) or postoperative (control) continuous femoral block. Anesthesia and postoperative management was standardized. An assessor blinded to the randomization process recorded early and late postoperative conditions (POC) which included pain scores, opioid demands, length of stay in Postoperative care unit and patients’ satisfaction.

Results:

Eleven patients were excluded from the final analysis because of catheter disconnection or malfunction. Thus 100 patients (50 in each group) were analyzed for POC. Treatment failed to influence patients overall satisfaction but significantly improved early POC. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that late POC were significantly improved in tibial osteotomy as compared to total knee arthroplasty patients. No complication occurred during the study period.

Conclusion:

Continuous femoral nerve block before surgery significantly improved early postoperative conditions in both surgery while late postoperative conditions were improved only in tibial osteotomy.
Bilateral cerebellopontine angle tumors in neurofibromatosis type 2
Authors: Baldwin D. , King T. T. , Chevretton E. , Morrison A. W.
Published: May 2009

✓ In a series of over 500 cases of cerebellopontine angle tumors, 19 patients had bilateral neurinomas. Four of these tumors arose from the facial rather than the acoustic nerve. A conservative policy regarding surgery has been adopted in an effort to prevent hearing loss for as long as possible. Nevertheless, all patients operated on in this series are now totally deaf. The results of managing these patients surgically and conservatively are discussed.
Studies on coagulation and the development of an automatic computerized bipolar coagulator
Authors: Bergdahl Björn , Vällfors Bertil
Published: May 2009

✓ A new computerized bipolar coagulator is described in which tissue heating is switched off automatically when adequate vessel occlusion has been achieved, thus preventing overheating, undue tissue damage, cutting, and sticking of the forceps. Experiments with radiofrequency (rf) heating of albumin or arteries revealed an impedance minimum at the moment of coagulation. The attainment of this impedance minimum is transmitted electronically via a microprocessor to the coagulator, which automatically shuts off the rf energy supply. In experiments, adequate artery strength and avoidance of the drawbacks of conventional coagulation methods were achieved when rf heating was shut off soon after the impedance minimum was reached. Neither irrigation for cooling nor cleaning of the forceps tips was necessary. Electronic feedback through the same cables as used for coagulation enabled the use of conventional bipolar cables and forceps. The bipolar coagulator described can also be used for conventional bipolar coagulation under visual control. The microcomputer enables: 1) automatic coagulation cycles that start when tissue is picked up in the forceps and stop automatically on completion of the seal; 2) the change of power setting from a pedal and activation of automatic cycles by the pedal as described above or surgeon-controlled coagulation, which facilitates the use of alternative debridement with inactive forceps; 3) cable testing; and 4) negligible disturbance of the intraoperative monitoring equipment.
Cerebral sparganosis caused by Spirometra mansonoides
Authors: Landero Arturo , Hernandez Fortino , Abasolo Mario A. , Rechy D. Antonio , Nuñez Patricia
Published: May 2009

✓ Cerebral sparganosis is an uncommon parasitic zoonosis caused by the migrating larva of the genus Spirometra mansonoides. The clinical and computerized tomography presentation, as well as the operative and histopathological findings, of the first known case in Mexico are detailed. The dead larva elicited intense acute inflammation resulting in focal encephalitis. Surgical removal of the larva yielded excellent results.
Hemorrhage into an intradiploic arachnoid cyst
Authors: Hande Ashok Mahade , Karapurkar Anil Pandurang
Published: May 2009

✓ Intracranial arachnoid cysts are relatively rare; it is believed that they account for only 1% of all intracranial space-occupying lesions. When they occur in the intracranial cavity, they usually develop in relation to an arachnoid cistern as a pocket of cerebrospinal fluid within two layers of arachnoid membrane. Five cases of intradiploic arachnoid cysts have been reported, but an arachnoid cyst presenting as an extradural mass has not been described before. The authors present an unusual case of hemorrhage into a massive intracranial extradural arachnoid cyst with no intradural communication.
Elementary Reactions and Their Role in Gas-Phase Prebiotic Chemistry
Authors: Balucani Nadia
Published: May 2009

The formation of complex organic molecules in a reactor filled with gaseous mixtures possibly reproducing the primitive terrestrial atmosphere and ocean demonstrated more than 50 years ago that inorganic synthesis of prebiotic molecules is possible, provided that some form of energy is provided to the system. After that groundbreaking experiment, gas-phase prebiotic molecules have been observed in a wide variety of extraterrestrial objects (including interstellar clouds, comets and planetary atmospheres) where the physical conditions vary widely. A thorough characterization of the chemical evolution of those objects relies on a multi-disciplinary approach: 1) observations allow us to identify the molecules and their number densities as they are nowadays; 2) the chemistry which lies behind their formation starting from atoms and simple molecules is accounted for by complex reaction networks; 3) for a realistic modeling of such networks, a number of experimental parameters are needed and, therefore, the relevant molecular processes should be fully characterized in laboratory experiments. A survey of the available literature reveals, however, that much information is still lacking if it is true that only a small percentage of the elementary reactions considered in the models have been characterized in laboratory experiments. New experimental approaches to characterize the relevant elementary reactions in laboratory are presented and the implications of the results are discussed.
Microscopic Investigation of Reversible Nanoscale Surface Size Dependent Protein Conjugation
Authors: Yokoyama Kazushige , Cho Hyunah , Cullen Sean P. , Kowalik Matthew , Briglio Nicole M. , Hoops Harold J. , Zhao Zhouying , Carpenter Michael A.
Published: May 2009

Aβ1-40 coated 20 nm gold colloidal nanoparticles exhibit a reversible color change as pH is externally altered between pH 4 and 10. This reversible process may contain important information on the initial reversible step reported for the fibrillogenesis of Aβ (a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease). We examined this reversible color change by microscopic investigations. AFM images on graphite surfaces revealed the morphology of Aβ aggregates with gold colloids. TEM images clearly demonstrate the correspondence between spectroscopic features and conformational changes of the gold colloid.
Alkylation of 2,4-(1H,3H)-Quinazolinediones with Dialkyl Carbonates Under Microwave Irradiations
Authors: Rivero Ignacio Alfredo , Guerrero Leticia , Espinoza Karla Alejandra , Meza Martha Cecilia , Rodríguez Jesús Ramón
Published: May 2009

Alkylation is a very important chemical reaction which modifies the biological properties of drugs. Quinazolinedione derivatives are of considerable interest due to their wide array of pharmacological properties.We now report application of a practical alkylation procedure to several quinazolinediones, including pelanserine (5f), which shows antihypertensive properties, 1-methyl-3-(2'-phenylethyl)-1H,3H-quinazoline-2,4-dione (1ab) and 1-methyl-3-[2'-(4'-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-lH,3H-quinazoline-2,4-dione (1ae), which had been isolated from natural sources. The alkylation was optimized using dimethyl and diethyl carbonates under microwave irradiations.
Sesquiterpenes from Laurencia similis
Authors: Su Hua , Shi Da-Yong , Li Jing , Guo Shu-Ju , Li Li-Li , Yuan Zhao-Hui , Zhu Xiao-Bin
Published: May 2009

One new sesquiterpene, (4E)-1-bromo-5-[(1'S*,3'R*)-3'-bromo-2',2'-dimethyl-6'-methylenecyclohexyl]-3-methylpent-4-ene-2,3-diol (1), and fifteen known sesquiterpenes, isopalisol (2), luzonensol (3), palisadin B (4), aplysistatin (5), palisadin A (6), 4-hydroxyl-palisudin C (7), 5-acetoxypalisadin B (8), 10-hydroxyaristolan-9-one (9), aristol-8-en-1-one (10), aristolan-9-en-1-one (11), aristolan-1(10)-en-9-one (12), aristolan-1(10)-en-9-ol (13), aristolan-1(10),8-diene (14), aristolan-1,9-diene (15) and aristofone (16), were isolated from a sample of marine red alga Laurencia similis. Their structures were established by detailed NMR spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Compounds 2-9, and 16 were isolated for the first time from this species. All these metabolites were submitted for a cytotoxicity assay against the tumor cell line BEL7402 (human liver adenocarcinoma), but all of them were found inactive (IC50 > 10 μg/mL).
Continuous flow based catch and release protocol for the synthesis of α-ketoesters
Authors: Palmieri Alessandro , Ley Steven V , Polyzos Anastasios , Ladlow Mark , Baxendale Ian R
Published: May 2009

Using a combination of commercially available mesofluidic flow equipment and tubes packed with immobilised reagents and scavengers, a new synthesis of α-ketoesters is reported.
The influence of the masonry mechanical properties in the structural behaviour of the Leon`s cathedral
Authors: Casati Calzada M. J. , Gálvez Ruiz J. C.
Published: May 2009

Mechanical and physical properties of the masonry have a considerable bearing on the structural behaviour. Ancient buildings, like Leon’s cathedral, show uncertainty about real condition of the material and even structural compounds. These uncertainties make it difficult to assessment the bearing capacity of the structure and the affect of the restorations. This paper shows a study to select the most influential material’s parameters on the structural behaviour. The study is based on a sensitiveness analysis.The study starts with a structural analysis to select the most responsible areas of the transversal structural section. Then, the structural calculation is done by modifying the value of the material’s parameters in the expected scatter band. The statistical study provides the most influential parameters on the structural masonry behaviour. Finally the conclusions are proponed.
Technical aspects and clinical applications of measuring BCR‐ABL1 transcripts number in chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Foroni Letizia , Gerrard Gareth , Nna Emmanuel , Khorashad Jamshid Sorouri , Stevens David , Swale Bryony , Milojkovic Dragana , Reid Alistair , Goldman John , Marin David
Published: May 2009

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a triphasic clinical course, the morphologic expansion of a terminally differentiated myeloid cell and the presence of the BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene, the hallmark of CML. The fusion gene is usually, but not always, associated with a Philadelphia chromosome, the result of a reciprocal exchange of genetic material between chromosome 22 and chromosome 9, which leads to the production of the activated BCR‐ABL1 gene and oncoprotein. The breakpoint in the BCR gene occurs commonly downstream of exons e13 or e14 (M‐BCR) and less frequently downstream of exons e1 and e2 (m‐BCR). Less than 1% of cases carry a breakpoint downstream of exon 6 or 8 (“variant fusion genes”) or exon 19 (μ‐BCR). Breakpoints in the ABL1 gene cluster upstream of exon a2 (or of exon a3 in less than 5% of patients with CML). Conventional cytogenetic, fluorescence in situ hybridization, and molecular testing for the BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene are key investigations for the diagnosis and monitoring of CML. Treatment using tyrosine kinase inhibitors has revolutionized the management of CML with hematologic and cytogenetic response within 12–18 months observed in >85% of patients. Nevertheless, between 15 and 20% of patients may evolve to blastic phase. Measurement of low level or “minimal” residual disease using molecular tests is becoming the gold‐standard approach to measure response to therapy due to its higher sensitivity compared to other routine techniques. The technical aspects and clinical applications of molecular monitoring will be the main focus of this article. Am. J. Hematol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
From Metal Binding to Nanoparticle Formation: Monitoring Biomimetic Iron Oxide Synthesis within Protein Cages using Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Kang Sebyung , Jolley Craig C. , Liepold Lars O. , Young Mark , Douglas Trevor
Published: May 2009

Die Bestimmung der Massen metallmineralisierter Proteinkäfige ermöglichte eine quantitative Untersuchung des Einflusses der Metallionenkonzentration auf die Größe der gebildeten Nanopartikel. Modellrechnungen mithilfe einer kinetischen Mastergleichung sprechen dafür, dass das Partikelwachstum aus einer Bindungs‐ und einer Wachstumsphase besteht. I: relativer Überschuss; LiDps: ein DNA‐bindendes Protein.

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Phosphonium Salts as Chiral Phase‐Transfer Catalysts: Asymmetric Michael and Mannich Reactions of 3‐Aryloxindoles
Authors: He Rongjun , Ding Changhua , Maruoka Keiji
Published: May 2009

Chiraler PTC: Eine hoch effiziente asymmetrische Michael‐Addition von 3‐Aryloxindolen gelang mit einem Tetraalkylphosphoniumsalz als chiralem Phasentransferkatalysator (PTC). Die Produkte wurden in nahezu quantitativen Ausbeuten und mit hohenee‐Werten erhalten. Derselbe Katalysator vermittelte auch eine asymmetrische Mannich‐Reaktion von 3‐Aryloxindolen.

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Oxidative Carbocation Formation in Macrocycles: Synthesis of the Neopeltolide Macrocycle
Authors: Tu Wangyang , Floreancig Paul E.
Published: May 2009

Makrocyclische Oxocarbeniumionen wurden aus Makrolactonen mit Benzyl‐ oder Allyletherfunktionen durch oxidative C‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung in Gegenwart von 2,3‐Dichlor‐4,5‐dicyanchinon (DDQ) erhalten. Die Nützlichkeit dieser effizienten Reaktion für die Synthese komplexer Moleküle wurde anhand ihrer Verwendung zum Aufbau des Tetrahydropyronrings in einer kurzen Formalsynthese von Neopeltolid demonstriert (siehe Retrosynthese).

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Interaction and Reaction of the Phenyl Radical with Water: A Source of OH Radicals
Authors: Mardyukov Artur , Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Crespo‐Otero Rachel , Sander Wolfram
Published: May 2009

That's radical! A photochemical reaction between the phenyl radical and water results in the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from water and the formation of a hydroxyl radical. The hydroxyl radical forms an OH⋅⋅⋅π hydrogen bond with benzene (see picture) and does not react with benzene thermally under the conditions of matrix isolation.

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Coordination‐Driven Self‐Assembly of PEO‐Functionalized Perylene Bisimides: Supramolecular Diversity from a Limited Set of Molecular Building Blocks
Authors: Gebers Jan , Rolland Damien , Frauenrath Holger
Published: May 2009

A limited number of poly(ethylene oxide)‐substituted perylene bisimides, some of which are equipped with terpyridine ligands for transition‐metal coordination (see structure), combine different types of noncovalent interactions to yield optoelectronically active organic materials with different types of supramolecular morphologies.

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Mirror‐Image Photoswitching of Individual Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Transistors Coated with Titanium Dioxide
Authors: Liu Song , Li Jianming , Shen Qian , Cao Yang , Guo Xuefeng , Zhang Guoming , Feng Chaoqun , Zhang Jin , Liu Zhongfan , Steigerwald Michael L. , Xu Dongsheng , Nuckolls Colin
Published: May 2009

Dotting the i's: Stimuli‐responsive optoelectronic devices are formed from the title transistors functionalized with photoactive quantum dots. The p‐type semiconducting tubes show a fast current decrease under UV irradiation and reversibility when the UV irradiation is switched off. In contrast, ambipolar tubes show mirror‐image photoswitching effects when negative and positive gate bias voltages are applied.

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Cover Picture: Selectivity Control in Gold‐Mediated Esterification of Methanol (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 23/2009)
Authors: Xu Bingjun , Liu Xiaoying , Haubrich Jan , Madix Robert J. , Friend Cynthia M.
Published: May 2009

Atomic oxygen adsorbed on metallic gold promotes the low‐temperature transformation of methanol to methyl formate, formaldehyde, and formic acid. The reactions occur with oxygen‐containing gold nanoparticles (ca. 2 nm in diameter), which form when Au(111) is oxidized with ozone. The detailed reaction mechanism is discussed by C. M. Friend and co‐workers in the Communication on page 4206 ff.

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Inside Cover: Matrix‐Free Formation of Gas‐Phase Biomolecular Ions by Soft Cluster‐Induced Desorption (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 23/2009)
Authors: Gebhardt Christoph. R. , Tomsic Anna , Schröder Hartmut , Dürr Michael , Kompa Karl L.
Published: May 2009

Mass spectrometry of biomolecules has developed into a key technology in bioanalytics. As described by C. R. Gebhardt, M. Dürr et al. in their Communication on page 4162 ff., surface collisions of neutral molecular clusters can be used for soft formation of the required gas‐phase biomolecular ions. Upon impact on a surface, the clusters provide the energy for desorption of the adsorbed biomolecules and serve as a transient matrix. Subsequent evaporative cooling prevents shattering and finally leads to an isolated biomolecular ion in the gas phase.

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Hydrolysis of C,N‐chelated diorganotin(IV) chlorides and catalysis of transesterification reactions
Authors: Padělková Zdeňka , Weidlich Tomáš , Císařová Ivana , Růžička Aleš
Published: May 2009

Diorganotin(IV) dichlorides of formula LCNRSnCl2 (where R is nBu or Ph) containing one LCN chelating ligand were hydrolyzed with aqueous sodium hydroxide in benzene. The composition of the products is strongly dependent on the amount of hydroxide. The partially hydrolyzed compounds of composition (LCNRSnCl)2(µ‐O) were isolated as crystalline products. A hydrolysis where more than one molar equivalent of NaOH is employed gave only a mixture of unidentifiable products. The structure of (LCNPhSnCl)2(µ‐O) was determined by X‐ray diffraction techniques in the solid state. In solution there was a mixture of diastereoisomers found, where the tin atoms serve as a stereogenic centers. The catalytic activity of starting dichlorides as well as (LCNPhSnCl)2(µ‐O) in various transesterification processes was investigated. The activity is very low in the case of starting dichlorides. When two molar equivalents of NaH are added or (LCNPhSnCl)2(µ‐O) is employed in the catalytic experiments, the activity is comparable to the literature data. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regio‐ and stereospecific synthesis of polysubstituted alkenes by carbozincation of acetylenic sulfones
Authors: Xie Meihua , Gu Xiaoxia , Wang Jialiang , Zhang Jinhua , Lin Gaofeng , Wang Shaowu
Published: May 2009

Tri‐ or tetrasubstituted alkenes with various substituents can be constructed regio‐ and stereospecifically by treatment of acetylenic sulfones with organozinc reagents in tetrahydrofuran followed by hydrolysis or coupling with halohydrocarbon. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced water intake: Implications for rodent developmental and reproductive toxicity studies
Authors: Campbell Marlissa A. , Golub Mari S. , Iyer Poorni , Kaufman Farla L. , Li Ling‐Hong , Moran Messen Francisco , Morgan James E. , Donald James M.
Published: May 2009

In developmental and reproductive toxicity studies, drinking water is a common means of delivering the test agent. Reduced consumption of toxicant‐containing water raises questions about indirect effects of reduced maternal fluid consumption resulting from unpalatability, versus direct effects of the test compound. Issues to consider include: objective assessment of dehydration and thirst, the relative contributions of innate and learned behaviors to drinking behavior and flavor preference, and the objective assessment of physiologic stress. Not only do lab animals under ad lib conditions consume more water than the minimum required to maintain fluid balance, animals faced with water restriction have substantial physiologic capacity for protection of metabolic processes. Measures of blood biochemistry can provide quantifiable, objective indications of fluid balance, but changes in these parameters could result from other causes such as effects of a test toxicant. Consummatory behaviors in response to perceived need are highly influenced by learning. Hence, the drinking behavior, water intake, and flavor acceptance/preference of animals used in toxicology experiments could be subject to learning experiences with the test compound. Physiological symptoms of stress produced by water deprivation may be distinguishable from the symptoms associated with other generalized stressors, such as food deprivation, but doing so may be beyond the scope of most developmental or reproductive toxicity studies. Use of concurrent controls, paired to test groups for water consumption, could help distinguish between the direct effects of a test toxicant as opposed to effects of reduced water consumption alone. Birth Defects Res (Part B), 86:157–175, 2009. ©2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescence enhancement of warfarin induced by interaction with β‐cyclodextrin
Authors: Vasquez Jacob M. , Vu Andrew , Schultz Jerome S. , Vullev Valentine I.
Published: May 2009

Warfarin is the most common agent used for control and prevention of venous as well as arterial thromboembolism (blood clots). In aqueous media, warfarin forms inclusion complexes with a family of cyclic oligosaccharides, α, β, γ‐cyclodextrins (CD). The formation of these complexes results in enhancement of the fluorescence of warfarin. Such spectroscopic changes offer a venue for the development of bioanalytical methodologies for warfarin quantification in biological liquids. We characterized the photophysical properties of warfarin in solvents with varying polarity and viscosity. The fluorescence quantum yield of warfarin correlated: (1) strongly with the solvent viscosity (R = 0.979) and (2) weakly with the solvent polarity (R = 0.118). These findings indicate that it is the change of the viscosity, rather than polarity, of the microenvironment that causes the fluorescence enhancement of warfarin upon binding to β‐CD. Utilizing the observed fluorescence enhancement in fluorescence titration measurements, the binding constants of warfarin to β‐CD were obtained (2.6 × 102 M−1–3.7 × 102 M−1). Using multivariable linear analysis, we extracted the stoichiometry of warfarin‐β‐CD interaction (1:1). © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Successful percutaneous management of left main trunk occlusion during percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Authors: Kapadia Samir R. , Svensson Lars , Tuzcu E. Murat
Published: May 2009

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement with balloon‐expandable and self‐expandable stent valves is available in Europe. The balloon‐expandable valve is currently being investigated in a randomized trial in the US. We report an uncommon complication of left main trunk occlusion with balloon‐expandable valve deployment and its successful percutaneous management. Left main trunk occlusion was immediately recognized when patient did not recover blood pressure after valve deployment. TandemHeart™ support was used to stabilize the patient immediately and left main trunk was successfully stented. Analysis of anatomy leading to this complication and potential measures to predict and prevent such a complication are discussed in this report. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.