bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prognostic Value of Classifying Parapharyngeal Extension in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Zhang Guo-Yi , Huang Ying , Hu Xue-Feng , Chen Xiang-Ping , Xu Tao , Liu Li-Zhi , Wei Wei-Hong , Huang Guo-Sen , Zhou Miao-Miao , Huang Ze-Li , Wang Yue-Jian
Published: March 2015

Purpose. To subclassify parapharyngeal extension in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and investigate its prognostic value and staging categories based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Methods and Materials. Data from 1504 consecutive NPC patients treated with definitive-intent radiotherapy were analyzed retrospectively. Sites of parapharyngeal extension were defined by MRI. Overall survival (OS), local relapse-free survival (LRFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Hazard consistency and hazard discrimination were determined by multivariate analysis with Cox proportional hazards models.Results. 1104 patients (73.4%) had parapharyngeal extension; 1.7–63.8% had involvement of various anatomic sites. The hazard ratio for death was significantly higher with extensive parapharyngeal extension (lateral pterygoid muscle of masticator space and beyond or parotid space) than with mild extension (medial pterygoid muscle of masticator space, or carotid, prestyloid, and prevertebral or retropharyngeal space). OS, LRFS, and DMFS with extensive parapharyngeal extension were similar to those in T4 disease; OS, LRFS, and DMFS with mild parapharyngeal extension were significantly higher than in those T3 disease (allP≤ 0.015).Conclusions. Parapharyngeal extension in NPC should be subclassified as mild or extensive, which should be regarded as stages T2 and T4 diseases, respectively.
The Formation of Carbon Nanostructures via Catalytic Pyrolysis of Naphthalene under Its Autogenic Pressure
Authors: Wang Chao-Gang , Shao Xiao-Hong , Xue Rui-Sheng
Published: March 2015

The formation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), spherical carbon nanocapsules (CNCs), and carbon spheres (CSs) is accomplished by using the method of reactions under autogenic pressure at elevated temperatures (RAPET). A powder mixture of naphthalene and nickel acetate tetrahydrate is dissociated under its autogenic pressure. The resultant CNTs and CNCs exhibit good graphitic quality, and the diameters range from 50~200 nm. Smooth and monodisperse CSs with the diameter ranging from 5~10 μm can be obtained by pyrolysis of pure naphthalene. Our results show that the reaction temperature and catalyst proportion play a key role in the formation of carbon nanostructures with RAPET method.
High-Frequency Electroencephalographic Activity in Left Temporal Area Is Associated with Pleasant Emotion Induced by Video Clips
Authors: Kortelainen Jukka , Väyrynen Eero , Seppänen Tapio
Published: March 2015

Recent findings suggest that specific neural correlates for the key elements of basic emotions do exist and can be identified by neuroimaging techniques. In this paper, electroencephalogram (EEG) is used to explore the markers for video-induced emotions. The problem is approached from a classifier perspective: the features that perform best in classifying person’s valence and arousal while watching video clips with audiovisual emotional content are searched from a large feature set constructed from the EEG spectral powers of single channels as well as power differences between specific channel pairs. The feature selection is carried out using a sequential forward floating search method and is done separately for the classification of valence and arousal, both derived from the emotional keyword that the subject had chosen after seeing the clips. The proposed classifier-based approach reveals a clear association between the increased high-frequency (15–32 Hz) activity in the left temporal area and the clips described as “pleasant” in the valence and “medium arousal” in the arousal scale. These clips represent the emotional keywords amusement and joy/happiness. The finding suggests the occurrence of a specific neural activation during video-induced pleasant emotion and the possibility to detect this from the left temporal area using EEG.
On a Time-Fractional Integrodifferential Equation via Three-Point Boundary Value Conditions
Authors: Baleanu Dumitru , Rezapour Shahram , Etemad Sina , Alsaedi Ahmed
Published: March 2015

The existence and the uniqueness theorems play a crucial role prior to finding the numerical solutions of the fractional differential equations describing the models corresponding to the real world applications. In this paper, we study the existence of solutions for a time-fractional integrodifferential equation via three-point boundary value conditions.
Efficacy of Anakinra for Various Types of Crystal‐Induced Arthritis in Complex Hospitalized Patients: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Authors: Aouba A. , Deshayes S. , Frenzel L. , Decottignies A. , Pressiat C. , Bienvenu B. , Boue F. , Damaj G. , Hermine O. , Georgin-Lavialle S.
Published: March 2015

Background. There are few data on anakinra use after failure of conventional medications for crystal‐induced peripheral arthritis and/or crowned dens syndrome among complex hospitalized patients. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of six patients affected with subacute crystal‐induced arthritis who had received anakinra in second or third line therapy, including three patients with crowned dens syndrome and three others with gouty arthritis. Patients’ comorbidities, reasons for anakinra use and associated drugs, and outcomes were recorded. Results. All patients presented with elevated inflammatory syndrome, systemic symptoms with poly/oligoarthritis. Except for absolute contraindications, all patients were previously treated with full or decreased dose of NSAID, colchicine, and/or glucocorticoids, with unsatisfactory response. All three gouty patients exhibited complete responses in all acute involvements under anakinra within 3 to 5 days, including one of them who needed the reintroduction of colchicine treatment that was previously unsuccessful. Crowned dens syndrome patients, including two with pseudogout and one with subacute hydroxyapatite deposition disease, needed 9 to 11 days to achieve complete response. Tolerance to anakinra was good. Conclusion. In case series of complex hospitalized patients, anakinra showed good activity in crowned dens syndrome and associated crystal‐induced peripheral arthritis, with longer treatment duration than in gouty arthritis.
Approximated Fractional Order Chebyshev Lowpass Filters
Authors: Freeborn Todd , Maundy Brent , Elwakil Ahmed S.
Published: March 2015

We propose the use of nonlinear least squares optimization to approximate the passband ripple characteristics of traditional Chebyshev lowpass filters with fractional order steps in the stopband. MATLAB simulations of(1+α),(2+α), and(3+α)order lowpass filters with fractional steps fromα = 0.1 toα = 0.9 are given as examples. SPICE simulations of 1.2, 1.5, and 1.8 order lowpass filters using approximated fractional order capacitors in a Tow-Thomas biquad circuit validate the implementation of these filter circuits.
Delivery of Nucleic Acids and Nanomaterials by Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Huang Yue-Wern , Lee Han-Jung , Tolliver Larry M. , Aronstam Robert S.
Published: March 2015

Many viral and nonviral systems have been developed to aid delivery of biologically active molecules into cells. Among these, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) have received increasing attention in the past two decades for biomedical applications. In this review, we focus on opportunities and challenges associated with CPP delivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials. We first describe the nature of versatile CPPs and their interactions with various types of cargoes. We then discussin vivoandin vitrodelivery of nucleic acids and nanomaterials by CPPs. Studies on the mechanisms of cellular entry and limitations in the methods used are detailed.
Asymptotic Analysis of the Curved-Pipe Flow with a Pressure-Dependent Viscosity Satisfying Barus Law
Authors: Pažanin Igor
Published: March 2015

Curved-pipe flows have been the subject of many theoretical investigations due to their importance in various applications. The goal of this paper is to study the flow of incompressible fluid with a pressure-dependent viscosity through a curved pipe with an arbitrary central curve and constant circular cross section. The viscosity-pressure dependence is described by the well-known Barus law extensively used by the engineers. We introduce the small parameterε(representing the ratio of the pipe’s thickness and its length) into the problem and perform asymptotic analysis with respect toε. The main idea is to rewrite the governing problem using the appropriate transformation and then to compute the asymptotic solution using curvilinear coordinates and two-scale asymptotic expansion. Applying the inverse transformation, we derive the asymptotic approximation of the flow clearly showing the influence of pipe’s distortion and viscosity-pressure dependence on the effective flow.
Estrogen: An Emerging Regulator of Insulin Action and Mitochondrial Function
Authors: Gupte Anisha A. , Pownall Henry J. , Hamilton Dale J.
Published: March 2015

Clinical trials and animal studies have revealed that loss of circulating estrogen induces rapid changes in whole body metabolism, fat distribution, and insulin action. The metabolic effects of estrogen are mediated primarily by its receptor, estrogen receptor-α; however, the detailed understanding of its mechanisms is incomplete. Recent investigations suggest that estrogen receptor-αelicits the metabolic effects of estrogen by genomic, nongenomic, and mitochondrial mechanisms that regulate insulin signaling, substrate oxidation, and energetics. This paper reviews clinical and experimental studies on the mechanisms of estrogen and the current state of knowledge regarding physiological and pathobiological influences of estrogen on metabolism.
Skin-Derived Precursor Cells Promote Angiogenesis and Stimulate Proliferation of Endogenous Neural Stem Cells after Cerebral Infarction
Authors: Mao Duo , Yao Xinpeng , Feng Guowei , Yang Xiaoqing , Mao Lina , Wang Xiaomin , Ke Tingyu , Che Yongzhe , Kong Deling
Published: March 2015

Stroke is one of the most common diseases that caused high mortality and has become burden to the health care systems. Stem cell transplantation has shown therapeutic effect in ameliorating ischemic damage after cerebral artery occlusion mainly due to their neurogenesis, immune regulation, or effects on the plasticity, proliferation, and survival of host cells. Recent studies demonstrated that skin-derived precursor cells (SKPs) could promote central nervous system regeneration in spinal cord injury model or the neonatal peripheral neuron. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of SKPs in a rat model of cerebral ischemia. SKPs were isolated, expanded, and transplanted into rat cortex and striatum after transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Our results revealed that SKPs transplantation could improve the behavioral measures of neurological deficit. Moreover, immunohistology confirmed that SKPs could secrete basic FGF and VEGF in the ischemic region and further markedly increase the proliferation of endogenous nestin+andβIII-tubulin+neural stem cells. Furthermore, increased angiogenesis induced by SKPs was observed by vWF andα-SMA staining. These data suggest that SKPs induced endogenous neurogenesis and angiogenesis and protected neuron from hypoxic-ischemic environment. In conclusion, SKPs transplantation may be a promising approach in treatment of stroke.
Some Identities Involving Chebyshev Polynomials
Authors: Li Xiaoxue
Published: March 2015

The main purpose of this paper is using the combinatorial method and algebraic manipulations to study some sums of powers of Chebyshev polynomials and give several interesting identities. As some applications of these results, we obtained several divisibility properties involving Chebyshev polynomials.
A New Finite Interval Lifetime Distribution Model for Fitting Bathtub-Shaped Failure Rate Curve
Authors: Wang Xiaohong , Yu Chuang , Li Yuxiang
Published: March 2015

This paper raised a new four-parameter fitting model to describe bathtub curve, which is widely used in research on components’ life analysis, then gave explanation of model parameters, and provided parameter estimation method as well as application examples utilizing some well-known lifetime data. By comparative analysis between the new model and some existing bathtub curve fitting model, we can find that the new fitting model is very convenient and its parameters are clear; moreover, this model is of universal applicability which is not only suitable for bathtub-shaped failure rate curves but also applicable for the constant, increasing, and decreasing failure rate curves.
Study and Simulation on Discrete Dynamics of Bertrand Triopoly Team-Game
Authors: Sun Lijian , Ma Junhai
Published: March 2015

A Bertrand Triopoly team-game model is considered in which two firms with bounded rational expectations make up a cooperative team and allocate common profits proportionate to their marketing strength. The existence and three-dimensional stable regions of the fixed points are investigated. Complex effects of(α,β,v)on bifurcation scenarios and profits are displayed by parameter basin plots and average profits charts. Impact of assigning weightwon stable regions, 2D-bifurcation phase portraits, and the average profits is investigated. We find(α,β,v)andwcan cause chaos; chaos resulting from adjustment speed is harmful to all the players as for profits, while chaos resulting fromwis conducive to firm 3. Basins of attraction are investigated and we find that the attraction domain will become smaller with increase of price modification speed.
Adaptive Sliding Control for a Class of Fractional Commensurate Order Chaotic Systems
Authors: Yuan Jian , Shi Bao , Yu Zhentao
Published: March 2015

This paper proposes adaptive sliding mode control design for a class of fractional commensurate order chaotic systems. We firstly introduce a fractional integral sliding manifold for the nominal systems. Secondly we prove the stability of the corresponding fractional sliding dynamics. Then, by introducing a Lyapunov candidate function and using the Mittag-Leffler stability theory we derive the desired sliding control law. Furthermore, we prove that the proposed sliding manifold is also adapted for the fractional systems in the presence of uncertainties and external disturbances. At last, we design a fractional adaptation law for the perturbed fractional systems. To verify the viability and efficiency of the proposed fractional controllers, numerical simulations of fractional Lorenz’s system and Chen’s system are presented.
HDAC Inhibition Overcomes Acute Resistance to MEK Inhibition in BRAF-Mutant Colorectal Cancer by Downregulation of c-FLIPL
Authors: Carson Robbie , Celtikci Basak , Fenning Cathy , Javadi Arman , Crawford Nyree , Perez-Carbonell Lucia , Lawler Mark , Longley Daniel B. , Johnston Patrick G. , Van Schaeybroeck Sandra
Published: March 2015

Purpose: Activating mutations in the BRAF oncogene are found in 8% to 15% of colorectal cancer patients and have been associated with poor survival. In contrast with BRAF-mutant (MT) melanoma, inhibition of the MAPK pathway is ineffective in the majority of BRAFMT colorectal cancer patients. Therefore, identification of novel therapies for BRAFMT colorectal cancer is urgently needed.

Experimental Design: BRAFMT and wild-type (WT) colorectal cancer models were assessed in vitro and in vivo. Small-molecule inhibitors of MEK1/2, MET, and HDAC were used, overexpression and siRNA approaches were applied, and cell death was assessed by flow cytometry, Western blotting, cell viability, and caspase activity assays.

Results: Increased c-MET-STAT3 signaling was identified as a novel adaptive resistance mechanism to MEK inhibitors (MEKi) in BRAFMT colorectal cancer models in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, MEKi treatment resulted in acute increases in transcription of the endogenous caspase-8 inhibitor c-FLIPL in BRAFMT cells, but not in BRAFWT cells, and inhibition of STAT3 activity abrogated MEKi-induced c-FLIPL expression. In addition, treatment with c-FLIP–specific siRNA or HDAC inhibitors abrogated MEKi-induced upregulation of c-FLIPL expression and resulted in significant increases in MEKi-induced cell death in BRAFMT colorectal cancer cells. Notably, combined HDAC inhibitor/MEKi treatment resulted in dramatically attenuated tumor growth in BRAFMT xenografts.

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that c-MET/STAT3-dependent upregulation of c-FLIPL expression is an important escape mechanism following MEKi treatment in BRAFMT colorectal cancer. Thus, combinations of MEKi with inhibitors of c-MET or c-FLIP (e.g., HDAC inhibitors) could be potential novel treatment strategies for BRAFMT colorectal cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 21(14); 3230–40. ©2015 AACR.
Circulating Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Women
Authors: Chandler Paulette D. , Buring Julie E. , Manson JoAnn E. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Moorthy M.V. , Zhang Shumin , Lee I-Min , Lin Jennifer H.
Published: March 2015

Observational data on the association between circulating 25(OH)D and colorectal cancer risk are limited in women. To determine whether prediagnostic levels of 25(OH)D were associated with risk of incident colorectal cancer in the Women's Health Study (WHS), we conducted a nested case–control study using 274 colorectal cases and 274 controls. Each case was matched to a control by age, ethnicity, fasting status at the time of blood collection, time of day when blood was drawn, and month of blood draw. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the OR and 95% confidence interval (CI) for colorectal cancer by 25(OH)D quartiles. Mean plasma 25(OH)D was lower in cases versus controls (21.9 vs. 23.9 ng/mL, P = 0.01). In multivariable-adjusted logistic regression models, plasma 25(OH)D was significantly and inversely associated with odds of colorectal cancer (quartile 4 [Q4] vs. quartile 1 [Q1]: OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.25–0.81; Ptrend 0.02). In addition, we observed a somewhat lower risk of colorectal cancer-related mortality after adjustment for matching variables, randomization treatment and other risk factors (Q4:Q1 OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.17–0.97; Ptrend 0.05). In this cohort of healthy women, we found a significant inverse association between prediagnostic 25(OH)D levels and risk of incident colorectal cancer, and a borderline significant inverse association between prediagnostic 25(OH)D levels and colorectal cancer-related mortality. These results support a possible association between plasma 25(OH)D and risk of colorectal cancer in women. Cancer Prev Res; 8(8); 675–82. ©2015 AACR.

See related commentary by Demetrius Albanes, p. 657
Impairment of Wound Healing in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Influences Circulating MicroRNA Patterns via Inflammatory Cytokines
Authors: Dangwal Seema , Stratmann Bernd , Bang Claudia , Lorenzen Johan M. , Kumarswamy Regalla , Fiedler Jan , Falk Christine S. , Scholz Claus J. , Thum Thomas , Tschoepe Diethelm
Published: March 2015

Objective—

MicroRNAs (miRNA/miR) are stably present in body fluids and are increasingly explored as disease biomarkers. Here, we investigated influence of impaired wound healing on the plasma miRNA signature and their functional importance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Approach and Results—

miRNA array profiling identified 41 miRNAs significantly deregulated in diabetic controls when compared with patients with diabetes mellitus–associated peripheral arterial disease and chronic wounds. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction validation confirmed decrease in circulating miR-191 and miR-200b levels in type 2 diabetic versus healthy controls. This was reverted in diabetic subjects with associated peripheral arterial disease and chronic wounds, who also exhibited higher circulating C-reactive protein and proinflammatory cytokine levels compared with diabetic controls. miR-191 and miR-200b were significantly correlated with C-reactive protein or cytokine levels in patients with diabetes mellitus. Indeed, proinflammatory stress increased endothelial- or platelet-derived secretion of miR-191 or miR-200b. In addition, dermal cells took up endothelial-derived miR-191 leading to downregulation of the miR-191 target zonula occludens-1. Altered miR-191 expression influenced angiogenesis and migratory capacities of diabetic dermal endothelial cells or fibroblasts, respectively, partly via its target zonula occludens-1.

Conclusions—

This study reports that (1) inflammation underlying nonhealing wounds in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus influences plasma miRNA concentrations and (2) miR-191 modulates cellular migration and angiogenesis via paracrine regulation of zonula occludens-1 to delay the tissue repair process.
Targeting Abl Kinases to Regulate Vascular Leak During Sepsis and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
Authors: Rizzo Alicia N. , Aman Jurjan , van Nieuw Amerongen Geerten P. , Dudek Steven M.
Published: March 2015

The vascular endothelium separates circulating fluid and inflammatory cells from the surrounding tissues. Vascular leak occurs in response to wide-spread inflammatory processes, such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome, because of the formation of gaps between endothelial cells. Although these disorders are leading causes of mortality in the intensive care unit, no medical therapies exist to restore endothelial cell barrier function. Recent evidence highlights a key role for the Abl family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases in regulating vascular barrier integrity. These kinases have well-described roles in cancer progression and neuronal morphogenesis, but their functions in the vasculature have remained enigmatic until recently. The Abl family kinases, c-Abl (Abl1) and
A
bl related gene (Arg, Abl2), phosphorylate several cytoskeletal effectors that mediate vascular permeability, including nonmuscle myosin light chain kinase, cortactin, vinculin, and β-catenin. They also regulate cell–cell and cell–matrix junction dynamics, and the formation of actin-based cellular protrusions in multiple cell types. In addition, both c-Abl and Arg are activated by hyperoxia and contribute to oxidant-induced endothelial cell injury. These numerous roles of Abl kinases in endothelial cells and the current clinical usage of imatinib and other Abl kinase inhibitors have spurred recent interest in repurposing these drugs for the treatment of vascular barrier dysfunction. This review will describe the structure and function of Abl kinases with an emphasis on their roles in mediating vascular barrier integrity. We will also provide a critical evaluation of the potential for exploiting Abl kinase inhibition as a novel therapy for inflammatory vascular leak syndromes.
Innate Immunity and the Failing Heart
Authors: Mann Douglas L.
Published: March 2015

Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been identified in patients with heart failure, including heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction, as well as acute decompensated heart failure. Moreover, experimental studies have shown repeatedly that activation of inflammation in the heart provokes left ventricular remodeling and left ventricular dysfunction. Nonetheless, phase III clinical trials that have attempted to antagonize inflammatory mediators have been negative with respect to the primary end points of the trials, and in some patients, resulted in worsening heart failure or death. The following review will discuss how recent developments in the field of innate immunity have advanced our understanding of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of heart failure and will discuss the negative outcomes of the existing clinical trials in light of this new information.
Endothelial Cell Metabolism in Normal and Diseased Vasculature
Authors: Eelen Guy , de Zeeuw Pauline , Simons Michael , Carmeliet Peter
Published: March 2015

Higher organisms rely on a closed cardiovascular circulatory system with blood vessels supplying vital nutrients and oxygen to distant tissues. Not surprisingly, vascular pathologies rank among the most life-threatening diseases. At the crux of most of these vascular pathologies are (dysfunctional) endothelial cells (ECs), the cells lining the blood vessel lumen. ECs display the remarkable capability to switch rapidly from a quiescent state to a highly migratory and proliferative state during vessel sprouting. This angiogenic switch has long been considered to be dictated by angiogenic growth factors (eg, vascular endothelial growth factor) and other signals (eg, Notch) alone, but recent findings show that it is also driven by a metabolic switch in ECs. Furthermore, these changes in metabolism may even override signals inducing vessel sprouting. Here, we review how EC metabolism differs between the normal and dysfunctional/diseased vasculature and how it relates to or affects the metabolism of other cell types contributing to the pathology. We focus on the biology of ECs in tumor blood vessel and diabetic ECs in atherosclerosis as examples of the role of endothelial metabolism in key pathological processes. Finally, current as well as unexplored EC metabolism-centric therapeutic avenues are discussed.
Readers, Writers, and Erasers
Authors: Gillette Thomas G. , Hill Joseph A.
Published: March 2015

Dynamic packaging of DNA into strings of nucleosomes is a major mechanism whereby eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression. Intricate control of nucleosomal structure and assembly governs access of RNA polymerase II to DNA and consequent RNA synthesis. As part of this, post-translational modifications of histone proteins are central to the regulation of chromatin structure, playing vital roles in regulating the activation and repression of gene transcription. In the heart, dynamic homeostasis of histone modification—driven by the actions of modifiers and recruitment of downstream effectors—is a fundamental regulator of the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in the setting of disease-related stress. Here, we examine the growing evidence for histone modification as a key mechanism governing pathological growth and remodeling of the myocardium.
Functional Dissection of the CCBE1 Protein
Authors: Roukens M. Guy , Peterson-Maduro Josi , Padberg Yvonne , Jeltsch Michael , Leppänen Veli-Matti , Bos Frank L. , Alitalo Kari , Schulte-Merker Stefan , Schulte Dörte
Published: March 2015

Rationale
:

Collagen- and calcium-binding EGF domain–containing protein 1 (CCBE1) is essential for lymphangiogenesis in vertebrates and has been associated with Hennekam syndrome. Recently, CCBE1 has emerged as a crucial regulator of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGFC) signaling.

Objective
:

CCBE1 is a secreted protein characterized by 2 EGF domains and 2 collagen repeats. The functional role of the different CCBE1 protein domains is completely unknown. Here, we analyzed the functional role of the different CCBE1 domains in vivo and in vitro.

Methods and Results
:

We analyzed the functionality of several CCBE1 deletion mutants by generating knock-in mice expressing these mutants, by analyzing their ability to enhance Vegfc signaling in vivo in zebrafish, and by testing their ability to induce VEGFC processing in vitro. We found that deleting the collagen domains of CCBE1 has a much stronger effect on CCBE1 activity than deleting the EGF domains. First, although CCBE1ΔCollagen mice fully phenocopy CCBE1 knock-out mice, CCBE1ΔEGF knock-in embryos still form rudimentary lymphatics. Second, Ccbe1ΔEGF, but not Ccbe1ΔCollagen, could partially substitute for Ccbe1 to enhance Vegfc signaling in zebrafish. Third, CCBE1ΔEGF, similarly to CCBE1, but not CCBE1ΔCollagen could activate VEGFC processing in vitro. Furthermore, a Hennekam syndrome mutation within the collagen domain has a stronger effect than a Hennekam syndrome mutation within the EGF domain.

Conclusions:

We propose that the collagen domains of CCBE1 are crucial for the activation of VEGFC in vitro and in vivo. The EGF domains of CCBE1 are dispensable for regulation of VEGFC processing in vitro, however, they are necessary for full lymphangiogenic activity of CCBE1 in vivo.
The Effect of Recent Ethnogenesis and Migration Histories on Perceptions of Ethnic Group Stability
Authors: Moya Cristina , Scelza Brooke
Published: March 2015

Several researchers have proposed that humans are predisposed to treat ethnic identities as stable and inherent. However, the ethnographic, historical, and genetic records attest to the ubiquity of inter-ethnic migrations across human history. These two claims seem to be at odds. In this article we compare three evolutionary accounts of how people reason about identity stability, and the effect that the cultural evolution of ethnic group boundaries may have on these beliefs. We test our hypotheses among Himba pastoralists in Namibia, whose recent fission from the neighboring Herero makes them ideal for studying the effect of cultural distance on folk beliefs about identity stability. In a vignette experiment, we asked participants whether an individual born in one group who moved to another group would retain their original group membership and cultural characteristics or acquire those of the new group. Across vignette conditions we examine the importance of the direction of migration, parental social influence, and age at migration on perceptions of identity stability. We also compare participant responses to two out-groups, the Herero, and the more distantly related Damara. We find that participants seldom thought of identity as stable or fixed at birth. Furthermore, we show that cultural distance and endogamous preferences are independent of beliefs of identity stability. Himba believed the Damara character was more likely to change identity and cultural traits than was the Herero character, despite their greater cultural distance from the former group, and despite the fact that all participants expressed more anti-Damara than anti-Herero sentiment.
US Immigrants’ Patterns of Acculturation are Sensitive to Their Age, Language, and Cultural Contact but Show No Evidence of a Sensitive Window for Acculturation
Authors: Chudek Maciej , Cheung Benjamin Y. , Heine Steven J.
Published: March 2015

Recent research observed a sensitive window, at about 14 years of age, in the acculturation rates of Chinese immigrants to Canada. Tapping an online sample ofusimmigrants (n=569), we tested these relationships in a broader population and explored connections with new potentially causally related variables: formal education, language ability and contact with heritage-culture and mainstream United States individuals, both now and at immigration. While we found that acculturation decreased with age at immigration and increased with years in theus, we did not observe a similar sensitive window (i.e., change in rate with age). We also present an exploratory path analysis, exposing the relationships in our sample between acculturation and the variables above. The novel relationships documented here can improve theorising about this rich and complex empirical phenomenon.
Reverse Engineering Complex Cultural Concepts: Identifying Building Blocks of “Religion”
Authors: Taves Ann
Published: March 2015

Researchers have not yet done an adequate job of reverse engineering the complex cultural concepts of religion and spirituality in a way that allows scientists to operationalize component parts and historians of religion to consider how the component parts have been synthesized into larger socio-cultural wholes. Doing so involves two steps: (1) distinguishing between (a) the generic elements that structure definitions and (b) the specific features used to characterize the generic elements as “religious” or “sacred” and (2) disaggregating these specific features into more basic cognitive processes that scientists can operationalize and that historians can analyze in situ. Three more basic processes that interact on multiple levels are proposed: perceiving salience, assessing significance, and imagining hypothetical, counterfactual content.
‘The Testimony Must Begin in the Home’: The Life of Salvation and the Remaking of Homes in the East African Revival in Southern Uganda, c. 1930-1955
Authors: Bruner Jason
Published: March 2015

The late colonial era in Uganda was not an easy time to keep families intact. Colonial officials, missionaries, and concerned East Africans offered their diagnoses of the problems and prescriptions for responding to the dilemma. In this context, Balokole Anglican revivalists articulated new patterns and ideals of family life. These new patterns of family life were not uniform across Uganda or East Africa, but they did share common characteristics that were derived from the spiritual disciplines and religious beliefs of the Balokole revival. As such, this essay argues that the revival movement was not simply a new message of eternal salvation or primarily a form of dissent, but rather a means through which a group of African Christians sought to address quotidian domestic problems and concerns of late-colonial East Africa.
Ritual Formation of Peaceful Publics: Sacrifice and Syncretism in South Sudan (1991-2005)
Authors: Kane Ross
Published: March 2015

During the most violent days of Sudan’s civil war in the 1990s, a peacemaking initiative known as People-to-People Peacemaking emerged to address ongoing conflict perpetuated by rival Dinka and Nuer rebel movements. The ritual of bull sacrifice, a central feature of the peace process, sealed peace between Nuer and Dinka and formed public alliances between church leaders and kinship authorities represented by elders and chiefs. Joining indigenous and Christian practices in a single ritual space allowed inclusive participation by a variety of actors, many of whom interpreted the ritual quite differently. Utilizing various methods of ritual analysis, this essay suggests that a seemingly religious ritual enabled new forms of political action, previously unavailable through rebel movements’ politics or kinship politics. While rebel leaders often perpetuated political power by manipulating ethnic sentiments, elders and Christian leaders developed forms of politics based on peaceful coexistence and shared identity between Dinka and Nuer.
Typification of the name Memecylon talbotianum Brandis (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Das Das Moumita , Maity Debabrata , Pramanik Arabinda
Published: March 2015

The lectotype of the Indian Memecylon talbotianum Brandis is designated here.
Toward a Phylogenetic-based Generic Classification of Neotropical Lecythidaceae—II. Status of Allantoma, Cariniana, Couratari, Couroupita, Grias and Gustavia
Authors: Mori Scott A. , SMITH NATHAN P. , HUANG YA-YI , PRANCE GHILLEAN T. , KELLY LAWRENCE M. , MATOS CAROL CAROLLO
Published: March 2015

The morphological features of all clades of neotropical Lecythidaceae subfam. Lecythidoideae (Brazil nut family) with actinomorphic androecia (Allantoma, Grias, Gustavia) as well as three clades with zygomorphic androecia (Cariniana, Couroupita, and Couratari) are described. These clades are those that were recovered by a phylogeny based on molecular data, and all, except Allantoma and Cariniana, have been recognized as genera without changes for over a hundred years. The latter two genera have recently been circumscribed such that they now also represent monophyletic clades; thus, the authors conclude that the clades discussed in this paper represent well-defined genera based on both morphological and molecular data. Morphological descriptions of these six clades of the non-Bertholletia clade are included and a key to the 16 clades of New World Lecythidaceae is presented.
Cyperus coonoorensis (Cyperaceae), a new species from the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, India
Authors: Viji A. R. , Pandurangan A. G. , Deepu S. , Tucker G. C.
Published: March 2015

Cyperus coonoorensis sp. nov. (Cyperaceae) is described and illustrated as a new species from Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, Western Ghats, India. A member of sect. Diffusi, the new species distinctly differs from related species, C. diffusus, by its long and stout rhizome, large inflorescence and number of florets and spikelets. A detailed description, phenology, illustration, colour plates, distribution and relevant notes are provided. A key to the sect. Diffusi in South Asia is also provided.
Morphological variation of Jovibarba heuffelii (Crassulaceae) in the central Balkan Peninsula—The impact of geological, orographical and bioclimatic factors on the differentiation of populations
Authors: Nikolić Danijela , Šinžar-Sekulić Jasmina , Ranđelović Vladimir , Lakušić Dmitar
Published: March 2015

The aim of this study was to quantify and compare morphological variation between 14 populations of J. heuffelii distributed in Serbia, Romania, Bulgaria and Macedonia and to correlate their morphological characteristics with the geomorphologic and bioclimatic parameters of their habitats. For these purposes, several multivariate analyses (PCA, CDA, clustering UPGMA analysis based on Mahalanobis distances, MCA, and Spearman’s correlation) of the vegetative and generative plant organs were performed. Analyses showed that apart from the overall morphological variability, which is related to environmental conditions, there are four groups of populations that are morphologically distinct. Although the results clearly indicate the significant influence of environmental factors (elevation, aspect and slope) on the morphology of the species, we found that recent bioclimatic conditions, geological substratum and geographical position are only of secondary importance in the pattern of morphological variation in J. heuffelii in the area investigated.
Biogeography of Shangri-la flora in southwestern China
Authors: Hua Zhu
Published: March 2015

Shangri-la region of southwestern China is within the Hengduan Mountains biodiversity hotspot and is exceptional in floral diversity. Based on intensive field investigations and herbarium specimens, 6807 species of native seed plants from 1297 genera and 166 families were recognized. The flora is dominated by families and genera with cosmopolitan and north temperate distributions, including Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Ericaceae, Fabaceae, Gentianaceae, Lamiaceae, and the genera Pedicularis, Rhododendron, and Salix, which contribute up to 73.15 % of the total number of species, but only make up a small portion of the total number of families and genera. Families and genera with fewer species more commonly have tropical distributions, while East Asian and Chinese endemic families and genera are mostly monotypic and oligotypic, and contribute little to the floristic diversity of the region. It is revealed that the flora of Shangri-la might have evolved through rapid speciation mainly from families and genera of cosmopolitan and north temperate distributions with the uplift of the Himalayas and climatic oscillations after the late Tertiary. The macroevolution of the flora in the Shangri-la region interpreted by floristic patterns is well supported by phylogeographic studies on plant taxa in Hengduan-Qinghai-Tibet Plateau regions.
Nomenclatural notes in the Pleurothallidinae (Orchidaceae): Stelis
Authors: Karremans Adam
Published: March 2015

Nomenclatural changes are made in order to place within Stelis a series of species that belong to it in the sense of Genera Orchidacearum, and without previous available names in that genus. New species, names and combinations are proposed, a short discussion for the reasoning is given.
Taxonomy of three new Rhoicosphenia (Bacillariophyta) species from California, USA
Authors: Thomas Evan William , Kociolek John Patrick
Published: March 2015

Nearly two centuries of diatom floristic and ecological studies in North America have resulted in the recognition of relatively few Rhoicosphenia species. Three new species of Rhoicosphenia are described from water quality monitoring samples from streams across the state of California. Rhoicosphenia stoermeri is large, with a panduriform central area. Rhoicosphenia lowei is also large, but the valve is narrower than R. stoermeri, and its central area is smaller. Rhoicosphenia californica is narrow and linear and the most commonly encountered of the newly described species. Light and scanning electron microscope observations of these new species with comparisons to previously described taxa, coupled with ecological and distribution data from across the state, highlight the overlooked Rhoicosphenia diversity in North America. The ultimate goal of this work is to aid in refined taxonomic identifications within the genus with the possibility of increased resolution in ecological studies using diatoms.
Scrophularia lucidaifolia (Scrophulariaceae), a new species from Turkey
Authors: Uzunhisarcıklı Mehmet Erkan , Doğan Güner Ebru , Özbek Funda , Bilgili Bilgehan
Published: March 2015

The genus Scrophularia Linnaeus (1753: 619) (Scrophulariaceae) is represented by approximately 270 taxa (species and subspecies) worldwide (Olivencia 2009). It is restricted primarily to the North Temperate Zone (Carlbom 1968). The primary centre of diversity of Scrophularia is located in the Irano-Turanian region. The Mediterranean region is also an important area of diversity and for the endemism rate of Scrophularia (Scheunert & Heubl 2014).
Three New Species of Tursiocola (Bacillariophyta) from the Skin of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus)
Authors: Frankovich Thomas Anthony , Sullivan Michael J. , Stacy Nicole
Published: March 2015

Three new species of Tursiocola are described from the skin of the West Indian manatee bringing the total number of known species in the genus to seven. The range of morphological diversity within the genus is greatly expanded. The number of poroid rows on the copulae is no longer a valid characteristic for the separation of Tursiocola from the ceticolous genus Epiphalaina. The presence of a butterfly-like structure in the central area of the former is at present the best criterion for separating the 2 genera. The 3 new Tursiocola species accounted for nearly 90% of all diatom valves on the manatee skin. No other diatom taxa previously described as new from the skin of cetaceans were present on the manatee.
A new species of Catasetum (Cymbidieae, Epidendroideae, Orchidaceae) from the Southern region of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Benelli Adarilda Petini , Soares-Lopes Célia Regina Araújo
Published: March 2015

A new species of Catasetum has been found along the banks of the River Teles Pires, in the Southern region of the Brazilian Amazon. In the present study it is described and illustrated, and has its conservation status discussed. The species presents unique features and stands out among others found in the same region, and can be compared partially to C. mattosianum.
The recent apple snails of Africa and Asia (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Ampullariidae: Afropomus, Forbesopomus, Lanistes, Pila, Saulea): a nomenclatural and type catalogue. The apple snails of the Americas: addenda and corrigenda
Authors: COWIE ROBERT H.
Published: March 2015

Ampullariidae are freshwater snails predominantly distributed in humid tropical and sub-tropical habitats in Africa, South and Central America and Asia. This catalogue is concerned only with the non-fossil Old World species, the majority of which are placed in the genera Pila and Lanistes, with a few species in Afropomus, Forbesopomus and Saulea. Pila occurs in Africa and Asia, Lanistes, Afropomus and Saulea only in Africa and Forbesopomus only in Asia. New World taxa were catalogued in a previous publication. The taxonomy of the group is heavily based on shell morphology but the true number of valid taxa remains unknown, pending revisionary work. This catalogue provides the rigorous nomenclatural base for this future work by bringing together all the available and unavailable genus-group and species-group names that have been applied to Recent Asian and African ampullariids, indicating their current nomenclatural status (species, subspecies, synonyms, etc.). Fossil taxa are not included. The catalogue lists 21 published genus-group and 244 published species-group names of Old World ampullariids, excluding 25 names that are incertae sedis and cannot be definitively determined as Old or New World. Of these 265 Old World names, five genus-group and 104 species-group (including 30 infraspecific) names are currently valid. There are 16 genus-group synonyms, 118 species-group synonyms and four species-group homonyms that are not treated as junior synonyms. Also listed are five unavailable family-group, one unavailable genus-group and 18 unavailable species-group names, and a number of unpublished names from museum labels. The catalogue provides bibliographic details for all published names, locations of type material, details of type localities and geographic distributions as far as can be ascertained given the confused state of the taxonomy. The catalogue is a work of nomenclature; it is not a revisionary work of taxonomy. Additional details and corrections to the earlier catalogue of the apple snails of the Americas are provided. No new names are proposed. Seven apparently new combinations are introduced, all with the genus Pila Preston: complicata Reeve, dira Reeve, major Germain (described as a variety of ovata Olivier), major Germain (described as a variety of speciosa Philippi), obvia Mabille, pallens Philippi, turbinoides Reeve.
The Accumulated Winter Season Severity Index (AWSSI)
Authors: Mayes Boustead Barbara E. , Hilberg Steven D. , Shulski Martha D. , Hubbard Kenneth G.
Published: March 2015

The character of a winter can be defined by many of its features, including temperature averages and extremes, snowfall totals, snow depth, and the duration between onset and cessation of winter-weather conditions. The accumulated winter season severity index incorporates these elements into one site-specific value that defines the severity of a particular winter, especially when examined in the context of climatological values for that site. Thresholds of temperature, snowfall, and snow depth are assigned points that accumulate through the defined winter season; a parallel index uses temperature and precipitation to provide a snow proxy where snow data are unavailable or unreliable. The results can be analyzed like any other meteorological parameter to examine relationships to teleconnection patterns, determine trends, and create sector-specific applications, as well as to analyze an ongoing winter or any individual winter season to place its severity in context.