bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trichodectidae (Mallophaga) found on African Carnivora
Authors: Bedford G. A. H.
Published: June 2009

Most of the new species herein described were collected by me from skins in the Transvaal Museum, Pretoria, for the loan of which I am deeply indebted to Mr Austin Roberts.
On the Distribution of Air in the Oesophageal Diverticula and Intestine of Mosquitoes
Authors: Marshall J. F. , Staley J.
Published: June 2009

1. Shortly before the imago emerges, air accumulates under the pupal skin. This air is swallowed by the imago and passes directly into the stomach; the resulting distention of the abdomen helping to push the thorax forward so as to rupture the pupal skin.

2. After rupture of the pupal skin, the imago continues to swallow air, which causes the stomach (and therefore the abdomen) to expand further and thereby facilitate the emergence of the imago.

3. Within an hour after complete emergence of the imago, the air in the mid-gut commences to pass forward into the (hitherto empty) oesophageal diverticula, and after 12–22 hours the mid-gut no longer contains air. (Note. We find that the process of emergence here described for Culicidae also applies to some other diptera which, like mosquitoes, live for a part of their lives in water.)

4. In mosquitoes fed on liquid (e.g. raisin juice) other than blood, the liquid goes direct into the oesophageal diverticula and displaces the air from them more or less completely (the experiments of Nuttall and Shipley (1903, p. 177) showed the air to be thus displaced, but this point was not specially mentioned by them).

5. When mosquitoes feed on blood (whether previously fed on raisin juice or not) all the blood goes direct into the mid-gut. (Note. Traces of blood, negligible in quantity but sufficient to cause visible coloration, are occasionally to be observed in the diverticula. This appears more likely to happen in cases where no previous meal of raisin juice has been taken.)

6. When a mosquito is fed on raisin juice and subsequently starved for a few days, the fluid contents of the diverticula are entirely replaced by air. The experiments indicate that this air reaches the diverticula via the cardia, in the same manner as during their initial inflation.

7. In the case of “domestic” mosquitoes, the air in the diverticula becomes reduced in quantity (sometimes disappearing altogether) prior to hibernation, and increases in amount towards the end of the hibernating period.

8. In the case of male mosquitoes, the transference of air from the mid-gut to the oesophageal diverticula proceeds pari passu with the turning of the hypopygium, the two processes terminating at about the same time.
The Development of West African Strains ofTrypanosoma gambienseinGlossina tachinoidesunder Normal Laboratory Conditions, and at Raised Temperatures
Authors: Taylor A. W.
Published: June 2009

1. An account is given of the development of strains ofTrypanosom gambienseinGlossina tachinoides.

Complete development with infection of salivary glands and hypopharynx occupies from 12 to 40 days and upwards, according to the strain of trypanosome used and the temperature conditions during development.

2. It is shown that the first or intestinal phase of development is passed within the extra-peritrophic space and that the lumen or intra-peritrophic space of the gut is not involved.

3. The importance of the proventricular infection as an index of maturing infections is stressed, and it is shown that filamentar crithidia are always present in this organ in the later stages of infection when infection of salivary glands is taking place. It has been proved that these filamentar crithidia may constitute up to 20 per cent. of flagellates in the proventriculus and are partly responsible for the further migration to the salivary glands.

4. An account is given of the infectivity toG. tachinoidesof twenty-six strains ofT. gambiensefrom epidemic and endemic sleeping sickness areas in Northern Nigeria. None of the twenty-six was proved to be non-transmissible and twenty-five of the strains gave Total Infectivity Rates in the tsetse of from 0·9–10·5, the Cyclical Developmental Rates ranging from 0·6–9·8.

5. No evidence has been obtained that strains ofT. gambiensefrom chronic cases of human trypanosomiasis in endemic areas are less transmissible by tsetse than strains originating in epidemic areas.

6. An account is given of experiments in whichG. tachinoidesinfected withT. gambiensewere exposed to 37° C. for varying lengths of time. The effect of high temperature during the infecting period is seen in a marked and constant increase in the proportion of tsetse infected. In the case of one strain a total infection rate of 77·8 per cent. was obtained with true cyclical development in 73·5 per cent. of the tsetse used.

7. It is suggested that the temperatures at which experimental tsetse are infected in the laboratory withT. gambienseare excessively low, and an investigation is to be made into the optimum climatic conditions for development of the trypanosome in the fly with a parallel attempt to correlate this with the climatic conditions under which wild tsetse become infected in nature.
Studies on the morphology, biology and development of a strigeid cercaria (Cercaria XBaylis 1930)
Authors: Erasmus David A.
Published: June 2009

1.Cercaria X(Baylis & Taylor, 1930) and its sporocyst have been redescribed with some additions to the original descriptions.

2. The details of the development of the cercaria into a metacercaria of the diplostomulum type have been obtained and the anatomy of the mature metacercaria is described in detail for the first time. It is proposed to name the metacercariaDiplostomulum X. Development of the cercaria into a metacercaria takes from 40 to 90 days and the metacercariae have been shown to survive for a period of 544 days after the time of infection. This development has been obtained in the lenses of rats, frogs and a wide variety of fish. Development is not completed in any other region of the host's body.

3.The effect of the sporocyst, migration of the cercariae, and the metacercaria on the appropriate host tissues has been considered. All these stages produce extensive changes in the host tissues.

4. Histochemical tests have shown the presence of alkaline phosphatase activity in the cuticle of the sporocyst. The glycogen storage regions of the cercaria are described and it has been demonstrated that the caudal bodies in the tail-stem contain large amounts of glycogen which are utilized during the free-swimming period.

5. Attempts at the completion of the life cycle were unsuccessful.
The sheep ked, Melophagus ovinus L. I. Dissemination potential
Authors: Tetley J. H.
Published: June 2009

Components of the intricate ked-sheep pattern, of significance in dissemination of the ked, are defined. It was found that the dissemination potential (percentage of population on the fleece surface) on one sheep was constantly greater than on a second. Bright sunshine caused an increase in the dissemination potential, particularly on the first sheep. It was concluded that the stimulating factor was a rise in the fleece temperature in regions directly exposed to the rays of the sun.

The factor or factors causing differences in dissemination potential arose from similar degrees of temperature change being superimposed on inherently different fleeces. The sexes behaved similarly on both sheep.

Keds were able to transfer readily between the two sheep. However, when they were concentrated on the sheep with a high dissemination potential, the population of the two-sheep system declined rapidly; when they were placed on the sheep with a low dissemination potential, the population of the two-sheep system increased. Approximately half of the keds leaving the sheep with a high dissemination potential did not reach a second host. It thus acted as a disinfecting agent.

Bird and host predation were discounted as factors in causing ked population change.
Patrick Alfred Buxton 1892–1955
Authors: Wigglesworth V. B.
Published: June 2009

Patrick Alfred Buxton was born in Hyde Park Street, Paddington, on 24 March 1892, and died at his home in Gerrards Cross, Bucks, on 13 December 1955. His father was Alfred Fowell Buxton, a busy banker and one time chairman of the London County Council, his mother was Violet Jex-Blake.
Lernaeid copepods parasitic on flying fish
Authors: Gnanamuthu C. P.
Published: June 2009

Species of the genusPennellaare of interest because they parasitize widely different hosts such as cetacea, flying fish, pipe fishes, sword fishes, etc. In 1917 Wilson listed fourteen valid species and nine more have been added since. Of theseP. exocoeti(Holten) andP. blainvilli(Le Sueur) have been recorded as parasites of flying fishes, the former probably inExocoetus speculigerfrom which Leigh-Sharpe (1928) and Deboutteville & Nunes-Ruivote (1954) recorded the species, while the latter was found onE. volitans. The present paper deals with four parasites collected from four different species of flying fishes of Madras. The types will be deposited in the Indian museum, Calcutta.
On a filarial parasite,Deraïophoronema freitaslentin.sp., from the giant anteater,Myrmecophaga tridactylafrom british guiana, and a proposed reclassification ofDipetalonemaand related genera
Authors: Liang-Sheng Yeh
Published: June 2009

1. A description is given of a new filarial parasite,Deraïophoronema freitaslentin.sp. from the mesentery of the giant anteater,Myrmecophaga tridactyla, from British Guiana.

2. A proposed reclassification ofDipetalonemaand related genera is given. Genera considered as valid areAcanthocheilonema, Breinlia, Dipetalonema, Mönnigofilaria, DeraïophoronemaandTetrapetalonema. Molinemais considered to be a synonym ofAcanthocheilonema.

3. A new genus,Johnstonema, is erected for the reception ofJ. annulipapillatum(Johnston & Mawson, 1938).
TrichomonasSP. from the Gut Contents of a Corais Snake
Authors: Das Gupta B. M.
Published: June 2009

Trichomonassp. from a corais snake

Description. Body usually pear-shaped. Average size 12 × 8μ, Three anterior flagella of unequal length. Basal fibre absent. Feebly developed undulating membrane.

Habitat. Intestine ofDymarchon corais, from North America.

Locality. London.
Nematode Parasites of Vertebrates in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden and Vicinity
Authors: Canavan William P. N.
Published: June 2009

The Helminths herein reported are of importance because of their economic and taxonomic relations. To point this out, it is only necessary to mentionHaemonchus, whose relation to the Bovidae and Ovidae is equivalent to those ofNecatorandAncylostomato the human host.

Some are well-known roundworms having a world-wide distribution as parasites of animals, and are listed only on account of locality and museum interest; others, especially certain rare forms from uncommon hosts, are of greater interest and are discussed more fully. Certain details, at one time thought not.to be necessary and hence neglected are added because to-day they are indispensable for specific designation.

Because of the abundance of material, it has been possible to supplement accounts given by other authors and to correct some errors due, no doubt, to poor or too few specimens. Several changes in systematic position of known forms and confirmation of others are made.

A new name (D. histrix) is proposed forDirofilaria subcutanea(Linstow, 1899) Boulenger, 1920.Eustrongylides larvae, of Ciurea, J. 1924, are included under the pre-adult stage of a new species (Eustrongylides wenrichi) because both are alike and their characters fit no other known species. New information is added aboutTrypanoxyuris trypanurisVevers, 1923, andCyrnea coloniCram, 1927, amending their descriptions.

Descriptions and illustrations of seven new species in as many genera are given. They areAcuaria (Dispharynx) resticulafrom a groove-billed ani,Ascaridia petrensafrom a partridge,Dirofilaria spinosafrom a porcupine,Physaloptera multiuterifrom a monkey,Subulura pennulafrom a quail,Spironoura procerafrom a terrapin, and the above-mentioned pre-adultEustrongylides wenrichifrom a stream pike, brook-trout, calico bass, sunfish, and a frog.

In all there are 162 determinations in 38 genera and 56 species, including new ones, from 150 hosts involving 117 different host species.

Superparasitism and significant cases of parasitism are pointed out because they are of interest to one concerned with incidence and degree of infestation. Numerous records of new host-parasite relations and new localities will be of interest to students of distribution.
On the Distribution of Gregarines in Oligochaetes
Authors: Bhatia B. L.
Published: June 2009

Watson-Kamm (1916, 1922) has given complete lists of cephaline gregarine parasites from different classes of hosts, discovered up to 1920. She concluded that “except in rare instances a species is confined to a single host or to nearly related hosts, not being found in insects as far removed from each other as the Coleoptera and the Orthoptera.” She belives there is an interesting parallelism between the complexity of the parasite and the group of hosts in which they are found. The simpler forms occurring in the Crustacea and Diplopodia, and the higher and more complex forms being found in various orders of Insecta. Many instances could be mentioned in which genera are found exclusively in a single order of insects.
On some New Avian Cestodes from India
Authors: Woodland W. N. F.
Published: June 2009

On many occasions during the years 1921 and 1922 I devoted my leisure to collecting Cestode and other Helminth parasites from wild birds in the United and Central Provinces of India. A large proportion of the material collected consists of species already known but the remainder contains some new and interesting forms, and three of these I am describing in the present paper.
Physiological and histochemical observations on the adult liver fluke,Fasciola hepaticaL.
Authors: Stephenson William
Published: June 2009

1. Careful search has failed to disclose the presence of flame cells in the excretory system of the adult liver fluke.

2. Fat globules are produced in the walls of the excretory system, and are freed into the lumen, and thus to the exterior.

3. These globules do not contain appreciable quantities of cholesterol, cholesterides or lipins, but may contain some unsaturated fatty material.

4. The aqueous medium in which the globules float is either neutral or slightly alkaline.

5. The distribution of reduced ascorbic acid has been investigated by the silver nitrate technique. This indicates that the main concentration occurs in the smaller vessels of the excretory system, and in the submuscular tissues of the body wall.
A redescription of Uncinaria lucasi stiles, a hookworm of seals
Authors: Baylis H. A.
Published: June 2009

In an earlier paper (1933) the writer drew attention to the inadequacy of the only existing description of Uncinaria lucasi, given, under the name of Uncinaria sp., by Stiles & Hassall (1899). Through the kindness of Dr E. C. Dougherty, it has now been possible to examine specimens of an Uncinaria from the type-host of U. lucasi (the Alaskan fur-seal, Callorhinus alascanus). These were collected by Dr V. B. Scheffer, of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, from the small intestine of a furseal pup at Polovina, St Paul Island (Pribylov group), in the Bering Sea in July 1945. There seems to be no reasonable doubt that they are of the same species as those originally described by Stiles & Hassall, the principal evidence being the identity of the host and locality, and the length of the spicules of the male worms. A new description is therefore presented, which it is hoped will place the species on a more satisfactory footing.
On the Anatomy of the Trematode Petasiger exaeretus Dietz 1909, from the Intestine of Phalacrocorax Carbo
Authors: Davies Evan
Published: June 2009

The genus Petasiger which belongs to the family Echinostomidae was proposed by Dietz in 1909, with Petasiger exaeretus as the type species. The description given by Dietz of this species is incomplete and it is proposed therefore to present below a more detailed account of the anatomy, based on an examination of whole mounts and serial sections. The material was obtained from the small intestine of cormorants shot on the coast of Cardigan Bay between Aberystwyth and Llanrhystyd. Five cormorants were shot in July, and of these two contained a large number of Petasiger exaeretus in the small intestine.
Insect Parasites of Psyllidae
Authors: Lal K. B.
Published: June 2009

The insect parasites bred out of Psyllid hosts, in the course of studying their biology in Scotland, belong to four families of Hymenoptera and one of Diptera, the total number of species encountered being seven. Of these one and possibly two more of the hymenopterous species are hyperparasites. The hosts involved include four species, of which only one,Psyllia maliraceperegrina, may be said to have been fairly heavily parasitised. As observed by Ferrière (1926), species of Psyllidae, in spite of their nymphs leading a comparatively sedentary life, are less susceptible to attack by parasites than are the other Homoptera. As a rule the hymenopterous parasites attack them in the nymphal stage, while the dipterous species parasites the adults as well.
A New Species of Accacoeliid Trematode (Accacladocoelium alveolatum n.sp.) from the Intestine of a Sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mola Bloch)
Authors: Robinson V. C.
Published: June 2009

The following is a description of a new species of Accacoeliid Trematode found in the intestine of a sun-fish (Orthagoriscus mola Bloch), caught by a fisherman in June, 1933, at Salcombe, Devon. The fish was examined by Mr J. W. Poulton of Downing College, Cambridge, to whom my thanks are due for bringing me the parasites for identification. In addition to the species described in this paper the host contained the following forms: on the skin, Tristoma molae and Lepeophtheirus nordmanni; in the intestine, Ancistrocephalus microcephalus.
Nairobi Sheep Disease: Natural and Experimental Transmission by Ticks other than Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: Daubney R. , Hudson J. R.
Published: June 2009

Montgomery (1917) showed that Nairobi sheep disease was commonly transmitted by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. In 1931 we confirmed Montgomery's findings and extended them considerably in respect of transmission by this species of tick. It was shown that infection of any instar would result in transmission by the next succeeding stage, which would then in the normal course lose its infection during the next moult. A female tick infected in this manner as an adult would pass infection through the eggs to the larvae of the next generation. Further it was demonstrated that the transmitting stage could be reinfected if the reaction of the host animal commenced before the infecting meal was completed, thus ensuring the carrying on of infetion for a further stage.
Studies on three new species of the genusAllocreadiumLooss, 1900, from the intestine ofBarbus tor(Ham.)
Authors: Rai S. L.
Published: June 2009

In this paper three new species of the genusAllocreadiumLooss, 1900, viz.A. dollfusisp.nov.,A. singhisp.nov. andA. hirnaisp.nov. are described. These parasites were obtained from the intestine of the fishBarbus tor(Ham.) brought from the River Hiran. A number of specimens of this species of fish were several times examined for helminth parasites at Katangi, 24 miles from Jabalpur and at Sihora, 25 miles from Jabalpur. These parasites were recovered from different individuals of the fishB. tor(Ham.).
Trematodes of fishes from the Red Sea.
Authors: Nagaty H. F. , Abdel Aal Tahia M.
Published: June 2009

The trematodes described below were collected at the Marine Biological Station at Ghardaga, Red Sea.

Type specimens are deposited in the Department of Parasitology of Faculty of Medicine, Abbassia, Egypt.

All measurements are in millimetres.
Some microsporidia found in certain fishes and insects in eastern Canada
Authors: Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie , Richardson L. R.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of some Microsporidia found in certain fishes and insects in eastern Canada, among which are new species of Nosema, Perezia and Gurleya.

Nosema pimephales n.sp. produces large cysts or tumours in the abdomen of Pimephales promelas, one out of a large number from Lake Guindon, Province of Quebec, being infected.

Nosema branchiale Nemeczek has been observed from a cod, Gadus callarias. The organism is shown to be a Nosema, though the incomplete original description has caused doubts as to whether some other genus was involved. Further details are now given.

Nosema apis Zander and N. bombi Fantham & Porter have been found in Canada in hive-bees and humble-bees respectively, the latter being recorded from a new host, Bombus vagans.

Glugea hertwigi n.var. canadensis is described from Osmerus mordax from Lake Edward.

Perezia aeschnae n.sp. has been found in nymphs of the large dragonfly, Aeschna grandis, collected near Montreal and is described and illustrated.

Perezia legeri Paillot has been observed in larvae of Pieris brassicae.

These appear to be the first records of Perezia from insects in North America, and the zoogeographical distribution of the genus is extended to the Odonata.

Gurleya aeschnae n.sp, is described from a nymph of Aeschna grandis. It is the first species of Gurleya to be described from the Odonata and the first record of the genus from the North American continent.

Thelohania corethrae Schuberg & Rodriguez is described from the larvae of Chaoborus flavicans. Measurements of the parasite, which were lacking in the original description, are now supplied.

Thelohania bracteata from larvae of Simulium bracteatum and larvae and one adult S. venustum and Thelohania fibrata from larvae of Simulium venustum are recorded from places in the Province of Quebec. The need of reinvestigation of the species of Thelohania from various Simulium and the possibility of there being but one species, Thelohania varians Debaisieux, are indicated.

Thelohania legeri Hesse is recorded as a parasite of larvae of Anopheles punctipennis in Quebec Province and of A. gambiae in Zululand. It is probably the most widely distributed species of Thelohania, occurring in Anophelines in Europe, Asia, Africa and North America.

Some general remarks regarding zoogeographical distribution, habitat, host-specificity and possible origin of species and varieties in connexion with Gurleya, Perezia and Thelohania are presented.
An improved method of inoculating plants with virus for the study of local lesions
Authors: MacClement W. D.
Published: June 2009

An account is given of an investigation of the causes of error in estimating virus concentrations by the local lesion method. The irregularities were found to be due to:

(1) Variations in the response of (a) whole plants; (b) individual leaves.

(2) Variations in the volume of liquid used.

(3) Variations in the probability of the production of local lesions.

(4) Variations in the percentage of leaf hairs broken during the inoculation process.

An apparatus is described, the use of which reduces these irregularities to a minimum.
Note on Apstein's parasites and some very early larval platyhelminthes
Authors: Jepps Margaret W.
Published: June 2009

The paper by Apstein (1911) is the only previous work known to me which is concerned with parasites of marine pelagic Crustacea in general, chiefly Copepoda, and especially of Calanus finmarchicus. It is of the nature of a preliminary note, since his work in the neighbourhood of Kiel was suddenly interrupted in its early stages; so that, while some of his “parasites” are easily identifiable, the scanty notes on others are difficult of interpretation and have given much trouble to subsequent writers. After making observations on the parasites of Calanus in the Clyde Sea Area over a period of several years, I feel in a position to offer the following opinions on Apstein's note together with an account of very early stages in the development of some larval Platyhelminthes.
Observations on the natural enemies ofMeligethes aeneus(F.) andM. viridescens(F.) [Coleoptera: Nitidulidae]
Authors: Osborne Philip
Published: June 2009

The recorded parasites and predators ofMeligethes aeneus(F.) andM. viridescens(F.) [Coleoptera: Nitidulidae] are given together with descriptions and illustrations, for the first time, of the post-embryonic stages of the hymenopterous parasitesDiospilus capito(Nees) [Braconidae],Isurgus heterocerus(Thoms.) [Ichneumonidae],Isurgussp. A, andCryptoserphus parvulus(Nees) [Proctotrupidae]. The egg and first instar ofThersilochussp. are described and figured, and a species ofZeteticontusmentioned. The antennae, propodea, and ovipositors of the two species ofIsurgusare compared and the ovipositors ofDiospilus capito, Isurgussp. A,I. heterocerusandThersilochussp. are illustrated.

A protozoan (Gregarine), a larval mite and a nematode, none of which has been identified, are recorded inhabitingMeligethesadults.
Tetrahymena chironomisp.nov., a ciliate from midge larvae, and the current status of facultative parasitism in the genusTetrahymena
Authors: Corliss John O.
Published: June 2009

A holotrichous ciliate found repeatedly in very large numbers in the body cavity of larval midges(Chironomus plumosus)from Paris and Berlin areas is described as a new species of the genusTetrahymena, namedT. chironomisp.nov. It appears to represent a true example of facultative parasitism, since parasites released from the host survive in laboratory cultures, and free-living ciliates believed identical have been isolated from fresh-water sources in nature. Over a 3-month period more than 2000 larvae, principally fourth-instar stages, were examined; about 9 % of these were found to be infected with ciliates.

T. chironomiis the thirteenth species to be added to the growing holotrich hymenostome genusTetrahymena.It is taxonomically distinguishable from other members of the genus on the basis of a combination of characteristics related to its morphology and bionomics. It is one of the smallest species, has 24–27 ciliary meridians and a relatively large, spherical micronucleus, does not exhibit dimorphism or cystic stages in its life cycle, and does not possess a caudal cilium.
A review of some ticks (Acarina: Ixodidae) of sea birds Part III. A re-description of the male of Ixodes kerguelenensis André & Colas-Belcour, 1942
Authors: Arthur D. R.
Published: June 2009

André & Colas-Belcour (1942) described the male of Ixodes kerguelenensis as a variety of I. canisuga on the basis of one specimen. Subsequently Zumpt (1952) stated that its status as a full species was unquestionable, for, compared with I. canisuga, the jugular plates on each side of the pregenital plate in I. kerguelenensis are large. The structure of Haller's organ also fully justifies this separation (Arthur, 1956). Zumpt wrote further that: ‘The specimen on which the authors based kerguelenensis was probably fully engorged so that the ventral plates would be widely separated from each other…. The single male from Kerguelen is drawn as having the anal groove diverging, but this is certainly due to a distortion of the engorged tick.’ Through the courtesy of Professor André I was permitted to examine the type. Distortion is not due to engorgement, as Zumpt suggests, but to the mounting of the specimen on a slide under a cover-glass.
The effect of changes in the osmotic pressure upon Hammerschmidtiella diesingi (Hammerschmidt, 1838) with reference to the survival of the nematode during moulting of the cockroach
Authors: Lee D. L.
Published: June 2009

Females of Hammerschmidtiella diesingi can survive in the hind-gut of moulting Blatta orientalis. After a period of shrinkage they recover their normal length within 24 hr. in 0·2 and 0·3 m sodium chloride and in 50% sea water, but not in hypotonic media or in hypertonic sucrose. Females of H. diesingi, which have regained their original length in hypertonic media, swell when placed in normally isotonic media; a similar phenomenon occurs with nematodes taken from moulting cockroaches.
Note on host-parasite relationships observed in fluke infections of wild aquatic birds
Authors: Pande B. P. , Ahluwalia S. S. , Srivastava J. S.
Published: June 2009

The last twenty-five years have witnessed an increasing output of significant work in this country on the trematode parasites of a number of wild birds, including aquatic species. These studies, which are mostly faunistic, and can be said to have commenced in 1926, when Bhalerao (1926) described from Burma (then a province of India) the flukes of the house crow, deal primarily with a large number of representative species of nearly twenty families of Digenea. Of these families, species assignable to the Clinostomidae Lühe, 1901, the Cyathocotylidae Poche, 1926, the Cyclocoelidae Kossack, 1911, the Diplostomidae Poirier, 1886, the Echinostomatidae Poche, 1926, the Notocotylidae Lühe, 1909, the Opisthorchiidae Braun, 1901, and the Strigeidae Railliet, 1919, were encountered in a survey conducted to assess the nature of helminthic infections in wild aquatic birds of the Mathura area.
Trypanosomes and dactylosomes from the blood of fresh-water fish in East Africa
Authors: Baker J. R.
Published: June 2009

1. Trypanosomes were found in the blood of thirty-five of seventy-two fish of five genera (chiefly Tilapia spp.) from Lakes Victoria and George, Uganda.

2. The trypanosomes, which were never numerous in the blood, showed two morphological forms—small (22–44μ. long) and large (45–65μ). No significant differences were observed between the trypanosomes from the different species of fish, and all the trypanosomes seen are provisionally identified as Trypanosoma mukasai Hoare, 1932.

3. Crithidia were found in the gut of a glossosiphoniid leech which had been removed from a fish; although suggestive, this cannot be taken as conclusive evidence that leeches of this family are vectors of T. mukasai.

4. The taxonomy of the trypanosomes of African fresh-water fish is reviewed, and it is concluded that only the following species should be regarded as valid at present: T. toddi Bouet, 1909, T. mukasai Hoare, 1932, and T. tobeyi Dias, 1952.

5. Dactylosoma mariae Hoare, 1930, was found in the blood of thirty-six of the seventy-two fish examined. Merozoites, schizonts and gametocytes of this small unpigmented parasite were observed within erythrocytes. No developmental stages were found in certain viscera of two infected fish.
A description of Hymenolepis neoarctica n.nom., syn. H. fusus Linton, 1927, with a discussion on the synonymy of Taenia fusus Krabbe, 1869
Authors: Davies Thomas Idwal
Published: June 2009

The species of Hymenolepis Weinl. described in the following pages was collected from the small intestine of a greater black-backed gull, Larus marinus, shot on the Dovey mudflats near Aberystwyth, in February 1935. Comparisons of the dimensions of scolex and strobila, measurements of rostellar hooks and suckers, and appearance of genitalia, prove beyond doubt that the species is identical with that described by Linton (1927) under the name of Hymenolepis fusus (Krabbe) (vide Table infra). From the data tabulated in the discussion below, the writer is satisfied moreover that the species described by Linton is totally distinct from Taenia fusus Krabbe 1869, and the new name Hymenolepis neoarctica is therefore proposed to include Linton's species. Since the description by Linton dealt only with the morphology of the immature forms, the following account of the morphology of the mature worm is given, based on material collected at Aberystwyth.
Purified preparations of tobacco necrosis virus (Nicotianavirus II)
Authors: Pirie N. W. , Smith K. M. , Spooner E. T. C. , McClement W. D.
Published: June 2009

Two nucleoproteins with similar chemical composition have been isolated from the leaves of tobacco plants infected with tobacco necrosis virus. One of these is crystalline and has a sedimentation constant of 130 × 10−13; the other is amorphous and its principal component has a sedimentation constant of 58 × lO−13.

Each preparation will infect plants at a dilution of 1 in 108 and will precipitate specifically with antiserum at a dilution of 1 in 3·2 × 105.

The nature of the difference between preparations in the two states is obscure and it has not proved possible to convert the one into the other.
The reproductive cycle inGlossina morsitansandGlossina swynnertoni
Authors: Mellanby Kenneth
Published: June 2009

During a visit to Tanganyika, thanks to the kindness and help of the Department of Tsetse Research, I was able to investigate the reproductive cycles inGlossina morsitansandG. swynnertoni, and compare them with the cycle inG. palpalis. In the previous paper in thisJournal, Mrs H. N. Mellanby gives a detailed description of her work withG. palpalis, and the following comments on the similarity of the other species is all that is required.
The scolex of Tetrabothrius affinis (Lönnberg), a cestode from Balaenoptera musculus L., the blue whale
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

The material used in the present study was part of a collection of parasitic worms, from whales in the Ross Sea, given to the writer by Mr W. Ross Cockrill, F.R.C.V.S. A general account of this collection has already been published (Rees, 1953).
Life cycle ofAustrobilharzia terrigalensisJohnston, 1917
Authors: Bearup A. J.
Published: June 2009

1. The life cycle ofAustrobilharzia terrigalensisJohnston, 1917 is described. The larval stages occur inPyrazus australis, a common mollusc on sand flats of estuaries and coastal lagoons in New South Wales.

2.Austrobilharzia terrigalensiswas originally described from the seagull,Larus novae-hollandiae. Experimental infections have been successful in young gulls of this species and in the budgerigarMelopsittacus undulatusand the pigeonColumba livia.

3. Under experimental conditions the cercariae will cause dermatitis, and cases of dermatitis resembling cercarial dermatitis have been reported after bathing in Narrabeen Lagoon, where about 4 % ofPyrazus australiscarry forktail cercariae.

4. The cercaria was described previously (Bearup, 1955) asCercaria variglandissubspeciespyrazi, new subspecies. Now that the adult form has been identified as a previously described species the subspecific namepyrazilapses.
The larval trematodes of certain fresh-water molluscs
Authors: Iles Christine
Published: June 2009

(1) Eight species of furcocercous cercariae have been found during a 3-year study of the trematode larvae harboured by certain fresh-water molluscs in Glamorganshire. Of these four are new species, two have previously been reported from South Wales by Rees (1932) and the remaining two species have been recorded in Europe but not in Britain.

(2) Detailed descriptions are given of the four new species and the last two species which had not been completely described hitherto. The life cycles, as far as are known, of all the the species are outlined; the mollusc hosts are listed and for each cercaria a comparison with related species is given.

(3)C. hamburgensisKomiya has been proved experimentally to be the larva ofApatemon gracilis minorYam. and according to the law of priority becomesC. a.g. minor.
Anatomy and affinity of the elephant louseHaematomyzus elephantisPiaget (Insecta: Rhyncophthiraptera)
Authors: Mukerji D. , Sen-Sarma P.
Published: June 2009

Detailed accounts of the morphology of the elephant louse and of its phylogenetic affinities and origin are given. The main points noted are: The peculiarity of the knobs and plate in the head are described. The mouthparts are described, a notable feature being the rotation of the mandible to 180 degrees. Structural peculiarities of the thorax with the muscles are given. The abdomen is found to consist of eight segments. The alimentary canal is described; no crop has been found. The histology of Weber's organ is given, and it is held that this organ is excretory in function. The structure of the spiracle is described, no spiracular gland has been found. The reproductive organs are described. In the female, the follicular epithelium of the ovary is binucleate and a spermatheca is present. In the male, the testis is bi-follicular. The affinities of the elephant louse are discussed and the creation of a new order, the Rhyncophthiraptera, to accommodateHaematomyzus, is suggested.
The morphology ofTrypanosoma striatin.sp., from an Indian fresh-water fish
Authors: Qadri Syed Shamsuddin
Published: June 2009

The new species ofTrypanosomadescribed in this paper is parasitic in the blood ofOphicephalus ( = Ophiocephalus) striatusBl., an air-breathing teleostean ‘Serpentfish’ found extensively in the fresh waters of India. This fish is one of the important food-fishes of India, especially in areas far away from the sea, which are mainly served by inland fisheries. It is equipped with an elaborate accessory air-breathing organ and therefore survives when taken out of water and kept in a moist condition. This hardiness of the fish has made it a popular item of diet since it is available in the hottest months of the summer in a fresh condition or even alive. With the expansion of the inland fisheries of India the importance of fishes of the genusOphicephalusis also on the increase.
The Infection of the ventriculus of the adult honeybee byNosema apis(Zander)
Authors: Bailey L.
Published: June 2009

1. Spores ofNosema apisnearly all germinate within 30 min. after entering the ventriculus of the honeybee.

2. The cause of germinationin vivoremains unknown, but is probably not a change of osmotic pressure or pH and is probably not due to anaerobic conditions or an enzyme. The agent causing germination is probably unstable and is destroyed when removed from the bee.

3. The anterior end of the ventriculus receives an initial heavy infection and the circumstantial evidence which this provides supports the theory that a free living ‘planont’ stage does not exist but that the parasite is injected directly into the host cell from the spore via the hollow polar filament.

4. The central region of the ventriculus which contains many granules of calcium phosphate receives the lowest initial infection. It is considered possible that the granules inhibit the initial rapid development of the parasite by maintaining an unfavourably high level of pH until they are eventually dissolved by the slowly developing organism.
The mange-causing mites of the genus Psorergates (Acarina: Myobiidae) with description of a new species from a South African monkey
Authors: Zumpt F. , Till W.
Published: June 2009

A male specimen of the monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops pygerythrus (Cuvier), caught near Bedford, Eastern Cape, was sent to us by Dr P. A. D. Winter of the Polio Research Foundation, Rietfontein. On arrival at Rietfontein this monkey showed slight symptoms of a mange, described by Dr Winter as follows: 'The lesion was scaly with underlying patches of erythema. Over the lesion the hair was thin. On scraping, much of the scaly material could be taken away, revealing irregular, raised erythematous patches. These patches were distributed particularly on the dorsal aspects of the limbs and there were also several of them on the chest, abdomen and head.
The adult and Diplostomulum stage (Diplostomulum phoxini (Faust)) of Diplostomum pelmatoides Dubois and an experimental demonstration of part of the life cycle
Authors: Rees Gwendolen
Published: June 2009

1. Large numbers of minnows (Phoxinus phoxinus (L.)) from Fron Goch Pool, near Aberystwyth, have been found to be heavily infested with Diplostomulum pelmatoides Dubois ( = D. phoxini (Faust)), the parasites occurring in very large numbers in the brain, spinal cord and eyes.

2. The excretory system of the worm has been worked out in detail. There are fifty-two pairs of flame cells.

3. Infested heads, brains and eyes have been fed to the domestic duck and the adult stage of the worm Diplostomum pelmatoides Dubois obtained.

4. Some morphological details of the adult worm are described.

5. The natural bird host of the parasite in this country is not yet known, nor the stages in the molluscan host.
The development of Theileria parva in the salivary glands of the tick, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus
Authors: Purnell R. E. , Joyner L. P.
Published: June 2009

Sections of salivary glands from the tick R. appendiculatus have been studied to obtain data on the incidence and development of Theileria parva during feeding. Adult ticks previously fed as nymphs on infected cattle were allowed to attach to rabbits after different periods following moulting and removed for dissection after different periods of attachment.

The maximum number of parasites was present from the 3rd to the 5th days of attachment when 30·5–42 % of salivary glands were infected. A small number of undeveloped parasites was observed in the salivary glands of unfed ticks.

The parasites were classified by their appearance into young, intermediate and mature forms and it was shown that the greatest numbers of mature forms were present on the 4th and 5th days of attachment.

It was concluded that with this strain of ticks, reared and infected under the described conditions, the most suitable time for the recovery of the infective forms of T. parva would be the 4th day of feeding.

Acknowledgements are due to the technical staff who contributed to this work, but especially to Mrs D. Backhurst who supervised the processing of the many sections, to Mr B. Wood who prepared the photomicrographs and to Mr K. P. Bailey who maintained the colony of infected R. appendiculatus.

This work was carried out during the assignment of one of us (L.P.J.) by the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations to the East African Veterinary Research Organization.
A Comparative Study of the Structure of the Head and Mouth Parts in the Streblidae (Diptera Pupipara)
Authors: Jobling B.
Published: June 2009

The structure of the head and mouth parts of the Streblidae has been very briefly described by Speiser (1900) and subsequently by Muir (1912) in the genera Ascodipteron and Nycteribosca. The description given by the latter author is, however, still incomplete. Having, therefore, collected the necessary material I have re-investigated their structure and compared it with that of the Hippoboscidae and the Nycteribiidae, already described by me elsewhere (1926 and 1928).
Development of the parasitic stages ofNematodirus battusin the laboratory rabbit
Authors: Gallie G. J.
Published: June 2009

Twelve rabbits were dosed with infective larvae of a sheep parasiteNematodirus battusand killed in a serial manner over a period of 32 days. The percentage of worms which became established was 10–36% over the first 24 days after infection. The minimum period of development of the parasitic stages was similar to that in sheep, although adult worms recovered from rabbits were on average smaller than worms normally found in sheep. The course of migration followed by the parasitic larvae was the same as in sheep. The distribution of fourth-stage larvae and fifth-stage worms along the small intestine was that of a normal frequency distribution.N. battuswas still infective for lambs and rabbits after one passage through the rabbit.

I would like to express my appreciation for the advice and encouragement given in the course of this work by Mr M. G. Christie.
The life cycle ofBasilia hispidaTheodor 1967 (Diptera: Nycteribiidae) in Malaysia
Authors: Marshall Adrian G.
Published: June 2009

Basilia hispidais the only insect parasite of the flat-headed batsTylonycteris pachypusandT. robustulain Selangor, Malaysia where this study was conducted between September 1966 and August 1968. The climatic conditions in the laboratory closely approximated to those in the field: seasonal variations in climate were small but diurnal fluctuations occurred. The life cycle of the fly was not affected either by the season or by the sex or species of the host.

A typical life cycle was as follows: adultB. hispidareached sexual maturity within 5 or 6 days of their emergence from the puparium. Copulation largely occurred with newly emerged flies or with females at the time of prepupal deposition; one copulation sufficed for numerous subsequent offspring. The entire larval life of three instars was passed within the female, nourished by maternal secretions. After reaching maturity the female deposited prepupae at 9-day-intervals on the host's roosting quarters, deposition occurring during the day, stimulated by increasing temperature. The length of the pupal stadium depended upon the presence of a host bat; if one was present the pupal period wasca.25 days. Thus the total life cycle from emergence of the female to the emergence of her first offspring was typically 39 (5 + 9 + 25) days. The sexes were produced in equal numbers. The greater part of postembryonic mortality occurred in the adult instar and was largely due to host-predation. Females were longer lived than males, and it was suggested that they had an average life expectancy of 5–6 weeks in the field.

The life cycle of five other species of Nycteribiidae from two other species of host were briefly examined and no major differences fromB. hispidawere noted. The results of this and of previous studies indicate that the life cycle is fairly uniform throughout the family.
A neuroendocrine relationship between the nematodeHammerschmidtiella diesingiand its insect host,Blatta orientalis
Authors: Gordon R.
Published: June 2009

Various endocrine operations were performed on the adult female cockroachBlatta orientalisand the adult populations of the nematodeHammerschmidtiella diesingiwere recorded 2 or 4 weeks later. Cautery of the median neurosecretory cells (m.n.c.) caused a significant reduction in total numbers of adult nematodes after 2 or 4 weeks; after 2 weeks, removal of the retrocerebral complex (corpora cardiaca plus corpora allata) caused a significant overall reduction in the adult nematode burden and this could not be prevented by reimplanting the corpora allata immediately after the retrocerebral complex had been removed.

Anomalies appeared in the data when the sex of the parasite was examined and this may be related to a possible postembryonic mode of sex determination.

Bothm.n.c. cautery and removal of the retrocerebral complex suppressed host terminal oocyte development and ootheca production, whilst reimplantation of corpora allata into ‘retrocerebralectomized’ cockroaches allowed reproductive processes to continue normally. Hence, them.n.c. and corpora allata are essential for host egg development.

Histological studies showed a profound reduction in fuchsinophilic material in the corpora cardiaca ofm.n.c. cauterized cockroaches.

Although them.n.c. may affect the nematode directly or indirectly, a direct effect on the parasite by the corpora allata is unlikely.
Seasonal variation of Polychromophilus melanipherus (Sporozoa:Haemoproteidae) in the bent-winged bat Miniopterus schreibersii (Chiroptera) in New South Wales
Authors: Dew Barbara B.
Published: June 2009

Gametocytes of a polychromophilid parasite indistinguishable from those of P. melanipherus are commonly found in the blood of the bent-winged bat Miniopterus schreibersii in New South Wales. There is a seasonal variation in infection rate, this being lowest in April (0%) and highest in August (up to 82·7%), and in density of parasitaemia.

This variation is the reverse to that found in the same species of bat in the northern hemisphere.

The reproductive biology of M. schreibersii in New South Wales is considered in relation to the seasonal variation in infection rate.

The main vectors of the parasitism are likely to be the nycteribiid flies, Penicillidia oceanica and Nycteribia parilis n.ssp.