bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Structure and Biological Activity of 2-Methyl-5-nitro-6-phenylnicotinohydrazide-Based Hydrazones
Authors: Nurkenov Oralgazy A. , Mendibayeva Anel Z. , Fazylov Serik D. , Seilkhanov Tulegen M. , Kabieva Saule K. , Syzdykov Ardak K. , Kulakov Ilya I. , Iashnikov Aleksandr V. , Vasilchenko Alexey S. , Alkhimova Larisa E. , Kulakov Ivan V.
Published: January 2025

The synthetic availability and wide range of biological activity of hydrazides and hydrazones make them attractive subjects for investigation. In this study, we focused on synthesis of 2-methyl-5-nitro-6-phenylnicotinohydrazide-based hydrazones derived from the corresponding substituted aldehydes. The structure of the obtained compounds was studied using NMR spectroscopy and DFT calculations. After repeated recrystallization, all the synthesized compounds remained as mixtures of isomers. As a result of a detailed analysis, we found that the duplication and bifurcation of signals in the 1H NMR spectra for some atoms is a consequence of the existence of four isomers, namely Z-I, Z-II, E-I and E-II. Duplicate proton signals with a chemical shift difference of 0.1–0.2 ppm and in a ratio of about 2:1 were noticed in the experimental data. By modeling the structures of individual configurations and conformations, Gibbs free energy values were obtained, which allowed us to estimate the approximate content of rotamers for the E-isomer equal to 3:2, which coincided with experimental data. We also tested the antibacterial and antifungal activity of the synthesized compounds.
Thermally Induced Phenomena in Amorphous Nifedipine: The Correlation Between the Structural Relaxation and Crystal Growth Kinetics
Authors: Svoboda Roman
Published: January 2025

The particle size-dependent processes of structural relaxation and crystal growth in amorphous nifedipine were studied by means of non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and Raman microscopy. The enthalpy relaxation was described in terms of the Tool–Narayanaswamy–Moynihan model, with the relaxation motions exhibiting the activation energy of 279 kJ·mol−1 for the temperature shift, but with a significantly higher value of ~500 kJ·mol−1 being obtained for the rapid transition from the glassy to the undercooled liquid state (the latter is in agreement with the activation energy of the viscous flow). This may suggest different types of relaxation kinetics manifesting during slow and rapid heating, with only a certain portion of the relaxation motions occurring that are dependent on the parameters of a given temperature range and time frame. The DSC-recorded crystallization was found to be complex, consisting of four sub-processes: primary crystal growth of αp and βp polymorphs, enantiotropic βp → βp′ transformation, and βp/βp′ → αp recrystallization. Overall, nifedipine was found to be prone to the rapid glass-crystal growth that occurs below the glass transition temperature; a tendency of low-temperature degradation of the amorphous phase markedly increased with decreasing particle size (the main reason being the increased number of surface and bulk micro-cracks and mechanically induced defects). The activation energies of the DSC-monitored crystallization processes varied in the 100–125 kJ·mol−1 range, which is in agreement with the microscopically measured activation energies of crystal growth. Considering the potential correlations between the structural relaxation and crystal growth processes interpreted within the Transition Zone Theory, a certain threshold in the complexity and magnitude of the cooperating regions (as determined from the structural relaxation) may exist, which can lead to a slow-down of the crystal growth if exceeded.
A Double Fluorescent Staining Method Increases the Sensitivity of the Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay
Authors: Udroiu Ion
Published: January 2025

The micronucleus test is one of the most popular genotoxicity assays. In order to avoid underestimation of micronuclei frequencies by counting non-replicating cells, the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test has been developed. In this technique, only binucleated cells are scored. One underestimated problem is the potential difficulty in discriminating binucleated from mononucleated cells when using DAPI staining, i.e., the possibility that two neighboring mononucleated cells could be mistaken for a binucleated one. The new protocol presented here comprises the addition of acridine orange in order to stain the cytoplasm (in addition to DAPI to stain nuclei and micronuclei). This new technique can increase the sensitivity of the cytokinesis-blocked micronucleus test and avoid underestimation of micronuclei frequencies, an important issue when high doses are employed.
Intestinal Barrier Damage and Growth Retardation Caused by Exposure to Polystyrene Nanoplastics Through Lactation Milk in Developing Mice
Authors: Zhou Chaoyu , Wu Haiyan , Zhang Lei , Xiao Xiao , Wang Xiaodan , Li Mingju , Cai Runqiu , You Jia , Chen Qi , Yang Yifei , Tian Xinyuan , Bai Qianyu , Chen Yinzhu , Bao Huihui , Liu Tianlong
Published: January 2025

Microplastics, defined as plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm, degrade from larger pollutants, with nanoscale microplastic particles presenting significant biological interactions. This study investigates the toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NPs) on juvenile mice, which were exposed through lactation milk and drinking water at concentrations of 0.01 mg/mL, 0.1 mg/mL, and 1 mg/mL. The results show that PS-NP exposure during lactation and juvenile periods caused delayed weight gain and impaired organ development, particularly in the liver and kidneys, without causing functional abnormalities or toxic injuries. The primary toxicity of PS-NPs was observed in the intestinal tract, including shortened villi, disrupted tight junctions, inhibited epithelial cell proliferation, and oxidative stress responses. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating the developmental toxicity of nanoplastics at environmentally relevant doses.
Simulation Study of Low-Dose 4D-STEM Phase Contrast Techniques at the Nanoscale in SEM
Authors: Jílek Zvonimír , Radlička Tomáš , Krzyžánek Vladislav
Published: January 2025

Phase contrast imaging is well-suited for studying weakly scattering samples. Its strength lies in its ability to measure how the phase of the electron beam is affected by the sample, even when other imaging techniques yield low contrast. In this study, we explore via simulations two phase contrast techniques: integrated center of mass (iCOM) and ptychography, specifically using the extended ptychographical iterative engine (ePIE). We simulate the four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM) datasets for specific parameters corresponding to a scanning electron microscope (SEM) with an immersive objective and a given pixelated detector. The performance of these phase contrast techniques is analyzed using a contrast transfer function. Simulated datasets from a sample consisting of graphene sheets and carbon nanotubes are used for iCOM and ePIE reconstructions for two aperture sizes and two electron doses. We highlight the influence of aperture size, showing that for a smaller aperture, the radiation dose is spent mostly on larger sample features, which may aid in imaging sensitive samples while minimizing radiation damage.
An Assessment of the Cyto-Genotoxicity Effects of Green-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles and ATCBRA Insecticide on the Root System of Vicia faba
Authors: Al-Saleh May A. , Al-Harbi Hanan F. , Al-Humaid L. A. , Awad Manal A.
Published: January 2025

We aimed to synthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Elettaria cardamomum (cardamom) extracts and assess the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of the cardamom extract, cardamom–AgNPs, and the insecticide ATCBRA—commonly used for pest control—on the root system of Vicia faba (broad bean). The chemical composition of the aqueous cardamom extract was identified and quantified using GC-MS, revealing a variety of bioactive compounds also present in cardamom essential oil. These included α-terpinyl acetate (21.3–44.3%), 1,8-cineole (10.7–28.4%), and linalool (6.4–8.6%). The successful green synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed through various micro-spectroscopic techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). UV-Vis analysis showed a strong peak between 420 and 430 nm, indicating the presence of AgNPs. TEM imaging revealed that the synthesized cardamom–AgNPs were monodispersed, primarily spherical, and semi-uniform in shape, with minimal aggregation. EDS analysis further confirmed the composition of the nanoparticles, with cardamom–AgNPs comprising around 60.5% by weight. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by measuring the mitotic index (MI), and genotoxicity was assessed by observing chromosomal aberrations (CAs). The roots of Vicia faba were treated for 24 and 48 h with varying concentrations of ATCBRA pesticide (0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, and 0.7%), aqueous cardamom extract (3%, 4%, 5%, and 6%), and green-synthesized cardamom–AgNPs (12, 25, and 60 mg). The cytogenetic analysis of MI and CA in the meristematic root tips indicated an improvement in the evaluated parameters with the cardamom extract. However, a marked reduction in mitotic activity was observed with both ATCBRA and cardamom–AgNP treatments across both time points, highlighting potential cytotoxic and genotoxic effects.
Investigation and Assessment of AI’s Role in Nutrition—An Updated Narrative Review of the Evidence
Authors: Kassem Hanin , Beevi Aneesha , Basheer Sondos , Lutfi Gadeer , Cheikh Ismail Leila , Papandreou Dimitrios
Published: January 2025

Background: Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies are now essential as the agenda of nutrition research expands its scope to look at the intricate connection between food and health in both an individual and a community context. AI also helps in tracing and offering solutions in dietary assessment, personalized and clinical nutrition, as well as disease prediction and management, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer, and obesity. This review aims to investigate and assess the different applications and roles of AI in nutrition and research and understand its potential future impact. Methods: We used PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and EBSCO databases for our search. Results: Our findings indicate that AI is reshaping the field of nutrition in ways that were previously unimaginable. By enhancing how we assess diets, customize nutrition plans, and manage complex health conditions, AI has become an essential tool. Technologies like machine learning models, wearable devices, and chatbot applications are revolutionizing the accuracy of dietary tracking, making it easier than ever to provide tailored solutions for individuals and communities. These innovations are proving invaluable in combating diet-related illnesses and encouraging healthier eating habits. One breakthrough has been in dietary assessment, where AI has significantly reduced errors that are common in traditional methods. Tools that use visual recognition, deep learning, and mobile applications have made it possible to analyze the nutrient content of meals with incredible precision. Conclusions: Moving forward, collaboration between tech developers, healthcare professionals, policymakers, and researchers will be essential. By focusing on high-quality data, addressing ethical challenges, and keeping user needs at the forefront, AI can truly revolutionize nutrition science. The potential is enormous. AI is set to make healthcare not only more effective and personalized but also more equitable and accessible for everyone.
Systemic Inflammation and Gastrointestinal Complications in HIV Patients: A Cross-Sectional Study on the Role of Type II Diabetes
Authors: Suba Madalina-Ianca , Hogea Bogdan , Abu-Awwad Ahmed , Gurgus Daniela , Folescu Roxana , Timircan Madalina-Otilia , Abu-Awwad Simona-Alina
Published: January 2025

(1) Background: This study aimed to assess the association between inflammatory biomarkers and gastrointestinal side effects in HIV-positive patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART), with a specific focus on the impact of type II diabetes. (2) Methods: A total of 320 participants were divided into three groups: 120 HIV-positive without diabetes, 80 HIV-positive with type II diabetes, and 120 controls. Biomarkers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α, along with gastrointestinal symptoms, were measured before and six months after ART. (3) Results: HIV-positive patients with type II diabetes exhibited significantly elevated levels of inflammatory markers and experienced more frequent gastrointestinal side effects, particularly nausea and diarrhea. (4) Conclusions: Type II diabetes significantly worsens inflammation and gastrointestinal side effects in HIV patients on ART, suggesting the need for tailored treatment approaches.
Evaluation of Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on the Gastrocnemius Muscle of Mice with Muscular Dystrophy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Fernandes Victor Augusto Ramos , dos Santos Gabriela Pereira , Iatecola Amilton , Buchaim Daniela Vieira , Garcia Ionaly Judith Faria , Reis Carlos Henrique Bertoni , Bueno Lívia Maluf Menegazzo , Pagani Bruna Trazzi , Buchaim Rogerio Leone , da Cunha Marcelo Rodrigues
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic disease characterized by a lack of dystrophin caused by mutations in the DMD gene, and some minor cases are due to decreased levels of dystrophin, leading to muscle weakness and motor impairment. Creatine supplementation has demonstrated several benefits for the muscle, such as increased strength, enhanced tissue repair, and improved ATP resynthesis. This preliminary study aimed to investigate the effects of creatine on the gastrocnemius muscle in dystrophy muscle (MDX) and healthy C57BL/10 mice. Methods: Twenty MDX and C57Bl/10 mice were organized into groups and supplemented or not with creatine in a dosage of 0.3 mg for 8 weeks. Gastrocnemius tissue was analyzed using histomorphology and histomorphometric techniques. Results: The results demonstrated potential anti-inflammatory effects of creatine, with less observation of inflammatory infiltrates, the preservation of intramuscular glycogen, and reduction in tissue fibrosis in supplemented animals. Conclusions: These findings suggest that creatine may enhance tissue function and slow the progression of DMD. However, further research, with more analysis, is needed to elucidate molecular mechanisms underlying creatine’s effects on reducing mononuclear leukocytes and its role in mitigating tissue fibrosis.
Comparative Analysis of the Enzymatic, Coagulant, and Neuromuscular Activities of Two Variants of Crotalus durissus ruruima Venom and Antivenom Efficacy
Authors: Demico Poliana J. , Oliveira Isabele N. , Proença-Hirata Vitória S. , Dias Samuel R. , Ghirotti Hugo A. , Silva Elisangela O. , Giometti Inês C. , Pacagnelli Francis L. , Torres-Bonilla Kristian A. , Hyslop Stephen , Galizio Nathália C. , de Morais-Zani Karen , Pucca Manuela B. , Rocha Anderson M. , Maciel Jéssica B. , Sartim Marco A. , Monteiro Wuelton M. , Floriano Rafael S.
Published: January 2025

Background: We compared the enzymatic, coagulant, and neuromuscular activities of two variants (yellow—CDRy and white—CDRw) of Crotalus durissus ruruima venom with a sample of C. d. terrificus (CDT) venom and examined their neutralization by antivenom against CDT venom. Methods: The venoms were screened for enzymatic and coagulant activities using standard assays, and electrophoretic profiles were compared by SDS-PAGE. Neutralization was assessed by preincubating venoms with crotalic antivenom and assaying the residual activity. Results: SDS-PAGE showed that the venoms had similar electrophoretic profiles, with the main bands being phospholipase A2 (PLA2), serine proteinases, L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO), and phosphodiesterase. CDRy venom had the highest proteolytic and LAAO activities, CDRw venom had greater PLA2 and esterolytic activities at the highest quantity tested, and CDT had greater PLA2 activity than CDRy. CDRw and CDT venoms had similar proteolytic and LAAO activities, and CDRy and CDT venoms had comparable esterolytic activity. None of the venoms altered the prothrombin time (PT), but all of them decreased the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPPT); this activity was neutralized by antivenom. The minimum coagulant dose potency was CDRw >> CDRy > CDT. All venoms had thrombin-like activity that was attenuated by antivenom. CDRy and CDRw venoms showed α-fibrinogenolytic activity. All venoms partially cleaved the β-chain. CDRy and CDT venoms caused neuromuscular facilitation (enhanced muscle contractions) followed by complete blockade, whereas CDRw venom caused only blockade. Antivenom neutralized the neuromuscular activity to varying degrees. Conclusions: These findings indicate that while CDR and CDT venoms share similarities, they also differ in some enzymatic and biological activities and in neutralization by antivenom. Some of these differences could influence the clinical manifestations of envenomation by C. d. ruruima and their neutralization by the currently used therapeutic antivenom.
Rapid Focused Spot Scanning Imaging Using Multimode Fiber with a Convolutional Neural Network-Based Phase Modulation
Authors: Tong Rongjing , Xu Anni , Shen Hua
Published: January 2025

In this paper, we present a rapid beam-focusing method for multimode fiber (MMF) that integrates a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) with a Spatial Light Modulator (SLM). This approach efficiently focuses light fields by training neural networks to approximate the transmission matrix of the optical system, eliminating the need for iterative calculations. Experimental results indicate that this method can generate focused spots within 200 ms, representing a significant improvement over traditional methods. Additionally, the feasibility of point-scanning imaging was verified using the USAF-1951 test target with a resolution greater than 7.81 μm. This advance is expected to improve the speed and accuracy of endoscopic imaging and other real-time imaging applications, potentially leading to more effective diagnostic tools and imaging technologies in medical and industrial settings.
WRKY Transcription Factors Modulate the Flavonoid Pathway of Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. Under UV-B Stress
Authors: Yu Wang , Zhou Xiangru , Meng Jinhao , Xu Hongwei , Zhou Xiaofu
Published: January 2025

The depletion of the ozone layer has resulted in elevated ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation levels, posing a significant risk to terrestrial plant growth. Rhododendron chrysanthum Pall. (R. chrysanthum), adapted to high-altitude and high-irradiation environments, has developed unique adaptive mechanisms. This study exposed R. chrysanthum to UV-B radiation for two days, with an 8 h daily treatment, utilizing metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses to explore the role of WRKY transcription factors in the plant’s UV-B stress response and their regulation of flavonoid synthesis. UV-B stress resulted in a significant decrease in rETR and Ik and a significant increase in 1-qP. These chlorophyll fluorescence parameters indicate that UV-B stress impaired photosynthesis in R. chrysanthum. Faced with the detrimental impact of UV-B radiation, R. chrysanthum is capable of mitigating its effects by modulating its flavonoid biosynthetic pathways to adapt positively to the stress. This study revealed changes in the expression of 113 flavonoid-related metabolites and 42 associated genes, with WRKY transcription factors showing significant correlation with these alterations. WRKY transcription factors can influence the expression of key enzyme genes in the flavonoid metabolic pathway, thereby affecting metabolite production. A theoretical reference for investigating plant stress physiology is provided in this work, which also offers insights into the stress responses of alpine plants under adverse conditions.
Intermittent Supplementation with Far-Red Light Accelerates Leaf and Bud Development and Increases Yield in Lettuce
Authors: Liu Yanke , Ye Rong , Gao Xinying , Lin Rongcheng , Li Yang
Published: January 2025

Supplementation with far-red light in controlled environment agriculture production can enhance yield by triggering the shade avoidance syndrome. However, the effectiveness of this yield enhancement can be further improved through intermittent far-red light supplementation. In this study, the effects are explored of varying far-red light photon intensities and intermittent exposure durations—specifically at 5, 15, 30, and 45 min intervals—on the growth and development of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in plant factories, while maintaining a constant red light photon flux and daily light integral. The results showed that compared to constant far-red light, 30 min intermittent far-red light increased yield by 11.7% and the number of leaves and buds by 2.66. Furthermore, the various metrics demonstrated that intermittent far-red light supplementation enhanced the overall effectiveness of the far-red light treatment. This was validated by analyzing phytohormone content and the expression of genes related to hormone metabolism and transport at the tip of the lettuce stems. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the differences in gene expression between treatments were primarily concentrated in genes related to signaling, hormone metabolism, and transport. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis identified the co-expression modules associated with yield and quality. Additionally, dynamic expression analysis showed genes involved to far-red photoreception, response, and hormone metabolism and transport exhibited optimal rhythmic responses only under 30 min intermittent far-red light supplementation. This suggests that intermittent far-red light irradiation at 30 min intervals is the most effective for activating far-red light signaling influencing hormone metabolism and transport, thereby accelerating the growth of lettuce leaves and buds and ultimately increasing yield.
A Technical–Economic Study on Optimizing FDM Parameters to Manufacture Pieces Using Recycled PETG and ASA Materials in the Context of the Circular Economy Transition
Authors: Zisopol Dragos Gabriel , Minescu Mihail , Iacob Dragos Valentin
Published: January 2025

This paper presents the results of research on the technical–economic optimization of FDM parameters (Lh—layer height and Id—infill density percentage) for the manufacture of tensile and compression samples from recycled materials (r) of PETG (polyethylene terephthalate glycol) and ASA (acrylonitrile styrene acrylate) in the context of the transition to a circular economy. To carry out our technical–economic study, the fundamental principle of value analysis was used, which consists of maximizing the ratio between Vi and Cp, where Vi represents the mechanical characteristic (tensile strength or compressive strength) and Cp represents the production cost. The results of this study showed that, in the case of tensile samples manufactured by recycled PETG (rPETG), the parameter that significantly influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is Lh (the height of the layer), while for the samples manufactured additively from recycled ASA (rASA), the parameter that decisively influences the tensile strength is Id (the infill density percentage). In the case of compression samples manufactured by FDM from recycled PETG (rPETG) and recycled ASA (rASA), the parameter that signified influences the results of the Vi/Cp ratios is Id (the infill density percentage). Following the optimization of the FDM parameters, using multiple-response optimization, we identified the optimal parameters for the manufacture of parts by FDM from rPETG and rASA: Lh = 0.20 mm and Id = 100%. The results of this study demonstrated that the use of recycled plastics from PETG and ASA lends itself to a production and consumption model based on a circular economy.
Discussions on the Adsorption Behaviors Affected by the Differences Between Graphene Oxide and Graphene Grafted by Chitosan
Authors: Chung Chin-Chun , Chen Hua-Wei , Han Jin-Lin , Wu Hung-Ta
Published: January 2025

There are limited studies in the literature on the surface characterization of modified graphene and graphene oxide and the impact of these modified adsorbents on adsorption performance. In addition, the amine group essentially has a promising affinity for carbon dioxide (CO2). Therefore, chitosan was used in this study to be grafted onto graphene and graphene oxide respectively. This study examines the effects of graphene, graphene oxide, and chitosan-modified graphene oxide thin films on the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2). Thin films of graphene, graphene oxide, and their chitosan-modified counterparts were prepared via the methods of precipitation and grafting. The differences in the chemical structure, surface properties, and surface morphology of the films were evaluated, and their effect on the adsorption performance of CO2 is discussed herein. The micrographs from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) show that the surface of graphene oxide appeared to be more porous than graphene, and the amount of grafted chitosan on graphene oxide is higher than that on graphene. An analysis of atomic force microscope (AFM) finds that the surface of chitosan-modified graphene oxide is rougher than that of chitosan-modified graphene. The results of energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) spectra reveal that the composition of oxygen in graphene oxide is greater than that in graphene and confirm that the oxygen and nitrogen contents of chitosan-modified adsorbents are greater than those of the pristine materials. An analysis of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) shows that most of the oxygen-containing groups are reacted or covered by amide or amine groups due to modification with chitosan. The adsorption isotherms for CO2 adsorbed by the prepared graphene and graphene oxide presented as type I, indicating great adsorption performance under low pressure. The appropriate amount of chitosan for modifying graphene oxide could be found based on the change in surface area. Although the breakthrough times and the thicknesses of the mass transfer regions for graphene oxide modified with 0.9% and 1.2% chitosan were similar, the modification of graphene oxide with 0.9% chitosan was appropriate in this study due to a significant decrease in surface area with 1.2% chitosan dosage. The adsorption uptake difference between chitosan-modified graphene oxide and graphene was greater than that without modification with chitosan due to more chitosan grafted on graphene oxide. The Toth adsorption isotherm model was used to fit the adsorption uptake, and the average deviation was about 1.36%.
Uncertainty Optimization of Industrial Production Operations Considering the Stochastic Performance of Control Loops
Authors: Li Ling , Xiang Junlin , Liu Shu , Li Jiaxin , Long Hangli , Xue Yongfei
Published: January 2025

Process optimization is a highly successful method for achieving optimal efficiency in industrial production. The conventional optimization approach presupposes that the operational parameters should align with the optimization settings. However, it fails to consider that, influenced by the stochastic performance of the control loops, the operating parameters may deviate from the optimal operating settings. Consequently, this results in the violation of constraints in the optimization results and affects production safety. Therefore, this paper proposes an uncertainty optimization method that considers the stochastic performance of control loops to accurately determine the optimal operational performance that can be practically achieved in industrial production. Firstly, a multi-optimization variational mode decomposition strategy is developed to precisely extract the smooth random and trend terms of the control loop output data. Secondly, the random grouping smooths out the random terms and accurately characterizes the uncertainty associated with these terms. Subsequently, a moment uncertainty set with mild mean-zero net condition is then defined to construct an improved distribution robust optimization model considering the stochastic performance of control loops. Finally, the validation of the proposed optimization method in the actual hydrocracking process shows that the optimization error of the proposed method is reduced by more than 10%, and the constraint violation rate is reduced by 14%, which fully proves the effectiveness and applicability of the method.
Optimization of Combustion Chamber Structure in a Rotary Engine Based on a Fuzzy Neural Network and a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Yue Min , Li Liangyu , Zou Run , Su Tiexiong , Wang Nana , Wen Huan
Published: January 2025

In order to solve the problems of the method involving the optimization of the traditional combustion chamber structure, which has a long computation cycle, high computation cost, and can easily fall into the local optimal solution, this paper refers to the concept of a fuzzy neural network in machine learning. This study proposes a method of combustion chamber structure optimization that uses a fuzzy neural network to prejudge the results of the fitness function before calculating it in order to reduce the periodicity of computation and improve computational accuracy. The validation results show that the combustion chamber structure optimization method proposed in this paper can effectively reduce the computational cost under the premise of guaranteeing optimization accuracy. Using the test function, compared with the traditional genetic algorithm, the average number of iterations at convergence is reduced by 28.59%, and the average number of calculations of the fitness function is reduced by 25.59%. When optimizing the combustion chamber structure, the peak pressure of the optimal combustion chamber structure is increased by 10.32%, the computational count is reduced by 23.33%, and the time consumed is reduced by 23.91% compared with the traditional genetic algorithm.
Advanced Design and Performance Evaluation of an Automatic Synchronized Grafting Machine for Solanum Vulgare
Authors: Liu Zhenya , Zhou Wei , Wang Fahao , Li Jiawei , Jiang Luyan , Wang Guoqiang , Zhang Caihong
Published: January 2025

The adoption of grafting machines has become an essential trend in the advancement of the vegetable nursery industry, driven by the aging population and the rapid growth of the vegetable sector. Domestic and foreign research organizations have designed various types of vegetable grafting devices for the huge nursery market. However, most of the machines developed and designed at home and abroad are now semi-automated and are thus highly susceptible to damaging the stems of the seedlings during operation. Therefore, in order to realize the complete automation of the grafting operation and improve the grafting survival rate and quality, in this paper, eggplant hole tray seedlings were grafted as the object, and the cutting mechanism, the integrated mechanism of clamping and fitting, and the wrapping mechanism were structured on the basis of the affixing method. The transition conversion from semi-automatic to fully automatic was realized. And the rationality of the design was verified via the cutting test and the clamping characteristic test, which maximized the fit rate between the cutting surface of the rootstock and the scion seedling and maximized the protection of the grafted seedling from damage in the clamping process. Finally, the device was tested using Torubam rootstock and a Nova 101 tomato scion. The results showed that the optimal cutting angles were 35° and 30° for rootstock and scion, respectively, and that the lengths of the cutting surfaces were 11.28 ± 0.18 mm and 11.43 ± 0.14 mm. The grafting efficiency of the machine was up to 700 grafts per hour, with an average grafting success rate of up to 95% and zero stem damage to the seedlings. The experiments proved that the structure design of the machine is reasonable, and it can fully improve the grafting efficiency and quality. Meanwhile, the research findings can provide a theoretical basis for the application of the latter in the field of plant grafting. The research results can effectively alleviate the dependence on manual labor in the nursery industry and further liberate the labor force.
The Effect of Pacemakers and Defibrillators on Distortion in 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Sequences Commonly Used in Radiation Oncology Practice—3D True Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession (TrueFISP) at 0.35T MR-Linear Accelerator (LINAC) and 3D T1 at 3T MR Simulator
Authors: Omidi Alireza , Weiss Elisabeth , Al Khalifa Mateb , Kim Siyong
Published: January 2025

Background: We aimed to measure the pacemaker- and defibrillator-induced distortion at 0.35T and 3.0T magnetic fields. Methods: The pacemaker/defibrillator was placed at the top center of a water-filled/MagPhan phantom, followed by a T1 scan at 3T and a TrueFISP scan at 0.35T. The extent of distortion (i.e., the distance from the device to the furthest signal loss/void/rings) in the water-filled phantom was measured in MIM. For geometrical distortion (i.e., dislocation of geometrical structures), the spheres in the MagPhan phantom were contoured and their distortion was calculated based on their manufacturing coordinate positions. Results: The maximum extent of distortion caused by the defibrillator was 18.8 cm at 0.35T and 5.8 cm at 3.0T. Similarly, the maximum extent of distortion caused by the pacemaker was 9.28 cm at 0.35T and 2.8 cm at 3.0T. Geometrical distortion measurements using the MagPhan phantom showed that the maximum distortion caused by the defibrillator was 12.8 mm at 0.35T and 13.2 mm at 3.0T. Likewise, the maximum distortion caused by the pacemaker was 8.7 mm at 0.35T and 6.0 mm at 3.0T. Conclusions: Defibrillators cause larger distortions/signal voids than pacemakers, and require careful consideration when performing MRI-based treatment planning. To minimize distortion, sequences with lower sensitivity to magnetic field inhomogeneity should be used.
Stressors and Supports: Experiences of Young Black People with Diverse Sexual Identities in the United States
Authors: Barnes Sandra Lynn
Published: January 2025

This qualitative study examines common stressors and support mechanisms in the lives of a group of 76 young Black members of the LGBTQIA community ages 18–30 years old based on questions to gauge common conflict or problems in their lives, personal support networks, and experiential reflections. Findings are based on the Structure versus Agency discourse and content analysis. In addition to individual agency, results document experiences navigating structural forces that are often intersectional in nature, the importance of family and friendship networks as a mitigating structural force against stressors, as well as the role of religion and/or spirituality in fostering agency.
Intercultural Competence in Catholic Religious Education
Authors: Jurišić Marija , Žagmešter Kemfelja Marija
Published: January 2025

According to European organizations, intercultural competence is considered a prerequisite for achieving social cohesion. Even though its development calls for a lifelong learning approach, the formal education system has a primary task in its development through all school subjects, i.e., the entire school curriculum. In the last twenty years, international and European organizations have emphasized the importance of religious education in developing students’ intercultural competence. The Republic of Croatia has applied European recommendations in its educational documents and defined intercultural competence as one of the fundamental competencies in the national educational curriculum. The question arises of how religious education in the Republic of Croatia helps students achieve and develop intercultural competence concerning knowledge of other religions and worldviews. This paper is focused on Catholic Religious Education in primary and secondary education. Data are collected using semi-structured interviews among nine Catholic RE teachers in Zagreb County, Republic of Croatia. Qualitative research is based on findings of a quantitative survey conducted among Catholic religious education teachers in 2022. The research questions are: (1) Why are guest lectures and visits to religious communities less represented forms of learning in confessional Religious Education? (2) Which methods are used to develop specific dimensions of intercultural competence (conflict resolution, analytical and critical thinking, attitudes)? (3) Does interreligious learning lead to changes in students’ behaviour, and what are the obstacles to interreligious learning? This paper aims to examine the methodical approaches of RE teachers in the development of intercultural competence, as well as the obstacles they encounter in the process of imparting knowledge about other religions and worldviews within Catholic religious education. Results have shown that the teaching process remains at an informational level; the development of attitudes, critical thinking skills, and conflict-resolution skills is lacking. The absence of experiential learning can largely be attributed to external factors, such as administrative obstacles and teacher’s/parents’ attitudes.
The Impact of Hyperbolic Discounting on Asset Accumulation for Later Life: A Study of Active Investors Aged 65 Years and over in Japan
Authors: Nabeshima Honoka , Lal Sumeet , Izumi Haruka , Himeno Yuzuha , Khan Mostafa Saidur Rahim , Kadoya Yoshihiko
Published: January 2025

Asset accumulation in later life is a pressing issue in Japan due to the growing gap between life expectancy (87.14 years for women, 81.09 years for men in 2023) and the retirement age (65 or less). This gap heightens financial insecurity, emphasizing the need to meet asset goals by 65. Hyperbolic discounting, driven by present-biased preferences, often hinders this process, but empirical evidence for those aged 65 and older remains limited. Moreover, prior research has overlooked the varying impacts of hyperbolic discounting across different wealth levels. This study addresses these gaps by analyzing data from 6709 active Japanese investors aged over 65 (2023 wave) using probit regression. Wealth thresholds are categorized into four levels: JPY 20 million, JPY 30 million, JPY 50 million, and JPY 100 million. The results show that hyperbolic discounting significantly impairs asset accumulation at the JPY 100 million level but not at lower thresholds. This effect likely reflects the complex nature of hyperbolic discounting, which primarily affects long-term savings and investments. The findings underscore the importance of addressing hyperbolic discounting in later-life financial planning. Recommendations include implementing automatic savings plans, enhancing financial literacy, and incorporating behavioral insights into planning tools to support better asset accumulation outcomes.
The Application of Fast Fourier Transform Filtering to High Spatial Resolution Digital Terrain Models Derived from LiDAR Sensors for the Objective Mapping of Surface Features and Digital Terrain Model Evaluations
Authors: González-Díez Alberto , Díaz-Martínez Ignacio , Cruz-Hernández Pablo , Barreda-Argüeso Antonio , Doughty Matthew
Published: January 2025

In this paper, the application is investigated of fast Fourier transform filtering (FFT-FR) to high spatial resolution digital terrain models (HR-DTM) derived from LiDAR sensors, assessing its efficacy in identifying genuine relief elements, including both natural geological features and anthropogenic landforms. The suitability of the derived filtered geomorphic references (FGRs) is evaluated through spatial correlation with ground truths (GTs) extracted from the topographical and geological geodatabases of Santander Bay, Northern Spain. In this study, it is revealed that existing artefacts, derived from vegetation or human infrastructures, pose challenges in the units’ construction, and large physiographic units are better represented using low-pass filters, whereas detailed units are more accurately depicted with high-pass filters. The results indicate a propensity of high-frequency filters to detect anthropogenic elements within the DTM. The quality of GTs used for validation proves more critical than the geodatabase scale. Additionally, in this study, it is demonstrated that the footprint of buildings remains uneliminated, indicating that the model is a poorly refined digital surface model (DSM) rather than a true digital terrain model (DTM). Experiments validate the DTM’s capability to highlight contacts and constructions, with water detection showing high precision (≥60%) and varying precision for buildings. Large units are better captured with low filters, whilst high filters effectively detect anthropogenic elements and more detailed units. This facilitates the design of validation and correction procedures for DEMs derived from LiDAR point clouds, enhancing the potential for more accurate and objective Earth surface representation.
LSN-GTDA: Learning Symmetrical Network via Global Thermal Diffusion Analysis for Pedestrian Trajectory Prediction in Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Scenarios
Authors: Mei Ling , Fu Mingyu , Wang Bingjie , Jia Lvxiang , Yu Mingyu , Zhang Yu , Zhang Lijun
Published: January 2025

The integration of pedestrian movement analysis with Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing enables comprehensive monitoring and a deeper understanding of human dynamics within urban environments, thereby facilitating the optimization of urban planning and public safety strategies. However, human behavior inherently involves uncertainty, particularly in the prediction of pedestrian trajectories. A major challenge lies in modeling the multimodal nature of these trajectories, including varying paths and targets. Current methods often lack a theoretical framework capable of fully addressing the multimodal uncertainty inherent in trajectory predictions. To tackle this, we propose a novel approach that models uncertainty from two distinct perspectives: (1) the behavioral factor, which reflects historical motion patterns of pedestrians, and (2) the stochastic factor, which accounts for the inherent randomness in future trajectories. To this end, we introduce a global framework named LSN-GTDA, which consists of a pair of symmetrical U-Net networks. This framework symmetrically distributes the semantic segmentation and trajectory prediction modules, enhancing the overall functionality of the network. Additionally, we propose a novel thermal diffusion process, based on signal and system theory, which manages uncertainty by utilizing the full response and providing interpretability to the network. Experimental results demonstrate that the LSN-GTDA method outperforms state-of-the-art approaches on benchmark datasets such as SDD and ETH-UCY, validating its effectiveness in addressing the multimodal uncertainty of pedestrian trajectory prediction.
Identification and Analysis on Surface Deformation in the Urban Area of Nanchang Based on PS-InSAR Method
Authors: Zhang Mengping , Pan Jiayi , Ma Peifeng , Lin Hui
Published: January 2025

Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) technology has emerged as a vital tool for monitoring surface deformation due to its high accuracy and spatial resolution. With the rapid economic development of Nanchang, extensive infrastructure development and construction activities have significantly altered the urban landscape. Underground excavation and groundwater extraction in the region are potential contributors to surface deformation. This study utilized Sentinel-1 satellite data, acquired between September 2018 and May 2023, and applied the Permanent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (PS-InSAR) technique to monitor surface deformation in Nanchang’s urban area. The findings revealed that surface deformation rates in the study area range from −10 mm/a to 6 mm/a, with the majority of regions remaining relatively stable. Approximately 99.9% of the monitored points exhibited deformation rates within −5 mm/a to 5 mm/a. However, four significant subsidence zones were identified along the Gan River and its downstream regions, with a maximum subsidence rate reaching 9.7 mm/a. Historical satellite imagery comparisons indicated that certain subsidence areas are potentially associated with construction activities. Further analysis integrating subsidence data, monthly precipitation, and groundwater depth revealed a negative correlation between surface deformation in Region A and rainfall, with subsidence trends aligning with groundwater level fluctuations. However, such a correlation was not evident in the other three regions. Additionally, water level data from the Xingzi Station of Poyang Lake showed that only Region A’s subsidence trend closely corresponds with water level variations. We conducted a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of soil types in Nanchang and found that the soil types in areas of surface deformation are primarily Semi-hydromorphic Soils and Anthropogenic Soils. These soils exhibit high compressibility, making them prone to compaction and significantly influencing surface deformation. This study concludes that localized surface deformation in Nanchang is primarily driven by urban construction activities and the compaction of artificial fill soils, while precipitation also has an impact in certain areas.
An Improved Method for Human Activity Detection with High-Resolution Images by Fusing Pooling Enhancement and Multi-Task Learning
Authors: Li Haoji , Ren Shilong , Fang Lei , Chen Jinyue , Wang Xinfeng , Wang Guoqiang , Zhang Qingzhu , Wang Qiao
Published: January 2025

Deep learning has garnered increasing attention in human activity detection due to its advantages, such as not relying on expert knowledge and automatic feature extraction. However, the existing deep learning-based approaches are primarily confined to recognizing specific types of human activities, which hinders scientific decision-making and comprehensive environmental protection. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a deep learning model to address multiple-type human activity detection with finer-resolution images. In this study, we proposed a new multi-task learning model (named PE-MLNet) to simultaneously achieve change detection and land use classification in GF-6 bitemporal images. Meanwhile, we also designed a pooling enhancement module (PEM) to accurately capture multi-scale change details from the bitemporal feature maps through combining differencing and concatenating branches. An independent annotated dataset at Yellow River Delta was taken to examine the effectiveness of PE-MLNet. The results showed that PE-MLNet exhibited obvious improvements in both detection accuracy and detail handling compared with other existing methods. Further analysis uncovered that the areas of buildings, roads, and oil depots has obviously increased, while the farmland and wetland areas largely decreased over the five years, indicating an expansion of human activities and their increased impacts on natural environments.