bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between 9-minute walk/run test and obesity among children and adolescents: evidence for criterion-referenced cut-points
Authors: Silva Diego Augusto Santos , Lang Justin J. , Petroski Edio L. , Mello Júlio B. , Gaya Adroaldo C.A. , Tremblay Mark S.
Published: February 2020

Background

Criterion-referenced cut-points for field-based aerobic fitness for children and adolescents are lacking. This study aimed to determine the associations between aerobic fitness and obesity to propose criterion-referenced cut-points for boys and girls (6–17 years).

Methods

A total of 61,465 children and adolescents aged 11.2 ± 2.0 years were recruited from 27 sites (all 26 states and Federal District) across Brazil. Aerobic fitness was assessed using 9-min walk/run test reported as distance attained during the test. Body mass index was calculated from measured height and weight and was used to identify obesity.

Results

The distance covered in the 9-min walk/run test (area under curve > 0.65) had satisfactory predictive ability for obesity. Sensitivity and specificity were moderate (>60%) to strong (>70%) for all age- and sex-specific cut-points. For boys, the optimal physical performance cut-points were, approximately, 1,200 m from 6 to 8 years, 1,300 m from 9 to 11 years, 1,380 m from 12 to 14 years, 1,520 m from 15 to 17 years. For girls, the best cut-points were, approximately, 1,070 m from 6 to 8 years, 1,160 m from 9 to 11 years and 1,200 m from 12 to 17 years.

Conclusions

The 9-min walk/run test had satisfactory predictive ability for obesity in children and adolescents. The physical fitness cut-points proposed in the present study varied according to age and sex and could be useful and practical tools to identify low levels of physical fitness in children and adolescents in Brazil.
Proximate and Sensory Evaluation of Fermented Seasonings from Soybean and Fluted Pumpkin Seeds
Authors: Ifediba Donald I. , Egbuna Helen I.
Published: February 2020

Specialty condiment (ogiri) was produced from seeds of soybean (Glycine max) and fluted pumpkin (Telfairia occidentalis) by spontaneous moist solid substrate fermentation of their pre-processed mash. The two samples coded FSBM and FFPM respectively were evaluated for nutritional quality. Effects of fermentation on proximate values of the seeds were also analyzed. The two samples were further subjected to sensory analysis using commercial brand made  from castor bean (Ricinus communis) seeds coded FCBM as a control. Results show that FFPM was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in ash, crude fiber and protein, but significantly lower in moisture and fat than the FSBM. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in carbohydrate content of the two samples. The FFPM recorded significant (p < 0.05) increase in crude fiber, fat and protein, and significant (p < 0.05) decrease in moisture, ash and carbohydrate compared to the values in the fluted pumpkin seeds. The FSBM recorded significant (p < 0.05) rise in fat and protein, but significant drop in moisture, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate compared to the values in soybean seeds. Sensory results show that FFPM was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than FSBM in flavor and marginally (p > 0.05) different in color, texture, taste and general acceptability. Baring the marginal (p < 0.05) superiority in taste, the FCBM was significantly (p<0.05) lower in every other attributes considered. It follows that good quality fermented condiments can be obtained from cheaper and underutilized oil seeds.
Perceptions of Flower Farm Workers on the Health Effects of Chemicals Exposures around Bahir Dar Town, Ethiopia
Authors: Belay Teshome Gizachew , Negash Tamirat Tefera
Published: February 2020

Aims: Explore the perceptions of flower farms workers towards the health effects of chemical exposures. Perception is the views, attitudes and opinions of workers.

Study Design: Descriptive survey, using quantitative and qualitative approaches.

Place and Duration of the Study: Tana Flora, Bahir Dar Farm and Tal Flowers, between November 2018 and June 2019.

Methodology: Statistical analyses were done using 302 sample workers (80 male and 222 female; age ranges 15-65 years) at 95% confidence interval employing stratified random sampling techniques via proportional sample selection, and a response rate of 95.6%. Independent sample t-test with the assumption of equal variance (the Leven’s t-test) was used to analyze the existence of significant perception differences among female and male workers, and workers labour divisions. Qualitative data was obtained through structured interviews from farms managers (3); regional Environmental, Forest and Wildlife Protection Development Authority (EFWPDA) officials (3) and field observations that supplemented the quantitatively analyzed data.

Results: Leven’s t-test showed the computed p-values were less than the preset significance level (0.05) for the majority of health impacts of chemical exposures. Significant perception differences were observed among male and female workers and workers of different labour divisions (production vs. protection; pack house vs. protection) towards health impacts: skin rush, appetite loss, stomach cancer, birth defects, reproductive system damage, dizziness and impaired sight. Males perceived in a better way than females since farms gave special focus to male workers in the protection section 27(8.9%) and they engaged using the required health protective gears. Further, in flower farms, most of the proposed health impact mitigation measures were poorly implemented.

Conclusion: Workers perception differences were occurred due to a particular attention to male workers in protection labour division; hence the regional EFWPDA should do the proper supervision and follow up for effective implementation of health impact mitigation measures.
Analysis of Water Stress in Different Varieties of Maize (Zea mays L.) at the Early Seedling Stage
Authors: Pawar Kiran Ramesh , Wagh Sopan Ganpatrao , Sonune Pravin Prakash , Solunke Sakshi Raju , Solanke Shubham Babanrao , Rathod Sandeep G. , Harke Sanjay N.
Published: February 2020

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a widely grown crop with a high rate of photosynthetic activity due to its C4 pathway leading to higher yields of grain and a potential for biomass. It is predominantly cross-pollinated crop, a feature that has contributed to its wide morphological variability and geographical adaptability. Abiotic stress such as drought stress negatively affects plant growth and development. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of drought stress on the morphological and biochemical content of seven different maize varieties. Here we have tested 7 different varieties of maize from the Marathwada region of Maharshtra, India. One week old plants have been affected by drought stress. After one week of drought stress, the plants were subjected to various morphometric and biochemical tests. The results showed that water stress treatment significantly affects root length, shoot length and fresh biomass of seven different varieties, i.e. TMMH 806, NMH 1008, DELTA 10V30, INDAM 1122, SRIKAR 3555, DKC 9141, SGA. Drought stress also had a negative impact on chlorophyll and proline content. Result further exhibited that based on drought tolerance index, variety SRIKAR 3555 could be ranked as drought tolerant and NMH 1008 as drought-sensitive, while remaining cultivator ranked as drought intermediates.
Effects of Crude Oil Exploration on the Physical and Mental Health of Residents of Okpai Community, Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Adinkwu Okwuezolu, Frederick , Obaghwarhievwo Adjene Josiah , Ego Chime Helen
Published: February 2020

One of the adverse effects that may accompany prolonged exposure to gas flaring (as with Niger Delta region of Nigeria) is increasing incidences of health anomalies amidst inhabitants. Current study investigated the effects of oil exploration and exploitation on the physical and mental health of residents of Okpai community in Ndokwa East Local Government Area of Delta State, southern Nigeria. A purposive sampling technique was used to draw a total of three hundred and forty (340) participants from the estimated population of Okpai community who have lived for a minimum of 3 years within the targeted area. Participants were then randomly recruited into three groups of equal number of interviewees of age range 18-30 (30%), 31-45 (37%) and 18-30 (33%) respectively. Majority of the respondents were in the age group of 18-30 (83%), with only 17% from 31-45 year old age group, similar to group 1. Following administration of questionnaire to participants, Socio-demographic variables were obtained after which their informed consents and approval was given. Obtained results were expressed in simple percentages, while presenting in appropriate statistical tables and graphs. Upon analysis, study observed an increase in the percentage of crude oil exploration on the physical and mental health of Okpai residents, suggesting that crude oil exploration greatly negatively affected the health status of Okpai community inhabitants. Study also established from the participants’ perception that the oil companies appeared not to be concerned or cares about the area investigated. Also from participants’ assertions, the consumption of contaminated fish and water created health problems. Participants also felt their healthcare needs were marginalized and ignored by representatives from oil companies and the local government. Most respondents described simply dealing with physical health ailments on their own or visiting their local chemist for treatments. Further studies aimed at corroborating these findings are highly recommended.
Camas Daraich:a Mesolithic site at the Point of Sleat, Skye
Authors: Wickham-Jones Caroline , Hardy Karen , Clarke Ann , Cressey Michael , Edwards Kevin , Newton Anthony
Published: February 2020

The archaeological site of Camas Daraich (on the peninsula of the Point of Sleat, in south-west Skye) was revealed in November 1999 when stone tools were discovered in the upcast from a newly bulldozed track. Excavation took place in May 2000, directed by the authors and under the auspices of Historic Scotland, the Centre for Field Archaeology and the Department of Archaeology, University of Edinburgh. The excavations were small-scale and brief, but they demonstrated the survival of stratified features (scoops and a possible hearth) as well as an assemblage of nearly 5000 flaked lithics, comprising both tools and debris. There was no organic preservation, with the exception of burnt hazelnut shell. The composition of the lithic assemblage suggested that the excavated site was Mesolithic and this was confirmed by the radiocarbon determinations, which place it securely in the mid 7th millennium BC. Surface material suggested that there was evidence for more recent prehistoric (stone-tool-using) activity in the vicinity. Although the archaeological work at Camas Daraich was limited, the site is interesting for several reasons. First, it is one of a growing number of sites in the area with early dates for human settlement (until the mid 1980s dated Mesolithic evidence was lacking in the north of Scotland). Second, the lithic raw materials in use at Camas Daraich connect it firmly to a wider network of sites and provide conclusive evidence for human mobility. Third, further Mesolithic material is likely to survive at Camas Daraich so that the future well-being of the site is an important issue. Fourth, though there was no organic preservation, used pumice was recovered and this is rare on Mesolithic sites. Fifth, the lithics include both narrow-blade tools and conventionally broader/larger pieces and the relationship between these two traditions is still poorly understood in Scottish archaeology. Camas Daraich suggests that they may not be as clearly separated as previously thought.
Cist burials and an Iron Age settlement at Dryburn Bridge, Innerwick, East Lothian
Authors: Dunwell Andrew , Finlayson B , Cool H , Cowie T , Heald A , Hunter F , Ingemark D , Jay M , Roberts J , Sheridan A , Thoms J
Published: February 2020

This report provides an account of the excavations of a cropmark enclosure and other prehistoric remains at Dryburn Bridge, near Innerwick in East Lothian. The excavations were directed over two seasons in 1978 and 1979 by Jon Triscott and David Pollock, and were funded by the Ancient Monuments Branch, Scottish Development Department. Features and artefacts of various periods were discovered during the excavations, including a Mesolithic chipped stone assemblage and pits associated with Impressed Ware pottery. A pair of distinctive burial cists dating to c2300-2000 cal BC was discovered, each containing two inhumations, one articulated and the other disarticulated; a Beaker vessel was found directly above one of the cists. By the mid first millennium cal BC a settlement had been founded on the site. Three successive settlement layouts can be interpreted from the excavated structures. The first two phases represent continuous occupation, dating to before 400 cal BC, and consisted of timber roundhouses, other rectangular structures and a small cemetery of pit graves located within a palisaded enclosure. The final occupation phase, which extended into the Roman Iron Age and may have occurred after a break in occupation, consisted of an unenclosed settlement of ring-ditch houses. Historic Scotland and predecessor bodies funded the post-excavation studies and publication of this report.
Two prehistoric short-cists and an early medieval long-cist cemetery with dug graves on Kingston Common, North Berwick, East Lothian
Authors: Suddaby Ian , Duffy Paul , Jackson Adam , Lawson John , MacSween Ann , Warren Graeme , Mudie George , Hicks Kevin , Whitelaw Leeanne
Published: February 2020

Human remains were discovered during the laying of a water pipe to service the refurbished Fenton Tower at Kingston, near North Berwick, in 2001. Two short-cist burials, thirty-eight long-cist burials and bank-defined terraces containing dug graves and a possible chapel (NT58SW 152) were found. It is suggested that three main periods of burial are represented, spanning the Neolithic to the early second millennium AD.
Angus McEachen's house: the anatomy of an early 19th-century crofting settlement near Arisaig
Authors: White Ross , O'Connell Chris , Oliver Fay , Anderson Sue
Published: February 2020

This report presents the results of an excavation and historical study of an early 19th-century settlement at Brunary Burn near Arisaig, Highlands (NGR: NM 6770 8578). CFA Archaeology Ltd carried out the excavation during October 2005 in advance of the realignment and upgrading works of the A830 between Fort William and Arisaig. Two rectangular drystone buildings were excavated, along with a yard area between them. Artefacts recovered included pottery, iron tools, cauldron fragments, slate roofing and clay pipe fragments. The project provided an opportunity to bring together social historical research with archaeological evidence for a somewhat archaeologically under-studied period, and also identified the former inhabitants of the settlement as Angus McEachen and his extended family. The buildings appear to have been occupied for perhaps a single generation before the family was evicted and moved to new accommodation within the area.
Through the Cowgate: life in 15th-century Edinburgh as revealed by excavations at St Patrick's Church
Authors: Jones Elizabeth , Crone Anne , Cross Morag , Franlin Julie , Haston Sarah-Jane , Holmes N M , Lancaster Stephen , Mighall T , Reilly Eileen , Thomas Clare , Timpany Scott , Tourunen Auli
Published: February 2020

Excavations in the grounds of St Patrick's Church, Edinburgh were undertaken by Headland Archaeology from November 2006 to February 2007 on behalf of the Archdiocese of St Andrews and Edinburgh in advance of the construction of a hotel on the site. Soil analyses suggested that flash floods had swept through this part of Cowgate up until the early development of the medieval town upslope in the 11th-12th centuries. This early pattern was followed by the gradual build-up of material washed downslope from the High Street; this contained midden material and dung beetles, illustrating the nearby presence of the town. The site lay outwith the bounds of the burgh until the 14th century, when a substantial ditch was cut across the site, believed to be the medieval town boundary. The ditch was backfilled in the 15th century and finds and samples have revealed a vivid picture of life in the medieval town. The ditch was a stinking rubbish dump for many kinds of human and animal detritus, which illustrates that the Cowgate was a busy thoroughfare to the town's markets and contained a variety of industries, including horn working. After the ditch was filled in deep midden deposits, characteristic of this area of Edinburgh, built up on the site.
Coconut Oil
Authors: Withana‐Gamage Thushan S. , Perera Suneru P. , Wanasundara Udaya N.
Published: February 2020

The coconut palm is one of the most useful trees because of the raw materials it offers. As a perennial provider of food, beverage, shelter, animal feed, and feedstock for the oleochemical industries, the palm is reverently described as theTree of Life,Tree of Heaven, and other metaphors by the people of coconut‐producing countries. Coconut palms grow with a minimum of attention, but for commercial farms, the trees must be tended and maintained in order to improve productivity.

This article provides information on the coconut palms, extraction of different types of coconut oil, the properties of coconut oil, and an overview of coconut proteins. The various parts of the fruit are the kernel, coconut water, testa (the brown layer between the kernel and the shell), shell, and husk. Copra is the dried kernel of coconuts. The conversion of kernel to copra is an essential step if the oil is to be drawn by the conventional mechanical extraction method. The dry process is the traditional method of extracting the oil. Feedstock in the wet process is the fresh kernel. Refining of crude fats and oils involves a series of steps for removal of impurities to make the product suitable for human consumption.

Coconut oil belongs to a unique group of vegetable oils called lauric oils. More than 90% of the fatty acids in coconut oil are saturated. The physical and chemical properties are detailed. Coconut products are used in edible products, medical and infant food formulations, and nonfood products, such as soap. The fatty acids from coconut oil are used as a feedstock in the oleochemical industries. The storage of the product and some economic information are also discussed.
Oils from Fruit, Spice, and Herb Seeds
Authors: Yu Liangli (Lucy) , Choe Uyory , Li Yanfang , Zhang Yaqiong
Published: February 2020

This article reviews selected edible fruit, spice, and herb seed oils for their fatty acid compositions and other physicochemical properties. The seed oils were grouped according to their predominant or distinguishing fatty acid. These groups mainly included oils rich in α‐linolenic (18:3n−3), γ‐linolenic (18:3n−6), linoleic (18:2n−6), oleic (18:1n−9), or petroselinic (18:1n−12) acids. A total of 65 seed oils were included.
Rotatable Aggregation‐Induced‐Emission/Aggregation‐Caused‐Quenching Ratio Strategy for Real‐Time Tracking Nanoparticle Dynamics
Authors: Wu Hao , Zhang Lu , Yang Jinfan , Bo Ruonan , Du Hongxu , Lin Kai , Zhang Dalin , Ramachandran Mythili , Shen Yingbin , Xu Yangxi , Xue Xiangdong , Ma Zhao , Lindstrom Aaron Raymond , Carney Randy , Lin Tzu‐Yin , Li Yuanpei
Published: February 2020

Real‐time tracking of the dynamics change of self‐assembled nanostructures in physiological environments is crucial to improving their delivery efficiency and therapeutic effects. However, such tracking is impeded by the complex biological microenvironment leading to inhomogeneous distribution. A rotatable fluorescent ratio strategy is introduced that integrates aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) and aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) into one nanostructured system, termed AIE and ACQ fluorescence ratio (AAR). Following this strategy, an advanced probe, PEG5k‐TPE4‐ICGD4 (PTI), is developed to track the dynamics change. The extremely sharp fluorescent changes (up to 4008‐fold) in AAR allowed for the clear distinguishing and localization of the intact state and diverse dissociated states. The spatiotemporal distribution and structural dynamics of the PTI micelles can be tracked, quantitatively analyzed in living cells and animal tissue by the real‐time ratio map, and be used to monitor other responsive nanoplatforms. With this method, the dynamics of nanoparticle in different organelles are able to be investigated and validated by transmission electron microscopy. This novel strategy is generally applicable to many self‐assembled nanostructures for understanding delivery mechanism in living systems, ultimately to enhance their performance in biomedical applications.
Nanoribbon‐Based Flexible High‐Performance Transistors Fabricated at Room Temperature
Authors: Zumeit Ayoub , Navaraj William Taube , Shakthivel Dhayalan , Dahiya Ravinder
Published: February 2020

Si‐nanoribbon‐based high‐performance field‐effect transistors (FETs) with room temperature (RT)‐deposited dielectric are presented. The distinct feature of these devices is that the high‐quality SiNx dielectric deposition at RT, directly on the transfer‐printed nanoribbons, is compatible with most flexible substrates. The performance of these FETs (mobility ≈656 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on/off ratio >106) is on par with the highest performance of similar devices reported with high‐temperature processes, and significantly higher than devices reported with low‐temperature processes. The transfer and output characteristics of nanoribbon‐based field‐effect transistors under planar, tensile, and compressive bending and multiple bending cycles (100) show excellent mechanical stability of the devices as they retain performance. The device characteristics are also compared with the equivalent simulation data. The excellent response of nanoribbon‐based FETs and the fabrication compatibility with diverse flexible substrates makes the presented approach attractive for flexible electronics applications such as conformal tactile active matrix sensors for e‐skin, where high performance is needed.
Effect of seeding distance from subsurface banded poultry litter on corn yield and leaf greenness
Authors: Ashworth A.J. , Pote D.H. , Way T.R. , Watts D.B.
Published: February 2020

Poultry litter is a nutrient‐rich soil amendment and is generated in large quantities throughout the southeastern United States where row crop production, such as corn (Zea maysL.) occurs. However, extensive surface poultry litter applications have resulted in nutrient losses to atmosphere and water systems. Research objectives were to determine optimum corn planting distance from subsurface‐applied poultry litter bands for maximizing plant N uptake and productivity under rainfed and irrigated conditions in a conservation tillage system. This experiment was conducted as a split‐block at two locations in Alabama and one in Arkansas during 2016. Irrigation was the whole block and soil amendments the split‐block, which included planting corn 13, 25, and 38 cm to the side of subsurface banded poultry litter, surface‐applied poultry litter, inorganic N (all received total N; 168 kg ha−1), and 0 kg N ha−1(control). Chlorophyll readings indicated inorganic fertilizers and the 25 cm resulted in greatest leaf greenness, which was not different from the 13‐cm litter band distance. Banding distance had no impact on rainfed forage yields; however, yields were not different from inorganic fertilizer applications. The 13‐cm band distance resulted in the greatest grain yield, which was not different from the inorganic‐N treatment. Grain neutral detergent fiber, crude fiber, and P and K fractions were all favorable for the 13‐cm band distance treatment. Yield and quality results suggest subsurface banding poultry litter 13 cm from corn rows may be a viable replacement for inorganic fertilizers in fodder and grain systems, particularly in organic production systems.
Regenerated cellulose aerogel: Morphology control and the application as the template for functional cellulose nanoparticles
Authors: Tang Yue , Wang Han‐Qing , Hou De‐Fa , Tan Huang , Yang Ming‐Bo
Published: February 2020

This article focuses on controlling the morphology of regenerated cellulose aerogel (RCA) and its application as a template for the preparation of functional cellulose nanoparticles (FCNPs). RCA is prepared by lyophilizing cellulose hydrogel which is fabricated through a sol–gel method in sodium hydroxide (NaOH)/urea aqueous solution. The morphology of RCA is adjusted by varying the gelation temperature and time. With the gelation temperature and time increasing, lamellar RCA transforms into strings of cellulose nanoparticles. Subsequently, RCA with the morphology of "strings of nanoparticles" is modified through the bulk condensation of l‐lactic acid and RCA. Eventually, the prepared functionalized RCA (FRCA) is dispersed in an organic solvent to obtain purified FCNPs. The results demonstrate that single FCNP can be obtained by dispersing FRCA in dimethyl sulfoxide. Moreover, the prepared FCNPs have uniform size, good thermal‐stability, and increasing hydrophobicity, which are ideal candidates for polymer composites in terms of fillers.
Using occupancy models to assess the effectiveness of underwater cameras to detect rare stream fishes
Authors: Castañeda Rowshyra A. , Weyl Olaf L.F. , Mandrak Nicholas E.
Published: February 2020

Many conservation efforts for freshwater fishes have been undertaken; however, continuing the monitoring of both the distribution and the abundance of species to determine the effectiveness of these actions can be difficult. As species increase in rarity, they are more difficult to detect in the field, making inferences on occupancy less reliable.

Conventional sampling methods, such as electrofishing and seining, require the physical handling of rare fishes, which may cause stress and mortality and, consequently, compromise conservation goals and limit monitoring programmes. Non‐invasive surveillance methods, including underwater video, are playing an increasingly important role.

In this study, occupancy models were used to estimate the detection probability of underwater cameras as an alternative to the conventional sampling methods for rare stream fishes. Redside dace (Clinostomus elongatus), a small minnow listed as Endangered, was used as a model organism for rarity. A total of 69 historical redside dace sites were sampled using three sampling methods to determine the effect of gear type on detecting and identifying the habitat preferences of this rare minnow.

On average, using multiple underwater cameras is as effective at detecting a rare minnow as conventional sampling methods (backpack electrofisher and seine) and causes no harm.

The detection probability of both underwater cameras and backpack electrofishing were adversely affected by turbidity, whereas seining was positively affected by stream velocity. The probability of occupancy of redside dace is driven by open channels and sediment size, and this provides a strong basis for informing stream restoration projects.

The use of multiple underwater cameras over conventional sampling methods is recommended when sampling for rare and endangered minnows in systems with low turbidity.
A pseudo time‐series reveals the rapid recovery and high variability of benthic macroinvertebrate populations following catchment wildfire
Authors: Monaghan Kieran A. , Machado Ana L. , Wrona Frederick J. , Soares Amadeu M.V.M.
Published: February 2020

The increasing risk of wildfire has focused attention on the timescale of the impact and recovery of river ecosystems and methods for their bioassessment.

An 18‐year pseudo time‐series was exploited to document patterns in benthic macroinvertebrate impact and recovery and evaluate the efficacy of alternative metrics to assess fire damage. Macroinvertebrates were surveyed by kick‐sampling and data were collected on river habitats. Details of river catchments and wildfire were collated as a GIS database.

Macroinvertebrate richness and abundance recovered rapidly, marked by a phase of dynamic increase, followed by relative stability (0–2 years and 3–18 years, respectively). Across sites, richness and abundance were best explained by time since fire.

A biotic index of general river quality was ineffective as an indicator of fire damage. While a metric ofK‐selected taxa (Odonata richness) was generally indicative of fire‐affected assemblages, a contrasting metric ofr‐selected taxa (percentage of chironomids, baetids, and simuliids) was not.

Ordination analysis revealed time as a significant determinant of community structure across sites; however, its overall statistical importance was eclipsed by habitat characteristics (water quality, shade, altitude, and latitude) that were associated with ecological variation across both recently affected sites and the putatively recovered communities.

These results highlight the stochastic processes – environmental and ecological – that frame the macroinvertebrate response to wildfire. This probabilistic context emphasizes the difficulties of developing indicator taxa for wildfire bioassessment and reinforces the importance of standardized survey protocols and the use of contrasting metrics in the assessment of wildfire impact on the ecological quality of rivers.
Comparison of Aortitis Versus Noninflammatory Aortic Aneurysms Among Patients Who Undergo Open Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Quimson Laarni , Mayer Adam , Capponi Sarah , Rea Bryan , Rhee Rennie L.
Published: February 2020

Objective

Distinguishing aortitis‐induced aneurysms from noninflammatory aortic aneurysms is difficult and often incidentally diagnosed on histologic examination after surgical repair. This study was undertaken to examine surgically diagnosed aortitis and identify patient characteristics and imaging findings associated with the disease.

Methods

In this case–control study, cases had newly diagnosed, biopsy‐proven noninfectious aortitis after open thoracic aortic aneurysm surgical repair. Five controls were matched with cases for year of surgery and lacked significant inflammation on surgical pathology analysis. Data on comorbidities, demographic characteristics, and laboratory and imaging abnormalities prior to surgery were collected. Associations between exposures and outcomes were evaluated using conditional logistic regression. Backward stepwise logistic regression was used to determine factors independently associated with aortitis. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95%confidence intervals (95%CIs) were calculated.

Results

The study included 262 patients (43 patients with aortitis and 219 controls). Patients with aortitis were older at the time of surgery, predominantly female, and less likely to have a history of coronary artery disease (CAD). Multivariable analysis revealed that aortitis was independently associated with an older age at the time of surgery (OR 1.08 [95%CI 1.03–1.13], P < 0.01), female sex (OR 2.36 [95%CI 1.01–5.51], P = 0.04), absence of CAD (OR 6.92 [95%CI 2.14–22.34], P = 0.04), a larger aneurysm diameter (OR 1.74 [95%CI 1.02–2.98], P = 0.04), and arterial wall thickening on imaging (OR 56.93 [95%CI 4.31–752.33], P < 0.01).

Conclusion

Among patients who undergo open surgical repair of an aortic aneurysm, elderly women with no history of CAD who have evidence of other aortic or arterial wall thickening on imaging are more likely to have histologic evidence of aortitis. Patients with these characteristics may benefit from further rheumatologic evaluation.
Modeling and Simulation of the Pharmacokinetics and Target Engagement of an Antagonist Monoclonal Antibody to Interferon‐γ–Induced Protein 10, BMS‐986184, in Healthy Participants to Guide Therapeutic Dosing
Authors: Cai Weiguo , Leil Tarek A. , Gibiansky Leonid , Krishna Murli , Zhang Hongwei , Gu Huidong , Sun Huadong , Throup John , Banerjee Subhashis , Girgis Ihab
Published: February 2020

BMS‐986184 is a human, second‐generation, anti–interferon‐γ–induced protein 10 (IP‐10) monoclonal antibody. In this study the pharmacokinetics and target engagement (TE) of BMS‐986184 in healthy participants were characterized using population‐based target‐mediated drug disposition (TMDD) modeling and data from a first‐in‐human study (NCT02864264). The results of the first‐in‐human study and the model generated were used to conduct stochastic simulations of a virtual population of healthy participants to predict pharmacokinetic exposures and TE responses for different dosage regimens. A 2‐compartment, 2‐target, TMDD structural model, assuming quasi‐steady‐state and stimulated production on treatment, was developed by simultaneous fitting of the total drug, serum‐free IP‐10, and serum total IP‐10 concentration data, with the second unobservable target contribution to drug elimination described by the Michaelis‐Menten elimination term. Model evaluation confirmed agreement between model predictions and observed data. Simulation of a virtual population of healthy individuals demonstrated that steady state was reached at the eighth dosing interval, and that around 150 mg subcutaneously every other week could be a suitable target dosage regimen for future clinical trials. Integrated modeling strategies such as this can be used to help guide rational clinical trial development of drugs with TMDD, leading to improved dose selection and greater patient benefits.
Derivatized Carbon Nanotubes for Gene Therapy in Mammalian and Plant Cells
Authors: Singh Adhish , Hua Hsu Ming , Gupta Neeraj , Khanra Partha , Kumar Pankaj , Prakash Verma Ved , Kapoor Mohit
Published: February 2020

The concept of gene vectors for therapeutic applications has been known for several years, but it is far from revealing its actual potential. With the advent of hollow cylindrical carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs), researchers have invented several new tools to deliver genes at the required site of action in mammalian and plant cells. The ease of diversified functionalization has allowed CNTs to be by far the most adaptable non‐viral vector for gene therapy. This Minireview addresses the dexterity with which CNTs undergo surface modifications and their applications as a potent vector in gene therapy of humans and plants. Specifically, we will discuss the new tools that scientific communities have invented to achieve gene therapy using plasmid DNA, RNA silencing, suicide gene therapy, and plant genetic engineering. Additionally, we will shed some light on the mechanism of gene transportation using carbon nanotubes in cancer cells and plants.
The pilot study examining the effects of swallowing position on lung volume fraction and the coordination between respiration and non‐nutritive swallowing reflex
Authors: Yamaguchi‐Komeyama Kaori , Ayuse Terumi , Mikushi Shinya , Hisamatsu Noriko , Yamaguchi Taiki , Magata Nobuaki , Tanoue Naomi , Kawasaki Hanako , Kozu Ryo , Takahata Hideaki , Ayuse Takao
Published: February 2020

Background

Body position might affect the coordination between respiration and swallowing. This study was carried out to test the hypothesis that during swallowing, coordinated movements of muscle groups such as the diaphragm and rectus abdominis muscles are important to control normal swallowing apnea.

Objective

To investigate this hypothesis, respiratory parameters, swallowing apnea and muscle activity were measured in each of four body positions: sitting position with feet on the floor, 30° reclining position, lateral position, and standing position.

Methods

All measurements were performed in nine healthy subjects. Nasal airflow was measured using a pneumotachometer and muscle activity was measured using an electromyograph. All lung volume fraction parameters were measured using spirometer and swallowing apnea time was calculated.

Results

The maximum inspiratory volume was 2.76 ± 0.83 L in the 30° reclining position, which was significantly larger than that in the other positions (p = .0001). The preliminary expiratory volume was 1.05 ± 0.42 L in the 30° reclining position, which was significantly smaller than that in the other positions (p < .0001). The swallowing apnea time during water swallowing was 1.17 ± 0.35 sec in the lateral position and 0.87 ± 0.28 sec in the 30° reclining position, which tended to be longer than the 0.78 sec in the sitting position.

Conclusion

We conclude that both lateral and reclining positions require a longer period of swallowing apnea compared to the sitting and standing positions. Differences in body position may significantly influence the coordination between respiration and swallowing.
Cardiac biomarkers for the detection of cardiotoxicity in childhood cancer—a meta‐analysis
Authors: Michel Lars , Mincu Raluca I. , Mrotzek Simone M. , Korste Sebastian , Neudorf Ulrich , Rassaf Tienush , Totzeck Matthias
Published: February 2020

Aims

Childhood cancer therapy is associated with a significant risk of therapy‐related cardiotoxicity. This meta‐analysis aims to evaluate cardiac biomarkers for the detection of cancer therapy‐related left ventricular (LV) dysfunction in childhood cancer patients.

Methods and results

PubMed, Cochrane Library, Wiley Library, and Web of Science were screened for studies investigating brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)/N‐terminal proBNP (NT‐proBNP) or cardiac troponin in childhood cancer patients. The odds ratios (OR) for elevation of cardiac biomarkers and association with LV dysfunction were calculated using a random‐effects model. Data from 27 studies with 1651 subjects were included. BNP/NT‐proBNP levels were higher post‐treatment compared with controls or pre‐treatment values [standardized mean difference = 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.6–1.4; n = 320; P < 0.001]. LV dysfunction was present in 11.76% of included patients, and risk for LV dysfunction was increased in patients with elevated BNP/NT‐proBNP (OR = 7.1; 95% CI = 2.0–25.5; n = 350; P = 0.003). The sensitivity of BNP/NT‐proBNP for the detection of LV dysfunction was 33.3%, and the specificity was 91.5%. Sensitivity increased when selecting for studies that assessed patients < 5 years after anthracycline exposure and for studies including high cumulative anthracycline doses. Anthracycline chemotherapy was associated with an increased frequency of elevated troponin (OR = 3.7; 95% CI = 2.1–6.5; n = 348; P < 0.001). The available evidence on the association between elevated troponin and LV dysfunction was insufficient for an adequate analysis. In five included studies, the frequency of LV dysfunction was not increased in patients with elevated troponin (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 0.5–13.2; n = 179; P = 0.53).

Conclusions

BNP/NT‐proBNP is associated with cardiotoxicity in paediatric cancer patients receiving anthracycline therapy, but owing to low sensitivity, BNP/NT‐proBNP has to be evaluated in the context of further parameters including clinical assessment and echocardiography. Future studies are needed to determine whether troponin serves as a marker for cardiotoxicity in children. Standardized recommendations for the application of cardiac biomarkers in children undergoing cardiotoxic cancer therapy may benefit management and clinical outcome.
Enhancement of the edible quality and shelf life of soft‐boiled chicken using MAP
Authors: Deng Shaolin , Li Ming , Wang Huhu , Xu Xinglian , Zhou Guanghong
Published: February 2020

In order to commercialize soft‐boiled chicken, a traditional Asian food, this work was performed to evaluate the effect of the packages on the edible quality. Soft‐boiled chickens were packaged with air packaging (AP) or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP, MN:100% N2 and MC:30%CO2/70%N2) conditions. Total viable counts reached the acceptable limit of 4.90 Log CFU/g at 1.5, 2.5, and 4 days of storage under AP, MN, and MC, respectively. However, sensory acceptance limits, based on overall acceptance by the professional panelists, were not reached until one day later. The TVB‐N content of MAP was lower than that of the AP. The finding indicated that the shelf life of soft‐boiled chicken could be extended by two days using MAP with CO2. These findings will provide basic reference for the packaging of cooked meat and also provide information on poultry processing techniques that could be applied at commercial scales.
RETRACTED: Survival and stability of free and encapsulated probiotic bacteria under simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in ice cream
Authors: Afzaal Muhammad , Khan Azmat Ullah , Saeed Farhan , Arshad Muhammad Sajid , Khan Muhammad Asif , Saeed Muhammad , Maan Abid Aslam , Khan Muhammad Kashif , Ismail Zoria , Ahmed Aftab , Tufail Tabussam , Ateeq Huda , Anjum Faqir Muhammad
Published: February 2020

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the upshot of microencapsulation on the stability and viability of probiotics in carrier food (ice cream) and simulated gastrointestinal (GIT) conditions. Purposely, Lactobacillus casei was encapsulated with two different hydrocolloids, that is, calcium alginate (Ca‐ALG) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) by using encapsulator. The obtained microbeads were characterized in terms of encapsulation efficiency and morphological features. Afterward, the probiotics in free and encapsulated form were incorporated into ice cream. The product was subjected for physicochemical, microbiological, and sensory attributes over a storage period of 80 days. Microencapsulation with both hydrogels significantly (p < .05) improved the viability of probiotics in both carrier food and simulated GIT conditions.The initial viable count of probiotics encapsulated with Ca‐ALG and WPC was 9.54 and 9.52 log CFU/ml, respectively, that declined to 8.59 and 8.39 log CFU/ml, respectively, over period of 80 days of storage. While nonencapsulated/free cells declined from 9.44 to 6.41 log CFU/ml during same storage period. Likewise, during in vitro GIT assay, encapsulated probiotic with Ca‐ALG and WPC showed 0.95 and 1.13 log reduction, respectively. On other hand, free probiotics showed significant 3.03 log reduction. Overall, microencapsulated probiotic exhibited better survival as compared to free cells. Moreover, the amalgamation of encapsulated and free probiotics affected the physicochemical (decrease in pH and increase in viscosity) was and sensory parameters of ice cream during storage.
Caring for People with Disabilities: An Ethics of Respect
Authors: Mintz Kevin , Wasserman David
Published: February 2020

Eva Feder Kittay's Learning from My Daughter: The Value and Care of Disabled Minds is poised to make a major contribution to the disability literature and is likely to spark controversy among disability scholars. The book's central contribution is the articulation of an ethics of care for meeting the “genuine needs” and “legitimate wants” of people with disabilities or chronic illnesses. We applaud Kittay, who is the mother of a woman with cerebral palsy who has multiple physical and intellectual impairments, for sharing her story in such an eloquent, accessible, and personal manner. The question remains, however, as to whether Kittay's normative theory of care captures the ethical obligations that should exist between the carer and the cared‐for. In demanding that the cared‐for include the carer as a participant in all their interactions with others, Kittay conceptualizes what paid caregiving relationships should look like in a way we find misguided.
Interplay between two spin states determines the hydroxylation catalyzed by P450 monooxygenase from Trichoderma brevicompactum
Authors: Hussain Razak , Yadav Rolly , Ahmed Mushtaq , Khan Tabreiz A. , Kumar Devesh , Akhter Yusuf
Published: February 2020

Tri11 (now renamed as tri22) encoded cytochrome P450 monooxygenase in Trichoderma brevicompactum catalyzes the C‐4 C‐H hydroxylation of 12, 13‐epoxytrichothec‐9‐ene (EPT) to produce trichodermol in the biosynthetic pathway of trichodermin/harzianum A. The density functional theory (DFT)‐quantum mechanics (QM) approach is applied to elucidate the hydroxylation of EPT by using a model active species of P450 (Cpd I). The QM calculations were performed on the active site complex, to find out transition‐state structure, intermediate, and product complexes for the two spin states at different potential energy surfaces. The two state reactivity rebound‐free product formation resulted from the interplay of two spin states (doublet and quartet).
RETRACTED: Promotion of cell autophagy and apoptosis in cervical cancer by inhibition of long noncoding RNA LINC00511 via transcription factor RXRA‐regulated PLD1
Authors: Shi Yangyang , Liu Mengran , Huang Yan , Zhang Jing , Yin Ling
Published: February 2020

An increasing number of studies have explored the relationship of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) with cervical cancer, yet the role of LINC00511 in cervical cancer still remains elusive. The current dissertation was intended to explore the effect of LINC00511 on cervical cancer development by regulating phospholipase D1 (PLD1) expression through transcription factor retinoic X receptor alpha (RXRA). Differentially expressed lncRNA and messenger RNA related to cervical cancer were screened by microarray‐based expression profiling. Cervical cancer and paracancerous tissues were harvested to determine the LINC00511 expression using reverse transcription‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. The relationship among LINC00511, PLD1 promoter activity, and RXRA were determined via RNA immunoprecipitation, chromatin immunoprecipitation, and dual‐luciferase reporter assays. Proliferation, autophagy, and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells were detected with a series of experiments. Tumor xenograft in nude mice was employed to determine the influence of LINC00511 and PLD1 on tumor formation and growth of cervical cancer in vivo. LINC00511 might influence the occurrence of cervical cancer by upregulating PLD1 expression via recruiting transcription factor RXRA. LINC00511 and PLD1 expressions were remarkably high in cervical cancer tissues and cells. LINC00511 combined with RXRA, and overexpression of LINC00511 in cervical cancer cells elevated PLD1 expression. Si‐LINC00511, si‐RXRA or si‐PLD1 triggered repression of proliferation and promotion of autophagy and apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. In vivo experiment, si‐LINC00511, or si‐PLD1 inhibited the tumorigenic ability of nude mice. Collectively, this study suggests that LINC00511 acts as an oncogenic lncRNA in cervical cancer via the promotion of transcription factor RXRA‐regulated PLD1.
Upregulated lncRNA UCA1 inhibits trophoblast cell invasion and proliferation by downregulating JAK2
Authors: Liu Jie , Luo Chengyan , Zhang Chu , Cai Qian , Lin Jihui , Zhu Tong , Huang Xiaojie
Published: February 2020

Numerous studies have suggested that urothelial cancer‐associated 1 (UCA1) acts as a suppressor gene affecting cell proliferation and migration. However, the biological role and the potential mechanism of UCA1 in the progression of pre‐eclampsia (PE) remains unclear. The UCA1 level was markedly upregulated in PE pregnancies relative to non‐PE ones in GSE75010 and tissues. A higher body mass index (BMI), maximum systolic blood pressure (BP), and maximum diastolic BP were observed in PE pregnancies, whereas the newborn weight z‐score was lower compared with those of non‐PE pregnancies. Knockdown of UCA1 accelerated the proliferative migratory abilities and cell cycle progression, but inhibited apoptosis of HTR‐8/SVneo and JAR cells. Then, we found that Janus kinases 2 (JAK2) was negatively correlated with UCA1. In addition, JAK2 was downregulated in the placenta of PE pregnancies and was negatively regulated by UCA1. UCA1 was mainly enriched in the nucleus. Knockdown of UCA1 reduced the occupancies of the enhancer of zeste 2 polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit (EZH2) and H3K27me3 on the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) promoter regions. Finally, rescue experiments found that transfection of short‐hairpin JAK2 attenuated proliferative and migratory abilities of trophoblasts, which were partially reversed after UCA1 knockdown. In short, UCA1 is upregulated in the trophocytes of PE pregnancies and accelerates trophoblast cell invasion and proliferation by downregulating JAK2.