bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cultural Psychology of Control
Authors: Yamaguchi Susumu , Gelfand Michele , Ohashi Megumi M. , Zemba Yuriko
Published: November 2005

This study focused on the cultural psychology of control in the United States and Japan. The authors tested a hypothesis that Japanesewould tend to overestimate their ability to control their outcomes collectively compared to personally, whereas Americans would show the reverse tendency. As expected, Japanese participants in the group condition, relative to those in the individual condition, were more optimistic about obtaining a favorable outcome. American men, on the other hand, were more optimistic in the individual condition. Interestingly, similar to the Japanese participants, American women showed a reverse but nonsignificant tendency to be more optimistic in the group condition. These results indicate that the psychology of control is both gendered and cultured.
An Examination of the Sociopolitical History of Chicanos and its Relationship to School Performance
Authors: Duncan-Andrade Jeffrey M. R.
Published: November 2005

How does a history of discrimination and marginalization affect Chicanos’ perceptions of schooling? This article offers a brief analysis of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo as an instantiation of a historical metanarrative of colonialism. Using a critical theoretical framework, the article explores the destructive impact of this narrative on Chicano youth. Although it is clear that times change, certain essential elements of a colonial relationship remain; they are inescapable for Chicano youth and affect their view of schooling along with their school performance. Furthermore, students’ critical examinations of these metanarratives can empower young people to disrupt predictable educational trajectories. The article concludes with suggestions for creating a caring school culture through a culturally relevant critical pedagogy that empowers students to develop a sense of hope, purpose, and positive identity.
A Multidimensional Approach to Understanding Neighborhood Schools and Their Potential Impact
Authors: Sinha Vandna , Payne Monique R. , Cook Thomas D.
Published: November 2005

Many districts are considering revamping the systems determining which schools students attend. These discussions are, inherently, about the fate of the neighborhood school. But this term has never been well defined. We develop a three-dimensional, theoretically, and empirically grounded definition of a neighborhood school. The authors’ two case studies demonstrate that these dimensions are independent and differentially related to academic achievement. The results suggest that youth in the authors’ samples have higher academic performance when they attend school with both the majority of youth in their neighborhoods and with students from other neighborhoods. Therefore, districts interested in promoting achievement gains and promoting within-school diversity may consider a policy in which all the youth from a number of neighborhoods are placed in a single school.
Identity and Agency in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Côté James E. , Arnett Jeffrey Jensen
Published: November 2005

The study of emerging adulthood—the prolonged transition to adulthood extending into the 20s—is a rapidly growing area of research. Although identity issues are prominent during this period, the role of personal agency and individualization in the identity formation process during these years is not well understood. This study examines three psychological aspects of identity formation (style, status, and process) in relation to personal agency associated with the individualization process. Structural equation modeling analyses suggest that higher levels of agency are positively related to exploration and flexible commitment, unrelated to conformity, and negatively related to avoidance. Cluster analysis was used to examine and support a theorized polarity between developmental and default forms of individualization. Replicated across three U.S. ethnic groups, the results suggest that emerging adults utilize agentic capacities to varying degrees, and that the degree of agency utilized is directly related to the coherence of the emerging adult's identity.
Barriers to Antiretroviral Medication Adherence in Young HIV-Infected Children
Authors: Roberts Kathleen Johnston
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this exploratory study was to examine, from the perspectives of both HIV-infected children and such children's primary guardians, the barriers children face in adhering to combination antiretroviral therapies. Nine HIV-infected young children and 14 guardians of HIV-positive children were interviewed about what the children's lives were like, including the difficulties they faced in adhering to therapy, while taking antiretroviral medications. Results showed that children faced six main barriers to adherence related to (a) family daily routines; (b) medication side effects; (c) medication taste, size, and shape; (d) the stigma of HIV/AIDS; (e) medications as a reminder of HIV/AIDS; and (f) child deception. The findings underscore the difficult nature of the antiretroviral regimens and illuminate the daily obstacles children face in adhering to therapy. Interventions that target children's unique barriers are needed to improve adherence to antiretroviral medication regimens.
Tourism and Trade: Cointegration and Granger Causality Tests
Authors: Khan Habibullah , Toh Rex S. , Chua Lyndon
Published: November 2005

This study uses Singapore data to examine cointegration and causal relationships between trade and tourist arrivals. This was done with respect to ASEAN, the United States, Japan, the United Kingdom, and Australia. We discovered that, contrary to the findings of others done with data from Australia, cointegration between tourism and trade exists but is not common. Granger causality is even rarer. Nevertheless, we found a strong link between business visits and imports, because businesspeople who intend to export must visit the host country. Conversely, imports encourage the exporters to visit their markets to strengthen trade ties. Business travelers appear to be selling rather than buying, because business arrivals Granger-cause imports but not exports. We also found no correlation or Granger causality within integrated trading blocks, because their integrated economies do not allow them to be treated as trading partners in the traditional sense.
Resident Perceptions of Tourist Attractions on the Gold Coast of Australia
Authors: Lawton Laura J.
Published: November 2005

Personal construct theory was used to identify resident perceptions of 12 elicited tourist attractions on the Gold Coast of Australia. A cluster analysis of these residents revealed nature-biased (45%), unenthusiastic (40%), hinter-land hesitant (8%), and enthusiastic (7%) groupings, with significant differences occurring in gender, length of residence, and age. The finding that tourist attractions positively influence residents’ quality of life despite the assessment of built attractions as commercialized, touristy, expensive, and noisy/hectic may owe to the status of the Gold Coast as a tourism city. Tourism overall is perceived less positively than its constituent attractions, which may reflect the relatively less positive perceptions of one attraction in particular, Surf-ers Paradise. Revitalization of this iconic tourism district may therefore improve overall attitudes toward tourism among residents.
A Dynamic Model of Sustainable Tourism
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Tyrrell Timothy J.
Published: November 2005

Operational definitions of tourism sustainability require details regarding what is to be sustained, for whom it is to be sustained, and the level at which it is to be sustained. This article develops a dynamic model illustrating the interrelated behavior of tourism-related economic and environmental conditions throughout time. We characterize fundamental notions of sustainable tourism from the perspectives of both a profit-maximizing tourist industry and that of permanent residents of a tourist community. The model illustrates findings relevant to the search for sustainable outcomes and characterizes potential conflicts implicit in different sustainable and nonsustainable paths. The model demonstrates that (1) in all but the most rare of circumstances, there is no single, universal sustainable optimum; and (2) a policy that maintains overly pristine environmental quality may be just as unsustainable—from the perspective of either the tourism industry or residents—as a policy that causes excessive environmental decay.
Structuring Destination Image: A Qualitative Approach
Authors: Ryan Chris , Cave Jenny
Published: November 2005

This article analyzes data derived from conversations with varying groups of residents and visitors in New Zealand with reference to Auckland as a visitor destination. What emerges is a complex, hierarchical pattern of imagery of place, and it is suggested that underlying dimensions are two continua, friendly versus tense/frustrating/threatening and exciting versus relaxing. It is suggested that cognition is a factor influencing image complexity and affective response; hence, images may be both specific to place and characteristics of respondents. This article discusses a number of issues, including the role of visitor familiarity with a site, the modes of analysis used in such studies as these, and the nature of the image construct.
Performance Measurement Systems in Tourism, Hospitality, and Leisure Small Medium-Sized Enterprises: A Balanced Scorecard Perspective
Authors: Phillips Paul , Louvieris Panos
Published: November 2005

In response to the United Kingdom’s government’s desire to improve the performance of tourism, hospitality, and leisure small medium-sized enterprises, this article analyzes the performance measurement processes within 10 best practice organizations. Related to contemporary approaches to improving business performance in the management literature, performance measurement approaches are analyzed using the balanced scorecard framework. An exploratory case study approach using the balanced scorecard as the theoretical framework was taken to explore and elicit critical success factors in performance measurement. Results revealed that four key concepts drove measurement and performance evaluation systems across the sample. These were the exercising of budgetary control with a view to increasing total revenue, the undertaking of customer relationship management as a means of improving quality of service and customer retention, the necessity for strategic management in managing internal business processes, and collaboration (both inter and intra) to drive innovation and learning. The article also proposes a balanced scorecard template for hotels.
Impact of Population Aging on Japanese International Travel to 2025
Authors: Mak James , Carlile Lonny , Dai Sally
Published: November 2005

In this article, the authors forecast Japanese international travel to 2025. In addition to the usual economic variables, their model also captures both population aging and birth cohort effects on Japanese travel abroad. They predict the number of future Japanese overseas trips for males and females separately by 5-year age groups and in 5-year increments and conclude that the Japanese will continue to travel abroad in increasing numbers but that population aging will dramatically slow the rate of growth of future Japanese overseas travel. Although the number of overseas trips taken by “seniors” is predicted to increase sharply, the authors foresee fewer trips taken by the Japanese in the 20s and early 30s age groups. Finally, they examine the responses of the industry and the public sector in Japan to implications of a rapidly aging population on future international travel.
Mapping Resident Perceptions of Gaming Impact
Authors: Kwan Anny Vong Chuk , Mccartney Glenn
Published: November 2005

This article explores Macao residents’ perceptions of the impact of gaming development at a significant time in Macao’s long experience with gaming, just after the end in 2002 of the 70-year-old monopoly system for the gaming sector and the introduction of new casino operators into the market. Principal components analysis, cluster analysis, and analyses of variance were used to understand the dimensionality of perceptions of gaming impact and differences among subgroups of gender, age, income, educational background, and marital status. The results could help the authorities and gaming operators to understand the perceived costs and benefits to residents regarding different dimensions of gaming impact and to design appropriate promotional messages to reinforce or alter resident perceptions about gaming. The findings led to the conceptualization of a gaming impact perception matrix (GIPM), creating a perception typology based on cost-benefit perceptions of gaming development in different time periods. An attempt was made to apply the typology with current theories of tourism development.
Are Continuity Clinic Patients Less Satisfied When Residents Have a Heavy Inpatient Workload?
Authors: Feddock Christopher A. , Hoellein Andrew R. , Griffith Charles H. , Wilson John F. , Becker Natasha S. , Bowerman Jennifer L. , Caudill Timothy S.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of resident nonclinic workload on the satisfaction of continuity clinic patients. Over a 2-month period in 2002, residents and patients were surveyed at the University of Kentucky internal medicine continuity clinic. Residents provided a self-report of their nonclinic workload as light or medium versus heavy or extremely heavy. Patient satisfaction was assessed with a 7-item, 10-point scale with items derived from commonly used patient satisfaction instruments. In 168 patient encounters, patients were significantly less satisfied with their clinic visit if they were seen by a resident who had a heavier workload. In addition, these patients gave significantly lower ratings with regard to the amount of time spent with the patient during the visit, and how well the resident listened and paid attention. Although alternative explanations exist, we propose that heavy hospital workload is associated with decreased patient satisfaction in resident continuity clinic.
Evaluation of a Care Coordination/Home-Telehealth Program for Veterans with Diabetes
Authors: Chumbler Neale R. , Neugaard Britta , Kobb Rita , Ryan Patricia , Qin Haijing , Joo Yongsung
Published: November 2005

We evaluated a Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care coordination/ hometelehealth (CC/HT) programon the utilization of health care services and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in veterans with diabetes. Administrative records of 445 veterans with diabetes were reviewed to compare health care service utilization in the 1-year period before and 1-year period postenrollment and also examined self-reported HRQL at enrollment and 1 year later. Multivariate analyses indicated a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of patients who were hospitalized (50% reduction), emergency room use (11% reduction), reduction in the average number of bed days of care (decreased an average of 3.0 days), and improvement in the HRQL role-physical functioning, bodily pain, and social functioning. The results need to be interpreted with caution because we used a single-group study design that may be influenced by regression to the mean. Ideally, future research should use a randomized controlled trial design.
Chronic treatment with modafinil may not be beneficial in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: Randall Delia C. , Cafferty Fay H. , Shneerson John M. , Smith Ian E. , Llewelyn Meirion B. , File Sandra E.
Published: November 2005

Fourteen patients (7 male, 7 female, 22-63 years), classified as having chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), but without concurrent major depression, significant sleepiness or use of psychoactive medication, completed a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study of the effects of the selective wakefulness-promoting agent, modafinil (200 and 400mg/day). The treatment periods were each 20 days, with washout periods of 2 weeks. The primary aim was to determine effects on cognition and the secondary aim was to determine effects on self-ratings of fatigue, quality of life and mood. Modafinil had mixed effects in two cognitive tasks. In a test of sustained attention, treatment with 200mg reduced the latency to correctly detect sequences, but 400mg increased the number of missed targets. In a test of spatial planning, the 200mg dose resulted in a slower initial thinking time for the easiest part of the task, whereas 400mg reduced the initial thinking time for the hardest part of the test. Lastly, in a test of mental flexibility and one of motor speed, patients performed worse whilst on modafinil (400mg), compared with the placebo period. No effects were observed on the performance of other psychometric tests or on self-ratings of fatigue, quality of life or mood, but this may have been due to insufficient statistical power. It is discussed whether the limited and mixed cognitive effects that we observed could have occurred by chance, or whether a subgroup of CFS patients with daytime sleepiness would have shown greater benefits.
Individual differences in aggressive responding to intravenous flumazenil administration in adult male parolees
Authors: Tcheremissine Oleg V. , Lane Scott D. , Lieving Lori M. , Rhoades Howard M. , Nouvion Sylvain , Cherek Don R.
Published: November 2005

Nonhuman and human studies have shown that benzodiazepine (BZD) receptor agonists can modify aggressive behaviour. However, it is unknown whether flumazenil, a BZD receptor antagonist, enhances or inhibits aggressive behaviour.

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of acute administrations of flumazenil on aggressive responding in adult humans.

Six adult males with histories of childhood conduct disorder (DSM IV R) participated in experimental sessions. Aggression was measured using the Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP; Cherek 1992), which provided subjects with aggressive and monetary-reinforced response options.

Acute doses of flumazenil (2 and 3mg) did not produce statistically significant changes in either monetary-reinforced responding or aggressive responding. The analysis of individual subjects data revealed that aggressive responses varied across subjects.

The results are discussed in terms of individual differences based on the previous history of BZD abuse. Additional laboratory research is needed to better clarify the behavioural mechanisms by which BZD receptor antagonists modify human aggressive responding.
Effects of ethanol on kinaesthetic perception
Authors: Tiplady Brian , Baird Robin , Lütcke Henry , Drummond Gordon , Wright Peter
Published: November 2005

In normal subjects, alcohol increases handwriting size, but the mechanism is not understood. Here we show that the alcohol effect on handwriting can be explained by a selective impairment of kinaesthetic perception. Thirty volunteers (15 male, aged 18-29 years) took part in an open study. They were tested before and after a drink containing vodka intended to produce a blood alcohol concentration of about 80mg/100ml. Tests included kinaesthetic distance estimation, in which volunteers worked with preferred hand and arm behind a screen which hid their movements; visual distance estimation; and measures of handwriting and drawing. Blood alcohol concentration at 55min, based on breathalyser measurements, was 76.7mg/100ml (SD 9.8). When asked to move the hand and mark a distance of 10cm from a starting point, distances estimates increased by 7-10% ( p 0.01). Similar increases were seen for writing words and drawing characters. Signatures were increased in height but not in length. Distances estimated visually were increased much less, by 3-4% ( p 0.05). Tests of psychomotor performance indicated the expected effects of ethanol. These results suggest that ethanol affects writing size by reducing kinaesthetically perceived distances.
Actions of antipsychotic drugs on pancreatic β-cell function: contrasting effects of clozapine and haloperidol
Authors: Best Leonard , Yates Allen P. , Reynolds Gavin P.
Published: November 2005

The use of antipsychotic drugs is known to be associated with a number of adverse metabolic side effects, including diabetes mellitus. These side effects could be, at least in part, the result of impaired islet cell function, although the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We have studied the effects of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine and of the conventional drug haloperidol on electrical and secretory activity in rat pancreatic β-cells. At a low glucose concentration (4mM), clozapine (5μM) had little or no effect on membrane potential. However, at a stimulatory glucose concentration (16mM), clozapine was found to hyperpolarize the cell membrane potential, resulting in a complete inhibition of electrical activity. In contrast, haloperidol (5μM) was found to cause a marked depolarization of the membrane potential in the presence of both low and high concentrations of glucose. Clozapine and haloperidol were found, respectively, to increase and decrease-cell input conductance, an index of K+ permeability. Single channel recordings indicated that changes in KATP channel activity contributed towards these effects. Neither clozapine nor haloperidol affected basal insulin release, although clozapine inhibited glucose-induced insulin release. It is concluded that clozapine and haloperidol exert contrasting actions on electrical activity in rat pancreatic -cells as a result of opposing effects on K+ permeability. These findings may relate to the increased incidence of diabetes associated with clozapine treatment
Gender differences in response to lorazepam in a human drug discrimination study
Authors: Jackson Anne , Stephens David , Duka Theodora
Published: November 2005

Gender differences in the discriminative stimulus properties of drugs of abuse have sometimes been reported, although we have previously found no differences in subjective or discriminative responses in human subjects acquiring an alcohol discrimination. The aim of the present work was to determine if there were gender differences in the effects of lorazepam, a benzodiazepine-receptor agonist which substituted for the alcohol stimulus in trained social drinkers. Volunteers who had already acquired an alcohol (0.2g/kg) placebo discrimination were administered (double-blind) either placebo (nine females, nine males) or lorazepam 2mg (six females, six males). They then sampled a series of five drinks and rated each one for likeness to the training stimulus (the generalization response). In addition they completed rating scales for subjective effects and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST). Lorazepam substituted for the alcohol stimulus equally in both sexes and increased associated scores for lightheadedness. Females however, showed a much greater DSST performance impairment following lorazepam, compared with males. This effect was independent of body weight differences and sedation. These results are discussed in the light of current knowledge of gender differences in response to drugs of abuse and suggest that the stimulus and cognitive effects of benzodiazepine-receptor agonists are modulated by different brain mechanisms.
The efficacy and safety of quetiapine for treatment of geriatric psychosis
Authors: Yang Cheng-Hung , Tsai Shih-Jen , Hwang Jen-Ping
Published: November 2005

Quetiapine, an atypical antipsychotic, is effective for psychosis in younger patients, with limited adverse effects reported. This open-label naturalistic study was conducted to assess the 4-week efficacy and safety of quetiapine for treatment of geriatric psychosis. Clinical efficacy was evaluated using the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and Clinical Global Impression Improvement (CGI-I) instruments before and after 4 weeks of quetiapine treatment. The sample population consisted of 100 geropsychiatric inpatients with psychosis, with the therapeutic evaluation completed by 91. Eighty-one of these 91 patients (89.0%) experienced mild-to-substantial improvement, as determined from the CGI-I. Further, a mean reduction in BPRS score of 39.5% (from baseline) was also determined. The mean daily dose of quetiapine for the fourth week was 276.1 177.2mg/day (range 50-800). Higher quetiapine dosages were administered for patients with functional psychoses compared to an analogous group with organic mental disorders. The most common adverse effects were somnolence (30.0%), lower-limb weakness (28.0%) and dizziness (27.0%). Body weight and fasting triglyceride were significantly elevated after quetiapine treatment (2.2% and 8.9% from baseline, respectively). Based on the results of this study, it appears that quetiapine is an efficacious and safe treatment for geriatric inpatients with psychosis, however, there is a wide dosing range and optimal dosage is diagnosis-dependent.
The use of sleep measures to compare a new 5HT1A agonist with buspirone in humans
Authors: Wilson Sue J. , Bailey Jayne E. , Rich Ann S. , Nash Jon , Adrover Mariona , Tournoux A. , Nutt David J.
Published: November 2005

The partial agonist buspirone has a REM (rapid eye movement) suppressing effect on human sleep probably via a 5HT1Areceptor in the pontine area. Eptapirone is a new 5HT1Aagonist with a greater intrinsic effect than buspirone. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of eptapirone on sleep architecture, particularly REM sleep, in normal volunteers and compare it with buspirone and placebo. This was a randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled four-way crossover study in 12 healthy volunteers. Volunteers were screened to ensure that they had normal overnight sleep EEG (electroencephalogram) and were extensive CYP 2D6 metabolizers. Sleep was recorded on pairs of nights on four occasions, with medication being taken before the second night. Treatments were eptapirone 1.5mg at 10 AM, eptapirone 1.5mg at 11 PM, buspirone 20mg at 11 PM and placebo. Standard measures of sleep were derived and compared among the four treatments using ANOVA. REM sleep was significantly suppressed supporting the proposition that activation of post-synaptic 5HT1Areceptors reduces REM sleep. Sleep fragmentation increased by both drugs. REM sleep suppression was significantly greater with morning eptapirone than with buspirone. Wakefulness in sleep was significantly greatest after morning eptapirone. REM sleep effects were greatest after evening eptapirone, suggesting a greater effect on central serotonin receptors than that of buspirone.
Women's Representation and Status in Law Enforcement: Does CALEA Involvement Make a Difference?
Authors: Burlingame David , Baro Agnes L.
Published: November 2005

This study's objective was to determine if involvement in the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA) accreditation process will have a significant, positive effect on the representation of sworn women in large police agencies at all organizational levels and on the representation of women of color as a percentage of the total workforce. This study compared 193 large (100 or more sworn personnel) non-CALEA agencies with 201 large CALEA agencies. Results of this research suggest that there are significant differences between CALEA and non-CALEA agencies and that involvement in the CALEA accreditation process appears to encourage and facilitate the recruitment and promotion of women at least in large police agencies. Additional research should be conducted comparing small CALEA and non-CALEA agencies, and the authors recommend CALEA officials revisit the available workforce issue to ensure more accurate estimates of the numbers of women in respective workforces.
Officer Down: Implications of Three Strikes for Public Safety
Authors: Johnson Jeffry L. , Saint-Germain Michelle A.
Published: November 2005

This article examines the impact of California's 1994 Three Strikes law on front line law enforcement personnel—specifically whether there is a greater risk of injury by criminal suspects resisting arrest and contact with law enforcement due to Three Strikes. The authors evaluated data collected from six major police agencies and district attorney offices in California between 1990 and 2001, including total arrests, resisting arrest charges, assault on a peace officer, officer injuries or deaths, use of force incidents, officer-involved shootings, vehicle pursuits, and three-strike case filings. Although the resulting analysis did not evidence a statewide increase or trend, in the Los Angeles area (where there is a higher concentration of repeat offenders and three-strikes prosecution has been more actively pursued), there is a notable increase in arrest rates, resisting and assaulting officers, and a significant increase (113% between 1996 and 2001) in two and three-strikes crimes with a police officer victim.
John Bolton and the United States' Retreat from International Law
Authors: Mansell Wade , Haslam Emily
Published: November 2005

This article focuses upon the writings of John R. Bolton who was for four years US Under-Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security. He is currently the US Ambassador to the United Nations. His position with regard to international law is, at least for non-Americans, extraordinary, but also extraordinarily important since it resonates with the views of many in the current Bush administration. In essence, he is sceptical of the entire category of international law and argues that it cannot ever be accepted as superior to US domestic law. He doubts that it can be distinguished from international relations. These views need to be taken seriously if the implications for the world of diplomacy and international relations, and indeed domestic law, are to be understood. This the article attempts to do.
The Comparative Statics of Collective Action: A Pragmatic Approach to Games with Multiple Equilibria
Authors: Medina Luis Fernando
Published: November 2005

The prevailing approaches to collective action in the rational choice paradigm often lead to implausible conclusions and tend to lack predictive power. This article introduces a method to overcome these difficulties. The method is based on the notion of stability sets of pure-strategy equilibria, already familiar from the literature on equilibrium selection and with close counterparts in evolutionary game theory. With the help of some simple examples, the article shows how this method can turn many intuitive insights into operational, testable hypotheses about phenomena of collective action.
The Voluntary Provision of Snowmobile Trails on Private Land in Sweden
Authors: Anttila Sten , Stern Charlotta
Published: November 2005

A snowmobile trail canalizes snow-covered land to create a path of snowmobile travel. This form of communication infrastructure yields two kinds of benefits. First, it reduces negative externalities befalling landowners and other non-drivers. Second, it improves driving conditions for both local inhabitants and leisure tourists enjoying outdoor recreation. Our study suggests that problems befalling landowners decline as trails are established and the work provided by snowmobile associations intensifies. We discuss various social mechanisms that facilitate self-organization, and suggest that the extensive voluntary provision of snowmobile trails in Sweden is an example of how local common-pool resource dilemmas are resolved through self-organization, outside formal markets and beyond governmental politics.
Neuroticism: End of a Doctoral Dissertation
Authors: Lee Karen V.
Published: November 2005

This autobiographical account of the author, a graduate student, reflects the end of her doctoral studies. She writes to the point of obsession. The author inscribes into the curriculum her process of becoming. More central, she desires to create a pedagogical context for others to identify the epistemological assumptions that underlie the phenomenon of writing as reflective practice. Autobiography was discovered as a way to make sense and transform the aesthetic and intellectual understandings of her inner life. Her journey for self-knowledge symbolizes the epistemological forms she contravenes. Autobiographical understanding lies in the porous boundaries between the self and knowledge and the power of self-reflexivity that intensifies the educative process.
Method: Six Poems
Authors: Faulkner Sandra L.
Published: November 2005

These six poems re-present, query, and interpret the research process/method in a narrative study on Lesbian/Gay/Bisexual/Transgender/Queer (LGBTQ) Jewish identity by showing the research story. They demonstrate my research/personal perspective, the integration of the scientist and the poet, and participants’ perspectives before, during, and after the “formal” interview periods. These poems highlight the difficulties of identity in the field, conducting interviews, and being reflexive and conscious as well as the joy and confusion in connecting to those we study.
Poetry and Prose: Telling the Stories of Formerly Homeless Mentally Ill People
Authors: Clarke Juanne , Febbraro Angela , Hatzipantelis Maria , Nelson Geoffrey
Published: November 2005

This article discusses some of the possible advantages of a poetic representation of social experience through a selection of four poems based on the words and organized by the salience and time sequence “logic” of participants in a study of formerly homeless mentally ill men and women who are currently housed. The initial report was a qualitative evaluation of the perceptions of this sample of formerly homeless mentally ill people of the benefits of the housing currently provided. It offers a categorical analysis of personal, relationship, and resource issues across childhood, adulthood, and since supported/supportive housing. The present analysis, based on the same interviews, destabilizes the original findings and offers a different window into the lives of the study participants. It does this through prose poems that replicate the language, the central issues of the participants, and their braided logic-in-use among other things.
Everything is Always Going to Hell
Authors: Judd Dennis R.
Published: November 2005

For some time urban scholars in political science have been estranged from the mainstream scholarship of their discipline. In this article I offer three explanations for this phenomenon. First, in the 1960s urban scholarship became wedded to the political project of savings the cities—an ideological commitment that still colors urban research. Second, urban scholarship continues to reflect the reform traditions inherited from the Progressive Period. Third, urban scholars have been prone to excessive rhetoric when describing the urban condition. These three tendencies have combined to make the study of cities a somewhat insular enterprise.
Voting for Minority Candidates in Multiracial/Multiethnic Communities
Authors: Stein Robert M. , Ulbig Stacy G. , Post Stephanie Shirley
Published: November 2005

Recent research suggests that over time the performance of minority officeholders rivals race-based attitudes and group membership as the primary determinant of citizen evaluations of minority officeholders. Here, we examine the determinants of electoral support for an African-American mayor in a multiracial/multiethnic venue. We test alternative explanations (race, social distance, and performance-based models) of voter support for an African-American mayor in a setting where no ethnic or racial group represents more than half the electorate. Our findings indicate that approval ratings coexist with racial-group identification as a determinant of voter support for minority mayors, with one important caveat. Racial voting appears to be more influential in minority candidates’ first electoral bids. While race strongly influences voter support for minority mayors during their initial run for office, job approval becomes more important when the minority candidate runs for reelection.
Ethnic Packaging and Gentrification
Authors: Hackworth Jason , Rekers Josephine
Published: November 2005

Urban theory has historically situated ethnic commercial strips as an organic extension of nearby ethnic residential enclaving. While this is still a useful way to frame such commercial spaces in many cities, this article argues that some areas of this sort function as a marketable branding mechanism (intended or not) to produce nearby residential gentrification. This article explores the influence of ethnic packaging on the process of gentrification in Toronto, Ontario. Using four ethnically defined business-improvement areas—Corso Italia, Little Italy, India Bazaar, and Greektown on the Danforth—it explores the role that constructed ethnicity plays in the valorization of local real estate markets. The commercial areas of these neighborhoods now function increasingly as ways to market each neighborhood’s residential real estate markets. This has specific implications for gentrification theory and more general ones for the study of urban landscapes.
Performance Analysis of a Linux Pc Cluster Using a Direct Numerical Simulation of Fluid Turbulence Code
Authors: Liu Chun-Ho , Woo Chat-Ming , Leung Dennis Y. C.
Published: November 2005

In this paper, we have tested the parallel performance of an Intel Xeon-based Linux PC cluster using a finite element code for direct numerical simulation (DNS) of incompressible fluid turbulence. The parallel performance of the PC cluster, which used up to 64 2.8 GHz processors, was evaluated by comparing three scales of DNS trial runs consisting of 3.3, 5.8, and 10.1 million elements. Subroutines of different natures were contrasted to investigate the scalability of the DNS code. For DNS calculation of sufficiently large scale, the subroutines showed reasonable parallel efficiency. Doubling the number of processors reduced the CPU time by about 40%. Of particular interest was the CPU time required by the two subroutines handling interprocessor communication that was fairly constant within the range of processors tested. PC Linux clusters are thus affordable platforms, compared with more expensive supercomputers, to conduct large-scale scientific computing for fluid turbulence research.
M × N Data Redistribution Through Parallel Remote Method Invocation
Authors: Damevski Kostadin , Parker Steven G.
Published: November 2005

Components can be a useful tool in software development, including the development of scientific computing applications. Many scientific applications require parallel execution, but commodity component models based on remote method invocation do not directly support the notion of parallel components. Parallel components raise questions about the semantics of method invocations and the mechanics of parallel data redistribution involving these components. Allowing parallel components to exist within a component framework comes at very little extra cost to the framework designer. However, the interaction semantics (i.e. method invocations) between two parallel components or between a parallel and non-parallel component can be complex and should require support from the underlying run-time system. The parallel data redistribution problem comes about when in order to increase efficiency, data are subdivided among cooperating parallel tasks within one component. When two or more components of this type are required to perform a separate computation on the same data, this data distribution must be decoded and mapped from the first component to the second component's specification. We demonstrate a method to handle parallel method invocation and perform automatic data redistribution using the code generation process of an interface definition language compiler. The generated code and run-time system accomplish the necessary data transfers and provide consistent behavior to method invocation. We describe the implementation of and semantics of parallel remote method invocation. We describe how collective method calls can be used to provide coherent interactions between multiple components. Several results and benchmarks are discussed.
High Performance Broadcast Support in La-Mpi Over Quadrics
Authors: Yu Weikuan , Sur Sayantan , Panda Dhabaleswar K. , Aulwes Rob T. , Graham Rich L.
Published: November 2005

LA-MPI is a unique MPI implementation that provides end-to-end reliable message passing between application processes. LA-MPI collective operations are implemented on top of its point-to-point operations, using generic spanning tree-based collective algorithms. The performance of the collective operations scales in a logarithmic order over that of the point-to-point operations. Thus, it is desirable to provide more efficient and more scalable collective operations while maintaining the end-to-end reliability. To this end, we investigate the feasibility of utilizing Quadrics hardware broadcast in this paper. We explore several challenging issues such as broadcast buffer management, broadcast over arbitrary processes, retransmission and reliability. Accordingly, a low-latency, highly scalable, fault-tolerant broadcast algorithm is designed and implemented over Quadrics hardware broadcast. Our evaluation shows that this implementation reduces broadcast latency and achieves higher scalability relative to the generic version of this operation. In addition, we observe that the performance of our implementation is comparable to that of the high performance implementation by Quadrics Supercomputers World for MPICH, and HPs for Alaska MPI, while providing fault tolerance to network errors not provided by these.
The Devolved Party Systems of the United Kingdom
Authors: Bohrer Robert E. , Krutz Glen S.
Published: November 2005

In this article we examine the emerging party systems of the devolved environments, with an eye toward shedding light on the factors that influence the number of parties in a system where parties are already mobilized but the institutional context is new. Our findings demonstrate that electoral rules have an independent effect on the number of parties. More specifically, the use of proportional representation has increased the number of parties. In addition, two social cleavage structure factors appear to affect the design of the party system: class and center– periphery. All of these forces lead to a more complex governing arrangement in the devolved settings than that of the United Kingdom.
The Impact of Democratic Transition on Elections and Parties in South Korea
Authors: Heo Uk , Stockton Hans
Published: November 2005

With the 'third wave of democratization', South Korea joined the democracy club in the late 1980s. Although electoral performance and the party system have changed since the transition to democracy, there has been little systematic examination of the changes. In this article, we conduct an empirical test after developing a theoretical argument about why democratization leads to change. Before democratization, the manipulation of electoral laws and the urban–rural cleavage dominated Korean elections. After democratization, the electoral rules stabilized and opposition parties were given a fair chance to win the election. However, the average life of political parties shortened because of regionalism and personalism. There is now reason to believe that personalism may be set to diminish, thus encouraging authentic structural cleavages to emerge and shape Korean party politics in the coming years.
Sources of Post-Communist Party System Consolidation
Authors: Horowitz Shale , Browne Eric C.
Published: November 2005

What are the causes of party system consolidation in the postcommunist democracies? It is frequently hypothesized that differences in electoral systems and presidential powers help to explain variation in party system consolidation. In addition, it can be argued that the numbers and support levels of political parties should be affected by the ideological peculiarities of different countries' voting publics. Population size might also be expected to affect the ease with which additional party organizations can be developed and maintained. As far as the availability of data permit, we construct relevant institutional and ideological measures for all 23 post-communist democracies. Regression analysis shows that ideological concentration of electorates is the most consistent and powerful determinant of party system consolidation. Proportionality of electoral systems has a weaker tendency to reduce party system consolidation, while strength of the presidency and population size appear to have little or no impact. Future research should explore whether ideology has played a similar role in other regions. It might also examine the policy consequences of party system consolidation.
Variations on a Theme
Authors: Ockey James
Published: November 2005

Lipset and Rokkan argued that in the West the societal cleavages that developed out of the national revolution and the industrial revolution created tensions that shaped party systems. They also argued that the critical moment for the establishment of party systems came before mass mobilization; after that time, even changes to election laws had little effect. In applying these hypotheses to the multiple transitions to democracy in Thailand, I find that despite a lack of continuity of specific political parties there was remarkable continuity of the political tendencies created by social cleavages manifest in various short-lived parties. However, in the late 1970s, constitutional engineering and harsh suppression did shift the Thai party system out of the patterns that had survived multiple coups and transitions in the past. More recently there are signs of a return to the political tendencies created by the two revolutions.
'It has to Mean Something...'
Authors: Giomi Elisa
Published: November 2005

This article attempts to provide an answer to this question and reveal the reasons for the success of Vivere(Living), one of the first soap operas to be set and produced entirely in Italy over the last few years. Both text analysis and audience reception analysis are used to prove a specific hypothesis: that its popularity – which is comparable to no other Italian soap – comes from its ability to allow viewers to identify with its characters without forsaking the typical ingredients of a Hollywood series, central to the TV habits of the Italian audience. Here, soap operas – the ultimate popular narrative – are considered in their twin roles of 'anthropological repertory' and breeding ground for an active production of cultural meanings. The article relates the success of Vivereto the social assets of the country which produces and consumes it, while discussing the social uses of a home-grown soap opera through which the community portrays itself.
The Spectacle of Crime, Digitized
Authors: Gever Martha
Published: November 2005

One of the most significant features of the television series CSI: Crime Scene Investigationis its central preoccupation – forensic evidence – and the profession practised by its major characters – forensic science. Scientific inscriptions consistently allow the crime scene investigators (CSIs) to determine 'evidence' and 'truths' that otherwise elude them. At the same time, the dazzling digital effects used to punctuate key moments in each episode inevitably reference scientific technologies and the knowledge about reality that these promise. The success of the CSIs in every episode is premised upon knowledge guaranteed by scientific inscriptions and is itself an inscription of ways of seeing human bodies and the social body, represented by police scientists working to ensure public safety – a healthy social body. And it is also about how bodies, individual and social, are constituted as information, made knowable and validated by scientific instruments and procedures used to produce evidence.