bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
POSSIBILITY OF INJECTING CO2 INTO THE UNDERGROUND BY BOREHOLES ON POTENTIAL LOCATIONS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
Authors: Šabović Almir , Isabegović Jasmin , Karadžin Zvjezdan , Delić Edin
Published: November 2017

The paper presents the potential areas in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) for injecting CO2 into underground geological formations by boreholes. Areas are determined based on the geological structure of Bosnia ana Herzegovina, and development of Miocene formations which are the most prevalent in the northern and northeastern parts of the country, in the central part of country and southwest of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Furthermore paper gives an overview of potentials for injecting CO2 into abandoned coal mines, and abandoned salt mine.
SURFACE AND STRUCTURE STUDY OF CLAY-BASED COMPOSITES AFTER THERMAL TREATMENT
Authors: Mockovčiaková Annamária , Danková Zuzana , Briančin Jaroslav
Published: November 2017

The composite materials prepared from clay and iron oxides in different weight ratios and temperatures denoted as A85 and E20 were heated at 300 °C in reductive atmosphere and up to 650 °C in inert atmosphere. The changes in the structure, surface and pore properties were examined by XRD, N2 adsorption method and TG, DTA method. The morphology was studied using scanning electron microscope. The heating of composites up to temperature 300 °C in the reductive atmosphere caused the transformation of the present oxide phases. The distribution curve of the heated composites is narrower and is shifted to the lower pores. The composites heated up to 650 °C in the N2 atmosphere showed to the transformation of iron oxide phases to hematite; the composites contained less pores, became denser and due to sintering of iron oxides particles a decrease in specific surface area was observed.
METHODOLOGY FOR ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF WATER MANAGEMENT
Authors: Adžemović Mesud , Bartula Mirjana , Aleksić Jordan
Published: November 2017

Economic analysis is the key requirement of EU Water Framework Directive. On a level of river basin area, economic analysis includes three dimensions: 1. economic characterization of water use: current and future projected economic importance of capacities and potentials of water resources; 2. program of measures for achieving good water status: cost-benefit analyses, cost efficiency analyses, cost scale and influence: and 3. water services price policies: evaluation of institutional alternatives for recovery of water services costs, including analysis of cost distribution. The analysis includes leveling of current and projected water resources data with costs and benefits of water services on the level of river basin area within local communities and integrated on sub-region level.
pH OF PRECIPITATION IN THE AREA OF THE TOWN OF BIJELJINA
Authors: Vidaković Mira , Đurić Neđo , Savković Petar , Babić Radenko
Published: November 2017

Presence of certain polluting substances in the atmosphere causes disturbance of natural pH values that leads to acidic precipitation occurrence. Measurement of pH of precipitation in the area of the town of Bijeljina has been done since 2008 and the sampling has been performed at three points. This paper presents measurement results of surveys for a period of one year in graphs and tables. During the winter months low pH of precipitation were recorded due to increased emission of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide into the air.
A link between the fibroblast growth factor axis and the miR‐16 family reveals potential new treatment combinations in mesothelioma
Authors: Schelch Karin , Kirschner Michaela B. , Williams Marissa , Cheng Yuen Y. , van Zandwijk Nico , Grusch Michael , Reid Glen
Published: November 2017

Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) is an aggressive malignancy with very limited therapeutic options. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signals play important roles in mesothelioma cell growth. Several FGFs and FGF receptors (FGFRs) are predicted targets of the miR‐15/16 family, which is downregulated in MPM. The aim of this study was to explore the link between the miR‐15/16 family and the FGF axis in MPM. Expression analyses via RT‐qPCR showed downregulation of the FGF axis after transfection with miR‐15/16 mimics. Direct interaction was confirmed by luciferase reporter assays. Restoration of miR‐15/16 led to dose‐dependent growth inhibition in MPM cell lines, which significantly correlated with their sensitivity to FGFR inhibition. Treatment with recombinant FGF2 prevented growth inhibition and further reduced the levels of FGF/R‐targeting microRNAs, indicating a vicious cycle between miR‐15/16 down‐ and FGF/FGFR signaling upregulation. Combined inhibition of two independent miR‐15/16 targets, the FGF axis and Bcl‐2, resulted in additive or synergistic activity. Our data indicate that post‐transcriptional repression of FGF‐mediated signals contributes to the tumor suppressor function of the microRNA‐15/16 family. Inhibiting hyperactivated FGF signals and Bcl‐2 might serve as a novel therapeutic combination strategy in MPM.
Microphysically Derived Expressions for Rate‐and‐State Friction Parameters, a, b, and Dc
Authors: Chen Jianye , Niemeijer A. R. , Spiers Christopher J.
Published: November 2017

Rate‐and‐state friction (RSF) laws are extensively applied in fault mechanics but have a largely empirical basis reflecting only limited understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms. We recently proposed a microphysical model describing the frictional behavior of a granular fault gouge undergoing deformation in terms of granular flow accompanied by thermally activated creep and intergranular sliding at grain contacts. Numerical solutions reproduced typical experimental results well. Here we extend our model to obtain physically meaningful, analytical expressions for the steady state frictional strength and standard RSF parameters, a, b, and Dc. The frictional strength contains two components, namely, grain boundary friction and friction due to intergranular dilatation. The expressions obtained for a and b linearly reflect the rate dependence of these two terms. Dc scales with slip band thickness and varies only slightly with velocity. The values of a, b, and Dc predicted show quantitative agreement with previous experimental results, and inserting their values into classical RSF laws gives simulated friction behavior that is consistent with the predictions of our numerically implemented model for small departures from steady state. For large velocity steps, the model produces mixed RSF behavior that falls between the Slowness and Slip laws, for example, with an intermediate equivalent slip(‐weakening) distance d0. Our model possesses the interesting property not only that a and b are velocity dependent but also that Dc and d0 scale differently from classical RSF models, potentially explaining behaviour seen in many hydrothermal friction experiments and having substantial implications for natural fault friction.
Dynamic Triggering of Mud Volcano Eruptions During the 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence
Authors: Maestrelli Daniele , Bonini Marco , Delle Donne Dario , Manga Michael , Piccardi Luigi , Sani Federico
Published: November 2017

On 24 August 2016 a seismic event (Mw6.0) was the first of the long Central Italy sequence (ongoing at the end of 2017) of medium‐to‐high magnitude earthquakes, with nineMw≥5 up to October 2017, and with about 74.000 seismic events registered after 1 year. The largest was theMw6.5 30 October 2016 event near Norcia. After the major seismic events, 17 mud volcanoes erupted around Monteleone di Fermo village (Marche region). Mud volcano eruptions generally occurred a few hours to a few days after the main earthquakes, suggesting a seismic triggering. We analyzed the peak ground velocities and dynamic stresses during the three largest earthquakes. We also evaluated the static stress changes in order to assess the potential influence of normal stress changes on the feeder system of the activated mud volcanoes. We find a correlation with dynamic stresses, whereas static stress changes are negligible or negative (with values reaching −0.44 bar, clamping feeder dykes). We conclude that seismic shaking (up to ~3.9 bar during Norcia earthquake) is the dominant driver for these eruptions. Finally, we evaluated the response ratio as a function of the dynamic stress. It increases exponentially with peak dynamic stress varying from <10% for peak dynamic stress >0.3 bar to >50% for peak dynamic stress >2 bar, indicating a link between earthquake shaking and mud volcano activity.
Velocity and Drag Evolution From the Leading Edge of a Model Mangrove Forest
Authors: Maza Maria , Adler Katherine , Ramos Diogo , Garcia Adrian Mikhail , Nepf Heidi
Published: November 2017

An experimental study of unidirectional flow through a model mangrove forest measured both velocity and forces on individual trees. The individual trees were 1/12th scale models of mature Rhizophora, including 24 prop roots distributed in a three‐dimensional layout. Thirty‐two model trees were distributed in a staggered array producing a 2.5 m long forest. The velocity evolved from a boundary layer profile at the forest leading edge to a vertical profile determined by the vertical distribution of frontal area, with significantly higher velocity above the prop roots. Fully developed conditions were reached at the fifth tree row from the leading edge. Within the root zone the velocity was reduced by up to 50% and the TKE was increased by as much as fivefold, relative to the upstream conditions. TKE in the root zone was mainly produced by root and trunk wakes, and it agreed in magnitude with the estimation obtained using the Tanino and Nepf (2008) formulation. Maximum TKE occurred at the top of the roots, where a strong shear region was associated with the change in frontal area. The drag measured on individual trees decreased from the leading edge and reached a constant value at the fifth row and beyond, i.e., in the fully developed region. The drag exhibited a quadratic dependence on velocity, which justified the definition of a quadratic drag coefficient. Once the correct drag length‐scale was defined, the measured drag coefficients collapsed to a single function of Reynolds number.
A Spectrally Selective Attenuation Mechanism‐Based Kpar Algorithm for Biomass Heating Effect Simulation in the Open Ocean
Authors: Chen Jun , Zhang Xiangguang , Xing Xiaogang , Ishizaka Joji , Yu Zhifeng
Published: November 2017

Quantifying the diffuse attenuation coefficient of the photosynthetically available radiation (Kpar) can improve our knowledge of euphotic depth (Zeu) and biomass heating effects in the upper layers of oceans. An algorithm to semianalytically derive Kpar from remote sensing reflectance (Rrs) is developed for the global open oceans. This algorithm includes the following two portions: (1) a neural network model for deriving the diffuse attention coefficients (Kd) that considers the residual error in satellite Rrs, and (2) a three band depth‐dependent Kpar algorithm (TDKA) for describing the spectrally selective attenuation mechanism of underwater solar radiation in the open oceans. This algorithm is evaluated with both in situ PAR profile data and satellite images, and the results show that it can produce acceptable PAR profile estimations while clearly removing the impacts of satellite residual errors on Kpar estimations. Furthermore, the performance of the TDKA algorithm is evaluated by its applicability in Zeu derivation and mean temperature within a mixed layer depth (TML) simulation, and the results show that it can significantly decrease the uncertainty in both compared with the classical chlorophyll‐a concentration‐based Kpar algorithm. Finally, the TDKA algorithm is applied in simulating biomass heating effects in the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda, with new Kpar data it is found that the biomass heating effects can lead to a 3.4°C maximum positive difference in temperature in the upper layers but could result in a 0.67°C maximum negative difference in temperature in the deep layers.
Direct Measurement of Interparticle Forces of Titan Aerosol Analogs (“Tholin”) Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Yu Xinting , Hörst Sarah M. , He Chao , McGuiggan Patricia , Bridges Nathan T.
Published: November 2017

To understand the origin of the dunes on Titan, it is important to investigate the material properties of Titan's organic sand particles on Titan. The organic sand may behave distinctively compared to the quartz/basaltic sand on terrestrial planets (Earth, Venus, and Mars) due to differences in interparticle forces. We measured the surface energy (through contact angle measurements) and elastic modulus (through Atomic Force Microscopy) of the Titan aerosol analog (tholin). We find that the surface energy of a tholin thin film is about 70.9 mN/m, and its elastic modulus is about 3.0 GPa (similar to hard polymers like PMMA and polystyrene). For two 20 μm diameter particles, the theoretical cohesion force is therefore 3.3 μN. We directly measured interparticle forces for relevant materials: tholin particles are 0.8 ± 0.6 μN, while the interparticle cohesion between walnut shell particles (a typical model materials for the Titan Wind Tunnel, TWT) is only 0.4 ± 0.1 μN. The interparticle cohesion forces are much larger for tholins and presumably Titan sand particles than materials used in the TWT. This suggests that we should increase the interparticle force in both analog experiments (TWT) and threshold models to correctly translate the results to real Titan conditions. The strong cohesion of tholins may also inform us how the small aerosol particles (∼1 μm) in Titan's atmosphere are transformed into large sand particles (∼200 μm). It may also support the cohesive sand formation mechanism suggested by Rubin and Hesp (2009), where only unidirectional wind is needed to form linear dunes on Titan.
Exposure to hate speech increases prejudice through desensitization
Authors: Soral Wiktor , Bilewicz Michał , Winiewski Mikołaj
Published: November 2017

In three studies (two representative nationwide surveys, N = 1,007, N = 682; and one experimental, N = 76) we explored the effects of exposure to hate speech on outgroup prejudice. Following the General Aggression Model, we suggest that frequent and repetitive exposure to hate speech leads to desensitization to this form of verbal violence and subsequently to lower evaluations of the victims and greater distancing, thus increasing outgroup prejudice. In the first survey study, we found that lower sensitivity to hate speech was a positive mediator of the relationship between frequent exposure to hate speech and outgroup prejudice. In the second study, we obtained a crucial confirmation of these effects. After desensitization training individuals were less sensitive to hate speech and more prejudiced toward hate speech victims than their counterparts in the control condition. In the final study, we replicated several previous effects and additionally found that the effects of exposure to hate speech on prejudice were mediated by a lower sensitivity to hate speech, and not by lower sensitivity to social norms. Altogether, our studies are the first to elucidate the effects of exposure to hate speech on outgroup prejudice.
Curating the Digital: An Interview with MoMA's Paola Antonelli
Authors: Leach Neil
Published: November 2017

As Senior Curator in the Department of Architecture and Design at the Museum of Modern Art, New York, Paola Antonelli treats digital and analogue design with equal regard. Here she talks to Guest‐Editor Neil Leach about some of her decisions. She discusses the distinctions between design, art and architecture; how she keeps a clear head amid the prevailing euphoria over new technologies, in order to choose only those pieces that also represent successful design; whom she views as paragons of design in the digital age; and why she believes that architectural education needs to be reinvented.
Digitally Crafted Couture
Authors: Koerner Julia
Published: November 2017

Clothing could be described as architecture in motion. Julia Koerner, a designer based between Salzburg and Los Angeles, operates at the crossroads between architecture and product design. She has recently been working on a number of projects in the couture field, both independently and in collaboration. Here she describes how these creations – largely inspired by the forms and growth patterns of nature – have utilised various additive manufacturing techniques to explore the possibilities of folding, nesting and smocking in digital space. From seamlessness to the ability to adapt to temperature, light and emotion, these garments appear to naturally grow on the body or to animate it.
Micromechanical Assemblies and the Human Body
Authors: Bitonti Francis
Published: November 2017

Body architecture can prevent the need for surgery. Such is the case with braces worn to correct spinal deformity; but their cumbersome design often puts patients off. This led a major orthopaedic products manufacturer to invite New York design practice Studio Bitonti to collaborate. Studio founder Francis Bitonti describes how they used algorithms and sensors to make vast improvements in comfort and aesthetics, and relates this to his practice's other work with previously unachievable geometries such as graded lattices – notably including a dress for a famous burlesque dancer.
Size Matters: Why Architecture is the Future of 3D Printing
Authors: Leach Neil
Published: November 2017

Computational drafting allows architects to zoom in and out of their creations‐in‐progress as never before. However, when it comes to digital fabrication processes, changes in scale can have insurmountable implications in terms of structural stability and load bearing – as Guest‐Editor Neil Leach explains here. Therefore, he argues, rather than dreaming of scaling up 3D printing to the dimension of buildings and cities, architects do better to focus their enthusiasm for this new technology on smaller‐scale areas of their practice.
Clay Bodies: Crafting the Future with 3D Printing
Authors: Rael Ronald , San Fratello Virginia
Published: November 2017

People have been using clay to make objects and shelters since time immemorial; but could it also be a key material of the future? San Francisco‐based xyqmake‐tank’ Emerging Objects has been experimenting with the use of clay in 3D printing, with sophisticated codes producing woven and textured forms and mixing different clays together. The studio's cofounders Ronald Rael and Virginia San Fratello here present these projects, as well as offering a potted history of clay's use and nature. Given its re‐resistance and thermal qualities, the benefits of eventually applying such techniques on an architectural scale are clear.
Tectonism in Architecture, Design and Fashion: Innovations in Digital Fabrication as Stylistic Drivers
Authors: Schumacher Patrik
Published: November 2017

After ‘foldism’ and ‘blobism’ comes ‘tectonism’ – a new branch of the epochal style of parametricism that allows greater expressive and formal variety. It is made possible by an evolving range of digital tools for structural form‐finding and physics analysis, linked directly to fabrication. As Patrik Schumacher, principal of Zaha Hadid Architects, underlines, these do not remove the need for architects to collaborate with engineers and fabricators, but they do enable them to acquire more reliable intuitions about the logics of these other disciplines. This can only enhance their capacity to produce works that successfully combine communication and social functionality with technical integrity.
The Shape of Touch: On‐Body Interfaces for Digital Design and Fabrication
Authors: Gannon Madeline
Published: November 2017

Like a building to its site, true body architecture must be properly fitted to the specific topography of the wearer's body. Reverb and Tactum are two digital modelling tools developed by Pittsburgh‐based research studio ATONATON for this very purpose. Using projection mapping, depth sensing and gesture recognition, they allow users to physically interact with a virtual design process that links directly through to a 3D‐printed output. Madeline Gannon, the studio's leader, explains how they work.
The Sonic Spectacle of the Enhanced Body
Authors: Goldemberg Eric
Published: November 2017

Florida design practice MONAD Studio's focus is rhythmic affect at all scales. Having already experimented with 3D‐printed musical instruments, they embarked upon SONIFICA: a collaboration with interaction designer Anouk Wipprecht and the world's first ‘bionic’ pop singer, Viktoria Modesta. Sensors and actuators in a sonic bustier, and an integrated accelerometer in a prosthetic leg, transform Modesta into a living musical instrument. MONAD Studio cofounder Eric Goldemberg outlines how this was achieved and argues that it is reflective of a new mode of expression, defined and driven by transdisciplinarity.
Virus‐Templated Self‐Mineralization of Ligand‐Free Colloidal Palladium Nanostructures for High Surface Activity and Stability
Authors: Kim Insu , Kang Kyungnam , Oh Mi Hwa , Yang Moon Young , Park Inkyu , Nam Yoon Sung
Published: November 2017

In solution‐based synthesis of colloidal nanostructures, additions of ligands, stabilizers, and redox reagents are generally required to obtain desirable structures, though ligands and stabilizers on the surface of nanostructures can substantially affect the surface‐related activity. Accordingly, an extensive rinsing process is usually required to remove residual reagents and stabilizers. This study reports a spontaneous self‐biomineralization of palladium (Pd) ions on a filamentous virus to form ligand‐free Pd nanowires under ambient conditions. No reducing reagents or additional surface stabilizers are used; the genetically modified virus alone supports the polycrystalline Pd nanowires within the nanostructure, maintaining the clean surface even without a rinsing process. The advantage of the ligand‐free Pd nanowires is found in the Suzuki‐coupling reaction, in which the nanowire catalytic activity is maintained after repeated reactions, while conventional Pd colloids undergo surface contamination by the stabilizer and lose their catalytic activity during repeated uses. The ligand‐free surface, high electronic connectivity, and structural stability of the Pd nanowires also allow high sensitivity and selectivity in hydrogen gas sensing analysis. This work emphasizes the importance of the ligand‐free surface of biotemplated nanostructures in maintaining functionalities without surface contamination.
PtCoFe Nanowire Cathodes Boost Short‐Circuit Currents of Ru(II)‐Based Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells to a Power Conversion Efficiency of 12.29%
Authors: Chiang Chin‐Cheng (Paul) , Hung Chang‐Yu , Chou Shang‐Wei , Shyue Jing‐Jong , Cheng Kum‐Yi , Chang Pei‐Jen , Yang Ya‐Yun , Lin Ching‐Yen , Chang Ting‐Kuang , Chi Yun , Chou Hung‐Lung , Chou Pi‐Tai
Published: November 2017

PtCoFe nanowires with different alloying compositions are chemically prepared and acted as counter electrodes (CEs) in dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) with Ru(II)‐based dyes. Due to their superior reduction activity, PtCoFe nanowires with rich (111) facets enhance the performance of DSSCs. Hence, N719 DSSCs with PtCoFe nanowires, respectively, produce better power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.10% for Pt33Co24Fe43 nanowire, 8.33% for Pt74Co12Fe14 nanowire, and 9.26% for Pt49Co23Fe28 nanowire in comparison to the PCE of Pt CE (7.32%). Further, the PRT‐22 DSSC with Pt49Co23Fe28 nanowire exhibits a maximum PCE of 12.29% with a certificated value of 12.0%, which surpass the previous PCE record of the DSSCs with Ru(II)‐based dyes. The photovoltaic and electrochemical results reveal the composition‐dependent activity along with a volcano‐shaped trend in the I−/ redox reaction. Theoretical work on the adsorption energies of I2, the desorption energies of I−, and the corresponding absolute energy demonstrates that the reduction activity followed in the order of Pt49Co23Fe28(111) plane > Pt74Co12Fe14(111) plane > Pt33Co24Fe43(111) plane, proving Pt49Co23Fe28 nanowire to be a superior cathode material for DSSCs.
Correlated In Situ Low‐Frequency Noise and Impedance Spectroscopy Reveal Recombination Dynamics in Organic Solar Cells Using Fullerene and Non‐Fullerene Acceptors
Authors: Luck Kyle A. , Sangwan Vinod K. , Hartnett Patrick E. , Arnold Heather N. , Wasielewski Michael R. , Marks Tobin J. , Hersam Mark C.
Published: November 2017

Non‐fullerene acceptors based on perylenediimides (PDIs) have garnered significant interest as an alternative to fullerene acceptors in organic photovoltaics (OPVs), but their charge transport phenomena are not well understood, especially in bulk heterojunctions (BHJs). Here, charge transport and current fluctuations are investigated by performing correlated low‐frequency noise and impedance spectroscopy measurements on two BHJ OPV systems, one employing a fullerene acceptor and the other employing a dimeric PDI acceptor. In the dark, these measurements reveal that PDI‐based OPVs have a greater degree of recombination in comparison to fullerene‐based OPVs. Furthermore, for the first time in organic solar cells, 1/f noise data are fit to the Kleinpenning model to reveal underlying current fluctuations in different transport regimes. Under illumination, 1/f noise increases by approximately four orders of magnitude for the fullerene‐based OPVs and three orders of magnitude for the PDI‐based OPVs. An inverse correlation is also observed between noise spectral density and power conversion efficiency. Overall, these results show that low‐frequency noise spectroscopy is an effective in situ diagnostic tool to assess charge transport in emerging photovoltaic materials, thereby providing quantitative guidance for the design of next‐generation solar cell materials and technologies.
Bioinspired Continuous and Spontaneous Antigravity Oil Collection and Transportation
Authors: Zhang Yaxin , Cao Moyuan , Peng Yun , Jin Xu , Tian Dongliang , Liu Kesong , Jiang Lei
Published: November 2017

Liquids with low surface tension, such as petroleum, serve as the source of power for development of modern industry. Spontaneous and directional transportation of oily liquids in aqueous environment has drawn wide attentions owing to its scientific significance and practical prospect in marine petroleum exploitation and oil spill cleanup. Persistent effort has been made to the directional transportation of oil droplets under specific assistance. However, the spontaneous oriented movement of oil, especially the air/water two‐phase oil delivery is still identified as a big challenge. Here, a bioinspired superoleophobic pump has been fabricated through the assembly of a superoleophobic mesh and an oil column. Depending on the directional releases of surface energy, oil droplets can be continuously collected and pumped to centimeters high without additional driving forces. The antigravity oil delivery system can realize continuous oil flow under water, even the air/water two‐phase oil transportation. This work demonstrates a new mode of liquid transportation without external energy and should open a new way to design novel fluid delivery systems to realize diverse liquid transport.
3D Multiscale Superhydrophilic Sponges with Delicately Designed Pore Size for Ultrafast Oil/Water Separation
Authors: Lv Weiyang , Mei Qingqing , Xiao Jianliang , Du Miao , Zheng Qiang
Published: November 2017

Developing novel filtering materials with both high permeation flux and rejection rate presents an enticing prospect for oil/water separation. In this paper, robust porous poly(melamine formaldehyde) (PMF) sponges with superwettability and controlled pore sizes through introducing layered double hydroxides (LDH) and SiO2 electrospun nanofibers are reported. The LDH nanoscrolls endow the sponge with inherent superhydrophilicity and the SiO2 nanofibers act as pore size regulators by overlapping the PMF mainframe. This approach allows the intrinsic large pores in the pristine sponge to decrease quickly from 109.50 to 23.35 µm, while maintaining porosity above 97.8%. The resulting modified sponges with varied pore sizes can effectively separate a wide range of oil/water mixtures, including the surfactant‐stabilized emulsions, solely by gravity, with ultrahigh permeation flux (maximum of 3 × 105 L m−2 h−1 bar−1) and satisfactory oil rejection (above 99.46%). Moreover, separation of emulsions stabilized by different surfactants, such as anionic, nonionic, and cationic surfactants has been investigated for further practical evaluation. It is expected that such a pore size tuning technology can provide a low cost and easily scaled‐up method to construct a series of filtering materials for high‐efficient separation of target oil/water mixtures.
Flexible Gallium Nitride for High‐Performance, Strainable Radio‐Frequency Devices
Authors: Glavin Nicholas R. , Chabak Kelson D. , Heller Eric R. , Moore Elizabeth A. , Prusnick Timothy A. , Maruyama Benji , Walker Dennis E. , Dorsey Donald L. , Paduano Qing , Snure Michael
Published: November 2017

Flexible gallium nitride (GaN) thin films can enable future strainable and conformal devices for transmission of radio‐frequency (RF) signals over large distances for more efficient wireless communication. For the first time, strainable high‐frequency RF GaN devices are demonstrated, whose exceptional performance is enabled by epitaxial growth on 2D boron nitride for chemical‐free transfer to a soft, flexible substrate. The AlGaN/GaN heterostructures transferred to flexible substrates are uniaxially strained up to 0.85% and reveal near state‐of‐the‐art values for electrical performance, with electron mobility exceeding 2000 cm2 V−1 s−1 and sheet carrier density above 1.07 × 1013 cm−2. The influence of strain on the RF performance of flexible GaN high‐electron‐mobility transistor (HEMT) devices is evaluated, demonstrating cutoff frequencies and maximum oscillation frequencies greater than 42 and 74 GHz, respectively, at up to 0.43% strain, representing a significant advancement toward conformal, highly integrated electronic materials for RF applications.
Engineering Contactless Particle–Particle Interactions in Active Microswimmers
Authors: Nourhani Amir , Brown Daniel , Pletzer Nicholas , Gibbs John G.
Published: November 2017

Artificial self‐propelled colloidal particles have recently served as effective building blocks for investigating many dynamic behaviors exhibited by nonequilibrium systems. However, most studies have relied upon excluded volume interactions between the active particles. Experimental systems in which the mobile entities interact over long distances in a well‐defined and controllable manner are valuable so that new modes of multiparticle dynamics can be studied systematically in the laboratory. Here, a system of self‐propelled microscale Janus particles is engineered to have contactless particle–particle interactions that lead to long‐range attraction, short‐range repulsion, and mutual alignment between adjacent swimmers. The unique modes of motion that arise can be tuned by modulating the system's parameters.
Realization of Full Control of a Terahertz Wave Using Flexible Metasurfaces
Authors: Zhang Lei , Zhang Min , Liang Huawei
Published: November 2017

Compared with devices controlling microwave and visible light, there is a lack of functional devices for terahertz (THz) wave control. Moreover, the available THz elements are usually manufactured with bulk materials, in contrast to the trend of miniaturization and compact device requirements. Here, full control of both phase and amplitude is achieved experimentally and numerically at 0.14 THz, one of the atmospheric windows, by demonstrating the functionalities such as polarization conversion, metalenses and the generation of a non‐diffraction Airy beam. Significantly, the metal structures are fabricated on a flexible substrate with a total thickness of ≈0.063 l via a standard flexible printed circuit technique. Taking into account the considerable manipulation efficiency and cost‐efficient sample fabrication technique, the results show solid advances in the development of metasurfaces as a versatile platform for designing practical functional devices in the THz range.
Palladium Catalyzed C−C and C−N Bond Formation via ortho C−H Activation and Decarboxylative Strategy: A Practical Approach towards N‐Acylated Indoles
Authors: Kumar Saurabh , Singh Rahul , Singh Krishna Nand
Published: November 2017

A concerted palladium catalyzed C−H activation and decarboxylative strategy has been explored for the efficient synthesis of N‐acylated indoles. The process allows a facile step‐ and atom‐economic assembly of 3‐arylated indole ring from inexpensive and readily available anilides and cinnamic acids as reacting partners.

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Mechanistic Investigation into RhIII‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Redox‐Neutral Annulation of Aryl Hydrazines with a Tethered Alkyne
Authors: Wu Weirong , Ren Dongcheng , Xu Benzhen , Ma Xiaoying , Huang Caiyun , Zhang Jing , Liu Tao
Published: November 2017

A mechanistic study of the Cp*RhIII‐catalyzed (Cp*=η5‐pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) intramolecular redox‐neutral annulation of tethered alkynes was carried out by density functional calculations using the M06 method. Our results show that the reductive elimination step of the catalytic cycle is rate determining, and the overall energy barrier of the entire process is 31.4 kcal mol−1 (L‐II→L‐TS8‐9). This is in agreement with experimental results that reported the C−H bond cleavage not to be the rate‐determining step. According to our calculations, the feasible mechanism for the RhIII→RhV→RhIII process involves an acylamino migration and subsequent reductive elimination process, which is different from the pathway previously proposed by Li's group. The present calculations elucidate the experimental observations on the molecular level.
Genetic assessment for the endangered black lion tamarinLeontopithecus chrysopygus(Mikan, 1823),Callitrichidae, Primates
Authors: Ayala‐Burbano Paola A. , Caldano Lucas , Junior Pedro Manoel Galetti , Pissinatti Alcides , Marques Mara Cristina , Wormell Dominic , Domingues de Freitas Patrícia
Published: November 2017

This is the first study analyzing genetic diversity in captive individuals of the endangered black lion tamarin,Leontopithecus chrysopygus, and also comparing genetic diversity parameters between wild populations and captive groups using the same set of molecular markers. We evaluated genetic diversity and differentiation for the Brazilian and European captive groups and a wild population through 15 polymorphic microsatellite markers. The genetic diversity levels were similar among Brazilian captive, European captive and wild animals from the National Forest of Capão Bonito. Expected heterozygosity showed values ranging from 0.403 to 0.462, and significant differences were not observed among the populations. Different allele frequencies were observed among the groups, which showed the presence of distinct private alleles. The PCoA analysis evidenced three main clusters suggesting that the captive Brazilian and European groups are markedly differentiated both from one another and from the wild population of Capão Bonito. Likewise, the most likely number of genetic clusters (K) revealed by Structure was three. Such a structure is probably the result of the strength of drift and non‐random reproduction in these small and isolated groups. Despite this differentiation, all groups still have similar genetic diversity levels, comparable to other callitrichids. The data obtained herein are important to increasing knowledge of the genetics of tamarins and supporting breeding programs to prevent loss of genetic diversity and inbreeding depression.
Social hair pulling in captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Heagerty Allison , Wales Rebecca A. , Prongay Kamm , Gottlieb Daniel H. , Coleman Kristine
Published: November 2017

Alopecia is common among captive populations of nonhuman primates. There are many potential causes of alopecia, including physiological conditions such as hormonal imbalance and infection, features of the captive environment such as housing type, ground substrate, and group density, as well as behavioral abnormalities such as self‐plucking. A potential behavioral cause of alopecia in group‐housed primates is social hair pulling, where one animal pulls hair from a conspecific. While social hair pulling has been conflated with overgrooming in some of the alopecia literature, other authors have categorized it as a form of aggression rather than a form of excessive grooming. In this study, we examined social hair pulling, grooming, and aggression within seven groups of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) (N = 319). We took weekly 30‐min behavioral observations on each group for one year to assess the patterns of hair pulling and grooming, which monkeys were receiving and initiating these behaviors, as well as aggression and other behaviors indicating dominance. We also assessed the amount of alopecia on each individual monthly. While grooming tended to be directed “up” the hierarchy (i.e., monkeys were more likely to groom animals of a higher rank than lower rank), most hair pulling was directed “down” the hierarchy. Further, hair pulling seldom co‐occurred with aggressive behaviors, suggesting that it was not a form of aggression. Hair pulling also usually resulted in ingestion of the pulled hair. Hair pulling was correlated with alopecia; monkeys who were frequent recipients of hair pulling scored higher on monthly alopecia ratings than those who were less often observed having hair pulled. Our results suggest that social hair pulling is a behavior distinct from either grooming or aggressive behavior, and that it may contribute to alopecia in socially housed macaques.
Through the eyes of children: Drawings as an evaluation tool for children's understanding about endangered Mexican primates
Authors: Franquesa‐Soler Montserrat , Serio‐Silva Juan Carlos
Published: November 2017

This study seeks to understand children's perceptions and knowledge of endangered Mexican primates. The black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) is a charismatic species endemic to Southern Mexico, Northern Belize, and Guatemala and is a symbol of the region that fosters a sense of local pride. Therefore, it can be considered a flagship species for the forests of Southern Mexico. We evaluated the perception and knowledge that 297 Mexican elementary school children (8–10 years old) have about black howler monkeys. Specifically, we analyzed and categorized drawings made by these children based on gender, geographic context (rural or urban), and residence within or outside of Protected Areas (PAs). Student drawings were categorized into three levels of knowledge (no familiarity, basic knowledge, and sophisticated knowledge). Common misconceptions and important landscape elements for black howler conservation were gathered from these visual representations. Children were largely unfamiliar with black howlers, despite sharing the same geographical location. Knowledge was affected by context and residence, with students living within PAs more aware of black howlers than students living outside of PAs. However, overall the children showed a deep understanding of the current forest conservation situation in Southern Mexico; meaning they could be presenting a shifting baseline syndrome. The study highlights the value of assessing children's drawings as a tool that can be used to help policy makers and educational practitioners in fine‐tuning educational, environmental, and marketing programs. More importantly, it is a methodology that can be applied in future research for understanding children's perceptions and knowledge about endangered species and environmental change in deciding how to improve the effectiveness of conservation messaging.
Encapsulation of a Quinhydrone Cofactor in the Inner Pocket of Cobalt Triangular Prisms: Combined Light‐Driven Reduction of Protons and Hydrogenation of Nitrobenzene
Authors: Zhao Liang , Wei Jianwei , Zhang Jing , He Cheng , Duan Chunying
Published: November 2017

The design of artificial systems that mimic highly evolved and finely tuned natural photosynthetic systems has attracted intensive research interest. A new system was formulated that encapsulates a quinhydrone (QHQ) cofactor in metal–organic hosts based on inspiration from the redox relays of photosystem II. The M6L3 triangular prism hosts provided a special redox‐modulated environment for the cofactor localized within the pocket, and the proximity effects of the host–guest interactions facilitated the formation of charge‐transfer complexes that are typically very difficult to form in normal homogeneous systems. Extensive electron delocalization and well‐controlled redox potential were induced to decrease the overpotential of the metal sites for proton reduction. The excellent activity and stability of the supramolecular systems allow the tandem reductions being combined to efficiently reduce nitrobenzene using active H‐sources from the light activation of water.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Heterocycles by Rhodium(III)‐Catalyzed Annulation of N‐Methoxyamides with α‐Chloroaldehydes
Authors: Huang Ji‐Rong , Bolm Carsten
Published: November 2017

α‐Chloroaldehydes have been used as alkyne equivalents in rhodium‐catalyzed syntheses of isoquinolones and 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolins starting from N‐methoxyamides. Compared to the existing technology, a complementary regioselectivity is achieved. Mechanistic investigations have been performed, and it was found that steric effects of both substrate and additive determine the product selectivity. Various other heterocycles, such as isoquinolines and lactones, can be prepared by transformation of the obtained products.
Highly Branched Polymers with Layered Structures that Mimic Light‐Harvesting Processes
Authors: Shi Yi , Cao Xiaosong , Hu Daqiao , Gao Haifeng
Published: November 2017

Hyperbranched polymers (HBPs) with decorated donor and acceptor chromophores in different domains were constructed to demonstrate the function of light harvesting in a polymeric nanostructure. Taking advantage of our recently developed chain‐growth copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition polymerization, two structural parameters in the HBPs, for example, the molar ratio of the acceptor Coumarin 343 in the core to the donor Coumarin 2 on the periphery, and the average distance between these two layers, could be independently varied in a one‐pot synthesis. The results demonstrated an efficient energy transfer from the excited Coumarin 2 to the ground‐state Coumarin 343 in the core, with the efficiency of the energy transfer reaching as high as 98 %. The excited Coumarin 343, after receiving energy from donor Coumarin 2 emitted higher fluorescence intensity than when directly excited, indicating an observed light concentration effect from the periphery dye to the central dye in one polymer structure.
Tuning the gas separation performance of fluorinated and sulfonated PEEK membranes by incorporation of zeolite 4A
Authors: Tahir Zaman , Ilyas Ayesha , Li Xianfeng , Bilad Muhammad Roil , Vankelecom Ivo F. J. , Khan Asim Laeeq
Published: November 2017

Mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) containing fluorinated‐sulfonated poly(ether ether ketone) (F‐SPEEK) and zeolite 4A filler, were prepared by solution casting. F‐SPEEK with a fixed degree of sulfonation (40%) was used for membrane synthesis. The SEM pictures showed good interfacial adhesion between filler particles and polymer, which was also confirmed by the increase in glass transition temperature of MMMs with increase in filler particles. Pure and mixed gas permeation experiments were carried out to investigate the potential of this membrane material. The results revealed that addition of zeolite 4A fillers enhanced both permeability and selectivity owing to the intrinsic nature of polymer and modified membrane morphology due to filler. The highest permeability obtained for CO2 at 30% filler loading was 49.2 Barrer, while highest selectivities obtained for CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 were 55 and 58 compared to 47 and 51 for the unfilled polymer, respectively. Intrinsic CO2 solubility of F‐SPEEK was observed to be decreased from 10.7 to 1.9 (10−2) cm3 (STP)/cm3 cmHg with the addition of Zeolite 4A. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45952.
Maternal report of fever from cold or flu during early pregnancy and the risk for noncardiac birth defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2011
Authors: Waller Dorothy Kim , Hashmi Syed Shahrukh , Hoyt Adrienne T. , Duong Hao T. , Tinker Sarah C. , Gallaway Michael Shayne , Olney Richard S. , Finnell Richard H. , Hecht Jacqueline Tauber , Canfield Mark A. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: November 2017

Background

As maternal fever affects approximately 6–8% of early pregnancies, it is important to expand upon previous observations of an association between maternal fever and birth defects.

Methods

We analyzed data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a multistate, case‐control study of major structural birth defects. Telephone interviews were completed by mothers of cases (n = 17,162) and controls (n = 10,127). Using multivariable logistic regression, we assessed the association between maternal self‐report of cold or fluwith feverand cold or fluwithout feverduring early pregnancy and 30 categories of non‐cardiac birth defects.

Results

Maternal report of cold or fluwith feverwas significantly associated with 8 birth defects (anencephaly, spina bifida, encephalocele, cleft lip with or without cleft palate, colonic atresia/stenosis, bilateral renal agenesis/hypoplasia, limb reduction defects, and gastroschisis) with elevated adjusted odds ratios ranging from 1.2 to 3.7. Maternal report of cold or fluwithout feverwas not associated with any of the birth defects studied.

Conclusions

This study adds to the evidence that maternal fever during early pregnancy is associated with an increased risk for selected birth defects. Elevated associations were limited to mothers who reported a fever, suggesting that it is fever that contributes to the excess risk rather than illnesses associated with it. However, fever may also serve as a marker for more severe infections.
Umlenkkräfte bei Satteldachbindern
Authors: Huber Tobias , Huber Patrick , Kollegger Johann
Published: November 2017

Der Firstbereich bei Satteldachbindern stellt einen Diskontinuitätsbereich dar, an welchem unter Biegebeanspruchung Umlenkkräfte auftreten. Bei unzureichender Verbügelung können diese zu großen Rissweiten und damit zu einer Verminderung der Tragfähigkeit des Querschnitts führen. Seit geraumer Zeit fordern Normenwerke daher eine volle Verbügelung der nach einem einfachen Stabwerkmodell kalkulierten Umlenkkräfte. Zur Größe der aufnehmbaren Umlenkkraft zum Zeitpunkt der Rissbildung werden keine Regelungen getroffen und so gestaltet sich die Bewertung der Tragfähigkeit von Bestandsbauten schwierig. In diesem Artikel wird die experimentelle Untersuchung eines – einer realen Fabrikhalle nachempfundenen – Satteldachbinders mit unzureichender Verbügelung beschrieben. Die Ergebnisse der beiden großformatigen Vier‐Punkt‐Biegeversuche zeigen die erwartete Ablösung des Druckflansches und die damit verbundene Herabsetzung der Querschnittstragfähigkeit. Auf diesen Untersuchungen gründend, wird erstmalig ein physikalisches Modell zur Bestimmung der aufnehmbaren Umlenkkräfte vorgestellt und sein Potenzial anhand einer Parameterstudie mittels Finite‐Elemente‐Simulationen illustriert.