bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of Acoustic Emission Sensor Integrated with Cantilever Array for Detection of Signals Divided into Frequency Domain
Authors: Kawashima Takahiro , Matsui Atsushi , Muto Kazuo , Nagai Moeto , Shibata Takayuki
Published: November 2012

In order to detect acoustic emission (AE) signals which are transient elastic waves generated by rapid release of strain energy derived from deformation in materials etc., general AE sensors were fabricated by using a piezoelectric film for detection of AE signals. However, these sensors required frequency domain analysis after recording AE signal. Therefore, this research has been developing an AE sensor integrated with cantilever array with different resonant frequencies for detection of AE signals divided into frequency domain by using MEMS techniques. In this paper, a design of cantilever structures was executed. Theoretical analysis and simulation using ANSYS software revealed that a resonant frequency of a cantilever was increased with decrease of its length in the range from 100 k to 1 MHz. Therefore, fabrication and frequency characterization of a cantilever array fabricated in our batch fabrication process were executed.
Effect of Cutting Revolution Speed on Cutting Temperature in Helical Milling of CFRP Composite Laminates
Authors: Sakamoto Shigehiko , Iwasa Hiroki
Published: November 2012

CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics) has higher specific strength, modulus of elasticity and so on. In the application for aviation industries, CFRP are remarkably used for many parts of airplane structures. It will be also widely applied for automobile parts in the future. CFRP is, however, well known as difficult-to-cut material which has very strong physical and mechanical characteristics. Drilling technique of CFRP which is one of the most important cutting operations is currently carried out in industrial factories. These manufactured parts have containing many precision holes for various purposes such as rivet holes. There are many typical problems in the precision drilling processes of CFRP plates which are burrs, chippings and delamination of composite materials, rapid wear of drilling tools and so on In our researches, it is found that drilled holes on CFRP plate by ball-nose end mill have good quality without any defections. By using the helical method with cemented-carbide ball end mill, high quality holes on the CFRP plates are obtained without burrs, chippings, and so on. However, cutting heat have negative effect on the strength of CFRP when it transcend heatresistant temperature of epoxy resin. In these researches, it is considered that the effect of the revolution speed to cutting heat on helical cutting of CFRP plates to improve the cutting processes. It is found that the cutting heat become lower by increasing revolution speed. Besides, because of shortening the cutting time, it is restrained the heat from transferring to the workpiece.
Multi-Scale Product Design and Lifecycle Simulation System for Nano Product Design
Authors: Sakita Kazuhiro
Published: November 2012

Product designer is demanded to harmonize technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of designing product. It is important for product designer to get the overview and the forecast of the property and the influence of the designing product by computer simulations. In order to support product designer and material designer, multi-scale product design and lifecycle simulation system is proposed. The multi-scale product design and lifecycle simulation system consists of multi-scale product design and simulation (MPDS) sub-system and product lifecycle simulation (PLS) sub-system. Concept of MPDS sub-system is an expansion of concept of current CAD/CAE system. Multi-scale products from micro/nano scale level to human scale level are designed continuously in the MPDS sub-system. Concept of PLS sub-system is an expansion of concept of current LCA system. PLS sub-system carries out product lifecycle simulation and evaluation of designing product. PLS sub-system is designed from the point of view of the interactions of subjects. The information of designing product is projected into PLS sub-system as a structured token including product information made by MPDS sub-system. Then, PLS sub-system carries out product lifecycle simulation.
Fabrication of Si Mold Using ICP Etching for X-Ray Diffraction Grating
Authors: Noda Daiji , Tokuoka Atsushi , Hattori Tadashi
Published: November 2012

We have fabricated X-ray diffraction gratings for X-ray phase imaging using X-ray Talbot interferometer. In this paper, we propose the new low cost fabrication process using Si mold of Si dry etching and nano-imprint techniques. Si dry etching makes it possible to fabricate high aspect ratio rectangular microstructures. Therefore, this technique is expected to fabricate high precision grating pattern. In this paper, we propose the new low cost fabrication processes using Si mold of ICP-RIE and nano-imprint techniques. And, in order to form transparence imprint mold, we used thermal oxidation of Si mold. These demonstrations of thermal oxidation are promising method for high precision transparence imprint mold with low cost, and realized low cost optical device such as diffraction gratings.
Fabrication of Micro-Capacitive Inclination Sensor Using the LIGA Process
Authors: Kuboyama Yuu , Nishida Satoshi , Noda Daiji , Hattori Tadashi
Published: November 2012

The resource saving of various electronic devices and advancement are demanded. Research and development of the MEMS device are briskly done from viewpoints of a miniaturization and highly-efficient. However, tip-shaped device manufacture is easy by the MEMS, but is hard to manufacture the tertiary structure. Therefore, as nanofabrication technology aiming at the mass production of the tertiary structure, LIGA process to make a microstructure body by copying it attracts attention of resin. In this research, the electric capacity type inclination sensor which used the LIGA process is produced. By using resin molding for a manufacturing step, a production cost can be low held down compared with the existing sensor. Former, the silicon mold which has a pattern of the size of 7×7 mm and structure height 100µm using ICP dry etching was produced. In addition, we performed resin molding using the silicon mold and succeeded in the manufacture and evaluation of the angle of inclination sensor. We expect that if techniques using resin-molded parts are introduced to the low-cost mass-production of MEMS devices (including sensors), the range of applications will further expand to new areas of technology and industry.
Nanowire Fabrication by DNA Metallization and Positioning
Authors: Guan Hong Wei , Liu Si Chen , Yanagida Yasuko , Hatsuzawa Takeshi
Published: November 2012

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) has the appropriate molecular recognition property that makes it a suitable building block for the construction of nanoscale electronic devices. In particular, DNA employed as conducting wires is expected to be an alternative to optical lithography, which has resolution limits and requires high cost steppers. Nano-oxidation experiments were conducted on a silicon substrate by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to produce nanosized dots as anchors for DNA fixing. Short strand DNA molecules were then fixed on the anchors, which can recognize a specific complementary sequence. After the substrate was treated with a solution containing specific DNAs, which can hybridize with the short strand DNAs at the DNA sticky end, the anchors were connected to the DNAs by a self-assembly processes of DNA hybridization. Finally, silver was plated along the DNA molecules by a chemical treatment to introduce electrical conductivity. This method is expected to have potential for the integration of nanosized building blocks applicable to nanodevice construction.
Fundamental Study on Nanoremoval Processing Method for Microplastic Structures Using Photocatalyzed Oxidation
Authors: Sekino Takahiro , Takahashi Satoru , Takamasu Kiyoshi
Published: November 2012

Micro plastic structures, typified by photoresists for semiconductor devices or various MEMS devices, photosensitive resins of microstereolithography, and so on, play one of the most important roles in the microdevices manufacturing. In order to process finer plastic structures with higher reliability for more complexly-modulated microdevices in the next generation micromanufacturing field, a nano removal processing method, which can be applied to a corrective machining process with the removal resolution less than 10nm in both lateral and vertical direction, is strongly required. In this study, we propose a novel nano removal processing method for micro plastic structures with photocatalyzed oxidation. Here, we apply photocatalysts micro particles as a specially designed material removal tool tip. Since a light energy is not directly used for processing the material, a material removal resolution does not depend on the diffraction limit. Further, using photocatalysts is free from micro tool wear problem. As the first report, in order to verify the fundamental feasibility of the proposed method, we performed basic experiments using TiO2 micro particles with the diameter of 500nm for cured photosensitive resin surface. An AFM observation of the processed surface showed that a vertical removal resolution of 8nm was achieved.
MPF-FDTD Simulations of Fabrication and Optical Analysis of Ordered Gold Nano-Dots Array
Authors: Yamanaka Akinori , Li Zhen Xing , Yoshino Masahiko
Published: November 2012

Recently, the authors have proposed a hybrid fabrication method of an ordered gold nano-dots array using a combination of the nano plastic forming and thermal annealing. In this study, in order to investigate morphology and optical properties of the gold nano-dots array fabricated by the proposed method, we develop a coupled three-dimensional simulation model by using the multi-phase-field method and the finite-difference-time-domain method. The simulation results demonstrate that the ordered gold nano-dots array which can be obtained by the proposed method exhibits quite characteristic optical responses due to the localized surface plasmon resonance.
Experimental Study of Cutting Performance and Tool Wear in Dry Side Milling of Aluminum Alloy with DLC-Coated HSS-Co Cutter
Authors: Mizugaki Yoshio , Takafuji Kazuki , Kikkawa Koichi , Kuroda Teppei , Kimura Taro
Published: November 2012

This paper presents the experimental results of cutting performance and tool wear of a milling cutter in dry side milling of aluminum alloy A2017. The milling cutter consists of Co-bonded High-Speed-Steel matrix with Diamond-Like-Carbon coating (abbrev. DLC-coated HSS-Co cutter). The machining experiments were carried out under cutting speed of 63 to 189 [m•min-1] and feed of 0.08 [mm/tooth/rev], and the criterion of tool life was the generation of gauge and/or scratch on a machined surface. The experimental results support that the DLC-coated cutter in up cutting has good performance among four types of combination by the presence or absence of coating and the up/down cutting manner. They also showed that the tool life of DLC-coated cutter in up cutting under cutting speed of 157 [m•min-1] was corresponding to the cutting distance of 80 [m] with average width of flank wear 102 [μm] and that in down cutting was 60 [m] with 85 [μm]. In the range of cutting distance up to 100 [m], the resultant cutting force with the DLC-coated cutter was smaller than that with a non-coating cutter. In case of the DLC-coated cutter in up cutting under the cutting speed of 189 [m•min-1], a chatter vibration occurred during the initial cutting distance. In case of the radial depth of cut of 1.5 [mm], it lasted up to the cutting distance of 10 [m] and more.
Microstructuring of Culture Media and its Effect on Cell Adhesion
Authors: Tanaka Yasuhiro , Satou Hayato , Moronuki Nobuyuki
Published: November 2012

Control of adhesion force between cells and medical materials is important for artificial tissue such as tooth, bone and joint. There are many trials to control the adhesion by modifying the surface of culture media. One of these is roughness control of culture media. In this study, the cells cultured on microstructured surface were pushed by a cantilever on a micromanipulator. The deflection of cantilever was measured to calculate the force, and the crucial force when cells were detached from media was quantified as cell adhesion force. Microstructured surface was fabricated from poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The structure was replicated from Si substrate that was etched through a mask of self-assembled particles. The profile of the mold is cone array of which pitches is same with mask particle's diameter 1 or 5 μm. Thus, the media has regular pits which correspond to the pillar. The effect of pitch and height of the structures on the adhesion force were made clear.
Fabrication of Precise Asymmetric Nanoshells Array with Nanogaps for a Label-Free Immunoassay Based on NIR-Light Responsive LSPR
Authors: Uchida Shuhei , Yamamura Kazuya , Zettsu Nobuyuki
Published: November 2012

Localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) based sensors are a well established technology utilized for label-free biochemical sensing in immunoassay, medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. The understanding of asymmetric metal nanoparticles, new object for complex, coupled plasmon systems providing localized significantly enhanced E-field, is central to a wide range of novel applications and processes in science of higher sensitive sensing systems. However, few methods are available for actual characterization of such nanostructures at the single particle level. Here we propose a precise and large sized scale fabrication technique for asymmetric nanoshells array with nanogaps of several tens of nanometers for LSPR sensor through atmospheric pressure plasma etching processes. A nanoshell was simply constructed by laminating thin Au films on periodic isolated polymer nanoparticles template. This nanoshells array was expected to exhibit specific near-infrared plasmonic properties. When measuring the sensitivity, nanoshells array exhibited a high sensitivity to changes of surrounding refractive index and showed a higher sensor figure of merit than the alternative structures. This indicated that the enhanced plasmon E-field in the asymmetric nanostructures improved sensor performance. Our fabrication technique and the optical properties of the arrays will provide useful information for developing new plasmonic applications.
Control of Percussion Motion by Sound Feedback with a Humanoid Robot
Authors: Aoyama Eiichi , Hirogaki Toshiki , Kiuchi Hirohumi , Sugiura Yoshihisa
Published: November 2012

Nowadays, there are the demands for application of a humanoid robot in factory automation field. There have been some reports dealing with assembling the mechanical parts. Among these, we focus on the control of percussion motion with a humanoid robot. In the present report, we propose a flexible rubber stick to control the high accurate percussion motion. To control multimodal behavior, we look at a feedback method using a sound at the percussion motion. An attempt with a humanoid robot is performed to hit the small glockenspiel with recording the sounds. We investigate the experimental results by observing the motion with a high-speed camera and a gyro sensor. As a result, it can be seen that the proposed method is effective to control the high accurate percussion motion under industrial noisy conditions.
A 3-DOF Friction-Free Planar Motor Using Piezoelectric Elements
Authors: Torii Akihiro , Nishio Mitsuhiro , Itatsu Yuki , Doki Kae , Ueda Akiteru
Published: November 2012

A friction-free planar motor, which is composed of piezoelectric elements (piezos), is proposed. The motor is based on the principle of an inchworm using levitation mechanisms. The vertical vibration of the piezo generates the levitation force of the motor. The horizontal deformation of the piezo causes the thrust force of the motor. These piezos realizes three degree-of-freedom motion on a flat surface. We measure the displacement in the vertical and horizontal direction of the levitation mechanism. The feasibility of the inchworm using levitation mechanisms is described.
A Method for Online Identification of Two-Inertia Mechanical System Including Nonlinear Friction
Authors: Toyozawa Yukio , Sonoda Naoto , Harada Hiroshi , Kashiwagi Hiroshi
Published: November 2012

This paper describes a practical method to identify mechanical parameters of two-inertia mechanical system such as a linear actuator driven by a ball screw mechanism. In the proposed method, mechanical system is represented as an inverse model and a low-pass filtered M-sequence is used as an input signal. The mechanical parameters are estimated by using steepest descent method with a dead band. From the results of the computer simulation, the identified mechanical parameters quickly approach to the true mechanical parameters.
Development of Transient Thermal Deformation Control Techniques Using Thermal Modal Analysis Based Design Methods
Authors: Morishima Takeshi , van Ostayen Ron , van Eijk Jan , Schmidt Rob Munnig
Published: November 2012

Thermal errors are important sources of positioning errors in precision machines and are more and more becoming determining factors to meet increasing specifications. In this paper, thermal modal analysis is used to study and reduce the transient thermal displacement errors in precision machines. The temperature decomposition and the thermal displacement field decomposition by thermal modal analysis are derived. The reduction of transient thermal errors by adding additional heat loads is analyzed and the results of two different methods are compared.
Fabrication of Micropins Using Micro Turning Tools
Authors: Furukawa Takuya , Nomura Yosuke , Harada Kazuyuki , Egashira Kai
Published: November 2012

The turning of straight micropins with a diameter smaller than 10 µm, which has not been reported so far, was carried out using micro turning tools made of cemented tungsten carbide. Tools of 50 µm diameter were fabricated by electrical discharge machining, which is suitable for fabricating micro cutting tools because it can deal with hard materials and carry out micromachining. A turning machine designed especially for micro turning tools was used in the experiments. A brass workpiece was turned using a tool with a length of cut of 100 µm at a feed speed of 3.0 µm/s, feed per revolution of 0.06 µm and depth of cut of 10–11 µm. As a result, a straight micropin of 7.5 µm diameter and 80 µm length was successfully turned. Furthermore, turning was also performed using a tool with a length of cut of 50 µm at a feed speed of 3.0 µm/s, feed per revolution of 0.06 µm and depth of cut of 8.5–20 µm to fabricate a straight micropin of 3 µm diameter and 30 µm length. This micropin is the pin with the smallest ever diameter fabricated by turning, to the best of our knowledge, indicating the possibility of further minimization of the machinable size in turning. Turning properties were also investigated to determine the maximum depth of cut and feed speed that can be employed without tool breakage.
Influence of Servo Characteristics on Motion Accuracy of Parallel Kinematic Mechanism
Authors: Sato Ryuta , Maegawa Michitaka , Tashiro Gen , Shirase Keiichi
Published: November 2012

Parallel kinematic mechanism (PKM) is applied to machine tools and robots since its flexibility and speed. In machine tools, additionally, motion accuracy is strongly desired. Although various research works aimed to calibrate static geometrical deviations of the PKM machines in order to improve motion accuracy, influence of dynamic motion error of servo system has not been investigated well up to now. In this study, the influence of servo characteristics on motion accuracy of a PKM machine tool driven by six servo motors is discussed, because it is expected that the contouring motion accuracy of a PKM machine tool is strongly depends on the servo characteristics. A servo motor which installed to the machine is modeled to simulate the motion characteristics of each servo motor. The motor models are coupled with a model of link mechanism, and the motion accuracy of a tool center point is simulated. Also, both of positional and angular errors are simulated successfully. As the results of the simulations, it is clarified that the motion accuracy is strongly depends on the servo characteristics and location of the tool center point. In addition, the motion errors are observed as six dimensional errors. It is also discussed that the influence of friction torques on the motion accuracy.
Micro-Aspheric Mold Polishing Utilizing Magnetostrictive Vibration-Assisted Polishing Machine
Authors: Guo Jiang , Suzuki Hirofumi , MORITA Shinya , Yamagata Yutaka , Higuchi Toshiro
Published: November 2012

Micro-aspheric lenses molded by micro-aspheric ceramic molds are increasing in the optical systems such as digital cameras and blu-ray players. To finish the molds with high accuracy and low surface roughness, in this paper, the micro-aspheric mold made of Electroless nickel plating are polished by using the newly developed 5-axis magnetostrictive vibration-assisted polishing machine. The magnetostrictive vibrating polisher generates a lateral vibration at 9.2 kHz with amplitude of 30 μm. The polishing pressure is controlled by a balance adjustment mechanism and the polishing load is controllable within a range of 2 mN ~ 20 mN with a resolution of 2 mN. The motion resolution of the X-Y-Z table is 0.1 μm in each direction. The C-axis rotary table is mounted on a B-axis tilting table and the workpiece is mounted on the C-axis rotary table with a vacuum chuck. According to the polishing experiments, the form accuracy was improved to 200 nm P-V and the surface roughness was reduced to 10 nm Rz (1 nm Ra).
Advanced Tolerancing Based on Product Performance by Using Statistical Tolerance Index Cpk and Cc
Authors: Otsuka Akimasa
Published: November 2012

In this paper, the improvement of performance design for mass production are shown by using statistical tolerance index Cpk and Cc. Recently, the demand for product performance is getting higher. Meanwhile, precision machining and measurement are also developing in manufacturing industry. To satisfy consumer in terms of product performance, we have proposed advanced tolerancing method by using statistical tolerance index (STI). In this study, it is assumed that the performance of each product can be quantified and depends on the only functional dimension. It is also assumed that the dimension distribution of each machined part follows normal distribution. Consequently, performance of mass production can be quantified statistically. To control performance, we introduce STI which is composed of process capability limitation. After all, performance design is to calculate STI so as to satisfy the demand for performance. There are two problems in performance design. One is a synthesis of STI and another is an allocation of STI. These problems are just like the conventional tolerance synthesis and allocation problems. In this paper, the former problem is formulated algebraically.
Effects of Penetrated Graphite on Tribological Properties of Copper Based Journal Bearing
Authors: Tanizawa Kazuki , Usami Hatsuhiko , Sato Tomohiro , Hirai Yoshimasa , Fukui Takehisa
Published: November 2012

Tribological properties of copper based porous alloy with penetrated micro size graphite layer were evaluated using a ring on disc testing apparatus in dry condition. A shot peening treatment was applied to ensure the dimple for the graphite penetration. Specimens with various area fraction of the graphite layer were prepared. It was found that the friction coefficient and the wear loss decreased with the increase in the area fraction. However, the decrease of the friction and the wear loss became smaller at excess graphite area fraction.
Thermal Test for Error Maps of Rotary Axes by R-Test
Authors: Ibaraki Soichi , Hong Ce Fu
Published: November 2012

Thermal distortions are regarded as one of major error factors in a machine tool. ISO 230-3 [1] describes tests to evaluate the influence of thermal distortions caused by linear motion and spindle rotation on the tool center position (TCP). No test is described in these standards on the thermal influence of a rotary axis. Furthermore, conventional thermal tests only measure thermal influence on the positioning error at a single point, not error motions of an axis. This paper proposes a method to calibrate thermal influence on error motions of rotary axes in five-axis kinematics by the static R-test. The R-test measurement clarifies how error motions of a rotary table changes with the rotation of a swiveling axis, and how error motions are influenced by thermal changes. Experimental demonstration will be presented.
Passive THz Near-Field Imaging and its Applications for Engineering
Authors: Kajihara Yusuke , Mizutani Takehiro , Komiyama Susumu
Published: November 2012

We have recently developed a THz near-field microscope with an ultrahighly sensitive detector, CSIP (charge-sensitive infrared phototransistor). The microscope probes spontaneous evanescent field on samples derived from local phenomena and the signal origin from metals was previously revealed to be thermal charge/current fluctuations. The intensity of passive near-field signal is very well consistent with Bose-Einstein distribution, which corresponds to the sample temperature. In this study, we demonstrate nano-thermometry with the microscope by monitoring passive near-field signals on a biased NiCr pattern. The obtained signals correspond to the local temperature and the result shows that the inner side of the line curve is much brighter than outer side. It can be easily interpreted by Kirchhoff’s law. The spatial resolution is 60 nm, which cannot be experimentally achieved by any other optical thermometry. This demonstration strongly suggests that our microscope is very well suited for real-time temperature mapping of complicated circuit patterns, and others like bio-samples.
Design and Experiment of Thermal Contact Sensor Detecting Defects on Si Wafer Surface
Authors: Lu Wen Jian , Shimizu Yuki , Ito So , Gao Wei
Published: November 2012

A deign study of a thermal-type contact sensor for the detection of small defects, the heights of which are less than 16 nm on the wafer surface, is described in this paper. The feasibility of the contact sensor, which would detect frictional heat generated at the contact with defects, was theoretically investigated focusing on the temperature rise of the sensor element. To investigate the temperature rise of the contact sensor due to the generated frictional heat, both the theoretical calculation with simple model of heat transfer and a simulation with a finite element model (FEM) was carried out. Relationship between the sensor size and the response of the temperature rise of the contact sensor was also investigated by using FEM simulation.
Dynamic Response of an Air-Bearing Displacement Sensor for on-Machine Surface Form Measurement
Authors: Lee Kang Won , Ito So , Shimizu Yuki , Gao Wei , Tanaka Katsutoshi , Fukuta Masahiko , Kai Yoshiaki
Published: November 2012

This paper presents the dynamic response of an air-bearing displacement sensor for on-machine surface form measurement of micro structures. The on-machine measurement system has some merits in terms of measurement efficiency and re-machining for error compensation after measurement. On the other hand, the performance of the contact type measurement system based on stylus methods is dominated by the dynamic characteristics of the system because the system is subject to random vibrations of the machine tool including the spindle during measurement. Therefore, the dynamic response of the system is useful for analyzing the mechanical vibrations of the practical on-machine measurement system. In this paper, the equation of motion for the air-bearing displacement sensor to the excited input displacement is derived and the displacement behavior of the system by using a PZT actuator is investigated within certain frequency ranges experimentally for identifying the dynamics of the system.
Absolute Calibration of the Rotary Encoder Considering the Influence on-Machine for Development of High-Speed Nanoprofiler
Authors: Kojima Takuya , Usuki Koji , Kitayama Takao , Tonaru Daisuke , Matsumura Hiroki , Uchikoshi Junichi , Higashi Yasuo , Endo Katsuyosi
Published: November 2012

The development of a high-speed nanoprofiler is essential for developing the next generation of ultraprecision aspheric mirrors. The purpose of this study is to develop a new high-speed nanoprofiler that traces the normal vector of an aspheric mirror surface. The method of measurement adopted here is based upon the accuracy of a rotation goniometer. In order to attain a form measurement accuracy of PV1nm, it is necessary to improve the angle measurement accuracy. In this study, we equip a nanoprofiler with a rotary encoder that is calibrated in order to accomplish this objective, using a national standard machine. Consequently, this rotary encoder can be calibrated with an accuracy of ±0.12 μrad when considering the influence of installing the encoder on the nanoprofiler.
Development of an Optical Heterogeneity Evaluation System Using Phase-Shift Digital Holography
Authors: Hayashi Terutake , Michihata Masaki , Takaya Yasuhiro
Published: November 2012

The nondestructive, non-contact, three-dimensional evaluation of optical glass has been important to the manufacturing of high-precision optical components. In order to achieve high-precision nondestructive evaluation of optical heterogeneity, we develop a versatile evaluation system using the parallel phase- shift digital holography, which enables measurements of the optical path differences at a nanometer-scale resolution. The amplitude and phase distributions of the object wave can be reconstructed directly from a single hologram by using the parallel phase-shift digital holography system. The optical heterogeneity of a sample is determined quantitatively based on the distribution of the optical path differences quantitatively.
Sphericity Measurement Using Stitching Interferometry
Authors: Hagino Takeshi , Yokoyama Yuichiro , Kuriyama Yutaka , Haitjema Han
Published: November 2012

A newly developed practical sphericity measurement system by means of stitching interferometry is described in this paper. Spheres are widely used in industry. In particular, spheres with stem are usually used in metrological applications such as reference sphere for Coordinate Measuring Machines. It is common to calibrate form of spheres with tactile roundness measurement, however a comprehensive form measurement is desired for evolving high precision applications. The developed system consists of commercial base Fizeau type interferometer to capture partial surface areas of sphere and five axes stages to handle sphere with stem. Hence the system is very suitable for measurement of such stemmed spheres. This system yields three dimensional form maps of stitched sphere and peak to valley sphericity. Standard deviation of sphericity value yielded using this system is less than 5 nm in 8 times repetition. Finally, an equatorial profile clipped from stitched sphere shows good agreement with a result of tactile roundness measuring method within 10 nm typically.
Proposal of Improving Method of Rotational 2-Axis Synchronous Accuracy of Plate Motion Control with a Dual Arm Robot by Estimating Ball Rolling Motion on the Plate
Authors: Wu Wei , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi
Published: November 2012

Recently, developers of machining tools have begun paying more and more attention to multi-joint dual-arm robot, and it is expected the robot will reclaim its place in the field of new automation. Industrial dual-arm robots have therefore gained attention as new tools to control both linear motion and rotational motion accurately. On the other hand, the five-axis control machining center controlling the motion of three translation axes and two rotation axes has put into wide practical use. However, a one problem has been that it may be the difficult to measure the synchronic accuracy of rotation two axes without high accuracy gyro sensor. In the present report, we proposed a novel method to measure the synchronic accuracy of rotation two axes of machine tool table with a ball, which keeps a ball rolling around a circular path on the working plate by dual-arm cooperating control. As a result, we investigated an influence of each axis motion error on a ball- rolling path, and demonstrated this method made it feasible to estimate the synchronic accuracy of rotation two axes of machine tool table.
Design and Test of a Three-Axis Mosaic Surface Encoder
Authors: Kim Woo Jae , Shimizu Yuki , Hosono Koji , Ito So , Gao Wei
Published: November 2012

A three-axis mosaic surface encoder, which can measure the X-directional position and the Y-, Z-directional straightness of the linear stage in a long range, is proposed. The three-axis mosaic surface encoder is composed of multiple scanning probes and a mosaic scale grating. The mosaic scale grating is constructed by placing the multiple two-dimensional reflective-type scale gratings in a line to obtain long measurement range along the in-plane direction of a scale grating. In addition, the optical configuration of the encoder head, which employs multiple scanning probes to be projected on the mosaic scale grating, is proposed so that a long range measurement can be achieved by the mosaic scale gratings. With the proposed encoder head, the measurement information of the X-directional displacement can always be obtained from the probe which is not on the gaps of the mosaic scale grating. The proposed configuration was applied to the three-axis surface encoder, and basic performances of the proposed three-axis mosaic surface encoder are experimentally investigated.
Micro-Groove Cutting for Different Materials Using an Elastic Leaf Spring Type Tool Holder
Authors: Herrera-Granados German , Ashida Kiwamu , Ogura Ichiro , Okazaki Yuichi , Morita Noboru , Ruiz-Huerta Leopoldo , Caballero-Ruiz Alberto
Published: November 2012

Micro-grooves fabrication is increasing due to its importance in different technology fields, as they are required for higher functional applications such as the development of optical lens or micro channels for heat exchangers. A novel method based on the technology developed for Atomic Force Microscopes (AFM) nano-cutting is proposed, where nano-scratches are made using a micro-cantilever with a sharp tip where a normal load sufficient to remove material is applied. Instead of a rigid system to control the relative position between the tool and the workpiece, AFM nano-cutting uses a force feedback control (FBC) of the normal load on the tool edge in order to maintain a constant cutting depth during the manufacture. Due to the limited scale range of AFM machining, a larger mechanism was developed and consists on a XYZ-stage system where an elastic leaf spring type tool holder is mounted with a diamond tool chip. FBC is not yet implemented on this system; however, basic experiments (micro-grooves cutting) were performed on different materials to verify the feasibility of this setup. With these results, it is possible to analyze the relationship between static indentation tests and the normal load required during the micro-grooves fabrication.
Automatic Recognition of a Piping System from Laser Scanned Points by Eigenvalue Analysis
Authors: Kawashima Kazuaki , Kanai Satoshi , Date Hiroaki
Published: November 2012

In recent years, changes in plant equipment have been becoming more frequent because of the short lifetime of the products, and constructing 3D shape models of existing plants (as-built models) from large-scale laser scanned data is expected to make their rebuilding processes more efficient. However, the laser scanned data of the existing plant has massive points, captures tangled objects and includes a large amount of noises, so that the manual reconstruction of a 3D model is very time-consuming and costs a lot. Piping systems especially, account for the greatest proportion of plant equipment. Therefore, the purpose of this research was to propose an algorithm which can automatically recognize a piping system from terrestrial laser scan data of the plant equipment. Point clouds of a piping system can be extracted based eigenvalue analysis and using region-growing from the laser scanned points. Eigenvalue analysis of the point clouds then allows for recognition of straight portion of pipes. Connecting parts can be recognized from connection relationship between pipes and neighboring points.
Characterization of TMR Head Durability against Lapping Based on Magnetic Performance
Authors: Tanaka Hideaki , Maeda Yukio
Published: November 2012

Magnetic recording technologies are continuing to advance toward higher areal densities, driven by the availability of tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) heads. However, high areal density heads require smaller physical dimensions, and this can render TMR heads more vulnerable to mechanical stresses generated during the lapping process. Although is important to verify the durability of TMR heads against lapping, it is very difficult to perform a crystallographic analysis of the affected layer because of the small dimensions involved. In this study, we attempted to establish an advanced TMR head verification method based on a magnetic performance analysis involving micro-Kerr hysteresis loops and the magnetic noise spectrum. We found that the magnetic performance changed when nanoscale scratches were removed from the lapped surface using ion beam etching. This indicates that the lapping process produces an affected layer which deteriorates the magnetic characteristics of the TMR head. A correlation was also found between the change in magnetic performance and the morphology of lapped surface.
Cutting Performance of Oxygen-Including Compounds in MQL Machining of Aluminum
Authors: Wakabayashi Toshiaki , Atsuta Toshifumi , Tsukuda Akira , Sembongi Norio , Shibata Junichi , Suda Satoshi
Published: November 2012

In minimal quantity lubrication (MQL) machining of aluminum alloys, since they have highly adhesive characteristics, more effective lubrication is necessary. This study therefore proposes that oxygen-including compounds, such as esters, alcohols and acids, are considered to be a potential MQL lubricant. The experimental investigations have shown the cutting performance of those oxygen-including compounds has greatly been influenced by their chemical structures. Some of them have been able to provide the successful cutting performance as a MQL cutting fluid and, in particular, specific alcohols have demonstrated the superior anti-adhesive characteristics in MQL end milling.
Energy Reduction of Machine Tools
Authors: Oda Yohei , Fujishima Makoto , Kawamura Yoshikazu , Hideta Morihiro
Published: November 2012

Machine tools, which are used in factories for long hours and many years, have a great influence on power consumption of the factories. Therefore, reducing machine tool power consumption is one of the important subjects for today’s machine tool manufacturers. In this paper, we will report on our ongoing efforts to improve energy efficiency of machine tools.
Numerical Simulation of Underwater Explosion Based on Material Point Method
Authors: Chen Wei Dong , Yang Wen Miao , Zhang Fan
Published: November 2012

Underwater explosive load calculation and numerical simulation is the key issues of the design of underwater conventional weapons and protection of ships and submarine. Underwater explosion involves strong nonliner problems and multi-material coupling problems. The method of underwater explosion calculation base on the material point method (MPM) is presented. The MPM takes the advantages of the both Euler and Lagrangian methods and overcomes the shortcomings of them. The problems in the underwater explosive simulation such as large deformation, moving material interfaces and deformable boundaries can be solved effectively by the MPM. At last, blast wave produced by TNT exploding under similar infinite water region is computed. The calculated results are in good agreement with the results of empirical formula of Cole and SPH. The simulation results show that the MPM is an effective tool for underwater explosion calculation.
The Debond Fracture of Sandwich Plate with Corrugated Core Using Cohesive Zone Element
Authors: Zou Guang Ping , Yang Peng Fei , Lu Jie , Li Yong Gui
Published: November 2012

In this paper, flatwise tensile test (FWT) and modified double cantilever beam (DCB) experiment were conducted to investigated the debond fracture of sandwich plate with corrugated core. In the experiment, the crack always stays at the face/core interfacial. Tensile bond strength of face core can be given from the flatwise tensile test and we can get the mode I fracture toughness GIC from DCB tests. It is found that the trends of curves change greatly at the beginning, with the propagation of crack, load against open displacement curves change smoothly. In order to simulate the face/core failure of sandwich plate with corrugated core, the cohesive element model is used. Tensile strength and strain energy release rate measured by the experiments presented in this paper are used in as parameters for simulation of the debond fracture. By comparing with the experiment results, the model can express the face/core failure of sandwich plate with corrugated core validly.
Investigation on the Corrosion Effect of Friction Stir Welded AA2024 T3 Aluminum Alloy Joints
Authors: Ma Yu E , Zhao Zhen Qiang
Published: November 2012

Before friction stir welded integral panels are used in main aircraft structure, the corrosion behavior of welded joint need to be studied in detail. 2024 T3 samples were designed and welded by friction stir welding; the microstructure crossing the weld zone was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the feature of different zones (base material, thermo-mechanical affected zone, nugget) was seen; the corrosion testing in NaCl smoking box was carried out, and microstructure was observed after corrosion, localized corrosion predominantly occurs in the thermo-mechanical affected zone.
Distortion Induced Fatigue Analysis of Steel Bridges
Authors: Wang Chun Sheng , Yan Sheng Long , Cheng Jun
Published: November 2012

Induced forces in secondary steel bridge members such as diaphragms and cross-bracing can cause out-of-plane distortion in webs that may lead to fatigue cracking. Such cracking is most likely to occur if the distortion must be accommodated in a short length of the web, such as in the gap between the end of transverse stiffeners and girder flanges, thats because the web gap is subject to double curvature. In this paper, the numerical analysis models of the curved continue steel bridges were established using ANSYS software to calculate the fatigue stress at the web gaps. The numerical analysis results show that both the bottom web gap at middle span area and the top web gap at supported were poor fatigue details, and web thickness and web gap depth give the great affection on the out-of-plane distortion fatigue stress at web gaps of curved steel bridges.
Geometrical Parameters Influencing a Hybrid Mechanical Coupling
Authors: Lamanna Giuseppe , Caputo Francesco , Soprano Alessandro
Published: November 2012

Coupling techniques for components of different materials is spreading in mechanical industry; the test case studied in this work deals with the connection of an aluminium alloy component with a carbon fibre composite one. In particular, the first component is made of an aluminium-zinc alloy and exhibits an isotropic behaviour, while the second is made of a carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) and shows a strongly anisotropic behaviour; both materials are widely used in engineering applications. A titanium bolt connects the parts. This work is focused on the influence of the geometrical parameters which characterize the coupling between the components. In particular, a study has been carried out on the influence of the shank-hole clearance, the bolt head size, the bolt preload and the shape of the bolt head. A numerical model has been built and statically tested; the results have been compared with the experimental ones from literature. Once validated, the same numerical model has been used to evaluate the performance of the joint in presence of a change of the above mentioned characteristic parameters. The required numerical analyses have been performed using Abaqus/Standard® numerical code.
Fatigue Test of Small Sized AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Using Micropillar Specimen
Authors: Mizuno Satoshi , Kakiuchi Toshifumi , Uematsu Yoshihiko
Published: November 2012

The bending fatigue tests were performed using the small sized specimens of AZ31 magnesium alloy fabricated by the focused ion beam (FIB) processing to investigate the scale effect on the fatigue behavior. For the fatigue test of the small sized specimens, the fatigue testing apparatus was constructed by the piezo actuator and the high-resolution microscope for controlling the very small displacement. The specimen was micropillar-shaped with the rectangular cross section of 3μm x 8μm and the height of 40μm. The fatigue strengths of the small sized specimens were higher than those of the bulk sized specimens. The fracture surfaces were also investigated carefully compared with those of the bulk specimen.
Crack Growth by Dimensional Reduction Methods
Authors: Wen P.H. , Aliabadi M.H.
Published: November 2012

This paper presents a new fatigue crack growth prediction by using the dimensional reduction methods including the dual boundary element method (DBEM) and element-free Galerkin method (EFGM) for two dimensional elastostatic problems. One crack extension segment, i.e. a segment of arc, is introduced to model crack growth path. Based on the maximum principle stress criterion, this new prediction procedure ensures that the crack growth is smooth everywhere except the initial growth and the stress intensity factor of mode II is zero for each crack extension. It is found that the analyses of crack paths using coarse/large size of crack extension are in excellent agreement with analyses of the crack paths by the tangential method with very small increments of crack extension.
Load Influence on the Behavior of Micro-Crack in the Particulate Composite
Authors: Majer Zdeněk
Published: November 2012

Particulate composite with soft polymer matrix and rigid mineral fillers are one of most frequently used construction and engineering materials. The main focus of a present paper is an estimation of the load influence on behavior of micro-crack placed in close proximity to the particle with interphase in soft matrix. The particulate composite with polymer matrix filled by magnesium-based mineral fillers is investigated by means of the finite element method. A non-linear material behavior of the matrix was considered. Numerical model on the base of representative plane element (RPE) was developed. The conclusions of this paper can contribute to a better understanding of the behavior of micro-crack in particulate composites with soft polymer matrix.