bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of earthworm and chemical assays of the bioavailability of aged 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene, 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane, and heavy metals in orchard soils
Authors: Gaw Sally , Northcott Grant , Kim Nick , Wilkins Alistair , Jensen Joanne
Published: March 2012

Orchard soils can contain elevated concentrations of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p′-DDE), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p′-DDT), and heavy metals as a result of historical agrichemical applications. The bioavailability of p,p′-DDE, p,p′-DDT, As, Cd, Cu, and Pb from five field-aged New Zealand orchards and three grazing soils was assessed by using a 28-d bioassay with Aporrectodea caliginosa and chemical assays. Significant relationships were found between total soil and earthworm tissue concentrations for p,p′-DDE (p < 0.001), p,p′-DDT (p < 0.001), Cu (p < 0.001), and Pb (p < 0.01). Two neutral salt solutions, 0.01 M CaCl2 and 1 M NH4NO3, were used as surrogate measures of the bioavailability of heavy metals. Copper was the only heavy metal for which significant correlations were found between neutral-salt-extractable and earthworm tissue concentrations (p < 0.001). Up to 28% of the aged DDT residues were released from the soils by Tenax over a 24-h extraction period. Significant relationships (p < 0.01) between the Tenax-extractable and earthworm tissue concentrations for p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT showed that Tenax provides a good surrogate measure of the bioavailability of these compounds to A. caliginosa. Surprisingly, there was a similarly significant relationship (p < 0.001) between the total soil and earthworm tissue concentrations for p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT, suggesting that total soil concentrations alone were sufficient to predict uptake by A. caliginosa. These results demonstrate that the aged agrichemical residues in orchard soils, and particularly p,p′-DDE and p,p′-DDT, remain highly bioavailable to A. caliginosa despite decades of weathering and continue to present an environmental risk. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1306–1316. © 2012 SETAC
Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in plasma of five sea turtle species: Comparisons in concentration and potential health risks
Authors: Keller Jennifer M. , Ngai Lily , McNeill Joanne Braun , Wood Lawrence D. , Stewart Kelly R. , O'Connell Steven G. , Kucklick John R.
Published: March 2012

The authors compared blood plasma concentrations of 13 perfluoroalkyl contaminants (PFCs) in five sea turtle species with differing trophic levels. Wild sea turtles were blood sampled from the southeastern region of the United States, and plasma was analyzed using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Mean concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the predominant PFC, increased with trophic level from herbivorous greens (2.41 ng/g), jellyfish-eating leatherbacks (3.95 ng/g), omnivorous loggerheads (6.47 ng/g), to crab-eating Kemp's ridleys (15.7 ng/g). However, spongivorous hawksbills had surprisingly high concentrations of PFOS (11.9 ng/g) and other PFCs based on their trophic level. These baseline concentrations of biomagnifying PFCs demonstrate interesting species and geographical differences. The measured PFOS concentrations were compared with concentrations known to cause toxic effects in laboratory animals, and estimated margins of safety (EMOS) were calculated. Small EMOS (<100), suggestive of potential risk of adverse health effects, were observed for all five sea turtle species for immunosuppression. Estimated margins of safety less than 100 were also observed for liver, thyroid, and neurobehavorial effects for the more highly exposed species. These baseline concentrations and the preliminary EMOS exercise provide a better understanding of the potential health risks of PFCs for conservation managers to protect these threatened and endangered species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012;31:1223–1230. © 2012 SETAC
Microwave‐assisted phospha‐michael addition of dialkyl phosphites, a phenyl‐H‐phosphinate, and diphenylphosphine oxide to maleic derivatives
Authors: Bálint Erika , Takács Judit , Drahos László , Keglevich György
Published: March 2012

A series of new >P(O)‐substituted succinic derivatives was synthesized by the microwave‐assisted phospha‐Michael addition of dialkyl phosphites, ethyl phenyl‐H‐phosphinate, and diphenylphosphine oxide to N‐phenyl and N‐methyl maleimide, as well as to maleic acid anhydride. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:235–240, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21007
Cell study of the three areas of the meniscus: Effect of growth factors in an experimental model in sheep
Authors: Esparza Raul , Gortazar Arancha R. , Forriol Francisco
Published: March 2012

Meniscus had two areas with different vascular supply. Cells of the two areas and the synovium were monolayer cultivated. We analyzed the expression of genes of Col1, Col 2A, MMP‐2, MMP‐13, and aggrecan in a baseline state and after incubation with VEGF, TGF‐β, FGF, and IGF. We found that the growth factors used produced a major increase in the MMP‐13 in all three areas. In the vascular area, the stimulation of MMP‐3 was produced by FGF, while in the synovial and avascular areas, it was caused by TGF‐β. MMP‐2 was only stimulated in the synovial area by IGF. Col 2A was stimulated in the synovial area by VEGF, and in the avascular area by TGF‐β, FGF, and IGF, whereas Col 1 was stimulated in the avascular area by IGF, FGF, and VEGF. The vascular or avascular areas of the meniscus, behave differently in terms of repair, and their cells express different factors. The growth factors act in a different way in each meniscal area. © 2012 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 30:1647–1651, 2012
Management of chylous fistula after neck dissection using negative‐pressure wound therapy: A preliminary report
Authors: Kadota Hideki , Kakiuchi Yasunori , Yoshida Takamasa
Published: March 2012

Chylous fistula is a distressing complication resulting from thoracic duct injury during neck dissections. We have successfully managed chylous fistula using negative‐pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in a case where all conservative treatments failed. A 60‐year‐old man with tongue cancer underwent subtotal glossectomy and bilateral neck dissections. On postoperative day 4, a chylous fistula with large drainage developed in the right neck. Conservative treatments were not effective, therefore, NPWT was started from postoperative day 9. The drainage volume then began to decrease, and the chylous fistula was closed 6 days after starting NPWT. In our case, the effects of wound shrinkage and fluid removal by NPWT were considered to contribute to early closure. Although preliminary, NPWT can be an important treatment choice for the management of a chylous fistula after neck dissections.
Audiometric asymmetry and tinnitus laterality
Authors: Tsai Betty S. , Sweetow Robert W. , Cheung Steven W.
Published: March 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To identify an optimal audiometric asymmetry index for predicting tinnitus laterality.

Study Design:

Retrospective medical record review.

Methods:

Data from adult tinnitus patients (80 men and 44 women) were extracted for demographic, audiometric, tinnitus laterality, and related information. The main measures were sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.

Results:

Three audiometric asymmetry indices were constructed using one, two, or three frequency elements to compute the average interaural threshold difference (aITD). Tinnitus laterality predictive performance of a particular index was assessed by increasing the cutoff or minimum magnitude of the aITD from 10 to 35 dB in 5‐dB steps to determine its ROC curve. Single frequency index performance was inferior to the other two (P < .05). Double and triple frequency indices were indistinguishable (P > .05). Two adjoining frequency elements with aITD ≥ 15 dB performed optimally for predicting tinnitus laterality (sensitivity = 0.59, specificity = 0.71, and PPV = 0.76). Absolute and relative magnitudes of hearing loss in the poorer ear were uncorrelated with tinnitus distress.

Conclusions:

An optimal audiometric asymmetry index to predict tinnitus laterality is one whereby 15 dB is the minimum aITD of two adjoining frequencies, inclusive of the maximal ITD. Tinnitus laterality dependency on magnitude of interaural asymmetry may inform design and interpretation of neuroimaging studies. Monaural acoustic tinnitus therapy may be an initial consideration for asymmetric hearing loss meeting the criterion of aITD ≥ 15 dB.
Evaluation of endoscopic harmonic diverticulostomy
Authors: Whited Chad , Lee Walter T. , Scher Richard
Published: March 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study is to review a consecutive series of patients with Zenker's diverticulum who were treated with endoscopic diverticulostomy using either the endoscopic stapler (ENDO GIA 30 Autosuture; Covidien, Dublin, Ireland) or Harmonic Ultrasonic Surgical Instrumentation (Ethicon Endo‐Surgery, Cincinnati, OH) to evaluate the safety and optimal application of Harmonic technology to the treatment of patients with Zenker's diverticulum.

Study Design:

This is a retrospective review at a tertiary academic hospital with institutional review board approval.

Methods:

All patients undergoing endoscopic repair of Zenker's diverticulum between April 1, 2009 and December 1, 2010 at a single institution were studied.

Results:

A total of 65 endoscopic diverticulostomies were performed: 24 Harmonic assisted, 41 stapler assisted. Average diverticulum size was 3.46 cm. There were two complications with staple‐assisted (pharyngeal leak and recurrence) and six complications with Harmonic‐assisted diverticulostomies (two pharyngeal leaks, two chest pains, one recurrence, and one subcutaneous emphysema). There was a statistically significant difference in the complication rates between the staple‐assisted (4.88%) and Harmonic‐assisted (25%) cohorts (P = .04). There were no complications with diverticula <2 cm.

Conclusions:

Endoscopic Harmonic esophagodiverticulostomy has been reported for the treatment of Zenker's diverticula. However, our data demonstrate a significantly higher complication rate with use of the Harmonic technology compared to the staple‐assisted method (P = .04). Additional evaluations are warranted to validate these findings and before Harmonic diverticulostomy can be recommended as treatment for the majority of cases.
Novel dialkyl vinyl ether phosphonate monomers: Their synthesis and alternated radical copolymerizations with electron‐accepting monomers
Authors: Iftene Fadela , David Ghislain , Boutevin Bernard , Auvergne Rémi , Alaaeddine Ali , Meghabar Rachid
Published: March 2012

Three new vinyl ether monomers containing phosphonate moieties were synthesized from transetherification reaction. We showed that the yield was dependent on the spacer length between the vinyl oxy group and the phosphonate moieties: when the spacer is a single methylene side reaction may occur, leading to the formation of acetal compounds. Free‐radical copolymerizations of phosphonate‐containing vinyl ether monomers with maleic anhydride were carried out, leading to alternated copolymers of rather low molecular weights (from 1000 to 7000 g/mol). Both gel permeation chromatography and 31P NMR analyses enhanced possible intramolecular transfer reactions occurring from the phosphonate moieties. Kinetic investigation showed that the electron‐withdrawing character of the phosphonate moieties tends to decrease the rate of copolymerization. Nevertheless, almost complete monomers conversion was reached after 30 min of reaction with dimethyl vinyloxyethylphosphonate (VEC2PMe). Then, radical copolymerization of VEC2PMe with a series of electron‐accepting monomers, that is, dibutyl maleate, dibutylitaconate, itaconic anhydride, butyl maleimide, and methyl maleimide, led to a series of alternated copolymers. From kinetic investigation, we showed that the higher the electron‐accepting effect, the faster the vinyl ether consumption and the higher the molecular weights. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Polymerization of styrene in alcohol/water mediated by a macro‐RAFT agent of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) trithiocarbonate: From homogeneous to heterogeneous RAFT polymerization
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Xu Jianxiong , Zhang Yaoyao , Zhang Wangqing
Published: March 2012

The reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene in alcohol/water mixture mediated with the poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) trithiocarbonate macro‐RAFT agent (PNIPAM‐TTC) is studied and compared with the general RAFT dispersion polymerization in the presence of a small molecular RAFT agent. Both the homogeneous/quasi‐homogeneous polymerization before particle nucleation and the heterogeneous polymerization after particle nucleation are involved in the PNIPAM‐TTC‐mediated RAFT polymerization, and the two‐stage increase in the molecular weight (Mn) and nanoparticle size of the synthesized block copolymer is found. In the initial homogeneous/quasi‐homogeneous polymerization, the Mn and nanoparticle size slowly increase with monomer conversion, whereas the Mn and particle size quickly increase in the subsequent heterogeneous RAFT polymerization, which is much different from those in the general RAFT dispersion polymerization. Besides, the PNIPAM‐TTC‐mediated RAFT polymerization runs much faster than the general RAFT dispersion polymerization. This study is anticipated to be helpful to understand the polymer chain extension through RAFT polymerization under dispersion conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
1H‐NMR Spectroscopy as a New Tool in the Assessment of the Oxidative State in Edible Oils
Authors: Skiera Christina , Steliopoulos Panagiotis , Kuballa Thomas , Holzgrabe Ulrike , Diehl Bernd
Published: March 2012

Within the course of lipid peroxidation, hydroperoxides are formed as primary products. They can be used as analytical markers to assess the deterioration status of oils and fats. Here a new 1H‐NMR assay to determine the hydroperoxide amount in edible oils is presented. We were able to show that the analytical performance of the method is similar to that of the commonly used peroxide value (PV) according to Wheeler. A total of 290 edible oil samples were analyzed using both methods. For some oil varieties considerable discrepancies were found between the results obtained. In the case of black seed and olive oil, two substances could be identified that cause positive (black seed oil) and negative (olive oils) deviations from the theoretical PV expected from the NMR values.
Tunable emission in surface passivated Mn-ZnS nanophosphors and its application for Glucose sensing
Authors: Sharma Manoj , Jain Tarun , Singh Sukhvir , Pandey O. P.
Published: March 2012

The present work describes the tunable emission in inorganic-organic hybrid NPs which can be useful for optoelectronic and biosensing applications. In this work, Mn- ZnS nanoparticles emitting various colors, including blue and orange, were synthesized by simple chemical precipitation method using chitosan as a capping agent. Earlier reports describe that emission color characteristics in nanoparticles are tuned by varying particle size and with doping concentration. Here in this article tunable emission has been achieved by varying excitation wavelength in a single sample. This tunable emission property with high emission intensity was further achieved by changing capping concentration keeping host Mn-ZnS concentration same. Tunable emission is explained by FRET mechanism. Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage (CIE) chromaticity coordinates shifts from (0.273, 0.20) and (0.344, 0.275) for same naocrystals by suitably tuning excitation energy from higher and lower ultra-violet (UV) range. Synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, HRTEM, UV- Visible absorption and PL spectroscopy for structural and optical studies. Using tunable emission property, these highly emissive nanoparticles functionalized with biocompatible polymer chitosan were further used for glucose sensing applications.
Use of Vaccination against Enteric Septicemia of Catfish and Columnaris Disease by the U.S. Catfish Industry
Authors: Bebak Julie , Wagner Bruce
Published: March 2012

Vaccination is an effective strategy used for the protection of food animals against infectious diseases. A 2010 U.S. Department of Agriculture questionnaire examined U.S. catfish industry use (in 2009) of two commercial vaccines that provide protection against enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) and columnaris disease, catfish producers’ opinions regarding the percentage of vaccinated fish they expect to be protected, and producers’ general expectations regarding survival of vaccinated fish compared with unvaccinated fish. During 2009, 9.7% of the total fingerling operations used one or both vaccines; 12.3% of the total industry fry production was vaccinated against ESC, and 17.0% was vaccinated against columnaris disease. Of the producers who grew food-sized catfish to harvest, 6.7% used vaccinated catfish. The farms that did not use vaccinated fish for grow out had a mean size of 63.4 water surface hectares (156.6 water surface acres). The operations that used vaccinated fish were larger (mean size = 206.6 water surface hectares, or 510.6 water surface acres). The producers that stocked ESC-vaccinated fish for grow out represented 19.0% of the total water surface area of food fish production; producers that stocked columnaris-vaccinated fish represented 16.6% of the total area. Of the producers that stocked ESC-vaccinated catfish, 41.9% thought that survival was better in vaccinated fish than in unvaccinated fish; of the producers that stocked columnaris-vaccinated catfish, 46.2% thought that vaccinated fish displayed better survival. However, 37.5% of producers that used the ESC vaccine and 39.7% of producers that used the columnaris vaccine did not know whether vaccination improved survival rates. When all producers were asked about their expectations regarding the percentage of vaccinated fish that would be protected from disease, 52.4% responded that they expected 100% of their fish to be protected. More producer information about reasonable expectations regarding vaccine efficacy, the conditions under which immunosuppression and vaccine failure can occur, and assessment of vaccine performance may result in increased use of vaccination as a tool for the catfish industry.

Received February 8, 2011; accepted November 17, 2011.
Susceptibility of Pacific Herring to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Is Influenced by Diet
Authors: Beaulaurier J. , Bickford N. , Gregg J. L. , Grady C. A. , Gannam A. L. , Winton J. R. , Hershberger P. K.
Published: March 2012

Groups of specific-pathogen-free Pacific herring Clupea pallasii were highly susceptible to infection by viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV); however, the level of mortality was influenced by diet during the 40–71 d before, during, and after the first exposure to the virus. Cumulative mortality was highest among the herring maintained on an experimental soy-based pellet, intermediate among those maintained on a commercially available fish-meal-based pellet, and lowest among those maintained on a second commercially available fish-meal-based pellet containing β-glucans. Additionally, the herring maintained on the experimental soy-based feed demonstrated less growth than those on the commercially available feeds. The results indicate the importance of standardizing diet during empirical determinations of disease susceptibility and provide insights into the risk factors affecting VHS susceptibility in wild populations.

Received August 26, 2011; accepted November 4, 2011
Development of a Population Pharmacokinetic Model for Parecoxib and Its Active Metabolite Valdecoxib after Parenteral Parecoxib Administration in Children
Authors: Hullett Bruce , Salman Sam , O'Halloran Sean J. , Peirce Deborah , Davies Kylie , Ilett Kenneth F.
Published: March 2012

Background

Parecoxib is a cyclooxygenase-2 selective inhibitor used in management of postoperative pain in adults. This study aimed to provide pediatric pharmacokinetic information for parecoxib and its active metabolite valdecoxib.

Methods

Thirty-eight children undergoing surgery received parecoxib (1 mg/kg IV to a maximum of 40 mg) at induction of anesthesia, and plasma samples were collected for drug measurement. Population pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using nonlinear mixed effects modeling. Area under the valdecoxib concentration-time curve and time above cyclooxygenase-2 in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration for free valdecoxib were simulated.

Results

A three-compartment model best represented parecoxib disposition, whereas one compartment was adequate for valdecoxib. Age was linearly correlated with parecoxib clearance (5.0% increase/yr). There was a sigmoid relationship between age and both valdecoxib clearance and distribution volume. Time to 50% maturation was 87 weeks postmenstrual age for both. In simulations using allometric-based doses the 90% prediction interval of valdecoxib concentration-time curve in children 2-12.7 yr included the mean for adults given 40 mg parecoxib IV. Simulated free valdecoxib plasma concentration remained above the in vitro 50% inhibitory concentrations for more than 12 h. In children younger than 2 yr, a dose reduction is likely required due to ongoing metabolic maturation.

Conclusions

The final pharmacokinetic model gave a robust representation of parecoxib and valdecoxib disposition. Area under the valdecoxib concentration-time curve was similar to that in adults (40 mg), and simulated free valdecoxib concentration was above the cyclooxygenase-2 in vitro 50% inhibitory concentration for free valdecoxib for at least 12 h.
High Tidal Volumes in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Increase Organ Dysfunction after Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Lellouche François , Dionne Stéphanie , Simard Serge , Bussières Jean , Dagenais François
Published: March 2012

Background

High tidal volumes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute lung injury lead to ventilator-induced lung injury and increased mortality. We evaluated the impact of tidal volumes on cardiac surgery outcomes.

Methods

We examined prospectively recorded data from 3,434 consecutive adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Three groups of patients were defined based on the tidal volume delivered on arrival at the intensive care unit: (1) low: below 10, (2) traditional: 10-12, and (3) high: more than 12 ml/kg of predicted body weight. We assessed risk factors for three types of organ failure (prolonged mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic instability, and renal failure) and a prolonged stay in the intensive care unit.

Results

The mean tidal volume/actual weight was 9.2 ml/kg, and the tidal volume/predicted body weight was 11.5 ml/kg. Low, traditional, and high tidal volumes were used in 724 (21.1%), 1567 (45.6%), and 1,143 patients (33.3%), respectively. Independent risks factors for high tidal volumes were body mass index of 30 or more (odds ratio [OR] 6.25; CI: 5.26-7.42; P < 0.001) and female sex (OR 4.33; CI: 3.64-5.15; P < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, high and traditional tidal volumes were independent risk factors for organ failure, multiple organ failure, and prolonged stay in the intensive care unit. Organ failures were associated with increased intensive care unit stay, hospital mortality, and long-term mortality.

Conclusion

Tidal volumes of more than 10 ml/kg are risk factors for organ failure and prolonged intensive care unit stay after cardiac surgery. Women and obese patients are particularly at risk of being ventilated with injurious tidal volumes.
Streptococcus troglodytae sp. nov., from the chimpanzee oral cavity
Authors: Okamoto Masaaki , Imai Susumu , Miyanohara Mayu , Saito Wataru , Momoi Yasuko , Abo Tomoko , Nomura Yoshiaki , Ikawa Tomoko , Ogawa Takumi , Miyabe-Nishiwaki Takako , Kaneko Akihisa , Watanabe Akino , Watanabe Shohei , Hayashi Misato , Tomonaga Masaki , Hanada Nobuhiro
Published: March 2012

Six strains, TKU 25, TKU 28, TKU 30, TKU 31T, TKU 33 and TKU 34, were isolated from the oral cavity of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Colonies of strains grown on Mitis–Salivarius agar were similar in morphology to that of

Streptococcus mutans

. The novel strains were Gram-stain-positive, facultatively anaerobic cocci that lacked catalase activity. Analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene sequences of these isolates showed that the most closely related strain was the type strain of

S. mutans

(96.4 %). The next closely related strains to the isolates were the type strains of

Streptococcus devriesei

(94.5 %) and

Streptococcus downei

(93.9 %). These isolates could be distinguished from

S. mutans

by inulin fermentation and alkaline phosphatase activity (API ZYM system). The peptidoglycan type of the novel isolates was Glu–Lys–Ala3. Strains were not susceptible to bacitracin. On the basis of phenotypic characterization, partial 16S rRNA gene and two housekeeping gene (groEL and sodA) sequence data, we propose a novel taxon, Streptococcus troglodytae sp. nov.; the type strain is TKU 31T ( = JCM 18038T = DSM 25324T).
Saliterribacillus persicus gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a hypersaline lake
Authors: Amoozegar Mohammad Ali , Bagheri Maryam , Didari Maryam , Shahzedeh Fazeli Seyed Abolhassan , Schumann Peter , Sánchez-Porro Cristina , Ventosa Antonio
Published: March 2012

A novel Gram-positive, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain X4BT, was isolated from soil around the hypersaline lake Aran-Bidgol in Iran and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain X4BT were motile rods and formed ellipsoidal endospores at a terminal or subterminal position in swollen sporangia. Strain X4BT was a strictly aerobic bacterium, catalase- and oxidase-positive. The strain was able to grow at NaCl concentrations of 0.5–22.5 % (w/v), with optimum growth occurring at 7.5 % (w/v) NaCl. The optimum temperature and pH for growth were 35 °C and pH 7.0. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain X4BT is a member of the family

Bacillaceae

, constituting a novel phyletic lineage within this family. Highest sequence similarities were obtained with the 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strains of

Sediminibacillus albus

(96.0 %),

Paraliobacillus ryukyuensis

(95.9 %),

Paraliobacillus quinghaiensis

(95.8 %) and

Sediminibacillus halophilus

(95.7 %), respectively. The DNA G+C content of this novel isolate was 35.2 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids of strain X4BT were anteiso-C15 : 0 and anteiso-C17 : 0 and its polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, two aminolipids, an aminophospholipid and an unknown phospholipid. The isoprenoid quinones were MK-7 (89 %) and MK-6 (11 %). The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis in combination with chemotaxonomic and phenotypic data, strain X4BT represents a novel species in a new genus in the family

Bacillaceae

, order

Bacillales

for which the name Saliterribacillus persicus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species (Saliterribacillus persicus) is X4BT ( = IBRC-M 10629T = KCTC 13827T).
Service specialization and operational performance in hospitals
Authors: Capkun Vedran , Messner Martin , Rissbacher Clemens
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the link between service specialization and operational performance in hospitals. Existing literature has mostly been concerned with the performance effects of operational focus, which can be seen as an extreme form of specialization. It is not clear, however, whether an effect similar to the focus effect can be observed also in cases where specialization takes on less extreme forms. The authors analyze this effect up to and above the effects of volume, learning and patient selection.

Design/methodology/approach

Ordinary least squares (OLS) and two‐stage regression models were used to analyze patient data from 142 Austrian hospitals over the 2002‐2006 period. The sample contains 322,193 patient groups (841,687 patient group‐year observations).

Findings

The authors find that increased specialization in a service leads to a more efficient provision of this service in terms of shorter length of stay. The analysis shows that this effect holds even after controlling for volume, learning, and patient selection effects. The authors suggest that the pure specialization effect is due to the increased administrative and medical attention that is given to a service when the relative importance of that service increases.

Practical implications

The paper's results indicate hospital managers should pay attention to the impact of specialization when making service‐mix decisions. If two services have the same or a similar level of operational performance, then this does not mean that hospital managers should be indifferent as to the relative volume of these services.

Originality/value

The paper provides additional insights into the impact of service‐level specialization not examined in prior literature.
Web 2.0 in library and information science education: the Greek case
Authors: Garoufallou Emmanouel , Charitopoulou Vassiliki
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find out what the Greek library and information science (LIS) students want from their studies concerning the use of Web 2.0 in education. Based on the results of this study, this paper will seek to identify problems and propose solutions that will tackle students' needs and improve the quality of their studies.

Design/methodology/approach

A web‐based questionnaire was distributed to students of the Library Science and Information Systems (LSIS) Department of ATEI of Thessaloniki, Greece. Students had to answer 61 questions, divided into ten sections about Web 2.0 tools. First, they were asked to state the knowledge and personal experience on Web 2.0 tools and then to express their views for the LIS curriculum and the use of Web 2.0. Interviews with four members of staff from the LSIS Department were followed in order to review the research findings and express their views concerning Web 2.0 and LIS education.

Findings

This research revealed that most of the students are aware of the majority of Web 2.0 tools. Thus, they are willing to attend training concerning Web 2.0 because they believe this will enrich their knowledge on the subject. Blogs and wikis are the first choices of the tools they would like to learn about. Students believe that computer scientists are more qualified to teach Web 2.0 tools, while some respond that cooperation between librarians and computer scientists will be to the benefit of the profession. As advantages of using Web 2.0 they name acquiring new knowledge and facilitation with the assignments. The faculty staff have positive views introducing Web 2.0 tools in classes as a way of communicating with students but they feel that it is too early for these tools to play a learning role in LIS teaching.

Originality/value

The implementation of Web 2.0 in schools, especially LIS departments, is very important nowadays. There are only a few studies about Web 2.0 in Greece. This study will help LIS faculty to understand students' needs about Web 2.0 in order to improve their units and LIS curriculum and adopt Web 2.0 applications to their classes. On the other hand this research records for the first time the views of the Greek faculty members concerning Web 2.0 and social networks.
Access to library materials:a global fundamental service
Authors: Massis Bruce E.
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this column is to discuss the importance of recognition for libraries and librarians as the providers of a “fundamental” service in society.

Design/methodology/approach

The article comprises a literature review and commentary on this topic that has been addressed by writers and researchers.

Findings

It is imperative that there is recognition that the library fulfills the need that a community is not considered whole unless a library is in place.

Originality/value

The value in addressing this issue is to recognize the importance of the library as an institution serving one of the fundamental needs of a society.
Augmentation of heat transfer in wall‐rooted‐fins systems
Authors: Khaled A.‐R.A. , Alqadi I.
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to consider heat transfer inside wall‐rooted‐fins systems.

Design/methodology/approach

The coupled two‐dimensional heat diffusion equations are nondimensionlaized and solved numerically using an iterative finite volume method. Approximate fine analytical solutions for various augmentation indicators are derived. Excellent agreement is obtained between the numerical and the analytical results. A parametric study including all of the involved dimensionless parameters is conducted and presented graphically. Accurate correlations are generated.

Findings

It is found that fin‐roots with large root lengths experience bi‐directional heat transfer rates. Moreover, the wall‐rooted‐fins system is found to possess an effectiveness that can be more than 60 percent above that with rootless fins at wall Biot numbers of unity order. This value is found to increase as the Biot number increases or as the wall‐to‐fin thermal conductivities and volumes ratios decrease. In addition, heat transfer rates through wall‐rooted‐fins systems can be more than 100 percent above those having uniform thermal conductivities. Eventually, the heat transfer coefficient between the fin‐roots and wall are derived, which is found to be independent on the wall thickness.

Originality/value

Finally, this work paves a way for an effective passive method for augmenting heat transfer inside wall‐fins systems.
The moderating effect of uncertainty‐avoidance on overall perceived value of a service purchased online
Authors: Sabiote Carmen M. , Frías Dolores M. , Castañeda J. Alberto
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The aim of this study is to analyze differences in the overall perceived value of a service purchased online, and the consequences for international consumer behavior, taking consumers' uncertainty avoidance as a moderating variable.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was administered to 300 international consumers (150 British and 150 Spanish) who had purchased a service via the internet. SEM was chosen to analyze the effect of uncertainty avoidance on the formation of overall perceived value.

Findings

The results reveal that in the formation of overall perceived value – which embraces both the online purchase and also enjoyment of the service – uncertainty avoidance has a moderating effect.

Research limitations/implications

In this study just two cultures were to analyze the moderating effect of uncertainty avoidance on an overall perceived value model.

Practical implications

The paper helps in understanding the role played by uncertainty avoidance in interactions with web‐based businesses.

Originality/value

This paper represents an advance in the study of overall perceived value. It explores how overall perceived value is formed when the entire purchasing process is taken into account, and the variations that occur in this process depending on whether it relates to Spanish or British consumers.
Charting collective knowledge: supporting self‐regulated learning in the workplace
Authors: Littlejohn Allison , Milligan Colin , Margaryan Anoush
Published: March 2012

Purpose

This study aims to outline an approach to improving the effectiveness of work‐based learning through knowledge creation and enhancing self‐regulated learning. The paper presents a case example of a novel approach to learning through knowledge creation in the workplace. This case example is based on empirical data collected through a study of the learning practices of knowledge workers employed within a large, multinational organization.

Design/methodology/approach

The case example presented in this article is based on a study of the learning practices of knowledge workers employed within a large, multinational organization. Participants were members of a number of global, online knowledge sharing networks focused around the core technical and commercial disciplines of the company. Membership of each network ranged from a few hundred to a few thousand professionals at various stages of their career. The survey is available online at: http://dl.dropbox.com/u/6017514/survey.pdf The case study reported in this paper is based on 462 survey respondents, including 211 (45.7 per cent) experts, 128 (27.7 per cent) mid‐career professionals and 123 (26.6 per cent) novices, and 29 interviews were conducted with nine novices, and 20 experts.

Findings

The study proposes a mechanism to enhance goal actuation processes for self‐regulated learning in the workplace. The authors term this mechanism “charting” and provide a scenario illustrating how it might work in practice. Drawing upon social cognitive theory of self‐regulated learning, they argue that individualised conceptualisations of self‐regulated learning should be re‐examined. These contradict the interactional and collaborative nature of the workplace where goal actuation is socially mediated, structured by and closely integrated within work tasks.

Research limitations/implications

The case example is based on a previous study. It is not a real‐life example because this paper aims to predict a likely case example to enhance learning performance in the workplace, based on empirical evidence. The study on which this case example is based is limited in scope, examining a small group of workers in one multinational organization. Quantitative studies, as well as studies in related contexts, would complement and validate these findings.

Originality/value

This article extends understanding of the relationship between the individual learner and the collective knowledge and how this relationship can be enhanced through self‐regulated learning in the workplace.
Analysis of metallurgical and mechanical properties of laser welded super austenitic stainless steel
Authors: Sathiya Paulraj , Abdul Jaleel M.Y. , Shanmugarajan B.
Published: March 2012

Purpose

Laser welding under high power, high degree of automation and high production rate is extremely advantageous in automotive application. Super austenitic stainless steel is the preferable material for high corrosion resistance requirements. These steels are relatively cheaper than austenitic stainless steel and it is expensive than nickel base super alloys for such applications. The main purpose of this paper is to present the investigations of the microstructure and mechanical properties of super austenitic stainless steel butt joints made by 3.5 kW cooled slab CO2 laser welding using different shielding gases such as argon, nitrogen and helium.

Design/methodology/approach

The tensile and impact tests were performed and the fractured surfaces were analyzed by scanning electron microscope. The hardness across the joint zone was measured. The X‐ray diffraction technique was used to analyze the phase composition. The microstructure of the laser welds were analyzed through optical microscopy.

Findings

The tensile sample fractures indicate that the specimen fails in a ductile manner under the action of tensile loading. The impact fracture surfaces of the different shielding gas laser welded joints show mixed mode fractures, that is, ductile and cleavage fractures. The hardness values of the Helium shielded laser joints in the weld metal regions are much higher than the others.

Research limitations/implications

There is no limitation, except for the availability of the high beam power laser welding machine.

Practical implications

The only practical implication is the laser welding shop hazard during the experiment.

Social implications

Social implication is limited. The only hazard during the laser welding is that it may affect human body tissues.

Originality/value

The research work described in the paper is original.
Differential effects of fear‐eliciting DTCA on elaboration, perceived endorser credibility, and attitudes
Authors: Kim Hyojin , Lee Chunsik
Published: March 2012

Purpose

In response to concerns regarding frequent uses of emotional appeals and endorsers in DTCA, this paper aims to investigate the relative effects of fear‐eliciting and non‐fear‐eliciting DTC ads on elaboration and attitude change regarding the drug and health issue, and evaluation of endorser credibility.

Design/methodology/approach

A between‐subject experiment was conducted with 96 students in a large state university. Fear appeals and endorser credibility were manipulated via stimulus ads. Participants' responses on elaboration, attitudes, and behavior intentions after ad exposure were compared between fear and non‐fear conditions. In addition, the directions of influence among these variables and endorser credibility were examined via path analyses.

Findings

Fear elicitation had little effect on the type of elaboration generated since the elaboration was dominated by message‐related (vs endorser‐related) thoughts. However, the fear‐eliciting ad affected brand‐related and health‐related outcomes differentially. It had positive influence on attitudes toward the health issue, but negative influence on ad attitudes. Furthermore, ad attitudes had little impact on brand attitudes or brand‐related behavior intentions when fear was elicited in the ad.

Originality/value

Considering a paucity of research on the effects of emotional appeals and endorsers in DTCA, the authors' findings provide important insights for researchers and practitioners about how a specific emotion elicited in the ad has differential impact on brand‐related and health‐related outcomes and how the effectiveness of emotional appeals and endorser credibility can be maximized.
Algorithm fusion to improve detection of lung cancer on chest radiographs
Authors: Orbán Gergely , Horváth Gábor
Published: March 2012

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to show an efficient method for the detection of signs of early lung cancer. Various image processing algorithms are presented for different types of lesions, and a scheme is proposed for the combination of results.

Design/methodology/approach

A computer aided detection (CAD) scheme was developed for detection of lung cancer. It enables different lesion enhancer algorithms, sensitive to specific lesion subtypes, to be used simultaneously. Three image processing algorithms are presented for the detection of small nodules, large ones, and infiltrated areas. The outputs are merged, the false detection rate is reduced with four separated support vector machine (SVM) classifiers. The classifier input comes from a feature selection algorithm selecting from various textural and geometric features. A total of 761 images were used for testing, including the database of the Japanese Society of Radiological Technology (JSRT).

Findings

The fusion of algorithms reduced false positives on average by 0.6 per image, while the sensitivity remained 80 per cent. On the JSRT database the system managed to find 60.2 per cent of lesions at an average of 2.0 false positives per image. The effect of using different result evaluation criteria was tested and a difference as high as 4 percentage points in sensitivity was measured. The system was compared to other published methods.

Originality/value

The study described in the paper proves the usefulness of lesion enhancement decomposition, while proposing a scheme for the fusion of algorithms. Furthermore, a new algorithm is introduced for the detection of infiltrated areas, possible signs of lung cancer, neglected by previous solutions.
Systematic comparisons of genetically modified organism DNA separation and purification by various functional magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Hao Changlong , Yong Qianqian , Qu Changlong , Chen Wei , Peng Chifang , Kuang Hua , Zhou Huiming , Wang Libing , Xu Chuanlai
Published: March 2012

DNA extraction is always an important and key step in bioanalytical fields for target nucleic acid detection. Traditional organic solvent‐based extraction methods are toxic and time‐consuming. In this work, we report a systematic study of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as probes for genomic DNA extraction from genetically modified organism (GMO) plants. Different surface‐functionalised MNPs with controllable diameters have been used to extract the genomic DNA directly from GMO plants for detections. Systematic comparison of the results obtained under different extraction conditions has indicated that carboxyl‐modified MNPs with smaller diameters are more suitable for genomic DNA extractions. The successful qualitative detection of GMO and non‐GMO products based on the MNP extracted DNA is also achieved and discussed in this article. In view of the advantages of magnetic extraction, such as nontoxicity, ease of operation, and rapid and high throughput, this systematic research has demonstrated the great potential of the method and provides theoretical guidance for practical MNP applications.
Component analysis and sensory evaluation of Korean black raspberry (Rubus coreanus Mique) wines
Authors: Lim Jae W. , Jeong Jong T. , Shin Chul S.
Published: March 2012

Three types of Korean black raspberry wines were made from juice, juice‐pulp and juice‐pulp‐seed. Changes in the physicochemical properties and key compounds of the wines during fermentation were determined. The colour intensity was weakened with a 50% decrease in the anthocyanin content, but the colour intensity was strengthened by supplementation with pulp and seeds. Citric acid was the major organic acid (approximately 90%) of the wines, and the amino acid content was lowered to less than 10% by fermentation. The total volatile compound content was increased 5.3 times and nine new compounds were identified. The major components of the wines were isobutanol, n‐propanol and isoamyl acetate. The juice‐pulp‐seed wine contained the highest contents of anthocyanin, polyphenols and proanthocyanin. The anti‐oxidative activity of wines increased with an increasing content of polyphenols. The content of proanthocyanidin, a compound for pucker and bitter tastes, was approximately two to three times greater than in commercial grape wines. In a sensory test, the highest scores for colour, flavour, taste and overall acceptance were awarded to the juice‐pulp‐seed wine.
Mechanochemical‐assisted extraction and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum spores
Authors: Zhu Xingyi , Chen Xiu , Xie Jie , Wang Ping , Su Weike
Published: March 2012

Mechanochemical‐assisted extraction (MCAE) method was developed to an effective method for polysaccharides extraction from Ganoderma lucidum spores. The MCAE parameters and the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides were investigated. Through response surface methodology design experiments, the processing conditions were optimised as follows: material/solid reagent (Na2CO3) 5 g·g−1, milling time 20 min, solution/material ratio twenty (mL·g−1) and extraction time 130 min. Under these conditions, the yield of polysaccharides was (5.92 ± 0.13)%, which was in close agreement with the predicted value. Compared with the heat‐reflux extraction method, the MCAE method had higher extraction yield, shorter extraction time and lower extraction temperature. In addition, the polysaccharides obtained from MCAE exhibit significant antioxidant activity.