bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hosting while being hosted: A perspective of Hungarian migrant hospitality workers in London, UK
Authors: Irimiás Anna , Michalkó Gábor
Published: August 2015

Labour mobility in the hospitality industry involves a wide range of affective processes. Emotional responses in challenging situations for migrant hospitality workers significantly affect their social interactions and working efficiency. This paper explores the impact of emotions upon hospitality employees’ evaluation of their experiences while working in the UK. The empirical research focussed on hospitality employees’ emotions and perceptions about the host country in the different phases of migration. Further, migrants’ adjustment capacities and emotional responses in challenging situations were analysed. In 2011, 78 semi-structured interviews were conducted with Hungarians who had post-accession working experience in the hospitality industry in London, UK. Results suggest that migrant hospitality employees’ emotional responses related to the mismatch between anticipated and lived experiences have a key role in social interactions and on their working efficiency. The practical implications of this study are for recruiting agencies and hospitality industry employers on how to alleviate migrant workers’ emotional difficulties and how to enhance their working efficiency.
Taxonomy of Facebook messages in business-to-consumer communications: What really works?
Authors: Kwok Linchi , Yu Bei
Published: August 2015

This research combines machine learning and human intelligence to analyze 2654 Facebook messages initiated by 26 hospitality companies to develop the taxonomy of Facebook messages in business-to-consumer (B2C) communications. Facebook messages can be classified into two broad message types: Sales/Marketing messages, with five sub-categories of Social Responsibility, Direct Boasting, Indirect Boasting, Product Highlight, and Campaign/Sales, and Conversational messages, with four sub-categories of Call for Action, Provoke Feedback, Advice/Suggestions, and Updates. By comparison, Conversational messages received more “Likes” and comments than Sales/Marketing messages. Direct Boasting, Product Highlight, Call for Action, Provoke Feedback, Advice/Suggestions, and Updates received more “Likes” than other types; Provoke Feedback and Call for Action received more comments. As compared to current literature, the results allow managers to advance more specific strategies to better engage with Facebook users and provide a more thorough taxonomy for additional analysis on companies’ B2C messages on other social media websites.
An investigation of factors determining industrial tourism attractiveness
Authors: Lee Cheng-Fei
Published: August 2015

This study explores the opinions of an expert panel on the factors determining the attractiveness of industrial tourism generally and factory tours in particular. Thirty-four determinants were derived from previous studied conducted about visits to both operational and nonoperational industrial sites. They were then categorized in a four-level hierarchical structure based on “4 A’s” of tourism destination management practices, namely, attractions, access, amenities, and ancillary services. The relative importance of these determinants was analyzed by a panel of experts using the analytical hierarchy process method. The expert panel was composed of government officials, industry practitioners, and academic researchers who are knowledgeable of the subject matter being studied and their evaluations could offer the highest degree of accuracy. Given that the sample was limited to such particular subgroups of the population, snowball sampling was undertaken in order to recruit a wide range of key informants. The results showed that on-site attractions, safety and security systems, and external access are the major dimensions in determining industrial tourism attractiveness. While the observation of production process is an essential and important component of tourism factories, the provision of transport services and on-site restaurants constitutes a supporting role in enhancing industrial tourism attractiveness. It is concluded that Taiwan has a strong industrial base and its industrial sites, either operational or nonoperational, represent an opportunity to develop sustainable forms of tourism. The integration of industrial sites in tourism would not only strengthen the island’s economic and environmental sustainability, but also diversify its tourism offering, enhancing its profile as one of Asia’s leading tourism destinations. The major implications are threefold: enhancing the availability of transport services, providing visitors with more diverse experience packages, and ensuring on-site safety and security.
Scale-resolving simulations in engine combustion process design based on a systematic approach for model development
Authors: Hasse Christian
Published: August 2015

The increasing availability of high-performance computing resources will allow scale-resolving simulations such as large eddy simulations to be used instead of unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes approaches, not only in academic research but also for engine combustion process development. The scope of this work is to highlight and discuss this transition to scale-resolving simulations and to propose a systematic approach for model development and application. The current and future scope of industrial and academic research is discussed especially with respect to cycle-to-cycle variations, which cannot be identified with unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models. The individual processes along the cause-and-effect chain leading to cyclic variations of the combustion process are identified, and the current state of scale-resolving simulations and the required models with respect to these processes are discussed.
Factors determining eligibility and access to subacute rehabilitation for elderly people with dementia and hip fracture
Authors: McFarlane Rosemary A , Isbel Stephen T , Jamieson Maggie I
Published: August 2015

With hip fracture and dementia increasing in incidence in the global ageing population, there is a need for the development of specific procedures targeting optimal treatment outcomes for these patients. This paper looks primarily at the factors that limit access to subacute rehabilitation services as a growing body of evidence suggests that access to timely inpatient rehabilitation increases functional outcomes for patients both with dementia and without. Information was gathered by searching electronic data bases (SCOPUS, Medline, CINAHL, Health Source Nursing/Academic Addition, Psychinfo and the Cochrane Library) for relevant articles using the search terms dementia OR Alzheimer* AND hip fracture AND subacute rehabilitation OR convalescence for the period 2005–2015. Abstracts were scanned to identify articles discussing eligibility and access. A total of nine papers were identified that directly addressed this topic. Other papers discussing success or failure of rehabilitation and improved models of care were also reviewed. Barriers to access discussed in the literature include information management, management of comorbidities, attitudes, resource availability, and the quality of evidence and education. By identifying these factors we can identify strategic points of intervention across the trajectory of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation that may improve outcomes for this growing group of vulnerable patients. Emerging best practice for these patients is also discussed.
Just the other side of the coin? From error to insight analysis
Authors: Smuc Michael
Published: August 2015

To shed more light on data explorers dealing with complex information visualizations in real-world scenarios, new methodologies and models are needed which overcome existing explanatory gaps. Therefore, a novel model to analyze users’ errors and insights is outlined that is derived from Rasmussen’s model on different levels of cognitive processing, and integrates explorers’ skills, schemes, and knowledge (skill–rule–knowledge model). After locating this model in the landscape of theories for visual analytics, the main building blocks of the model, where three cognitive processing levels are interlinked, are described in detail. A case study illustrates how the cognitive processing efforts can be identified from triangulated eye-tracking and think-aloud data. Finally, the model’s applicability, challenges in measurement, and future research options are discussed.
Cool Guys and Warm Husbands
Authors: Okubo Matia , Ishikawa Kenta , Kobayashi Akihiro , Laeng Bruno , Tommasi Luca
Published: August 2015

While smiling enhances women’s facial attractiveness, the findings are inconclusive for men. The present study investigated the effect of smiling on male facial attractiveness for short- and long-term prospective partners using East Asian and European samples. In Experiment 1 ( N = 218), where female participants rated male facial attractiveness, the facilitative effect of smiling was present when judging long-term partners but absent for short-term partners. This pattern was observed for East Asians as well as for Europeans. Experiment 2 ( N = 71) demonstrated that smiling male faces engendered an impression suitable for long-term partnership (e.g., high ratings of trustworthiness) while neutral faces produced an impression suitable for short-term partnership (e.g., high ratings of masculinity). We discuss these results in terms of opposing evolutionary strategies in mate choice: heritable benefit versus paternal investment.
Exercise Improves Physical Function and Mental Health of Brain Cancer Survivors
Authors: Levin Gregory T. , Greenwood Kenneth M. , Singh Favil , Tsoi Daphne , Newton Robert U.
Published: August 2015

Background. Malignant brain tumors are unpredictable and incurable, with 5-year survival rates less than 30%. The poor prognosis combined with intensive treatment necessitates the inclusion of complementary and supportive therapies that optimize quality of life and reduce treatment-related declines in health. Exercise therapy has been shown to be beneficial in other cancer populations, but no evidence is available for brain cancer survivors. Therefore, we report results from 2 preliminary cases. Methods. Two female patients diagnosed with glioblastoma multiforme and oligodendroglioma participated in a structured and supervised 12-week exercise program. The program consisted of two 1-hour resistance and aerobic exercise sessions per week and additional self-managed aerobic sessions. Outcome measures of strength, cardiovascular fitness, and several psychological indicators (depression, anxiety, and quality of life) were recorded at baseline, after 6 weeks and at the conclusion of the intervention. Results. Exercise was well tolerated; both participants completed all 24 sessions and the home-based component with no adverse effects. Objective outcome measures displayed positive responses relating to reduced morbidity. Similar positive responses were found for psychological outcomes. Scores on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale showed clinically meaningful improvements in depression and total distress. Conclusion. These findings provide initial evidence that, despite the difficulties associated with brain cancer treatment and survivorship, exercise may be safe and beneficial and should be considered in the overall management of patients with brain cancer.
Why a Studio without a Backlot Isn’t Like a Ten-story Building without an Elevator
Authors: Frank Stephanie
Published: August 2015

After the collapse of the studio system (1920 to 1950), the film industry underwent dramatic changes in both its business model and land use. In 1961, Twentieth Century Fox (Fox) sold more than 280 acres of studio land in West Los Angeles for the creation of a “city within a city” called Century City and leased back 75 acres for film production. This article examines Fox’s land planning after Century City, when executives planned to redevelop its studio land and move its production facilities elsewhere in Los Angeles, deeming the existing one ill-suited for a changed industry. The studio remains an active production facility today, disproving earlier assumptions that overestimated the property’s exchange value and underestimated its use value.
Preliminary Associations Between Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor, Memory Impairment, Functional Cognition, and Depressive Symptoms Following Severe TBI
Authors: Failla Michelle D. , Juengst Shannon B. , Arenth Patricia M. , Wagner Amy K.
Published: August 2015

Background. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) often leads to mood and cognitive complications, affecting functional recovery. Understanding neurobiological alterations common in post-TBI depression (PTD) and cognition may identify novel biomarkers for TBI complications. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a likely target based on evidence of reduced BDNF signaling in experimental TBI and depression models and its role in learning and memory. Objective. To evaluate BDNF as a biomarker for PTD, cognitive impairment, and functional cognition in a prospective cohort with severe TBI. Methods. Participants with TBI (n = 113) were evaluated for PTD (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 [PHQ-9]), cognitive impairment (cognitive composite score), and functional cognition (Functional Independence Measure–Cognition, FIM-Cog). BDNF levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid and serum at 0 to 6 days postinjury and in serum at 6 and 12 months postinjury. Results. Serum BDNF was reduced after TBI versus controls at all time points. Acute serum BDNF positively correlated with memory composites (6 months: r = 0.43, P = .019, n = 30; 12 months: r = 0.53, P = .005, n = 26) and FIM-Memory scores (6 months: r = 0.35, P = .019, n = 45; 12 months: r = 0.38, P = .018, n = 38). Acute serum BDNF negatively correlated with 12-month PHQ-9 scores ( r = −0.38; P = .044; n = 29). At 12 months, chronic serum BDNF tended to be lower in participants with PTD ( P = .07) and correlated with PHQ-9 scores ( r = −0.41; P = .019; n = 32). Conclusions. Acute BDNF associations with memory recovery may implicate hippocampal damage/degeneration. Comparatively, BDNF associations with PTD status were not as strong as associations with PTD severity. Further investigation may delineate longitudinal BDNF patterns, and BDNF responsive treatments, reflecting mood and cognitive recovery following TBI.
Opposite Effects of Visual Cueing During Writing-Like Movements of Different Amplitudes in Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Nackaerts Evelien , Nieuwboer Alice , Broeder Sanne , Smits-Engelsman Bouwien C. M. , Swinnen Stephan P. , Vandenberghe Wim , Heremans Elke
Published: August 2015

Background. Handwriting is often impaired in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Several studies have shown that writing in PD benefits from the use of cues. However, this was typically studied with writing and drawing sizes that are usually not used in daily life. Objective. This study examines the effect of visual cueing on a prewriting task at small amplitudes (≤1.0 cm) in PD patients and healthy controls to better understand the working action of cueing for writing. Methods. A total of 15 PD patients and 15 healthy, age-matched controls performed a prewriting task at 0.6 cm and 1.0 cm in the presence and absence of visual cues (target lines). Writing amplitude, variability of amplitude, and speed were chosen as dependent variables, measured using a newly developed touch-sensitive tablet. Results. Cueing led to immediate improvements in writing size, variability of writing size, and speed in both groups in the 1.0 cm condition. However, when writing at 0.6 cm with cues, a decrease in writing size was apparent in both groups ( P < .001) and the difference in variability of amplitude between cued and uncued writing disappeared. In addition, the writing speed of controls decreased when the cue was present. Conclusions. Visual target lines of 1.0 cm improved the writing of sequential loops in contrast to lines spaced at 0.6 cm. These results illustrate that, unlike for gait, visual cueing for fine-motor tasks requires a differentiated approach, taking into account the possible increases of accuracy constraints imposed by cueing.
A Test of Social Cognitive Theory to Explain Men’s Physical Activity During a Gender-Tailored Weight Loss Program
Authors: Young Myles D. , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Collins Clare E. , Callister Robin , Morgan Philip J.
Published: August 2015

Physical inactivity is a leading contributor to the burden of disease in men. Social–cognitive theories may improve physical activity (PA) interventions by identifying which variables to target to maximize intervention impact. This study tested the utility of Bandura’s social cognitive theory (SCT) to explain men’s PA during a 3-month weight loss program. Participants were 204 overweight/obese men ( M [ SD] age = 46.6 [11.3] years; body mass index = 33.1 [3.5] kg/m2). A longitudinal, latent variable structural equation model tested the associations between SCT constructs (i.e., self-efficacy, outcome expectations, intention, and social support) and self-reported moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and examined the total PA variance explained by SCT. After controlling for Time 1 cognitions and behavior, the model fit the data well (χ2 = 73.9, degrees of freedom = 39, p < .001; normed χ2 = 1.9; comparative fit index = 0.96; standardized root mean residual = 0.059) and explained 65% of the variance in MVPA at Time 2. At Time 2, self-efficacy demonstrated the largest direct and total effects on MVPA (βdirect = .45, p < .001; βtotal = .67, p = .002). A small-to-medium effect was observed from intention to MVPA, but not from outcome expectations or social support. This study provides some evidence supporting the tenets of SCT when examining PA behavior in overweight and obese men. Future PA and weight loss interventions for men may benefit by targeting self-efficacy and intention, but the utility of targeting social support and outcome expectations requires further examination.
Enabling school structures, collegial trust and academic emphasis
Authors: Gray Julie , Kruse Sharon , Tarter C. John
Published: August 2015

This study tested the role of enabling school structures, collegial trust and academic emphasis in the development of professional learning communities (PLCs) in a low-income school district. The empirical study was based upon the perceptions of teachers and principals as provided by survey responses ( N = 67 schools). While enabling school structures, collegial trust and academic emphasis simultaneously contributed to the explanation of PLCs, only structure and trust had a unique effect on PLCs with structure having the larger contribution.
An analysis of the role and responsibilities of chairs of further education college and sixth-form college governing bodies in England
Authors: Hill Ron , James Chris
Published: August 2015

This article reports research into the role and responsibilities of the chairs of governing bodies of further education colleges and sixth-form colleges in England. Further education colleges and sixth-form colleges represent a significant part of post-16 educational provision in England. Every college in the sector has a governing body, which has a chair elected from and by the governing body’s membership. Sixteen chairs from further education and sixth-form colleges in England were interviewed and data themes identified: the chair’s role and responsibilities reflect those of chairs in non-further education/sixth-form college settings; a range of expertise is required, but detailed educational knowledge is not a priority in the requisite skill-set; chairs consider they bring a range of high level values and commitments to the role; chairs’ participation in role-specific training and development was not a strong theme; the responsibility of being the chair is substantial and complex; high-quality chair–principal relationships are crucial and complex; the governing body clerk has a significant role in relation to the chair, the principal and college governance generally; and the role and the responsibilities of chairs and the way they are specified locally by their governing bodies have significant implications for further education and sixth-form governance.
The impact of different solar passive systems on energy saving in public buildings and occupants’ thermal and visual comfort
Authors: Nowak Henryk , Nowak L , Sliwińska E
Published: August 2015

The annual solar gains in public buildings with large percentage of glazing can be shaped by different kinds of shading constructions and by glazing with proper spectral radiative properties. These properties can be obtained by covering panes with special spectral selective coatings or by use of tinted glass. Spectral selective panes enable control of solar gains in summer, reduce heat loss in winter, and reduce electric energy for cooling. These elements, except obvious influence on the annual heat balance of the building, have an impact on thermal and visual comfort parameters. The article presents selected results of the influence of horizontal overhangs and glazing with special spectral radiative properties on the annual thermal balance of analyzed buildings (computer simulations) and on thermal and visual comfort of the users (measurements). The measurements of the microclimate parameters show that it is impossible to maintain thermal comfort conditions during hot summer in natural ventilated buildings with high percentage of glazing without any additional appliances.
Desistance and the micro-narrative construction of reformed masculinities in a Danish rehabilitation centre
Authors: Søgaard Thomas Friis , Kolind Torsten , Thylstrup Birgitte , Deuchar Ross
Published: August 2015

Juvenile justice systems and reformatory institutions hold the potential to help young offenders and drug abusers change their behaviours and life-courses. Driven by an ambition to pave new ways to examine the inner workings of reformatory institutions this study explores how young male offenders’ gendered identities are engaged in a Danish reformatory programme. In recent years existing research on the gendered aspects of reformatory interventions has highlighted how reformatory institutions at times work to promote desistance by problematizing offenders’ and drug-abusers’ performance of hyper-masculinity and by constructing therapeutic spaces where men can reformulate softer versions of masculinity. Contributing to this line of research, this study explores and discusses how reformatory programmes at times also utilize hyper-masculine symbolism and imaginaries to encourage young offenders and drug abusers to engage in narrative re-constructions of identities and to socialize these into new subject positions defined by agency, self-responsibility and behavioural changes.
Beyond Distinction: Theorising Cultural Evaluation as a Social Encounter
Authors: Varriale Simone
Published: August 2015

This article expands recent attempts to theorise the role of culture’s materiality in Pierre Bourdieu’s relational epistemology. Drawing on empirical research about the reception of rock and jazz in Italy, and focusing on the evaluative practices of Italian critics, the article theorises cultural evaluation as a social encounter between the dispositions of social actors (i.e. their habitus) and the aural, visual and narrative properties of cultural objects. The article argues that such encounters produce relational aesthetic experiences, which are neither a property of social actors (e.g. their class) nor of cultural artefacts, but emerge from interactions between the socio-historical specificity of the habitus and different cultural materials. This theoretical synthesis, it is argued, can account for meanings and affects which, albeit co-produced by embodied dispositions, are neither reducible to such dispositions nor to practices of distinction. Further, it can account for the formative power of aesthetic experiences, that is, the extent to which they create durable dispositions and attachments.
Remembering Dutch-Moluccan radicalism: Memory politics and historical event television
Authors: Marselis Randi
Published: August 2015

This article examines memory politics in relation to radical actions of young Dutch-Moluccans, more specifically a train hijacking in 1977 at the village of De Punt in the Netherlands. The article examines how these historical events were remembered in the drama-documentary television film, De Punt, as well as in user-generated comments in an online discussion. The television film represented an inclusive memory culture that made room for the difficult memories of all parties involved, including the radicalised, young hijackers. Based on a multidimensional model of mass media reception, the analysis of the web debate examines how viewers reacted to this interpretation. The web debate functioned as a participatory forum, where collective and national memories and postcolonial history were intensely discussed, and the debate made room for some degree of reconciliation between viewers of Dutch-Moluccan and of Dutch majority background.
Does prior local corticosteroid injection prejudice the outcome of subsequent carpal tunnel decompression?
Authors: Bland J. D. P. , Ashworth N. L.
Published: August 2015

It has been suggested that treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome by local corticosteroid injection may prejudice the outcome of subsequent surgery. We identified patients who had proceeded directly to carpal tunnel surgery and patients who had initially been treated with one or more injections and then subsequently underwent carpal tunnel surgery on the same hand. Outcomes of surgery were evaluated using pre- and post-operative Boston carpal tunnel syndrome scales and an ordinal scale for overall satisfaction. Multivariate models were created to study the effect of pre-operation injection on the surgical outcome while controlling for demographic and clinical variables. A total of 942 patients were included; 85% of the direct group and 84% of the prior-injection group reported themselves either completely cured or much improved after surgery. Post-operative symptom severity and functional status scores showed no significant difference between the direct-to-surgery and prior-injection groups. Prior local steroid injection does not prejudice the outcome of surgery.

Level of Evidence: IV
ACE2 and vasoactive peptides: novel players in cardiovascular/renal remodeling and hypertension
Authors: Mendoza-Torres Evelyn , Oyarzún Alejandra , Mondaca-Ruff David , Azocar Andrés , Castro Pablo F. , Jalil Jorge E. , Chiong Mario , Lavandero Sergio , Ocaranza María Paz
Published: August 2015

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) is a key component of cardiovascular physiology and homeostasis due to its influence on the regulation of electrolyte balance, blood pressure, vascular tone and cardiovascular remodeling. Deregulation of this system contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of cardiovascular and renal diseases. Numerous studies have generated new perspectives about a noncanonical and protective RAS pathway that counteracts the proliferative and hypertensive effects of the classical angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)/angiotensin (Ang) II/angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis. The key components of this pathway are ACE2 and its products, Ang-(1-7) and Ang-(1-9). These two vasoactive peptides act through the Mas receptor (MasR) and AT2R, respectively. The ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR and ACE2/Ang-(1-9)/AT2R axes have opposite effects to those of the ACE/Ang II/AT1R axis, such as decreased proliferation and cardiovascular remodeling, increased production of nitric oxide and vasodilation. A novel peptide from the noncanonical pathway, alamandine, was recently identified in rats, mice and humans. This heptapeptide is generated by catalytic action of ACE2 on Ang A or through a decarboxylation reaction on Ang-(1-7). Alamandine produces the same effects as Ang-(1-7), such as vasodilation and prevention of fibrosis, by interacting with Mas-related GPCR, member D (MrgD). In this article, we review the key roles of ACE2 and the vasoactive peptides Ang-(1-7), Ang-(1-9) and alamandine as counter-regulators of the ACE–Ang II axis as well as the biological properties that allow them to regulate blood pressure and cardiovascular and renal remodeling.
Experimental investigation on suitability of carbon fibre thin plies for racquets
Authors: Bhudolia Somen Kumar , Perrotey Pavel , Joshi Sunil C
Published: August 2015

In the world of fast-growing technology, switch from traditional wooden and metallic sports racquets to next generation powerful racquets is inevitable with the advent of carbon fibres, which offer benefits like increased strength, stiffness, impact, and efficient vibration and damping properties. The introduction of carbon fibres, however, comes with challenges of choosing a right matrix system that, in combination, provides the best solution without sacrificing performance. Non-crimp fabric thin C-Ply composites have the potential to suppress the micro cracks and delamination until the material’s ultimate strength. But still, their usage and the possible advantages they can offer in sports applications like tennis racquets, badminton racquets or table tennis bats and so on are yet to be explored. This article aims at exploring the niche benefits offered by thin C-Ply™ carbon fibres in combination with thermoset and thermoplastic matrices in sports applications, especially racquets. The composites comprised multi-axial reinforcement fabrics/non-crimp fabrics infused with a room-temperature cure epoxy or a thermoplastic resin having low mix viscosity (200 cps) suitable for vacuum-assisted resin infusion. The mechanical properties of carbon fibre thin C-Ply/(thermoplastic or thermoset) composites pivotal in racquets, like tensile and flexural stiffness and modulus, have been determined experimentally. Double cantilever beam Mode I tests are also carried out to determine the bonding strength between the plies and the matrix interface as most of the failures in sports equipment are accompanied by either bond failures or imperfections within the structure. The findings of testing of various specimens are presented and discussed.
Determination of optimal shoe dimensions for occasional and regular tennis players
Authors: Herbaut Alexis , Foissac Matthieu , Jurca Ales , Guéguen Nils
Published: August 2015

Footwear fit is very important in tennis, directly influencing comfort, security and performance. Within the current literature, there are no in-depth studies regarding the fit of tennis shoes, resulting in a lack of knowledge regarding the effect of player expertise on fit preference. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to determine optimal inner-shoe dimensions for tennis players. A total of 34 tennis players were recruited and divided into two groups based on frequency of play (occasional and regular). Each subject’s feet were measured, and they were then asked to assess each of the four tennis shoes, which varied in dimension, through the use of a questionnaire. A repeated measure analysis of variance and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were performed to analyse shoe–foot dimensional difference and subjective fit rating. The analysis of variance revealed significant differences on fit rating between shoes. Correlations were found between shoe–foot dimensional differences at length, metatarsal width and metatarsal girth. The optimal shoe length was determined to be nearly 10 mm longer than the foot for both occasional and regular players; the optimal shoe metatarsal width was 8.4 mm less than the foot for regular players; the optimal shoe metatarsal girth was 9.5 mm less than the foot for occasional players and 14.7 mm less than the foot for regular players.
Ten years later: Ice hockey helmet impact mechanics change with age
Authors: Pearsall David J , Lapaine Pierre , Ouckama Ryan
Published: August 2015

This longitudinal 10-year study investigated the effects of inventory aging on ice hockey helmets’ impact attenuation characteristics. Three unused helmet models with different foam padding materials (vinyl nitrile, multi-density vinyl nitrile, and expanded polypropylene) were impact tested at six sites around a surrogate headform on years 2, 6, and 10 (Y2, Y6, and Y10) after the date of manufacture. In general, peak acceleration (g) Y10 measures were greater than those reported in Y2 and Y6, although well below standard impact criteria levels. Visual inspection of helmets post-impact showed no conspicuous damage to liner or shell, although in several instances the binding glue had disintegrated allowing liners to shift or fall away from the shell. In summary, contemporary ice hockey helmets retain most of their robust impact attenuation characteristics 10 years in storage after manufacture date; however, adhesive tearing of padding from the shell needs to be addressed. Regular inspection of the helmet integrity by players, coaches, and trainers is paramount. Further testing of used helmets in a similar prospective manner is carried out to ensure safe helmet function.
Therapeutic potential of ultrasound microbubbles in gastrointestinal oncology: recent advances and future prospects
Authors: Khokhlova Tatiana D. , Haider Yasser , Hwang Joo Ha
Published: August 2015

Microbubbles were initially invented as contrast agents for ultrasound imaging. However, lately more and more therapeutic applications of microbubbles are emerging, mostly related to drug and gene delivery. Ultrasound is a safe and noninvasive therapeutic modality which has the unique ability to interact with microbubbles and release their payload in situ in addition to permeabilizing the target tissues. The combination of drug-loaded microbubbles and ultrasound has been used in preclinical studies on blood–brain barrier opening, drug and gene delivery to solid tumors, and ablation of blood vessels. This review covers the basic principles of ultrasound–microbubble interaction, the types of microbubbles and the effect they have on tissue, and the preclinical and clinical experience with this approach to date in the field of gastrointestinal oncology.
Beyond cigarette smoking: smoke-free home rules and use of alternative tobacco products
Authors: Zhang Xiao , Martinez-Donate Ana P , Kuo Daphne , Piper Megan
Published: August 2015

Background:

A smoke-free home rule has been associated with reduced cigarette consumption; however, it is unknown whether a home rule is associated with the use of alternative tobacco products (ATP) such as smokeless tobacco products, regular and water pipes, and cigars. This study examined the association between the smoke-free home rules and ever and current use of ATP.

Method:

Data from the 2010–2011 US Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey were analysed using multivariable logistic regressions, including variables related to smoke-free home rules.

Results:

Overall, 83.9% respondents reported a smoke-free home rule inside their homes; 20.6% of respondents had tried at least one type of ATP, and 3.9% were current users in 2010–2011. Having a smoke-free home rule was associated with lower likelihood of current versus never use of any ATP (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.77–0.83). Among ever users of any ATP, the existence of a smoke-free home rule was associated with lower odds of being a current user (AOR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.43–0.56). Similar associations were observed for each type of ATP examined (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Smoke-free home rules are associated with lower current ATP use among the US population. Future research should examine whether promoting smoke-free home rules could help to reduce ATP use and related diseases.
Are Risk Indices Derived From CGM Interchangeable With SMBG-Based Indices?
Authors: Fabris Chiara , Patek Stephen D. , Breton Marc D.
Published: August 2015

Background:

The risk of hypo- and hyperglycemia has been assessed for years by computing the well-known low blood glucose index (LBGI) and high blood glucose index (HBGI) on sparse self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) readings. These metrics have been shown to be predictive of future glycemic events and clinically relevant cutoff values to classify the state of a patient have been defined, but their application to continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) profiles has not been validated yet. The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between CGM-based and SMBG-based LBGI/HBGI, and provide a guideline to follow when these indices are computed on CGM time series.

Methods:

Twenty-eight subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) were monitored in daily-life conditions for up to 4 weeks with both SMBG and CGM systems. Linear and nonlinear models were considered to describe the relationship between risk indices evaluated on SMBG and CGM data.

Results:

LBGI values obtained from CGM did not match closely SMBG-based values, with clear underestimation especially in the low risk range, and a linear transformation performed best to match CGM-based LBGI to SMBG-based LBGI. For HBGI, a linear model with unitary slope and no intercept was reliable, suggesting that no correction is needed to compute this index from CGM time series.

Conclusions:

Alternate versions of LBGI and HBGI adapted to the characteristics of CGM signals have been proposed that enable extending results obtained for SMBG data and using clinically relevant cutoff values previously defined to promptly classify the glycemic condition of a patient.
Economic Value of Improved Accuracy for Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose Devices for Type 1 Diabetes in Canada
Authors: McQueen R. Brett , Breton Marc D. , Ott Markus , Koa Helena , Beamer Bruce , Campbell Jonathan D.
Published: August 2015

Objective:

The objective was to simulate and compare clinical and economic outcomes of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) devices along error ranges and strip price.

Methods:

We programmed a type 1 diabetes natural history and treatment cost-effectiveness model. In phase 1, using past evidence from in silico modeling validated by the Food and Drug Administration, we associated changes in SMBG error to changes in hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and separately, changes in severe hypoglycemia requiring an inpatient stay. In phase 2, using Markov cohort simulation modeling, we estimated clinical and economic outcomes from the Canadian payer perspective. The primary comparison was a SMBG device with strip price $0.73 Canadian dollars (CAD) and 10% error (exceeding accuracy requirements by International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 15197:2013) versus a SMBG device with strip price $0.60 CAD and 15% error (accuracy meeting ISO 15197:2013). Outcomes for the average patient, were quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs), and budget impact.

Results:

Assuming benefits translate into HbA1c improvements only, the ICER with 10% error versus 15% was $11 500 CAD per QALY. Assuming the benefits translate into reduced severe hypoglycemia requiring an inpatient stay only, an SMBG device with 10% error dominated (ie, less costly, more effective) an SMBG device with 15% error. The 3-year budget impact findings ranged from $0.004 CAD per member per month for HbA1c improvements to cost-savings for severe hypoglycemia reductions.

Conclusions:

From efficiency (cost-effectiveness) and affordability (budget impact) payer perspectives, investing in devices with improved accuracy (less error) appears to be an efficient and affordable strategy.
Lower Extremity Amputation and Mortality Rates in the Reconstructed Diabetic Charcot Foot and Ankle With External Fixation
Authors: Ramanujam Crystal L. , Han David , Zgonis Thomas
Published: August 2015

The aim of this study was to determine the lower extremity amputation and mortality rates of a group of patients who underwent reconstructive surgery using circular external fixation for treatment of diabetic Charcot neuroarthropathy (CN) of the foot and/or ankle. Existing studies regarding lower extremity amputation or mortality rates for diabetic CN of the foot and/or ankle have been performed on mostly conservatively treated patients. The objective of the statistical analysis in this studied population was to understand the difference in overall amputation and mortality rates between the 2 main groups: one with foot and/or ankle ulceration (group 1), and the other without ulceration or osteomyelitis (group 2, control group). Within group 1, 2 subgroups were established: one with osteomyelitis (group 1A) and the other without osteomyelitis (group 1B). Initially, a retrospective analysis of 150 consecutive surgically reconstructed diabetic foot and ankle cases using circular external fixation from January 2005 through December 2012 was conducted. Those which were not supported with the diagnosis of diabetic CN were excluded and the 2 other charts without proper follow-up duration (6 months) for analysis were removed, resulting in the final sample size of N = 116. There were a total of n = 7 (6.0%) below the knee amputations (group 1A = 1, group 1B = 4, and group 2 = 2) with a total of n = 5 mortalities (4.3%) (group 1A = 2, group 1B = 2, and group 2 = 1). The total amount of time for a lower extremity amputation event (n = 7) since the time of surgical reconstruction was 729.43 ± 519.73 days (range 230-1777 days) while for a mortality event (n = 5), it was 1302.00 ± 765.48 days (range 633-2499 days).

Levels of Evidence: Prognostic, Level III: Retrospective study
Platelet-Rich Plasma May Improve Osteochondral Donor Site Healing in a Rabbit Model
Authors: Smyth Niall A. , Haleem Amgad M. , Ross Keir A. , Hannon Charles P. , Murawski Christopher D. , Do Huong T. , Kennedy John G.
Published: August 2015

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect(s) of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on osteochondral donor site healing in a rabbit model.

Methods

Osteochondral donor sites 3 mm in diameter and 5 mm in depth were created bilaterally on the femoral condyles of 12 New Zealand White rabbits. Knees were randomized such that one knee in each rabbit received an intra-articular injection of PRP and the other received saline (placebo). Rabbits were euthanized at 3, 6, and 12 weeks following surgery. Repair tissue was evaluated using the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) macroscopic and histological scores.

Results

No complications occurred as a result of the interventions. There was no significant difference in macroscopic scores between the 2 groups (5.5 ± 3.8 vs. 3.8 ± 3.5; P = 0.13). Subjective macroscopic assessment determined greater tissue infill with fewer fissures and a more cartilage-like appearance in PRP-treated knees. Overall ICRS histological scores were better in the PRP group compared with the placebo (9.8 ± 2.0 vs. 7.8 ± 1.8; P = 0.04). Histological scores were also higher in the PRP group compared with the placebo group at each time point. Greater glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen content were noted in the repair tissue of the PRP group compared with the placebo group.

Conclusion

The results of this study indicate that PRP used as an intra-articular injection may improve osteochondral healing in a rabbit model.
Electromechanical Assessment of Human Knee Articular Cartilage with Compression-Induced Streaming Potentials
Authors: Becher Christoph , Ricklefs Marcel , Willbold Elmar , Hurschler Christof , Abedian Reza
Published: August 2015

Purpose:

To assess the electromechanical properties of human knee articular cartilage with compression-induced streaming potentials for reliability among users and correlation with macroscopic and histological evaluation tools and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) content.

Methods:

Streaming potentials are induced in cartilage in response to loading when mobile positive ions in the interstitial fluid temporarily move away from negatively charged proteoglycans. Streaming potential integrals (SPIs) were measured with an indentation probe on femoral condyles of 10 human knee specimens according to a standardized location scheme. Interobserver reliability was measured using an interclass correlation coefficient (ICC). The learning curves of 3 observers were evaluated by regression analysis. At each SPI measurement location the degradation level of the tissue was determined by means of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) score, Mankin score, and sGAG content.

Results:

The computed ICC was 0.77 (0.70-0.83) indicating good to excellent linear agreement of SPI values among the 3 users. A significant positive linear correlation of the learning index values was observed for 2 of the 3 users. Statistically significant negative correlations between SPI and both ICRS and Mankin scores were observed ( r = 0.502, P < 0.001, and r = 0.255, P = 0.02, respectively). No correlation was observed between SPI and sGAG content ( r = 0.004, P = 0.973).

Conclusions:

SPI values may be used as a quantitative means of cartilage evaluation with sufficient reliability among users. Due to the significant learning curve, adequate training should be absolved before routine use of the technique.
Looking back and moving forwards: An agenda for social marketing research
Authors: Rundle-Thiele Sharyn
Published: August 2015

The practice of social marketing is based on a set of underlying principles that have not yet been tested. In the future, a series of experiments will be necessary to bring the application of social marketing to its peak. This article outlines an action plan for research in social marketing in order to push its limits.
Political elites’ media responsiveness and their individual political goals: A study of national politicians in Belgium
Authors: Sevenans Julie , Walgrave Stefaan , Vos Debby
Published: August 2015

This paper addresses the micro level variation in media responsiveness by political elites. It hypothesizes that individual political goals, in addition to party position, affect the extent to which MPs’ parliamentary initiatives are inspired by media cues. Regression analysis on data from a survey with Belgian national parliamentarians confirms this assumption. Opposition MPs react more to the media than coalition MPs. Within parties, MPs who are focused on party political goals display higher levels of media responsiveness than MPs who are not. The findings are explained by the differential usefulness of news coverage for various political actors.
Connected or informed?: Local Twitter networking in a London neighbourhood
Authors: Bingham-Hall John , Law Stephen
Published: August 2015

This paper asks whether geographically localised, or ‘hyperlocal’, uses of Twitter succeed in creating peer-to-peer neighbourhood networks or simply act as broadcast media at a reduced scale. Literature drawn from the smart cities discourse and from a UK research project into hyperlocal media, respectively, take on these two opposing interpretations. Evidence gathered in the case study presented here is consistent with the latter, and on this basis we criticise the notion that hyperlocal social media can be seen as a community in itself. We demonstrate this by creating a network map of Twitter followers of a popular hyperlocal blog in Brockley, southeast London. We describe various attributes of this network including its average degree and clustering coefficient to suggest that a small and highly connected cluster of visible local entities such as businesses form a clique at the centre of this network, with individual residents following these but not one another. We then plot the locations of these entities and demonstrate that sub-communities in the network are formed due to close geographical proximity between smaller sets of businesses. These observations are illustrated with qualitative evidence from interviews with users who suggest instead that rather than being connected to one another they benefit from what has been described as ‘neighbourhood storytelling’. Despite the limitations of working with Twitter data, we propose that this multi-modal approach offers a valuable way to investigate the experience of using social media as a communication tool in urban neighbourhoods.