bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O ESPORTE COMO CONTEÚDO HEGEMÔNICO DAS AULAS DE EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA EM UMA ESCOLA DE ANÁPOLIS: UM ESTUDO DE CASO
Authors: Paula Weber Mendes de , Baptista Tadeu João Ribeiro
Published: August 2016

Esta pesquisa pretende analisar o conteúdo esporte como elemento hegemônico nas aulas de educação física de uma escola de Anápolis-Go por meio de um estudo de caso que utilizou como instrumentos a observação, o questionário e a entrevista. Pela pesquisa, pudemos constatar que o ensino é baseado numa postura crítica qualitativamente relevante quanto ao conhecimento científico; porém, na aprendizagem, a produção do conhecimento parece absorver grande influência do senso comum, o que retarda o rompimento com a realidade encontrada no lócus da pesquisa.
Closed Circular Chains
Authors: Caglayan Günhan
Published: August 2016

Tangent circles, sequenced to form annular Steiner rings, are photographed in the windows of ancient buildings.
Fostering Algebraic Understanding through Math Magic
Authors: Lim Kien H.
Published: August 2016

Meaningful context motivates students to appreciate the usefulness of variables, expressions, equations, and symbolic transformations.
Mathematical Modeling with MyMaps and Spreadsheets
Authors: Weber Victoria , Fortune Nicholas , Williams Derek , Whitehead Ashley
Published: August 2016

Available apps are used to develop and investigate an optimization problem.
Software Project Management as Team Building Intervention
Authors: Mohammad Khalid Shaikh  , Akhtar Raza  , Kamran Ahsan
Published: August 2016

The courses of software project management (SPM) and Software engineering (SE) are regularly taught at undergraduate degree program in computer science. Students of these programs also have to undertake projects as part of various courses during their degree program. The purpose of this research is to assess whether the software engineering or the software project management course had enhanced the cohesion among team members while undertaking a six month or a year-long project. The teaching of these two courses is considered as a team building intervention in this research. A total of 167 students returned a modified version of Group Environment Questionnaire distributed to 200 students. Off these, 81 were those who had taken the SE course and subsequently did a project before they had taken SPM course. The rest of the students (85) consisted of those who had taken SPM and had undertaken final project. The results of this paper indicates that the SPM as compared to SE as a team building intervention had a better effect on team cohesion. The paper has successfully identified a single course that can enhance the performance of students as a team in contrast to proposing all the courses taught at the undergraduate computer science degree program as intervention for better team building and team work as proposed by Hogan & Thomas, 2005.
La necesidad de una técnica de toma de notas en interpretación consecutiva: una experiencia
Authors: Campos Paula Pérez , Salinas María-José Varela
Published: August 2016

The experiment described in this paper was inspired by Daniel Gile’s Effort Model for consecutive interpreting and an experiment he conducted with students in 1991. Its goal is to determine to what extent the lack of a well-developed note-taking technique is an obstacle to optimal performance in students. The participants, a group of interpreting students who do not yet master any specifi c note-taking technique, are told to interpret two similar texts: one with the help of notes, one without. Their rendition is evaluated considering a series of discourse units representing different categories of markers, i.e. proper names, numbers, lists and terms.Despite the competition between the listening and analysis effort and the note production effort, all of the participants provide a better interpretation when taking notes. However, their scores show room for improvement, which could be achieved through a better command of note-taking strategies. The present work is a pilot study that paves the way for further research into note-taking in consecutive interpreting. It also highlights the importance of learning note-taking principles as part of conference interpreting training.
Contents
Authors: Redaktionen -
Published: August 2016

No abstract.
EXCESSIVE DAYTIME SLEEPNESSAND CARDIOMETABOLIC RISK FACTORS IN CHILDREN AND TEENAGERS WITH OVERWEIGHT
Authors: Sena Aline Silva Santos , Cardoso Anajás Silva , Carvalho Danielle Franklin de , Medeiros Jovany Luis , Coutinho Giselda Félix , Albuquerque Fernanda Cruz de Lira , Medeiros Carla Campos Muniz
Published: August 2016

Introdução: atualmente, é observada tendência exacerbada para sonolência diurna excessivaem crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso. A obesidade e os distúrbios do sono, têmefeito conjunto nas doenças cardiovasculares e no diabetes mellitus. Objetivo: avaliar aprevalência de sonolência diurna excessiva e sua associação com fatores de riscocardiometabólicos. Método: estudo de corte transversal realizado em serviço público, referênciaem atendimento a crianças e adolescentes com excesso de peso no período de junho de 2011a março de 2013, em Campina Grande/PB. A amostra foi composta por 140 crianças e adolescentesde cinco a 18 anos. Foi realizada antropometria, aferida a pressão arterial, aplicado questionáriosobre hábitos do sono, Escala de Sonolência de Epworth e realizados exames laboratoriais(perfil lipídico, glicemia, insulina, HOMA-RI, hemoglobia glicada, proteína C-reativa ultrassensívele leptina). Os dados foram analisados pelo SPSS (v.17), através dos testes do Qui-quadrado, devariância e da correlação de Pearson, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A prevalênciade sonolência diurna excessiva foi de 19,3% e foi maior nas meninas. naqueles com SDE foiobservado maior percentual de alteração nos níveis de LDL, HbA1c e PCR-u, porém sem significânciaestatística. Conclusões: a presença de sonolência na amostra estudada foi prevalente e a aquelescom esta condição apresentaram resultados metabólicos menos favoráveis.
ASSESSMENT OF TEMPERAMENT AT 13 AND 24 MONTHS USINGMATERNAL REPORT: VALIDATION OF THE PORTUGUESE VERSION OF INFANT CHARACTERISTICS QUESTIONNAIRE
Authors: Carneiro Alexandra , Dias Pedro , Magalhães Carla , Soares Isabel , Rangel-Henriques Margarida , Silva Joana , Marques Sofia , Baptista Joana
Published: August 2016

O temperamento é considerado um conjunto de traços individuais, com origem em parte biológica, que sedemonstram desde a infância precoce e que apresentam algum grau de continuidade ao longo do tempo.Desta forma, e uma vez que a avaliação do temperamento permite compreender de forma mais aprofundadao funcionamento da criança, torna-se necessária e relevante a validação de instrumentos que permitamrecolher este tipo de informação nos mais variados contextos. Os estudos que aqui se apresentam estãoinseridos num projecto de investigação mais amplo que visa conhecer melhor o desenvolvimento decrianças com idades compreendidas entre os 0 e os 60 meses de idade. Mais especificamente, os doisestudos mencionados têm como objectivo geral validar o Infant Characteristics Questionnaire (ICQ1)para os 13 e para os 24 meses de idade para a população portuguesa, junto de mães. Assim, recorreusea duas amostras de conveniência. A primeira amostra é composta por 289 bebés com idadescompreendidas entre os 11 e os 20 meses de idade (Estudo 1), e a segunda amostra é composta por 398crianças com idades entre os 21 e os 32 meses de idade (Estudo 2). As duas amostras foram recolhidasem creches e jardins-de-infância da zona Norte de Portugal Continental. Durante o processo de recolhade dados, para além do preenchimento do ICQ1, foi solicitado à que mãe completasse uma ficha sóciodemográfica com informação relativa a si, à criança e à gravidez. Os objectivos específicos deste estudoforam avaliar as qualidades psicométricas das duas versões deste instrumento quanto à validade deconstructo e quanto à consistência interna. Os resultados aqui apresentados demonstram que se alcançaramsoluções factoriais adequadas quer para a versão do ICQ1 dos 13 meses quer para a dos 24 meses juntodas mães. Para além disso, os níveis de consistência interna das dimensões obtidas são, no geral,adequados.
Yrkesrelevante oppgaver i Praktisk pedagogisk utdanning for yrkesfag
Authors: Syverstad Elisabeth , Nymark Solfrid
Published: August 2016

Innledning: Stortingsmelding 27 «Gjør din plikt – Krev din rett» (2000 -2001) utfordreruniversitets- og høgskolesektoren til å bruke varierte metoder, begrense antallet forelesningerog legge til rette for studentdeltakelse. På bakgrunn av egne erfaringer og tilbakemeldinger frastudenter, valgte en lærer ved Høgskolen i Oslo og Akershus å utvikle yrkesrelevanteoppgaver som krever aktiv deltakelse og hvor studentene har medbestemmelse på innholdet.Formålet med studien er å belyse utviklingen av yrkesrelevant kompetanse slik at studentenemestrer det mangfoldet av arbeidsoppgaver de møter som lærere. Metode: I perioden fra2010-2015 deltok 84 studenter og en faglige ansatt i et aksjonsforskningsprosjekt ved Praktiskpedagogisk utdanning for yrkesfag (PPU-y). Studentene analyserte lærerens arbeidsoppgaver,og utarbeidet i samarbeid med lærer på høgskolen en oversikt over yrkesfunksjoner ognøkkelkvalifikasjoner i profesjonsutdanningen. Spørreskjemaer, gruppesamtaler og muntligetilbakemeldinger inngikk i datainnsamlingen som dannet grunnlaget for analysene. Resultat:Data ble analysert innenfor tre hovedområder: Yrkesrelevant opplæring, Medbestemmelse påinnhold- og organisering av studiet og Læringsutbytte. Sammenfattende viser dataene atstudentene opplever helhet og sammenheng i opplæringen gjennom bruk av yrkesrelevanteaktive studentoppgaver. De studentaktive oppgavene ble opplevd som relevante forlæreryrket, og skapte en dypere forståelse av det teoretiske fundamentet læreryrket bygger på.Samtidig viser dataene at medbestemmelse ble opplevd som læringsfremmende ogmotiverende. Konklusjon: Dataene antyder at yrkesrelaterte studentaktive oppgaver har enpositiv effekt på studenters motivasjon og opplevelse av eget læringsutbytte, og gir enopplevelse av helhet og relevans i utdanningen.
A heritability-based comparison of methods used to cluster 16S rRNA gene sequences into operational taxonomic units
Authors: Jackson Matthew A. , Bell Jordana T. , Spector Tim D. , Steves Claire J.
Published: August 2016

A variety of methods are available to collapse 16S rRNA gene sequencing reads to the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) used in microbiome analyses. A number of studies have aimed to compare the quality of the resulting OTUs. However, in the absence of a standard method to define and enumerate the different taxa within a microbial community, existing comparisons have been unable to compare the ability of clustering methods to generate units that accurately represent functional taxonomic segregation. We have previously demonstrated heritability of the microbiome and we propose this as a measure of each methods’ ability to generate OTUs representing biologically relevant units. Our approach assumes that OTUs that best represent the functional units interacting with the hosts’ properties will produce the highest heritability estimates. Using 1,750 unselected individuals from the TwinsUK cohort, we compared 11 approaches to OTU clustering in heritability analyses. We find that de novo clustering methods produce more heritable OTUs than reference based approaches, with VSEARCH and SUMACLUST performing well. We also show that differences resulting from each clustering method are minimal once reads are collapsed by taxonomic assignment, although sample diversity estimates are clearly influenced by OTU clustering approach. These results should help the selection of sequence clustering methods in future microbiome studies, particularly for studies of human host-microbiome interactions.
Short and long term representation of an unfamiliar tone distribution
Authors: Cui Anja X. , Diercks Charlette , Troje Nikolaus F. , Cuddy Lola L.
Published: August 2016

We report on a study conducted to extend our knowledge about the process of gaining a mental representation of music. Several studies, inspired by research on the statistical learning of language, have investigated statistical learning of sequential rules underlying tone sequences. Given that the mental representation of music correlates with distributional properties of music, we tested whether participants are able to abstract distributional information contained in tone sequences to form a mental representation. For this purpose, we created an unfamiliar music genre defined by an underlying tone distribution, to which 40 participants were exposed. Our stimuli allowed us to differentiate between sensitivity to the distributional properties contained in test stimuli and long term representation of the distributional properties of the music genre overall. Using a probe tone paradigm and a two-alternative forced choice discrimination task, we show that listeners are able to abstract distributional properties of music through mere exposure into a long term representation of music. This lends support to the idea that statistical learning is involved in the process of gaining musical knowledge.
Evaluation of Frequency Domain Analysis of a Multiwavelength Photoacoustic Signal for Differentiating Malignant From Benign and Normal Prostates
Authors: Sinha Saugata , Rao Navalgund A. , Chinni Bhargava K. , Dogra Vikram S.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of differentiating malignant prostate from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and normal prostate tissue by performing frequency domain analysis of photoacoustic images acquired at 2 different wavelengths.

Methods

We performed multiwavelength photoacoustic imaging on freshly excised human prostate specimens taken from a total of 30 patients undergoing prostatectomy for biopsy‐confirmed prostate cancer. Histologic slides marked by a genitourinary pathologist were used as ground truth to define regions of interest (ROIs) in the photoacoustic images. Primarily, 3 different prostate tissue categories, namely malignant, BPH, and normal, were considered, while a fourth category named nonmalignant was formed by combining the ROIs corresponding to BPH and normal tissue together. We extracted 3 spectral parameters, namely slope, midband fit, and intercept, from power spectra of the radiofrequency photoacoustic signals corresponding to the 3 primary tissue categories.

Results

We analyzed data from 53 ROIs selected from the photoacoustic images of 30 patients. According to the histopathologic analysis, 19 ROIs were malignant, 8 were BPH, and 26 were normal. All the 3 spectral parameters and C‐scan grayscale photoacoustic image pixel values were found to be significantly different (P < .01) between malignant and nonmalignant prostate as well as malignant and normal prostate.

Conclusions

Preliminary results of our ex vivo human prostate study suggest that spectral parameters obtained by performing frequency domain analysis of photoacoustic signals can be used to differentiate between malignant and nonmalignant prostate.
Determining the flux of methane into Hudson Canyon at the edge of methane clathrate hydrate stability
Authors: Weinstein Alexander , Navarrete Luis , Ruppel Carolyn , Weber Thomas C. , Leonte Mihai , Kellermann Matthias Y. , Arrington Eleanor C. , Valentine David L. , Scranton Mary I. , Kessler John D.
Published: August 2016

Methane seeps were investigated in Hudson Canyon, the largest shelf‐break canyon on the northern U.S. Atlantic Margin. The seeps investigated are located at or updip of the nominal limit of methane clathrate hydrate stability. The acoustic identification of bubble streams was used to guide water column sampling in a 32 km2 region within the canyon's thalweg. By incorporating measurements of dissolved methane concentration with methane oxidation rates and current velocity into a steady state box model, the total emission of methane to the water column in this region was estimated to be 12 kmol methane per day (range: 6–24 kmol methane per day). These analyses suggest that the emitted methane is largely retained inside the canyon walls below 300 m water depth, and that it is aerobically oxidized to near completion within the larger extent of Hudson Canyon. Based on estimated methane emissions and measured oxidation rates, the oxidation of this methane to dissolved CO2 is expected to have minimal influences on seawater pH.
Grounding line retreat of Pope, Smith, and Kohler Glaciers, West Antarctica, measured with Sentinel‐1a radar interferometry data
Authors: Scheuchl B. , Mouginot J. , Rignot E. , Morlighem M. , Khazendar A.
Published: August 2016

We employ Sentinel‐1a C band satellite radar interferometry data in Terrain Observation with Progressive Scans mode to map the grounding line and ice velocity of Pope, Smith, and Kohler glaciers, in West Antarctica, for the years 2014–2016 and compare the results with those obtained using Earth Remote Sensing Satellites (ERS‐1/2) in 1992, 1996, and 2011. We observe an ongoing, rapid grounding line retreat of Smith at 2 km/yr (40 km since 1996), an 11 km retreat of Pope (0.5 km/yr), and a 2 km readvance of Kohler since 2011. The variability in glacier retreat is consistent with the distribution of basal slopes, i.e., fast along retrograde beds and slow along prograde beds. We find that several pinning points holding Dotson and Crosson ice shelves disappeared since 1996 due to ice shelf thinning, which signal the ongoing weakening of these ice shelves. Overall, the results indicate that ice shelf and glacier retreat in this sector remain unabated.
The energetics and convective vigor of mixed‐mode heating: Velocity scalings and implications for the tectonics of exoplanets
Authors: Weller Matthew B. , Lenardic Adrian
Published: August 2016

The discovery of large terrestrial (~1 Earth mass (Me) to < 10 Me) extrasolar planets has prompted a debate as to the likelihood of plate tectonics on these planets. Canonical models assume classic basal heating scaling relationships remain valid for mixed heating systems with an appropriate internal temperature shift. Those scalings predict a rapid increase of convective velocities (Vrms) with increasing Rayleigh numbers (Ra) and non‐dimensional heating rates (Q). To test this we conduct a sweep of 3‐D numerical parameter space for mixed heating convection in isoviscous spherical shells. Our results show that while Vrms increases with increasing thermal Ra, it does so at a slower rate than predicted by bottom heated scaling relationships. Further, the Vrms decreases asymptotically with increasing Q. These results show that independent of specific rheologic assumptions (e.g., viscosity formulations, water effects, and lithosphere yielding), the differing energetics of mixed and basally heated systems can explain the discrepancy between different modeling groups. High‐temperature, or young, planets with a large contribution from internal heating will operate in different scaling regimes compared to cooler‐temperature, or older, planets that may have a larger relative contribution from basal heating. Thus, differences in predictions as to the likelihood of plate tectonics on exoplanets may well result from different models being more appropriate to different times in the thermal evolution of a terrestrial planet (as opposed to different rheologic assumptions as has often been assumed).
Diagnosing cross‐shelf transport along an ocean front: An observational case study in the Gulf of Lion
Authors: Nencioli F. , Petrenko A. A. , Doglioli A. M.
Published: August 2016

Exchanges between coastal regions and the open ocean are often associated with intermittent and localized processes such as eddies, fronts, and filaments. Since these features are difficult to observe, their impact has been predominantly investigated using numerical models and remote sensing. In this study, satellite sea surface temperature maps, Lagrangian surface drifter trajectories, and ship‐based surveys of currents and hydrography from the Latex10 campaign are used to quantify cross‐shelf exchanges associated with a temperature front in the western Gulf of Lion. Satellite imagery and thermosalinograph sections provide the characterization of the various water masses associated with the front. Lagrangian drifter trajectories are used to identify the main transport structures and to quantify the velocity components associated with near‐inertial oscillations. These are removed from the instantaneous ADCP observations with which the cross‐shelf exchanges are then computed. The results indicate an average outflow of 0.074 ± 0.013 Sv and an inflow of 0.021 ± 0.006 Sv. Integrated over the 2 week lifetime of the front, such outflow induced a total export of ∼90 ± 14 km3 of water, indicating that three to four of such events are sufficient to completely renew the surface waters of the Gulf of Lion. The total import was ∼25 ± 7 km3, suggesting larger inflows at depth or in the eastern part of the gulf to maintain its volume balance. These in situ estimates represent a key term of comparison for the further development of numerical model‐based and satellite‐based studies of cross‐shelf exchanges associated with this type of processes.
New insights on the upper layer circulation north of the Gulf of Guinea
Authors: Herbert G. , Bourlès B. , Penven P. , Grelet J.
Published: August 2016

The oceanic circulation in the upper layers of the north of the Gulf of Guinea is analyzed, as inferred from in situ observations and numerical simulations. This particular region, in spite of the presence of a coastal upwelling and its impact on resources and regional climate, is still poorly documented. Cruises carried out in the framework of different international programs (e.g., EGEE/AMMA, PIRATA) allowed to show the existence of an eastward flowing undercurrent, found under the Guinea Current, named the Guinea UnderCurrent (GUC). Numerical results from high resolution simulation allowed the description of the seasonal variability of this current. It appears that the GUC is stronger in spring and reverses westward in August–September. We also depict the fate and the sources of the GUC based on selected trajectories from numerical particle tracking. The simulated trajectories reveal: (i) a preferred route of the GUC along 4°N from Cape Palmas to Cape Three Points and following the coast east of Cape Three Points; (ii) strong recirculations in the most eastern part of the Gulf of Guinea and off Cape Palmas including warm and salty waters of the South Equatorial Current; (iii) a weak inflow from northern latitudes through a subsurface current flowing southward along the West African coast. In addition, Lagrangian experiments show that the GUC is not an extension of the North Equatorial UnderCurrent and confirm that this current does not penetrate into the Gulf of Guinea.
Sea surface wind streaks in spaceborne synthetic aperture radar imagery
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Li Xiao‐Ming , Sha Jin
Published: August 2016

Wind streaks are often observed in Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. They are used to determine the sea surface wind direction for sea surface wind field retrievals. It is generally understood that visible wind streaks are caused by roll vortices in the marine atmospheric boundary layer. In this study, 227 X‐band spaceborne SAR images of TerraSAR‐X and TanDEM‐X acquired from the three FiNO platforms in the North Sea and Baltic Sea were thoroughly analyzed for a comprehensive understanding of the manifestation of wind streaks in SAR images. Approximately 48.0% of the 227 SAR images displayed wind streaks, among which 67.3%, 20.0%, and 12.7% occurred under unstable, neutral, and stable atmospheric conditions, respectively. The proportions indicate that wind streaks are more likely to be generated from thermal convection. Further investigations suggest that the inflection point and the wind shear may be essential for the appearance of wind streaks in SAR images under stable atmospheric conditions.
Role of intraseasonal oscillation in the persistent extreme precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin during June 1998
Authors: Sun Xuguang , Jiang Guixiang , Ren Xuejuan , Yang Xiu‐Qun
Published: August 2016

The persistent extreme precipitation event (PEPE) that occurred over the Yangtze River Basin (YRB) during the period of 12–27 June 1998 is the most severe one in recent 60 years, and it is mainly caused by two significant components of intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) (10–30 days and 30–60 days) identified in this study. The two ISOs play different roles in the distributions of YRB rain belt in the PEPE; i.e., the 30–60 day ISO generally maintains the shape and intensity of YRB rain belt with its peak covering the whole PEPE period; however, the 10–30 day ISO mainly determines the south‐north swing of the YRB rain belt that features three PEPE stages. North Indian Ocean is the major forcing region of 30–60 day ISO, where anomalous warm sea surface temperature‐induced local strong convections stimulate a meridional teleconnection wave train over the East Asia, generating the 30–60 day intraseasonal YRB rainfalls. The 10–30 day ISO primarily originates from the northwest Pacific and the South China Sea (SCS), and along with its northwestward and northeastward propagations due to the air‐sea coupling and prevailing winds, suppressed and enhanced convections appear alternatively over the Philippine Sea and the central SCS in the three PEPE stages; thus, their stimulated downstream wave trains along the coast of East Asia vary accordingly in terms of phase and position, causing three stages of 10–30 day intraseasonal YRB rainfalls with different intensities and locations. These results suggest that proper combination of different intraseasonal oscillations is one of the essential and effective ways to produce the PEPEs.
Estimating time‐variable aerobic respiration in the streambed by combining electrical conductivity and dissolved oxygen time series
Authors: Vieweg Michael , Kurz Marie J. , Trauth Nico , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Musolff Andreas , Schmidt Christian
Published: August 2016

Aerobic respiration is an important component of in‐stream metabolism. The larger part occurs in the streambed, where it is difficult to directly determine actual respiration rates. Existing methods for determining respiration are based on indirect estimates from whole‐stream metabolism or provide time invariant results estimated from oxygen consumption measurements in enclosed chambers that do not account for the influence of hydrological changes. In this study we demonstrate a simple method for determining time‐variable hyporheic respiration. We use a windowed cross‐correlation approach for deriving time‐variable travel times from the naturally changing electrical conductivity signal that is transferred into the sediment. By combining the results with continuous in situ dissolved oxygen measurements, variable oxygen consumption rate coefficients in the streambed are obtained. An empirical temperature relationship is derived and used for standardizing the respiration rate coefficients to isothermal conditions. For demonstrating the method, we compare two independent measurement spots in the streambed, which were located upstream and downstream of an in‐stream gravel bar and thus exposed strongly diverse travel times. The derived respiration rate results are in accordance with findings of other stream studies. By comparing the travel time and respiration rate coefficient (i.e., Damköhler number) we estimate the contribution of each to the oxygen consumption in the streambed.
Framework for event‐based semidistributed modeling that unifies the SCS‐CN method, VIC, PDM, and TOPMODEL
Authors: Bartlett M. S. , Parolari A. J. , McDonnell J. J. , Porporato A.
Published: August 2016

Hydrologists and engineers may choose from a range of semidistributed rainfall‐runoff models such as VIC, PDM, and TOPMODEL, all of which predict runoff from a distribution of watershed properties. However, these models are not easily compared to event‐based data and are missing ready‐to‐use analytical expressions that are analogous to the SCS‐CN method. The SCS‐CN method is an event‐based model that describes the runoff response with a rainfall‐runoff curve that is a function of the cumulative storm rainfall and antecedent wetness condition. Here we develop an event‐based probabilistic storage framework and distill semidistributed models into analytical, event‐based expressions for describing the rainfall‐runoff response. The event‐based versions called VICx, PDMx, and TOPMODELx also are extended with a spatial description of the runoff concept of “prethreshold” and “threshold‐excess” runoff, which occur, respectively, before and after infiltration exceeds a storage capacity threshold. For total storm rainfall and antecedent wetness conditions, the resulting ready‐to‐use analytical expressions define the source areas (fraction of the watershed) that produce runoff by each mechanism. They also define the probability density function (PDF) representing the spatial variability of runoff depths that are cumulative values for the storm duration, and the average unit area runoff, which describes the so‐called runoff curve. These new event‐based semidistributed models and the traditional SCS‐CN method are unified by the same general expression for the runoff curve. Since the general runoff curve may incorporate different model distributions, it may ease the way for relating such distributions to land use, climate, topography, ecology, geology, and other characteristics.
Inducing Elasticity through Oligo‐Siloxane Crosslinks for Intrinsically Stretchable Semiconducting Polymers
Authors: Wang Ging‐Ji Nathan , Shaw Leo , Xu Jie , Kurosawa Tadanori , Schroeder Bob C. , Oh Jin Young , Benight Stephanie J. , Bao Zhenan
Published: August 2016

The promise of wearable and implantable devices has made stretchable organic semiconductors highly desirable. Though there are increasing attempts to design intrinsically stretchable conjugated polymers, their performance in terms of charge carrier mobility and maximum fracture strain is still lacking behind extrinsic approaches (i.e., buckling, Kirigami interconnects). Here, polymer crosslinking with flexible oligomers is applied as a strategy to reduce the tensile modulus and improve fracture strain, as well as fatigue resistance for a high mobility diketopyrrolopyrrole polymer. These polymers are crosslinked with siloxane oligomers to give stretchable films stable up to a strain ε = 150% and 500 strain‐and‐release cycles of 100% strain without the formation of nanocracks. Organic field‐effect transistors are prepared to assess the electrical properties of the crosslinked film under cyclic strain loading. An initial average mobility (μavg) of 0.66 cm2 V−1 s−1 is measured at 0% strain. A steady μavg above 0.40 cm2 V−1 s−1 is obtained in the direction perpendicular to the strain direction after 500 strain‐and‐release cycles of 20% strain. The μavg in the direction parallel to strain, however, is compromised due to the formation of wrinkles.
Clay‐Graphene Nanoplatelets Functional Conducting Composites
Authors: Ruiz‐Hitzky Eduardo , Sobral Maria Madalena C. , Gómez‐Avilés Almudena , Nunes Claudia , Ruiz‐García Cristina , Ferreira Paula , Aranda Pilar
Published: August 2016

An approach to functionalize graphene‐based materials has been developed by assembling graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) with clay minerals. Under convenient sonomechanical treatment, clay–GNP mixtures may produce very stable water dispersions in particular using sepiolite fibrous clay. While in the absence of clay a rapid decantation of GNP in water is observed, in the presence of sepiolite the resulting dispersions remain stable during months without syneresis effects. Rigid but flexible self‐supported films are easily obtained by filtering of these dispersions. As the electrical percolation threshold corresponds to sepiolite/GNP composites of 0.5:1 in weight, doping these systems with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) significantly enhances their electrical conductivity. The particular microporosity of the sepiolite component allows interactions with molecules, such as organic dyes, as well as polymers, such as biopolymers, opening the way to functional materials for advanced applications due to their inherent conductivity afforded by the GNP and MWCNTs carbonaceous components. In fact, using very small amount of MWCNT together with GNP can obtain composites with significant electrical conductivity, maintaining the enhanced mechanical properties, at a lower cost.
Externally Applied Manipulation of Molecular Assemblies at Solid‐Liquid Interfaces Revealed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Elemans Johannes A. A. W.
Published: August 2016

A solid‐liquid interface is a unique environment for the construction of two‐dimensional molecular assemblies as a bottom‐up approach towards functional surfaces. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has proven itself as an excellent tool to characterize such surfaces at the molecular level, by means of visualization. Many rules of design for surface, solvent and chemical structure of the adsorbants have been established, but methods to externally manipulate surface assemblies after their formation are still under development. This feature article deals with these manipulation methods at the solid‐liquid interface and evaluates, at the molecular level, the effects of temperature variation, irradiation with light, applied electric or magnetic fields, mechanical manipulation with the STM tip, and shear flow of the liquid phase.
Molecule‐Induced Conformational Change in Boron Nitride Nanosheets with Enhanced Surface Adsorption
Authors: Cai Qiran , Du Aijun , Gao Guoping , Mateti Srikanth , Cowie Bruce C. C. , Qian Dong , Zhang Shuang , Lu Yuerui , Fu Lan , Taniguchi Takashi , Huang Shaoming , Chen Ying , Ruoff Rodney S. , Li Lu Hua
Published: August 2016

Surface interaction is extremely important to both fundamental research and practical application. Physisorption can induce shape and structural distortion (i.e., conformational changes) in macromolecular and biomolecular adsorbates, but such phenomena have rarely been observed on adsorbents. Here, it is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that atomically thin boron nitride (BN) nanosheets as an adsorbent experience conformational changes upon surface adsorption of molecules, increasing adsorption energy and efficiency. The study not only provides new perspectives on the strong adsorption capability of BN nanosheets and many other two‐dimensional (2D) nanomaterials but also opens up possibilities for many novel applications. For example, it is demonstrated that BN nanosheets with the same surface area as bulk hexagonal BN particles are more effective in purification and sensing.
Hydrophobic Fibrous Membranes with Tunable Porous Structure for Equilibrium of Breathable and Waterproof Performance
Authors: Li Yang , Yang Fangfang , Yu Jianyong , Ding Bin
Published: August 2016

Breathable and waterproof membranes have great importance in various applications due to their permissibility of vapor transmitting and resistance to water penetrating. Despite the available strategies, it remains a serious challenge to fabricate membranes with best equilibrium of breathable and waterproof performance. Herein, hydrophobic fibrous membranes have been designed and prepared via electrospinning using polyurethane and fluorinated polyurethane as the raw polymers. By regulating the relative humidity and electrospinning time, fibrous membranes with tunable porous structure have obtained. Significantly, the effect of porosity, pore size, and pore length on the breathable and waterproof performance has been investigated. Ultimately, the fibrous membranes obtained at relative humidity of 60% with optimized porosity of 60%, mean pore size of 1.2 μm and pore length of 50 μm exhibit best equilibrium of breathable (water vapor transmission rate of 11.9 kg m−2 d−1) and waterproof (hydrostatic pressure of 86 kPa) performance, as well as good mechanical behavior with tensile strength of 10 MPa and elongation of 353%, indicating an appropriate candidate in various applications, especially for fabricating of protective garments.
Solidification of 3D Printed Nanofibril Hydrogels into Functional 3D Cellulose Structures
Authors: Håkansson Karl M. O. , Henriksson Ida C. , de la Peña Vázquez Cristina , Kuzmenko Volodymyr , Markstedt Kajsa , Enoksson Peter , Gatenholm Paul
Published: August 2016

Cellulose nanofibrils isolated from trees have the potential to be used as raw material for future sustainable products within the areas of packaging, textiles, biomedical devices, and furniture. However, one unsolved problem has been to convert the nanofibril‐hydrogel into a dry 3D structure. In this study, 3D printing is used to convert a cellulose nanofibril hydrogel into 3D structures with controlled architectures. Such structures collapse upon drying, but by using different drying processes the collapse can be controlled and the 3D structure can be preserved upon solidification. In addition, a conductive cellulose nanofibril ink is fabricated by adding carbon nanotubes. These findings enable the use of wood derived materials in 3D printing for fabrication of sustainable commodities such as packaging, textiles, biomedical devices, and furniture with conductive parts. Furthermore, with the introduction of biopolymers into 3D printing, the 3D printing technology itself can finally be regarded as sustainable.
From Polyacrylonitrile, Its Solutions, and Filaments to Carbon Fibers: I. Phase State and Rheology of Basic Polymers and Their Solutions
Authors: Kulichikhin V. G. , Ilyin S. O. , Mironova M. V. , Berkovich A. K. , Nifant'ev I. E. , Malkin A. Ya.
Published: August 2016

The phase state and rheological properties of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solutions of a series of acrylonitrile‐based copolymers (PAN), which were obtained by suspension polymerization and synthesized in supercritical CO2, have been studied. For PAN‐DMSO (plus water) solutions, a bimodal amorphous phase equilibrium takes place at ~78°C. Comparison of the rheological behavior of homo‐ and copolymer solutions has shown that the presence of carboxylate ion(s) in the macromolecular chain leads to supramolecular structure formation. Small additions of non‐solvent (water) enhance the viscoelasticity of the solution, whereas a large amount of water results in gel formation; beyond a certain threshold of water concentration, macroscopic phase separation takes place. Addition of carbon nanotubes into the solution does not change their phase state or rheological behavior. Application of mechanical forces to concentrated solutions may cause specific phase separation without the addition of a non‐solvent.
Synthesis of Castor Oil‐Derived Decanediamide as a Novel Flexible Asphalt‐Modified Epoxy Resin Curing Agent
Authors: Hu Kai , Bao Lixia , Chen Xiaofeng , Xiao Yao , Lei Jingxin
Published: August 2016

Castor oil‐derived decanediamide, as a novel flexible epoxy curing agent, was synthesized by esterization with methanol and ammonolysis with ammonia. The chemical structure and thermal properties of this novel curing agent were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) analysis, differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The tensile strength, impact strength, dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal stability of cured epoxy resin were investigated by tensile tests,dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and TGA, respectively. The results showed that the prepared decanediamide had a high yield of 85.4%, and the epoxy resin cured by the decanediamide revealed a slight decrease in the mechanical properties and thermal stability, and a longer pot life at high temperature compared with that of a conventional epoxy curing agent. Asphalt as a toughening agent was added into this system, in order to improve the poor brittle resistance of pure epoxy resin, which proved to have good compatibility with this system and improve the brittle resistance effectively. Thus, the decanediamide has a great potential to replace some of current petroleum‐based compounds in the synthesis of epoxy curing agents.
Low Band Gap Benzimidazole COF Supported Ni3N as Highly Active OER Catalyst
Authors: Nandi Shyamapada , Singh Santosh Kumar , Mullangi Dinesh , Illathvalappil Rajith , George Leena , Vinod Chathakudath P. , Kurungot Sreekumar , Vaidhyanathan Ramanathan
Published: August 2016

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) have structures and morphologies closely resembling graphenes, whose modular construction permits atomic‐level manipulations. This, combined with their porous structure, makes them excellent catalyst supports. Here, the high electrocatalytic activity of a composite, formed by supporting Ni3N nanoparticles on a benzimidazole COF, for oxygen evolution reaction is shown. The composite oxidizes alkaline water with a near‐record low overpotential of 230 mV @ 10 mA cm−2 (η
10). This high activity is attributed to the ability of the COF to confine the Ni3N nanoparticles to size regimes otherwise difficult to obtain and to its low band gap character (1.49 eV) arising from the synergy between the conducting Ni3N nanoparticles and the π‐conjugated COF. The COF itself, as a metal‐free self‐standing framework, has an oxygen evolution reaction activity with η
10 of 400 mV. The periodic structure of the COF makes it serve as a matrix to disperse the catalytically active Ni3N nanoparticles favoring their high accessibility and thereby good charge‐transport within the composite. This is evident from the amount of O2 evolved (230 mmol h−1 g−1), which, to the best of our knowledge, is the highest reported. The work reveals the emergence of COF as supports for electrocatalysts.
50% Sn‐Based Planar Perovskite Solar Cell with Power Conversion Efficiency up to 13.6%
Authors: Li Yunlong , Sun Weihai , Yan Weibo , Ye Senyun , Rao Haixia , Peng Haitao , Zhao Ziran , Bian Zuqiang , Liu Zhiwei , Zhou Huanping , Huang Chunhui
Published: August 2016

In the present work, a Pb‐assisted two step method is successfully proposed to fabricate high‐quality CH3NH3Sn0.5Pb0.5I3 (MASn0.5Pb0.5I3) perovskite film on the indium tin oxide (ITO) glass/poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) substrate. The film shows regular crystalline grains with a flat and compact morphology as well as full coverage on the planar PEDOT:PSS substrate. Remarkably, corresponding devices ITO/PEDOT:PSS/MASn0.5Pb0.5I3/C60/2,9‐dimethyl‐4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline/Ag are fabricated with high reproducibility, achieving a high power conversion efficiency of 13.6%, which is, to the best of knowledge, the most efficient solar cell based on Sn‐based perovskite.
Investigation of chromosome X inactivation and clinical phenotypes in female carriers of DKC1 mutations
Authors: Xu Jialin , Khincha Payal P. , Giri Neelam , Alter Blanche P. , Savage Sharon A. , Wong Judy M.Y.
Published: August 2016

Dyskeratosis congenita (DC) is an inherited bone marrow failure and cancer susceptibility syndrome caused by germline mutations in telomere biology genes. Germline mutations in DKC1, which encodes the protein dyskerin, cause X‐linked recessive DC. Because of skewed X‐chromosome inactivation, female DKC1 mutation carriers do not typically develop clinical features of DC. This study evaluated female DKC1 mutation carriers with DC‐associated phenotypes to elucidate the molecular features of their mutations, in comparison with unaffected carriers and mutation‐negative female controls. All female DKC1 mutation carriers had normal leukocyte subset telomere lengths and similarly skewed X‐inactivation in multiple tissue types, regardless of phenotype. We observed dyskerin expression, telomerase RNA accumulation, and pseudouridylation present in all mutation carriers at levels comparable to healthy wild‐type controls. Our study suggests that mechanisms in addition to X chromosome inactivation, such as germline mosaicism or epigenetics, may contribute to DC‐like phenotypes present in female DKC1 mutation carriers. Future studies are warranted to understand the molecular mechanisms associated with the phenotypic variability in female DKC1 mutation carriers, and to identify those at risk of disease. Am. J. Hematol. 91:1215–1220, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hypomorphic MKS1 mutation in a Pakistani family with mild Joubert syndrome and atypical features: Expanding the phenotypic spectrum of MKS1‐related ciliopathies
Authors:   Irfanullah, Khan Saadullah , Ullah Imran , Nasir Abdul , Meijer C. Arnoud , Laurense‐Bik Marlies , den Dunnen Johan T. , Ruivenkamp Claudia A. L. , Hoffer Mariëtte J. V. , Santen Gijs W. E. , Ahmad Wasim
Published: August 2016

Postaxial polydactyly (PAP) is one of the most common congenital malformations observed in the general population. However, it can also occur as part of a syndrome. Unbiased genetic screening techniques such as exome sequencing are highly appropriate methods to provide a molecular diagnosis in patients with polydactyly due to the large number of mutated genes associated with it. The present study describes a consanguineous family of Pakistani origin with PAP, speech impairment, hearing impairment of variable degree, and proportionate short stature with no prominent intellectual disability or ophthalmological abnormalities. One affected individual of the family was subjected to exome sequencing which resulted in the identification of four homozygous variants including an in‐frame deletion (c.1115_1117delCCT; p.(Ser372del) in MKS1, which was later shown to be the only variant segregating with the phenotype. In silico predictions supported the potential pathogenicity of the identified mutation. Additional clinical tests and MRI features of a patient in the family showed a molar tooth sign, which is a hallmark of Joubert syndrome. In conclusion, we have described a pathogenic variant in the MKS1 resulting in a mild Joubert syndrome phenotype, which broadens the spectrum of mutations in the MKS1. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A novel familial autosomal dominant mutation in ARID1B causing neurodevelopmental delays, short stature, and dysmorphic features
Authors: Smith Joshua A. , Holden Kenton R. , Friez Michael J. , Jones Julie R. , Lyons Michael J.
Published: August 2016

Recent studies have identified mutations in the ARID1B gene responsible for neurodevelopmental delays, intellectual disability, growth delay, and dysmorphic features. ARID1B encodes a subunit of the BAF chromatin‐remodeling complex, and mutations in multiple components of the BAF complex have been implicated as causes of Coffin–Siris syndrome, Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome, and non‐syndromic intellectual disability. The majority of documented pathogenic ARID1B mutations to date have arisen in a sporadic, de novo manner with no reports of inheritance of a pathogenic mutation from an affected parent. We describe here two patients (a 21‐year‐old female and her 21‐month‐old son) with a novel frameshift mutation in ARID1B inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion in the affected offspring. Both patients presented with neurodevelopmental delays, growth delay, and dysmorphic features including prominent nose with full nasal tip, long philtrum, and high‐arched palate. Exome sequencing analysis in the female patient demonstrated a heterozygous deletion of nucleotide 1259 of the ARID1B gene (c.1259delA) resulting in a frameshift and creation of a premature stop codon. Further family testing by targeted Sanger sequencing confirmed that this arose as a de novo mutation in the mother and was passed on to her affected son. The clinical features of both patients are felt to be consistent with an ARID1B‐related disorder. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a pathogenic mutation in ARID1B being passed from an affected parent to their offspring. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.