bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF SOIL MOISTURE ON APPLE MAGGOT EMERGENCE, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Trottier R. , Townshend J. L.
Published: April 2011

Several authors have observed that Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) is usually less prevalent during hot dry summers than during cool wet summers (Rivard 1968). Neilson (1964) showed that the emergence of R. pomonella, under laboratory conditions, was affected by the relative humidity of the air. When the relative humidity was 20 or 40%, high mortality occurred during metamorphosis and fewer adults emerged.

The object of this study was to measure the influence of soil moisture on success and time of emergence in a laboratory experiment. The information is needed to improve the forecasting system for apple maggot control in apple orchards (Trottier, in press).
EVIDENCE OF A MALE SEX PHEROMONE IN THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER, OSTRINIA NUBILALIS (HÜBNER) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE)
Authors: Royer Lucie , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: April 2011

European corn borer males have hair pencils located ventrally on the 8th sternite and these are extruded when a male approaches a calling female. The fact that (i) antennectomized females mated significantly less than both intact controls and individuals subjected to other forms of surgery, and (ii) males with hair pencils removed had a significantly lower mating success than control males, suggests that a male pheromone is involved in the mating system of the European corn borer.
EFFECTS OF THE JUVENILE HORMONE ANALOG FENOXYCARB ON VARIOUS DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES OF THE EASTERN SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Hicks Barry J. , Gordon Roger
Published: April 2011

The effectiveness of topical applications of the juvenile hormone analog Fenoxycarb against selected developmental stages of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was determined. Eggs at an early stage of embryogenesis (0–24 h old) were prevented from hatching and were more sensitive to the compound than older eggs (48–72 h old) and larval stages. Fifth-instar larvae displayed lethal morphogenetic effects following Fenoxycarb treatment, but third-instar larvae were refractory. Adult females constituted the most sensitive stage; treated insects laid eggs that failed to hatch. Untreated adult females that mated with Fenoxycarb-treated males also laid infertile eggs.
ENHANCED WOODPECKER PREDATION ON THE MOUNTAIN PINE BEETLE, DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE HOPK., IN GLYPHOSATE-TREATED LODGEPOLE PINES
Authors: Bergvinson David J. , Borden John H.
Published: April 2011

Lodgepole pines, Pinus contorta var. latifolia Engelm., treated with the herbicide glyphosate applied by axe frill or drill hole into the sapwood around the root collar, were readily infested by mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopk. On trees treated with 360 mg of glyphosate per centimetre of circumference, foraging woodpeckers, Picoides spp., debarked 15% of the bole surface within 10 weeks and > 30% after 1 year, compared with < 5% for controls. Foraging efficiency on mountain pine beetle at 4 m exceeded 90% after applications by axe frill of glyphosate at doses of 360, 36, and 3.6 mg per centimetre of circumference, compared with < 50% for controls. Glyphosate-treated trees rapidly became suitable for cavity excavation by woodpeckers.
AN ANOMALY OF TRICHOBOTHRIAL PATTERN IN RONCUS JARILO ĆURČIĆ (NEOBISIIDAE, PSEUDOSCORPIONES, ARACHNIDA)
Authors: ĆurčIć Božidar P.M. , Dimitrijević Rajko N. , Lučić Luka R.
Published: April 2011

Records of anomalies in trichobothrial pattern in pseudoscorpions are rare. Different abnormalities in the location of trichobothria in Xenochelifer davidi Chamberlin (Chamberlin 1949), Roncus pripegala Ćurčić (Ćurčić 1988), Neobisium carpaticum Beier, N. cephalonicum (Daday) (Ćurčić 1980), N. simoni (L. Koch), and N. bernardi Vachon (Ćurčić and Dimitrijević 1989) have been reported. In the Neobisiidae, anomalies in trichobothrial disposition are confined to adults and tritonymphs. The aberrations include the following: the irregular distribution of some trichobothria on both pedipalpal chelae, although normal setal count is still maintained, as in N. cephalonicum (Ćurčić 1980); the reduction in the number of trichobothria due to reduction in size or some other anomaly of one or both pedipalpal chelae, as in N. bernardi, N. simoni, and N. carpaticum (Ćurčić 1980; Ćurčić and Dimitrijević 1989); or the occurrence of a supernumerary trichobothrium when both pedipalpal chelae are of normal length, as in R. pripegala (Ćurčić 1988).
THE EFFECT OF EXCLUSION FENCES ON THE COLONIZATION OF RUTABAGAS BY CABBAGE FLIES (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE)
Authors: Vernon Robert S. , Mackenzie John R.
Published: April 2011

A specially constructed fence was developed to exclude cabbage flies, Delia radicum (L.), from plantings of rutabaga. The number of first-flight female D. radicum caught on traps inside fenced enclosures declined linearly with fence height from 0 to 90 cm. Females caught in plots surrounded by a 90 cm high fence were 80.6 and 82.8% fewer than in open check plots in 1991 and 1992, respectively. The percentage of transplanted rutabagas killed by cabbage maggot in the 90 cm high enclosures was 1.4% in 1991 and 25.5% in 1992, compared with 11.8 and 84.5% in the open check plots, respectively. The mean damage index rating for rutabagas was severe in the open check plots but slight in the 90 cm high enclosures in 1991. Only 1.2% of rutabagas in the open check plots would have been of marketable grade in 1991, compared with 54% in the 90-cm enclosures. The mean damage rating was highest in the open check plots in 1992, but damage was also severe in all fenced plots due to the heavy infestation levels that year. The potential of exclusion fences for use in pest-management programs for rutabagas and other brassica crops is discussed.
SEASONAL OCCURRENCE OF LEPIDOPTEROUS PESTS OF CRUCIFEROUS CROPS IN SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC IN RELATION TO DEGREE-DAY ACCUMULATIONS
Authors: Godin Claude , Boivin Guy
Published: April 2011

Eggs, larvae, and adults of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.), and imported cabbageworm, Artogeia rapae (L.), were monitored on cabbage, broccoli, and brussels sprouts [Brassica oleracea (L.) var. capitata, italica, and gemmifera] for 2 years in southwestern Quebec. The first eggs and adults of P. xylostella were observed during the first week of June, and the use of pheromone traps combined with plant sampling permitted detection of three to four generations on each cultivar type. However, adult counts in pheromone traps were not correlated with the number of eggs and larvae on plants. The date at which each generation appeared and their duration varied little between the three Brassica cultivars. An average of 352.7 degree-days (DD) above 7.3 °C were required to complete one generation, but the considerable overlap between generations reduced the usefulness of DD accumulations to predict P. xylostella occurrence. Visual counts of adult A. rapae and plant sampling of eggs and larvae permitted detection of three generations of this species on each cultivar type. The first A. rapae eggs were found during the last week of May, at least 2 weeks before adults were observed. However, butterfly counts were generally correlated with the number of larvae on plants. The dates at which each generation of A. rapae started were similar between cultivar types, and an average of 319.7 DD above 10.0 °C was required to complete one generation.
RESISTANCE TO THE FLEA BEETLE PHYLLOTRETA CRUCIFERAE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) IN FALSE FLAX, CAMELINA SATIVA (BRASSICACEAE)
Authors: Pachagounder Palaniswamy , Lamb Robert J. , Bodnaryk Robert P.
Published: April 2011

Feeding damage by the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae (Goeze), was assessed on 51 accessions of false flax, Camelina sativa L., and compared with damage to seven other crucifer species. Three experiments were conducted on seedlings in laboratory arenas infested with field-collected beetles. Feeding damage was estimated visually at daily intervals for up to 7 days. Natural infestation of false flax and other crucifers was observed in the field. Flea beetles fed little (0–10% consumption) on cotyledons or true leaves of any of the false flax accessions, and fed more (59–100% consumption) on the other crucifers. Flea beetles were observed sitting on false flax in the field, sometimes in high numbers, but they did not feed. In the laboratory, beetles eventually fed on cotyledons and leaves and once feeding was initiated, it tended to continue. Resistance in false flax may result from the absence of cues that initiate feeding, rather than a feeding deterrent. The high level of resistance in false flax would likely be economically beneficial if this species is developed as an oilseed crop. False flax could also be useful experimentally for identifying the cues that attract flea beetles to plants and stimulate their feeding.
A History Of Grasshopper Abundance Surveys And Forecasts Of Outbreaks In Saskatchewan
Authors: Riegert Paul W.
Published: April 2011

Saskatchewan had periodic outbreaks of grasshoppers long before the arrival of settlers. With the advent of agriculture these insects threatened the production of cereal and forage crops and necessitated the implementation of extensive control procedures. The effectiveness of control could be enhanced if farmers and government agencies were alerted and informed of the probable intensity and area of outbreak in the coming year. This lead to the initiation of forecasting the expected outbreaks, first, by questioning local persons as to the density, egg laying activities, and damage caused by local grasshopper populations and, secondly, by the inauguration of a special survey system of assessing abundance. Current populations of grasshopper adults or eggs were counted in all arable land areas of the province and rated in four categories of potential outbreak or hazard. The mapping of such ratings in their respective locations resulted in the production of a forecast map which indicated areas of probable light, moderate, severe, or very severe outbreak the following year. In Saskatchewan such maps have been produced annually since 1931 and are reproduced here. They represent the changing scene of grasshopper abundance in the past 36 years and have been accepted by agriculturists as a standard reference to be considered for sound agricultural production in the province.
REVIEW OF HOLARCTIC TARSONEMID MITES (ACARINA: PROSTIGMATA) PARASITIZING EGGS OF IPINE BARK BEETLES
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: April 2011

A group of tarsonemid mites, which are egg parasites of ipine bark beetles, is reviewed on a Holarctic basis. The genus Iponemus (new name for Moseria Beer and Nucifora) is proposed and described for the group, and 24 species or subspecies, including 19 described as new, are described, keyed, and illustrated. A detailed species-group description follows the generic description, and includes several structures hitherto not reported for species of Tarsonemidae. The variation and usefulness of the few characters available for distinguishing forms of Iponemus is discussed, and the provisional treatment of some forms as species and others as subspecies is explained.These mites are among the most host-specific associates of scolytid beetles: 16 of the 18 species or subspecies of Iponemus associated with the nearctic, pine-feeding ipines are monospecific, and each of the other two is restricted to two closely related species of hosts. The mites and the beetles together are considered with regard to size correlations, the degree of host specificity, the mites as taxonomic indicators of their hosts, biogeography, life history, and the role of egg parasitism by the mites in the population regulation of their hosts.
A REVISION OF THE ALLECULIDAE (COLEOPTERA) OF THE WEST INDIES
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: April 2011

Eleven genera and 70 species of West Indian Alleculidae are revised. All known taxa of the family from the Bahama Islands, the Greater and Lesser Antilles, and the Cayman Islands are included. Five new genera (Parahymenorus, Latacula, Notacula, Obesacula, and Punctacula) are described and three genera are recorded from the West Indies for the first time (Cteisa, Pseudocistela, and Allecula). All five of the described subgenera of Lobopoda are recorded from the region, Glabrilobopoda for the first time. Forty-seven new species and one new subspecies are described in the genera Pseudocistela, Lobopoda, Allecula, Hymenorus, Parahymenorus, Latacula, Notacula, Obesacula, and Punctacula. Cistelopsis striatus Pic is transferred to the genus Hymenorus.Keys to the genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies are presented. All taxa are described or redescribed and major diagnostic characters are illustrated. Habitus illustrations are included for each genus. A zoogeographic discussion of the taxa, including distributional tables, is presented.
LARVAL SKETCHES OF SOME MICROLEPIDOPTERA, CHIEFLY NORTH AMERICAN
Authors: MacKay Margaret Rae
Published: April 2011

Presented here, with notes, are 55 plates of illustrations: 48 are larval sketches representing 48 species in 18 families of Microlepidoptera; the remaining seven are scanning electron micrographs of larvae of three of the families, Lyonetiidae, Bucculatrigidae, and Stigmellidae. The illustrations suggest interesting affinities in some instances, are useful as identification aids, and show structural details not hitherto observed or recognized as important taxonomically.
REVISION OF THE GENUS CYMBIODYTA BED. (COLEOPTERA: HYDROPHILIDAE)
Authors: Smetana Aleš
Published: April 2011

A revision of the genus Cymbiodyta Bed. (Hydrophilidae: Hydrobiinae) is presented including a short historical review and a discussion of diagnostic characters and techniques. Twenty-nine species are recognized. Twelve species and two subspecies are described as new. C. hatchi D. C. Miller, 1964 is placed in synonymy with C. pacifica Leech, 1948, and C. morata Horn, 1890, with C. dorsalis (Motschulsky, 1859). Neotypes are designated for C. vindicata Fall and C. acuminata Fall; lectotypes are designated for C. brevicollis (Sharp), C. fraterculus (Sharp), C. morata Horn, C. polita (Sharp), and C. blanchardi Horn.The genus is divided into 11 species groups. A key to species is provided. Each species is described and illustrated, and all available bionomic and distributional data are presented. Distributional records are mapped.
THE LYGUS BUGS (GENUS LYGUS HAHN) OF NORTH AMERICA (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: April 2011

The genus Lygus Hahn is revised for North America. The new synonyms (to the left of the equal sign) are: ceanothi var. deliticus Knight = humeralis Knight; convexicollis var. coloratus Knight and dolichorhynchus Stanger = convexicollis Reuter; nigritus Knight = ravus Stanger; brindleyi and fultoni Knight = robustus (Uhler); superiorensis Knight = columbiensis Knight; frisoni Knight = rubroclarus Knight; nigrosignatus Knight = elisus Van Duzee; ultranubilus Knight and epelys Hussey = nubilus Van Duzee; and nubilosus Knight and usingeri Stanger = nubilatus Knight. The 34 species known to occur in North America are: abroniae Van Duzee, aeratus Knight, atriflavus Knight, atritibialis Knight, borealis (Kelton), bradleyi Knight, ceanothi Knight, columbiensis Knight, convexicollis Reuter, desertinus Knight, elisus Van Duzee, hesperus Knight, humeralis Knight, lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois), mexicanus Kelton, nigropallidus Knight, nubilatus Knight, nubilus Van Duzee, oregonae Knight, perplexus Stanger, plagiatus (Uhler), potentillae Kelton, ravus Stanger, robustus (Uhler), rolfsi Knight, rubroclarus Knight, rubrosignatus Knight, rufidorsus (Kelton), shulli Knight, solidaginis (Kelton), striatus Knight, unctuosus (Kelton), vanduzeei Knight, and varius Knight.Species are redescribed, seasonal variations in size and colour are discussed, and distribution maps and host plants are included. The adult males are illustrated and a key for their identification is given.
THE NEPTICULIDAE (LEPIDOPTERA) OF CANADA
Authors: Wilkinson Christopher , Scoble M. J.
Published: April 2011

A taxonomic revision, including descriptions, diagnoses, and bibliographies, is given of the genera and species of the family Nepticulidae (Lepidoptera) so far collected in Canada. In addition, extensive material from the U.S.A. and a number of specimens from Europe have been examined. Five new species and two new subspecies are described. Notes on the biology of the species have been collated from rearing records, label data, and the relevant literature. With one exception all existing types have been examined and, in addition, a number of types designated.A major feature of this work is a study of the genitalia of the moths — never before undertaken extensively on the North American Nepticulidae. These structures give valuable diagnostic features and are of fundamental importance in the provision of modern descriptions and keys. As genitalia characters are thought to be the best taxonomic indicators of relationships between species in the Nepticulidae, the species-groups proposed have been mainly defined on these structures.The confusion over the nomenclature of the family name is discussed. Taxonomic histories of the genera are given and one generic synonymy is made.Taxonomic problems are discussed in relation to distribution and food-plant choice. The host-plant associations of the family are reviewed, with reference to the mining habits of the larvae.A prioriuse of host-plant data in the taxonomy of the Nepticulidae is found to be limited. However, the proposed species-groups illustrate a general conclusion that related species tend to feed on plants that are themselves taxonomically related.
A REVISION OF THE GENUSTACHYPORUSGRAVENHORST (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: April 2011

The 35 species of the genusTachyporusGravenhorst (Staphylindae: Tachyporinae) of North and Central America are revised. Eighteen new species are described:neomexicanus,fenyesi, andhowdenorumfrom the southwestern United States;sharpifrom Mexico and the western United States;blomaefrom Mexico;nigripennisfrom California;dimorphus,pacificus, andstacesmithifrom the Pacific northwest;rulomoidesandbrownifrom southeastern Canada and the northeastern United States; andborealis,canadensis,nimbicola,inornatus,ornatus,lecontei, andflavipennis, which are transcontinental in the United States and Canada. Two European species are reported for the first time from North America:abdominalis(Fabricius) andtransversalisGravenhorst. The following new specific synonymy is proposed:tehamaeBlackwelder (=californicusHorn);temacusBlackwelder,oregonusBlackwelder, andalleniBlackwelder (=mexicanusSharp); andacaudusSay,maculipennisLeConte, andchrysomelinusvar.infuscatusBernhauer (=jocosusSay). The genus is divided into 2 subgenera of whichPalporus(type speciesStaphylinus nitidulusFabricius) is described as new. The subgenusTachyporusis divided into 12 species groups. Each species is described and its distribution is mapped. The male aedeagus and the pattern of elytral chaetotaxy are illustrated for each species. Major generic characters are illustrated with the aid of scanning electron photomicrographs. Neotypes are designated for the Say speciesfaber,jocosus, andacaudusand lectotypes are designated (when needed) for the North and Central American species described by Erichson, LeConte, Horn, Sharp, and Blatchley and for a variety described by Bernhauer. A diagnostic key for all the species is given.
REVISION DES TRICHOPTèRES CANADIENS: II. Les Glossosomatidae et Philopotamidae (Annulipalpia)
Authors: Schmid F.
Published: April 2011

Les familles des Glossosomatidae et Philopotamidae comptent respectivement 29 et 14 espèces connues à ce jour du Canada et des Etats adjacents. Dans les pages suivantes, on trouvera les diagnoses familiales, sous-familiales, génériques, subgénériques et spécifiques de tous les taxa constituant ces deux familles, de même que les tables dichotomiques permettant de s'y rapporter. Chaque espèce est décrite et figurée, ses parentés et ses synonymes établis et sa répartition géographique indiquée par une carte géographique la résumant.
THE FLEAS OF CANADA, ALASKA AND GREENLAND (SIPHONAPTERA)
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: April 2011

In a sense, this book is an expanded version of an earlier work by this author entitled “The Siphonaptera of Canada”, published in 1949. It is extended beyond the political confines of this country and includes treatment of the fauna of Alaska and Greenland, as well as much new distributional information on the fleas of Canada, especially the Canadian north. This latter was made possible by the Northern Insect Survey (1947-1962), mostly directed by the late Dr. T.N. Freeman, which involved the establishment of about 80 field parties in the Arctic and Subarctic Regions of Canada, Alaska and Greenland.A section on flea anatomy in relation to taxonomy is followed by a key to the genera. Then the six families and 15 sub-families, 60 genera and subgenera, and 183 species and subspecies, of fleas are carefully described and illustrated. Under the description of each species is a detailed listing of all specimens available to the author, West to East. This is followed by a host-flea index providing a taxonomic list of all the species of mammals and birds from which fleas have been taken. Distribution maps have been prepared illustrating all the collection records of flea species. Sometimes the known ranges of mammal hosts are included, where there is evidence of a strong host association.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Rosenberg David M. , Danks H.V.
Published: April 2011

In general, the aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands have been inadequately studied despite their apparent importance in wetland habitats, especially in energy and nutrient transfer. The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) recognized the deficiencies in knowledge of taxonomy and ecology of insect species in wetland habitats and sponsored a "Conference on the aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes" in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, on 3 October, 1984. The Conference summarized current knowledge on the systematics and ecology of aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the wetland habitats chosen for emphasis, and sought to identify needs for research on the structure and dynamics of aquatic insect faunas in these habitats. The proceedings of the Conference are published here. The first two papers provide background information on the habitats under consideration and the interactions among invertebrates and vertebrates in these habitats. A second group of papers considers features of the Hydracarina, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera in peatlands and marshes. A final paper summarizes data on the occurrence of aquatic insects in bogs, fens, and marshes, addresses broader questions related to the nature of the insect fauna, and identifies needs for further research. By making accessible systematic and ecological information on aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the proceedings should support and encourage further work in these habitats.
WATER MITES OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: April 2011

Distributional, life-history, and ecological data on the water mite fauna of peatlands and marshes in Canada are reviewed and summarized. Just over 100 species representing 24 genera and 13 families are treated. The fauna comprises both residents of permanent water, often opportunistic generalists, and inhabitants of temporary water, typically highly specialized. A total of 35 species is reported from peatland habitats, including 30 from bogs and 17 from fens (12 are represented in both of these habitats), and 41 species from marshes. Inadequacies in the current data are identified, specifically incomplete zoogeographic data, uncertainty of species identifications, and poor definition of wetland habitats. Future projects are proposed to encourage research designed to improve knowledge of water mites in these habitats.
AQUATIC COLEOPTERA OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA
Authors: Larson David J.
Published: April 2011

A rich fauna of water beetles, comprising 11 families and 485 species, occurs in Canadian peatlands and marshes. These beetles are diverse with respect to morphology, feeding habits, life-history patterns, and even in the degree to which they occur in water. Major adaptations to peatland and marsh habitats are described. Based on species composition, the following regional communities of marsh-inhabiting beetles are recognized: arctic, boreal, Cordilleran, grasslands, and eastern temperate. Peatlands possess a community of beetles similar to that of boreal marshes but contain enough unique elements to warrant separate recognition. However, based on water beetle distribution, it is not possible to subdivide peatlands into bog and fen communities because these habitats have many species in common. Future needs for research on wetland water beetles are identified.
AQUATIC INSECTS OF PEATLANDS AND MARSHES IN CANADA: INTRODUCTION
Authors: Rosenberg David M. , Danks H.V.
Published: April 2011

In general, the aquatic insects of freshwater wetlands have been inadequately studied despite their apparent importance in wetland habitats, especially in energy and nutrient transfer. The Biological Survey of Canada (Terrestrial Arthropods) recognized the deficiencies in knowledge of taxonomy and ecology of insect species in wetland habitats and sponsored a "Conference on the aquatic insects of peatlands and marshes" in St. Andrews, New Brunswick, on 3 October, 1984. The Conference summarized current knowledge on the systematics and ecology of aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the wetland habitats chosen for emphasis, and sought to identify needs for research on the structure and dynamics of aquatic insect faunas in these habitats. The proceedings of the Conference are published here. The first two papers provide background information on the habitats under consideration and the interactions among invertebrates and vertebrates in these habitats. A second group of papers considers features of the Hydracarina, Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Diptera in peatlands and marshes. A final paper summarizes data on the occurrence of aquatic insects in bogs, fens, and marshes, addresses broader questions related to the nature of the insect fauna, and identifies needs for further research. By making accessible systematic and ecological information on aquatic insects of Canadian peatlands and marshes, the proceedings should support and encourage further work in these habitats.
RESOURCE MODELLING: ITS NATURE AND USE
Authors: Sands Peter
Published: April 2011

To improve management of resources, such as agricultural crops or forests, scientists attempt to analyse the resource systems and to predict the consequences or outcomes of interventions. They construct models of interactions of components of the systems, drawing on knowledge and experience. In agriculture, five types of models have become common — empirical, crop–weather, crop–growth, crop–system, and crop–process. The models aim mainly to predict crop yields when a series of actions are taken. They differ markedly in complexity, from a simple regression to a series of mechanistic relations aimed at simulating the crop system. The uses to which a model is to be put, and by whom it will be used, are major determinants of the nature of the model so modellers must work with the potential users. In fact, modelling is an exercise in human relations as much as in science. All things being equal, the simpler the model is that meets the objectives of the users, the better are the chances of its being used.
RESEARCH PLANNING AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER: TWO CASE STUDIES IN SUPPORT OF THE WHEAT INDUSTRY
Authors: Cuff Wilfred R. , Hardman J.M. , Mukerji M.K.
Published: April 2011

Two research programs in support of the wheat industry provide insights into mechanisms that can be used in research planning and in technology transfer. Modelling was pivotal in both: in Australia since 1973 in efforts against rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae L., infestations of stored wheat and in Canada since 1970 against grasshopper infestations of wheat fields. The research studies, described in published papers, were designed by the scientists within broad research objectives defined by the employing organizations. A mixture of technical and human considerations determined the direction of the research: the talents of scientific staff combined to capitalize on fortuitous events or situations. Serendipity improved the response to uncertainty in both research and industrial environments. The nature and amount of effort needed to get scientific insights applied varied with the specifics of the scientific insight. A general analysis of technology transfer suggests that, in some cases, application requires the involvement of a variety of nonscientific specialists and that research managers are well positioned to coordinate the efforts. Taken together, the conclusions show that satisfying a need or solving a problem is a task within which research is only one part. Success requires effective communication and compromises among very different people.
DIFFICULTIES IMPLEMENTING A MODELLING-BASED INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT PROGRAM FOR ALFALFA
Authors: Fleming Richard A.
Published: April 2011

A key element of a project designed for integrated pest management in alfalfa fields in New York State is a comprehensive simulation model. The model was developed as a guide for growers to determine when the costs of control measures against alfalfa weevil would be worthwhile. The model incorporates crop and insect submodels. Optimization techniques were used to identify the more cost effective of the possible management strategies. The project has been an unqualified success from a research standpoint but the results are not widely implemented by growers. In this respect, the project has suffered from institutional problems at the research level, lack of confidence and commitment in extension, and skepticism among growers. To rectify this situation, project staff recently adopted new approaches for implementing the program.
TEMPERATE FOREST INSECT OUTBREAKS, TROPICAL DEFORESTATION AND MIGRATORY BIRDS
Authors: Holling C.S.
Published: April 2011

Ecosystems that are managed for resource production are under continual structural change. Changes imposed by local management aggregate to produce regional patterns and new regionwide responses. Anthropogenic influences on hemispheric and global processes add another level of change. The result is a bewildering variety of real or anticipated changes unique to experience. For example, in the spruce/fir and budworm interaction of eastern North America, a syndrome of causes affects the vulnerability of renewable resources, and the triggers of change can never be predicted. Yet, it is possible to identify key features that affect resilience of ecosystems and robustness of regulation and to reject other possibilities. This approach provides a way to assign priorities for research and for contingency planning to adapt to change.
MATING BETWEEN DIAPAUSING AND NONDIAPAUSING STRAINS OF THE CITRUS RED MITE, PANONYCHUS CITRI (MCGREGOR)
Authors: Takafuji Akio
Published: April 2011

The reproductive compatibility between diapausing (DP) and nondiapausing (C) strains of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (M.), was determined by crossing experiments. Mating between the two strains was unrestricted, but copulation between C females and DP males was often broken off prematurely, whereas copulation in the reciprocal cross was of normal duration. Diapausing males showed a strong preference for guarding quiescent female deutonymphs of their strain prior to copulation, whereas C males did not. However, males of either strain showed no preference between adult females, resulting in only a partial, one-sided premating isolation between strains. No adult females were produced in the progeny from either interstrain cross, showing reproductive incompatibility is complete. Hatchability of the eggs from the cross between DP females and C males was significantly lower than that from the cross between C females and DP males, or from the intrastrain crosses, suggesting that even though some of the eggs in the former cross were fertilized, they died during embryonic stages. This possibility was supported by the observation that, for DP females mated with a C male, the second intrastrain mating was almost totally ineffective. Also, for C females mated with a DP male, a second intrastrain mating was often ineffective, but to a lesser extent than for DP females. When the two strains coexisted, effective mating was severely curtailed for both strains. The results explained the low proportion of females from overwintered DP eggs in a pear orchard in which the two strains coexisted the previous autumn.
WATER MITES (ACARI: PARASITENGONA: HYDRACHNIDA) OF SPRING HABITATS IN CANADA
Authors: Smith Ian M.
Published: April 2011

This paper reviews and summarizes information on the systematics, distribution, life history, and ecology of water mites in spring habitats in Canada, primarily on the basis of new data. The fauna comprises over 115 species, representing 57 genera and 25 families, in three ecological groups adapted for living in helocrenes, rheocrenes, and limnocrenes, respectively, though many species are able to exploit more than one type of spring habitat. The evolution of adaptations in water mites for living in spring habitats is discussed within the context of new hypotheses on the origins and zoogeography of spring-inhabiting taxa. A synopsis of available data suggests that knowledge of the species composition and structure of water mite communities can be used to characterize springs, and to assess and monitor the impact of environmental changes on these habitats. Inadequacies in the current database on Canadian species are identified, specifically uncertain species identities, incomplete zoogeographic data, inconsistent definition of spring habitats, and inadequate collecting techniques. Future studies are proposed to encourage research designed to overcome these inadequacies, and improve understanding of the biological roles of water mites inhabiting springs.
OSTRACODE ASSEMBLAGES FROM SPRINGS IN THE WESTERN UNITED STATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR PALEOHYDROLOGY
Authors: Forester Richard M.
Published: April 2011

Ostracodes are a diverse group of marine and continental crustaceans that have radiated into virtually all oxygenated aquatic environments that persist for more than about a month. Continental ostracodes live in both surface water and groundwater.Ostracodes living in springs and seeps have typically been the subject of systematic rather than ecologic studies. These taxa may or may not occur in other surface-water bodies. Similarly, lacustrine taxa may or may not be found in springs. Spring taxa occurring in other surface waters are often found in ponds, marshes, streams, or on the edges of lakes where groundwater discharge is important. Groundwater discharge, unlike lake water, shows limited and predictable variability in chemistry and temperature during the year. That level of variability relative to lake water may define particular ostracode environmental gradients. The gradients would range from stable, high-volume discharge springs occupied principally by spring species to high variability lakes occupied largely by lacustrine species.Ostracode occurrences may also be described by parameters such as temperature, solute (dissolved ion) composition, solute concentration (salinity, conductivity, ionic strength), and calcite saturation indices. A plot of these parameters associated with the presence of a taxon illustrates its physiologic response to the environment, a field. Three general fields bounded by chemical parameters are delineated by existing data. Those fields are as follows: (1) a restricted range and (2) a full range of fresh water, and (3) both fresh and saline water. Fields bounded by temperature and chemistry are also recognized. The fields also offer a way of describing ostracode occurrences in terms of hydrogeology and climate.If ostracode occurrences are limited by major chemical and physical properties of the aquatic environment, then their habitat may be defined by certain physical–chemical principles. The same physical–chemical principles must apply to the past. The ecology of extinct taxa may, therefore, be defined in the same environmental terms as those for extant taxa.
DEVELOPING A NEEM-BASED INSECTICIDE FOR CANADA
Authors: Isman M.B. , Koul O. , Arnason J.T. , Stewart J. , Salloum G.S.
Published: April 2011

Leaves of the neem tree, Azadirachta indica A. Juss. (Meliaceae), have been used for centuries in India to protect stored grain from insect attack. Recent concern for the effects of synthetic insecticides on the environment and human health has provided the impetus for a reappraisal of the utility of neem derivatives as botanical crop protectants. Neem and its active principle, the limonoid azadirachtin, have several properties that are highly desirable for a natural insecticide. Azadirachtin is the most potent natural insect antifeedant discovered to date, suppressing insect feeding at concentrations of less than 1 part per million. Azadirachtin is also a potent insect growth regulator, which acts by disrupting molting and development, and interfering with reproduction in adult insects. These actions have been observed in over 90% of the more than 200 species of pest insects tested to date. Neem also has systemic action in some plants which could prove extremely valuable against stem- and root-feeding pests that are difficult to control. Finally, neem is essentially non-toxic to vertebrates, and in fact has a long history of medicinal use in southeast Asia.In the present paper we review our research aimed at developing a neem-based insecticide for use against pests of Canadian agriculture. We document the potent antifeedant action of azadirachtin in laboratory bioassays against the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, and the variegated cutworm, Peridroma saucia Hübner, and the molt-disrupting action of the compound in the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes Fab., and the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus Dallas. Both antifeedant and insect growth regulatory activities of various samples of neem seed oil are shown to be correlated to azadirachtin concentrations in the oils. Field trials of an experimental neem insecticide conducted against pests of crucifers, corn, and potato in British Columbia, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island, respectively, indicate that the neem insecticide provides pest control as effective as or better than pyrethrum, the current botanical insecticide of choice for organic growers. The commercial prospectus for neem insecticides in Canada is discussed in light of our results.
GROUNDPLAN STRUCTURE AND HOMOLOGY OF THE PLEURON IN HYMENOPTERA BASED ON A COMPARISON OF THE SKELETOMUSCULATURE OF XYELIDAE (HYMENOPTERA) AND RAPHIDIIDAE (NEUROPTERA)
Authors: Gibson Gary A.P.
Published: April 2011

The groundplan structure and homologies of the mesothoracic pleurosternum of Hymenoptera are postulated using the subcoxal theory of the origin of the pterothoracic pleura of insects, and the cryptosternite theory of an invaginated sternum in most holometabolous insects, based on a comparison of the skeletomusculature of Xyelidae (Hymenoptera) and Raphidiidae (Neuroptera). The following are hypothesized for Hymenoptera: (1) the mesosternum is invaginated except for the prepectus, which is a detached remnant of the presternum; (2) lines that delineate ventral regions on the mesepisternum of many Symphyta are secondarily evolved sulci and arc not pleurosternal sutures; (3) a basalar cleft and an anepisternum are present in the groundplan structure; (4) in Hymenoptera other than Xyelidae the basalar cleft and anapleural cleft intersect so the anepisternum is detached as a separate sclerite, the postspiracular sclerite; (5) the pre-episternum is enlarged secondarily at the expense of the katepisternum, resulting in the paracoxal suture and a narrow katepisternum closely paralleling the posteroventral margin of the episternum anterior to the mesocoxa; (6) the mesepimeron is not divided into an anepimeron and katepimeron by a paracoxal suture but in some taxa is divided secondarily into an upper and lower mesepimeron by marks that delineate the line of confluence between different sets of muscles; and (7) the trochantin is absent from the groundplan structure. Postulated homologies support the hypothesis that Xyelidae represent the basal lineage of Hymenoptera but do not support the hypothesis that the rest of Hymenopera had a biphyletic origin from Xyelidae. The study exemplifies the positive feedback relationship between morphology and systematics and demonstrates the necessity of systematics and phylogenctic hypotheses for testing hypotheses of homology derived through comparative morphology. Schematic figures illustrate the subcoxal theory of pleuron origin and the postulated groundplan of the hymenopteran mesopleuron; mesothoracic muscles that were studied to help homologize pleurosternal features between Xyelidae and Raphidiidae are tabulated and skeletomusculature is documented by scanning electron photomicrographs.
SPIDERS (ARANEAE) OF SIX SMALL PEATLANDS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO OR SOUTHWESTERN QUEBEC
Authors: Dondale Charles D. , Redner James H.
Published: April 2011

Six small peatlands, comprising three bogs and three fens, were surveyed for spiders in southern Ontario or southwestern Quebec. Collections from the Mer Bleue bog contained representatives of 108 species (54.6% of the total), those from the Crieff fen 97 (49.0%), those from the Wylde Lake bog 77 (38.9%), those from the Oliver bog 76 (38.4%), those from the Richmond fen 59 (29.8%), and those from the Poltimore fen 49 species (24.8% of the total). The family Erigonidae had 24.8% of the total 198 species, Lycosidae had 11.1%, Linyphiidae had 10.6%, and Salticidae had 9.1%, Web-building species outnumbered hunting species by 118 to 80. The majority of species in these peatlands are wide-ranging litter inhabitants, about one-third are tree, shrub, or herb inhabitants, and one-tenth were found only in or on the surface of the peat itself. Nine of the last-named group appear to be restricted to bogs, but none appear to be restricted to fens.
PHENOLOGY, REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY, AND HABITAT ASSOCIATIONS OF NICROPHORUS FAB. (COLEOPTERA, SILPHIDAE) OF THE MER BLEUE BOG AREA (OTTAWA, CANADA)
Authors: Beninger Clifford W.
Published: April 2011

Relative abundance of Nicrophorus species sampled with pitfall traps varies between habitats and seasons in the Mer Bleue bog area near Ottawa, Canada. Baited pitfall trapping is useful in studying habitat associations but does not accurately sample reproductively active species. Nicrophorus sayi Laporte is a spring breeding species associated with stands of mature forest. Nicrophorus orbicollis Say and N. tomentosus Weber were taken at baited pitfall traps in all habitats. Nicrophorus defodiens Mannerheim and N. vespilloides Herbst were found primarily in forest and bog habitats, respectively, and did not reproduce outside of these habitats.
PEATLAND SPHAEROCERIDAE (DIPTERA) OF CANADA
Authors: Marshall Stephen A.
Published: April 2011

Seventy-three species of the acalyptrate family Sphaeroceridae are recorded from Canadian peatlands, largely on the basis of pan trap samples from peatlands in southern Ontario, the Yukon, and Alberta. Spelobia nana (Rondani), Spelobia ibrida (Roháček), and Trachyopella atomus (Rondani) are newly recorded from North America. Fifteen species are identified as characteristic of peatlands, and their distributions and relationships are discussed. Southern peatland populations of several of these species are interpreted as relict populations in peatlands serving as post-Pleistocene refugia. Some species are known so far only from peatlands along the postglacial fringe.
METHODS FOR MASS-PRODUCTION OF MICROBIAL CONTROL AGENTS OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS
Authors: Jenkins Nina E. , Goettel Mark S.
Published: April 2011

The success of microbial control programmes often depends on an adequate mass-production method for the agent used. The pathogens with potential for use against grasshoppers and locusts vary widely in the ease with which they can be mass-produced. Obligate pathogens such as grasshopper entomopoxviruses, mermithid nematodes and Nosema locustae Canning are currently restricted to culture in living systems. Liquid fermentation is usually employed for the production of non-obligate pathogens such as bacteria, some fungi and nematodes, but in some cases the propagules produced in liquid culture are not amenable to formulation and application. Conidia of hyphomycete fungi can be produced on the surface of liquid media, on solid substrates or in diphasic systems. Production on solid substrates has been adopted for production of steinernematid and heterorhabditid nematodes and some fungi. Diphasic liquid-solid fermentation combines the benefits of both systems and is used mostly for mass-production of hyphomycete fungi such as Metarhizium flavoviride Gams & Rozsypal and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin. Increased commercial interest in biological control is likely to accelerate the development of improved and more economical methods for the mass-production of microbial control agents.
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF TWO TECHNOLOGIES FOR PRODUCTION OF A MYCOPESTICIDE IN MADAGASCAR
Authors: Swanson Dan
Published: April 2011

The net present value (NPV) approach to capital budgeting is used to determine the relative economic feasibility of two production models capable of manufacturing a fungi-based biopesticide in Madagascar. Sales revenues are projected at $10–12 per hectare for 20 000–80 000 ha annually, with recurrent costs estimated in Madagascar and investment costs from IITA (Cotonou, Benin) and Mycotech Corporation (Butte, Montana). These cash flows are discounted by an appropriate interest rate and risk factor, with positive results for both the labour-intensive model and the capital-intensive model under several scenarios. Cost advantages for the two models depend on both technology and scale. The labour-intensive model achieves a higher NPV in a market of 20 000 ha per annum as compared with the capital-intensive model. The capital-intensive model achieves a higher NPV in a market of 80 000 ha (including exports to southern Africa). Both models benefit from scale economies, although this benefit is relatively greater for the capital-intensive model. Consumers of mycopesticides in Madagascar could realize nearly 20% savings under a higher output scenario with a capital-intensive technology, than under a lower output scenario with a labour-intensive technology. Large-scale producers, however, would require nearly four times as much investment capital, and could find it difficult to produce for export from Madagascar. In the absence of a large-scale producer, small-scale production would be appropriate and feasible based on lower investment costs. Malagasy production is also protected from foreign competition because of current phytosanitary regulations.