bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting vasculature in urologic tumors: Mechanistic and therapeutic significance
Authors: Sakamoto Shinichi , Ryan A. Jacqueline , Kyprianou Natasha
Published: July 2007

Recent advances toward understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating cancer initiation and progression provide new insights into the therapeutic value of targeting tumor vascularity by interfering with angiogenic signaling pathways. The functional contribution of key angiogenic factors toward increased vascularity characterizing metastatic tumors and their therapeutic exploitation is considered in three major urologic malignancies, renal, bladder, and prostate cancer. With the realization that the success of the therapeutic efficacy of the various anti‐angiogenic approaches for the treatment of urologic tumors has yet to be proven clinically, the challenge remains to select critical angiogenesis pathways that can be targeted for an individual tumor. Here we discuss the major mechanisms that support formation of vasculature in renal, bladder, and prostate tumors and the current results of targeting of specific molecules/regulators for therapeutic intervention against metastastic disease. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 691–708, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immediate‐early gene regulation by interplay between different post‐translational modifications on human histone H3
Authors: Kaleem Afshan , Hoessli Daniel C. , Ahmad Ishtiaq , Walker‐Nasir Evelyne , Nasim Anwar , Shakoori Abdul Rauf , Din Nasir‐ud‐
Published: July 2007

In mammalian cells, induction of immediate‐early (IE) gene transcription occurs concomitantly with histone H3 phosphorylation on Ser 10 and is catalyzed by mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Histone H3 is an evolutionarily conserved protein located in the core of the nucleosome, along with histones H2A, H2B, and H4. The N‐terminal tails of histones protrude outside the chromatin structure and are accessible to various enzymes for post‐translational modifications (PTM). Phosphorylation, O‐GlcNAc modification, and their interplay often induce functional changes, but it is very difficult to monitor dynamic structural and functional changes in vivo. To get started in this complex task, computer‐assisted studies are useful to predict the range in which those dynamic structural and functional changes may occur. As an illustration, we propose blocking of phosphorylation by O‐GlcNAc modification on Ser 10, which may result in gene silencing in the presence of methylated Lys 9. Thus, alternate phosphorylation and O‐GlcNAc modification on Ser 10 in the histone H3 protein may provide an on/off switch to regulate expression of IE genes. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 835–851, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stability of the dexamethasone suppression test in borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid PTSD: A one‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Wingenfeld Katja , Lange Wolfgang , Wulff Hella , Berea Christina , Beblo Thomas , Saavedra Anamaria Silva , Mensebach Christoph , Driessen Martin
Published: August 2007

Alterations in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis feedback regulation have been repeatedly reported in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). Due to the cross‐sectional design of these studies, little is known about the longitudinal course of HPA axis functioning. In a sample of 13 patients with BPD, the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) has been used in a one‐year follow‐up study. There were no changes of cortisol concentrations before or after dexamethasone intake between baseline and follow‐up examination. Patients with comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) showed more pronounced cortisol suppression compared to those without PTSD. The DST seems to be a stable marker of alterations in HPA axis feedback regulation in BPD, which is also reflected by substantial correlations between percentage of cortisol suppression at baseline and follow‐up examination. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 843–850, 2007.
Structure of borderline personality disorder symptoms in a nonclinical sample
Authors: Taylor Jeanette , Reeves Mark
Published: August 2007

Relations among symptoms of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Text Revision (DSM‐IV‐TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000) borderline personality disorder (BPD) assessed using semistructured clinical interviews were examined using exploratory principal components analysis in a sample of 82 college men and women who were symptomatic for BPD (30.4% of whom met criteria for a BPD diagnosis at threshold or subthreshold certainty level). A three‐component solution was found and, as expected, the first component was characterized by interpersonal instability and included unstable relationships, identity disturbance, and chronic emptiness. The second component reflected affective instability and low impulsivity. The third component reflected stress‐related paranoia and low anger. Results highlight similarities in the structure of BPD criteria in clinical and nonclinical samples, and could inform future research on dimensional models of BPD. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol 63: 805–816, 2007.
Modifications to the Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM) for substance‐abusing women with histories of violence: Outcomes and lessons learned at a Colorado substance abuse treatment center
Authors: Toussaint Danielle W. , VanDeMark Nancy R. , Bornemann Angela , Graeber Carla J.
Published: August 2007

A growing body of literature demonstrates the co‐occurrence of posttraumatic stress disorder and substance use disorder for females seeking substance abuse treatment. Nonetheless, relatively few trauma‐specific treatments have been implemented or evaluated with this population. In this quasi‐experimental study (N = 170), the Trauma Recovery and Empowerment Model (TREM) was modified for use in an existing residential substance abuse program. Women who participated in the TREM showed significantly better outcomes than those who received treatment‐as‐usual on trauma‐related symptoms, although not on alcohol or drug use. TREM appears to be a promising model that can be embedded in a residential substance abuse treatment setting. Implications for practice and further research are discussed.
An intermediary role of proHB‐EGF shedding in growth factor‐induced c‐Myc gene expression
Authors: Nanba Daisuke , Inoue Hirofumi , Shigemi Yuka , Shirakata Yuji , Hashimoto Koji , Higashiyama Shigeki
Published: August 2007

Activation of growth factor receptors by ligand binding leads to an increased expression of c‐Myc, a transcriptional regulator for cell proliferation. The activation of transcriptional factors via the activated receptors is thought to be the main role of c‐Myc gene expression. We demonstrate here that epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)‐ and fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR)‐mediatedc‐Myc induction and cell cycle progression in primary cultured mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) are abrogated by knockout of the heparin‐binding EGF‐like growth factor (Hb‐egf) gene, or by a metalloproteinase inhibitor, although molecules downstream of the receptors are activated. Induction of c‐Myc expression by EGF or basic FGF is recovered in Hb‐egf‐depleted MEFs by overexpression of wild‐type proHB‐EGF, but no recovery was observed with an uncleavable mutant of proHB‐EGF. The uncleavable mutant also inhibited EGF‐induced acetylation of histone H3 at the mouse c‐Myc first intron region, which could negatively affect transcriptional activation. We conclude that signal transduction initiated by generation of the carboxyl‐terminal fragment of proHB‐EGF (HB‐EGF‐CTF) in the shedding event plays an important intermediary role between growth factor receptor activation and c‐Myc gene induction. J. Cell. Physiol. 214: 465–473, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Motivating faculty through transactional and transformational leadership strategies
Authors: Woods Timothy J.
Published: August 2007

The use of both transactional and transformational leadership strategies can have a tremendous impact on the dynamics of organizational agility and subsequent competitive advantage. For educational institutions, organizational agility refers to the ability of administration and faculty to identify, acknowledge, and adapt to factors important to academic quality, quality of instruction, and overall learning experiences. When it comes to motivating faculty performance, both transactional and transformational leadership styles are important. From a transactional perspective, faculty appreciate administrators who clearly communicate both university and departmental goals. For true motivation, administrators must seek to affect faculty on an intrinsic level where personal efficacy is raised through the successful accomplishment of objectives. A model for college steering committees and a specific faculty training program for sharper instructional focus are presented.
Surface Grafting of PEO‐Based Star‐Shaped Molecules for Bioanalytical and Biomedical Applications
Authors: Gasteier Peter , Reska Anna , Schulte Petra , Salber Jochen , Offenhäusser Andreas , Moeller Martin , Groll Jürgen
Published: August 2007

This article reviews surface grafting of star‐shaped PEO. The use of star‐shaped polymers is compared to linear PEO chains regarding the layer preparation and the ability of the resulting surfaces to resist protein adsorption. We then focus on the use of end‐functionalized, star‐shaped, PEO‐based prepolymers that are able to form covalent crosslinks and functional polymer networks on the substrate. Examples are given for specific protein adsorption as well as for cell adhesion on such layers by covalent embedding of biofunctional molecules. The possibility of coating biomedically relevant polymer substrates in three‐dimensional geometries is discussed and examples are shown for poly(ethylene terephthalate) monofilament constructs.

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Control of Photodynamic Motions of Azobenzene‐Derivative Polymers by Laser Excitation Wavelength
Authors: Kim Mi‐Jeong , Lee JaeDong , Chun Chaemin , Kim Dong‐Yu , Higuchi Seiji , Nakayama Tomonobu
Published: August 2007

The dynamic properties of photoinduced alignment and surface relief grating (SRG) formation as a function of excitation wavelength (λex = 454, 488, 514, 532, 568, and 647 nm) are examined using five azobenzene‐derivative polymers, whose absorption spectra are tuned by substituting different electron‐withdrawing groups (CF3, CN, CNCl, NO2, (CN)2). The dynamics sensitively depend on λex. The fastest rate of photoinduced alignment is observed when λex is between λmax of the trans π–π* transition and that of the cis n–π* transition. A model of trans–cis photoisomerization has been developed based on competition between photoexcitation and relaxation, in which the n–π* transition has a faster relaxation pathway than the π–π* transition. Under conditions of adequate absorbance of the trans form at λex, i.e., greater than ${1 \over 2}$Amax, the rate of SRG formation increases at longer λex.

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Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Precipitation Polymerization of Styrene in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: McHale Ronan , Aldabbagh Fawaz , Zetterlund Per B. , Okubo Masayoshi
Published: August 2007

Nitroxide‐mediated controlled/living radical precipitation polymerization of styrene in supercritical carbon dioxide has been performed using SG1 and AIBN as mediator and initiator, respectively. The equivalent bulk polymerization proceeded at a rate ≈1.58 times faster than the precipitation polymerization. The number of chains increased with conversion to a similar extent in precipitation and bulk systems. A chain transfer mechanism to the Diels‐Alder dimer is used to explain the increase in numbers of chains. High conversions were also achieved for a conventional precipitation polymerization of styrene in scCO2 at 110 °C. The polymer was obtained as a powder, which contained cavities when observed under an SEM.

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Chemical Recycling of Polystyrene by Pyrolysis: Potential Use of the Liquid Product for the Reproduction of Polymer
Authors: Achilias Dimitris S. , Kanellopoulou Iliana , Megalokonomos Panagiotis , Antonakou Eleni , Lappas Angelos A.
Published: August 2007

The potential use of the liquid product obtained from the pyrolysis of polystyrene as a raw material for the reproduction of the polymer was investigated in this study. Catalytic and non‐catalytic pyrolysis experiments were carried out in a fixed bed reactor using either model polymer or commercial waste products as the feedstock. The liquid fraction produced from all the pyrolysis experiments consisted mainly of the styrene monomer and this was subjected to re‐polymerization without any further purification, in a DSC with AIBN initiator. It was found that the pyrolysis oil fraction could be re‐polymerized to again produce polymer. However, aromatic compounds included in this fraction may act as chain transfer agents, resulting in alterations in the shape of the reaction rate curve and lowering significantly the average molecular weight and the Tg of the polymer produced.

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Temperature‐Induced Changes in the Surface Wettability of SBR + PNIPA Films
Authors: Mori Noriko , Horikawa Haruna , Furukawa Hidemitsu , Watanabe Toshiyuki
Published: August 2007

We report a novel rubber film made by a simple mixing method, which realizes a steep temperature dependence of the contact angle of water at a critical temperature of 41 °C. We mixed a common SBR with a known temperature‐responsive PNIPA to make a thermo‐responsive rubber. This rubber film distinctly showed a switch of surface wettability between hydrophilic below 41 °C and hydrophobic above 41 °C. The switching property is possibly controlled by the mixing ratio of PNIPA to SBR, preparation method, added chemicals, and so on. This mixing technique will be applied for the control of surface wetting properties by temperature on various SBR‐like rubber materials, such as wet‐brake performance of automobile tires on a rainy day.

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The metric properties of a novel non‐motor symptoms scale for Parkinson's disease: Results from an international pilot study
Authors: Chaudhuri Kallol Ray , Martinez‐Martin Pablo , Brown Richard G. , Sethi Kapil , Stocchi Fabrizio , Odin Per , Ondo William , Abe Kazuo , MacPhee Graeme , MacMahon Doug , Barone Paolo , Rabey Martin , Forbes Alison , Breen Kieran , Tluk Susanne , Naidu Yogini , Olanow Warren , Williams Adrian J. , Thomas Sue , Rye David , Tsuboi Yoshio , Hand Annette , Schapira Anthony H.V.
Published: August 2007

Non‐motor symptoms (NMS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) are common, significantly reduce quality of life and at present there is no validated clinical tool to assess the progress or potential response to treatment of NMS. A new 30‐item scale for the assessment of NMS in PD (NMSS) was developed. NMSS contains nine dimensions: cardiovascular, sleep/fatigue, mood/cognition, perceptual problems, attention/memory, gastrointestinal, urinary, sexual function, and miscellany. The metric attributes of this instrument were analyzed. Data from 242 patients mean age 67.2 ± 11 years, duration of disease 6.4 ± 6 years, and 57.3% male across all stages of PD were collected from the centers in Europe, USA, and Japan. The mean NMSS score was 56.5 ± 40.7, (range: 0–243) and only one declared no NMS. The scale provided 99.2% complete data for the analysis with the total score being free of floor and ceiling effect. Satisfactory scaling assumptions (multitrait scaling success rate >95% for all domains except miscellany) and internal consistency were reported for most of the domains (mean α, 0.61). Factor analysis supported thea prorinine domain structure (63% of the variance) while a small test–retest study showed satisfactory reproducibility (ICC > 0.80) for all domains except cardiovascular (ICC = 0.45). In terms of validity, the scale showed modest association with indicators of motor symptom severity and disease progression but a high correlation with other measures of NMS (NMSQuest) and health‐related quality of life measure (PDQ‐8) (both, rS = 0.70). In conclusion, NMSS can be used to assess the frequency and severity of NMS in PD patients across all stages in conjunction with the recently validated non‐motor questionnaire. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Discrete‐time proportional and integral observer and observer‐based controller for systems with both unknown input and output disturbances
Authors: Gao Zhiwei , Breikin Tim , Wang Hong
Published: August 2007

In this paper, a novel discrete proportional and integral observer is proposed for estimating the system state, input and output disturbances at the same time. Compared with the previous results, the proposed observer has an advantage in handling output disturbances. A simulated numerical example is given to demonstrate the efficiency. By using the estimates of the state and disturbance, an observer‐based controller with disturbance accommodation is designed to ensure the system stability and to satisfy the specified performance index. A simulated study of a reduced‐order gas turbine discrete model is given to illustrate the design approach, and encouraging simulation results are obtained. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical properties of epoxy resin self‐reinforced with organic rigid‐rod compounds
Authors: Lin S.P. , Han J.L. , Chen R.Z. , Yeh J.T. , Hsieh K.H.
Published: August 2007

In this study, nanoscale organic rigid‐rod compounds were utilized as self‐reinforcing composites to enhance the physical properties of an epoxy resin diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA). First, DGEBA was used to react with an aromatic diisocyanate of methylene diphenyl isocyanate (MDI) to form an urethane linkage. Next, four different organic rigid‐rod compounds including 4′‐hydroxyphenyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate, phenyl 4‐hydroxybenzoate, 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol, and 2‐naphthol were incorporated to react individually with the remaining isocyanate groups of the MDI units after the previous step. Finally, the four different rigid‐rod‐modified DGEBA systems were examined using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electric microscopy, and mechanical property analyses. Each of the four rigid‐rod‐reinforced DGEBA systems exhibited greatly improved mechanical properties, e.g., higher tensile strengths and fracture energies. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1281–1288, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Characterization and quality assessment of binding properties of the monocrotophos molecularly imprinted microspheres prepared by precipitation polymerization in toluene
Authors: Yan Shoulei , Fang Yanjun , Yao Wei , Gao Zhixian
Published: August 2007

To obtain the desired specific adsorbents for monocrotophos (MCP) to enrichment, separation, and analysis of trace pesticides residue in soils and foods, molecularly imprinted polymer microspheres were prepared by precipitation polymerization using MCP, methacylic acid (MAA), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, azobisisobutyronitrile, and toluene as template, functional monomer, crosslinker, initiator, and porogen, respectively. Computer simulation was employed to demonstrate the mechanism of the interaction between MCP and MAA in toluene. It was found that one MCP was entrapped by two MAAs in toluene through hydrogen bond. The binding properties of MCP in toluene for imprinted microspheres were evaluated by equilibrium rebinding experiments. Scatchard plot analysis revealed that there were two classes of binding sites populated in the imprinted polymer microspheres with dissociation constants of 0.0019 and 0.12 mmol/L, respectively. The specificity of the imprinted microspheres was investigated by binding analysis using MCP and structurally related organophosphorous pesticides. The results indicated that the obtained imprinted microspheres showed a good selectivity for MCP. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1302–1308, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cosolvent effect of water in supercritical carbon dioxide facilitating induced crystallization of polycarbonate
Authors: Zhai Wentao , Yu Jian , Ma Weiming , He Jiasong
Published: August 2007

Water‐induced crystallization of polycarbonate (PC) was investigated in water‐saturated supercritical CO2 (scCO2) in the range of 80–160°C and 12–20 MPa, with the help of differential scanning calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. Compared with pure scCO2, the enhanced plasticizing effect of water‐saturated scCO2 reduced the energy‐barrier for the motion of polymer chains, hence increased the crystallization rate of PC, and reduced the pressure threshold for crystallization from 14 to 12 MPa. On the other hand, the presence of water did not affect the thermodynamics of PC crystallization in scCO2. A 3D‐diagram was established to show the relationship between crystallization and solubility parameter of mixed supercritical fluid at different temperatures and pressures. The results show clearly that the PC has a wider range of crystallization temperature and pressure in water‐saturated scCO2 than in pure scCO2, mostly because the addition of water increased significantly the solubility parameter of mixed supercritical fluid, and decreased the difference in solubility parameter between PC and water‐saturated scCO2. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1338–1343, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Influence of nanofillers on thermal insulating properties of polyurethane nanocomposites foams
Authors: Modesti Michele , Lorenzetti Alessandra , Besco Stefano
Published: August 2007

The effect of several nanofillers on thermal insulating properties of polyurethane rigid foams (PUR) was analyzed. The nanofillers used differ for chemical nature and aspect ratio. We used both pristine and organically‐modified layered silicates (OMLS) and inorganic spherical nanopowders. The fillers were first dispersed in the polyol component through use of sonication; then doped polyol was mixed with isocyanate. The effect of polyol viscosity and nature (polyether or polyester) on the degree of the dispersion of the filler was also taken into account. The results obtained showed that the chemical nature and viscosity of polyols as well as the kind of compatibilization of the filler play a very important role in favoring the filler dispersion on a nanometer scale; the aspect ratio of the filler is instead not so important. When a good degree of dispersion is achieved, the thermal insulating properties of the foam can be slightly enhanced, as the fillers may act as nucleating agents. Some drawbacks were also found in using nanofillers: the fillers may bring in some cases an increase of the open cell content making the diffusion rate of the blowing agents faster thus leading to a worsening of thermal insulating properties during time. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1351–1358, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Identification of the possible defect states in poly(3‐hexylthiophene) thin films
Authors: Feng D.‐Q. , Caruso A.N. , Losovyj Y.B. , Shulz D.L. , Dowben P.A.
Published: August 2007

The possible origins of a low density of defect states within the highest occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap are suggested for regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene). A number of “chemical” defects, impurities, and structural defects could contribute to features in photoemission for regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene), observed within the highest occupied molecular orbital to lowest unoccupied molecular orbital gap of regioregular poly(3‐hexylthiophene). POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1359–1364, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Sheet molding compound resins from soybean oil: Thickening behavior and mechanical properties
Authors: Lu Jue , Wool Richard P.
Published: August 2007

Thermosetting resins for sheet molding compound (SMC) and bulk molding compound applications were synthesized from soybean oil. The SMC resins were prepared from maleated hydroxylated soybean oil (MHSO) and maleated acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (MAESO) with styrene. When thickened with divalent cations such as MgO, these resins exhibited a substantial rise in viscosity at room temperature because of complexation of MgO with the terminal acid groups on maleic anhydride. The resulting high viscosity sheet upon heating rapidly reduced its viscosity as the labile MgO‐acid groups thermally disassociated. The flexural strength σ and moduli E of these polymers varied from 61 to 87 MPa and from 1.6 to 2.4 GPa, respectively and the tensile strength and moduli varied from 27 to 44 MPa and from 1.6 to 2.5 GPa, respectively. The mechanical and fracture properties of these polymers were related to the amount of functional groups f, on the fatty acid backbone, and followed the Rigidity Percolation and Twinkling Fractal Theories, σ ∼ [Eν]1/2, where ν ∼ [f − 1]. The fracture energy GIC decreased significantly with increasing crosslink density, as GIC ∼ ν−2 and the plastic zone rp decreased as rp ∼ ν−3. The new bio‐based resins possessed mechanical and thermal properties comparable with petroleum‐based unsaturated polyesters. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:1469–1479, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Multiplicity and flexibility in clinical trials
Authors: Brannath Werner , Koenig Franz , Bauer Peter
Published: August 2007

Flexible designs offer a large amount of flexibility in clinical trials with control of the type I error rate. This allows the combination of trials from different clinical phases of a drug development process. Such combinations require designs where hypotheses are selected and/or added at interim analysis without knowing the selection rule in advance so that both flexibility and multiplicity issues arise. The paper reviews the basic principles and some of the common methods for reaching flexibility while controlling the family‐wise error rate in the strong sense. Flexible designs have been criticized because they may lead to different weights for the patients from the different stages when reassessing sample sizes. Analyzing the data in a conventional way avoids such unequal weighting but may inflate the multiple type I error rate. In cases where the conditional type I error rates of the new design (and conventional analysis) are below the conditional type I error rates of the initial design the conventional analysis may, however, be done without inflating the type I error rate. Focusing on a parallel group design with two treatments and a common control, we use this principle to investigate when we can select one treatment, reassess sample sizes and test the corresponding null hypotheses by the conventional level α z‐test without compromising on the multiple type I error rate. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vereinfachte Vordimensionierung von Wabenträgern
Authors: Gemperle Christoph
Published: August 2007

Wabenträger sind schon lange als materialsparende Leichtbauträger im Einsatz und haben früher auch zu entsprechenden Kosteneinsparungen geführt. Mit der Zunahme der Fertigungskosten stehen heute vor allem ästhetische Gründe für den Einsatz von Wabenträgern im Vordergrund. Die neuen Stahlbautabellen C5/05 des Stahlbau Zentrums Schweiz (SZS) [1] enthalten Grundwerte für Wabenträger, die eine einfache Vordimensionierung ermöglichen und somit den Entwurf erleichtern. Der vorliegende Aufsatz erläutert die technischen Grundlagen und gibt Hinweise zur Anwendung der tabellierten Werte.
Pros and cons of multistory RC tunnel‐form (box‐type) buildings
Authors: Kalkan Erol , Yüksel S. Bahadir
Published: August 2007

Tunnel‐form structural systems (i.e., box systems), having a load‐carrying mechanism composed of reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls and slabs only, have been prevailingly utilized in the construction of multistory residential units. The superiority of tunnel‐form buildings over their conventional counterparts stems from the enhanced earthquake resistance they provide, and the considerable speed and economy of their construction. During recent earthquakes in Turkey, they exhibited better seismic performance in contrast to the damaged condition of a number of RC frames and dual systems (i.e., RC frames with shear wall configurations). Thus the tunnel‐form system has become a primary construction technique in many seismically active regions. In this paper, the strengths and weaknesses of tunnel‐form buildings are addressed in terms of design considerations and construction applications. The impacts of shear wall reinforcement ratio and its detailing on system ductility, load‐carrying capacity and failure mechanism under seismic forces are evaluated at section and global system levels. Influences of tension/compression coupling and wall openings on the response are also discussed. Three‐dimensional nonlinear finite element models, verified through comparisons with experimental results, were used for numerical assessments. Findings from this projection provide useful information on adequate vertical reinforcement ratio and boundary reinforcement to achieve enhanced performance of tunnel‐form buildings under seismic actions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind‐induced excitation control of a tall building with tuned mass dampers
Authors: Kim Young‐Moon , You Ki‐Pyo , Kim Han‐Young
Published: August 2007

To investigate the effectiveness of a tuned mass damper (TMD) in suppressing wind‐induced excitation motion of a tall building, aeroelastic wind tunnel tests and theoretical analyses were conducted. A 1:500 scaled model of an aeroelastic tall building was built, and TMD models of mass ratios of 1% and 2%, respectively, were designed and tested with the building model. This study investigates the contribution of the inherent structural damping of the building model to the effectiveness of the TMD. Spectral analyses were conducted to verify the test results and to perform a parametric study. According to the experimental and analytical investigation, the effectiveness of the TMD increased when the inherent structural damping was decreased in response to both along‐wind and the cross‐wind directions. The parametric study revealed that a certain TMD damping ratio can maximize the effectiveness of the TMD. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An improved apparatus for oxygen bomb testing
Authors: Cooper A. R. , Matzinger D. P. , Furia T. E.
Published: July 2007

An improved oxygen bomb apparatus has been developed. The increased precision and readability of the continuous pressure recording allows a new method of end‐point measurement. It was possible to use smaller test samples than any previously reported. Sample size and oxygen pressure were shown to be relatively unimportant variables. Temperature is the most useful variable for controlling test time. This is preferable over sample dispersion or addition of catalysts in terms of simplifying the procedure. Peroxide formation at the oxygen bomb test end point is three to four times the value at the end point of the Active Oxygen Method.
Effect of the configuration of the methyl group at C‐4 on the capacity of 4‐methyl‐9β, 19‐cyclosteroids to be substrates of a cyclopropane cleavage enzyme from maize
Authors: Cattel L. , Delprino L. , Benveniste P. , Rahier A.
Published: July 2007

The cyclopropane ring of 4α,14α,(24ξ)‐24‐trimethyl‐9β19‐cyclo‐5α‐cholestane‐3β‐ol is opened by microsomes isolated from maize embryos to yield 4α,14α,(24ξ)‐24‐trimethyl‐5α‐cholest‐8‐en‐3β‐ol. In contrast, when 4β,14α,(24ξ)‐24‐trimethyl‐9β, 19‐cyclo‐5α‐cholestane‐3β‐ol or 4,4,14α(24ξ)‐24‐tetramethyl‐9β, 19‐cyclo‐5α‐cholestane‐3β‐ol are used as substrates, no reaction takes place. These results show that the number and also the stereochemistry of the C‐4‐methyls control the enzymic reaction. A new synthetic method for preparing 4β‐methyl from 4α‐methyl sterols is also described.
Determination of BHA, BHT and TBHQ in edible fats and oils
Authors: Doeden W. G. , Bowers R. H. , Ingala A. C.
Published: July 2007

A method is described for the rapid analysis of the phenolic antioxidants BHA, BHT and TBHQ in edible fats and oils. The procedure is based on gel permeation chromatography with UV detection, and requires no preliminary isolation of the antioxidants from the matrix. Detection limits with the instrumentation used in this study were<1 ppm for BHA and BHT, and ca. 20 ppm for TBHQ.
Some minor fatty acids of rapeseed oils
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , Ackman R. G.
Published: July 2007

A number of minor unsaturated fatty acids of rapeseed oil (fromBrassica napus orcampestris) have been isolated by combinations of distillation preparatve gas liquid chromatography and silver nitrate thin layer chromatography, and were further identified by oxidative fission in BF3‐MeOH. Among the shorter chain, all‐cis polyunsaturated fatty acids described are 16:3ω3, 16:2ω6 and 14:2ω6. A ubiquitous minor component inunproceessed oils was found to becis‐9, cis‐12, trans‐15‐octadecatrienoic acid, with lesser proportions of thetrans‐9, cis‐12, cis‐15 isomer. Among others identified werecis‐14:1ω9 and 15:1ω10, the latter accompanied by half as muchtrans‐15:1ω10. Particular attention was paid to the proportions of the minor monoethylenic fatty acids of the ω7 series relative to the longer chain major ω9 monoethylenic fatty acids which have been reduced by plant breeding.
Studies on the reactions of ω‐carbethoxy fatty acid sodioesters with brominated compounds
Authors: Zauhar Joseph , Ladouceur Benoit F.
Published: July 2007

Several ω‐carbethoxy fatty acid sodioesters (C2H5‐O2 CCHNa(CH2)n−1‐CO2C2H5 and C2H5‐O2CCHNa(CH2)n−2‐CHNaCO2 C2H5 where n/6, 7, or 8) were condensed with ω‐bromoaliphatic esters (Br(CH2)zCO2C2H5 where z‐5, 8 or 10), α,ω‐dibromoalkanes (Br(CH2)n′‐Br where n′=4, 6 or 8) and α,α′ m‐ or p‐xylene. Tri‐ and tetraesters and several carbethoxy cycloheptanones which arose mainly from Dieckmann type condensations were isolated. The infrared spectra of the tri‐ and tetraesters were compared with those of their parent ω‐carbethoxy fatty acid ester and additional peaks in the regions ofVC=O andVC‐O‐C were observed. Reactions involving the formation of both the α‐sodio and α,α′ salts are also discussed.
Simple model for determining economic feasibility of processing new oilseeds
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Carlson K. D.
Published: July 2007

A simple model for programming the cost feasibility of processing a new oilseed has been developed that makes use of a programmable calculator. The analysis of cost factors developed in the study provides a realistic measure of the economic feasibility of an oilseed project. By comparing break‐even cost‐to‐make of a new oil with the market price of a competitive oil, a quick indication of the probable success of the project can be estimated. The method is illustrated with a comparison ofCrambe abyssinica seed oil and high erucic acid rapeseed oil.
A quantitative determination of tocotrienols and tocopherols in palm oil by TLC‐GLC
Authors: Meijboom P. W. , Jongenotter G. A.
Published: July 2007

A reliable analytical method is required for determining tocopherols and tocotrienols in palm oil and palm oil fractions. This paper describes a TLC/GLC method which distinguishes between these compounds and is based on their separations from palm oils by saponification and TLC, followed by direct GLC analysis.
Hydrogenation catalysts—Their effect on selectivity
Authors: Gray J. I. , Russell L. F.
Published: July 2007

Catalytic hydrogenation is an important reaction in the processing of fats and oils. During this process, the composition and properties of the lipid mixture are significantly modified. In addition to partial elimination of unsaturation, formation of geometric and positional isomers also occurs, yielding a complex mixture of products. Selectivity is a measure of the tendency for any of these reactions to occur relative to another and is influenced by both reaction conditions and the nature of the catalyst. In this review, the effects of various catalysts on the selectivity of the hydrogenation process are discussed in detail, while only a brief discussion of the effects of reaction conditions is given. The limitations of heterogeneous catalysts such as nickel, copper and platinum‐containing catalysts are reviewed with emphasis on recent literature. A similar discussion of homogeneous catalysts such as the soluble coordination complexes of transition metals is also given. While these complex catalysts have been extensively investigated in laboratory studies, they have not been used commercially due to their low activity, high cost, and difficult handling.
Nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin: A very active and selective catalyst for the hydrogenation of diunsaturated fatty acid esters I
Authors: Van der Plank P. , Van Oosten H. J. , Van Dijk L.
Published: July 2007

Methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate;c9,c12) and the correspondingcis,trans andtrans.trans geometric isomers (c9,t12 andt9,t12) were hydrogenated at 40 C and atmospheric hydrogen pressure in acetone as solvent, with nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin catalyst. These catalysts were prepared by impregnation of cationic exchange resins with an aqueous solution of palladium dichloride. The methyleneinterrupted dienes were hydrogenated to the monoene stage with almost infinite selectivity, especially withc9,c12, whereast9,t12 was hydrogenated somewhat less selectively. The latter isomer was reduced considerably more slowly than the first, whereasc9,t12 occupied an intermediate position. The hydrogenation proceeded for an important part via a straightforward reduction of one of the double bonds, though conjugation prior to hydrogenation also occurred. The methylene‐interrupted dienes isomerized to a high degree geometrically during hydrogenation, but they scarcely isomerized positionally, resulting in small amounts of inactive ethylene‐interrupted dienes.
Hydrogenation of monounsaturated and ethylene‐ and methylene‐interrupted diunsaturated fatty acid esters on nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin II
Authors: Van der Plank P. , Van Oosten H. J.
Published: July 2007

Methycis‐9‐octadecenoate (methyl oleate;c9), methylcis‐9,cis‐13‐octadecadienoate (c9,c13) and a 50∶50 mixture of this diene with methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (methyl linoleate;c9,c12) have been hydrogenated on a nonmetallic palladium‐onresin catalyst in acetone as a solvent at 40 C and atmospheric hydrogen pressure. The monoene is hydrogenated very slowly, butc9,c12 is reduced easily and quickly. The ethylene‐interrupted diene reacts more slowly thanc9,c12, but considerably faster thanc9, because active methylene‐interrupted dienes are intermediates by double‐bond migration. This isomerization process also results in the formation of inactive polymethylene‐interrupted dienes, which accumulate during hydrogenation. Alsoc9 isomerizes considerably during reduction. In the 50∶50 mixture,c9,c12 is hydrogenated about eight times faster thanc9,c13.
Mechanism of hydro‐isomerization of methylene‐interrupted dienes on nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin catalysts III
Authors: Van Der Plank P. , Van Oosten H. J.
Published: July 2007

A mixture of conjugated dienes, obtained by alkali‐isomerization of methylcis‐9,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate (c9,c12) has been hydrogenated on a nonmetallic palladium‐on‐resin catalyst at 40C under atmospheric hydrogen pressure in acetone as solvent. The results have been used to quantify the contribution of the conjugation mechanims to the hydrogenation process ofc9,c12. In a 50∶50 mixture conjugated dienes are hydrogenated 4.6 times faster thanc9,c12 at 40 C. This diene is hydrogenated very selectively both by straightforward reduction of one of the double bonds and by reduction of conjugated intermediates. The contribution of the former reaction route is more than 50% under the reaction conditions used. It is assumed that the crucial intermediate in the associative mechanism is formed by hydrogen transfer from the metal ion toc9,c12 resulting in a chelating ring consisting of an ethylene bridge between the π‐coordinated double bond and the σ‐coordinated bond. This σ, π‐complex is responsible for the straightforward, selective hydrogenation ofc9,c12 as well as for the geometric isomerization of this diene.
Oily soil removal from a polyester substrate by aqueous nonionic surfactant systems
Authors: Dillan K. W. , Goddard E. D. , McKenzie D. A.
Published: July 2007

Pure mineral oil soils are removed from polyester substrates by the roll‐up mechanism in nonionic surfactant systems, and the process is little affected by hardness ions or builder addition. For a given surfactant system, roll‐up and removal efficiency increase with temperature until the cloud point of the nonionic is reached, whereafter a further increase in temperature decreases the rate of roll‐up. In general, lower ethoxylated surfactants perform better than higher ethyxylates at low temperature, but the trend is gradually reversed as the temperature is increased. For a given degree of ethoxylation, secondary alcohol ethoxylates are more effective at rolling up mineral oil soils than their primary counterparts. Addition of a small amount of oleic acid to mineral oil soils facilitates the roll‐up process (by lowering the oil/water interfacial tension) and minimizes the differences in performance among the various types of unbuilt nonionic surfactants. However, addition of highly alkaline electrolytic builders with these soils promotes oil removal by emulsification, presumably because of charge neutralization and/or transfer of the fatty acid into the aqueous phase. Conditions of high pH and low electrolyte strength inhibit the removal of 5.0% oleic acid in mineral oil soils, as exemplified by studies with added triethanolamine, ammonia, and very diluted NaOH. However, addition of divalent hardness ions to such systems promotes coarse emulsification of the soil, as does addition of relatively high concentrations of monovalent cation salts. A tentative explanation of this phenomenon is proposed. Ionic strength has little effect on the removal of 5.0% oleic acid/mineral oil soils below pH 7, as rapid roll‐up is obtained regardless of added electrolytes. Similarly, ionic strength (or pH) has little effect on the removal of mineral oil containing polar, but nonionizing soils such as oleyl alcohol, as rapid rollup is achieved under a number of conditions.
Protein‐water interactions and functional properties
Authors: Chou David H. , Morr Charles V.
Published: July 2007

Hydration or rehydration is the first and perhaps most critical step in imparting desired functional properties to proteins in a food system. Water that interacts with the protein molecule exhibits different properties from those of “free” water. The types of water in protein‐food systems are described in terms of structural, monolayers, unfreezable, hydrophobic hydration, imbibition or capillary condensation, and hydrodynamic hydration water. Protein functional properties such as swelling, solubility, gelation, water holding capcity, etc., are directly related to the manner in which the protein interacts with water. Methods for studying the protein‐water interaction are discussed. The primary protein‐water interaction is believed to take place at various water binding sites on the protein molecule. Theories that explain the mechanism of action of these different water binding sites are reviewed. Factors which affect the protein‐water interactions include the number and nature of the binding sites on the protein molecule, protein conformation, plus environmental factors such as pH, salt, temperature and others. Finally, the protein‐water interaction phenomenon and the physico‐chemical and functional properties of proteins in protein isolate systems (dehydrated, solution, and gels) and in protein food systems are briefly examined.
Physicochemical aspects of texturization: Fiber formation from globular proteins
Authors: Shen Jerome L. , Morr Charles V.
Published: July 2007

The modification of proteins to produce fibrous or “fiber‐like” textured products is a subject of unique importance and interest. Unfortunately, very little is known about the physicochemical properties of texturized “fibers”, the mechanisms that produce them, or the forces that hold the protein molecules in a given structure. This paper deals with the following topics: (a) methods for characterizing the physico‐chemical properties of textured protein products; (b) the structures of naturally occurring fibrous proteins and synthetic polypeptides as possible models for texturized “fibers”; (c) the current understanding of the mechanisms and the forces required to form and stabilize fibrous protein structures; and (d) a brief and generalized survey of the presently available “fiber” forming processes.
Proteins as emulsifiers: Methods for assessing the role
Authors: Cante Charles J. , Franzen Roger W. , Saleeb Fouad Z.
Published: July 2007

The objective of this review is to present a variety of surface and colloid chemical methodologies, in brief, with which one may study the role of proteins as emulsifiers and co‐emulsifiers. The techniques range from microtechniques aimed at single interfaces (film balance) and double interfaces (tensiolaminometry) to macrotechniques aimed at the gross emulsion (microcalorimetry, electrophoresis, pulsed, nuclear magnetic resonance, microwaves). Equipment, procedures, typical results, and interpretation of the data are reviewed. Some results with commercially available proteinaceous materials are presented. A link between emulsion formation and stability theory, experimental methods, and food applications is made through the examples of a salad dressing emulsion and a foamable emulsion.
Dough forming properties
Authors: Hoseney R. C.
Published: July 2007

Although much has been learned about the gluten protein complex in the past 50 years, we still do not know why gluten proteins form a dough. We are left pointing out how gluten differs from other proteins, and offering a few tentative hypotheses.
Functional properties of yeast grown on ethyl alcohol
Authors: Schnell Philip G. , Akin Cavit
Published: July 2007

A new series of food ingredients, based on torula yeast (Candida utilis) grown on ethyl alcohol, offers unique functional properties and flavor effects in processed and fabricated foods. The new ingredients bind fat and water, act as emulsifiers, heighten meat, poultry, and seasoning flavors, improve texture of bakery products, and add crispness and tensile strength to wafers. At the same time, they contribute desirable nutrition to foods by increasing the quantity and improving the quality of protein in cereals.
Quality characteristics of ground beef patties extended with moist‐heated and unheated seed meals
Authors: Mcwatters Kay H. , Heaton E. K.
Published: July 2007

Extending ground beef with 5% peanut, soybean, pecan, or field pea meals increased cooked yields and water‐retention properties of beef patties. Extended patties were more tender, requiring less force to compress than all‐beef patties. Protein content was significantly increased by the addition of peanut and soybean meal to ground beef. Unheated meals produced patties with larger volumes but were poorer in aroma and flavor qualities than all‐beef patties or those prepared with heated meals. Moist heat effectively improved aroma and flavor qualities of the meals without altering their binding properties.
Identification of radiolytic compounds from beef
Authors: Vajdi Mehran , Nawar W. W. , Merritt C.
Published: July 2007

Several previous papers have dealt with the forma‐tion of radiolysis products in fats, triglycerides and fatty acids. Size excusion chromatography now pro‐vides a means of separating larger, less volatile com‐pounds, and its application to irradiated beef has resulted in a nearly complete analysis of the radio‐lytic products formed. The components have been identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS).