bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
WORK VALUES, JOB INVOLVEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT AMONG NURSES IN PRIVATE AND GOVERNMENT HOSPITAL: ITS IMPLICATION TO HOSPITAL ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Keith M. Espina , RN Sedfrey
Published: September 2022

Introduction: This study sought to determine the work value, job involvement and organizational commitment of nurses working in the government hospital and private hospital. A total of 60 registered nurses, 30 from the government hospital and 30 from the private hospital were the participants of this study which utilized the descriptive survey approach. A questionnaire designed by the researcher was the main data gathering tool used. This was divided into two parts, first part is the demographic characteristics of the respondents and the second part are the main variables being studied, the work values, job involvement and organizational commitment. Furthermore the findings of this research uncovered that work values, job involvement and organizational commitment had a stronger impact in every organization. Finally the practical implication of this research to hospital administration Results of the study disclosed the following: Socio-demographic profile The respondents of the study (n=60) were generally female (66.7%) with a mean age of 27 years, single, BSN degree holder (90%) with an employment contractual status of 63% and monthly income of below 12k (66%). Subjects of the study were currently connected with their present employer below one year (66.7%). Work value, job involvement and organizational commitment. The study variables revealed work value obtained an average weighted mean value of x=4.21 with a description of Important and x= 4.38 interpreted as Important from government and private hospital nurses respectively. For job involvement obtained an average weighted mean value of x= 3.38 described as Neutral and x= 3.52 interpreted as Agree both from government and private hospital respectively. And organizational commitment obtained an average weighted mean value of x= 3.54 as Agree and x= 3.37 described as Neutral from government and private hospital respectively. Significant findings showed that there was no significant difference on the job involvement and organizational commitment between the government and private hospital nurses using 0.05 level of significance and 2 as the degree of freedom obtained, the researcher determined the X2 critical value @ 5.99. And there is significant difference on work value between the nurses in government and private hospital It is mainly recommended that the administration should pay more attention to knowing the work values, job involvement and organizational commitment of the nurses to promote loyalty, committed nurses and work satisfaction of the nurses and provision of positive environment.
EXPERIENCE OF ECONOMICALLY DEVELOPED COUNTRIES REGULATION OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Authors:   PhD Researcher, Tashkent State University of Law, Uzbekistan., Sharipova Hilola
Published: September 2022

The article deals with the regulation of technology transfer in various countries. The author carried out a comparative and critical analysis of the experience of various countries, as well as the best practices that can be used by developing countries.
The Perception of Communism in Turkey in The First Years Of The Cold War and Its Reflections in Politics
Authors: AKCAKAYA Umut
Published: September 2022

Türkiye, II. Dünya Savaşı boyunca kararlı bir tarafsız politikası izlemiş ve bütün baskılara rağmen savaş dışı konumu korumuştur. Ancak savaş sonunda Sovyetler Birliği’nin Boğazlarda üs ve Doğu Anadolu’da bir kısım toprak talepleri karşısında kalan Türkiye kendini diplomatik bir yalnızlık içinde bulmuştur. Sovyetlerin talepleri bir yandan kamuoyunda şiddetli bir tepki doğururken, diğer yandan Türkiye’nin içinde bulunduğu yalnızlıkla birleşerek bir toplumsal histerinin yayılmasına zemin hazırlamıştır. Bu histeri Türkiye’de daha önce de mevcut olan ‘komünizm karşıtı’ eğilimleri daha da güçlendirmiştir. Nitekim bu koşullarda şekillenen komünizm karşıtı kamuoyu, savaş sonrası yıllarda başlayan çok partili hayatın hararetli tartışmaları içinde etkin bir silah olarak kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Dönemim ideolojik atmosferi içinde iç siyasi tartışmalar ‘Sovyet tehdidi’ ile ilişkilendirilmiş, her türlü muhalif düşünce ‘Moskova ağzıyla konuşmak’ ithamlarıyla bastırılmıştır. Bu saldırılar özellikle dönemin baskın dış politika eğilimlerine, yani Amerikancılık eğilimine muhalif duran aydınlara yönelmiştir. Bu aydınlar, iki kutuplu dünya algılaması içinde ‘Amerikan taraftarı değilsen Sovyetler taraftarısın’ mantığıyla suçlu görülmüşlerdir.
The evolving role of the OSCE in the shaping of european security
Authors:   University of Coimbra, Freire Maria Raquel
Published: September 2022

This article analyses the role of the CSCE/OSCE in the shaping of European security. The 1975 Helsinki Final Act put forward a broad understanding of security, implying economic, societal and other non-traditional dimensions of security, which was an innovation at the time, and promoted the idea of comprehensive security. The fall of the Berlin Wall and the end of the Soviet Union were understood then as an opportunity for promoting the “Common European home” principles as put forward by Gorbachev. This new context conferred a renewed sense of belonging to the “wide Europe” with no dividing walls. However, European security evolved differently; with different understandings and perceptions about the “other” taking shape, and creating lines of dissension in the articulation of an inclusive security order sought by the OSCE. The article argues the OSCE had difficulties in adjusting to the new postCold War security context, providing a mixed assessment of the organisation’s role in European security. This is so due to several factors, including the working rules of the organisation, the role and positioning of Russia within and towards the OSCE, and the drawing of the European security architecture around NATO and what this means to the OSCE as a piece in the European security puzzle.
“The geopolitics of technology”: International relations and the fourth industrial revolution
Authors:   MMoscow State Institute of International Relations (MGIMO University), Suchkov Maxim
Published: September 2022

Contemporary international relations as well as the life of an individual as we know it would not be possible without the three Industrial revolutions. They have occurred in the course of the last three hundred years of human history and came to be part of a single continuous process of changing technological waves. Each revolution defined how people would live, work, and communicate with one another. Each industrial revolution set the dynamics for international relations and created new political conflicts. The fourth industrial revolution that we are going through today is also accompanied by geopolitical rivalry and develops exponentially, not in a linear projection. It pierces through all layers of human activity and runs the risk of changing the very nature of humans. The character of modern-day technology makes it hard to perceive it through the lens of a mere consumer since technology impacts us as citizens and deals with the three key concepts for people throughout their history: justice, freedom, and power. The author hypothesizes that the three concepts are closely interlinked with the three main megatrends of technology’s influence over politics respectively, — the call for a new social contract, the problem of localization of big data and the associated pursuit of states for digital sovereignty, and the development of artificial intelligence. Therefore, the present work is an attempt to outline some key trajectories in how the new technological wave fractures the three concepts and how all of this impacts international relations.
230Th/U age and paleobotanic description of the organic-rich layer from the “Ilya Prorok” section on the Bolshaya Kosha River (Upper Volga basin)
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Maksimov Fedor , Petrov Alexei ,   St. Petersburg State University, Grigoriev Vasiliy ,   St. Petersburg State University, Konstantinov Evgeniy ,   Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Kuznetsov Vladislav ,   St. Petersburg State University,   The Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Arslanov Khikmatulla ,   St. Petersburg State University, Levchenko Snezhana ,   St. Petersburg State University, Karpukhina Natalia ,   Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences, Starikova Anna ,   St. Petersburg State University, Baranova Nadezhda ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: September 2022

This article presents new data from geochronological study the lake-bog organic-rich layer from of the “Ilya Prorok” sequence (Upper Volga Basin, Tver Region) that is a one of the reference sections located on the Russian Plain. Ideas concerning the age and climatic conditions of these organic-mineral deposits formation changed significantly over the long history of their study. As a result, the viewpoint about the belonging of this layer to the Likhvin time began to prevail. However, it is still unclear with which marine isotope-oxygen stage (MIS) the Likhvin interglacial can be compared. According to the paleobotanical study of the lake-bog from the Ilya Prorok section, it was confirmed that the lower part of the lake-bog layer can be attributed to the warm phases of the Likhvin interglacial, while its upper half was deposited during the transition to cooling after the interglacial period. For the first time, the radioisotope age of the buried lake-bog deposits of the reference section “Ilya Prorok” have obtained. According to the data of direct 230Th/U dating, the formation of the sequence probably began no earlier than ~ 326–260 Kyr ago. The 230Th/U age of the buried peat bog from its upper half, according to the results of applying the isochronous approximation, can be correlated with the interval ~256–225 Kyr ago. According to these data, the Likhvin deposits were formed no earlier than MIS-9.
Altai text of Vitalii Bianki
Authors:   Altai State Pedagogical University, Bogumil Tatiana A.
Published: September 2022

Selected works of V.V.Bianki are considered in the context of the theory of local supertexts (the Tartu-Moscow school). The Altai text acts as a subsystem of the Siberian text, coinciding with it in a number of parameters, but being isolated by geographic reference to the region. The proposed analysis makes it possible to single out the invariant motive of the “Altai” works of the writer — the existential choice of a person at the acute moment of the “fight” with a representative of natural forces, embodying the “spirit” of Altai. Human characters are hierarchically organized according to the degree of increased involvement in natural life: urban — local — scientist-naturalist. At the opposite pole there are variants of a kind of genius loci of the region: sable, bear, mountain goat, element. Bianki’s palette is not limited to the genres indicated by the author: novella and short stories. Starting with a reliable image of the “hunt-trade” (“Askyr,” “The last shot”), the author continues with stories with a bias towards anecdote (“Fatal beast,” “Somersault”) and the parable (“Boon”), and ends with the text, actualizing the canon of a fairy tale (“She”). The designated corpus of texts has not only thematic coherence, but also increased orderliness. Structural and semiotic connectivity is manifested in the tendency to the formation of binary microcycles, the presence of a single plot invariant and a mythological core. All these are arguments in favor of the existence of the Altai text in the writer’s work.
Dystopia in works of Harry Martinson and Andrei Platonov
Authors:   Petrozavodsk State University, Romanovskaja Irina V. , Abramova Oksana G. ,   Petrozavodsk State University
Published: September 2022

The paper presents a comparative study of two literary works which are basically different in their forms of expression: the poem “Aniara” by Harry Martinson, and the novel The Founda tion Pit by Andrei Platonov. The common ground of the two authors’ literary philosophy is emphasized, as well as their common themes and the similarity of ideas, which is determined both by the personal experience and the ways of mankind’s evolution in the first half of the 20th century. The analysis shows that the existence improvement concept lies at the bottom of the studied works. Though this concept has reached the ultimate stage of absurdity where the initially positive ideas to build a house for the country’s proletarians (Platonov) and to save the mankind in the space (Martinson) lead to a negative result: death. While the Platonov’s novel is well-known for a wide audience, the poem of the Swedish author is a revelation for the majority as an example of post-apocalyptic dystopia written in an elegant poetic language. The present article introduces what these two literary works have in common in relation to genre (both the poem and the novel represent failed utopia — dystopia) and architectonics. The story lines are based on such motifs as motif of traveling, motif of searching for happiness and truth, and motif of death, a key-motif for both literary works.
Dry protein composite mixture enriched with calcium of dairy origin, in the dietary treatment of certain diseases of the digestive system accompanied by malabsorption syndrome
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Baranovsky Andrey , Maslyanskiy Alexey ,   St. Petersburg State University,   Almazov National Medical Research Centre
Published: September 2022

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of diet therapy with the inclusion of a specialized food product of a dry protein composite mixture enriched with calcium of dairy origin in patients with enteral malabsorption syndrome. 66 patients with various diseases of the digestive system (chronic atrophic gastritis, condition after gastric resection, chronic pancreatitis, etc.), aged 47 to 79 years, were examined. All patients were divided into 2 groups: the study group (40 patients) and the control group (26 patients). All patients underwent comprehensive treatment according to the profile of their underlying disease, as well. Medical nutrition was prescribed according to the Order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation #330 2003 with the inclusion of 27 g of a dry protein composite mixture according to the order of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation #395n 2013. For the patients of the study group, dry protein composite mixture was enriched with 1.85 g of calcium of dairy origin. The duration of treatment is 12 weeks. In patients of the study group, in comparison with the control group, all clinical signs of statistically significantly improved, the absorption function of enterocytes was proved to be activated, the dynamics of recovery of metabolic disorders was noted faster. Conclusion: it has been shown for the first time that the use of calcium-enriched dry protein composite mixture of dairy origin as part of the dietary program of complex therapy of patients with malabsorption syndrome significantly improves the functional state of the small intestine, provides rapid dynamics of regression of the malabsorption syndrome clinic and metabolic disorders of the patients’ body.
Simultaneous sacroiliitis and symphysitis pubis
Authors:   Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Federal University of Bahia, Jozélio Freire de Carvalho
Published: September 2022

This is the description of a rare, documented association of sacroiliitis with symphysitis pubis. A 37-year-old woman experienced low back pain since 2009 with inflammatory characteristics (worse at rest, improvement during movement) associated with morning stiffness of 2 hours. Her X-ray demonstrated sacroiliitis. A magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed bilateral bone edema of the sacroiliac joints with enhancement after gadolinium injection (Fig. 1). At the same time, a magnetic resonance image revealed edema on her symphysitis pubis better showed after contrast infusion and reduction of joint space (Fig. 2). HLA-B27 was positive. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were within normal range, 0.44 mg/l and 11 mm/1st hour, respectively. Rheumatoid factor and antinuclear antibodies were negative. A diagnosis of spondyloarthritis was made and she was treated with non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs. She experienced slight improvement of her symptoms and she is waiting for anti-TNF therapy. Spondyloarthritis patients may have involvement of their symphysitis pubis. In fact, Helliwell et al. [1] have radiologically evaluated 91 subjects with spondyloarthritis and revealed that 31 % of ankylosing spondylitis patients, 30 % of enteropathic spondyloarthritis, 25 % of psoriatic arthritis and 14 % of reactive arthritis have symphisitis. The authors performed single radiographies in that study. We were not able to find any study that evaluated the frequency of symphisitis pubis in spondyloarthritis patients using modern techniques such as MRI. Recently, we described a case of symphisitis pubis after pregnancy [2].
The Main Trends in the Development of Non-state Education in the People's Republic of China in the 21st Century
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Guleva Maria A.
Published: September 2022

Since the beginning of the 21st century, educating a population capable to ensure high growth rates and to improve qualitative characteristics has become crucial for modern China. The Chinese authorities proclaimed science and education to be the “foundation” of socialist modernization and the “root” of further development of the Chinese society. To deepen the transformation in education initiated under the policies of reform and opening up, China’s educational system has come a long way. Until recently, the main focus for the authorities was the public education system. The private education sector, although formally enjoying political support from the state, nevertheless developed rather chaotically. Economic reforms in the country created the preconditions for increasing educational demand of the population not only for public but also private education, which was facilitated by a number of factors, including growth of welfare and urbanization. However, the development of the sphere of nongovernmental education had pronounced regional specifics, so it occurred rather unevenly. Recently, the development of private educational institutions has become one of the areas, on which the authorities have actively started working on. The article provides an overview of the development of private education in China, touches on the problems and peculiarities of the development of the private education sector, the impact of the pandemic, prerequisites and the upcoming reforms in the industry in the nearest future.
“Unity in Language, Thoughts, Deeds”: The Ideas of Ismail Gasprinskii and Conceptualization of Turkic Nationalism in Turkey
Authors:   HSE University, Tikhonova Nadezhda Ye. , Ryzhenkov Andrei S. ,   Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry
Published: September 2022

At the last decades of the long 19th century, a prominent Russian Muslim journalist and educator, Ismail Gasprinskii (1851–1914), promoted a cultural-political project for Russian Muslims, which after the Revolution of 1905 gradually shifted to the idea of national-cultural autonomy within Russian empire, long after some of Gasprinskii’s ideas were reinterpreted and he personally became known as a pan-Turkist, especially in the USSR and in Turkey. This case study aims at examining how the image of Ismail Gasprinskii was embedded into pan-Turkic discourse in Turkey. Hence, we focus on key authors, including founders of pan-Turkism Yusuf Akçura and Ziya Gökalp, who initiated the process of portraying Gasprinskii as one of the “ideologists of pan-Turkism”. Following the main aim of the study, we also briefly analyze Gasprinskii’s cultural-political project for Russian Muslims, along with the ideas of pan-Turkism per se. We argue that there are two central narratives, which solidified the imagination of Gasprinskii as a “pan-Turkist”. First, the myth of his studying in Moscow military gymnasium amidst the “militant pan-Slavism”, and second, the pan-Turkic reinterpretation of the slogan “Unity in language, thoughts, deeds”, which appeared on the heading of Gasprinskii’s newspaper Perevodchik-Terjiman in October of 1912, two years before his death.
Pronouns in Ginyanga
Authors:   Institute of Linguistics of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Pozdniakova Viktoria А. ,   HSE University, Aplonova Yekaterina S. ,   INALCO, Langage, langues et cultures d’Afrique
Published: September 2022

The paper presents a tentative overview of pronouns in Ginyanga, an understudied Kwa language spoken in Togo and Ghana; in particular, personal pronouns, reflexive pronouns, demonstratives, and quantifiers. There are no subject pronouns in Ginyanga. We define two personal pronoun series with a designated pronoun for each noun class: basic (emphatic and possessive) and object. The basic set of pronouns is used in independent and possessive contexts, as well as in reflexive constructions. The overview of Guang pronoun systems shows that Ginyanga falls into the typical Guang pattern. Possessive pronouns of the 1st (human) class exhibit some irregularities when used with kinship terms. In some cases, the morphological agreement pattern between a noun and its coreferential object pronoun can be violated on a semantic basis, e. g. human referents of non-human noun classes. Additionally, there is some variation in usage of object pronoun series by different consultants of different age groups, which may be an indication of language change. There are two demonstratives, -balɪ “this” and -bʊnʊ “that”, also subject to class agreement. In contrast to -balɪ, the demonstrative -bʊnʊ is also used in relative clauses and can be anaphoric. The majority of quantifiers demonstrate no class agreement. The only exceptions in our data are -kʊ “one” and kpɛkpɛ “each”.
Taboo Words as a Component of Invective Vocabulary and Their Determining in Arabic against the Background of Russian and English Languages
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Pallades Victor V.
Published: September 2022

The paper is devoted to understanding of the taboo phenomenon in language as a component of invective vocabulary on the example of Arabic, English and Russian languages, and also to study of the borders of this phenomenon and methods of its determination. In his study of conceptual features of forbidden words the author of the article refers to the works of K. Allen and K. Burridge, as well as M. Ljung. In addition to the theoretical works of linguists, the author analyzes the existing practice of implementing linguistic prohibitions in Russian, English, which affects such areas as legislation and media. Especially valuable material that was analyzed, was studies of English-speaking media regulators and major broadcasting companies. The main purpose of these surveys was to identify the list of words that audience considered unacceptable on the air, i.e. taboo. As for Arab law, there is no separation of vocabulary on permissible and unacceptable, as well as there is no obvious border and in Arabic language standards or usage. However, this does not mean the lack of prohibited words and the author clearly demonstrates the presence of taboos on examples from Arab media. In addition, the article discusses the works of Arab linguists M. A. Khatyab and N. Ya. Kanbar, dedicated to taboo vocabulary. Nevertheless, the problem of reliable determination and identification of language taboos has not been solved yet, and the author of the paper proposes a relevant criterion to determine the taboo words on the basis of the approaches existing in modern linguistics.
Unsheathing Poet’s Sword Again: The Crusades in Arabic Anticolonial Poetry before 1948
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Sokolov Oleg A.
Published: September 2022

Both Arab and Western scholars agree that, starting in the mid-20th century, the correlation of Western Europeans with the Crusaders and the extrapolation of the term “Crusade” to modern military conflicts have become an integral part of modern Arab political discourse, and are also widely reflected in Arab culture. The existence of works examining references to the theme of the Crusades in Arab social thought, politics, and culture of the second half of the 20th century contrasts with the almost complete absence of specialized studies devoted to the analysis of references to this historical era in Arab culture in the 19th century and first half of the 20th. An analysis of references to the era of the Crusades in the work of Arab poets before 1948 shows that, already in the period of the Arab Revival, this topic occupied an important place in the imagery of anti-colonial poetry, and not only in Egypt, Syria, and Palestine, historically attacked by the Crusaders, but also in other regions of the Arab world. If, before World War I, Arab poets only praised the commanders of the past who defeated the Crusaders, then afterwards the theme of the Crusades was also used to liken the European colonialists to the “medieval Franks”. The authors of the poems containing images from the era of the Crusades were, among others, the participants of the Arab Uprising of 1936–1939 and the Arab-Israeli War of 1947–1949, who set their goal with the help of poetry to mobilize the masses for the struggle.
India: Focus Africa?
Authors:   University of Turku, Sharapova Aleksandra V.
Published: September 2022

The article touches upon India’s policy towards Africa. Since the Roman era Africa has always caught the attention of developed countries, as the continent was an enormous field for exploring, a complete terra incognita. Later a new wave of interest came as Africa possessed abundant resources and had connections to commercial maritime routes: the Red Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Indian Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean. Today India does its best not only to become a trusted trade and political partner for African states, but also to win their sympathies. For example, Indian leaders never tire of reminding that India — just like Africa — fought against colonialism, thereby opposing itself to the former colonial empires and emphasizing its common historical and cultural background with Africa. The author reviews Indian foreign policy, diaspora influence, and Indian military presence on the continent. Meanwhile some countries, for example the U.S. or Japan, remain wary of Chinese wide-spreading influence, especially in Africa, where a new Chinese military base was recently built. In that regard new alliances are forming, the balance of power is shifting. A comparative analysis of Indian, Chinese, and U.S. policy towards Africa was carried out, considering the prospects of international relations between Africa and its key partners.
Models of «impersonal» management of commercial corporations: legal aspects
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL), Laptev Vasiliy A. ,   Institute of State and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: September 2022

Traditional management models of commercial corporations involve the distribution of authorized capital among specific members of the corporation. This state of affairs makes it possible to establish a system of corporate control, the scope of the rights of each member of the corporation, and also to consider commercial corporations as a whole as an association of capital and (or) an association of persons. This article explores models of corporate governance in which a member of the corporation is not formally known or is completely absent. This study is not limited to the legal assessment of beneficial ownership of a corporation. A legal assessment is given of possible models of corporate governance that do not allow, both legally and actually, to truly establish the owner of the business. The bases for classification of models of impersonal management of a corporation are highlighted. Modern domestic corporate and judicial practice on the issue of using the model of “impersonal” management of a corporation is given. The possibility of identifying the deliberate use of the considered management model in the formation of the supreme body of the corporation, as well as the abuse of corporate rights in relation to the rights and legitimate interests of other members of the corporation and third parties (for example, creditors or government bodies) is being studied. The variability of the model of impersonal management of commercial corporations is revealed; the legal consequences of the application of this management model are determined; Ways of solving the issue of bringing liable persons to responsibility are proposed. Mechanisms for detecting the impersonal management of a corporation are proposed, including through the use of digital technologies. Criteria that determine the unfair use of this management model are analyzed. In the study, new approaches have been formed to identify the model of impersonal management of corporations by the courts and prevent their use.
The doctrine of civil procedure law and its importance for national judicial procedure
Authors:   Russian State University of Justice (Rostov branch), Samsonov Nikolai V.
Published: September 2022

The article analyses approaches to the understanding legal doctrines that exist in legal science, in order to determine the essence of the civil procedure doctrine, to dissociate it from other related notions and to identify its importance for national judicial procedure. While using this basis, the author gives his definition of “the doctrine of civil procedure law” and gives a classification of legal doctrines. Furthermore, existing cases of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation and other courts using civil procedure doctrine in order to motivate their decisions are studied. A conclusion is made that there is no judge’s perception of the doctrine as a source (a form) of law and it is only used as a supplementary argument not having a decisive character and being used along with rules of logic and of common sense. Among considerable factors preventing judges from using the legal doctrine in such a capacity, the author indicates its non-compliance with conditions of legal certainty and legally binding character and the lack of a mechanism for applying doctrinal provisions to civil judicial procedure, as well as the fact that the legal doctrine tends to be dispersed in other sources of law. As a result, the author suggests regarding the doctrine of civil procedure law not as a source (a form) of law, but as a source of legal knowledge providing basis for the emergence of law in a form of legislative act, legal case or other, as a phenomenon being a theoretical and methodological basis of legal system, giving future-oriented models of court organization and civil judicial procedure, legal regulation of legal procedure in courts of general jurisdiction concerning civil cases, a phenomenon having an impact on judges’ and other civil procedure participants’ legal conscience.
Implementation and protection of human rights on the Internet: Problems of ratio and balance
Authors:   Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev, Ostapovich Igor Yu. , Nechkin Andrey V. ,   Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev
Published: September 2022

The Constitution of the Russian Federation enshrines one of the important postulates on the formation of the rule of law and civil society: a person and his rights and freedoms are of the highest value. In the modern period of development of information technologies, mankind entered into active communication relations through the global information and telecommunication network Internet, which in turn sharply raised the issue of the need to ensure effective protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in the process of interaction through the Internet, while maintaining a high level of guarantees for the realization of such rights and freedoms, as required by the fundamental international legal acts. The Russian Federation also did not stand aside from the above processes and was forced to take measures to protect the rights and freedoms of its citizens on the Internet, which, however, often boiled down to the introduction of new prohibitions and restrictions on such rights and freedoms. The authors of this article have made an attempt, taking into account the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, to indicate the main directions for improving domestic federal legislation, in order to reflect in it the principle of the need to find a balance between the free implementation and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms in information and telecommunication network Internet. So that the actual problems of the realization of human rights and freedoms, due to the peculiarities of their implementation on the Internet, necessarily require the development of the most effective mechanisms for their protection in the new conditions of implementation, and not a complete rejection of the implementation of such rights and freedoms under the pretext of protecting them.
Beyond barriers — discovering oneself and/or search for freedom
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Martsinkovskaya Tatiana
Published: September 2022

This article considers the individual boundaries of the “possibility” of everyday life. The individual, cultural, and social restrictions that have historically existed and exist to the present are shown. Variants of numerous changes in people’s daily lives, allied to the life beyond the barriers which is associated with their individual lifestyles, their ability to overcome themselves are analyzed. The connection between subculture and the construction of the individual lifestyle beyond the limits of the possibility is revealed. The need for life “above the barriers” can be determined by the search for oneself and the desire for self-realization. This may lead to the need to restructure one’s lifestyle, to go beyond the limits of possible everyday life, for example, in bohemian or transitive everyday life. The positive and negative consequences of such overcoming, motivational and social factors affecting the changes in behavior and communication style, changes associated with the necessity to create life on new bases that do not always correspond to the personal capabilities are revealed. But the desire for personal freedom of self-expression can come across social barriers and preventions, and in that case life beyond the limits of the possibility is determined by the degree of rigidity of external pressure. Variants of such a life “above the barriers” of artists, writers, musicians are analyzed. New options of the “space of the possibility” provided by the digital society are considered, first of all, the features of self-presentations and posts in social networks. It is shown that some properties of social networks, primarily transparency, have an ambivalent meaning for an individual lifestyle in the new digital everyday life. Attention is focused on new options of the possible lifestyle, outside the rigid framework, but not in conflict with the main social norms. The necessity of analyzing the everyday lifestyle over the barriers from the position of harmony between the integrity and variability of the personality is proved.
Lost possible selves as the presence of the past in the present
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Avanesyan Marina , Denisenko Ksenia ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: September 2022

Lost possible selves are a relatively new concept developed within the framework of the Pos- sible Selves proposed by H. Markus and P. Nurius. Lost possible selves were studied in young adults aged 20 to 42 (N = 59). The purpose was to clarify the content of the concept of “Lost Possible Selves”, as well as to describe the forms of their representation in connection with cognitive strategies for constructing identity. We used the method based on the methodology of K. Hooker, the questionnaire of identity styles by M. Berzonsky (ISI-5), the methodology for assessing five-year intervals by A. A. Kronik, E. I. Golovakha. Lost possible selves were conven- tional in nature and concerned with the main tasks of early adulthood: primarily the areas of career, relationships and education. Lost selves were neutral or pessimistic in tone, descriptive, and less often narrative. Three types of temporal orientation of lost possible selves have been identified: with a focus on the present; focus on returning to the “good” past or changing the “bad” past; timeless orientation. The frequency of appealing to the lost self is related neither to the ability for its realization nor to the probability of its realization, but it is connected with the emotional attitude (regret, difficulty of refusal, importance). The neutral tone of the story about the lost self was associated with the normative identity construction style: the more the respondents adhered to socially desirable norms, family traditions, the more neutrally they described the lost possible selves. People with a normative style of identity construction and people who feel their past is less saturated were more confident that in the future they could realize the lost self. The ability to realize the lost self, therefore, has the largest number of rela- tionships compared to its other characteristics.
Spinoza’s doctrine on god and religion in the light of Soviet philosophical thought
Authors:   National University of Food Technologies, Pavlov Valerii L. , Sukhodub Tatiana D. ,   Centre for Humanitarian Education of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Published: September 2022

It is axiomatic that the formation of the atheistic character of Marxism, among other things, was influenced by some of B. Spinoza’s ideas. However, the philosophical heritage of this thinker was always contradictory and always perceived ambiguously. He was considered a defender of the Catholic faith, an adherent of Judaism, a modernizer of religion, a pantheist, and finally an atheist. The last attitude became dominant in Soviet philosophy. We suggest that this was the result of a synthesis of the subjective apologetic position of Soviet atheists and objectively existing contradictions and vulnerable aspects of Spinoza’s philosophy. The transformation of the ideas of Spinozism in an atheistic key covered such aspects of the philosophy of the Dutch thinker: the original interpretation of the essence of God, the reasons for the appearance of ancient sacred texts, and the argumentation and evidence of the conventionality and symbolism of religious cults. Religion creates that minimum of moral culture, without which neither individuals nor society can do; a “true religion” is human wisdom, its main representative was Christ, whom the philosopher considered as a real historical person. Based on these views, Soviet philosophy presents two complementary approaches to understanding Spinoza’s judgments about religion and God: 1) the philosopher’s ideas move towards pantheism and atheism (V. Sokolov, I.Konnikov); 2) the philosopher is considered a materialist atheist (A.Deborin). The radicalism of the second approach was eventually overcome by V.Asmus, M.Belenky, E.Ilienkov, and I.Narsky, who proved that Spinoza, in trying to present his doctrine in the form of an undoubted, absolute truth, quite deliberately used the theological terminology prevailing in his time in as a kind of tool for introducing new ideas and concepts into the consciousness of contemporaries.
Naturalistic ontology and epistemology of moral facts
Authors:   International Laboratory for Logic, Linguistics and Formal Philosophy, Higher School of Economics, Frolov Konstantin G. ,   St Petersburg Electrotechnical University
Published: September 2022

The paper presents an original version of the moral naturalism — a theory that combines moral realism and naturalistic empiricism. In the first section, I give initial definitions of the basic concepts for our study (such as moral realism, epistemological and metaphysical naturalism, supervenience) and clarify their meaning. In the second section, I present the main motivation for this study and those grounds on which we should try to defend both moral realism and naturalism. In the third section, we take a series of steps aimed at the explication of the logical form of moral facts. The advantage of the proposed logical form is that it allows us to argue that knowledge of such facts can be a result of knowledge of the physical properties of objects. This implies that moral realism and epistemological naturalism are compatible. In the fourth section, I demonstrate another feature of the proposed logical form: it is similar to the logical form of some other, much less controversial modal facts (such as, for example, facts about physical possibilities). This similarity allows us to propose some kind of analogy of Armstrong’s combinatorial theory of possibility for moral facts. Doing so I show how moral facts can supervene on the totality of all physical facts. In the fifth section, I analyze the most serious problem for moral naturalism: Hume’s guillotine. In the sixth final section, I present the main argument of this paper and make some remarks.
Institutionalization of theology: Experience and prospects
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Prilutskii Alexander M. , Shmonin Dmitrii V. ,   Ss. Cyril and Methodius Theological Institute of Postgraduate and Doctoral Studies
Published: September 2022

The article explores the institutionalization of theology in domestic scientific and educational society, which is understood as a set of processes, as a result of which theological research receives the status of scientific research in the public consciousness of scientists, while theology itself acquires the contours of a scientific discipline. The processes of institutionalizing theology, providing it with a place in the space of knowledge, leads to the fact that basic criteria for evaluating a scientific product begin to spread to theological research, which gives rise to a number of theoretical and methodological difficulties. One of the most important criteria in evaluating a scientific product is the requirement of “novelty” and “originality” of scientific research, which cannot be mechanically extended to theological research. It is obvious that neither in theology nor in other areas of scientific knowledge can these criteria be considered apart from other traditional requirements that scientific research must meet. The authors believe that behind the disputes about the content of the criteria for novelty and originality of theological research, there are discussions about the status of the humanities that have not been resolved at the conceptual and methodological level. In addition, theology is often compared with the philosophy of religion, religious philosophy, and/or religious studies. In this regard, the norms of novelty and originality of research that have developed in these disciplines are often automatically transferred to the space of theology. As a result of the analysis of the specifics of theological knowledge, the authors came to the conclusion that discoveries in the field of theology are becoming not so many factors in the revolutionary breaking of stable theological concepts, but a tool for their consistent improvement within the existing paradigm.
Preliminary data on water quality using benthic macroinvertebrates as quality indicators: a case study in the Drin River Basin, Albania
Authors: Keci Erjola , Pepa Bledar , Paparisto Anila , Lazo Pranvera
Published: September 2022

Compliance with the Water Framework Directive has not yet been met by Albania, and further efforts are needed to achieve this goal, including the implementation of an extensive programme of monitoring of surface and groundwater bodies. Benthic macroinvertebrates are an integrated element of this monitoring programme whose results are being used to assess the achievement of the Water Framework Directive objectives. This study has been carried out strictly following protocols and methodologies of the Water Framework Directive. The biological assessment took place in 2017 at 11 monitoring stations along the Drin River in Albania. Sampled specimens have been used to assess the water quality along the Drin River Basin through a set of indices’ calculations per each group of indicators. A total of 41 benthic invertebrate taxa were used to calculate the biotic indices, finding out only 3 monitoring stations with a good status of water out of 11 monitoring stations assessed in our study; water quality in 8 monitoring stations is classified as a moderate or poor status. Statistical analysis has been carried out to identify the trend of benthic invertebrates from one sampling point to another and the factors influencing the similarity between monitoring stations and benthic invertebrate families.
The influence of projection angle on nappe stability at low energy heads over the weir crest
Authors: Khodier Mohanad A. , Tullis Blake P.
Published: September 2022

Under certain low head hydraulic conditions, weir discharge under gravity flow can produce an oscillating nappe characterized by horizontal waves and audible low-frequency acoustic energy, which in some cases can have a significant impact on the local environment. In an effort to better understand the mechanism behind nappe oscillation, an experimental investigation was conducted using a linear weir (1.83 m wide, 1.10 m in height, and 0.076 m in thickness) with four different crest shapes (rectangular, quarter-round upstream, half-round, and quarter-round downstream) at a wide range of unit discharge ranging from 8×10−3 m2/s to 36×10−3 m2/s. Using Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) techniques, differential pressure measurements, and water surface profiles, the influence of Weber number, angle at which the nappe hits the downstream pool (angle of impact), and nappe projection angle on the nappe oscillation are reported. No significant relationship was found between the Weber number and nappe instability. The results suggest that the nappe is stable for unit discharge between 20×10−3 and 24×10−3m2/s regardless the shape of the weir crest. Also, the stable projection angle is −17° for rectangular and quarter-round upstream weirs and −35° for half-round and quarter-round downstream weirs for the specific tested weir.