bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Performance of CFLD on Greengram in West Godavari District, India
Authors: Vinayalakshmi Podapati , Rajitha B. , Rao N. Mallikharjuna , Kumar G. Naveen , Rajesh A. , Rao A. Srinivasa
Published: July 2024

The study aimed at assessing the performance of cluster frontline demonstrations (CFLDs) on Greengram in terms of yield, extension gap, technological gap and economic gains during Kharif, 2022 with variety WGG-42 in 10 ha area and Rabi, 2022- 2023 with IPM 2-14 in 30 ha. The data revealed that demo plot varieties recorded higher yield i.e., 8.32 q/ha and 11.73 q/ha, which was 32.20 and 18.70% more compared to farmers practice 6.29 q/ha and 9.88 q/ha during kharif and rabi, respectively. Besides, higher net returns (Rs. 19,102, Rs. 41,906 per ha) and B:C ratio (1.62, 1.98) were also registered with demonstration plot compared to farmers practice (Rs.7,735, Rs. 29,680 per ha and 1.26,1.71) during Kharif and Rabi, respectively.
Safety and efficacy of upfront plerixafor + G‐CSF versus placebo + G‐CSF for mobilization of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in patients ≥60 and <60 years of age with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma or multiple myeloma
Authors: Micallef Ivana N. , Stiff Patrick J. , Stadtmauer Edward A. , Bolwell Brian J. , Nademanee Auayporn P. , Maziarz Richard T. , Partisano Angela M. , Marulkar Sachin , DiPersio John F.
Published: August 2013

The efficacy and safety of plerixafor + G‐CSF in enhancing hematopoietic stem cell mobilization and collection has been demonstrated in two phase III studies involving patients with NHL or MM. In these pivotal studies, plerixafor + G‐CSF significantly increased the proportion of patients achieving target stem cell yields, compared to placebo + G‐CSF. In this analysis, we compare the efficacy and safety of plerixafor + G‐CSF versus placebo + G‐CSF in patients enrolled in the two phase III studies, stratified by age: ≥60 years of age and <60 years of age. The proportion of older patients who achieved target stem cell yields was significantly higher in the plerixafor group than in placebo group (NHL: 50.9 vs. 25.4%, P < 0.001; MM: 69.6 vs. 23.7%, P < 0.001). In this older cohort, the median times to neutrophil and to platelet engraftment following autologous stem cell transplant were comparable between the plerixafor and placebo groups. Similar efficacy findings were observed in the younger age group. The most common adverse events (all grades) reported among older patients in the plerixafor group included diarrhea (41.3%), nausea (38.9%), fatigue (30.2%), and injection‐site reaction (29.4%). The frequency of adverse events was similar between the older and the younger age groups. Taken together, our subanalysis demonstrate that plerixafor + G‐CSF can be safely and effectively used in adult patients of all ages, including those ≥60 years, to support optimal stem cell mobilization for autologous stem cell transplantation. Am. J. Hematol. 88:1017–1023, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Sydnone Substituted Biginelli Derivatives as Hyaluronidase Inhibitors
Authors: Gireesh Tegginamath , Kamble Ravindra R. , Kattimani Pramod P. , Dorababu Atukuri , Manikantha Maraswamy , Hoskeri Joy H.
Published: August 2013

A novel series of Biginelli 2–3 (a and b) and Biginelli‐like compounds 4–7 (a and b) were synthesized from 3‐aryl‐4‐formylsydnone 1 (a and b). Since the crystal structure of hyaluronidase was unavailable, the human hyaluronidase protein structure was used as template and homology modeling was performed, validated by Ramachandran plots and subjected to docking studies along with in vitro anti‐inflammatory activity assessment against hyaluronidase. Compounds 2–3 (a and b) exhibited potent enzyme inhibition.
Ultrasonic Preparation of Hierarchical Graphene‐Oxide/TiO2 Composite Microspheres for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Gao Peng , Sun Darren Delai
Published: August 2013

Hierarchical graphene oxide (GO)‐TiO2 composite microspheres with different GO/TiO2 mass ratios were successfully prepared by mixing GO and TiO2 microspheres under ultrasonic conditions. Ultrasonication helped the GO and TiO2 microsphere to uniformly mix on the microscale. The results showed that the GO‐TiO2 composites that were prepared by ultrasonic mixing exhibited significantly higher hydrogen‐evolution rates than those that were synthesized by simple mechanical grinding, owing to synergetic effects, including enhanced light absorption and scattering, as well as improved interfacial charge transfer because of the excellent contact between the GO sheets and TiO2 microspheres. In addition, GO‐TiO2‐3 (3 wt. % GO) showed the highest hydrogen‐generation rate (305.6 μmol h−), which was about 13 and 3.3‐times higher than those of TiO2 microsphere and GO‐P25 (with 3 wt. % GO), respectively. Finally, a tentative mechanism for hydrogen production is proposed and supported by photoluminescence and transient photocurrent measurements. This work highlights the potential applications of GO‐TiO2 composite microspheres in the field of clean‐energy production.
Robust joint modeling of longitudinal measurements and time to event data using normal/independent distributions: A Bayesian approach
Authors: Baghfalaki Taban , Ganjali Mojtaba , Berridge Damon
Published: August 2013

Joint modeling of longitudinal data and survival data has been used widely for analyzing AIDS clinical trials, where a biological marker such as CD4 count measurement can be an important predictor of survival. In most of these studies, a normal distribution is used for modeling longitudinal responses, which leads to vulnerable inference in the presence of outliers in longitudinal measurements. Powerful distributions for robust analysis are normal/independent distributions, which include univariate and multivariate versions of the Student'st, the slash and the contaminated normal distributions in addition to the normal. In this paper, a linear‐mixed effects model with normal/independent distribution for both random effects and residuals and Cox's model for survival time are used. For estimation, a Bayesian approach using Markov Chain Monte Carlo is adopted. Some simulation studies are performed for illustration of the proposed method. Also, the method is illustrated on a real AIDS data set and the best model is selected using some criteria.
Brain areas and pathways in the regulation of glucose metabolism
Authors: Diepenbroek Charlene , Serlie Mireille J. , Fliers Eric , Kalsbeek Andries , la Fleur Susanne E.
Published: August 2013

Glucose is the most important source of fuel for the brain and its concentration must be kept within strict boundaries to ensure the organism's optimal fitness. To maintain glucose homeostasis, an optimal balance between glucose uptake and glucose output is required. Besides managing acute changes in plasma glucose concentrations, the brain controls a daily rhythm in glucose concentrations. The various nuclei within the hypothalamus that are involved in the control of both these processes are well known. However, novel studies indicate an additional role for brain areas that are originally appreciated in other processes than glucose metabolism. Therefore, besides the classic hypothalamic pathways, we will review cortico‐limbic brain areas and their role in glucose metabolism. © 2013 BioFactors 39(5):505–513, 2013
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure and Magnetic Properties of Novel Hf3Ni2Si3‐Type R3Co2Ge3 Compounds (R: Y, Sm, Tb—Tm).
Authors: Morozkin A. V. , Nirmala R. , Yao Jinlei , Mozharivskyj Y. , Isnard O.
Published: August 2013

The new title compounds are synthesized from the elements (Ar, 1070 K, 175 h) and characterized by powder XRD, neutron diffraction, and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Sodium Germanomolybdate Constructed from [H2Ge2Mo6O26]6‐ Polyoxoanions and [Na6(H2O)12]6+ Clusters.
Authors: Li Suzhi , Guo Yuanyuan , Qiu Xiaoyang , Wang Jingping , Niu Jingyang
Published: August 2013

The new compound [Na6(H2O)12] [H2Ge2Mo6O26] is synthesized by reaction of GeO2, Na2MoO4, In(NO3)3, and 2,6‐bipyridinecarboxylic acid dissolved in AcOH/AcONa buffer solution (pH 5.0, 80 °C, 1 h; 30% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Dapson in Heterocyclic Chemistry. Part 5. Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Anticancer Activity of Some Novel Sulfonylbiscompounds Carrying Biologically Active Dihydropyridine, Dihydroisoquinoline, 1,3‐Dithiolan, 1,3‐Dithian, Acrylamide, Pyrazole, Pyrazolopyrimidine and Benzochromene Moieties.
Authors: Ghorab Mostafa Mohammed , Al‐Said Mansour Sulaiman , Nissan Yassin Mohammed
Published: August 2013

All the synthesized compounds, especially the benzochromene derivatives, show better cytotoxic activity than the reference drug doxorubicin.
ChemInform Abstract: Iron‐Catalyzed Highly Regioselective Synthesis of α‐Aryl Carboxylic Acids from Styrene Derivatives and CO2.
Authors: Greenhalgh Mark D. , Thomas Stephen P.
Published: August 2013

The most efficient and operationally simple title reaction of styrenes complements previously reported methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidative Cyanation of Aryl Halides with Nitriles Involving Carbon—Carbon Cleavage.
Authors: Song Ren‐Jie , Wu Ji‐Cheng , Liu Yu , Deng Guo‐Bo , Wu Cui‐Yan , Wei Wen‐Ting , Li Jin‐Heng
Published: August 2013

Optimized conditions including acetonitrile as the cyanide source and Ag2O/air as the oxidizing agent are developed.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of (Z)‐β‐Sulfonyl Enoates from Ethyl Propiolate.
Authors: Downey C. Wade , Craciun Smaranda , Neferu Ana M. , Vivelo Christina A. , Mueller Carly J. , Southall Brian C. , Corsi Stephanie , Etchill Eric W. , Sault Ryan
Published: August 2013

Addition of thiols to starting ester (I) in the presence of amine [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Cerium(IV) Oxide as a Neutral Catalyst for Aldehyde‐Induced Decarboxylative Coupling of L‐Proline with Triethyl Phosphite and Nitromethane.
Authors: Firouzabadi Habib , Iranpoor Nasser , Ghaderi Arash , Ghavami Maryam
Published: August 2013

CeO2 is found to be highly efficient for the three‐component reactions to yield 1,2‐disubstituted pyrrolidines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization and Pharmacological Study of 4,5‐Dihydropyrazolines Carrying Pyrimidine Moiety.
Authors: Adhikari Adithya , Kalluraya Balakrishna , Sujith Kizhakke Veedu , Gouthamchandra Kuluvar , Jairam Ravikumar , Mahmood Riaz , Sankolli Ravish
Published: August 2013

Some of the newly synthesized compounds (III) show potent antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and analgesic activities.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Synthesis and in vitro Antiplasmodial Evaluation of New Naphtho[2,1‐d]thiazole Derivatives.
Authors: Cohen Anita , Verhaeghe Pierre , Crozet Maxime D. , Hutter Sebastien , Rathelot Pascal , Vanelle Patrice , Azas Nadine
Published: August 2013

Derivatives (IIIb) and (Vb) exhibit an encouraging in vitro antiplasmodial activity on the K1 multi‐resistant P.
ChemInform Abstract: Triazolbenzo[d]thiazoles: Efficient Synthesis and Biological Evaluation as Neuroprotective Agents.
Authors: Avila Belem , Roth Aaron , Streets Heather , Dwyer Donard S. , Kurth Mark J.
Published: August 2013

Two series of title compounds of type (III) and (VII) are prepared utilizing Cu‐catalyzed azide—alkyne click reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Azide‐Alkyne Cycloaddition en Route to Novel 1H‐1,2,3‐Triazole Tethered Isatin Conjugates with in vitro Cytotoxic Evaluation.
Authors: Singh Pardeep , Sharma Pooja , Anand Amit , Bedi P. M. S. , Kaur Tandeep , Saxena A. K. , Kumar Vipan
Published: August 2013

A click chemistry approach is used for the synthesis of novel 1H‐1,2,3‐triazole tethered isatin conjugates (III) which are evaluated for their cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Azole Derivatives from 3‐[(4‐Methylphenyl)amino]propanehydrazide and Its N′‐Phenylcarbamoyl Derivatives, and Their Antibacterial Activity.
Authors: Tumosiene Ingrida , Jonuskiene Ilona , Kantminiene Kristina , Beresnevicius Zigmuntas Jonas
Published: August 2013

Compound (I) is used as starting compound for a series of azole derivatives of type (III), (VI), (IX), or (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Optically Active Conjugated γ‐ and δ‐Lactone Derivatives.
Authors: Sardan Melis , Sezer Serdar , Guenel Aslihan , Akkaya Mahinur , Tanyeli Cihangir
Published: August 2013

A series of optically active γ‐ and δ‐lactone derivatives of type (VI) and (VIII) are prepared via ring closing metathesis reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green and Convenient Approach for the Synthesis of Methyl 6‐Amino‐5‐cyano‐4‐aryl‐2,4‐dihydropyrano[2,3‐c]pyrazole‐3‐carboxylates via a One‐Pot, Multi‐Component Reaction in Water.
Authors: Zonouz Adeleh Moshtaghi , Eskandari Issa , Khavasi Hamid Reza
Published: August 2013

The biologically interesting heterocyclic system is readily available within a short time in the absence of any catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Pot Synthesis of Coumarin Substituted Dihydrofurans.
Authors: Chunduru Venkata Sreenivasa Rao , Vedula Rajeswar Rao
Published: August 2013

2,3‐Dihydrofuran substituted with 2H‐benzopyrans (IV) are efficiently obtained in a sequential one‐pot two‐step tandem reaction of aromatic aldehydes (III), dimedone (II), and coumarins (I).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Route to Difluoromethylated Pyridines.
Authors: Fujikawa Kenichi , Kobayashi Akira , Amii Hideki
Published: August 2013

A short route to the required title compounds of type (IV) proceeds via coupling of halogenated pyridine systems with ester (I) followed by hydrolysis and decarboxylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Pyrazole‐Substituted 9‐Anilinoacridine Derivatives and Evaluation for Their Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities.
Authors: Kalirajan R. , Muralidharan V. , Jubie S. , Gowramma B. , Gomathy S. , Sankar S. , Elango K.
Published: August 2013

A series of novel pyrazole‐substituted 9‐anilinoacridines are designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and cytotoxic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[4,3‐c]pyridines (V) via Intramolecular Nitrilimine Cycloaddition.
Authors: Garofalo Albert William , Jagodzinski Jacek Jerzy , Konradi Andrei William , Ng Raymond Anthony , Semko Christopher Michael , Sham Hing Leung , Sun Minghua , Ye Xiaocong Michael
Published: August 2013

Title compounds (V) are evaluated in the cellular assay but, unfortunately, possess APP selectivity of less than 100‐fold.
ChemInform Abstract: New Efficient Synthesis of 2,3,5‐Trisubstituted Pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones from Baylis—Hillman Adducts.
Authors: Zhong Ying , Wu Lei , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: August 2013

Baylis—Hillman‐derived azides (I) react with PPh3 to generate iminophosphoranes which undergo aza‐Wittig reaction with aryl isocyanates.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Approach to Arylboronates via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbon—Cyano Bond Cleavage of Nitriles.
Authors: Kinuta Hirotaka , Kita Yusuke , Remond Emmanuelle , Tobisu Mamoru , Chatani Naoto
Published: August 2013

The process can be applied to a broad spectrum of nitriles.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Phosphonates via Catalyzed‐Free Multicomponent Reactions in Water.
Authors: Rostami‐Charati Faramarz , Hossaini Zinatossadat
Published: August 2013

Reaction of activated acetylenic compounds with trivalent phosphorus nucleophiles in the presence of a benzofuranyl derivative or hydroxycoumarin leads to a facile synthesis of the stable and functionalized phosphonates (IV) and (VI) in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Double Hydrophosphination of Terminal Arylacetylenes Catalyzed by an Iron Complex.
Authors: Kamitani Masahiro , Itazaki Masumi , Tamiya Chihiro , Nakazawa Hiroshi
Published: August 2013

For the first time, the catalytic double hydrophosphination of alkynes is achieved regioselectively and effectively for various secondary arylphosphines and terminal alkynes.
ChemInform Abstract: Biological Evaluation of Pyrimidopyrimidines as Multi‐Targeted Small Molecule Inhibitors and Resistance Modifying Agents
Authors: Abdel‐Rahman Reda , El‐mahdy Kamelia
Published: August 2013

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Secondary Alkylboronate Building Blocks with and without Metals
Authors: Bull James A.
Published: August 2013

Review: 29 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Privileged Scaffolds in Synthesis: 2,5‐Piperazinediones as Templates for the Preparation of Structurally Diverse Heterocycles
Authors: Gonzalez Juan F. , Ortin Irene , de la Cuesta Elena , Menendez J. Carlos
Published: August 2013

Review: 60 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Deep Eutectic Solvents: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Authors: Zhang Qinghua , De Oliveira Vigier Karine , Royer Sebastien , Jerome Francois
Published: August 2013

Review: ca. 200 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Organocatalytic Methods for the Synthesis of Disubstituted 2‐ and 3‐Indolinones
Authors: Dalpozzo Renato , Bartoli Giuseppe , Bencivenni Giorgio
Published: August 2013

Review: 206 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: NMR Spectroscopy: Quantum‐Chemical Calculations
Authors: Buhl Michael , van Mourik Tanja
Published: August 2013

Review: 107 refs.
Wie gründe ich ein Unternehmen?
Authors: Seidelmann Oliver
Published: August 2013

Unternehmensgründungen in der Chemie stellen für Chemiker eine perspektivreiche Alternative zu üblichen Laufbahnen in Angestelltenverhältnissen dar. Sowohl die wirtschaftlichen Globaltrends als auch die Spezifika der chemischen Industrie lassen erwarten, dass künftig in solchen Start‐ups der Großteil neuer Chemie‐Arbeitsplätze entstehen wird.
Applying the dynamics of evolution to achieve reliability in master–worker computing
Authors: Christoforou Evgenia , Anta Antonio Fernández , Georgiou Chryssis , Mosteiro Miguel A. , Sánchez Angel
Published: August 2013

We consider Internet‐based master–worker task computations, such as SETI@home, where a master process sends tasks, across the Internet, to worker processes; workers execute and report back some result. However, these workers are not trustworthy, and it might be at their best interest to report incorrect results. In such master–worker computations, the behavior and the best interest of the workers might change over time. We model such computations using evolutionary dynamics, and we study the conditions under which the master can reliably obtain task results. In particular, we develop and analyze an algorithmic mechanism based on reinforcement learning to provide workers with the necessary incentives to eventually become truthful. Our analysis identifies the conditions under which truthful behavior can be ensured and bounds the expected convergence time to that behavior. The analysis is complemented with illustrative simulations. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reaction Pathways for the Deoxygenation of Vegetable Oils and Related Model Compounds
Authors: Gosselink Robert W. , Hollak Stefan A. W. , Chang Shu‐Wei , van Haveren Jacco , de Jong Krijn P. , Bitter Johannes H. , van Es Daan S.
Published: August 2013

Vegetable oil‐based feeds are regarded as an alternative source for the production of fuels and chemicals. Paraffins and olefins can be produced from these feeds through catalytic deoxygenation. The fundamentals of this process are mostly studied by using model compounds such as fatty acids, fatty acid esters, and specific triglycerides because of their structural similarity to vegetable oils. In this Review we discuss the impact of feedstock, reaction conditions, and nature of the catalyst on the reaction pathways of the deoxygenation of vegetable oils and its derivatives. As such, we conclude on the suitability of model compounds for this reaction. It is shown that the type of catalyst has a significant effect on the deoxygenation pathway, that is, group 10 metal catalysts are active in decarbonylation/decarboxylation whereas metal sulfide catalysts are more selective to hydrodeoxygenation. Deoxygenation studies performed under H2 showed similar pathways for fatty acids, fatty acid esters, triglycerides, and vegetable oils, as mostly deoxygenation occurs indirectly via the formation of fatty acids. Deoxygenation in the absence of H2 results in significant differences in reaction pathways and selectivities depending on the feedstock. Additionally, using unsaturated feedstocks under inert gas results in a high selectivity to undesired reactions such as cracking and the formation of heavies. Therefore, addition of H2 is proposed to be essential for the catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oil feeds.
Artificial neural network in breast lesions from fine‐needle aspiration cytology smear
Authors: Subbaiah R. M. , Dey Pranab , Nijhawan Raje
Published: August 2013

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are applied in engineering and certain medical fields. ANN has immense potential and is rarely been used in breast lesions. In this present study, we attempted to build up a complete robust back propagation ANN model based on cytomorphological data, morphometric data, nuclear densitometric data, and gray level co‐occurrence matrix (GLCM) of ductal carcinoma and fibroadenomas of breast cases diagnosed on fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). We selected 52 cases of fibroadenomas and 60 cases of infiltrating ductal carcinoma of breast diagnosed on FNAC by two cytologists. Essential cytological data was quantitated by two independent cytologists (SRM, PD). With the help of Image J software, nuclear morphomeric, densitometric, and GLCM features were measured in all the cases on hematoxylin and eosin‐stained smears. With the available data, an ANN model was built up with the help of Neurointelligence software. The network was designed as 41‐20‐1 (41 input nodes, 20 hidden nodes, 1 output node). The network was trained by the online back propagation algorithm and 500 iterations were done. Learning was adjusted after every iteration. ANN model correctly identified all cases of fibroadenomas and infiltrating carcinomas in the test set. This is one of the first successful composite ANN models of breast carcinomas. This basic model can be used to diagnose the gray zone area of the breast lesions on FNAC. We assume that this model may have far‐reaching implications in future. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:218–224. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparing human and nonhuman primate handedness: Challenges and a modest proposal for consensus
Authors: Hopkins William D.
Published: August 2013

In the past 20–25 years, there have been a number of studies published on handedness in nonhuman primates. The goal of these studies has been to evaluate whether monkeys and apes show patterns of hand preference that resemble the right‐handedness found in the human species. The extant findings on handedness in nonhuman primates have revealed inconsistent evidence for population‐level handedness within and between species. In this article, I discuss some of the methodological and statistical challenges to comparative studies of handedness in human and nonhuman primates. I further offer a framework for developing some consensus on evaluating the validity of different handedness measures and the characterization of individual hand preferences. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 621–636, 2013.
The C. elegans TIA‐1/TIAR homolog TIAR‐1 is required to induce germ cell apoptosis
Authors: Carlos Giovanni Silva‐García , Rosa Estela Navarro
Published: August 2013

In Caenorhabditis elegans, physiological germ cell apoptosis eliminates more than half of the cells in the hermaphrodite gonad to support gamete quality and germline homeostasis by a still unidentified mechanism. External factors can also affect germ cell apoptosis. The BH3‐only protein EGL‐1 induces germ cell apoptosis when animals are exposed to pathogens or agents that produce DNA damage. DNA damage‐induced apoptosis also requires the nematode p53 homolog CEP‐1. Previously, we found that heat shock, oxidative, and osmotic stresses induce germ cell apoptosis through an EGL‐1 and CEP‐1 independent mechanism that requires the MAPKK pathway. However, we observed that starvation increases germ cell apoptosis by an unknown pathway. Searching for proteins that participate in stress‐induced apoptosis, we found the RNA‐binding protein TIAR‐1 (a homolog of the mammalian TIA‐1/TIAR family of proteins). Here, we show that TIAR‐1 in C. elegans is required to induce apoptosis in the germline under several conditions. We also show that TIAR‐1 acts downstream of CED‐9 (a BCL2 homolog) to induce apoptosis under stress conditions, and apparently does not seem to regulate ced‐4 or ced‐3 mRNAs accumulation directly. TIAR‐1 is expressed ubiquitously in the cytoplasm of the soma as well as the germline, where it sometimes associates with P granules. We show that animals lacking TIAR‐1 expression are temperature sensitive sterile due to oogenesis and spermatogenesis defects. Our work shows that TIAR‐1 is required for proper germline function and demonstrates that this protein is important to induce germ cell apoptosis under several conditions. genesis 51:690–707. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Control of e2f1 and PCNA by Drosophila transcription factor DREF
Authors: Kawamori Akihito , Shimaji Kouhei , Yamaguchi Masamitsu
Published: August 2013

DREF (DNA replication‐related element‐binding factor), a zinc finger type transcription factor required for proper cell cycle progression in both mitotic and endocycling cells, is a positive regulator of E2F1, an important transcription factor which regulates genes related to the S‐phase of the cell cycle. DREF and E2F1 regulate similar sets of replication‐related genes, including proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), and play roles in the G1 to S phase transition. However, the relationships between dref and e2f1 or PCNA during development are poorly understood. Here, we provided evidence for novel control of e2f1 and PCNA involving DREF in endocycling cells. Somatic clone analysis demonstrated that dref knockdown stabilized E2F1 expression at posttranscriptional levels in endocycling salivary gland cells. Similarly, PCNA expression was up‐regulated in the endocycling salivary gland cells. Genetic interaction analysis indicated that the endoreplication defects are partly caused via possible enhancement of E2F1 activity. From these results and previous reports, we conclude that regulation of e2f1 and PCNA by DREF in vivo is complex and the regulation mechanism may differ with the tissue and/or positions in the tissue. genesis 51:741–750. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of experimental warming on stomatal traits in leaves of maize (Zea may L.)
Authors: Zheng Yunpu , Xu Ming , Hou Ruixing , Shen Ruichang , Qiu Shuai , Ouyang Zhu
Published: August 2013

We examined the warming effects on the stomatal frequency, stomatal aperture size and shape, and their spatial distribution pattern of maize (Zea may L.) leaves using a light microscope, an electron scanning microscope, and geostatistic techniques. A field manipulative experiment was conducted to elevate canopy temperature by 2.08°C, on average. We found that experimental warming had little effect on stomatal density, but significantly increased stomatal index due to the reduction in the number of epidermal cells under the warming treatment. Warming also significantly decreased stomatal aperture length and increased stomatal aperture width. As a result, warming significantly increased the average stomatal aperture area and stomatal aperture circumference. In addition, warming dramatically changed the stomatal spatial distribution pattern with a substantial increase in the average nearest neighbor distance between stomata on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The spatial distribution pattern of stomata was scale dependent with regular patterns at small scales and random patterns at larger scales on both leaf surfaces. Warming caused the stomatal distribution to become more regular on both leaf surfaces with smaller L(t) values (Ripley's K‐function, L(t) is an expectation of zero for any value of t) in the warming plots than the control plots.
Local density and group size interacts with age and sex to determine direction and rate of social dispersal in a polygynous mammal
Authors: Marjamäki Paula H. , Contasti Adrienne L. , Coulson Tim N. , McLoughlin Philip D.
Published: August 2013

Movement away from an area or social group in response to increasing density (density‐dependent dispersal) is known for most species; why it evolves is fundamental to our understanding of ecology and evolution. However, we have yet to fully appreciate how individuals of varying conditions (e.g., age and sex) might differently consider effects of density (quorum) when deciding to disperse or not, and scale dependence in their sense of quorum. We tracked movements of all individuals of a naturalized population of feral horses (Equus ferus caballus; Sable Island National Park Reserve, Nova Scotia, Canada) during a period of rapid population growth (N increased from 375 to 484 horses from 2008 to 2010). Permanent dispersal from breeding groups (bands) was positively density dependent for all age and sex categories with respect to local density (horses/km2, bounded by the 99th percentile of individual movements [8000 m]), but was negatively and positively density dependent for males and females, respectively, in relation to group (band) size. Dispersal was generally female biased, with the exception of foals which moved with their mothers (no sex effect), and for yearlings and subadults when band sizes were smaller than average, in which case males dispersed at higher rates than females. Dispersal distance was positively related to local density. We conclude that dispersal rate can be both positively and negatively density dependent for feral horses, contingent on the state of individuals and the scale at which quorum with respect to choosing to disperse or not is assessed. Scale effects and interactions of density‐dependent and sex‐ and age‐biased dispersal may have both ecological and evolutionary consequences through effects on resource and mate competition.
One‐Pot Transformation of Carboxylic Acids into Nitriles
Authors: Miyagi Kotaro , Moriyama Katsuhiko , Togo Hideo
Published: August 2013

A variety of aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids were smoothly converted into the corresponding nitriles in good yields in a one‐pot procedure by treatment with ethyl iodide/K2CO3/18‐crown‐6, followed by sodium diisobutyl‐tert‐butoxyaluminium hydride (SDBBA‐H), and finally treatment with molecular iodine or 1,3‐diiodo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DIH), and aqueous ammonia. This method is useful for the conversion of various aromatic and aliphatic carboxylic acids into the corresponding nitriles in a one‐pot procedure.
Cyclization Cascade of Hydrazono Ugi Adducts towards Pyrazoles
Authors: Agrebi Asma , Allouche Fatma , Chabchoub Fakher , El Kaïm Laurent
Published: August 2013

Acidic hydrolysis of Ugi adducts formed from α‐hydrazonocarboxylic acids and aminoacetaldehyde dimethyl acetal leads to the fragmentation of aminoacetaldehyde residues with final formation of pyrazoles. An aldol‐type reaction of the hydrazone is proposed as the key step of the cascade.
Development of the 16 X‐STR loci typing system and genetic analysis in a Shanghai Han population from China
Authors: Sun Kuan , Zhao Shumin , Tian Huaizhou , Zhang Suhua , Li Chengtao
Published: August 2013

This study developed a new multiplex PCR system that simultaneously amplifies 16 X‐STR loci in the same PCR reaction, and the polymorphism and mutation rates of these 16 X‐STR loci were explored in a Shanghai Han population from China. These loci included DXS10134, DXS10159, DXS6789, DXS6795, DXS6800, DXS6803, DXS6807, DXS6810, DXS7132, DXS7424, DXS8378, DXS9902, GATA165B12, GATA172D05, GATA31E08, and HPRTB. Samples from 591 unrelated individuals (293 males and 298 females) and 400 two‐generation families were successfully analyzed using this multiplex system. Allele frequencies and mutation rates of the 16 loci were investigated, with the comparison of allele frequency distributions among different populations performed. Polymorphism information contents of these loci were all >0.6440 except the locus DXS6800 (0.4706). Nine cases of mutations were detected in the 16 loci from the investigation of 9232 meioses. Pairwise comparisons of allele frequency distributions showed significant differences for most loci among populations from different countries and ethnic groups but not among the Han population living in other areas of China. These results suggest that the 16 X‐STR loci system provides highly informative polymorphic data for paternity testing and forensic identification in the Han population in Shanghai, China, as a complementary tool.
Strategies for recovery and purification of poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxyalkanoates] (PHA) biopolyesters from surrounding biomass
Authors: Koller Martin , Niebelschütz Horst , Braunegg Gerhart
Published: August 2013

To provide competitive alternatives to classical plastics, production of poly[(R)‐3‐hydroxyalkanoate] (PHA) biopolyesters has to become more economical. Downstream processing for PHA recovery from biomass plays a vital role in the PHA manufacturing process with respect to cost performance, material quality, and eco‐balance. Several factors impact the selection of the adequate PHA recovery method: the microbial production strain, type and composition of PHA, PHA load in biomass, required product purity, availability of chemicals for PHA recovery, and impact on physical properties of PHA. In this review, we compare classical and novel strategies for PHA recovery from microbial biomass. Approaches for reducing solvent and energy inputs, focusing on obtaining endotoxin‐poor PHA for medical application, are presented, as well as recent developments in efficient disruption of PHA‐rich biomass. In addition, particularities of extremophiles and genetically modified microorganisms with properties facilitating the release and separation of PHA granules are discussed.
Analysis of the transcriptome in molecular epidemiology studies
Authors: McHale Cliona M. , Zhang Luoping , Thomas Reuben , Smith Martyn T.
Published: August 2013

The human transcriptome is complex, comprising multiple transcript types, mostly in the form of non‐coding RNA (ncRNA). The majority of ncRNA is of the long form (lncRNA, ≥ 200 bp), which plays an important role in gene regulation through multiple mechanisms including epigenetics, chromatin modification, control of transcription factor binding, and regulation of alternative splicing. Both mRNA and ncRNA exhibit additional variability in the form of alternative splicing and RNA editing. All aspects of the human transcriptome can potentially be dysregulated by environmental exposures. Next‐generation RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) is the best available methodology to measure this although it has limitations, including experimental bias. The third phase of the MicroArray Quality Control Consortium project (MAQC‐III), also called Sequencing Quality Control (SeQC), aims to address these limitations through standardization of experimental and bioinformatic methodologies. A limited number of toxicogenomic studies have been conducted to date using RNA‐Seq. This review describes the complexity of the human transcriptome, the application of transcriptomics by RNA‐Seq or microarray in molecular epidemiology studies, and limitations of these approaches including the type of cell or tissue analyzed, experimental variation, and confounding. By using good study designs with precise, individual exposure measurements, sufficient power and incorporation of phenotypic anchors, studies in human populations can identify biomarkers of exposure and/or early effect and elucidate mechanisms of action underlying associated diseases, even at low doses. Analysis of datasets at the pathway level can compensate for some of the limitations of RNA‐Seq and, as more datasets become available, will increasingly elucidate the exposure‐disease continuum. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:500‐517, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Susceptibility of lung epithelial cells to alkylating genotoxic insult
Authors: Nagy Károly , Ádány Róza , Szűcs Sándor , Ádám Balázs
Published: August 2013

Alkylation is one of the most common types of DNA damage that can lead to mutations and cancer. Lung is the primary target organ of airborne alkylators such as ethylene oxide (EO). However, the ability of EO to cause lung cancer has not been clearly demonstrated yet. The aim of this study was to investigate the susceptibility of lung cells to alkylating DNA insult by detecting EO‐mediated DNA damage with the alkaline comet assay in human lung epithelial cells, peripheral blood lymphocytes, and keratinocytes. The susceptibility of these cell types toward the alkylating insult induced by EO was compared against the oxidative DNA insult induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Due to the volatility of EO, its active concentrations were monitored by gas chromatography during exposure and were found to decrease significantly in a time‐dependent manner. EO induced a statistically significant genotoxic effect at the lowest concentration used (16.4 µM) in lung epithelial cells and in lymphocytes, while in keratinocytes, a genotoxic effect was not detected until 55.5 µM EO. However, lung epithelial cells demonstrated increased resistance to oxidative insult. In fact, oxidative DNA damage detectable by endonuclease treatment was minimal in lung cells compared with the other cell types. These results suggest an increased sensitivity of lung epithelial cells toward the alkylating effects of EO, which was not observed for oxidative DNA damage. Our findings point out the importance of DNA alkylation and the possible role of EO on the induction of lung cancer. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:682–689, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Global gene expression response of a population exposed to benzene: A pilot study exploring the use of RNA‐sequencing technology
Authors: Thomas Reuben , McHale Cliona M. , Lan Qing , Hubbard Alan E. , Zhang Luoping , Vermeulen Roel , Li Guilan , Rappaport Stephen M. , Yin Songnian , Rothman Nathaniel , Smith Martyn T.
Published: August 2013

The mechanism of toxicity of the leukemogen benzene is not entirely known. This pilot study used RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) technology to examine the effect of benzene exposure on gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells obtained from 10 workers occupationally exposed to high levels of benzene (≥5 ppm) in air and 10 matched unexposed control workers, from a large study (n= 125) in which gene expression was previously measured by microarray. RNA‐seq is more sensitive and has a wider dynamic range for the quantification of gene expression. Further, it has the ability to detect novel transcripts and alternative splice variants. The main conclusions from our analysis of the 20 workers by RNA‐seq are as follows: The Pearson correlation between the two technical replicates for the RNA‐seq experiments was 0.98 and the correlation between RNA‐seq and microarray signals for the 20 subjects was around 0.6. 60% of the transcripts with detected reads from the RNA‐seq experiments did not have corresponding probes on the microarrays. Fifty‐three percent of the transcripts detected by RNA‐seq and 99% of those with probes on the microarray were protein‐coding. There was a significant overlap (P< 0.05) in transcripts declared differentially expressed due to benzene exposure using the two technologies. About 20% of the transcripts declared differentially expressed using the RNA‐seq data were non‐coding transcripts. Six transcripts were determined (false‐discovery rate < 0.05) to be alternatively spliced as a result of benzene exposure. Overall, this pilot study shows that RNA‐seq can complement the information obtained by microarray in the analysis of changes in transcript expression from chemical exposures. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 54:566‐573, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ASI: Toward the optimal integrated production of biodiesel with internal recycling of methanol produced from glycerol
Authors: Martín Mariano , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: August 2013

In this article, we present the optimization of the production methanol from glycerol and its integration in the production of biodiesel from algae. We propose a limited superstructure where the glycerol from biodiesel is first reformed for which steam reforming and autoreforming are evaluated. The gas obtained is cleaned up and its composition is adjusted in terms of the ratio CO/H2using three possible alternatives (bypass, PSA and water gas shift). Next, the removal of CO2is performed by means of PSA and the syngas is fed to the methanol synthesis reactor and the products obtained are separated. This synthesis is coupled with the production of biodiesel from algae using heterogeneous catalyzed reaction based on previous results. The optimization of the system is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) that is solved for the simultaneous optimization and heat integration of the production of biodiesel with recycle of methanol followed by water integration. The best process involves the use of autoreforming for a production cost of $0.66 gal−1, 3.65 MJ/gal of energy consumption and water consumption of 0.79 gal/gal. The integrated process is $0.2 gal−1more expensive than the one that directly uses methanol but reduces in more than half the dependency of the process on fossil fuels. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 891–901, 2013
3‐dimensional numerical calculations for tunnels with high overburden / Dreidimensionale numerische Berechnungen für tiefliegende Tunnelbauvorhaben
Authors: Volderauer Christian , Galler Robert , Marcher Thomas
Published: August 2013

The present article discusses the results of 3D numerical simulations of a deep section of the west bore of the Gotthard Base Tunnel in the geological formation of the Clavaniev Zone. For the calibration of the numerical model, the geological and geotechnical documentation from both the design and the construction phase as well as the daily and monthly reports from the site were made available by the AlpTransit Gotthard AG. Working from this documentation, three‐dimensional simulations were performed with various material models. The objective of the investigations was to realistically determine geotechnical data, both for the deformation of the sidewalls and in an axial direction ahead of the face, for future 3D calculations of deep tunnels.

Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden die Ergebnisse dreidimensionaler numerischer Simulationen eines tiefliegenden Abschnitts der Weströhre des Gotthard Basistunnels in der geologischen Formation der Clavaniev Zone diskutiert. Für die Eichung des numerischen Modells wurden von der AlpTransit Gotthard AG die geologische und geotechnische Dokumentation sowohl aus der Planungs‐ als auch der Ausführungsphase sowie die Tages‐ und Monatsberichte der Baustelle zur Verfügung gestellt. Auf Basis dieser Dokumentation wurden dreidimensionale Simulationen unter Verwendung verschiedener Materialmodelle durchgeführt. Zielsetzung der Untersuchungen war, die geotechnischen Messergebnisse, sowohl die Verschiebungen der Laibung als auch jene in axialer Richtung vor der Ortsbrust für zukünftige dreidimensionale Berechnungen tiefliegender Tunnel realgetreu ermitteln zu können.
Is the North American monsoon self‐limiting?
Authors: Saini Roop , Barlow Mathew , Hoell Andrew
Published: August 2013

The North American monsoon is accompanied by large‐scale changes in circulation and precipitation over much of Mexico and the United States during summer. Here, the influence of the North American monsoon is analyzed in terms of midlevel changes to the thermodynamic energy equation, circulation, and precipitation associated with the monsoon onset in northwest Mexico, for the 1948–2004 period. In addition to the well‐known strong increase in rising motion over the core region of the monsoon during the onset, there is also a decrease in upward motion over the northern Baja California Peninsula and into the southwest United States, directly in the path of monsoon development. This area of decreased vertical motion is linked to cold advection caused by the onset itself, as the Gill‐Matsuno response to the monsoon precipitation thermodynamically interacts with the mean circulation. It is in this sense that we propose that the monsoon is self‐limiting.
Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder without comorbidity is associated with distinct atypical patterns of cerebral microstructural development
Authors: Adisetiyo Vitria , Tabesh Ali , Di Martino Adriana , Falangola Maria F. , Castellanos Francisco X. , Jensen Jens H. , Helpern Joseph A.
Published: August 2013

Differential core symptoms and treatment responses are associated with the pure versus comorbid forms of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, comorbidity has largely been unaccounted for in neuroimaging studies of ADHD. We used diffusional kurtosis imaging to investigate gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) microstructure of children and adolescents with ADHD (n = 22) compared to typically developing controls (TDC, n = 27) and examined whether differing developmental patterns are related to comorbidity. The ADHD group (ADHD‐mixed) consisted of subgroups with and without comorbidity (ADHD‐comorbid, n = 11; ADHD‐pure, n = 11, respectively). Age‐related changes and group differences in cerebral microstructure of the ADHD‐mixed group and each ADHD subgroup were compared to TDC. Whole‐brain voxel‐based analyses with mean kurtosis (MK) and mean diffusivity (MD) metrics were conducted to probe GM and WM. Tract‐based spatial statistics analyses of WM were performed with MK, MD, fractional anisotropy, and directional (axial, radial) kurtosis and diffusivity metrics. ADHD‐pure patients lacked significant age‐related changes in GM and WM microstructure that were observed globally in TDC and had significantly greater WM microstructural complexity than TDC in bilateral frontal and parietal lobes, insula, corpus callosum, and right external and internal capsules. Including ADHD patients with diverse comorbidities in analyses masked these findings. A distinct atypical age‐related trajectory and aberrant regional differences in brain microstructure were detected in ADHD without comorbidity. Our results suggest that different phenotypic manifestations of ADHD, defined by the presence or absence of comorbidity, differ in cerebral microstructural markers. Hum Brain Mapp 35:2148–2162, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Testosterone Perturbs Systemic Iron Balance Through Activation of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in the Liver and Repression of Hepcidin
Authors: Latour Chloé , Kautz Léon , Besson-Fournier Céline , Island Marie-Laure , Canonne-Hergaux François , Loréal Olivier , Ganz Tomas , Coppin Hélène , Roth Marie-Paule
Published: August 2013

Gender-related disparities in the regulation of iron metabolism may contribute to the differences exhibited by men and women in the progression of chronic liver diseases associated with reduced hepcidin expression, e.g., chronic hepatitis C, alcoholic liver disease, or hereditary hemochromatosis. However, their mechanisms remain poorly understood. In this study we took advantage of the major differences in hepcidin expression and tissue iron loading observed between

Bmp6

-deficient male and female mice to investigate the mechanisms underlying this sexual dimorphism. We found that testosterone robustly represses hepcidin transcription by enhancing Egfr signaling in the liver and that selective epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) inhibition by gefitinib (Iressa) in males markedly increases hepcidin expression. In males, where the suppressive effects of testosterone and

Bmp6

-deficiency on hepcidin expression are combined, hepcidin is more strongly repressed than in females and iron accumulates massively not only in the liver but also in the pancreas, heart, and kidneys.

Conclusion

: Testosterone-induced repression of hepcidin expression becomes functionally important during homeostatic stress from disorders that result in iron loading and/or reduced capacity for hepcidin synthesis. These findings suggest that novel therapeutic strategies targeting the testosterone/EGF/EGFR axis may be useful for inducing hepcidin expression in patients with iron overload and/or chronic liver diseases. (Hepatology 2014;59:683–694)