bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of skin wounds in working donkeys in Bukombe, Tanzania
Authors: Rayner Emma , Airikkala‐Otter Ilona , Susheelan Aswin , Gibson Andrew , Itaba Richard , Mayani Thomas , Mellanby Richard J , Gamble Luke
Published: September 2019

Background

Preventable wounds are a common welfare issue in working donkeys in many countries. In the Bukombe District of Tanzania, there are estimated to be 3000 working donkeys, used primarily to transport loads for direct income generation. For historical reasons, oxen‐yoke carts are used; their design is inappropriate for donkeys and results in serious neck wounds. The project aim was to assess the prevalence and nature of wounds in working donkeys.

Methods

In November 2018, 148 donkeys owned by 48 owners were examined, and data were collected.

Results

The study revealed that one or more wounds were present in 56.1% of the population and yoke‐related, dorsal neck wounds comprised 79.5% of these. These wounds ranged in surface area from 1 cm2 to 300 cm2. Clinically, 96.6% of all wound types were superficial and the majority of these (51.1%) were granulating.

Conclusion

These data will enable the future evaluation of targeted interventions aimed at reducing the prevalence of these specific wounds.
Analysis of an atomistic model for anti-plane fracture
Authors: Buze Maciej , Hudson Thomas , Ortner Christoph
Published: September 2019

We develop a model for an anti-plane crack defect posed on a square lattice under an interatomic pair-potential with nearest-neighbour interactions. In particular, we establish existence, local uniqueness and stability of solutions for small loading parameters and further prove qualitatively sharp far-field decay estimates. The latter requires establishing decay estimates for the corresponding lattice Green’s function, which are of independent interest.
A classical non-quantum all-time time-symmetrical zero-energy single-bounce model for the creation, big bang, and death of the universe
Authors: Fischer Arthur E.
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we show how the [Formula: see text]CDM (Lambda Cold Dark Matter) Standard Model for cosmology can be extrapolated backwards through the big bang into the infinite past to yield an all-time model of the universe with scale factor given by [Formula: see text] defined and continuous for all [Formula: see text] and smooth ([Formula: see text] and satisfying Friedmann’s equation for all [Formula: see text]. At the big bang [Formula: see text], there is a nondifferentiable cusp singularity and our model shows some details of the behavior of the universe at this singularity. Our model is a zero-energy single-bounce model and an examination of the [Formula: see text]-plot of the [Formula: see text] level curve gives critical information about the initial and final states of the universe, about the evolution of the universe, and about the behavior of the universe at the big bang. Our results show that much can be said classically about the birth, big bang and death of the universe before one needs to reach for quantum gravitational effects.
Definable V-topologies, Henselianity and NIP
Authors: Halevi Yatir , Hasson Assaf , Jahnke Franziska
Published: September 2019

We initiate the study of definable [Formula: see text]-topologies and show that there is at most one such [Formula: see text]-topology on a [Formula: see text]-henselian NIP field. Equivalently, we show that if [Formula: see text] is a bi-valued NIP field with [Formula: see text] henselian (respectively, [Formula: see text]-henselian), then [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are comparable (respectively, dependent).

As a consequence, Shelah’s conjecture for NIP fields implies the henselianity conjecture for NIP fields. Furthermore, the latter conjecture is proved for any field admitting a henselian valuation with a dp-minimal residue field.

We conclude by showing that Shelah’s conjecture is equivalent to the statement that any NIP field not contained in the algebraic closure of a finite field is [Formula: see text]-henselian.
Torsional Buckling of Functionally Graded Multilayer Graphene Nanoplatelet-Reinforced Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Sun Jiabin , Ni Yiwen , Gao Hanyu , Zhu Shengbo , Tong Zhenzhen , Zhou Zhenhuan
Published: September 2019

Exact solutions for the torsional bifurcation buckling of functionally graded (FG) multilayer graphene platelet reinforced composite (GPLRC) cylindrical shells are obtained. Five types of graphene platelets (GPLs) distributions are considered, and a slope factor is introduced to adjust the distribution profile of the GPLs. Within the framework of Donnell’s shell theory and with the aid symplectic mathematics, a set of lower-order Hamiltonian canonical equations are established and solved analytically. Consequently, the critical buckling loads and corresponding buckling mode shapes of the GPLRC shells are obtained. The effects of various factors, including the geometric parameters, boundary conditions and material properties on the torsional buckling behaviors are investigated and discussed in detail.
Algebraic construction of quasi-split algebraic tori
Authors: Jamshidpey Armin , Lemire Nicole , Schost Éric
Published: September 2019

The main purpose of this work is to give a constructive proof for a particular case of the no-name lemma. Let [Formula: see text] be a finite group, [Formula: see text] a field that is equipped with a faithful [Formula: see text]-action, and [Formula: see text] a sign permutation [Formula: see text]-lattice (see the Introduction for the definition). Then [Formula: see text] acts naturally on the group algebra [Formula: see text] of [Formula: see text] over [Formula: see text], and hence also on the quotient field [Formula: see text]. A well-known variant of the no-name lemma asserts that the invariant sub-field [Formula: see text] is a purely transcendental extension of [Formula: see text]. In other words, there exist [Formula: see text] which are algebraically independent over [Formula: see text] such that [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we give an explicit construction of suitable elements [Formula: see text].
On the connections of sub-Finslerian geometry
Authors: Alabdulsada Layth M. , Kozma László
Published: September 2019

A sub-Finslerian manifold is, roughly speaking, a manifold endowed with a Finsler type metric which is defined on a [Formula: see text]-dimensional smooth distribution only, not on the whole tangent manifold. Our purpose is to construct a generalized nonlinear connection for a sub-Finslerian manifold, called [Formula: see text]-connection by the Legendre transformation which characterizes normal extremals of a sub-Finsler structure as geodesics of this connection. We also wish to investigate some of its properties like normal, adapted, partial and metrical.
A numerical analysis on different-generation prototypes of ventricular assist device
Authors: Golpaygani Ali Tavakoli , Hassani Kamran , Karimi Alireza , Zaeim Amin Nokhbe
Published: September 2019

The ventricular assist device (VAD) assists the patients with heart diseases for limited and prolonged periods. This device synchronizes with normal heart activities to help foster its performance. Consequently, its sensitive design requires high accuracy. The pumps are the essential part of every VAD which should operate in wide ranges of flow and pressure. As there are various types of VAD under different designs, it is neither practical nor plausible to experimentally/clinically investigate their performances. Therefore, in the concurrent study, a numerical study was carried out on four different generation prototypes of VAD pumps for reaching an optimum design. Using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the software derived, showed and streamlined the flow field shear stress both inside the VAD and its blades. Furthermore, the vortices and flow rate-pressure curves were observed. The results showed that the curved blade pumps operate better compared to that of the straight blade types, concerning the provision of enough pressure and less damage to the red blood cells. The results have implications not only for comparing different types of VAD designs but also for understanding the resulted shear stresses and pressures as a result of the blade’s structure.
A virtual experiment improved students’ understanding of physiological experimental processes ahead of a live inquiry-based practical class
Authors: Quiroga Maria del Mar , Choate Julia K.
Published: September 2019

Physiology is commonly taught through direct experience and observation of scientific phenomena in “hands-on” practical laboratory classes. The value of such classes is limited by students’ lack of understanding of the underlying theoretical concepts and their lack of confidence with the experimental techniques. In our experience, students follow experimental steps as if following a recipe, without giving thought to the underlying theory and the relationship between the experimental procedure and the research hypotheses. To address this issue, and to enhance student learning, we developed an online virtual experiment for students to complete before an inquiry-based practical. The virtual experiment and “live” practical laboratory were an investigation of how autonomic nerves control contractions in the isolated rabbit ileum. We hypothesized that the virtual experiment would support students’ understanding of the physiological concepts, as well as the experimental design associated with the practical. Anonymous survey data and usage analytics showed that most students engaged with the virtual experiment. Students thought that it helped them to understand the practical physiological concepts and experimental design, with self-reported time spent on the virtual experiment (and not on lectures or practical class notes) a significant predictor of their understanding. This novel finding provides evidence that virtual experiments can contribute to students’ research skills development. Our results indicate that self-paced online virtual experiments are an effective way to enhance student understanding of physiological concepts and experimental processes, allowing for a more realistic experience of the scientific method and a more effective use of time in practical classes.
Identification of a novel selective and potent inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase-3
Authors: Noori Mahboubeh S. , Bhatt Pooja M. , Courreges Maria C. , Ghazanfari Davoud , Cuckler Chaz , Orac Crina M. , McMills Mark C. , Schwartz Frank L. , Deosarkar Sudhir P. , Bergmeier Stephen C. , McCall Kelly D. , Goetz Douglas J.
Published: September 2019

Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a multitasking protein kinase that regulates numerous critical cellular functions. Not surprisingly, elevated GSK-3 activity has been implicated in a host of diseases including pathological inflammation, diabetes, cancer, arthritis, asthma, bipolar disorder, and Alzheimer’s. Therefore, reagents that inhibit GSK-3 activity provide a means to investigate the role of GSK-3 in cellular physiology and pathophysiology and could become valuable therapeutics. Finding a potent inhibitor of GSK-3 that can selectively target this kinase, among over 500 protein kinases in the human genome, is a significant challenge. Thus there remains a critical need for the identification of selective inhibitors of GSK-3. In this work, we introduce a novel small organic compound, namely COB-187, which exhibits potent and highly selective inhibition of GSK-3. Specifically, this study 1) utilized a molecular screen of 414 kinase assays, representing 404 unique kinases, to reveal that COB-187 is a highly potent and selective inhibitor of GSK-3; 2) utilized a cellular assay to reveal that COB-187 decreases the phosphorylation of canonical GSK-3 substrates indicating that COB-187 inhibits cellular GSK-3 activity; and 3) reveals that a close isomer of COB-187 is also a selective and potent inhibitor of GSK-3. Taken together, these results demonstrate that we have discovered a region of chemical design space that contains novel GSK-3 inhibitors. These inhibitors will help to elucidate the intricate function of GSK-3 and can serve as a starting point for the development of potential therapeutics for diseases that involve aberrant GSK-3 activity.
Lung inflammatory environments differentially alter mesenchymal stromal cell behavior
Authors: Abreu Soraia C. , Rolandsson Enes Sara , Dearborn Jacob , Goodwin Meagan , Coffey Amy , Borg Zachary D. , dos Santos Claúdia C. , Wargo Matthew J. , Cruz Fernanda F. , Loi Roberto , DeSarno Michael , Ashikaga Takamuru , Antunes Mariana A. , Rocco Patricia R. M. , Liu Kathleen D. , Lee Jae-Woo , Matthay Michael A. , McKenna David H. , Weiss Daniel J.
Published: September 2019

Mesenchymal stromal (stem) cells (MSCs) are increasingly demonstrated to ameliorate experimentally induced lung injuries through disease-specific anti-inflammatory actions, thus suggesting that different in vivo inflammatory environments can influence MSC actions. To determine the effects of different representative inflammatory lung conditions, human bone marrow–derived MSCs (hMSCs) were exposed to in vitro culture conditions from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) samples obtained from patients with either the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or with other lung diseases including acute respiratory exacerbations of cystic fibrosis (CF) (non-ARDS). hMSCs were subsequently assessed for time- and BALF concentration–dependent effects on mRNA expression of selected pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, and for overall patterns of gene and mRNA expression. Both common and disease-specific patterns were observed in gene expression of different hMSC mediators, notably interleukin (IL)-6. Conditioned media obtained from non-ARDS BALF-exposed hMSCs was more effective in promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype in monocytes than was conditioned media from ARDS BALF-exposed hMSCs. Neutralizing IL-6 in the conditioned media promoted generation of anti-inflammatory monocyte phenotype. This proof of concept study suggest that different lung inflammatory environments potentially can alter hMSC behaviors. Further identification of these interactions and the driving mechanisms may influence clinical use of MSCs for treating lung diseases.
No effect of fitness on brachial or forearm vascular function during acute inflammation in young adults
Authors: Schroeder Elizabeth C. , Hilgenkamp Thessa I. M. , Lefferts Wesley K. , Robinson Nadia , Baynard Tracy , Fernhall Bo
Published: September 2019

Acute inflammation is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events and impaired vasodilatory capacity. Vasodilatory capacity can be measured in different segments of the arterial tree; however, it is unknown if the effects of acute inflammation are vascular segment-specific or if inflammation-induced dysfunction can be attenuated by factors that modulate cardiovascular risk, such as high cardiorespiratory fitness. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of acute inflammation and fitness on conduit artery, resistance artery, and microvascular function in healthy, young adults. Vascular function was assessed at baseline and 24 h after a typhoid vaccination in 11 low-fit (5 male, 24 yr of age, 34.5 ± 2.9 ml·kg−1·min−1 peak O2 uptake (V̇o2peak)] and 12 high-fit (7 male, 27 yr of age, 56.4 ± 9.7 ml·kg−1·min−1 V̇o2peak) young adults. Vascular assessments included flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery, forearm reactive hyperemia (RH) via venous occlusion plethysmography, and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during a 5-min arterial occlusion. Acute inflammation was evident with increases in IL-6 and C-reactive protein ( P < 0.01), and mean arterial pressure did not change ( P = 0.33). FMD was lower in the high-fit group, yet it was reduced in both groups at 24 h, even after controlling for shear ( P < 0.05). No effect of acute inflammation was observed for RH or NIRS ( P > 0.05). Acute inflammation had nonuniform effects on vascular function throughout the arterial tree in young adults, and fitness did not alter the vascular response. This suggests that cardiorespiratory fitness may not protect the vasculature during acute inflammation in young adults in the absence of age- or disease-related decline in vascular function.
Role of the cortex in visuomotor control of arm stability
Authors: Snyder Dylan B. , Beardsley Scott A. , Schmit Brian D.
Published: September 2019

Whereas numerous motor control theories describe the control of arm trajectory during reach, the control of stabilization in a constant arm position (i.e., visuomotor control of arm posture) is less clear. Three potential mechanisms have been proposed for visuomotor control of arm posture: 1) increased impedance of the arm through co-contraction of antagonistic muscles, 2) corrective muscle activity via spinal/supraspinal reflex circuits, and/or 3) intermittent voluntary corrections to errors in position. We examined the cortical mechanisms of visuomotor control of arm posture and tested the hypothesis that cortical error networks contribute to arm stabilization. We collected electroencephalography (EEG) data from 10 young healthy participants across four experimental planar movement tasks. We examined brain activity associated with intermittent voluntary corrections of position error and antagonist co-contraction during stabilization. EEG beta-band (13–26 Hz) power fluctuations were used as indicators of brain activity, and coherence between EEG electrodes was used as a measure of functional connectivity between brain regions. Cortical activity in the sensory, motor, and visual areas during arm stabilization was similar to activity during volitional arm movements and was larger than activity during co-contraction of the arm. However, cortical connectivity between the sensorimotor and visual regions was higher during arm stabilization compared with volitional arm movements and co-contraction of the arm. The difference in cortical activity and connectivity between tasks might be attributed to an underlying visuomotor error network used to update motor commands for visuomotor control of arm posture.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined cortical activity and connectivity during control of stabilization in a constant arm position (i.e., visuomotor control of arm posture). Our findings provide evidence for cortical involvement during control of stabilization in a constant arm position. A visuomotor error network appears to be active and may update motor commands for visuomotor control of arm posture.
Soleus single motor units show stronger coherence with Achilles tendon vibration across a broad bandwidth relative to medial gastrocnemius units while standing
Authors: Mildren Robyn L. , Peters Ryan M. , Carpenter Mark G. , Blouin Jean-Sébastien , Inglis J. Timothy
Published: September 2019

To probe the frequency characteristics of somatosensory responses in the triceps surae muscles, we previously applied suprathreshold noisy vibration to the Achilles tendon and correlated it with ongoing triceps surae muscle activity (recorded via surface EMG) during standing. Stronger responses to tendon stimuli were observed in soleus (Sol) relative to medial gastrocnemius (MGas) surface EMG; however, it is unknown whether differences in motor unit activity or limitations of surface EMG could have influenced this finding. Here, we inserted indwelling EMG into Sol and MGas to record the activity of single motor units while we applied noisy vibration (10–115 Hz) to the right Achilles tendon of standing participants. We analyzed the relationship between vibration acceleration and the spike activity of active single motor units through estimates of coherence, gain, phase, and cross-covariance. We also applied sinusoidal vibration at frequencies from 10 to 100 Hz (in 5-Hz increments) to examine whether motor units demonstrate nonlinear synchronization or phase locking at higher frequencies. Relative to MGas single motor units, Sol units demonstrated stronger coherence and higher gain with noisy vibration across a bandwidth of 7–68 Hz, and larger peak-to-peak cross-covariance at all four stimulus amplitudes examined. Sol and MGas motor unit activity was modulated over the time course of the sinusoidal stimuli across all frequencies, but their phase-locking behavior was minimal. These findings suggest Sol plays a prominent role in responding to disturbances transmitted through the Achilles tendon across a broad frequency band during standing.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY We examined the relationship between Achilles tendon stimuli and spike times of single soleus (Sol) and medial gastrocnemius (MGas) motor units during standing. Relative to MGas, Sol units demonstrated stronger coherence and higher gain with noisy stimuli across a bandwidth of 7–68 Hz. Sol and MGas units demonstrated minimal nonlinear phase locking with sinusoidal stimuli. These findings indicate Sol plays a prominent role in responding to tendon stimuli across a broad frequency band.
Oral Hyaluronic Acid Supplementation for the Treatment of Dry Eye Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kim Yeseul , Moon Chan Hee , Kim Bo-Yeon , Jang Sun Young
Published: September 2019

Purpose. To evaluate the clinical efficacy of oral hyaluronic acid (HA) in patients with dry eye disease (DED). Study Design. Prospective randomized controlled trial. Methods. This trial enrolled 54 subjects and they were randomized into the study or control group. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) >18 years of age; (2) distance best-corrected visual acuity ≥ 20/40 Snellen equivalent in each eye; (3) IOP ≤ 21 mmHg in both eyes; (4) ocular surface disease index (OSDI) score of ≥18 and <65; (5) <10 seconds of tear break up time (TBUT); (6) >5 corneal spots of corneal fluorescein staining (CFS); and (7) ≤ 10 mm/5 min of the Schirmer test. All subjects were treated with a topical HA, and the study group was supplemented with oral HA. OSDI, TBUT, CFS, and the Schirmer test were evaluated for ocular surface parameters. Results. 24 patients were assigned in the study group. Significant improvement of OSDI, TBUT, and CFS was observed at 1 month and 3 months after oral HA administration in the study group. At baseline and follow-up at 1 and 3 months, OSDI scores were 61.8 ± 16.2, 47.3 ± 11.6, and 42.3 ± 9.1, respectively (P<0.001). TBUT was improved after treatment for 1 month and 3 months (4.2 ± 1.1; P=0.005 and 4.7 ± 1.1; P<0.012). There were also statistically significant improvements in the CSF (1.8 ± 1.0, 0.8 ± 0.7; P<0.001) at baseline compared with those at 1 month. Conclusions. A combined supplement of both oral and topical HA more efficiently improves corneal epithelial wound healing and related symptoms than topical HA alone, in DED.
The Phenotypes of Proliferating Glioblastoma Cells Reside on a Single Axis of Variation
Authors: Wang Lin , Babikir Husam , Müller Sören , Yagnik Garima , Shamardani Karin , Catalan Francisca , Kohanbash Gary , Alvarado Beatriz , Di Lullo Elizabeth , Kriegstein Arnold , Shah Sumedh , Wadhwa Harsh , Chang Susan M. , Phillips Joanna J. , Aghi Manish K. , Diaz Aaron A.
Published: September 2019

Although tumor-propagating cells can be derived from glioblastomas (GBM) of the proneural and mesenchymal subtypes, a glioma stem-like cell (GSC) of the classic subtype has not been identified. It is unclear whether mesenchymal GSCs (mGSC) and/or proneural GSCs (pGSC) alone are sufficient to generate the heterogeneity observed in GBM. We performed single-cell/single-nucleus RNA sequencing of 28 gliomas, and single-cell ATAC sequencing for 8 cases. We found that GBM GSCs reside on a single axis of variation, ranging from proneural to mesenchymal. In silico lineage tracing using both transcriptomics and genetics supports mGSCs as the progenitors of pGSCs. Dual inhibition of pGSC-enriched and mGSC-enriched growth and survival pathways provides a more complete treatment than combinations targeting one GSC phenotype alone. This study sheds light on a long-standing debate regarding lineage relationships among GSCs and presents a paradigm by which personalized combination therapies can be derived from single-cell RNA signatures, to overcome intratumor heterogeneity.

Significance:

Tumor-propagating cells can be derived from mesenchymal and proneural glioblastomas. However, a stem cell of the classic subtype has yet to be demonstrated. We show that classic-subtype gliomas are comprised of proneural and mesenchymal cells. This study sheds light on a long-standing debate regarding lineage relationships between glioma cell types.

See related commentary by Fine, p. 1650.

This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1631
Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Community-Acquired versus Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Huang Linxi , Xue Cheng , Kuai Jianke , Ruan Mengna , Yang Bo , Chen Xujiao , Zhang Yu , Qian Yixin , Wu Jun , Zhao Xuezhi , Mei Changlin , Xu Jing , Mao Zhiguo
Published: September 2019

Background: The different clinical characteristics of community-acquired acute kidney injury (CA-AKI) versus hospital-acquired AKI (HA-AKI) have remained inconclusive, and thus, a meta-analysis was conducted to summarize and quantify the clinical significance distinguishing the 2 types of AKI. Methods: We identified observational studies reporting the clinical characteristics and prognosis of HA-AKI and CA-AKI. ORs and mean differences (MDs) were extracted for each outcome and the results aggregated. The primary outcome was defined as the mortality rate; renal recovery, oliguria incidence, dialysis, intensive care unit (ICU) requirement, and length of hospital stay were secondary outcomes. Results: Fifteen eligible studies involving 46,157 patients (22,791 CA-AKI patients and 23,366 HA-AKI patients) were included. Mortality was significantly lower in CA-AKI than in HA-AKI patients, with an OR of 0.43 (95% CI 0.35–0.53). The incidence of oliguria and need for ICU were also lower in CA-AKI patients (OR 0.58, 95% CI 0.38–0.88; OR 0.24, 95% CI 0.14–0.40, respectively). CA-AKI patients had a shorter hospital stay (MD –9.42, 95% CI –13.73 to –5.12). The renal recovery rate and dialysis need between CA- and HA-AKI were similar (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.53–3.02; OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.82–1.34, respectively). Conclusions: CA-AKI showed better clinical manifestations with a lower incidence of oliguria, reduced risk of ICU treatment, and shorter hospital stay. Mortality associated with CA-AKI was lower compared with HA-AKI, indicating a better prognosis. The rate of renal recovery and need for dialysis showed no significant difference between the 2 groups.
Avaliação do comportamento mecânico dos polímeros ABS e PLA em impressão 3D visando simulação de desempenho estrutural
Authors: Martinez Andressa Carmo Pena , Souza Douglas Lopes de , Santos Denise Mônaco dos , Pedroti Leonardo Gonçalves , Carlo Joyce Correna , Martins Marianna Auxiliadora Dias
Published: September 2019

Aplicações na arquitetura, engenharia e construção estão ampliando o interesse da impressão 3D. No entanto, limitações da produção, dentre as quais inclui-se a performance estrutural, ainda impedem o uso significativo desta tecnologia. Neste sentido, este artigo apresenta parte da pesquisa de simulação e otimização estrutural e objetiva estudar o comportamento mecânico de polímeros ABS e PLA, sob a forma de filamentos termoplásticos, comumente utilizados em impressoras 3D de baixo custo. Ele apresenta os resultados preliminares de avaliação do comportamento mecânico do ABS e PLA, segundo as normas ASTM E2954 e ASTM D790, que estabelecem métodos para testes de compressão axial e flexão de três pontos para matriz plástica e polimérica. A partir dos ensaios destrutivos dos modelos físicos, vislumbra-se a criação de modelos numéricos estruturais, e a definição de novos algoritmos e componentes no Grasshopper, que facilitem a simulação computacional e otimização estrutural de peças, bem como a maior precisão de seu comportamento mecânico pós-produção.
Keeping the System Going: Social Design and the Reproduction of Inequalities in Neoliberal Times
Authors: Julier Guy , Kimbell Lucy
Published: September 2019

The reproduction of inequalities is a necessary product of neoliberal economic systems. Meanwhile, attempts to ameliorate this within social design actually perpetuate this situation. This, we argue, is partly due to the institutional configuration of design whose precarious professional norms mitigate against long-term consolidation. Relatedly, this struggle for recognition produces a kind of performativity of social design that draws the focus of practice away from the problems it seeks to address.
Why the Epistemic Value of Fictional Literature Does Not Depend Crucially on Its Fictionality
Authors: Gregor Kerstin , Neuß Steffen
Published: September 2019

Mitchell Greenʼs conception of the thesis of Literary Cognitivism states that literary fiction can be a source of knowledge that depends crucially on its being fictional. By a modal argument the authors show that the criterion of fictionality cannot be crucial to the epistemic value of literary fiction. Rather, it lays in a certain kind of distance, e.g. a temporal, cultural, or interpersonal one. This will be motivated by drawing parallels to Gadamerʼs hermeneutics, especially his conception of fusion of horizons. In doing so, we agree with Green’s characterisation of knowledge that can be gained from engaging with literary fiction, but present a different approach to the source of this knowledge. At the same time, this approach enables us to extend the epistemic value of literary fiction both quantitatively and qualitatively.
A new species of Megalachne (Poaceae) endemic to Alejandro Selkirk Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile

Authors: PENNECKAMP FURNIEL DIEGO , ROJAS VILLEGAS GLORIA
Published: September 2019

A new species of Megalachne (Poaceae) endemic to Alejandro Selkirk Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile, is described and illustrated, based on morphological characters. This species is differentiated from others of the genus by its long lemma awn (5–8.5 cm) and by the number of flowers in the spikelet (2–4). The taxon has been reported previously for Juan Fernandez endemic flora, but without formal description.
Portraying the Impact of the Tibetan Plateau on Global Climate
Authors: Yang Haijun , Shen Xingchen , Yao Jie , Wen Qin
Published: September 2019

As the most extensive highland in the world, the Tibetan Plateau (TP) plays an important role in shaping the global climate. Quantifying the effect of the TP on global climate is the first step for a full understanding of the TP’s standing on planet Earth. Through coupled model sensitivity experiments, we draw a panorama of the TP’s global impact in this paper. Our model results show that the absence of the TP would result in a 4°C colder and 10% drier climate in the Northern Hemisphere (NH). The TP has a striking remote effect on the North Atlantic. Removing the TP would enhance the westerlies in the mid- to high latitudes of the NH and weaken the easterlies over the tropical Pacific. More moisture would be relocated from the tropical Pacific to the North Atlantic, shutting down the Atlantic thermohaline circulation, which would eventually result in more than 15°C colder and 20% drier climate over the North Atlantic. Our model results suggest that the presence of the TP may have contributed greatly to the hospitable modern climate in the NH, by promoting the establishment of the thermohaline circulation in the Atlantic, and therefore enhancing the northward ocean heat transport and atmosphere moisture transport across the equator.
The role of single pill combination therapy in the prevention of ischaemic stroke
Authors: Ho Wan Y , Abdul-Rahim Azmil H , Dawson Jesse , Cameron Alan C
Published: September 2019

Background and aims

The role of single pill combination therapy for stroke prevention remains to be established. We explored the perspectives of stroke survivors and healthcare professionals on single pill combination therapy for stroke prevention.

Methods

We conducted focus groups involving stroke survivors and healthcare professionals.

Results

We recruited six stroke survivors: four (67%) were female and mean age was 70 ± 12 years; and eight healthcare professionals (three Stroke Consultants, two Nurse Specialists, three General Practitioners). Improved adherence is the main perceived benefit of single pill combination therapy, although concerns exist surrounding less individualised care, unsuitability for use in the acute setting, reduced ability to titrate doses and difficulty identifying the cause of side effects. The clinical stability of patients, alongside single pill combination therapy efficacy, cost, side effect profile and evidence base for impact on risk factors and clinical outcomes are key factors influencing acceptability. Stroke survivors and healthcare professionals feel single pill combination therapy is most suitable for stable patients, although there is no evidence base for its use in this context.

Conclusion

Stroke healthcare professionals and stroke survivors are most amenable to using single pill combination therapy for stable patients, although its role in this context should be evaluated in studies with risk factor targets and clinical outcomes as endpoints.
Attachment and post-traumatic stress in victims of interpersonal trauma: The mediating role of emotion-focused coping
Authors: Anderson Gabrial T. , Kosloff Spee
Published: September 2019

Two studies examined whether negative emotion-focused coping accounts for associations between attachment insecurity and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTS). Victims of physical or sexual assault ( N Study1 = 71; N Study2 = 250) completed measures of attachment, negative emotion-focused coping, and PTS. Associations between attachment-avoidance and PTS were mediated by suppressive emotion-focused coping, and associations between attachment-anxiety and PTS were mediated by ruminative emotion-focused coping. Results replicated across two independent samples, but also supported a generalized view of the mediating processes involved.
The Emergency Resiliency Initiative: A Pilot Mindfulness Intervention Program
Authors: Muir K. Jane , Keim-Malpass Jessica
Published: September 2019

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of a pilot mindfulness intervention program, the Emergency Resiliency Initiative (ERI), as well as to investigate changes in burnout scores and key drivers to burnout among registered nurses (RNs) and patient care technicians (PCTs) in a Level 1 trauma center emergency department (ED). Design: A mixed methods pre/post study with data collection points before and after the 3-month intervention. Method: Three mindfulness educational/experiential sessions were delivered once a month at staff meetings with topic themes of Introduction to Mindfulness, Practical Applications of Mindfulness, and Cultivating Compassion. Participants were asked to complete a minimum of two weekly 5-minute meditations. Burnout scores were assessed using the Maslach Burnout Inventory at preintervention (baseline) and postintervention. Findings: From the pre- ( n = 35) to post- ( n = 26) intervention period there was a significant increase in personal accomplishment scores ( p = .01) and decrease in emotional exhaustion scores ( p = .03) for RNs and PCTs combined. Qualitative interviews revealed five burnout-related themes: (a) prioritization distress, (b) change fatigue, (c) self-protection through superficiality, (d) intentional response, and (e) community amid chaos. Conclusion: The ERI was a feasible and acceptable program associated with improvements in burnout scores. Qualitative interviews revealed the positive impacts of mindfulness on ED clinician resiliency and identified future opportunities to address burnout from a holistic perspective.
Voices off: Stanley Milgram’s cyranoids in historical context
Authors: Holmes Marcia , Pick Daniel
Published: September 2019

This article revisits a forgotten, late project by the social psychologist Stanley Milgram: the ‘cyranoid’ studies he conducted from 1977 to 1984. These investigations, inspired by the play Cyrano de Bergerac, explored how individuals often fail to notice when others do not speak their own thoughts, but instead relay messages from a hidden source. We situate these experiments amidst the intellectual, cultural, and political concerns of late Cold War America, and show how Milgram’s studies pulled together a variety of ideas, anxieties, and interests that were prevalent at that time and have returned in new guises since. In discussing the cyranoid project’s background and afterlife, we argue that its strikingly equivocal quality has lent itself to multiple reinterpretations by historians, psychologists, performers, artists, and others. Our purpose is neither to champion Milgram’s work nor to amplify the critiques already made of his methods. Rather, it is to consider the uncertain, allusive, and elusive aspects of the cyranoid project, and to seek to place that project in context, whilst asking where ‘context’ might end. We show how the experiments’ range of meanings, in different temporal registers, far exceeded the explanatory rubric that Milgram and his intellectual critics provided at that time, and ponder the risk for the historian of making anachronistic or teleological assumptions. In short, we argue, cyranoids invite our open-ended exploration of ‘voices offstage’ in social and psychological relations, and offer a useful tool for thinking about historical context and the nature of historical interpretations.
Investigation on thrust force in rotary ultrasonic drilling of CFRP/aluminum stacks
Authors: Dong Song , Liao Wenhe , Zheng Kan , Ma Wenrui
Published: September 2019

The stacks of carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) and aluminum are widely used in aviation industry due to its excellent mechanical and physical properties. Recently, rotary ultrasonic drilling technology which is recognized as a useful machining method has been introduced to machining these stacks. Thrust force influences the machinability directly such as tool wear, cutting temperature, and hole qualities. In this study, a theoretical model of thrust force for rotary ultrasonic drilling of CFRP/aluminum stacks is proposed. Based on the analysis of kinematic characteristics, the axial uncut chip thickness of rotary ultrasonic drilling is presented. Then the whole machining process of stacks is divided into five different states. Forces on cutting edge and chisel edge in different materials are modeled, respectively. After that, the thrust forces of five-state rotary ultrasonic drilling process are achieved by integrating with integral limits analysis in each state. Finally, verification experiments are conducted, and experimental results show that the trends of thrust forces agree well with the thrust force model. Therefore, this theoretical model can be used to evaluate the thrust force in rotary ultrasonic drilling of CFRP/aluminum stacks.
Subtle activism: Using the library exhibit as a social justice tool
Authors: Simms Sarah , Johnson Hayley
Published: September 2019

The library as the cultural and scholarly heart of both the academic and broader community invites and necessitates a deeper look into presenting hidden and oftentimes uncomfortable histories. Johnson and Simms propose that the use of grant-funded exhibitions within the space of an academic library can be a mechanism to jump-start social justice advocacy. When utilized to highlight difficult histories and spark conversations within the community, these exhibitions can positively impact both the community within the college or university, as well as the surrounding non-academic community. Two librarians used exhibitions within the library to showcase regional history pertinent to the university and broader community, including issues around race, slavery and the civil rights movement to spark conversation and to fill a scholarly void. By visually representing uncomfortable and oftentimes forgotten history, these exhibits became a source of scholarly discourse both in the classroom and within the larger community.
Cytomegalovirus-associated acute respiratory failure in lupus patients: case reports in relation to cytomegalovirus biology
Authors: Feng X G , Lin G Y , Tang Y S , Wu P F
Published: September 2019

With the wide use of immunosuppressive agents, life-threatening cytomegalovirus-associated acute respiratory failure occurs frequently. However, this condition is yet to be fully recognized and the therapeutic approach to it can only be based on comprehensive protocols rather than the biological characteristics of cytomegalovirus. We describe three acute respiratory failure events that were related to the pathogenicity of cytomegalovirus, the primary cytopathic effect and secondary antiviral immunity-mediated damage. All cytomegalovirus infection occurred after immunosuppressive usage while the acute respiratory failure events took place in different clinical settings. The first acute respiratory failure event originated from the immunoinflammatory response after cytomegalovirus infection was circumscribed, while the second resulted from cytomegalovirus reactivation and the third was caused by the combined effect of acute cytomegalovirus infection and the subsequent immunoinflammatory response. According to the clinical setting, corresponding therapeutic approaches (sequential or combined strategy) were carried out. All the patients here presented were responsive to the above therapeutic strategies. Consequently, cytomegalovirus-associated acute respiratory failure in systemic lupus erythematosus patients should be carefully differentiated and a sequential or combined strategy should be carried out according to the clinical setting. Overall, we find that there are three patterns of cytomegalovirus-associated acute respiratory failure in systemic lupus erythematosus patients and propose a novel therapeutic strategy in relation to cytomegalovirus biology.
Systemic lupus erythematosus and pregnancy: the challenge of improving antenatal care and outcomes
Authors: Pastore D E A , Costa M L , Surita F G
Published: September 2019

Objectives

The objective of this article is to describe maternal and perinatal outcomes in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) followed in a high-risk prenatal outpatient clinic at a referral center.

Methods

This observational study included pregnant women with SLE who underwent prenatal follow-up and childbirth at the Women’s Hospital, University of Campinas, from January 2012 to January 2018. All women were followed according to the institution’s protocol for pregnant women with SLE. They were subdivided into two groups according to the presence of disease activity during the preconception and gestation periods, and evaluated according to the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Disease Activity Index and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Pregnancy Disease Activity Index scales. Data were retrieved from patients’ medical records. Chi-square, Fisher exact and Mann-Whitney tests and multivariable analyses were performed. Statistical significance level was 5% ( p < .05).

Results

A total of 125 cases were initially included; those who were lost to follow-up or gave birth at another hospital were further excluded, with 102 pregnancies (of 95 women) remaining. The mean age of the women was 27.7 years (SD 5.44), and 48% were in their first gestation. The average duration of disease was 6.79 years (SD 5.38), with 92.1% receiving SLE-specific therapy. SLE flare occurred in 8.9% during the preconception period and 23.5% during gestation. Preterm premature rupture of membranes (16.6%), preeclampsia or eclampsia (15.6%) and preterm labor (12.7%) were the most frequent complications. The mean gestational age at birth was 34.4 weeks (SD 5.9); the preterm birth rate was 46.8%, the low birth weight rate was 35.1%, and intensive neonatal care admission was 40.4%. Four fetal deaths and one maternal death occurred, all of them in the group with SLE flares. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that preconception lupus activity had a six-fold increased rate of gestational loss (odds ratio (OR): 6.14 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26–29.99)), and lupus activity during pregnancy had a five-fold increased rate of prematurity at less than 34 weeks (OR: 5.02 (95% CI: 1.90–13.30)).

Conclusions

Despite the low percentages of women with pregestational and pregnancy-active disease, we found high incidences of maternal and perinatal complications. Preconception SLE activity increased gestational loss, and SLE activity during pregnancy increased prematurity. Effective immunosuppressive therapy was able to decrease clinical and laboratory activity of SLE; however, unfavorable perinatal outcomes still occurred, even when lupus activity was under control. Pregnancy in women with SLE is always a challenge.
Thinking as “Thinging”: Psychology With Things
Authors: Malafouris Lambros
Published: September 2019

We live and we think inside a world of things made and found. Still, psychological science has shown little interest in understanding the exact nature of the relation between cognition and material culture. As a result, the diachronic influence and transformative potential of things in human mental life remains little understood. Most psychologists would see things as external and passive: the lifeless objects of human consciousness, perception, and memory. On the contrary, my main argument in this article is that things matter to human psychology and should be taken seriously. Although things usually pass unnoticed, they are anything but trivial. Things have a special place in human cognitive life and evolution. We think “with” and “through” things, not simply “about” things. In that sense, things occupy the middle space in between what are usually referred to as mind and matter. Material-engagement theory provides a way to describe and study that middle space where brain, body, and culture are conflated.
Personalising music for more effective mood induction: Exploring activation, underlying mechanisms, emotional intelligence, and motives in mood regulation
Authors: Völker Juliane
Published: September 2019

The present studies investigated the effects of personal (i.e., self-selected) music and music pre-selected by the researcher on the induction of sadness and joy while taking into consideration the influences of perceptual and individual factors in line with a reciprocal-feedback model (RFM). Regarding music perception, spreading activation in the cognitive network triggered by music and the BRECVEMA (Brain stem reflexes, Rhythmic entrainment, Evaluative conditioning, Contagion, Visual imagery, Episodic memory, Musical expectancy, Aesthetic judgement) mechanisms underlying musical emotions were explored using quantitative and qualitative self-reports. For individual factors, trait and ability emotional intelligence and motives in mood regulation were controlled. Results from the pilot study (Study 1, N = 66) confirm that music chosen by participants exerts stronger effects on reported mood, and that sadness and joy are evoked primarily by contagion and episodic memory associated with music. Study 2 ( N = 149) replicated and extended these findings. Reports of a conscious marker for spreading cognitive activation (e.g., familiarity or engagement with the music) was higher when listening to personal music, yet also when inducing joy. When sadness was induced, higher activation was also related to participants’ more frequent reports of BRECVEMA mechanisms. For emotional intelligence, clarity of emotions promotes joy while management of emotions promotes sadness. Emotion recognition impairs induction of both moods. Motives of discharge, mental work, and solace influence inductions of sadness, and diversion influences inductions of joy. Finally, the RFM provides a comprehensive conceptualisation of mood induction, integrating situation, music, and listener.