bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Specifying Power:Sacramental Signification in Calvin’s Theology of the Eucharist
Authors: Elwood Christopher
Published: November 2023

In 1541 a small theological work, written in French, came off the presses of the Genevan printer Michel du Bois with the title Petit traicte de la saincte Cene du nostre Seigneur Jesus Christ, or Short Treatise on the Holy Supper of our Lord Jesus Christ.1 The author was the pastor and teacher Jean Calvin, who would return to Geneva in September of that year to resume his duties in the city after a period of exile spent principally in Strasbourg. This was not Calvin’s first written treatment of the eucharist, but it marked the first occasion on which his attention was given over wholly to the topic. The treatise also stands as Calvin’s first attempt to give a comprehensive account of his sacramental position in the French language.2 The 1540s would see a number of productions from Calvin’s pen that would bear significantly on the formation of a consolidated position on the eucharist within the Reformed party in general and, more particularly, within that part of the movement that was making steady inroads in France. Among these writings, those written in the vernacular exerted the greatest influence on the French populace, since they were designed to appeal directly to lay readers who lacked any formal Latin or theological education. In addition to the Short Treatise on the Holy Supper, which would appear in at least four separate editions before the end of the decade, Calvin produced in 1541 his Institution de la religion chrestienne, a translation into French of his first revision of the Latin Institutio christianae religionis, or Institutes of the Christian Religion.
Basic concepts of Criminal law
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

Criminal law, according to George Fletcher, has become localized law in the sense that each country and, within the USA, each state has adopted its own set of criminal codes, conceptions of punishable behaviour, etc. In this book, Fletcher maintains that there is much greater unity among diverse systems of criminal justice than commonly realized, and that any adequate system of criminal law necessarily must address a set of universal, basic issues. He introduces and sets out the twelve concepts that shape and guide every system of criminal justice, knowledge of which is essential to understanding the structure of the law and its local and national variations.
Attempts versus Completed Offenses
Authors: Fletcher George P
Published: November 2023

Murder, theft, rape, arson, robbery, and the other hard-core felonies leave damage in their wake. The decedent is killed; the property taken; the body violated. Crime consists in an attack against a tangible human interest. The crime succeeds when the goods of life, limb, property, and freedom fall hostage to hostile intentions. At the core of the criminal law, then, there lies a victim. One function of criminal proceedings is to address the victim’s sense of having suffered unjustly. The victim demands justice-both in seeing the criminal brought to account and even in seeing the offender suffer as the victim has suffered. But retribution is not the only function of punishment. Crimes also threaten the public interest in security. Accordingly, the state takes charge of prosecuting criminals. But the pursuit of justice in response to a crime eventually gives rise to a more basic question: Would it not make sense to intervene and prevent harm before it occurs? If the would-be offender is about to kill or rape, why not stop him at that point and convict him of the crime? Thus was born the idea of attempted crime.
“East Of The Sun And West Of The Moon”: Victorians and Fairy Brides
Authors: Silver Carole G
Published: November 2023

While Most Victorian Folklorists agreed that fairies were of both sexes, they were particularly drawn to the females of the elfin species. What is more surprising, at first glance, is their special interest in married fairy women-those wedded to mortal men. These fairy brides or swan maidens, as they were often called, were figures derived primarily from English and continental folklore rather than from romance or literary fairy tale (though they had been incorporated into these genres). Re peatedly analyzed in the works of the numerous amateur and professional folklorists who collected, chronicled, and studied materials about them, their personalities and behavior were endlessly fascinating to the Victorians. Moreover, it is not coincidental that the Victorian preoccupation with fairy brides reached its zenith in the 1880s and \Jos, when the debates on other issues pertaining to women-their right to keep their property in marriage and their right to separate from abusive mates (or even to divorce them)-were also escalating. The figure of the supernatural wife and the discussion of her rights and duties thus came to occupy an important and controversial place in the Victorian imagination.
Farewell To The Fairies
Authors: Silver Carole G
Published: November 2023

The Fairies Have Been Leaving England since the fourteenth century—at least according to Chaucer’s Wife of Bath—but despite their perpetual farewells they had not completely vanished from Great Britain by the 1920s, and, some argue, they have not yet left. The spreading of the towns and the growing urbanization of former country people, the growth of standardized education and the elevation of science, the widespread materialism, the power of official religion, whether Roman Catholicism in Ireland, Presbyterianism in Scotland or Methodism in Wales, were all among the factors blamed for their demise. Paradoxically, however, it was their very prominence-their popularity especially after the turn of the century-that seems to have hastened their ostensible departure.
A Black Man in Jewface
Authors: Melnick Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

In his printed autobiography, the African American stride pianist Willie the Lion Smith outlines unflinchingly how musical materials circulated in New York during the 1910s and 1920s. Throughout this “as-told-to” memoir Smith relates how non-African Americans (usually Jews) appropriated musical styles developed by African Americans. Smith offers one anecdote in particular that provides a sharp accounting of the complex interactions between Jewish and African American musicians in the age of ragtime and jazz. He tells of a party he attended in 1924 (along with fellow piano players Fats Waller and James P. Johnson) that celebrated the debut of George Gershwin’s Rhapsody in Blue at Paul Whiteman’s famous Aeolian Hall concert.
Incognito Ergo Sum
Authors: Newton Adam Zachary
Published: November 2023

The epigraph to this essay traces parallel lines from lineage to culture to exile to desire (for redemption), but the vantage point in Joyce’s most modernist of texts is purposely retrospect. With modernity added as a fifth element to Joyce’s cultural itinerary, and with American blacks and American Jews standing in for Hebrews and Gaels, the trajectories marked out by the five texts I discuss in this essay become visible. The Rise of David Levinsky, by Abraham Cahan; The Autobiography of an Ex-Colored Man, by James Weldon Johnson; Passing, by Nella Larsen; and “Soap and Water” and “Children of Loneliness,” by Anzia Yezierska: each of these fictions offers a study in ethnic erasure and self-fashioning. In each, what classical poetics calls recognition—albeit amplified from plot lineaments to the thematic and the political—takes the form of that small mark either linking (hyphen) or subtracting (minus sign) “American” to and from ethnoracial identity-the sign that one’s people is inflected by modernity. Though the mark itself is actually visible only in the case of the Ex-Colored Man—it hyphenates his very name—it plays no less a constitutive role for the protagonists of the other fictions in as much as they ride or pass under its sign.
The Homeric Wars Through Shakespeare
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

My object in this chapter is to examine how two great poets, in works composed some twenty-three centuries apart, address the humanitarian principles or norms of chivalry supposedly practiced in the Trojan wars. These wars are an established legend with some loose connection to conflicts estimated to have taken place between the fourteenth and twelfth centuries BC. The fall of Troy probably happened in the mid-thirteenth century BC and the Iliad was composed a long time thereafter.
Principle Under Stress
Authors: Meron Theodor
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, I address Shakespeare’s discussion of how the principles of chivalry fare under the stress of factors such as necessity, reprisal, vengeance, anger and Staatsraison. I focus on mercy and quarter, treatment of women and oaths. Although I concentrate on the violations, I do not intend to imply that the rules were “[m]ore honoured in the breach than the observance” (Hamlet, I.iv.18). Actually, principles of chivalry were generally respected in medieval warfare. However, the violations, especially those on a large scale or with regard to prominent persons, the conflicts and the behaviour under pressure naturally attracted chroniclers, poets and dramatists.
Strangers within Their Borders: Esulalu Religion in the Era of French Expansion, 1800-1880
Authors: Baum Robert M
Published: November 2023

During the first eighty years of the nineteenth century, the French expanded their activities in the Casamance from sporadic trading expeditions to permanent settlements, while gaining formal recognition of French sovereignty over the Diola townships. During this period, however, they did not attempt to establish the type of formal control expressed in taxation, forced labor, and land cessions typical of their activities in northern Senegal or seek to regulate the internal affairs of the Diola townships. Rather than French administrators, African Muslim and Lusa-African traders were the primary representatives of French expansion. These groups established a series of small villages throughout the region, including Esulalu.
Aitareya Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Aitareya Upanisad consists of chapters 4-6 of the second book of the Aitareya Āraiyaka, which has altogether five books. The Arai:iyaka itself is part of the Aitareya Brahmana belonging to the Aitareya school of the gveda. The distinction between the Upanisad proper and the rest of the Āraiyaka is somewhat artificial, there being little difference in the topics covered. Indeed, the third book explicitly calls itself Sarhita Upani!.,ad, and the second book contains speculations on the gvedic recitation, Uktha, a subject treated in several Upanisads. The native tradition itself considers the Aravyaka to contain three Upanisads: the first consists of chapters 1-3 of book 2; the second is our Upanisad; and the third consists of book 3. On the issue of the Upanisads contained in the AA, see Keith (1909, 39-52).
Mundaka Upanisad
Authors: Olivelle Patrick
Published: November 2023

The Mun.Qaka Upanisad does not form part of a larger Vedic text, although tradition ascribes it to the Atharvaveda. This ascription, however, should not be taken too seriously, because most later Upanisads that did not form part of any other vedic collection were, almost by default, ascribed to the Atharvaveda. The title “MUndaka” has been the subject of some discussion. It literally means “shaven” or “shaven-headed;’ On the basis of this title, some have suggested that the MuU was composed by and/or intended for shaven-headed ascetics. They have interpreted the “head-vow” (sirovrata) mentioned at the conclusion of the Upanisad as a reference to the shaving of the head and as another indication that the text was meant for ascetics. Although such an interpretation is plausible, especially in light of the MuU’s antiritual attitude and its use of the terms yat probably in the sense of ascetic (MuU 3.1.5; 3.2.6), and sarJznyiisa, in the sense of ascetic renunciation (MuU 3.2.6), I do not think it is certain. The text also uses the term mw:u;laka for “chapter,” clearly an unusual term.
Historical Pedagogy
Authors: Stevenson William R
Published: November 2023

When combined with a strong identification by believers of God’s providential intention and design, Calvin’s third part of Christian freedom places those believers in an “indifferent” pose toward certain cultural “outward” things, thereby implying the possibility of real historical progress and even revolutionary change. On the other hand, however, this third part-freedom from the adiaphora-also, and as important, reminds believers of the indeterminacy, the ambiguity, even the apparent “contingency” (contingentia) (1.16.9, 210) of God’s providence. It reminds them that history unfolds not as their story but as God’s story. And God’s specific purposes and directions are not always manifest. The other side of freedom as indifference to cultural forms, therefore, tells believers that any particular culture or tradition, far from being idiosyncratic, signifies a clear and potentially crucial stage in God’s unfolding providential design. As much as Christian freedom emancipates believers from their cultural, historical contexts, it grounds them even more firmly in the workings of God by means of such contexts.
Neo-slave Narratives
Authors: Rushdy Ashraf H A
Published: November 2023

NeoSlave Narratives is a study in the political, social, and cultural content of a given literary form--the novel of slavery cast as a first-person slave narrative. After discerning the social and historical factors surrounding the first appearance of that literary form in the 1960s, NeoSlave Narratives explores the complex relationship between nostalgia and critique, while asking how African American intellectuals at different points between 1976 and 1990 remember and use the site of slavery to represent the crucial cultural debates that arose during the sixties.
Kingdoms in Crisis: Vindicating the promise
Authors: Schniedewind William M
Published: November 2023

Archaeological excavations and surveys have made it clear that Jerusalem underwent a rapid urbanization, which began in the late eighth century. These demographic changes catapulted Jerusalem from a small isolated city into a major urban center. Jerusalem’s rapid growth was tied to two influxes of refugees. First, in the late eighth century, a large number of refugees fled south in the wake of Assyrian campaigns against the northern kingdom of Israel. These refugees were largely responsible for at least a fourfold increase in the size of the walled city of Jerusalem in the late eighth century BCE. A second wave of refugees into the Jerusalem environs in the early seventh century BCE, following the campaign of Sennacherib against Judah, further expanded the size of Jerusalem itself, as well as the density of agricultural settlements in its immediate vicinity. Accompanying these rapid demographic changes was political centralization. In the words of Johannes Pedersen, “When the northern kingdom collapsed, Jerusalem became the pivot round which everything turned.” This insight begs for further elaboration.
By The Waters Of BabyLon”: The Promise Fails
Authors: Schniedewind William M
Published: November 2023

The Babylonian exile is a watershed in the history of the Jewish people. The Davidic kingdom had come to an end. The Jerusalem temple was in ruins; the people, exiled. Although many remained in the land, life could not continue as normal. The social institutions of monarchy and temple that had dominated Judaean life for four centuries had vanished. A new imperial world order replaced them. Key religious, commercial, and administrative leaders were either killed, exiled, or fled to Egypt. Life-could not continue as it had before. The Babylonian exile precipitated a crisis that affected the sense of meaning and order. Not the least of the crisis was the failure of the Promise to David as it had come to be read. The Promise was a focal point for the institutional structure of Judah by the late monarchy, and consequently the need to make sense of the Promise during this crisis was acute. In the present chapter, we begin with observations about the sociopolitical context of the Babylonian exile before moving on to a specific analysis of the Promise.
“Her Laugh an Ace” The Function of Humor in Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine
Authors: Gleason William
Published: November 2023

Many Fariy reviewers of Louise Erdrich’s Love Medicine treat the novel as though it were at heart a tragic account of pain. They see Erdrich as merely a recorder of contemporary Indian suffering, as an evoker of her characters’ “conflicting feelings of pride and shame, guilt and rage—the disorderly intimacies of their lives on the reservation and their longings to escape.” These critics classify Love Medicine as “a tribal chronicle of defeat,” a “unique evocation of a culture in severe social ruin,” and an “appalling account of . . . impoverished, feckless lives far gone in alcoholism and promiscuity.” Each of these descriptions betrays a fundamental misunderstanding of the novel; any reckoning of Love Medicine as an ultimately tragic text begs contradiction.
Defining the Center of the Temple
Authors: Prentiss Karen Pechilis
Published: November 2023

The temple manager Ādityan Sūryan, who, it will be recalled, donated several images of the nāyaṉmār to the Rājarājeśvaram temple, was not the only temple authority to be mentioned in inscriptions or the most significant. There were, in fact, two other religious figures of greater importance at the temple. One was Carver Tevar, the “spiritual guru” of the king. The king and his guru were depicted together in a mural and possibly in stone, and Karuvūr Tēvar is credited with composing a poem, the Tiruvicaippā, in which the king is praised. Perhaps more important from an institutional point of view was Guru Iśana Śaiva Paṇḍita, the chief priest of the temple and a Śaiva Siddhāntin.
Introduction
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: November 2023

From the earliest days of the Christian church, preachers and theologians capitalized on scriptural images to establish firm bonds between faith and illumination, especially understood as intellectual insight or spiritual understanding. These connections, however, were variously drawn. Cyril of Jerusalem’s lenten lectures for the instruction of catechumens (ca. 349) illustrate two common ways of stating the relationship. Commenting on Heb. 1 I: I, Cyril compares faith to an eye and asserts that the expression “faith” can mean one of two things. First there is a “dogmatic faith” that is knowledge of and assent to a proposition, acquiescence that comes from one’s self and is directed toward divine truth. The second kind of faith is a supernaturally bestowed power to behold divine things beyond the natural human capacity: “For when it is enlightened by faith, the soul has visions of God, and contemplates God, as far as it may; it ranges over the bounds of the universe, and before the consummation of this world, beholds the judgment and the payment of promised rewards.” For Cyril, this power apparently follows upon the dogmatic assent, and then only when one “cherishes” that first type of faith. Like Cyril and countless others, John Calvin viewed faith as a special kind of perception that involved new ways of understanding and even seeing. He supported this notion by appealing to scripture and, again quite in keeping with the earlier tradition, sought to make sense of the variety of scriptural expression by distinguishing various aspects of faith.
From Fiducia to Cognitio
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the formation of Calvin’s views on faith at the beginning of his career and their relationship to developments in his theology as expressed in the Latin editions of the Institutes prior to 1559. This overview of Calvin’s concept of faith-as expressed in his summary of Christian doctrine 1536-1554-prepares for the investigation of the exegetical underpinnings of that concept in chapters 2, 3, and 4. The discussion will show that Calvin’s understanding of faith is an evolving one. The most important stage (1536-1539) reflects a significant development in or solidification of his theology as a whole. In these years he moves beyond the primarily “Lutheran” categories to new theological shores, bringing to expression views that are widely recognized to constitute his own mature position on theology and faith. However, the designation “mature” should not imply that Calvin’s views after 1539 remained static. To the contrary, they continued to evolve, though now in a clear direction. By tracing Calvin’s treatment of faith in the successive editions of the Institutes through the 1554 edition I will show how the expanding polemical context refined and sharpened the distinctions Calvin tried to draw between his definition of faith in 1539 and what he perceived to be false alternatives. Yet this is but one aspect of the continuing evolution of Calvin’s concept of faith. In order to gain more comprehensive insight into the blossoming of the view arrived at in 1539, I will need to consider, in subsequent chapters, the exegetical bases of and further influence on Calvin’s understanding of faith.
Providential Faith
Authors: Pitkin Barbara
Published: November 2023

Earlier I showed that one of Calvin’s main concerns in his discussion of providence in the 1539 Institutes is to defend the idea of God’s particular and special guidance of all changes in nature and events in history. Carnal sense, he argues, can perceive and contemplate “a general preserving or governing activity.” Faith, however, “ought to penetrate more deeply” and perceive not some universal guidance of the world but God’s sustenance, nourishment, and care for “everything he has made, even to the least sparrow.”‘ Over the next two decades, perceiving the doctrine of God’s special or particular providence to be increasingly under attack, Calvin continues his vigorous defense in various polemical writings: in his tracts against the Libertines and astrology, as well as in his defense of predestination and providence in responses to Giorgio Siculo and Pighius (1552) and Sebastian Castellio (1558). He frequently links the views of his opponents to particular phil osophical positions: a too great appreciation for Aristotelian secondary causes, the “Epicurean” notions of an idle god and governance by chance, Stoic determinism or naturalism, and a similar determinism leading to Libertine antinomianism. Su san Schreiner has argued that Calvin’s thinking about providence unfolds in these polemics but undergoes no fundamental changes. Hence these writings indicate the central problematic of providence and contribute greatly to our understanding of Calvin’s discussion of the topic in the Institutes. Yet with respect to the question of the relationship between faith and providence, their testimony is not especially illuminating. They only assert that the understanding of providence is not by reason but by faith; they do not tell us much about the character of this faith.
The Church Faces Death Ecclesiology in Search of Identity and Responsibility
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: November 2023

What Is It about the apprehension of death that is frightening? Are we simply afraid of the cessation of biological life, or of consciousness, or anxious because we are facing the unknown? Or is there even more to it-something in the occurrence of the apprehension itself that is an awakening, as from slumber, to the unavoidable and undeniable realization that we are facing death, that we are alive-facing-death, our death, and that we have it to face and to endure as a part of living? If this is so, if this is the nature and content of our apprehension of death, then is it not also possible that when the church as a human institution faces the prospect of its death, it faces its life, its terminus and its telos; it encounters an accounting for its raison d’etre and therefore its responsibility for its life and death, and the judgment of all that “church” stands for as a sign?
Taxonomies Paradox, Plurality, and the Enduring Genius of Church
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: November 2023

The drive to classify phenomena according to formal type is at least as old as Aristotle.1 Indeed, the need to develop taxonomies (the description of subjects by use of typological categories) goes hand in hand with the human urge to comprehend. The biblical story of Adam implies that “naming” is somehow a common task of humanity. It should come as no surprise that the use of formal analytical taxonomies to describe religion, in general, and the church, in particular, has had a long history, from the simple contrasts of Baal worship versus YHWH worship in the Old Testament to the sophisticated taxonomies of religious social organization in Max Weber and Ernst Troeltsch.
Confessions: A Preface to Ecclesiology
Authors: Jinkins Michael
Published: November 2023

On the sixteenth of April 1963, a young clergyman sat in the Birmingham, Alabama, city jail. He was there for leading a civil rights demonstration. As he sat in the cell that day, he wrote a letter that stands beside the Declaration of Independence, the Federalist Papers, and Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address as one of a handful of American documents that define and call into question our national character. The document also stands as a remarkable example of Christian theological reflection. The young minister: Martin Luther King, Jr. The document: the “Letter from Birmingham City Jail:’ He wrote the letter in response to an open letter, published the previous January, from eight leading white “liberal” clergymen, all from Alabama, who charged King’s civil rights efforts with being “unwise and untimely:’ There is an especially haunting passage in King’s letter that specifically pertains to our quest to understand how we go about describing church. It presses us as church to a position that simultaneously “confesses” both in the sense of a confession of sin and in the sense of a confession of faith.
The Enforcement of Anti-Miscegenation Laws *
Authors: Kennedy Randall
Published: November 2023

Hybridism is heinous. Impurity of races is against the law of nature. Mulattoes are monsters. The law of nature is the law of God. The same law which forbids consanguineous amalgamation forbids ethnical amalgamation. Both are incestuous. Amalgamation is incest.
Miscegenation in the Late Nineteenth-Century American Novel *
Authors: Andrews William L
Published: November 2023

In the writing of Charles W. Chesnutt, an Afro-American whose “color line” fiction achieved unprecedented notoriety at the turn of the twentieth century, the problem of miscegenation, its history, its causes, and its moral and social effects, became the unifying theme of an author’s entire oeuvre for the first time in American literature. In all three of Chesnutt’s published novels, the complex social and political problems which are treated appear against the background of suppressed or tragically resolved interracial love and miscegenation.1 It is important to re member, however, that the possibility of miscegenation as a consequence of the new post-Civil War racial “equality” in America was a question which a great many literary people, white and black, felt obliged to address in fiction. Many of these writers tried their hands at the novel of miscegenation, not merely out of an impulse to concoct a popular romance of forbidden interracial love or to engage in ritual pity for the “tragic mulatto”; directly or indirectly, their novels reflected and influenced most of the positions taken in the national debate over the moral, social, and political ramifications of black assimilation into the mainstream of white American life. Perhaps the key question facing America after emancipation was to what extent the newly-freed slaves could and should be assimilated into American society. Though many felt the granting of civil and political rights in the abstract through passage of the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments was sufficient aid to the black man in his upward struggle, others argued that greater vigilance was required to see that the black man could exercise his rights in fact as well as theory.
Miscegenationt
Authors: Dubois W E B
Published: November 2023

When back of all this one seeks scientific reasons, the path is singularly difficult. First of all, there is the basic question: What is a race? Usually we think of three main races, but Blumenbach found 5, Agassiz 8, Huxley 11, Haeckel 12, Topinard 18, Crawford 60, and Gliddon 150. The question of the number of human races has quite lost its raison d’etre, and has become a subject rather of philosophical speculation than of scientific research. It is of no more importance now to know how many human races there are than to know how many angels can dance on the point of a needle. Our aim now is to find out how ancient and primitive races developed from others, and how races have changed or evolved through migration and interbreeding. (Professor Felix Von Luschan in “Anthropological View of Race,” Inter-Racial Problems, 1911, pp. 16, 21, 22)
“Great Creating Nature”: How Human Economics Grows Out of Natural Increase
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter argued that we must change our thinking about eco nomic bonds and money, so that our moral and personal lives need no longer be at odds with our means of economic support. In this chapter I shall show how the mechanistic science and technology of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries divorced our economy from its traditional relation ship with natural productivity, how contemporary biological science, complexity theory, and synergetic production methods are on the way to restoring our economic connection with nature, and how Shakespeare can help us manage the transition from one to the other. If bonds are essentially exploitative, as in the Industrial Revolution model, then Cordelia is wrong to love her father according to her bond. But the play insists that she is right, which means that there must be a form of bond and a kind of productive activity that is not exploitative.
“The Quality of Mercy Is Not Strained”:Why Justice Must Be Lubricated with Mercy
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

Our investigation of the nature of bonds has raised a fundamental paradox, the need for the coexistence of mercy and justice. The task of this chapter is not to choose one at the expense of the other, nor to demonstrate that there is no real contradiction between them. It would be entirely against the spirit of Shakespeare to do either. What Shakespeare does in The Merchant of Venice is to accept the necessity and the mutual contradiction of mercy and justice, and to generate a dramatic world out of their continued struggle. As he develops a poetic vocabulary of metaphors and puns and plot twists and historical and mythological allusions to embody the struggle, the legal para dox of mercy and justice opens into wider and wider fields of relevance: morality, economics, physics, human physiology and evolution, religious history, theology, linguistics, aesthetics, cosmology. The point is not so much to resolve the paradox of mercy and justice, as it is to trace Shakespeare’s own demonstration of how the paradox constructs the world. The solution to its puzzles is not a neat one that would dispose of the problem once and for all, but rather the continuation of the struggle itself in the marketplace, under the sign of Mercury.
“Never Call a True Piece of Gold a Counterfeit”:How Does One Stamp a Value on a Coin and Make It Stick?
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

In the introductory chapter of this book we encountered the distinction be tween the metal value of a coin and its stamped or inscribed value. It was this distinction that enabled us to establish the idea of money as a kind of bond, a promissory note, albeit one that binds not two particular individuals with each other, but one unspecified individual-the “bearer”-with the whole community sharing a given currency. The distinction between the value of a coin as a financial instrument and its value as specie bears a close relationship to the distinctions we have investigated in the last two chapters, between the earned and the given, the willed and the accidental, the predictable and the risky, merit and luck, justice and mercy.
“Thou Owest God a Death”:Debt, Time, and the Parable of the Talents
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

In the Gospel of Matthew, 25:14-30, Jesus tells a remarkable parable. The kingdom of heaven, he says, is like a wealthy man who goes traveling and lends his three servants money (reckoned in weights of specie called talents) until his return. The servant that gets five talents uses the money to trade and doubles the money to ten, which he gives to his master on his return. The servant that gets two talents also doubles the money, to four, and ren ders it to his master. The wealthy man praises these two servants and pro motes them, effectively making them partners in his firm. The third servant buries his talent in the ground and repays it unrisked and unenhanced, ex plaining that he was afraid that the master, who has a hard reputation of reaping where he has not sown, would blame him if he lost the money in a risky venture. The master condemns him and orders the one talent to be taken away and given to the servant with ten talents, explaining angrily that the one-talent servant should at least have “put [the] money to the exchangers”-played the financial market-so that he could have given it back with usury (interest).
“Bounty ... That Grew the More for Reaping”: Why Creation Enters into Bonds
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

At the core of Shakespeare’s economics, as we have seen, is a radical vision of the world as spontaneously generating order, structure, and value in a continual self-metamorphosis. The notion of natural profit makes possible a world in which the zero of balanced accounts can yield a near-infinite return, in which market values and higher human values can be integrated with each other, in which mercy and gifts can coexist with justice and wages, in which coinage can meaningfully mediate between us and our world, and in which it becomes possible to beat the interest rate of thermodynamic decay charged on the debt of mortal existence. But though Shakespeare has in po etic and dramatic terms proved that natural profit and true human gift giving do happen, in the plays we have looked at he has only outlined and hinted at how they happen. Antony and Cleopatra takes up the challenge of explanation, in a way that constitutes a remarkably precise scientific analysis.
“Dear Life Redeems You”: The Economics of Resurrection
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

In the last scenes of The Winter’s Tale Shakespeare presents us with an extraordinary episode whose meaning is still being debated. Leontes, king of Sicily, has completed sixteen years of penance for a monstrous crime. He had falsely suspected his wife, Hermione, and his best friend, Polixenes, of having an adulterous affair. His tyrannous pursuit of this obsession had resulted in the apparent deaths of his entire family-his faithful wife, Hermione, his little boy, Mamillius, and his nameless newborn daughter, who had seemingly perished at sea or been abandoned to her death on a re mote seacoast. In the final scenes of the play the lost daughter, with the appropriate name Perdita, returns unharmed; and more marvelous still, Leontes’ friend Paulina shows him a statue of his dead wife, whose amazing artistic verisimilitude is confirmed when she moves, steps down from the pedestal, and warmly embraces her astonished husband. Of course there is an explanation-she had not really died and had been kept secretly in Paulina’s house. But Shakespeare did not find this episode in any of his sources-it is his own invention-and he keeps it deadly secret until the last scene. He even deliberately misleads us by having another character see a vision of Hermione’s ghost in a dream, a piece of theatrical legerdemain he never practices anywhere else. He is deliberately setting up a theatrical miracle, the equivalent in the art of drama to the magical feat of Pygmalion in sculpture, whose statue of Galatea, according to the myth, turned into a living woman.
“O Brave New World”:Shakespeare and the Economic Future
Authors: Turner Frederick
Published: November 2023

To judge from the number and popularity of books currently on the market that offer cures for distress, addiction, compulsiveness, depression, self destructiveness, dependency, and general dysfunction, our society is desperately in need of healing. Diagnoses of the causes of these problems vary widely. Traditional religious explanations put the blame on sin and separation from God. This approach at least credits humans with some free will and some responsibility for their own fate, and is unembarrassed by the task of calling good things good and evil things evil; and it seems to be effective for those committed to it. But other people find it lacking in compassion and accuse such moralists of “blaming the victim.” Moreover, the cure usually requires the one-way intervention of God, over which we have no control and for which we cannot take responsibility; and different religions and de nominations require different acts of faith and intellectual submission to authority to open the way. Postmodern liberal and radical social critics who take note of our malaise blame the political system, which in their opinion oppresses certain categories of people, such as ethnic minorities, women, and people of different sexual orientation. This account, however, cannot explain the highly democratic scope of misery in our society-white males, for instance, are no happier or better adjusted psychologically than anyone else. Moreover, the approach has an ugly tendency toward scapegoating and carries a splendid built-in excuse for wallowing in one’s dysfunction pending the arrival of a social revolution that is reassuringly unlikely.
The Theater, Steamships, and the Chañarcillo Hospice
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Have no doubt, all of this exists on that famous hill. The law of compensation is as true in the life of man and society as gravity in physical nature: good and evil are almost always balanced as if they shared this property of fluids. To anyone we hear complaining that there’s a subdelegate1 in Chanarcillo, we can say: but there are also some good things there, as should be the case, because everything cant be to our liking And, in fact, even this can be an excuse for giving up.
Carnival
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

All farewells are sad. Tears, sobs, or a mute, despairing ache are the unfailing companions of goodbyes. And yet, the festival of good” bye we annually bid to the flesh is a rowdy one. With three days of dances, games, parades, madness, and extravagance we say farewell to exquisite roasts, tasty beefsteak, beef jerky in sauce, meatballs, and ordinary stew. It’s quite true that nowadays things are set up so that this absence is brief, because of which we are little afflicted. Today’s stomachs aren’t like those of yesteryear; they’re as ill-equipped to digest beans and dried fish as our consciences are for digesting and eliminating the sins of gluttony.
Corpus Christi
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

The French call this the day of God, and in fact the solemnity of JL its ceremonies make it more divine than any other festival celebrated by the Holy Mother Church. It is perhaps the only one in which Catholicism consecrates itself entirely to its God without mixing in any memory that is not celestial and divine. No saint, none of those heroes who seem to compete with the Creator for the adorations of humankind, has any role in this majestic commemoration. It celebrates, not the victories of a man over the enemies of the soul, nor the wonders that another man wrought amidst martyrs and butchers, but the alliance of the Lord of the Universe with the accursed sons of Adam and Eve, the reconciliation of God with man to restore to him the patrimony of glorious immortality that he had lost.
Afternoon Walks (First Article)
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

I’ve rarely felt sad while fasting. The table predisposes me to melancholy to such an extent that at times I think my soul is opposed to the liberal tendencies of my stomach. Of course, when it comes to pleasure, the poor thing has never gone in for a fancy table. In order to reestablish the good harmony between it and my body, I have to take them both out for a walk every afternoon, which happily produces a fusion that, though temporary, at least resembles the merger between two political parties that had previously sought only to devour each other.
Afternoon Walks (Second Article)
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

Here I am again on a rampage, seeking some poorly developed vein to denounce, or certain wasteful practices to attack. Where will all these wanderings end up? Where will my walks end up? Don t worry about it, unblemished sir, because in all likelihood they’ll end up where all things do: they’ll end up nowhere, with God’s help.
Items of Interest
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

What country doesn’t have its curiosities? Go to the province of Concepcion and you’ll find the lost paradise, nature decked out in its most splendid attire, the creation during the first days of its virginal existence. In that garden of Chile you’ll see the most beautiful and picturesque landscape, experience the sweetness of country living and the delightful solitude of those forests where the poet dreams a fantastic future of happiness.
A Little Journey by Sea
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

It wasn’t that long ago that taking a journey was the same as readying yourself for sacrifice and facing imminent dangers courageously Ten days walking or sailing was an entire career finished, constituted an epoch, an epoch fecund with memories to last the rest of your life. Around winter fireplaces, people would listen in astonishment to what someone would tell them they’d seen in Negro Ravine, on the way to Santiago, or coursing through the waves in the English ship that brought him to Valparaiso. Ah, to have sailed on an English ship was only for certain daring souls who would be secretly stigmatized by the common folk as not comporting themselves in strict conformance with the holy fear of God and the beliefs of the Church.
Elections in Copiapó
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

They say that in one of the towns in the Argentine province of La Rioja, years ago, they were trying to elect a deputy to the Chamber of Representatives. For this purpose all the voters of the district were summoned to the public plaza, where the political chief awaited them with a company of infantry to keep things as orderly as possible during that solemn act. Having called together all those who were to take part in the election, he had them line up in front of the detachment and opened the session in this manner:
Elections in Huasco
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

It was the Intendant of this province, D. Manuel Jose Cerda, who tenaciously fomented the war conducted in Vallenar and Freirina between. two powerful parties in the election of deputies. That man is re- sponsible for all the crimes the government agents committed in Vallenar and for all the hatred, perhaps irreconcilable, that has been sown between families.
The Last Spanish Caudillo in Araucania
Authors: “Jotabeche” José Joaquí Vallejo
Published: November 2023

The independence of Chile was no longer in question during the epoch I’m going to recall for my readers. Our heroes had beaten and routed the Spaniards from all our soil, soldiers as valiant as they were unfortunate, not so much because of their defeats as because they had invested their honor in the most unworthy of causes.
The Law as a Profession
Authors: Kronman Anthony T
Published: November 2023

The field of legal ethics, or professional responsibility as it is often called, appears to consist of an immense accumulation of rules. This is how the subject looks to students when they first approach it, and the manner in which it is taught, and then later tested on bar examinations, tends to confirm this impression.
Lawyer Advice and Client Autonomy: Mrs. Jones’s Case
Authors: Simon William H
Published: November 2023

In one influential view, the lawyer’s most basic function is to enhance the autonomy of the client. She does this by providing information that maximizes the client’s understanding of his own situation and minimizes the influence of the lawyer’s own views.
Early Jewish And Christian Traditions I The Persistence of Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Models
Authors: Edward Wright J
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have examined how ancient Near Eastern and Mediterranean cultures imagined the heavenly realm and humans’ potential to have a place in it. The ancient Israelites and their neighbors imagined a three-storied universe: netherworld, earth, and heavenly realm. While the various gods inhabit and can move from one realm to the other, humans are not so mobile and are for the most part restricted to the earth during life and to the netherworld in death. Humans did not normally have a share in the heavenly realm after death and certainly not before. In some cases, however, exceptional humans could visit or join the heavenly realm. In the fifth century bce belief in a heavenly afterlife developed and spread across the Mediterranean world and the ancient Near East. Segments in Judaism and Christianity eventually adopted the belief that humans could have a place in the heavenly realm, but this was normally limited to a select few, and depending on one’s ideology, the numbers could be indeed few.
Islam and the West: Roots of Conflict, Cooperation, and Confrontation
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

Despite common theological roots and centuries long interaction, Islam’s relationship to the West has often been marked by mutual ignorance, stereotyping, contempt, and conflict. Ancient rivalries and modem conflicts have so accentuated differences as to completely obscure the shared theological roots and vision of the Judeo-Christian lslamic tradition. Both sides have focused solely on and reinforced differences, and have polarized rather than united these three great interrelated monotheistic traditions.
The West Triumphant: Muslim Responses
Authors: Esposito John L
Published: November 2023

Two themes dominate the first half of twentieth-century Muslim history: European imperialism, and the struggle for independence from colonial rule. Few events were more far-reaching and influential in the relationship of Islam to the West than the experience of European colonialism. The theme of European colonialism and imperialism, their impact in the past and their continued legacy, remains alive in Middle East politics and throughout the Muslim world from North Africa to Southeast Asia. Intertwined with colonial rule was the emergence of nationalist movements in the decades-long battle for independence. In the post-independence period political elites in emerging Muslim states turned to liberal nationalism and Arab socialism in nation building. These experiments failed, damaging the credibility of nationalism and contributing to the Islamic resurgence. Issues of foreign domination and dependence remain a bitter memory as well as a continued threat in the eyes of many Muslims today.