bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Acute Coronary Syndrome Following Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Faroux Laurent , Munoz-Garcia Erika , Serra Vicenç , Alperi Alberto , Nombela-Franco Luis , Fischer Quentin , Veiga Gabriela , Donaint Pierre , Asmarats Lluis , Vilalta Victoria , Chamandi Chekrallah , Regueiro Ander , Gutiérrez Enrique , Munoz-Garcia Antonio , Garcia del Blanco Bruno , Bach-Oller Montserrat , Moris Cesar , Armijo German , Urena Marina , Fradejas-Sastre Victor , Metz Damien , Castillo Pablo , Fernandez-Nofrerias Eduard , Sabaté Manel , Tamargo Maria , del Val David , Couture Thomas , Rodes-Cabau Josep
Published: January 2020

Background:

Scarce data exist on coronary events following transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), and no study has determined the factors associated with poorer outcomes in this setting. This study sought to determine the clinical characteristics, outcomes, and prognostic factors of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) events following TAVR.

Methods:

Multicenter cohort study including a total of 270 patients presenting an ACS after a median time of 12 (interquartile range, 5–17) months post-TAVR. Post-ACS death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and overall major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events were recorded.

Results:

The ACS clinical presentation consisted of non–ST-segment–elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) type 2 (31.9%), non–STEMI type 1 (31.5%), unstable angina (28.5%), and STEMI (8.1%). An invasive strategy was used in 163 patients (60.4%), and a percutaneous coronary intervention was performed in 97 patients (35.9%). Coronary access issues were observed in 2.5% and 2.1% of coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention procedures, respectively. The in-hospital mortality rate was 10.0%, and at a median follow-up of 17 (interquartile range, 5–32) months, the rates of death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events were 43.0%, 4.1%, 15.2%, and 52.6%, respectively. By multivariable analysis, revascularization at ACS time was associated with a reduction of the risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio, 0.54 [95% CI, 0.36–0.81]
P
=0.003), whereas STEMI increased the risk of all-cause death (hazard ratio, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.05–4.03]
P
=0.036) and major adverse cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events (hazard ratio, 1.97 [95% CI, 1.08–3.57]
P
=0.026).

Conclusions:

ACS events in TAVR recipients exhibited specific characteristics (ACS presentation, low use of invasive procedures, coronary access issues) and were associated with a poor prognosis, with a very high in-hospital and late death rate. STEMI and the lack of coronary revascularization determined an increased risk. These results should inform future studies to improve both the prevention and management of ACS post-TAVR.
Impact of Regulatory Guidance on Evaluating Cardiovascular Risk of New Glucose-Lowering Therapies to Treat Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Sharma Abhinav , Pagidipati Neha J. , Califf Robert M. , McGuire Darren K. , Green Jennifer B. , Demets Dave , George Jyothis Thomas , Gerstein Hertzel C. , Hobbs Todd , Holman Rury R. , Lawson Francesca C. , Leiter Lawrence A. , Pfeffer Marc A. , Reusch Jane , Riesmeyer Jeffrey S. , Roe Matthew T. , Rosenberg Yves , Temple Robert , Wiviott Stephen , McMurray John , Granger Christopher
Published: January 2020

Responding to concerns about the potential for increased risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes, specifically myocardial infarction, associated with certain glucose-lowering therapies, the US Food and Drug Administration and the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use of the European Medicines Agency issued guidance to the pharmaceutical industry in 2008. Glucose-lowering therapies were granted regulatory approval primarily from smaller studies that have demonstrated reductions in glycated hemoglobin concentration. Such studies were overall underpowered and of insufficient duration to show any effect on cardiovascular outcomes. The 2008 guidance aimed to ensure the cardiovascular safety of new glucose-lowering therapies to treat patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This resulted in a plethora of new cardiovascular outcome trials, most designed primarily as placebo-controlled noninferiority trials, but with many also powered for superiority. Several of these outcome trials demonstrated cardiovascular benefits of the newer agents, resulting in the first-ever cardiovascular protection indications for glucose-lowering therapies. Determining whether the guidance continues to have value in its current form is critically important as we move forward after the first decade of implementation. In February 2018, a think tank comprising representatives from academia, industry, and regulatory agencies convened to consider the guidance in light of the findings of the completed cardiovascular outcome trials. The group made several recommendations for future regulatory guidance and for cardiovascular outcome trials of glucose-lowering therapies. These recommendations include requiring only the 1.3 noninferiority margin for regulatory approval, conducting trials for longer durations, considering studying glucose-lowering therapies as first-line management of type 2 diabetes mellitus, considering heart failure or kidney outcomes within the primary outcome, considering head-to-head active comparator trials, increasing the diversity of patients enrolled, evaluating strategies to streamline registries and the study of unselected populations, and identifying ways to improve translation of trial results to general practice.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Durable Polymer Cobalt-Chromium Everolimus-Eluting Stents in Patients at High Bleeding Risk
Authors: Sorrentino Sabato , Claessen Bimmer E. , Chandiramani Rishi , Guedeney Paul , Vogel Birgit , Baber Usman , Rau Vinuta , Wang Jin , Krucoff Mitchell , Kozuma Ken , Ge Junbo , Seth Ashok , Makkar Raj , Liu Yuqi , Bangalore Sripal , Bhatt Deepak L. , Angiolillo Dominick J. , Saito Shigeru , Neumann Franz-Josef , Hermiller James , Valgimigli Marco , Mehran Roxana
Published: January 2020

Background:

Long-term outcomes in patients at high bleeding risk (HBR) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with a drug-eluting stent are unclear. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate long-term adverse events in HBR patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention with cobalt-chromium everolimus-eluting stent implantation.

Methods:

We analyzed stratified data from 4 all-comers postapproval registries. Patients with at least 1 of the following criteria were categorized as HBR: age ≥75 years, history of major bleeding (MB), history of stroke, chronic oral anticoagulant use, chronic kidney disease, anemia, or thrombocytopenia. Additionally, in a separate analysis, patients were categorized according to the recently published Academic Research Consortium HBR criteria. The Kaplan-Meier method was used for time-to-event analyses. Coronary thrombotic events (CTE) included myocardial infarction or definite/probable stent thrombosis. MB was defined according to the TIMI (Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction) or GUSTO (Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries) scales. Impact of CTE and MB on subsequent risk of mortality was assessed using multivariable Cox regression with MB and CTE included as time-updated covariates.

Results:

Of the total 10 502 patients included, 3507 (33%) were identified as HBR. Compared with non-HBR patients, those at HBR had more comorbidities, higher lesion complexity, and a higher risk of 4-year mortality (Hazard Ratio [HR] 4.38 [95% CI, 3.76–5.11]). Results were qualitatively similar when using Academic Research Consortium criteria to define HBR. Risk of mortality was increased after CTE (HR 5.02 [95% CI, 3.93–6.41]), as well as after MB (HR 4.92 [95% CI, 3.82–6.35]). Of note, this effect was consistent across the spectrum of bleeding risk (
P
-interaction test 0.97 and 0.06, respectively).

Conclusions:

Compared with the non-HBR population, HBR patients experienced worse 4-year outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention with cobalt-chromium everolimus-eluting stent. Both CTE and MB had a significant impact on subsequent risk of mortality irrespective of bleeding risk.
New Chrysophycean cyst morphotypes and their ecology in Finland

Authors: KORKONEN SANNA , WECKSTRÖM JAN
Published: January 2020

Despite multiple studies on chrysophyte stomatocysts globally, detailed surveys of these resting stages have remained scarce in Northern Europe. This is the first description of new chrysophyte cyst morphotypes in concordance with the International Statospore Working Group guidelines, based on scanning electron microscope images from lake sediment material in Finland. A nationwide chrysophyte cyst survey revealed 18 new cyst morphotypes with different surface ornamentation types. Environmental background information on the locations and the quantitatively calculated optimums and tolerances for electric conductivity, pH, total phosphorus and ice-free period are also provided.
Validation of Taiwanophodes minor Hlaváč, 2003 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Pselaphinae)
Authors: HLAVÁČ PETER
Published: January 2020

In my 2003 paper (Hlaváč 2003) dealing with a revision of the Pselaphodes complex of genera, I neglected to explicitly designate a depository of the holotype of Taiwanophodes minor Hlaváč sp. n. Under ICZN (1999): Article 16.4.2 this omission invalided its description and the species name. I herein rectify this problem.
Proměny slovníkové definice ve slovnících Daniela Adama z Veleslavína (na českém jazykovém materiálu)
Authors: Vajdlová Miloslava
Published: January 2020

Changes in Czech Dictionary Definitions in Dictionaries by Daniel Adam of VeleslavínDaniel Adam of Veleslavín was an outstanding Czech humanist who compiled four multilingual dictionaries published between 1579 and 1598. He employed a broad range of different lexicographic means and techniques to render foreign language sections of his entries in Czech: one-word equivalents, synonyms, phrases, periphrases or their combinations. In his descriptions of word meanings, Veleslavín used both deictic and meronymic explanations as well as definitions with limited value, and – in later vocabularies – explanations which emphasise distinctive semantic features of the words. Zmiany w czeskich definicjach słownikowych w słownikach Daniela Adama z VeleslavínaDaniel Adam z Veleslavína był wybitnym czeskim humanistą, który opracował cztery wielojęzyczne słowniki, wydane w latach 1579–1598. Zastosował w nich szeroką gamę środków i technik leksykograficznych mających na celu oddanie obcojęzycznej treści haseł w języku czeskim: ekwiwalenty jednowyrazowe, synonimy, frazy, peryfrazy lub ich kombinacje. Aby opisać znaczenie słów, Veleslavín stosował zarówno wyjaśnienia deiktyczne, jak i meronimiczne oraz definicje o ograniczonej wartości, a także – w późniejszych słownikach – wyjaśnienia podkreślające charakterystyczne cechy semantyczne.
Trwałość synonimii w polskiej terminologii medycznej przełomu XIX i XX wieku
Authors: Jankowiak Lucyna Agnieszka
Published: January 2020

Persistence of Synonymy in Polish Medical Terminology at the Turn of the Nineteenth and Twentieth CenturiesThis article presents the results of an analysis of 940 synonymic strings excerpted from two translated medical dictionaries: Słownik terminologii lekarskiej polskiej [A Dictionary of Polish Medical Terminology], published in 1881, and Słownik lekarski polski [A Polish Medical Dictionary], published in 1905. The analysis of quantitative and qualitative changes in those strings indicates a significant persistence (703 preserved strings) and stability of synonymy (320 strings with the same number of terms and the same composition of synonyms). Trwałość synonimii w polskiej terminologii medycznej przełomu XIX i XX wiekuArtykuł przedstawia wyniki analizy 940 ciągów synonimicznych wyekscerpowanych ze Słownika terminologii lekarskiej polskiej, wydanego w 1881 roku, i Słownika lekarskiego polskiego, wydanego w 1905 roku; obydwa słowniki to leksykony przekładowe. Analiza ilościowych i jakościowych zmian tych ciągów wykazała znaczną trwałość i stabilność synonimii (703 zachowane ciągi, 320 ciągów o niezmienionej liczbie terminów i niezmienionym składzie synonimów).
Charakterystyka języka familijnego Joachima Lelewela dotyczącego społecznej przestrzeni rodziny (na podstawie listów do najbliższych)
Authors: Jaros Violetta
Published: January 2020

A Description of Joachim Lelewel’s Familial Language Concerning the Family Social Space (on the Basis of Letters to His Loved Ones)This article is a contribution to research on Joachim Lelewel’s familial language. The study is limited to a range of linguistic phenomena concerning the family social space, and considers the two-volume collection of his letters from many different places written in various periods of his life. The epistolary prose under examination reflects the language of nobility and intelligentsia circles of the first half of the nineteenth century, with its distinctly marked hierarchical structure of the family social space. Its exponents include family names (e.g. the names for kinship and family relations, maritonymics and patronymics, names used with reference to married couples), familial forms of address (with the conventional forms Pan/Pani ‘Sir/Madam’, Dobrodziej/Dobrodziejka/Dobrodziejstwo ‘Sir/ Madam/Sir and Madam’, lit. ‘benefactor/benefactress/benefactors’ in relation to the elderly), emotional colloquial vocabulary and unofficial anthroponyms. This use of familial language, characterised by infrequent use of personalised forms, belongs to marked informal register. Charakterystyka języka familijnego Joachima Lelewela dotyczącego społecznej przestrzeni rodziny (na podstawie listów do najbliższych)Niniejszy szkic stanowi przyczynek do poznania właściwości języka familijnego Joachima Lelewela. Charakterystyka ograniczona została do repertuaru zjawisk językowych dotyczących społecznej przestrzeni rodziny. Podstawę materiałową tworzy dwutomowy zbiór korespondencji pisanej z wielu miejsc pobytu w różnych okresach życia historyka. Badana proza epistolarna odzwierciedla język środowiska szlachecko-inteligenckiego pierwszej połowy XIX wieku, w którym wyraźnie zaznacza się zhierarchizowanie struktury przestrzeni społecznej rodziny, czego wykładnikami są nazwy rodzinne (m.in. nazwy pokrewieństwa i powinowactwa, marytonimika i patronimika, określenia par małżeńskich), familiarne adresatywy z konwencjonalnymi formułami Pan // Pani, Dobrodziej // Dobrodziejka // Dobrodziejstwo w stosunku do starszych, emocjonalną leksyką potoczną i nieoficjalnymi antroponimami. Realizacja języka familijnego, w którym ujawniają się nieliczne indywidualizmy, sytuuje się w obrębie rejestru nacechowanego języka potocznego.
Rejestry w bułgarskim dyskursie dziennikarskim. Rec.: Андреана Ефтимова, "Регистри в журналистическия дискурс", Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски”, София 2018, 244 ss.
Authors: Genew-Puhalewa Iliana
Published: January 2020

Registers in Bulgarian Journalist Discouse: Review: Andreana Eftimova, Registri v zhurnalisticheskiia diskurs, Universitetsko izdatelstvo “Sv. Kliment Okhridski”, Sofiia 2018, 244 pp.The article is a review of Andreana Eftimova’s study Registri v zhurnalisticheskiia diskurs [Registers in Journalistic Discourse]. Rejestry w bułgarskim dyskursie dziennikarskim. Rec.: Андреана Ефтимова, Регистри в журналистическия дискурс, Университетско издателство „Св. Климент Охридски”, София 2018, 244 ss.Artykuł stanowi recenzję pracy Andreany Eftimowej Регистри в журналистическия дискурс [Rejestry w dyskursie dziennikarskim].
Thermosensitive In Situ Gel Containing Luteolin Micelles is a Promising Efficient Agent for Colorectal Cancer Peritoneal Metastasis Treatment
Authors: Hu Yuzhu , Chen Xiaoye , Li Zongyuan , Zheng Songping , Cheng Yongzhong
Published: January 2020

Luteolin (Lut) is a natural flavonoid mainly extracted from vegetables and fruits. Lut shows great anti-tumor potential in many malignant cancers, which are hindered by poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Peritoneal metastasis is a challenge for colorectal cancer treatment,
usually indicating unfavorable prognosis of patients. Methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) micelles containing Luteolin (Lut-M) and thermosensitive Pluronic®F127 coated Lut-M (Lut-M-F127) were synthesized and applied in the local therapy of colorectal
cancer. Drug release study of Lut-M-F127 and Lut-M suggested extended drug release, and the release of Lut from Lut-M-F127 was slower than Lut-M. It was also proved that Lut-M-F127 could transit from solution to gel at body temperature. Moreover, both Lut-Free and Lut-M micelles were capable
of inducing tumor cell apoptosis and reducing cell viability in vitro. Our results further demonstrated the therapeutic effect of Lut-M-F127 treatment was much better than that of Lut-M treatment in vivo. Lut-M-F127 has shown strong ability to promote tumor apoptosis, suppress
tumor proliferation and block tumor angiogenesis. In summary, Lut-M-F127 formulation may be a very promising treatment option for peritoneal metastasis in colorectal cancer in the future.
Reintensification of the Anomalous Western North Pacific Anticyclone during the El Niño Modoki Decaying Summer: Relative Importance of Tropical Atlantic and Pacific SST Anomalies
Authors: Feng Juan , Chen Wen , Wang Xiaocong
Published: January 2020

The El Niño Modoki–induced anomalous western North Pacific anticyclone (WNPAC) undergoes an interesting reintensification process in the El Niño Modoki decaying summer, the period when El Niño Modoki decays but warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the tropical North Atlantic (TNA) and cold SST anomalies over the central-eastern Pacific (CEP) dominate. In this study, the region (TNA or CEP) in which the SST anomalies exert a relatively important influence on reintensification of the WNPAC is investigated. Observational analysis demonstrates that when only anomalous CEP SST cooling occurs, the WNPAC experiences a weak reintensification. In contrast, when only anomalous TNA SST warming emerges, the WNPAC experiences a remarkable reintensification. Numerical simulation analysis demonstrates that even though the same magnitude of CEP SST cooling and TNA warming is respectively set to force the atmospheric general circulation model, the response of the WNPAC is still much stronger in the TNA warming experiment than in the CEP cooling experiment. Further analysis demonstrates that this difference is caused by the distinct location of the effective tropical forcing between the CEP SST cooling and TNA SST warming for producing a WNPAC. The CEP cooling-induced effective anomalous diabatic cooling is located in the central Pacific, by which the forced anticyclone becomes gradually weak from the central Pacific to the western North Pacific. Thus, a weak WNPAC is produced. In contrast, as the TNA SST warming–induced effective anomalous diabatic cooling is just located in the western North Pacific via a Kelvin wave–induced Ekman divergence process, the forced anticyclone is significant and powerful in the western North Pacific.
Dynamics, Variability, and Change in Seasonal Precipitation Reconstructions for North America
Authors: Stahle David W. , Cook Edward R. , Burnette Dorian J. , Torbenson Max C. A. , Howard Ian M. , Griffin Daniel , Diaz Jose Villanueva , Cook Benjamin I. , Williams A. Park , Watson Emma , Sauchyn David J. , Pederson Neil , Woodhouse Connie A. , Pederson Gregory T. , Meko David , Coulthard Bethany , Crawford Christopher J.
Published: January 2020

Cool- and warm-season precipitation totals have been reconstructed on a gridded basis for North America using 439 tree-ring chronologies correlated with December–April totals and 547 different chronologies correlated with May–July totals. These discrete seasonal chronologies are not significantly correlated with the alternate season; the December–April reconstructions are skillful over most of the southern and western United States and north-central Mexico, and the May–July estimates have skill over most of the United States, southwestern Canada, and northeastern Mexico. Both the strong continent-wide El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) signal embedded in the cool-season reconstructions and the Arctic Oscillation signal registered by the warm-season estimates faithfully reproduce the sign, intensity, and spatial patterns of these ocean–atmospheric influences on North American precipitation as recorded with instrumental data. The reconstructions are included in the North American Seasonal Precipitation Atlas (NASPA) and provide insight into decadal droughts and pluvials. They indicate that the sixteenth-century megadrought, the most severe and sustained North American drought of the past 500 years, was the combined result of three distinct seasonal droughts, each bearing unique spatial patterns potentially associated with seasonal forcing from ENSO, the Arctic Oscillation, and the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation. Significant 200–500-yr-long trends toward increased precipitation have been detected in the cool- and warm-season reconstructions for eastern North America. These seasonal precipitation changes appear to be part of the positive moisture trend measured in other paleoclimate proxies for the eastern area that began as a result of natural forcing before the industrial revolution and may have recently been enhanced by anthropogenic climate change.
Projected Seasonal Changes in Large-Scale Global Precipitation and Temperature Extremes Based on the CMIP5 Ensemble
Authors: Zhan Wang , He Xiaogang , Sheffield Justin , Wood Eric F.
Published: January 2020

Over the past decades, significant changes in temperature and precipitation have been observed, including changes in the mean and extremes. It is critical to understand the trends in hydroclimatic extremes and how they may change in the future as they pose substantial threats to society through impacts on agricultural production, economic losses, and human casualties. In this study, we analyzed projected changes in the characteristics, including frequency, seasonal timing, and maximum spatial and temporal extent, as well as severity, of extreme temperature and precipitation events, using the severity–area–duration (SAD) method and based on a suite of 37 climate models archived in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5). Comparison between the CMIP5 model estimated extreme events and an observation-based dataset [Princeton Global Forcing (PGF)] indicates that climate models have moderate success in reproducing historical statistics of extreme events. Results from the twenty-first-century projections suggest that, on top of the rapid warming indicated by a significant increase in mean temperature, there is an overall wetting trend in the Northern Hemisphere with increasing wet extremes and decreasing dry extremes, whereas the Southern Hemisphere will have more intense wet extremes. The timing of extreme precipitation events will change at different spatial scales, with the largest change occurring in southern Asia. The probability of concurrent dry/hot and wet/hot extremes is projected to increase under both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios, whereas little change is detected in the probability of concurrent dry/cold events and only a slight decrease of the joint probability of wet/cold extremes is expected in the future.
A Three-Dimensional Perspective on Extratropical Cyclone Impacts
Authors: Pepler Acacia , Dowdy Andrew
Published: January 2020

Cyclones can be identified from gridded pressure data at different levels of the troposphere, with vertical structure known to influence the temporal development and impacts of midlatitude cyclones. However, studies of midlatitude cyclones typically focus on cyclones identified at a single atmospheric level. This paper examines how the frequency of vertically organized or deep cyclones varies around the world, with a focus on southeastern Australia. About 50% of global cyclones identified from mean sea level pressure show a coherent vertical structure extending to at least 500 hPa, based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data, and shallow cyclones are most common in the global midlatitudes. Using a combination of reanalysis data and satellite-based rainfall and lightning, we show that in southeast Australia deep cyclones have higher intensities, longer durations, and more severe winds and rainfall than either shallow surface cyclones or upper-level cyclones with no surface low, motivating a three-dimensional approach for future cyclone analyses.
Circulation Factors Determining the Propagation Speed of the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Chen Guosen , Wang Bin
Published: January 2020

The eastward propagating Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) events exhibit various speeds ranging from 1 to 9 m s−1, but what controls the propagation speed remains elusive. This study attempts to address this issue. It reveals that the Kelvin wave response (KWR) induced by the MJO convection is a major circulation factor controlling the observed propagation speed of the MJO, with a stronger KWR corresponding to faster eastward propagation. A stronger KWR can accelerate the MJO eastward propagation by enhancing the low-level premoistening and preconditioning to the east of the MJO deep convection. The strength of the KWR is affected by the background sea surface temperature (SST). When the equatorial central Pacific SST warms, the zonal scale of the Indo-Pacific warm pool expands, which increases the zonal scale of the MJO, favoring enhancing the KWR. This effect of warm-pool zonal scale has been verified by idealized experiments using a theoretical model. The findings here shed light on the propagation mechanism of the MJO and provide a set of potential predictors for forecasting the MJO propagation.
GPM Satellite Radar Observations of Precipitation Mechanisms in Atmospheric Rivers
Authors: Cannon Forest , Cordeira Jason M. , Hecht Chad W. , Norris Joel R. , Michaelis Allison , Demirdjian Reuben , Ralph F. Martin
Published: January 2020

Despite numerous studies documenting the importance of atmospheric rivers (AR) to the global water cycle and regional precipitation, the evolution of their water vapor fluxes has been difficult to investigate given the challenges of observing and modeling precipitation processes within ARs over the ocean. This study uses satellite-based radar reflectivity profiles from the Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM-DPR), combined with kinematic and thermodynamic conditions in the vicinity of the precipitation diagnosed from the Climate Forecast System Reanalysis, to evaluate the characteristics and dynamical origins of precipitation in ARs over the northeast Pacific Ocean. Transects of 192 ARs between 2014 and 2018 are examined. Both stratiform and convective precipitation were abundant in these GPM transects and the precipitation was most often generated by forced ascent in the vicinity of a cold front in frontogenetic environments. Conditioning composite vertical profiles of reflectivity and latent heating from GPM-DPR on frontogenesis near the moist-neutral low-level jet demonstrated the importance of frontally forced precipitation on atmospheric heating tendencies. A case study of a high-impact landfalling AR is analyzed using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, which showed how the precipitation processes and subsequent latent heat release offshore strongly influenced AR evolution. Although these precipitation mechanisms are present in global-scale models, the difficulty that coarse-resolution models have in accurately representing resultant precipitation likely translates to uncertainty in forecasting heating tendencies, their feedbacks on AR evolution, and ultimately the impacts of ARs upon landfall in the western United States.
Evaluation of Multimodel-Based Ensemble Forecasts for Clear-Air Turbulence
Authors: Lee Dan-Bi , Chun Hye-Yeong , Kim Jung-Hoon
Published: January 2020

To test more consistent and reliable upper-level turbulence forecasts, seven global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model outputs are used to construct the multimodel-based ensemble forecasts for clear-air turbulence (CAT). We used the updated version of the well-known Ellrod index, the Ellrod–Knox index (EKI), which is currently an operational CAT diagnostic for the significant weather chart at one of the World Area Forecast Centers. In this study, we tested two types of ensemble forecasts. First is an ensemble mean of all EKI forecasts from the NWP models. Second is a probabilistic forecast that is computed by counting how many individual EKI values from the seven NWP models exceed a certain EKI threshold at each grid point. Here, to calibrate the best EKI thresholds for the moderate-or-greater CAT intensity, the individual EKI thresholds, which vary depending on the resolutions and configurations of the NWP models, are selected using the 95th, 98th, and 98th percentiles of the probability density functions for the EKIs derived from the seven NWP models for a 6-month period. Finally, performance skills of both the ensemble mean and probabilistic forecasts are evaluated against the observations of in situ aircraft eddy dissipation rate and pilot reports. As a result, the ensemble mean forecast shows a better performance skill than the individual EKI forecasts. The reliability diagram for the probabilistic forecast gives a better reliability when using high-percentile EKI values as the threshold although it still suffers overestimation of CAT events likely due to the lack of observation and ensemble spreads.
Multi-Institutional Regional Otolaryngology Bootcamp
Authors: Cervenka Brian P. , Hsieh Tsung-yen , Lin Sharon , Bewley Arnaud
Published: January 2020

Introduction:

In order to increase junior resident physician proficiency and improve patient safety, simulation-based procedural training courses, or bootcamps, have been become an emerging educational tool.

Objectives:

To compare pre- and post-course confidence levels and to assess station efficacy after completion of our single day bootcamp.

Methods:

We developed the University of California (UC) Davis otolaryngology bootcamp, a single day course including six cadaveric task trainer stations and four simulations. The six task trainer stations included (1) Epistaxis, (2) Cricothyrotomy/tracheostomy, (3) Peritonsillar abscess/auricular hematoma, (4) Nasal bone reduction/zygoma reduction/lateral canthotomy/canalicular trauma and probing, (5) Local nerve blocks, and (6) Soft tissue reconstruction. The simulations comprised of airway fire during tracheostomy, pediatric respiratory code during airway evaluation, dislodged pediatric tracheostomy tube in the ICU, and angioedema in the emergency department with inability to intubate or ventilate. Junior residents from multiple locoregional institutions were recruited to participate. Pre- and post-course Likert surveys assessing participant confidence and station efficacy were collected and analyzed.

Results:

There was a statistically significant increase in resident confidence levels for all task trainer stations. All stations had a station efficacy Likert score average of 4 “very effective” or 5 “most effective.”

Conclusion:

A multi-institutional, locoregional, simulation-based bootcamp can be a valuable adjunct to junior resident training. It can promote camaraderie, pool limited resources, and may be cost-effective.
Are Children Scheduled for Ventilation Tubes Insertion Overweight? A Cohort of Israeli Children
Authors: Klein Ayala , Kraus Oded , Luria Alisa , Ovnat Tamir Sharon , Marom Tal
Published: January 2020

Objective:

To study the hypothesis that children scheduled for ventilation tube insertion (VTI), a surrogate procedure reflecting otitis media (OM) presence, are overweight or obese.

Patients and Methods:

Charts of Israeli children aged 0 to 9 years undergoing VTI with or without adenoidectomy between 9/1/17 and 3/31/19 in a secondary level hospital were retrospectively identified. We compared their mean body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) to the mean BMI of a control group comprised of children who underwent surgeries unrelated to OM (fracture fixation/reduction, inguinal/umbilical hernia repair, meatotomy, appendectomy). BMI measurements were plotted on gender- and age-matched curves to determine BMI percentile, and were also compared to the national pediatric overweight/obesity data. Normal weight was defined as BMI percentile <85%, overweight was BMI percentile between 85% and 97%, and obesity was BMI percentile >97%.

Results:

The VTI group included 83 children (mean age: 3.5 ± 1.8 years). The control group included 77 children (mean age: 6.3 ± 1.9 years). No statistically significant difference was found in the mean BMI values between both groups ( P = .22). When compared to age- and gender-adjusted 50th BMI percentile of the general pediatric population, the mean BMI of the VTI group was significantly higher: for boys, 16.9 versus 15.2 ( P < .01), and for girls, 16.6 versus 15.3 ( P = .03), but not in the control group: P = .16 (boys) and P = .11 (girls).

Conclusion:

Children undergoing VTI were overweight when compared to their age- and gender-matched peers. This observation was more noticeable in boys.
Substance Use Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment in Pediatric Practice: A Quality Improvement Project in the Maryland Adolescent and Young Adult Health Collaborative Improvement and Innovation Network
Authors: Alinsky Rachel H. , Percy Kayla , Adger Hoover , Fertsch Diana , Trent Maria
Published: January 2020

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends pediatric providers routinely screen for, assess, and treat substance use and substance use disorders among adolescents, a process called “Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment,” or “SBIRT.” Because there are limited data on how Maryland pediatric practices have adopted SBIRT, a quality improvement initiative was developed within the Maryland Adolescent and Young Adult Health Collaborative Improvement and Innovation Network using a “Plan/Do/Study/Act” approach. A 2-part provider training was conducted regarding screening and motivational interviewing, and the “CRAFFT” screening tool was integrated into the practice’s electronic medical record. Results from evaluation demonstrated significant improvements in provider knowledge, attitudes, and screening behavior. The association between substance use and sexual behavior suggests a need for further expansion of this model with inclusion of sexual health screening. Overall, this study demonstrates that SBIRT implementation into a general pediatric practice is highly feasible, acceptable, and shows preliminary effectiveness.
Celebrity Advocacy and Women’s Rights in Nigeria
Authors: Popoola Rosemary , Egharevba Matthew , Fayomi Oluyemi Oyenike
Published: January 2020

To bring development closer to the reality of “ordinary” people, popular personalities, working on behalf of themselves, family, or organizations (profit and non-profit) in Africa have consistently given visibility to social problems to influence public opinion for positive transformation. The involvement of celebrities in development-centered issues has evoked debates from scholars in the global north who thought that their act is an extension of neoliberalism that sought to transform complex social realities into a spectacle of performance and entertainment for public amusement. While scholars in Europe and North America have engaged the intersections of celebrity advocacy and development discourse, little attention has been given to this phenomenon by their counterparts in Africa. Drawing from primary sources (including films, video, audio, newspaper articles, autobiography) as well as secondary data in the fields of sociology, women’s and gender studies, media, and popular culture, this paper examines the interrelatedness of celebrity advocacy and social reforms in Nigeria. It shows that while celebrity advocacy promotes awareness and consciousness about women’s rights, it often does not lead to protection (enforcement and change) in the socio-economic and political status of women.
Hidden histories and second generation struggles in David Chariandy’s Soucouyant
Authors: Jeffers Asha
Published: January 2020

David Chariandy’s lauded 2007 debut novel Soucouyant explores the way that immigrants transmit lessons, beliefs, and ways of being to their children both intentionally and unintentionally, and the ways that these transmissions can contradict one another. This article argues that while much of the critical writing about Soucouyant has foregrounded the relationship between the unnamed narrator and his dementia-suffering mother, the text is just as concerned with exploring intragenerational relationships as it is with intergenerational ones. Indeed, the text demonstrates the interweaving of both intergenerational and intragenerational relationships in a unique and compelling way. The lessons that get passed on between the generations shape the lives and interactions of second generation subjects between themselves. In particular, the relationship between the narrator and Meera, the mysterious woman who has moved in with and is taking care of his mother when he returns to her home after deserting her for several years, poses the question of how these two second generation subjects of differing class backgrounds might reconcile themselves with both their parents’ Caribbean pasts, their own Canadian presents, and uncertain futures. The novel’s subtitle, “a novel of forgetting,” signals the central role of memory and forgetting play in the novel. The immigrant parents’ desire and attempts to forget the past are not wholly successful and their second generation children are forced to first remember before they can move forward without being haunted by the traumas, silences, and anxieties of their parents. The complex racial and class politics of Trinidad and Canada lead to the narrator and Meera receiving very different legacies from their parents. However, their eventual coming together, in all its difficulty, suggests that there is hope for second generation subjects who wish to choose a different path than the one set for them by either their parents or the nation-state.
Modelling the permeability of random discontinuous carbon fibre preforms
Authors: Xiao Zhaofei , Liu Xiaoling , Harper Lee T , Endruweit Andreas , Warrior Nicholas A
Published: January 2020

A force-directed algorithm was developed to create representative geometrical models of fibre distributions in directed carbon fibre preforms. Local permeability values were calculated for the preform models depending on the local fibre orientation, distribution and volume fraction. The effect of binder content was incorporated by adjusting the principal permeability values of the meso-scale discontinuous fibre bundles, using corresponding experimental data obtained for unidirectional non-crimp fabrics. The model provides an upper boundary for the permeability of directed carbon fibre preform architectures, where predictions are within one standard deviation of the experimental mean for all architectures studied.
High-speed consolidation and repair of carbon fiber/epoxy laminates through ultrasonic vibrations: A feasibility study
Authors: Hoskins David , Palardy Genevieve
Published: January 2020

Ultrasonic welding is a common fusion bonding technique to join unreinforced and reinforced thermoplastics. It is expected that applying ultrasonic vibrations to thermoset prepregs can produce heat generation to promote resin flow and consolidation. This paper discusses the feasibility of using ultrasonic vibrations as a high-speed repair technique for carbon fiber/epoxy prepregs to replace the traditional vacuum-bagging scarf setup. Three material types were investigated: out-of-autoclave unidirectional and plain weave prepregs (Cycom® 5320) and a general purpose twill weave prepreg (AS4/Newport 301). Two welding modes were considered: time and travel (vibrations stop once the desired vertical displacement is reached). For each mode, vibration time, travel, force, and amplitude were investigated. Cross-sectional analysis showed that void content equal to or below the vacuum-bagged samples could be achieved with ultrasonic consolidation to meet aerospace standards (≤2%). The following ultrasonic parameters were recommended to preserve prepreg tows integrity and minimize void content: vibration time below 1.0 s, travel between 12.5% and 50% of sample's initial thickness, force equal to or below 100 N, and amplitude below 41.3 μm. Temperature values recorded during the ultrasonic process reached the manufacturer's cure temperature range (120℃ to 180℃), with a predicted maximum degree of cure of 0.24. Interlaminar shear strength values were comparable for ultrasonically consolidated and vacuum-bagged samples. Soft and hard repair patches were applied to open-hole tensile coupons, with up to 50% strength recovery for both repair methods. Overall, ultrasonic consolidation has potential as a time- and cost-efficient repair method for thermoset prepregs.
Investigating China’s Mid-Yangtze River economic growth region using a spatial network growth model
Authors: Shi Shuai , Pain Kathy
Published: January 2020

China’s Mid-Yangtze River city region (MYR) has been designated as a national strategic growth region intended to reverse the slow-down in economic transition. However, there has been a lack of attention to the internal spatial organisation of the region’s growth capacity associated with its inter-city relations. This article combines an urban network approach and a spatial econometric framework to not only examine the local contribution to growth of MYR cities’ indigenous factors, cross-territorial flows and positions in the regional capital network, but also to estimate their spatial spillovers. The analysis sheds light on the interplay between spatial proximity and network capital in the regional growth process. Recent growth is found to be significantly influenced by indigenous capital stock, labour cost and technological advances, by commodity and self-investment flows, and by ‘authority’ and ‘hub’ network capital, associated with coexisting endogenous and exogenous spillovers. The findings infer that institutional capacity in organising endowment mobilities will be important for policy to promote coordinated development.
Adding new narratives to the urban imagination: An introduction to ‘New directions of urban studies in China’
Authors: Wu Fulong
Published: January 2020

Rapid urban development in China provides rich cases for urban research. Current urban studies in China are heavily influenced by an urban imagination embedded in the West. Using the cases of land management and environmental governance, social transformation and the spatial and regional dimensions of urbanisation, this article attempts to rethink some surprising findings from empirical research in Chinese cities and to contribute to theoretical understandings of urbanisation beyond contextual particularities. Following the narrative of ‘planning centrality, market instruments’ in China, this article highlights the political logic behind managing growth and environmental governance, social differentiation produced by interwoven state and market forces and new geographies of Chinese cities beyond the economic-centred imagination.
Religion, the social brain and the mystical stance
Authors: Dunbar RIM
Published: January 2020

This article explores the implications of the social brain and the endorphin-based bonding mechanism that underpins it for the evolution of religion. I argue that religion evolved as one of the behavioural mechanisms designed to facilitate community bonding when humans first evolved the larger social groups of ~150 that now characterise our species. This is not a matter of facilitating cooperation, but of engineering social cohesion – a very different problem. Analysis of the size of C19th utopian communities suggests that a religious basis both allowed larger groups to form and greatly enhanced their longevity. I suggest that religion evolved in two stages: an early immersive form with no formal structure based on trance-dancing (a form still evident in the rituals and practices of many hunter-gatherers) and a later form which had more formal structures and gave rise to our modern doctrinal religions. I argue that the modern doctrinal religions did not replace ancestral immersive religions but rather that the doctrinal component was overlaid on the ancient immersive form, thereby giving rise to the mystical stance that underlies all world religions. I suggest that it is this mystical stance that causes the constant upwelling of cults and sects within world religions.
Governing Uncertainty or Uncertain Governance? Information Security and the Challenge of Cutting Ties
Authors: Slayton Rebecca
Published: January 2020

Information security governance has become an elusive goal and a murky concept. This paper problematizes both information security governance and the broader concept of governance. What does it mean to govern information security, or for that matter, anything? Why have information technologies proven difficult to govern? And what assurances can governance provide for the billions of people who rely on information technologies every day? Drawing together several distinct bodies of literature—including multiple strands of governance theory, actor–network theory, and scholarship on sociotechnical regimes—this paper conceptualizes networked action on a spectrum from uncertain governance to governing uncertainty. I advance a twofold argument. First, I argue that networks can better govern uncertainty as they become more able not only to enroll actors in a collective agenda, but also to cut ties with those who seek to undermine that agenda. And second, I argue that the dominant conception of information security governance, which emphasizes governing uncertainty through risk management, in practice devolves to uncertain governance. This is largely because information technologies have evolved toward greater connectedness—and with it, greater vulnerability—creating a regime of insecurity. This evolution is illustrated using the history of the US government’s efforts to govern information security.
Intramyocardial ventricular septal hematoma. Unexpected complication
Authors: Sandoval Elena , Ascaso María , Navarro Ricard , Quintana Eduard , Pereda Daniel
Published: January 2020

Any step in cardiac surgery may have potentially catastrophic consequences. All treatment options need to be carefully evaluated because the most aggressive is not always the best one. We present the case of a 63-year-old man who suffered an interventricular septum hematoma causing left ventricular tract obstruction, secondary to a left ventricular vent. The lesion could be repaired by closing the entry point.
The Effects of Jargon on Processing Fluency, Self-Perceptions, and Scientific Engagement
Authors: Shulman Hillary C. , Dixon Graham N. , Bullock Olivia M. , Colón Amill Daniel
Published: January 2020

In this experiment ( N = 650), we integrate ideas from the literatures on metacognition and self-perception to explain why the use of jargon negatively affects engagement with science topics. We offer empirical evidence that the presence of jargon disrupts people’s ability to fluently process scientific information, even when definitions for the jargon terms are provided. We find that jargon use affects individuals’ social identification with the science community and, in turn, affects self-reports of scientific interest and perceived understanding. Taken together, this work advances our knowledge about the broad effects of metacognition and offers implications for how the language of science may influence nonexpert audiences’ engagement with complex topics in ways beyond comprehension.