bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Engineering Research Methodology
Authors: Tang Herman
Published: August 2023

This article offers an overview of engineering research methodology, including its characteristics and types, and the entire process, from proposal development to scientific publication. The first part of the review focuses on the initiation of a research project, including a literature review, proposal writing, and evaluation. The second section delves into the selection of research data and methods, such as quantitative, experimental, qualitative, and mixed, and examines the characteristics of different data types and methods. The final section discusses the execution, management, and reporting of an engineering research project, with a particular emphasis on research presentation, scholarly manuscript preparation, and publication processes.
Manipulating Crystal Stacking by Sidechain Engineering for High‐Performance N‐Type Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Chen Yuzhong , Wu Zeng , Ding Lu , Zhang Shuixin , Chen Zekun , Li Wenhao , Zhao Yan , Wang Yang , Liu Yunqi
Published: August 2023

Y‐series non‐fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have achieved great progress in organic solar cells (OSCs). Most research attention is currently paid to their molecular engineering to improve the efficiency of OSCs. However, as n‐type organic semiconductors, the relationship between their molecular packing structures and charge transport properties is mostly ignored. Herein, it is clarified how the molecular packing of Y‐series NFAs fundamentally determines their charge transport properties by manipulating their crystal stacking via sidechain engineering. Therefore, branched alkyl/alkoxy substitutions are taken on a reference NFA (Y6‐1O), affording three derivatives, namely 1OBO‐1, 1OBO‐2, and 1OBO‐3. Results show that while the replacement of branched alkyl/alkoxy sidechains has little impact on optical properties and energy levels, it can change crystal stacking motifs significantly. The single crystal of Y6‐1O with all linear sidechains forms a 2D‐brickwork structure and shows lower mobility. In contrast, 1OBO‐2 with all branched sidechains exhibits a favorable 3D interpenetrating porous network, displaying an electron mobility of 1.42 cm2 V−1 s−1 in single‐crystal organic field‐effect transistors (SC‐OFETs). This value is among the highest for NFA‐based n‐type OFETs. This study not only reveals the fundamental structure–property relationships of Y‐series NFAs, but also suggests the potential of Y‐series NFAs for high‐performance n‐type organic semiconductors.
Covalent–Organic Framework (COF)‐Core–Shell Composites: Classification, Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Li Teng , Pan Yuan , Shao Binbin , Zhang Xiansheng , Wu Ting , He Qingyun , He Miao , Ge Lin , Zhou Linfeng , Liu Sheng , Zheng Xuemei , Ye Jie , Liu Zhifeng
Published: August 2023

Core–shell structures, where the “guest” material is encapsulated within a protective shell, integrate the advantages of different materials to enhance the overall properties of the composite. Covalent–organic frameworks (COFs) are favorable candidates for composing core–shell structures due to their inherent porosity, good activity, excellent stability, and other advantages. In particular, COFs as shells to encapsulate other functional materials are becoming increasingly popular in the fields of environmental remediation and energy conversion. However, there is a lack of reviews on COF‐based core–shell materials. In this context, this review provides a systematic summary of the current research on COF‐based core–shell composites. First, a simple classification is made for COF‐based core–shell composites. The second part of the review describes the main synthesis methods. The changes brought about by the COF shell and core–shell structures on the properties of the composites and their applications in photocatalysis, electrocatalysis, adsorption, sensing, and supercapacitors are then emphasized. Finally, new perspectives on the future development and challenges of composites are presented. The purpose of this study is to provide future insights into the design and application of COF‐based core–shell composites.
Challenges and Solutions for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Lean Electrolyte
Authors: Shi Huifa , Sun Weiyi , Cao Jiakai , Han Sa , Lu Guixia , Ghazi Zahid Ali , Zhu Xiaoyang , Lan Hongbo , Lv Wei
Published: August 2023

Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have high theoretical energy density and are regarded as next‐generation batteries. However, their practical energy density is much lower than the theoretical value. In previous studies, the increase of the areal capacity of the cathode and the decrease of the negative/positive ratio can be well achieved, yet the energy density shows no corresponding increase. The main reason is the difficulty in decreasing electrolyte dosage because lean electrolyte inevitably causes the deterioration of reaction kinetics and sulfur utilization. Thus, the electrolyte/active material ratio in the reported works is usually higher than 10 µL mg−1, much higher than that in Li‐ion batteries (usually lower than ≈0.3 µL mg−1 for cathode). Although many works have focused on this topic, a systematic discussion is still rare. This review systematically discusses the key challenges and solutions for assembling high‐performance lean‐electrolyte Li–S batteries. First, the key challenges arising from lean‐electrolyte conditions are discussed in detail. Then, the approaches and the recent progress to reduce electrolyte usage, including optimization of electrode porosity and ion conduction, the introduction of electrocatalysis, exploration of new active materials, electrolyte regulation, and Li metal protection are reviewed. Finally, future research directions in lean‐electrolyte Li–S batteries are proposed.
Atomic Pt‐N4 Sites in Porous N‐Doped Nanocarbons for Enhanced On‐Site Chlorination Coupled with H2 Evolution in Acidic Water
Authors: Quan Li , Chen Xiangxiong , Liu Jinlong , Fan Sanjun , Xia Bao Yu , You Bo
Published: August 2023

Acidic water electrolysis (AWE) has the potential to revolutionize green H2 generation with flexible partial load range, high gas purity, and rapid system response. However, the extensive usage of noble Ru/Ir metals and sluggish oxygen evolution reaction (OER) with inexpensive O2 products pose significant challenges in anodes. Herein, it is demonstrated that ultralow Pt single atoms in highly porous N‐doped carbons (Pt1/p‐NC@CNTs) can effectively catalyze chlorine evolution reaction (CER) for on‐site chlorination to replace OER in AWE, with 200 mV potential saving at 10 mA cm−2. As a result, various organic halide motifs of pharmaceutical molecules by chlorinating anisole, ketones, and olefins can be realized, along with H2 coproduction. Combined physicochemical characterizations including synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, finite element methodsimulations, and theory calculations indicate that atomic Pt‐N4 active sites balance the adsorption/desorption of Cl intermediates (Volmer step) and the plentiful porosity of Pt1/p‐NC@CNTs with high specific surface area of 313 m2 g−1 enriches Cl− around active sites (Heyrovský step), collectively promoting the rate‐limiting Volmer–Heyrovský pathway for improved CER.
Revisiting the Definition of Solar Cell Generations
Authors: Schmid Martina
Published: August 2023

The classification of photovoltaic technologies into generations aims at facilitating the overview and equally can support the identification of future trends. The initial definition by Martin Green follows the historical development, which however does not necessarily need to imply that a certain technology is old or outdated. To find an update of that early graph without immediately refusing the initial classification, first, the representation is filled with up‐to‐date numbers. Despite several new definitions of generations being introduced, these merely stay on a general level without quantitative justification. Here, in contrast, classification is further strengthened by numbers of the latest efficiency records and module prices. By becoming specific, it is possible to draw the current picture, compare it to the initial idea and reveal novel trends and potential. Showing different representations of the quantitative values further allows setting a focus of investigation and looking at the situation from various perspectives. In this way, it is expected to support the discussion not just of classification but rather of future technology potential, which becomes apparent from parallel trends. In addition, the importance of advanced optical designs for future competitive efficiency enhancement will be presented.
Boron Ketoimine Fluorophores with Unique Optical Properties: Multicolor Tuning, Efficient Dual‐State Emission, and Reversible Acid‐Base Response
Authors: Yang Dong , Tian Guangming , Ma Jianhua , He Xinhai , Kong Jie
Published: August 2023

Organic luminophores with high emission efficiency in solution as well as solid‐state have received increasing attention due to their promising applications in biosensors, biological imaging, and optoelectronic devices. Herein, four triphenylamine (TPA)‐substituted boron ketoimine molecules (TPA‐BKI a‐d) are designed and synthesized by combining a donor‐acceptor (D‐A) electronic system and highly twisted block. The asymmetry of molecular and the planarity of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) sides in the excited state endow TPA‐BKI a‐d with rigidified conformations, allowing bright emission in dilute solution. Additionally, their highly twisted structures avoid close contact between molecules and detrimental exciton interactions, leading to efficient emission in the solid state. Meanwhile, the emission colors are modulated by the incorporation of different substituents through the amino‐yne click reaction. Furthermore, because of the protonation and deprotonation of the amino substituents, TPA‐BKI‐d exhibits reversible alterations of optical properties in both solution and solid states.
Organic Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Host–Guest Nanoparticles for Super‐Resolution Imaging
Authors: Lv Zheng , Man Zhongwei , Xu Zhenzhen , Fu Hongbing
Published: August 2023

It is significantly important to design fluorescent probes with excellent stimulated emission (SE) efficiency for low‐power stimulated emission depletion (STED) imaging. Herein, 4,6‐bis((E)‐4‐(dibenzothiophene)styryl)‐5(ethoxycarbonyl)‐2,2‐difluoro‐2H‐1,3,2‐ dioxaborinin‐1‐ium‐2‐uide (BBSF) is chosen as guest fluorescence molecule and 4,4′‐bis9H‐carbazol‐9‐ylbiphenyl (CBP) selected as host matrix. It is demonstrated that BBSF@CBP microcrystals possess outstanding amplified stimulated emission (ASE) behavior and thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) characteristics, which are beneficial for achieving low‐power STED imaging through decreasing the saturation intensity. Moreover, BBSF and CBP molecules are encapsulated into polyethylene‐polypropylene glycol (Pluronic F127) to form amphipathic BBSF@CBP nanoparticles (NPs), which show bright red emission with extraordinary fluorescence quantum yield (Φ) of 0.375, large Stokes’ shift of 190 nm, appropriate long‐lived lifetime of 16.17 ns, and high photostability. The measured saturation intensity and lateral resolution of BBSF@CBP NPs are 0.28 MW cm−2 and 73.77 nm, respectively. Moreover, STED imaging in living HeLa cells with enhanced resolution of 72.20 nm is also achieved by utilizing the prepared BBSF@CBP NPs. This study demonstrates the high performance of TADF NPs, making them promising as fluorescent probes for low‐power STED imaging in living cells.
Self‐Assembled 2D VS2/Ti3C2Tx MXene Nanostructures with Ultrafast Kinetics for Superior Electrochemical Sodium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Ma Pin , Zhang Zehao , Wang Jian , Li Haibo , Yang Hui Ying , Shi Yumeng
Published: August 2023

Constructing nanostructures with high structural stability and ultrafast electrochemical reaction kinetics as anodes for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) is a big challenge. Herein, the robust 2D VS2/ Ti3C2Tx MXene nanostructures with the strong Ti─S covalent bond synthesized by a one‐pot self‐assembly approach are developed. The strong interfacial interaction renders the material of good structural durability and enhanced reaction kinetics. Meanwhile, the enlarged and few‐layered MXene nanosheets can be easily obtained according to this interaction, providing a conductive network for sufficient electrolyte penetration and rapid charge transfer. As predicted, the VS2/MXene nanostructures exhibit an extremely low sodium diffusion barrier confirmed by DFT calculations and small charge transfer impedance evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis. Therefore, the SIBs based on the VS2/MXene electrode present first‐class electrochemical performance with the ultrahigh average initial columbic efficiency of 95.08% and excellent sodium‐ion storage capacity of 424.6 mAh g−1 even at 10 A g−1. It also shows an outstanding sodium‐ion storage capacity of 514.2 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1 with a capacity retention of nearly 100% within 500 times high‐rate cycling. Such impressive performance demonstrates the successful synthesis strategy and the great potential of interfacial interactions for high‐performance energy storage devices.
Mitigating Exciton Recombination Losses in Organic Solar Cells by Engineering Nonfullerene Molecular Crystallization Behavior
Authors: Zhang Huarui , Ran Guangliu , Cui Xinyue , Liu Yuqiang , Yin Zhe , Li Dawei , Ma Xueqing , Liu Wenlong , Lu Hao , Liu Rui , Cai Lei , Zhang Wenkai , Guo Siru , Li Hongxiang , Yu Jifa , Lin Yi , Liu Yahui , Lu Guanghao , Ma Zaifei , Cheng Pei , Bo Zhishan
Published: August 2023

Although the advances in organic solar cells (OSCs) have been considerable, their efficiency is still limited by recombination losses. Photogenerated electrons and holes are generally bound as localized excitons in organic semiconductors. The transition from excitons into free charges requires diffusion and dissociation processes, in which parasitic recombination losses exist. Reducing these losses is necessary for highly efficient OSCs. The crystallization behavior of the active layers can influence the efficiency of exciton diffusion and dissociation. In this work, different additives are delicately designed to control the crystallization behavior. It is found that the crystallization quality of active layers can be improved by controlling the aggregation of nonfullerene acceptors. The π–π stacking of blend films becomes compact, meanwhile, the crystallization in the vertical direction is more uniform. These are beneficial to the diffusion and dissociation of excitons. As a consequence, recombination losses are reduced and power convention efficiencies (PCEs) are improved significantly. Meanwhile, the general applicability of the additive is demonstrated in various organic photovoltaic systems, in which a PCE of 19.3% is achieved in D18:BTP‐eC9‐4F OSCs. This work provides a facile strategy to reduce the recombination losses of excitons for efficient devices.
Mexican consumers' perceptions and preferences for US and Texas beef
Authors: Garcia Manuel , Carpio Carlos , Hudson Darren , Boonsaeng Tullaya , Wang Chenggang
Published: August 2023

The United States (US) is the world's largest beef producer and the third‐largest exporter. Beef production is also an important component of Texas history and economy. However, the US beef industry faces several challenges, including declining domestic consumption and competition for export markets. A potential strategy to overcome these challenges is promoting US beef products in international markets. Mexico is one of the markets of importance as it is the third‐largest export destination for US beef. In this study, we explored the use of “US” country of origin and “Texas” geographic indication information for consumer advertising of beef in Mexico. It was posited that Texas's international reputation as a cattle‐producing region could be used to promote Texas beef products. Data for this study were collected in 2019 and 2020 using an online survey of 1021 Mexican food shoppers. The survey included a choice experiment with 12 hypothetical choice scenarios of beef steak with different product attributes and prices. The product attributes considered were place of origin, food safety level, and production practices. Mexican consumers were found to have a strong preference for domestic beef products. Moreover, Mexican consumers are willing to pay $1.16 and $1.18/lb for enhanced food safety and natural production practices. Consumers are also willing to pay $0.19/lb more for US–Texas beef than that of US beef. The results of this project provide valuable information for developing marketing strategies and promotion campaigns aiming to improve the competitiveness of US and Texas beef products in foreign markets [EconLit Citations: D12, Q17, Q18].
Development and maturation of the occupational health services research field in the United States over the past 25 years: Challenges and opportunities for the future
Authors: Sears Jeanne M. , Wickizer Thomas M. , Franklin Gary M. , Fulton‐Kehoe Deborah , Hannon Peggy A. , Harris Jeffrey R. , Graves Janessa M. , McGovern Patricia M.
Published: August 2023

Work is an important social determinant of health; unfortunately, work‐related injuries remain prevalent, can have devastating impact on worker health, and can impose heavy economic burdens on workers and society. Occupational health services research (OHSR) underpins occupational health services policy and practice, focusing on health determinants, health services, healthcare delivery, and health systems affecting workers. The field of OHSR has undergone tremendous expansion in both definition and scope over the past 25 years. In this commentary, focusing on the US, we document the historical development and evolution of OHSR as a research field, describe current doctoral‐level OHSR training, and discuss challenges and opportunities for the OHSR field. We also propose an updated definition for the OHSR field:Research and evaluation related to the determinants of worker health and well‐being; to occupational injury and illness prevention and surveillance; to healthcare, health programs, and health policy affecting workers; and to the organization, access, quality, outcomes, and costs of occupational health services and related health systems. Researchers trained in OHSR are essential contributors to improvements in healthcare, health systems, and policy and programs to improve worker health and productivity, as well as equity and justice in job and employment conditions. We look forward to the continued growth of OHSR as a field and to the expansion of OHSR academic training opportunities.
Design, Synthesis, and Molecular Docking Analysis of Fluorinated MLN4924 Derivatives as Antiviral Agents
Authors: Sung Kisu , Hyeon Seokhwan , Kim Minjae , Sahu Pramod K. , Naik Siddhi D. , Aswar Vikas R. , Tripathi Sushil K. , Chang Tong‐Shin , Ahn Jin‐Hyun , Yu Jinha , Jeong Lak Shin
Published: August 2023

MLN4924 is known for its potential in cancer treatment and antiviral activity as a NEDD8‐activating enzyme (NAE) inhibitor. We designed and synthesized fluorinated MLN4924 derivatives by electrophilic fluorination at the 6′‐position and nucleophilic fluorination at the 2′‐position of the sugar moiety, respectively. The compounds were then evaluated for their anti‐HCMV activity, and compound 2 a exhibited the most potent HCMV inhibitory activity, showing similar results to MLN4924 but with no toxicity at a high concentration. Docking studies highlighted the importance of the sugar conformation in the binding interaction with the target protein. This research offers critical insights into the optimization of MLN4924 derivatives and provides a promising pathway towards the development of effective antiviral agents.
Different Genetic Signatures of Small‐Cell Lung Cancer Characterize Anti‐GABABR and Anti‐Hu Paraneoplastic Neurological Syndromes
Authors: Vogrig Alberto , Pegat Antoine , Villagrán‐García Macarena , Wucher Valentin , Attignon Valéry , Sohier Emilie , Brevet Marie , Rogemond Veronique , Pinto Anne‐Laurie , Muñiz‐Castrillo Sergio , Peter Elise , Robert Melisse , Picard Géraldine , Hopes Lucie , Psimaras Dimitri , Terra Anthony , Perrin Corinne , Cogne Dominique , Tabone‐Eglinger Severine , Martinez Séverine , Jury Delphine , Valantin Julie , Gadot Nicolas , Auclair‐Perrossier Jessie , Viari Alain , Dubois Bertrand , Desestret Virginie , Honnorat Jérôme
Published: August 2023

Objective

Small‐cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the malignancy most frequently associated with paraneoplastic neurological syndromes (PNS) and can trigger different antibody responses against intracellular (Hu) or neuronal surface (GABABR) antigens. Our aim was to clarify whether the genomic and transcriptomic features of SCLC are different in patients with anti‐GABABR or anti‐Hu PNS compared with SCLC without PNS.

Methods

A total of 76 SCLC tumor samples were collected: 34 anti‐Hu, 14 anti‐GABABR, and 28 SCLC without PNS. The study consisted of 4 steps: (1) pathological confirmation; (2) next generation sequencing using a panel of 98 genes, including those encoding the autoantibodies targets ELAVL1‐4, GABBR1‐2, and KCTD16; (3) genome‐wide copy number variation (CNV); and (4) whole‐transcriptome RNA sequencing.

Results

CNV analysis revealed that patients with anti‐GABABR PNS commonly have a gain in chromosome 5q, which contains KCTD16, whereas anti‐Hu and control patients often harbor a loss. No significantly different number of mutations regarding any onconeural genes was observed. Conversely, the transcriptomic profile of SCLC was different, and the differentially expressed genes allowed effective clustering of the samples into 3 groups, reflecting the antibody‐based classification, with an overexpression of KCTD16 specific to anti‐GABABR PNS. Pathway analysis revealed that tumors of patients with anti‐GABABR encephalitis were enriched in B‐cell signatures, as opposed to those of patients with anti‐Hu, in which T‐cell‐ and interferon‐γ‐related signatures were overexpressed.

Interpretation

SCLC genetic and transcriptomic features differentiate anti‐GABABR, anti‐Hu, and non‐PNS tumors. The role of KCTD16 appears to be pivotal in the tumor immune tolerance breakdown of anti‐GABABR PNS. ANN NEUROL 2023;94:1102–1115
Photochemical Desaturation and Epoxidation with Oxygen by Sequential Flavin Catalysis
Authors: Walter Alexandra , Eisenreich Wolfgang , Storch Golo
Published: August 2023

Catalytic desaturations are important strategies for the functionalization of organic molecules. In nature, flavoenzymes mediate the formation of α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds by concomitant cofactor reduction. Contrary to many laboratory methods for these reactions, such as the Saegusa‐Ito oxidation, no transition metal reagents or catalysts are required. However, a molecular flavin‐mediated variant has not been reported so far. We disclose a photochemical approach for silyl enol ether oxidation, which leads to α,β‐unsaturated ketones (13 examples) in very good yields. The flavin catalysts are stable throughout the desaturation reaction, and we successfully applied them in a subsequent aerobic epoxidation by simply changing the reaction conditions. This protocol allowed us to directly convert silyl enol ethers into α,β‐epoxyketones in a one‐pot fashion (12 examples). Sequential flavin catalysis is not limited to one specific reactivity combination and can, inter alia, couple the photochemical oxidation with radical additions. We anticipate that flavin‐catalyzed desaturation will be applicable to other substrate classes and that its sequential catalytic activity will enable rapid substrate diversification.
Preparation of color‐tunable electrospun cellulose acetate‐polycaprolactone nanofibrous film for information encryption
Authors: Mogharbel Roaa T. , Alkhamis Kholood , Sallam Sahar , Munshi Alaa M. , Alshareef Mubark , Alhasani Mona , Shaaban Fathy , El‐Metwaly Nashwa M.
Published: August 2023

Novel photochromic and long‐persistent photoluminescent electrospun nanofibrous films were developed for anticounterfeiting applications. The inclusion of rare‐earth activated strontium aluminum oxide (RSAO) nano‐scaled particles into nanofibers of cellulose acetate‐polycaprolactone (CA‐PCL) composite facilitated the development of a simple method for creating an organic–inorganic photoluminescent nanocomposite. Upon excitation at 365 nm, the luminescent nanofibrous films showed an emission band of 516 nm. The current from photochromic films change color to green when illuminated with ultraviolet light as proved by absorption and fluorescence analyses, and CIE Lab parameters. Both mechanical and hydrophobic properties of the electrospun films were found to improve with raising RSAO content in CA‐PCL. Improved hydrophobic performance was monitored without any compromise to their other desirable properties. The morphology of the synthesized phosphor nanoparticles was investigated to indicate particle diameter of 2–12 nm, whereas the morphology of the electrospun nanofibers displayed diameters of 200–300 nm. The cytotoxicity of RSAO was also explored using the MTT proliferation assay. When exposed to UV, the nanofibrous films showed reversible photochromism without fatigue
Preparation of graphene oxide enhanced magnetic composite hydrogels by one‐pot method for selective adsorption
Authors: Yan Meiling , Liu Zhihan , Yang Jing , Xiang Xu
Published: August 2023

Magnetic composite hydrogels exhibit promising prospects for diverse applications, but their mechanical properties impose limitations on their further advancement. In this study, a novel approach is proposed to directly prepare magnetic composite hydrogels utilizing nanoferroferric oxide, aiming to replace the existing preparation method. Meanwhile, graphene oxide (GO) is introduced into magnetic composite hydrogels to enhance their mechanical characteristics. By employing ammonium citrate (AC) as a dispersant, the dispersion of ferroferric oxide magnetic nanoparticles at a concentration of 40 mg/mL is achieved, enabling their coexistence with GO for the preparation of magnetic composite hydrogels. Notably, the incorporation of 3 mg/mL GO and 40 mg/mL magnetic nanoparticles in polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel yields remarkable improvements in maximum stress and strain, reaching 148 kPa and 496%, respectively. In contrast, magnetic composite hydrogels without GO exhibit lower values of 46.5 kPa and 351%. The presence of magnetic nanoparticles imparts magnetism to the hydrogel, with higher concentrations of magnetic nanoparticles leading to increased magnetism. Moreover, the presence of AC and GO renders the hydrogels electronegative, thereby endowing them with selective adsorption capabilities. In summary, the magnetic composite hydrogels prepared by one‐pot method have good mechanical properties and selective adsorption capacity, and have good application potential.
Pain after cancer: Time to move towards a mechanism‐based approach!
Authors: Meeus Mira
Published: August 2023

The high prevalence and the debilitating nature of pain following cancer urge the need for appropriate pain assessment and management in this population. Yet cancer pain remains under‐recognized and under‐treated. For effective pain management, correct identification of the presence of different underlying pain mechanisms is warranted, since pain management strategies differ considerably according to the predominant mechanisms. To raise awareness around possible underlying pain mechanisms in pain after cancer, the three major pain mechanisms are shortly explained and translated to this specific population. Next, in this Special Issue, we delve further into the existing evidence on the presence of these pain mechanisms in patients with pain after cancer, and on how they can be assessed or approached in patients with pain after cancer.
Exploring effectiveness in brain removal techniques: A comparison of approaches
Authors: Robertson Ellen M. , Allison Sara M. , Mueller Caroline M. , Ferriby Andrew C. , Roth Alex R. , Batra Ranjan
Published: August 2023

Brain dissection is typically an important part of teaching neuroscience in health professional programs. This results in the need to effectively remove brains, which is often performed in a gross anatomy laboratory in the same curriculum. The aim of this study was to determine the most effective method of brain removal based on the time required for removal, difficulty of removal, and preservation of key brain structures for educational purposes. Six different dissectors performed each of the three calvaria removal approaches and three different spinal cord transection methods rating them for difficulty and tracking the time required. The combination of calvaria and brainstem approaches and the order of completion was randomized to control for fatigue and previous individual experience. After all brains were removed, each was evaluated by neuroscience faculty for utility in education contexts. The study found little difference between the individual approaches for both calvaria removal and spinal cord transection in regards to quality of outcome. The use of a circumferential cut only proved to be the most time‐effective method for calvaria removal while a posterior cut between C1 and C2 was the most time‐effective and least difficult method for brainstem release. There was no one technique that proved to be most beneficial across all three measures. However, different approaches resulted in a different combination of benefits across the time, difficulty, and outcome ratings that should be considered in light of the individual needs of any program or researcher.
New role of bacteriophages in medical oncology
Authors: Moradi Mohammad , Ghaleh Hadi Esmaeili Gouvarchin , Bolandian Masoumeh , Dorostkar Ruhollah
Published: August 2023

Targeted treatment of cancer is one of the most paramount approaches in cancer treatment. Despite significant advances in cancer diagnosis and treatment methods, there are still significant limitations and disadvantages in the field, including high costs, toxicity, and unwanted damage to healthy cells. The phage display technique is an innovative method for designing carriers containing exogenic peptides with cancer diagnostic and therapeutic properties. Bacteriophages possess unique properties making them effective in cancer treatment. These characteristics include the small size enabling them to penetrate vessels; having no pathogenicity to mammals; easy manipulation of their genetic information and surface proteins to introduce vaccines and drugs to cancer tissues; lower cost of large‐scale production; and greater stimulation of the immune system. Bacteriophages will certainly play a more effective role in the future of medical oncology; however, studies are in the early stages of conception and require more extensive research. We aimed in this review to provide some related examples and bring insights into the potential of phages as targeted vectors for use in cancer diagnosis and treatment, especially regarding their capability in gene and drug delivery to cancer target cells, determination of tumor markers, and vaccine design to stimulate anticancer immunity.
The power of the lens: Filming increases honesty in children as young as five
Authors: Sai Liyang , Bi Yue , Yu Chengfei , Ding Xiao Pan
Published: August 2023

As early as 5 years of age, children begin to manage their reputations strategically. We investigated whether the reputation concern elicited by filming affected children's mental cheating, which is a form of cheating that cannot be detected even if someone else is watching. During the test, the experimenter was in the room with children, and we operationalized reputational cues as whether the video camera was actively recording or not. We compared the self‐reported accuracy of a filmed group versus a non‐filmed group in a mental cheating game, under two motivational contexts: self‐interest and other‐interest. A total of 320 children aged 3 to 6 years played a mind game in which they were asked to predict the outcome of a dice roll and to report whether their prediction was correct. We found that 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds were less likely to cheat for their self‐interests when being filmed than when not being filmed. However, filming did not reduce 5‐ to 6‐year‐olds' other‐interested cheating. Furthermore, we found that filming did not influence the self‐interested or other‐interested cheating of 3‐ to 4‐year‐old children. This study highlights how reputation concern elicited by filming motivates children to appear honest to others, even in purely mental cheating scenarios. Additionally, our results suggest that young children are sophisticated in their early reputation management and that prosocial justifications can alleviate concerns about dishonesty.
Novel low‐temperature synthesis of Y2–xO3:Eux3+ nanophosphor using combustion with thioglycerol as fuel for near‐UV light‐emitting diodes
Authors: Patwardhan Milind A. , Jumale Jyotsna K. , Jumale Ritesh K. , Kohale Ritesh L.
Published: August 2023

Luminescent materials used in flat panel displays, compact fluorescent lamps, and light‐emitting diodes require high purity, uniform particle size, clean surfaces, spherical shape, and dense morphology to ensure long‐term stability. Y2O3:Eu3+ is a widely studied red phosphor known for its characteristic photoluminescence (PL) emission at 613 nm with near‐UV excitation at 392 nm. Many methods have been explored to synthesize Y2O3:Eu3+ nanoparticles with exceptional purity, consistent phases, and uniform particle sizes. The aim is to synthesize particles with pristine surfaces, spherical shape, and compact morphology. This study focuses on the low‐temperature synthesis and PL investigation of Y2–xO3:Eux3+ nanophosphors using combustion with thioglycerol as fuel. The results are compared with Y2–xO3:Eux3+ red nanophosphors synthesized using wet chemical and nitrate combustion methods. The PL characteristics of the Y2–xO3:Eux3+ nanophosphors were analyzed using PL emission spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. These findings highlight the advantageous properties of the synthesized nanophosphors, such as their suitability for solid‐state lighting applications in the lamp industry as highly efficient red phosphors. The combination of high purity, uniform particle size, clean surfaces, spherical shape, and dense morphology contributes to their potential for long‐term stability and reliable performance in lighting devices.
Advances in white light‐emitting organic crystals
Authors: Qiu Lin‐Qing , Lv Qiang , Wang Xue‐Dong
Published: August 2023

In past decades, organic crystals have presented considerable potential in the field of optoelectronics due to their rich tunable physical and chemical properties and excellent optoelectronic characteristics. White‐light emission, as a special application, has received widespread attention and has been applied in various fields, generating significant interest in the scientific community. By preparing white light‐emitting organic crystals, a series of applications for future white‐light sources can be realized. This article reviews the research progress on the molecular design and synthesis, preparation, and application of white light‐emitting organic crystals in recent years. We hope that this review will help to understand and facilitate the development of white light‐emitting organic crystals.
Recent advances in structure‐based enzyme engineering for functional reconstruction
Authors: Xu Shen‐Yuan , Zhou Lei , Xu Ying , Hong Han‐Yue , Dai Chen , Wang Ya‐Jun , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: August 2023

Structural information can help engineer enzymes. Usually, specific amino acids in particular regions are targeted for functional reconstruction to enhance the catalytic performance, including activity, stereoselectivity, and thermostability. Appropriate selection of target sites is the key to structure‐based design, which requires elucidation of the structure–function relationships. Here, we summarize the mutations of residues in different specific regions, including active center, access tunnels, and flexible loops, on fine‐tuning the catalytic performance of enzymes, and discuss the effects of altering the local structural environment on the functions. In addition, we keep up with the recent progress of structure‐based approaches for enzyme engineering, aiming to provide some guidance on how to take advantage of the structural information.
Unraveling the potential and constraints associated with corn steep liquor as a nutrient source for industrial fermentations
Authors: Wahjudi Sekar Mayang W. , Petrzik Thomas , Oudenne Françoise , Lera Calvo Concepción , Büchs Jochen
Published: August 2023

Costly complex media components such as yeast extract and peptone are still widely used in industrial bioprocesses, despite their ill‐defined composition. Side stream products such as corn steep liquor (CSL) present a compelling economical alternative that contains valuable nutrients required for microbial growth, that is, nitrogen and amino acids, but also vitamins, trace elements, and other minerals. However, as a side stream product, CSL may be subject to batch‐to‐batch variations and compositional heterogeneity. In this study, the Respiration Activity MOnitoring System designed for shake flasks (RAMOS) and 96‐well microtiter plates (μTOM) were applied to investigate the potential and constraints of CSL utilization for two model microorganisms: E. coli and B. subtilis. Considering the dry substance content of complex nutrients involved, CSL‐based media are more efficient in biomass production than the common lysogeny broth (LB) medium, containing 5 g/L yeast extract, 10 g/L peptone, and 5 g/L NaCl. At a glucose to CSL (glucose/CSL, g/g) ratio of 1/1 (g/g) and 2/1 (g/g), a secondary substrate limitation occurred in E. coli and B. subtilis cultivations, respectively. The study sheds light on differences in the metabolic activity of the two applied model organisms between varying CSL batches, which relate to CSL origin and production process, as well as the effect of targeted nutrient supplementation. Through a targeted nutrient supplementation, the most limiting component of the CSL‐glucose medium used for these applied model microorganisms was identified to be ammonium nitrogen. This study proves the suitability of CSL as an alternative nutrient source for E. coli and B. subtilis. The RAMOS and μTOM technique detected differences between CSL batches, allowing easy and early identification of varying batches. A consistent performance of the CSL batches in E. coli and B. subtilis cultivations was demonstrated.
A novel nomogram and risk classification system based on inflammatory and immune indicators for predicting prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients with liver metastases
Authors: Peng Linjia , Chen Hao
Published: August 2023

Background

The study determined to construct a novel predictive nomogram to access the prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients with liver metastases (PCLM).

Methods

Medical records included clinical and laboratory variables were collected. The patients were randomly divided into training and validation cohort. First, in the training cohort, the optimal cutoff value of SII, PNI, NLR, PLR were obtained. Then the survival analysis evaluated the effects of above indices on OS. Next, univariate and multivariate analyses were used to identify the independent factors of OS. Moreover, a nomogram was constructed based on LASSO cox analysis. Additionally, the predictive efficacy of the nomogram was evaluated by ROC curve and calibration curve in the training and validation cohort. Finally, a risk stratification system based on the nomogram was performed.

Results

A total of 472 PCLM patients were enrolled in the study. The optimal cutoff values of SII, PNI, PLR and NLR were 372, 43.6, 285.7143 and 1.48, respectively. By combing SII and PNI, named coSII‐PNI, we divided the patients into three groups. The Kaplan–Meier curves demonstrated above indices were correlated with OS. Univariate and multivariate analyses found the independent prognostic factors of OS. Through LASSO cox analysis, coSII‐PNI, PNI, NLR, CA199, CEA, chemotherapy and gender were used to construct the nomogram. Lastly, the ROC curve and calibration curve demonstrated that the nomogram can predict prognosis of PCLM patients. Significant differences were observed between high and low groups.

Conclusions

The nomogram based on immune, inflammation, nutritional status and other clinical factors can accurately predict OS of PCLM patients.
Understanding users' switching intention of cloud storage services: A push‐pull‐mooring framework
Authors: Mohd‐Any Amrul Asraf , Sarker Moniruzzaman , Hui Fabian Low Zhen
Published: August 2023

Highly sensitive and private information is stored in the cloud, so understanding how and why customers choose and switch between cloud storage service providers is pivotal. However, prior studies have tended to focus on users' adoption of cloud storage services, whereas little attention has been paid to their switching intention behavior based on non‐functional factors. Using the push‐pull model, developed from human migration theory, and by employing a survey (n = 326), we demonstrate that the push factor (i.e., satisfaction) has a significant negative effect, while the pull factor (i.e., alternative attractiveness) has a significant positive effect on users' switching intentions. Furthermore, mooring factors such as switching costs, habitual use, and past switching experiences have a varying moderation effect on the relationship between push and pull factors and switching intentions. The results offer several important theoretical and actionable managerial implications.
A Graphene Oxide‐Supported PdCu Catalyst for Enhanced Electrochemical Synthesis of Ammonia
Authors: Liang Zhuangzhuang , Cao Jianghui , Zhao Fang , Song Jiliang , Xue Sensen , Hua Qianqian , Ren Xuefeng , Gao Liguo , Ma Tingli , Liu Anmin
Published: August 2023

The conventional Haber‐Bosch method for the ammonia synthesis process requires high temperature and pressure. Electrochemical synthesis of ammonia, an emerging ammonia synthesis technology, is a promising approach for sustainable ammonia production that is energy‐efficient and free of greenhouse gas emissions. The design and development of high‐performance catalysts are the keys to promoting the sustainable ammonia production process. This work synthesized a PdCu alloy catalyst loaded on a graphene oxide carrier through a simple liquid phase reduction method. Which greatly enhanced the catalytic performance with an ammonia yield of 1.62 mg h−1cm−2 and Faradaic efficiency of 38.2 % under the nitrate reduction ammonia synthesis (NO3RR) reaction at an overpotential of −0.4 V. For the nitrogen reduction ammonia (NRR), the ammonia yield was 20.83 μg h−1 cm−2 with a Faradaic efficiency of 3.8 %. This study may provide a new idea for material design and promote ammonia synthesis development under ambient conditions.
Weakly Self‐Assembled [6]Helicenes: Circularly Polarized Light and Spin Filtering Properties
Authors: Rodríguez Rafael , Naranjo Cristina , Kumar Anil , Dhbaibi Kais , Matozzo Paola , Camerel Franck , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Gómez Rafael , Naaman Ron , Sánchez Luis , Crassous Jeanne
Published: August 2023

Self‐assembling features, chiroptical activity, and spin filtering properties are reported for 2,15‐ and 4,13‐disubstituted [6]helicenes decorated in their periphery with 3,4,5‐tris(dodecyloxy)‐N‐(4‐ethynylphenyl)benzamide moieties. The weak non‐covalent interaction between these units conditions the corresponding circularly polarized luminescence and spin polarization. The self‐assembly is overall weak for these [6]helicene derivatives that, despite the formation of H‐bonding interactions between the amide groups present in the peripheral moieties, shows very similar chiroptical properties both in the monomeric or aggregated states. This effect could be explained by considering the steric effect that these groups could generate in the growing of the corresponding aggregate formed. Importantly, the self‐assembling features also condition chiral induced spin selectivity (CISS effect), with experimental spin polarization (SP) values found between 35–40 % for both systems, as measured by magnetic‐conducting atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique.
Determination of carbon dioxide from a coke‐mentos‐fountain
Authors: Sommer Katrin , Thiele Doriano , Joch Philipp , Schäfer Alexander , Zellmer Stefan
Published: August 2023

Die Cola‐mentos®‐Fontäne ist ein faszinierendes Showexperiment, bei dem durch Einwurf eines Kaubonbons in eine frisch geöffnete Cola‐Flasche eine Fontäne aus Kohlenstoffdioxid und mitgerissener Flüssigkeit entweicht. Es soll untersucht werden, ob das freiwerdende Kohlenstoffdioxid mit klassischen Fachmethoden quantifiziert werden kann. Dazu wird Coca‐Cola® light sowohl mittels pneumatischen Auffangens als auch durch gravimetrische Bestimmung des gefällten Carbonats untersucht. Die Methoden erweisen sich als zuverlässig. Der Vergleich verschiedener Cola‐Sorten unter Nutzung des pneumatischen Verfahrens offenbart, dass bei Coca‐Cola® light mehr Kohlenstoffdioxid freigesetzt wird als bei Coca‐Cola® classic.
Evaluating local thyroid cytopathology practices by molecular quality metrics: A multi‐institutional study on 4651 FNAs with a focus on the role of the interventional cytopathologist
Authors: Nacchio Mariantonia , Palladino Raffaele , Vigliar Elena , Pisapia Pasquale , Salatiello Maria , Malapelle Umberto , Porcelli Tommaso , Luongo Cristina , Fonderico Francesco , Masone Stefania , Salvatore Domenico , Troncone Giancarlo , Bellevicine Claudio
Published: August 2023

Background

The diagnostic accuracy of thyroid fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) can be highly influenced by the technical skills of the operator performing the procedure and by interobserver variability in microscopic interpretation. This is particularly true for the indeterminate categories. Recently, molecular testing has been proposed as an ancillary tool for monitoring the performance of different thyroid cytopathology practices. The objective of this multicenter study was to evaluate the quality of different local cytopathology practices by assessing the impact of interventional cytopathologists on FNA adequacy for molecular testing and the variations in mutation rates across different health care centers operating in the Campania region.

Methods

The study included 4651 thyroid FNA samples diagnosed in different Southern Italian clinical laboratories belonging to the TIRNET (the Tiroide Network). FNA samples were collected by different proceduralists and were classified by local cytopathologists according to The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology. FNAs classified as atypia of undetermined significance, follicular neoplasm, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant were centralized for a real‐time polymerase chain reaction‐based, seven‐gene test at the authors’ institution.

Results

Centers that employed interventional cytopathologists obtained fewer unsatisfactory FNA samples for molecular testing (11.3%) than centers that employed noncytopathologists (16.7%; p < .05). Furthermore, a significant variation in the mutation rate was observed in FNAs diagnosed by different local cytopathologists; indeterminate categories had the highest percentage of mutation rate variability among centers.

Conclusions

Interventional cytopathologists obtained higher yields of diagnostic material for molecular testing. Finally, the current results suggest that the variability in mutation rates among different centers may highlight the low reproducibility of microscopic criteria among cytopathologists, particularly for indeterminate cases.