bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cisplatin Therapy in 41 Dogs With Malignant Tumors
Authors: Knapp Deborah W. , Richardson Ralph C. , Bonney Patty L. , Hahn Kevin
Published: March 2010

Forty‐one dogs with a variety of histopathologically diagnosed, measurable tumors were treated with cisplatin (cis‐diamminedichloroplatinum, Platinol, Bristol Laboratories, Syracuse, NY 13221‐4755) as a single agent at a dosage of 60 mg/m2 given intravenously at 3‐week intervals. In an attempt to avoid renal toxicity of cisplatin, saline diuresis was induced and maintained for 4 hours before and 2 hours following cisplatin administration. The dogs received one to ten doses of cisplatin. To determine response to therapy and to monitor toxicity of the drug, the dogs were evaluated with physical examinations including tumor measurements, radiography, complete blood counts, platelet counts, urinalyses, serum urea nitrogen concentrations, and serum creatinine concentrations. An overall response rate of 19% was observed. Complete remission occurred in one of 11 dogs with squamous cell carcinomas and one of one dog with a mediastinal undifferentiated carcinoma. Partial remissions were documented in one of 11 dogs with squamous cell carcinomas, two of three dogs with metastatic osteosarcomas, one of three dogs with nasal adenocarcinomas, and one of one dog with a thyroid adenocarcinoma. Toxic side effects were primarily gastrointestinal in nature, with vomiting occurring 1–6 hours after cisplatin administration in 27 of 41 dogs. Severe anorexia occurred in three dogs, and hemorrhagic diarrhea was observed in one dog. One dog developed grand mal seizures and died 3 hours following therapy. Granulocytopenia was documented in six dogs, and thrombocytopenia was observed in four dogs. One dog showed an increase in serum urea nitrogen and creatinine concentrations, but this patient had known pre‐existing renal disease. These observations of response to therapy and toxicity warrant additional clinical trials to further define cisplatin's role in the treatment of canine neoplasia.
Clinical Signs of Tumors Affecting the Rostral Cerebrum in 43 Dogs
Authors: Foster Ellen S. , Carrillo Joseph M. , Patnaik Amiya K.
Published: March 2010

The clinical and pathologic features of 43 dogs with neoplasia of the rostral cerebrum were reviewed. Primary brain tumors included meningioma, astrocytoma, neuroblastoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma. Other tumors that secondarily affected these areas included solitary hemangiosarcoma, nasal neuroendocrine carcinoma, nasal cell adenocarcinoma, nasal squamous cell carcinoma, and nasal neurofibrosarcoma. Older dogs were usually affected (mean, 10 years), and meningioma was the most frequent tumor type. Thirty‐one dogs (72% of total) had a late‐onset (>5 years of age) of either generalized seizures or behavior abnormalities, or both, with an initially normal neurologic examination. In these 31 dogs, a mean time of 78 days (range, 2 to 400 days) elapsed from the onset of seizures or behavior change to the detection of a persistently abnormal neurologic examination. In all 43 dogs, the time from the detection of neurologic deficits to death or euthanasia and necropsy ranged from 1 to 63 days (mean, 13 days). On the basis of this review, it appears that dogs with late‐onset seizures or behavior change, or both, should be suspected of having tumors involving the rostral cerebrum, despite the absence of persistent neurologic deficits commonly associated with cerebral tumors. Further, the onset of abnormalities in the neurologic examination and the time of death seem to occur within predictable time periods.
Hepatic Failure in Dairy Cattle Following Mastitis or Metritis
Authors: Sweeney R. W. , Divers T. J. , Whitlock R. H. , Acland H. M. , Tulleners E. P. , Palmer J. E.
Published: March 2010

Hepatic failure developed following mastitis or metritis in five adult cows. In all five cases, cows initially showed clinical signs compatible with endotoxemia, which resolved with appropriate therapy for the mastitis or metritis. Subsequently, signs of liver failure developed including profound anorexia, weight loss, cessation of milk production, and in one case, photosensitization. Four cows had laboratory evidence of liver disease and failure (abnormally prolonged sulfobromophthalein [BSP] clearance half‐life and abnormally high serum liver enzyme activity). Hepatocellular necrosis or vacuolization was seen on histopathologic examination of liver specimens from all five cows. The hepatocellular necrosis, in some cases, was thought to be due to the direct or indirect effects of endotoxin on the liver. Three of the cows responded to symptomatic therapy. One cow failed to respond and one was not treated.
Selected Aspects of the Clinical Pharmacology of Visceral Analgesics and Gut Motility Modifying Drugs in the Horse
Authors: Kohn Catherine W. , III William W. Muir
Published: March 2010

Comparison of the visceral analgesic effects of xylazine, morphine, butorphanol, pentazocine, meperidine, dipyrone, and flunixin in a cecal distention model of colic pain indicated that xylazine produces the most relief from abdominal discomfort. Repeated administration of xylazine may reduce visceral pain so effectively that the seriousness of abdominal disease is obscured. Xylazine decreased propulsive motility in the jejunum and pelvic flexure of healthy ponies. Morphine and butorphanol also gave relief from visceral pain in the cecal distention model. Morphine may inhibit colonic, and butophanol jejunal, motility. Whether xylazine or opiate mediated decreases in gut motility cause clinically important slowing of ingesta transit is controversial and requires further investigation. The development of behavioral changes (i.e., apprehension and pawing) in horses given opiate therapy may limit the use of these drugs. Combinations of xylazine and morphine or butorphanol produce excellent, safe, visceral analgesia and sedation without untoward behavioral effects. Although flunixin fails to demonstrate good visceral analgesic effects in the cecal distention model, this drug produces analgesia in some cases of colic by blocking prostaglandin mediated induction of pain.

Improvement of propulsive gut motility in patients with ileus may follow administration of neostigmine (which is particularly effective when the large bowel is hypomotile), naloxone (which experimentally stimulates propulsive colonic motility), and metoclopramide (which stimulates stomach and proximal small intestinal motility).
Chronic Idiopathic Neutropenia in a Cat
Authors: Swenson Cheryl L. , Kociba Gary J. , Arnold Pierre
Published: March 2010

Persistent neutropenia (0‐0.6 × I09neutrophils/1) was documented during a 10‐month period in a 4‐year‐old spayed female domestic shorthair cat that was presented for anorexia and depression. Salient abnormalities detected on physical examination were fever (40.3oC), dehydration, and gingivitis. The cat was neutropenic (0.5 × 109neutrophils/1) and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test for feline leukemia virus was negative. A bone marrow aspirate showed decreased numbers of mature granulocytic cells.In vitrobone marrow cultures for colony‐forming units‐granulocyte/macrophage (CFU‐GM) were performed comparing bone marrow from the patient with that of a normal cat. The patient had fewer CFU‐GM than the control. The number of CFU‐GM increased when bone marrow mononuclear cells were cultured in the presence of 10‐5and 10‐6mol/1 of hydrocortisone, but the cat did not respond to oral prednisolone therapy. The pathogenesis of the neutropenia in this cat remains obscure, but resembles the chronic idiopathic neutropenia syndrome of man.
A Field Evaluation of Benzimidazole and Nonbenzimidazole Drugs in a Herd of Dairy Goats
Authors: Uhlinger Christine , Fetrow John , Johnstone Colin
Published: March 2010

A study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of six anthelmintics in a herd of dairy goats. Pretreat‐ment larval cultures indicated that the goats were infected withHaemonchus conformsandTrichos‐trongylus colubriformis.Three separate treatment regimens were administered. In each trial, mature nonlactating goats were allocated into two treatment groups and a control group. Treatment groups received thiabendazole (TBZ) or levamisole (LEV), mebendazole (MBZ) or fenbendazole (FBZ), and morantel tartrate (MOR) or ivermectin (IVR). LEV, MOR, and IVR reduced fecal strongyle egg counts by 99% to 100% of pretreatment values. The benzimidazole (BZD) drugs changed pretreatment fecal egg counts by +2% to ‐32%. Results of posttreatment larval culture demonstrated the presence ofH contortuslarvae following the administration of BZD drugs.
Multisystem Neuronal Degeneration in Cocker Spaniels
Authors: Jaggy A. , Vandevelde M.
Published: March 2010

Four young Cocker Spaniels had slowly progressive neurologic signs with ataxia and mental deterioration. Pathologically, the lesions consisted of diffuse nerve cell loss, gliosis, axonal degeneration, and some demyelination in several areas of the brain. Pedigree analysis strongly suggests a hereditary cause for this disease, which is classified as a multisystem neuronal degeneration. This disorder has not been previously reported and has some resemblance to certain degenerative neurologic diseases found in humans. The clinical differential diagnosis includes cerebellar degeneration and lysosomal storage diseases. A definitive diagnosis requires postmortem examination.
A Retrospective Study of Aldosterone Secretion in Normal and Adrenopathic Dogs
Authors: Golden Dennis L. , Jr Clinton D. Lothrop
Published: March 2010

A retrospective study on stored plasma from normal dogs and dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadre‐nocorticism (PDH), pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism controlled by mitotane (o, p'‐DDD),* iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism, and hypoadrenocorticism was conducted to determine if alterations in aldosterone production exist in these disorders. The plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) was measured by radioimmunoassay immediately before and 1 hour after adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)† administration (0.5 IU/kg, intravenously [IV]).

PACs increased significantly when ACTH was administered to normal dogs. Dogs with PDH had a lower baseline PAC, but their PAC increased to levels similar to that of normal dogs after ACTH administration. In dogs with PDH controlled by o, p'‐DDD therapy, the response to ACTH was significantly less than that of normal dogs or dogs with untreated PDH. Dogs with iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism had a lower baseline and post‐ACTH PAC than normal dogs. Dogs with hypoadrenocorticism had a normal basal PAC, but showed no significant increase in PAC following ACTH administration.

These findings suggest that PACs are significantly altered in a variety of adrenal diseases, and that the ACTH stimulation test may be useful when evaluating aldosterone secretion in adrenopathic disorders. In addition, at therapeutic dosages, o, p'‐DDD treatment was associated with a decrease in basal and post‐ACTH PACs in dogs with PDH.
Methimazole Treatment of 262 Cats With Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Kintzer Peter P. , Hurvitz Arthur I.
Published: March 2010

The efficacy and safety of the antithyroid drug methimazole were evaluated over a 3‐year period in 262 cats with hyperthyroidism. In 181 of the cats, methimazole was administered for 7 to 130 days (mean, 27.7 days) as a preoperative preparation for thyroidectomy. The remaining 81 cats were given methimazole for 30 to 1,000 days (mean, 228 days) as sole treatment for the hyperthyroid state. After 2 to 3 weeks of methimazole therapy (10 to 15 mg/d), the mean serum thyroxine (T4) concentration decreased significantly(P< 0.001) from a pretreatment value of 12.1 μg/dl to 2.1 Mg/dl. The final maintenance dose needed to maintain euthyroidism in the 81 cats that were given methimazole as sole treatment for hyperthyroidism ranged from 2.5 to 20 mg/d (mean, 11.9 mg/d). Clinical side effects developed in 48 (18.3%) cats (usually within the first month of therapy), which included anorexia, vomiting, lethargy, self‐induced excoriation of the face and neck, bleeding diathesis, and icterus caused by hepatopathy. Mild hematologic abnormalities developed in 43 (16.4%) cats (usually within the first 2 months of treatment), which included eosinophilia, lymphocytosis, and slight leukopenia. In ten (3.8%) cats, more serious hematologic reactions developed including agranulocytosis and thrombocytopenia (associated with bleeding). These hematologic abnormalities resolved within 1 week after cessation of methimazole treatment. Immunologic abnormalities associated with methimazole treatment included the development of antinuclear antibodies in 52 of 238 (21.8%) cats tested and red cell autoantibodies (as evidenced by positive direct antiglobulin tests) in three of 160 (1.9%) cats tested. These immunologic reactions were not associated with evidence of immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia or lupus‐like syndrome in any of the cats. The results of this study indicate that methimazole is effective in blocking excess thyroid hormone secretion in cats with hyperthyroidism. In addition, although not entirely free of adverse side effects, methimazole is a relatively safe antithyroid drug for use in the cat.
Identification of Rickettsiae in Cutaneous i Biopsy Specimens From Dogs With Experimental Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Authors: Davidson Michael G. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Walker David H. , Nasisse Mark P. , Sussman Wendy E.
Published: March 2010

Direct immunofluorescence reaction forRickettsia rickettsiiwas performed on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded cutaneous biopsy specimens collected from dogs with experimental Rocky Mountain spotted fever (RMSF). A technique of trypsin digestion of deparaffinized, rehydrated sections was successful in demonstrating discrete, immunofluorescent organisms in endothelia and adjacent vessel walls in the dermis.R rickettsiiwas identified only in grossly evident dermal lesions (macular rash or oral vesicles) and was not apparent in randomly collected biopsy specimens from clinically normal inguinal skin. These results suggest that clinical application of this technique for diagnosis of RMSF may be limited in dogs without cutaneous lesions. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:8–11)
Thrombocytopenia Associated With Acute Bovine Virus Diarrhea Infection in Cattle
Authors: Rebhun William C. , French Tracy W. , Perdrizet John A. , Dubovi Edward J. , Dill Stephen G. , Karcher Lance F.
Published: March 2010

Thrombocytopenia was observed in 15 of 146 cases of clinically acute bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infection in adult cattle. Platelet counts ranged from 2,000 to 33,000/MI. Clinically, a bleeding tendency was manifested by bloody diarrhea, petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage, epistaxis, and abnormal bleeding from injection sites. Coagulation testing (six cases) gave no evidence of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Bone marrow aspirates were suggestive of active marrow necrosis (two cases) or recent repopulation (three cases). Treatment, when given, was supportive and empirical in nature. Six animals experienced complete clinical recoveries; the others died or were euthanatized. Although the pathogenesis of the thrombocytopenia was not definitively determined, thrombocytopenia associated with acute BVDV infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis for cattle with bleeding disorders. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:42–46)
Factitious Hyperkalemia in Dogs With Thrombocytosis
Authors: Reimann Keith A. , Knowlen Grant G. , Tvedten Harold W.
Published: March 2010

To determine the effect of platelet count on the accurate assessment of serum electrolyte concentrations, simultaneous platelet counts and electrolyte determinations were performed on serum and plasma from 40 dogs. Dogs were grouped according to platelet count as follows: thrombocytopenic (< 150,000/μ1), normal (150,000 to 600,000/μ1), or thrombocytotic (>600,000/μl). Serum potassium concentration was significantly higher than plasma potassium concentration in normal dogs (mean difference, 0.63 ± 0.17 mEq/1) and in dogs with thrombocytosis (mean difference, 1.55 ± 0.73 mEq/1). This difference in potassium concentration between serum and plasma was positively correlated with platelet count (r2= 0.86). In the blood of dogs with thrombocytosis, the serum‐plasma potassium difference was further increased when the time period between blood collection and separation of serum or plasma from cells was lengthened. Differences between serum and plasma concentrations of sodium or chloride were not seen in any platelet group. These results suggest that a portion of the measured serum potassium concentration is released from platelets during the clotting process. In fact, profound elevations in serum potassium concentrations can occur factitiously in dogs with thrombocytosis. Therefore, the actual concentration of potassium in blood is determined more accurately by measuring the plasma concentration rather than the serum concentration of this electrolyte. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:47–52)
Cantharidin Toxicosis in Horses
Authors: Schmitz D. G.
Published: March 2010

Cantharidin toxicosis in horses has become an increasing problem in certain regions of the United States. Toxicosis occurs when horses ingest alfalfa hay or products that are contaminated with “blister” beetles. Clinical signs may vary from depression to severe shock and death, depending upon the amount of toxin ingested. The most frequently observed signs include varying degrees of abdominal pain, anorexia, depression, and signs suggestive of oral irritation. Many horses make frequent attempts to void urine. Less commonly observed signs include synchronous diaphragmatic flutter and erosions of the oral mucosal surfaces. Clinical laboratory abnormalities suggestive of cantharidin toxicosis include persistent hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia, development of hypoproteinemia, microscopic hematuria, and mild azotemia with inappropriate urine specific gravity. Chemical analysis for cantharidin is accomplished by evaluation of urine or stomach contents. Treatment of cantharidin toxicosis is symptomatic, but must include removal of toxin source. Gastrointestinal protectants, laxatives, intravenous fluids, analgesics, diuretics, calcium gluconate, and magnesium are all included in the treatment regimen. Early and vigorous therapy is imperative if it is to be successful. In horses that remain alive for several days, persistence of elevated heart and respiratory rates and increasing serum creatine kinase concentration are associated with a deteriorating condition. Prevention is aimed at timely harvesting of alfalfa hay. Hay fields should be inspected for the presence of beetle clusters before harvesting. Involved areas of the field should not be harvested. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:208–215)
Cholestasis Associated With Extrahepatic Bacterial Infection in Five Dogs
Authors: Taboada Joseph , Meyer D. J.
Published: March 2010

Intrahepatic cholestasis associated with severe extrahepatic bacterial infection is well recognized in humans. A similar syndrome is not well characterized in veterinary medicine. Five dogs with severe extrahepatic bacterial infection that developed histologically confirmed intrahepatic cholestasis were selected from the authors' case files.

The types of infections included pneumonia, peritonitis secondary to a rectal tear, urinary tract infection, bite wounds, and vegetative endocarditis.Escherichia coliwas involved in two of the dogs, mixed infection in one dog, and a gram‐positive cocci in the other two dogs. Total bilirubin concentrations ranged from 3.5 to 33.5 mg/dl. Serum liver enzyme activities showed only mild to moderate increases: alkaline phosphatase (ALP, 41–750 IU/1), alanine aminotransferase (ALT, 25–235 IU/1), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST, 99–255 IU/1). Fasting serum bile acids concentration was markedly elevated in the one dog in which it was measured (259 μmol/1). Histologically, the cholestasis was characterized by bile pigment accumulation in hepatocytes, canaliculi, and/or Kupffer's cells. Inflammatory parenchymal changes, when present, were minimal.

The findings of hyperbilirubinemia, only a slight increase in the liver enzyme activities, and minimal inflammatory changes in liver tissue specimens in the five dogs with extrahepatic bacterial infections are similar to the findings in intrahepatic cholestasis associated with extrahepatic bacterial infection in humans. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:216–221)
Intracranial Lesions in Dogs With Hemangiosarcoma
Authors: Waters David J. , Hayden David W. , Walter Patricia A.
Published: March 2010

A retrospective analysis of 85 dogs with hemangiosarcoma (HSA) that underwent complete necropsy, including gross examination of the brain, was conducted. Grossly identifiable intracranial lesions were present in 17 dogs. Twelve of 85 dogs (14.2%) had brain metastases. Four of 85 dogs (4.7%) had hemorrhagic lesions and/or ischemic necrosis without identifiable tumor. One dog had a primary central nervous system tumor. Signs of intracranial disease were present in six of 85 dogs (7.1%) with HSA; four had brain metastases and two had nonneoplastic lesions. Metastases had a propensity for cerebrum and gray matter. Dogs with brain metastases had more widely disseminated disease than dogs without brain metastases (P< 0.001). Dogs with pulmonary metastases were at greater risk for developing brain metastases than dogs without pulmonary metastases (odds ratio = 8.31). Although thoracic radiography accurately identified ten of 12 dogs (83%) with pulmonary metastases, too few cases were available to assess the applicability /accuracy of thoracic radiography in predicting the presence or absence of brain metastases in dogs with malignancy and signs of intracranial disease. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1989; 3:222–230)
Gastrointestinal Lymphoma in 20 Dogs
Authors: Couto C. Guillermo , Rutgers H. Carolien , Sherding Robert G. , Rojko Jennifer
Published: March 2010

The records of 20 dogs with histopathologically diagnosed gastrointestinal (GI) lymphoma (LSA) evaluated between 1970 and 1984 were reviewed. Fifteen dogs were considered to have primary GI LSA, while five dogs had GI involvement in association with the multicentric form. Most clinical and laboratory findings were nonspecific, but positive‐contrast upper GI radiography was suggestive of GI LSA in all of the dogs evaluated. Nine dogs had extensive lymphocytic‐plasmacytic inflammatory infiltrates around the neoplastic foci, resulting in difficulty in obtaining a diagnosis of GI LSA when samples were obtained by endoscopy.
Intact Parathyroid Hormone Assay and Total Calcium Concentration in the Diagnosis of Disorders of Calcium Metabolism in Dogs
Authors: Torrance A. G. , MB Vet , Nachreiner R.
Published: March 2010

Serum samples from eight dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism, seven dogs with hypercalcemic lymphosarcoma (hypercalcemia of malignancy), and four dogs with primary hypoparathyroidism were submitted to the Animal Health Diagnostic Laboratory at Michigan State University for intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) assay. When compared with the adjusted total serum calcium concentration, the intact PTH concentration was consistent with the correct diagnosis in all cases. Two dogs with hypercalcemic lymphosarcoma were mildly azotemic. In both of these cases the intact PTH concentration was consistent with hypercalcemia of malignancy despite the presence of azotemia. These data support a significant role for intact serum PTH assay in the differential diagnosis of disorders of calcium metabolism.
Right Ventricular Outflow Obstruction Caused by Primary Cardiac Neoplasia
Authors: Bright Janice M. , Toal Robert L. , Blackford LeeAnn M.
Published: March 2010

Obstruction to pulmonary blood flow as a result of neoplasia in the right ventricular outflow tract is described in two dogs. Whereas one dog had exertional syncope and a systolic ejection murmur, the other had signs of congestive failure and hypoxia. In both animals the mass was detected in the right ventricle with two‐dimensional echocardiography and confirmed angiographically. Although rare, primary right ventricular neoplasia represents a potentially treatable form of cardiac disease and should be considered as a cause of acquired outflow tract obstruction. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:12–16)
Immunity Targeting Common Core Antigens of Gram‐Negative Bacteria
Authors: Tyler Jeff W. , Cullor James S. , Spier Sharon J. , Smith Bradford P.
Published: March 2010

Antibodies against common gram‐negative core antigens can provide protection against environmental, commensual, and contagious bacteria that cause life‐threatening gram‐negative sepsis/endotoxemia. Cross‐protective immunity may be effective against many common livestock diseases, including neonatal coliform septicemia, coliform mastitis, septic metritis, and severe enteritis. The greatest potential benefit of cross‐protective immunity may be realized in the reduction of ill‐thrift and mortality of neonates. The use of active and passive immunization against core antigens common to gram‐negative bacteria has been successful in human beings, laboratory animals, and livestock. Protection has been observed following challenge with either heterologous endotoxin or unrelated, live, virulent gram‐negative bacteria. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:17–25)
Treatment of Relapsed Canine Lymphoma With Doxorubicin and Dacarbazine
Authors: van Vechten Melinda , Helfand Stuart C. , Jeglum K. Ann
Published: March 2010

Fifteen dogs with relapsed lymphoma were treated with doxorubicin and dacarbazine (ADIC) to rein‐duce remission. All the dogs' lymphomas had become resistant to prior therapy with doxorubicin alone. Five of the 15 dogs had a complete response to the first treatment with ADIC, and three had partial responses. Of the eight dogs receiving a second cycle, two had complete responses, and one had a partial response. One dog that received a third ADIC treatment no longer responded. The median survival time from the first ADIC treatment for all dogs was 45 days (range, 18–241 days). The five dogs having complete responses to the first ADIC treatment had a median survival time of 105 days (range, 45–241 days) after this treatment. Toxicity due to ADIC treatment was acceptable and did not exceed that seen when doxorubicin was given as a single agent. The treatment resulted in severe neutropenia in three dogs. One dog died due to neutropenic sepsis. Vomiting, diarrhea, and anorexia occurred, but were tolerable, resulting in hospitalization in only one instance. ADIC is apparently a useful chemotherapeu‐tic combination to reinduce remission in some dogs with relapsed lymphoma. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:187–191)
Echocardiography and Surgery in a Dog With Left Atrial Rupture and Hemopericardium
Authors: Sadanaga Kenneth K. , MacDonald Malcolm J. , Buchanan James W.
Published: March 2010

Endocardial splitting and left atrial rupture were diagnosed in a dog with mitral regurgitation that experienced the sudden onset of collapsing episodes, weakness, depression, labored breathing, and weak pulses. Thoracic radiographs showed a rounded cardiac silhouette with prominent left atrium consistent with hemopericardium due to left atrial rupture. Two‐dimensional echocardiography confirmed the presence of severe mitral valve disease, pericardial fluid, and a laminated blood clot caudal to the left ventricle. A sterile emergency thoracotomy was performed, the hemopericardium and blood clot were removed, and the rupture site in the left atrium was repaired with reinforced sutures. The dog recovered from surgery but died the next day, presumably from a ventricular arrhythmia. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1990; 4:216–221)
Epidemiology of Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis in North America Based on Histologically Confirmed Cases
Authors: Fayer R. , Mayhew I. G. , Baird J. D. , Dill S. G. , Foreman J. H. , Fox J. C. , Higgins R. J. , Reed S. M. , Ruoff W. W. , Sweeney R. W. , Tuttle P.
Published: March 2010

Following a workshop on equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) convened at the Veterinary Medical Forum of the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine in 1988, this survey of EPM in North America was developed. It is based upon 364 histologically confirmed case records from California, Florida, Illinois, Kentucky, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Pennsylvania, and Texas up to 1988. The highest rate of infection was found in young Thoroughbred, Standardbred, and quarter horses. Differences in geographic location, sex, and month (season) of infection were not discernible. This report, the first comprehensive survey of EPM in North America, is intended to serve as a basis for evaluating future changes in prevalence and spread of EPM.
Hypertension in Cats With Chronic Renal Failure or Hyperthyroidism
Authors: Kobayashi Dani L. , Peterson Mark E. , Graves Thomas K. , Nichols C. E. , Lesser Michael
Published: March 2010

The Doppler ultrasonic recording technique was used to measure systolic and diastolic blood pressures indirectly in 28 cats with naturally occurring renal failure, 39 cats with hyperthyroidism, and 33 clinically normal cats. The mean systolic and diastolic blood pressures in the normal cats were 118.4 ± 10.6 mm Hg and 83.8 ± 12.2 mm Hg, respectively. In the cats with chronic renal failure, both the systolic (146.6 ± 25.4 mm Hg) and diastolic (96.6 ± 15.2 mm Hg) blood pressures were significantly higher (P< 0.0001 andP< 0.01, respectively) than in the normal cats. Elevations in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure were recorded in 17 (61%) of the 28 cats with chronic renal failure. In the 39 untreated hyperthyroid cats, both the mean systolic (167.9 ± 28.9 mm Hg) and diastolic (111.6 ± 21.5 mm Hg) pressures also were significantly higher (P< 0.0001) than normal. Increased systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure was recorded in 34 (87%) of the 39 hyperthyroid cats. In seven cats with hyperthyroidism that were reevaluated two to four months after successful treatment of the hyperthyroid state, there was a significant fall in mean systolic pressure (P< 0.05) from a pretreatment value of 159.5 ± 15.4 mm Hg to a posttreatment value of 132.0 ± 1.62 mm Hg. Overall, the results of this study indicate that mild to moderate hypertension is common in cats with chronic renal failure and in cats with untreated hyperthyroidism. In addition, the hypertension appears to be reversible following successful treatment of the hyperthyroid state.
Endotoxic Shock Part II: A Review of Treatment
Authors: Hardie Elizabeth M. , Kruse‐Elliott Kris
Published: March 2010

Treatment of endotoxemia is difficult because of the numerous mediators involved in the body's response to endotoxin. There are three possible approaches in treating endotoxemia. The interaction of endotoxin with target cells can be blocked by inducing tolerance, decreasing plasma endotoxin concentrations, or interfering with endotoxin binding. Once endotoxin has interacted with target cells, endogenous mediators can be blocked with a huge variety of drugs. The effects of corticosteroids, cyclooxy‐genase blockers, leukotriene blockers, platelet activating factor blockers, tumor necrosis factor blockers, oxygen radical scavengers, opiate antagonists, antihistamines, calcium channel blockers are detailed. Supportive care of the endotoxemic patient continues to be a critical aspect of treatment. Controversies regarding solutions to use for volume support, vasoactive and cardiostimulant drugs, metabolic support, and treatment of disseminated intravascular coagulation are reviewed.
Canine Hyperadrenocorticism Due to Adrenocortical Neoplasia: Pretreatment Evaluation of 41 Dogs
Authors: Reusch Claudia E. , Feldman Edward C.
Published: March 2010

This retrospective study identifies parameters that might separate dogs with hyperadrenocorticism caused by adrenocortical tumors from dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism. Further, an attempt was made to identify factors that could separate dogs with adrenocortical adenomas from dogs with carcinomas. The records of 41 dogs with hyperadrenocorticism caused by adrenocortical neoplasia were reviewed. The history, physical examination, urinalysis, hemogram (CBC), chemistry profile adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) stimulation and low dose dexamethasone test results were typical of the nonspecific diagnosis of hyperadrenocorticism. The preceding information on the 41 dogs with adrenocortical tumors was compared with that from 44 previously diagnosed pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticoid dogs. There was no parameter which aided in separating these two groups of dogs.

Thirty dogs with adrenocortical tumors were tested with a high‐dose dexamethasone test and none had suppressed plasma Cortisol concentrations 8 hours after IV administration of 0.1 mg/kg of dexamethasone. In 29 of the 41 adrenal tumor dogs, plasma endogenous ACTH was not detectable on at least one measurement (< 20 pg/ml). The remaining 12 dogs from this group had nondiagnostic concentrations (20–45 pg/ml). Thirteen of 22 dogs (59%) with adrenocortical carcinomas had adrenal masses identified on abdominal radiographs and seven of 13 dogs (54%) with adrenocortical adenomas had radiographically visible adrenal masses. Thirteen of 17 adrenocortical carcinomas (76%) and five of eight adenomas (62%) were identified with ultrasonography. Radiographs of the thorax and ultrasonography of the abdomen identified most of the dogs (8 of 11) with metastatic lesions.

In conclusion, the most sensitive tests in distinguishing dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism from dogs with adrenocortical tumors were the plasma endogenous ACTH concentrations, abdominal radiography, and abdominal ultrasonography. None of these three tests alone, however, were completely reliable, suggesting the potential need for review of several tests when attempting to separate dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism from those with adrenocortical tumors. Recognition of metastatic lesions with radiography and/or ultrasonography was the only parameter that separated dogs with adenomas from dogs with carcinomas.
Renal Clearance, Urinary Excretion of Endogenous Substances, and Urinary Diagnostic Indices in Healthy Neonatal Foals
Authors: Brewer Barbara D. , Clement Stephane F. , Lotz W. Stephen , Gronwall Ronald
Published: March 2010

Urine (U) and serum (S) were obtained every 2 hours during a 12‐ or 24‐hour period from eight healthy 96‐hour‐old pony or horse foals. Dams' milk samples were obtained concurrently. Urine volume was measured during this 12‐ or 24‐hour period. The mean amount of urine produced was 148 ± 20 ml/kg/day. Baseline urinalyses were evaluated on all foals at two days of age, before any manipulation. Urine generally was dilute (< 1.008) but the specific gravity was as high as 1.027 in one normal foal. Continuous (12 or 24 hour) urinary catheterization resulted in bactiuria but not white blood cells in the urine. Prolonged catheterization did not cause foals to become febrile or exhibit clinical signs of cystitis or other illness.

Urinary electrolyte excretion, urinary electrolyte clearances, and fractional electrolyte excretions (FE) were measured. When compared with normal values reported in adult horses, excretion, clearance, and FE were similar for sodium (Na) but higher for potassium (K), phosphorus (P), and calcium (Ca). There were no significant differences between data collected during different time periods, and it was concluded that the use of single sample urine/serum estimates of fractional excretion in the neonatal foal was an appropriate indicator of the renal handling of electrolytes, and when viewed in conjunction with urinalysis and other serum parameters, a valuable aid to evaluating renal function.
Evaluation of Recombinant Canine Granulocyte Colony‐Stimulating Factor as an Inducer of Granulopoiesis: A Pilot Study
Authors: Obradovich Joyce E. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Powers Barbara E. , Boone Thomas
Published: March 2010

Five healthy young adult dogs were given recombinant canine granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (rcG‐CSF) at a dosage of 5 μg/kg/day subcutaneously for 4 weeks to evaluate the effect on complete blood cell counts. The mean neutrophil counts ± standard deviation (SD) increased significantly (P <0.01) from 6,537/μI ± 1,726 (range, 4,950–9,512/μl) to 26,330/μl ± 7,066 (range, 15,368–35,785/μl) within 24 hours after the first injection of rcG‐CSF. Mean monocyte counts ± SD were significantly increased (P <0.05) from baseline values of 751/μl ± 168 (range, 444–891/μl) to 2,514/μl ± 878 (range, 1,740–3,752/μl) on day 5 of rcG‐CSF administration. Mean neutrophil and monocyte counts (±SD) continued to increase reaching a maximum of 72,125/μl ± 15,073 (range, 50,915–96,278/μl) and 3,972/μl ± 2,621 (range, 685–8,030/μl), respectively by day 19. These increased neutrophil and monocyte counts were maintained until the administration of rcG‐CSF was stopped. Blood counts returned to normal within 5 days after discontinuing the rcG‐CSF. One week after discontinuing treatment, rcG‐CSF was started again at 5 μg/kg/day subcutaneously. Within 48 hours following administration of rcG‐CSF, mean neutrophil counts ± SD increased from 5,860/μl ± 1,819 (range, 3,720–8,650/μl) to 57,444/μl ± 8,173 (range, 43,983–68,278/μl). Myeloid:erythroid ratios increased from a mean of 1.63:1 on day 1 prior to administration of rcG‐CSF to 3.3:1 on day 10 in three dogs for which bone marrow samples were evaluated. Recombinant canine G‐CSF did not cause clinically significant toxicosis in any of the dogs.
Hemodynamic Effects of Atropine, Dobutamine, Nitroprusside, Phenylephrine, and Propranolol in Conscious Horses
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , McKeever Kenneth H. , Muir William W.
Published: March 2010

The authors investigated the cardiovascular effects of low doses of nitroprusside, dobutamine, and phenylephrine and aβ‐adrenergic blocking dose of propranolol in conscious, healthy horses with and without prior atropine administration. A parasympathetic blocking dose of atropine produced significant increases in heart rate and arterial pressures, and decreased stroke volume, ejection fraction, pulse pressure, and right‐ventricular end‐diastolic pressure and volume. Cardiac output was not changed by atropine administration. Nitroprusside reduced arterial pressures to a greater extent in atropinized horses but increased heart rate in both atropinized and non‐atropinized horses. Dobutamine increased mean arterial pressure in both non‐atropinized and atropinized horses but increased heart rate, diastolic arterial pressure, and systemic vascular resistance only in atropinized horses. Propranolol did not affect any of the hemodynamic variables that were measured. Phenylephrine, in the presence ofβ‐adrenergic blockade, increased mean arterial pressure and reduced cardiac output. This study showed that low doses of nitroprusside, dobutamine, and phenylephrine produce significant hemodynamic effects in conscious, healthy horses and that these effects are modified by prevailing parasympathetic tone.
Efficacy and Toxicity of VAC Chemotherapy (Vincristine, Doxorubicin, and Cyclophosphamide) in Dogs with Hemangiosarcoma
Authors: Hammer AIan S. , Couto C. Guillermo , Filppi Joyce , Getzy Dave , Shank Karen
Published: March 2010

Fifteen dogs with hemangiosarcoma were treated with a combination of vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide after incisional or excisional biopsy. The median survival for all fifteen dogs was 172 days (mean survival = 316 days). The median survival for those dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma was 145 days (mean survival = 271 days) as compared with previously published median survival times in dogs with splenic hemangiosarcoma treated with surgery alone of 19 to 65 days. Toxicities included neutropenia (11/15), severe gastroenteritis (4/15), cardiotoxicity (3/15), and sepsis (2/15). The authors conclude that vincristine, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide chemotherapy may be an efficacious treatment modality in dogs with hemangiosarcoma and is associated with acceptable toxicity.
Changes in Factor VIII:Coagulant Activity and von Willebrand Factor Antigen Concentration After Subcutaneous Injection of Desmopressin in Dogs with Mild Hemophilia A
Authors: Mansell Peter D. , Parry Bruce W.
Published: March 2010

Four German Shepherd dogs with mild hemophilia A were given Desmopressin (Minirin intranasal solution, Ferring, Malmo, Sweden) subcutaneously at a range of doses in a controlled blind study. No substantial change in plasma FVIH activity was observed 0.5,1, 2,4, or 6 hours after administration of Desmopressin. Plasma von Willebrand factor antigen concentrations increased rapidly after doses of 0.4, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 μg/kg to mean values of 140%, 127%, 120%, and 140% of baseline, respectively. The duration of this increase was dependent on the dose of Desmopressin injected.
Intracavitary Cisplatin Chemotherapy Experience with Six Dogs
Authors: Moore Antony S. , Kirk Claudia , Cardona Aglaia
Published: March 2010

Six dogs with a median age of 7 years (range = 5–14 years) were presented for signs referable to thoracic or abdominal effusion associated with neoplasia of the body cavities. Intracavitary cisplatin was administered at 50 mg/m2 every 4 weeks for a median of 2.5 treatments (mean = 3, range = 1–6). Three dogs with pleural mesothelioma had complete resolution of effusion for 289, 129, and > 306 days without evidence of tumor growth. Resolution of effusion occurred after one treatment in two dogs and after two treatments in one dog. In three dogs with carcinomatosis of unknown origin, complete responses was seen in two dogs after one treatment for 255 and > 807 days, respectively. Intracavitary chemotherapy with cisplatin was associated with palliation and control of malignant pleural and/or abdominal effusion in five of six dogs. Toxicity was minimal, and this method of therapy should be further explored in dogs with similar malignancies.
Brainstem Auditory‐Evoked Potential Assessment of Congenital Deafness in Dalmatians: Associations With Phenotypic Markers
Authors: Strain George M. , Kearney Michael T. , Gignac Ivan J. , Levesque Donald C. , Nelson Holly J. , Tedford Bruce L. , Remsen Laura G.
Published: March 2010

To screen for congenital deafness, brainstem auditory‐evoked potential (BAEP) testing was performed on 1031 Dalmatians from three geographically separated areas. Phenotypic marker assessment was done to determine markers possibly associated with deafness. Markers included sex, hair coat color, pigmentation of different areas of skin (eye rims, nose, and ears), presence of a patch, spot size and marking (density of spotting), sire and dam BAEP status, and presence of iris and retinal tapetal pigmentation. Combined data from all test sites showed 8.1%bilateral deafness (N= 83 dogs) and 21.6% unilateral deafness (N= 223), or an overall 29.7%incidence of hearing disorders. Significant (P> 0.05) associations with deafness for the data from all test sites combined were seen for patch, sire and dam BAEP, iris pigment, and retinal pigment. However, results differed for several of the significant phenotypic markers when analyses were done on the data from the individual test sites; changes from significant to not significant were found. This suggested the existence of multiple populations of deafness patterns, and reinforced the precautionary conclusion that associations of phenotypic markers with deafness are not necessarily functionally significant. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:175–182)
A Review of Disorders of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Biliary Tract in the Dog and Cat
Authors: Neer T. Mark
Published: March 2010

Disorders of the gallbladder and extrahepatic biliary tract in the dog and cat can easily be confused with other intra‐abdominal disorders. This confusion results because many times the clinical course and signs of biliary tract disease are similar to these other intra‐abdominal disorders. This review discusses the normal anatomy and physiology of the gallbladder, bile duct, and bile in the dog and cat and then summarizes the historic, physical examination, clinicopathologic, diagnostic, histologic and therapeutic aspects of all the cases of extrahepatic biliary tract disease reported in the veterinary literature. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:186–192)
Differentiation of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in the Horse: A Report of Two Cases
Authors: Dascanio J. J. , Zhang C. H. , Antczak D. F. , Blue J. T. , Simmons T. R.
Published: March 2010

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) was diagnosed in two horses: an 18‐year‐old Quarter Horse gelding that was examined because of edema of the prepuce and ventral abdomen; and a 20‐year‐old mixed breed gelding that was referred because of lymphocytosis, ventral edema, and weight loss. The first horse had enlarged peripheral lymph nodes and cool nonpainful pitting edema of the ventral abdomen and prepuce. The second horse had enlarged peripheral lymph nodes, cool nonpainful pitting edema of the ventral thorax and cranial ventral abdomen, and a 3/5 holosystolic heart murmur. The diagnosis of CLL was based on increased blood lymphocyte counts and infiltration of marrow and other tissues by lymphocytes. In horse 1, the lymphocytosis persisted for 2 months between initial examination and death. The results of flow cytometric analysis on blood lymphocytes using anti‐lymphocyte antibodies suggested that horse 1had T‐cell CLL, and horse 2 had B‐cell CLL. In addition, the second horse had a monoclonal gammopathy (IgC), with light‐chain proteinuria. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6: 225–229)
Evaluation of L‐asparaginase: Polyethylene Glycol Conjugate Versus Native L‐asparaginase Combined with Chemotherapy: A Randomized Double‐blind Study in Canine Lymphoma
Authors: MacEwen E. Gregory , Rosenthal Robert C. , Fox Leslie E. , Loar Andrew S. , Kurzman Ilene D.
Published: March 2010

L‐asparaginase is an enzyme that inhibits protein synthesis by the depletion of sources of L‐asparagine, which is necessary for transformed lymphoid cells to proliferate. L‐asparaginase is used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. A problem with L‐asparaginase therapy is the immunogenicity of the enzyme and the development of anaphylactic reactions. Canine lymphoma is a predominantly B‐cell tumor with widespread disease; without treatment, dogs with lymphoma usually survive 1–2 months. Canine lymphoma will respond to L‐asparaginase therapy. A randomized double‐blind study evaluated a polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugate L‐asparaginase combined with chemotherapy (vincristine, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone). Thirty‐five dogs were randomized to the PEG L‐asparaginase group, and 34 dogs were randomized to the native L‐asparaginase group. Thirty dogs, (85.7%) achieved a complete remission (CR) with a median time to relapse of 217 days, and 32 (94.1%) dogs in the native L‐asparaginase group achieved a CR with a median time to relapse of 214 days (P > 0.05). The asparaginase was well tolerated in both groups. Two dogs in the native L‐asparaginase group had severe allergic reactions, and one dog in the PEG asparaginase group had a generalized urticaria1 reaction after repeated injections. This study indicates that PEG L‐asparaginase has equal therapeutic efficacy to native L‐asparaginase. (Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 1992; 6:230–234)