bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF SMOOTH AND NONSMOOTH VARIANTS IN THE DISSOCIATION OF
PASTEURELLA HAEMOLYTICA
Authors: Wessman G. E.
Published: January 2020

Wessman
, G. E. (National Animal Disease Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, Iowa). Interrelationships of smooth and nonsmooth variants in the dissociation of
Pasteurella haemolytica
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
356–360. 1964.—Smooth
Pasteurella haemolytica
, after rapid growth in statically incubated broth cultures, decreased in numbers rapidly, and were replaced by nonsmooth variants. Upon continued incubation, smooth cells again predominated. The two phenotypes were alike in general biochemical characteristics, but differed in virulence for mice. The presence of nonsmooth cells in mixed cultures severely limited the growth of smooth cells. The inhibition of smooth cells correlated with the establishment of definite population densities, and the critical factor appeared to be limitation of oxygen in the cultural medium. Selective inhibition did not occur in aerated cultures, but was more pronounced in cultures grown under reduced air pressure. Selective death of smooth cells on slant cultures held at 5 C and preferential growth of nonsmooth cells, plus death of smooth cells at room temperature, accounted for population changes in stored cultures.
CHROMOSOME TRANSFER KINETICS OF
SALMONELLA
Hfr
STRAINS
Authors: Johnson E. M. , Falkow Stanley , Baron L. S.
Published: January 2020

Johnson
, E. M. (Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Washington, D.C.),
Stanley Falkow, and L. S. Baron
. Chromosome transfer kinetics of
Salmonella
Hfr strains. J. Bacteriol.
88:
395–400. 1964.—The kinetics of chromosome transfer of an Hfr strain of
Salmonella typhosa
and an Hfr strain of
S. typhimurium
were examined in interrupted matings with multiply auxotrophic
S. typhimurium
recipients. The
S. typhosa
Hfr, TD-7, was found to transfer the
pro-A, met-A, arg
(A, C, F, or H), and
ile
markers at 8, 32, 36, and 51 min, respectively, after contact with the recipient strain. Comparison of these entry times with those of the analogous
Escherichia coli
Hfr P4X-6 for the same markers showed the gene order to be identical. However, the TD-7 entry times were considerably extended over those of P4X-6, which transfers these markers of
E. coli
F
−
strains at, respectively, 5, 20, 22.5, and 28 min. A similar extension of the entry times was noted with the
S. typhimurium
Hfr, SR-305, which transfers the markers in the reverse order,
ile-met
-A-
pro
-A, at 3 to 4, 18, and 46 min, respectively. Examination of P4X-6/
Salmonella
Hfr entry time ratios showed them to be constant at 0.63 for the earlier markers transferred by both TD-7 and SR-305. These data suggest that the physical length of the
Salmonella
chromosome is the same as that of
E. coli
, and that the rate of chromosome transfer of the
Salmonella
Hfr strains to
S. typhimurium
recipients is only 0.63 that of P4X-6 to
E. coli
F
−
strains under the same physical conditions.
DIFFERENTIATION BY IMMUNODIFFUSION AND BY QUANTITATIVE IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE BETWEEN 5-FLUOROURACIL-TREATED AND NORMAL CELLS FROM A TOXINOGENIC
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS
STRAIN
Authors: Repentigny J. de , Sonea S. , Frappier A.
Published: January 2020

De Repentigny
, J. (University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada), S.
Sonea, and A. Frappier
. Differentiation by immunodiffusion and by quantitative immunofluorescence between 5-fluorouracil-treated and normal cells from a toxinogenic
Staphylococcus aureus
strain. J. Bacteriol.
88:
444–448. 1964.—Immunodiffusion and quantitative immunofluorescence can both detect antigenic changes produced by 5-fluorouracil (FU) in
Staphylococcus aureus
Wood 46 strain. When FU is added to the cultures in their logarithmic phase of growth, a number of bacterial antigens are no longer detectable by immuno-diffusion and the intensity of the total immuno-fluorescence of bacteria is diminished; thus, these antigens are either profoundly modified or no longer synthesized. Uracil and, less effectively, thymine can reverse the FU inhibitory effect on the synthesis of antigens, and the number of precipitin lines remains closer to controls. The immunochemical approach provides a new way of obtaining information on the action of this pyrimidine analogue on metabolic processes in pathogenic bacteria. Microscopic quantitative immunofluorescence seems to be adaptable to give indirect information on changes in the metabolism or synthesis or antigens of a single bacterial cell.
EARLY EFFECTS OF STREPTOMYCIN ON
BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
Authors: Hancock R.
Published: January 2020

Hancock
, R. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.). Early effects of streptomycin on
Bacillus megaterium
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
633–639. 1964.—The sequence of some early effects of streptomycin on
Bacillus megaterium
was investigated. An increase in the rate of efflux of cellular K ions preceded loss of viability, but efflux of Mg ions remained normal. Loss of viability was closely coincident with reduction in rate of protein synthesis. Nucleic acid synthesis continued after protein synthesis ceased in low-phosphate medium, but ceased simultaneously with protein synthesis in normal minimal medium. Later, after viability had begun to decrease, the respiration rate began to fall and the cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content decreased slowly. No leakage of ultraviolet-absorbing materials into the medium occurred, although uracil was slowly released from nucleic acid after killing had begun. It is concluded that in this organism, as previously observed with
Escherichia coli
, the actions of streptomycin which led to an increased rate of efflux of K and specific inhibition of protein synthesis are the only ones early enough to be of significance in its bactericidal action, the other effects being later secondary changes.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF LATENT PSITTACOSIS VIRUS IN McCOY CELLS
Authors: Kajima Masahiro , Sharon Nehama , Pollard Morris
Published: January 2020

Kajima, Masahiro
(University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Ind.),
Nehama Sharon, and Morris Pollard
. Electron microscopy of latent psittacosis virus in McCoy cells. J. Bacteriol.
88:
709–715. 1964.—Replication of psittacosis virus in McCoy cells was observed periodically by electron microscopy, and was correlated with the appearance of inclusion bodies in infected cells stained by acridine orange fluorochrome. Three well-defined morphological stages characterized the replication cycle: (i) noninfectious initial body, (ii) noninfectious intermediate body, and (iii) infectious mature or elementary body. When replication of virus was interrupted by aminopterin, the virus failed to develop beyond the noninfective initial body stage; however, after treatment of such cultures with folinic acid, intermediate and mature virus particles appeared in the cells. Latent psittacosis virus, as described here, represented a virus in which the replication process was interrupted at a noninfective (eclipse) stage of the developmental cycle.
FLAVINE ADENINE DINUCLEOTIDE-LINKED MALIC DEHYDROGENASE FROMACETOBACTER XYLINUM
Authors: Benziman Moshe , Galanter Y.
Published: January 2020

Benziman, Moshe(The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel),and Y. Galanter. Flavine adenine dinucleotide-linked malic dehydrogenase fromAcetobacter xylinum. J. Bacteriol.88:1010–1018. 1964.—The properties of the pyridine nucleotide-nonlinked malic dehydrogenase ofAcetobacter xylinumwere investigated in the supernatant fluid obtained by high-speed centrifugation of sonic extracts. Ferricyanide, phenazine methosulfate, and to a lesser extent dichlorophenolindophenol were active as oxidants for malate oxidation. After acid ammonium sulfate precipitation, the enzyme lost its malate-oxidizing activity. The enzyme was reactivated by low concentrations of flavine adenine dinucleotide (FAD) but not by flavine mononucleotide (FMN) or riboflavine. Atabrine inhibited the enzyme, and the inhibition was relieved by FAD but not by FMN or riboflavine. Malate-oxidizing activity was inhibited by hematin. The inhibition was prevented by imidazole or globin.o-Phenanthroline, 8-hydroxy quinoline, α,α'-dipyridyl, andp-chloromercuribenzoate inhibited malate oxidation. Amytal markedly inhibited oxidation of malate in the presence of oxygen, phenazine methosulfate, or dichlorophenolindophenol, but not in the presence of ferricyanide. The results suggest that the malic dehydrogenase ofA. xylinumis a FAD enzyme, which contains an ironbinding site essential for its activity. Nonheme iron and sulfhydro groups are possibly involved in enzyme activity. The malic dehydrogenase is functionally linked to the cytochrome chain.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OF AXIAL FIBRILS, OUTER ENVELOPE, AND CELL DIVISION OF CERTAIN ORAL SPIROCHETES
Authors: Listgarten M. A. , Socransky S. S.
Published: January 2020

Listgarten, M. A.
(Harvard School of Dental Medicine and Forsyth Dental Center, Boston, Mass.),
and S. S. Socransky
. Electron microscopy of axial fibrils, outer envelope, and cell division of certain oral spirochetes. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1087–1103. 1964.—The ultrastructure of axial fibrils and outer envelopes of a number of oral spirochetes was studied in thin sections and by negative contrast. The axial fibrils measured 150 to 200 A in diameter. Only one end of each fibril was inserted subterminally into the protoplasmic cylinder by means of a 400 A wide disc. The free ends of fibrils inserted near one end of the cylinder extended toward, and overlapped in close apposition, the free ends of fibrils inserted at the other end. In thin sections, some axial fibrils showed a substructure, suggestive of a dense central core. The outer envelopes of most spirochetes appeared to consist of 80 A wide polygonal structural subunits. However, in one large spirochete, the outer envelope demonstrated a “pin-striped” pattern. Cell division in a pure culture of
Treponema microdentium
was studied by negative contrast. Results suggested that this organism divides by transverse fission, the outer envelope being last to divide. During the course of division, new axial fibrils appeared to originate on either side of the point of constriction of the protoplasmic cylinder. Flagellalike extensions which were found in rapidly dividing organisms were due to protruding axial fibrils, and appeared to be the result of cell division. Some evidence is presented to support the concept of a homologous origin for axial fibrils and flagella.
METABOLIC NONEQUIVALENCE OF THE TWO GLUCOSE MOIETIES OF CELLOBIOSE IN
CELLVIBRIO GILVUS
Authors: Swisher Elizabeth J. , Storvick Waldemar O. , King Kendall W.
Published: January 2020

Swisher, Elizabeth J.
(Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg),
Waldemar O. Storvick, and Kendall W. King
. Metabolic nonequivalence of the two glucose moieties of cellobiose in
Cellvibrio gilvus
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
817–820. 1964.—Cellobiose was synthesized in 40% yield with uniform C
14
labeling in the reducing glucose moiety and no label in the nonreducing glucosyl. Resting-cell suspensions of
Cellvibrio gilvus
respiring the labeled cellobiose derived approximately 80% of their respiratory CO
2
from the reducing glucosyl and 20% from the nonreducing glucose. Analysis of isotope content in CO
2
from cells respiring a mixture of labeled cellobiose and unlabeled glucose confirmed that the glucose-1-phosphate produced from phosphorolysis of cellobiose is less extensively converted to CO
2
than is either the glucose released by phosphorolysis of cellobiose or glucose absorbed from the medium. In crude cell extracts, release of glucose from cellobiose was shown to be P
i
-dependent, the pH optimum of cellobiose phosphorylase being 6.2.
FUMARATE REDUCTION AND ITS ROLE IN THE DIVERSION OF GLUCOSE FERMENTATION BY
STREPTOCOCCUS FAECALIS
Authors: Deibel R. H. , Kvetkas Marilyn J.
Published: January 2020

Deibel
, R. H. (American Meat Institute Foundation, Chicago, Ill.),
and M. J. Kvetkas
. Fumarate reduction and its role in the diversion of glucose fermentation by
Streptococcus faecalis
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
858–864. 1964.—Fumarate diverts the normal fermentation of glucose by
Streptococcus faecalis
FB82, as shown by the production of increased amounts of CO
2
, formate, acetate, and acetoin, and decreased formation of lactate and ethanol. Experiments with
d
-glucose-
1-C
14
, in which low levels of labeled CO
2
were recovered, indicated that C-1 cleavage of the glucose molecule was not involved. The presence of fumarate afforded consistently larger cell crops in growth studies with glucose and other energy sources. On a molar growth-yield basis, anaerobically grown, glucose-fumarate cultures were equivalent to aerobically grown, glucose cultures. The reduction of fumarate by cell suspensions indicated that glucose, gluconate, and, to a lesser extent, glycerol and mannitol could serve as hydrogen donors. Several common metabolic inhibitors had no effect upon the fumarate reductase system in cell suspensions, although some sensitivity to acidic pH was noted. Significant levels of succinate oxidation activity were not detected. Fumarate reductase activity was demonstrated in all five
S. faecalis
strains tested. Distribution of this ability in
S. faecium
strains was variable, ranging from activity comparable with that of
S. faecalis
to total inactivity. The observations support the conclusion that fumarate functions as an alternate hydrogen acceptor, thus allowing pyruvate to participate in the energy-yielding phosphoroclastic and dismutation pathways.
EFFECT OF 6-AMINONICOTINAMIDE ON CHICK-EMBRYO TISSUE CULTURES INFECTED WITH VACCINIA VIRUS
Authors: Lee Spencer H. S.
Published: January 2020

Lee, Spencer H. S.
(Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia). Effect of 6-aminonicotinamide on chick-embryo tissue cultures infected with vaccinia virus. J. Bacteriol.
88:
885–892. 1964.—6-Aminonicotinamide (6-AN) was shown to render chick-embryo fibroblast (CEF) tissue cultures refractory to infection with vaccinia virus. Pretreatment of CEF cultures for 8 hr at 36 C with 5 μg/ml of 6-AN prior to addition of vaccinia virus reduced the titer of active virus to about 0.4% of the levels obtained in the untreated controls, when measured by the number of plaque-forming units per milliliter. The addition of 5 μg of 6-AN to CEF cultures before virus infection retarded the progress of vaccinial infection by 8 to 10 hr at 36 C. The inhibitory effect caused by 5 μg/ml of 6-AN could be reversed by the simultaneous addition of 5 to 50 μg/ml of nicotinamide, but not if added at a later time. 6-AN appears to act on the host cell and not on vaccinia virus. For these tests, a simple plaque assay method was devised, by use of a fluid overlay technique with screw-capped tubes (16 by 125 mm) containing CEF cultures.
GENETIC TRANSFER OF STREPTOMYCIN AND AMINOPROPANOLSTREPTOMYCIN RESISTANCE
Authors: Von Graevenitz Alexander
Published: January 2020

von Graevenitz, Alexander
(Yale University, New Haven, Conn.). Genetic transfer of streptomycin and aminopropanolstreptomycin resistance. J. Bacteriol.
88:
960–964. 1964.—Transduction and conjugation experiments with
Staphylococcus aureus
and
Escherichia coli
suggest that resistance to streptomycin (S) and aminopropanolstreptomycin (A) is due to the same mutation arising in a single step at the locus
str
. The high occurrence of S
r
A
s
cells (1 to 3%) in an S
r
A
r
population was noted. From genetic crosses of S
r
A
s
with S
s
A
s
cells, it can be concluded that there is a suppressor locus
su-A
adjacent to, but separable by recombination from, the
str
locus. It modifies the genotype S
r
A
r
to the phenotype S
r
A
s
.
PROTEOLYTIC ATTACK OF THE CHROMOPROTEINS OF
PORPHYRA
BY MARINE BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Merkel Joseph R. , Braithwaite Gordon D. , Kritzler Henry
Published: January 2020

Merkel, Joseph R.
(College of Charleston, Charleston, S.C.),
Gordon D. Braithwaite, and Henry Kritzler
. Proteolytic attack of the chromoproteins of
Porphyra
by marine bacterial enzymes. J. Bacteriol.
88:
974–980. 1964.—Three chromoproteins were isolated from the marine red alga,
Porphyra leucosticta
(Thuret), and were purified by adsorption chromatography on calcium phosphate gel and by ammonium sulfate fractionation. The algal chromoproteins were subjected to the proteolytic action of cultures of actively growing marine bacteria, marine bacterial culture filtrates, trypsin, and various marine bacterial enzyme preparations. Digestion of the chromoproteins was followed through various incubation intervals by measuring the loss of chromophore color and the increase in either ninhydrin-positive material (570 mμ) or 280-mμ light-absorbing material. There was good correlation between the loss of color and enzymatic hydrolysis of the proteins. this was particularly evident when a marine pseudomonad proteinase preparation was used as the proteolytic agent. In every digestion mixture, phycoerythrin was more resistant to degradation than was phycocyanin or allophycocyanin. Phycoerythrin was also more resistant to heat than was phycocyanin or allophycocyanin.
DIFFERENTIATION OF PATHOGENIC AND SAPROPHYTIC LEPTOSPIRES WITH 8-AZAGUANINE
Authors: Johnson Russell C. , Rogers Palmer
Published: January 2020

Johnson, Russell
C. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Palmer Rogers
. Differentiation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires with 8-azaguanine. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1618–1623. 1964.—The use of the purine analogue, 8-azaguanine, as a differential agent for the separation of pathogenic and saprophytic leptospires was investigated. Growth of strains of the saprophyte
Leptospira biflexa
was almost insensitive to the bacteriostatic action of 8-azaguanine at concentrations varying from 25 to 600 μg/ml; these saprophytic leptospires were serially transferred five times in media containing 225 μg without any change in growth rate or cell yield. In contrast, decreased growth rate and cell yield of the pathogenic serotypes were observed with 25 to 50 μg/ml of 8-azaguanine. Complete inhibition of growth occurred at concentrations of 100 μg/ml and above. A medium containing 225 μg/ml of 8-azaguanine was successfully used to differentiate 20 serotypes of pathogenic leptospires and 10 saprophytic strains.
L. andaman
CH11,
L. semarang
Veldrat S1 73, and
L. andaman
Correa, were classified with the
L. biflexa
strains on the basis of their growth response to 8-azaguanine.
CARBOHYDRATE NUTRITION AND SPORULATION OF
ALLESCHERIA BOYDII
Authors: Cazin John , Decker David W.
Published: January 2020

Cazin, John, Jr
. (University of Iowa, Iowa City),
and David W. Decker
. Carbohydrate nutrition and sporulation of
Allescheria boydii
. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1624–1628. 1964.—The influence of various carbohydrates on the growth and sporulation of
Allescheria boydii
was studied by incorporating the test substance in a medium consisting of the inorganic salts mixture contained in Czapek Dox medium with 2% agar. The data indicate that a wide variety of carbohydrates serve adequately as the sole source of carbon for
A. boydii
, and for its imperfect form,
Monosporium apiospermum
. Of those compounds tested, only raffinose and inulin were not assimilated by any of the organisms; one strain differed from all others tested in not being able to utilize sucrose. Of the ascigerous strains tested, those maintained in stock culture for a long period of time were able to grow somewhat more profusely on the various carbohydrates; recently isolated strains produced ascocarps in greater abundance. In contrast to reports appearing in the literature, these organisms are capable of assimilating mannitol, maltose, and lactose.
ISOLATION OF TOXIGENIC STRAINS OF
CLOSTRIDIUM NOVYI
FROM SOIL
Authors: Nishida S. , Nakagawara G.
Published: January 2020

Nishida
, S. (Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan),
and G. Nakagawara
. Isolation of toxigenic strains of
Clostridium novyi
from soil. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1636–1640. 1964.—The cultural conditions for toxin production by
Clostridium novyi
were investigated, and the optimal constituents of a proper medium were determined. A comparison of the value of this medium with other media in regard to toxin production by wild strains of
C. novyi
type A revealed that in this medium the organism could produce more consistent yields of potent toxin than in the other media. Isolation of
C. novyi
was attempted from 62 soil samples, and all were found to contain this organism. Toxigenicities of strains isolated under various conditions were examined in the above-mentioned medium, with the following results. (i) The longer the duration of the sample incubation, the less toxigenic were the strains isolated. (ii) When higher temperatures were employed to preheat the sample, fewer toxigenic strains were obtained.
ORIGIN AND PROPERTIES OF NATURALLY OCCURRING HAPTEN FROMESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Anacker R. L. , Finkelstein R. A. , Haskins W. T. , Landy M. , Milner K. C. , Ribi E. , Stashak P. W.
Published: January 2020

Anacker, R. L. (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), R. A.Finkelstein, W. T. Haskins, M. Landy, K. C. Milner, E. Ribi, and P. W. Stashak. Origin and properties of naturally occurring hapten fromEscherichia coli. J. Bacteriol.88:1705–1720. 1964.—Haptens found in preparations of endotoxin and in fractions of disrupted cells, particularly one termed “native hapten,” which appeared to be associated with the protoplasm of cells rather than with cell walls, have been further investigated with a view to establishing their origin and composition as well as their host-reactive properties. For this purpose, cells from a smooth strain ofEscherichia coliO111:B4 were either extracted directly or disrupted and separated into cell-wall and protoplasmic fractions. Haptens were obtained by gel filtration of endotoxins, by trichloroacetic acid extraction of protoplasm, and by a mild acid hydrolysis of endotoxin. Several lines of evidence indicated that native hapten originated in the protoplasm rather than by autolysis or degradation of cell-wall endotoxin during procedures employed in disruption. In gel diffusion and quantitative precipitin tests, no hapten was identical with endotoxin, but native hapten was serologically the most complex of the haptens and precipitated the most antibody. Native and acid haptens, on a weight basis, fixed about 1% of the quantity of complement fixed by homologous endotoxin. Haptens did not stimulate the production of antibodies in mice or rabbits and did not elicit endotoxic host reactions. Chemically, native hapten differed from endotoxin and from acid hapten in that it lacked phosphorus, heptose, long-chain fatty acids, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate. These substances did not appear to be determinants of antigenic specificity, but they may provide necessary bonds for assembling hapten-like units into fully antigenic and toxic macromolecules.
USE OF
S
-METHYLCYSTEINE AND CYSTATHIONINE BY METHIONINELESS
NEUROSPORA
MUTANTS
Authors: Wiebers Joyce L. , Garner Harold R.
Published: January 2020

Wiebers, Joyce
L. (Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind.),
and Harold R. Garner
. Use of
S
-methylcysteine and cystathionine by methionineless
Neurospora
mutants. J. Bacteriol.
88:
1798–1804. 1964.—Radioactive methionine was found in hydrolysates of various strains of
Neurospora crassa
when either
S
-methylcysteine (SMC)-C
14
H
3
or SMC-S
35
is the sole addition to minimal medium. Isotope product-precursor specific activity ratios are very similar for the two sources of label. Wild-type and methionineless mutants use sulfur from SMC in the biosynthesis of methionine, but not of cysteine, when grown in regular medium. With a medium nearly free from sulfate, SMC served as a source of sulfur for both cysteine and methionine. Suppressed methionineless mutants incorporated sulfur from SMC into cellular cysteine even in the presence of normal amounts of sulfate. SMC as a possible metabolic precursor of methionine was compared to cystathionine in an experiment with wild-type
Neurospora
. The four sources of label used were: SMC-C
14
H
3
, SMC-S
35
, cystathionine-U-C
14
, and cystathionine-S
35
. In each flask, the organism was offered one of the labeled compounds plus an equivalent amount of the other compound without label. The amount of each compound was sufficient for either to supply its contribution to all of the cellular methionine, if it were successful in competing with endogenous sources. To avoid adaptive breakdown of substrates, the compounds were added continuously at a rate consistent with the amount of growth present. The ratio of specific activity of cellular methionine to precursor was determined for each labeled compound. The results show that SMC sulfur and methyl carbon are used equally well. Cystathionine carbon and sulfur appear to be equally utilized also. A preference for cystathionine is indicated.
Morphological Changes in Poly-β-Hydroxybutyrate Granules Associated with Decreased Susceptibility to Enzymatic Hydrolysis
Authors: Merrick J. M. , Lundgren D. G. , Pfister R. M.
Published: January 2020

Merrick
, J. M. (State University of New York, Buffalo), D. G.
Lundgren, and R. M. Pfister
. Morphological changes in poly-β-hydroxybutyrate granules associated with decreased susceptibility to enzymatic hydrolysis. J. Bacteriol.
89:
234–239. 1965.—A complex enzyme system obtained from extracts of
Rhodospirillum rubrum
cells hydrolyzes poly-β-hydroxybutyric acid (PHB) contained in native PHB granules isolated from
Bacillus megaterium
. A labile factor associated with the granules and necessary for depolymerization is easily destroyed by various chemical and physical treatments. Granules inactivated by these treatments were examined in an electron microscope. In all cases, the distinct morphological appearance of native granules was altered. Morphological changes were mainly characterized by membrane fragmentation, loss of coalescence, and surface alterations. These observations suggest that native PHB granules possess definite structural features, disruption of which results in decreased susceptibility of the polymer to enzymatic hydrolysis.
Infectivity of Poliovirus and Its Nucleic Acid for Dehydrated HeLa Cell Monolayers
Authors: Smull Christine E. , Ludwig E. H.
Published: January 2020

Smull, Christine
E. (The Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, Pa.),
and E. H. Ludwig
. Infectivity of poliovirus and its nucleic acid for dehydrated HeLa cell monolayers. J. Bacteriol.
89:
52–57. 1965.—A study was made of the infectivity of poliovirus ribonucleic acid (RNA), applied in various diluents, and of poliovirus, on cell monolayers which were washed free from their nutrient medium and allowed to dehydrate for periods up to 3 days prior to inoculation. The plaque formation of poliovirus RNA, applied in isotonic diluent, was greatly increased when assayed on cell monolayers dehydrated for certain periods of time. Conditions are described for bringing about optimal plaque formation by this means, and evidence is presented which strongly indicates that dehydration of the cell is an important factor in the increase in plaque formation of the poliovirus RNA. The plaque formation of poliovirus RNA in certain hypertonic diluents and in a basic protein-containing diluent was also improved with the use of dehydrated cell monolayers, whereas the plaque formation of poliovirus varied very little when assayed on cell monolayers dehydrated for periods up to 2 days. Under certain conditions, the size of the plaques increased as the dehydration time of the cell monolayers was increased. This was true with plaques initiated either by poliovirus or the nucleic acid. Further investigation in these cases revealed that virus production at given times was considerably greater in the dehydrated than in the undried cell monolayers.
Solubilization of the Conjugation Inhibitor from
Escherichia coli
Cell Wall
Authors: Schwartz Gabriel H. , Eiler Donald , Kern Milton
Published: January 2020

Schwartz, Gabriel
H. (National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases, Bethesda, Md.),
Donald Eiler, and Milton Kern
. Solubilization of the conjugation inhibitor from
Escherichia coli
cell wall. J. Bacteriol.
89:
89–94. 1965.—Conjugation between F
−
and HfrC strains of
Escherichia coli
is inhibited by the presence of cell wall derived from either strain. The inhibitor can be solubilized from such cell walls or whole cells by treatment with periodate. The soluble material is relatively acid-labile and alkali-stable, nondialyzable, nonsedimentable at 100,000 ×
g
(1 hr), partially sedimented after 3 hr at 100,000 ×
g
, sensitive to small changes in ionic strength, neutralized by cationic reagents, and is insensitive to proteinases, nucleases, lipases, and carbohydrases. The soluble inhibitor derived from male and female cells is indistinguishable by all the criteria tested.
Biochemical Studies of the Smooth-Rough Mutation inSalmonella minnesota
Authors: Lüderitz O. , Risse H. J. , Schulte-Holthausen H. , Strominger J. L. , Sutherland I. W. , Westphal O.
Published: January 2020

Lüderitz, O. (Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Frieburg, Germany), H. J.Risse, H. Schulte-Holthausen, J. L. Strominger, I. W. Sutherland, and O. Westphal. Biochemical studies of the smooth-rough mutation inSalmonella minnesota. J. Bacteriol.89:343–354. 1965.—A comparative study of the O antigen from the smooth strain ofSalmonella minnesotaand of the two R antigens derived from two rough forms ofS. minnesota(strains R 60 and R 345) has been carried out. The O-specific polysaccharide of the smooth form is composed of heptose, galactose, glucose, glucosamine, galactosamine, and ketodeoxyoctanoate (KDO). R 60 polysaccharide contains KDO, heptose, galactose, glucose, and glucosamine, whereas the R 345 polysaccharide contains only KDO, heptose, galactose, and glucose. Serologically, R 345 and R 60 polysaccharides belong to serogroups R I and R II, respectively. Enzymatic studies revealed that the acetylgalactosamine-synthesizing enzyme, uridine diphosphate-N-acetylglucosamine-4-epimerase, is present in wild-type and R 345 cells but is absent from R 60 cells. Two distinct polysaccharides were obtained from the R 345 cells: a polysaccharide derived from the R antigen (lipopolysaccharide) containing no galactosamine and exerting R specificity, and a soluble polysaccharide containing galactosamine and exerting O specificity. The structure of O and R antigens is discussed, together with the general significance of the results for the biosynthesis of the O antigens of the genusSalmonella.
Effect of Oxygen on Growth and the Synthesis of Bacteriochlorophyll in
Rhodospirillum molischianum
Authors: Sistrom W. R.
Published: January 2020

Sistrom
, W. R. (University of Oregon, Eugene). Effect of oxygen on growth and the synthesis of bacteriochlorophyll in
Rhodospirillum molischianum
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
403–408. 1965.—The basis of the strict anaerobiosis of the nonsulfur purple bacterium
Rhodospirillum molischianum
was investigated. The bacterium is unable to grow aerobically in the dark. In the light, the only immediate effect of oxygen is to inhibit the biosynthesis of bacteriochlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Growth and protein synthesis are not inhibited directly, nor are the cells killed by oxygen. The inhibition of bacteriochlorophyll synthesis ultimately leads to inhibition of growth. Oxygen inhibits photopigment synthesis by means of a metabolic control system which is apparently identical with the one already known in facultatively aerobic species such as
R. rubrum
. Whole cells of
R. molischianum
respire in the dark; illumination inhibits respiration by about 50%. Cell-free extracts display significant levels of dark reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide oxidase activity. Both these properties are in accord with the physiological behavior of the organism.
Action of Ribonuclease Preparations on Viable Yeast Cells and Spheroplasts
Authors: Schlenk F. , Dainko J. L.
Published: January 2020

Schlenk
, F. (Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Ill.),
and J. L. Dainko
. Action of ribonuclease preparations on viable yeast cells and spheroplasts. J. Bacteriol.
89:
428–436. 1965.—Recrystallized pancreatic ribonuclease releases more than half of the ultraviolet-absorbing cellular constituents of
Candida utilis
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. The presence of salts and buffer interferes with the action of the enzyme on the cytoplasmic membrane, and intracellular constituents show a similar inhibitory effect. Polymerized ribonuclease and conformational isomers cannot penetrate the pores of the yeast cell wall, but they are effective on the membrane of spheroplasts. All forms of the enzyme interfere strongly with the viability of the cells.
Synchrony of Division in Clonal Microcolonies of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Hoffman Heiner , Frank Michael E.
Published: January 2020

Hoffman, Heiner
(New York University, New York, N.Y.),
and Michael E. Frank
. Synchrony of division in clonal microcolonies of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
513–517. 1965.—A common pattern of synchrony of division was found in 18 clonal microcolonies studied by means of time-lapse photomicrography. One of these is described in detail. Cell counts at 1-min intervals were carried into the 11th generation of a microcolony photographed for 5.25 hr. The counts indicated that an early synchrony of division occurred which apparently was gradually dissipated during the course of cultivation. However, when times of cell division for each generation were plotted, it became apparent that each generation conformed to a distribution curve which gradually changed in its characteristics from one generation to the next. The range of time during which the divisions occurred increased from 16 min in the 6th generation to at least 74 min in the 11th. Overlap between distribution curves increased from 3 min between the 7th and 8th generations, where it initially occurred, to at least 20 min between the 10th and 11th. Skewness of the distribution curve progressed from a negative value (−0.943) in the 5th generation to a positive value (+0.339) in the 10th. Genealogical identification of the first and last quarters of the cells to divide within a generation revealed, early in the course of cultivation, a cell subline which was dividing in a pattern of synchrony independent of the colony as a whole. The characteristics of this synchronous pattern, however, gradually progressed with each new generation toward those of the microcolony as a whole.
Pyruvate Metabolism, Carbon Dioxide Assimilation, and Nitrogen Fixation by an
Achromobacter
Species
Authors: Hamilton I. R. , Burris R. H. , Wilson P. W. , Wang C. H.
Published: January 2020

Hamilton
, I. R. (University of Wisconsin, Madison), R. H.
Burris, P. W. Wilson, and C. H. Wang
. Pyruvate metabolism and carbon dioxide assimilation by an
Achromobacter
species. J. Bacteriol.
89:
647–653. 1965.—Carbon dioxide fixation by washed whole cells of
Achromobacter
N4-B has been observed during anaerobic pyruvate metabolism with both nitrogen- and NH
4
+
-grown cells. Labeled sodium bicarbonate-C
14
was assimilated into cells by a mechanism requiring pyruvate under conditions of nitrogen fixation, nitrogenase induction, and assimilation of NH
4
+
. Of the assimilated radioactivity, 89% appeared in six amino acids and two ninhydrin-positive unknown compounds, with the distribution of the label essentially independent of the nitrogen nutritional state of the organism. Aspartic and glutamic acids were the most highly labeled, with lesser amounts in glycine, alanine, ornithine, arginine, and the unknowns. All of the radioactivity extracted from these cells by ethanol-boiling water appeared in a protein fraction precipitated by 20% trichloroacetic acid. Radiorespirometric experiments with individually labeled pyruvate substrates demonstrated the preferential decarboxylation of the C-1 of pyruvate by this organism in a flowing helium gas phase. This decarboxylation was almost completely inhibited by using flowing nitrogen in place of helium; the addition of 0.5% CO
2
to the flowing nitrogen prevented inhibition and allowed 70% of the expected CO
2
evolution. These results, coupled with those from growth experiments, indicate a carbon dioxide requirement for anaerobic growth and pyruvate metabolism, which appears to be coupled to the formation of protein precursors.
Classification of
Vibrio cholerae
(
Vibrio comma
), Including El Tor Vibrios, by Infrasubspecific Characteristics
Authors: Feeley John C.
Published: January 2020

Feeley, John
C. (National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.). Classification of
Vibrio cholerae
(
Vibrio comma
), including El Tor vibrios, by infrasubspecific characteristics. J. Bacteriol.
89:
665–670. 1965.—A study of the properties of 220 serotype O group I vibrios indicated striking similarity in most of their properties. However, by using four tests often applied in the identification of the El Tor vibrio, five types were identified and characterized as follows: type 1 strains, phage IV-sensitive, nonhemolytic by tube and plate methods, unable to agglutinate chicken red cells (CCA), and Voges-Proskauer (VP) negative or weakly positive at 22 C; type 2, same as type 1 except for CCA; type 3, phage IV-resistant, CCA and VP usually positive, and strongly hemolytic by tube and plate methods; type 4, same as type 3, except hemolytic only by plate method unless culture has undergone pronounced rugose variation; and Type 5, same as type 3, except stably nonhemolytic. Type 1 and type 3 strains possess the characteristics usually ascribed to classic cholera vibrios and El Tor vibrios, respectively. Geographical and chronological distribution of the types is discussed. The thesis is presented that it is invalid to recognize two species,
V. cholerae
and
V. eltor
, because alleged differences are infrasubspecific. Recognition of a single species,
V. cholerae
, consisting of several types, is recommended.
Coupling of Phosphorylation and Carbon Dioxide Fixation in Extracts of
Thiobacillus thioparus
Authors: Johnson Emmett J. , Peck Harry D.
Published: January 2020

Johnson, Emmett
J. (University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson),
and Harry D. Peck, Jr
. Coupling of phosphorylation and carbon dioxide fixation in extracts of
Thiobacillus thioparus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1041–1050. 1965.—A cell-free system from
Thiobacillus thioparus
which fixes large quantities of C
14
O
2
in the presence of ribose-5-phosphate, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and Mg
++
has been described. The specific activity (0.041 μmole of ribulose-1,5-diphosphate min
−1
mg
−1
protein) of the CO
2
-fixing system approaches that of green plants, and is further evidence for the importance of the role of carboxydismutase in the thiobacilli. In addition to ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and other nucleoside triphosphates served with varying degrees of effectiveness for the fixation of C
14
O
2
. The ATP requirement for CO
2
fixation was partially replaced under aerobic conditions by a combination of SO
3
=
, PO
4
≡
, and adenosine monophosphate (AMP). Phosphorylation and CO
2
fixation were separated in time by first incubating SO
3
=
and AMP aerobically, and then anaerobically introducing C
14
O
3
=
and ribose-5-phosphate into the reaction mixture. During the first incubation, P
32
O
4
≡
was esterified into nucleotides, mainly ADP, and in the second incubation C
14
O
2
was fixed, with the concomitant utilization of almost equal amounts of the esterified phosphate. These data provide the first in vitro evidence for the mechanism of the coupling of CO
2
fixation and phosphorylation in
T. thioparus
. The fixation of C
14
O
2
was shown to be almost completely inhibited by AMP. This inhibition was not due to the conversion of ATP to ADP by adenylic kinase, or to the binding of magnesium by the nucleotide. The inhibition was specific for AMP, since other mononucleotides, adenosine, and adenine did not inhibit. The AMP regulation of CO
2
fixation may represent a basic control mechanism in autotrophic metabolism.
Localization of Spore Markers on the Chromosome of
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Takahashi I.
Published: January 2020

Takahashi
, I. (McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada). Localization of spore markers on the chromosome of
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1065–1067. 1965.—Attempts were made to locate spore markers on the chromosome by determining the mapping distance of

ery
r
, str
r
, phe, tyr

, and
ser
markers to which the spore markers are closely linked. The results obtained indicated that locus
sp N2-2
is located near the terminus and loci
sp 170-2, sp H12-4
, and
sp 1
are distributed between the middle and the origin of the chromosome. These spore markers are not linked to each other. The above observation confirms our previous finding that in
Bacillus subtilis
spore markers are distributed randomly along the chromosome.
Reversible Effect of Bicarbonate on the Inhibition of Mycobacterial and Yeast Transglucosylases by Mycoribnin
Authors: Lornitzo Frank A. , Goldman Dexter S.
Published: January 2020

Lornitzo, Frank
A. (Veterans Administration Hospital, Madison, Wis.),
and Dexter S. Goldman
. Reversible effect of bicarbonate on the inhibition of mycobacterial and yeast transglucosylases by mycoribnin. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1086–1091. 1965.—The transglucosylase which catalyzes the formation of trehalose-6-phosphate from uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate was purified from cell-free extracts of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H37Ra. During the purification procedure, the transglucosylase loses its sensitivity to mycoribnin, an inhibitor also found in these extracts. Sensitivity of the transglucosylase to mycoribnin is regained when the bicarbonate concentration of either enzyme or mycoribnin preparations is reduced to about 0.01 m
m
; sensitivity to mycoribnin is lost when low concentrations (< 1 m
m
) of bicarbonate are present in the reaction mixture. Transglucosylase preparations retain their bicarbonate-induced insensitivity to mycoribnin after dilution to a bicarbonate concentration which is ineffective for the initial conversion to insensitivity. The transglucosylases of brewer's yeast and of physiologically young (9-day) H37Ra cells, previously reported as insensitive to mycoribnin, have been partially purified. If bicarbonate is excluded from these preparations, the transglucosylases become sensitive to mycoribnin; bicarbonate abolishes this sensitivity. The H37Ra transglucosylase is specific for UDP-glucose and glucose-6-phosphate as substrates. UDP-galactose does not serve as a glycosyl donor; galactose-6-phosphate, ribose-5-phosphate, and glucose-1-phosphate do not act as glucosyl acceptors. Oligoribonucleotide analogues of mycoribnin do not inhibit substantially the H37Ra transglucosylase.
Location and Regeneration of Enterovirus Receptors of HeLa Cells
Authors: Zajac Ihor , Crowell Richard L.
Published: January 2020

Zajac, Ihor(Hahnemann Medical College, Philadelphia, Pa.),and Richard L. Crowell. Location and regeneration of enterovirus receptors of HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol.89:1097–1100. 1965.—Treatment of live HeLa cells with chymotrypsin or trypsin completely inactivated the viral receptors for coxsackievirus B3 and poliovirus T1, respectively. Enzyme-treated cells regained their enterovirus receptor activity after incubation in culture medium. The existence of intracellular receptors for virus could not be demonstrated when live HeLa cells were treated with enzyme prior to disruption and fractionation. These results suggested that receptors for enteroviruses are limited to the cell surface.
Denitrification by
Corynebacterium nephridii
Authors: Hart Lewis T. , Larson A. D. , McCleskey C. S.
Published: January 2020

Hart, Lewis
T. (Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge),
A. D. Larson, and C. S. McCleskey
. Denitrification by
Cornyebacterium nephridii
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1104–1108. 1965.—
Corynebacterium nephridii
was found to reduce nitrate (contrary to the original description) at a rapid rate. In the conventional 0.1% nitrate broth, neither nitrite nor nitrate was detected after 24 hr. There was no assimilation of nitrate nitrogen, and the final product of nitrate reduction was nitrous oxide. Manometric studies and growth experiments indicated that the organism is incapable of reducing nitrous oxide.
C. nephridii
is gram-negative, grows on bile salts (5%) agar, EMB Agar, and MacConkey Agar. It was proposed that this species be transferrrd to the genus
Achromobacter
and designated
Achromobacter nephridii
(Büsing, Döll, and Freytag) comb. nov.
Biochemical Characteristics of
Vibrio sputorum
and Relationship to
Vibrio bubulus
and
Vibrio fetus
Authors: Loesche Walter J. , Gibbons Ronald J. , Socransky Sigmund S.
Published: January 2020

Loesche, Walter
J. (Forsyth Dental Center and Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Mass.),
Ronald J. Gibbons, and Sigmund S. Socransky
. Biochemical characteristics of
Vibrio sputorum
and relationship to
Vibrio bubulus
and
Vibrio fetus
. J. Bacteriol.
89:
1109–1116. 1965.—Twenty-seven strains of
Vibrio sputorum
were isolated from human gingival debris. All strains reduced nitrate beyond nitrite, and all produced H
2
S. None produced catalase, indole, or acetylmethylcarbinol. Carbohydrates were not fermented, and acid end products or volatile neutral products could not be detected. Motility was observed infrequently, although 14-hr cultures usually had a few cells which displayed darting motility. Shadowed electron microscopic preparations demonstrated that most cells in a given culture were nonflagellated, although some cells with a single terminal or subterminal flagellum were always observed.
V. sputorum
was demonstrated not to be a strict anaerobe as previously described, but rather a microaerophile. Addition of nitrate to culture media markedly enhanced growth.
V. sputorum
was found to be closely related to the animal microaerophilic vibrios,
V. bubulus
and
V. fetus. V. sputorum
differed from
V. fetus
by being capable of anaerobic growth, producing H
2
S, and failing to produce catalase or to grow in 10% O
2
. Antigens of
V. sputorum
cross-reacted in low titer with antisera to
V. fetus
serotypes I, II, III, and V.
V. sputorum
differed from
V. bubulus
by being inhibited by 3.5% NaCl and by qualitative differences in growth in the presence of 1% glycine and 10% O
2
. These differences do not appear sufficient to recognize two distinct species, and it is proposed that both species be recognized as
V. sputorum
, which has priority. Strains unable to grow in 3.5% NaCl would be considered
V. sputorum
var.
sputorum
, whereas strains capable of growth in 3.5% NaCl would be
V. sputorum
var.
bubulum
.
Effect of Heat and Plating Medium on Survival of
Escherichia coli
after Treatment with Radiomimetic Chemicals
Authors: Zampieri Antonio , Greenberg Joseph
Published: January 2020

Zampieri, Antonio
(Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation, Palo Alto, Calif.),
and Joseph Greenberg
. Effect of heat and plating medium on survival of
Escherichia coli
after treatment with radiomimetic chemicals. J. Bacteriol.
89:
931–936. 1965.—Survival of
Escherichia coli
strain S and its radioresistant mutant R
4
after treatment with mitomycin C, azaserine, nitrogen mustard, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine, nitrofurazone, and proflavine was studied. With all agents except proflavine, R
4
was more resistant than was S. Survival of strain S was greater on minimal glucose-salts medium than on Penassay (Difco), and greater on the latter than on Tryptone (Difco) agar; survival of S was greater when posttreatment incubation temperature was 45 C than when it was 37 C. Post-treatment plating medium or temperature had no effect on survival of R
4
. Visible light did not affect survival of S or R
4
. The survival curves of R
4
were exponential; those of S exhibited decreasing sensitivity with time of exposure. With proflavine, photoactivation by visible light was demonstrable, but there was no difference in survival between S and R
4
. Survival of either strain was not affected by post-treatment plating medium or incubation temperature.