bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gene Expression and Distribution of Connective Tissue Growth Factor (CCN2/CTGF) During Secondary Ossification Center Formation
Authors: Oka Morihiko , Kubota Satoshi , Kondo Seiji , Eguchi Takanori , Kuroda Chisa , Kawata Kazumi , Minagi Shogo , Takigawa Masaharu
Published: September 2007

CCN2/connective tissue growth factor (CCN2/CTGF) is a critical signaling modulator of mesenchymal tissue development. This study investigated the localization and expression of CCN2/CTGF as a factor supporting angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during development of secondary ossification centers in the mouse tibial epiphysis. Formation of the secondary ossification center was initiated by cartilage canal formation and blood vessel invasion at 7 days of age, and onset of ossification was observed at 14 days. In situ hybridization showed that CCN2/CTGF mRNA was distinctively expressed in the region of the cartilage canal and capsule-attached marginal tissues at 7 days of age, and distinct expression was also observed in proliferating chondrocytes around the marrow space at 14 days of age. Immunostaining showed that CCN2/CTGF was distributed broadly around the expressed cells located in the central region of the epiphysis, where the chondrocytes become hypertrophic and the cartilage canal enters into the hypertrophic mass. Furthermore, an overlapping distribution of metalloproteinase (MMP)9 and CCN2/CTGF was found in the secondary ossification center. These findings suggest that the CCN2/CTGF is involved in establishing epiphyseal vascularization and remodeling, which eventually determines the secondary ossification center in the developing epiphysial cartilage.
Label-retaining Cells in the Rat Submandibular Gland
Authors: Kimoto Masaya , Yura Yoshiaki , Kishino Mitsunobu , Toyosawa Satoru , Ogawa Yuzo
Published: September 2007

To identify stem cells in salivary glands, label-retaining cells (LRCs) were established in rat submandibular glands. Developing and regenerating glands were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU). To cause gland regeneration, the glands were injured by duct obstruction. BrdU LRCs were observed in all the parenchymal structures except for the acinus of the glands labeled during regeneration. Among these LRCs, a few, but not many, expressed neither keratin18 (K18; an acinar/duct cell marker) nor α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA; a myoepithelial cell marker), and thus were putative stem cells. These (K18 and αSMA)neg LRCs were invariably observed in the intercalated duct and the excretory duct. In the intercalated duct, they were at the proximal end bordering the acinus (the neck of the intercalated duct). Next, to test the above identification, gland extirpation experiments were performed. LRCs were established by labeling developing glands with iododeoxyuridine (IdU) in place of BrdU. Removal of one submandibular gland forced the IdU-LRCs in the remaining gland to divide. They were labeled with chlorodeoxyuridine (CldU). The (K18 and αSMA)neg LRCs in the neck of the intercalated duct and in the excretory duct did not change in number or in IdU label. The CldU label appeared in these cells and then disappeared. These results indicate that the (K18and αSMA)neg LRCs have divided asymmetrically and are thus considered salivary gland stem cells.
Expression and Localization of Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Receptor in the Rat Oviduct During Pregnancy
Authors: Sengupta Anamika , Sridaran Rajagopala
Published: September 2007

A recent study from our laboratory has shown cellular and ultrastructural distribution of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and the relative expression of its mRNA in the rat oviduct during the postimplantation period of pregnancy (days 7, 9, 16, and 20). To determine the possible autocrine/paracrine involvement of the oviductal GnRH during pregnancy in rats, the present investigation aims at the study of the relative expression of GnRH receptor (GnRHR) mRNA by real-time PCR followed by immunolocalization of the peptide in the oviduct during pregnancy. Semiquantitative analysis of the oviductal GnRHR expression by Western blot was done by densitometry of the signal intensity. Our results indicate the expression of GnRHR mRNA in the rat oviduct throughout the postimplantation period of pregnancy with no significant difference in expression between the selected time points. Immunoreactive GnRHR peptide was localized predominantly in the cytoplasm of the luminal epithelial cells, with less expression in the cytoplasm of the stromal cells and the smooth muscles throughout the oviduct. Signal intensity of GnRHR was significantly lower during day 16 when compared to days 7 and 20. These results, for the first time, support the transcription of GnRHR mRNA and its translation to protein in the rat oviduct throughout the postimplantation period of pregnancy. The lower protein content of GnRHR by day 16 may be indicative of ligand-induced downregulation of the receptor expression. The present investigation thus strengthens our previously postulated hypothesis regarding the receptor-mediated autocrine/paracrine role of oviductal GnRH during pregnancy in rats.
Fate of oestrogens during anaerobic blackwater treatment with micro-aerobic post-treatment
Authors: de Mes T.Z.D. , Kujawa-Roeleveld K. , Zeeman G. , Lettinga G.
Published: September 2007

The fate of oestrone (E1), 17β-oestradiol (E2) and 17α-ethynyloestradiol (EE2) was investigated in a concentrated blackwater treatment system consisting of an UASB septic tank, with micro-aerobic post-treatment. In UASB septic tank effluent a (natural) total concentration of 4.02 μg/L E1 and 18.69 μg/L E2, comprising the sum of conjugated (>70% for E1 and >80% for E2) and unconjugated forms, was measured. During post-treatment the unconjugated oestrogens were removed to below 1 μg/L. A percentage of 77% of the measured unconjugated E1 and 82% of E2 was associated with particles >1.2 μm in the final effluent implying high sorption affinity of both compounds. When spiking the UASB septic tank effluent with E1, E2, EE2 and the sulphate conjugate of E2, removal in the micro-aerobic post-treatment was >99% for both E2 and EE2 and 83% for E1. The lower removal value for E1 was a result of (slow) deconjugation during the treatment, and in the final effluent still 40% of E1 and 99% of E2 was present in conjugated form. The latter was the result of incomplete deconjugation of the spiked E2(3S) in the post-treatment system.
Decentralized sanitation implementation in Vietnam: a peri-urban case study
Authors: Beausejour J. , Nguyen A.V.
Published: September 2007

This research presents one of the first comprehensive case studies of a small-scale wastewater management project in Vietnam. The research demonstrates how the community integrated a small-scale wastewater management system based on household participation and community management. It is argued that local resources of peri-urban and small towns could be used more efficiently to contribute to wastewater management in Vietnam if appropriate technologies are used and if their management and technical capacities are reinforced.
Experience in non-conventional wastewater treatment techniques used in the Czech Republic
Authors: Felberova L. , Kucera J. , Mlejnska E.
Published: September 2007

Among the most common non-conventional wastewater treatment techniques used in the Czech Republic are waste stabilisation ponds (WSP), subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands (CW) and vertical flow groundfilters (GF). These extensive systems can be advantageously used for treatment of waters coming from sewerages where the ballast weighting commonly makes more than half of dry-weather flow. The monitoring was focused at 14 different extensive systems. Organics removal efficiencies were favourable (CW–82%; GF–88%); in the case of WSP only 57% due to the algal bloom. Total nitrogen removal efficiencies were 43 and 47% for WSP and GF; in the case of CW only 32% due to often occurring anaerobic conditions in filter beds. Total phosphorus removal efficiencies were 37, 35 and 22% for WSP, GF and CW, respectively. Often occurring problems are the ice-blockage of surface aerators at WSP during wintertimes, the pond duckweed-cover or the algal bloom at WSP during summers; a gradual colmatage of filter systems; and the oxygen deficiency in beds of subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetlands.

Czech legal regulations do not allow treated wastewater disposal into underground waters. There is only an exception for individual family houses. Up to now, knowledge gained by monitoring of a village (which uses the infiltration upon a permission issued according to earlier legal regulations) have not shown an unacceptable groundwater quality deterioration into the infiltration areas.
Self‐esteem and values
Authors: Lönnqvist Jan‐Erik , Verkasalo Markku , Helkama Klaus , Andreyeva Galina M. , Bezmenova Irina , Rattazzi Anna Maria Manganelli , Niit Toomas , Stetsenko Anna
Published: September 2007

The purpose of the present study was to connect personal values to self‐esteem in 14 samples (N = 3612) of pre‐professionals, high school students, and adults, from Finland, Russia, Switzerland, Italy, and Estonia. Self‐enhancement values (power, achievement) and openness to change values (self‐direction, stimulation) were positively, and self‐transcendence values (universalism, benevolence) and conservation values (tradition) were negatively related to self‐esteem. These direct relations between values and self‐esteem were only partly consistent with predictions derived from Maslow's theory of growth and deficiency needs. In samples of pre‐professionals, self‐esteem was correlated with congruence between personal values and the prevailing values environment. On the group‐level, endorsement of achievement and universalism values was more strongly and positively related to self‐esteem in samples where these values were considered more important. In contrast, endorsement of self‐direction and hedonism values was more strongly and positively related to self‐esteem in samples where these values were considered less important. These group‐level results are interpreted as suggesting that attainment of culturally significant goals may raise self‐esteem, but that high self‐esteem may be required for the pursuit of less socially desirable goals. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Uric Acid and Ascorbic Acid Using a Carbon‐Paste Electrode Modified with Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes/Nafion and Cobalt(II)nitrosalophen
Authors: Shahrokhian Saeed , Zare‐Mehrjardi Hamid Reza
Published: September 2007

A composition of multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT), Nafion and cobalt(II)‐5‐nitrosalophen (CoNSal) is applied for the modification of carbon‐paste electrode (CPE). The pretreated MWCNT is well dispersed in the alcoholic solution of Nafion under the ultrasonic agitation, and the resulted suspension is used as modifier (with 10% w/w) in the matrix of the paste electrode. The prepared electrode further modified by addition of 3 wt% of CoNSal. The resulted modified electrode is used as a sensitive voltammetric sensor for simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA) and ascorbic acid (AA). The electrode showed efficient electrocatalytic activity in lowering the anodic overpotentials and enhancement of the anodic currents. This electrode is able to completely resolve the voltammetric response of UA and AA. The effects of potential sweep rate and pH of the buffer solution on the response of the electrode, toward UA and AA, and the peak resolution is thoroughly investigated by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry (CV and DPV). The best peak resolution for these compounds using the modified electrode is obtained in solutions with pH 4. The ΔEp for UA and AA in these methods is about 315 mV, which is considerably better than previous reports for these compounds. A linear dynamic range of 1×10−7 to 1×10−4 M with a detection limit of 6×10−8 M is resulted for UA in buffered solutions with pH 4.0. The voltammetric response characteristics for AA are obtained as, the linear range of 5×10−7 to 1×10−4 M with the detection limit of 1×10−7 M. The voltammetric detection system was very stable and the reproducibility of the electrode response, based on the six measurements during one month, was less than 3.5% for the slope of the calibration curves of UA and AA. The prepared modified electrode is successfully applied for the determination of AA and UA in mixture samples and reasonable accuracies are resulted.
Efficient resource management for packet mode cdma2000
Authors: Basyouni Ayda , Agarwal Anjali , Elhakeem Ahmed
Published: September 2007

Mobile systems have recently evolved from being simple devices used for voice communications to systems that support new features such as data transmissions, video streaming and Internet access. The capacity demands to handle these new services led to a new era of wireless technologies. cdma2000 1xEV‐DV is considered to be the solution for the ever‐growing demand of high‐speed wireless packet data transmission. In this paper, we investigate several aspects related to resource management techniques over the cdma2000 1xEV‐DV reverse packet data channel (R‐PDCH). In particular, based on the developed rise over thermal (RoT) model, we provide an upper bound for the R‐PDCH throughput as a function of the number of mobile stations (MSs) that are allowed to transmit instantaneously on each time slot. We also provide a lower bound for the average sector throughput based on the number of users per sector. We propose several autonomous rate assignment, and scheduling techniques that provide a significant throughput improvement relative to other published techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of novel kojic acid derivatives: 5‐benzyloxy‐2‐selenocyanatomethyl‐ and 5‐methoxy‐2‐selenocyanatomethyl‐4‐pyranone
Authors: Fickova Maria , Pravdova Eliska , Rondhal Lars , Uher Michal , Brtko Julius
Published: September 2007

Some kojic acid (KA) derivatives and selenium containing compounds possess antiproliferative properties. The present study tested novel selenocyanatomethyl derivatives of KA for growth inhibitory and LDH cytotoxic activities. Human skin carcinoma (A431) and human breast carcinoma (MCF7) cells were treated with 5‐benzyloxy‐2‐selenocyanatomethyl‐4‐pyranone (P763) and 5‐methoxy‐2‐selenocyanatomethyl‐4‐pyranone (P764) in selected concentrations for 24, 48 and 72 h. Cell viability tests aimed at intracellular injury of mitochondria (MTT) and lysosomes (neutral red uptake, NR) revealed (a) higher growth inhibitory activity of the benzyloxy‐selenocyanatomethyl derivative of KA (P763) compared with the methoxy derivative (P764) in both cell lines, (b) an intensified effect with time of exposure (MTT test only). The results demonstrate that NR cell survival/viability assay is more sensitive than the MTT test to detect subcellular changes induced by test compounds. Cell membrane integrity determined by LDH leakage confirmed an exaggerated cytotoxic effect of P763 but similar sensitivity of both cell lines to membrane injury. The ED50 values for all three tests used indicate that injury of intracellular mitochondria and lysosomes precedes the loss of membrane integrity. Cell growth inhibitory activities of new selenium containing kojic acid derivatives are preferentially aimed at the intracellular compartment rather than the plasma membrane and enlarge the group of antiproliferative active compounds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Task knowledge overlap and knowledge variety: the role of advice network structures and impact on group effectiveness
Authors: Wong Sze‐Sze
Published: September 2007

Drawing from the structural perspective of social capital theory, this research investigates how internal and external advice network structures influence knowledge overlap and variety and, how these knowledge dimensions in turn influence group effectiveness. Findings from two studies on knowledge‐intensive groups indicate that different advice network structures are associated with knowledge overlap and knowledge variety, and only knowledge variety was significantly associated with group effectiveness. In addition, despite implicit understanding that advice networks aid performance through enhancing knowledge outcomes, only knowledge variety was found to mediate the relationship between external network and group effectiveness. Implications for theory and practice are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of Water Incorporated in Amphoteric Polymer Thin Films as Revealed by FT‐IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Kitano Hiromi , Nagaoka Kyoko , Tada Susumu , Gemmei‐Ide Makoto , Tanaka Masaru
Published: September 2007

The structure and hydrogen bonding of water incorporated in a thin film of amphoteric terpolymers composed of various ratios of MA, DMAPMA, and BMA were analyzed using the band shapes of the OH stretching in the IR spectra. At an early stage of sorption of water, the IR spectrum for the water incorporated in the film with comparative contents of MA and DMAPMA residues was similar to that for free water. This is consistent with the tendency for zwitterionic polymers, but is in contrast with the drastic change in the IR spectrum of water incorporated in non‐ionic polymer films such as polyBMA. These results suggest a correlation between the mildness of the charge‐balanced polymers to the structure of incorporated water and their blood compatibilities.

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Customer preference discontinuities: a trigger for radical technological change
Authors: Tripsas Mary
Published: September 2007

What factors cause a mature industry to re‐enter a period of technological turbulence? This paper addresses this question by developing a model of technological evolution that incorporates both technological trajectories and a new concept: preference trajectories, which are cycles of incremental and discontinuous change in preferences. Preference discontinuities turn out to play an important role in triggering technological transitions in an industry. I illustrate the model with an historical study of the typesetter industry, which underwent three major technological transitions, each of which was driven by preference discontinuities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic NMR study and theoretical calculations on the conformational exchange of valsartan and related compounds
Authors: Li Fang , Zhang Huiting , Jiang Ling , Zhang Weinong , Nie Jing , Feng Yuqi , Yang Minghui , Liu Maili
Published: September 2007

Valsartan (1), an antihypertensive drug of the sartan family, and three related compounds, 3‐methyl‐2‐((2′‐(1‐methyl‐1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)biphenyl‐4‐ylmethyl) pentanoylamino)butyric acid (2), 3‐isopropyl‐6‐propyl‐4‐(2′‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)biphenyl‐4‐ylmethyl) morpholine‐2,5‐dione (3), and 3‐isopropyl‐6‐propyl‐4‐(4′‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)biphenyl4‐ylmethyl) morpholine‐2,5‐dione (4), were studied by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Assignment of 1H and 13C NMR resonances for the compounds were completed using COSY, HSQC and HMBC techniques. It was found that each of the compounds 1, 2, and 4 had two sets of 1H and 13C resonances, suggesting the presence of two conformers in solution. Based on NOESY experiments at different temperatures, thermodynamic parameters of the conformational exchange process were deduced for these compounds. The exchange barrier was found to be 17.9 ± 0.7, 18.5 ± 0.8, and 17.7 ± 0.6 kcal mol−1 with the corresponding free energy difference (ΔG) of 0.32 ± 0.04, 0.23 ± 0.01, and 0.13 ± 0.04 kcal mol−1 for 1, 2, and 4, respectively, at 298 K. Two conformations of valsartan were elucidated by NMR spectroscopy and quantum chemistry calculation. The results showed that two conformers of valsartan interchange via rotation about the C(O)N bond. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis by HPLC‐MS2 of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid adonifoline in Senecio scandens
Authors: Zhang Fang , Wang Chang‐hong , Wang Wan , Chen Lu‐xin , Ma Hong‐yan , Zhang Chao‐feng , Zhang Mian , Bligh S. W. Annie , Wang Zheng‐tao
Published: September 2007

A quantitative method using HPLC‐MS2 has been developed for the determination of adonifoline, one of the retronecine‐type hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Senecio scandens Buch.‐Ham. ex D. Don., a traditional Chinese herb. Using an orthogonal design test, a simple and rapid sample extraction method was developed. HPLC analysis was conducted using a C18 column as stationary phase and a mixture of acetonitrile and aqueous formic acid as mobile phase. Good linearity for adonifoline was found in the concentration range 0.12–4.18 µg/mL, and the HPLC‐MS/MS method was shown to be appropriate, in terms of sensitivity, precision and reproducibility. The quantities of adonifoline in extracts of 18 plant samples from different collection sources and from different parts (flowers, leaves, thick stems, slim stems and roots) of S. scandens were determined using the newly developed HPLC/MS2 analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid selective screening and determination of ephedrine alkaloids using GC‐MS footnote mark
Authors: Ranieri Tracy L. , Ciolino Laura A.
Published: September 2007

Ephedra (ma huang) has been widely used as an herb or herbal extract in both traditional Chinese medicine and Western world dietary supplements. The effects of Ephedra have been attributed to a series of six ephedrine alkaloids including ephedrine and pseudoephedrine. A GC‐MS method for the ephedrine alkaloids is described which couples ammoniacal chloroform as the extraction solvent with a two‐stage derivatisation scheme. This scheme produces the O‐trimethylsilyl, N‐trifluoracetyl derivatives (O‐TMS, N‐TFA) for the primary and secondary amine alkaloids, and the O‐TMS derivatives for the tertiary amine alkaloids. Relatively clean extracts are obtained from complex matrices, and the six ephedrine alkaloids are effectively separated and identified. This approach was also evaluated for quantitative analysis, and was shown to provide quantitative results for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine, and good estimates for the four minor alkaloids. Figures of merit are presented for linearity, detection limits, precision and accuracy. We have applied this approach to the rapid screening and profiling of the ephedrine alkaloids in whole Ephedra plants, liquid plant extracts, dried powder plant extracts and a variety of Ephedra‐containing dietary supplements. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of wholly aromatic poly(azomethine)s containing donor–acceptor triphenylamine moieties
Authors: Liou Guey‐Sheng , Lin Hung‐Yi , Hsieh Yu‐Lun , Yang Yi‐Lung
Published: September 2007

N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐4′,4″‐bisformyl‐diphenylamine was synthesized from N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐diphenylamine by the Vilsmeier‐Haack reaction. Soluble aromatic poly(azomethine)s (PAMs) were prepared by the solution polycondensation of N‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐4′,4″‐bisformyl‐diphenylamine and aromatic diamine in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP) at room temperature under reduced pressure. All the PAMs are highly soluble in various organic solvents, such as N,N‐dimethylacetamide (DMAc), chloroform (CHCl3), and tetrahydrofuran (THF). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicated that these PAMs had glass‐transition temperatures (Tgs) in the range of 170–230 °C, and a 10% weight‐loss temperatures in excess of 490 °C with char yield at 800 °C in nitrogen higher than 60%. These PAMs in NMP solution showed UV‐Vis charge‐transfer (CT) absorption at 405–421 nm and photoluminescence peaks around 462–466 nm with fluorescence quantum efficiency (ΦF) 0.10–0.99%. The highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels of these PAMs can be determined from cyclic voltammograms as 4.86–5.43 and 3.31–3.34 eV, respectively. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4921–4932, 2007
A novel QoS routing protocol for LEO and MEO satellite networks
Authors: Zhou Yunhui , Sun Fuchun , Zhang Bo
Published: September 2007

The rapid advance of communication and satellite technology pushes broadband satellite networks to carry on multimedia traffic. However, the function of onboard routing cannot be provided in existing satellite networks with inter‐satellite links, and quality of service (QoS) of satellite networks cannot be reliably guaranteed because of great difficulties in processing of long distance‐dependent traffic. In this paper, a two‐layered low‐Earth orbit and medium‐Earth orbit satellite network (LMSN) is presented. A novel hierarchical and distributed QoS routing protocol (HDRP) is investigated, and an adaptive bandwidth‐constrained minimum‐delay path algorithm is developed to calculate routing tables efficiently using the QoS metric information composed of delays and bandwidth. The performance of LMSN and HDRP is also evaluated through simulations and theoretical analysis. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of epidural analgesia and intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia for post‐thoracotomy pain control
Authors: Ju Hui , Feng Yi , Yang Ba‐Xian , Wang Jun
Published: September 2007

Epidural analgesia is regarded as the gold method for controlling post‐thoracotomy pain. Intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia can also produce satisfactory analgesic effects, but is suspected to increase the incidence of chronic pain. However, randomized controlled trials comparing these two methods for post‐thoracotomy acute pain analgesic effects and chronic pain incidents have not been conducted previously. We studied 107 adult patients, allocated randomly to thoracic epidural bupivacaine and morphine or intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia. Acute pain scores and opioid‐related side effects were evaluated for three postoperative days. Chronic pain information, including the incidence, severity, and allodynia‐like pain, was acquired on the first, third, sixth and twelfth months postoperatively. There was no significant difference on numeral rating scales (NRS) at rest or on motion between the two groups during the three postoperative days. The patient satisfaction results were also similar between the groups. The side effects, especially mild pruritus, were reported more often in the epidural group. Both groups showed high incidence of chronic pain (42.1–72.1%), and no significance between the groups. The incidence of allodynia‐like pain reported in cryo group was higher than that in Epidural group on any postoperative month, with significance on the sixth and the twelfth months postoperatively (P<0.05). More patients rated their chronic pain intensity on moderate and severe in cryo group and interfered with daily life (P<0.05). Both thoracic epidural analgesia and intercostal nerve cryoanalgesia showed satisfactory analgesia for post‐thoracotomy acute pain. The incidence of post‐thoracotomy chronic pain is high. Cryoanalgesia may be a factor that increases the incidence of neuropathic pain.
Presidents Have Problems Too: The Logic of Intra-branch Delegation in East Asian Democracies
Authors: BAUM JEEYANG RHEE
Published: September 2007

This article addresses the codification of formal rules and procedures of governance through Administrative Procedure Acts (APAs). The recent enactment of APAs in two new democracies, South Korea and Taiwan, highlights an apparent paradox. Because administrative reform limits the executive's power, it is clear why legislatures in separation-of-power systems would favour APAs. But it is less clear why presidents would support them. Why would a president accept a law designed to restrict her ability to act freely? The answer is that presidents have agency problems too. The more intra-branch conflict they face during their administrations, the more likely they will support administrative reform. Thus, instead of tying the hands of future administrations, presidents also use APAs to overcome current control problems. Three recently democratized East Asian countries, two with APAs (South Korea and Taiwan) and one without (Philippines), support this ‘reining in’ theory. Conflict within the executive branch may be an important ingredient in democratic consolidation. APAs result from political struggle.
ISLAND MORTALITY IN THE PAST: SOME EVIDENCE FROM GREECE
Authors: GAVALAS VASILIS S.
Published: September 2007

This paper explores the course of infant and childhood mortality in the Greek island of Paros from the end of the nineteenth until the mid-twentieth century. For this purpose the method of family reconstitution has been applied to two towns on the island. Official population statistics have been used to derive basic mortality estimates for the Cyclades and Greece as a whole. Reference to other studies concerning island mortality is also made. Hence, there appears the chance to compare insular with mainland mortality and realise that insular mortality presented some distinct features. It is shown that island populations presented lower mortality than the national average until the first decades of the twentieth century. However, by the 1950s Greece’s infant and childhood mortality had dropped to the same or even to lower levels than those of the islands.
The Clash of Civilisations and the Battle of the Sexes
Authors: DE SWAAN ABRAM
Published: September 2007

Muslims and their critics tend to explain their differences in terms of Koranic teachings. But all practical precepts from holy scriptures are constantly contested. Most of these controversial practices concern the position of women in the family and in society at large; they derive not so much from religion as from the traditions of patriarchal, pre-industrial society the world over. Tensions between men and women, parents and children have much increased due to the recent educational revolution that now has girls competing on equal terms with boys for diplomas and jobs, both in their countries of origin and in the countries of immigration. As a result, many men attempt to cling to their superior position by invoking a patriarchal interpretation of the holy book and many women avoid a full confrontation out of loyalty to their men, their faith and their group origins.
Introduction: Historical Coherence, Complexity, and the Scientific Revolution
Authors: YERXA DONALD A.
Published: September 2007

Historical inquiry today is robust at multiple levels and celebrates novel interpretation and the rich complexity of the past. Although historians show no signs of paralysis in the light of the epistemological challenges of the 1980s and 1990s, many remain disillusioned with traditional periodization schemes. In the case of the Scientific Revolution, this skittishness seems to translate into a sceptical resignation about the possibility that the new scholarship can ever reveal an underlying coherence. As the essays in this forum on the Scientific Revolution demonstrate, however, such resignation is an inadequate response to novelty and complexity. New findings ought to prod historians to search for more intricate and satisfactory patterns.
The Scientific Revolution Really Occurred
Authors: SHEA WILLIAM R.
Published: September 2007

The importance of the Scientific Revolution of the seventeenth century has been queried in recent years and this paper attempts to show why the notion is still essential to a proper understanding of the twin advance in scientific conceptualization and factual discovery that began in the sixteenth century and led through such figures as Galileo to the new world view of Isaac Newton. The significance of the scholastic tradition, hermeticism and alchemy is not denied, but the major breakthrough that catapulted Europe into the modern age was the outcome of new conceptual tools and a fresh outlook on nature.
Enterprise Content Management
Authors: Sturdy Derek
Published: September 2007

In this article, which closely relates to Adrian Dale's topic for the Willi Steiner Memorial Lecture, Derek Sturdy explains what ECM is. He discusses the storage, editorial and publishing processes involved in ECM. He explains the importance of workflow and considers the advantages and disadvantages of potential software solutions to manage the process.
Malacological and sedimentological evidence for “warm” glacial climate from the Irig loess sequence, Vojvodina, Serbia
Authors: Marković Slobodan B. , Oches Eric A. , McCoy William D. , Frechen Manfred , Gaudenyi Tivadar
Published: September 2007

Four loess units and three paleosol layers are preserved in the Irig brickyard, Vojvodina, Serbia. Amino acid geochronology provides stratigraphic correlations between loess units V‐L1 and V‐L2 at the Irig section with loess of glacial cycles B and C, respectively, described from other central European localities. Luminescence dating results for the upper loess layers V‐L1L1 and V‐L1S1L1 confirm the geological interpretations, although in samples below paleosol V‐L1S1S2, the age increase with depth is less than in our proposed age model. Magnetic susceptibility and sedimentological evidence from the Irig loess‐paleosol sequence show general similarities with the MIS 6‐1 pattern of the SPECMAP oxygen‐isotope curve. Malacogical investigations at the Irig site reveal the continuous presence of theChondrula tridensandHelicopsis striatafaunal assemblages throughout the last glacial and final part of the penultimate glacial loess. The loess snail fauna, which is characterized by the complete absence of cold‐resistant species, suggests a stable, dry, and relatively warm glacial climate, compared with other central European loess localities. Furthermore, these data suggest that the southern slope of Fruška Gora was a refugium for warm‐loving and xerophilus mollusc taxa during the otherwise unfavorable glacial climates of the Late Pleistocene.
Measurements of reactive nitrogen produced by tropical thunderstorms during BIBLE‐C
Authors: Koike M. , Kondo Y. , Kita K. , Takegawa N. , Nishi N. , Kashihara T. , Kawakami S. , Kudoh S. , Blake D. , Shirai T. , Liley B. , Ko M. , Miyazaki Y. , Kawasaki Z. , Ogawa T.
Published: September 2007

The Biomass Burning and Lightning Experiment phase C (BIBLE‐C) aircraft mission was carried out near Darwin, Australia (12°S, 131°E) in December 2000. This was the first aircraft experiment designed to estimate lightning NO production rates in the tropics, where production is considered to be most intense. During the two flights (flights 10 and 13 made on December 9 and 11–12, respectively) enhancements of NOx (NO + NO2) up to 1000 and 1600 parts per trillion by volume (pptv, 10‐s data) were observed at altitudes between 11.5 and 14 km. The Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) cloud (brightness temperature) data and ground‐based lightning measurements by the Global Positioning and Tracking System (GPATS) indicate that there were intensive lightning events over the coast of the Gulf of Carpentaria, which took place upstream from our measurement area 10 to 14 h prior to the measurements. For these two flights, air in which NOx exceeded 100 pptv extended over 620 × 140 and 400 × 170 km2 (wind direction × perpendicular direction), respectively, suggesting a significant impact of lightning NO production on NOx levels in the tropics. We estimate the amount of NOx observed between 11.5 and 14 km produced by the thunderstorms to be 3.3 and 1.8 × 1029 NO molecules for flights 10 and 13, respectively. By using the GPATS lightning flash count data, column NO production rates are estimated to be 1.9–4.4 and 21–49 × 1025 NO molecules per single flash for these two flight data sets. In these estimations, it is assumed that the column NO production between 0 and 16 km is greater than the observed values between 11.5 and 14 km by a factor of 3.2, which is derived using results reported by Pickering et al. (1998). There are however large uncertainties in the GPATS lightning data in this study and care must be made when the production rates are referred. Uncertainties in these estimates are discussed. The impact on the ozone production rate is also described.
Trends in effusive style at the Tharsis Montes, Mars, and implications for the development of the Tharsis province
Authors: Bleacher Jacob E. , Greeley Ronald , Williams David A. , Cave Shelby R. , Neukum Gerhard
Published: September 2007

We mapped lava flows on the Tharsis Montes (Arsia Mons, Pavonis Mons, and Ascraeus Mons) using High Resolution Stereo Camera images that centrally transect each shield from north to south, covering ∼20% of each shield's surface. These data were co‐registered to Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter, Thermal Emission Imaging System, and Mars Orbiter Camera data, enabling lava flow structures and vents to be consistently differentiated across each volcano. Lava flow and vent abundances and relationships are used to provide new insight into the late Amazonian eruptive history of the Tharsis Montes. The volcanoes are divided into their main flanks, rift aprons, and small‐vent fields. Where present on the main flanks, channel‐fed flows always embay tube‐fed flows, indicating a change from long‐lived, stable tube‐forming eruption conditions to shorter‐lived, less stable channel‐forming eruption conditions. Superposition relationships suggest that main flank and rift apron development were likely separated by an eruptive hiatus. The rift aprons, as compared to the main flanks, show higher abundances of tube‐ and channel‐fed flows, and embayment of tube‐fed flows by channel‐fed flows is less consistent. Several trends from the Arsia Mons, to Ascraeus Mons, southwest rift aprons and small‐vent fields were identified, including increased tube abundance, median slope, and number of satellitic eruptive vents and a decrease in channel‐ to tube‐fed flow ratios, apron volumes, and maximum apron elevations. These trends suggest that the most recent volcanic activity at the Tharsis Montes might have originated from a single, shared magma source, possibly marking a change in magma production style from main flank construction.
A new Saharan dust source activation frequency map derived from MSG‐SEVIRI IR‐channels
Authors: Schepanski K. , Tegen I. , Laurent B. , Heinold B. , Macke A.
Published: September 2007

We present a new dust source area map for the Sahara and Sahel region, derived from the spatiotemporal variability of composite images of Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) using the 8.7, 10.8 and 12.0 μm wavelength channels for March 2006–February 2007. Detected dust events have been compared to measured aerosol optical thickness (AOT) and horizontal visibility observations. Furthermore the monthly source area map has been compared with the Ozone Monitoring Instrument aerosol index (AI). A spatial shift of the derived frequency patterns and the local maxima of AI‐values can be explained by wind‐transport of airborne dust implicitly included in the AI signal. To illustrate the sensitivity of a regional model using the new dust source mask, we present a case study analysis that shows an improvement in reproducing aerosol optical thickness in comparison to the original dust source parameterization.
Methane emissions from a peatland following restoration
Authors: Waddington J. M. , Day S. M.
Published: September 2007

Peatland drainage and peat extraction changes natural peatlands from a net carbon sink to that of a large net source due to increased respiration and the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) fixing vegetation. Restoration of these altered peatland ecosystems is being applied to reduce these carbon emissions. As peatland restoration is a new and emerging land‐use management practice, the purpose of this research was to examine the impact of restoration on the methane (CH4) component of the carbon cycle at the Bois‐des‐Bel peatland located near Rivière‐du‐Loup, Québec from early May to mid October for several years. The seasonal CH4 fluxes prior to restoration at an extracted (cutover) and a restored peatland were not significantly different from each other or zero. However, three years postrestoration the seasonal CH4 emissions at the restored site were 4.2 g m−2 CH4 season−1, 4.6 times greater than the cutover site. Ponds and ditches at the restored site were seasonal CH4 emission hot spots (0.3 and 2.9 g m−2 CH4 season−1, respectively); however, emissions from herbaceous vegetation (1.0 g m−2 CH4 season−1) were the dominant source of CH4 from the restored peatland due to its large areal extent. CH4 fluxes from the Bois‐des‐Bel peatland represented 14% of the total CO2‐equivalent losses from the site. This study demonstrates the importance of vegetation succession on peatland‐atmosphere flux of CH4.
Technology, Time–Space, and the Remediation of Neighbourhood Life
Authors: Crang Michael , Crosbie Tracie , Graham Stephen
Published: September 2007

Much theoretical commentary over the last decade addressed the likely impacts of information and communication technologies (ICTs) on urban life works by opposing ‘virtual’ spaces and mediated activities to ‘real’ places. Drawing on recent theorising in media studies about ‘remediation’, this paper attempts to move beyond a reliance on such unhelpful real–virtual conceptual binaries. The paper uses such conceptual discussions to consider more fully the multiple, subtle, and interdependent spatiotemporalities which together work to constitute ICT-based urban change. While innovative work has traced the emergence of various online spaces and communities, our interest here is on the intersection of online and offline practices. Through a case study of two contrasting neighbourhoods in Newcastle upon Tyne, the paper explores in detail how social relations and grocery shopping are being affected by ICT use. It suggests that the remediation of everyday urban life through ICTs involves subtle shifts in the spatial, temporal, scalar, and material processes which together help to constitute urban change, and which are all too often overlooked in conventional and binary approaches opposing the ‘virtual’ realm of new technologies to ‘real’ urban places.
Exploring the Role of Materials in Policy Change: Innovation in Low-Energy Housing in the UK
Authors: Lovell Heather
Published: September 2007

There remains uncertainty in models of the policy process about how and when radical change takes place. Most policy authors focus on explaining incremental change, and yet in practice a pattern of change described as punctuated equilibrium has been observed, with periods of stability interspersed with periods of rapid, abrupt change. It is argued here that the influence of materials and technologies—the substance of policy—must be incorporated into models of the policy process in order to help further our understanding of radical change. Concepts from science and technology studies concerning the inseparability of social and technical spheres are used to explore how people and materials interact to create opportunities for radical change. These ideas are particularly relevant to policy sectors comprising durable, capital-intensive infrastructure, such as housing. Drawing on examples from the UK housing sector, ideas about policy networks and large technical systems are synthesised to develop a more holistic, interdisciplinary account of policy change.
Role of the T cell in the genesis of angiotensin II–induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction
Authors: Guzik Tomasz J. , Hoch Nyssa E. , Brown Kathryn A. , McCann Louise A. , Rahman Ayaz , Dikalov Sergey , Goronzy Jorg , Weyand Cornelia , Harrison David G.
Published: September 2007

Hypertension promotes atherosclerosis and is a major source of morbidity and mortality. We show that mice lacking T and B cells (RAG-1−/− mice) have blunted hypertension and do not develop abnormalities of vascular function during angiotensin II infusion or desoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)–salt. Adoptive transfer of T, but not B, cells restored these abnormalities. Angiotensin II is known to stimulate reactive oxygen species production via the nicotinamide adenosine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase in several cells, including some immune cells. Accordingly, adoptive transfer of T cells lacking the angiotensin type I receptor or a functional NADPH oxidase resulted in blunted angiotensin II–dependent hypertension and decreased aortic superoxide production. Angiotensin II increased T cell markers of activation and tissue homing in wild-type, but not NADPH oxidase–deficient, mice. Angiotensin II markedly increased T cells in the perivascular adipose tissue (periadventitial fat) and, to a lesser extent the adventitia. These cells expressed high levels of CC chemokine receptor 5 and were commonly double negative (CD3+CD4−CD8−). This infiltration was associated with an increase in intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and RANTES in the aorta. Hypertension also increased T lymphocyte production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α, and treatment with the TNFα antagonist etanercept prevented the hypertension and increase in vascular superoxide caused by angiotensin II. These studies identify a previously undefined role for T cells in the genesis of hypertension and support a role of inflammation in the basis of this prevalent disease. T cells might represent a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of high blood pressure.
The Census Period: 1923–2003
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Winter elk numbers on the northern range have been counted through most of its history, with ground counts up to 1956 (except 1935) and aerial counts up to the present. Several sightability bias tests have indicated that the censuses count approximately 70-75% of the herd. Regression of annual, instantaneous rates of change (r) between censuses of years t and t+1 on censuses of years t produces an inverse correlation with r reaching zero (equilibrium) at 16,800 (22,000-25,000 corrected for the sightability bias), and indicating density dependence. Below 16,800, the herd increased or held its numbers when hunting kills outside the park and park removals fell below 15-20%, but declined when removals exceeded this magnitude. While evidence of equilibration supports one tenet of the population aspect of the natural-regulation hypothesis, the 6x increase from a census of 3,172 in 1968 to 18,913 in 1988 (‘eruption’) falsifies two of the population tenets of the hypothesis.
Influences on Upland System Structure III: Conifers and Deciduous Shrubs
Authors: Wagner Frederic H.
Published: September 2007

Historic and photographic evidence of the northern range shows the absence of browsing highlines on conifers in early park years (pre-1900), their general appearance by the early 1900s, and widespread existence to the present. Architectural analysis of conifer morphology indicates an early period of light or no browsing followed by a period of heavy use, with some evidence of no reproductive replacement. Key research that would have shown elk effects on conifer trends has been denied. Historical accounts describe a number of shrub and small deciduous-tree species, many of them berry-bearing, as significant components of the northern range. Heavy browsing impacts were first reported in 1914. Exclosure studies in the 1980s showed abundant berry production by three species inside exclosures, but almost none on the outside where annual growth shoots that would produce fruit in their second year are almost entirely browsed off each year.