bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting acetylated high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) and toll‐like receptor (TLR4) interaction to alleviate hypertension and neuroinflammation in fructose‐fed rats
Authors: Lin Yu‐Te , Ho Chiu‐Yi , Sun Gwo‐Ching , Wong Tzyy‐Yue , Hsiao Michael , Tseng Ching‐Jiunn , Cheng Pei‐Wen
Published: December 2024

Background and Purpose

Our previous study reported that fructose intake increased systemic blood pressure and reduced nitric oxide (NO) in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) due to oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. However, it remains unclear how reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduce NO and how this process impacts neuroinflammation in the NTS. This study aimed at investigating the effect of ROS on acetylation of high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) in the NTS of fructose‐induced hypertensive rats.

Experimental Approach

Male Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) rats were fed with 10% fructose water to elevate blood pressure. Thereafter, CLI‐095 and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) treatments were delivered for up to 2 weeks (1 mg·12 μL−1·day−1, by intracerebroventricular injection) to reduce the negative effects of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) and HMGB1 activation.

Key Results

Two weeks of CLI‐095 and GA treatment reduced systemic blood pressure and significantly preserved neuronal and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and eNOS) availability against the inflammatory insults of fructose consumption. Both CLI‐095 and GA halted the interaction of acetylated HMGB1 and TLR4. Two weeks of CLI‐095 and GA treatment markedly reduced NTS inflammation (pro‐inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation) and lowered serum norepinephrine levels.

Conclusion and Implications

Our data reveal novel pharmacological properties for CLI‐095 and GA, which improved blood pressure and inflammatory conditions by decreasing the interaction of acetylated HMGB1 with TLR4. These findings challenge the commonly accepted dogma that essential hypertension is specifically mediated by neuroinflammation due to acetylated HMGB1 coupling to TLR4.
A Synthesis of Threats Impacting Australian Threatened Ecological Communities
Authors: Olivares‐Rojas Javiera P. , Cook Carly N. , Duncan David H. , Walsh Jessica C.
Published: December 2024

Aim

Effective strategies to mitigate threats are crucial to ensure the persistence of biodiversity. In contrast to the decades of research on threatened species in Australia, threatened ecological communities (TECs) have historically received less attention. In particular, there is no synthesis of the threats impacting ecological communities, limiting our ability to coordinate and prioritise management towards recovery. In this study, we aimed to: (1) compile and summarise the threats to Australian TECs to identify the most prevalent causes of decline and (2) identify common management strategies for TEC recovery.

Location

Australia.

Methods

We conducted a content analysis to extract and categorise data on threats for 103 TECs to develop the first national threats database along with a standardised classification scheme. We summarised the broad and specific threats impacting TECs and translated recovery needs of TECs into threat abatement strategies.

Results

Most Australian TECs are threatened by multiple and diverse threats (an average of 14.4 threats per TEC). These spanned 49 threats (e.g., nutrient loads), categorised into eight broad‐level threats (e.g., pollution). The most prevalent broad‐level threats are ‘Invasive species and disease’ and ‘Habitat loss, fragmentation and degradation’, each impacting at least 98% of TECs. Almost all TECs would benefit from threat mitigation strategies such as habitat restoration, invasive weed management and ecological fire regime management.

Main Conclusions

Overall, the threats database we developed can be used to inform conservation planning and effective threat abatement strategies tailored to the recovery of TECs at local, regional and national scales. It will also facilitate integrated analyses of threats and conservation actions between TECs and threatened species to increase management efficiencies.
Assessing and enhancing the circularity and sustainability of emergency hospital shelters
Authors: Hendriks Eefje , de Zwart Joop , Compeer Alexander , Gospodinova Julia
Published: December 2024

Leading humanitarian organisations strive to enhance the sustainability of their aid to avoid negative impacts on the environment, economy, and society, particularly in low‐resource areas. This study explores how the circularity and sustainability of emergency hospital shelters can be assessed using literature, expert interviews, co‐creation and design sessions, and pilot testing. The approach combines a qualitative circularity checklist with a quantitative environmental impact assessment, providing valuable input for informed decision‐making during procurement and design. The findings reveal that existing buildings are commonly repurposed before importing emergency hospital shelters—finite virgin materials are primarily used for the production of new shelters—and there is a lack of data with which to reflect on end‐of‐life scenarios. The study recommends enhanced monitoring of the shelter lifecycle through data collection as an input for continuous improvement procedures of design and supply. Crucial are extended stakeholder responsibilities for the entire lifecycle and sector‐wide adoption of circularity and sustainability ambitions, mainstreaming approaches and showcasing benefits.
Evolutionary Genomics Provides Insights Into Endangerment and Conservation of a Wild Apple Tree Species, Malus sieversii
Authors: Zhang Jian , Zhao Fang‐Yuan , Zhang Hong‐Xiang
Published: December 2024

Understanding the evolutionary history of a species is essential for effective conservation management. Malus sieversii, a relict broad‐leaf forest tree found in arid Central Asian mountains, has a narrow and fragmented distribution and is classified as an endangered species in China. This species is considered one of the ancestors of the domesticated apple trees. In the present study, we sampled five populations of M. sieversii and its wide‐ranging congener M. baccata from China. Through deep whole‐genome resequencing, we analyzed the population's genetic diversity, genetic structure, demographic history, fixation of deleterious mutations, and genomic divergence. Our results revealed that M. baccata exhibits a higher level of genetic diversity than M. sieversii. The effective population size of M. sieversii decreased, whereas that of M. baccata recovered after the bottleneck effect. In M. sieversii, the genetic structure of the Yili region was distinct from that of the Tacheng region. Populations at the rear edge of the Tacheng region showed a stronger fixation of deleterious mutations than those in the Yili region. Genomic divergence indicated that the positively selected genes were associated with physiological processes within the genomic islands between the Yili and Tacheng regions. Based on these findings, we recommend the establishment of two separate conservation units for the Yili and Tacheng lineages to preserve their genetic resources. Given the limited distribution range and high fixation rate of deleterious mutations, urgent protective measures are recommended for the Tacheng lineage.
The Scientific Achievements of Gordon H. Copp (1956–2023): An Unabridged Version From His Doctor of Science Portfolio
Authors: Vilizzi Lorenzo , Tricarico Elena
Published: December 2024

This paper outlines the scientific achievements of Gordon H. Copp (1956–2023) in fish biology and invasion science as presented in his Doctor of Science portfolio. Gordon's mentorship began during his postdoctoral research and expanded to involve students, early‐career researchers as well as prominent fish biologists in a vast number of research projects. Early in his career, Gordon was involved in the study of floodplain fish communities for which he developed a novel technique for sampling young‐of‐year (0+) fish and in the early ontogeny of fishes. Gordon's later involvement in non‐native species policy has been pivotal, from developing risk analysis schemes for freshwater fishes to advising on EU and UK regulations. Gordon's research throughout his entire career on the pumpkinseed sunfish Lepomis gibbosus as a model species highlights his focus on understanding and predicting invasiveness under varying climate conditions, contributing to a broader understanding of non‐native species impacts.
Effects of Recreational Fishing Gear Type on Reflex Impairment and Post‐Release Swimming Activity of Smallmouth Bass
Authors: LaRochelle Luc , Bernardi Joseph , Madden Jamie C. , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Goodenough Alyssa M. , Danylchuk Andy J. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: December 2024

Recreational anglers have access to a diverse range of rod and line strengths that enable them to choose equipment that can enhance their ability to effectively target and capture specific fish of a given body size. However, anglers may not always select the appropriate gear type for the targeted species. Here, we assessed the effect of gear setup on immediate reflex impairment and short‐term post‐release swimming behavior of Smallmouth Bass (Micropterus dolomieu) for 10‐min. Smallmouth Bass were caught by angling in water temperatures of 22.7°C–26.2°C using ultralight or medium spinning gear. Fight times were longer for fish captured on ultralight gear than medium gear, and fight times were longer for larger fish. Generally, fight times > 18 s resulted in one or more immediate reflex impairments, while fish with fight times < 18 s had no immediate reflex impairments. Post‐release swimming activity was only influenced by gear type used. Upon release, Smallmouth Bass captured using ultralight gear spent more time sustained swimming than those caught using medium gear type that spent more time resting. Given that fight times were longer for Smallmouth Bass captured using ultralight gear, they were conceivably more exhausted. This increased post‐release swimming activity indicates that fish may need to engage in sustained swimming to facilitate physiological recovery. Our findings suggest that anglers should select gear types that minimize fight times to avoid reflex impairments and extended periods of post‐release sustained swimming needed for recovery.
Effect of Macrolide Exposure on Tailored Helicobacter pylori Eradication Therapy and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles: A Prospective Study Using the Drug Utilization Review System
Authors: Noh Jin Hee , Choi Kee Don , Na Hee Kyong , Ahn Ji Yong , Lee Jeong Hoon , Jung Kee Wook , Kim Do Hoon , Song Ho June , Lee Gin Hyug , Jung Hwoon‐Yong
Published: December 2024

Background/Aims

Determining antibiotic use history accurately is challenging due to its reliance on patient recall. By determining macrolide exposure using the Korean drug utilization review (DUR) system, we analyzed the impact of previous macrolide use on antibiotic resistance profiles and compared the eradication rate between tailored therapy based on macrolide exposure history and empirical therapy.

Methods

Patients with confirmed Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection who agreed to access prescription information using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service DUR system were enrolled between 2021 and 2023. Patients received tailored therapy, which was clarithromycin (CLR)‐based triple therapy in cases without macrolide exposure and bismuth quadruple (BQ) therapy in cases with macrolide exposure. The empirical therapy group was prospectively recruited at the same time to compare the eradication rate.

Results

A total of 418 patients (tailored therapy group, n = 57; empirical therapy group, n = 361) were analyzed. Among the tailored therapy group, 24.6% took macrolide antibiotics for the past 5 years. CLR resistance rates were higher in patients with previous macrolide use than in those without (66.7% vs. 7.5%, p < 0.001). The tailored therapy group showed a higher eradication rate than the empirical therapy group for intention‐to‐treat (ITT), modified intention‐to‐treat (MITT), and per‐protocol (PP) analyses (ITT, 86.0% vs. 75.6%; MITT, 94.2% vs. 80.3%; PP, 94.2% vs. 85.1%).

Conclusions

Previous macrolide exposure identified using the DUR system was associated with a higher rate of CLR resistance. Tailored therapy based on macrolide exposure history led to higher eradication rates compared to empirical therapy.
8‐T Framework for Artificial Intelligence‐Driven Branding: A Strategic Typology
Authors: Deryl Maria DSouza , Verma Sanjeev , Srivastava Vartika
Published: December 2024

The marketing ecosystem is experiencing a paradigmatic shift with the advent of artificial intelligence (AI). The present study aims to widen the foundations of brand strategy by integrating AI dimensions within the branding dominion. The literature lacks a cohesive perspective on AI dimensions boosting and driving brands for sustained competitive advantage in the dynamic marketplace. Marketing practitioners are gradually getting acquainted with the nuances of AI implementation, but latent AI capabilities remain potent to unfurl enduring consumer relationships. The present study develops a novel 8‐T Strategic Framework for facilitating the strategic integration and effective implementation of AI in brand decisions and initiatives. The theorization of the 8‐T framework of AI‐driven branding (Technology, Training, Teaming, Targeting, Technique, Timing, Tailoring, Trust) offers macro and micro perspectives that serve as a formidable typology. The framework enunciates a holistic set of strategic mechanisms to help practitioners build futuristic strategies with a contemporary purpose.
Migration of black terns Chlidonias niger and common terns Sterna hirundo between south Sweden and the Atlantic coast of Africa
Authors: Alerstam Thomas , Bäckman Johan , Grönroos Johanna , Olofsson Patrik , Strandberg Roine , Sjöberg Sissel
Published: December 2024

Light‐level geolocators were used to record the annual migration cycles of black terns Chlidonias niger (9 individuals, 11 journeys) and common terns Sterna hirundo (7 individuals, 11 journeys) breeding in southernmost Sweden. The black terns used two different non‐breeding (Oct–Mar) regions along the Atlantic coast of Africa, either north of the equator between Senegal and Liberia (3 individuals) or south of the equator between Gabon and northern Namibia (5 individuals). All the common terns travelled to non‐breeding quarters south of the equator, mainly along the coasts of Namibia and South Africa. One juvenile common tern was tracked during the first twenty months of its life. This bird spent its first northern winter in South Africa, after which it migrated north of the equator to spend the northern summer as a one‐year‐old non‐breeder in tropical waters off Ghana, after which it returned to South Africa for its second northern winter. This record demonstrates that one‐year‐old terns may undertake extensive intra‐African migration to distant over‐summering areas. Comparing geolocator results from Swedish and Dutch black tern populations indicate that they have similar migration habits, with a possible tendency of relatively more individuals migrating south of the equator in the more northerly Swedish population (leap‐frog migration). Comparing geolocator and ringing results among common tern populations indicates a fascinating and complex pattern of scale‐dependent geographic segregation and intermixing along the coasts of Africa.
Mandatory Data Breach Disclosure and Insider Trading
Authors: Chen Xi , Hilary Gilles , Tian Xiaoli
Published: December 2024

We examine whether mandatory data breach disclosure affects insider‐selling behavior and find that selling profits are greater after states require firms to disclose data breaches. The effect is more pronounced for firms with weaker corporate governance, higher cybersecurity risk, and without prior investment in material cyber protection programs. However, insiders profit less when they operate in states with stricter laws and face higher litigation risks. The evidence is consistent with managers personally hedging risks in the capital market when mandatory disclosure laws designed to protect customers are weakly enforced. Laws designed to improve transparency in the product markets may have the unintended effect of reducing the integrity of financial markets. However, insider sales also facilitate the incorporation of bad news in stock prices, making idiosyncratic crashes less likely.
Phylogenetic Diversity of Live‐Bearing Fishes (Poeciliidae) Peaks on Peninsulas, Isthmuses, and in Deserts
Authors: Gómez‐Martínez Roni Fernando , Matamoros Wilfredo A. , Hoagstrom Christopher W. , López‐Vila Jesús Manuel , Bonilla Esteban Pineda Diez de
Published: December 2024

Aim

Poeciliids are ecologically important, are widely used as pets, and also have value as model organisms. To understand diversity within this family, we study their phylogenetic diversity (PD) at regional and local scales to delimit bioregions and identify patterns of biodiversity.

Location

The Americas.

Taxon

Poeciliidae (Actinopterygii: Cyprinodontiformes).

Methods

We expanded an existing dated phylogeny from 164 to 261 species with distributional data for 1o × 1o latitude × longitude cells (~111 km2) and conducted a cluster analysis (phylo‐jaccard distance) to delineate bioregions. For individual cells, we mapped species richness (SR), phylogenetic diversity (PD), weighted endemism (WE) and phylogenetic endemism (PE). We used randomisation tests to map phylogenetic clustering and over‐representation of short‐branch species by cell. We used categorical analysis of neo‐ and palaeo‐endemism to map neo‐, palaeo‐, mixed and super (mixed) endemism.

Results

We delineated six bioregions. Highest regional species density and density of PD occurred on the Isthmus of Panamá (IOP). At the grid‐cell scale, the Grijalva–Usumacinta drainage is a hotspot for SR, PD, PE and WE; the IOP has high PD and PE; the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IOT) has high PD, WE and moderately high SR; and western Hispaniola has high WE and moderately high SR. The Grijalva–Usumacinta drainage also includes cells of super (mixed) and palaeoendemism, while mixed endemism is widespread in Middle America and the Greater Antilles. Phylogenetic clustering is widespread, whereas over‐representation of short‐branch species is concentrated in the Chihuahuan Desert–Sierra Madre Oriental region and in western Hispaniola, both hotspots of neoendemism.

Main Conclusions

We found widespread diversification of genera intermixed with relict species (mixed endemism). Furthermore, SR and PD were strongly correlated. Centres of endemism include the Chihuahuan Desert–Sierra Madre Oriental, western Hispaniola, the IOT, the IOP and (most of all) the Grijalva–Usumacinta drainage. However, conservation efforts must occur within each bioregion and for each genus.
Development of Technology for Producing Combined Meat Chips With Reduced Sodium Content
Authors: Kaisarova Arailym , Shingisov Azret , Mukhametov Almas , Kenenbay Shynar
Published: December 2024

High sodium intake from processed foods has been linked to increased risks of hypertension and cardiovascular diseases, prompting the need for sodium reduction strategies in meat products. This study aims to investigate the influence of partially replacing salt (NaCl) with Salicornia herbacea L. in the formulation of meat chips on their yield, quality, and sensory characteristics. The main difference between control and experimental recipes lies in the substitution of part of the salt (NaCl) with S. herbacea L., known for its beneficial properties and lower sodium content. Beef, chicken breast, and horse meat were used for chip preparation. Control recipes contained 8% NaCl, whereas in experimental recipes, NaCl constituted 4%, and S. herbacea L. constituted 4%. The preparation process involved grinding the meat to a minced state, adding salt and spices, forming chips, a three‐stage drying process, and subsequent cooling. The results indicated that the inclusion of S. herbacea L. reduces chip yield by 2%. Moisture, fat content, protein composition, and caloric content of the chips also slightly decreased in experimental recipes. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity and chip‐shape stability increased. Experimental recipes also demonstrated improved sensory characteristics such as taste, aroma, and texture. Thus, despite a minor decrease in production yield the use of S. herbacea L. in meat chip formulations was justified. Simultaneously, alongside sodium reduction, there was an improvement in the product's antioxidant activity and sensory properties. The incorporation of S. herbacea L. makes meat chips more nutritious and appealing to health‐conscious consumers.
Effect of Different Types of Antithrombotic Agents on Clinical Outcomes in Patients With Small Bowel Bleeding Who Underwent Balloon‐Assisted Enteroscopy: A KASID Multicenter Study
Authors: Park Jihye , Kim Jin Su , Song Joo Hye , Nam Kwangwoo , Kim Seong‐Eun , Jeong Eui Sun , Kim Jae Hyun , Jeon Seong Ran ,   The Small Intestine Research Group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases (KASID)
Published: December 2024

Background and Aim

The impact of different anti‐thrombotic agents on patients with suspected small bowel bleeding (SSBB) who underwent balloon‐assisted enteroscopy (DAE) is unclear. We aimed to examine the clinical effects and predictive factors of DAE based on the thromboembolic agents used.

Methods

We enrolled 399 patients with SSBB from a web‐based DAE registry across 30 medical centers in South Korea. Among them, 291 patients did not receive anti‐thrombotic agents, whereas 80, 22, and 6 patients received anti‐platelet agents, direct oral anti‐coagulants (DOACs), and warfarin, respectively.

Results

Diagnostic yields were similar across groups; however, therapeutic yields differed: 25.4%, 37.5%, 63.6%, and 83.3% in patients treated with no anti‐thrombotic agents, anti‐platelets, DOACs, and warfarin, respectively (p < 0.001). The multivariable logistic regression revealed that patients treated with DOACs and warfarin experienced significantly higher therapeutic yields (odds ratio [OR]: 2.803 and 9.526, respectively; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.048–7.500 and 1.061–85.481, respectively; p = 0.040 and 0.044, respectively) than those treated with no anti‐thrombotic agents. The re‐bleeding rates in patients treated with no anti‐thrombotic agents, anti‐platelets, DOACs, and warfarin were 9.6%, 6.3%, 13.6%, and 50.0%, respectively (p = 0.069). In the multivariable logistic regression analysis, patients treated with warfarin exhibited higher re‐bleeding rates than those not treated with anti‐thrombotic agents (OR: 9.393, 95% CI: 1.809–48.764, p = 0.008).

Conclusions

The diagnostic yield of DAE did not differ based on the anti‐thrombotic agent type, whereas the therapeutic yield of DAE in DOAC and warfarin users was high. Careful monitoring for re‐bleeding is advised in DOAC as well as warfarin users.
An online driving decision aid for older drivers reduces ambivalence and regret about driving decisions: Randomized trial
Authors: DiGuiseppi Carolyn G. , Hill Linda L. , Fowler Nicole R. , Johnson Rachel L. , Peterson Ryan A. , Han S. Duke , Josewski Brandon , Knoepke Christopher E. , Matlock Daniel D. , Omeragic Faris , Betz Marian E.
Published: December 2024

Background

Decisions about driving cessation can be stressful for older adults. We tested effects of a driving decision aid (DDA) on psychosocial outcomes among older drivers during two‐year follow‐up.

Methods

Multisite randomized controlled trial of licensed drivers ages ≥70 with at least one diagnosis associated with increased likelihood of driving cessation, without significant cognitive impairment. The intervention was the online Healthwise® DDA, addressing “Is it time to stop driving?”; controls received National Institute on Aging web‐based information for older drivers. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. Primary outcomes were the Decision Regret Scale, Decisional Conflict Scale (assessing decisional ambivalence or uncertainty), and PROMIS Depression (4a) Scale. Self‐reported Life‐Space Assessment (assessing community mobility), crashes and driving outcomes were also assessed. Using intention‐to‐treat analyses, we tested whether DDA (vs. control) effects on each outcome differed during follow‐up using a study group by time interaction. Longitudinal outcomes were modeled using generalized linear mixed models, accounting for repeated measures, age, site, and baseline visit before vs. during COVID.

Results

We enrolled 301 participants (age at enrollment: mean 77.1 (range 70–92) years; 51% identifying as female). During follow‐up, the DDA group had less decisional conflict (pinteraction = 0.010) and decision regret (pinteraction = 0.012). The DDA had its greatest effect on decisional conflict immediately post‐intervention (adjusted mean ratio [aMR] = 0.87; 95%CI: 0.79, 0.97) and on decision regret at 12‐month follow‐up (aMR = 0.45; 95%CI: 0.27, 0.72). Odds of depression were similar between groups during follow‐up (pinteraction = 0.237). The intervention did not negatively affect life space, crashes, or other driving outcomes.

Conclusions

In older drivers, the Healthwise® DDA reduced uncertainty and regret about driving decisions during longitudinal follow‐up, without adversely affecting community mobility or crash risk. Use of DDAs in clinical and other settings may reduce the distress older adults often experience when making decisions about driving cessation.
Minimally invasive surgery versus open surgery in advanced stage endometrial cancer
Authors: Lee Jimin , Kim Jeeyeon , Son Joo‐Hyuk , Kong Tae‐Wook , Paek Jiheum , Chang Suk‐Joon
Published: December 2024

Aim

Staging surgery in early stage endometrial cancer has been shown to be feasible and safe with minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in many previous studies. However, there is limited literature on MIS's safety in advanced stages. This study aims to identify factors associated with survival in stage III endometrial cancer and investigate survival differences based on surgical approach.

Methods

Patients with stage III endometrial cancer who underwent staging surgery from March 2002 to March 2023 were included in this study. Various clinicopathological features, disease‐free survival (DFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated.

Results

Among the 79 patients included in this study, 20 patients underwent MIS (25.3%) and 59 patients underwent open surgery (74.7%). The open surgery group had a higher prevalence of aggressive histology, a higher median pretreatment CA‐125 level, and a greater number of harvested lymph nodes compared to the MIS group. Five‐year OS and DFS was higher in the open surgery group than in the MIS group (DFS: 67.9% vs. 59.9%, p = 0.046; OS: 74.3 vs. 50.6%, p = 0.008). In multivariate analysis, younger than 55 years old (OR, 2.778; 95% CI, 1.078–7.156; p = 0.034), and open surgery (OR, 3.671; 95% CI, 1.581–8.522; p = 0.002) was related to improved OS.

Conclusions

Open staging surgery showed better survival outcomes when compared to MIS in stage III endometrial cancer patients in our study. For patients who are older than 55 years old and have aggressive histology in endometrial biopsy, considering open surgery may help improve their prognosis, even if preoperative MRI suggests early‐stage endometrial cancer.
Mammalian herbivory alters structure, composition and edaphic conditions of a grey‐dune community
Authors: Francés Alcántara Sandra , Retuerto Rubén , Sánchez Vilas Julia
Published: December 2024

Question

Mammalian herbivory affects the structure and composition of plant communities, soil characteristics and intraspecific leaf traits. Understanding the effects of this type of herbivory is particularly relevant in grey dunes, a priority habitat type of the European Union Habitats Directive.

Location

Sálvora island (NW Spain).

Methods

Vegetation surveys and sampling were carried out in a coastal grey‐dune community, comparing the structure and composition of plant communities and soil characteristics in plots with herbivory exclusion and plots with herbivore activity, in autumn and spring. Changes in the specific leaf area (SLA), C/N ratio, δ13C and δ15N of two main plant species were also analysed.

Results

The differentiation between treatments was low in autumn, in contrast to spring results, which demonstrated seasonal variation in the plant community and herbivore behaviour. Spring results showed lower above‐ground dry mass in plots with herbivory due to defoliation, but greater richness and diversity, indicating that intermediate levels of disturbance reduced competition from dominant species. Herbivory treatments were different in terms of species composition, highlighting the positive effects of herbivory on the development of the threatened species Linaria arenaria. Soil temperature and moisture content were higher in herbivory plots because of the suppression of vegetation cover and the effect of trampling, respectively. No differences were detected in the chemical composition of the soil or the SLA, although the variability of these traits was greater in herbivory plots, indicating spatial heterogeneity generated by the activity of herbivores. No differences between treatments were obtained for % C and δ13C, whereas herbivory plots showed lower values of N content and δ15N as an adaptive response to herbivory pressure at the leaf and root level.

Conclusion

Our findings show that herbivory effects on plant communities vary by season — stronger in spring and weaker in autumn — emphasising the need for seasonal analysis and highlighting disturbance as a driver of spatial heterogeneity.
Repeat photography reveals long‐term climate change impacts on sub‐Antarctic tundra vegetation
Authors: van der Merwe Stephni , Greve Michelle , Hoffman Michael Timm , Skowno Andrew Luke , Pallett Nita , Terauds Aleks , Chown Steven Louden , Cramer Michael Denis
Published: December 2024

Questions

At high latitudes, anthropogenic climate change and invasive species threaten biodiversity, often with interacting effects. Climate change not only impacts native plant species directly by driving distribution and abundance of species, but indirectly through the influence on community dynamics and habitat suitability to invasive species. A key obstacle to quantifying vegetation change in the sub‐Antarctic is the scarcity of cloud‐free satellite imagery in a region with near‐permanent cloud cover and lack of long‐term plot data. In this paper, we aim to address the following questions: how has vegetation in the sub‐Antarctic changed between 1965 and 2020? What are the roles of climate change and invasive species in driving these changes?

Location

The study was conducted on Marion Island in the sub‐Antarctica.

Methods

We quantified vegetation change by analysing repeat ground photography between 1965 and 2020, accompanied by an analysis of climate trends and invasive plant species’ cover changes over the same period.

Results

Total vegetation cover was significantly higher in 2020 than in 1965 in all habitats other than in the coastal saltspray habitat, indicating an increase in overall biomass on the island. The more responsive ‘generalist’ plant species have expanded across the island, whilst the more ‘specialised’ plant species have not significantly changed in cover, with the exception of the mire graminoids, which have declined. Marion Island has thus undergone significant vegetation change, showing a greening trend across most habitats in the last five decades. This has been accompanied by aridification, an increase in mean air temperature, changes in wind direction and wind speed, and an increase in invasive mouse populations. The three most widespread invasive plant species have also expanded their ranges, especially in areas influenced by animal disturbance and nutrient input.

Conclusions

In congruence with research from Northern‐hemisphere tundra and other islands in the sub‐Antarctic, these results provide substantive empirical evidence for the interacting effects of climate change and invasive species on sub‐Antarctic tundra vegetation, as has long been predicted.
Using a systems thinking approach to map the global rise of ultra‐processed foods in population diets
Authors: Wood Benjamin , Garton Kelly , Milsom Penelope , Baker Phillip , Anastasiou Kim , Clark Joshua , Swinburn Boyd , Sacks Gary
Published: December 2024

A key driver of obesity and diet‐related illness globally has been the increased consumption of ultra‐processed foods (UPFs). This paper aimed to identify the key actors, structures, incentives, and dynamics that characterize the global UPF system and have led to the dominance of UPFs in population diets. Based on a narrative review and using a systems thinking approach, we developed a causal loop diagram (CLD) of the global UPF system. The CLD comprises nine reinforcing loops: the commodification of diets; increasing market concentration; increasing UPF levels in food retail environments; the financialization of diets; direct corporate political influence; increasing capture of science, public opinion, and policy narratives; shifts from private to public food governance; state accommodation of corporate power; and an “agricultural regime” promoting the production of relatively cheap UPF inputs. The CLD also contains two balancing loops relating to market saturation and public health policies that curb UPF consumption and a countervailing reinforcing loop depicting other forms of food systems in tension with the UPF system. This study suggests the need for innovative and expansive government policies to protect and promote healthy, sustainable diets and coordinated advocacy efforts among those seeking to challenge the exploitative aspects of corporate food systems.
Taste Perception and Saliva Composition Are Not Altered in Burning Mouth Syndrome
Authors: Kolkka Marina , Jääskeläinen Satu , Forssell Heli , Suominen Auli , Teerijoki‐Oksa Tuija , Loimaranta Vuokko , Laine Merja A. , Sandell Mari
Published: December 2024

Objectives

To study the connections between burning mouth syndrome (BMS) and taste perception and saliva, and interactions between saliva and taste in BMS patients compared to age‐ and gender‐matched control subjects.

Materials and Methods

A total of 31 BMS patients (43–82 years) and 20 age‐ and gender‐matched volunteers (44–78 years) participated. The taste sensation for six tastants was measured using both the taste strips protocol and the whole‐mouth evaluation method. Stimulated saliva was collected for 5 min. Salivary flow rate, pH, electrolyte concentrations (sodium, potassium, and calcium), MUC5B, MUC7, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and total protein were measured.

Results

No differences were found between the groups in taste, salivary flow rate, or composition. A weak association between saliva composition and taste modalities was found within both groups. Metallic taste phantom was reported only by BMS patients (p = 0.03).

Conclusions

In contrast to most previous reports, BMS patients did not differ from control subjects in any of the six taste modalities tested nor did the salivary variables differ between the groups. The relationship between salivary variables and total taste score was weak but similar in both groups. Further research with larger study samples is needed to confirm these results.
A Narrative Review of the Impact of Public Family Planning Policies and Programs on the Contraceptive Transition in Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries
Authors: Finlay Jocelyn E.
Published: December 2024

In this paper, I provide a narrative review of the literature addressing the contribution of public family planning programs and policies to the contraceptive transition in low‐ and middle‐income countries. I address the long‐running debate between economists and demographers who examine the relative contribution of preferences compared to programs to fertility decline, but I steer the paper towards a deeper discussion of the kinds of programs that have been effective in shaping contraceptive use (not necessarily fertility). I will discuss why public family planning programs and policies are needed, and the differing motivations of governments, implementers, and program designers are also discussed. Specific country‐level policy examples are given for Peru, Rwanda, and Vietnam to illustrate how public programs affected contractive use in these cases. A variety of programs are reviewed for relative success (e.g., mass media, or postpartum family planning programs). The success (and failure) stories highlight the need to be attentive to context and external validity when scaling up or adapting programs to national‐level policies. The review highlights the types of programs and policies that have been successful and the context in which the successes occurred.
Duration of food protein‐induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) and the role of intestinal microbiota
Authors: Vallianatou G. N. , Douladiris N. , Mageiros L. , Manousakis E. , Zisaki V. , Galani M. , Xepapadaki P. , Taka S. , Papadopoulos N. G.
Published: December 2024

Background

Food protein‐induced allergic proctocolitis (FPIAP) is the leading cause of rectal bleeding in infants. Tolerance is presumed to develop until the first year of age, although natural history studies are scarce, making the determination of the ideal duration for any intervention, challenging. Intestinal microbiota (IM) is crucial in food allergy development; however, data for FPIAP remain limited. This study aimed to assess FPIAP remission after 3 months of milk avoidance and its correlation with IM longitudinal changes.

Methods

A prospective observational study of infants aged ≤6 months with a diagnosis of FPIAP. After 3 months of management according to a clinical algorithm, infants were subjected to a milk challenge using either a cow (CM) or a goat (GM) milk formula in a random order. Stool samples were collected longitudinally for microbiome analysis.

Results

Out of 61 infants, 57 were challenged (29 with CM, 28 with GM). Of these, 55 (96.5%) achieved tolerance, with no difference in tolerance rates between CM (28/29) and GM (27/28). The average age of tolerance development was 6.3 months. Enterobacteriaceae clusters (Klebsiella‐ and Shigella‐dominated) were most often represented in samples from symptomatic infants. In contrast, Bacteroides and Bifidobacteria clusters emerged later, in apparently healthy infants.

Conclusion

A 3‐month intervention was sufficient for almost all infants to achieve tolerance. GM was tolerated equally well to CM. Symptomatic FPIAP is associated with immature enterotypes, while disease remission coincides with microbiome changes in time.
Single‐cell RNA sequencing reveals a key regulator ZmEREB14 affecting shoot apex development and yield formation in maize
Authors: Ma Langlang , Zhang Na , Liu Peng , Liang Yuru , Li Ran , Yuan Guangsheng , Zou Chaoying , Chen Zhong , Lübberstedt Thomas , Pan Guangtang , Shen Yaou
Published: December 2024

Shoot apical meristem (SAM) is the origin of aerial structure formation in the plant life cycle. However, the mechanisms underlying the maize SAM development are still obscure. Here, approximately 12 700 cells were captured from the 5‐day‐old shoot apex of maize using a high‐throughput single‐cell transcriptome sequencing. According to the gene expression patterns, we partitioned the cells into 8 cell types with 13 transcriptionally distinct cell clusters and traced the developmental trajectory of shoot apex. Regulatory network analysis of transcription factors (TFs) showed that three core TFs, AP2‐EREBP‐transcription factor 14 (ZmEREB14, Zm00001d052087), MYB histone 4 (ZmMYB4) and HSF‐transcription factor 8 (ZmHSF8) potentially regulated the SAM development. Functional validation revealed that ZmEREB14 affected the SAM development and thereby regulated the maize yield formation. Our results characterised the inherent heterogeneity of SAM at single‐cell resolution and provided new insights into the mechanisms of SAM development.
Mapping the integration of adult friends into the study of close relationships and health
Authors: Vieth Grace , Rothman Alexander J. , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: December 2024

Close relationships are associated with many positive outcomes throughout life, including improved physical health and well‐being. Traditionally, theory and research on the health benefits of close relationships have focused on either the total amount of support perceived available within a person's entire social network or the support provided by romantic partners (Shankar et al. in Psychology and Health, 30(6), 686–698; 2015). Limited work has examined the impact of distinct relationship types, particularly friends. In this article, we address this critical gap in our current knowledge. First, we identify the features of friends and friendship networks that distinguish them from other types of adult relationships, especially romantic relationships. Second, we use the strength and strain model (Slatcher & Selcuk in Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26(1), 16–21; 2017) as a framework to consider how adult friendships might impact physical health in ways similar to but also distinct from romantic partners. Utilizing this specific model, we identify features of friendships—the size and structure of friendship networks, the norms that define friendships, and the levels of interdependence in friendships—and discuss how each feature can amplify or blunt the strengths and strains afforded by friends, including their impact on health. Finally, we provide a roadmap and identify priorities to advance research on friendships and physical health.
Far‐red light acclimation in Phaeophila dendroides (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) isolated from a coral skeleton
Authors: Onami Chieko , Nishibori Yohei , Suda Shoichiro , Kamikawa Ryoma , Miyashita Hideaki
Published: December 2024

The light environment within a coral skeleton is rich in far‐red light (FRL) but lacks photosynthetically active radiation. Nevertheless, various algal species have been detected in these photosynthetically severe environments. We isolated the filamentous green alga Phaeophila dendroides strain Sa‐1 (Ulvales, Ulvophyceae) from a coral skeleton (Porites sp.) off Sesoko Island, Okinawa, Japan. This is the first Phaeophila strain to have been isolated from a coral skeleton. The strain grew under far‐red light‐emitting diodes (FRL‐LED) as a sole light source, as well as under white light, demonstrating that it can acclimate to FRL. We experimentally determined that cells grown under FRL‐LED alone absorbed the light by red‐shifted chlorophyll a associating with newly induced or modified light‐harvesting antenna complexes. This ability allows P. dendroides strain Sa‐1 to inhabit environments where FRL is dominant, such as the interior of coral skeletons or the surface of seaweed.
Collaboration for social‐ecological restoration: reflections from literature and practice
Authors: Toumbourou Tessa D. , Winarno Bondan , Yuwati Tri W. , Lestari Sri , Rachmanadi Dony , Budiningsih Kushartati , Sakuntaladewi Niken , Idrus Nafila I. , Grover Samantha P. P. , Treby Sarah , Rawluk Andrea
Published: December 2024

Collaboration is critical for engaging stakeholders and integrating diverse knowledges in social‐ecological restoration. Yet, despite the recognized benefits, ecosystem restoration has often not been collaborative across social and ecological disciplines or across different stakeholder scales. Drawing on relevant literature and practice‐based knowledge derived from our respective experiences working on the restoration of Indonesia's tropical peatlands, we emphasize the need for equitable task distribution; mutually beneficial, trust‐based relationships; inclusive and safe collaborative environments; scrutinizing and redressing power inequalities; establishing a shared understanding of, and vision for, social‐ecological contexts targeted for restoration; meeting on‐site and engaging with place‐based knowledge; and centering Indigenous and local knowledge. Putting in place these interconnected elements can contribute to a more integrated, equitable, adapted, sustained, and impactful collaboration for social‐ecological restoration.
A digital therapy targeting anxiety in pulmonary fibrosis: A decentralized randomized controlled trial
Authors: Solomon Joshua J. , Hallowell Robert W. , Ganslandt Cecilia , Shull Jessica G. , Bengtsson Thomas , Ganslandt Jakob , Horton Maureen R.
Published: December 2024

Background and Objective

Pulmonary fibrosis, a manifestation of interstitial lung disease, is frequently associated with anxiety. The objective of this study, COMPANION, was to assess the anxiolytic efficacy of Almee, a digital cognitive behavioural therapy for patients with pulmonary fibrosis, compared to treatment as usual.

Methods

COMPANION was a randomized, controlled, open‐label and partly reader‐blinded, decentralized, clinical trial conducted in the United States. Eligible patients had radiology‐confirmed pulmonary fibrosis and a Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7‐item (GAD‐7) score of ≥5 (possible range 0–21). Participants were randomized 1:1 to Almee or no intervention for 9 weeks, with block stratification by anxiety severity. The primary endpoint was change in GAD‐7 score from baseline to week 9. Between 20 December 2022 and 14 August 2023, 108 participants were randomized, 54 to Almee and 54 to treatment as usual.

Results

In each arm, 46 participants completed the study; 108 cases were analysed as intention‐to‐treat. By week 9, average GAD‐7 score had improved by 1.8 points (SEM = 2.1) in the Almee group (n = 54) and deteriorated by 0.9 points (SEM = 2.2) in the control group (n = 54), a 2.7‐point difference (95% confidence interval: 1.2–4.2, p = 0.0006).

Conclusion

Treatment with Almee was well‐tolerated and showed clinically meaningful improvement in pulmonary fibrosis‐related anxiety. Almee shows promise as a personalized intervention for management of the psychological burden related to living with pulmonary fibrosis.
Contraceptive Care Visit Objectives and Outcomes: Evidence From Burkina Faso, Pakistan, and Tanzania
Authors: Moucheraud Corrina , Wollum Alexandra , Brooks Mohamad , Shah Manisha , Gipson Jessica , Wagner Zachary
Published: December 2024

Globally, care experiences of the growing population of contraceptive users are not well‐understood. We leverage a large client dataset (n = 71,602) from three countries (Burkina Faso, Pakistan, and Tanzania) to characterize contraceptive services sought (visit objective and method preference), assess whether these visit objectives were met and for whom, and explore if visit objective fulfillment was associated with care quality. Most people in all three countries said they were seeking to continue their current method or adopt a method for the first time. Clients seeking to change their method were least likely to have their objective met: 63.7 percent of clients in Burkina Faso, 73.3 percent in Pakistan, and 61.1 percent in Tanzania who wanted to switch actually achieved this during the visit. In Burkina Faso, people with lower socioeconomic standing, lower educational attainment, and lower parity less commonly had their switching objective, fulfilled. Method preference fulfillment was generally high, although approximately 15 percent of Tanzanian clients were given implants despite wanting another method. Among those seeking to adopt or restart a method in Pakistan and Tanzania, having this visit objective fulfilled, was correlated with better perceived treatment and higher person‐centeredness of care.