bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ASEAN’s Attitude to the South China Sea Dispute after the Verdict of the Permanent Court of Arbitration in the Hague
Authors: Pietrasiak Małgorzata
Published: December 2020

The South China Sea is the most inflammable area in the region of Southeast Asia due to its natural resources, commercial and political importance. The ASEAN countries directly involved in the dispute have conflicting interests, mainly related to their relationship with China, a pretender for the whole area. Therefore, attemps to settle the dispute are not successful. On July 12, 2016, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague issued a verdict taking into account the Law of the Sea, in which it accepted the Philippines’s arguments and rejected China’s claims based on historical arguments against the islands in the South China Sea. China did not take part in the trial and found its sentences non-binding but at the same time it has entered into a dialogue with ASEAN on the code of conduct (COC) in the South China Sea. The purpose of the article is to discuss how the parties are involved in the conflict, progress towards signing the Code of Conduct for the Parties in the South China Sea and the attitude of ASEAN countries to this conflict. Due to the degree of dependence of economies on Chinese influence, and relations with other powers, mainly the US, the behavior of individual countries is different. Hence the problem with the organization’s cohesion and attempts to break the deadlock, which have been unsuccessful so far. The basic research hypothesis that will be verified is to maintain the status quo in the South China Sea in the long run. At the same time, it was noted that Vietnam is prepared for long-term actions, based on diplomatic tools combined with a tough attitude, to solve problems related to the sovereignty of disputed areas. ASEAN will have to face up with the issues more consistently, by making greater use of quiet diplomacy. The theoretical basis of the article is Hurrell’s theory of neorealism, which analyzes, among other things, the principles and objectives of regional organizations in the international environment. Hurrell assumes that all regional organizations cannot be understood differently from their regional balance of power and regional dominant forces policy and ASEAN’s attitude proves this point of view.
Decentralization vs Centralization: Scenarios of Regional Development of Ukraine in the Context of Internal Stability Establishment
Authors: Uzun Yuliia , Koch Svetlana
Published: December 2020

The work aims to analyze scenarios for the development of regional policy in Ukraine in conditions of decentralization and centralization trends confrontation in the country. The main problem is the establishment of structural completeness of the decentralization reform in Ukraine, which should involve the implementation of administrative-territorial, budgetary and political decentralization. An important task is also to determine the effectiveness of devolution, delegation, deconcentration, deregulation, and divestment, which are manifestations of the decentralization process and collectively determine the quality of reform. Based on the methodology of system analysis and the concept of “balance of relations,” as well as using a historical and comparative method in investigating the improvement of approaches to leading public policy, and a structural-functional method for analysis of territorial-political system as a decentralized and multi-level, the paper proposes an analysis of the balance of inter-level relations in the country, the effectiveness of reforms, decentralization and trends for further development. The work indicates that since 2014, administrative and territorial optimization and enlargement of communities have become the main result of the decentralization reform. The discussion of political decentralization remains extremely disturbing and is blocked as “separatism,” as well as attempts to resolve the conflict in the Donbas by political means through the adoption of the Steinmeier Formula are demurred as “capitulation.” The economic crisis, which coincided with the pandemic, can aggravate the negative perception of reform, the development of which remains possible within the framework of three development scenarios: “Euro-optimistic,” “inertial” and “blocking.”
Right to Privacy and State Policy on Cyber Security. Necessity or Threat from the State
Authors: Maciejewski Robert
Published: December 2020

In the era of extremely rapid technological development, the state is directing particular interest towards security in cyberspace and cyber security is becoming a dominant value in its policy. Such a policy may cause a number of negative consequences, such as the willingness to introduce legal regulations that may limit civil rights and freedoms, and in the next stage may lead to violence. As a result, their implementation causes excessive, and often unauthorized, interference of public authorities in the sphere of citizens’ privacy. It should also be stressed that the global nature of the Internet means that mechanisms based on territoriality in a rather limited way ensure effective protection of individual rights against violations by public authorities in cyberspace. In addition to significant physical damage and direct financial losses, the mere likelihood of future cyber threats may cause social distrust and unwillingness to work with new technologies.
Domniemanie prawdziwości deklaracji podatkowej i jego znaczenie dowodowe
Authors: Nita Adam
Published: December 2020

Domniemanie jest konstrukcją prawną, znaną w wielu gałęziach prawa – zarówno tych zaliczanych do prawa prywatnego, jak i w prawie publicznym. Jednym z przejawów jej funkcjonowania w prawie podatkowym jest domniemanie prawdziwości deklaracji podatkowej. Zostało ono ukształtowane nie tylko w przepisach ogólnego prawa podatkowego (Ordynacji podatkowej), ale i szczególnym prawie podatkowym (m.in. w ustawie o podatku od towarów i usług). W sytuacjach gdy zobowiązanie podatkowe powstaje przez doręczenie konstytutywnej decyzji podatkowej, ta postać domniemania znajduje swój przejaw w prawnie ukształtowanym założeniu, że prawdziwe są informacje zawarte w deklaracji podatkowej. Jeśli natomiast do konkretyzacji powinności podatkowej dochodzi z mocy samego prawa, ustawodawca nakazuje przyjmować, że we wspomnianym dokumencie prawidłowo wykazano kwotę zobowiązania podatkowego czy wielkość nadwyżki naliczonego podatku od towarów i usług nad podatkiem należnym. Autor artykułu rozważa istotę domniemania jako konstrukcji prawnej, przyczyny jej stosowania w prawie podatkowym oraz prezentuje jej konsekwencje. Stawia on przy tym tezę, że skutkiem domniemania prawdziwości deklaracji podatkowej co do zasady jest obciążenie powinnością dowodzenia organu podatkowego, podającego w wątpliwość rzetelność deklaracji podatkowej. Ponadto autor polemizuje z koncepcją swoistego dzielenia ciężaru dowodzenia w prawie podatkowym. Jej przejawem jest oczekiwanie na to, że urzeczywistnienie elementów konstrukcji podatku, skutkujących złagodzeniem obciążenia podatkowego jest domeną podatnika, który powinien wykazać tę okoliczność.
Trzydzieści lat funkcjonowania samorządu terytorialnego – nauka prawa administracyjnego wobec reform ustrojowych. Zagadnienia wprowadzające
Authors: Sługocki Janusz
Published: December 2020

Przeprowadzone w 1990 r. reformy obejmujące reaktywowanie samorządu terytorialnego stanowiły jeden z najważniejszych elementów przemian ustrojowych w naszym kraju i były one istotnym elementem działań reformatorskich w ramach realizacji trzech głównych celów transformacji ustrojowej po roku 1989: demokracja, wolny rynek, decentralizacja. Postulat przywrócenia samorządu terytorialnego znalazł się w 1981 r. w programie Solidarności i powrócono do niego podczas obrad Okrągłego Stołu w 1989. Wśród zwolenników i propagatorów tej idei w opozycji antykomunistycznej byli przedstawiciele nauki prawa administracyjnego, którzy przewidywali stworzenie całkowicie nowej instytucji, niemieszczącej się w ramach ustroju komunistycznego. Zakładano zatem jednoznaczne odrzucenie starego systemu władz lokalnych. Przeprowadzona w 1990 r. reforma samorządowa stanowiła jednocześnie potężny wstrząs dla nauki ustrojowego prawa administracyjnego, które utraciło swój przedmiot badań w postaci problematyki rad narodowych, traktowanych odtąd wyłącznie w kontekście „negatywnych doświadczeń”. Reaktywowaniu samorządu terytorialnego w 1990 r. towarzyszyły dyskusje i spory wokół koncepcji jego istoty, podstawowych założeń ustrojowych i szczegółowych zasad funkcjonowania. Reforma nie zakończyła się w 1990 r., gdyż prawo samorządowe charakteryzuje się znaczną dynamiką przemian dotyczących konkretnych rozwiązań, co znajduje swój wyraz w licznych nowelizacjach ustaw samorządowych. Kolejnym reformom towarzyszyła działalność ekspertów z zakresu nauki prawa administracyjnego. Jednocześnie odnotować należy znaczny rozwój nauki prawa administracyjnego w zakresie problematyki samorządowej.
Co dalej z socjologią? Między autonomią, służebnością a scenariuszem znikania
Authors: Drozdowski Rafał
Published: December 2020

Artykuł jest próbą diagnozy kondycji współczesnej socjologii (jej słabości, ale także jej potencjalnych atutów) na podstawie analizy jej języka, która pozwoliła sformułować kilka scenariuszy dotyczących dalszych losów socjologii. Dwa z nich (scenariusz literaturyzacji socjologii oraz scenariusz jej stopniowego zrastania się z naukami o złożoności) wydają się równoznaczne ze stopniową samolikwidacją socjologii. Kolejny – scjentyzacja socjologii i podporządkowanie jej znacznie bardziej restrykcyjnym niż do tej pory reżimom terminologicznymi i metodologicznym jawi się jako scenariusz praktycznie nierealny – biorąc pod uwagę historię socjologii i jej teoretyczno-metodologiczny pluralizm. Trzy ostatnie zasygnalizowane w artykule scenariusze: scenariusz socjologii rozwijającej się jako par excellence socjologiczna teoria złożoności, scenariusz socjologii opartej na śladach zastanych oraz scenariusz socjologii animacyjno-interwencyjnej, oznaczają wprawdzie, że będzie zmuszona radykalnie się zmienić, lecz równocześnie w największym stopniu prolongują jej szanse na przetrwanie jako dyscypliny naukowej.
Why are the Raelians and other new religious movements not considered ‘religions’ in Poland? A comparative analysis of the definitions of religion used by the Supreme Administrative Court in the sociological context
Authors: Krzywosz Maciej
Published: December 2020

In 1980, in Poland, there were about 30 religious minorities. The socio-political transformation changed the religious landscape dramatically. In 1999, there were already 155. Not all new religions, however, were registered. In the case of The Church of Miracles, The Raelians, and The Order of Initiated Knighthood, registration was refused. The Ministry of the Interior and the Supreme Administrative Court decided that they did not fulfil the requirements of a “religion”. The purpose of this article is to examine, from a sociological perspective, the definitions of religion used by the court, by which the above new religious movements were not recognised as religions. The analysis shows that the court and administration ruled on the basis of substantial definitions of religion, reducing religion to believing in God or the sacred. Furthermore, the article presents the socio-cultural reasons behind the choice of such definitions, and reviews the scholarly debate on the issue.
Хозяйственно-политическая повестка председательства Германии в Совете ЕС
Authors: Belov Vladislav
Published: December 2020

С 1 июля по 31 декабря 2020 года Германия будет председателем Совета ЕС, во многом определяющим социально-экономическое развитие Евросоюза на фоне самых серьёзных в его послевоенной истории вызовов, обусловленных пандемией коронавируса. Среди основных задач, которые предстоит решать Берлину в тесном взаимодействии с Брюсселем: принятие семилетнего бюджета ЕС и масштабной программы восстановления европейской экономики в условиях энергетического перехода и цифровой трансформации; урегулирование брекзита; решение ряда экономических вопросов в отношениях с США и Китаем. В записке анализируется содержание запланированных мер, оцениваются перспективы их реализации.
Коронавирус в Испании туристами не испугаешь
Authors: Vernikov Vladimir
Published: December 2020

Испания – одна из наиболее пострадавших от пандемии коронавируса стран- членов ЕС. Её правительство, недооценив риски, связанные с распространением COVID-19, с существенным опозданием по сравнению с большинством других европейских государств начало реализацию необходимых ограничительных мер – только 14 марта 2020 года был введен самый жесткий в Европе барьер на пути распространения болезни, включая большие штрафы за нарушение режима карантина. Это принесло свои плоды, но страна понесла не только безвозвратные человеческие, но и огромные экономические потери. В записке анализируется содержание антикризисных мероприятий испанского государства и даётся прогноз их результативности и последствий. Среди прочего делается вывод о том, что с некоторыми из них правительству вряд ли удастся самостоятельно справиться в ближайшие годы.
Новая стратегия Союза Безопасности ЕС
Authors: Potemkina Olga
Published: December 2020

В записке анализируется представленная Комиссией ЕС новая Стратегия Союза безопасности (ССБ) на 2020-2025 гг., которая сменяет предыдущую Европейскую повестку дня по безопасности. Отмечая, что очередная стратегия повторяет некоторые задачи прежней, автор выявляет отличительные черты ССБ, обусловленные сегодняшней ситуацией в ЕС, в том числе, последствиями пандемии коронавируса. Подчеркивается, что проблема обеспечения безопасности ставится Евросоюзом шире: не только преодолеть разделение безопасности на внешнюю и внутреннюю, что традиционно было целью ЕС, но и гарантировать устойчивость как физической, так и цифровой среды. Исследуются конкретные задачи и Планы действий, предложенные Комиссией в дополнение к стратегии, и оцениваются перспективы их реализации.
О перспективах ЕАЭС и путях повышения его роли на международной арене
Authors: Kondratieva Natalia
Published: December 2020

Записка ставит вопрос о стабильности в Евразийском экономическом союзе на фоне текущего внутриполитического кризиса в Беларуси. Проведен анализ деятельности институтов Союза в январе-августе 2020 года. Выявлены новеллы в политико-правовом обеспечении интеграции по всем основным ее направлениям, что свидетельствует о стабильно положительной интеграционной динамике и исполнении Беларусью функций председателя в объединении в 2020 году вплоть до настоящего времени. Даны рекомендации по формированию широкой стратегии устойчивости объединения перед лицом внутренних и внешних угроз с опорой на международный опыт.
Нарушение перемирия между Арменией и Азербайджаном
Authors: Ayvazyan  Anna
Published: December 2020

27 сентября 2020 года на территории непризнанной Нагорно-Карабахской республики (Арцаха) начались открытые военные действия между Азербайджаном, объединенной армией Республики Армения и армией обороны НКР с многочисленными жертвами и ранеными с обеих сторон. Столкновения случались и ранее, но не принимали такого масштаба. Предпосылками к размораживанию конфликта послужили, с одной стороны, кризис во внутренней политике и экономике обеих стран в результате пандемии, а с другой – потенциальная возможность вовлечения других крупных игроков, в частности, Турции, в события в регионе. Посреднические усилия Минской группы ОБСЕ не привели к успеху. Локальный конфликт в долгосрочной перспективе с большой вероятностью может перерасти в региональный, если решение так и не будет найдено. Российская позиция в конфликте остается равноудаленной.
Mechanical Properties and Biodegradability of Polylactic Acid/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene with Cellulose Particle Isolated from Nypa Fruticans Husk
Authors: Rasidi M. S. , Cheah L. C. , Nasib A. M.
Published: December 2020

Polylactic acid is a biodegradable polymer derived from renewable resources, showing potentials in replacing traditional petroleum-based polymers, yet its brittleness limits its applications. Thus, blending polylactic acid with acrylonitrile butadiene styrene as well as incorporation of fillers were used to enhance the mechanical and biodegradability properties of polylactic acid by extrusion compounding. The aims of this study to produce and investigate PLA/ABS blend incorporated with natural filler, NFH and IC to improve the properties pf PLA/ABS blends. Two types of fillers used were Nypa fruticans husk and isolated cellulose from Nypa fruticans husk which was obtained by using Soxhlet extraction. Transform Infrared spectroscopy analysis was used to characterize and verified the extracted substance was isolate cellulose. Tensile, impact and biodegradation test were conducted to investigate the mechanical and biodegradability properties. The optimum blend ratio for polylactic acid/acrylonitrile was 75/25 php base on previous studies, and it was found that the incorporation of both fillers, Nypa fruticans husk and isolated cellulose from Nypa fruticans husk had decreased the tensile strength, elongation at break and impact strength of the composite however increased the Young’s Modulus and biodegradation weight loss. Meanwhile, at similar filler content, the tensile strength, Young’s modulus and biodegradation weight loss of polylactic acid/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend incorporated with isolated cellulose were higher value compared to polylactic acid/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend incorporated Nypa fruticans husk. Furthermore, morphological studies showed a well-coated filler by matrix and reduction of filler pull out when isolated cellulose was incorporated in polylactic acid/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend. Therefore, it was found that the incorporation of isolated cellulose in polylactic acid/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend, shows higher mechanical and biodegradation properties than polylactic acid/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blend incorporated with Nypa fruticans husk.
Some properties of the polynomially bounded o-minimal expansions of the real field and of some quasianalytic local rings
Authors: Berraho M.
Published: December 2020

In this paper, we study the Weierstrass division theorem over the rings of smooth germs that are definable in an arbitrary polynomially bounded o-minimal expansion of the real field by giving some criteria for satisfying this theorem. Afterwards, we study some topological properties of some quasianalytic subrings of the ring of smooth germs for the $(x_1)$-adic topology by showing that these rings are separable metric spaces. Also, we cite a criterion for their completeness with respect to the $(x_1)$-adic topology.
Application of the averaging method to the problems of optimal control of the impulse systems
Authors: Koval'chuk T.V. , Mogylova V.V. , Stanzhytskyi O.M. , Shovkoplyas T.V.
Published: December 2020

The problem of optimal control at finite time interval for a system of differential equations with impulse action at fixed moments of time as well as the corresponding averaged system of ordinary differential equations are considered.

It is proved the existence of optimal control of exact and averaged problems. Also, it is established that optimal control of averaged problem realize the approximate optimal synthesis of exact problem. The main result of the article is a theorem, where it is proved that optimal contol of an averaged problem is almost optimal for exact problem. Substantiation of proximity of solutions of exact and averaged problems is obtained.
Mechanisms of charge accumulation in electrochemical systems formed based on of nanoporous carbon and manganese oxide
Authors: Kolkovskyi P.I. , Ostafiychuk B.K. , Kolkovskyi M.I. , Ivanichok N.Ya. , Sklepova S-V.S. , Rachiy B.I.
Published: December 2020

In this work, the processes occurring in electrochemical systems based on nanoporous carbon material and manganese oxide in an aqueous solution of lithium sulfate are analyzed. Furthermore, it is shows the feasibility of these materials combination cycling as electrodes of a hybrid electrochemical capacitor. The combination of electrode materials with different mechanisms of charge accumulation was determined. Consequently, an increase in the accumulated energy by more than 25% by the formation of an electric double layer and the occurrence of redox reactions based on carbon and manganese oxide respectively. The laboratory sample of an aqueous electrolyte hybrid electrochemical capacitor was formed. Moreover, the laboratory sample is electrochemically stable at an operating voltage of 2 V.
SCAPS modelling of ZnO/CdS/CdTe/CuO photovoltaic heterosystem
Authors: Zapukhlyak Z. R. , Nykyruy L.I. , Wisz G. , Rubish V.M. , Prokopiv V.V. , Halushchak M.O. , Lishchynskyy I.M. , Katanova L.O. , Yavorskyi R.S.
Published: December 2020

The authors have developed a simple, cheap and reproducible technology for obtaining thin-film heterostructures based on CdTe with a given surface morphology during vacuum deposition, which contributes to their low cost [1, 2]. The critical dimensions (thicknesses) of individual layers of the heterostructure were substantiated, a simulation was performed and a wide range of optical properties was investigated [3]. It is shown that for the deposited CdS / CdTe heterostructure on glass it is possible to obtain an efficiency of 15.8%.

Given that thin films are relatively new systems, their study can offer much wider opportunities for technological improvement of photovoltaic energy converters. According to the analysis of modern literature data, the efficiency can be increased by performing deposition on ITO films and introducing nanoparticles of controlled sizes.
Thermodynamıc Propertıes of the BiTe and Bi8Te9 Compounds
Authors: Hasanova G.S. , Aghazade A.I. , Yusibov Y.A. , Babanly M.B.
Published: December 2020

Two-phase alloys Bi8Te9+Bi4Te5 and BiTe+Bi8Te9 were studied by the electromotive forces method (EMF) in the temperature range 300-450 K. From the EMF data, the relative partial molar functions of bismuth in the alloys were calculated. The potential-forming reactions responsible for these partial functions were compiled, the values of the standard thermodynamic functions of formation, and the standard entropies of Bi8Te9 and BiTe compounds were calculated. A comparative analysis of the data for BiTe with the literature data was carried out; for Bi8Te9, the thermodynamic functions were obtained for the first time.
Evaluation of plasma d-dimer level in patients with chronic urticaria
Authors: Abo Alwafa Hany Othman
Published: December 2020

Background: Urticaria is a common disease impacting negatively on multiple aspects of patients' lives. Acute urticaria is defined as the occurrence of wheals with or without angioedema for less than 6weeks, whereas chronic urticaria is defined as the occurrence of wheals and pruritus anywhere on the body and/or angioedema occurring for 6weeks or longer. D-dimer is a fibrin degradation product so it is a marker of thrombin activity and fibrin turnover and thus reflects both haemostasis and fibrinolysis. Recent findings showed that in outpatients with sever to moderate CU, mean D-dimer plasma levels were significantly higher than in a group of age- and sex-matched normal controls. Objectives: To evaluate plasma D-dimer correlation with chronic urticaria disease activity. Settings: Dermatology outpatient clinic of Al Azhar University Hospital in Damietta (Egypt), tertiary referral center. Subjects and methods: This study included 40 patients with chronic urticaria. They were recruited from dermatology outpatient clinic of Al-Azhar University Hospital in Damietta. All cases were subjected to complete history taking, general examination and dermatological examination was performed for all patients with emphasis to determine the site and the type of the lesion and the presence of any dermatological diseases, laboratory investigations including CBC, ESR, PT, PTT and D-dimer. Results: In this study we found normal plasma D-dimer level in (62.5%) of enrolled patients and elevated plasma D-dimer level in (37.5%) of them. We also demonstrated that there was statistically significant positive correlation to clinical disease severity. Conclusions: Investigation for plasma D-dimer level may be an alternative way to evaluate disease activity and severity in patients with CU.
SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI Li4Ti5O12 YANG DILAPISI KARBON DENGAN METODE SOLID STATE REACTION UNTUK ANODA ION LITHIUM
Authors: Lediliocza Lediliocza , Saptari Sitti Ahmiatri , Priyono Slamet
Published: December 2020

Telah dilakukan sintesis material anoda Li4Ti5O12 dilapisi karbon melalui metode solid state, dengan bahan baku LiOH H2O dan TiO2. sintesis dilakukan dengan variasi sumber karbon yaitu Super. P, Tapioka, dan karbon aktif Food grade. Prekursor Li4Ti5O12 disinter pada suhu 800o C selama 4 jam pada atmosfer udara bebas. Sedangkan proses pelapisan karbon dilakukan dengan milling basah dan sinter pada suhu 600o C selama 1 jam pada atmosfer N2. Karakterisasi yang dilakukan meliputi analisa untuk melihat perbedaan performa elektrokimia pada variasi sumber karbon yang digunakan, diantaranya analisa XRD (X-ray Diffraction) untuk mengetahui pembentukan fasa Li4Ti5O12, FESEM ( Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy) untuk menganalisa morfologi yang terbentuk, dan untuk mengetahui performa elektrokimia dilakukan pengujian Cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge dan Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS). Hasil karaktrisasi terbentuk fasa Lithium titanium oxide (Li4Ti5O12) sebesar 96,1% dan fasa rutile (TiO2) sebesar 3,1%. Hasil karakterisasi FE-SEM menunjukan morfologi penyebaran karbon pada anoda Li4Ti5O12/C dengan sumber karbon Super P, paling homogen dbandingkan dengan anoda Li4Ti5O12/C dengan sumber karbon Tapioka kemudian anoda Li4Ti5O12/C dengan sumber karbon food grade. Performa elektrokimia yang dihasilkan Li4Ti5O12/C dengan sumber karbon Tapioka memiliki nilai konduktivitas elektronik dan konduktivitas ionik paling besar, dan menunjukan difusi ion lithium yang sangat kecil, namun memiliki nilai koefesien difusi 2,54 × 10−13 cm-2 s-1 mendekati besar koefesien difusi Li4Ti5O12/C (Sp) sebesar 2,61 × 10−13 cm-2 s1, serta memiliki nilai kapasitas discharge 161.05 mAh/g, mendekati nilai kapasitas discharge Li4Ti5O12/C (Sp) sebesar 167.84 mAh/g.
Coronary Artery Aneurysms as a Feature of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis
Authors: Rehani Chavi , Nelson Jennifer S.
Published: December 2020

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is an antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody–associated vasculitis that primarily affects small vessels. The disease typically affects the respiratory tract and kidneys but has also been known to involve the gastrointestinal tract, genitourinary tract, thyroid, and liver. Cardiac involvement is rare. Coronary artery aneurysms (CAAs) are an extremely uncommon finding, with only 1 reported case in an adult patient and no pediatric cases reported to date. Here, we report the unique case of a child with granulomatosis with polyangiitis who initially presented with fever of unknown origin and pulmonary and renal symptoms with no cardiac complaints. An echocardiogram revealed severe bilateral fusiform CAAs. Because of the high risk of mortality posed by the severity of her renal and cardiac disease, the patient was managed with intensive induction immunosuppression with steroids, rituximab, and cyclophosphamide. She is maintained on steroids, rituximab, aspirin, and warfarin with improved renal function but no change in her CAAs.
Rebel Together Sebagai Strategi Komunikasi Pemasaran Digital Madformakeup Di Tengah Pandemi COVID-19
Authors: Julianti Indri , Delliana Santi
Published: December 2020

The appearance of virus COVID-19 pandemic has made businesses change their marketing communication strategic ways to survive in this pandemic, including makeup companies like Madformakeup. One of the strategies used by Madfromakeup is planning a fair and effective digital marketing communication strategy and implementing customer engagement through the Rebel Together program. This study aims to determine the digital marketing communication strategy adopted by Madformakeup in increasing sales during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method that the researcher used is a qualitative method with the type of descriptive research. The results of this study are that Madformakeup implemented a digital marketing communication strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic so well and effectively through the STP and IMC concepts. To produce a digital marketing communication strategy that can be accepted by the public, especially customers from Madformakeup. Researchers collected data through interviews, observation, and documentation in the form of photos.
ТЕХНОЛОГІЯ НАТУРАЛЬНОГО КОСМЕТИЧНОГО ТОНІКА НА ОСНОВІ ВОДНОГО ЕКСТРАКТУ З М’ЯТКИ ЯДРА АБРИКОСОВИХ КІСТОЧОК
Authors: Котляр Євгеній Олександрович , Ткаченко Наталія Андріївна , Вікуль Світлана Іванівна , Левчук Ірина Володимирівна
Published: December 2020

В останні роки фармацевтична, косметична і харчова промисловості виявляють зростаючий інтерес до використання природних антиоксидантів, отриманих з плодово-ягідних рослин. Аналіз хімічного складу різних фруктів та ягід, які вирощують в Україні, та дані їх використання у різних галузях промисловості, дозволяють зробити висновок ‒ перспективною сировиною для досліджень є абрикосова кісточка, а саме ядро, яке знаходиться в ній. Екстракти м’ятки ядра абрикосових кісточок можуть використовуватись для отримання препаратів біологічно активних речовин.
У роботі запропонована технологічна схема отримання водного, спиртового та водно-спиртового екстрактів із м’ятки ядра абрикосових кісточок. Отримані за цією технологією екстракти на основі м’ятки ядра абрикосових кісточок мають високу біологічну активність, що обумовлено наявністю у їх складі водорозчинних біологічно-активних речовин, які володіють антиоксидантними властивостями.
Дослідження біологічної активності водного, спиртового та водно-спиртового екстрактів на основі м’ятки ядра абрикосових кісточок свідчать, що водний екстракт характеризується найвищим значенням даного показника, тому саме на його основі розроблена рецептура та удосконалена технологічна схема косметичного тоніка для шкіри обличчя.
Вироблений за розробленою технологією натуральний косметичний тонік відповідає вимогам ДСТУ 4093-2002. Він має стабільну структуру, приємний колір та аромат ефірної олії. Показник рН знаходиться у нормі (межі ‒ від 3,5 до 8,0).
Встановлено, що натуральний косметичний тонік для обличчя на основі водного екстракту з м’ятки абрикосового ядра біологічно активний, оскільки швидкість перенесення електрона в системі NAD·Н2 - K3Fe(CN)6 збільшується у його присутності. Дію розробленого натурального косметичного тоніка було перевірено за участі 20 респодентів-добровольців. Усі вони відмітили приємний аромат продукту, значне пом’якшення шкіри обличчя після нанесення засобу (а респонденти із сухою шкірою – ще й зволоження шкіри), відчуття очищення та тонізування шкіри. У жодної людини тонік не викликав алергічних реакцій.
Максимальний термін зберігання розробленого тоніка складає 30 діб за температури (20±1) ºС
Church-Administrative Connotation of the Term “Exarch of a Diocese” in the Ninth and Seventeenth Canons of the Council of Chalcedon and the Issue of Jurisdiction in Cases against a Metropolitan
Authors:   M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Gratsianskiy Mikhail V.
Published: December 2020

The paper addresses the term “exarch of a diocese” (ἔξαρχος τῆς διοικήσεως), for the first time attested in the acts of the Fourth Ecumenical Council in Chalcedon (451 AD), in the ninth and seventeenth canons of this Council, which documented the prerogatives of the “exarchs of dioceses” and of the patriarch of Constantinople’s see as the courts of appeal for the cases against metropolitans. In order to clarify the meaning of this term, the author has undertaken a study of the use of the term “exarch” as an indication of an archpriest. It turns out that already in the Byzantine period there was no exact understanding of what it meant, as it appeared from the contradictory opinions of the twelfth century canonists in regard to this subject. Another objective of this paper is to clarify the term “diocese” as applied to the church-administrative sphere. Further, the author makes an attempt to trace the reception of these Chalcedonian canons in the Byzantine church legislation. The conclusion is that the term “exarch of the diocese” should be understood in the context of the revision of a number of cases concerning the disputes of the metropolitans, in which the patriarch of Constantinople was involved, at the Council of Chalcedon. The analysis of these cases and of a number of canons of the first ecumenical councils is intended to illustrate the concept of the ecclesiastical head of the diocese, with the “diocese” turning out to be a state-administrative term. Subsequently, the term “exarch” was used in different church-administrative contexts in the period when the dioceses as state-administrative units had already ceased to exist. The term “patriarch of the diocese” repeatedly occurred in Justinian’s legislation, where it should be considered a parallel to the “exarch of a diocese” of the Chalcedonian canons. This legislation also provides the solution to the problem of the double jurisdiction of the cases against metropolitans.
Joy, Sorrow, Wrath: Some Considerations over the Byzantine People’s Emotionality in Literary Sources
Authors:   University of Cologne, Schreiner Peter
Published: December 2020

The people’s emotions make up a phenomenon not measurable in objective way. This paper’s author has confirmed this conclusion by the cases of accounts on treasons and violent deaths of the emperors as described by several Byzantine historians. This paper addresses the accounts of Theophylaktes Symokattes on the death of Maurice, Michael Psellos and John Zonaras on the revolt against Michael V, and Niketas Choniates on the death of emperor Andronikos I Komnenos. Since the Byzantine literature expressed emotions by rhetoric, the description of events followed the norms of the genre. When the author described certain events, he supposed the reaction from particular individuals or groups and reproduced it by clichés describing the people’s behaviour in specific situations. This paper has analysed linguistic and literary ways the Byzantine historians used to reproduce the people’s emotional reactions on the events related to rebels and murders of the emperors. The analysis of the accounts on the events under study has uncovered that the emotions ascribed to the people were as varied as the author’s position towards the story he was telling. The conclusion has been made that the persons’ emotions always reflected the author’s own emotions.
Imaginary World of Post-Byzantine Chronicle-Writing (The Case of the Ekthesis Chronica from the First Half of the Sixteenth Century)
Authors:   Institute of Slavic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Lukhovitskiy Lev V.
Published: December 2020

This paper addresses the Ekthesis Chronica (Ἔκθεσις χρονική), a Greek chronicle compiled by an anonymous cleric of the Patriarchate of Constantinople in the first half of the sixteenthcentury, which encompassed the events of the Late Byzantine and Early Ottoman history. Its distinctive feature is a recurrent alternation of seemingly mutually excluding points of view. Its neighboring chapters comply with the demands of different genres, accepting the set of values associated with them. The imaginary world of the chapters dealing with the events prior to 1453 reminds the reader of the heroic world of chivalric romances. The chapters describing the fall of Constantinople are may be read as a prosaic lamentation of the loss of the city which embodied the Byzantine civilization as a whole. In the post-Byzantine section, there appeared three approaches to the Ottoman rule over the Greeks. Whenever the chronicle-writer switches to the apocalyptic mode, the sultan becomes an infidel murderer of Christians. If, by contrast, he adopts the aretalogic (hagiographic) mode, the same sultan transforms into a philosopher on the throne. Finally, the pragmatic mode makes him a self-serving albeit sympathetic moderator in the conflicts inside the Patriarchate of Constantinople. The closer is the author to contemporary history, the more unfitting he feels the generic forms inherited from the age of the fall of Constantinople. Eventually, the chronicle-writer makes an attempt to create a new type of narrative with the characters on the foreground, which will allow his reader to feel empathy for them notwithstanding their language and faith.
Greek Athonite Text of the Life of Metrophanes of Voronezh
Authors:   Institute of World History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Bibikov Mikhail V.
Published: December 2020

According to its contents, the newly found manuscript, Cod. Athous Panteleemon. gr. 283, is of interest for the Russian church historians and the researchers of the cultural and literature relations between Athos and Russia, since the author and copyist of the book Jacob Neaskytiotes included hitherto unknown Greek translations of Rus’ian hagiographical and liturgical texts and other materials on Russian, Serbian, and Bulgarian history of Athos. The Codex comprised the Akolouthia for Rev. Antony the Ross (Service to Antonii of the Pecherskii monastery), his Life, the Service for Feodosii (Theodosios), the Hegoumenos of the Pecherskii Monastery, the Life of Mitrofan (Methrophanes) of Voronezh, and other works. The book dated from July 1848. The methods of palaeographic and codicological analysis allow the one to trace the history of the book. Textological methods lead the one to the conclusion of the Russian origin of the texts which became a milestone for the creation of Jacob Neaskytiotes’ fundamental corpus of the Athonias. The text of the Greek translation of the Russian hagiographic monument originates from the second Russian edition of the Life of Mitrofan of Voronezh. There the text is much enlarged and revised in comparison with the first edition of hagiographic materials of 1832, the year of canonization of Mitrofan in Russia.
Byzantine Imported Underglaze Monograms in Mediaeval Sougdaia
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of the Crimea of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Maiko Vadim V.
Published: December 2020

First time in the scholarship, this paper has analysed Byzantine imported monograms from mediaeval Sougdaia, which appeared on glazed vessels of the Elaborate Incised Ware produced in Constantinople or its environs. With the mediation of Genoese traders, a small number of this pottery was delivered to the markets of the cities in the Crimean peninsula, Sougdaia in particular. So far, many-year-long archaeological excavations discovered seven monograms of the kind, which belonged to three widely known Byzantine types. It should be mentioned that, as it has already been stated in the scholarship, the monograms with the name Michael predominate, though the other types are very few in number. Two typologically similar signs more, showing a double cross with diamond-shaped rays, are traditionally interpreted not as monograms but as ornamental elements typical of the war in question. Using the analysis of analogies and similar images, an attempt has been made to analyse and interpret this sign. All the finds under study originate from four archaeological contexts of mediaeval Sougdaia. Three of them possess a reliable dating to the third quarter of the fourteenth century, and the fourth specimen existed from the mid-fourteenth century to 1475.
Byzantine Fourteenth-Century Glazed Vessels Featuring Monograms Excavated in Cherson and the Castle of Cembalo
Authors:   State Historical and Archaeological Museum Preserve of Tauric Chersonese, Ginkut Natalia V.
Published: December 2020

This paper addresses the Byzantine vessels featuring monograms excavated in Cherson and in Cembalo, and their interpretation and significance for the life of the Greek population of the south-western Crimea. So far, archaeological researches discovered 15 vessels made in Byzantium, which showed monograms of the life of saints (“George,” “Michael,” and “Prodromos”), the family name “Palaiologos,” and also code letters “A” (“relic”) and “K.” These vessels were containers for holy water, and in a few cases, plausibly, for myrrh. These vessels were delivered to Cherson and Cembalo as gifts or eulogiai from Constantinople (?), as a part of ideological propaganda. The comparative archaeometric study of the three samples from Cembalo castle in a lab of the University of Lyon revealed one vessel’s similarity with the products of a fourteenth-century pottery workshop discovered in the vicinity of Istanbul. Although two samples more belong to a group different from the said workshop’s products, they still show similar technological parameters. The chronology of the vessels in question lays within the 1320s–1350s in Cherson and from the second half of the fourteenth to the early fifteenth century in Cembalo.
Theodore Gabras and His Seals
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Vinogradov Andrey Yu. , Chkhaidze Victor N. ,   Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2020

This publication examines the life of Theodore Gabras, one of the highest Byzantine dignitaries in the 1080–1090s. The early stage of his career is uncovered by a miniature from a manuscript residing in St. Petersburg which depicts a scene with ktetores, patrikios, and topoteretes Theodore Gabras and his wife Irene. The similarity of this miniature and an eleventh-century fresco in the Senty Church in Alania (modern Karachay-Cherkessia) indicates that Irene was probably of Alanic origin like his second wife. The account of Theodore Gabras appeared in Anna Komnene’s Alexiad and John Zonaras’ chronicle. In 1075, Theodore Gabras freed Chaldia from Seljuks, and when Alexios I Komnenos ascended to power and tried to make Theodore one of his supporters, he appointed the latter the doux of the theme of Chaldia. In the late eleventh century, Theodore Gabras was de facto independent ruler of Trebizond. In 1098, he died as a martyr for refusing to convert to Islam. Already in the twelfth century, Theodore Gabras was a locally venerated saint, and in the fourteenth century he was canonized. In the year of his death, Theodore held the title of sebastos, which was among the highest in late eleventh century Byzantium. This paper analyses four known seals of Theodore Gabras, which legends mentioned his title of sebastos and position of the doux (of Chaldia). The Appendix lists eighteen known seals from the eleventh and twelfth century which belonged to at least fifteen members of the aristocratic family of Gabrades.
Image of St. George as Dragon-Slayerr on the Seal M-8759 from the State Hermitage Museum Collection
Authors:   Ural Federal University, Stepanenko Valerii P.
Published: December 2020

This paper addresses the history of research of a Byzantine seal dating from the twelfth century and analyzes of its iconography. In 1884, Gustave Schlumberger first published an anonymous Byzantine seal from his private collection in the famous Byzantine Sigillography (p. 502). Between 1905 and 1910, Nikolai P. Likhachev acquired a part of G. Schlumberger’s collection. This anonymous seal attracted Likhachev’s special attention, as evidenced by the inventory card written by his hand that survived. When entering the State Hermitage Museum collection, this seal got the number M–8759. Later on, it became a subject of the research by Valentina S. Shandrovskaia. According to the legend on the reverse, the seal belonged to an official of unknown name with the rank of protospatharios ἐπὶ τοῦ Χρυσοτρικλίνου, who held the position of the domestikos tes ypourgeias (δομέστικος τῆς ὐπουργείας) at the Christ-loving despotes (i. e. emperor). The front side of the seal features St. George spearing a dragon. It has been noticed that the scene showing this saint performing the feat rarely occurs on the tenth-to-twelfth century Byzantine seals with similar iconography.
Quarter Churches of the Mediaeval Town atop Eski-Kermen Plateau
Authors:   Institute of Archaeology of the Crimea of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Aibabin Aleksandr I. , Khairedinova Elzara A. ,   Institute of Archaeology of the Crimea of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2020

In the late sixth century AD, the Byzantines established a fort atop the plateau of Eski-Kermen. From the tenth to twelfth century, this structure developed into a small mediaeval town. Almost all the territory of the southern half of the plateau was occupied by a few rectangular quarters each comprising several houses. The excavations of the quarters in question unearthed four small aisleless churches of two types: I – with a rectangular hall and an apse, II – with a narthex attached to the naos with an apse. According to stratigraphic observations, the quarter churches in question were built in the tenth and eleventh century following the re-planning of many town quarters. The architectural appearance of the quarter churches of type I is reconstructed by a small model of a church carved from limestone. The churches were small buildings of rectangular ground-plan, covered with a gable roof and having a protruding semicircular apse with a vaulted roof. The roofs were covered with tiles. The walls were plastered inside; in some churches, they were additionally covered with polychrome fresco paintings. According to the proportions of the model, the height of the gable-roofed church equalled to the building length without the apse, i. e. around five meters. The ground plan, dimensions, and proportions of the church of type II are similar to those of the arcosolia church, which L. G. Kolesnikova excavated in 1963–1965 in the port area of Chersonese. From the tenth to twelfth century, aisleless churches spread through the entire area of Byzantium. According to V. M. Polevoi, wide distribution of the single type of churches from the tenth to twelfth century testifies to the development of “folk architecture.” The archaeological excavations at Eski-Kermen plateau revealed a re-planning of all the urban quarters which started from the late ninth century with the aim of the construction of quarter churches to be owned by a single family or clan. This process testifies to the strengthening of the Church’s positions even in small towns located on the imperial borderland.
Architecture at the Crossroads of Cultures: The Church Complex in Varzahan near Bayburt in the Light of New Finds
Authors:   National Research University Higher School of Economics, Vinogradov Andrey Yu.
Published: December 2020

Varzahan (modern Ugrak near Bayburt in Turkey) is the completely destroyed church complex located at the junction of cultural worlds: Byzantine and Muslim, Armenian and Kartvelian. Although its churches were known mainly from W. Bachmann’s description and photographs, our recent archival finds (the photographs of N. Okunev’s expedition) allow us to reconstruct the appearance and construction history of the Varzahan churches. For the first time, the construction of the cross-domed church has been reconstructed: it was a triconch inscribed into a cross-like outline; the function of the small church next to the octagon has been discovered: it was a gate church. The author provides many architectural and decorative analogies to the monuments of Varzahan. There is a number of unique details indicating that the patron of the major construction project in Varzahan invited, along with the Byzantine builders from the Asia Minor, two groups of masters from Tao (probably identical with the two crews of David Kuropalates in the 960s – early 970s), one oriented to Cappadocia (the triconch builders), another to the Pontos (the builders of the octagon and the gate church), or including masters from these regions. The most probable date for this “joint work” seems the period between 979 and 988, when the “lords” (strategos/doux) of the theme of Chaldia were David’s allies Chordvanel and Bagrat, the natives of Tao.