bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chalcidoidea bred from Glossina in the Northern Territories, Gold Coast
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

The material on which the following report is based was received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology some months ago, but without any note as to the host attachment of the examples forwarded or any other indication of their special importance. For this reason the two species of Chalcids recorded below remained unworked for some time. A more recent letter from Dr. J. J. Simpson disclosed the interesting fact that both had been bred from puparia of Glossina; and although I am unable at present to deal fully with them, it seems advisable to publish some notes and a preliminary description of one species which seems certainly new.
African Aphididae—Part III
Authors: Theobald Fred. V.
Published: July 2009

The following are some new species of Aphididae found in Africa. The majority are from the collection sent me by Mr. F. C. Willcocks, Entomologist to the Sultanic Agricultural Society of Egypt. Others have been received by the Imperial Bureau of Entomology.

Four previously described species are added, so as to keep these lists complete:—

1. Macrosiphum dahliafolii, nov. sp.

2. Aphis durantae, sp. nov.

3. Aphis zizyphi, sp. nov.

4. Aphis ficus, sp. nov.

5. Aphis tamaricis, sp. nov.
Some practical methods adopted for the control of flies in the Egyptian Campaign
Authors: Davidson Capt J.
Published: July 2009

The control of flies is a serious problem in the Egyptian Campaign. In desert camps flies develop at an extraordinary rate, unless rigid sanitary precautions are taken. In native villages they seem to be taken as a matter of course, and it is a common sight to see fruit and food of all kinds, in shops and on street-vendors' carts, swarming with flies. Small children suffering from conjunctivitis are seen in the streets with their eyes thickly covered with flies. Flies of the house-fly type (Musca) are the most troublesome, although blue-bottles (Calliphora), green-bottles (Lucilia) and Sarcophaga are found. These latter are often met with in the desert in the small clumps of palm trees known as “ hods.”
On Braconidae parasitic on Diatraea saccharalis in Demerara
Authors: Turner R. E.
Published: July 2009

Three species of Braconidae have now been bred in Demerara from the larva of the cane-boring moth, Diatraea saccharalis: Ipobracon grenadensis, Ashm., which I have previously mentioned (Ann. Mag. N.H. (8) xx, 1917, p. 244), and Ipobracon saccharalis, sp. n., both of which belong to the subfamily Braconinae; and Microdus diatraeae, sp. n., which belongs to the subfamily Agathinae.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Bot-flies, Gastrophilus intestinalis, DeG., G. haemorrhoidalis, L., and G. nasalis, L.
Authors: Hadwen S. , Cameron A. E.
Published: July 2009

The eggs of the three species of bot-flies discussed in this paper are distinguished by the fact of that of G. haemorrhoidalis being the only one stalked. It is also longer than those of the other two species, which are of about equal length. Further, it is brownish black in colour, that of G. intestinalis being whitish yellow and G. nasalis yellow. The egg of G. intestinalis adheres to the hair by clasping flanges, which run only two-thirds of its length, whilst the flanges of the G. nasalis egg run almost the entire length.

The egg of G. haemorrhoidalis is not inserted nor screwed into the skin of the host. The eggs of G. intestinalis are laid indiscriminately on the body of the host, but preferably on the long hairs investing the inside of the foreleg. G. nasalis lays its eggs on the hairs of the intermaxillary space, and G. haemorrhoidalis on the hairs of the lips, preferably the lower.
An Examination of the Sense-reactions of Flies
Authors: Lodge Olive C.
Published: July 2009

1. There appears to be a general similarity in the tastes of the different species with regard to various chemicals and foods; the tastes of Musca domestica and Phormia azurea, in many cases, being found to approximate most nearly. It will be interesting to discover whether there is a closer correspondence between the sense-organs of these flies than between these of other species.

2. These experiments emphasise the extreme curiosity of house-flies, and again show the catholicity of their tastes and the difficulty of finding any substances which will either attract or repel all those that come near it. The mineral and tar oils seem to be amongst the most repellent substances. With regard to poisons, good results were obtained with sodium iodate, large numbers being killed when very small amounts were used, although it did not always attract many flies. Sodium iodate has the disadvantage of being very expensive. But further experiments require to be made before any definite conclusions can be arrived at as to the importance of the iodates of sodium and other metals as poisons for general use.

3. House-flies were not found to show any colour-preference.

4. For house-flies the optimum temperature was found to be between 36°–44° C., the maximum and minimum between 55°–58° C. and 10°–13° C., respectively.

5. It appears that curiosity plays an important part in causing house-flies to come to baits and to investigate traps, etc., although the senses of smell and to a less extent that of sight are also concerned; the former, however, to a much less extent than it is with blow-flies, and it appears to be most used when the flies are close to the baits.
Notes on some Blood-sucking and other Arthropods (except Culicidae) collected in Macedonia in 1917
Authors: Waterston James
Published: July 2009

In the course of the operations for controlling mosquitos on the Macedonian front some time, necessarily limited, was devoted to collecting parasitic or noxious arthropods, and a list is here given, more particularly of those affecting man. One or two other noteworthy species are also recorded.
On a Parasitic Drosophila from Trinidad
Authors: Lamb C. G.
Published: July 2009

The material for this paper was forwarded to the author by Dr. Guy Marshall, of the Imperial Bureau of Entomology, and was collected by Mr. C. B. Williams.

The insects were said by him to be parasitic on a Cercopid of the genus Clastoptera, which was found attacking cacao trees. This highly unusual habit gives much interest to the species. Unfortunately the number of individuals sent was quite inadequate to enable one to deal satisfactorily with such small and obscure insects, especially as shrivelling takes place to a different extent in various individuals, which renders the provision of a reasonably large number more necessary than in more normal forms of fly. The individuals sent included three pinned ones of a species from Trinidad (West Indies), and one pinned one of a species from Panama, together with the fragments of two others of the latter species in spirit. In spite of the paucity of material, it was felt to be desirable to put on record as fair a description as could be made under the circumstances. Two of the individuals of the Trinidad species were of one sex, and the third was apparently the other sex of the same species. The two former had all the appearance of representing the male, having brighter eyes, darkened wings, and the general facies of that sex. The genitalia were small and hidden in a terminal hood, such as is found in Drosophila melanogaster and Leucophenga maculata, but it was smaller than in either of these, even than in the latter, in which the hood is only moderately open at the tip, while widely so in the former.
A Froghopper on Sugar-cane in British Guiana
Authors: Williams C. B.
Published: July 2009

At the time of my visit (1916) the froghopper could not be considered as a very serious pest of sugar-cane. It was in some spots extremely abundant in the fields, but by far the larger number were feeding on the grass. Even at its worst the numbers nowhere approached those found in Trinidad during an attack, and the canes suffered very little visible damage. It would, however, be very difficult to distinguish the present conditions in British Guiana from those that must have prevailed in Trinidad before the insect became a regular pest. In view of this, the froghopper should always be regarded as a possible great danger in Demerara, and any reasonable precautions and preventive measures should be taken.
On the Effects produced by the Attacks of the Pink Bollworm on the Yield of Cotton Seed and Lint in Egypt
Authors: Gough L. H.
Published: July 2009

The history of but few insects can be compared with that ofPectinophora(Geleckia)gossypiella, which, having started as a minor pest in its native country and having been transported by human agency to a new country, has there suddenly leapt to the most important position as a major pest of the crop it attacks. In this respect it may be placed with thePhylloxeraand the gipsy moth.

Although the chief object of this paper is to consider certain aspects of the damage done by the pink bollworm to the cotton crop, the following short summary of the established facts concerning the life-history of the insect may be useful to readers not familiar with its habits.

Food-Plants. The pink bollworm feeds on cotton (Gossypium, various species), okra (Hibiscus esculentus; Arabic :bamia; Hindustani :bhindi), Deccan hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus; Arabic :til), hollyhock (Althaea rosea), mallow (Malvasp., probablysilvestris),Thespesia populnea(fideFullaway ; this record is considered doubtful by Busck), andAbutilonsp. (Arabic :hanbuk;fideKing).

It will be noticed that all these plants belong to the Malvaceae. The record for pomegranates given by Dudgeon and Gough is without doubt due to error.

Of all these food-plants cotton is preferred. The larvae attack the stems (feeding in the cambium and boring a tunnel which encircles the stem), flowers, flower-buds, bolls and seeds.
Domestic Mosquitos of the Northern Provinces of Nigeria
Authors: Johnson W. B.
Published: July 2009

During six years medical work in the northern provinces of Nigeria I have caught and examined every morning all the mosquitos I could find in my own bungalow. I have done this with a view to finding out which are the common domestic species in this region of West Africa, and their seasonal variation throughout the year.
The Australian Species of the Genus Phlebotomus
Authors: Tonnoir A. L.
Published: July 2009

Until about ten years ago Australia was considered to be free from the haematophagous Diptera of the genus Phlebotomus, which are found abundantly in all other regions of the earth, over one hundred species having been recorded. Mr. G. F. Hill was the first entomologist to discover in Australia a species of the minutus group, which he described under the name of P. queenslandi. This species was found in Townsville, North Queensland, in a bath-room, and nine flies were secured. It has not been found again since, either there or lower down the Australian east coast, where such experienced entomologists as Drs. Bancroft, Ferguson and Mackerras, have kept a special look-out for these flies.
On the Biology of Dysdercus howardi, Ballou (Hem.)
Authors: MacGill Elsie I.
Published: July 2009

1. At 27°C. the life-cycle of Dysdercus howardi occupies approximately 32 days.

2. Copulation (at 27°C.) takes place approximately 2·8 days after the last moult of the female insect.

3. At 27°C. oviposition begins about 8 days after the last moult of the female, and 5–6 days after mating.

4. The average number of eggs laid by one female is 141·9 and the average number of batches is two.

5. Mortality appears to be highest among the 5th stage nymphs.

6. The ratio of females to males is 1: 1·27.

7. The average length of adult life in the female Dysdercus howardi is eleven days.

8. A table comparing D. howardi with other species of the genus Dysdercus is given.
On the Name of the “Blue Oat Mite” of Australia
Authors: Womersley H.
Published: July 2009

This mite was described by Froggatt as attacking oats in New South Wales in 1921 (Agric. Gaz. N.S.W. 3rd Jan. 1921) under the name of Notophallus bicolor, sp. n., but with a very inadequate description. In my paper of 1933 “ On some Acarina from Australia and South Africa ” (Trans. Roy. Soc. South Aust. 57, pp. 108–112) I recorded it from the Cape Town area of South Africa, as well as from certain States of the Australian Commonwealth, giving a redescription and detailed figures. The generic name was changed to Penthaleus, as it had been shown that Notophallus of Canestrini 1886 was synonymous with Koch's Penthaleus of 1838. At that time, although so far as I was aware no recent redescription of any of the European species of Penthaleus had been published, I gave P. bicolor (Frog.) as doubtfully synonymous with P. major (Dugès 1834), a species considered by European workers as the same as P. haematopus, Koch 1835, and P. insulanus, Thorell, 1872.
Second Report on an Investigation into the Biological Control of West Indian Insect Pests
Authors: Myers J. G.
Published: July 2009

1. The report covers a period of 3½ years actually spent in the field.

2. During this time 19 major pests have been studied, with special reference to their natural enemies and other limiting factors. The pests of sugar-cane have, however, received by far the most attention, partly because this is the most important crop throughout the region as a whole, and partly because the industry has made substantial financial contributions.

3. Advice has been given, on request, to local Governments, planters' organisations and individual planters, and schemes have been drawn up for intensive local research on cane-borers, on froghopper and on mongoose. The researches of the two investigators of the cane-borer (Diatraea spp.), under grants from the Colonial Development Fund, have been supervised so far as their technical aspect is concerned.

4. For the control of the small moth-borer (Diatraea) the most important pest of sugar-cane as a whole, the Cuba fly (Lixophaga) has been introduced (in collaboration with Mr. Box) into the Leeward and Windward Islands, and the Amazon fly (Metagonistylum) into British Guiana (in collaboration with Mr. Cleare). Both these very promising parasites, the second of which was discovered during the course of the investigation, are now widely established.

5. A specific parasite is now needed for Diatraea canella in British Guiana and D. impersonatella in Trinidad. It is possible that experiments now in progress (in collaboration with Mr. Pickles and Mr. Cleare respectively) that Paratheresia will serve for the first and Metagonistylum for the second, but a highly specific parasite for D. canella remains greatly desirable.
Notes on Apanteles sesamiae, Cam., a Parasite of the Maize Stalk-borer (Busseola fusca, Fuller) in South Africa
Authors: Ullyett G. C.
Published: July 2009

1. Apanteles sesamiae, Cam., is the only parasite of Busseola fusca, Fuller, which is of importance in the Eastern Transvaal.

2. The adult is described, and the morphology of the last stage larva of the parasite is discussed in detail.

3. The biology and bionomics of the species are dealt with, and the effect of parasitism on the host is described.

4. The extent of natural parasitism and the rapidity of increase in the field shows that A. sesamiae is an effective parasite of the Maize Stalk-borer in South Africa.

5. The results of cold storage experiments are given and the methods of shipping parasite material are described. It was found impracticable to ship cocoons, but successful consignments of parasitised borer larvae were sent to Canada.
Further Notes on the Food-plants of Nigerian Insects. IV
Authors: Golding F. D.
Published: July 2009

In 1927, 1931 and 1935, the writer published three papers on the food-plants of Nigerian insects in this Bulletin (18, pt. 1 ; 22, pt. 2 ; and 26, pt. 2). The present paper contains additional data obtained between November, 1934, and March, 1936. On the advice of the Botanical Section, Nigerian Agricultural Department, certain changes have been made in the nomenclature of economic plants. In the previous papers the nomenclature employed in the Kew Bulletin entitled “ The Useful Plants of Nigeria ” was adopted. The following list shows the English or native name of the crop and the old and new scientific names.
Sheep Scab : Remedial Measures reviewed
Authors: Lewis E. Aneurin
Published: July 2009

Sheep scab has existed from early times. It was known to the ancient Greeks and Romans ; it was familiar to the Hebrews ; and writers on agriculture in the Middle Ages were acquainted with its ravages, and suggested means of preventing and curing it. Laws to control the disease were introduced in Britain at the beginning of the eleventh century, and subsequently other countries also adopted legislative measures against it. Regulations have been renewed and amended from time to time to conform with the progress made in the studies of the disease and its cause. The strictness with which they are applied vary in accordance with the economic importance of the sheep industry in any particular country, and their success as preventive measures is dependent upon their stringency and upon the co-operative support given to them by all sheep-owners.
A new Anopheles and a new Goeldia from Colombia (Dipt. Culic.)
Authors: Antunes P. C. A.
Published: July 2009

In 1935 during entomological investigations related to an outbreak of jungle yellow fever in Restrepo, Colombia, I captured a female Anopheline which shows morphological details justifying its description as belonging to a new species of a new subgenus. I also found specimens of a new species of Goeldia. These two species are described in the following pages.
Climate, the vital Factor in the Ecology of Glossina
Authors: Nash T. A. M.
Published: July 2009

The Seasonal Factor.

1. The period of stress due to extreme climatic conditions is far shorter in the forest than in the meadow-pan.

2. G. tachinoides is primarily dependent upon riverine vegetation or residual forest, and has only a very limited wet season spread. G. submorsitans is primarily an open woodland fly with great powers of dispersal which are annually checked by adverse climate that enforces a temporary dependence upon the riverine forests.

3. G. tachinoides abounds within the stream-bed or residual forest ; G. submorsitans abounds on the forest fringe.

4. The dispersal of both species is closely associated with evaporation and saturation deficiency. A mean monthly evaporation of 20–28 cc. and a saturation deficiency of 5 to 8 millibars results in maximal dispersal ; dispersal yields to concentration as the evaporative power of the air increases above these zones.

5. The extent of the annual dispersal is indirectly governed by the duration of the wet season—the longer the season the more extensive the dispersal.

6. The population of G. submorsitans steadily increases throughout the rains as the evaporation falls, and becomes maximal towards the end when the evaporation is in the optimum zone (20—25 cc.) ; density steadily falls throughout the dry season as evaporation rises, and becomes minimal at the end when evaporation is maximal. G. tachinoides is believed to behave similarly, but the optimum zone of evaporation is probably about 6 to 10 cc.
Notes on the Distribution and Breeding-places of Mosquitos in Northern Abyssinia
Authors: Bevan C. E.
Published: July 2009

Little is still known about the distribution of mosquitos in Abyssinia. The first record appears to be that of Theobald (1904) who described specimens collected by Balfour along the banks of the Baro and Pibor Rivers, which flow from Western Abyssinia into the Sobat, a tributary of the White Nile. Scott (1927) reported 13 species which he collected from Central Abyssinia, and he refers to two other species previously found by the Mission to Lake Tana (1925).
Notes on the Life-history of Eriophyes carinatus, Green
Authors: King C. B. Redman
Published: July 2009

Eriophyes carinatus, Green, is commonly known as “ Purple Mite ” in Ceylon. It was first described by Green under the name of Typhlodromus carinatus, the generic name subsequently becoming Phytoptus, and finally (up to the present time) Eriophyes.
Economic Insects and Biological Control in the British Solomon Islands
Authors: Lever R. J. A. W.
Published: July 2009

A previous paper in this Bulletin dealt with the economic entomology of the British Solomon Islands Protectorate up to the year 1932. The present article concerns research conducted after that date with special reference to the biological control of two insect pests.
A Note on the Utilisation of Polysaccharides by a Grasshopper
Authors: Brown A. W. A.
Published: July 2009

1. All polysaccharides fed to Melanoplus have been utilised incompletely or not at all.

2. Rupture of the starch granule renders it partly utilisable.

3. Glucose, galactose and xylose are completely absorbed.
The prepupal Stage in Ichneumonidae, illustrated by the life-history of Exenterus abruptorius, Thb.
Authors: Morris K. R. S.
Published: July 2009

A full description is given of the life-history of Exenterus abruptorius, Thb., an important parasite of the pine sawfly, Diprion sertifer, Geoff.

The insect is univoltine, like the host. It oviposits on the last stage larva or prepupa and only hatches after the host has spun its cocoon. Only one-quarter of the primary larvae develop immediately, the remainder resting up to two and a-half months during the summer before proceeding with their development. On the completion of feeding the parasite larva spins its cocoon within the host cocoon and enters the prepupal stage, which can be divided into two distinct phases, eonymphal and pronymphal. Hibernation is always in the eonymphal stage. In Sweden 37 per cent. of this species remained in hibernation for two winters, but in Hungary all emerged in the spring following the year of development. Further than this, in Sweden the sexes were in approximately equal proportions; in Hungary females exceeded males by four to one. This may indicate the existence of biological races.

Other Ichneumonidae exhibit the prepupal stage, with eonymphal and pronymphal phases, in their development. The typical facies of this is analogous to that in the prepupal stage in Tenthredinidae, in which, however, ecdysis precedes this stage, which is then a distinct instar. It is suggested that an instar is lost in the development of the Ichneumonidae, though the facies of the prepupal stage is retained.
A new Genus of Malayan Capsidae (Rhynchota) from Areca Palm
Authors: Miller N. C. E.
Published: July 2009

The Capsid described in the present paper came under observation in Malaya some years ago but was not then specifically determined. Mr. W. E. China, of the British Museum (Natural History), was kind enough recently to examine it, and came to the conclusion that a new genus should be erected to contain it. Specimens were returned to me by Sir Guy Marshall, Director of the Imperial Institute of Entomology, along with some notes made by Mr. China which would be of use in the preparation of the diagnosis of the new genus.
The outbreak Areas of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria, Forsk.) in Arabia
Authors: Maxwell-Darling R. C.
Published: July 2009

As a result of several years work in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan (Maxwell-Darling, 1934, 1936, 1936 a), it was concluded that the only outbreak centres of the Desert locust in north-eastern Africa were on the Red Sea coast. It appeared probable, however, that there existed other outbreak centres in Arabia, and unless those could be discovered and controlled, an outbreak originating in Arabia would spread into Africa and the Near East.
Oviposition, life cycle, and parasitoids of the spruce cone maggot, Strobilomyia anthracina (Diptera: Anthomyiidae), in the Alps
Authors: Brockerhoff E. G. , Kenis M.
Published: July 2009

The life cycle of Strobilomyia anthracina (Czerny) which exploits Norway spruce seed cones was investigated in 1992 and 1993 in the Alps at c. 1800 m at Torgnon (Valle d'Aosta, Italy) and Lac de Tseuzier (Valais, Switzerland) by sampling cones at fortnightly intervals. Oviposition occurred primarily singly in the basal third of cones at the beginning of June when cone scales were open for pollination. Infestation rates were higher when cone crops were poor. Most larvae left the cones in August to pupate in the litter beneath trees, usually at a depth of 1–4 cm. Prolonged diapause of pupae coincided with failed or poor cone crops. Parasitism was investigated at these two and 27 additional sites in the Swiss, French and Italian Alps. Among several hundred host eggs only one was parasitized by Trichogramma sp. (Trichogrammatidae). Among the larval-pupal endoparasitoids, the figitid Sarothrus areolatus Hartig was more common than an ichneumonid, Atractodes sp., but parasitism by both was commonly below 10%. Parasitism by an ichneumonid larval ectoparasitoid, Scambus sp., also rarely exceeded 10%. Puparia of S. anthracina that were buried in the litter to detect pupal parasitoids revealed the gregarious pteromalid Tritneptis sp. near lophyrorum (Rushka). This is the first record of a pupal parasitoid of Strobilomyia species. Information on the biology of the three larval parasitoids is presented. The potential for biological control of North American Strobilomyia neanthracina Michelsen and S. appalachensis Michelsen by importation of natural enemies of S. anthracina appears limited.
Biochemical mechanisms of organophosphate resistance inRhyzopertha dominica(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) populations from the United States and Brazil
Authors: Guedes R. N. C. , Kambhampati S. , Dover B. A. , Zhu K. Y.
Published: July 2009

Four possible biochemical mechanisms of organophosphate resistance were examined in populations ofRhyzopertha dominica(Fabricius) collected from eight locations in the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo in Brazil and from seven locations in northeast Kansas, United States. Results from insecticide bioassays with synergists (triphenyl phosphate, diethylmaleate, and piperonyl butoxide) suggested that metabolic detoxification mechanisms might be involved in organophosphate resistance in some of the populations ofR. dominica. However, overall low synergism, non-synergism or even antagonism presented by these synergists in all 15 resistant populations suggested that carboxylesterases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and glutathioneS-transferases were not likely to play a major role conferring organophosphate resistance inR. dominica. This hypothesis was strongly supported by our biochemical studies showing no significant difference in these enzyme activities, as well as cytochrome b5, P420, and P450 levels between the susceptible and resistant populations. In contrast, all resistant populations ofR. dominicashowed higher acetylcholinesterase activity than the susceptible population both in the presence and absence of malaoxon. Furthermore, acetylcholinesterase from the resistant populations was less sensitive to inhibition by malaoxon than that from the susceptible. These results suggested that quantitative and qualitative changes in acetylcholinesterase might contribute to organophosphate resistance in these populations ofR. dominica.
Biotype determination of Spanish populations of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Guirao P. , Beitia F. , Cenis J. L.
Published: July 2009

A survey was made to assess the biotype status of populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Spain. The study involved observation of the squash silverleaf reaction, analysis of esterase patterns and application of a RAPD-PCR technique. The results obtained by the three methods were fully consistent and showed that the Spanish populations of B. tabaci were composed of two genetic types. One corresponded to populations of the B biotype, found in Tenerife (Canary Islands), Barcelona, Madrid, Malaga and Almeria. The other, showing a unique RAPD and esterase pattern, was found in Majorca (Balearic Islands), Seville, Valencia, Murcia and Almeria, as well as in the Algarve Region of Portugal. RAPD patterns of other populations from the rest of the world used for comparison showed that populations from Arizona (USA), Israel, France, Denmark, Italy, Netherlands and Japan have similar RAPD patterns typical of the B biotype. By contrast, populations from the Iberian Peninsula, Turkey, India, Pakistan and Arizona (A biotype), showed different and unique patterns.
Morphological and electrophoretic taxonomy of the Australian eucalypt leaf-blister sawfly genusPhylacteophaga(Hymenoptera: Pergidae): a potential major pest group of eucalypts worldwide
Authors: Mayo G. M. , Austin A. D. , Adams M.
Published: July 2009

The taxonomic status ofPhylacteophagaFroggatt is re-evaluated using the independent techniques of allozyme electrophoresis and detailed morphological comparison. Analysis of 45 scorable loci showed highly significant fixed differences (46–51%) among two currently recognized subspecies,P. eucalypti eucalyptiFroggattP. e. froggattiRiek, and a previously unrecognized taxon from Tasmania, demonstrating that they are different species. In addition to colour, significant variation is revealed amongP. e. occidensBenson,P. rubidaRiek and the three electrophoretically defined species, in body size, structure of the antennae, the shape of the crest, dorsal spines and saw teeth of the ovipositor, and in male genitalia. Based on these results there is substantial justification in recognizingP. occidensandP. rubidaas separate species, distinct fromP. eucalypti,P. froggatti, andP. amygdalinisp. n.Further, comparison of the holotype ofP. e. tasmanicaRiek shows it to be conspecific with the lectotype ofP. eucalypti(designated here) so that the former species is considered a junior synonym. The distribution ofP. eucalyptiandP. froggattiis extended to include Tasmania, and a key is presented to distinguish the males and females of all five species. The biology and host plant relations of the species concerned are discussed, along with their pest status and potential to spread to other regions of the world where eucalypts are grown.
Variation in Y chromosome meiotic drive inAedes aegypti(Diptera: Culicidae): a potential genetic approach to mosquito control
Authors: Owusu-Daaku K. O. , Wood R. J. , Butler R. D.
Published: July 2009

Reciprocal crosses between strains ofAedes aegypti(Linnaeus) from different geographical areas have revealed an unexpectedly complex pattern of holandrically inherited male biased sex ratios in F2. The variation has been interpreted in terms of a web of X–Y interactions in Fl, in which the Y chromosome may or may not show meiotic drive against the X chromosome with which it is paired. The pattern of inheritance is not in agreement with a single form of Y chromosome, driving with different degrees of intensity against Xs of different sensitivity, but indicates different forms of driving Y chromosome. A rule has emerged that if Fl males from any cross give rise to a male distorted sex ratio in their progeny (F2), the males from the reciprocal cross give rise to a normal sex ratio. All eleven newly colonized strains from Ghana showed Y meiotic drive against the Xs of five strains, one of American and four of Australian origin, although one of the eleven showed a greater degree of drive than the other ten against the same sensitive strains. The variation observed is discussed in relation to previous studies on meiotic drive by theMDhaplotype, and to the possible exploitation of sex ratio distortion in controlling this potentially dangerous insect.
The effect of host plant-induced stomach precipitate on the ability of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) to transmit sugarbeet yellowing viruses
Authors: Williams I. S. , Dewar A. M. , Dixon A. F. G.
Published: July 2009

When Myzus persicae (Sulzer) feeds on healthy sugarbeet it develops a white precipitate inside its stomach which causes the stomach to enlarge. Infection of sugarbeet plants with beet yellows virus (BYV), but not beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) results in further increases in stomach size. The influence of the white precipitate on the transmission of BYV and BMYV was investigated by rearing M. persicae on sugarbeet Beta vulgaris, Tetragonia expansa and Capsella bursa-pastoris, which are hosts for both BYV and BMYV, BYV and BMYV respectively, but the latter two hosts do not stimulate the formation of white precipitate in the aphid's stomach. Aphids reared on BYV-infected T. expansa were significantly better vectors of BYV than those reared on BYV-infected sugarbeet, but aphids reared on BMYV-infected C. bursa-pastoris did not transmit BMYV more efficiently than those reared on BMYV-infected sugarbeet. The consequences of these results for the spread of beet yellowing viruses are discussed.
The Mosquitos of the Island of Corfu, Greece
Authors: Stephanides Theodore
Published: July 2009

1. Anopheles maculipennis, Meigen.

The larvae are found in the low-lying districts of the Island in shallow pools and irrigation ditches containing a medium amount of aquatic vegetation yet well exposed to sunlight. They are sometimes present along the edges and in the back-waters of drainage canals with an appreciable current, and frequently in slightly brackish(up to 10 per cent. salinity) waters by the sea-shore. They are most plentiful in Lake Antiniotissa among the floating masses of Monostroma (? bullosum, Roth-Wittr.) at the mouths of several fresh-water springs which flow into that shallow and slightly brackish mere from the south.

The adult bites most frequently after sunset and is the principal transmitter of the malarial parasite in the Island.
On the Synonymy and Biology of the Strawberry Aphis, Capitophorus fragariae, Theo. (1912)
Authors: Hodson W. E. H.
Published: July 2009

1. Reference is made to the proven capacity of aphides of the genus Capitophorus to transmit virus disease among strawberries, and attention is drawn to the confusion existing as to the actual synonymy of the insect principally concerned.

2. For the first time sexual and asexual forms of the species commonly present in England have been observed together. Evidence is considered which suggests that the aphis is Capitophorus fragariae, Theo., and that American forms are in reality other, but closely related, species.

3. The incidence of the aphis in the field is considered, and the biology as observed in field and laboratory is discussed.

4. The economic significance of the aphis is referred to, and attention is drawn to the practical difficulties attending efforts to keep it in control, particularly in commercial strawberry-growing areas.
Sex Ratios and the Status of the Male in Pseudococcinae (Hem. Coccidae)
Authors: James H. C.
Published: July 2009

1. The male of Pseudococcus is co-equal in importance with the female for the propagation of the species. Virgin females of P. citri, Risso (both aerial and root forms), P. maritimus, Ehr., P. gahani, Green, P. longispinus, Targ., and T. peregrinus, Green, are incapable of producing offspring. No form of parthenogenesis occurs in these five species. Only fertilised eggs develop.

2. The relative abundance of the male sex varies greatly from species to species. The specific sex ratio of citri is 101·62± 1·54 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 11,413 progeny from 47 females; that of maritimus is 59·65± 9·39 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 4,630 progeny from 42 females; that of gahani is 43·025± 2·28 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀ estimated from 12,092 progeny from 61 females; that of longispinus (for bisexual families only) is 19·28± 2·27 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 4,084 progeny from 19 females; and that of peregrinus 37·01± 7·906 ♂♂ per 100 ♀♀, estimated from 3,946 progeny from 24 females.
A new Species of Apanteles (Hym. Brac.) bred from Myelois ceratoniae attacking Carobs in Cyprus
Authors: Wilkinson D. S.
Published: July 2009

Apanteles myeloenta, sp. n.

♀. Black; the front femora in the apical half or third, the front tibiae and tarsi (save for the black feet), middle femora in about the apical fifth or sixth, middle tibiae (save commonly for some darkening in the apical two-thirds above), middle tarsi (save for the feet and last joint, which are black), and the hind tibiae in about the apical fifth or sixth, red testaceous; tegulae testaceous; palpi pale; tibial spurs white; wings hyaline, the setae apparently coloured; trie costal veins in the basal half more or less colourless, as are all the wing-veins; costal veins apically, and the borders of the stigma, light brown or brown, the metacarp brown or dark brown; stigma otherwise hyaline.
The Effect of Temperature on the Reaction ofGlossina morsitansWestw. to Light
Authors: Jack Rupert W. , Williams W. L.
Published: July 2009

In the course of studies of the behaviour of the tsetse-fly,Glossina morsitans, certain facts of considerable interest concerning its phototropic reactions have been established.
Some Insects and their Food-plants in Sierra Leone
Authors: Hargreaves E.
Published: July 2009

It is considered desirable to place on record some data relating to insects attacking economic plants in Sierra Leone; little information has hitherto been available, and it is hoped that this list will prove of interest and use to other workers. Families, genera and species are arranged alphabetically.
On the biology of Paropta paradoxus (H.-S.) (Lep., Cossidae) on grapevine in Israel
Authors: Plaut H. N.
Published: July 2009

The biology of Paropta paradoxus (H.-S.), a new pest of the grapevine, was studied in field and laboratory during 1962–1972. Descriptions are given of the imago and developmental stages. The life-cycle is completed in 1–3 years. Adults are active during April–September, and eclose mostly during the day with a male/female ratio of 0.65 (3.3 in UV light-trap catches). Light induces a deep torpor in most adults. After mating, which lasts 30–60 min, females lay up to 275 eggs in their life span of 1–14 days (males 2–13 days). In the vineyard eggs are glued under loose bark, in batches of 15.6 (1–63), and hatch in 20–32 days. The neonate larvae disperse and settle under loose bark where they begin feeding; penetration of the wood is mainly through dried stubs of pruned canes, and galleries are excavated along the axes of stems and branches. Larvae may also develop under dry bark. The pest overwinters as active immature larvae and diapausing mature, prepupal larvae. The pupa is usually formed in the larval galleries, and lasts 16–45 days. In heavily infested vines the pupae may be cannibalized by larvae; both larvae and pupae may be preyed on by woodpeckers.
Changes in the probing responsiveness of starving tsetse flies (Glossina morsitans Westw.) (Diptera, Glossinidae)
Authors: Brady John
Published: July 2009

Responsiveness to stimuli eliciting probing was measured in individual, suspended males of Glossina morsitans Westw. The standard stimulus was a warmed foam rubber ball offered from below; a positive response was recorded if the fly exsheathed its haustellum and probed the foam. During four days without food, probing responsiveness increased linearly from zero in mature flies, but with an initial step-up in tenerals. Each day's increase was steeper than the overall rate, and apparently modulated in the V-shaped pattern typical of other responses in tsetse flies. Starvation is thus seen to induce changes in feeding thresholds which parallel those induced in flight behaviour.
Aphidophagous Cecidomyiidae (Diptera): taxonomy, biology and assessments of field populations
Authors: Harris K. M.
Published: July 2009

Larvae of Aphidoletes Kieffer and Monobremia Kieffer feed exclusively as predators on aphids. The taxonomic status of these genera and their included species is reviewed and new generic and specific synonymies are given. A. aphidimyza (Rondani), A. urticariae (Kieffer), A. abietis (Kieffer), A. thompsoni Möhn and M. subterranea (Kieffer) are accepted as good species and a neotype is designated for A. urticariae. Diagnostic characters of these species are indicated and characters of the male genitalia, female wings and larval skins are illustrated. Published information on their biology, particularly of the commonest species A. aphidimyza, is summarized and includes details of host ranges and geographical distribution. Lestodiplosis grassator (Fyles), L. pini Barnes, Trilobia aphidisuga Del Guercio, Uncinulella eriosomiperda Del Guercio, Trilobiella siphae Del Guercio and Adelgimyza strobilobii Del Guercio probably prey on aphids but have not been recognized since they were originally described. Comparative assessments of field populations of Aphidoletes by examination of aphid colonies in the field, by incubation of samples in polythene bags and by laboratory examination of samples fixed in 70% ethyl alcohol showed that only the last gives accurate counts of eggs and larvae. Counts of aphids, Aphidoletes, Syrphids, Coccinellids and Anthocorids in 35 samples taken from aphid colonies occurring at Wisley in 1970–72 are tabulated, together with seven samples from other localities. Aphidoletes (mainly A. aphidimyza) was numerically the dominant predator in all three years at Wisley and was about ten times more numerous on wild plants than on cultivated plants.
Frequency-dependent prey selection by larvae of Toxorhynchites splendens (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Amalraj D. Dominic , Das P. K.
Published: July 2009

The foraging behaviour of frequency-dependent prey selection by larval instars of Toxorhynchites splendens (Wiedemann) was studied in the laboratory. Prey size selection (second vs fourth instars of Aedes aegypti Linnaeus or Anopheles stephensi Liston) by third and fourth instar predators was frequency-dependent. However, in the case of second instar predators, prey size selection was not frequency-dependent and the predator preferred second instar to fourth instar prey. When offered second instars of Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi the preference for one species over the other was frequency-dependent in all the three predator instars. The role of frequency-dependent prey selection in the stability of prey—predator interaction at low equilibrium levels is discussed.
Inbreeding in the coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampei(Coleoptera: Scolytidae) estimated from endosulfan resistance phenotype frequencies
Authors: Gingerich D. Pierre , Borsa Philippe , Suckling D. Maxwell , Brun Luc-Olivier
Published: July 2009

An estimate of the inbreeding coefficient,FIS, of the coffee berry borer,Hypothenemus hampeiFerrari, was calculated from genotype frequencies of endosulfan resistance in beetles collected from berries in 41 different fields on the East Coast of New Caledonia. Two different estimates were obtained as a function of sampling date:FIS=0.491 ± 0.059 (s.e.) for samples collected in September, andFIS=0.215 ± 0.108 for samples collected in April. These values ofFISare very high in comparison to those of most insects, but surprisingly low given current understandings ofH. hampeimating patterns. The difference between April and September FISestimates is discussed in terms of insecticide regimes and seasonal variability of sib inbreeding levels. The high level of inbreeding in the coffee berry borer increases frequencies of homozygotes relative to heterozygotes. Inbreeding will accelerate resistance evolution whenever the fitness of homozygous resistant insects exceeds that of heterozygotes, and will undermine any high-dose strategy to control resistance evolution.
Insecticide resistance and synergism in field collected German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae) in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Lee C. Y. , Yap H. H. , Chong N. L. , Lee R. S. T.
Published: July 2009

Twelve strains of German cockroach,Blattella germanica(Linnaeus) were collected from various locations in Peninsular Malaysia and tested for their susceptibility to three groups of insecticides applied topically. The levels of resistance were low to high (2.8 to 92x) for carbamates (propoxur and bendiocarb), low (2.0 to 7.6x) for organophosphate (chlorpyrifos) and low to moderate (1.0 to 23x) for pyrethroids (cypermethrin and permethrin) when compared to a susceptible strain. Five strains, resistant to both cypermethrin and permethrin, were also resistant to DDT, phenothrin and deltamethrin. Propoxur resistance in ten strains was suppressed with the synergists, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEFR), suggesting monooxygenase and esterase involvement in the resistance. However, the levels of resistance for cypermethrin and permethrin were not affected when using either PBO or DEFR.
Oxidative interactions between the spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii maculata) (Homoptera: Aphididae) and the host plant Medicago sativa
Authors: Jiang Y.
Published: July 2009

Salivary oxidation has been hypothesized as a possible means by which spotted alfalfa aphid (Therioaphis trifolii maculata (Buckton)) deals with deleterious phenolics in the susceptible host plant, lucerne (Medicago sativa). In this study, some basic questions about this hypothesis were examined. Constitutive flavonoids and a crude phenolic extract from lucerne leaves were shown to be deterrent to the aphid in a choice test. Phenolics were oxidized by phenoloxidase in the saliva of the aphid. Fresh sap expressed from aphid-infested, oxidatively-reactive leaves was phagostimulatory to the aphid, compared to that from non-infested healthy leaves. Oxidative reaction was responsible for at least part of the phagostimulation, since addition of ascorbic acid into the sap deleted the phagostimulatory activity. Ascorbic acid was itself not deterrrent and its titre decreased in leaves after aphid feeding. The results provide further information on the Oxidative interaction between spotted alfalfa aphid and lucerne plants and support the previous suggestion that oxidation of phenolics and anti-oxidation by reductants affects feeding activity of this aphid.
Analysis and interpretation of long term light trap data for Helicoverpa punctigera (Lepidoptera; Noctuidae) in Australia: population changes and forecasting pest pressure
Authors: Maelzer D. , Zalucki M.P. , Laughlin R.
Published: July 2009

Using regression analysis the early season dynamics of Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) were determined from long series of light trap catches (10–19 years) from three sites in Australia (Narrabri and Trangie in New South Wales, and Turretfield in South Australia). The size of the second spring generation (G2, the one causing major pest problems in summer cropping regions) was strongly related to the size of the first spring generation (G1). In most cases, rainfall in early winter had a positive influence on the size of G2, whereas rainfall in spring had a negative effect. Regressions were found to account for 49 to 93% of the annual variation in G2, depending on site. The use of light trap catches and weather data to forecast pest levels from a few months to a few weeks in advance is discussed, along with the improved understanding of early season H. punctigera dynamics.