bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which Bartonella bacilliformis was transmitted from infected to normal rhesus monkeys by the bite of the tick, Dermacentor andersoni. A long period of feeding, both on the infected animal and on the normal animal subjected to infection, was required in order to secure positive results. The infection transmitted by the ticks was mild, but definite, as shown by the recovery of Bartonella bacilliformis from the lymph nodes and blood.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RELATIONSHIPS OF CELL CONSTITUENTS OF ENCAPSULATUS PNEUMONIÆ (FRIEDLÄNDER'S BACILLUS)
Authors: Julianelle Louis A.
Published: June 2004

1. The soluble specific substance of Friedländer's bacillus is non-antigenic when dissociated from the cell. It is different for each type and it is highly reactive in the corresponding anti-S serum.

2. The nucleoprotein is antigenic, induces the species or protein antibody which reacts with capsule-free cells and protein derived from all types. Antiprotein sera do not react with either the encapsulated cell or the polysaccharide derived from it, and they offer no protection against infection.

3. Anti-R and antiprotein sera are identical in their behavior.

4. The carbohydrate of Friedländer's bacillus is demonstrable in filtrates of actively growing cultures and in the blood and urine of infected animals.

5. The protein is demonstrable in filtrates of only old, disintegrating cultures.
BACTERIUM PNEUMOSINTES IN CLINICAL INFLUENZA IN NEW YORK CITY IN 1926
Authors: Gates Frederick L. ,   In Association with William Owens.
Published: June 2004

The presence of Bacterium pneumosintes has been demonstrated in nasopharyngeal washings from 2 patients in a sporadic outbreak of clinical influenza in New York City in March, 1926. 2 strains of bacteria morphologically similar to Bact. pneumosintes, but differing in certain cultural characters, and 2 other anaerobic filter-passing organisms were also isolated from the 9 patients examined.

The blood serum of 16 among 17 persons convalescent from clinical influenza, and of 6 among 10 supposedly normal persons, agglutinated 1 or more strains of Bact. pneumosintes.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

By means of vital staining with indicators a study has been made of the changes in reaction and in certain other attributes of a tissue abruptly rendered ischemic. Grafts of mouse skin have been employed as test material. It has been found that almost at once after implantation vigorous grafts become notably acid as compared with the normal skin and that they survive and "take" despite the acid condition, which remains at a maximum for several days. Weak or injured grafts on the contrary tend to be as alkaline as their surroundings, if not more so. Through experiments directed to the purpose reasons for this difference have been found in the lessened metabolic activities of the cells of the injured skin, and in an increased permeability which leads to a generalized suffusion of the damaged tissue with the alkaline lymph and an abnormally rapid escape of carbon dioxide from it. The influence of these factors to determine the reaction of tissues dying within the body has not been sufficiently taken into account in considering the chemical changes that occur after cell death, and some revision of current views regarding these as they affect small necrotic masses would seem called for.

Carbon dioxide penetrates so readily into the living skin as to cause some local increase in the hydrogen ion concentration within cutaneous regions exposed to an atmosphere of it, even when the local circulation and the ventilation by way of the lungs have not been interfered with. It penetrates injured skin with especially great ease.

Tissue acidosis and edema not infrequently occur together; but no relationship between them of cause and effect has been made out.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Rous Peyton , Beattie W. W.
Published: June 2004

The introduction into the blood stream of dilute hydrochloric acid or sodium carbonate in quantities not too great to be compatible with life results in marked alterations in the color of certain of the matrix tissues stainable in vivo with phthalein indicators. Connective tissue in its various forms, and tendon and cartilage all become relatively more acid or alkaline than the normal. The hue of the kidney cortex also changes, as might be expected from its functions. The pancreas and lymph nodes, on the other hand, appear unaffected even when the injection is pushed to the extreme; and the slight to negligible alterations in the hue of the liver may be due to changes in the color of the associated secretion. The matrix tissues just mentioned behave as if unable to maintain a reaction of their own; whereas the elements of the parenchymal organs would seem to make their own conditions even when so much acid or alkali has been injected as will lead to death of the animal.

Injections of lactic acid are well tolerated and it is difficult to bring about alterations in the color of the phthalein-stained matrix tissues by means of them. Salt solution, and sugar in large amount cause no changes in color such as would indicate changes in reaction.

The results with the various phthalein indicators are in close accord, attesting that the information these give under vital conditions is reliable.
STUDIES CONCERNING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PNEUMOCOCCI AND STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Reimann Hobart A.
Published: June 2004

Morgenroth and his collaborators grew pneumococci in a medium containing optochin and derived variant forms of bacteria therefrom which were considered to be streptococci of the viridans group. We have repeated these experiments and have also derived variant forms. These atypical races, however, we have found to be identical with the R form of pneumococci which have been obtained by various other methods. That these R cultures are still pneumococci and do not belong in the Streptococcus viridans group is supported by the following observations:

1. These strains are not bile-insoluble, but are more resistant to the lytic action of this agent than are type-specific pneumococci.

2. R strains behave like pneumococci and not like streptococci in the readiness with which cultures spontaneously autolyze and saline suspensions disintegrate during freezing and thawing.

3. Immunological reactions of the variant pneumococci derived by Morgenroth's method are identical with the immunological reactions of R forms of pneumococci derived by various other means.

The observations of Morgenroth and his associates in regard to the transformation of Streptococcus hæmolyticus into Streptococcus viridans by treatment with rivanol could not be repeated in this laboratory. No explanation is at hand for our failure to produce the change. It is of course possible that none of the twenty-six strains tested had suitable tendencies to variation or that the technic or reagents employed varied from those of Morgenroth.
STUDIES ON THE OXIDATION AND REDUCTION OF IMMUNOLOGICAL SUBSTANCES
Authors: Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Immunization with solutions of the intracellular substances of pneumococci, in which the hemotoxin has been rendered inactive by oxidation, yields an antibody which neutralizes the active or reduced hemotoxin.
EFFECT OF REPEATED FREEZING (–185°C.) AND THAWING ON COLON BACILLI, VIRUS III, VACCINE VIRUS, HERPES VIRUS, BACTERIOPHAGE, COMPLEMENT, AND TRYPSIN
Authors: Rivers T. M.
Published: June 2004

Colon bacilli, Virus III, vaccine virus, herpes virus, bacteriophage, complement, and trypsin are either killed or inactivated by repeated freezing (–185°C.) and thawing. As might be expected, some of the agents are more resistant than others.

Hence it may be concluded that destruction or inactivation of an active agent by repeated freezing (–185°C.) and thawing is not proof that it was possessed of life.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON IRRADIATED, NORMAL, AND PARTIALLY PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. , Grant J. H. B.
Published: June 2004

No significant differences were found in the reactions of irradiated, normal, or partially parathyroidectomized rabbits to injections of calcium chloride or disodium hydrogen phosphate.

Intravenous injections of calcium chloride caused only a transient rise in blood calcium, which returned to its former level within a few hours. The upper level of blood calcium concentration is independent of parathyroid control.

Subcutaneous injections of disodium hydrogen phosphate caused, in all three groups of rabbits, a similar depression of the blood calcium level. After large doses of the phosphate solution, all of the rabbits showed signs of acute tetany in which many of them died. Death or survival was not determined, apparently, by the absolute depression of blood calcium. The rabbits that died were those, in all three groups, in which a phosphorus retention carried the initial rise in serum phosphorus to even higher levels in the hours preceding death, and so changed the normal calcium-phosphorus ratio to a small fraction of its former value.
EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS ON IRRADIATED, NORMAL, AND PARTIALLY PARATHYROIDECTOMIZED RABBITS
Authors: Gates Frederick L. , Grant J. H. B.
Published: June 2004

The experiments described in the three papers of this series were undertaken to determine if possible the significance of the parathyroid hypertrophy that has repeatedly been found in rabbits after exposure to ultra-violet light. The fact that the hypertrophy was not accompanied by a corresponding increase in blood calcium led us to infer that the upper level of blood calcium concentration is governed by factors independent of parathyroid control, and that the gland hypertrophy under the influence of ultra-violet light might represent a potential functional capacity, or increased factor of safety, to protect the calcium level under conditions of stress or emergency. Partial parathyroidectomy in irradiated rabbits, compared with the same operation in normal controls, resulted in a similar immediate drop in blood calcium; but a more rapid restoration of the calcium level in the irradiated rabbits indicated a more prompt and active response to the emergency on the part of the remaining glands. In the second group of experiments no significant differences were found in the reactions of irradiated, normal, or partially parathyroidectomized rabbits to injections of calcium chloride or of disodium hydrogen phosphate. All three groups of rabbits rapidly eliminated the excess calcium from the blood. Their reactions to large doses of sodium phosphate, given subcutaneously, appeared to be related to phosphate elimination or retention in the individual animals. Those in each group which had phosphate retention in the blood died in acute tetany.

So also in the fasting experiments, reported in this paper, no distinctions could be drawn between normal, irradiated, and partially parathyroidectomized rabbits on the basis of their calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Blood calcium was reduced in a similar manner in all three groups of rabbits, and wide individual variations in serum phosphorus levels preclude significant deductions.

But the irradiated rabbits suffered disproportionate losses of weight during the fasting period and four of five of them died during the course of the experiment. The deaths of these rabbits are attributed to this more rapid consumption of their own tissues and possibly also to suprarenal injury caused both by fasting and by exposure to ultra-violet light.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Neill James M. , Gaspari Emidio L.
Published: June 2004

Meningococci possess an endocellular maltase enzyme. The splitting of maltose by this enzyme has been demonstrated by a biological method based upon the acid fermentation of glucose by bacteria which have little or no action upon maltose.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Neill James M. , Fleming William L.
Published: June 2004

The meningococcus cell contains a peptonase enzyme which hydrolyzes the peptides and similar constituents of commercial "peptone." The activity of this enzyme is independent of the presence of the formed bacterial cell. The peptonase enzyme is more resistant to heat and to oxidation than is the maltase enzyme of the same bacteria.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL ENZYMES
Authors: Fleming William L. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

Lactase and maltase are constituents of the pneumococcus cell.
THE RELATIVE REACTION WITHIN LIVING MAMMALIAN TISSUES
Authors: Drury D. R. , Beattie W. W. , Rous Peyton
Published: June 2004

Breathing an atmosphere that contains the normal amount of oxygen but a large excess of carbon dioxide results in a tissue acidosis as well as one of the blood. The extravascular changes in reaction take place with far greater speed than when acidosis is induced with hydrochloric acid, and they do not persist as in the case of this latter but swiftly disappear when the animal breathes ordinary air once again. The changes parallel closely in magnitude and time those occurring in the blood. The same matrix tissues are rendered acidotic is when hydrochloric acid is administered.

The blood alkalosis that results from a blowing off of carbon dioxide is accompanied by an extravascular alkalosis. Under the circumstances of our experiments the connective tissue became more alkaline than ordinary but no change was noted in the cartilage, a fact to be explained by the slight degree of the alkalosis and its brief duration.
STUDIES IN BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Van Allen C. M.
Published: June 2004

The gross phenomena of normal blood coagulation have been studied for the purpose of obtaining methods for estimating certain characteristics of coagulation in connection with a malignant tumor of the rabbit. The technique is described for the estimation of clot formation rate and of clot retraction rate and extent. The range of normal and abnormal values secured by these procedures is given.
STUDIES IN BLOOD COAGULATION
Authors: Van Allen C. M.
Published: June 2004

Description is given of changes in blood coagulability found in diseases of the rabbit, including malignant tumor, spontaneous infections, non-bacterial diseases and lesions, and hemorrhagic states specifically induced. The changes involved variously the time of onset of blood coagulation, clot formation rate and the rate and extent of clot retraction.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Perla David
Published: June 2004

1. Normal guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous cage mates infected intraperitoneally and with no cutaneous ulceration readily contract spontaneous tuberculosis.

2. The incidence of spontaneous tuberculosis increases with the intensity and with the duration of exposure.

3. Spontaneous tuberculosis acquired from infected cage mates has with few exceptions the characters of an infection which has entered by way of the digestive tract, disease of mesenteric and cervical lymph nodes being conspicuous.

4. Guinea pigs exposed to tuberculous animals in the same room but not in the same cage may acquire tuberculosis which has the characters of a bronchiogenic infection associated with lesions of the lungs and tracheobronchial lymph nodes.
A SPECIFIC FLOCCULATION REACTION OCCURRING BETWEEN ALCOHOLIC EXTRACTS OF PNEUMOCOCCI AND ANTIPNEUMOCOCCUS SERUM
Authors: Jungeblut C. W.
Published: June 2004

1. A flocculation reaction has been described which occurs between alcoholic extracts of pneumococci and antipneumococcus serum.

2. The reaction appears to be species-specific. It is not strictly type-specific, as slight or moderate cross-reactions occurred between Type I serums and Type II and Type III extracts.

3. The flocculating power of the serum from five horses undergoing immunization with pneumococcus, Type I, did not develop to any extent before the end of the 4th or 5th month.

4. In the case of two of these horses in which it was possible to carry out parallel tests on a larger number of subsequent bleedings until the end of immunization, some relationship was suggested between the flocculating power and the protective titer as ascertained by the routine method of standardization in mice.
A FILTERABLE YEAST-LIKE MICROORGANISM (SCHIZOSACCHAROMYCES FILTRANS, N. SP.)
Authors: Lewis Paul A.
Published: June 2004

A microorganism cultivated in the course of experiments with the virus of hog cholera shows the following points of interest.

It is pleomorphic in extreme degree.

Among the forms are coccoid and bacillary bodies at the lower limits of visibility.

The culture can be completely regenerated after filtration through some Berkefeld N filters although these retain Bacillus abortus (Bang).

The culture is carried forward by multiplication of forms of easy visibility (1.5µ).

Associated with these at times are still larger forms bearing a striking general resemblance to those yeasts which develop abortive mycelia.

Motile bacillary forms appear to arise as buds or branches from round or ovoid cocci.

While cognizance is taken of possible alternatives the microorganism is provisionally classified with the yeasts and recognizing its filterability is named Schizosaccharomyces filtrans.

The culture is not pathogenic for swine.
THE BACTERICIDAL PROPERTY OF COW'S MILK
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

The bactericidal activity of fresh raw milk from a number of cows has been tested with the non-hemolytic mastitis streptococcus. By using this organism and other means we were able to rule out the action of agglutinin. The milk of all cows examined inhibited the growth of the streptococcus for definite periods. The length of the inhibition period varied; the milk from some cows prevented growth for 8 hours, that of others for only 4 or 6 hours. The inhibitory action may be as strong in the milk of a young cow in its first lactation period as in that of an old cow known to be resistant to udder infection. It is possible to absorb the streptococcus inhibitory substance by first inoculating the milk with B. bovisepticus. We were unable to show that the substance was increased by artificial immunization of cows with the streptococcus.

Whey obtained by the action of sterile rennet solution inhibited the growth of the streptococcus to about the same extent as the milk from which it was obtained.

We infer that the substance originates in the udder since it differs from blood alexin in its resistance to heat, it is not increased in the whey although the blood proteins are more concentrated, and it is not increased in the milk when the cows are artificially immunized or repeatedly exposed to natural infection.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nelson John B. , Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

The course of a natural outbreak of paratyphoid in a normal guinea pig population is outlined. A description is given of the gross pathology of the disease. The bacteriology of the causal organism is discussed with particular reference to its agglutinative affinities.
STUDIES ON A PARATYPHOID INFECTION IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Smith Theobald , Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

Factors bearing on the maintenance of paratyphoid in an endemic state are discussed. There was no evidence of any increase nor any dearly demonstrable proof of a decline in virulence of the causative organism. This persisted within the breeding stock and it is suggested that the sows constituted the chief focus for dissemination of the organism to their young and from these to the population at large. Evidence is presented that the carriage of B. paratyphi in the feces was of relatively short duration. Fecal carriage of B. paratyphi was commonly associated with a localization of the organism in the spleen. Since it is obvious that some factor or factors must have changed in the transition from epidemic to endemic phase in the presence of younger generations, the hypothesis is tentatively presented that the transition from epidemic to endemic phase is due to a combination of the weeding out of individuals of low natural resistance with a gradual adjustment of the invading organism to the population on a lowered level of virulence.
THE BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS OF A MUCOID VARIANT OF BACILLUS PARATYPHI FROM GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Nelson John B.
Published: June 2004

The biological characters of two mucoid variants of B. paratyphi isolated from guinea pigs have been studied and compared with those of the normal type. The possible origin of the mucoid type is discussed.
BLOOD FIBRIN IN UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

After high gastrointestinal tract obstruction the blood fibrin increases rapidly.

The change is more marked in animals with obstruction of the cardiac end of the stomach.

The rise in fibrin parallels closely the toxemia characteristic of such conditions.

These results indicate that liver insufficiency cannot be the cause of death in such obstructions.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

The pathological changes observed in the organs in Macacus rhesus monkeys which have succumbed to severe infection with Bartonella bacilliformis are similar to those found in human organs in persons dying of Oroya fever.

The characteristic changes in the liver are the zonal necrosis of the cells around the hepatic veins, involving active macrophagocytosis of invading polymorphonuclear leucocytes in the necrotic areas, and a marked endothelial hyperplasia in the sinusoids or around the portal veins. In some instances there is fatty infiltration of hepatic cells.

In the spleen persistent hyperplasia of the endothelial cells of the capillaries leads to the formation of minute foci of infarction, owing to occlusion of the lumina. The follicles are dispersed or reduced, and there is an active macrophagocytosis of cellular débris, polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and erythrocytes. In some specimens an increase in normoblasts is noted. Pigment is sometimes present.

The lymphatic system shows general progressive endothelial hyperplasia, with active invasion of macrophages which contain polymorphonuclear leucocytes, erythrocytes, and greenish or dark pigments.

In the bone marrow there is increased activity of macrophagocytes. Numerous normoblasts are found in some instances.

In one monkey, sacrificed during the course of infection, small, verruga-like nodules were found in the lungs and spleen.

Bartonella bacilliformis has been detected microscopically, though in small numbers, in all tissues showing histological changes. Parallel cultural determinations of the presence of Bartonella bacilliformis in the blood, liver, spleen, lymphatic glands, bone marrow, and local lesions established the relationship between the pathological conditions and the presence of the parasite. The organism seems to persist longest in the lymphatic glands. Cultural methods offer a simple and conclusive means for the determination of the presence or absence of the infecting organism.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Bartonella bacilliformis failed to induce lesions when merely rubbed on the surface of the intact skin of a chimpanzee, an ourang-utan, and numerous Macacus rhesus monkeys, although when applied to the scarified skin of the same animals it gave rise to extensive lesions.

Application of infectious material to the scarified skin did not always induce verruga lesions, but intradermal inoculation almost invariably gave rise to nodule formation.

The localization of Bartonella bacilliformis in the skin is not, in experimental animals, determined by mechanical factors, since scarification of the skin or intradermal injection of foreign substances in monkeys infected with Bartonella bacilliformis does not give rise to verruga formation.

The degree of susceptibility of the skin tissues appears to be considerably diminished during the course of experimental infection with Bartonella bacilliformis. Inoculation of the scarified skin of infected animals gave uniformly negative results, and intradermal inoculation induced only a mild local reaction. In a few exceptional instances, however, of animals previously infected with the strain of Bartonella bacilliformis derived from a human verruga nodule, reinoculation with the same strain gave rise to unusually marked reactions.

The evolution of the skin lesion induced in experimental animals by Bartonella bacilliformis may be divided into four stages, the period of incubation, the initial stage, the mature and vascular stage, and the regression. In the initial stage the lesion is a pure angioendothelioma, but in the stage of full development the histological picture is complicated by connective tissue proliferation and occasionally also by penetration of epidermis into the lesion. The demonstration of Bartonella bacilliformis in the endothelial cells distinguishes the lesion from others which simulate it.

The cutaneous lesions known as verruga nodular, verruga mular, and verruga miliar have been reproduced in monkeys.
EXPERIMENTS ON THE PRODUCTION OF WASSERMANN REAGINS BY MEANS OF TRYPANOSOMES
Authors: Landsteiner K. , van der Scheer J.
Published: June 2004

Since it is known that positive Wassermann reactions prevail in trypanosomiasis of rabbits, similar to those in syphilis, trypanosomes were used for an inquiry into the cause of this reaction.

Injections with dead trypanosomes into rabbits proved that these microbes are highly active antigens and suffice in themselves to produce strongly positive Wassermann sera, in analogy to the findings reported by F. Klopstock with Spirochæta pallida.

Although a number of questions require further study, yet it seems likely that this antigenic activity of the microbes or their products plays a part in the production of the Wassermann reagins in infections with spirochetes and trypanosomes.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Van Allen C. M.
Published: June 2004

An experiment is reported in which an environment of constant and continuous light excluding the shorter ultra-violet rays, and one of constant darkness, have influenced the course and character of a malignant disease of rabbits induced by a transplantable neoplasm.

Under the influence of constant light the level of malignancy was observed to be low; under the influence of constant darkness the level of malignancy was somewhat lower than in the control animals living under ordinary indoor light conditions, but the level was not as low as among the animals constantly illuminated.

These observations furnish experimental evidence in support of the idea that there is a correlation between the external factor of light on the one hand and the manifestations of an experimental malignant disease on the other.
AN INFECTIOUS GRANULAR VAGINITIS OF COWS
Authors: Jones F. S. , Little Ralph B.
Published: June 2004

A disease of cows characterized by swelling of the vulva, acute inflammation of the vaginal mucosa, accompanied by a more or less profuse mucopurulent exudate is described. After the acute inflammation subsides the mucosa becomes studded with tiny, round, raised, red nodules which persist 2 or 3 months or longer. The acute lesion consists in necrosis of the epithelium and accumulations of leucocytes and round cells in the edematous submucosa. The nodules in the later stages are made up of densely packed masses of lymphocytes in the submucosa which force the epithelial layer outward.

A Gram-negative bacillus with tiny polar granules was found in the exudate. It measures I to 2µ in length and stains with difficulty. The organism was obtained in pure culture by inoculating the exudate into tubes of slanted agar to which defibrinated horse blood had been added. Growth occurs only in sealed tubes. The organism possesses slight pathogenicity for guinea pigs. When freshly isolated cultures were introduced into the vagina of heifers or young calves, acute inflammation resulted which terminated in the characteristic granular stage of the disease.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

The spread of Bact. lepisepticum infection throughout a population of thoroughbred rabbits at a farm in New City, N. Y., was studied over a period of 2 years. The following observations are noteworthy.

1. 50 to 75 per cent of the total mortality was due to Bact. lepisepticum infection.

2. About 50 per cent of the stock was affected locally with Bact. lepisepticum "snuffles."

3. "Snuffles" and mortality rates showed spring and fall rises and low points during the summer.

4. Carrier, morbidity, and mortality rates of various special breeds differed consistently and to a marked degree. All reflected the same seasonal fluctuations as the total population.

5. Individuals within each breed differed in their response to the presence of Bact. lepisepticum; some died of penumonia and septicemia; others developed the local nasal infection, "snuffles"; others became "healthy" carriers; and a few remained uninfected.
ON THE COLLECTION OF THE ENTIRE EXTERNAL SECRETION OF THE PANCREAS UNDER STERILE CONDITIONS AND THE FATAL EFFECT OF TOTAL LOSS OF PANCREATIC JUICE
Authors: Elman Robert , McCaughan John M.
Published: June 2004

It has been possible by appropriate intubation of the main pancreatic duct of the dog to collect the total external secretion of the pancreas under sterile conditions. When all of the secretion is thus collected exitus occurs in a characteristic way in about a week with anorexia, gastric irritability, vomiting and asthenia. The significance of this finding has been briefly discussed.

A method is also described for the "altercursive" intubation of the pancreas whereby the secretion may be collected or allowed to flow back to the duodenum at will.
COMPARATIVE PATHOLOGY OF SOUTH AFRICAN JAGZIEKTE AND MONTANA PROGRESSIVE PNEUMONIA OF SHEEP
Authors: Cowdry E. V. , Marsh Hadleigh
Published: June 2004

As long as the exact etiology of jagziekte and of progressive pneumonia remains unknown, it cannot be said that they are identical, although on the basis of the observations detailed above, they certainly appear to be. It is extremely doubtful whether it is possible to distinguish between them. In the localities in which they occur, each is recognized as an infection quite distinct and apart from other better known pneumonias. Predisposing factors which lead to bacterial invasion are presumably of great importance in both. We have no precise information regarding the organisms concerned, but in both diseases, the initial changes are alike and occur in the interalveolar tissue and the subsequent proliferations of epithelium and the pneumonia are of the same character and apparently follow in exactly the same sequence. Finally, in both diseases, there is much fibrosis and the animals inevitably die through depletion of respiratory area and pneumonia.

The view hitherto held, that jagziekte is a disease definitely restricted to the Union of South Africa, is thus rendered improbable. Nor does it appear likely that jagziekte is due to a single specific virus acting primarily upon the epithelial cells of the lungs, which is is likewise a conception widely accepted in South Africa.
ON THE TRANSPLANTATION OF THE GUINEA PIG SUPRARENAL AND THE FUNCTIONING OF THE GRAFTS
Authors: Jaffe Henry L. ,   With the Assistance of Alma Adler.
Published: June 2004

1. The suprarenal cortex of the guinea pig can be transplanted autoplastically into the abdominal wall and may remain for months, growing to fairly large size.

2. The suprarenal cortex of the guinea pig can be transplanted homoplastically but these transplants usually degenerate after a few months.

3. Small autoplastic transplants are capable of maintaining the life of a completely suprarenalectomized guinea pig for weeks and large transplants maintain the animal indefinitely in good condition.

4. Irritation phenomena follow the grafting of suprarenal cortex due to the entrance of epinephrine into this tissue during the manipulation involved in removal of the gland.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROIDECTOMY, SPLENECTOMY, GONADECTOMY, AND SUPRARENALECTOMY UPON THE DEVELOPMENT OF EXPERIMENTAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS
Authors: Shapiro Shepard
Published: June 2004

Alimentary hypercholesterolemia acting over a sufficient period of time (in rabbits with all organs intact, 110 days or longer) causes deposition of cholesterol within the intima of the aorta. Deposition of cholesterol within the intima of the aorta initiates the formation of experimental atheromata. Thyroidectomy, splenectomy, and gonadectomy augment hypercholesterolemia and thereby facilitate and accelerate the development of experimental atheromata of the aorta in rabbits. Sublethal suprarenal insufficiency does not increase the susceptibility of rabbits to the development of such atheromata.
THE RELATION OF THE RETICULO-ENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM TO THE FORMATION OF AMYLOID
Authors: Smetana H.
Published: June 2004

The facts presented suggest strongly that reticulo-endothelial cells are actively concerned in the formation of amyloid. Points in favor of this theory are as follows:

1. The appearance of amyloid in places where reticulo-endothelial cells are normally present, sometimes in very large number.

2. The formation of early amyloid in the small solitary patches, which suggests its local formation.

3. The occurrence of solitary patches of amyloid apparently located within the capillaries of the liver.

4. The manifold relations between reticulo-endothelial cells marked out by phagocytized ink granules, loose ink particles and amyloid, described in the text.

5. The impossibility of demonstrating reticulo-endothelial cells in areas of forming amyloid by intravenous injections of India ink.

6. The delayed appearance of amyloid in animals after blockage of the reticulo-endothelial cells by repeated intravenous injections of India ink.
CHANGES IN CARBON DIOXIDE TENSION AND HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION OF THE BLOOD FOLLOWING MULTIPLE PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Authors: Binger Carl A. L. , Moore Richmond L.
Published: June 2004

1. The production of multiple emboli of the pulmonary capillaries and arterioles results in rapid and shallow breathing which may be associated with anoxemia, but is not dependent for its occurrence upon anoxemia.

2. Similarly there may occur an increase in the partial pressure of CO2 in the blood as well as an increase in hydrogen ion concentration.

3. These changes must be regarded as the result of the impaired pulmonary function.

4. They are not, however, the cause of the rapid and shallow respirations, since the abnormal type of breathing may occur without the attendant blood changes.

5. The characteristic type of response to increase in CO2 tension is an increased rather than a decreased depth of respiration.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Boëez Louis
Published: June 2004

A strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus was recovered from a cow at the height of the disease, and was propagated through at least 261 passages in the guinea pig. Considerably over 2000 animals proved susceptible to the virus, and the virus could be transferred at will back to cattle and hogs, and then again returned to guinea pigs. No natural immunity was discovered in guinea pigs. Secondary lesions were easily and regularly induced, thus making this strain particularly favorable to experimental purposes. In general, the guinea pig may therefore be regarded as the animal of choice for laboratory studies.

The guinea pig could be infected by different methods of injection in different sites, but constant and regular production of primary and secondary lesions—or generalization of the disease—followed intradermal "tunneling" in the manner described, combined with subcutaneous inoculation of the posterior hairless pads of full grown animals. As we have indicated, the virus was peculiarly epitheliotropic, which in turn gives support to the opinion that its portal of entry may be limited.

The active agent could purify itself of chance concomitant bacteria in the first passages, in a susceptible animal—a character possessed by filter-passing viruses in general.

The virus was active in dilutions of 1:10,000,000. This shows not only the minuteness of the active agent, but also the necessity for a change of technique from that employed with larger sized infectious agents. Apart from this, the dilution factor is important in interpreting mere preservation of the virus rather than multiplication, when only early successive subplants in culture experiments are positive. Furthermore, some samples of virus were not so active—a factor of twenty-five existed between the weakest and strongest samples among fifteen titrated. This indicates that comparative tests, as, for example, of survival in different media, should be made with the same specimen. In any case, the rate and energy of action of the virus were proportional to its concentration, thus differing from the behavior of certain enzymes.

The incitant is not sedimented by centrifugation. Non-centrifugability, a property of some other filter-passing, infectious agents, is not an indication of the fluid character of the virus, as we have already explained. In view of the evidence presented and other tests to be reported later, failure of deposition is related to the minute size of the incitant. The method of centrifugation has also failed to remove "virucidal bodies" in the meaning of Frosch and Dahmen.
STUDIES ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE VIRUS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , Boëz Louis
Published: June 2004

Cataphoresis experiments show that the virus of foot-and-mouth disease carries, under ordinary conditions, an electropositive charge. Its isoelectric range is at the high point of pH = about 8. Although cultivable bacteria are, as a rule, electronegative, yet certain protozoa, such as trypanosomes and spirochetes are also electropositive. In respect to charge, then, the virus is different from ordinary bacteria, but there is nothing in this finding to indicate an inanimate character of the incitant. A knowledge of the charge, however, aids in the interpretation of certain filtration phenomena, and indirectly in delimiting the size of the virus. In addition, it serves to explain its remarkable resistance to certain chemicals—a subject to be dealt with in the next paper of this series. Finally, cataphoresis indicates the possible separation of the virus from protein particles.

Filtration experiments were made with different types of filters: Seitz, Berkefeld V and N, and Chamberland, of practically all sizes, collodion membranes, and Bechhold's ultrafilter. The results confirm the electropositive charge of the virus, as well as the minuteness of its size. Filtration was effected through the Seitz, Berkefeld, and Chamberland filters. In regard to the latter, the active agent passed through the L 11 only when its charge was shifted to negative: under ordinary conditions, carrying an electropositive charge, it failed to traverse this more dense wall, and was completely adsorbed in the oppositely charged barrier. Filtrations through electronegative collodion membranes, prepared in different ways and of varying thicknesses, resulted, as a rule, in failure, unless the thinnest and most permeable membranes were employed. But in these, the complication of microscopic holes was to be considered. Hence this method was regarded as impracticable. Success, however, was obtained with Bechhold's ultrafilter membranes of the most permeable type, and with these it was possible to measure relatively, by a system of "molecular" filtrations, the size of the incitant. This was found to be, in relation to other particles of like charge, between 20 and 100 mµ in diameter.

The filtration phenomena of the foot-and-mouth disease virus can be accounted for on the basis of the minute size of the particles of the incitant carrying an electropositive charge, and no evidence can be deduced therefrom that the virus is of a fluid character. For the relative size of the particles is constant and the invariability of the limits of measurement contradicts the notion that the incitant may be a "solute" varying in dimensions in different "solvents."
STUDIES ON IMMUNITY TO PNEUMOCOCCUS MUCOSUS (TYPE III)
Authors: Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

1. Type III pneumococci fail in the majority of instances to stimulate the production of anti-S antibodies. (Type specific agglutinins, type specific precipitins, and antibodies affording type specific protection in mice.)

2. Type III pneumococci are effective in the stimulation of the production of anti-P antibodies (agglutinins for R strains of pneumococci and precipitins for pneumococcus nucleoprotein). These antibodies are ineffectual in the passive protection of mice.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ON THE GROWTH AND MALIGNANCY OF A TRANSPLANTABLE NEOPLASM OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Pearce Louise , Brown Wade H.
Published: June 2004

Experiments are reported in which an environment of constant and continuous light with a wave-length of from 3022 to 5790 Ångström units, supplied by mercury arcs in crown glass, and of constant darkness, have influenced the course and character of a malignant disease of rabbits induced by a transplantable neoplasm.

Under the influence of constant light the level of malignancy was lower than in control animals living under ordinary conditions of diffused sunlight. Under the influence of constant darkness the level of malignancy was somewhat lower than in control animals but the effect of this environment was modified by the special character of the disease prevailing at this time. The incidence of bone metastases was unusually high, but it was greatly increased in the rabbits kept in constant darkness.

These observations furnish experimental evidence in support of the belief that there is a correlation between the external factor of light and the manifestations of an experimental malignant disease.
THE EFFECT OF GUM SHELLAC SOLUTION ON THE SURFACE TENSION OF RABBIT SERUM
Authors: Hayman J. M.
Published: June 2004

Following the intravenous injection of a gum shellac solution which alters the peripheral blood picture there is an increase in the time-drop of the diluted serum. This is believed to indicate changes in the physicochemical state of the plasma.

This gum shellac solution behaves as a surface-active substance; its effect on the surface tension of serum is hindered by the du Noüy phenomenon of adsorption on serum molecules.
ETIOLOGY OF OROYA FEVER
Authors: Noguchi Hideyo
Published: June 2004

Nine monkeys (Macacus rhesus) and a chimpanzee which had recently recovered from an infection with the Oroya strain of Bartonella bacilliformis were tested for immunity against the verruga strain of Bartonella bacilliformis as well as against the homologous strain. Complete immunity to both strains was demonstrated. The result establishes the identity of the strains and is in agreement with the result of comparative serological study.

The criteria of recovery include not only the subsidence of febrile reactions and local lesions but also a negative result of cultural tests of blood and lymphatic gland tissue.

Recovery may occur as early as 1 month after inoculation, but in most instances a period of 2 to 5 months is required for the completion of convalescence.
A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCI ISOLATED FROM HORSES UNDERGOING PNEUMOCOCCUS IMMUNIZATION
Authors: Wadsworth Augustus B. , Sickles G. M.
Published: June 2004

It has been shown that the pneumococcus multiplying in the tissues of the immunized animal (horse) becomes attenuated: loses, in varying degrees, its virulence, capacity of capsule formation, susceptibility to phagocytosis, and type specificity. The antigenic activity as an immunizing agent and the production of "soluble specific substance" are also altered. In some instances, the typical pneumococcus characteristics may be quickly restored by one or two passages through a susceptible animal (mouse). In others, virulence is not recovered and the organism remains atypical.

Whether these changes are to be attributed to the specific action of immune bodies in the tissues, or are to be considered as the result of some biologic adaptive process to an adverse environment, has not been determined. Proof of the specific action of immune bodies is possibly open to question, whereas it is well known that virulence and with it some other characteristics are profoundly affected under unfavorable conditions in the absence of immune bodies, notably when the organism is grown at elevated temperatures or in certain unsuitable media.

These studies of pneumococci isolated from the infected immunized horse provide opportunities for further investigation of the significance of changes in virulence, type specificity, and formation of "soluble specific substances" in various forms of pneumococcus infection.
COMPARISON OF A VIRUS OBTAINED BY KOBAYASHI FROM CASES OF EPIDEMIC ENCEPHALITIS WITH THE VIRUS OF RABIES
Authors: Cowdry E. V.
Published: June 2004

Since the symptoms produced in experimental animals by the encephalitic virus of Kobayashi and by the virus of rabies are similar, and are accompanied by lesions which are indistinguishable, and since a cross-immunity is demonstrable between the two viruses, the conclusion is advanced that the specimen of so called encephalitis virus isolated by Kobayashi is in reality a specimen of rabic virus.
OXYGEN POISONING IN COLD BLOODED ANIMALS
Authors: Faulkner James M. , Binger Carl A. L.
Published: June 2004

1. Exposure of frogs to atmospheres containing approximately 95 per cent of oxygen is without apparent effect on their state of well being, and produces no noticeable changes in the appearance of their web capillaries.

2. Turtles exposed to similar atmospheres are also apparently unaffected unless the oxygen be warmed to mammalian temperature.

3. At this temperature (37.5°C.) the turtles behave like mammals, showing loss of appetite, shortness of breath, death and, at autopsy, hemorrhagic extravasations in the lungs.

4. Young turtles are more resistant (or adaptable) to this change in environment than mature ones.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURES FROM SINGLE BACTERIAL CELLS
Authors: Avery Roy C. , Leland Stanley J.
Published: June 2004

A method is described for the isolation of pure cultures from single bacterial cells, which is simple in operation and which requires no complicated apparatus. In addition to its simplicity, the method possesses the further advantage that several selected colonies can be isolated from the same preparation.
THE CULTIVATION OF LENS EPITHELIUM IN VITRO
Authors: Kirby Daniel B.
Published: June 2004

1. Differentiation of the posterior cells of the lens vesicle into lens cortex has been observed in vitro.

2. It is possible to dissect out the lens of the 5 day embryo chick in such a manner as to free it from all extraneous cells.

3. Lens epithelium even at a very early stage is contained within a cuticula.

4. Lens epithelium under proper conditions will live, migrate, divide, and multiply in vitro in primary explants.

5. An unmixed strain of lens epithelium can be propagated from a primary explant by successive subcultures. This strain can be utilized for controlled experiments on the nutrition of the cells of the lens.
EXPERIMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Perla David
Published: June 2004

1. After intraperitoneal inoculation of guinea pigs with tubercle bacilli, the microorganisms may appear in the feces and elimination may persist during 1 week. Subsequently during several weeks no tubercle bacilli can be recovered from the feces.

2. When tuberculosis is widely disseminated in the body of guinea pigs, tubercle bacilli are discharged with the feces.

3. Tubercle bacilli are occasionally eliminated in the bile of guinea pigs immediately after inoculation but are almost constantly found in the bile after several weeks when the disease is well established.

4. Tubercle bacilli are eliminated in the urine of experimentally infected guinea pigs only when infection is far advanced.