bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth mechanism and thermoelectric properties of PbSe/EuS superlattices
Authors: Rogacheva E. I. , Nashchekina O. N. , Sipatov A. Yu. , Fedorov A. G. , Grigorov S. N. , Tavrina T. V. , Dresselhaus M. S.
Published: March 2009

PbSe/EuS superlattices with various structural parameters were prepared and examined using the electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction techniques. Measurements of the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient of the prepared samples were performed at room temperature. For some samples the temperature dependences of electrical conductivity and Hall coefficient in the range 77‐300 K were obtained. It was shown that with decreasing PbSe quantum well width d, the thermoelectric power factor increases, reaching a maximum value at d ∼ 1‐2 nm. The obtained results represent a further step towards the development of physical foundations for controlling the thermoelectric properties in multilayered semiconductor structures. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antiulcerogenic activity of the essential oil of Baccharis dracunculifolia on different experimental models in rats
Authors: Massignani Juliane Jose , Lemos Marivane , Maistro Edson Luis , Schaphauser Hamilton Pedro , Jorge Renata Fabiane , Sousa João Paulo Barreto , Bastos Jairo Kennup , de Andrade Sérgio Faloni
Published: March 2009

Baccharis dracunculifolia DC (Asteraceae), a native plant from Brazil, commonly known as ‘Alecrimdo‐campo’ is widely used in folk medicine to treat inflammation, hepatic disorders and stomach ulcers, and it is the most important botanical source of Southeastern Brazilian propolis, known as green propolis. Its essential oil is composed of non‐oxygenated and oxygenated terpenes. In this work, the effects of the essential oil obtained from the aerial parts of B. dracunculifolia on gastric ulcers were evaluated. The antiulcer assays were undertaken using the following protocols in rats: nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)‐induced ulcer, ethanol‐induced ulcer, stress‐induced ulcer, and determination of gastric secretion using ligated pylorus. The treatment in the doses of 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg of B. dracunculifolia essential oil significantly diminished the lesion index, the total lesion area and the percentage of lesions in comparison with both positive and negative control groups. With regard to the model of gastric secretion a reduction of gastric juice volume and total acidity was observed, as well as an increase in the gastric pH. No sign of toxicity was observed in the acute toxicity study. Considering the results, it is suggested that the essential oil of B. dracunculifolia could probably be a good therapeutic agent for the development of new phytotherapeutic medicine for the treatment of gastric ulcer. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fixed herbal drug combination with and without butterbur (Ze 185) for the treatment of patients with somatoform disorders: randomized, placebo‐controlled pharmaco‐clinical trial
Authors: Melzer Jörg , Schrader Ewald , Brattström Axel , Schellenberg Rüdiger , Saller Reinhard
Published: March 2009

Herbal drugs are often used in patients with somatoform disorders yet, the available evidence is limited. The aim of the present short‐term study was to evaluate in a pharmaco‐clinical trial the additional benefit of butterbur in a fixed herbal drug combination (Ze 185 = 4‐combination versus 3‐combination without butterbur and placebo) in patients with somatoform disorders.

For a 2‐week treatment in patients with somatization disorder (F45.0) and undifferentiated somatoform disorder (F45.1), 182 patients were randomized for a 3‐arm trial (butterbur root, valerian root, passionflower herb, lemon balm leaf versus valerian root, passionflower herb, lemon balm leaf versus placebo). Anxiety (visual analogue scale – VAS) and depression (Beck's Depression Inventory – BDI) served as primary parameters, Clinical Global Impression (CGI) was a secondary parameter.

The 4‐combination was significantly superior to the 3‐combination and placebo (4‐combination > 3‐combination > placebo) in all the primary and secondary parameters (PP‐population). Analysis of the ITT population confirmed these results. As to safety, no serious adverse events occurred. In total 9 non‐serious adverse events were documented but the distribution did not differ significantly between the treatment groups.

This herbal preparation (Ze185) showed to be an efficacious and safe short‐term treatment in patients with somatoform disorders. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemopreventive effect of Panax ginseng
Authors: Varjas T. , Nowrasteh G. , Budán F. , Nadasi E. , Horváth G. , Makai S. , Gracza T. , Cseh J. , Ember I.
Published: March 2009

Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) has been used in Chinese medicine for two thousand years. The root of ginseng contains several saponins (ginsenosides) which are biologically active compounds. Individual ginsenosides suppress tumor cell growth, induce cell differentiation, regulate apoptosis and inhibit metastasis formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate its chemo‐preventive effects in an animal test model, through its regulatory effects on apoptosis and the cell cycle.

The expression of genes (Bcl‐2, Bcl‐x and Cyclin D1) which affect apoptosis were examined, in different organs of animals which had consumed a ginseng‐containing diet in the presence of a known carcinogen (DMBA). The pattern of gene expression was determined by Q‐RT‐PCR. The increase of antiapoptotic gene expression after carcinogenic exposure was suppressed by consumption of ginseng which promoted apoptosis.

The population is exposed to numerous physical and chemical insults in the modern environment and these include compounds which are known carcinogens. Research has shown that it is possible to interfere with the multi‐step process of carcinogenesis through the use of compounds with chemo‐preventive effects, such as the inhibition of the activation of antiapoptotic genes.

These results support the efficacy of ginseng‐containing diets and dietary supplements in the prevention of cancerous diseases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective effect of locally applied carvacrol gel on ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats: a tapping mode AFM study
Authors: Botelho M. A. , Martins J. G. , Ruela R. S. , I Rachid , Santos J. A. , Soares J. B. , França M. C. , Montenegro D. , Ruela W. S. , Barros L. P. , Queiroz D. B. , Araujo R. S. , Sampio F. C.
Published: March 2009

The aims of this study were to test a locally applied carvacrol gel and determine its efficacy preventing alveolar bone loss in experimental periodontitis in rats by regular methodology to validate applicability the atomic force microscopy (AFM) as a novel morphology method on this model. Wistar rats were subjected to ligature around second, upper‐left molars. Animals were treated carvacrol gel topically (CAG), immediately after Experimental Periodontitis Disease induction for 1′ three‐times/day for 11 days. A vehicle gel was utilized as control. The periodontium and the surrounding gingivae were examined at regular histopathology and by AFM method; the neutrophil influx into the gingivae was also assayed using myeloperoxidase activity. The bacterial flora was assessed through culture of the gingival tissue. Alveolar bone loss was significantly inhibited by CAG group compared to the Vehicle (V) group, the carvacrol gel treatment reduced tissue lesion at histopathology, with preservation of the periodontium, coupled to decreased myeloperoxidase activity in gingival tissue and also prevented the proliferation of periodontal microorganisms and the weight loss. The GAC treatment preserved alveolar bone resorption and showed anti‐inflammatory and antibacterial activities in experimental periodontitis. Topographical changes in histological sections were seen bringing into high relief the periodontal structures, being a simple and cost‐effective method for periodontal evaluation with ultrastructural resolution. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of the S(T) assimilation method with the Argo dataset
Authors: Smith Gregory C. , Haines Keith
Published: March 2009

Recent observations from the Argo dataset of temperature and salinity profiles are used to evaluate a series of 3‐year data assimilation experiments in a global ice–ocean general circulation model. The experiments are designed to evaluate a new data assimilation system whereby salinity is assimilated along isotherms, S(T). In addition, the role of a balancing salinity increment to maintain water mass properties is investigated. This balancing increment is found to effectively prevent spurious mixing in tropical regions induced by univariate temperature assimilation, allowing the correction of isotherm geometries without adversely influencing temperature–salinity relationships. In addition, the balancing increment is able to correct a fresh bias associated with a weak subtropical gyre in the North Atlantic using only temperature observations. The S(T) assimilation method is found to provide an important improvement over conventional depth level assimilation, with lower root‐mean‐squared forecast errors over the upper 500 m in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. An additional set of experiments is performed whereby Argo data are withheld and used for independent evaluation. The most significant improvements from Argo assimilation are found in less well‐observed regions (Indian, South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans). When Argo salinity data are assimilated in addition to temperature, improvements to modelled temperature fields are obtained due to corrections to model density gradients and the resulting circulation. It is found that observations from the Argo array provide an invaluable tool for both correcting modelled water mass properties through data assimilation and for evaluating the assimilation methods themselves. Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Utilization of Enzyme‐resistant Starch to Control Theophylline Release from Tablets
Authors: Yoon Hyun‐Sung , Lim Seung‐Taik
Published: March 2009

The effect of enzyme‐resistant starch (RS) on theophylline release from compacted tablets made of pregelatinized waxy maize starch (PS) was investigated. The PS and RS mixtures containing theophylline (30%) were compacted to tablets by compression (60 kN), and were subsequently treated in dissolution media containing a pancreatic α‐amylase. The swelling ratio, resistance to erosion, and drug release properties of the tablets were measured. Rheological properties of the tablet hydrogel produced by swelling were also examined. The hydrogels exhibited a higher storage modulus (G') than loss modulus (G'), and the viscosity of the hydrogels increased by adding RS. Resistant starch helped the formation of a strong gel network which was resistant to erosion. The porosity of the tablet and hydrogel decreased with the elevation of RS content, supporting the rheological data. However, the swelling ratio of the tablets containing RS was higher than that of the tablet containing only PS. During the initial stage of dissolution up to 1 h, RS appeared suppressing the erosion possibly due to the increased resistance to enzymatic hydrolysis by RS. After 1 h, however, the erosion proceeded at higher rates than that of pure PS, possibly due to the poor compactibility of RS. Comparing the different mixtures of RS and PS, the theophylline release was most effectively retarded when RS was added to the tablet at an equivalent amount of PS.
Developing a sense of scale: Looking backward
Authors: Jones M. Gail , Taylor Amy R.
Published: March 2009

Although scale has been identified as one of four major interdisciplinary themes that cut across the science domains by the American Association for the Advancement of Science (1989), we are only beginning to understand how students learn and apply scale concepts. Early research on learning scale tended to focus on perceptions of linear distances, navigation and way finding, whereas more recent work has examined how students conceptualize scale in science contexts. This study sought to understand how understandings of scale develop from childhood to adulthood by asking 50 professionals to reflect on their experiences (in and out‐of‐school) learning about scale. Semi‐structured interviews were utilized to obtain information about educational experiences, informal experiences, and applications of scale in different professions. Results showed that most of the participants used anchor points as conceptual benchmarks when applying scale in their job. Seventy‐six percent of the participants attributed physical experiences such as moving through the environment by car, walking, bicycling, or flying in an airplane as contributing to the development of a sense of scale. Results of this study were used to develop a possible model of the trajectory of scale concepts that develop as individuals move from novice through increasing degrees of expertise. Across professions, participants emphasized the critical role that scale plays in their work. For many, scale was viewed as central to accomplishing the work‐related tasks. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 460–475, 2009
Controlling Supramolecular Hydrogen‐Bonded Architectures of a Terphenylsilanetriol
Authors: Spirk Stefan , Belaj Ferdinand , Baumgartner Judith , Pietschnig Rudolf
Published: March 2009

For 2,6‐dimesitylphenylsilanetriol (1), the nature of the solvent can control the structural motif in the solid state even without incorporation of the solvent into the structure. Silanetriol 1, for which an improved synthesis is reported, provides additional donor sites within the molecule which are able to compete with solvent molecules for coordination of the silanol functions. By using different crystallization conditions we have been able to realize three different supramolecular motifs, i.e. cluster, tube and discrete dimer, all stabilized by extended hydrogen bonding.
Crystal Structure of New Heusler Compounds
Authors: Graf Tanja , Casper Frederick , Winterlik Jürgen , Balke Benjamin , Fecher Gerhard H. , Felser Claudia
Published: March 2009

Heusler compounds are promising materials in many fields of contemporary research. The spectrum of their possible applications ranges from magnetic and magneto‐mechanical materials over semiconductors and thermoelectrics to superconductors. An important feature of the Heusler compounds is the possibility of controlling the valence electron concentration by partial substitution of elements. On the other hand, the properties also depend on the degree of ordering of the crystal structure. In general, Heusler compounds crystallize in the Cu2MnAl‐type structure but in many cases certain types of disorder are observed. In this paper a detailed description of the different types of disordered structures is given. Additionally, the synthesis of new Heusler compounds is reported. The prepared compounds contain ternary Cr‐, Rh‐,Ru‐, Ni‐, Pd‐, and Pt‐based Heusler systems as well as quaternary Co2‐based compounds and compounds of the general formula XX′YZ. The crystal structure was determined by XRD measurements and the structural ordering of the compounds is discussed.
Effect of Perioperative Immunosuppressive Medication on Early Outcome in Crohn’s Disease Patients
Authors: Indar Adrian A. , Young‐Fadok Tonia M. , Heppell Jacques , Efron Jonathan E.
Published: March 2009

Background

The aim of the present study was to examine the early outcome in patients undergoing intestinal resection for Crohn’s disease (CD) while they are receiving perioperative immunosuppressive medication.

Methods

We reviewed patients with CD undergoing intestinal surgery from 1999 to 2007. Demographics and relevant perioperative information, including medication, were extracted from patient charts. Statistical analysis was performed using Fisher’s exact test.

Results

During the course of the study period 112 with Crohn’s disease underwent intestinal resection, and 69 of them were receiving perioperative medication (47, corticosteroids; 39, immunomodulators; and 17, anti‐tumor necrosis factor‐α antibodies). There were no deaths. Median blood loss was 137 ml. Twenty‐two of the patients using perioperative medication (32%) experienced complications, 10 of which were major. The major complications occurred in 3 of the 43 patients (7%) who were not receiving perioperative medications, in 5 of 38 patients (13%) who were receiving one drug, 4 of 28 patients (14%) receiving two drugs, and 1 of 3 patients (33%) receiving three drugs. Thus the occurrence of major complications was not significantly greater in patients receiving perioperative medication. Risk factors for a major complication were intraoperative blood loss >400 ml (P < 0.003) and emergency surgery (P < 0.005).

Conclusions

The occurrence of complications in Crohn’s disease patients undergoing intestinal resection was not associated with the use of immunosuppressive medication. However, emergency surgery and blood loss were risk factors, and reflect the difficulty of surgery in this group of patients.
Spatial dispersion patterns of trees in a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China
Authors: Lan Guoyu , Zhu Hua , Cao Min , Hu Yuehua , Wang Hong , Deng Xiaobao , Zhou Shishun , Cui Jingyun , Huang Jianguo , He Youcai , Liu Linyun , Xu Hailong , Song Junping
Published: March 2009

Spatial dispersion patterns of trees at different life stages are an important aspect to investigate in understanding the mechanisms that facilitate species co‐existence. In this paper, Ripley's univariateL(r) and bivariateL12(r) functions were used to analyze spatial distribution patterns and spatial associations across different life stages of 131 tree species in a 20‐ha plot of a tropical rainforest in Xishuangbanna, southwest China. Our results show that: (1) Saplings of 109 (83.2%) species have a significant clumped distribution, which confirms the ubiquity of clumped spatial distributions among tropical tree species. (2) Adults of 126 (96.2%) species have a random distribution suggesting that density‐dependent mortality can make the spatial pattern of tropical trees more regular with time. (3) At small scales (0–10 m), 95 (72.5%) species have a neutral or negative sapling‐adult association, implying that there is recruitment limitation within the vicinity of their conspecific adults. The reduction in spatial clumping in going from younger to older life stages and the neutral or negative sapling‐adult association imply density‐dependent mortality in the vicinity of adult trees. In accordance with the Janzen–Connell hypothesis, such density‐dependent mortality can free up space for other species to colonize, contributing to the maintenance of species diversity.
Relationships between faecal phytate and mineral excretion depend on dietary phytate and age
Authors: Kim Jihye , Woodhouse Leslie R. , King Janet C. , Welch Ross M. , Li Shan Ji , Paik Hee Young , Joung Hyojee
Published: March 2009

We investigated the adverse effect of phytate on mineral absorption and the effect of dietary phytate and age on the relationship between faecal phytate and faecal mineral excretion. Fourteen young women (aged 19–24 years) and fourteen elderly women (64–75 years) were studied for two metabolic periods (MP). In MP1, the subjects consumed a controlled high-phytate (HP) diet for 10 d; in MP2, they were on a low-phytate (LP) diet for 10 d. In each period, diet samples and complete faecal samples for 5 d were collected to analyse phytate and mineral contents. Mineral concentrations in diet and faeces were measured by inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the associations between faecal phytate and mineral excretion. The degradation rate of dietary phytate was about 77 % for young women, which was significantly lower than that of elderly women (86 %) (P < 0·05). Faecal phytate excretion was positively correlated with mineral excretion (Ca, P, Fe and Zn) in both the HP and LP diet groups in young women (P < 0·05). The linear relationship tended to be greater during the LP diet period compared with the HP diet period in young women. However, no association was found between phytate excretion and mineral excretion in elderly women. In summary, undegraded dietary phytate (10–20 %) had a negative effect on mineral absorption in young women, and the relationship between faecal phytate and mineral excretion was affected by both dietary phytate and age.
Ovid Met. 9.1–97: through the Eyes of Achelous
Authors: SECCI DAVIDE A.
Published: March 2009

Book nine of Ovid's Metamorphoses begins with Achelous telling Theseus and his companions the reason behind the lack of one of his horns. It turns out that the river god has lost it during a fight against Hercules, while they were both wooing Oeneus' daughter, Deianira. The other suitors, realizing that they would not stand a chance against such rivals as Hercules and Achelous, left the contest. While the whole competition seems initially to have depended on the ability to convince Oeneus through self-praise, Hercules' intolerance of the river god's sophisms causes the verbal duel to become a hand-to-hand fight. This fight results in Achelous' defeat and loss of both Deianira and his horn.
Conical two dimensional plasma acceleration at resonance absorption
Authors: Kentwell G. W.
Published: March 2009

By employing analytic solutions for the electromagnetic field at resonance absorption, first derived by Denisov, the total nonlinear force, in the plane of incidence has been evaluated. This 2-D force results in a conical type emission towards the vacuum and into the plasma which depends critically on the collision frequency and the density scale length. It is found that, for neodynium glass laser intensities of 1014 W/cm2, keV ions can be produced by nonlinear force acceleration. The analysis is limited by the following requirements: the dielectric constant varies linearly with distance, the angle of incidence is not too small and most importantly self consistent and transient wave processes occur at a later time and are neglected.
Analysis of target implosion on irradiation by proton beams I Beam interaction with target plasma
Authors: Tamba Moritake , Nagata Norimasa , Kawata Shigeo , Niu Keishiro
Published: March 2009

Numerical simulations and analyses are given for the implosion of a hollow shell target driven by proton beams. The target consists of three layers of Pb, Al and DT. The Pb and Al layers play roles of a tamper and a pusher, respectively. The main part of the beam energy is deposited in the Al layer. But the process of deposition depends strongly on the distribution of incident angles and particle energies. As the Al layer is heated by proton beams, the layer expands and pushes the DT layer toward the target centre. This type of implosion motion is examined by using a similarity solution for the slab model. To obtain an optimum velocity for the DT implosion, the optimum target size and optimum layer thicknesses are determined. The Rayleigh–Taylor instability, accompanied by the implosion motion is investigated, and the implosion is found to be stable with respect to the chosen target structure. The effects of inhomogeneities on implosion are shown to be severe. The initial fluctuation of the temperature or the density in the Al layer must be less than 3% and the maximum amplitude of the ripples on the initial boundary surface should be less than 3 μm with a view to achieving a high target gain.
Theoretical modeling of electromagnetically imploded plasma liners
Authors: Roderick N. F. , Kohn B. J. , McCullough W. F. , Beason C. W. , Lupo J. A. , Letterio J. D. , Kloc D. A. , Hussey T. W.
Published: March 2009

The generation of high-energy-density plasmas by the electromagnetic implosion of cylindrical foils (i.e., imploding plasma shells or hollow z-pinches) has been explored analytically and through numerical simulation. These theoretical investigations have been performed for a variety of foil initial conditions (radius, height, and foil mass) for both capacitive and inductive pulsed power systems. The development of the theoretical modeling techniques is presented, covering both circuit models and plasma load models. The circuit models include simple single loop capacitive and multiple loop inductive systems. These circuits are coupled to the imploding plasma loads whose response has been studied by models ranging from simple time varying inductances to complex two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic numerical simulations. Results from a series of configurations are given, showing the development of modelling techniques used to study the dynamics of the plasma implosion process and the role of instabilities. Interaction between analytic techniques and detailed numerical simulation has led to improvement in all theoretical modeling techniques presently used to study the implosion process. Comparisons of implosion times, shell structure, instability growth rates, and thermalization times have shown good agreement between analytic/heuristic techniques and more detailed two dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations. These in turn have provided excellent agreement with experimental results for both capacitor and inductor pulse power systems.
Numerical simulations for intense light-ion beam propagation in a channel under the influence of plasma inertia
Authors: Kawata Shigeo , Niu Keishiro
Published: March 2009

Intense light-ion beam (LIB) propagation through a plasma channel is numerically investigated by using a two-dimensional simulation code. Analyses are given for the LIB propagation which couples with the motion of the channel plasma. Although the electron back current neutralizes the LIB current under typical beam and channel plasma conditions, the Lorentz force of the electron back current expands the LIB radially. The expansion of the LIB depends strongly on the density of the channel plasma. A strong current of the order of 1 MA is shown to propagate stably in an argon plasma channel.
A simple model of ion beam heated ICF targets
Authors: Evans R. G.
Published: March 2009

A simple model is presented for the thermodynamic and hydrodynamic behaviour of solid targets heated by intense charged particle beams. The model gives the temperature and pressure generated by the beam and allows a direct comparison with the pressure generated by laser beams. The model is in good agreement with a coupled thermodynamic hydrodynamic computer simulation.
The effect of small-scale perturbations on the brightness of laser radiation in laser fusion experiments
Authors: Alexandrova I. V. , Basov N. G. , Danilov A. E. , Mikhailov Yu. A. , Sklizkov G. V. , Fedotov S. I.
Published: March 2009

The effect of small-scale wavefront perturbations on laser radiation is investigated at flux densities close to maximum. The model and calculated results for the effect of the degree of radiation coherence on the laser radiation brightness as functions of flux density and length and shape of the active medium are presented. For the restricted coherence of the laser radiation, the rate of small-scale perturbation growth is shown to decrease in theactive medium. The principal optical scheme of a laser for fusion experiments, with the maximum radiation brightness, is given as an example.
First direct electron and ion fluid computation of high electrostatic fields in dense inhomogeneous plasmas with subsequent nonlinear laser interaction
Authors: Lalousis P. , Hora H.
Published: March 2009

Computer calculations have been made for a plasma composed of electron and ion fluids, with the electrostatic field as an additional variable described by Poisson's equation, allowing for the first time a hydrodynamic study of the electrostatic phenomena in plasmas, where very short time steps, large computer capacity and special numerical procedures were used. The numerically observed oscillations of the fields and electron fluid and the waves and their damping by collisions have been evaluated and an analytical model has been derived to study damping by Coulomb collisions. The magnitudes of the electrostatic fields in inhomogeneous plasma have been evaluated as functions of temperature and density gradient. For laser irradiation of 1016W/cm2, including nonlinear forces with the complete intensity dependent (nonlinear) optical response for heating and dielectric force effects, electrostatic fields exceeding 108V/cm are generated.
A simple theory of magnetic insulation from basic physical considerations
Authors: Mendel C. W. , Seidel D. B. , Rosenthal S. E.
Published: March 2009

Most of the observed features of magnetically insulated transmission lines are derived from the simple considerations of pressure balance and the space-charge flow limit. These include the mean electron drift velocity and the relationship between line voltage and the currents in the positive and negative lines. This voltage-current relationship is compared with experimental data.
Electromagnetic waves in a high density field
Authors: Novak Miroslav M.
Published: March 2009

Possible modifications of some of the properties of an electromagnetic wave by a medium in which it propagates, are studied. The mechanism for mass generation is investigated. It is shown that, for some purposes, a medium may be replaced by a curved space. Furthermore, if the nonlinear interaction terms between the electromagnetic wave and the curvature of space-time are included, the resulting Maxwell equations are modified. These additional terms may be identified with the photon's mass, which is proportional to the curvature scalar. A laser intensity above 1020 W/cm2 produces a mass of the photons of about 10−5 times the mass of the electrons.
Rotating and propagating LIB stabilized by self-induced magnetic field
Authors: Murakami Hiroyuki , Aoki Takayuki , Kawata Shigeo , Niu Keishiro
Published: March 2009

Rotating motion of a propagating LIB is analyzed in order to suppress the mixed mode of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, the tearing instability and the sausage instability by the action of a self-induced magnetic field in the axial direction. The beams are assumed to be charge-neutralized but not current-neutralized. The steady-state solutions of a propagating LIB with rotation are first obtained numerically. Through the dispersion relation with respect to the ikonal type of perturbations, which are added to the steady-state solutions, the growth rates of instabilities appearing in an LIB are obtained. It is concluded that if the mean rotating velocity of an LIB is comparable to the propagation velocity, in other words, if the induced magnetic field intensity in the axial direction is comparable to the magnetic field intensity in the azimuthal direction, the instability disappears in the propagating ion beam.
Beamline for a light ion fusion demonstration reactor
Authors: Young T. S. T. , Benford J.
Published: March 2009

A self-consistent model for the beamline of a light ion beam fusion reactor is presented. Code calculations for the region from the end of the Magnetically Insulated Vacuum Transmission Line (MITL) entering the ion diode to the energy output from fusion reactions in the pellet fuel are described. The design utilises state-of-the-art pulsed power and a concept for repetitive operation of a pinch reflex diode. Deuterium beams are launched at 6·3 MV and are transmitted through preionized channels. Overall energy transfer efficiency from electrical source to pellet is 20%. The principal developments required are beam brightness, which scales from present day experiments, and repetitive diodes.
Energy transfer in inertial confinement
Authors: Linhart J. G.
Published: March 2009

One of the main problems in IC fusion is the efficient transfer of energy from a low energy-density source to the fusion target. Some general concepts of optimum energystaging are described. The applicability of these concepts is illustrated by a few examples. Particular emphasis is put on the use of several liners in series, which permits both the amplification of the liner-velocity and a spatially symmetric collapse.
Laser generated plasma as a source for real time studies in X-ray crystal research: Part I: Fundamental remarks about source characteristics and requirements
Authors: Förster E. , Goetz K. , Schäfer K. , Zimmer W. D.
Published: March 2009

Because of the large number of X-ray photons which will be emitted per unit solid angle and wavelength interval, laser generated plasmas have good prospects as X-ray sources for time-resolved diffraction experiments in solid state research. Starting from this a modified two-crystal diffractometer will be described, which uses the particular advantages of laser plasmas as X-ray flash sources. Requirements for the source will be determined and discussed.
Laser generated plasmas as a source for real time studies in X-ray crystal research: Part II: In search of an optimum choice of laser plasma coupling conditions
Authors: Schäfer K. , Zimmer W. D.
Published: March 2009

For real-time diffraction experiments in X-ray crystal research a simplified model is chosen to describe laser-generated plasmas. This enables a rough estimate of the optimum laser plasma parameters necessary to maximize the line emission of highly ionized species. Furthermore, the use of the hot electron spectrum of laser plasmas to generate ultrashort Kα-emission is discussed.
Heavy ion fusion physics
Authors: Bangerter R. O.
Published: March 2009

Some of the basic questions pertinent to the feasibility of heavy ion fusion are reconsidered with HIBALL I as the ‘standard’ HIF senario. The questions are quantified by developing scaling laws that enable the cost and capacity of HIBALL-like power plants to be varied.
Design constraints for an rf-linac/storage-ring driver
Authors: Wangler Thomas P.
Published: March 2009

We review some equations that must be satisfied when generating rf-linac/storage-ring systems for heavy ion fusion. To treat the phase-space constraints, we derive new formulae for separate transverse and longitudinal available dilution factors in terms of parameters of the rf-linac/storage-ring system. We outline a method for generating accelerator designs that satisfy target, current amplification, phase-space, and spacecharge constraints.
Plasma effects on the instability of heavy ion beam propagation in a reactor chamber
Authors: Shimojo Takashi , Saito Tetsuya
Published: March 2009

When a heavy ion beam passes through a plasma in reactor chamber, it scatters some plasma electrons in the direction perpendicular to that of beam propagation. The presence of such electrons causes an instability to deflect the beam from the target pellet. The instability is analyzed by coupled equations for density and temperature for the electrons, and numerical results are given.
High energy laser plasma accelerators
Authors: Tajima T.
Published: March 2009

Intense colinear laser beams ω0, k0 and ω1, k1, shone on a plasma with a frequency separation equal to the electron plasma frequency ωpe are capable of creating a large coherent longitudinal electric field EL = mcωpe/e of the order of 1 GeV/cm for a plasma density of 1018 cm-3 by the laser beat excitation of plasma oscillations. Accompanying favourable and deleterious physical effects using this process for a high energy beatwave accelerator are discussed: longitudinal dephasing, pump depletion, transverse laser diffraction, plasma turbulence effects, self-steepening, self-focusing, etc. The basic equation, the driven nonlinear Schrödinger equation, is derived to describe this system. Advanced accelerator concepts to overcome some of these problems are proposed, including various forms of the plasma fiber accelerator. An advanced laser architecture suitable for the beat-wave accelerator is suggested. Accelerator physics issues such as the luminosity are discussed. Applications of the present process to the current drive in a plasma and to the excitation of collective oscillations within nuclei are also discussed.
Electrical pulsed power generators of the 1 TW class
Authors: Camarcat N. , Delvaux J. , Etlicher B. , Mosher D. , Raboisson G. , Perronnet A.
Published: March 2009

This paper reviews current trends in the technological design of electrical pulsed power generators of the 1 TW class. Using published data, design criteria for SIDONIX II, OWL II, KALIF and GAMBLE IIA are compared using a lumped circuit parameter. More precise predictions of machine performance are made with the GOST transmission line code. Code results show agreement to within 15% of the published experimental parameters. Electric stress limitations to power output are assessed for 1 TW level machines using empirical formulae and a finite element solution of Laplace's equation. The analysis is then used to study economic means of increasing output power so as to provide a multimodule approach to inertial confinement fusion at the 100 TW level.
Recent Livermore estimates on the energy gain of cryogenic single-shell ion beam targets
Authors: Lindl J. D. , Mark J. W-K.
Published: March 2009

Our recent estimates are that the energy-gains for cryogenic single-shell targets are close to those of similar double-shelled targets. However, the peak-power requirements for single-shell targets are still about a factor of two higher.
Heavy ion inertial fusion: Interface between target gain, accelerator phase space and reactor beam transport revisited
Authors: Barletta W. A. , Fawley W. M. , Judd D. L. , Mark J. W-K. , Yu S. S.
Published: March 2009

Recently revised estimates of target gain have added additional optimistic inputs to the interface between targets, accelerators and fusion chamber beam transport. But it remains valid that neutralization of the beams in the fusion chamber is useful if ion charge state Z > 1 or if > 1 kA per beamlet is to be propagated. Some engineering and economic considerations favor higher currents.
Thermal instabilities as an explanation of jet-like structures observed on laser irradiated thin planar targets at 1·06 μm and 0·35 μm wavelengths
Authors: Thiell G. , Meyer B.
Published: March 2009

Filamentary and jet-like structures are observed in the interaction of a laser beam with aluminum and gold targets. The range of irradiance is 1013 to 5 × 1014 W cm−2 with nanosecond pulses. According to theoretical predictions these structures can be attributed to thermal instabilities. We show that the electrothermal instability grows more probably at the 0.35 μm laser wavelength whilst the magnetothermal instability develops at 1·06 μm. The jet-like structures occurring on the rear side of thin targets are discussed.
Collisionless absorption of femtosecond laser pulses in plasmas by nonlinear forces
Authors: Batchelor M. T. , Stening R. J.
Published: March 2009

A mechanism has been discussed before by Dragila and Hora where very short laser pulses in a homogeneous plasma can be absorbed without collisions by the action of time dependent nonlinear forces. The resulting absorption lengths are of interest for the study of femtosecond neodymium glass laser pulses or the sub-picosecond carbon dioxide laser pulses which are now available. A mathematically more rigorous treatment of this problem is presented where a nonlinear differential equation is derived for the general solution in the approximation of Klima and Petrzilka. The ordinary differential equation can be solved exactly. With reasonable initial conditions, the solutions are similar to those of Dragila and Hora and are evaluated numerically for cases of experimental interest.
Equation of state problems in inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Eliezer Shalom , Krumbein Aaron D. , Szichman Henrique , Hora Heinrich
Published: March 2009

An analysis is made of the equation of state problems in inertial confinement fusion. After reviewing the need for compression for inertial confinement fusion along the lines of the classical self similarity model which is derived in a modified way with indications of the equation of state, the problems of the central core ignition are examined with respect to the equation of state. A basic difficulty is elaborated in the ‘scape goat diagram’. After describing alternative compression schemes such as non-linear force and cannon ball, the two temperature equation of state is developed with electronic and ionic contributions following the ideal gas, the Debye-Grüneisen equation of state, the solid-gas interpolation and the SESAME tables. A remarkable discrepancy for the isothermal diagrams is shown between the general result and the result based on the earlier McCarthy–Kalitkin scheme.
The effect of bandwidth on the absorption of laser plasma
Authors: Weihan Tan , Zunqi Lin , Liming Ding , Guanlong Huang , Min Gu , Wenyan Yu , Ximing Deng
Published: March 2009

Both broad and narrow band Nd glass laser beams with energies 1 to 3 joules and pulse width 150 ps were used in aluminium plane target experiments at laser irradiances 1 to 3 × 10 14 W cm −2 on target surfaces. The incident laser beams were angled at 0°, 7·2°, 14·4°, 21·6°, 28·8°, 36°, 43·2° to the target surface normal and the polarization was perpendicular or parallel to the incident plane (s or p polarization). The experiments showed that the maximum resonance absorption occurred near to incident angles of about 9° to 10° and the broadband resonance absorption was slightly smaller than that of the narrowband. At large incident angles the broadband absorption was larger than that of the narrowband.
Layers for ion beam energy conversion into black body radiation
Authors: Meyer-Ter-Vehn J. , Unterseer K.
Published: March 2009

The radiation hydrodynamics of material layers for energy conversion of intense ion beams into black body radiation is investigated, both analytically and numerically. Conversion efficiency and hydrodynamic losses are the main topics. The basic scaling relations are derived and compared with computer simulations. Although the analysis is done for slab geometry, a generalization to converters of arbitrary shape and deposition geometry is outlined. The code MINIRA is briefly described. The influence of varying layer density, optical thickness and beam power on radiation emission as well as the effect of Bragg peak deposition are discussed in detail. High conversion efficiencies of more than 50% can be obtained provided that the converter is operated in the radiative regime. For typical beam intensities, this requires low-density layers. Another essential feature is supersonic heat transport which occurs in the radiative regime.
Atomic physics for beam-target interactions
Authors: Deutsch C.
Published: March 2009

The following corrections should be noted:

p. 451

p. 457

with
An overview of Aurora: a multi-kilojoule KrF laser system for inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Rosocha Louis A. , Bowling Pleas S. , Burrows Michael D. , Kang Michael , Hanlon John , McLeod John , York George W.
Published: March 2009

Aurora is a short-pulse high-power krypton-fluoride laser system that serves as an end-to-end technology demonstration prototype for large-scale ultraviolet laser systems of interest for short wavelength inertial confinement fusion (ICF) studies. The system is designed to employ optical angular multiplexing and serial amplification by electron-beam-driven KrF laser amplifiers to deliver 248 nm, 5-ns duration multi-kilojoule laser pulses to ICF targets using a beam train of approximately 1 km in length.

In this paper, we will discuss the goals for the system and summarize the design features of the major system components: front-end lasers, amplifier train, optical train, and the alignment and controls systems.
Prospect of efficient high-power-density operation of KrF*-excimer for fusion driver: characteristics in Kr-rich gas mixtures
Authors: Tanimoto Mitsumori , Yaoita Akira , Okuda Isao , Owadano Yoshirou , Matsumoto Yuji , Kasai Takeshi
Published: March 2009

Numerical analysis of the kinetics in an e-beam excited KrF laser medium demonstrates the feasibility of a compact KrF fusion driver operating at high intensity (∼100MW/cm2) and intrinsic efficiency (∼20%) in a Kr/F2 mixture. Some primitive concepts of KrF fusion driver modules are discussed.
Increased gain of the lateral-injection free-electron laser and the use of clusters for amplication in the X-ray range
Authors: Hora Heinrich , Wang Jin-Cheng , Clark P. J. , Stening R. J.
Published: March 2009

Using radial plasma acceleration in a laser beam, an alternative type of free electron laser has been developed by radial injection of electrons. Its properties have been elaborated for a laser amplifier of 400 μtm wavelength. To overcome the difficulties of this FEL, a basically new laser amplifier concept has been developed where a laser pulse is amplified by nearly lateral injection of solid particles (clusters, pellets etc.) whose kinetic energy (at appropriate adjustment and synchronisation) is converted into 80% optical energy of the laser pulse. The mechanism of energy transfer is the radial slowing down by nonlinear ponderomotive forces of the plasma made from the cluster reaching the beam axis, and the switching-off process of the beam with regard to the transient nonlinear force processes. It is an inversion of the plasma ejection with ponderomotive self-focussing. Apart from the unusually high efficiency, a relatively high gain is expected even for such small laser wavelengths as 10 nm. Furthermore, the difficult problem of modification of phase fronts and convergence (focussing, directing of X-ray beams) should be solved by the optical plasma properties at injection.
A master oscillator with three functions for laser fusion systems
Authors: Guishen Tang , Peixia Qiu , Weiping Lin , Youming Chen
Published: March 2009

We describe here a new oscillator that performs the three functions of aligning, mode-locking, and Q-switching.
Optimized four-channel Nd: glass laser system for compression experiments
Authors: Denus S. , Dubik A. , Kaczmarczyk B. , Makowski J. , Marczak J. , Owsik J. , Patron Z. , Szczurek M.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the design of the four-channel Nd: glass high power laser system in the Kaliski Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion (IPPLM) in its optimized version, based on a theoretical analysis of propagation of radiation in the real laser channel.
Development of X-ray streak camera electronics at AWRE
Authors: Jackson M. C. , Long R. D. , Lee D. , Freeman N. J.
Published: March 2009

The paper reviews a number of X-ray streak cameras developed at AWRE. These cameras are used to provide temporal and one-dimensional spatial or spectral information on X-rays emitted from laser produced plasmas. Two of these cameras have been designed to be combined with other diagnostic instrumentation; one with a Wolter X-ray microscope (×22 magnification) and the other with a Bragg diffraction crystal spectrometer. This latter instrument provides a few eV spectral resolution and ∼15 ps temporal resolution; a typical experimental application at the AWRE HELEN laser facility will be described. The paper describes the circuitry of the bipolar avalanche transistor ramp generator used to drive the streak plates of the cameras. Improvements to this include: (a) increasing the fastest streak rate to ∼10 ps mm−1 by a distributed capacitance network across each of the bipolar stacks of transistors, and (b) reducing the trigger jitter to approximately ±10 ps by the use of a new mix of transistors in the stack and a Raytheon RS 3500 avalanche transistor. Additional improvements have now been added. These include a ‘half-scan’ user facility to aid initial camera timing and direct switching to select the sweep rate of the camera.