bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic characterization of wild type measles virus isolated in Croatia during the 2003–2004 outbreak
Authors: Forcic Dubravko , Ivancic J. , Baricevic M. , Mahovlic V. , Tesovic G. , Bozinovic D. , Gjenero Margan I. , Mazuran R.
Published: December 2004

Viral epidemiology is determined by the movement of infected people within and between geographical areas. The genetic characterization of wild‐type isolates combined with standard epidemiological methods may enable the identification of the source and transmission pathways and permit differentiation between indigenous and imported viruses. We investigated the genetic characteristics of the wild‐type measles virus isolated in Croatia during a 2003–2004 outbreak. The results of this study indicate the presence of the D4 measles virus genotype in Europe. The isolated virus is closely related to virus isolates from the India‐like subgroup of the D4 measles virus genotype. The virus responsible for this outbreak differs in the hemagglutinin gene sequence from other virus strains belonging to the D4 genotype. The hemagglutinin gene sequence also differs when compared to viruses from other genotypes that are known to circulate in Europe and from vaccine strains. J. Med. Virol. 75:307–312, 2005. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual effect of DL‐homocysteine and S‐adenosylhomocysteine on brain synthesis of the glutamate receptor antagonist, kynurenic acid
Authors: Luchowska E. , Luchowski P. , Paczek R. , Ziembowicz A. , Kocki T. , Turski W.A. , Wielosz M. , Lazarewicz J. , Urbanska E.M.
Published: December 2004

Increased serum level of homocysteine, a sulfur‐containing amino acid, is considered a risk factor in vascular disorders and in dementias. The effect of homocysteine and metabolically related compounds on brain production of kynurenic acid (KYNA), an endogenous antagonist of glutamate ionotropic receptors, was studied. In rat cortical slices, DL‐homocysteine enhanced (0.1–0.5 mM) or inhibited (concentration inducing 50% inhibition [IC50] = 6.4 [5.5–7.5] mM) KYNA production. In vivo peripheral application of DL‐homocysteine (1.3 mmol/kg intraperitoneally) increased KYNA content (pmol/g tissue) from 8.47 ± 1.57 to 13.04 ± 2.86 (P < 0.01; 15 min) and 11.4 ± 1.72 (P < 0.01; 60 min) in cortex, and from 4.11 ± 1.54 to 10.02 ± 3.08 (P < 0.01; 15 min) in rat hippocampus. High concentrations of DL‐homocysteine (20 mM) applied via microdialysis probe decreased KYNA levels in rabbit hippocampus; this effect was antagonized partially by an antagonist of group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, LY367385. In vitro, S‐adenosylhomocysteine acted similar to but more potently than DL‐homocysteine, augmenting KYNA production at 0.03–0.08 mM and reducing it at ≥0.5 mM. The stimulatory effect of S‐adenosylhomocysteine was abolished in the presence of the L‐kynurenine uptake inhibitors L‐leucine and L‐phenyloalanine. Neither the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) antagonist CGS 19755 nor L‐glycine influenced DL‐homocysteine‐ and S‐adenosylhomocysteine‐induced changes of KYNA synthesis in vitro. DL‐Homocysteine inhibited the activity of both KYNA biosynthetic enzymes, kynurenine aminotransferases (KATs) I and II, whereas S‐adenosylhomocysteine reduced only the activity of KAT II. L‐Methionine and L‐cysteine, thiol‐containing compounds metabolically related to homocysteine, acted only as weak inhibitors, reducing KYNA production in vitro and inhibiting the activity of KAT II (L‐cysteine) or KAT I (L‐methionine). The present data suggest that DL‐homocysteine biphasically modulates KYNA synthesis. This seems to result from conversion of compound to S‐adenosylhomocysteine, also acting dually on KYNA formation, and in part from the direct interaction of homocysteine with metabotropic glutamate receptors and KYNA biosynthetic enzymes. It seems probable that hyperhomocystemia‐associated brain dysfunction is mediated partially by changes in brain KYNA level. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intercalation‐induced structural change of DNA as studied by 1064 nm near‐infrared multichannel Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Yuzaki Kenro , Hamaguchi Hiro‐o
Published: December 2004

Using 1064 nm‐excited dispersive multichannel Raman spectroscopy, we were able to measure the Raman spectra of the ethidium bromide (EB)–DNA complex in aqueous solution. Excitation at 1064 nm decreased the fluorescence due to EB to a considerable extent, so that high signal‐to‐noise ratio Raman spectra of the DNA–EB complex were obtained. The effect of the intercalation of EB into calf thymus DNA was investigated for various EB/DNA (base pair) molar ratios ranging from 1/30 to 1/3. The Raman spectral changes clearly indicated a structural transition of DNA from the B‐form to an A‐like form with increasing the EB concentration. Thus, the intercalation‐induced structural change of DNA was successfully traced by Raman spectroscopy. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐domain reconstruction of lossy objects using dipole antennas
Authors: Zhou Hui , Takenaka Takashi , Tanaka Toshiyuki
Published: December 2004

An iterative time‐domain algorithm for reconstructing three‐dimensional (3D) lossy objects using microwave data transmitted and collected by dipole antennas is presented. The electromagnetic and adjoint fields are calculated using the finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD) method. Numerical examples show the algorithm can rebuild simultaneously from noise‐free and noisy data the permittivity and conductivity of a 3D lossy object settled in a lossless background. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 238–243, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20598
Optical clock recovery from 10‐Gb/s NRZ signal after propagation on 100 km of DS, NZD or SR installed fiber
Authors: Betti S. , Curti F. , Duca E. , Monterosso S. , Reale A. , Tosi‐Beleffi G. M.
Published: December 2004

An optical clock has been experimentally recovered by an actively mode‐locked fiber ring based on a semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) from a 10‐Gb/s NRZ data stream after propagation on 100 km of installed fiber (either DS, or NZD, or SR). The results indicate the flexibility and robustness of the technique, which seems well suited for application in optical networks. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 264–266, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20606
Electromagnetic scattering by partially inhomogeneous dielectric bodies of revolution
Authors: Kucharski Andrzej A.
Published: December 2004

Methods for the computation of electromagnetic scattering by partially inhomogeneous dielectric bodies are considered. The formulations are based on hybrid volume/surface integral equations (VIE/SIE), where volume‐equivalent currents are used to model the inhomogeneous parts of the body while surface currents are responsible for satisfying the boundary conditions at the body surface. The algorithms are developed for so‐called bodies of revolution (BOR); however, the underlying equations are fully general and may be applied to any 3D objects. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 275–281, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20610
Effect of substrate height variations on radiation properties of microstrip patch antennas on ferrite
Authors: Albuquerque M. R. M. L. , Silva S. G. , Oliveira J. R. S. , d'Assunção A. G.
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we investigate the theoretical behavior of microstrip antennas on tapered ferrite substrates. A full‐wave analysis in the spectral domain is developed to provide antenna bandwidth enhancement as a function of linear variations in the substrate‐height profile that supports the patch. The results for the main parameters are presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 289–292, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20613
Prospective evaluation of urological effects of aging in chronic spinal cord injury by method of bladder management
Authors: Drake M.J. , Cortina‐Borja M. , Savic G. , Charlifue S.W. , Gardner B.P.
Published: December 2004

Aims

Risk of treatment‐related problems in spinal cord injury (SCI) mandates assessment of complication rates of different bladder management methods (BMMs). The current study evaluated aging‐related complications of various BMMs over a 6‐year period in a population with spinal cord injury for at least 20 years.

Materials and Methods

Clinical parameters were compared using a linear mixed effects model, controlling for various confounding variables, to establish complication trends with aging and their association with BMM. Results for people whose BMM was changed during the study were evaluated separately as well as in combination with the whole population.

Results

One hundred and ninety six people (mean age 57.4 and years post injury (YPI) 33) were evaluated on three occasions. Both age and YPI were significantly associated with rising complication rates regardless of BMM. The BMMs assessed differed in terms of complication rates. In comparison with balanced reflex voiding, straining was significantly better for renal structural abnormality. Intermittent catheterization was associated with significantly worse renal function, possibly for demographic reasons. Overall, 28.8% changed BMM during the study period, particularly, those using straining or balanced reflex voiding. The probability of change increased with age and YPI. Reasons for change of BMM were varied and there was no specific association between reason for change and BMM.

Conclusions

Aging and duration of injury substantially influence urological complication rates, and BMM options differ in respect of prevalence and incidence of complications. At a late stage post injury there remains a high probability of change in BMM. The findings indicate the importance of long‐term planning from the time of injury to minimize late complications. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Current perception thresholds in the lower urinary tract: Sine‐ and square‐wave currents studied in young healthy volunteers
Authors: De Laet Kevin , De Wachter Stefan , Wyndaele Jean‐Jacques
Published: December 2004

Aims

To establish normative current perception threshold (CPT) values with neuroselective sine‐wave current in the lower urinary tract and to compare these values with square‐wave current CPTs.

Materials and Methods

10 female and 8 male healthy volunteers were used for this study. A filling cystometry was performed and CPTs were determined with square‐wave current at a frequency of 2.5 Hz and with neuroselective sine‐wave current at 5 (C‐fiber), 250 (Aδ‐fiber), and 2000 Hz (Aβ‐fiber) in the bladder, the posterior, and the distal urethra.

Results

Bladder CPTs were significantly higher compared with CPTs in the posterior urethra (P < 0.028) and in the distal urethra (P < 0.002) with all three sine‐wave frequencies. No significant difference was found with any sine‐wave frequency between the posterior and distal urethra (P > 0.30). Using square‐wave pulses at 2.5 Hz, CPTs decreased towards the distal urethra, with a significant difference between the three stimulation sites (P < 0.0001). At all sites tested, the CPT's determined with sine‐wave current at 2000 Hz were significantly higher than those at 250 Hz (P < 0.002) and 5 Hz (P < 0.001). No significant difference was found between 5 Hz and 250 Hz at any site in the LUT (P > 0.50). At all sites, CPTs determined with square‐wave pulses at 2.5 Hz were significantly higher than those determined with sine‐wave current at all frequencies (P < 0.001). CPTs determined with all sine‐wave currents were not correlated with CPTs using square‐wave pulses. There was no correlation between the volumes at which sensation of filling occurred and the CPTs.

Conclusions

We described normative values in young healthy volunteers at three sites in the LUT using sine‐wave current. Although this type of current is said to be neuroselctive, this needs to be confirmed. Stimulation with sine‐wave current is different and might be more physiologic compared to square‐wave stimulation. Our data show that sine‐wave current stimulation at 5 Hz, 250 Hz, and 2000 Hz can probably not be used as a semi‐objective measurement of the sensation of bladder filling because no correlation was found between CPTs and the cystometeric sensation of filling. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preliminary communication: Urodynamic assessment of donepezil hydrochloride in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Sakakibara Ryuji , Uchiyama Tomoyuki , Yoshiyama Mitsuharu , Yamanishi Tomoyuki , Hattori Takamichi
Published: December 2004

Background and Aims

Donepezil hydrochloride, a central cholinergic drug, is widely used for improving cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We investigated whether donepezil might affect the lower urinary tract (LUT) function in AD.

Methods

Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS‐cog) (0–70, increase as impairment), urinary questionnaire, and electromyography (EMG)‐cystometry were performed in eight patients with AD before and after treatment with 5 mg/day of donepezil.

Results

The first assessment (before donepezil) showed moderate cognitive decline in the patients as a mean ADAS‐cog score of 27.0 (range: 17–35) (normal < 15). Seven patients had urinary symptoms including urinary urgency incontinence in five.EMG‐cystometry revealed neurogenic detrusor overactivity in seven with a mean detrusor pressure of 44.9 cmH2O (20–101), mean bladder capacity of 202 ml (20–412), and post‐void residuals in none. The second assessment (3 months after donepezil) showed a decrease in the ADAS‐cog score to 23.3 (11–35) though without statistical significance. Urinary incontinence disappeared in one and none had a new onset of incontinence. EMG‐cystometry revealed an increase in the detrusor pressure on overactivity to 54.1 cmH2O (20–122), but also an increase in the bladder capacity to 234 ml (80–400), and post‐void residuals in one (40 ml).

Conclusion

Although the number of our patients was small, it seems possibly that donepezil could ameliorate cognitive function without serious adverse effects on the LUT function in patients with AD. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upstream CpG island methylation of the PAX3 gene in human rhabdomyosarcomas
Authors: Kurmasheva Raushan T. , Peterson Charlotte A. , Parham David M. , Chen Bin , McDonald Rachel E. , Cooney Craig A.
Published: December 2004

Background

Adult tumors can be characterized by hypermethylation of CpG islands associated with 5′‐upstream and coding regions of specific genes. This hypermethylation can also be part of the aging process. In contrast, much less is known about gene hypermethylation in childhood cancers, where methylation changes are not part of the aging process but likely represent developmental dysregulation. PAX3 is an important gene in muscle development and muscle‐producing neoplasms such as rhabdomyosarcomas.

Procedures

We examined the methylation status of a PAX3 5′‐CpG island in rhabdomyosarcoma subtypes and in normal fetal skeletal muscle. PAX3 methylation was analyzed in 15 embryonal rhabdomyosarcomas, 12 alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas, and in six normal skeletal muscle samples, using semi‐quantitative PCR analysis of DNA digested with methyl‐sensitive restriction enzymes.

Results

The CpG island in the upstream region of the human PAX3 gene was hypermethylated in the majority of ERMS examined (13 of 15 tumors, mean of 52% methylation), whereas most ARMS (9 of 12 tumors) and all normal muscle samples showed relative hypomethylation (both 18% mean methylation). Various CpG sites differ in contribution to overall PAX3 CpG island methylation, with methylation at a HaeII site being inversely correlated with PAX3 expression.

Conclusions

PAX3 CpG island methylation appears to distinguish embryonal subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma from alveolar, and methylation at certain sites within this CpG island is inversely correlated with PAX3 expression. In addition to exemplifying developmental dysregulation, methylation of PAX3 has potential in the development of an epigenetic profile for the diagnosis of rhabdomyosarcoma. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Metallothionein protects bone marrow stromal cells against hydrogen peroxide‐induced inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation
Authors: Liu An‐Ling , Zhang Zhong‐Ming , Zhu Bi‐Feng , Liao Zhao‐Hui , Liu Zhu
Published: December 2004

Metallothionein (MT), a cysteine‐rich, metal‐binding protein, is involved in homeostatic regulation of essential metals and protection of cells against oxidative injury. It has been shown that oxidative stress is associated with pathogenesis of osteoporosis and is capable of inhibiting osteoblastic differentiation of bone cells by nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB). In this study, the effect of MT on oxidative stress‐induced inhibition of osteoblast differentiation was examined. 50–200 μM hydrogen peroxide‐induced oxidative stress suppressed the osteoblastic differentiation process of primary mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs), manifested by a reduction in the differentiation marker alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The presence of exogenous MT (20–500 μM) or induction of endogenous MT by ZnCl2 (50–200 μM) could protect BMSCs against H2O2‐induced inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation, manifested by a resumption of H2O2‐inhibited ALP activity and ALP positive cells. Furthermore, adding exogenous MT or inducing endogenous MT expression impaired H2O2‐stimulated NF‐κB signaling. These data indicate the ability of MT to protect BMSCs against oxidative stress‐induced inhibition of osteoblastic differentiation.
Combined systolic and diastolic dysfunction in the presence of preserved left ventricular ejection fraction
Authors: Clements Ian P.
Published: December 2004

Background

Heart failure with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) suggests isolated diastolic dysfunction.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to determine if systolic and diastolic dysfunction occurred with preserved LVEF.

Methods

Equilibrium resting radionuclide ventriculograms from 439 patients with an LVEF ≥0.50 were used to determine LV peak filling rate (PFR) and peak ejection rate (PER) in end‐diastolic volumes per second and LV end‐systolic volume (ml). Patients with low‐normal (n=147; range, 0.50−0.58; mean±S.D., 0.53±0.02), intermediate‐normal (161, 0.59−0.64, 0.61±0.02), and high‐normal (131, 0.65−0.94, 0.72±0.06) LVEF were compared.

Results

From low‐normal to intermediate‐normal to high‐normal LVEF, LV end‐systolic volume decreased (93±36, 71±33, 43±26, respectively, P<0.0001), PFR increased (2.31±0.74, 2.58±0.74, 3.15±0.94, P<0.0001), PER increased (−2.78±0.50, −3.13±0.47, −3.83±0.84, P<0.0001), the percentages of patients with abnormal PFR decreased (66, 56, 40, P<.0001), and the percentage with abnormal PER decreased (47, 14, 5, P<0.0001). Of 193 patients with preserved LVEF and abnormally low PFR, 65 (34%) had abnormally low PER.

Conclusions

The results indicate that a preserved LVEF was often associated with LV systolic dysfunction (enlarged LV end‐systolic volume and low PER) and LV diastolic dysfunction (decreased PFR).
Work‐rate affects cardiopulmonary exercise test results in heart failure
Authors: Agostoni Piergiuseppe , Bianchi Michele , Moraschi Andrea , Palermo Pietro , Cattadori Gaia , La Gioia Rocco , Bussotti Maurizio , Wasserman Karlman
Published: December 2004

Aims

Cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is used to evaluate patients with chronic heart failure (HF) usually by means of a personalized ramp exercise protocol. Our aim was to evaluate if exercise duration or ramp rate influences the results.

Methods and results

Ninety HF patients were studied (peak VO2: >20 ml/min/kg, n=28, 15>20 ml/min/kg, n=39 and <15 ml/min/kg, n=23). Each patient did four CPET studies. The initial study was used to separate the subjects into three groups, according to their exercise capacity. In the remaining studies, work‐rate was increased at three different rates designed to have the subjects reach peak exercise in 5, 10 and 15 min from the start of the ramp increase in work‐rate, respectively. The order was randomized. The work‐rate applied for the total population averaged 22.7±8.0, 11.6±3.7, 7.5±2.9 W/min with effective loaded exercise duration of 5 min and 16 s±29 s, 9 min and 43 s±49 s and 14 min and 32 s±1 min and 12 s for the 5‐, 10‐ and 15‐min tests, respectively. Peak averaged 16.9±4.3*, 18.0±4.4 and 18.0±5.4 ml/min/kg for the 5‐, 10‐ and 15‐min tests, (*=p<0.001 vs. 10 min). The shortest test had the lowest peak heart rate and ventilation and highest peak work‐rate. Peak and heart rate were lowest in 5‐min tests regardless of HF severity. The δ/δwork‐rate was lowest in 5‐min tests and highest in 15‐min tests. At all ramp rates, δ/δwork‐rate was lower for the subjects with the lower peak . The slope and at anaerobic threshold were not affected by the protocol for any grade of HF.

Conclusions

In chronic HF, exercise protocol has a small effect on peak and δ/δwork but does not affect at anaerobic threshold and slope.
p38 MAP‐kinase in cultured adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes: expression and involvement in hypertrophic signalling
Authors: Wenzel Sibylle , Müller Claudia , Piper Hans Michael , Schlüter Klaus‐Dieter
Published: December 2004

Both α‐adrenoceptor‐ and β‐adrenoceptor‐stimulation lead to hypertrophic growth of the myocardium. But only β‐adrenoceptor‐stimulation requires the pre‐cultivation of cells with active TGF‐α. In order to define signalling molecules that are specifically involved in α‐adrenoceptor‐dependent hypertrophy, changes in expression and hypertrophic responsiveness during pre‐cultivation with TGF‐α were investigated. Isolated adult ventricular cardiomyocytes from rats were either cultured in 20% (v/v) foetal calf serum (FCS) to activate autocrine released TGF‐β or used without pre‐treatment. Protein synthesis was analysed by 14C‐phenylalanine incorporation. Expression of signalling molecules was determined by immunoblotting. During cultivation of cardiomyocytes with active TGF‐β only the expression of p38 MAP‐kinase increased. Subsequent stimulation of β‐adrenoceptors induced protein synthesis in a p38 MAP‐kinase‐dependent way. However, stimulation of β‐adrenoceptors activated p38 MAP‐kinase irrespective of pre‐treatment with TGF‐β. In the absence of this cytokine, hyperosmolarity or reconstitution of mechanical activity increased protein synthesis via p38 MAP‐kinase activation in freshly isolated cells. In conclusion, activation of p38 MAP‐kinase is a newly identified necessary signalling step required for β‐adrenoceptor induced hypertrophic growth. Like activation of adenyl cyclase, activation of p38 MAP‐kinase is up‐stream of the TGF‐β‐induced coupling to the regulation of protein synthesis. Reconstitution of mechanical activity mimics the co‐activation required and induced by TGF‐β.
The NT‐proBNP assay identifies very elderly nursing home residents suffering from pre‐clinical heart failure
Authors: Valle Roberto , Aspromonte Nadia , Barro Sabrina , Canali Cristina , Carbonieri Emanuele , Ceci Vincenzo , Chinellato Maura , Gallo Giovanni , Giovinazzo Prospero , Ricci Roberto , Milani Loredano
Published: December 2004

Background

Little is known about the prevalence of heart failure among very old people, although hospitalisation rates for chronic heart failure are very high. Recently, brain natriuretic peptides have emerged as important diagnostic and prognostic serum markers for congestive heart failure.

Aims

The main purpose of our study was to determine whether there is a cut‐off for NT‐proBNP for detecting the echocardiographic features of left ventricular systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction and clinical heart failure among old people living in nursing homes. Secondarily, we investigated the medium‐term prognostic power of the neurohormone levels.

Methods

We screened 101 old people (80% females, aged 84±9 years) from two nursing homes. We prospectively evaluated whether we could effectively stratify patients using a combination of (1) restrictive clinical criteria, (2) NT‐proBNP measurements (Elecsys System, Roche Diagnostics) and (3) echocardiography for all patients.

Results

Forty‐two percent of the subjects had left ventricular dysfunction: 11% systolic, 23% diastolic and 8% both systolic and diastolic. The mean NT‐proBNP concentration was 2806±7028 pg/ml in the 42 patients with left ventricular systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction, compared with 365±456 pg/ml in the 59 patients with normal left ventricular function (p<0.01, Z=−4.8 Mann–Whitney U test). The neurohormone proved to be a good predictor of events within 6 months [area under the receiver‐operated curve (ROC)=0.79].

Conclusions

Blood NT‐proBNP concentrations can play an important role in stratifying old people into left ventricular dysfunction risk groups. The neurohormone is an independent marker for death or admission for heart failure in the medium term.
Family caregiving and congestive heart failure. Review and analysis
Authors: Molloy Gerard J. , Johnston Derek W. , Witham Miles D.
Published: December 2004

Background

There is increasing evidence that discharge planning and post‐discharge support for CHF patients can contribute greatly to the medical management of heart failure (CHF) in the community and that the quality of the CHF patient's close personal relationships can influence outcome in CHF. However, there has been little research on the impact of CHF on the family or the role of the family in the management of the condition. In this paper, we provide a review and analysis of studies that have explicitly investigated these issues in the informal carers of CHF patients.

Results of the review

Sixteen papers were identified that examined the role and/or impact of informal caregiving for CHF patients. Our main findings were: demands specific to CHF caregiving were identified, e.g., monitoring complex medical and self‐care regimen, disturbed sleep and frequent hospitalisation of patients. Relatively high levels of emotional distress were identified in CHF caregivers. Few studies explicitly investigated the role of informal carers in the management of CHF. Studies were limited in number, scope and quality.

Conclusion

Caring for a family member with CHF can affect the well‐being of those responsible for care, which may have consequences for the CHF patient's health. Further studies are needed to clarify these issues and to examine the role of informal caregivers in the management of CHF in the community.
Prognostic significance of new atrial fibrillation and its relation to heart failure following acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Asanin Milika , Perunicic Jovan , Mrdovic Igor , Matic Mihailo , Vujisic‐Tesic Bosiljka , Arandjelovic Aleksandra , Vasiljevic Zorana , Ostojic Miodrag
Published: December 2004

Background

New‐onset atrial fibrillation (AF) after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) frequently occurs in association with postinfarction complications, particularly with heart failure (HF).

Aims

To evaluate whether postinfarction HF is associated with the subsequent development of AF and whether AF independently predicts poorer prognosis.

Methods and results

We examined 650 patients with AMI and compared patients with AF (n=320) to those without (n=330). AF patients were classified as either early AF (n=208)—patients who developed AF within 24 h of symptom onset or late AF (n=112)—patients who had AF thereafter. We compared outcomes between these groups, adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics and postinfarction HF. Heart failure was the most important predictor of AF. In most patients, AF occurred secondary to HF. AF patients had poorer outcomes, including higher in‐hospital and 7‐year mortality. After multivariate adjustment, overall, AF was not an independent predictor of in‐hospital [odds ratio (OR)=0.70) and 7‐year [relative risk (RR)=1.14] mortality, but late AF remained an independent predictor of 7‐year (RR=2.48, 95% confidence interval, 1.26–4.87) mortality.

Conclusions

Heart failure mostly preceded the occurrence of new‐onset atrial fibrillation after acute myocardial infarction, but only late atrial fibrillation was independently related to long‐term mortality.
Spinal cord stimulation in sympathetically maintained complex regional pain syndrome type I with severe disability. A prospective clinical study
Authors: Harke Henning , Gretenkort Peter , Ladleif Hans Ulrich , Rahman Salah
Published: December 2004

Background and purpose: In this prospective trial we assessed the long‐term effect of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) on the improvement of functional status in complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I).

Methods: A prerequisite for eligibility to SCS treatment was the responsiveness of patients to sympathetic nerve block. In 29 patients with chronic sympathetically maintained CRPS I, the efficacy of SCS on deep pain, allodynia and functional disability was determined. Pain intensity was estimated during SCS free intervals of 45 min (inactivation test) every 3 months and compared with that under SCS treatment.

Results: On SCS treatment, both deep pain and allodynia could be permanently reduced from 10 to 0–2 on a 10 cm visual analogue scale (VAS) (p < 0.01). During the inactivation tests, reoccurrence of pain up to 8 VAS (quartiles 6–8) was measured. Considerable impairments in daily living activities, objectified by the pain disability index, were also restored (p < 0.01). After a follow‐up period of 35.6 − 21 months, 12 of 16 patients with affected upper limb showed significant increase of the fist grip strength from 0 to 0.35 (quartiles 0.1‐0.5) kg compared with 0.9 (quartiles 0.7‐1.1) kg on the unaffected side (p < 0.01). Eight of ten patients with lower limb disability resumed walking without crutches. Previous pain medication could be significantly reduced (p < 0.01).

Conclusions: As a result of permanent pain relief under long‐term SCS combined with physiotherapy, the functional status and the quality of life could be significantly improved in sympathetically maintained CRPS I.
Stability of Thought Disorder Index among high-risk and low-risk adoptees in the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia
Authors: Metsänen M. , Wahlberg K.-E , Saarento O. , Hakko H. , Tarvainen T. , Koistinen P. , Tienari P.
Published: December 2004

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether thought disorders are stable, trait-like features specific to subjects who have a genetic liability to schizophrenia or a psychiatric disorder. The thought disorders of adoptees genetically at high risk (HR) or low risk (LR) for schizophrenia from the Finnish adoptive family study of schizophrenia were evaluated twice at a mean interval of 11 years, using the sum of the Thought Disorder Index (TDI) scores on the Rorschach (TDR). At the initial assessment, the mean TDR scores of women were significantly higher than those of men, while no association between genetic risk and psychiatric status or their interactions with the TDR scores at baseline were found. The main finding was that the initial TDR scores statistically significantly predicted the TDR scores at follow-up, thus indicating the stability of thought disorder over time. However, neither genetic or psychiatric status nor gender or any interaction between these variables associated with TDR at follow-up.
Inhibition of Bcl10‐mediated activation of NF‐κB by BinCARD, a Bcl10‐interacting CARD protein
Authors: Woo Ha-Na , Hong Gil-Sun , Jun Joon-Il , Cho Dong-Hyung , Hyun-WooChoi  , Lee Ho-June , Chung Chul-Woong , Kim In-Ki , Jo Dong-Gyu , Pyo Jong-Ok , Bertin John , Jung Yong-Keun
Published: December 2004

We have identified a novel CARD‐containing protein from EST database, BinCARD (Bcl10‐interacting protein with CARD). BinCARD was ubiquitously expressed. Co‐immunoprecipitation, In vitro binding, mammalian two‐hybrid, and immunostaining assays revealed that BinCARD interacted with Bcl10 through CARD. BinCARD potently suppressed NF‐κB activation induced by Bcl10 and decreased the amounts of phosphorylated Bcl10. Mutations at the residue Leu17 or Leu65, which is highly conserved in CARD, abolished the inhibitory effects of BinCARD on both Bcl10‐induced activation of NF‐κB and phosphorylation of Bcl10. Further, expression of BinCARD inhibited Bcl10 phosphorylation induced by T cell activation signal. These results suggest that BinCARD interacts with Bcl10 to inhibit Bcl10‐mediated activation of NF‐κB and to suppress Bcl10 phosphorylation.
A simple model for the cooperative stabilisation of actin filaments by phalloidin and jasplakinolide
Authors: Visegrády Balázs , Lőrinczy Dénes , Hild Gábor , Somogyi Béla , Nyitrai Miklós
Published: December 2004

The stabilisation of magnesium actin filaments by phalloidin and jasplakinolide was studied using the method of differential scanning calorimetry. The results showed that actin could adapt three conformations in the presence of drugs. One conformation was adapted in direct interaction with the drug, while another conformation was identical to that observed in the absence of drugs. A third conformation was induced through allosteric inter‐protomer interactions. The effect of both drugs propagated cooperatively along the actin filaments. The number of the cooperative units determined by using a quantitative model was larger for jasplakinolide (15 actin protomers) than for phalloidin (7 protomers).
The occurrence of rapidly reversible non‐photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence in cyanobacteria
Authors: Bailey Shaun , Mann Nicholas H. , Robinson Colin , Scanlan David J.
Published: December 2004

Cyanobacteria have previously been considered to differ fundamentally from plants and algae in their regulation of light harvesting. We show here that in fact the ecologically important marine prochlorophyte, Prochlorococcus, is capable of forming rapidly reversible non‐photochemical quenching of chlorophyll a fluorescence (NPQf or qE) as are freshwater cyanobacteria when they employ the iron stress induced chlorophyll‐based antenna, IsiA. For Prochlorococcus, the capacity for NPQf is greater in high light‐adapted strains, except during iron starvation which allows for increased quenching in low light‐adapted strains. NPQf formation in freshwater cyanobacteria is accompanied by deep F
o quenching which increases with prolonged iron starvation.
One‐ and two‐photon photoactivation of a paGFP‐fusion protein in live Drosophila embryos
Authors: Post Janine N. , Lidke Keith A. , Rieger Bernd , Arndt-Jovin Donna J.
Published: December 2004

We constructed a photoactivatable Drosophila histone 2 A variant green fluorescent fusion protein (H2AvD‐paGFP) for tracking chromatin loci in living Drosophila embryos. Activation of paGFP was achieved by irradiation from a single‐photon diode laser at 408 nm, but activated nuclei failed to divide. Photoconversion could also be achieved by two‐photon fs pulses in the range of 780–840 nm. Viability in whole‐mount embryos could only be maintained at 820 nm, at which we could activate, simultaneously track and quantitate the mobility of multiple fluorescent loci. This report constitutes the first demonstration of two‐photon activation of paGFP and the use of a paGFP‐fusion protein in investigations of whole organisms.
Transcriptional regulation and the role of diverse coactivators in animal cells
Authors: Roeder Robert G.
Published: December 2004

Transcriptional regulation in eukaryotes involves structurally and functionally distinct nuclear RNA polymerases, corresponding general initiation factors, gene‐specific (DNA‐binding) regulatory factors, and a variety of coregulatory factors that act either through chromatin modifications (e.g. histone acetyltransferases and methyltransferases) or more directly (e.g. Mediator) to facilitate formation and function of the preinitiation complex. Biochemical studies with purified factors and DNA versus recombinant chromatin templates have provided insights into the nature and mechanism of action of these factors, including pathways for their sequential function in chromatin remodeling and preinitiation complex formation/function (transcription) steps and a possible role in facilitating the transition between these steps.
Perceptions of Indian women regarding menstruation
Authors: Bhatt R. , Bhatt M.
Published: December 2004

Although menstruation is still considered a natural event by women in India, perceptions about menstruation are changing. We report on our study of 1150 urban and 850 rural women. The urban women included high school and college students, professional women, and housewives. A 10‐point questionnaire was pretested in a clinic setting and then administered to the study group. The responses show that 80% of high school and college students and professional women wish to have infrequent menses or no menses at all. In contrast, 70% of rural women prefer to have monthly menses. The authors wish to initiate a debate on this issue among health care providers and women's groups.
Injury to the Human Median and Ulnar Nerves in the Forearm – Analysis of Costs for Treatment and Rehabilitation of 69 Patients in Southern Sweden
Authors: ROSBERG H. E. , CARLSSON K. S. , HÖJGÅRD S. , LINDGREN B. , LUNDBORG G. , DAHLIN L. B.
Published: December 2004

This study analysed the costs of median and ulnar nerve injuries in the forearm in humans and factors affecting such costs. The costs within the health-care sector and costs of lost production were calculated in 69 patients with an injury to the median and/or ulnar nerve in the forearm, usually caused by glass, a knife, or a razorblade. Factors associated with the variation in costs and outcome were analysed. The total median costs for an employed person with a median and an ulnar nerve injury were EUR 51,238 and EUR 31,186, respectively, and 87% of the total costs were due to loss of production. All costs were higher for patients with concomitant tendon injuries (≥4 tendons). The costs within the health-care sector were also higher for patients who changed work after the injury and if both nerves were injured. Outcome was dependent on age and repair method.
Free Vascularized Fibula for the Treatment of Traumatic Bone Defects and Nonunion of the Forearm Bones
Authors: SAFOURY Y.
Published: December 2004

Eighteen infected nonunions and segmental defects of both the radius and ulna which had failed to resolve with conventional treatment were treated with a free vascularized fibular graft to restore radial, but not ulnar, continuity. In three patients there was destruction of the wrist joint and in two destruction of the elbow. The time from injury to referral ranged from 4 weeks to 3 months. The ipsilateral fibula was used as an osseous or osseocutaneous free flap to reconstruct the radius. All fractures united with good soft-tissue healing and resolution of infection. One patient required additional cancellous bone grafting. The mean period required for radiographic bone union was 4 months. Reconstruction of only the radius provided a stable forearm with a reasonable range of forearm rotation.
Avanta Versus Swanson Silicone Implants in the MCP Joint—A Prospective, Randomized Comparison of 30 Patients Followed for 2 Years
Authors: MÖLLER K. , SOLLERMAN C. , GEIJER M. , KOPYLOV P. , TÄGIL M.
Published: December 2004

The results of Swanson and Avanta metacarpophalangeal joint arthroplasties in rheumatoid patients were compared in a prospective, randomized study of 30 patients (120 implants). At 2-year follow-up, grip strength was measured, hand function was assessed with the Sollerman test and the subjective outcome was determined with visual analogue scores. With both implants ulnar deviation and flexion deformities decreased, and there was no difference between the groups. The increase in range of motion was 7° greater with Avanta implants than with Swanson implants. Grip strength and hand function were unaltered but the visual analogue scales showed decreased pain levels and subjective improvements in hand function, grip strength and cosmesis. Twenty-four of 30 patients were satisfied. Fracture of the silicone spacer occurred with 12 Avanta (20%) and eight Swanson implants (13%), with a higher fracture frequency in men.
Takeover bids, unconditional offer price and investor protection
Authors: de la Bruslerie Hubert , Deffains‐Crapsky Catherine
Published: December 2004

In this paper, we develop a contingent claim analysis on shareholders' right to sell unconditionally their shares at the acquisition bid price during a takeover bid procedure. Compared with a situation without any guarantee, this regulation brings about wealth transfer towards outside shareholders. Why, in an apparently irrational way, do outside shareholders, who may benefit from a price guarantee, not systematically sell their shares? That question emphasizes the outside shareholders' behavior. Using a real option valuation model to evaluate the price guarantee opportunity, we show that an equal treatment rule between controlling and outside shareholders may lead outside shareholders to sell their shares.
Lower export production during glacial periods in the equatorial Pacific derived from (231Pa/230Th)xs,0 measurements in deep‐sea sediments
Authors: Pichat Sylvain , Sims Kenneth W. W. , François Roger , McManus Jerry F. , Brown Leger Susan , Albarède Francis
Published: December 2004

The (231Pa/230Th)xs,0 records obtained from two cores from the western (MD97‐2138; 1°25′S, 146°24′E, 1900 m) and eastern (Ocean Drilling Program Leg 138 Site 849, 0°11.59′N, 110°31.18′W, 3851 m) equatorial Pacific display similar variability over the last 85,000 years, i.e., from isotopic stages 1 to 5a, with systematically higher values during the Holocene, isotopic stage 3, and isotopic stage 5a, and lower values, approaching the production rate ratio of the two isotopes (0.093), during the colder periods corresponding to isotopic stages 2 and 4. We have also measured the 230Th‐normalized biogenic preserved and terrigenous fluxes, as well as major and trace elements concentrations, in both cores. The (231Pa/230Th)xs,0 results combined with the changes in preserved carbonate and opal fluxes at the eastern site indicate lower productivity in the eastern equatorial Pacific during glacial periods. The (231Pa/230Th)xs,0 variations in the western equatorial Pacific also seem to be controlled by productivity (carbonate and/or opal). The generally high (231Pa/230Th)xs,0 ratios (>0.093) of the profile could be due to opal and/or MnO2 in the sinking particles. The profiles of (231Pa/230Th)xs,0 and 230Th‐normalized fluxes indicate a decrease in exported carbonate, and possibly opal, during isotopic stages 2 and 4 in MD97‐2138. Using 230Th‐normalized flux, we also show that sediments from the two cores were strongly affected by sediment redistribution by bottom currents suggesting a control of mass accumulation rates by sediment focusing variability.
Nonequilibrium temperatures and cooling rates in thick continental lithosphere
Authors: Michaut Chloé , Jaupart Claude
Published: December 2004

In thick continental lithosphere, the time‐scale for diffusive heat transport is comparable to the half‐lives of Uranium, Thorium and Potassium, implying that temperatures are not in equilibrium with the instantaneous rate of radiogenic heat generation. Solving the heat equation with decaying heat sources leads to a vertical temperature profile which exhibits significant curvature and which may be hotter than a steady‐state profile by as much as 150K. Applying a steady‐state thermal model to xenolith (P, T) data leads to an overestimate of the mantle heat flow. The lithospheric mantle undergoes secular cooling even when thermal conditions at the base of the lithosphere remain steady. Predicted cooling rates are in the range of 50–150 K Ga−1, close to values reported recently for mantle xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, South Africa. Time‐dependent thermal models depend explicitly on, and hence allow new constraints on, lithosphere thickness.
Evidence for the Kamikatsura and Santa Rosa excursions recorded in eolian deposits from the southern Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Yang Tianshui , Hyodo Masayuki , Yang Zhenyu , Fu Jianli
Published: December 2004

A detailed paleomagnetic investigation of a loess‐paleosol sequence in Baoji, southern Chinese Loess Plateau, reveals two distinct geomagnetic excursions accompanied by inferred relative paleointensity minima in the late Matuyama Chron. Rock magnetic experiments demonstrate that the sediments of the excursion intervals, in loess unit L9, have the same magnetic properties as those from surrounding normal and reversed polarity intervals. Assuming constant sedimentation rate between the Jaramillo‐Matuyama and Matuyama‐Brunhes magnetic polarity boundaries, the midpoint ages and durations for these two excursions are estimated at 0.89 Ma and 16 kyr, and 0.92 Ma and 7 kyr, respectively. In addition, these two events are separated by an interval with fully reversed polarity that had a duration of 16 kyr. These estimates are supported by paleoclimatologically inferred age constraints. The two excursions are probably correlated with the Kamikatsura and Santa Rosa excursions, respectively.
Flux and turbulence measurements at a densely built‐up site in Marseille: Heat, mass (water and carbon dioxide), and momentum
Authors: Grimmond C. S. B. , Salmond J. A. , Oke T. R. , Offerle B. , Lemonsu A.
Published: December 2004

Eddy covariance (EC) observations above the densely built‐up center of Marseille during the Expérience sur site pour contraindre les modèles de pollution atmosphérique et de transport d'émissions (ESCOMPTE) summertime measurement campaign extend current understanding of surface atmosphere exchanges in cities. The instrument array presented opportunities to address issues of the representativeness of local‐scale fluxes in urban settings. Separate EC systems operated at two levels, and a telescoping tower allowed the pair to be exposed at two different sets of heights. The flux and turbulence observations taken at the four heights, stratified by wind conditions (mistral wind and sea breeze), are used to address the partitioning of the surface energy balance in an area with large roughness elements. The turbulent sensible heat flux dominates in the daytime, although the storage heat flux is a significant term that peaks before solar noon. The turbulent latent heat flux is small but not negligible. Carbon dioxide fluxes show that this central city district is almost always a source, but the vegetation reduces the magnitude of the fluxes in the afternoon. The atmosphere in such a heavily developed area is rarely stable. The turbulence characteristics support the empirical functions proposed by M. Roth.