bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predictors of videotex adoption
Authors: Eastlick Mary Ann
Published: July 2007

This study investigated both personal characteristics and attitudes toward properties of a videotex shopping system for use as predictors of its adoption among catalog shoppers. The hypotheses tested were developed from diffusion of innovations theory and previous research on adoption of videotex. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire from approximately 600 catalog shoppers who resided in cities in which a videotex shopping system had been recently introduced. Results indicated that attitudes toward the characteristics of videotex, particularly its relative advantage and compatibility with needs and experiences, were better predictors of intent to adopt than were the personal characteristics of consumers.
Relationship issues in creating the customer database
Authors: Petrison Lisa A. , Wang Paul
Published: July 2007

The growing interest in creating customer databases at many companies has led to increasing interactions between marketing and computer systems personnel. However, a review of literature on interdepartmental conflict suggests that in many cases the potential for conflict between these two areas is high. This article examines factors that may influence the formation of an effective relationship between the two departments, and compares the potential advantages and disadvantages of building a marketing database in-house versus at an outside company. Potential ways that conflict between marketing and systems departments can be managed is also discussed.
The use of international direct marketing by small businesses in Canada, Mexico, and the United States
Authors: Spiller Lisa D. , Campbell Alexandra
Published: July 2007

With the advent of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), small businesses in Canada, Mexico, and the United States are in a position to increase their export activities within the emerging North American trading bloc. While it is generally agreed upon that direct marketing makes good sense for small businesses interested in exporting, there remains a paucity of studies addressing this important topic. This article explores and compares the use of international direct marketing by small businesses located in three regions of the NAFTA countries. Our results confirm that small business exporters in all three countries are using international direct marketing, although there are significant differences in the level of their expertise.
Strategies for penetrating the japanese market
Authors: Petrison Lisa A. , Ariga Masaru , Wang Paul
Published: July 2007

Although a number of foreign companies have succeeded in establishing themselves and becoming profitable in the Japanese market, many others have found that success has been difficult to achieve. Part of the reason for this is the established Japanese distribution system, which is often criticized by outsiders as complicated and difficult to penetrate. This article examines strategies that companies can use to enter the Japanese market using direct marketing channels as well as traditional channels, and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with each approach.
International direct marketing strategy
Authors: David Light C. , Somasundaram T.N.
Published: July 2007

Direct marketing is the fastest growing advertising medium in the United States and it is growing almost as fast in many other countries. With international growth, the role of direct mail in the media mix warrants investigation. Should a uniform media strategy be employed? In this context, perceptions of young adults in the U.S., Canada, Hong Kong, and India toward direct mail advertising and advertising in newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and outdoor are examined along four evaluative dimensions: enjoyable, informative, annoying, and offensive. Results suggest that significant differences exist in media-specific perceptions with each country and across the four countries. These findings have implications for global media strategy.
Consumers’ perception of risk and the purchase of apparel from catalogs
Authors: Jasper Cynthia R. , Ouellelte Sara J.
Published: July 2007

This study was designed to examine the role that perceived risk plays in consumers’ purchases of apparel from catalogs. Specifically, it investigated the relationship between frequency of purchasing apparel from catalogs, the dollar amount spent on apparel purchased from catalogs, and several independent variables. The independent variables are consumer inability to inspect apparel physically, consumer self-esteem, consumer propensity to seek information, consumer attitude toward brand name, and consumer ability to visualize him/herself in a garment. This study was exploratory, with the purpose of investigating the general question of whether perceived risk associated with these factors deterred consumers from catalog shopping for apparel. Regression analysis indicated that, of these variables, inability to physically inspect apparel and attitude toward brand name are the most reliable predictors of frequency of orders placed. Physical inspection and consumers’ self-esteem were found to contribute to the inability to predict dollar amount spent on purchases of apparel from catalogs.
Gender differences in mail-catalog patronage motives
Authors: Eastlick Mary Ann , Feinberg Richard A.
Published: July 2007

This study investigated the rational and nonrational patronage motives of males and females for catalog shopping. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire from a national random sample of catalog shoppers. Using a value-expectancy model, consumers indicated both the importance of their rational and nonrational motives and the expectation that these motives would be satisfied through patronage of a mail catalog. Based on differences in their motives, results indicated that each gender may constitute a different market segment of catalog shoppers. Salient motives of males for catalog patronage consisted primarily of merchandise and service motives. Females, on the other hand, indicated that their salient motives were convenience oriented.
A framework for evaluating the relational extent of a relationship marketing strategy: The case of nonprofit organizations
Authors: Daniel McCort J.
Published: July 2007

This study argues that relationship marketing offers a strategy amenable to nonprofits interested in donor relations. A framework for operationalizing the relational extent of marketing strategy is developed based on Rogers’ interpersonal theory. The framework specifies accessibility, accountability, commitment, enhancement, and positive regard as salient components of a relationship strategy. This framework is employed among a class of nonprofit organizations and correspondence analysis results attest to the utility of the framework.
The new direct marketing channel: A baseline descriptive study of 1-900 telephone users
Authors: Stark Jerrold L.
Published: July 2007

The recent explosion in the use of 1-900 telephone services and resulting increase in consumer complaints have stirred the legislative bodies at the federal and state levels to respond to the complaints with new rules and legislation. This preliminary study describes the users of 1-900 services, their frequency of use, and their level of satisfaction with 1-900 services. It also relates that information to the likely impact of the new federal regulation on users on 1-900 services.
New Customer Acquisition: Prospecting Models and the use of Commercially Available External Data
Authors: Lix Thomas S. , Berger Paul D. , Magliozzi Thomas L.
Published: July 2007

Research on improved direct mail targeting has focused primarily on the segmenting of house/customer lists. However, continued expansion of the customer file requires acquisition of new customers. This article briefly described commercially available databases and then explores the linking of them to (necessarily) limited, individual-based survey data, to provide segmentation to enhance the process of efficient targeting of prospects (non-customers). Two methodological issues are also examined: the choice of a statistical model to be used to form a scoring equation during the linking process, and the treatment of missing values, a frequent occurrence in commercially available databases.
Exploring the Dimensions of Consumer Privacy: An Analysis of Coverage in British and American Media
Authors: Petrison Lisa A. , Wang Paul
Published: July 2007

This study examines how consumer privacy issues have been perceived over time and across cultures through the analysis of media coverage of the issue in England and the United States over the past 33 years. A major cross-cultural difference was that Americans have expressed more concern about interactional privacy issues (such as intrusions into individuals’ lives through the receipt of direct mail and telephone solicitations). While the British have been primarily concerned with informational privacy issues (such as the collection and exchange of information about individuals). Other differences in coverage over time and across cultures are also presented, and implications for direct marketers are discussed.
The use of black models in specialty catalogs
Authors: Wilson Elizabeth J. , Biswas Abhijit
Published: July 2007

Although there are a wealth of studies which examine the use of minority models (particularly African American models) in advertising, we found no research that addresses the use of black models in direct marketing vehicles, that is, specialty catalogs. We conducted a content analysis of 111 clothing and gift catalogs to determine benchmarks on the use of black models in catalogs. Generally, we found that black models in specialty catalogs tend to be used in similar proportions to magazine advertisements and less than the proportion of black models in television advertisements. The average proportion of black models in catalogs is roughly 4 percent. While this percentage does not reflect the proportion of African Americans in our society (12%), it is close to the proportion of black Americans that shop from specialty catalogs (7.5%). Other findings were that black models are shown with relatively high-price/value merchandise; medium-brown completed models tend to be used more than models who are very dark or very light in complexion; and nine percent of models on catalog covers are black. We compare our findings to those in the advertising literature and offer implications for direct marketing management and strategy.
Home shopping channel customer segments: A cross-cultural perspective
Authors: McDonald William J.
Published: July 2007

This article describes a cross-cultural study of customer segments in the home shopping channel market. The data for this analysis come from 274 personal interviews conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Mexico. The findings reveal shopper motivation segments that do not differ significantly by country, providing a basis for common marketing approaches across national boundaries. These motivations include interests in product value, merchandise variety, demonstrations, confidence in merchandise recommendations, the recreational or entertainment experience, enjoyment of conversations in the shows, the convenience of item ordering, and enjoyment of the personalities who host the programming.
Statistical analysis of ϵ‐separating nonlinear digital filters
Authors: Arakawa Kaoru , Harashima Hiroshi , Miyakawa Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

ϵ‐separating nonlinear digital filters were proposed previously for the removal of low amplitude high frequency noise from a signal containing impulsive components. This paper performs statistical analysis relative to the input‐output characteristics of such ϵ‐filters. the analysis is performed for input which is a composite of a dc level or a pulse waveform plus white gaussian noise. Based on the results of the analysis the selection method for the proper ϵ‐parameter is described. Next the analysis is conducted relative to the input signal with a gradual trend (slope). It is shown that the trend (slope) of the input degrades the performance of the ϵ‐filter. Finally, trend‐adaptive ϵ‐filter is proposed to overcome the shortcomings of the basic ϵ‐filter. the statistical analysis is performed for the trend adaptive ϵ‐filter; the performance of this adaptive filter is also demonstrated.
Offset bifocal reflector antenna
Authors: Mizugutch Yoshihiko , Watanabe Fumio
Published: July 2007

The design principle and construction of an offset bifocal reflector are discussed and some test results are presented. the reflector surface is designed in a three‐dimensional configuration, and four typical bifocal reflector antennas characterized by the vertical and horizontal cross sections of the subreflector are derived. Mapping of the coordinate system set up on the horn feeder is accomplished with a geometrical optics technique, and it is found that an antenna with low distortion cross‐polarization degradation attributable to asymmetry is possible.

A 1.3 m bifocal reflector antenna at 14/11 GHz with a beam separation of 9° was designed and fabricated, and its radiation properties were measured with offset feeding, which is useful in constructing a multibeam antenna. the radiation properties within this beam separation angle are equivalent to those of a single pencil‐beam antenna such as the Cassegrainian; the cross‐polarization level is less than ‐30 dB in the worst case.
A surface acoustic wave resonator on a LiTaO3substrate and its application to video tape recorder oscillators
Authors: Ebata Yasuo , Morishita Shigefumi , Sato Koji
Published: July 2007

An oscillator using a surface acoustic wave resonator is capable of directly generating fundamental frequencies in the region beyond VHF. In this paper, a surface acoustic wave resonator using a reflector consisting of aluminum ridges on a LiTaO3substrate is studied. It is shown that this resonator exhibits a high Q with smaller chip size and has better frequency reproducibility than conventional reflectors on quartz and LiNbO3. A surface acoustic wave resonator having a suitable resonance circuit is designed, using experimental data and results of one analysis of the resonance conditions of the resonant circuit.

Finally, a surface acoustic wave resonator suitable for an RF converter IC is designed for application to the oscillator of video tape recorder and is evaluated. the resultant video tape recorder resonator has good reproducibility, suitable for mass production.
Expanded high‐order correlation matrix associative memory
Authors: Ichikawa Atsunobu , Kurogi Shuichi
Published: July 2007

Among the problems concerning correlation matrix‐type associative memory, the limitation of the number of vectors that can be memorized (i.e., memory capacity) was removed by Ichikawa et al. [3] by introducing the idea of high‐order correlation matrix. However, there is a disadvantage in that the required number of memory elements is proportional to the N power of the vector in the N‐th order correlation matrix associative memory. One reason for this is that a redundancy exists in the memorized data due to the symmetrical property of the high‐order correlation matrix. This paper focuses on this point and proposes the expanded high‐order correlation matrix associative memory, aiming at reducing the required number of memory elements. Several aspects of the characteristics of the proposed system are discussed, such as correctness of memory and recall, rate of correct recall, utilization efficiency of memory element, resistance to partial breakdown, and error compensation and correction capabilities. As a result, the following properties are shown:

there exists an order for which correct recall is possible independently of the attribute of the vector to be memorized;

the rate of recall increases with the increase of the order;

the utilization efficiency of the memory element is improved with the increase of the order, but the contribution of the memory element to the recall is independent of the order;

the system is resistant to the partial breakdown of memory, which is a desirable property as a distributed memory;

the error compensation and correction capability increases with the increase of the nonzero components of the input vector and the increase of the order.
Mel Log Spectrum Approximation (MLSA) filter for speech synthesis
Authors: Imai Satoshi , Sumita Kazuo , Furuichi Chieko
Published: July 2007

The spectral envelope of speech can be represented efficiently by the log magnitude spectrum on the nonlinear frequency scale, which is close to mel scale (called mel‐log spectrum). the mel cepstrum defined by its Fourier coefficients is also considered to have a suitable property as the parameter to represent the spectral envelope. So far, no satisfactory filter has been reported for the synthesis approximating the mel‐log spectrum. This paper presents a method of constructing the mel‐log spectrum approximation (MLSA) filter, which has a relatively simple structure and a low coefficient sensitivity, together with a design example of MLSA filter for speech synthesis. the transfer function of MLSA filter is represented by Padé approximation, which approximates the exponential of the transfer function of the filter (so‐called basic filter). Since the transfer function of the basic filter is represented by a polynomial with the transfer function of the first‐order all‐pass filter as the variable, it is necessary in the realization of the filter to delete from the feedback loop the path without a delay. By the construction method of MLSA filter shown in this paper, the path without delay can easily be deleted from the feedback loop in the MLSA filter. the obtained MLSA filter is of relatively simple structure and has low coefficient sensitivity. the quantization characteristics of the coefficient are also satisfactory.
Reliability analysis and preventive maintenance for two‐unit standby redundant system with different failure time distributions
Authors: Sugasawa Yoshio , Kaji Ikuo , Kurihara Masahito
Published: July 2007

The two‐unit standby redundant repairable system considered herein has an operating unit and a standby unit which obey different failure time distributions. A reliability analysis performed when the operating unit is halted and undergoes preventive maintenance and the effect of preventive maintenance for the system are discussed. to avoid system failure caused by preventive maintenance, two practical preventive maintenance policies for an operating unit are considered: (1) Preventive maintenance of an operating unit is made by halting it after a certain operation interval only if the other unit is in standby; and (2) When a standby unit is being repaired (corrective maintenance), another operating unit forfeits preventive maintenance, undergoing preventive maintenance just upon repair completion of the failed unit. This paper also considers the case where two units fail simultaneously. Reliability analysis derives probable quantities by applying Markov renewal processes. the relation between system limiting availability and preventive maintenance and the effect of preventive maintenance for the system are shown by numerical examples.
Carrier‐to‐noise power ratio of a sinusoidal signal transmitted through a nonlinear amplifier
Authors: Mizuno Toshio , Ohkawa Michihisa , Watanabe Tatsuo
Published: July 2007

The characteristics of the detection of a sinusoidal signal transmitted through a nonlinear amplifier having arbitrary AM/AM and AM/PM conversion characteristics is discussed from the viewpoint of the carrier‐to‐noise power ratio, including noise entering at the input and output of the nonlinear amplifier. With both coherent and differentially‐coherent detection, the effect of the AM/AM and AM/PM conversion characteristics of a non‐linear amplifier on the output carrier‐to‐noise ratio is discussed in detail. the carrier‐to‐noise power ratio is derived in closed form. the difference between a TWTA and the effect of a hard limiter is analyzed quantitatively. the results show that the in‐phase carrier‐to‐noise ratio can be improved in both detection methods if the input carrier‐to‐noise ratio is large and the input level is below the saturation point. Under the same conditions the quadrature output carrier‐to‐noise ratio is approximately equal to the input carrier‐to‐noise ratio. With a practical carrier‐to‐noise ratio. AM/PM conversion has little effect on the output carrier‐to‐noise ratio. the carrier‐to‐noise ratio in a channel such as a satellite channel can be determined accurately by measuring the quadrature carrier‐to‐noise ratio of the output of a coherent or differentially‐coherent detector.
Analytical method for multimode oscillators using the averaged potential
Authors: Kuramitsu Masami , Takase Fuyuto
Published: July 2007

A method using the averaged potential is proposed for analyzing the oscillation in a multimode negative resistance oscillator. the averaging method is applied to the mixed potential defined by Brayton and Moser and a function called the averaged potential is introduced that expresses the average of the loss (dissipation) of the system. the averaged equations derived by applying the averaging method to the network equations can be expressed as the gradient system of the averaged potential. Hence, stable oscillation corresponds to a minimum of the averaged potential. the analysis of the system is reduced to constructing the averaged potential and to finding the minima. the physical meaning is clarified for the phenomenon of minimal loss of the system in a stable oscillation system. General rules of initiation of nonresonant multimode oscillations are derived because the averaged potential becomes a quadratic form when the chracteristic of an active device is expressed in terms of a polynomial of order three.
Wiener kernels of a system described by ito stochastic differential equation
Authors: Isobe Etsuo , Sato Shunsuke
Published: July 2007

Wiener analysis of nonlinear systems is now applied to the identification and description of input‐output relationships of systems in engineering and biology. However, since we do not know the relationships between the traditional representations of systems such as a block diagram and a differential equation, and Wiener kernel functions which characterize systems in this analysis, it is difficult to interpret the description of an input‐output relationship by Wiener kernels. Thus a table has been proposed which relates those representations. In this paper, noting that the output of a system represented by Ito stochastic differential equations (which forms one of the nonlinear systems) is a diffusion process, we derive a formula to obtain Wiener kernels by using a transition probability density functions. From the formula we obtain Wiener kernels for a few examples of the differential equation. Also, we discuss the possibility of investigating the input‐output relationships of some feedback systems.
30/20 GHz multiple/shaped beam satellite antenna
Authors: Ueno Kenji , Ando Makoto , Kumazawa Hiroyuki
Published: July 2007

This paper clarifies the design method and radiation characteristic of a satellite antenna (which covers Japanese territory by multiple beams) and a shaped beam simultaneously. This antenna is an offset paraboloidal reflector antenna fed by multiple horns. the main features are the realization of a multiple beam which covers 4‐divided Japanese territory and a shaped beam which is adapted to the form of Japanese territory by one reflector, and the addition of an RF sensor which enables high‐precision pointing direction control.

First, a multiple beam antenna and a shaped beam antenna covering the same service area are discussed. It is shown that the optimum reflector parameters are different and a combined multiple/shaped beam antenna covering most of the service area with high gain can be constructed. Next, the RF sensor needed for antenna pointing direction detection is considered. It is shown that the RF sensor can be admitted into the horn cluster for some positions of a beacon station. Finally, from the measurement at the fabricated antenna it is ensured that the increase in primary radiator loss is small due to the multiple/shaped beam sharing and the antenna gain agrees well with designed value. It is clarified that the practical configuration of multiple/shaped beam antenna can actually be realized.
Priority based packet reservation demand assignment TDMA system
Authors: Ono Kinji , Takizuka Takashi
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a Priority‐based Packet Reservation Demand Assignment TDMA (PR‐TDMA) system by dividing the TDMA channels into two kinds of channels. They are fixed assigned channels and demand assigned channels; in this way it is possible to integrate various communication services such as interactive data, voice, video, file, etc. in satellite packet communications. We have classified the user traffic into three classes. the fixed assigned TDMA channels are used for interactive data and reservation information, while the demand assigned channels are used for bursty file and video, and real time voice transmission by reserving demand assigned channels. the coexistence of two forms of traffic, traffic requiring high speed transmission capacity and traffic requiring time transparency, is made possible by reserving the channels on the basis of slot length and repeated frame period. an access algorithm and an approximate analytic model are described for the evaluation of channel utilization and message delay. Theoretical results are examined by computer simulation and design trade‐offs are considered.
A foundation of information geometry
Authors: Amari Shun‐Ichi
Published: July 2007

This paper proposes a new geometrical basic theory for the field of information science. the traditional theory for the information system is occupied fully by detailed discussions of the properties of a system, and the importance has not been recognized for the mutual relationship within a set of information systems. There are many cases in engineering where a set of information systems must be considered by a single model (for example, in the cases of statistical and system models). to discuss the properties of a model, the mutual relations among the elements must be described. In such a case, the geometrical structure among the information systems, which are elements of the model (e.g., distance, linearity and curvature), is important. This paper recognizes first the family of probability distributions as a manifold. Then it is shown that the structures such as Riemannian metric, α‐pseudo‐distance including a real parameter α, and α‐affine connection, can be introduced naturally. the differential geometrical structure of the space is described. Using the proposed method, the differential geometrical structure inherent in the set of information sources or set of systems can be recognized. the structure is related closely to the system identification problem (parameter estimation), approximation and robustness problems.
Volume‐type multiple hologram memory using PMMA thick films
Authors: Chang Jon‐Chi , Okoshi Takanori
Published: July 2007

Photosensitive polymers such as PMMA (polymethyl methacrylate) are favorable materials for volume‐type hologram; properties of PMMA thick films not studied as yet, will be described in the present report. the validity of a dynamic coupled‐wave theory (in which a saturation effect is considered) is shown. the maximum hologram memory density of a photosensitive particle model is discussed; a differential scattering cross section 0.33 mm2 and maximum photosensitive particle density 3 × 1011/cm3 are obtained. These figures predict a maximum memory density which is an order of magnitude larger than that of a Kodak 649F plate. With a PMMA film several hundreds μm thick the possibility of 100‐fold multiple hologram recording and image reconstruction is confirmed.
A real‐time PARCOR analysis of speech by high‐performance signal processors
Authors: Miyamoto Takanori , Inada Hitomitsu , Nakata Kazuo
Published: July 2007

This paper describes the realization of real‐time PARCOR analysis of speech by digital signal processors. to achieve low bit‐rate transmission of speech a real‐time PARCOR analyzer is developed which can be used as an adjunct to the PARCOR speech synthesis LSI. Especially, new methods are proposed for the detection of speech intervals, determination of voiced/unvoiced sounds, extraction of pitch and automatic correction of the result, which are essential in securing the quality of synthesized speech under the restriction of real‐time analysis. the usefulness of the proposed method is shown by experiment. In order to realize the proposed methods by the newly developed signal processor, the required memory capacity and the effect of computational accuracy are discussed. A means is presented to overcome the restriction. As a result, a single‐board real‐time PARCOR speech analysis‐synthesis system is developed.
Time‐correlation functions of chaotic solutions observed in a certain class of piecewise‐linear difference equations
Authors: Kohda Tohru , Shitanda Kohji , Murao Kenji
Published: July 2007

This paper discusses the time‐correlation function of the chaotic solution (socalled chaos) of the one‐dimensional nonlinear equation. the simplest method to obtain the solution is to calculate directly the trajectory, which, however, requires a large computation time to obtain statistics with sufficient accuracy. From such a viewpoint, recently it was proposed to utilize the eigenfunction expansion of the correlation function by the eigenfunction of Perron‐Frobenius integral operator PT. However, this eigenfunction expansion produces an infinite series and the calculation of the eigenfunction itself is difficult. This makes the method impractical. This paper defines the pseudo‐Boyarsky mapping, which is a kind of piecewise‐linear mapping. It is shown that for this class of mappings, the operator PT. can be replaced by a finite‐dimenisonal matrix P on an appropriately constructed functional space. By this result, the obtained correlation function can be represented by a finite series. the eigen‐function needed in the calculation of the correlation function can be determined by operations in linear algebra.
Analysis of receiving behavior of a window flow control mechanism in packet switching networks
Authors: Tanno Kuninobu , Nakamura Tadao , Sato Risaburou
Published: July 2007

The receiving behavior of a window mechanism, an important function of flow control in packet switching computer networks, is modeled by a 2‐stage tandem queueing system with total capacity limitation. In queueing analysis, it is difficult to obtain analytical solutions for such a limited queueing system because the local balancing equations do not hold. This paper proposes two approximate analytical methods utilizing the state transition rate diagram structure: simple analysis method and heuristic approximation method. the former gives the upper and lower bounds of the steady‐state probabilities of the given system, the latter obtains the approximate analytical solutions directly. the properties of the two methods, applicability and the relation between the two methods, are clarified from numerical and simulated results and it is shown that the two analysis methods are effective approximation methods. Throughput, average system size and average waiting time are calculated and it is shown that the two approximation methods are very useful for evaluating the performance measures of the window mechanism.
Frame synchronization characteristics in degraded bit‐error‐rate conditions and its improvements
Authors: Hata Masayasu , Okunishi Hiroki
Published: July 2007

In this paper, a frame synchronization characteristic and its improvement in degraded bit‐error‐rate conditions (BER = 10−2 ± 10−1) and in the presence of burst errors, are discussed. For the pattern matching type of frame synchronization, an algorithm of two‐frame‐search‐and‐check, in conjunction with the conventional method of allowable bit errors in the detection of sync word, is studied. By regarding the number of allowable errors as design freedom, this paper clarifies the optimum design condition in two‐frame‐search‐and‐check algorithm and its characteristic improvement effect, in comparison with the conventional algorithm. By using this method, the number of backward protection stages is increased equivalently, the holding time when BER is degraded is improved and the allowable burst length is increased by 102 ‐ 105 times. Also, in the reframing characteristic, since the holding of false synchronization is decreased, the reframing time is shortened and the design freedom for the number of allowable errors is extended.
A design of microwave wireless power transmission by the aperture illumination of maximum transmission efficiency
Authors: Uno Toru , Adachi Saburo
Published: July 2007

In the microwave wireless power transmission in the solar power satellite system, it is important to obtain design data on the power transmission. Major consideration is given to the effect of microwaves on the electromagnetic environment, such as biological bodies, communication channel, and ionosphere. In this paper, the aperture illumination of the transmitting antenna for the microwave beam transmission is assumed that maximizes the transmission efficiency, and the maximum receivable power. the power density outside the receiving antenna, with consideration given to the electromagnetic environment, is studied. Under the maximum transmission efficiency, the maximum power density outside the receiving antenna is at the edge of the receiving antenna. Hence, the receivable power is obtained when the power density at the center of the receiving antenna and that outside it are restricted below certain values as an environmental constraint. Thus, a design method can be given for a microwave wireless power transmission system. A fast converging numerical method is given for deriving the aperture illumination for maximum transmission efficiency.
Analysis of the GI/Ek/1 queue with finite waiting room by the supplementary variable approach
Authors: Nogami Shinya , Komota Yasuo , Hoshiko Yukio
Published: July 2007

This paper combines the supplementary variable method and the phase method to analyze the steady‐state of GI/Ek/1 with finite waiting room. Although there have been many studies made on the queue with finite waiting room, there has not been a study of GI/Ek/1which determines the characteristic quantities and discusses the characteristics by numerical computation. This paper defines first the residual arrival time as the supplementary variable and derives steady‐state basic equations for the joint probability density functions of that variable and the total remaining number of phases in the system. Using Laplace transform, the solutions are represented by the joint probability densities for the remaining number of phases and the zero remaining arrival time. the value of joint probability densities is determined, if the distribution function of arrival interval is given, by solving a system of linear equations by numerical computation. Using that solution, various characteristic quantities are represented such as number of customers in the system, actual waiting time, response time, distribution of busy period length, distribution of idle period length, loss probability and power. Finally, the analytical result for GI/M/1/N is found to be equal to the known result, and as a numerical example characteristic quantities of GI/E4/1/4* are illustrated, together with the discussion for the characteristics.
Computer simulation with scale down I2L
Authors: Okada Yutaka , Okabe Takahiro , Nagata Minoru
Published: July 2007

Scaling down of solid state devices is indispensable for large‐scale integration of circuits. Understanding the characteristic tendency and the limitation of the scaling down provides a useful guideline in recent scaling‐down efforts. This paper discusses scaling down of bipolar transistors, especially the I2L, for which little has been reported. the collector dimension of the I2L is chosen as the scale‐down parameter. Important characteristics such as the current gain, capacitance and delay time are studied by similarly reducing the device with an identical shape from 5 μm to 0.5 μm. In the analysis, the bandgap narrowing effect and the Auger recombination are considered and the two‐dimensional computer simulation program CADDET‐B is used. It is expected that the minimum delay time is reduced to about 200 ps and the power dissipation‐delay time product is improved to about 3 fJ when the collector dimension is scaled down to 0.5 μm.
A new sound image broadening control system using a correlation coefficient variation method
Authors: Kurozumi Kohichi , Ohgushi Kengo
Published: July 2007

After examining the conventional quasistereophonic system, this paper presents the bandwidth division system and the phase shift system as two new types of quasistereophonic systems. These two new systems are based on the understanding that “if the correlation coefficient of a two‐channel acoustic signal is zero (and independent), the sensation of acoustic spreading is a maximum.” It is shown that the correlation coefficient of the two‐channel acoustic signals obtained by means of these systems approaches 0. In addition, using a computer simulation of the quasi‐stereophonic system of frequency‐division type, psychological tests were conducted. the tests showed that differences in sound image quality were principally due to sound image broadening sensations and distance sensations, and that those characteristics corresponded physically to the absolute value of the correlation coefficient and to the correlation coefficient itself. Further, if the correlation coefficient is zero, the sound image is perceived to be broadened to about the extent of the speaker separation, thus verifying the effectiveness of the new broadening sensation control system.
A derivation of ARMA coefficients using a digital lattice filter
Authors: Suzuki Masakiyo , Suzuki Masatoshi , Miki Nobuhiro , Nagai Nobuo
Published: July 2007

A shaping filter for a stationary stochastic process can be viewed as the open‐circuit voltage transfer function of a resistance‐terminated reactance 2‐port. Further, Levinson's theory regarding spectral analysis (AR analysis) based on the autoregression model of a stationary stochastic process is equivalent to Ricca's theorem in network theory. Using these facts, from the digital lattice filter which is developed from the AR analysis, we can determine the impulse response of the inverse of the reflection coefficient at the output of the resistance‐terminated reactance 2‐port corresponding to the stationary stochastic process which is analyzed. In this paper we present a technique in which an AR analysis is performed on an autoregressive, moving average process (ARMA process), the impulse response is approximated by a rational function as described above and, by determining the open‐circuit voltage transfer function, the ARMA coefficients are derived. Also, we present two different regression methods for determining the rational function approximations to the impulse response. In general, there is no guarantee that the rational function approximations determined by these methods will be physically realizable transfer functions, but it has been verified by modeling tests that, for an ARMA process of finite degree, by this technique we can determine ARMA coefficients which are better than those obtained by AR analysis to approximate the power spectrum.
4‐, 5‐, 6‐GHz band offset antenna featuring low sidelobe and high cross polarization discrimination
Authors: Nakajima Nobuo , Shimanuki Yoshitaro , Abe Kohshi , Furuno Takayoshi
Published: July 2007

With increasing congestion of the 4‐, 5‐, and 6‐GHz microwave radio links, an antenna with a good wide angle directivity is desired that can reduce the interference between the links. In the newly developed digital microwave transmission system, discrimination between the orthogonal polarizations used at the same time must be improved especially during fading. Due to the limitation from installation on a tower, small size and light weight are also required in the antenna. to satisfy these requirements, an offset antenna made of three reflectors has been developed. the design objective is to incorporate maximum possible performances within limited dimensional ranges. Since there are many requirements and design parameters, the method of beam mode approximation has been applied so that these parameters and conditions can be evaluated easily. It was found that the causes of degradation of the wide angle directivity are the mirror surface irregularity and the scattering inside the antenna. As a result, the antenna performance has been improved. the antenna made for the test has the same gain as the horn reflector antenna, even though its size and weight are about 3/4 the latter. the sidelobe has also decreased by 5 to 10 dB. Improvement of the cross polarization discrimination has been confirmed experimentally. the present paper describes the design procedure, discussion of the sidelobe reduction, and the experimental results.
Diffraction integral representation of two‐photon‐resonant image up‐converters
Authors: Satoh Kunihiro , Sakuraba Ichiro
Published: July 2007

This paper shows that the Fraunhofer diffraction integral can apply in the analysis of two‐proton‐resonant image up‐converters. Next, the imaging of up‐converters or field distributions of sum frequency light in any observation plane is discussed. This analytical method makes it possible to analyze some systems or effects which can not be treated by geometrical optics, e.g., suitable up‐converters pumped by Gaussian beam, diffractions due to finite apertures, and so on. For an equivalently infinite aperture, the results of geometrical optics must be included in those of the diffraction integral representations. Fourier mode optical systems are also discussed in the same way.
Efficient coding of high‐quality sound by an adaptive prediction scheme
Authors: Hayashi Shinji , Honda Masaaki , Kitawaki Nobuhiko
Published: July 2007

A new digital coding system at 64 kb/s, which can transmit wide‐band speech and music signals in digital telephone network, is presented. Adaptive prediction and adaptive bit allocation constitute this system. the input signal is divided into several frequency bands and predictive coding is applied to each band. the dynamic bit allocation, which uses redundancy based on the frequency spectrum concentration, waveform timewise concentration, and periodicity in the case of coding prediction residual signals along with the interchannel power deviation in the case of the stereo signals, is applied and the information compression is achieved. the system parameters of this coding scheme are chosen to maximize the signal to quantization noise ratio. the transmission band was chosen as 8 kHz wide based on subjective tests. the performance of coding schemes is evaluated by the psychological equivalence relation to the log‐companding PCM and by the psychological scale using the category judgment method. As a result, it is clarified that information compression more than twice that of PCM is achieved for the speech and music sound, and the quality close to the original sound can be achieved at 64 kb/s for the monophonic signal and at 128 kb/s for the stereo.
A PCM‐TDMA one dimensional mobile communication system using leaky coaxial cables
Authors: Sakata Shoichiro , Saito Tadao , Inose Hiroshi
Published: July 2007

In TDMA mobile communication systems, synchronization between a base station and mobile stations is a primary problem. This paper proposes a new mobile station synchronization scheme which does not require the propagation delay measurement or very long guard time for a one‐dimensional mobile communication system using leaky coaxial cables (LCX). It shows that a large‐capacity PCM‐TDMA mobile communication system can be realized based on the proposed synchronization scheme, and describes an application method for the train mobile communication system. Mobile station synchronization scheme, signal transmission system, and synchronization scheme between base stations are described. On the estimation of the attainable bit rate from the physical environment of the transmission paths, the required guard time length and the optimum burst length are determined, and the frame structure and the channel control method are described. to demonstrate the feasibility of the system, a signal transmission experiment using an LCX at the estimated maximum bit rate has been carried out and the possibility of high‐speed pulse transmission by means of LCX has been confirmed.
Design considerations in multi‐output DC‐DC converter with magnetic amplifiers
Authors: Koyashiki Tohru , Ogata Tsutomu
Published: July 2007

The multioutput converter has the feature of fewer number of components and high efficiency. to produce more than one highly stabilized output, the corss‐regulation error should be compensated. to compensate the cross‐regulation error in the forward type multioutput converter, this paper proposes a circuit using magnetic amplifier. the circuit analysis is made to give the quantitative expressions for the cross‐regulation error and magnetic characteristics of the saturable reactor. Based on the relation between the dead angle and the temperaturerise of the saturable reactor, the relation between the number of turns and the cross section of the saturable reactor was derived in order to realize a satisfactory constant‐voltage control using magnetic amplifiers. Using the obtained relation, the design as related to the material properties of the saturable reactor and the conversion frequency of the converter is discussed. It is shown quantitatively that the core with a high saturated permeability and low iron‐loss should be used to miniaturize the saturable reactor and the amorphous core will be effective to miniaturize the magnetic amplifier by raising the conversion frequency.
A microwave interferometer system for the displacement measurements of biological subject
Authors: Arai Ikuo , Suzuki Tsutomu
Published: July 2007

The microwave displacement meter based on the principle of phase interferometer has a high sensitivity in detection. However, in the conventional system the measurable displacement width is limited to the order of one half‐wavelength of the microwave, and quantitative information cannot be obtained without calibration. In the system proposed in this paper, a twophase microwave Doppler sensor (10.525 GHz) is used for detecting the reflected signal from the object as a vector, and the displacement is measured directly from the phase. While the high sensitivity of the phase interferometric method is maintained, the measurable width is improved significantly and quantitative measurement is possible. However, in the present method, the offset caused by the existence of unwanted reflectors other than the object can be a problem. Since this is dependent on the measurement environment, the problem is especially severe for biological measurement. In this paper, this offset is calculated by estimation and is shown to be removable. Next, a recurrence formula is derived that is used for calculating the displacement from the phase of the signal vector. the prototype system can measure the displacement width of 36 cm with the resolution of 90 μm. As an example of biological measurement, two‐dimensional body movement measurement in the balancing function test is presented. Finally, the accuracy and resolution of the present method are studied.