bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wilde Museen
Authors: Jannelli Angela
Published: September 2014

In den letzten Jahrzehnten sind im Zuge des Museumsbooms auch zahlreiche von Amateuren betriebene Museen entstanden. Was aber motiviert sie dazu? Was ist so attraktiv am Sammeln und Ausstellen? Inspiriert von Claude Lévi-Strauss' Theorie des »wilden Denkens« hat Angela Jannelli eine Feldforschung in drei Amateurmuseen durchgeführt und dort erstmalig das Sammeln und Ausstellen als kulturelle Praxis untersucht. Die so gewonnenen Einsichten werfen nicht nur ein neues Licht auf die Bedeutung von Dingen und den musealen Umgang mit ihnen, sondern auch auf das Museum als Wissensort und symbolischen Handlungsraum. Für professionelle Museumsmacher bietet die Studie darüber hinaus wertvolle Anregungen für die Zusammenarbeit mit Ehrenamtlichen oder die Realisierung partizipativer Projekte.
Homophobie und Islamophobie
Authors: Çetin Zülfukar
Published: September 2014

»Dort bin ich schwul, hier bin ich Ausländer ...« Dieser profunde Beitrag zur Erforschung der Mehrfachdiskriminierung in den städtischen liberalen Milieus der Mehrheitsgesellschaft untersucht binationale schwule Paare in Berlin, die zugleich mit Homophobie und Islamophobie konfrontiert sind. Zülfukar Cetin zeichnet die Geschichte und historische Entwicklung der Diskriminierung plausibel nach und zeigt, dass die Homophobie aus den Prämissen der Heteronormativität und den daraus folgenden Normalisierungsprozessen resultiert. Die Studie macht deutlich, dass die untersuchten Diskriminierungsbegriffe eng mit der Macht des Diskurses verbunden sind.
Wenn Kunst behindert wird
Authors: Luz Viola
Published: September 2014

Was haben die Hamburger und die Mainzer Kunsthalle gemeinsam? Beides sind Orte, an denen Werke von Künstler_innen gezeigt wurden bzw. werden, die als geistig behindert gelten. Die Ausstellungen scheinen einer vorschnellen Ablehnung des Kunststatus der präsentierten Werke ebenso entgegenzustehen wie der These, dass die Urhebenden und ihre Werke in unserer Gesellschaft »behindert« werden. Auf der Basis der Diskursanalyse und im Rahmen der Disability Studies analysiert Viola Luz die Auseinandersetzungen in Kunstbetrieb, Kunstgeschichte und Gesellschaft mit dem Ziel, weitreichende praxisorientierte und kunstpolitische Perspektiven auf die Kunst geistig behinderter Menschen zu entwickeln.
Linker Protest nach dem Deutschen Herbst
Authors: März Michael
Published: September 2014

Es war ein zaghafter Protest, mit dem Linke im Deutschen Herbst die Einengung politischer Spielräume durch den Staat kritisierten. Sie traten für den Schutz der Demokratie vor Terrorismus und »Gegen-Terror« ein. Doch wie verbreitet waren diese Standpunkte im linken Spektrum? Hier hatte es seit 1968 immer weniger gemeinsame Interessen und Ziele gegeben. Ein Blick auf die wichtigsten Protestveranstaltungen 1978/79 - TUNIX, 3. Russell-Tribunal und Bahro-Kongress - liefert Antworten und legt die Befindlichkeiten linker Akteure offen. Mithilfe von zahlreichen Quellen und Interviews zeichnet Michael März ein Bild jener Zeit, das von tiefer Enttäuschung über die sozialliberale Ära geprägt ist.
Exklusion im Zentrum
Authors: Rothfuß Eberhard
Published: September 2014

Die innerstädtischen Favelas sind aus den brasilianischen Metropolen nicht mehr wegzudenken und stellen das kulturelle Rückgrat der Städte dar. Ihre Existenz verdanken sie dem Sieg über die alltägliche Demütigung und verweigerte Vollbürgerschaft. Eberhard Rothfuß legt seiner Studie eine anerkennungstheoretische Perspektive nach Honneth (1992) zugrunde und thematisiert Alltagspraktiken in Favelas am empirischen Beispiel des »Calabar«-Viertels in Salvador da Bahia. Er zeigt: Es sind einerseits Praktiken ›unproduktiver Verausgabung‹ und andererseits Praktiken der Widerständigkeit, mit denen sich die Bewohner_innen fintenreich gegen die fortwährende Stigmatisierung und Missachtung in der sozial äußerst ungleichen Gesellschaft Brasiliens wehren.
Ausstellungen als Wissensordnungen
Authors: Hoffmann Katja
Published: September 2014

Ausstellungen sind konstitutiv für die »Ordnungen des Wissens« einer Kultur - so etwa für den Kanon der Kunstgeschichte. Im Mittelpunkt dieses Buches steht die »Documenta 11« aus dem Jahre 2002, an der sich eine Entwicklung symptomatisch ablesen lässt: Nach dem Bruch von 1989 und mit dem dominanten Einsatz fotografisch-dokumentarischer Bildmedien wurde hier ein immer noch wirkmächtiger abstrakter, modernistischer Kunst- und Bildbegriff in Frage gestellt, der auf »Werkautonomie«, »Originalität« und einer »eurozentristisch-westlichen Kunstgeschichtsschreibung« basiert. Katja Hoffmanns systematische Ausstellungsanalyse entwickelt zugleich einen innovativen Ansatz zur Untersuchung von Foto-, Film- und Videoinstallationen (u.a. von Candida Höfer, Fiona Tan, Eija-Liisa Ahtila) und knüpft an aktuelle bild- und medienwissenschaftliche Fragestellungen an.
Die Geschichte von der guten Stadt
Authors: Cojocaru Mara-Daria
Published: September 2014

Obschon Städte zurzeit vor allem durch ihre drastischen Probleme in unser Bewusstsein treten, ist es sinnvoll, auch nach der urbanen Wende an einer Vorstellung von der »guten Stadt« festzuhalten. Dieser Topos bildet eine Konstante der normativen Reflexion der menschlichen Lebensform, die dadurch, dass die Stadt das menschliche Habitat par excellence geworden ist, neue Bedeutung erlangt. Durch eine kritische Rekonstruktion der Geschichte von der »guten Stadt« anhand klassischer sowie zeitgenössischer Beiträge - von Platons Kallipolis bis zu von Borries' Klimakapseln - zeigt Mara-Daria Cojocaru, wie ein gewisser Rest-Utopismus das gesellschaftliche Handeln in den Städten begleiten kann. Sie zeigt: Nicht die gebaute Umwelt bringt bedeutsame Formen von Gesellschaft hervor - vielmehr verhält es sich umgekehrt.
Glucocorticoid hormones and energy homeostasis
Authors: de Guia Roldan M. , Rose Adam J. , Herzig Stephan
Published: September 2014

Glucocorticoids (GC) and their cognate intracellular receptor, the glucocorticoid receptor (GR), have been characterised as critical checkpoints in the endocrine control of energy homeostasis in mammals. Indeed, aberrant GC action has been linked to a variety of severe metabolic diseases, including obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. As a steroid-binding member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors, the GR translocates into the cell nucleus upon GC binding where it serves as a transcriptional regulator of distinct GC-responsive target genes that are – in many cases – associated with glucose and lipid regulatory pathways and thereby intricately control both physiological and pathophysiological systemic energy homeostasis. Here, we summarize the current knowledge of GC/GR function in energy metabolism and systemic metabolic dysfunction, particularly focusing on glucose and lipid metabolism.
Experiment on Simultaneous Absorption of NO and SO2 from Sintering Flue Gas by Oxidizing Agents of KMnO4/NaClO
Authors: Li Ying , Zhong Wenqi , Ju Jing , Wang Tiancai , Liu Fei
Published: September 2014

A complex oxidizing agent combination made up of KMnO4 and NaClO was used to investigate the simultaneous absorption of NO and SO2 from sintering flue gas in a spray absorption tower on a laboratory scale. The effects of various operating parameters, i.e. initial gas temperature (Tg), initial solution pH, molar ratio of NaClO/KMnO4 (M), initial NO inlet concentration (CN) and SO2 initial inlet concentration (CS), were systematically investigated in the experiments. The results showed that the removal efficiency of SO2 was slightly affected by the reaction conditions and remained stable above 98%; however, the removal efficiency of NO was significantly influenced. It presented different trends with the reaction condition changed. The most optimal experimental conditions for simultaneous removal of NO and SO2 were found to be initial solution pH=5.5, Tg=50°C, M=3; in this case the average removal efficiencies of NO and SO2 could reach 98.8 and 70.9%, respectively.
Spectroscopic, Conductivity and Molecular Modeling Studies of the
Inclusion Complex of TNDAB with Cucurbit[7]uril in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Zhao Pingying , Xiong Changhe , Wang Hongming , Cao Qianyong , Yang Zhenyu
Published: September 2014

In this investigation, a novel surfactant (N, N, N-trimethyl-4-(5-decyloxy naphthalene-1-yloxy) butan-1-aminium
bromide, TNDAB) with a naphthalene chromophore moiety was
synthesized. The UV, fluorescence, conductivity measurements and
molecular modeling have been carried out at 298 K for TNDAB + H2O, and TNDAB + CB[7] + H2O systems. The apparent critical
micelle concentrations, the dissociation degree of the micelle, the
hydrophobic contribution of the transfer free energy for the
hydrocarbon chain of TNDAB, and the stoichoimetry, stability constant,
and potential energy surface for the inclusion complex of TNDAB and
CB[7] have been determined. The results suggested that CB[7] formed
strong complex with TNDAB, the stoichoimetry of CB[7] and TNDAB was
found to be almost 1:1, and hydrophobic interactions between the
naphthalene nucleus of TNDAB and the cavity of the CB[7] are suggested
to be the main driving forces in the association process. It also
indicated that the naphthalene chromophore introduced can be as
a spectral probe to examine the inclusion behaviors between host and
guest molecules.
Derivation and Evaluation of a Multi-regime Spray Flamelet Model
Authors: Olguin Hernan , Gutheil Eva
Published: September 2014

The formulation of a comprehensive flamelet model to consider detailed
chemical reaction mechanisms in the simulation of turbulent spray
flames is a very challenging task due to the inherent multi-regime
structure of spray flames. Non-premixed, premixed, and
evaporation-controlled combustion regimes may be found in a single
spray flame. Recently, attempts have been made to extend classical
single regime flamelet models to more complex situations, where at
least two combustion regimes coexist. The objective of this work is to
develop a framework in which two-regime flamelet models can be
described and combined in order to advance the development of
a comprehensive flamelet model for turbulent spray flames. For this
purpose, a set of spray flamelet equations in terms of the mixture
fraction and a reaction progress variable is derived, which includes
the evaporation, characterizing the spray flames, and which describes
all combustion regimes appearing in spray flames. The two-regime and
single regime flamelet equations available in the literature are
retrieved from these multi-dimensional spray flamelet equations as
special cases. The derived set of spray flamelet equations is then
used to evaluate structures of laminar ethanol/air spray flames in the
counterflow configuration in order to determine the significance of
different combustion regimes. The present study concerns spray flames
with no pre-vaporized liquid in the oxidizing gas phase, and it is
found that only non-premixed and evaporation-controlled combustion
regimes exist, so that premixed effects may be neglected. Moreover, an
exact transport equation for the scalar dissipation rate is derived,
which explicitly takes spray evaporation and detailed transport into
account. This equation is then used to evaluate assumptions commonly
adopted in the literature. The results show that the spatial variation
of the mean molecular weight of the mixture may be neglected in the
formulation of the mixture fraction, but it may be significant for its
scalar dissipation rate. The assumption of unity Lewis number may lead
to non-physical values of the scalar dissipation rate of the mixture
fraction, whereas the use of a mass-averaged diffusion coefficient of
the mixture is a good approximation for the spray flames under
investigation.
On Observation
Authors: Sagarin Rafe
Published: September 2014

Observations on nature and life along the California coast from Rafe Sagarin, who led a group of college students in his field class on a trip from Los Angeles to San Francisco. The essay is organized around thematically around saltwater, freshwater, fire, and people. Sagarin argues that traditional methods of observation in natural history still play a crucial role in science and our understanding of nature.
“Some Version of the Same River”
Authors: Jollimore Troy
Published: September 2014

Photographer Byron Wolfe traveled to Deer Creek in California to capture the locations of a series of photographs of Ishi, “the last wild Indian in North America,” taken in 1914. His purpose was to show what had changed in the intervening century, to pose questions about the original photographers’ intentions and choices, whether and in what sense they took the results to be “authentic” portraits of Ishi’s earlier life, and what they wanted people to find in, and take away from, the pictures they took. Wolfe’s photographs juxtaposed with the originals accompany an essay by Troy Jollimore, a meditation on Ishi’s legacy, wilderness, and how the art and artifice of photography helps us make sense of people, place, and history.
Lighting Cultural Fires
Authors: Hannibal Mary Ellen
Published: September 2014

This article is about the benefits of fire in the context of traditional land management, the devastating effects a zero-tolerance fire policy has had on ecosystems, and what happens when fire is sensitively returned to the land. Hannibal discusses research into how the cultural burning practices of the Plains Miwok people in California have historically affected tribal livelihoods. The article also suggests how returning fire to the land could affect California Indian communities and cultures in the present and into the future. In addition to looking at the traditional uses of fire by the Plains Miwok, the article considers the experience of the Martu in Australia, and the attempt to restore the landscape at Quiroste by the Amah Mutsun Tribal Band in Año Nueva State Park.
Nucleosome-Positioning Sequence Repeats Impact Chromatin Silencing in Yeast Minichromosomes
Authors: Chakraborty Sangita A , Kazi Abid A , Khan Tamreen M , Grigoryev Sergei A
Published: September 2014

Eukaryotic gene expression occurs in the context of structurally distinct chromosomal domains such as the relatively open, gene-rich, and transcriptionally active euchromatin and the condensed and gene-poor heterochromatin where its specific chromatin environment inhibits transcription. To study gene silencing by heterochromatin, we created a minichromosome reporter system where the gene silencer elements were used to repress the URA3 reporter gene. The minichromosome reporters were propagated in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae at a stable copy number. Conduction of gene silencing through nucleosome arrays was studied by placing various repeats of clone-601 DNA with high affinity for histones between the silencer and reporter in the yeast minichromosomes. High-resolution chromatin mapping with micrococcal nuclease showed that the clone-601 nucleosome positioning downstream of the HML-E gene silencing element was not significantly altered by chromatin silencing. Using URA3 reporter assays, we observed that gene silencing was conducted through arrays of up to eight nucleosomes. We showed that the shorter nucleosome repeat lengths, typical of yeast (167 and 172 bp), were more efficient in conducting silencing in vivo compared to the longer repeats (207 bp) typical of higher eukaryotes. Both the longer and the shorter repeat lengths were able to conduct silencing in minichromosomes independently of clone-601 nucleosome positioning orientations vs. the silencer element. We suggest that the shorter nucleosome linkers are more suitable for conducting gene silencing than the long repeats in yeast due to their higher propensity to support native-like chromatin higher-order folding.
Gestão de pessoas nos contratos de terceirização
Authors: Peterossi Helena Gemignani , Simões Eliane Antônio , Santos Mônica Laguna Navarenho
Published: September 2014

O estudo pretendeu avaliar o grau de satisfação das pessoas que compõem as empresas prestadoras de serviços terceirizados estudadas. Adotou-se como ferramenta a pesquisa de clima organizacional, aplicada a partir de um instrumento de coleta de dados com questões de múltipla escolha e questões abertas, de modo a avaliar a percepção dos respondentes quanto a uma variedade de temas que influenciam o comportamento diário dos indivíduos no trabalho: empresa em que trabalham; relacionamento interpessoal; liderança; reconhecimento; desenvolvimento; movimentação; benefícios; salários; ambiente e condições de trabalho; realização pessoal e automotivação; comprometimento; políticas e normas administrativas; comunicação. Numa avaliação geral, a pesquisa aponta para uma falta de equalização entre terceirizados e funcionários próprios, como sinal de que as políticas e práticas de gestão de pessoas existentes na empresa contratante não estão alcançando os empregados terceirizados.Palavras-chave: Terceirização. Serviços. Clima Organizacional. Gestão de Pessoas.
Estudo de caso para identificação das causas de ruptura de estoque de uma empresa varejista têxtil
Authors: Aguiar Fernando Henrique , Morano Rogerio Scabim , Barrichello Alcides , De Araujo Marcel Souza , Hristov Mauricio Domingues , Correa Rafael Martins Pedreira
Published: September 2014

Um dos principais problemas enfrentados pelos grandes varejistas está relacionado com o desabastecimento das gôndolas, os chamados pontos de ruptura. Estudos realizados desde a década de sessenta mostram que o progresso relacionado a este tema foi limitado. Os níveis de ruptura de estoque estão em torno de 8,3%. Além disso, a literatura sobre o assunto é insuficiente, pois poucos trabalhos se dedicam a investigar as causas da ruptura. O presente estudo tem como finalidade levantar os dados da ruptura de uma grande empresa varejista têxtil para uma categoria de produto e elaborar uma árvore de causas de ruptura. Para realização da pesquisa, utilizou-se a metodologia de análise quantitativa e qualitativa, por meio de softwares e aplicação de entrevistas com o objetivo de gerar e refinar os resultados. A partir dessa metodologia, foi possível identificar que 38,0% das causas das rupturas estão com foco em loja, isto é, o produto não está disponível na área de vendas e sim na retaguarda.Palavras-chave: Ruptura. Falta de Estoque.Varejo.
Perda por ruptura em gôndola: uma análise do Sistema Toyota de Produção, na indústria alimentícia e no varejo supermercadista
Authors: Machado Claralucia Prates , Tondolo Vilmar Antonio Gonçalves
Published: September 2014

Perdas em uma cadeia produtiva representam atividades de processamento, fabricação, comercialização, desnecessárias para o êxito dos negócios. Realizou-se uma análise entre as Sete Perdas do Sistema Toyota de Produção (STP), a perda por má formação no mix de produto e pela perda por ruptura em gôndola. Tendo como objetos de estudo uma indústria alimentícia e uma rede de supermercados. Adotou-se como metodologia a pesquisa exploratória, qualitativa com um estudo de caso através de entrevista semi-estruturada. Verificou-se a importância do combate à perda por ruptura dado seu impacto negativo junto aos consumidores e os reflexos em relação à indústria e varejo.Palavras-chave: Ruptura em gôndola. Perdas. Cadeia produtiva.
[NO TITLE AVAILABLE]
Authors: Ozanam Israel
Published: September 2014

A preocupação central deste artigo é problematizar a imagem dos literatos brasileiros como grupo social distanciado dos costumes e tradições dos trabalhadores pobres sobre os quais eles escreviam na imprensa entre fins do século XIX e início do XX. Para isso, analisa-se uma tentativa de construção dessa imagem, expressa no inquérito literário publicado pelo Diário de Pernambuco no ano de 1905. Seus desdobramentos dão a ver que a autonomia da classe jornalística era dificultada por diferenças e conflitos internos nos quais tinham participação os próprios sujeitos identificados como pobres, aos quais o mundo letrado não era necessariamente estranho.
[NO TITLE AVAILABLE]
Authors: Chaves Edneila Rodrigues
Published: September 2014

O artigo analisa a hierarquização econômica e social em Rio Pardo, na província de Minas Gerais. Parte-se da abordagem dos principais recursos econômicos, verificando sua distribuição entre três grupos sociais. A análise é feita em dois subperíodos, tendo como referência o trabalho escravo, que influiu no nível de produção da riqueza. Constata-se uma desigual distribuição social da riqueza entre um grupo de indivíduos ricos, um grupo de riqueza de nível médio e um grupo numeroso de pobres. A desigualdade econômica e social entre indivíduos ricos e indivíduos pobres foi elemento conformador da hierarquização, matizada pela presença de um grupo intermediário.
Psychosocial Outcomes in Orthognathic Surgery: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Liddle Morna J. , Baker Sarah R. , Smith Keith G. , Thompson Andrew R.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To identify and critically appraise the literature on the psychosocial outcomes of orthognathic surgery, reflect on the clinical and theoretical implications, and suggest avenues for future research.

Design

A search of the literature was completed using the databases Web of Science, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO to identify English-language articles published since January 2001 that have reported a measure of psychosocial functioning posttreatment.

Results

A total of 38 articles were eligible for inclusion in the review. The studies reported improvements in areas such as satisfaction with facial appearance, self-confidence, self-esteem, anxiety, and social functioning. Small percentages of patients were left dissatisfied or had difficulty adjusting to appearance change despite the absence of treatment complications. Gains in psychosocial functioning were maintained over several years, and satisfaction increased over time.

Conclusions

There are consistent positive outcomes reported as a result of orthognathic surgery, but conclusions are limited by methodological issues in study design such as small sample sizes, limited use of control groups, and measures that fail to tap into relevant areas of psychosocial functioning. In addition, further exploration is required of processes such as adjustment to facial change and the role of psychological support during treatment.
Results of Primary Repair of Submucous Cleft Palate with Furlow Palatoplasty in Both Syndromic and Nonsyndromic Children
Authors: Ng Zhi Yang , Young Selena Ee-Li , Por Yong Chen , Yeow Vincent
Published: September 2014

Objective

We hypothesize that primary repair of submucous cleft palate (SMCP) with Furlow palatoplasty will not lead to significant differences in speech outcomes for syndromic and nonsyndromic children.

Design

Retrospective analysis of patients with primary Furlow repair of SMCP between 2004 and 2012.

Setting

Tertiary care center.

Patients/Participants

Thirty-four patients (15 boys; 44%) satisfied our inclusion criteria: multidisciplinary consensus on diagnosis of SMCP, failed trial of speech-language rehabilitation, at least 4 years old at the time of primary surgery, at least 6 months follow-up with a repeat set of postoperative speech assessments.

Interventions

Primary Furlow palatoplasty for SMCP.

Main Outcome Measures

Primary outcomes were based on postoperative perceptual speech assessments and the need for revision surgery. Secondary outcomes included improvement in nasalance scores, postoperative complications, and change in and time to normalization of velar closing ratios.

Results

Mean age at surgery = 7.7 years. Of the patients, 17 (50%) were syndromic and 11 (32%) had associated hearing loss. Mean follow-up = 48 months. No patients had postoperative complications, such as wound dehiscence or fistula; however, two patients (one syndromic, one nonsyndromic) required secondary procedures. Velar closing ratios for all patients increased ( P < .05) and approached normal at an average of 1.3 years postoperatively.

Conclusions

Although the Furlow palatoplasty can correct anatomic anomalies, it cannot achieve normal perceptual resonance in syndromic patients, possibly because of inherent higher-order deficiencies that affect speech production. Further studies with greater patient numbers are necessary to achieve population statistical significance.
Meadow Knapweed (Centaurea debeauxii) Response to Herbicides and Mechanical Control
Authors: Miller Timothy W. , Lucero Cathy
Published: September 2014

Meadow knapweed is a fertile European hybrid between black and brown knapweed that has expanded its North American distribution to 27 of the United States and four provinces in Canada. Two experiments were conducted on meadow knapweed in northwestern Washington to determine (1) whether meadow knapweed is similarly sensitive to several herbicides commonly used to control related knapweeds, (2) if herbicide application timing plays a role in control of meadow knapweed, and (3) whether mowing before, after, or instead of herbicide treatment can aid in meadow knapweed control. In the first experiment, herbicides were applied to meadow knapweed at rosette or bolting stages of growth, and again with the same herbicides in the autumn. In the summer following treatment, clopyralid alone or with 2,4-D, dicamba + 2,4-D, and triclopyr ester + 2,4-D ester provided 81 to 100% meadow knapweed control; the only other treatment providing similar control was glyphosate + ammonium sulfate applied at bolting and in autumn in the 2004 to 2005 trial. In the second experiment, combinations of mowing and dicamba + 2,4-D were applied at rosette or early flowering stages of growth. In the 2002 to 2003 trial, control when dicamba + 2,4-D was used exceeded 90%, except when meadow knapweed was mowed at rosette and sprayed at early flowering (78% control). Mowing twice the previous year had only a slight effect on meadow knapweed (10% control). Grass biomass exceeded meadow knapweed biomass in all herbicide-treated plots. In the 2004 to 2005 trial, meadow knapweed control and grass biomass was maximized when plots were mowed at rosette and treated with dicamba + 2,4-D at early flowering or when treated twice with these herbicides; these were the only treatments where grass biomass exceeded meadow knapweed biomass.
Cross-Scale Assessment of Potential Habitat Shifts in a Rapidly Changing Climate
Authors: Jarnevich Catherine S. , Holcombe Tracy R. , Bella Elizabeth M. , Carlson Matthew L. , Graziano Gino , Lamb Melinda , Seefeldt Steven S. , Morisette Jeffery
Published: September 2014

We assessed the ability of climatic, environmental, and anthropogenic variables to predict areas of high-risk for plant invasion and consider the relative importance and contribution of these predictor variables by considering two spatial scales in a region of rapidly changing climate. We created predictive distribution models, using Maxent, for three highly invasive plant species (Canada thistle, white sweetclover, and reed canarygrass) in Alaska at both a regional scale and a local scale. Regional scale models encompassed southern coastal Alaska and were developed from topographic and climatic data at a 2 km (1.2 mi) spatial resolution. Models were applied to future climate (2030). Local scale models were spatially nested within the regional area; these models incorporated physiographic and anthropogenic variables at a 30 m (98.4 ft) resolution. Regional and local models performed well (AUC values > 0.7), with the exception of one species at each spatial scale. Regional models predict an increase in area of suitable habitat for all species by 2030 with a general shift to higher elevation areas; however, the distribution of each species was driven by different climate and topographical variables. In contrast local models indicate that distance to right-of-ways and elevation are associated with habitat suitability for all three species at this spatial level. Combining results from regional models, capturing long-term distribution, and local models, capturing near-term establishment and distribution, offers a new and effective tool for highlighting at-risk areas and provides insight on how variables acting at different scales contribute to suitability predictions. The combinations also provides easy comparison, highlighting agreement between the two scales, where long-term distribution factors predict suitability while near-term do not and vice versa.
Root Growth of Two Perennial Grass Types and Musk Thistle (Carduus nutans) in Temperate Grasslands of North America
Authors: Han Chengchou , Young Stephen L.
Published: September 2014

Root architecture of prairie grasslands, which depends on plant phenology and edaphic conditions, strongly influences susceptibility to invasion by nonindigenous plant species. Field studies were conducted to compare in situ root growth patterns of warm-season (WS) and cool-season (CS) perennial grasses and musk thistle during a 2-yr period that included a drought in the second year. In 2 yr, CS grasses had the highest amount of roots (1,296 m roots m−2 [395 ft roots ft−2]) across shallow (0 to 28 cm [0 to 11 in.]), medium (28 to 56 cm), and deep (56 to 98 cm) depths with 65% occurring in the shallow depths. However, roots of WS grasses were always greater at deeper depths compared to roots of CS grasses. The amount of new roots in CS grasses was statistically different in 2011 (F2,43 = 33.3, P < 0.0001) at all depths for vegetative (April to May), inflorescence (June), and dormant (July to November) stages. In 2012, the amount of new roots in CS and WS grasses was statistically different (F2,60 = 81.7, P < 0.0001 and F2,37 = 8.0, P = 0.0013), respectively, for vegetative (April to May), inflorescence (May to June), and dormant (June to November) stages. For both years, the amount of new roots in the CS grasses showed an interaction between the three growth stages and three soil depths (F2,62 = 33.3, P < 0.0001 [2011]; F4,60 = 18.6, P < 0.0001 [2012]). From germination to senescence, the total amount of musk thistle roots was 298 m roots m−2, which was less than the CS (1,296 m roots m−2) and WS (655 m roots m−2) grasses. The largest proportion of new musk thistle roots (61%) (F2,42 = 40.4, P < 0.0001) occurred during the bolting stage (April to June) of the second year. These results show the difference in root distribution of two grass types and the niches that are created underground by extraneous conditions (e.g., drought) in WS grass stands that may contribute to the establishment of musk thistle, an invasive plant species in many North American regions.
Impact of Clipping Timing on Japanese Hedgeparsley (Torilis japonica) Seed Production and Viability
Authors: Renz Mark J. , Heflin R. Menyon
Published: September 2014

Japanese hedgeparsley is a biennial plant that invades roadsides, rights-of way, and forested areas in the midwestern United States. Interest in managing populations by mechanical or hand-clipping techniques exists, but no information is available on the appropriate timing to maximize mortality and prevent the production of viable seed. To assess that, we applied clipping treatments at five periods throughout the summer to three Japanese hedgeparsley populations in southern Wisconsin and measured the number and viability of seeds produced by each plant during the year of treatment and the survival of plants clipped. Japanese hedgeparsley plants began producing seed by mid-July, but production was not maximized until early August. Viable seeds were not produced until early or mid-August, coinciding with the presence of ripened brown fruit. Clipping at any timing resulted in > 95% mortality by the fall of the treatment year. All plants that resprouted were in the vegetative stage when clipped, and no plants survived the following year. Results indicate that clipping Japanese hedgeparsley plants when they are in a reproductive phase before fruit turns brown is an effective management strategy for this invasive plant.
Does a Trend in Declining Stem Density ofLepidium latifoliumIndicate a Phosphorus Limitation? A Case Study
Authors: Blank Robert R. , Morgan Tye
Published: September 2014

Lepidium latifolium(perennial pepperweed) is a weedy alien crucifer that has invaded wetlands throughout the western United States. We monitoredL. latifoliuminvasion of anElytrigia elongata(tall wheatgrass) community at the Honey Lake Wildlife Refuge in northeastern California. In 1993, a 40-m2plot was delineated, at which time only two single plants ofL. latifoliumwere present. Beginning in 1994,L. latifoliumstem density was measured yearly until 2011. From 1994 through 2000, the density ofL. latifoliumincreased to greater than 120 stems m−2. At its height of stem density and stature between 1998 and 2000, it appeared thatE. elongatahad been extirpated. From 2001 through 2006, stem density and plant stature ofL. latifoliumdeclined, but there were still areas of the plot where stem density exceeded 60 stems m−2. From 2007 through 2009, stem density decreased considerably and averaged less than 30 stems m−2and a healthy recovery ofE. elongataoccurred. In the years 2010 and especially 2011, stem density increased, but individual plants were small in stature. Soil bicarbonate-extractable phosphorus data suggest that phosphorus availability may be crucial to the invasiveness ofL. latifolium. Long-term biogeochemical cycling byL. latifoliummay reduce soil phosphorus availability in deeper soil horizons and enrich availability in the soil surface, which alters the competitive relationship betweenL. latifoliumandE. elongata.
The Role of Soil and Landscape Factors in Chinese Privet (Ligustrum sinense) Invasion in the Appalachian Piedmont
Authors: Hagan Donald L. , Mikhailova Elena A. , Shearman Timothy M. , Ma Patrick T. , Nankaya Jedidah S. , Hart Samantha K. , Valdetero Hillary E. , Bridges William C. , Yun He
Published: September 2014

There is a limited understanding about the ecological mechanisms that enable certain plant species to become successful invaders of natural areas. This study was conducted to determine the soil and landscape characteristics that correlate with invasion of Chinese privet (CHP), and to develop a model to predict the probability of CHP invasion in Piedmont forests. A landscape ecosystem classification (LEC) system—based on the percentage of clay in the B horizon, depth to maximum clay (cm), exposure, terrain shape, and aspect (degrees)—was used to determine the soil moisture characteristics of invaded and uninvaded plots. Additional measurements included the cover classes of CHP and other species, litter depth (cm), slope (degrees), overstory basal area (m2ha−1), and soil chemical properties. CHP invasion was negatively correlated with overstory basal area and slope and positively with litter depth and pH. A stepwise logistic regression model containing these four variables was highly sensitive, with an overall accuracy of 78%. Given the accuracy of this model, we propose that it can be used to calculate the probability of invasion in a given area, provided that some basic, readily obtainable site characteristics are known.
Managing Remnant and Reemerging Common Reed (Phragmites australis) Infestations to Improve Treatment Efficacy and Mitigate Damage to Native Plants
Authors: Breen Daniel B. , Bailey Stephen D. , Violi Helen A.
Published: September 2014

Following large-scale herbicide spraying and burning on Assateague Island, a barrier bar island located in Maryland and Virginia, the invasive common reed (Phragmites australis) was largely reduced from vast monocultures to less dense patches interspersed within maritime shrublands. To improve the control of these remnant/reemerging infestations and limit further nontarget damage, we tested three new treatments: mechanical cutting followed by dripping imazapyr onto stems, cutting followed 2 wk later by the foliar spraying of regrowth, and simple cutting with and without the removal ofPhragmiteslitter. All herbicide treatments and cutting paired with litter removal significantly reducedPhragmitescoverage (P ≤ 0.01) when compared with untreated controls. Native plant coverage was significantly greater after the cut-stem treatment than after traditional foliar spraying (P ≤ 0.01) because of the former's reduced herbicide use and more direct contact limited toPhragmitesstems; native coverage was also greater after litter removal than when litter remained (P ≤ 0.001). Cutting followed by stem applications of herbicide is an effective means of treating scattered common reed stands in sensitive habitats, and litter removal after cutting can provide native vegetation with an advantage at recolonization.
Managing Spread from Rhizome Fragments is Key to Reducing Invasiveness in Miscanthus × giganteus
Authors: West Natalie M. , Matlaga David P. , Davis Adam S.
Published: September 2014

Miscanthus × giganteus, a widely planted biofeedstock, is generally regarded as a relatively low invasion concern. As a seed-infertile species, it lacks a consistent mechanism of long-distance dispersal, a key contributor to invasion rate, and constitutes a low risk for cultivation escape. However, agricultural production shelters plants from stochasticity and increases propagule pressure, enhancing the potential for low-risk species to take advantage of rare dispersal opportunities. Weed risk assessments of M. × giganteus assume the rarity of events such as scouring and flooding that would facilitate secondary dispersal of vegetative rhizome fragments and the long-term sexual inviability of escapes. Combining data from small-scale rhizome fragmentation and movement experiments, and estimates from the literature, we parameterized an individual-based model to examine M. × giganteus spread given three dispersal scenarios. We further evaluated our estimates in response to different field edge buffer widths and monitoring intensities, two key strategies advised for containing biofuel crops. We found that clonal expansion from the field edge alone was sufficient to allow the crop to outgrow buffers of 3 m or less within 11 to 15 yr with low monitoring intensities. Further, models that included the possibility of rhizome dispersal from fields and scouring at field edges demonstrate the potential for long-distance dispersal and establishment with inadequate management. Our study highlights the importance of considering minimum enforced management guidelines for growers to maintain the ecological integrity of the agricultural landscape.
Opportunities and challenges for greywater treatment and reuse in Mongolia: lessons learnt from piloted systems
Authors: Uddin Sayed Mohammad Nazim , Li Zifu , Mang Heinz-Peter , Schüßler André , Ulbrich Tobias , Huba Elisabeth Maria , Rheinstein Eric , Lapegue Jean
Published: September 2014

In Mongolia, as worldwide, communities are challenged by water scarcity, depletion and pollution. Greywater treatment and reuse could partially meet water demand and help protect the environment and health. In March 2010, greywater from six randomly sampled households in the Ger areas of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia, was analyzed followed by the development of three innovative treatment systems: an underground (UG-), greenhouse (GH-) and ice-hole greywater treatment unit (IH-GWTU). The UG- and GH-GWTU were implemented to identify opportunities and challenges for future investments in greywater treatment and reuse. Users' and non-users' perceptions, and business opportunities, were assessed. Laboratory analysis showed a high chemical oxygen demand (6,072–12,144 mg/l), N-NH4+ (183.7–322.6 mg/l), PO4− (12.6–88.2 mg/l) and total suspended solids (880–3,200 mg/l) – values exceeding the WHO guidelines and much higher than in any other country: low water consumption combined with traditional diet might be major reasons. Odourless and colourless water after treatment in a UG-GWTU lead to more acceptance than a GH-GWTU. Business opportunities include the use of treated water for irrigation, considering WHO and national standards. Further research focuses on seasonality of installation, technical shortcomings, maintenance, biological quality control and user training.
Comparison of behaviour and fate of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in membrane bioreactors and conventional activated sludge process
Authors: Islam Mohammad Showkatul , Zhou Hongde , Zytner Richard G.
Published: September 2014

Research was completed on the behaviour and fate of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in pilot-scale membrane bioreactors and conventional activated sludge (CAS) process at the City of Guelph Wastewater Treatment Plant. Emphasis was on the physicochemical processes, biological transformation and sorption kinetics. Measurement of TBBPA at the environmental level can be challenging, so the main focus of this paper was the development of an analytical method for the nano-level determination of TBBPA. The approach used was gas chromatography-negative ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry in select ion monitoring mode. For the wastewater matrix studied, the developed method had a low method detection level (MDL) of 2.4 ng/L. The matrix effects for influent and activated sludge mixed liquor were determined to be 36.5 ± 5.9% (n = 10) and 79.2 ± 4.5% (n = 10), respectively. Preliminary results show that the CAS system demonstrates better performance for TBBPA removal, with removal at 83%. This was corroborated by the batch experiments that showed that the synergistic effects of biodegradation and biosorption potentially provide more removal of the TBBPA through the activated sludge process.
Green Village Delft – integration of an autarkic water supply in a local sustainable energy system
Authors: van der Hoek J. P. , Izar Tenorio J. L. , Hellinga C. , van Lier J. B. , van Wijk A. J. M.
Published: September 2014

For the Green Village at the campus of Delft University of Technology, an autarkic water circuit was developed. The aim was to avoid connections to the public water supply system, the sewerage, the electricity grid and cable systems. It should produce its own drinking water and electricity, and clean its organic waste streams in a sustainable way. Due to the strict Dutch drinking water regulations, only one water quality will be supplied: drinking water. Drinking water will be produced from greywater (53%) supplemented with rainwater (47%). In the treatment scheme, the multiple barrier approach will be used to comply with the Dutch drinking water quality standards. For greywater treatment, a triple barrier is suggested: ozonation – ultrafiltration – UV disinfection. For rainwater treatment a dual barrier is suggested: ultrafiltration – UV disinfection. By separating wastewater streams at the point of origin into greywater and blackwater, and by replacing conventional toilets with low water consumption vacuum systems as part of the water conservation measures, it will be possible to collect a concentrated blackwater stream suitable for recovery energy. For this purpose the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor is suggested. The proposed water circuit results in an autarkic water management, but not in an autarkic energy management.
Study on Metering Scheme of Seismic Experiment for Shear Wall Built with Precast Hollow Slab
Authors: Sun Zhijuan , Liu Jiliang , Zhao Qinyan , Chu Mingjin
Published: September 2014

Shear deformation is the most principal deformation in the lateral deformation of shear wall built with precast
hollow slab which is designed to be strong shearing and weak bending. The special mechanical characteristic of the shear
wall is the relative deformation of the concrete on both sides of vertical and inner joint respectively. The study introduces
the measuring scheme of shear wall deformation and steel strain. The measuring method of shear deformation is designed
and the device is used to measure horizontal and vertical relative deformation of the concrete near joints. It has been
proved that the experimental measuring scheme can monitor the shear wall deformation and the steel strain successfully.
The measuring methods of shear wall deformation and relative deformation are reasonable and feasible.
Unloading Phenomena Characteristics in Brittle Rock Masses by A Large-Scale Excavation in Dam Foundation
Authors: Yan Changgen , Yuan Tong , Wang Kai
Published: September 2014

Xiaowan Hydropower station’s dam located in south west of China is the second highest arch dam in the world (h = 292 m), its foundation is based on brittle rocks of biotite granite gneiss and amphibolites plagioclase gneiss. A large-scale excavation around the foundation of the dam was conducted, near to 90 meters horizontal depth excavation and 130 meters vertical depth excavation, so the foundation dam was marked by a significant deformation and a severe damage near the excavation zone, namely excavation distributed zone (EDZ). This damage was caused by the unloading process. According to the in situ investigation, the characteristics of unloading rock masses were described. With the acoustic wave velocity monitoring method, the unloading rock masses characteristics of time effect and space distribution are summarized. Usually the unloading process causes fractures in rock masses along two perpendicular directions in the plane of the bank slope, one is parallel to the dam base slope, and the other is parallel to the river with steep-dip angle. Near to the excavation surface, the excavation damage are more serious, and from the high elevation area to low elevation area, the damage caused by unloading are becoming stronger and stronger, and the bottom of dam base is most damaged. The unloading deformation has a direct temporal dependence; in general, after the excavation, the unloading deformation increases quickly during the firsts 90 days, and increase by a slow rate from 90 to 180 days and after that the unloading deformation will be small enough to be neglected.
Low incidence of peach latent mosaic viroid in peach mother blocks in Serbia
Authors: Jevremovic Darko , Paunovic Svetlana
Published: September 2014

Peach latent mosaic viroid (PLMVd) is the causal agent of peach latent mosaic
disease that is common on peaches and nectarines worldwide. Most of the
isolates do not cause any symptoms on the foliage and the disease may be
latent for years. A survey to investigate the presence of PLMVd in selected
peach mother blocks in 9 Serbian districts was carried out in 2011 through
2013. A total of 315 trees/samples originating from 43 mother blocks,
representing 35 peach and nectarine varieties and 2 rootstocks, were tested
by Reverse Transcription - Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). PLMVd was
detected in 13 samples (4.13%) belonging to 7 varieties and one vineyard
peach rootstock. Infected samples were found in 7 mother blocks from 3
districts. Our results indicated a low incidence of PLMVd in the analyzed
peach mother blocks.